text:
Talk:Wawel Cathedral

Famous people buried in the Wawel Cathedral
What about divide Famous_people_buried_in_the_Wawel_Cathedral to Famous people And  Polish kings?

 * Popieram--Witkacy 18:59, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ktos wie jak przetlumaczyc krypte wieszczow?--Witkacy 19:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bards' Crypt? --SylwiaS 23:01, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On the second thought: the Crypt of the Bards --SylwiaS 00:38, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vladislaus III of Varna
There is a photo in the article of the tomb of Vladislaus III of Varna. But he isn't listed in the People buried in Wawel Cathedral section. --Jotel (talk) 15:28, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That's because he's not buried there - his body was never found after the battle of Varna, and the tomb is symbolic.212.76.44.77 (talk) 22:08, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

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Lech Kaczyński
The "other Notables" section omits Lech Kaczyński. According to Find A Grave, his remains were interred in the Wawel Cathedral in 2010. According to the Lech Kaczyński article, his remains were exhumed on Nov. 14, 2016, and "after autopsies ... Kaczyński and his wife were reburied" four days later. Oddly, the article doesn't say where. However, the source cited, the Guardian, says they were re-interred "in St Leonard’s Crypt at the Wawel Cathedral." If that's the case, why isn't Kaczyński listed among "other Notables," and why doesn't his article say plainly that he's interred there? This was a controversial issue in Poland, and should be clearly explained. – Sca (talk) 16:51, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wawel Cathedral


text:
Talk:Wawel Dragon

Cobbler's name
Szewc z legendy nazywał się Skuba!

 * Just as a bit of help to those who do not speak Polish (mine is only very elementary), this means, "The cobbler in the legend was named Skuba." 140.147.236.194 (talk) 15:33, 14 August 2008 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Wawel mountains
Wawel mountains? I live in Kraków but I haven't heard about them...

 * The castle is on a hill on the right bank of the Wisła (Vistula) river, and the dragon's cave is in that hill. The castle is commonly referred to as Wawel Castle; I suspect that's even true in Polish.  But strictly speaking, Wawel is the name of the hill.  The castle itself is referred to as Zamek Królewski na Wawelu, meaning Castle Royal on Wawel.  140.147.236.194 (talk) 16:25, 14 August 2008 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Another "explanation"
When visiting the dragon's cave, I was told – tongue in cheek – that the *real* reason the dragon died was that, subsisting on a diet of virgins, it starved to death on the Krakówian population. ;)

Dratewka or Krak?
I heard that Dratewka was introduced into the legend by the Communists, who weren't pleased with the former version of the legend, where Krak was the dragonslayer. Simple shoemaker was more appropriate ideologically than the feudal lord ;]

 * No no. In the first version of the legend, written by Kadłubek, the dragon was slayed by king Krak. In the later medieval ages the legend was modified in the.. citizen..in Cracow.. w mieszczańskim środowisku krakowskim.. But it were still medieval ages. The name of the citizen hero was Skuba. Sorry for my english.

 * No apology necessary. :-)  You English is far, far better than my Polish.  And yes, I have tried to learn it.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.147.236.194 (talk) 13:39, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Comments to description of Smok Wawelski (the Wawel Dragon) legend.
According to chronicle of Wincenty Kadłubek (1160-1223), in which the Smok Wawelski legend was published for the first time, this Dragon ate cattle only, and not girls as mentioned in the above Smok Wawelski description. According to chronicles written by Jan Długosz (XV century) and by Klemens Janicki (XVI century) the dragon's menu contained also pigs and sheep. The person of dragon's killer, cobbler's apprentice named Skub or Skuba, was introduced for the first time by chronicler Joachim Bielski in XVI century. The name of Dratewka is relatively new.

Smok wawelski – sources of the legend
The first approach to the legend clarification was made by Polish bishop and historian Adam Naruszewicz (1733-1796). He identified the legendary Pricne Krak with prince Samon, the ruler of Slavs principality (VII century) in middle Europe, who fought with the tribe of Avars (warlike people of Turkish origin). Naruszewicz stated that Wincenty Kadłubek might identify the Wawel Dragon with Avars - „devouring the Slav's principalities”. Described in Adam Naruszewicz historical book -„Historya Narodu Polskiego, tom I.     Rudolf Jamka (1906-1972) professor of Jagiellonian University in Krakow assumed also that the tribe of Avars was known as the Wawel Dragon -Smok Wawelski.. They occupied the Wawel Hill around the years of 570-580. Avars were most probably poisoned during the general insurrection of Moravian Slavs against Avars. There is also very probable assumption that Smok Wawelski were just the Vikings. In the middle of VIII- th century, they sailed up from Baltic Sea to Kraków along Vistula river, by their boat having head of dragon on the stem, therefore boat was identified with dragon. The reasons of this expedition were to capture slaves, to grab the booties and most probably to find the new water trade route to Byzantine Empire and Middle East. The Krakowian knights burned out the dragon's boat and leaded by prince Krak conquered the Vikings and forced them to escape. The above information was collected by Andrzej Zagórowski. 17th September 2007. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.24.74.24 (talk) 21:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Marrying the daughter
he did not marry with her! because there is another legend about this princess about someone attempting to marry her, so she could not be married before ! I am from Poland ... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.186.104.224 (talk) 10:00, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That would be Princess Wanda who, according to legend, threw herself into the Wisła and drowned, rather than marrying an invading German prince and thus subjecting her people to his rule. I thought about that, too.  But I suppose it could be another daughter.  140.147.236.194 (talk) 16:13, 14 August 2008 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

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title: Talk:Wawel Dragon


text:
Talk:Royal Coronations at Wawel Cathedral

Removing the article and placing a redirect to Royal coronations in Poland. This article is duplicated entirely in a subsection of that page.-- DSGruss 18:15, 28 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
Template talk:Doppelganger

PAGENAMEE
Is there a reason this template uses rather than  for the displayed text? I ask because it unicodes the false username Nae'bIis as Nae%27bIis. I don't want to change this behavior if it's included for a good reason, though.

Also, this template seems like a prime candidate for high-risk protection. -- nae'blis (talk) 15:01, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Image
Hey, there has been controversy about which image the template should have (The stop hand or the other image). Is there consensus on this, or is it an admin edit war over the images? Astrale01talkcontribs 20:06, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Contested move request
''The following request to move a page has been added to Requested moves as an uncontroversial move, but this has been contested by one or more people. Any discussion on the issue should continue here. If a full request is not lodged within five days of this request being contested, the request will be removed from WP:RM.'' —Stemonitis 06:34, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Template:Doppelganger → Template:Doppelgänger — This is the correct spelling of the word, see doppelgänger and . Please also move Template:Doppelganger-other once this has been performed. — Mel sa  ran  21:14, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This is hardly essential for a template, and in any case, "a" is easier to type than "ä" on a standard keyboard. PC78 00:23, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * According to dictionary.com, without the umlaut is acceptable in english. 132.205.44.5 20:10, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Also compare BadenWurttemberg-geo-stub and so on. It is standard practice to remove accents from template titles for ease of typing. --Stemonitis 06:34, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not support the move. There is no need to be über correct in a non-mainspace matter. It is also difficult to type unless you go to the character map and use alt codes. i said 07:53, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You can (at least in Linux) set-up a dead key to make accented characters easier (I use the right windows key). Thryduulf 23:11, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Neither is there a need to be "less correct". And it doesn't matter that umlauts are difficult to type on your keyboard, because doppelganger will still be a redirect.  Melsaran  (talk) 00:04, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose for lack of benefit. If you are bothered by the lack of a template:Dopplegänger then I don't suppose a redirect would do any harm. Thryduulf 23:11, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Lack of benefit? What's the benefit of calling it "Doppelganger" then?  Melsaran  (talk) 00:00, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 *  Oppose Neutral per below Most American Keyboard users cannot type an umlaut, unless they use the character map, which would be a pain. Nor should it be expected that users on English Wikipedia create special keymaps or mousekey maps for non-English characters. This is not mainspace, and the meaning of the word is not changed at all by the addition of the umlaut. If you are bothered by there not being a page for this with the umlaut, might I suggest you create the page, and simply re-direct it to this one? :) Ariel ♥ Gold 23:21, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * On a normal Western keyboard, an umlaut is made by pressing " and then the vowel (as far as I know). Still, if American keyboard users cannot type an umlaut, what does that matter? Template:Doppelganger will still be a redirect.  Melsaran  (talk) 00:00, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Because it would be an unneccesary move, because most people would still use it without the umlaut. And what about pressing the " and a vowel? Because I have never heard of it before. i said —The preceding  signed but undated.
 * Well, I use a US-International keyboard, which is fairly common. That shouldn't matter, though; if you prefer typing it without an umlaut, then the redirect still works. If we move it, the page title is correct, and people who cannot type an umlaut can still access the template, so why not?  Melsaran  (talk) 12:46, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I definitely don't use a US-International keyboard, lol, and that shortcut you said certainly does not work with my keyboard, pressing " and then the vowel, produces this: "e. However, if the original name (this page) were to remain as a redirect, (which I didn't see any mention of when I initially opposed, perhaps it was assumed, but I didn't assume it) then I guess I don't really have a problem with it. I see both sides, so I'll go ahead and just change to "neutral", and whatever is decided is fine with me. Ariel ♥ Gold 13:02, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:UE - it's a special character that should be avoided; and, of course a selfish reason: that this is a maintenance template-- used primarily by administrators and people skilled with the english wikipedia. It's rarely, if ever, used by the general public, and the only invocations of it are with the "ganger" spelling.  On the german wikipedia, it might make sense to move it; otherwise, I'd suggest simply redirecting the correct spelling here for the overwhelming minority of users who would type "Template:Doppelg(the weird a)nger" in the search box or go directly to the URL with the HTML-entities-encoded version in their browser's navbox. -- slakr  \ talk / 08:40, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Category for template page
Whenever someone gets a chance, please add Category:Sockpuppet templates to the template page (but not the template itself), since this is a sock-related template (like ). Cheers =) -- slakr  \ talk / 08:19, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ - lol. -- slakr \ talk / 13:43, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I just changed the cats to populate instead of ; I know the template is protected, so if anyone objects, just say so and I'll revert the change.  For some reason three instances of the template are showing through, notwithstanding the noincludes, if anyone knows why, let me know and I'll fix it.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 21:00, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Error in talk page link
Edit protected

