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Vijñāna

Vijñāna (विज्ञान) or viññāa (विञ्ञाण) is translated as "consciousness", "life force", "mind", or "discernment".

The term vijñāna is mentioned in many early Upanishads, where it has been translated by terms such as understanding, knowledge, and intelligence.

In the Pāli Canon's Sutta Pitaka ' s first four nikāyas, viññāa is one of three overlapping Pali terms used to refer to the mind, the others being manas and citta. Each is used in the generic and non-technical sense of "mind" in general, but the three are sometimes used in sequence to refer to one's mental processes as a whole. Their primary uses are, however, distinct.

Buddhism
This section considers the Buddhist concept primarily in terms of Early Buddhism's Pali literature as well as in the literature of other Buddhist schools.

Pali literature
Throughout Pali literature, viññāa can be found as one of a handful of synonyms for the mental force that animates the otherwise inert material body. In a number of Pali texts though, the term has a more nuanced and context-specific (or "technical") meaning. In particular, in the Pali Canon's "Discourse Basket" (Suttapitaka), viññāa (generally translated as "consciousness") is discussed in at least three related but different contexts:
 * (1) as a derivative of the sense bases (āyatana), part of the experientially exhaustive "All" (sabba);
 * (2) as one of the five aggregates (khandha) of clinging (upadana) at the root of suffering (dukkha); and,
 * (3) as one of the twelve causes (nidana) of "Dependent Origination" (paticcasamuppāda) which provides a template for Buddhist notions of kamma, rebirth and release.

In the Pali Canon's Abhidhamma and in post-canonical Pali commentaries, consciousness (viññāa) is further analyzed into 89 different states which are categorized in accordance with their karmic results.

Sense-base derivative
In Buddhism, the six sense bases (Pali: '; Skt.: ') refer to the five physical sense organs (cf. receptive field) (belonging to the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body), the mind (referred to as the sixth sense base) and their associated objects (visual forms, sounds, odors, flavors, touch and mental objects). Based on the six sense bases, a number of mental factors arise including six "types" or "classes" of consciousness (viññāa-kāyā). More specifically, according to this analysis, the six types of consciousness are eye-consciousness (that is, consciousness based on the eye), ear-consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, body-consciousness and mind-consciousness.

In this context, for instance, when an ear's receptive field (the proximal stimulus, more commonly known by Buddhists as a sense base, or sense organ) and sound (the distal stimulus, or sense object) are present, the associated (ear-related) consciousness arises. The arising of these three elements (dhātu) – e.g. ear, sound and ear-consciousness – lead to the percept, known as "contact" and in turn causes a pleasant, unpleasant or neutral "feeling" to arise. It is from such feeling that "craving" arises. (See Fig. 1.)

In a discourse entitled, "The All" (Sabba Sutta, SN 35.23), the Buddha states that there is no "all" outside of the six pairs of sense bases (that is, six internal and six external sense bases). The "To Be Abandoned Discourse" (Pahanaya Sutta, SN 35.24) further expands the All to include first five aforementioned sextets (internal sense bases, external sense bases, consciousness, contact and feeling). In the famed "Fire Sermon" (Ādittapariyāya Sutta, SN 35.28) the Buddha declares that "the All is aflame" with passion, aversion, delusion and suffering (dukkha); to obtain release from this suffering, one should become disenchanted with the All.

Hence, in this context, viññāa includes the following characteristics:
 * viññāa arises as a result of the material sense bases (āyatana)
 * there are six types of consciousness, each unique to one of the internal sense organs
 * consciousness (viññāa) is separate (and arises) from mind (mano)
 * here, consciousness cognizes or is aware of its specific sense base (including the mind and mind objects)
 * viññāa is a prerequisite for the arising of craving (tahā)
 * hence, for the vanquishing of suffering (dukkha), one should neither identify with nor attach to viññāa

The aggregates
In Buddhism, consciousness (viññāa) is one of the five classically defined experiential "aggregates" (Pali: khandha; Skt.: skandha). As illustrated (Fig. 2), the four other aggregates are material "form" (rupa), "feeling" or "sensation" (vedana), "perception" (sanna), and "volitional formations" or "fabrications" (sankhara).

In SN 22.79, the Buddha distinguishes consciousness in the following manner:
 * "And why do you call it 'consciousness'? Because it cognizes, thus it is called consciousness. What does it cognize? It cognizes what is sour, bitter, pungent, sweet, alkaline, non-alkaline, salty, & unsalty. Because it cognizes, it is called consciousness."

This type of awareness appears to be more refined and introspective than that associated with the aggregate of perception (saññā) which the Buddha describes in the same discourse as follows:
 * "And why do you call it 'perception'? Because it perceives, thus it is called 'perception.' What does it perceive? It perceives blue, it perceives yellow, it perceives red, it perceives white. Because it perceives, it is called perception."

Similarly, in a 5th-century CE commentary, the Visuddhimagga, there is an extended analogy about a child, an adult villager and an expert "money-changer" seeing a heap of coins; the child's experience is likened to perception, the villager's experience to consciousness, and the money-changer's experience to true understanding (paňňā). Thus, in this context, "consciousness" denotes more than the irreducible subjective experience of sense data suggested in the discourses of "the All" (see prior section); it additionally entails a depth of awareness reflecting a degree of memory and recognition.

All of the aggregates are to be seen as empty of self-nature; that is, they arise dependent on causes (hetu) and conditions (paticca). In this scheme, the cause for the arising of consciousness (viññāa) is the arising of one of the other aggregates (physical or mental); and the arising of consciousness in turn gives rise to one or more of the mental (nāma) aggregates. In this way, the chain of causation identified in the aggregate (khandha) model overlaps the chain of conditioning in the Dependent Origination (paticcasamuppāda) model.

Dependent origination
Consciousness (viññāa) is the third of the traditionally enumerated Twelve Causes (nidāna) of Dependent Origination (Pali: ; Skt.: pratītyasamutpāda). Within the context of Dependent Origination, different canonical discourses represent different aspects of consciousness. The following aspects are traditionally highlighted:
 * consciousness is conditioned by mental fabrications ();
 * consciousness and the mind-body (nāmarūpa) are interdependent; and,
 * consciousness acts as a "life force" by which there is a continuity across rebirths.

Mental-fabrication conditioning and kamma
Numerous discourses state:

 * "From fabrications [] as a requisite condition comes consciousness [viññāa]."

In three discourses in the Samyutta Nikaya, the Buddha highlights three particular manifestations of ' as particularly creating a "basis for the maintenance of consciousness" (') that could lead to future existence, to the perpetuation of bodily and mental processes, and to craving and its resultant suffering. As stated in the common text below (in English and Pali), these three manifestations are intending, planning and enactments of latent tendencies ("obsessing")

Thus, for instance, in the "Intention Discourse" (Cetanā Sutta, SN 12.38), the Buddha more fully elaborates:
 * Bhikkhus, what one intends, and what one plans, and whatever one has a tendency towards: this becomes a basis for the maintenance of consciousness. When there is a basis there is a support for the establishing of consciousness. When consciousness is established and has come to growth, there is the production of future renewed existence.  When there is the production of future renewed existence, future birth, aging-and-death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair come to be.  Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.

The language of the post-canonical Samyutta Nikaya commentary and subcommentary further affirm that this text is discussing the means by which "kammic [karmic] consciousness" "yield[s] fruit in one's mental continuum." In other words, certain intentional or obsessive acts on one's part inherently establish in present consciousness a basis for future consciousness's existence; in this way, the future existence is conditioned by certain aspects of the initial intention, including its wholesome and unwholesome qualities.

Conversely, in the "Attached Discourse" (Upaya Sutta, SN 22.53), it states that if passion for the five aggregates (forms and mental processes) are abandoned then:
 * "... owing to the abandonment of passion, the support is cut off, and there is no base for consciousness. Consciousness, thus unestablished, not proliferating, not performing any function, is released. Owing to its release, it is steady. Owing to its steadiness, it is contented. Owing to its contentment, it is not agitated. Not agitated, he (the monk) is totally unbound right within. He discerns that 'Birth is ended, the holy life fulfilled, the task done. There is nothing further for this world.'"

Mind-body interdependency
Numerous discourses state:
 * "From consciousness [viññāa] as a requisite condition comes mind and matter [nāmarūpa]."

In addition, a few discourses state that, simultaneously, the converse is true:
 * "Consciousness comes from mind and matter as its requisite condition."

In the "Sheaves of Reeds Discourse" (Nalakalapiyo Sutta, SN 12.67), Ven. Sariputta uses this famous analogy to explain the interdependency of consciousness and mind and matter:
 * "It is as if two sheaves of reeds were to stand leaning against one another. In the same way, from mind and matter as a requisite condition comes consciousness, from consciousness as a requisite condition comes mind and matter....
 * "If one were to pull away one of those sheaves of reeds, the other would fall; if one were to pull away the other, the first one would fall. In the same way, from the cessation of mind and matter comes the cessation of consciousness, from the cessation of consciousness comes the cessation of mind and matter...."

"Life force" aspect and rebirth
As described above in the discussion of mental fabrications' conditioning of consciousness, past intentional actions establish a karmic seed within consciousness that expresses itself in the future. Through consciousness's "life force" aspect, these future expressions are not only within a single lifespan but propel karmic impulses (kammavega) across samsaric rebirths.

In the "Serene Faith Discourse" (Sampasadaniya Sutta, DN 28), Ven. Sariputta references not a singular conscious entity but a "stream of consciousness" (viññāa-sota) that spans multiple lives:
 * "... [U]nsurpassed is the Blessed Lord's way of teaching Dhamma in regard to the attainment of vision.... Here, some ascetic or Brahmin, by means of ardour, endeavour, application, vigilance and due attention, reaches such a level of concentration that he ... comes to know the unbroken stream of human consciousness as established both in this world and in the next...."

