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User talk:Btyner

The Original Barnstar

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title: User talk:Btyner


text:
Artel of Artists

The St. Petersburg Artel of Artists was a cooperative association (artel) led by Russian artists during 1863–1871. It was founded in Saint Petersburg on the initiative of Ivan Kramskoi following a revolt by fourteen students in the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (Revolt of the Fourteen).

Formation and flourishing
On 9 November 1863, fourteen top students in the Imperial Academy of Arts held a protest against the Academy's decision to only allow artwork of Scandinavian mythology in the competition for the Large Gold Medal of Academia, held on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Academy of Arts. The subsequent exit of the artists from the Academy, which went down in the history as the "Revolt of the Fourteen", put its participants in a difficult financial situation. After leaving the Academy of Arts, the artists vacated their workshops in Academy, which were not only used for work, but also for living. As a result, the participants of the "revolt" united into a labour commune.

The idea for the artel was formed by Ivan Kramskoi. Thus, after its creation, he became the foreman of the artel and remained its leader until its collapse.

Artel workers rented an apartment on the Vasilyevsky Island, where there not only were rooms for living but also three large art workshops, in each of which several people could work at the same time. Together with the Kramskoi, five artists settled in a common apartment: Bogdan Venig, Alexander Grigoriev, Firs Zhuravlev, Alexei Korzukhin and Nikolay Shustov. The rest of the artel members lived in private apartments.

On 9 June 1865, the official charter of the Artel was approved, according to which the members of the Artel had to pay 10% of each independently sold work and 25% of the jointly performed work.

The first to leave the Artel was Alexander Litovchenko, who refused to spend money to place advertisements in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti newspaper. The second artist to leave the Artel was Konstantin Makovsky who rented his own studio on Palace Square as he was already earning a lot of money from his paintings. Part of the artel workers who remained the Artel often avoided contributing money to the general fund from the works sold independently. This outraged Kramskoi who agreed to the proposal of Alexey Tarasovich Markov to paint the main dome of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour for 10,000 rubles. Bogdan Venig and Nikolay Koshelev became Kramskoi's assistants.

Kramskoi used the money he received for the painting to move the artel to a more prestigious area of the city. He rented an apartment in Admiralteyskaya Square in 1866. Gradually, the income of the artel grew. The increased income allowed Kramskoi to go abroad at his own expense. By 1868, the total capital of the Artel reached 10,000 rubles.

Dissolution
In the fall of 1870, one of the members of the Artel, Nikolai Dmitriev, secretly submitted a petition to the Imperial Academy of Arts for a three-year overseas retirement, which was approved by the Academy Council. Outraged by the fact that a participant in the "Revolt of the Fourteen" was negotiating with the Academy behind the backs of the artel workers, Kramskoi submitted an application to the Artel demanding to publicly condemn the behaviour of Dmitriev on 19 October 1870.

On 7 November 1870, a meeting of members of the Artel was held, at which the artel workers refused to satisfy Kramskoi's statement, citing that Dmitriev did not formally violate any provisions of the charter. Dissatisfied with the decision of the meeting, Kramskoy submitted a second application, insisting on the exclusion of Dmitriev from the Artel. The members again refused to condemn Dmitriev. Outraged by the unscrupulousness of the members of the Artel, Kramskoi submitted an application to withdraw his membership from the Artel on 24 November 1870.

Having lost its founder and permanent leader, the Artel gradually fell into decay. It was formally disestablished in 1871. Some of the members of the Artel joined the newly created Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, which subsequently played a key role in the development of Russian fine arts of the 19th century.

"Some misunderstandings began in the Artel. At first, it was family disagreements between the wives of the artel workers, which ended in the exit of two members. One of the members of the Artel came under the special patronage of the Academy and in the future had a trip abroad at public expense. Kramskoi found this act of a comrade a violation of their main principle: not to use the benefits of the Academy alone, since it was decided upon leaving the Academy to stick to a partnership and not go for academic baits at retail. He submitted a written statement to his comrades and demanded that they express their opinion on how they view such an act. The comrades answered evasively, with silence. As a result, Kramskoi left the Artists' Artel. After this, the Artel lost its significance and imperceptibly melted away."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Artel of Artists


text:
User talk:IskanderBey

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 05:13, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
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Revert warring
Please cease endlessly reverting edits without any explanations or attempts to engage with other users. If you continue, you're likely to end up with your editing permissions being blocked. I'd suggest that you take a look at the Wikipedia policies on this - see Revert, Three-revert rule and Edit war in particular. You could also have a look at Wikiquette. -- ChrisO 00:05, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:IskanderBey


text:
Kyle Sandilands

Kyle Dalton Sandilands (born 10 June 1971) is an Australian radio host, shock jock and television personality. He is currently the co-host, with Jackie O, of the weekday morning radio program The Kyle and Jackie O Show on Sydney's radio station KIIS 106.5.

From 2005 to 2009, and again since 2023, Sandilands has served as a judge on Australian Idol. In 2008, he became the host of Big Brother, alongside Jackie O. In 2010, he became a judge on Australia's Got Talent and also on Australia's version of The X Factor.

