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Pawnee National Grassland

Pawnee National Grassland is a United States National Grassland located in northeastern Colorado on the Colorado Eastern Plains. The grassland is located in the South Platte River basin in remote northern and extreme northeastern Weld County between Greeley and Sterling. It comprises two parcels totaling 193,060 acres largely between State Highway 14 and the Wyoming border. The larger eastern parcel lies adjacent to the borders of both Nebraska and Wyoming. It is administered in conjunction with the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest from the U.S. Forest Service office in Fort Collins, with a local ranger district office in Greeley.

The grassland is in an especially depopulated area of the Great Plains. It saw limited cultivation in the early 20th century but was withdrawn from farming after the Dust Bowl. The communities of Keota and Purcell are located within the grassland. The town of Grover is located directly between the two large parcels of the grasslands near Crow Creek. Briggsdale sits at the southern end where State Highway 14 and State Highway 392 meet. State Highway 71 traverses the eastern unit north of Stoneham. The eastern unit is drained by Pawnee Creek, a tributary of the South Platte. The western unit is largely drained by Crow Creek.

Recreation and access
Camping is available at the Crow Valley Recreation Area northwest of Briggsdale. The grassland contains several hiking trails, including one that allows foot access to the Pawnee Buttes, the most notable geologic feature of the grasslands. Bird watching is a popular recreational activity for day hikers, especially at the Chalk Bluffs, a raptor nesting site.

Recreational activities on the Pawnee Grasslands have been somewhat curtailed over the last 10 years due to the discovery of extractable oil and natural gas. According to the US Forest Service, there are 63 active vertical oil and natural gas wells, and less than 3,000 acres of the 193,060 acres is protected from drilling.

Geology
The grasslands is a joining of two soil types. In the east are prairie soils that are deep, and dark or reddish. From the west are chernozems of a chestnut, becoming brown. The chestnut soils are the dominant type across the areas. These soils develop in semiarid climates with 15 to 20 in of rain annually. They are associated with buffalo grass and blue grama. Around the buttes, the soils are most likely brown soils which are characteristic of cool, semiarid condition and are evidenced by short grasses and shrubs.

Water is available from a Cretaceous period aquifer. Three springs are in the vicinity of the buttes: Nelson Ranch (1 mile north), old Linglebach Homestead (1 mile south), and an arroyo (0.51 mile west). The main access to the aquifer is by windmill pumps. The aquifer is recharged from the west and flows eastward. There are Tertiary and Quaternary aquifers which are recharged by precipitation and seepage from streams. The Brule Formation, where available provides a large quantity of water.

Shortgrass prairie
The grassland is a part of the short grass plains of North America. The best example of this ecosystem are preserved around the Pawnee Buttes where grazing and intensive agriculture have had less impact. There are eleven vegetation zones represented with the most unique being the scarp woodlands on the north face of the buttes. Typical of higher elevations, there are limber pines and relicts of an ice-age forest.

The wildlife of the grasslands is best represented near the buttes, with pronghorn, deer, bison, prairie dog, coyotes, black-tailed jackrabbit, and numerous rodents. Nesting birds include the golden eagle and prairie falcons.

