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New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo

The New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo (Iniciativa e Re Demokrarike e Kosovës, IRDK) is a political party in Kosovo registered on 19 July 2001. It represents the Balkan Egyptian ethnic minority. Its current leader is Elbert Krasniqi, who serves as minister of local government administration in the Republic of Kosovo's coalition government.

The party was aligned with the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) for many years, though more recently it has been associated with Vetëvendosje (VV).

History
The New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo was founded in March 2001 by Emin Sefa, Imer Alijaj, Ibish Bajrami, Bislim Hoti, Avdullah Qafani, and others. Hoti was chosen as the party's first leader.

The party won two seats in the 2001 and 2004 Kosovan parliamentary elections, and its elected candidates in this period were Hoti and Xhevdet Neziraj. Both served in the parliamentary group of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo.

Neziraj succeeded Hoti as party leader in 2007. In the 2007 Kosovan parliamentary election, the party fell to one seat, which went to Neziraj. He continued to caucus with the AAK in the parliament that followed.

The IRDK was the only registered party representing Kosovo's Egyptian community until December 2010, when Hoti founded the breakaway League of Egyptians of Kosovo (LEK). In the 2010 Kosovan parliamentary election, Neziraj was elected to a fourth term, while the LEK failed to win any mandates. Neziraj once again caucused with the AAK. (Hoti, for his part, rejoined the IRDK in 2013.)

The IRDK lost support to the newly formed Egyptian Liberal Party (PLE) in the 2014 parliamentary election and for the first time in its history fell below the electoral threshold for assembly representation. It remained below the threshold in the 2017 parliamentary election. Elbert Krasniqi succeeded Neziraj as party leader in 2017.

The party returned to the assembly in the 2019 parliamentary election with Krasniqi as the party's elected delegate. In November 2019, he joined the parliamentary group of Vetëvendosje. He was re-elected in the 2021 parliamentary election, in which Vetëvendosje won a landslide victory, and was afterward appointed as a minister in the Republic of Kosovo's coalition government. His assembly seat went to the second-ranked candidate on the party's electoral list, Fridon Lala, who sits with the Multiethnic assembly group.

Electoral performance
''Note: Of the four assembly seats reserved for the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian communities, one seat is specifically reserved for the Roma, one for the Ashkali, and one for the Egyptian community. The fourth seat is assigned to the community with the highest overall votes.''

title: New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo


text:
Parliamentary Party of Kosovo

The Parliamentary Party of Kosovo (Partia Parliamentare e Kosovës, PPK) is a social-liberal political party in the Republic of Kosovo. It is led by former prime minister Bajram Kosumi. It is one of the oldest parties in Kosovo.

The party was founded 1990, out of the Kosovo Youth Parliament by Veton Surroi, who later left the party and formed the Reformist Party ORA. PPK has a history of being a longtime opposition party and a distant second to the ruling Democratic League of Kosovo under the Republic of Kosova (1990-2000). From 1996 to 1998, the party was led by human rights activist Adem Demaçi.

At the last legislative elections, 24 October 2004, the party was part of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parliamentary Party of Kosovo


text:
People's Movement of Kosovo

The People's Movement of Kosovo (Lëvizja Popullore e Kosovës - LPK) was a political party in Kosovo active after the Kosovo War, having originally been founded as a political movement of Albanian nationalists in 1982. Despite participating in several elections in autonomous Kosovo, its pre-war existence was its most historically significant period. Historically, its support and membership came from Albanian diaspora, especially within Switzerland and Germany, originating mainly from former Yugoslav republics.

Ideology
The LPK was formed in the early 1980s, during the turmoil which would bring the Albanian population of Yugoslavia to wider attention. During the 1981 protests in Kosovo, protesters demanded that Kosovo become a republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The movement was crystallized on Feb 17th, 1982, in Switzerland, as a Marxist-Leninist union of Albanian diaspora organizations with support and sympathy for/from the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, struggling for the rights of Albanians throughout Yugoslavia and unification with Albania, originally named the Movement for an Albanian republic in Yugoslavia (Levizje per Republiken Shqiptare ne Jugosllavi, LRSHJ), to be renamed later as PMK.

The LPK's ideology was left-wing nationalism. Peter Schwarz, while talking about Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK) in "Kosovo and the crisis in the Atlantic Alliance", (Sep, 1st, 1999), states: "In Germany a ban was in the course of being implemented against the core of the party, the Enver Hoxha-oriented KPM (Kosovo People's Movement)". Robert Elsie states in his Historical Dictionary of Kosovo, 2011 that: "It was initially Marxist-oriented, seeing Kosovo's salvation in Albania and thus supporting the regime of Enver Hoxha".

Foundation
The three core organizations that constituted the LPK were the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Albanians in Yugoslavia (Partia Komuniste Marksiste-Leniniste e Shqiptarëve në Jugosllavi - PKMLSHJ), the National Liberation Movement of Kosovo and Other Albanian Regions (Lëvizjes Nacionalçlirimtare të Kosovës dhe Viseve të tjera Shqiptare - LNÇKVSHJ) and the Marxist–Leninist Organization of Kosovo (Organizata Marksiste Leniniste e Kosovës - OMLK). The negotiations had started on late November 1981, failing for the first time in Istanbul between Sabri Novosella and Abdullah Prapashtica despite the support of Albanian Ambassador in Turkey. The movement's platform would be based on that of the more moderate PKMLSHJ, shifted aimed for an Albanian Republic within Yugoslavia, while the other two organizations had the goal of unifying Kosovo with Albania.

There is some controversy regarding the exact identity of the founders of the LPK. One of its founders, Abdullah Prapashtica, has stated that the movement's executive committee included Osman Osmani, Faton Topalli, Ibrahim Kelmendi, Sabri Novosella, Jusuf Gërvalla, Bardhosh Gërvalla, Xhafer Durmishi, Kadri Zeka, Hasan Mala, Xhafer Shatri, and Nuhi Sylejmani (joining after the execution of Gërvalla brothers), while others like Emrush Xhemajli give slightly different names and circumstances.

Activity until 1998
The LPK remained active throughout Europe and continuously sponsored and supported insurgents, propaganda, and activities inside Yugoslavia, as well as lobbying for the Albanian national cause. Many would be imprisoned or killed by Yugoslav authorities. On 17 January 1982, Jusuf Gërvalla, Kadri Zeka and Bardhosh Gërvalla were executed in Untergruppenbach, West Germany from Yugoslav secret service secret agents. Two other members, Rexhep Mala and Nuhi Berisha died in a shoot-out with Yugoslav police forces in a Prishtina neighbourhood (today "Kodra e Trimave") on 11 January 1984. On November 2, 1989, Afrim Zhitia and Fahri Fazliu would die in a similar shoot-out (from 12:45 till around 19:00) after being surrounded by Serbian police in the "Kodra e Diellit" neighborhood of Pristina.

Despite the difficulties, the LPK would diligently continue to be the main representative of the Albanian resistance against Serbian rule until December 1989, when Ibrahim Rugova and other intellectuals in Kosovo founded the Democratic League of Kosovo (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës).

1998–2001
The LPK would establish the core of what would become known as the Kosovo Liberation Army, following later with the UÇPMB in Preševo Valley, the National Liberation Army (UÇK) in North Macedonia, as well as the FBKSh of Gafurr Adili. Many members including most of the leadership would actively join the war, including Adem Jashari, Sami Lushtaku, Fatmir Limaj, Fehmi Lladrovci, Ramush Haradinaj, Azem Syla, Adem Grabovci, Jakup Krasniqi, Ali Ahmeti, and Hashim Thaçi.

Afterwards
On 14-05-1999, most of the LPK membership would support the creation of Party for Democratic Progress of Kosovo (Partia për Progres Demokratik e Kosovës) as a political wing of the Kosovo Liberation Army after the war, renamed on 21 May 2000 as Democratic Party of Kosovo (Partia Demokratike e Kosovës, PDK) led by Hashim Thaçi. Many others would join other political entities that emerged into Kosovo's political arena, i.e. the Socialist Party of Kosovo (Partia Socialiste e Kosovës), National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo (Lëvizja Kombëtare për Çlirimin e Kosovës, LKCK), Vetëvendosje, etc. The fraction that did not support these changes continued political activity under the same original name (Lëvizja Popullore e Kosovës).

At the last legislative elections, 2001, 2004, 2007 the party won 1 out of 120 seats.

On July 23, 2013, what remained from the LPK merged into Vetëvendosje.

title: People's Movement of Kosovo


text:
Ladoga

Ladoga may refer to:

Lakes

 * Lake Ladoga, largest lake in Europe

Military

 * Ladoga APC, a Russian armoured personnel carrier.

Places

 * Russia
 * Novaya Ladoga ("New Ladoga"), town in Leningrad Oblast
 * Staraya Ladoga ("Old Ladoga"), a village in Leningrad Oblast

 * United States
 * Ladoga, California, an unincorporated community
 * Ladoga, Indiana, a town
 * Ladoga, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Ladoga, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Ladoga


text:
Hidden Mickey

A Hidden Mickey is a representation of Mickey Mouse that has been inserted subtly into the design of a ride, attraction, or other location in a Disney theme park, Disney properties, animated film, feature-length movie, TV series, or other Disney product. The most common Hidden Mickey is a formation of three circles that may be perceived as the silhouette of the head and ears of Mickey Mouse, often referred to by Disney aficionados as a "Classic Mickey". Mickeys may be painted, made up of objects (such as rocks, or three plates on a table), or be references such as someone wearing Mickey Mouse Club ears in a painting. Hidden Mickeys can take on many sizes and forms.