The "Great Causes Discourse" (Mahanidana Sutta, DN 15), in a dialogue between the Buddha and the Ven. Ananda, describes "consciousness" (viññāa) in a way that underlines its "life force" aspect:
 * "'From consciousness as a requisite condition comes name-and-form.' Thus it has been said. And this is the way to understand how from consciousness as a requisite condition comes name-and-form. If consciousness were not to descend into the mother's womb, would name-and-form take shape in the womb?"

 * "No, lord."

 * "If, after descending into the womb, consciousness were to depart, would name-and-form be produced for this world?"

 * "No, lord."

 * "If the consciousness of the young boy or girl were to be cut off, would name-and-form ripen, grow, and reach maturity?"

 * "No, lord."

 * "Thus this is a cause, this is a reason, this is an origination, this is a requisite condition for name-and-form, i.e., consciousness."

Discourses such as this appear to describe a consciousness that is an animating phenomenon capable of spanning lives thus giving rise to rebirth.

An Anguttara Nikaya discourse provides a memorable metaphor to describe the interplay of kamma, consciousness, craving and rebirth:

 * [Ananda:] "One speaks, Lord, of 'becoming, becoming'. How does becoming tak[e] place?"
 * [Buddha:] "... Ānanda, kamma is the field, consciousness the seed and craving the moisture for consciousness of beings hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving to become established in [one of the "three worlds" ] . Thus, there is re-becoming in the future."

Abhidhammic analysis
The Patthana, part of the Theravadin Abhidharma, analyzes the different states of consciousness and their functions. The Theravāda school method is to study every state of consciousness. Using this method, some states of consciousness are identified as positive, some negative and some neutral. This analysis is based on the principle of karma, the main point in understanding the different consciousnesses. Altogether, according to the Abhidhamma, there are 89 kinds of consciousness. Fifty-four are of the "sense sphere" (related to the five physical senses as well as craving for sensual pleasure), 15 of the "fine-material sphere" (related to the meditative absorptions based on material objects), 12 of the "immaterial sphere" (related to the immaterial meditative absorptions), and eight are supramundane (related to the realization of Nibbāna).

More specifically, a viññāa is a single moment of conceptual consciousness and normal mental activity is considered to consist of a continual succession of viññāas.

Viññāa has two components: the awareness itself, and the object of that awareness (which might be a perception, a feeling etc.). Thus, in this way, these viññāas are not considered as ultimate (underived) phenomena as they are based on mental factors (cetasika). For example, jhānic (meditative) states are described as based on the five ultimate mental factors of applied thought (vitakka), sustained thought (vicara), rapture (piti), serenity (sukha) and one-pointedness (ekaggatā).

Overlapping Pali terms for mind
According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, the post-canonical Pali commentary uses the three terms viññāa, mano and citta as synonyms for the mind sense base (mana-ayatana); however, in the Sutta Pitaka, these three terms are generally contextualized differently:
 * Viññāa refers to awareness through a specific internal sense base, that is, through the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body or mind. Thus, there are six sense-specific types of Viññāa.  It is also the basis for personal continuity within and across lives.
 * Manas refers to mental "actions" (kamma), as opposed to those actions that are physical or verbal.  It is also the sixth internal sense base (ayatana), that is, the "mind base," cognizing  mental sensa (dhammā) as well as sensory information from the physical sense bases.
 * Citta includes the formation of thought, emotion and volition; this is thus the subject of Buddhist mental development (bhava), the mechanism for release.

The citta is called "luminous" in A.I.8-10.

Across Buddhist schools
While most Buddhist schools identify six modes of consciousness, one for each sense base, some Buddhist schools have identified additional modes.

Six vijñānas
As described above, in reference to the "All" (sabba), the Sutta Pitaka identifies six vijñānas related to the six sense bases:
 * 1) Eye consciousness
 * 2) Ear consciousness
 * 3) Nose consciousness
 * 4) Tongue consciousness
 * 5) Body consciousness
 * 6) Mind consciousness describe the consciousness of "ideas" - Buddhism describes not five but six perceptions.

Eight vijñānas
The Yogacara / Cittamatra school consider two more consciousnesses.
 * 1) a consciousness called klistamanas, which gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations.
 * 2) the ālayavijñāna is the consciousness "basis of everything" and has been translated as "store consciousness". Every consciousness is based on this one. It is the phenomenon which explains the rebirth.

According to Walpola Rahula, the "store consciousness" of Yogacara thought exists in the early texts as well, as the "citta."

Amalavijñāna
The amalavijñāna (阿摩羅識), "immaculate consciousness", is considered by some Yogācāra schools as a ninth level of consciousness. This "pure consciousness is identified with the nature of reality (parinispanna) or Suchness." Alternatively, amalavijñāna may be considered the pure aspect of ālayavijñāna.

Some Buddhists also suggest hrdaya (Heart) consciousnesses (一切一心識), or an eleven consciousnesses theory or an infinity consciousness (無量識).

Contemporary usages
Viññāna is used in Thai Buddhism to refer specifically to one's consciousness or life-force after it has left the body at the moment of death. Thais differentiate between winyaan and "jid-jai" (จิตใจ), which is the consciousness while it is still connected to a living body. Some believe that the jid-jai leaves the body while one dreams at night and also that it can externalize during advanced meditation practice, but that it is still connected to the body at such times.

Hinduism
Sri Ramakrishna defines vijñāna as

 * "He alone who, after reaching the Nitya, the Absolute, can dwell in the Līlā, the Relative, and again climb from the Līlā to the Nitya, has ripe knowledge and devotion. Sages like Narada cherished love of God after attaining the Knowledge of Brahman. This is called vijnāna." Also:  "What is vijnana? It is to know God distinctly by realizing His existence through an intuitive experience and to speak to Him intimately."

Ayon Maharaj has characterized Sri Ramakrishna's views as manifesting what he called a "philosophy of Vijñāna Vedānta". In his book Infinite Paths to Infinite Reality (2018), Maharaj describes six major tenets of Ramakrishna's Vijñāna Vedānta. These include the notion that "the vijñānī returns from the state of nirvikalpa samādhi and attains the richer, world-affirming nondual realization that God has become everything."

Based on ancient texts, V.S.Apte (1890, rev. 1957-59) provides the following definition for vijñānam (विज्ञानम्):
 * 1) Knowledge, wisdom, intelligence, understanding; यज्जीव्यते क्षणमपि प्रथितं मनुष्यैर्विज्ञानशौर्यविभवार्यगुणैः समेतम्। तन्नाम जीवितमिह ... Panchatantra (Pt.) 1.24;5.3; विज्ञानमयः कोशः 'the sheath of intelligence' (the first of the five sheaths of the soul).
 * 2) Discrimination, discernment.
 * 3) Skill, proficiency; प्रयोगविज्ञानम् - Shringara Tilaka (Ś.) 1.2.
 * 4) Worldly or profane knowledge, knowledge derived from worldly experience (opp. ज्ञान which is 'knowledge of Brahma or Supreme Spirit'); ज्ञानं ते$हं सविज्ञानमिदं वक्ष्याम्यशेषत - Bhagavad Gita (Bg.) 7.2;3.41;6.8; (the whole of the 7th Adhyāya of Bg. explains ज्ञान and विज्ञान).
 * 5) Business, employment.
 * 6) Music.
 * 7) Knowledge of the fourteen lores.
 * 8) The organ of knowledge; पञ्चविज्ञानचेतने (शरीरे) - Mahabharata (Mb.) 12.187. 12.
 * 9) Knowledge beyond the cognisance of the senses (अतीन्द्रियविषय)

In addition, Monier Williams (1899; rev. 2008) provides the following definition:
 * 1) to distinguish, discern, observe, investigate, recognize ascertain, know, understand - Rig Veda (RV.), etc., etc. (with na and inf.: 'to know not how to');
 * 2) to have right knowledge - Katha Upanishad (KaṭhUp.)
 * 3) to become wise or learned - Mn. iv, 20;
 * 4) to hear or learn from (gen.) - Chandogya Upanishad (ChUp.); Mahabharata (MBh.);
 * 5) to recognize in (loc.) - Panchatantra (Pañcat.);
 * 6) to look upon or regard or consider as (two acc.), Mn.; MBh., etc.; Kāv., etc.;
 * 7) to explain, declare - BhP.

title: Vijñāna


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User talk:Chris Capoccia

Thank you for all of your help! I just have a couple of questions.
Hi Chris, I have been working on the Bioelectricity Wikipedia page with my colleagues and I really appreciate all the help that you have provided us in making the page more suitable for Wikipedia. We have put in citations in all the places that citations have been requested and also responded to the suggestion to merge with Biomagnetics (which we do not agree with and put our statement in the appropriate talk page a couple of weeks ago). I am wondering if you'd be willing to remove the two tags on the top of the page that indicate the need for the citations (which we have put in) and the suggestion for the merge (which we don't agree with and no one else has added to the conversation)? I really appreciate your help with our efforts to make the field of Bioelectricity more available for the general public to learn about and to hopefully enrich and inspire lives through learning.

Best wishes and many thanks,

Tiadeeharrison (talk) 15:55, 29 May 2018 (EST)

Thanks
Thanks Chris for all your great editing for wiki.

