text:
Talk:Nevermore

Untitled
Thanks to whoever wrote this, we needed a full, non-stub article on Nevermore. Me being a hardcore Nevermore fan. — Preceding unsigned comment added - Exsequor (talk • contribs) 06:08, 10 June 2005 (UTC)

Progressive Metal
(cur) (last) 09:56, 14 October 2006 217.226.232.73 (Talk) (I like that you said they incorporate a lot of styles, but I dispute that they are mainly progressive metal. Let's agree on Heavy Metal and keep your mention that they incorporate all these styles.)

This was my edit; sorry I forgot to log in! If you'd like to discuss the change, let's do it here. --Bringa 09:59, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, I think Nevermore should be considered Progressive metal, with other styles incorporated. Their albums are all very progressive, and I think that is their main style. However, there is also a main theme of Thrash metal, if you want to include that as well. If we use the example of Opeth, then Opeth could be considered a Progressive metal and a Death metal band. No band has to stick with just one genre. It should be noted though, that Prog metal is very diverse and comprises of 'traditional'-sounding bands like Dream Theater, Symphony X etc., but it can also be extreme - Opeth, Strapping Young Lad and Nevermore, to name a few. In Flames 23:43, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * They're definitely prog metal. The only thing I see that needs editing is the mention of a death metal element to their sound, because there really isn't one.

 * They could be considered progressive thrash metal. They do have the two themes, and as In Flames said, a band doesn't need to be confined to just one genre of music. Anyone oppose the progressive thrash metal edit? 360legend 07:20, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

No, I agree with 360legend. They're Progressive Metal, with Thrash elements. You can't get more Progressive than songs like The Learning, and they have a very Thrashy style in their guitars, I find. GSheen 13:53, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

The majority of the metal community, from what I can gather, considers them to be progressive thrash metal. Why can't we just use that? Scourge441 (talk) 04:09, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Power metal
What about power metal? Many people added several times this genre in the box, but imho isn't very agreeable... speed is better. For the "prog question", AMG says both progressive and alternative metal, now I add alt metal with references, but we can also discuss. Connacht 11:22, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but I would not trust AMG at all for this. AMG is a very mainstream music-based group, and Nevermore is not mainstream, therefore their judgements aren't very trustworthy. As for power metal, the only power metal-esque piece I've heard in their discography(and I've listened to it more than once) is the melodic singing vocal style. 168.169.88.7 (talk) 19:08, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nevermore Logo.png
Image:Nevermore Logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 17:02, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

This article needs to check its sources
I can't believe a fake member has been in the article since May 28, also noticed that this false information has been transfered to other Wikipedias. The info is taken away now anyway, but I'm tagging the article for possible factual inaccuracies, until it has been gone through and confirmed it has no further faulse info. Report progress here. Grinder0-0 20:45, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Genres
Why has the lay-out been changed to a comma separated list? It was separated for years, until it was changed recently. with the comment "infobox style according to guidelines". As far as I know there is no guideline and no consensus on the genre lay-out in artist infoboxes. I don't mind having comma separated lists but here I'd recommend using a separated list because in this article:
 * Genres (power metal in this case) won't be cut in two and displayed on two rows
 * Consistency with most other metal articles

Anyone opposed? Kameejl (Talk) 07:18, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way, I have removed some genres (groove metal and death metal). Because the genre is disputed I 'm willing to create a "Genre" or "Style" section where the genre is explained in more detail (using sources), like I did on Meshuggah. I'll then put heavy metal as genre in the infobox with a see below link. Good idea?

I did some research:
 * Encyclopaedia Metallum "Power/thrash metal (early), Groove/progressive metal (later)"

 * www.rockdetector.com "Seattle based, technical Speed Metal outfit NEVERMORE was created in 1992 ... by this stage totally succumbed to NEVERMORE's brand of technical Thrash ..."
 * Heavy metal
 * technical Speed Metal
 * technical Thrash

 * www.bnrmetal.com "Traditional Metal"

 * www.metal-observer.com
 * "Nevermore (USA)

 * 1995/2006 s/t (Re-Release) Review > 8/10 - Eric V. - (Heavy Metal)

 * 1996 In Memory Review > 10/10 - Jenn - (Power Metal)

 * 1996 The Politics Of Ecstasy Review > 10/10 - Frodi - (Thrash Metal)

 * 1996/2006 In Memory (Re-Release) Review > 8/10 - Eric V. - (Heavy Metal)

 * 1996/2006 The Politics Of Ecstasy (Re-Release) Review > 9,5/10 - Eric V. - (Progressive Metal)

 * 1999 Dreaming Neon Black Review > 10/10 - Corey - (Power Metal)

 * 2000 Dead Heart In A Dead World Review > 9,5/10 - Alex - (Power Metal)

 * 2003 Enemies Of Reality Review > 9/10 - Corey - (Power Metal)

 * 2003 Enemies Of Reality Review > 9,5/10 - Joe - (Power Metal)

 * 2005 This Godless Endeavour Review > 10/10 - Frodi - (Thrash Metal/Death Metal)

 * 2005 This Godless Endeavour Review > 10/10 - Joe - (Thrash Metal/Death Metal)

 * 2005 This Godless Endeavour Review > 10/10 - Armen - (Thrash Metal/Death Metal)

 * 2005 This Godless Endeavour Review > 10/10 - Jeremy - (Thrash Metal/Death Metal)"
 * Heavy Metal
 * Power Metal
 * Thrash Metal
 * Progressive Metal
 * Thrash Metal/Death Metal

 * www.metal-observer.com "If you’re unfamiliar with NEVERMORE’s music, they play…umm…Progressive Power/Thrash Metal? Progressive because they manage to incorporate ‘outside’ influences, odd time signatures, classical influences and strange chords. Power because, Warrel Dane sings (more on that later) and Thrash because of the heaviness. Even then, NEVERMORE still manages to forge their own sound, classifications and genres be damned. If you know what NEVERMORE sounds like, just scroll to the bottom of the review. For those not certain, read on."
 * Progressive Power/Thrash Metal

 * www.metal-observer.com "If you’re a long time fan you’ve probably noticed that their catchy and melodic approach is taking a seat back for every record, for these new songs the Death Metal influences that’s been boiling up inside the band has finally been released, it’s a challenging record even for Warrel who does a few growls or something close to it, yet the catchiness remains and is not forsaken ... More Death Metal choppings become the backbone of the tech thrashing “Psalm Of Lydia” which also has some freakish start/stop timing in the verses. “A Future Uncertain” begins with acoustic guitar oddly taking me back to MAIDEN’s “The X Factor”, how far out is that… oh yes, there’s more Death Metal riffing in the middle of the song."
 * Death Metal influences
 * Death Metal riffing

 * www.metal-observer.com "I call this Power Metal only because of the riffs and power chords and for lack of a more fitting genre…I don't like classifying them this way because it just does not suit them. Truly, they should not be classified! They are dark, evil, moody and serious all at the same time. Power Metal is usually glorious and somewhat happy sounding and rarely deals with serious issues explored here."
 * Power Metal

 * www.metal-observer.com "Here we have the third of Century Media’s NEVERMORE reissues, the band’s third release “The Politics Of Ecstasy”. NEVERMORE had never been a band that was easy to classify. Too heavy for Power Metal, and a bit too slow for Thrash, NEVERMORE is one of those rare bands that belongs solely in its own space, defying genre boundaries."