Hidden Mickeys are slipped into many Disney animated films as Easter eggs. They are also hidden in architecture and attractions in Disney parks and resorts, and in studio buildings and many other Disney-related features.

History
The first published sighting of a Hidden Mickey was made by Arlen Miller, who wrote an article on Hidden Mickeys for WDW's Eyes and Ears (a Cast Member weekly publication) in 1989. The article listed Hidden Mickeys found in the Disney theme parks. Months later the author was contacted by Disney News for more information, and the resulting article made the news of Hidden Mickeys spread worldwide.

The history of Hidden Mickeys can be traced back to when the Imagineers were designing Epcot in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Disney Company had decided that EPCOT Center would be a more adult themed park, including selling alcohol. As alcohol and Disney characters were deemed to be an improper combination, it was decided that none of the Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse, would ever be seen at EPCOT Center. To some of the Imagineers working on EPCOT Center, this was taken as a challenge. They started including hidden Mickey Mouse profiles into various design elements of that park. As the park began to grow, guest comments led Disney to include the characters in EPCOT Center, but tradition was well-established by that point. Hidden Mickeys (as well as other Disney characters like Minnie Mouse) have become a staple of all theme park designs since. Because of the popularity of Hidden Mickeys, Imagineers are encouraged to place them in new constructions.

Throughout the years, Hidden Mickeys spread in popularity as a pop-culture phenomenon. They have also appeared in animated movies.

Hidden Mickey 50 Ears
As part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth at Disneyland, the park had been decorated with 50 hidden Mickey 50 Ears, the official symbol of the 50th anniversary of Disneyland. The symbol is the traditional Mickey face and ears, but with a number 50 in the center. Before the 50th anniversary of Disneyland ended on September 30, 2006, the Hidden 50 Mickeys were gradually removed.

Locations
Common locations for deliberate Hidden Mickeys include the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, where they are most commonly found in attractions, stores, and decor around the environment. Although approximately 1,000 Hidden Mickeys have been recorded, The Walt Disney Company has never compiled a complete list of all the "known" or "deliberate" Mickeys (whether created by an Imagineer or a Disney Cast Member), so there is no way to confirm or disprove any reported Mickey sightings.

The book Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide - Second Edition has the largest printed listing of Hidden Mickeys for the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim. The book lists 419 Hidden Mickeys that can be found at Disneyland Park, Downtown Disney, the three Disneyland hotels, and Disney's California Adventure.

In media

 * In the George Lopez episode "George Goes to Disneyland" there was a contest to see how many Hidden Mickeys a viewer could find. The winner won $10,015 and a trip to Disneyland.
 * The Kingdom Hearts series has several Hidden Mickeys throughout different games, with Kingdom Hearts III placing a larger emphasis on finding them in several different Disney worlds; they are referred to in-game as "Lucky Emblems". Finding these Lucky Emblems and taking in-game pictures of them are important, as depending on the difficulty, a certain number are required to unlock the game's secret ending.
 * In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, where Kingdom Hearts’ Sora is a downloadable fighter, he retains the Hidden Mickey token attached to his keyblade, the Kingdom Key. The Hidden Mickey token is the only reference to a Disney property in the game, as everything else belonging to Disney alone was not included. Characters and elements co-owned by Square Enix and Disney were included, however.
 * In Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, there are many Hidden Mickeys that Mickey can photograph throughout the game. There are also hidden Oswalds.

title: Hidden Mickey


text:
Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija

The Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Српска листа за Косово и Метохију, Srpska lista za Kosovo i Metohiju) is a Serbian political party in Kosovo. At the last legislative elections, 24 October 2004, the party won 0.2% of the popular vote and 8 out of 120 seats. In the Assembly of Kosovo 10 seats are reserved for ethnic Serbian politicians. Despite the low number of votes - due to a low Serbian turnout - the Serbian List is one of the main parliamentary parties in Kosovo.

Kosovo Serbs formed the Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija (SLKM) in 2004 and won several seats, but have boycotted Kosovo's institutions and never taken their seats in the Kosovo Assembly.

title: Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija


text:
United Roma Party of Kosovo

The United Roma Party of Kosovo (, PREBK,, PRYK) is a political party in Kosovo founded in 2000. It represents the interests of the Romani community in Kosovo.

Electoral history
At the 2004 parliamentary election, the party won 0.2% of the popular vote and 1 out of 120 seats in the Assembly of Kosovo, held by Zilfi Merdža.

In the 2017 elections Albert Kinoli won a seat in the assembly with the party gaining 955 votes for 0.13% of the vote. In 2018 the United Roma Party joined five other parties in demanding the resignation of Gjergj Dedaj, after he referred to Turkey and Serbia as “cruel rulers” who are seeking to regain their influence in Kosovo.

In the 2019 parliamentary election, the party won 0.12% of the popular vote and 1 seat in the assembly.

title: United Roma Party of Kosovo


text:
User:Amaurea

I spend most of my time on wikipedia reading articles, following links from one article to the next, especially in articles about science and technology. I also read articles about games and entertainment, and most of my edits may be in that category. I have made a few major edits, but most of my edits are small, like small corrections and vandalism reverts.

I am fascinated with how the wiki process has built Wikipedia, and seeing an open, collaborative and altruistic project surpass existing encyclopedias in just a few years has given me back some of my faith in humanity (which I tend to lose gradually as I read about how big industry again and again lobbies through new laws taking away people's rights and locking down our cultural heritage). I hate seeing limitless resources artificially being made scarce through copyright and patents, and seeing the elegant distribution system the internet has created, which allows anyone to publish anything at low cost, be hampered by this. Artificial scarcity is, much like advertisement, a waste of resources.

On stable pages
Recently the concept of having stable versions of Wikipedia's pages has been gaining foothold rapidly. Most supporters of this idea portray this as a rather small change, which would help make Wikipedia more reliable and help it be taken more seriously in academic circles. It is understandable that this idea is tempting, since vandalism and decay of article has gotten a lot of focus recently, but I do not think that this is the easy, safe change many seem to think it is.

Wikipedia was started as an alternative to the stagnating Nupedia, which had the same goal as Wikipedia - to make a free encyclopedia - but tried to do this through the traditional means of experts and peer review. Nupedia failed because there were few editors, no fresh supply of new editors, and difficult to make changes. Wikipedia's wiki model changed that by making every reader an editor and making it easy for them to edit, and after that followed an exponential increase in the number of articles, which has lasted to this day. One explanation for this could be as follows: For any encyclopedia it is reasonable to assume that the number or readers is proportional to the number and quality of articles. By making every reader an editor, Wikipedia added a proportionality between the number of readers and the article creation rate, that is: The rate of article creation became proportional to the number of articles, a recipie for exponential runaway growth.

By marking a version of an article as stable, and presenting that version to normal visitors, we are breaking down the coupling between the number of readers and the number of editors. The whole point of a wiki, and the key behind Wikipedia's incredible growth, is that every reader is an editor, and in light of that it isn't a good idea to create seperate views of an article for readers and editors. Any reader reading the stable version instead of the current version will be one less potential editor to improve the current version. One could hope that people who find faults in the stable version would go to the draft version to implement improvements there, but simply saying that a version is stable will discourage edits, and people who still want to make edits will be further discouraged by those edits not being seen by the main public, but hidden away in some draft version of the article. Thus, this will discourage positive edits for the same reason it will discourage vandalism: It becomes slightly harder to edit, and more importantly, the results aren't immediatly visible on the main version of the article (the one most people read).

Regarding vandalism and bad pages, the wiki answer to these is that we have lots of people to fix those problems for the same reason the poblems are there. There will be more vandalism the bigger Wikipedia grows, but so will the number of people who can spot and fix that vandalism, for the same reason. This is inherently scalable, so there should be no need for any change the way we deal with this just because the wiki has reached a given size. Wikipedia is by no means finished. There are still millions of articles waiting to be created, fleshed out and polished, and many already existing articles that need to be improved. We should therefore continue to make our readers edit our articles. Not because the wiki process is sacred in itself, but because it has proven to be the fastest way to create an encyclopedia.

(The quality isn't a big problem according to some sources, such as Nature)

Automatic analysis of Wikipedia growth
I have made a small ruby and gnuplot script to automatically fit a set of functions to the size of Wikipedia given a file containing all page creations (or better: the time when an article became big enough to count as an article). The ruby script partition.rb partitions the dates into a given number of boxes, and counts how many fall into each. The gnuplot script expect to find the results in result.txt, and produces four images showing the growth together with several possible functions describing it. Since gnuplot needs a set of hints to fit correctly, these are provided in wikivar_f.txt, wikivar_g.txt and wikivar_h.txt. The result looks like this: wiki.png and wiki_log.png.

Updating this graph is as simple as producing a new dump of article creation dates, and running "ruby partition.rb dump.txt 1000; gnuplot wikifit.gp". However, the ruby step is very slow. I guess it would have been better to make it in something faster than ruby, and since this was one of my first attempts at writing something in ruby, it can probably be made to run faster.

