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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Differences between the Norwegian and Danish languages

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 15:32, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Differences between the Norwegian and Danish languages
Wikipedia is not a general knowledgebase. There is nothing in this article that couldn't (or shouldn't) be described in either Danish language or Norwegian language or for that matter North Germanic languages (a.k.a. Scandinavian languages). And there's really nothing that is significantly more important in the differences between Norwegian and Danish, than, say, between Swedish and Norwegian or for that matter any other combinations of closely related languages.

Peter Isotalo 19:11, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful comparison of two closely related languages. Kappa 19:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, totally in agreement with Kappa. It's factually correct, well written, and of interest. UkPaolo 19:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a lovely article.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:29, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there in fact any article that could not be kept as long as people deem it "useful"? The issue is how all five Scandinavian languages are related to one another, not how each individual language is similar (or dissimilar) from one of the others. This is just a lot of very redundant information that should be described in Scandinavian languages. To try to get this to a discussion of principles rather than alleged usefulness: do you really mean that if someone were to create articles for all possible combinations of Scandinavian languages, you would accept them all as valid and enyclopedic? / Peter Isotalo 20:37, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: There are only three Scandinavian languages: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Also, the relationship between Danish and Norwegian is of special interest because modern Norwegian is developed from Danish (they were almost entirely the same written language until 1907).
 * (Sub-) articles on various combinations of closely languages would certainly be very useful to some readers, and I don't see what harm they would do to anyone. Kappa 05:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Any article that isn't 100% false, blatantly POV of purely offensive does no harm, but it means one could include almost any piece of general knowledge at all. I'd say it's harmful to the overall quality of our articles. Why do you think "Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base" is in the official policy? Peter Isotalo 18:21, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base" is there to stop people adding random trivia. This article is beneficial to the overall quality of wikipedia. Kappa 17:02, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is the linguistic equivalent of a physics article titled differences between vanadium and chromium. It is linguistic trivia, but for some reason people seem to think that the academic standards for language articles should be kept firmly at a grade school level. Really, it's that silly. / Peter Isotalo 22:08, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge good information, but it seems silly to have it in a seperate article. Oracleoftruth 20:48, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge where? RickK 23:20, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Peter--merge. Meelar (talk) 21:02, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable difference. Klonimus 21:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. - Mustafaa 21:51, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge whre? RickK 23:20, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * North Germanic languages, of course. Were it not for nationalism and orthography, the Mainland Scandinavian languages might be considered mere dialects of one another today. And, mind you, the information in this article is of very low linguistic value; it has been written by someone of very shallow knowledge of even basic linguistics. The section on prepositions is not particularly representative and includes blatantly false info including info on the combined definite artilces/demonstrative pronouns under "Prepositions". On top of this I just noticed that the info on the use of the Danish definite article are just plain false. "Den" is in this case a combined demonstrative pronoun and definite article, but Danish uses the same definite endings as in Norwegian and Swedish except that the syntax is slightly different; Swedish and Norwegian use the definte suffix -n/-t in situations where Danish does not. As an example, the word bil is inflected identically in singular definite/indefinte in Swedish, Danish (and Norwegian?); bil, bilen ("car", "the car"). The differences could really be described in just one paragraph and without redundant examples, and could be generalized to include far more dissimilarities at one time. / Peter Isotalo 04:06, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please !Yuckfoo 22:20, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Norwegian languages. —Simetrical (talk) 22:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nice article. RickK 23:20, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Scandinavian languages. The raison d'être of that article is to explain why the three North Germanic languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are mutually intelligible (and thus, in practice, how they differ). The information is good though, merging could be done just by adding a new header to Scandinavian languages. Salleman 00:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Informative useful article that functions well as a specific sub article of Scandinavian languages. -- Decumanus 00:33, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. ElBenevolente 02:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Scandinavian languages per Salleman. carmeld1 03:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish are the prototypical examples of how the distinction between languages and dialects is often arbitrary. Those three are considered separate languages, but are all mutually intelligible. We should, therefore, have some discussion of the relationships between the languages.  If this article is kept, I would definitely hope to see similar articles comparing Danish and Swedish as well as Norwegian and Swedish.  Alternatively, a single article comparing all three would be fine.  As yet another alternative, all such comparisons could be merged onto the page Scandinavian languages.  Since I have no real preference between those options, no vote besides the probably unnecessary "do not delete". -- Jonel 03:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - and compare Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish. --Angr/undefined 05:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This cannot easily be merged into any single other article, and is sufficiently detailed to merit its own. Xoloz 06:58, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Norwegian and Danish are so close that an article comparing the two is justified. Sjakkalle 06:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, title is too verbose. Radiant_* 09:02, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep too much to merge. JamesBurns 11:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand into a general table of differences betwent the Scandinavian languages. Hornplease 17:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, there is already an extensive article about this sort of comparison between American and English.     16:53, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. As a non-native Scandinavian (as distinguished from Nordic) speaker, I understand the differences between Swedish and Norwegian/Danish, but so far, Norwegian and Danish themselves have seemed completely identical to me. This article must be kept as a source of information of their differences.   — J I P | Talk 17:10, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Some may find it trivial, but it's noteable and useful information and isn't harming anyone. WINP.  Blackcats 00:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I find myself baffled when I encounter a text in either Norwegian or Danish. Though as a suggestion, maybe including differences with other Scandinavian languags too? Just a thought. --Chris 04:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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"Aquifex aeolicus"

"Aquifex aeolicus" is a chemolithoautotrophic, Gram-negative, motile, hyperthermophilic bacterium. "A. aeolicus" is generally rod-shaped with an approximate length of 2.0-6.0μm and a diameter of 0.4-0.5μm. "A. aeolicus" is neither validly nor effectively published and, having no standing in nomenclature, should be styled in quotation marks. It is one of a handful of species in the Aquificota phylum, an unusual group of thermophilic bacteria that are thought to be some of the oldest species of bacteria, related to filamentous bacteria first observed at the turn of the century. "A. aeolicus" is also believed to be one of the earliest diverging species of thermophilic bacteria. "A. aeolicus" grows best in water between 85 °C and 95 °C, and can be found near underwater volcanoes or hot springs. It requires oxygen to survive but has been found to grow optimally under microaerophilic conditions. Due to its high stability against high temperature and lack of oxygen, "A. aeolicus" is a good candidate for biotechnological applications as it is believed to have potential to be used as hydrogenases in an attractive H2/O2 biofuel cell, replacing chemical catalysts. This can be useful for improving industrial processes.

Microbiological Characteristics
Morphology

Mature "A. aeolicus" cells are typically rod-shaped bacterium with an approximate length of 2.0-6.0μm and a diameter of 0.4-0.5μm. These cells are motile by means of a monopolar polytrichous flagella. Additionally, members of the species tend to form large cell conglomerations, of up to 100 individual cells. "A. aeolicus" can display pleomorphism based on variation in the environment.

Metabolism

As an autotroph, "A. aeolicus" has the ability to obtain all necessary carbon by fixing CO2 from the environment and utilizes molecular hydrogen as an electron/energy source. Additionally, this bacterium utilizes a reductive TCA cycle as it provides the substrates of many bio synthetic pathways. The "A. aeolicus" genome contains encoding genes that together could constituent the TCA pathway: fumarate reductase, fumarate hydratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, succinate-CoA ligase, aconitase and citratesynthase. Moreover, this bacterium uses oxygen, hydrogen, and mineral salts as its primary energy sources. "A. aeolicus" can also reduce nitrogen and sulfur.

Regarding its growth under microaerophilic conditions, Aquifex species have been observed to grow in oxygen concentrations as long as 7.5ppm. It is hypothesized that this is possible because 1) their oxygen-respiration system was already highly developed before the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis, 2) the Aquifex lineage came to life after there was a rise in atmospheric oxygen, or 3) oxygen respiration was developed, and then transferred among different bacterial lineages, such as Aquifex. In response to oxidative stress, "A. aeolicus" possesses protective enzymes such as superoxide and peroxide to counter harmful oxygen species.

Habitat
"A. aeolicus" was originally isolated from underwater volcanic vents near the Aeolic Islands (north of Sicily) and has also been isolated from the hot springs in Yellowstone. As a hyperthermophile, "A. aeolicus" can survive up to 95 °C with a temperature optima of 85 °C with a pH optima of 8.0, ranging from 6.8 to 9.0.

Genomic Properties
"Aquifex aeolicus" is the first thermophilic bacterium to have its entire genome sequenced. Comparison of the "Aquifex aeolicus" genome to other organisms showed that around 16% of its genes originated from the Archaea domain. It is most closely related to the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Aquifex pyrophilus, and its close relative, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus.

The genome of "A. aeolicus" has been successfully mapped, but was noted to be only one-third the size of the E. coli genome. The genome of "A. aeolicus" is densely packed while no introns or protein splicing elements were found. It possesses a circular chromosome with 1,551,335 bp and has a G+C content of 43.4%, and contains 1,796 genes. It also contains genes potentially coding for three distinct [NiFe] hydrogenases, however, it is thought that the Aquifex hydrogenases I and II function in energy conservation, where as hydrogenase III is more likely required for CO2fixation. Additionally, during sequencing, a single extra chromosomal element (ECE) was identified, suggesting evidence of genetic exchange between the "A. aeolicus" chromosome and the ECE.

Industrial Applications
Multiple enzymes have been identified for potential future use due to their high stability and capacity to oxidize molecular hydrogen, producing byproducts of heat and water. A key enzyme of note is Hydrogenase I which was used to study the relationship of enzymes and electrodes during the development of H2-fed, energy-generating biofuel cells. Researchers have explored the use of another extremely resistant enzyme known as lumazine synthase. The cage-forming enzyme has been explored as potential drug delivery nano carrier as it was engineered to encapsulate other molecules.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: "Aquifex aeolicus"


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I Shall Be There

"I Shall Be There" is a song by Irish girl group B*Witched, featuring vocals from South African male choral group Ladysmith Black Mambazo. It was released on 6 December 1999 as the second single from their second studio album, Awake and Breathe (1999).