Sandilands has become known for controversial on-air stunts and offensive comments. This has led to companies removing their advertisements, findings of serious breaches of the Industry Codes of Practice and Guidelines, and to his firing from Australian Idol.

Sandilands and co-host Jackie O moved to new station KIIS 106.5 in 2014 with their show, The Kyle and Jackie O Show, to the ARN (Australian Radio Network).

In 2014, Sandilands made his first appearance in a motion picture in Fat Pizza vs. Housos. The film was first shown in Australian cinemas on 27 November 2014.

Radio
Sandilands landed his first radio job in 1992, at the age of 21, at 4TO Townsville where he was employed to drive the station's promotional vehicle. Within weeks he had declared his willingness to do whatever it took to get ahead: to work anywhere, in any time slot. He took gigs in Cairns, and then Darwin, before joining Austereo's Triple M in a Brisbane station by using a false resumé to impress one of the station's executives. In 1999, he moved to Sydney, and commenced at 2Day FM as host of the Hot30 Countdown, replacing "Ugly Phil O'Neil", a former husband of Jacqueline Henderson (Jackie O). Sandilands attributes his radio career taking off to being told by then Group Program Director Jeff Allis to "do whatever you want, just win". Sandilands was paid $255,000 per year while working on the Hot30 Countdown.

Much media coverage of Sandilands has focused on the negative aspects of his personality and behaviour, notably his widely publicised clashes with and criticism of other media figures, his intemperate on-air outbursts and his alleged "out-of-control" ego. In September 2006, Sandilands was named the most hated Australian identity in a Zoo Weekly article, although on 14 October 2006, Sandilands and Henderson were named "Best On-Air Team" at the Australian Commercial Radio Awards. Sandilands and Jackie O were again named "Best On-Air Team" at the Australian Commercial Radio Awards in 2007, 2011, and 2015.

In August 2009, The Kyle and Jackie O Show was put into "indefinite recess" by the Austereo network as a result of a controversial on-air stunt on his morning show on 29 July 2009. He returned to his radio show on 18 August 2009 but was suspended on 9 September 2009 due to on-air comments relating to Magda Szubanski. In the same year, he was again named the most hated by Zoo Weekly. Sandilands and Henderson were the hosts of the nationally syndicated chart show The Hot Hits, before swapping host roles with Andrew Günsberg in December 2009, who had previously hosted Take40 Australia, but left the show at the end of 2011.

In November 2023, it was revealed that Sandilands and Jackie O had signed a 10-year, A$200 million deal, a record for the Australian market; in other words, Kyle and Jackie O would each get a base salary of $10 million, plus bonus total stock options valued at $14 million. The pair also negotiated a clause that allows them to broadcast from anywhere on earth; additionally, the show will be syndicated in the Melbourne market, leading to the cancellation of the Lauren & Jase show by the end of 2023.

Australian Idol
In 2005, Sandilands replaced Ian "Dicko" Dickson as one of the judges on Network Ten's Australian Idol. He continued as a judge on Idol until, just before the premiere of its seventh season, he was dropped from the show in August 2009. He was involved in a number of controversies relating to remarks to contestants as his stint as a judge. In October 2005, he referred to the eventual 2005 Idol winner Kate DeAraugo's arms as "tuckshop lady arms". In September 2006, Sandilands told 2006 runner-up contestant Jessica Mauboy to lose her "jelly belly". A year later, Sandilands referred to contestant Bobby Flynn as a "mong" – a derogatory slang term for mongoloid, referring to people suffering from Down syndrome. Sandilands claimed that he meant no disrespect to those with Down syndrome. On 3 August 2009, Network Ten issued a press statement announcing that Sandilands had been sacked from Australian Idol, citing the network's view that the Kyle and Jackie O Show's content was incompatible with the family-oriented image of Idol.

In September 2022, Sandilands was announced as a returning judge for the Seven Network's revival of the series for 2023. He rejoined the show as the only judge from the previous iteration of the show, judging alongside former American Idol judge Harry Connick Jr. as well as singers Meghan Trainor and Amy Shark. In late 2023, it was announced that the show had been picked up for a ninth season, set to air in January 2024. It was also announced that Sandilands would be returning as a judge alongside Amy Shark, however, Meghan Trainor and Harry Connick Jr. would not be returning. In October 2023, Seven officially announced that original Australian idol judge Marcia Hines would be returning as a judge in 2024 alongside Sandilands and Shark, with the show going back to its original 3 judge format.

Big Brother
In 2002, Sandilands competed in the only Australian series of Celebrity Big Brother. He finished 3rd on day 23.

On 14 July 2008, two weeks before the season finale, Sandilands appeared on the 2007 Australian season of Big Brother. In an attempt to boost poor ratings and to promote the 2007 season of Australian Idol, Sandilands entered the Gold Coast compound and was due to conduct his radio program in house on that Monday morning. However, after a heated verbal exchange with Big Brother, Sandilands reportedly required anti-nausea injections for migraines and began vomiting every 30 minutes. He left the house soon after. In 2008, Sandilands and Henderson became the hosts of the 2008 season of Big Brother replacing Gretel Killeen. The ratings for the launch of the 2008 series were the lowest in the show's history, and Network Ten ultimately confirmed that it would not continue past the current season.