Currently 3 functions are tested: exponential, logistic and 3rd degree polynomial. The best fits are exponential and logistic, which are almost identical, and fit quite nicely in the period 700+ days after the wiki's creation. Before that point the growth is faster, but very irregular. The best fit exponential function is: size(days) = 21976.1*exp(0.00208562*days), which predicts that Wikipedia should reach 2M articles 2163 days after the first article in the dump (at 20010206182124 in the dump used), or 20070109182124.

title: User:Amaurea


text:
Norfolk County Railroad

The Norfolk County Railroad was a railroad in Massachusetts, United States. Chartered as two different companies in 1846 and 1847, it completed a rail line between Dedham and Blackstone in 1849. A branch to Medway, Massachusetts was built in 1852. The railroad was leased by the Boston and New York Central Railroad, succeeded by the Boston and Providence Railroad and the East Thompson Railroad, before the Norfolk County Railroad returned to independent operation in 1858. In 1866, the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad (later renamed the New York and New England Railroad) leased the Norfolk County. The Rhode Island and Massachusetts Railroad was completed in 1877 from Franklin southward to Valley Falls, Rhode Island, and became a branch of the Norfolk County mainline. The northernmost portion of the main line from Islington to Dedham was rerouted to the east in 1881, and the original alignment abandoned two years later. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad assumed operation of the Norfolk County lines in 1898.

The Norfolk County formed part of a passenger train route between Boston and several Connecticut cities until 1955; the Norfolk County main line was abandoned west of Franklin Junction in 1969. Much of the remaining line forms part of the Franklin/Foxboro Line, operated by MBTA Commuter Rail, with limited freight service provided by CSX Transportation.

History
The Norfolk County Railroad was originally chartered as two companies, the Walpole Railroad in 1846 and the Norfolk County Railroad in 1847, with the two companies merging under the Norfolk County Name that year. The company constructed a rail line between Dedham and Blackstone from 1847 to 1849, opening for business that spring. The first train completed a trip from Dedham to Blackstone on May 22, 1849. Such were the company's finances that it declared bankruptcy that same month, as only $400,000 worth of stock had been subscribed to cover the $900,000 in construction costs. With the company $400,000 in debt, the Boston Evening Transcript reported "the stockholders alone will be the sufferers".

Chartered separately, the Medway Branch was completed in December 1852 to join Medway to the Norfolk County mainline in Norfolk. In 1853, the railroad was leased by the Boston and New York Central Railroad, which constructed the Midland Railroad in 1855; this allowed the Norfolk County Railroad to make up part of a route from Boston to New York City via the Southbridge and Blackstone Railroad and then the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, with steamboats completing the link.

The Norfolk County Railroad's mortgage trustees repossessed their railroad in August 1855, and hired the Boston and Providence Railroad to operate it. The East Thompson Railroad took over in 1857, but in 1858 the trustees took direct control and the Norfolk County Railroad name was revived as an independent railroad. Made redundant by the Charles River Railroad, the Medway Branch was abandoned in 1864. After nine years of independence, the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad assumed control of the Norfolk County Railroad in December 1866, which subsequently renamed as the New York and New England Railroad. A branch was built to Valley Falls, Rhode Island, in 1877 as the Rhode Island and Massachusetts Railroad, connecting to the Norfolk County Railroad main line in Franklin.

The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (the New Haven) succeeded the NY&NE in 1898, using the Norfolk County as a route for passenger trains from Boston to Hartford and Waterbury, Connecticut. The New Haven abandoned operation of the Valley Falls branch in 1941, keeping only the final two miles from Valley Falls until 1963. The passenger route to Connecticut was severed by the 1955 Connecticut floods, and passenger service from Boston cut back to Blackstone. The New Haven received approval to cut these trains as well in April 1966, but offered to keep running them if local municipalities paid for the operating costs; several communities agreed to subsidize operations, but Blackstone did not. Therefore, Franklin became the new terminus of passenger service. The tracks beyond Franklin Junction (two miles west of Franklin) were abandoned entirely in 1969, when Penn Central absorbed the New Haven. MBTA Commuter Rail took over passenger service in 1973, with freight handled by Penn Central, taken over by Conrail in 1976. CSX Transportation has provided freight service since 1999, which as of 2017 was minimal.

title: Norfolk County Railroad


text:
WZLX

WZLX (100.7 FM) is a classic rock radio station in Boston, Massachusetts. This station is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. WZLX was one of America's first classic rock FM stations. Its studios are in Medford, and its transmitter is atop the Prudential Tower.

History
What is now WZLX was originally WCOP-FM, notable for being one of the first FM stations to break simulcasting with its AM partner. WCOP-FM's separate programming was initially classical music and was one of the first FM stations in the region to (briefly) broadcast in FM stereo (the station would resume stereo programming in the early 1970s).

In 1965, WCOP (AM) had become Boston's affiliate for the NBC Radio Network, and WCOP-FM would often simulcast the hourly NBC Radio newscasts. By 1969, NBC Radio's weekend series Monitor had moved from WCOP to WCOP-FM, to allow the former to broadcast more hours of country music on the weekends.

WCOP-FM went through a number of format and callsign changes, including beautiful music in the late 1960s until 1973, oldies (as "Total Gold 101, WCOP-FM") from 1973 to 1974, country from 1974 to October 1976, "progressive country" (as WTTK, "TK101") from October 1976 to December 1978, beautiful music (as WHUE-FM) from January 1979 to January 1985, and top 40 (as WKKT, "The Cat") for a few months, beginning in February 1985. In December 1984, while still a beautiful music station, WHUE-FM sought and received the WCOZ call letters formerly on 94.5; the call sign was only used for two weeks prior to becoming WKKT.

The station adopted its current format and callsign, WZLX, in mid-October 1985. Station owners First Media Corporation hired Gary Guthrie as the architect of its classic hits format, a format aimed at people who experienced adolescence in either the 1960s and 1970s and enjoyed the music of those eras, but did not care for the then-current heavy metal or top 40 'hot hits' of the 1980s. These were people whose mindset was getting too old for AOR and top 40, but were too young for or not interested in oldies. WZLX is considered one of the classic rock format's earliest success stories as reflected by the station's 19th to 2nd place climb in the Adults 25-54 demographic in its first ratings period.

In 1986, Guthrie spread his concept of the format to other radio stations he consulted, and Bill Smith was hired to be the station's program director and morning personality. Guthrie would return in 1990 for an additional on-site stint to repair the station's ratings.

A series of ownership changes made WZLX a part of Cook Inlet Radio Partners, then Infinity Broadcasting in late 1992. Infinity was renamed CBS Radio in December 2005.

In 1997, WZLX radio host George Taylor Morris created a media frenzy about the "Dark Side of the Rainbow" phenomenon, in which Pink Floyd's album The Dark Side of the Moon is said to synch up with the movie The Wizard of Oz.

In 2005, WZLX, along with sister stations WBMX and WODS, were rumored to flip to CBS Radio's ever-expanding "Jack FM" format. Had WQSX (now WEEI-FM) not flipped to the format as "93.7 Mike FM" on April 14, WZLX might have flipped to the format the next day as 100.7 Jack FM. From 1991 to 2007, the station had its studios on the 24th floor of the Prudential Tower in downtown Boston, the location of its transmitter. On March 3, 2007, the station moved crosstown to the facility where sister stations WODS and WBCN were clustered in the CBS studios in Brighton. The antenna is still atop the Prudential Tower.

In the spring of 2007, WZLX became the first station in the country to broadcast programming in full digital 5.1 surround sound. This flagship effort coincides with the recent move of the industry to implement the HD Radio format.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (which locally owned WEEI, WEEI-FM, WKAF, WRKO and WAAF). On October 10, CBS Radio announced that as part of the process of obtaining regulatory approval of the merger, WZLX would be one of sixteen stations that would be divested by Entercom, along with sister stations WBZ and WBZ-FM, as well as WRKO and WKAF (WBMX, WODS, WEEI AM and FM, and WAAF would be retained by Entercom, while WBZ-FM was traded to Beasley Broadcast Group in exchange for WMJX). On November 1, iHeartMedia announced that they would acquire WZLX, WBZ (AM), WRKO, and WKAF. To meet ownership limits set by the FCC, iHeart placed WKOX into the Ocean Stations Trust in preparation for a sale to a permanent buyer. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17. iHeart then began operating WZLX, WBZ, and WKAF under a local marketing agreement. The sale of WZLX, WRKO, WKAF, and WBZ to iHeart was completed on December 19, 2017.

Programming/personalities
There have been a few morning shows on the station in its history. With the coming of Howard Stern to WBCN in the early 1990s, the Boston legend Charles Laquidara and his show, The Big Mattress, took up residence at WZLX. With Charles's retirement, the short-lived Mornings with Tai and Steve Sweeney eventually gave way to Steve Sweeney's Neighborhood (co-hosted by Lance Norris), which ended a 5-year run in 2005. Longtime morning team Karlson and McKenzie took over on August 1, 2005. The run of the Karlson and McKenzie ended in late 2023 due to the death of Kevin Karlson in October of 2023. On May 20th 2024, The Rich Shertenlieb Show premiered. Shertenlieb co-hosted the Toucher & Rich Show on both WBCN and WBZ-FM.

Barry Scott and The Lost 45s retro radio show was a Sunday night staple (he was also the marketing and promotions director there from its inception until 1992).

Sports conflict broadcasts
Beginning in October 2013, WZLX carried Boston Celtics games that conflicted with Boston Bruins games. Games were produced by sister station WBZ-FM (which is the flagship for both teams). In addition, some Bruins games conflicting with WBZ-FM's New England Patriots broadcasts aired on WZLX starting in 2011 (previously, WBZ served this function). Celtics and Bruins broadcasts were dropped from WZLX following the sale to iHeartMedia, which separated the station from WBZ-FM (now owned by the Beasley Broadcast Group). As of April 2020, conflicting Bruins games had moved WBOS, while conflicting Celtics games moved to WROR-FM.

WZLX HD2
WZLX previously aired an all-blues format on its HD2 subchannel called "Radio Mojo". On December 19, 2017, WZLX-HD2 began simulcasting sister talk radio station WRKO.

