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Wikipedia:WikiProject Poland

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WikiProject Poland / Poland-related Wikipedia notice board

This project is designed to gather Wikipedians interested in Poland-related content, tools designed to help them, and offer a centralized place for relevant announcements and discussions. If that sounds useful or fun, please watchlist this page and add your name to the participants list below.

'''This project prefers the English language. Please see the talk page for the noticeboard and ongoing discussions.'''

Our articles
We take care of the tens of thousands of articles, about 88,000 at last count – that's close to 2% of all articles on the English Wikipedia! Here is a breakdown by quality and importance:

You are welcome to add more articles we missed to our project, and assess them. See for how to add articles to that list, WikiProject Poland/Assessment for information on assessment, and WikiProject Poland/Reviews for current requests for a B-class review.

High quality
This is a list of our Featured, Good, DYK and ITN content.

Most popular
Most popular (number of visits) Poland-related articles are here.

Our Portal
You can visit our Portal:Poland.

Naming conventions
For guidelines on article naming and style, see the Manual of Style (Poland-related articles) page (shortcut WP:MOSPOL).

Image copyright guide
If you want to upload a possibly public-domain Polish image, see here for a guide on what is in the public domain, and which license templates to use.

Articles in need of improvement
Articles tagged with various issues are listed in a sortable list at here (the on-wiki listing is no longer actively maintained). As of December 2010, 12570 or 18.7% were marked for cleanup. As of September 2012 that grew to 14790 or 20.3 % of (the also growing) total.

A frequently updated list of unreferenced biographies of living persons is here. As of September 2011, we have eliminated the backlog there, and as of September 2012, the list usually has between 0 to 2 articles. Adding referencing to living person bios is one of Wikipedia's priorities.

Article alerts

 * Generic Poland-related

 * Polish military history

Deletions
While deletions should also be available in the article news feed, you can also check and watchlist this dedicated page: WikiProject Deletion sorting/Poland

New articles announcements
Newly created Poland-related articles are announced here (that page can be watchlisted). Click here for archival entries

Templates

 * Template:WikiProject Poland (short: WPPOLAND, full syntax: ) is our assessment template. Please add it to the talk pages of all Poland-related articles, it is a key template that enables the article to be included in our article news, popularity ranking, project watchlist deletion discussion notifications the nifty quality and importance tables we have at the top of this page and other tools.
 * Use lang for Polish words or phrases, thus: Gmina Świnice Warckie will produce Gmina Świnice Warckie
 * The IPAc-pl template can be used to produce representations of Polish pronunciation.
 * When marking sources in Polish language, use In lang to produce
 * There is also a Portal:Poland/Welcome message box that can be used to notify new users about this noticeboard and our related projects. Just slap  --~  on their usertalkpage – it has its own heading.
 * use Wikiquotelang to link Polish language wikiquote pages (often found on Polish Wikipedia articles). The full syntax is (yes, it seems you need to use the article's name twice), for example
 * use Wikisourcelang just like Wikiquotelang above but for linking to Polish Wikisource articles.
 * Various other, less used templates are listed at Category:Poland templates

Userboxes
Please note we have three functioning userboxes:

You may also want to check the following userboxes:

You can also declare your knowledge of the Polish language with the WP:BABEL templates, such as: For non-native speakers of Polish, just use User pl-1 (beginner) to pl-5 (professional)

Awards
In the spirit of kindness and recognition we strongly encourage the use of the following barnstars, awards and assorted goodies:

See also pl:Wikipedia:Odznaczenia Wikipedii for other awards designed on Polish Wikipedia!

We also encourage the use of other awards for non-Poland specific contributions to Wikipedia!

Other tools

 * Wikiproject Watchlist – WikiProject Poland – the top edits to articles that have talk pages transcluding
 * As part of the WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/biographies project, we have the list of Poles from the Polish Biographical Dictionary.
 * WikiProject Intertranswiki/Polish – WikiProject Intertranswiki Polish, a collaborative effort to improve English Wikipedia by importing and translating content from Polish Wikipedia
 * Newsletter
 * Are they stubs? Articles in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poland/Stub-class without stub tags and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poland/Stub-tagged but not stub-class need reviewing
 * Are they B-class? We are providing small reviews for all B-class articles. See WikiProject Poland/Reviews for outstanding review requests. Check Category:Poland articles with an incomplete B-Class checklist for an article missing a review, assess whether it is a B-class or not, and leave a note on its talk page. It is quite simple, see an example.
 * Polish Wikipedia has a guide on the notability of the Polish noble families

Historical (no longer actively maintained):
 * Polish Collaboration of the Week
 * The WikiProject Poland/to do

Related WikiProjects
Active:
 * WikiProject Countries (parent)
 * WikiProject Eastern Europe (region)

Semi-active:
 * WikiProject Military history/Polish military history task force (military history)

Former:
 * WikiProject History of Poland (history; inactive)
 * WikiProject Geography of Poland (geography; inactive)
 * WikiProject European history/Polish history task force (history)

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Poland


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Recreation Park (Pittsburgh)

Recreation Park (known at various times as Union Park, 3A Park, and the Coliseum) was a sporting grounds and stadium that stood from 1865 to 1905 in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which was annexed in 1907 and became the North Side region of Pittsburgh. The park was bounded by Allegheny Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Grant (now Galveston) Avenue, and Boquet (now Behan) Street.

The field was the first National League home for the Pittsburgh Pirates (at the time referred to as the Alleghenys) of Major League Baseball. It also hosted many football games of the Western University of Pennsylvania (today's University of Pittsburgh). In November 1892, the park hosted the first known American football game that included a professional player.

Only one known photograph, taken from a very distant vantage point, shows the grounds in its longtime baseball configuration. It was discovered in 2015 in a time capsule left by scientific instrument maker John Brashear. A much-altered facility appears in later photos, including several newspaper shots of football games.

History
Opened in 1865 as a skating center, the park was adapted for baseball use in 1867. Known until 1885 as Union Park, the stadium had an early capacity of 2,500, and was later expanded with wooden grandstands to allow up to 17,000 spectators. After the Alleghenys moved a few blocks south in 1890, the main tenant became the Allegheny Athletic Association, and the grounds would eventually be referred to as 3A Park. After the turn of the 20th century, it was converted to a velodrome called the Coliseum.

In 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers and Pirates built stadiums not far from this site.

Baseball
In the late 1860s and early 70s, Pittsburgh was home to three local amateur baseball teams—the Enterprise Club, the Xanthas, and the Olympics—which played most of their games Union Park. In 1876, the professional Allegheny club played its first game against Xantha at Union Park, winning 7–3. Allegheny lasted for three years, playing mostly other squads from the northeast within the International Association, but occasionally taking on National League teams in exhibition games. One long-remembered match took place in early May 1877, when Pud Galvin threw a shutout and hit a home run in a 1–0 victory over the Boston Red Stockings. In 1884, the two-year-old Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association moved from Exposition Park II to Union Park. The team posted a record of 18–37 at home that season, finishing 11th in the league.

The ballpark was used as a neutral site for one game in the 1885 World Series and for one game in the 1887 World Series.

In 1887, owner William A. Nimick transferred the club into the National League, and on April 30, the Alleghenies defeated the Chicago White Stockings, 6–2 in front of 10,000 spectators. This was the first officially recognized contest of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise. Legend has it that, before opening game of the 1887 season, Pittsburgh's catcher Fred Carroll buried his pet monkey beneath home plate. Also during that season, local businessman Walter Brown organized an early attempt of a league for African American ballplayers, with his Pittsburgh Keystones taking up residence at the park.

In 1891, after the collapse of the Pittsburgh Burghers baseball franchise and the Players' League, the Alleghenys moved to the third incarnation of Exposition Park, which had been constructed for the Burghers.

Football
On November 12, 1892, the Allegheny Athletic Association football team defeated the Pittsburgh Athletic Club in the first known American football game to feature a professional player. The team had hired Pudge Heffelfinger, an all-American guard from Yale, for $500. Decades later, the Pro Football Hall of Fame discovered a page torn from an 1892 account ledger prepared by Allegheny manager O. D. Thompson with the line item: "Game performance bonus to W. Heffelfinger for playing (cash) $500."

In 1902, a Pirates-backed football team, the Pittsburgh Stars of the first National Football League, played its home games at the field. The Stars would win the league's only championship against the Philadelphia Athletics, 11–0, at the field.

The Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP) football team played their first game of the 1898 season at Recreation Park, defeating Westminster 5–0. Though WUP played some games at Exposition Park as early as 1900, games were hosted at Recreation Park until the University signed an exclusive contract with Exposition Park in 1904.

Cycling
Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss secured a lease on the park in 1901 to block the upstart American League from establishing a competing baseball franchise in Pittsburgh. To monetize the grounds, Dreyfuss installed a modern bicycle track to be used for motor-paced races featuring the stars of the sport. Baseball umpire and boxing referee Tim Hurst managed the facility, which opened in May 1902 under a name variously spelled as "Colosseum" or "Coliseum." The track, a smooth wooden oval with 20 ft bankings, encompassed a multipurpose field. Surrounding the track was new seating for 7,000 spectators, including covered grandstands on the north and south sides and open bleachers. The venture proved a failure: Cycling did not catch on as a spectator sport, and although the stadium found alternative use as a football venue, there was not enough football to bring sufficient revenue. No longer fearing an invasion by the American League, Dreyfuss let the lease expire in April 1904. The track was torn down and the grounds turned back over to the owners.

Other uses
Beyond simply major sporting events, the park often also doubled as a venue for circuses, carnivals, various ethnic and holiday celebrations, and track meets. Before the Exposition grounds were used for major gatherings, Union Park was a main local gathering place that could easily and closely accommodate large crowds for exhibitors. Popular national figures such as Adam Forepaugh and P. T. Barnum would hold their shows here, spending up to three days before moving off to one-night shows in smaller towns. The park sat next to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway.

Recreation Park has a reference in the city directory as late as 1914, but the open land was soon covered over by various industrial buildings, since the early 1900s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Recreation Park (Pittsburgh)


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Victoria Place

Victoria Place (formerly known as The Peacocks) is a multi-storey shopping and leisure centre in Woking, Surrey, England. Construction of the centre was completed in 1992, providing approximately 90 consumer service/retail units; nine varieties of daytime restaurants, fast food shops and cafés and a link to the area's largest theatre and cinema with entrances outside and within the centre itself. A further extension was constructed in the late 2010s as part of the adjacent Victoria Square development.

History
The 500000 sqft centre as Victoria Place formerly Woking Shopping was opened in April 1992 and contained a department store, a 1,200-seat theatre, three cinemas, a nightclub and a library. A £1.5 million extension was added in 2010 that included a new entrance facing Town Square. Developed by the London and Edinburgh Trust including a partnership with Woking Borough Council, it was designed by Chapman Taylor Partners. It was then owned by British Land until 2008 when it was sold to a private investor for £116 million.

title: Victoria Place


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German Trade Union Confederation

The German Trade Union Confederation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB) is an umbrella organisation (sometimes known as a national trade union center) for eight German trade unions, in total representing more than 6 million people (31 December 2011). It was founded in Munich, 12 October 1949.