Australia's Got Talent
In January 2010, it was announced that Sandilands and Brian McFadden would be the new judges on the fourth season of Australia's Got Talent, replacing former judges Tom Burlinson and Red Symons. During one of the show's auditions, Sandilands was involved in another controversy relating to a contestant on the show. He had asked contestant Heather Cook, "Are you male or female?" When Cook tried to make light of the question, Sandilands then made a joke about her weight, saying, "You're a belly full of laughs". Sandilands added he wasn't hired to be "bland and boring", and that he was just being honest.

The X Factor
In May 2010, it was announced that Sandilands would become one of the new judges as also the fourth judge on the second season of The X Factor Australia, alongside other new judges Ronan Keating, Guy Sebastian and Natalie Imbruglia who replaced John Reid, Mark Holden and Kate Ceberano. On 16 March 2011, Sandilands announced on his breakfast radio show that he would not be returning as a judge in the third series of The X Factor. He was replaced by Mel B.

Meet the Hockers
In 2017, Sandilands narrated the reality television program Meet the Hockers, a show similar to Pawn Stars, which he also produced. The series debuted on 9Go! on 16 May 2017, and attracted very low ratings of just 98,000 viewers, being beaten by numerous other multichannel programs in the same timeslot.

Trial by Kyle
In 2018, Sandilands appeared in a pilot for a possible television series, Trial by Kyle, on Network Ten. The reality show is set in a court room with Sandilands passing judgement across a whole range of real life cases. Helping him analyse the evidence is former The Bachelor Australia contestant and criminal lawyer Anna Heinrich. The pilot proceeded to a series in 2019.

Controversies
In all, Sandilands has been accused of sexism, white-washing, homophobia, ableism, bullying and slut-shaming, and general misogynistic comments and actions, broadcasting his often inflammatory comments to millions of listeners under the guise of being a jokester or a shock jock.

In July and August 2005, Sandilands was accused of "cooking the charts" by giving airplay to "Ooh Ahh" (a song by his then-girlfriend, Tamara Jaber). The allegations were made on TV current affairs program Today Tonight. In 2006, Sandilands won a defamation suit, with the court ruling that Today Tonight had defamed the radio host.

On 2 July 2007, Sandilands and Jackie O were involved in an on-air clash with Australian music personality Molly Meldrum, who described Sandilands as "arrogant", "fat" and "talentless".

On 20 August 2007, Media Watch examined Sandilands' on-air comments asserting that smoking was not as harmful to people as many institutions would lead people to believe and that the statistics presented by these institutions are falsified. These comments led to the Cancer Institute of New South Wales pulling their "13-QUIT" advertisements off the network.

Enough Rope interview
On 22 August 2007, Sandilands was interviewed by Andrew Denton for Enough Rope. During the interview Sandilands said he wanted to "punch Dave Hughes in the throat" next time he saw him. This was in response to Hughes' reference to Sandilands as a "dickhead" on another program. A subsequent article in The Sydney Morning Herald cited unspecified reports which claimed that Sandilands was left in a "hostile state" by Denton's questions about Sandilands' need to take personal responsibility for the results of his actions on air.

Lie detector incident and sacking from Network Ten
On 29 July 2009, a radio segment involved a distressed teenager who was asked to discuss her sexual history live on air, and in front of her mother. After initially sounding very uncomfortable with the questioning, the girl began crying and said she had been raped when she was 12, and that her mother was already aware of this. Sandilands replied: "Right... is that the only experience you've had?" The stunt was cut short and co-host Jackie O was quick to apologise; however, several of the show's prominent advertisers quickly withdrew sponsorships. In the following days, media commentators, psychologists and rape crisis workers condemned the stunt while expressing deep concern for the well-being of the teenager.

On 3 August 2009, Network Ten issued a press statement announcing that Sandilands had been sacked from Australian Idol, citing the network's view that the Kyle and Jackie O Show's content was incompatible with the family-oriented image of Idol. Guest judges replaced him for the rest of the season. It was also announced that the Kyle and Jackie O Show on 2Day FM and The Kyle and Jackie O Hour of Power would be in recess until a review was completed. A Network Ten spokesman said of Sandilands' firing: "Idol has remained a family-focused show, even more so this year with the 6.30pm Sunday timeslot. His radio persona has taken on a more controversial position... which is not in the interest of the show."

