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Electoral division of Nightcliff

Nightcliff is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and takes its name from the suburb of the same name. Nightcliff is one of the smallest electorates in the Territory, covering only 4.28 km² and taking in the Darwin suburb of Nightcliff, most of Rapid Creek and a small area of Coconut Grove. There were 5,621 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2020.

History
For most of the first quarter-century of its existence, Nightcliff was somewhat marginal, with incumbents generally holding the seat for several years. The seat's first member, independent Dawn Lawrie, was one of only two non-Country Liberal Party members in the first parliament. Upon her retirement in 1983, it was taken by the CLP's Stephen Hatton, who later went on to become Chief Minister of the Territory. Hatton retired in 2001, and while Nightcliff was not a particularly safe CLP seat, it was widely expected that Hatton's son Jason would succeed him. However, he was unexpectedly defeated by Labor Party candidate Jane Aagaard on a large swing that, after preferences, made Nightcliff technically a safe Labor seat. Her victory was part of a Labor sweep of north Darwin that enabled the party to win government for the first time.

Aagaard served a controversial stint as Health Minister and was ultimately axed from the ministry altogether, which led some commentators to suggest that she was in danger of losing her seat at the 2005 election. Despite this, she had very little difficulty holding the seat amid the massive Labor wave that swept through the Territory; after preferences she actually picked up a healthy swing of 8.5 percent, with almost double the votes of the CLP challenger. She was subsequently installed as Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly–the first Labor member to hold the post.

Aagaard retired in 2012, and despite a swing against Labor at that year's election, the seat was retained for Labor by Natasha Fyles. Labor's massive landslide at the 2016 election saw Fyles consolidate her hold on the seat; she picked up a healthy swing of 18 percent, ballooning her majority to 26.9 percent, making Nightcliff the safest seat in the Territory. She was reelected in 2020 with only a small swing against her; with a majority of 24.9 percent, Nightcliff is still the safest seat in the Territory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Electoral division of Nightcliff


text:
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Minneapolis version)

From January 8, 1957, through August 1960 the NWA Minneapolis Wrestling and Boxing Club promoted the Minneapolis version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship as the main professional wrestling championship for tag teams on their shows held in and around Minneapolis. The Minneapolis Wrestling and Boxing Club was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from its formation in 1948, but left the group in 1960 to help form the American Wrestling Association (AWA). The NWA Board of Directors allowed each member, referred to as a NWA territory, to create and control its own individual "NWA World Tag Team Championship" to be defended within its territory. At one point in 1957, no less than 13 different versions of the NWA World Tag Team Championship were recognized across the United States.$[Championships]$ As with all professional wrestling championships, this championship was not contested for in competitive matches, but in matches with predetermined outcomes to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport.

Records indicate that brothers Al and Tiny Mills were recognized as NWA World Tag Team Champions in Minnesota in June 1953, as they lost the championship to Tony Baillargeon and Pat O'Connor on June 20, 1953. The records did not indicate how the Mills brothers won the championship, nor is it clear what happened after Baillargeon and O'Connor won the championship. Records of an active NWA World Tag Team Championship in the Minneapolis area do not indicate new champions until January 8, 1957, when The Kalmikoffs (Ivan and Karol Kalmikoff) defeated Fritz Von Erich and Karl Von Schober in the finals of a tournament to win the championship. In 1960 the Minneapolis promotion left the NWA to found the AWA, which meant that the last holders of the NWA championship, Murder Inc. (Stan Kowalski and Tiny Mills), became the first AWA World Tag Team Champions as all NWA-branded championships were abandoned.

The Kalmikoffs held the championship a total of four times, the record both for teams and for Ivan and Karol Kalmikoffs as individuals. Verne Gagne shares the record of four championship reigns, with three different partners: Leo Nomellini, Bronko Nagurski, and Butch Levy. Due to lack of details surrounding various championship changes, it is uncertain which team had the shortest reign; Herb and Seymore Freeman's reign of seven days is the shortest confirmed reign, but the possibility exists that another team had a shorter reign. The last reign was also the longest reign, as Murder Inc. held the championship for 193 days before being awarded the AWA World Tag Team Championship.

Team reigns by combined length
Key

Individual reigns by combined length
Key

Concurrent championships

 * Sources for 13 simultaneous NWA World Tag Team Championships
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (San Francisco version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Chicago version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Buffalo Athletic Club version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Georgia version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Iowa/Nebraska version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Indianapolis version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Salt Lake Wrestling Club version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Amarillo version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Minneapolis version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Texas version)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version)


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Quartet on the Middle East

The Quartet on the Middle East or Middle East Quartet, sometimes called the Diplomatic Quartet or Madrid Quartet or simply the Quartet, is a foursome of nations and international and supranational entities involved in mediating the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. The Quartet comprises the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and Russia. The group was established in Madrid in 2002, recalling the Madrid Conference of 1991, as a result of the escalating conflict in the Middle East.

History
The initiative to establish the Quartet emerged in response to the Second Intifada, which began in September 2000. This period saw numerous unsuccessful attempts at implementing a cease-fire. On October 25, 2001, representatives from the European Union, the United Nations, the United States, and the Russian government met with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. During this meeting, they collectively endorsed Arafat's approach towards implementing cease-fire and security reforms within the Palestinian Authority.

In April 2002, during the Israeli incursions into Palestinian areas, the same four entities convened in Madrid. They reiterated their call for the implementation of previously brokered cease-fire agreements by the U.S. government. Additionally, they agreed to transform their cooperation into a permanent forum dedicated to overseeing the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

In 2002, the Quartet established the Office of the Quartet in East Jerusalem. This office was tasked with taking "tangible steps on the ground to advance the Palestinian economy and preserve the possibility of a two-state solution". Kito de Boer led the Office from January 2015 to June 2017, succeeding Tony Blair. The head of the Office is responsible for promoting the Quartet's strategies on Palestinian economic and institutional empowerment, focusing on areas such as the rule of law and economic development, as well as movement and access. As of August 2020, John N. Clarke is the head of the Office.

On March 23, 2021, the Quartet discussed reviving "meaningful negotiations" between Israel and the Palestinians. The focus was on both parties refraining from unilateral actions that would hinder the realization of a two-state solution.

Special Envoys
James Wolfensohn, the former president of the World Bank, was appointed Special Envoy for Israel's disengagement from Gaza in April 2005. He stepped down the following year because of restrictions in dealing with the Islamic militant group Hamas and the withholding of money from the Palestinian Authority, risking its collapse.

Tony Blair announced that he had accepted the position of the official envoy of the Quartet, the same day he resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and as a Member of Parliament on June 27, 2007. The approval came after initial objections by Russia. The United Nations were overseeing the finances and security of his mission, before his resignation on May 27, 2015.

The special envoy from November 2015 to January 2017 was the Dutch national Kito de Boer.

John N. Clarke was appointed as special envoy on January 17, 2018. He previously held the position as deputy head of mission.

Peace efforts and actions
Tony Blair periodically travelled to the Middle East following his appointment as Special Envoy. On a trip there in March 2008, he met with Israeli leaders to discuss recent violence. A planned meeting between Israeli and Palestinian businessmen was postponed due to recent fighting. In May 2008, Blair announced a new plan for peace and for Palestinian rights, based heavily on the ideas of the Peace Valley plan.

In an August 2009 interview, Blair said that he would like to see Hamas and Hezbollah included in peace talks but under the right conditions, that religious leaders should be more involved in the peace process, and that resolving the conflict could be easier than it was in Northern Ireland.

In a speech given in Israel on August 24, 2010, Blair sharply criticised the campaign of "delegitimization" being carried out by enemies of Israel and proponents of the Palestinians, which refuses to grant Israel its legitimate right to its own point of view and self-defense. "Don't apply rules to the Government of Israel that you would never dream of applying to your own country," he said. He characterized such double standards and prejudice as being an "affront to humanity" which "it is a democratic duty to counter."

