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List of high schools in Tennessee

This is a list of high schools, either currently open, closed, or planned to open in the future, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

Anderson County

 * Oak Ridge High School, Oak Ridge

Clinton

 * Anderson County High School
 * Clinton High School

Bedford County

 * Central High School, Shelbyville
 * Community High School, Unionville
 * Webb School, Bell Buckle
 * Cascade High School, Wartrace

Benton County

 * Big Sandy K-12 School, Big Sandy
 * Camden Central High School, Camden

Bledsoe County

 * Bledsoe County High School, Pikeville

Blount County

 * Alcoa High School, Alcoa

Maryville

 * Eagleton College and Career Academy
 * Heritage High School
 * Maryville High School
 * William Blount High School

Bradley County

 * Walker Valley High School, Charleston

Cleveland

 * Bradley Central High School
 * Cleveland High School
 * Tennessee Christian Preparatory School
 * United Christian Academy

Campbell County

 * Campbell County High School, Jacksboro
 * Jellico High School, Jellico

Cannon County

 * Cannon County High School, Woodbury

Carroll County

 * Clarksburg High School, Clarksburg
 * Hollow Rock-Bruceton Central High School, Bruceton
 * Huntingdon High School, Huntingdon
 * McKenzie High School, McKenzie
 * West Carroll Jr/Sr High School, Atwood

Carter County

 * Cloudland High School, Roan Mountain
 * Hampton High School, Hampton
 * Unaka High School, Hunter

Elizabethton

 * Elizabethton High School
 * Happy Valley High School

Cheatham County

 * Cheatham County High School, Ashland City
 * Harpeth High School, Kingston Springs

Pleasant View

 * Pleasant View Christian School
 * Sycamore High School

Chester County

 * Chester County High School, Henderson

Claiborne County

 * Claiborne High School, Tazewell (replaces Claiborne County High School)

Harrogate

 * J. Frank White Academy
 * Cumberland Gap High School

Clay County

 * Clay County High School, Celina

Cocke County

 * Cocke County High School, Newport
 * Cosby High School, Cosby

Coffee County

 * Coffee County Central High School, Manchester
 * Tullahoma High School, Tullahoma

Crockett County

 * Crockett County High School, Alamo

Crossville

 * Cumberland County High School
 * Stone Memorial High School
 * The Phoenix School

Davidson County

 * Nashville Christian School, Bellevue
 * Metro Christian Academy, Goodlettsville
 * Whites Creek High School, Whites Creek

Antioch

 * Antioch High School
 * Ezell-Harding Christian School

Madison

 * Goodpasture Christian School
 * Madison Academy

Public

 * Academy at Old Cockrill
 * Cane Ridge High School
 * Early College High School
 * East Nashville Magnet High School
 * Glencliff High School
 * Hillsboro High School
 * Hillwood Comprehensive High School
 * Hume-Fogg High School
 * Hunters Lane High School
 * John Overton Comprehensive High School
 * KIPP Nashville Collegiate High School
 * Knowledge Academies
 * LEAD Southeast High School
 * Martin Luther King Magnet at Pearl High School
 * Maplewood Comprehensive High School
 * McGavock High School
 * Nashville Big Picture High School
 * Nashville School of the Arts
 * Pearl-Cohn Comprehensive High School
 * RePublic High School
 * Stratford High School
 * Valor College Prep

Private

 * Christ Presbyterian Academy
 * Davidson Academy
 * Donelson Christian Academy
 * The Ensworth School
 * Father Ryan High School
 * Franklin Road Academy
 * Harpeth Hall School
 * Lipscomb Academy
 * Montgomery Bell Academy
 * St. Cecilia Academy
 * University School of Nashville

Decatur County

 * Riverside High School, Decaturville

DeKalb County

 * DeKalb County High School, Smithville

Dickson County

 * Creek Wood High School, Charlotte
 * Dickson County High School, Dickson

Dyer County

 * Dyer County High School, Newbern
 * Dyersburg High School, Dyersburg

Fayette County

 * Rossville Christian Academy, Rossville

Somerville

 * Fayette Ware Comprehensive High School
 * Fayette Academy

Fentress County

 * Alvin C. York Institute, Jamestown
 * Clarkrange High School, Clarkrange

Franklin County

 * Franklin County High School, Winchester
 * St. Andrew's-Sewanee School, Sewanee
 * Huntland K-12 School, Huntland

Gibson County

 * Bradford High School, Bradford
 * Gibson County High School, Dyer
 * Humboldt High School, Humboldt
 * Milan High School, Milan
 * Peabody High School, Trenton
 * South Gibson County High School, Medina

Giles County

 * Giles County High School, Pulaski
 * Richland High School, Lynnville

Grainger County

 * Grainger High School, Rutledge (replaced Rutledge HS)
 * Washburn High School, Washburn

Greene County

 * Chuckey-Doak High School, Afton
 * Greeneville High School, Greeneville
 * North Greene High School, Baileyton
 * South Greene High School, South Greene
 * West Greene High School, Mosheim

Grundy County

 * Grundy County High School, Coalmont

Morristown

 * Morristown-Hamblen High School East
 * Morristown-Hamblen High School West

Hamilton County

 * Chattanooga Central High School, Harrison
 * Collegedale Academy, Collegedale
 * Red Bank High School, Red Bank
 * Sale Creek High School, Sale Creek
 * Signal Mountain High School, Signal Mountain

Chattanooga

 * Baylor School
 * Brainerd High School
 * Boyd Buchanan High School
 * Chattanooga Christian School
 * Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts
 * Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences
 * Chattanooga Collegiate High School
 * East Ridge High School
 * Girls Preparatory School
 * Grace Academy
 * Hamilton Heights Christian Academy
 * Howard School of Academics and Technology
 * Lookout Valley Middle High School
 * The McCallie School
 * Notre Dame High School
 * Silverdale Baptist Academy
 * Tyner Academy of Math, Science, & Technology (formerly known as Tyner High School)

Hixson

 * Berean Christian Academy
 * Hixson High School

Ooltewah

 * East Hamilton High School
 * Ooltewah High School

Soddy-Daisy

 * Sequoyah High School
 * Soddy Daisy High School

Hancock County

 * Hancock County Middle/High School, Sneedville

Hardeman County

 * Bolivar Central High School, Bolivar
 * Middleton High School, Middleton

Savannah

 * Harbert Hills Academy
 * Hardin County High School

Hawkins County

 * Cherokee Comprehensive High School, Rogersville
 * Clinch Alternative School, Eidson
 * Volunteer Comprehensive High School, Church Hill

Haywood County

 * Haywood High School, Brownsville

Henderson County

 * Lexington High School, Lexington
 * Scotts Hill High School, Reagan

Henry County

 * Henry County High School, Paris

Hickman County

 * Hickman County High School, Centerville
 * East Hickman High School, Lyles

Houston County

 * Houston County High School, Erin

Humphreys County

 * McEwen High School, McEwen
 * Waverly Central High School, Waverly

Jackson County

 * Jackson County High School, Gainesboro

Jefferson County

 * Jefferson County High School, Dandridge
 * Lakeway Christian Academy, White Pine

Johnson County

 * Johnson County High School, Mountain City

Knox County

 * Carter High School, Strawberry Plains
 * Farragut High School, Farragut
 * Gibbs High School, Corryton
 * Halls High School & North Knox Career/Tech Center, Halls Crossroads
 * Karns High School & Byington-Solway Career/Tech Center, Karns