The current version of this template has the following code:

The variable  does not provide a link to the established user's talk page, as the text implies, but rather to the talk page of the doppelganger, which in many cases will be non-existent and unmonitored precisely because it is a doppelganger and not an active user. Please fix this so the variable matches the text implication, like so:

Of course, one can work around this by making the doppelganger's talk page a redirect to the real user, but erroneous coding with easy fixes should be fixed whenever possible, since most people learn wiki principles by observing others' work. Thank you. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 16:06, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 14:01, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Protection
Do we really need indefinite full protection on this page? Why? There are a lot of templates of equal or greater importance that are not protected at all.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 21:10, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hearing nothing and seeing no significant history of vandalism, I'm unprotecting until this is discussed further.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 20:51, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Page title
Should we move the title from Template:Doppelganger to Template:Doppelgänger? Doppelgänger is indeed the proper way to spell it. Create a Pineapple (talk) 00:19, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It already has a redirect, Template:Doppelgänger with the a-umlaut symbol. -Wikid77 (talk) 10:48, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

No longer using Template:1
15-Aug-2010: I have changed Template:Doppelganger to no longer invoke the non-existent Template:1, as caused on 2 August 2010, when the outer braces "{ }" had been omitted for using parameter 1 with {gender}:
 * WAS: Please see
 * NOW: Please see

Because there had been no error message, the use of double-brace perhaps seemed ok, but I changed it to triple-brace , after 2 weeks. -Wikid77 (talk) 10:48, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Adding Something
Could we add

so then the original account has signed underneath so it ends up looking like User:SophJ?

S ophie ( Talk ) 18:20, 7 November 2010 (UTC) Edited to avoid transcluding user page which was causing incorrect categorization of this page. DexDor(talk) 07:37, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Box type
I know this is nitpicky, but would anyone mind if I changed this from a to an , because this template is primarily meant to appear in the User rather than the User talk namespace? Antony–22 (talk⁄contribs) 02:15, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Being that this template is meant to be used in both namespaces, I have changed it to an, which is specifically meant for multinamespace templates. Antony–22 (talk⁄contribs) 17:34, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 14 June 2018
Change to. Generally, only trolls have the sophistication of creating an account with a similar username to attack or impersonate another editor. L293D (☎ • ✎) 01:48, 14 June 2018 (UTC) PAGE ]]) 20:52, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Personally I don't think we need to explicitly list every flavour of vandal, nor to suggest new kinds of naughtiness. But not so strongly as to reject the request. I'll just take a pass on this one. Cabayi (talk) 10:49, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Trolls are vandals, no need to call them out separately. --Ahecht ([[User_talk:Ahecht|TALK

Template-protected edit request on 26 October 2019
Remove the  tag from. It looks weird and it doesn't belong here. Use a bold tag. – Aνδρέας talk|contributions 17:10, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: I've swapped to mono because kbd is incorrect regardless. Why do you think it needs bold? Izno (talk) 17:34, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Unnecessary harshness/wording
I feel like the words "by an established user" and "by vandals" are unnecessary. Like the template would just seem more helpful without it.Peasesoon (talk) 23:56, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
 * But that is why people create doppelgänger accounts. Primefac (talk) 00:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Hi, how does a Doppelganger account prevent impersonation by bad people?
Hi, guys, how does a doppelganger account prevent impersonation by bad people? The template documentation does not give an explanation. Thanks! F r i e n d 5 0 5  12:45, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It does, actually; see the paragraph starting with This template is for these... Primefac (talk) 13:34, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Please change possesive 's depending on username
I'm not an expert on templates or conditional magic words, but if someone can please make it so that if the user's gender preference is unspecified/neutral, and their username ends with an s, x, or z, that it will end in just ' instead of 's? Quick Quokka  [talk • contribs] 18:23, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Example:
 * without s, x or z

 * with s, x or z

Quick Quokka [talk • contribs] 18:33, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Seems like Apostrophe is full of so many rules, and that this convention is optional. That being said, I'm not opposed to it - but it would likely require a string match parser function to run there - looks like this normally just says "his" or "her" - why not just use "their" - our standard grammar rule for interface pages? —  xaosflux  Talk 19:23, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Completely agree with xaos here, just change it to "their talk page" and call it a day. If people want to get bent out of shape by the use of the singular "their", then just make it "See User talk:Example for relevant..." and avoid the issue altogether. Would also work to change BASEPAGENAME's edit count to the doppleganger's edit count to avoid that ending as well. Primefac (talk) 19:45, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Or you can use the magic word, so something like, so it will properly display the user's preferred pronouns.  Quick Quokka  [talk • contribs] 06:44, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Example: Xaoflux' preferred pronouns are . Primefac's preferred pronouns are . Quick Quokka  [talk • contribs] 06:45, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Just looked at the code, and noticed it does do that, just uses the possesive 's for neutral. I think singular they is still better. Quick Quokka  [talk • contribs] 07:01, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. Where a body of text refers to a stranger whose gender is unknown to me, I would expect to see the pronoun “they”, not “he” or “she”.
 * This particular usage of singular “they” is not related to gender identity at all — it’s been a standard English-language convention for hundreds of years.

Foxmilder (talk) 03:55, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

A bit of minor pedantry
The template page contains the following passage (I have avoided the use of quotation marks for the sake of clarity):

Often, this takes the form of replacing capital "I's" with lowercase "L's" and vice versa.

There shouldn’t be an apostrophe in either of these constructions. In any case, the phrasing here is quite awkward.

If I were able to edit it, I would suggest the following alternative:

Often, this takes the form of replacing a capital “I” with a lowercase "L”, or vice versa.

Foxmilder (talk) 03:41, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair point, I've also changed the wording a bit to indicate it is an example. Primefac (talk) 07:39, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

Edit count link
I'm not entirely sure what the purpose is of providing a link to the doppelganger's edit count. Presumably it's going to be either zero or near-zero? I suggest removing it. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 06:46, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I could create a "doppelganger" account of someone, tag the user page with it, and then go about my business impersonating someone without anyone suspecting. You are right, a doppelganger account should have a zero or near-zero edit count, and it should be easy to check that. Primefac (talk) 07:21, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, that makes some sense. A better approach would be to centralize, i.e. have a collective report of all edits from accounts tagged as doppelgangers, so that any issues could be picked up more quickly. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 07:27, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Edit request
Please change "'their' will change to 'his' or 'her'" to "their will change to 'his' or 'her', if necessary" in the description. Some Wikipedians do not use a gender specific pronoun, and to also make sure non-binary individuals or individuals who do not use a gender specific pronoun on Wikipedia would not be worried about it changing to "his" or "her". Mseingth2133444 (Did I mess up? Let me know here) 03:38, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

 * @Mseingth2133444, I'm not sure I understand the request. Are you seeking to change the template or the template's documentation? The template itself already uses Gender to match what a user has set in their preferences. The documentation notes this, although the example it uses is a little out of sync — it references "their", but @Nyttend changed it to repeat the username in 2013, calling the singular they ungrammatical. I'm inclined to revert that change (to bring it back in line with the documentation), as the repetition is clunky and the singular they is widely accepted at this point, but apart from that I do not see any issue we need to deal with.  Sdkb  talk 07:05, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm totally fine with the singular they/their. Primefac (talk) 11:09, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I meant the documentation, @Sdkb, but seeing as you will change it/have changed it, I think this is pretty much resolved. Mseingth2133444 (Did I mess up? Let me know here) 15:14, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I meant "This template will correct itself based on the gender set in the preferences of your real user account (i.e. in the sentence "Please see their talk page for any relevant discussion", "their" will change to "his" or "her")." Mseingth2133444 (Did I mess up? Let me know here) 15:15, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Actioned.  Sdkb  talk 16:35, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Doppelganger


text:
Bhilwara

Bhilwara is a city and administrative headquarters in Bhilwara district of the Mewar region of Rajasthan, India. It has been termed as 'Textile city'.

History
Stone Age tools dating from 5,012 to 200,000 years were found in Bundi and Bhilwara districts of the state.

According to substantiation, the present Bhilwara city had a mint where coins known as 'Bhiladi' were minted and from this denomination was derived the name of the district. And another tall story goes like this the original Adivasi tribe known as Bheel helped Maharana Pratap in the war against Mughal Empire king Akbar lived in Bhilwara region that's this area came to be known as Bheel+Bada (Bheel's area) Bhilwara. Over the years it has emerged as one of the major cities of Rajasthan. Nowadays, Bhilwara is better known as the textile city in the country.

The oldest part of this town was set up in the middle of the 11th century by building a Krishna Radha mandir (temple) that still exists and is known as the Bada Mandir. The area that is now known as Purana Bhilwara (Patwari Mohalla, Junawas, Manikya Nagar Malikhera). In Ancient History, there is also a reference to Arjuna having fought here during the Mahabharata period.

Historical records show that a town named Mandal close to Bhilwara served as the military camp for the Mughals when they conquered Chittaurgarh. The ruins of their campsite can still be seen today. A watch tower that was built on a small mound in Mandal is now a Devi temple.

Geography
Bhilwara is located at 25.35985°N, 74.65279°W. It has an average elevation of 421 metres (1381 feet). It falls between the districts of Ajmer (in the north) and Chittorgarh and Udaipur (in the south). Major rivers flowing through the district are Banas, Bedach, Kothari, Khari, Mansi, Menali, Chandrabhaga, and Nagdi.

There is no natural lake in the district but there is a number of ponds and dams so the district is the most irrigated in the state of Rajasthan. It has a small man-made pond Mansarovar Jheel(Pond) near Azad Nagar which is a famous attraction and gets crowded on weekends.