In July 2016, the Quartet reported:"The continuing policy of settlement construction and expansion in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, designation of land for exclusive Israeli use, and denial of Palestinian development, including the recent high rate of demolitions, is steadily eroding the viability of the two-state solution. This raises legitimate questions about Israel’s long-term intentions, which are compounded by the statements of some Israeli ministers that there should never be a Palestinian state. In fact, the transfer of greater powers and responsibilities to Palestinian civil authority...has effectively been stopped." It was within this context that the United Nations passed Security Council Resolution 2334 in December 2016 in another bid to address the settlement question. The report was significantly altered to appease Israel and as well as urging Israel to stop its settlement policy, urged Palestine to end incitement to violence.

In a speech to the UN General Assembly in September 2018, Mahmoud Abbas called Donald Trump's policies towards Palestinians an "assault on international law". He said the US is "too biased towards Israel" indicating that others could broker talks and that the US could participate as a member of the Middle East peace Quartet. Abbas reiterated this position at a UN Security Council meeting on February 11, 2020.

As of September 16, 2020, the UN has not been able to gather the consensus necessary for the Quartet or a group of countries linked to the Quartet to meet. On September 25, 2020, at the UN, Abbas called for an international conference early in 2021 to "launch a genuine peace process."

On February 15, 2021, the Quartet Envoys met virtually and agreed to meet on a regular basis to continue their engagement. On March 23, 2021, the Quartet discussed the reviving of "meaningful negotiations" between Israel and the Palestinians who both need "to refrain from unilateral actions that make a two-state solution more difficult to achieve."

Representatives

 * Special envoy John N. Clarke
 * European Union high representative Josep Borrell
 * Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov
 * United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process Tor Wennesland
 * United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken

Criticism and shortcomings
Despite the significance officially attached to the Quartet's part in promoting the peace process, many of its statements are merely repetition of previous statements and no significant changes in policy by either the Israeli government or the Palestinian Authority have occurred resulting from a Quartet meeting.

The Quartet has been fiercely criticized for its ineffectiveness. When Tony Blair held the function of Quartet representative, in December 2012, Palestinian officials said that "Tony Blair shouldn't take it personally, but he should pack up his desk at the Office of the Quartet Representative in Jerusalem and go home. They said his job, and the body he represents, are ′useless, useless, useless'".

The Center for Middle East Policy said in February 2012 that "The Quartet has little to show for its decade-long involvement in the peace process. ... Having spent most of the last three years in a state of near paralysis, and having failed to dissuade the Palestinians from seeking UN membership and recognition in September 2011, the Quartet has finally reached the limits of its utility. ... The current mechanism is too outdated, dysfunctional, and discredited to be reformed. Instead of undertaking another vain attempt to 'reactivate' the Quartet, the United States, the European Union, United Nations, and Russia should simply allow the existing mechanism to go quietly into the night".

Main sessions
The Quartet's meetings have been held on the following dates:

 * May 2, 2002
 * July 16, 2002$a$
 * September 17, 2002
 * December 20, 2002
 * February 19, 2003
 * June 22, 2003
 * September 26, 2003
 * December 11, 2003
 * May 4, 2004
 * July 7–8, 2004
 * September 22, 2004
 * March 1, 2005
 * April 14, 2005
 * May 9, 2005
 * June 23, 2005
 * September 20, 2005
 * October 28, 2005
 * December 5, 2005
 * January 26, 2006
 * March 30, 2006
 * May 9, 2006
 * June 17, 2006
 * September 20, 2006
 * November 15, 2006
 * December 22, 2006
 * February 2, 2007
 * February 21, 2007
 * March 21, 2007
 * May 30, 2007
 * June 27, 2007
 * July 20, 2007
 * September 23, 2007
 * November 26, 2007
 * December 18, 2007
 * May 2, 2008
 * June 24, 2008
 * September 26, 2008
 * November 9, 2008
 * June 26, 2009
 * September 24, 2009
 * March 19, 2010
 * May 11, 2010
 * June 21, 2010
 * August 20, 2010
 * May 20, 2011
 * July 11, 2011$b$
 * August 16, 2011$c$
 * September 23, 2011$d$
 * October 9, 2011$e$
 * October 26, 2011$f$
 * December 14, 2011
 * January 3, 2012
 * March 12, 2012
 * April 11, 2012
 * July 30, 2013
 * September 27, 2013
 * January 26, 2015
 * February 8, 2015
 * May 27, 2015
 * September 9, 2015
 * September 30, 2015
 * October 23, 2015
 * December 16/17, 2015
 * February 8/9, 2016
 * March 28, 2016
 * July 1, 2016$g$
 * September 23, 2016
 * July 13, 2017
 * July 22, 2017
 * September 28, 2017
 * September 26, 2018
 * December 23, 2020 & February 15, 2021
 * March 23, 2021

$a$ Proclaimed the Road Map for the two-state solution.

$b$ Convened to find a formula for restarting bilateral negotiations; ended without any results.

$c$ Condemned settlement expansion in Ariel and East Jerusalem.

$d$ Issued a new schedule for resumption of negotiations between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority, which called for completing negotiations by end of 2012.

$e$ Called upon the parties to resume negotiations.

$f$ Meeting with Israeli and Palestinian negotiators in Jerusalem.

$g$ A report offered recommendations on the way forward, urging Israel to stop its settlement policy and Palestine to end incitement to violence.

title: Quartet on the Middle East


text: User talk:81.131.147.18

title: User talk:81.131.147.18


text:
Josef Ladislav Píč

Josef Ladislav Píč (19 January 1847 in Mšeno near Mělník – 19 December 1911 in Prague) was Czech archaeologist and paleontologist, one of founders of modern Czech archaeology.

Píč studied history and Slavic languages at the Charles University in Prague (then called Karl-Ferdinand University). In 1883, he became docent of history at the university. Since 1893, he was named custodian and later director of archeologic collection at the National Museum (then named České museum) in Prague. Píč created and maintained collection prehistoric artefacts. His major literary work was Starožitnosti země české (1899–1909), in three parts, about ancient history of Czech lands.

Exhaustion, conflicts with colleagues about his work and involvement in fights over validity of Rukopis královédvorský a zelenohorský drove him to suicide.

title: Josef Ladislav Píč


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Crocodylus

Crocodylus is a genus of true crocodiles in the family Crocodylidae.

Taxonomy
The generic name, Crocodylus, was proposed by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. Crocodylus contains 13–14 extant (living) species and 5 extinct species. There are additional extinct species attributed to the genus Crocodylus that studies have shown no longer belong, although they have not yet been reassigned to new genera.

Extant species
The 13–14 living species are:

Fossils
Crocodylus also includes five extinct species:
 * † Crocodylus anthropophagus is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Tanzania.
 * † Crocodylus checchiai is an extinct crocodile from Late Miocene of Kenya.
 * † Crocodylus falconensis is an extinct crocodile from Early Pliocene of Venezuela.
 * † Crocodylus palaeindicus is an extinct crocodile the Miocene to the Pleistocene of southern Asia.
 * † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya.

Evolution
Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered. Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.

Phylogeny
A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodylidae. In 2021, Hekkala et al. were able to use paleogenomics, extracting DNA from the extinct Voay, to better establish the relationships within Crocodylidae, including the subfamilies Crocodylinae and Osteolaeminae.