Overview
The recording of the song was a collaboration with African choir Ladysmith Black Mambazo. B*Witched member Edele Lynch along with MSNBC explained the pairing:
 * "We met them backstage at the Brit Awards in 1999, and me and Keavy had been listening to a lot of their stuff, so we asked if they wanted to work with us, and when we came together in the studio it just all kind of fell into place and made for a really interesting experience."

Music video
The music video was directed by Katie Bell. It has a very wild 'African' feel to it and featured two different scenes, a jungle scene with the group wearing appropriate clothing, and a savanna theme which was darker and had the girls dressed in more conservative and earth-coloured outfits. Both scenes feature CGI animals.

Chart performance
"I Shall Be There" was released on 6 December 1999 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 13, becoming B*Witched's first single to miss the UK top 10. It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart, five of which were in the top 40. The single was not released in Australia or New Zealand.

Releases

 * UK CD 1 [668333 2]
 * 1) "I Shall Be There" 4:12
 * 2) "Don't Say Never" 3:54
 * 3) "Does Your Mother Know" 3:11
 * 4) "I Shall Be There" (video)

 * UK CD 2 [xxxxxx x]
 * 1) "I Shall Be There"
 * 2) "I Shall Be There" (The Bold & The Beautiful Christmas Tree Fairy Mix)
 * 3) "I Shall Be There" (The Tomski Mix)

 * UK Cassette [668333 4]
 * 1) "I Shall Be There" 4:12
 * 2) "Don't Say Never" 3:54

 * UK vinyl 1 [XPR 3369]
 * 1) "I Shall Be There" (The Tomski Mix) 6:53
 * 2) "I Shall Be There" (The Bold & The Beautiful Christmas Tree Fairy Mix) 8:42

 * UK vinyl 2 [XPR 3361]
 * 1) "I Shall Be There" (The Bold & The Beautiful Christmas Tree Fairy Mix) 8:42
 * 2) "I Shall Be There" (The Bold & The Beautiful Christmas Tree Fairy Instrumental Mix) 8:38

title: I Shall Be There


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1999 Australian Open

The 1999 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia. It was the 87th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 18 through 31 January 1999. This was the first Grand Slam of the calendar year. Total attendance for the event reached 391,504.

In the singles competition, Petr Korda and Martina Hingis were the defending champions. Korda was unseeded at this tournament and was eliminated in the third round by American 15th seed Todd Martin. This loss resulted in him falling down the rankings from 20th to 76th. Later in July, Korda received a suspension from tennis by the ITF after testing positive for nandrolone at Wimbledon last year. Yevgeny Kafelnikov, on the other hand, ended up becoming the men's champion, defeating surprise finalist Swede Thomas Enqvist in four sets. With this win, Kafelnikov became the first Russian, male or female, to win an Australian Open title. In the women's singles, two-time defending champion Martina Hingis successfully defended her title, defeating another surprise finalist in Frenchwoman Amélie Mauresmo. This win allowed Hingis to join Margaret Court, Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Steffi Graf and Monica Seles as the only women to have won three consecutive Australian Open titles. Amélie Mauresmo would later become the World No. 1 in 2004, and despite being one of the top players of the early to mid-2000s, this would be her only Grand Slam final until the 2006 Australian Open, which she won.

In doubles, the defending champions were Jonas Björkman and Jacco Eltingh for the men's, Martina Hingis and Mirjana Lučić for the women's, and Venus Williams and Justin Gimelstob for the mixed. Eltingh did not participate at this year's Australian Open, leaving Björkman to team up with Australia's Pat Rafter. Rafter and Björkman later won the title, defeating the Indian first seeds Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes in five sets. Hingis and Lučić also separated, with Hingis teaming up with Anna Kournikova and Lučić teaming up with Mary Pierce. Lučić and Pierce fell in the first round, but Hingis and Kournikova went on to win, by defeating first seeds Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva at the final. The mixed doubles competition saw Williams and Gimelstob not competing, and none of the seeds reaching past the second round. In the end, the South African team of Mariaan de Swardt and David Adams won, defeating Williams' sister Serena and her partner Max Mirnyi in the final.

The Juniors Competition saw the first ever junior double, with Kristian Pless and Virginie Razzano both winning their respective singles and doubles titles. Pless defeated Mikhail Youzhny in the singles before teaming up with Jürgen Melzer to defeat the Czech team of Ladislav Chramosta and Michal Navrátil in the doubles. Razzano defeated Katarína Bašternáková in the singles final and teamed up Eleni Daniilidou to defeat South Africans Natalie Grandin and Nicole Rencken in straight sets. The last time a boy won both the singles and doubles title at a Grand Slam was Roger Federer at the previous year's Wimbledon, while the last girl was Cara Black at the Wimbledon the year before. Julien Jeanpierre and Mirjana Lučić were the last players to win Australian Open Junior singles and doubles titles in the same year; in 1998 and 1997 respectively.

Singles players

 * Men's singles
 * Women's singles

Seniors
There were five competitions open to professional tennis players. The Association of Tennis Professionals and Women's Tennis Association awarded ranking points in all events apart from the mixed doubles. The singles draws were contested by one hundred and twenty eight players, while sixty four teams partook in the doubles events, and thirty two teams lined up in the mixed doubles competition.

Men's singles

With World No. 1 Pete Sampras absent, along with World No. 2 and last year's finalist Marcelo Ríos, the No. 1 spot was thought to be up for grabs coming into this year's Australian Open. Andre Agassi was considered the favourite, having won the 1995 Australian Open and having what was thought to be an easy path to the semifinals, Carlos Moyá being the only player considered to be a threat to him. Patrick Rafter was also considered a favourite, despite having in-form players Thomas Enqvist and Mark Philippoussis in his path. Àlex Corretja was another possibility to claim the No. 1 spot, being the World No. 3 and only a third round appearance to defend.

With Ríos' withdrawal, Àlex Corretja was the top seed at No. 2, with US Open champion Patrick Rafter, French Open champion Carlos Moyá and Andre Agassi following. Tim Henman, last year's semifinalist Karol Kučera, Greg Rusedski, Richard Krajicek and Yevgeny Kafelnikov made up the rest of the top 10 seeds. Despite being the defending champion, Petr Korda was not seeded as he was outside the Top 17.

The first round saw the first upset of the tournament, with Moyá falling to World No. 37 Nicolas Kiefer in four sets. 12th seed Albert Costa, 13th seed Cédric Pioline and 16th seed Thomas Johansson also fell in the first round. Corretja, 15th seed Todd Martin and Korda all survived five set encounters. The second round saw the end of Corretja's No. 1 dreams as went down in four sets to World No. 86 Christian Ruud. Rusedski was also the victim of an upset, falling to qualifier Paul Goldstein also in four sets. The third round saw further upsets, as Rafter fell in four sets to Enqvist, Henman went down to Swiss Marc Rosset in three, and Krajicek went down to Wayne Ferreira in five. The third round also saw the end of Korda, falling to Martin in five sets; and Kafelnikov survive an encounter with 1992 and 1993 champion Jim Courier, Courier having retired in the fourth set.

The fourth round saw Martin, Kafelnikov and Kučera being the only seeds to progress to the quarterfinals. 14th seed Mark Philippoussis fell to Enqvist, and Agassi was defeated by World No. 44 Vincent Spadea in four sets. Unseeded players Tommy Haas, Nicolás Lapentti and Marc Rosset also progressed. The quarterfinals saw the end of Martin, being defeated by Kafelnikov in three sets. It also saw Haas defeating Spadea, and Enqvist continuing his good form against Rosset. The quarterfinals also witnessed the end of Kučera, being defeated in a five-set contest against Lapentti. This meant that Sampras would not be forfeiting his No. 1 ranking as previously predicted.

The semifinals saw the final seed in the draw, Kafelnikov, progressing past Haas in three sets to reach his first Grand Slam final since 1996. His opponent was Enqvist, who also passed to the final in three sets, defeating Lapentti. The final saw Enqvist win the first set, before Kafelnikov came back to take the next three. Kafelnikov's ranking rose to No. 3 following this tournament, and he became the first Russian tennis player to win the Australian Open.

Championship match result

🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist, 4–6, 6–0, 6–3, 7–6(7–1)

Women's singles

The seeds of the 1999 Australian Open were led by the previous year's Grand Slam champions. US Open champion Lindsay Davenport was the first seed, Australian Open champion Martina Hingis came second, Wimbledon champion Jana Novotná was third and French Open champion Arantxa Sánchez Vicario was fourth. Following behind came Venus Williams, four-time Australian Open champion Monica Seles, 1995 Australian Open champion Mary Pierce, Patty Schnyder, last year's Australian Open finalist Conchita Martínez, and four-time Australian Open winner Steffi Graf. Dominique Van Roost, Anna Kournikova, Irina Spîrlea, Sandrine Testud, Natasha Zvereva and Amanda Coetzer were also seeded.

The first round of the women's singles saw every seed go through except for 13th seed Irina Spîrlea, who lost to former finalist and last year's semifinalist Anke Huber, 7–5, 6–4. There was a scare, however, for 5th seed Venus Williams, who dropped the first set to World No. 82 Croatian Silvija Talaja, 3–6, and was struggling through the third; at one point being two points away from defeat. However, in the end, she managed to survive, winning, 3–6, 6–3, 9–7. The second round was the setting for the first major upset of the tournament when 4th seed and two-time finalist Arantxa Sánchez Vicario fell easily to the World No. 24 Barbara Schett, 6–2, 6–2. 8th seed Patty Schnyder also fell in the second round to teenage Frenchwoman and World No. 29, Amélie Mauresmo, 6–7(1–7), 6–4, 6–3.

The third round saw 15th seed Natasha Zvereva fall to Chanda Rubin in three sets, last year's finalist and 9th seed Conchita Martínez go down in three sets to Émilie Loit in what was Loit's first Top 10 victory, and another major upset when 3rd seed Jana Novotná lost to Spaniard María Sánchez Lorenzo, 6–3, 6–0. 14th seed Sandrine Testud was almost the victim of another upset, but she saved two match points against her opponent Serena Williams and defeated her, 6–2, 2–6, 9–7. The third round also saw the end of home dreams, when Aussies Nicole Pratt and Jelena Dokić both fell to Amélie Mauresmo and Martina Hingis respectively. The fourth round saw an easy progression for the World No. 1 Lindsay Davenport over the last qualifier remaining, Canadian Maureen Drake. Fellow Americans Venus Williams and Monica Seles also had easy wins; as did Steffi Graf, Mary Pierce and Dominique Van Roost. Defending champion Martina Hingis lost the second set to Amanda Coetzer, but came back to easily take the third, 6–1. The final spot in the quarterfinals was decided by an all-French match between Émilie Loit and Amélie Mauresmo. Mauresmo won the first set without losing a game, and then went on to win the second set, 7–5, despite a valiant effort from Loit.