Demographics
India census, Bhilwara has a population of 359,483. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. About 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Hindus constitute the majority of the population with around 79.50% followers with Muslims (at 14.23%) and Jains ( 5.47%) occupying second and third respectively

Economy
Bhilwara is renowned in the world for its textile industry. The major industry is textiles, with more than 850 manufacturing units in the town. The main textile product is the synthetic fabric used in trousers. It began with a spinning and knitting company named Mewar Textile Mills, owned by industrialist Shri Sampatmal Lodha, started in 1938. Thereafter Shri Laxmi Niwas Jhunjhunwala started his first unit for synthetic textiles in 1961 at Bhilwara. Today the fabric manufactured in Bhilwara is exported to many countries around the world.

Bhilwara is known as the textile city of India. The city has a strong presence in the textile industry, with several textile mills and factories located in and around the city. The city is known for its production of high-quality cotton, silk, and woolen fabrics, which are exported to various parts of the world. Apart from textiles, the city is also known for its mining and agriculture industries.

Road connectivity
National Highway No. 48 part of the Golden Quadrilateral (six-lane) and another National Highway No. 76 part of the East-West Corridor (four lane) pass through the district. The total length is 120 km.

National Highway No. 758 (Kota-Ladpura-Bhilwara-Gangapur-Rajsamand-Udaipur) passes through the district. The length of this highway is 146 km and other NH 148D (Bhim-Gulabpura-Uniara).

The total road length in the district was 3,883 km on 31 March 2000.

With a government bus depot in the heart of the city, Bhilwara is connected to all the important cities of Rajasthan and other states. Many private service providers are available. Bhilwara is well connected by road to the capital city Jaipur and the distance is 253 kilometres.

Rail transport
The city is served by Bhilwara railway station. A broad gauge railway line connecting Ajmer, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Kota, Indore Junction, Ujjain, Delhi, Bharatpur, Agra, Gwalior, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Patna, Kolkata, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Mavli Jn., Ratlam, Vadodara, Surat, Mumbai and Hyderabad passes through the district. Kota (160 km) is the convenient railway station to provide connectivity to the southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Ajmer (130 km) is one of the major nearby railway stations/junctions for connectivity to other major cities like Delhi and Ahmedabad.

Air transport
The nearest airport is at Dabok - Udaipur (165 km) — approximately 2.5 hours, by road. The other nearest airport is at Jaipur (251 km) which takes about 4 hours by road.

Recently, a new Airport has started named Kishangarh Airport near Ajmer (130 km) which is around 2Hrs, by road.

Culture
Great Indian miniature artist Badri Lal Chitrakar highlights the city on international maps for Indian miniature art. He was given several awards including the Shilp Guru/Master Craftsperson award by the vice-president of India on 9 September 2006. Bhilwara is famous for its 'Fad Paintings' which are depictions of traditional stories on cloth using naturally available colours. Bhilwara's Phad Artist Shree Lal Joshi contributed greatly to making and saving Phad Painting to whole of India.

Attractions in Bhilwara include the Badnore Fort, Harni Mahadev Temple, Smriti van, Mansarovar Lake, Joganiya Mata Temple, Kyara Ke Balaji, Sanganer Fort, Meja dam, and Pur Udan Chatri. Bhilwara has a rich cultural heritage, with several festivals and fairs celebrated throughout the year. The city's most famous festival is the Gangaur festival, which is celebrated in the months of March and April. The festival is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Parvati and is celebrated with great pomp and show.

Overall, Bhilwara is a city that is steeped in history, culture, and tradition. Its textile industry, tourist attractions, and educational institutions make it an important city in Rajasthan and in India as a whole.

Education
Bhilwara has an autonomous engineering college of the Government of Rajasthan known as MLV Textile and Engineering College, which offers courses in engineering, including textile engineering and one Private University named Sangam University. There is also a medical college, Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia Medical College. Bhilwara has several schools and colleges, including engineering and medical colleges. The city is also known for its coaching centers, which provide coaching for various competitive exams like IIT-JEE, NEET, CA/CS/CMA.

title: Bhilwara


text:
Badoon

The Badoon are a fictional reptilian alien species appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Badoon Exfulgence are notable for living under strict gender segregation, resulting in two separate societies; the Brotherhood of Badoon (ruled by a "Brother Royal") and the Sisterhood of Badoon (ruled by a Queen).

The Brotherhood live on the planet Moord in the Lomora star system, in the Milky Way, while the Sisterhood reside on the Badoon homeworld of Lotiara (Capella II, also known as "Swampworld" ), 42.2 light years from Earth.

Publication history
The Badoon first appeared in Silver Surfer #2 (October 1968) and were created by Stan Lee and John Buscema.

Fictional history
The Badoon Exfulgence is older than the Kree and the Skrulls. There was a natural hatred between the two genders, and they fought each other in long gender wars. The males won and placed the weaker females in captivity. In time, the males further developed technology and abandoned Lotiara, returning only when their mating drive made it necessary. The males became conquerors of worlds, while the females became pacifists, content to remain in peace on their homeworld and ignorant of the males' star-spanning empire.

Among the Brotherhood's conquest attempts are the Zen Whoberi, the Spartax Empire, and the extra-dimensional world of Polemachus. They have been known to form alliances with the Brood (against the Shi'ar and Earth's superhumans ), the Kree (against the Skrulls ), and Byrrah of Atlantis. They were also responsible for killing a woman who would have become the universe's greatest peacemaker.

Badoon invasion attempts of Earth have been overcome by the Silver Surfer, Namor, and the New Warriors. They were also opposed by the combined forces of the X-Men, the Fantastic Four and Arkon in order to liberate Arkon's homeworld and prevent an invasion of the Shi'ar empire.

At the time of the Annihilation Wave the Badoon Empire controlled 37.7% of the Milky Way Galaxy. Despite this, the Badoon are considered a minor species. The time traveler Major Victory warned the Guardians of the Galaxy that they need to take the Badoon seriously, as soon they'll become the greatest military threat in the galaxy.

The Inhumans and the Kree later form an alliance with the Badoon alongside the Centaurians, the Dire Wraiths, and the Kymellians. They were put through the same experimental procedure so that they cannot be harmed by the Terrigen Mists. The Badoons' procedure had them going through Amphogenesis upon injecting one drop of the diluted water from the dormant Amphogen (a mutagenic substance). The Badoons were present on Earth's moon upon Black Bolt's return and when the prophecy of the four cities is known.

The Badoon Exfulgence's currency is the Kreull.

Technology
The Brotherhood are capable of faster-than-light space travel and also possess personal cloaking technology. They employ a hand-held particle gun called the "basic weapon." Although males typically wear minimal clothing, some soldiers wear an explosive "frag-thong" that destroys approximately ten surrounding enemies once a Badoon is shot down.

There is also a large, muscular cyborg-like being sometimes used in personal combat called the Monster of Badoon. The Badoon will bolster their forces with Zom soldiers: the corpses of victims turned into cyborg warriors. They are known to use Saturnian Hound-Hawks in the 31st century.

Known Badoons

 * Aladi No Eke - Queen of the Badoon contingent of Universal Inhumans.
 * Brother Royal - Ruler of the Brotherhood of the Badoon. He commands the Monster of Badoon.
 * Czar-Doon - A Badoon that worked with Thanos. In an earlier life, he was a member of Yondu's Ravagers.
 * Dara Ko Eke - The daughter of Queen Aladi No Eke is a member of the Universal Inhumans' Light Brigade. She operates under the alias of All-Knowing.
 * Drang - Badoon leader of conquering forces of Earth's solar system in the 31st century.
 * Droom - Brother Royal of the Badoon Exfulgence in the 31st century.
 * Durge - Badoon of the 31st century, who attempted to reconquer Earth by broadcasting "Realitee-Vee" and addicting its inhabitants.
 * Master Ecallaw - The last member of the Intergalactic Alliance of Earth-93112. He mentored Maxam and Zhang to time-travel and kill Adam Warlock, to stop the Magus.
 * Frack - Bounty Hunter on Knot's crew. Twin brother of Frick.
 * Frick - Bounty Hunter on Knot's crew. Twin brother of Frack.
 * Knot - Criminal Bounty Hunter who attempted to gain the Mandalay Gem from an orphanage, but was sucked into the void of space where he probably met his end.
 * Kodor - Badoon bounty hunter who trailed the mass murdering Cazon to Earth. He teamed up, with She-Hulk and Jazinda, to convict him.
 * Koord - Governor of Earth, during its occupation in the 31st century. He was killed by Martinex.
 * L'Matto - A Badoon that was one of the hosts to Captain Universe. He wielded the Enigma Power to prevent the Guardians of the Galaxy from exterminating the Badoons.
 * L’Wit - The daughter of the Brother Royal.
 * Manat - Ambassador Manat represented the Brotherhood in the Intergalactic Council.
 * Maul - Badoon soldier who invaded Jupiter.
 * Maz - Badoon soldier who invaded Jupiter.
 * Mud-Ah - A member of Sandorr's Hunters, bounty hunters who attempted to capture the Inhumans. He, along with most of the group of hunters, was killed while retreating.
 * Muer - Soldier, of the Badoon Plutonian invading force, in the 31st century.
 * Thumbnail - Mercenary thug who followed Knot as his muscle, they attempted to gain the Mandalay Gem when they probably met their end.
 * Tiberius - A badoon orphan who was held captive by his own people. He was freed by Star-Lord as he made his escape.
 * Tolaria - Leader of the Sisterhood in the 31st century.
 * Voord Bloodeye - Badoon Deity, the god of Beheadings who was killed by Gorr the God Butcher about 500 years ago.
 * Y’Gaar - Current Brother Royal of the Badoon Exfulgence.
 * Yur - Badoon of the 31st century who attempted to capture Charlie-27 on Pluto.

