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2005–06 United States network television schedule

The 2005–06 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the primetime hours from September 2005 to August 2006. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2004–05 season.

This would be the final season of broadcasting for both UPN and The WB; their respective parent companies, CBS Corporation and Time Warner (now Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery, respectively), would consolidate the two networks to form The CW the following season. It was also the final season in which Monday Night Football would be regularly broadcast on ABC; the long-running "game of the week" showcase would move to ESPN after the 2005 NFL season, following a 35-year run on ABC (which would resume airing MNF—albeit only for selected regular season and wild card games simulcast with ESPN—in 2021.) From February 10 to 26, 2006, NBC preempted its regular prime time schedule in order to air coverage of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

PBS is not included, as member television stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary. i: Independent Television (renamed from its original brand, Pax TV, on July 1, and now known as Ion Television) is also not included since the network's schedule consisted mainly of syndicated reruns and movies.

Each of the 30 highest-rated shows released in May 2006 is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.

New series are highlighted in bold.

Repeat airings or same-day rebroadcasts are indicated by (R).

All times are U.S. Eastern and Pacific Time (except for some live sports or events). Subtract one hour for Central, Mountain, Alaska and Hawaii-Aleutian times.

All sporting events air live in all time zones in U.S. Eastern time, with local and/or late-night programming (including Fox affiliates during the 10 p.m. ET/PT hour) by affiliates after game completion.

Legend
Light blue indicates local programming.

Gray indicates encore programming.

Blue-gray indicates news programming.

Light green indicates sporting events.

Red indicates series being burned off and other regularly scheduled programs, including specials and movies.

Yellow highlights indicates the top-10 most watched programs of the season.

Cyan highlights indicates numbers 11-20 most watched programs of the season.

Magenta highlights indicates numbers 21-30 most watched programs of the season.

Highlights indicates that it falls in multiple of the above categories.

Sunday
Note: On September 17, 2006, The WB aired The Night of Favorites and Farewells starting at 5:00 p.m. ET. The special included the pilot episodes of Felicity, Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Dawson's Creek. The special served as the network's last nationally scheduled broadcast.

Monday

 * Note: Emily's Reasons Why Not and Jake in Progress premiered on ABC on January 9, 2006, at 8:00 and 8:30 p.m. respectively, and were removed from the schedule after airing one episode.
 * Note: One Ocean View premiered on ABC on July 31, 2006, at 10 p.m. and was removed from the schedule after airing two episodes.

Tuesday

 * Note: Get This Party Started premiered on UPN on February 7, 2006, at 9:00 p.m. and was removed from the schedule after airing two episodes.
 * Note: Tuesday Night Book Club premiered on CBS on June 13, 2006, at 10:00 p.m. and was removed from the schedule after airing two episodes.

Friday

 * Note: Inconceivable premiered on NBC on September 23, 2005, at 10:00 p.m. and was removed from the schedule after airing two episodes.

ABC
Returning series:
 * 20/20
 * ABC Thursday Night Movie
 * ABC Saturday Movie of the Week
 * According to Jim
 * America's Funniest Home Videos
 * Alias
 * The Bachelor
 * Boston Legal
 * Dancing with the Stars
 * Desperate Housewives
 * Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
 * George Lopez
 * Grey's Anatomy
 * Hope & Faith
 * Jake in Progress
 * Less than Perfect
 * Lost
 * Monday Night Football
 * Primetime
 * Rodney
 * Supernanny
 * Wife Swap
 * The Wonderful World of Disney

New series:
 * American Inventor
 * Commander in Chief
 * Crumbs
 * Emily's Reasons Why Not
 * The Evidence
 * Freddie
 * Hot Properties
 * How to Get the Guy
 * In Justice
 * Invasion
 * Master of Champions
 * Miracle Workers
 * Night Stalker
 * The One: Making a Music Star
 * One Ocean View
 * Sons & Daughters
 * What About Brian

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * 8 Simple Rules
 * The ABC Monday Night Movie
 * The Bachelorette (revived and returned for 2007–08)
 * The Benefactor
 * Blind Justice
 * Complete Savages
 * Extreme Makeover
 * Eyes
 * Life as We Know It
 * Life of Luxury
 * My Wife and Kids
 * NYPD Blue

CBS
Returning series:
 * 48 Hours
 * 60 Minutes
 * The Amazing Race
 * Big Brother
 * CBS Sunday Movie
 * Cold Case
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * CSI: Miami
 * CSI: NY
 * The King of Queens
 * NCIS
 * Numbers
 * Still Standing
 * Survivor
 * Two and a Half Men
 * Without a Trace
 * Yes, Dear

New series:
 * Close to Home
 * Courting Alex
 * Criminal Minds
 * Gameshow Marathon
 * Ghost Whisperer
 * How I Met Your Mother
 * Love Monkey
 * The New Adventures of Old Christine
 * Out of Practice
 * Threshold
 * Tuesday Night Book Club
 * The Unit

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * Center of the Universe
 * Clubhouse
 * Dr. Vegas
 * Everybody Loves Raymond
 * JAG
 * Joan of Arcadia
 * Judging Amy
 * Listen Up
 * Wickedly Perfect
 * The Will

Fox
Returning series:
 * 24
 * America's Most Wanted
 * American Dad!
 * American Idol
 * Arrested Development
 * The Bernie Mac Show
 * Cops
 * Family Guy
 * Hell's Kitchen
 * House
 * King of the Hill
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * MLB on Fox
 * Nanny 911
 * The O.C.
 * The Simpsons
 * So You Think You Can Dance
 * Stacked
 * That '70s Show
 * Trading Spouses

New series:
 * Bones
 * Free Ride
 * Killer Instinct
 * Kitchen Confidential
 * The Loop
 * The OT
 * Prison Break
 * Reunion
 * Skating with Celebrities
 * Unan1mous
 * The War at Home

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * The Inside
 * Jonny Zero
 * Life on a Stick
 * Method & Red
 * My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss
 * North Shore
 * Point Pleasant
 * Quintuplets
 * The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best
 * Renovate My Family
 * The Simple Life
 * The Sketch Show
 * Totally Outrageous Behavior
 * Tru Calling (revived by Syfy in 2008)
 * Who's Your Daddy?
 * World's Craziest Videos

NBC
Returning series:
 * The Apprentice
 * The Biggest Loser
 * The Contender
 * Crossing Jordan
 * Dateline NBC
 * ER
 * Fear Factor
 * Joey
 * Las Vegas
 * Last Comic Standing
 * Law & Order
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 * Law & Order: Trial by Jury
 * Medium
 * Most Outrageous Moments
 * The Office
 * Scrubs
 * The West Wing
 * Will & Grace

New series:
 * America's Got Talent
 * The Apprentice: Martha Stewart
 * The Book of Daniel
 * Celebrity Cooking Showdown
 * Conviction
 * Deal or No Deal
 * E-Ring
 * Four Kings
 * Heist
 * Inconceivable
 * My Name Is Earl
 * Surface
 * Teachers
 * Three Wishes
 * Treasure Hunters
 * Windfall

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * American Dreams
 * Committed
 * Father of the Pride
 * Hawaii
 * LAX
 * Medical Investigation
 * Revelations
 * Third Watch

UPN
Returning series:
 * All of Us
 * America's Next Top Model
 * Cuts
 * Eve
 * Girlfriends
 * Half & Half
 * One on One
 * UPN's Night at the Movies
 * Veronica Mars
 * WWE SmackDown!

New series:
 * Everybody Hates Chris
 * Get This Party Started
 * Love, Inc.
 * Sex, Love & Secrets
 * South Beach

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * The Bad Girl's Guide
 * Britney and Kevin: Chaotic
 * Kevin Hill
 * The Road to Stardom with Missy Elliott
 * R U the Girl with T-Boz & Chilli
 * Second Time Around
 * Star Trek: Enterprise

The WB
Returning series:
 * 7th Heaven
 * Beauty and the Geek
 * Blue Collar TV
 * Charmed
 * Everwood
 * Gilmore Girls
 * Living With Fran
 * One Tree Hill
 * Reba
 * Smallville
 * What I Like About You

New series:
 * The Bedford Diaries
 * Just Legal
 * Misconceptions
 * Modern Men
 * Pepper Dennis
 * Related
 * Supernatural
 * Survival of the Richest
 * Twins

Not returning from 2004–05:
 * Big Man on Campus
 * Commando Nanny
 * Drew Carey's Green Screen Show
 * Grounded for Life
 * High School Reunion
 * Jack & Bobby
 * The Mountain
 * The Starlet
 * Steve Harvey's Big Time
 * Summerland

ABC

 * Boston Legal—Renewed for a third season on May 3, 2006.
 * Dancing with the Stars—Renewed for a third and fourth seasons.
 * Desperate Housewives—Renewed for a third season.
 * Extreme Makeover: Home Edition—Renewed for a fourth season.
 * Grey's Anatomy—Renewed for a third season.
 * Lost—Renewed for a third season.

