text:
Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album)

Illinois (styled Sufjan Stevens Invites You to: Come on Feel the Illinoise on the cover; sometimes spelled as Illinoise) is a 2005 concept album by American singer-songwriter Sufjan Stevens. His fifth studio album, it features songs referencing places, events, and persons related to the U.S. state of Illinois. Illinois is Stevens' second based on a U.S. state—part of a planned series of fifty that began with the 2003 album Michigan and that Stevens has since acknowledged was a joke. It was adapted into a musical, Illinoise, in 2023 and, after playing smaller venues, opened at the St. James Theatre on Broadway in April 2024.

Stevens recorded and produced the album at multiple venues in New York City using low-fidelity studio equipment and a variety of instruments between late 2004 and early 2005. The artwork and lyrics explore the history, culture, art, and geography of the state—Stevens developed them after analyzing criminal, literary, and historical documents. Following its release, Stevens promoted Illinois with a world tour.

Critics praised the album for its well-written lyrics and complex orchestrations. In particular, reviewers noted Stevens' progress as a songwriter since the release of Michigan. Illinois was named the best-reviewed album of 2005 by review aggregator Metacritic, and was included on several reviewers' "best of the decade" lists—including those of Paste, NPR, and Rolling Stone. The album amounted to Stevens' greatest public success to date; it was his first to place on the Billboard 200, and it topped the Billboard list of "Heatseekers Albums". The varied instrumentation and experimental songwriting on the album invoked comparisons to work by Steve Reich, Neil Young, and the Cure. Besides numerous references to Illinois, Stevens continued a theme of his songwriting career by including multiple references to his Christian faith.

Background, recording, and tour
Stevens launched his 50-state project in 2003 with the album Michigan and chose to focus on Illinois with this recording because "it wasn't a great leap", and he liked the state because he considered it the "center of gravity" for the American Midwest. Before creating the album, Stevens read literature by Illinois authors Saul Bellow and Carl Sandburg, and studied immigration records and history books for the state—he made the deliberate decision to avoid current events and focused on historical themes. He also took trips through several locations in Illinois and asked friends and members of Internet chat rooms for anecdotes about their experiences in the state. Although he began work in 2004 on Oregon-themed songs and briefly considered releasing a Rhode Island-themed 7-inch, Stevens has since not released another album focused on a state, saying in a November 2009 interview with Paste that "the whole premise was such a joke," and telling Andrew Purcell of The Guardian in October 2009 "I have no qualms about admitting [the fifty states project] was a promotional gimmick." An Arkansas-related song was released through NPR as "The Lord God Bird" and material intended for New Jersey and New York became The BQE.

All of the songs on Illinois were written, recorded, engineered, and produced by Stevens, with most of the material being recorded at The Buddy Project studio in Astoria, Queens, and in Stevens' Brooklyn apartment. As with his previous albums, Stevens recorded in various locations, with additional piano recorded in St. Paul's Church in Brooklyn; strings and vocals performed in collaborators' apartments; electronic organ recorded in the New Jerusalem Recreational Room in Clarksboro, New Jersey; and vibraphone played at Carroll Music Studios in New York City. Stevens mostly created the album without collaboration, focusing on the writing, performance, and technical creation of the album by himself: "I was pretty nearsighted in the construction of Illinois. I spent a lot of time alone, a few months in isolation working on my own and in the studio. I let things germinate and cultivate independently, without thinking about an audience or a live show at all."

Stevens employed low-fidelity recording equipment, which allowed him to retain creative control and keep costs low on recording Illinois. Typically, his process involved recording tracks using 2 Shure SM57s and an AKG C1000, running through a Roland VS880EX, at a sampling rate of 32 kHz (lower than the rates typically used in recording). He then employed Pro Tools for mixing and other production tasks.

After consulting with Michael Kaufmann and Lowell Brams of Asthmatic Kitty about the amount of material he had recorded, Stevens decided against a double album, saying that would be "arrogant". In 2006, several tracks recorded during these sessions were sent to Seattle-based musician and producer James McAllister for additional instrumentation and production, and were released in 2006 on the follow-up album The Avalanche: Outtakes and Extras from the Illinois Album. Among these outtakes are three separate recordings of the song "Chicago"—including the "Multiple Personality Disorder Version", which was produced during a subsequent tour. The "Adult Contemporary Easy Listening Version" of the song was supposed to appear on the Illinois album, but was changed at the last minute.

Illinois was released on July 4, 2005, through Rough Trade Records in Europe and was distributed domestically by Asthmatic Kitty Records starting July 5, 2005. Although he initially had no plans to perform this material live, less than two weeks after the release of Illinois, Stevens embarked on a North American tour to promote the album, performing with a string section of eight to ten members named the Illinoisemakers. He deliberately chose to avoid television as a promotional tool and focused on the tour performances themselves. He was supported on some dates by opening acts Liz Janes (who is also signed to Asthmatic Kitty) and Laura Veirs as well as Illinois collaborator Shara Nova's solo project My Brightest Diamond. He toured in support of the album again from September through November 2006, this time including dates in several European cities. During the 2006 dates, Stevens and his band transitioned from wearing University of Illinois-themed outfits to butterfly suits and bird wings.

Musical style and themes
Reviewers have noted similarities between this album and those of musicians and composers in several musical genres—from pop to contemporary classical, even show tunes and jazz-based time signatures. The lyrics and their rich thematic elements have been noted for their literary quality, earning comparisons to Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Carlos Williams, and Walt Whitman. Genre labels that have been applied to the album include indie folk,  indie pop, indie rock, folk rock, anti-folk, chamber folk, and lo-fi.

Musical style
Reviewers of Illinois have compared Stevens' style to Steve Reich, Vince Guaraldi, the Danielson Famile, Neil Young, Nick Drake, and Death Cab for Cutie. Stevens' use of large orchestral arrangements in his music—much of it played by himself through the use of multi-track recording —has been noted by several reviewers. Rolling Stone summarized the musical influences of Illinois, saying "the music draws from high school marching bands, show tunes and ambient electronics; we can suspect Steve Reich's Music for 18 Musicians is an oft-played record in the Stevens household, since he loves to echo it in his long instrumental passages." A review in The A.V. Club referred to some of the vocal work as "regressively twee communalism", but found Stevens' music overall to be "highly developed". The song "Come On! Feel the Illinoise!" has a saxophone part resembling "Close to Me" by The Cure.

The creation of Illinois marked a shift in Stevens' emphasis on songwriting and studio work toward live performance and more abstract concepts of motion and sound—subsequent tours and albums emphasized electronic music and modern dance over the indie folk material on Michigan and Illinois. He has ceased writing songs about individual characters with straightforward narratives or concept albums and briefly considered quitting the music business entirely after creating and promoting this album. He also found that the way in which he listened to music had changed after producing Illinois:

"I think now I listen more as a technician and a researcher. I'm always hearing music in terms of what I can take out of it, and I think I've always listened like that. I have a hard time just listening for pleasure. I'm much less about instinct, and more of a utilitarian listener. Like, what is the use of this song? What is the usefulness of this melody for this theme or statement? What are they doing that's unusual sounding, and how can I learn from that?"

Stevens is a classically trained oboist and his knowledge of classical and baroque music influenced many of his arrangements. Stevens himself has noted the influence of composers Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Edvard Grieg; along with contemporary composers Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass. The music on this album was written to be grandiose, to match the history of the territory. Stevens used time signature changes in the composition of Illinois for dynamic effect—for instance, "Come On! Feel the Illinoise!" begins with a 5/4 time signature and then changes to a standard 4/4 later in the song.

Illinois themes

Many of the lyrics in Illinois make references to persons, places, and events related to the state of the same name. "Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland, Illinois" is about a UFO sighting by police officers near Highland, Illinois, where several persons reported seeing a large triangular object with three lights flying at night. "Come on! Feel the Illinoise!" makes reference to the World's Columbian Exposition, which took place in Chicago in 1893.

