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Chess set

A chess set consists of a chessboard and white and black chess pieces for playing chess. There are sixteen pieces of each color: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. Extra pieces may be provided for use in promotion, most commonly one extra queen per color. Chess boxes, chess clocks, and chess tables are common pieces of chess equipment used alongside chess sets. Chess sets are made in a wide variety of styles, sometimes for ornamental rather than practical purposes. For tournament play, the Staunton chess set is preferred and, in some cases, required.

Human chess uses people as the pieces. Blindfold chess may be played without any set at all.

Middle Ages sets
The oldest chess sets adopted abstract shapes following the Muslim traditional sets of the shatranj game. These pieces evolved with time, as more details were added, to a figurative design.

In the abstract designs, both the king and the queen resemble a throne, with the queen being smaller; the bishop displays two small protuberances, representing elephant tusks; the knight presents a single protuberance, representing the head of a horse; the rook has a V-shaped cut on the top; and the pawn usually has a simple shape.

Notable archaeological chess sets include the following:

 * The San Genadio chess pieces, a 9th-century set of two rooks, a knight and a bishop, in abstract form. The pieces, made of Deer antler, were found in Peñalba de Santiago, in Astorga (Spain). In olden times mistaken by relics of San Genadio (hence the name), they are probably the oldest European chess pieces.
 * The Charlemagne chessmen, an 11th-century set probably manufactured in Salerno, Italy. The set, carved from elephant ivory, was originally inventoried with a total of 30 pieces, but today only 16 are preserved in Saint Denis : 2 Kings, 2 Queens, 4 Knights, 4 Elephants, 3 Chariots and a Foot Soldier.
 * The Lewis chessmen, a collection of 79 assorted 12th-century chess pieces and other game pieces – mostly carved from walrus ivory. Discovered in 1831 on Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.
 * The Clonard chess piece, an historic playing piece depicting a queen seated on a throne, dated from the late 12th-century. It was found in a bog in Clonard, Co. Meath, Ireland, some time before 1817.

Table sets
The variety of designs available is broad, from small cosmetic changes to highly abstract representations, to themed designs such as those that emulate the drawings from the works of Lewis Carroll, or modern treatments such as Star Trek or The Simpsons. Themed designs are generally intended for display purposes rather than actual play. Some works of art are designs of chess sets, such as the modernist chess set by chess enthusiast and dadaist Man Ray, that is on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

Chess pieces used for play are usually figurines that are taller than they are wide. For example, a set of pieces designed for a chessboard with 2.25 in squares typically have a king around 3.75 in tall. Chess sets are available in a variety of designs, the most known being the Staunton design, named after Howard Staunton, a 19th-century English chess player, and designed by Nathaniel Cooke. The first Staunton style sets were made in 1849 by Jaques of London (also known as John Jaques of London and Jaques and Son of London)

Wooden white chess pieces are normally made of a light wood, boxwood, or sometimes maple. Black wooden pieces are made of a dark wood such as rosewood, ebony, red sandalwood, African Padauk wood (African padauk which is similar to red sandalwood and is marketed as Bud Rosewood or Blood Red Rosewood) or walnut. Sometimes they are made of boxwood and stained or painted black, brown, or red. The knights in wooden sets are usually hand-carved, accounting for half the cost of the set. Plastic white pieces are made of white or off-white plastic, and plastic black pieces are made of black or red plastic. Sometimes other materials are used, such as bone, ivory, or a composite material.

For actual play, pieces of the Staunton chess set design are standard. The height of the king should be between 3.35 to 4.13 in. United States Chess Federation rules call for a king height between 3.375 to 4.5 in. A height of about 3.75 to 4 in is preferred by most players. The diameter of the king should be 40–50% of its height. The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced such that their center of gravity is closer to the board. This is done by adding weights such as iron studs or lead blocks at the bottom and felted. It makes the pieces bottom-heavy and keeps them from toppling easily (a well-weighted piece should come upright even if tilted 60 degrees off vertical axis). This helps in blitz games as the speed of movement doesn't offer enough time or precision in dropping the pieces onto the intended squares. The length of each side of the squares on the chessboard should be about 1.25–1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 2 to 2.5 in. Squares of about 2.25 in are normally well suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range. These criteria are from the United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, which is based on the Fédération Internationale des Échecs rules.

The grandmaster Larry Evans offered this advice on buying a set:"Make sure the one you buy is easy on the eye, felt-based, and heavy (weighted). The men should be constructed so they don't come apart. ... The regulation board used by the U. S. Chess Federation is green and buff—never red and black. However, there are several good inlaid wood boards on the market. ... Avoid cheap equipment. Chess offers a lifetime of enjoyment for just a few dollars well spent at the outset."

The most expensive chess set is the Jewel Royale which was made in 2005 by the British jewelry company, made of solid gold and platinum with nearly 1000 rubies, diamonds, and sapphires valued at $9.8 million.

Pocket and travel sets
Some small magnetic sets, designed to be compact and/or for travel, have pieces more like those used in shogi and xiangqi – each piece being a similar flat token, with a symbol printed on it to identify the piece type.

Chess boxes
A container for holding chess pieces is known as a chess box. Most commonly made of wood, a chess box can be constructed of any material. The internal box configuration can be individual slots for each chess piece, one divider to separate the white and black pieces or no divider with the chess pieces mixed together. The chess box is typically rectangular but can be done in a variety a shapes including a coffer top or sliding drawers.

Computer images
On computers, chess pieces are often 2D symbols on a 2D board, although some programs have 3D graphics engines with more traditional designs of chess pieces.

Unicode contains symbols for chess pieces in both white and black.

title: Chess set


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Bill Dellinger

William Solon Dellinger (born March 23, 1934) is a retired American middle-distance runner, and track and field and cross country coach. He competed in the 5,000 m at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1964, setting his personal record. He lettered in track at the University of Oregon in 1954, 1955, and 1956.

Coaching career
Upon retirement from competition, Dellinger took a position as the assistant coach to Bill Bowerman for the Oregon Ducks track and field team. After Bowerman's retirement in 1972, Dellinger succeeded him as head coach. In his 25 years of coaching, Dellinger's men won five NCAA titles, achieved 108 All American honors, and had a 134–29 meet record. He was the Pac-10 coach of the year multiple times.

Dellinger was instrumental in the development and coaching of Oregon and American great distance star Steve Prefontaine in conjunction with Bowerman, and their experience was made into a 1997 film Prefontaine, in which Bill Dellinger was played by Ed O'Neill.

In Co-Operation with Adidas, Dellinger developed the so-called "Dellinger Web", a Cushioning Technology used on various Shoes throughout the 80s and early 90s.

Dellinger also coached many post-collegians including Olympians Mary Decker, Bill McChesney, Alberto Salazar, Matt Centrowitz, Don Clary, and many others.

After retiring from coaching
Dellinger retired from the University of Oregon in 1998 and would later join his mentor, Bill Bowerman, as an inductee in the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 2001. He retired after he had a stroke in 2000.

Since retirement, he has stayed out of the Track and Field world, except for a few appearances at meets named in his honor.

In 2021 USA Track and Field awarded Dellinger their Legend Coach Award.

