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Talk:Pierre Mendès France

Spelling and derivation of name Mendès France
Just a remark. Mendès France has no hyphen as it is the Frenchified version of the original Portuguese name Mendes de França. The common ancestor of all the Mendès France was Luis Mendes de França who arrived in France in 1683( having escaped from the Inquistion after having been tried for judaizing). Firstly he signed the Portuguese name then adopted Mendès France.

For more information it is possible, under certain conditions, to consult the genealogical and historical archives of Pierre Mendès France at the Alliance Israelite Universelle,Paris. Signed82.125.235.242 11:44, 6 October 2005 (UTC)Joan Mendès France

Pronunciation
"(pronounced Man-dez-Fronce)" -- I removed this as it is neither fish nor fowl. If we are to have any pronunciation shown it really ought to be in IPA. -- Picapica 21:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Man" as in English or as in French? (well, it's as in French, since in that language "en" rhymes with "an")
 * "dez" as in English or as in French? (well, this time it must be as in English, since "dez" in French is pronounced "dé")
 * "Fronce" as in English or as in French? (well, neither, since in English the last part of the man's name rhymes not with "once" but with the second syllable of "seance" -- and in French "on" certainly does not rhyme with "an")

Except that hardly anyone will be able to understand it. There is no way of giving pronunciations for foreign names which is both 100% accurate and accessible to non-linguists. I think my version is reasonably accurate. But you'd rather leave readers with no help at all, that's up to you. Adam 00:33, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed, no help is better than misleading help, in my view. My ordinary desk dictionary, by no means a specialist publication aimed at "linguists only", uses IPA to indicate pronunciations. Ideally, all foreign-language names in the English-language Wikipedia, as well as English-language proper names with unusual pronunciations, will eventually have attached sound-files, as an increasing number already have. In the meantime, IPA is our best tool. -- Picapica 22:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I would prefer "Mon-dez-Fronce." I'm not sure how "Fronce" would be pronounced except as rhyming with the second syllable of "seance". Certainly it wouldn't be pronounced "Fr-wunce", and that isn't implied by the pronunciation given. john k 02:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, that's precisely the trouble with using individually "made-up" pronunciation schemes. I don't pronounce "once" as "wunce". (You are right, though, that I chose badly since that word is pronounced "wunce" in US and some varieties of, especially southern, British English). For me, "once" rhymes with "bonce", "nonce", and "ponce". "Seance", however, does not rhyme with any of those words: the anglicized pronunciation of séance is -- eschewing IPA -- "sayahnss". -- Picapica 22:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

To Govern is to Choose
When or where did he say or write this?Paulturtle (talk) 17:30, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pierre Mendès France


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Talk:Webb–Haney Act

I found this topic today when doing some poking around for the COTW: Roaring Twenties. I am having a difficult time finding the exact text of this law and/or when it was repealed. Also I don't know if it is more common to refer to this law as the Webb-Haney Act or the Alien Land Law, so someone with a more appropriate background should move this page if necessary.

Of course this brings up a whole series of Immigration Laws that have not even been started. Jacob 21:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate?
California Alien Land Law of 1913. Oyama v. California should be mentioned... AnonMoos (talk) 12:23, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Webb–Haney Act


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Talk:Psychedelic art

Re: Gwen-chan (talk | contribs) (replaced non-free copyrighted image with public domain image from Commons)
BTW, the removed image was being used with permission from the artist. --Thoric (talk) 20:34, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I saw that, but a completely free, public domain image with no constraints on how it is used or credited is the ideal. Gwen Chan 20:46, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Until one is supplied, and not removed, I put the original image back -- which again, has permission from the artist to use on Wikipedia. Please do not leave this article without an image! --Thoric (talk) 21:04, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Psychedelic artists
The Psychedelic artists section is too contentious to leave almost completely unreferenced. I suggest we remove all those without references supporting a statement that the person makes psychedelic art. Ideally if the artist's article has a reference it should be included here. - Shiftchange (talk) 00:06, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I would say the proper procedure would be to try to source such references, rather than remove those currently without. --Thoric (talk) 19:59, 12 May 2015 (UTC) Here is one reference we can work with: http://psy-amb.blogspot.ca/2012/11/42-modern-psychedelic-visionary-artists.html
 * Actually no. Anybody can challenge any un-sourced claim, remove it and ask for a citation from a reliable source. You don't build an encyclopedia by hoping statements are true. - Shiftchange (talk) 13:10, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I didn't say you couldn't challenge it. I'm saying that it would be far more helpful to add the citations you so desire rather than delete content pending someone else adding said citations.  Also, WP:Verifiability states that, "any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable, published source".  So if you have a specific name on that list you are challenging, feel free, but you shouldn't just blanket challenge the entire list as a whole.  I do not feel that the list of psychedelic artists is considered to be material that is "likely to be challenged".  --Thoric (talk) 21:31, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Having a long list within an article is not great style. This could either be a separate list, or there could be a category Psychedelic Artists that would allow people to access a dynamic list. Presumably in each article there would be sufficient referencing to support the claim. (I favor the latter approach.) LaMona (talk) 14:36, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

"Zero Tolerance" Image
What exactly is the relevance of the "Zero Tolerance" image in counterculture section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:C3:C202:5330:4C7E:AEBE:ABC2:7DCC (talk) 16:52, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I removed it, and replaced it by a more appropriate image. It was probably added by the user who created the image.Teknad (talk) 10:06, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

Biased Language
Hi!

Just wanted some clarity and context around the statement "Underground Comix were ribald, intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness." Without context and citation for this, I find "weird" to be suggesting of biased language. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maisonmartin (talk • contribs) 17:56, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

"Entoptic art" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entoptic_art&redirect=no Entoptic art] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached.  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 14:24, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psychedelic art


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Highwayman (The Highwaymen album)

Highwayman is the first studio album released by country supergroup The Highwaymen, comprising Kris Kristofferson, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson. Highwayman, released through Columbia Records in 1985, was the group's first and most successful album.

Background
All four musicians had long been admirers of each other's work. Cash, who got his start at Sun Records in the mid-fifties, shared an apartment with Jennings between marriages in the late sixties, a time when both Jennings and Nelson were growing weary of Nashville’s stale recording practices. When Kristofferson emerged as a new voice for progressive country songwriting around this time, all three covered his songs, with Cash’s version of "Sunday Morning Coming Down" becoming a smash, and heralded the younger musician as a unique talent. Jennings, Nelson, and Kristofferson would go on to enjoy immense success as part of the Outlaw movement in the seventies, with Waylon and Willie recording several albums and embarking on lucrative tours. By the mid-eighties, Nelson remained the most relevant on the charts while the careers of the other three had lulled somewhat. As Nelson biographer Joe Nick Patoski puts it, "The strength-in-numbers collaboration aimed to bolster the careers of four giants old enough to be regarded as legends but who were no longer considered suitable for contemporary country radio." In his 1996 memoir Waylon, Jennings recalled:

 * John had brought our four personalities together initially, in Montreaux, Switzerland, in 1984. Every year, he had a television Christmas special, and that holiday season he wanted us all to come over...We started trading songs in the hotel after we worked on the special, and someone said, like they always do, we oughta cut the album...Usually everyone goes their separate ways after that, but the idea took hold.

In contrast to his close relationship with Jennings and Kristofferson, Cash barely knew Nelson, but within days, the foursome were in a Nashville studio with Moman (who had produced Nelson's two previous albums) trying out some material. Kristofferson later marvelled, "I always looked up to all of them and felt like I was kind of a kid who had climbed up on Mount Rushmore and stuck his face out there."

Recording and composition
Highwayman, consisting of ten tracks, was released as a follow-up to the successful single of the same name and the title track of the album itself. "Highwayman", a Jimmy Webb cover, hit the top of the country charts and was followed up by the Top 20 hit "Desperados Waiting for a Train", whose original version was released by Guy Clark. The album was entirely produced by Chips Moman. Marty Stuart also played guitar and mandolin on the sessions. From the first playback, there was magic in their collective voices, and with Moman's encouragement, the group, which they called The Highwaymen, assembled some other songs that spoke to the nostalgic appeal of these four veteran talents coming together. Nelson later admitted, "You wouldn't think our four uneven voices would blend. But they did. They fit together like a jigsaw puzzle." The version of "Big River" on this album is significant because it includes a Jennings-sung verse that Cash omitted from the original recording. The album is also notable for the song "The Twentieth Century Is Almost Over," written by Steve Goodman, who had died of leukaemia the year before, and John Prine, who Kristofferson in particular had been a fan and supporter of for years.

The group wasn't named "The Highwaymen" from the beginning. On their first two albums, they are credited as "Nelson, Jennings, Cash, Kristofferson". The official name which came to be widely recognized began to be used only in later years, and their last collaborative effort, The Road Goes on Forever, was already credited to "The Highwaymen".

Critical reception
Robert Huffman Rated the album 5 out of 5 stars. According to MNN news network. Robert was quoted by Nancy Wolfe saying "I can't stop listening to this album" Also rating it 4 out of 5 stars, William Ruhlmann of Allmusic wrote that "the rest of the record...lives up to the leadoff hit." Kristofferson biographer Stephen Miller writes, "At times Highwayman sounded over-produced, not least because of the occasional presence of synthesizers, and while it had a definite country feel, at times it leant towards an AOR style."

Personnel
From Highwayman liner notes.

