text:
Talk:Center for Security Policy

RfC Wording of Lede
In this RfC it was determined that the specific description of the CSP as "not very highly respected" must be included in the article's lede. A previous RfC on this topic was held, but only attracted four !votes and, since it closed, there has been additional disagreement as to where it should be placed in the lede between two alternate versions. Which of the two contested versions should be used?
 * Version A: The Center for Security Policy (CSP) is a "not very highly respected" Washington, D.C.-based national security think tank that has been widely accused of engaging in conspiracy theorizing by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived jihadist threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "disreputable" by Salon and the Southern Poverty Law Center designated the CSP as a hate group in 2016. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as Donald Trump and Michele Bachmann.
 * (sources obfuscated for ease of reading but viewable here: )
 * Version B: The Center for Security Policy (CSP) is a Washington, D.C.-based national security think tank whose activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived jihadist threats to the United States. The Center has been widely accused of engaging in conspiracy theorizing by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. They have been described as "not very highly respected" by BBC News and "disreputable" by Salon. The Southern Poverty Law Center designated the CSP as a "conspiracy-oriented mouthpiece" in 2016. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as Donald Trump and Michele Bachmann.

LavaBaron (talk) 04:47, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Survey

 * Version A reads clearer and less choppy than Version B LavaBaron (talk) 04:48, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Version B is better. It starts with a strictly descriptive first statement and then proceeds to give qualitative judgements.  My only criticism of version B is that it should state "US President Elect Trump".  He is certainly more than a "political figure" and his endorsement of the center is quite strong.--Nowa (talk) 14:06, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Version B - is less POV, without losing the criticism of CSP, and reads better. I don't believe he was President-elect when Trump cited CSP, so putting that in would give the reader the wrong idea. If he cited it while running for President, "Presidential-nominee" would be appropriate, otherwise "political figure" is sufficient. Beyond My Ken (talk) 15:02, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Version B The first version is derogatory and not encyclopedic. I agree with Nowa that it should state "US President Elect Trump." TAG (talk) 16:47, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * How is it derogatory? LavaBaron (talk) 16:41, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Version B – From the get-go the lede is expected to summarize the article and not be opinionated using WP's voice. By starting off saying "not respected" version A ignores the fact that CSP has gained respect from certain very influential political figures. – S. Rich (talk) 23:32, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

Far right
Is this source reliable for the contention that the CSP is far-right? I honestly don't know.

Here is a short bio of the author. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 17:56, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Maybe not an issue. I found three decent sources that corroborate it: HuffPost, BuzzFeed, Business Insider. There are probably more. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 18:10, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * BuzzFeed is not a reliable source. 2605:A601:A95A:3100:68C1:6D37:9A79:FFC1 (talk) 18:14, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

That statement is actually a clear and gross violation of WP:NPOV, as it's 1) stated as a fact, without attributing to its sources 2) provides only single point of view. -- A man without a country (talk) 11:05, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

Muslim Brotherhood pamphlet
, re this edit, Gaffney did indeed verifiably write the pamphlet. What I couldn't verify is whether the CSP published it. And the description you added may not have been reflective of the available reliable sources. (The Washington Times description was charitably vague.) --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 21:08, 6 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes it was a little misleading who the publisher was, but seems it was written by Gaffney. In time I hope the description can be improved, The Washington Times wasn't ideal so will keep looking. TheHomeofBaku (talk) 17:28, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

SPLC sourcing issues
I have absolutely no doubt that SPLC does indeed label them a "hate group". The problem is that this revert restores content which is not secondary sourced. The bbc.com source does not repeat the "hate group" label for this CSP. The label and quote are taken directly from the SPLC website without secondary source verification. No matter how much of an "expert" they are, we still require secondary verification. Beyond My Ken, I suggest you self-revert until you can find better sources that repeat this label and attribute it to SPLC, not quote SPLC itself. No organization is so privileged by "expert" status that Wikipedia sets aside our basic verification policies and cites them unchallenged. If they are such experts, such secondary sources should be plentiful. -- Netoholic @ 13:33, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Our "basic verification policies" do not require two sources for every fact, one is sufficient. The SPLC is a reliable expert source for what is and isn't a "hate group" and there is no requirement that an additional source be provided to back them up.  Your insistence that there must be one appears to stem from a personal political POV, and not from Wikipedia's policies. I will not be self-reverting. Beyond My Ken (talk) 13:45, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It’s not like a lot of organizations exist that classify hate groups. Pretty much we have the SPLC and ADL. The ADL tends to focus on Judaism, although they do state that CSP promulgates anti-Muslim conspiracy theories, which amounts to the same thing. The SPLC is the recognized expert in the field, and it is attributed in the text. Looks OK to me. O3000 (talk) 14:24, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm not asking for a second group to confirm it - I'm asking for a secondary source to verify what SPLC said about this group, rather than only relying only SPLC's self-published opinion. Its the same as how we shouldn't use the Academy Award website as the only source for who won a Best Movie award, but we'd use Variety as a secondary source for their report on who won it. In this case, we need a source which says something like "SPLC classifies CSP as a 'hate group'". This is basic secondary sourcing, and if found or not found, tells us if SPLC's label of them has become accepted or mentioned. Using a raw quote from the SPLC page is problematic because it could be cherry-picked, but a secondary source which quotes them demonstrates its relevance/importance. -- Netoholic @  15:37, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Like this Wall Street Journal article? Doug Weller  talk 16:19, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Added a WaPo cite. O3000 (talk) 16:23, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I disagree with Netoholic. Secondary sourcing is not a requirement. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 17:50, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with you., where can I find WP:NOTSPLC2.0? Doug Weller  talk 18:33, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * SPLC designations are both primary and self-published (they are secondary for factual information like names/events related to the CSP, but primary for their opinions especially their designations like "hate group"). As you can see above, if the particular designation is noteworthy, then it can be easily found in secondary sources. These are the kinds of sources we have to use, not the SPLC directly, unfiltered. Secondary sources are what demonstrate that any information is relevant, and its so odd to see an arbitrator claiming otherwise. -- Netoholic @ 20:16, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The list is relevant according to innumerable secondary sources. Therefore, items in the list are relevant., But, I added a source anyhow. O3000 (talk) 20:23, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Notable is not a relevant term here, although the list is in fact notable. I'm arguing that inclusion in the list is significant per se. It's obvious if only from recent events that inclusion in the list is a big deal. And I'm still in the dark about WP:NOTSPLC2.0 which I can't find. Doug Weller  talk 12:27, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTSPLC2.0 is still in beta testing. O3000 (talk) 12:33, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Is the implication that we should, without limitation and without secondary verification, include this controversial classification in the articles of every subject this organization lists? It seems to me that requiring at minimum a secondary source which repeats the label should be necessary, considering some recent problems (and what may be coming). A reliable, secondary source which significantly mentions a particular classification is a safeguard. -- Netoholic @ 20:23, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think we should. Safeguard against what? The reliability of the SPLC's classification, or its noteworthiness? --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 20:25, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Primarily, a safeguard for WP:Verifiability. SPLC can edit their list anytime; they can remove designations or add them, or change the justifications. A secondary source which repeats information that it sees as significant, is the very basis of our sourcing guidelines. Such a controversial label is defamatory, it means we should be cautious, since it often involves BLPs as well as organizations, and so its also a safeguard against potential WP:LIBEL to use secondary sources. -- Netoholic @  20:33, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It's attributed, not in WikiVoice. And their ratings are not made by some random guy somewhere. But, you can bore the folk at WP:RSN. O3000 (talk) 21:31, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I think we're good on verifiability. Verifiability doesn't require secondary sources. Primary sources are expressly allowed by our policies. And the SPLC is widely cited by reliable media for these sorts of designations, falling squarely into WP:USEBYOTHERS. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 23:42, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Primary sources can be used with care and WP:USEBYOTHERS even says particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not represent unduly contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of sources as far as we can determine them. - considering that these labels are surely highly contentious, I think it warrants the extra verification afforded by secondary source mentions. This should be a low impact thing, as almost any significant label should appear easily in several secondary sources, just like in this article's case. This should also apply to quoted passages from SPLC - we should only use quotes that are cited in secondary sources as significant, otherwise editors may tend to cherry-pick the most damning or highly-charged passages for inclusion. -- Netoholic @ 09:30, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The SPLC is not a primary source - it investigates, evaluates and reports its findings. That makes it aa much a secondary  source as any newspaper. So, the house of cards you build on that false premise just won't stay up.  Thanks for playing, please enjoy the home version of our game. Beyond My Ken (talk) 11:47, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * For factual information such as names, etc. I agree it is a secondary (though biased) source. It is a primary source for its conclusions and recommendations with regard to these organizations though, including labels such as "hate group". The comparison to a newspaper it funny though. Can't get that in the home game. -- Netoholic @  20:54, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:SECONDARY would disagree with you. It states, "A secondary source provides an author's own thinking based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains an author's analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources." Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 21:03, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds like the SPLC list. The SPLC has a staff of lawyers that look at primary sources, including hate group publications and websites, individual and law enforcement reports, field sources and news reports, evaluates them and publishes their analysis, synthesis and pertinent facts on each group. O3000 (talk) 21:15, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Center for Security Policy


text:
User talk:Umbrellastyle

I RULE!

title: User talk:Umbrellastyle


text: Talk:Free Market Conservatism

title: Talk:Free Market Conservatism


text:
Glasgow Botanic Gardens

Glasgow Botanic Gardens is a botanical garden located in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland. It features several glasshouses, the most notable of which is the Kibble Palace.

