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Qemant people

The Qemant (also known as western Agaws) are a small Cushitic ethnic group in northwestern Ethiopia, specifically in Gondar, Amhara Region. The Qemant people traditionally practiced an early Pagan-Hebraic religion, however most members of the Qemant are followers of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. They are historically related to, but distinct from, the Beta Israel.

The ethnicity's population is reported to be 172,000, according to the 1994 national census; the latest available national census, the one performed in 2007, does not list them as a separate group. However, only 1,625 people still speak Qimant, and it is considered endangered, as most children speak Amharic; likewise, adherence to the traditional religion has dropped substantially, as most of the population has converted to Christianity. Converts often consider themselves to be Amharas.

The Qemant live in an area traditionally called Qwara, along an axis stretching from Ayikel in Chilga woreda to Kirakir and north to Lake Tana in the woredas of Lay Armachiho. Most remaining speakers of the language are near Ayikel, about 40 mi west of Gondar. They are mainly farmers.

The Qemant are divided into two patrilineal moieties, Kɨbbɨr and Yetanti; the Kɨbbɨr moiety is higher in rank. A traditional Qemant can only marry a member of the other moiety, so, while the moieties are exogamous, Qemant society as a whole is endogamous.

Religion
The Qemant traditionally practiced a religion which is often described as "Hebraic". According to the American anthropologist Frederic C. Gamst, their "Hebraism is an ancient form and unaffected by Hebraic change of the past two millennia". A recent sociolinguistic survey notes that the Qemant religion is in a very precarious situation since very few people still adhere to it due to rapid assimilation. According to this study, the respective proportions of Qemant people who follow the Qemant religion and who are baptized and converted to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity are about 1% and 99%.

Qemant religious observance includes a literal reading of the 11th chapter of Leviticus (see kashrut). As with Rabbinic Judaism, even permitted animals can only be consumed if they are properly slaughtered. Qemant practices include animal sacrifices and the tending of sacred groves called degegna. Worship is conducted outdoors, usually at a site near a sacred tree called a k'ole, wrapped in variously-colored strips of cloth. This appears to be a survival of a biblical tradition: "Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there the name of God" (Genesis 21:33) and "where the women wove hangings for the grove" (II Kings 23:7). However, due to their dislike to being observed by the increasingly pervasive Christians, they eventually constructed a prayer-hall at Chelga. They also practiced levirate marriage, similar to the Jewish practice of yibbum.

Shabbat is observed on Saturday, when it is forbidden to light a fire. The extent to which they observe the rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat or the traditional Shabbat prohibitions of the Beta Israel is unclear.

The Qemant call God Yïdära, or Mïzgänä, which might be a proper name. He is described within the religion as omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient, and anthropomorphic. He is approachable directly or through figures called in Amharic k'edus "holy ones", which are angels or culture heroes.

The highest political and religious leader among the Qemant is called the womber, an Amharic term meaning "chair". There were formerly two superior wombers, at Karkar and at Chelga, with the first being senior, and a varying number of subordinate wombers in other parts of Qemantland. All wombers are chosen from certain lineages in the Kïbbïr moiety. The last womber of Karkar died in 1955, and since then the only womber has been Mulunah Marsha, womber of Chelga (born 1935). Each womber chose from the kïbbïr moiety one or more delegates with the Amharic title afa liq "mouth of the master" to represent him in judicial matters. These men traveled the countryside, settling disputes, seeing that the laws were obeyed, and punishing wrongdoing, usually with a fine. Each womber also chose two stewards with different titles, one from each moiety, who served different elements of the sacred meals.

There are two orders of priesthood: the kamazana, the higher, of the Kïbbïr moiety, and the abayegariya, the lower, of the Yetanti moiety. Each Qemant locality has at least one of each; they must work together to conduct the traditional sacrifices and other religious ceremonies. When offering a sacrifice, the abayegaria holds the legs of the victim and the kamazana wields the knife. The priests also have a subordinate judicial function.

History
Due to lack of written evidences, for some scholars, the origin of the Qemant is obscure. However, according to the Qemant tradition and history, everything started when Noah's ark settled at the top of Mount Ararat also believed to be Mount Guna which is located in northern Amhara region. The meaning of "guna" in Qemant language is "starting point". Qemants are descended from Yaner (also called Ayaner). He is "the grandson of Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, son of Noah." Noah and his family lived there for a few years but Shem and Japheth moved to Asia and the Middle East; however Noah and his son Ham stayed in Ethiopia until his death. Noah was buried in present-day Fasil Ghebbi and his wife Aykel was buried in Aykel city, named after her. However according to some legends, Canaan’s son, Arwadi, came to Ethiopia from the land of Canaan to found the Qemant group, whereas in other legends it is Arwadi’s son, Yaner, who did so.

According to the early 19th century missionary Samuel Gobat, their neighbours considered the Qemant boudas, or sorcerers, along with "the Falashas or Jews (Beta Israel), most Mussulmans (Muslims), and some Christians." Gobat knew little more about this "small Pagan people inhabiting the mountains in the vicinity of Gondar."

Writing in 1967, US anthropologist F. Gamst said he expected total assimilation of the Qemant with the Amhara within three decades. However in the modern era, Qemant identity has resurfaced.

Today, most ethnic Qemants overwhelmingly identify as Amharas, and Qemant was removed as an identity from Ethiopia’s 2007 national census, but there are some Qemant communities who are still attempting to preserve their culture and language.

title: Qemant people


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The Low Frequency in Stereo

The Low Frequency in Stereo are a post-rock group that was founded in February 2000 in Haugesund, Norway.

The band is known both in Norway and internationally and have played renowned festivals like Quart, Dour and South By Southwest

Senior Editor of Rolling Stone David Fricke described their concert in Austin, Texas in 2005 as "a mixture of the long solo elements in The Doors set to the riptide of Joy Division's "Transmission" with the surf guitar twang of Dick Dale."

Current line-up

 * Per Steinar Lie - bass, vocals
 * Ørjan Haaland - drums, vocals
 * Hanne Andersen - guitar, organ, vocals
 * Njål Clementsen - guitar, vocals
 * Linn Frøkedal - guitar, organ, vocals

Former members

 * Per Plambech Hansen - guitar (2000–2005)

Albums

 * The Low Frequency in Stereo (2002)
 * Travelling Ants who Got Eaten by Moskus (2004)
 * The Last Temptation Of...The Low Frequency in Stereo Vol. 1 (2006)
 * Futuro (2009)
 * Pop Obskura (2013)

Live

 * Live at MoldeJazz feat. Kjetil Møster (LP, 2014)

EPs

 * Die Electro Voice/Low Frequency 7" (2001)
 * Moonlanding EP 10" (2001)
 * Astro Kopp EP (2005)

Singles

 * Monkey Surprise (2006)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Low Frequency in Stereo


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1980 Massachusetts Proposition 2½

Proposition 2½ is a Massachusetts statute that limits property tax assessments and, secondarily, automobile excise tax levies by Massachusetts municipalities. The name of the initiative refers to the 2.5% ceiling on total property taxes annually as well as the 2.5% limit on property tax increases. It was passed by ballot measure, specifically called an initiative petition within Massachusetts state law for any form of referendum voting, in 1980 and went into effect in 1982. The effort to enact the proposition was led by the anti-tax group Citizens for Limited Taxation. It is similar to other "tax revolt" measures passed around the same time in other parts of the United States. This particular proposition followed the movements of states such as California.

Voting
Proposition 2½ appeared with five other initiatives presented to Massachusetts voters on November 4, 1980. It was question 2 on the ballot, "Limiting local taxes (Proposition 2 1/2)".

Source:

Real and personal property taxes
Under Proposition 2½, a municipality is subject to two property tax limits:
 * 1) Ceiling: The total annual property tax revenue raised by a municipality shall not exceed 2.5% of the assessed value of all taxable property contained in it.
 * 2) Increase limit: The annual increase of property tax cannot exceed 2.5%, plus the amount attributable to taxes that are from new real property.