The DGB coordinates joint demands and activities within the German trade union movement. It represents the member unions in contact with the government authorities, the political parties and the employers' organisations. However, the umbrella organisation is not directly involved in collective bargaining and does not conclude collective labour agreements.

Union delegates elect committees for 9 districts, 66 regions and the federal centre. The organisation holds a federal congress every four years. This assembly sets the framework for trade union policies and elects five Federal Executives. Together with the presidents of the member unions they constitute the DGB's executive committee. The members of the executive committee, together with the DGB regional presidents and 70 delegates from the unions, form a Federal Council which meets once a year to make decisions on national issues. The DGB also has a youth organisation, DGB-Jugend.

The DGB has its headquarters in Berlin. It is a member of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).

Until 1933
As first German confederation of unions at 14 March 1892 the Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands was founded in Halberstadt. It represented 57 national and some local unions with approximate 300,000 people in total. After World War I unions had to reorganise. During a congress in Nuremberg from 30 June until 5 July 1919 the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) was founded as an umbrella organisation of 52 unions with more than 3 million members. The ADGB may be seen as predecessor of today's DGB. Like today, there also existed a conservative counterpart of lesser importance. Curiously, this conservative organisation was named Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, DGB. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions were dissolved by the Nazis.

1946–1949
After World War II German unions had to reorganize once again. Various regional and issue-specific unions formed under the Western occupations of Germany.

On 9–11 February 1946 the Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB) was founded in Berlin as a confederation of 15 unions in the Soviet occupation zone.

On 23–25 April 1947 the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, DGB was founded in Bielefeld as a confederation of 12 unions in the Allied-occupied Germany.

Foundations in the American occupation zone:

24/25 August 1946: Freier Gewerkschaftsbund Hessen

30 August – 1 September 1946: Gewerkschaftsbund Württemberg-Baden

27–29 March 1947: Bayerischer Gewerkschaftsbund

Foundations in the French occupation zone:

15/16 February 1947: Gewerkschaftsbund Süd-Württemberg und Hohenzollern

1/2 March 1947: Badischer Gewerkschaftsbund

2 May 1947: Allgemeiner Gewerkschaftsbund Rheinland-Pfalz

On 12–14 October, the 7 umbrella organisation in West Germany merged into the West German DGB as a confederation of 16 single trade unions.

Reunification – Present
In 1990, the members of the FDGB of the German Democratic Republic joined the members of the DGB. In recent years, many member unions of the DGB have merged, so today the DGB has only 8 members. This was seen as a progress by many unionists who hoped for stronger representation, while others claim that strong member unions like ver.di with its two million members have considerably weakened the DGB as a roof organization.

In general, the influence of German trade unions has declined since 1990 and had to accept shrinking real incomes and a reform of the welfare system in 2004 ("Hartz IV laws"), which put additional pressure on wages. For some years, the DGB and its member unions have been campaigning for a minimum wage to be introduced in Germany. Well into the 1990s, they had rejected this idea because they got better results from their strong position in the German system of collective bargaining.

Other unions
In 1978 the Gewerkschaft der Polizei (GdP, see above) joined the DGB as 17th union.

The Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft – DAG – was a large white collar trade union. Although the DAG in the British zone 1946 was a member of the DGB in the British zone, the West German DAG never joined the West German DGB as a single member union. In 2001 the DAG merged with four existing DGB unions to become the new DGB union Ver.di.

The railway union Verkehrsgewerkschaft GDBA was a member of the other labour federation, the German Civil Service Federation. In 2010 the GDBA merged with existing DGB union TRANSNET to form the new DGB union EVG.

Presidents

 * 1949: Hans Böckler
 * 1951: Christian Fette
 * 1952: Walter Freitag
 * 1956: Willi Richter
 * 1962: Ludwig Rosenberg
 * 1969: Heinz Oskar Vetter
 * 1982: Ernst Breit
 * 1990: Heinz-Werner Meyer
 * 1994: Dieter Schulte
 * 2002: Michael Sommer
 * 2014: Reiner Hoffmann
 * 2022: Yasmin Fahimi

districts with regions

 * Baden-Württemberg: 4 regions
 * Bayern: 14 regions
 * Berlin/Brandenburg: 4 regions
 * Hessen/Thüringen: 6 regions
 * Niedersachsen/Bremen/Sachsen-Anhalt: 10 regions
 * Nord (Niedersachsen/Bremen/Sachsen-Anhalt): 7 regions
 * Nordrhein-Westfalen: 11 regions
 * Sachsen: 4 regions
 * West (Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland): 6 regions

Literature

 * F.Deppe/G.Fülberth/H.J.Harrer: Geschichte der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung ISBN 3-7609-0290-1
 * http://www.dgb.de/uber-uns/dgb-heute/
 * http://www.dgb.de/uber-uns/dgb-heute/

title: German Trade Union Confederation


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Batucada

Batucada is a substyle of samba and refers to a percussive style, usually performed by an ensemble, known as a bateria. Batucada is characterized by its repetitive style and fast pace.

Originally from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, it is a popular music in Spain, especially in Parades and Mardi Gras. During the Chinese New Year celebrations in the city of València, the Batuchina is played, an adaptation of Batucada to Chinese Traditional Music sounds.

Overview/Instruments
The wide variety of instruments used in a batucada include:
 * Repinique, a high-pitched tom-tom like drum played with a single stick (or two long sticks) and the hand. Traditionally the leader of the ensemble uses the repinique (also referred to as 'repique') to direct and solo.
 * Surdo, a large drum with an average size of 50 cm in diameter. It provides the downbeat, the bass downbeat of the rhythm. When only one surdo is playing, it accentuates the 2nd and 4th beat of every measure. When a second surdo is playing, it is tuned slightly higher and is played accentuating the first and third beats of the measure. A third surdo de terceira or Surdo-mor syncopates in between the beats.
 * Tamborim, a small drum usually played with a stick or a multi-pronged plastic beater.
 * Bells (agogô).
 * Chocalho (Ganzá, Rocar, and shakers of various types and materials).
 * Caixa de guerra, a deeper snare drum w/ wires on batter head and Tarol (drum), a thinner snare drum.
 * Cuica, a single headed drum with a stick mounted inside the drum body, perpendicular to the head. The instrument is played by rubbing a damp cloth along the length of this stick, while pressing the head of the drum with a finger or thumb. The harder to the stick the finger is pressed, the higher the pitch of the sound is produced. The cuica creates a unique sound, which can sometimes sound like a human voice.
 * Timbal, a long cone-like drum that is used to produce both high & low tones in the ensemble. It is usually played with hands and creates a similar timbre as the West African Djembé.
 * Pandeiro, similar to a tambourine and played sometimes elaborately with the hand. Unlike the tambourine, the pandeiro can be tuned.
 * Reco-reco (known in Spanish as the güiro), a usually hollow wooden instrument with a ridged exterior surface that is scraped with a stick.
 * Apito, a small plastic, metal or wooden whistle.

Songs

 * Batucada Suite performed by blue-eyed soul singer Teena Marie. Written by Teena Marie from the Album Emerald City.
 * The Obvious Child from Paul Simon's album The Rhythm of the Saints is an example of the sound of the samba-Afro style, exemplified by the Bahian samba reggae group Olodum.
 * Celebration Suite performed by Airto, written by Hugo Fattoruso.
 * Portela performed by Pai Benê, Queimou O Pé.
 * Batucada Surgiu by Marcos Valle, Sérgio Mendes's cover of which appeared on Look around.
 * Samba-Afro style also shown on "El Matador" from the Argentine band Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, a rhythm inspired by Samba-reggae from Bahia, Brazil.
 * Kiss of Life by British band Friendly Fires also features a batucada instrumentation in the background playing a funk beat.

Notable musicians

 * Ara Ketu
 * Badauê
 * Ilê Aiyê
 * Malê Debalê
 * Monobloco
 * Muzenza
 * Olodum
 * Swing do Pelo
 * Timbalada

title: Batucada


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User:GeorgeBills

My first userpage vandal (<3)

I will likely be editing pages concerning:
 * 1) Music artists (for which ones, see my last.fm page)
 * 2) Computer science (most of my larger edits)
 * 3) Philosophy (when I get time)

Articles I have contributed a fair amount to:
 * ==
 * Big Design Up Front
 * Executable UML
 * Meathead [page deleted and replaced via AfD ;(]
 * Process states
 * Standard Widget Toolkit
 * Waterfall model

Useful links:
 * Footnotes
 * Maintenance collaboration of the week
 * Manual of Style
 * Peer_review
 * What is a featured article?
 * Category:Computer stubs
 * Category:Artificial intelligence stubs
 * Category:Computer science stubs
 * Category:Software engineering stubs
 * Category:Computer programming stubs
 * Category:Computer language stubs
 * Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences/Computer science, computing, and Internet
 * Administrator intervention against vandalism

Words I always misspell (to remind me...):
 * association (not assosciation )
 * efficient (not effecient )
 * parallel (one r, two ls, one l)
 * referred (not refered )
 * separate (not seperate )
 * useful (not usefull )

Workspace:
 * User:GeorgeBills/Meathead
 * User:GeorgeBills/Strictly increasing sequence

Wikipedia "philosophy":
 * Who writes Wikipedia?
 * User:Dbuckner/Expert_rebellion

title: User:GeorgeBills


text:
Danmark Island

Danmark Island (Ujuaakajiip Nunaa; Danmark Ø) is an island in Scoresby Sund. Administratively it lies in the area of Sermersooq municipality.

History
The island was named in 1891 by Carl Ryder during his 1891–92 East Greenland Expedition. It was chosen as a wintering harbor in 1891/2 during the exploration of the Scoresby Sund fjord system.

Numerous remains of Inuit habitations were found on the island by the East Greenland Expedition, indicating that the Scoresby Sound area had been inhabited in relatively recent times.

The Greenlandic name Ujuaakajiip Nunaa was registered in 1955 by the Danish Geodætisk Institut. It means "Little Johan’s Land" after Johan Petersen, Scoresbysund colony manager, who was known to the locals as "Ujuât".

Geography
Danmark Island lies at the eastern end of Fon Fjord by its mouth. Ten kilometers before the mouth, the fjord has a branch in the northeastern shore named Rensund that separates Danmark Island from Milne Land to the north.

Located in the southeastern shore, Hekla Havn is the natural harbor used as a base for expedition ship Hekla in 1891–92.

title: Danmark Island


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Recreation Park (Philadelphia)

Recreation Park was a baseball park in Philadelphia.

