text:
Missamma

Missamma is a 1955 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by L. V. Prasad. It was produced by Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani on Vijaya Productions banner. The film stars N. T. Rama Rao, Savitri, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Jamuna. The script was adapted by Chakrapani from Rabindranath Maitra's Bengali play Manmoyee Girls' School. It revolves around two unemployed people — M. T. Rao and Mary — who pose as a married couple to obtain employment in a high school founded by Gopalam, a zamindar. As Rao and Mary fall in love, Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju learns that Mary is Gopalam's missing elder daughter Mahalakshmi; she is unaware of her true identity.

Production began in early 1954 with P. Bhanumathi cast as the female lead, though she would eventually be replaced by Savitri. The film was simultaneously shot in Tamil as Missiamma, with an altered cast. Principal photography ended that December; filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit after filming a few reels, and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film; Marcus Bartley was the cinematographer, and S. Rajeswara Rao composed the music. Missamma focused on social issues such as unemployment, corruption, and freedom of worship.

Missamma was released theatrically on 12 January 1955, two days before Missiamma. Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs. The bilingual film brought recognition to its cast and studio, and words and phrases from Missamma became part of Telugu vernacular. The film was remade in Hindi as Miss Mary (1957), again directed by Prasad. In the same year, it was adapted into the Marathi film Jhakli Mooth. Bapu, Mullapudi Venkata Ramana and Raavi Kondala Rao rewrote and adapted Missamma as Pelli Pustakam in 1991, with the premise of the original inverted: a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment.

Plot
Gopalam, the zamindar of Appapuram, establishes a high school named after his elder daughter Mahalakshmi. As a child, she went missing during a pilgrimage in Kakinada. Conditions at the school deteriorate due to mismanagement by Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju, an amateur detective. This is exacerbated by Panthulu, an ayurvedic doctor and teacher in the school, who is more interested in using students to prepare ayurvedic medicines. Gopalam decides to replace them with a married pair of male and female graduates. Besides teaching at the school, he hoped that they would also train his younger daughter, Sita, in traditional music and dance.

Mahalakshmi was found and adopted by a Madras-based Christian couple, Mr. and Mrs. Paul, who named her Mary. After graduation, Mary looks for a job to ease her family's financial situation. Mary's father had taken a loan from I.P. David, a loan shark, to pay for Mary's education, and David now offers to waive the debt if she marries him. To repay the debt, Mary agrees to a plan proposed by another unemployed graduate M. T. Rao, whom she meets at a job interview. They pretend to be a married couple to qualify for the jobs at Gopalam's school. Meanwhile, Devaiah, who finds clever ways to beg for money, befriends Rao and accompanies them to Appapuram as a helper and cook. They were given accommodation in a small house behind Gopalam's bungalow.

Gopalam and his wife, affectionate by nature, treat the couple as their daughter and son-in-law. Unaware of her own true identity, Mary finds the attention stifling. While she finds the Hindu customs strange, she says nothing to Gopalam and his wife as she needs the job to repay David. She vents her frustration to Rao, who bears it patiently. Sita comes to the couple for music lessons and innocently seeks Rao's attention in the process. This infuriates Mary as she thinks it is not proper for a young woman to do so and also because of her budding romantic feelings for Rao.

In desperation, Mary decides to tell the truth to Gopalam and his wife. To save their jobs, Rao fabricates a story that Mary is possessed by the soul of Mary, mother of Jesus. When Mary implies that she would leave Rao, Gopalam threatens to offer Sita as a bride to Rao. Raju, Gopalam's nephew, who is in love with Sita, wants to keep Rao away from her and turns to Mary for help in teaching music, which ends in disaster. At the end of their first month at the school, Rao and Mary receive their salaries and Mary repays her debt.

Raju begins to suspect that Mary is the missing Mahalakshmi. After Gopalam's wife tells him that Mahalakshmi has a mole on her right foot, he and his assistant Govindan sneak into Mary's room at night to verify but the plan backfires when they awaken her. After a dream in which Rao rescues her from David, Mary's feelings for Rao begin to grow stronger.

As Sita insists on music lessons from Rao, it further infuriates Mary and eventually, she threatens to return to Madras. At first, Rao asks her to stay, but as things get out of control, he tells the Gopalams that Mary is going to Madras to her parents as she is unwell. The Gopalams misunderstand, thinking Mary is pregnant; they host a seemantham and Mary is confused. The night before she is due to leave, Rao pretends his leg is broken in an attempt to delay her departure. David arrives in the morning and tells Raju that Mary, a Christian, is posing as a Hindu for the job. Raju retrieves a necklace, stolen by David from Mary's house in Madras, which Mahalakshmi was wearing when she disappeared.

David wants to marry Mary, but she declares her love for Rao. The Pauls arrive at Gopalam's house; Raju solves the mystery, and David is arrested. Although Mary learns that Gopalam and his wife are her biological parents, she reiterates her relationship with her foster family. Learning that Rao and Mary are not yet married, Gopalam announces their wedding and that of Sita and Raju.

Cast

 * N. T. Rama Rao as M. T. Rao
 * Savitri as Mary / Mahalakshmi
 * Akkineni Nageswara Rao as A. K. Raju
 * Jamuna as Sita
 * S. V. Ranga Rao as Gopalam
 * Rushyendramani as Ammi, Gopalam's wife
 * Relangi as Devaiah
 * Ramana Reddy as I. P. David
 * Valluri Balakrishna as Govinda
 * Doraswamy as Mr. Paul
 * Meenakshi as Mrs. Paul
 * Allu Ramalingaiah as Panthulu
 * Gummadi as the interviewer (cameo appearance)

Development
Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani signed L. V. Prasad to direct a bilingual film for Vijaya Productions. The script by Chakrapani was based on the Bengali play Manmoyee Girls School by Rabindranath Maitra. Prasad's relationship with Khan, a Muslim tailor near Kohinoor Studios in Bombay (now Mumbai), was the basis of the film's friendship between two men of different religions. The film was titled Missamma in Telugu and Missiamma in Tamil.

Pingali and Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively. Marcus Bartley was signed as director of photography, and C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film. Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were its art directors. The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and recorded by Western Electric. M. S. Chalapathi Rao and Jagannadham were its executive producers.

Casting
Missamma/Missiamma was the first bilingual film from Vijaya Productions with different male actors in different versions, in contrast to Pathala Bhairavi (1951) and Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952) where the same actors were used in both versions. The producers cast N. T. Rama Rao as the male lead in the Telugu version and Gemini Ganesan (then known as R. Ganesh) replaced him in Tamil, while P. Bhanumathi was initially cast as the female lead in both versions. S. V. Ranga Rao and Rushyendramani were cast as the female lead's biological parents, and Meenakshi and Doraswamy as her foster parents, in both versions.

Prasad had completed four reels of film with Bhanumathi. She wrote to the producers, informing them that she would shoot only in the afternoon because Varalakshmi Vratam was being held at her home. The letter went astray and Chakrapani, a strict disciplinarian, chastised her for arriving late on set. When Bhanumathi refused to apologise, Chakrapani burnt the four reels in front of her and she quit the film. Although Nagi Reddi learned about the letter and tried to mediate, Chakrapani and Bhanumathi refused to reconcile. Chakrapani ordered Prasad to replace Bhanumathi with Savitri, who was initially cast as Sita. Jamuna was signed later for Sita's role, upon Savitri's recommendation.