The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study:

title: Crocodylus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tristam Benjamin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:12, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Tristam Benjamin
Google finds only wikipedia mirrors; even if he was a footballer, definitely not notable. Orphaned page, originally created at Tristam benjamin by a anon user. Dryazan 14:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless verified. -- Jonel 00:40, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 05:02, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Karun Airlines

Karun Airlines (formerly Iranian Naft Airlines) is an airline based in Tehran, Iran. It operates cargo and passenger scheduled and charter services within Iran and to neighbouring regions. Its main bases are Tehran Mehrabad Airport and Ahvaz International Airport with secondary bases at Bandar Abbas International Airport, Isfahan International Airport and Shiraz International Airport.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 1992. In 2004 it officially became known as Iranian Naft Airline. Owned and operated by the Retirement Organization of National Iranian Oil Company, it has more than 600 employees.

In September 2017, it was announced that the airline was to be renamed as Karun Airlines.

Destinations
As of April 2023, Karun Airlines serves the following destinations:

Current fleet
The Karun Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as of April 2023:

Former fleet
The airline previously operated a Boeing 737-300, leased from Khors Aircompany.

title: Karun Airlines


text: User talk:203.167.26.72

title: User talk:203.167.26.72


text:
User:Ale Bamford

British, long-term resident of Bangkok, Thailand. Interests in alternative economics, meditation, Arnold Bennett, Stoke City Football Club and the Beatles.

title: User:Ale Bamford


text: User talk:83.89.52.118

title: User talk:83.89.52.118


text:
Jack Greenberg

Jack Greenberg (December 22, 1924 – October 12, 2016) was an American attorney and legal scholar. He was the Director-Counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1961 to 1984, succeeding Thurgood Marshall. He was involved in numerous crucial cases, including Brown v. Board of Education, which ended segregation in public schools. In all, he argued 40 civil rights cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, and won almost all of them.

He was Alphonse Fletcher Jr. Professor of Law Emeritus at Columbia Law School, and had previously served as dean of Columbia College and vice dean of Columbia Law School. He died on October 12, 2016.

Early life
Greenberg was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York on December 22, 1924. His brother was science journalist Daniel S. Greenberg.

During World War II, Greenberg served in the United States Navy and fought at Okinawa and Iwo Jima. Greenberg commanded a landing craft in the invasion of Iheya Jima, one of the final campaigns of the war. During his service, he was disturbed by racial prejudice he perceived in the Navy, and was threatened with a court martial for shouting at a superior officer in defense of a black crewman that he felt was being mistreated.

After an interruption due to his war service Greenberg graduated from Columbia College with a B.A. in 1945. He further received an LL.B. from Columbia Law School in 1948, and an LL.D. (an honorary degree) from Columbia Law in 1984.

Civil and human rights lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund
Greenberg became the only white legal counselor for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ("LDF") in 1949, and, in 1961, succeeded Thurgood Marshall as LDF's Director-Counsel.

Greenberg recalled his earliest arguments before the Supreme Court, saying:

"It was like a religious experience; the first few times I was there I was full of awe. I had an almost tactile feeling. The first time I was in the Court, I wasn't arguing. I felt as if I were in a synagogue, and reached to see whether or not I had a yarmulke on. I thought I ought to have one on."

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
In perhaps his greatest stride, Greenberg argued Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 before the Supreme Court as co-counsel with Thurgood Marshall. Brown declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. In Brown, Greenberg found social scientists and other authorities from the fields of psychology and sociology who addressed the detrimental effects forced segregation could have on young public school students.

Meredith v. Fair, 1962
In 1962, Greenberg argued Meredith v. Fair, a case which became a first step in integrating the University of Mississippi by allowing the enrollment of student James Meredith.

Other civil rights cases Greenberg argued include Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education in 1969, which ordered the end of segregated school systems "at once", and Griggs v. Duke Power Company in 1971, which outlawed basing employment and promotion decisions on the results of tests with a discriminatory impact.

In 1972, he argued Furman v. Georgia (1972), in which the Court held that the death penalty as it was then applied was a violation of the "cruel and unusual punishment" clause of the Eighth Amendment.

Founding member of other civil and human rights groups
Greenberg was a founding member of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) and of Human Rights Watch.

Educator
Greenberg was an adjunct professor at Columbia Law School from 1970 to 1984, a visiting lecturer at Yale Law School in 1971, and a visiting professor at College of the City of New York in 1977.

In 1982, he was appointed to co-teach Julius L. Chambers' class on race law at Harvard Law School. The university declined to replace Greenberg with a black professor, so black students boycotted the class. When asked if he was frightened to pass through a group of protesters on his way to class the first day, Greenberg said, "No, I was on the beach at Iwo Jima."

Greenberg left LDF in 1984 to become a professor and Vice Dean at Columbia Law School. He served as Dean of Columbia College from 1989 to 1993. Greenberg's teaching interests include constitutional law, civil rights, and human rights law, civil procedure, "Kafka and the Law", and South Africa's post-apartheid constitution. As of fall 2013, Greenberg still taught at Columbia Law School, and served as a senior director of LDF.

He was also a distinguished visiting professor at University of Tokyo Faculty of Law in 1993-94 and at St. Louis University Law School in 1994, and a visiting professor at Lewis and Clark Law School in 1994 and 1996, at Princeton University in 1995, at the University of Munich in 1998, at Tokyo University in 1996 and 1998, at the University of Nuremberg-Erlangen in 1999–2000, and at Hebrew University in 2005.

Author
Greenberg had varied intellectual interests: aside from several books on law and civil rights, including Crusaders in the Courts, he has written a cookbook (Dean Cuisine, with Harvard Law School Dean James Vorenberg), and appeared as a panelist for a New York Times tasting of Oregon pinot noir. He also edited Franz Kafka: The Office Writings (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008) with two other scholars.

Awards and honors

 * In 2001, Greenberg was awarded a Presidential Citizens Medal. President Bill Clinton commented "In the courtroom and the classroom, Jack Greenberg has been a crusader for freedom and equality for more than half a century."
 * In 1998, Greenberg was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 * In 1996, Greenberg received the Thurgood Marshall Award of the American Bar Association for his long-term contributions to the advancement of civil rights, civil liberties, and human rights in the U.S.
 * Greenberg received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University of Notre Dame in 2005 and an honorary degree from Howard University in 2004.
 * In December 2009, Greenberg received Columbia Law School's Lawrence A. Wien Prize for Social Responsibility. In January 2014, a daylong symposium in his Greenberg's honor was held at Columbia Law School.
 * In May 2014, Greenberg was honored by President Barack Obama on the 60th Anniversary of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that ended segregation in public schools. Greenberg argued the case as co-council with Thurgood Marshall.

Book About

 * William Cole, A Jack Greenberg Lexicon (2017)

Publications (selected list)

 * Race Relations and American Law (1959)
 * Litigation for Social Change (1973)
 * Cases and Materials on Judicial Process and Social Change (1976)
 * Dean Cuisine: The Liberated Man's Guide to Fine Cooking (with Vorenberg, 1991)
 * Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution (1994)
 * Crusaders in the Courts; Legal Battles of the Civil Rights Movement (2004)
 * Brown v. Board of Education; Witness to A Landmark Decision (2004)

title: Jack Greenberg


text:
Elyse Sewell

Elyse Marie Sewell (born June 10, 1982) is an American fashion model. She is best known for her appearance as a contestant in the first cycle of the reality television series America's Next Top Model.

She was named one of Wired Magazine's 2005's 10 Sexiest Geeks.

Early life
Sewell was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico to a father of British descent and a Mexican mother. She obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish and a Bachelor of Science in Biology from the University of New Mexico. She also worked as a research assistant in an evolutionary biology lab.

America's Next Top Model
Sewell's start in modeling came with her appearance on the first cycle of America's Next Top Model. She was known on the show as the "edgy pre-med student". She was the last eliminated, losing to winner Adrianne Curry and first runner-up Shannon Stewart.

In 2005, one of her "confessional" clips from the show, in which she expressed a profanity-laden rant against the people on the show, earned her 16th place on E!'s Most Outrageous TV Moments. She attributes this outburst to the unusual requirement on the show to voice one's private thoughts and to soliloquize in a "confessional booth".