Earth-691
The Brotherhood are most closely associated with the Guardians of the Galaxy's 'Multiverse' timeline of Earth-691. In this reality, Earth fought a war with them in the 30th century until both Earth and its solar system colonies were conquered in the year 3007, and many races were nearly all wiped out. The Guardians of the Galaxy were made up of different species, and put together by Starhawk. The human Michael Korvac, joined the Badoon and became a cyborg. The Solar System was liberated by the intervention of the Sisterhood in 3014. Almost all information about the Sisterhood comes from the Guardians of the Galaxy's encounters with them in this timeline. Recent stories as of 2008 have depicted the Sisterhood who exist in the Earth-616 reality as being as warlike as the Brotherhood, suggesting that this origin story does not apply to the "mainstream" version of the Sisterhood.

Earth-93112
In the Earth-93112 timeline, the Badoon Ecclaw was one of the last survivors of the Intergalactic Alliance destroyed by the Magus, who is best known as the mentor of the superhero Maxam.

Avengers Forever
In another timeline, the Badoon were conquered by Kang.

In other media
The Badoon-Cylek, an original creation of the Badoon, appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "Hulk's Day Out". It is a genetic parasitic experiment that was previously abandoned on the Moon and caused weather phenomena on Earth before being stopped by the Hulk.

A member of the Badoon race is seen sitting in a gallery of spectators in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "The Dark Phoenix, Part IV: The Fate of the Phoenix".

title: Badoon


text:
Talk:Calcium sulfate

From gypsum

A growing source of gypsum is from Flue gas desulfurization which scrubs the sulfur emissions from fossil fuel burning power stations. This is done by using finely ground limestone which reacts with the sulfur dioxide to produce high purity gypsum as a by-product. This is now the main source for calcium sulfate. Schould this be mentioned here? Stone 16:49, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Density error?
This density (~22g/cm^3), about that of Ir, seems to me to be in error. Drywall doesn't strike me as that heavy. Should this be verified? --Oreo Priest 03:10, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This value is correct (checked the Merck index). I should note though, that this is for the anhydrous form.  The hydrated form which is in drywall has a density of 2.32g/cc.  In addition, I think this would be the density of one solid crystal not of light powder which has a lot of free space between particles.  Finally if you compare the value to magnesium sulfate (d 2.66), it seems to make sense.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.61.66.171 (talk) 06:47, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The article had been vandalized (see Special:Contributions/203.211.91.231), and the arror was discovered and reverted about a month after it was introduced into the article. The correct value is 2.96, not 22.96. - Mike Rosoft (talk) 18:27, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Need to break up this article
The chaotic nature of the chembox data is because the article refers to multiple minerals. Suggest change this to a short disambiguation page, pointing to separate articles for each hydration state. This is justified because the different hydrates are all high-volume minerals with very different applications, etc. LinguisticDemographer 01:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This will create sevaral stub articles with less use. Better would be to write a chapter about every of the compounds in this article.--Stone 09:17, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Does this mean we can multiple databoxes in one article? LinguisticDemographer 16:17, 12 February 2007 (UTC) I think this might be possible.--Stone 16:57, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Re-write production
Re-wrote section to refer to calcium sulfate rather than "gypsum", in chemist's language. Remove unsubstantiated (since 25 Jan 2007) and POV content. . . . LinguisticDemographer 19:19, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Drierite mention added.
I've added a sentence on Drierite, as Drierite redirects to this article, but had no mention anywhere in the article. I'm of the belief that when a term is redirected, it should be mentioned somewhere in the target article. Otherwise, someone looking up info on blue/pink Drierite who reaches this article and sees CaSO4 is a white compound will be confused. I also took this opportunity to integrate the orphan sentence about the compound's color into the first paragraph. Kel - Ex-web.god 22:27, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Qualitative analysis
How to differentiate between calcium sulfate and calcium hydroxide? They both have low solubility in water.--Tohyf (talk) 10:10, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The hydroxide is a fairly strong base despite its low solubility. You could identify it using pH paper, for example. --Itub 10:43, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

contradictory articles
This article says that anhydrite will not react with water even over geological timescales, while the anhydrite article says it will react readily. Which one is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.70.145.85 (talk) 22:20, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Can someone address this? It's a fairly pervasive myth/confusion, mention of how to re-hydrate it in a lab demo would be enough to clear things up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.207.105.57 (talk) 21:03, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

Environmental impact
Seeing that this CaSO4/CaSO3 is a waste product of many a industrial process, can some one add on comment regarding waste disposal as the pH is >12 it is classified as corrosive and need to be dumped at a special waste disposal site?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.208.48.176 (talk) 06:47, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You try only to produce CaSO4 xH2O and then the stuff is normaly sold as Drywall or gypsum or plaster. --Stone (talk) 10:24, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Superscript text

calcarea sulphurica is used as a homeopathic
Calcarea sulphurica is used as a homeophathic to treat acne. The claim that it will dry up pustules from the inside out therefore clearing up the acne. I want to know how is this possible. What is the chemical reaction that allows this homeopathic to inhibit or dry up puss filled pimples,ect. Does anyone know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.109.225.1 (talk) 06:50, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * homeopathic medicine is, by definition, pseudo-scientific. Asking about the mechanism of action of a homeopathic is logically asking the following question:"If a person is treated with [X] in an amount of 0, what will it do?" where [X] can be any identifiable material.174.130.70.61 (talk) 08:30, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

Solubility product constant, Ksp
For calcium sulphate hemihydrate, CaSO4*0,5H2O in this article is indicated Ksp = 3,1*10^-7, but in my Handbook of Chem. and Physic, 84th edition, 2003-2004, this Ksp is for a sulphite, namely for calcium sulphite hemihydrate, CaSO3.0,5 H2O. There is no value Ksp for CaCO4*0,5 H2O in this handbook. I made the same mistake myself and thought it was for the sulphate. I have not corrected it in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.193.106.214 (talk) 14:33, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Good catch, I think. I checked the CRC handbook and it appears you are 100% right. Best regards, Stan J. Klimas (talk) 00:42, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Solubility from solubility product
The article currently contains the following remark:

 * Note that the solubility of the calcium sulphate in the figure results about 10 times higher than that which is calculated with the solubility product of 0.0000493 given in same page. The value of Ksp is given also in http://www.solubilityofthings.com/water/ions_solubility/ksp_chart.php Note also that different values in the same order of magnitude but smaller are given in http://bilbo.chm.uri.edu/CHM112/tables/KspTable.htm http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/data-ksp.htm http://faculty.icc.edu/bcook/chem132NT/solubility.pdf http://www.thelabrat.com/protocols/solubilityproductconstant.shtml

In my opinion, this is misleading and should be removed. The calculation of solubility from solubility product for calcium sulfate needs to consider activity coefficients. The author of this remark seems to have forgotten about it. E.g., see here, p.1379. Stan J. Klimas (talk) 02:05, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Stripped out Ksp References
I stripped these out of the text, someone may be able to put them to some use, but they weren't particularly useful for what was being said in the article. http://www.solubilityofthings.com/water/ions_solubility/ksp_chart.php http://bilbo.chm.uri.edu/CHM112/tables/KspTable.htm http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/data-ksp.htm http://faculty.icc.edu/bcook/chem132NT/solubility.pdf http://www.thelabrat.com/protocols/solubilityproductconstant.shtml

They all are sort of short of any references anyway.JSR (talk) 17:29, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

Misleading or confusing information.
The first sentence of the lead (17.6.2020) is:"Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates." I ask that this be changed to "The term 'calcium sulfate' (also spelled calcium sulphate) refers to the inorganic compound with the ionic formula CaSO4 or to either of its related hydrates CaSO4.1/2H2O or CaSO4.2H2O." As it stands now, it isn't clear if the statement is implying that the term refers to a mixture of hydrated and anhydrous CaSO4, or what. It may also be worthwhile to note that the IUPAC name of CaSO4 is calcium sulfate and does not include (in that name) hydrates and either disallows or depreciates the English "sulphate" spelling.(IUPAC has a stance on "sulphate", I just don't recall exactly what it is.) For some reason, the 'official' (IUPAC) spelling preference is ignored on the England-based Wikipedia...even though it is certainly noteworthy. I guess I might as well also note that it is an error to claim that a name refers to 3 (or more) different chemical compounds and then proceed to list physical properties of only one of them. (Should I also note that the hemihydrate actually is of indefinite composition with n varying from 0.5 to 0.8?) Only the anhydrous form, for instance, is orthorhombic, the hydrates seem to both be monoclinic. It is unlikely that ANY of the physical properties are the same for all 3 materials.174.130.70.61 (talk) 09:00, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

Molecular model diagram
In the molecular model diagram it would be helpful if there was a key (indicating the colour code for the relevant species) Squid57squid (talk) 08:21, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calcium sulfate


text:
Talk:Aluminium sulfate

Wikipedia paid by aldrich and Fisher?
Dear Sirs,

a discussion about the commerciality of "Suppliers" is started here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:213.188.227.119

My main sorrow is, that these "suppliers" are in front of the literature and external links, making the commercial links seem to be more important than the scientific contents.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:213.188.227.119

Best regards —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.188.227.119 (talk • contribs).

Medical Uses
If memory serves, Aluminium Sulphate is also used as a styptic (to check bleeding)... (AcrophobicEagle 06:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC))

 * Almost ten years later and this isn't included in the article ... why? To those editors who monitor and maintain this page, I strongly urge you to look into this. It is also the sole ingredient in "Stingose" by Johnson and Johnson Australia, I have no idea of it's efficacy, and frankly wouldn't be surprised if it's bunk as they also manufacture a lot of woo medications such as 'rubs' that allegedly assist in pain or injuries of muscles, etc. that just smell bad and burn your skin and have zero medical benefit. BaSH PR0MPT (talk) 01:40, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Not so I have used Stingoes with great success in Western Austalia where l go every year to see my dsughter .It helps stop itching when bitten by mosquitoes.

