text:
Talk:Les Cités obscures

French verb "ignorer"
In the Counter-Earth section, the quote from the French was mis-translated into English. The French infinitive "ignorer" is what is known as a "faux ami" - a "false friend." It doesn't mean in English what it appears to mean. Rather than "to ignore," it is generally translated as "to be unaware of," or "to be ignorant of." This was changed to more accurately reflect the French.

The List of Stories and Other Publications
There seems to be some confusion about the number of books in the series, as well as the exact spelling of their names.

For instance, the comic-book “L’ombre d’un homme” only gives its own title as well as other titles of the series written in all caps. The Urbicande Albums Page seems like a reliable source to some extent. Some things remain unclear to me, however, like why it lists “L’enfant penchée” (1996) with -e- and “L’Enfant penchée” (2007) with -E-. The Wikipedia list lacks some titles of the Urbicande listing and vice versa.

Apparently it will require some extra philologic work to put together a complete and accurate list. – Jippe 09:28, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

And whats the word on English editions? LamontCranston (talk) 15:11, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cites obscures etpv.jpg
Image:Cites obscures etpv.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:43, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Wrong (imho) redirecting on albums
Half of the albums in this article have a blue link to a real article about the album. But the other half are only blue links redirecting to one of the makers: François Schuiten. It gives a false impression in this article these album-articles already exist. Red links or not linking at all will encourage readers more to write articles about these albums. --Sonty567 (talk) 03:50, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed those redirecting links. Sonty567 (talk) 04:07, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * They really need to redirect here and be removed from the footer template. There is nothing wrong with using redirects instead of red links but they need to be used properly. (Emperor (talk) 12:06, 24 September 2009 (UTC))
 * Still, red links also exist to urge people to create articles. As the other articles have remained for years, it can't be a matter of notability. Back then, I had uploaded all the covers at small sizes under a friend's account, but within three days or so, all covers were deleted where I hadn't written the articles for them yet, while those that had already been implemented into their respective articles by then were not deleted. Still, it frustrated me enough to stop working on it. That's why half the links remained red in the end. A few months down the road, somebody re-directed them all to Schuiten's article. --2003:71:4E3F:3379:79D7:6279:95A6:3AA3 (talk) 01:59, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

The Golden Compass
If we're including Mars et Avril under Multimedia expansion simply because of the set design by Schuiten being similar to his mise-en-scene in Fever in Urbicand, then we should also include The Golden Compass (2007), another film where Schuiten did the production design and that hence looks much more like an adaptation of his The Road to Armilia from start to finish and smack down to a t than anything like the original book by Pullman. Thoughts? --79.242.222.61 (talk) 19:25, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Les Cités obscures


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GKrellM

GNU Krell Monitors (GKrellM) is a system monitor software based on the GTK+ toolkit that creates a single process stack of system monitors. It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks, network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things. Plugins are available for a multitude of tasks, e.g., controlling the XMMS media player or a SETI@home client from within the stacked monitor.

Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, GKrellM is free software.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GKrellM


text:
Rosario, Cavite

Rosario, officially the Municipality of Rosario, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 110,807 people.

Formerly known as Salinas, Rosario has an area of 5.6 sqkm, making it the most densely populated city/municipality in Cavite at 16,473 per km2. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now included in Manila conurbation which reaches Lipa, Batangas in its southernmost part. It is accessible by land and water transportation.

Etymology
There are three religious versions for naming the town "Rosario." These are:

The first version says, the image of the Madonna and the Child was found one day floating on the water by a group of kids playing along the seashore. They played with the image, using it as a toy and afterwards hid it in the bushes near the sea. Every time they came back, however, they would see the image already floating leisurely on the water, as if waiting for them. They thought it strange, but could not explain how the image got back to the water.

Not long after their elders learned about the image and took it to an empty nipa shack. Thus began a public veneration of the Madonna and Child. The hut was transformed into a place of worship. News of miraculous happenings attributed to the image spread around. The religious fervor was so great and the people were moved by the image that they decided to adopt it as the patroness of the town and changed the name Salinas Marcella to Rosario.

The different names given to the town are remembered. Marcella exists as one of the national roads of the town. Salinas is associated with the finest and famous smoked fish (Tinapang Salinas) produced by the townspeople.

Rosario was formerly called Tejero, which may have originated from the word tejer (Spanish to weave) because weaving fish nets was then the main occupation of the women. Rosario was also called Salinas derived from the word sal (Spanish salt) during the Philippine Revolution because salt-making was a prime industry of the town. The place was likewise called Marcella or Marcelles due to its proximity to the sea (“mar” in Spanish). Rosario was, finally, named in honor of their patroness Nuestra Señora Virgen del Santissimo Rosario, Reina de Caracol or (Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary).

History
On October 22, 1845, Spanish Governor General Narciso Claveria promulgated a Decree for the establishment of a new town comprising Salinas-Leiton and Tierra Alta of San Francisco de Malabon, what is now the city of General Trias. On October 27, Don Juan Arlegui, Vicar-General of the Archdiocese of Manila informed the Politico-Military Governor of Cavite Don Miguel Roca, that he was designated by the Governor-General to look for a person of unquestionable integrity who will be entrusted with the money for the construction of the church building.

On November 3, 1845, presbyter Don Mamerto Mariano Ner, who was at that time one of the priests of the Curia of Manila, was appointed as the first parish priest and served until December 1866.

The municipality of Rosario was originally a part of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias) which itself was part of Silang. It became an independent municipality in 1846, one year after the founding of the Santissimo Rosario Parish. The second smallest town in Cavite Province, Rosario has now emerged into the " biggest, not in terms of its land area nor its per capita income but because of the great transitions that occurred with the town's political, social, cultural and economic developments since 1845.

On October 15, 1903, Rosario and Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit) were merged with Noveleta by virtue of Act No. 947 enacted by the Philippine Commission. In 1911, Rosario regained its independent status as a municipality of Cavite by virtue of Executive Order No. 92.

Geography
Rosario is 30 km south of Manila and 20 km from Imus. It occupies part of the north to north-western section of the province along the western coast of Luzon. It is flanked by Noveleta on the east, Manila Bay on the north, General Trias on the southeast and Tanza on the south-west.

Land area
Rosario has a land area of only 569 ha, as based on previous data recorded. At present, the municipality has not yet conducted any cadastral survey of its juridical land territory. A total of twenty (20) barangays make up this lowland coastal town.

Barangays
Rosario is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Bagbag I
 * Bagbag II
 * Kanluran
 * Ligtong I
 * Ligtong II
 * Ligtong III
 * Ligtong IV
 * Muzon I
 * Muzon II
 * Poblacion
 * Sapa I
 * Sapa II
 * Sapa III
 * Sapa IV
 * Silangan I
 * Silangan II
 * Tejeros Convention
 * Wawa I
 * Wawa II
 * Wawa III

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Rosario, Cavite, was 110,807 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Rosario's potential labor force comprises 59.25% of the figure given above, with the majority engaged in fishing and trade activities. The growth rate is 3.63%.

Religion
Roman Catholic is the prominent religion of Rosario. There are two Catholic churches. One is in Poblacion,The Most Holy Rosary Parish, and another one in Ligtong,San Isidro Labrador Parish. Recently, Islam was introduced by the Maranao business people from Mindanao. The other religions in Rosario includes Iglesia ni Cristo and Born Again Christians.

Economy

Fishing is a major economic activity due to the abundant fishing grounds particularly in Barangays Wawa, Sapa Muzon and Ligtong. The Rosario Fish Port in Barangay Sapa is a major fishing port. Predominant cottage industries related to fishing include smoked fish (tinapa) processing, fish drying (daing), fish paste (bagoong) making, fish sauce (patis) making and canning. Marine species caught within municipal fishing grounds include squid, mackerel, slipmouth, herring, goatfish, tuna, mullet, porgy, shrimp, barracuda, cavalla, snapper, catfish and roundscad. Salinas is also the birthplace of the well-known Marina’s bibingka and the local Cavite version of pasit luglog, also known as pasit palabok, which was introduced by Aling Ely’s carinderia. Both uses the local ingredients of tinapa flakes and kesong puti otherwise known as casillo.

The Fil-Oil Development and Management Corporation (FMDC) has begun developing 134 ha of the Philippine National Oil Corporation property into a special economic zone, the Cavite Economic Zone, that will include an industrial estate, low-cost housing, and a new port facility. A proposed reclamation will increase the land area of Barangay Sapa II and III by 200 ha.

On November 20, 2009, SM Prime Holdings, the largest mall-operator in the country, opened SM City Rosario, its 36th mall.