The quarterfinals saw Davenport easily defeat Williams, Hingis breeze through Pierce, and Seles coming back from 4–5 down in the first set to defeat Graf, 7–5, 6–1, which would be the last match in their rivalry which Seles won; and her only post-stabbing victory over Graf. Surprise quarterfinalist Mauresmo continued her momentum, causing another upset by defeating Van Roost in two sets. In the semifinals, Mauresmo went on to cause the biggest upset of the tournament, by defeating the World No. 1 Davenport in three sets, 4–6, 7–5, 7–5, despite Davenport leading 4–2 in the third set. On the other side, Martina Hingis reached her third consecutive Australian Open final, having defeating Monica Seles, 6–2, 6–4, and restricting Seles' Open Era record for an Australian Open winning streak made by a woman to 33. In the final, Hingis defeated Mauresmo in straight sets, 6–2, 6–3. With this win, Hingis joined Margaret Court, Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Steffi Graf and Monica Seles as the only women to have won three consecutive Australian Open titles.

Championship match result

Martina Hingis defeated 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo, 6–2, 6–3

Men's doubles

Last year's double star and defending champion Jacco Eltingh retired at the end of the previous year, so his former partner Jonas Björkman teamed up with countryman Patrick Rafter as the fifth seed.

The other top seeds were "Indian Express" (Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes) at No. 1, the "Woodies" (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde) at No. 2, Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor at No. 3, and Ellis Ferreira and Rick Leach at No. 4. Former Eltingh partner Paul Haarhuis teamed up with Patrick Galbraith to make the sixth seeded team. Frenchmen Olivier Delaître and Fabrice Santoro were No. 7; and Sébastien Lareau and Alex O'Brien came at No. 8.

The first round saw half of the No. 9 to No. 16 seeds fall; and Lareau and O'Brien joining them. Knowles and Nestor fell in the second round, and Delaître and Santoro went out in the third round. Apart from those casualties, however, all of the Top 8 made the quarterfinals. Also in the quarterfinals were Americans Richey Reneberg and Jonathan Stark, Gustavo Kuerten and Nicolás Lapentti; and tenth seeds Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek.

Kuerten and Lapentti withdrew from the quarterfinals due to Lapentti's unexpected run to the semifinals of the singles competition. As such, Björkman and Rafter (who would've been their opponents) got an effective bye to the semifinals of the doubles. First seeds Bhupathi and Paes joined them, after triumphing over Reneberg and Stark; second seeds Woodbridge and Woodforde followed, defeating Kafelnikov and Vacek; and fourth seeds Ferreira and Leach also went through, defeating Galbraith and Haarhuis.

Bhupathi and Paes easily defeated Ferreira and Leach, 7–6(7–1), 6–3, 7–6(7–5) to end up in the final, where they were joined by Björkman and Rafter; who came back from two sets down to defeat the Woodies, 3–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2, 8–6. The final of the men's doubles ended up also going to five sets after Bhupathi and Paes won a very close tiebreaker in the fourth (12–10). However, Björkman and Rafter took out the fifth set 6–4 to claim Björkman's second and Rafter's only Grand Slam doubles title.

Championship match result

🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman / 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter defeated 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi / 🇮🇳 Leander Paes, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4, 6–7(10–12), 6–4

Women's doubles

With none of the teams present having won a Grand Slam doubles title together, the competition was wide open. Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva were the first seeds, having lost in the finals of all the Grand Slams last year. Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs followed them as the second seed, while last year's doubles star and defending champion Martina Hingis and her new doubles partner Anna Kournikova were the third seed. Veterans Larisa Neiland and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario teamed up to make the fourth seed, while Elena Likhovtseva and Ai Sugiyama came in at No. 5. Conchita Martínez and Patricia Tarabini; Mariaan de Swardt and Elena Tatarkova; and Irina Spîrlea and Caroline Vis were the rest of the top eight seeds. Hingis' former doubles partner and fellow defending champion Mirjana Lučić teamed up with Mary Pierce as the sixteenth seed.

The first round saw one major casualty in Martínez and Tarabini, who fell to wildcards Jelena Dokić and Åsa Carlsson. The first round also saw a quick end to Lučić and Pierce, who fell in straight sets to Christina Singer and Helena Vildová. The second round saw the fall of Likhovtseva and Sugiyama, and Spîrlea and Vis. The only major casualty of the third round was de Swardt and Tatarkova.

All the top three seeds made it to the semifinals, and they were joined by the up-and-coming Williams sisters, who defeated Neiland and Sánchez Vicario en route. Davenport and Zvereva defeated the Williams sisters to reach the final, in what is their fifth consecutive Grand Slam final; and Davenport's fourth consecutive Australian Open final in doubles. They were joined by Hingis and Kournikova, in what is also Hingis' fifth consecutive Grand Slam doubles final and Kournikova's first. Hingis and Kournikova triumphed in straight sets, 7–5, 6–3, to make Hingis' fifth doubles Grand Slam win and the fifth doubles Grand Slam defeat of Davenport and Zvereva.

Championship match result

Martina Hingis / 🇷🇺 Anna Kournikova defeated 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport / 🇧🇾 Natasha Zvereva, 7–5, 6–3

Mixed doubles
The seeds for the mixed doubles title were led by 1991 French Open finalists Caroline Vis and Paul Haarhuis. Anna Kournikova and Mark Knowles came second, while Rennae Stubbs and Jim Grabb and Mirjana Lučić and Mahesh Bhupathi followed.

In a massive surprise, all of the top three seeds fell in the first round, with No. 6 seeds Katrina Adams and Leander Paes and No. 8 seeds Lisa Raymond and Patrick Galbraith following. The second round saw no seeds progressing to the quarterfinals. Lučić and Bhupathi fell to Kimberly Po and Donald Johnson; No. 5 seeds Larisa Neiland and Rick Leach went down to Debbie Graham and Ellis Ferreira; while No. 7 seeds Elena Tatarkova and Cyril Suk were defeated by Mariaan de Swardt and David Adams.

The semifinals had Manon Bollegraf and Pablo Albano, who defeated Vis and Haarhuis earlier, draw against wildcards Serena Williams and Max Mirnyi, who defeated Stubbs and Grabb. The other side had Graham and Ferreira drawn against de Swardt and Adams. Williams and Mirnyi easily defeated Bollegraf and Albano in straight sets, while de Swardt and Adams came back from a set down to defeat Graham and Ferreira. In the final, de Swardt and Adams triumphed after losing the second set to take the decider in a close tiebreak.

Championship match result

Mariaan de Swardt / David Adams defeated 🇺🇸 Serena Williams / 🇧🇾 Max Mirnyi, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(7–5)

Boys' singles

Dane Kristian Pless headed the seeds of the Boys' Singles, with Jarkko Nieminen, Ladislav Chramosta, Éric Prodon and Jaroslav Levinský made up the rest of the Top 5.

All the seeds passed the first round without severe difficulty. The first upsets came in the second round Chramosta fell to American Levar Harper-Griffith, and fellow seeds David Martin, Mark Hilton and Alex Bogomolov Jr. joining him.

The quarterfinals consisted off Pless, 8th seed Jean-Christophe Faurel, Harper-Griffith, Francesco Aldi (who upset 7th seed Andy Roddick en route), Levinský, Prodon, Simone Amorico (who upset 6th seed Jürgen Melzer) and Mikhail Youzhny (who defeated Nieminen). Pless defeated Faurel, Aldi defeated Harper-Griffith, and Youzhny defeated Amorico all in two sets, while Levinský took three sets involving a lengthy third set to defeat Prodon, 3–6, 6–0, 9–7.

Pless only dropped two games to defeat Aldi and advance to the final. His opponent was Youzhny, who defeated Levinský, 7–6, 7–5. Pless defeated Youzhny, 6–4, 6–3, to capture the Boys' Singles title.

Championship match result

Kristian Pless defeated 🇷🇺 Mikhail Youzhny, 6–4, 6–3

Girls' singles

The field for this year's Girls' Singles was headed by Nadia Petrova, who despite being the first seed, had to go through the qualifying. Slovenia's Tina Hergold was seeded second, and Wynne Prakusya was third, despite also having to go through qualifying. Greek Eleni Daniilidou and American Ansley Cargill made the rest of the Top 5.

The first round saw a quick end to Cargill, winning only three games against Italian qualifier Flavia Pennetta. 7th seed Iveta Benešová also departed, along with 15th seed Györgyi Zsíros. Three further seeds were defeated in the second round: Czech 8th seed Dája Bedáňová, 11th seed Michelle Gerards, and 16th seed Aniela Mojzis.

Petrova, Hergold and Daniilidou all made the quarterfinals. Prakusya was upset in three sets by New Zealand's 12th seed Leanne Baker. 13th Virginie Razzano also made it the quarterfinals, as did 9th seed Katarína Bašternáková by defeating American 8th seed Laura Granville en route. Unseeded players Hannah Collin and Roberta Vinci also made a quarterfinal appearance.

Petrova and Hergold defeated Collin and Vinci to reach the semifinals in two sets. Bašternáková disposed of Baker in three to meet Hergold, while Razzano dropped the first set but won the next two to upset Daniilidou and meet Petrova. The semifinals saw Razzano stun Petrova by defeating the Russian in straight sets. Bašternáková was struggling against Hergold, but ended up winning in three sets to make a final appearance. Razzano ended up dominating Bašternáková in the final, only dropping two games to win.

Championship match result

🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano defeated 🇸🇰 Katarína Bašternáková, 6–1, 6–1

Boys' doubles
Americans Bo Hodge and David Martin were the first seeds. Czechs Ladislav Chramosta and Michal Navrátil came second, while Jürgen Melzer teamed up with the first seed in singles, Kristian Pless, as the third seeded team.

