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Last Call (video game)

Last Call! is a video game for Windows released in 2000 by publisher Simon & Schuster. Those playing the game take on the role of a bartender attempting to maximize tips from customers.

Development
The game was developed by Cutler Creative and supported Windows 95 and Windows 98. The game's creator, John Cutler, first got the idea for the game in 1995. He wanted to have a game that could teach people to mix drinks. Under the original title Bartender USA, the player would start at a Howard Johnson's and gradually work their way up to a trendy bar in New York City. At the time, Cutler had no video game experience, and didn't own a computer until he started development. He attended E3 and also worked as a bartender to better understand what he needed to do. He hired programmers and artists to put together a mockup of the game. The original concept included some live action animation, which was dropped from the final game. Simon & Schuster had recently published the comedy game Deer Avenger, and agreed to publish the game since it matched up with their business model at the time. This agreement gave Cutler's team funding to develop and complete the game. Due to Cutler's inexperience, many aspects of the game needed to be rethought during the development process. Cutler credited his choice to use Macromedia Director as making a mammoth task much easier. He struggled with feature creep and his relationship with the testing company.

Gameplay
The setting of the game is a fictional bar in New York City. The player, as bartender, must learn to mix over one hundred drinks. They also have to ID all customers (serving an underage customer will get the player fired), charm customers, keep music playing, and keep customers from being too drunk. The game offers a recipe book for players, but players will score better if they don't use it. Also, without memorizing the recipes, the player will run out of time. The ultimate goal of the game is to get the most tips. There are around 20 characters that the player needs to serve in the game. One of these characters is Vincent the Hedgehog, who is an actual hedgehog.

Actress Tina Fey notably provided voice acting work for this game.

Critical reviews
The game received average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Ben Silverman of GameRevolution described it as a casual game, and not one that a player would expect to play for hours. Silverman described it as a replacement for Solitaire that wouldn't hook players, but also stated that with its low price, it may be worth buying. Lisa Karen Savignano of AllGame praised the creative characters, but noted that some of the graphics were poor. Vincent Lopez of IGN appreciated the large library of drinks, but noted that the animation was often clunky.

Sales
The game sold poorly and was a flop. Despite this, for the French and UK market under the name Happy Hour, and in Germany under the name On the Rocks. Cutler was surprised at the nearly even ratio of male to female purchasers.

title: Last Call (video game)


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Talk:Polish Armed Forces

Requested move (2005)
Voting closed.

 * Rationale: while there are some armies in the world that are usually referred to in English under their native names (most notably the Wehrmacht), I believe it is not the case of the Polish Army. Halibutt 21:40, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support —Michael Z. 2005-05-29 19:26 Z
 * Oppose. Using the title of Polish Army is ambiguous in that it could refer to any of the different armies under Polish leadership (see History of the Polish Army), whereas the Wojsko Polskie article is only about the modern Armed Forces of Poland. Blank Verse  ∅  09:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the term wojsko polskie was in use at least since late Middle Ages and means, literally, Polish army. So, it can equally mean any armed force under Polish command. The only difference is that the English term is English. Halibutt 10:28, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: How about Military of Poland (the most common form for the military articles) or Polish Armed Forces? -- Joolz 16:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that is a better name given the names of most of the articles in Category:Militaries in which this article is included Philip Baird Shearer
 * I agree and will move it there soon, unless there are objections. violet/riga (t) 19:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't say I like the idea. If we can have either the original name or its translation, themn why should we chose a descriptive name? Also, Polish Army is just as good as the Military of Poland, with the difference that it actually is the name of the armed force. Halibutt 20:13, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think "Polish Army" is just as good. In english Army generally does not refer to the Navy, Air Force, and land forces, but *just* the land forces. Regardless of whether they themselves choose to call themselves "Polish Army" for english translations we should call them by a name which isn't so confusing. -- Joolz 23:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak support. Should clearly be the "most common English language term"; am open to argument as to what that is, precisely.  Alai 00:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The English version of the official website seems to call them the "Polish Armed Forces". Proteus (Talk) 22:43, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope, you must've found the web page of the land forces only, or the English page of the Ministry, which tends to use all possible variants, depending on the mood of the translator, apparently. Check out this site. Also, why don't you reply to my questions you-know-where? Halibutt 20:13, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that Polish Armed Forces is the best place and will move this page there tomorrow, unless I can be persuaded otherwise. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:07, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't. Exactly why that name is better than the official name used by the force itself ? Creating a new name solely for Wikipedia would probably fall under WP:NOR, especially that the name of Polish Army has been in use in English for ages. Halibutt 01:58, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wojsko Polskie is not appropriate because it is in the Polish language and (as far as I am aware) is not the commonly-used name in the English language - unless a name in a foreign language is common, the English name should be used. Although Polish Army may be the obvious translation, it would be misleading since the Wojsko Polskie comprises naval and air force units too.  Polish Armed Forces is an obvious choice; alternatively, Military of Poland would suffice - see Category:Militaries. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:58, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Polish Army," while literally correct, is misleading, because when English speakers hear "army" they immediately think "land forces." So it should look something like this: The Military of Poland (Polish Wojsko Polskie, literally translated as "Polish Army") is comprised of the...etc. Any redirect pages should make sure that people know that "Polish Army" can refer to more than just the present Land Forces of Poland. --Jpbrenna 1 July 2005 06:13 (UTC)
 * I think Wojsko Polskie is fine. Antares911 13:45, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I hereby change my vote to Support. Halibutt has convinced me.  I still think that little uppity Polak fish-out-of-water should be pickled like a herring and served up on a silver platter with a lemon wedge, but he has a point here.  Military of Poland should redirect.  The article should be entitled Polish Army with a note that because of its command structure, the entire military of Poland constitutes one large  "Army" with land, air and naval components.  (Like the Cypriot National Guard). --Jpbrenna 4 July 2005 20:47 (UTC)
 * Then why not

Polish Army (Polish Wojsko Polskie, by Jpbrenna called Military of Poland)?
 * The matter is pretty clear to me. We have several names here.
 * Wojsko Polskie - used officially, Polish
 * Polish Army - used officially, English, used in English since times immemorial, unambiguous
 * Polish Armed Forces - same pros as above, with the difference that it doesn't sound
 * Military of Poland - not used officially, not used in English outside of wikipedia, ambiguous
 * Halibutt July 1, 2005 11:23 (UTC)

Final vote
Right, well it's gone on for over a month and it really needs deciding. Please choose which of the following you would find acceptable (you can have more than one). Voting closes towards the end of the 9 July 2005. violet/riga (t) 4 July 2005 20:11 (UTC)
 * Well it had to happen - a tie. I'll give it another two days to see which way it goes.  If you haven't voted for either of the two leading choices I suggest you choose which is the lesser evil as it's not really likely that the other ones will win.  violet/riga (t) 23:21, 9 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, if you count it "STVishly", or by any other method that takes multiple preferences into account, "Polish Armed Forces" is leading 10-8, as Pkmink and I both voted for both #2 and #3, and both of us indicated a preference for #3, so it's not right to simply count us having voted for both without distinction. Alai 03:13, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That may be a factor at some point, but it is currently just an approval vote and I'm not going to change that - it'd just be shouted down as bias. violet/riga (t) 10:18, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, subsidiary question: why on earth would anyone choose to use approval voting?  Sequential preferences have been expressed in all manner of Wikipedia votes, and this is the first time I've heard anyone say they can't be counted as such.  However, I shall adjust my 'threshold' to suit, and remove my third choice.  Alai 03:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Voting closed.

 * Wojsko Polskie (current name)
 * 1) Halibutt July 4, 2005 20:24 (UTC) (Weak, though I still find it much better than Military of Poland.
 * 2) Jpbrenna 4 July 2005 20:47 (UTC) (Weak, because it's not as commonly known in English as Luftwaffe)
 * 3) --Witkacy 5 July 2005 13:53 (UTC)
 * 4) Antares911 5 July 2005 15:41 (UTC)
 * 5) --Lysy (talk) 08:38, 10 July 2005 (UTC) (compare Heer, German Army)

 * Polish Army
 * 1) Halibutt July 4, 2005 20:24 (UTC)
 * 2) Jpbrenna 4 July 2005 20:47 (UTC) (Strong, Military of Poland should redirect.)
 * 3) Michael Z. 2005-07-5 11:40 Z
 * 4) --Witkacy 5 July 2005 13:53 (UTC)
 * 5) Antares911 5 July 2005 15:41 (UTC)
 * 6) Pibwl ←« 5 July 2005 16:57 (UTC)
 * 7) Przepla 6 July 2005 10:43 (UTC) Halibutt's arguments below are quite convincing.
 * 8) Pkmink 6 July 2005 14:00 (UTC) (Weak, because it's ambiguous for non-Poles)
 * 9) Reisio 2005 July 7 18:40 (UTC) (lose accuracy in translation, so may as well stick with what they use officially)
 * 10) Alai 8 July 2005 12:21 (UTC)  Choice of last, rather desperate, resort.  Removed to facilitate 'count', as above.  Alai 03:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Polish Armed Forces
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 4 July 2005 20:11 (UTC)
 * 2) Proteus (Talk) 4 July 2005 20:13 (UTC)
 * 3) Joolz 4 July 2005 21:55 (UTC)
 * 4) Pkmink 6 July 2005 13:19 (UTC)
 * 5) Tomer TALK July 7, 2005 18:11 (UTC) It doesn't encompass just the Wojsko Lądowe (the real Polish army).  Army means something more specific than "Armed Forces".  Historical incarnations can be discussed in History of the Polish Military.
 * 6) AlexR 7 July 2005 18:27 (UTC) seems to be the most reasonable one considering the "English names" rule
 * 7) Mike H (Talking is hot) July 7, 2005 18:38 (UTC)
 * 8) Jayjg (talk)  7 July 2005 18:50 (UTC)
 * 9) Briangotts 7 July 2005 19:22 (UTC)
 * 10) Alai 8 July 2005 12:21 (UTC)  Weak second choice alternative.
 * 11) --Lysy (talk) 08:38, 10 July 2005 (UTC) ("Polish Army" = "Polish Land Forces" only)

 * Military of Poland
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 4 July 2005 20:11 (UTC)
 * 2) Proteus (Talk) 4 July 2005 20:13 (UTC)
 * 3) Joolz 4 July 2005 21:55 (UTC)
 * 4) For sake of consistency. Wojsko Polskie is not English; Polish Army is misleading; Polish Armed Forces is also apparently misleading (see below). -- ALoan (Talk) 5 July 2005 13:04 (UTC)
 * 5) Alai 8 July 2005 12:21 (UTC) Strongly preferred.
 * 6) Grika 18:50, 10 July 2005 (UTC) Not only for Wiki-consistancy sake, but also because descriptors such as Polish, Grecian etc. can be used to designate similarity to, but not necessarily product of, the country of origin.