WZLX HD3
WZLX previously aired a freeform rock format on its HD3 subchannel called "WBCN" which continued the name of the former Boston AOR station. On January 29, 2016, WZLX-HD3 switched to an adult standards format as "The Lounge". After the sale of the station to iHeart was completed on December 19, 2017, the HD3 channel was removed. In early March 2020, the HD3 channel was reopened and started carrying the K-Love network under a lease agreement with EMF Broadcasting. In 2021, the lease ended, and the HD3 programming was changed to a simulcast of another sister talk radio station, WXKS.

title: WZLX


text:
Midland Railroad

Midland Railroad may refer to the following railroads:

 * Florida Midland Railroad (current)
 * Florida Midland Railroad (defunct)
 * Midland Railroad (Massachusetts)
 * Midland Railroad (Vermont), a Vermont railroad
 * New Jersey Midland Railway

title: Midland Railroad


text:
Brad Mills (baseball manager)

James Bradley Mills (born January 19, 1957) is an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an infielder for the Montreal Expos from 1980 to 1983. He managed the Houston Astros from 2010 to 2012, and served as a coach in MLB for the Expos, Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Red Sox, and Cleveland Indians.

Early life
Mills was educated at Exeter Union High School in Exeter, California, College of the Sequoias, and the University of Arizona, where he played college baseball for the Arizona Wildcats. He was drafted in the 17th round by the Montreal Expos.

Playing career
Mills reached the major leagues in 1980 and had a .256 batting average with one home run and 12 runs batted in in 106 games played for the Expos (1980–83). He divided his time between Triple-A and the majors in each of those seasons, and sustained a right knee injury that ended his playing career at the age of 29. A full-time left-handed hitter and primarily a third baseman, he also saw time at first base and second base. In 1983, Mills was Nolan Ryan's 3,509th career strikeout victim, lifting Ryan past Walter Johnson as the all-time strikeout leader.

Post-playing career
Mills managed eleven seasons in the minors in the Cubs, Rockies and Dodgers organizations (1987–2002), and also served as an advance scout for the Cubs. Mills was Terry Francona's first-base coach with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1997–2000. In 2003, Mills served as the Montreal Expos bench coach. From 2004 to 2009, Mills was teamed again with Francona when he served as the bench coach for the Boston Red Sox.

Houston Astros Manager
On October 27, 2009, Mills was named manager of the Houston Astros, replacing interim manager Dave Clark; he was hired after Manny Acta declined (he elected to manage the Cleveland Indians).

The 2010 season, the first under Mills, was a year of transition for the Astros as they traded away franchise stars Lance Berkman and Roy Oswalt at the trade deadline, following an underwhelming start, which included an 0–8 start to the season, and 17–34 record through the end of May. However, they would finish the season strong, going 59–52 the rest of the way, and 34–27 after the trade deadline, finishing with 76–86 record, good enough for fourth in the NL Central. This strong finish earned Mills a single third place vote in National League Manager of the Year voting, in which he finished sixth.

The 2011 season was much less appealing for both Mills and the Astros, as they suffered the franchise's first ever 100-loss season, finishing with a dubious record of 56–106, as the team traded away more former All-Stars to slash payroll such as Hunter Pence and Michael Bourn, opening up opportunites for future All-Stars such as José Altuve and J.D. Martinez.

The 2012 season was eerily similar to the previous season as the Astros once again struggled to win games, never rising above .500 after April, and by the summer, rumors spread of a potential firing of Mills. The team had new ownership during the year as Jim Crane purchased the team from previous owner Drayton McLane the previous fall. Mills was fired on August 18, 2012 along with hitting coach Mike Barnett and first base coach Bobby Meacham. He was succeeded on an interim basis by Oklahoma City RedHawks manager Tony DeFrancesco, as named by first-year general manager Jeff Luhnow. For his part, Mills stated that some of the responsibility was on his part for how the team did, not wanting to point the finger at anybody. The team would go on to finish the season with 100+ losses for the second consecutive year.

Cleveland Indians
On October 31, 2012, Mills was hired as the third base coach of the Cleveland Indians, to work with Francona again. Mills was reassigned as the Indians bench coach in 2014. While coaching for the Boston Red Sox under Francona from 2004 to 2009 he was in the same position. On July 11, 2017, Mills managed the American League All-Star team while Francona dealt with a health issue.

On July 5, 2020, Mills announced he would be opting out of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Indians subsequently announced on October 30, 2020 that Mills will not return as bench coach for the 2021 season, but would remain with the club in an undetermined role.

title: Brad Mills (baseball manager)


text:
Karthikeyan

Karthikeyan (in short Karthikeya, Karthik, Kartik) is an Indian masculine given name derived from the Lord Kartikeya.

People

 * D. R. Karthikeyan, an Indian Police Service Officer.
 * G. Karthikeyan, an Indian politician and the speaker of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
 * M. L. R. Karthikeyan, an Indian playback singer
 * Murali Karthikeyan, an Indian chess Grandmaster
 * Narain Karthikeyan, the first Formula One motor racing driver from India
 * P. S. Karthikeyan, an Indian politician who was a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
 * Sivakarthikeyan, an Indian film actor, television anchor, and stand-up comedian of Tamil Nadu
 * Sujata R. Karthikeyan, an IAS officer and wife of V. K. Pandian

title: Karthikeyan


text:
The Summoner's Tale

"The Summoner's Tale" is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

The tale is a fierce counterpunch to the preceding tale by The Friar, who had delivered an attack on summoners. Summoners were officials in ecclesiastical courts who delivered a summons to people who had been brought up on various charges; the office was prone to corruption, since summoners were infamous for threatening to bring people up on charges unless they were bought off. The Friar had accused them of corruption and taking bribes, and the Summoner seeks to address the Friar through his own story.

Plot summary
A friar went to preach in a marshy region of Yorkshire called Holderness. In his sermons he begged for donations for the church and afterward he begged for charity from the local residents. The Friar interrupts the story, calling the Summoner a liar, but is silenced by the Host.

The friar in the story continued to beg house by house until he came to the house of Thomas, a local resident who normally indulged him, and found him ill. The friar spoke of the sermon he had given that day, commenting on the excellent way he had glossed the biblical text (and making the famous comment that "Glosynge is a glorious thyng") – and essentially ordered a meal from Thomas's wife.

She told the friar that her child had died recently. The friar claimed that he had a revelation that her child had died and entered heaven. He claimed that his fellow friars had a similar vision, for they are more privy to God's messages than laymen, who live richly on earth, as opposed to spiritual riches. The friar claimed that, among the clergy, only friars remain impoverished and thus are closest to God; and told Thomas that his illness persists because he had given so little to the church.

Thomas claimed that he had indeed given "ful many a pound" to various friars, but never fared the better for it. The friar, characteristically, is irritated that Thomas is not giving all of his money solely to him, and points out to him that a "ferthyng" (a farthing) is not worth anything if split into twelve. Continuing to lecture Thomas, the friar began a long sermon against anger ("ire"), telling the tale of an angry king who sentenced a knight to death, because, as he returned without his partner, the king automatically assumed that the knight had murdered him. When a third knight took the condemned knight to his death, they found the knight that he had supposedly murdered. When they returned to the king to have the sentence reversed, the king sentenced all three to death: the first because he had originally declared it so, the second because he was the cause of the first's death, and the third because he did not obey the king.

Another ireful king, Cambises, was a drunk. When one of his knights claimed that drunkenness caused people to lose their co-ordination, Cambyses drew his bow and arrow and shot the knight's son to prove that he still had control of his reflexes. The friar then told of Cyrus, the Persian king who had the river Gyndes destroyed because one of his horses had drowned in it. At the close of this sermon, the friar asked Thomas for money to build the brothers' cloister. Thomas, annoyed by the friar's hypocrisy, told the friar that he had a gift for him that he was sitting on, but that he would only receive it if he promised to split it up equally between each of the friars.

The friar readily agreed, and put his hand down behind Thomas' back, groping round – and Thomas let out a fart louder than a horse could make. The friar became immediately angry, and promised to repay Thomas for his fart, but, before he could, the servants of the house chased the friar out.

The enraged friar found the lord of the village and told him of the embarrassment he suffered, angrily wondering how he was supposed to divide a fart into twelve. The lord's squire spoke up with a suggestion, in return for a "gowne-clooth" from his master: take a cartwheel, and tell each of twelve friars to lay his nose at the end of a spoke. Then the friar of the tale could sit in the centre of the wheel and fart, and each of the spokes would carry the smell along to the rim – and therefore, divide it up between each of the friars.

Analysis
The Summoner uses the tale to satirise friars in general, with their long sermonising and their tendency to live well despite vows of poverty. It reflects on the theme of clerical corruption, a common one within The Canterbury Tales and within the wider 14th-century world as seen by the Lollard movement. The attitude of the lord implies that he is as unimpressed as any layman with the friars.

Neither the Summoner's nor The Friar's Tale leave either of them looking particularly good. After the Friar's tale the Summoner does not use his own tale to defend summoners but rather he replies with his own attack. The short stories warning about ire within his main story are possibly a comment on the unheeded anger between both of them.

He is described as being lecherous with his red face disfigured with boils and—like the Miller and the Cook—quite drunk. His shield is described as a barley cake. Among his other attributes is extortion-dealing out false summons to court and either tricking foolish persons to bribe him with tavern feasts-or being beaten up by a potential victim; also theft-taking more than his share of court fines; and being a pimp and then blackmailing victims. He also wears a garland of oak leaves; since such a garland proclaimed the wearer was a "King of Outlaws" (i.e. William Wallace), Chaucer's readers would have recognised the Summoner as a corrupt clerical servant (as satirised in The Friar's Tale).