Knoxville

 * Austin-East High School
 * Bearden High School
 * Berean Christian School (BCS)
 * Christian Academy of Knoxville (CAK)
 * Central High School
 * Dr. Paul L. Kelley Volunteer Academy
 * Fulton High School
 * Grace Christian Academy
 * Hardin Valley Academy
 * Knoxville Catholic High School
 * Knoxville Christian School
 * L&N STEM Academy
 * Lincoln Park Technology & Trade Center
 * Richard Yoakley Alternative School
 * Ridgedale Alternative School
 * South-Doyle High School
 * Tennessee Governor's Academy (TGA)
 * Tennessee School for the Deaf
 * Webb School of Knoxville
 * West High School

Powell

 * Powell High School
 * Temple Baptist Academy

Lake County

 * Lake County High School, Tiptonville

Lauderdale County

 * Halls High School, Halls
 * Ripley High School, Ripley

Lawrence County

 * Lawrence County High School, Lawrenceburg
 * Loretto High School, Loretto
 * Summertown High School, Summertown

Lewis County

 * Lewis County High School, Hohenwald

Fayetteville

 * Fayetteville High School
 * Lincoln County High School

Loudon County

 * Greenback K-12 School, Greenback
 * Lenoir City High School, Lenoir City
 * Loudon High School, Loudon

Macon County

 * Macon County High School, Lafayette
 * Red Boiling Springs High School, Red Boiling Springs

Jackson

 * Jackson Central-Merry High School
 * Jackson Christian School
 * Liberty Technology Magnet High School
 * Madison Academic Magnet High School
 * North Side High School
 * Sacred Heart of Jesus High School
 * South Side High School
 * Trinity Christian Academy
 * University School of Jackson
 * West Tennessee School for the Deaf

Marion County

 * Marion County High School, Jasper
 * Whitwell High School, Whitwell

South Pittsburg

 * Richard Hardy Memorial School
 * South Pittsburg High School

Marshall County

 * Cornersville High School, Cornersville
 * Forrest High School, Chapel Hill
 * Marshall County High School, Lewisburg

Maury County

 * Culleoka K-12 School, Culleoka
 * Hampshire K-12 School, Hampshire
 * Mount Pleasant High School, Mount Pleasant
 * Santa Fe K-12 School, Santa Fe

Columbia

 * Columbia Academy
 * Columbia Central High School
 * Spring Hill High School

McMinn County

 * McMinn Central High School, Englewood

Athens

 * McMinn County High School
 * Fairview Christian Academy
 * Christ Legacy Academy

McNairy County

 * Adamsville High School, Adamsville
 * McNairy Central High School, Selmer

Meigs County

 * Meigs County High School, Decatur

Monroe County

 * Sequoyah High School, Madisonville
 * Sweetwater High School, Sweetwater
 * Tellico Plains High School, Tellico Plains

Montgomery County

 * Fort Campbell High School, Fort Campbell
 * The Fort Campbell Army base straddles the Kentucky-Tennessee border. The school is physically located in Tennessee, but is not a member of the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, the state's governing body for interscholastic activities. It is instead a member of the Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Most of the base housing is in Kentucky, the school was originally on the Kentucky side of the base, and it is operated by the Kentucky District of the U.S. Department of Defense Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools, along with all other schools on Fort Campbell and the schools on the Fort Knox base situated entirely in Kentucky.
 * Montgomery Central High School, Cunningham

Clarksville

 * Clarksville Academy
 * Clarksville Christian School
 * Clarksville High School
 * Kenwood High School
 * Middle College HS @ APSU
 * Northeast High School
 * Northwest High School
 * Rossview High School
 * West Creek High School

Moore County

 * Moore County High School, Lynchburg

Morgan County

 * Wartburg-Central High School, Wartburg
 * Coalfield School, Coalfield
 * Oakdale High School, Oakdale
 * Sunbright High School, Sunbright

Obion County

 * Obion County Central High School, Troy
 * South Fulton High School, South Fulton
 * Union City High School, Union City

Overton County

 * Livingston Academy, Livingston

Perry County

 * Perry County High School, Linden

Pickett County

 * Pickett County High School, Byrdstown

Polk County

 * Copper Basin High School, Copperhill
 * Polk County High School, Benton

Putnam County

 * Cookeville High School, Cookeville
 * Upperman High School, Baxter

Monterey

 * Heritage Academy
 * Monterey High School

Rhea County

 * Rhea County High School, Evensville
 * Rhea County Academy, Dayton

Roane County

 * Harriman High School, Harriman
 * Oliver Springs High School, Oliver Springs
 * Rockwood High School, Rockwood

Kingston

 * Midway High School
 * Roane County High School

Robertson County

 * Jo Byrns High School, Cedar Hill
 * East Robertson High School, Cross Plains
 * Springfield High School, Springfield
 * White House Heritage High School, White House

Greenbrier

 * Dayspring Academy
 * Greenbrier High School

Rutherford County

 * Eagleville K-12 School, Eagleville
 * La Vergne High School, La Vergne
 * Rockvale High School, Rockvale

Murfreesboro

 * Blackman High School
 * Central Magnet School
 * Daniel McKee Alternative School
 * Franklin Road Christian School
 * Holloway High School
 * Middle Tennessee Christian School
 * Oakland High School
 * Riverdale High School
 * Siegel High School

Smyrna

 * Lancaster Christian Academy
 * Smyrna High School
 * Smyrna West Alternative School
 * Stewarts Creek High School

Scott County

 * Oneida High School, Oneida

Huntsville

 * Huntsville High School
 * Scott High School

Sequatchie County

 * Sequatchie County High School, Dunlap

Sevier County

 * Gatlinburg-Pittman High School, Gatlinburg
 * Northview Academy, Kodak
 * Pigeon Forge High School, Pigeon Forge

Sevierville

 * Parkway Academy
 * Sevier County High School

Seymour

 * King's Academy
 * Seymour High School
 * Seymour Christian School

Shelby County

 * Bartlett High School, Bartlett
 * Millington Central High School, Millington
 * Tipton Rosemark Academy, Rosemark

Arlington

 * Arlington High School
 * Bolton High School

Collierville

 * Collierville High School
 * St. George's Independent Schools

Cordova

 * Cordova High School
 * Saint Benedict at Auburndale

Germantown

 * Germantown High School
 * Houston High School

Public

 * Booker T. Washington High School
 * Central High School
 * Craigmont High School
 * Douglass High School
 * East High School
 * Fairley High School
 * Hamilton High School
 * Hillcrest High School
 * Kingsbury High School
 * Kirby High School
 * Manassas High School
 * Melrose High School
 * Mitchell High School
 * Oakhaven High School
 * Overton High School
 * Raleigh-Egypt High School
 * Ridgeway High School
 * Sheffield High School
 * Shelby Training Center, Memphis
 * Trezevant High School
 * Westwood High School
 * White Station High School
 * Whitehaven High School
 * Wooddale High School

Private

 * Briarcrest Christian School
 * Christian Brothers High School
 * The Collegiate School of Memphis
 * Concord Academy
 * Evangelical Christian School
 * First Assembly Christian School
 * Harding Academy
 * Hutchison School
 * Immaculate Conception Cathedral High School
 * Lausanne Collegiate School
 * Macon Road Baptist School
 * Margolin Hebrew Academy
 * Memphis Catholic High School
 * Memphis Jewish High School
 * Memphis University School
 * Middle College High School
 * St. Agnes Academy-St. Dominic School
 * St. Mary's Episcopal School
 * Westminster Academy

Smith County

 * Gordonsville High School, Gordonsville
 * Smith County High School, Carthage

Bristol

 * Bristol Tennessee High School

Blountville

 * Tri-Cities Christian Academy
 * West Ridge High School

Bluff City

 * Sullivan East High School

Kingsport

 * Dobyns-Bennett High School

Sumner County

 * Westmoreland High School, Westmoreland
 * White House High School, White House

Gallatin

 * Gallatin High School
 * Station Camp High School

Hendersonville

 * Beech Senior High School
 * Hendersonville Christian Academy
 * Hendersonville High School
 * Merrol Hyde Magnet School
 * Pope John Paul II High School

