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Temple of Amenhotep IV

The Temple of Amenhotep IV was an ancient monument at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. The structures were used during the New Kingdom, in the first four years of the 18th Dynasty reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, when he still used the name Amenhotep IV. The edifices may have been constructed at the end of the reign of his father, Amenhotep III, and completed by Akhenaten.

Location and layout
The temple was constructed outside the boundaries of the Precinct of Amon-Re, to its east. The main temple in the complex was named Gm–p3–itn (Gem-pa-Aten), which means "The Sun Disc is Found in the Estate of the God Aten". The other monuments were named Hwt–bnbn (Hwt benben / "The Mansion of the Benben stone"), Rwd–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Rud-menu / "Sturdy are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever"), and Tni–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Teni–menu / "Exalted are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever").

Very little of these buildings remain; they were built quickly, using Talatat blocks, and could therefore easily be demolished and reused as core for later structures.

Gempaaten
The Gem-pa-Aten appears to have had no roof and its offering tables were exposed to direct sunlight. In this building (or associated with it) were red granite and sandstone statues of Akhenaten, red granite offering tables and other statues, including a sphinx inscribed with the name of the deity Aten. It was of a considerable size (130m x 216m), but it was so completely destroyed that even its foundations have been nearly obliterated.

It stood within a mud-brick enclosure, and was orientated to the east, possibly with an entrance to the west. It led to an open court surrounded by square pillars and colossal statues of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.

Hwt benben
Erected to the east, the Hwt benben or Mansion of the Benben was devoted to a solar cult and was closely associated with the Gempaaten.

Teni-menu
The Teni–menu seemed to contain domestic and storage rooms, and may have been a royal residence, although not enough of the structure remains to clarify the use.

The walls of the Teni-menu were reused in the Ninth Pylon of the main Karnak temple. They have since been identified and reassembled like a giant puzzle and are partly exhibited in the Luxor Museum. The reassembled walls show residential, administrative and royal scenes and solar Jubilee scenes of the first Sed festival, which Akhenaten was probably celebrating at the same time as his father Amenhotep III.

title: Temple of Amenhotep IV


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Avalon Raceway

Avalon Raceway is a dirt track racing venue located in Lara, Victoria, Australia. The track is based on a clay sand mix, is oval shaped and is 390 m in length.

History
The track opened in 1976 thanks to the efforts of brothers Doug and Norm Drew, drivers from the area who like others needed a venue to race at after the closure of Torquay Speedway. Early on the big attraction to the new Speedway were the bikes with such Solo riders as World Champions Ole Olsen, Ivan Mauger and Barry Briggs battling Australian riders such as Victorian favourite Phil Crump. Sidecars were also a big draw and the Speedway hosted the 1980 Australian Sidecar Championship as well as numerous Victorian Sidecar title meetings.

The introduction of clay to the track surface in the early 1990s saw bike racing off the program at Avalon Raceway. Sprint car racing had been the biggest draw in Australian speedway since the late 1970s and the clay surface suited this type of oval track racing. Since this time Avalon has been a regular of the World Series Sprintcars and was also the home of the Australian Speedcar Grand Prix from 2003 until 2010. The WSS date is often an international affair, as the event occurs days after Christmas Day and United States-based drivers often participate during their off-season. NASCAR stars Christopher Bell and Kyle Larson, World of Outlaws star Brad Sweet, and Knoxville Nationals winner Jason Johnson have participated in sprint car races at this circuit during their off-season.

The outright lap record is held by South Australian driver Steven Lines from Mount Gambier, with a time of 10.930 seconds, set on 12 November 2011, in a 410 Sprintcar.

The track is governed by Speedway Australia, the main governing body for Speedway tracks in Australia.

Common classes here include Sprintcars, Speedcars, Formula 500 and Junior Sedans

Lap Records
'' As of February 2014. All have a 1 lap rolling start. ''
 * 410 Sprintcars: 0:10.930 – Steven Lines – 12 November 2011
 * 360 Sprintcars: 0:12.54 – M. Reed – 11 January 2014
 * Speedcars: 0:13:70 – Michael Pickens – 19 March 2005
 * Formula 500: 0:13.98 – L. Williams – 21 February 2009
 * Super Sedans: 0:14:90 – Peter Nicola – 1 January 2005
 * Super Rods: 0:15:48 – L. Podger – 12 March 2005
 * Wingless Sprints: 0:15.60 – L. Weel – 29 March 2014
 * GP Midgets: 0:15:83 – D. Meyers – 19 December 2009
 * V8 Dirt Modifieds: 0:15:93 – L. Hobson – 23 March 1981
 * National Rods: 0:15.93 – L. Hobson – 23 March 1991
 * Modified Production: 00:16:01 – J. Drew – 30 March 2007
 * Street Stocks: 0:18.09 – M. Dann – 1 April 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Avalon Raceway


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Silpheed

Silpheed (シルフィード) is a video game developed by Game Arts and designed by Takeshi Miyaji. It made its debut on the Japanese PC-8801 in 1986, and was ported to the Fujitsu FM-7 and DOS formats soon after. It was later remade for the Sega CD and has a sequel called Silpheed: The Lost Planet for the PlayStation 2.

Silpheed is the name of the spacecraft that the player controls, and is most likely derived from the famous ballet, La Sylphide. Like many shooter games, the story involves using the Silpheed as Earth's last effort to save itself from destruction by a powerful enemy invasion. The original 1986 PC-88 version used 3D polygonal graphics on top of a tilted third-person backdrop. The 1993 Sega CD version later used pre-rendered computer animation as a full motion video background, a technique previously used by the Namco System 21 arcade game Galaxian 3.

Gameplay
Silpheed is a vertical-scrolling shooter video game. It is presented at an oblique view camera angle, with enemies and other objects becoming smaller as they move towards the top of the screen. The player assumes the role of a starship named the SA-08 Silpheed, deployed by the Yggdrassil supercomputer to destroy the Xacalite terrorist organization. The Silpheed can freely move about the screen. In each level, the player is tasked with destroying various enemies while avoiding their projectiles. By shooting down red-colored orbs found throughout levels, the player can acquire one of five different weapon types, each with their own unique behavior and strengths; these include homing missiles, an auto-aiming shot, and a "phalanx" spread-shot laser. Weapons can be attached to either side of the Silpheed.

Computer versions
The original Silpheed game was created for the PC-8801, and released on December 5, 1986. Another version for the FM-7 was released on March 3, 1988. In the same year, the game was brought to the United States for the first time by Sierra On-Line who ported the game to DOS and other platforms. The DOS version (1.0) released on April 1989. Later in the same year, the version 2.3 has added Game Blaster soundcard support and bundled with Game Blaster soundcards.

In 1989 Sierra On-Line also ported Silpheeed to the Apple IIGS, which supported the same 640x200 graphics modes of the original NEC PC-8801 version, and its full musical score (based on the Roland MT-32 soundtrack from the DOS version) using its 15-voice Ensoniq sound chip.

The storyline is that in the future (no date is specified, though 3032 is referred to as the date when an alien ship was discovered that led to rapid technological advancement and allowed humans to colonize outer space) a terrorist named Xacalite has stolen "planetary buster" missiles and a battleship named Gloire. The fleet is not close enough to Earth to get there before Xacalite destroys it, so the supercomputer Yggdrassil orders the experimental SA-08 Silpheed fighter, a prototype, to be used to destroy Gloire.

Sega CD version
The Sega CD port of Silpheed places polygon ships over a pre-rendered video background; this method is also seen in other video game titles, such as Namco's Galaxian 3 in 1990 and StarBlade in 1991, Sony Imagesoft's Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1992, and Micronet's A/X-101 in 1994 for the Sega CD.

The game's story concerns a space war campaign when terrorists—led by a man named Xacalite—hack into the mother computer of Earth, granting them control over all the space weaponry of the solar system. The Earth's only hope is a small fleet outside the computer's reach, provided with a squadron of SA-77 Silpheed dogfighters (referred to as "prototypes" in the manual for the PC version). In the ending credits sequence of this version there are cinematic animations of scenes depicting the fighters flying through stages in the game.

Critical reception
In 1989, Dragon gave the DOS version of the game 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that "Silpheed is highly addictive, extremely colorful, and requires hours of enjoyable practice to master". Computer Gaming World gave the same version a positive review, praising the original music for the game. The British gaming magazine ACE gave the game a score of 905 out of 1000. Compute! called Silpheed "classic arcade fun with a little more depth than you'll find in many action-oriented games", but criticized the simple sound effects.

The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Sega CD version scores of 9, 7, 7 and 7 out of 10. They said it is a "rather mundane" and "simple shooter" but the "game play is solid" and the backgrounds are "some of the most stunning visuals in a video game". However, they criticized the unimpressive bosses, mediocre powerups and especially the lack of reciprocal interaction with the backgrounds as the game's biggest problems.

Mega placed the game at #5 in their Top Mega-CD Games of All Time, MegaTech magazine said the game was "undoubtedly one of the best games yet for the Mega-CD". This version of the game was a bestseller in Japan. The Sega CD version was a runner-up for GamePro's 1993 CD Game of the Year award.

Promotion
A Sega CD prototype version of the game was showcased at the Winter CES in January 1993, with a great deal less enemies for gameplay demonstration.