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Need an Editor
Hello. I see you have made recent edits to the page for my close friend Stanley Krippner. Stan would like to have corrections/additions made to his Wikipedia page. Although I have made minor updates to other pages, updates to Stan's would involve references and names that can be drilled down on to other articles (I don't know what these links are called). This is beyond my interest to become that proficient. Please reply with your previous interest in and knowledge of Stan and his career, how you came to update his article, and if you are interested in assisting us. Many thanks. Phrzbyphil (talk) 13:32, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * nope. i'm just fixing references. but editing pages where you have a close relationship is called conflict of interest and strongly discouraged. see WP:COI. — Chris Capoccia 💬 17:09, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chris Capoccia


text:
Talk:Atlantic 252

Untitled
I have just found amongst my old collection of tapes atlantic 252 first official tx 1-9-89

I haven't added it to the page, but the one thing I remember most about Atlantic 252 was the fact that, at least in later years, they played music at a much higher pitch than normal. This practice has been adopted by other stations but 252 initially drew my attention to it. Karsini 00:36, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This is true, I believe the practice of upping the pitches to get through the songs quicker originated with Atlantic (some songs were really badly affected by this) but I can't source it anywhere online so it can't go in the article unfortunately. It is true that other stations have copied the idea but its far less obvious now than it used to be. NKTP 23:27, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

The station was at the time popular on the West coast of Wales > at the time coverage by UK FM stations was very poor so the inferior quality of LW didnt matter much. Dont think that is relevent to the article though.

Didn't the quality of LW and fewer radios being produced with LW not contribute to the decline of 252? Does this deserve a mention? PMBO 12:51, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes indeed. Decline in quality and higher quality in other areas added. :-) Mapmark 3 June 07

Any chance somebody (either Karsini, or someone else) can upload your recordings of Atlantic 252? I don't mean to Wikipedia, but to the Internet in general. -- J7n (talk) 03:04, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Enda Caldwell--Enda Caldwell (talk) 18:27, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Presenters
This list is long and rather trivial so I moved it to talk RJFJR (talk) 19:05, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

The presenters that worked at Atlantic 252 were what made the station so popular and different. The funny names idea originated in the USA at stations like WHTZ FM Z100. Many of the original presenter line-up came from Laser 558/UK Commercial Radio and BBC Radio One. The Irish presenters came from Dublin superpirates like Sunshine 101 and SuperQ 102.

 * I removed unreferenced and/or unlinked names. People just seemed to be adding names of their friends and family. - Seasider53 (talk) 11:16, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

On-air identity
This list is long and rather trivial so I moved it to talk RJFJR (talk) 19:05, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Station straplines included: Other frequently used phrases on the station were:
 * "The Best Music"
 * "Today's Best Music Variety"
 * "Today's Best Music Mix"
 * "The Big Mix Of Today's Hits"
 * "Today's Hits Nonstop"
 * "Real Music, Real Radio"
 * "Nonstop Rhythm and Dance"
 * "we've got another Long Wave of nonstop hits on the way"
 * "this is the radio station with a wavelength all of its own"
 * The station had a sung jingle package called "Euro-Power".
 * The last station jingle package was a re-sing of the WKTU New York 1997 package.

A couple of jingles for the station featured the voice of Mike Judge as Butthead, from his famous show Beavis and Butthead. These were around the mid-nineties time.

Station voices included: Larry Thompson (first station imaging voice), Gary Gears, Bumper Morgan, Henry Owens, Merkle, Bill Cunningham (aka Wild Bill), Olga Kinsman (Whisper), Paul Bacon, David Kaye, Eddy Temple-Morris, Claire Sturgess (who was produced by Cameron Prudames & Eric Murphy) and Clara Lane (last station imaging voice).

Semi-protected edit request on 17 August 2015
At 8am on 1 September 1989, Gary King announced on Atlantic 252, "Mine is the first voice you will ever hear on Atlantic 252." This was followed by a specially produced pre-recorded introduction tape that introduced everybody employed by the radio station on its launch day, from engineers, administration, management like Travis Baxter and John Catlett, and the station's personality music presenter lineup including ex-Laser 558 presenter Charlie Wolf, MaryEllen O'Brien, Andrew Turner, Nicky Schiller, Henry Owens, Al Dunne, Tony West and Jeff Graham. An appearance was even made by Rosalyn Reilly – who was to remain the station's cleaning lady for its entire twelve-year history.

Barryscott1 (talk) 13:30, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Ivanvector 🍁 (talk) 15:49, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:32, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

"Mine is the first voice you will ever hear on Atlantic 252."
This is so obviously a play on Patrick Allen's line "Mine is the last voice you will ever hear" on Frankie Goes to Hollywood's Two Tribes, sampled from Protect and Survive. Unfortunately the only copies of the quote I can find are on wikiclones. Anybody got a ref? Cabayi (talk) 13:07, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

Some small details
In the "Early History" section it is mentioned that "Earlier RTE Radio had been broadcast from Tullamore on 252Khz." This is incorrect. RTE began broadcasting on longwave in 2003 from the former Atlantic 252 transmitter in Clarkstown, County Meath. RTE never broadcast on longwave before that and at no point in history was there ever a longwave transmitter at the Tullamore site. I have removed this inaccurate information.

I have included a reference to Chris Cary's XIDY (spelled Exidy here in the article - corrected) however I have removed the location of Rathfarnham, County Dublin as I am fairly sure that the longwave transmitters themselves were at a location other than Radio Nova's then headquarters at the former Green Acre's Country Club, Rathfarnham.

137.71.226.54 (talk) 16:24, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Transmission area
There's some silly little nationalism happening right now where the article says the jurisdiction that the station was registered in (the Republic or Ireland) but then its actual coverage area is being changed from the geographical terms "Britain and Ireland" (which are landmasses that happen to be within range of the radio signal) to "UK and the Republic of Ireland" (which are countries). That A252 did not have a UK broadcasting license is in fact one of the notable things about it. This should be changed back, reflecting the geographical area of coverage rather than what flags it reached. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 01:05, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atlantic 252


text:
User talk:Msauers

Welcome!

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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title: User talk:Msauers


text:
Ai Otsuka

Ai Otsuka (大塚 愛) is a Japanese singer-songwriter from Suminoe-ku, Osaka, Japan. She is a popular artist on the Avex Trax label and is best known for her 2003 hit "Sakuranbo", which stayed in the Top 200 Oricon Weekly Singles Chart for 103 weeks.

A piano player since age four, Otsuka composes and co-produces her own songs, as well as writes her own lyrics. Her music ranges from upbeat pop/rock music to ballads.

Every year, Otsuka also has her own Love is Born tour to mark the anniversary of being in the music industry and her birthday in September. All of the Love is Born concerts take place in Japan, ending in her hometown of Osaka. On Love is Born 5th Anniversary in 2008, Otsuka held a leg of the concert in Taiwan, where she performed a Chinese version of her song "Planetarium". In 2009, Otsuka held 3 Love is Born 6th Anniversary concerts in Japan, as well as two concerts in Taiwan.

In 2012, Otsuka debuted as the vocalist of the band Rabbit. She sold 7 million copies in Japan.

Early life and career beginnings
Otsuka started to play piano at the age of four. She composed her first track at 15, as a homework given by her piano teacher. After graduating from high school she entered to the Osaka University of Arts Nursery College, where she got her degree as a nursery teacher. For a short period of time -around late 2001- she was part of a duo called HimawaRi, along with classmate Mami Nishida. They released only the song "Sakuranbo" on the Internet, and were active for a little time. She sent demo tapes to record labels with no positive results, until she got a call back from Avex just before her graduation from university.

2003: Debut and Love Punch
Her debut single, entitled "Momo no Hanabira", was released on September 10, 2003. The single was a minor hit, peaking at number 24 on the Oricon weekly singles top 100, but stayed on the charts for 21 weeks. Her second single, "Sakuranbo", was released on December 17, 2003. The song debuted at number 20 on the Oricon charts, but managed to get into the Top 10 in February 2004 and went to peak at number five. Eventually, the single stayed on the chart for 101 weeks (almost two years), and a special "encore press" version was commissioned, which peaked at number 4, and it became the twelfth best selling single of 2004. Gradually climbing the charts to top 5, the single. In early March 2004, Otsuka released her third single, "Amaenbo". The song peaked at the sixth position on the Japanese charts, while at the same time "Sakuranbo" was fifth. This was the first time in Japanese music history a female artist was able to have two singles in the top ten in the same week. By end of March 2004, her first album, Love Punch, was released, and peaked third on the Oricon charts selling 190,265 copies in its first week.

Love Jam
In November 2004, the follow-up to Love Punch, Love Jam, was released, which met even greater popular success. Along with three single released before her second studio album was released. First, "Happy Days" sold 163,433 units and reached third on the Oricon weekly chart. Love Jam Tour 2005, her first tour, began on April 24, 2005. It was completed in June 2005 and a live DVD with footage was released on July 27, 2005. Love Cook, her third album was released on December 14, 2005.

"Kingyo Hanabi" was the second single to be released after her first album. "Kingyo Hanabi" also landed in third on the Oricon weekly chart but was able to sell 148,121 units, about 20,000 copies less than her "Happy Days" single. Two months later, Otsuka released another single, "Daisuki da Yo". Like the previous two singles, it reached number 3 on the Oricon weekly chart and sold 156,844 units.

Otsuka released her second studio album a month later in November 2004. Love Jam debuted at the number one position and sold 224,381 units in its first week. In total, 656,700 units were sold. Love Jam became her first album to top the chart, but at the same time it was her lowest selling studio album. Love Jam was released in two different versions including a CD and a CD+DVD version. Following the release of Love Jam, Ai Otsuka released the recut single "Kuroge Wagyu Joshio Tan Yaki 680 Yen" in February 2005. It was a different version of the "Kuroge Wagyu Joshio Tan Yaki 735 Yen" track on Love Jam. "Kuroge Wagyu Joshio Tan Yaki 680 Yen" is arranged differently in terms of music and vocals. This single sold 149,134 units and debuted third on the Oricon weekly chart and was the sixty-eighth single of 2005. It was the first ending theme song for the anime Black Jack.