After the release of Devadasu (1953), Akkineni Nageswara Rao wanted to trade his tragic-romantic-hero image for a comic role in Missamma, and was cast as the detective A. K. Raju. Nageswara Rao reportedly accepted the role for financial reasons, until he said that Missamma was the only film of his career that he lobbied to participate in. Gummadi was recommended to Chakrapani by Madhavapeddi Venkatramaiah. After auditioning other actors, Chakrapani asked Gummadi to make a cameo appearance as an interviewer. He received ₹500–1,000 for a day's work, a generous salary for the time; actors in major film roles received ₹2,000 for 20 days of work. Chakrapani justified Gummadi's salary by saying that the actor's family included three children who had moved to Madras (now Chennai). For a photoshoot, Rama Rao lent Gummadi his coat and placed a tilaka on his forehead.

Filming
Principal photography began in early 1954, with both versions (with different casts) filmed simultaneously. The scene in which M. T. Rao and Mary lie to each other before boarding a bus to attend an interview after they were fired from their previous jobs was shot at the Chandamama office building, and the high-school set was built nearby. Photographs of Nagi Reddi's younger brother and cinematographer B. N. Konda Reddi's daughter (the latter as Gopalam's missing daughter) were used in the film. For the scene in which M. T. Rao jumps from a balcony, Gemini Ganesan doubled for Rama Rao.

Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy choreographed the film's songs. For "Balanura Madana" and "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele", Sita performed a Kuchipudi dance. "Balanura Madana" was a javali dance; Jamuna rehearsed both songs for about a month (since the actress was untrained in traditional dance), focusing on details during rehearsals. Filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. Lasting for a year, it was wrapped up by the end of December 1954. The final length of the film was about 5683 metres. After they saw the final edited version, Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani gave Dodge automobiles to the film's principal cast.

Themes
Chakrapani described Missamma as a "film for kids which should also be watched by adults". In his 2015 book Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema, Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai wrote that the film interweaves romantic comedy and melodrama to tell Mary's love story, while Aditya Parankusam of The Hans India described it as a screwball comedy. Andhra Patrika noted in its review that the character of Raju had the shades of Sherlock Holmes, but was portrayed as an amateur detective until the end keeping in view the film's comic tone.

In addition to the protagonists, Missamma focuses on Mary's biological and foster parents. Four other characters—Mary's creditor I. P. David, Rao's friend Devaiah, the schoolteacher-cum-doctor Panthulu and Raju's stoic assistant Govinda—influence the plot. Believing that comedy and suspense cannot be effectively sustained together, Chakrapani reveals Mary's true identity to the audience early in the film but the characters (including Mary) are unaware of her identity until the climax. Pa Dheenadhayalan of Dinamani described Mary as the antithesis of Savitri's role in Devadasu. Chakrapani used the reception of Mary's modern dress and behaviour to depict the limitations of orthodox South Indian families. The lyrics of "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule", as lip-synched by Rao's character, describe the complex behaviour of women with men.

According to Pillai, Missamma shed light on the subtle, indirect way Telugu filmmakers dealt with the troublesome environment in Madras surrounding Tamil language and culture during the Visalandhra movement. Pillai wrote that the Krishna-Godavari River dispute between Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh enabled viewers to grasp the metaphor of Pushkaram as signifying loss. The lyrics of "Dharmam Chey" addressed the plight of beggars, and "Kavalante Isthale" addressed society's changing views. "Sitaram Sitaram" was considered a satire of corrupt politicians, particularly the line "Chandalantu Bhale Pracharam, Vandalu Velu tama palaharam" ("Fundraising becomes self-promotion, as hundreds and thousands are used for self-consumption").

Missamma also dealt with unemployment and freedom of religion. Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times called it a "powerful social document" that spoke about the importance of religious tolerance with the help of its lead actors. Rama Rao's character, M. T. Rao, is pronounced "Empty" Rao (reflecting, according to Santhisri of Prajasakti, the humiliation of the educated unemployed). Prasad's struggles during his early career influenced the examination of unemployment and being an educated "misfit". Pillai wrote that Chakrapani's "poignant dialogues" about the unemployment of the educated young people belied his image as a mainstream writer; in the scenes where Mary's Catholic faith is challenged, Chakrapani and Prasad "underscore their imperative to highlight the differences" and "make a plea for peaceful co-existence".

Music
The soundtrack of Missamma was composed by S. Rajeswara Rao with lyrics by Pingali. Audio mixing was supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. They were engineered by N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy.

When Nagi Reddi told Bhanumathi that P. Leela would sing for her character, Bhanumathi (a playback singer herself) refused to allow Leela to sing for her. After she left the film, Leela was signed to sing for Savitri. Unlike their previous films, Vijaya Productions used A. M. Rajah instead of Ghantasala to sing for Rama Rao. Chakrapani chose P. Susheela to sing the two songs featuring Jamuna after he was impressed by her rendition of "Anuragam Virisena" in Donga Ramudu (1955). Although she sang for Donga Ramudu first, Missamma was released earlier and was her breakthrough as a singer. "Balanura Madana" and its Tamil version, "Ariya Paruvamada", were Susheela's first songs for Rajeswara Rao. Despite singing "Dharmam Chey" and "Sitaram Sitaram", Relangi was not credited as a playback singer.

Missamma soundtrack was released on HMV. It was commercially successful, with "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule" becoming a classic love song. Rajeswara Rao's eldest son and musician Ramalingeswara Rao, in an interview to The Hindu, remarked that his father was initially not happy with Missamma music as he only had to cater to Chakrapani's taste, who had his own view of mainstream cinema. He added that Rajeswara Rao was afraid of failure and rejection from filmmakers, and wanted to leave for Vizianagaram, until the soundtrack's success happened.

Release
Missamma was released on 12 January 1955 and Missiamma two days later, for Pongal. Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs.

Reception
Missamma received positive reviews from critics when it was released. For Swatantra magazine, Govindarama (Gora) Sastry praised the film's universal theme and clean, subtle comedy. Andhra Patrika, in its review dated 26 January 1955, noted that the film had strange characterisations which were portrayed by the film's cast competently. The reviewer also praised Chakrapani for this ability to generate humour from grave themes like unemployment and religion. In its February 1955 edition, Kinima magazine called Missamma a film made for everyone, praising Prasad's direction and the performances of the cast. The reviewer praised Chakrapani's sarcastic writing in particular, saying that in creating scenarios and characters, and making them converse, Chakrapani's writing drives the film wildly and amusingly, like he did in Pelli Chesi Choodu. Madhuri Dasagrandhi, writing for Telangana Today in February 2018, felt that Savitri's character was not properly developed. She wrote that Mary was shown to be a Christian practising the Hindu saint Tyagaraja songs in the beginning, and was later portrayed as someone ignorant of Hindu mythology.