Legacy
A sequel was released, Silpheed: The Lost Planet, for the PlayStation 2 in 2000. It was developed by Game Arts alongside Treasure.

A space combat simulator game was released by Square Enix in 2006 for the Xbox 360 titled Project Sylpheed. It is not directly tied into the Silpheed storyline, but was instead billed as a spiritual successor.

In 2012, an app for Android, called Silpheed Alternative: Menace From Beyond the Stars was made, also considered as a spiritual successor. Like Project Sylpheed, it is a fully three-dimensional game.

title: Silpheed


text:
User:Davumaya

FAST LINKS: w:Category: Spoken Wikipedia requests

sandbox

  |- davumaya // klokka er June 29, 2024

Workshop
{| style="border: 1px solid #888888; padding: 20px; background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #333333; font-size: 8pt;"
 * /Ný_grein til ny artikal av min

Great work

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title: User:Davumaya


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Podcast belgique

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 10:26, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Podcast belgique
This submission does not seem to be notable, nor to have encyclopedic potential. Physchim62 20:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Apart from being non-encyclopedic and non-notable, it is also largely an ad/vanity page.-Splash 20:26, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I had this on my todo list a while back, but I guess I never got around to doing it. This definitely doesn't belong in any wikipedia (if the content is as I assume it is), much less in the English wikipedia. jglc | t | c 20:52, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete self-promotion. JamesBurns 23:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete - not even a single Google hit. Blackcats 01:35, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Supprimez-- err, delete. Non-notable, advertising. — Ливай | ☺ 02:20, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ne,nn,ad Lectonar 09:14, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 16:46, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Wafer-scale integration

Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a system of building very-large integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") networks from an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Combining large size and reduced packaging, WSI was expected to lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers but is now being employed for deep learning. The name is taken from the term very-large-scale integration, the state of the art when WSI was being developed.

Overview
In the normal integrated circuit manufacturing process, a single large cylindrical crystal (boule) of silicon is produced and then cut into disks known as wafers. The wafers are then cleaned and polished in preparation for the fabrication process. A photographic process is used to pattern the surface where material ought to be deposited on top of the wafer and where not to. The desired material is deposited and the photographic mask is removed for the next layer. From then on the wafer is repeatedly processed in this fashion, putting on layer after layer of circuitry on the surface.

Multiple copies of these patterns are deposited on the wafer in a grid fashion across the surface of the wafer. After all the possible locations are patterned, the wafer surface appears like a sheet of graph paper, with grid lines delineating the individual chips. Each of these grid locations is tested for manufacturing defects by automated equipment. Those locations that are found to be defective are recorded and marked with a dot of paint (this process is referred to as "inking a die" and more modern wafer fabrication techniques no longer require physical markings to identify defective die). The wafer is then sawed apart to cut out the individual chips. Those defective chips are thrown away, or recycled, while the working chips are placed into packaging and re-tested for any damage that might occur during the packaging process.

Flaws on the surface of the wafers and problems during the layering/depositing process are impossible to avoid, and cause some of the individual chips to be defective. The revenue from the remaining working chips has to pay for the entire cost of the wafer and its processing, including those discarded defective chips. Thus, the higher number of working chips or higher yield, the lower the cost of each individual chip. In order to maximize yield one wants to make the chips as small as possible, so that a higher number of working chips can be obtained per wafer.

Lowering cost
The significant fraction of the cost of fabrication (typically 30%-50%) is related to testing and packaging the individual chips. Further cost is associated with connecting the chips into an integrated system (usually via a printed circuit board). Wafer-scale integration seeks to reduce this cost, as well as improve performance, by building larger chips in a single package – in principle, chips as large as a full wafer.

Of course this is not easy, since given the flaws on the wafers a single large design printed onto a wafer would almost always not work. It has been an ongoing goal to develop methods to handle faulty areas of the wafers through logic, as opposed to sawing them out of the wafer. Generally, this approach uses a grid pattern of sub-circuits and "rewires" around the damaged areas using appropriate logic. If the resulting wafer has enough working sub-circuits, it can be used despite faults.

Challenges
Most yield loss in chipmaking comes from defects in the transistor layers or in the high-density lower metal layers. Another approach – silicon-interconnect fabric (Si-IF) – has neither on the wafer. Si-IF puts only relatively low-density metal layers on the wafer, roughly the same density as the upper layers of a system on a chip, using the wafer only for interconnects between tightly-packed small bare chiplets. Si-IF-based processors and network switches have been studied.

Production attempts
Many companies attempted to develop WSI production systems in the 1970s and 1980s, but all failed. Texas Instruments and ITT Corporation both saw it as a way to develop complex pipelined microprocessors and re-enter a market where they were losing ground, but neither released any products.

Gene Amdahl also attempted to develop WSI as a method of making a supercomputer, starting Trilogy Systems in 1980  and garnering investments from Groupe Bull, Sperry Rand and Digital Equipment Corporation, who (along with others) provided an estimated $230 million in financing. The design called for a 2.5" square chip with 1200 pins on the bottom.

The effort was plagued by a series of disasters, including floods which delayed the construction of the plant and later ruined the clean-room interior. After burning through about $1/undefined$ of the capital with nothing to show for it, Amdahl eventually declared the idea would only work with a 99.99% yield, which wouldn't happen for 100 years. He used Trilogy's remaining seed capital to buy Elxsi, a maker of superminicomputers, in 1985. The Trilogy efforts were eventually ended and "became" Elxsi.

In 1989 Anamartic developed a wafer stack memory based on the technology of Ivor Catt, but the company was unable to ensure a large enough supply of silicon wafers and folded in 1992.

Cerebras Systems processor
On August 19, 2019, American computer systems company Cerebras Systems presented their development progress of WSI for deep learning acceleration. Cerebras' Wafer-Scale Engine (WSE-1) chip is 46,225mm2 (215mm × 215mm), around 56× larger than the largest GPU die. It is manufactured by TSMC using their 16nm process. The WSE-1 features 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 AI cores, 18GB of on-chip SRAM, 100Pbit/s on-wafer fabric bandwidth, and 1.2Pbit/s I/O off-wafer bandwidth. The price and clock rate have not been disclosed. In 2020, the company's product, the CS-1, was tested in computational fluid dynamics simulations. Compared to the Joule Supercomputer at NETL, the CS-1 was 200 times faster, while using much less power.

In April 2021, Cerebras announced the WSE-2, with twice the number of transistors and 100% claimed yield, which is achieved by designing a system in which any manufacturing defect can be bypassed. The Cerebras CS-2 system, which incorporates the WSE-2, is in serial production.

In March 2024, Cerebras announced the WSE-3 with twice the performance of the previous record-holder, the Cerebras WSE-2, at the same power draw and for the same price. It is aimed at AI training and built on TSMC's 5nm process.

title: Wafer-scale integration


text:
Pete Weber (sportscaster)

Pete Weber (born January 19, 1951) is the play-by-play voice of the NHL's Nashville Predators, a position he has held with the organization since the team's first season.

During the lockout that caused the entire 2004–05 NHL season to be canceled, Weber spent time following the Nashville Sounds minor league baseball team, and served as host of a weekly video on demand show about the team available on Comcast in the Nashville metropolitan area. Weber also called the 2003 and 2004 Gaylord Hotels Music City Bowl for WWTN radio. He served as co-host of "SportsNight" on WWTN & WNFN radio from July 2003 to August 2005.

In the past, Weber has served as color commentator for the NHL's Los Angeles Kings and NFL's Buffalo Bills. He was radio play-by-play voice of the NHL's Buffalo Sabres, and called NBA's Seattle SuperSonics on the SonicsSuperChannel. Pete's association with the Bills also featured his hosting of the team's pre- and post-game radio shows 1986–1993, and hosting the radio shows with GM Bill Polian, Head Coach Marv Levy, and QB Jim Kelly.

Pete's other play-by-play slots: minor league baseball's Albuquerque Dukes, Rochester Red Wings, and 13 seasons with the Buffalo Bisons. For his work with the Bisons, he was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999. Pete called college action for football, basketball and hockey at University at Buffalo, basketball for St. Bonaventure University and got his start in hockey at the University of Notre Dame. His partner on Predators broadcasts for the first 15 seasons was Terry Crisp, winner of three Stanley Cups: two as a player, one as a coach.

Weber's trademark is his colorful and often quirky sense of humor while calling a game, particularly when the action is not intense at the time. He coined the phrases "The Reverse Oz Effect" regarding the antiquated Bush Stadium in Indianapolis and called the odd rise at All Sports Stadium in Oklahoma City the "Grassy Knoll", a phrase which has now been adopted for a different sports facility (Minute Maid Park in Houston). If a "make-up call" is made during a Predators game, Weber will often use phrases such as, "It's Mary Kay time here in Nashville." Weber also refuses to use any kind of objectionable material in his broadcasts, even during promotional announcements. For example, during Predators games on FSN South, Weber promoted the Best Damn Sports Show Period as "B.D.S.S.P." During the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs, he told listeners to "Go Ape" to celebrate sudden death wins.

Weber, born in 1951, is a native of Galesburg, Illinois. He and his wife Claudia currently reside in Nashville, Tennessee. In February 2014, he was hospitalized after suffering a heart attack. In 2020, Weber was named the Tennessee Sportscaster of the Year for the record 8th time.

title: Pete Weber (sportscaster)


text:
Talk:San Marino national football team

older entries
San Marino's victory over Lichtenstein is disputed by the official World Cup website, which says they have never won a match, and their most recent "success" was a draw against Lichteinsein.