Voting closed.

Discussion regarding vote

 * The matter was already decided above. Why should we have this voting again? Halibutt July 5, 2005 05:48 (UTC)
 * I really don't think it was, and the best way is to have this vote. violet/riga (t) 5 July 2005 08:38 (UTC)
 * Well, it's pretty simple: 3 supports, 1 opposition. Halibutt July 5, 2005 09:00 (UTC)
 * Doesn't really look that way below though, does it? violet/riga (t) 5 July 2005 10:47 (UTC)
 * Well, after this voting is finished we can hold two more and the effects will differ as well. Nothing really strange in that. Halibutt July 5, 2005 11:48 (UTC)
 * There are too many variations in the pseudo-vote above. The only appropriate method of coming to a decision is through an approval vote.  What appears above is not clear enough to make a choice.  violet/riga (t) 5 July 2005 13:46 (UTC)
 * Its a bit late in the day to trounce in and say this, but "Wojsko Polskie" literally means "Polish Military" (not "Military of Poland", and certainly not "Polish Armed Forces"). Since the closest alternative, however, to "Polish Military", being offered is "Polish Armed Forces", I've gotta vote for that.  It's too bad, however, that "Polish Military" was not offered as an option from the outset.  Tomer TALK  July 7, 2005 18:53 (UTC)
 * That's true, but that name wasn't mentioned in the six-ish weeks of discussion prior to this final vote. violet/riga (t) 8 July 2005 14:22 (UTC)
 * If you know it's true, and you were here at the time, you should have mentioned it. I just found out about this ongoing fracas a few days ago.  Meanwhile, Polish Army has been redirected here again, instead of to Land Forces of Poland.  Apparently some people still think "Army" is a byword for "Military".  Incidentally, those of you who are voting for Polish Army, think for a moment about the opening of the article:  it sounds really ridiculous to say "The Polish Army is the military forces of Poland, including the Army, Navy, ..."  Tomer TALK  July 8, 2005 16:43 (UTC)
 * "That's true" meant that it was a possible name, but clearly nobody thought of it before you came along. violet/riga (t) 23:21, 9 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How about a new vote, with Polish Military as an option? Jayjg (talk) 8 July 2005 16:53 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't mind, although logistically others may. Meanwhile, why has Alai voted thrice?  Granted, it's a "pick the least crappy title", but how many votes does one person get?! :-p Tomer TALK  July 8, 2005 17:58 (UTC)
 * It could be voted for later on, but it's a bit late now. As for the number of votes, well you can vote for as many as you want - Alai clearly doesn't like the current name.  violet/riga (t) 23:21, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

Decision
The Wojsko Polskie name was clearly unfavoured in the final approval vote, so the article was going to be moved to one of the other name proposals. As Polish Armed Forces has a small lead it has therefore been moved there. violet/riga (t) 10:16, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
''::The matter is pretty clear to me. We have several names here.
 * Wojsko Polskie - used officially, Polish
 * Polish Army - used officially, English, used in English since times immemorial, unambiguous
 * Polish Armed Forces - same pros as above, with the difference that it doesn't sound
 * Military of Poland - not used officially, not used in English outside of wikipedia, ambiguous
 * User:Halibutt July 1, 2005 11:23 (UTC)''
 * But #2 is ambiguous, because "Army" in English means a primarily land-based force --- which is historically what most military forces were. If we're talking about medieval, Wojciech Kossak subject matter, then it's pretty clear what "Polish Army" means.  Poland didn't have an air force, blue-water capable navy etc. in that era.  Now it's a bit more prolematic.  A literal translation of Wojsko Polskie leads to a confusing situation in English.  Aside from that, there are consistency issues.  Every other article (except Canada) is titled "Military of X."  I can't find any official Iranian websites using the term Military of Iran (which the Iranians call Artesh in Persian), and ditto for Military of Greece, but maybe that's because their staff have better things to do than write Wikipedia articles.
 * What this issue really boils down to is the problem of literality in translation. If I were to translate the native name for the Greek language (η Ελληνική Γλώσσα) liteally, it would be "The Greek Tongue." If I translated the colloquial name for the language, the neuter plural Ελληνικά, it would translate as  "Greeks."  Both look bizarre to a native English speaker, which is why we translate it as "Greek language" instead.
 * Slippery slope: Calling the armed forces of Poland together the "Polish Army" will lead lead to a perception of cluelessness and, inevitably, to dumb Polak jokes. Suppose there is a Wikimeet and someone brings this up, saying "Can you believe those dumb Polaks?" I, being partly of Polish descent, will be forced to demand satisfaction for this insult, and could be drawn into a fistfight or duel over the issue, which could lead to mine or another's death or a prison sentence.  Is that what you want Halibutt?  No, of course not.  So change your vote!  --Jpbrenna 4 July 2005 02:20 (UTC)

Well, I definitely do not want you to be forced to defend the honour of the land of your ancestors (though if you needed any help, just let me know).

As to the matter itself - there is one serious flaw in your reasoning. In the Anglo-Saxon world (notably the US of A and the UK), the armed forces indeed consist of several almost separate branches. Technically speaking, the US (for instance) have five completely different military forces, often even conflicted with each other. They are all subordinate solely to the Secretary of Defence and the President, but have separate logistics, separate commands, separate tasks, equipment, scientific institutes and so on.

In Poland it's a tad different. All the branches of the military are subordinate to the Chief of Staff of the Polish Army, who in turn is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, the President and the Sejm. However, all three branches have one joint military commander (currently Czesław Piątas), who controls the commanders of the three branches. So, in other terms, in Poland we have a single military force consisting of several branches.

Anyway, I don't really see the problem here. The Polish Army is the term used both in Poland and in the English-speaking countries for ages. I still do not see why the hell should we invent a new name when there already is a perfect name in use. Of course, we can move the article to Military of Poland and promote such a descriptive term over the actual name, but then we should also move Richard Nixon to Thirty-seventh President of the United States and the article on Queen Victoria to That Fatty Old Lady Who Ruled the UK Prior to 1901. Bizarre? Yup...

If we were to use your example with languages: most of them have their proper names in English and those are used in Wikipedia. For instance język polski (lit. Polish tongue) is called Polish language here. Similarily, some military forces have their proper names in English and those should be used. Royal Navy is not called Navy of the United Kingdom, eventhough such a name would be much less ambiguous (what about navies of Holland or Spain?) and much more correct. Luftwaffe is not called German Air Force. Ditto for Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Botswana Defence Force Air Wing and many more articles in English wiki. Why should we break that rule in case of the Polish Army? Halibutt July 4, 2005 20:24 (UTC)

 * As to the term Polish Armed Forces - there is a slight problem: in Polish it is Polskie Siły Zbrojne and is used in 90% of cases to denote the Polish Army units fighting alongside the Western Allies in World War II. It has little usage for earlier periods and is rarely used for later periods.
 * It would be like calling the article on a 1000-years old town with the name used by those, who occupied it for 5 years. Halibutt July 5, 2005 09:03 (UTC)

 * Well, the english language wikipedia is mostly read by non-Poles and for the them the main connotation with the Polish military is in fact the PSZ fighting during WW2, if any connotation at all. Pkmink 6 July 2005 13:52 (UTC)

Halibutt July 5, 2005 09:03 (UTC)

Definetly, Wojsko Polskie is problematic as Naming conventions (use English) states: ''Title your pages using the English name, if one exists, and give the native spelling on the first line of the article. If the native spelling is not in the Latin alphabet, also provide a Latin transliteration. Only use the native spelling as an article title if it is more commonly used in English than the anglicized form.''. Polish Army indeed is more general, and should describe the Polish Armies through our history - from Piasts to present. Then it can have subarticles about armies in that period. Now we need to check if Wojsko Polskie (and Wojsko Ludowe, etc.) is more often used in English then its translation or not (see Talk:Voivodships of Poland ad User:Wahwah page for how this can be done). An example of Polish army that should not be translated would be wojsko kwarciane. What do you think about Chorągiew and Poczet? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 5 July 2005 10:19 (UTC)

So what is the official name of the Polish Land Forces branch? —Michael Z. 2005-07-5 11:37 Z