Elected officials
The following are the elected officials of the town elected last May 9, 2022 which serves until June 30, 2025:

List of former municipal heads
Gobernadorcillos
 * 1845 - Jacinto Jimenez
 * 1846 - Pablo Buendia
 * 1847 - Ventura Caldeira
 * 1848 - Jacinto Jimenez
 * 1849 - Adriano Zacarias
 * 1850 - Reducindo Cruz
 * 1851 - Pablo Buendia
 * 1852 - Jacinto Jimenez
 * 1853 - Reducindo Buenviaje
 * 1854 - Roberto Jimenez
 * 1855 - Lino Ner
 * 1856 - Lino Ner
 * 1857 - Benito Atangan
 * 1858 - Isidoro Gonzales
 * 1859 - Natalio Buenaflor
 * 1860 - Tomas Panganiban
 * 1861-1862 - Isidoro Gonzales
 * 1863-1864 - Lino Ner
 * 1865-1866 - Bernabe Raqueno
 * 1867-1868 - Lino Ner
 * 1869-1870 - Juan Buendia
 * 1871-1872 - Benito Atangan
 * 1873-1874 - Basilio Copon
 * 1875-1877 - Lino Ner
 * 1878-1879 - Bernabe Raqueño
 * 1880-1881 - Mariano Odvina
 * 1882-1883 - Francisco Prudente
 * 1884-1885 - Ciriaco Abutin
 * 1886-1887 - Pantaleon Raqueño
 * 1888-    - Francisco Sales
 * 1889-1890 - Mariano Punzalan
 * 1891-1892 - Pablo Raqueño

Capitan Presidents
 * 1893     - Roman Bulda
 * 1894 Marcelo Rodriguez
 * 1895-1898 - Catalino Abueg

Presidente Municipal
 * 1899-1900 - Catalino Abueg
 * 1901-1905 - Andres Ner
 * 1906-1907 - Benigno Santi
 * 1908-1909 - Andres Villanueva
 * 1910-1912 - Andres Giongco
 * 1913-1915 - Pascual Jimenez
 * 1915-1922 - Julio Mata
 * 1922-1925 - Andres Giongco
 * 1925-1930 - Julio Mata
 * 1930-1934 - Narciso Jimenez Ner

Municipal Mayors
 * 1934-1937 - Julio Mata
 * 1938-1941 - Jose Castro
 * 1942-1943 - Agustin Abadilla

Japanese sponsored Mayor
 * 1944-1945 - Julio Mata

Liberation Military Mayor
 * 1945     - Narciso Jimenez Ner

'''Appointed by Pres. Osmena'''
 * 1946     - David Jimenez

'''Appointed by Pres. Roxas'''
 * 1947     - Julio Mata

Municipal Mayor
 * 1948-1951 - David P. Jimenez
 * 1952-1959 - Antonio Guhit
 * 1960-1963 - Pedro Giongco
 * 1964–1978, 1980-1986 - Calixto Enriquez
 * 1978-1980 - Agripina Abueg
 * 1986-1988 - Oscar Reyes
 * 1988-1992 - Ernesto Andico
 * 1992–1998, 2007–2016, 2019–2020 - Jose M. Ricafrente, Jr.
 * 1998-2007 - Renato M. Abutan
 * 2016–2019, 2020–present - Jose Voltaire V. Ricafrente

Education
Primary schools:
 * Rosario Elementary School
 * Agustin Abadilla Elementary School
 * David P. Jimenez Elementary School
 * Mayor Calixto D. Enriquez Elementary School (Ligtong Elem. School)
 * Silangan Elementary School Founded June 18, 1962
 * Bagbag I Elementary School-Main (Greenfields Subd.)
 * Bagbag II Elementary School-Annex (Sunrise Subd.)
 * Tejeros Convention Elementary School
 * Bible Christian Academy (Cuevas Subd.)
 * Galilee Academy (Manggahan Compound)
 * Santo Rosario Catholic School (Most Holy Rosary Parish Compound)
 * King Arthur Academy of Cavite, Inc. (Karlaville Subd.)

Secondary schools:
 * Bagbag National High School
 * Cafuir Learning Center (defunct)
 * Cavite State University - Science Education Laboratory School
 * Rosario Institute
 * Rosario National High School
 * Escuela Secondaria Señor de Salinas
 * STI High School - Rosario
 * Bible Christian Academy (Cuevas Subd)
 * Galilee Academy (Manggahan Compound)
 * Santo Rosario Catholic School (Most Holy Rosary Parish Compound)

Tertiary schools:
 * Cavite State University Rosario Campus
 * STI College - Rosario Branch
 * Imus Computer College - Rosario Branch
 * Datacom Institute of Computer and Technology - Rosario Campus

title: Rosario, Cavite


text:
2002 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 2002.

Play-offs
November 2: Sandefjord – Brann 0–0

November 6: Brann – Sandefjord 2–1 (agg. 2–1)

Brann stay up.

1. divisjon
1. Liungen 16 14 1 1 71–14 43 Promoted 2. Fløya 16 9 2 5 27–17 29 Promoted - 3. Skeid 16 8 5 3 31–22 29 4. Haugar 16 8 0 8 31–31 24 5. Medkila 16 6 3 7 34–24 21 6. Fortuna 16 6 2 8 21–28 20 7. Nittedal 16 6 2 8 22–38 20 (ex Gjelleråsen) 8. Vålerenga 16 5 3 8 22–32 18 - 9. Follese 16 1 0 15 11–64 3 Relegated Athene Moss withdrew before the season because of financial problems.

Final

 * Trondheims-Ørn 4–3 (a.e.t.) Arna-Bjørnar

Men's UEFA competitions
Norwegian representatives:
 * Rosenborg (UEFA Champions League)
 * Lillestrøm (UEFA Champions League)
 * Viking (UEFA Cup, cup winner)
 * Stabæk (UEFA Cup)
 * Brann (UEFA Cup, fair play)

Second qualifying round

 * }

Third qualifying round

 * }

Group D
Matches
 * September 17: Rosenborg – Inter (Italy) 2–2
 * September 25: Lyon (France) – Rosenborg 5–0
 * October 2: Rosenborg – Ajax (Netherlands) 0–0
 * October 22: Ajax – Rosenborg 1–1
 * October 30: Inter – Rosenborg 3–0
 * November 12: Rosenborg – Lyon 1–1

Preliminary round
August 15: Brann – Suduva Marijampole (Lithuania) 2–3
 * Stabæk – Linfield (Northern Ireland) 4–0

August 29: Linfield – Stabæk 1–1 (agg. 1–5)
 * Suduva Marijampole – Brann 3–2 (agg. 6–4)

First round
September 19: Anderlecht (Belgium) – Stabæk 0–1
 * Chelsea (England) – Viking 2–1

October 3: Stabæk – Anderlecht 1–2 (agg. 2–2, Anderlecht on away goals)
 * Viking – Chelsea 4–2 (agg. 5–4)

Second round
October 31: Celta (Spain) – Viking 3–0

November 14: Viking – Celta 1–1 (agg. 1–4)

Intertoto Cup
No Norwegian representative this season.

Group 5
Matches (in Saloniki) September 25: Trondheims/Ørn – Saestum (Netherlands) 2–0 September 27: Trondheims/Ørn – PAOK Saloniki (Greece) 12–0 September 29: Regal București (Romania) – Trondheims/Ørn 0–4

Quarter-finals

 * }

Norway men's national football team
Note: Norway's goals first Explanation:
 * F = Friendly
 * ECQ = Euro 2004 Qualifier

Norway women's national football team
January 23: Norway – United States 1–0, friendly

January 25: China – Norway 0–3, friendly

January 27: Norway – Germany 1–3, friendly

March 1: Norway – England 3–1, friendly

March 3: Norway – Sweden 3–3, friendly

March 5: Norway – United States 3–2, friendly

March 7: Norway – China 0–1, friendly

March 24: Czech Republic – Norway 1–5, World Cup qualifier

May 9: Norway – France 3–1, World Cup qualifier

May 12: Ukraine – Norway 1–1, World Cup qualifier

July 17: Canada – Norway 2–2, friendly

July 21: United States – Norway 4–0, friendly

September 14: Norway – Germany 1–3, friendly

title: 2002 in Norwegian football


text:
Talk:Substance theory

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 8 October 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eekirk.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Property and quality
Quality is the substance that makes an object/entity what it is. A quality is inherent, a property is relative. A quality is typical of the whole, a property is typical of a part.

Property is relative. Quality is absolute. An object can survive without some properties, but not without its quality.

A property is comon in all members of a class. Properties are of two kinds. Group 1 property shows the limits (contains constraints). If they disappear, the object itself disappears.

They are substantial (not substance) properties. The constraints here are not the same as the specifics of an object, though.

Group 2 properties are simple properties. They do not delimit objects. It is the quality that makes a difference among objects.

The number of qualities of an object is endless.

A particular quality may be the property of different objects, and vice versa.

A quality itself is a propetry, it is relative as any other property, i.e. it does not depend on the object that it is a quality of, but on other objects associated with that object.

Or: what is a quality for one object is a property only for another. (Example: an ability to do something – with an amateur and a professional).

A quality is not complete specifics. Therefore we have a separate sense for it (quality). If two substantial properties make up a quality, then combined, they are again a substantial property. The complete set of qualities is what you call the specifics.