While on the show, she said that she would be going to medical school if she did not win the competition.

After America's Next Top Model
Although Sewell did not win the competition, she carved out a successful modeling career in East Asia, working mainly in Hong Kong. Sewell has appeared in print advertisements for Chanel and Chow Sang Sang Jewelry, and appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar Hong Kong and in editorials for Hong Kong Esquire and Cosmopolitan. Despite Tyra Banks' hope that Sewell would come to see that modeling was not as easy as it was often made out to be, Sewell continued to insist that it was the "easiest job in the world".

In 2004, Sewell started a LiveJournal blog about her experiences of modeling overseas. She published a book called Beauty and The Biz: The International Adventures of America's Third-to-Next Top Model, in Hong Kong in 2006 based in part on her (now abandoned) blog. She appeared at multiple book signings across Hong Kong. Her other writing credits include a satirical piece for Bust Magazine on how to be a reality TV star, as well as posts for the website Lemondrop.

In a June 5, 2009 blog entry, Sewell wrote that she was leaving Hong Kong and returning to her hometown of Albuquerque, New Mexico.

title: Elyse Sewell


text:
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title: User talk:O^O


text:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in Europe from Spain to Russia.

Other names more rarely used include downy ash, swamp ash, and water ash.

Description
Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12 – (rarely to 45 m) tall with a trunk up to 60 cm in diameter. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age. The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. The leaves are 15 – long, oppositely arranged, pinnately compound with seven to nine (occasionally five or eleven) leaflets, these 5 – (rarely 18 cm) long and 1.2 – broad, with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. They are green both above and below. The autumn color is golden-yellow and depending on the climate, green ash's leaves may begin changing color the first week of September. The flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the new leaves, in compact panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara 2.5 - 7.5 cm long comprising a single seed 1.5 – long with an elongated apical wing 2 – long and 3 – broad.

It is sometimes divided into two varieties, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica (red ash) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (syn. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.; green ash) on the basis of the hairless leaves with narrower leaflets of the latter, but the two intergrade completely, and the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists.

Like other species in the section Melioides, Fraxinus pennsylvanica is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.

Ecology
It is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes; its range centers on the midwestern U.S. and Great Plains. Seedlings of the tree have a high tolerance to water logging which may explain why the natural habitat of green ash is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife.

Green ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced from Asia. This introduced pest kills most ash trees that it infests, accounting for mass die-offs of ashes in North America and in Moscow, Russia. Asian ashes have a high tannin content in their leaves which makes them unpalatable to the beetle, while most American species (with the notable exception of blue ash) do not. A common garden experiment showed that green ash is killed readily when exposed to emerald ash borer, while the Asian species F. mandschurica shows resistance against emerald ash borer.

The United States Forest Service has discovered small numbers of "lingering ash" trees in the wild that have remained healthy after emerald ash borer swept through the population. The possibility of these trees possessing genetic resistance to the beetle is currently being investigated with the hope that green ash could be restored using the surviving trees. Although larval infestation by the invasive emerald ash borer kills more 99% of green ash trees, it has been found that emerald ash borer infestation induces production of secoiridoids in infested trees and that cultivars that are progeny of "lingering ash" produce higher levels of these secoiridoids than progeny of susceptible trees.

The spread of emerald ash borer was facilitated by the extensive use of green ash as an ornamental tree in the central U.S. following the loss of American elms in the 1950s–60s due to Dutch elm disease. That epidemic was the result of a similar overuse of elms in urban environments, leading to a monoculture that lacked any disease or pest resistance. Scientifically for green ash this is because modern cultivars utilized regionally were parented from sometimes only four individual trees selected for unique traits and male seedless flowering. Proclaiming a harsh lesson learned, cities like Chicago did not replace dead elms with a 1:1 ash:elm ratio. Instead, Norway, silver, red and sugar maples, honey locust, linden/basswood, redbud, crabapples, and hackberry, among others, were also utilized during this recovery period and in new urban and suburban areas. Fortunately, with these additional species, many cities were able to reduce the percent of ash and other species to much lower levels (20% average) than during the Dutch elm disease era where from 56% to 100% of the trees were elm.

Injections and spraying of ashes with pesticides has been used in city parks to protect valued trees from emerald ash borer.

Record cold temperatures during the winter of 2018–19 are estimated to have killed as much as 80% of ash borer larvae in the Upper Midwest.

Both American elm and green ash were extremely popular due to rapid growth and tolerance of urban pollution and road salt, so many housing developments in Michigan were lined from end to end with ashes, a result of which the beetles had an enormous food supply to boost their population well above Infestation thresholds. The tree was also extensively propagated and sold by local nurseries. According to the American Nursery Industry, "Back in the late 1980s, Dr. Frank Santamour Jr., then a research geneticist with the U.S. National Arboretum, proposed the 10-20-30 formula for diversity in the urban forest, limiting the plantings in a community to no more than 10 percent within a single species, 20 percent within a genus and 30 percent within a family." Many communities are using a more strict 5-10-20 rule today, because of the threat posed by emerald ash borer.

The emerald ash borer proved to be a far worse and potentially more serious threat than epidemics of the past such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease because those diseases spread at a slower rate, only affected one species, and did not kill the trees before they could attain reproductive maturity. Many areas have banned the sale of ash seedlings in nurseries, although seeds may be sold as they are not a vector for the insect.

Green ash is also vulnerable to many other diseases including ash yellows, ash dieback and ash bacterial canker that can cause gradual loss of vigor and exhibit similar symptoms to emerald ash borer infestation such as crown dieback, bark cracking, and epicormal sprouts. These conditions are most common on stressed trees in areas of poor soil, urban pollution, and lack of moisture. A wave of ash dieback struck the northeastern United States in the 1950s–60s that killed an estimated 70% of ashes in the region.

Urban ornamental trees
Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta, are green ash. It is often planted for shade or as a windbreak.

For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.

Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.

Utility to wildlife
North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels.

Other uses
Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone. It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players. Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.

title: Fraxinus pennsylvanica


text:
User:O^O

When
Summer of 2002.

Reason
There is no reason.

title: User:O^O


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Sill (river)

The Sill is a 43 km river in Tyrol, Austria. It is one of the larger tributaries of the Inn, joining it from the right bank in Tyrol. It flows north through the Wipptal to Innsbruck. Its source lies east of the Brenner Pass. At the Sillzwickel - the name of the point where it meets the Inn at Innsbruck - there is a recreation area with cycling trails.

The Viggarbach merges with it in Schönberg im Stubaital.

The natural river basin is 853 km2; 31.6 km2 are covered by glacier ice.

The water power generated by the river flow is used for three power plants.

Waterfalls on the river include the Sill Fall, which has a height of about 4 m, and from where water is taken out for urban use. In the fall basin, fishes such as trouts can be found. The Bretterkeller waterfall is located at the bottom of the Paschberg in Innsbruck.

The Sill features prominently in the stories Amras and Der Wetterfleck by the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard.

title: Sill (river)


text: User talk:82.75.46.140

title: User talk:82.75.46.140


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Erik Prosperin

Erik Prosperin (25 July 1739 – 4 April 1803) was a Swedish astronomer.

Prosperin was a lecturer in mathematics and physics at Uppsala University in 1767, professor of observational astronomy (Observator) in 1773 – 1796, and professor of Astronomy in 1797 – 1798. He became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA) in Stockholm in 1771, a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala in 1774 (secretary from 1786 onwards), and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1803.

Prosperin was a famous calculator of orbits: comets, planets, and their satellites. He calculated the orbits of the new (discovered in 1781) planet Uranus — for which he proposed the names Astraea, Cybele, and Neptune — and its satellites. He was also one of the first to calculate the orbit of the first asteroid, 1 Ceres, in 1801.