The first round saw an early exit to Hodge and Martin, falling to Canadians Philip Gubenco and Charles-Antoine Sévigny. South African fifth seeds Andrew McDade and Dirk Stegmann, Norwegian fifth seeds Stian Boretti and Jørgen Vestli, and American sixth seeds Simone Amorico and Alex Bogomolov Jr. also fell. The remaining seeds then proceeded through the quarterfinals without too much trouble.

Chramosta and Navrátil got a virtual bye through to the semifinals after their opponents, Maximilian Abel and Jaroslav Levinský, withdrew. Melzer and Pless passed easily to the semifinals, as did Italian fourth seeds Francesco Aldi and Stefano Mocci. Gubenco and Sévigny also advanced.

Melzer and Pless fought off a three-set contest from their Canadian opponents to win, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2. The other semifinal match saw Chramosta and Navrátil recover from losing the first set in a tiebreak, to win the second in another tiebreak and the third in a bagel. The first set of the final also ended up being a tiebreak, which went to the Czechs. However, Melzer and Pless came back, only dropping three games, to take the next two sets and the championships.

Championship match result

🇦🇹 Jürgen Melzer / Kristian Pless defeated 🇨🇿 Ladislav Chramosta / 🇨🇿 Michal Navrátil, 6–7, 6–3, 6–0

Girls' doubles
The American team of Ansley Cargill and Lindsay Dawaf led the field, with Dája Bedáňová and Aniela Mojzis following as the second seeds, and Slovaks Katarína Bašternáková and Zuzana Kučová coming in third.

The first round witnessed the defeat of the fourth seeded Czechs Dominika Luzarová and Iveta Benešová, as well as the defeat of the sixth, seventh and eighth seeds. The second round saw one further upset, with Cargill and Dawaf falling to Eleni Daniilidou and Virginie Razzano. Despite winning the first set, 6–4, the Americans only won one game in the final two sets.

Bedáňová and Mojzis progressed through to the semifinals by defeating Aussies Monique Adamczak and Sarah Stone in three sets. No such success came, however, for Bašternáková and Kučová, as they fell in two sets to South African fifth seeds Natalie Grandin and Nicole Rencken. Daniilidou and Razzano also progressed, while the final spot in the semifinals was won by home hopes Melanie-Ann Clayton and Nicole Sewell.

Clayton and Sewell won the first set against Daniilidou and Razzano, but the Europeans prevailed, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4. The other semifinal match also went to three sets, but Grandin and Rencken ended up defeating Bedáňová and Mojzis, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4. The final was decisive, with Daniilidou and Razzano dominating Grandin and Rencken throughout, only dropping two games to win, 6–1, 6–1.

Championship match result

Eleni Daniilidou / 🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano defeated Natalie Grandin /  Nicole Rencken, 6–1, 6–1

Men's singles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Wayne Arthurs
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Mark Draper
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt
 * 4) 🇦🇺 Toby Mitchell
 * 5) 🇦🇺 Joseph Sirianni
 * 6) 🇦🇺 Sandon Stolle
 * 7) 🇯🇵 Takao Suzuki
 * 8) 🇦🇺 Michael Tebbutt

Women's singles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Catherine Barclay
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Jelena Dokić
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Evie Dominikovic
 * 4) 🇦🇺 Annabel Ellwood
 * 5) 🇦🇺 Rachel McQuillan
 * 6) 🇦🇺 Alicia Molik
 * 7) 🇰🇷 Park Sung-hee
 * 8) 🇦🇺 Cindy Watson

Men's doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Grant Doyle / 🇦🇺 Ben Ellwood
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Scott Draper / 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Paul Hanley / 🇦🇺 Nathan Healey
 * 4) 🇦🇺 Toby Mitchell / 🇦🇺 Andrew Painter
 * 5) 🇦🇺 Dejan Petrovic / 🇦🇺 Grant Silcock

Women's doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇸🇪 Åsa Carlsson / 🇦🇺 Jelena Dokić
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Evie Dominikovic / 🇦🇺 Cindy Watson
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Amanda Grahame / 🇦🇺 Bryanne Stewart
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Meilen Tu / 🇩🇪 Marlene Weingärtner

Mixed doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Jelena Dokić / 🇦🇺 Michael Tebbutt
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Lisa McShea / 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams / 🇧🇾 Max Mirnyi

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇩🇪 Rainer Schüttler
 * 2) 🇧🇾 Vladimir Voltchkov
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Paul Goldstein
 * 4)  Justin Bower
 * 5) 🇩🇪 Edwin Kempes
 * 6) 🇪🇸 Javier Sánchez
 * 7) 🇩🇪 Lars Burgsmüller
 * 8) 🇫🇷 Stéphane Huet
 * 9) 🇺🇸 Cecil Mamiit
 * 10) 🇸🇪 Fredrik Jonsson
 * 11) 🇧🇷 Márcio Carlsson
 * 12) 🇷🇺 Andrei Cherkasov
 * 13)  Marcos Ondruska
 * 14) 🇦🇹 Markus Hipfl
 * 15) 🇺🇸 David Caldwell
 * 16) 🇨🇿 Petr Luxa

Lucky losers

 * 1) 🇩🇪 Bernd Karbacher
 * 2) 🇪🇸 Óscar Serrano

Women's singles

 * 1) 🇷🇺 Nadia Petrova
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Jill Craybas
 * 3) 🇨🇦 Maureen Drake
 * 4) 🇨🇿 Lenka Němečková
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Erika deLone
 * 6)  Tina Križan
 * 7) 🇨🇿 Sandra Kleinová
 * 8) 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva

Prize money
Total prize money for the event was A$11,008,700.

title: 1999 Australian Open


text:
Corona México 200

The Corona México 200 presented by Banamex is a discontinued NASCAR Nationwide Series stock car race held at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez road course in Mexico City, Mexico. The inaugural race was held in 2005 and the final race was held in 2008. The 2005 race marked the first time that NASCAR had run a Busch Series race on a road course since 2001, and at one time the Mexico City race was one of three road races on the Busch/Nationwide circuit (joining races at Watkins Glen and Montreal).

Much attention was directed towards this race, as it was the first NASCAR points-paying race outside the United States since 1952. The only recent international races for NASCAR had been those at the Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi (1996–1998) in Japan, but the races were non-points-paying exhibition races. In 1952, NASCAR sanctioned points-paying races on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls.

The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez track is a very popular track for open-wheel racing such as Formula One and Champ Car. However, some adjustments were necessary to adapt the course for stock cars. The most significant alteration involved the introduction of a chicane on the pit straight. Additionally, a link was incorporated to bypass Curva Héctor Rebaque, instead integrating a sweeping curve between the track's short circuit curve and Ese del Lago. This modification was prompted by the intensified braking demands of the heavier stock cars. It's important to note that, unlike the Champ Car race, the stock cars do not navigate through the chicane at Peraltada. Notably, in 2007, the frontstretch "Bus stop chicane" was removed from the course configuration for the stock cars.

2005 Telcel-Motorola 200
Ticket sales were good, and fans packed the track after the announcement that several local drivers would drive NASCAR entries normally driven by other drivers. Among them were open-wheel star Adrián Fernández, Jorge Goeters, Mara Reyes (a female driver), Carlos Contreras, and Michel Jourdain Jr. who had just moved to NASCAR from Champ Car.

Jorge Goeters won the pole position for the event, with a lap average speed of 103.366 mph. Goeters led the NASCAR field for the first twenty-four laps, but Martin Truex Jr., then moved into the lead for several laps. The home crowd roared loudly when he was displaced by Mexico native Adrián Fernández, who led for several laps before giving up the lead to Truex, who went on to win the race. The top Mexican native finisher was Fernández, who finished tenth. Pole winner Jorge Goeters finished thirty-eighth after engine failure. Reyes finished thirty-fifth, Contreras thirty-sixth, and Jourdain thirty-seventh.

2006 Telcel-Motorola 200
Denny Hamlin took his first Busch Series win with an impressive performance at the track. Road-course ringer Boris Said made another fine visit to take second place after providing Hamlin with his stiffest challenge. After his third top-five finish from six Busch starts, Said admitted: "We just got beat. Denny Hamlin's the real deal."

Kyle Busch had looked like a victory contender but angered the home crowd, when he hit local driver Michel Jourdain Jr. following a rash move into turn eight. Jourdain was out on the spot, and Busch dropped down to seventh. Third place went to the points leader, Kevin Harvick, with J. J. Yeley in fourth and Paul Menard fifth. Post-race, Marc Goossens, who made his Busch series debut in the No. 90 Robert Yates car, was lauded for leading 2 laps during the event and coming home in the 9th position.

2007 Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200
Juan Pablo Montoya took his first Busch Series win. Defending race winner Denny Hamlin seemed to be the only one who could give the Colombia native a run for his money and settled for second.

The win was bittersweet for Montoya and his team, as with only 9 laps to go, Montoya's teammate, Scott Pruett driving the No. 41 Dodge, attempted to block Montoya, who had fresher tires. As the two drove into turn one, Pruett moved down low, and Montoya did not back off, spinning Pruett and forcing many drivers into the grass. Third went to road course ace Boris Said; in fourth was new points leader Carl Edwards (due to Kevin Harvick not being in the race), and Pruett would come back from the 17th position to round out the top five.

The collision with Pruett came at the climax of an impressive drive by Montoya. On his final scheduled pit stop at lap 44, a failure in the overflow valve in the refuelling system prevented his team from filling his fuel tank, requiring an additional stop on lap 54 to repair the problem and top off the fuel tank, with his returning to the track in 19th place. Montoya then took advantage of his having fresher tires than anyone else to move up to second place within fifteen laps, despite his advance being slowed by a number of full-course cautions, putting him in position to pass Pruett, leading to the incident mentioned above.

Pruett was not pleased with his teammate post-race, stating "That was nasty dirty driving."

2008 Corona Mexico 200
In the farewell running of the Mexico City race, the renamed Corona Mexico 200 was an action-filled race. Because of the unique layout of the course, road course ringers were prominent in the field, such as Scott Pruett, Boris Said, Patrick Carpentier, Adrian Fernandez, DJ Kennington, Michel Jourdain Jr., Chris Cook, and Kevin O'Connell.