Film adaptations
Pasolini adapted the tale in his film The Canterbury Tales with John Francis Lane as the corrupt friar, Hugh McKenzie-Bailey as the dying Thomas, Anita Sanders as Thomas' wife (her scenes were later removed and are now lost) and Settimo Castagna as the Angel. Pasolini also adapts the scene from the Summoner's prologue where the Devil defecates corrupt friars from his anus.

title: The Summoner's Tale


text:
Dave Coverly

Dave Coverly (born 1964) is the creator of the single-panel comic Speed Bump.

He grew up in Plainwell, Michigan, USA, and graduated from Eastern Michigan University (EMU) in Ypsilanti with a degree in philosophy. At EMU, he worked for the student newspaper, the Eastern Echo. He went on to get a master's degree in English from Indiana University.

Coverly took a year off from graduate school, and during that time he was an art director for a public relations firm and an editorial cartoonist for the Battle Creek Enquirer. He returned to Indiana in 1990 and became the editorial cartoonist for The Herald-Times in Bloomington, Indiana. His work appeared in Esquire, The Saturday Evening Post, The New York Times and USA Today. After Creators Syndicate picked up his untitled cartoon panel in 1994, it was given the title Speed Bump and, a year later, it was running in more than 90 papers. In 1995, Coverly left The Herald-Times to concentrate on Speed Bump.

Dave and Chris Coverly live in Ann Arbor, Michigan, with their children, Alayna and Simone.

Awards
He has been recognized for his work with the National Cartoonists Society Greeting Card Award for 1997 and another nomination for the same award for 1998, plus their Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1994 and 2002, with additional nominations for 2000 and 2001. Coverly received their Reuben Award in 2008.

Speed Bump Cartoon Collections

 * Caution Speed Bump: Collection of Cartoon Skidmarks (June 2000)
 * Speed Bump: Cartoons for Idea People (September 2004)
 * Just One %$#@ Speed Bump After Another... More cartoons (December 2005)
 * Dogs are People, Too: A Collection of Cartoons to Make Your Tail Wag (February 2014)
 * Laughter is the Best Medicine (March 2014)
 * Cats Are People, Too: A Collection of Cat Cartoons to Curl up With (April 2020)
 * Speed Bump: A 25th Anniversary Collection (May 2020)

Speed Bump and Slingshot Misadventures (children's book series)

 * Night of the Living Worms (June 2015)
 * Night of the Living Shadows (October 2016)
 * Night of the Living Zombie Bugs (October 2017)

Illustrator

 * Sue MacDonald Had a Book by Jim Tobin (July 2009)
 * The Very Inappropriate Word by Jim Tobin (August 2013)
 * How to Care for Your T-Rex by Ken Baker (April 2019)

title: Dave Coverly


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Papercast

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Papercast
3 month old neologism. Google hits seem to be referring to something else. --Xcali 18:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 21:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete KFP 20:13, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Project2501a 20:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Martg76 21:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- might be vanity, definitely not notable. At best it's a slightly interesting meme that might catch on in the blogosphere at some point as a joke. Haikupoet 02:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:ScottAlanHill

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  18:45, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Image replaced and up for deletion
Hi, I've replaced the image Image:EastonFlag.jpg, uploaded by you, with Image:Flag of Easton, Pennsylvania.svg because SVG is a more suitable format for images with no photographical content. The original image has been listed for deletion—hope this is OK. –Mysid 07:08, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Fine by me. Thanks for making the change. -SAH

Template:Mb
I'm going on AWB now to change all of the articles that include Template:Mb to include Template:MBTABus — Mets 501 (talk) 21:48, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Waterbirth
Good work on the introduction to waterbirth. It's been needing that for a while.Gillyweed 04:22, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Simpler math notation
This edit makes things more complicated than necessary: instead of
 * \mathrm{det}\,A
 * \mathrm{det}\,A

you can just write this:
 * \det A
 * \det A

\det is a math operator in TeX, so it automatically prevents italicization and results in proper spacing between "det" and "A":
 * $$ \det A.\, $$
 * $$ \det A.\, $$

Michael Hardy (talk) 18:08, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

An article you worked on is up for deletion
Articles_for_deletion/Star_Trek_planet_classifications Ikip (talk) 15:53, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Richard Sher (producer)

The article Richard Sher (producer) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Article contains no indication at all of why the subject should be regarded as notable.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Deconstructhis (talk) 05:11, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

List of alternate history United States Presidents listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect List of alternate history United States Presidents. Since you had some involvement with the List of alternate history United States Presidents redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 06:38, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:ScottAlanHill


text: Template:PD-India

title: Template:PD-India


text:
Pashupatinath

Pashupatinath may refer to:

 * Pashupatinath or Pashupati, Hindu god, a form of Shiva
 * Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, a temple in Nepal
 * Pashupatinath Temple, Mandsaur, temple in India
 * Pashupatinath Temple shooting, 1983

title: Pashupatinath


text:
Culture of Cornwall

The culture of Cornwall (Gonisogeth Kernow) forms part of the culture of the United Kingdom, but has distinct customs, traditions and peculiarities. Cornwall has many strong local traditions. After many years of decline, Cornish culture has undergone a strong revival, and many groups exist to promote Cornwall's culture and language today.

Language
The Cornish language is a Celtic language closely related to Breton and slightly less so to Welsh and the now extinct Cumbric. All of these are directly descended from the British language formerly spoken throughout most of Britain. The language went into decline following the introduction of the English Book of Common Prayer (in 1549) and by the turn of the 19th century had ceased to be used as a community language (see main article for further discussion).

During the 19th century researchers began to study the language from any remaining isolated speakers and in 1904 Henry Jenner published A Handbook in the Cornish Language which started the revival proper. Although less than 1% of Cornwall's population speak the language and 'mother tongue' speakers are in their hundreds rather than thousands, the language continues to play a significant part in the culture of Cornwall.

Some events will use Cornish, in short phrases, openings, greetings or names. There is a healthy tradition of music in the language, which can also be enjoyed by non-speakers. The vast majority of place names in Cornwall are derived from the language, and many people who live in Cornwall know a few words or phrases, e.g. 'Kernow bys vyken!' ('Cornwall forever!). Many Cornish houses, businesses, children, pets and boats are named in the language, thus it has use as an "official community language" and any Cornish speaker will often be asked to provide translations. The language is also used in official business, with the home of Cornwall Council being renamed from New County Hall to Lys Kernow and several of the region's MPs using the language in the Houses of Parliament. These include Andrew George, Dan Rogerson, Sarah Newton and Scott Mann, who have all used the language, at various times, to swear their oaths of allegiance to the Queen.

Cornish literature and folklore
The ancient Brittonic country shares much of its cultural history with neighbouring Devon and Somerset in England and Wales and Brittany further afield. Historic records of authentic Cornish mythology or history are hard to verify but early examples of the Cornish language such as the Bodmin manumissions mark the separation of Primitive Cornish from Old Welsh which is often dated to the Battle of Deorham in 577.

Due to language erosion and possible suppression caused by the dominant English language and culture in the later medieval period, many works of Cornish language are thought to have been lost, particularly at the time of the dissolution of the religious houses of Glasney College and Crantock College, which were regarded as repertories of 'Welsh' (i.e., foreign) conservatism by the English. Cornish grievances against the policies of the English government led to the unsuccessful uprisings of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 and the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549.

However, significant portions of the 'Matter of Britain' relate to the people of Cornwall and Brittany as they do to the modern 'Welsh'--this extends from Geoffrey of Monmouth to the Mabinogion and the Breton-derived tales of King Arthur which make frequent and explicit reference to the geography of the early Brythonic nation, such as his capital at 'Kelliwic in Cerniw' and the legendary sea fortress of King Mergh at Tintagel.

By the Shakespearean period, these ancient texts still maintained a currency demonstrated by King Lear based on the ancient tale of Leir of Britain which names Corineus the eponymous founder of the Cornish nation; he traditionally wrestled the giant Goemagot into the sea at Plymouth Hoe and claimed the land beyond for his people; the probable origin of the tale of Jack the Giant Killer.

The earliest Cornish literature is in the Cornish language and Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the language: they were performed in round 'plen a gwary' (place for playing) open-air theatres.

There is much traditional folklore in Cornwall, often tales of giants, mermaids, piskies or the 'pobel vean' (little people). These are still surprisingly popular today, with many events hosting a 'droll teller' to tell the stories: such myths and stories have found much publishing success, particularly in children's books.

The fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer takes place in Cornwall.

Cornish dialect writing
Writing in the Cornish dialect existed from the 19th century; in the 20th century the revival of interest in the Cornish language led eventually to a few of those who had mastered the latter turning to writing in it. Poems, essays and short stories have also been published in newspapers and magazines e.g. The Cornish & Devon Post. Then there are literary works in standard English including conversations between dialect speakers, often with a typically Cornish humour.

Cornish World, a colour magazine produced in Cornwall and covering all aspects of Cornish life, has proved popular with the descendants of Cornish emigrants as well as Cornish residents. It includes a column in the Cornish language.

Cornish writers and poets
Charles Causley was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets.

The Nobel-prizewinning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993.

Other notable Cornish writers include Arthur Quiller-Couch, alias "Q", novelist and literary critic; Jack Clemo, deaf-blind poet; Ronald Bottrall, modernist poet; Robert Stephen Hawker, eccentric Victorian poet and priest; Geoffrey Grigson, poet and critic; Silas Hocking, prolific novelist; and D. M. Thomas, novelist and poet.

Poetry written about Cornwall
The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick.