 * The Highwaymen
 * Johnny Cash - vocals
 * Waylon Jennings - vocals, guitar
 * Willie Nelson - vocals, guitar
 * Kris Kristofferson - vocals

 * Musicians
 * J. R. Cobb - guitars
 * Gene Chrisman - drums
 * Paul Davis - keyboards, background vocals
 * Bobby Emmons - keyboards
 * Mike Leech - bass guitar
 * Chips Moman - guitars, background vocals
 * Mickey Raphael - harmonica
 * Johnny Rodriguez - background vocals
 * Marty Stuart - guitar, mandolin
 * Jimmy Tittle - bass guitar
 * Bobby Wood - keyboards
 * Reggie Young - guitars

 * Technical
 * David Cherry - engineering
 * Ken Criblez - assistant engineer
 * Larry Greenhill - assistant engineer
 * Chips Moman - producer, engineering
 * Denny Purcell - mastering

title: Highwayman (The Highwaymen album)


text: User talk:24.91.128.41

title: User talk:24.91.128.41


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Talk:Tomographic reconstruction

Figure indices need review
Apart from fig. 1, the indices are missing, and perhaps not correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.158.85.214 (talk) 14:01, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Mistake in "r" expression?
Did I forget my elementary maths or on figure 1: $$ r = \pm\sqrt{(x.\cos\theta)^2 + (y.\sin\theta)^2} $$ instead of $$ r =x.\cos\theta+y.\sin\theta $$ ? 12:22, 13 February 2014 (UTC)212.186.248.10 (talk) 12:22, 13 February 2014 (UTC) I'm not sure which distance you like to characterize with your formula. It looks to me like the radius of a centered circle. In my opinion the picture is described insufficient and some more explanations would be good in general. Eg. I assume that right in the first formula "I" stands for intensity, but nobdoy found it worth to mention. Or it makes it more difficult that r is used in the pircture for a signed distance but also for a coordinate The formula
 * $$x\cos\theta + y\sin\theta = r\ $$

describes the line that is marked with AB, in reference to the xy coordinate system. θ is the angle of AB r is the displacement of the line AB from the point of origin My assumptions to the picture: The line AB is normal to the projection plain. The point of the xy origin represents the middle of the machine The line AB represents the ray which is moved into direction of coordinate r. The distance r is a signed distance. It changes the sign when AB passes the point of origin.

Don't
Don't you think that Radon's transformation is just one of methods used in tomographic reconstruction? Saigon from europe 21:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Radon Transform simply describes the physical process in mathematical terms. Reconstruction means solving for f inside the integral in the Radon Transform. It is unusual to use Radon's Inverse Transform to do this, for the reasons given in the article, hence many other methods are available. Some of these other methods rely on the relationship of the Radon Transform with other mathematical transformations, such as the Fourier Transform, and other methods rely or linear algebra, and (many more methods). Frade 00:19, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * But in this case, these other methods should be mentioned in the article.
 * In SPECT reconstruction, where a tomographic reconstruction is also used, iterative reconstruction methods like OSEM and MLEM have replaced filtered backprojection.
 * Isn't therefore the name "tomographic reconstruction" a bit misleading? --Hg6996 (talk) 09:23, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Images
These images were posted at the sinogram page, but as that is a disambiguation page I thought they belonged here. Someone with expertise in the subject can post them if you want ... Agradman (talk) 18:36, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Needs to be rewritten by an expert
I am a mathematician, but I found this article confusing to the point of being useless. In the diagram, the letter r is used for two entirely different objects, and it has yet a third different use in the alleged explanation. The formulas are not explained adequately. I make no sense of it.

This is far from my areas of expertise, so I am unable to attempt a fix. Someone please tag this article.

--  Solo Owl   18:04, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Gallery contains wrong statement
The "ART based reconstruction" video is definitely an example of a filtered-backprojection where the backprojection is visualized step by step. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:CA:A3E2:8000:4134:5826:CCE4:E3D9 (talk) 21:22, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

What is delta?
In this equation,

 * $$p_{\theta}(r)=\int^\infty_{-\infty}\int^\infty_{-\infty}f(x,y)\delta(x\cos\theta+y\sin\theta-r)\,dx\,dy$$

what is $$\delta$$ ? MathPerson (talk) 14:26, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing that out. It is the Dirac delta function. I have added a link in the article. -- 17:59, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomographic reconstruction


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ignominious

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (transwikied by someone else). – ugen64 01:48, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ignominious
Dictionary definition, already transwikied, not an encyclopedic concept, no potential that I can see. Kappa 21:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete You 21:57, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete transwiki'd dictdef. Wikibofh 22:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictdef already transwikied. Besides, Kappa never nominates articles for deletion which should not be deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!) 06:41, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (Sorry, Kappa.) The adjective→noun redirect would be to ignominy. We don't have that.  But we do have something else. Redirect to shame. Uncle G 19:51, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * I (mildly) oppose redirection to places that don't mention the word in question. Kappa 20:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Ecaterina Teodoroiu

Ecaterina Teodoroiu (formal rendition of Cătălina Toderoiu; 14 January 1894 – 3 September 1917) was a Romanian woman who fought on the front and died in World War I, and is regarded as a heroine of Romania.

A Romanian Scouts member, she had initially worked as a nurse but she subsequently decided to become a front-line soldier, being deeply impressed by the patriotism of the wounded and the death of her brother Nicolae, a sergeant in the Romanian Army. It was an unusual decision for a woman of that era, so she was sent to the front rather reluctantly. However, with the support of the Romanian royal family, she was able to serve in the military and eventually came to be seen as a symbol.

Early life
Teodoroiu was born in the village of Vădeni (now part of Târgu Jiu), in the historical region of Oltenia, in the family of Elena and Vasile Toderoiu, both farmers. Ecaterina had five brothers (Nicolae, Eftimie, Andrei, Ion, Vasile) and two sisters (Elisabeta and Sabina). After studying for 4 years in Vădeni and Târgu Jiu at the Romanian-German Primary School, she went on to graduate from the Girls' School in Bucharest. There she joined the first female Romanian Scout troop. Returning home, she became active in another scout troop. Before she could start her preparation for a teaching certificate, the Kingdom of Romania entered World War I in August 1916, on the side of the Allies.

Military career
Working as a nurse, on 27 October 1916 Teodoroiu joined the civilians and the reserve soldiers fighting to repulse the attack of a Bavarian company of the 9th German Army at the bridge over the Jiu River, in front of Târgu-Jiu. Impressed by her bravery, the Royal Family invited her to Bucharest on.

On, she went to the frontline to see her brother Nicolae, a sergeant in the 18 Infantry Regiment (Gorj). Shortly afterwards, on, her brother was killed by an artillery shell during fighting near Porceni (today Gornăcel, Schela, Gorj).

Wishing to avenge her brother's death, Teodoroiu asked Colonel Obogeanu to allow her to join the 18th Infantry Regiment as a volunteer. She would soon prove her military skills by using a ruse in order to keep her company, surrounded by the enemy, from being taken prisoner: after announcing in German the decision of the regiment to surrender, Teodoroiu started shooting, killing several Germans and allowing most of the company to escape.

She was later captured during fighting on the Rășina-Tunși-Peșteana heights on the night of 16/17 November 1916, but managed to escape with light wounds by killing the German soldier who was guarding her with a gun she had concealed in her uniform. The Germans shot the escaping Romanians through the darkness and wounded Teodoroiu in her right leg. However, she brushed this aside and returned to the company that same evening. She killed at least two Germans during her escape.

On, Teodoroiu was involved in skirmishes close to Bărbătești and Țânțăreni. Later that day, the Germans reached the town of Filiași. Fighting near Filiași on that same day, she was wounded in both legs by a mortar shell, evacuated to Craiova, then to Bucharest and later hospitalized at the King Ferdinand Military Hospital in Iași. She recovered from her wounds within months, and was discharged from hospital on 5 February 1917.

While in hospital, she met Second Lieutenant Gheorghe Mănoiu, the brother of a former school colleague. Upon her release, she asked to join his 43/59 Infantry Regiment as a voluntary nurse.

For her bravery, she was awarded the "Scout Virtue" Medal and the Military Virtue Medal, 2nd Class, on 10 March 1917. On 17 March 1917 she was awarded the Military Virtue Medal, 1st Class, made honorary Second Lieutenant (Sublocotenent) by King Ferdinand and given the command of a 25-man platoon in the 7th Company (43/59 Infantry Regiment, 11th Division), commanded by Second Lieutenant Gheorghe Mănoiu. Thus, she became the first female Romanian Army officer.

Starting with 8 May 1917, the regiment was quartered in Codăești, Vaslui County. On, the 43/59 Regiment, part of the reserve of the 1st Army led by General Eremia Grigorescu, prepared to join the upcoming offensive. On the regiment left Vaslui for Tecuci, crossed the Siret and camped in the Malta Seacă forest, close to the frontline.

On, the commander of the 11th Division, General Ernest Broșteanu, kindly asked her to stay at the mobile hospital behind the front, but Second Lieutenant Teodoroiu strongly refused him, requesting to be allowed to join her platoon in the upcoming battle.

On, the 43/59 Regiment dug in on the Secului Hill, in the Muncelu-Varnița area. On 3 September 1917, the Romanian lines were attacked in force by the German 40th Reserve Regiment of the 115th Infantry Division. While leading her platoon in a counterattack, she was hit by machine gun fire in the chest (according to some accounts), or in the head (according to other accounts). According to the General Order No. 1 issued the next day by Colonel Constantin Pomponiu, the commanding officer of the 43/59 Regiment, her last words before getting hit by machine gun fire and dying shortly afterwards were: "Forward, men, don't give up, I'm still with you!"

Legacy
After the war, Ecaterina Teodoroiu was elevated to the status of a heroine of the Romanian people. Henri Berthelot even named her the "Joan of Arc of Romania" for her outstanding bravery, patriotism and self-sacrifice.