The pole sitter was Colin Braun in Roush-Fenway Racing's No. 16 Ford. Starting second was road course ringer Scott Pruett. Pruett was looking to avenge his heartbreaking loss the previous season. The race saw a couple of the road course ringers in contention for the win. Pruett led the most laps and was the class of the whole field. He proceeded to lead 36 of the 80 laps, giving up the lead only during pit stop cycles and small green-flag runs. Australian second-year driver Marcos Ambrose was involved in a heated incident with Boris Said when he wrecked Said on a restart. Boris replied by pointing the finger at Ambrose during the resulting caution and vowing retaliation. Kyle Busch passed Pruett with 7 laps to go to win the race, while Ambrose finished 2nd.

Past winners

 * 2007: Race extended due to a green–white–checker finish.

title: Corona México 200


text:
Varanger Peninsula

The Varanger Peninsula (Varangerhalvøya; Várnjárga; Varenkinniemi ) is a peninsula in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the northeasternmost part of Norway, along the Barents Sea. The peninsula has the Tanafjorden to the west, the Varangerfjorden to the south, and the Barents Sea to the north and east. The municipalities of Vadsø, Båtsfjord, Berlevåg, Vardø, Tana, and Nesseby share the 2069 km2 peninsula. Nesseby and Tana are only partially on the peninsula, with the rest being entirely on the peninsula. The Varangerhalvøya National Park protects most of the land on the peninsula.

Geography
The area has rugged mountain terrain with altitudes of up to 633 m. Much of the relief of the peninsula is a paleic surface similar to the one found in the highlands of southern Norway. In the peninsula the paleic surface is made up of an undulating plateau between the altitudes of 200 and 600 m.a.s.l. The higher parts of the undulating plateau are made up by erosion-resistant rocks like quartzite. The lower parts are made up by weak rocks like shale and mudstone. At intermediate levels sandstone is common. Some parts of the paleic surface in Varanger Peninsula are a re-exposed unconformity that underlie sedimentary rock of Vendian (Late Neoproterozoic) age. The paleic surface might have been uplifted as much as 200–250 meters since middle Pliocene times.

Landforms resulting from Quaternary periglaciation are recurrent across the peninsula. Among the most common are block fields and solifluction lobes. Blockfields are most extensive on the northern half of the peninsula, chiefly in the plateau area. Polygonal ground is found in some places, but there are no known modern ice wedges. Permafrost was as of 1985 only known from bogs, and in a few places this permafrost had originated thermokarst depressions.

Geology
The peninsula gave its name to the Varangian glaciation episode. It is largely composed of Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, locally overlying crystalline basement of the Baltic Shield. Two ancient fault systems divide the geology of the peninsula into three groups, where the NE side of the peninsula (North Varanger region) is separated from the SW by the Trollfjord-Komagelva strike-slip fault, and the SW side is divided approximately NNE-SSW by thrusting of the Scandinavian Caledonides over the Baltic Shield.

In the North Varanger region, sedimentary rocks were deposited during the Tonian/early-mid Cryogenian (Barents Sea Group), followed by a depositional hiatus that lasted until the late Ediacaran, when the Løkvifjell Group was deposited. Notable strata of the Barents Sea Group are the Kongsfjord and Båsnæring formations, which form prominent ridges and cliffs along the Fv341 road. Outcrops of the overlying Båtsfjord Formation are generally not as prominent, but are notable for containing molar tooth structures, as well as teepee structures, desiccation cracks, flaser bedding, and other sedimentary structures that indicate deposition in an inter-tidal, intermittently exposed environment. Stable carbon isotope ratio chemostratigraphy has been used to correlate the Annijokka Member of the Båtsfjord Formation with other Neoproterozoic successions around the world, suggesting it was deposited approximately 811 million years ago, during the Bitter Springs carbon isotope excursion.

Strata deposited on the SW half of the Varanger Peninsula mostly formed during the mid-late Cryogenian, Ediacaran, and Paleozoic. Notably, this includes glacial diamictite sedimentary rocks that formed during the Marinoan 'Snowball Earth' (Smalfjord Formation of the Vestertana Group), and the overlying 'cap carbonate' of the Nyborg Formation (Vestertana Group). Small outcrops of barite crystals related to 'Snowball Earth' deglaciation are found locally on outcrops of the Baltic Shield.

Climate
A part of the peninsula, including the town of Vardø (located on an island just off the coast of the peninsula), earlier had an Arctic tundra climate but with the updated 1991-2020 climate normals, this is mostly gone. However, much of the peninsula is at some altitude and are alpine tundra. On the south coast, including the town of Vadsø, there is sufficient summer heat for birch trees to grow.

Fauna
Arctic fox exist, and 79 cubs were registered in 2023.

The Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management has a project on the peninsula for the reintroduction and protection of the Arctic fox, which is critically endangered on the Norwegian mainland. In addition to introducing animals into nature, the larger and stronger red fox is hunted down.

There are many species of sea birds along the coast of the peninsula; some arctic species of birds spend the winters along the coast of the peninsula.

title: Varanger Peninsula


text:
Anti-replay

Anti-replay is a sub-protocol of IPsec that is part of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The main goal of anti-replay is to avoid hackers injecting or making changes in packets that travel from a source to a destination. Anti-replay protocol uses a unidirectional security association in order to establish a secure connection between two nodes in the network. Once a secure connection is established, the anti-replay protocol uses packet sequence numbers to defeat replay attacks as follows: When the source sends a message, it adds a sequence number to its packet; the sequence number starts at 0 and is incremented by 1 for each subsequent packet. The destination maintains a 'sliding window' record of the sequence numbers of validated received packets; it rejects all packets which have a sequence number which is lower than the lowest in the sliding window (i.e. too old) or already appears in the sliding window (i.e. duplicates/replays). Accepted packets, once validated, update the sliding window (displacing the lowest sequence number out of the window if it was already full).

title: Anti-replay


text:
North Leverton with Habblesthorpe

North Leverton with Habblesthorpe is a village and civil parish in the Bassetlaw district, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. It is about 5 miles or 8 km east of Retford. The population (including the hamlet of Coates) as at the 2011 Census was 1,047, and in the Census 2021 it had increased to 1,079.

Unlike other civil parishes with a name of the form "X with Y", North Leverton with Habblesthorpe is shown as a village name on Ordnance Survey maps and thus has the longest name of a village in England and is the second longest in Europe, behind a Welsh village. These were considered separate parishes and settlements until 1884 when a process to merge the two was completed.

The village has a primary school, a parish church, a small village store/post office, and a pub, The Royal Oak.

North Leverton Windmill
The village has a working windmill which was built in 1813 and is a grade II* listed building. The windmill is open every Saturday, and sells wholemeal, spelt, white flour, oats and souvenirs. There is no admission fee to enter the mill. Tours are free, but there is a donation box with all donations going towards the upkeep of the mill.

St Martin's Church
The parish church of St Martin is medieval, the oldest part being the south doorway of ca. 1200. The church was built in the Norman period, circa 1200. The ornate window tracery of the south aisle and the chancel, dating from around 1300–40, is the chief feature of interest. The west tower is Perpendicular.

The church was restored in 1878.

Habblesthorpe
Habblesthorpe now survives largely as an overgrown churchyard with a small number of gravestones. Between 1613 and 1623 it was known as a place couples could resort to for a clandestine marriage.

Habblesthorpe Manor is a small early 17th century brick-built house. This is listed as a grade II listed building on the British Listed Buildings website.

title: North Leverton with Habblesthorpe


text:
List of universities and colleges in Slovakia

This is a list of universities and colleges in Slovakia.

Terminology
The Slovak term "vysoká škola" ("school of higher education", literally "high school", compare the German name Hochschule), which for lack of other expressions is also translated into English as "college", can refer to all schools of higher (i.e. tertiary) education, or in a narrower sense only to those schools of higher education that are not universities.

For an explanation of the terms public/state/private school see Education in Slovakia.

Current schools of higher education
The schools are ordered by the name of their seat.

Public schools of higher education

 * Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica
 * Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica
 * Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
 * Comenius University in Bratislava
 * University of Economics in Bratislava
 * Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava
 * Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava
 * Selye János University in Komárno – the only Hungarian language school of higher education in Slovakia
 * University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice
 * Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
 * Technical University of Košice
 * University of Constantinus the Philosopher in Nitra
 * Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
 * University of Prešov in Prešov
 * Catholic University in Ružomberok
 * University of Trnava in Trnava
 * University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius of Trnava
 * Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín in Trenčín
 * Technical University in Zvolen
 * University of Žilina in Žilina

State schools of higher education

 * Police Academy in Bratislava
 * Slovak Medical University in Bratislava
 * Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav Štefánik in Liptovský Mikuláš

Private schools of higher education

 * College of International and Public Relations Prague
 * Bratislava School of Law
 * Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA)
 * School of Economics and Management in Public Administration in Bratislava
 * Dubnica Technology Institute in Dubnica nad Váhom
 * St. Elizabeth College of Health and Social Work in Bratislava, n. o.
 * Security Management College in Košice
 * International Business College ISM Slovakia in Prešov
 * Danubius University
 * College of Management in Trenčín – a subsidiary of the foreign City University
 * Ján Albrecht Music and Art Academy in Banská Štiavnica
 * DSA - Deutsch-Slowakische Akademien

Historical schools of higher education
Chronological development of (known) schools of higher education up to the present

