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United Nations Convention Against Corruption

The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is the only legally binding international anti-corruption multilateral treaty. Negotiated by member states of the United Nations (UN) it has been adopted by the UN General Assembly in October 2003 and entered into force in December 2005. The treaty recognises the importance of both preventive and punitive measures, addresses the cross-border nature of corruption with provisions on international cooperation and on the return of the proceeds of corruption. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Vienna serves as Secretariat for the UNCAC. UNCAC's goal is to reduce various types of corruption that can occur across country borders, such as trading in influence and abuse of power, as well as corruption in the private sector, such as embezzlement and money laundering. Another goal of the UNCAC is to strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation between countries by providing effective legal mechanisms for international asset recovery.

States Parties – countries that have ratified the Convention – are expected to cooperate in criminal matters and consider assisting each other in investigations of and proceedings in civil and administrative matters relating to corruption. The Convention further calls for the participation of civil society and non-governmental organisations in accountability processes and underlines the importance of citizens' access to information.

Signatures, ratifications, and entry into force
UNCAC was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 31 October 2003 by Resolution 58/4. It was opened for signature in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, from 9 to 11 December 2003 and thereafter at UN headquarters in New York City. It was signed by 140 countries. As of October 2023, there are 190 parties, which includes 185 UN member states, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Holy See, the State of Palestine, and the European Union.

As of October 2023, the 8 UN member states that have not ratified the convention are (asterisk indicates that the state has signed the convention):

• 🇦🇩 Andorra

• 🇪🇷 Eritrea

• 🇲🇨 Monaco

• 🇰🇵 North Korea

• 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis

• 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

• 🇸🇲 San Marino

• Syria*

Measures and provisions of the Convention
UNCAC covers five main areas that includes both mandatory and non-mandatory provisions:
 * Preventive measures,
 * Criminalization and law enforcement,
 * International cooperation,
 * Asset recovery, and
 * Technical assistance and information exchange.

General provisions (Chapter I, Articles 1–4)

The opening Articles of UNCAC include a statement of purpose (Article1), which covers both the promotion of integrity and accountability within each country and the support of international cooperation and technical assistance between States Parties. They also include definitions of critical terms used in the instrument. Some of these are similar to those used in other instruments, and in particular the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), but those defining "public official", "foreign public official", and "official of a public international organization" are new and are important for determining the scope of application of UNCAC in these areas. UNCAC does not provide a definition of corruption. In accordance with Article 2 of the UN Charter, Article 4 of UNCAC provides for the protection of national sovereignty of the States Parties.,

Preventive measures (Chapter II, Articles 5–14)
UNCAC recognizes the importance of the prevention in both the public and private sectors. Chapter II includes preventive policies, such as the establishment of anti-corruption bodies and enhanced transparency in the financing of election campaigns and political parties. Anti-corruption bodies should implement anti-corruption policies, disseminate knowledge and must be independent, adequately resourced and have properly trained staff.

Countries that sign the convention must assure safeguards their public services are subject to safeguards that promote efficiency, transparency and recruitment based on merit. Once recruited, public servants should be bound by codes of conduct, requirements for financial and other disclosures, and appropriate disciplinary measures. Transparency and accountability in the management of public finances must also be promoted, and specific requirements are established for the prevention of corruption in the particularly critical areas of the public sector, such as the judiciary and public procurement. Preventing corruption also requires an effort from all members of society at large. For these reasons, UNCAC calls on countries to promote actively the involvement of civil society, and to raise public awareness of corruption and what can be done about it. The requirements made for the public sector also apply to the private sector – it too is expected to adopt transparent procedures and codes of conduct.

Criminalization and law enforcement (Chapter III, Articles 15–44)
Chapter III calls for parties to establish or maintain a series of specific criminal offences including not only long-established crimes such as bribery and embezzlement, but also conducts not previously criminalized in many states, such as trading in influence and other abuses of official functions. The broad range of ways in which corruption has manifested itself in different countries and the novelty of some of the offences pose serious legislative and constitutional challenges, a fact reflected in the decision of the Ad Hoc Committee to make some of the provisions either optional ("...shall consider adopting...") or subject to domestic constitutional or other fundamental requirements ("...subject to its constitution and the fundamental principles of its legal system..."). Specific acts that parties must criminalize include

 * active bribery of a national, international or foreign public officials
 * passive bribery of a national public official
 * embezzlement of public funds

Other mandatory crimes include obstruction of justice, and the concealment, conversion or transfer of criminal proceeds (money laundering). Sanctions extend to those who participate in and may extend to those who attempt to commit corruption offences. UNCAC thus goes beyond previous instruments of this kind that request parties to criminalize only basic forms of corruption. Parties are encouraged – but not required – to criminalize, inter alia, passive bribery of foreign and international public officials, trading in influence, abuse of function, illicit enrichment, private sector bribery and embezzlement, and the concealment of illicit assets.

Furthermore, parties are required to simplify rules pertaining to evidence of corrupt behavior by, inter alia, ensuring that obstacles that may arise from the application of bank secrecy laws are overcome. This is especially important, as corrupt acts are frequently very difficult to prove in court. Particularly important is also the introduction of the liability of legal persons. In the area of law enforcement, UNCAC calls for better cooperation between national and international bodies and with civil society. There is a provision for the protection of witnesses, victims, expert witnesses and whistle blowers to ensure that law enforcement is truly effective.

Russia ratified the convention in 2006, but failed to include article 20, which criminalizes "illicit enrichment". In March 2013, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation submitted a petition with 115,000 signatures to the State Duma in favour of doing so. In 2015, however, no such law was yet in effect in Russia.

International cooperation (Chapter IV, Articles 43–49)
Under Chapter IV of UNCAC, States Parties are obliged to assist one another in every aspect of the fight against corruption, including prevention, investigation, and the prosecution of offenders. Cooperation takes the form of extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of sentences persons and criminal proceedings, and law enforcement cooperation. Cooperation in civil and administrative matters is also encouraged. Based on Chapter IV, UNCAC itself can be used as a basis for extradition, mutual legal assistance and law enforcement with respect to corruption-related offences. "Dual criminality", which is a requirement that the relevant offence shall be criminalized in both the requesting and requested country, is considered fulfilled irrespective of whether the same terminology or category of offense is used in both jurisdictions. In case of a request for assistance involving non-coercive measures, States Parties are required to provide assistance even when dual criminality is absent subject only to the basic concepts of their legal systems. Chapter IV also contains other innovative provisions designed to facilitate international cooperation. For example, States Parties that use UNCAC as a basis for extradition shall not consider corruption-related offences as political ones; assistance can also be provided in relation to offences for which legal persons can be held responsible; and bank secrecy cannot be cited as a ground to refuse a request for assistance. In order to ensure speedy and efficient cooperation, each State Party is required to designate a central authority responsible for receiving MLA requests. Overall, Chapter IV provides a broad and flexible platform for international cooperation. However, its provisions do not exhaust all international cooperation issues covered by UNCAC, thus the purposes of UNCAC and provisions of other chapters also need to be taken into consideration.

Asset recovery (Chapter V, Articles 51–59)
The agreement on asset recovery is considered a major breakthrough and many observers claim that it is one of the reasons why so many developing countries have signed UNCAC. Asset recovery is indeed a very important issue for many developing countries where high-level corruption has plundered the national wealth. Reaching an agreement on this Chapter involved intensive negotiations, as the legitimate interests of countries wishing to recover illicit assets had to be reconciled with the legal and procedural safeguards of the countries from which assistance will be sought. Generally, in the course of the negotiations, countries seeking to recover assets sought to establish presumptions that would make clear their ownership of the assets and give priority for return over other means of disposal. Countries from which the return was likely to be sought, on the other hand, had concerns about the language that might have compromised basic human rights and procedural protections associated with criminal liability and the freezing, seizure, forfeiture and return of such assets.

Chapter V of UNCAC establishes asset recovery as a "fundamental principle" of the convention. The provisions on asset recovery lay a framework, in both civil and criminal law, for tracing, freezing, forfeiting and returning funds obtained through corrupt activities. The requesting state will in most cases receive the recovered funds as long as it can prove ownership. In some cases, the funds may be returned directly to individual victims.

If no other arrangement is in place, States Parties may use the Convention itself as a legal basis. Article 54(1)(a) of UNCAC provides that: "Each State Party (shall)... take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to give effect to an order of confiscation issued by a court of another state party" Indeed, Article 54(2)(a) of UNCAC also provides for the provisional freezing or seizing of property where there are sufficient grounds for taking such actions in advance of a formal request being received.

Recognizing that recovering assets once transferred and concealed is an exceedingly costly, complex and an all-too-often unsuccessful process, this Chapter also incorporates elements intended to prevent illicit transfers and generate records that can be used where illicit transfers eventually have to be traced, frozen, seized and confiscated (Article 52). The identification of experts who can assist developing countries in this process is also included as a form of technical assistance (Article 60(5)).

Technical assistance and information exchange (Chapter VI, Articles 60–62)
Chapter VI of UNCAC is dedicated to technical assistance, meaning support offered to developing and transition countries in the implementation of UNCAC. The provisions cover training, material and human resources, research, and information sharing. UNCAC also calls for cooperation through international and regional organizations (many of which already have established anti-corruption programmes), research efforts, and the contribution of financial resources both directly to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and to the UNODC.