These limits refer to the entire amount of the annual tax levy raised by a municipality. The property taxes are the sum of: (a) residential real property; (b) commercial real property; (c) industrial real property; and (d) business-owned personal property. In practice, it usually limits the tax bills of individual taxpayers, but only as an indirect result. The limits for each community are calculated by the Massachusetts Department of Revenue.

A side effect of Proposition 2½ is that municipality income will decline in real terms whenever inflation rises above 2.5%. Historically inflation has been above 2.5% for a significant majority of the years since 1980 (22 out of the 28 years to date), thus resulting in a real decline in local tax rates and local spending ability.

An exception allows the citizens of each municipality to override the 2½ restriction to address specific needs of the community thus giving the citizens direct control over their taxation.

Vehicle excise tax
The excise tax for automobiles registered in Massachusetts was also lowered by Proposition 2½. Previously, this tax was levied at a rate of $66.00 per $1,000 of car valuation (6.6%). Proposition 2½ lowered this rate to $25.00 per $1,000 of car valuation, resulting in a 2½ per cent excise tax rate, but can still increase 264%, to the previous 6.6% tax rate if a Proposition 2½ operational override (see below) is approved by ballot in a community during a general (or special referendum) election.

Exclusions
Proposition 2½ excludes four cases from the limitation on tax levy increases:

 * "New growth": The Act allows for new growth. So, for example, when a new house is built, the tax levy may increase by the amount of taxes collected from that house.

And three types of exclusions granted by the majority of those voting in a municipal referendum:

 * "Capital exclusion": Capital expenditure for the upcoming fiscal year;
 * "Debt exclusion": For pre-1980 municipal debt or new debt issued for a designated purpose (e.g. bonds issued for a multi-year capital expense); or
 * Water/sewer debt: For certain water and sewer system debt.

Overrides and underrides
Municipalities may exceed or reduce the limits with the prior approval of the majority of those voting in a municipal referendum:
 * "Operational override": Override the increase limit.
 * "Underride": The levy limit is reduced. Such a vote can be started by the Massachusetts initiative petition procedure, or the municipal legislature.

The proposition originally required a two-thirds majority for passage of overrides, but the state legislature changed this to a simple majority in 1981.

General consensus
A professional survey firm conducted half-hour phone interviews in 58 randomly selected cities in Massachusetts where 1,561 household heads answer questions about Proposition 2½. The results of the interview concluded that the people of Massachusetts thought that Proposition 2½ would lead to a more responsible government, more efficiency in local government, and more voter control over schools. The people also thought that public sector jobs would become riskier. Some feared for the loss of their jobs or the decline in quality of them. Another thing people expected were effects on clusters of services. The peoples' household services were feared to be changed greatly. The people of Massachusetts desired spending and taxing by state government, local government, and local public schools more than other places to spend tax dollars. Many people expected Proposition 2½ to lead to welfare reductions. Finally, analysis of the survey shows that voters who expected welfare to be cut back were more likely to support Proposition 2½.

Results
Following the mandating of actual revenue reductions within the first couple of years, the effects and results of Proposition 2½ were limited. The lack of significant changes was due in part to the state government increasing general purpose aid to municipalities, which helped them to stay away from budget shortfalls. Effective property tax rates declining and an increase in community taxes were a result of various factors including a 64% increase in real estate aid to municipalities between 1981 and 1988, declining school expenses, and a region wide real estate boom. Reduced revenues in the 1980s caused the state to reduce local aid, which fell 12% in 1990, along with over 30% between 1989 and 1992. Over time, Proposition 2½ would have become more binding due to the fact that it is operated in nominal terms, meaning that the rules it follows do not change in response to prices, costs, or spending.

Overrides and underrides
, municipalities had requested, via referendum, 4,449 overrides of Proposition 2½, of which 1,798 passed; 16 underrides were requested, of which nine passed.

title: 1980 Massachusetts Proposition 2½


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I'm Not Okay (I Promise)

"I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" is the lead single and fifth track from My Chemical Romance's second studio album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" was released to radio on September 28, 2004. The song is also featured on the soundtrack of Burnout 3: Takedown.

Reception and accolades
It reached number 86 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and, in March 2005, number 19 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also helped expand the band's fan base, and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It was nominated for the Kerrang! Award for Best Single. The cover art was redone in live action on the inside of the band's DVD Life on the Murder Scene.

Music videos
The first music video version for the song features a montage of concert footage and the band's ordinary life in New Jersey. It was produced by Rafaela Monfradini and Greg Kaplan, who was also the director. It also features pictures of brothers, bassist Mikey Way and lead singer Gerard Way, when they were little kids and teenagers.

The second version music video depicts life inside a fictional American high school in the form of a mock movie trailer. The band appears as a group of outcast students who are repeatedly harassed by another group who are portrayed as popular kids. The band members then attempt to take on the popular kids and ultimately have a showdown in a hallway, with the band members armed with croquet mallets and the popular kids with lacrosse and hockey gear. It also has some clips expressing some emotions and clips of the band playing in a garage. The music video was directed by Marc Webb, and parts of it were filmed at Alexander Hamilton High School and Loyola High School in Los Angeles during August 2004. Greg Kaplan and Rafaelia Monfradini produced the video. The video started production on August 13, 2004. As of May 2023, the video has 106 million views on YouTube.

This version of the video was also named number one on Fuse's 25 Greatest Videos Countdown, beating out other videos such as "Basket Case" by Green Day and "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana.

Equipment

 * Ray Toro's Ebony Epiphone Les Paul Junior.
 * Frank Iero's 'Pansy' Ivory Epiphone Les Paul Elitist.
 * Mikey Way's Candy Apple Red Fender Precision Bass.
 * Bob Bryar's C&C Custom drumkit.

Cover versions
Matt Pond PA recorded a cover of the song for Engine Room Recordings' compilation album Guilt by Association Vol. 2, which was released in November 2008. The song is a part of American musical duo Twenty One Pilots' setlist for their 2021 Takeover Tour.

Track listing
All tracks written by My Chemical Romance.

US promotional DVD

UK promotional CD

UK CD1 and 7" vinyl

UK CD2

UK and Australian CD

UK re-release CD1 and iTunes single

UK re-release CD2

Credits and personnel

 * Gerard Way – lead and backing vocals
 * Ray Toro – lead guitar
 * Frank Iero – rhythm guitar
 * Mikey Way – bass guitar
 * Matt Pelissier – drums
 * Howard Benson – keyboards
 * Additional

 * Produced by Howard Benson
 * Mixed by Richard Costey and Simon Askew
 * Engineered and recorded by Dan Wise
 * Written by My Chemical Romance

title: I'm Not Okay (I Promise)


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Dermot mac Tadhg Mor

Dermot mac Tadhg Mor, 7th king of Moylurg, reigned from 1124 to 1159. Vassal and kinsman of the O Conchobhair Kings of Connacht. Dermot was the progenitor of the MacDermot family, as well as its offshoot septs such as MacDermot Roe, McDonagh, and Crowley (surname).

title: Dermot mac Tadhg Mor


text:
Charles A. Collier

Charles Augustus Collier (July 19, 1848 – September 28, 1900) was an American banker, lawyer, and politician who served as Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 1897 to 1899.

Early career
Collier was born in 1848 in a Georgia village that would later be known as Gate City. He was the son of Judge John J. Collier and Henrietta E. Wilson. At the age of 18, he entered into the University of Georgia to study law. While there, he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Collier graduated from the University of Georgia in 1869 with a degree in law and was admitted to the bar in 1871. Shortly after, he left the law profession and went into mercantile pursuits and banking.

Piedmont Exposition
He was elected to the Board of Aldermen of Atlanta in 1887 and 1888, similar to the Atlanta City Council today. In 1887, he was also the President of the Piedmont Exposition which bought 189 acre of land to form Piedmont Park and the Gentleman's Driving Club. In just 104 days, Collier and the rest of the Company managed to build the structures and prepare the grounds for the Exposition held at the newly named Piedmont Park. President Grover Cleveland honored Atlanta with a visit to the Exposition with his new bride, Frances Folsom. Afterwards, Collier was named President of the Cotton States and International Exposition Company charged with planning the 1895 World's Fair which at the time was known as the Cotton States and International Exposition.