"John Wayne Gacy, Jr." documents the story of the 1970s Chicago-based serial killer of the same name. Several lyrics make explicit references to events in his life: "[w]hen the swingset hit his head" refers to an event in Gacy's childhood, when a swing hit his head and caused a blood clot in his brain; "He dressed up like a clown for them / with his face paint white and red" alludes to the nickname given to Gacy—the "Killer Clown"; and "He put a cloth on their lips / Quiet hands, quiet kiss on the mouth" references Gacy's use of chloroform to subdue and molest his victims. The song ends with the narrator turning inward with the lyrics: "And in my best behavior, I am really just like him / Look beneath the floorboards for the secrets I have hid." Stevens stated in a 2009 interview with Paste that "we're all capable of what [Gacy] did."

"Casimir Pulaski Day" interweaves a personal story with the state holiday Casimir Pulaski Day. "The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts" makes references to Superman, whose fictional hometown of Metropolis was partially modeled after Chicago (the town of Metropolis, Illinois has also capitalized on this association). Jessica Hopper of the Chicago Reader noted that Ray Middleton—who was the first actor to play the comic book superhero—was also born in Chicago. "They Are Night Zombies!! They Are Neighbors!! They Have Come Back from the Dead!! Ahhhh!" makes references to ghost towns of Illinois. Stevens relates experiences from a summer camp he went to as a child in Michigan for "The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us!", but moved the locale to Illinois for the sake of the album. The track "Decatur, or, Round of Applause for Your Stepmother!" includes references to Decatur, Illinois, but Stevens stated the track also acted as "an exercise in rhyme schemes". Some references to Decatur included in the song were alligator sightings in the area, the equipment manufacturer Caterpillar, and a flood that exhumed a graveyard of soldiers from the Civil War.

Other allusions to the state's people, places, and events include the Black Hawk War, author Carl Sandburg, Stephen A. Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, the Sangamon River, the Chicago Cubs, Lydia Moss Bradley, the Sears Tower dubbed "Seer's Tower" (now called Willis Tower), and the localities of Jacksonville, Peoria, Metropolis, Savanna, Caledonia, Secor, Magnolia, Kankakee, Evansville, and the several locations named Centerville, Illinois. During the tour following the release of Illinois, Stevens' band wore cheerleader outfits based on those of the University of Illinois.

Christianity
Although Illinois is a concept album about the U.S. state, Stevens also explored themes related to Christianity and the Bible. As a Christian, he has written and recorded music about spiritual themes throughout his career—particularly on the 2004 album Seven Swans—and prefers to talk about religious topics through song rather than directly in interviews or public statements. The song "Decatur, or, Round of Applause for Your Stepmother!" includes the line "It's the great I Am" —taken from the response God gave when Moses asked for his name in the Book of Exodus. "Casimir Pulaski Day" describes the death of a romantic partner due to bone cancer (despite Bible study prayers for healing), and the narrator questions God in the process. More abstract allusions appear in "The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts", which utilizes Superman as a Christ figure and "The Seer's Tower", which references the Book of Revelation and the Second Coming of Christ. Songs which were not written with an explicit theological focus—such as "John Wayne Gacy, Jr."—also feature religious themes such as sin and redemption.

Artwork
Divya Srinivasan created the album artwork, depicting a variety of Illinois-related themes, including Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln, the Sears Tower, and Black Hawk. The album cover reads, "Sufjan Stevens Invites You To: Come On Feel the Illinoise!" as a wordplay on the common mispronunciation of the state's name as "ill-i-NOYZ" and a reference to the Slade song "Cum On Feel the Noize" made famous in the United States by the metal band Quiet Riot. The text on the cover caused some confusion over the actual title of the album—it is officially titled Illinois, as opposed to Come on Feel the Illinoise or Illinoise. Paste listed Illinois as having the seventh best album art of the decade 2000–2009. The album also won the PLUG Independent Music Award for Album Art/Packaging of the Year in 2006.

Shortly after the release of the album, reports arose that DC Comics had issued a cease and desist letter to Asthmatic Kitty because of the depiction of Superman on the cover. However, on October 4, 2005, Asthmatic Kitty announced that there had been no cease and desist letter; the record company's own lawyers had warned about the copyright infringement. On June 30, 2005, Asthmatic Kitty's distributor Secretly Canadian asked its retailers not to sell the album; however, it was not recalled. On July 5, the distributor told its retailers to go ahead and sell their copies, as DC Comics agreed to allow Asthmatic Kitty to sell the copies of the album that were already manufactured, but the image was removed from subsequent pressings. Soon after it was made public that the cover would be changed, copies of the album featuring Superman were sold for as high as $75 on eBay. On the vinyl edition released on November 22, 2005, Superman's image is covered by a balloon sticker. The image of the balloon sticker was also used on the cover of the compact disc and later printings of the double vinyl release. Stevens himself was surprised by the development and also had to pay a fee for referencing lyrics from Woody Guthrie's folk anthem "This Land Is Your Land" in the track "No Man's Land", which was later released on The Avalanche.

The 10th anniversary vinyl reissue of Illinois features the Marvel Comics character Blue Marvel, who hails from Chicago, in place of Superman. Asthmatic Kitty obtained permission from the publisher to use the character's likeness. The Blue Marvel edition's artwork was created by Divya Srinivasan and has LP 1 on "cape white" vinyl, LP 2 on "antimatter blue" vinyl, and a bonus single of "Chicago (Demo)" (on both sides) on a red vinyl 12" disc shaped like a six-sided star in reference to the municipal flag of Chicago.

Critical reception
Illinois was Sufjan Stevens' greatest commercial and critical success to date. For the first time, his work charted on the Billboard 200 and received several awards from critics. The site assesses this as "universal acclaim" and designated it the best-reviewed album of 2005, alongside Z by My Morning Jacket. In 2020, Consequence of Sound ranked several of Stevens' studio albums, with Illinois coming in second behind the 2015 release Carrie & Lowell.

Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club said that Stevens "has grown into one of the best song-makers in indie rock" with the album. Tim Jonze of NME called Illinois "a brainy little fucker" and described Stevens as "prolific, intelligent and—most importantly—brimming with heart-wrenching melodies." Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone responded favorably to the album, praising the "over-the-top arrangements" and Stevens' "breathy, gentle voice" as well as the personal nature of songs such as "Chicago" and "Casimir Pulaski Day", but criticized "John Wayne Gacy, Jr.", stating that it "symbolizes nothing about American life except the existence of creative-writing workshops". Michael Metivier of PopMatters described "John Wayne Gacy, Jr." as "horrifying, tragic, and deeply sad without proselytizing." Amanda Petrusich of Pitchfork described Illinois as "strange and lush, as excessive and challenging as its giant, gushing song titles." Dave Simpson of The Guardian echoed this sentiment by saying that the music sounds like "The Polyphonic Spree produced by Brian Eno." The diversity in instrumentation also received a positive review from Entertainment Weekly's Kristina Feliciano.

Jesse Jarnow of Paste praised the playful nature of Illinois, commenting that it had "sing-song" melodies and "jaunty" orchestrations. Jarnow also noted ironic lyrics, citing a line from "The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades is Out to Get Us!": "I can't explain the state I'm in ..." after a section of the song that references many Illinois landmarks. Q called the album a "sizeable step forward" from Michigan, and said Stevens' love for the state of Illinois is infectious. Critic Andy Gill dubbed Illinois "an extraordinary achievement" in Uncut, and in a separate review for The Independent added that it "makes most other albums seem small-minded and, ironically, rather parochial." Catherine Lewis of The Washington Post responded favorably to the album, stating that it has well-written lyrics, comparing Stevens' rhyming to that of Stephin Merritt. Lewis cited "Casimir Pulaski Day" as one of the most memorable songs of the album. In December 2005, American webzine Somewhere Cold voted Illinois CD of the Year on their 2005 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame list.

Accolades
Illinois achieved recognition with inclusion on numerous reviewers' "best of the year" and "best of the decade" lists. In particular, the album topped the best of the decade list appearing in the November 2009 issue of Paste and NPR named Illinois on their list of "The Decade's 50 Most Important Recordings". Pitchfork called Illinois the sixteenth best album of the decade, with Stevens' previous album—Michigan—placing 70 on that same list. The album also won the 2005 New Pantheon Award—a type of Shortlist Music Prize. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Finally, Paste listed Stevens as one of their "100 Best Living Songwriters" in 2006, primarily due to the writing on Michigan and Illinois.