Portland

 * Highland Academy
 * Portland High School

Tipton County

 * Brighton High School, Brighton
 * Covington High School, Covington
 * Munford High School, Munford

Trousdale County

 * Trousdale County High School, Hartsville

Unicoi County

 * Unicoi County High School, Erwin

Union County

 * Union County High School, Maynardville

Van Buren County

 * Van Buren County High School, Spencer

McMinnville

 * F.C. Boyd Christian School
 * Warren County High School

Washington County

 * Daniel Boone High School, Gray
 * David Crockett High School, Jonesborough

Johnson City

 * Science Hill High School
 * University School

Wayne County

 * Collinwood High School, Collinwood
 * Frank Hughes School, Clifton
 * Wayne County High School, Waynesboro

Weakley County

 * Dresden High School, Dresden
 * Gleason High School, Gleason
 * Greenfield High School, Greenfield
 * Sharon School, Sharon
 * Westview High School, Martin

White County

 * White County High School, Sparta

Williamson County

 * Fairview High School, Fairview
 * Fred J. Page High School, Rudderville (Franklin mailing address)
 * Independence High School, Thompson's Station
 * Nolensville High School, Nolensville
 * Summit High School, Spring Hill

Brentwood

 * Brentwood Academy
 * Brentwood High School
 * Ravenwood High School

Franklin

 * Battle Ground Academy
 * Centennial High School
 * Franklin High School
 * Renaissance High School, Franklin

Wilson County

 * Watertown High School, Watertown

Lebanon

 * Friendship Christian School
 * Lebanon High School

Mount Juliet

 * Green Hill High School
 * Mount Juliet Christian Academy
 * Mount Juliet High School
 * Wilson Central High School

title: List of high schools in Tennessee


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Ó Fearghail

Ó Fearghail is a family name of the Irish nobility from County Longford who were historically the Princes of Annaly. The patronym means "descendant of Fearghail", whose name means "man of valour". Fearghail was a great-grandson of Angaile, the 10th-century King of Fortúatha who conquered and gave his name to Annaly, and his Ó Fearghail descendants were the Princes of Annaly for 6 centuries. Angaile was chief of the Conmhaícne Angaile. The lineage of Fearghail produced chiefs of the Dál Messin Corb and the Uí Garrchon. English forms of the surname include O'Farrell, O'Ferrall, Ferrell and Farrell.

Early history
According to the historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Farrells were part of the Conmaicne Rein tribe in Ireland who came from the Erainn tribe who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from about 500 and 100 BC.

The Ó Fearghail chieftain historically sat at the Ó Fearghail stronghold of Longford (Irish orthography: Longphort Uí Fhearghail), with another Ó Fearghail seat at Moatfarrell (Irish orthography: Móta Uí Fhearghail) in the eastern part of Annaly, between Ballinalee and Edgeworthstown. From the early 11th century until the colonial confiscations of James I in the early 17th century, the Ó Fearghail ruled Annaly as a principality. This rule was disrupted by repeated English invasions in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 15th century, the Ó Fearghail regained complete control and had divided into the North Annaly ruling White Ó Fearghail (Irish orthography: Uí Fhearghail Bán) and the South Annaly ruling Yellow Ó Fearghail (Irish orthography: Uí Fhearghail Buí). The Ó Fearghail principality was greatly undermined in 1552, when King Edward VI granted much of the lands of Annaly to Baron Delvin, including the Holy Island and lands of the Ó Fearghail. By 1618, the Ó Fearghail of Longford were finally deposed as Princes of Annaly by King James I, losing all of their lands and privileges. After the fall of the tribal Gaelic Order, many became tenants of their old land with English and Scottish landlords.

Bishops of Ardagh
In the Ireland of the 14th and 15th century, there was a tendency for ecclesiastical positions to be subject to hereditary family right. Members of the Ó Fearghail family were bishops of Ardagh in 1343–67, 1373–8, and for most of the 15th century.
 * Eóghan Ó Fearghail (Owen O’Ferral), 1343–1367
 * Cairbre Ó Fearghail (Charles O’Ferrall), 1373–1378
 * Conchobhar Ó Fearghail (Conor O’Ferral), 1416–1423
 * Risdeárd Ó Fearghail (Richard O’Ferral), 1425–1444
 * Donnchadh Ó Fearghail (Donatus O’Ferral), 1467–1469
 * Seaán Ó Fearghail (John O’Ferral), 1469–1479
 * Uilliam Ó Fearghail, (William O’Ferral) 1482–1516

Modern Era
The first record of an O'Farrell in the English language was written in 1620 by Father Richard O'Farrell of County Longford. A number of O'Farrell men served in an Irish regiment of the Spanish Army in the Eighty Years' War. By the time of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, many troops returned to fight with the Irish Catholic movement of confederate Ireland. By the end of the 17th century, the O'Farrells had mostly returned to Ireland, where they are abundant to this day in the midland counties, especially in County Longford. Some did remain in Cuba, where their surname was spelled O'Farrill.

Timeline

 * 1014: Fearghail's great-grandfather Angaile has by this stage established control over Annaly.
 * 1014: Fearghail of Conmaicne was killed during the Battle of Clontarf.  It is from this man that the Ó Fearghail clan claims their descent.
 * 1262: The English of Meath pillage the lands of Lord of Annaly GiUa Ó Fearghail (the Just), causing him to take revenge by slaying many and destroying land in County Meath.
 * 1316: The Ó Fearghail fought at the Second Battle of Athenry in support of Edward the Bruce's Irish Campaign, with four of the Ó Fearghail dying by the victorious English.
 * 1323: A large English army under Lord Bermingham attempted to attack the Ó Fearghail but were repulsed and slain at the command of Donnell Ó Fearghail.
 * 1329: The sons of John Ó Fearghail and a group of Meath English lured and murdered the Earl of Breifne at a house in Fore.
 * 1347–1516: Eight members of the Ó Fearghail served as Bishop of Ardagh.
 * 1452: The Ó Fearghail Chief clashed briefly with the Earl of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, over the imprisonment of Lord Bermingham's son by the O’Reillys of East Breifne. Ó Fearghail buys Ormond off, and the Lord Lieutenant leaves to pursue O’Reilly.
 * 1464: John Ó Fearghail and Redmond Ó Fearghail of the Annaly Lords died of bubonic plague along with members of their families.
 * 1471:  A battle between the O’Reillys and the Ó Fearghail took place at Clankee in which the O’Reilly commander was killed and the Ó Fearghail Chief was taken prisoner.
 * 1475: A number of the Ó Fearghail were banished to the English of Meath for killing a member of the clan.
 * 1504: Chief Ó Fearghail (along with most other Irish chiefs) joined forces with the Lord Deputy, Gearóid FitzGerald, and they formed a very large army. This English/Gaelic army marched on Munster and were victorious over the O’Briens at the Battle of Knockdoe, one of the largest battles ever witnessed in Ireland.
 * 1565: The Annaly Ó Fearghail repeatedly clashed with the new Lord Deputy to Ireland, Sir Henry Sidney, who planned to shire the county.
 * 1618: The Ó Fearghail of Longford are finally deposed as Lords of Annaly by King James I, losing their lands and privileges forever. “They were deprived of their estates without any compensation whatsoever, or any means of subsistence assigned them” (Annals of the Four Masters).
 * 1620: The first written record of an O'Farrell in the English language was by Father Richard O’Farrell, who was a priest in Annaly, Longford. He was a member of the Irish Catholic Confederacy, and later witnessed and wrote about conflicts on the European Continent.
 * 1646: At the Battle of Benburb, General Richard O'Farrell, arrived in Ireland from his serving as an officer in the Spanish Army on the continent, led the Longford Column which was an O'Farrell force in the Irish Confederate Army under the leadership of Owen Roe O’Neill, and decisively defeated the Covenanters in a large scale major pitched battle. O'Farrell was deputy to Owen Roe O'Neill in the Irish Confederate Army.
 * 1649: At the First Siege of Waterford, Oliver Cromwell battled with General Richard O'Farrell who arrived in order to defend the city. O'Farrell was victorious due to tactical superiority to Cromwell, namely via siege warfare experience gained battling in the Low Countries in Spanish and French armies.
 * 1649: In Wexford, Captain Daniel O'Farrell recaptured Enniscorthy Castle from the New Model Army.
 * 1650: Francis Fergus O’Farrell was born in County Longford. He moved to the Netherlands, married a local girl, and had six children. Eventually, he served in the army of William of Orange and saw action in England and Ireland, fighting for the Protestants.
 * 1652: After Waterford, General Richard O'Farrell appeared again in Irish history, this time defending Galway with Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara against the New Model Army. Here the English Parliamentarians were victorious.
 * 1657: The remnants of the O’Farrell clan, known as the Wild Geese, were in the service of the French Army, and commanded an access route to Brussels during the Franco-Spanish War. However, at the behest of exiled Charles II of England, they switched sides and allowed the Spanish to pass on the road and attack Brussels from Flanders.
 * 1662: The O’Farrell clan, on the orders of the recently reinstated King Charles II, was commissioned to Tangier in North Africa. 381 O’Farrells make up the bulk of the Irish contingent, which was half of the Tangier Regiment, and sailed for Africa.
 * 1691: Ceadagh O’Farrell of Annaly, Longford was killed at the Battle of the Boyne. Ceadagh's three sons fled to fight in French Brigades, with some settling in Picardy, France.
 * 1709: Roger O'Ferrall authored a work entitled "Linea Antiqua, or, A Genealogical, Chronological, and Historical Account of the Gathelian, Melesian, Scottish or Irish People, or Nation, from the beginning of time to this Year of Our Lord 1709", which collected together many genealogical pedigrees of the Gaels. It was later transcribed by Sir William Betham and copied by John O'Hart in his Irish Pedigrees. This document is held by the Genealogical Office at the National Library of Ireland.
 * 1751: The House of More O'Ferrall is founded by the marriage of Richard O'Ferrall and Laetitia O'More. Richard held the title "Prince of Annaly" and thus the bearers of this title are now the More O'Ferralls.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ó Fearghail