The poet Laurence Binyon wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription 'For The Fallen Composed on these cliffs 1914'. The plaque also bears the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as 'The Ode') of the poem.

The English-born poet Sylvia Kantaris returned to the UK in 1971 and settled in Helston in 1974. She was appointed as Cornwall's first Writer in the Community in 1986.

Novels set in Cornwall
Novels or parts of novels set in Cornwall include:

Daphne du Maurier lived in Bodinnick-by-Fowey, Cornwall and many of her novels had Cornish settings, including Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's Creek, My Cousin Rachel, and The House on the Strand. She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for "The Birds", one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock.

Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Devil's Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall.

Howard Spring lived in Cornwall from 1939 and set part or all of various novels in the county.

Medieval Cornwall is also the setting of the trilogy by Monica Furlong Wise Child, Juniper, and Colman, as well as part of Charles Kingsley's Hereward the Wake.

Winston Graham's series Poldark (and the television series derived from it), Kate Tremayne's Adam Loveday series, and Greenwitch, and Mary Wesley's The Camomile Lawn are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent, Douglas Reeman sets parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in Falmouth.

Hammond Innes's novel The Killer Mine also has a Cornish setting.

Charles de Lint, writer of many modern and urban fairy tales, set his novel The Little Country in the village of Mousehole in Cornwall.

Chapters 24 and 25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows take place in Cornwall (the Harry Potter story at Shell Cottage, which is on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth in Cornwall).

Over Sea, Under Stone and Greenwitch from the series of fantasy novels The Dark Is Rising, by Susan Cooper, are set in Cornwall. Ciji Ware* set her 1997 novel A Cottage by the Sea on the Cornish coast. Sue Limb's Girl, (Nearly) 16: Absolute Torture is partly set in St Ives on the Cornish coast.

Cornwall is featured heavily in the beginning of The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley as the home of Igraine, wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall. The castle at Tintagel has been said to be where King Arthur was conceived (when Uther Pendragon entered the castle in the form of Gorlois).

Agatha Christie's "Poirot" short story "The Cornish Adventure" take place in Polgarwith, an (imaginary) small market town in Cornwall.

In the Paddington Bear novels by Michael Bond the title character is said to have landed at an unspecified port in Cornwall having travelled in a lifeboat aboard a cargo ship from darkest Peru. From here he travels to London on a train and eventually arrives at Paddington Station.

Drama and other literary works
Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays such as the Ordinalia during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. Other notable plays include Beunans Meriasek and Beunans Ke, the only two surviving plays written in any of Britain's vernacular tongues that take a saint's life as their subject. Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch author of many novels and works of literary criticism lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. Prolific writer Colin Wilson, best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind Parasites (1967), lived in Gorran Haven, a village on the southern Cornish coast, not far from Mevagissey. A. L. Rowse, the historian and poet, was born near St Austell.

Thomas Hardy's drama The Queen of Cornwall (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde takes place in Cornwall, as do Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore. A level of Tomb Raider: Legend, a videogame dealing with Arthurian legend, takes place in Cornwall at a tacky museum above King Arthur's tomb.

The theatre company Kneehigh Theatre is active in Cornwall. Amateur theatre groups exist in many villages, and the open air Minack Theatre is well known.

The fairy tale "Jack the Giant Killer" takes place in Cornwall.

Religion
See also List of Cornish saints Celtic Christianity was a feature of Cornwall and many Cornish Saints are commemorated in legends, churches and placenames.

Traditionally, the Cornish have been non-conformists in religion. In 1549, the Prayer Book Rebellion caused the deaths of thousands of people from Devon and Cornwall. The Methodism of John Wesley also proved to be very popular with the working classes in Cornwall in the 18th century. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with male voice choirs and other church-affiliated groups playing a central role in the social lives of working-class Cornishmen. Methodism still plays a large part in the religious life of Cornwall today, although Cornwall has shared in the post-World War II decline in British religious feeling.

In contrast to the situation in Wales, the churches failed to produce a translation of the Bible into the local language, and this has been seen by some as a crucial factor in the demise of the language. The Bible was translated into Cornish in 2002.

Recent developments
Renewed interest in Celtic Christianity

In the late 20th century and early 21st century there has been a renewed interest in the older forms of Christianity in Cornwall. Cowethas Peran Sans, the Fellowship of St Piran, is one such group promoting Celtic Christianity. The group was founded by Andrew Phillips and membership is open to baptised Christians in good standing in their local community who support the aims of the group.

The aims of the group are these:
 * To understand and embody the spirituality of the Celtic Saints
 * To share this spirituality with others
 * To use Cornwall’s ancient Christian holy places again in worship
 * To promote Cornwall as a place of Christian spiritual pilgrimage
 * To promote the use of the Cornish language in prayer and worship

Fry an Spyrys

In 2003, a campaign group was formed called Fry an Spyrys ('free the spirit' in Cornish). It is dedicated to disestablishing the Church of England in Cornwall and to forming an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion – a Church of Cornwall. Its chairman is Dr Garry Tregidga of the Institute of Cornish Studies. The Anglican Church was disestablished in Wales to form the Church in Wales in 1920 and in Ireland to form the Church of Ireland in 1869.

Cornish symbols
Saint Piran's Flag, a white cross on a black background is often seen in Cornwall. The Duchy of Cornwall shield of 15 gold bezants on a black field is also used. Because of these two symbols black, white and gold are considered colours symbolic of Cornwall.

The chough (in Cornish = palores) is also used as a symbol of Cornwall. In Cornish poetry the chough is used to symbolise the spirit of Cornwall. Also there is a Cornish belief that King Arthur lives in the form of a chough. "Chough" was also used as a nickname for Cornish people.

Another animal with a deep association with Cornwall is the "White Horse of Lyonesse". Arthurian legends tell of a rider escaping on a white horse as the land sunk beneath the waves, surviving and settling in Cornwall.

An anvil is sometimes used to symbolise Cornish nationalism, particularly in its more extreme forms. This is a reference to 'Michael An Gof', 'the smith', one of two leaders of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497.

Fish, tin and copper together are used symbolically as they show the 'traditional' three main industries of Cornwall. Tin has a special place in the Cornish culture, the 'Stannary Parliament' and 'Cornish pennies' are a testament to the former power of the Cornish tin industry. Cornish tin is highly prized for jewellery, often of mine engines or Celtic designs.

Although Cornwall has no official flower many people favour the Cornish heath (Erica vagans). In recent years daffodils have been popular on the annual Saint Piran's day march on Perran Sands although they are donated by a local daffodil grower and it is already considered to be the national flower of Wales.

Cornish studies
The Institute of Cornish Studies, established in 1970, moved to the new Combined Universities in Cornwall Campus at Tremough, Penryn in October 2004: the institute is a branch of the University of Exeter. A detailed overview of literature is provided by Alan M. Kent's The Literature of Cornwall: it covers everything from medieval mystery plays to more recent literary works that draw on the Cornish landscape. The historian Philip Payton, professor at Exeter University's department of Cornish studies, has written Cornwall: a History as well as editing the Cornish studies series. Mark Stoyle, Senior Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Southampton, asks 'Are the Cornish English?’ in his book West Britons, a work on Cornish history exploring the nature of Cornishness in the early modern period. John Angarrack of the human rights organisation Cornwall 2000 has self-published two books to date, Breaking the Chains and Our Future is History: both are polemical re-examinations of Cornish history and identity, not historical works.

The Federation of Old Cornwall Societies is a group of societies of those interested in Cornwall's past which has published a number of books.

Cornish art
So-called 'Celtic art' is found in Cornwall reflecting its ancient Brythonic heritage, often in the form of Celtic crosses erected from the 6th century onwards. The Trewhiddle style is an insular style of black and white niello metalwork named after an important Cornish find from the 9th century. Many place-names are formed with the element Lan of sacred enclosures of early Cornish saints from Wales, Ireland and Brittany. The activities of these saints resulted in a shared cultural inheritance which particularly includes the post-Roman corpus of literature relating to King Arthur and Tristan and Iseult, presumed nobility of ancient Dumnonia. Cornwall boasts the highest density of traditional 'Celtic crosses' of any nation, and medieval holy wells are numerous. The destruction of monastic institutions such as Glasney College and Crantock during the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–45) is often regarded as the death knell of independence in Cornish language and culture; the very few remaining Cornish language manuscripts, including the miracle plays Beunans Ke and Beunans Meriasek are thought to have originated at these ancient centres of academic excellence, some areas however retain their outdoor performance spaces, known as plen an gwary. After the First World War, many new crosses were erected as war memorials and to celebrate events, e.g. the beginning of the third millennium.

Cornwall and its dramatic landscape and distinctive remoteness have produced and inspired many later artists. John Opie was the first Cornish-born artist of note and J. M. W. Turner visited in 1811. A number of London artists settled in the Newlyn area in the 1880s, following the building of the Great Western Railway, who went on to form the Newlyn School.

Sickert and Whistler both visited St Ives at the end of the 19th century, and the internationally famous studio potter, Bernard Leach set up his pottery in the town in 1920 St. Ives. In 1928 Ben Nicholson and Christopher Wood visited the town and met Alfred Wallis the naive painter, native to St Ives, who was to become an important influence on a generation of British artists: particularly those who were members of the Seven and Five Society.

At the outbreak of World War II Nicholson came to live in St Ives with his wife Barbara Hepworth, staying initially with the philosopher and writer Adrian Stokes and his wife Margaret Mellis. Naum Gabo also joined them there as well as artists who at the time were at an earlier stage in their careers: John Wells, Wilhelmina Barns-Graham, Terry Frost and Bryan Wynter. Other artists of international repute joined the colony later: notably Patrick Heron, Roger Hilton and Sandra Blow.