Love Cook
"Smily/Biidama" was her first single to be released after Love Jam. Both songs from the single were used for commercials. "Smily/Biidama" sold 110,512 copies during its debut week and charted at first place. "Smily/Biidama" sold a total of 308,338 copies in 2005, placing it as the twenty-sixth single of that year.

It was during this time, in June 2005, that Otsuka made her acting debut with the drama Tokyo Friends. Unlike most dramas, the series was directly released on DVD and never aired on TV. The drama used three songs as its theme song, Boo Bee Benz's "To Me" and "Kimi to Iu Hana," as well the coupling song to her sixth single, "Friends: Sabakan Ver." All three tracks would eventually be included in the soundtrack for the drama's movie sequel.

Otsuka released her tenth single in 2005, "Neko ni Fūsen" in middle of the year in July. "Neko ni Fūsen" was her lowest single that year, only reaching third on the chart and selling 111,324 copies. It placed ninety-second on the 2005 yearly charts.

Otsuka's single "Planetarium", was released on September 20, 2005. This was her last single of that year. "Planetarium" sales of 315,669 was her second highest single second only to "Sakuranbo," before her third studio album was released. "Planetarium" was used as the insert song for the live action version of the drama Hana yori Dango.

Love Cook, her third studio album, came out on December 14, 2005. In its first week, it sold 335,000 copies. The promotional videos for this album were filmed as mini-dramas. She also hosts a radio show on JOQR Recomen!! AM1134hHz called Otsuka Ai no ai-r jack.

Love Piece
In April 2006, Otsuka released "Frienger" (a portmanteau of the words Friend and Ranger). The promotional video was shot in Taiwan and was used as the commercial song for the Toshiba W41T 4 GB MP3 mobile phone. Soon after the release of "Frienger," Otsuka reprised her role as an actress for Tokyo Friends: The Movie, which hit theaters in Japan on August 12, 2006. The movie is a direct sequel to the DVD drama released the previous year. Otsuka also sang the opening theme for Tokyo Friends, "Yumekui", which was released as a new single on August 2, 2006. It debuted fifth on the weekly chart, selling 63,428 copies in the first week and a total of 145,281 copies.

Two months after "Yumekui", Otsuka released another single titled "Renai Shashin" on October 25, 2006, which was used as the opening theme song for the movie Tada, Kimi o Aishiteru. The song was based on events from the film and its original novel, also called Renai Shashin. "Renai Shashin" debuted at number 2 and sold 129,855 copies, making it the 75th best-selling single of the year. At the end of 2006, Otsuka had released a total of three singles and charted on Oricon's 2006 yearly chart with "Frienger" at number 60, "Yumekui" at number 66, and "Renai Shashin" at number 75.

Otsuka released her fourteenth single, "Chu-Lip," on February 21, 2007. The single was used as the theme song for the TBS drama Kirakira Kenshui, starring Manami Konishi and Wentz Eiji of WaT and managed to claim the third position on the Oricon charts.

Ai Am Best
Otsuka released her first best hits compilation album, titled Ai am Best, on March 28, 2007, which features 13 pre-2006 songs and their respective promotional videos. There are 11 songs that span her singles in chronological order, one song from Love Cook and one song from a Nana sound track: "Love for Nana: Only 1 Tribute".

Ai am Best sold 64,396 copies on the first day and topped the Oricon charts, making it Otsuka's best selling album. It sold over 350,000 copies in its first week. "Ai am Best" also features two bonus tracks—one for the DVD, "Best of Babashi", and one for the CD, "Babashi". First Press "Ai am Best" includes an Ai stamp and Ai wallet calendar. Some also include an Ai pin in yellow or white.

Otsuka went on a tour titled Ai am Best Tour that featured songs from Ai am Best and more. The tour started on May 18 and ended on July 7, 2007.

2007–2008: Love debut and Love Piece
On April 11, 2007 Otsuka released a new single, "Love no Theme," as the self-created bunny rabbit character "Love-chan". "Love no Theme" was sung on her Jam Punch Tour 2005. Before its release, it was titled I canChu before it was changed to "Love no Theme". The "Love no Theme" single included a preview of a new single featuring Love, titled "White Choco." This song could only be found previously on the promotional CD released before "Momo no Hanabira". "Love no Theme" did not sell as well as Otsuka's normal singles.

Otsuka released her first single after Ai am Best, "Peach/Heart" on July 25, 2007. The first A-side "Peach" is an up-beat summer song and was used as the end theme for the summer drama Hanazakari no Kimitachi E (starring Maki Horikita and Shun Oguri), while the second "Heart" is a mid-tempo track. The single also includes a rearranged version of "Renai Shashin", titled "Renai Shashin -Haru-" (恋愛写真 -春-).

On September 26, 2007, Otsuka released two CDs and a DVD. The first CD was Otsuka's fourth original album, titled Love Piece. This included all of her singles from "Frienger" to "Peach/Heart", with five new songs on an 11-track album. The album was released in CD+DVD and CD-only formats, with the DVD including a music video of "Heart" and "Kumuriuta" (クムリウタ), a song from the album. The first-press of the DVD also includes the PV of "U-Boat," while the first-press of the CD-only version comes with a 40-page color photobook. The second CD was a limited pressing re-release of the best album "Ai am Best" in CD-only format.

Also on September 26, Otsuka released a DVD of her Ai am Best Tour 2007, recorded at the Tokyo International Forum Hall A on July 9, 2007. The DVD is available in a single-disc edition, as well as a special two-disc edition with outtakes of the tour. The first-press of the special edition comes with a 40-page photobook.

Otsuka performed at Makuhari Messe on July 7, 2007, for one of Japan's two Live Earth concerts, alongside contemporaries Kumi Koda and Ayaka.

2009–2010: Love Letter and Love is Best
Otsuka released her 16th single "Pocket" on November 7, 2007. And two weeks later, Love-chan's second single, "White Choco", was released on November 21, 2007. During 2008, Otsuka embarked on her Love Piece Tour 2008, her fourth solo tour, from February to May. Her 17th single, "Rocket Sneaker/One x Time", was released on May 21. Otsuka's 18th single, "Kurage, Nagareboshi", was released on September 10, 2008. The single was released in four different formats, as a commemoration of her fifth anniversary in the music industry since the release of her debut single "Momo no Hanabira". On December 17, 2008, she released her fifth studio album, Love Letter, which peaked third on the weekly Oricon charts. It contains all of her singles since Love Piece including "Pocket", the third track on the album. Love Letter was her lowest-selling album. On February 25, 2009, "Bye Bye" was released as her second re-cut single. "Bye Bye" was used in a commercial for the Asahi Breweries beverage, Asahi Slat. Otsuka's second compilation album, Love Is Best, was released on November 11, 2009. The album features a collection of "love songs," ranging from singles to album tracks and b-sides, and will feature re-recorded versions of some tracks including a duet with Su from hip-hop band Rip Slyme on the song "Aisu x Time." On its first day of release the album charted at number one with a sales total of 22,895. As her character Love, she also released her first mini album entitled Love It (pronounced Rabitto, as rabbit), on November 18, 2009 (a week after Love Is Best). The album's track "Magic" was used in TV commercials for Music.jp.

In January 2010, Otsuka performed a song for Fuji Television titled "Lucky Star" which the network used as the theme song for its coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics. In February it was announced that "Lucky Star" would be released as a cellphone-only digital single, but later was announced to have a physical release as a double A-side single, "Zokkondition/Lucky Star", which released on April 7, 2010. "Zokkondition" was used in advertisements for Asahi Beer, similar to her previous single "Bye Bye". On September 8, 2010, she released another single "'I Love..." (I ♥ xxx), which was her 21st and last single before taking a hiatus from music.

2011–present: Hiatus, Rabbit and Love Fantastic
During Otsuka's hiatus from music due to her pregnancy, a new song titled "Hikari" was made available for download on October 9, 2011, through her official mobile website Love 9 Cube. On March 30, 2012, she released Neko ga Suki ni natta Kirai na Neko, a series of two picture books about cats. Purchasers of the books had the chance to download another new song, called "Gomen ne". On September 9, 2012, she celebrated her 30th birthday and ninth anniversary in the music industry with Love Is Born: 9th Anniversary 2012, her first series of concerts in two years, in which she held performances in Tokyo, Hyogo and Aichi.

In October 2012, Otsuka announced that she would be debuting as the vocalist of a new band called Rabbit. The band released their debut album Rabito on December 12, 2012 through the Cutting Edge label. The album peaked at number 61 on the Oricon charts. Rabbit went on their first domestic tour in Japan starting in February 2013. This month it was also announced that Otsuka, as a solo, would begin a tour in September to celebrate her tenth anniversary in the music industry,. In July 2013, it was announced that Otsuka would be releasing her first solo single in three years, entitled "Re:Name", to celebrate her tenth anniversary. The single was released on October 9, 2013, and debuted at number eight on the Japanese charts. On December 13, 2013, a song entitled "Sakuranbo (Cocktail)", which was a self-cover version of her second single, was released digitally through the iTunes Music Store. On March 26, 2014, Otsuka released an EP entitled AIO Punch, which included other self-covers from previously released songs. And she also recorded a cover of Dreams Come True's "Romance" for their tribute album Watashi to Dori Kamu: Dreams Come True 25th Anniversary Best Covers, which was released on the same day. Her 23rd single, "More More" was released on May 21, 2014. Otsuka's sixth studio album, entitled Love Fantastic, was released on July 16, 2014. She released her seventh album, Love Tricky, on April 22, 2015. Otsuka's eighth studio album, Love Honey, came out on April 12, 2017.