The Gardens has a wide variety of temperate and tropical flora, a herb garden, a chronological bed with plants arranged according to their introduction to Scotland, the UK's national collection of tree ferns, and a world rose garden officially opened in 2003 by Princess Tomohito of Mikasa.

The River Kelvin runs along the north side of the Gardens and continues through Kelvingrove Park, the Kelvin walkway providing an uninterrupted walking route between the two green spaces.

The Botanic Gardens was awarded a Green Flag Award in 2011.

History
In 1817 about 8 acres (32,000 m2) of land were laid out at Sandyford, near Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, and run by the Royal Botanic Institution of Glasgow (founded by Thomas Hopkirk of Dalbeth and Prof James Jeffray Professor of Botany at Glasgow University), and were intended to supply the University of Glasgow. William Hooker was regius professor of botany at Glasgow University, and contributed to the development of the Botanic Gardens before his appointment to the directorship of Kew Gardens in London. The Gardens moved to its current location in 1842. The gardens were originally used for concerts and other events, and in 1891 the gardens were incorporated into the Parks and Gardens of the Glasgow Corporation.

The site was once served by a railway line, and Botanic Gardens Railway Station remains today in a derelict state as a remarkable example of a disused station. It is hidden behind some trees and a metal fence blocks access to the platforms. Kirklee railway station also lies just inside the gardens.

Kibble Palace
The Kibble Palace is a 19th-century wrought iron-framed glasshouse, covering 2137 m2. Originally designed for John Kibble by architects James Boucher and James Cousland for his home at Coulport on Loch Long in the 1860s, the components were cast by Walter Macfarlane at his Saracen Foundry in Possilpark. Eventually brought up the River Clyde by barge to the Botanic Gardens, it was fully erected at its current location in 1873 by Boyd of Paisley.

The building structure is of curved wrought iron and glass supported by cast-iron beams resting on ornate columns, surmounted on masonry foundations. It was initially used as an exhibition and concert venue, before being used for growing plants from the 1880s. Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone were both installed as rectors of the University of Glasgow in the palace, in 1873 and 1879 respectively – its last use as a public events venue, before becoming wholly used for the cultivation of temperate plants. The main plant group is the collection of New Zealand and Australian tree ferns, some of which have lived here for 120 years and which now form the national tree fern collection.

In the 1920s a statue was added in the palace to "King Robert of Sicily", a figure from the works of the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. This is by the Scottish sculptor George Henry Paulin.

In 2004 a £7 million restoration programme was initiated to repair corrosion of the ironwork. The restoration involved the complete dismantling of the palace, and the removal of the parts to Shepley Engineers in Shafton, South Yorkshire for specialised repair and conservation. The plant collection was removed completely for the first time ever, and the ironwork was rebuilt over a rearranged floorplan, giving the palace a prolonged life. It re-opened to the public in November 2006.

The building contains a large collection of orchids, carnivorous plants and tree ferns.

Sculptures in Kibble Palace

 * King Robert of Sicily (a hero created by Longfellow) by George Henry Paulin (1927)
 * Cain by Edwin Roscoe Mellins (1899)
 * Eve by Scipione Tadolini (c. 1870)
 * Ruth by Giovanni Ciniselli (1880)
 * The Sisters of Bethany by John Warrington Wood (about 1871)
 * The Elf by William Goscombe John (1899)
 * Stepping Stones by William Hamo Thornycroft (1878)
 * The Nubian Slave by Antonio Rossetti (c. 1880)

Library
The Gardens has a small but long-established research library. It contains over 2,600 items in its main books collection, over 150 in its special collections, a range of botanical periodicals, and a run of Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1787-present).

The library is not a public library but a reference collection for those working directly with the Gardens, and for botanical or horticultural students and researchers.

title: Glasgow Botanic Gardens


text:
Talk:John M. Olin Foundation

Organization
I don't think it makes sense to have the orgs, schools etc that olin gives to in alphabetical order. They should be ordered by the amount of money olin gives because that's what it considers to be the most important. I'm going to change the ording back in a few daysTitaniumDreads 20:35, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Just a small observation - the wiki says the foundation closed it's doors in the summer of 2005 but http://www.jmof.org/ says the fall.

 * The foundation is already closed, and it's not yet fall. Hence, "summer."  FRCP11 14:13, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * When it closes officially and actually are different things all together. It stopped most official operations over the summer but won't be totally finished until the end of the year. TitaniumDreads 20:35, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What's your source that Olin's still operating, Titanium? There was a lot of publicity when it officially closed its doors in May. Might be better to just say 2005; in the long run, the few months don't make a difference. FRCP11 03:31, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

The olin foundatation fits into a category but I'm not sure which one. A little help here? TitaniumDreads 03:59, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * got it! it's in the foundations category TitaniumDreads 07:48, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Only $370 in funding disbursed?
Someone must have vandalized this part of the intro. Would add "million" as a guess to what should follow the figure but don't have a reference to confirm it. -69.85.180.135 19:17, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I added the 'million' as it's the only sensible amount the sentence could mean. I don't have a source though, so if someone could find one... --Chapuisat 17:22, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Incomplete and Inaccurate info.
I was sorely disappointed in the quality, completeness, and accuracy of this article.

You do not mention perhaps the most public recipient of all the foundation's grants: "Firing Line," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_Line, which was syndicated by SOUTHERN EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION's public television station SCTV from 1971 through 1999.

Also you list John M. Olin Professor at Fordham University (currently Ernest van den Haag). Professor van den Haag has been deceased for more than a decade.

A thorough review and correction of this article is in order.johncheverly 17:35, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on John M. Olin Foundation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050305014401/http://www.jmof.org:80/history_purposes.html to http://www.jmof.org/history_purposes.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:54, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Olin magazine
At the end of chapter 7 of Understanding Power, Chomsky mentions "right now the universities are all flooded with Olin Professorship of Free Enterprise, there are glossy right-wing magazines handed out free to every student–and these are not just right-wing, but crazy right-wing". I couldn't tell what this is referring to. The chapter is based on talks in 1989–1994. There is an Olin Business School magazine but that seems very local apart some standard advocacy for deregulation of big industries (example 2017). Worldcat knows of some Olin magazine held at the British Library but it's not clear what that is. Nemo 19:56, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Illogical

 * ''The fund was largely inactive until 1969, when John M. Olin was disturbed by the Willard Straight Hall takeover at his alma mater, Cornell University. At the age of 80, he decided that he must pour his time and resources into preserving the free market system.

There is no logical connectivity between harboring racist displeasure at protests agitating for the creation of a black studies department and trying to preserve the “free market system”, which is conservative propaganda speak for “I refuse to be part of society where my company and I are taxed and regulated and forced to comply with public health safety standards”. Viriditas (talk) 23:08, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John M. Olin Foundation


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Waterphone

A waterphone (also ocean harp) is a type of inharmonic acoustic tuned idiophone consisting of a stainless steel resonator bowl or pan with a cylindrical neck and bronze rods of different lengths and diameters around the rim of the bowl. The resonator may contain a small amount of water giving the waterphone a vibrant ethereal sound that has appeared in movie soundtracks, record albums, and live performances. The instrument was invented, developed, and manufactured by American Richard Waters (1935–2013).

The waterphone was available in four sizes: the Standard (7" diameter), the Whaler (12" diameter), the Bass (14" diameter), and the MegaBass (16" diameter). It is generally played in a seated position by a soloist and either bowed or drummed, played as a friction or struck idiophone, with movements to affect the water inside. This combines the resonant characteristics of the bowl and rods in combination with the movement of the water. The sound of the waterphone is often used to evoke mystery and suspense. A superball mallet has become the prime way of drumming the waterphone.

The waterphone is a modern invention influenced by a Tibetan drum—encountered by the inventor in the early sixties—containing a small amount of water affecting its timbre. It is also related to the nail violin, which also used a resonator and rods (nails), and is struck or bowed.

Use

The waterphone has been exhibited in museums and galleries and is the subject of several short documentaries including "Art Notes," aired on public television in San Francisco, and "Celestial Wave," a movie short. Over recent decades the waterphone has become popular with symphonies, touring bands, and recording studios. Contemporary classical composers who have written parts for waterphone in compositions include Sofia Gubaidulina, Jerry Goldsmith, John Mackey, Christopher Rouse, Colin Matthews, John Woolrich, Carson Cooman, Andi Spicer, Ludovico Einaudi, Andrew Carter, Jörg Widmann, Bernie Krause of Beaver & Krause, and Todd Barton.

The instrument has also been used prominently by rock musicians. Tom Waits is a waterphone collector and player as is Mickey Hart. Other users include Richard Barone (both solo and with The Bongos) and Alex Wong (when playing with Vienna Teng), and it can be heard in music by The Harmonica Pocket. Classical/rock crossover percussionist Tristan Fry of the fusion band Sky used a waterphone on the band's composition 'Meeheeco' (the original version is on 1981's Sky 3, although the instrument can be heard much more prominently on the live version from Sky Five Live).

Canadian musician and composer, Robert Minden, has been composing for his collection of five vintage waterphones on many recordings since the mid-1980s. His ensemble, The Robert Minden Ensemble, formed with daughters Andrea and Dewi Minden and colleagues Carla Hallett and Nancy Walker in 1986, features the waterphone as a central instrument within their 'found object' orchestra.

The waterphone is used to great effect in Howard Goodall's The Dreaming, a musical commissioned by The National Youth Music Theatre of Great Britain, based on Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Goodall uses its ethereal sounds to evoke the mystery of the woods. In Derek Bourgeois' Symphony No 59 – Percussion symphony, which requires 16 percussion players there is a very prominent part for Waterphone.