Prosperin calculated orbits for a total of 84 comets, especially Comet Messier (C/1769 P1), Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1), the Great Comet of 1771 (C/1771 A1, 1770 II), Comet Montaigne (C/1774 P1), Comet Bode (C/1779 A1), and Comet Encke (2P/1795 V1).

The asteroid 7292 Prosperin was named in his honor.

title: Erik Prosperin


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Michael Donnellan (politician)

Michael Donnellan (1900 – 27 September 1964) was an Irish Clann na Talmhan politician.

Donnellan was born in Dunmore, County Galway in 1900. He joined Sinn Féin after the Easter Rising in 1916. Donnellan served as a member of Galway County Council from 1927 until 1945, originally as a member of Fianna Fáil.

Donnellan became disenchanted with the party in the mid-1930s, as did many supporters in the province of Connacht. He became involved in talks with a number of farmers in order to create a new Farmers' Party. The original group was known as the Irish Farmers Federation, however, it split shortly afterwards between the larger more conservative farmers and poorer more radical farmers from the West over the issue of de-rating. Donnellan led the radical faction, which founded Clann na Talmhan in 1939. In 1940 a by-election was called in the Galway East constituency and his supporters persuaded him to stand. Fine Gael stood aside hoping to inflict damage on Fianna Fáil, which won, though Donnellan secured almost 30% of the votes cast.

At the first Ard-Chomhairle of Clann na Talmhan in March 1943, he stated that the party's reason for existing was to "break the stranglehold of the money-grubbers and Jews". According to historian RM Douglas, this was not the only act of anti-Semitism Donnellan committed as party leader.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a TD for Galway East at the 1943 general election and re-elected in 1944. Following constituency revision, he represented Galway North between 1948 and 1961 before being elected again for Galway East in the 1961 general election.

Donnellan, however, proved too radical for the party members from the province of Leinster, due to his more left-wing leanings: He supported land redistribution in cases where large farmer holders were being inefficient as well as free access to education and healthcare. He was soon replaced as party leader by conservative Mayoman Joseph Blowick. Donnellan's decision to abstain on Éamon de Valera's nomination for Taoiseach in 1943 led some to suspect he had done so out of loyalty to his old party leader. Donnellan served as a Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance on two occasions with responsibility for the Office of Public Works.

In his youth Donnellan was a talented footballer who won an All-Ireland SFC medal with the Galway county team in 1925, captaining them in their 1933 defeat to Cavan. He died at Croke Park during the 1964 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, shortly before his sons John Donnellan, as victorious Galway captain and Pat Donnellan, received the Sam Maguire Cup. The subsequent by-election was won by John, standing as a Fine Gael candidate.

His grandson, also named Michael, won All-Ireland SFC medals with Galway in 1998 and 2001.

title: Michael Donnellan (politician)


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User talk:Iman27

this is information i would like to be there too

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Cyclone Taylor

Frederick Wellington "Cyclone" Taylor (June 23, 1884 – June 9, 1979) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and civil servant. A cover-point and rover, he played professionally from 1906 to 1922, and is acknowledged as one of the first stars of the professional era of hockey. Taylor was recognized as one of the fastest skaters and most prolific scorers, winning five scoring championships in the PCHA. He won the Stanley Cup twice, with Ottawa in 1909 and Vancouver in 1915, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1947.

Born and raised in Southern Ontario, Taylor moved to Manitoba in 1906 to continue his hockey career. He quickly departed to play in Houghton, Michigan, and spent two years in the International Hockey League, the first openly professional hockey league in the world. He returned to Canada in 1907 and joined the Ottawa Senators, spending two seasons with the team. During those years, Taylor was often spoken of in the same stature as baseball's Ty Cobb, and in 1909, when Taylor signed with the Renfrew Creamery Kings, the pair were the highest paid athletes in their respective sports. Taylor moved to Vancouver in 1912 to play for the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), where he played for the remainder of his career until 1922.

Upon moving to Ottawa in 1907, Taylor was given a position within the federal Interior Department as an immigration clerk and remained an immigration official for the next several decades. In 1914, Taylor was the first Canadian official to board the Komagata Maru, which was involved in a major incident relating to Canadian immigration. Taylor ultimately became the Commissioner of Immigration for British Columbia and the Yukon, the highest position in the region.

In 1946, he was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services as an immigration officer, and he retired in 1950.

Early life
Frederick Wellington Taylor was born in Tara, Ontario, the second son and fourth of five children to Archie and Mary Taylor. The exact date of Taylor's birth is uncertain, though most sources give it as June 23, 1884. Archie, the son of Scottish immigrants, was a travelling salesman who sold farm equipment. Taylor was close to his mother, a devout Methodist, and took after her in that he never smoked, drank, or swore. Taylor claimed that he was named Frederick Wellington after a local veterinarian, a friend of his father. At the age of six, Taylor moved with his family to Listowel, a town 80 km south of Tara. The Taylor family was rather poor: Archie initially made around C$50–60 a month, a low wage for the era, especially for a family with five children. To help out, Taylor left school when he was 17 and started working in a local piano factory. His earnings of around $20 a month helped supplement his father's salary, which had risen to $75 monthly.

At age five, Taylor began skating on ponds near Tara and learned to play hockey when he moved to Listowel. He was given his first pair of skates and was taught by a local barber named Jack Riggs, who was known in the community for his speed skating. Taylor first joined an organized team, the Listowel Mintos, in 1897 when he was 13, and spent the next five years with them. Though initially a couple of years younger than the other players, Taylor was able to keep up with them, and by the time he was sixteen, he was one of the top players and leading scorers in the league. The Mintos joined the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), the governing body of hockey in Ontario, for the 1900–01 season. They entered a local league, winning the championship as Taylor played a major role. The team reached the provincial junior championship in 1904, losing in sudden-death overtime. This greatly enhanced Taylor's name across the province, and several teams were interested in having him join them.

In October 1903, Taylor was reportedly invited by Bill Hewitt, the secretary of the OHA, to play for the Toronto Marlboros. Happy with his life in Listowel, where he had family and a job, Taylor rejected the offer. This angered Hewitt, who had expected Taylor to accept his invitation and change cities. The OHA regulated player transfers between clubs, ostensibly to keep players from moving from team to team and to preserve the ideals of amateurism. As Taylor refused to join the Marlboros, he was not allowed to play anywhere else in Ontario. Hewitt thus banned Taylor from playing hockey in Ontario for the 1903–04 season. Taylor left Listowel in 1904 and tried to join a team in Thessalon, Ontario, but was not sanctioned to play for them. Rather than play anywhere else, he sat out the 1904–05 season.

Portage la Prairie and Portage Lakes (1906–1907)

Frustrated with sitting out a whole hockey season, Taylor looked for other options for the upcoming season. The OHA only had jurisdiction in Ontario and could not ban Taylor from joining teams elsewhere, so in early January 1906 he moved west to Manitoba and joined a team in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba for the 1905–06 season. As hockey was strictly amateur in Canada at the time, Taylor was offered room, board, and $25 a month in spending money to join the team. In his first game with Portage la Prairie, Taylor scored two goals, impressing his opponents with his skilled play. After one match against the Kenora Thistles, the top team in the league, Taylor was offered a chance to join them as they travelled east to challenge for the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy of Canadian hockey. While considering the offer, Taylor was approached by representatives from the Portage Lakes Hockey Club. A professional team based in Houghton, Michigan, Portage Lakes were members of the International Hockey League (IHL), the first openly professional hockey league. Offered US$400 to join the team, plus expenses, Taylor agreed. Taylor had previously played in Houghton in the 1902–03 season when he had been invited to join a few friends studying dentistry there to play a series of exhibition games against local teams.