 * www.metal-observer.com "Some people would say that NEVERMORE is a Power Metal band, which makes them the biggest laughing stock of all! ... NEVERMORE is a Melodic Thrash sounding mammoth that runs all over you every time they release an album, SANCTUARY may have had more to do with Power Metal ... Pat O’Brien’s (CANNIBAL CORPSE) influence and writing approach makes most of the album sound pretty much like Thrash/Death Metal ... This album also sees the band venturing into progressive song structures (see “The Learning”, “Passenger”, “42147” and the title track)"
 * Melodic Thrash
 * Thrash/Death Metal
 * progressive song structures

 * www.metal-observer.com "Rising from the ashes of SANCTUARY, vocalist Warrel Dane, guitarist Jeff Loomis and bass player Kim Sheppard took the Thrash-influenced, Heavy Metal sound of their previous band, and beefed it up considerably."
 * Thrash-influenced
 * Heavy Metal sound

 * allmusic.com "Nevermore straddles the line between power metal, traditional heavy metal, and the contemporary hard rock scene, eschewing the silly theatrics of the "power scene" in favor of a darker tone, while reaping the rewards of melody and the high-flying vocal range of singer Warrel Dane ... Nevermore entered a Texas studio with producer Andy Sneap and crafted a new album that adeptly blended contemporary heavy sounds with traditional heavy metal."
 * Heavy Metal
 * Power Metal
 * Progressive Metal
 * Alternative Metal
 * traditional heavy metal

 * www.popmatters.com "Steeped heavily in the classic elements of traditional metal, and adding more contemporary touches of post-thrash/post-death metal ... The band's blend of traditional and modern sounds is fascinating: traces of '80s progressive metal greats such as Queensryche, Savatage, and Fates Warning are easily detectable in their compositions ... The resulting sound is one of impressive brutality and technical dexterity, yet it remains remarkably accessible throughout ... Nevermore has not sounded this ferocious in many years, the entire band taking on a death metal form, Dane temporarily eschewing his soaring vocals for a more extreme metal growl ... "A Future Uncertain" begins by hinting at the doom metal of Candlemass, but soon explodes out of the gate at a breakneck thrash metal pace..."
 * classic elements of traditional metal
 * touches of post-thrash/post-death metal
 * traces of '80s progressive metal
 * the entire band taking on a death metal form
 * hinting at the doom
 * thrash metal pace

 * I will create a style/genre section any time soon. Kameejl (Talk) 09:21, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Article move
What happened with the history of the article? Something has gone wrong when moving because now, the history is scattered. Can this be fixed? Kameejl (Talk) 13:58, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Hard rock? Really?
Anyone who's ever heard Nevermore knows their music is a thrash/progressive/power metal mix. The current genres are incorrect and a two minute google search ought to be enough for any idiot to realise it.86.167.178.170 (talk) 22:37, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

 * If that's true, you can change it yourself, provided you back it up with references. Currently, these were placed there based on reliable sources like Allmusic. Vortiene (talk) 12:05, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 13 July 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus; there is dispute as to whether page view is a good factor in this case (non-admin closure) Snuggums (talk / edits) 21:57, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

– The band does not fit the criteria of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, although none of the other articles listed in the disambiguation articles are that particularly notable either. I originally found these articles thinking it would lead to The Raven, but I think the disambiguation article being moved to the base name makes the most sense. Aspects (talk) 06:20, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Nevermore → Nevermore (band)
 * Nevermore (disambiguation) → Nevermore
 * Support yes - similar to Flavours, God and Satan, Misfortunes and several other current discussions. Because our industrious pop article contributors generate enormous quantities of pop articles, that's fine, but too many of these editors don't think of the universe outside pop music. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:29, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Support Red Slash 16:07, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment – Meh. I think a pretty good argument can be made that the band is the current primary topic. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 19:45, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to oppose, re: Dohn joe. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 03:32, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom -- 67.70.32.20 (talk) 06:14, 14 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Support, I'd think if a primary was chosen it would have been Poe's "The Raven", and would probably support a primary move to that page. Randy Kryn 14:02, 14 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Here are the July pageviews for the dab page topics:
 * Nevermore: The Imaginary Life and Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe - 128
 * Nevermore: The Final Maximum Ride Adventure - 286
 * Nevermore (novel) - 74
 * Nevermore (2006 film) - 32
 * Nevermore (2007 film) - 23
 * Nevermore (audio drama) - 93
 * Nevermore (song) - 190
 * Nevermore (band) - 64
 * Nevermore - 2,481
 * That's 75 percent for the the band. And while some number of those views are simply because this is the primary topic, only 132 people went to the dab page. Seems like a pretty clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Dohn joe (talk) 14:17, 14 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Which, of course, is why the second criterion of primary topic exists. I would also guess that many people are looking for The Raven as well. I do commend your excellent work compiling pageviews. Red Slash 02:10, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Red Slash - if people were looking for The Raven, wouldn't they (or more of them) have followed the hatnote to the dab page? Only 132 have gone to that page this month from all sources. Isn't that pretty good evidence that the people who came to the band page were trying to go there? Dohn joe (talk) 03:27, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * This argument makes no sense. Somebody who goes to the band page could have been looking for something else. The page views only tell you that the reader was sent to Nevermore by Wikipedia when they looked for the topic "Nevermore". The current naming ensures that. Without even a hatnote that names other topics i.e. Poe's poem, the musical (which gets more news hits), how do you know they didn't just give up when they were dropped on the band's page? The point of this disucssion is to ask if we should send readers straight to Nevermore or to Nevermore (disambiguation) in order to see which Neverore they're looking for. Quoting these page views is begging the question. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 14:59, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Dohn joe's stats. I agree with his reply to Red Slash, too. Jenks24 (talk) 12:07, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Support -- The page view argument is fallacious, and self-fulfilling -- see above. Making Nevermore about the band ensures that 75% of traffic goes to that topic, regardless of what the reader was looking for. Google Ngams tells us the vast majority of book references predate the band Nevermore by decades. WP:PRIMARYTOPIC says "A topic is primary for a term, with respect to usage" in searches and in long term significance. Since the band broke up in 2011, the majority of Google News references to the word are not about the band -- no lasting significance. Even when the band was active, most Google News hits from 1991 to 2011 are not about the band. The vast majority of the usages of the word "nevermore" in print do not refer to the band, in fact they predate it; they are mostly actual usages of the word, or else references to Poe's poem, or to works directly derived from it. The band is merely one of these derivative references. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 14:59, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Of the things actually called "Nevermore", this is easily the primary topic. If large numbers of people were really typing in or clicking on "Nevermore" looking for the Raven, we'd have seen more than 132 page views on the dab page. The current setup seems to be getting readers where they want to go.--Cúchullain t/ c 16:30, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Dohn Joe. The existence of other topics doesn't prevent one from being primary. Calidum T|C 23:14, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I just want to repeat that even when the band Nevermore was together, the play Nevermore: The Imaginary Life and Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe got more google news hits, and that gulf has widened since the band quit. We don't choose primary topics merely because one happened to squat on the Wikipedia article title first. Nevermore (band) was not the primary topic before 1991, nor 1991–2011, nor after 2011. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 23:26, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Nevermore. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090804173018/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=79824 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=79824
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090804165305/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=120274 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=120274
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090804162847/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=121346 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=121346
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091025124928/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=129081 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=129081
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606070527/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136346 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136346
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110821033129/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=156645 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=156645
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220708/http://www.bombshellzine.com/blog/2011/05/nevermore-cancel-australian-tour-dates/ to http://www.bombshellzine.com/blog/2011/05/nevermore-cancel-australian-tour-dates/
 * Added tag to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=160245
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110930110950/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=162226 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=162226