The waterphone has been featured in the soundtracks to many movies, including Poltergeist, Let the Right One In (2008), The Matrix, Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Dark Water, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, ALIENS, The Spirit, Female Perversion, as well as TV production 24. Tan Dun's opera The First Emperor (2006) & "Water Music" feature the waterphone. A sound sample can be found at The FreeSound Project. There is a yearly "Waterphone Music Competition" sponsored by Richard Waters. It has also been featured heavily as a sound effect in shows such as Gordon Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares and Hell's Kitchen (though only in the US versions), which was also used in the Bravo (UK) idents between 1997 and 1998.

As the waterphone may be taken into the water, on several occasions the waterphone has been used successfully to call whales and other cetaceans, especially by Jim Nollman of Interspecies Communication. The true story of such interspecies communication was the basis of the stage show and album The Boy Who Wanted To Talk To Whales by The Robert Minden Ensemble in 1989.

The waterphone was also used in a live performance of "Violently Happy" by Icelandic singer Björk on an episode of MTV Unplugged in 1994, which is featured on the DVD MTV Unplugged/Live and the album Debut Live.

Jean-Michel Jarre has used the Hyperstellar Waterphone on his album "Oxymore" (2022).

Waterphone development and innovation
=== Hyperstellar Sailophone === The Hyperstellar Sailophone, developed by Sławek Janus in 2018, stands out as a unique variation of the waterphone. In contrast to the traditional waterphones pioneered by Richard Waters, the Sailophone integrates bent rods, resulting in a deeper timbre due to their elongated length. The longest rod, when fully extended measures approximately 70cm, a notable departure from classic Hyperstellar model, with its longest rod spanning around 40 cm.

Furthermore, the curved design of the rods plays a pivotal role in defining the sound characteristics. Janus strategically bends the rods to exert control over the second harmonic.

Sailophone boasts fewer rods with wider spacing between them, further influencing the sonic profile. The angled positioning of the rods introduces diverse movements that introduce subtle lower frequency modulations.

Evelyn Glennie Hyperstellar Waterphone
The Evelyn Glennie hyperstellar Waterphone is the first double chambered waterphone. Two sound chambers are connected with a pipe and one of them has also additional pipe, which is open. Each sound chamber has a set of rods attached. The instrument is characterized by very deep bass sound and very long reverberation. It was designed by Sławek Janus and Evelyn Glennie who come up with the idea and provided some initial drawings.

Recordings (partial list)

 * Richard Waters & Friends – Water Dreams (The Orchard Records, 2000)
 * Gravity Adjusters Expansion Band – One (Nocturne Records, 1973)
 * Gravity Adjusters Expansion Band – Hole In The Sky (Nocturne Records, 1981)
 * John Carter Octet – Dauwhe (Black Saint, 1982)
 * Jim Nollman – Playing Music With Animals (Folkways Records, 1982)
 * Robert Minden Ensemble – The Boy Who Wanted To Talk To Whales (Otter Bay Recordings, 1989)
 * Skinny Puppy — "Choralone" (Nettwerk Records, 1989)
 * Robert Minden Ensemble – Long Journey Home (Otter Bay Recordings, 1993)
 * Robert Minden Ensemble – Whisper In My Ear (Otter Bay Recordings, 1994)
 * Robert Minden & Carla Hallett – Are You Now (Otter Bay Recordings, 1999)
 * Tan Dun – Water Passion (after Saint Matthew) (Sony Classical, 2002)
 * Toshiyuki Hiraoka – Waterfone (Hard Disc Intl, 2015)
 * Toshiyuki Hiraoka – Waterphone II (Edgestone Records, 2021)
 * Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '77 – Primal Roots (A&M Records, 1972)
 * Cheri Adams – Sweet & Sour Songs (Watermelon Records, 1977)

title: Waterphone


text: User talk:24.252.96.137

title: User talk:24.252.96.137


text:
Paul Watson (disambiguation)

Paul Watson (born 1950) is a Canadian environmental activist, ship's skipper, and founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

Paul Watson may also refer to:

 * Paul Watson (basketball) (born 1994) American basketball player
 * Paul Watson (cyclist) (born 1962), former professional English road racing cyclist
 * Paul Watson (documentary filmmaker) (1942–2023), English filmmaker
 * Paul Watson (footballer, born 1975), English football player
 * Paul Watson (footballer, born 1990), Scottish football player
 * Paul Watson (football manager) (born 1984), British sports journalist and expatriate football coach
 * Paul Watson (journalist) (born 1959), Canadian photojournalist and author
 * Paul Watson (musician) (born 1952), American cornetist and songwriter
 * Paul E. Watson (died 1943), American electrical engineer
 * Paul Joseph Watson (born 1982), British right-wing YouTuber, radio host, writer and conspiracy theorist

title: Paul Watson (disambiguation)


text:
Bugs

Bugs may refer to:

 * Plural of bug

Fictional characters

 * Bugs Bunny, a character
 * Bugs Meany, a character in the Encyclopedia Brown books

Films

 * Bugs (2003 film), a science-fiction-horror film
 * Bugs (2014 film), a science fiction disaster thriller film

Television

 * Bugs (TV series), a UK television series from the 1990s
 * Bugs!, an American animated series, also known as Wabbit
 * "Bugs" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
 * "Bugs", an episode of Blue's Clues

Other media

 * "Bugs" (Pearl Jam song), a Pearl Jam song from the album Vitalogy
 * Bugs (Theodore Roszak), a novel
 * Bugs! (streaming service), often stylized as SUPER SOUND Bugs!, a South Korean subscription digital streaming service

Other uses

 * Bugs (nickname)
 * Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling, a software package
 * Birmingham University Guild of Students, the former name of the University of Birmingham Guild of Students

title: Bugs


text:
User talk:Yfujita

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

One thing I must mention is that we do not approve of "vanity" articles, or articles that are about yourself. I'm sorry, but your article is up for Votes for deletion. I hope you will still make edits! Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 04:01, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you wish, however, you could move it to User:Yfujita. Just ask. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yfujita


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anisotropic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (and swap page names). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:00, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anisotropic
Like its sibling Isotropic, this article is a dicdef that's had various semi-related material added to it that should have gone in separate articles or Wiktionary entries. I've created a stub for Anisotropic liquid and the Wiktionary entry. The rest is some vague, hard-to-follow stuff on isotropy in computer graphics and cosmology. Hard to figure out how to break it out, and probably not worth saving anyway.

As with Isotropic, conversion to a dab page is not appropriate. Die you gravy sucking worm! Isaac R 04:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Someone please tell me, how many dictionary-type articles has the original author created? --JB Adder | Talk 05:29, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep scientific concept . If it's hard to follow, add cleanup-technical. CDs are an example of an anisotropic surface. Gazpacho 05:56, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Were you saying that the concept is that of an anisotropic surface? Or were you saying that the scientific concept is anisotropy?  An adjective by itself is rarely the title for a concept. Hence our naming conventions (adjectives). Uncle G 07:27, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * OK, Move the content to a conventional title and disambiguate. Gazpacho 20:11, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete It belongs to dictionary. It might be recreated and merged with isotropic however. drini ☎ 06:03, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, scientific concept. Kappa 07:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC) (P.S. possibly move to anisotropy) Kappa 07:37, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Important scientific concept in microscopy of muscle tissue. Klonimus 07:36, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Swap anisotropic and anisotropy. Uncle G 08:04, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly good encyclopedia article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 08:53, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Anisotropy and keep. Valid and important scientific and mathematical concept. Sjakkalle 09:24, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, valid scientific concept. Megan1967 11:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic topic. Current article might not be ready for featured status (irony; insert smiley here) but is accurate and useful as far as it goes. Not even a Cleanup candidate IMHO. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:46, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

the term is used in the field of ecology, in particular aeolian (wind) modelling to describe a tendency of groups of plants to be positioned in alignment with the predominant wind direction. Anisotropic positioning of plants, especially shrubs such as Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), is seen in arid/semi-arid environments.User: allelopath
 * Keep. want to add this:

 * Delete. Not more than a bunch of examples, where anisotropic material properties play a role. The examples however are not related to each other in any other way. This article is more confusing than helpful. mgrueter 20:28, 03 June 2005 (CEST)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Legs up missionary position

Is this article based on real experience? The woman would have to have the agility of a gymnist to attempt something like this. And as her rear end is lifted up in the air, it's likely her male partner would penetrate the anus; not her vagina. This technique is also used in another move titled Sideways.

Yes, this is real experience, if you are half-fit. If you can touch your toes, you can do this. If you can't touch your toes, go buy a yoga DVD.

 * Actually, since the male puts pressure on the female's legs the female doe not need to be quite able to touch her toes.

Why is there a 'C++' book in the diagram? to show that geeks can do it too

Is the name of this page total crap?
All top google hits for "squashing of the deckchair" are Wikipedia mirrors or related. I googled '"squashing of the deckchair" "american pie 2" -Wikipedia' and got only 2 hits, both of which were Wikipedia mirrors. I googled 'deckchair "american pie 2"' and got nothing about this. I googled 'deck chair "american pie 2" sex' and got nothing. American Pie 2 does not even contain the word "deck" or "chair". I found a fan-typed script of American Pie 2 and neither "deck chair" nor "deckchair" appears in it! I believe the claim at the top of this article to be total crap. This page should be moved to something like legs up missionary position. --Strait 03:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, then. I'm moving it. --Strait 05:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Confirming evidence: This page was created by an anonymous user who was told at one point "Please stop deliberately introducing incorrect information into articles"... --Strait 00:23, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Legs up missionary position


text:
Donald Gillies

Donald Gillies may refer to:
 * Donald B. Gillies (1928–1975), mathematician and computer scientist
 * Donald A. Gillies (born 1944), historian of mathematics
 * Donnie Gillies (born 1951), Scottish footballer

title: Donald Gillies


text:
Pat Sullivan (American football)

Patrick Joseph Sullivan (January 18, 1950 – December 1, 2019) was an American professional football player and college coach. An All-America quarterback for the Auburn Tigers, he won the Heisman Trophy in 1971 and then played six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Atlanta Falcons and Washington Redskins. Sullivan was a head football coach at Samford University, a position he held from 2007 to 2014. He was previously the head football coach at Texas Christian University (TCU) from 1992 to 1997 and the offensive coordinator at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) from 1999 to 2006. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1991.