Vegetative zones

 * Short grass prairies cover the open flatlands at the below the buttes and the escarpments. They are dominated by blue grama and buffalo grass. Associated plants include the thread-leaf sedge, ring muhly, western wheatgrass, and the prickly pear cactus. The western wheatgrass dominates in "buffalo wallows" or other low patches.
 * Mixed prairie are the lighter and more sandy soils, found on the heights. The dominant plants are the needle and thread grass, western wheatgrass, Junegrass, along with short grass plants. There is a wider mix of vegetation which becomes more noticeable in spring and early summer when broom snakeweed, fringed sage, plus various forbs, including milkvetches, and locoweeds are highly visible. The mixed prairie has the greatest variety of plants.
 * The little bluestem is found across the entire grasslands, but it dominates in localized plots. These are in the swales and along north facing slopes where the shade will retain water longer. The same applies to soils that are sandy and gravelly. These areas are populated by little bluestem and a mix of Canada rye, phlox, borges, and a mix of grasses and forbs.
 * Shrub steppe areas are similar to the short grass and mixed prairie, but with a greater alkalinity. Thus, the fourwing saltbush dominates these areas. They are found along the bottom of the escarpments. There is a variety of shrubs and forbs, but the key plants will be the saltbush and other alkaline loving plants, i.e., small soapweed and common winterfat.
 * Arroyos form near the escarpments along major drainage. Arroyos can be up to 30 ft deep. There is no standing water, but the volume of water from each rain event allows the soils to hold moisture for a longer period. Here the dominant plants are larger shrubs or small trees, Rocky Mountain juniper and choke cherry. The moister soils allow for current, gooseberry, and other shrubs similar to the breaks environment. There will also be little bluestem and Canada rye found.
 * Clay barrens are dominated by the eroding Brule Formation. Here taproots are necessary for survival, such as hooker sandwort, tufted milk vetch, and common commandra. Several of these species use rhizomes to spread, often following small fractures in the clays. Other plants associated with the clay barrens are; phlox, Indian rice grass, Penstemon, and evening primrose. Where there is active erosion, there are no plants.
 * Break shrub are areas of broken rock. They can be along the upper edge of an escarpment, shelves on vertical slopes or rocky areas at the bottom of a cliff. These areas provide tenuous holds and deep rooting plants dominate. The skunk brush sumac, and the gooseberry are characteristic. There may also be mountain mahogany, little bluestem, and roses.
 * Scarp woodlands are found on the north-facing cliff edges and rocky areas. They are in the narrow canyons draining northwards, providing water, and protection against evaporation. Here larger trees can take root, such as limber pine, small ponderosa pines, and Rocky Mountain juniper. These are in addition to the break shrubs found on less protected northern slopes.
 * Willow Spring is the only natural water source near the buttes. Here water loving peach-leaf willow abound along with a variety of sedges.
 * Bare rocks offer a limited chance for growth to crustose lichens, Caloplaca, and Lanconroa calcarea.
 * Road edges receive runoff from the hard pack road surface. Invasive plants move into the initial disturbance and find adequate water to remain. The dominant plants are: Russian thistle, veiny dock, sweet clover, prickly poppy, kochia, and sunflower. Native plants include: bee flower, Indian ricegrass, sedges, grasses, and forbs.

Flora
Wildflowers bloom from April through September. The best locations for viewing wildflowers are near rocky outcrops or wet potholes, such as are found near the Pawnee Buttes.

 * Blue flax (Linum lewisii)
 * Buffalo bur (Solanum rostratum)
 * Cryptantha (Cryptantha species)
 * Groundsel (Senecio species)
 * Hartweg evening primrose (Calylophus hartwegii)
 * Hood's phlox (Phlox hoodii)
 * Narrow-leaved penstemon (Penstemon angustifolius)
 * Nuttall's violet (Viola nuttallii)
 * Pink cleome (Cleome serrulata)
 * Plains prickly pear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha)
 * Prairie coneflower (Ratibida columnifera)
 * Prairie evening primrose (Oenothera albicaulis)
 * Prairie onion (Allium textile)
 * Prairie snowball (Abronia fragrans)
 * Puccoon (Lithospermum incisum)
 * Purple ground cherry (Quincula lobata)
 * Salsify (Tragopogon major)
 * Scarlet globe mallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea)
 * Snow on the mountain (Agaloma marginata)
 * Star lily (Leucocrinum montanum)
 * Sunflowers (Helianthus species)
 * Tansy aster (Machaeranthera tanacetifolia)
 * Threadleaf yellowrays (Thelesperma filifolium)
 * Tufted sandwort (Arenaria hookeri)
 * Western wallflower (Erysimum spermum)
 * Wooly locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus)
 * Yucca (Yucca angustifolia)

title: Pawnee National Grassland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jedz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:36, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jedz
I can't verify this (but then I'm using Google and not the Force). Even if the term is in use - I suspect this definition may be too specific --Doc (?) 00:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Neologism with no basis, save for some Star Wars nerd's imagination. OnwardToGolgotha 00:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Imaginary. — Phil Welch 00:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Term, populerised over two to three years. Similar subculture to 'nerd,' but with essential differances. Common use on the Sunshine Coast area. Don't know about other loactions. Jubeanation 00:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User's second edit. RickK 05:49, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Although it seems to be an actual Polish word. No relavent Google results in top 10. --bainer (talk) 00:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  01:09, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What a load of...  humblefool® 02:16, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NeoJustin 02:36 June 3, 2004
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jedz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amanecer de sol

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:32, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Amanecer de sol
I hereby nominate this page for deletion.
 * (nomination by anon 152.163.100.202, but I second it - vanity. Denni ☯ 01:43, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC))
 * Delete: POV, promotional --Tomunist 16:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-notable, vanity, pov. -- CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  13:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "A popular guild in Guild Wars". Delete. Meelar (talk) 14:36, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Fobw

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Rocki
Kudos. I, for one, love Rocki Roads. :b Wahkeenah 20:05, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Tawny Peaks -

Nomination of Minka (actress) for deletion
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title: User talk:Fobw


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User talk:Ahmed Mohamed

Welcome!