Dellinger was inducted into the USTFCCCA Collegiate Athlete Hall of Fame in 2024.

Records
Records set by Dellinger:

 * 1956 American Record holder: 5000 meters 14:16.2
 * 1958 American Record holder: 1500 meters 3:41.5
 * 1959 World Record holder (indoors): 2 miles 8:49.9
 * 1959 World Record holder (indoors): 3 miles 13:37.0
 * 1960 American record holder: 2 miles 8:43.8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bill Dellinger


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Gustav Otto

Gustav Otto (12 January 1883 – 28 February 1926) was a German aircraft and aircraft engine designer and manufacturer.

Otto was born in Cologne to Nicolaus August Otto, the founder of N. A. Otto & Cie. and inventor of the four-stroke internal combustion engine. It is therefore regarded that his interest in engines, specifically aircraft and the manufacture thereof, was something he inherited from his father at an early age.

Early life
Gustav Otto was regarded as successful and career-minded, and moved in elevated social circles. He attended higher secondary school in Cologne, and had internships at machine tool manufacturers. Later, he attended the Technical Colleges in Hanover, Karlsruhe and Munich for further engineering study. He is believed to have remained in Munich after completing his studies to co-found the Bayerische Auto-Garage company. Otto had a difficult time getting out from under his father's long shadow. He was prone to bouts of depression, which affected his work.

Passion for Flight

Otto successfully raced cars and motorcycles in various competitive events. He was also very active in the earliest days of aviation. On 10 April 1910 he obtained his pilot's licence on an Aviatik biplane (also he took over an agency for this aircraft). He founded the Aeroplanbau Otto-Alberti workshop (renamed Gustav Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik in 1911) at the Puchheim airfield. In 1910, Otto designed and built a biplane which created a sensation throughout Germany. Otto, along with a few others, flew machines made of wood, wire, canvas and powered by Daimler aeroengines. Through their passion for flying machines, they helped transform aviation from a do-it-yourself hobby to an industry vital to the military, especially after the breakout of World War I.

Otto founded several companies for the purpose of building aircraft. For his first company, the following entry was recorded in the Munich Company Register under the number 14/364 on 15 March 1911: "Gustav Otto in Munich, Flugmaschinenfabrik (aircraft factory), Office Karlstrasse 72". Shortly afterwards, Otto moved the workshop from its original location at 37, Gabelsberger Strasse to its new premises at 135, Schleissheimer Strasse, and in 1913 started to construct a new factory at 76, Neulerchenfeldstrasse (later Lerchenauer Straße) at the Oberwiesenfeld (the business was renamed "Otto-Werke" in 1915).

Otto sold over 30 aircraft through his company, which also included a flight school. Ernst Udet, the second-highest scoring German flying ace of World War I (after Manfred von Richthofen), earned his pilot's license after private training with Otto.

The foundation of BMW

In 1913, after selling 47 aircraft to the Bavarian Army, Otto opened a factory Otto-Flugzeugwerke on Lerchenauer Strasse just east of the Oberwiesenfeld troop manoeuvre area in the Milbertshofen district of Munich (this area later became Munich's first airport). He wanted to be closer to the German government's procurement process for military sale. However, he was not skilled at the politics and payoffs necessary when dealing with the Bavarian war ministry and Prussian Army. Unable to navigate these politics while leaving his pride and integrity intact deeply troubled him.

Shortly after 1914, Otto established another company named AGO Flugzeugwerke at Berlin's Johannisthal Air Field. The name "AGO" stood for either Actien-Gesellschaft Otto or Aerowerke Gustav Otto – there seems to be some ambiguity – but during the early years of World War I the company mostly licence-built Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik designs (as did Pfalz Flugzeugwerke). Otto's designs were initially successful, but constantly plagued with problems related to cost-effective production, and revenue. At the start of the war, Otto-Flugzeugwerke was supplying the German Air Force, but the production problems ended up being so great that government agencies urged the company to solve the issues. The stress of wartime seemed to prove too great a burden for Otto who suffered health issues which led to financial problems with the company: In 1915 he was admitted to a Munich mental hospital for treatment of depression. During his treatment, the company languished to the brink of bankruptcy. Eventually, Otto was forced to resign and was offered a buyout that would compensate him for the business and also cover his medical bills. The assets were finally taken over by a consortium which incorporated them into Bayerische Flugzeugwerke on 19 February 1916. Otto therefore no longer had a stake in this company and instead turned his interest to a just previously founded (1 February 1916) independent Otto-Werke Flugzeug- und Maschinenfabrik GmbH.

Franz Joseph Popp, an Austrian military engineer/supervisor who had been sent to the unreliable Rapp Motor Works in Munich to oversee the production of 224 Type IIIa aero engines to the Austro-Daimler design badly needed for the war effort, had re-registered Rapp Motor Works as Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) on July 21 1917, in order to gain acceptance for a wholly new and greatly superior aero engine designed by Max Frtiz. After World War One ended and BMW were banned from anything military, they became a contract machining business. The major shareholder in BMW, Vienna based Italian speculator Camillo Castiglionli, sold all of his shares to BMW’s main customer, Knorr Bremse, in May 1920, who then acquired the remaining shares to make BMW a wholly owned subsidiary still run by Popp.

Less than two years later Popp persuaded Castiglionli buy back the BMW company name and buy the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke for its production site on the other side of the air field. BMW then produced the legendary Max Frtiz designed R32 shaft drive motorcycle, featuring an integrated gearbox, recirculating rather than total loss lubrication and with the cylinder heads poking out for cooling.

After the First World War, Otto started a new attempt at car manufacturing with the Starnberger Automobilwerke. The luxury Otto-Mercedes car built there is alleged to have been well received abroad.

In 1924 Otto was divorced from his wife Ada. He suffered badly from the emotional ordeal. Ada remarried, but in August 1925 died under mysterious circumstances that gave rise to much speculation. Although no longer married to her, Otto took her death most harshly and apparently fell into a deep depression.

In 1926, amid failed attempts at business (caused by various reasons), the death of his wife, and health issues, Otto died by suicide at the age of 43 in Munich.

title: Gustav Otto


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Transition metal carbene complex

A transition metal carbene complex is an organometallic compound featuring a divalent carbon ligand, itself also called a carbene. Carbene complexes have been synthesized from most transition metals and f-block metals, using many different synthetic routes such as nucleophilic addition and alpha-hydrogen abstraction. The term carbene ligand is a formalism since many are not directly derived from carbenes and most are much less reactive than lone carbenes. Described often as \dCR2, carbene ligands are intermediate between alkyls (\sCR3) and carbynes (\tCR). Many different carbene-based reagents such as Tebbe's reagent are used in synthesis. They also feature in catalytic reactions, especially alkene metathesis, and are of value in both industrial heterogeneous and in homogeneous catalysis for laboratory- and industrial-scale preparation of fine chemicals.

Classification
Metal carbene complexes are often classified into two types. The Fischer carbenes, named after Ernst Otto Fischer, feature strong π-acceptors at the metal and are electrophilic at the carbene carbon atom. Schrock carbenes, named after Richard R. Schrock, are characterized by more nucleophilic carbene carbon centers; these species typically feature higher oxidation state (valency) metals. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were popularized following Arduengo's isolation of a stable free carbene in 1991. Reflecting the growth of the area, carbene complexes are now known with a broad range of different reactivities and diverse substituents. Often it is not possible to classify a carbene complex solely with regards to its electrophilicity or nucleophilicity.

