text:
User:Citius Altius Fortius

de:Benutzer:Citius Altius Fortius fr:Utilisateur:Citius Altius Fortius sv:Användare:Citius Altius Fortius

title: User:Citius Altius Fortius


text: Category:Tributaries of the River Severn

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Blackdown Java

Blackdown Java was a Linux port of Sun Microsystems's Java virtual machine, developed by a group of volunteers led by Juergen Kreileder, Steve Byrne, and Karl Asha, and included a team of volunteers from around the globe. The first version, 1.0.2, was released in October 1996, predating Sun's official Linux port.

Blackdown Java supported Linux on architectures that the official version did not, including SPARC and PowerPC. The Blackdown project ended in August 2007, after Sun released an open source version of the HotSpot JVM as part of OpenJDK; OpenJDK is available under the free GNU General Public License. The Java software itself still exists on many mirrors.

At its close, Blackdown supported J2SE versions 1.4.2 on i386 and AMD64, 1.4.1 on SPARC, and 1.3.1 on PowerPC. Work on J2SE 1.5.x support for x86, AMD64, SPARC, and PowerPC had been announced, but was never released.

In 1999 Sun Microsystems and Inprise announced a port of Java to Linux. The port was based on Blackdown work, but the Blackdown team was not recognized or given any credit for the release. After some controversy, Sun publicly apologized to the Blackdown developers. The incident revealed that there were long standing problems between Sun and Blackdown.

Despite widespread confusion, Blackdown was neither free software nor open-source software; this was due to licensing restrictions from Sun Microsystems. Its binary redistribution policy allowed it to be pre-installed or included with many Linux distributions (e.g., Gentoo Linux), whereas at the time, Sun Java's binary redistribution policy did not. Since Java 5, the Operating System Distributor License for Java (DLJ) met many Linux distributions' requirements, lessening the demand for the older Blackdown JVM.

The Blackdown team pioneered Sun's involvement with external, volunteer efforts. Steve Byrne, who was working at Sun at the time, worked with Sun legal to establish an agreement to license the Java test suite for a few Blackdown participants at no cost, and this was used to certify the Blackdown Java implementation as being 100% Java compatible.

The Blackdown team received recognition at the JavaOne conference in 1998 for the work that the team had been doing.

title: Blackdown Java


text:
Judy Geeson

Judith Amanda Geeson (born 10 September 1948 ) is an English film, stage, and television actress. She began her career primarily working on British television series, with a leading role on The Newcomers from 1965 to 1967, before making her major film debut in To Sir, with Love (1967). She starred in a range of films throughout the 1970s, from crime pictures to thriller and horror films, including The Executioner (1970), Fear in the Night (1972), Brannigan (1975) and The Eagle Has Landed (1976). She played heiress Caroline Penvenen from 1975-1977 in the BBC series Poldark, from the Winston Graham novels.

Geeson appeared in several stage productions in the 1980s, including two for the Royal Shakespeare Company, as well as an Off-Broadway production of The Common Pursuit (1986). After relocating to the United States she returned to television, playing the recurring character of Maggie Conway in the American series Mad About You from 1992 until 1999, as well as a recurring role on Gilmore Girls in 2002. In 2012 and 2016, she appeared in Rob Zombie's The Lords of Salem and 31, respectively.

Early life
Judy Geeson was born in Arundel, Sussex. Her father was an editor for the National Coal Board magazine. Her sister Sally Geeson, also an actress, is known for her roles in British television sitcoms of the 1970s. Geeson attended Corona Stage Academy and made her stage debut in 1957.

Career
Geeson's professional acting career started in July 1962, with an appearance in an episode of the television series The Probation Officer. Her first major film appearances came in 1967, with roles in To Sir, with Love and Berserk!. She followed these films with the comedy Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1968). Geeson became well known as a result of a regular role in the BBC early-evening soap opera The Newcomers. She also had a major role in the mid-1970s costume drama Poldark as Caroline Penvenen (later Caroline Enys).

Geeson's other films include Prudence and the Pill (1968), Three into Two Won't Go (1969), 10 Rillington Place (1970), Doomwatch (1972), Brannigan (1975), starring John Wayne, and The Eagle Has Landed (1976). In the TV series Danger UXB (1979) she played the female lead, Susan Mount, opposite Anthony Andrews. She also had the lead role of Fulvia in the science fiction series Star Maidens (1976).

In addition to her film and television work during this time, Geeson also performed in theatrical productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company as Lavinia in Titus Andronicus and as Viven 532 in Section Nine (both 1973). She also had roles in stage productions of Next Time I'll Sing to You (1980) and The Real Thing (1985), both in London, before making her Off-Broadway debut in The Common Pursuit in 1987.

Geeson relocated from London to Los Angeles in 1984; there she began appearing in American television, including a role as a series regular in the sitcom Mad About You, playing the hostile neighbour, Maggie Conway, from 1992 to 1999. She also played the role of Sandrine in the Star Trek: Voyager episodes "The Cloud" and "Twisted".

Having appeared in a number of horror films during the 1970s and 1980s, including Fear in the Night (1972), A Candle for the Devil (1973), Dominique (1978) and Inseminoid (1981), Geeson returned to the horror genre in The Lords of Salem (2012), directed by Rob Zombie. The film marked her return to acting following a nine-year absence. She portrayed Sister Dragon in Rob Zombie's slasher film 31 which was released in 2015.

Personal life
In the 1970s, Geeson lived with set designer Sean Kenny until his death in 1973. She was married to actor Kristoffer Tabori from 1985 until their divorce in 1989. In a 2015 interview, Geeson stated that she had resided in Los Angeles, California, for the past 30 years.

title: Judy Geeson


text:
List of NWA World Heavyweight Champions

The NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship is a world heavyweight championship owned and promoted by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), an American professional wrestling promotion. It is the promotion's premier title.

NWA currently recognizes 101 individual Worlds Heavyweight Championship reigns. The inaugural champion was Orville Brown. The longest reigning champion is Lou Thesz, who held the title from November 27, 1949 to March 15, 1956, for a total of 2,300 days (6 years, 3 months, and 16 days); Thesz also holds the record for longest combined reigns at 3,749 days. Shane Douglas and Ray González share the record for the shortest reign as champion, both holding the championship for less than 1 day. Ric Flair holds the record for most reigns with 9. The youngest champion is Chris Candido who won the title at the age of 22, while the oldest champion is Tim Storm, who won it at the age of 51.

EC3 is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated previous champion Tyrus in a Bullrope match at the NWA 75th Anniversary Show on August 27, 2023, in St. Louis, Missouri.

title: List of NWA World Heavyweight Champions


text:
Albert Paris Gütersloh

Albert Paris Gütersloh (born Albert Conrad Kiehtreiber; 5 February 1887 – 16 May 1973) was an Austrian painter and writer.

Gütersloh worked as actor, director, and stage designer before he focused on painting in 1921.

As a teacher of Arik Brauer, Ernst Fuchs, Ruth Rogers-Altmann, Wolfgang Hutter, Fritz Janschka and Anton Lehmden he is considered one of the largest influences on the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism.

Decorations and awards

 * 1922 Theodor Fontane Prize for Arts and Letters
 * 1926 Reichel Prize (1926)
 * 1928 Grand Prix, Paris (1928) for his tapestries
 * 1935 National Award for Painting (1935)
 * 1937 Grand Prix, Paris (1937)
 * 1948 City of Vienna Prize for Painting and Graphics
 * 1952 Grand Austrian State Prize for Visual Arts
 * 1961 Grand Austrian State Prize for Literature
 * 1957 Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
 * 1961 City of Vienna Prize for poetry
 * 1967 City of Vienna Prize for Literature
 * 1967 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 * 1987 Austrian commemorative postage stamp to mark his 100th birthday

title: Albert Paris Gütersloh


text: Category:Canals linked to the River Severn


text:
Kimmirut Airport

Kimmirut Airport is located at Kimmirut, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut. Unlike most airports in Nunavut, it uses magnetic headings for the runway rather than true headings.

At 1899 ft the Kimmirut airstrip is the second shortest in Nunavut. Formerly Arctic Bay Airport at 1500 ft was the shortest, but in 2010 the runway was extended to 3935 ft.

The runway at Grise Fiord Airport is just slightly shorter than Kimmirut at 1675 ft. The length of the runway and challenging terrain at both Kimmirut and Grise Fiord limit the type of aircraft that can service those communities. Currently, both are served by airlines operating Twin Otter aircraft.

title: Kimmirut Airport


text:
7th Issue

7th Issue is the third studio album by the Korean musician Seo Taiji and his seventh counting the four albums released by Seo Taiji and Boys. The album was a commercial success as the best-selling album of the year in South Korea, with 482,066 copies sold, it did not reach the heights of his previous two. "Live Wire" won the 2004 Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Rock Performance.

Background
Seo explained that because he is curious and wants to try many styles of music, the style on 7th Issue is "sensitive-core, which is hardcore that stresses the melodies. I wanted to bring out the sensitive side, and in particular, I expressed people's pain". The songs touch on social issues, such as sexual discrimination, the music industry and stalkers.

Instead of performing every instrument himself like he did on his previous two albums, Seo the enlisted Japanese musicians J (Luna Sea), K.A.Z and I.N.A (both from hide with Spread Beaver) to contribute to the album among others. The guitarist Top and the drummer Heff Holter continued as part of his backing band for several years. Strings on the song "0 (Zero)" were arranged and conducted by Takayuki Hattori (Face Music). Many of Seo's fans have noted that the whole CD sounds like one very long song. This is because most of the songs are written in dropped C tuning with similar chord structures.

Songs
"Heffy End" is essentially a sad love song where a woman obsessively stalks and confines her lover. Although the title might indicate a bit of irony, and Seo justifies their deviated love from the norm by using purposely misspelled "Heffy". Also of note is that the name of the album's drummer is Heff Holter.

"Nothing" begins with a man's voice mocking about women's rights in Korea. The voice comments that sexism is becoming an issue because of such things as women rights campaigns, but he disagrees with the efforts that women put it that women are placed at higher level than men in (Korean) society. However, one should note that Seo has put this as sarcasm, or to reflect what most men are thinking in South Korea.

"Victim" is a song about female discrimination. The song caused controversy, being banned by the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.

