text:
Riga City Council

Riga City Council (Rīgas dome) is the government of the city of Riga, the capital of Latvia. Its meeting place is in the Riga Town Hall (Rīgas rātsnams) at the Town Hall Square (Rātslaukums) in the very heart of Riga.

The Riga City Council consists of 60 councilors who are elected every 4 years is established on the basis of party factions.

The work of the Riga City Council is organized by the chairman (occasionally simply called as the mayor of Riga), Deputy Mayors, the Presidium, City Executive Director, District Executive Directors, and the staff of municipal institutions and enterprises.

The Presidium of the Riga City Council consists of the chairman of the Riga City Council and the representatives delegated by the political parties or party blocks elected to the city council.

From February to August 2020 the council had been suspended, since it was dissolved by the national authorities due to irregularities concerning waste management. An interim administration of three members headed by Edvīns Balševics, State Secretary of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development (lv), was appointed on February 25 to lead the city until snap elections were held. On 29 August 2020, elections were held, with the alliance between Development/For! and The Progressives winning the most seats.

Early days
The heads of Riga, representing the town inhabitants, were mentioned in documents already in 1210. It is unknown when the first town council was formed, but the members of the town council took part in signing treaties in Riga in 1225.

In the 13th century the town council governed the town and acted as legislature, but in the 14th century – also as a judicial authority. At the same time the town council managed the town protection problems, imposed taxes, represented the interests of Riga's inhabitants in international relations, signed agreements and appointed ambassadors. However, a communal assembly of Riga inhabitants preserved a great role in settling important and extraordinary problems. In the first half of the 13th century the councilmen of the town council were elected for one year, but at the end of the century already the town council itself selected successors to councilmen posts. The post of councilman position actually became a lifelong post.

The rights of the town council were restricted after Riga became subordinate to the King of Poland and Lithuania, Stefan Báthory (1581).

Disagreements between the Riga Town Council and guilds about the right of governing the town became aggravated at the end of the 16th century. It reached its culmination during the so-called “Calendar Unrests” (1584–1589), though the town council maintained its dominance. Discordance flared up again in the first half of the 17th century when guilds managed to gain support from Sweden which governed Riga at that time.

After Riga fell into the jurisdiction of Russia (1710), it became a province center, and after the reforms of 1783, Riga's local administration was governed by a governor- general. However, the town council, representing the interests of the German nobility, tried to preserve its influence in Riga. With alternating success it managed to do so by 1889. An administrative town reform took place in Russia in 1870, reaching also Riga in 1877.

The 20th century
The City Council and the City Board were formed, and the City Mayor was elected. During the Independent Republic of Latvia (1918–1940) Riga was officially recognized as the capital of Latvia (1931), with the Riga City Council governing it. After the governmental overturn of 1934, the Cabinet of Ministers became the head of the city.

After the Soviet occupation in 1940, administrative structure of Riga was reorganized. A provisional Executive Committee was formed. In 1941, the city was divided into six districts to facilitate police surveillance and management of nationalized properties. Such a system was preserved also after World War II; from time to time the number of districts and borderlines has changed. The Deputy Council of Working People (from 1977 – People's Deputy Council) governed Riga. It was elected once in two years (from 1979 – in 2.5). The council elected the executive committee. In reality these procedures were formal, and the city administration realized decisions inspired by the totalitarian regime’s leading organs.

On May 4, 1990 the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR adopted the Declaration on Restoring Independence of the Republic of Latvia, which introduced the period of rebuilding the structure of state power and administration in Latvia, including the Riga City administration reform.

The process of restructuring started on February 15, 1990 with the laws adopted by the Supreme Council on the local governments of rural municipalities, regions, towns and cities. Pursuant to these laws the People’s Deputy Council from its members elected the chairman of the council, the deputy chairman and his/her secretary.

Andris Teikmanis, representative from the Popular Front of Latvia, was elected the chairman of the People’s Deputy Council of Riga. Under the guidance of A. Teikmanis, the People’s Deputy Council of Riga voted for using the historical coat of arms and banner of Riga - a symbolic contribution to the continuity of the city’s heritage.

Simultaneously, major changes took place in the city life and in the work of the municipal structural units linked with the changes in property forms and in the formation of the city budget.

The law “On the Local Government of the Capital City Riga” passed on June 10, 1992, changed the city administration system in the very core. The Riga City Council, consisting of 60 councillors, became the largest administrative body of the city. 30 out of the 60 councillors were elected by the People's Deputy Council of Riga from its members and the other 30 were elected by the councils of the Riga City districts; five councillors from each district. Presidium and executive committee of the People's Deputy Council of Riga were abolished and replaced by the City Board consisting of 11 members. Andris Teikmanis was elected chairman of the Riga City Council. The district boards were established instead of executive committees, which were led by the executive directors of the districts.

On August 26, 1993, the Riga City Council passed a resolution “On the Reform of the Riga Local Government”. It suggested to the Parliament to create in Riga a one-level local government with one administrative body, i.e. Riga City Council with 60 councillors and the executive body under the Riga City Council – the Riga City Board. On May 19, 1994, the Saeima passed the law following which the Riga City Council was elected in the municipal elections of May 29, 1994.

A one-level local government, the Riga City Council with 60 elected councillors, was set up in Riga. Māris Purgailis was elected the chairman of the city council. 11 Standing Committees were established (Finance Committee, City Development Committee, Committee for Housing Issues, Municipal Property and Privatization Committee, Environment Protection Committee, Education, Youth and Sports Committee, Culture, Arts and Religion Committee, Committee for Municipal and Transport Affairs, Social Affairs Committee and Order Committee, Committee for Matters of Foreigners and Stateless Persons).

Executive power was exercised by the executive director of the Riga City Council, whose deputies were also heads of departments (City Development Department, Property Department and Department of Finance). In the districts administrative functions were performed by the district boards appointed the Riga City Council; district boards were led by directors. Every district board included six departments, district commissions as well as branches of the Riga City Council directorates and departments.

The next municipal elections took place on March 9, 1997. Andris Bērziņš was elected the chairman of the city by the new council. On May 5, 2000, he was appointed the prime minister and already on May 9 the RCC elected his successor Andris Ārgalis. The RCC structure also underwent some changes. The council had to elect the chairman and two deputy chairmen from among its members. The number of standing committees was also reduced to nine (Security and Order Committee and Committee for Matters of Foreigners and Stateless Persons were abolished). Chairmen of the Committees formed the council's Board. The Riga City Council employs the executive director of the Riga City, to whom executive boards of the city districts and the Maintenance Division of the RCC are subject.

2001–2020
The next municipal elections were held on March 11, 2001. Gundars Bojārs was elected the chairman of the city council, and Sergejs Dolgopolovs and Aivars Guntis Kreituss were elected deputy chairmen. As compared to the previous Riga City Council, the number of standing committees increased to ten, by restoring the Security and Order Committee. The board of the city council was replaced by the Presidium of the Riga City Council.

After the municipal elections in 2005, Aivars Aksenoks became chairman of the city council. Deputy chairmen were Andris Ārgalis, Jānis Birks and Almers Ludviks (the latter replaced Juris Lujāns in summer 2005). In 2007, Jānis Birks became chairman, with Jānis Dinevičs replacing him as deputy chairman.

After the 2009 elections, the Harmony Centre and LPP/LC coalition came to power. Nils Ušakovs became Mayor and Ainārs Šlesers took office as Vice Mayor. After Šlesers was elected to the Saeima in 2010 on the For a Good Latvia list, his party colleague Andris Ameriks became Vice Mayor. In 2012 Ameriks created the Honor to Serve Riga (GKR) party out of former LPP/LC fraction members and formed a coalition with Harmony Center in the 2013 and 2017 elections, which they won.

The ruling coalition started to crumble in 2018 when, after a number of high-profile corruption scandals concerning Rīgas Satiksme and other municipal companies, Ameriks resigned in December 2018 with his party colleague and former Riga City Council Property Department head Oļegs Burovs succeeding him. In the wake of the scandals Ušakovs was also ordered to resign by Juris Pūce, the Minister of Environmental Protection and Regional Development (VARAM) in April 2019. At the same time, Ušakovs announced he would run in the 2019 European Parliament election in May as the leader of the SDP Harmony list, with Andris Ameriks right behind him. When both were elected, Ušakovs announced his resignation on May 29, with Burovs becoming interim council chair. After this, GKR member Dainis Turlais, the sole candidate for Mayor which was backed by both Ušakovs and Burovs, was elected as mayor on May 30 by the ruling coalition, with the opposition boycotting the vote. His term was short, however, as after only 21 days in office Turlais was sacked on June 20 after failing a no-confidence vote submitted by the opposition and supported by elements of the coalition, deepening the conflict within it.

After a short second stint as interim head, Burovs was elected mayor on August 19 with the support of GKR, Harmony and splinter groups mostly consisting of disgruntled coalition deputies. He defeated opposition candidate Viesturs Zeps from For Latvia's Development, which was also backed by the National Alliance faction, while the New Conservative and Unity factions abstained from voting. The fragile ruling coalition thwarted no-confidence votes that were called against Burovs by the opposition in December 2019. Burovs's term was also marred by fallout from potentially corrupt and mismanaged city policies, one of which became an attempt to entrust waste management in the city to a conglomerate of private companies for 20 years instead of a previous model which saw multiple companies compete for separate zones. This was blocked by the Competition Council of the Republic of Latvia as non-transparent, triggering Minister Pūce to call for a state of emergency in the city to be declared.