Fischer carbenes
The common features of Fisher carbenes are: Examples include (CO)5W\dCOMePh and (OC)5Cr\dC(NR2)Ph.
 * low oxidation state metal center
 * middle and late transition metals Fe(0), Mo(0), Cr(0)
 * π-acceptor metal ligands
 * π-donor substituents on the carbene atom such as alkoxy and alkylated amino groups.

Fisher carbene complexes are related to the singlet form of carbenes, where both electrons occupy the same sp2 orbital at the carbon. This lone pair donates to a metal-based empty d orbital, forming a σ bond. π-backbonding from a filled metal d orbital to the empty p orbital of the carbon atom is possible. However this interaction is generally weak since the alpha donor atoms also donate to this orbital. As such, fisher carbenes are characterized as having partial double bond character. The major resonance structures of Fisher carbenes put the negative charge on the metal centre, and the positive on the carbon atom, making it electrophilic. Fischer carbenes can be likened to ketones, with the carbene carbon atom being electrophilic, like the carbonyl carbon atom of a ketone. This can be seen from the resonance structures, where there is a significant contribution from the structure bearing a positive carbon centre. Like ketones, Fischer carbene species can undergo aldol-like reactions. The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom α to the carbene carbon atom are acidic, and can be deprotonated by a base such as n-butyllithium, to give a nucleophile, which can undergo further reaction.

Schrock carbenes
Schrock carbenes do not have π-accepting ligands on the metal centre. They are often called alkylidene complexes. Typically this subset of carbene complexes are found with:
 * high oxidation state metal center
 * early transition metals Ti(IV), Ta(V)
 * σ-donor and sometimes π-donor metal ligands
 * hydrogen and alkyl substituents on carbenoid carbon.

Examples include ((CH3)3CCH2)Ta\dCHC(CH3)3 and Os(PPh3)2(NO)Cl(\dCH2). Bonding in such complexes can be viewed as the coupling of a triplet state metal and triplet carbene, forming a true double bond. Both the metal and carbon atom donate 2 electrons, one to each bond. Since there is no donation to the carbene atom from adjacent groups, the extent of pi backbonding is much greater, giving a strong double bond. These bonds are weakly polarized towards carbon and therefore the carbene atom is a nucleophile. Furthermore, the major resonance structures of Schrock carbene put the negative charge on the carbon atom, making it nucleophilic. Complexes with the methylidene ligand (\dCH2) are the simplest Schrock-type carbenes.

N-Heterocyclic carbenes
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are particularly common carbene ligands. They are popular because they are more readily prepared than Schrock and Fischer carbenes. In fact, many NHCs are isolated as the free ligand, since they are persistent carbenes. Being strongly stabilized by π-donating substituents, NHCs are powerful σ-donors but π-bonding with the metal is weak. For this reason, the bond between the carbon and the metal center is often represented by a single dative bond, whereas Fischer and Schrock carbenes are usually depicted with double bonds to metal. Continuing with this analogy, NHCs are often compared with trialkylphosphine ligands. Like phosphines, NHCs serve as spectator ligands that influence catalysis through a combination of electronic and steric effects, but they do not directly bind substrates.

Bimetallic carbene complexes
An early example of this bonding mode was provided by [C5Me5Mn(CO)2]2(μ\sCO) prepared from diazomethane:
 * 2 C5Me5Mn(CO)2(thf) + CH2N2  ->  [C5Me5Mn(CO)2]2(μ\sCH2]  +  N2  +  2 thf

Another example of this family of compounds is Tebbe's reagent. It features a methylene bridge joining titanium and aluminum.

Application of Metal Carbenes
Metal carbene complexes have applications in hetereogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, and as reagents for organic reactions.

Catalysis
The dominant application of metal carbenes involves none of the above classes of compounds, but rather heterogeneous catalysts used for alkene metathesis for the synthesis of higher alkenes. A variety of related reactions are used to interconvert light alkenes, e.g. butenes, propylene, and ethylene. Carbene complexes are invoked as intermediates in the Fischer–Tropsch route to hydrocarbons.

A variety of homogeneous carbene catalysts, especially the Grubbs' ruthenium and Schrock molybdenum-imido catalysts have been used for olefin metathesis in laboratory-scale synthesis of natural products and materials science.

Stoichiometric reactions
Homogeneous Schrock-type carbene complexes such as Tebbe's reagent can be used for the olefination of carbonyls, replacing the oxygen atom with a methylidene group. The nucleophilic carbon atom behaves similarly to the carbon atom of the phosphorus ylide in the Wittig reaction, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl atom of a ketone, followed by elimination of a metal oxide.

In the nucleophilic abstraction reaction, a methyl group can be abstracted from the donating group of a Fischer carbene, making it a strong nucleophile for further reaction.

Diazo compounds like methyl phenyldiazoacetate can be used for cyclopropanation or to insert into C-H bonds of organic substrates. These reactions are catalyzed by dirhodium tetraacetate or related chiral derivatives. Such catalysis is assumed to proceed via the intermediacy of carbene complexes.

Wulff-Dötz Reaction
Fischer carbenes are used with alkynes as the starting reagents for the Wulff–Dötz reaction, forming phenols.

History

The first metal carbene complex to have been reported was Chugaev's red salt, first synthesized as early as 1925, although it was never identified to be a carbene complex. The characterization of (CO)5W(COCH3(Ph)) in the 1960s is often cited as the starting point of the area and Ernst Otto Fischer, for this and other achievements in organometallic chemistry, was awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1968, Hans-Werner Wanzlick and Karl Öfele separately reported metal-bonded N-heterocyclic carbenes. The synthesis and characterization of ((CH3)3CCH2)Ta=CHC(CH3)3 by Richard R. Schrock in 1974 marked the first metal alkylidene complex. In 1991, Anthony J. Arduengo synthesized and crystallized the first persistent carbene, an NHC with large adamantane alkyl groups, accelerating the field of N-heterocarbene ligands to its current use.

title: Transition metal carbene complex


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Kenny Moore (runner)

Kenneth Clark Moore (December 1, 1943 – May 4, 2022) was an American Olympic road running athlete and journalist. He ran the marathon at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics, finishing fourth at the latter.

Early life
Moore was born in Portland, Oregon, on December 1, 1943. He attended North Eugene High School in Eugene, Oregon. He went on to study at the University of Oregon, where he raced for the Oregon Ducks under coach Bill Bowerman. He received All-American honors on three occasions and was pivotal to the Ducks winning the team national championship at the 1964 and 1965 NCAA University Division Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Running career
After graduating from Oregon, Moore won the 1967 USA Cross Country Championships, as well as the USA Marathon Championships four years later. He also won the San Francisco Bay to Breakers – the largest footrace in the world – six times in a row from 1968 to 1973, becoming the all-time leader in victories in the race.