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:25, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nevermore


text: User talk:172.159.247.26

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:172.159.247.26


text:
User:The Brain of Morbius/Test page 2

James "Jock" McHale (1882-1953)

 * Played Collingwood 261 games
 * Coached Collingwood for 39 years, including 8 premierships, in 714 games
 * Stadium at Victoria Park named after him in 1999
 * Formally elected to the AFL Hall of Fame with Legend status

title: User:The Brain of Morbius/Test page 2


text:
Elahieh

Elahieh (also spelt Elahiyeh) is an affluent neighborhood in northern Tehran. While it is now a residential area with expensive apartments, it was previously home to large, privately owned gardens. It is home to the Iranian Art Museum Garden.

History
In the 1920s, the entirety of Elahiyeh was composed of just three estates that were previously possessions of a Qajar noble.

Notable residents

 * Mahmoud Hessabi

title: Elahieh


text:
District of Columbia War Memorial

The District of Columbia War Memorial commemorates the citizens of the District of Columbia who served in World War I. Located on the National Mall, it was constructed in 1931 as a domed, peristyle Doric temple.

History
The memorial was built to honor World War I soldiers that died in the war. It stands in West Potomac Park slightly off Independence Avenue in a grove of trees. Authorized by an act of Congress on June 7, 1924, funds to construct the memorial were provided by the contributions of both organizations and individual citizens of the District. Construction of the memorial began in the spring of 1931, and the memorial was dedicated by President Herbert Hoover on November 11, 1931 (Armistice Day). It was the first war memorial to be erected in West Potomac Park, part of the National Mall near the Lincoln Memorial, and remains the only local District memorial on the National Mall.

Designed by Washington architect Frederick H. Brooke, with Horace W. Peaslee and Nathan C. Wyeth as associate architects, the District of Columbia War Memorial is in the form of a 47 ft tall circular, domed, peristyle Doric temple. Resting on concrete foundations, the 4 ft high marble base defines a platform, 43 ft in diameter, intended for use as a bandstand. Preserved in the cornerstone of the District of Columbia World War Memorial is a list of 26,000 Washingtonians who served in the Great War. Inscribed on the base are the names of the 499 District of Columbia citizens who lost their lives in the war, together with medallions representing the branches of the armed forces. Twelve 22 ft tall fluted Doric marble columns support the entablature and dome.

In September 2008, Rep. Ted Poe of Texas, with the support of Frank Buckles, then the last living US veteran of World War I, proposed a bill in Congress stating the memorial should be expanded and designated the national memorial to World War I.

In July 2010, the National Park Service announced that restoration work, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, would soon begin on the memorial. Work began in October 2010, and the memorial reopened on November 10, 2011. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks unit.

title: District of Columbia War Memorial


text:
Meaford

Meaford may refer to:
 * Meaford, Ontario, Canada
 * Meaford, Staffordshire, England
 * Meaford Hall, Staffordshire, England
 * Meaford Power Station, England

title: Meaford


text:
Retina horizontal cell

Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells. Among their functions, horizontal cells are believed to be responsible for increasing contrast via lateral inhibition and adapting both to bright and dim light conditions. Horizontal cells provide inhibitory feedback to rod and cone photoreceptors. They are thought to be important for the antagonistic center-surround property of the receptive fields of many types of retinal ganglion cells.

Other retinal neurons include photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells.

Structure
Depending on the species, there are typically one or two classes of horizontal cells, with a third type sometimes proposed.

Horizontal cells span across photoreceptors and summate inputs before synapsing onto photoreceptor cells. Horizontal cells may also synapse onto bipolar cells, but this remains uncertain.

There is a greater density of horizontal cells towards the central region of the retina. In the cat, it is observed that A-type horizontal cells have a density of 225 cells/mm2 near the center of the retina and a density of 120 cells/mm2 in more peripheral retina. Horizontal cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in ‘exclusion zones’ that separate them. Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the visual field have access to a full set of processing elements. MEGF10 and MEGF11 transmembrane proteins have critical roles in the formation of the mosaics by horizontal cells and starburst amacrine cells in mice.

Function
Horizontal cells are depolarized by the release of glutamate from photoreceptors, which happens in the absence of light. Depolarization of a horizontal cell causes it to hyperpolarize nearby photoreceptors. Conversely, in the light, a photoreceptor releases less glutamate, which hyperpolarizes the horizontal cell, leading to depolarization of nearby photoreceptors. Thus, horizontal cells provide negative feedback to photoreceptors. The moderately wide lateral spread and coupling of horizontal cells by gap junctions, measures the average level of illumination falling upon a region of the retinal surface, which horizontal cells then subtract a proportionate value from the output of photoreceptors to hold the signal input to the inner retinal circuitry within its operating range. Horizontal cells are also one of two groups of inhibitory interneurons that contribute to the surround of retinal ganglion cells:

Illumination $$\to$$ Center photoreceptor hyperpolarization $$\to$$ Horizontal cell hyperpolarization $$\to$$ Surround photoreceptor depolarization

The exact mechanism by which depolarization of horizontal cells hyperpolarizes photoreceptors is uncertain. Although horizontal cells contain GABA, the main mechanisms by which horizontal cells inhibit cones probably do not involve the release of GABA by horizontal cells onto cones. Two mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive likely contribute to horizontal cell inhibition of glutamate release by cones. Both postulated mechanisms depend on the protected environment provided by the invaginating synapses that horizontal cells make onto cones. The first postulated mechanism is a very fast ephaptic mechanism that has no synaptic delay, making it one of the fastest inhibitory synapses known. The second postulated mechanism is relatively slow with a time constant of about 200 ms and depends on ATP release via Pannexin 1 channels located on horizontal cell dendrites invaginating the cone synaptic terminal. The ecto-ATPase NTPDase1 hydrolyses extracellular ATP to AMP, phosphate groups, and protons. The phosphate groups and protons form a pH buffer with a pKa of 7.2, which keeps the pH in the synaptic cleft relatively acidic. This inhibits the cone Ca2+ channels and consequently reduces the glutamate release by the cones.