 * cca. 864–885: Great Moravian Academy (probably in Devín)
 * 1465–1491: Universitas Istropolitana (Academia Istropolitana)
 * 1635–1777: University of Trnava (1777 moved to Buda, 1786 to Pest)
 * 1657–1777/1921: University of Košice (1777-1850 turned to a Royal Academy, 1850-1921 to a Law Academy)
 * 1667–early 20th century: Prešov Collegium
 * 1763-1919: Mining and Forestry Academy in Banská Štiavnica (1919 moved to Sopron, Hungary)
 * 1768-1776: Collegium oeconomicum in Senec
 * 1777-1912: Royal Academy (in Trnava first, 1784 moved to Bratislava, 1850 – 1912 called Imperial and Royal Academy, 1912 part of the Elizabethan University-see below)
 * 1860-1919: Law Academy in Prešov
 * 1880-?: Greek Catholic Academy of Divinity in Prešov
 * 1882-?: Evangelic Lutheran Theological Academy in Prešov
 * 1892-?: Evangelic Lutheran Theological Academy in Bratislava
 * 1906 - 1918: Agricultural Academy in Košice
 * 1912-1919: Elizabethan University in Bratislava
 * since 1919: Comenius University (1939-1954 called Slovak University)
 * since 1937: Slovak University of Technology (initially called Slovak College of Technology, 1938 moved to Martin, 1939 to Bratislava)
 * since 1940: University of Economics (1940-1945 called Commercial College, 1945-1949 Slovak Commercial College, 1949 – 1952 College of Economic Sciences, 1952 – 1990s Economic College)
 * 1946 – 1952: College of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering in Košice (1952 divided to the College of Agriculture in Nitra and the College of Forestry and Wood Processing in Zvolen)
 * since 1949: College/Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava
 * since 1949: College/Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava
 * since 1952: Technical University of Košice (initially called College of Technology)
 * since 1952: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (initially called College of Agriculture in Nitra, in 1992 part of the Nitra University)
 * since 1952: Technical University in Zvolen (initially called College of Forestry and Wood Processing in Zvolen)
 * od 1959/1992: University of Constantinus the Philosopher in Nitra (1959-1964 a pedagogical institute, 1964 – 1992 an independent Pedagogical Faculty, in 1992 part of Nitra University, 1992-1996 called Pedagogical College)
 * od 1960: University of Žilina (initially called College of Transportation, 1979 – 1990s College of Transportation and Communications)
 * 1953 – 1959: Pedagogical College in Bratislava (1959 again part of the Comenius University)
 * since 1959: Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (it arose from a subsidiary of the Faculty of Medicine of the Comenius University in 1948)
 * 1969 – (?)1974: so-called University of November 17 in Bratislava (a subsidiary of the university of the same name in Prague)
 * 1969(?) – (?)1990: Military Political Academy of Klement Gottwald (until 1972 a political faculty of the Military Academy of Klement Gottwald, 1969 moved from ? to Bratislava)
 * 1970 – (?)1990: an independent faculty of the Political College in Prague established by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
 * since 1970: University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice (initially called Veterinary College, it arose from a faculty of the College of Agriculture that stayed in Košice after the College of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering has been abolished.)
 * 1973 – 1990: Faculty of Investigation of the ŠtB (a KGB equivalent) in Bratislava of the College of National Security Corps (i.e. police academy) based in Prague (in 1990 a part of the employees switched to the Institute for Education and Teaching of the Federal Ministry of the Interion, see also below since 1992)
 * since 1991: City University, Bellevue, USA (grants diplomas accredited in the US, not in Slovakia)
 * since 1991/92: University of Matej Bel in Banská Bystrica (arose from an independent Pedagogical Faculty founded in 1959 and from a faculty of the University of Economics having been active in Banská Bystrica since 1973)
 * since 1992: (the new) University of Trnava
 * 1 July 1992 – 11 Dec. 1992: Nitra University (arose through a - temporary - merge of the Pedagogical Faculty in Nitra and of the College of Agriculture in Nitra)
 * 2005-2021: University of Central Europe in Skalica
 * since 1992: Police Academy in Bratislava
 * since 1993: General Milan Rastislav Štefánik Armed Forces Academy in Liptovský Mikuláš (until 2004 called the Military Academy in Liptovský Mikuláš)
 * since ? - 2004: General Milan Rastislav Štefánik Air Force Academy in Košice (until 1993 called Air Force College of the Slovak National Uprising in Košice, in 2004 merged with the University of Technology in Košice)
 * since 1997: University of St. Cyril and Methodius of Trnava
 * since 1997: Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín in Trenčín (until 2002 called the University of Trenčín (?))
 * since 1997: Academy of Arts in Banská Bystrica
 * since 1997: University of Prešov in Prešov (arose by splitting from the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University)
 * since 1999: College of Management in Trenčín
 * since 2000: Catholic University in Ružomberok (arose from the Religions Teacher's Faculty of the University of Žilina, which had been created within the Trnava University in 1996 from a pedagogical institute and made part of the University of Žilina in 1997)
 * since 2002: Slovak Medical University in Bratislava (it arose from the Slovak Postgraduate Academy founded in ?)
 * od 2003: St. Elizabeth College of Health and Social Work, n. o.
 * since 2004: Ján Selye University in Komárno (a Hungarian language university)
 * since 2004: Bratislava College of Law
 * since 2004: College of Public Administration Economics and Management in Bratislava
 * since 2005: College in Sládkovičovo
 * since 2005: International Business College ISM Slovakia in Prešov
 * since 2006: Dubnica Technology Institute in Dubnica nad Váhom
 * since 2006: Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA)
 * since 2006: Security Management College in Košice
 * since 2008: Ján Albrecht Music and Art Academy in Banská Štiavnica


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Norman Coburn

Norman Coburn (born 6 March 1937) is an Australian former actor and playwright best known for his television serial and soap opera roles. He started his early career in theatre, film and television in the United Kingdom in the mid-1950s.

Coburn became famous as High School English teacher and Deputy/headmaster Donald Fisher in the early years of the soap opera Home and Away. As one of 16 original cast members, he appeared from the pilot episode in 1988 until 2003, and reprised the character in brief sporadic returns between 2004 and 2007. Coburn retired in 2008, with the exception of a TV series guest appearance in 2019 with Home and Away co-star Debra Lawrence.

Early life
Coburn was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and trained with the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust in North Sydney, Australia, before travelling to Britain in the 1950s to pursue an acting career. He appeared briefly in iconic British TV shows such as Dixon of Dock Green and Coronation Street. He quit acting for a time and worked as a restaurateur in London before moving to Cornwall in the south west of the country. Here he owned a vineyard and was involved in converting BBC ventriloquist and artist Francis Coudrill's studio in St Ives into The Mermaid Seafood Restaurant. After being in Cornwall for a number of years in the 1970s, he returned to Australia in the early 1980s and decided to take on acting roles again, one of which, would be the role of Donald Fisher in soap opera Home and Away.

Career
Coburn is best known for his portrayal of Donald Fisher, the principal of Summer Bay High School, in the Australian soap opera Home and Away. He appeared from the show's pilot episode in 1988 until 2003. Coburn was featured in the Guinness World Records as the longest serving actor in an Australian serial, along with co-stars Ray Meagher and Kate Ritchie. Since his departure from Home and Away, he has returned in consecutive guest appearances, the last being in 2007.

In 2014, 11 years after leaving Home and Away, he was featured in a photo shoot for New Idea, in a reunion with former cast members Nicolle Dickson who played his daughter Bobby, Ross Newton (Greg) and Ryan Clark who played his grandson.

Coburn has also appeared briefly in guest roles in soap opera including The Young Doctors, A Country Practice, Sons and Daughters, Special Squad, The Hollowmen and Rosehaven.

Personal life
Coburn originally resided in Perth, and later Brisbane, Queensland. He currently resides on Bruny Island, and located off the south-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia. His daughter Nana Coburn, (born 28 September 1971) is an actress best known her two roles as Vicki Baxter and Lisa Matthews on Home and Away.

Theatre

 * sourced from AusStage

title: Norman Coburn


text:
Nicholas Platt

Nicholas Platt (born March 10, 1936) is an American diplomat who served as U.S. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Pakistan, Philippines, Zambia, and as a high level diplomat in Canada, China, Hong Kong, and Japan. He is the former president of the Asia Society in New York City.

Early years
Platt was born in New York City on March 10, 1936. He is the son of Helen (née Choate) Platt and architect Geoffrey Platt.

His maternal grandfather was Joseph H. Choate Jr., and his great-grandfather was diplomat and lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate, who was appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1899 by President William Mckinley. Joseph's brother, William Gardner Choate, established Choate Rosemary Hall. Notable Choate alumni include, "John F. Kennedy, Ivanka Trump, Michael Douglas and Jamie Lee Curtis". Among his family members cousin, Ben Bradlee, who was also a Choate and best friend's with President John F. Kennedy who was Choate alumni. Bradlee oversaw the Watergate investigation story while working at the Washington Post. This ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon.

Platt graduated from the prep school St. Paul's School, Harvard College (B.A., 1957) and Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (M.A., 1959). At Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club and the Porcellian Club. He is articulate in the Chinese, German, French, and Japanese languages.

Career
Platt began his career as a research assistant at the Washington Center for Foreign Policy Research before entering the Foreign Service of the United States in 1959. Reportedly, he was inspired to join the Foreign Service by his great-grandfather, Ambassador Joseph Hodges Choate. From 1959 to 1961, he served as vice consul in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. From 1962 to 1963, he studied the Chinese language at the Foreign Service Institute and in Taichung, Taiwan. In 1964, he was assigned as political officer at the American consulate general in Hong Kong until 1968, when he became China desk officer in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.

From 1969 to 1971, Platt was chief of the Asian Communist Areas Division of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. In 1971–1973, he served as Deputy Director, and then Director, of the Secretariat Staff in the Department of State. As a young diplomat, Platt accompanied President Richard Nixon on the historic trip to Beijing in 1972 that signaled the resumption of relations between the U.S. and China.

Platt was assigned as chief of the political section, U.S. Liaison Office, Peking, China, 1973–1974, and then as deputy chief of the political section at the Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, 1974–1977. He returned to Washington to serve as Director for Japanese Affairs in 1977 and then served as a staff member on the National Security Council at the White House from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 to 1981, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs in the U.S. Department of Defense. From 1981 to 1982, he returned to the Department of State as Deputy Assistant Secretary, International Organization Affairs.

Ambassador Platt shared his career experiences through several oral histories that he shared with the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training and are now available as part of Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, first in 1994 and again in 2005.

Ambassadorships
On July 22, 1982, President Reagan appointed Platt to succeed Frank G. Wisner as the U.S. Ambassador to Zambia. He presented his credentials on August 31, 1982 and served until he left his post on December 17, 1984 to become the Special Assistant to the Secretary of State and Executive Secretary of the U.S. Department of State. Platt stayed as Executive Secretary until February 13, 1987.

On August 10, 1987, he was again appointed by Reagan as the U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines, succeeding Stephen W. Bosworth. Platt presented his credentials on August 27, 1987 and served in this role through George H. W. Bush's election as president until he left his post on July 20, 1991, after receiving his subsequent appointment by President Bush, when he was replaced by Wisner.