Moore first ran the Olympic marathon at the 1968 Summer Games. He led early in the final, but finished fourteenth after suffering from severe blisters. It was still the best performance among American competitors. He joined the U.S. Army later that year, but was permitted to continue racing. He set the record for best time among American runners at the Fukuoka Marathon in 1969 and 1970, finishing runner-up in the latter race. Upon completing his military service, he returned to the University of Oregon and graduated with a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing in 1972. He again participated in the marathon at the Summer Olympics that year. Although he tripped and fell one mile into the race, he recovered and narrowly failed to win a medal after finishing fourth.

Later life
After retiring from competition, Moore became a journalist and screenwriter. He had a 25-year career covering athletics for Sports Illustrated. At the end of his career at Sports Illustrated, Moore took up the plight of former competitor Mamo Wolde, who was falsely imprisoned in Ethiopia. In his story, Moore championed Wolde's release from prison, a release that came months before Wolde's death.

Moore was also one of the athletes who pushed for the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. He also helped to write the screenplay for the 1998 biopic Without Limits, a film about former Oregon Ducks standout Steve Prefontaine. Moore also had an acting role (as a water polo player) in the 1982 Robert Towne film Personal Best, starring Mariel Hemingway, Scott Glenn, and Patrice Donnelly. Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote Moore "looks like the youngest mummy in screen history".

Moore published a book in 2007 about his former coach titled Bowerman and the Men of Oregon. He was also the author of Best Efforts: World Class Runners and Races (Doubleday 1982). He was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997. He was later honored in the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 2019.

Personal life
Moore married his first wife, Roberta (Bobbie) Conlan, in 1968. She was photographed embracing him at the finish line of the Olympic marathon that same year. They divorced in 1979. He subsequently married Connie Johnston Moore, and remained married to her until his death. They resided in Hawaii during his later years.

Moore died on May 4, 2022, in Kailua, Hawaii. He was 78 years old.

title: Kenny Moore (runner)


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Takoma (Washington, D.C.)

Takoma, Washington, D.C., is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. It is located in Advisory Neighborhood Commission 4B, in the District's Fourth Ward, within the northwest quadrant. It borders the city of Takoma Park, Maryland.

Overview
Takoma is a diverse neighborhood, populated mostly by middle-class families. Its small downtown has recently been redeveloped, bringing in new residents and attractive new businesses. Many of the houses in Takoma are historic, and some are over 100 years old.

Takoma and the rest of Ward 4 are represented in the Council of the District of Columbia by Janeese Lewis George.

Geography
Along Eastern Avenue, Takoma borders Takoma Park, Maryland, a city with which Takoma shares its origins. Takoma shares a common identity with the neighboring city in Maryland, and the downtown area surrounding the Takoma Metro station crosses the District of Columbia line. Takoma is bounded by Georgia Avenue to the west, somewhere between Tuckerman and Van Buren Streets to the south, and Eastern Avenue to the northeast. The former site of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center on Georgia Avenue separates it from Rock Creek Park. However, the neighborhood historically and culturally spans across the Maryland line into the greater neighborhood of Takoma Park.

History
Takoma, which was originally named Takoma Park, was developed in 1883 by developer Benjamin Franklin Gilbert as a commuter suburb on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad line. Gilbert welcomed the Seventh-day Adventist Church to set up their world headquarters and publishing house in Takoma Park, D.C. with a hospital and college in neighboring Takoma Park, Maryland, and promoted the community's reputation for vegetarianism and "clean living" away from the "malarial swamps" of the city. Takoma, D.C. was originally regarded as the commercial hub for the entire surrounding area, prior to the development of Silver Spring, Maryland, as it featured large shops and industrial buildings in the area now occupied by the Metro station. Its commercial hub is considered to be part of Takoma Park's Historic District.

Gilbert wished to rename the train stop called Brightwood, and the name Takoma was chosen in 1883 by D.C. resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean "high up" or "near heaven".

The Seventh-day Adventist Church maintained its world headquarters and a publishing house on the Eastern Avenue side of the D.C. line until the early 1980s; after moving to Silver Spring, the former site of the publishing house became art lofts and rehearsal space for the Washington Opera.

The Takoma Theater, built in 1924, is located in the neighborhood and is supported by the Takoma Theatre Conservancy, a nonprofit preservation group that raised money to buy and refurbish the theater.

The Takoma Masonic Center's ground-breaking ceremony took place on November 12, 1924, at the corner of Carroll Street NW and Maple Street NW. On November 29, 1924, the masonic cornerstone ceremony was conducted by the Grand Master of Masons of the District of Columbia, Charles F. Roberts, and Grand Lodge officers and members of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, Free And Accepted Masons. Hiram-Takoma Lodge No. 10 and Takoma Chapter No. 12, Order of the Eastern Star of the District of Columbia, have met there since May 27, 1925.

Both Takoma Park, D.C., and Takoma Park, Maryland, have been noted, regionally and nationally, for progressive politics dating from the 1960s, when area residents (led by future Takoma Park, Maryland mayor Sam Abbott) rallied to prevent a 10-lane freeway from bisecting the community, and lobbied to build the Metrorail system, near the site of the former B&O railroad station around which the community had been built. Neighbors Inc, a non-profit interracial group of DC residents, worked extensively in the early 1960s to oppose blockbusting efforts and to foster integrated middle-class neighborhoods. Both of the remaining areas, on either side of the D.C.-Maryland line, are now protected as U.S. Historic Districts.

Education
District of Columbia Public Schools operates public schools. Takoma Education Campus and Coolidge High School are located in Takoma, D.C.

District of Columbia Public Library operates the Takoma Park Neighborhood Library. It was the first neighborhood library in Washington, D.C., and a Carnegie library. Washington Adventist University (formerly Columbia Union College—1960-2010) is the only graduate university in Takoma Park, and the only graduate institution in Montgomery County, Maryland.

EF International Languages Center Washington, D.C., a private English school for foreign students, is located in Takoma.

title: Takoma (Washington, D.C.)


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Wild Earth

Wild Earth was an environmentalist magazine published in the United States by the Wildlands Project between 1991 and 2004. The magazine was based in Richmond, Vermont.

History and profile
Wild Earth came about when the original Earth First!: The Radical Environmental Journal (edited by Foreman during most of the 1980s) ceased publication in late 1990. The founders of Wild Earth were Dave Foreman and John Davis. That publication was associated with the environmental group Earth First!. In 1990, following increasingly acrimonious debate over the direction of Earth First!, the organization split and the original Journal folded. Those who wished to continue activism under the Earth First! name, including anarchists and a west coast faction led by Judi Bari and Mike Roselle, relaunched the ''Earth First! Journal'' under their own editorial control. Much of the "old guard" who founded Earth First! in 1980 did not wish to continue under the Earth First! name and launched the magazine, Wild Earth. Wild Earth differed strongly from the ''Earth First! Journal in that while the latter emphasized direct action and a style rooted in the counterculture, Wild Earth'' emphasized conservation biology, science, and wilderness proposals, and a style rooted in the conservationism movement. Wild Earth was published quarterly.

At first, Wild Earth was solely a magazine. The publisher was Cenozoic Society, Inc. Later, a new environmental group, the Wildlands Project, was formed and the magazine became the official periodical of the Wildlands Project.