Adaptations
A. V. Meiyappan of AVM Productions approached Nagi Reddi for the film's Hindi remake rights. Reddi insisted that Meiyappan retain Prasad, the director's Bollywood debut. Jamuna reprised her role, while singer Kishore Kumar reprised the role originally played by Nageswara Rao. The Hindi version, Miss Mary, was released in 1957 and was one of the year's highest-grossing films. Composer Hemant Kumar reused the melody of "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" from the original as "Brindavan Ka Krishan Kanhaiya". Anant Mane 1957 Marathi-language film, Jhakli Mooth, was also based on Missamma.

The film's script was re-written by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana and Raavi Kondala Rao for Pelli Pustakam (1991), produced by Ramana and directed by Bapu. The film inverts the plot of Missamma; a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment. A 70-minute long Telugu-language Off-off-Broadway version of Missamma, written by Athaluri Vijayalakshmi and directed by Rajeswari Udayagiri, was staged on 16, 17, and 18 September 2016 at Johnson and Community theatres in New York City.

Legacy
Missamma was a popular 1950s Telugu film featuring Ramana Reddy and Relangi, considered the Laurel and Hardy of Telugu cinema at the time. According to film historian Film News Anandan, Missamma success inspired filmmakers to cast different actors for different versions of their films. The phrase "Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" became a Telugu idiom and the word "Thailam", used by Devaiah in the film, became synonymous with "cash". The film was a breakthrough in the careers of Savitri and Jamuna.

P. Leela sang songs from Missamma in many concerts to a warm response. "Njaan Ariyathen", from the Malayalam-language film Jailppulli (1957), is loosely based on "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele". Prasad and Chakrapani later collaborated on Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1959), an above-average grosser before its profitable re-release. In their 2013 book, Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas, K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote that Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu, Missamma, Gundamma Katha (1962) and Ramudu Bheemudu (1964) "represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and '60s." The storyline of Marunnattil Oru Malayali (1971) was noted for its similarity to Missamma, since its female lead (a Christian) acts like a Brahmin girl. According to B. Vijayakumar of The Hindu, this prompted Chakrapani to remake the film in Telugu as Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club in 1976.

"Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" was remixed by Mani Sharma without altering its melody and lyrics for the Telugu-language film, Kushi (2001). It was sung by Korivi Muralidhar, who was known as "Kushi" Murali after the remixed version's success. Although Neelakanta entitled his 2003 comedy film Missamma, it had no other similarity to the original. The 2010 independent Telugu film Missamma NRI was a variation on Missamma, focusing on two immigrants who enter into a sham marriage. In September 2006, M. L. Narasimham listed Missamma with Shavukaru (1950), Samsaram (1950), Pelli Chesi Choodu, Manohara (1954) and Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu as acclaimed films by the director after the release of Mana Desam (1949) and his association with Vijaya Productions.

Hyderabad-based Goldstone Technologies acquired the film-negative rights of 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios in late November 2007, including Mayabazar (1957) and Missamma, to release digitally re-mastered versions in colour. Although the digitally remastered and colourised version of Mayabazar released in January 2010 was commercially successful, Goldstone decided not to remaster the remaining 14 films and said that most of the producers who sold the film-negative rights to TV channels lost control of them. According to Goldstone, ownership and copyright issues were an impediment. However, the colourised version of "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" was used in the opening credits of Brindavanam (2010).

Commemorating the centenary of Indian cinema, The Hindu listed Missamma, Pathala Bhairavi, Mayabazar, Gundamma Katha, Maduve Madi Nodu (1965), Ram Aur Shyam (1967), Julie (1975) and Shriman Shrimati (1982) as iconic films produced by Nagi Reddi. Hussain Sha Kiran, who co-wrote Sukumar Nannaku Prematho (2016), entitled his directorial debut Meeku Meere Maaku Meme after a scene in Missamma in which Mary tries to teach Raju music.

title: Missamma


text:
Talk:Chesterfield Railroad

Map
This article needs a map of the original route of th Chesterfield Railroad. Just a suggestion. Vaoverland?? MPS 20:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Chesterfield Railroad. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nrhs.com/almanac/rr-almanac-1820-1839.pdf
 * Added tag to http://photos.historical-markers.org/va-chesterfield/150_5057
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041210074743/http://chesterfield.gov:80/HistoricChesterfield/history.asp to http://www.chesterfield.gov/HistoricChesterfield/history.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041205112455/http://www.odcnrhs.org:80/docs/museum.asp to http://www.odcnrhs.org/docs/museum.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041208191839/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov:80/hiway_markers/hwmarker_new_march.htm to http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/hiway_markers/hwmarker_new_march.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:03, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Chesterfield Railroad. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070419170121/http://www.midlomines.org/history.html to http://www.midlomines.org/history.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://chesterfield.gov/HistoricChesterfield/history.asp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.odcnrhs.org/docs/museum.asp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/hiway_markers/hwmarker_new_march.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:04, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chesterfield Railroad


text:
Talk:Cyclades

Untitled
On cycladic figurines, I don't think it should catagorize them as female, as not all of them are, and a a good number of them are pretty ambivalent. - ''The Taxobox That Ate the Cyclades"" - coming to a theater near you!

In the news
Statues offer clues to Greek isle's past By NICHOLAS PAPHITIS, Associated Press Writer The article is on Cycladic figurines. Need to add Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore to the list of artists influences by the figurines. The figurines should probably get their own article. BlankVerse 23:57, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Satellite Image Text
It's nice that it was added with text, but I can't see the names clearly with black text. The text should probably work best in white on the image. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by VashTexan (talk • contribs) 22:30, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

Picture not very helpful
The image GreeceCyclades.png simply shows the whole of Greece. No names, no nothing. No indication of where the Cyclades are located. Totally useless

Eschati
Can someone write Eschati into this article so the orphan tag can be removed from Eschati? Kingturtle (talk) 20:30, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Cyclades board game
There is a board game called Cyclades that is related to this area as well as ancient Greek mythology. Possibly worth mentioning in this article, possibly in a trivia section, or even making its own article?

CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 15:43, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Name of islands
From the introduction: "The name refers to the islands around (κυκλάς) the sacred island of Delos."

Instead of around, wouldn't it be more accurate and more enlightening to say encircling? That how κυκλάς is translated in the Perseus online dictionary, which uses the Classical Greek meaning. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=κυκλάς&la=greek

I think the fix should be: "The name refers to the islands encircling (κύκλος) the sacred island of Delos." Do others agree?

The sentence in the Geography section is clearer: "The name "Cyclades" refers to the islands forming a circle ("circular islands") around the sacred island of Delos."

Omc (talk) 00:46, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyclades


text:
Gregor Punchatz

Gregor Punchatz (born 1967) is an artist hired by id Software to create sculptures for the Arch-Vile, Mancubus, Revenant and Spider Mastermind monsters for the Doom video game series. He built these models using steel armatures and foam latex.

Before working on the Doom models he did similar modelling work for a number of Hollywood movies, including A Nightmare on Elm Street 2, RoboCop, and RoboCop 2. He was the animation director for Spy Kids 2.