Apogr 20:16, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What is meant by concrete objects being "numerically different" (or equal), if they are not numbers? (Indeed, a number is abstract, not concrete.) See "The bundle theory" section and later. Does it means something like its "state" (like a card or computer word whose physical state may be interpretted as the reification of some (abstract) value, e.g. a number, and, in any case, can be compared with that of another object that is of the same type)? But then, would not the symbols on the card or bits in the word be mere properties of the object? John Newbury 2005-07-30

Substance theory in praxis
There are very few names given in the article - who are the current (20thC+) proponents of substance theory - and do their ideas converge? Who are the current opponents to substance theory, and are all of them proponents of bundle theory? To me the article appears to dichotomise all thinkers into bundlists and substantists - is that fair or correct? (excuse the neologisms) (20040302 00:22, 31 October 2005 (UTC))

Help with accidents
Could someone who understands this stuff take a look at Accident (philosophy)? Is the term accident used in substance theory, and is it used differently than in modern theories about essence? I'm coming at this issue from transubstantiation. The explanation of accidents on Wikipedia doesn't seem to exactly correspond to the usage of this term in the transubstantiation doctrine. This causes unnecessary confusion.--Srleffler 01:59, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Substance, "what stands under" - Spinoza & Heidegger
Someone wrote that for Spinoza, substance meant "what stands under". Actually, Heidegger showed that the concept of "subject" came from the Greek "Hypokeimenon", which meant "what stands under". Henceforth, Heidegger demonstrated that any criticism of the substance, as in Nietzsche's philosophy, was necesarily a criticism of the subject (i.e. something like a historical subject can't exist, it is an oxymoron). In other words: the subject was thought by classic philosophy as the core of a "personality", i.e. the substance of personality. Any criticism of permanency is therefore a criticism on the unity of the subject. Henceforth, it may be a good idea to generalize Spinoza's understanding of substance, as it is the real signification of substance - backing it with Heidegger's etymology (this last being important, as Heidegger also loved obscure etymologies...). Lapaz 03:28, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

It sounds like you have good information to add to this article, Lapaz. Please be bold and improve the article's explanation of Spinoza's understanding and add Heidegger's etymology and criticism. (And, if possible, cite Heidegger and Spinoza.) The Rod 17:32, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

"what stands under" may be "understood" as "understanding", and that may be all that "substance" really is. [(User: Anders|Anders)] 13:40,  15 October 2009 (UTC)66.188.14.121 (talk) 18:45, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That which stands beneath in Greek is hypostasis, substance or essence in Greek is ousia.LoveMonkey (talk) 00:04, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Lapaz wrote: "Heidegger showed that the concept of 'subject' came from the Greek 'Hypokeimenon,' which meant 'what stands under.'" Heidegger's definitions and word origins were very idiosyncratic. He tried to out–Hegel Hegel in the employment of neologisms and deliberately confusing terminology (depth = obscurity). It must be obvious that "subject" comes from the Latin for "thrown under" and has nothing to do with "standing." [sub = under; jacere (or iacere) = throw]Lestrade (talk) 14:10, 22 April 2010 (UTC)Lestrade

What does 'ens perfectissimus' mean?
I was just wondering, what does 'ens perfectissimus' mean? DonkeyKong the mathematician (in training) 15:18, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * QUOTE: "For Heidegger, Descartes means by "substance" that by which "we can understand nothing else than an entity which is in such a way that it need no other entity in order to be." Therefore, only God is a substance as ens perfectissimus..."
 * "Most perfect entity." Usually means "God."Lestrade (talk) 14:14, 22 April 2010 (UTC)Lestrade

why the masculine termination? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.148.245 (talk) 10:59, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Incomprehensible Continental
I can't make any sense of the following.

For this reason, Althusser's "anti-humanism" and Foucault's statements were criticized, by Jürgen Habermas and others, for misunderstanding that this led to a fatalist conception of social determinism. For Habermas, only a subjective form of liberty could be conceived, to the contrary of Deleuze who talks about "a life", as an impersonal and immanent form of liberty.

What has the existence or otherwise of "stuff" got to do with "social determinism"? 1Z 19:19, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, this still exists, and its still confusing. Someone should get around to clarifying this more. Shaded0 (talk) 07:30, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Missing argument
The article needs a section on the Argument from Change and Endurance.1Z 19:34, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

MOOSE

Defining Quality
Everyone has a (different)definition for Quality. If American cars have so much Quality built into them as the big 3 advertise, than why do they lose so much money. Quality is in the eyes of the customer, perception is everything. Even though these cars are made to high standards and are made with ' quality components ' they are not perceived as a Quality product as compared to other cars, which are made , basically, to the same standards. I work in a sector where our products are perceived to be better than our American competitors products and maybe the best in the world. Even though in some ways our products are indeed inferior to some competitors models and more expensive, but made to the same DOT-Dept of Transportation- standards. Customers are the highest boss and will always be, if they are taken care of - Quality-wise. 6 sigma head —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.38.225.2 (talk) 15:19, 26 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Like many other words, "quality" is ambiguous because it is used to designate more than one concept. Do not make the mistake that Robert Pirsig made. Philosophically, "quality" means "characteristic," "property," or "attribute." It does not mean "high grade" or "superior excellence."Lestrade (talk) 14:19, 22 April 2010 (UTC)Lestrade

8 1/2 by 11
not to be picky, but 8 1/2 by 11. nora 15:42, 20 March 2007 (UTC)icountyoureyelashes

Anti-substantialism
I've heard of the term anti-substantialism being applied when talking about opposition to substance theory. Perhaps this term could be mentioned if adequate sources were gfound. ADM (talk) 14:11, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Please clarify. Do you mean anti-substance theory as the philosophy that opposes ousia or the theory that opposes that there is a singular substance that all things reduce to (metaphysics, ontology) or nihilism which is Reductio ad absurdum. Do you mean the absences of objective substantialism or subjective substantialism or the Essentialism of (Anaxagoras). Or strictly anti as against, rather then the abscences there of? Or are you going to either dodge an answer or do as you have already done so often in the past and just ignore me? I mean since Roman Catholicism denies the sumbebekos and anomalism of the being of God as being incomprehesible won't that kinda make Roman Catholicism what your looking to address? Abit of Anaxagoras goes a long way.LoveMonkey (talk) 18:20, 2 June 2009 (UTC) P.S.

 * I meant a bit of all those things. There are various post-modern philosophical currents of relativism that are arguably anti-substantial because they reject any kind of moral reference point, which may be called substance. ADM (talk) 07:36, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Fantastic! You responded this time. The link you posted has a constructivist --Pragmatist-- approach if you will. As for anti-substance it is always down the rabbit hole of Reductio ad absurdum. You must be Greek (actually Christian, Greek in the East means Pagan) about it. A more Pragmatic way in lose conformaty to your link you posted would be that Particle physicists are "pro Substance theory" where those in opposition as part of the Wave tradition of Quantum physics would be more inclined to be anti- or absences of substance theorists (saying that that way is so general though it is almost a misnomor). It will however get you to the city but not the house your looking for. I say theorist to mean one must have knowledge created, validated by experience. That experience can be external or internal. A priori - A posteriori. I (and for that matter Dostoevsky too) am not existentialist because knowledge is a component of substance. It is sentient. The Christian God in Father is uncreated in essence but sentient in hypostasis, where as the Platonic One or Monad is a force without form a non-sentient uncreated motion that is good but without mind or consciousness. Plotinus' One or source as metaphysic (or more correctly) Ontology is an indeteminate infinite vitality. It is the One the Monad that is the essence or substance of all things. God to Plotinus is a second manifestation of the source the force without form (power without sentitence). Therefore man has instinctual knowledge that also directs and shapes or influences (if you will) their essence (substance). Meaning it is of a changing or dynamic character. The issue here for science is, is consciousness a substance? Is the nous a substance? IS it a particle or is it a wave. If physics are true what can account for electron clusters? It goes back to Godel. Noesis is the scope of conscious activites. Pure consciousness with no distortion. Pure nous. Again the nous made of a substance. What is mankinds organic connection to the objective world. LoveMonkey (talk) 12:53, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Roman Catholicisms' strange is strange the substance, yes! Nominalism is but a wacky bird! The number one is a conscious constructed concept that reflects noesis! Wacky Wacky Wacky. For nominialism the number one is all in the mind. But the Arabs created their numbering convention not from one, BUT FROM ZERO. Zero is a validatiable (epistemological) experience, aka you can experience nothing and live to talk about it. Nominalism denys the validity and or value and existence of noesis (it is down the rabbit hole to reduce it to the absurd. So love though not a material or external world substance is nothing but a construct of the mind. If love is an energy then it is a substance. So if something is experienciable is it substantive? Here we are again at the tired old debate that is the limits of philosophy. Our noesis is created or finite and various philosophies like to play of that incompleteness (Godel again) in order to abuse Socrates' famous dialectical method to invalidate the position they oppose. It would be better to approach the topic of anti-substanstive as one from the position of a validatible (epistemelogical) experience of zero-Ex nihilo, Ex nihilo nihil fit.

LoveMonkey (talk) 13:23, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Did you take some caffeine, are you hyper-active today ? You should also consult a dictionary, to make sure that your English doesn't get mixed in with some of that Russian. ADM (talk) 13:39, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Stop with the insults it is unbecoming of a Christian. Besides we are Russian Orthodox we hate noboby least of all other Christians. So just discuss, pretty please. You are Catholic we all agree on sobornost.

LoveMonkey (talk) 13:41, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

I don't mean that as an offense, I just thought that from a purely grammatical point of view, it is difficult to follow what you are saying. ADM (talk) 13:48, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Well yes, it is bloody difficult to articulate. Noesis is to take large arrays of data (experiences) and calculate with them. How can one balance specific with general? Can I truly speak of a forest if I deny it's trees? This is the stupidity of philosophy.

LoveMonkey (talk) 13:53, 3 June 2009 (UTC) N.O. Lossky took the Nominal and Nietzchian (yes the pseudo history creator himself Mr N is Senior~ Duplicity) position of relativism and refutes it using the standard dialectial method. His apology is called Value and existence. It is also a position of sobornost to the German culture and philosophy while explicity rejecting Nietzche. Or as Dostoevsky might say Everything is Good and nothingness is dead.  LoveMonkey (talk) 14:00, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

RfC: Is the following subsection a useful contribution to the article: Substance theory?
Is the following example a useful contribution as a subsection for the article: Substance theory?