San Marino - Liechnstein finished with the score of 1-0, but it was a friendly match.

Fastest Goal?
Should it be changed to "World Cup Qualification History" instead of "World Cup" history? I don't know if qualifiers are considered "World Cup," if someone with more knowledge could chime in, that'd be great.

Personally, I'd say the wording is correct. The part of the World Cup that we see on telly every four years is called the World Cup Finals, and there's never been a quicker goal in that. It's all part of the process of trying to win the World Cup. The FA Cup has five or six rounds before it starts to be televised Jodamu 17:53, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

"The goal knocked England out of the 1994 World Cup"??
How?

England missed out by two points, not on goal difference. Even if they hadn't conceded the goal, they would still have had one less goal than the Netherlands, still missing out even if they had the same points.

 * Fixed this part, it was indeed incorrect Nach0king 17:11, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
included in the video games such as 2006 FIFA World Cup from Electronic Arts hal-28Feb2007 unregistered

Fair use rationale for Image:San Marino National Football Team logo.jpg
Image:San Marino National Football Team logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:28, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Computer games
Whatever happens in a computer game is not effected by the team, not are the team affected by it. It involves some virtual data remotely influenced by the perception that some programmers have of a team, but is entirely irrelevant to a national football team. The players, management and national association of the San Marino team would have been entirely ignorant of two kids playing some computer game until long after it happened, if they ever found out. Even if it were relevant in any way to this article, and I contend that it is not, it would need sourcing and verification: a nation with a history of 1700 years does not need a couple of teenagers to achieve a place in culture, and to be "widely known around the internet" is far to nebulous a concept to be encyclopaedic. Kevin McE 16:52, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Haha. I can tell you that half of the world has not even heard of San Marino and what it even is. You go around editing every country's soccer wikipedia like you run the place when you don't. What has the San Marino football team accomplished in it's history? Nothing. The information at hand is not irrelevant and because you don't care or know about does not mean anyone else doesn't as well. Teenagers? Computer game? It was a widely popular computer game. You have worse things on here like the term "ORLY" and other internet phenomenons. Give me a break. --Knea2006 19:20, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) If "half the world has not even heard of" one of the oldest sovereign states in the world, that is a sad state of affairs. However, I suspect that that level of ignorance is not as widespread as you think.
 * 2) I regularly update FIFA rankings on any national football page that needs it, and make other edits from time to time (I have about 8 of the 202 members of FIFA as watchlist pages) as the need to make them conform to accuracy and wiki policy demands. You call this acting "like you run the place": I call it being a responsible contributor.
 * 3) The accomplishments of the San Marino team are indeed very limited: an unverifiable claim that somebody achieved something in the name of that team in a game on their computer adds nothing to the achievements of that team.
 * 4) You are asserting that the information that you wish to add is not irrelevant, but you have presented no reason why any intelligent person should share that opinion. You have not verified the information that you wish to post.
 * 5) I have at no time suggested that the game in question is not popular, nor that it should not have an article on Wikipedia. If the information that you wish to add can be verified, then maybe it would merit inclusion on that page.  I have simply asserted, and argued, that it gives no information about the San Marino national football team, and so has no place in the current article.
 * 6) I have never read the article ORLY and have no interest in doing so. If you think it falls short of the standards of Wikipedia, then I assume you will be motivated either to try to improve it, or to follow the appropriate steps to propose that the article be deleted.  That issue has no relevance to the content of this page, and I am aware that the relevant policy has been pointed out to you in the past.    Kevin McE 19:15, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

"on occasion travelling supporters outnumber the Sammarinese support"
This might be bordering on original research (my frustration at the lack of an explicit source I guess), but taking the recent game against Ireland as an example as it got plenty of English language coverage, the Irish Times quoted the Irish support as 2,500  and the total attendance was 3,294. Oldelpaso 13:08, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Squad (14.08.2012)
Matteo Vitaioli now free agent. Squad San Marino Calcio (2012-13 season) - http://sanmarinocalcio.com/default.asp?id=1098

Alessandro Della Valle played season 2011-12 for S. Ermete Sanvitese. Why he free agent ???

Cristian Brolli - is player Cattolica Calcio ! Squad season 2012-13 - http://www.romagnasport.com/index.php?omnews_mode=show&omnews_id=70932&q2=Cristian+Brolli

Manuel Marani played for Tre Penne in Champions League 2012-13. Where is information what he was back in Murata ? But maybe it’s true. I read that he play in Tre Penne only for the Champions League ...

Valdas143 (talk) 10:58, 15 August 2012 (UTC)Valdas143

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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.rsssf.com/tables/98qual.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/worldcup/news/kind%3D1/newsId%3D173384.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130722105139/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3835/matches/match%3D19643/report.html to http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3835/matches/match%3D19643/report.html
 * Added tag to http://www.fsgc.sm/sources/template.asp?id=1150

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:46, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

List of matches not lost by San Marino
Hi fellow wikipedians

is the section "List of matches not lost by San Marino" something really needed? needless to say that such a section is not included in template for national football teams, but it is also the only page in which this section appears. Wherever wrongly shown, it can also be considered offensive. Data are all included in other sections and/or pages (e.g. San_Marino_national_football_team and San Marino national football team results).

I suggest to remove it (also in the focus of lighten the page), do you agree? Riktetta (talk) 09:45, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree no need for this section just add "national team results page" Tomrtn (talk) 13:15, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The team's record by itself is WP:NOTABLE so making a specific section to highlight games the team has not lost makes sense. It's current form (I did not put it back) can be worked on so it's less clunky. Maybe have each match be collapsible like the "upcoming fixtures" section. But the information itself should stay and be highlighted in some form. ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 19:28, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree, the section should not be included on the national team page, but it could be listed on San Marino national football team results if people think it is useful. Faroe Islands national football team has something similar at the moment, under "Notable matches". Felixsv7 (talk) 15:13, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

Vadalism
Please fix it Cw131007 (talk) 14:56, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:22, 27 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Fsgc-nazionale-logo-2022.png

Mediterranean Games
What's up with the record of San Marino's participation in the Mediterranean Games? At San_Marino_national_football_team, the article links to San Marino national under-20 team (a red-link). Looking further down, it says that San Marino has a U-21, U-19 and U-17 team, but no U-20.

At Football at the Mediterranean Games, one finds that San Marino participated in the event twice since 1991: In 1997 (when all countries were represented by the Olympic teams), and in 2001 (when all countries were represented by the U-21 teams). Indeed, the 1997 team must have been the U-21, as confirmed on the article of the one player who scored a goal during that event, Andy Selva. Strangely though, in the participating teams section, the article about the 1997 games links to a non-existent San Marino national under-23 football team; and the article about the San Marino national under-21 football team makes no mention at all of either the 1997 or the 2001 Mediterranean Games. What's up with that mess? Renerpho (talk) 04:05, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Afghanistan national football team which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:33, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Afghanistan national football team which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:02, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

How to edit the preview on Google
Hello, when i look for the page "San Marino national football team" on Google, the preview indicates that coach is still Fabrizio Costantini. How can it be edited? Oswald Breil (talk) 19:12, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Marino national football team


text: User talk:216.94.81.1

title: User talk:216.94.81.1


text:
Viorel Moldovan

Viorel Dinu Moldovan (born 8 July 1972) is a Romanian football manager and former player, currently the president of Liga 1 club Rapid București.

A former striker, Moldovan most successful years of his career were playing for Neuchâtel Xamax and Grasshoppers between 1996 and 1998 in Switzerland (he was the Nationalliga A top scorer in 1996 and 1997), for Fenerbahçe between 1998 and 2000 and for Nantes between 2000 and 2004. He was a key player when Nantes won the French French Division 1 in 2001. He represented Romania in two editions of the World Cup, those held in the United States in 1994 and France in 1998, as well as two European Championships, in 1996 and 2000.

Club career
Moldovan was born in Bistrița.

At club level, Moldovan played for Gloria Bistrița (1990–93), Dinamo București (1993–95), Neuchâtel Xamax (1995–96), Grasshoppers (1996–97), Coventry City (1998), Fenerbahçe (1998–2000), Nantes (2000–04), Servette (2004), FCU Politehnica Timișoara (2005), and Rapid București (2006–2007).

The most successful years of his career were playing for Neuchâtel Xamax and Grasshoppers between 1996 and 1998 in Switzerland (he was the Swiss Super League top scorer in 1996 and 1997), for Fenerbahçe between 1998 and 2000 and for Nantes between 2000 and 2004. He was a key player when Nantes won the French French Division 1 in 2001. During his brief spell in England with Coventry City he scored twice, once in the FA Cup, scoring the winner against local rivals Aston Villa, and once in the league against Crystal Palace.

International career
Moldovan was capped 70 times for Romania, scoring 25 goals. He represented his country at Euro 96, the 1998 FIFA World Cup, during which he scored goals against England and Tunisia in the first round, and Euro 2000.