 * Wojska Lądowe Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, or The Land Forces of the Republic of Poland. In short it's Wojska Lądowe (lit. Land Forces) or Wojska Lądowe RP. The commander of that branch of the Polish Army is Edward Pietrzyk. Similarily, the Polish Navy is called Marynarka Wojenna Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej or MW RP in short. Halibutt July 5, 2005 11:58 (UTC)

I vote for Polish Armed Forces. Not really new reasons other then the ones mentioned already earlier in this page, mainly ambiguity. Well, my granddad was in the Polish Navy, so perhaps I'm not completely objective :-) Also, I think at various times the Polish Armed Forces were called "Polskie Sily Zbrojne", like during WW2. Finally, if I'm correct, since Poland's membership to NATO, the structure and organization of the Polish military have been adapted considerably to a NATO style organization, incl. making all the 3 services equal in status, so for example the head of the defense staff (the highest military commander) can also be now an admiral or an Air Force general, much like in other NATO countries. In fact, wasn't some years ago an admiral the chief of staff? Pkmink 6 July 2005 13:40 (UTC)

 * Army means only land forces, as opposed to Navy and Air Force. Jayjg (talk) 7 July 2005 18:49 (UTC)

 * Great. This article is clearly about all the Polish military forces.  "Wojsko Polskie" literally means "Polish Military".  There should be no question.  Tomer TALK  July 7, 2005 18:51 (UTC)

 * Wrong, Jayjg. Or not 100% right. What about the US Navy that has its own aviation and infantry? Or what about the People's Liberation Army, whose structure is somehow similar to the Polish one? Should we rename it to People's Liberation Military? Or perhaps Military of People's Liberation?

 * Whichever way we turn the cat... the name is still the same - and it is used both in Polish and in English. And much more frequently. Compare 74 400 for Polish Army with 1 070 for Military of Poland, 532 for Armed Forces of Poland and 14 700 for Polish Armed Forces. Halibutt July 7, 2005 19:35 (UTC)

 * Oh, and yet another example: why don't we move the article on Red Army to Red Military Forces or Red Armed Forces. Alternatively, we could move it to Military of the Soviet Union or Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. After all the "Red Army" name is wrong since, as we all know, an Army is land-only.... Those darn Russkies simply did not speak English well enough to name their armed forces properly... Halibutt July 7, 2005 19:40 (UTC)
 * You're preaching to the Red Army Choir ;) --Jpbrenna 7 July 2005 20:33 (UTC)  P.S. Something smells fishy in here...

 * You mean the Red Armed Forces Choir, obviously. Halibutt July 7, 2005 20:39 (UTC)
 * Using google to find out which term is more popular is flawed unless you're prepared to view those 100,000 websites and see in what context the term is being employed. -- Joolz 8 July 2005 21:31 (UTC)

This actually a really small thing but concerning the 1 million men strong during the outbreak of the war there where only half a million moblized. this is dur to england telling poland not to mobilizes all her force because this would be seen as an act of war

Timeline of the Polish Army
Zapraszam do wypelniania Timeline of the Polish Army--Witkacy 11:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

So what?
Long discussion, voting, and... nothing. The current name Wojsko Polskie has no majority and I defintely agree it is wrong. What are we going to do? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:28, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Since currently the title is misinforming, I suggest the following: move the info on Polish Army of the past to Polish Army and leave here only the info on the actual "Polish Armed Forces" (that is 1940-1945). If there are no objections I'll perform such a split later today. Halibutt 08:27, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * The proposed stub content would be sth like that:

Polish Armed Forces (Polish Polskie Siły Zbrojne) was the official name of the Polish Army formed in exile in France and United Kingdom during the World War II.

==See also==
 * Polish contribution to World War II

We need first to agree on structure and names of the related subarticles. We need 1) the name for a historical overview article on entire Polish military, from Mieszko tribe warriors to today's army - which I think should be Military history of Poland 2) the name for current, post 98 Polish military 3) the names for Polish militaries in the past. Then we need to fix some redirects. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I would suggest to use the following:

 * 1) Polish Army (for both current and historical uses, as well as the main page of the project)
 * 2) Military history of Poland as a sub-article of this one (the one linked through  )
 * 3) Articles on branches (as they are)
 * 4) (stub-like) articles on specific military forces of the past, like for instance the article on Polish Armed Forces, Polish Army in France, Polnische Wehrmacht, Army of the Duchy of Warsaw, Polish Legions in Hungary, Polish Legions in Italy, Polish Legions, Polish Legion, Polish Army in the USSR, Polish Army in the East, KBW and so on
 * 5) the rest of articles not necessarily linked from the main site of the project but surely included in Category:Military of Poland or one of its sub-categories.
 * How about that? Halibutt 15:59, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I support it. It may not be perfect, but if you are going to take care of those articles, then it's fine with me. Anything is better then the current mess :) Let me know if I need to delete some redirect for move. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * We could simply expand the Template:Polish Army to include the list of armed forces. For instance:

 * What do you think? Halibutt 07:53, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I knew then when you finally got some time to work on it, it would be great :) Btw, does this means your comp is fixed now? :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:19, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Nope, both of my computers are still in ruin (my laptop has the converter and the matrix broken, no idea where to get the money to fix it...). My dad simply left his computer at home. Anyway, I'm still not satisfied with the Historical units section, it looks a tad clumsy. Especially that the list is still incomplete. Any ideas as how to fix it? Halibutt 10:06, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Polish version of this template: pl:Szablon:WP.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:18, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Shall we proceed? Halibutt 14:44, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no objections. For poland-mil-stub, see discussion here. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:20, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless there are any more comments (RfC anybody) I'll do what was agreed upon here soon. Can somebody summarize what I as an admin need to do for reference?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:57, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say Be Bold :) Though perhaps there are some other necessary steps here. Halibutt 14:47, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
The pictures dont work 130.111.98.131 18:41, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * What pictures?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:57, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Military age annually
The 2003 figure is blown way high (demographic surge), any newer and more accurate ones? Ksenon 01:44, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Graphic of the Army Structure
I'm currently working on a project to create graphics of the structure of the most important Armies. i.e. French Army; German Army; Italian Army I also want to make a graphic of the structure of the Polish Land Forces, but the information at this point is not sufficient, as there is no information how the units are structured (i.e. What Regiments/Batallions belong to which Divisions/Brigades, what type the units are; and so on) Does anyone have this information- and also the Regiments/Battalions names and/or numbers and where they are based? Thanks noclador

there's basic information on this page: http://www.army.mil.pl/eng/eng.html. Maybe you could try emailing them for details.87.207.175.246 18:53, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the info. A wikipedia user from Slovakia is translating the ORBAT of the Polish Army and sending it to me in the next days- when i have it, I will make the graphic. noclador 18:57, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

I found more info if you need it:

each of four divisions has article on polish wikipedia http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Lubuska_Dywizja_Kawalerii_Pancernej#Struktura_11_DKPanc http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Warszawska_Dywizja_Zmechanizowana http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Pomorska_Dywizja_Zmechanizowana http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Dywizja_Zmechanizowana

This site also has some information about organisation, including territorial defence forces: http://www.wp.mil.pl/strona.php?idstrona=9&idn=1_3_2_1 unfortunately, the english version of this page is screwed, and i could find this info in english 87.207.175.246 19:30, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Please consider registering, and also posting a request for information on WP:PWNB and WP:MILHIST.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:37, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the links to 4 Polish Divisions on the Polish Wikipedia. I had a look and made a quick sketch for myself of the data I found there, but I do not understand Polish and so 80% of the unit designations are undecipherable for me. Therefore I left a note on each of the 4 division’s talkpages asking for help in translating the already known data and also help in looking for the little bits that are still missing (i.e. the units of the "1 Warszawska" Tank Brigade). I also joined some of the Military History workgroups. Thanks for all your help. noclador 09:55, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The requests for assistance I left on the talkpages of the 4 Polish division have been blanked by pl:Wikipedysta:Lajsikonik. This is an extremely rude and counterproductive behaviour. As he seems to speak only rudimentary English, could a Polish speaker try to explain to him what my request was and that his behaviour is unacceptable and destructive? thanks, noclador 10:41, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Problem has been solved- user pl:Wikipedysta:Lajsikonik has restored the requests and excused himself noclador 10:51, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PZA Loara.jpg
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Nangar Khel
Feel free to expand the Nangar Khel incident article. --Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog (talk) 13:06, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Poland First To Fight.jpg
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fixing
this article needs fixing and i shall be conducting this in the near future with accordance to MoD websites and NATO. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Barciur (talk • contribs) 17:54, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

New edit.
Issues with the latest edit.

The new edits done on 11:34, 22 October 2010 are creating an impression as if the wiki page on the Polish Armed Forces was an advertisement. If I'm correct this "WP" logo is used more for public relations than to represent the actual armed forces. Also, regarding the new photo that was added... to follow the template of other wiki pages on polish military branches we try to avoid adding pictures in the "Infobox".

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.48.242.110 (talk) 13:25, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Clean-up edit
Please note that the reason for the clean-up edit was due to a number of new entries on the page that are not up to Wiki standards.

These edits have cluttered the page, and created duplicate entries such as the "History" section which in detail describes the history of the Polish Armed Forces, and in the process totally disregards the fact that there is an entire wiki page devoted to this subject (History of the Polish Army, and Polish contribution to World War II). (On a page such as Polish Armed Forces only short general sections should be created that in turn link with other pages that cover a specific subject in greater detail.)