Objections have been raised regarding a subsection intended to show that substance theory, that is, the proposition that a substance is distinct from its properties, plays a role in today's physical sciences. The subsection is provided at this link. Please comment upon its suitability and, if possible, provide suggestions for its improvement. Brews ohare (talk) 04:35, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Here is the subsection:

 * Usage in physical science

 * The use of the term substance in the physical sciences can be seen in the definition of the unit mole by the international standards organization Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. To quote the brochure on the International System of Units:
 * "Amount of substance is defined to be proportional to the number of specified elementary entities in a sample, the proportionality constant being a universal constant which is the same for all samples. The unit of amount of substance is called the mole, symbol mol, and the mole is defined by specifying the mass of carbon 12 that constitutes one mole of carbon 12 atoms. By international agreement this was fixed at 0.012 kg, i.e. 12 g.
 * 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is "mol".
 * 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles."

 * This usage of the notion of substance coincides with the posit of substance theory stated at the beginning of this article that ‘a substance is distinct from its properties’; here, the term substance is divorced from direct definition in terms of the properties of the substance, and instead directed at its constituents (its “elementary entities”), a form of the idea that matter is built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, as first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).  The properties of a substance must then be deduced from the laws governing the behavior of its constituents, as done in various scientific disciplines such as condensed matter physics and chemistry. Thus, substance theory finds expression in current physical sciences involved in determining the properties of matter.

 * References

 * Comments

Please add your comments below with a leading asterisk *
 * Comment: The term substance is used in exactly the sense of this article in areas such as the definition of the unit mole and in the arenas of condensed matter theory and chemistry. I believe it of interest that substance theory has not only a long past, but continues to be an idea active to this very day. Brews ohare (talk) 23:26, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Do any of the references directly assert that a measurement in moles is to be identified with the philosophical understanding of "substance"? If so, please quote the passage(s) because I'm not seeing it.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  23:43, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The measurement in moles is a very particular example, and not the whole enchilada. Regarding the mole, the quote, says: “Amount of substance is defined to be proportional to the number of specified elementary entities”.
 * The cited references also all refer to substance. The Williams reference explains how, going back to the early Greeks, the idea was that a substance sufficiently divided resulted in its "atoms" which were themselves rather indistinguishable, that is, the properties of substance are to be deduced from the behavior of the constituents, which are themselves rather indistinguishable. The Davies reference says “Ever since the atomic theory of Leuccipus and Democritus in the fifth century BC, the idea that all material substance is composed of a small number of truly elementary particles bound together has been a compelling one.” Davies goes on to trace the modern developments of this idea. The 't Hooft reference says: “ Substances consisting of one species of atoms are called the chemical elements... the word "element" suggests that we have arrived at the fundamental building blocks of matter.” He goes on to say that the indivisibility of atoms has not survived, but has been pushed to finer and finer scales. The on-line dictionary relates substance and matter as: “ That which has mass and occupies space; matter” suggesting "substance" and "matter" are largely synonyms, at least in common parlance.
 * If you read the scientific literature you will find substance used often in the sense of something that underlies the physically apparent objects of everyday life, and also will find the notion that the properties of substance are determined from its constituents and the physical laws governing their interactions is everywhere.
 * I hope I have addressed your questions. Brews ohare (talk) 00:32, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * As an example of the use of the idea of substance today, consider this excerpt (underscores are mine): “If we continuously heat a solid, ... [e]ventually the intermolecular bonds break, and the molecules slide over one another (the process called melting) to form a liquid. The next change of state occurs when the substance turns into a gas... In a plasma, individual atoms are literally ripped apart into charged ions and electrons, and the subsequent electrical interactions drastically change the resulting substance's behavior.” Here a chemist clearly views a "substance" as something with properties that are determined by the interactions of its "elementary entities". Brews ohare (talk) 01:22, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't say that has really answered my question. Certainly, the literature uses the word "substance", but as you say, largely as a synonym for matter, or a particular species of matter.  The question asked is do any of these sources explicitly link this idea to substance theory.  You may well have a case that there is a link, but without sources directly making that assertion it is WP:OR and can't go in the article.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  08:16, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any requirement that the word "theory" be tacked onto the word substance to make the point that the word substance is used to mean exactly what it means in this article. Brews ohare (talk) 13:48, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No, but there is a requirement that the source in some way makes the link between science and philosophy explicitly. If it does not, then it is not verifying the claim being made.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  14:07, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you would find satisfactory the addition of historical material tracing the evolution of the particulate theory of matter and its connection to substance over the centuries, for example, in the era when chemistry was getting on its feet and becoming a quantitative science as the concept of the atom began to take a modern form? Brews ohare (talk) 14:29, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The material is based on material recently removed from Matter, as described here. It is a definition for the very narrow purposes of defining units, i.e. is more about units than matter or substance, so is misplaced at matter and even more misplaced here.
 * There could perhaps be better links to the physical definition(s) of substance: the one that's there, to atomic theory is a bit odd as it's only one aspect of the physical definition. A link to matter would be better, as would a link to chemical substance, or a link to the DAB page Substance which links to both could be added in a hat note.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 09:45, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The use of the word substance in physical science by no means is limited to the definition of the unit mole, as pointed out above. The unit mole example is interesting however, because it spells out the meaning of substance as seen by an international body, which carries its own peculiar authority. It's also interesting that it amounts to an official statement of the particulate theory of matter, which has millennia of history. Brews ohare (talk) 13:59, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

ousia
It is disturbing that the introduction of this article links to Ousia, which article begins by apparently stating the usage here in Substance theory is incorrect: “Ousia is often translated (sometimes incorrectly) to Latin as substantia and essentia, and to English as substance and essence” It is arguable that the introduction of the word ousia in the introduction to this article is an unfortunate injection of theology into the subject before the subject has gotten properly laid out. Brews ohare (talk) 16:18, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

This distraction is continued in the introduction by raising the topic of Substantialism, a subject better left to a later subsection. See this discussion. Brews ohare (talk) 16:57, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

how do editors of this article see it contrasting with essence?
Seems worth asking. There is also an article called Accident (philosophy).--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:36, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * In a declarative sentence there is a subject (substance), a copula (the verb "to be" or "to have"), and a predicate (attribute). The one predicate that is indispensably necessary for the definition of the subject is called the essential predicate or essence. Other predicates are called accidents.Lestrade (talk) 16:46, 17 November 2010 (UTC)Lestrade
 * Presently, the intros of all three articles I mentioned appear to me to make it clear that they are about the Aristotelian approach to "being", and nothing to do with what you've just said? Note, we are on the talkpage of Substance theory.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 17:58, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Add ousia to the list of what appear to be over-lapping articles. Can someone give any good reason not to merge them?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:44, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Substance is ...
The section entitled "The concept of substance in Western philosophy" contains the following words: "Essentially, matter does not disappear, it only changes form." This implies that the essence of substance is matter, that is, substance is matter. This may be true but is usually kept secret and unspoken. "Matter" is a physical concept. "Substance," on the other hand, is a metaphysical concept.Lestrade (talk) 19:13, 25 July 2012 (UTC)Lestrade

Pyrhonism
1. It is not immediately clear how what appears to be skepticism in the domain of ethics bears on metaphysics——even if, say, the world is first structured ethically. 2. If rejection is a dogmatic negation, skepticism does not appear to entail rejection. But the article presently says that early Pyrrhonism rejects substance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:4100:54E0:7868:28BA:9DF3:FCC1 (talk) 12:40, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Criticism section....
Ciao fellow Wikipedians: From a philosophical perspective, there can be no doubt that the concept of "substance" is certainly substantial in nature!! (Sorry, I could not resist the pun). I have added a reference and links to the philosopher Colin Murray Turbayne and his work on the use and abuse of metaphor as it relates to the development of modern epistemology within the Western world. I hope that this does not "muddy the waters" and helps readers to view "substance" in a whole "new light". As always, it was a pleasure to lend some small assistance to such a thought provoking discussion. Best of luck-- Ciao 160.72.80.178 (talk) 17:25, 26 September 2023 (UTC)NHPL

title: Talk:Substance theory


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Overseas country of France

Overseas country (Pays d'outre-mer) is the designation for the overseas collectivity of French Polynesia. French Polynesia was an overseas territory until the constitutional reform on 28 March 2003 created the overseas collectivities. Then, on 27 February 2004, a law was passed giving French Polynesia the particular designation of overseas country while reiterating that it belongs to the category of overseas collectivities. However, the Constitutional Council of France ruled that this description was merely a designation and not a legal status, as that would have been unconstitutional.

The territory's new status meant a certain autonomy for French Polynesia in the Pacific region. This translated into the transfer of new areas of legal responsibility (civil law, commercial law, labour law) while protecting existing autonomy in the fields of health, development and town planning and the environment. In addition, French Polynesia gained the power to oppose the application of laws voted by the French Parliament that do not respect these areas of responsibility. Furthermore, it established French Polynesian citizenship based on permanent residency – a requirement for the right to vote in regional elections. However, France maintains control over justice, security and public order, currency, defence, and foreign policy.

title: Overseas country of France


text:
Talk:Tag team

Tag team elimination
In the "four corners tag team elimination match", is elimination wrestler-by-wrestler (if one wrestler is eliminated, his partner remains), or team-by-team (if one wrestler is eliminated, his partner is as well)? In other words, is it the same as a Tag Team Turmoil match (listed lower down as "tag team elimination match")? — Gwalla | Talk 20:13, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blind tag
This is NOT what a blind tag is. A blind tag is when the partner on the apron tags in without the volition of the partner of the ring (usually a slap on the back), for the purposes of catching the opponent off-guard (since he didn't see the tag). I'm not sure what the scenario described above should be called, but it is most certainly not a blind tag. Tromboneguy0186 (talk) 18:52, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The article currently claims your definition is widely misused and you actually think about a self tag. It's unreferenced though (as most of the article). -Lwc (talk) 11:59, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tag team


text:
The Speech (fiction)

A trope in modern fantasy/science fiction is the idea of a central language (often called The Speech) that is the root of all languages, and in some cases the true describing words that made the universe.