Coaching career
Moldovan worked as the sporting director of Unirea Urziceni and after that started his coaching career at FC Vaslui. On 26 May 2009, the coach quit FC Vaslui after just seven months for failing to guide the team to European qualification. The squad was then managed by coaching assistant Cristian Dulca on a temporary basis until a new coach was hired. On 28 July 2009, the Italian coach Nicolò Napoli quit FC Brașov and was replaced by Moldovan, who signed a two-year deal.

International stats

 * Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Moldovan goal.

Player
Gloria Bistrița
 * Divizia B: 1989–90

Grasshoppers
 * Nationalliga A: 1997–98

Nantes
 * French Division 1: 2000–01
 * Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2003–04
 * Trophée des Champions: 2001

Rapid București
 * Cupa României: 2005–06, 2006–07
 * Supercupa României runner-up: 2006

Individual
 * Nationalliga A top scorer: 1995–96 (joint with Petar Aleksandrov), 1996–97
 * Swiss Foreign Footballer of the Year: 1995–96, 1996–97

Coach
Chindia Târgoviște
 * Liga II: 2018–19

title: Viorel Moldovan


text:
Richard Peters (priest)

Richard Peters (1704 – July 10, 1776), was an attorney, Anglican minister, and civil servant. In 1735, he emigrated to Pennsylvania, where he served in numerous posts for the Penn family, including on the Governor's Council from 1749 to 1775, and eventually became rector of Christ Church in Philadelphia.

Early life and education
Richard Peters was born in Liverpool, England, where his father, Ralph Peters, was an attorney and the Town Clerk. He was educated at Westminster School and continued at the Dutch University of Leyden for additional studies. He read law at the Middle Temple and became ordained in the Church of England. He later undertook further studies at Wadham College, Oxford.

Marriage and family
Peters married a servant girl of Westminster. They later separated.

In 1734, believing that his first wife was dead, Peters remarried. A bigamy scandal arose when his first wife reappeared. The following year, he emigrated from Liverpool to exile in the colonies, settling in Philadelphia. His brother William Peters also immigrated to Philadelphia.

Emigration and years in Philadelphia
Peters became an assistant at Christ Church in Philadelphia, the major city of the Pennsylvania colony, and served there for two years. He directly worked for the Penn proprietary family as Secretary of the Land Office, Secretary of the Province and Clerk of the council. He held these positions for a quarter of a century, and in 1749 was also appointed to the Governor's Council, serving until the Revolution.

In 1754, Peters was among several men appointed to the Pennsylvania delegation for the Albany Congress, a meeting in Albany, New York of more than 20 colonial representatives to discuss plans for defense in the face of French threat in the Seven Years' War, which front in North America was known as the French and Indian War. He recommended adoption of Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan, an early proposal to create a unified colonial government. It was rejected by colonial assemblies and the British Board of Trade alike.

In 1762, Peters retired from the proprietary offices to his "Belmont" estate, as he made a sufficient fortune. He was called as rector of Christ Church, and served until his health forced him to resign in September 1775. Throughout these years, he was active in many religious, civic, and educational affairs.

He was the first person Benjamin Franklin spoke with (in 1743) about establishing a public academy. Six years later, Franklin enlisted Peters to be part of initial founding board of trustees for the College of Philadelphia (which in 1791 became known as University of Pennsylvania) where Peters was (a) one of the founding Trustees in 1749, (b) served as President of the school's Board of Trustees from 1756 to 1764, and (c) also served for two years as its Treasurer.

Peters also served as a director of the Library Company of Philadelphia (1750-1764), a manager of Pennsylvania Hospital (1751–1752), and a member of the American Philosophical Society (1769–1776).

Peters died in Philadelphia in 1776.

His brother William had also emigrated to Pennsylvania. He named his son Richard after his brother; the boy was later known as Richard Peters Jr. to distinguish him from his uncle. Richard Peters Jr. (1744-1828) would represent Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress and later was appointed as a U.S. District Court judge in Philadelphia.

title: Richard Peters (priest)


text:
File system API

A file system API is an application programming interface through which a utility or user program requests services of a file system. An operating system may provide abstractions for accessing different file systems transparently.

Some file system APIs may also include interfaces for maintenance operations, such as creating or initializing a file system, verifying the file system for integrity, and defragmentation.

Each operating system includes the APIs needed for the file systems it supports. Microsoft Windows has file system APIs for NTFS and several FAT file systems. Linux systems can include APIs for ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, and Btrfs to name a few.

History
Some early operating systems were capable of handling only tape and disk file systems. These provided the most basic of interfaces with:
 * Write, read and position

More coordination such as device allocation and deallocation required the addition of:
 * Open and close

As file systems provided more services, more interfaces were defined:
 * Metadata management
 * File system maintenance

As additional file system types, hierarchy structure and supported media increased, additional features needed some specialized functions:
 * Directory management
 * Data structure management
 * Record management
 * Non-data operations

Multi-user systems required APIs for:
 * Sharing
 * Restricting access
 * Encryption

Write, read and position
Writing user data to a file system is provided for use directly by the user program or the run-time library. The run-time library for some programming languages may provide type conversion, formatting and blocking. Some file systems provide identification of records by key and may include re-writing an existing record. This operation is sometimes called  or   (if the record exists)

Reading user data, sometimes called GET, may include a direction (forward or reverse) or in the case of a keyed file system, a specific key. As with writing run-time libraries may intercede for the user program.

Positioning includes adjusting the location of the next record. This may include skipping forward or reverse as well as positioning to the beginning or end of the file.

Open and close
The open API may be explicitly requested or implicitly invoked upon the issuance of the first operation by a process on an object. It may cause the mounting of removable media, establishing a connection to another host and validating the location and accessibility of the object. It updates system structures to indicate that the object is in use.

Usual requirements for requesting access to a file system object include: Additional information may be necessary, for example These are requested via a programming language library which may provide coordination among modules in the process in addition to forwarding the request to the file system.
 * 1) The object which is to be accessed (file, directory, media and location)
 * 2) The intended type of operations to be performed after the open (reads, updates, deletions)
 * a password
 * a declaration that other processes may access the same object while the opening process is using the object (sharing). This may depend on the intent of the other process. In contrast, a declaration that no other process may access the object regardless of the other processes intent (exclusive use).

It must be expected that something may go wrong during the processing of the open.
 * 1) The object or intent may be improperly specified (the name may include an unacceptable character or the intent is unrecognized).
 * 2) The process may be prohibited from accessing the object (it may be only accessible by a group or specific user).
 * 3) The file system may be unable to create or update structures required to coordinate activities among users.
 * 4) In the case of a new (or replacement) object, there may not be sufficient capacity on the media.

Depending on the programming language, additional specifications in the open may establish the modules to handle these conditions. Some libraries specify a library module to the file system permitting analysis should the opening program be unable to perform any meaningful action as a result of a failure. For example, if the failure is on the attempt to open the necessary input file, the only action may be to report the failure and abort the program. Some languages simply return a code indicating the type of failure which always must be checked by the program, which decides what to report and if it can continue. Close may cause dismounting or ejecting removable media and updating library and file system structures to indicate that the object is no longer in use. The minimal specification to the close references the object. Additionally, some file systems provide specifying a disposition of the object which may indicate the object is to be discarded and no longer be part of the file system. Similar to the open, it must be expected that something may go wrong.
 * 1) The specification of the object may be incorrect.
 * 2) There may not be sufficient capacity on the media to save any data being buffered or to output a structure indicating that the object was successfully updated.
 * 3) A device error may occur on the media where the object is stored while writing buffered data, the completion structure or updating meta data related to the object (for example last access time).
 * 4) A specification to release the object may be inconsistent with other processes still using the object.

Considerations for handling a failure are similar to those of the open.

Metadata management
Information about the data in a file is called metadata.

Some of the metadata is maintained by the file system, for example last-modification date (and various other dates depending on the file system), location of the beginning of the file, the size of the file and if the file system backup utility has saved the current version of the files. These items cannot usually be altered by a user program.

Additional meta data supported by some file systems may include the owner of the file, the group to which the file belongs as well as permissions and/or access control (i.e. What access and updates various users or groups may perform), and whether the file is normally visible when the directory is listed. These items are usually modifiable by file system utilities which may be executed by the owner.

Some applications store more metadata. For images the metadata may include the camera model and settings used to take the photo. For audio files, the meta data may include the album, artist who recorded the recording and comments about the recording which may be specific to a particular copy of the file (i.e. different copies of the same recording may have different comments as update by the owner of the file). Documents may include items like checked-by, approved-by, etc.

Directory management
Renaming a file, moving a file (or a subdirectory) from one directory to another and deleting a file are examples of the operations provide by the file system for the management of directories.

Metadata operations such as permitting or restricting access the a directory by various users or groups of users are usually included.

Filesystem maintenance
As a filesystem is used directories, files and records may be added, deleted or modified. This usually causes inefficiencies in the underlying data structures. Things like logically sequential blocks distributed across the media in a way that causes excessive repositioning, partially used even empty blocks included in linked structures. Incomplete structures or other inconsistencies may be caused by device or media errors, inadequate time between detection of impending loss of power and actual power loss, improper system shutdown or media removal, and on very rare occasions file system coding errors.

Specialized routines in the file system are included to optimize or repair these structures. They are not usually invoked by the user directly but triggered within the file system itself. Internal counters of the number of levels of structures, number of inserted objects may be compared against thresholds. These may cause user access to be suspended to a specific structure (usually to the displeasure of the user or users effected) or may be started as low priority asynchronous tasks or they may be deferred to a time of low user activity. Sometimes these routines are invoked or scheduled by the system manager or as in the case of defragmentation.