text:
Gabrial McNair

Gabrial McNair (born September 8, 1973) is a musician and composer, most famous for his work in No Doubt since 1993 as a trombonist, keyboardist, and backing vocalist. He recorded and toured with Green Day during the Nimrod and Warning tours, playing trombone and tenor saxophone. In 2003, he was one of the co-founders of the California-based rock band Oslo where he plays the guitar.

Early life and studies
McNair attended Glendora High School in Glendora, California. He played trombone in the marching band and snare drum in the Scottish Pipe Band. After graduation, he went on to study Jazz and Music Composition at Citrus College, before moving on to California Institute of the Arts to continue his studies with Charlie Haden, Alex Iles, Joe LaBarbera, and David Roitstein.

Collaborations
Outside of No Doubt, he has written and recorded with bandmate/producer, Tony Kanal, in the studio on various recordings for Elan Atias, Gwen Stefani, and Pepper.

Gabrial composed additional music for the 2012 animated TV series "Action Dad", as well as the main title theme.

Gabrial collaborated with Garbage frontwoman, Shirley Manson on a song for the 2014 feature film "Dark Hearts" Directed by Rudolf Buitendach

In 2014, Gabrial contributed additional music to the score of the children's animated feature "The Hero of Color City" with Zoë Poledouris and Angel Roche.

McNair has also composed music for various TV shows including Cartoon Network Asia's, "The Afterschool Adventures of Paddle Pop" and "Animal Control".

With Oslo
His band Oslo, which includes Mattia Borrani on lead vocals and Kerry Wayne James on bass, with McNair on guitars, toured with Blue October in the Fall of 2006 on the Foiled Tour in the US and Canada.

Oslo released their second full-length album, called The Rise and Fall of Love and Hate, in 2007.

Oslo released an EP titled "The Morning After" in 2017.

On April 9, 2017, Oslo opened for Dreamcar, a band featuring members of No Doubt and the lead singer of AFI at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco, and at the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood.

Appearances
In the late 2005, McNair went on tour with fellow band member Gwen Stefani on her solo Harajuku Lovers Tour. He joined Gwen once again on "The Sweet Escape Tour" in 2007. He continues to perform with Miss Stefani on her Las Vegas Residency "Just a Girl" at the Planet Hollywood Casino, as well as other various performances.

He joined the Smashing Pumpkins on their 20th Anniversary Tour in 2008, playing the trombone, backing vocals, and percussion.

He also joined Lenny Kravitz on his "Black and White America World Tour" in 2011 & 2012, playing the trombone and percussion.

In 2013, he lent his vocals to the track "Desert Lullaby" on the original soundtrack of Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII, composed by Naoshi Mizuta. The soundtrack was released on November 21, the same day as the release of the game in Japan; the North American and European release followed in early 2014.

In 2016, he began touring and playing keyboards for the band Tegan and Sara alongside drummer Brendan Buckley, and Bassist Eva Gardner. He joined them on their 2016 world tour in support of their new record Love You To Death. He also continued performing with Tegan and Sara on the 10th Anniversary tour celebrating their classic album The Con.

Since 2017, Gabrial has been toured with Sublime with Rome, providing keyboards, trombone, and backing vocals. He also contributed to their 2019 album Blessings.

Selected discography

 * Beacon Street Collection (No Doubt, 1995)
 * Tragic Kingdom (No Doubt, 1995)
 * A Very Special Christmas 3 (Various, 1997)
 * Hang-Ups (Goldfinger, 1996)
 * Nimrod (Green Day, 1997)
 * The Nixons (The Nixons, 1997)
 * Americana (The Offspring, 1998)
 * Rugrats: The Movie (Original Soundtrack, 1998)
 * Hitler Bad, Vandals Good (The Vandals, 1998)
 * Showoff (Showoff, 1999)
 * Darrin's Coconut Ass: Live from Omaha (Goldfinger, 1999)
 * Senza Motiva (Senza Motiva, 1999)
 * Playmate of The Year (Zebrahead, 2000)
 * Return of Saturn (No Doubt, 2000)
 * Atomic (Lit, 2001)
 * Destination Unknown (Mest, 2001)
 * Rock Steady (No Doubt, 2001)
 * Tune In, Tokyo... (Green Day, 2001)
 * Action Figure Party (Action Figure Party, 2001)
 * Clear (The Color Red, 2002)
 * Thank You, Uncle Tom (Caramelize, 2003)
 * 50 First Dates (Original Soundtrack, 2004)
 * Everything in Time: B-Sides, Rarities, Remixes (No Doubt, 2004)
 * True Love (Toots & the Maytals, 2004)
 * Lit (Lit, 2005)
 * One Love (Kimberley Locke, 2005)
 * Disconnection Notice (Goldfinger, 2005)
 * Look at All the Love We Found: A Tribute to Sublime (Various, 2005)
 * Oslo (Oslo, 2005)
 * Wikked Lil' Grrrls (Esthero, 2005)
 * Together as One (Elan, 2006)
 * Harajuku Lovers Live (Gwen Stefani, 2006)
 * No Shame (Pepper, 2006)
 * Songs We Sing (Matt Costa, 2006)
 * The Sweet Escape (Gwen Stefani, 2006)
 * The Rise and Fall of Love and Hate (Oslo), 2007
 * The Greatest Remixes (Good Charlotte, 2008)
 * Pilar Diaz (Pilar Diaz, 2009)
 * Glee (Glee: The 3D Concert Movie, 2011)
 * Push and Shove (No Doubt, 2012)
 * Man on the Run (Bush, 2014)
 * The Hero of Color City (Zöe Poledouris, 2014)
 * Sorry I'm Late (Cher Lloyd, 2014)
 * Shine (Gwen Stefani, 2015)
 * Rocks & Straws (Anneli Drecker, 2015)
 * The Morning After EP (Oslo (band), 2016
 * Dreamcar (Dreamcar, 2017)
 * Mass Manipulation (Steel Pulse, (2019)
 * Blessings (Sublime with Rome, 2019)
 * "Forwards Bound" (Single) (Iya Terra feat. Steel Pulse, 2021)

title: Gabrial McNair


text:
Talk:House Ordos

Quick question about Emperor: Alliances
What exactly is this "Emperor: Alliances" that is referred to in this article? Googling it and looking through lists of published games returned no results (I'm assuming it's a game since it has House Ordos in it).