Examples
Unifying characteristics of this language in many books include:
 * allowing comprehension of all other languages, including those of animals
 * a medium for magic
 * a mode of communication for a high class of people
 * difficult or impossible to lie in

A popular example of this is found in the Young Wizards series of novels by Diane Duane. All creatures and things understand and, to a degree, can speak the Speech intuitively, but specifically, it is the wizards who use it as their primary language and means of performing their works of magic. It is incredibly detailed and describes things that other languages cannot. Describing something inaccurately in the Speech may result in catastrophic effects (including changing the nature of the thing or being therein misdescribed); therefore, wizards are advised to never curse or lie in the Speech. Spells are described in the Speech; the wizard tells the object/subject what he/she wants to happen to it. With a final word, the spell can be let loose to do what it was supposed to do.

The written characters of "The Speech" are described in several of the books as resembling Arabic, and in Deep Wizardry, Nita's father mistakes the writing on the title page of Nita's Manual for Arabic letters.

Other examples:
 * In the Pellinor series by Alison Croggon, the Bards of the land, magic users and Light bringers use the Speech, the ancient bardic language that activates magic.
 * In Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle, a dead language called the Ancient Language is used for spellcasting and by elves.
 * In Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea series, the True Speech is the language of magic. It is the native language of dragons, but wizards must learn it by study. Humans cannot lie in it, but dragons can. It is known by many names: the Old Speech, the (True) Language/Speech/Words of the Making, True Words, the Eldest tongue, the Dragon tongue, spellwords.

title: The Speech (fiction)


text:
BASToF Lemon

BASToF Lemon  is a South Korean animated series, which ran for 26 episodes in 2001. "BASToF" stands for "Be A Stranger To Fear."

The show was formerly licensed by ADV Films who dubbed and released the show as BASToF Syndrome on six DVD volumes from May to November 2004, holding on to the license until its shutdown in 2009. It is currently unlicensed.

Plot
The setting of the story is the year 2097 AD, the place the city of Xenon. An ultimate cyber game, where players fight as biomech cyber robots, has been developed. However, there's something wrong: the game's cyberspace and the real world are linked, thus the damage done in the game's cyberspace creates real destruction in the city of Xenon. This all started when players heard a painful scream, saw a ghostly face, and a powerful scent of lemon overcame them. To solve this mystery, the creator of the game assembles a "Dream Team," which is the top three gamers in all of Xenon. The team is composed of rebellious and arrogant teens, who have to overcome their attitudes and fears to find the answers, answers to the mystery that is much bigger than just the game.

This animation parodies the MMORPG or Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game.

Characters

 * Pseudo (슈도) (voiced by Won-Hyeong Choi in Korean and Jason Douglas in English)
 * Mint (민트) (voiced by Song Do-yeong in Korean and Cynthia Martinez in English)
 * Bewefau (베베파우) (voiced by Ja-Hyeong Gu in Korean and Chris Patton in English)
 * Moderato (모데라토) (voiced by Mun Gwanil in Korean and Illich Guardiola in English)
 * Cora (코라) (voiced by Hui Seon-Kim in Korean and Kim Prause in English)
 * Tiel (티엘) (voiced by Hui Seon-Kim in Korean and Luci Christian in English)
 * Bomb (밤) (voiced by In-Suk Han in Korean and Greg Ayres in English)
 * Pudding (푸딩) (voiced by Hyun-Sun Lee in Korean and Kira Vincent-Davis in English)
 * Pluto (플루토) (voiced by Seung-Seop Hong in Korean and Chris Ayres in English)
 * Hadim (하딤) (voiced by Seol Yeongbeom in Korean and Andy McAvin in English)

Awards

 * A good film in Film section of 2nd quarter for Digital Content in 2001 by Ministry of Information & Communication, Maeil Economic Newspaper
 * Bronze medal at 2001 Digital Contents Competition (Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency)
 * Top 100 for Digital Innovation in 2001 by Hankuk Daily Newspaper
 * Best TV series in "Korean Cartoon Competition" sponsored by Ministry of Culture & Tourism

title: BASToF Lemon


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Grace, Replaced

"Grace, Replaced" is the eighteenth episode of the first season of the American television series Will & Grace. It was written by Katie Palmer and directed by series producer James Burrows. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 8, 1999. Actors Molly Shannon, Leigh-Allyn Baker, and Tom Gallop guest starred on "Grace, Replaced".

In the episode, Grace's (Debra Messing) job forces her to work overtime, which leads to Will (Eric McCormack) feeling neglected. As a result, he seeks solace in the company of a new neighbor, Val (Shannon). Meanwhile, Jack (Sean Hayes) is annoyed that he has to perform community service for assaulting a meter maid.

Before the airing, NBC moved the program to Thursdays at 8:30 p.m., after it was a success in the Tuesday lineup. "Grace, Replaced" was the first episode to debut on the Thursday slot. Since then, the episode has generally received positive reviews from television critics. According to the Nielsen ratings system, it was watched by 12.9 million viewers, which resulted in the episode attracting its highest ratings of the season.

Plot
Will (Eric McCormack) feels neglected by his best friend, Grace (Debra Messing), as she spends a lot of time with her work. When Will calls Grace to confirm for a lunch date, Grace cannot go as she is too busy creating interior designs. Later, while doing his laundry, Will meets his new upstairs neighbor, Val (Molly Shannon). Immediately, the two take a liking to one another. The next day, Will visits Grace at work and introduces Val to her. After the two leave, Karen (Megan Mullally)—Grace's friend and socialite assistant—tells Grace that she did not like the way Will and Val acted towards one another. Grace, however, refuses to accept what Karen implies.

Meanwhile, after slapping a meter maid, Jack (Sean Hayes) is ordered to work 40 hours of community service, picking up garbage, and while he does this is forced to wear an orange jumpsuit. While doing community service he visits Karen at Grace Adler Designs. While there, Jack goes through a trash bag and sees Soon-Yi Allen's phone bill. Jack shows Karen the bill which quickly results in the two prank calling Soon-Yi.

At Will and Grace's apartment, Will and Val play Pyramid against Will's friends Ellen (Leigh-Allyn Baker) and Rob (Tom Gallop). Grace, who comes home, is shocked when her Pyramid record with Will—2 minutes and 14 seconds—is the same as Will and Val's. Before leaving, Grace is horrified that Will called her Val. While at her office, Grace learns that Will is sick. She goes home to attend to him and is surprised to see Val there. Grace tells her that since she is home that Val can go. Val, however, does not leave. This results in the two fighting. The fight, however, is broken by Will and tells them to work the situation out. Grace admits she felt jealous of Val as she believed Val had replaced her, due to her not being there for Will. Will, however, reassures Grace that no one can replace her as his best friend. As a result, Grace and Val make up.

Production
"Grace, Replaced" was written by Katie Palmer and directed by series producer James Burrows. This was Palmer's first written episode, and was Burrows' 18th directed episode. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 8, 1999. Before the airing of the episode, it was confirmed that actress Molly Shannon would guest star as Val, a new neighbor in Will and Grace's apartment building. This episode would be Shannon's first appearance on the show, with her later guest starring in the episodes "Girls, Interrupted", "Last of the Really Odd Lovers", "Fagel Attraction", and "One Gay at a Time".

Reception
"Grace, Replaced" brought in 12.9 million American viewers upon its original broadcast in the United States, and making it the seventh highest-rated show during the week of April 5–11, 1999. Originally, Will & Grace aired on Mondays, but due to insufficient viewership, NBC decided to move the program to Tuesdays at 9:30 p.m., which was a success as viewers tuned in. The network then changed the time slot from Tuesdays to Thursdays at 8:30 p.m., between Friends and Frasier, with this episode becoming a success as it attracted its highest audience ratings of the season. The previous episode, "Secrets and Lays", was watched by 9.6 million viewers. Many believed this decision was a good one, with a contributor of The Buffalo News commenting that the time slot change suggested that NBC felt that Will & Grace had a better chance of becoming a success than the current sitcom Jesse. In a report in The Star-Ledger it said that the decision of Will & Grace airing on Thursdays was a good benefit on behalf of NBC as the program was "the only watchable comedy".

The episode received generally positive reception. Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz of The Star-Ledger were complimentary towards "Grace, Replaced", writing that the episode "is a winner, packed with witty dialogue." Monica Collins of the Boston Herald said that the episode "is one of the best of the series so far". The Dallas Morning News writer Ed Bark noted that "Grace, Replaced" was "another energetic, generally amusing" episode. Bark, in regards to Jack and Karen, said that the two together "sometimes are almost more than the scenery can bear." Aaron Barnhart for The Kansas City Star called the episode riotous, and said that the show "with [its] pop-culture jokes delivered at blistering speed, outsized performances from 'supporting' players Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally, and a camaraderie between platonic pals Eric McCormack and Debra Massing that would make even Plato blush." Ted Cox of the Daily Herald was less positive about the episode, reporting that this episode "looked like more of the same", recounting the show's past story lines, and past NBC programs. Chicago Tribune ' s Steve Johnson opined that the episode "starts strong and then goes awry [...] It's funny for a while [...] But then it takes it to a ludicrous level, selling out its own internal logic by conspiring to put [Molly] Shannon and Messing into a ... catfight. At its best this series works a groove of pop-culture savvy; this visit from The Three Stooges by way of Dynasty will have you rolling your eyes in dismay."