Mechanisms for implementation (Chapter VII, Articles 63–64)
Chapter VII deals with international implementation through the CoSP and the UN Secretariat.

Final provisions (Chapter VIII, Articles 65 – 71)
The final provisions are similar to those found in other UN treaties. Key provisions ensure that UNCAC requirements are to be interpreted as minimum standards, which States Parties are free to exceed with measures "more strict or severe" than those set out in specific provisions; and the two Articles governing signature, ratification and the coming into force of the convention.

Conference of the States Parties
Pursuant to article 63 of UNCAC, a Conference of the States Parties (CoSP) to UNCAC was established to improve the capacity of and cooperation between States Parties to achieve the objectives set forth in UNCAC, and to promote and review its implementation. UNODC acts as the secretariat to the CoSP. At its different sessions, besides regularly calling States Parties and signatories to adapt their laws and regulations to bring them into conformity with the provisions of UNCAC the CoSP has adopted resolutions and has mandated UNODC to implement them, including through the development of technical assistance projects.

The CoSP has established a number of subsidiary bodies to further the implementation of specific aspects of UNCAC. The Implementation Review Group, which focuses on the implementation review mechanism and technical assistance, the Working Group on Asset Recovery, the Working Group on Prevention, as well as expert group meetings on international cooperation meet regularly in the intersessional period.

 * The first session of the CoSP took place on 10–14 December 2006 at the Dead Sea, Jordan. In its resolution 1/1, States Parties agreed that it was necessary to establish an appropriate and effective mechanism to assist in the review of the implementation of UNCAC. An inter-governmental working group was established to start working on the design of such a mechanism. Two other working groups were set up to promote coordination of activities related to technical assistance and asset recovery, respectively.
 * The second session was held in Bali, Indonesia, from 28 January to 1 February 2008. As to the mechanism for the review of implementation, the States Parties decided to take into account a balanced geographical approach, to avoid any adversarial or punitive elements, to establish clear guidelines for every aspect of the mechanism and to promote universal adherence to UNCAC and the constructive collaboration in preventive measures, asset recovery, international cooperation and other areas. The CoSP also requested donors and receiving countries to strengthen coordination and enhance technical assistance for the implementation of UNCAC, and dealt with the issue of bribery of officials of public international organizations.
 * The third session of the CoSP took place in Doha, Qatar, from 9 to 13 November 2009. The CoSP adopted the landmark Resolution 3/1 on the review of the implementation of UNCAC, containing the terms of reference of the Implementation Review Mechanism (IRM). In view of the establishment of the IRM, and considering that the identification of needs and the delivery of technical assistance to facilitate the successful and consistent implementation of UNCAC are at the core of the mechanism, the CoSP decided to abolish the Working Group on Technical Assistance and to fold its mandate into the work of the Implementation Review Group. For the first time, the CoSP also adopted a resolution on preventive measures, in which it established the Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Prevention to further explore good practices in this field. The CoSP was preceded and accompanied by numerous side events, such as the last Global Forum for Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity (in cooperation with businesses) and a Youth Forum.
 * The fourth session of the CoSP took place in Marrakech, Morocco, from 24 to 28 October 2011. The Conference considered the progress made in the IRM and recognized the importance of addressing technical assistance needs in the Review Mechanism. It also reiterated its support for the Working Groups on Asset Recovery and Prevention and established Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Group Meetings on International Cooperation to advise and assist the CoSP with respect to extradition and mutual legal assistance.

Other sessions of the CoSP took place in Panama in 2013, the Russian Federation in 2015, Austria in 2017 and United Arab Emirates in 2019.

Implementation of the UNCAC and monitoring mechanism
In accordance with Article 63(7) of UNCAC, "the Conference shall establish, if it deems necessary, any appropriate mechanism or body to assist in the effective implementation of the Convention". At its first session, the CoSP established an open-ended intergovernmental expert group to make recommendations to the Conference on the appropriate mechanism. A voluntary "Pilot Review Programme", which was limited in scope, was initiated to offer adequate opportunity to test possible methods to review the implementation of UNCAC, with the overall objective to evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of the tested mechanism(s) and to provide to the CoSP information on lessons learnt and experience acquired, thus enabling the CoSP to make informed decisions on the establishment of an appropriate mechanism for reviewing the implementation of UNCAC.

The CoSP at its third session, held in Doha in November 2009, adopted Resolution 3/1 on the review of the implementation of the convention, containing the terms of reference of an Implementation Review Mechanism (IRM). It established a review mechanism aimed at assisting countries to meet the objectives of UNCAC through a peer review process. The IRM is intended to further enhance the potential of the UNCAC, by providing the means for countries to assess their level of implementation through the use of a comprehensive self-assessment checklist, the identification of potential gaps and the development of action plans to strengthen the implementation of UNCAC domestically. UNODC serves as the secretariat to the review mechanism.

The Terms of Reference contain procedures and processes for the peer review of the States Parties implementation of the UNCAC, including the formation of an oversight body called the Implementation Review Group (IRG).

In July 2010 the IRG met for the first time in Vienna and adopted the guidelines for governmental experts and the UNCAC secretariat – the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – in the conduct of a country review. The mechanism consists of a multi-stage peer review which involves the review of each State Party by two peers – one from the same UN region and one from another one. To cover all States Parties, the review process is divided into two five-year cycles where countries are randomly selected to be reviewed in each year of the cycle. The first cycle started in 2010 and covers Chapter III and IV of the convention. The second cycle was launched in November 2015 and is currently underway, covering Chapters II and V, reviewing corruption prevention measures and asset recovery. While the second cycle is scheduled to end in 2021, the process is facing substantial delays, more than three years into the second cycle, only 20 of the 184 countries had completed the review process by May 2019.

It has yet to be decided if and how the review mechanism will continue after the end of the five years foreseen for the second cycle, but if the first cycle is a guide, then the reviews will continue beyond the five years.

A country review process follows these phases:

 * 1) Self-assessment: UNODC informs the State Party that it is under review. The State Party identifies a focal point to coordinate the country's participation in the review and then fills out a standardised self-assessment checklist.
 * 2) Peer review: two reviewer States Parties – decided by lots – provide experts to form a review team. The team conducts a desk review of the completed self-assessment checklist. It may require further information from the focal point and direct dialogue through conference calls, or a country visit if agreed by the country reviewed.
 * 3) Country review report and executive summary: with the assistance of UNODC, the expert review team prepares a country review report (80–300 pages). The report is sent to the focal point for approval. In cases of disagreement, the reviewers and the contact point engage in dialogue to arrive at a consensual final report, which is published in full only with the agreement of the country under review. The expert review team produces an executive summary of this report (7–12 pages), which is automatically published on the UNODC website.

UNCAC Coalition
The UNCAC Coalition, established in 2006, is a global network of over 350 civil society organisations (CSOs) in over 100 countries, committed to promoting the ratification, implementation and monitoring of the UNCAC. The Coalition engages in joint action around common positions on the UNCAC, facilitates the exchange of information among members, and supports national civil society efforts to promote the UNCAC. Coalition members share views via the Coalition website and a mailing list and ad hoc working groups. The Coalition supports civil society organisations to engage in and contribute to the UNCAC review process, including through technical support.

The Coalition, directly and through its members, advocates for greater transparency and space for civil society participation in all UNCAC fora – the Conference of States Parties, the meetings of the Implementation Review Group, working groups and the review process on the national level. Furthermore, the Coalition seeks to advance discussions on key issues covered by the convention, including:

 * Access to information
 * Asset recovery
 * Beneficial company ownership transparency
 * Protection of whistleblowers and anti-corruption activists

It aims to mobilize broad civil society support for UNCAC and to facilitate strong civil society action at national, regional and international levels in support of UNCAC. The Coalition is open to all organizations and individuals committed to these goals. The breadth of UNCAC means that its framework is relevant for a wide range of CSOs, including groups working in the areas of human rights, labour rights, governance, economic development, environment and private sector accountability.

Challenges
Ratification of UNCAC, while essential, is only the first step. Fully implementing its provisions presents significant challenges for the international community as well as individual States parties, particularly in relation to the innovative areas of UNCAC. For this reason, countries have often needed policy guidance and technical assistance to ensure the effective implementation of UNCAC. The results of the first years of IRM have shown that many developing countries have identified technical assistance needs. The provision of technical assistance, as foreseen in UNCAC, is crucial to ensure the full and effective incorporation of the provisions of UNCAC into domestic legal systems and, above all, into the reality of daily life.


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National Gold Bank Note

National Gold Bank Notes were National Bank Notes issued by nine national gold banks in California in the 1870s and 1880s and redeemable in gold. Printed on a yellow-tinted paper, six denominations circulated: $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, and $500. A $1,000 note was designed and printed but never issued. During the issuing period of national gold banks (1871–83), the U.S. Treasury issued 200,558 notes totaling $3,465,240. Today, National Gold Bank Notes are rare in the higher denominations (and unknown on some issuing banks) with condition generally falling in the good-to-fine range. Approximately 630 National Gold Bank Notes are known to exist, and roughly 20 grade above "very fine".

History
The National Gold Bank Notes were authorized under the provisions of the Currency Act of July 12, 1870. The series was a result of the California Gold Rush, where gold coins were preferred in commerce. Ten national gold banks were charted, nine of them in California and one in Boston, Massachusetts.