Wild Earth ceased publication in 2004 due to budgetary concerns at the Wildlands Project, as the magazine became increasingly unprofitable to publish and other priorities at the organization were deemed more important than subsidizing a magazine which was no longer profitable.

title: Wild Earth


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User talk:Jordan1~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 06:55, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 06:56, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:35, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jordan1~enwiki


text:
File:Lecover-big.jpg

Summary
Tori Amos' "Little Earthquakes" album cover

title: File:Lecover-big.jpg


text:
User talk:PeterKlein

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 06:58, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Image:DEFIK2.JPG
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 06:59, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image:DEFIK2.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:DEFIK2.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 22:43, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeterKlein


text:
User talk:Barrettam

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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title: User talk:Barrettam


text:
Cyril Suk

Cyril Suk III (born 29 January 1967) is a former professional tennis player. A doubles specialist, Suk won five Grand Slam titles, one men's doubles and four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles and 32 ATP Tour doubles titles during his career.

Early life
Suk was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, a member of a prominent Czech tennis family. His mother, Vera, was a women's singles finalist at Wimbledon in 1962. His father, Cyril, was President of the Czechoslovak Tennis Federation. His sister, Helena, was an even more successful professional player on the women's tour who teamed-up with Suk to win three Grand Slam mixed doubles titles in the 1990s.

Juniors
In 1985, Suk partnered with fellow Czech tennis player Petr Korda to win the boys' doubles title at the French Open. Suk and Korda were ranked the joint-World No. 1 junior doubles players that year.

Career
Suk claimed his first Grand Slam mixed doubles title in 1991 at the French Open, partnering sister Helena. In 1992, he teamed up with Larisa Neiland to win the Wimbledon mixed doubles title. He went on to win the Wimbledon mixed doubles crown on two further occasions partnering Helena – in 1996 and 1997. In 1998, Suk teamed up with Sandon Stolle to win the US Open men's doubles title.

Suk's career-high doubles ranking was World No. 7 in 1994. (In singles, his career-high ranking was World No. 180 in 1988. He has largely focused on doubles play during his career.)

Suk was selected as captain of the Czech Republic's Davis Cup team for the 2003 season.

Suk married his wife Lenka in 1991. They have a son, Cyril IV (born 1992), who is a PGA Tour professional and a daughter, Natalie Mia (born 1996), who is also playing tennis, mostly on ITF Tour.

title: Cyril Suk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Www.chowk.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was unanimous keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Www.chowk.com
Not sure why this was tagged for speedy deletion. I think keep because I know Tariq Ali is notable and if he writes for a website the site is probably notable too. Kappa 07:00, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I did some cleanup on it because I wasn't sure how notable it was, did an Alexa ranking lookup and it was something like 47,000 (I don't remember exactly), but seems worth keeping with that low/high a ranking.  RickK 08:20, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Charles Matthews 09:29, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 10:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep... no grounds to remove! UkPaolo 16:19, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, its been around for a while, and during several Indo-Pak crises was notable for the level of debate. Hornplease 06:21, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Q (video game character)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. (All the anonymous and unsigned votes were discounted.) Rossami (talk) 23:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Q (video game character)
Minor character from the Street Fighter video game. Hardly anything is known about Q, even his/her sex. JamesBurns 07:00, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, even if little is known about Q people will still want to look him/her up. Could be merged somewhere. Kappa 07:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but only if the sentence "little is known about Q" is removed along with the fan speculation. We only need the facts. If it's got authorative sources, I might go along with the speculation too as long as it's put in a section named as such. Mgm|(talk) 07:32, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Street Fighter III, per WP:FICT. He doesn't appear outside of that game, and certainly doesn't transcend it. A Man In Black 08:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect as per MIB. — Phil Welch 09:41, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep, no need to merge... it might not be a particularly notable character, but the page has the potential to be expanded and someone, somewhere may eventually want to read this article.... UkPaolo 16:20, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The usual fancruft. Delete or merge. Martg76 21:29, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, might be expanded into a short article in the future. --Sn0wflake 23:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Video game character. Klonimus 07:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge; unimportant outside of one videogame, and apparently not particularly central to that context either CDC   (talk)  16:06, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong merge and redirect to Street Fighter III, per WP:FICT. If "hardly anything is known about Q", then there is no potential for encyclopedic expansion, and no reason to keep a separate article.  Barely worthy of merging even for SF3 fans; almost a delete case.  Barno 20:06, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect What's there is not an article and it may never be. If it outgrows Street Fighter III it can be an article on its own.  Vegaswikian 02:10, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to 'list of minor characters' article, or make one if it doesn't exist. Merge and redirect. Deus Ex 00:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete minor character not inherently notable, games cruft. Megan1967 03:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete minor video game character. Very little potential for expansion. Leanne 10:24, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There might not much info, but the article should stay.
 * Keep Q deserves to have an article.
 * Merge and redirect either as per A Man In Black or Deus Ex. I don't much care which; they're both good ideas. The list of minor characters might simply be made part of the Street Fighter III article. —chris.lawson (talk) 05:39, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I think the article should stay.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sloss Furnaces

Sloss Furnaces is a National Historic Landmark in Birmingham, Alabama in the United States. It operated as a pig iron-producing blast furnace from 1882 to 1971. After closing, it became one of the first industrial sites (and the only blast furnace) in the U.S. to be preserved and restored for public use. In 1981, the furnaces were designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.

The site currently serves as an interpretive museum of industry and hosts a nationally recognized metal arts program. It also serves as a concert and festival venue. A new visitor center was built 2015 and opened in 2016. The furnace site, along a wide strip of land reserved in Birmingham's original city plan for railroads and industry, hosts thousands of students through their education programs per year. The museum is free to visit during their operating hours of Tuesday-Saturday 10:00 A.M to 4:00 P.M.

History
Colonel James Withers Sloss was one of the founders of Birmingham, helping to promote railroad development in Jones Valley, Alabama and participating in the Pratt Coke and Coal Company, one of the new city's first manufacturers. In 1881 he formed his own company, the Sloss Furnace Company, and began construction of Birmingham's first blast furnace on 50 acres (202,000 m²) of land donated by the Elyton Land Company for industrial development. The engineer in charge of construction was Harry Hargreaves, a former student of English inventor Thomas Whitwell. The two Whitwell-type furnaces were 60 feet (18 m) tall and 18 feet (5.4 m) in diameter. The first blast was initiated in April 1882. The facility produced 24,000 tons of high quality iron during its first year of operation. Sloss iron won a bronze medal at the Southern Exposition held in 1883 at Louisville, Kentucky.

In 1886 Sloss retired and sold the company to a group of investors who reorganized it in 1899 as the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company.

New blowers were installed in 1902, new boilers in 1906 and 1914 and the furnaces completely rebuilt with modern equipment between 1927 and 1929. In 1909 James Pickering Dovel had become the superintendent of construction. For the next 21 years, Sloss was Dovel's workshop for invention. He developed gas cleaning equipment, modified the design of the furnaces, and improved the linings of the furnaces. In all, some 17 patents are credited to Dovel. Sloss's No. 2 Furnace, rebuilt in 1927, included many of these inventions, earning Dovel and Sloss a national reputation for innovation. Through this aggressive campaign of modernization and expansion, including furnace and mining and quarrying operations all around Jefferson County, Sloss-Sheffield became the second largest seller of pig-iron in the district and among the largest in the world. During this period the company built 48 small cottages for black workers near the downtown furnace — a community that became known as "Sloss Quarters" or just "the quarters".