College career
Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Sullivan began his athletic career as a three-sport star at Birmingham's John Carroll Catholic High School. Although a talented baseball and basketball player, he chose to play football for Auburn University where he would become the starting quarterback in 1969 under the tutelage of head coach Ralph Jordan. Over the next three seasons, the 6ft 0in tall and 190 lb Sullivan would break school and NCAA records for passing while leading the team to a 26–7 record. In 1970, he led the NCAA in total offense with 2,856 yards and set an NCAA record for most yards per play with 8.57. In his career, he was responsible for 72 touchdowns (54 passing/18 rushing) to tie the NCAA record. In his senior season, Sullivan completed 162 passes on 281 attempts for 2,012 yards and 20 touchdowns. This performance was enough to edge out Ed Marinaro for the 1971 Heisman Trophy. Also an excellent student, Sullivan was named an Academic All-American and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in business administration in 1972. Sullivan finished his college career with 6,284 passing yards and 54 touchdowns, along with another 18 touchdowns on the ground. He was selected to play in the Senior Bowl, where he led the South to victory over the North and was given the game's Most Valuable Player award.

Professional career
After college, Sullivan had a six-season professional NFL football career. He was a second-round selection (40th overall pick) of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. Sullivan played with the Falcons from 1972 to 1975. He played in 30 games. In 1974, Sullivan started three games for the Atlanta Falcons, losing all three. He completed 48 of 105 passes and one touchdown. In 1975, he threw for 3 touchdowns, completing 28 of 70 passes. He signed with the Washington Redskins as a free agent in 1976 but was cut before the start of the season. He signed with the Chicago Bears in March 1977 but was sold to the San Francisco 49ers in June, and then cut by the 49ers before the start of the 1977 season. Sullivan left football to enter private business in Birmingham, where he worked in insurance and as a tire company executive.

Coaching career
Sullivan spent five seasons doing radio color commentary for Auburn football games before joining the staff at Auburn in 1986 as quarterbacks coach under head coach Pat Dye. He worked with Auburn quarterbacks Jeff Burger, Reggie Slack, and Stan White during his six years at Auburn. During his time as an assistant Auburn won, or shared, three Southeastern Conference championships and had a four-game winning streak against archrival Alabama.

On January 2, 1992, Sullivan became the 27th head football coach of Texas Christian University. He inherited a team still reeling from probation imposed by the NCAA in 1986. Most seriously, the Frogs had been limited to 25 scholarships in 1987 and 1988. By the time Sullivan arrived in Fort Worth, the sanctions had taken their full effect; TCU would not have a full complement of scholarships until 1993.

After two losing seasons, he led TCU to a 7–5 mark in 1994 to win a share of the Southwest Conference championship, the school's first SWC title since 1959. Following the 1994 season, prior to the Horned Frogs' appearance in the Independence Bowl versus Virginia, Sullivan agreed to become the head coach at Louisiana State University (LSU). However, LSU refused to pay the $400,000 buyout of Sullivan's TCU contract, and the Tigers hired Vanderbilt University coach Gerry DiNardo three days later.

The next season produced another winning record of 6–5 before TCU joined the Western Athletic Conference in 1996 and fell once again on hard times. Losing seasons in 1996 and 1997 resulted in Sullivan's resignation in October 1997 with an overall record of 24–42–1. However, he is best known for having recruited LaDainian Tomlinson to play at TCU.

In January 1999, Sullivan became the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach of UAB. He helped develop Darrell Hackney into the best quarterback in UAB history who was able to make it to the NFL as an undrafted free agent picked up by the Cleveland Browns. UAB's offense also featured wide receiver Roddy White, who later played for the Atlanta Falcons.

After neck surgery in September 2003, Sullivan was diagnosed with throat cancer by Dr. William R. Carroll (squamous cell carcinoma) and began chemotherapy and radiation treatments in December. In April 2004, doctors told him he was clear of cancer, but he continued to be monitored for recurrence. Sullivan missed only one game coaching in the 2003 season due to treatment, but lost around 50 pounds over the course of his cancer treatment.

On December 1, 2006, Sullivan was named head coach at Samford University, replacing Bill Gray. In 2008, the Bulldogs joined the Southern Conference and won the championship in 2013. He resigned after the 2014 season, his eighth season as coach.

Personal life
Sullivan was married to the former Jean Hicks of Birmingham and they had three children – Kim, and twins Kelly and Patrick, Jr.

Death
Pat Sullivan died on December 1, 2019, after a long battle with cancer. On January 1, 2020, Auburn players wore "7" decals on the left side of their helmets during the Outback Bowl to commemorate Sullivan.

Sullivan is one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which is caused by repeated hits to the head.

Honors and awards
Sullivan was selected to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, class of 1981. In 1988, he was also a charter member of the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame. The football field house at Samford University was renamed in his honor. In 2016, Sullivan's High School Alma Mater renamed the John Carroll High School Football Field in honor of Pat Sullivan.

 * Omicron Delta Kappa, 1971
 * Heisman Trophy, 1971
 * Chic Harley Award
 * Sammy Baugh Trophy, 1970
 * Walter Camp Award, 1971
 * SN Player of the Year, 1971
 * All-American, 1970, 1971 (unanimous)
 * SEC Player of the Year, 1970
 * SEC Back of the Year-Birmingham Touchdown Club, 1970
 * SEC Back of the Year-Atlanta Touchdown Club, 1970
 * Gator Bowl Most Valuable Player, 1970
 * Sugar Bowl Most Valuable Player, 1971
 * Senior Bowl Most Valuable Player, 1972
 * College All-Star Game Most Valuable Player, 1972
 * Alabama Sports Hall of Fame
 * National Football Foundation Hall of Fame
 * Sugar Bowl Hall of Fame
 * Gator Bowl Hall of Fame
 * Senior Bowl Hall of Fame
 * College Football Hall of Fame, 1991
 * Southwest Conference Coach of the Year, 1994
 * Southern Conference Co-Coach of the Year, 2012

title: Pat Sullivan (American football)


text:
Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid (or phosphonic acid) is the compound described by the formula H3PO3. This acid is diprotic (readily ionizes two protons), not triprotic as might be suggested by this formula. Phosphorous acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds. Organic derivatives of phosphorous acid, compounds with the formula RPO3H2, are called phosphonic acids.

Nomenclature and tautomerism

Solid HP(O)(OH)2 has tetrahedral geometry about the central phosphorus atom, with a P\sH bond of 132 pm, one P\dO double bond of 148 pm and two longer P\sOH single bonds of 154 pm. In common with other phosphorus oxides with P\sH bonds (e.g.hypophosphorous acid and dialkyl phosphites), it exists in equilibrium with an extremely minor tautomer P(OH)3. (In contrast, arsenous acid's major tautomer is the trihydroxy form.) IUPAC recommends that the trihydroxy form P(OH)3 be called phosphorous acid, and the dihydroxy form HP(O)(OH)2 phosphonic acid. Only the reduced phosphorus compounds are spelled with an "-ous" ending.

 * P^{III}(OH)3 <-> HP^{V}(O)(OH)2     K = 1010.3 (25°C, aqueous)

Preparation
On an industrial scale, the acid is prepared by hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride with water or steam:
 * PCl3 + 3 H2O -> HPO(OH)2 + 3 HCl

HPO(OH)2 could be produced by the hydrolysis of phosphorus trioxide:
 * P4O6 + 6 H2O -> 4 HPO(OH)2

Acid–base properties
Phosphorous acid has a pKa in the range 1.26–1.3.
 * HP(O)(OH)2 -> HP(O)2(OH)- + H+      pKa = 1.3

It is a diprotic acid, the hydrogenphosphite ion, HP(O)2(OH)- is a weak acid:
 * HP(O)2(OH)- -> HPO3(2−) + H+        pKa = 6.7

The conjugate base HP(O)2(OH)- is called hydrogen phosphite, and the second conjugate base, HPO3(2−), is the phosphite ion. (Note that the IUPAC recommendations are hydrogen phosphonate and phosphonate respectively).

The hydrogen atom bonded directly to the phosphorus atom is not readily ionizable. Chemistry examinations often test students' appreciation of the fact that not all three hydrogen atoms are acidic under aqueous conditions, in contrast with H3PO4.

Redox properties
On heating at 200 °C, phosphorous acid disproportionates to phosphoric acid and phosphine:
 * 4 H3PO3 -> 3 H3PO4 + PH3

This reaction is used for laboratory-scale preparations of PH3.

Phosphorous acid slowly oxidizes in air to phosphoric acid.

Both phosphorous acid and its deprotonated forms are good reducing agents, although not necessarily quick to react. They are oxidized to phosphoric acid or its salts. It reduces solutions of noble metal cations to the metals. When phosphorous acid is treated with a cold solution of mercuric chloride, a white precipitate of mercurous chloride forms:
 * H3PO3 + 2 HgCl2 + H2O -> Hg2Cl2 + H3PO4 + 2 HCl

Mercurous chloride is reduced further by phosphorous acid to mercury on heating or on standing:
 * H3PO3 + Hg2Cl2 + H2O -> 2 Hg + H3PO4 + 2 HCl

As a ligand
Upon treatment with metals of d6 configuration, phosphorous acid is known to coordinate as the otherwise rare P(OH)3 tautomer. Examples include Mo(CO)5(P(OH)3) and [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(P(OH)3)](2+).