"Live Wire" is a song celebrating musical freedom. Seo hails to his fans "You feel me? Here I come to show you love", referring to his steadfast devotion to music. The lyrics contain many poetic devices; the overall motif is the feeling of rock.

"Robot" tells a story about a boy, or Seo himself, who is destroyed by the cruelty that exists in the current overly digitalized society. After he has stopped checking his height on the doorway with his mother, he feels that his emotions are gone and can only think "illogically"; where the metaphor "logical" Seo's view is things that are emotional and analogical, as his fans can easily catch from his previous works.

"October 4th" represents a shift in his usual heavy metal style. Expressed in numerical form, October 4 would be 1004, which is read "천사"(chun-sa, where chun is thousand and sa), and that reading of 1004 spells the same to mean "angel". The song is lightly driven by two guitars, one playing chords at complex rhythms and the other plays a repetitive (yet catchy) melody line. It later makes a transition into a full ensemble with heavy percussion and a bass guitar. The pensive lyrics tell the story of a man whose mind is flooded with memories of a lost love. He still regrets having lost her but acknowledges that she is "like a fox" (in the Korean culture, someone who is like a fox is sly and deceitful). In the end, he enjoys holding on to the memories and watches his former lover from afar, commenting how she's more beautiful than ever.

The title "F.M Business" stands for "Fucked up Music Business" as the lyric suggests. The song "lampoons Korea's highly commercial music industry" and Seo's "frustration with having to return to a dirty business that he left because of his doubts about it."

Seo makes various accusations regarding the current direction Korean pop music is heading. In the early 1990s, Seo introduced the concept of "American" music, such as hip-hop and rock. His ideology makes him detest the current trend in the Korean music scene. According to Seo, idol groups (aka "boybands") were born for the sole purpose of making profit out of music. While he admits making the same mistake in the past, he is more concerned with asking musicians to take a look at themselves ("You and me... why are we face to face here? For the selling my soul & music? For the making of money?").

"0" is a symphonic rock piece that spans five minutes and thirty seconds, the longest song on the album. Unlike the other songs, which follow a simple formula with guitar chords and a memorable melody line, 0 (Zero) consists of a noticeably more complex composition. A demanding song that showcases Seo's mastery of music-writing as well as endurance when performed live, it features distortion guitars as well as clean guitar riffs during the vocals and harmonizing part. Strings were arranged by Takayuki Hattori of Face Music.

Reception
7th Issue was a commercial success, selling 482,066 copies. Although South Korea's best-selling album of the year, it did not match the heights of Seo's previous two.

"Live Wire" won the 2004 Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Rock Performance.

Personnel

 * Seo Taiji − vocals, guitar, bass guitar, arrangement, computer programming, digital editing, mixing, producing, executive producing
 * Top − guitar, arrangement
 * K.A.Z − guitar
 * J − bass guitar
 * Heff Holter − drums
 * I.N.A − arrangement, computer programming, digital editing
 * Takayuki Hattori − string arrangement and conducting on track 11
 * Josh Wilbur − recording, mixing
 * Teruaki Kitagawa − string recording
 * Eric Westfall − guitar reamped

title: 7th Issue


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Pangnirtung Airport

Pangnirtung Airport is located at Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut.

In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $34.6 million to build a new airport.

title: Pangnirtung Airport


text:
Talk:Tory v. Cochran

Removed the following link:

 * Brief amici curiae Delfino and Day in pdf

kmccoy (talk) 09:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tory v. Cochran


text:
List of historical tropical cyclone names

Tropical cyclones are named for historical reasons and so as to avoid confusion when communicating with the public, as more than one tropical cyclone can exist at a time. Names are drawn in order from predetermined lists. They are usually assigned to tropical cyclones with one-, three-, or ten-minute windspeeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph). However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some tropical depressions named in the western Pacific whilst tropical cyclones have to have gale-force winds occurring more than halfway around the center within the Australian and southern Pacific regions.

The official practice of naming tropical cyclones started in 1945 within the western Pacific. Naming continued through the next few years, and in 1950, names also started to be assigned to tropical storms forming in the northern Atlantic Ocean. In the Atlantic, names were originally taken from the World War II version of the Phonetic Alphabet, but this was changed in 1953 to use lists of women's names which were created yearly. Around this time naming of tropical cyclones also began within the southern and central parts of the Pacific. However naming did not begin in the eastern Pacific until 1969, with the original naming lists designed to be used year after year in sequence. In 1960, naming also began in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in 1963 the Philippine Meteorological Service started assigning names to tropical cyclones that moved into or formed in their area of responsibility. Later in 1963, warning centers within the Australian region also commenced naming tropical cyclones. In 2004, the India Meteorological Department began naming cyclones that formed in the northern Indian Ocean, and in 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started using a naming list to name tropical cyclones over the southern Atlantic Ocean.

North Atlantic
By 1950, tropical cyclones that were judged by the US Weather Bureau to have intensified into a tropical storm started to be assigned names. Storms were originally named in alphabetical order using the World War II version of the Phonetic Alphabet. By 1952 a new phonetic alphabet had been developed and this led to confusion as some parties wanted to use the newer phonetic alphabet. In 1953, to alleviate any confusion, forecasters decided to use a set of 23 feminine names. After the 1953 Atlantic hurricane season, public reception to the idea seemed favorable, so the same list was adopted for the next year with one change: Gilda for Gail. However, after storms like Carol and Hazel got a lot of publicity during the 1953 season, forecasters agreed to develop a new set of names for 1955. However, before this could happen, a tropical storm was declared significant on January 2, 1955, and was named as Alice. The new set of names were developed and used in 1955 beginning with Brenda continuing through the alphabet to Zelda. For each season before 1960, a new set of names was developed. In 1960 forecasters decided to begin rotating names in a regular sequence and thus four alphabetical lists were established to be repeated every four years. The sets followed the example of the western Pacific typhoon naming lists and excluded names beginning with the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z. These four lists were used until 1972 when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) replaced them with 9 lists designed to be used from 1972. Also in 1972, subtropical cyclones began receiving names from a separate naming list using the NATO phonetic alphabet. The policy at that time indicated that if a subtropical storm transitioned into a fully tropical system it would receive a second name from the main list, as seen with Hurricane Fran in 1973, which was initially referred to as Subtropical Storm Bravo. This practice was later discontinued after the 1973 season, with subtropical storms receiving numbers rather than names. In 1977, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the World Meteorological Organization to select the new sets of names, which would contain male names and some Spanish and French names, in order to reflect all the cultures and languages within the Atlantic Ocean. The World Meteorological Organization decided that the new lists of hurricane name would start to be used in 1979. Since 1979 the same lists have been used, but with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names. In 2002, subtropical cyclones started to be assigned names from the main list of names set up for that year. In 2005 and 2020, as all the names pre-selected for the season were exhausted, the contingency plan of using letters from the Greek alphabet as names had to be used. The original WMO policy of naming storms with Greek letters stated that if a storm was destructive enough to warrant retirement of the name, the Greek letter would be used again, but the name, with the year after it, would be included in the list of retired names; for example, "Alpha (2005)" would be listed under retired names, but Alpha could still be used again in later seasons. However, following the devastation wrought by hurricanes Eta and Iota in 2020, the former policy was rejected, and it was decided that Eta and Iota would be permanently retired, and that the Greek alphabet would be discontinued and replaced with an auxiliary name list, which has not yet been used.

Eastern North Pacific
Within the Eastern Pacific basin between the western coasts of the Americas and 140°W the naming of tropical cyclones started in 1960, with four lists of female names initially designed to be used consecutively before being repeated. In 1965 after two lists of names had been used, it was decided to return to the top of the second list and start recycling the sets of names on an annual basis. In 1977, after protests by various women's rights groups, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to select new sets of names. The WMO selected six lists of names which contained male names and rotated every six years. They also decided that the new lists of hurricane name would start to be used in 1978 which was a year earlier than the Atlantic. Since 1978 the same lists of names have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names. As in the Atlantic basin should the names preselected for the season be exhausted, the contingency plan of using Greek letters for names would be used. However unlike in the Atlantic basin the contingency plan has never had to be used, although in 1985 to avoid using the contingency plan, the letters X, Y, and Z were added to the lists. Since the contingency plan had to be used in the North Atlantic during 2005 there have been a few attempts to get rid of the Greek names as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones and are generally unknown and confusing to the public. In wake of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season with Hurricane Iota and Hurricane Eta the World Meteorological Organization decided to stop using the Greek letter naming system in the Eastern Pacific as well despite never being used in the basin, it was replaced with a new supplemental naming system different from the Atlantic's list.

Central North Pacific (Date Line to 140°W)
In 1950 a tropical cyclone that affected Hawaii was named Able, after a tropical cyclone had not affected Hawaii for a number of years. The system was also named Salome by the Air Weather Service Office in Guam, before it became widely known as Hurricane Hiki. Typhoon Olive of 1952 developed within the Central Pacific, but was not named until it had crossed the International Dateline and moved into the Western Pacific basin. During 1957, three other tropical cyclones developed in the Central Pacific and were named Kanoa, Della and Nina, by the Hawaiian military meteorological offices. It was subsequently decided that future tropical cyclones, would be named by borrowing names from the Western Pacific naming lists. Hawaiian names were reinstated for the lists during 1979, with 5 sets of names drafted using only the 12 letters of the Hawaiian alphabet, with the intent being to use the sets of names on an annual rotation basis. However, after no storms had developed in this region between 1979 and 1981, the annual lists were scrapped and replaced with four sets of names and designed to be used consecutively. Ahead of the 2007 hurricane season, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) introduced a revised set of Hawaiian names for the Central Pacific, after they had worked with the University of Hawaii Hawaiian Studies Department to ensure the correct meaning and appropriate historical and cultural use of the names.

Western North Pacific
In the Western North Pacific Ocean, there are two sets of names generally used. The first are the international names assigned to a tropical cyclone by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) or the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The second set of names are local names assigned to a tropical cyclone by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. This system often ends up with a tropical cyclone being assigned two names, should a tropical storm threaten the Philippines.

On January 1, 2000, the Japan Meteorological Agency, as the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, took over the naming of tropical cyclones in this basin. The names selected by the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee were from a pool of names submitted by the various countries that make up the Typhoon Committee.