Personal life
In February 2010, it was reported by Josei Seven magazine that Otsuka was dating rapper Kazuto Otsuki (publicly known as Su, member of hip hop group Rip Slyme), with whom she collaborated in October 2009 for her song "Aisu x Time". Neither of the artists' agencies would comment on the matter. On June 26, 2010, Otsuka announced via a message on her official Web site that she and Su had gotten married on the previous day. Su also posted an announcement on Rip Slyme's website, confirming what Otsuka wrote on her website.

During her Love is Born concert held on September 11, 2010, Otsuka revealed to the audience that she was expecting her first child, and on March 24, 2011, she gave birth to a daughter.

On November 22, 2018, Otsuka announced that she had filed for divorce.

Studio albums

 * 2004: Love Punch
 * 2004: Love Jam
 * 2005: Love Cook
 * 2007: Love Piece
 * 2008: Love Letter
 * 2014: Love Fantastic
 * 2015: Love Tricky
 * 2017: Love Honey
 * 2021: Love Pop

Compilation albums

 * 2007: Ai Am Best
 * 2009: Love Is Best
 * 2019: Ai Am Best, too

Filmography

 * 2023: Kyrie

Radio shows

 * Otsuka Ai ai-r Jack (Nippon Cultural Broadcasting)
 * Corolla presents Life-Love Circle (Tokyo FM)

Books

 * Kimi-iro Omoi (キミイロオモイ) (February 25, 2005) ISBN 4344007433
 * Love World (September 25, 2007) ISBN 4401622650
 * Otsuka Ai no Ai-R Jack (大塚 愛のai-r Jack) (January 31, 2008) ISBN 978-4-7897-3251-2
 * Neko ga Mitsuketa Akai Fūsen (ネコが見つけた赤い風船) (March 31, 2010) ISBN 9784062160346
 * Neko ga Suki ni Natta Kirai na Neko (ネコがスキになったキライなネコ) (March 30, 2012) ISBN 9784062174718

Awards

 * Japan Cable Radio Awards
 * 2004: Best New Artist

 * Best Hits Kayōsai
 * 2004: Best New Artist
 * 2005: Gold Artist Prize – "Planetarium"
 * 2006: Gold Artist Prize – "Ren'ai Shashin"
 * 2007: Gold Artist Prize – "Pocket"

 * Japan Gold Disc Award
 * 2005: Rock & Pop Album of the Year – Love Punch
 * 2005: Rock & Pop Album of the Year – Love Jam
 * 2006: Rock & Pop Album of the Year – Love Cook
 * 2007: The Best 10 Albums - Ai Am Best

 * MTV Video Music Awards Japan
 * 2007: Best Pop Video - "Ren'ai Shashin"
 * 2007: Best Video from a Film - "Ren'ai Shashin" (from Tada, Kimi o Aishiteru)

title: Ai Otsuka


text:
User talk:DiceDiceBaby

The City of God
Humble apologies; I don't know how I managed to do that. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Back by Midnight for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Back by Midnight is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Back by Midnight until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. BOVINEBOY 2008 15:19, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:DiceDiceBaby


text:
Herbert Martin

Herbert Martin (29 August 1925 – 29 September 2016) was a Saarland and German footballer.

The striker spent the majority of his career with 1. FC Saarbrücken. He was the leading goal scorer for the Saarland national football team (tied with Herbert Binkert), with six goals, while the team existed between 1950 and 1956. He won 17 caps for the Saar federation which was later included into the West German Football Association. He died in 2016.

title: Herbert Martin


text:
User talk:Mhelin

Welcome!

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.

As a side note, you should take a look at the Show Preview button. I have seen your high number of edits at David Hersey. That must have been exhausting :) Sarg 14:46, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

January 2014
This is your only warning; if you use Wikipedia for soapboxing, promotion or advertising again, as you did at Good night books, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 19:11, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Your recent edits
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Thank you. --SineBot (talk) 19:59, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mhelin


text:
Cheddington railway station

Cheddington railway station serves the village of Cheddington, in Buckinghamshire, England, and the surrounding villages, including Ivinghoe and Mentmore. The station is 36 mi north west of London Euston on the West Coast Main Line. It is operated by London Northwestern Railway, which also provides all services.

The station has four platforms, each with 12 carriage capacity, but only platforms 3 and 4 are used regularly and platforms 1 and 2 are used only during engineering works and disruption. Platforms 2 and 3 form a centre island. The main station buildings are located on Platform 1 adjacent to the car park. Access to the other platforms is gained by a footbridge.

The ticket office closed on 28 March 2013 and the station is now unstaffed. Although starting in December 2017 there is a security guard on the station around the clock, the ticket building is still closed.

Cheddington was formerly a junction for the London & North Western Railway's branch line to Aylesbury High Street. This branch terminated in the east of Aylesbury and made no connection to the GCR/Metropolitan Railway station in that town. The branch closed to passengers in 1953 but with freight services continuing until 1964. The trackless edge of the Aylesbury branch platform is still in evidence at Cheddington and part of the old track bed of the branch is now used as the station's approach road.

Just over 2 km north of this station, on the stretch of line between Cheddington and Leighton Buzzard, is Bridego Bridge, the scene of the Great Train Robbery of 1963.

Services
All services at Cheddington are operated by London Northwestern Railway.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Euston
 * 2 tph to Milton Keynes Central

A very small number of early morning and late evening services are extended beyond Milton Keynes Central to and from Northampton and Birmingham New Street.

title: Cheddington railway station


text:
Bushwhacker Butch

Robert Miller (21 October 1944 – 2 April 2023) was a New Zealand professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation under the ring name Bushwhacker Butch, where he teamed with Bushwhacker Luke as The Bushwhackers. He was also known for his appearances under the ring name Butch Miller for promotions such as NWA New Zealand, Stampede Wrestling, Pacific Northwest Wrestling, Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling, Southwest Championship Wrestling, and the Universal Wrestling Federation, where he teamed with Luke as The Kiwis and The Sheepherders.

Along with Luke, Butch held championships including the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship, NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship, NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship, and UWF World Tag Team Championship. The duo were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2015 and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2020.

Early career (1964–1974)
Butch Miller started wrestling for NWA New Zealand (later known as All-Star Pro Wrestling) in 1964 where he achieved a great deal of regional success. Miller, along with his friend Luke Williams, was brought to America in 1965 by fellow New Zealander Steve Rickard, who was also the booker for NWA Hawaii. Luke and Butch initially worked in Canada among others for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling billed as "The Kiwis" (Butch was known as "Nick Carter" and Luke was known as "Sweet William"). The first recorded title that the Kiwis won was in 1974 when the duo beat Bob Pringle and Bill Cody for the Stampede International Tag Team Championship on 6 January 1974. The Kiwis lost the titles to Tokyo Joe and the Great Saki only to regain them a short time later. The Kiwis lost the titles for good when Stan Kowalski and Duke Savage defeated them and kept the titles away from them in subsequent rematches.

The Sheepherders (1974–1981)
After leaving Stampede Wrestling, the Kiwis began doing double duty in Japan for International Wrestling Enterprise. In 1975, they returned to New Zealand for the first wrestling television tapings On the Mat. Both men were inactive from wrestling for a few years.

In 1979, both men reunited working for NWA Pacific Northwest as well as the Canadian-based International All-Star Wrestling around 1979–1980 as "the Kiwi Sheepherders". In 1979, the team won the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship on three occasions between 21 July and 5 August 1980 before they left the territory. On 22 September, the Sheepherders lost the gold to Dutch Savage and Stan Stasiak only to regain them a week later. On 11 February 1980, the Sheepherders became double champions when they downed Dutch Savage and Stasiak once again, this time for the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship. Top faces Rick Martel and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper teamed up in May 1980 to take the NWA Canadian tag titles from the Sheepherders and, in effect, run the duo out of the Northwest region by August, gaining the NWA Pacific Northwest tag titles when the Sheepherders left the promotion.

The next stop for the Sheepherders was a brief stay in the Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling territory run by Jim Crockett. In MACW, the two won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship by beating Matt Borne and Buzz Sawyer for the gold. The Sheepherders held onto the gold for close to three months before dropping it to Dewey Robertson and George Wells on 12 December. After losing the titles, Luke and Butch headed for warmer weather as they traveled to Puerto Rico and began working for the World Wrestling Council as "Los Pastores". While in Puerto Rico, the team would win the WWC North American Tag Team Championship twice while touring the island.

After the team left WWC, Butch decided that he wanted to return closer to home and went to Australia to wrestle. Luke remained in the United States determined to keep the "Sheepherders" name on everyone's lips by teaming up with "Lord" Jonathan Boyd (formerly of the Royal Kangaroos).

Butch returns (1983–1988)
In 1983, Boyd and Williams were working for Southwest Championship Wrestling when in June, Jonathan Boyd legitimately broke his leg in a car accident. While Boyd was out with the broken leg Butch returned from Australia to reunite with his old tag-team partner.

Luke and Butch stayed with the SWCW through the rest of 1983 and into 1984, when the two came head-to-head with the Fabulous Ones, a team Williams and Boyd had feuded with extensively while Miller was away. This time the prize was the SWCW World Tag Team Championship. The Fabulous Ones had supposedly won the titles in Australia, which is generally believed to be a fictitious tournament invented by the SWCW. The Sheepherders defeated the Fabs on 4 March and held the titles until the SWCW abandoned the tag team titles in September 1984. The next major stop for the Sheepherders was a return to Puerto Rico and the WWC, this time competing as "The Sheepherders" instead of "Los Pastores". On 6 January 1985 the team defeated The Invaders (Invader I and Invader III) for the WWC North American Tag Team Championship in Bayamon, Puerto Rico. Butch and Luke lost and then regained the titles from Invaders I and III in March and then held on to the gold until August, when the Invaders won the tag team title back for good.