Commercial performance
In its first week of sales, Illinois sold 9,000 copies, 20% coming from online sales. Overall, the album sold more than 100,000 copies by November 2005 and over 300,000 by the end of 2009. It was Stevens' first release to place on the Billboard 200, reaching number 121 within eight weeks on the chart. It also reached number one on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart and number four on the Independent Albums chart, remaining on them for 32 and 39 weeks, respectively. In August 2017, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), signifying shipments in excess of 500,000 copies in the United States.

In July 2013, it was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for 60,000 sold units in the United Kingdom and in April 2023, it was certified gold for 100,000 sold units.

Track listing
Note
 * The titles of the songs vary slightly from the Compact Disc, digital, and vinyl releases. Full titles come directly from the vinyl album and have been adapted to the English titlecase standards.

Personnel

 * Sufjan Stevens – acoustic guitar, piano, Wurlitzer, bass guitar, drums, electric guitar, oboe, alto saxophone, flute, banjo, glockenspiel, accordion, vibraphone, recorders (alto, sopranino, soprano, & tenor), Casiotone MT-70, sleigh bells, shakers, tambourine, triangle, electronic organ, vocals, arrangements, engineering, recording, production
 * Alan Douches – mastering at West West Side Music, Tenafly, New Jersey
 * The Illinoisemaker Choir – backing vocals and clapping on "The Black Hawk War, or, How to Demolish an Entire Civilization and Still Feel Good About Yourself in the Morning, or, We Apologize for the Inconvenience but You're Going to Have to Leave Now, or, 'I Have Fought the Big Knives and Will Continue to Fight Them Until They Are Off Our Lands!'", "Chicago", "The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts", "They Are Night Zombies!! They Are Neighbors!! They Have Come Back from the Dead!! Ahhhh!", and "The Tallest Man, the Broadest Shoulders"
 * Tom Eaton
 * Jennifer Hoover
 * Katrina Kerns
 * Beccy Lock
 * Tara McDonnell

 * The String Quartet – strings on "Come On! Feel the Illinoise (Part II)", "Jacksonville", "A Short Reprise for Mary Todd", "Chicago", "They Are Night Zombies!! They Are Neighbors!! They Have Come Back from the Dead!! Ahhhh!", and "The Tallest Man, the Broadest Shoulders"
 * Julianne Carney – violin
 * Marla Hansen – viola
 * Maria Bella Jeffers – cello
 * Rob Moose – violin

 * Katrina Kerns – backing vocals on "Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland, Illinois", "Come On! Feel the Illinoise!", "Jacksonville", "Prairie Fire That Wanders About", "The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us!", "The Seer's Tower", "The Tallest Man, the Broadest Shoulders", and "The Avalanche"
 * James McAlister – drums (credited in the liner notes with "all the sophisticated drum parts"), drum engineering
 * Craig Montoro – trumpet, backing vocals on "They Are Night Zombies!! They Are Neighbors!! They Have Come Back from the Dead!! Ahhhh!"
 * Matt Morgan – backing vocals on "Decatur, or, Round of Applause for Your Stepmother!"
 * Daniel and Elin Smith – backing vocals and clapping on "Decatur, or, Round of Applause for Your Stepmother!"
 * Divya Srinivasan – artwork
 * Shara Worden – backing vocals on "Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland, Illinois", "Come On! Feel the Illinoise!", "John Wayne Gacy, Jr.", "Casimir Pulaski Day", "Prairie Fire That Wanders About", "The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us!", "The Seer's Tower", "The Tallest Man, the Broadest Shoulders", and "The Avalanche"

Musical adaptation
Illinois was adapted into a dance-based musical, Illinoise, directed and choreographed by Justin Peck with a companion book written by Jackie Sibblies Drury and Peck. It premiered at Bard College on June 23, 2023, and a Chicago production opened at Chicago Shakespeare Theatre on February 3, 2024. The show features new arrangements for a live band and three voices, and aims to "lead [the audience] on a mighty journey through the American heartland, from campfire storytelling to the edges of the cosmos". It debuted in New York in March 2, 2024, at Park Avenue Armory, and opened on Broadway at the St. James Theater from April to August 2024.

title: Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album)


text:
Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

The Palazzo della Ragione is a medieval market hall, town hall and palace of justice building in Padua, in the Veneto region of Italy. The upper floor was dedicated to the town and justice administration; while the ground floor still hosts the historical covered market of the city. The palace separates the two market squares of Piazza delle Erbe from Piazza dei Frutti. It is popularly called "il Salone" (the big Hall). It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Padua's 14th-century fresco cycles (since 2021).

Description
The building, with its great hall on the upper floor hence the name "Salone" ("big Hall"), is believed to be one of the largest medieval halls still extant; the hall is nearly rectangular, its length 81.5m, its breadth 27m, and its height 24 m; the walls are covered with allegorical frescoes. The building stands on arches, and the upper storey is surrounded by an open loggia, not unlike that which surrounds the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, that was indeed inspired by Padua's Palazzo della Ragione.

The gigantic wooden horse on the western side of the hall was built in 1466 and is modelled on Donatello's Equestrian statue of Gattamelata which is in place in front of the Saint Antony Basilica. On the eastern side there is a contemporary version of a Foucault pendulum.

In the northeast corner of the hall is situated a particular tool: the "Pietra del Vituperio". It is a stool of black stone which was located at the middle of the hall in the Middle Ages and was used to publicly humiliate insolvent debtors, who were obliged to sit there as in the stocks.

The ground floor has hosted the market hall of the city for 800 years and is likely the oldest in the European Union. Originally dedicated to the commerce of a wide selection of food, clothes, spices, and jewels; it is today mostly active in the food and beverage sector.

History
The Palazzo was begun in 1172 and finished in 1219. In 1306, Fra Giovanni, an Augustinian friar, covered the whole with one roof; originally there were three roofs, spanning the three chambers into which the hall was at first divided; the internal partition walls remained until the fire of 1420, when the Venetian architects who undertook the restoration removed them, throwing all three spaces into one and forming the present great hall, the Salone. The new space was frescoed by Nicolò Miretto and Stefano da Ferrara, working from 1425 to 1440. Some of the frescoes depict the astrological theories of Pietro d'Abano, a professor at Padua University in the 13th century.

A tornado destroyed the roof and damaged the building on 17 August 1756.

The frescoes
In the great hall (il "Salone"), all four walls are entirely occupied by frescoes. The decoration consists of more than three hundred different scenes divided into two sections: the upper area, dating back to the fifteenth century, contains scenes that develop over three levels and shows that each month of the year corresponds to certain signs of the zodiac, trades and character traits. The lower area is less densely decorated and contains parts of the 14th-century frescoes. These are probably connected to the frescoes in the upper zone. Yet it is to consider that they were painted according to the functions of the different spaces in which the hall was divided. For example, there are frescoes separated by traces left by the tribunal benches which once lined the walls, and by symbols associated with them. This is a reminder of the original function of the Palazzo della Ragione: law courts.

On the southern wall is a relief showing a golden sun. At midday, a ray of sunlight passes through its mouth and strikes the floor along a meridan line. This feature was created by Bortolomeo Ferracina in 1761.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Palazzo della Ragione, Padua


text:
Yorkshire Society

The Yorkshire Society is a non-political organisation founded in December 1980. It extended the philosophies of an earlier Yorkshire Society which, in 1818, wished to  encourage people born, working or living in the County of Yorkshire to join and then  help improve several aspects of the area, including  the social  welfare of its people as well as Yorkshire's physical environment. Traditionally, the patron of the Yorkshire Society is the Duke of York, and its current Chairman is Sir Rodney Walker.

History
Earlier Societies of the same name included the organisation which ran the Yorkshire Society's Schools on Westminster Road in London. The Yorkshire Society referenced in 1818 was headed  by  wealthy  Yorkshire gentry  who  were keen  to provide charity to the working class and poor throughout much of Yorkshire. As is the case  today,  the  organisation's  patron was the Duke of York.

Goals
Although there  has  long been  an  implication that  the organisation is  embedded  with  wealthy "Society" members, its  membership is  open  to  all  who  are  interested in the  following:
 * To improve the beauty, attraction and amenities in the Yorkshire countryside, towns, villages, historic houses and monuments of all kinds by encouraging and assisting local branches of the Society to prepare, fund and carry through projects in their own areas.
 * Working with other established organisations in their efforts to generate and promote tourism in the County.
 * Supporting efforts to study and solve some of the industrial, commercial and unemployment problems in the area.
 * Drawing together in fellowship Yorkshire folk by mounting regional and local events and providing a forum for discussion and debate.