Since 2020
Ultimately, in February 2020, after approving the request of the VARAM, the city council headed by Oļegs Burovs was dissolved by the Saeima and the President of Latvia, following three successive council meetings at which a quorum was not obtained and due to the failure to provide autonomous functions of a municipality established in the Waste Management Law. Snap elections were announced to be held on 25 April 2020 and an interim administration of three members headed by Edvīns Balševics, State Secretary of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development (lv), was appointed on February 25. The election was later postponed to 6 June 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic, and then ultimately to August 29.

After the elections were won by the alliance of Development/For! and The Progressives, they formed a coalition with New Unity, The Conservatives and the common list of the National Alliance and the Latvian Association of Regions on 4 September 2020, with Mārtiņš Staķis becoming the main candidate for the office of mayor. Harmony and Honor to Serve Riga were joined by the Latvian Russian Union in forming the opposition. Staķis was elected mayor on 2 October 2020. On March 24, 2022, Mārtiņš Staķis left Development/For! and continued as an independent. On December 13, 2022, For Latvia's Development faction decided to stop supporting Mayor Mārtiņš Staķis, leaving his coalition with the support of 34 councilors in council.

Gradually, in 2023 conflicts began to emerge between Staķis and the Vice-Mayors from the coalition parties. Ultimately, due to disagreements and disputes within the coalition regarding the investigation of alleged violations in the management practices and use of funds in the Traffic Department of the Riga City Council, Staķis resigned on July 3, with New Unity-appointed Vice-Mayor Vilnis Ķirsis stepping in as interim mayor. After difficult talks between the Progressives and the rest of the coalition, a new coalition was formed with Honor to Serve Riga replacing The Progressives. Ķirsis was selected as mayor on August 18, 2023.

The Town Hall Building
Just underneath the (destroyed in 1941 during World War II, rebuilt in 2003) is a narrow cobblestone street which is home to different souvenir and flower shops, a giant cascading waterfall three stories high and the remains of an ancient tree stub unearthed during the re-construction process. A small plaque states that when this oak was growing on the banks of the River Daugava.

title: Riga City Council


text:
D. Worth Clark

David Worth Clark (April 2, 1902 – June 19, 1955) was a Democratic congressman and United States Senator from Idaho, its first U.S. Senator born in the state.

Early years
Clark was born in Idaho Falls, Idaho and attended public schools there. He attended Columbia University in Portland, Oregon, and the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1922.

Clark graduated from Harvard Law School in 1925 and was admitted to the bar that year. He commenced practice in Idaho at Pocatello, and was the state's assistant attorney general from 1933 to 1935.

House
Clark was elected to the U.S. House from the 2nd district of Idaho in 1934. The seat had been vacant for several months, since the untimely death of Thomas Coffin in June. Clark was re-elected in 1936, easily defeating his successor, newspaper publisher Henry Dworshak of Burley.

 * Source:

Senate
Clark ran for the U.S. Senate in 1938 and narrowly won the Democratic primary in August over incumbent James Pope of Boise, a setback for New Deal supporters. In the general election, Clark defeated Republican former state Representative Donald Callahan of Wallace. Six years later, he was defeated for renomination in the 1944 Democratic primary by Glen H. Taylor of Pocatello.

Clark vied to reclaim his Senate seat in 1950 and defeated Taylor in the primary, as Taylor became the third consecutive incumbent of that Senate seat to lose in the Democratic primary. In the general election in November, Clark lost to Republican state Senator Herman Welker of Payette, as all four congressional seats (two House, two Senate) went to Republicans. Welker aligned himself in the Senate with the infamous Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin and lost his re-election bid in 1956 to 32 year-old Frank Church of Boise (husband of his cousin, Bethine), who served four terms.

 * Source:

After Congress
After losing to Welker, Clark resumed the practice of law in Boise and Washington, D.C. He moved to Los Angeles in 1954 and held financial interests in radio stations in Van Nuys, San Francisco, and Honolulu, and a bank in Las Vegas.

Death
While watching television with his wife and youngest daughter, Clark died of a heart attack at his southern California home at age 53 on June 19, 1955, and was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Personal
Clark was a member of a prominent Idaho political family; his uncles Barzilla Clark and Chase Clark both served as governor of Idaho. His cousin Bethine, Chase Clark's daughter, married future U.S. Senator Frank Church in 1947.

Clark's wife Virgil (1901–1991) was a sister-in-law of Robert Smylie; the three-term (1955–1967) Republican governor of Idaho married her younger sister Lucile.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: D. Worth Clark


text:
Chestnut (color)

Chestnut or castaneous is a colour, a medium reddish shade of brown (displayed right), and is named after the nut of the chestnut tree. An alternate name for the colour is badious. Indian red is a similar but separate and distinct colour from chestnut.

Chestnut is also a very dark tan that almost appears brown.

Etymology
The name chestnut derives from the color of the nut of the chestnut tree. The first recorded use of chestnut as a color term in English was in 1555. The color maroon is also named after the chestnut (via French marron).

Deep chestnut
Deep chestnut is the color called chestnut in Crayola crayons. This colour was also produced in a special limited edition in which it was called Vermont maple syrup.

At the request of educators worried that children (mistakenly) believed the name represented the skin colour of Native Americans, Crayola changed the name of their crayon colour "Indian Red", originally formulated in 1958, to "Chestnut" in 1999. In reality, the colour Indian red has nothing to do with American Indians but is an iron oxide pigment the use of which is popular in India.

Chestnut in nature

 * The chestnut-coloured woodpecker
 * The chestnut-backed chickadee
 * The coat of the bongo

Chestnut in human culture

 * Animal husbandry
 * Chestnut is a coat colour of horses.

 * Cosmetology
 * Brown chestnut hair is a human hair colour.

title: Chestnut (color)


text:
Talk:Origin hypotheses of the Serbs

2011 re-creation
User:PANONIAN: Per above and WP:BRD, it's your turn to discuss. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 10:50, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, I do not think that I wrote that whole article. I started it with description "Transfered here from History of Serbia" and, as far as I remember, I wrote only some parts of it. Now, I understand that we have a problem because citations were not properly added into text, but only into this list: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Serbs#References However, what ever issues user:Ivan Štambuk might had with this article, the way in which he simply annihilated whole article is very wrong course of action: . I just restored that article to its last version, but I do not have enough time now to work more on its content. Perhaps user:Ivan Štambuk (or any other user) can post "citation needed" tags to parts of this article that he considers POV, unsourced (or what ever) and then somebody (me or anybody else) could later add proper quotations. Note that I edited this article some 4 years ago and that I still did not examined all changes of other users in these 4 years. I am sure that article now also might have some parts that would be seen as POV or unsourced by myself. When I find time, I will see to improve this article a bit. PANONIAN  11:09, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't quite see it that way, because a quick skim of the article history shows people had various issues with the stuff you left back in 2006:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Serbs&diff=62975951&oldid=62427201 fact tagging
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Serbs&diff=64651156&oldid=63592385 However taking the large distances into the account it is highly unlikely that today's Serbs have anything to do with that particular toponym.
 * In any case - the standalone article existed from 2005 to 2008, but it didn't exist other than as a redirect between 2008 and 2011, and only you noticed. Maybe there is no consensus that it is better to have a flawed article as opposed to no standalone article. We should probably call an rfc. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 11:39, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, I have no time to examine who exactly added which info article. Anyway, I am not in my home now (and all my books related to this subject are there). So, in next few days, I will examine my sources and I will see to quote what I can in this article. I think that I maybe also used data from some (now expired) web site and I am not sure is this data correct or not. Anyway, when I finish with my work in this article, you are free to delete all its parts that could not be quoted with reliable sources. However, there are several scientifically based theories about origin of the Serbs and I think that there should be an article that describes them. In fact, we can completely rewrote this article: it can contain first part where all early historical mentions of Serb name could be listed and second part where various theories and interpretations related to that could be provided. However, work on this article is not a small job and I would need some time to finish it. PANONIAN  16:05, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * In the meantime, you significantly improved it - thanks. The article Name of the Serbs could also use this kind of help, there's much of the same synthesis over there, too. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 16:25, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * You are right. I will see to improve that article too when I find time. PANONIAN  18:27, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Massive PoV WP:FRINGE garbage
This article does not balance enough mainstream thought about the origin of the Serbs and, as Ivan pointed out, there's just plain crazy-talk in it.

Serbs from Mesopotamia? Serbs from Pakistan? Please.

Let's agree to remove the more outrageous theories (cited or not!) and try to give this article a more respectable face. HammerFilmFan (talk) 13:06, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I have removed the section with the ridiculous Mesopotamian stuff. Can't believe it was on the page for so long-- embarrassing. --Calthinus (talk) 21:13, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Studies on Serbs origin
Please help finding reliable, modern and mainstream studies on Serbs origin. The article has everything, from WP:OR to sourced claims, notable to fringe theories. I don't believe that Serbian Academy and many reliable historians (like Tibor Živković) did not research or mention Serbs origin.--Crovata (talk) 23:53, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Will do, when time is available. You could help by tagging disputable entries.--Z oupan 01:38, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Just to mention, I am not interested in editing the article, but as someone who speak Serbo-Croatian language, and managed to get Origin hypotheses of the Croats at a certain level, I just hope amateur readers won't fall anymore from the very start into endless research, often getting wrong information, which results with even worse conclusions. It is a very important article, but it will need, as you said - time. I will not tag or edit the article, just write a review of the article. Also would note, "reliable historians" - both Serbian and international.