Philippines
Since 1963, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), have assigned their own names to typhoons that pass through its area of responsibility. Unlike the World Meteorological Organization's standard of assigning names to tropical cyclones when they reach wind-speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), PAGASA assigns a name to a tropical depression when they either form or move into their area of responsibility. Four sets of tropical cyclone names are rotated annually with typhoon names stricken from the list should they do more than pesos worth of damage to the Philippines and/or cause 300 or more deaths. Should the list of names for a given year prove insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list.

North Indian Ocean
At its 27th annual session in February and March 2000, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on North Indian Tropical Cyclones discussed the contents of a report, it had commissioned on the naming of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It agreed in principle with the report's recommendation that there was a need for tropical cyclones to be named in its region, however, the representatives of India expressed concern at naming tropical cyclones, because of the regional, cultural and linguistic diversity of the Member countries in the Panel. As a result, the panel agreed that the subject would be considered further at the next session and asked its eight members to provide its rapporteur with at least 10 names as well as their meanings, in accordance with the various criteria that the rapporteur had proposed before the end of the year. At the following session, the rapporteur reported to the panel that seven of the eight members had submitted a list of names to him and presented these to the panel, which reviewed them and felt that they would not be appealing to either the media or the public. As a result, the panel requested that the members should provide the rapporteur with a fresh set of names by June 2001, which should be appealing to both the public and the media. Over the next few months, there was a poor response to this request from members of the panel and at the 29th session of the panel, the rapporteur noted that it wasn't possible to complete the project, without the full cooperation of members. In response to the rapporteur's comments, the panel decided to urge all of its members to submit their proposed names to the rapporteur and ask for a named person who could be contacted to talk about the proposed naming scheme. Over the next year, seven of the eight members submitted their proposed names to the rapporteur, however, at its 30th session, the panel decided that the naming list could not be implemented during the 2003 Season, as India hadn't submitted its names. As a result, the panel urged India to cooperate and submit a list of names for the panel's consideration, while other members were asked to submit the pronunciation of the names that they had suggested.

At the 31st session of the panel, the rapporteur revealed that the proposed list of names was ready for use by panel members, however, India had still not submitted its list of names despite a promise to cooperate from the Director General of the India Meteorological Department (IMD). As a result, the rapporteur recommended that the panel endorsed the proposed list of names and started to use it on an experimental basis, during the 2004 season after India had submitted its names. The rapporteur also recommended that the IMD's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in New Delhi, would be responsible for naming the tropical cyclones, once the system had become a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn. It was also suggested that each name should only be used once and that the list of names should be replaced for the 2010 season and every 10 years afterwards. In response the Indian representatives decided to seek approval from the WMO's permanent representative of India for Indian names to be included in the naming scheme and for it to be implemented during the season on an experimental basis. The work on the proposed naming list was completed in May 2004, after India submitted its names and was available to be used by the IMD from September 2004, before the first system was named Onil on October 1, 2004. At its 33rd session, the panel noted that there had been keen media interest in the naming scheme and decided to ask the IMD to continue naming tropical cyclones, before it reviewed it at its following session. Over the next few years, the IMD continued to name tropical cyclones when they had become a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn, before the panel noted at their 45th session in 2018 that the majority of names had been used and that only six remained. As a result of five countries joining the panel since the original list of names was created, the panel decided that a new list of names would be prepared and presented to the panel. Over the next 18 months, each of the member countries submitted a list of names before the final list of names was approved and publicly released by the Panel on April 28, 2020. The first name to be assigned from this fresh list of names was Nisarga, which was named by the IMD when it became a cyclonic storm on June 2, 2020.

South-West Indian Ocean
In January 1960, a formal naming scheme was introduced for the South-West Indian Ocean between Africa and 80°E, by the Mauritius and Madagascan Weather Services with the first cyclone being named Alix. Over the next few years the names were selected in various ways including by the meteorological services of the region for several years at a time, before it was turned over to the WMO's South West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Committee at the start of the 2000–01 season.

Australian Region
Ahead of the 1963-64 season, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology announced that a national scheme to name tropical cyclones had been introduced. Each of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) in Perth, Darwin and Brisbane were allocated a separate list of fourteen female names, that started with every third letter, while the letters Q, X, Y and Z were not used. The names were designed to be used in public bulletins, allocated in alphabetical order by the warning centre concerned and on the first indication that a tropical cyclone had developed within their individual area of responsibility. It was also decided that should a tropical cyclone would retain its original name, should it move into another TCWC's area of responsibility. The first name was assigned to Tropical Cyclone Bessie by TCWC Perth on January 6, 1964, before TCWC Brisbane named Tropical Cyclone Audrey later that month. Over the next two years, these naming lists were used by the individual warning centres, before a fresh list of 90 female names was introduced ahead of the 1965-66. Female names were used exclusively until the current convention of alternating male and female names commenced in 1975. Naming lists were introduced for the Papuan National Weather Service and Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. In 2008, the lists used by the three TCWC centres were combined to form a single list of names. Names that cause significant damage within the Australian region are retired with new names selected at the bi-annual meeting of the World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee.

South Pacific
Tropical Cyclones started to be named within the South Pacific, by the New Caledonia Meteorological Office during the 1958–59 season. The Fiji Office of the New Zealand Meteorological Service subsequently started to also name cyclones during the 1969–70 season with Alice being the first name to be used.

South Atlantic
During March 2004, a tropical cyclone developed within the Southern Atlantic, about 1010 km to the east-southeast of Florianópolis in southern Brazil. As the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, a newspaper used the headline "Furacão Catarina," which was presumed to mean "furacão (hurricane) threatening (Santa) Catarina (the state)". However, when the international press started monitoring the system, it was assumed that "Furacão Catarina" meant "Hurricane Catarina" and that it had been formally named in the usual way. On March 12, 2010, Brazilian public and private weather services decided to name a tropical storm "Anita" in order to avoid confusion in future references. A naming list was subsequently set up by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center with various names taken from that list between 2011 and the present day.


text:
Talk:Duality (electricity and magnetism)

those electromagnetism is field in electronics? capacitance is dual to resistance or inductance? --210.6.198.246 09:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

resistance is not the dual of conductance, is it? resistance is the dual of resistance

--I do not think so, either. resistance is the inverse of conductance, i.e. $$R = g^{-1}$$. --Sirshane13 19:26, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merger
Dual has a very specific meaning which is clearly defined in this article and is a well known concept in electrical engineering. The duality (electrical engineering) article includes the time-domain/frequency-domain duality which is most decidedly not included in this definition. That is a duality of an entirely different sort. On that basis, I am against the merger. Could be persuaded though, if the non-conforming items were left out. In that case I think the title should be "Dual" as that is the commonly used term. We will probably then get into the "electronics is too exclusive a term" argument, so Dual (electrical engineering) or Dual (electrical science) would be my suggestion.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  22:36, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Dual Lorentz force - electric field affecting movement of magnetic moment?
It seems there is kind of dual Lorentz force for magnetic moment(dipole) travelling in electric field - it looks very important, but it's difficult to find any information about it(?)

For example imagine classical electron traveling in proton's electron field (or macroscopic magnet in electric field) - let's change the reference frame such that for infinitesimal time electron stops and proton is moving in also magnetic field created by quite large electron's magnetic moment - because of 3rd Newton's law, resulting Lorentz force should also affect electron.

(3) equation here is Lagrangian for such electron's movement: $$ \mathbf{L} =  \frac{1}{2}m\mathbf{v}^2+\frac{Ze^2}{r}+\frac{Ze}{c}\left[ \mathbf{v}\cdot\left( \frac{\mu\times \mathbf{r}}{r^3}\right)\right]$$

the last term here corresponds to this electric field-magnetic moment interaction. Something similar can be found in Maxwell's equations for magnetic monopoles. Quantum analogue of this interaction is for example spin-orbit interaction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.150.224.239 (talk) 11:06, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Duality_(mathematics). (or why do we need this?)
Why is this page needed? OK I know why, but here is the reason for the question. In the past (maybe two or three times) when I needed this idea, I have linked to Duality_(mathematics) because it had the important idea, though not as specific as this one. This is really just a special case of Duality_(mathematics). However, linking to this page leaves out all the generalities of Duality_(mathematics), so I think at least this page needs a link to Duality_(mathematics) close to the top. Gah4 (talk) 20:28, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Complementarity
The hypothetical magnetic monople shows that duality here is not reality. The relation of the E and M fields is complementarity in a differential 2-form: The equations dF = 0 and d*F = J are a concise expression of E/M understanding where the fields are complementary in constructing F. Rgdboer (talk) 22:14, 16 May 2023 (UTC) edit — Rgdboer (talk) 22:16, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field


text: Category:Israeli artists

title: Category:Israeli artists


text:
File:White Wolf Publishing logo.png

The logo of White Wolf Publishing, under fair use, available at http://www.white-wolf.com/WhiteWolfLogos/wwpubcolorjpeg.jpg.

Vector version https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Whitewolf-logo.svg

title: File:White Wolf Publishing logo.png


text:
Tirunelveli Medical College

Tirunelveli Medical College (Tamil: திருநெல்வேலி மருத்துவக்கல்லூரி), also known as TVMC, is a public medical institution in south India, located in the city of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.

The college is affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University and is recognized by the Medical Council of India and World Health Organization.

History
The Government of Tamil Nadu established the Tirunelveli Medical College in 1965, with the agreement of the University of Madras. A total of 75 students were admitted for the MBBS course for the academic year 1965-66 and they had their first year of study at the St Xaviers College for Men and Sarah Tucker College for Women.

In July 1966, the first batch of second year MBBS students started attending the classes in the then newly constructed Anatomy Block. Other departments like Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Social & Preventive Medicine started functioning in the subsequent years, and the District Headquarters Hospital was converted to Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital.

The college was affiliated to the Madurai Kamaraj University consequent to its inception in 1967 till the newly formed The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Guindy, Chennai in 1988.

The college increased the number of admissions to 100 per year during 1973-74 and was subsequently recognised by the Medical Council of India since the year 1977. At present the college gives admission to 250 students each year.