Gregor is the son of Don Ivan Punchatz, who created the Doom package art and logo. He lives in Dallas, Texas.

title: Gregor Punchatz


text:
User:EricGiguere

Eric Giguere is an author and software developer. His books include:

 * Make Easy Money with Google (2005) from Peachpit Press
 * Mobile Information Device Profile for Java 2 Micro Edition (2001) from John Wiley & Sons
 * Java 2 Micro Edition: Professional Developer's Guide (2000) from John Wiley & Sons
 * Palm Database Programming (1999) from John Wiley & Sons

Eric has also written hundreds of articles and tips about various computing topics.

title: User:EricGiguere


text:
User:Mhking

Michael King, Mableton, Georgia

55 years old. (born 12/18/1962, Gary, Indiana)

Executive Web Producer, WATL / WXIA-TV Atlanta

National Advisory Board Member, Project 21

title: User:Mhking


text:
Talk:William Barstow Strong

Marriage and Children
Cited someone's genealogy page. Really need a more solid reference.Student7 22:35, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on William Barstow Strong. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050525102618/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/CA-Barstow.html to http://www.legendsofamerica.com/CA-Barstow.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:08, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Barstow Strong


text:
Seal of Louisiana

The Seal of Louisiana (Sceau de la Louisiane) is the official government emblem of the U.S. state of Louisiana. Originally devised in 1812, the latest version was enacted in 2006.

History
Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the area that would later comprise the State of Louisiana was established as the Territory of Orleans. President Thomas Jefferson appointed William C. C. Claiborne as governor and he was authorized by the territory's legislative council to design an official government seal. He produced a seal depicting an eagle holding a laurel wreath with fifteen stars to represent the states of the Union. When Louisiana became a state in 1812, the seal was changed to a pelican on its nest, plucking at its breast to draw blood to feed its young, a device known as the "pelican in her piety". Why the seal was changed from an eagle to a pelican is unknown, but it might have to honor the state's Catholic heritage. Claiborne had married into a Catholic Louisiana family and had helped to incorporate Catholics into the political mainstream, during a time of intense anti-Catholicism elsewhere in the US.

During the Civil War, with Louisiana divided, the Confederate and Union governors both used pelican seals: one with the head turned to the left, the other to the right and one with a nest full of chicks and one with just four chicks. In the Union portion of the state, the moto "Justice, Union and Confidence" was changed to "Union, Justice and Confidence".

On April 30, 1902, a standardized description of Great Seal of the State of Louisiana was provided by Gov. W. W. Heard to Secretary of State John T. Michel, who was charged with ensuring all state departments used the seal as he described it: "A Pelican, with its head turned to the left, in a nest with three young; the Pelican, following the tradition, in act of tearing its breast to fed its young; around the edge of the Seal to be inscribed 'State of Louisiana.' Over the head of the Pelican to be inscribed 'Union, Justice,' etc.; under the nest of the Pelican to be inscribed 'Confidence.'" Michel noted that this was the first order to legitimize the state's seal.

During the 19th century it was traditional in Louisiana flags and the state seal for the "pelican in her piety" to have three drops of blood on her chest. However, in later years the tradition (on both the state flag and seal) had been haphazardly followed, which was noticed by an eighth-grader at Vandebilt Catholic High School in Houma who brought this to the attention of his state legislator. The issue was resolved in April 2006, when the Louisiana State Legislature passed a bill (House Bill 833/Act 92) which requires three drops of blood to be depicted on the pelican used in both the state's flag and seal.

title: Seal of Louisiana


text:
User:BrunUQAM

Hi, this is my user page. I'm a newcomer in the Wikipedia universe, so feel free to comment any major or even minor edit I've done.

For those wanting to know, Brun UQAM is french for UQAM Brown, UQAM being a university in Montreal, Canada. The two main pavilions of the central campus (Judith-Jasmin and Hubert-Aquin) are made of bricks of a disctinctive brown color, color known under the name of UQAM brown for those studying in Communication Studies. Brun UQAM has also been the slogan of the 2003 Initiations in Communication, of which I was one of the organizers.

title: User:BrunUQAM


text:
Talk:William Barstow Strong/to do

 * Add the specific dates for birth/death and significant events
 * Expand the information on his youth and family
 * Expand the information on his railroad career

title: Talk:William Barstow Strong/to do


text: User talk:68.80.226.155

title: User talk:68.80.226.155


text:
Toby Longworth

Toby Longworth is a British actor. He has appeared on film, radio, and television and is best known for his role in Not Going Out as Paul. He is originally from Somerset, where he attended King Edward's School, Bath. However, he has worked most often as a voice actor, notably in several science-fiction projects, audiobooks, and video games.

Biography
Between 1984 and 1989 Longworth was part of a double-act, The Rubber Bishops with Bill Bailey, a former school friend from Bath. Toby left in 1989 to join the RSC. He was later a regular performer on the radio comedy Week Ending.

Television
Longworth has appeared in many TV series including The Legacy of Reginald Perrin, Nathan Barley, Nighty Night, The IT Crowd and Extras. Most recently he has appeared in The Stand Up Sketch Show (2019) and Breeders (2020). In 2022 he appeared in the first episode of Series 4 of Ghosts. In 2023 he made a guest appearance in Dreamland TV series.

Longworth provided the voices of Lott Dod and Gragra in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. He can also be heard in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases and Hexagonal Phase, as Wowbagger and Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz.

He also appeared in some TV adverts of the 1990s for Mcdonald's ('Where Do Babies Come From'), Ikea ('Stop Being So English'), and Ambrosia.

Audiobooks and dramas
Longworth is a voice actor and has recorded over 200 audiobooks and audio dramas, for authors such as Iain Banks, Jeff Noon and Peter F. Hamilton, and books such as Rendezvous with Rama.

For Big Finish Productions including their Doctor Who spin-off range and taking the lead role as Judge Dredd in their line of audio plays based upon the 2000 AD series, as well as the supporting role of Wulf Sternhammer in the Strontium Dog series. In Judge Dredd: Solo he provided the voices for all 34 roles, occasionally with vocal effects and multi-track recording.

He has given voice to over 120 of Games Workshop's Black Library audiobooks/audio drama: Heart of Rage, Thunder from Fenris as well as the Horus Heresy dramas, Raven's Flight, Garro: Oath of Moment and Garro: Legion of One. He has also read the audiobook versions of the Eisenhorn and Ravenor-trilogies.

He has narrated three documentaries for the BBC Worldwide Doctor Who DVD range, namely Paris in the Springtime on the 2005 DVD release of City of Death, A Matter of Time on the 2007 DVD box set of The Key to Time and Cheques, Lies, and Videotape on the 2010 DVD release of Revenge of the Cybermen.

In April 2021 Toby launched Longworth and Longworth Audiobooks.

Video games
In 2003 Longworth was the voice of Judge Dredd in the video game Judge Dredd: Dredd vs Death. He has also voiced several of the Broken Sword series of games, as well as Warhammer and Leisure Suit Larry.

In 2009 Toby was chosen as the voice actor for Penultimo, a recurring character in the Tropico franchise, and has had this voice role since then.

In 2013 Toby voiced the protagonist and main character Oswald Mandus in the videogame Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs.

2014 he read and acted for the audiobook version of the videogame novel Elite: Reclamation.