When Luke and Butch returned to mainland USA and signed on with Bill Watts’ UWF, they quickly cemented their status by beating Ted DiBiase and Steve Williams for the UWF Tag Team Championship on 16 March 1986. The Sheepherders worked for Bill Watts on and off over the next couple of years, taking time out to participate in the first ever Jim Crockett Memorial Tag Team Cup where they made it to the third round. In the third round the Sheepherders clashed with the Fantastics in an out-of-control brawl that ended in a double disqualification. The winners of this match would have gone on to face eventual tournament winners The Road Warriors in the next round. Back in the UWF for their "Mid South Superdome Show", the Sheepherders clashed with the Fantastics once more, this time Luke and Butch lost in a "New Zealand Boot camp" match to the UWF Tag champs.

After being unable to beat the Fantastics on several occasions, the Sheepherders traveled back to Puerto Rico during the summer for a six-week run with the WWC World Tag Team Championship on 3 August. When their short run with WWC ended, Luke and Butch sought new challenges and traveled to Florida where they worked for Championship Wrestling from Florida. While there, the Sheepherders came across their old rivals the Fabulous Ones, instantly rekindling their violent feud. This feud saw Luke and Butch end the Fabulous Ones' first reign with the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship and would keep them away from the Fabulous Ones until Lane and Keirn finally got the better of them on 30 November, when they regained the belts.

In 1987, the Sheepherders returned to the CWA once more. On 10 January, the New Zealanders beat the up-and-coming team of Badd Company (Pat Tanaka and Paul Diamond) for the CWA/AWA International Tag Team Championship but lost them back to Badd Company as fast as they had won them. After the quick run with Badd Company, the Sheepherders once again became entangled in a feud with the Fabulous Ones in a rivalry that seemingly would never end. In what turned out to be the last series of matches between the Sheepherders and the Fabulous Ones, the Fabulous Ones dominated the matches and once again "ran off" the Sheepherders.

After leaving Memphis the Sheepherders returned to Puerto Rico and the WWC. Here the Sheepherders started a bloody feud with Chris and Mark Youngblood that drew big crowds in Puerto Rico. The feud saw Luke and Butch win the WWC World Tag Team titles on 4 April and then defend them tooth and nail until the Youngbloods regained the gold on 10 May in a cage match. After their spring run with WWC the Sheepherders returned to Florida and instantly became challengers for Mike Graham and Steve Keirn's NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. On 26 June, Luke and Butch added that title to their collection by brawling and cheating. Their run with the Florida titles came to an end on 29 August when Keirn and Graham regained the titles.

After losing the Florida titles, Luke and Butch returned to the UWF and started a second run with the UWF World Tag Team Championship after beating Brad Armstrong and Tim Horner on 16 October. The Sheepherders held the UWF tag team titles until the UWF was bought out by Jim Crockett and merged into Jim Crockett Promotions to form the forerunner of World Championship Wrestling. When the UWF merged Luke and Butch began working for JCP, participating in the third Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial, Tag Team Tournament Cup losing to The Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) in the second round. At Clash of the Champions II the Sheepherders faced off against the NWA United States Tag Team Champions Fantastics, but did not win the gold. At Clash of the Champions III the Sheepherders lost to Steve Williams and Nikita Koloff despite the interference of Rip Morgan. Just as it looked like the Sheepherders were going to face the Fantastics in the finals of a tournament to crown new United States tag team champions, Luke and Butch signed with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation.

The Bushwhackers (1988–1996)
Luke and Butch signed on with the WWF in the midst of its national expansion, giving them a national and international exposure unlike anything they had ever had before. The team changed their name to "The Bushwhackers" and changed their violent style to a comedic style which was an instant hit with the fans. The comedy act involved licking, arm motions and more. The Bushwhackers made their debut on a matinee house show on 26 December 1988 facing The Bolsheviks.

Throughout the Bushwhackers' run in the WWF, the team was a solid mid-card team, feuding against such teams as The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers, Rhythm and Blues (The Honky Tonk Man and Greg Valentine), The Natural Disasters, The Beverly Brothers and The Headshrinkers. Several of the feuds were comedy-oriented, with the Bushwhackers' antagonists expressing disdain for their wild and wacky ways. In addition, Butch (along with Luke) participated in a long-running series of comedy vignettes, with "Mean" Gene Okerlund their usual foil; these vignettes were often featured on Coliseum Home Video releases where they served as the "link" between matches.

The Bushwhackers remained in the WWF through 1996, by which time they were a lower-card team and frequently used to job to newer teams such as Well Dunn, The Blu Brothers and The Bodydonnas. Late in the Bushwhackers' run, the team was accompanied to the ring by a giant kangaroo mascot.

Late career (1996–2001)
After leaving the WWF, the team made special appearances in the independent circuit, including a return to WWC for its 24th-anniversary show where they were billed as the Sheepherders and took on old rivals Invaders I & II. They also appeared at Terry Funk's WrestleFest in Amarillo to celebrate "50 years of Funk" where they lost to Mark and Chris Youngblood.

In 1999, Luke and Butch participated in a "wrestling nostalgia" pay-per-view called Heroes of Wrestling as the Men from Down Under. They defeated former WWF Tag Team Champions The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff. They also wrestled in the UK in 2000, mainly for All Star Wrestling where they appeared in six man tags, teaming with Frank Casey who for some years had been performing as tribute act the "British Bushwhacker." Luke and Butch made one of their last appearances as active wrestlers on 1 April 2001 when they participated in the "Gimmick Battle Royal" at WrestleMania X7. On 15 June, the team returned to Memphis one last time, fighting The Moondogs to a double disqualification on a special "Mid-South Clash of the Legends" show. In September 2001 he retired from wrestling.

Retirement (2001–2023)
In September 2001, Miller was rushed to the hospital after suffering a neck injury. While in the hospital, he also had a brush with sepsis, but he survived. Miller retired after the incident and moved back to New Zealand where he began working as the commissioner for NZWPW and also wrote a column for NZPWI.CO.NZ. He lived in Paraparaumu Beach and was the Commissioner for Kiwi Pro Wrestling.

When the WWE came to New Zealand on 11 June 2008 in Auckland, he was a guest on the first international V.I.P Lounge along with Tony Garea. The segment's host, Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) announced him as Bushwhacker Luke but then apologized. Eventually, MVP attacked Butch and Garea with the microphone. Butch and Garea recovered and fought off MVP, then celebrated with the Bushwhacker walk.

In 2015, The Bushwhackers were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by John Laurinaitis.

In February 2018, the Bushwhackers reunited for one last tour of their native New Zealand. Only Luke wrestled.

Personal life and death
Miller moved back to New Zealand from Florida in 2003. He lived in Paraparaumu Beach until 2016. Miller and his wife Helen moved to Ōtaki Beach in 2016.

Miller suffered from health issues as early as 2002 when he stayed in the ICU. In 2010, he returned to the ICU. Luke Williams kept it private from the public regarding what issue Miller had.

Miller died in hospital in Los Angeles, California on 2 April 2023, at the age of 78. He had traveled to the city in order to participate in WrestleMania 39 festivities.

Other media
The Bushwhackers appeared as themselves in a 1994 episode of the sitcom Family Matters, wrestling against Carl Winslow and Steve Urkel, who are forced to fill in for and wrestle as "The Psycho Twins". The Bushwhackers released their autobiography "The Bushwhackers: Blood, Sweat & Cheers", along with writer John E. Crowther, on 27 September 2022.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Allied Powers Wrestling Federation
 * APWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Can-Am Wrestling
 * Can-Am Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * CWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * NWA All-Star Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Luke Williams
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him # 493 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * PWI ranked him # 71 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Luke Williams in 2003
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Class of 2020 – Inducted as part of The Bushwhackers with Luke Williams.
 * Ring Around The Northwest Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1979–1980) with Luke Williams
 * Southwest Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Southwest Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Stampede Wrestling
 * NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (2 times) – with Luke Williams
 * Ultimate Championship Wrestling
 * UCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * United States Wrestling League
 * USWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * Universal Wrestling Federation
 * UWF World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Luke Williams
 * World Wide Wrestling Alliance
 * WWA Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Luke Williams
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Luke Williams
 * WWC World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Luke Williams
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Worst Tag Team (1992, 1994) with Luke Williams
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (1993) with Luke Williams and Men on a Mission vs. The Headshrinkers, Bastion Booger, and Bam Bam Bigelow at Survivor Series
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015) - as a member of The Bushwhackers

title: Bushwhacker Butch


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Wormhole (disambiguation)

A wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime.

Wormhole may also refer to:

 * Bajoran wormhole, a wormhole located near the planet Bajor in the fictional Star Trek universe
 * Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings, a book containing writings from four decades by the English author John Fowles
 * Wormhole switching, a technique in computer science
 * "Wormhole X-Treme!", an episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1
 * Wormholes (film), a 1992 animated short film by Stephen Hillenburg
 * "Wormhole" (album), by drum and bass act Ed Rush & Optical

title: Wormhole (disambiguation)


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Alburquerque, Spain

Alburquerque is a town in the province of Badajoz in Spain. It has 5,340 inhabitants, as of 2018. The town is close to the border with Portugal and was an ancient dominion of the kings of that country.

The titles of Lord of Alburquerque (de Meneses) and later Count of Alburquerque (de Castilla) and Duke of Alburquerque (de La Cueva) were important in Castile in the Middle Ages (e.g. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque).

Its sister city of Albuquerque in the United States takes its name from this town.

Population
By 1530, the town had a population of 6,042, increasing up to 6,893 by the end of the century (1591) and to 7,600 in 1631.

As of 2018, the town's population is 5,340.

title: Alburquerque, Spain


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User talk:SwimmingLlama

Welcome!