The ballpark was the first home of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League during the years 1883–1886, prior to the opening of the ballpark that became known as Baker Bowl.

The park was bounded by 24th Street (east, first base); Ridge Avenue (north, right field); Montgomery Avenue (northwest, center field); 25th Street (west, left field); and Columbia Avenue (south, third base) (which in 1987 was renamed Cecil B. Moore Avenue after the civil-rights leader). The park was not the only one in the area; 14 years later, Columbia Park, the first home of the Philadelphia Athletics, opened eight blocks to the west on Columbia Avenue, across the avenue to the south.

1860 to 1882
The field was used at least as early as June 16, 1860, when Equity defeated Pennsylvania 65-52 in what author Charles Peverelly, writing about "the national game", called the "first baseball game played in Pennsylvania."

During the Civil War, a cavalry of the Union Army occupied the park. In 1866, with new houses bordering the field, a nine-foot fence was erected and the field was put back in shape for baseball. But it was poorly maintained by 1871 and used less and less.

The Philadelphia Centennials of the National Association leveled and resodded the field, built a 10-foot fence, clubhouse and grandstands in 1875. They called it Centennial Park. The team folded after just 14 games and the association followed at the end of the season. With no tenant the park fell into disrepair.

During the 1876-1879 period, the lot was used as a horse market. Local newspapers referred to its location variously as Ridge and 23rd, 24th or 25th. Most of the time it was given as 24th.

Philadelphia Phillies (1883-1886)
Alfred J. Reach acquired a five-year lease on the horse market property in 1882, renaming it "Recreation Park". He cleared the grounds, resodded the field, built a three-section wooden grandstand, and fielded the independent team called "Fillies." The next year, Philadelphia joined the National League.

The Phillies played their first game ever on April 2, 1883 and defeated the amateur Manayunk Ashlands by the score of 11-0 at Recreation Park.

Once the lease had expired following the 1886 season, the club moved into their own new facility, Philadelphia Baseball Park, which they would call home for the next $51 1/2$ years.

There is no historical marker or any indication that a ballpark once stood on this site. As of October 2015, a mini market stands on the corner where home plate was located, and urban housing occupies the area.

title: Recreation Park (Philadelphia)


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Chrysler Hemi engine

The Chrysler Hemi engine, known by the trademark Hemi or HEMI, refers to a series of high-performance American overhead valve V8 engines built by Chrysler with hemispherical combustion chambers. Three generations have been produced: the FirePower series (with displacements from 241 cuin to 392 cuin) from 1951 to 1958; a famed 426 cuin race and street engine from 1964-1971; and family of advanced Hemis (displacing between 5.7 L 6.4 L from 2003 to 2024.

Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as a marketing term, many other auto manufacturers have incorporated similar cylinder head designs. The engine block and cylinder heads were cast and manufactured at Indianapolis Foundry.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also applied the term Hemi to their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine, and a 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine installed in various North American market vehicles.

Design
The main advantage of a hemi head engine over other head designs is power. In return, hemi head engines tend to have complex valve trains, are expensive to build, and both larger and heavier than conventional designs.

A hemispherical combustion chamber is an efficient shape, with an excellent surface-to-volume ratio, and room for two large valves. However, it allows no more than two valves per cylinder, and these large valves are necessarily heavier than in a multi-valve engine. The intake and exhaust valves lie on opposite sides of the chamber and necessitate a "cross-flow" head design. As the combustion chamber is a partial hemisphere, a flat-topped piston would yield too low a compression ratio unless a very long stroke is used, so to attain the desired compression ratio the piston crown is domed to protrude into the head at top dead center. The result is a combustion chamber in the shape of the space between where the domed piston stops and the dome shape in the head receiving it.

The hemi-head design places the spark plug at or near the center of the chamber to promote a strong flame front. However, if the hemi-head hemisphere is of equal diameter to the piston, there is minimal squish for proper turbulence to mix fuel and air thoroughly. Thus, hemi-heads, because of their lack of squish, are more sensitive to fuel octane rating; a given compression ratio will require a higher octane rating to avoid pre-ignition in a hemi engine than in some conventional engine designs such as the wedge and bathtub.

The hemi head always has intake and exhaust valve stems that point in different directions, requiring a large, wide cylinder head and complex rocker arm geometry in both cam-in-block and single overhead cam engines (dual overhead cam engines may not have rocker arms). This adds to the overall width of the engine, limiting the vehicles in which it can be installed.

Significant challenges in the commercialization of engine designs using hemispherical chambers revolved around the valve actuation, specifically how to make it effective, efficient, and reliable at an acceptable cost. This complexity was referenced early in Chrysler's development of their 1950s hemi engine: the head was referred to in company advertising as the Double Rocker Shaft head.

First generation: FirePower 1951–1958
Chrysler developed its first experimental hemi engine for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter aircraft. The XIV-2220 was an inverted V16 rated at 2500 hp. The P-47 was already in production with a Pratt & Whitney radial engine when the XIV-2220 flew successfully in trials in 1945 as a possible upgrade, but the war was winding down and it did not go into production. However, the exercise gave Chrysler engineers valuable research and development experience with two-valve hemi combustion chamber dynamics and parameters.

In addition to the aircraft engine, Chrysler and Continental worked together to develop the air-cooled AV-1790-5B V12 Hemi engine used in the M47 Patton tank.

Chrysler applied their military experience with the hemispherical combustion chamber to its first automobile engine, an overhead-valve V8 engine released under the name FirePower, not "Hemi," in 1950 for the 1951 model year. The first version of the FirePower engine had a displacement of 331 cuin and produced 180 bhp. Eventually, three of the four Chrysler divisions had their own version of the FirePower engine, with different displacements and designations, and having almost no parts in common. This lack of commonality was due in part to the three engine versions using different bore pitches (the center-to-center distance between adjacent cylinders). Chrysler and Imperial called their versions the FirePower. DeSoto called theirs the FireDome. Dodge had a smaller version, known as the Red Ram. Only Plymouth did not have a version, but retained the Dodge poly-head engines. There was no Plymouth Hemi engine until the 1964 426.

Briggs Cunningham used the Chrysler version in some of his race cars for international motorsports. A Chrysler-powered Cunningham C-5R won its class in 1953. Cunningham switched away from these designs in 1959 when Chrysler temporarily abandoned the hemispherical concept in favor of the wedge-head B engine until 1964. Carl Kiekhaefer also used the Chrysler engines in NASCAR cars owned by him from 1955 and 1956, winning the Grand National Series championship both years.

Collectively, the 1951–1958 Hemi engines are now commonly referred to as first-generation Hemi engines, and the group can be identified by the rear-mounted distributor and the spark plugs in a row down the center of wide valve covers.

1951 Plymouth Hemi V6
There were plans in 1951 for a Plymouth Dual Overhead Cam Hemi V6 displacing 235 in3 designed by Chrysler's Powerplant Research and Engine Design division. Known internally as A173, it was meant to be a powerful, fuel-efficient alternative to Ford's V8 and to replace Plymouth's venerable flathead six. However, the plans were scrapped because of high build costs and the then-unusual design.

Chrysler and Imperial
All Chrysler FirePower engines are oversquare; i.e. their bore is larger than their stroke.

331
This first FirePower engine, used from 1951 to 1955, has a bore of 3.8125(96.8mm) in and a stroke of 3.625(92.1mm) in for a piston displacement of 331 cuin, and a deck height of 10.385"(264mm) ("low deck"). The bore pitch, shared by all Chrysler FirePower engines, was 4.5625"(115.9mm), the largest of any 1st generation Hemi engines. Most used a two-barrel carburetor and produced 180 bhp, with the famous exception of the 1955 Chrysler C-300 equipped with dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors and rated at 300 hp.

The 331 engine was used in the following applications:
 * 1951–1955 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1951–1954 Chrysler Imperial and 1955 Imperial
 * 1951 Chrysler Saratoga
 * 1952 Chrysler Saratoga Club Coupe
 * 1952 Chrysler Imperial Parade Phaeton
 * 1954 Dodge C Series
 * 1955 Chrysler C-300
 * 1956 Facel Vega FV2B
 * 1958 Hongqi CA72
 * The Chrysler Air-Raid Siren. At 138 decibels, it is the loudest siren ever made.

354
The 354, released in 1956, had a bore of 3.9375(100mm) in and stroke of 3.625(92.1mm) in, and the same 10.385"(264mm) low deck height, for an actual displacement of 5787 cc. The 300B engine was rated at 340 bhp, while the New Yorker and Imperial 354 engine configuration produced 280 bhp. For the 300B, an optional 355 hp version was available, making it the first American V8 to be rated at one horsepower per cubic inch. (Note that before 1972, horsepower was SAE gross; thereafter, horsepower is SAE net.) The 354 was also modified. The Hemi was optimized for heavy-duty truck service. These were available with one or two four-barrel carburetors, and were offered in Dodge's heaviest-duty models as the 'Power Giant V-8' from 1957 through 1959; they were the largest of four Hemi truck engines offered by Dodge in the 1950s. The 354 was also offered in certain models with polyspheric heads rather than hemi heads. The combustion chambers on these had similarities to both hemi and wedge heads, but were closer in weight to wedge heads. Thus, both 354 poly and 354 Hemi V8 engines were variously available in 1957.

The 354 engine was used in the following applications:
 * 1956 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1956 Chrysler 300B
 * 1956 Imperial Custom & Crown
 * 1957 Dodge D-501
 * 1957–1959 Dodge C Series Pickup

392
The 392 raised-deck engine released in 1957 had a 4.00 in bore and 3.906 in stroke. The actual displacement is 392.67 cuin. The deck height, at 10.87 in, was 1/2 in taller than that of the previous blocks. Because its deck was taller, the heads were cast with wider intake ports so that earlier manifolds could be used with the new heads on the new taller block. For 1958, Chrysler offered the 392 in two configurations: 325 bhp with 9.25:1 compression and 345 bhp with 10:1 compression, both with a single four-barrel carburetor. A dual four-barrel version of the 392 available in the 1957–58 Chrysler 300C and 300D cars was rated at 375 bhp; the 300D, and some marine and industrial engines, used a (now rare) adjustable rocker. An extremely rare option available on the 1958 300D was Bendix "Electrojector" fuel injection, with which the 392 was rated at 390 bhp. Due to reliability problems with the primitive onboard computer which controlled the injection system; however, 15 of the 16 300D cars built with the fuel injection option were recalled and retrofitted with carburetors.

The 392 engine was used in the following applications:
 * 1957–1958 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1957–1958 Imperial Custom, Crown, and LeBaron
 * 1957 Chrysler 300C
 * 1958 Chrysler 300D
 * 1958 Facel Vega Excellence (EX)

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, drag racers found the 392 to be a formidable engine and continued to run them competitively into the 1970s. Usual color of the block was silver.