Responding to his firing, Sandilands said in a statement, "I'm disappointed at Channel 10's decision to remove me from Australian Idol. I have truly loved being a part of the show." Network Ten had held crisis talks with advertisers in the days prior to his firing amid concerns Sandilands would damage their brands. Idol creator Simon Fuller reportedly gave Ten his blessing to fire Sandilands. It was believed Sandilands earned A$1 million of his estimated annual A$2.8 million income from Idol. The suspension of the radio show was announced on Sunday 2 August 2009. The show's usual 6:00 am to 9:00 am slot on 3 August was filled by Chris Page who announced that "They have not been suspended ... the show has not finished." Page then reread Austereo general manager Jenny Parkes' statement on air just after 6:30 am: "Kyle Sandilands' management has advised Austereo that he is unable to perform his duties on-air at this time. Further, following a great deal of consideration and having consulted Jackie O and all stakeholders, Austereo has formed the view that it is in the interest of all parties for the [program] to go into recess until we have completed an across-the-networks review of the principals [sic] and protocols of our interaction with our audience."

Concentration Camp comments
In 2009, commented live on air on Australian comedian and actress Magda Szubanski's weight and her work with a weight loss company. Szubanski has been quite outspoken about her struggles with weight loss. Sandilands joked that Szubanski's work with the weight loss company was not finished. Live on air on 2Day FM's Kyle and Jackie O Show, he was quoted saying "...Magda could have another run out of it ... She could get another season out of them, easy ... she's not skinny". Co-host Jackie O suggested Szubanski might not be able to lose any more weight due to her build. "That's what all fat people say," Sandilands replied. "You put her in a concentration camp and you watch the weight fall, like she could be skinny". Szubanski's family is of Polish origin - a country where many of the worst Nazi concentration camps, including Auschwitz, were located.

Disability comments
Sandilands' comments about disability have outraged Australian disability groups. He called a child with disability a "spider baby" in 2012, and he used terms like "spastics" and "retards". He said he would donate $35,000 to a family of a child with a disability in 2009; however, he donated only $20,000, but he later gave the full amount. In 2006, Sandilands referred to an Australian Idol contestant as a "mong", a term that has been used in the past as a label for people with Down syndrome. Sandilands was investigated by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) authority after the 2012 comment.

Virgin Mary comments
On 19 September 2019, Sandilands commented on air that the Mother of Jesus was a "liar who got knocked up behind a camel shed" (a sceptical reference to the virgin birth of Jesus), along with describing those who follow Islam and Christianity as "...dumb as dog sh*t". Sandilands later apologised for the remarks; but this did not pacify protesters, who on 23 September called for Sandilands to be sacked, likening the situation to the sacking of Israel Folau earlier that year. The Kyle and Jackie O Show returned to air on 30 September 2019 following a week off air.

Monkeypox comments
In 2022, Sandilands claimed that monkeypox was a "big gay disease" and that "only the gays" are contracting monkeypox. He later claimed that “no one else is giving the gays the warning.”

Fatphobic comments
Across his career, Sandilands made numerous fatphobic insults, most notably on the 2006 season of Australian Idol. The former panellist openly admitted to judging Australian Idol contestants’ future success based on their weight. In 2006, he told 16-year-old Jessica Mauboy to “lose the jelly belly” and warned Kate DeAraugo to work on her “tuck shop lady arms”. Kyle claimed he was helping the contestants “be the best they can be”. "“For some reason, people think I don't like women that are overweight,” he said. “If they're fat, then I say to them they should lose weight.”"The 51-year-old has also made other comments about other celebrities and journalists, often using it as an insult when somebody has made a negative comment towards him. Most prominently in 2012, he called a News Limited journalist a “fat, bitter thing” and a "fat slag" after she gave his show a Night with the Stars a negative review. "“What a fat bitter thing you are, you deputy editor of an online thing. You've got a nothing job anyway,” Kyle said on air. “You're a piece of sh*t. You little troll… You should be fired from your job,”"According to the Sydney Morning Herald, he also claimed that he would “hunt [her] down” for her review.

Misogynistic comments
During his controversial interview with A Current Affair in 2013, Kyle addressed being called a misogynist. “I've read that I'm a misogynist, I'm a women hater, I always attack women. It's simply not true. I'll say anything to anyone”. Among other misogynistic comments over his career, the most notable was in 2022 involving TV personality and radio host Abbie Chatfield who called out Kyle and her fellow The Bachelor Australia alum Brittany Hockley for slut-shaming her on-air with comments relating to US Rapper Yung Gravy appearing on her podcast It's a Lot. "“Kyle is starting all this tone but [for Brittany] to go along with the tone because you have nothing more, sorry, nothing funny to say but like slut shame and say, ‘I have no doubt you're going on a date with her' ... Kyle, you have no idea about my sexual habits unless you listen to [my] podcast.' She added, “It's high school weird sh*t and it's also like, encouraging women to pit themselves against each other.” She continued 'Give me sh*t, but don't make it at the expense of other people listening and other women listening. Do not perpetuate slut-shaming bullsh*t on the biggest radio show in the country.'"Chatfield noted that the KIISFM hosts must have an issue with her because she's “able to speak about sexuality in a way that isn't shameful.”