Also, not only is the page full of duplicate material it is also poorly edited, and has numerous factual errors. This in turn has created an unfriendly overall impression of the subject matter making it difficult for the reader to get a clear understanding of the material covered. In the "Modernization" section military equipment that has not even been purchased by the military is now listed as being part of the new inventory. Also, the poor choice of pictures included in the new section does not depict the Polish military in a proper light, and only invites negative perceptions.

In the end, the recent edits seem very amateurish and lack clear structure. As one of the original contributors to the page I ask that the recent editors reconsider their entries and refocus their contributions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.118.227.161 (talk) 22:08, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Please stop blind reverting. Surely you realise that, despite what views you have on the proper structure of the page, a great amount of additional information has been added. Would you kindly please lay out how you think the page should be structured, and we can negotiate a way forward from there. Buckshot06 (talk) 22:27, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * A couple of comments need to be made. First, this article does not belong to anyone -- being one of the "original contributors" does not carry any special weight in determining an article's structure over the life of the article.  Once established, the content of an article may change very much, and if an editor does not agree with changes that are made, then the issues should be worked out on the talk page.  Second, removing photographs because one believes they may invite "negative perceptions" is just a way of pushing propaganda, that is, it is to say "we only want to look GOOD on Wikipedia!" The purpose of this article is to present a balanced look at the Polish Armed Forces and not simply a view that certain people can feel comfortable with; and, frankly, there were no photographs that mocked or otherwise made the Polish Armed Forces look bad -- that was a perception the IP editor had that could certainly stand some discussion on the talk page before any deletion of material is made.  As to the overall set of articles for the Polish military on this Wikipedia, it is a mess -- there are too many articles, and some of them present strong biases.  Contributors to these articles would do far better to work on removing bias from the articles than to delete material without discussing the changes first : in other words, try working in a spirit of partnership and cooperation rather than assuming the role of a schoolmaster who is lecturing an errant student. W. B. Wilson (talk) 08:40, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Image
It seems that this image is causing a bit of an issue. Can editors explain why it should/shouldn't be removed? At this point I am not seeing much problem with it... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 00:55, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

72 Mechanized Regiment marching on the streets of Gubin.

 * A couple of comments. The image is really neither here nor there.  As an image of either the Polish marshal or Eisenhower, it would be highly relevant to articles on either of those men, or as a photograph documenting the destruction of Warsaw.  As a photograph about the Polish Armed Forces, I don't think the photograph is particularly relevant. If the object is show a photo of the Marshal, then this photo would be a far better choice.

 * The second comment is that I find more troubling the approach of the IP editor visiting from Massachusetts (76-dot-etc.). This person needs to strongly review his/her approach to editing articles in Wikipedia. Buckshot06 is an outstanding editor who contributes an immense amount of well-documented content to this project.  To imply that he removed this photograph because of communist sympathies (see this diff) is both absurd and vile -- AND an extraordinarily poor start to contributing to Wikipedia.  This editor has already been blocked once and seems to have learned nothing from the first incident -- not good. W. B. Wilson (talk) 09:26, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Mr Wilson has summarised better than I have previously why the photo in question doesn't add much. To compare, the photo I'm about to add to the right side of this section is the photo that I moved into the article as People's Army of Poland was merged in. It shows smiling soldiers in PPA uniforms, and 76.. .. .. took great exception to this photo. I am still not sure why. I would personally like to include it, as it shows actual soldiers with weapons, and covers an uncovered period; otherwise there are no PPA era photos in the article. What do people think? Buckshot06 (talk) 11:04, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The photo is not a problem. It is a typical unit group shot.  Interesting in that it appears to document a sub machine-gun platoon. W. B. Wilson (talk) 11:28, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, I find the photo problematic for two reasons. It has no real link to the text... you can add a million-and-one pics of a bunch of soldiers just standing there why does it really have to be that one? Yet, you are trying to delete a picture of Marian Spychalski the first Marshal of Poland (mentioned in the text) who is shown performing his duties, during the critical setting of post war Poland. My Second issue is that of "quality"... we are not trying to make propaganda here at Wikipedia, but at the same time we are not trying to discredit anyone... showing a picture of a bunch of kids who just became soldiers is not well representative of the Polish military as a whole... and it's really strange that you are so insistent on adding it to the page? Anyone who is media savvy can tell a difference between a good and bad picture, a propaganda pic or one that is used to discredit.

 * Also, I find it very unusual that you are so insistent on deleting pictures... you removed about five photos of equipment form one of the below sections, but I did not object. Then you removed the NATO Response Force logo by claiming that it was not in the text (it is), I did not object... and now you are trying to remove another picture, yet you are accusing others of being disruptive? So, I am sorry to bring this up again... but you remove pictures of western equipment, used by Poland's armed forces, you removed the Nato Logo, and now you are trying to remove a picture that happens to include Eisenhower in it? Why those pictures in particular? I think that it is noteworthy to highlight that Poland is part of Nato, it is westernizing it's forces, and it has always seen itself as part of the western alliances. --76.118.227.161 (talk) 15:06, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * My changes are in line with those needed to reach Featured Article status. Please try and imagine that I'm being as objective as I possibly can, given my background as a New Zealander, and my wish to promote a balanced picture of the armed forces. That includes their communist-era service; if you wish to nominate any other photo of Polish soldiers during the LWP period, please do so. My main view regarding pictures for this article is there are far too many considering the amount of text: take a look at Australian Defence Force or Military of the Democratic Republic of Congo to see what I mean. I removed the NRF logo because I checked the text and the NRF was not mentioned; you substituted the POLUKRBAT photo which is mentioned, and in that sense that's fine. But overall I would wish to remove photos because the ratio is completely wrong. This was the reason why the Spychalsky/Eisenhower photo went: it had the least to do with the Armed Forces of all of them. Again, please, stop questioning my motives and WP:Assume Good Faith!! I am getting exceedingly annoyed at your insinuations, and, as I said before, this may result in blocks should you continue. Buckshot06 (talk) 16:32, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Well in this case can I recommend this picture Ludowe Wojsko Polskie.jpg shown above, but I still prefer the Marian Spychalski image since it perfectly illustrates the state of Poland after the war, and Martial Spychalski's efforts to present the utter state of destruction to the West. And, I ask that the picture remain on the page... since it speaks volumes. --76.118.227.161 (talk) 17:17, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Microedt, that is an interesting photograph. Very nice -- too nice, to probably be a genuine photograph of the LWP.  99% of the ones I've seen are not in full color, do not have such excellent resolution, and don't have logos like "SERG" in the corners.  It appears you (Microedt) just loaded it onto the commons today and then spread it around several Wikipedias. Where is this photograph from? W. B. Wilson (talk) 18:05, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Microedt/76.118.227.161, would you please stop trying to censor things? You've deliberately and systematically suppressed the use of the other photo, which had some licensing information, and introduced this new one instead. HISTORY ISN'T CLEAR-CUT, BLACK OR WHITE!! There are ignoble aspects in all our histories.. from mine, the oppression of the Maori, from Mr Wilson's, various nasty things done to, for example, the American Indians or the people of Guatemala, or many others, and from yours, sometimes, less honourable periods of history. Wikipedia is not about presenting a rosy version of history, it's about presenting the WP:Verifiable truth. Please stop these censoring actions. Buckshot06 (talk) 18:28, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * There is also this notice on the commons page for the photograph - "To uploader: Please provide where and when the image was first published." -- it has not been provided in this case and the photo may be a future copyright-vio minefield. I am particularly wary of the "SERG" logo in the lower left corner. W. B. Wilson (talk) 18:35, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * No one is censoring anything, but I really question your choice of pictures used. So here is a picture from Wiki Commons that you can use. this image. Again, this is not propaganda, but we are not trying to show things in a bad light either. Also, I'm not sure why Buckshot06 is trying to add another picture, yet he complains that there are too many already? Is this an argument about the Eisenhower/Spychalski photo, or are you trying to add another one in?--76.118.227.161 (talk) 18:52, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * One is free to question but not to unilaterally impose their own point of view. Notions of "bad light" etc. rest entirely in the eye of the one who perceives it -- that is, in this case -- YOU, and you only. As for images, I really don't care which LWP image gets used as long as it is not a stolen copyrighted image -- Wikipedia doesn't need the hassles that brings, and you, Microedt, need to fully grasp and understand that. W. B. Wilson (talk) 19:07, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Having read the above, I would opt for an image that shows a group, rather than one person. Spychalski can be illustrated in his own article. I see nothing wrong or problematic with the image that is currently used in this section. (File:Defilada ulicami miasta 72 pz.jpg). If you want me to look at any other images, please link them clearly. Thanks, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 19:15, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Nothing wrong with the current one. Microedt has swapped the images in same place on the talk page which is why the discussion may appear confusing in light of the current photograph.  The photograph I would be wary of using was the one that suggested before by Microedt -- Ludowe Wojsko Polskie.jpg . W. B. Wilson (talk) 19:23, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * If you want to use the current one of (Defilada ulicami miasta 72 pz.jpg) that's fine... I earlier proposed the Ludowe Wojsko Polskie.jpg, and if you are worried about copyright issues, than point taken we don't have to use it. --Microedt (talk) 19:33, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for consideration of the copyright issue. W. B. Wilson (talk) 19:41, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks Piotrus for your suggestion. Could you translate the caption about whatever (72nd REgiment?) the picture depicts? Buckshot06 (talk) 19:57, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Done on Commons. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 20:14, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