In 2019 he recorded Irony Curtain: From Matryoshka with Love.

He voices several characters in the MMORPG RuneScape including Azzanadra, Kerapac, and Death.

title: Toby Longworth


text:
Talk:Collateral (film)

Biased "feel"
As I was reading through this article, it felt very biased. It seemed like the authors loved the film and didn't want to say anything bad about it. I thought this was shown best in the interpretations area, and especially in the area discussing its filming in high definition. Just a reminder, when your editing this area be sure that you try and stay as unbiased as possible, not matter how hard. DurotarLord 03:11, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Gunshots
Would it be "adding" to the article a mention that the film (well, when I watched it anyway) seems to make the gunshots realistically loud compared to the way most films "mute" gunfire? In a few scenes, it really felt like there was someone a few metres away firing a pistol. Any comment? --Brendan Hide 20:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * well, in addition to not using any gun silencers, i did notice that the gunshots were too live .. maybe the sound FX guy was really good or maybe they were real live shots.. i suppose they don't use real live gun shots in making movies, do they? -- PASSIVE (Talk|E-Mail) 19:45, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

If you can prove it, then by all means. Wanderer 04:48, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC) The link to the movie "heat" previously linked to an article on heat in the scientific sense rather than the film, I have changed it.

They used blanks on set. So the gunfire you heard was the gun going off, minus the bullet.

 * Okay, just for the record they weren't realistic. The scenes with the silencer had the gun far to muffled (almost as if it where a whistle when in actuality it would have sounded like the regular gun shots from the film) and the regular ones sounded realistic, but not loud enough. Don't mention that in there as it is not true. And btw, most movies use blanks. In fact, every one ive ever heard of uses blanks, but they don't sound realisticly loud. DurotarLord 03:04, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

RE: Cameo by "Transporter" Frank Martin (Jason Statham)

Louis Leterrier Interviewed by IGN by Chris Carle

Carle asks Leterrier about the future of the Transporter franchise. Leterrier explains that if the Transporter franchise fails that Frank Martin will just cameo in movies. Particularly Leterrier mentioned Michael Mann's movies. -- SETTTT (Talk|E-Mail)

Final Shootout
In this article, it offers what appears to be a very assured explanation of the final shootout at the end of the movie. It claims that Vincent lost the battle because of his failure to change his killing pattern, blindly following the same method he uses to kill all his targets. I think that this theory is incorrect. Don't you think a hitman as experienced and capable as Vincent would know enough to change his method when it is clear it wouldn't work? While Vincent prefers to shoot his victims with the two-in-the-chest, one-in-the-head method, I'm sure that this tactic is used when he deems it appropriate, and I'm sure a man like Vincent, as intelligent as he is, would not stupidly follow this pattern when it obviously wouldn't work. When a metal door is blocking a clear shot of his target, I'm sure Vincent would know better than to shoot at the door itself, and take advantage of the situation and try to shoot through the windows.

Furthermore, there seems to be no evidence that suggests Vincent even followed this pattern. Although I may be wrong, as I have not seen the film in a while, from what I remember, both Vincent and Max blindly fired their guns without any real method or tactic. I don't recall any real evidence that Vincent used his usual MO, and there are no lingering camera shots or close-ups of the bullet-riddled door to prove this. I think that the victor of the battle, Max, achieved this by simple luck, and not by a particular method used by either of the men. I think to state in the article that Vincent lost the battle because of his failure to adapt is more of an educated guess than proven fact.

The way the article is currently written, it seems as if the argument presented regarding the final shootout is proven fact. However, as Mann has never explicitly addressed the issue, I think it's going a little far to present it as definitively as it is written. My suggestion would be to either remove this section of the article, or re-write it to present it as one opinion out of many.

RE: Final Shootout

I read this comment and watched the end shootout again, and noticed the following shot:

When the camera is viewing from Maxes side of the door, you can clearly see three bullet holes in the door, with two close together       at chest height, and one at about head height. It's only about 2-3 seconds long, but it is clearly visible Duffking 13:04, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

It's far more reasonable to assume that Vincent lost the battle due to blood loss and fatuge.

Major Edit - 12/06
I've done a major edit of the synopsis, expanding the plotlines and adding a great deal of the story that was previously left out. Added quotes from the movie. Re-wrote most of the synopsis, as the previous synopsis was written quite poorly (with regard to grammar and sentence structure). The new synopsis is far from perfect, but should be much better than the previous. Please feel free to edit any mistakes I may have made or failed to catch.

User:Androoos 22:53, 13 December 2006 (UTC)Androoos

criticism
i believe theres too much criticism in the begining of this article, its not balanced but overly negative. your thoughts?

 * Really? The article feels like a giant Michael Mann lovefest. - Lou S.

Removed the last part.
As it was written the last part of the synopsis felt way too biased, so I think the article is better off without it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.67.89.246 (talk) 03:24, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Ad for Viper FilmStream High-Definition Cameras
The part on filming in High-Definition feels like a commercial, it really does with things like "There are many scenes of the movie where the use of the high-definition is evident" and "The high-definition images are surprisingly crisp and vivid, even when viewed on a standard DVD at 480i/p resolution" and especially "In Collateral, the use of the Thomson Viper HD Cameras greatly enhances the film noir/neo noir atmosphere and ambience that Michael Mann has projected in his previous work". I bet it was written by people who sell the Viper FilmStream High-Definition Cameras. Jeffrey.Kleykamp 20:07, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm confused as to how this high definition camera could improve scenes in this movie when it is lower resolution than film. --24.225.226.153 04:53, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Collateral (Movie).jpg
Image:Collateral (Movie).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:20, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Fair use added. SkierRMH 07:33, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Themes Section (and trivia, too)
The entire themes section of this article is pretty ridiculous. I personally think that the whole section should just be removed. It is nothing but original research, and doesn't serve any purpose in this, or any other, Wikipedia film article. I vote to get rid of the entire section.

On a related note, the trivia section has to go to. If no one objects within the next few days, I plan on removing them both. ARSmith 21:25, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Actually, scratch that. I just thought about it, and have decided to just go ahead and delete those sections right now. ARSmith 21:27, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Plot Edit - 06/08
I added some more information about the second kill, as well as the kill in the Jazz club as I felt that the information lacked regarding these scenes. I think that it would be good if they were explained in more detail in order to grasp the mood more. The second kill shows that Max still isn't happy with the situation, and tries to escape, and without this info, some people may be inclined to believe that Max has agreed to help Vincent, when in fact, he hasn't.

User:JAGFin1 2121, 08 June 2008 (GMT)JAGFin1

Themes Section
Why is the themes section removed? The director himself has said what the main theme of the movie is, I do not see why it should not be mentioned. Please do not remove it again without good reason. 124.170.68.166 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 10:04, 23 September 2008 (UTC).