Critics praised Shannon's performance in the episode. Bark wrote, "...the talented Ms. Shannon is winningly glossy and brassy [in this episode]. Someday soon she'll have her own sitcom. Bet on it." Tom Feran of The Plain Dealer reported that Shannon's appearance on the show would make "a good introduction for viewers curious about Will & Grace." The Boston Globe ' s Matthew Gilbert enjoyed the actress in "Grace, Replaced", writing that she is appealing as the Grace replacement.

title: Grace, Replaced


text:
National CAD Standard

The National CAD Standard (NCS) is a collaborative effort in the United States among computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modeling (BIM) users. Its goal is to create a unified approach to the creation of building design data. Development of the NCS is open to all building professionals in a collaborative process led by the buildingSMART Alliance.

The NCS is composed of CAD layer guidelines from the American Institute of Architects, uniform drawing system modules from the Construction Specifications Institute, and BIM implementation and plotting guidelines from the National Institute of Building Sciences. Adoption of the NCS is voluntary, however adopting companies and agencies can require its use by their associates.

title: National CAD Standard


text:
Carmona, Cavite

Carmona, officially the City of Carmona (Lungsod ng Carmona), is a component city in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 106,256 people.

Carmona is also the newest city in the Philippines; it became a city on July 8, 2023, and it was the 149th city founded in the Philippine archipelago.

Etymology
By virtue of a decree issued on February 20, 1857, by Queen Isabella II of Spain through Governor General Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero, Latag became a separate municipality with the name it bears today: Carmona, named after the city of the same name in the province of Seville, Spain.

Early history
Carmona was formerly a settlement called Latag, which was annexed to the town of Silang upon the latter's creation in 1595. The origins of its name are unknown. In 1856, the settlement's inhabitants demanded the conversion of Latag into a town, spearheaded by Tiburcio Purificacion.

Carmona history started with three brothers who came to the land of Carmona, which was at the time called Labac.

Spanish colonial era
In 1595, Silang became a town. The former Sitio Labac became Barrio Latag. Carmona during that time was just a part of Silang. This is not surprising because in the early part of the Spanish regime, Silang included what are known today as the municipalities of Indang, San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), and Maragondon. Moreover, Alfonso, Amadeo, and Mendez were mere sitios of Indang; Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) was a part of San Francisco de Malabon or Malabon Grande; and Magallanes and Ternate were barrios of Maragondon. Furthermore, Maragondon itself had been a part of the Corregimiento of Mariveles on the opposite side of Manila Bay.

On March 9, 1746, a decree determined the boundaries of Silang and Biñan signed by Mayor Pedro Calderon Enriquez.

On November 15, 1759, two years after securing the independence of Carmona, the principales requested the Governor of Cavite for the reversal of the Canon on communal lands after constructing their own public buildings and irrigation works.

In 1838, the movement of the inhabitants of Latag to become a town started.

On February 20, 1857, due to the great distance to the mother town, the principales and incumbent Cabeza de Barangay of Latag petitioned for its separation and conversion into a municipality. The new town was called Carmona, after a town of the same name in the Spanish province of Seville.

On April 16, 1857, boundaries between Silang and Carmona were set.

On September 15, 1859, the inhabitants of Carmona returned to managing and ownership of communal lands.

On January 22, 1864, the incumbent gobernadorcillo and principales of Carmona petitioned higher authorities for the abolition of the repartimiento of the communal lands triennially.

In 1872, the communal lands were sold at public auction, which was opposed two years later by Don Gaspar Espiritu in a communication to the Superior Civil Governor.

On October 25, 1874, an event of great significance to the people of Carmona was a strong typhoon, which wrought considerable damage to the public works and private property.

On July 6, 1881, seven years later, the principales of Carmona requested the rectification of the town's boundaries.

During the Philippine Revolution in 1896, the gobernadorcillo of Carmona was Kapitan Damian Ermitano after the administrations of Tiburcio Purificacion, Mariano Mapanoo and Donald C. Virtucio, Augusto Manaog and Fabian Tenedero.

American occupation era
After the revolution and the occupation of the country by the Americans in 1901, the first local executive of Carmona was Martin Reyes, who was followed next by Marcelo Reyes, Prudencio Torres, Juan Alumia, Estanislao Paular, Marciano Mapanoo, and Juan Zamora.

In 1941, the inhabitants of Carmona renewed the demand for "homestead" land.

Philippine independence
The mayors who assumed office after World War II were Bernardo Hebron, Eulalio Reyes and Cesar Casal and Felino L. Maquinay.

In 1959, the district of San Gabriel and San Jose of Barangay Kabilang Baybay were purchased by the National Government for the relocation of squatters from Metro Manila.

On March 14, 1981, the relocation site, which teemed with people from almost every part of the country and was more popularly known as the resettlement area, became an independent municipality called General Mariano Alvarez.

According to research conducted in 1982, by Sangguniang Bayan members Ernesto Zamora, Salvador P. Manahan, Pio Purificacion, Narciso Levardo, and Romy Laurito, assisted by Municipal Secretary Rogelio D. Paular, it was found out that the history of Carmona began during the 15th century. As related by a reliable informant, three brothers coming from the mountain of Silang were said to be the first settlers in the place which was then called "Latag", a Tagalog word for "plain" due to the numerous hills and plains in the area. The settlement was not known to other residents of Silang until some of them also went down to the place, cleared some forest areas and established their residence.

Cityhood
On June 30, 2022, House Bill No. 108 was filed by Cavite's 5th congressional district representative and former Carmona mayor Roy Loyola for the conversion of the municipality of Carmona into a component city. It was substituted with House Bill No. 3968 filed on August 24, 2022.

On September 5, 2022, the measure was approved by the House of Representatives on final reading. It was transmitted and received by the Senate on September 6, 2022. On January 30, 2023, the Senate approved the bill on third and final reading.

Republic Act No. 11938, a law which will convert Carmona into a component city, was signed by President Bongbong Marcos on February 23, 2023.

A plebiscite was held on July 8, 2023 in 116 clustered precincts across ten voting centers; at least half of more than 58 thousand voters participated. By virtue of Republic Act No. 11938, Carmona became Cavite's eighth city after the cityhood law was ratified.

Geography
Carmona is located on the easternmost part of the province of Cavite, 48 km south of Manila, 28 km from the provincial capital Imus, and 13 km from Biñan. It is bounded on the north, east and south by the City of Biñan, Municipality of General Mariano Alvarez (GMA) on the north-west and Silang on the south-west. The geographic coordinates of Carmona are about 14.32° latitude and 121.06° longitude.

The topography of Carmona is generally flat to strongly rolling or sloping, partly lowland and partly hill. Carmona is divided into four physiographical areas: the lowest lowland area, the lowland area, the central hilly area and the upland mountainous area.

The city is also within the path of a fault line, the Valley Fault System which starts from the Sierra Madre mountains.

Barangays
Carmona is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. The seat of government is in Barangay 4.

Land area
With a total land area of 29,749,874 sqm, Carmona represents 2.17% of the total land area of the province. These areas are currently occupied by 14 barangays of which 7 are considered Poblacion barangays and 7 others are regular barangays. Barangay Lantic is the largest area while Barangay 2 has the smallest area.

Climate
Carmona has a Type I climate characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during rest of the year. Maximum rainfall usually occurs from June to September. The average annual rainfall is 200 mm with a peak of 400 mm in August.

The average annual temperature is 27.2 C. The highest temperature occurs during the month of May while the lowest occurs during the month of January.

The predominant wind direction comes from the south-west during the month of June to September and from the north-west during the month of October to January, while from February to April, the wind is coming from the southeast, predominantly in the month of May.

The average humidity of Carmona is 81%. This makes the city cooler than Metro Manila proper where the average humidity is higher.

Soil properties
The eastern side of Cavite consists of Carmona clay loam with streaks of Carmona clay loam steep phase and Carmona sandy clay loam. This type of soil is granular with tuffaceous material and concretions. It is hard and compact when dry, sticky and plastic when wet. This type of soil is planted with rice with irrigation or sugarcane without irrigation. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado and citrus are also grown in this type of soil.

Mineral resources
Cavite coastal areas have marl and conglomerate sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks which are prominent in the high, mountainous regions of the western part of the province. Carmona reserves and deposits of sand, clay and gravel materials are found in Sitio Ulong Tubig, Mabuhay.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Carmona, Cavite, was 106,256 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

In the 2010 census, Carmona had a total population of 74,986 which represented a total number of households at 14,885.

Population density
The highest densities are found in the Poblacion area (Barangays 1–8) and Barangays Milagrosa and Maduya, where land areas are significantly lower than the other barangays. Barangay Lantic posted development of the Kuok Property within the Lantic area; it is expected that the density will increase within the ten-year period.

Population distribution
Carmona's population is concentrated in Barangays 1–8 at the Poblacion area. Barangay Lantic is the most populated barangay, which posted a total population of 24,721. Dense population is also found in Barangay 9, the central business district of the municipality. Most population catalysts such as banks, town center, and commercial establishments are found in the Poblacion area.