From 1892 to 1896 he was a member of the Fulton County Commission and with Hoke Smith provided funding for the Seaboard Air Line Railroad's construction through Georgia.

The 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition (1895)
Serious preparations for the Exposition began in 1894. On October 16, 1894, Collier and John Randolph Lewis wrote to Booker T. Washington making him the Chief Commissioner of the State of Alabama for the Exposition and charging him with creating an exhibit show casing the talents of African-Americans in Alabama.

During the Exposition, Collier named several days of honor. One of these days included Sigma Alpha Epsilon day, where he addressed fellow SAE fraternity brothers in the auditorium.

Mayor
Collier was elected as Mayor of Atlanta for the first time from 1897 to 1898. In 1899, Collier was elected mayor again, pro tem. Just a year after leaving office he was accidentally shot and killed while searching for a burglar in his backyard in the early morning of September 28, 1900. He was buried in Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery.

His wife, Suzie (died 1897) was the daughter of William A. Rawson. His son John Collier Sr. was commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 and known for his effort to reform the BIA with the Indian New Deal. His daughter Julia Collier Harris was a writer and journalist who won a 1926 Pulitzer Prize, the first to go to a Georgian.

title: Charles A. Collier


text: User talk:12.9.33.203

title: User talk:12.9.33.203


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Leopard tortoise

The leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) is a large and attractively marked tortoise found in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa, from Sudan to the southern Cape Province. It is the only extant member of the genus Stigmochelys, although in the past, it was commonly placed in Geochelone. This tortoise is a grazing species that favors semiarid, thorny to grassland habitats. In both very hot and very cold weather, it may dwell in abandoned fox, jackal, or aardvark burrows. The leopard tortoise does not dig other than to make nests in which to lay eggs. Given its propensity for grassland habitats, it grazes extensively upon mixed grasses. It also favors succulents and thistles.

Taxonomy and etymology
The phylogenic placement of the leopard tortoise has been subject to several revisions. Different authors have placed it in Geochelone (1957), Stigmochelys (2001), Centrochelys (2002), and Psammobates (2006). More recently, consensus appears to have settled on Stigmochelys, a monotypic genus. Considerable debate has occurred about the existence of two subspecies, S. p. pardalis and S. p. babcocki, but recent work does not support this distinction.

Stigmochelys is a combination of Greek words: stigma meaning "mark" or "point" and chelone meaning "tortoise". The specific name pardalis is from the Latin word pardus meaning "leopard" and refers to the leopard-like spots on the tortoise's shell.

Description
The leopard tortoise is the fourth-largest species of tortoise in the world, with typical adults reaching 40 cm and weighing 13 kg. Adults tend to be larger in the northern and southern ends of their range, where typical specimens weigh up to 20 kg, and an exceptionally large tortoise may reach 70 cm and weigh 40 kg.

The carapace is high and domed with steep, almost vertical sides. Juveniles and young adults are attractively marked with black blotches, spots, or even dashes and stripes on a yellow background. In mature adults, the markings tend to fade to a nondescript brown or grey. The head and limbs are uniformly colored yellow, tan, or brown.

Distribution and habitat
They are widely distributed across the arid and savanna regions of eastern and southern Africa, extending from South Sudan and Somalia, across East Africa, to South Africa and Namibia. The species is generally absent from the humid forest regions of Central Africa. Over this range, the leopard tortoise occupies the most varied habitats of any African tortoise, including grasslands, thorn-scrub, mesic brushland, and savannas. They can be found at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2900 m.

Ecology and behavior
Leopard tortoises are herbivorous; their diet consists of a wide variety of plants including forbs, thistles, grasses, and succulents. They consume berries and other fruits when available. They sometimes gnaw on bones or even ash and hyena feces to obtain calcium, necessary for bone development and their eggshells. Seeds can pass undigested through the gut, so the leopard tortoise plays a significant role in seed dispersal. Normally active during the day, they are less active during hot weather or during the dry season.

The leopard tortoise reaches sexual maturity between 12 and 15 years old, and may live as long as 80 to 100 years. During the mating season, males fight over females, ramming and butting their competitors. They trail after females for quite some distance, often ramming them into submission. When mating, the male makes grunting vocalizations. Nesting occurs between May and October when the female digs a hole and lays a clutch of five to 30 eggs. As many as five to seven clutches may be laid in a single season. Incubation takes 8–15 months depending on temperature. The numerous predators of the eggs and hatchlings include monitor lizards, snakes, jackals, and crows. Adults have few natural predators, but lions and hyenas have occasionally been reported preying on them.

Conservation
The leopard tortoise is a widespread species and remains common throughout most of its range. Human activities, including agricultural burning, consumption, and especially commercial exploitation in the pet trade, are potential threats, but have not yet caused significant population declines. They are increasingly being bred in captivity for the pet trade. For example, most tortoises exported from Kenya and Tanzania originate in captive-breeding programs, alleviating collection from the wild.

The leopard tortoise has been listed in Appendix II of CITES since 1975, and in 2000, the United States banned their import because of the risk posed by heartwater, an infectious disease carried by tortoise ticks that could seriously impact the US livestock industry.

title: Leopard tortoise


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Kolhörster (crater)

Kolhörster is a lunar impact crater that is located on the Moon's far side. It lies about a crater-diameter to the south-southeast of the crater Kamerlingh Onnes, and to the northeast of the crater Michelson. To the south of Kolhörster is an area marked with crater chains formed from secondary impacts during the creation of the Mare Imbrium impact basin. About one crater-diameter to the southeast is the Catena Leuschner crater chain, while further to the south is Catena Michelson.

The rim of this crater is marked in several locations by smaller impacts that lie along or across the side. Only the west-northwestern part is relatively free from impacts. The northeastern rim is somewhat indented into the interior of the crater. Within the interior the floor is relatively featureless and level, with only a few tiny craterlets to mark the surface.

title: Kolhörster (crater)


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James G. Woodward

James G. Woodward (January 14, 1845 – August 29, 1923) was an American newspaperman and politician, having served as the 36th, 39th and 43rd Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia.

Woodward made his living as printer through the newsrooms of the Atlanta Journal and Constitution over the years. He was elected mayor in 1899 and 1904. Following the Atlanta race riot of 1906, he won the 1908 Democratic primary (in a virtually one party state) but was arrested for public intoxication less than a month before the December general election and was defeated by Robert Maddox. He served his third and fourth terms following Courtland Winn. Trying for a fifth term as Atlanta mayor, he ran (and lost) in September 1922, a year before his death.

The Atlanta race riot of 1906 was a defining moment of Woodward's political career, to which occasion he did not rise.

The New York Times reported that when Woodward was asked as to the measures taken to prevent a race riot, he replied: "The best way to prevent a race riot depends entirely upon the cause. If your inquiry has anything to do with the present situation in Atlanta then I would say the only remedy is to remove the cause. As long as the black brutes assault our white women, just so long will they be unceremoniously dealt with."He had gone around the city on Saturday night trying to calm the mobs, but was generally ignored.

title: James G. Woodward


text:
John Behan

John Behan may refer to:
 * John Behan (educationist) (1881–1957), Australian educationalist and lawyer
 * John Behan (sculptor) (born 1938), Irish sculptor
 * Johnny Behan (1844–1912), Cochise County sheriff involved in the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral

title: John Behan


text:
Livingston Mims

Livingston Mims (1833 – March 4, 1906) was an American politician who served as the 37th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia during the early 20th century.

Biography
Born in Edgefield, South Carolina, Mims later moved to Mississippi and represented Hinds County in the state legislature from 1859 to 1861. He was the eldest child of Henry Mims and Susan Burr Read of Edgefield, South Carolina. He had 14 siblings.

During the United States Civil War, Major Mims served with the Confederate States Army under General John C. Pemberton and saw action in the Battle of Jackson, Champion Hill and Vicksburg Campaign. He served on the staffs of John C. Pemberton and Joseph E. Johnston and shared friendship with Johnson along with continued business interests until Johnson's death in 1891.