There are still a lot of artists in Cornwall, many associated with the Newlyn Society of Artists. Artist led projects like PALP and artsurgery have also been important in the 21st century.

 * Some modern crosses

Architecture
Cornish vernacular architecture is characterised by its use of abundant natural stone, especially Cornubian granite, slate, and local white lime-washing and its plain unadorned simplicity, sharing cultural and stylistic similarities, with the architecture of Atlantic Brittany, Ireland and Wales, as well as neighbouring Devon. The architecture of west Cornish towns such as St Ives is particularly distinctive for its use of solid granite and featuring also the type of early promontory hermitage particularly associated with Celtic Christianity.

Early and continuous use of stone architecture over more than two thousand years, begins with the Romano-British enclosed courtyard houses at Carn Euny and Chysauster is regionally distinct from the largely rectangular timber-derived architecture of Saxon England and often features characteristically rounded or circular forms – such as the ringforts, roundhouses and enclosed settlements known locally as "rounds" – the influence of which can be detected up to the building of Launceston Castle and Restormel Castle in the later medieval.

The medieval longhouse was the typical form of housing in early Cornish 'Tre' dispersed settlements of small hamlets of farmsteads and associated field systems apparently originating from before the time of the Norman conquest. The longhouse form is notable for its combined accommodation of humans and precious livestock under a single roof in a form found distributed across northwestern Atlantic Europe; France (Longère) Brittany (Ty Hir), Normandy, Devon and South Wales (Ty Hir).

Ecclesiastical architecture of Cornwall and Devon typically differs from that of the rest of southern England: most medieval churches in the larger parishes were rebuilt in the later medieval period with one or two aisles and a western tower, the aisles being the same width as the nave and the piers of the arcades being of one of a few standard types; the former monastery church at St Germans demonstrates these features over several periods as the former seat of the bishop of Cornwall. Wagon roofs often survive in these churches. The typical tower is of three stages, often with buttresses set back from the angles.

Churches of the Decorated period are relatively rare, as are those with spires. There are very few churches from the 17th and 18th centuries. There is a distinctive type of Norman font in many Cornish churches which is sometimes called the Altarnun type. The style of carving in benchends is also recognisably Cornish.

Music
Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition which has survived into the present.

Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several lively inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth's folk festival, Lowender Peran.

Cornish Celtic music is a relatively large phenomenon given the size of the region. A recent tally found over 100 bands playing mostly or entirely Cornish folk music. Traditional dancing (Cornish dance) is associated with the music. These dance events are either Troyls (a dance night more similar to a ceilidh) or Nozow looan (a dance night more similar to a Breton Fest Noz).

Aphex Twin is a Cornish-based electronic music artist, though he was born of Welsh parents in Ireland. Many other pop musicians are based in Cornwall but many of them originate elsewhere.

Lanner and District Silver Band is a Cornish Brass band based in Lanner, Cornwall, United Kingdom, and well known for its concerts. There are many other brass and silver bands in Cornwall, particularly in the former mining areas: Camborne Town Band is a notable example.

Recently some bands, such as Hanterhir, have fused classical Cornish folk music with other genres like rock music.

Festivals
There is a long tradition of processional dance and music in Cornwall. The best known tradition is the Helston Furry. The term 'furry' is used generally to describe such a dance or associated tune. These bands have been referred to as 'crowders and horners' and generally have a motley mix of instruments with folk instruments such as the fiddle, bagpipe or crowdy crawn mixed up with brass, reed and anything that can be carried.

Padstow 'Obby 'Oss festival takes place on 1 May, the feast of Beltane to Celtic people.

Golowan festival in Penzance, which was revived in 1991, was part of a much wider tradition of midsummer festivals where bonfires were lit on hilltops on Midsummer's Eve. The tradition of midsummer bonfires continues, albeit to a lesser extent than when fires could be seen on every hilltop, throughout Cornwall.

Lowender Perran is held at the end of October in Perranporth. This is a gathering of musicians and dancers from the six Celtic nations.

Historically Cornwall has had close links with Brittany and this is reflected in the music. The Cornish and Breton languages were mutually intelligible until Tudor times and there were many Bretons living in Cornwall before the Prayer Book Rebellion. Myths, saints, dances and tunes are often shared with Brittany. It has been noted that The Kroaz Du (Black Cross) flag used in medieval Brittany is the exact inverse of the Cornish flag, whether there is a reason for this is unknown. Breton flags are popular in Cornwall and are often seen alongside the Cornish flag on car bumpers and at musical events. This link continues today with Cornish-Breton festivals such as 'AberFest' in Falmouth (Aberfal) and the twinning of Cornish and Breton towns.

The Gorseth Kernow (or gorsedh), which was set up in 1928, is similar to the Welsh Gorsedd, and indeed was formed by the Welsh Gorsedd at the request of Henry Jenner. The Cornish Gorseth promotes the arts and the Cornish language through competitions at the open gorseth.

Cornish film
Cornwall has a small but growing film industry, mostly focusing on the Cornish language and culture. Numerous films, short and long, have been made in Cornwall. The Cornish film industry is supported by organisations such as War-rag (War-rag meaning "ahead" in Cornish).

The Celtic Film and Television Festival includes entries from Cornish film makers, and was held in Falmouth in 2006. The Goel Fylm Kernow/Cornwall Film Festival is held once a year, and supports Cornish film making, including films made in the Cornish or English language.

Goel Fylm Kernow also hosts workshops, screenings and the "Govynn Kernewek" competition. In this competition applicants can present their ideas for films to be made in the Cornish language. The prizes in the competition consist of financial, material and technical support for making the film. Films made following this award include Kernow's Kick Ass Kung-Fu Kweens (2004), a kung fu film in Cornish.

The only known feature-length film in the Cornish language is Hwerow Hweg (Bitter Sweet), which was filmed alongside an English version. It was premiered at the 2002 Cornwall Film Festival and entered for the 2003 Celtic Film Festival. There are a number of short films which have been made in the language.

Food

Cornwall is famous for its pasties (a type of pie often containing meat), but saffron buns, Cornish Heavy (Hevva) Cake, Cornish fairings (biscuit), Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream are also common.

Cornish clotted cream is a popular topping on splits and on scones. Opinion varies as to whether or not the cream should be spread on before or after the jam. Clotted cream is often served as thunder and lightning (with syrup on bread.)

There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall including a stout, and there is some small scale production of cider and wine.

Outdoor sports and games
See Sport in Cornwall.

Cornish wrestling originated in Cornwall, but spread throughout Britain in the middle ages and then throughout the world especially in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the US.

Indoor games
Euchre is a popular card game in Cornwall, it is normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Its origins are unclear but some claim it is a Cornish game, and was popularised in part by Cornish immigrants to the United States. There are several leagues in Cornwall at present. Whist and pub quizzes are also popular in many villages.

Traditional dress
The "traditional dress" of Cornwall for women is a bal maiden's or fishwife's costume. This includes the wearing of a bonnet known as a "gook" (which were peculiar to a district or community,) aprons and woollen shawls.

For men fishermen's smocks, Guernsey sweaters (known as worsted-frocks in Cornwall) and long cut shirts are worn.

The adoption of the Cornish kilt has recently become popular, and these kilts are available in various Cornish tartans or plain black. The first reference to a "Cornish" kilt is from 1903 when the Cornish delegate to the Celtic Congress, convening at Caernarvon, L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell, appeared in a woad blue kilt, to impress upon the delegates the Celtic character of Cornwall. Black kilts are proposed by some as the traditional version of the garment, some claiming that the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry wore black kilts on occasions in the 19th century (this may have been similar to the Irish saffron kilt). The most common kilt used in Cornwall is pleated Scottish-style with a leather, Duchy of Cornwall shield-style, sporran.

The Cornish national tartan was designed by E. E Morton Nance in 1963 using colours traditionally associated with Cornwall. Fragments of tartan have been found in Penwith.

title: Culture of Cornwall


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Talk:Michel Chion

Untitled
Hello out there. A bit new to all this so if anybody could help me extend this article i would much appreciate it. Also if you could leave any comments on how we could make this article more interesting/better that would be fantastic. Thanks Yakuzai.

title: Talk:Michel Chion


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User:Uncle Al

My interests are the REAL Pacific Coast League (pre-1958) and other sports franchises located on the Left Coast of the United States. Who could ever forget the Fresno Raisin Eaters or the Mission Reds, for that matter?

Since it appears that California State Assemblyman Tom Umberg's "Truth in Sports Advertising Act" has died in Senate committee, I have taken it upon myself to disclose the following:

The NBA Golden State Warriors actually play in Oakland and have done so from 1971-1996 and from 1997-present. In 1996-1997 they played in San Jose. There is no geographical entity actually named Golden State.

The NBA Los Angeles Lakers actually played in Inglewood from 1967-1999.

The NHL Los Angeles Kings actually played in Inglewood from 1967-1999.

The PCL Hollywood Stars actually played in South Central from 1925-1936 and 1938, then in Fairfax from 1939-1957.

The PCL Mission Reds never played in the Mission District during their 1926-1937 existence.

The PCL Oakland Oaks actually played in Emeryville from 1912-1957.

title: User:Uncle Al


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Category:Indian public domain photographs

Copyrights shall subsist until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the record is first published. PD-India


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Ukrainian shah

Shah (шаг) was the name of several currencies used in Ukraine. The name derives from shilling via Polish (szeląg). The forms shahy (шаги, for 2 to 4) and shahiv (шагiв, for five or more) are declensional plurals of the noun used in denominations, for example, 2 shahy, 20 shahiv.