Language
The main language spoken is Tagalog. In some areas they speak Chabacano or Chavacano, sometimes referred to by linguists as Philippine Creole Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. English is considered as the second language and is widely used as medium of communication in business and higher education. Other Philippine languages spoken are Waray, Bicolano, Cebuano, Ilokano, Pangasinense, and Hiligaynon. Chinese and Spanish are also spoken by some local residents.

Religion
The majority of inhabitants are composed of Roman Catholics, Protestants and other non-denominational groups.

Economy
Cottage industries include metal works, metalcraft, footwear industries, concrete products, tricycle assembly, rattan handicrafts, and bakeries. Manufacturing firms engaged in handicraft (bags and shoes), furniture making, business retailing, personal and business services, and food-based enterprises contribute to the municipality's trade and commerce. Mercantile activities in the municipality are concentrated in the Poblacion area and along Governor's Drive. Carmona has been classified as a first-class municipality since July 1996, brought about by industrialization, real estate development, and commercial activities.

Carmona's progress accelerated after the conversion of more than 50 ha of farmlands into industrial areas in 1998. Garment industries, steel fabrication, microchips and semi-conductors, tool fabrication, bus assembly, bulb factories, die casting, and other small and medium-scale industries currently operate in the municipality. These investments continue to provide local employment, generate export earnings, increase municipal revenues, and serve as vehicles for technology transfer. Foreign investments are pouring in as export-oriented industries continue to flourish.

Employment rate: Out of a potential labor force of 24,918 (members 15 years old and older who are actively seeking work), 98.03% are employed, while 1.97% are unemployed. The presence of 8 industrial estates and 2 industrial compounds contributes largely to the high employment rate of the municipality.

Agriculture
The economy of Carmona is generally agricultural. Almost half of its total land area is devoted to agriculture.

In 2000, the total land area devoted to agriculture was 609 ha or 19.70% of the total land area of Carmona. 230 ha are irrigated areas all of which are currently planted with rice and vegetables, 30 ha are upland rice areas, 122.5 ha are for diversified trees and crops, and the 211.5 ha are considered pasture land.

There are 217 farmers in the Municipality engaged in planting and farming. Crops and livestock farmers are distributed among 14 barangays of Carmona.

However, with the implementation of the CALABARZON growth area, the municipality of Carmona has slowly become an industrial enclave in the province. The advent of industrialization has threatened the agricultural base of Carmona. As of April 1999, land used for rice production has gone down; sugarcane plantation has decreased considerably and those land uses for other crops and vegetables totaled 84.5 ha during the same year.

At present, the programs and services of the Department of Agriculture (DA) are focused on five priority programs: a sustained self-sufficiency program for rice and corn, strengthening of production market linkage, an acceleration of livelihood program, aggressive assistance to organizational development of farmers, and assistance to agriculture-related priority programs of other government agencies.

 * Crop production: The major crops produced in the municipality are lowland and upland rice and sugarcane. Other crops grown are corn, vegetables, root crops, and fruit trees.

 * Fruits and vegetables production: In 2000, an area covering some 23.5 ha was planted with various crops and fruit trees. These yielded an estimated 444 m of assorted products.

 * Livestock and poultry production: Livestock and poultry raising in the municipality are largely backyard family enterprises. Animals raised are generally for home consumption and an additional income source for the family. Total production of livestock and poultry in 1999 registered a head count of 7,907. Pigs raised both for human consumption or for breeding purposes are estimated at 1,675, while the equally popular poultry raising produced about 4,472 head. An estimated 1,013 head of cattle, 31 head of carabaos and 716 goats were also produced. Based on reports of the municipal Agricultural Officer, the total livestock and poultry production in the municipality is still below the sufficiency level for beef, pork meat and eggs.

Industry
Industrialization accounts for the rapid growth of Carmona's business community from an otherwise quaint agricultural town in the 1950s into the growing city of today. Brought about by huge capital from the national government, the industrial complexes bolstered the increase of the city's revenues and the change in the people's lifestyle.

There are eight existing industrial complexes located in the city limits. Its proximity to Manila and at the same time being the gateway to the Calabarzon area made Carmona a promising venue for business.

On the other hand, the local government has been very supportive of the investors. There are 114 factories in eight industrial parks/complexes to date. At present there are the eight industrial complexes strewn along the Governor's Drive, in a total of 419.31 ha, making up 13.56% of the town's land area. Ranging from 9 to 100 ha, these industrial estates are complete with amenities, secured, and in close coordination with the municipal government through the Carmona Business Club and other agencies.

Commercial and financial
One of the biggest commercial subdivisions in town is the Macaria Business Park in Barangay Mabuhay which houses a WalterMart branch in its 13.13 ha lot. Recently, fast food chains and restaurants have been opened to compete for regular patronage at the Paseo de Carmona in Barangay Maduya.

Moreover, numerous traders and retailers are housed in the bustling Carmona Public Market.

The bulk of commercial activities come from wholesale/retail enterprises, which comprise a total of 619 establishments. There are also service-related establishments: businesses, food shops and amusement operators, with 35 banks and other lending institutions. Among the major banking institutions that cater to the financial needs of businesses in Carmona and neighboring towns are Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Metrobank, Banco de Oro (BDO), Chinatrust Bank, Chinabank, Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC), and Unionbank.

Local government
The city of Carmona is governed by a city mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a city council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and councilors are elected directly by the people through an election that is being every three years.

Elected officials
List of local government officials since June 30, 2022.

Former municipal mayors

 * 1) Marcelino P. Clarito
 * 2) Marcelo Reyes
 * 3) Martin Reyes
 * 4) Prudencio Torres
 * 5) Marcelo Reyes (re-elected)
 * 6) Juan R. Alumia
 * 7) Estanislao G. Paular (1931–1937)
 * 8) Marciano Mapanoo (1938–1941)
 * 9) Candido G. Hebron (1942–1943)
 * 10) Juan Zamora (1943–1944)
 * 11) Alfredo Anulat (1944–1945)
 * 12) Arsenio Mapalad (1945–1946)
 * 13) Bernardo B. Hebron (1946–1955)
 * 14) Eulalio Reyes (1955–1956)
 * 15) Cesar E. Casal (1956–1979)
 * 16) Felino L. Maquinay (1980–1986)
 * 17) Estelito Torres (OIC, 1986–1988)
 * 18) Felino Maquinay (1988 – February 1990)
 * 19) Rolando Rosas (February 1990 – 1995)
 * 20) Roy M. Loyola (1995–2004; 2007–2010; 2019–2022)
 * 21) Dahlia A. Loyola (2004–2007; 2010–2019; 2022–present)

Healthcare
The Pagamutang Panglungsod ng Carmona (lit. 'Carmona City Hospital' and the Rural Health Unit (RHU) are government-owned and run healthcare facilities in the town.

The main health center in the city is located in Barangay 4. A total of eleven barangay health centers, or substations, of the RHU are established in different barangays.

In addition to the rural health units and the Pagamutang Panglungsod, there are also private clinics and hospitals operating in the city. Eleven clinics are privately owned, and one clinic is under the supervision of government health workers.

Education
The education sector in Carmona has improved in many aspects of endeavor. In line with the local government's thrust of enhancing quality education, the Department of Education (DepEd), particularly the District of Carmona and Carmona National High School, with the full support of the local government unit, implemented various programs and projects that intensified the education sector's efforts to achieve its goals.

As early as 1995, various programs for the improvement of quality education started with a vision of producing competitive students at both the elementary and secondary levels. Carmona posted a literacy rate of 89%. The local government started with the computerization of all schools. Each public school was given computer units, and students were provided with computer lessons. This is in consonance with the belief that modern technology and equipment are considered factors in enhancing better education. To address the increasing number of enrollees and students, the LGU conceptualized the construction of 2-story buildings in different schools in Carmona.

At present, the municipality has a substantial number of classrooms and teachers to meet the learning needs of the school-age population. As of the school year 2005–2006, the municipality has 50 educational institutions, 28 of which are public schools and 17 are privately run. The public schools are categorized into 18 pre-schools, 9 elementary schools, 1 junior high school, 1 senior high school, and 1 tertiary school. The private educational institutions are composed of 10 pre-schools, 7 elementary schools, 3 secondary/high schools, and a computer college.

title: Carmona, Cavite


text:
Massy, Essonne

Massy is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 14.7 kilometres (9.1 mi) from the center of Paris.

Population
Massy underwent rapid development within a short period of time, transforming from a large borough of 6,000 inhabitants in 1950 to a town exceeding 37,000 inhabitants in 1968. Since then, its population of around 40,000 has remained relatively stable. Its population grew again after 2000 because of new constructions.

The inhabitants of Massy are known as Massicois.

Transport
Massy is served by two interchange stations on Paris RER line B and RER line C: Massy–Verrières and Massy–Palaiseau.

There is also a TGV station, called Massy TGV, which is adjacent to Massy – Palaiseau station and is one of only three specially-built TGV stations in the suburbs of Paris (the two others are at Disneyland Resort Paris and at Charles de Gaulle Airport).

History
The etymological origin of Massy is still very dubious. This name could result from the name of an owner of a villa of the Gallo-Roman time, original site of the village. Called Matius or Matheus, the name of his property then village would have been subjected to deformations due to language and the passing of time to become Massy. Located near the road between Paris and Chartres, the villa was undoubtedly built on a height (the Gaudon Mount) and formed the starting point of a human establishment. The argillaceous subsoil explains the formation of a clearing within the forest and the numerous stretches of water in the surrounding area.