Just this morning, my dentist used what he called "Alum Powder" to close up blood vessels in my gums to stop bleeding while creating and attaching a crown to my #19 molar. It seems use in Medical should include this use. Jmsmcfrlnd (talk) 17:26, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

Hydration
There is an inconsistancy in the article over the number of water molecules in the hydrate, either sixteen or eighteen. I will try to resolve this as soon as I can, and any input from other editors is welcome! Physchim62 08:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The hexadecahydrate (16H2O) is the varient sold by Sigma-Aldrich Co., and the one to which the CAS number in the table refers. I have changed the preparation section accordingly. Physchim62 06:24, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My sources show a variety of hydrates... General Chemical supplies a commercial 14H2O version and the current Fisher Scientific catalog indicates that their hydrate has "nH2O n=approx. 12-14". Two of my books, Standard Methods (in section 4500-NO3-D) and Water Quality, both refer to the 18H2O hydrate which is where I was originally looking. Perhaps it's best if we just say that there are a variety of hydrates ranging from 12 to 18? Musser 18:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I find 18H20 more commonly, JTBaker and (can't find the ISBN for 12th edition). I have made a note that both hydrates are commonly found. --Ben Best 21:54, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I find 18H20 more commonly, JTBaker and (can't find the ISBN for 12th edition). I have made a note that both hydrates are commonly found. --Ben Best 21:54, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I find 18H20 more commonly, JTBaker and (can't find the ISBN for 12th edition). I have made a note that both hydrates are commonly found. --Ben Best 21:54, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

CAS number
Please check compound's CAS number. Its international chemical safety card says the number would be 10043-01-3 but referring the article the number would be 11828-11-8. Please check out which of them is correct and edit the article if needed. -Anzee 19:27, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Molecular mass also seems to be incorrect. -Anzee 19:30, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking into it.
 * You are right, 11828-11-8 does not exist, 10043-01-3 is aluminum sulfate 18-hydrate. I'll make some changes  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 19:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

how sulphoric acid react with aluminium oxide —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.178.174.75 (talk) 21:13, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Pentahydrate or heptadecahydrate?
I realised that the formula for the heptadecahydrate was ...5H2O. Shouldn't that be pentahydrate? Also, the article went on to state that the 17-hydrate occured naturally as the mineral alunogen, which, according to its article, has the formula ...17H2O, not ...5H2O. Is anything wrong here? Peachypoh (talk) 01:12, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Empirical formula
"...or Al2O12S3" - is that needed? Has anyone ever used this notation for aluminium sulfate? Alecjw (talk) 22:40, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Incorret misinformation
"Ahmed Ressam, the al-Qaeda Millenium Bomber, used aluminum sulfate as one of the components in the explosives that he prepared to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on New Year's Eve 1999/2000; the explosives could have produced a blast 40x greater than that of a devastating car bomb.[4][5]"

This is a complete misinterpretation of the articles, which only states that it was found in his car, NOT that it was a component of the bomb. The text makes it out to look like aluminium sulfate is a powerful explosive when infact, it is a completely non-explosive compound. It simply can't explode. -Removed 90.227.176.140 (talk) 20:09, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Meaning of equation
Im not sure of what the following was supposed to mean:

"Aluminium 3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2

The carbon dioxide + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2"

Is it some kind of remains lost in a change of the paragraph?

77.212.171.42 (talk) 07:46, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Spelling
Is "aluminium" a British version of the correct spelling: Aluminum? It's repeated several times, and I would be loath to correct it if there is a faction of subversive Anglophiles here co-opting the chemistry pages...Carl Jansen, jansenart.com
 * "Aluminium" is the preferred spelling of this element throughout Wikipedia's chemistry articles. See WP:ALUM for details.  -- Ed (Edgar181) 22:03, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Funnily enough it also uses the sulfate spelling instead of sulphate. Pleasetry (talk) 21:43, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Which is the preferred spelling of that element. Win some, lose some, dependent upon your side of the pond.JSR (talk) 21:54, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Aluminum sulfate in medical cream
Aluminum sulfate is listed as the second inactive ingredient in signature care hydrocortisone cream (store brand). It would be helpful to add this to the use section. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c6b9c4e1-bab8-490d-8c00-c43377ad0857 Lena Key (talk) 15:05, 25 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aluminium sulfate


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Shropshire

The ceremonial county of Shropshire, England (which comprises the local/unitary authorities of Shropshire Council and Telford and Wrekin), is divided into 5 parliamentary constituencies – 1 borough constituency and 4 county constituencies. As with all constituencies for the House of Commons in the modern age, each constituency elects one Member of Parliament by the first-past-the-post system.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to retain the 5 constituencies in Shropshire for the 2010 election, making only small changes to the boundary between Telford and The Wrekin to align with current local government wards.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed retaining the current five constituencies in Shropshire, with minor boundary changes to reflect changes to ward boundaries and to bring constituencies within the statutory range. It is proposed that Shrewsbury and Atcham reverts to its original name of Shrewsbury, while Ludlow is renamed South Shropshire.

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing – General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Shropshire in the 2024 general election were as follows:

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Shropshire in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
1Includes National Liberal Party up to 1966

21950-1979 – Liberal; 1983 & 1987 – SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
1Includes National Liberal Party up to 1966

21950-1979 – Liberal; 1983 & 1987 – SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical constituencies
Timeline of parliamentary constituencies in the county, with historical (green) and extant (pink) constituencies.

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.


text:
User:Cshirky

Clay Shirky, clay@shirky.com, http://shirky.com

title: User:Cshirky


text:
Torksey

Torksey is a small village in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 875. It is situated on the A156 road, 7 mi south of Gainsborough and 9 mi north-west of Lincoln, and on the eastern bank of the tidal River Trent, which here forms the boundary with Nottinghamshire.

It is notable historically as the site of a Roman canal, a major Viking camp, the late medieval Torksey Castle and the Torksey Viaduct.

History
Foss Dyke, a Roman canal constructed in or about the 2nd century, joins the River Trent by way of a series of lock-gates about 1/2 mi south of the village.

During the 9th century, Torksey was part of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey. In the late 860s, a Viking invasion force known to the English as the "Great Heathen Army" conquered eastern England. In 871–2, the Vikings established a winter camp in London, but returned to Northumbria soon afterwards, following a rebellion against their rule. During 872–3, the Great Heathen Army established its winter quarters at Torksey. The archaeological remains of the winter camp lie between the modern villages of Torksey and Marton east of the River Trent. Geophysical surveys and excavations revealed that the winter camp occupied a total area of roughly fifty-five hectares. Mark Blackburn was the first to conduct archaeological investigations of the site. A further project was developed from the 2011 investigations and was carried out between the British Museum in partnership with the University of York and with the support of the British Academy, Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Robert Kiln Trust. Archaeological data continues to be acquired via metal detecting and over one thousand items of Viking-Age metalwork have been discovered.

The now Grade I listed 16th-century Torksey Castle was destroyed in August 1645 during the English Civil War; its remains are on the river side of the dike which separates it from dry land.

Torksey Viaduct
Torksey Viaduct, a disused Grade II* listed railway bridge, has two 130 ft spans across the River Trent. It was built between 1847 and 1849 to carry the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (Clarborough Junction-Sykes Junction branch). It is of unusual design and is regarded as the first box girder bridge. It was designed by John Fowler, who had been influenced by Fairbairn and Stephenson's tubular bridges at Conwy and the Menai Straits. The tubular girder bridge was not initially accepted by the Board of Trade's inspector Lintorn Simmons; this decision (and also the basic premise that a bridge designed by a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers which had passed all practical tests could be rejected by a railway inspector because he was uncomfortable with its novel design) was criticised by the ICE: "The subject has been discussed in the Institution of Civil Engineers, and every eminent engineer was of the opinion that the Government inspector was clearly wrong". Threatened with a call for a parliamentary enquiry should approval continue to be withheld, the Railway Inspectorate reconsidered and approved the bridge un-modified. Subsequently, and consequently, the Board of Trade took the view that (as it explained in defending itself from criticism that the defects in the Tay Bridge should have been seen and acted upon by the Railway Inspectorate): "The duty of an inspecting officer, so far as regards design, is to see that the construction is not such as to transgress those rules and precautions which practice and experience have proved to be necessary for safety. If he were to go beyond this, or if he were to make himself responsible for every novel design, and if he were to attempt to introduce new rules and practices not accepted by the profession, he would be removing from the civil engineer, and taking upon himself a responsibility not committed to him by Parliament." Torksey bridge was strengthened in 1897 by adding a more conventional central truss above the deck rather than by strengthening the box.

The viaduct was closed to traffic on 2 November 1959, because of the cost of renovating it at a time when British Railways were under pressure to reduce costs, and passenger trains between Retford and Lincoln were diverted via Gainsborough.

The environmental charity Sustrans has carried out work on the viaduct in preparation for opening it as a walk/cycle-way. They obtained planning permission in 2015 for the paths, which Sustrans aimed to link as a walking and cycling route to connect the quiet roads east of Torksey with those west of Cottam, a village about 2 km to the west. In April 2016, the viaduct was opened to both cyclists and walkers.

title: Torksey


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Hakluyt Society

The Hakluyt Society is a text publication society, founded in 1846 and based in London, England, which publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. In addition to its publishing role, the Society organises and participates in meetings, symposia and conferences relating to the history of geographical exploration and cultural encounter. It is a registered charity and a non-profitmaking institution administered by a voluntary team of council members and officers. Membership is open to all with an interest in its aims.

The Society is named after Richard Hakluyt (1552–1616), a collector and editor of narratives of voyages and travels and other documents relating to English interests overseas.

Foundation

The Society was created at a meeting convened in the London Library, St James's Square, on 15 December 1846. Under the chairmanship of the geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, it established an eight-man steering group which included the geographer and historian William Desborough Cooley; the Army medical officer Andrew Smith; the naval officer and surveyor Sir Charles Malcolm; the antiquary Bolton Corney; the British Museum Principal Librarian Sir Henry Ellis; the physicist and mathematician William Rowan Hamilton, FRS; and John Edward Gray, Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum. Cooley had previously criticised the Royal Geographical Society for relying too heavily on contemporary materials in the solution of geographical problems, arguing that the scientific study of geography should involve a far wider analysis and appreciation of earlier sources. He took the major role during the Society's formative period, assisted by Corney and Smith, while Murchison occupied little more than a figurehead position.