CBS

 * Close to Home—Renewed for a second season.
 * Criminal Minds—Renewed for a second season.
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation—Renewed for a seventh season.
 * CSI: Miami—Renewed for a fifth season.
 * CSI: NY—Renewed for a third season.
 * Ghost Whisperer—Renewed for a second season.
 * How I Met Your Mother—Renewed for a second season.
 * NCIS—Renewed for a fourth season.
 * The New Adventures of Old Christine—Renewed for a second season.
 * Numb3rs—Renewed for a third season.
 * Two and a Half Men—Renewed for a fourth season.

Fox

 * American Dad!—Renewed for a second season.
 * Bones—Renewed for a second season.
 * Family Guy—Renewed for fifth season.
 * Futurama—Renewed for an eighth season.
 * House—Renewed for a third season.
 * Prison Break—Renewed for a second season.
 * The Simpsons—Renewed for an eighteenth season.
 * The War at Home—Renewed for a second season.

NBC

 * The Biggest Loser—Renewed for a third season.
 * ER—Renewed for a thirteenth season.
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent—Renewed for a sixth season.
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit—Renewed for an eighth season.
 * My Name Is Earl—Renewed for a second season.
 * Law & Order—Renewed for a seventeenth season.
 * The Office—Renewed for a third season.

UPN

 * All of Us—Renewed for a fourth season and moving to The CW.
 * America's Next Top Model—Renewed for a seventh and eighth seasons and moving to The CW.
 * Everybody Hates Chris—Renewed for a second season and moving to The CW.
 * Girlfriends—Renewed for a seventh season and moving to The CW.
 * Veronica Mars—Renewed for a third season and moving to The CW.

The WB

 * 7th Heaven—Renewed for an eleventh season and moving to The CW.
 * Gilmore Girls—Renewed for a seventh season and moving to The CW.
 * One Tree Hill—Renewed for a fourth season and moving to The CW.
 * Reba—Renewed for a sixth season and moving to The CW.
 * Smallville—Renewed for a sixth season and moving to The CW.
 * Supernatural—Renewed for a second season and moving to The CW.

ABC

 * Alias—The series concluded on May 22, 2006.
 * Commander in Chief—Canceled after one season.
 * Crumbs—Canceled after one season.
 * Emily's Reasons Why Not—Canceled after one episode due to low ratings.
 * The Evidence—Canceled after one season.
 * Freddie—Canceled after one season. The series concluded on May 31, 2006.
 * Hope & Faith—Ended after three seasons.
 * Hot Properties—Canceled after one season.
 * How to Get the Guy
 * In Justice—Canceled after one season.
 * Invasion—Canceled after one season.
 * Jake in Progress—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Less than Perfect—Ended after four seasons.
 * Master of Champions
 * Miracle Workers
 * Night Stalker—Canceled after one season.
 * The One: Making a Music Star
 * One Ocean View
 * Rodney—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Sons & Daughters—Canceled after one season.

CBS

 * Courting Alex—Canceled after one season.
 * CBS Sunday Movie—Cancelled on May 17, 2006.
 * Gameshow Marathon
 * Love Monkey—Canceled by CBS after three episodes. The last five unaired episodes aired from April 18, 2006, until May 16, 2006, on VH1.
 * Out of Practice—Canceled after one season.
 * Still Standing—Ended after four seasons.
 * Threshold—Canceled after one season.
 * Tuesday Night Book Club
 * Yes, Dear—Ended after six seasons.

Fox

 * Arrested Development—In March 2006, it was revealed the series was cancelled. The series was later revived in 2013 on Netflix.
 * The Bernie Mac Show—Ended after five seasons. Bernie Mac died on August 9, 2008, at the age of 50.
 * Free Ride—Canceled after one season.
 * Head Cases—Canceled after one season.
 * Killer Instinct—Canceled after one season.
 * Kitchen Confidential—Canceled after one season.
 * Malcolm in the Middle—Ended after seven seasons.
 * Reunion—On November 29, 2005, it was announced Fox was not ordering any additional episodes, essentially cancelling it.
 * Skating with Celebrities
 * Stacked—Canceled after two seasons.
 * That '70s Show—It was announced on January 17, 2006, that season eight would be the final season. The series concluded on May 18, 2006.
 * Unan1mous

NBC

 * The Book of Daniel—Canceled after one season.
 * Celebrity Cooking Showdown
 * Conviction—Canceled after one season.
 * E-Ring—Canceled after one season.
 * Fear Factor—Cancelled in May 2006. It was later revived in 2011.
 * Four Kings—Canceled after one season.
 * Heist—Canceled after one season.
 * Inconceivable—Canceled after one season.
 * Joey—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Law & Order: Trial By Jury—The final episode aired on January 21, 2006, on Court TV.
 * Surface—Canceled after one season.
 * Teachers—Canceled after one season.
 * Thick & Thin—It was announced that the show will not air on NBC.
 * Three Wishes
 * Treasure Hunters
 * The West Wing—Ended after seven seasons.
 * Will & Grace—Revived in January 2017.
 * Windfall

UPN

 * Cuts—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Eve—Ended after three seasons.
 * Get This Party Started
 * Half & Half—Ended after four seasons.
 * Love, Inc.—Canceled after one season.
 * One on One—Ended after five seasons.
 * Sex, Love & Secrets—Canceled after one season.
 * South Beach—Canceled after one season.

The WB

 * The Bedford Diaries—Canceled after one season.
 * Blue Collar TV—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Charmed—Ended after eight seasons.
 * Everwood—Ended after four seasons.
 * Just Legal—Canceled after one season. The series concluded on September 10, 2006.
 * Living with Fran—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Misconceptions
 * Modern Men—Canceled after one season.
 * Pepper Dennis—Canceled after one season. The series concluded on July 4, 2006.
 * Related—Canceled after one season.
 * Survival of the Richest
 * Twins—Canceled after one season.
 * What I Like About You—Ended after four seasons.


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Blood and Black Lace

Blood and Black Lace (Sei donne per l'assassino) is a 1964 giallo film directed by Mario Bava and starring Eva Bartok and Cameron Mitchell. The story concerns the brutal murders of a Roman fashion house's models, committed by a masked killer in a desperate attempt to obtain a scandal-revealing diary.

The film began development shortly after Bava had ended his long-time association with Galatea Film, for whom he had made most of his earlier works as a cinematographer and director. Made with a budget that was lower than several of the director's prior horror films, Blood and Black Lace was an Italian, French and West German international co-production between Emmepi Cinematografica, Les Productions Georges de Beauregard and Monachia Film. Different sources and ministerial papers provide varying degrees of information on the authorship of the film's screenplay, with most sources crediting Marcello Fondato, Giuseppe Barillà and Bava as co-writers; co-star Mary Arden is credited with having adapted the script's dialogue into English. Most of the technical staff and several cast members were veterans of Bava's previous films. Principal photography began in Rome in late 1963 with an international, multilingual cast; some actors read their lines fluently, while others performed them phonetically.

Film critics and historians such as Tim Lucas and Roberto Curti have identified Blood and Black Lace as representing an evolution in both Bava's style and the thriller genre depicted in cinema. Having used thriller conventions in his earlier films The Girl Who Knew Too Much and "The Telephone", a segment of Black Sabbath, Bava used this film to combine elements of contemporary West German murder mystery films (krimis) with the lurid juxtaposition of eroticism and violence present in popular fiction of the time, namely the long-running Giallo Mondadori series of pulp novels. Though it did not start a trend in the genre, the film has retrospectively been described as being among the first giallo films, as its exaggerated use of colour photography and eschewing of a traditional mystery in favour of a focus on set pieces of graphic murder would become staples of the form.

The film premiered in Rome on March 14, 1964, where it was commercially unsuccessful. Contemporary and retrospective reviews primarily praised Bava's direction and its visual style, although some found its plot to be weak and lacking in characterisation. After the successful release of Dario Argento's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage in 1970, a wave of gialli were made in Italy, with many sharing stylistic traits from Blood and Black Lace. Works by such filmmakers as Martin Scorsese and Pedro Almodóvar have referenced the film, and it has appeared on several "best of" lists related to thriller, horror and slasher films.

Plot
Isabella, one of many beautiful models employed at Christian Haute Couture, a Roman fashion house, is walking through the property's grounds at night when she is violently killed by an assailant wearing a white, featureless mask, a black fedora and a trenchcoat. Police inspector Silvestri investigates and interviews Massimo Morlacchi, who co-manages the salon with the recently widowed Countess Cristiana Cuomo. He also questions Isabella's ex-boyfriend Franco Scalo, an antique dealer; Silvestri discovers that he is a cocaine user, and that Isabella had attempted to break his addiction.

It is revealed that Isabella kept a diary detailing the staff's personal lives and vices. One of the models, Nicole—who is Scalo's current lover—finds the diary and promises to give it to the police, but her co-worker Peggy steals it during a fashion show. That night, Nicole visits Scalo's store to supply him with cocaine where she is stalked by the murderer, who murders her with a spiked glove. The figure searches her corpse and her purse for the diary, but cannot find it. Marco, a nervous, pill-popping dresser who has unrequited feelings for Peggy, visits her at her apartment offering protection, which she politely refuses. She is then confronted and beaten by the killer, who writes a demand in a notebook for the location of the diary. She says she burned it in her fireplace because it contained details of an abortion she underwent. Enraged, the murderer knocks her unconscious. The assailant then carries her away just as Silvestri arrives, takes her to another location, ties her to a chair, and continues the interrogation. Peggy pulls off the mask and is shocked to recognize her assailant, who burns her to death using a furnace.