The center-surround antagonism of bipolar cells is thought to be inherited from cones. However, when recordings are made from parts of the cone that are distant from the cone terminals that synapse onto bipolar cells, center-surround antagonism seems to be less reliable in cones than in bipolar cells. As the invaginating synapses from horizontal cells are made onto cone terminals, the center-surround antagonism of cones is thought to be more reliably present in cone terminals.

title: Retina horizontal cell


text:
User talk:Punkkiddy

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Celebritydeathmatch.JPG
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Speedy deletion nomination of Gnarwolves

A tag has been placed on Gnarwolves requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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Disambiguation link notification for May 18
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Deletion discussion about Pop Songs for Rock Kids
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DYK for Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)
— Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:49, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

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Precious
  Brazil v Germany

Thank you, returning editor for quality articles such as Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup), and for uploading cover art to illustrate albums such as, - you are an awesome Wikipedian!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:22, 27 July 2014 (UTC) A year ago, you were the 928th recipient of my PumpkinSky Prize, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:27, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

Five years ago, you were recipient no. 928 of Precious, a prize of QAI! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:02, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

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Nomination of Haining Open for deletion
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English Amateur Championship - C N Jaques
I notice you made a number of changes to English Amateur Championship (11 December 2014). You added a number of nationalities including the first winner C N Jaques as a New Zealander. I'm struggling to find much about this man. Any help would be appreciated? Nigej (talk) 17:28, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Ashley Hugill and Billy Joe Castle
Hi are you going to create pages on the above players please ?. 92.251.158.94 (talk) 19:46, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

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Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:13, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Punkkiddy


text:
The First Class

The First Class were a British pop music studio-based group, put together by songwriter and record producer John Carter. They are best known for their hit song "Beach Baby," a top 20 hit in both the US and UK, and number one in Canada..

Career
The First Class was the studio creation of British singer/songwriter John Carter, who hired singers Tony Burrows (previously with The Flower Pot Men and Edison Lighthouse) and Chas Mills to join him as an outlet for material Carter wrote, with his creative partner and wife, Gillian (Jill) Shakespeare. In the 1960s, Carter had formed the group Carter-Lewis and the Southerners with fellow producer Ken Lewis. That band dissolved when Carter and Lewis began working extensively as studio singers, appearing on the hits "It's Not Unusual" (Tom Jones), "I Can't Explain" (The Who), "Hi Ho Silver Lining" (Jeff Beck), "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" (Sandie Shaw), "Excerpt From A Teenage Opera" (Keith West), and "Out of Time" (Chris Farlowe). Concurrently with this session work, Carter was a member of The Ivy League, leaving in 1966 to be replaced by Burrows.

Carter and Shakespeare wrote the song "Beach Baby". Carter immediately created a studio band, enlisting musicians Burrows and Mills, to record the song for Jonathan King's UK Records record label – under the name The First Class. In 1974, the song became a hit in the UK, peaking at number 13, and in the US, peaking at number 4.

The group recorded a follow-up single, "Bobby Dazzler", and material for their eponymous first album, The First Class. While there was some demand for live performances by the group, neither Carter nor Burrows had the time for or interest in touring, so a group including bassist Robin Shaw (previously of The Flower Pot Men and White Plains), lead singer Del John, guitarist Spencer James (lead singer with The Searchers from 1986-2019), keyboardist Clive Barrett and drummer Eddie Richards (previously of Edison Lighthouse) was assembled to perform a number of dates as The First Class. Although that quintet was pictured and credited along with Carter, Burrows and Mills on the cover of the band's first album, none of the "live" quintet actually performed on "Beach Baby" or any of the album's other tracks.

"Bobby Dazzler" and later singles "Dreams Are Ten a Penny" number 83 US, "Won't Somebody Help Me" and "Funny How Love Can Be" (number 74 US, a remake of the 1965 hit by The Ivy League, on which Carter had been one of the vocalists) failed to chart in the UK. Officially now down to a trio (Burrows, Carter and Mills) supported by studio session players, the group released an unsuccessful second album (SST) in 1976.

After the issue of the second album, The First Class became strictly an occasional studio venture, while various members pursued other work. Still, the band continued to record and release non-album singles over the next several years, for a variety of labels: "Broken Toy" (1978), "Song On The Wind" (1979), "Ocean of Glass" (1981) and "Gimme Little Sign" (1983). None of these singles charted or received much attention, and by the mid-1980s the First Class effectively ceased to exist.

Chas Mills subsequently retired from the music industry to run a restaurant in North London. Tony Burrows went on working as a solo artist. John Carter remained active writing jingles and managing his back catalogue. He later reflected on The First Class: "Making the First Class albums was a very happy and creative time. Who knows if we ever come up with another suitable song, maybe we will all get back together one day and record under that name again?"

Original albums

 * September 1974: The First Class UK Records. UKAL R 1008.
 * October 1976: The First Class SST UK Records. UKAL 1022.

Compilation CDs

 * 1993: Beach Baby & Other Assorted Love Songs (Century Records, Japan)
 * 1994: Golden Classics (Collectables Records, US)
 * 1996: The First Class/The First Class SST (compilation of 2 LPs) (See For Miles Records, UK)
 * 1999: Beach Baby: The Very Best of The First Class (Collectables Records, US)
 * 2005: Summer Sound Sensations (RPM Records, UK)
 * 2023: Beach Baby: The Complete Recordings (Cherry Red Records, UK)

title: The First Class


text:
User talk:KellyBarrett

Porn removal
Could you please stop showing those pics around please ?! Are you kidding or what ???? Stop it now !!!! That's enough !!!!!!!!!

title: User talk:KellyBarrett


text:
User:Secretlondon/Stuff I have no excuse not to do

Photographs

 * Pear Tree House - I may be the only person who actually knows where this is.
 * Marshalsea - remains need a pic (Borough)


text: File:Bomberman Hero box.jpg

title: File:Bomberman Hero box.jpg


text: User talk:172.130.218.229

title: User talk:172.130.218.229


text: User talk:172.209.90.27

title: User talk:172.209.90.27


text: User talk:172.130.36.247

title: User talk:172.130.36.247


text:
Talk:Institute (band)

Untitled
does institute have an official website yet? yes, www.institutemusic.com

Note that the song "Buzz Of My System" is also included as a bonus track in the central european version of the album.