1) "In the 19th century, various scholars provided several theories about the origin of the Serb ethnonym. Some researchers claimed that the ethnonym, and thereby ethnic origin, dated to ancient history." - Outdated and fringe theories, even if given media space (Jovan I. Deretić), should not be given weight and validity in the article according to WP:NPOV, and be emphasized in the article's intro. This kind of theories are the one, due to lack of information on primary sources like Wikipedia, amateur readers often stumble upon and because of lack of knowledge and critical understanding, receive wrong information and impression.

2) Mention of assumed Serbian name in toponyms throughout history (like in Pliny the Younger or Ptolemy) need quotes from original sources (like Perseus Project, and translated form), and reference to reliable sources and scholars. Scholars like Aleksandar M. Petrović, who is not a historian or linguist but philosopher, and especially Živko D. Petković, an anonymous scholar with extremily outdated source for such a topic, are not enough competent and reliable to cite. It results with finding Serbian name in toponyms everywhere, even in the territory of present-day Egypt and Southern Turkey, which is nonsense. This toponyms, like eg. Serbinum, which is mostly mentioned with root "Serv-" ie. Ancient Greek "b" is often read as "v" in Modern Greek "v", have linguistical meaning which have nothing to do with Serbian ethnic name. The city Serbinum or Servitium come from Latin servi "servant", and located near river Sava, a natural boundary in Roman province of Pannonia, it meant "city of servants" ie. part of limes defended by serving population. Similarly in Proto-Indo-European *ser-u-o (guardian), and *ser- (to bind, put together). The related and first etymology of the Serbian name, which is not mentioned neither in respective article Names of the Serbs and Serbia and must be neverthless (even if mostly considered wrong) of personal editors feelings toward it, by Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos: "Serbs, in the language of the Romaioi, is the word for ‘servants’, whence the colloquial ‘serbula’ for menial shoes, and ‘tzerboulianoi’ for those who wear cheap, shoddy footwear. This name the Serbs acquired from their being servants of the emperor of the Romaioi." (cite pg. 157, Tibor Živković, De Conversione Croatorum et Serborum)

3) It is hard to believe that 10th century tribes of Krevatades and Sarbani have something to do with with 10th century Croats and Serbs. However, in the references are names of the (a bit outdated) scholars whose names should be mentioned in the article.

4) There too many Petković cites, and his identifications are ridiculous (eg. with Siberia) and should not be cited at all.

5) Migration of the Serbs and work De Administrando Imperio have better sources ie. are covered by work(s) of Tibor Živković.

6) Some "Iranian theory" statements need cites and additional sources for confirmation, and "It is possible..." as well "In Polish history..." are an example of WP:OR, which if there's no source to claim that, it must be removed.

7) "Autochthonic theory" needs additional reliable sources for confirmation, and clear stance that is a fringe theory (especially Jovan I. Deretić).

8) I don't see any scholar theorizing "Proto-Slavic theory", it is prone to speedy deletion. Josef Dobrovský, Pavel Jozef Šafárik, are scholars from the 18th and early 19th century, they are outdated and not reliable, we don't even cite them. Same goes for journal Prosvjeta released 1908. On Wikipedia we cite what modern scholarship has to say, not those from centuries ago. This same mistake was done in the Sporoi article. It must be distinguished the old from modern science, and unreliable from reliable sources - North American Society for Serbian Studies of course would put forward own subjective nationalistic agenda.--Crovata (talk) 03:47, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Orbini
If editors can make referenced connection between theory and Orbini's work, please, do that in separate paragraph, with mainstream acceptable RS.-- ౪ Santa ౪ 99°  20:56, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Orbini was one of the first modern proponent of Serbs as autochtonic people on Balkans, so it is much more correct to place him instead of author that doesn't even have page on Wikipedia. You can read Orbini's work and see it for yourself. Слободар (talk) 01:30, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There can be no clearer expression of the main point here than in my first post above: you are welcome to write about Orbini's connections, as long as you can provide RS, and only in a separate sentence or paragraph, so that sentence about the three mentioned persons, who are considered originators of this theory, remain as it is.
 * However, the most important is to emphasize that Wikipedia in English is not open to the inclusion of the statements based of personal opinions, liking or sentiments - you must provide a reliable source . So, I would like to ask you to refrain from “edit warring” on article after article, because that's considered disruptive editing. Maybe it would be the best way forward if you take some time to familiarize yourself with some of the basic policies and guidelines (WP:OR, WP:RS, WP:CON, WP:3RR, WP:EDITWAR).-- ౪ Santa ౪ 99°  21:22, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Слободар (talk) 11:36, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origin hypotheses of the Serbs


text:
User:Samboy/sandbox

Tilde test Samboy 21:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Samboy/sandbox


text:
Camp Lo

Camp Lo is an American hip hop duo, formed in 1995, which hails from The Bronx, New York. The duo consists of rappers Sonny Cheeba (Salahadeen Wilds) and Geechi Suede (Saladine Wallace). The duo is perhaps best known for their 1997 hit "Luchini AKA This Is It".

Career
Initially signed with Profile Records, Camp Lo made their first appearance in 1996 on The Great White Hype soundtrack, with their single, "Coolie High". The smooth party song was a minor hit, peaking at #25 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart. Their first major exposure came with the release of their second single, the upbeat, horn-driven "Luchini", otherwise known as "This Is It". The song became a crossover hit in 1997, breaking into the Top 50 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reaching the top 5 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. The track peaked at #74 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1997. The duo released their debut album Uptown Saturday Night in January 1997. The effort was widely acclaimed, praised for its accessible content and smooth, funk- and jazz-inspired production.

The majority of the album was produced by Ski, famous for his work with Jay-Z. Guest appearances were provided by De La Soul's Trugoy and Digable Planets' Butterfly. The album's 1970s styled content was influential on a number of artists within the next few years after its release, like Will Smith, who enlisted Camp Lo for an appearance on his top-selling Big Willie Style album. Also in 1997, they appeared on Oran "Juice" Jones' single "Poppin' That Fly". They collaborated with De La Soul in 2000, on the song "So Good" from the Hip Hop 101 Compilation. They finally returned with another album in 2002, titled Let's Do It Again. This effort was not nearly as well-received as their debut, and was met with mediocre reviews and sales. Shortly after the album's release, Aesop Rock enlisted the duo to appear on his album Bazooka Tooth, exposing them to fans of the underground Definitive Jux label. In 2007, the duo returned with Black Hollywood after a five-year hiatus from their previous release.

In April 2008, Camp Lo signed with SRC/Universal Records and changed its name to the Lo, on the recommendation from DJ Mr. Cee. The duo released a new single titled "Lumdi", produced by Korleon. They also confirmed a 2011 release for a new collaboration album with Pete Rock, as they form their new group '80 Blocks From Tiffanys'.

In 2012, Geechi Suede collaborated with TheeKIDICARUS on a song "Ask About Me" where TheeKIDICARUS would produce the track.

In 2013, Geechi Suede was featured on the song "21st Century" from #TheRevival, a compilation album by Philly-based rappers/producers Franz Kafka and The TradeMark Experience.

In May 2015, Camp Lo released a song titled "Black Jesus" via 2DOPEBOYZ in anticipation for their 5th album titled Ragtime Hightimes. On May 18, 2015, Camp Lo released their album Ragtime Hightimes.

In 2016, Sonny Cheeba featured on The Avalanches' song "Because I'm Me" on the album Wildflower.

On September 22, 2017, Camp Lo released the first of three A Piece of the Action albums series, leading up to their sixth album titled The Get Down Brothers.

title: Camp Lo


text:
Talk:Reader (liturgy)

Roman Catholic vestment
From the 2003 General Instruction to the Roman Missal: 339. In the dioceses of the United States of America, acolytes, altar servers, lectors, and other lay ministers may wear the alb or other suitable vesture or other appropriate and dignified clothing.

It is not a requirement that all instituted lectors wear vestments. The Introduction to the 1998 Lectionary for Mass is an obsolete reference; the 2003 GIRM was confirmed by the offices of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, March 17, 2003, by order of the Prefect, Francis Cardinal Arinze, and stands as the current valid reference.

I am again correcting the entry; if anyone has contrary evidence newer than the 2003 GIRM, please present it here. Essjay 21:59, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Just clarifying: I'm not involved in the Orthodox vestment debate; my concern is only with the section on Roman Catholicism. However, I will note, there seems to be a lot of different practices occurring, both in the Catholic and the Orthodox traditions. Essjay (talk) 14:53, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Orthodox vestment
I've tried to clarify the current practice of vesting in sticharion. Even in my own limited experience, the variety of different usages is quite vast; I've seen readers serving as acolytes read while vested in sticharion, readers in cassock only, readers put on a sticharion over either cassock or street clothes just for the epistle reading, readers (both tonsured and those blessed for the occasion) in street clothes. In fact, just about the only thing I haven't seen is a reader's phelonion over street clothes, but I'm sure someone out there is doing just that. I know that Csernica wants to make clear that this is more than just local custom, but I'm not sure that we can. Thus the bit about the bishop or the priest making the determination. I've added a link to Bishop Tikhon's Liturgical Order #1 as an example of a bishop's decree for the practice within his own diocese. JHCC 14:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry; I must not have been clear. I was trying to acknowledge that vesting is in fact determined by local custom but with "local" being defined on the diocesan level, and where Readers are expected to be vested, it's not really a question of "may" (which suggests it's optional) but "shall". Whether or not it ought to be local custom, particularly within a single juristiction or local Church, is a different question I have not researched.  I'm also not certain that the custom of vesting in the stikharion is strictly due to readers serving as acolytes: the stikharion really is the baptismal garment and the "foundational" vestment common to all orders.  If readers were not to wear them when vested, they'd be the only order where this is so not excluding the laity.