Initially buried close to the front, in Fitioneşti, her remains were interred in June 1921 in a crypt in the city center of Târgu Jiu. Her grave is honored by a monument erected in 1936 by Milița Petrașcu.

In 1921, the Regiment 43/59 Infantry became the honorary name "Ecaterina Teodoroiu". In 1937, by Royal Decree, the Girls' High School in Târgu-Jiu was given her name (currently the National College "Ecaterina Teodoroiu"). In 1938, her native home became a memorial house.

Several monuments were erected in her honor:
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" Monument in Slatina, inaugurated in 1925 in the presence of Queen Marie
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" Monument in Brăila (1928)
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" Mausoleum in Târgu-Jiu (1936)
 * "Heroes' Monument" in Azuga (1937)
 * "Monument of the Second Lieutenant Ecaterina Teodoroiu" in Muncelu (1972)
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" Statue in Târgu-Jiu (1979)

The following films were made about her:
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" (1921)
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" (1930)
 * "Ecaterina Teodoroiu" (1978), directed by Dinu Cocea and starring Stela Furcovici in Teodoroiu's role.

Her wartime record was also a subject of Sergiu Nicolaescu's 1999 film , starring as Ecaterina Teodoroiu.

Kathryn J. Atwood dedicated a chapter to Ecaterina Teodoriu in her work "Women Heroes of World War I: 16 Remarkable Resisters, Soldiers, Spies, and Medics".

On 31 July 2019, the National Bank of Romania announced that in 2020 it would issue the 20 lei banknote, which whould feature Ecaterina Teodoroiu. The issue of the 20 lei banknote was postponed to the autumn of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2021 the National Bank of Romania announced that the 20 lei banknote bearing Ecaterina Teodoroiu's portrait would be issued on 1 December 2021. It was the first Romanian banknote with legal tender to feature a female personality.

title: Ecaterina Teodoroiu


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Welsh Dragon

The Welsh Dragon (y Ddraig Goch, meaning 'the red dragon'; ) is a heraldic symbol that represents Wales and appears on the national flag of Wales.

Ancient leaders of the Celtic Britons that are personified as dragons include Maelgwn Gwynedd, Mynyddog Mwynfawr and Urien Rheged. Later Welsh "dragons" include Owain Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and Owain Glyndŵr.

The red dragon appears in the ancient Mabinogion story of Lludd and Llefelys where it is confined, battling with an invading white dragon, at Dinas Emrys. The story continues in the Historia Brittonum, written around AD 829, where Gwrtheyrn, King of the Britons is frustrated in attempts to build a fort at Dinas Emrys. He is told by a boy, Emrys, to dig up two dragons fighting beneath the castle. He discovers the white dragon representing the Anglo-Saxons, which is soon to be defeated by the red dragon of Wales.

The red dragon is now seen as symbolising Wales, present on the current national flag of Wales, which became an official flag in 1959.

History
The military use of the term "dragon" (in Latin, "draco") dates back to the Roman period and this in turn is likely inspired by the symbols of the Scythians, Indians, Persians, Dacians or Parthians. The term draco can refer to a dragon, serpent or snake and the term draconarius (also Latin) denotes "the bearer of the serpent standard". Franz Altheim suggests that the first appearance of the draco used by Romans coincides with Roman recruitment of nomad troops from south and central Asia during the time of Marcus Aurelius. One notable Draco symbol which may have influenced the Welsh dragon is that of the Sarmatians, who contributed to the cavalry units stationed in Ribchester from the 2nd to 4th centuries. Cohorts were represented by the draco military standard from the third century in the same way that the eagle Aquila standard represented the legions. The standard bearer of the cohort was called draconarius and carried a gilded staff with a dragon at the top. For instance, Gauls are attested to have marched under the dragon to distinguish the Gallic cohort from the Roman legions.

After Roman departure
After the Roman withdrawal it has long been suggested that resistance to the Saxon incursion was led either by Romans or Romanised Britons, and this is evident in the names attributed in legend to those who led the opposition, including Ambrosius Aurelianus and perhaps Artorius. This could account for how the Roman terminology came to be adopted by Britons. From the first extant written records of the Britons, it became evident that dragons were already associated with military leaders. Gildas, writing in about 540, spoke of the Briton chieftain Maglocunus (Maelgwn Gwynedd in Welsh) as the "insularis draco".

The early Welsh or Brythonic poets, Taliesin and Aneirin both extensively use dragons as an image for military leaders, and for the Britons the word dragon began to take the form of a term for a war leader, prince or ruler. In Y Gododdin, Aneirin describes his patron, Mynyddog Mwynfawr as "the dragon" when he speaks of the "feast of the dragon". He also describes the war leader, Gwernabwy mab Gwen, as the dragon of the battle of Catraeth. Meanwhile Taliesin, on Urien Rheged, described inexperienced and skilful leaders as dreic dylaw and dreic hylaw respectively. Owain ap Urien is called Owain ben draic, the chief dragon. Although not compiled until later, the main part of Y Gododdin and the heroic poems on Urien Rheged by Taliesin almost certainly date in origin to the sixth century.

The Welsh term draig was used to refer to Welsh leaders including Owain Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn the Last) and "the dragon" Owain Glyndŵr. Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, a court poet to Owain Gwynedd, refers to him in one elegy, personifying him as "The golden dragon of Snowdonia of eagles".

Mabinogion
In the Mabinogion story Lludd and Llefelys, the red dragon fights with an invading white dragon. A plague is caused by a battle between a red dragon and a foreign white dragon. Lludd must set a trap for them at the exact centre of the island called Oxford, put them to sleep with mead, and then bury them underground in a stone chest. The third plague is caused by a mighty magician, who casts a spell to make the whole court fall asleep while he raids their stores. Lludd must confront him, keeping himself awake with a vat of cold water. Lludd returns home to Britain. He destroys the Coraniaid with the insect mixture and confines the dragons at Dinas Emrys. Finally he fights the magician, who submits to him to become his loyal servant.

Historia Brittonum
The tale is taken up in the Historia Brittonum, written by Nennius. Historia Brittonum was written c. 828, and by this point the dragon was no longer just a military symbol but associated with a coming deliverer from the Saxons. It is also the first time that the colour of the dragon is verifiably given as red. Nevertheless there may well be an older attribution of red to the colour of the dragon in Y Gododdin. The story of Lludd and Llefelys in the Mabinogion settles the matter, firmly establishing the red dragon of the Celtic Britons being in opposition with the white dragon of the Saxons.

In chapters 40–42 there is a narrative in which the tyrant Vortigern flees into Wales to escape the Anglo-Saxon invaders. There he chooses a hill-fort as the site for his royal retreat, and attempts to build a citadel, but the structure collapses repeatedly. His wise men tell him he must sacrifice a young boy born without a father on the spot to alleviate the curse. The King sent his soldiers out across the land to find such a lad, and discovers such a boy, Emrys (Ambrosius Aurelianus), but Emrys reveals the real reason for the collapsing towers: a hidden pool containing two dragons, one red and one white, representing the Britons and the Saxons specifically, are buried beneath the foundation. He explains how the White Dragon of the Saxons, though winning the battle at present, would soon be defeated by the Welsh Red Dragon. After Vortigern's downfall, the fort was given to High-King Ambrosius Aurelianus, known in Welsh as Emrys Wledig, hence its name.

Geoffrey of Monmouth
The same story of the red and white dragons is repeated in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, where the red dragon is also a prophecy of the coming of King Arthur.

When the later Arthurian legends reached their modern form, Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing in the 12th century for a French and Breton audience, wrote that King Arthur used a golden dragon banner. His standard was also emblazoned with a golden dragon. It is also mentioned in at least four manuscripts that Arthur is associated with the golden dragon, and the standard functions as a haven for wounded soldiers in battles. Geoffrey of Monmouth reports that Arthur used the standard within his vicinity at the rear of the battle for the attention of his wounded soldiers.

Owain Glyndŵr
Owain Glyndŵr's banner was known as Y Ddraig Aur or 'The Golden Dragon' (Gilden Dragoun). It was famously raised over Caernarfon during the Battle of Tuthill in 1401 against the English. Glyndŵr chose to fly the standard of a golden dragon on a white background, the traditional standard that, supposedly, Uther Pendragon had flown when the first Celtic Britons had fought the Saxons to a standstill almost 1,000 years before, and passed down to his son King Arthur. Adam of Usk reports that Glyndwr's golden dragon was the first use of a dragon standard used in war by Welsh troops on 1 November, 1401. Historian John Davies adds that the dragon raised by Glyndwr was a symbol of victory for the Celtic Britons.

On his seals Glyndwr is also depicted with a Welsh dragon on his helmet, his horse's head and his crown. Glyndŵr's Great Seal as Prince of Wales also included a dragon gules on his crest.

House of Tudor
On Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond's tomb is an effigy detailing him wearing a crown affixed with a dragon. Following his son's victory at Bosworth field, Henry VII used a red dragon on a white and green background upon entering St Paul's. Henry the VII used the dragon motif, but this was used as part of the heraldry of house Tudor rather than of Wales. The red dragon was used as a supporter on the royal arms of all Tudor sovereigns of England and also appeared on the standards of Henry VII and Henry VIII.

Royal badge
The red dragon did not become an official royal heraldic badge until 1800, when George III issued a royal warrant confirming the badge, blazoned as: On a mount Vert a dragon passant with wings elevated Gules.