The Kidder Bank was the only bank to have $1,000 notes among others prepared, however, no notes circulated from the bank.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Gold Bank Note


text:
Middleton Grange Shopping Centre

Middleton Grange is a shopping centre in Hartlepool, England. It was built in 1969 and it was opened by Princess Anne on 27 May 1970. The site of the shopping centre was originally terraced streets that were demolished in the late 1960s.

History
The original architecture of the building is the 1960s brutalist style. It was originally an outdoor shopping centre but it was converted to an indoor shopping centre in 1992. It was built and owned by Hartlepool Borough Council until it was privatised in the 1990s. In 2011 it was announced that the bosses at Middleton Grange are planning a rebrand, a facelift and a major push to bring in more business with a £2 million investment which see the 1960s mosaic tile effect outside the shopping centre replaced and modernised, the sea blue colour scheme inside will be replaced with a battleship grey colour scheme, the signs will be replaced with new signs and BHS announced they will be opening a new two floor 35,000 sqft department store with a cafe in the old Woolworths store in September 2011. There are a lot of empty units due to stores closing down in the 2007 recession as there is only an 80% occupancy rate of Middleton Grange, with the new BHS store opening this will increase the occupancy rate to 86%. The majority of the empty units are located in the East Mall, Upper West Mall and Market Walk areas. The longest serving retail outlet since the opening is Boots, following the closure of Woolworths in 2009 and the pending closure of Marks & Spencer in 2015. The four anchor tenants are Marks & Spencer (until 2015), BHS, Wilko and Primark, There was fifth anchor tenant, The Co-operative Home Store and it closed in October 2011 leaving the large unit empty, the Eugene's Cafe at the bottom of the unit stayed open but closed in September 2012. That particular unit and the Primark unit were previously a supermarket housing Fine Fare, then Gateway and finally Asda until they closed and moved to new premises on Hartlepool Marina in 1996. In 2012 Brighthouse, Home Bargains, JD Sports and Sports Direct moved to larger units and Carphone Warehouse and Gamestation closed. In 2014 Marks & Spencer announced they will be closing their store in Middleton Grange to open a Simply Food store in Anchor Retail Park at Hartlepool Marina. BHS closed their store in the centre when the company went into administration in 2016, all BHS branches throughout the UK were subsequently closed down.

Middleton Grange was originally built to replace the old town centre located around Lynn Street. Most of the shops and the market closed and moved to the shopping centre when it was completed. Most of Lynn Street was demolished in 1975 for construction of a new housing estate which some of Lynn Street still remains and is now called Lynn Street North.

Stores
As of October 2023, stores include Primark, Sports Direct, Iceland, Boots,  Poundland and Ecigwizard.

title: Middleton Grange Shopping Centre


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Sydney Secondary College

Sydney Secondary College is a multi-campus urban government-funded, co-educational, dual modality, partially academically selective and comprehensive secondary day school, located in the Inner West region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 2002, the College's three campuses are located in the Sydney suburbs of, and  and cater for approximately 2,000 students from Year 7 to Year 12.

Campuses
The three campuses that make up Sydney Secondary College are:

 * Leichhardt Campus: caters for students in years 7–10 only
 * Balmain Campus: caters for students in years 7–10 only
 * Blackwattle Bay Campus: caters for students in years 11–12 only

Students who enrol at either of the Balmain or Leichhardt Campuses usually continue to senior secondary school at the Blackwattle Bay Campus.

History
The college was formed in 2002, after a plan for revitalisation of public education in the inner-city was introduced. The three pre-existing independent high schools were linked to form Sydney Secondary College. Facilities across the three campuses were renovated.

Starting from 2005, Leichhardt and Balmain became junior campuses (years 7–10), with an emphasis on middle schooling. Blackwattle Bay, formerly Glebe High School, became the specialist senior campus (11–12), being able to offer one of the widest curriculum choices in Sydney.

Leichhardt, while formerly the smallest school in NSW (in terms of area) has now expanded with a sporting oval, at the cost of A$6 million.

The founding College Principal was Mark Anderson AM who developed the college focus of 'quality, opportunity and diversity'.

Sport
Sport is compulsory for students in year 7–10 and on Tuesday afternoons. The junior Campuses have a strong sporting tradition and a friendly rivalry. If a student in year 7–10 decides not to participate in a grade sport, they can choose recreational sport, which consists of a mix of all sports. Various all-college events are held throughout the year, including the Swimming, Cross Country and Athletics Carnivals, and Gala Days. Blackwattle is on the waterfront, which allows students the opportunity to undertake rowing, dragonboat racing and kayaking as extracurricular activities.

Notable alumni

 * Renuga Veeranbadminton player; represented Australia at the 2012 Olympics

 * Jake GordonProfessional Rugby Union player; plays for the Australian National Rugby Union Team, and the NSW Waratahs in Super Rugby Pacific

title: Sydney Secondary College


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Talk:Hsing I Ch'uan

There are many disagreements (even between practictioners) about details of Hsing I, some due to confusion with Taichi terms - others due to differences between the teachings of individual lineages. It is almost impossible to approach the subject, having any knowledge about it at all, from a NPOV. There are no "absolute authorities" either as people or reference works, that can be consulted to resolve a dispute.
 * I've added a note to that effect at the beginning of the article. Fire Star 21:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Further note: this is due partly to the relatively old age of the art.
 * Other contributing factors being cross-training between taiji and xingyi (finding a school that does only xingyi and not taiji is pretty hard), the additions the art made by some masters over the years (and equally, simplifications done in order to make learning easier), and in some cases a partial transmission of the art from teacher to student (This made easier in xingyi through a natural preference of a student for one animal over another). Of course there is also the affect that the wushu institute has had in attempting to standardize forms for competition, and the related politics involved their. --Medains 28 June 2005 11:50 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hsing I Ch'uan


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Talk:Pentridge

Some authors (eg E. P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class) use the Pentridge spelling for Pentrich, Derbyshire, which gives its name to the Pentrich Rising of 1817 Linuxlad 10:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC).

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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20060221205622/http://www1.dorsetcc.gov.uk/LIVING/FACTS/Census2001.nsf/6cadf4da179fc19500256663004afece/a3f285e14cd1486980256ec50034a60d?OpenDocument to http://www1.dorsetcc.gov.uk/LIVING/FACTS/Census2001.nsf/6cadf4da179fc19500256663004afece/a3f285e14cd1486980256ec50034a60d?OpenDocument

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title: Talk:Pentridge


text:
Talk:National Gold Bank Note

Past Discussion
This article is being linked to by other pages in progress and is being tested in the articles in progress.

 * The deleted version had zero contents - except a . This are clearly speedy deletion candidates, and have been and will be deleted on sight. However now the article HAS contents, though not much yet and which needs to be wikified, but now it's no longer a speedy deletion candidate anymore. andy 11:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd like to reiterate what Andy has already said in that there is no need to delete this article now that it has content and anyone who does is breaking wikipedia guidelines. Just putting the  message in and nothing else is grounds for speedy deletion but this is not the case here.  In future if you are in the process of working on a page and would like others to leave it alone until you have finished, you can put the  tag into the main body of the article until you have finished, though this should normally only be used for an outside maximum of a few hours. -- Francs2000 | Talk  15:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I would not recommend the merge as The Gold certificate article lacks any references. National Gold Bank notes were in response to the California Gold Rush. While the series Gold Certificates of 1882 were the first for regular circulation.Knowledgekid87 19:46, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The suggestion seems dead, but I would like to add that it would be a horrible idea to merge an article on NGBN with one on Gold Certs - they are very different types of notes. The former were part of the National Banking System and the latter were representative money like the Silver Certs.LondonYoung (talk) 20:13, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I remember I had agreed on that and just dropped the proposal it was bot added anyways. It was kind of like combining apples with oranges there. Knowledgekid87 19:54, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

$1,000 bill is not mentioned by Friedberg
I would be inclined to trust the Friedbergs here as they are the ones who came up with the Friedberg numbering system.,, ("The world buys and sells paper money by Friedberg numbers") Can anyone provide more evidence that a #1,000 National Gold Bank was indeed printed but never released outside of the parroted origin source? Just to compare, the $500 note is mentioned as F-1166a despite there being no notes known. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 00:07, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
 * According to the citation, the $1,000 NGBN is mentioned in the 19th edition of Friedberg. I don't own the book, but my guess is that the note lacks an Fr number because it was never circulated.  The $500 note was circulated, and therefore has been assigned an Fr number, despite the lack of known survivors. - ZLEA T\C 14:27, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 9 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Sceptre (talk) 19:49, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

National gold bank note → National Gold Bank Note – "National Gold Bank Note" is a proper name, which, according to WP:NCCAPS, should be capitalized. ZLEA T\C 14:38, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:53, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

 * queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:54, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Move per nom, I don't see this as controversial. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 02:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Who buy these
Have a entire set for sell 2600:1700:DD3:DA90:CD75:FB5C:7977:98FE (talk) 14:02, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Gold Bank Note


text:
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is a regional wholesaler and the largest supplier of treated water in the United States. The name is usually shortened to "Met," "Metropolitan," or "MWD." It is a cooperative of fourteen cities, eleven municipal water districts, and one county water authority, that provides water to 19 million people in a 5200 sqmi service area. It was created by an act of the California State Legislature in 1928, primarily to build and operate the Colorado River Aqueduct. Metropolitan became the first (and largest) contractor to the State Water Project in 1960.