 * Do not keep readding a section after it was removed. That's called edit warring. Be bold, if its reverted, you discuss, you do not just keep adding it back and demand it not be removed again without "a good reason". It was removed as it is unsourced (which is a very good reason). You claimed it was declared in a DVD commentary, and such a section must be better sourced than such an unclear attempt at a citation. If its verified and properly cited, it still should be a production section, since that discussion of themes is purely the director's view. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 14:22, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This is primary source information, your removal of it is completely out of order. You are not correctly applying the WP:V policy. If you disagree with the factual accuracy, you need to look at the commentary for verification, you do not simply remove the content and effectively call another editor a liar. It is the source of the information. MickMacNee (talk) 15:26, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * A DVD extra is not primary source information, nor does the written claim provide enough details to say which extra to even look at to verify anything. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 15:33, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It is, and come on. MickMacNee (talk) 15:43, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it is not the film itself. Its an extra. But I stuck the section back. Since you feel it belongs, I hope you will take the time to go find the extra it is from, confirm this addition is completely accurate, and properly source it. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 15:48, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Edit war
I apologise I didn't know there was a limit in reversions. Can you tell me, AnmaFinotera, why the current version of the plot section is more suitable to wikipedia than my edit? For a start it contains the actors' names, as well as sentences like "in a stunning display of skill" and "in a pivotal moment." There are also numerous grammatical errors and unnecessary detail. There were no such sentences in my edit. Autonova (talk) 19:05, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The current version isn't perfect. But you are doing the exact same thing you are railing against. While you want to delete "in a stunning display of skill", you want to add "a sharply dressed Vincent". Both are opinion. Using the actors name as a reference is fine. Why should that be an issue? Fixing grammar errors is just proofing. And while there are unnecessary details, your edits add unnecessary details as well. Can we improve the article? Absolutely. But massive re-writes that do the same things you are claiming are problems isn't the way to do it. Niteshift36 (talk) 21:03, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * That's why in the last 2 reversions I deleted "a sharply dressed". Just for the record I think it's counterproductive that you would rather not be bothered and discard half an hour of someone's work just because you have a problem with a few words. If you had read the rest of the section you'd have realised it's the only bit of opinion I put in. Oh and by the way, this sentence appears in The Empire Strikes Back plot section (which is a featured article):

"Luke meets a wizened, green little creature who reveals himself to be Yoda."

So to be fair, 'opinions' of this kind are actually adjectives.

I don't know if I'll be back on this article, I've got way too much going on at the moment. But yeah, my suggestion - if you want to improve the article rather than sitting here talking about how to improve the article, revert back to my latest edit with the "sharply dressed" taken out, and mark the plot section as as good as done, because looking at featured article's plot sections, it is done.Autonova (talk) 08:58, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Wizened and green are adjectives, but not opinion. They are definable terms. "Sharply dressed" is not definable. That is sheer opinion. A rapper may think he is "sharply dressed" by having his pants sag around the bottom of his ass and 16 big gold chains. A business executive in an Armani suit might disagree and believe he is "sharply dressed". The cowboy with his best jeans, shined boots and a pressed shirt might feel he is "sharply dressed". Get the idea? As for the rest, this is an encyclopedia dude. You are writing it to sound like a drama piece for an English class. Hit the actual FACTS, save all the descriptive drama, and the article will be much better and encyclopedic. Niteshift36 (talk) 18:25, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Youre saying the current version is less dramatic than my edit?Autonova (talk) 12:32, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I said both versions lean on drama a lot. In my opinion, yours was not an improvement in terms of eliminating the dramatic interpretation. All it did was substitute drama for drama. Niteshift36 (talk) 18:41, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

trivia
There is a Bollywood copy of collateral titled The Killer. I believe that should this info be encyclopedic it must be added to the article. LegalEagle (talk) 14:31, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

plot
August 5, 2009 I edited the plot down to its basics. There was way too much plot iteration. Sorry about not tagging it as such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.236.123.28 (talk) 06:10, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Coyote Scene - Not Staged?
As the article is presently worded, it seems as though the coyote scene was a random occurrence that the filmmaker just happened to record.

 * Michael Mann chose to use the Viper FilmStream High-Definition Camera to film many of the scenes of Collateral, the first such use in a major motion picture. There are many scenes in the movie where the use of a digital camera is evident, in particular, scenes where the Los Angeles skyline or landscape is visible in the background. One event of note was the filming of the coyotes running across the road; the low-light capability allowed Mann to spontaneously film the animals that just happened to pass, without having to set up lighting for the shot.

If this scene was indeed recorded simply because it was happening and included in the film simply because it was recorded and not an original part of the screenplay, it should probably be properly referenced.

Any more information on this? Matthew Meta (talk) 08:23, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Jazz Club hit
This might be a small nitpick, but as it reads currently the plot section suggest Vincent is correcting Daniel after he shoots him. This isn't really true. Vincent is more continuing the story than outright correcting him. Vincent was going to shoot him anyway. MuJoCh (talk) 05:14, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Revised/shortened plot summary
I'd like to offer a shorter and more detailed plot summary if no one has any objections. In the extended content below is my contribution, thanks. KeithLD (talk) 14:07, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Nightshift cab driver Max Durocher (Jamie Foxx) drives U.S. Justice Department prosecutor Annie Farrell (Jada Pinkett Smith) to her office building to spend the night preparing for a pending Federal Grand jury drug indictment case convening the following day. Annie takes a liking to Max, leaving her business card as he drops her off. Vincent (Tom Cruise) hales the cab next, explaining he's in town for one night closing a real estate deal and bribes Max with USD$600 on the pretense of chauffeuring him to his appointments. As Max waits at the first stop, Vincent enters an apartment complex and shoots drug dealer Ramone Ayala. Ayala unexpectedly falls out of the window directly onto the cab, forcing Vincent to reveal himself as a hitman. He coerces Max to hide the body in the trunk and continue with their arrangement.

Max is pulled over on the way to the second stop due to the damage from Ayala's impact. The officers prepare to have the cab towed but are summoned to a higher priority call seconds before discovering the corpse. Vincent leaves Max tied to the steering wheel as he murders attorney Sylvester Clarke in his condominium. Max calls for help from passersby but gets robbed and Vincent arrives back on the scene just in time to gun down the thugs before they make off with his briefcase. He then brings Max to a jazz club under the guise of having a few drinks with club owner Daniel Baker (Barry Shabaka Henley). After the club closes, Max witnesses Vincent callously execute Baker when he incorrectly answers a question about jazz legend Miles Davis. Max suffers a panic attack, aghast from Vincent's savagery. Next, Vincent insists they visit Max's mother Ida (Irma P. Hall) in the hospital to avoid breaking routine. He pretends to be Max's business colleague and develops a rapport with Ida which upsets Max to the point that he runs out of the hospital with the briefcase and tosses it off a bridge overpass onto the freeway below. With his hit list now destroyed, Vincent takes Max to a Hispanic nightclub and demands he go inside to obtain a backup copy from the contractor, lest he murder Max's mother. Inside the club, Max meets with drug lord Felix Reyes-Torrena (Javier Bardem) and successfully passes himself off as a hitman to acquire the USB flash drive containing details of the last two targets. Felix orders his men to follow and eliminate Max once the job is finished and Vincent uses the cab's mount computer to direct Max to club "Fever" and the fourth target; Korean gangster Peter Lim.