Silvestri surmises that the murderer is a sex maniac and is one of the men associated with the salon, so he arrests everyone he believes might be responsible. Panicking when he is identified as having visited Peggy's apartment, Marco tries to accuse Cesare, the house's eavesdropping dress designer, for the killings because of impotency; he then suffers an epileptic seizure and is hospitalised, and his drugs turn out to be medication for his condition. While the suspects are in custody, Greta, another model, finds Peggy's corpse stashed in the trunk of her car, and the killer smothers her to death in the mansion of her fiancé. Once Peggy and Greta's bodies are discovered, Silvestri releases all the men; Morlacchi retrieves the same notebook he used earlier to interrogate Peggy.

Morlacchi and Cristina later discuss their murder spree: he killed Isabella, Nicole and Peggy, and Cristiana murdered Greta to give him an alibi; the hypersexualization of the killings was merely a red herring to disguise their motivations. Isabella had found out that they had earlier murdered Christiana’s husband and tried to blackmail them.

Morlacchi convinces Cristiana that, although the diary has been destroyed, they must commit one more murder to satisfy Silvestri's hypothesis. Later that night, Cristiana kills a fifth model, making the death look like a suicide and leaving the mask, hat and coat strewn around the bathroom to his implicate the model as the murderer. Cristiana prepares to leave the apartment when she is interrupted by a loud knocking on the front door. While attempting to escape she falls from a second-story window.

At the fashion house, Morlacchi excitedly searches through Cristiana's desk for her jewelry. Cristiana enters, now realizing that Morlacchi had been responsible for her fall and that their marriage was merely a means for him to become the heir to her fortune. She kills Morlacchi. After calling Silvestri, Cristiana collapses next to Morlacchi's body.

Cast
Credits adapted from Mario Bava: All the Colors of the Dark and the Arrow Video Blu-ray booklet.

Background and style
In West Germany, a film genre called krimis — murder mystery films inspired by the works of Edgar Wallace — became popular in the early 1960s, with the first being 1959's Der Frosch mit der Maske. These films were made initially in black and white, but were later shot in colour and received distribution in Italy. Italian film historian Stefano Baschiera spoke about their influence on Italian cinema, noting that Italian popular cinema attempted their own style of the krimi as they had done with the horror films of Hammer Film Productions and American genre films by "using their 'tested' imagery in order to satisfy the demand of a national market". Another rising trend of the early 1960s followed the success of Terence Fisher's 1958 version of Dracula in Italy. This led to the rise in popularity of pulp paperback novels, comics and photonovels in the horror, mystery and crime genres, which included elements of eroticism.

Italian film historian and critic Roberto Curti described the plot of Blood and Black Lace as being lifted from the themes of these novels, and adapting elements of the krimi, with a "mysterious villain with sadistic tendencies" who is seen in films like Karl Anton's The Avenger or Franz Josef Gottlieb's The Black Abbot. Bava had explored the elements of suspense and eroticism in the film genre that would become the giallo with The Girl Who Knew Too Much, which involved a woman who witnesses a murder and becomes the target of a serial killer, and the Black Sabbath segment "The Telephone", in which a prostitute is blackmailed while she is undressing for the night. The term giallo, which means "yellow" in Italian, is derived from Il Giallo Mondadori, a long-running series of mystery and crime novels identifiable by their distinctive uniform yellow covers, and is used in Italy to describe all mystery and thriller fiction. English-language critics use the term to describe more specific films within the genre, involving a murder mystery that revels in the details of the murder rather than the deduction of it or police procedural elements.

Bava's biographer Tim Lucas deemed The Girl Who Knew Too Much to be a tongue-in-cheek tribute to the giallo novels, while "The Telephone" is closer to what would become the traditional giallo film style, albeit in short form. Curti described Blood and Black Lace as predominantly a series of violent, erotically charged set pieces that are "increasingly elaborate and spectacular" in their construction, and that Bava pushed these elements to the extreme. Curti noted the film was promoted as a whodunnit in Italy but differed from both that genre and krimis of the period, specifically in its lack of humour or a string of clues as to the identity of the murderer.

Development
Prior to directing Blood and Black Lace, Mario Bava had directed several films aimed at foreign markets, including Black Sunday, Erik the Conqueror, The Girl Who Knew Too Much and Black Sabbath. These films were produced primarily through Lionello Santi's production company Galatea Film, which suspended their operations by 1964 because of financial hardship. This forced Bava to move from producer to producer for the rest of his career, which left him "not always happy with the results" according to Curti. Bava began work on Blood and Black Lace under the working title of L'atelier della morte for Emmepi Cinematografica, a small company founded on November 27, 1962, which had only produced four films, and had made a minor contribution to Black Sabbath; Blood and Black Lace was Emmepi's only film as a majority investor. According to ministerial papers, Bava signed the contract to work on the film on March 16, 1963.

The film had a smaller budget than Bava's previous horror films, estimated at 180 million Italian lire, of which 141.755 million was used in production; by contrast, Black Sabbath had a budget of 205 million lire. Emmepi set up the film as a co-production with France and West Germany, with the respective investment quotas being 50% (Italy), 20% (France), and 30% (West Germany). The French partner was Georges de Beauregard, who would work with productions varying from Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless and Le petit soldat to genre film co-productions like Goliath and the Rebel Slave and The Vampire of Düsseldorf. According to documents at Rome's Archive of State, De Beauregard's largest contribution to the film was the services of his press officer (and future film director) Bertrand Tavernier as an assistant director. Tavernier dismissed this, saying that, "These Italian credits are based on scams. French names were needed for the co-production. I have never been to Italy and haven't met anyone involved in these films." Tavernier concluded his contributions to the film were that he "read a scenario of Mario Bava's Blood and Black Lace and my name is in the credits". The West German partner was Top Film, working under its Monachia Film subsidiary, which was based in Munich and financed only two other films.

The synopsis of Blood and Black Lace at the Archive of State in Italy and the script at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia library are credited to Marcello Fondato and Giuseppe Barillà. Fondato had previously worked on several comedies before Blood and Black Lace, and on the script for Black Sabbath. Barillà was a co-editor of the literary magazine Elsinore. Curti suggests that Barillà's contributions to the script were minor. The estimated budget attached to bureaucratic papers submitted to the Ministry at the beginning of production list Fondato and Bava as the authors of the story and credits the script to "Giuseppe Milizia", a name that does not appear in any other documents. In contrast, the opening titles of the film credit Fondato as the author of the story and screenplay, while Barillà and Bava's names are listed following "with the collaboration of". Ministerial papers state that Bava was paid 3 million lire as co-scenarist and 7 million for directing, while Fondato and Barillà were paid roughly 1.5 million each for screenwriting.

Lucas has suggested that the 1958 film Mannequin in Red may have influenced Blood and Black Lace because of its use of colour cinematography with diffused lighting filters similar to Bava's style, as well as the film's plot being set in a fashion salon where murders are taking place. Curti contests this notion because Mannequin in Red was never released in Italy, deeming it unlikely that Bava or the screenwriters ever saw it.

Pre-production
Blood and Black Lace utilised an international cast. It included Italians (Arianna Gorini, Massimo Righi, Franco Ressel, Luciano Pigozzi, Giuliano Raffaelli, Francesca Ungaro and Enzo Cerusico), Americans (Cameron Mitchell, Mary Arden, Dante DiPaolo and Harriet White Medin), Germans (Thomas Reiner, Lea Lander and Heidi Stroh), French actress Claude Dantes, and Hungarian-British actress Eva Bartok. Lander, who was credited onscreen as "Lea Krugher" due to her being a distant cousin of actor Hardy Krüger, moved to Italy to work on the film. She spoke positively on working with Bava, but was particularly excited to be working with Bartok. Bartok was known at the time for her work in Robert Siodmak's film The Crimson Pirate, and Lander recalled that Bartok kept her distance from the rest of the cast, had her own make-up room and had the cast and crew often having to wait for her on set. The cast also included some character actors, many of which who had worked with Bava previously, such as Righi, who was in Black Sabbath, DiPaolo, who played a reporter in The Girl Who Knew Too Much, Ressel, who had played supporting parts in The Wonders of Aladdin, Erik the Conqueror and The Girl Who Knew Too Much, and Pigozzi, who was in The Whip and the Body.