(Disputed photo)] Microedt, do not remove this image from the talk page -- you are censoring AGAIN. I do not agree with your edit summary stating that the only image in dispute was the photograph of the two generals in Warsaw. The photo of Polish troops in 1951 is also under dispute, since you insist that somehow its purpose is to defame the Polish military. That is your assumption only -- and there are others who do not agree with your assumption. W. B. Wilson (talk) 05:39, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The only problem I might have with that image is that one could say that the soldiers are grinning somewhat... stupidly. It is quite subjective, though. Anyway, I find the anon's (Microedt's?) removal of other posts very worrisome. This is disruptive editing bordering on vandalism and I will request that he is blocked if this censorship is repeated again. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 17:30, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Based on experience with the military, it looks to be a photo where the soldiers were told to smile for the cameraman to show how much "fun" military service is. Every military gets these kinds of photos.  The "smiling heroic armed proletariat" look of the photo is not genunine, but then, neither are the grim visages of the marching troops in the other photo.  It would be nice if we had a "middle ground" photograph of LWP troops of the 50s or 60s -- men on military exercises in the field, something like that.  W. B. Wilson (talk) 20:33, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * who uploaded this image: it was taken from this site:  where a woman says she colored it! and that she took it from this Russian site: . So, whoever uploaded it added the SERG watermark and then uploaded it a second time! Ludowe Wojsko Polskie (LWP)... I will have them both deleted now for copyright violation. noclador (talk) 09:40, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Noclador, wow, great work in finding the original image. Is there a tool on the internet you used to search for similar images?  Cheers, W. B. Wilson (talk) 17:18, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

better image
June 1974, Oath taking ceremony of junior medical officers. noclador (talk) 09:58, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * It was not oath taking ceremony, it was junior medical officer's promotion (graduation, accolade) after six years course in military medical university. The oath ceremony in Polish army you can see below. Julo (talk) 21:48, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Oath ceremony, 2007

Hiding images
I'm not sure why user SojerPL, hid a couple of the equipment images on this page... so, the file text still showed-up on the edit page, but the pictures themselves were not displaying on the actual article page. In the future please refrain from hiding images, or article text. --192.250.112.200 (talk) 20:04, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I wondered if i used <!- -, but now i see - it's vandalism IP... --SojerPL (talk) 01:36, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations.--<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 22:40, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

wrong content
something went wrong. These topics are about the POLICE of poland, not the ARMED FORCES. 89.247.233.26 (talk) 13:32, 2 December 2012 (UTC)akindiana
 * 1) Terminology
 * 2) History
 * 3) Transportation and Equipment
 * 4) General commandant of the Policja
 * 5) Rank structure
 * 6) Structure and branches of the Policja
 * 7) Anti-terrorist forces (BOA/SPAP)
 * 8) Peacekeeping and international cooperation
 * 9) Organisation
 * 10) Cricitism of the Policja
 * 11) Representative Band of the Policja
 * 12) Gallery
 * 13) See also
 * 14) References
 * 15) External links
 * 16) Further reading

Remove image galleries
I would recommend that we remove the various galleries on this page, and replace them with and individual images for each of the sections. This article is not the place to showcase the equipment of the military, infact there are already two pages devoted to this topic Equipment of the Polish Army and List of equipment of the Polish Land Forces. So, we don't need another page that has pictures of the hardware it's just too much. --Factor01 (talk) 10:54, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Re-organisation
I don't see any mention of the re-organisation - which saw the CNAVY et al being dismissed - see http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131219/DEFREG01/312190024/Polish-President-Names-Top-Military-Chief Gbawden (talk) 11:25, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Every number I've compared against the cited source, doesn't match
I've been checking cited sources, and it seems like every single number in this wiki page, for troops, equipment, money spent, etc... didn't match the cited source. I've fixed a couple of things, but there's still plenty left that needs fixing. It looks like some people have also been just changing numbers at random. Needs some major fixing. Hammerfrog (talk) 17:38, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Galleries
Why does this article have so many galleries? There are already pages on List of equipment of the Polish Land Forces and Equipment of the Polish Army, this is way too excessive, just plastering the entire article with galleries all over the place. --E-960 (talk) 09:07, 12 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Do we REALLY need galleries and lists in this article, and then on:
 * Polish Air Forces
 * Polish Navy
 * Polish Special Forces
 * Polish Territorial Defence Forces
 * This is way too much duplicate stuff. --E-960 (talk) 09:54, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

Reserve personnel
The article incorrectly lists the Territorial Defence Force as reserve personnel, while at the same time counting them as active personnel. The TDF is a full fledged service branch. Poland doesn't maintain an active reserve force as evidenced by the provided source. Reserve personnel should be removed from the infobox or set to 0 Cuteandfunny (talk) 17:39, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Polish Armed Forces


text:
P4 Radio Hele Norge

P4 Radio Hele Norge AS Norway's leading national, private radio station with 24% national market share, about one million daily listeners and two million weekly.

P4 Radio Hele Norge operates a nationwide public service-licence, with official requirements for news and information. It broadcasts via DAB+ and on the Internet. On 1 November 2006 the company launched an all-rock music station, Bandit, available via internet streaming, and previously also on DAB.

The headquarters is located in Lillehammer, with regional representation and broadcast-studios in Oslo. P4 have previously been represented with studios and offices in Sarpsborg, Bergen, Tromsø, Stavanger, Kristiansand and Trondheim.

Radio Stations

 * P4
 * NRJ Norway
 * P5 Hits
 * P6 Rock
 * P7 Klem
 * P8 Pop
 * P9 Retro
 * P10 Country
 * P11 Dance
 * P12 Bandit

title: P4 Radio Hele Norge


text:
Frank Branch

Frank Richard Branch (May 7, 1944 – October 22, 2018) was a Canadian politician.

Life and career
Branch was born on May 7, 1944, in Bathurst, New Brunswick. A Liberal, he was first elected to the New Brunswick Legislature to the multi-member riding for Gloucester County in the 1970 provincial election He was re-elected to the legislature for the single member riding of Nepisiguit-Chaleur in 1974, 1978, 1982, 1987 and 1991. He served as speaker from 1987 to 1991 but was neither elected speaker nor named to the cabinet following the 1991 elections and thus did not run for re-election in 1995.

While retired from politics, he chaired a regional forestry marketing board for eight years before he sought re-election in the new, though largely unchanged, riding of Nepisiguit in 2003, where he defeated incumbent Progressive Conservative Joel Bernard by a margin of nearly 2-to-1.

In October 2005, the North Shore Forest Products marketing board, of which Branch is general manager, was taken under investigation for unspecified reasons. On January 13, 2006, Branch left the Liberal caucus to sit as an independent pending the outcome of the investigation and on March 23, 2006, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that he had been fired.

He served as chair of the legislature's Public Accounts Committee from the 2003 election until he left the Liberal caucus to sit as an independent. He did not seek re-election in 2006.

In 2012, Branch pled guilty to fraud of over $5,000 and was sentenced to one year of house arrest and two years of probation. He was additionally ordered to pay $15,000 in restitution to the North Shore Forest Products Marketing Board.

On October 22, 2018, Branch died from cancer in Bathurst, at the age of 74.

title: Frank Branch


text:
Ulmus thomasii

Ulmus thomasii, the rock elm or cork elm (or orme liège in Québec), is a deciduous tree native primarily to the Midwestern United States. The tree ranges from southern Ontario and Quebec, south to Tennessee, west to northeastern Kansas, and north to Minnesota.

Etymology
The tree was named in 1902 for David Thomas, an American civil engineer who had first named and described the tree in 1831 as Ulmus racemosa.

Description
Ulmus thomasii grows as a tree from 15 – tall, and may live for up to 300 years. Where forest-grown, the crown is cylindrical and upright with short branches, and is narrower than most other elms. Rock elm is also unusual among North American elms in that it is often monopodial. The bark is grey-brown and deeply furrowed into scaly, flattened ridges. Many older branches have 3–4 irregular thick corky wings. It is for this reason the rock elm is sometimes called the cork elm.

The leaves are 5 – long and 2 – wide, oval to obovate with a round, symmetrical base and acuminate apex. The leaf surface is shiny dark green, turning bright yellow in autumn; the underside is pubescent. The perfect apetalous, wind-pollinated flowers are red-green and appear in racemes up to 40 mm long two weeks before the leaves from March to May, depending on the tree's location. The fruit is a broad ovate samara 13 – long covered with fine hair, notched at the tip, and maturing during May or June to form drooping clusters at the leaf bases.

Although U. thomasii is protandrous, levels of self-pollination remain high.

Ecology
Ulmus thomasii is moderately shade-tolerant. Its preferred habitat is moist but well-drained sandy loam, loam, or silt loam soil, mixed with other hardwoods. However, it also grows on dry uplands, especially on rocky ridges and limestone bluffs.

Pests and diseases
Like most North American elms, U. thomasii is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

Cultivation
There are no known cultivars of Ulmus thomasii, nor is it known to be any longer in commerce. It appeared in some US nursery catalogues in the early 20th century. The species is occasionally grown beyond its native range as a specimen tree in botanical gardens and arboreta, for example in northwestern Europe, but not commonly cultivated in northern Europe, being unsuited to the region's more temperate, maritime climate. However, the tree was propagated and marketed in the UK by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1965 to 1977, during which time 49 were sold.

Ulmus thomasii was crossed experimentally with Japanese elm (U. davidiana var. japonica) at the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts, but no clones were released to commerce. Seedlings arising from crossings with Siberian elm (U. pumila) at the Lake States Forestry Experimental Station in the 1950s all perished, a classic case of hybrid lethality.