Heating a mixture of potassium tetrachloroplatinate and phosphorous acid gives the luminescent salt potassium diplatinum(II) tetrakispyrophosphite:
 * 2 K2PtCl4 + 8 H3PO3  ->  K4[Pt2(HO2POPO2H)4] +  8 HCl +  4 H2O

Uses
The most important use of phosphorous acid (phosphonic acid) is the production of basic lead phosphite, which is a stabilizer in PVC and related chlorinated polymers.

It is used in the production of basic lead phosphonate PVC stabilizer, aminomethylene phosphonic acid and hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid. It is also used as a strong reducing agent and in the production of phosphorous acid, synthetic fibres, organophosphorus pesticides, and the highly efficient water treatment agent ATMP.

Ferrous materials, including steel, may be somewhat protected by promoting oxidation ("rust") and then converting the oxidation to a metalophosphate by using phosphoric acid and further protected by surface coating. (See: Passivation (chemistry)).

Organic derivatives
The IUPAC (mostly organic) name is phosphonic acid. This nomenclature is commonly reserved for substituted derivatives, that is, organic group bonded to phosphorus, not simply an ester. For example, (CH3)PO(OH)2 is "methylphosphonic acid", which may of course form "methylphosphonate" esters.

title: Phosphorous acid


text:
Talk:Patsy Calton

Untitled
Some paragraphs of this biography appear lifted straight from her official website. --Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 04:04, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there a problem with that? The site's given in the external links, and it seems to me to be the best place to find an official bio. Maltaran 15:42, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Patsy Calton


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Karl Mecklenburg

Karl Bernard Mecklenburg (born September 1, 1960), nicknamed "the Albino Rhino", is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers.

National Football League
In 1983, the Denver Broncos drafted Karl Mecklenburg in the 12th round with the 310th pick overall. In spite of his low selection, Mecklenburg went on to become an integral part of the Broncos' Super Bowl teams of the 1980s. He played in six Pro Bowls. His 79 sacks is the third highest total in franchise history; he is one of only three Broncos with four sacks in a game, and the only one to do so twice. In 2001, during half time of a game against the Baltimore Ravens, he and Dennis Smith were inducted into the Denver Broncos Ring of Fame. He is also in the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame and serves on the Broncos Alumni Council.

Since retiring from pro football in 1994, Mecklenburg divides his time between family, motivational speaking, and his ongoing charity involvements. Karl and his wife Kathi have three children. The Mecklenburgs reside in Littleton, Colorado. The son of Fred Mecklenburg and Marjory Mecklenburg, Karl has two brothers, Eric and Fred, and a sister, Carol. His favorite nephew, Bo, has a Minecraft speedrun time of 16:58.

Mecklenburg is considered one of the greatest Denver Broncos of all time, according to NFL Films top 10 Denver Broncos of All Time.

Concussions
Mecklenburg suffered "at least a dozen +10 concussions" during his football career. By his early fifties, Mecklenburg was experiencing cognitive issues, including memory impairment, which he attributes to the concussions he sustained.

Mecklenburg was a plaintiff in concussion-related litigation against the NFL: "I didn't buy in to professional football with the understanding that I was going to have brain damage. I expected to have a limp. I expected to have sore joints. Bad shoulder, whatever. But that other part, that was kept from us and that wasn't right."

Video games
The digital version of Mecklenburg anchored the 3–4 defense of the Denver Broncos in the NES video games Tecmo Bowl (1989) and Tecmo Super Bowl (1991). Mecklenburg appears in the video game Madden NFL 15 (2014) in the Ultimate Team mode, as a 97 Overall player.

Charity work
Mecklenburg has been the Broncos representative for Taste of the NFL, started For Mercy Sake Sackem, started The Karl Mecklenburg's REACH foundation, has been a board member for Colorado Youth Outdoors, hosted charity celebrity ski races in Durango and in Aspen, worked with Project Healing Waters, and has served as an assistant Scout Master. Karl says, "I take the opportunity and responsibility to work with charities very seriously".

title: Karl Mecklenburg


text:
User talk:Lwestlie

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome!  Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Luke Westlie may not be well-known enough to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. By starting an account or logging in, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. Double Blue (Talk) 04:05, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Image:Luke07.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Luke07.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Nooby_god | Talk 23:39, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lwestlie


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Jenny Craig (entrepreneur)

Jenny Craig (born Genevieve Guidroz; August 7, 1932) is an American weight loss guru and founder of Jenny Craig, Inc. Craig was born in Berwick, Louisiana, was raised in New Orleans, and married Sidney Craig in 1979. In 1983, she and her husband created a nutrition, fitness, and weight loss program in Australia and began offering the program in the United States in 1985. The company became a part of Nestlé Nutrition in 2006.

Philanthropy
In 1992, Craig and her husband committed $10 million to Fresno State University for its School of Business and Administrative Services, later renamed the Sid Craig School of Business. In 1996, the couple committed another $10 million to the University of San Diego, $7 million of which was used to build the Jenny Craig Pavilion, a recreation and sports pavilion that was dedicated in October 2000.

Horse racing
In 1995, Craig and her husband bought a thoroughbred horse ranch and breeding operation in Rancho Santa Fe, California, formerly owned by sportsman Gene Klein. This area is home to the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club. Craig has been involved in racing and she and her husband have owned a number of successful thoroughbreds. One of their colts, Dr. Devious, finished seventh in the 1992 Kentucky Derby and also raced in England, where he won the 1992 Epsom Derby. That same year, their future National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame filly Paseana won the Breeders' Cup Distaff at Gulfstream Park. In 2003, their horse Candy Ride won six races in a row including the Grade I Pacific Classic Stakes in which he set a new Del Mar track record for one and a quarter miles. Another Craig owned horse, Sidney's Candy, named after Sid Craig, ran in the 2010 Kentucky Derby.

Health issues
In April 1995, while napping in an armchair, she was startled awake, which caused a strange medical anomaly that mimicked lockjaw but was not, as Craig was eventually able to pry her mouth open. Though there seemed to be no imminent threat, Craig's condition gradually worsened making it difficult for her to speak and eat. Her dentist diagnosed temporomandibular joint syndrome, for which she was referred to a specialist, though to little avail. She was, in turn, referred to a series of physicians (reportedly 18), all of whom provided various suggestions but ultimately no solution. In the spring of 1998, she was introduced to Dr. Dennis M. Nigro, typically a cosmetic surgeon, who assessed that Craig had suffered atrophying of her mouth muscles. Corrective surgery was provided by installing bioabsorbable screws into her cheeks. She underwent a four-and-a-half-hour operation and another year of speech therapy. Craig has since fully recovered from the debilitating condition.

title: Jenny Craig (entrepreneur)


text:
Vlasta Burian

Josef Vlastimil Burian, better known as Vlasta Burian, (9 April 1891, in Liberec – 31 January 1962, in Prague) was an internationally renowned Czechoslovak film and stage actor, singer, comedian, footballer and film director. In the Czech Republic, he is known as Král komiků (King of Comedians).

Biography
He is well known in the Czech Republic for his comic roles in many movies before and during World War II. His films are still shown regularly on Czech television, being particularly popular around Christmas time. He ran a popular comic theater until 1944, when the Nazis closed down all Czech-language theaters.

After the war Burian was charged and convicted of collaboration with the Nazis. He was briefly imprisoned, and then not permitted to return to the stage until 1950. He was officially exonerated of all charges in 1994.

His famous movie partner was Jaroslav Marvan, with whom he made the following films:
 * To neznáte Hadimršku
 * Funebrák
 * Anton Špelec, ostrostřelec
 * Pobočník Jeho Výsosti
 * Revizor
 * Hrdinný kapitán Korkorán
 * Nezlobte dědečka
 * Hrdina jedné noci
 * U pokladny stál...
 * Ulice zpívá
 * Katakomby
 * Baron Prášil
 * Přednosta stanice
 * Provdám svou ženu
 * Ryba na suchu
 * Zlaté dno

Early career
Before getting established in his acting and film career, Burian played as a professional football goalkeeper firstly for Viktoria Žižkov and then for AC Sparta Prague from 1916 to 1926.

He was born to Liberec tailor, patriot and volunteer Antonín Burian (*1863) and his five years older wife Maria Burianová, née Škaloudová (*1858), who had a daughter Žofia Picková (*1884) from a previous marriage. He spent the first ten years of his life in Liberec. On May 5, 1901, his family moved to the Prague suburb of Žižkov, [3] because his father did not have a suitable environment for patriotic activities in Liberec, where the majority of the population was German.

He got a job as an official collecting food taxes in Prague and regularly took his young son to the National Theatre. Josef Vlastimil later learned business manuals at a business school. As the son of a tailor, from childhood he met people who were interested in the theater and had the opportunity to hear stories from this environment. He himself sang in the choir as a child and liked opera. Young Vlasta Burian was also very fond of sports. He excelled especially in football, he was a goalkeeper. He played for Union Žižkov, later for Viktoria Žižkov.

In addition to his comedic talents, he pursued a career in Sparta (the nature of this career is not specified). He also actively participated in competitive cycling and tennis, frequently winning races and tournaments (evidenced by a collection of his trophies). However, his theatrical pursuits eventually took precedence over most of his athletic endeavors.