DeSoto
DeSoto's Hemi engines were called FireDome and served as the naming convention for the DeSoto Firedome sedan.

276
In 1952, DeSoto introduced its version of the FirePower (FireDome),with a bore of 3.625 in and stroke of 3.344 in, for a displacement of 276.1 cuin. The bore pitch, shared by all DeSoto FirePower engines, was 4.3125 in. Power output was 160 bhp. It was a hot seller, with 50,000 vehicles using the engine until it was replaced in 1954.

291
An increase in displacement to 290.8 cuin was made for 1955 by increasing the bore to 3.72 in.

330
The DeSoto engine was enlarged for 1956 to 329.9 cuin. Bore was the same as the 291 at 3.72 in, but stroke was increased to 3.80 in and a taller (raised-deck) block was used.

341
Displacement was increased again for 1956 (DeSoto Adventurer only) and 1957 (Firedome and Fireflite models) to 341.1 cuin. Bore was now 3.78 in with stroke remaining at 3.80 in. The DeSoto Adventurer produced 320 bhp using dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors. The 1956 DeSoto Adventurer was the premiere named high-performance version—the DeSoto equivalent of the Chrysler 300—using dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors. The Adventurer engine for 1956 used a displacement of 341 CID (3.78" bore by 3.80" stroke) and had a compression ratio of 9.5:1, using a special hydraulic camshaft profile.

345
The largest DeSoto engine for 1957 was the DeSoto Adventurer offering 344.6 cuin with square bore and stroke dimensions of 3.80 inches. The DeSoto Adventurer used dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors for a rating of 345 bhp, producing one horsepower per cubic inch (the first American car to do so as standard equipment) utilizing a similar intake manifold to the 1956 341 Adventurer and a similar camshaft. The compression ratio remained at 9.5:1.

Dodge
Dodge's Hemi was introduced in 1953 as the Red Ram. Dodge did not have a V8 engine until one was developed specifically for the line in 1953 based on the 1951 Chrysler hemi design, but downsized for these smaller cars. They have the smallest bore center distance of any hemi engine at 4.1875 in. They do not share any major dimensions or components with the larger Chrysler and DeSoto hemi engines, or the Plymouth A engines. From 1955 to 1958 (see 1956 D500 Dodge D-500 cars and packages: early performance cars) lower-performance versions of the Dodge hemi were introduced by substituting less complex poly (single rocker shaft) heads and valve train parts, including one variant only built as a poly (259"). These were used in low-line 1955-58 DeSotos and Dodges, and 1955-56 high-line Plymouths.

Dodge Trucks marketed their version of the Hemi under the name PowerDome.

241
Dodge introduced the 241.3 cuin engine in 1953. Bore was 3.4375 in and stroke was 3.25 in. With a low compression ratio of 7.0:1 (in 1953 and for the 1954 Meadowbrook), the 241 produced 140 bhp. For 1954, the more senior Dodges received 150 bhp thanks to a higher 7.5:1 compression ratio. This engine is not the same as the Plymouth 241, which had polyspheric, not hemi heads. The 241 only lasted two years, being replaced by the 270 for 1955.

270
The D553 1955/1956 Dodge Red Ram Hemi 270 displaced 270 cuin and was used in premium 1955 and 1956 Dodge vehicles. Bore was 3.625 in and stroke was 3.25 in. It was not the same as the 270 poly-head. In the Dodge Coronet, running 7.6:1 compression ratio, the 270 produced 183 bhp. In higher trims like the Dodge Royal, the "Super Red Ram" ran the same compression ratio but with a four-barrel carburetor produced 193 bhp.

315
For 1956, Dodge increased the displacement to 315 cuin with a longer 3.80 in stroke and a taller raised-deck block and now with a polyspheric heads—no longer a Hemi. But the optional high-performance D-500 version of this engine had a four-barrel carburetor and a larger valved Dodge hemispherical combustion chambered head. Also, a "race only" package called the D-500-1 or DASH 1 was available with a special aluminum dual four-barrel intake that sported a pair of Carter WCFB carburetors similar to the ones on the Chrysler 300B and DeSoto Adventurer. This engine used the same cylinder heads as the base D-500 model.

The D-501 in 57 was the Chrysler 354 engine, not a Dodge-based engine.

325
Dodge released a 325 cuin engine for 1957. The "Super Red Ram" engine used a 3+11/16 in bore and 3.80 in stroke. The base engine offering was now a polyspheric chambered head referenced as 'KDS', and a higher performance 325 was offered with hemi heads as the 'KD-500'. Again there was a low volume offering of a 'KD-500-1' with dual four-barrel carburetors. All engines now, however, had hydraulic camshafts even though the hemi headed offerings sported "dimples" in the valve covers for mechanical adjuster clearance.

Second generation: 426 1964–1971
The hemispherical head design was revived in 1964 for a big-block 426 cuin overhead valve V8, the first engine "Hemi" by Chrysler, a name it had trademarked (and not to be confused with the Chrysler 426 Wedge. Sometimes retroactively referred to as the "Gen 2" or "2G" Hemi, the 426 Hemi was nicknamed the "elephant engine" at the time, a reference to its high power, heavy weight, and large physical dimensions. Its 10.72 in deck height and 4.80 in bore spacing made it the biggest engine in racing at the time.

The 426 Hemi of the 1960s was an engine produced for use in NASCAR, as raced in a Plymouth Belvedere in 1964. It was not initially available to the general buying public. The 426 Hemi was not allowed to compete in NASCAR's 1965 season due to its unavailability in production vehicles sold to the general public and because of complaints by Ford regarding its power. However several special production versions of the Dodge Dart, the Plymouth Fury, and later, in 1965, the Dodge Coronet, were produced with aluminum fenders and bumpers for drag racing and made available to the general public.

Chrysler introduced the "Street Hemi" in 1966 for its intermediate range of cars and sold the required number of Hemi engines to the public to homologate its use for stock car racing in NASCAR events in 1966. The "Street Hemi" was similar to the race Hemi but with dual inline four-barrel Carter AFB carburetors (with automatic choke), lower compression (10.25:1 from 12.5:1) and lower-lift camshaft, with iron exhaust manifolds instead of lighter steel long tube headers.

There were many differences between the Hemi and the 426 Wedge-head, including cross-bolted main bearing caps and a different head bolt pattern. Although all manufacturers were familiar with multi-valve engines and hemispherical combustion chambers, adding more valves per cylinder and designing the complex valvetrain they require were expensive ways of improving the high–revolutions per minute (rpm) breathing of production vehicles. By canting the angle of the NASCAR-mandated two valves per cylinder, significantly larger valves could be used. The Chrysler 426 Hemi and all Chrysler RBs had oversquare bore and strokes, both the 426 Hemi and 426 Wedge having a bore × stroke of 4+1/4x3+3/4 in.

The 426 Hemi, in "Street Hemi" form, was produced for consumer automobiles from 1966 through 1971. Hemi-powered Dodge and Plymouth cars produced in the model years of 1966 through 1971 have become collector's items. For example, a 1971 Plymouth Barracuda Convertible equipped with the 426 Hemi engine sold at auction for US$3.5 million in 2014.

The "Street Hemi" version was rated at 425 bhp at 5000 rpm SAE gross and 490 lbft at 4000 rpm of torque. In actual dynamometer testing, it produced 433.5 hp and 472 lbft of torque in purely stock form. Chrysler's sales literature published both the gross 425 hp and net 350 hp ratings for 1971.

The street version of the second generation Hemi engine was used (optionally, in all but the last case) in the following vehicles:
 * 1966–1970 Dodge Coronet/Plymouth Belvedere
 * 1966–1971 Plymouth Satellite
 * 1966–1971 Dodge Charger
 * 1966–1971 Jensen FF
 * 1966–1971 Jensen Interceptor
 * 1967–1971 Plymouth GTX
 * 1968 Dodge Dart Super Stock
 * 1968 Plymouth Barracuda
 * 1968–1971 Dodge Super Bee
 * 1968–1971 Plymouth Road Runner
 * 1969 Dodge Charger R/T
 * 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona
 * 1970 Plymouth Superbird
 * 1970–1971 Plymouth Hemi 'Cuda
 * 1970–1971 Dodge Challenger
 * 1970 Monteverdi Hai 450

In racing
There were many differences between the racing Hemis and the street version, including but not limited to compression ratio, camshaft, intake manifold, exhaust manifold. Some 1960s NASCAR and NHRA Hemi engines featured magnesium cross-ram intake manifolds and magnesium oil pans in an attempt to reduce the massive weight of the overall engine, along with chain-driven internal dry sump oil systems. Today, aftermarket blocks, heads, intakes, rods, and pistons are usually made of aluminum.

The 426 Hemi also was used in NHRA and AHRA drag racing. Its large casting allowed the engine to be overbored and stroked to displacements unattainable in the other engines of the day.

Third generation: 2003–2024
The current-production "HEMI" engine heads are flatter and more complex than the 1950s–'70s Hemi V8 chamber. The combustion chambers are no longer truly hemispherical. It uses a coil-on-plug (distributor-less) ignition system and two spark plugs per cylinder to shorten flame travel leading to more consistent combustion and reduced emissions. Like most of Chrysler's past-model Hemi-head engines, the 5.7 version is rated at approximately one horsepower per cubic inch (the current engines are SAE net, whereas the old Hemi engines were rated SAE gross). For the 2009 model year power was increased to 357-395 horsepower (266-291 kW) and 389-410 lb·ft (527-556 N·m) depending on application. It also achieved 4% better fuel economy. Variable valve timing (VVT) was also introduced.

A new variable displacement technology called Multi-Displacement System (MDS) is used in some versions which can shut off two cylinders on each bank under light load to improve fuel economy.

5.7
The 5.7 L HEMI was released for model year 2003 on the Dodge Ram pickup trucks to supplant the Magnum 5.9 engine. From 2004 to 2013, it was the only available gasoline engine in the Ram Heavy Duty. Chrysler later made the 5.7 L Hemi available in all models of the 2004 Dodge Ram, Dodge Durango, the 2005 Chrysler 300C, Dodge Magnum R/T, Jeep Grand Cherokee, the 2006 Dodge Charger R/T, Jeep Commander, the 2007 Chrysler Aspen, the 2009 Dodge Challenger R/T, and the 2022 Jeep Wagoneer. For manual transmission applications (Challenger and 3/4- and 1-ton Ram pickups), cylinder deactivation is not included.

The 345 cuin Hemi in the Ram delivered 345 hp and 375 lbft, but 340 hp and 390 lbft for the 300C and Magnum R/T, which is exactly 100 hp more than the old 5.9 engine. It is a 90-degree V8, 2-valve pushrod design like the past Magnum series engines, displacing 5654 cc, with a bore of 3.917 in and a stroke of 3.578 in.

The 5.7 L Hemi is made at Chrysler's Saltillo Engine plant in Ramos Arizpe, Mexico.