 * "Reader's phelonion over street clothes" -- as it happens, that's what I wore briefly at my own tonsuring, since it happened on very short notice and I didn't own a podriasnik at the time. Csernica 17:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, we are in agreement, then. I meant "may vest" in the sense of "this varies from place to place", not in the sense of "the reader has the choice of whether to vest or not."

 * As for the historical use of the sticharion, an interesting question here is "what would be worn when the entire choir would be tonsured readers?" (as in ancient Byzantium). I've seen Byzantine icons showing singers in something like a riassa, with a rather odd pointy hat (sorry, I can't find an image to link to).  It does generally seem to be the case now that a reader will only wear a sticharion when reading a lesson in the Divine Liturgy, but not when participating in the DL by singing in the choir.

 * The tonsuring service itself is a bit of an oddity: the bishop vests the Reader in short phelonion  and gives him the Apostol to read, the subdeacons lead him to the center of the church, he reads, and the subdeacons remove the short phelonion, vest him in the sticharion, and bring him to the bishop for the final exhortation .  As far as I know, this is the only ordination where the ordinand has a vestment removed and replaced with another. JHCC 18:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So you wrote "may" where I would have written "might". Probably just a dialectical difference of no real import unless you're an annoying, nitpicky person like me.

 * I think you mean "dialectal", unless you're getting Marxist on me.

 * Nope! Not really Hegelian either. Possibly Socratic, except on Wednesdays and Fridays.

 * How's this? The two standing behind the emperor and his mother. Ya know, if someone started a movement to bring back the pointy hat I bet they'd gain followers.  Especially if they managed to dredge up a lengthy Greek name for it.  I wonder if the "riassa" is really a stikharion in plain silk.  It's rather hard to tell on those icons. Csernica 19:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. This wasn't the icon I had in mind, but the getup is the same.  Note also the hand position of the fellow on the left.  He's not a priest; is he giving a blessing?  Well, according to Richard Schneider (Professor of Iconology at SVS), this probably is a hand-signal for giving the tone of the next hymn.  JHCC 20:13, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you in any of those pictures you've been linking to? Csernica 21:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a monk at Decani, if that's what you're asking. JHCC 03:17, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The SVS pictures, you silly person. Or was that someone else adding those? (I was thinking of some of the other articles too.) Csernica 06:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've found that the SVS website is a very good resource for photos for linking, but I've linked to plenty of other sites as well. The OCA website is good, and I love the photos from Decani (see here).  JHCC 17:25, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Just wondering. I know one of the people who appears in many of them, and the picture you used to illustrate a subdeacon's orarion is actually from his ordination to the diaconate. Csernica 19:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If you're referring to this one, yes, I did put that link in. However, since it is before his diaconal ordination, he is still a subdeacon in that photo (as are the two gentlemen with him), although not for much longer.  Interestingly enough, the gentleman on the left has since been ordained deacon as well .  JHCC 13:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Getting back to the vestment question, further research tells me that the sticharion is here used as it would be with any serving clergy member: to set the reader apart from the laity as he performs his liturgical function. It is not a mark of rank or "the distinctive vestment of their office" (as with the Roman Catholics), even if the knowledgeable observer can deduce that someone wearing a cassock and sticharion with no other vestments is most likely a reader. JHCC 17:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This is correct, and I hope I didn't say anything to suggest that there was any distinction to wearing a stikharion. Although really, not even the podriasnik/anteri is necessarily clerical since laymen can be blessed to wear them too. (I've never heard of a non-monastic layman being blessed to wear a riassa/exorasson.) Csernica 19:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I put a paragraph in the Orthodox section for Vestment to clarify this. Please take a look; I value your input.  JHCC 13:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw it earlier, and I thought it very good. Csernica 05:48, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orthodox Tonsure/Ordination
I've tried to clarify the use of "tonsure" and "ordain".

Gender
It would be good to have information on the canonical status of female readers, and whether there is an institutional preference for male readers, as might be the case for altar boys or eucharistic ministers. In fact, the question was asked at the 2008 synod of bishops, and as of yet there is no formal response, in spite of the fact that feminine readers are rather common in many Western countries and dioceses. 69.157.229.14 (talk) 08:01, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Mention of Baal keriah
This article does not make mention to Baal keriah. That is technically a reader used in liturgy. Perhaps there should be a sub-section about this with a link to the full article. 96.232.98.218 (talk) 14:57, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reader (liturgy)


text:
IFBB

IFBB may refer to:

 * Independent Family Brewers of Britain
 * International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation
 * Institute for Food, Brain and Behaviour

title: IFBB


text:
Spanish adjectives

Spanish adjectives are similar to those in most other Indo-European languages. They are generally postpositive, and they agree in both gender and number with the noun they modify.

Inflection and usage
Spanish adjectives can be broadly divided into two groups: those whose lemma (the base form, the form found in dictionaries) ends in -o, and those whose lemma does not. The former generally inflect for both gender and number; the latter generally inflect just for number. Frío ("cold"), for example, inflects for both gender and number. When it is used with a masculine singular noun, the masculine singular form frío (the lemma) is used. When it is used with a feminine singular noun, it becomes fría; -a is generally the feminine singular ending for adjectives that inflect for gender. When it is used with a masculine plural noun, it becomes fríos, and when it is used with a feminine plural noun, it becomes frías; -s is the plural marker for both the masculine and feminine with adjectives that inflect for gender. Thus:

 * frío ("cold") → frío, fría, fríos, frías
 * pequeño ("small") → pequeño, pequeña, pequeños, pequeñas
 * rojo ("red") → rojo, roja, rojos, rojas

Adjectives whose lemma does not end in -o, however, inflect differently. These adjectives almost always inflect only for number. -s is once again the plural marker, and if the lemma ends in a consonant, the adjective takes -es in the plural. Thus:

 * caliente ("hot") → caliente, caliente, calientes, calientes
 * formal ("formal") → formal, formal, formales, formales
 * verde ("green") → verde, verde, verdes, verdes

This division into two groups is a generalization, however. There are many examples, such as the adjective español itself, of adjectives whose lemmas do not end in -o but nevertheless take -a in the feminine singular as well as -as in the feminine plural and thus have four forms: in the case of español, española, españoles, españolas. There are also adjectives that do not inflect at all (generally words borrowed from other languages, such as the French beige (also Hispanicised to beis)).

Spanish adjectives are very similar to nouns and are often interchangeable with them. Bare adjectives can be used with articles and thus function as nouns where English would require nominalization using the pronoun one(s). For example:

 * El rojo va aquí/acá, ¿no? = "The red one goes here, doesn't it?"
 * Tenemos que tirar las estropeadas = "We have to throw away the broken ones"

Masculine singular adjectives can also be used with the neuter article lo to signify "the [adjective] thing, the [adjective] part". Thus:

 * lo extraño = "the strange thing, the strange part"
 * lo inusual = "the unusual thing, the unusual part"

The only inflectionally irregular adjectives in Spanish are those that have irregular comparative forms, and only four do.

Spanish adjectives are generally postpositive, that is, they come after the noun they modify. Thus el libro largo ("the long book"), la casa grande ("the big house"), los hombres altos ("the tall men"), etc. There are, however, a small number of adjectives, including all ordinal numerals as well as words such as otro ("other") and todo ("all"), that must be placed before the noun they modify. There are also a small number that can be placed both before and after the noun and that change meaning according to that positioning, and some adjectives, especially those that form something of a fixed phrase with the noun (e.g. oscura noche ("dark night"), alta montaña ("high mountain")), can be placed before or after the noun with little change in meaning.

Apocope
A small number of adjectives have apocopic forms: forms in which the final sound or two is dropped in certain environments. They are:

Apocopic forms are used even when the word does not come immediately before the noun: algún fresco pan ("some fresh bread"), el primer gran árbol ("the first big tree"), ningún otro hombre ("no other man"), etc. In the case of grande, which is the only apocopic adjective with regular comparative and superlative forms (más grande and el más grande, respectively), the comparative and superlative apocopate in the same manner as the positive: la más gran casa but la casa más grande, el más gran coche de los dos but el coche más grande de los dos, etc. If a conjunction intervenes between the adjective and the noun, however, apocopic forms are not used: esta grande y bella casa ("this big and beautiful house"), el primero o segundo día ("the first or second day"), etc.