In 1952, the Sloss Furnaces were acquired by the U.S. Pipe and Foundry Company, and sold nearly two decades later in 1969 to the Jim Walter Corp. The Birmingham area had been suffering from a serious air pollution problem during the 1950s and 1960s due to the iron and steel industry there, and Federal legislation such as the U.S. Clean Air Act encouraged the closure of older and out-of-date smelting works. Also, by the early 1960s, higher-yielding brown ores from other regions were feeding the blast furnaces.

The Jim Walter company closed the furnaces two years later, and then donated the property to the Alabama State Fair Authority for possible development as a museum of industry. The authority determined that redevelopment was not feasible and made plans to demolish the furnaces. Local preservationists formed the Sloss Furnace Association to lobby for preservation of this site, which is of central importance to the history of Birmingham. In 1976, the site was documented for the Historic American Engineering Record and its historic significance was detailed in a study commissioned by the city. Birmingham voters approved a $3.3 million bond issue in 1977 to preserve the site. This money went towards stabilization of the main structures and the construction of a visitors' center and the establishment of a metal arts program. The Sloss Furnaces site became a National Historic Landmark in 1981, and opened to the public as the nation's first and only 20th century blast furnace site preserved as a museum on Labor Day weekend, 1983.

In February 2009, Sloss became the new home of the SLSF 4018 steam locomotive, which was relocated from Birmingham's Fair Park.

Present use
In June 2012, a formal groundbreaking ceremony was held at the site to commemorate the beginning of construction on a new 16,000 square foot Visitors' and Education Center to be located on the south-west corner of the property. The new complex, funded jointly by the City of Birmingham and the Sloss Foundation, hosts educational exhibits relevant to the site's history, administrative offices, as well as additional multi-purpose space for public events. Sloss Furnaces holds metal arts classes and events, food festivals, fun runs, education programs, weddings, and concerts, as well as Historic Night Tours. The facility improvements are in line with an expected ongoing project within the city to construct new "greenway" spaces in the downtown area, possibly linking several popular city venues in the future. The story of Sloss' preservation and modern use was documented in Alabama Public Television's Sloss: Industry to Art.

In 2022, the Sloss Furnaces was a competition venue for the 2022 World Games. Sport climbing, breaking, parkour, and beach handball all held their respective competitions there.

title: Sloss Furnaces


text:
Visual J++

Visual J++ is Microsoft's discontinued implementation of Java. Syntax, keywords, and grammatical conventions were the same as Java's. It was introduced in 1996 and discontinued in January 2004, replaced to a certain extent by J# and C#.

The implementation, MSJVM, did not pass Sun Microsystems' compliance tests leading to a lawsuit from Sun, Java's creator. Microsoft ceased such support for the MSJVM on December 31, 2007 (later Oracle bought Sun, and with it Java and its trademarks). Microsoft however, officially started distributing Java again in 2021 (though not bundled with Windows or its web browsers as before), i.e. their build of Oracle's OpenJDK, which Microsoft plans to support for at least 6 years, for LTS versions, i.e. to September 2027 for Java 17.

J++ compared to Sun's Java implementation
While J++ conformed to the Java language specification, Microsoft did not implement certain features of the official Sun Java implementation in its Visual J++ product line. Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI) and Java Native Interface (JNI) are such examples.

In addition, J++ implemented other extensions that were not part of Sun's Java implementation. The inclusion of callbacks and delegates for event handling further defined J++ as a completely different language merely based on an already existing design concept.

Furthermore, J++ applications did not conform to the same standardized method of accessing the underlying operating system functions as any other Java application under Sun's Java SDK. In Microsoft's implementation, an underlying framework called J/Direct provided a base mechanism that allowed J++ applications to completely circumvent Java's class libraries and API in accessing the underlying operating system. Due to this short-cut around the original Java framework, J++ applications were more efficient in taking advantage of Win32 API functions than Java applications.

J++ applications using these features could not be run on Sun's Java SDK, but the Kaffe project developed extensions which made it possible to run J++ applications with these features on their open sourced JVM. However, these extensions (implemented by TransVirtual under Microsoft funding) were not widely used, and J++ applications still needed to be compiled on Visual J++ before being able to be run by Kaffe.

Visual J++ supported ActiveX.

The WFC
The Windows Foundation Classes (WFC) encapsulated the Microsoft Win32 platform API and DHTML object models into a unified class library. WFC was primarily designed for creating graphical user interfaces for Java applications on Windows.

Sun's litigation against Microsoft
Sun Microsystems had originally licensed Java to Microsoft but later initiated litigation against Microsoft for trademark violation. Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be "compatible".

Some observers have remarked that this incompatibility appears to have been a deliberate aim of Microsoft's, in an attempt to at least slow the advance of Sun's Java technology.

The failure of the MSJVM to pass Sun's compliance tests was a large factor in the initial lawsuit. In 2004, this and all other outstanding Sun–Microsoft lawsuits were settled as part of a wide-ranging agreement between Sun and Microsoft. As provided in the settlement, Microsoft could not incorporate into J++ features that Sun introduced into Java in versions beyond the one J++ had (at that date) been mirrored from; it would be frozen at the feature set of Java version 1.1.4. This effectively killed J++, and ended further updates. Microsoft was also forced to agree to cease distribution of the MSJVM; it is no longer available for download.

The terms of the settlement did, however, permit Microsoft to provide security support, allowing further updates to the MSJVM to fix security holes and any other problems relating to security threats. Microsoft ceased such support for the MSJVM on December 31, 2007.

The technology of J++ was eventually recycled, surviving for a while as part of the Microsoft .NET platform and the J# programming language.

Visual J++ – the IDE
Visual J++ was also the name of the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for J++ and provided many tools and utilities to help J++ programmers fully leverage the Win32 API.

Visual J++ is no longer available for distribution, but it was part of the Microsoft Visual Studio product line. Visual Studio 6.0 was the last release to include J++.

Visual J#
Visual J# (pronounced "Jay Sharp") is a Microsoft language whose syntax is close to Java, part of the .NET Framework. Visual J# is part of the Microsoft Visual Studio .NET product suite and is designed to help developers and programmers migrate from J++ (or Java) to the .NET Framework.