(Now that I've finally finished the Dune series I had to look this page up to see where Westwood got House Ordos from)

Thank you -CrimsonKaiser 00:45, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

The article make mention of "Emperor: Alliances." Will somebody please tell me what that is? Jason Palpatine 05:50, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

http://wiki.dune2k.com/wiki/Emperor_Alliances --Jesse Mulkey 23:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

If ıt was cancelled and no further info was given, Im not sure if it counts as canon. And in its current stage, the parts about the Emperor: Alliances look as if they are a fan fiction. Also, are you sure if that wiki page is correct? I followed Westwood very closely during the years of TS, RA2, Renegade, Emperor and (To an extent) Generals. Never even saw an indication or decleration of an expansion pack, let alone the news of its cancellation. Therefore I feel those parts about Alliances need deletion. Any comments?

House Ordos
Right, it's a rough job I know, but it's a start. That being said there are two things I think we should avoid in the future with this incarnation of the article: 1. Don't go overboard with the Ordos story. It's a minor house, and doesn't deserve more than a paragraph or two. 2. No game only information. If the only information about the article is from the games, don't include it!

Thank you -Robgea

but, the ordos only really exist in the games, and a lot of people i know dont even know that the dune universe started in books. this article as it stands is one of the best written i have seen on wikepedia, encompassing all the information in an eloquently constructed manner. congrats to whoever did this. 29/7/05

Killing this bloat
This page is way too long, and I'm excising it. Why oh why is this page bigger than House Atreides, House Harkonnen, and House Corrino? And the game units? They're going out. They can be reinstated at a page about the game. --Staecker 13:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you...--Robgea 21:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Jesse Mulkey reinstated the page, and I'm going to cut it again. This is not "one of the most detailed articles on Wikipedia," nor should it be. The Ordos are just not that important in the Dune universe. Jesse- I know you personally like them. But having such a huge article on them in contrast to the comparatively miniscule ones on Atreides, Harkonnen, and Corrino is not right. I don't mean to start a revert war here, but I think that a much thinner Ordos page has always had support throughout the lifetime of this article. Please register your opinions, anyone who's watching.--Staecker 23:58, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Why House Ordos should not be cut.
House Ordos was never an official part of the Dune universe, just the RTS games. They deserve more information since the official sources (the games) are out of print and because they are unique, etc. While for the other houses anyone could just look in the novels or encyclopedia for info. Would you feel better about the longer House Ordos article if the other three house also had as much info? House Ordos needs to be recognized, and such a short page with such little info does not do them justice.
 * Actually, that's a good point - that the games are out of print. In that case, I feel like the games' articles would need to be expanded in order to justify a big Ordos page. We can't have a huge Ordos article, when Ordos is just an aspect of a game series that is not-well represented on Wikipedia. The single Ordos article (at its longest) was about as big as all the material on all 5 Dune games (at Dune (computer game) and Dune II) comibned. That's like having a huge article on Short Round, while having only a few paragraphs on Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.

 * But you are actually beginning to make me feel like Ordos has some importance... Staecker 01:16, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Staecker, you're a retard. Quit making up retarded, anal, out-of-nowhere on-the-spot "rules" like keeping articles for spin-offs shorter than the originals, just to make others feel like you have some importance, mmkay? Idiots. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.63.199.2 (talk • contribs)

 * The Ordos have no canonical importance, but they were a unique and interesting House nontheless; and they have a small but devoted fanbase. According to Westwood Studios, Emperor: Battle for Dune takes place around 200 years before the original movie "Dune". -Jesse Mulkey

 * This page does not do House Ordos justice. There is so much more about them. -Jesse Mulkey

Who cares if it's bigger? A bigger article means more detail, let's say for someone who is interested in the house as it appears in the games. Just let it grow and encompass all of the unit information, and if it bugs you so much, add onto the Atreides, Corrino and Harkonnen pages, too.

 * Oh, I think I wrote most of this article. I can't remember. I know I wrote most of the bit about the home-world and the.... Well, I'm pretty sure I wrote most of it, as I remember writing specific bits that I may read throughout, and it sort of bears my "Official Wikipedian" writing-style, which I put on to make things look quasi-professional to readers here, but I also know that other people have touched it up a lot, as well. I am sorry if I made it too long, but they are my favourite House in the games and I tend monopolise subjects I am interested in. I can see where some of you are coming from with their being a nearly non-existent faction in the Duneverse, but as I believe this article makes clear, pretty much all of the info here refers to the game series, but I also feel that it sufficiently clarifies where the Ordos originate from (The Dune Encyclopedia), and what the magnitude of the role they play there is like, which I feel to also be important. I would've written the article on the Atreides and the Harkonnen Houses as well, but frankly, in terms of the games I don't care so much for them, and in terms of the books, anybody who strays upon the Dune universe article (which I believe is linked to in each and every Duneverse-relevant article on Wikipedia) will basically be pointed in the right direction. After all, Atreides and Harkonnen are Duneverse-imperative material, and Dune books may be purchased at any half-decent bookstore. Dune computer games are off the market now until, at least, another one is produced; This may very well be the only "compendium" (Ha!) of Ordos info any non-gamer might have, even if they're fans of the Dune saga itself. I really do not see the point of having a section for units, though; if you own the games, then you know what they are, and if you don't own any, then it is immaterial whether or not they utilise Cobra battle-tanks.
 * In summary; shorten the article if you will, but do try to keep in mind that most people won't have the chance to access this information elsewhere, and whether or not that has significance is up to whom it may concern. -jove
 * Also, come to think of it, do I believe I touched up on an already extant article, and that most of the perhaps overly-verbose explication was introduced by myself as a way to add the informational equivalent of seasoning and spice. I feel that information itself is all but worthless if it is communicated in a manner nobody wishes to experience. -jove

I really don't think the arguments being made here are particularly credible. For example, the claim that Ordos deserve more space because unlike Atreides or Harkonnen, there isn't a non-game source that interested persons can refer to. I would argue that is a reason to have less information on Ordos, not more. Everything which is known about them is known from the games or the dune encyclopedia. It is extremely unlikely that people who have not played the games are going to be interested in Ordos, as their representation in the games is obviously non-canon in Herbert's universe. On the other hand someone who has read the books will be much more interested in reading about the in-game depiction of canon material. An example: A local band that I am a fan of deserves more space than Franz Ferdinand because it is a lot more difficult to find information about this local band than Franz Ferdinand. Would this be a satisfactory argument? No.