On July 2, 1991, President Bush appointed Platt to succeed Robert B. Oakley as the U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan in Islamabad, where he remained until he left his post on November 3, 1992. He was succeeded as Ambassador by John Cameron Monjo.

Later career
Following his retirement from the State Department, in 1992 Platt began serving as the fifth president of Asia Society, a non-profit organization that focuses on educating the world about Asia. He also was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and was a member of the International Advisory Board of the Financial Times.

Personal life
On June 28, 1957, he married Sheila Maynard at the Protestant Episcopal Church in Rhinebeck, New York. Sheila was a clinical social worker who worked in Islamabad. She was the daughter of Eileen (née Burden) and investment banker Walter Maynard (son of Walter E. Maynard), and the maternal-granddaughter of banker and equestrian Arthur Scott Burden, and the Hon. Cynthia Burke Roche.

 * Adam Platt, a restaurant critic for New York Magazine.
 * Oliver Platt (b. 1960), an actor.
 * Nicholas Platt Jr.

He frequently spends his summers in North Haven, Maine.

title: Nicholas Platt


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Weißenburg in Bayern

Weißenburg in Bayern, formerly also Weißenburg im Nordgau, Weißenburg am Sand, is a town in Middle Franconia, Germany. It is the capital of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. In 2020 its population was 18,578. Weißenburg was a free imperial city for 500 years.

Location
Weißenburg is located in central Bavaria, in the south of the administrative region Mittelfranken. Large cities in the area are Ingolstadt (55.5 km), Nuremberg (61.7 km), Augsburg (85 km), Munich (134.6 km), and Würzburg (150.4 km).

Subdivision
The municipality is divided into 27 Ortsteile: the main town and the 26 villages of Dettenheim, Emetzheim, Gänswirtshaus, Haardt, Hagenbuch, Hammermühle, Hattenhof, Häuser am Wülzburger Berg, Heuberg, Holzingen, Kattenhochstatt, Kehl, Laubenthal, Markhof, Niederhofen, Oberhochstatt, Potschmühle, Rohrwalk, Rothenstein (Weißenburg), Schleifer am Berg, Schmalwiesen, Stadelhof, Suffersheim, Weimersheim, Weißenhof and Wülzburg.

Early history
The history of Weißenburg is generally traced back to the Roman fort that was built in the area towards the end of the first century. The settlement, which included Thermae, lay on the border of the Roman Empire and on the Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century it had the name Biriciana. Germanic tribes destroyed the fort and settled in what is still the city centre. The first mention of the name Weißenburg is in a deed dating from 867. The city became the seat of a royal residence during the reign of the Franks and according to legend, Charlemagne stayed there to supervise the construction of Fossa Carolina.

The city became a Free Imperial City in 1296 and continued to grow until the Reformation. Following the example of Nuremberg the city joined the Protestant side but it suffered heavily in the ensuing wars. However, the rights of the city as a Free Imperial City and an Imperial Estate were restored in the final peace treaty and some growth resumed. Despite its insignificant size and economic importance, the city, like the other 50-odd free imperial cities, was virtually independent.

Modern history
Weißenburg lost its independence in 1802 and became part of the Bavarian kingdom in 1806. It was however saved from insignificance with the construction of a railway between Nuremberg and Augsburg which goes through the city and which supported industrialisation. Following World War II over 6,000 refugees and people expelled from the territories which Germany lost settled in the city and have since played an important role in its industry and culture.

The many stages in the history of Weißenburg can still be seen today. There are many ruins from the Roman times. One of the finest is the remains of a Roman bath which was excavated in 1977 and has been turned into a museum. The city wall from the Middle Ages has survived almost intact with its towers and in the Gothic Town Hall the city's elected members have held their meetings from 1476.

Sights

 * The Ellinger Tor is the most famous City gate of Weißenburg.
 * The Bismarck tower is a memorial to the first German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
 * The Castra Birciana is a former Roman military camp.

Wülzburg
Wülzburg is a historic fortress about 2 km east of the centre of Weißenburg. It stands on a hill 200 m above Weißenburg, at an elevation of 630.5 m, and was originally a Benedictine monastery dating from the 11th century. It was converted into a fortress from 1588 to 1605 and is one of the best-preserved Renaissance fortresses in Germany. Today it is part of the city of Weißenburg.

During World War I, the future French leader Charles De Gaulle was imprisoned at the Wülzburg. The Nazis also used it as a prison camp during World War II; it was here that the Czech composer Erwin Schulhoff was held for over a year before he died of TB.

Notable people

 * Gustav Ritter von Kahr (1862–1934), politician
 * Hans Hofmann (1880–1966), painter
 * Rudolf Nebel (1894–1978), rocket pioneer and engineer
 * Markus Steinhöfer (born 1986), footballer

title: Weißenburg in Bayern


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Talk:Whitehead link

Remove copyedit

 * Header added. —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 23:42, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

There's a copyedit tag on the article, but it looks pretty good to me, I'm going to remove the tag. EvilPhoenix 19:18, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Two Reidemeister I moves?

 * Header added. —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 23:42, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Although it's topologically irrelevant, the image looks to me as if there were nearly two Reidemeister I moves applied to the orange loop. Of course the Whitehead link could also be archieved without any Reidemeister moves at all... --Rubik's Cube (talk) 00:15, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you're trying to say. Do you have a question?  --C S (talk) 10:00, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

"Discovered"
Not sure Whitehead really "discovered" it; rather, he found its connections to deep mathematics... AnonMoos (talk) 19:29, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

Unknotting number is 1, not 2
Flip the central crossing Columbus8myhw (talk) 19:59, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

What "minimum possible volume"
One sentence reads as follows:

"The Whitehead link complement is one of two two-cusped hyperbolic manifolds with the minimum possible volume, the other being the complement of the pretzel link with parameters (−2,3,8)."

In order for this to make any sense, it must be explained what "minimum possible volume" means. Minimum among what, exactly?

Minimum among all hyperbolic 3-manifolds? Among all orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds? Among all orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds that are knot complements? Among link complements? Etc.50.205.142.35 (talk) 15:28, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

metamorphosis
If the figure is manipulated so that the 8-strand becomes a circle, what happens to the other? I did some doodling, and it appears that the other becomes an 8; hence, the two strands are equivalent. If this is confirmed by Reliable Sources it ought to be in the article.

Is there a neat form in which the two strands have the same shape? --Tamfang (talk) 17:27, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

 * According to Cundy and Rollett's "Mathematical Models" (2nd. edition, 1961), p. 59: "It may not be immediately obvious without a model that the configuration is symmetrical in the two loops". -- AnonMoos (talk) 04:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

 * There's a symmetric view (under 180° rotation around an axis in the plane of the view) in Fig.22 of, given as a visual proof of the statement that it is symmetric in this way. I've included a redrawn version of the image here. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:44, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Beautiful, thanks! —Tamfang (talk) 18:07, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whitehead link


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Aquifex pyrophilus

Aquifex pyrophilus is a gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria. It is one of a handful of species in the Aquificota phylum, which are a group of thermophilic bacteria that are found near underwater volcanoes or hot springs.

Etymology
Aquifex pyrophilus has a name that references its respiration and its habitat. The name "Aquifex" means "water-maker" in Latin. The name was assigned to A. pyrophilus because it typically uses oxygen as its respiration and water as a byproduct. The name "Pyrophilus" can be broken down into "Pyro" and "Philus". "Pyro" is Latin for fire, heat, or high temperature and "Philus" is a Latin word for "loving". Therefore the term "pyrophilus" can be interpreted as "heat loving" which refers to the habitat A. pyrophilus is typically found in.

Habitat
The genus Aquifex is a contains some of the most thermophilic bacterium of all known bacteria. A. pyrophilus is an aquatic microbe that is typically found near underwater volcanoes, marine hydrothermal vents, and/or hot springs where temperatures are extremely high and pressure can be immense. A. pyrophilus has shown resistance to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation. The Aquifex genus is rather intolerable to oxygen therefore it is only found in low-oxygenated environments. Despite this, Aquifex remains one of only aerobic bacterial hyperthermophiles known. Oxygen is limited near these hydrothermal vents and underwater volcanos because of the extremely high temperature and reducing power of volcanic gases like H2S. A. pyrophilus thrives where the oxic and anoxic zones meet in these environments because of the high availability of hydrogen and thiosulfate.

Aquifex pyrophilus was discovered at Kolbeinsey Ridge, North of Iceland by Robert Huber and Karl Stetter in 1992. In Huber's and Stetter's first analysis of the bacteria, they found that A. pyrophilus had an optimum pH of 6.8 but ranged anywhere between 5.4 and 7.5, grew at temperatures ranging from 67°C to 95°C with an optimum at 85°C, and had optimal growth with a NaCl concentration of 3% (range of 1-5%).

A. pyrophilus is 2 to 6 micrometers long and has a diameter of around half a micrometer. It has eight polytrichously inserted flagella making it motile. A. pyrophilus can grow singly, in pairs, and/or form large cell conglomerations, comprising up to 100 individual cells.

Metabolism
A. pyrophilus is strictly chemolithoautotrophic. It is capable of using oxygen in its respiration, but can also grow anaerobically by nitrate reduction. In aerobic conditions, A. pyrophilus oxidizes molecular hydrogen and yields H2O and ATP. Other electron donors that A. pyrophilus uses in aerobic conditions are S° and S2O32-. Byproducts include sulfuric acid from S° and S2O32- and hydrogen sulfide from S° and H2.

Lineage and phylogeny
A. pyrophilus has a relatively small genome. Out of the known thermophile genomes, A. pyrophilus is the smallest. Due to its small genome, its ability to survive in extreme heat, its ability to be resistant toward ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation, and because of phylogenetic analyses of the small-subunit 16S rRNA gene, A. pyrophilus is thought to be one of the oldest species in the bacteria domain.