Charitable works
The Yorkshire Awards, held in Autumn each year, generate substantial funds for many charities.

The Society co-sponsors the annual Yorkshire Awards alongside Yorkshire Television, Joshua Tetley, Asda, Aon, Bain Hogg, Yorkshire Electricity and the Yorkshire Bank.

The Society's award category is the Yorkshire Lifetime Achievement Award. To date recipients have included Lawrence Batley, Ken Morrison, Victor Watson, Lord Harewood, Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley, Professor Tom Kilburn, Brian Rix, Lord Rix, Michael Parkinson, Barry Cryer, Brian Turner and Ashley Jackson.

Commemorating Yorkshire History
The erecting of Yorkshire Rose plaques to mark the contributions of famous Yorkshire men and women.

To date plaques have commemorated:
 * Percy Shaw, inventor of cats eyes
 * Thomas Spencer, joint founder of Marks & Spencer
 * Henry Moore, Sculptor
 * Christopher Saxton, Cartographer to Queen Elizabeth I of England
 * The former Lord St. Oswald, first ever Vice President of the Society
 * Colonel North, for granting Kirkstall Abbey and grounds to the people
 * H. H. Asquith, former Prime Minister
 * Sir Donald Bailey, inventor of the Bailey bridge
 * Herbert Smith, aircraft designer
 * Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the United States Capitol, Washington DC
 * Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, former Prime Minister
 * Benjamin Shaw, textile manufacturer
 * Sir Martin Frobisher, explorer
 * Kit Calvert, "saviour of Wensleydale cheese" (turned the Wensleydale Creamery at Hawes into a farmers' cooperative when it was threatened with closure in the 1930s)
 * Mary Ward, an English Roman Catholic nun who founded the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also known as the Sisters of Loreto.

Acting as host for the annual Yorkshire History Awards.

Yorkshire Day
The Yorkshire Society also convenes the civic celebration of Yorkshire Day, which is held on 1 August each year.

title: Yorkshire Society


text:
Talk:He Has Left Us Alone but Shafts of Light Sometimes Grace the Corner of Our Rooms...

Album title
According to the Constellation Records website here, the title of this album is "...Corner Of Our Rooms..." (note the missing "s.") Is there any reason why this article and the album as listed on MusicBrainz should be any different? Third 07:16, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

It actually is "corner." The site and album cover feature it this way. It would be possible that a lot of people simply misconstrued it to something that sounds more correct. It does seem strange that shafts of light graced the all the corners of their rooms. I've changed and moved the page to reflect what User:Third caught. Rsdio 04:35, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Why is the 'but' uncapitalised and why is there no comma? My packaging gives no reason.—ZephyrAnycon (talk) 10:24, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * "But" is a coordinating conjunction, which are usually not capitalized in titles (See: Naming conventions). There is also no need for a comma here, though it might be expected. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 18:29, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on He Has Left Us Alone but Shafts of Light Sometimes Grace the Corner of Our Rooms.... Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225752/http://www.tra-la-la-band.com/lyrics/movienevermade3.html to http://www.tra-la-la-band.com/lyrics/movienevermade3.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:16, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Genres
I've now removed the uncited genres from the article twice and they have been added back twice. The explanation I have given in the edit summary is:

 * As per WP:UNSOURCED genres do indeed need sourcing. "Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source." Please find a reliable source for this claim before restoring it.

The issue with this content is that it is primariliy that it is unsourced, and secondarily that, by my judgement, it is mostly wrong. This issue can be completely fixed if an editor finds a citation for the genres listed. I've already given it a search myself and couldn't find any reliable source claiming any genre, but you may have better luck. AquitaneHungerForce (talk) 06:11, 18 July 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Poland/PLCOTW/None

Currently is none article nominated.


text:
Talk:Zaiyuan

Untitled
I couldn't get any google results for this person, any chance of some references?

 * There is very little references in English to Zaiyuan, and if there are he is usually referred to as the Prince Yi. If you try a Chinese search, however, on Baidu, for example, using the characters 载垣, you will get significant results. Most of it is about the power struggle with Cixi. Colipon+(T) 7 July 2005 19:08 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zaiyuan


text:
International School of Milan

The International School of Milan (ISM) is an international school and IB World School in the northern part of Milan, Italy. The school was the first fully authorised institution in Italy to offer all three of the programmes of the International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme, Middle Years Programme and Diploma Programme, for students aged 2 to 19.

The International School of Milan is among the largest and oldest of a group of International Schools in Italy run by the Inspired Education Group; the others are Monza, Modena, Siena and Bergamo although there are many other schools within the organization's global network. The Inspired Group also acquired the St. Louis School of Milan in 2018, adding to its Milanese network. In addition, the school is part of a range of international school organizations and networks. The school is the largest and oldest international curriculum school in Milan and sends graduates to universities in the UK, the US, Italy and all over the world.

History
Founded in 1958, the school initially offered the British O Levels/GCSE and A Levels. The International Baccalaureate was gradually adopted as the main curriculum after the Italian government recognized the IB as equivalent to the Maturità (the Italian equivalent of A Levels) during the late 1980s to early 1990s. The British curriculum is no longer taught and ISM is solely an IB World School.

In September 2013, the school opened a brand-new purpose-built campus in Baranzate, northwest of Milan which united the Primary, Middle and High School sections of the school.

International School of Europe
The network was founded in 2008. ISM, as well as its sister schools in Monza (1984), Rome (1988) and Modena (1998), are part of the network. In 2010, ISE opened another school in Siena as part of a joint venture with Novartis Vaccines, Monte Dei Paschi and the provincial government of Siena.

title: International School of Milan


text:
User:SeaDour

 * "Homepage

title: User:SeaDour


text:
Meletus

Meletus (Μέλητος; fl. 5th–4th century BCE), a citizen of Athens in the Classical Era, came from the Pithus deme and has become known for his prosecuting role in the  trial - and eventual execution - of the  philosopher Socrates in 399 BCE.

Life
Little is known of Meletus' life beyond what is portrayed in the Socratic literature, particularly Plato's dialogues, where he is named as the chief accuser of Socrates. In the Euthyphro, Plato describes Meletus as the youngest of the three prosecutors, having "a beak, and long straight hair, and a beard which is ill grown," and being unknown to Socrates prior to the prosecution. Meletus is also mentioned briefly in the Theaetetus. In Xenophon's Hellenica, he is reported as one of the envoys that were sent to negotiate a truce with the Lacedaemonians during the war between the democratic rebels and the Thirty Tyrants.

The later Greek historian Diogenes Laërtius reported that after the execution of Socrates "Athenians felt such remorse" that they executed Meletus and banished his associates from the city, at the incitement of a disciple of Socrates, Antisthenes. This claim is generally rejected as apocryphal by modern scholarship.

Trial of Socrates
During the first three hours of trial, Meletus and the other two accusers each stood in the law court in the center of Athens to deliver previously crafted speeches to the jury against Socrates. No record of Meletus' speech survives.

title: Meletus


text:
Bieber, California

Bieber (formerly Chalk Ford) is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California. It is located on the Pit River, 55 mi north-northwest of Susanville, at an elevation of 4124 ft Its population is 266 as of the 2020 census, down from 312 from the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Bieber as a census-designated place (CDP). The ZIP Code is 96009. The community is inside area code 530.

History
The settlement sprang up at the Pit River ford in 1877. The first post office at Bieber opened in 1877. It was named for Nathan Bieber, a local shopkeeper. It was a major junction between the Great Northern and Western Pacific railroads for north–south traffic, now owned by BNSF Railway.

Demographics
At the 2010 census, Bieber had a population of 312. The population density was 184.2 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Bieber was 264 (84.6%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 15 (4.8%) Native American, 1 (0.3%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 24 (7.7%) from other races, and 8 (2.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 72 people (23.1%).

The whole population lived in households; no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and none were institutionalized.

There were 123 households, 41 (33.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 67 (54.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7 (5.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10 (8.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6 (4.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 34 households (27.6%) were one person and 12 (9.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.54. There were 84 families (68.3% of households); the average family size was 3.05.