Reiner and Dantes were late additions to the cast, as they took over roles initially intended for Gustavo De Nardo and Yoko Tani, respectively. Reiner, a classically trained actor whose experience was primarily in West German television and voice dubbing, was impressed by Bava's working methods, believing that the lack of obligation to record direct sound on-set allowed him to film shots in imaginative ways; Reiner spent his off-set time walking Centi, Bava's pet Basset Hound, which inspired him to buy one for himself and his wife upon his return to Germany. Curti has described Dantes' replacement for Tani as "hasty", noting that despite being made-up to appear Asian in line with her scripted character, these efforts were obstructed by her strong jawline, wide cheekbones and androgynous appearance. Mitchell recalled that Dantes told him that she suffered from an eating disorder and had undergone an experimental weight loss procedure in Paris a month prior to the start of filming, whereby "they'd put you to sleep for three weeks, massage you, give you pills or injections to relax you and it would help take the weight right off"; Lucas corroborates this by noting that Dantes appeared to be "at least forty pounds heavier" in The Hyena of London, which she had filmed prior to working on Blood and Black Lace.

A regular actor for Bava, Mitchell had remained in touch with the director since their last project together, Erik the Conqueror. Mitchell stated "There was a special chemistry between us, Bava was one of my favorite people on the planet." Mitchell stated that Bava's mood on-set was genial despite hearing rumours that he had recently suffered a nervous breakdown, explaining "In this business, frankly, everybody breaks down. I think it was fairly serious with Mario, however." Medin, a recurring Bava actress who played the role of Clarice the housekeeper, did not remember anything about the production, but confessed to Lucas that she thought the film was "absolutely horrible" and that "When you get to be my age [...] violence on the screen loses whatever entertainment value it may have had when you were younger and thought of yourself as immortal and indestructible." Due to the film's status as an international co-production, the cast's revenue was not divided equally: while Mitchell (and possibly Bartok) were paid in cash at the beginning of each week of shooting, and the German actors were fully imbursed for their stay in Rome, many cast members, such as Arden, worked under the promise that they would be paid in full at the end of production, but never received their salaries.

The crew consisted of many other of Bava's regular collaborators, including director of photography Ubaldo Terzano, film editor Mario Serandrei and costume designer Tina Loriedo Grani.

Filming

Lucas stated that filming began in November 1963, while Curti found the schedule began on September 26, 1963. Arden recalled she finished her scenes around the time of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. While Lucas said that filming ended in mid-January 1964, the documents found by Curti showed that principal photography finished on October 26, 1963. The film was shot in Rome, with the exteriors of the fashion house filmed at Villa Sciarra, interiors shot at Palazzo Brancaccio, and other scenes shot at A.T.C. Studios. Scenes such as the antique shop were shot at a storage facility for film props.

Although the film was a European production, it was filmed with the majority of the cast speaking their lines in English to ensure international marketability. Arden spoke about the script, saying that the "Italian guy who wrote the script had no great knowledge of American or English conversation, so the script was full of mistakes". Arden was fluent in three languages and rewrote the dialogue as a favour for Bava during filming so it would make more sense. For the film's violent scenes, Arden remembered performing most of her own stunts. These included scenes where she was to fall on to a mattress that would be placed under her at the last second. The team often mistimed the move, leading to Arden being bruised on subsequent re-takes. The film's stunt coordinator, Goffredo "Freddy" Unger, explained that Bava often had to deal with actors wanting to do their own stunts. When actors requested to do fight scenes, he filmed them only briefly, before telling them he had all the footage they needed. Mitchell recalled that Bava created the film's tracking shots by mounting the camera on a children's toy wagon, while crane shots were made by using a makeshift see-saw that counterbalanced the camera with crew members. Curti has disputed the idea of a wagon being used on the film, as Lamberto Bava said on an Italian DVD audio commentary that the cameras used were Mitchells, which would have been too heavy to mount on such a device (as opposed to lighter Arriflexs).

It took four hours for makeup artist Emilio Trani to apply burned features to Arden for the sequences where she portrayed a corpse; these took five days to shoot. To avoid having the makeup added and removed each day, Arden left it on her face for the latter days of shooting; she recalled that her made-up appearance terrified her mother, who was staying with her in Rome. An accident during the filming of these sequences left Arden with a permanent scar across her nose. In the scene where Greta discovers Peggy's body in the trunk of her car, Bava instructed Lander to wait until the trunk lid was completely open (as indicated by a click in the mechanism) before jumping and recoiling backwards, as the lid used a strong spring that caused it to fall rapidly into place if it was not secured. In her nervousness, Lander failed to open the trunk fully, resulting in the lid's sharp lock hitting Arden in the face, narrowly missing her eye. Arden became hysterical, prompting Bava to stop shooting immediately and calm her down by holding ice to her face while hugging her.

Music
Carlo Rustichelli composed the film's score, as he had for Bava's previous film, The Whip and the Body. Rustichelli recalled his own reaction to the film saying, "There was no doubt, it was something new. I was somewhat shocked by it, partly by its erotic quality." The film's main theme is titled "Atelier" and is reprised throughout the film in various forms. Lucas notes that as the number of characters' deaths grows throughout the film, the orchestration of the score scales down. At Bava's behest, Rustichelli reused several cues he had written and recorded for The Whip and the Body. Rustichelli also reused a cue from the film La bellezza di Ippolita, which can be heard during the fashion show sequence.

Coinciding with the film's release, the score's publisher, C.A.M., released "Atelier" as a 45 RPM single, with an alternate version of the theme, "Defilé", as the B-side. In 2005, the year after Rustichelli's death, Digitmovies released the complete score on CD as a two-disc set along with the music from The Whip and the Body. Spikerot Records later released the score, remastered from the original session tapes, as a limited edition LP (400 copies) in October 2020.

Release
Blood and Black Lace premiered in Rome on March 14, 1964. During post-production on the film, the title changed from L'atelier della morte to 6 donne per l'assassino. Both the on-screen title and ministerial papers list the film as 6 donne per l'assassino, while some promotional materials refer to it as Sei donne per l'assassino, a title which has since been used in reviews, essays and reference books. Unidis distributed the film in Italy where Curti described it as not being a commercial success. It grossed a little over 137 million Italian lire, making it the 161st highest-grossing film on domestic release in Italy that year; Curti described the gross as not enough to spark any trends within Italian cinema, but enough for Emmepi to recoup its investment. Gloria Film released the film in West Germany on November 27, 1964 as Blutige Seide and Les Films Marbeuf distributed it in France as 6 femmes pour l'assassin, where it was released on December 30, 1964.

It was released in the United States under the title Blood and Black Lace on July 7, 1965 by the Woolner Brothers (who had previously distributed Bava's Hercules in the Haunted World) as part of a deal with Allied Artists. In contrast to the often drastic alterations made to Bava's earlier films by American International Pictures and other distributors, the US version is largely identical to its Italian counterpart, featuring only two very minor cuts in dialogue exchanges. Filmation Associates created a new title sequence for this version, which credited much of the cast and crew aside from Bava under "Americanized" pseudonyms, such as "Herman Tarzana" (Ubaldo Terzano), "Mark Suran" (Mario Serandei) and "Carl Rustic" (Carlo Rustichelli). Lucas deemed Filmation's opening titles, consisting of a montage of nude store mannequins and skulls, to be a compelling alternative to the Italian version's series of tracking shots through the fashion house where each of the key actors are portrayed as if they were mannequins. Gala Film Distributors released Blood and Black Lace in the United Kingdom on January 6, 1966, where the British Board of Film Censors gave the film an X rating after four minutes of cuts were made.

Two separate English dub tracks for the film were created: actor Mel Welles directed the original version in Rome, which featured most of the English-speaking actors, including Mitchell, Bartok and Arden, reprising their on-screen roles; Welles dubbed Reiner and several other actors. Now believed to be lost, the Woolners rejected this track for American distribution. They commissioned a second dub track that was produced under the supervision of Lou Moss in Los Angeles. Except for DiPaolo, who looped his own lines for this version, Paul Frees provided most of the male voices for the second dub, including Mitchell and Reiner's. Some adult material was toned down in the English version compared to the dialogue of the Italian dub, such as Marco declaring Cesare to be the killer because of his apparent impotence.

Home media
Blood and Black Lace was released on VHS in several countries, including Italy, France, Germany, Japan, and Spain. According to Lucas, all known VHS releases of the film were censored to varying degrees. Early American home media releases include a VHS and Betamax from Media Home Entertainment and a LaserDisc from The Roan Group. Iver Film and Nouveaux Pictures released it on VHS in the United Kingdom. In 1997, the film was set to be released by Quentin Tarantino's Rolling Thunder Pictures, a division of Miramax designed to introduce audiences to the works of low-budget filmmakers he admired. Rolling Thunder was unable to release the film because of an inability to source usable 35 mm English language elements; in a 1998 interview, Tarantino said that "people over [in Italy] just don't care. We tried to get the rights to Blood and Black Lace [...] and release it in Italian with English subtitles. We couldn't do that. It's not even about money; they don't care." VCI Video released the film twice in the United States on DVD in 2000, and again in 2005 with more bonus features. Both releases feature English and Italian audio tracks with subtitles.