Investigations of the phylogenetic position of Aquificales have utilized the concatenated proteins shared within the Aquificales order and A. pyrophilus. The results show that the Aquificales are most closely related to Thermotogales when observing whole-genome information. Additionally, Aquificales were found to be somewhat closely related to ε-proteobacteria in phylogenetic trees. This slight ambiguity in the placement of Aquificales on the phylogenetic tree leaves room for some more research in this field. Despite this, there is overwhelming evidence that Aquificales, including A. pyrophilus, are some of the earliest bacteria to branch from archaea. This has led to hypothesis that these bacteria evolved when the earth was still hot and had a thin atmosphere.

title: Aquifex pyrophilus


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Low birth weight

Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of an infant of 2499 g or less, regardless of gestational age. Infants born with LBW have added health risks which require close management, often in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). They are also at increased risk for long-term health conditions which require follow-up over time.

Classification
Birth weight may be classified as:
 * High birth weight (macrosomia): greater than 4200 g
 * Normal weight (term delivery): 2500 –
 * Low birth weight: less than 2500 g
 * Very low birth weight (VLBW): less than 1500 g
 * Extremely low birth weight: less than 1000 g

Causes
LBW is either caused by preterm birth (that is, a low gestational age at birth, commonly defined as younger than 37 weeks of gestation) or the infant being small for gestational age (that is, a slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both.

In general, risk factors in the mother that may contribute to low birth weight include young ages, multiple pregnancies, previous LBW infants, poor nutrition, heart disease or hypertension, untreated celiac disease, substance use disorder, excessive alcohol use, and insufficient prenatal care. It can also be caused by prelabor rupture of membranes. Environmental risk factors include smoking, lead exposure, and other types of air pollution.

Preterm birth
The mechanism of preterm birth is heterogeneous and poorly understood. It may be tied to one or more of the following processes: premature fetal endocrine activation, intrauterine inflammation, over-distension of the uterus, and endometrial bleeding. A prominent risk factor for preterm birth is prior history of preterm delivery. However, there is no reliable protocol for screening and prevention of preterm birth.

Small for gestational age
Infants born small for gestational age may be constitutionally small, with no associated pathologic process. Others have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to any of various pathologic processes. Babies with chromosomal abnormalities or other congenital anomalies may manifest IUGR as part of their syndrome. Problems with the placenta can prevent it from providing adequate oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, resulting in growth restriction. Infections during pregnancy that affect the fetus, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis, may also affect the baby's weight.

Environmental factors
Maternal tobacco smoking doubles risk of LBW for the infant. More recently, passive maternal smoking has been examined for possible effects on birth weight, and has been shown to increase risk of LBW by 16%.

Air pollutants
The combustion products of solid fuel in developing countries can cause many adverse health issues in people. Because a majority of pregnant women in developing countries, where rate of LBW is high, are heavily exposed to indoor air pollution, increased relative risk translates into substantial population attributable risk of 21% of LBW.

Particulate matter, a component of ambient air pollution, is associated with increased risk of low birth weight. Because particulate matter is composed of extremely small particles, even nonvisible levels can be inhaled and present harm to the fetus. Particulate matter exposure can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired oxygen transport access to the placenta, all of which are mechanisms for heightening the risk of low birth weight. To reduce exposure to particulate matter, pregnant women can monitor the US Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and take personal precautionary measures such as reducing outdoor activity on low quality days, avoiding high-traffic roads/intersections, and/or wearing personal protective equipment (i.e., facial mask of industrial design). Indoor exposure to particulate matter can also be reduced through adequate ventilation, as well as use of clean heating and cooking methods.

A correlation between maternal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and low birth weight has been reported that the effect on birth weight of increased ambient CO was as large as the effect of the mother smoking a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy. It has been revealed that adverse reproductive effects (e.g., risk for LBW) were correlated with maternal exposure to CO emissions in Eastern Europe and North America. Mercury is a known toxic heavy metal that can harm fetal growth and health, and there has been evidence showing that exposure to mercury (via consumption of large oily fish) during pregnancy may be related to higher risks of LBW in the offspring.

Other exposures
Elevated blood lead levels in pregnant women, even those well below the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 10 ug/dL "level of concern", can cause miscarriage, premature birth, and LBW in the offspring. Exposure of pregnant women to airplane noise was found to be associated with low birth weight via adverse effects on fetal growth. Prevalence of low birth weight in Japan is associated with radiation doses from the Fukushima accidents of March 2011.

Periodontal health
Low birth weight, preterm birth and preeclampsia have been associated with maternal periodontal disease, though the strength of the observed associations is inconsistent and varies according to the population studied, the means of periodontal assessment and the periodontal disease classification employed. The risk of low birth weight can be reduced with treatment of the periodontal disease. This therapy is safe during pregnancy and reduces the inflammatory burden, thus decreasing risk for preterm birth and low birth weight.

Temperature regulation
LBW newborns are at increased risk of hypothermia due to decreased brown fat stores. Plastic wraps, heated pads, and skin-to-skin contact decrease risk of hypothermia immediately after delivery. One or more of these interventions may be employed, though combinations incur risk of hyperthermia. Warmed incubators in the NICU aid in thermoregulation for LBW infants.

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Frequent clinical monitoring of volume status and checking of serum electrolytes (up to three times daily) is appropriate to prevent dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalance. VLBW newborns have an increased body surface to weight ratio, increasing risk for insensible fluid losses and dehydration. Humidified incubators and skin emollients can lessen insensible fluid loss in VLBW newborns. However, fluid overloading is not benign; it is associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure, necrotizing enterocolitis, and mortality. A degree of fluid restriction mitigates these risks.

VLBW newborns are at risk for electrolyte imbalances due to the relative immaturity of the nephrons in their kidneys. The kidneys are not equipped to handle large sodium loads. Therefore, if normal saline is given, the sodium level may become elevated, which may prompt the clinician to give more fluids. Sodium restriction has been shown to prevent fluid overload. Potassium must also be monitored carefully, as immature aldosterone sensitivity and sodium-potassium pumping increases risk for hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.

VLBW newborns are frequently found to have a persistently patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). If present, it is important to evaluate whether the PDA is causing increased circulatory volume, thus posing risk for heart failure. Signs of clinically significant PDA include widened pulse pressure and bounding pulses. In newborns with significant PDA, fluid restriction may avoid the need for surgical or medical therapy to close it.

Approach to nutrition
As their gastrointestinal systems are typically unready for enteral feeds at the time of birth, VLBW infants require initial parenteral infusion of fluids, macronutrients, vitamins, and micronutrients.

Energy needs
Decreased activity compared to normal weight newborns may decrease energy requirements, while comorbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia may increase them. Daily weight gain can reveal whether a VLBW newborn is receiving adequate calories. Growth of 21 g/kg/day, mirroring in utero growth, is a target for VLBW and ELBW neonates.

Enteral sources
Upon transitioning to enteral nutrition, human milk is preferable to formula initially in VLBW newborns because it speeds up development of the intestinal barrier and thereby reduces risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, with an absolute risk reduction of 4%. Donor human milk and maternal expressed breast milk are both associated with this benefit. One drawback of human milk is the imprecision in its calorie content. The fat content in human milk varies greatly among women; therefore, the energy content of human milk cannot be known as precisely as formula. Each time human milk is transferred between containers, some of the fat content may stick to the container, decreasing the energy content. Minimizing transfers of human milk between containers decreases the amount of energy loss. Formula is associated with greater linear growth and weight gain than donor breast milk in LBW infants.

Individual nutrient considerations
VLBW newborns are at increased risk for hypoglycemia due to decreased energy reserves and large brain mass to body mass ratio. Hypoglycemia may be prevented by intravenous infusion of glucose, amino acids, and lipids. These patients are also at risk of hyperglycemia due to immature insulin secretion and sensitivity. However, insulin supplementation is not recommended due to the possible adverse effect of hypoglycemia, which is more dangerous.

VLBW newborns have increased need for amino acids to mirror in utero nutrition. Daily protein intake above 3.0 g/kg is associated with improved weight gain for LBW infants. ELBW newborns may require as much as 4 g/kg/day of protein.

Due to the limited solubility of calcium and phosphorus in parenteral infusions, VLBW infants receiving parenteral nutrition will be somewhat deficient of these elements and will require clinical monitoring for osteopenia.

Hematology
One Cochrane review showed administration of erythropoietin (EPO) decreases later need for blood transfusions, and also is associated with protection against necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage. EPO is safe and does not increase risk of mortality or retinopathy of prematurity.

Perinatal outcomes
LBW is closely associated with fetal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development, and chronic diseases later in life. At the population level, the proportion of babies with a LBW is an indicator of a multifaceted public-health problem that includes long-term maternal malnutrition, ill health, hard work and poor health care in pregnancy. On an individual basis, LBW is an important predictor of newborn health and survival and is associated with higher risk of infant and childhood mortality.

Low birth weight constitutes as sixty to eighty percent of the infant mortality rate in developing countries. Infant mortality due to low birth weight is usually directly causal, stemming from other medical complications such as preterm birth, PPROM, poor maternal nutritional status, lack of prenatal care, maternal sickness during pregnancy, and an unhygienic home environment.

Long-term outcomes
Hyponatremia in the newborn period is associated with neurodevelopmental conditions such as spastic cerebral palsy and sensorineural hearing loss. Rapid correction of hyponatremia (faster than 0.4 mEq/L/hour) perinatally is also associated with neurodevelopmental adverse effects. Among VLBW children, risk for cognitive impairment is increased with lower birth weight, male sex, nonwhite ethnicity, and lower parental education level. There is no clear association between brain injury in the neonatal period and later cognitive impairment. Additionally, low birth weight has associations with cardiovascular diseases later in life, especially in cases of large increases in weight during childhood.

Low birth weight is associated with schizoid personality disorder.

Epidemiology
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the worldwide prevalence of low birth weight at 15% as of 2014, and varies by region: Sub-Saharan Africa, 13%; South Asia, 28%; East Asia and the Pacific, 6%; Latin America and the Caribbean, 9%. Aggregate prevalence of LBW in United Nations-designated Least Developed Countries is 13%. The WHO has set a goal of reducing worldwide prevalence of LBW by 30% through public health interventions including improved prenatal care and women's education.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports 313,752 LBW infants in 2018, for a prevalence of 8.28%. This is increased from an estimated 6.1% prevalence in 2011 by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The CDC reported prevalence of VLBW at 1.38% in 2018, similar to the 2011 AHRQ estimate.

title: Low birth weight