Kernel-level API
The API is "kernel-level" when the kernel not only provides the interfaces for the filesystems developers but is also the space in which the filesystem code resides.

It differs with the old schema in that the kernel itself uses its own facilities to talk with the filesystem driver and vice versa, as contrary to the kernel being the one that handles the filesystem layout and the filesystem the one that directly access the hardware.

It is not the cleanest scheme but resolves the difficulties of major rewrite that has the old scheme.

With modular kernels it allows adding filesystems as any kernel module, even third party ones. With non-modular kernels however it requires the kernel to be recompiled with the new filesystem code (and in closed-source kernels, this makes third party filesystem impossible).

Unixes and Unix-like systems such as Linux have used this modular scheme.

There is a variation of this scheme used in MS-DOS (DOS 4.0 onward) and compatibles to support CD-ROM and network file systems. Instead of adding code to the kernel, as in the old scheme, or using kernel facilities as in the kernel-based scheme, it traps all calls to a file and identifies if it should be redirected to the kernel's equivalent function or if it has to be handled by the specific filesystem driver, and the filesystem driver "directly" access the disk contents using low-level BIOS functions.

Driver-based API
The API is "driver-based" when the kernel provides facilities but the file system code resides totally external to the kernel (not even as a module of a modular kernel).

It is a cleaner scheme as the filesystem code is totally independent, it allows filesystems to be created for closed-source kernels and online filesystem additions or removals from the system.

Examples of this scheme are the Windows NT and OS/2 respective IFSs.

Mixed kernel-driver-based API
In this API all filesystems are in the kernel, like in kernel-based APIs, but they are automatically trapped by another API, that is driver-based, by the OS.

This scheme was used in Windows 3.1 for providing a FAT filesystem driver in 32-bit protected mode, and cached, (VFAT) that bypassed the DOS FAT driver in the kernel (MSDOS.SYS) completely, and later in the Windows 9x series (95, 98 and Me) for VFAT, the ISO9660 filesystem driver (along with Joliet), network shares, and third party filesystem drivers, as well as adding to the original DOS APIs the LFN API (that IFS drivers can not only intercept the already existent DOS file APIs but also add new ones from within the 32-bit protected mode executable).

However that API was not completely documented, and third parties found themselves in a "make-it-by-yourself" scenario even worse than with kernel-based APIs.

User space API
The API is in the user space when the filesystem does not directly use kernel facilities but accesses disks using high-level operating system functions and provides functions in a library that a series of utilities use to access the filesystem.

This is useful for handling disk images.

The advantage is that a filesystem can be made portable between operating systems as the high-level operating system functions it uses can be as common as ANSI C, but the disadvantage is that the API is unique to each application that implements one.

Examples of this scheme are the hfsutils and the adflib.

Interoperatibility between file system APIs
As all filesystems (at least the disk ones) need equivalent functions provided by the kernel, it is possible to easily port a filesystem code from one API to another, even if they are of different types.

For example, the ext2 driver for OS/2 is simply a wrapper from the Linux's VFS to the OS/2's IFS and the Linux's ext2 kernel-based, and the HFS driver for OS/2 is a port of the hfsutils to the OS/2's IFS. There also exists a project that uses a Windows NT IFS driver for making NTFS work under Linux.

title: File system API


text:
Apteranthes burchardii

Apteranthes burchardii is a fleshy and superficially cactus-like plant that belongs to the genus Apteranthes in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the family Apocynaceae. Its basionym is Caralluma burchardii. This species is native to the eastern Canary Islands archipelago and adjacent Morocco.

On the Canary Islands it is found on the islands of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria, the Tindaya mountains, and La Oliva with more on the Los Lobos Island and on Graciosa.

This stem succulent has flowers which are coloured green to yellow, densely covered with white hairs in the middle, and violet to maroon in a shape of the star.

There are two subspecies:
 * Apteranthes burchardii subsp. burchardii. Canary Islands.
 * Apteranthes burchardii subsp. maura. Morocco.

title: Apteranthes burchardii


text:
Orungo virus

Orungo virus (ORUV) is an arbovirus of the genus Orbivirus, the subfamily Sedoreovirinae and the family Reoviridae. There are four known subtypes of Orungo virus designated Orungo-1 (ORUV-1), Orungo-2 (ORUV-2), Orungo-3 (ORUV-3), and Orungo-4 (ORUV-4). It was first isolated by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda by Oyewale Tomori and colleagues. Antibodies to the virus have been found in humans, monkeys, sheep, and cattle.

title: Orungo virus


text:
Jay Youngblood

Steven Nicolas Romero (June 21, 1955 – September 2, 1985) was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Jay Youngblood. He wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions in a tag team with Ricky Steamboat. In addition, he wrestled with Championship Wrestling from Florida, Pacific Northwest Wrestling, NWA All-Star Wrestling and the American Wrestling Association.

Professional wrestling career
Romero's father had discouraged him not to wrestle, but despite this, he started wrestling in 1975 in Amarillo under a mask, calling himself "Silver Streak". After this, he moved to Pacific Northwest Wrestling with a Native American gimmick under the name of Jay Youngblood. He engaged in a feud with Buddy Rose; at one point, Youngblood claimed that Rose had broken his arm. He also teamed with Joe Lightfoot as "The Indians", capturing the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship in November 1980. On June 27, 1982 in Maple Leaf Wrestling, Youngblood defeated The Destroyer in the finals of a tournament to win the NWA Canadian Television Championship, becoming the inaugural champion.

Youngblood wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) in a main-event tag team with Ricky Steamboat. Also in JCP, he was known as "The Renegade". In October 1979, Youngblood and Steamboat defeated Baron von Raschke and Paul Jones for their first reign with the NWA World Tag Team Championship. They held the titles until losing them to Ray Stevens and Greg Valentine in April 1980, but they regained the titles in a rematch in May until dropping them in June to Stevens and Jimmy Snuka. Youngblood even held the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship with Porkchop Cash, Johnny Weaver, and Steamboat.

By 1982, Steamboat and Youngblood were feuding with Boris Zhukov, Don Kernodle, and their manager Sgt. Slaughter. Zhukov, then known as Private Jim Nelson, later betrayed his team in favour of Youngblood and Steamboat. The rivalry culminated in a steel cage match on March 12, 1983, where Slaughter and Kernodle lost their NWA World Tag Team Championship to Steamboat and Youngblood. He was later defeated by Private Jim Nelson for the title. Steamboat and Youngblood also feuded with Jack and Jerry Brisco, trading the tag team titles with them several times. At the inaugural Starrcade pay-per-view on November 24, with Angelo Mosca as the special guest referee, Youngblood and Steamboat defeated the Briscos to win back the World Tag Team Championships. However, the titles were vacated on December 25 when Steamboat announced his retirement.

He went to Championship Wrestling from Florida in September 1984, where he and his brother Mark Youngblood captured the Florida version of the NWA United States Tag Championship two times. Also in 1984, Youngblood wrestled in Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council (WWC), and in 1985, he wrestled in American Wrestling Association, Memphis, Mexico, and for Pro Wrestling USA.

Personal life
Romero was the son of wrestler Ricky Romero, and the brother of wrestlers Chris and Mark Youngblood. He was married at the time of his death and left behind a son, Daniel, and a daughter, Ricca.

Death
During a wrestling tour of the South Pacific, Youngblood was experiencing abdominal pain and went to the hospital where he was diagnosed with hemorrhagic pancreatitis. He started to develop abdominal sepsis and kidney failure before suffering a series of heart attacks. He was in a coma for two weeks before dying on September 2, 1985, in Parkville, Victoria, Australia, aged 30. Before his death, Youngblood had purchased a house in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League New Wave Award (1982) – with Ricky Steamboat
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Family Wrestling Award (2015) – with Ricky Romero, Mark Youngblood, and Chris Youngblood
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) – with Mark Youngblood
 * Maple Leaf Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Television Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Porkchop Cash (1), Johnny Weaver (1) and Ricky Steamboat (1)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (5 times) - with Ricky Steamboat
 * NWA All-Star Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) – with Joe Ventura
 * NWA Pacific Coast Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) (last)
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Joe Lightfoot
 * Salem City Tournament (1981)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 308 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Ranked No. 19 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Ricky Steamboat in 2003
 * Western States Sports
 * NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ricky Romero
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1983) with Ricky Steamboat

title: Jay Youngblood


text: Category:Cemeteries in Japan

title: Category:Cemeteries in Japan


text:
Target ship

A target ship is a vessel — typically an obsolete or captured warship — used as a seaborne target for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing. Targets may be used with the intention of testing effectiveness of specific types of ammunition; or the target ship may be used for an extended period of routine target practice with specialized non-explosive ammunition. The potential consequences of a drifting wreck require careful preparation of the target ship to prevent pollution, or a floating or submerged collision risk for maritime navigation.

Rationale

Sinking redundant warships is an effective way of testing new weapons and warships in as realistic a manner as possible.

Preparation
In order to meet environmental, health, and safety standards, ships now have to be thoroughly cleaned so that all dangerous material and potential contaminants (such as asbestos, refrigerants etc.) are removed. In the event of the vessel becoming an artificial reef, escape exits also have to be created in it, should divers encounter problems.