Personal life
On various occasions, including in the Enough Rope interview, Sandilands has spoken to the media of his difficult childhood. Growing up in Wynnum, Brisbane, he overreacted to his parents' divorce, which happened when he was 10. At 15 his mother and stepfather threw him out of their house because he wrecked their car. He never went back. At 17 his father sent him to live in Townsville with his aunt, Jill Stevens. Interviewed in 2005, Stevens recalled for The Sydney Morning Herald that the young Sandilands:"used to listen to that Tammy Wynette song D-I-V-O-R-C-E and just cry and cry. He's never gotten over his parents' divorce... When he was living on the streets, he used to sit outside his father's house at night and watch the lights go out."On 26 September 2008, Sandilands married pop singer Tamara Jaber and the couple shared a house in St Ives, located in Sydney's Upper North Shore. However, on 12 July 2010 it was reported the couple had split.

Since March 2012, it was reported that Sandilands was in a relationship with much-younger woman Imogen Anthony. They split up in 2019.

On 13 August 2015, Sandilands took his shirt off during a live broadcast of The Morning Show, after claiming he has been "fat-shamed" by the media, and afterwards admitted "I think I'm going to have to do something about the weight. I've got the high blood pressure, the sleep apnoea, I'm a mess." He also confirmed he was to have a hernia operation in December 2015.

In February 2022, Sandilands and his partner Tegan announced they were expecting a baby, and had the gender reveal for Otto during a cruise on Sydney Harbour as two planes streaked coloured smoke overhead. Before their son's birth, Sandilands announced that they were naming his radio partner Jackie O as Otto's godmother, surprising her in their studio off-air. On 11 August 2022 Kyle Sandilands became a father for the first time, when his fiancée Tegan Kynaston gave birth to their son Otto.

Sandilands married Kynaston in April 2023 at Swifts, Darling Point in Sydney, which controversially included high profile political figures such as the current Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and the current New South Wales Premier Chris Minns. Notably, the groomsmen consisted of former nightclub owner John Ibrahim and convicted drug dealer Simon Main.

title: Kyle Sandilands


text:
Jiang Wan

Jiang Wan (died November or December 246), courtesy name Gongyan, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Wan initially served as a scribe, county chief and county prefect under the warlord Liu Bei, who later became the founding emperor of Shu. After Liu Bei's son Liu Shan succeeded his father as emperor in 223, Jiang Wan gradually rose to prominence under the regency of Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu. Between 228 and 234, while Zhuge Liang was away leading Shu forces on the Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Wei, Jiang Wan took charge of internal affairs and provided logistical support to the Shu forces at the frontline. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Jiang Wan succeeded him as regent and did well in gaining the Shu people's confidence and leading them into a post-Zhuge Liang era. During this time, he considered that the land-based route through the Qin Mountains used by Zhuge Liang during the Northern Expeditions was too difficult for navigation and transportation of supplies. He thus came up with a plan to switch to a water-based route along the Han River targeting Wei territories in present-day southern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei. However, the Shu government rejected his plan as they thought it was too risky. In 243, due to poor health, Jiang Wan relocated from Hanzhong near the Wei–Shu border to Fu County (present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Towards the final years of his regency, as his health worsened, Jiang Wan gradually relinquished his powers to his deputies Fei Yi and Dong Yun but he continued to rule as regent in name. He died in late 246 and was succeeded by Fei Yi.

Background
Jiang Wan was from Xiangxiang County (湘鄉縣), Lingling Commandery (零陵郡), which is present-day Xiangxiang, Hunan. He and his maternal younger cousin, Liu Min (劉敏), were already quite well known in Lingling Commandery before they even reached the age of adulthood (around 19 years old).

Service under Liu Bei
Around 209 or 210, Jiang Wan came to serve under the warlord Liu Bei, who was also then the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and held the position of a scribe. In 211, he accompanied Liu Bei to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214, he appointed Jiang Wan as the Chief of Guangdu County (廣都縣; northeast of present-day Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan).

Brief dismissal
On one occasion, when Liu Bei visited Guangdu County, he saw that Jiang Wan was not only dead drunk, but had also been neglecting his duties as a county chief. He was so angry that he wanted to execute Jiang Wan for negligence, but his chief adviser Zhuge Liang stopped him and said: "Jiang Wan is an important pillar of society and his talents are far greater than that required to govern an area of just 100 li. His style of government focuses on bringing peace and stability to the people; he does not see the superficial aspects as a priority. I hope that you, My Lord, will examine this issue more closely." Liu Bei respected Zhuge Liang's opinion so he did not punish Jiang Wan. However, he still hastily removed Jiang Wan from office.

Restoration to office
After his dismissal, Jiang Wan dreamt of an ox's head hanging on a door with blood dripping down. He hated his dream so he asked Zhao Zhi (趙直), a fortune teller, to explain its meaning. Zhao Zhi told him: "One who sees blood is also one who has a keen sense of judgment. The ox's horns and nose form a shape resembling the character gong (公; literally 'duke'), so you, Sir, will rise to a position equivalent to that of a duke in the future. It is a highly auspicious omen. Not long later, Jiang Wan was summoned back to serve as the Prefect of Shifang County.