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Ain Shams
I like your work on Ain Shams. Great job! Your English is superb. The article needs some pictures and wikification of links but the article is really good. Thanks! --Microcephalic 00:10, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

VFD
I thought you might be interested in this VFD. Yuber(talk) 22:00, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Ello
Welcome to Wikipedia. Good edits, keep it up. --Ahmed 10:28, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Blanking of Economy of Egypt
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Copyright violation
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Possibly unfree Image:Suez.jpg
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Economy of Egypt
Asalam Alykom, Your edits on Economy of Egypt have been reverted so many times. Kindly refer to the Tutorial to learn how to properly edit and contribute on Wikipedia. Thank you. --Ahmed 15:43, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Economy of Egypt
hello,

Thank you for your feedback concerning the topic "Economy of Egypt", that caused blanking it out at first, and some other editing problems. I had some technical difficulties while editing this topic, but It is fully finished now. I will try to be more careful next time.

Best Regards Ahmed

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Flags of the Egyptian Armed Forces
These images were all deleted because the source site allows free re-use only for non-commercial purposes, which is incompatible with the GFDL. I suggest you make them smaller and upload them again, this time using the Non-free fair use in template, because we can probably include them under the fair use clause of U.S. copyright law. Thank you.  howch e  ng   {chat} 19:24, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

National Democratic Party (Egypt)
Ahmed, could you help me rewrite National Democratic Party (Egypt). In December 2005, you added a lot of details directly from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3147682.stm which is a copyright violation. I removed that section so it needs to be rewritten. However, as I note on the talk page, we need to find articles that talk about this "Young reformers" versus "Old guard" distinction; otherwise, it looks like Wikipedia is making it up. They don't necessarily have to be in English (I'm aware of how difficult it would be fine sources in English for Egyptian politics) but they have to be reliable. Thanks for any help you can give. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 20:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, you are quite liberal with the definition of minor edits. Adding large chunks of text would be considered major edits and I would hope that you would start marking them as such.  Could you also try to use edit summaries?  They are extremely important so that other users can follow your work. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 20:07, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikimedia Egypt

 * Wikimedia Egypt

...would you like to share?--TheEgyptian 19:30, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

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Copyright problem - Al Gomhuria
Hi Ahmed.

The text that you recently added to an article on the Gomhouria aircraft was a direct copy from this website. Wikipedia cannot accept material that belongs to somebody else.

In this case, we already had an article on this particular aircraft under its original manufacturer. Wikipedia does not include separate articles on the same aircraft when it is built by two separate manufacturers, unless the copy (licensed or unlicensed) is significantly different from the original.

Thanks for your work on expanding our coverage of Egyptian aerospace topics! Please don't be discouraged.

Cheers --Rlandmann (talk) 12:17, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

 * You also took the article on the HA-200 from this page. Again, we already had an article on this aircraft too. --Rlandmann (talk) 12:23, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem - Al Gomhuria
Hello, I will be more careful in my further contributions as for some reason my account has been hacked.

Thanks, Ahmed

Proposed deletion of List of shopping malls in Egypt

The article List of shopping malls in Egypt has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unencyclopedic and unmaintainable list lacking in sourcing that has been tagged for notability since May 2009

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

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Call for Wikipedians in Residence in Africa
Hello,

I hope you are well and thriving!! WikiAfrica has just put out a call for two Wikipedians in Residence. One in Cape Town at WikiAfrica, at the Africa Centre; and the other for WikiAfrica Cameroon in Douala, at doual’art. If you are interested, please contact either Marilyn [marilyn.doualabell@undefineddoualart.org] for the WikiAfrica Cameroon call or Isla [islahf@undefinedafricacentre.net] for the WikiAfrica position in Cape Town.

If you are not interested in applying, I would be very grateful if you could spread this call far and wide among your networks to ensure that both projects get excellent candidates. Here is the link for the information page: http://www.wikiafrica.net/two-wikipedians-in-residence-for-africa/

Best regards, Islahaddow

(This message was sent using Lucia Bot at 22:08, 16 November 2012 (UTC))

Speedy deletion nomination of Ain Shams University

A tag has been placed on Ain Shams University requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Epeefleche (talk) 00:34, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Military Technical College

A tag has been placed on Military Technical College requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This article or image appears to be a direct copy from http://www.mtc.edu.eg/main.htm. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Epeefleche (talk) 08:09, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of List of shopping malls in Egypt for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of shopping malls in Egypt is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of shopping malls in Egypt until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Boleyn (talk) 10:30, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ahmed Mohamed