Words that change meaning
Several adjectives change meaning depending on their position: either before or after the noun. They are:

Comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives are normally expressed with the adverbs más ("more") and menos ("less") followed by the adjective; the object of comparison is introduced with the particle que ("than"). For example, X es más grande que Y ("X is bigger/greater than Y"). Superlatives (in the cross-linguistic, semantic sense) are also expressed with the adverbs más and menos, but this time with a definite article preceding the noun: la persona más interesante ("the most interesting person"); the object of comparison is introduced with the preposition de ("of"). The adjectives bueno ("good"), malo ("bad"), joven ("young"), and viejo ("old") have irregular comparative forms: mejor ("better"), peor ("worse"), menor ("younger"), and mayor ("older"), respectively. Mejor and peor are placed before the nouns they modify: la mejor cosa, ("the best thing"), el peor libro ("the worst book"), etc.

Because the definite article is, along with más or menos, the superlative marker, the comparative is grammatically indistinguishable from the superlative when it is used; an additional qualifier phrase such as de los dos ("of the two") must therefore be used to indicate that the adjective is the comparative.

The superlative
Instead of putting muy, "very" before an adjective, one can use a special form called the superlative to intensify an idea. This consists of the suffix -ísimo. This form derives from the Latin superlative, but no longer means "the most ...", which is expressed in the ways explained above. Nevertheless, the name is retained for historical reasons.

 * Regular forms:
 * muy rápido → rapidísimo
 * muy guapas → guapísimas
 * muy rica → riquísima
 * muy lento → lentísimo
 * muy duro → durísimo

 * Irregular forms:
 * muy antiguo → antiquísimo
 * muy inferior → ínfimo
 * muy joven → jovencísimo
 * muy superior → supremo
 * muy bueno → óptimo (buenísimo is more common, and there is the unusual bonísimo)
 * muy malo → pésimo (malísimo is more common)
 * muy grande → máximo* (grandísimo is more common)
 * muy pequeño → mínimo* (pequeñísimo is more common)

 * * These two forms keep the original meaning of the superlative: not "very" but "the most".

 * Forms that are irregular in high literary style but not normally:
 * muy amigo → amicísimo/amiguísimo
 * muy áspero → aspérrimo/asperísimo
 * muy benévolo → benevolentísimo/not used
 * muy célebre → celebérrimo/not used
 * muy cruel → crudelísimo/cruelísimo
 * muy fácil → facílimo/facilísimo
 * muy fiel → fidelísimo/fielísimo
 * muy frío → frigidísimo/friísimo
 * muy íntegro → integérrimo/integrísimo
 * muy libre → libérrimo/librísimo
 * muy magnífico → magnificentísimo/not used
 * muy mísero → misérrimo/not used
 * muy munífico → munificentísimo/not used
 * muy pobre → paupérrimo/pobrísimo
 * muy sabio → sapientísimo/not used
 * muy sagrado → sacratísimo/not used

 * Forms no longer considered superlative
 * muy agrio ("very bitter") → acérrimo ("strong, zealous, fanatic")

Applying -ísimo to nouns is not common, but there is the famous case of Generalísimo.

As in English and other languages influenced by it, a teenspeak superlative can be formed by the prefix super-, or sometimes hiper-, ultra-, re- or requete-. They can also be written as adverbs separate from the word.
 * Superlargo or súper largo = "super-long", "way long"

The suffix -dor, -dora
Many terms suffixed in -dor, -dora are nouns formed by other nouns or verbs (equivalent to English noun + er or verb + er). Usually adjectives correspond to verb + dor/a (equivalent to English verb + ing) derived from the three conjugations:

Examples:
 * Los bailes fueron agotadores = "The dances were exhausting"
 * Una biografía inspiradora = "An inspiring biography" (or lit. "A biography that inspires")

-sitor, -sitora
An alternative form, -sitor, -sitora, corresponds to verbs ending in -poner:

(Although uncommon, these are suffixed regularly as componedor, exponedor, and oponedor)

Example:
 * El lado opositor = "The opposing side" (or lit. "The side that opposes")

-tor, -tora
Another alternative, -tor, -tora, corresponds to verbs ending in -ducir and -venir:

(Although uncommon, these are suffixed regularly as conducidor, introducidor, contravenidor, and intervenidor)

Example:
 * Capacidad interventora = "Intervening capacity" (or lit. "Capacity that intervenes")

title: Spanish adjectives


text:
Talk:Client–server model

Evolution of the client-server model
What about the history of client server and how the meaning has changed ?

nice PriashSss (talk) 13:48, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Justin Skinner of Wachovia Corporation

 * "computer networking is a technology created by Justin Skinner of Wachovia Corporation."

Yeah, sure it is. RickScott 20:14, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

The initial definition ("Client/server is network architecture which separates the client from the server") is lousy. This is tountamount to saying that a c/s architecture is an architecture that involves a client and a server, which is not saying much... B. Oct 13, 2006.

In the tiered section - "1.It puts a greater load on the network." Can someone please expand on this?

Also, when explaining 3 or n-tiered set-ups, I'm actually trying to just clarify that this can be on the same physical hardware, or can be on different server hardware, and also I think this entire page just needs lots of clarification, and isn't very good at explaining the whole idea very well at all...

Advantages: Fragment?

 * "It is more flexible than P2P paradigm. If a server in C/S paradigm wants to update the data or other resources."

The second part of this paragraph doesn't make sense to me. The server is more flexible: If the server wants to update, then what?

Somebody may fix this as I don't know what this should say :-S --Lazer erazer 15:25, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

what is the significance of / in client/server?
any one who got ans for what purpose / is used in client/server...is it just for simplicity of writing or got any significant meaning? if it got plz those who got ans...tell it... or mail me at deepu_kkl@yahoo.co.in thank you —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Multi Tier Architectures
1) what is use of multitire Architectures ?and how it works.

2) what is difference between multitire Architectures and three tire Architectures.

Needs much improvement
This article is an important concept, yet is is currently barely better than an stub. The lead needs to be clarified and rewritten to be more concise. The lead is also bloated with examples that ought to be the moved and improved under a new heading. Comparison with other kinds of architectures seemss appropriate to me but needs elaboration and citations.

Also, the current article only applies the term client-server to networking situations. While this is certainly the most common meaning, I frequently see "client-server" used among computer programmers in a more general sense to divide any system into the client components that want data or services and the server components that offer data and services regardless of whether the data is transmitted over a network or not. But my experience with this as a programmer is mostly anecdotal and I'm unsure if this alternate meaning is just a loose usage of the term for an analogous but different concept or if the more generalize concept is a more proper definition of client-server for which networking situations are just the most popular example.

I'll do my best to start a facelift for this article. Help appreciated. Voteformike (talk) 03:51, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion: if there is a standard form with either a hyphen or slash joining the terms "client" and "server", it should be used throughout. If there is no known standard, at least choose one and apply consistently. Both forms are used at different points in the article, as well as some that capitalise both terms. --ozNoz (talk) 21:53, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree. Seems to be very weak and confusing article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.204.112.162 (talk) 03:19, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Server can't initiates requests?
In "Characteristics of Server" section it is written that servers never initiates requests or activities. While in line no. 8-9 of second para from start, is given an example of a server application forwarding request of its client program to another client program. Could anybody explain this?

At least spell the term consistently!
The article switches sloppily between "client-server" and "client/server". Assuming that the title of the article was given more careful thought than the body--and perhaps some of the body has been contributed by people other than whoever it was who first wrote the title--I guess the hyphenated spelling should be adopted throughout. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewWarden (talk • contribs) 10:43, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I ran a simple find/replace on the page and replace 6 instances of "client/server" with "client-server". There might be one or two other ones left...I'll fix them if I notice them. — Fatal Error 03:50, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Advantages/Disadvantages
As is, the current Advantages and Disadvantages sections are pretty POV and unnecessary. Since virtually all of the items on the lists compare the client-server model to the peer-to-peer model, I think the sections should be merged into a "Comparison with peer-to-peer" section. Thoughts? — Fatal Error 03:47, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

This section could use some serious help. Right now "Increases productivity" and "Developer productivity" are listed as advantages. I'm removing these until someone can put an actual explanation for these. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.13.254.33 (talk) 03:47, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Developers view
From a developers view the relationship between client and servers are very simple.

The server have a "listen" function, were it sits and waits for incomming connections The client have a "connect" function in witch it make a connection to the server.

After the connection is established the to parties are *completly* symetrical. And this is important! Anyone can initiate a request to the other. No one have "priority". Normal though is that one of the parties have more "responsibility".