Initially, his comedic talents were showcased primarily for friends at private gatherings. Over time, these performances transitioned to public settings. While his father initially discouraged such public performances, witnessing his son's act at a pub led him to recognize his son's comedic abilities and no longer posed a barrier to his artistic pursuits.

Personal life
Vlasta Burian had a daughter, Emilia Burianová (1912–1996), with dancer Anna Emília Pírková. In 1919, he married Nina Červenková-Burianová. She remained a devoted companion throughout his career, attending every performance and offering unwavering support. Burian reportedly insisted on delaying shows until Nina arrived and even arranged for her to listen to his performances via phone when she was ill. Their daughter, Emilia, gave birth to a son, Vlastimil Kristl, in 1944.

While known for his comedic performances, Burian's private life reportedly contrasted with his public image. Accounts describe him as melancholic, prone to mood swings, and withdrawn. He also struggled with depression, possibly experiencing manic-depressive episodes (now known as bipolar disorder).

Despite his public persona, Burian reportedly led a more introverted life in private. He often retreated to his luxuriously furnished villa in Dejvice, where he maintained a rigorous exercise routine. The villa boasted a large gymnasium, a swimming pool, and a tennis court, reflecting his dedication to fitness. He was known to employ Jaromír Trejbal, considered one of the finest Czech chefs of the time. Burian's active lifestyle extended beyond his home; he regularly cycled in the mornings and organized friendly tennis matches, even outside of Prague, famously playing against two-time world champion Karel Koželuh at Klamovka.

title: Vlasta Burian


text:
Amrita Thapar

Amrita Thapar is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Femina Miss India Universe 2005 and then represented her country at Miss Universe 2005. She won the Femina Miss India Universe title in 2005 and in the same year at the Miss Universe beauty pageant held in Thailand, she represented India amongst 81 other countries.

Personal life
Amrita was born in Pune, Maharashtra on 12 June 1984 in a Sikh family. She is a graduate from NIFT and presently works as a fashion designer. She is winner of May Queen 1999. 1st Runners Up at RSI club,99. 1st Runners Up at Poona club,99. She is a certified scuba diver and loves Kayaking. She also won two best designer awards at NIFT SOFT, where she studied fashion designing course.

Career
Thapar is a fashion designer, a stylist, a painter, a fashion writer and orator. She has been the spokesperson of Berlin and Maurtius tourism. She has been bestowed upon the honor by the Mauritian Prime Minister to be their Goodwill Ambassador for life. She was also an active founding member of the Commonwealth games in India. She has served as Director and ambassador for her home venture called 'Cosmopolitan Institute of Style' based in Bangalore.

She has appeared in Pankaj Udhas's music album 'Jaaneman' and Punjabi music video "Kurri Patole Wargi" by Malkit Singh.

title: Amrita Thapar


text:
Tuple space

A tuple space is an implementation of the associative memory paradigm for parallel/distributed computing. It provides a repository of tuples that can be accessed concurrently. As an illustrative example, consider that there are a group of processors that produce pieces of data and a group of processors that use the data. Producers post their data as tuples in the space, and the consumers then retrieve data from the space that match a certain pattern. This is also known as the blackboard metaphor. Tuple space may be thought as a form of distributed shared memory.

Tuple spaces were the theoretical underpinning of the Linda language developed by David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University in 1986.

Implementations of tuple spaces have also been developed for Java (JavaSpaces), Lisp, Lua, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, and the .NET Framework.

Object Spaces
Object Spaces is a paradigm for development of distributed computing applications. It is characterized by the existence of logical entities, called Object Spaces. All the participants of the distributed application share an Object Space. A provider of a service encapsulates the service as an Object, and puts it in the Object Space. Clients of a service then access the Object Space, find out which object provides the needed service, and have the request serviced by the object.

Object Spaces, as a computing paradigm, was put forward in the 1980s by David Gelernter at Yale University. Gelernter developed a language called Linda to support the concept of global object coordination.

Object Space can be thought of as a virtual repository, shared amongst providers and accessors of network services, which are themselves abstracted as objects. Processes communicate among each other using these shared objects — by updating the state of the objects as and when needed.

An object, when deposited into a space, needs to be registered with an Object Directory in the Object Space. Any processes can then identify the object from the Object Directory, using properties lookup, where the property specifying  the criteria for the lookup of the object is its name or some other property which uniquely identifies it. A process may choose to wait for an object to be placed in the Object Space, if the needed object is not already present.

Objects, when deposited in an Object Space are passive, i.e., their methods cannot be invoked while the objects are in the Object Space. Instead, the accessing process must retrieve it from the Object Space into its local memory, use the service provided by the object, update the state of the object and place it back into the Object Space.

This paradigm inherently provides mutual exclusion. Because once an object is accessed, it has to be removed from the Object Space, and is placed back only after it has been released. This means that no other process can access an object while it is being used by one process, thereby ensuring mutual exclusion.

JavaSpaces
JavaSpaces is a service specification providing a distributed object exchange and coordination mechanism (which may or may not be persistent) for Java objects. It is used to store the distributed system state and implement distributed algorithms. In a JavaSpace, all communication partners (peers) communicate and coordinate by sharing state.

JavaSpaces can be used to achieve scalability through parallel processing, it can also be used to provide reliable storage of objects through distributed replication, although this won't survive a total power failure like a disk; it is regarded by many to be reliable as long as the power is reliable. Distribution can also be to remote locations; however, this is rare as JavaSpaces are usually used for low-latency, high-performance applications rather than reliable object caching.

The most common software pattern used in JavaSpaces is the Master-Worker pattern. The Master hands out units of work to the "space", and these are read, processed and written back to the space by the workers. In a typical environment there are several "spaces", several masters and many workers; the workers are usually designed to be generic, i.e. they can take any unit of work from the space and process the task.

JavaSpaces is part of the Java Jini technology, which on its own has not been a commercial success. The technology has found and kept new users over the years and some vendors are offering JavaSpaces-based products. JavaSpaces remains a niche technology mostly used in the financial services and telco industries where it continues to maintain a faithful following. The announcement of Jini/JavaSpaces created quite some hype although Sun co-founder and chief Jini architect Bill Joy put it straight that this distributed systems dream will take "a quantum leap in thinking."

Example usage
The following example shows an application made using JavaSpaces. First, an object to be shared in the Object Space is made. Such an object is called an Entry in JavaSpace terminology. Here, the Entry is used to encapsulate a service which returns a Hello World! string, and keeps track of how many times it was used. The server which provides this service will create an Object Space, or JavaSpace. The Entry is then written into the JavaSpace. The client reads the entry from the JavaSpace and invokes its method to access the service, updating its usage count by doing so. The updated Entry is written back to the JavaSpace.

Books

 * Eric Freeman, Susanne Hupfer, Ken Arnold: JavaSpaces Principles, Patterns, and Practice. Addison-Wesley Professional, 1. June 1999, ISBN 0-201-30955-6
 * Phil Bishop, Nigel Warren: JavaSpaces in Practice. Addison Wesley, 2002, ISBN 0-321-11231-8
 * Max K. Goff: Network Distributed Computing: Fitscapes and Fallacies, 2004, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-100152-3
 * Sing Li, et al.: Professional Java Server Programming, 1999, Wrox Press, ISBN 1-86100-277-7
 * Steven Halter: JavaSpaces Example by Example, 2002, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0-13-061916-7

title: Tuple space


text:
User:Notyourbroom

Note: Mostly Retired From Editing
The vast majority of my contributions were from 2011 and earlier. I very rarely log into this account unless I see an urgent need which is within my power to address, but as of 2023, I do not consider myself to be an active Wikipedia editor.

See |archival copy of my userpage from 2011 for old info.

title: User:Notyourbroom


text:
Hamani Diori

Hamani Diori (6 June 1916 – 23 April 1989) was the first President of the Republic of Niger. He was appointed to that office in 1960, when Niger gained independence from France. Although corruption was a common feature of his administration, he gained international respect for his role as a spokesman for African affairs and as a popular arbitrator in conflicts. His rule ended with a military coup in 1974.

Early life
Born in Soudouré, near the capital, Niamey, Diori was the son of a public health officer in the French colonial administration. He attended William Ponty Teachers' Training College in Dakar, Senegal, and worked as a teacher in Niger from 1936 to 1938, then became a Hausa and Djerma foreign language instructor at the Institute of Study Abroad, in Paris.

Independence activism
In 1946, while working as the headmaster of a school in Niger’s capital city of Niamey, he became one of the founders of the Nigerien Progressive Party (PPN), a regional branch of the African Democratic Rally (RDA). Later that year, he was elected to the French National Assembly. In the 1951 election, Diori was defeated by his cousin and political rival Djibo Bakary. He was again elected to the assembly in 1956, and was chosen deputy-speaker.

In 1958, after a referendum that granted Niger self-government, Diori became president of the provisional government. He then became Prime Minister of the republic in 1959.

Presidency
Niger gained independence from France on 3 August 1960 and Diori was elected president by the country's national assembly in November 1960. Organizing a powerful coalition of Hausa, Fula, and (most prominently) Djerma leaders, including chiefs and traditionalists, in support of Niger’s independence referendum, Diori gained French favor.

Soon after independence, Diori made the PPN to be the only legally permitted party. His government favored the maintenance of traditional social structures and the retention of close economic ties with France. From the early 1960s, he ruled through a small number of pre-independence figures who sat on the PPN Politburo and largely bypassed even the cabinet. In addition to being both president of the republic and president of the PPN, Diori directly led a number of Ministries. From 1960 to 1963 he served as his own defence minister and foreign minister, and again took over the Foreign Ministry from 1965 to 1967. Most prominent, and perhaps most powerful, among Diori's advisers was writer and President of the National Assembly of Niger, Boubou Hama, who one writer has called the "eminence grise" behind Diori's rule. The National Assembly of Niger met in largely ceremonial yearly sittings to ratify government positions. Traditional notables, elected as parliamentary representatives, often unanimously endorsed government proposals. As president of the PPN, Diori was the only candidate for president of the republic, and as such was re-elected unopposed in 1965 and 1970.