Arrow Video released Blood and Black Lace on Blu-ray Disc on April 13 in the United Kingdom and April 21, 2015, in the United States. Presented with an aspect ratio of 1.66:1 in Italian and English, this release was extensively restored from the original camera negative in 2K resolution at L'Immagine Ritrovata, and graded at Deluxe Restoration in London under the supervision of Tim Lucas. The disc's special features include an audio commentary by Lucas, various original and archival video essays and interviews, the US version's title sequence (restored from a print owned by Joe Dante) and Yellow, a 2012 short film made by Ryan Haysom and Jon Britt as a tribute to the giallo genre. VCI released a Blu-ray/DVD combo pack on October 23, 2018, utilizing a different restoration of the film with a 1.85:1 aspect ratio using only the English audio track; the set includes two audio commentaries, one by film historian Kat Ellinger, the other by critics David Del Valle and C. Courtney Joyner, and the special features from VCI's earlier DVDs.

Contemporary
Curti said that Blood and Black Lace was "barely reviewed in newspapers", and that the few critics who did, acknowledged its stylistic qualities. Reviews in Europe in La Stampa noted the film was "finely photographed" and that it "dispenses thrills and emotions more by way of the director's excellent technique than with the shaky gimmicks of a clumsy script". Corriere d'Informazione found the film to be "technically remarkable, but as a spectacle it is asthmatic". Ugo Casirhagi of L'Unità felt Bava was "a fellow who has lots of fun playing with macabre elements ornaments, intermittent lighting, and changing colors" and "putting the characters to death (and with even more relish when they are elegant and sophisticated ladies) in the most hideous ways. We can not deny that, as a butcher, he has a pulse." An anonymous reviewer in Cahiers du Cinéma dismissed the film as a "riot of hideous lighting and effects as heavy as the Ritz: all of it in a jumble of objects as Ophuls, Sternberg or even Albicocco never dared to offer". Peter John Dyer, credited as "P.J.D.", in the Monthly Film Bulletin declared it as Bava's "most expensive-looking and decorative horror film to date" concluding that "if this is a very good (i.e. characteristic) example of Bava's work, it is a less good example of the murder thriller genre, being derivative, for the most part poorly acted and written, and risible in its several descents into bathos".

Outside Europe, A. H. Weiler of The New York Times found the film was a "super-gory whodunit" where characters "are dispatched in varying horrendous styles, leaving nary a lissome lovely around to model those fancy gowns. It's a waste ... but considering the obvious, ponderous plot and their acting, they deserve their bloody fate or the semi-blackout which greeted them." "Whit." of Variety summarized the film as an "okay mystery with a few chills here and there", while noting the visuals are "backgrounded by expensive sets which add a certain quality not always distinguishable in films of this sort". He declared the art direction "is tops" with colour photography to take advantage of it. The review commented on Bava's direction as setting "a grim mood never relinquished" adding the "score by [Rustichelli] maintains this atmosphere".

Retrospective
From retrospective reviews, the BBC, AllMovie and Slant Magazine critics praised the film for its visual inventiveness, while noting its violence. Almar Haflidason, reviewing the film for the BBC, said that, "Through a prowling camera style and shadow-strewn baroque sets that are illuminated only by single brilliant colours, [Bava] creates a claustrophobic paranoia that seeps into the fabric of the movie and the viewer." Chuck Bowen of Slant Magazine praised the visuals and plot, noting that the film "floods the eye with stimulation, overwhelming our senses so much that the subtle and ingenious plot rushes by in a blur". He added, "The killings in Blood and Black Lace are still disturbing, yet have the vitality of pop art." Patrick Legar of AllMovie praised Bava's "visual eye and use of color, which give the film a highly unique style and look. The brilliant use of primary hues serve as visual foreshadowing throughout the picture and make repeated viewings a fascinating necessity." He noted, "the striking brutality" of the murders. "The killings are highly disturbing in their savagery -- strangling, gouging, drowning, and a torturous scalding among them". In the book The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies, James Marriott described the film as "fascinating and flamboyantly stylish" and found the scenes of eroticized violence disturbing.

Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide gives the film one and a half out of four stars, criticizing its "wooden script and performances" but complimenting Bava's direction, calling it "imaginative". Years after its release, several publications have included the film on "Best of" lists relating to horror, thriller and slasher themes by Paste Magazine, Esquire, and Slant Magazine. In 2004, one of its sequences was voted number 85 on The 100 Scariest Movie Moments by the Bravo TV network.

Legacy
Curti opined that the film did not enjoy the commercial success necessary to inspire a wave of similar works during its initial release. While some critics such as Lucas have suggested that Bava's use of colour influenced new krimi films to be shot in colour, such as Alfred Vohrer's The Hunchback of Soho, there is no documentation to suggest that the switch can be attributed to Blood and Black Lace. Italian thrillers released in the immediate wake of its release were described as either variations on themes found in Alfred Hitchcock's films, such as Assassination in Rome by Silvio Amadio, or murder mystery films such as Romano Ferrara's Crimine a due.

Among the few works immediately influenced by Blood and Black Lace was the fifth issue of the fumetto nero (black comic) Kriminal, which used the same plot as the film. Meanwhile, films labelled as gialli from Italy that were released in the late 1960s, such as Umberto Lenzi's films with Carroll Baker (Orgasmo, So Sweet... So Perverse and A Quiet Place to Kill) and Lucio Fulci's One on Top of the Other, focused on eroticism rather than an emulation of Bava's focus on murder scenes. It was not until the success of Dario Argento's 1970 film The Bird with the Crystal Plumage that the giallo genre started a major trend in Italian cinema. Argento's film borrows elements from Blood and Black Lace, particularly its murder scenes. Giallo films released after The Bird with the Crystal Plumage showed a stronger influence from Blood and Black Lace, such as Roberto Bianchi Montero's So Sweet, So Dead, Stelvio Massi's Five Women for the Killer, and Renato Polselli's Delirium.

The scene in the film involving the murder of Tao-Li in a bathtub was later referenced or used in other features. These include the opening scene of Pedro Almodóvar's Matador, where Eusebio Poncela's character is seen masturbating to this scene. It has been imitated in several films, including J. Lee Thompson's Happy Birthday to Me, Argento's Two Evil Eyes, and Martin Scorsese's Kundun.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blood and Black Lace


text: User talk:129.82.232.113

title: User talk:129.82.232.113


text:
User:William Flowers

HELLO ITS ME! William Flowers

Wow, my own little piece of Wikipedia! Fantastic!

title: User:William Flowers


text: Category:Regions of Ethiopia

title: Category:Regions of Ethiopia


text:
Urna

In Buddhist art and culture, the Urna (ūrṇā, ūrṇākeśa or ūrṇākośa (Pāli uṇṇa), and known as in Chinese) is a spiral or circular dot placed on the forehead of Buddhist images as an auspicious mark.

As set out in the Lakkhana Sutta or 'Discourse on Marks', the ūrṇā is the thirty-first physical characteristic of Buddha. It is generally thought to be a whorl of hair and be a mark or sign of the Buddha as a mahāpuruṣa or great being. The device is often seen on sculptures from the 2nd century CE.

title: Urna


text:
X (disambiguation)

X is the 24th letter of the English alphabet.

X may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * X (Dark Horse Comics), a character and series
 * X (Mega Man), the main protagonist of the Mega Man X video game series
 * X (The X-Files), a television series character
 * Radio X, the fictional radio station broadcasting the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack
 * X, a symbol used on treasure maps in fiction to show the location of the hidden treasure
 * X Parasite, a central subject of the 2002 game Metroid Fusion

Film

 * X (1963 film), subtitled The Man with the X-Ray Eyes, an American science-fiction film
 * X (1986 film), a Norwegian film directed by Oddvar Einarson
 * X (1996 film), an anime film directed by Rintaro, based on the X manga by CLAMP
 * X (2022 film), an American-Canadian horror film by Ti West
 * X the Unknown, a 1956 British film
 * X, alternate title for Malcolm X (1992 film), by Spike Lee
 * X: Night of Vengeance, a 2011 film by Australian director Jon Hewitt
 * X: Past Is Present, a 2015 Indian anthology film
 * X rating, a designation for adult-only films

Television

 * Kamen Rider X, a Japanese series in the Kamen Rider franchise
 * Ultraman X, a 2015 Japanese tokusatsu television series
 * The X (TV series), a Canadian children's program
 * WXSP-CD, a Grand Rapids, Michigan TV station branded as "The X"
 * X (TV series), a Japanese anime series based on the X manga by CLAMP
 * X, the production code for the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Ark

Video games

 * X (1992 video game) a 3D game for the Nintendo Game Boy console
 * X (game series), a science fiction space simulator series by Egosoft
 * X (Xbox show), an annual trade show hosted by Microsoft

Literature

 * X (Cage book), by avant garde composer John Cage
 * X (magazine), a quarterly review of literature and the arts
 * X (manga), a 1992 Japanese manga by CLAMP
 * X (Grafton novel), 2015, by Sue Grafton
 * X (young adult novel), 2015, by Ilyasah Shabazz and Kekla Magoon
 * X: A Fabulous Child's Story, a 1972 short story and 1978 picture book by Lois Gould
 * X: Or, Betty Shabazz v. The Nation, a 2017 play by Marcus Gardley
 * 'X' Stands for Unknown, a 1984 collection of science essays by Isaac Asimov

Bands

 * X (American band), a punk band
 * X (Australian band), a punk band
 * X Japan, Japanese metal band, originally named X from 1982–1992