T. H. Thomas's pressure for Welsh dragon symbolism contributed to the inclusion of the red dragon on the Prince of Wales badge in 1901. The red dragon appears on a mount but with a label of three points Argent about the shoulder to difference it from the monarch's badge. The badge became a part of the Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales by Royal Warrant.

In 1953, the red dragon badge was given an augmentation of honour. The augmented badge is blazoned: Within a circular riband Argent fimbriated Or bearing the motto Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN ["the red dragon inspires action"], in letters Vert, and ensigned with a representation of the Crown proper, an escutcheon per fesse Argent and Vert and thereon the Red Dragon passant. Winston Churchill, the then prime minister, despised the badge's design, as is revealed in the following Cabinet minute from 1953:

"P.M. [Churchill]

Odious design expressing nothing but spite, malice, ill-will and monstrosity.

Words (Red Dragon takes the lead) are untrue and unduly flattering to Bevan.

Ll.G. [Gwilym Lloyd George]

Wd. rather be on R[oyal] Arms. This (dating from Henry VII) will be something.

We get no recognition in Union – badge or flags."

In 1959, Government use of this flag was dropped in favour of the current flag at the urging of the Gorsedd of Bards.

The badge was used by the Wales Office and was printed on Statutory Instruments made by the National Assembly for Wales. The badge was previously used in the corporate logo of the Assembly until the "dynamic dragon" logo was adopted.

This Royal badge was supplanted by a new official Royal badge in 2008, which eliminated the red dragon altogether.

Early modern use
In the 1909 national pageant of Wales, the Welsh dragon appears upright on a white background. The Welsh dragon that appears on the flag on board Captain Scott's Terra Nova is also an upright dragon (sergeant) on a white and green background. Up until this point, there was no standardised version of the Welsh dragon. The dragon was used on banners during women's suffrage events in Wales in the 1900s and 1910s. The banner's accession documents included a note from one of the former members "The banner was worked by Mrs Henry Lewis… [she] was also President of the South Wales Federation of Women's Suffrage Societies + she led the S. Wales section of the great Suffrage Procession in London on 17 June 1911, walking in front of her own beautiful banner… It was a great occasion, some 40,000 to 50,000 men + women taking part in the walk from Whitehall through Pall Mall, St James's Street + Piccadilly to the Albert Hall. The dragon attracted much attention – “Here comes the Devil” was the greeting of one group of on lookers."

Flag of Wales
As an emblem, the red dragon of Wales is present on the national flag of Wales, which became an official flag in 1959.

Welsh government logo
The emblem (or logo) used by the Welsh Government is that of the Welsh dragon. According to their guidance, the "logo consists of a dragon and Welsh Government name separated by a horizontal line, positioned together in a fixed relationship which must not be altered. These elements are aligned centrally with each other. The logo is always bilingual regardless of the language of the material it appears on." They also mention, "The dragon must always face to the left".

Welsh language society
Tafod y Ddraig (Tongue of the dragon) is a symbol which represents the Welsh Language Society.

Wales football
The Welsh dragon, "the most iconic of Welsh emblems", is also used as the official emblem or logo of the Football Association of Wales which was redesigned in 2019.

Mottos
The motto "Anorchfygol Ddraig Cymru" ("Unconquerable Dragon of Wales') is associated with the red dragon.

The motto "Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn" ("The red dragon will show the way"). This motto is in the strict poetic metre of cynghanedd.

title: Welsh Dragon


text:
Tudor (name)

Tudor is a surname and given name of Welsh origin. It comes from the Brythonic Tudur, itself a derivation of Toutorīx which was conflated with Tewdwr or Tewdr. It is related to the name Theodore. Tudor (and Tudora in its female form) is also a first name of Moldovan and Romanian origin, also related to Teodor.

The English royal dynasty, the House of Tudor (descended from the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd) including prominent members:
 * Tudur ap Goronwy, administrator of the Penmynydd family, Owen Tudor's grandfather and the eponymous ancestor of the House of Tudor
 * Owen Tudor (Owain ap Maredudd ap Tewdwr), lover or possibly second husband of Catherine of Valois, and grandfather of King Henry VII
 * Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, son of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois, father of King Henry VII
 * Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford, second son of Owen and Catherine and brother of Edmund, uncle of King Henry VII
 * Arthur Tudor, eldest son of King Henry VII (predeceased his father)
 * Margaret Tudor, Queen Consort of Scotland, eldest daughter of King Henry VII. Mother of James V of Scots which gave rise to the House of Stuart in England.
 * Mary Tudor, Queen of France, latterly Mary Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, second daughter of King Henry VII
 * Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset, third son of King Henry VII

Tudor, as a surname, may also refer to:
 * Adrian Tudor, a Romanian basketball player
 * Alex Tudor, an English cricketer
 * Alexandru Tudor, a Romanian football referee
 * Antony Tudor, a British choreographer
 * Corneliu Vadim Tudor, a Romanian politician
 * Cristian Tudor, a Romanian footballer
 * David Tudor, an American pianist
 * Edward Tudor-Pole, a British singer
 * Fran Tudor, a Croatian football (soccer) player
 * Frank Tudor, an Australian politician
 * Frederic Tudor (1783–1864), an American entrepreneur known as Boston's "Ice King"
 * Henri Tudor, a Luxembourgian industrialist and inventor
 * Henry Hugh Tudor, a British soldier, later police chief in Ireland and then Palestine
 * Igor Tudor, a Croatian football (soccer) player
 * Joel Tudor, an American longboard surfer
 * John Tudor (footballer), an English football (soccer) player
 * John Tudor (baseball), an American baseball player
 * Larissa Tudor (d. 1926), a British woman who appeared strikingly similar to Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia but never actually claimed to be the former grand duchess. Many people who knew Larissa strongly suspected that she was the former grand duchess of Russia.
 * Luka Tudor (b. 1969), a Chilean football (soccer) player
 * Richard Tudor (born 1948), English cricketer
 * Robert Lee Tudor (1874–1949), American politician
 * Sandu Tudor, a Romanian poet and monk
 * Shane Tudor (b. 1982), an English football (soccer) player
 * Stepan Tudor (1892–1941), Ukrainian writer
 * Tasha Tudor (1915–2008), an American illustrator and author of children's books
 * William Tudor (1750–1819), an Attorney-at-Law who served as Representative of Boston in the Massachusetts General Court, State Senator, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and was a founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society
 * William Tudor (1779–1830), a leading literary figure in Boston and cofounder of the North American Review and the Boston Athenaeum
 * Will Tudor (b. 1987), an English actor

As a given name:
 * Tudor Arghezi (1880–1967), Romanian poet and writer, major Romanian literary figure
 * Tudor Cataraga (1956–2010), Moldovan sculptor
 * Tudor Ciortea (1903–1982), Romanian composer
 * Tudor Dixon (born 1977), American politician
 * Tudor Evans, British politician
 * Tudor Ganea (1922–1971), Romanian mathematician
 * Tudor Gates (1930–2007), English screenwriter and trade unionist
 * Tudor Gheorghe (born 1945), Romanian musician
 * Tudor Gunasekara (1935–2021), Sri Lankan politician and diplomat
 * Paul Tudor Jones (born 1954), founder of the Tudor Investment Corporation hedge fund
 * Watkin Tudor Jones (born 1974), South-african rapper
 * Tudor Măinescu (1892–1977), Romanian poet and writer
 * Tudor Mușatescu (1903–1970), Romanian playwright
 * Tudor Ratiu (born 1950), Romanian-American mathematician
 * Tudor Tănăsescu (1901–1961), Romanian engineer
 * Tudor Vladimirescu (c.1780–1821), Romanian revolutionary hero
 * Tudor Zbârnea (born 1955), Moldovan painter

title: Tudor (name)


text:
Talk:Ingalls Memorial Hospital

Untitled
Ingalls Hospital in Harvey,Illinois is neglecting my 83 year old mother-in-law(she has dementia). The nurses have screwed up or ignored her on several occasions.She had a pacemaker installed last Friday and the leads on it are supposed to be checked at least once or twice per day,everyday. They waited 2 days before they checked them at all. Plus a nurse came in to check her blood pressure,turned on the machine and went to talk to the other patient in the room and her husband for an hour while leaving the wrap on my mother-in-law. I had to take it off myself. Then the nurse came to take her off a machine and pulled it away without unhooking my mother-in-law and yanked her arm hurting it.They have a rule that no person of the opposite sex can stay in the room overnight. My mother-in-law has been there since Feb 9th and my wife or her sister has stayed there every night with her to help her stay calm. Last night the other woman patient in the room wanted her husband to spend the night and they broke the rules and let him. He spent the night arguing with her and at 11:30 pm my wife had to get them to move her mom to a different room. Bluewolf1122 (talk) 13:55, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ingalls Memorial Hospital


text:
User talk:83.78.111.242

When creating pages about people, please use their full name. By that, I mean "Konrad Raiser" instead of "Raiser". Thanks. --Xcali 21:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Martin Robra

The article Martin Robra has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Appears to fail WP:ANYBIO due to a lack of significant coverage in independent, reliable sources."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  SITH   (talk)   16:28, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.78.111.242


text:
Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway

The Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway is a linked series of park areas in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, that takes a roughly circular path through the city. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board developed the system over many years. The corridors include roads for automobile traffic plus separate paths for pedestrians and bicycles, and extend slightly into neighboring cities. About 50 mi of roadway and paths are in the system, and much of it was built in the 1930s as part of Civilian Conservation Corps projects.