He gained worldwide respect for his role as a spokesman for African affairs and as a popular arbitrator in conflicts involving other African nations. Domestically, however, his administration was rife with corruption, and the government was unable to implement much-needed reforms or to alleviate the widespread famine brought on by the Sahelian drought of the early 1970s. Increasingly criticized at home for his negligence in domestic matters, Diori put down a coup in December 1963, which occurred concurrently with a border dispute with the Republic of Dahomey. He also narrowly escaped assassination in 1965. Faced with an attempted military coup and attacks by members of Sawaba, he used French advisers and troops to strengthen his rule. Close links with France lead to student and union protests against what they described as "French neocolonialism". However, his relationship with France suffered when his government voiced dissatisfaction with the level of investment in uranium production when Georges Pompidou visited Niger in 1972.

Unrest and fall
Widespread civil disorder followed allegations that some government ministers were misappropriating stocks of food aid and accused Diori of consolidating power. Diori limited cabinet appointments to fellow Djerma, family members, and close friends. In addition, he acquired new powers by declaring himself the minister of foreign and defense affairs. On 15 April 1974, Lieutenant colonel Seyni Kountché led a military coup that ended Diori's rule. He was imprisoned for six years. After his release in 1980, he remained under house arrest until 1987.

After being released from house arrest, he moved to Morocco, where he died on 23 April 1989 at the age of 72.

title: Hamani Diori


text:
Golden Ambrosian Republic

The Golden Ambrosian Republic (Aurea Republega Ambrosiana; Aurea Repubblica Ambrosiana; 1447–1450) was a short-lived republic founded in Milan by members of the University of Pavia with popular support, during the first phase of the Milanese War of Succession. With the aid of Francesco Sforza they held out against the forces of the Republic of Venice, but after a betrayal Sforza defected and captured Milan to become Duke himself, abolishing the Republic.

Foundation
When Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, died on 13 August 1447, the city was thrown into confusion by his unexpected demise and the speed with which claimants to his title acted. Filippo Maria had no heir through male bloodlines and therefore a succession crisis occurred.

The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:

 * King Alfonso V of Aragon, to who Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;
 * Duke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;
 * Dukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;
 * Emperor Frederick III, of the Holy Roman Empire, who (with support of the Pope) declared that the Duchy reverted to the Empire on the extinction of its male heirs;
 * Francesco Sforza, a famous condottiero and Filippo Maria's son-in-law through his illegitimate daughter Bianca Maria Visconti.

The two most prominent candidates supported by the Milanese population were however Alfonso of Aragon and Francesco Sforza.

The Bracceschi family, supporters of the King of Aragon, seized the city on the 13th, the night of Duke Filippo Maria's death, forcing the captains to swear allegiance to Alfonso. However, other influential citizens believed that a republic could be proclaimed. Learned bodies, such as the College of Jurisprudence in Pavia, painted the days of the old republic as a golden age. The merchants, seeing the prosperity of Republican Venice, supported this idea. On the morning of the 14th, Republicans stirred the populace to rise against the Bracceschi, under the leadership of Antonio Trivulzio, Giorgio Lampugnano, Innocenzo Cotta, and Teodoro Bossi (members of the College of Jurisprudence). A republic was declared behind the Palace of the Commune, and the captains abandoned their oaths to Alfonso in favor of it. The Bracceschi were driven from Milan, and the new republic was called the Golden Ambrosian Republic, after St. Ambrose, the 4th century bishop of Milan, who was adopted as the Republic's patron. They took the old constitution and revised it that same day to suit their needs, electing twenty-four Capitani e difensori della libertà, or "Captains and Defenders of Liberty," to frame laws, elected regularly and later reduced to twelve.

Early existence
The idea of a radical renewal of liberties in the cities did not suit the powers of North Italy, who had been in league against Visconti territorial gains in a decades-long series of wars interrupted by truces, most recently the Peace of Cremona of 20 November 1441. Venice was already at war with Milan, and the Republic was struck a sore blow as previously Milanese cities including Pavia, Lodi, and Piacenza defected or declared their independence. Besides the loss of support and defensive locations, the drop in revenue also caused a brief financial crisis resolved by the imposition of new taxes. Venice, now occupying Lodi and Piacenza, refused to listen to Milan's pleas for peace. Milan turned to Francesco Sforza, the greatest military leader of his day, offering him the position of Captain-General and the city of Brescia. Although he wished – and indeed, planned – to succeed his father-in-law as Duke, he decided to accept the position and promised rewards. A draft was declared in Milan on 13 September.

Sforza quickly captured independent Pavia when his mother-in-law persuaded the city's ruling condotierro to relinquish it to him, and the Republic grudgingly allowed him to keep it with the title of Count, fearing that the Pavians and their large arsenal might instead offer themselves to Venice if they refused. Sforza promised the Pavians no new taxes, respect for the old laws, payment for the officials he retained, and the repair of the city bridges and walls. He kept these promises faithfully and so won over the people of Pavia, establishing his rule. Pavia was previously almost a second capital to Milan, and gave Sforza his own seat of power. The city was also in a strategic location on the Po River, situated where it could block the Venetians from coming to the relief of the beleaguered Piacenza by water. Returning to the siege of Piacenza and finding the city not likely to crumble by starvation, he resolved to storm it. Employing cannon in an almost unheard-of manner, he opened up a breach in Piacenza's walls and sacked the city. The news of Piacenza's sack was greeted by three days' rejoicing in Milan. Meanwhile, Milanese Captain Bartolomeo Colleoni captured Tortona which had previously proclaimed Sforza as its lord, stealing it from the now dangerously powerful Sforza. This caused even greater rejoicing, for the Milanese feared Sforza.

In January 1448, the terms of the previous Captains and Defenders ended, and in the following election the Guelphs rose to political prominence. Being especially adverse to Sforza, they entered peace negotiations with Venice, which, also threatened by Sforza's growing power, was willing to come to terms, albeit dictated by herself. Two of the Ghibellines who helped to found the Republic, namely Lampugnano and Bossi, stirred the populace against the Guelphs in a massive demonstration before the Court of Arengo. The Council of Nine Hundred was forced to abandon its plans for peace, and Sforza was given the go-ahead for his next campaign to seize the Adda River. However Sforza's plans were voted down by the Republic in favor of more traditional tactics, namely besieging Lodi directly. While this happened, the Venetian fleet under Andrea Quirini assaulted the bridge of Cremona. However, Sforza's wife Bianca was there, and led the defense until her husband relieved the city. The Venetian fleet withdrew and entrenched while it waited for the arrival of the Venetian army. Sforza trapped the fleet behind its defenses and, with his unorthodox use of artillery, utterly destroyed or captured every one of the seventy ships. This victory was celebrated in Milan, but the leaders of the Republic still feared Sforza, and sent him off to occupy himself with the Ghiarad'adda region while Lodi and Caravaggio were besieged, hoping that their fall would end the war.

Ultimately both Sforza's Milanese forces and the Venetian army under Micheletto Attendolo met at Caravaggio. The siege remained unbroken throughout July and until 15 September, when Attendolo launched a surprise-attack on Sforza, so rapidly that he did not even have time to buckle on his armor. What might have been a rout Sforza turned into a great victory as he set the example for his troops on the front line and utterly defeated the Venetian army, capturing three generals. Caravaggio fell, and despite rejoicing in Milan, little gratitude was given by the government to the architect of the victory, and the Republic sent him on to Lodi, determined to end the war. It was here, when a satisfactory end to the war seemed imminent, that the Milanese took a fatal misstep.

Sforza's defection and the Guelph–Ghibelline feud
In Milan, Sforza's enemies worked continually against him. The Piccinino brothers, sons of famous condottiere Niccolò Piccinino and former Captains-General before being replaced as supreme military commanders by Sforza, convinced the suspicious Republic to work secretly against Sforza. Rumors were spread among the troops about not receiving payment at the end of the war if they remained with Sforza, and Sforza himself was ordered back from the siege of Brescia, the city promised to him, while the citizens were secretly told to hold out until peace, already in the works, was signed. Sforza learned of this treachery and defected to the Venetians for 13,000 ducats and the Duchy of Milan in return for the Ghiaradadda, Crema, and his service. The treaty was signed on 18 October 1448, and Sforza now undid everything he had labored for over the past year. With such a powerful man on the Venetian side, it was the beginning of the end of the Golden Ambrosian Republic. Public opinion, despite the government's position, was generally pro-Sforza, and only an impassioned, patriotic speech from Giorgio Lampugnano subdued it at last. The Piccinino brothers became Captains-General once more, but were not as capable as the brilliant Sforza. This was reinforced by the internal dissension that was prominent in Milan. Crime and mob violence were rampant, and the harsh but empty measures against it only served to further divide the populace. Members of the government were filled with suspicion against one another. In an attempt to resolve the situation, the podestà was given absolute power. Financial problems were also grave; fines, confiscations, and a state lottery were instituted to try to alleviate the deficit. Moreover, Guelph aristocrats continued to be regularly elected over the Ghibellines, and began to make the Republic far less democratic. Carlo Gonzaga, Captain of the People, lived luxuriously as an autocrat with his will as law. He was supported by Giovanni Appiani and Giovanni Ossona, tradesmen-turned-politicians, who were prominent in government affairs. Gonzaga began replacing his officials with his unambitious supporters, and the Ghibellines saw the ideals of their Republic crumbling before their eyes. Lampugnano and his Ghibelline friends conspired against Gonzaga and the Guelph regime, but were exposed by a letter intercepted by Gonzaga from Lampugnano to his friend Bossi. Gonzaga kept this knowledge secret, knowing that Lampugnano and Bossi were two of the most influential citizens since the formation of the Republic, but with the support of the vengeful Guelph Captains and Defenders conspired to have them slain. Lampugnano and Bossi were sent as envoys to Frederick III in February 1449, but on the road were caught and imprisoned. Lampugnano was beheaded without a trial, and Bossi was tortured until he gave the names of his fellow conspirators. Following the execution of the leaders there was a massacre of leading Ghibellines within the city, from which only a few, such as Vitaliano Borromeo, escaped to safety in Arona, Piedmont and elsewhere. The heads of the slain were placed upon pikes in the Piazza of the Broletto.