Emblem
The official emblem of the college has the caduceus, paddy (which has been included to denote Tiru'nel'veli ('nel' - நெல் - paddy)) and the words 'Duty, Dignity, Discipline'.

Medical college
The college is present over a sprawling campus of around 286 acres and has lecture halls, libraries, reading rooms, auditoria and 3 separate UG hostels for men (The House of Princes, The House of Lords, Valluvam) and 3 for women (The House of Angels, The Palace of Princess, Junior Angels) with separate hostels for interns (CRMI) and Postgraduates inside the hospital campus. There is a central animal house with a wide range of common laboratory animals, for conduction of research programme. The hospital is 500 meters to the west of the main college campus, and the men's hostel is 500 meters southeast of the campus. The college is among the top 5 in terms of UG course (MBBS) offered across the state Tamil Nadu.

Location
The Tirunelveli Medical College, along with its primary teaching hospital, is located at High Ground in Palayamkottai in the city of Tirunelveli, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

The college, the hospital and the hostels are all located within a radius of 1 km. The college is located within about 7 km from the Railway Station and 5 km from the Bus Stand.

Administration
The college is affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University. The college and the hospital are funded and managed by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The College has also received PMSSY funding from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Central Government of India for setting up Super specialty Hospital in the campus. Since 2019, it has a functional 8 floor Superspeciality block located at St Thomas Rd, Athithanar Nagar, Maharaja Nagar, Tirunelveli.

Undergraduate Medical Course

 * MBBS (5 and a half years in duration) with 250 seats per year from 2019

Postgraduate Medical Courses
Superspeciality Medical Courses :
 * Degree courses (3 years in duration)
 * 1) MD General Medicine (21 seats/year)
 * 2) MD Paediatrics (13 seats/year)
 * 3) MD Anaesthesiology (9 seats/year)
 * 4) MD Psychiatric Medicine (4 seat/year)
 * 5) MD Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy (6 seat/year)
 * 6) MD Chest Medicine (4 seat/year)
 * 7) MD Pharmacology (2 seats/year)
 * 8) MD Pathology (7 seats/year)
 * 9) MD Microbiology (5 seats/year)
 * 10) MD Forensic Medicine(3 seat/year)
 * 11) MD Physiology (2 seats/year)
 * 12) MS General Surgery (20 seats/year)
 * 13) MS Orthopaedics (12 seats/year)
 * 14) MD Obstetrics and Gynaecology (12 seats/year)
 * 15) MS Otorhinolaryngology (4 seat/year)
 * 16) MS Ophthalmology (4 seat/year)
 * 17) MD Radiotherapy(3 seat/year)
 * 18) MD IHBT (3 seat/year)
 * 19) MD Biochemistry (2 seat/year)
 * DM Neurology (7 seats/year)
 * DM Medical GE (2 seats/ year)
 * DM Nephrology (2 seats/year)
 * DM Cardiology (2 seats/year)
 * DM Medical Oncology (4 seats/year)
 * DM Virology (2 seats/year)

SuperSpeciality Surgical courses :
 * M.Ch Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ( 2 seats/year)
 * M.Ch Urology (2 seats/year)
 * MCh Neuro Surgery (2 seats/year)
 * M.Ch Pediatric Surgery (2 seats/year)
 * M.Ch Surgical GastroEnterology (2 seats/year)
 * M.Ch Surgical Oncology (1 seats/year)

Para Medical Courses
Diploma Courses in Certification courses in Degree Courses in
 * 1) DNMW Diploma in Nursing (100 seats/year)
 * 2) DMLT Diploma in Medical Lab Teachnology (100 seats/year)
 * 3) DRDT Diploma in Radiodiagnosis Technology
 * 4) DMRT Diploma in Radiotherapy Technology
 * 5) DAECT Diploma in Accident and Emergency Care Technology
 * 1) Acute Care Technology
 * 2) Respiratory Care Technology
 * 3) Operation Theater Technique
 * 4) Anesthesia Technology
 * 5) Plaster Technician
 * 6) Hemodialysis Technology
 * 7) Echo & ECG Technology
 * 1) Critical Care Technology
 * 2) Accident & Emergency Care Technology
 * 3) Medical Lab Technology
 * 4) Dialysis Technology
 * 5) Cardiac Technology
 * 6) Respiratory Therapy
 * 7) Cardio-Pulmonary Perfusion Technology
 * 8) Radiology & Imaging Technology
 * 9) Operation Theatre & Anaesthesia Technology
 * 10) Physician Assistant

Admission
The college admits 250 students to the MBBS course once every year through NEET. Of this 85% is state quota which is allotted by DME of Government of Tamil Nadu and the remaining 15% is All India Quota allotted by MCC of Central Government of Republic of India.

title: Tirunelveli Medical College


text:
Talk:Rosemary Nelson

Untitled
Sources vary as to whether she was born in 1958 or 1959. Does anyone have a firm source for her birth date? -- Karada 09:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

14 citations for lede sentence?
Why? Dlabtot (talk) 03:55, 25 March 2010 (UTC) Anyone know? Dlabtot (talk) 22:24, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Possibly because an allegation of collusion would be hotly contested without numerous references. IRWolfie- (talk) 10:50, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Because it had repreatedly claimed she was a "Northern Irish" (no such nationality) person. It was also claimed she was not a Human Rights Lawyer (which she was) and another had also claimed she only represented republican defendants(which is untrue). --Baldeadly (talk) 00:16, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Converting bare links
Seeing at the article has been tagged for this, I'm going through the links. So far there has been one dead link which might refer to this archived link, as the URLs differ by one character.Autarch (talk) 20:10, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

I've converted the links - the link mentioned in the previous paragraph didn't seem to add more than a frame for a picture that wasn't available, so I left it out. I also combined two references when it turned out that the second was for an abstract of the first (the second had an ISSN which was useful).

Although I've only glanced at the material in most of the links, it seems all useful. What may need to be done is that some of the links at the end of the first paragraph may need to be redistributed to other parts of the article that rely on the information, while others could be used to expand the article - for instance one of the links in question refers to the presence of MI5 at the inquiry, which could expand that section.Autarch (talk) 21:24, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Article needs fleshing out
Having been so notable before and after her death, I was surprised to find such a short article which contains little information. Surely with all the sources available about Nelson, this page can be fleshed out?--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 06:46, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Rosemary Nelson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140509/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-816845-man-held-over-rosemary-nelson-murder.do to http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-816845-man-held-over-rosemary-nelson-murder.do
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20080110071620/http://i2.democracynow.org/1999/3/18/who_killed_rosemary_nelson to http://i2.democracynow.org/1999/3/18/who_killed_rosemary_nelson

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title: Talk:Rosemary Nelson


text:
Tanquary Fiord Airport

Tanquary Fiord Airport is located at the southern side of Tanquary Fiord, Nunavut, Canada, close to the end of the fiord. It is located within Quttinirpaaq National Park and is maintained by Parks Canada. It serves as the main access to the park for tourists. Hikers to Lake Hazen, which is located 70 km to the northeast, start from Tanquary Camp.

The aerodrome sketch for Tanquary Fiord is probably the simplest in the Canada Flight Supplement; it has nothing on it but a runway and an unlit wind sock.

title: Tanquary Fiord Airport


text:
University of Lagos

The University of Lagos (UNILAG) is a public research university located in Lagos, Nigeria, which was founded in 1962. UNILAG is one of the first generation universities in Nigeria and is ranked among the top universities in Africa in major education publications. The university presently has three campuses in the mainland of Lagos. Whereas two of its campuses are located at Yaba (the main campus in Akoka and the recently created campus at the former school of radiography), it's college of medicine is located at Idi-Araba, Surulere. Its main campus is largely surrounded by the Lagos lagoon and has 802 acres of land. As at 2024, the University of Lagos admits around 8,500 undergraduate students annually and enrolls over 57,000 students.

A visitation panel, created to look into the affairs of the university between 2016 and 2020 detected cases of financial abuses from top officials and ordered the university to close accounts with commercial banks. On 7 October 2022, Folasade Ogunsola was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Lagos making her the first female to attain such height in the University.

History
UNILAG was founded in 1962, two years after the independence of Nigeria from Britain. It was one of the first five universities created in the country, now known as "first generation universities". Eni Njoku was appointed as the first black vice-chancellor of the university in 1962, and he remained in office till 1965 when he was replaced by Saburi Biobaku. However, due to controversy surrounding his appointment, Saburi was stabbed by Kayode Adams, a student radical who believed Biobaku's appointment was unfair and ethnically motivated.

On 29 May 2012, the then President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, proposed to rename the University of Lagos to Moshood Abiola University in honour of Moshood Abiola, who died in jail as a political prisoner in 1998. The proposed name change became a subject of protests from students and alumni. The proposal was consequently jettisoned as the Nigerian federal government gave in to the protests incited by the proposed name change.

Folasade Ogunsola is the current vice chancellor, she was appointed on 7 October 2022 and assumed office on 12 November 2022.

There has been reports of sexual misconduct levelled against several lecturers at the university which the university denied. In 2019, BBC Africa Eye reported that "female reporters were sexually harassed, propositioned and put under pressure by senior lecturers at the institutions – all the while wearing secret cameras". An investigative documentary was produced by former victims of the sexual harassment which was uploaded to YouTube.

Academics and research
The university has remained one of the most competitive in the country in terms of admissions. With approximately 57,000 students as of 2013, the University of Lagos has one of the largest student populations of any university in the country. The University of Lagos is one of the twenty-five federal universities which are overseen and accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

A recent publication of Forbes magazine ranked the school as the third best university in Africa for entrepreneurship after University of Cape Town and Makerere University, tagging University of Lagos the "startup powerhouse" college for Nigerian students.

The University has been called "The university of first choice and the nation's pride." The university's research activity was one of the major criteria used by the National Universities Commission (NUC) in adjudging the university as the best university in Nigeria at the Nigerian University System Annual Merit Award (NUSAMA) in 2008.

The University of Lagos, College of Medicine is associated with Lagos University Teaching Hospital(LUTH). On 29 June 2020, the university received robots, CRZR, from platform capital as a donation to fight the spread of COVID-19.