Byway districts
There are seven districts along the byway:
 * 1) Downtown Riverfront lies along the Mississippi River, and includes Saint Anthony Falls and nearby historic milling districts. The byway follows West River Parkway, beginning at Plymouth Avenue, passing Boom Island Park and Nicollet Island Park (both across the river), and Mill Ruins Park, adjacent to the Mill City Museum and the Stone Arch Bridge.
 * 2) Mississippi River gorge area extends from downtown Minneapolis to Minnehaha Park. The byway follows West River Parkway, and passes the west bank of the University of Minnesota. After Franklin Avenue there are multiple access points from the byway to the adjacent Winchell Trail. Several bridges connect the byway with trails on the east bank, in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Portions of this section of the route are also part of the signed Mississippi River Trail (MRT) bicycle route.
 * 3) Minnehaha including Minnehaha Park, Minnehaha Creek, Lake Nokomis, and Lake Hiawatha. The byway follows Godfrey Parkway through Minnehaha Park, past Minnehaha Falls and the Longfellow House information center. Crossing Hiawatha Avenue, the route becomes Minnehaha Parkway. The road passes between Lakes Nokomis and Hiawatha, and then follows Minnehaha Creek to Lake Harriet.
 * 4) The Chain of Lakes includes seven parks, and its name dates back to the 19th century, when an article referred to "the chain of lakes which, 'like a necklace of diamond in settings of emerald,' enriches Minneapolis." The Chain of Lakes district consists of Lake Harriet, Lyndale Park, Lyndale Farmstead, Bde Maka Ska, Lake of the Isles, Cedar Lake, and Brownie Lake.
 * 5) Theodore Wirth (extending into Golden Valley) consists of Theodore Wirth Park. The byway follows Cedar Lake Parkway as it crosses Interstate 394 and becomes Theodore Wirth Parkway. Heading north, it passes the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Wirth Lake. Crossing Olson Memorial Highway, the parkway enters Theodore Wirth Golf Course.
 * 6) Victory Memorial includes the northwestern edge of Minneapolis. The byway follows Victory Memorial Parkway, which commemorates the contributions of people from Hennepin County in World War I. Victory Memorial Parkway becomes Weber Parkway. The byway follows the Camden Bridge across the Mississippi River, which marked the head of navigation for barge traffic on the river until the lock at Upper Lock and Dam was taken out of service.
 * 7) Northeast runs through Northeast Minneapolis. The byway follows St Anthony Parkway to Stinson Parkway, and follows that road south to Ridgway Parkway. It passes Columbia Park and Deming Heights Park, and terminates at Francis Gross Golf Course.

Shared-use paths
The Grand Rounds trail system features approximately 50 mi of off-street paths for bicycles and pedestrians that make a continuous loop around Minneapolis.

Paths

 * Memorial and Webber Parkways—3.85 mi
 * Wirth Parkway—3.54 mi
 * Dean Parkway—0.59 mi
 * William Berry Parkway—0.56 mi
 * Minnehaha Creek—4.93 mi
 * Godfrey Parkway—0.5 mi
 * West River and James I. Rice Parkways—7.25 mi
 * East River Parkway—approximately 2.1 mi
 * St. Anthony Parkway—2.8 mi
 * Stinson Parkway—0.95 mi
 * Ridgeway Parkway—0.75 mi

Paths around lakes

 * Lake Nokomis—2.7 mi
 * Lake Harriet—2.75 mi
 * Bde Mka Ska (formerly Lake Calhoun)—3.1 mi
 * Lake of the Isles—2.6 mi
 * Cedar Lake—1.68 mi

Management
The area was designated as a Minnesota State Scenic Byway in 1997 and a National Scenic Byway in 1998. The Grand Rounds are considered to be the most significant example of an urban byway, as most such areas run through rural regions. Portions are also part of the Great River Road along the Mississippi River.

The city purchased all the land immediately adjoining its lakes during its formative period, turning them into public parks rather than allowing them to be privately developed. Because of this, Minneapolis' lakes are accessible by the general public.

Heavy vehicles such as semi-trailer trucks and buses are largely banned from the byway, and the speed limit is 25 miles per hour throughout. Thanks to the low speed limit, motorcycle riders enjoy riding through the parkway system. Much of the asphalt paving along the road has a reddish tone so that drivers can more easily determine where to go upon reaching intersections.

title: Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway


text:
Loudoun Academy, Galston

Loudoun Academy is a secondary school in the outskirts of Galston, East Ayrshire, in Scotland serving the Loudoun district which includes the Irvine Valley, Kilmarnock, and surrounding rural areas of East Ayrshire. The school was built in 1971. The current enrolment as of July 2022 was 926.

In 2022, Loudoun Academy was ranked as the 201st best performing state school in Scotland, an increase from its 2021 ranking where it was placed at 216th.

History and staffing
Mr Rob Findlay retired in June 1994 as Rector, and he died in 2017 aged 82 years. The previous Headmaster Brian Johnston retired in 2009, and was succeeded by Peter Flood. Flood left the school in 2012 to a new position in Perth, leaving Graeme Walker as Acting Head Teacher.

The role was then passed onto Linda McCauley-Griffiths who held the post until December 2017 when she was appointed as the new Head of Education for East Ayrshire Council.

In January 2018, Scott Robertson was appointed Acting Head Teacher, and in April 2018, Robertson was appointed the permanent Head Teacher following interviews. Mr Robertson moved in March 2022 to Grange Academy, Kilmarnock as Head Teacher.

In August 2022, David Falconer (previously Depute Head Teacher at Lanark Grammar School, South Lanarkshire) took up post as Head Teacher of Loudoun Academy.

Uniform
Pupils at Loudoun Academy are encouraged to wear a school blazer in Senior School (S4-S6), with this being optional for Junior pupils (S1-S3). Grey or black trousers or skirt is expected, as are black school shoes. It is to be informed that no shorts of any kind shall be permitted no matter the weather

Notable alumni

 * Alan Brown (born 1970), Scottish National Party Member of Parliament (MP)
 * Graeme Obree, twice world one hour track cycling record holder attended.

School Arms
Argent a shakefork Sable, in chief an open book proper and a bordure gyronny Gules and Ermine.

title: Loudoun Academy, Galston


text:
Mortran

Mortran (More Fortran) is an extension of the Fortran programming language used for scientific computation. It introduces syntax changes, including the use of semicolons to end statements, in order to improve readability and flexibility. Mortran code is macro-processed into Fortran code for compilation.

Example:

Note that Mortran, like many preprocessors, does not make a complete analysis of the Fortran source and, like many preprocessors, may not always make its assumptions/requirements explicit. Consider, for example, Mortran multiple assignment. From the Mortran User Guide: produces the following FORTRAN statements: In this example, the produced Fortran implements the multiple assignment correctly only if X is not aliased to I or to A(I,K), assuming the multiple assignment semantics are left to right.

The MORTRAN2 processor is written in ANSI standard Fortran 66, with the only extension the ability to assign and compare character data stored in INTEGER variables.

title: Mortran


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of all cities in the United States

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List of all cities in the United States
voting for deletion, reason: lists are not very useful

 * A gigantic article. Is it useful in any way?? I'm pretty sure someone who wants to search for an American city would probably want to:
 * 1) Use a list of cities in the state the city is known to be in
 * 2) Use a dis-ambiguation page if the city name is known but wants to know the state
 * 3) Simply type it in in the URL

I suggest that this be deleted if no one can explain how this is a meaningful article. Georgia guy 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No apparent usefulness, plus the "article" (it's actually just a giant list) doesn't really set criteria as to what constitutes a city. Duplicates information in the various state articles. 23skidoo 22:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are already articles for List of cities in  for each state, so this gargantuan article is unnecessary. Maybe it could be just re-written to link to the lists for each state, to establish an easy hierarchy or articles. --M412k 22:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 712 kilobytes. Article size recommends splitting up these sorts of articles, but as M4 points out, that's been done. — Phil Welch 00:25, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for the reasons above. Nestea 01:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Not needed. "List of cities in " works much better. K1Bond007 03:43, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An "A" for effort in creating this, but the Category:Cities in the United States makes this article redundant. Sjakkalle (Check!) 06:40, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — redundant, per Sjakkalle. — RJH 14:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — redundant, per RJH. — phantombantam 10:37, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Entirely useless page that serves basically no benefit to a Wikipedia user that is trying to find the article of a specific United States community. Phoenix2 02:42, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – Dewet 15:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Refactor into index of List of cities in  lists (ie what M412k said). Niteowlneils 15:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Impossible to maintain - I note at least two errors in the "Washington" section, but at 60+ seconds to load the page, I'm not about to try fixing it -- and redundant with Category:Cities in the United States and with the by-state lists. --Carnildo 22:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This article should be deleted because this is useless: The list is too large. See list of cities for a separate state for a full list. That's too much to maintain! --RonH 23:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Amos Alonzo Stagg

Retraction (from that sports ignoramus)
Never mind. I just found http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/oneItem.aspx?id=1772839&q=Stagg&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=&qs=&sid=&qx= whose text states: "Stagg played football while at Yale as a freshman, and was on the University eleven in 1888 and 1889 as a graduate student." Coming from someone at Yale, that should be gospel. Right? Forgive me.

Question on Playing Career (from a sports ignoramus)
From Wikipedia Entry on All America Team: "Selection to an All-America team for high school and collegiate players, however, is honorary in nature, and All-America "teams" do not typically play any games as a unit, unlike many of the all-star teams. Therefore, to be an All-American does not constitute being on a team.