After the war, he became southern manager of the New York Life Insurance Company (since 1868) and he was charter member and served 20 years as president of the Capital City Club, where he entertained notables such as President Grover Cleveland. Following his death in 1906, he was buried in Westview Cemetery. In observance of his death, Atlanta's City Hall was closed for one half day, and free carriage rides were offered from City Hall to the Westview Cemetery.

Politically he was an old school Democrat and he was elected mayor of Atlanta in October 1900. The election came in the midst of Atlanta's streetcar war; he was supported by Joel Hurt (Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company) and opposed by Henry M. Atkinson (Georgia Electric Light Company).

On October 9, 1901 he rode in the inaugural streetcar over the Peachtree-Whitehall viaduct – before then it was a dangerous at-grade crossing of many busy railroad tracks.

His two-story residence was on the northeast corner of Peachtree St and Ponce de Leon Avenue (current location of the Georgian Terrace Hotel).

Personal life
Mims married Sue Harper, a native of Brandon, Mississippi, in 1866. Mrs. Mims developed a serious incurable illness that lasted 15 years until in early 1886 Sue Harper Mims was healed through Christian Science. She later became a Christian Science Practitioner and later a Teacher of Christian Science. Mrs. Mims also became a lecturer of Christian Science, traveling around the United States giving talks on Christian Science and Mary Baker Eddy, the Discover and Founder of Christian Science. She was instrumental in the development of Christian Science in Atlanta, Georgia, ultimately hosting church services in her home before the first Christian Science church in Atlanta was built.

Regarding his own religion, Livingston Mims said:
 * "I do not know exactly the church to which I owe allegiance, as I am a contributor to several. My wife is a Christian Scientist, my daughter is an Episcopalian, my father was a Baptist, my mother was a Presbyterian, and I am a confederate Veteran with inclinations to the Salvation Army."

Legacy
Livingston's onetime Atlanta home became the site of a restaurant by Gary Mennie in 2009. The restaurant is named "Livingston" after the former mayor.

The former Mims Park in Vine City was named after Mims. The park became the site of an elementary school.

title: Livingston Mims


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Black and white creatures (computer game)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was article was deleted at 23:07, 11 Jun 2005 by Duk for being a {{copyvio}}. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Black and white creatures (computer game)
A duplicate of Black and White (computer game). All material on this page is already in existence in the other article. Talrias (t | e | c) 17:13, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * deleted after listing period on WP:CP--Duk 23:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, unnecessarily duplicated content, no need to redirect this title. Barno 19:15, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnecessary duplication. Nestea 20:14, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete duplication. JamesBurns 09:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Leon Harris

Leon Harris (born April 20, 1961) is an American journalist and newscaster with NBC owned-and-operated WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. Harris formerly anchored at CNN headquarters in Atlanta, and at Washington, D.C. ABC affiliate WJLA-TV.

Early life and education
Harris graduated from Buchtel High School in 1979, and earned a National Merit Scholarship to Ohio University, where he met his wife, Dawn Lomax, whose family is also from Akron. Harris graduated cum laude from Ohio University in 1983, majoring in communications. He received an honorary Doctorate from the University in 1999.

Career
Harris started his career at CNN's world headquarters in Atlanta in the early 1980s as an unpaid intern while completing his degree. Following graduation in 1983, Harris started as an entry-level video journalist and later moved up to assistant director of the satellite department as an operator and coordinator. In that position, he oversaw and negotiated international and domestic satellite services used to cover new events, including the Persian Gulf War and President Ronald Reagan and President George H. W. Bush's international trips and summits.

Harris auditioned for an anchor position during summer 1991; a few months later he was given a full-time anchor post. Harris received numerous awards at CNN, including several Emmy Awards for his coverage of the 2000 presidential election, the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11th attacks. However, as competition increased from Fox News, and CNN veterans such as Natalie Allen and Lou Waters were pink-slipped in favor of Paula Zahn and Aaron Brown, Harris felt less comfortable. His last position held at CNN was co-anchor of CNN Live Today with Daryn Kagan.

In July 2003, Harris signed a deal with the Washington, D.C. ABC affiliate WJLA-TV to anchor that station's 5 o'clock and 11 o'clock newscasts. He started his new post on October 28. In 2006, Harris received the 2006 local Emmy award for Best Anchor. On September 2, 2016, WJLA declined to renew his contract and his tenure at the station ended in October of that year.

In 2013, Harris was profiled for surviving two brushes with death, due to necrotizing pancreatitis.

In April 2017, NBC owned-and-operated station WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. announced that Leon Harris would join its news team on April 21. He currently co-anchors News 4 at 4 alongside Eun Yang and reports for News 4 at 11.

Personal life
Harris was born to Leon Sr. and Lorrene Harris in Akron, Ohio. He has three brothers: Marcus, Jerry, and James who still reside in Akron; and a sister, Kimberly, who lives in Houston.

Harris currently lives in Avenel, Potomac, Maryland, with his wife Dawn, a nurse at a local hospital. Leon's son Darren (a graduate of Bucknell University) lives in Seattle, WA while his daughter Lauren (a graduate of Temple University) is an early childhood educator who lives in Atlanta, GA.

In 2013, Harris was charged with driving under the influence in Montgomery County, Maryland, to which he pleaded guilty. He received probation before judgment and served six months' probation, ending in September 2014.

On January 29, 2022, Harris was arrested and charged with driving under the influence following a crash in Montgomery County. He was off the air for over a month amid an investigation, before returning in mid-March. In June 2022, he was sentenced to one year in jail, with all but ten days suspended; three years of supervised probation; and the use of an interlock device on his vehicle.

title: Leon Harris


text:
Evan Howell

Evan Park Howell (December 10, 1839 – August 6, 1905) was an American politician and early telegraph operator, as well as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Early years and education
Evan Howell was born to Effie Howell (née Park) and Atlanta pioneer Clark Howell, Sr. in Warsaw, Georgia (then in Forsyth County, now Milton County) on December 10, 1839. He became a runner and pupil of Atlanta's first telegraph operator, D.U. Sloan, at the age of twelve. In 1855 he attended Georgia Military Institute in Marietta. He read law in Sandersville, and briefly practiced law in Atlanta before the outbreak of war.

Military service
In 1861, he joined the infantry, enlisting in Georgia's First Regiment. Within 2 years, Howell was promoted to first lieutenant. He fought under Stonewall Jackson in Virginia, and then was sent west, where he fought in the Battle of Chickamauga and the Atlanta Campaign, in which he defended the city as a captain of artillery. He ended the war in Hardee's Corps as captain of Howell's Battery, Georgia Light Artillery.

Business and political career
Upon his return, he farmed for two years, clearing and selling lumber on his father's land near Atlanta. Then for a year he was a reporter, then city editor, of Atlanta's Daily Intelligencer. In 1869 he returned to practicing law and served in a number of political positions including member of city council, member of the state Senate, and solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit. One of his law clients was The Atlanta Constitution, where he learned E.Y. Clarke was willing to sell his one half interest in the paper. In 1876, Howell purchased the 50% interest in The Constitution and became its editor-in-chief. For the next 25 years, the paper was owned by Howell and the managing partner, William Hemphill. Both Hemphill, and later Howell, would go on to serve as Mayor of Atlanta.

With Richard Peters, Samuel M. Inman, Lemuel Grant, and James W. English, he purchased the buildings on the site of the International Cotton Exposition of 1881 and made it the Exposition Cotton Mills, which were successful for many years.

While editor of the Constitution in 1895, he sent out transcripts of Booker T. Washington's separate as the fingers speech across the country.

He served on the Atlanta City Council numerous times, and served as mayor shortly before his death there on August 6, 1905. His son Clark Howell took up his mantle at the Constitution.

title: Evan Howell


text:
The Bookseller of Kabul

 The Bookseller of Kabul is a non-fiction book written by Norwegian journalist Åsne Seierstad, about a bookseller, Shah Muhammad Rais (whose name was changed to Sultan Khan), and his family in Kabul, Afghanistan. The book was published in Norwegian in 2002 and English in 2003. The story takes a novelistic approach, focusing on the characters and detailed aspects of their lives and the difficulties they face. The author's account was later contested, she was sued for defamation, and the family had to leave the country.