Affiliate institutions and colleges
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (CEBCEM) The centre, established in April 2018, focuses on biodiversity management, conservation and monitoring of sustainable ecosystem through collaborative research. CEBCEM provides a platform for research and education for students of tertiary institutions as well as advocate for environmental awareness. The Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management is the response of the University of Lagos to the threat of biodiversity in Nigeria. This response includes proposing local solutions to biodiversity conservation challenges which is facilitated through institution research grants such as TETfund.

Administration and leadership
The current principal members of the university administration and their positions are as follows:

Vice-Chancellors

 * Professor Eni Njoku: 1962–1965
 * Professor Saburi Biobaku: 1965–1971
 * Professor Jacob F. Adeniyi Ajayi: 1972–1978
 * Professor Babatunde Kwaku Adadevoh: 1978–1980
 * Professor Akinpelu Oludele Adesola: 1981–1988
 * Professor Nurudeen Oladapo Alao: 1988–1995
 * Professor Jelili Adebisi Omotola: 1995–2000
 * Professor Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe: Ag, 2000–2002; 2002–2007
 * Professor Tolu Olukayode Odugbemi: 2007–2010
 * Professor Babatunde Adetokunbo Sofoluwe: 2010–2012
 * Professor Rahmon Ade Bello: 2012–2017
 * Professor Oluwatoyin Ogundipe: 2017–2022
 * Professor Folasade Ogunsola: 2022–present

Notable alumni, faculty and staff

The university has educated many notable alumni, eminent scientists, politicians, lawyers, business icons, writers, entertainers, monarchs, countless technocrats, recipients of the Nigerian national order of merit, fellows of the various learned academies. As of September 2020, one nobel laureate and one Pulitzer prize laureate have been affiliated with University of Lagos as students, alumni, faculty, or staff.

Notable faculty

 * Wole Soyinka
 * Grace Alele-Williams
 * J. P. Clark
 * Olufemi Majekodunmi
 * Marita Golden
 * Oyeleye Oyediran
 * Lazarus Ekwueme
 * Ken Saro Wiwa
 * Solomon Babalola
 * Akinsola Olusegun Faluyi
 * Karen King-Aribisala

Notable alumni
Amongst the alumni of the University of Lagos, Akoka and other institutions that fall under that banner are;

 * Wande Abimbola, yoruba professor.
 * Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola, recycler in Nigeria.
 * Niyi Adebayo, first executive governor of Ekiti State and current minister of industry, trade and investment.
 * Oladipupo Olatunde Adebutu, Nigerian politician.
 * Olamilekan Adegbite, minister of mines and steel development.
 * Wale Adenuga, publisher and film producer.
 * Ayo Aderinwale, Nigerian diplomat.
 * Kunle Adeyemi, principal of NLÉ, an architecture, design and urbanism firm, Amsterdam.
 * Adebayo Clement Adeyeye, Nigerian journalist and politician.
 * Gbenga Adeyinka, Nigerian actor, comedian,radio and TV presenter.
 * Ernest Afiesimama, Nigerian climate scientist.
 * Goddy Jedy Agba
 * Abisoye Ajayi-Akinfolarin, women's activist, CNN heroes top 10 awardee for 2018.
 * Fabian Ajogwu, lawyer and SAN.
 * Lola Akande, author and academic.
 * Omoyemi Akerele, fashion designer and founder of Style House Files.
 * Bola Akindele, Nigerian businesses man and philanthropist.
 * Funke Akindele, award-winning actress and producer.
 * Funmilade Akingbagbohun, first female National Chairman of the Nigerian Institute of Mechanical Engineers
 * Rilwan Akiolu, current Oba of Lagos.
 * Winifred Akpani, businesswoman, and founder/CEO of Northwest Petroleum & Gas Company Limited
 * Mary Akpobome, director of Heritage Banking Company Limited of Nigeria (HBCL).
 * Yemi Alade, award-winning musician.
 * Akinwunmi Ambode, former governor of Lagos State.
 * Abayomi Arigbabu, professor of mathematics and current commissioner of education, Ogun State.
 * Daré Art-Aladé, singer.
 * Emilia Asim-Ita, co-founder of The Future Awards Africa.
 * Regina Askia-Williams, nurse practitioner, actress, and former miss unilag.
 * Jelili Atiku, Nigerian actor.
 * Bolanle Austen-Peters, lawyer and businesswoman.
 * Adewale Ayuba, singer.
 * Epiphany Azinge, lawyer, senior advocate of Nigeria and former DG of Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.

 * Wale Babalakin, lawyer and businessman.
 * Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi, politician and businessman.
 * eLDee, former Nigerian-American rapper, singer and record producer.
 * Teju Babyface, comedian.
 * Tobi Bakre, actor and presenter.
 * Reekado Banks, singer and songwriter.
 * Philip Begho, writer.
 * Crystal Chigbu, social entrepreneur.

 * Stella Damasus, actress and singer.
 * Gbenga Daniel, former governor of Ogun State.
 * Raquel Kasham Daniel, author and educator
 * Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, former governor of Gombe State.
 * Ousainou Darboe, current Gambian minister of foreign affairs.
 * Fola David, medical doctor and visual artist.
 * Dipo Dina, Nigerian politician.

 * Denrele Edun, award-winning radio and television personality.
 * Ufuoma Ejenobor, actor and model.
 * Grace Ekpiwhre, former minister of science and technology.
 * Tony Elumelu, economist, entrepreneur and philanthropist.
 * Obiageli Ezekwesili, accountant and politician.
 * Lekan Fatodu, journalist and politician.
 * Kayode Fayemi, current governor of Ekiti State and former minister of solid minerals development.
 * Femi Gbajabiamila, lawyer, lawmaker and current speaker of Nigeria's 9th house of representatives.
 * Chika Ike, Nigerian actress, television personality, producer, business woman, philanthropist and former model.
 * IllRymz, musician, radio and television personality.
 * Anita Ifeoma Isede, Nigerian OAP.
 * Yakubu Itua,former member federal house of representative 1983 and former judge High Court of Justice, Benin-City.
 * Chude Jideonwo, lawyer, journalist and media entrepreneur.

 * Adetokunbo Kayode, Nigerian corporate lawyer, tax expert and international arbitrator, former minister of labour, minister of justice, minister of tourism, culture and national orientation.
 * Matilda Kerry-Osazuwa, founder of the George Kerry Life Foundation, doctor and former MBGN.
 * Lil Kesh, Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter.
 * Laycon, rapper, singer and songwriter, winner Big Brother Naija season 5.

 * Kaycee Madu, Nigerian-Canadian lawyer and current minister of justice and solicitor general of Alberta.
 * Magixx, Nigerian singer and songwriter.
 * George Magoha, surgeon and academic.
 * Seyi Makinde, electrical engineer, businessman and current governor of Oyo State.
 * Toke Makinwa, award-winning radio and television personality.
 * Bekeme Masade-Olowola, social entrepreneur.
 * Mayorkun, award-winning musician.
 * Oliver Mbamara, lawyer and film maker.
 * Ufuoma McDermott, model and actress.
 * Lai Mohammed, lawyer and current minister of information and culture.
 * Ifeanyi Chudy Momah, lawyer and legislator.
 * John Momoh, chairman, Channels Television Group.

 * Genevieve Nnaji, award-winning actress, director and producer.
 * Ramsey Nouah,Nigerian actor and director.
 * Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba, minister of state for education.

 * Tim Owhefere, Nigerian politician.
 * Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah, current Nigerian minister of state for mines and steel development.
 * Babatunde Ogunnaike, engineering professor.
 * Ikedi Ohakim, politician and former governor of Imo state.
 * Bayo Ojo, SAN and former Attorney General of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
 * Habeeb Okunola, businessman and philanthropist.
 * Wole Olanipekun, lawyer and Senior Advocate of Nigeria.
 * Dele Olojede, journalist, first African born winner of the Pulitzer Prize.
 * Simbo Olorunfemi, poet, journalist and television producer.
 * Ogbonnaya Onu, first executive governor of Abia State and current minister of science and technology.
 * Shade Omoniyi, actress
 * Felix Orji, bishop of the Anglican Diocese of All Nations.
 * Yemi Osinbajo, former vice-president, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
 * Helen Ovbiagele, novelist.
 * Tim Owhefere, Nigerian politician.

 * Sasha P, rapper, musician, businesswoman, lawyer and motivational speaker.
 * Kemebradikumo Pondei, acting managing director of Niger Delta Development Commission.

 * Omowunmi Sadik, scientist and professor.
 * Babajide Sanwo-Olu, Nigerian politician, businessman and current governor of Lagos State.
 * Daniel Kolawole Olukoya, Pastor, Scientist and Professor
 * Broda Shaggi, a comedian.
 * Joke Silva, award-winning actress, director and producer.
 * Ayo Sogunro, writer, satirist and lawyer.
 * Omoyele Sowore, founder, Sahara Reporters.
 * Gabriel Suswam, former governor of Benue State.

 * Vector, Nigerian rapper and song writer.
 * Farida Mzamber Waziri, former chairman, EFCC.
 * Olajide Williams, professor of neurology at Columbia University.
 * Mercy Aigbe, actress, director, fashionista and businesswoman.
 * Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo, author and educator.
 * Mo'Cheddah, Musical artist.
 * Lekan Balogun, dramatist and theatre art director.
 * Linda Ikeji, blogger.
 * Iziaq Adekunle Salako, Medical Practitioner, Politician and current minister of state for environment.

title: University of Lagos


text:
TCG Pirireis (S 343)

Two submarines of the Turkish Navy have borne the name and pennant number TCG Pirireis (S 343), both were former US Navy vessels:

 * USS Mapiro (SS-376), transferred on loan under the Military Assistance Program to Turkey on 18 March 1960. Sold outright to Turkey, 1 August 1973. Disposed of in 1973.
 * USS Tang (SS-563), leased to Turkey on 8 February 1980, sold on 6 August 1987, and decommissioned in August 2004.

title: TCG Pirireis (S 343)


text:
Makhtesh

A makhtesh (מַכְתֵּשׁ, Hebrew plural: ( – Makhteshim) is a geological landform considered typical for the Negev desert of Israel and the Sinai peninsula of Egypt. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley, which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon.

Etymology
Although commonly referred to as "craters", these formations are "erosion cirques" (steephead valleys or box canyons). Craters are formed by the impact of a meteor or volcanic eruption, whereas makhteshim are created by erosion.