Metropolitan owns and operates an extensive range of capital facilities including the Colorado River Aqueduct which runs from an intake at Lake Havasu on the California-Arizona border to its endpoint at the Lake Mathews reservoir in Riverside County. It also imports water supplies from northern California via the 444 mile California Aqueduct as a contractor to the State Water Project. In 1960, Metropolitan became the first (and largest) contractor to the State Water Project. Metropolitan's extensive water system includes three major reservoirs, six smaller reservoirs, 830 miles of large-scale pipes, about 400 connections to member agencies, 16 hydroelectric facilities and five water treatment plants.

It serves parts of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. The district covers the coastal and most heavily populated portions of Southern California while large portions of San Diego, San Bernardino and Riverside counties are located outside of its service area.

The Metropolitan headquarters is in downtown Los Angeles, adjacent to historic Union Station.

History
In the early 20th century, Southern California cities were faced with a growing population and shrinking local groundwater supplies. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was established in 1928 under an act of the California Legislature to build and operate the 242 mile that would bring water to southern coastal areas. Southland residents voted for a major bond in the depths of the Great Depression to fund the construction effort through the desert to deliver essential water supplies and generate badly needed jobs.

The post-World War II boom and 1950s dry spells prompted a huge expansion of the Metropolitan service area as new cities began seeking additional reliable water supplies.

In 1960, Metropolitan, along with 30 other public agencies, signed a long-term contract that made possible the construction of the State Water Project, including reservoirs, pumping plants and the 444 mile, which serves urban and agricultural agencies from the San Francisco Bay to Southern California. As the largest of the now 29 agencies, Metropolitan contracts with the state Department of Water Resources, which owns and operates the State Water Project, for slightly less than half of all supplies delivered to Metropolitan.

Metropolitan is governed by a board of 38 directors whose powers and functions are specified in the 1927 authorization act. This board was in charge of issuing bonds and financing their repayment by selling water to member agencies. In the early years, revenue from water sales was too low, so Metropolitan also collected taxes that ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 percent of assessed value. Ninety percent of the cost of the aqueduct has been paid for by the taxpayers. In 1929 the district was set up with an area of 600 sqmi and served a population of around 1,600,000 in 13 cities.

During the aqueduct's first five years of service from 1941 to 1946 it delivered an average of about 27000 acre.ft of water, using less than 2% of its capacity. Only one pump at each lift, operating from one to six months out of the year, was needed to meet all the demands made on the system. At this time, due to availability of ground water, less than 10% of the Colorado River Aqueduct's capacity was used, only 178000 acre.ft of water.

The San Diego County Water Authority joined Metropolitan as its first wholesale member agency in 1946. SDCWA was formed in 1944 to facilitate joining Metropolitan, received its first deliveries in 1947 and was buying half of Metropolitan's water by 1949. The SDCWA annexation broke two traditions at Metropolitan: Member agencies had previously been cities (SDCWA was a water wholesaler) in the south coast basin (SDCWA was south of the basin). The next break came in 1950, when Pomona MWD (now Three Valleys MWD) joined Metropolitan. Since Pomona was a largely agricultural member agency at the time, Metropolitan was no longer selling water only for domestic use. The territory served by the Pomona district has urbanized rapidly, with agriculture having disappeared almost entirely by 1970.

In 1952, Metropolitan began a 200 million dollar program to bring the Colorado River Aqueduct to its full capacity of 1212000 acre.ft annually. The Colorado River Aqueduct added six pumps to the original three at each of its five pumping stations. CRA pumping expanded from about 16500 acre.ft of water in 1950 to about 1029000 acre.ft by 1960. On August 9, 1962, the Metropolitan set an all-time delivery record of 1,316,000,000 gallons of water in just a 24-hour period.

Metropolitan's additional supplies and easier rules of entry facilitated an expansion through annexation of large areas of low populations: The eight MWDs that joined from 1946 to 1955 added 200 percent to Metropolitan's service area but only 75 percent to Metropolitan's population served. By 1965, Metropolitan had 13 cities and 13 municipal water districts as members. It covered more than 4500 sqmi and served some 10,000,000 people.

By 2008 Metropolitan had 14 cities and 12 municipal water districts (San Fernando joined in 1973; MWDOC and Coastal MWD merged in 2001) and provided water to nearly 10,000,000 people. , Metropolitan with 26 member agencies and cities served nearly 19 million people in the counties of Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino.

Colorado River Drought Contingency Plan
In 2019 the Metropolitan Water District played a crucial role in the development of the Colorado River Drought Contingency Plan (DCP). The Drought Contingency Plan aims to implement legislation to reduce the risk of declining levels in the Colorado River reservoirs, particularly by incentivizing agencies to store additional water in Lake Powell and Lake Mead. In 2018, the Imperial Irrigation District elected to not execute the DCP and the Metropolitan Water District agreed to provide the full portion of water storage contributions to Lake Mead. By the end of 2020, MWD will have nearly stored 1 million acre-feet in Lake Mead and contributing to 12 feet of Lake Mead's elevation.

Water sources
The State Water Project moves water from the western Sierra Nevada through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta before delivering supplies—via the California Aqueduct to Southern California. Once in the south coastal plain, deliveries are split between the SWP's West Branch, storing water in Castaic Lake for delivery to the west side of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, and the East Branch, which delivers water to the Inland Empire and the south and east parts of the Los Angeles Basin.

The Colorado River Aqueduct begins at Lake Havasu, just north of Parker Dam, and travels 242 mi west to Lake Mathews in southwest Riverside County. Water is first pumped 125 mi uphill through a series of five pumping plants approaching Chiriaco Summit, then flows 117 mi downhill towards Los Angeles.

Metropolitan contracts for about 2 MAF/Y (million acre feet per year) from the State Water Project (SWP) and 1.35 MAF/Y from the Colorado River Aqueduct (CRA), but actual delivery amounts depend on a conditions including hydrology, infrastructure and regulatory conditions. Between 1984 and 2004 the actual deliveries were 0.7 MAF/Y from the SWP and 1.2 MAF/Y from the CRA. The SWP allotment is rarely met, if at all, due to restrictions on the amount of water that can be pumped from the Delta. A minimum freshwater flow has to pass through the Delta in order to prevent salinity intrusion from San Francisco Bay, and the removal of freshwater from the Delta has also threatened multiple species, such as native chinook salmon.

The Inland Feeder project added a direct tunnel and pipeline connection from Silverwood Lake to Diamond Valley Lake and was completed in 2010.

Reservoirs
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California reservoirs store fresh water for use in Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties. These reservoirs were built specifically to preserve water during times of drought, and are in place for emergencies uses such as earthquake, floods or other events.

Metropolitan maintains three major water reservoirs. One is Lake Mathews located in southwest Riverside, California, with a capacity of 182000 acre.ft of water. Another is Lake Skinner located south of Hemet in Riverside County, its capacity is 44000 acre feet of water. Diamond Valley Lake is their third and newest reservoir, with a capacity of 810000 acre feet of water. This capacity is over twice as large as that of Castaic Lake, the next largest reservoir in Southern California maintained by the state Department of Water Resources.

Metropolitan partly funded the Brock Reservoir project with $28.6 million. In return for their contribution, California can each use 100000 acre.ft of water starting in 2016.

Purification and treatment
Metropolitan operates five treatment plants:
 * Robert B. Diemer Treatment Plant in Yorba Linda began operation in 1963 and has a treatment capacity of 520 million gallons a day
 * Joseph Jensen Treatment Plant in Granada Hills started operation in 1972 and is believed to be the largest treatment plant west of the Mississippi River with a treatment capacity of 750 million gallons a day
 * Henry J. Mills Treatment Plant in Riverside became operational in 1978 and has a treatment capacity of 220 million gallons a day
 * Robert A. Skinner Treatment Plant in Winchester started operation in 1976 and Metropolitan with a treatment capacity of 630 million gallons a day
 * F. E. Weymouth Treatment Plant, a 58800 sqft facility in La Verne began operation in 1941 and has a treatment capacity of 520 million gallons a day

They collectively filter water for more than 19 million Southern Californians. Metropolitan employs over 2,100 people to maintain and do research at these facilities, including scientists specializing in chemistry, microbiology, and limnology (the study of lakes and rivers).

Metropolitan's water treatment plants each use a conventional 5-step treatment process as follows:

 * 1) Disinfection/Pre-Treatment: Water entering the plant is disinfected using ozone as the primary disinfectant. Chlorine is used as an ozone back-up disinfectant.
 * 2) Coagulation: Chemical coagulants (either alum or ferric chloride and polymer) are injected into the water and mixed with flash jet mixers.
 * 3) Flocculation: The water travels into the mixing and settling basins, where large mechanical mixers (flocculators) gently agitate the water. This further mixes the water with the coagulant chemicals and allows sufficient time for the larger suspended particles in the water to bind together and form “floc.”
 * 4) Sedimentation: The floc particles, which are heavier than the surrounding water, settle to the bottom of the basin, forming a layer of material that is later removed.
 * 5) Filtration: Settled water from the sedimentation basins is treated with a filter aid polymer and enters the filters, which consist of layers of anthracite coal and sand filter media. The filters remove virtually all of the suspended particles that did not settle during the sedimentation process.