Notable examples
In September 1819, the French engineer and Army artillery officer Henri-Joseph Paixhans wrote to the Ministry of the Navy to propose a fusing system to fire explosive shells at wooden warships, instead of the usual, solid round shots that were then in general naval use. A commission studied the matter, and decided to build two Paixhans howitzers for trial purposes in 1822.
 * Pacificateur

In 1824, the 80-gun ship of the line FRENCH SHIP Pacificateur, made redundant by the Bourbon Restoration, was condemned. She was a Bucentaure-class ship of the line two-decker of the same type as the French flagship of the Battle of Trafalgar. The two prototypes were fired at her with devastating effect. This led to the adoption of the Paixhans gun in 1827. They were used to great effect at the Battle of San Juan de Ulua, to the interest of British and US observers, who announced the demise of wooden warships and the era of the ironclad.

In 1921 former German battleship SMS Baden was used by the Royal Navy to test new types of shells. The tests indicated that medium-strength armour could not stop the latest armour-piercing shells, causing the British switch to an all or nothing armour scheme for their new battleships. Baden was then scuttled in Hurd Deep.
 * Baden

The British pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Agamemnon (1906) was converted to radio-control in 1920–1921 and used for assessments of the damage that could be caused by aircraft and various calibres of guns. She was replaced in the role by the battleship HMS Centurion (1911) in 1926. This followed the work by the secret Distantly Controlled Boat (D.C.B.) Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth started in 1917.
 * Agamemnon and Centurion

 * Iowa (BB-4)

After World War I ended, the US Navy and Army did live fire testing of attacking warships from the air. To get the testing as close to wartime conditions as possible, a well known radio engineer, John Hays Hammond Jr., developed the radio control gear to convert the USS Iowa (BB-4) into a remote-controlled target ship, a U.S. naval first. She was sunk off the Pacific coast of Panama during fleet exercises by the battleship USS Mississippi (BB-41), with members of the United States Congress and the press attending. In the early 1930s the US Navy put considerable effort into the development of remote control ships and fitted the destroyer USS Stoddert (DD-302) with improved radio controls developed by Lieutenant Commander Boyd R. Alexander, a radio design officer, and the Naval Research Laboratory in Bellevue D.C. for further testing and evaluation. The evaluation proved so successful that the US Navy moved up their plans for radio controlled warships and in 1932 the obsolete battleship USS Utah and the destroyers USS Boggs (DD-136) and USS Kilty (DD-137) were converted.

A familiar sight for more than fifty years in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, was SS James Longstreet. This World War II Liberty ship was towed to a sandbar 3.5 mi off shore in 1944 and was used for bombing practice through the Vietnam War.
 * James Longstreet

Operation Crossroads was a 1946 series of US nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll that used 95 target ships. Some were obsolete US ships, such as USS Nevada (BB-36), others were ships surrendered by the Axis powers at the end of World War II, such as the German heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen and the Japanese battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Nagato.
 * Operation Crossroads

The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) sank HMAS Torrens (DE 53) on June 14, 1999 with a Mk48 wire guided torpedo fired from the Collins-class submarine HMAS Farncomb (SSG 74). Torrens was the last of six Australian River-class destroyer escorts, the others (Derwent, Parramatta, Stuart, Swan and Yarra) having been disposed of previously. Before the sinking Torrens had been thoroughly cleaned of all fuels, oils and potentially environmentally harmful substances. Her gun turret was donated to the South Western City of Albany. Torrens was then towed from Fleet Base West (HMAS Stirling) 90 km out to sea, west of Perth. The submarine fired the torpedo at the stationary target from a submerged position over the horizon.
 * Torrens

The sinking of Torrens was a display of firepower that provided some much needed positive publicity for the Collins-class submarines, plagued by numerous technical problems and criticised over troubles with the combat system and noise reduction. Ric Shalders, commander of the Submarine Squadron said "the requirement of new submarine trials, the new need to test war-stock and the availability of the Torrens all came together to produce a very satisfactory result".

As exercises

The US military term Sink Exercise (SINKEX) is used for the test of a weapons system usually involving a torpedo or missile attack of an unmanned target ship. The US Navy uses SINKEXs to train its sailors on the usage of modern-day weapons.

This technique is used to dispose of decommissioned warships. The US Navy performs SINKEXs north of Kauai, Hawaii, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California, and near Puerto Rico.

title: Target ship


text:
Elisabet Ney

Franzisca Bernadina Wilhelmina Elisabeth Ney (January 26, 1833 – June 29, 1907) was a German-American sculptor who spent the first half of her life and career in Europe, producing portraits of famous leaders such as Otto von Bismarck, Giuseppe Garibaldi and King George V of Hanover. At age 39, she immigrated to Texas with her husband, Edmund Montgomery, and became a pioneer in the development of art there. Among her most famous works during her Texas period were life-size marble figures of Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin, commissions for the Texas State Capitol. A large group of her works are housed in the Elisabet Ney Museum, located in her home and studio in Austin. Other works can be found in the United States Capitol, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and numerous collections in Germany.

Early life
Ney was born in Münster, in the Province of Westphalia, to Johann Adam Ney, a stonecarver and alleged nephew of Field Marshal Michel Ney, and Anna Elizabeth on January 26, 1833. The only other surviving child in the Ney family was her older brother, Fritz. Her parents were Catholics of Alsatian-Polish heritage. She was the great-niece of Michel Ney, Marshal of France. Early in life, she declared that her goal was "to know great persons."

Europe
Ney grew up assisting her father in his work. She went on a weeks-long hunger strike when her parents opposed her becoming a sculptor, prompting her parents to request the assistance of their local bishop. Her parents finally relented and in 1852, she became the first female sculpture student at the Munich Academy of Art under professor Max von Widnmann. She received her diploma on July 29, 1854. After graduating she moved to Berlin to study under Christian Daniel Rauch. Under Rauch she studied realism and the German artistic tradition, and began sculpting her first portraits of the German elite.

Ney opened a studio in Berlin in 1857. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer agreed to sit for a sculpted portrait at the persuasion of Edmund Montgomery, whom she would marry in 1863. It was hailed as an artistic success and led to other commissions, most notably Jacob Grimm of the Brothers Grimm, the Italian military leader Giuseppe Garibaldi, the composer Richard Wagner, Cosima von Bülow (the daughter of Franz Liszt and Wagner's future wife), the Prussian-German political figure Otto von Bismarck, and King George V of Hanover. The latter also commissioned bust portraits of the composer Josef Joachim and his wife, the contralto Amalie Weiss Joachim. Shortly after completing the Bismarck bust, Ney was commissioned in 1868 by Prussian agents to sculpt a full-length portrait of Ludwig II of Bavaria in Munich.

United States
In the early 1880s, Ney, by then a Texas resident, was invited to Austin by Governor Oran M. Roberts, which resulted in the resumption of her artistic career. In 1892, she built a studio named Formosa in the Hyde Park neighborhood north of Austin and began to seek commissions.

In 1891, Ney was commissioned by the Board of Lady Managers of the Chicago World's Fair Association, and supplemented with US$32000 by the Texas state legislature, to model figures of Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin for the Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition World's Fair in 1893. Ney missed the deadline and the sculptures were not shown at the Exhibition. The marble sculptures of Houston and Austin can now be seen in both the Texas State Capitol in Austin and in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. She was commissioned to sculpt a memorial to the career military officer and war hero Albert Sidney Johnston for his grave in the Texas State Cemetery. One of her signature works was the figure of Lady Macbeth; the plaster model is in the Elisabet Ney Museum and the completed marble is in the Smithsonian American Art Museum collection. She succeeded in having the orator, three-time presidential candidate, and noted attorney William Jennings Bryan sit for a portrait; she hoped to sell replicas of this bust to debate clubs across the country.

Her 1903 life-size portrait bust of David Thomas Iglehart can be found at Symphony Square in Austin, where it is on permanent loan to the Austin Symphony Society. What is considered to be possible the last known work of Ney, a sculpture of a tousled haired cherub resting over a grave and known as the 1906 Schnerr Memorial, can be found at Der Stadt Friedhof in Fredericksburg, Texas.

In addition to her sculpting activities, Ney was also active in cultural affairs in Austin. Formosa become a center for cultural gatherings and curiosity seekers. The composer Paderewski and the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova were among her visitors.

Personal life
While visiting friends in Heidelberg in 1853, Ney met a young Scottish medical student, scientist, and philosopher named Edmund Montgomery. They kept in touch, and, although she viewed the institution of marriage as a state of bondage for women, after he established a medical practice in Madeira, they were married at the British consulate there on November 7, 1863.

Ney, however, remained outspoken about women's roles. She refused to use Montgomery's name, often denied she was even married, and once remarked:

"Women are fools to be bothered with housework. Look at me; I sleep in a hammock which requires no making up. I break an egg and sip it raw. I make lemonade in a glass, and then rinse it, and my housework is done for the day."

She wore pants and rode her horses astride as men did. She liked to fashion her own clothes, which, in addition to the slacks, included boots and a black artist frock coat.