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Sarg 14:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SwimmingLlama


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Tadeusz Czeżowski

Tadeusz Czeżowski (July 26, 1889 – March 28, 1981) was a Polish philosopher and logician. He is considered one of the most prominent members of the Lviv-Warsaw School.

Biography
Czeżowski was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on July 26, 1889. He was the son of a high-ranking state official a previous Prefect who later became the Counsellor of the Governorate of Galicia. In 1907, he studied philosophy, mathematics, and physics at the University of Lviv. His mother, Helena Kusche, was considered part of the petite bourgeoisie of the city. He became a student of Kazimierz Twardowski, who conferred to Czeżowski his doctorate in philosophy in 1914 after completing his dissertation entitled, Teoria klas (Theory of Classes). He also became a member of the Lwów–Warsaw School of Logic.

After qualifying as mathematics and physics teacher, he started teaching in a Lviv grammar school in 1912. From 1923 to 1939 he was a professor at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, Lithuania, and from 1945 to 1960 a professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. In 1948 he became editor of the magazine Ruch Filozoficzny. He died in Toruń in 1981.

He was named a member of the Righteous Among the Nations in 1963.

Works

 * O metafizyce, jej kierunkach i zagadnieniach (On Metaphysics, its directions and problems) (1948)
 * Logika (1949)
 * Odczyty filozoficzne (1958 and 1969)
 * Filozofia na rozdrożu (1966)
 * Pisma z etyki i teorii wartości (1989)
 * Knowledge, Science, and Values. A Program for Scientific Philosophy Edited by Leon Gumanski, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2000

title: Tadeusz Czeżowski


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Gaykhatu

Gaykhatu (Mongolian script:; Гайхалт) was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler in Iran. He reigned from 1291 to 1295. His Buddhist baghshi gave him the Tibetan name Rinchindorj (རིན་ཆེན་རྡོ་རྗེ) which appeared on his paper money.

Early life
He was born to Abaqa and Martai khatun (daughter of Chigu Noyan of Khongirad and Tümelün bekhi, sister of Musa) in c.1259. He was living in Jazira during Tekuder's reign and had to flee to Arghun in Khorasan after Qonqurtai's execution in 1284. He was given as hostage to Tekuder by Arghun as a condition of truce in June 1284 and put in orda of Todai Khatun, his step-mother. After Arghun's enthronement, he was confirmed as governor of Anatolia together with his uncle Hulachu.

Rule in Anatolia
He was stationed in Erzinjan and learnt to speak Persian and to some degree Turkish during his stay in Anatolia. Gaykhatu ruled Anatolia solely after recall of Hulachu to Iran in 1286. It was then he was married to Padishah Khatun, a princess of Qutlugh-Khanids. He aided Masud II on his campaigns against Turkmen principalities, most importantly Germiyanids. Using this opportunity, Karamanids invaded Mongol allies of Cilician Armenia during his campaign. Gaykhatu was sent in turn by Arghun to help Leo II against Güneri of Karaman in 1286, who had captured Tarsus from the Cilician Kingdom. Gaykhatu invaded and burned his capital Karaman on 16 January 1287, forcing Güneri to retreat to mountains. Gaykhatu's viceroyalty was briefly interrupted by appointment of Samagar from 1289 to 1290. He resumed his activities when Samagar was arrested on 15 October 1290 in Tokat on charges of corruption and was sent back to Iran. Gaykhatu visited Konya on 3 January 1291, confirming appointment of his new tax officer Khwaja Nasir ud-Din and conduction of a new general census.

Reign
Gaykhatu heard of Arghun's death in his wintering pastures near Antalya from Lagzi Küregen (son of Arghun Aqa and in-law of Hulagu Khan). The main contenders for the throne were his nephew Ghazan and cousin Baydu. Baydu was nominated for the throne by an influential Mongol commander, Ta'achar, who had sent an envoy to Gaykhatu falsely announcing that Baydu had already taken the throne. Suspicious, Gaykhatu headed to the qurultai.

While nobles like Taghachar, Qoncuqbal, Toghan and Tuqal supported Baydu, historians suggest Baydu simply refused the throne stating it belonged to the brother or a son according to yassa. Another source, Mahmud Aqsarai said that Baydu didn't appear at the quriltai at all. The other contender to the throne, Ghazan, was engaged in a rebellion with Nawrūz (another son of Arghun Aqa), and couldn't attend the qurultai either, thus losing a bid to throne. As a consequence, Gaykhatu was elected il-khan on 23 July 1291, Ahlat. Gaikhatu's main supporter was his new wife Uruk Khatun - widow of Arghun and mother of Öljaitü.

His first orders upon taking throne was to punish several emirs including Taghachar and Tuqal. Taghachar's (or in some sources, Qoncuqbal's) 10.000 army was given to Shiktur Noyan of Jalairs, while Tuqal's army was given to an amir named Narin Ahmad. Another Baydu supporter, Toghan was arrested on his way to escape to Khorasan. Meanwhile, a rebellion by Turkmen emirs started in Anatolia, Gaykhatu had to move into his former domains, appointing Shiktur Noyan as regent of the state while confirming Anbarchi (son of Möngke Temür) as viceroy of East stationed in Ray.

Rebellion of Afrasiyab
Hazaraspid ruler Afrasiab I took the opportunity to extend his rule to Isfahan upon hearing of Arghun's death in 1291. Gaykhatu's retribution was brutal, sending a commander of his personal keshig Tuladai to pillage Lorestan who obtained Afrasiab's submission. Gaykhatu's wives Padshah and Uruk interceded on behalf of Afrasiab, asking for forgiveness. As a consequence, while Afrasiab was reinstated as ruler of Lorestan, his brother Ahmad was held at Ilkhanid court as hostage.

Campaign in Anatolia
Gaykhatu left for Anatolia in pursuit of the Karamanids who were besieging Konya on 31 August 1291 with 20.000 men. Despite Konya was enforced by a brother of Masud II and Sahib Ataids, the Karamanids didn't leave until Gaykhatu's arrival at Kayseri. Gaykhatu divided his army into two, sending a part to Menteshe, while he himself raided the Karamanid capital Ereğli. His next target was Eshrefid beylik to the west, from whom he captured 7000 women and children, sending them to Konya.

After returning to Kayseri, he sent Goktai and Girai noyans to punish former supporters of Kilij Arslan IV in northern Anatolia accompanied by Seljuk armies. Using this opportunity, the Karamanids and Eshrefids again besieged Konya, but withdrew their armies when Henry II of Cyprus besieged Alaiye with 15 ships. Gaykhatu continued on to capture Denizli and looted the city for 3 days. Masud also went on to fight against Kilij Arslan who was supported by Masud's brothers Faramurz and Kayumars in addition to the Chobanids. Gaykhatu sent an additional 3000 men with commanders Goktai, Girai and Anit. It was Girai and Temür Yaman Jandar who rescued Masud II from Turkmen captivity. Temür Yaman Jandar was granted the former Chobanid city of Kastamonu by Gaykhatu as an iqta due to this service.

Return to Iran
Gaykhatu spent 11 months in the Anatolian campaign and went back to Iran in May/June 1292. His absence in Iran was followed by a conspiracy led by Taghachar and his follower Sad al-Din Zanjani. They falsely informed viceroy Anbarchi - via Sad al-Din's brother Qutb al-Din, who was Anbarchi's vizier - of Gaykhatu's defeat by Turkmens in Anatolia and called him to take the throne. While ambitious, Anbarchi regarded this news with suspicion. After contacting Shiktur Noyan who was residing near Karachal, Anbarchi had them imprisoned by Shiktur. Gaykhatu arrived at Aladagh on 29 June 1292, had a second enthronement, possibly receiving a confirmation from Kublai Khagan.

Upon returning, Gaykhatu allowed his wife Padishah Khatun's to gain Kirman in October 1292. He pardoned both Taghachar and Sad al-Din Zanjani, even appointing the latter to the post of vizier on 18 November 1292 while confirming his father-in-law Aq Buqa Jalair as commander-in-chief. Shiktur and Taghachar were subordinated to him. Sad al-Din also managed to get his brother Qutb al-Din to be appointed as governor of Tabriz. Amassing huge amount of power and wealth in his hand, Sad al-Din became the real ruler of the Ilkhanate with personal army of 10.000, while gaining certain enemies as well. Former emirs Hasan and Taiju attempted to accuse him of embezzlement of state funds unsuccessfully.

In 1292, Gaykhatu sent a message to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, threatening to conquer the whole of the Levant if he didn't return Aleppo. Al-Ashraf replied: "The khan has the same ideas as me. I too hope to bring back Baghdad to the fold of Islam as previously. We will see which of us two will be quicker". However, there were no major battles between Mongols and Mamluks afterwards.

During his reign, the princess Kökötchin arrived from the court of his Khagan Kublai in 1293, escorted by Marco Polo. The new Ilkhan decreed that the princess be married to his nephew Ghazan, who had fully supported his right to rule. Ghazan on the other hand sent a tiger to Gaykhatu as an answer. Marco Polo and his entourage stayed with Gaykhatu for nine months.

The Golden Horde khan Toqta, who ascended the throne at the same time as Gaykhatu, sent Prince Qalintay and Pulad as envoys to the Ilkhanate on 28 March 1294 to make a truce and possibly ask for help against Toqta's rivals. They returned to Golden Horde three days later.

Introduction of paper money
In 1294, Gaykhatu wanted to replenish his treasury emptied by a great cattle plague. In response, his vizier Sad al-Din Zanjani proposed the introduction of a recent Chinese invention called Jiaochao (paper money). Gaykhatu agreed and called for Bolad, the ambassador of Kublai (Emperor Shizu) of Yuan China in Tabriz. After Bolad explained how the system worked, Gaykhatu printed banknotes which imitated the Chinese ones so closely that they even had Chinese words printed on them. The Muslim confession of faith was printed on the banknotes to placate local sentiment. Gaykhatu's Buddhist name Rinchindorj was also present on money. Shiktur Noyan objected to introduction, calling this a foul attempt. First circulation started on 12 September 1294 in Tabriz. Gaykhatu ordered anyone who is going to refuse to use money to be executed on the spot. Poets, including Wassaf started to praise chao in order to appease Gaykhatu. Paper moneys circulated were worth from half dirham to 10 dinars.