Mutch of other client/server wording is marketing foo. Servier=mutch money vs Clients=not so expensive.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.66.94.4 (talk) 16:03, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal
User M added a merge proposal for this article to network architecture, which I removed. This is grossly incorrect. The client server model obviously has nothing to do with the architecture of a network, but is a model for Application Layer service delivery. Kbrose (talk) 20:02, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Any objection to merging it to overlay network architectures, then?    M   20:13, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Why are you searching for something to merge this into? That article does not exist, btw. Client-server computing is a well understood and notable term that does not need to be merged into anything. If you are thinking of the concept of overlay networks, because they are often implemented in conjunction with P2P systems, then you have to understand how the model of networking in the Internet, see Internet Protocol Suite, intentionally separates the realm of the network functions from the transported application protocols. So C/S and P2P are distinctly separate topics from the underlying network, whether conducted over IP directly, or any kind of overlay network. Kbrose (talk) 22:23, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Because both this article and peer-to-peer define themselves by explaining how they differ from each other. There's a section here that does this, and p2p spends most of its time talking about clients and servers. If the easiest way to describe how something works is to explain how it differs from other things, then it might help to just explain all this on one page, instead of explaining the same thing twice. The more important goal, though, is to separate the network concept of p2p from the cultural/legal/etc. file sharing concept. A lot of editors here seem to have these two entirely confused.    M   22:49, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Not all client-server networks are overlay networks. So, no. They're correlated, but not the same thing.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 22:56, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * You have an example of an application-layer client-server network that is not an overlay network?    M   23:03, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference that they are the same thing?- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 23:39, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That what are the same thing?    M   23:56, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference that client-server networks are inherently considered to be forms of overlay networks?- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 00:00, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If you can't back up the claim that "not all client-server networks are overlay networks", then don't provide it as an objection. If overlay networks are "models for Application Layer service delivery", then you seem to be objecting to Kbrose on this one, not me.    M   00:18, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I've worked on projects to build client-server systems, that were clearly not overlay networks. But I'm not making the positive claim and editing on it, you are. Do you have a verifiable reference to back up your claim?- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 00:26, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * No. Kbrose states that client-server is "a model for Application Layer service delivery". The application layer runs on top of other OSI layers. This is what it means to be an overlay network. Therefore, client-server is a model or type of overlay network. I'm not even involved at this point, and I have no idea where you see me making some original claim.    M   00:37, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, the fact that you don't actually know what any of the words you write precisely mean explains everything.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 01:11, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I've found that the best indicator of when someone is utterly failing or incapable of understanding the issues is when they limit their responses to vague generalities and blatant attacks on those who disagree with them.    M   19:05, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * You're unable to come up with a reference, because client/server architectures are not a type of overlay network, they can be implemented without being overlay networks; and they are not defined in terms of overlay networks.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 19:29, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Since my statements are being referenced (twisted) here incorrectly: No, M's definition is not what an overlay network is, and neither is c/s or P2P. Overlay networks can be a lot of different things, but what M is 'deducing' here is complete rubbish. Furthermore, P2P and C/S don't define themselves in terms of the other, as M states, but it is very useful to contrast these two since they are prominent examples of distributed application design. That does not warrant any mergers. Kbrose (talk) 18:22, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * This isn't 'twisting', your statements are simply unclear and imprecise. For example, you define client-server as a 'model of design' (way of designing? design method?). It's a type of architecture. Figure out what you want to call it. After you do so, it might be useful to discuss these two as part of an article on 'distributed system architectures' (or whatever). It would waste less time on an introduction, and on repetition in the body. There's no rule that says we need one article per concept, and it is ridiculous to try and enforce such a rule if we can cover these more coherently in one article.    M   19:01, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Um yes, there is a rule that says that there is one article per concept. It's called WP:Wikipedia is not a dictionary; each and every article is on one topic.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 19:26, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If we had two articles on two types of elephant, and no elephant article, we might merge them there. "Types of distributed computing architecture" is a single topic. Kbrose finally, and apparently accidentally, brought up a good point against the merge - there are about 6 such articles, and merging them all would be the right thing to do, but wouldn't work. <i style="position:absolute;z-index:-1;bottom:0;width:2.2em;height:8px;background:#eee;"> </i>  M   05:15, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It has become abundantly clear that not only do you not understand what an encyclopedia is, you've no clue what an overlay network is either. Kbrose has got it bang on.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 19:26, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't make any reference to an overlay network in the message you're responding to, so I'm not sure what your message is about (besides you venting, which I guess is ok too). <i style="position:absolute;z-index:-1;bottom:0;width:2.2em;height:8px;background:#eee;"> </i>  M   05:15, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Since M obviously hasn't done any reading of existing articles, more inquisitive users will have no difficulty in simply following the wikilinks in this article to distributed computing where this is summarized already. Kbrose (talk) 19:43, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Title
Should this be "Client–server model" instead of "Client–server architecture"? Or "Client–server [some other noun]"? Stephan Leeds (talk) 02:29, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Comparison to peer-to-peer architecture
"Both client–server and peer-to-peer architectures are in wide usage today. Details may be found in Comparison of Centralized (Client-Server) and Decentralized (Peer-to-Peer) Networking.", I'm not personalty very knowledgeable of wiki standers but this dosn't even seem to pass the smell test as I ascertain from my consumption of Wikipedia articles.--99.147.132.33 (talk) 16:25, 26 October 2010 (UTC)Forrest
 * What you quoted indicates that decentralized networks are peer to peer networks. This is wrong, whether a system is centralized or not is a different dimension. Peer to Peer networks may have centralized components, Napster for example had a centralized server to search for files, BitTorrent uses trackers - and both networks are by no means considered Client-Server (if you go by http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=990434&tag=1, they are hybrid peer-to-peer). 143.205.122.72 (talk) 11:57, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Peer-to-peer architecture vs. Client/Server
The reference to "Peer to Peer vs. Client/Server Networks" needs improvement, it is unclear and unfounded what the author was referencing. A simple search on Google for that term gives articles about home network configurations. While it is true that these can be set up to either use a server, or simply remain "peer-to-peer" (ad-hoc?) for many given services, their scale doesn't compare to P2P networks such as the now-closed Gnutella. Scalability is considered a big benefit to P2P over C/S, so I personally doubt that using a home network with five systems is doing it justice.

Maybe the author meant to reference a specific article that compares more than mere home networks. In any case the citation gives almost no clues at all about what article they meant. 143.205.122.72 (talk) 11:52, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you are confusing an architecture with examples of the architecture. Gnutella and some home networks are examples of peer to peer but what that section of the article refers to is simply an alternative architecture to client server. In client server the relation between the two devices is asymetric, the client primarily takes information and the server primarily provides it. Peer to peer is just another way to say traditional distributed computing, where both devices, actually I should say both systems since it's not specific to one piece of hardware, you could have a client server model between two processes on the same machine, but peer to peer communication just means neither process is defined as the "master" or "slave" they are equal. I thought the section made sense as written but I agree a reference would be nice, I'm going to look through my books and see if I have one or two. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 22:30, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

The bind disambiguation page links here, but "bind" isn't in this article
The bind disambiguation page includes: and links to this page, but the word "bind" does not appear in this page.
 * bind a client to a server in client–server computing

72.5.239.5 (talk) 20:43, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Model of system in client’s mind?
Model of system in client’s mind? i want Briefly learn can tell me about Model of system in client’s mind? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.69.11.236 (talk) 18:18, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Client-side and Server-side into Client–server model
wide overlap. fgnievinski (talk) 03:32, 16 August 2023 (UTC) fgnievinski (talk) 03:32, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

En dash in title vs. hyphen?
My understanding of the en dash is that it does not apply here and this article title (and the whole body) should use a hyphen. Please advise. PurpleQuaver (talk) 12:06, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I believe that this is a MOS:ENBETWEEN situation and that en dash is appropriate. —Ost (talk) 17:12, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Client–server model


text:
Amadis of Greece

Amadis of Greece (Amadís de Grecia) is a tale of knight-errantry written by Feliciano de Silva, a “sequel-specialist” who continued the adventures of Amadís de Gaula in this ninth installment. Its full title is Noveno libro de Amadís de Gaula, crónica del muy valiente y esforzado príncipe y caballero de la Ardiente Espada Amadís de Grecia, hijo de Lisuarte de Grecia, emperador de Constantinopla y de Trapisonda, y rey de Rodas.

Published in 1530, the book is divided into two parts which deal with the adventures of Amadis of Greece, Knight of the Burning Sword, son of Lisuarte of Greece and Onoloria of Trabizond (Trapisonda), as well as his love for both Princess Lucela of France and Princess Niquea of Thebes, whom he subsequently marries.

Silva followed this work with another – Don Florisel de Niquea (Sir Florisel of Nicaea) (1532) – which deals with the knightly adventures and loves of first-born son of Amadís de Grecia and Princess Niquea, and with the later Don Rogel de Grecia (Sir Rogel of Greece) (1535).

The book is mentioned in the novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, in particular it is included in the list of works of The library of Don Quixote.

title: Amadis of Greece


text:
Indian Red

Indian Red is traditionally sung at the beginning and at the end of gatherings of Mardi Gras Indians in New Orleans. It is a traditional chant that may have been first recorded in 1947 by Danny Barker for King Zulu label (Barker on guitar & vocals, Don Kirkpatrick on piano, Heywood Henry on baritone saxophone, and Freddie Moore). It has since been recorded many times by, among others, Dr. John and Wild Tchoupitoulas.

Lyrics

 * Madi cu defio, en dans dey, end dans day
 * Madi cu defio, en dans dey, end dans day

 * We are the Indians, Indians, Indians of the nation
 * The wild, wild creation
 * We won't bow down
 * Down on the ground
 * Oh how I love to hear him call Indian Red

 * I've got a Big Chief, Big Chief, Big Chief of the Nation
 * The wild, wild creation
 * He won't bow down
 * Down on the ground
 * Oh how I love to hear him call Indian Red

title: Indian Red


text:
Chêne-Bourg

Chêne-Bourg is a municipality in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

History
Chêne-Bourg is first mentioned in 1270 as Quercus. In 1869 it became an independent municipality when Chêne-Thônex divided into the municipalities of Chêne-Bourg and Thônex.