Background
Åsne Seierstad entered Afghanistan two weeks after the September 11 attacks in the US and followed the Northern Alliance into Kabul. Wearing a burka as a disguise, she spent three months living with a bookseller and his family in Kabul, which provided her with a unique opportunity to describe life as ordinary Afghan citizens experienced it.

Themes
As well as giving a historical account of events in Afghanistan as democracy is established, Seierstad focuses on the conditions of Afghan women who still live very much under the domination of men—Afghan traditions allow for polygamy and arranged marriage. She also addresses the conflict between westernization and traditional Islam, and gives an accessible account of Afghanistan's complex recent history under the rule of the USSR, the Taliban and coalition-supported democracy.

Controversy
Following global critical acclaim, many of the book's descriptions were contested by Rais, whose second wife Suraia sued the author in Norway for defamation.

On July 24, 2010, Seierstad was found guilty of defamation and “negligent journalistic practices and ordered to pay damages to Suraia Rais, wife of Shah Muhammad Rais”.

Seierstad won an appeal which overturned the previous ruling and cleared the author and her publisher, Cappelen Damm, of invading the privacy of the Rais family, and concluded that the facts of the book were accurate.

Effect on the Rais Family
During a trip to Scandinavia in November 2005, Rais declared he was seeking asylum in either Norway or Sweden, as a political refugee. He felt things revealed about him in Seierstad's book had made life for him and his family unsafe in Afghanistan, where bootleg versions of the book had been published in Persian.

Rais has published his own version of the story, Once Upon a Time There Was a Bookseller in Kabull which has been translated into English and several other languages.

title: The Bookseller of Kabul


text: User talk:216.174.135.52

title: User talk:216.174.135.52


text:
Roseanne Roseannadanna

Roseanne Roseannadanna is a character created and portrayed by Gilda Radner on Weekend Update in the early seasons of Saturday Night Live (SNL). She was the segment's consumer affairs reporter who, like an earlier Radner character Emily Litella, editorialized on current issues, only to go off-topic before being interrupted by the anchor. Unlike Litella's meek and apologetic character, Roseannadanna was brash and tactless. The character was based on Rose Ann Scamardella, a former anchorwoman on WABC-TV's Eyewitness News in New York City. The character also appeared later in Radner's live one-woman shows.

Routine
Roseannadanna's Saturday Night Live commentary followed a strict formula. She usually read a letter from Richard Feder of Fort Lee, New Jersey, although she once read a letter from his wife, "Mrs." Richard Feder—and another deviation: from Miss Doris Powell.

The letter would include a series of questions, usually about a current social issue, to which Roseannadanna made derogatory comments about New Jersey before moving on to respond to the question. The name Richard Feder was an in-joke; it was the name of an actual resident of Fort Lee who also happened to be the brother-in-law of SNL writer and segment co-creator Alan Zweibel. The “character” Feder moved to Mount St. Helens, Washington, while the real Feder moved to West Nyack, New York, but later moved back to New Jersey, settling in Hamburg.

While answering the questions, Roseannadanna invariably digressed, launching into lengthy anecdotes, frequently having to do with an encounter with celebrities (Bo Derek, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Princess Grace, Gloria Vanderbilt, Lee Radziwill, etc.) which had no relevance to the topic at hand. Invariably, the story led to Roseannadanna going into graphic detail about bodily functions or personal hygiene. The concept was that the celebrities had told her the graphic stories and she was simply relating them to the audience. She also provided response to these stories, which was the rhetorical question and catch phrase: "What are ya tryin' to do, make me sick?!"

Eventually, the exasperated Weekend Update co-anchor Jane Curtin would interrupt, saying, "Roseanne, you're making me sick." Curtin would then ask Roseannadanna what her comments had to do with the question. Radner would reply: "Well, Jane, it just goes to show you, it's always something — if it’s not one thing, it's another."

Roseannadanna's comments wrapped up with the sharing of a piece of advice passed along by a family member, most often her father, but sometimes her "Nana Roseannadanna". In one episode, she mentioned her aunt "Pollyanna Roseannadanna", while in others, her "musically happening cousin Carlos Santana Roseannadanna", her religious aunt "Hosanna Roseannadanna", and her singing cousin "Lola Falana Roseannadanna", or school classmate "Hernando Roseannadando". In the final episode in which the character appeared, she mentioned her fashion designer aunt, "Murjani Roseannadanni".

Characterization
Radner's character had a tendency to refer to herself by her full name whenever possible: "Mr. Feder, I know what you're talkin' about, because, I, Roseanne Roseannadanna, once had the same thing happen to me." She often exaggerated her tribulations, saying: "I thought I was gonna die!"

For example, she narrated a story about eating a hamburger in a restaurant and feeling something hard in it. She spat it out and found it was white and looked like a toenail, and she said: "I thought I was gonna die. I mean, what was a toenail doing in my hamburger?" Then she went to the restroom and, on the way, she saw Princess Lee Radziwill whom she described as the "classy lady that no one knows where she's the princess of." However, what the Princess didn't know was that she had a tiny piece of toilet paper hanging off her shoe, and she was walking around and the toilet paper hadn't fallen off. "I thought I was gonna be sick. So I said to her, 'Hey Princess Lee — what are ya tryin' to do, make me sick?' Jane Curtin then asked her what this had to do with anything, and Roseannadanna replied: "Well it just goes to show you, it's always something, you either got a toenail in your hamburger or toilet paper clinging to your shoe."

After Saturday Night Live
In Radner's off-Broadway one-woman show, Gilda Radner – Live from New York (filmed as Gilda Live), she included a sketch where Roseanadanna is invited to give the commencement speech at Columbia University. After disclosing that she had not been the first choice for the commencement speech, and that the university only called her after Geraldo Rivera pulled out because he "had a boil that needed to be lanced", she attempts to prepare the new graduates for the hard road ahead by describing a job interview she once had with CBS, in which Walter Cronkite mistakenly thought that she'd "passed gas" and consequently kicked her out of his office.

Roseannadanna was later credited as "co-author" of Radner's book Roseanne Roseannadanna's Hey Get Back to Work. In the last year of her life, Radner released a memoir of her experience with ovarian cancer, entitled It's Always Something. Radner also recorded the memoir as an audio book, imitating Roseannadanna and some of her other SNL characters when describing parts of her life.

List of SNL episodes featuring Roseanne Roseannadanna

 * October 29, 1977 – Host: Charles Grodin (In this episode, Gilda's Roseanne Roseannadanna character was not on Weekend Update. She was in a fake commercial called "Hire The Incompetent", where she protested being fired from a fast food restaurant because her hair kept falling into the hamburgers on a grill.)
 * January 21, 1978 – Host: Steve Martin
 * January 28, 1978 – Host: Robert Klein
 * February 25, 1978 – Host: O. J. Simpson
 * March 18, 1978, – Host: Jill Clayburgh
 * April 15, 1978 – Host: Michael Sarrazin
 * May 13, 1978 – Host: Richard Dreyfuss
 * October 7, 1978 – Host: The Rolling Stones
 * November 18, 1978 – Host: Carrie Fisher
 * December 16, 1978 – Host: Elliott Gould
 * February 24, 1979 – Host: Kate Jackson
 * April 7, 1979 – Host: Richard Benjamin
 * May 26, 1979 – Host: Buck Henry
 * October 20, 1979 – Host: Eric Idle
 * December 22, 1979 – Host: Ted Knight
 * March 15, 1980 – Host: No specific host
 * May 24, 1980 – Host: Buck Henry
 * February 15, 2015: Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, played by Emma Stone

The character also appeared in Radner's 1979 one-woman-show, Gilda Radner – Live from New York, filmed and released as Gilda Live.

 * A bumper graphic in the November 12, 2011 episode showed Emma Stone (who was the host that night) as Roseanne with the 1980–81 SNL logo (used for the show's sixth season) on a plain lime background.

title: Roseanne Roseannadanna


text:
User talk:Fred Bradstadt

Archived conversations: 1–20, 21–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–100.