Following the conventional treatment process, chlorine and ammonia are added to the water to form chloramines and maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system. Sodium hydroxide is added as a corrosion control measure to adjust the pH level and protect pipes and plumbing fixtures. Also, fluoride is added to help prevent dental caries in children as recommended by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Every year trained scientists and technicians perform more than 320,000 analytical tests on more than 50,000 samples. Metropolitan Water District has various EPA Environmental Protection Agency approved methods used to for the detection of bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites, chemical contaminants and toxins.

Regional Recycled Water Program
In partnership with the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County and the Metropolitan Water District, The Regional Recycled Water Program will introduce purified and treated wastewater that will replenish groundwater basins across Los Angeles and Orange Counties that aims to potentially accommodate direct potable reuse demands in the near future. The program includes 60 miles of new pipelines to convey the treated water across four regional groundwater basins, an industrial facility, and two MWD treatment plants.

The program calls for a water treatment facility that would be one of the largest in the nation, producing 150 million gallons per day or 168 thousand acre-feet per year of purified water. Before the full-scale facility is developed, a 0.5 million gallon per day demonstration facility, The Advanced Purification Center, in Carson will test, treat, and operate to ensure the highest quality standards of wastewater treatment are met prior to the development of the new facility. The construction and application of a membrane bioreactors in the demonstration facility cost nearly $17 million dollars and the total cost of building the full-scale program will be $3.4 billion, resulting in an annual operation cost of $129 million, and water cost of $1,830 per acre-foot. The full scale treatment facility would serve 500,000 homes daily and deliver a purified source of water to the four regional groundwater basins: Central, West Coast, Main San Gabriel, and Orange County.

Members
Metropolitan list of member agencies:

 * City of Anaheim
 * City of Beverly Hills
 * City of Burbank
 * City of Compton
 * City of Fullerton
 * City of Glendale
 * City of Long Beach
 * City of Los Angeles
 * City of Pasadena
 * City of San Fernando
 * City of San Marino
 * City of Santa Ana
 * City of Santa Monica
 * City of Torrance
 * Calleguas Municipal Water District
 * Central Basin Municipal Water District
 * Eastern Municipal Water District
 * Foothill Municipal Water District
 * Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA)
 * Las Virgenes Municipal Water District
 * Municipal Water District of Orange County
 * San Diego County Water Authority
 * Three Valleys Municipal Water District
 * Upper San Gabriel Valley Municipal Water District
 * West Basin Municipal Water District
 * Western Municipal Water District of Riverside County


text:
James Clayton (engineer)

James Clayton MBE (17 November 1872 – 12 October 1946) was an English mechanical engineer who worked extensively on railway locomotives.

Clayton was born in Stockport, Cheshire and attended the Technical School in Manchester and thereafter served an apprenticeship at Beyer Peacock, becoming a draughtsman in their drawing office. After six years in that post he took a position with the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). In 1904, he left for a year's work with the Motor Manufacturing Company, an automobile manufacturer in Coventry, as their chief draughtsman and assistant works manager.

Following this, he was hired by Cecil Paget, Chief Superintendent of the Midland Railway, to work on his high pressure multi-cylinder locomotive. During his time with the Midland, he spent two years in charge of the casualty and investigation section, and was appointed Assistant Chief Locomotive Draughtsman in 1907.

In 1914, he rejoined the SECR and was soon Chief Locomotive Draughtsman. From 1919, he was Chief Mechanical Engineer Richard Maunsell's personal assistant, and later his deputy. When Maunsell became the Southern Railway's CME in the 1923 Grouping, Clayton continued as his deputy.

He was also very active in the Institution of Locomotive Engineers, serving as a member of its Council and later a Vice President.

title: James Clayton (engineer)


text:
List of bishops and archbishops of Warsaw

The following is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Warsaw. On 30 June 1818, the see was elevated to the rank of an archdiocese.

Also included are the auxiliary bishops.

Bishops of Warsaw:
 * Józef Miaskowski, 1798–1804
 * Ignacy Raczyński, Apostolic Administrator 1806–1818

Archbishops of Warsaw:
 * Franciszek Malczewski, 1818–1819
 * Szczepan Hołowczyc, 1819–1823
 * Wojciech Skarszewski, 1824–1827
 * Jan Paweł Woronicz, 1828–1829
 * Stanisław Kostka Choromański, 1836–1838
 * Tomasz Chmielewski, 1836–1844
 * Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Apostolic Administrator 1844–1856, Archbishop 1856–1861
 * Antoni Białobrzeski, 1861–1862
 * Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, 1862–1883
 * Wincenty Teofil Popiel, 1883–1912
 * Aleksander Kakowski, 1913–1938
 * Stanisław Gall, Apostolic Administrator 1940–1942
 * Antoni Szlagowski, vicary 1942–1946
 * August Hlond, 1946–1948
 * Stefan Wyszyński, 1948–1981
 * Józef Glemp, 1981–2007
 * Stanisław Wielgus, 2007
 * Kazimierz Nycz, since 3 March 2007

Auxiliary bishops
 * John Baptist Albertrandi, 1798–1808
 * Daniel Ostrowski, 1818–1831
 * Mikołaj Jan Mangulewicz, 1822–1825
 * Franciszek Pawłowski, 1827–1829
 * Tomasz Chmielewski, 1837–1844
 * Jan Dekert, 1859–1861
 * Henryk Ludwik Plater, 1859–1868
 * Kazimierz Ruszkiewicz, 1884–1925
 * Stanisław Gall, 1918–1919, 1933–1940
 * Władysław Szcześniak, 1925–1926
 * Antoni Szlagowski, 1928–1956
 * Zygmunt Choromański, 1946–1968
 * Wacław Majewski, 1946–1983
 * Jerzy Modzelewski, 1959–1986
 * Bronisław Dąbrowski, 1962–1993
 * Władysław Miziołek, 1969–1992
 * Zbigniew Józef Kraszewski, 1970–1992
 * Kazimierz Romaniuk, 1982–1992
 * Marian Duś, 1986–2013
 * Stanisław Kędziora, 1987–1992
 * Józef Zawitkowski, 1990–1992
 * Piotr Jarecki, since 1994
 * Tadeusz Pikus, 1999–2014
 * Rafał Markowski, since 2013
 * Józef Górzyński, 2013–2015
 * Michał Janocha, since 2015


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Talk:The Box (British and Irish TV channel)

Fair use rationale for Image:Thebox.jpg
Image:Thebox.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 11:29, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Requested move (2016)

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move the article was established in a reasonable period of time. With 2 supports and 2 opposes, with an equal quality of argument, there is clearly no determinable consensus. — Music1201  talk  00:40, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) → – Other articles like Fox, Syfy, Viva and Universal Channel use (UK and Ireland), not (UK and Ireland TV channel). 2A02:C7D:564B:D300:53:1401:C606:AD58 (talk) 18:38, 22 April 2016 (UTC) --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 09:12, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. This title is way too long. Unreal7 (talk) 17:19, 26 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – I think the extra disambiguation is an aid here. I'm not sure anyone outside of the UK and Ireland would know what this is otherwise (which isn't true in the cases of something like Fox, Syfy or Universal). --IJBall (contribs • talk) 16:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. Note that I am supporting consistency in naming, but not necessarily at the proposed dab of (UK and Ireland).  ONR  (talk) 23:56, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Should be the same as other articles with similar names, such as The Box (U.S. TV channel).  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )   08:35, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.


text: Category:Governors-General of Mauritius

title: Category:Governors-General of Mauritius


text:
Dan Gillerman

Dan Gillerman (דן גילרמן, born 1944 in Tel Aviv) was Israel's 13th Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He was appointed in July 2002 and assumed his post on January 1, 2003, serving through 2008.

Early life and education
Gillerman was born in 1944 in British run Mandatory Palestine. He was educated at Whittinghame College, a Jewish boarding school in Brighton, England, and studied politics, economics and law at Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Career
Gillerman served as the CEO of several Israeli companies, Chairman of the Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce, member of the board of the First International Bank of Israel and Director of Bank Leumi and the Bank of Israel. He also served on the Prime Minister's National Economic and Social Council, the President's Committee of the Coordinating Council of Israel's Economic Organizations, as Chairman of the Israel-British Business Council, and as member of the executive board of the International Chamber of Commerce of the World Business Organization.

Gillerman has played a prominent role in helping steer Israel towards economic liberalization and a free market economy. He is actively engaged in the economic aspects of the peace process and has engaged Palestinian and other Arab leaders in an attempt to further economic cooperation within the region.

On June 14, 2005, he was elected to the position of Vice-President of the 60th UN General Assembly. The last Israeli to hold this position was UN envoy Abba Eban in 1952. Israel's candidacy was put forward by the United Nations Western Europe and Others Group (WEOG). In this position, Gillerman played a central role during the initial negotiation stages of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.

On April 24, 2008, Gillerman referred to former US President Jimmy Carter as a bigot for his meeting in Syria with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal.

Since 2008, when he ceased to be Permanent Representative to the United Nations, he has been chairman and CEO of Gillerman Global, a global strategic consulting firm.