The Hemi was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2003 through 2007, and again in 2009.

This engine has been used in the following vehicles:
 * 2003–2024 Ram Pickup
 * 2004–2009, 2011–2024 Dodge Durango
 * 2005–2008 Dodge Magnum R/T
 * 2005–2022 Chrysler 300C,
 * 2010, 2012–2023 Chrysler 300S V8
 * 2005–2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee
 * 2006–2023 Dodge Charger R/T
 * 2006–2010 Jeep Commander
 * 2007–2009 Chrysler Aspen
 * 2009–2023 Dodge Challenger R/T
 * 2022–2023 Jeep Wagoneer

2009 5.7 revisions
Chrysler made various revisions to the 5.7 L for the 2009 model year. The first for all applications was what Chrysler called Variable Camshaft Timing or VCT. VCT (which is essentially variable valve timing) uses an oil control valve that controls oil flow to a unique camshaft sprocket that contains a phasing device, which depending on the operation of the oil control valve, either advances or retards camshaft timing.

Cylinder heads were revised to increase flow. Though the intake manifold was also changed on all applications, it was still model-specific. The Dodge Ram, non-Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Chrysler Aspens, and non-HEV Dodge Durango utilized an active intake manifold with a short runner valve to optimize torque and horsepower. At lower engine speeds, the valve was closed, resulting in improved low-end torque from the longer runners. At higher engine speeds, the valve was opened, diverting the incoming air into the center of the manifold. The shorter runners resulted in improved horsepower. Passenger cars, Jeep vehicles, as well as HEV Chrysler Aspen and HEV Dodge Durango did not use this manifold; instead, these vehicles utilized a passive intake manifold, which did not have a short runner valve. Also, the new cylinder head came with different spark plug seats: tapered seats were replaced with gasket seats. This change made it impossible to use the old OE Champion RE14MCC4, so the new spark plugs that came with 5.7 HEMI became NGK LZFR5C-11. Besides different seats, the spark plug gap grew from .039" (1.0 mm) to .043" (1.1 mm).

Engines mated to the six-speed manual transmission or used in the Ram Heavy Duty did not feature the Multi-Displacement System (MDS). The new version of the 5.7 L had five different camshaft profiles, all with VCT:
 * Active intake without MDS
 * Active intake with MDS
 * Passive intake without MDS
 * Passive intake with MDS
 * HEV application (modified version of passive intake with MDS)

Power numbers:
 * 300C/300S V8: 363 hp, 394 lbft
 * Charger R/T: 370 hp, 395 lbft
 * Challenger R/T automatic: 372 hp, 400 lbft
 * Challenger R/T 6-speed manual: 375 hp, 410 lbft
 * 2009–2012 Ram 1500 truck: 390 hp, 407 lbft
 * 2013+ Ram 1500 truck: 395 hp, 410 lbft
 * Ram 2500/3500 truck: 383 hp, 400 lbft
 * Jeep Grand Cherokee and Jeep Commander: 360 hp, 390 lbft
 * 2011+ Dodge Durango: 360 hp, 390 lbft
 * 2009 Chrysler Aspen and Dodge Durango non-HEV: 376 hp, 401 lbft
 * 2009 Chrysler Aspen and Dodge Durango HEV: 399 hp, 390 lbft
 * 2022 Jeep Wagoneer: 392 hp, 404 lbft

6.1
The Hemi was also available in a 6059 cc version. The engine's bore × stroke was 103x90.9 mm, and many other changes were made to allow it to produce 425 bhp at 6,200 rpm and 420 lbft of torque at 4,800 rpm. The engine block differed from the 5.7, with revised coolant channels and oil jets to cool the pistons. A forged crankshaft, lighter pistons, and strengthened connecting rods improved durability. A cast aluminium intake manifold was tuned for high-rpm power and did not include variable-length technology. Chrysler's Multi-Displacement System was not used on the 6.1.

Applications:
 * 2005–2010 Chrysler 300C SRT-8
 * 2006–2008 Dodge Magnum SRT-8
 * 2006–2010 Dodge Charger SRT-8
 * 2006–2010 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8
 * 2008–2010 Dodge Challenger SRT-8

6.2 Hellcat
For 2015, Chrysler introduced an all-new high performance supercharged variant of the Hemi engine, called the Hellcat (named after the Grumman F6F Hellcat). It features the same 4.09 in bore as the 6.4 L Hemi and the same 3.578 in stroke as the 5.7 L, giving it a total displacement of 6166 cc. The supercharger is a 2380 cc twin-screw IHI unit with integrated charge coolers, capable of producing 11.6 psi of boost. This engine is rated at 707 bhp at 6,000 rpm and 650 lbft at 4,000 rpm of torque and has a compression ratio of 9.5:1. This engine was the most powerful engine produced by Chrysler as well as the most powerful production engine ever in a muscle car until the Dodge Demon was introduced. This engine is not equipped with Chrysler's Multi-Displacement System. In 2017, Mopar announced that it would sell it as a crate engine under the name Hellcrate. A Redeye version with 797 hp debuted in the Dodge Challenger in 2019, followed by the Dodge Charger in 2021.

Applications:
 * 2015–2023 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat/Hellcat Redeye
 * 2015–2023 Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat/Hellcat Redeye
 * 2018–2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trackhawk
 * 2021 and 2023–2024 Dodge Durango SRT Hellcat
 * 2017 Ram 1500 Rebel TRX Concept
 * 2021–2024 Ram 1500 TRX

6.2 Demon
The Demon version of the Hemi V8 features a number of improvements over the Hellcat variant. It is fitted with a larger, 2.7 L twin-screw supercharger, as well as reinforced reciprocating components, a new camshaft, and several other valvetrain upgrades. With these improvements, the Challenger SRT Demon is rated at 808 horsepower on 91-octane pump gasoline, and 840 horsepower when running on 100-octane unleaded racing gasoline. Cooling is aided by a functional Air-Grabber hood scoop, as well as a unique charge cooling system that makes use of the air-conditioning coolant to lower the intake charge air temperature.

Applications:
 * 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon

6.4
Chrysler displayed a larger and more powerful 392-cubic-inch (6.4 L) HEMI in 2005 with a factory-rated output of 525 hp and 510 lbft torque. It is equipped with high-strength forged aluminum alloy pistons. This engine has been available since 2007, as a crate engine under the name 392 HEMI.

The production version of the 392 HEMI was launched in the 2011 Dodge Challenger SRT8 with variable camshaft timing as well as MDS in cars with automatic transmissions. The new 392 HEMI, codenamed "Apache," is based on the third-generation 5.7 L HEMI, codenamed "Eagle," and shares few parts with the 392 crate engine.

Special-edition Chargers and Challengers equipped with this engine, and the engines themselves, featured "392 HEMI" badging in commemorative reference to the first-generation engine of the same displacement. In other applications, the engine is badged as "6.4L HEMI." Output is 470 hp and 470 lbft;

For the 2015 model year, horsepower was increased to 485 hp and torque to 475 lbft in the Charger and Challenger SRT 392 (2015–2018) and R/T Scat Pack (2015–2023) models; the Grand Cherokee SRT only saw a 5 bhp increase. Export models of the Chrysler 300 SRT retained the 470 hp and 470 lbft output.

Applications:

 * 2023 Chrysler 300C
 * 2012–2014 Chrysler 300 SRT-8
 * 2011–2023 Dodge Challenger SRT-8/SRT 392/Scat Pack
 * 2012–2023 Dodge Charger SRT-8/SRT 392/Scat Pack
 * 2018–2024 Dodge Durango SRT
 * 2012–2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8/SRT
 * 2022–2023 Jeep Grand Wagoneer
 * 2021–2024 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon 392

Ram Heavy Duty truck and chassis-cab version
Starting in model year 2014, the Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks, and Ram 3500, 4500, and 5500 chassis-cabs offered a revised version of the 6.4 L, being re-tuned for better fuel economy and a power band more suitable for hauling and towing than the all-out power of the SRT version. In 2016, it replaced the 5.7 L as the standard gasoline engine in the chassis-cab models.

Power numbers:
 * Ram 2500/3500 pickup and 3500 SRW chassis-cab with RFE transmission: 410 hp, 429 lbft
 * Ram 3500 Mega Cab and 3500 DRW chassis-cab with RFE transmission, 3500 SRW/DRW with Aisin transmission: 370 hp, 429 lbft
 * Ram 4500 and 5500 chassis-cab: 366 hp, 429 lbft

Mopar 426 HEMI (2012–2014)
At the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Dodge debuted a Mopar Customized Dodge Charger "Redline" that featured a modern 426 CID HEMI V8 engine rated at 590 hp.

Mopar 426 HEMI 'Hellephant' (2018–2024)
The Hellephant name is a spin on the nickname of the original 426 CID HEMI, Elephant, and the modern Supercharged 6.2-liter Hellcat HEMIs. It is a crate engine, supercharged as standard, producing 1000 hp and 950 lbft of torque.

Marketing
From February to April 2005, DaimlerChrysler hosted a "What Can You HEMI?" contest promoting alternative uses of the HEMI engines. The top five finalists include HEMI Snowblower, HEMI-Go-Round carousel, "HEMI on Ice" ice resurfacer, HEMI-Shredder, and HEMI Big Wheel (i.e., the child's tricycle of the 1970s). The winner was the HEMI Big Wheel, which had a 5.7 L Hemi in the back that was installed backwards; thus, reverse became the only forward gear. Plate steel was the predominant material, while a rolled tube of steel had to be utilized for the front tire as there were no such tires 4 ft in diameter that were as narrow as needed for this project.

title: Chrysler Hemi engine


text:
Talk:Chrysler Hemi engine

Archives of past discussion
Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3

Image
This article is about the Chrysler Hemi engine. Granted, the image in question shows the word "HEMI" on the side of a Chrysler-built car, but…how does that further a reader's understanding of the subject matter of this article, please? —Scheinwerfermann T·C 03:49, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't see how a picture of a Chrysler Hemi Engine logo is inappropriate in an article about Crysler Hemi Engines. There are picture of Chrysler Hemi engines in the article. To play the devil's advocate, how do the pictures of the engines further a reader's understanding of the subject? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:21, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Where are the forgotten Hemi???
How come you don't talk about the crate 426, 472 and 528 Hemi?? These are "real" Hemi with hemispherical heads... Why nobody gives informtion about those?? 24.201.225.92 (talk) 03:55, 13 August 2011 (UTC)Francois Cote

modern hemi engines
Are the modern hemi engines cast iron or aluminum? --Dana60Cummins (talk) 16:34, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It is important to specifiy what metal the block is made from. This is a page about an engine.  The material the block is made from is important to list.  Almost as important as configuration and horsepower.  --Dana60Cummins (talk) 17:45, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Once again. I don't care anything about a Hemi.  But the engine block material should be added when it can be either cast iron or aluminum.  This is important.  Not something the gets discussed in a Hemi forum either.  It needs added to the page.  Any engine page for that matter.--Dana60Cummins (talk) 02:14, 29 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you, at last. This is an appropriate comment for the talk page. Yes, the block material needs to be mentioned in this article. Absolutely. Please be bold, go do a Google search and see what comes up, and you'll probably find not only the answer, but corroboration for it in a couple of reliable sources, and then you can and should add it to this article…all in just a couple of minutes! —Scheinwerfermann T·C 05:13, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Hemi V6?
Chrysler designed a 3.6L Hemi V6 in 1951, but it was not produced.