Albums

 * X (Agnez Mo album), 2017
 * X (Klaus Schulze album), 1978
 * X (Gnags album), 1983
 * X (INXS album), 1990
 * X (K-Ci & JoJo album), 2000
 * X (Def Leppard album), 2002
 * X (Anna Vissi album), 2002
 * X (Kristeen Young album), 2004
 * X the album, a Christian compilation album series starting in 2004
 * X (Liberty X album), 2005
 * X (Intocable album), 2005
 * X (Fourplay album), 2006
 * X (Kylie Minogue album), 2007
 * X (Trace Adkins album), 2008
 * X (Spock's Beard album), 2010
 * X (Royal Hunt album), 2010
 * X (Roll Deep album), 2012
 * X (The 69 Eyes album), 2012
 * X (Chris Brown album), 2014
 * X (Ed Sheeran album) (read as "Multiply"), 2014
 * X (The Driver Era album), 2019
 * X (Ken Carson album), 2022
 * X (mixtape), by pH-1, 2020
 * X, a Philippine hip-hop album by Ex Battalion
 * X (Nonpoint album), 2018
 * X: The Godless Void and Other Stories, 2020, by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 * Ten (Sault album), (also styled X) 2022

Operas

 * X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X, 1986

Songs

 * "X" (21 Savage and Metro Boomin song)
 * "X" (Chris Brown song)
 * "X" (Jonas Brothers and Karol G song)
 * "X" (Liberty X song)
 * "X" (Nicky Jam and J Balvin song)
 * "X" (Poppy song)
 * "X" (Xzibit song)
 * "X", a song from the album The Circle by B'z
 * "X", a song from the album Neysluvara by Hatari
 * "X", a song from the album Undeniable by Hellyeah
 * "X", a song from the album Pain Is Love by Ja Rule featuring Missy Elliott and Tweet
 * "X", a song from the album Future History by Jason Derulo
 * "X", a song from the album Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert
 * "X", a song from the album The Magic Position by Patrick Wolf
 * "X", a song from the album Angels & Demons by Peter Andre
 * "X", a song from the album Black Panther by ScHoolboy Q, 2 Chainz, Saudi, and Kendrick Lamar
 * "X", a song from the album Toxicity by System of a Down
 * "X", a song from the album Blue Blood by X Japan
 * "X", a song from the album In the Court of the Dragon by Trivium
 * "X", a song from the album X by Ken Carson

Stations

 * KHTI, formerly KCXX, known as "The 'X' at 103.9 FM", a Southern California rock n' roll radio station
 * KXZZ (FM), formerly known as "The 'X' at 100.1 FM", a rock n' roll radio station in Reno, Nevada
 * WNFZ, formerly known as "94.3 the X", a modern rock radio station in Knoxville, Tennessee
 * WQXA-FM, also known as 105.7 "The 'X'", a modern rock radio station in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
 * WXDX-FM, also known as "The 'X' at 105.9", a modern rock radio station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * WXLV (FM), former call sign branded as "90.3 "The X"", a college radio station in Allentown, Pennsylvania
 * WXNY-FM, known as "La X 96.3", a Spanish radio station in New York City
 * WZDA, formerly known as "103.9 The 'X'", a modern rock radio station in Dayton, Ohio

Roller coasters

 * X2 (roller coaster), at Six Flags Magic Mountain, formerly known as X
 * X (roller coaster), in Thorpe Park, England

Companies

 * X Development, Google's in-house incubator established in 2010
 * X Corp., the parent company of X (social network)
 * X.com (bank), the predecessor to PayPal
 * X, the stock symbol for United States Steel Corporation

Other organizations

 * X (demo party), a Dutch demoscene party which started in 1995
 * Organization X, a resistance organization active during the Axis occupation of Greece and the Greek Civil War
 * The X, nickname for École Polytechnique, a French engineering school

Language script and phonetic

 * Typographical approximation of the Greek letter chi (Χ)
 * Kha (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script
 * x, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiceless velar fricative
 * , used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiceless uvular fricative

In arts and entertainment

 * Director X (born 1975), Canadian music video director, also known as X and Little X
 * Princess X (musician), former stage name of musician Liza Fox (active 2010–present)
 * XXXTentacion (1998–2018), American rapper commonly referred to as "X"
 * DMX (rapper) (1970–2021), American rapper commonly referred to as "X"
 * Shaun Ryder (born 1962), English musician also known as X
 * Terminator X (born 1966), stage name for American DJ Norman Roberts, who worked with Public Enemy
 * X, ring name of wrestler Carl Ouellet (born 1967)

Other people

 * X González (born 1999), American gun control activist
 * Clyde X (1931–2009), Nation of Islam official
 * Khoisan X (1955–2010), political activist
 * Laura X (born 1940), feminist historian
 * Malcolm X (1925–1965), civil rights activist
 * Michael X (1933–1975), activist and criminal
 * Xiuhtezcatl Martinez (born 2000), climate activist, often known as "X"
 * X, the girl in the X Case, a landmark court case about abortion in Ireland
 * X, pseudonymous author of the 1947 Foreign Affairs "X Article", formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct"
 * X, surname often assumed by members of the Nation of Islam

Astronomy

 * X, signifying a comet of unknown orbit
 * Galaxy X (galaxy), a postulated dark galaxy
 * Planet X, a hypothesised planet in the outer solar system

Biology

 * × (or x), used in some types of hybrid names in botany
 * X chromosome, a sex determinant in many animal species, including mammals

Chemistry

 * X, the pseudoelement symbol for a halogen or halide in organic chemistry

Computing

 * OS X (pronounced 'OS ten'), the former name of the macOS operating system for Apple computers
 * X Window System, a client-server display protocol often used in UNIX environments
 * X file format, used by DirectX
 * X, the mnemonic for the execute instruction on the TI-990 and the TMS9900

Mathematics

 * X, Roman numeral for 10 (number)
 * x, an axis in the Cartesian coordinate system
 * x, a common variable for unknown or changing concepts in mathematics
 * Typographical approximation for:
 * Cross product (×)
 * Multiplication sign (× or ✕)

Physics

 * X (charge), a conserved quantum number in particle physics
 * X band, part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum
 * X unit (X), in physics

Other uses

 * Generation X, the Western sociological generation born after Boomers or Jonesers and before Millennials
 * iPhone X, a smartphone by Apple Inc.
 * HiPhi X, an electric crossover automobile produced from 2020
 * Tesla Model X, an electric crossover by Tesla
 * Zeekr X, a battery electric compact crossover SUV
 * X (French automobile), a French car produced in 1908 and 1909
 * X (fragrance), a fragrance set by Irish pop vocal band Westlife
 * X (gender identity), used on passports and identification documents to denote intersex or indeterminate gender
 * X (social network), American social networking service (formerly Twitter)
 * X mark, a common written symbol of negation or affirmation
 * X, the symbol for a strike in bowling
 * X, a handwritten symbol for a kiss
 * X, a street name for the drug MDMA
 * X, often used by straight edgers to show their commitment to their lifestyle
 * ╳, a box-drawing character
 * Ⓧ, a Japanese typographic symbol used in resale price maintenance
 * X, the legal signature of an illiterate person
 * The Xcel Energy Center ("The X"), an arena in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
 * Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class
 * JRW oka-X.svg, the official West Japan Railway Company service symbol for the San'yō Main Line

title: X (disambiguation)


text:
New Hampshire Route 121

New Hampshire Route 121 (abbreviated NH 121) is a 22.555 mi north–south state highway in Rockingham and Hillsborough counties in southeastern New Hampshire. The road winds through the communities of Atkinson, Hampstead, Sandown, Derry, Chester, and Auburn. The southern terminus of NH 121 is at the Massachusetts state line in Plaistow, where the road, named Atkinson Depot Road, continues into the city of Haverhill as an unnumbered local road (North Main Street) leading to Route 125. The northern terminus is at a traffic circle, where NH 121 meets New Hampshire Route 28 Bypass (the Londonderry Turnpike) in eastern Manchester. At this point, the road is known as Manchester Road.

Suffixed routes
New Hampshire Route 121A (abbreviated NH 121A) is a 15.144 mi north–south highway in Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The southern terminus of NH 121A is at the Massachusetts state line in Plaistow, where the road continues for approximately 87 yards (80 m) into Massachusetts before ending at Massachusetts Route 125, a continuation of New Hampshire Route 125 in Haverhill. Upon crossing the border, NH 121A becomes Main Street, reflecting its status as the main street of Plaistow.