Montgomery was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1863. By 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had begun. In autumn of that year, Ney became pregnant with their first child. Montgomery received a letter from his friend, Baron Carl Vicco Otto Friedrich Constantin von Stralendorff of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who had moved to Thomasville, Georgia with his new wife, Margaret Elizabeth Russell of Boston, Massachusetts, declaring the location "Earth's paradise." On January 14, 1871, Ney and Montgomery, accompanied by their housekeeper, Cenci, immigrated to Georgia, to a colony promoted as a resort for consumptives. Their first son, Arthur, was born there in 1871, but died two years later (possibly of diphtheria, but the cause of death is disputed). Unfortunately, the Thomasville colony did not work out as they had hoped. Baron and Baroness von Stralendorff returned to Wismar, Germany where he died on July 1, 1872.

Ney and Montgomery looked elsewhere in the United States for a place to live, including Red Wing, Minnesota, where their second son, Lorne (1872–1913), was born. Later that year, Ney traveled alone to Texas. With the help of Julius Runge a businessman in Galveston, she was shown Liendo Plantation near Hempstead in Waller County. On March 4, 1873, Montgomery and the rest of the family arrived, and they purchased the plantation. While he tended to his research, she ran it for the next twenty years.

Death and legacy
Ney died in her studio on June 29, 1907, and is buried next to Montgomery, who died four years later, at Liendo Plantation.

Upon her death, Montgomery sold the Formosa studio to Ella Dancy Dibrell. As per her wishes, its contents were bequeathed to the University of Texas at Austin, but were to remain in the building. On April 6, 1911, Dibrell and other friends established the Texas Fine Arts Association (after more than a century in existence, the organization is now known as the Contemporary Austin) in her honor. It is the oldest Texas-wide organization existing for support of the visual arts. Formosa is now the home of the Elisabet Ney Museum. In 1941, the City of Austin took over the ownership and operation.

In 1961, Lake Jackson Primary School in Lake Jackson, Texas was renamed Elisabet Ney Elementary School in her honor.

Works
Below is a partial listing of her works.

Additional sources

 * Selected Bibliography, Elisabet Ney Museum
 * Cutrer, Emily Fourmy, The Art of the Woman: The Life and Work of Elisabet Ney, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988 (ISBN 0-8032-1438-3)
 * Fortune, Jan and Jean Barton, Elisabet Ney, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1943
 * Hendricks, Patricia D. and Becky Duval Reese, A Century of Sculpture in Texas: 1889–1989 (exhibition catalog), Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1989
 * Little, Carol Morris, A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1996 (ISBN 0-292-76034-5)

title: Elisabet Ney


text: Category:Cemeteries in Finland

title: Category:Cemeteries in Finland


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 19, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 19, 2005


text:
Talk:Catherine McAuley

Untitled
Which characteristics of Catherine do you most admire? How do you proclaim them with your life?

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title: Talk:Catherine McAuley


text:
User:Faun~enwiki

Hi there, I´m called faun. I will sustain quantity and quality of the best knowledgeportal on earth. Mail: faun@gmx.ch

title: User:Faun~enwiki


text: Category:Romanian football managers

title: Category:Romanian football managers


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 19, 2005


text: User talk:81.157.225.67

title: User talk:81.157.225.67


text: Category:Cemeteries in the Republic of Ireland


text:
Berth Milton

Berth Milton is the name of two Swedish pornographers:
 * Berth Milton, Sr. (1926 – 2005), Swedish pornographer and businessman who founded Private
 * Berth Milton, Jr. (born 1955), son of the above, majority owner of Private

title: Berth Milton


text:
Talatat

Talatat are limestone blocks of standardized size (c. 27 by 27 by 54 cm, corresponding to $1/2$ by $1/2$ by 1 ancient Egyptian cubits) used during the 18th Dynasty reign of the Pharaoh Akhenaten in the building of the Aton temples at Karnak and Akhetaten (modern Amarna). The standardized size and their small weight made construction more efficient. Their use may have begun in the second year of Akhenaten's reign. After the Amarna Period talatat construction was abandoned, apparently not having withstood the test of time.

The minority of blocks intended for a visible surface are often decorated in a variety of techniques to make up large scenes covering several blocks. Sunk relief, engraving paint, and sometimes added plaster are used, often in combination.

Amenhotep IV talatats

The blocks used in the Temple of Amenhotep IV in Karnak, and the other abandoned temples devoted to the deity Aten, were reused by Horemheb and Ramesses II as filler material for pylons and as foundations for large buildings. The Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak is built on thousands of these blocks, as is the Second Pylon.

Tens of thousands of the talatat have been recovered. The decorated stones are being photographed and the scenes they depict are reconstructed as part of the Akhenaten Temple Project.

Etymology
The term talatat was apparently used by the Egyptian workmen and introduced into the language of archaeology by the Egyptologist H. Chevrier. There are two hypotheses as to the word's generally unknown ultimate origin in reference to the stones, perhaps not contradictory: The word may be derived from Italian tagliata, meaning cut masonry. Or, derived from the Egyptian Arabic word تلاتة (talāta, 'three'), indicating that each block is three hand-spans long.

title: Talatat


text: Category:Cemeteries in Switzerland

title: Category:Cemeteries in Switzerland


text: Category:Cemeteries in Germany

title: Category:Cemeteries in Germany


text:
David Banks (actor)

David Banks (born 24 September 1951) is an English actor, writer and author. He is best known for playing the Cyber Leader in the Doctor Who stories Earthshock (1982), "The Five Doctors" (1983), Attack of the Cybermen (1985) and Silver Nemesis (1988). As a theatre actor, he has played many leading roles in London and throughout the UK. He is also the author of several published books.

Acting
His numerous TV appearances include long-running portrayals in Brookside, playing the wrongly convicted murderer Graeme Curtis, and 181 episodes of L!ve TV’s drama series Canary Wharf as Max Armstrong, head of news, who was finally abducted by aliens. He also appeared in EastEnders in 1992, playing the photographer, Gavin, at Michelle Fowler's graduation ceremony.

During the 1980s, he was the Cyber Leader in the science fiction series Doctor Who in all stories featuring the Cybermen: Earthshock (1982), "The Five Doctors" (1983), Attack of the Cybermen (1985) and Silver Nemesis (1988). In 1989, he played the part of Karl the Mercenary in the stage play Doctor Who - The Ultimate Adventure, except for two performances when he appeared as The Doctor, replacing Jon Pertwee who had fallen ill.

He writes and directs and has worked extensively as a voice artist, recording over 100 audiobooks – including an unabridged version of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (Talking Books, 2006). In 2007, he revived his portrayal of Karl the Mercenary in a Big Finish Productions audio adaptation of Doctor Who - The Ultimate Adventure with Colin Baker as The Doctor. In 2018, he reprised his role as the Cyber Leader for the Big Finish audio story Hour of the Cybermen and again in 2019 for the audio story Conversion.

Writing
Banks is the author of several published books. In 1988, he wrote Doctor Who – Cybermen, illustrated by Andrew Skilleter (Who Dares Publishing, 1988), which encompasses the history and conceptual origins of cybermen. He adapted the book into four audio cassettes, The ArcHive Tapes, which he also narrated. (These were re-released on CD in 2013 with bonus material by Explore Multimedia. ) He later wrote the novel Iceberg (Virgin, 1993) for the Virgin New Adventures range of Doctor Who spin-off novels, which was set in 2006, when an inversion of the Earth's magnetic field is threatening to destroy human civilization, and featured the Cybermen and the investigative journalist Ruby Duvall. His play Severance, about the 12th century lovers Abelard and Heloise, was first performed in 2002. In 2008, he was invited to deliver a paper about cyber emotions entitled "Life as an emotionless killing machine: Cybermen in a Strange State" by the Universities of Sydney and Melbourne. This paper references the recent reappearance of Cybermen on television after a long absence.

title: David Banks (actor)


text:
Solenoid valve

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve.

Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the electric current they use, the strength of the magnetic field they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate the fluid, and the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies from linear action, plunger-type actuators to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators. The valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more port design to switch flows between ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high-reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

Operation
There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is open, then the two ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is closed, then ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed normally open (N.O.). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed normally closed (N.C.). There are also 3-way and more complicated designs. A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port).

Solenoid valves are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can generate a limited force. An approximate relationship between the required solenoid force Fs, the fluid pressure P, and the orifice area A for a direct acting solenoid valve is:
 * $$F_s = P*A = P \pi d^2 / 4$$

Where d is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be 15 N. An application might be a low pressure (e.g., 10 psi) gas with a small orifice diameter (e.g., 3/8 in for an orifice area of 0.11 in2 and approximate force of 1.1 lbf).

If the force required is low enough, the solenoid is able to directly actuate the main valve. These are simply called Direct-Acting solenoid valves. When electricity is supplied, electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy, physically moving a barrier to either obstruct flow (if it is N.O.) or allow flow (if it is N.C.). A spring is often used to return the valve to its resting position once power is shut off. Direct-acting valves are useful for their simplicity, although they do require a large amount of power relative to other types of solenoid valves.

If fluid pressures are high and orifice diameter is large, a solenoid may not generate enough force on its own to actuate the valve. To solve this, a Pilot-Operated solenoid valve design can be used. Such a design uses the pressurized fluid itself to apply the forces required to actuate the valve, with the solenoid as a "pilot" directing the fluid (see subsection below). These valves are used in dishwashers, irrigation systems, and other applications where large pressures and/or volumes are desired. Pilot-operated solenoids tend to consume less energy than direct-action, although they will not work at all without sufficient fluid pressure and are more susceptible to getting clogged if the fluid has solid impurities.