Geography
Chêne-Bourg has an area,, of 1.28 km2. Of this area, 0.11 km2 or 8.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.04 km2 or 3.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.12 km2 or 87.5% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 59.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 15.6%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 8.6%. Out of the forested land, 1.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 7.0% is used for growing crops.

The municipality is located on the left bank of Lake Geneva and the Seymaz river. It is partly surrounded by the municipality of Thônex. Outside of the historic core, the municipality is densely populated, with a number of villas and small multi-family buildings. The municipality of Chêne-Bourg consists of the sub-sections or villages of Vieux-Bourg, Petit-Senn - Floraire, Chêne-Bourg - centre, Plateau de Bel-Air and Petit-Bel-Air.

Demographics
Chêne-Bourg has a population of. , 34.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 9.6% due to migration and at a rate of 5.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (5,781 or 80.1%), with Portuguese being second most common (348 or 4.8%) and Italian being third (262 or 3.6%). There are 6 people who speak Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. The population was made up of 2,346 Swiss men (29.2% of the population) and 1,446 (18.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,879 Swiss women (35.8%) and 1,372 (17.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 1,101 or about 15.2% were born in Chêne-Bourg and lived there in 2000. There were 1,836 or 25.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,080 or 15.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,819 or 39.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 57 live births to Swiss citizens and 24 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 26 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 31 while the foreign population increased by 21. There were 28 Swiss men and 28 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 41 non-Swiss men and 52 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 43 and the non-Swiss population increased by 21 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.8%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.3%.

, there were 3,026 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,213 married individuals, 378 widows or widowers and 604 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,248 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 1,290 households that consist of only one person and 148 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,351 households that answered this question, 38.5% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 741 married couples without children, 849 married couples with children There were 297 single parents with a child or children. There were 52 households that were made up of unrelated people and 103 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 342 single family homes (or 47.0% of the total) out of a total of 728 inhabited buildings. There were 220 multi-family buildings (30.2%), along with 125 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (17.2%) and 41 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.6%). Of the single family homes 58 were built before 1919, while 37 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (79) were built between 1919 and 1945.

there were 3,524 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,097. There were 407 single room apartments and 447 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,191 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 266 apartments (7.5%) were seasonally occupied and 67 apartments (1.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.16%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Notable residents
Louis Favre was born in Chêne-Bourg.

The pianist Dinu Lipatti is buried in the cemetery of Chêne-Bourg next to his wife Madeleine.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 20.11% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (18.73%), the Green Party (17.17%) and the LPS Party (16.62%). In the federal election, a total of 1,807 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.2%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 4,065 registered voters of which 1,525 (37.5%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 17.0% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 15.6%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Socialistes (with 13.8%), they were fourth in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 4,080 registered voters of which 1,788 (43.8%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Chêne-Bourg there were 23 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 5,621 registered voters of which 2,093 (37.2%) voted. Out of the 2,093 votes, there were 13 blank votes, 23 null or unreadable votes and 192 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
The workshop of watchmaker Frédérique Constant can be found in Chêne-Bourg.

, Chêne-Bourg had an unemployment rate of 7.4%. , there were 2 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 business involved in this sector. 1,032 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 83 businesses in this sector. 1,776 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 320 businesses in this sector. There were 3,606 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 48.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 2,504. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 1, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,003 of which 768 or (76.6%) were in manufacturing and 234 (23.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,500. In the tertiary sector; 439 or 29.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 66 or 4.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 108 or 7.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 142 or 9.5% were in the information industry, 68 or 4.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 170 or 11.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 90 or 6.0% were in education and 181 or 12.1% were in health care.

, there were 3,332 workers who commuted into the municipality and 2,990 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 21.2% of the workforce coming into Chêne-Bourg are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 36% used public transportation to get to work, and 41.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 3,111 or 43.1% were Roman Catholic, while 1,053 or 14.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 107 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.48% of the population), there were 6 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 125 individuals (or about 1.73% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 35 individuals (or about 0.48% of the population) who were Jewish, and 266 (or about 3.68% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 16 individuals who were Buddhist, 6 individuals who were Hindu and 16 individuals who belonged to another church. 1,741 (or about 24.11% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 739 individuals (or about 10.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Chêne-Bourg about 2,103 or (29.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,247 or (17.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,247 who completed tertiary schooling, 34.2% were Swiss men, 36.2% were Swiss women, 16.0% were non-Swiss men and 13.6% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 1,667 students in the Chêne-Bourg school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 131 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Chêne-Bourg there were 299 students in kindergarten or primary school and 34 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 299 lower secondary students who attended school in Chêne-Bourg. There were 382 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 74 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 95 students attended a private school.

, there were 76 students in Chêne-Bourg who came from another municipality, while 709 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Chêne-Bourg, on the CEVA orbital railway. The station has frequent service from the Léman Express.

title: Chêne-Bourg


text:
Waipahu High School

Waipahu High School is located at 94-1211 Farrington Highway in Waipahu on the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii. Waipahu High School was founded in 1938 under the Session Laws of 1937 and Act 191 of 1938. The first graduates of Waipahu High School were from the class of 1941. The last graduating class from the "termite palace" was the class of 1969. Clarence B. Dyson became principal in 1942. Zachary Sheets became the new principal of the school in August 2022, after former principal Keith Hayashi was appointed as Hawaii Department of Education Superintendent in July 2022. Preceding Hayashi was long-time principal Patricia Pedersen, who retired in July 2009 following the graduation of the Class of 2009 of Waipahu High.

Waipahu High School offers Early College, which is a program that allows students to take college courses, from selected universities on the island, for free to further their education.

Traditions

 * Arthur Awards: To many, the Arthur Awards Competition is the highlight of every school year.  It promotes school unity and spirit among the students of Waipahu High School through interclass competition during Homecoming Week.  Arthur Competition consists of the Arthur Award Rally, Tug-of-War, Blue/Gold Day, and Alma Mater competition.
 * Cane Knife: This is a traditional football rivalry between Waipahu and James Campbell High School. Waipahu leads the series 40-10-1 as of January 2012.
 * Career Day: The primary purpose of Career Day is to introduce students to the many vocational opportunities available in the world today.  This is done through presentation, speakers and off-campus visits.  Career Day is scheduled at varying times during the school year..
 * Senior Luau: This event is to kick off the soon-to-be graduates' year in high school. Exclusively for seniors, this gives the students a chance to party and have fun, usually occurring in early December. Traditionally, close friends or groups would wear the same pattern/fabric and make different kinds of clothing to signify unity and "aloha" among friends.
 * May Fair: The "Celebration of Life" has been held at Waipahu High since 1970 and is held on odd-numbered years.  This is a day of entertainment, assemblies, and trade fairs.  School recognized clubs are invited to open booths and most do.  Various school approved ethnic clubs participate in May Fair through cultural presentations, demonstrations, as well as kissing booths.  Items sold range from teri chicken plates to personalized name tags.
 * New Year's Ball: Scheduled during the winter season, this dance is open to all interested Waipahu High students.  It is non-floral, informal attire, originally intended to provide an economical social gathering.

Clubs
In November 2015, Waipahu High School's Slam Poetry Team, Verbal Ammunition, was rewarded with the Can You Kick It Award at the Ninth Annual Interscholastic Team Teen Poetry Slam, hosted by Pacific Tongues.

Sports
Waipahu High School fields teams in the following sports:

WHS competes in the OIA Western Division. Waipahu also competes in HHSAA Division I competition, except for the sports without divisional affiliation. [Those sports are air riflery, bowling, cross country, judo, paddling, tennis, track, golf, and wrestling.]

The 2003-2004 Junior Varsity Cheerleading squad were the OIA West JV Champions.

The 2004-2005 Varsity Football team was the OIA White Division Champion runner-up but later lost in the State Division II playoffs.

The 2004-2005 Varsity Cheerleading squad were the Aloha International Small Co-ed National Champions and holds the only athletic national title in its school's history.

The 2006-2007 Varsity Football team was the OIA White Division Champion but later lost in the State Division II playoffs to Kauai High School in the semifinals.

The 2007-2008 Boys Varsity Baseball team were the OIA West Division II regular season champions and later winning the OIA White Division Championship.

The 2008-2009 Boys Baseball team repeated as OIA West Division II regular season champions and OIA White Division Championship.

The 2005-2006 Boys Varsity Volleyball team won the first OIA White Division Championship in a sweep of Aiea.

The 2008-2009 Boys Varsity Volleyball team were OIA White West Champions and OIA White runner up.

The 2009-2010 Boys Varsity Baseball team were OIA White Division runner up.

The 2010-2011 Boys Varsity Soccer team were the OIA White Division Champions.

The 2011-2012 Girls Varsity Soccer team were the OIA White Division Champions.

The 2011-2012 Boys Varsity Baseball team were OIA White Champions and won their First State Division II Title in school's history completing a perfect season of 15-0.

The 2016-2017 Girls Varsity Soccer team were the OIA White Division Champions.

The 2017-2018 Boys Varsity Football team were the OIA White Division Champions.

The 2018 Boys Varsity Football team were OIA Red Champions and won their first State Division I Title in school's history.

The 2018-2019 Boys JV Soccer team were the OIA Division II Champions.

The 2023 Boys Varsity Football team were HHSAA D1 State Champions, beating Konawaena 53-28 on November 25, 2023.