The northern terminus of NH 121A is in the town of Chester at New Hampshire Route 121.

title: New Hampshire Route 121


text: Talk:Physiognomist

title: Talk:Physiognomist


text:
Talk:Pounce (powder)

Types of Pounce
I belive this article needs a well writen section on the types of pounce used in calligraphy, ie Gum Sandarac which is used as a resist to avoid feathering and cuttlefish bone which is used to absord excess ink afterwards. They where usually mixed together for convenience. Unfortuntely I do not belive that I could add a section of sufficient quality (I can write nicely, but am not so good at composition). 2A00:23C3:37D0:5100:D482:2842:1333:AA51 (talk) 04:12, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pounce (powder)


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Eugenia uniflora

Eugenia uniflora, the pitanga, Suriname cherry, Brazilian cherry, Cayenne cherry, cerisier carré, monkimonki kersie, ñangapirí, or shimarucu is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to tropical South America’s east coast, ranging from Suriname, French Guiana to southern Brazil, as well as Uruguay and parts of Paraguay and Argentina. It is often used in gardens as a hedge or screen. The tree was introduced to Bermuda for ornamental purposes but is now out of control and listed as an invasive species. The tree has also been introduced to Florida.

Description
Eugenia uniflora is a large shrub or small tree with a conical form, growing slowly to 8 m high. When bruised, crushed, or cut, the leaves and branches have a spicy resinous fragrance, which can cause respiratory discomfort in susceptible individuals. The leaves are without stipules, ovate, glossy, and held in opposite pairs. New leaves are bronze, copper, or coppery-pinkish in color, maturing to deep glossy green, up to 4 cm long. During winter, the leaves turn red.

Flowers have four white petals and are borne on long slender stalks, with a conspicuous central cluster of white stamens ending in yellow anthers. Flowers develop into ribbed fruits 2 to 4 cm long, starting as green, then ranging through orange, scarlet, and maroon as they ripen. Because fruit-eating birds distribute the seeds, they can become a weed in suitable tropical and sub-tropical habitats, displacing native flora.

Culinary uses
The edible fruit is a botanical berry. The taste ranges from sweet to sour, depending on the cultivar and level of ripeness (the darker red to black range is quite sweet, while the green to orange range is strikingly tart). Its predominant food use is as a flavoring and base for jams and jellies. The fruit is high in vitamin C and a source of provitamin A.

The leaves are also used for tea in certain parts of Uruguay.

Use as an insect repellent
The leaves are spread on some house floors in Brazil so that they exude a smell that repels flies when crushed underfoot.

Medical uses
Eugenia uniflora has several significant pharmacological properties. Its essential oil is antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor and analgesic, and it has shown antiviral and antifungal activity. It has performed against microorganisms such as Trichomonas gallinae (in vitro), Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis.

title: Eugenia uniflora


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User:Sulai~enwiki

=about me= Hy, I am a 25 year old german guy, which is wikified like many of us at wikipedia. :-)

I'm also at the German Wikipedia as Benutzer:Sulai.

de:Benutzer:Sulai

title: User:Sulai~enwiki


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Talk:Breakneck Ridge

Wrong mountain
I removed this picture from this page:

because it is neither taken from nor taken of Breakneck Ridge. It is taken from Bull Hill and is pointing in the opposite direction!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.168.123.180 (talk • contribs)

Thanks for the heads-up. When I found it on Flickr it was so identified. Daniel Case 22:36, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Actually, now that I think about it, this is from Storm King! It's looking south ... that's Constitution Island and West Point at the river bend. Daniel Case (talk) 06:51, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

NY/NJTC trail steward program
The New York–New Jersey Trail Conference has, this year (2014), inaugurated a trail steward program for the mountain. Link here, press release here, for future use as sources. Daniel Case (talk) 17:35, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breakneck Ridge


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Steve Pemberton

Steven James Pemberton (born 1 September 1967) is a British actor, comedian, director and writer. He was a writer and actor for BBC's The League of Gentlemen with Reece Shearsmith, Mark Gatiss, and Jeremy Dyson. Pemberton and Shearsmith also co-wrote and starred in the black comedy Psychoville and the anthology series Inside No. 9. His other notable television performance credits include Doctor Who, Benidorm, Blackpool, Shameless, Whitechapel, Happy Valley and Mapp & Lucia.

Early life
Steve Pemberton was born and raised in Blackburn, Lancashire and attended Saint Michael's Church of England High School, Chorley. He trained as an actor at Bretton Hall College of Education where he met Mark Gatiss and Reece Shearsmith.

Film and television
Pemberton's television performance credits include Whitechapel, Doctor Who, Benidorm, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hotel Babylon, The Last Detective, Randall and Hopkirk, Blackpool and Shameless. In 2004, he portrayed Dr Bessner in Death on the Nile and Harry Secombe in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. He also appeared in the film Lassie (2005). Pemberton is best known as being a member of the sketch comedy team The League of Gentlemen, along with fellow performers Mark Gatiss, Reece Shearsmith, and co-writer Jeremy Dyson, all of whom he met at Bretton Hall College in his late teens. The League of Gentlemen initially began as a stage act in 1995, then transferred to BBC Radio 4 as On the Town with the League of Gentlemen in 1997, and finally arrived on television on BBC Two in 1999. The latter has seen Pemberton and his colleagues awarded a British Academy Television Award, a Royal Television Society Award, and a Golden Rose of Montreux.

From 2007 to 2015, Pemberton appeared as Mick Garvey in Benidorm. Pemberton appeared in 43 episodes.

In the 2008 English language DVD re-release of the cult 2006 Norwegian animated film Free Jimmy, Pemberton voiced Mattis, a heavy-set and bizarrely-dressed biker member of the Lappish Mafia. In June 2009, Psychoville aired and marked Pemberton's return to BBC Two. It was co-written by Pemberton and his fellow League of Gentlemen member, Reece Shearsmith. Both of them play numerous characters in the series, similar to the format of The League of Gentlemen.

Pemberton portrayed Rufus Drumknott in 2010's Terry Pratchett's Going Postal. He appeared as Vice Principal Douglas Panch in the Donmar's 2011 production of The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. In 2014, he played Georgie Pillson in an adaptation of E. F. Benson's Mapp and Lucia. He also wrote the adaptation, which featured his League of Gentlemen colleague Mark Gatiss. It was broadcast during Christmas 2014. Since 2014, he has starred as various characters in the dark comedy anthology series Inside No. 9, which he co-created with Shearsmith, airing on BBC Two. Series six aired in 2021.

Pemberton reunited with his The League of Gentlemen colleagues in 2017 for three special episodes, transmitted in December 2017 on BBC2. He appeared as himself in the 2018 short film To Trend on Twitter in aid of young people with cancer charity CLIC Sargent with fellow comedians David Baddiel, Reece Shearsmith, Helen Lederer and actor Jason Flemyng.

In October 2021, Pemberton was nominated for Best Outstanding Comedy Actor at the inaugural National Comedy Awards for Stand Up to Cancer for his appearances in series 6 of Inside No. 9.

The seventh series of Inside No. 9 premiered on 20 April 2022.

Pemberton was a contestant on the seventeenth series of the Channel 4 show Taskmaster in 2024.

Theatre
Pemberton's early work centred mainly around fringe theatre; he was a founding member of the 606 Theatre with Gordon Anderson, Tom Hadley, and producer Shane Walter. He has produced, performed in, and directed various stage productions.

In 2020 it was announced that Pemberton would join Aaron Taylor-Johnson on West End stage in Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman, directed by Matthew Dunster. However, due to the Covid-19 situation, the run was postponed until 2021. Pemberton said, "It's been a dark time for the performing arts and I can't wait to have the theatres open again. Unfortunately, The Pillowman has to be put to bed for now, but I very much hope that we'll be able to bring Martin's dazzling play to the West End before too long." The play was staged from 10 June 2023 to 2 September 2023 at the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End with Lily Allen, Paul Kaye, Pemberton, and Matthew Tennison. The Guardian praised Pemberton's performance as "unfailingly excellent", although other reviews of the play were mixed.

On 3 May 2024, it was announced that Pemberton and Shearsmith would write and star in a stage adaptation of the series called Inside No. 9 Stage/Fright which will open at the Wyndham's Theatre in London's West End from 18 January 2025 for a limited run until 5 April. It will be directed by Simon Evans. Tickets for the 85 shows were released on 8 May 2024.

Other
Pemberton has written for Variety and was the assistant editor of the International Film Guide from 1991 to 1998.

Personal life
Pemberton lives in Fortis Green, London, with his partner, Alison Rowles, and their three children. He also speaks German and French. The University of Huddersfield awarded him an honorary doctorate of letters in 2003.

Pemberton is a football fan and a supporter of Blackburn Rovers F.C.

title: Steve Pemberton


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Bank Al-Maghrib

The Bank Al-Maghrib (بنك المغرب, lit. 'Bank of Morocco') is the central bank of the Kingdom of Morocco. It was founded in 1959 as the successor to the State Bank of Morocco (est. 1907). In 2008 Bank Al-Maghrib held reserves of foreign currency with an estimated worth of US$36 billion. In addition to currency management, the Bank Al-Maghrib also supervises a number of private banks supplying commercial banking services. The bank is headquartered on Avenue Mohammed V in Rabat; it has a branch in Casablanca and agencies in 18 other cities in Morocco.

History
In 1958, the Moroccan government commenced negotiations with France and the State Bank of Morocco to reclaim for itself the right to issue money. Decree n° 1.59.233 of 30 June 1959 created the Banque du Maroc, which took over the issuance of money the next day, and replaced the State Bank of Morocco. In October, the Banque du Maroc issued a new currency, the Moroccan dirham. The Banking Act of 21 April 1967 enhanced the role of "Banque du Maroc", particularly in the field of banking supervision. In 1974, the Banque du Maroc commenced issuing the centime as a fraction of the dirham, replacing the franc.