A direct-acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milliseconds. Pilot-operated valves are slightly slower; depending on their size, typical values range from 15 to 150 milliseconds.

Power consumption and supply requirements of the solenoid vary with application, being primarily determined by fluid pressure and orifice diameter. For example, a popular $3/4$-inch 150 psi sprinkler valve, intended for 24 VAC (50–60 Hz) residential systems, has a momentary inrush of 7.2 VA, and a holding power requirement of 4.6 VA. Comparatively, an industrial $1/2$-inch 10,000 psi valve, intended for 12, 24, or 120 VAC systems in high-pressure fluid and cryogenic applications, has an inrush of 300 VA and a holding power of 22 VA. Neither valve lists a minimum pressure required to remain closed in the unpowered state.

Pilot-operated
While there are multiple design variants, the following is a detailed breakdown of a typical pilot-operated solenoid valve. They may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical interfaces to allow for easy control.

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of water in this example. The top half shows the valve in its closed state. An inlet stream of pressurized water enters at A. B is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a spring pushing it down. The diaphragm has a pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount of water to flow through. This water fills cavity C so that pressure is roughly equal on both sides of the diaphragm. However, the pressurized water in cavity C acts across a much greater area of the diaphragm than the water in inlet A. From the equation $$F = P*A$$, the force from cavity C pushing downward is greater than the force from inlet A pushing upward, and the diaphragm remains closed.

Diaphragm B will stay closed as long as small drain passage D remains blocked by a pin, which is controlled by solenoid E. In a normally closed valve, supplying an electric current to the solenoid will raise the pin via magnetic force, and the water in cavity C drains out through passage D faster than the pinhole can refill it. Less water in cavity C means the pressure on that side of the diaphragm drops, proportionately dropping the force too. With the downward force of cavity C now less than the upward force of inlet A, the diaphragm is pushed upward, thus opening the valve. Water now flows freely from A to F. When the solenoid is deactivated and passage D is closed, water once again accumulates in cavity C, closing the diaphragm once the downward force exerted is great enough.

This process is the opposite for a normally open pilot-operated valve. In that case, the pin is naturally held open by a spring, passage D is open, and cavity C is never able to fill up enough, pushing open diaphragm B and allowing unobstructed flow. Supplying an electric current to the solenoid pushes the pin into a closed position, blocking passage D, allowing water to accumulate in cavity C, and ultimately closing diaphragm B.

In this way, a pilot-operated solenoid valve can be conceptualized as two valves working together: a direct-acting solenoid valve which functions as the "brain" to direct the "muscle" of a much more powerful main valve which gets actuated pneumatically or hydraulically. This is why pilot-operated valves will not work without a sufficient pressure differential between input and output, the "muscle" needs to be strong enough to push back against the diaphragm and open it. Should the pressure at the output rise above that of the input, the valve would open regardless of the state of the solenoid and pilot valve.

Components

Solenoid valve designs have many variations and challenges.

Common components of a solenoid valve:
 * Solenoid subassembly
 * Retaining clip (a.k.a. coil clip)
 * Solenoid coil (with magnetic return path)
 * Core tube (a.k.a. armature tube, plunger tube, solenoid valve tube, sleeve, guide assembly)
 * Plugnut (a.k.a. fixed core)
 * Shading coil (a.k.a. shading ring)
 * Core spring (a.k.a. counter spring)
 * Core (a.k.a. plunger, armature)
 * Core tube–bonnet seal
 * Bonnet (a.k.a. cover)
 * Bonnet–diaphragm–body seal
 * Hanger spring
 * Backup washer
 * Diaphragm
 * Bleed hole
 * Disk
 * Valve body
 * Seat

The core or plunger is the magnetic component that moves when the solenoid is energized. The core is coaxial with the solenoid. The core's movement will make or break the seals that control the movement of the fluid. When the coil is not energized, springs will hold the core in its normal position.

The plugnut is also coaxial.

The core tube contains and guides the core. It also retains the plugnut and may seal the fluid. To optimize the movement of the core, the core tube needs to be nonmagnetic. If the core tube were magnetic, then it would offer a shunt path for the field lines. In some designs, the core tube is an enclosed metal shell produced by deep drawing. Such a design simplifies the sealing problems because the fluid cannot escape from the enclosure, but the design also increases the magnetic path resistance because the magnetic path must traverse the thickness of the core tube twice: once near the plugnut and once near the core. In some other designs, the core tube is not closed but rather an open tube that slips over one end of the plugnut. To retain the plugnut, the tube might be crimped to the plugnut. An O-ring seal between the tube and the plugnut will prevent the fluid from escaping.

The solenoid coil consists of many turns of copper wire that surround the core tube and induce the movement of the core. The coil is often encapsulated in epoxy. The coil also has an iron frame that provides a low magnetic path resistance.

Materials
The valve body must be compatible with the fluid; common materials are brass, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastic.

The seals must be compatible with the fluid.

To simplify the sealing issues, the plugnut, core, springs, shading ring, and other components are often exposed to the fluid, so they must be compatible as well. The requirements present some special problems. The core tube needs to be non-magnetic to pass the solenoid's field through to the plugnut and the core. The plugnut and core need a material with good magnetic properties such as iron, but iron is prone to corrosion. Stainless steels can be used because they come in both magnetic and non-magnetic varieties. For example, a solenoid valve might use 304 stainless steel for the body, 305 stainless steel for the core tube, 302 stainless steel for the springs, and 430 F stainless steel (a magnetic stainless steel ) for the core and plugnut.

Types
Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described above:
 * one- or two-solenoid valves;
 * direct current or alternating current powered;
 * different number of ways and positions;

Common uses
Solenoid valves are used in fluid power pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves. Automatic irrigation sprinkler systems also use solenoid valves with an automatic controller. Domestic washing machines and dishwashers use solenoid valves to control water entry into the machine. They are also often used in paintball gun triggers to actuate the hammer valve. Solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as "solenoids."

Solenoid valves can be used for a wide array of industrial applications, including general on-off control, calibration and test stands, pilot plant control loops, process control systems, and various original equipment manufacturer applications.

History and commercial development
In 1910, ASCO Numatics became the first company to develop and manufacture the solenoid valve.

title: Solenoid valve


text:
Alan A. Freeman

Alan Albert Freeman, known professionally as Alan A. Freeman (27 September 1920 – 15 March 1985) was an English record producer, remembered for being Petula Clark's producer from 1949 until 1963, when his role was taken over by Tony Hatch. Freeman founded the independent Polygon label and worked for its successor labels, Pye Nixa and Pye. He also produced number 1 hits by Lonnie Donegan.

Career
Freeman was born in St. John's Wood, north west London, in September 1920, to Aileen Freeman (née Marks) and her husband Leslie. By his late teens, Alan was working as a clerk for a music publisher. His ambition had always been to have a record label and make his own records with it. In 1949, he was working for the Ed Kassner music publishing company as a song plugger, when he inherited some money, and began to go ahead with his project. His friend, pianist Joe Henderson, knew the singer and actress Petula Clark, whose father Leslie was keen to launch her as a recording artist. Henderson introduced Alan to Leslie Clark, who invested some money of his own (or Petula's) in the new label.

The label, Polygon Records, was a brave attempt by Freeman to gain a footing in the British record market, at a time when it was dominated by Decca and EMI (HMV, Columbia and Parlophone). The earliest recordings were actually made for the Australian market as Freeman had a contact there, and he wanted to test the water. By 1950, Polygon was active, and during its lifetime, over 180 78rpm records were made over five years, all of them produced by Freeman, including over 50 titles by Clark.

By 1955, the label had been a small success, gathering a few chart hits (the biggest of which was "The Little Shoemaker" by Clark, reaching no. 7), but no runaway success. Freeman was approached by New Zealand businessman Hilton Nixon who had a similar dream to his own. Hilton wanted to establish Nixa Records but had run into problems with distribution. Thus Polygon was swallowed up by Nixa and became Pye Nixa Records.

Freeman continued to produce records, but shared responsibilities with several others. He also produced "Gamblin' Man" / "Puttin' On the Style"	and "My Old Man's A Dustman", which were number 1 hits recorded by the skiffle performer Lonnie Donegan. By 1959, the company had dropped the 'Nixa' part and evolved into simply Pye Records. Clark was still recording for Pye, but with little success. Freeman found a song that was to relaunch her British career. The song was "Sailor", written by David West, a pseudonym for Norman Newell. It made number 1 in February 1961.

Freeman also produced recordings of London performances by Marlene Dietrich, and records featuring British comedian Tony Hancock; the latter's re-enactments of "The Blood Donor" and "The Radio Ham" for an LP was a best seller in 1961. During the 1970s, Freeman was a frequent panellist on ATV's Saturday night talent programme, New Faces.

Personal life and death
Freeman married Shirley Bennett on 22 October 1968, and the couple had two children. They were divorced on 1 January 1985. Freeman died on 15 March 1985 in Carshalton, in Sutton, Greater London, aged 64. He was survived by his sister Pat.

title: Alan A. Freeman


text:
Category:Cemeteries in China

For Chinese cemeteries outside of China, see Category:Chinese cemeteries.

title: Category:Cemeteries in China