Notable trees
The US National Champion, measuring 100 ft high in 1989, grows in Cass County, Michigan.

Uses
The wood of the rock elm is the hardest and heaviest of all elms, and where forest-grown remains comparatively free of knots and other defects. It is also very strong and takes a high polish, and consequently was once in great demand in America and Europe for a wide range of uses, notably boatbuilding, furniture, agricultural tools, and musical instruments.

Much of the timber's strength is derived from the tight grain arising from the tree's very slow rate of growth, the trunk typically increasing in diameter by less than 2 mm a year. Over 250 annual growth rings were once counted in a log 24 cm square being sawn for gunwales in an English boatyard, while a tree once grown at Kew Gardens, London, attained a height of only 12 m in 50 years.

Accessions

 * North America
 * Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts, US. Acc. no. 444-88.
 * Brenton Arboretum, Dallas Center, Iowa, US. No acc. details available.
 * Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada. No acc. details.
 * Morton Arboretum, Illinois, US. Acc. no. 178-84, wild collected from Reedsville, Wisconsin; 843-2005 (Kelleys Island, Erie County, Ohio); 122-2006 (Dixon County, Nebraska).
 * Nebraska Statewide Arboretum, US. No details available.
 * Europe
 * Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 706.
 * National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium. Acc. no. 19800105.
 * National Botanic Gardens, Ireland, Glasnevin, Ireland. Location: A3 (155)
 * Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Hampshire, UK. Acc. no. 2008.0419, wild collected in Ontario, Canada, by Kristl Walek
 * Wakehurst Place Garden Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. no. 1968-48603.

title: Ulmus thomasii


text:
Category:Asian Tour events

Asian Tour golf tournaments.

title: Category:Asian Tour events


text:
File:Midnight Nation.bookcover.jpg

Summary
Cover to the collected Midnight Nation. From.

title: File:Midnight Nation.bookcover.jpg


text:
Talk:Rita Skeeter

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of supporting Harry Potter characters

title: Talk:Rita Skeeter


text:
SATS Security Services

SATS Security Services Pte Ltd (SSS) is a subsidiary of SATS Ltd, providing security services for aviation-related activities at Singapore Changi Airport. It provides armed auxiliary police officers for mainly airline clients as an auxiliary police force under the Police Force Act 2004.

SATS also provides aviation security to airlines at Changi Airport in Singapore especially those managed by it parent ground handler SATS Ltd., although they also provide security to SATS-related facilities.

History
In 1965, SATS Security Services originally started as the Malayan Airways Security Department. Its existence back then was to meet the security and aviation needs of its aircraft and to a certain extent, the Paya Lebar Airport. The MASD was restricted within the confines of Paya Lebar Airport and they do not have the powers of regular police officers.

SATS competed with the Changi International Airport Services when it was established in 1990.

When Malayan Airways was renamed to Malaysian Singapore Airlines (MSA), its Security Department was renamed MSA Police in 1967. In 1972, Singapore Airlines (SIA) came into being, after parting ways with MSA becoming Malaysia Airlines System. MSA police was renamed SIA Auxiliary Police.

A year later, SATS became a fully owned subsidiary of SIA and SIA Auxiliary Police became SATS Security Services, incorporating the former SIA Auxiliary Police Force in it.

In October 2018, SATS announced that all of its officers working at Changi Airport will be deployed with body cameras. At the same time, it was also announced that a total of SGD$1m (US$730,000) would be invested to digitize Changi's security systems to improve its services due to manpower problems.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, SATS officers were deployed for security duties at dormitories and Government Quarantine Facilities (GQF) involving migrant workers in Singapore and to serve Stay at Home notification letters.

In December 2021, SATS established its Outriders motorbike unit.

For FY 2021-2022, SATS was granted a license to operate a training academy, being the third auxiliary police company to do so. For FY 2022-2023, SATS was granted ISO 37001 Certification as part of ethic compliance.

On May 13, 2024, SATS announced that a signup bonus for up to SGD$40,000 for applicants signing up to be a Auxiliary Police Officer (Armed) and Security Officer (Flexible).

Deployments
Some current deployments of armed SATS Security personnel include:

 * Singapore Changi Airport
 * Resorts World Sentosa
 * Marina Bay Cruise Centre Singapore

Manpower
SATS Security had a manpower of 450 officers in 1989; SSS had 760 officers in 1999. By the 1999–2000 fiscal year, 805 officers are employed.

As of 2018, 800 officers are employed.

Training
SATS Security personnel who are eligible for further studies, are allowed to study for a diploma/specialist diploma in Aviation Management through SkillsFuture Work-Study Programmes.

SAT Security worked with Institute of Technical Education (ITE) to introduce a Work-Study Diploma programme, which would allow Auxiliary Police Officer (APO) trainees to get a degree while getting related job experience.

Uniforms
Unlike Certis CISCO and AETOS auxiliary police, the uniform design of SATS Auxiliary Police closely resemble the Singapore Police Force (SPF); with the exception of the baby blue top and metallic cap and collar badges.

This is done to distinguish differences from uniforms worn by officers from the SPF.

Awards
SSS received the Outstanding Achievement in Collaboration in Education & Training award from the Australian Business/Higher Education RoundTable alongside Edith Cowan University for developing a Security and Police Studies Diploma Programme and scholarship funds for it.

title: SATS Security Services


text: User talk:86.130.210.196

title: User talk:86.130.210.196


text:
Zoom Corporation

Zoom Corporation is a Japan-based audio company whose main business is the design and development of electronic devices for music. The company’s products are sold worldwide. Established in 1983, the company is listed on the JASDAQ market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Corporate History
Zoom Corporation was founded in Tokyo in 1983 and in 2004, established ZOOM HK LTD as a logistics base in Hong Kong. In 2009, it set up ZOOM Dongguan Corporation (China) as a quality control operation; 2013, formed ZOOM North America, LLC (US) as a distribution base; 2017, listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange JASDAQ (Standard); In 2018, acquired shares of Mogar Music S.p.A. (Italy) (current consolidated subsidiary Mogar Music S.r.l.), making it a subsidiary as a distribution center; and in 2020, acquired all shares of ZOOM North America, LLC (US), making it a wholly-owned subsidiary; 2020, ZOOM UK Distribution LTD excluded as equity method affiliate; 2021, acquired all shares of Hook Up, Inc. in Japan, making it a wholly-owned subsidiary.

Major Product Categories
In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, Zoom Corporation's main product categories accounted for the following percentages of sales: Handy Audio Recorders (HAR),   43%; Digital Mixers / Multitrack Recorders (DMX/MTR),   13%; Multi Effects (MFX), 12%; Handy Video Recorders (HVR), 10%; Professional Field Recorders (PFR)  7%; other 15%.

Guitar effect processors

 * G1
 * G1X
 * G1Next
 * G1XNext
 * G1 Four
 * G1X Four
 * G1u
 * G1on
 * G1Xon
 * G2
 * G2.1u
 * G2Nu
 * G2.1Nu
 * G3/G3X
 * G5
 * G7.1ut
 * G9.2tt
 * G11
 * GFX-1
 * GFX-3
 * GFX-4
 * GFX-5
 * GFX-8
 * GM-200
 * MS-100BT
 * MS-50G
 * MS-70CDR
 * ZFX
 * 503
 * 505
 * 505II
 * 508
 * 606
 * 606II
 * 707
 * 707II
 * 1010
 * 2020
 * 4040
 * 8080
 * 3000S
 * 3030
 * 4040
 * 9030
 * 9002
 * 9002 Artist's Edition
 * 9000s
 * 9050S
 * 9120
 * 9150

GFX-8
At the time it was released, the GFX-8 was the flagship of the Zoom GFX series.

It has a solid steel dark green body with an opto-based pedal on the right and red LED display on the top left. It uses the Variable Architecture Modeling System (V.A.M.S) technology. In general, there are three main internal modules: for drive, for modulation and for delay. The unit allows a high level of distortion customization by using specialized software. It also allows the use of external distortion. The technology used in the unit does not allow full reordering of the effects but allows some of modulation effects like wah and phaser to be connected before or after the drive module. The drive module implements dynamic related effects like compressor, overdrive, distortion and fuzz. After the drive module, the noise gate module called ZNR (ZOOM Noise Reduction) is connected, followed by a parametric equalizer (presence, treble, middle, bass). The amp simulation module is connected next and allows various types of guitar amplifier simulations. The modulation module implements effects like wah, phaser, chorus, ring modulator, tremolo, vibrato, flanger and pitch shifter. The delay module is used to implement delay and reverb effects. Effects that require high processing power use modulation and delay module together. One such effect is the jam play effect, which allows, for example, a guitar player to play a rhythm guitar part and then play a solo part over it. The unit design is oriented toward ease of use by providing more knobs than usually found on such units, thus making the unit look more like a chain of effect boxes instead of the typical effect processor with a "few knobs many functions" type design. The unit has mature MIDI capabilities, allowing both control from an external sequencer or using the unit as a MIDI controller. The MIDI OUT can be configured to act as MIDI THRU.