In March 1987, the bank adopted the name Bank Al-Maghrib. That same month, the bank established Dar As-Sikkah, the unit that would be responsible for printing bank notes and minting coins.

A new banking act in July 1993 created a unified regulatory framework for all credit institutions in Morocco. This act strengthened the Bank Al-Maghrib in its role of regulating and supervising credit institutions. October saw the passage of amendments to the Bank's statutes that clarified its role in monetary policy, and that granted it greater autonomy.

In 2006, Law No.76-03, promulgated by Dahir No. 1-05-38 of 20th Chaoual 1426 (23 November 2005) repealed Dahir No. 1-59-233 of 23rd Hija 1378 (30 June 1959), which had created Bank Al-Maghrib. The new law reinforced Bank Al-Maghrib's independence in terms of monetary policy, and provided a legal basis for its responsibility for the payment system. The new law established the bank as a public legal entity, controlled by the account commissioner, the government commissioner, and the Court of Accounts. Law No.34-03 expanded the jurisdiction of the banking law over certain institutions engaged in banking activities, redefined the roles of the National Council of Credit and the Committee of Credit Establishments, reinforced Bank Al-Maghrib's autonomy in banking supervision, and instituted a number of other measures covering the protection of clients of credit institutions and the treatment of credit institutions in distress.

On 15 November 2022, Bank Al-Maghrib and the Office des Changes, the country's foreign trade institution, signed a partnership agreement. It aims to establish a formal framework for the exchange of data and know-how in areas of common interest.

The bank is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion and is active in promoting financial inclusion policy.

On 8 September 2023, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 Mw hit Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. A week after the earthquake struck, Bank Al-Maghrib donated 1 Billion dirhams for relief operations of quake-hit regions.

Museum
The museum, located in the bank's headquarters, has an important numismatic collection, spanning from different civilizations of Antiquity to the present day. With more than 30,000 coins, banknotes, monetary instruments and other objects, the museum and its adjacent art gallery of several hundred artworks document the 2000-year-old cultural history of money and its artistic representation in the country's past and present. This history was presented in public exhibitions in 2023 and an accompanying catalog published by Bank al-Maghrib.

Governors

 * M'Hamed Zeghari, 1959–1964
 * Driss Slaoui, 1964–1967
 * M'Hamed Zeghari, 1967–1969
 * Prince Moulay Hassan Ben El Mehdi, 1969–1984
 * Ahmed Bennani, April 1985 – September 1989
 * Mohamed Seqat, 1989 – March 2003
 * Abdellatif Jouahri, March 2003 - present

title: Bank Al-Maghrib


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New Hampshire Route 122

New Hampshire Route 122 (abbreviated NH 122) is a 12.614 mi north–south highway in Hillsborough County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The highway runs from Amherst south to Hollis on the Massachusetts border.

The southern terminus of NH 122 is at the Massachusetts state line in Hollis, where the road continues into Massachusetts as an unnumbered local road in the town of Pepperell. The northern terminus of NH 122 is at an interchange with New Hampshire Route 101 in Amherst.

title: New Hampshire Route 122


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New Hampshire Route 123

New Hampshire Route 123 (abbreviated NH 123) is a 63.055 mi secondary north–south state highway in southwestern New Hampshire. The southern terminus of the route is at the Massachusetts state line in Mason where, as Mason Road, the road continues as an unnumbered local road in the town of Townsend. The northern terminus, as signed, is at the Connecticut River, where the highway continues west for 0.313 mi to U.S. Route 5 in Westminster, Vermont, as Vermont Route 123 (VT 123). Route logs, however, place the terminus at New Hampshire Route 12 in Walpole.

In Walpole, NH 123 runs in a wrong-way concurrency with NH 12 north–south alongside the Connecticut River, the water body that represents the border between New Hampshire and Vermont. For the entire length of the NH 12/NH 123 concurrency, NH 123 South is, in reality, heading north on the compass while NH 123 North is traveling to the south.

History
In October 2005, heavy flooding in the New Hampshire area forced the closure of NH 123 in two different locations. The first was at the intersection of NH 123 and Cold River Road near Drewsville, where a bridge was destroyed from high water in the Cold River, approximately 5 mi east of North Walpole. The second closure was approximately 3 mi south of the junction with New Hampshire Route 123A in the town of Alstead, where a section of roadway was completely washed away by the water. Both sections were subsequently rebuilt and reopened.

New Hampshire Route 123A
New Hampshire Route 123A (abbreviated NH 123A) is a designation held by two separate state highways in New Hampshire, United States. Although the two segments are not directly connected, they are linked by their parent route, New Hampshire Route 123.

Southern segment
The southern segment of NH 123A is a 4.216 mi secondary rural road that runs from the town of New Ipswich to the Massachusetts border.

The southern terminus of this segment is at the Massachusetts state line in New Ipswich. At this location, the road is locally named Ashburnham Road. The road continues into Massachusetts and becomes West Road in the town of Ashby. The northern terminus is at NH 123 and New Hampshire Route 124 in New Ipswich. At this location, NH 123A is locally named Main Street.

Northern segment
The northern segment of NH 123A is a 10.070 mi secondary rural east–west highway in western New Hampshire, running between the towns of Alstead and Marlow. The eastern terminus of this segment of NH 123A is at New Hampshire Route 10 in Marlow. The western terminus is at NH 123 in Alstead. The road is the only numbered state highway in the town of Acworth, and is the main road through the village of South Acworth.

title: New Hampshire Route 123


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Patrice Luzi

Patrice René Jean Luzi-Bernardi (born 8 July 1980) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. The longest stay in his career was his three years with Liverpool, which came to an end when he was released by the Anfield club in June 2005. He then signed a contract with the Belgian side Excelsior Mouscron. In 2006, he moved from Mouscron to another Belgian club, Charleroi.

Having previously played for Monaco and Ajaccio, Luzi made his only appearance for Liverpool in January 2004 against Chelsea in a 1–0 win. His chances were limited when Liverpool brought in Southampton's Paul Jones on loan to cover Jerzy Dudek and Chris Kirkland.

title: Patrice Luzi


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Talk:Garabit viaduct

Location and near.
I put the location of the bridge in the article but where it's near is still there but it looks a little out of place. Maybe someone knows how to fix it. --Northernwolves 19:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Capacity
How much weight can the viaduct hold?? Does anybody know the answer?
 * I remember reading that the load tests were done with a 75 ton locomotive and 15 ton rail cars, however I don't have a citation. Perhaps you can find the details and add it to the article. —RandallJones 19:50, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism

 * I am sorry to see that the vandalism of 64.251.48.164 had been identified, but not reverted. It took me some time to realize that the last valid version was six or seven iterations old... Hektor 19:25, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Catenary or Parabola???
Several captions for the photo of this bridge in other articles refer to it as a catenary, not a parabola. I could not find any reference to this bridge being a catenary in this article, however. It does not make sense that this bridge would be a catenary, because it bears weight other than simply the arch form, for which a parabola is a stronger shape. Are these other captions incorrect? Or is this bridge just some kind of freak? Cajolingwilhelm 05:58, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * A very good question. I was wondering the same myself. — bse3 (talk • contribs • count • [ logs ]) 20:27, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It is a parabola. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.58.147.83 (talk) 20:08, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Revision
The article seems to have been written by a person with a limited command of idiomatic English. It is possibly a translation by a non-native speaker. Revision/rewriting is necessary. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 14:55, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced material
Article has been tagged for needing sources long-term. Feel free to reinsert the below material with appropriate references. DonIago (talk) 13:11, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

Is it in use or not?
The text is ambiguous. It says services stopped on a certain day, which begs the question of whether they stopped permanently from that date or temporarily? Is the bridge currently used? --Dweller (talk) 14:07, 17 September 2014 (UTC)
 * IIRC there was a line indicating that the bridge had been reopened, but there was no source provided, and given that the article's been tagged for that problem since 2012... DonIago (talk) 14:45, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

 * It's in use. It was closed for a while in 2009 and subsequently operated with a reduced speed limit. I've seen a train crossing it more recently. French railways (SNCF) website will sell you a ticket with no need to change from Béziers to Neussargues if you search for reservations. However, how you make that a valid reference I'm not sure. See also, if you read French, the Viaduc de Garabit article on the French Wikipedia. Emeraude (talk) 08:20, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

HighestBridges.com
I have removed the reference to HighestBridges.com because it may actually be referencing back to Wikipedia. As it says on the site: "Some portions © WikiMedia Foundation (Templates from Wikipedia) - Please refer to Wikipedia and MediaWiki sites for more information on copyright of these works." It does seem to have been factually correct, however.--ServeDotty (talk) 10:56, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

Was Eiffel indeed the architect? See common confusion with Eiffel Tower.
The Eiffel Tower was not, and hardly anyone would know that unless they read up carefully. Arminden (talk) 11:53, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Garabit viaduct