Since 2013, Gillerman has been an Israel based senior adviser to investment management company Blackstone Inc., and in 2021 when a new Israel office was established became chairman of Blackstone Israel.

In response to the massacres of Israelis in October 2023, Gillerman seemed to refer to the Palestinian people as "horrible, inhuman animals" in a televised interview with Sky News. He said: "I am very puzzled by the constant concern which the world is showing for the Palestinian people, and is actually showing for these horrible inhuman animals who have done the worst atrocities that this century has seen, and the worst atrocities that the Jews have suffered since the holocaust."

Private life
Gillerman first met his British wife, Janice, while at school in Brighton. They have two children.

title: Dan Gillerman


text:
Cogliostro

Cogliostro, also simply Cog, is a character appearing in Todd McFarlane's Spawn comic book series published by Image Comics. Cogliostro was created in 1993 by author Neil Gaiman and artist Todd McFarlane and introduced in Spawn issue #9. Originally depicted as a supporting character, he becomes an antagonist as the series progresses, eventually becoming the supervillain Sinn and the third main antagonist of the series.

Meeting Al Simmons
Cogliostro first appears as a homeless man, but he seems to know more about Spawn's situation than Spawn himself. Cog informs Spawn that his powers draw on a limited energy source, and that using it up will condemn him to eternal torment in Hell. He is the angel on Spawn's right shoulder, opposite to the Violator, who exhorts Spawn to revel in death and destruction not just in the name of Hell, but also for its own sake.

Eventually, Cogliostro reveals that he is also a former Hellspawn, having forsaken Malebolgia long ago, and refuses to use his remaining powers, as he has one "tick" of necroplasmic power left, and any use of his Hell-granted powers will end his Earthly existence. Still, that single bit of power has extended his lifespan to centuries, and he does not want the newest Spawn to fall to the darkness that created both of them.

Past as Cain
After an absence in the Spawn comics after #100, Cogliostro returned to Spawn and is revealed that he is dying and that he is terrified of Hell's status ever since Spawn abandoned the throne after defeating Malebolgia. After this, Spawn reveals to Cog his plan to turn Earth into a new paradise, a Utopia.

Spawn and Cog then travel to the deserts of Tunisia for permission from the Greenworld to transform Earth into Spawn's ideal world until he is attacked by the third Redeemer as an act of vengeance. After the battle, Spawn is abducted by a pair of giant scorpions as they drag him to Hell, where he is being awaited by demons.

Still in Tunisia, Cog is visited by Mammon, who gives him a mysterious box which Cog seems to recognize. Cog commits suicide in order to help Spawn down in Hell.

Redeemer, now aware of what he did wrong, travels to Hell to help Spawn battle the demons whose ideas were to battle for the throne of Hell. After a frustrating battle against Violator, Spawn summons all the past Hellspawn before him to help him with the other demons and takes back the throne of Hell.

Cog then runs to Spawn with the mysterious box given to him and tells Spawn that this is what he needs to help him turn Earth into a paradise. Spawn opens the box which turns Hell into an Eden-like world and sees his widow, Wanda, and runs to her, only to be caught in a trap laid by Cog.

It is revealed that Cogliostro was born as Cain, the first murderer, and since the beginning he wanted to rule Hell rather than serve it. It was now clear that the only reason Cogliostro helped Spawn was to enable him to gain the throne of Hell, making him the new ruler.

After this act of betrayal, Cog decided to give Spawn "what he always wanted" and sent him to Earth back as Al Simmons without the Hellspawn symbiote attached to him. Cain has not been seen since but has been briefly mentioned, such as his plans of building a tower in Hell to pierce Heaven.

Recent activity
The Redeemer tells Nyx while in Hell that the demons say that Cog has locked himself away in the Black Tower and given control over the 8th Sphere to the greater demons. It is later revealed that he was hard at work building the tower higher and higher so that it can reach Heaven. Once the tower penetrates into the realm of Heaven, the forces of Hell will be free to invade Heaven's gates directly. However, later issues dropped this, as instead Cogliostro acts as a mentor and ally towards Jim Downing and seems to have become allies with Simmons again, which retcons his betrayal until #297, which reveals that his betrayal is still canon but he has given up on the throne. He would later murder Nyx and try to recruit Gunslinger Spawn to his cause, but he was killed by him in 309. He would later return in Spawn's universe one-shot, where he becomes Sinn.

Legal rights
Cogliostro, Medieval Spawn, and Angela (Heaven's bounty hunter) are co-owned by Neil Gaiman and Todd McFarlane.

In 1993 McFarlane contracted Neil Gaiman (as well as other recognized authors like Frank Miller and Dave Sim) to write one issue of his Spawn series. While doing so, Gaiman introduced the characters Cogliostro, Angela, and Medieval Spawn. All three characters were based on characters created by Todd McFarlane and were co-created with Todd McFarlane who designed them. These all continued to be featured in the series after Gaiman's involvement and had many tie-ins with McFarlane's toy company. Cogliostro had a prominent role in the live-action movie in 1997.

McFarlane had initially agreed that Gaiman retained co-creator rights on the characters but later claimed that Gaiman's work had been work-for-hire and that McFarlane owned all of Gaiman's creations entirely, pointing to the legal indicia in Spawn #9 and the lack of legal contract stating otherwise. McFarlane had also refused to pay Gaiman for the volumes of Gaiman's work he republished and kept in print. In 2002, Gaiman filed suit and won a sizeable judgment against McFarlane and Image Comics and the rights due any creator. All 3 characters are currently co-owned 50/50 by both men.

Angela was later sold to Marvel Comics whereas Cogliostro and Medieval Spawn are still used in the Spawn comics.

Film

 * Nicol Williamson portrayed Cogliostro in the 1997 film adaptation, where he was the black knight (Sir John Of York) from the fifteenth century who became a Hellspawn after his death; but at some point successfully freed his soul from the demons' control and now fights on the side of Heaven. He becomes Al's teacher and instructs him in how to use his necroplasm armor. This version lacks his symbiotic armor, but appears to possess some supernatural abilities, such as a sharp blade that automatically extends from his right arm.

Television

 * Richard Dysart provided his voice in the animated series, where he has a very different background than in the comics, becoming more like the character of Lord Covenant. Cogliostro was a knight during the age of chivalry, becoming a hellspawn known as the Black Knight. Ultimately, however, he found his servitude to Malebolgia to be in violation of his honor, leading him to take up black magic to free himself, thereby becoming Merlin of the Arthurian legend. From then on, he sought to save at least one hellspawn in order to redeem himself, a goal he seems to be approaching towards the end of Spawn 3: The Ultimate Battle, with Al Simmons pledging himself to his teachings.

Video games

 * Cogliostro is a playable character in the video game Spawn: In the Demon's Hand voiced by Phillip Sheperd.

title: Cogliostro


text:
Anatomy of Britain

Anatomy of Britain was a book written by Anthony Sampson and published by Hodder & Stoughton in 1962. The book is an examination of the ruling classes of the United Kingdom, looking at the holders of political, bureaucratic, and financial power. He completely rewrote the book over four decades, thus enabling changes in power structures to be considered over time. Sampson died in 2004, shortly after Who Runs This Place? was published. The published versions were:

 * 1) Anatomy of Britain (1962) online free
 * 2) Anatomy of Britain today (1965)
 * 3) The New Anatomy of Britain (1971) online free
 * 4) Changing Anatomy of Britain (1982)
 * 5) The Essential Anatomy of Britain: Democracy in Crisis  (1992) online free
 * 6) Who Runs This Place? The Anatomy of Britain in the 21st Century (2004)

title: Anatomy of Britain


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/David Helvarg/archive1

David Helvarg
Resubmitted after further changes and much polishing by other editors. I believe that all the outstanding isses from the failed nomination have been addressed and that this now offers a comprehensive encyclopedic biography. --Theo (Talk) 10:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Two things (not voting): There's a category that's a red link, and it may be best to move the quotes to Wikiquote. Everyking 11:34, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You wish is my command. Both things now addressed. --Theo (Talk) 13:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support again. Filiocht | Blarneyman 11:41, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support.  —thames 13:49, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, smooth! Strong support. Unlike Filiocht, I haven't felt able to support any of the previous versions, but this is something else. Certainly all my complaints have been taken care of, and all the encyclopedia reader's needs are catered for in this well-written article. Great process, a credit to Theo and to Wiki! Having said that, here's a minor cavil: the short "The Ocean and Coastal Conservation Guide" section, and moreso the "Feeling the Heat" section, still sound too much like promotional material, with those sponsors rearing their ugly heads again, and a cameo of the achievements of some book editor. Please lose everything like that from those two sections, and the article will be perfect. Bishonen | talk 16:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tried to address each of your issues. The sponsors of the work on which Feeling The Heat was based have gone.  So too is Mr Motavalli. I have condensed the OCCG section a little. --Theo  (Talk) 19:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support--I applaud all the work that's been done since the original nomination. Meelar (talk) 19:37, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It's always a pleasure to be able to learn from Wikipedia, especially when the article I'm learning from is so well written. --Scimitar 22:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The section for the early life of David Helvarg seems pretty short in relation to the rest of the article. Is there any more information known about his early life? Flcelloguy [[Image:Bass clef2.gif|25px|Cello today?]] Give me a note! Eighth note (crop).gif Desk 02:42, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * We know that he played in the waters and swamps of Long Island until the swamps were replaced with housing developments and the water closed to swimming. But such charming prefiguring is not encyclopedic.  What else is significant? The article already gives his place and date of birth, his parentage and his education. It also mentions his adolescent interest in civil rights and pacifism. His career starts when he is 22. What else should one say about the first 21 years of someone who is not a prodigy? --Theo  (Talk) 10:12, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, support- well-written article! Flcelloguy [[Image:Bass clef2.gif|25px|Cello today?]] Give me a note! Eighth note (crop).gif Desk  21:44, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- ALoan (Talk) 09:44, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Stub types for deletion/Log

This page is an archive of discussions on Stub types for deletion.