The age distribution was 78 people (25.0%) under the age of 18, 27 people (8.7%) ages 18 to 24, 77 people (24.7%) aged 25 to 44, 88 people (28.2%) ages 45 to 64, and 42 people (13.5%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 38.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and over, there were 105.3 males.

There were 148 housing units, at an average density of 87.4 per square mile; of the occupied units, 90 (73.2%) were owner-occupied and 33 (26.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 10.8%. 237 people (76.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 75 people (24.0%) lived in rental housing units.

Politics
In the state legislature, Bieber is in, and Megan Dahle represents the district in the Assembly. Brian Dahle grew up in Bieber.

Federally, Bieber is in.

title: Bieber, California


text:
Big Bar, Trinity County, California

Big Bar (Chimariko: Hičʰeqʰut) is an unincorporated community in Trinity County, California, United States. The ZIP Code is 96010. The community is inside area code 530. The area is surrounded by steep, mountainous terrain and dense forest. It sits along the Trinity River and is near the Trinity Alps

History
Established in 1849, Big Bar was one of the first settled areas in the county. It has had a post office operating since 1850.

Government
In the state legislature, Big Bar is in the 4th Senate District, represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa, and in the 1st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Patty Berg.

Federally, Big Bar is in.

title: Big Bar, Trinity County, California


text:
User:Utcl95

About me
Hi, I'm utcl95

title: User:Utcl95


text: User talk:82.43.210.63

title: User talk:82.43.210.63


text:
User talk:Trinbago

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Glad to see another Trini here. Contact me if you have any questions. There are more Trini links at Category:Trinidad and Tobago. Guettarda 17:25, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Caribbean_Wikipedians%27_notice_board
Good to see you back. I just wanted to let you know that we have started a Caribbean_Wikipedians%27_notice_board. In addition, since you appear to be in Trinidad, if you have any images that you are willing to release under the GFDL, we'd love to have images in use. Guettarda 22:58, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Usercat
You were listed in the Wikipedians/Trinidad and Tobago page as living in or being associated with Trinidad and Tobago. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Trinidad and Tobago for instructions.Rmky87 13:50, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Sixth form government
Is that the official name of the school? Or is it Sixth Form Government Secondary School? Is this Polytech? As it stands it's likely to get VfD'd (schools are always controvertial) bu if we can get it fleshed up a bit people ae likely to leave it alone (it's easier to protect an article that looks substantial than it is to save an article from VfD). Guettarda 17:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * WP:VfD - votes for deletion. If people come across pages that they think don't belong in an encyclopaedia they put them up for deletion, and the community votes.  Actually, it's a tiny fraction of the community who spend their time of VfD.  Anyway, many people believe that schools are non-notable unless proven otherwise.  So it's always a good idea to assert notability in a school.  People have criteria somewhere, but since it isn't official policy I have no idea where they are.  Nonetheless, the more information, the better.  Guettarda 04:22, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

West Indies Cricket
Hi Nigel. Over at WikiProject_Cricket they are looking for any pictures related to West Indies cricket to use in the article - anything at all - crowd shots, players, anything - so I thought I might ask you if you had any you might be willing to release under a copyleft or free license. Thanks - Guettarda 11:59, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Information and Communications Technology Society of Trinidad and Tobago
I have added a "" template to the article Information and Communications Technology Society of Trinidad and Tobago, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. — mholland 12:33, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Cindy Devika Sharma
A tag has been placed on Cindy Devika Sharma requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Otolemur crassicaudatus (talk) 13:32, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of DVD releases for 2008
An article that you have been involved in editing, DVD releases for 2008, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/DVD releases for 2008. Thank you. --  At am a chat 16:41, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of I Am Omega
A tag has been placed on I Am Omega requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. On the  other side  Contribs 03:44, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Proposals/Darts
You are invited to join the discussion at. —  SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 03:58, 18 January 2010 (UTC) (Using )

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Trinbago! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:45, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Mohammed Faisal Rahman -

Speedy deletion nomination of The Hummingbird Tree

A tag has been placed on The Hummingbird Tree, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article that does not provide sufficient context to identify its subject. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template  to the article and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  WAYNE  SLAM 23:35, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Anya Ayoung-Chee
Please do not replace that sex tape content without discussion and consensus. It has been removed multiple times as BLP vio and the article has been protected multiple times ot keep it out, thanks. Off2riorob (talk) 16:00, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Horace James

A tag has been placed on Horace James requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 19:37, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for February 16
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited I Hate Valentine's Day, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page John Corbett (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:19, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

A page you started has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Tobagan House of Assembly election, 2013, Trinbago!

Wikipedia editor Anne Delong just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Curiously, this article does not include the names of the newly elected members of the House."

To reply, leave a comment on Anne Delong's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

Article notability notification
Hello. This message is to inform you that an article that you wrote recently, Thor: Tales of Asgard, has been tagged with a notability notice. This means that it may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Please note that articles which do not meet these criteria may be merged, redirected, or deleted. Please consider adding reliable, secondary sources to the article in order to establish the topic's notability. You may find the following links useful when searching for sources:. Thank you for editing Wikipedia! VoxelBot 15:02, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of The Hollow Men (film)
Hello Trinbago,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged The Hollow Men (film) for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly say why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. scope_creep 23:25, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Lara Brothers

A tag has been placed on Lara Brothers requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here.  Dwpaul  Talk   15:53, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Ways to improve Trinidadian local elections, 2016
Hi, I'm TonyBallioni. Trinbago, thanks for creating Trinidadian local elections, 2016!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Hi, thanks for your contribution. Your article doesn't have sources needed for verification, and I've added a tag to it. The bullet point format can also be a bit confusing. I'd be happy to help with the syntax, but can't without sources.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse. TonyBallioni (talk) 16:58, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trinbago


text:
1999 Wimbledon Championships

The 1999 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 113th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 21 June to 4 July 1999.

Prize money
The total prize money for 1999 championships was £7,595,330. The winner of the men's title earned £455,000 while the women's singles champion earned £409,500.

 * per team

Men's singles
🇺🇸 Pete Sampras defeated 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
 * It was Sampras' 12th career Grand Slam singles title and his 6th at Wimbledon.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport defeated 🇩🇪 Steffi Graf, 6–4, 7–5
 * It was Davenport's 2nd career Grand Slam singles title and her 1st and only at Wimbledon.

Men's doubles
🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi / 🇮🇳 Leander Paes defeated Paul Haarhuis / 🇺🇸 Jared Palmer, 6–7(10–12), 6–3, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
 * It was Bhupathi's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st at Wimbledon. It was Paes' 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st at Wimbledon.

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport / 🇺🇸 Corina Morariu defeated Mariaan de Swardt / 🇺🇦 Elena Tatarkova, 6–4, 6–4
 * It was Davenport's 3rd and last career Grand Slam doubles title and her 1st at Wimbledon. It was Morariu's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.

Mixed doubles
🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇮🇳 Leander Paes defeated 🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman / 🇷🇺 Anna Kournikova, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
 * It was Paes' 1st career Grand Slam mixed doubles title. It was Raymond's 2nd career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 1st at Wimbledon.