During the Middle Ages and until the end of the Ancien Régime, the lordly estates divided up the territory of the current commune, assigning a majority part to the ecclesiastical institutions and in particular the abbey of St-Germain-des-Prés. In the 10th century, the line of the lords of Massy was established; their title of nobility was to become a barony (nowadays the Grimaldi-Monaco family).

Before 1900, the history of the city was similar to that of the rural boroughs of Île-de-France. After the Revolution, the town remained rural. The population followed an evolution identical to that of the rest of the region. It underwent the same wars, epidemics and rebellions. The Massicois practiced mainly agricultural trades (gardeners, vine growers), even if local arts and crafts were always present. The tile factory, abandoned after the Second World War, was the town's oldest industry.

It is with the beginning of the 20th century that the face of Massy changes: from being a rural village, it transforms into a town increasing subjected to the attraction of Paris. Once with a population of just 1,400 people, nowadays, the town of Massy holds almost 40,000 inhabitants. At the end of the 19th century, the development of railways supported the construction of industries. The first allotments were born at the beginning of the century. The city's urbanisation developed towards the districts of the Gravels and Villaine, where it was necessary to establish a school as early as 1927. It is the era of the “suburban house”.

During the Second World War, the marshalling yard of Massy–Palaiseau was considered a strategic rail junction. The bombardments of these infrastructures caused 88 victims and material damage throughout the town. In the post-war period, the reconstruction and development of the parisian agglomeration and its suburbs metamorphosed the town's geography. The housing crisis provoked an outrage, thus the "castor" movement established some residences in the east of the city. The establishment of a housing scheme on 145 hectares of the communes of Massy-Antony caused the population of Massy to double. The creation of a 'Priority Construction Zone' in Villaine 10 years later was intended to even out the town's urbanisation. This abrupt development of the town also modified its social structure: rejuvenation of the population, arrival of foreigners, etc. During the 1960s and 1970s, questions are raised about rapid urban development: housing problems and shantytowns, lack of public resources, requalification of certain factory sites, delinquency, etc. To satisfy the needs for this new population, many new infrastructures were created such as schools, hospitals, sports centres, swimming pools, arts centres, nurseries and parks. The establishment of a TGV station in 1991 is an asset for the economic development of the city. Nowadays, certain amenities have an influence which exceeds the communal and departmental circles, in particular opera and theatre. (Author: Municipal archives of Massy).

Administration
Massy is divided into two cantons:

The canton of Massy-Est contains 18,316 inhabitants; The canton of Massy-Ouest contains 19,396 inhabitants.

Sports
Massy has a professional sports team in Rugby (Rugby Club Massy Essonne, playing Federal 1, third level of Rugby in France) and Handball (Massy Essonne HandBall, playing in ProLigue, second level of Handball in France). Massy has one association football team in FC Massy 91. Massy also has major sports associations in climbing and swimming.

Personalities

 * Nicolas Appert, inventor of the process of canning, in 1802 created a workshop in Massy employing fifty people in order to produce the preserves which have made it famous. The factory was destroyed in 1815, following the Prussian invasion. Nicolas Appert returned to Massy in 1836 and died there on 1 June 1841.
 * Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a famous historian, lived in Massy from 1883 until 1889, date of his death.
 * Jacques-René Tenon was a surgeon in Salpêtrière. He owes his fame to the combat which he led for the development of hygiene in hospitals. He thus imposed the installation of individual beds and the isolation of patients with contagious diseases. Today his estate accommodates the Orphelins Apprentis d'Auteuil.
 * Princess Antoinette of Monaco was officially designated Baroness of Massy by her younger brother, Rainier III, in 1951. The style Baron/Baroness de Massy has since become that of the members of her cadet branch of the princely family.
 * Alain Chabat, actor, film director and producer
 * Yorane Julians, basketball player
 * Johan Martial, footballer for Panetolikos
 * Dorian Martial ex-captain of CO Les Ulis
 * Anthony Martial, footballer for Manchester United
 * Yaya Sanogo, footballer
 * Yvonnick Prené, jazz musician
 * Pierre Ekwah, footballer for Sunderland AFC

Places and monuments

 * Château de Vilgénis : Built in 1823 in a 55-hectare park. In the park, a pond in the form of Napoleon's Bicornate was dug by the emperor's young brother, Jerôme Bonaparte.
 * Massy has an opéra-théâtre which plays an important part in the Essonian cultural life.
 * Massy also has an arts cinema consisting of three rooms projecting films with their original soundtrack. Prices: €6.80 per showing or €4.60 with a season ticket costing €5 a year.

Economy
On 1 July 2010 Alstom inaugurated the new head office of its Energy Management Business (EMB) division in Massy. At the time the office had 600 employees.

Education
The commune has an integrated school, 16 preschools, and 12 elementary schools. There are three public junior high schools operated by Essonne: Collège Blaise Pascal, Collège Denis Diderot, and Collège Gérard Philipe. There are three senior high schools operated by Île de France: Lycée du Parc de Vilgénis, Lycée Fuste de Coulanges, and Lycée Professionnel Gustave Eiffel.

Tertiary education:
 * AgroParisTech
 * Faculté des Métiers de l’Essonne
 * CFA des Métiers de l'Aérien

title: Massy, Essonne


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sabine Reeder

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:22, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Sabine Reeder
This article was marked as {{db}} by Melaen (talk · contributions) for vanity, but that is not a criterion for speedy. I myself abstain. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:17, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't seem to pass WP:BIO. Kappa 21:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Double Blue  (Talk) 01:17, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Cleopatra III

Cleopatra III (Κλεοπάτρα; c.160–101 BC) was a queen of Egypt. She ruled at first with her mother Cleopatra II and husband Ptolemy VIII from 142 to 131 BC and again from 127 to 116 BC. She then ruled with her sons Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X from 116 to 101 BC.

Cleopatra III was also known as Cleopatra Euergetis while associated with her husband Ptolemy VIII or her son Ptolemy X. She is attested as Cleopatra Philometor Soteira while associated with her eldest son Ptolemy IX. According to Strabo, she was sometimes known as Kokke when discussed in relation to her son Ptolemy X.

Life
Cleopatra III's uncle Ptolemy VIII ruled together with her parents from ca 170 BC to 164 BC, at which point he expelled Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI. However, he was soon forced to abdicate in 163 BC.

Cleopatra III's parents retook the throne and remained in power for almost 20 years until 145 BC. Cleopatra III was born between 160 and 155 BC. She was a sister to Ptolemy Eupator, Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, and possibly Berenice.

Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC from injuries sustained when falling from his horse during the battle of Oinoparas against Alexander Balas. Cleopatra III's uncle Ptolemy VIII became the King of Egypt again.

Joint rule with her mother and husband
Ptolemy VIII first married Cleopatra III's mother Cleopatra II in 145 BC, and married Cleopatra III in c. 139 BC.

Cleopatra II rebelled against Ptolemy VIII in c. 132 BC and Cleopatra III fled to Cyprus in 130 BC with her husband, but was able to return to Alexandria in 127 BC. In c. 124 BC Cleopatra III and her husband were joined again by her mother Cleopatra II as a joint ruler.

Joint rule with her sons
After the death of Ptolemy VIII in 116 BC Cleopatra III ruled jointly with her mother Cleopatra II and her son Ptolemy IX. Her mother died late into the same year or early into the next year (115 BC).

Cleopatra III expelled Ptolemy IX from Alexandria in 107 BC and replaced him as co-regent with her second son Ptolemy X. After 6 years of joint rule Ptolemy X had his mother Cleopatra III murdered in 101 BC. Cleopatra III was succeeded by Ptolemy X, possibly in joint rule with his wife Berenice III, who was Cleopatra III's granddaughter.

Issue
Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII married in 142 or 141 BC and had five children:

title: Cleopatra III


text:
Alfonso, Cavite

Alfonso, officially the Municipality of Alfonso, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 59,306 people.

History
Alfonso was totally forested until the 17th century when a few pocket settlements sprouted. The town was originally part of Barrio Lumampong in the town of Indang. In the course of time, the pocket settlements grew into sitios and later on into barrios. The town became a separate district municipality from Indang on March 16, 1859 through the efforts of the community leaders Bonifacio Aveo and Felix del Mundo. The new town was called Alas-as for a period of seventeen years. The name refers to the pandan tree used for the construction of houses and bears sweet fruit. It was, eventually, named after King Alfonso XII of Spain, son of Isabella II. Alfonso was initially composed of the barrios of Taywanak, Pajo, Esperanza, Marahan, Matagbak, Sinaliw and Kaytitinga. Don Narciso Mojica was the capitan municipal of Alfonso at the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. A few days after the Cry of Balintawak, on August 31, 1896, General Mariano Trias ordered the liquidation of all Spaniards in the municipality. In the bloody battle that followed, the leaders of the revolutionists were General Hipolito Rint, Captain Eriberto Cetro (Kapitan Berto) and Predencio Rolle (Tandang Doro).

On October 15, 1903, the adjacent towns of Bailen and Mendez-Nuñes merged with Alfonso by virtue of Act No. 947 enacted by the Philippine Commission. Both towns were later separated in 1915 to become independent once again.

Geography
Alfonso is an upland town situated at the south-western portion of the Cavite province. It is 74 km from Manila via Tagaytay. Magallanes bounds it on the west, Batangas province on the south, Mendez and Tagaytay on the east, General Aguinaldo on the north-west and Maragondon and Indang on the north-east.

Barangays
Alfonso is politically subdivided into 32 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Alfonso, Cavite, was 59,306 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Local government
The following are the duly elected officials of Alfonso, Cavite for the term 2022–2025.

title: Alfonso, Cavite