In 219, after Liu Bei declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王) following his victory in the Hanzhong Campaign, he appointed Jiang Wan as an official in his royal secretariat.

During Zhuge Liang's regency
In 223, Liu Shan became the emperor of the state of Shu following the death of his father Liu Bei. As Liu Shan was still underage at the time, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, served as the regent. After creating a personal staff to assist him in administering state affairs, Zhuge Liang employed Jiang Wan to serve as an assistant official in the east bureau of his office.

Declining to be a maocai
Jiang Wan was later nominated as a maocai (茂才) but he declined the honour and offered it to others such as Liu Yong, Yin Hua (陰化), Pang Yan (龐延) and Liao Chun. Zhuge Liang stopped him and said: "You left your family and home, and travelled a long way to serve the people. We feel for you. There are also people who may not understand your good intentions. That is why all the more you should accept this honour to showcase your merits and contributions. It will also highlight the integrity and rigour of the process of selecting maocais." Jiang Wan was promoted to serve as an Army Adviser (參軍) under Zhuge Liang.

Taking charge of internal affairs and providing logistical support
In 227, Zhuge Liang mobilised military forces from throughout Shu in preparation for a large-scale campaign against Shu's rival state Wei in the following year. He then moved to the staging area in Hanzhong Commandery while leaving behind Jiang Wan and his chief clerk Zhang Yi to take charge of his office in the Shu capital Chengdu.

In 230, following Zhang Yi's death, Jiang Wan replaced him as Zhuge Liang's chief clerk and was given an additional appointment as General Who Pacifies the Army (撫軍將軍).

Between 228 and 234, while Zhuge Liang was leading Shu forces on a series of military campaigns against Wei, Jiang Wan provided logistical support by ensuring that reinforcements and supplies reached the Shu army at the frontline in timely fashion.

Designated as Zhuge Liang's successor
Zhuge Liang once said: "Gongyan's ambition is to serve the State with the utmost loyalty and integrity. He will be someone who can work with me to accomplish our State's great mission." He also secretly told Liu Shan: "If I pass away, Jiang Wan can succeed me."

In 234, when Zhuge Liang became critically ill at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, he told Li Fu that Jiang Wan was the most suitable candidate to succeed him as regent and that Fei Yi could succeed Jiang Wan in turn.

Succeeding Zhuge Liang as regent of Shu
After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Jiang Wan succeeded him as regent and held the office of Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令). He was subsequently appointed as acting Protector-General (都護), granted imperial authority, and given the gubernatorial appointment of Inspector of Yi Province (益州刺史).

In May 235, Jiang Wan relinquished his position as Prefect of the Masters of Writing to his deputy Fei Yi, got promoted to General-in-Chief (大將軍) and received an additional appointment as Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Anyang Village (安陽亭侯).

At the time, as Zhuge Liang's death was still quite recent, the people of Shu felt deeply troubled by his passing and began to fear for the future of their state. After Jiang Wan took charge as regent, he demonstrated his talents and skills in leading Shu into a post-Zhuge Liang era. He showed neither sadness nor joy, maintained his composure, and performed his duties as before. Over time, he gradually gained the Shu government and people's confidence in him as their new leader.

Receiving orders to attack Wei
In 238, the Shu emperor Liu Shan issued an imperial decree to Jiang Wan as follows: "The enemy has yet to be defeated. Cao Rui is arrogant and vicious. The people in the three commanderies in Liaodong have long suffered from tyranny so they have decided to band together and break free from Wei rule. Cao Rui has sent an army to attack Liaodong and suppress the rebellion. In the past, the fall of the Qin dynasty started with an uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang. The rebellion in Liaodong is a Heaven-granted opportunity for us. You should prepare the troops for battle, mobilise them and get them ready in Hanzhong. Once Wu makes a move, both the east and west will launch a coordinated attack on Wei and seize the opportunity to secure victory."

Liu Shan then granted Jiang Wan permission to create a personal staff to assist him in administering state affairs. In April or May of the following year, he gave Jiang Wan an additional appointment as Grand Marshal (大司馬).

Ideas on taking an alternative route to attack Wei
Jiang Wan considered that one reason for the failure of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions against Wei was that he chose the difficult route through the Qin Mountains; the mountainous terrain had made it difficult for the Shu army to navigate their way and transport their supplies to the frontline. Jiang Wan then thought of switching from the land-based route to a water-based one. According to his plan, the Shu forces would construct more warships and sail along the Han River to attack the Wei-controlled Weixing (魏興) and Shangyong (上庸) commanderies in present-day southern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei.

However, due to poor health, Jiang Wan was unable to set his plan into motion. When his plan was put up for discussion in the Shu imperial court, many officials objected to it and pointed out that the water-based route was too risky and not viable in the long term. The main reason was that if the Shu forces failed to capture Weixing and Shangyong commanderies, it would be much more difficult for them to retreat back to Shu along the Han River than if they were to retreat via a land-based route. The Shu emperor Liu Shan then sent Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to Hanzhong Commandery to meet Jiang Wan and present their case for rejecting Jiang Wan's plan.