Boys' singles
🇦🇹 Jürgen Melzer defeated Kristian Pless, 7–6(9–7), 6–3

Girls' singles
🇺🇿 Iroda Tulyaganova defeated 🇷🇺 Lina Krasnoroutskaya, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

Boys' doubles
🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria / 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian defeated 🇧🇬 Todor Enev / 🇫🇮 Jarkko Nieminen, 7–5, 6–4

Girls' doubles
🇨🇿 Dája Bedáňová / 🇦🇷 María Emilia Salerni defeated 🇺🇦 Tatiana Perebiynis / 🇺🇿 Iroda Tulyaganova, 6–1, 2–6, 6–2

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (champion)
 * 2) 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter (semifinals, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 3) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (third round, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi (final, lost to Pete Sampras)
 * 5)  Richard Krajicek (third round, lost to Lorenzo Manta)
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (semifinals, lost to Pete Sampras)
 * 7) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis (quarterfinals, lost to Pete Sampras)
 * 8) 🇺🇸 Todd Martin (quarterfinals, lost to Pat Rafter)
 * 9) 🇬🇧 Greg Rusedski (fourth round, lost to Mark Philippoussis)
 * 10)  Goran Ivanišević (fourth round, lost to Todd Martin)
 * 11) 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten (quarterfinals, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 12) 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyá (second round, lost to Jim Courier)
 * 13) 🇸🇰 Karol Kučera (fourth round, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 14) 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas (third round, lost to Wayne Arthurs)
 * 15) 🇩🇪 Nicolas Kiefer (second round, lost to Boris Becker)
 * 16) 🇪🇸 Félix Mantilla (second round, lost to Paul Goldstein)

Women's singles

 * 1)  Martina Hingis (first round, lost to Jelena Dokic)
 * 2) 🇩🇪 Steffi Graf (final, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (champion)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Monica Seles (third round, lost to Mirjana Lučić)
 * 5) 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná (quarterfinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 6) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (quarterfinals, lost to Steffi Graf)
 * 7) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (second round, lost to Lisa Raymond)
 * 8) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Tauziat (quarterfinals, lost to Mirjana Lučić)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (fourth round, lost to Jelena Dokic)
 * 10) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (withdrew before the tournament began)
 * 11) 🇫🇷 Julie Halard-Decugis (third round, lost to Alexandra Stevenson)
 * 12)  Amanda Coetzer (third round, lost to Kim Clijsters)
 * 13) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud (third round, lost to Tamarine Tanasugarn)
 * 14) 🇦🇹 Barbara Schett (fourth round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 15) 🇧🇪 Dominique Van Roost (fourth round, lost to Nathalie Tauziat)
 * 16) 🇧🇾 Natasha Zvereva (second round, lost to Tatiana Panova)
 * 17) 🇷🇺 Anna Kournikova (fourth round, lost to Venus Williams)

title: 1999 Wimbledon Championships


text:
Talk:Linoleum

Some comment from an anon on the page that should have been put here
Linoleum article useful, but incomplete. Your readers should know that linseed oil, a basic component of linoleum, has many salubrious and ergonomically beneficial properties. It has natural germicidal attributes that kill 97% of staphyllocous germs within twenty four hours. It has natural anti-static properies that make it preferred material for desk pads and flooring for use around computers and other sensitive electronic equipment. I believe linseed oil is similar (if not the same) as the currently popular omega fish oils, that when ingested, provide certain cardiac and anti-carcinogenic benefits to humans.

It is also an Earth Smart(tm) "environmentally friendly" product (in the generally accepted definition of the term) in that it is made from naturally occuring raw materials and processed simply at at ordinary temperatures (except for the final stage curing into a flooring/desk covering sheet), not mined from the ground and refined as a depleting carbon-based natural resource (like petroleum originated vinyl). It will decompose in land fills in a much shorter period than vinyl, and when burned, is less noxious than vinyl. It has not been linked to "sick building" syndrome, or other conditions associated with wall and flooring materials of a more synthetic nature.

(Sources, include literature from Forbo-Krommenie, Europe's largest producer of genuine linoleum. Also, from my own experience as an executive and creator of industry's best and most popular writing and work surfaces and desk pads with our 80 family, manufacturing company, Artistic Office Products, Bronx, NY.)

 * Hmm, it's comforting to know that if I decide to eat my linoleum floorcovering, providing it doesn't puncture my intestines, it will give me some protection against heart attacks and cancer. Richerman ''   (talk) 11:00, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Preventing MRSA
The last remaining lino producer in Kirkcaldy is benefiting from reports that lino helps to combat the spread of MRSA. See this Times article for details. Loganberry (Talk) 01:33, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Shouldn't there be a photograph of a real linoleum floor instead of just fake linoleum? Hbhiggens 04:26, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Definitely. Removed this one, having an image of an imitation here is no good. Femto 12:21, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

The term linoleum
I have heard that, although linoleum was a commercial name and protected as a trademark, that this was lifted [by who?] because there was no other available term to use as a generic name for hardened linseed and pulp floor covering. For the experts - is there an origin for the term or does it simply refer to use as a floor lining? Many thanks. Denis
 * The word 'linoleum' comes from its major ingredient - lin (from linseed) and the latin 'oleum' for oil.

 * 'linum' is flax. Either way, the original inventor (Walton) formed the Linoleum Manuf. Co. in 1864. When the patents expired he attempted to sue (ca. 1878) in a trademark case. It was decided against him though because the term had become generic (Linoloeum Manufacturing Company v. Nairn, 7 Ch. D. 834). There is a great deal of history at this link 24.58.134.56 08:15, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Floorcloth v Linoleum
The current 'Linoleum' article (Oct 2007) states that the Scottish town of Kirkcaldy "became the largest producer of linoleum in the world, with no fewer than six floorcloth manufacturers in the town". The term 'floorcloth' was commonly used in the nineteenth and early twentieth century to refer to 'oilcloth', a different type of hard floor covering. In other words, linoleum is not floorcloth, and if there were six floorcloth manufacturers in Kirkcaldy this means that there were six oilcloth makers. Kircaldy did indeed become a centre for linoleum manufacture but it is important not to confuse floorcloth and oilcloth with linoleum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.138.213.90 (talk) 00:00, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Who and when was it invented
There's various public signs in Kirkcaldy paying tribute to Linouleum's role there, that claim it was invented there in 1840s.

For example, this sign in Kirkcaldy train station http://i2.photoblog.com/photos2/53340-1203775481-0-l.jpg which states "Michael Nairn began making floorcloth in Kirkcaldy in 1847 and in 1878 began the manufacture of linoleum for which town and its sweet smell became famous." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.192.81.216 (talk) 14:17, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a lot of information on the Forbo Nairn page. I think it is something different (linen floor clothes) being made in 1847 as the history and sign states, with linoleum arriving to the town in the 1870s. Link >

 * http://www.forbo-flooring.co.uk/Default.aspx?MenuId=1008

 * "Noticing that the sails were painted then laid to protect decking, he adopted the process using a linen backing, producing his first floorcloth in 1847 in a factory in Scotland.

 * Appreciating the shortcoming of floorcloth in terms of wear and its manufacturing process, Nairn began linoleum production on a large scale following the expiry of its inventor Frederick Waltons 1863 patent. Accurately judging linoleum as a superior product, Nairn adopted the new technology with a will in 1877."

 * --Revolt (talk) 12:29, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Frederick Watson was the inventor of linoleum and nobody was allowed to use the "magic word" until 1860. This was because the product patent ran out (purely because Watson had forgotten to renew the copyright). prior to the production of linoleum, Michael Nairn (founder of Nairn's) built a factory on Pathhead Sands (now part of Kirkcaldy) in 1847 to make floorcloth (as the market for sailcloth was dying). actual production of linoleum did not begin in the town (Kirkcaldy) until 1877 by the Scottish Floorcloth Factory (later Barry, Ostlere and Shepherd). Nairn's later became the dominant force in linoleum. Kilnburn (talk) 02:13, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

404 Error
Removed link to http://www.diy-extra.com/ because of 404 error --Johnlumgair (talk) 03:39, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Marmoleum
I was wondering if Marmoleum redirects to this page, why is there no mention of Marmoleum on the page and how it relates to Linoleum? 198.45.19.96 (talk) 13:55, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Marmoleum is just a brand name for linoleum manufactured by the Forbo company. Salmanazar (talk) 23:04, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The name Marmoleum is confusing, as it redirects to the linoleum page with no explanation. (Salmanazar's explanation above does it well.) I've added a single sentence to the content page defining Marmoleum as a specific brand name, with a citation to an article about it. I've had problems in the past where I incorrectly cited commerical references; I'm hoping that because I made no reference to Forbo or the website that I've finally got it right. This question, and the existence of the redirect, would certainly seem to suggest that Marmoleum be addressed on this page in some way. SeparateWays (talk) 12:04, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Loss of trademark protection
What about a list of products loosing trademark protection? Tabletop (talk) 06:57, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Would List of generic and genericized trademarks fit the bill? Salmanazar (talk) 13:41, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Tense
Much of this article, especially in sections on production, is written in past tense. Why is this, when production still happens today? 77.162.73.53 (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * All the text about the history and development is in the past tense and anything about the present day is in the present tense. There is nothing about how it is made today - if there was it would be in the present tense. Richerman ''   (talk) 07:47, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

Use in printing
Linoleum also has a place in the history of printing. The introduction of linocut caused a surge in illustrations in books and periodicals. 71.210.185.206 (talk) 15:45, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linoleum


text:
Blue Jay, California

Blue Jay is an unincorporated community located in San Bernardino County, California. It is located in the San Bernardino Mountains, above a region of California known as the Inland Empire. It is within the San Bernardino National Forest. Blue Jay Village itself is located one mile from the southwestern bank of Lake Arrowhead.