Cooley had proposed that the society should be known as the "Columbus Society", but at the inaugural Council Meeting on 26 January 1847 it was decided that it be named in commemoration of Richard Hakluyt. Not only did Hakluyt's name as a recorder of voyages, rather than an explorer in his own right, better reflect the society's aims, but it also proclaimed its central ambition, which was to advance Hakluyt's work into the modern age. A resolution was adopted whereby the Society would print and circulate to its members, for a subscription of one guinea per annum, rare accounts of voyages, travels and geographical records dating from any period prior to William Dampier's circumnavigation (effectively before the end of the 17th century). Meetings were initially held in a room at the London Library, but in 1849 transferred to the offices of the Society's printer in St Martin's Lane, and from 1850 in Great Queen Street. From 1872 they were held at the Royal Geographical Society's premises, originally in Savile Row and subsequently in Kensington Gore.

A General Meeting on 4 March 1847 agreed a constitution and a list of works to be published. The Society was to be governed by a President (Murchison), two vice-presidents (Charles Malcolm and Revd H. H. Milman), a Secretary (Cooley) and 17 elected council members. The first year's Council included – in addition to the members of the original steering group – Charles Darwin, Charles Beke, Captain Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune and the scholar Richard Henry Major.

The Society attracted 220 members in its first two years. Its first publication, Bethune's Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins, appeared in December 1847; followed by Major's Select Letters of Christopher Columbus (printed 1847 but published in January 1848). Richard Hakluyt's Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America, which the Society had intended for its inaugural publication, was postponed until 1850. Meanwhile, Sir Robert Schomburgk's edition of Ralegh's voyage to Guiana had appeared (1849), together with Cooley's Sir Francis Drake his Voyage (1849), Thomas Rundall's Voyages towards the North-West, and Major's Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia. Early print-runs were relatively small – around 250 copies to satisfy the existing membership, with a few to spare – at a cost to the Society in the region of £50–60.

Later development
Murchison served as president until his death in 1871, although his position was largely honorary. He was succeeded by Sir David Dundas (1871–77), a lawyer and politician, and then by Sir Henry Yule (1877–89), an Oriental scholar and former East India Company soldier. Yule took a more direct interest in the editing of the society's publications than either Murchison or Dundas, and it was his decision that all future volumes should be indexed. R. H. Major, who had taken over as Secretary from Cooley in 1849, held the office until 1858 when his place was taken by the geographer, historian and expedition promoter Clements Markham. Markham served as Secretary 1858–87, and as President 1889–1909, and personally edited no fewer than 29 volumes. From 1893 he was assisted by William Foster, the East India Company historian and India Office archivist, who served as Secretary until 1902. The first permanent Treasurer, appointed in 1908, was Edward Heawood, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian: he remained in office for thirty-eight years.

In 1908, the final year of Markham's rule, the Society broke with tradition and published its first post-1700 text, Bolton Corney's Voyage of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez.

In 1909 Markham was succeeded as president by Sir Albert Gray, an ex-member of the Ceylon Civil Service. From this time onwards the Society began to extend its activity beyond that of publication. It supported the establishment of a memorial to Richard Hakluyt in Bristol Cathedral in 1911, and in 1914 Gray represented the Society on the British Academy Committee involved in organising the Shakespeare Tercentenary. The period also saw the emergence of women as editors and translators, notably Bertha Phillpotts, Lavinia Mary Anstey and Zelia Nuttall. Membership increased, largely on account of institutional subscriptions which by 1911 accounted for half of the 440 members. Sir William Foster, the former Secretary, served as President 1928–1945, and then as vice-president until his death in 1951. Foster's skill in annotating rubbed off on his editors and resulted in a period distinguished by considerable improvements in the quality of the Society's publications, together with a steady growth in membership to more than 2000. Foster was succeeded in 1945 by Edward Lynam, Superintendent of the Map Room at the British Museum (now the British Library) and the first of a line of post-war presidents whose terms of office were restricted to a period of five years. In the post-war period the Society's publication programme benefited from the labours of those of its voluntary officers who also took on editorial responsibilities, including R. A. Skelton, Eila Campbell, Terence Armstrong, Sarah Tyacke, Michael Brennan, Robin Law and Will Ryan.

Publications
The main activity of the Society is the publication of scholarly editions of primary sources on the voyages and travels undertaken by individuals in many parts of the globe. These include early accounts dealing with the geography, ethnology and natural history of the regions visited. The Society has to date published over 200 editions in some 350 volumes. All editions are published in English.

Although many of the Society's past editions relate to British ventures, with documentary sources in English, the majority concern non-British enterprises and are based on texts in languages other than English. Translations from Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French or Dutch have regularly appeared, and occasional translations from Russian, Greek, Latin, Amharic, Mandarin, Persian or Arabic. The translation in which the material is presented is normally a fresh version, but has sometimes been an earlier rendering, checked and corrected as necessary.

All editions contain scholarly annotation to elucidate the complexities of the text, and to place it in its wider historical context. Volumes are produced in a standard binding, and generally contain maps and contemporary illustrations.

Editions have dealt with the following explorers: Ibn Battuta, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Pedro Cieza de León, John Cabot, Christopher Columbus, Thomas Dallam, John Covel, Ferdinand Magellan, Cosmas Indicopleustes, James Cook, Vasco da Gama, Semyon Dezhnev, Francis Drake, Humphrey Gilbert, Jean-François de La Pérouse, Ludwig Leichhardt, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Ma Huan, Olaus Magnus, Arthur J. M. Jephson, Jens Munk, William of Rubruck, and George Vancouver.

The Society published 100 volumes in its First Series, from 1847 to 1899. The Second Series ran from 1899 to 1998, and accounted for 190 volumes. The Third Series, in a larger format, began in 1999, and by 2021 had reached 38 volumes. These included a 3-volume journal of The Malaspina Expedition, published in association with the Museo Naval de Madrid.

Currently, two volumes are published on average each year.

Extra Series
In addition to its regular series, the Society publishes a separate Extra Series, comprising books which are too expensive in their production to be freely distributed, but which are made available to members at reduced prices. Publications of this type first appeared in 1903–07 with C. R. Beazley's annotated extracts from Hakluyt, and the multi-volume MacLehose editions of Hakluyt's Principal Navigations and Purchas's Pilgrimes. These are now treated as volumes 1–33 of the Extra Series, although only a few sets of the MacLehose printings appeared in Hakluyt Society binding, and none carried the Extra Series imprint. The concept was revived and formally designated in the 1950s with the publication of the Journals of Captain James Cook (4 volumes, 1955–67, numbered as Extra Series vols 34–37), followed by other titles including the monumental Charts & Coastal Views of Captain Cook's Voyages (1988–92). The Extra Series had reached 47 volumes by the end of 2012.

Other activities
The Society's Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Annual Lecture were held at the Royal Geographical Society until 2011, since when they have been held at the University of Notre Dame, London Centre. In 2020 and 2021 the AGM was held online via Zoom. The Society's website hosts a discussion group, regional research guides to its published volumes and hosts the peer-reviewed Journal of the Hakluyt Society.

Logo
The Society's logo, which appears on the cover of all volumes, is a vignette of Ferdinand Magellan's ship, the Victoria.

Presidents

 * 1847–71: Sir Roderick Murchison
 * 1871–77: Sir David Dundas
 * 1877–89: Sir Henry Yule
 * 1889–1909 Sir Clements Markham
 * 1909–28: Sir Albert Gray
 * 1928–45: Sir William Foster
 * 1945–50: Edward Lynam
 * 1950–54: Malcolm Letts
 * 1955–59: Professor J. N. L. Baker
 * 1959–64: Sir Alan Burns
 * 1964–69: Sir Gilbert Laithwaite
 * 1969–72: C. F. Beckingham
 * 1972–78: Esmond S. de Beer
 * 1978–82: Glyndwr Williams
 * 1982–87: David Beers Quinn
 * 1987–92: Sir Harold Smedley
 * 1992–97: Professor Paul E. H. Hair
 * 1997–2002: Sarah Tyacke
 * 2002–08: Professor Roy Bridges
 * 2008–11: Professor Will Ryan
 * 2011–16: Captain Mike Barritt
 * 2016–21: Professor Jim Bennett
 * 2021–present: Gloria Clifton

American Friends of the Hakluyt Society
A sister organisation, the American Friends of the Hakluyt Society, was founded in 1996 at the John Carter Brown Library located on the campus of Brown University. The American Friends was founded in conjunction with the 150th anniversary celebration of the Hakluyt Society. The Rhode Island merchant John Carter Brown (1797–1874), was the first American to join the Society as a charter member in 1846. The American Friends of the Hakluyt Society exists as a non-profit corporation with objectives similar to those of the Hakluyt Society in London, but with a focus on the history of the Americas. The group promotes and helps provide financial support from the United States for the publication of scholarly editions of records of voyages, travels and other geographical material of the past.

title: Hakluyt Society


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GeForce 7 series

The GeForce 7 series is the seventh generation of Nvidia's GeForce line of graphics processing units. This was the last series available on AGP cards.

A slightly modified GeForce 7-based card (based on the 7800GTX) is present as the RSX Reality Synthesizer, which is present in the PlayStation 3.

Features
The following features are common to all models in the GeForce 7 series except the GeForce 7100, which lacks GCAA(Gamma Corrected Anti-Aliasing):
 * Intellisample 4.0
 * Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
 * TurboCache
 * Nvidia PureVideo

The GeForce 7 supports hardware acceleration for H.264, but this feature was not used on Windows by Adobe Flash Player until the GeForce 8 series.

GeForce 7100 series
The 7100 series was introduced on August 30, 2006 and is based on GeForce 6200 series architecture. This series supports only PCI Express interface. Only one model, the 7100 GS, is available.