Cross-flow contradiction
As it stands the article contradicts itself. I personally agree with the bracketed statements, but the article should be one way or the other. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.102.164.130 (talk) 17:14, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

 * FYI, Cosworth did an extensive comparison between a 2-valve crossflow head and 2-valve counterflow head in 1964 when they designed Cosworth SCA series, which had a SOHC counterflow non-hemi design similar to Coventry Climax FWE engine. 1498cc SCB was built for this purpose to compare against Lotus-Ford Twin Cam-based 1498cc Cosworth Mk.XVI, which had a DOHC crossflow hemi-head on the same Ford block and the same forged crank and rods.
 * Mk.XVI made up to 150hp, and SCB made 175hp on the bench, so Cosworth released the 1L SCA with the same SOHC head as the SCB for Formula Two racing where SCA dominated. So the notion of crossflow being superior to counterflow in terms of volumetric efficiency is proven wrong at least in these two designs.  Cosworth used this result in successfully moving on to 4-valve crossflow designs later.
 * I am not familiar with American V8s and have no intention of editing this article, but thought this would be of interest to you. Yiba (talk) 16:22, 15 November 2013 (UTC)
 * "proven wrong at least in these two designs"? according to what you've written, it was proven wrong in the one design they tested, and then released in the other design, and successfully used, but not A/B tested. 76.33.171.135 (talk) 03:20, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Incorrect displacement figures
The displacement figures for the DeSoto Fire Dome hemi engine are wrong. I checked on this website and it lists 276 ci, 291 ci, 330 ci, 341 ci, and 345 ci. On the Wikipedia article it is 287 ci, 306 ci, 312 ci, 324 ci and 345 ci (the 345 is correct). The Wikipedia article is clearly incorrect not only on the displacement but also on the year the engines were introduced. For example, the FirePower engine was introduced in 1951 and the section states that the Fire Dome engine was introduced in 1946. The Fire Dome was introduced in 1952, not 1946. Meltdown627 (talk) 00:59, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The source you presented seems to be legit and is used not only on this article but on others as well. I think it's acceptable to edit them to the correct values. As I posted on your talk page, there's been a rash of number-changing vandalism on this article in recent months and it's made myself and others fairly paranoid when people start changing numbers. For future reference, you need to have a source when you change numerical values - don't just do it because you think it's right. Also, I'd suggest you use that webpage you just posted as a reference in the article when you edit it to correct the values. See WP:IC to learn how to do that if you don't know how already. Antoshi ☏ ★  01:09, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Split article
I, VX1NG propose that this this information in this article be split into 3 different articles, because there are three different engine families covered by this article. I also suggest that this page be a disambiguation page for those articles. Regards, VX1NG (talk) 13:57, 4 April 2014 (UTC) ❌

Rename proposal
I think the title of the article should be changed as there are currently no Chrysler vehicles available with any of these engines. Perhaps FCA Hemi would be a more accurate title, which would also allow for bringing in some of the other brand names' hemi- headed engines from the European brands that have been rolled up into FCA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.176.249.163 (talk) 23:32, 9 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose: This smacks of recentism.  The firepower, RedRam, etc. engines are definitely not FCA.  Toddst1 (talk) 00:18, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I think FCA lawyers would strongly disagree with you, they now own all the trademarks. And what is wrong with that?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.176.249.163 (talk) 13:02, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose: Clearly the article is about the lineage of the original Hemi and not about the disparate hemispherical engines of various Chrysler owners. Those other engines have no meaningful relation and we don't want to rewrite the article every time Chrysler corporate structure changes. unixxx (talk) 19:58, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose I have a better idea: Hemi engine, where you can detail all the various types, including the Chrysler IV-2220, the Simca 136ci (based on the Ford flatty), all the FCA variants, all the '50s & '60s Mopars, the Donovans, the Arduns, & anything else under the sun that might apply. You can then leave this page for its subject: the Mopars, up to the elephant.   TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  05:26, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

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Ferrari to Begin Using Hellcat Engines 7&6=thirteen (☎) 18:44, 1 April 2016 (UTC) Happy 16th day after the Ides of March
 * Not that this isn't funny, but are April fools day articles really worthy of mention? Carguy1701 (talk) 02:39, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

Holy replacement engine, Batman
Is mention of the Chrysler ball-stud hemi, planned as a replacement for the low-volume 426, warranted? (I'd have put it in a "see also" section, if there had been one...)  TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  11:16, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chrysler Hemi engine


text:
John Hunter (scientist)

John Hunter (born November 14, 1955) is an American projectile researcher, who developed the 1994 "supergun" Super High Altitude Research Project (SHARP) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The ultimate aim of his research is to shoot payloads into space, at less than one tenth of the cost of unmanned rockets. John Hunter was the director of Quicklaunch until 2012 and currently runs a startup called Green Launch that is developing a light gas gun concept

title: John Hunter (scientist)


text:
User:Uri.biller

hola !

title: User:Uri.biller


text:
Latin Cup

The Latin Cup was an international football tournament for club sides from the Southwest European nations of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. In 1949, the football federations came together and requested FIFA launch the competition. European clubs could not afford hefty travel costs, so competition was staged at the end of every season in a single host country. The competition featured two semi-finals, a third-place play-off, and a final.

This competition is considered a predecessor of European club tournaments, namely the European Cup, the first edition of which was held in 1955.

History
The tournament began in 1949 and was usually played between the league champions of each participating country. Every four years, the countries' ranking would be determined based on their sides' performances in the Latin Cup. The competition was last played in 1957, two years after the introduction of the UEFA-sanctioned European Cup. Real Madrid played and won the European Cup and Latin Cup in 1957.

Prior to the introduction of the European Cup, the Latin Cup was considered the most important cup for clubs in Europe, the longer-established Mitropa Cup having gone into decline after World War II. The Latin Cup has been described one of the forerunners "of the European Cup" by UEFA.

According to Jules Rimet, 3rd President of FIFA, the Latin Cup was a competition created by FIFA at the request of the four nations that contested it, but its regulation was made by a committee composed of members from the competing federations, and FIFA did not participate actively in its organisation.

The Latin Cup was based on cycles of 4 years, being held in one country each year. The champion of each edition achieved the most points (4) to its Federation while teams placed 2nd, 3rd, and 4th received 3, 2, and 1 points, respectively. Moreover, the Federation, which totalised the most points every four years, received the trophy, while the champion club was given a smaller replica of it.

The first edition was opened on 20 June 1949, with the Sporting CP vs Torino at Chamartín Stadium of Madrid. One month before 18 of Torino players had died at Superga air disaster. Barcelona would be the first champion of the tournament after beating Sporting 2–1 at the final.

The second edition clashed with the 1950 FIFA World Cup of Brazil, so most of the players of the league champions were called up by their respective national teams. Therefore, that year, Lazio, the fourth of Serie A, participated in the Latin Cup. In 1951, French runners-up Lille OSC replaced French champions Nice, who relinquished the 1951 Latin Cup in order to play the Copa Rio. Due to a fixture clash with the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland, no Latin Cup was held that year (the participants would have been Real Madrid, Sporting CP, Lille OSC, and Internazionale—the latter did not get another chance to enter).

After the first four editions played, the Royal Spanish Football Federation won the first cycle with twelve points, eight of which were contributed by Barcelona and four by Atlético Madrid.

Results
All teams were champions of the preceding domestic season in each nation, except where it indicates, detailing their finishing position in respective leagues.

title: Latin Cup


text:
Derek Griffiths

Derek Griffiths (born 15 July 1946) is a British actor, singer and voice artist who appeared in numerous British children's television series in the 1970s to present and has more recently played parts in television drama.

Career
Griffiths was known in his early years for his Play School appearances alongside the likes of Chloe Ashcroft, Johnny Ball and Brian Cant. A talented multi-instrumentalist, he voiced over and sang the theme tune to Heads and Tails, a series of short animal films for children produced by BBC Television, and also sang and played the theme tune to the cartoon Bod. Another children's TV role was in Granada Television's early 1980s series Film Fun, in which he played the entire staff of a cinema (the manager, the commissionaire (with the catchphrase "Get on with it!"), the projectionist, the usherette and also himself) while also showing cartoons such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck and Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner. He appeared on Crown Court (1973) as an accused fraudster Raoul Lapointe, from the Belgian Congo. In 1975, Griffiths played Ko-Ko in The Black Mikado at London's Cambridge Theatre. He also provided the English voice of SuperTed (the series SuperTed was originally made in Welsh).

In 1997, Griffiths originated the role of Lumière in the original West End production of Beauty and the Beast at the Dominion Theatre and played the role of the Child Catcher in the West End run of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the London Palladium.

In 2014, Griffiths was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge of Merit award. This was in acknowledgement of his unique contribution to music.

From 2016, he played Freddie Smith in Coronation Street: he left the role in March 2017 to star in a stage production of Driving Miss Daisy. In 2021, he joined the London cast of The Mousetrap.