The town is a part of the Lake Arrowhead Community. Other towns in this community are Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Twin Peaks, Sky Forest, Agua Fria, and Cedar Glen.

History
The town started as the homestead of Art (1880-1956) and Norma Wixom (b. Harmon, 1883-1978). They leased a few vacation cabins and opened a store in 1914. Stoney DeMent (1892-1972) leased the land and built a market called The Blue Jay Market in 1934. The store was named for the blue colored birds that live in the area, and this later became the name of the town built up around it. The naming of the town is something of a misnomer: the local variety of jay is actually the Steller's jay, not the closely related blue jay. While this is widely known in the area, the name has stuck. Residents began to move to Blue Jay about 10 years later. In 1978 Bluejay was purchased by H.R. "Rick" Kaufman through his company Pioneer Take Out Corporation aka Pioneer Chicken.

Today
Blue Jay Village today is home to 2,314 residents. It is considered the entertainment district of the Lake Arrowhead community. It contains a shopping center, a number of restaurants, a bank, the Lake Arrowhead Library and many privately owned stores. A movie theater, Blue Jay Cinema, operated from 1988 until June 2023. The village also hosts many events including the Lake Arrowhead celebration of film, The Blue Jay Christmas parade, and the Blue Jay Jazz Festival.

title: Blue Jay, California


text: User talk:70.23.236.202

title: User talk:70.23.236.202


text:
Bodega, California

Bodega is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County in the U.S. state of California. The town had a population of 220 as of the 2010 Census.

Bodega is located on Bodega Highway, about 5 mi west of Freestone, California. Salmon Creek flows through the town.

History
The town of Bodega was known historically as Bodega Corners or Bodega Roads, to distinguish it from the Port of Bodega or Bodega Bay, as it is known today, which is about 4 mi from Bodega. Bodega and Bodega Bay are named for discoverer of the bay, Juan Francisco Bodega y Caudra, who first sailed into the harbor in 1775. There were formerly two Coast Miwok villages in the area: one (called Kennekono) sited near the current town and another (called Suwutenne) further north. The first Europeans in the area were Russians who established temporary settlements at Bodega Bay and the Salmon Creek Valley, in the vicinity of Bodega, in 1809.

In 1843, Captain Stephen Smith established the first West Coast lumber mill near Bodega. Around the same time, John A. Sutter bought land from the Russians, an area that included Bodega. His land purchase included "some hunting rights, a small boat, several rusty cannons, and some old muskets." In 1859, shipbuilders constructed Saint Teresa of Avila Church. Open from 1856 to 1967, Watson School, once served as Bodega's school, and is located in a Sonoma County Regional Parks Department historic park about 2 mi east of Bodega.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.9 sqmi, all of it land. The Phacelia distans is known for blossoming in Bodega between April and June.

Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported that Bodega had a population of 220. The population density was 75.8 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Bodega was 209 (95.0%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 2 (0.9%) Native American, 2 (0.9%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0.0%) from other races, and 7 (3.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 persons (4.1%).

The Census reported that 220 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 117 households, out of which 16 (13.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 43 (36.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5 (4.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (6.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 9 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 51 households (43.6%) were made up of individuals, and 13 (11.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.88. There were 55 families (47.0% of all households); the average family size was 2.55.

The population was spread out, with 25 people (11.4%) under the age of 18, 12 people (5.5%) aged 18 to 24, 43 people (19.5%) aged 25 to 44, 101 people (45.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 39 people (17.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.0 males.

There were 131 housing units at an average density of 45.1 /sqmi, of which 66 (56.4%) were owner-occupied, and 51 (43.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 137 people (62.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 83 people (37.7%) lived in rental housing units.

Economy
As of 1915, Bodega was serviced by Wells Fargo and Company, who provided express delivery service. Wells Fargo delivered fruits, vegetables, eggs, and butter to the region from Alameda County. In the late 1970s, the Soycrafters Association of North America was headquartered in Bodega. It was run by soy product innovator Larry Needleman. The area also has a history of creameries, making milk and butter. The Bodega Cooperative Creamery was located in Bodega as of 1922.

Farming continues in the area, including Salmon Creek Ranch, which raises livestock and sells organic products. Bodega has a tourism industry, which includes the Sonoma Coast Villa, and art galleries and shops in the small "downtown" area.

Arts and culture
In the 1970s, Bodega was home to a doll museum.

In popular culture
In 1963, much of Bodega was used for exterior filming in Alfred Hitchcock's film, The Birds, where it was presented as the nearby shore village of Bodega Bay. Bodega's Potter School, now a private residence, was used as the Bodega Bay School in the movie; and Bodega's general store also appeared "as itself", though it has since been moved from its original site.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Bodega is in the 2nd Senate District and the 2nd Assembly District.

In the United States House of Representatives, Bodega is in.

At the county level, Bodega is in Sonoma County's 5th supervisorial district.

Education
There is an elementary school in the nearby village of Bodega Bay but no educational facilities in Bodega itself.

Transportation
The main road through town is Bodega Highway, which runs east to Freestone and Sebastopol and south to State Route 1 less than 1 mi away. State Route 1 provides access to the neighboring towns of Bodega Bay and Valley Ford.

The Mendocino Transit Authority provides bus service to Bodega. Routes 75 and 95 stop at Bodega two times a day. An eastbound one at 10:25 am, and the same one returning westbound at 4:55 pm.

Notable residents
Thomas Oliver Boggs was a resident for a brief period in Bodega, before leaving for New Mexico, where he witnessed the burial of Kit Carson. Boggs' papers are held in the collection of the Bancroft Library.

title: Bodega, California


text:
PVHS

PVHS may refer to:
 * Paloma Valley High School, Menifee, California
 * Palos Verdes High School, Palos Verdes Estates, California
 * Penobscot Valley High School, Howland, Maine
 * Pojoaque Valley High School, Pojoaque, New Mexico
 * Piedra Vista High School, Farmington, New Mexico
 * Pinole Valley High School, Pinole, California
 * Palo Verde High School, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * Pahrump Valley High School, Pahrump, Nevada
 * Paradise Valley High School, Paradise Valley, Arizona
 * Park Vista Community High School, Lake Worth, Florida
 * Pascack Valley High School, Hillsdale, New Jersey
 * Passaic Valley High School, Little Falls, New Jersey
 * Pleasant Valley High School (Jacksonville, Alabama), Jacksonville, Alabama
 * Pleasant Valley High School (California), Chico, California
 * Pleasant Valley High School (Iowa), Pleasant Valley, Iowa
 * Pleasant Valley High School (Pennsylvania), Brodheadsville, Pennsylvania
 * Ponte Vedra High School, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
 * Poudre Valley Health System, Larimer County, Colorado
 * Perkiomen Valley High School (Pennsylvania), Collegeville, Pennsylvania, see Perkiomen Valley School District
 * Panther Valley High School, Borough of Summit Hill, Pennsylvania

title: PVHS


text:
CIVC

CIVC may refer to:

 * Le Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne, the organisation of champagne producers
 * CIVC-TV 45, a TV channel in the network Télé-Québec in Trois-Rivières, Canada
 * CIVC Partners, a private equity firm

title: CIVC


text:
Talk:Ernest M. Skinner

edit history
When I found this article, there was a cleanup template at the top and a bunch of random content related to the Spreckels Organ that appeared to have been pasted in haphazardly. I was not sure if there was some copyvio but I dutifully edited whet I could and made a new article on the Spreckels Organ. It's still not perfect, but that's the beauty of wikipedia. MPS 17:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Expansion
I am putting a request for expansion in. Lots of Skinner organs, no list of them anywhere on the internet. I want to see names (Skinner Opus 123 -- Name of church/venue -- location of venue(date).