17th-19th centuries
Ukrainian-speakers used the term shah to refer to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's silver coin of 17th-18th centuries with face value of 3 grosz, coined from 1528, and especially during the times of Sigismund III Vasa (ruled Poland–Lithuania from 1587 to 1632). Later, when the Ukrainian lands came increasingly under the influence of Russia, the name was transferred to the Russian copper coin of 2 kopecks. From 1839, when the Russian Empire extended its silver coinage, the term shah was transferred to the silver ½-kopeck. This term for the kopeck remained in use until 1917.

Early 20th century
In 1917, banknotes were introduced in the newly independent Ukraine. These were denominated in shah, hryvnia and karbovanets, with 100 shahiv = 1 hryvnia and 2 hryvni = 1 karbovanets.

At the beginning of the 20th century, during World War I (1914–1918), many countries issued currency in the form of stamps. It was done similarly in early independent Ukrainian states: in West Ukrainian National Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic. There, these money stamps were called shahivky (шагiвки, singular: шагiвка, shahivka). Stamps in denominations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 shahiv were issued.

These shahivki were printed on perforated 11 ½ card stock, due to a shortage of metals needed for the war effort at the time. Each currency stamp was inscribed on the reverse with a tryzub (trident) and with some words stating that these shahivki circulate in lieu of coins and that they are prohibited to be used as stamps. However, they do appear on some postal envelopes as there was an acute deficiency of "true" stamps. Nevertheless, on July 18, 1918, the independent Ukrainian government authorized its first set of stamp issues, also called shahivki and having nearly identical designs.

The 10 and 20-shah stamps issues of Ukrainian People's Republic were designed by the artist Anton Sereda and the 30, 40, and 50-shah stamps by Heorhiy Narbut, a master graphic artist and president of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

Late 20th century
In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union after which the newly independent Ukraine was able to choose its own currency, trial runs of coins of 1 shah and 50 shahiv were issued, but were not approved. Therefore, the kopiyka (копійка) was confirmed as a numismatic term for Ukrainian currency, despite nationalistic sentiments that kopiyka (Ukrainian for Russian kopeyka) is a Russian term.

title: Ukrainian shah


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Talk:Oakland Charter Township, Michigan

Untitled
Hi, I am Belgian and I am trying to find Eminem's address because he helped me when I had an accidents. Please, I just want to write a letter. Thanks. new_gothic_666@yahoo.com

External links modified
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title: Talk:Oakland Charter Township, Michigan


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Nikolai Kondratenko

Nikolai Ignatovich Kondratenko (Николай Игнатович Кондратенко; 16 February 1940 – 23 November 2013) was a Russian politician who served as Governor of Krasnodar Krai from 1995 to 2001. He served as a senator from 2001 to 2003 and from 2008 to 2013. He was also the runner-up candidate of the Communist Party in 2003.

Biography
Nikolai Kondratenko was born on 16 February 1940 in the village of Plastunkovskaya in Dinskoy District, Krasnodar Krai. He graduated from the Kuban Agricultural Institute and the Rostov Higher Party School and became a candidate of agricultural sciences.

From 1969, he was involved in party work. From 1984 to 1987, he was the head of the Department of Agriculture, then the Second Secretary of the Krasnodar Krai Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1987 to 1990, he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Krasnodar Krai Soviet of People's Deputies.

In 1989, he was elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. In 1990, he was elected a people's deputy and chairman of the Krasnodar Krai Soviet. In August 1991, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, he was relieved of his position in connection with supporting the August Coup; a criminal case was initiated against him, which was later declared illegal and canceled.

In December 1993, he was elected to the newly established Federation Council, and became a member of the Federation Council Committee on Agriculture and Food Policy. He was one of the organizers of the Kuban Fatherland movement.

In December 1996, he received 82% of the vote and was elected Governor of Krasnodar Krai, serving from 1997 to 2001, a position in which he was preceded by Nikolai Yegorov, and succeeded by Alexander Tkachov.

In 2001, he became the representative to the Federation Council from the administration of Krasnodar Krai. He was a member of the Federation Council Committee on Agriculture and Food Policy. In 2003, he was elected to the State Duma of the 4th convocation. He was a member of the State Duma Committee on Agrarian Issues.

Kondratenko was criticized for public antisemitic statements in 2003.

In 2008, he was again elected to the Federation Council.

He was known for his promotion of traditional values and a Cossack cultural revival.

He died on 23 November 2013.

Personal life
His son Aleksey Kondratenko is also a politician, and has been a senator from Krasnodar Krai since 22 September 2015.

title: Nikolai Kondratenko


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Papercasting

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Papercasting
See above entry for Papercast. --Xcali 18:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 21:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Martg76 21:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable.ConeyCyclone 22:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Daniel Adair

Daniel Patrick Adair (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian drummer. He is best known for his work with Nickelback and his previous work with 3 Doors Down. He also works with the Canadian band Suspect and the instrumental fusion band Martone.

Biography
Adair auditioned for guitarist Dave Martone, a Berklee College of Music graduate, who was starting an instrumental fusion band. This band, named Martone, recorded its first album in 1999.

In 2002, Adair joined the multi-platinum, Mississippi-based band 3 Doors Down, as the touring and studio drummer. (Other drummers were used for video shoots and TV appearances.) During his time with the band, they recorded the studio album Seventeen Days and live album Another 700 Miles, toured 14 countries, and had multiple TV appearances.

Adair left 3 Doors Down to join the Canadian band Nickelback. In 2005, they released the album All the Right Reasons which debuted at #1 on Billboard and went multi-platinum.

On October 21, 2007, James Stephen Hart (former frontman of Eighteen Visions) announced that Adair was recording drum tracks for his new band, Burn Halo.

In 2008, Nickelback released their follow-up album Dark Horse and the first single on that album, "Gotta Be Somebody", was released on September 29 in North America. The album was produced by Mutt Lange.

In 2011, Adair along with the other band members of Nickelback released Here and Now. This album includes singles "This Means War" and "Bottoms Up".

Adair holds a private pilot licence, originally learning to fly on ultralight aircraft, and currently owns a Maule M-7. In 2020, Adair was diagnosed with radial tunnel syndrome.

title: Daniel Adair


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Amah (occupation)

An amah (ama, Amme, Medieval Latin: amma, ) or ayah (aia, Latin: avia, Tagalog: yaya) is a girl or woman employed by a family to clean, look after children, and perform other domestic tasks. Amah is the usual version in East Asia, while ayah relates more to South Asia, and tends to specifically mean a nursemaid looking after young children, rather than a general maid.

Role

It is a domestic servant role which combines functions of maid and nanny. They may be required to wear a uniform. The term, resembling the pronunciation for "mother" (see Mama and papa), is considered polite and respectful in the Chinese language.

Ayahs have been identified as a distinctive occupational group in India from the late eighteenth century, becoming the mainstay of childcare work during the periods of Company rule in India and the British Raj, as colonial wives and therefore children became more prevalent. Joanna de Silva, a native of Bengal, possibly of part Portuguese descent, was an early example of an ayah who travelled to Britain with her charges, and, more rarely, had her portrait painted by William Wood in 1792.

A rare written and signed agreement between Mina Ayah of 15 Free School Street, Calcutta, an Indian ayah and a British family, the Greenhills, was signed in 1896, and survives in the British Library. It lays out the terms of services for the voyage to Britain looking after two children, and Mina Ayah's return "£10.0.0. for my return passage unless Mrs Greenhill finds me a lady to return with".

Ayahs also worked in Singapore, Indian and Malay ayahs during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. By the 1930s, Chinese amahs were more prevalent in the Straits Settlements and Hong Kong.

The Indian and Chinese women were employed in households in South and South-East Asia and also accompanied British families, and children travelling without their parents, across the seas between Asia, Europe, and Australia.

In Hong Kong the word yaya became more common, by the 2010s, as Filipinas became domestic workers in that territory.

Etymology
The word amah may have originated from the أَمَةٌ, meaning "female slave"; or from the Portuguese ama, meaning "nurse". Some however argued that it is the English form of the Chinese word ah mah. Ah is a common Chinese prefix used before monosyllabic names or kinship terms to indicate familiarity, and mah  means "mother". Others say that the word originated from the term for a wet nurse, nai mah. This word is common in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia to denote a maidservant or nursemaid.

Variants such as Amah-chieh or mahjeh ( means elder sister in Chinese dialects) have also been used in some countries. In China, amah may even refer to any old lady in general. In Taiwan and southeastern China where the Minnan language is spoken, amah refers to the paternal grandmother. Similar terms in the same context include ah-yee, yee-yee (aunt), or jie-jie (elder sister). Since the mid-1990s, it has become more politically correct in some circles to call such a person a 'helper' rather than a maid or ayah.

Other meanings
During the Tang dynasty in China, the word amah was used as an informal and poetic title for the Taoist goddess, the Queen Mother of the West. "Amah" also means mother in many countries.

In English literature
Amah and ayah have been adopted as loanwords into the English language:

 * She never remembered seeing familiarly anything but the dark faces of her Ayah and the other native servants, and as they always obeyed her and gave her her own way in everything, because the Mem Sahib [her mother] would be angry if she was disturbed by her crying, by the time she was six years old she was as tyrannical and selfish a little pig as ever lived.
 * The Secret Garden, by Frances Hodgson Burnett

 * When Tony and his sister arrived they wanted to go straight to the pond, but their ayah said they must take a sharp walk first, and as she said this she glanced at the time-board to see when the Gardens closed that night.
 * The Little White Bird, by J.M. Barrie, author of Peter Pan

title: Amah (occupation)