The issue here isn't whether Ordos deserve a long article or not, the issue is notability - Ordos are simply not as noteworthy as Atreides or Harkonnen. Let's keep our personal feelings about Ordos to one side. 121.45.172.33 06:11, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally I think its a poor excuse to cut an artical because of notability or because the atreides/harkonnen articals are shorter. If someone is interested, or wants to read about house ordos then the information should be here for them to do so. Cutting for the sake of making cuts is counter productive, the artical is not lengthy by any means. Maybe it could do with a clean-up. Rominik (talk) 16:27, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

this is a fantastic article
as someone who just stumbled upon this, I have to say this is one of the most ridiculous things I have read on this site to date. I especially loved the completely superfluous words inserted into the headings "Infamous ... Insidious ..", and the way at some point the article just drifts off into some sort of a bizarre poetic analysis of the symbolism of freezing to death on some ice world no-one has ever seen, just briefly mentioned in some videogame no-one has ever played. It's like a fantastic fractal of irrelevance within more irrelevance. If this ever gets deleted someone should preserve it for posterity just because it is such an awesomely silly thing to read.
 * - Shok Teenik —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.113.57.173 (talk) 20:39, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The games are certainly not unknown things "no-one has ever played", they are some of the most important RTS games ever made, since they shaped the genre for at least the first 10 years. But I do agree there is a lot of non-encyclopedic stuff in this article, almost nothing is sourced and the dramatic description of the home planet would fit better in a novel than in an encyclopedia. I think the House of Ordos is very notable, since they were created outside of the "official" dune universe, but still feature a lot of background history and such. But any such things mentioned in the article needs references to sources, preferably the game manuals or in-game cinematics. A lot described in the current article 'feels' like original research, obviously written by someone who likes the house of Ordos, and too much based on what the writer thinks of the race than what is actually known about them, and too much written in some kind of "in-universe" perspective rather than descriptions of a fictional group.

Ordos are notable and the article should absolutely NOT be deleted, but it does require a lot of cleaning up and checking against sources. 213.89.251.44 (talk) 02:48, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Invented in the encyclopaedia?
The article currently:

 * The House is listed in the non-canon Dune Encyclopedia (1984) by Willis E. McNelly[1] but has never been mentioned in any of the novels.

If you read the article about the encyclopaedia it says:

 * The Dune Encyclopedia is written in the form of an encyclopedia within the fictional Dune universe, often citing non-existent fictional written works. No reference is made to which information is taken directly from the works of Frank Herbert himself, and which has been invented.

Taken together, this suggests it may have been invented in the encyclopaedia. I see some earlier discussion suggesting this. However if true, IMO the article it self doesn't make this sufficiently clear. For starters, it could have first appeared outside the novels and encyclopaedia (e.g. TV or other places) which our article fails to mention (this may not have existed, but we can't expect our readers to be aware of this). Also, even if the encyclopaedia is non-canon, the normal assumption would be it intends to represent stuff that has already appeared elsewhere rather then making stuff up itself and the reader is unlikely to know it did this without checking out the article. (At least we give the date so readers don't think it first appeared in the game which caused it to appear in the encyclopaedia.) In other words, if it can be reliably sourced we should clearly say it was invented or first appeared in the encyclopaedia, rather then forcing the reader to guess. Nil Einne (talk) 09:17, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:House Ordos


text:
Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest

Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest is an arcade game developed by Williams Electronics and released in 1986. It is a sequel to Williams' 1982 game Joust. Like its predecessor, Joust 2 is a 2D aerial combat game with platforms to land on. The player uses a button and joystick to control a knight riding a flying ostrich. The object is to progress through levels by defeating groups of enemy knights riding buzzards. Joust 2 features improved audio-visuals and new features such as mutant buzzards created by eggs falling into lava, the ability to transform from an ostrich to a flying horse, and differently themed levels. Waves no longer seamlessly flow into each other; the gameplay is divided into separate screens with transitions between them.

John Newcomer led development again, which began to create a kit allowing arcade owners to convert an existing cabinet into another game. The original Joust used a horizontal monitor, but Williams chose a vertically oriented screen for the kit as a result of the design's popularity at the time.

Released during the waning days of the golden age of arcade games, Joust 2 did not achieve the success that Joust reached. The game was not ported to contemporary home systems, but was later released as part of arcade game compilations.

Gameplay

Joust 2 is a 2D combat game taking place in the air and on landing platforms, like its predecessor. The player controls a yellow knight riding a flying ostrich and navigates the game world with a two-way joystick and a button. The joystick controls the horizontal direction that the knight travels, while pressing the button makes the ostrich flap its wings. The rate at which the player repeatedly presses the button causes the ostrich to fly upward, hover, or slowly descend. The objective is to defeat groups of enemy knights riding buzzards that populate each level, referred to as a wave. Upon completing a wave, a more challenging one will begin.

Players navigate the knight to collide with enemies. If the protagonist's jousting lance is higher than that of the enemy, the villain is defeated and vice versa. A collision of equal elevations results in the two knights bouncing off each other. Joust 2 introduced a transformation ability that morphs the player's bird into a pegasus, which provides better offensive capabilities while on ground but poor flight capabilities. A second player can join the game. The two players can either cooperatively complete the waves or attack each other while competitively defeating enemies. Joust 2 also introduced additional gameplay elements such as eggs landing in the lava spawn larger Shadow Lords flying on scorpion tail buzzards, Crystal Bats (hatching from crystals embedded in the ledges), a Gold Egg that opens a quickly changing random event box when collected (requiring the player to contact the red button on the random event box before time runs out and it disappears), and buy-in to continue preserves the current score. Certain game events also have voice synthesis (such as "Thank you" when inserting a coin, "Let the jousting begin", at the start of the game, "Be careful warrior" when a player has one life left, and "Wish to continue?" when all lives are lost and the continue countdown starts).

The game allows its player(s) to "Choose Thy Skill Level" at the opening; in other words, the player(s) can select a stage to begin on. These levels range, from lowest to highest: Serf (Stage 1), Page (6), Squire (11), Knight (16), Lord (21), King (26).

Development
Joust 2 was developed by Williams Electronics, with John Newcomer as the lead designer. The game features amplified monaural sound and raster graphics on a 19-inch color CRT monitor. Like other Williams arcade games, Joust 2 was programmed in assembly language. Williams' video game department had shrunk following a decline in the video game industry. The company wanted to sell an arcade conversion kit for games that use a vertically oriented monitor, which had become popular at the time. Management felt that a sequel would improve the kit's saleability. The company decided to release a sequel to either Robotron: 2084 or Joust, ultimately choosing the latter. Technology had progressed since the original's release, providing more flexibility than before. As a result, Newcomer conceived new elements: additional characters, improved audio-visuals, and new mechanics. To portray a progression of villains, the staff added a new enemy, Knight Lord. The developers added backgrounds to the levels, inspired by artwork by M. C. Escher, Newcomer's favorite artist. Staff added a transform button to provide players with more variety and balance the gameplay.

Reception
Williams shipped around 1,000 units of Joust 2, significantly fewer than its predecessor. Brett Alan Weiss of Allgame and Mike Bevan of Retro Gamer attributed the poor numbers to an industry slump in the mid-1980s. Joust 2 arcade cabinets have since become fairly rare among collectors. Weiss negatively compared the game to its predecessor, calling Joust more popular and enjoyable, but commented that Joust 2's graphics are more detailed and robust.

In retrospect, Newcomer expressed dissatisfaction with the game's design, specifically the monitor's orientation. He commented that the gameplay works best with a horizontal orientation or with multi-directional scrolling. The vertical orientation proved to be a hindrance for home conversion.

Legacy
While Joust was widely ported to home systems, Joust 2 was only made available as part of emulated collections. In 1997, it was released as part of Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Midway Collection 2. Joust 2 was also included in the 2003 and 2012 multi-platform compilations Midway Arcade Treasures and Midway Arcade Origins, respectively. It also appeared in 2016's Lego Dimensions.

title: Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest


text:
FM 24/29 light machine gun

The Fusil-mitrailleur Modèle 1924 M29 (or MAC 24/29), designed in 1924 by the Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault, is a 7.5×54mm French light machine gun, which was the standard issue machine gun of the French Army from 1925 until the 1960s and was in use until 2000–2006 with the National Gendarmerie.