In early February, having played four games for Portage la Prairie, Taylor left the team for Houghton. Playing cover-point (an early version of a defenceman), Taylor scored eleven goals in six games for Portage Lakes as the team won the 1906 IHL championship. The following season saw Taylor score 14 goals in 23 games as Portage Lakes repeated as league champions. Taylor recalled his time in the IHL, a rough and physical league, with fondness, saying that the "league was a wonderful testing and training ground, and I was a far better player for my experience there." He also found the atmosphere nice, as "there was a different feeling there with the sport seemingly so far from its home and us all down from Canada as sort of paid mercenaries."

Offering high salaries, the IHL brought in many of the top Canadian players, who were happy to play hockey for the first time in their careers (though some had been covertly paid in Canada). In 1907, the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), the top league in Canada, decided to allow professional players. Many Canadian players took the opportunity to play in Canada and left the IHL, which folded that summer. Taylor returned to Listowel for the summer of 1907, playing lacrosse and entertaining offers to join various hockey teams for the upcoming season. Representatives from the Quebec Bulldogs, Montreal Victorias, Montreal Wanderers, and Cobalt Silver Kings all met with Taylor. Cobalt's offer was the most interesting to Taylor largely due to their wealthy owner, rail-builder and mine-owner Michael John O'Brien, though he turned Cobalt down as the club did not offer enough money.

Ottawa Senators (1907–1909)
Taylor ended up signing with the Ottawa Senators, who played in the ECAHA (the league would drop the word "Amateur" in 1908 and become known as the ECHA). The Senators offered him $500 for the season, a high salary for the time but not extravagant. What attracted Taylor to Ottawa was that the club also promised him a job within the immigration branch of the federal Department of the Interior. Taylor was intrigued by the offer—the ability to have a permanent career was important. A position in the civil service promised job security for Taylor after his hockey career ended. He thus took up a position as a junior clerk for $35 a month.

Soon after arriving in Ottawa, Taylor received offers to leave the Senators and join other teams. The Ottawa Victorias, who played in the Federal Amateur Hockey League, a rival to the ECAHA, asked Taylor to play a two-game series against the Renfrew Creamery Kings of the local Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League, with the possibility of a full-season contract. Renfrew, owned by O'Brien, argued that Taylor was not allowed to play for the Victorias, and the Stanley Cup trustees confirmed he was not eligible. Instead, Renfrew made their proposal to Taylor for after the series ended: $1,500 for the season. They argued that he could leave the team because Taylor had not signed a contract with Ottawa. Taylor visited Renfrew, about 80 km from Ottawa, and initially agreed to sign there as he heard rumours that he was not wanted in Ottawa. However, representatives from the Senators met up with Taylor and confirmed the club did want him, which convinced him to return for the start of the season.

Taylor played at centre for the Senators in the first game of the season. Listed as being 5ft 8in and 165 lb, Taylor was of average size for a hockey player in the era. As one of the main forwards and one of the fastest players in hockey, he was frequently called for being offside due to being too quick for his linemates and the rules at the time forbidding any forward passing. It was decided then that he would move to cover-point for the rest of the season so that he would be further back on the ice and able to better utilize his speed. Later in the season, during a January 11, 1908, game against the Montreal Wanderers, the Earl Grey, Governor General of Canada, was reportedly in attendance. Afterward, he was allegedly overheard by Ottawa Free Press reporter Malcolm Brice saying, "That new No.4, Taylor, he's a cyclone if ever I saw one," a reference to Taylor's speed. Though previously referred to as both a "tornado" and a "whirlwind", the "Cyclone" stuck with Taylor for the rest of his career. Taylor performed well in his first season with Ottawa, scoring nine goals in eleven games and being named the best cover-point in the ECAHA. After the season ended, the Senators travelled to New York City for a series of exhibition matches against the Wanderers, during which Taylor garnered the most press attention with his skills.

At the start of the 1908–09 season, Taylor signed with the Pittsburgh Athletic Club of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League. However after three games there, the team released him and Fred Lake, accusing them of trying to undermine their management and intentionally losing a game to do so. Taylor considered offers from other teams but decided to return to Ottawa for the season, playing 11 games and scoring 9 goals. The Senators won the league championship and, as per the regulations of the era, were awarded the Stanley Cup as a result.

Renfrew Creamery Kings (1909–1912)
In the lead-up to the 1909–10 season, Taylor was again courted by O'Brien to join his team in Renfrew, Ontario. Throughout November 1909 there were contradictory newspaper reports about the club Taylor would sign with, and both Ottawa and Renfrew claimed he had signed with them. By December 30, Taylor finalized an agreement with the Renfrew Creamery Kings. His salary was reported to be as high as $5,250 for the season, which, if accurate, would have made Taylor the highest-paid athlete in Canadian history up to that time. A comparison was made with Major League Baseball player Ty Cobb, another top athlete at the time who Taylor was often compared to, who had signed around the same time for US$6,500.

The signing of Taylor was important for O'Brien for a different reason. He had long sought to win the Stanley Cup, and his previous efforts to challenge it had been unsuccessful. Moreover, when the ECHA had re-constituted itself as the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) in November 1909, O'Brien was unable to join. He thus started a new league, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which was composed of teams refused entry to the CHA and new teams O'Brien owned. By adding Taylor to the new league, the NHA gained immediate legitimacy and the CHA folded within a few weeks, at which point its remaining teams were admitted into the NHA.

Aside from the high salary, Taylor was interested in joining Renfrew because they made it known they were trying to build a strong team and were willing to pay for it. Shortly before he signed with the club, they had agreed to terms with the highly sought-after brothers Lester and Frank Patrick. The Patricks had been approached by six teams before they agreed to sign with Renfrew for $3,000 and $2,000 respectively. Other prominent players who joined the club were goaltender Bert Lindsay and forward Herb Jordan, the latter of whom was agreeing to turn professional by signing with Renfrew. The team was further bolstered mid-way through the season with the acquisition of Newsy Lalonde, one of the highest-scoring players of the era. With such a high-priced roster, the team became informally known as the "Millionaires".

Despite the high-priced talent, which included four future members of the Hockey Hall of Fame on the roster, Renfrew finished third in the NHA and thus could not make a challenge for the Stanley Cup, a right reserved for the league winner. Taylor performed well, scoring ten goals in twelve games, finishing fourth on the team. During the season, one of the most famous legends about Taylor developed: before Renfrew's first game in Ottawa against the Senators, Taylor boasted he would score a goal while skating backward (an unusual way to skate at the time, let alone score). Despite his boast before the February 12, 1908, game, Taylor was held scoreless as Ottawa won 8–5. However, during the next game between the two, on March 8 in Renfrew, the Creamery Kings won 17–2, and Taylor scored three times, including once where he skated backward.

Taylor re-signed with Renfrew for the 1910–11 season, though a league-wide salary drop saw him earn only $1,800. Reflecting later on, Taylor said that he and the other players "knew those big first-year salaries couldn't last." The Patrick brothers had moved west to join their father to establish a lumber company in British Columbia, and Lalonde joined the rival Montreal Canadiens. A weakened Renfrew team again finished third. Taylor scored twelve goals in sixteen games to again place fourth on the team in scoring.

Renfrew disbanded before the 1911–12 season, and the rights to its players were dispersed to the other teams in the league. Taylor was claimed by the Wanderers, whose owner, Sam Lichtenhein, was working on a new arena and needed a star player to bolster attendance. However, Taylor refused to report to the club because he was not interested in moving to or playing in Montreal, stating he would only play for Ottawa or not at all. Despite attempts by the Senators to trade for him, Taylor's rights remained with the Wanderers, leading him to sit out the season. Though he did not play, Taylor was still paid a salary of $1,200 by the Senators in hopes that he would join them for the following season, and he spent the winter playing a few games and working as a referee in the local semi-professional league. At the end of the season the NHA sent an all-star team to Vancouver to play a series of games against teams from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), a new professional league established by the Patricks in Western Canada. Though Taylor had not played all year, the Patricks had consented to the exhibition on the condition that Taylor would be included on the NHA team.