The 7100 series supports all of the standard features common to the GeForce 7 series provided it is using the ForceWare 91.47 driver or later releases, though it lacks OpenCL/CUDA support, and its implementation of IntelliSample 4.0 lacks GCAA.
 * Features

The 7100 series does not support technologies such as high-dynamic-range rendering (HDR) and UltraShadow II.

GeForce 7100 GS
Although the 7300 LE was originally intended to be the "lowest budget" GPU from the GeForce 7 lineup, the 7100 GS has taken its place. As it is little more than a revamped version of the GeForce 6200TC, it is designed as a basic PCI-e solution for OEMs to use if the chipset does not have integrated video capabilities. It comes in a PCI Express Graphics Bus and up to 512MB DDR2 VRAM.

Performance specifications:
 * Graphics Bus: PCI Express
 * Memory Interface: 64-bits
 * Memory Bandwidth: 5.3 GB/s
 * Fill Rate: 1.4 billion pixel/s
 * Vertex/s: 263 million
 * Memory Type: DDR2 with TC

GeForce 7200 series
The 7200 series was introduced October 8, 2006 and is based on (G72) architecture. It is designed to offer a low-cost upgrade from integrated graphics solutions. This series supports only PCI Express interface. Only one model, the 7200 GS, is available.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7200 series supports the following features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine

However it is important to note that 7200 series does not support Scalable Link Interface (SLI).

GeForce 7200 GS
The 7200 GS has the same memory speed as the 7300 GS, and the core frequency is the same as the 7300 LE. It has two pixel pipelines. Nvidia stated that the 7200 GS performance is 50% higher than the latest integrated graphics, it's the slowest card of the GeForce 7 series and of the GeForce 6 Series but supports HDR and Nvidia PureVideo. NVIDIA GeForce 7200 GS desktop Graphics Processing Unit was launched in January 2006. The GPU uses Second Generation CineFX Shading architecture, and it is manufactured on 90 nm technological process. The card's graphics frequency is 450 MHz. It also has 2 pixel shaders, 4 texture units, together with 2 ROPs. The GeForce 7200 GS embeds 256 MB of DDR2 memory, utilizing 64 bit bus. The memory is clocked at 400 MHz, which results in 6.4 GB/s memory bandwidth. The GPU supports PCI Express 1.0 interface, and needs a single motherboard slot.

GeForce 7300 series
Nvidia designed the 7300 series to be entry level gaming video cards. Four models were available: the 7300 GT, the 7300 GS, the 7300 LE, and the 7300 SE.

This series was released to replace the older Geforce 6200 series.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7300 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine

GeForce 7300 SE
The 7300 SE uses the same core frequency and memory speed as the 7300 LE, and has two vertex and pixel shaders. In many ways, this card is actually inferior to the 7100 GS, although it still retains the HDR support.

GeForce 7300 LE
The 7300 LE (LE stands for light edition) is a scaled-down version of the 7300 GS. It has DDR2 memory, and a slightly lower core clock speed (450 MHz vs. 550 MHz). It is only available in the PCI Express interface. ASUS have produced a 7300 series card based on the 7300 LE core, running it at 580 MHz rather than 450 MHz.

GeForce 7300 GS
The 7300 GS the highest core clock speed of the 7300 series, thus it has better performance than the 7300 SE/LE.

GeForce 7300 GT
The 7300 GT has a 128-bit memory interface and the highest memory bandwidth, but slightly lower 3D vertex rendering.

GeForce 7500 series
The 7500 series was only available to OEMs.

GeForce 7500 LE (OEM)
The GeForce 7500 LE is an OEM GPU and is identical to the 7300 GS based on the G72 core. It has either 128 MB or 256 MB of dedicated video memory, however it also supports TurboCache, giving it up to 512 MB of video memory. It has DDR2 type memory and uses 64-bits memory interface. The card also has 550 MHz core clock speed and 263 MHz or 324 MHz memory clock speed (526 MHz or 648 MHz effective).

GeForce 7600 series
Nvidia announced immediate availability of the GeForce 7600 series on March 9, 2006. Two models were made available, which were the GeForce 7600 GT and 7600 GS. This series was available with AGP and PCI-Express interfaces, covering a wide range of market segments.

This series was released to replace the older GeForce 6600 series.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7600 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine
 * Extreme HD

GeForce 7600 GS
On March 22, 2006, Nvidia announced the immediate availability of the GeForce 7600 GS GPU targeted at the low-mid end. This new GPU assumed the place of the GeForce 6600 GT, which had been around for some time.

The AGP version was introduced on July 21, 2006. According to Nvidia, this card is identical to the PCI-e version other than the interface. In addition, the AGP version uses Nvidia's AGP-PCIe bridge chip.

Preliminary testing showed that the GeForce 7600 GS outperforms a GeForce 6600 GT and ATI's counterpart, the ATI Radeon X1600 Pro.

GeForce 7600 GT
The 7600 GT is the high-mid range product in the 7 Series family.

The 7600 GT contains all the features of the GeForce 7 family. It was made to provide a GeForce 7 series card to the mass market; some companies released AGP versions. It incorporates DDR3 memory.

GeForce 7650 series
Much like the 7500 series, the 7650 GS was only available to OEMs.

GeForce 7650 GS (OEM)
The GeForce 7650GS was limited to a few OEM cards only. Not much is known about this card, other than that it uses the 80 nm process and uses DDR2 memory, with examples having 256MB of DDR2 ram.

GeForce 7800 series
The 7800 series was designed to deliver exceptional performance and was targeted towards the high-end market segment. This series was discontinued and replaced with the 7900 series in early 2006.

A total of 4 models were available: GeForce 7800 GTX 512, GeForce 7800 GTX, GeForce 7800 GT, and GeForce 7800 GS.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7800 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine

GeForce 7800 GT
The GeForce 7800 GT is the second GPU in the series, launched on August 11, 2005 with immediate retail availability. It has 20 pixel pipelines, 7 vertex shaders, 16 ROPs and a 400 MHz core clock, 500 MHz memory clock (1 GHz effective) using GDDR3 memory.

The GeForce 7800 GT had been introduced as a more affordable alternative to the 7800 GTX. At the time it was considered the performance/cost champion of video cards.

GeForce 7800 GS AGP
On February 2, 2006, Nvidia announced the 7800 GS as the first AGP video card in the GeForce 7 series lineup, an AGP version of the high-end GeForce 7 series. This card was promoted by several hardware enthusiasts as "the last high-ended AGP card in existence". It has 16 pixel shader units instead of the 20 that the 7800 GT has, but still benefits from the optimizations of the other 7-series GPUs enjoy. Clock speeds are 375 MHz for the GPU and 1200 MHz for the (GDDR3) memory. According to all benchmark tests, the performance of this card is faster than the GeForce 6800 GT and GeForce 6800 Ultra. Different vendors may deviate from the stated specification. It serves to provide a great upgrade path for those with high-end AGP systems who don't want to switch to a new high-end PCI-Express system. There was a special "Golden Sample" release from Gainward that was called "7800 GS+" or officially "Bliss 7800 GS 512 MB GS+" that had default clock speeds of 450 MHz core and 1250 MHz memory. Unlike a standard 7800 GS, the 7800 GS+ actually used a 7900 GT GPU that had the full 24 pixel shaders instead of the regular 16 pixel shaders that are normally found on a 7800 GS video card.

Gainward had previously released a "Bliss 7800 GS 512MB GS" card that was based on a 7800 GT but utilized the AGP bus. Its external appearance and name make it nearly indistinguishable from the 7900 GT-based Bliss 7800 GS 512MB GS+. Leadtek produced a similar card with 256MB memory.

In late 2006 Gainward released a third '7800 GS' card with 20 pixel shaders running at 500 MHz core and 1400 MHz memory called the "BLISS GS-GLH". This card is also based on the 7900 GS core.

GeForce 7800 GTX
The GeForce 7800 GTX (codenamed G70, and previously NV47) was the first GPU in the series, launched on June 22, 2005 with immediate retail availability. The GeForce 7800 GTX supported the highest specification DirectX 9 vertex and pixel shaders, at the time: Version 3.0. It was natively a PCI Express chip. SLI support had been retained and improved from the previous generation.

According to PC World, the 7800 GTX was "one of the most complex processors ever designed". The GPU had 302 million transistors (the Athlon 64 X2 4800+ CPU has 233.2 million transistors), along with 24 pixel and 8 vertex shaders. It was succeeded by the 7900 GTX on March 9, 2006.

The PlayStation 3's Reality Synthesizer is based on the 256 MB model of the 7800 GTX, but with slight modifications.

GeForce 7800 GTX 512
The 512 MB version of the GeForce 7800 GTX was released on November 14, 2005. The card features more than simply an increased frame buffer from 256 MB to 512 MB. The card features a much improved core clock speed of 550 MHz vs. 430 MHz (27.9% increase) and fast 1.1 ns GDDR3 memory clocked at 1.7 GHz vs. 1.2 GHz (41.7% increase), when compared to the original version. Like ATI's X1800 XT, the addition of another 256 MB of memory, and to a lesser extent, the increased clock speeds, have raised the heat and power output significantly. To combat this, the GeForce 7800 GTX 512 sports a much larger yet quieter dual slot cooling solution when compared to the original 256 MB version.

GeForce 7900 series
Nvidia officially announced availability of the GeForce 7900 series on March 9, 2006.

Replacing the 7800 series, Nvidia's 7900 series was a product refresh and not a new generation of Nvidia's GPU, running at 650 MHz. Officially, this series was meant to support only PCI Express Interface but some companies released AGP versions.

A total of 5 models have been developed and are available: 7900 GX2, 7900 GTX, 7900 GT, 7900 GTO and 7900 GS.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7900 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine
 * Extreme HD

GeForce 7900 GS
Introduced during the fall of 2006, at a MSRP of US$199, the 7900 GS filled the gap between the mid-end GeForce 7600 GT and the high-end GeForce 7900 GT. The card was unofficially launched August 23 by woot! as a white box OEM. However, the product's company, MSI, made claims that these cards were stolen from MSI during transportation and sold to woot!. The referenced MSI customer notice has been changed to remove explicit references to woot!. As of March 2007, Nvidia had discontinued production of a number of GeForce 6 and 7 series products, including the 7900 GS.