Meanwhile, L.A.P.D. Narcotics Detective Ray Fanning (Mark Ruffalo) uncovers the connection between the three victims and reports his finding to F.B.I. agent Frank Pedrosa (Bruce McGill), who identifies them as witnesses for the pending indictment case against Felix. Pedrosa assembles backup to secure their final witness, Lim, and converges on the crowded nightclub simultaneously with Vincent and Felix's men. Vincent manages to execute Lim and slips out of the club amongst the chaos of the subsequent gun fight. Fanning rescues Max and smuggles him outside but is killed by Vincent, who beckons Max back into the cab. Following their hasty getaway, Max berates Vincent for being a sociopath and sharply criticizes his nihilistic attitude. In return, Vincent chastises Max for his passivity and procrastination to follow his ambitions. He angrily speeds through the empty downtown streets, deliberately crashing the cab and Vincent takes off on foot before a responding police officer arrives to the wreck. Max spots Annie's profile on the cab computer and, realizing she's Vincent's final target, overpowers the officer and takes his gun. He sprints to Annie's building and arrives at her office to prevent the assassination by sufficiently wounding Vincent enough for them to escape. Max flees with Annie, boarding a metro rail train with Vincent in close pursuit. He boxes them in and, left with no other option, Max makes his last stand; capriciously asserting himself to protect Annie. He miraculously remains unharmed while mortally wounding Vincent in a face-to-face shootout. Vincent slumps into a seat and expires as he reiterates an anecdote of "a man that rode the metro rail train for six hours before anyone noticed he was dead." Max and Annie get off at the next station, leaving Vincent on the train as it continues on in the breaking dawn of the new day.

Production/Training
I feel as if it is worth noting the training the actors undertook with Mick Gould with respect to the weapons used in this film. While it might be trivia on IMDB, I think it would be beneficial to the article. "Mick Gould was hired to train Tom Cruise for the action sequences - including showing him how to fire live rounds. Michael Mann himself trained with various weapons so he knew how to direct the action sequences to full effect." and "Although he never uses his gun in the film, Mark Ruffalo nevertheless underwent rigorous weapons training so he would look believable sporting a gun."

-Deathsythe (talk) 17:30, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collateral (film)


text:
Arrondissements of the Manche department

The 4 arrondissements of the Manche department are:
 * 1) Arrondissement of Avranches, (subprefecture: Avranches) with 134 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 123,523 in 2013.
 * 2) Arrondissement of Cherbourg, (subprefecture: Cherbourg-en-Cotentin) with 144 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 190,262 in 2013.
 * 3) Arrondissement of Coutances, (subprefecture: Coutances) with 81 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 84,327 in 2013.
 * 4) Arrondissement of Saint-Lô, (prefecture of the Manche department: Saint-Lô) with 87 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 101,807 in 2013.

History
In 1800 the arrondissements of Saint-Lô, Avranches, Coutances, Mortain and Valognes were established. The arrondissement of Cherbourg was created in 1811. The arrondissements of Mortain and Valognes were disbanded in 1926.

The borders of the arrondissements of Manche were modified in January 2017:
 * 14 communes from the arrondissement of Coutances to the arrondissement of Avranches
 * two communes from the arrondissement of Coutances to the arrondissement of Cherbourg
 * one commune from the arrondissement of Coutances to the arrondissement of Saint-Lô
 * two communes from the arrondissement of Saint-Lô to the arrondissement of Coutances


text:
Pennsylvania State Senate

The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years. The president pro tempore of the Senate becomes the lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie vote.

Qualifications
Senators must be at least 25 years of age. They must be a U.S. citizen and a Pennsylvania resident four years, and a resident of that district one year prior to their election and must reside in that district during their term.

Senate leadership
President of the Senate: Austin Davis (D)

President Pro Tempore of the Senate: Kim Ward (R)

Current session
As of January 3, 2023:

Membership
The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district. In 2012, a State Senate district had an average population of 254,047 residents.

title: Pennsylvania State Senate


text:
Talk:Outline of Christian theology

"Controversial Movements"
that section need to be properly edited, and cited or uncited sentences should be removed. --65.113.35.130 (talk) 18:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Merge Controversy
I think that the controversy page should just be merged as a section here. Might help resolve the NPOV issues there, as well. PhatJew 10:59, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Schools of thought
I added a section on schools of thought in Christian theology...made it alphabetic for NPOV purposes, but thought that perhaps it could be / should be divided into larger sections...i.e., Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, with appropriate links in those sub-sections. Thoughts? KHM03 20:52, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

references?
Isn't the reference section supposed to be for information sources used to create the article? I wouldn't think it would take all of those sources to create a link page, which is what this article is at the moment. Liblamb 04:49, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Something which may interest editors of this page
Any help which could be provided would be greatly appreciated. Agriculture 07:37, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Covenantalism
I removed this from the list of "schools of theology" because it is primarily a Calvinist subgenre. I may be wrong; if so, let's talk about it. KHM03 12:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that Covenant Theology should be included. First, while it is primarily advocated among Calvinists, it is not necessarily so; and such can also be said of New Covenant Theology. And Dispensationalism is likewise attached to baptistic fundamentalists, though not exclusively (e.g. Reformed Baptists are baptistic fundamentalists-of-a-sort that are some of the strongest advocates of Covenant Theology, among some, and New Covenant Theology, among others). Three weeks ago I added it back. The lack of interest says something. :-/ Cool. No prob.  GUÐSÞEGN  – UTEX – 21:31, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Dispensationalism is not a fundamental, neither was the historic fundamentalist vs modernist controversy a baptist vs other polarity. The fundamentals are basic Christian beliefs which one must hold to be a Christian, like the deity of Christ, per fundamentalists -- the fundamentals are not denominational distinctions, but cut across denominations.

 * The history of dispensationalism can be traced 1) to England with John Darby, brethren, not baptist. 2) In the USA dispensationalism can be traced from Judge Joel Jones (a presbyterian, one time mayor of Philadelphia in his Notes on Prophecy to the Lutheran Peters who wrote his Theocratic Kingdom and cites Jones, and to presbyterian Lewis Sperry Chafer who wrote a systematic theology and cites the Theocratic Kingdom. Via Chafer, the founder of the non-denominational Dallas Theological Seminary, the movement spread around the world via DTS students who came from many denominations and non-denominational Christianity.  It should also be remarked that Chafer apparently was a disciple of C.I. Scofield founder of what became the non-denominational Philadelphia College of Bible (much like DTS).  Scofield was pastor of a congregational Church (not baptist). Thus Chafer had 2 inputs (Lutheran Peters and congregational Scofield).