Children's television work

 * Play School (1971–81)
 * Play Away (1971)
 * Cabbages and Kings (1972)
 * Various Look and Read stories as singer, including:
 * "Cloud Burst" (1974) as singer
 * "The King's Dragon" (1977) as singer
 * "Sky Hunter" (1978) as singer
 * "The Boy From Space" (1980) as singer
 * "Dark Towers" (1981) as singer
 * "Fairground!" (1982) as singer
 * "Geordie Racer" (1988) as singer
 * "Through The Dragon's Eye" (1989) as singer
 * "Earth Warp" (1994) as voiceover and singer
 * Bod (1975) where he composed the theme music for each of the main five characters
 * Ring-a-Ding! (1975) stories and singer
 * Heads and Tails (1978) as voiceover and singer
 * Watch It! (1980–83) regular continuity announcer on children's ITV segment for Yorkshire Television
 * Insight (1980) as presenter and various characters in this Yorkshire Television educational series for deaf and hearing-impaired children
 * Dinosaurs: Fun, Fact and Fantasy (1982) as the voice of Dil the Crocodile
 * SuperTed (1983–1985) as the voice of SuperTed
 * The Further Adventures of SuperTed (1989) as the voice of SuperTed in the UK version
 * Muzzy in Gondoland (1986) as the voices of Bob and Corvax
 * King Greenfingers (1989) as the narrator
 * The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends (1993) as Simpkin in animated short stories based on the popular book series
 * Christopher Crocodile (1993) as the narrator and all of the characters
 * Dragon Tales (1999–2005) as the narrator for the audiobooks
 * Mio Mao (2005) as the narrator and all of the characters in the UK dub
 * Film Fun
 * Little Red Tractor (2004–2007) as the voices of Mr Jones and Walter
 * Animal Antics (1997–2015) as the narrator ''
 * Tinga Tinga Tales (2010-2011) as the voices of Cricket and Skunk
 * Sarah & Duck (2014) Series 2 Episode 3: "Cloud Tower" as Cloud Captain
 * Hilda (2020) Series 2 Episode 8: "The Fifty Year Night" as Mr. Ostenfeld
 * The Dumping Ground (2021) as Larry Meadow

Comedy television work

 * Please Sir! (1968)
 * Till Death Us Do Part (1972 Christmas Special)
 * The Cobblers of Umbridge (1973) as The people of Umbridge
 * Marty Back Together Again (1974)
 * Don't Drink the Water (1974) as Carlos
 * Battle of the Sexes (1976)
 * Hi, Summer! (1977)
 * Terry and June (1985) as the Prince
 * The Funny Side (1985)
 * Porkpie (1995) as Benji
 * The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff (2012) as Pusweasel
 * Way to Go (2013) as Elroy
 * Man Down, Series 4 Episode 5 (2017), as Blind Jim

Other television work

 * Crown Court (1973) as Raoul Lapointe
 * Don't Ask Me! (1974)
 * Casualty (1999) as Duke Baines.
 * Holby City as Greg Martin (2004) and Ted O'Connor (2011)
 * Doctors as Renton Miles (broadcast 15 May 2015) and Roger Saintfield (7 June 2022)
 * Silent Witness "River’s Edge" broadcast 2 February 2016, as DS Malcolm Guillam
 * Coronation Street 2016–2017 as Freddie Smith
 * Small Axe (2020) as C. L. R. James
 * Midsomer Murders (2021) as Rev. Nigel Brookthorpe
 * Casualty (2022) as Donald Charles
 * Unforgotten, series 5 (2022) as Chris Blackwood

Appearances

 * Derek Griffiths appears in This Is Your Life

Advertising work
Griffiths has also frequently appeared in advertising. In the past, he has won the Italian advertising Oscar for a series of comedy commercials about a Christmas cake where he played the role of an entertainer with French accent.

Film work

 * Up Pompeii! (1971) as Steam Slave
 * Up the Chastity Belt (1971) as Saladin
 * Up the Front (1972) as El Puncturo
 * Rentadick (1972) as Henson
 * The Alf Garnett Saga (1972) as Rex
 * Don't Just Lie There, Say Something! (1974) as Johnny
 * All I Want Is You... and You... and You... (1974) as Taxi Driver
 * Are You Being Served? (1977) as the Emir
 * The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977) as Bus Conductor
 * Watership Down (1978) as Voice of Vervain and Chervil
 * Rising Damp (1980) as Alec
 * Fierce Creatures (1997) as Gerry Ungulates
 * Run for Your Wife (2012) as Actor on Swing
 * Gallowwalkers (2012) as Mosca

Theatre
In the theatre, Griffiths has been particularly associated with the Royal Exchange, Manchester. His roles include:

 * Ko-Ko, The Black Mikado adapted from Gilbert & Sullivan. Directed by Braham Murray at the Cambridge Theatre, London (1975).
 * Dick Whittington by Derek Griffiths. World premiere directed by Derek Griffiths at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1977).
 * Athos, The Three Musketeers by Braham Murray and Derek Griffiths. World premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1979).
 * Frontignac, Have you anything to declare? by Maurice Hennequin. British premiere directed by Braham Murray for the Royal Exchange, Manchester at the Roundhouse, London (1980).
 * Rick, The Nerd by Larry Shue. European premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1982).
 * Khlestakov, The Government Inspector by Nikolai Gogol. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1983).
 * The bluebird of unhappiness by Woody Allen. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1987).
 * Feste, Twelfth Night. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1988).
 * Oscar, The Odd Couple by Neil Simon. Directed by Ronald Harwood at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1989).
 * Sergeant Kite, The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1992).
 * Feste, Twelfth Night at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1994) and the Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne (1994).
 * Sebastien, Nude With Violin by Noël Coward. Directed by Marianne Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1999).
 * Truscott, Loot by Joe Orton. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (2001).
 * Harpagon, The Miser by Moliere. Directed by Helena Kaut-Howson at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (2009).
 * Lumiére "Beauty and the Beast" Dominion Theatre (1994)
 * Rev. Tooker, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (2009).
 * The Engineer. Miss Saigon (1990's)

Audio

 * Ladybird Books Classic Collection (1995) as Narrator of Tales from The Jungle Book and The Wind in the Willows
 * BBC Radio 4 I, Regress (Series 1, Episode 3 - Jan 2012) as Mr Pigeon

Honours
Griffiths was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to drama and diversity.

title: Derek Griffiths


text:
Fall guy

Fall guy is a colloquial phrase that refers to a person to whom blame is deliberately and falsely attributed in order to deflect blame from another party.

Origin
The origin of the term "fall guy" is unknown and contentious. Many sources place it in the early 20th century, while some claim an earlier origin. In April 2007, William Safire promoted a search to unearth its origins.

The term "fall guy" for one whom blame was directed upon in order to shield others had appeared in mass public culture in the U.S. at least by the 1920s. In 1925 it was the title of a Broadway play, The Fall Guy, by James Gleason and George Abbott, starring future Hollywood character actors Ernest Truex and Dorothy Patterson. This was turned into a crime film by Hollywood in 1930, The Fall Guy, with the "fall guy" again used by a gangster as an unwitting narcotics courier. It saw widespread use in the crime-dominated film noir era of the mid-to-late 1940s into the early 1950s.

A related use of "fall guy" was for one to be left "holding the bag", meaning to be abandoned to be caught and implicated in a crime, particularly holding stolen goods, either by design or circumstance. This in turn led to the term bagholder, the victim of a fraudulent investment scheme. A related term was "patsy", which typically (but not exclusively) referred to someone set up before the fact to take a fall, as opposed to simply being left "holding the bag" when something went wrong in carrying out a crime.

Errant Teapot Dome conflation
One suggestion that has been made in popular culture but discounted by Safire is that the word's origin dates to the administration of U.S. President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923), when Albert B. Fall, a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who served as Secretary of the Interior during Harding's years in office, became notorious for his involvement in the infamous Teapot Dome Scandal.

In the U.S. political arena
A 1940s use of "fall guy" implying one inheriting work or responsibility - by default - appeared in the 1940s. A paper on "Isolationism is not dead" quotes an anonymous editorial from a paper in the Pacific Northwest on the topic of the Bretton Woods financial accord and the Food Conferences in which the US was depicted as the "fall guy, the one to carry the load".

By the 1950s the use of the term had morphed in the context of unions and industrial society to refer to the low man on the totem pole as one to whom the unpleasant tasks in a job or situation would be assigned.

By the 1950s and 1960s, "fall guy" could be used in lieu of "whipping boy", someone to be ritually pilloried in the absence of (or avoiding punishing) a more specifically responsible party. In a 1960 paper called the "Politics of Pollution", Robert Bullard wrote public officials seeking to deflect criticism over landfills found a "fall guy" in the form of the faceless figures in "the federal government, state governments and private disposal companies".

Examples
Some specific examples of the use of "fall guy" include:

 * Accused assassin of John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, was characterized as a "fall guy" in the traditional criminal sense (regardless of the fact that the assassination was a political event overlaying the criminal act of murder) by writer Joachim Joesten in the title of his 1964 book Oswald, Assassin or Fall Guy?.

 * In reviewing the Joesten book for the New Times American journalist Victor Perlo reinforced the theme that Oswald "was 'a fall guy,' to use the parlance of the kind of men who must have planned the details of the assassination".

 * Former United States Attorney General John Mitchell claimed he was being set up as a "fall guy" in the traditional sense of one "hung out to dry" or left "holding the bag" in the Watergate scandal. In Public Doublespeak: On Mistakes and Misjudgments Terence Moran uses the term in reference to a transcript of both Richard Nixon and John Dean. He also cites a scene from The Maltese Falcon in which Wilmer, the young gunman, is sold out and left to "take the fall".

 * The phrase was used regarding the Iran–Contra scandal by Representative Louis Stokes during a 1987 session of Congress, maintaining  Oliver North chose to play a "fall guy" by remaining steadfast and loyal during the hearings to those he had worked for to protect them.

title: Fall guy


text:
Subramanian Ramadorai

Subramanian Ramadorai (born 6 October 1944) was the Adviser to the Prime Minister of India in the National Council on Skill Development, Government of India. He held the rank equivalent to an Indian Cabinet Minister and was the Chairman of National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) and the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). As the Chairman of NSDA/NSDC, he initiated the process of standardization of skilling effort, quality benchmarking, inclusive collaboration, and commonality of purpose and outcomes in India by leveraging technology. Currently, he is the Chairperson of Mission ‘Karmayogi Bharat’, the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) that aims to transform Indian bureaucracy and prepare civil servants for the future, through comprehensive reform of the capacity building apparatus at individual, institutional and process levels.

He is the Chairperson of the Advisory Board at Tata STRIVE, which is the Tata Group’s CSR skill development initiative aimed towards skilling of the youth for employment, entrepreneurship and community enterprise.

He has been the CEO and MD of Tata Consultancy Services from 1996 to 2009 and Vice - Chairman of Tata Consultancy Services till 6 October 2014. His role has been instrumental in the growth story of TCS, where the company grew from a USD 400 million revenues company with 6000 employees to one of the world's largest software and services company with more than 200,000 employees working in 42 countries and revenues over USD 20.0 billion.

His current engagements include Chairperson – Kalakshetra Foundation, Chairperson – National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Chairperson – PRS Legislative Research, Chairperson – Indian National Association for the Club of Rome,  Chairperson – Public Health Foundation of India, Chairperson – Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati, Trustee – Council on Energy, Environment And Water (CEEW), President – Society for Rehabilitation of Crippled Children (SRCC), Vice Chair – The Nature Conservancy India.

Early life and education
S Ramadorai was born in Nagpur, India, on 6 October 1944 and his family is from Tamil Nadu. His father was a civil servant who served as the Accountant General in Tamil Nadu State Government while his mother was a homemaker. Ramadorai was the fourth of five children in the family and his ancestors hailed from Thanjavur.