Microsoft later developed the C# ("C Sharp") language as the primary language for the .NET platform, which was in many ways influenced by Java; subsequently the .NET Framework shares many ideas in common with Java. Much like Java, C# is compiled to a type of bytecode (called CIL), and runs on top of a virtual machine called the Common Language Runtime in .NET. Visual Studio 2005 was the last release to include J#.

title: Visual J++


text:
User talk:Victor Snesarev

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:04, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Proposed deletion of File:DS1 SF frame.png

The file File:DS1 SF frame.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused and incorrect duplicate of the correct version at File:DS1 SF frame fix.png."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pkbwcgs (talk) 21:08, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Victor Snesarev


text:
Category:National security

National security refers to policy enacted by governments to ensure the survival and safety of the nation-state, including but not limited to the exercise of diplomatic, economic, and military power in both peace and war.

title: Category:National security


text:
Talk:Meshwesh

Untitled
I have removed the notice. I don't have the time available right now to write anything more indepth. I'll try to get back to this ASAP, but if anyone wants to take a crack at it themselves, feel free. —Nefertum17 07:04, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I had the chance to add a bit more, but clearly more work is needed, particularly Meshwesh history in the Third Intermediate Period and comments on their iconography. —Nefertum17 09:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Great job!
Good work on this article, Nefertum17! I see that the Meshwesh were first mentioned during Amenhotep 3 (c. 1400 BC), I agree that that probably seems a little too early for the Meshechs, who don't appear in Anatolia until 1200 BC, as far as I can tell. Regards, Codex Sinaiticus 23:41, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Unfortunately, he has left Wikipedia in disgust at the shocking state of the Egyptology articles. What appears increasingly obvious to me is that very few people care about classical mythology articles in general, i.e. very very few people edit them in any way other than copy-editing. Maybe someone appears once a year. But that is about it.

Many of the articles appear to have little more information in them than a 100yr old encyclopedia, and some are just random bits of info scattered about without any order. I have made a start on sorting this out, but it is a bit soul destroying when you know it is only really you and maybe one or two others, who care about what was once such a major thing. 21:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Labu not Libu.
Labu is popularly used instead of Libu, if you google labu+meshwesh, you will see what I mean. Also, if you have access to a wonderful compendium of ancient near eastern texts, appropriately titled "Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament" put out by Princeton, you will find that they use the spelling "Labu" as opposed to "Libu".

Tamshwesh
It is a Moroccan tribe, called Tamshwesh, located in the suburbs of the town of Taza, belongs to the large tribe Awaraba. --Manssour 15:52, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Berber connection
Is there any source for a connection between the Meshwesh or Libu and the Berbers? A connection is mentioned in the article, but no source is given. If there is no source, I think any mention of it should be deleted.--Zofthej (talk) 22:00, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * No source is needed. the Meshwesh and Libu both spoke berber language. And Berbers are known to have lived from the canaries to the Egyptian border. Anciently, Libyans are known to have spoken Berber language and ancient people know that ancient Libyans are berbers. When the greeks came to the region they found the Meshwesh and Libu, berbers. The Greco-berber mythology is the mythology of greeks and meshwesh and Libu. The Awraba, a berber tribe of the Branes branch who originated in Libya are identified as the RBW by the Egyptians, who belong to the Meshwesh tribe. 41.140.22.195 (talk) 01:28, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Camels?
"The Meshwesh or Ma were nomad hunter pastoralists, living off their goats, camels and other livestock" (bold text is mine). Is this accurate? As far as I'm aware (purely as an Egyptologist), camels weren't introduced to Africa from Arabia until approx. the seventh century C.E. Can anyone confirm? Muinn (talk) 22:04, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

You're way off, camels were introduced in Egypt by the Persians when they invaded in 5th century BC. Akmal94 (talk) 22:38, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meshwesh


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/School song

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted as a copyvio. Now there is a redirect to Alma mater. All the decisions have been made beforehand, so I'm just closing the debate here. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

School song
No article content, save for lyrics for someone's school song. Might even be a copyvio? --W(t) 07:05, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

Speedy delete. -Sholtar | talk 07:06, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as a copyvio. RickK 07:14, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note - now redirected to Alma mater. -- BD2412 talk 03:07, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
BotCon

BotCon, briefly known as "The Official Transformers Collectors' Convention" (or OTFCC), is an annual convention for Transformers fans and collectors. BotCon has been held annually since 1994. BotCon is a syllabic abbreviation for "Robot Convention" but also refers to "Autobot" and "Decepticon", the protagonist and antagonist robot factions in the many continuities in the Transformers franchise.

Featured BotCon guests are usually involved in the creation of Transformers media in some respect, whether as voice actors from the animated series, artists or writers from the comic books, or actual Hasbro employees. Fun Publications has held the convention for a number of years, with 2016 being its final year. It was replaced by the now defunct HasCon, Hasbro's own convention, in 2017.

History
The first BotCon was held in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States in 1994. Organized by brothers Jon and Karl Hartman, the convention had 180 attendees. BotCon was organized in 1995 by Raksha, a prominent figure in the fan community, and in 1996 by Men In Black Productions, headed up by Dennis Barger. In 1997, the Hartmans brought Glen Hallit, a fellow fan, into the fold, forming 3H Enterprises (based on the first letter of the organizers' last names).

In 1999, BotCon Europe took place in Clapham Common, Wandsworth, South West London, England.

At BotCon 2002, Hallit announced that 3H had secured the official Transformers convention license, as well as licenses to produce comic books and start a fan club. Shortly thereafter, the Hartmans were removed from their organizational duties, leaving Glen Hallit as the sole organizer of the new company, 3H Productions, Inc.

In the winter of 2002, 3H sought to expand to Europe, holding an official European convention in Cheshunt, UK. However, the event, which was held in conjunction with the main BotCon 2002 in the US, had much less advertising and the registration did not open until a couple of weeks before the convention. Since the attendance at the European BotCon had been much smaller than the main show that summer, 3H decided it was too much work to hold two separate conventions, and officially announced that they would never hold BotCon outside the US again.

In 2003, the convention changed its name to "The Official Transformers Collectors' Convention" (OTFCC), due to the Hartmans' ownership of the BotCon service mark. The fandom held dueling conventions in 2004, as 3H held OTFCC in Chicago, Illinois, while the Hartman brothers revived the BotCon name for their final convention in Pasadena, California. That fall, 3H Productions lost all of its Transformers-related licenses, leaving the convention in a state of limbo.

In early January 2005, Hasbro announced on its official website that Fun Publications, owned by Brian Savage, had been awarded the convention and fan club licenses. The Hartman brothers and prominent fans Pete Sinclair, Benson Yee, and Rik Alvarez were invited to form an advisory council to help ease the transition of organizing the convention for the new owners. Once the Hartmans' service mark was transferred to Fun Publications, BotCon regained its status of being the official Transformers collectors' convention.

On February 2, 2020, people started to observe new activity on the official BotCon website. On February 3, 2020, Karl Hartman announced BotCon 2021. In a post on the Official BotCon Facebook page, Hartman said, "The story of BotCon is not over. It just has a new chapter. On behalf of myself, Bret Lovell, Andrew Hall and the rest of the BC Productions crew, I am honored and humbled to announce: BotCon 2021".

Over the years, BotCon has featured many individuals who have worked to bring the Transformers multiverse to life, including voice actors, animation staff, and Hasbro design team members.

BotCon returned in 2022 under new ownership (Agabyss), with a brand new convention in Nashville. The return of the convention on August 26, 2022, marks a new era for the once official transformers convention. While Transformers are still the main focus, the convention will also embrace other properties that many in the fandom already enjoy. (see botcon.com)

Transformers Hall of Fame
At the 2010 BotCon, Hasbro introduced a "Hall of Fame" awards ceremony to commemorate the people and characters of the franchise. Hasbro selected the first four robot inductees, while fans worldwide voted for the fifth. In the end, Dinobot from Beast Wars: Transformers won the votes. Among the human inductees were Bob Budiansky for helping create the franchise through comics and personality profiles, Peter Cullen for giving Optimus Prime his voice, and Hideaki Yoke and Kohjin Ohno of Takara Tomy for creating many of the franchise's toys.