The word makhtesh is the Hebrew word for a mortar grinder. The geological landform was given this name because of its similarity to a grinding bowl.

Geology

Where a hard outer layer of rock covers softer rocks, erosion removes the softer minerals relatively quickly, and they are washed away from under the harder rock. The harder rocks eventually collapse under their own weight, and a crater-like valley structure is formed. In Negev and Sinai makhteshes, the hard rocks are limestone and dolomites, while the inner softer rocks are chalk or sandstone.

The center of the Negev is dominated by northeast-southwest anticlinal ridges. The crests of four ridges host five deep valleys surrounded by steep walls. The upper half consists of hard limestone and dolomite, and the bottom of friable sandstone. Each valley, known as a makhtesh, is drained by a narrow river bed.

Negev
The Negev has five makhteshes: Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol, Makhtesh Katan, and two small makhteshes on Mount Arif, south of Makhtesh Ramon.

 * Makhtesh Ramon is exceptional as it is drained by two rivers (Nahal Ramon and Nahal Ardon). It is the largest makhtesh at over 40 km long, 2–10 km wide and over 500 m deep. The rocks in this makhtesh contain thousands of ammonite fossils, as well as volcanic and metamorphic rocks.
 * Makhtesh Gadol (Large Makhtesh). At the time of naming, Makhtesh Ramon was uncharted, and so this was thought to be the largest makhtesh, at 10 km by 5 km.
 * Makhtesh Katan (Small Makhtesh) is the smallest major makhtesh at 7 km by 5 km and was charted in 1942 by Jewish explorers.

Sinai
The two makhteshes in Sinai, Egypt, have no names for the basin, but their walls have several names including Jabal al-Manzur or Gebel Maghara.

Jordan
Several similar geological formations are also found in Wadi Rum in southern Jordan.

title: Makhtesh


text:
User:Vaergoth

See also http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=24.118.206.25, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=24.118.136.26

title: User:Vaergoth


text:
Swiss Cottage Secondary School

Swiss Cottage Secondary School (SCSS) is a co-educational government secondary school in Bukit Batok, Singapore. Founded in 1963, it offers secondary education leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level or Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examinations.

Founding
SCSS started in 1962 with about 200 pupils, housed at Raffles Institution at Bras Basah Road as the school building along Dunearn Road was still under construction. In July 1963, students and staff moved into a new school premises at Swiss Cottage Estate (along Dunearn Road), which officially opened in November 1963, with an enrolment of about 870 pupils in two mediums, namely English and Malay. In 1966, Minister for Law and National Development Edmund W. Barker described SCSS as one of the foremost integrated schools in Singapore.

Relocation
In 1991, SCSS relocated from Dunearn Road to its current Bukit Batok campus. In 1997, SCSS was ranked 19 among all secondary schools in Singapore.

School crest
The crest is headed by five stars, which symbolise equality, peace, progress, justice and democracy. These are ideals on which a brotherhood of persons can be built. Below, there is a torch which signifies the light of knowledge and the love of learning. Encompassing it are the five rings symbolising sports and the part they play to link persons together. The five horizontal bands denote the five houses as rivals in competition but steadfast in fraternity.

Uniform
SCSS's uniform consists of a white collared shirt with an embroidered crest and long white trousers for all male students, and a white blouse with an embroidered crest and turquoise-blue four-pleated skirt for female students.

For official functions, students representing the school would wear a turquoise blazer, with a white long-sleeved shirt with long white trousers for males, and a long-sleeved blouse with a pleated white skirt for females. A turquoise tie is worn and formal dress shoes are worn for males, and court shoes for females.

Academic information
Swiss Cottage Secondary offers three academics streams, the four-year Express Stream, Normal (Academic) Stream, and the Normal (Technical) Stream. The Express stream leads to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations, while the Normal (Academic & Technical) streams leads to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examinations.

=== Subject offered ===

=== Distinctive Programmes ===

Thoughtful Leadership Programme
SCSS became one of the six Community Youth Leadership (CYL) schools in Singapore in 2014. To effect the CYL function well, we developed the distinctive Thoughtful Leadership Programme (TLP). The TLP is also the Learning for Life (LLP) curriculum that propels the Thoughtful Leadership focus. It is one of the two Distinctive Programmes (the second being the Applied Sciences for Sustainable Development Programme) of the school.

Applied Learning Programme: Applied Sciences For Sustainable Development Programme
The Applied Sciences programme was developed and launched in 2014 to educate our youths about sustainable development. The programme provides a platform for students to develop knowledge and confidence about their potential roles in helping to ensure our future.

Enhanced Citizenship Programme
Started in 2014, the Enhanced Citizenship Programme complements the school's Humanities Programme and enlivens the outcomes of Character and Citizenship Education by tapping on multiple platforms. The study of Conservation that the programme puts a sharp focus on helps students to navigate the balance between rootedness and openness in an age of globalization and modernity.

Full Subject-Based Banding
SCSS is one of the 28 secondary schools selected by the Ministry of Education to start piloting aspects of Full Subject-Based Banding (SBB) from 2020 onwards. With Full SBB, the school is moving towards one secondary education, with many subject bands, to better meet students’ learning needs, without labels. This is part of the broader shift in the education system to recognise the strengths and interests of students, to help them build their confidence and develop an intrinsic motivation to learn for life in them.

Admissions
Students are enrolled through the Direct School Admission (DSA) or the Joint Admissions Exercise (JAE). SCSS's cut-off point for the Express Stream has consistently been within the 235-240 range, making it one of the top 40 secondary schools in Singapore. SCSS does not have affiliations with other schools or institutions.

Co-curricular activities
SCSS offers 19 co-curricular activities (CCAs). These CCAs include uniformed groups, sports, performing arts, and clubs and societies.

The school is notable for its military band, the Singapore National Cadet Corps (NCC) Command Band. The Command Band primarily provides musical support in HQ NCC's military functions, in addition to other uniformed services, such as the Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Civil Defence Force. In the local band scene, the Command Band has consistently achieved Certificates of Distinction in the Singapore Youth Festival, and has been a part of the National Day Parade’s Parade and Ceremony Combined Band since 2010.

The school is also well-known for its floorball team which has achieved National 1st Runner Up in Schools Championship 'C' Division Girls in 2018. And, more recently, its achievements in obtaining Gold in the National School Games 'B' and 'C' Division Girls in 2022.

The school's Uniformed Groups are also particularly notable, with the National Cadet Corps (Air) achieving Gold in the Best Unit Competition in 2017, Girl Guides achieving the Puan Noor Aishah Gold Award, Scouts achieving the Frank Coopers Sand Gold Award in 2017, and St. John's Brigade achieving Corps Achievement Gold Award.

title: Swiss Cottage Secondary School


text:
Whale Cove Airport

Whale Cove Airport is located 4.3 NM from Whale Cove, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

title: Whale Cove Airport


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Ovation (Australian TV channel)

The Ovation Channel was created by Optus Television to "present dance, opera, theatre, literature, jazz, classical music, design and even fashion, food and wine", modelling it on Canada's Bravo!, which formerly focused on such programming.

In March 2006, management of the channel was given to Independent Entertainment, a company run by former SBS head Paddy Conroy under a deal that would see Optus retain ownership until 2009.

In November 2009, it was announced that Foxtel had declined to continue broadcasting Ovation on its platform in 2010. A few days later it was announced that a new arts and entertainment channel run by SBS Television would be replacing Ovation. The following statement was taken from the Ovation Channel's website:

"The Ovation Channel has been advised that from early next year it will no longer be broadcast on Foxtel. As a result Ovation will also not be available on Austar. In the meantime, Ovation will continue to provide you with the excellent arts and entertainment programming that you have enjoyed for over 13 years. Ovation thanks you, its large and loyal audience, and invites you to make a comment if you wish."

In March 2010 it was announced that the channel would become a la carte from 1 June on the Foxtel and Austar platforms.

Ovation Channel was formerly available on SelecTV until the closure of its English service in late 2010.

On 18 April 2012, AUSTAR stated that as of 31 May 2012 Ovation would cease to broadcast. Ovation later announced that they would continue to be available via the internet, and in the coming months on LG, Samsung, and Panasonic smart TVs.

Fetch TV ceased transmission of Ovation on 27 February 2017. Ovation now exists solely as an online shop, selling DVDs of programming previously broadcast on the channel.

Program categories include:
 * Art and design
 * Australian series
 * Ballet and dance
 * Classical music and opera
 * Concerts, jazz and song
 * Drama, theatre and film
 * Literature
 * People and profiles
 * Specials and musicals

title: Ovation (Australian TV channel)


text: Template:River Severn towns

title: Template:River Severn towns


text:
Template talk:River Severn towns

see template:River Severn to keep the two towns lists in sync...

the aim is to eventually list them from upstream to downstream (otherwise there's little point to using this template rather than the category scheme)

Why is this template so small in width? It should go all the way across to fit in with the rest of the templates. Asdfasdf1231234 (talk) 00:31, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:River Severn towns


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Chlorobenzene

Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Uses
The major use of chlorobenzene is as a precursor for further intermediates such as nitrophenols, nitroanisole, chloroaniline, and phenylenediamines, which are used in the production of herbicides, dyestuffs, chemicals for rubber, and pharmaceuticals.

It is also used as a high-boiling solvent in industrial and laboratory applications, for materials such as oils, waxes, resins, and rubber.

Chlorobenzene is nitrated on a large scale to give a mixture of 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 4-nitrochlorobenzene, which are separated and used as intermediates in production of other chemicals. These mononitrochlorobenzenes are converted to related 2-nitrophenol, 2-nitroanisole, bis(2-nitrophenyl)disulfide, and 2-nitroaniline by nucleophilic displacement of the chloride, with respectively sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium disulfide, and ammonia. The conversions of the 4-nitro derivative are similar.

Niche and former uses
Chlorobenzene once was used in the manufacture of pesticides, most notably DDT, by reaction with chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde), but this application has declined with the diminished use of DDT. At one time, chlorobenzene was the main precursor for the manufacture of phenol:

 * C6H5Cl +  NaOH  →   C6H5OH  +  NaCl

The reaction is known as the Dow process, with the reaction carried out at 350 °C using fused sodium hydroxide without solvent. Labeling experiments show that the reaction proceeds via elimination/addition, through benzyne as the intermediate.