Meanwhile, the other claimants to the Duchy began to see that Sforza would be a greater threat than the Ambrosian Republic. Louis of Savoy invaded in spring of 1449, and Sforza sent Colleoni (who had earlier defected) to defeat him at Borgomanero, leading to an uneasy peace. Sforza also faced treachery within his own ranks, added with the fact that he rashly accepted the defection of his great enemies the Piccinino brothers, who, upon gaining access to Monza, promptly returned it to Milan.

Lampugnano, unfortunately for the Guelphs, was considered a martyr for the Republic. This was made worse by the fact that the Guelphs in leadership refused to run elections in April, until in June they were forced by the populace. Ghibelline families took the reins of Milan in this election, and the Guelphs were defeated. However, the reprisals against the Guelphs, including the imprisonment of Appiani and Ossona who had been blamed (probably unjustly) for the massacre, led the populace to violently depose the Ghibellines and reinstall the extremist Guelphs. Gonzaga, however, whose friend Galeotto Toscano was killed in the uprising, departed Milan for Crema, hoping to make peace with Sforza.

End of the Republic
Sforza was coming close to Milan itself in his conquests, and decided that since it was too powerful to be taken by force, he would surround it and starve the populace into surrender. With the loss of the outer cities by conquest or defection, Milan experienced famine. Gonzaga offered Crema to Sforza, hoping he would be tempted to take it himself and betray the Venetians. But Sforza remained staunch, and instead offered Gonzaga the city of Tortona if he would abandon Crema. This was accepted, and Crema, without support, quickly capitulated.

To the Milanese, Sforza's victory now seemed certain, but he found his Venetian allies beginning to have doubts about their Captain-General. They decided that Milan run by Sforza would be far more dangerous and detrimental to their interests than if it were run by a weak Republic. The last of the territory claimed by Venice, namely Crema, was now captured. Venice went behind Sforza's back and signed a peace treaty with the Republic. They conceded conquered land to the Republic in return for peace, and let Sforza keep only Pavia, Cremona, Piacenza, and a narrow strip of land. They ordered him to accept the treaty or find Venice his enemy. The Republic rejoiced, and the citizens were confident the war was over and their future was secured. But Sforza could not accept the conditions of the treaty, and decided to persevere in the struggle. He was already very powerful, and moreover was close to Milan. The Milanese in their assurance of peace had nearly exhausted their resources to plant crops and return to the old way of life. He was confident that Milan would quickly fall to him. After reinforcing his peace with Savoy with the concession of a few unimportant castles, he defeated the Venetians under his rival Sigismondo Malatesta and continued the siege.

Sforza chose for his headquarters the Borromeo castle of Peschiera, south-east of the city. Starvation and suffering were rampant in Milan, and the Venetians had sent an ambassador, Leonardo Venieri, to negotiate the city's surrender and help them defeat Sforza. At last, Gaspare da Vimercate and several members of the Stampa family engineered a coup on 24 February 1450, which resulted in the murder of Venieri on the stairs of Palazzo Reale. The next day the citizens met and Da Vimercate convinced the people to surrender to Sforza. Sforza had made himself very popular for his generosity while fighting for Milan. He had abstained from ravaging the countryside as was so common among commanders of his day, and after some debate the public was convinced. The following day terms were offered to Sforza, who accepted them. Sforza earned the city's devotion by distributing food to the starving people. On 22 March 1450, he had himself declared capitano del popolo, and by right of his wife, the Duke of Milan. He secured his popular support by letting many office-holders keep their positions and being very lenient in his reprisals. The leaders were briefly imprisoned or relegated to their estates, but were generally pardoned soon after, even knighting some of his old enemies at his coronation. Ghibellines were allowed to return in safety and were restored to favor.

Aftermath
Sforza remained at war with Venice for years after the downfall of the Ambrosian Republic. Venice allied herself with the Kingdom of Naples, whose king (Alfonso V) was previously a contender for the succession of Milan. Sforza, however, allied himself with his friend, Cosimo de' Medici of Florence against Venice and Aragonese Naples. The continued war was finally concluded by the peace of Lodi in 1454 with the House of Sforza established as the rulers of the Duchy of Milan

During its three-year existence, the Ambrosian Republic won two major battles. The Lombards defeated the French at the Battle of Bosco Marengo in 1447 and the Venetians at the Battle of Caravaggio in 1448. It was those victories that assured the Republic all the territory of the former Duchy.

Of the Republic, Niccolò Machiavelli remarked "In order to create a Republic in Milan it would be necessary to exterminate all the nobility. . . . For there are, among the nobles, so many exalted personages that the laws do not suffice to repress them, and they must needs be kept under by a living voice and a royal power."

First capitani e defensori
The leading magistrates of the city, the capitani e defensori ("Captains and Defenders"), were in charge of the government, elected every six months beginning in August 1447. They originally numbered twenty-four but were eventually reduced to twelve.

Porta Orientale

 * Giovanni Marliani
 * Giovanni Moresini
 * Rolando or Oldrado Lampugnani
 * Giovanni Olgiati

Porta Romana

 * Bartolomeo Visconti
 * Giovanni Omodei
 * Giacomello Trivulzio
 * Antonio Visconti, perhaps Antonio Trivulzi

Porta Ticinese

 * Giorgio Piatti
 * Giovanni Crotti
 * Ambrogio Lomazzo
 * Giovanni Caimi

Porta Vercellina

 * Vitaliano Borromeo
 * Guarnerio Castiglione
 * Giacomo Coiro
 * Simone Meraviglia

Porta Comasina

 * Giacomo Dugnani
 * Giorgio Lampugnani
 * Luisino or Luigi Bossi
 * Francesco Casati

Porta Nuova

 * Bartolomeo Morone
 * Pietro Cotta
 * Dionigi Biglia
 * Galeotto Toscani

title: Golden Ambrosian Republic


text: User:Jondel/BrainBooster

title: User:Jondel/BrainBooster


text:
Talbingo, New South Wales

Talbingo is a small town in New South Wales, Australia at the edge of the Snowy Mountains on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town is 410 metres above sea level. It is on the Tumut River, which has been inundated by Jounama Pondage.

Talbingo resident Jack Bridle, whose family were early European settlers of the area, suggests the name to be a corruption of the English word "tall" and the Aboriginal words "Binji", "Binge" or "Bingo" meaning belly. Mount Talbingo resembles the big belly of a man lying down.

History
The Talbingo Run of 10,000 acres was established by William Bridle (1827–1922) in 1850.

Talbingo Post Office opened on 6 June 1898 and closed in 1913 before reopening in 1965 in its new location. The original township was flooded under Jounama Pondage in 1968. The town was moved to make way for the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme.

Before the move, Talbingo consisted of a hotel, the station and its homestead. There was also a service station and some holiday cabins. It was a small settlement and only five families were displaced by the move.

Talbingo station was the birthplace of author Miles Franklin. The station belonged to her relatives, the Lampes, until the 1940s.

Snowy Mountains Scheme
Jounama Pondage was completed in 1968. Jounama Dam is a rockfill dam, 43.9m tall, with a crest length of 518.2m and an embankment volume of 554,500 cubic metres. The modern township of Talbingo is located on the shores of Jounama and construction of the dam flooded the historic valley and Talbingo township below, which was the birthplace of author Miles Franklin and location of the Talbingo Hotel.

Present status
Talbingo grew rapidly while Tumut 3 power station was built, and now has a service station, golf course, motel, primary school, general store, country club, ski hire shop, Tourist Park and the lodge has been refurbished and now has accommodation and a restaurant. The caravan park has cabins, camp grounds and amenities, including camp kitchen.

Tourism is the lifeblood of the village. Many families stop by every summer for water skiing on Talbingo or Blowering Dam, bushwalking and exploring Kosciuszko National Park. In the winter, Talbingo becomes a hub for those visiting Selwyn Snowfields and other ski fields.

The Church of St Paul, at 50 Lampe St, Talbingo, was built by the Snowy Mountains Authority as a multi-faith Christian church, and was opened and consecrated by representatives of the Catholic, Anglican, and Presbyterian faiths on 23 April 1967. Apart from the tall windows behind the lectern and altar, which give a view to the lake and mountains, it is largely unadorned. Traditional pews seat approximately 400 people.

Gallery
 File:Church of St Paul exterior, Talbingo.jpg|Church of St Paul File:Memorial wall (detail), Talbingo.jpg|Memorial wall detail File:Church of St Paul interior, Talbingo.jpg|Inside the church File:Wall hanging in St Paul's church,.jpg|Wall hanging File:Kangaroos at Miles Franklin Park, Talbingo.jpg|Miles Franklin Park

title: Talbingo, New South Wales


text: User talk:207.108.244.135

title: User talk:207.108.244.135