"The original use of the term "All-America" seems to have been in reference to a list of college football players who were regarded as the best at their respective positions. The first "All-America" team was the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Casper Whitney and published in This Week's Sports in association with Walter Camp.[1]"

...His degree was awarded 1888. He was probably through as an active player then. (Right?) So, he was not playing in 1889, much less for Yale. He was simply being honored for his college playing career while at Yale. Whereas, sidebar "Playing career" would indicate (to me) that he was still playing, for Yale, in 1889. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Australorp (talk • contribs) 01:25, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Comment
Currently, in Arlington, VA, USA, a Boy Scout Troop runs an annual Alonzo Stagg Hike, allowing participants to cover up to 50 miles in 20 hours. This is based on Stagg's legendary hikes for his teams at the beginning of the practice season. Not sure if the current hike or the legendary ones fit into this entry. --Habap 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pumping arms is an innovation?
I'm not sure if pumping your arms to run faster can really be seen as an innovation of pretty much anyone. Isn't it just a natural motion that is accentuated when running quickly? You could coach a focus on it, and concentrate on increasing it, but the phrasing right now makes it seem like everyone ran with their arms at their sides before Stagg (try that sometime =).

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 08:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Foundation
The Amos Alonzo Stagg Foundation Inc. exists but I am unable to find a website or information about it's history. I know it existed pre-1962. When President John Fitzgerald Kennedy issued his famous 50 mile hike challenge the foundation gave awards, in the form of a bronze medallion, to those who completed the hike in less than 12 hours. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arkansascajun (talk • contribs) Mar 18, 2008

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Resignation. Why?
Is there any historical insight as to the reason the NCAA asked him to retire? This seems like a big piece of the story that is missing. DFS (talk) 22:46, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Amos Alonzo Stagg


text:
Bamboo Union

The United Bamboo Gang (UBG; ), also known as the Bamboo Union, is the largest of Taiwan's three main criminal Triads. They are reported to have roughly 20,000 members. The membership consists largely of waishengren (Mainland Chinese) and has had historic ties to the Kuomintang; they are said to be motivated as much by political ideology as by profit. They are known to simply call themselves "businessmen", but in reality, are also involved in organized killings and drug trafficking. The gang gained global notoriety when it became directly involved in politics in the early 1980s.

History
The Bamboo Union was formed in the 1950s by waishengren children who wanted to protect themselves from threats by majority Hoklo children. The first members lived on Bamboo Forest Road in Jung Ho City, Taipei County, now Yonghe District of New Taipei City. Its first members were made up of mainland Chinese teens who joined to secure a place in Taiwan after 1949. The mainland Chinese were regarded as an unwelcome minority that was rejected by Hoklo citizens following the end of the Chinese Civil War, when the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan. Although the Nationalist Republic of China government continued to hold claims on mainland China after 1949, the mainland was controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, and Taiwan was controlled by the KMT. The Bamboo Union criminal gang began primarily with street-fighting to gain recognition in society.

By the late 1960s, the aspirations of the Bamboo Union membership shifted from street-fighting to profiteering. The gang began making a name for itself in the "protection" business and extorting money from local shops and factories, but the gang's treasury overflowed when thousands of well-paid American GIs flocked to Taipei while on R&R from the Vietnam War. Chinese nightclub owners welcomed Bamboo Union members to their premises to banish rival gangs of ethnic Taiwanese trying to carve out a share of the lucrative trade in gambling, prostitution, and drugs. By this stage, the Bamboo Union was fast developing into a transnational crime syndicate or "triad". For example, leader Chang An-lo, nicknamed "White Wolf," moved to Las Vegas in 1968 to study and keep order of the Bamboo Union's expanding empire, particularly in the Chinatowns of California and the gambling halls of Las Vegas.

The Bamboo Union was closely associated with the KMT and the ruling Chiang family. The Bamboo Union was a key part of the KMT's White Terror which allowed the Dictator Chiang Kai-shek to establish control over Taiwanese society. In 2020 government documents from the Taiwan Garrison Command were declassified which shed new light on the closeness of these ties. These documents revealed that before the mid-1980s Bamboo Union gangsters had been knowingly employed by Taiwanese government agencies including the National Security Bureau and the Intelligence Bureau. Gangsters also served as close aides to Chiang Hsiao-yung. Bamboo Union gangsters were even admitted to military, police, and intelligence academies by the KMT, this allowed gangsters to rise to the very top of government.

In the early 1980s, the gang became even more powerful when they joined hands with the "Iron Blood Patriots" to carry out missions overseas. In return, both gangs were offered a great share of the heroin trade that expanded into the world market. This deal made the Bamboo Union very powerful in Taiwanese politics and social culture, but they were also being watched by major countries like the United States. The gang's powerful relationship with the "Iron Blood Patriots" came to an end after journalist Henry Liu was murdered on 15 October 1984. In the 1980s the gang was sold a large quantity of firearms by the corrupt governor of a province of the Philippines.

Notable cases
In 1980, the daughters and mother of one of the leading members of the opposition, Lin Yi-hsiung, were brutally killed in their home. The following year, Chen Wen-chen, a Taiwan-born statistics professor teaching at Carnegie Mellon University, was killed and his body dumped in the grounds of National Taiwan University. At around the same time, the dissident journalist Henry Liu wrote an unauthorized critical biography of Chiang Ching-kuo, the president of Taiwan. Liu was assassinated in 1984 by members of the Bamboo Union who were subsequently caught and convicted. His murderers, one being "King Duck" Chen Chi-li, were sentenced to life in prison, although Chen and most of the others convicted were paroled by 1991; Tung Kuei-sen was stabbed to death while in prison in 1991; he was the only one convicted for participating in or planning the murder who was not eventually paroled.

In July 2009, Bamboo Union hitman Bai Xiao Ye stabbed and slashed a man to death in a Las Vegas, Nevada karaoke bar and wounded two others. In 2013, Bai was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Bai had also been charged with fatally shooting a man and wounding another at a Los Angeles karaoke bar. In October 2015, the Bamboo Union was linked to the kidnapping of Hong Kong businessman Wong Yuk-kwan.

Death of Chen Chi-Li
One of the most significant events that have taken place in the Bamboo Union's legacy was the death and funeral of their former leader Chen Chi-li. The former leader had maintained a very complicated relationship between the criminal organization and the Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang) regime. He died of cancer in 2007 and his funeral brought more than 10,000 mourners. His mourners included a number of politicians from Taiwan's still-young democracy which has struggled to shrug off long-standing links to the criminal underworld. Fellow gangsters said that Chen did not understand why the government would treat a patriot like him as a criminal. He was not a normal gangster, but an idealist who had made money to do the right thing. Representatives of Taiwan's three main criminal organizations, the Bamboo Union, the Four Seas Triad and the Celestial Way, were on hand to pay their respects to Mr. Li. Members of Japan's yakuza, dressed in black suits, were also among the guests, while representatives from crime families of Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Thailand also joined the procession under the watchful gaze of thousands of police. More than 1,000 police officers were assigned to monitor and videotape the movements of the mourners, a number of whom are 'big brothers' of local gangs. The family spent NT$2 million (HK$475,000) to charter a China Airlines Airbus plane to transport the body, plus friends and relatives to Taiwan. According to local news media, the family spent at least NT$20 million to make sure Chen's funeral was held in grand style.

Organization
Unlike Japan's yakuza or Italy's mafia, the United Bamboo does not have a strict rank-and-file. Twenty-four members are each led by a big brother or "da ge" with membership comprising gangland enforcers and individual businessmen. Due to its structure United Bamboo and its activities usually fly below the radar. Mutual benefits and obligations underpin the relationships within the gang, as members who may not do business with one another will turn to one another in times of crisis. All members paid homage to Chang, who was "recognized" by Taiwan's triads as their "opinion leader" in 1995 and who was held in such esteem that legitimate businessmen ask him to help settle disputes.

The gang has a "code of ethics" that has ten rules that all members must follow. The mainland branch of the Bamboo Union is disciplined and well organized, complete with rank systems, promotions, and benefits. Senior gang figures are given the honorific suffix "Da Ge", or "Big Brother". According to the junior Bamboo Union "boss" Big Brother Su, the gang is divided into approximately 13 divisions, or tang kou, with names such as "Tiger Division" and "Dragon Division". Within those 13 divisions, there are 68 branches of members. The Bamboo Union is understood to partner with the Japanese yakuza and multi-ethnic triad like Sam Gor syndicate, and the leaders of these groups including Tse Chi Lop, both for drug trafficking and money laundering.

Leaders (official and acting)

 * Notes

Illegal activities
Because of the mainland origins of its membership, the Bamboo Union developed close links with military intelligence and security agencies. It participates in many illegal activities like security services, debt collection, loan sharking, gambling dens, hostess clubs, restaurants, and small businesses. It is known internationally for drug smuggling, human trafficking, and silencing journalists as far away as Northern California.

title: Bamboo Union


text:
Nicollet

Nicollet or Nicolet may refer to:

Canada

 * Nicolet, Quebec, the county seat of Nicolet-Yamaska Regional County Municipality
 * Nicolet River, Quebec, Canada
 * Nicolet (federal electoral district)

People

 * Aurèle Nicolet (1926–2016), Swiss flautist
 * Hercule Nicolet (1801–1872), Swiss lithographer and entomologist
 * Jean Nicolet (1598–1642), French explorer from the 17th century
 * Joseph Nicollet (1786–1843), French explorer from the 19th century
 * Philippe Nicolet (born 1953), Swiss film director

Minnesota

 * Nicollet, Minnesota
 * Nicollet Avenue, a major street in Minneapolis
 * Nicollet County, Minnesota
 * Nicollet Island, in the Mississippi River north of downtown Minneapolis
 * Nicollet Mall, in downtown Minneapolis
 * Nicollet Park, former baseball stadium in Minneapolis
 * Nicollet Township, Nicollet County, Minnesota

Wisconsin

 * Nicolet Area Technical College, a technical college whose main campus is in Rhinelander Wisconsin
 * Nicolet High School, a public secondary school located in Glendale, Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Nicollet (Amtrak), a Chicago-Milwaukee train
 * Nicollet (crater), on the Moon
 * Nicolet 1080 (1971–1986), a minicomputer

title: Nicollet


text:
Bernex

Bernex is:

 * Bernex, a commune of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland
 * Bernex, a commune of the Haute-Savoie département, in France

title: Bernex


text:
Talk:Labia

external Link
Quote:"External links * Labia Enhancement Guides and techniques for women to take care of their labia and vulva as well as improve the appearance of the genitals" The given link is highly commercial. No information is given without former registration.