Speaking of Calvinism, Chafer was a 4-point Calvinist (TULIP) perhaps like Calvin! Dispensationalists may be even 5-point Calvinists. But they do not follow the theocratical nature of Calvin with trying to take over the government as in Geneva. I suppose some would call that Calvinism, but I normally think of the 5 points as Calvinism. At any rate, bringing in baptists is irrelevant. "Baptists" so far as I know, only agree on one thing as to being baptists: water baptism of believers only. After that affirmation they may hold extremely wide difference, some being Arminian, some disbelieving the Bible and calling each other "moderates." (PeacePeace (talk) 14:23, 30 June 2018 (UTC))

Wesleyanism
Contarini 17:30, 18 October 2007 (UTC)This term is used broadly to refer to mainline Methodism as well as its various offshoots. It can also denote specific denominations--in the U.S. (and apparently in New Zealand) the "Wesleyans" are a more conservative/radical offshoot of the tradition, but in Britain for a long time the "Wesleyans" were the "mainline" Methodist denomination in contrast t more radical groups. It is therefore best to define the term first and foremost in terms of the broad theological tradition

Didache
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Didache#Didache_Title_Translation_Question

Anyone interested in looking into this one. Simonapro 18:39, 14 May 2006 (UTC)]

Suggestion
"Present Day COntroversies" seems laden with POV. In particular, the focus on Pentacostalism and the charismata seems too in-depth for this article, and should be a seperate article or included in a different article. There are plenty of other contemporary debates in modern theology. Pastordavid 19:32, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Basic Christian doctrine
I’m requesting the article, Basic Christian doctrine, because the differences among apostolic doctrines are important. There’s a difference between the notion of Christ dying for the sins of the world and Jesus being punished as an example to prevent sins. There are also differences among the ideas of being saved by belief in Jesus, of being saved by repenting before sinning, and of simply being saved by the choice of someone else. Also, if Jesus had not been crucified, what would the doctrines be? Salvation by repentance with God’s help? Also, should the biblical accounts of Jesus death be considered important at all, or simply annoying gratuitous violence in an historical record? Jesus at the beginning of his ministry preached repentance and prayer, and not the atonement. Therefore, there is room for an article on doctrines. --Chuck (talk) 00:19, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Should the History section go?
Given that there is a separate article on the History of Christian theology, I propose that the history section on this page should be replaced simply with a link to that - to avoid duplication.

What do others think?

--mahigton (talk) 14:34, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I think that would be a good move. Then this article could be structured around topics, while the History of Christian theology could be structured chronologically. I think it would be good to incorporate the history section into the History of Christian theology, if possible. Lamorak (talk) 02:55, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay - I have (finally) removed the history section. I've made further suggestions for simplification at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Christianity/Theology work group.--mahigton (talk) 10:18, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Quick explanation of Wikipedia outlines
"Outline" is short for "hierarchical outline". There are two types of outlines: sentence outlines (like those you made in school to plan a paper), and topic outlines (like the topical synopses that professors hand out at the beginning of a college course). Outlines on Wikipedia are primarily topic outlines that serve 2 main purposes: they provide taxonomical classification of subjects showing what topics belong to a subject and how they are related to each other (via their placement in the tree structure), and as subject-based tables of contents linked to topics in the encyclopedia. The hierarchy is maintained through the use of heading levels and indented bullets. See Outlines for a more in-depth explanation. The Transhumanist 23:52, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Much of this article has no sources at all, reliable or otherwise. & there is gross NPOV violation
The definitions given lack sources. For example, for dispensationalism there is a very inadequate unsourced defininition. Probably the standard for definition here is Charles Ryrie: Dispensationalism Today. (PeacePeace (talk) 06:12, 30 June 2018 (UTC))

Article Should Be Deleted
I nominate this article for deletion as it runs on and on but has no citations. Moreover, it requires complete re-writing and is likely to have NPOV problems due to the many and conflicting points of view as to theology (for example, the attempt to include "tradition". If such an article ought to exist, it would distinguish systematic from Biblical theology.  Systematic theology is the attempt to take the revelation in God's Word and put it into topical order, synthesizing the revelation on various topics.  The divisions of systematic theology would include:

 * Epistemology (how we know truth)
 * Bibliology (nature of the Bible, revelation, inspiration)
 * Theology Proper (God Himself)
 * the One God, the Father, Cristology, Pneumatology
 * Angelology (angels, seraphim, cherubim, satan, demons)
 * Anthropology (man)
 * Hamartiology (the fall and sin)
 * Soteriology (salvation, election)
 * Dispensations & Covenants (divinely given economies limited to particular persons, groups, or eras)
 * Antediluvian Dispensation (no capital punishment, no meat eating)
 * Noahic Covenant (capital punishment)
 * The Law of Moses (with animal sacrifices)
 * The Church Age (with baptism)
 * Israelology (the nation of Israel)
 * Ecclesiology (the Church)
 * Eschatology (last things, the future)

Biblical Theology isolates revelation from particular authors or movements in the Bible and addresses the systematic topics as presented by particular authors as well as topics emphasized by those authors and includes topics like the following:
 * Old Testament Theology
 * The Law of Moses
 * The Teachings of the OT prophets
 * The Teaching of the Lord Jesus (on earth)
 * The Kingdom of God
 * Pauline Theology
 * Johannine Theology
 * Jewish-Christian Theology (James, Jude, Peter, Hebrews)

(PeacePeace (talk) 13:45, 30 June 2018 (UTC))

Dispensationalism
The article is just so faulty that I can't see trying to fix it piece by piece, but dispensationalism is just one faulty part. The idea of dispensationalism is that on the one hand God has given eternal principles to angels and men which are constant (like Love God and Love Neighbor as Self), but on the other hand God has given particular men, groups, and ages particular responsibilities which are not eternal.

 * This is like the Pope forbidding divorce, yet he may give a dispensation for an annulment to some particular person. Or like some ecclesiastical entity having married clergy but deciding at some point it time they should be celibate.

Similarly in the history of the world as recorded in the Bible, God instituted a system of animal sacrifice with the Law of Moses, a system valid only for Israel and for a limited time. When God instituted the Church, he enacted water baptism and abolished circumcision per the NT. Christ sent Peter to fish for a coin to pay tax. In Matthew 10 Christ gave the apostles special missionary instructions, which to my knowledge no Christian missionary today follows. He instituted buying swords in Luke at one point. These are dispensational issues. All Christians are to some extent dispensationalists to the extent that they do not regard the Law of Moses as their rule of life. Moreover, they recognize that God made Adam a gardener, told Noah to build an ark, and permitted polygamy in the OT by such great OT saints as King David. Yet Christians generally do not feel that they should be gardeners, make arks, or practice polygamy. One cannot be a Christian without being a dispensationalist to some degree.

The modern dispensational movement applies the dispensational interpretation more than others do, however. And there are degrees of dispensationalism. Generally dispensationalists affirm normal interpretation (literal is preferred unless there is manifestly a figure of speech or symbolic language). Also they distinguish Israel from the Church as two different groups with a different history and destiny. They believe that the special promises to Israel in the OT (the land of Israel, a kingdom on earth) remain valid and were never transferred to the Church.

 * Ultra-dispensationalists do not believe that the Church was founded in Acts 2 on the day of Pentecost; they delay its foundation to some time later in Acts, perhaps even near the end of the book, and they may believe they should not practice the Lord's Supper or water baptism, as these things are not found in the later epistles.

 * As it stands, the reference in the article to dispensationalism is inaccurate. I see no way really to fix this article, and I don't think there is any way to write it without one group trying to cram its POV down the throat of others, as by an attempt to include tradition, a Roman Catholic POV.  (PeacePeace (talk) 14:05, 30 June 2018 (UTC))

title: Talk:Outline of Christian theology