Bass guitar effect processors

 * 708II
 * 607
 * 506
 * 506II
 * B1
 * B1x
 * B1on
 * B1Xon
 * B2
 * B2.1u
 * B3
 * B3n
 * B9.1ut
 * MS-60B

Acoustic guitar effect processors

 * 504
 * 504II
 * A2
 * A2.1u
 * A3

Studio rack mountable effect processors

 * RFX-2200
 * RFX-2000
 * RFX-1100
 * RFX-1000
 * Zoom Studio 1201
 * Zoom Studio 1202
 * Zoom Studio 1204
 * 9010
 * 9200

Digital recorders

 * H1 Handy Recorder
 * H1n Handy Recorder
 * H2 Handy Recorder
 * H2n
 * H3-VR
 * H4 Handy Recorder
 * H5 Handy Recorder
 * H4n Handy Recorder
 * H6 Handy Recorder
 * F1-SP / F1-LP Field Recorder
 * F2 / F2-BT Field Recorder
 * F3 Field Recorder
 * F4 Field Recorder
 * F8 Field Recorder
 * F8n Field Recorder
 * MRS-1608
 * MRS-1266
 * MRS-1044
 * MRS-802
 * MRS-8
 * MRS-4
 * PS-04
 * PS-02
 * HD8 / HD8CD
 * HD16 / HD16CD
 * R8
 * R16
 * R24
 * Q2HD
 * Q3
 * Q3HD
 * Q4
 * Q4n
 * Q8HD

Rhythm machines

 * RT-123
 * RT-223
 * RT-323
 * RT-234
 * MRT-3
 * MRT-3b
 * SB-246
 * ST-224
 * ARQ AR-48
 * ARQ AR-96

Guitar amplifiers

 * FIRE-36M
 * FIRE-18M
 * FIRE-36
 * FIRE-18
 * FIRE-7010

Audio interfaces

 * TAC-2
 * TAC-2R
 * TAC-8
 * UAC-2
 * UAC-8

title: Zoom Corporation


text:
Ernest A. Batchelder

Ernest Allan Batchelder (January 22, 1875 – August 6, 1957) was an American artist and educator who made Southern California his home in the early 20th century. He created art tiles and was a leader in the American Arts and Crafts Movement.

Early life
Ernest Allan Batchelder was born on January 22, 1875, in Nashua, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. In 1894, Batchelder began attending classes at Massachusetts Normal Art School (now Massachusetts College of Art and Design), which was founded in 1873 with the intention to support the Massachusetts Drawing Act of 1870 by providing drawing teachers for the public schools as well as training professional artists, designers, and architects. In 1899 he received his Public School Class diploma. Batchelder came to Pasadena, California, in the early 1900s to teach, and became director of the art department at Throop Polytechnic Institute, the predecessor of the California Institute of Technology.

Career
Batchelder's life took a turn in 1909 when, behind his house overlooking the Arroyo Seco, he built a kiln and entered the business of creating hand-crafted art tiles. The tiles were hugely popular, and by the 1920s, Batchelder's tiles could be found in homes and buildings across the United States. Batchelder's prominence in Southern California's art community included his involvement in the founding of the Pasadena Art Institute and his membership in the Pasadena Society of Artists. Batchelder was also the third Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Pasadena Playhouse, to which he contributed an original tile fireplace and fountain (recently restored).

The style in which Batchelder worked was highly distinctive. First, he used a single-fire process known as engobe in which a primary wash of colored clay slip (usually pale blue) was applied to the surface of the tile before being fired, pooling in the recesses of the design, with excess being wiped off. Then the tile was fired. A typical glazed tile is fired twice–once before glaze, and once after, thereby sealing in the added color. Batchelder's designs often drew on Medieval themes but also included flowers, vines, and California oaks; birds, particularly peacocks; Mayan patterns; Byzantine themes; and geometric shapes.

Batchelder architectural tiles met with great success, and the company moved twice, expanding each time. Its tiles appear on the walls and floors of many New York City apartment house lobbies, and can be found in shops, restaurants, swimming pools and hotels throughout the United States.

One of Batchelder's last and largest projects was the Hotel Hershey in Hershey, Pennsylvania, built by the famous chocolate manufacturer in 1930, in order to give jobs to many local residents who would otherwise have been unemployed during the Depression. Batchelder tiles appeared on the walls, floors and stair risers of a dazzling fountain room, complete with central pool and a mezzanine level. Unfortunately, Batchelder's company, which had employed 150 men at its peak, was forced out of business by the Great Depression in 1932; although Batchelder continued to make pottery in a small shop in Pasadena until the early 1950s. In addition to the Batchelder Tile Company, there were numerous other California tile manufacturers. The abundant local clays, inexpensive fuel, power, and cheap labour were all factors that contributed to an active tile industry, while the rapidly growing population led to a continual demand for new buildings. Moreover, the most popular local architectural styles, such as Spanish, Mediterranean and Colonial Revival, use large amounts of tile.

One of Batchelder's famous earliest commissions became Los Angeles Historical-Cultural Monument No. 137: a Dutch-themed Chocolate Shop. The cocoa-brown walls were crowned with tiles of Dutch maidens, wooden clogs, and windmills. "It's certainly one of the most beautiful and extravagant tile interiors in Los Angeles or anywhere," said Ken Bernstein, manager of the city's Office of Historic Resources. "It's a remarkable example of the use of ceramic tile and a preeminent example of Batchelder's work."

Batchelder House
The Batchelder House built in Pasadena, California, in the early 1900s, and where he set up his first kiln, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He lived nearby to California Impressionism painter Jean Mannheim. The current resident, the late Dr. Robert Winter, wrote the definitive Batchelder history, Batchelder Tilemaker (1999, Balcony Press, ISBN 1-890449-03-2). Although the house is not open to the public, some Batchelder tiles, stamped with heraldic animals and figures, may be found on the walkway in front of the dwelling.

Books
Batchelder wrote two books on tile design: The Principal of Design, (1901); Design in Theory and Practice, (1911).

Awards and honors

 * Between 2016 and 2017, the Pasadena Museum of History in Pasadena, California, hosted Batchelder: Tilemaker, a retrospective of Batchelder's life and career.

title: Ernest A. Batchelder


text:
Talk:Calendula

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MShaynec.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
"They are actually a native to southern Europe, but they are hardy in our climate as well." ... Who are we? Americans? British? Do we live in Alaska or Arizona? The sentence does not make sense when the world is your audience. --195.24.26.30 10:13, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it is nonsense; removed it. - MPF 16:16, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Same with "It is also the flower of the month October." Worldwide? Who decided this? I have never heard of this (but that may not mean anything). More likely this is another americanism.195.128.250.140 23:01, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

"The leaves of this plant are 5-18 cm long" The words this plant suggest they only apply to C. officinalis, not to all species belonging to this genus. In that case, the text does not belong here. Does anyone know more about the general properties? TeunSpaans 06:19, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Another aspect of this article which i doubt concerns the area where the flowers are indigenous. The german article lists the area from macaronesia to Iran, this sounds much more probable to me than the meditteranean - central america hypothesis. TeunSpaans 06:46, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

According to the concise brittanica, marigold = "any plant of the genus Tagetes of the family Asteraceae, consisting of about 30 species of annual herbs native to southwestern North America, tropical America, and South America. The name marigold also refers to the pot marigold (genus Calendula) and unrelated plants of several families". It seems to me this article started out as an article on Tagetes, and ended up as an article abour Calendula, and no-one ever bothered about checking the contents. TeunSpaans 08:42, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed the area to the area listed in the German wiki. I must leave it to someone else to describe the general characteristics of this genus. TeunSpaans 08:54, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The leaf size does cover at least the selection of species for which I have descriptions available (they are all fairly similar, and the others probably do not differ much); I've re-worded it to remove the circumlocution 'of this plant'. The concise brittanica is wrong in that Calendula is the true marigold; Tagetes is a much later "imposter", but your supposition that some Tagetes details had been added to the article (when it was earlier titled 'Marigold') is correct. I've restored a link to the Mediterranean region, as that is where the bulk of the species occur, but correct, Central America shouldn't have been there. - MPF 15:17, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

The text says "genus Calendula" but the box on the right says "Calendua". Is that a typo? Karora 00:43, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Thanks. JoJan 13:57, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Tagetes is not the "true marigold".
The article states, "Calendula should not be confused with the true marigolds (Tagetes species, see marigold)." I object to the notion that Tagetes is the "true marigold". Tagetes is a native of the Americas. It cannot have acquired the English name "marigold" before the 16th century. Calendula has been known as "marigold" in Britain since mediaeval times. Calendula is therefore the original bearer of the name, which was presumably later passed on to Tagetes because of its similar appearance, as happened with many other species. I suspect the article was written by an American, to whom Tagetes would have appeared as the original species and Calendula as a later import.Brumel (talk) 08:54, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

More Data
Hi, I am a rather new Wiki editor. I thought Calendula deserved more recognition, so I looked up some information in PubMed and added the "Constituents" section and more data in the medicinal uses section. --Little Flower Eagle (talk) 21:56, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Ymbglidegold?
The term "ymbglidegold" is mentioned with no substantiation. It's certainly not Saxon. I assume that the author meant Anglo-Saxon, but the etymology seems flawed. In Anglo-Saxon, "It turns with the sun" would be roughly "Hit wendþ mid þære sunnan", clearly completely unrelated. I can't find any explanation in the multiple hits I've found on Google, and my Anglo-Saxon dictionaries draw a blank, so I'm marking this as an unsubtantiated claim. Groogle (talk) 07:17, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Potential confusion over "pot marigold" and "field marigold"
The beginning of this article identifies the common name of Calendula as "pot marigold." I'm not sure this is accurate. As I understand it, Calendula is the genus; without a species name added to it, it doesn't refer to a particular plant with a common name. Calendula officinalis is known as "pot marigold," while Calendula arvensis is known as "field marigold." To avoid confusion, I propose removing the words "pot marigold" from the opening sentence. Think kittens (talk) 16:21, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

"Uses" References
I've just noticed that references 17., 18., and 19. point to empty pages on a website that doesn't look citable to me. This makes the contents of all "uses" sections (medicinal, culinary, dye) unsubstantiated. I don't have the time to look into it properly right now, but hoped somebody else might be able to check these? Bittercress (talk) 15:02, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Pharmacological and medicinal??
The latter section seems to be about the historical use of calendula as a medicine; other than that, the two sections are both about the pharmacological usage, surely? — Iadmc  ♫ talk 19:19, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calendula


text: Category:Defunct companies of Singapore

title: Category:Defunct companies of Singapore


text:
Kushiel's Dart

Kushiel's Dart is a fantasy novel by American writer Jacqueline Carey, the first book in her Kushiel's Legacy series. The idea for the book first came to Carey when she was reading the Biblical Book of Genesis, specifically a passage about the Sons of God coming into the "Daughters of Men." Later, when she was writing a coffee table book, she encountered Jewish folklore, which paralleled the story in greater detail. The fictional nation of Terre D'Ange in the story was founded by a rebel angel.