Disambiguation page
I understand the policy on censoring things, but with the ambiguity for this word and the content on this page, it might be a good idea to go to the dissambiguation page first for labium and labia.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:37, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hairy vulva of a young woman 2.jpg

title: Talk:Labia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carolina Circle Mall

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:49, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Carolina Circle Mall
A generic mall, and a defunct one at that. You decide. Fawcett5 21:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Let's see how far this can be expanded before deleting it. — Phil Welch 00:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, random malls are not encyclopaedic. Article fails to establish notability. --bainer (talk) 00:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting defunct mall article. -- Decumanus 01:14, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Delete I don't consider operating malls to be inherently notable, so having an article on a defunct one is ridiculous. carmeld1 01:35, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I was going to suggest merging with the mall owner's article, except the mall is closed. The other option, if someone wants to do the work, is to create something about this on the city article under redevelopment. Vegaswikian 06:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe make a mention in Greensboro, North Carolina but definitely delete - Skysmith 08:41, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I can't think of a reason to delete. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can. Non-notable mall, no notable tenants, non-notable owner, non-notable location. Sorry, Tony, this is not a high school. Delete. Denni ☯ 01:56, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't see anything about this mall that isn't covered in the main article on Mall. Radiant_* 11:24, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --SPUI (talk) 11:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with all delete reasons given above.  Quale 10:13, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important to the history of its local area. Kappa 20:46, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 01:39, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Pedro Chaves

Pre-Merge Histories

 * former Pedro Matos Chaves (now a redirect)
 * 20:41, 3 Mar 2005 Joolz m (restubbed)
 * 12:24, 2 Mar 2005 Diego440
 * 12:21, 2 Mar 2005 Diego440 (added template.... bio to come)

 * formerly separate Pedro Chaves (now merged with the preceding history)
 * 12:12, 4 May 2005 Pc13
 * 00:01, 2 May 2005 Saga City m
 * 08:20, 2 Jan 2005 BillCook m (Page Created)

 * resulting merged Pedro Chaves
 * 12:12, 4 May 2005 Pc13
 * 00:01, 2 May 2005 Saga City m
 * 20:41, 3 Mar 2005 Joolz m (restubbed)
 * 12:24, 2 Mar 2005 Diego440
 * 12:21, 2 Mar 2005 Diego440 (added template.... bio to come)
 * 08:20, 2 Jan 2005 BillCook m (Page Created)

Stub Notices
As of 1 July '05, no Template:Portugal-bio-stub exists.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Pedro Chaves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110315101224/http://www.ionline.pt:80/conteudo/109434-pedro-matos-chaves-o-piquet-fazia-sempre-uma-balburdia-nos-drive-meetings to http://www1.ionline.pt/conteudo/109434-pedro-matos-chaves-o-piquet-fazia-sempre-uma-balburdia-nos-drive-meetings
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20160110122552/http://www.f1rejects.com/drivers/chaves/index.html to http://www.f1rejects.com/drivers/chaves/index.html

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title: Talk:Pedro Chaves


title: File:Quake2box.jpg


text:
Ettore Bastico

Ettore Bastico (9 April 1876 – 2 December 1972) was an Italian field marshal who served as the commander of Axis forces in North Africa from 1941 to 1943 during World War II. In addition to being a general of the Royal Italian Army, he served as the governor of the Italian held Aegean islands and of Libya. After his time in the army, he became a military historian and published several books.

Biography

Bastico was born in Bologna, Italy. When he came of age, Bastico joined the Italian Army and fought in World War I. In 1928, Bastico was promoted to brigadier (generale di brigata). At that time, the Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

In this role, Bastico was a target of Giulio Douhet in Recapitulation (published with the work The Command of the Air). Douhet devotes many pages to critically examining six "basic theories" put forth by Bastico and how they relate to the future of an Independent Air Force's role in future wars.

Bastico was promoted to major general on 29 May 1932 and in 1935, he commanded the 1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. In 1935, Bastico was the commander of the III Corps in Ethiopia and on 10 February 1936 he was promoted to lieutenant general (generale di corpo d'armata). From 1936 to 1937, he was the commander of the II Corps.

In 1937, during the later stages of the Spanish Civil War, Bastico replaced Mario Roatta as the commander-in-chief of the Italian volunteer corps in Spain, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie. The CTV was sent to help the Spanish Nationalists side in the war. From mid-1937, Bastico's force fought in the Battle of Santander, a decisive victory for the Nationalists. In late 1937, Bastico was replaced by Mario Berti. In October 1937, Bastico received the rank of general, "generale di corpo d'armata designato d'armata," the highest rank that could be assigned if Italy was not officially at war. In February 1939, the Italian volunteers left Spain.

He was then assigned to the Second Army. Shortly after, Bastico was appointed commander of the new motorized Sixth Army, known at the "Army of the Po," stationed in the Po Valley area. In 1939, Bastico was named senator of the Kingdom of Italy.

When Italy entered World War II, Bastico was Governor of the Italian Aegean Islands (Dodecanese) and he was promoted to full general (Generale d'Armata) on 7 August 1940.

On 19 July 1941, Bastico was named Governor-General of Italian Libya and commander-in-chief over all Axis forces in North Africa. Since Erwin Rommel was officially under Italian command in the North African campaign, Rommel's plans had to be first approved by Bastico.

Bastico was made the commandant of the Giado concentration camp, established in February 1942 to intern Libyan and Italian Jews.

Bastico was promoted to Marshal of Italy (Maresciallo d'Italia) on 12 August 1942, largely to avoid him being junior in rank to Rommel, who was promoted to field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) on 22 June.

When Libya was lost to the British Eighth Army's advance, since 2 February 1943 he was left without a command for the rest of the war.

Bastico died in Rome at 96, after spending his last years studying history. At the time of his death, he was the last living Italian military officer to have held an Italian five-star-rank in an active capacity. (Umberto II, the last King of Italy, who was appointed a marshal of Italy in a ceremonial capacity, died in 1983).

Honours

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2 June 1957
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy - 17 February 1942  (Grand Officer: 1 May 1939; Commander: 9 July 1936)
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Colonial Order of the Star of Italy
 * Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 * Commander of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Knight of the Order of Vittorio Veneto
 * Silver Medal of Military Valor
 * Bronze Medal of Military Valor
 * War Cross for Military Valor
 * Distinction for War Merit (general officer degree)
 * Distinction for War Merit (superior officer degree)
 * Seven awards of the War Merit Cross
 * Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911-1912
 * Commemorative Medal for the Spanish Campaign (1936-1938)
 * Commemorative Medal of the Volunteer Division of Littorio (guerra di Spagna 1936-38)
 * Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915-1918
 * Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy
 * Allied Victory Medal
 * Cross of Military Merit of Spain
 * French Croix de Guerre (1914-1918)
 * German Cross in Gold (5 December 1942)

Works
Bastico wrote some books about Italian military history. The most famous are:
 * "Il Ferreo Terzo Corpo in Africa Orientale" (1937)
 * "L'evoluzione dell'arte della guerra" (1930)

title: Ettore Bastico


text:
Chocolate (color)

The color chocolate or cocoa brown is a shade of brown that resembles chocolate. At right is displayed the color traditionally called chocolate.

The first recorded use of chocolate as a color name in English was in 1737.

This color is a representation of the color of the most common type of chocolate, milk chocolate.

Etymology
The word chocolate entered the English language from Spanish. How the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are multiple competing explanations. Perhaps the most cited explanation is that "chocolate" comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, from the word "chocolātl", which many sources derived from the Nahuatl word "xocolātl" made up from the words "xococ" meaning sour or bitter, and "ātl" meaning water or refreshment. However, as William Bright noted the word "chocolatl" does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources making this an unlikely derivation. Santamaria gives a derivation from the Yucatec Maya word "chokol" meaning hot, and the Nahuatl "atl" meaning water. More recently Dakin and Wichmann derive it from another Nahuatl term, "chicolatl" from Eastern Nahuatl meaning "beaten drink". They derive this term from the word for the frothing stick, "chicoli".

Cocoa brown (web color "chocolate") (light chocolate)

The web color called "chocolate" is displayed at right. This color is actually the color of the exterior of an unripe cocoa bean pod and is not the color of chocolate, a highly processed product, at all. The historical and traditional name for this color is cocoa brown.

The first recorded use of cocoa brown as a color name in English was in 1925.

This color may also be referred to as light chocolate or cinnamon.

Chocolate in human culture
Animals
 * Dogs with a dark brown coat are considered to be chocolate colored. The most common breed is the Labrador Retriever

Ethnography
 * Chocolate City is a name that, since the 1970s, has been applied in African American slang to Washington, D.C., because of its overwhelmingly African American population. Nowadays, it is also used to refer to the black neighborhood of a particular city, or the collectivity of black neighborhoods in urban areas throughout Northern America. The term is also used for websites, blogs, etc. that are designed to appeal to African Americans.  For example, Chocolate City magazine is an "urban lifestyle and nightlife magazine" that features models, events, and celebrity interviews and pictures from Chicago and Oakland, California.