--- Institute is now done. I didn't post this on the page because I don't have a source and neither do I know where one is. I heard it from a hardcore bush fan, thinking someone here might have better information.
 * I wouldn't doubt that if it were true, but I have yet to see that stated anywhere with credibility. Just a rumor for now.
 * Enfestid 05:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

www.institutemusic.com now redirects to http://gavinrossdale.com/ which is the Bush Official Site Yanq (talk) 06:24, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Another Band Now Calling Itself Institute
I am not sure how this should be handled, but there is now another, unrelated band calling itself "Institute." The only thing that I have done is add a sentence at the end of the "History" section, with a reference, that a different band is now using "Institute" for their name. Other changes may be needed by the Wikipedia experts since there are two bands that have called themselves "Institute." Yanq (talk) 06:42, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Not sure that we should worry about this until they achieve enough notable press coverage.--MattyMetalFan (talk) 18:16, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Institute (band)


text:
Yellow-green algae

Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, β-carotene, and the carotenoid diadinoxanthin. Unlike other Stramenopiles (heterokonts), their chloroplasts do not contain fucoxanthin, which accounts for their lighter colour. Their storage polysaccharide is chrysolaminarin. Xanthophyte cell walls are produced of cellulose and hemicellulose. They appear to be the closest relatives of the brown algae.

Classifications
The species now placed in the Xanthophyceae were formerly included in the Chlorophyceae. In 1899, Lüther created the group Heterokontae for green algae with unequal flagella. Pascher (1914) included the Heterokontae in the Chrysophyta. In 1930, Allorge renamed the group as Xanthophyceae.

The monadoid (unicellular flagellates) and also sometimes the amoeboid species have been included by some authors in the Protozoa or Protista, as order Heterochloridina (e.g., Doflein and Reichenow, 1927-1929 ), as class Xanthomonadina, with orders Heterochloridea and Rhizochloridea (e.g., Deflandre, 1956 ), as order Heterochlorida (e.g., Hall, 1953, Honigberg et al., 1964 ), as order Heteromonadida (e.g., Leedale, 1983 ), or as subclass Heterochloridia (e.g., Puytorac et al., 1987 ). These groups are called ambiregnal protists, as names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN.

AlgaeBase (2020)
Xanthophyceae have been divided into the following five orders in some classification systems:

 * Dictyosphaeriopsis
 * Groenlandiella
 * Halosphaeropsis
 * Pelagocystis
 * Polyedrium
 * Pseudopleurochloris
 * Raphidosphaera
 * Sphaerochloris
 * Tiresias
 * Order Botrydiales Schaffner 1922
 * Family Botrydiaceae Rabenhorst 1863 e.g. Botrydium
 * Order Mischococcales Fritsch 1927
 * Family Botrydiopsidaceae Hibberd 1980 e.g. Botrydiopsis
 * Family Botryochloridaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Ilsteria
 * Family Centritractaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Centritractus
 * Family Characiopsidaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Characiopsis, Chlorothecium
 * Family Chloropediaceae Pascher 1931 e.g. Chloropedia
 * Family Gloeobotrydaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Gloeobotrys
 * Family Gloeopodiaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Gloeopodium
 * Family Mischococcaceae Pascher 1912 e.g. Mischococcus
 * Family Ophiocytiaceae Lemmermann 1899 e.g. Ophiocytium
 * Family Pleurochloridaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Meringosphaera, Pleurochloris
 * Family Trypanochloridaceae Geitler ex Pascher 1938 e.g. Trypanochloris
 * Order Rhizochloridales Pascher 1925
 * Family Myxochloridaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Myxochloris
 * Family Rhizochloridaceae Pascher 1925 e.g. Rhizochloris
 * Family Stipitococcaceae Pascher ex Smith 1933 e.g. Stipitococcus
 * Order Tribonematales Pascher 1939
 * Family Heterodendraceae Pascher 1939 e.g. Heterodendron
 * Family Heteropediaceae Hibberd 1982 e.g. Heterococcus, Heteropedia
 * Family Neonemataceae Ettl 1977 e.g. Neonema
 * Family Tribonemataceae West 1904 e.g. Tribonema
 * Family Xanthonemataceae Silva 1980 e.g. Xanthonema
 * Order Vaucheriales Nägeli ex Bohlin 1901
 * Family Vaucheriaceae (Gray) Dumortier 1822 e.g. Vaucheria

Lüther (1899)
Classification according to Lüther (1899):

 * Class Heterokontae
 * Order Chloromonadales
 * Order Confervales

Pascher (1912)
Classification according to Pascher (1912):

 * Heterokontae
 * Heterochloridales
 * Heterocapsales
 * Heterococcales
 * Heterotrichales
 * Heterosiphonales

Fritsch (1935)
Fritsch (1935) recognizes the following orders in the class Xanthophyceae:

 * Order Heterochloridales
 * Family Heterochloridaceae (e.g., Heterochloris)
 * Family Heterocapsaceae (e.g., Chlorogloea)
 * Family Mischococcaceae (e.g., Mischococcus)
 * Family Heterorhizidaceae (e.g., Rhizolekane)
 * Order Heterococcales
 * Family Halosphaeraceae (e.g., Halosphaera)
 * Family Myxochloridaceae (e.g., Myxochloris)
 * Family Chlorobotrydaceae(e.g., Chlorobotrys)
 * Family Chlorotheciaceae (e.g., Chlorothecium)
 * Family Ophiocytiaceae (e.g., Ophiocytium)
 * Order Heterotrichales
 * Family Tribonemataceae (e.g., Tribonema)
 * Family Heterocloniaceae (e.g., Heterodendron[?])
 * Order Heterosiphonales
 * Family Botrydiaceae (e.g., Botrydium)

Smith (1938)
In the classification of Smith (1938), there are six orders in the class Xanthophyceae, placed in the division Chrysophyta:

 * Order Heterochloridales (e.g., Chlorochromonas)
 * Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Chlorarachnion)
 * Order Heterocapsales (e.g., Chlorosaccus)
 * Order Heterotrichales (e.g., Tribonema)
 * Order Heterococcales (e.g., Botrydiopsis)
 * Order Heterosiphonales (e.g., Botrydium)

Pascher (1939)
Pascher (1939) recognizes 6 classes in Heterokontae:
 * Class Heterochloridineae
 * Class Rhizochloridineae
 * Class Hetcrocapsineae
 * Class Heterococcincae
 * Class Hetcrotrichineae
 * Class Heterosiphonineae

Copeland (1956)
Copeland (1956) treated the group as order Vaucheriacea:

 * Kingdom Protoctista
 * Phylum Phaeophyta
 * Class Heterokonta
 * Order Vaucheriacea
 * Family Chlorosaccacea
 * Family Mischococcacea
 * Family Chlorotheciacea
 * Family Botryococcacea
 * Family Stipitococcacea
 * Family Chloramoebacea
 * Family Tribonematacea
 * Family Phyllosiphonacea