(Next contributor) I would like to add Opus 224, 1915 to that list. It's located in it's original installation, Walla Walla Presbyterian Church, Walla Walla, WA 99362 See article by Jonathan Ambrosino, originally published in July/August 2005 issue of Choir & Organ. Copyright © Newsquest Specialist Media Ltd 2005, www.choirandorgan.com, reproduced with permission at https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/2384349/ambrosino/pub-co-2005-07.html

Ernest M. Skinner & Company
Because of the complexity of this article, its apparent popularity (and its lack of illustrations) I suggest that the Ernest M. Skinner & Company be sectioned off into an article of its own. Perhaps even the Methuen Organ Company having an even smaller article. EraserGirl (talk) 15:33, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Enormous bias
This entire article seems to be biased and seems to intend to be persuading the reader to realize how important Skinner and his accomplishments are. This creates, quite frankly, the most neutrality issues I have ever seen. That is why I have added so many templates. --Mr. Guye (talk) 22:32, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

I've made 2 attempts to 'clean up" this page from information widly known about Ernest Skinner, but each time I start, someone comes on and hacks up what I'm trying to do. Sorry, I'm a serious Skinnerphile," but I don't have the time to write a proper entry about him, with citations and all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.95.63.122 (talk) 04:15, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Ernest M. Skinner. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101128214751/http://thompson-allen.com/toledo.html to http://www.thompson-allen.com/toledo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120119100015/http://www.yale.edu/ism/organ_atyale/Newberry.html to http://www.yale.edu/ism/organ_atyale/Newberry.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130713133238/http://pipeorgancds.com/skcohi.html to http://pipeorgancds.com/skcohi.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121025112444/http://www.moumc.org/Organ to http://www.moumc.org/organ
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090905011315/http://www.grandavenuetempleumc.org/Site/Opus_190.html to http://grandavenuetempleumc.org/Site/Opus_190.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220353/http://www.stm-opus695.org/ to http://www.stm-opus695.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:19, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Title pic is not EM Skinner
The pic you have posted at the head of this article is not EM Skinner! It is his good friend Palmer Christian of the University of Michigan. There are many pics of Mr. Skinner on the web. The pic you have posted here has caused a lot of confusion. I would urge you to change it to an authentic pic of EM Skinner. Wrandall1963 (talk) 00:51, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernest M. Skinner


text:
Talk:Michel Onfray

Translation
Version of May 2005 was translated (not by me) from the article on the French Wikipedia. --FvdP 17:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Is any of Michels books translated into English? --81.233.248.247 23:51, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

His folk high school

 * copied from village pump
 * Hi, facing various difficulties while trying to find the accurate name, I added a synthetis here & invite people to come help me deal with that. Topic is same use of the term in various contexts ; I guess a disambig page would end the process initiated.

I'm wondering how to start a new article about the structure dedicated to education that Michel Onfray started in France, 2002. He teaches philosophy in that structure, among others & other issues.

 * Topic : translation [[Image:Pdc université populaire amlr.png|right|150px|thumb|Université populaire, 1936]]
 * the article proposes "Free University", whereas the correct term in French is fr:Université populaire de Caen. Anyhow, "Free" is a correct use if it refers to the fact that attending the lectures of Michel Onfray & his teacher lads is without charge.
 * First is in French fr:Université Libre, whereas the second interwiki fr:Université populaire traduced as Folk high school leads to a description of a german & norvegian counterpart.
 * the external link there leads to Université populaire du Rhin, which is the largest one of the historical network (I mean, before 2002 and the start of Onfray's fork).
 * I assume that a Popular university would sound a terrific Popular Republic-like title in a post-cold-war era.

 * Proposals
 * 1) Free University of Caen, as mentioned in the article ?
 * 2) Popular university of Caen, rough translation from the French ?
 * 3) [[Image:Blue check.svg|10px|]] Université populaire de Caen, keeping the French name ?
 * 4) Folk high school of Caen, using the WP:EN article name ?

Is there a naming policy that could be handy in such an intricate situation ?

P.S. : know that a kinda franchise was started by Michel Onfray in other French cities, proposing courses from other teachers ; I personaly attend courses at the "Université populaire de Lyon".

Yours,

--Lilliputian 13:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, since "popular university" doesn't have much meaning in English (or even it has a misleading meaning), I think I would just go with Université populaire de Caen. By the way, if you can please update Folk high school to cover activities in France.  Thanks.--Pharos 14:41, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Did so --15:47, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's permissable to use the original language for a name, and I would do so with Université populaire de Caen. I just read through the article and changed "recalcitrant atheist" to "adamant atheist" as this seems to match the actual intent (recalcitrant means disobediant, while adamant means steadfast/unwavering). M. Onfray is an interesting individual and I hope the article can be expanded further. good luck! --Doc Tropics Message in a bottle 15:53, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * FYI, I set the whole list and the "Y" that means a third generation of Universités populaires currently dispatching through the territory. It is there in WP:FR environment ; don't worry, that pace is a normal rate and we, the French, have the habit for spreading revolutionary pandemias... Lil

'Popular University'
I note the debate on the correct title for the 'Popular Universtiy', but actually, the discussion is naive. Onfray uses the term miseadingly for what are in essence a series of public lectures. I suggest it should be noted, as earleir revisions attempted to do, the lectures themselves are not in any way unique in France, which has a tradition of free public lectures at all the 'real universites'. Caen itself, has a substantial philosophy department and gives such lectures. Onfray's lectures are distinguished, if at all, by his claim that they are the 'true philosophy', by which he means true to the spirit of Ancient Greece.

Dremeraldgibb (talk) 23:07, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

info
onfray created in 2007 in boston L'Universitité populaire de Boston in the International School of Boston--Robertgrassi (talk) 19:28, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

severe error in the article, concerning psichoanalisis
Onfray is enthusiastically against psichoanalysis, and in fact, one of his last books is "Le crépuscule d'une idole. L'affabulation freudienne", which title means "An idol´s dawn/twilight. The freudian lie" (refering sigmun froid, founder of psichoanalisys). Because of this, it would be impossible for him to think that "there is no philosophy without self-psychoanalysis", as this article states. I think this part should be revised or removed, for it is a tremendous error. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.176.202.185 (talk) 14:32, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Criticism section confusing
The section called "Criticism" seems confusing to me, and has a huge quotation on some apparently minor and obscure points. It is not Wikipedia style to quote extensively. I would like to remove the quote, if it has a link people can read it themselves but it doesn't seem to be a valid part of an encyclopedia entry on Michel Onfray, who incidentally I had never heard of until I stumbled across this Wikipedia article. Any objections to removing the quote?Robertwhyteus (talk) 23:58, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Just Passing through, and it's been two years this point has been open; also the same criticism is lodged on the Book's wiki Article. Just seems redundant, and for Something that's written "Profilically" with fifty books on philosophy, it seems odd that this is the only one being criticised or mentioned. To improve the Criticism section: We have Robertwhyteus suggestion of removing the quote, or we can rewrite it to discuss objections to his methodology or ideas in general which would fit into an encyclopedic overview. -Maus 2013 April 3rd — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.52.64.154 (talk) 16:08, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Education
Onfray does not have a PhD. He graduated with a DEA in 1987, when it required just one year of study beyond Metrise (a four year degree). So, his DEA is very similar to a Master's Degree. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.101.231.227 (talk) 02:51, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Michel Onfray. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090914113247/http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/SSEC/newslettersforms/Newsletter61.pdf to http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/SSEC/newslettersforms/Newsletter61.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:24, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Michel Onfray. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090930084726/http://thecelebritycafe.com/books/full_review/785.html to http://thecelebritycafe.com/books/full_review/785.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060908093940/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm to http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:41, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:12, 27 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Michel Onfray.jpg

Fix poppy language
Whoever wrote:

> Onfray is often regarded as being left-wing; however, some observers have stated that he harbours right-wing tendencies

… really needs a lesson in fifth grade English composition! I suggest a more adult alternative such as:

> Onfray is often regarded as left-wing; however, some regard him as right-wing.

Also, the phrase, “he has become appreciated by some …” was obviously written by a Frenchman. We would say, “some … have come to appreciate him.” 24.177.141.28 (talk) 13:54, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michel Onfray