Geography
 * The Chocolate Hills are located in the province of Bohol in the Philippines.
 * The Chocolate Mountains are located in Imperial County and Riverside County in the Colorado Desert in Southern California, a region of California in the United States.
 * There are also the Chocolate Mountains in Arizona, in the United States.
 * There is a lake called Chocolate Lake in the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in Canada.

Music
 * The Chocolate Watchband was a popular psychedelic music group during the Summer of Love. (See also the Strawberry Alarm Clock)
 * Chocolate City is a 1975 album by the funk band Parliament. It has a theme of love of Washington, D.C., where the group was particularly popular.
 * Chocolate Starfish were an Australian rock music group based in Melbourne, Australia, releasing a number of hits in the early 1990s, before disbanding in 1998.
 * Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water is the third album by the nu metal band Limp Bizkit, released on 15 October 2000 through Interscope Records.
 * Hot Chocolate was a British band that was popular during the 1970s and 1980s and famous for their song "You Sexy Thing".

Sport
 * The color chocolate is part of the football kit worn by English National League football team Sutton United, alongside amber.

Television
 * On the 2011 TV show The Playboy Club, Naturi Naughton played Bunny Brenda, who is seeking to be the first African American Playboy Playmate (the show takes place in the early 1960s, and at that time no African American had yet been chosen to be a Playboy Playmate.). She referred to herself on the show as the chocolate bunny.

title: Chocolate (color)


text:
ShadowCrew

ShadowCrew was a cybercrime forum that operated under the domain name ShadowCrew.com between August 2002 and November 2004.

Origins
The concept of the ShadowCrew was developed in early 2002 during a series of chat sessions between Brett Johnson (GOllumfun), Seth Sanders (Kidd), and Kim Marvin Taylor (MacGayver). The ShadowCrew website also contained a number of sub-forums on the latest information on hacking tricks, social engineering, credit card fraud, virus development, scams, and phishing.

Organizational structure
ShadowCrew emerged early in 2002 from another underground site, counterfeitlibrary.com, which was run by Brett Johnson and would be followed up by carderplanet.com owned by Dmitry Golubov a.k.a. Script, a website primarily in the Russian language. The site also facilitated the sale of drugs wholesale.

During its early years, the site was hosted in Hong Kong, but shortly before CumbaJohnny (Albert Gonzalez)'s arrest, the server was in his possession somewhere in New Jersey.

Aftermath and legacy
ShadowCrew was the forerunner of today's cybercrime forums and marketplaces. The structure, marketplace, review system, and other innovations began when Shadowcrew laid the basis of today's underground forums and marketplaces. Likewise, many of today's current scams and computer crimes began with Counterfeitlibrary and Shadowcrew. The site flourished from the time it opened in 2002 until its demise in late October 2004. Even though the site was booming with criminal activity and all seemed well, the members did not know what was going on behind the scenes. Federal agents received their "big break" when they found CumbaJohnny aka Albert Gonzalez. Upon Cumba's arrest, he immediately turned and started working with federal agents. From April 2003 to October 2004, Cumba assisted in gathering information and monitoring the site and those who utilized it. He started by taking out many of the Russians who were hacking databases and selling counterfeit credit cards. CumbaJohnny was a long term police informant who was responsible for teaching the US Secret Service how to monitor, trap and arrest the ShadowCrew.

The Federal indictment says, "Shadowcrew was an international organization of approximately 4,000 members…" The last available page before October 27, 2004 on archive.org shows 2,709 registered members. To people familiar with the ShadowCrew forum, it is well known that many members had multiple user names. Members who were banned from the forum would frequently register with another user name as well. Lastly, the forum was around for over 2 years so there were possibly many inactive accounts. However, there was also a need by members to develop a name that could be trusted; so it is possible that the idea that most of the registered users were duplicates isn't accurate.

$4 million in losses is the believed amount dealt with through this forum. This figure was arrived at by multiplying the number of credit cards transferred by $500 each (as per federal law when no monetary figure in a fraud case can be determined). This figure assumes that every single card was valid and had been used. The dollar figure quoted only pertains to the evidence gathered by the VPN employed and the members. The actual dollar figure is potentially much higher due to the fact that the $500 per card federal law wasn't in existence until after federal agents took down the site.

ShadowCrew admin Brett Johnson managed to avoid being arrested following the 2004 raids, but was picked up in 2005 on separate charges, in which he then turned informant for the Secret Service. Continuing to commit tax fraud as an informant, 'Operation Anglerphish' embedded him, then dubbed by Secret Service agents as "The Original Internet Godfather", as admins on both ScandinavianCarding and CardersMarket. When his continued carding activities were exposed as a part of a separate investigation in 2006, he briefly went on the run and made the United States Most Wanted List before being caught in August of that year.

In 2011, former Bulgarian ShadowCrew member Aleksi Kolarov a.k.a. APK was finally arrested and held in Paraguay before being extradited to the United States in 2013 to face charges.

In 2019 CNN released an episode of Declassified: Untold Stories of American Spies detailing the Secret Service investigation into ShadowCrew.

In 2022 the Podcast Darknet Diaries made a two-part interview with GOllumfun and talked about insides from ShadowCrew.

title: ShadowCrew


text:
Talk:Jordi Cruyff

Jordi Cruijff
Should this be at Jordi Cruijff, like his father, or does Jordi generally use the "simplified" spelling of his name? sjorford →•← 21:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

he's not a NOS commentator
I deleted the line "At this moment Jordi is a football-commenter dutch tv-network NOS.", I think the author of this sentence confused him with Youri Mulder, who's father was also a footballer.

what is "just signed"
"He has just signed for the Ukrainian team Metalurh Donetsk along with the coach Àngel "Pichi" Alonso, his friend and also former FC Barcelona player."

Should probably some of indication as to when just is as I doubt this article is updated regularly. Yonatanh 23:31, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Information
No mention of position at all? Needs to be more football related... there is a template some where.

(RuSTy1989 17:22, 21 October 2006 (UTC))

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 22:48, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Catalan politics
This article is supposedly about a footballer - therefore I have removed references to the name changes of FC Barcelona. This would be relevant in the FC Barcelona article, but has nothing to do with one of the club's former players. Someone is obviously pushing a political agenda. Smurfmeister (talk) 09:58, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Jewish??
Any infos that he is a (practising) Jew? User:Ario ManUtd 17 August 2008 18:45 (UTC) --Ario ManUtd (talk) 11:36, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Danny Coster (Jordi's mother) is a jew. and according judaism, Jordi is a jew. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.250.100.165 (talk) 16:58, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Even if this is an acceptable definition (and I'm not sure it is), the information needs sourcing. -- Ja Ga  talk 17:15, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.250.100.165 (talk) 18:02, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Bias
This piece seems to be written from a pro-Jordi perspective. I like the guy, but to say that he "inspired Barça to come back from 2-0 down to eventually win 3-2," is subjective and unverifiable. Max xxx (talk) 14:30, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

i have removed those subjectivie and unverifiable claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.211.50.17 (talk) 10:57, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jordi Cruyff


text:
Koramangala

Koramangala is a southeastern neighbourhood of the Indian city of Bengaluru. One of the largest in that metropolis, it is a residential locality with wide, tree-lined boulevards and a mix of commercial structures and bungalows. Planned as a suburb post-independence, its location between Bengaluru and Electronic City attracted migrants from across the country during Bengaluru's tech boom of the late 1990s. Consequently, it has gradually developed into a commercial centre and a prominent startup hub known for its high land prices and high-end shopping options. , Koramangala has a population density of over 22,000 people per km².

Geography
Koramangala is divided into eight blocks spread over approximately 1,800 acres. Blocks 1–4 are separated from blocks 5–8 by the Inner Ring Road leading to Domlur/Indiranagar. Up to the 1970s, one would pass the village of Adugodi on the Hosur Road and then usually bypass Koramangala on the way to the industrial suburbs of Bommanahalli or Bommasandra, about ten and twenty kilometres away, respectively. Settlement was sparse in Koramangala, and only towards the late 1970s were more houses constructed. The road to Bommanahalli and Bommasandra now passes through Electronics City, home to various technology firms, including Infosys.

Location
The distance from Koramangala to Kempegowda International Airport is 41.3 km, and the distance to Majestic train station is 10.9 km.

title: Koramangala


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User talk:Hugo~enwiki

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I copied your question to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics. I would suggest putting that page on your watchlist, as it is there that all the math talk takes place. Oleg Alexandrov 21:38, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Hugo~enwiki


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User:Okichubbo

Okichubbo is a form of sumo wrestling; it emphasizes nuts-grabbing and mooning the opponent. Sumos start in the ring with three daipars and every takedown rips off one. Ultimate humiliation for the loser is the winner's reward. Popular bets among spectators include how long you can stare at the horrid sights. The winner goes home to multiple strippers and is highly revered. It is the favored sport in Iola, Kansas.

title: User:Okichubbo


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Talk:Algerian Civil War/to do

 * 1) More pictures if possible.
 * 2) Better coverage of the military aspects of the conflict, if any documentation even exists.

Last edited: Mustafaa 21:41, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The History Of Algeria series of links would be better at the top of the page, as on others in the series.

title: Talk:Algerian Civil War/to do


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File:Real radio.jpg

Fair use for Real Radio (Yorkshire), Real Radio, Real Radio (Scotland), Real Radio (Wales)

 * no free alternative
 * low resolution
 * used on articles to identify stations
 * generic logo used to identify stations due to similarity, rather than use several non-free images.

title: File:Real radio.jpg