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:35, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Plone-logo-2008.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Plone-logo-2008.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 06:17, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Changing colors
Hi Fred, I see that you have changed the colors of a number of templates. I had used blue color to designate water related templates (rivers, peninsulas etc.)  which seems logical (standard map style). Although I don't like to start an edit war (per WP) I want to know your rationale to change the colors. Happy editting. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 01:40, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi Nedim. Thanks for your comments.
 * I hadn’t seen that WP page before, but thanks for linking. That was an interesting read :-)
 * I agree that template colors aren’t the most important thing in the world, but I my rationale for changing was to get more consistency. I changed 4 different blue nuances (#00BFFF, #87CEFA, lightsteelblue and #bbccee) into standard colors. Using a darker blue (as long as the color contrast is good enough, per WP) is fine by me – but I think it should be the same darker blue on all water/river templates then.
 * Keep up the good work. –Fred Bradstadt (talk) 20:12, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Template:Danish Golden Age
Hi there Fred. Back in August, you made some adjustments to Template:Danish Golden Age but you seem to have made some kind of mistaking so that it is now far too broad at least for my screen. Since you don't seem to be very active around here currently I will just undo your edit for now but since you obviously seem to know what you are doing with these templates I am sure that you have had something constructive in mind so you may want to have a look at it again. Chears.Ramblersen (talk) 02:55, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely right. I cleaned up the spacing around the · templates and other stuff, but left a few ·w templates in there, which messed up the line breaks completely. Sorry about that. I and someone else have fixed the problem now. –Fred Bradstadt (talk) 18:22, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Acorn computers template
You are invited to join the discussion at Template talk:Acorn computers. Trevj (talk) 07:22, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Cinnabon
Hi Fred, I am a new user on wikipedia doing a project for my Online Communities class at Cornell University. I noticed you had edited the Cinnabon page? Do you have any advice about where to get more information on nutritional value?Onlinecommedits (talk) 23:29, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975
Hi there. I know you have contributed to the templates for Time Person of the Year in the past. It would be great to have your opinion on an ongoing RfC at Template talk:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975, regarding how entries for 1960 and 1975 are listed. Thanks. -  H IGHFIELDS  ( TALK    •   UPLOADS  ) 15:21, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Premier Pageants states
Template:Premier Pageants states has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Dravecky (talk) 06:19, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fred Bradstadt


text:
Robert Maddox

Robert Foster Maddox (April 4, 1870 – 1965) was the 41st Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia.

Biography
Maddox was born on April 4, 1870, to Robert Flournoy Maddox, an early Atlanta settler and war hero.

He was educated in public school, and then attended the University of Georgia until 1887 when he completed studies at Harvard University.

He was chairman of the board of the Atlanta & Lowry National Bank part of which had been founded by his father. In 1908, he served as a Fulton County commissioner and the next year he was elected Atlanta's mayor. He had an active term, issuing the city's first large bond ($3 million) which was used for new schools, sewage disposal plants and enlarging the Atlanta Water Works.

He also had built an addition to Grady Memorial Hospital and via many trips to Washington, D.C., was able to purchase the old post office for $70,000 to be used as the City Halls of Atlanta.

During his term, the city doubled in scope: adding Oakland City among other neighborhoods.

He died in 1965.

Legacy
When Robert Maddox was in his 80s, Vernon E. Jordan Jr. served as his chauffeur.

Maddox Park in Atlanta's Bankhead neighborhood is named in his honor. The park was dedicated in 1931. He lies in the Maddox mausoleum (with his father) in Oakland Cemetery.

Maddox Road in Morrow, Georgia, is named after him, along with a Clayton County Parks and Recreation park, playground, and basketball court in Morrow, Georgia.

title: Robert Maddox


text:
North American Forum on Integration

The North American Forum on Integration (NAFI), also known as Le Forum sur l'Intégration Nord-Américaine (FINA) or Foro sobre la Integración NorteAmericana (FINA), was a North American think tank based in Montreal, Quebec, that advocates closer ties between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, including a common currency and common EU style parliament.

title: North American Forum on Integration


text:
Yokosuka R2Y

The Yokosuka R2Y Keiun (景雲 - "Cirrus Cloud") was a prototype reconnaissance aircraft built in Japan late in World War II.

Design and development
Commissioned for the Imperial Japanese Navy after the R1Y design was cancelled due to its disappointing performance estimates, the R2Y used coupled engines driving a single propeller and also featured a tricycle undercarriage.

Completed in April 1945, the prototype made a short flight on 8 May, but was destroyed in a US air raid only a few days later, thus ending development.

A proposal was also made to develop the R2Y into a turbojet-powered light bomber by replacing its piston engines with two Mitsubishi Ne-330s. Designated the R2Y2 Keiun Kai, was not constructed before the end of the war.

title: Yokosuka R2Y


text:
Image dissector

An image dissector, also called a dissector tube, is a video camera tube in which photocathode emissions create an "electron image" which is then swept up, down and across an anode to produce an electrical signal representing the visual image. It employs magnetic fields to keep the electron image in focus, and later models used electron multiplier to pick up the electrons. The term had also been used for other kinds of early video camera tubes. Dissectors were used only briefly for research in television systems before being replaced by different much more sensitive tubes based on the charge-storage phenomenon like the iconoscope during the 1930s. Despite the camera tubes based on the idea of image dissector technology falling quickly and completely out of use in the field of Television broadcasting, they continued to be used for imaging in early weather satellites and the Lunar lander, and for star attitude tracking in the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.

Operation
An image dissector focuses a visual image onto a layer of photosensitive material, such as cesium oxide, which emits negatively charged "photoelectrons" proportional to the intensity of the light striking the material. Electrostatic deflecting plates or magnetic fields then periodically manipulate the resulting electron image horizontally and vertically before an electron multiplier, or a small aperture leading to a positively charged detector, or just an anode, in the case of the earliest dissector tubes. The electron multiplier or aperture permits only those electrons emanating from a very small area of the electron image, representing a similarly small area of the visual image. The entire image is scanned several times per second to produce an electrical signal that represented a moving visual image.

The early electronic camera tubes (like the image dissector ) suffered from a very disappointing fatal flaw: They scanned the subject and what was seen at each point was only the tiny piece of light viewed at the instant that the scanning system passed over it.

Because the dissector does not store charge, it is useful for viewing the inside of furnaces and monitoring welding systems as it does not suffer from the "flare" normal picture tubes experience when looking at intense lights.

History
In April 1925, German professor Max Dieckmann and his student Rudolf Hell applied for a patent for a device named Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television) under the German patent number: DE450187C. A patent was issued in October 1927, and their experiments were announced in the American nationwide distributed magazines Discovery and Popular Radio,  but they failed to reduce it to practice. In 1951, Hell claimed that he had made a tube but could not get it to function, since at the time there was an insufficient knowledge of electron optics, the manipulation of an electron beam by electric or magnetic fields.

American television pioneer Philo T. Farnsworth invented the first functional image dissector in 1927, submitting a patent application on January 7, 1927. On September 7 of that year, the image dissector successfully transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at Farnsworth's laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press, the first such successful demonstration of a fully electronic television system.

In 1929 Farnsworth eliminated a motor generator from the system, so it then had no mechanical parts. Further developments that year included improvements in image clarity and an increase in the number of lines of resolution, such that it exceeded that of the mechanical television systems. Also in 1929, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required).

Since the electrons emitted within an image dissector are collected by the electron multiplier or anode only during the very brief time an area of the "electron image" is exposed, the bulk of the electrons are lost. Thus the earliest image dissectors were very inefficient, and extremely bright illumination was required for it to be used effectively. Farnsworth addressed this problem with the invention of an "electron multiplier" (not to be confused with contemporary electron multipliers), a device that increased the number of electrons in a circuit by generating "secondary emissions" of electrons from a pair of opposed surfaces, thus amplifying the electrical signal.