History
The Chauchat machine gun, hastily developed under the pressure of the events of the First World War, gave way around 1925 to the new "FM MAC 1924" which fired the brand new 7.5×57mm MAS (7.5x58mm) cartridge. After a series of accidents with reused captured German weapons during training, chambering the 7.92x57, too close to the new ammunition, the FM MAC 1924 was adapted in 1929 to fire a new 7.5x54mm 1929C ammunition after some modifications (a change of magazine and barrel) to become the MAC 1924/29. This model would be called FM 24/29 in service by the French infantry. The FM24/29 was gradually replaced in the early 1960s by the AA-52.

Development
After the end of World War I, the French Army sought to replace the problematic Fusil-mitrailleur mle 1915 CSRG light machine rifle (better known as the Chauchat). French commanders considered standardising on the American Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), but eventually required the development of a locally built weapon. MAS (Manufacture d'Armes de St. Etienne - one of several government-owned arms factories in France) proposed a direct derivative of the BAR known as FM MAS 1922, the Army also trialled the Hotchkiss Model 1922, Lewis Mark I and Browning BAR M1918 but the Manufacture d'Armes de Châtellerault (MAC) won the bid with its weapon, which was partly derived from the BAR action. It had been formulated and designed by a Lieutenant Colonel Reibel assisted by Chief Armorer Chosse.

The FM Mle 1924 entered production in late July 1925 and saw first operational use in Morocco in May 1926. It was immediately well-received and even favorably compared in performance with the much heavier Hotchkiss machine gun. However, problems created by the new 7.5mm ammunition did appear. In particular, 8×57mm Mauser ammunition which was used in captured Mauser rifles carried by auxiliaries in Morocco during the Rif War from 1920 to 1926, could be chambered and fired with disastrous results. This situation led to the development of a slightly shorter 7.5×54mm round, which was retained in 1929 as the standard ammunition for all future rifles and light machine guns in French service. The modified fusil-mitrailleur modèle 1924 modifié 1929 (FM Mle 1924 M29) was mass-manufactured (187,412), beginning in 1930. In addition to these newly manufactured guns some 45,530 older FM Mle 1924s, already in service after phasing out the Chauchat, were rebarreled in order to accept the newer 7.5×54mm ammunition.

Both the original fusil-mitrailleur Mle 1924 (rifle machine gun, model of 1924) as well as the modified Mle 1924 M29 have the same overall features: a folding bipod and can accommodate a small levelling stand under the buttstock, an in-line wooden stock, a pistol grip and a top-mounted 25-round detachable magazine. The top mounted magazine necessitates shifting the rear and front sights to the left, which forces the weapon to be fired right handed. The bolt is held open after the magazine's last round had been fired. There are two separate triggers: the trigger in front for using semi-automatic fire only and the rear trigger for firing on full automatic. Protection of all the openings against mud and dust proved excellent. It could be mounted on a motorcycle sidecar or in vehicle weapon ports using a mounting set in the handguard. The leather carrying strap, robust and efficient, has a metal hook allowing the user to switch from the carrying position to a hip firing position. The cyclic rate was controlled at 450 rounds per minute, thus allowing more continuous firing without overheating. In general, this new weapon was accurate and reliable but the barrel was screwed well into the receiver, as in the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and thus it could not be separated quickly and easily in the field as for the Czech ZB vz. 26 and its British variant, the Bren gun. The French Army instruction manual (July 1925) recommends not to go beyond 400 rounds of uninterrupted firing since at that point the gun needs to be given a pause of ten to fifteen minutes in order to cool off. But instead, the French instruction manual recommends the following routine for the FM 1924: fire 4 to 5 detachable magazines (100 to 125 rounds), take a short pause, then keep repeating that same restrained fire plus short pause routine which permits steady performance and very extensive firing periods.

The book La Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Châtellerault, a technical history of all the military firearms developed and manufactured at Châtellerault, includes a highly detailed technical chapter dealing with the FM Mle 1924 and Mle 1924-M29.

Operational use

This weapon was well liked by the soldiers of the French army who would use it for the first time in combat on May 11, 1926, during the Rif War. The FM 24/29 was the standard squad-level automatic weapon of the French infantry and cavalry at the start of World War II. After the French surrender in 1940, the Germans captured large quantities of this weapon, which they used operationally until the end of the war, under the designations of MG 115(f) and MG 116(f).

Those weapons were used on the Russian front by supplementary units of the German army which were partially equipped with them. Some examples of the FM 24/29 are displayed in the ex-Soviet museums devoted to the "Great Patriotic War". The MAC 24/29 was also used in limited numbers by the Finnish Defence Forces during the Winter War and the Continuation War.

From 1943 on, as the French army was re-equipped and reorganized in North Africa with Allied support, the FM 24/29 was kept in service, as French troops considered it superior to the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR).

The FM 24/29 was the workhorse in the First Indochina War, as the infantry squad weapon and mounted in jeeps in the SAS style. The FM 24/29 served in the armed forces until after the end of the war in Algeria. The FM 24/29 was replaced by the AA-52 general-purpose machine gun in the 1960s in frontline service, but would remain for a long time as the squad weapon for the regiments of the General Reserve of the French Army, stored in the Mobilizing Centres across the country until the mid-1980s. The FM 24/29 was still in use with the National Gendarmerie regional brigades until 2000–2006.

Withdrawn from active military service around 1965, the FM 24/29 became the squad support weapon in the general reserve, as it did in the National Police (mainly CRS) and the National Gendarmerie. Thus all the departmental gendarmerie brigades were to be equipped with the FM 24/29 at the rate of one weapon per 10 to 15 non-commissioned officers, and its withdrawal from service with them would only take place in 2006 (the 7.5 MAS ammunition no longer being supplied), including in the reserves of the Mobile Gendarmerie squadrons. Large numbers of MAC 24/29 would be ceded to former French colonies in Africa during the decolonization process (Algeria, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles and Chad). At least 200 examples were used by the Israeli Defense Forces in the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

Likewise, it was supplied to the auxiliaries raised in Cambodia, Laos and in the State of Vietnam during the Indochina War. It thus found itself in the hands of the Viet Minh. During the Vietnam War, the MAC 24/29 continued its Indochinese military career in the ranks of its former enemies of the Viet Cong and the People's Army of Vietnam, as well as with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and its paramilitary units. The FM 24/29 kept soldiering on during the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia up to 1989.

Model 1924/1929D machine gun
The FM 24/29D, with a longer, thicker barrel, fired a heavy bullet variant (7.5mm 1933D cartridge) of its original ammunition. It was intended for the casemates of the Maginot Line   where it was quickly replaced in this role by the Reibel machine gun. After the armistice of June 1940, the German occupiers recycled a good number of examples on the Atlantic Wall.

M1931
A derivative of the gun, the MAC Modèle 1931, with a heavier barrel and 150-round side-mounted pan magazine, was produced as a heavy machine gun for installation in tanks and fortified emplacements, particularly the Maginot Line. It is also sometimes known as the JM Reibel, which actually stands for Jumelage de mitrailleuses Reibel (Reibel twin-mounted machine guns). The Reibel was mounted in jeeps in the SAS style during the Indochina War.