Vancouver Millionaires (1912–1922)

Lester and Frank Patrick had moved to Western Canada in 1907 and 1908 to work for their father Joe in the lumber company he established there. They sold the family business in 1911 and used the money from the sale to set up the PCHA, recruiting players from Eastern Canada to join the league.

After the conclusion of the 1911–12 season, the Wanderers gave up trying to sign Taylor. He was offered a contract of $3,000 to join the Toronto Tecumsehs, double the salary of any other player, but turned it down because he did not like the idea of being bought and sold. Ottawa also made an offer of $1,800 for the season. Still, again, Taylor turned it down. During the off-season, Taylor frequently contacted the Patricks, who encouraged him to move west and play in their league. After months of discussion, Taylor agreed to join the Vancouver Millionaires, a decision that was announced on November 20. He was given a salary of $2,200, transportation back to Ottawa, and a four-month leave of absence from his immigration job. The offer made Taylor the highest-paid player in hockey again, and was at least $500 more than anyone had earned in the PCHA the previous season. As was his style, Taylor did not sign a contract, later stating that there "never was in those days with the Patricks. It was just a verbal agreement, and we shook hands on it." Speaking after the agreement, Lester Patrick noted that they "had Fred Taylor in mind right from the beginning. His acquisition was just a matter of timing."

Much like in the NHA, Taylor's presence gave legitimacy to the PCHA. While the first games of the PCHA's inaugural season only had half the tickets sold, the Millionaires sold out their home opener for the 1912–13 season, Taylor's debut in the league. It was the first sell-out for the PCHA. Before that first game, against the New Westminster Royals on December 10, Taylor had severe abdominal pains and nearly missed the match. He barely made it to the game, though he scored in a 7–2 Vancouver victory. The abdominal pain turned out to be appendicitis, which left Taylor severely ill during his first season in the West. He originally wanted to wait for surgery until the season was over, but ultimately postponed it indefinitely. Even so, he managed to play in all sixteen games for Vancouver during the season, finishing with ten goals and eight assists (the PCHA was the first league to officially keep track of assists), fourth on his team and sixth overall in the league for scoring.

Conversion to rover
The following season saw Taylor move positions to rover, a position that combined offence and defence; he would play as a rover for the remainder of his career. The change to a position that allowed for more offence helped Taylor lead the PCHA in scoring with 39 points in 16 games, and he tied with Tommy Dunderdale for the goal-scoring title with 24. Taylor repeated as the scoring leader in 1914–15, with 45 points in 16 games, and finished tied for second in goals scored with 23. Vancouver finished first in the league and thus earned the right to compete for the Stanley Cup. Starting in 1914, the Cup had been contested by the champions of the PCHA and the NHA, with each league hosting a best-of-five series in alternating years. The 1915 Final was held in Vancouver, and as the leagues used different rules, games alternated between PCHA and NHA rules. The NHA champions were the Ottawa Senators, with whom Taylor had played previously and won the Cup in 1909. They focused on trying to contain him but to no avail. Vancouver won the first three games to win the Cup, with Taylor scoring eight goals and two assists.

Taylor repeated as PCHA scoring champion again in 1915–16 with 35 points in 18 games, finishing second for goals with 21 and tied for the lead in assists with 14. Vancouver finished second in the league and thus could not defend its Stanley Cup title. After the season ended, Taylor announced his retirement, though this was not taken seriously by the league or his peers and was largely ignored. True enough, he was convinced to re-join the team before the start of the 1916–17 season. He started the season strongly, leading the league in scoring early on, but in early December, his appendicitis flared up. He was forced to miss time and have surgery to remove his appendix. Playing in 12 of the Millionaires' 23 games, Taylor finished ninth overall in league scoring with 29 points and third in assists with 15.

At full health for the 1917–18 season, Taylor appeared in 18 games and finished first in goals (32) and points (43), and was second for assists (11); he was named the most valuable player of the league. Vancouver won the PCHA championship and travelled to Toronto to play the National Hockey League (NHL) champion, the Toronto Arenas, in the 1918 Stanley Cup Finals. Though Taylor scored the most goals in the series (9) and the Millionaires outscored the Arenas (21 to 18), Toronto won the best-of-five series and the Cup. Taylor repeated as scoring champion of the PCHA in 1918–19, and for the first time led in goals (23), assists (13), and points (36). It marked the fifth and final time he led the PCHA in scoring.

After the end of the season, Taylor again announced his intention to retire, though he was back for the start of the 1919–20 season. A leg injury forced him out of several games, and he only played in ten, recording twelve points and finishing far behind the scoring leaders. This contributed to a third retirement announcement, which he insisted was final. However he was coaxed out of it by Frank Patrick, who ran the Millionaires and agreed to let Taylor play only in home games and only as a replacement player throughout the during 1920–21 season. Taylor had five goals and one assist in the six games he played in and appeared in three of the five games Vancouver played in the Stanley Cup Final against the Senators, recording one assist. Ottawa won the Cup, and Taylor decided that he was retiring yet again. He sat out the 1921–22 season, but decided to attempt a return for the 1922–23 season. He appeared with Vancouver, then known as the Maroons, against the Victoria Cougars on December 8, 1922. Unable to keep pace with the game, Taylor decided after the one game to finally quit hockey.

Later career
Taylor remained involved in hockey after his playing career ended. He was the inaugural president of the Pacific Coast Hockey League, serving from 1936 to 1940. In 1970, he dropped the puck in the ceremonial face-off that preceded the Vancouver Canucks' first home game when the team joined the NHL. A season-ticket holder, Taylor was a fixture at Canucks games until his death.

Immigration officer
In October 1907, Taylor joined the Immigration Branch of the Department of the Interior, a job that the Ottawa Senators arranged as an inducement to get Taylor to play with the club. Taylor liked the idea of a position within the federal government, seeing it as something that would ensure job security after his hockey career ended. He started as a junior clerk, earning $35 a month. When Taylor moved to Vancouver in 1912 he initially took a leave of absence from his position. Frank Patrick would later use his close connection with Sir Richard McBride, the Premier of British Columbia, to get Taylor's position transferred west, and helped Taylor get promoted to senior immigration inspector.

By 1914, Taylor oversaw traffic into the port of Vancouver, boarding ships and checking crew and passenger manifests. It was in this capacity that Taylor was involved in the Komagata Maru incident. The Komagata Maru was a steamship that carried 376 Sikh, Muslim, and Hindu immigrants from India in an attempt to circumvent the restrictive Canadian immigration laws which had been set up to keep non-Europeans from entering. The ship reached Vancouver on May 23, 1914, and Taylor was the first immigration officer to board the ship. Taylor spent considerable time on the ship as it sat in the Vancouver harbour. With the passengers unable to disembark and not given additional supplies, Taylor oversaw everyone until it left again for India on July 23, when the passengers were refused entry into Canada. Reflecting on the incident later in life, Taylor said that "[i]t was a terrible affair, and nobody was proud of it."

When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Taylor enlisted in the Canadian Army. Though reluctant to go overseas, he wanted to help out and was willing to do whatever was necessary. Shortly after his enlistment, it was announced that immigration officials were deemed a vital job and exempt from service. As a result, Taylor was discharged from the military and spent the war working in Vancouver.

After he retired from hockey, Taylor kept his immigration post and eventually rose to become the Commissioner of Immigration for British Columbia and the Yukon, the top position in the region. In 1946 Taylor was named as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for outstanding service to the country and community as an immigration officer in two wars. He retired from the civil service in 1950.

Politics
As a member of the B.C. Progressive Conservative party, Taylor unsuccessfully ran for election in the Vancouver Centre riding in the 1952 British Columbia general election, finishing fourth out of six candidates. He ran again in Vancouver Centre in the 1953 British Columbia general election, where he had 1,007 votes for 5.27% of the ballots, and again finished fourth of six candidates. In 1952 he was elected to one term as a member of the Vancouver Park Board.