Farnsworth applied for a patent for his "electron multiplier" on March 3, 1930 and demonstrated its application in 1931. Farnsworth continued to improve the device, which would come to be called a "multipactor", such that it reportedly could amplify a signal to the 60th power or better, and showed great promise in other fields of electronics. A significant problem with the multipactor, however, was that it wore out at an unsatisfactorily rapid rate.

On August 25, 1934, Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of a complete, all-electronic television system, which included his image dissector, at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In April 1933, Farnsworth submitted a patent application entitled Image Dissector, but which actually detailed a charge storage low electron velocity cathode ray tube (CRT) camera tube. Its principles were developed and implemented by RCA. Though RCA had paid royalties though in 1939, legal cost associated with RCA's patent dispute, war time manufacturing pressure, Farnsworths patent expiring just eight years later, and his understandable disillusionment his company would be dissolved shortly after world war two. The image dissector with its many pitfalls would rapidly be replaced through the 1930s by the image orthicon and iconoscopes, until the 1980s when they would also be replaced by solid state image sensors.

title: Image dissector


text:
Courtland Winn

Courtland Simmons Winn (1863–1940) was a politician, lawyer, and civic leader from the State of Georgia.

Courtland S. Winn was born in Lawrenceville, Georgia, while the American Civil War raged. His father, Judge Samuel J. Winn, was then acting Colonel of the 13th regiment of Georgia Cavalry riding with Morgan's Raiders in Northeast Georgia and East Tennessee. His mother Sara Simmons was at home in Lawrenceville looking after her first-born. Both parents were from pioneer Gwinnett County families, Elisha Winn (1777–1842) and Adam Q. Simmons (1786–1863).

Courtland attended Emory College in Oxford, Georgia, and read law under his father. He was admitted to the bar at Monroe, Georgia. At the age of 21 in 1884, he was elected mayor of Lawrenceville and served two terms. In 1885 he married Fannie Thomas, daughter of Lovick Pierce Thomas II and Jemima Jane Peeples of Atlanta. The family moved to Atlanta in 1888.

In 1902 Winn was elected councilman of Ward 2 of Fulton County, Georgia. Also, he was the Fulton County administrator and vice-chairman of the Fulton County Board of Education. In 1910, Winn ran a successful campaign against James G. Woodward for Atlanta mayor. Winn served one term as mayor of Atlanta from 1911 to 1913 and was considered a progressive. During his term he increased teachers' salaries, eliminated many garbage dumps and oversaw the building of a garbage incinerator, had a bridge built over the railroad, eliminating a dangerous level crossing, opened a fire station in South Atlanta, and began the switch from horse-drawn to motor-driven firefighting equipment. Although he was to never enter politics again, Winn was a leading lawyer in the city for over fifty years and served as assistant city attorney for Atlanta.

title: Courtland Winn


text:
Carmen Fantasie (Waxman)

Carmen Fantasie is a virtuoso showpiece for violin and orchestra. The piece is part of Franz Waxman's score to the 1946 movie Humoresque for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture. The music, based on various themes from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen and unrelated to the similarly titled work Carmen Fantasy by Pablo de Sarasate, was initially meant to be played by Jascha Heifetz. However, he was replaced by a young Isaac Stern for the film's recording of the score. Stern's hands can be seen in the close-up shots from the movie.

After seeing the film, Heifetz asked Waxman to expand the work because he wanted to play it on the radio program, The Bell Telephone Hour, where it premiered on 9 September 1946. The work has been played since by many virtuoso violinists in concerts. It has also been adapted for a variety of orchestral/chamber arrangements, such as a versions for trumpet and orchestra, for violin and piano, as well as for viola and piano/orchestra.

title: Carmen Fantasie (Waxman)


text:
2002 French Open

The 2002 French Open was the second Grand Slam event of 2002 and the 101st edition of the French Open. It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, from late May through early June, 2002.

Both Gustavo Kuerten and Jennifer Capriati were unsuccessful in defending their 2001 titles; Kuerten was defeated in the fourth round by eventual champion Albert Costa, and Capriati was defeated by eventual champion Serena Williams in the semi-finals. Costa won his only Grand Slam title, defeating compatriot Juan Carlos Ferrero in the final. Serena Williams defeated her sister Venus to win her second Grand Slam title, her first French Open title, and the first of four consecutive Grand Slams in what was to be called the "Serena Slam".

Men's singles
🇪🇸 Albert Costa defeated 🇪🇸 Juan Carlos Ferrero, 6–1, 6–0, 4–6, 6–3
 * It was Costa's 1st title of the year, and his 12th overall. It was his 1st (and only) career Grand Slam title.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Serena Williams defeated 🇺🇸 Venus Williams, 7–5, 6–3
 * It was Serena's 4th title of the year, and her 15th overall. It was her 2nd career Grand Slam title, and her 1st French Open title.

Men's doubles
Paul Haarhuis / 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated Mark Knowles / 🇨🇦 Daniel Nestor, 7–5, 6–4

Women's doubles
🇪🇸 Virginia Ruano Pascual / 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez defeated 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇦🇺 Rennae Stubbs, 6–4, 6–2

Mixed doubles
Cara Black / Wayne Black defeated 🇷🇺 Elena Bovina /  Mark Knowles, 6–3, 6–3

Boys' singles
🇫🇷 Richard Gasquet defeated 🇫🇷 Laurent Recouderc, 6–0, 6–1

Girls' singles
Angelique Widjaja defeated 🇺🇸 Ashley Harkleroad, 3–6, 6–1, 6–4

Boys' doubles
🇩🇪 Markus Bayer / 🇩🇪 Philipp Petzschner defeated 🇦🇺 Ryan Henry / 🇦🇺 Todd Reid, 7–5, 6–4

Girls' doubles
🇩🇪 Anna-Lena Grönefeld / 🇨🇿 Barbora Strýcová defeated Su-Wei Hsieh / 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova 7–5, 7–5

title: 2002 French Open


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Holy shit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - redirected - SimonP 14:08, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Holy shit
Orphaned one-sentence article about a gaming neologism. Eliot 17:18, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to shit as common variant phrase (though the neologism is not notable) Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 17:22, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to shit. Not the gaming neologism, though. That's trivial. Nestea 20:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete at this rate wikipedia will be gamepedia, or starwarspedia soon. Not a significant topic. Redirect to shit. No need to mention UT. R Lee E 20:17, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as if there needed to be a question about it. Donovan Ravenhull 23:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the Unreal Tournament 2003/2004 page. G VOLTT 19:48, June 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Tainted (film)

Tainted is a 1987 American film written and directed by Orestes Matacena and starring Shari Shattuck. The film is a low-budget suspense drama about Cathy (Shattuck) a young school teacher married to the owner of a crematorium. It is centered on Cathy's attempt to cover-up the murder of an intruder who attempted to rape her. The cover up of the rape is due to the man that raped her being her ex-husband in the film.

title: Tainted (film)


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User:Floarea

My name is Floarea, I am living in the US, but originally I am from Suceava. I want to add articles mostly on Romanian cities, and I am always willing to translate something even though it may take a couple of days (I'm busy.)

Feel free to contact me.