Users

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * Republic of the Congo
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: 100 received from France and used during the Winter War and the Continuation War.
 * 🇫🇷 France: First adopted by French Army in 1924. Also saw service with the National Gendarmerie.
 * Vichy France
 * Vichy France
 * Italian Partisans: Examples captured by Fascist Italy following the fall of France were later captured and used by partisans.
 * Ivory Coast
 * Kingdom of Laos: Received by French Government during First Indochina War.
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * Nazi Germany: Captured weapons. The mle 1924/29 served as Leichtes MG 116(f). The few surviving Mle 1924 models were given the designation Leichtes MG 115(f).
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * Spanish Republic
 * North Vietnam (Viet Minh and Viet Cong), known as Vĩnh Cát, from the French vingt quatre (24).
 * South Vietnam (Vietnamese National Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam).

title: FM 24/29 light machine gun


text:
Information technology controls

Information technology controls (or IT controls) are specific activities performed by persons or systems to ensure that computer systems operate in a way that minimises risk. They are a subset of an organisation's internal control. IT control objectives typically relate to assuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and the overall management of the IT function. IT controls are often described in two categories: IT general controls (ITGC) and IT application controls. ITGC includes controls over the hardware, system software, operational processes, access to programs and data, program development and program changes. IT application controls refer to controls to ensure the integrity of the information processed by the IT environment. Information technology controls have been given increased prominence in corporations listed in the United States by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The COBIT Framework (Control Objectives for Information Technology) is a widely used framework promulgated by the IT Governance Institute, which defines a variety of ITGC and application control objectives and recommended evaluation approaches.

IT general controls (ITGC)
ITGC represent the foundation of the IT control structure. They help ensure the reliability of data generated by IT systems and support the assertion that systems operate as intended and that output is reliable. ITGC usually include the following types of controls:

 * Control environment, or those controls designed to shape the corporate culture or "tone at the top."
 * Change management procedures - controls designed to ensure the changes meet business requirements and are authorized.
 * Source code/document version control procedures - controls designed to protect the integrity of program code
 * Software development life cycle standards - controls designed to ensure IT projects are effectively managed.
 * Logical access policies, standards and processes - controls designed to manage access based on business needs.
 * Incident management policies and procedures - controls designed to address operational processing errors.
 * Problem management policies and procedures - controls designed to identify and address the root cause of incidents.
 * Technical support policies and procedures - policies to help users perform more efficiently and report problems.
 * Hardware/software configuration, installation, testing, management standards, policies, and procedures.
 * Disaster recovery/backup and recovery procedures, to enable continued processing despite adverse conditions.
 * Physical security - controls to ensure the physical security of information technology from individuals and from environmental risks.

IT application controls
IT application or program controls are fully automated (i.e., performed automatically by the systems) and designed to ensure the complete and accurate processing of data, from input through output. These controls vary based on the business purpose of the specific application. These controls may also help ensure the privacy and security of data transmitted between applications. Categories of IT application controls may include:

 * Completeness checks - controls that ensure all records were processed from initiation to completion.
 * Validity checks - controls that ensure only valid data is input or processed.
 * Identification - controls that ensure all users are uniquely and irrefutably identified.
 * Authentication - controls that provide an authentication mechanism in the application system.
 * Authorization - controls that ensure only approved business users have access to the application system.
 * Input controls - controls that ensure data integrity fed from upstream sources into the application system.
 * Forensic controls - control that ensures data is scientifically correct and mathematically correct based on inputs and outputs

IT controls and the CIO/CISO
An organization's Chief Information Officer or Chief Information Security Officer  is typically responsible for the security, accuracy and the reliability of the systems that manage and report the company's data, including financial data.

COBIT (Control Objectives for Information Technology)
COBIT is a widely utilized framework containing best practices for the governance and management of information and technology, aimed at the whole enterprise. It consists of domains and processes. The basic structure indicates that IT processes satisfy business requirements, which are enabled by specific IT activities. COBIT defines the design factors that should be considered by the enterprise to build a best-fit governance system. COBIT addresses governance issues by grouping relevant governance components into governance and management objectives that can be managed to the required capability levels.

COSO
The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) identifies five components of internal control: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication and monitoring, that need to be in place to achieve financial reporting and disclosure objectives; COBIT provides similar detailed guidance for IT, while the interrelated Val IT concentrates on higher-level IT governance and value-for-money issues. The five components of COSO can be visualized as the horizontal layers of a three-dimensional cube, with the COBIT objective domains applying to each individually and in aggregate. The four COBIT major domains are: plan and organize, acquire and implement, deliver and support, and monitor and evaluate.

IT controls and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
SOX (part of United States federal law) requires the chief executive and chief financial officers of public companies to attest to the accuracy of financial reports (Section 302) and require public companies to establish adequate internal controls over financial reporting (Section 404). Passage of SOX resulted in an increased focus on IT controls, as these support financial processing and therefore fall into the scope of management's assessment of internal control under Section 404 of SOX.

The COBIT framework may be used to assist with SOX compliance, although COBIT is considerably wider in scope. The 2007 SOX guidance from the PCAOB and SEC state that IT controls should only be part of the SOX 404 assessment to the extent that specific financial risks are addressed, which significantly reduces the scope of IT controls required in the assessment. This scoping decision is part of the entity's SOX 404 top-down risk assessment. In addition, Statements on Auditing Standards No. 109 (SAS109) discusses the IT risks and control objectives pertinent to a financial audit and is referenced by the SOX guidance.

IT controls that typically fall under the scope of a SOX 404 assessment may include:

 * Specific application (transaction processing) control procedures that directly mitigate identified financial reporting risks. There are typically a few such controls within major applications in each financial process, such as accounts payable, payroll, general ledger, etc.  The focus is on "key" controls (those that specifically address risks), not on the entire application.
 * IT general controls that support the assertions that programs function as intended and that key financial reports are reliable, primarily change control and security controls;
 * IT operations controls, which ensure that problems with the processing are identified and corrected.

Specific activities that may occur to support the assessment of the key controls above include:

 * Understanding the organization’s internal control program and its financial reporting processes.
 * Identifying the IT systems involved in the initiation, authorization, processing, summarization and reporting of financial data;
 * Identifying the key controls that address specific financial risks;
 * Designing and implementing controls designed to mitigate the identified risks and monitoring them for continued effectiveness;
 * Documenting and testing IT controls;
 * Ensuring that IT controls are updated and changed, as necessary, to correspond with changes in internal control or financial reporting processes; and
 * Monitoring IT controls for effective operation over time.

To comply with Sarbanes-Oxley, organizations must understand how the financial reporting process works and must be able to identify the areas where technology plays a critical part. In considering which controls to include in the program, organizations should recognize that IT controls can have a direct or indirect impact on the financial reporting process. For instance, IT application controls that ensure the completeness of transactions can be directly related to financial assertions. Access controls, on the other hand, exist within these applications or within their supporting systems, such as databases, networks, and operating systems, which are equally important, but do not directly align to a financial assertion. Application controls are generally aligned with a business process that gives rise to financial reports. While there are many IT systems operating within an organization, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance only focuses on those that are associated with a significant account or related business process and mitigate specific material financial risks. This focus on risk enables management to significantly reduce the scope of IT general control testing in 2007 relative to prior years.

Real-time disclosure
Section 409 requires public companies to disclose information about material changes in their financial condition or operations on a rapid basis. Companies need to determine whether their existing financial systems, such as enterprise resource management applications are capable of providing data in real-time, or if the organization will need to add such capabilities or use special software to access the data. Companies must also account for changes that occur externally, such as changes by customers or business partners that could materially impact their own financial positioning (e.g. key customer/supplier bankruptcy and default).

To comply with Section 409, organizations should assess their technological capabilities in the following categories:
 * Availability of internal and external portals - Portals help route and identify reporting issues and requirements to investors and other relevant parties. These capabilities address the need for rapid disclosure.

 * Breadth and adequacy of financial triggers and alert - The organization sets the trip wires that will kick off a Section 409 disclosure event.

 * Adequacy of document repositories – Repositories play a critical role for event monitoring to assess disclosure needs and provide mechanism to audit disclosure adequacy.

 * Capacity to be an early adopter of Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) – XBRL will be a key tool to integrate and interface transactional systems, reporting and analytical tools, portals and repositories.

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