Ettl (1978), van den Hoek et al. (1995)
In a classification presented by van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995), based on the level of organization of the thallus, there are seven orders:

 * Order Chloramoebales (e.g., Chloromeson) - flagellate organisms
 * Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Rhizochloris, Myxochloris) - ameboid organisms
 * Order Heterogloeales (e.g., Gloeochloris) - palmelloid (tetrasporal) organisms
 * Order Mischococcales (e.g., Chloridella, Botrydiopsis, Characiopsis, Ophiocytium) - coccoid organisms
 * Order Tribonematales (e.g., Tribonema, Heterococcus, Heterodendron) - filamentous organization
 * Order Botrydiales (e.g., Botrydium) - siphonous organization; sexual reproduction isogamous or anisogamous
 * Order Vaucheriales (e.g., Vaucheria) - siphonous organization; sexual reproduction oogamous

These are the same orders of the classification of Ettl (1978), an updated version of the classic work by Pascher (1939). Ultrastructural and molecular studies shows that the Mischococcales might be paraphyletic, and the Tribonematales and Botrydiales polyphyletic, and suggests two orders at most be used until the relationships within the division are sorted.

Maistro et al. (2009)
Informal groups, according to Maistro et al. (2009):
 * Botrydiopsalean clade
 * Chlorellidialean clade
 * Tribonematalean clade
 * Vaucherialean clade

Unicellular flagellates, amoeboid and palmelloid taxa were not included in this study.

Adl et al. (2005, 2012)
According to Adl et al. (2005, 2012):
 * Tribonematales (genera Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Characiopsis, Chloromeson, Heterococcus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus, Tribonema, Xanthonema)
 * Vaucheriales (genus Vaucheria)

title: Yellow-green algae


text:
Chandrabindu

Chandrabindu (IAST:, lit. 'moon dot' in Sanskrit) is a diacritic sign with the form of a dot inside the lower half of a circle. It is used in the Devanagari (ँ), Bengali-Assamese (ঁ), Gujarati (ઁ), Odia (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese ( ꦀ) and other scripts.

It usually means that the previous vowel is nasalized.

In Hindi, it is replaced in writing by anusvara when it is written above a consonant that carries a vowel symbol that extends above the top line.

In Classical Sanskrit, it seems to occur only over a lla conjunct consonant, to show that it is pronounced as a nasalized double l, which occurs if -nl- have become assimilated in sandhi.

In Vedic Sanskrit, it is used instead of anusvara to represent the sound anunasika when the next word starts with a vowel. It usually occurs where in earlier times a word ended in -ans.

Unicode
Unicode encodes chandrabindu and chandrabindu-like characters for a variety of scripts:

The COMBINING CANDRABINDU (U+0310), is a general-purpose combining diacritical mark intended for use with Latin letters in transliteration of Indic languages.

title: Chandrabindu


text:
Leptostraca

Leptostraca (from the Greek words for thin and shell) is an order of small, marine crustaceans. Its members, including the well-studied Nebalia, occur throughout the world's oceans and are usually considered to be filter-feeders. It is the only extant order in the subclass Phyllocarida. They are believed to represent the most primitive members of their class, the Malacostraca, and first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian period.

Description
Leptostracans are usually small, typically 5 to 15 mm long, but the largest species (Nebaliopsis typica) can reach 4 cm, and the Silurian Ceratiocaris could grow to 75 cm. They are distinguished from all other members of their class in having seven abdominal segments, instead of six. Their head has stalked compound eyes, two pairs of antennae (one biramous, one uniramous), and a pair of mandibles but no maxillipeds. They are the only malacostracans with a carapace that comprises two valves. It covers the head and the thorax, including most of the thoracic appendages, and serves as a brood pouch for the developing embryos. Its anterior tip bears a movable rostrum. Also unique among malacostracans is their eight pairs of thoracic appendages which have been specialized into leaf-like filter feeding organs, and are not used for locomotion. The first six abdominal segments bear pleopods, while the seventh bears a pair of caudal furcae, which may be homologous to uropods of other crustaceans.

Leptostracans have gills on their thoracic limbs, but also breathe through a respiratory membrane on the inside of the carapace. The eggs hatch as a postlarval, or "manca" stage, which lacks a fully developed carapace, but otherwise resembles the adult.

Classification
It is now accepted that leptostracans belong to the Malacostraca, and the sister crown group to Leptostraca is Eumalacostraca.

The Order Leptostraca is divided into three families, with ten genera containing a total of around 40 validly described extant species:

title: Leptostraca


text:
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Othman (c. 1297 – 24 May 1351), (أبو الحسن علي بن عثمان) was a sultan of the Marinid dynasty who reigned in Morocco between 1331 and 1348. In 1333 he captured Gibraltar from the Castilians, although a later attempt to take Tarifa in 1339 ended in fiasco. In North Africa he extended his rule over Tlemcen and Hafsid Ifriqiya, which together covered the north of what is now Algeria and Tunisia. Under him the Marinid realms in the Maghreb briefly covered an area that rivalled that of the preceding Almohad Caliphate. However, he was forced to retreat due to a revolt of the Arab tribes, was shipwrecked, and lost many of his supporters. His son Abu Inan Faris seized power in Fez. Abu Al-Hasan died in exile in the High Atlas mountains.

Early years
Abu al-Hasan was the son of Marinid ruler Abu Sa'id Uthman II and an Abyssinian concubine mother. He had a dark complexion, and was known as the 'Black Sultan' of Morocco. He succeeded his father Abu Sa'id Uthman II in 1331. Abu al-Hasan married Fatima, daughter of the Hafsid ruler Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II of Ifriqiya, sealing an alliance between the Marinids and Hafsids against the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen.

Gibraltar

In 1309, Castillian troops under Ferdinand IV captured Gibraltar, then known as the Medinat al-Fath (City of Victory), from the Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada. In 1333, responding to the appeal of Nasrid ruler Muhammad IV of Granada, Abu al-Hasan sent a Moroccan army to Algeciras under the command of his son Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid. A force of 7,000 men was transported across the Strait of Gibraltar to rendezvous with the forces of Muhammad IV of Granada at Algeciras in February 1333. The Castilians were distracted by the coronation of King Alfonso XI and were slow to respond to the invasion force, which was able to lay siege to Gibraltar before much of a response could be organised.

The situation in Gibraltar was desperate by mid-June. The food had run out and the townspeople and garrison had been reduced to eating their own shields, belts and shoes in an attempt to gain sustenance from the leather from which they were made. On 17 June 1333, Vasco Perez surrendered Gibraltar after agreeing terms with Abd al-Malik. The defenders were allowed to leave with honour as a mark of respect for their courage in defending the town for so long. The fall of Gibraltar was rapturously received back in Morocco; the Moorish chronicler Ibn Marzuq recorded that while he was studying in Tlemcen, his teacher announced to his class: "Rejoice, community of the faithful, because God has had the goodness to restore Gibraltar to us!" According to Ibn Marzuq, the jubilant students burst out into cries of praise, gave thanks and shed tears of joy.