Read My Blog

title: User:Floarea


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Poi

Poi or POI may refer to:

Art and culture

 * Poi (film), a 2006 Tamil-language film
 * Poi (dessert), a traditional banana dessert from Samoa
 * Poi (food), the traditional staple food in native cuisine of Hawaii
 * Poi (performance art), a style of performing art
 * Sierra Popoluca language, ISO 639-3 language code poi
 * Poi (video game), a 2017 independent video game

Places

 * Poi, Pakistan
 * Poi, Ukhrul, India
 * Poi, Wallis and Futuna
 * Poi, a Tibetan pinyin representation of Tibet

Politics

 * Independent Workers' Party (Parti ouvrier indépendant, POI), a French far-left political party
 * Internationalist Workers Party (Parti ouvrier internationaliste, POI), a French Trotskyist political party

Other uses

 * Apache POI, a project run by the Apache Software Foundation
 * Hawaiian Poi Dog, an extinct breed of dog
 * Person of interest (disambiguation)
 * Point of interaction (POI), a component in point of sale equipment
 * Points of interconnect (POI), in the Australian National Broadband Network
 * Point of interest, a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting
 * Point of interface (POI), in telecommunications
 * Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), partial or total of function of the ovaries

title: Poi


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Talk:Poi

Trimming
I am going by Manual of Style (disambiguation pages), and by my feeling that the target article titles have exactly the keywords necessary to guide the reader. — Pekinensis 23:29, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

new additions?
The new additions to this dab page seem like they should be pointing to the "poi (juggling)" article. Any reason for this apparent redundancy? adamrice 16:40, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I couldn't find any articles that had this content in them. I was actually planning to write them soon.  However, I will instead change at least one of the links to point at the Poi (juggling) page.  I am unsure what to do about the other.  Should it be removed? --  Tuvok  ^ Talk 23:42, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a judgment call. IMO, poi-the-object and poi-the-activity do not need separate articles (to be honest, I've never heard anyone refer to the activity as "poi"). adamrice 13:54, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I got a CD straight from New Zealand that said, as part of its title, "20 Hakas and Pois". -- Tuvok  ^ Talk 19:50, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Currently the Poi (performance art) and Poi (juggling) link to the same page, this seems redundant. One of them should be removed. Thepillow (talk) 08:55, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

POI vs Poi
Don't see the point of separate disambiguation pages for these and suggest a merger of the two pages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.178.4.10 (talk) 12:41, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

A tad sorry, anon, that no one else is compulsive enuf to take you seriously enuf to give you a reply. "POI" must refer to an acronym or other similar coding scheme rather than a word, while both poi and "Poi" are formal words, the units of natural languages. As I've never noticed anyone raising such a question (on WP or elsewhere), you probabably should ask a more precise question, or ask such questions in a forum where someone will rise to the bait by offering a more direct answer. Cheers! --Jerzy•t 19:05, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poi


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Randy Myers

Randall Kirk Myers (born September 19, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, San Diego Padres, Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles, and Toronto Blue Jays, between 1985 and 1998. He batted and threw left-handed.

Early life
Randy Myers grew up in Vancouver, Washington. His father was an auto mechanic and a machinist. He is a graduate of Evergreen High School and Clark College. Myers was drafted in the first round (ninth overall) of the 1982 amateur draft.

Professional career
Myers began his Major League career with the New York Mets in 1985 under the management of Davey Johnson, and was a member of the Mets 1986 World Series-winning team (although he did not appear on the Mets' postseason roster, he was given a World Series ring nine years later, in 1995 ). Myers became a closer in 1988 as he platooned with Roger McDowell after Jesse Orosco left for the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Myers was traded to the Reds in 1990 for closer John Franco, and became one of the league's elite closers and the most successful member of the Nasty Boys trio, which also included Rob Dibble and Norm Charlton, while being selected as an All-Star in 1990. In 1990, Myers won his second World Series ring as the Reds swept the Oakland Athletics. In 1991, the Reds experimented with Myers as a starter, a move that proved highly unsuccessful as he posted a record of 6 wins and 13 losses.

In 1992, Myers became the closer for the Padres. After only one season in San Diego, Myers was a Cub in 1993 where he posted his best statistical season with a then National League record 53 saves. In a September 28, 1995 game vs. the Astros, Myers was attacked on the field by a fan named John Murray at Wrigley Field after giving up a two-run, eighth inning home run to James Mouton that put the Astros up 9–7. Fearing that Murray was armed, Myers used his martial arts training to bring Murray to the ground, then held him down until security guards could get him. The Cubs rallied to win 12–11 in 10 innings. In 1994 and 1995, Myers earned his second and third All-Star selections. After the 1995 season, Myers became a member of the Orioles where he had two more solid seasons, highlighted by an All-Star selection in 1997, when he saved 45 games. Myers had 28 saves for the Blue Jays in his final season, 1998, before being traded back to the Padres after being claimed on waivers. Though he was under contract for both 1999 and 2000, he did not pitch in the Major Leagues after 1998.

In a 14-year Major League career, Myers compiled a 3.19 ERA, 347 saves, 44 wins, 63 losses and struck out 884 batters in 884.2 innings. As of the end of the 2019 Major League Baseball season, Myers ranks 12th all-time in saves, and is a member of the 300 save club.

In 2000, Myers earned a salary of US$6,916,667.00 while unable to pitch due to a damaged shoulder. Most of his 1999 and 2000 seasons were spent receiving treatment after undergoing rotator cuff surgery in 1999; his injury resulted in a legal dispute between the Padres and their insurance carrier after the carrier denied an $8 million claim due to Myers' inability to play.

The Padres' 1998 waiver claim of Myers is considered one of the biggest blunders in the history of the waiver wire. The Padres did not want Myers, mostly because of the $12 million and two additional years remaining on his contract as well as the fact that they already had an established closer in Trevor Hoffman, but placed a waiver claim in order to prevent him from going to the rival Atlanta Braves. They expected the Blue Jays to rescind their waiver claim, but the Blue Jays instead allowed the waiver claim to go through, leaving them responsible for the rest of his contract.

In October 1990, Myers was featured on the 18-ounce box of Wheaties breakfast cereal along with fellow Cincinnati Reds 1990 World Series champions Eric Davis, José Rijo, Barry Larkin, Chris Sabo, and Hal Morris.

Personal life
For many years during his pro baseball career he assisted in coaching the women's basketball team at his alma mater, Clark Community College. He is widely involved in charities in Vancouver through his Randy Myers Foundation. He also has a lifelong involvement in martial arts.

Clark College did not field a baseball team after the 1992 season, but by 2011, thanks in large part of Myers' efforts fundraising and spearheading the program's revival, Clark again started playing baseball in 2011.

title: Randy Myers


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Talk:Sanford Stadium

Olympic Use
Why was Sanford Stadium, which is located in Athens, used for the 1996 Olympics? I thought the games are in Atlanta. It would of made sense to use Bobby Dodd Stadium instead of Sanford.--BigMac1212 04:11, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The '96 Games used sites across Georgia and the Southeast; few Olympics are held entirely in one municipality, and Atlanta's certainly were not. According to an article from the Athens newspaper, Athens civic boosters had worked for years to get a piece of the Games, and the access to big-time venues that UGA provided made it worthwhile. For one, the medal rounds of soccer/football drew 75,000-85,000 spectators -- well above what Bobby Dodd or even the Georgia Dome can hold. Plus, both Dodd and the Dome are in the heart of downtown Atlanta (along with most other Olympic venues), which would have caused even more traffic/mass transit issues than already existed during the Games. It was a win-win for ACOG to shift soccer to Athens. --SuperNova |T|C| 04:37, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The soccer venues were pretty spread out because they needed multiple facilities for both men's and women's: in addition to Sanford Stadium there was the Citrus Bowl, Orlando, Fla., Legion Field, Birmingham, Ala., Orange Bowl, Miami, RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics. I can't remember why they didn't use Georgia Tech's stadium. It might not have been wide enough for Olympic regulations. --Roswell native 04:52, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Affirmative. Tech's field was too small for the size mandated by the IOC, and the capacity of their stadium at the time (30,000-40,000) was far smaller than the other venues that were used.--Jhortman 23:12, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sanford Stadium. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090426125912/http://www.ussoccer.com:80/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html to http://www.ussoccer.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:28, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sanford Stadium


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Kovalevskaya (crater)

Kovalevskaya is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the southwest of the larger walled plain Landau. To the south of Kovalevskaya are the craters Poynting and Fersman.

This crater overlies nearly half of the large Kovalevskaya Q along the southwest rim. The outer rim of Kovalevskaya is generally well-formed and not significantly eroded. The inner walls have formed terraces and slumped shelves in places. At the midpoint of the interior floor is a pair of central peaks that are split down the middle by a valley running north–south. Some hills run to the east of these peaks, and there are some low hills near the northwest inner wall. The remainder of the floor is relatively level and free from significant impacts.

This feature was named after the Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891). The asteroid 1859 Kovalevskaya is also named in her honour.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kovalevskaya.

title: Kovalevskaya (crater)