Setting
The Kushiel's Legacy series is set in a medieval world modeled after Earth (the map at the beginning of the novels is a map of Earth, with creatively historically named countries). The main characters are from Terre d'Ange, which occupies the area of France.

Terre d'Ange was founded by Elua and His Companions and is thereby a nation of progeny of fallen angels.

Each of Elua's companions founded a province of Terre d'Ange, except Cassiel, who chose to remain loyal to the commandments of the One God and not 'commingle with mortals.'

Society
Elua's precept was "Love as thou wilt." This results in the fact that love and physical pleasure is a central aspect of society in Terre d'Ange. Although marriage exists in Terre d'Ange, it is viewed equally with other forms of love, including dalliance, taking a lover or consort, etc. It likewise engendered an acceptance of any form of love, be it reverent or harsh, heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Usually, as part of a marriage, a D'Angeline lights a candle to Eisheth, asking her to "open the womb" of the woman so that she may be able to become pregnant.

One of the central institutions of Terre d'Ange is service to the angel Naamah. As such, her adepts are courtesans who prostitute themselves in a sacred service that honors Naamah's similar sacrifice to Elua. Naamah was said to have "la[in] down with strangers in the marketplace for coin" in order that Elua could eat when the Companions had no money. She also, according to legend, offered herself to the King of Persis in exchange for Elua's freedom. In Naamah's honour, Servants of Naamah provide sexual services to paying clients (which goes to the owner of their marque, or into the pockets of the courtesans who have earned their marques) and an optional "patron gift" freely offered in honour of Naamah (which pays for the marque to be tattooed onto the courtesans' back.).

The Court of Night-Blooming Flowers, or the "Night Court," is in the City of Elua and comprises Thirteen Houses. Each house has a head, called the Dowayne. Each Servant of Naamah owes a debt to their House for the training they have received, and in many cases upbringing. Their debt is considered complete when their marque, a tattoo covering the entire back, is complete.

Ruling classes
Terre D'Ange exists in a monarchical system, which is currently ruled by the Courcel line. They are directly descended from Elua, and their signature physical attribute is a graceful neck, which parallels the fact that their emblem is the Swan.

Each region has its own ruling elite in a feudal structure.

The judicial system is structured independently from the feudal ruling class and operates with a hierarchy similar to that of contemporary European courts, including multiple levels of appellate court review. The ultimate appellate authority rests with the monarch, who has the discretion to either review cases personally or uphold prior judgments by refusing further appeals. In terms of criminal justice, D'Angelines adhere to standards that are generally comparable to modern European norms. However, the legal system still enforces capital punishment and public floggings. Additionally, rape is classified as a capital crime.

Plot summary
The novel chronicles the life of Phèdre nó Delaunay from her early years. Phèdre is born with a distinctive mark in her eye, initially deemed unsuitable for service as a religious courtesan. However, this mark is later identified as a sign of her being an "anguissette," a person who experiences sexual gratification from pain. She is eventually acquired by a nobleman who trains her in the arts of a courtesan. During her service, Phèdre uncovers a conspiracy threatening her homeland and finds herself in a position to thwart it.

Delaunay's household

 * Phèdre nó Delaunay – Main protagonist
 * Anafiel Delaunay – Noble, Phèdre and Alcuin's mentor
 * Alcuin nó Delaunay – foster brother to Phèdre
 * Joscelin Verreuil – a Cassiline Brother
 * Guy – an expelled Cassiline Brother

Royal Family of Terre D'Ange

 * Ganelon de la Courcel – King of Terre d'Ange
 * Rolande de la Courcel – son of Ganelon de la Courcel, Dauphin
 * Isabel L'Envers – wife of Rolande; Princess-Consort
 * Ysandre de la Courcel – daughter of Rolande and Isabel, Dauphine

Companions of Elua

 * Elua – "The Misbegotten" was conceived from the comingling of the Yeshua's blood from the Tiberium spear that killed Yeshua on the cross, with the tears of the Magdalene who loved him, and born from the womb of Mother Earth.
 * Naamah – an angel. She is 'Venus' and patron of courtesans, and sanctified all sex as holy as long as it is consensual and motivated by some form of love.
 * Anael – an angel
 * Cassiel – an angel. His form of love centers around abstainment, protection, and self-sacrifice. Cassiel alone has no descendants but his followers are celibate priests/bodyguards.
 * Shemhazai – an angel
 * Azza – an angel
 * Kushiel – an angel. His form of love centers around punishment, expiation of guilt, and overcoming pain. Descendants of Kushiel are Sadists.
 * Eisheth – an angel
 * Camael – an angel.

Others

 * Master of the Straits - Controls the seas between Alba and Terre D'Ange
 * Hyacinthe (character)|Hyacinthe, son of Anasztaizia – a Tsingano, "The Prince of Travellers."
 * Drustan mab Necthana – son of Necthana; Prince of the Picti
 * Waldemar Selig – Skaldi warlord
 * Melisande - a seductive but sinister noblewoman whom Phedre finds difficult to resist

Awards and nominations
Kushiel's Dart won the 2002 Locus Award for Best First Novel. It was also nominated for the 2002 Gaylactic Spectrum Awards.

title: Kushiel's Dart


text:
Talk:Ribbons of Soviet Union Decorations

Ok folks, I will merge this article to Awards and decorations of the Soviet Union, but I need some time. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 20:30, 26 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Phils/sig

Phil s

title: User:Phils/sig


text: User talk:84.48.67.25

title: User talk:84.48.67.25


text:
Hatoma

Hatoma (鳩間島, Hatoma-jima; Yaeyama: Patuma; Okinawan: Hatuma) is a small island of the Yaeyama Islands, approximately 1 km in diameter. It is under the administration of Taketomi District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. In local language, the island's name is pronounced Patuma.

Geography
Hatoma is located just north of Iriomote. It is a tiny island, with an area of just 0.96 km2, a circumference of 3.9 km, and a population of about 48.

History
Hatoma has been continuously inhabited for at least several centuries, if not longer. Excavations on the island have shown that until recent times, Hatoma residents subsisted largely on shellfish gathered in the surrounding shallow waters, and vegetables.

Unlike nearby Iriomote, Hatoma was not infested by malaria; hence its long-term settlement.

In the early 1900s, Hatoma flourished as a skipjack tuna fishing port. At that time, the population of the island numbered in the hundreds. In 1968, because of the declining economic viability of skipjack tuna fishing (partly due to decreased consumption of katsuobushi due to the use of MSG in its stead), katsuobushi (dried and smoked skipjack tuna) processing facilities on the island were shut down, but the demographic decline started well before this.

With the decline of its only industry, the population of Hatoma rapidly shrank. When the population of its only school fell to just a handful, the Taketomi authorities attempted to shut it down. The island residents, however, fought to keep the school open, and succeeded by using an innovative program: households take in the children from mainland Japan who, for reasons of stress or mental difficulties, could not attend a local school, and send them to the school on Hatoma. This program, called Kaihin Ryūgaku (海浜留学) (foster homes), still survives to this day, and the school's doors remain open.

Being a small, outlying island, infrastructure was slow to come to Hatoma; the island did not receive electricity until the 1960s.

Education
The Taketomi town authorities maintain a single combined elementary and junior high school on the island: Hatoma Elementary and Junior High School (竹富町立鳩間小中学校).

For public senior high school students may attend schools of the Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education.

Cultural references
Featured in the 2005 Japanese television drama Ruri no Shima (Ruri's Island), by Nippon TV.

title: Hatoma


text:
Talk:Cains Brewery

Fair use rationale for Image:CainsLogo.jpg
Image:CainsLogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Notable achievements
''Was tagged for cleanup and prose in January 2010. Moved to talk for discussion and formatting.'' RJFJR (talk) 17:10, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Construction of the Philharmonic Dining Rooms, an extravagant public house.
 * First brewery to print responsible drinking advice on beer labels in 2003 in response to government initiatives.
 * First British brewery to be owned by an Asian family.
 * Cains is the official beer of Liverpool's 2008 European Capital of Culture celebrations.
 * Cains wins Red Tractor Mark, 2009
 * 'Cains Export Lager' wins Gold Medal from the British Bottlers Institute, 2009
 * "Cains Finest Export Lager" The Greatest Bottled Lager by GQ MAGAZINE
 * GQ the upmarket Men's Magazine has Voted Cains Finest Lager No2 out of 100 for The 100 Best Things in the World. (You cannot afford to live without them!)

title: Talk:Cains Brewery