Ramadorai started his schooling at DTEA and completed Higher Secondary education from Sardana Patel Vidyalaya in Delhi. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Physics from Hansraj College, Delhi University, a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunications and a Master of Science degree in Computer Science from the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1993, Ramadorai attended the Senior Executive Development Program at the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Career
Beginning his career with TCS as a Junior Engineer in 1972, he rose through the ranks and eventually was given the responsibility to set up TCS's operations in the United States in 1979 in New York. Since taking on the role of CEO, he contributed towards efforts that helped TCS build new relationships with large corporations and academic institutions, venture into innovative IT services and products, and intensify the company's research and development activities. Ramadorai also initiated TCS's quality journey through initiatives that took sixteen of its Development Centers to SEI's CMMI Level 5. TCS also attained the distinction of being the World's first company to have all Centres assessed as operating at Level 5 of PCMM (People Capability Maturity Model, People-CMM). He resigned as Vice-Chairman of TCS on 6 October 2014.

He was the Chairperson of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), Tata Elxsi,    He served as the Chairperson of AirAsia India. He was the Chairperson of the Governing Board of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. He was also the Chairperson of Tata Technologies Ltd., where he led the modernization of several ITIs in the country.

Awards and recognitions
Ramadorai is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Member of the National Council of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Honorary Member of the Indo-American Society, Member of the Executive Education Advisory Board of Marshall School of Business (USC).

In 2001, Ramadorai received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Indore Management Association  and he was honoured with CNBC Asia Pacific's prestigious 'Asia Business Leader of the Year' Award in 2002. The same year, he was named by Consulting Magazine (USA) as being one of the Top 25 Most Influential Consultants in the world.

In 2004, he was awarded Business India's "Business Man of the Year" award. He was also awarded the Distinguished Achievement Award from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and a Fellowship of the Institute of Management Consultants of India, as well as the 'Management Man of the Year' award by the Bombay Management Association.

In 2006, on India's Republic Day, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour. On 28 April 2009, Ramadorai was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

On 31 January 2011, TCS Vice-Chairman, Ramadorai was appointed by the Indian Government as the Advisor to Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh for the National Skill Development Council. He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at ET Awards 2015 for his contribution in shaping TCS. In 2016, he was presented the prestigious ‘Outstanding Institutional Builder’ Award of the All India Management Association (AIMA)’s Managing India Awards.

On 16 February 2023, Deakin University, Australia, recognized his distinguished lifetime achievement as a business leader, and conferred upon him the Honorary Doctorate for his extensive contributions to the IT industry and his commitment to technological innovation for positive social outcomes. In the past, he had been conferred with a Doctor of Sciences Degree (honoris causa) by Sastra University in 2006 and Doctorate (honoris causa) by Anna University.

Books authored
On 16 September 2011, his book The TCS Story... and Beyond was published by Penguin India, covering his time at Tata Consultancy Services.

On 04 Mar 2022, TCS - Oru Vetri Kathai, the Tamil translation of his book The TCS Story... and Beyond was launched.

Philanthropy
He is the President of the Society for Rehabilitation of Crippled Children (SRCC) – a one-of-its-kind super speciality children’s hospital in Mumbai. He is the Chairperson of the Axis Bank Foundation where the focus is on livelihood initiatives and community-centric work. He is also the Chairperson of the British Asian India Foundation that focuses on delivering programs to help tackle poverty and inequality in South Asia.

He is the Chairman of the Governing Body of Sahapedia, a free-to-access digital library of India’s heritage and culture, and offers digital content in multimedia formats—articles and books, photo essays and video, interviews and oral histories, maps and timelines, authored by scholars and curated by experts.

He and his wife Mala Ramadorai are also the founders of Anwesha Trust that supports several initiatives in Sengalipuram and other areas of rural Tamil Nadu.

title: Subramanian Ramadorai


text:
Strange Report

Strange Report is a British television crime drama series starring Anthony Quayle as Adam Strange. It was produced by ITC Entertainment and first broadcast in 1969 on ITV

In the United States, NBC broadcast Strange Report between 8 January and 10 September 1971. It aired on Fridays from 10:00 to 11:00 p.m. Eastern Time throughout its American run.

Plot
Adam Strange, a retired Home Office criminologist, solves bizarre cases with the help of Hamlyn Gynt (Kaz Garas), Evelyn McClean (Anneke Wills) and sometimes Professor Marks (Charles Lloyd-Pack). He employs the latest techniques in forensic investigation, which he undertakes in his own laboratory in his flat in Warwick Crescent in the Maida Vale/Little Venice area of London.

Cast

 * Anthony Quayle as Adam Strange
 * Kaz Garas as Hamlyn Gynt
 * Anneke Wills as Evelyn McClean

Development
Unlike other ITC productions, which were created in order to be sold to the U.S. market, Strange Report was created in collaboration with NBC's films unit Arena in the United States (the show's executive producer was Norman Felton, better known for his involvement in The Man from U.N.C.L.E.); the suggestion was that the first half of the series would take place in the United Kingdom, and the second half would see Strange visiting the United States. This idea could not be agreed upon, which explains why such a short season of episodes was created. Quayle and Wills decided not to continue with the series, owing to personal concerns.

Music
The series's opening theme, composed by Roger Webb, was also available as sheet music.

Filming
It was filmed between July 1968 and March 1969, on location and at Pinewood Studios, Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire.

Episodes
Airdate is for ATV Midlands. ITV regions varied date and order.

Broadcast
The series was repeated on UK satellite channel Bravo in 1996/1997, and on UK digital terrestrial channel ITV4, from digitally restored prints, in 2005/2006. (The episode 'Heart' was not screened by ITV4.) Satellite channel Men and Motors also screened the series in 2007.

Home media
Techno Film released two episodes – "SHRAPNEL" and "HOSTAGE" – on Super 8 cine film for home use in 1970.

ITC Video released two VHS tapes of the series in the UK in 1994, containing the episodes – 'Heart'/'X-Ray', and 'Covergirls'/'Cult'.

The series was digitally restored for Carlton Visual Entertainment by BBC Resources in 2003. The full series was released on DVD in the UK by the Network imprint as a five-disc special edition in 2004 and as a four-disc edition in 2005. The special edition was subsequently re-released in the UK in 2007 and the regular one in 2009. The series was also released on DVD in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment in 2007. In 2011, Network re-released the episode 'Kidnap' in its retro-ACTION! Volume 1 Blu-Ray, this is the first time an episode of the series had been shown in a superior high-definition quality. The same episode was further released in Network's 2018 retro-ACTION! Blu-Ray.

Books
A 1970 paperback novel "based on the famous TV series" written by John Burke, adapting two teleplays, was originally published in the UK by Hodder & Stoughton and subsequently reprinted in a US edition published by Lancer Books.

Records
The theme to the series by Roger Webb was released as a 7 inch single on Columbia records (DB 8803) in 1971. "The World of Love", the song from the episode 'Cult', was released as the B-side of The Strangers' first single, "I've Got You", on the little-known Harvard record label (Harv 001) in 1970. The accompaniment to the song is credited to Geoff Love who, in 1972, recorded his own version of the Strange Report theme for the Music For Pleasure LP Geoff Love and his Orchestra Play Your Top TV Themes (MFP 5272). This version can also be found on the Virgin Records CDs This Is Easy (1996) and This is....Cult Fiction Royale (1997), and the ITV 50 Cult TV Themes CD (2005) released to celebrate 50 years of ITV.

In 2009, Network issued a soundtrack album containing Webb's theme music and original scores composed for the episodes "REPORT 4407: HEART – No Choice for the Donor", "REPORT 1553: RACIST – A Most Dangerous Proposal", "REPORT 0649: SKELETON – Let Sleeping Heroes Lie", "REPORT 5055: CULT – Murder Shrieks Out", "REPORT 7931: SNIPER – When is Your Cousin Not?" and "REPORT 3424: EPIDEMIC – A Most Curious Crime", as well as unused and alternate takes, plus library music from other composers also used in the series.

title: Strange Report


text:
Talk:MoOLIT

The last sentence seems to lack a word such as "to", or maybe "by", I don't know enough to decide which sense it should have. Nicolas1981 12:29, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes, it should. Added. DrewTheRat (talk) 16:34, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:MoOLIT


text: Category:Properties of the Holy See

title: Category:Properties of the Holy See


text:
User talk:Monkeyoy101

CODES FOR PC

title: User talk:Monkeyoy101


text:
Talk:Physical restraint

Education section
I want to update the education section. Especially this part: "restraint may be used only when aggressive behavior interferes with an individual's own ability to benefit from programming".

In most states, physical restraint in education can only be used when their is risk or serious bodliy harm to students or others. Citing: http://www2.ed.gov/policy/seclusion/seclusion-state-summary.html

and an example here: "Physical restraint shall be used only in emergency situations, after other less intrusive alternatives have failed or been deemed inappropriate, and with extreme caution. School personnel shall use physical restraint with two goals in mind: (a) To administer a physical restraint only when needed to protect a student and/or a member of the school community from imminent, serious, physical harm; and (b) To prevent or minimize any harm to the student as a result of the use of physical restraint."

From MA regulations: http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr46.html?section=01

Can someone help me add those citations and/or the text?

Thanks,

Gregorio-Smith (talk) 14:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

I added some new information under the teachers/teaching assistant section as well as some background info under the mental hospital section. Lgeneseo (talk) 02:23, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Look, can we please lay off adding the sexual bondage images to this article: there's plenty of room for that in the appropriate articles. Better images here would be of handcuffs, or medical restratints, in a non-sexual context. -- The Anome 12:32, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

I agree I agree as well... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.22.233 (talk) 16:53, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

I disagree. The above comment from June 2005 addressed a page different from the current one. While there might be a point in adding photos of physical restraints on their own, I see little eroticism in the current photo but certainly it is quite an aesthetical image. --Klaus with K 19:57, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * plus I'm pretty sure that tiny hand will easily slip through the huge cuff ! [[Image:Bondage_cuffs_(metal)_photomodel_Ina.jpg|thumb]] --195.137.93.171 (talk) 17:03, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Inline quotes the way to go
While I welcome the references included with the recent edits, I wonder whether the way they are placed inline is the way this is done within wikipedia. Methinks <ref> tags would be more appropriate. -- Klaus with K (talk) 19:15, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for the suggestion...I will work on it. I was worried that if I did it that way I wouldn't be able to figure out how to get it to the correct reference (as I wanted my references in alphabetical order, not the order they were used). I will try it, but if you have more suggestions on this please let me know! (Lgeneseo (talk) 21:19, 17 February 2010 (UTC))

Needs serious expansion
Nothing on restraint types, etc. I've redirected restraint chair here for now. Tijfo098 (talk) 11:49, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

ERB 'Emergency Response Belt'
UK Police go beyond 'cuffs - at least in 2000 they also used the 'Emergency Response Belt' which is pretty much a Straitjacket with handles for ease of carrying ! May depend where you live ... (not working) Google["Emergency Response Belt" site:police.uk] --195.137.93.171 (talk) 17:38, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physical restraint