The plan was to get his subjects to use only paper money, and allow Gaykhatu to control the treasury. The experiment was a complete failure, as the people and merchants refused to accept the banknotes. Soon, bazaar riots broke out, economic activities came to a standstill, and the Persian historian Rashid ud-din speaks even of "'the ruin of Basra' which ensued upon the emission of the new money". Gaykhatu had no choice but to withdraw the use of paper money.

Revolt of Baydu
Gaykhatu insulted Baydu telling one of his servants to hit Baydu while being drunk. This grew a resentment in Baydu towards him. Baydu left hastily towards to his appanage near Baghdad leaving his son Qipchak as a hostage in Gaykhatu's court. He was supported by Oirat emir Chichak (son of Sulaimish b. Tengiz Güregen), Lagzi Küregen (son of Arghun Aqa), El-Temur (son of Hinduqur Noyan) and Todachu Yarquchi, who followed him to Baghdad. He was also aided by his vizier Jamal ud-Din Dastgerdani. According to Hamdullah Qazwini, Baydu's main motivation on moving against Gaykhatu was his sexual advances against Qipchak. When son-in-law Ghurbatai Güregen brought him news of treachery, Gaykhatu ordered arrest of several amirs including his personal keshig Tuladai, Qoncuqbal, Tukal, Bughdai, including Kipchak and put into jail in Tabriz. While his followers Hasan and Taiju demanded their executions, Taghachar advised against it. Baydu on his side, moved to kill Muhammad Sugurchi, governor of Baghdad and arrested governor Baybuqa of Diyar Bakr. Gaykhatu sent his father-in-law Aq Buqa and Taghachar against Baydu on 17 March 1295, himself arriving at Tabriz 4 days later. Little he knew that Taghachar already shifted allegiance to Baydu who left for his encampment at night. While he wanted to flee to Anatolia, his councillors advised to fight against Baydu. Nevertheless, Gaykhatu fled to Mughan. Arriving in Tabriz, Taghachar set Qoncuqbal and Tuladai free, while Gaykhatu desperately begged for mercy. Despite his appeal, he was strangled by a bowstring so as to avoid bloodshed on 21 March 1295. However, some sources put this event on 5 March or 25 April. An alternative story of Gaykhatu's death claims Baydu made war on him because of his introduction of paper money and subsequently killed him in battle.

Personality
Gaykhatu was a noted dissolute who was addicted to wine, women, and sodomy, not necessarily in that order, according to Mirkhond. But he was also known for his secularism and communal harmony. Like other Buddhist kings, he used to liberally give patronage to all religions. Among his beneficiaries were the Nestorian Christians, who praise him abundantly for his gifts to the Church, as apparent in the history of Mar Yahballaha III. He was described a just and charitable ruler in Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq.

Family
Gaykhatu had eight consorts from different clans:
 * Aisha Khatun, daughter of Toghu of Jalairs, son of Elgai Noyan
 * Ula Qutlugh Khatun - married to Ghurbatai Güregen of Hushin tribe
 * El Qutlugh Khatun - married on 7 August 1301 to Qutlughshah Noyan of Manghuds
 * Ara Qutlugh Khatun
 * Dondi Khatun (d. 9 February 1298), daughter of Aq Buqa Jalayir, son of Elgai Noyan
 * Alafrang (d. 30 May 1304) - married to Nani Aghachi after death of Gaykhatu
 * Jahan Temür
 * A daughter — married to Eljidai Quschi (d. 4 October 1295)
 * Iranshah
 * Qutlugh Malik Khatun (d. 1338 ) - married firstly to Qurumshi, son of Alinaq, married secondly to Muhammad, son of Chichak and Tödegech Khatun
 * Eltuzmish Khatun, daughter of Qutlugh Timur Güregen of Khongirad, widow of Abaqa
 * Padishah Khatun (executed 1295), daughter of Qutb-ud-din, ruler of Kerman and Kutlugh Turkan, widow of Abaqa
 * Uruk Khatun, daughter of Saricha of Keraites, widow of Arghun Khan
 * Bulughan Khatun (m. 1292, died 5 January 1310), daughter of Otman, nephew of Abatai Noyan of Khongirad, and widow of Arghun
 * Nani Agachi
 * Chin Pulad
 * Esan Khatun, daughter of Beglamish, brother of Ujan of Arulat

In popular culture
In the Turkish TV series Kuruluş: Osman, he is portrayed as an antagonist by the Uzbek actor, Maruf Otajonov. Although Gaykhatu historically died in his thirties, in the series he is portrayed as an old person.

title: Gaykhatu


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Perry Groves

Perry Groves (born 19 April 1965) is an English former professional footballer, best known for his time at Arsenal. A fast-paced player who usually played as a winger and occasionally a striker, Groves also played professionally for Colchester United and Southampton, also briefly playing for both Dagenham & Redbridge and Canvey Island in non-league football towards the end of his career. He currently works as a media pundit.

Colchester United
Groves was born in Bow, London, but as a boy he played for Cornard Dynamos in the village of Great Cornard on the Suffolk – Essex border. Groves then had a trial with Wolves as a schoolboy before signing as an apprentice for Colchester United in 1981. He turned professional a year later and over the next four seasons he played 142 league games for the U's, scoring 26 goals.

Arsenal
In September 1986, he signed for Arsenal for £50,000, becoming the first signing by new manager George Graham. His debut came in a goalless draw against Luton Town that same month.

In his first season at the club he helped set up Charlie Nicholas for the winner in the 1987 League Cup final, dribbling past three Liverpool players before laying the ball off.

Noted for his enthusiasm, pace and hard work, he started most of Arsenal's games in the 1987–88 season, ousting Charlie Nicholas as strike partner to Alan Smith, and helping the Gunners reach a second League Cup final the following season by scoring the only goal of the away leg of the semi-final against Everton; Arsenal however lost the final to Luton Town. Although Groves made 46 appearances in all competitions that season, the arrival of Brian Marwood reduced his opportunities to play, and he was mainly used as a substitute in Arsenal's title-winning 1988–89 season, coming off the bench 15 times during the league campaign, on top of six starts. He was on the pitch as a substitute in the final game of the season and helped create the space when Michael Thomas famously scored the title clinching goal at Anfield.

Although an injury to Marwood opened the door for him again in 1989–90, Groves returned to the bench after Marwood recovered. This did not however stop him from winning a second league title winners' medal in 1990–91, again with most of his appearances coming as a sub, as Graham usually favoured Kevin Campbell to play alongside Alan Smith. After making only 13 league appearances in 1991–92, Groves was sold to Southampton just at the start of the inaugural Premier League season.

Southampton
He moved to Southampton in August 1992 for £750,000 but only played 15 times in two years before retiring from professional football at the age of 28, following two serious Achilles tendon injuries.

Dagenham and Redbridge
He then played four games in the Conference for Dagenham & Redbridge before ending his playing career with a solitary appearance for Canvey Island.

Post-retirement
Groves has appeared for Arsenal in several Masters footballing tournaments. He is now a well established sports pundit and has worked for a wide variety of media firms including Sky Sports, BBC Radio 5 Live, BT Sport, Absolute Radio as well as TalkSPORT. Groves was previously part of Absolute Radio's Sony Award winning Rock 'N' Roll Football show, fronted by former Arsenal teammate, Ian Wright, which airs on a Saturday.

In 2010, Groves signed as a non-playing substitute for new club Chester after Colin Murray, then of BBC Radio 5 Live, offered the new club £2,000 if they named Groves and Pat Nevin as unused substitutes at every game in the 2010–11 season.

Legacy
Groves became a cult player among Arsenal fans, who commemorate him with the chant "We all live in a Perry Groves World", which listed Perry in every position from 1 to 12 (except 7, which is instead taken by Liam Brady), to the tune of The Beatles' "Yellow Submarine".

He still has a large following, with a fan club and website devoted to him. In October 2006, Groves published his autobiography, entitled We All Live in a Perry Groves World (ISBN 1-84454-319-6). With it came an Arsenal fans' campaign on the web to purchase the book, in an attempt to outsell former Arsenal defender Ashley Cole's autobiography, My Defence, which was out at the same time. His autobiography has since outsold that of Cole.

Family
His great uncle, Vic Groves, having previously featured for Tottenham Hotspur, played for and captained Arsenal. He played as a forward making 203 appearances and scoring 37 goals.

Honours
Arsenal
 * Football League First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91
 * Football League Cup: 1986–87
 * Football League Centenary Trophy: 1988

title: Perry Groves


text:
User talk:Bry-guy

By Bryan R

Olita Elementary School

La Habra, CA

''Mrs Chavez third grade class ''

LIMPETS scientific name is collisella testudinats. Limpets live along rocky coasts in many parts of the world. They have a muscular foot that clamps the body firmly by suction. It moves with that foot, too. Limpets gather food into its mouth with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Its enemies are humans. At hight tide the limpet moves over rocks in search of seaweed. Most limpets have a protective shell. Most shells are cone shaped. Some kinds have a hole at the top. Other do not have it. Most limpets are less than 3 inches, that's 8 cm, but a West Mexican Limpet grows to be 8 inches that's about 20 cm. At low tide limpets are easy to find. That's my report on limpets.

title: User talk:Bry-guy


text:
User talk:RichD

Welcome!

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title: User talk:RichD