Production
It was first described in 1851. Chlorobenzene is manufactured by chlorination of benzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis acid such as ferric chloride, sulfur dichloride, and anhydrous aluminium chloride:
 * [[Image:Chlorination benzene.svg|287px]]

The catalyst enhances the electrophilicity of the chlorine. Because chlorine is electronegative, C6H5Cl exhibits somewhat decreased susceptibility to further chlorination. Industrially the reaction is conducted as a continuous process to minimize the formation of dichlorobenzenes.

Laboratory routes
Chlorobenzene is producible from aniline via benzenediazonium chloride, otherwise known as the Sandmeyer reaction.

Safety
Chlorobenzene exhibits "low to moderate" toxicity as indicated by its of 2.9 g/kg. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 75 ppm (350 mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average for workers handling chlorobenzene.

Toxicology and biodegradation
Chlorobenzene can persist in soil for several months, in air for about 3.5 days, and in water for less than one day. Humans may be exposed to this agent via breathing contaminated air (primarily via occupational exposure), consuming contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with contaminated soil (typically near hazardous waste sites). However, because it has only been found at 97 out of 1,177 NPL hazardous waste sites, it is not considered a widespread environmental contaminant. The bacterium Rhodococcus phenolicus degrades chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole carbon sources.

Upon entering the body, typically via contaminated air, chlorobenzene is excreted both via the lungs and the urinary system.

On other planets
Chlorobenzene has been detected in a sedimentary rock on Mars. It was speculated that the chlorobenzene might have been produced when the sample was heated in the instrument sampling chamber. The heating would have triggered a reaction of organics in the Martian soil, which is known to contain perchlorate.

title: Chlorobenzene


text:
Talk:Bussard ramjet

Ram Scoops Separate Article
Why does the ram scoop concept have a separate article? It seems to me that it is essentially the same concept. Plus, the ram scoop article is terribly short and uninformative. Why not merge it with this one? <~Zeb raic /talk edits > 20:48, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely. "Ram scoop" should be merged into this one. DanielCristofani (talk) 10:03, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Fusion Reactions
Those fusion reactions on the page are completely fudged. D-D Fusion is NOT 17MeV, it's around 3. And that's by far the most likely operating mechanism of this design. Tritium is rare on earth, it's needle-in-a-haystack in the interstellar medium. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.174.13.182 (talk) 05:18, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Ramjets
anybody want to talk about ramjets? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tmayes1999 (talk • contribs) on 09:34, 12 June 2005.

Ramjet speed
I have a question about ramjets: In the section about the example ramjet design the solar wind velocity relative to the ramjet scoop in interstellar space is said to be 50km/s. But what about when the ramjet exceeds this speed? How can a ramjet approach the speed of light if it keeps getting pushed back by the interstellar medium? Can someone put up an example of what would happen if the ramjet was travelling at, say, 0.9c? Felix Dance 04:20, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Time to achieve light speed
I don't understand how the calculation was made to get to just 77% of light speed in a year at 10 m/s/s acceleration. Taking 299,792,458 m/s (light speed) and dividing it by 60*60*24 * 10 (s/day * 10 m/s/s), I get to 100% light speed in 347 days. 107.138.117.80 (talk) 00:47, 20 January 2015 (UTC)Jon Coombs
 * You forgot about relativistic effects - haven't you heard that speed of light is unattainable for objects with non-zero rest-mass? Mithoron (talk) 01:38, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Calculation of drag
"The typical velocity of the solar wind within the solar system is 500 km/s."

In the article this is taken as drag. Now, since we still are within the solar system at the time, then this should be taken as draw (or push), instead of drag. The solar wind is outwards, which also is the direction of the spaceship.

Thus, when still within the solar system, it can enjoy capturing a solar wind of 500km/s, and thrusting its ions back to the same direction, "winning both ways", so to speak. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.186.145.218 (talk • contribs) on 00:17, 17 December 2005.

Drag
Ignoring the velocity of the solar wind, does drag not scale as velocity squared, whilst thrust scales as velocity? Take limits for VMax? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 155.198.10.247 (talk • contribs) on 12:31, 8 January 2006. If the drag is from the electrostatic force of the particles being drawn in, do those particles not give an equal and opposite force to the device which generates the electrostatic field? That is, is not the "drag" actually somehow pulling the vessel forward, since you are charging particles only forward? Or at worst, a net wash in force, at least at low speeds, as particles behind the ship drawn in would slow it, and particles in front would pull it? however, once you start to clear a wake, that will no longer be the case, as you will be travelling through a region cleared of material by the scoop.

That is, it seems to me that the drag is not in accordance with the properties of physics as I know it.

Jonathan Schattke

The obvious problem
I wouldn't edit the main article directly, I just made this account, but I *am* an astrophysicist.

Now, the whole idea of a scoop fails miserable because particles hitting the collector at an angle (to be scooped up) will either 1) go right through, or 2) bounce back again at an angle depending on the shape of the scoop. The point is that it is not trivial to get the particles that hit the scoop concentrated in to the engine. In fact, you might as well ditch the scoop all together.

When an electrostatic field is used for ion collection the electrostatic attraction force of the charged grid on the ions will prevent scooped ions from bouncing out of the ramscooop. Tmayes1965

The effective area of the scoop will never be larger than the size of your engine. You would be riding a giant cylinder and I'm afraid the time needed to build up any appreciable acceleration would be too long for any practical purposes.

Odegard 05:01, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * To see why anyone thought it was a good idea, I believe that a useful way of looking at the ramjet idea is to think of it as something similar to an (open-ended) magnetic mirror. You're interested in material within the loss cone (ions that have an angle of incidence such that they pass through the aperture at the point where the field pinches, instead of being deflected). The idea is that this concentrates some fraction of the incoming plasma. The problem is that in order to get sufficient compression for fusion, you need a very tight pinch with a ridiculously small loss cone, and almost all incident ions are deflected. My understanding is that the drag from deflected ions was overlooked in the original analysis. To add insult to injury, of the atoms that do make it into the pinch, only the deuterium has any hope of fusing, so the work done compressing light hydrogen is wasted. --Christopher Thomas 08:03, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The kind of compression that nuclear fusion uses is the Teller Ulam-radiation implosion of the fusion fuel plasma. In a magnetic  fusion reactor this compression is provided by the axial, or toroidial  electromagnetic field deflecting  the plasma toward the center of the field  . Also not all versions of the ramjet try to induce nuclear fusion in the scooped hydrogen  . Some versions just use it as reaction mass. tmayes1965

 * A good ramjet scoop design can use an electrostatic field to attract the incoming ions, and thus draw them inside the ramjet engine. The magnetic field merely deflects the ions, and thus makes the ions  follow a helical spiral path around the field lines. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tmayes1965 (talk • contribs) on 05:42, 24 May 2006.

 * The article is completely missing any theoretical treatment of the workings of the electromagnetic fields, their sources, energy balances, control schemes, etc.; likewise for the so-called 'ion scoop', as if ion scoops were common, everyday appliances everybody is familiar with. The article itself has more a Sci-Fi flavor rather than that of a hard science article; and please remember: Robert Bussard was a scientist. Another issue: I changed the obviously wrong "Environment" Wikiproject header. --AVM (talk) 16:46, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Not enough hydrogen
There are some well known calculations that show there is not enough intersteller hydrogen for the ramjet to work. That seems to be the primary issue of feasability. DonPMitchell 04:25, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * -That depends on what speed the ramjet reaches on internal fuel before attempting to initiate ram collection. Obviously the thinner the density of hydrogen in interstellar space, the higher velocity you need to be at to collect enough to maintain sufficient fuel supply. It is also obvious that any ramjet vessel will begin its journey inside a solar system where hydrogen densities are much higher from solar wind. The real question is that as the vessel gains speed and exits the solar system, whether the declining hydrogen density is sufficient at the higher velocity to maintain fusion. Also note that if hydrogen is less dense, this also means that drag would also be lower.75.67.80.68 (talk) 01:46, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Interstellar space contains about 1 hydrogen atom per cubic centimeter. This means the total swept out volume of 1 light-year by 1 square kilometer contains only about 10 kilograms of hydrogen. DonPMitchell (talk) 00:13, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Something is off
I'm neither a mathematician nor an astrophysicist, but there seem to be a couple of things off in the calculation that don't conform to normal rules regarding drag and energy calculatons.

The first is the actual "stopping power" of the shield. As you speed would increase, the relative speed of the ions woul increase as well. At some point you shield would need to be abe to stop and funnel to the engine particles at very, very high speeds. My guess is that this alone will cause a hard cut-off point in your speed. Unless the engine is the same size as you disc, which seems imposible from an engineering point of view.

The second problem is that your drag will increase with your speed as well. If your engine exhaust speed is 500.000m/s, then this seems to be your maximum speed in deep space (when the effect of positive solar winds are trivial). Since you captured ions will hit you shield at 500.000m/s, and you also spit them out at the same speed. I've seen nothing in the description about the initial impact speed of the ion being preserved and te exhaust speed being added to it, so I must assume that the exhaust speed is the maximum speed.The ions will exit the ramjet engine at a much higher velocity, then the velocity at which the ions enter the scoop because the ramjet engine accelerates the ions .tmayes1965

The third problems is that the system still seems to require a lot of fuel just to get started and get it past a speed where enough ions are collected to power the shield, the engine and any power overhead some of the suggested might require (a fussion reactor requires a lot of initial energy).Nuclear fission can also power ramjets. It does not have to be nuclear fusion to power them.tmayes1965

Janbart

Non-ramjet material removed
I've removed this material --

" It could also be an inertial confinement fusion reactor in which pellets of lithium 6, or lithium 7  deuteride, undergo Teller-Ulam radiation implosion by high energy laser beams, maser beams, or proton or antiproton particle beams. This will heat and compress the fusion fuel pellet until its temperature is more than 100,000,000 degrees Celsius, and increase the density of the fusion plasma by up to 30 times.  This will ignite nuclear fusion in the fusion fuel pellet.