Personal life
Raised a Methodist, Taylor never drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or cursed, which was unusual for hockey players. He attributed these values to his mother's religious devotion. His family were staunch supporters of the federal Conservative Party, which caused some concerns when Taylor was offered a position in the federal government upon his move to Ottawa; many federal jobs were patronage appointments, and with the Liberal Party in power at the time it was unusual for a Conservative supporter to be given such a position. In the summer of 1908, Taylor helped found Scout troop No.7 in Ottawa, starting a lifelong involvement with the Scouting movement. In Vancouver, he continued this work and took on an active role with the YMCA. Known for his "way with words" and "admired for his easy, courtly manner", Taylor also was known to be well-dressed throughout his playing career and continued to maintain this style in later life. Taylor is also reported to have been a Freemason.

Taylor enjoyed sports other than hockey and played lacrosse during the summers of his hockey career. While in Ottawa during the summer of 1908, he joined the Ottawa Capitals of the National Lacrosse Union. Taylor was seen as a good lacrosse player, though his biographer Eric Whitehead has suggested that Taylor's abilities may have been embellished by reporters due to his hockey fame. Overall, his time with the Capitals was uneventful except for an incident during a game on June 27, 1908. During the scuffle, Taylor got into a fight with a player and accidentally punched the referee, Tom Carlind. Police immediately arrested Taylor and jailed him for several hours until Carlind arrived and explained it was unintentional. League officials considered banning Taylor over the incident, but they let him play for the rest of the season because he drew large crowds. In 1914 he joined the Vancouver Terminals, playing for $50 per game.

Marriage and family
In February 1908 Taylor met Thirza Cook. A hockey fan, she worked as a secretary in the Immigration Department and met Taylor there after watching him play the previous night. After their first date, Taylor met Cook's widowed mother, who was from a well-off family and related by marriage to John Rudolphus Booth, an Ottawa lumber tycoon. Cook's mother was not impressed with Taylor, as his background was of a lower social standing than her own, and did not like the idea of her daughter being with a hockey player. This feeling was shared by Cook's six siblings. Despite this animosity, Taylor resolved to win the family over and decided he would save $10,000 to prove his worth. Earning a combined $2,800 from his two jobs at the time, Taylor needed six years to reach his goal. While playing in Renfrew, Taylor took a train to Ottawa several times per week to visit Cook. When he moved to Vancouver in 1912 he promised he would return for the spring and summer of 1913, initially planning for a wedding that autumn. Taylor and Cook were married on March 19, 1914, at her Ottawa home, with Frank Patrick serving as the best man. They went to New York on their honeymoon, where Taylor joined the Millionaires in an exhibition series. The couple moved to Vancouver after the series ended, spending the rest of their lives there. Thirza died in March 1963, from heart troubles.

Taylor had three sons and two daughters. John, the second oldest child, also played hockey and won two Canadian university championships while attending the University of Toronto. Offered a contract by the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL, he turned it down on the advice of his father and instead earned a law degree. John worked in immigration law before entering politics and was elected to the House of Commons in 1957, representing Vancouver—Burrard until his defeat in the 1962 election. In 1957 Taylor's oldest son, Fred Jr., opened a chain of sporting-goods stores and named them Cyclone Taylor Sports after his father. A grandson, Mark Taylor, played in the NHL from 1981 to 1986 with the Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals. Joan, Taylor's youngest child, predeceased him, dying in 1976 from heart problems brought on by her figure skating career. After breaking his hip in 1978, Taylor's health deteriorated, and he died in his sleep in Vancouver on June 9, 1979.

Legacy
Taylor was regarded as one of the best hockey players throughout his playing career and is considered the first star of the professional era. In 1908 when he went to play in Pittsburgh, it was noted in The Pittsburgh Press how he was "in a position to get almost anything he asked for the coming season and there were lots of bidders", and that his signing in Pittsburgh was a great achievement for the team. Likewise, when he left Ottawa in 1912 and moved to Vancouver, the Ottawa Citizen said he was "the greatest drawing card in the game" and that the Senators should have increased their salary offer to him. Taylor was of average size for a hockey player of his era, and was known more for speed and creativity than for his physical prowess. He was highly sought by teams, as his presence led to higher ticket sales. In an era when players only signed on for one season at a time, Taylor always had several teams interested in his services, and thus was able to command some of the highest salaries of his time.

In 1947, Taylor was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in its second class of inductees, and he was later inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame and the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame. When the Hockey Hall of Fame started construction on a new building in 1961, Taylor was given the honour of turning the sod. There are several awards named after Taylor. The Vancouver Canucks team award for most valuable player is named the Cyclone Taylor Trophy. Since 1966 the Cyclone Taylor Cup has been awarded to the champion of a tournament between the winners of the British Columbia Junior B leagues. The junior Listowel Cyclones, based in Taylor's hometown, is named after him.

title: Cyclone Taylor


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Oatlands, Tasmania

Oatlands is an important historical village on the shores of Lake Dulverton in the centre of Tasmania, Australia. Oatlands is located 84 km north of Hobart and 115 km south of Launceston on the Midland Highway. At the 2021 census, Oatlands had a population of 728.

Oatlands is considered to have the largest number of colonial sandstone buildings in any town in Australia, and many of them were built by convict labour. It is the largest town in the Southern Midlands Council area and is surrounded by rich agricultural land.

History
Oatlands is one of Tasmania's oldest settlements and was named by Governor Macquarie after an English town in the county of Surrey in 1821. It was developed as a military base for the control and management of convicts because of its central location between Hobart and Launceston. Convicts were assigned to nearby farms and properties, and also worked on public buildings, roads and bridges.

Oatlands Post Office opened on 1 June 1832.

Much of the Black War (early settlers against local First Nations people) took place in the surrounding districts, and Oatlands was also the home of the ex-convict Solomon Blay, Tasmania's most feared hangman. There are a number of unique landmarks in Oatlands, including the Callington Mill and St Pauls' Church. The mill was built in 1837 and was restored to working order during June/July 2010, and the Catholic Church was designed by Augustus Welby Pugin, the father of Gothic Revival architecture.

For some years after 1848, Oatlands was the place of exile of the Irish nationalist leader Kevin Izod O'Doherty, where his stone cottage still stands. A railway connected Oatlands with Parattah Junction, on the main Hobart to Launceston line. The railway opened on 13 May 1885 and it closed on 10 June 1949.

Oatlands was generally a relatively prosperous town in the 20th century but by the 1990s the Tasmanian economy slump, the highway bypass and a Tasmanian Midlands rural drought had a very negative effect on the town. Much of Tasmania's economic renewal, like the highway, has bypassed Oatlands, along with Ross, Tunbridge, Kempton, and Pontville, which today is a lot quieter than it used to be. The residents are attempting to grow the town once more by making it a peaceful local centre with a tourist friendly image.

The Oatlands Court House is an historic Georgian building in Oatlands. Built by convict labour in 1829, the Oatlands Court House is the oldest supreme court house in rural Australia and the oldest building in Oatlands. This fine example of a Georgian public building was originally constructed as a combined Chapel and Police Office. It was purchased by the National Trust in 1977.

Oatlands has the largest collection of sandstone buildings in a village setting in Australia. The town’s authentic colonial character is reflected in 87 original sandstone buildings along the town’s main street. The stone for their construction was quarried along the shores of Lake Dulverton. Some of the more significant buildings include the Oatlands gaol (1835), Commissariat’s store and watch house (1830s) and officers’ quarters (1830s). The Callington Mill (1837) is the only working example of a Lincolnshire windmill in Australia.

Media
Oatlands is served by 97.1 MID FM "The Voice of the Midlands"

title: Oatlands, Tasmania