Notable alumni
Listed alphabetically by last name (year of graduation):
 * Ben Apuna (1976) - professional athlete, National Football League, New York Giants (1980)
 * Chester Desiderio (1995) - Purple Heart recipient during Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * Brian M. Kanno (1979) - 1992-2006 Hawaii State Senator
 * Tina Machado (1977) - Miss Hawaii USA in 1985. Starred in episodes of Magnum, P.I. and is CEO of Arizona's Premiere App Development company, CodeRed-I.
 * Zahn Marcello (1989) Former Football Player
 * Greg "Da Bull" Noll (1955) - Former professional surfer
 * Herbert K. Pililaau (1948) - Medal of Honor recipient during the Korean War
 * Zoe Roach (1976) - Miss Hawaii at the 1979 Miss International pageant and Miss Hawaii USA in 1983
 * Alex Sonson (1978) - 2003-2006 Hawaii State Representative
 * Brian Viloria (1998) - 2005 WBC Light Flyweight Champion; 2009 IBF Junior Flyweight Champion (Boxing)
 * Falaniko Vitale (1992) - Former World MMA Middleweight Champion (Mixed martial arts)
 * Jeff Williams (1990) - Former professional baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers)
 * Jerome Williams (1999) - 1st round MLB draft pick (SF Giants)

title: Waipahu High School


text:
Spanish determiners

The Spanish language uses determiners in a similar way to English. The main differences are that Spanish determiners inflect for gender (masculine/feminine, with some instances of vestigial neuter) and always inflect for number as well.

Demonstrative determiners
Spanish has three kinds of demonstrative, whose use typically depends on the distance (physical or metaphorical) between the speaker and the described entity, or sometimes depends on the proximity to the three grammatical persons.

Old English also used to have a three-way system: "this hill (here)", "that hill (there)" or "yon hill (yonder)" — in Spanish, "esta colina", "esa colina", "aquella colina". Standard English lost the third level, so that the "that, there" series covers the ground of "yon, yonder".

Este usually refers to something near the speaker (the first person). Ese usually refers to something nearer the listener (the second person). Aquel usually refers to something away from both the speaker and the listener.

The demonstrative determiners can also be used as pronouns, with the addition of the neutral singular forms esto, eso, aquello.

A similar three-way system of demonstratives is found in Portuguese, in Slavic languages, in Japanese and in Turkish.

Definite article
The definite article in Spanish, corresponding to "the", is el. It inflects for gender and number as follows:

Thus:

 * el hombre = "[the] man"
 * los hombres = "[the] men"
 * la mujer = "[the] woman"
 * las mujeres = "[the] women"

The usually-masculine form el is used instead of la before feminine nouns that begin with a stressed a (or rarely, au) sound (as well as, in principle, ai although such words are almost never found in practice):
 * el águila (pequeña) = "the (small) eagle"
 * el agua (fresca) = "the (fresh) water"
 * el hacha (afilada) = "the (sharp) axe"
 * el aula (vieja) = "the (old) classroom"

La is used, however, when el would imply a masculine noun:
 * la ácrata (because el ácrata would be a male anarchist)
 * la árabe (because el árabe would be a male Arab, or the Arabic language)

Feminine el is never used, however, before feminine adjectives that begin with a stressed a:
 * la alta montaña = "the high mountain"
 * la ancha calle = "the wide street"

Azúcar is a very special case. Its a- is unstressed, but it usually takes el even when feminine. In addition, azúcar can be of both genders in Spanish (other words with double gender are sal (salt), mar (sea) and sartén (frying pan)):
 * el azúcar refinada (el azúcar refinado and la azúcar refinada are also acceptable)

Feminine el does not have the same origin as the masculine el. The latter is from the Old Castilian ele, but the former is from ela, just like la.

There is also a neuter article that is used before adjectives and makes them act like nouns:
 * lo bueno = "the good, what is good"
 * lo importante = "the important thing"
 * lo indefinible = "the indefinable"
 * lo desconocido = "the unknown"
 * lo oscuro = "the dark"

Indefinite article
The indefinite article in Spanish, corresponding to "a/an", is un and inflects for gender and number as follows:

Thus:
 * un hombre = "a man"
 * unos hombres = "some men"
 * una mujer = "a woman"
 * unas mujeres = "some women"

Near-synonyms of unos include unos cuantos, algunos and unos pocos.

The same rules that apply to feminine el apply to una and un:
 * un ala = "a wing"
 * una árabe = "a female Arab"
 * una alta montaña = "a high mountain"

As in English, the plural indefinite article is not always required:
 * Hay [unas] cosas en la mesa = "There are [some] things on the table"

The use of uno/una/unos/unas before adjectives can be analyzed as a pronoun, followed by an adjective, rather than as an indefinite article, followed by a nominalized adjective:

 * Uno bueno = "A good [one]": "Hay uno bueno en esa calle, en la Plaza Corbetta." =  "There's a good one on that street, on Corbetta Square."
 * Uno importante = "An important [one]": "Hay uno importante en el centro del Océano Pacífico." = "There is a major one in the center of the Pacific Ocean."

Possessive determiners
These are often known as possessive or genitive determiners. They are used before the noun referring to what is possessed (and before the rest of the whole noun phrase, for example when an adjective precedes the noun). They inflect for number and in some cases gender as well. For example:
 * Este es mi perro = "This is my dog"
 * Esta es tu camisa = "This is your shirt"
 * Estos son nuestros libros = "These are our books"
 * Estas son sus casas = "These are his/her/your/their houses"

Given the ambiguous meaning of "su/s", this is often avoided, and replaced by other forms that clearly state who owns the thing in question. So sentences like the following can be heard:

 * la casa de él = "his house" (lit. "the house of him")
 * la casa de ella = "her house" (lit. "the house of her")
 * la casa de ellos = "their house" (lit. "the house of them" i.e.: the house has more than one owner, and at least one of them is a man)
 * la casa de usted = "your house" (lit. "the house of you" (one possessor))

Or even:

 * su casa de usted = "your house" (lit. "your house of you" (one possessor))
 * su casa de ustedes = "your house" (lit. "your house of you" (more than one possessor))

Note the following:
 * There is no distinction according to the number (or gender) of possessors for the third person possessives (i.e. between "his/her/its" and "their").
 * The possessive for usted and ustedes is su(s) as for other third-person pronouns. The ambiguity that this causes (especially considering that su(s) already covers "his", "her", "its" and "their") can be alleviated by treating usted(es) as a noun and thereby saying la casa de ustedes instead of su casa. It is also possible to disambiguate by saying la casa de él or la casa de ella, etc.

Dialectal variation:
 * The archaic pronoun vos has the possessive form vuestro, just like vosotros does. However, in modern dialectal voseo, tu is the possessive corresponding to vos. Therefore, an Argentinian would say Che, decime tu dirección and never decime vuestra dirección or dime tu dirección.
 * Dialectally, usted/ustedes may replace tú/vosotros without any intention to be formal. The corresponding possessive determiner su(s) is used. Therefore, a Colombian may say Hijo, enséñeme sus deberes instead of Hijo, enséñame tus deberes ("Son, show me your homework").

Combining demonstratives and possessives
Demonstrative pronouns can be combined with possessives as follows:
 * Esta nuestra tierra = "This Earth of ours"
 * Este mi amor = "This love of mine"

Strictly speaking, the presence of the first determiner means that the possessive must be interpreted as an adjective rather than a determiner. Note however that the long adjectival form (mío, tuyo, suyo, etc.), which is identical to the corresponding possessive pronoun, is not used in this construction, which is rather uncommon.

It is also possible to use the long adjectival form. In this case, it goes after the noun:
 * Esta tierra nuestra = "This Earth of ours"
 * Este amor mío = "This love of mine"

Miscellaneous determiners
There are many more words that can be used as determiners in Spanish. They mostly end in -o and have the usual four forms (-o, -a, -os, -as) to agree with the noun.

 * ¡Otra cerveza, por favor! = "Another beer, please!"
 * Mucha gente pasa por aquí = "Many people pass through here"
 * No hay tanta gente como en verano = "There are not as many people as in summer"
 * Ciertos vinos son muy dulces = "Certain wines are very sweet"
 * He salido con varias chicas = "I have gone out with several girls"
 * Hay demasiados platos = “There are too many dishes”

title: Spanish determiners


text:
John R. Pitt

John Robertson Pitt (July 1, 1885 in Carluke, Ontario – 1970) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1935 to 1958.

The son of James Pitt and Mary D. King, both natives of Edinburgh, Scotland, Pitt was educated in Oneida. He first came to Manitoba as a seasonal farm worker in 1901 and returned to the Pierson district two years later. He was a general hardware merchant and funeral director. In 1913, he married Isabelle Hardy. Pitt chaired the Pierson School Board from 1918 to 1930.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held on June 24, 1935. The previous member had died in the Arthur constituency, in the province's southwestern corner, and Pitt was elected by acclamation to take his place. In the 1936, he defeated Conservative candidate J. Arthur Ross by 309 votes to retain the constituency.

Pitt was returned by acclamation in the 1941 election, and defeated a candidate of the CCF in the 1945 election. He was returned a final time in 1949, over two opponents. He served as a government backbencher throughout his time in the legislature, in the ministries of John Bracken, Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell.

Pitt lost his seat to J. Arthur Ross in the 1953 provincial election, by 480 votes. Ross had served as a member of the House of Commons of Canada since 1936, and had an expanded profile in the constituency.

title: John R. Pitt