Relocation to Fu County
In response, Jiang Wan wrote a memorial to Liu Shan as follows: "'It is my responsibility to destroy evil and save the people from their troubles. It has been six years since I received orders to station at Hanzhong. I am untalented, unwise and in poor health. I have been unable to implement my grand plan and I have been feeling worried day and night. As of today, Wei controls nine provinces and its foundation is very solid. It will not be easy to eliminate Wei. If the east and west can work together and launch a coordinated strike, we can at least divide and conquer parts of Wei and gradually cut off its bases of support even if we cannot accomplish our great mission in such a short span of time. However, Wu has been delaying their military operations and has failed to hit their targets. This is indeed worrying. I can neither dine nor sleep in peace. Whenever I discuss with Fei Yi and the others, I always believe that Liang Province is an important and strategic location for both the local tribes and the enemy. Besides, the Qiang and Hu people dearly miss the days of the Han dynasty. In the past, when we sent a small force to ally with the Qiang, we managed to defeat Guo Huai. After carefully weighing all these considerations, I think that Liang Province is our top priority. We should appoint Jiang Wei as the Inspector of Liang Province. Jiang Wei can lead our forces into battle and hold the enemy's attention at the west of the Wei River, while I will lead another army to provide support to him. Fu County is well-connected to its surrounding areas and provides good access to them. If war breaks out in the northeast, I can lead our forces to defend our border in the shortest time possible.'"

In late October or November 243, Liu Shan approved Jiang Wan's request to relocate from Hanzhong Commandery to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan).

Death
In late November or December 243, as his health deteriorated, Jiang Wan relinquished his positions as General-in-Chief (大將軍) and Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) to Fei Yi, thus making the latter the de facto head of the Shu government. In the following year, Dong Yun succeeded Fei Yi as Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令)

Jiang Wan's health continued to worsen over time until he died sometime between 26 November and 25 December 246. Liu Shan honoured him with the posthumous title "Marquis Gong" (恭侯; literally "respectful marquis").

Appraisal
Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote Jiang Wan's biography in the Sanguozhi, praised Jiang Wan for his success in maintaining order and stability in Shu, and noted that he had the image of a dignified authority figure. He gave credit to Jiang Wan and his successor Fei Yi for following in Zhuge Liang's footsteps and pointed out that in doing so they managed to secure Shu's borders and maintain peace and harmony within Shu. However, he also criticised them for not putting in their best to govern a small state like Shu and keeping it safe.

The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated the Sanguozhi, disagreed with Chen Shou's point of view. He argued that Jiang Wan and Fei Yi did well during their regencies when they refrained from making risky moves that could jeopardise Shu's future and when they successfully countered a Wei invasion and maintained peace within Shu's borders. He also pointed out that readers may find Chen Shou's concluding remarks confusing because Chen Shou did not provide any evidence to support his claim that Jiang Wan and Fei Yi did not put in their best to govern Shu and keep it safe.

Chang Qu, who wrote extensively about the history of the Sichuan region in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi), praised Jiang Wan and Fei Yi for perpetuating Zhuge Liang's principles. Furthermore, for keeping the land of Shu Han safe while they were encircled by two bigger states rendering the weak as strong. He also recorded that the people of Shu named Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun as the four heroic chancellors of their state.

Incidents with Yang Xi and Yang Min
Yang Xi was known for being curt and terse when speaking to others. There were times when he completely ignored Jiang Wan while the latter was talking to him. Someone once told Jiang Wan: "Sir, when you speak to Yang Xi, he completely ignores you. He is so rude and disrespectful to you. Isn't that too much?" Jiang Wan replied: "People have different personalities in the same way they have different appearances. The ancients had long cautioned us about people who pretend to be nice in front of you and speak ill of you behind your back. Yang Xi never intended to praise me. If he openly disagreed with me, he would reveal my weaknesses. That was why he ignored me. That's how he's being honest with me."

Yang Min (楊敏) once criticised Jiang Wan for being "muddleheaded" and "inferior compared to his predecessor". When an official suggested conducting an investigation and taking disciplinary action against Yang Min, Jiang Wan said: "I am indeed inferior compared to my predecessor. Why is there a need to investigate?" He turned down the official's repeated calls to make a case against Yang Min. When the official sought permission to ask Yang Min to produce evidence to substantiate his claims, Jiang Wan said: "If I am inferior compared to my predecessor, then I am being unreasonable in how I handle issues. If I am unreasonable in the way I handle issues, then I am indeed muddleheaded. Why do you need to ask him?" When Yang Min committed an offence later and ended up being imprisoned, his colleagues feared the worst for him. However, Jiang Wan did not hold a grudge against Yang Min and even helped him obtain a pardon.

These two incidents showed that Jiang Wan was a reasonable and well-meaning person.