The success of the Gibraltar campaign stoked fears in the Granadan court that the Marinids would become too influential, and provoked the assassination of Muhammad IV by resentful Granadan nobles only a few months later. However, Abu al-Hasan was not ready to invade the Iberian peninsula since he was engaged in hostilities with Tlemcen. Muhammad IV's brother and successor, Yusuf I of Granada maintained the alliance with the Marinid ruler. A peace treaty was signed at Fez on 26 February 1334 between Castile, Granada and Morocco with a four-year duration.

Tlemcen

The ruler of Tlemcen, Ibn Tashufin (r. 1318–1337), initiated hostilities against Ifriqiya, besieged Béjaïa, and sent an army into Tunisia that defeated the Hafsid king Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II, who fled to Constantine while the Zayyanids occupied Tunis.

Abu al-Hasan was married to a Hafsid princess, and in 1334 the Hafsids appealed to him for help, giving him a welcome excuse for invading his neighbour.

In early 1335, Marinid forces under Abu al-Hasan invaded Tlemcen from the west and dispatched a naval force to assist the Hafsids from the east. The Zayyanids were rolled back into the city of Tlemcen. The Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan started a lengthy siege of Tlemcen, turning his siege camp into a veritable adjoining city.

In 1336 or 1337, Abu al-Hasan suspended the siege of Tlemcen to campaign in southern Morocco, where his troublesome brother, Abu Ali, who ruled an appanage at Sijilmassa, was threatening to divide the Marinid dominions.

In May 1337, after a two-year siege, Tlemcen finally fell to a Marinid assault. Ibn Tashufin died during the fighting. His brothers were captured and killed and the Sultanate of Tlemcen (covering roughly modern western half of Algeria) was annexed by the Marinids. Abu al-Hasan received delegates from Egypt, Granada, Tunis and Mali congratulating him on his victory, by which he had gained complete control of the trans-Saharan trade.

Tarifa
Flush from these victories, in 1339, Abu al-Hasan received an appeal from the Nasrid ruler Yusuf I of Granada to help drive back the Castilians. The assembly of a large Marinid invasion force in Morocco prompted the Castilian king Alfonso XI to bring to an end his quarrel with Afonso IV of Portugal.

In April 1340, a Castilian fleet of some 32 galleys under admiral Alonso Jofré Tenorio set out against the Marinid invasion fleet being outfitted at Ceuta. The Marinid fleet, under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi, destroyed the Castilian fleet in the naval battle of Gibraltar on 5 April 1340. The Castilian admiral Tenorio was killed during the engagement and only five Castilian galleys managed to make it safely out.

With the sea now clear for an invasion, Abu al-Hasan spent the rest of the summer calmly ferrying his troops and supplies across the straits to Algeciras. Abu al-Hasan crossed with the bulk of the Marinid forces in August 1340. The Marinid invasion force joined up with Granadan forces under Yusuf I in September, and together proceeded to lay siege to Tarifa.

A desperate Alfonso XI appealed to his father-in-law, the Portuguese king Afonso IV for assistance. In October 1340, a Portuguese fleet under Manuel Pessanha, supplemented by a leased Genoese fleet, managed to move into position off Tarifa and cut off the besiegers' supply line to Morocco. In the meantime, Afonso IV of Portugal led an army overland to join Alfonso XI of Castile near Seville, and together they moved against the besiegers at Tarifa. The Marinid-Nasrid forces were defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in October 1340, and Abu al-Hasan was forced to retreat back to Algeciras. After this defeat, Al-Hasan ended his campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula. A few years later, Alfonso XI of Castile had little difficulty taking Algeciras in March 1344.

Ifriqiya
In 1346 the Hafsid Sultan, Abu Bakr, died and a dispute over the succession ensued. Several Ifriqiyan parties appealed to the Marinid ruler for assistance. In a campaign in early 1347, Abu al-Hasan's Moroccan army swept through Ifriqiya and entered Tunis in September, 1347. By uniting Morocco, Tlemcen and Ifriqiya, the Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan effectively accomplished the conquest of dominions as great as the Almohad empire of the Maghreb, and the comparison was not lost on contemporaries.

Revolt and death
However, Abu al-Hasan went too far in attempting to impose his authority over the Arab tribes. They revolted and in April 1348 defeated his army near Kairouan. His son, Abu Inan Faris, who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was the sultan. Tlemcen and the central Maghreb revolted. The Zayyanid Abu Sa'id Uthman II was proclaimed king of Tlemcen.

Abu al-Hasan's fleet was wrecked on its homeward journey by a tempest off Bougie, and the once mighty sultan was left stranded in the heart of enemy territory. Abu al-Hasan escaped capture and made his way to join his partisans in Algiers. He managed to gather enough forces to attempt a march to recover Tlemcen, but was defeated by the resurgent Abdalwadid princes near the Chelif River.

As many of his former supporters defected, Abu al-Hasan was forced to proceed to Sijilmassa, in southern Morocco, which he hoped to use as a base to recover his sultanate. But Abu Inan's armies descended on the area, forcing Abu al-Hasan to flee with what remained of his supporters to Marrakesh. In May 1350, Abu Inan defeated Abu al-Hasan on the banks of the Oum er-Rebia. With Abu Inan on his heels, Abu al-Hasan fled into the high Atlas Mountains, taking refuge among the Hintata tribes. Broken, ill and without resources, the once-mighty Abu al-Hasan, finally agreed to abdicate in favour of Abu Inan in late 1350 or early 1351.

Abu al-Hasan died in May 1351, still in his Atlas mountain hideout. His body was transferred by Abu Inan, allegedly with great public mourning, to the Marinid necropolis at Chellah.

In 1352 Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered the central Maghreb. He took Béjaïa in 1353 and Tunis in 1357, becoming master of Ifriqiya. In 1358 he was forced to return to Fez due to Arab opposition, where he was strangled to death by his vizier.

title: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman


text:
Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota

"Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota" is the state anthem of Kedah, Malaysia. The lyrics were written by Almarhum Abdullah Syed Hussain Shahabuddin and it was composed by J. A. Redhill (Reutenberg). It was officially adopted on 22 March 1937.

History
Reuternberg, a Russian Jew and the then-Conductor of the Selangor Club Orchestra, had been ordered to compose a state anthem for Kedah with $1000 as the reward. He successfully composed it in 25 minutes time. The plan to create it was initiated by the British Adviser of Kedah, S.L. Jones.

The anthem was recomposed by Tunku Yakob with the addition of its lyrics written by Hj. Mohammad Sheriff, the then Menteri Besar and the melody from J.F. Agustin in 1949.

title: Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota


text:
User:Rintrah

This account is permanently inactive.