Consolidated

 * /2012/June - only one log page
 * /2012/May
 * /2012/April - only one log page
 * /2012/March
 * /2012/February
 * /2012/January
 * /2011/December
 * /2011/November
 * /2011/October
 * /2011/September
 * /2011/August
 * /2011/July
 * /2011/June
 * /2011/May
 * /2011/April
 * /2011/March
 * /2011/February
 * /2011/January
 * /2010/December
 * /2010/November
 * /2010/October
 * /2010/September
 * /2010/August
 * /2010/July
 * /2010/June
 * /2010/May
 * /2010/April
 * /2010/March
 * /2010/February
 * /2010/January
 * /2009/December
 * /2009/November
 * /2009/October
 * /2009/September
 * /2009/August
 * /2009/July
 * /2009/June
 * /2009/May
 * /2009/April
 * /2009/March
 * /2009/February
 * /2009/January
 * /2008/December
 * /2008/November
 * /2008/October
 * /2008/September
 * /2008/August
 * /2008/July
 * /2008/June
 * /2008/May
 * /2008/April
 * /2008/March
 * /2008/February
 * /2008/January
 * /2007/December
 * /2007/November
 * /2007/October
 * /2007/September
 * /2007/August
 * /2007/July
 * /2007/June
 * /2007/May
 * /2007/April
 * /2007/March
 * /2007/February
 * /2007/January
 * /2006/December
 * /2006/November
 * /2006/October
 * /2006/September
 * /2006/August

title: Wikipedia:Stub types for deletion/Log


text:
1986 NBA draft

The 1986 NBA draft was held on June 17, 1986.

Overview and aftermath
This draft holds the record for the most players (out of prospects chosen) who later debuted in the NBA, with 66.

Drug and health issues involving drafted players
There were various drug-related problems that plagued players in the 1986 NBA draft. Most notable was the death of highly touted Len Bias. Bias died less than two days after being selected second overall by the defending champion Boston Celtics. His death was ruled an overdose that resulted from taking the drug cocaine. Other problems involving drugs hampered the careers of Chris Washburn, Roy Tarpley, and William Bedford.

Successful second-round players
While a number of first-round selections were unable to make an impact in the league, this draft did feature a number of talented second-round selections. Dennis Rodman, who became one of the leading defenders and rebounders in NBA history, was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2011. Mark Price, Kevin Duckworth, and Jeff Hornacek also went on to have successful careers, and each made the NBA All-Star Game. Three others – Johnny Newman, Nate McMillan, and David Wingate – had long, productive careers as role players.

International draftees
This draft contained two exceptional international players, both of whom had shortened careers for unusual reasons. Third-round selection Dražen Petrović was coming off an All-Star caliber fourth season when he was killed in an automobile accident in 1993. He has since been elected to both the Naismith Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame. The other, Arvydas Sabonis, was not permitted to play in the United States because of the dangerous political climate in the Soviet Union. He won two Olympic medals before his arrival in the NBA—a gold in 1988 with the USSR, and a bronze in 1992 with Lithuania.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Sabonis had a very successful career in Europe before finally joining the Portland Trail Blazers in 1995. Sabonis had lost much of his mobility by the time he joined the team because of a string of knee and Achilles tendon injuries. He finished second in both the Sixth Man Award and Rookie of the Year voting; after the 1995–96 season, he won a second Olympic bronze medal with Lithuania. He played seven seasons with Portland before returning to his homeland of Lithuania where he finished his career. Sabonis entered the FIBA Hall in 2010 and the Naismith Hall in 2011.

Other draftee contributions to the game
This draft is also known for the number of players who made important contributions to the sport of basketball outside of the court. For example, Nate McMillan had a highly successful run with the Seattle SuperSonics as a player and then as head coach, and then spent seven seasons as head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers. Scott Skiles was the former coach of the Milwaukee Bucks and also the first coach to lead the Chicago Bulls to the playoffs in the post-Jordan era.

Larry Krystkowiak, a former Bucks head coach, was hired in April 2011 as the new head coach at the University of Utah. John Salley won four championship rings with three different NBA teams (Detroit Pistons, Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers) before becoming one of the hosts of The Best Damn Sports Show Period on Fox Sports Network. Mark Price served as an assistant coach at Georgia Tech, a shooting consultant with Memphis (one season) and Atlanta (two seasons), a shooting coach for Golden State (one season), and in December 2011 was named Player Development Coach for the Orlando Magic.

Jeff Hornacek would also be a full-time assistant head coach for the Utah Jazz for two seasons before accepting a job as the head coach for the Phoenix Suns in the 2013–14 NBA season. In 2016, Jeff Hornacek became the head coach for the New York Knicks, and coached them until 2018. Pete Myers, selected in the sixth round as the 120th overall pick, was an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls from 2001 to 2010 and Golden State Warriors since 2011. Jim Les, the 70th overall pick, was an assistant coach for the WNBA's Sacramento Monarchs from 1999 to 2001 then was head coach at Bradley University from 2002 to 2011 and UC Davis since 2011.

Jay Bilas, who was selected in the fifth round as the 108th overall pick but never played in the NBA, is an ESPN college basketball analyst.

Draft selections
* compensation for draft choices traded away by Ted Stepien

Notable undrafted players
These players who declared or were automatically eligible for the 1986 draft were not selected but played in the NBA.

College underclassmen
The following college basketball players successfully applied for early draft entrance.

 * 🇺🇸 William Bedford – C, Memphis (junior)
 * 🇺🇸 Walter Berry – F, St. John's (junior)
 * 🇺🇸 Michael Graham – F, Georgetown (freshman)
 * 🇺🇸 Jerald Hyatt – G, Lincoln Memorial (junior)
 * 🇺🇸 Andre Morgan – G, Hawaii (junior)
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Washburn – F/C, NC State (sophomore)
 * 🇺🇸 Dwayne Washington – Syracuse (junior)
 * 🇺🇸 John Williams – F, LSU (sophomore)

title: 1986 NBA draft


text:
Talk:Braxton Hicks (album)

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title: Talk:Braxton Hicks (album)


text:
Belshina

Belshina (Белшына, Белшина) is a tyre manufacturer in Belarus. The name is an abbreviation for "Belaruskaya shina", or "Belarusian Tyre".

The Belarusian tyre works is located in the Belarusian industrial city Babruysk. Belshina produces over 180 tyre sizes for cars, trucks, mining trucks, road construction machinery, electrical vehicles, tractors and agricultural machinery. Over 90 per cent of tyres are radial. All types of products (pneumatic tyres) are protected by patents by two parameters: design and appearance. Belshina cooperate with partners from 36 countries.

Belshina is a main sponsor of football team Belshina Bobruisk which plays in Belarusian Premier League.

History
The construction of the Belarusian Tyre Works "Belshina" in Bobruisk was sanctioned by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR #299 dated March 25, 1963 "On steps aimed at better utilization of workforce of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic" and by resolution No. 90-p dated June 11, 1965, by Supreme Soviet. On December 31, 1971, the research facility of the mechanical services unit produced the first Belarusian tyre for BelAZ mining truck of 27-ton lifting capacity.

On December 31, 1972, the farm tyre plant was put into service. Truck and car tyre plant began to roll out tyres on September 30, 1976. On January 31, 1985, a fourth plant joined Belshina family, it was the earthmover tyre plant. In May 1992 the State Committee on Industry of the Republic of Belarus issued a decree transforming the Belshina Production Amalgamation into Belarus Tyre Works Belshina. On September 26, 2002, the Executive Committee of Mogilev Province adopted resolution No.18-13 on registering an open joint stock company Belshina (Certificate of Registration No.700016217 of 2003-09-27).

On April 13, 2011, Belshina Radial for bus and truck got Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) - Indonesia National Standard which Indonesia is not produce the items.

Significant events of recent years:

 * 2010. The 100 millionth tyre for passenger cars was assembled and vulcanized.
 * 2013. The development and production of new tyre lines Artmotion (tyes for passenger cars), Escortera (tyres for trucks and buses), Bravado (tyres for light trucks and vans) has started.
 * 2014. Serial production of new tyres under the brands Artmotion Spike (studded tyres for passenger cars), Astarta (tyres for crossovers and SUVs) and Forcerra (tyres for dump trucks) has begun.
 * 2014. The first Galero Agro tyres (tyres for agricultural machinery) were vulcanized.
 * 2014. The first 18-inch passenger car tyres were manufactured.
 * 2015. The first tyres for the factory equipment of Geely cars were developed (Bel-295 model, size 225/65 R17).
 * 2016. The first radial tubeless tyre of size 40.00R57 was released (model Bel-350).
 * 2017. The first Belarusian radial tubeless tyre 59/80R63 with a career tread pattern, model Bel-190, was introduced. This is the largest tyre that is produced in the world today. Its height is more than 4 m, the tread width is 1.47 m, and the weight is 5.7 tons. Only Bridgestone, Michelin, Titan Tire produced tyres of this size before Belshina.
 * 2018. An experimental batch of 59/80R63 super-large radial tyres was sent to Russia for testing in a quarry. The tyres were tested on a 450-ton BelAZ-75710 dump truck.
 * 2022. The first passenger tyres with a 19-inch rim were released (Astarta SUV Bel-340 model, size 255/55 R19).