Liu Min
Liu Min (劉敏) was from Quanling County (泉陵縣), Lingling Commandery (零陵郡), which is present-day Lingling District, Hunan. He reached the rank of Left Protector of the Army (左護軍) and General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍). And along with his superior Wang Ping defended Hanzhong against Wei incursions. In 244, when Cao Shuang led the Wei army to attack Shu. Among the army, some advisers believed that they shouldn't confront the ennemy in open field and all they needed to do was to defend the cities. With time, the ennemy forces would retreat by themselves. Liu Min was against this idea since many of the farmer's families were still working on their land while the recolt were not yet stocked in the granaries. Therefore if they let the ennemy enter their land, all of their supply would be lost. So he led those under his command along with Wang Ping to occupy Mount Xingshi (興勢山). Liu Min placed many flags and banners over a hundred li among the fortifications to create the illusion of a greater army. When reinforcement from the Shu army led by Fei Yi arrived, the Wei army was forced to withdraw. To reward him of his achievements, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Yunting (雲亭侯).

Family
Jiang Wan's elder son, Jiang Bin (蔣斌), inherited his father's peerage and became the next Marquis of Anyang Village (安陽亭侯). Like his father, he served as a general in Shu and held the rank of General of Pacifying Martial Might (綏武將軍) and appointment of an Army Protector (護軍) in Hancheng County (漢城縣; present-day Mian County, Shaanxi).

In 263, during the Wei invasion of Shu, when Wei general Zhong Hui and his troops approached Hancheng County, he wrote a letter to Jiang Bin as follows: "There are many talented and virtuous people in Shu. People like you and Zhuge Siyuan are like me and there are so many others like you too. It has been our ancestors' practice to pay respects to great sages of the past. Today, when I come to Shu, I want to visit your father's tomb, clean it up, and pay my respects to him. I hope you will tell me where it is."

Jiang Bin replied: "I know that you are someone who understands me and I hope to become friends with you. Now that you have made such a polite request, it would be rude of me to reject you. My late father fell sick and passed away in Fu County. After the fengshui masters said that Fu County was a good location, we had him buried there. Sir, you came all the way to Shu for the purpose of visiting his tomb and paying your respects. Yan Hui also showed his virtuous character when he treated Confucius like his father. Now, after receiving your letter, I feel deeply saddened and I miss my father even more."

Zhong Hui felt impressed by Jiang Bin's honourable character after receiving his reply. He then headed to Fu County, found Jiang Wan's tomb, and paid his respects there. After the fall of Shu in late 263, Jiang Bin went to Fu County to meet Zhong Hui and became friends with him. He was killed by mutinying soldiers in March 264 when Zhong Hui started a rebellion in Chengdu against the Wei regent Sima Zhao.

Jiang Wan's younger son, Jiang Xian (蔣顯), served as an attendant to the Shu crown prince Liu Xuan. Zhong Hui also appreciated Jiang Xian for his talent and befriended him as well. Jiang Xian died together with his brother during the chaos caused by Zhong Hui's rebellion in March 264.

title: Jiang Wan


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Mario Laframboise

Mario Laframboise (born November 7, 1957) is a Canadian politician who served as Mayor of Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix and Reeve of the Papineau MRC before getting into federal politics. In the 2000 Canadian federal election, Laframboise was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Bloc Québécois candidate in the riding of Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel. He was easily re-elected in the 2004, 2006 and 2008 elections, however he was defeated in the 2011 election by NDP's Mylène Freeman. A former notary, he was the Bloc critic to the Minister of Transport and later to the Minister of Infrastructure. He was also vice-president of the federal permanent committee of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities.

Laframboise was the Coalition Avenir Québec candidate for the June 11, 2012 by-election in the provincial riding of Argenteuil. He came in third. He was again defeated by Richer in the 2012 general election. In the 2014 general election he switched to the riding of Blainville, where he was elected.

Priorities
During his tenure as MP his priorities were centered on the local economy which is especially dominated by the forestry, tourism and agriculture sectors especially in the Petite-Nation region. When the Conservative government of Stephen Harper was elected to power after the 2006 election, Laframboise urged them to adopt a motion by the Bloc Québécois that would have modified the Employment Insurance Bill which would have helped workers who've lost their jobs - at that time a local Thurso sawmill closed in early 2006.

He mentioned that the Conservatives had promised during the election to create an independent employment insurance program. The MP and his party also wanted measures to help more aged workers when they lost their jobs.

Despite its support over the Kyoto Accord, Laframboise also supported the completion of Autoroute 50 between Gatineau and Lachute in the Laurentians which has been planned for years in order to provide an alternative way to the dangerous Route 148 which was the scene of numerous fatal accidents over the years in the Petite-Nation region. During his mandates, he criticized the lack of participation of the federal government (during the Liberal era) over the construction of it. However, the lack of funding forced the Quebec government to build only a Super-2 highway, while Laframboise wanted a four-lane traditional Autoroute to facilitated a triangular corridor formed by Montreal, Gatineau and the Mont-Tremblant ski resort in the Laurentians. He mentioned that a two-lane highway would become as dangerous as the Route 175 that crossed the Laurentians Wildlife Reserve north of Quebec City.

Federal
Source: Elections Canada

title: Mario Laframboise