I wasted time, and now doth time waste me. Richard II - Shakespeare

title: User:Rintrah


text:
The Devil and Kate

The Devil and Kate, Op. 112, B.201, (Čert a Káča in Czech) is an opera in three acts by Antonín Dvořák to a Czech libretto by Adolf Wenig. It is based on a farce by Josef Kajetán Tyl, and the story also had been treated in the Fairy Tales of Božena Němcová. The first performance of the opera was at the National Theatre, Prague, on 23 November 1899, under Adolf Čech.

The Devil and Kate is one of the few operas of Dvořák, along with Rusalka, to have remained in the repertory. This can be attributed to the high demand for Italian grand operas in his time and the difficulties of Dvořák's intricate staging. The opera has great appeal because of its combination of fairy tale and folk music; it is very close in feel to a Czech tone poem. At times, it feels like a Czech version of Hansel & Gretel. The overture was written after the opera itself.

John Clapham has written critical analysis of the opera and noted the presence of the style of Wagnerian declamation in the work.

Synopsis

 * Place: The village of Dlouhá Lhota in Bohemia and, in act 2, in Hell
 * Time: around 1825

Act 1
On a summer evening, Jirka, slightly intoxicated, begs to be excused from further dancing outside the village inn, as he will be in trouble with his employer, the Princess's Steward, if he does not return to his work. Kate then appears with her mother, and Jirka leaves with some of the musicians. Kate wants to dance, but her mother doesn't want her daughter to embarrass herself. Infuriated, Kate says that she will dance with a devil if necessary. Suddenly, a mysterious hunter appears, asking about the Steward and the Princess. He sits down with Kate, engages her in conversation, and asks her to dance with him. She accepts, eventually collapsing with exhaustion but nevertheless exhilarated. Jirka returns, furious with the Steward, who shouted at him for bringing the musicians with him, then beat him, dismissed him and told him to go to Hell. Meanwhile, the hunter has persuaded Kate to go with him to his splendid dwelling. He stamps on the ground, and the two of them disappear into the earth amid thunder, lightning and smoke. It is apparent to all that they have gone to Hell. Jirka, having nothing to lose, consoles Kate's mother by agreeing to follow the pair and rescue Kate, and the Act ends as he jumps into the new hole in the ground.

Act 2
In Hell, some Devils are playing cards for money. The Guard announces the arrival of Lucifer, who asks whether Marbuel has returned from Earth. On discovering that he hasn't, Lucifer asks to be informed when he does appear, and departs. The Gate-Keeper explains to the other Devils that Lucifer had sent Marbuel to see if the Princess and her Steward are ripe for Hell yet, as Marbuel is the mysterious hunter from Act 1. Marbuel now arrives, exhausted and carrying Kate, whom the Devils initially mistake for the Princess. She harangues him at length, and Marbuel explains that she is wearing a cross, which protects her against him so that he can't get rid of her. Lucifer re-enters to find out what the shouting is about. Then Jirka, saying that he has come for Kate, is admitted by the Gate-Keeper. He suggests to Lucifer that Kate might be bought off, and she is tempted by some golden chains that are produced. Meanwhile, Lucifer questions Marbuel about his trip, and agrees that the Princess should be brought to Hell, while the Steward should be threatened but reprieved for the time being. Marbuel now has to promise Jirka that he shall have some of the Princess's gold - given him by the Steward to reward him for fighting off the threatening Marbuel - if he will take Kate back to Earth. Jirka, pleased with the plan, agrees that the way to do that is to dance with Kate, and he manages to dance her out past the Gate-Keeper. The latter slams the gate shut, to the great relief of all, especially Marbuel, who remarks that music has succeeded in doing what the denizens of Hell could not.

Act 3
A hall in the Princess's castle. Marbuel's plan has worked, and Jirka rescued the Steward (who never appears on stage in the opera). The Princess has started to repent her misdeeds, but fears that nothing can save her, since the Steward was only doing her bidding and it is she whom the devils must carry to Hell. Nevertheless, she has summoned Jirka in the hope that he can ward them off. Jirka, embarrassed, tells her that she has already committed too many evil deeds, and he cannot help. The Princess promises to reform, but Jirka tells her that, unless she agrees to free the serfs, she will go to Hell and not even he will be able to save her. She agrees, and her Chamberlain announces her decree to the waiting crowd outside, who greet it with acclaim. Jirka now tells the Princess that he has a plan which will save her, and she exits so that he can make preparations.

Jirka summons Kate, and explains that when Marbuel comes for the Princess, she (Kate) will be able to take her revenge on him. Kate enthusiastically agrees, and hides in the next room. The Princess returns and, instructed by Jirka, sits in her chair with her courtiers round her, while Jirka joins Kate. The moon illuminates the room and then the light turns red as Marbuel appears, telling the Princess that her time on Earth is up. To Marbuel's irritation, Jirka interrupts, but his annoyance changes to horror when Jirka tells him that Kate is coming to get him. The door flies open, and Kate stands in the lighted doorway. Marbuel screams and disappears through the window, never to return. The grateful Princess appoints Jirka as her new Prime Minister, and agrees that Kate shall have the best house in the town and plenty of money. Kate would also like to get married, but she anticipates that, with her new-found wealth, she will have no problem making a good match. The peasants arrive to thank the Princess for freeing them from bondage. Jirka promises them that, although now a minister, he is still on their side, and they depart, rejoicing, to enjoy a banquet provided by the Princess.

Recordings

 * Supraphon LPV 337-339: Ludmila Komancová, Rudolf Asmus, Přemysl Kočí, Lubomir Havlák, Marie Steinerova, Rudolf Vonasek, Jaroslava Vymazalova, Jaroslav Horáček, Karel Berman; Prague National Theatre Chorus and Orchestra; Zdeněk Chalabala, conductor.
 * Supraphon 11 1800-2 612: Anna Barová, Daniela Suryová, Richard Novák, Jaroslav Horáček, Aleš Šťáva, Jan Hladík, Pavel Kamas, Miloš Ježil, Oldřich Polášek, Natalie Romanová-Achaladze, Brigita Šulcová; Brno State Philharmonic Chorus; Brno Janáček Opera Orchestra; Jiří Pinkas, conductor
 * Kultur DVD D4443: Anne-Marie Owens, Joseph Evans, Peter Lightfoot, Kristine Ciesinski, Marko Putkonen, Joan Davies, Phillip Guy-Bromley, Kathleen Tynan, Alan Fairs, Geoffrey Davidson, Michael Forest, Julie Wong, Gavin Claire, Rossa Dunphy: Wexford Festival Chorus, Radio Telefís Éireann Symphony Orchestra; Albert Rosen, conductor.

title: The Devil and Kate


text:
User:AllyUnion/Bot draft work

Category Archival Bot

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title: User:AllyUnion/Bot draft work