Political repressions, labour rights issues
In 2020, several hundreds workers of Belshina have joined mass nationwide protests against the authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko after a rigged presidential election. A strike with political demands was declared but never started as Belshina's management executed pressure on the company's workers. Several striking workers were fired.

International sanctions
In 2011, following the violent crackdown of opposition protests after the falsified 2010 Belarusian presidential election, the United States has imposed sanctions against several Belarusian state-owned companies, including Belshina. U.S. citizens were prohibited from doing business with several companies of the Belneftekhim conglomerate: Naftan oil refinery, Grodno Azot fertilizer manufacturer, Grodno Khimvolokno fiber manufacturer and Belshina tire factory.

The sanctions against Belshina and other Belneftekhim companies were temporarily suspended in 2015.

In April 2021, full-scale sanctions against Belshina were renewed following brutal political repressions against the opposition after another rigged presidential election that took place in August 2020 and was accompanied by mass protests across Belarus. On 9 August 2021, the US has added Belshina CEO Andrei Bunakov to the SDN list.

On 2 December 2021, Belshina was added to the sanctions list of the European Union. Switzerland joined the EU sanctions on 20 December.

In 2022, Japan and Ukraine also imposed sanctions on Belshina.

In March 2024, the General Court of the European Union granted Belshina's annulment application from the EU sanctions list. According to the court, Belshina was loss-making by the time the EU sanctions were imposed, and thus not a “substantial source of income” for the Lukashenko regime, while the European Council failed to show that dismissal of the Belshyna employees was for political reasons (officially, the participants of the strike were fired for being absent from work).

title: Belshina


text:
Wikipedia:Stub types for deletion/Log/Not deleted/June 2005

Geldof 27th
below is the demonstration listing used on WP:SFD during its proposal stage.

banana stub / Category:Banana stubs
Probably a hoax. Used on 0 articles. -- grm_wnr Esc  00:10, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Change scope to include stuff which is obviously bananas :)
 * Keep. Banana stubs are inherently notable. -- grm_wnr Esc  21:12, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bananas are original research. Radiant_* 11:16, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect template to fruity-stub. I like bananas, because they have no bones. Grutness...  wha?  11:55, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep what next? Plums, Strawberries, Oranges, High Schools? Rx StrangeLove 22:49, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Canberra suburb stub / Category:Suburbs of Canberra (incomplete)
I just discovered this small (25) category has a parent, Canberra-stub (now on the list), which is also small (22), and is better named both in template and category. Merge with parent -- grm_wnr Esc  20:41, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: As stated in the stub message itself, these stubs are a tag associated with the Canberra WikiProject, the parent of which is WikiProject Cities. It is only be chance that I watch this stub template and thus discovered that this deletion tag was placed on it.  No attempt has been made to notify wikipedians associated with the project that the templates have been nominated for deletion nor suggest the proposed merger to them.  The sub-stub has the potential to be used on in excess of 50 articles as there are more than 50 suburbs of Canberra.  The project is in progress.--AYArktos 21:34, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I noticed this project a little while ago and thought it was a cool idea. My own suburb could be expanded and there are plenty more with interesting histories. Pete 22:05, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: fulfills a useful role as part of a wiki city project.--Takver 23:05, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * comment - at the very least this one should be run by the Canberra WikiProject before nything's decided. Which should probably be a general rule for this page anyway - if a stub has an associated wikiproject then something about the proposed deletion should be posted on that project's talk page. As for my vote, it is a small category, but it does seem to be in use, so I'm willing to let it be. I would,however, suggest changing the name of the category to Category:Canberra suburb stubs - the current name is, well, odd. Grutness...  wha?  01:30, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would suport the rename to Category:Canberra suburb stubs as proposed by Grutness--AYArktos 02:10, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Also support the rename. Alai 02:59, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Grutness' move. Ambi 03:25, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Grutness's suggestion.--[[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|15px]] Cyberjunkie   TALK  06:04, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Change my vote to keep and rename category. -- grm_wnr Esc  07:27, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename. Andreww 08:16, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Gruntness. Shem(talk) 18:41, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Gruntness"? Grutness...  wha?
 * Keep and rename as per Grutness with one nAlan 06:30, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Category renamed, all articles moved. Grutness...  wha?  28 June 2005 05:16 (UTC)

stubnotice
Deprecated metatemplate. Again, first suggested for deletion in May on WP:WSS/C. Grutness...  wha?  10:10, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is this within the scope of this page? It is not a stub type. -- grm_wnr Esc  11:56, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. Good question... it is a stub metatemplate, though. Do you think this might be better on tfd? Grutness...  wha?  23:01, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This would indeed best be handled by TfD. --Sn0wflake 19:04, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK - I've moved it there. Grutness...  wha?  00:44, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

dune-stub / Category:Dune stubs
Intended for articles related to Frank Herbert's Dune. In existence since May 21, has attracted only one article (Richesians) since. Propose merge with parent sf-book-stub. Creator User:*Kat* has been notified. -- grm_wnr Esc  08:57, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Update: 22 articles now. -- grm_wnr Esc  14:19, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Even though there are a huge number of articles on various topics in the Dune Universe, almost all of them are way past stub size. Any existing Dune stubs should be restubbed as sf-book-stubs, and then the Dune stub should be vaporized. Blank Verse  ∅  09:44, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is a fair number of Dune articles which this could be added to and in fact if I had known that it had been created (I had seen discussion of it on WP:WSS/ST but didn't realise it had happened) then I would have populated it sooner. In any case I have populated it now. -- Lochaber 11:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * comment - It occurs to me that perhaps I should have listed the articles rather than adding dune-stub just in case it gets deleted, so I volunteer to re-stub them if it does get deleted. If someone doesn't mind then pls leave me a note on my talk page if that does happen so I can get to it straight away! -- Lochaber 11:18, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If that does happen, it is likely to appear in "To orphan" at the foot of this page in a few days' time. Grutness...  wha?  11:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Lochabar- there's a lot out there that could be stubbed. Furthermore, I'm sure that as Wikipedia expands, people will keep creating articles about all the little things in Dune- remember the size of the glossary. Stilgar135 03:46, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * weak delete changed to 'keep. Too few articles (clearly bellow 100, and some of the 25 tagged look like they should be merged into minor characters of Dune); also only a marginal reduction on {{sf-book-stub}} which is not too big (yet?), with less than 200 articles. Weak vote because I may be misjudging the growth potential of both categories.--Nabla 2005-06-28 16:29:10 (UTC) Many people say it will grow... so let it. --Nabla 2005-07-01 22:47:30 (UTC)
 * Keep--for now. Category:Science ficion book stubs may not be overpopulated, but Category:Book stubs is!  WP:WSS has hardly made a dent, that I can see, in that category.  There are bound to be more science fiction books stubs in there, and very likely more Dune books stubs as well.  I did not create that stub template because I am a huge fan of the Dune series--I'm not.  I created that stub template because I kept coming across Dune stubs.  If, after category:book stubs is brought down to a reasonable size, there still aren't enough articles to justify this template's continued existance, I think we should delete it.  To delete it now though would be premature.
 * Keep - 26 articles --AYArktos 30 June 2005 02:32 (UTC)
 * Keep, now there are 38 articles in this category. Also considering the overpopulation of sf book stubs - Zanaq
 * Keep; I see the prospect of expansion Lectonar 30 June 2005 12:38 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yeah, I'll bite. It is showing growth, and could well grow further. Sf-book-stub is likely to need splitting further eventually, and this would be an obvious one to pare from it. Grutness...  wha?  30 June 2005 13:00 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sarge Baldy July 3, 2005 02:14 (UTC)


text: Template:NBA drafts

title: Template:NBA drafts


text: Category:Handball in Spain

title: Category:Handball in Spain


text: Category:Microsoft Office

title: Category:Microsoft Office


text:
User:Firien

Hi! I'm a Natural Sciences graduate of Cambridge University, UK; I've got a broad range of interests and will most likely have no discernible pattern to my edits, though I try to avoid politics and controversial topics. The research side of my job means I have to look up a lot of obscure things, and I've found wikipedia incredibly useful as a stepping stone into more detailed information.

I was a winning international veteran coxswain before reaching university, continuing with coxing for W1 at Caius, taking a headship and holding others while there, though currently disabled from further coxing with a trapped nerve. I was also the artwork guy for the college and university RAG societies for 2 years each as well as taking part in many smaller societies and activities, and still got my degree; I'm now an inventor in one of the science companies near Cambridge.

Here's some userboxes, in no particular order. There's a lot more userboxes I could put here, but it's already a few too many I think...

title: User:Firien