-- because it isn't about ramjets, and maser beams and antiproton particle beams aren't among the plausible ways to ignite inertial confinement fusion reactions. 67.117.145.211 03:58, 27 December 2006 (UTC) Your wrong about that. Go learn about the AIMStar project at the nuclear engineering department of pennsylvania state university. tmayes1965

I deleted this paragraph about electrostatic scoops because it seemed unclear:

The flux of the interstellar galactic electric field is 1.6 * 10^ -19 electron volts. This means that an electric ion ram scoop field will have an ion collection radius that is the square root of 1013 times (about three million times) greater than the ion collection radius of the electromagnetic ion ramscoop.

First, fields are not measured in electron volts. Second, there is not enough information to determine how the author does an apple-to-apples comparison of electrostatic scoops to electromagnetic scoops. Third, there's no citation. Is this an original calculation by the author of the section, or is there a reference for this calculation? Geoffrey.landis 21:00, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Deceleration
I'm no astrophysicist, but i'm wondering how a bussard ramjet travelling to another star system would decelerate as it arrives. If it is travelling (presumably) at fractions of light speed, how could the magnetic funnel retrieve enough H to power the engines when the spacecraft was travelling in reverse relative to its motion? Unless the engines were reoriented i suppose. Perhaps this could be included in the article. Dallas 15:35, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Another problem...
Ok, assume a working ramjet is designed and several are built for intra-system exploration - travel to the other planets, asteroid mining and whatnot. Wouldn't space around Earth quickly become depleted of viable fuel? Or would galactic rotation ensure that there is always a fresh supply? Applejuicefool (talk) 21:37, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The majority of the fuel for a ramjet in interplanetary space would be from the solar wind. Inside of the heliopause, the protons move radially out from the Sun at approximately 400km/s. At the heliopause there is a stagnation zone, hence the name heliopause, the solar wind slows down somewhere out past Neptune. Extrasolar galactic wind versus intrasolar wind. We don't have a whole lot of data of what the helioshock and heliopause look like, as the relatively new Interstellar Boundary Explorer IBEX probe showed, our previous ideas from Voyager 10 and 11 of what the conditions are out there are wrong.

 * If a theoretical Bussard Ramjet "burns" protons the exhaust would be still be predominately protons (hydrogen) with the occasional deuterium. Proton-proton fusion is rate limiting in the Sun. For any given proton in the Sun, on average it takes 9 billion years for that reaction to happen. Proton proton fusion spits out a deuterium nucleus, positron, and neutrino + 1.442 MeV. When the positron finds an electron, they annihilate producing 2 gamma ray photons.

 * Deuterium-proton fusion is more favorable, on average a deuterium nucleus fuses in about 1 second in the Sun.
 * If a theoretical Bussard Ramjet "burns" deuterium, things start to get a little more complicated. There is d+p fusion and d+d fusion. Exhaust will be predominately protons, the occasional deuterium, and helium-3.
 * A really efficient ramjet burning helium-3 and helium-4 could theoretically produce some beryllium-7 as exhaust, with a halflife of 53 days which decays into lithium-7. Lithium-7 in turn, tends to split into tritium (hydrogen-3) under fusion conditions. **cough. Castle Bravo. oops -cough!* — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:243:1202:D9F0:79E4:374B:5749:FD16 (talk) 17:33, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Antimatter
Article needs to have calculations for using stored antimatter onboard as a power source when combined with scooped matter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.200.76.139 (talk) 03:19, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this should actually be under "antimatter rocket" I may add it later. Having done some "back of the envelope" calculations my finding is that for a 137.00 metric ton spaceship to reach 30.000% of celeritus and then decelerate to rest - assuming an antimatter powered pion/photon rocket with a 70.000% propulsive efficiency - it needs to take 22.377 ton of antimatter and 22.377 ton of matter. If it takes only antimatter and scoops the matter from the interstellar medium it needs "only" 18.144 ton of antimatter. A definite improvement in efficiency considering the cost of antimatter fuel - but this implies a very long flight path (several light years) to intercept enough matter. Aksel89 (talk) 03:36, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Just to make that clear, the ship mass is 137.00 ton without including the fuel, total mass before launch would be 181.75 ton for a non ramjet and 155.144 ton for a ramjet.

 * More useful to know is that for acceleration to 30.000% lightspeed and back the ship needs to be 12.312% antimatter by mass if all fuel is caried onboard or 11.695% antimatter if it is a ramjet design collecting matter. All values stated to 5 sig figs.

 * Also I choose 30.000% lightspeed because travelling faster is extremely energetically costly; just to accelerate to 40.000% lightspeed the ship would need to carry 11.613% of its mass as antimatter fuel (for a non ramjet) - nearly as much as for the entire voyage at 30.000% lightspeed!

 * Unless there are more comments, I will add this to the antimatter rocket article and include a link on the ramjet page.Aksel89 (talk) 08:27, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Ramjet
This thing sounds somewhat like a perpetuum mobile. Is it? If it accelerate by collecting fuel from 'empty' space, and traverse increasingly more of space as acceleration increase, then fuel intake should increase as well, leading to yet higher acceleration, resulting in yet more traversal of space, resulting in yet more fuel, and hence yet more acceleration, ad infinitum (or maybe rather 'ad lightspeed'). I don't think the article is very clear on this effect, if it covers it at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.89.0.118 (talk) 18:40, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It's no more a perpetuum mobile than something propelled through water by a water-jet--like, say, a squid. Admittedly, the ramscoop has to do more with its fuel than just squirt it out the back (it has to fuse it first), but there's no physical law being violated.  Nagakura shin8 (talk) 10:51, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It is more like a motorboat that can run forever because it is traveling in a sea of gasoline. Sure there is drag from scooping the gasoline into the engine, but you get a lot more power from burning the gasoline than you lose from the drag of siphoning it into your engine.  It is the stored energy in the hydrogen atoms that is unlocked by fusion that prevents anything like perpetual motion.  It actually does expend the fuel, it is theoretically possible to deplete the free hydrogen in the interstellar medium, but practically impossible because there is just so damned much of it.  128.97.68.15 (talk) 21:24, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

WHO'S THE IDIOT!
Who';s the MORON who redirected "Bussard Collector" into "Bussard Ramjet?!?!?!?!?!?!

Whoever did it needs to be backhanded for doing things backwards! If you're going to redirect, it should be Ramjet into Collector!

Fix your goof or take a hike!

75.8.36.225 (talk) 23:34, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course...a real concept theorized, and used in science fiction, since 1960, ought to redirect to the article on a piece of Star Trek (first aired 1966) trivia. Makes perfect sense to me.  As everyone knows, real astrophysics is defined by Star Trek, not the reverse; to think that articles on real concepts ought to take precedence over Star Trek, is, as you say, doing things backwards.  Did it ever occur to you that they probably got the idea for the Enterprise's Bussard collectors (added, I believe, in TNG) from the ramscoop?  Probably, I'd say, direct from Niven.
 * Nice manners, by the way. Nagakura shin8 (talk) 11:08, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Just noticed "Consider also the case of a wessel leaving a star system", once more a star trek reference leaks into a "science" article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.194.42.49 (talk) 22:30, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Oh, John Timberlake
lol @ "It is the title of John Timberlake's book[6] where he addresses notions of realism and fiction in photography and their proximity to constructions of utopias/dystopias. Interweaved with his images and bearing on 9/11, fusion-theory and space travel, John Timberlake’s compelling, three part narrative weaves Sci-Fi with contemporary realism to counter tarnished and myopic notions of 'future' civilisation and landscape." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.85.36.128 (talk) 05:11, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Where is the original paper ?
Why is: Robert Bussard, “Galactic Matter and Interstellar Flight,” Astronautica Acta Vol. 6 (1960), pp. 179–94 not referenced? aajacksoniv (talk) 22:29, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

Separate 'Cultural References' section?
It may be a good idea to move the cultural references from the first paragraph to their own section. This would allow for a clearer distinction between the scientific issues and the portrayal of the technology in science fiction works as well as easier integration of other cultural reference not currently included in this article. (e.g. The vessel Red Dwarf in the Brittish sci-fi sitcom of the same name was intended as a ramjet - link)

Prosthetic Head (talk) 19:10, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Speed Limit
This section has no references. aajacksoniv (talk) 14:53, 13 January 2013 (UTC) Neglected is miss spelled. aajacksoniv (talk) 14:54, 13 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Still didn't six months later so I deleted it. Pure WP:OR 202.81.243.196 (talk) 15:09, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Feasibility
This wiki article needs to be updated. Saying that "the bremsstrahlung losses from compressing protons to fusion densities exceeds the power that could be produced by a factor of about 1 billion", ignores the last four decades of fusion research. Particularly, suppression of bremsstrahlung losses enables dense plasma focus to attain billion degree temperatures. What was considered to be infeasible in 1975 is something to include for historical context only. -- 135.23.66.249 (talk) 06:47, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Where is the source citation for the Zubrin/Andrews analysis indicated by "Robert Zubrin and Dana Andrews analyzed one hypothetical version of the Bussard ramscoop and ramjet design in 1985". Without a direct reference to the article paper or work where this analysis was performed there is no method to verify that this is what Zubrin and Andrews actually said. This analysis reference should be cited or this entire section should be removed as lacking foundation.47.135.194.69 (talk) 17:05, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bussard ramjet


text:
Talk:Jackie Leven

Untitled
It is so nice that someone put a piece up on Jackie Leven. He is a very good singer and a nice man.--TracyRenee 09:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Just done a bit of a Spring-clean of the whole page: mainly minor edits, wikifying tone & that sort of thing, plus separating the commercial, Cooking Vinyl releases from the fanclub-only Haunted Valley ones. I've not actually heard of Haunted Valley, so I'm going by the information on the | NME website - if it's not accurate, please feel free to correct Dom Kaos (talk) 00:24, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Birth name
I'm told his birth name was Alan or Alun Moffat, middle name possibly Armstrong but can't find a reliable source, although there may be mention in the current edition of The Word. Can anyone cite this? Mutt Lunker (talk) 18:36, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Assault causing loss of voice
Jackie Leven was violently assaulted, causing him to lose his voice. He regained his low singing register, but his falsetto loss was permanent. Should this not be mentioned?Dean1954 (talk) 14:36, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jackie Leven