For 2011, Steven Spielberg and Michael Bay were inducted for the success of the Transformers live-action film franchise.

In 2012, the first posthumous award was given to voice actor Chris Latta, who died in 1994. Wheeljack, one of the characters he voiced in the original series, was selected as the Fan's Choice recipient.

Exclusive toys
One of BotCon's most popular features is the exclusive toys made available to the attendees. The toys are different every year and are not retailed anywhere in the world. The number of exclusive toys increased significantly in 2005 after Fun Publications became the official license holder of the convention. The identities and designs of the toys were originally kept a close secret until the opening of the convention, but in the later years of the convention the organizers often chose to reveal one or more of the exclusives ahead of time due to repeated problems with stolen prototypes being sold on eBay. In 2008, organizer Brian Savage ordered all eBay users selling these prototypes to return them to their rightful owners.

Although the toys are always unique, financial costs prohibit the creation of entirely new molds. As such, the toys are redecos or repaints of previously used toys given new identities, occasionally switching allegiances and even gender. Beginning in 2003, some of the exclusives were given new, retooled heads to further differentiate the new characters from previous uses of a mold. As the number of exclusives offered at each convention grew, so did the number of retooled parts. Since then, it has been standard practice to produce three or four newly tooled heads (or other parts such as wings in the case of 2007) for each BotCon. After the convention, exclusive toys usually become valuable collector's items in the community, particularly among fans who missed the convention.

The Transformers Collector's Club also releases exclusive figures, which are also remolds and repaints of regular Transformers figures.

title: BotCon


text:
User talk:Aldreds

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:05, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Image:DSC00086.JPG
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:06, May 30, 2005 (UTC) This image is one I took of the camper trailer I designed and built last year. If you like I will provide credit to myself in the image caption Aldreds

title: User talk:Aldreds


text:
User talk:Dolce850

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:05, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Image:DSC00034.png
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:06, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Sootblower.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Sootblower.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:18, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

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Image:Burner1.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:Middle rad sect.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:Conv sect.gif listed for deletion
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File:Furnace.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Furnace.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 02:09, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Stack damper.gif
Hi, This media was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices,

However, due to changes in the copyright situation in some jurisdictions, there is a need to ensure media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed. It would be appreciated if you were able to confirm that it was your own work, by marking it as own, Fully completeing the information block, and leaving an acknowledgement on the file description page to indicate that you've accepted the license shown (and updated the information accordingly. If you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

If you don't want to keep your media on English Wikipedia, please nominate it for deletion under Criteria G7 of the Criteria for Speedy deletion ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 13:47, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dolce850


text:
User talk:Shadow92~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:05, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:06, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:Shadow92~enwiki


text:
Talk:Sloss Furnaces

Untitled
I know I've got some good photos of Sloss I can put up. Maybe someone will beat me to it. Dystopos 07:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

this link ...

 * Pictures of Sloss Furnaces on Flickr

sent me to this message ...

"This page is private."

"Oops! You don't have permission to view this page."

G33K 17:18, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Important Industrial Companies in Alabama

 * As companies that have been important in Alabama, especially in the Birmingham, Alabama area for a long time, and continue to be important, there need to be articles on these "big steel" companies:

the U.S. Pipe and Foundry Company the American Cast Iron Pipe Company note that these have both made cast iron and steel pipes for various large civil engineering and petroleum engineering projects for a long time, no matter what their names say.unsigned comment added by 74.249.82.221 (talk) 00:50, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Main image
The main image is completely leaving out the real centerpiece, the huge blast furnace! I propose using this as the new main image.--77.13.38.204 (talk) 12:25, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sloss Furnaces


text:
East Caprivi

East Caprivi or Itenge was a bantustan and later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the Representative Authority of the Caprivis in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Masubiya people.

Bantustan (1972-1980)
It was set up in 1972, in the very corner of the Namibian panhandle called the Caprivi Strip. It was granted a self-governing status in 1976.

Unlike the other homelands in South West Africa, East Caprivi was administered through the Department of Bantu Administration and Development in Pretoria.

Representative authority (1980-1999)
Following the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference the system of Bantustans was replaced in 1980 by Representative Authorities which functioned on the basis of ethnicity only and were no longer based on geographically defined areas.

Representative Authorities had executive and legislative competencies, being made up of elected Legislative Assemblies which would appoint Executive Committees led by chairmen.

As second-tier authorities, forming an intermediate tier between central and local government, the representative authorities had responsibility for land tenure, agriculture, education up to primary level, teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions and their Legislative Assemblies had the ability to pass legislation known as Ordinances.

Transition to independence (1989-1990)
East Caprivi, like other homelands in South West Africa, was abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence.

title: East Caprivi


text:
User talk:Dannylarusso

Welcome!

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Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:07, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dannylarusso


text:
User talk:Arwcheek

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:22, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Tagged edits as minor edits
Greetings. With this note I'd like to ask that you please not tag almost all of your edits as "minor edits" as you done recently on Martha's Vineyard. As noted on this page, WP:HEP — "A check to the 'minor edit' box signifies that only superficial differences exist between the version with your edit and the previous version: typo/grammar corrections, formatting and presentational changes, rearranging of text without modifying content, etc. A minor edit is a version that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." This page has further information that may be useful WP:MINOR Thank you.FFM784 (talk) 00:22, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arwcheek


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/List of movies with TV shows and other movies in them/archive1

List of movies with TV shows and other movies in them
I have been working on this list for a long time and it is still far from being any where near comprehensive. Also, the title is pretty awkward. Hopefully after being reviewed everyone can think of a few to add to the list. --The_stuart 07:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Aside from comprehensiveness, it needs pictures, references, and a longer lead section. Also, I can't understand which one is meant to be the movie, and which one is the internal movie of TV show, please clarify. --Dmcdevit 07:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I pretty much agree with Dmcdevit. About the only thing I can think to add is the issue of eliminating the bars or patterns (similar to Moiré patterns) that appear when a TV show is displayed in another TV. — RJH 15:58, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:John the Apostle

Assumption
Utilizing Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power by Jeremiah Kinane is not following Wikipedia's reliable source policy. Kinane was not a scholar of early Christian history, but rather a prelate who wrote eloquent devotionals. He fails to provide any references in this devotional, which itself appears to have only been reprinted by Aeterna Press, an entity with little evidence of editorial oversight. You have repeatedly inserted content sourcing material to this book across several articles without discussion and over repeated explanation (despite claims to the contrary in your edit summaries). I'll give you another 48 hours to find a better source. ~ Pbritti (talk) 14:08, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * "rather a prelate who wrote eloquent devotionals" So, not reliable for anything except his own opinions. Any citation to him has to be removed. Dimadick (talk) 13:00, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's all I think his writing on this subject is suitable for. ~ Pbritti (talk) 14:21, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John the Apostle


text:
User talk:Tight43

Welcome!

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Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:09, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tight43


text:
User talk:Majk~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:08, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Image:DSC02345.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:09, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Majk. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Majk~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:16, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Majk~enwiki