The GeForce 7900 GS has 20 pixel processors, 7 vertex processors, 256-bits memory bus, and comes clocked at approximately 450 MHz/1320 MHz for core/memory, which should provide slightly lower performance than the 7900 GT. The GeForce 7900 GS is powered by the graphics chip code-named G71, thus, shares the same advantages as the G71 did over its immediate predecessor G70: dual-link DVI outputs, reduced power consumption, higher performance.

GeForce 7900 GT
This video card was released on March 9, 2006. Like the 7900 GTX, it uses the G71 GPU that is produced at 90 nm. It too offers all the features of the 7800 series as well as an attractive performance-to-price ratio.

GeForce 7900 GTX
The GeForce 7900 GTX is a 90 nm produced G70 (named G71) and features all the same features of the 7800 GTX but is built upon the smaller manufacturing process. Due to shortages of memory modules for the 512 MB GTX, more readily available 1600 MHz memory was used.

GeForce 7900 GTO
The 7900 GTO is a close cousin of the 7900 GTX. The GTO first arrived at a handful of retailers around October 1, 2006. At the time of launch, GTO boards sold for around US$250, compared to the 7900 GTX boards that cost in excess of $400 at the time. The GTO was essentially identical to the GTX, with the exception that it lacked HDCP and VIVO support, had underclocked memory running at 1320 MHz, and used tighter memory timings. Other than that, the two boards were identical: same PCB, same cooler, same GPU. The GTO used extremely fast 1.1ns Samsung BJ11 GDDR3 memory running at 1.8V, as opposed to the 2.1V it is rated at. Clock speeds on the two cards are identical, at 650 MHz. At stock memory speeds, most comparisons found the GTO to lag behind the GTX by roughly a 5-10% margin.

The majority of owners find that their GTO will overclock to 1600 MHz memory speeds, despite the under-volted RAM. Many flash their GTO to a GTX BIOS to officially make it a GTX. GTO owners having trouble reaching GTX speeds with BIOS version 5.71.22.39.13 or newer are advised to simply flash to an older BIOS version such as 5.71.22.39.08, this seems to solve overclocking problems for most users.

The GTO was an extremely popular card among enthusiasts as it offered near GTX performance at a considerably lower price. It was a limited production card aimed at cleaning out G70 inventories before the release of the G80, and only spent about a month in retail channels before selling out.

GeForce 7900 GX2
The GeForce 7900 GX2 is two videocards stacked to fit as a dual slot solution. This is not like products such as the ASUS Dual GeForce 7800 GT or nVidia's own 7950 GX2, where two GPUs are on the same card. This enables quad-SLI on two PCI Express x16 slots. Other OEM companies have access to the GX2 and it is available from numerous vendors.

The card features a 500 MHz GPU and 1200 MHz effective RAM speed. Although the power of the GX2 is less than the 7900 GTX, each card is more powerful than the 7900 GT.

Many issues in this implementation of a dual-GPU unit convinced Nvidia to restrict its sale to OEM companies. The card is extremely long, with only the largest e-ATX cases being able to hold it. Two of the cards operating in quad-SLI also required extremely well designed airflow to function, and demanded a 1000 watt power supply unit.

GeForce 7950 series
GeForce 7950 Series is the last addition in the GeForce 7 series. Officially, this series was meant to support only PCI Express Interface but some companies released AGP versions.

Two models are available: 7950 GT and 7950 GX2.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the 7950 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine
 * Extreme HD

GeForce 7950 GT
On September 14, 2006 Nvidia released the 7950GT. Announced with a 550 MHz core clock, 700 MHz (1400 MHz effective) memory clock, 24 pixel shader units, standard configurations come equipped with both 512 MB GDDR3 memory and HDCP support. At an introductory price of US$300, the GeForce 7950 GT replaces the older GeForce 7900 GT and improves performance: the GeForce 7950 GT has a fillrate of 13,200 Megatexels/s and a memory bandwidth of 44.8 GB/s (versus 10800 Megatexels/s and 940 Megavertices/s for the 7900 GT).

GeForce 7950 GX2
This is essentially a dual-GPU video card that takes up only a single PCIe x16 slot, allowing for 4 GPUs to run with only two PCIe x16 slots, in standard SLI motherboards. Unlike the 7900 GX2 before it, this version is available to consumers directly.

The 7950 GX2 was released to retail on June 5, 2006, and shares similar specs to the GeForce 7900 GX2, with 500 MHz GPU clock, and 1200 MHz effective RAM speed. 512 MB of memory per GPU, for a total of 1 GB, however total performance is more in line with 512 MB since each GPU can only access its own memory and not the memory of the other one. It does not offer any advantages over single-GPU cards with 512 MB, memory wise.

This card is designed for the DIY market; it addresses many problems which the previous 7900 GX2 had suffered from, such as noise, size, power consumption, and price. The 7950 GX2 requires only a single PCIe power connector, in contrast to the twin-connectors of its predecessor; technically, this is understandable, as there is no need for a ring bus configuration – frames need only be passed on to the primary GPU. It is much shorter, fitting easily in the same space as a 7900 GTX. Lesser board layout and the removal of cooling vents on the bracket have greatly reduced temperatures, allowing the fans to run at a lower speed, thereby lowering noise. As of September 2006, the board can be found for $299, half the cost of a 7900 GX2.

According to some review sites (such as Tom's Hardware - see above), a single 7950GX2 draws less power than a single ATI Radeon X1900 XT – some consider this an amazing feat considering the GX2 employs a pair of GPUs, when the Radeon uses only one. Other review sites say that a GX2 is quieter than the aforementioned Radeon, despite the GX2 boasting a pair of identical GPU coolers – however 'loudness' is highly subjective without the proper tools and testing conditions. If true, this would make a pair of GX2 cards cooler, quieter, and less power hungry than a pair of X1900 XT cards in CrossFire. However, there is no appreciable performance gain from pairing two 7950 GX2 cards in most applications, while dual X1900 XT configurations see large performance boosts in CrossFire mode.

On August 9, 2006, Nvidia released initial ForceWare 91.45 drivers for Windows 2000 and XP that support Quad SLI. The Quad SLI support was soon merged in with the normal WHQL driver package, when ForceWare 91.47 drivers was released on October 16, 2006.

GeForce Go 7 series
Nvidia has not only targeted the desktop market but also the notebook market with the GeForce 7 series.

In addition to the standard GeForce 7 series features, the GeForce Go 7 series supports following advanced features:
 * Features
 * Extreme HD
 * PowerMizer Mobile
 * MXM Graphics Module
 * High dynamic range rendering
 * UltraShadow II
 * CineFX 4.0 Engine
 * Nvidia PureVideo HD

 * The GeForce Go 7 GPU series line-up:

The GeForce Go 7 GPU series line-up consists of following models:

 * GeForce Go 7950
 * GeForce Go 7900
 * GeForce Go 7800
 * GeForce Go 7700
 * GeForce Go 7600
 * GeForce Go 7400
 * GeForce Go 7300
 * GeForce Go 7200
 * GeForce 7150M / nForce 630M
 * GeForce 7000M / nForce 610M

Discontinued support
Nvidia has ceased driver support for GeForce 7 series. The GeForce 7 series is the last to support the Windows 2000 operating system. The successor GeForce 8 series only supports Windows XP and later (the Windows 8 drivers also support Windows 10).

 * Windows 2000: 94.24 released on May 17, 2006; Download
 * Windows XP 32-bit & Media Center Edition: 307.83 released on February 25, 2013; Download
 * Windows XP 64-bit: 307.83 released on February 25, 2013; Download
 * Windows Vista, 7 & 8 32-bit: 309.08 released on February 24, 2015; Download
 * Windows Vista, 7 & 8 64-bit: 309.08 released on February 24, 2015; Download

title: GeForce 7 series


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Aber

Aber may refer to:

Places

 * Aber and Inver (placename elements)
 * Aber, Ceredigion
 * Abergwyngregyn, popularly known by the short form "Aber"
 * Aberystwyth, popularly known by the short form "Aber"
 * Aber Village, Powys, Wales
 * Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, Wales

Transport

 * Aber railway station, on the Rhymney Line serving the town of Caerphilly, south Wales, United Kingdom
 * Aber railway station (Gwynedd), disused railway station on the North Wales Coast Line in Caernarfonshire, Wales, United Kingdom

Other uses

 * Aber (name), a given name and surname
 * Aberystwyth University, sometimes colloquially known as "Aber"
 * Dominion Diamond Mines, a Canadian diamond mining company, formerly known as Aber

title: Aber


text:
User talk:Jericho3213

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Lectonar 12:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jericho3213


text:
Tristão Vaz Teixeira

Tristão Vaz Teixeira (c. 1395–1480) was a Portuguese navigator and explorer who, together with João Gonçalves Zarco and Bartolomeu Perestrelo, was the official discoverer and one of the first settlers of the archipelago of Madeira (1419–1420).

Biography
He was born Tristão Vaz, adding the name Teixeira after his marriage with Branca Teixeira.

Tristão was a nobleman of Prince Henry the Navigator's House, taking part in the conquest of Ceuta. Around 1418, while exploring the coast of Africa, he and João Gonçalves Zarco were taken off course by bad weather, and came upon an island which they called Porto Santo (Holy Harbor). Shortly after, they were ordered by Prince Henry to settle the island, together with Bartolomeu Perestrelo. Following a rabbit outbreak that made it difficult to grow crops, they moved to the nearby island of Madeira. It proved to be hospitable and cultivable, so Prince Henry sent for more settlers to colonize the island. The governance of Madeira was divided between Zarco and Tristão, who were appointed Captain-majors (capitães-donatários) of Funchal and Machico, respectively. Tristão was officially designated to the post on 11 May 1440.

Tristão Vaz took part in further raids and explorations along the coast of Africa throughout his life. He died at Silves,he was 85 years.

title: Tristão Vaz Teixeira