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Workfare

Workfare is a governmental plan under which welfare recipients are required to accept public-service jobs or to participate in job training. Many countries around the world have adopted workfare (sometimes implemented as "work-first" policies) to reduce poverty among able-bodied adults; however, their approaches to execution vary. The United States and United Kingdom are two countries utilizing workfare, albeit with different backgrounds.

Background
Workfare was first introduced by civil rights leader James Charles Evers in 1968; however, it was popularized by Richard Nixon in a televised speech August 1969. An early model of workfare had been pioneered in 1961 by Joseph Mitchell in Newburgh, New York. Traditional welfare benefits systems are usually awarded based on certain conditions, such as searching for work, or based on meeting criteria that would position the recipient as unavailable to seek employment or be employed. Under workfare, recipients have to meet certain participation requirements to continue to receive their welfare benefits. These requirements are often a combination of activities that are intended to improve the recipient's job prospects (such as training, rehabilitation, and work experience) and those designated as contributing to society (such as unpaid or low-paid work). These programs, now common in Australia (known as "mutual obligation"), Canada, and the United Kingdom, have generated considerable debate and controversy. In the Netherlands workfare is known as Work First, based on the Wisconsin Works program from the United States.

Role of the welfare state
Workfare approaches to welfare are examples of Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) that differ based on country, welfare state, and time period. Active labor market policies are utilized to counteract capitalistic market failure that prevent full employment in an economy. Four types of active labor market policies are incentive reinforcement, employment assistance, maintaining occupation, and human (social) capital investment. Workfare/work-first approaches have been identified as more coercive forms of welfare to work regimes. The US and the UK are both examples of liberal welfare regimes that prioritize the market's role in mitigating poverty, hence adopting workfare.

There are two main types of workfare scheme: those that encourage direct employment to get individuals off the welfare roll and directly into the workforce, and those that are intended to increase human capital by providing training and education to those currently in the welfare system.

In less developed countries, similar schemes are designed to alleviate rural poverty among day-labourers by providing state-subsidised temporary work during those periods of the year when little agricultural work is available. For example, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in India offers 100 days' paid employment per year for those eligible, rather than unemployment benefits on the Western model. However, a workfare model typically not only focuses on provision of social protection through a wage-income transfer, but also supports workers to get into work.

Goals
The purported main goal of workfare is to generate a "net contribution" to society from welfare recipients. Most commonly, it means getting unemployed people into paid work, reducing or eliminating welfare payments to them and creating an income that generates taxes. Workfare participants may retain certain employee rights throughout the process, however, often workfare programs are determined to be "outside employment relationships" and therefore the rights of beneficiaries can be different.

Some workfare systems also aim to derive a contribution from welfare recipients by more direct means. Such systems obligate unemployed people to undertake work that is considered beneficial to their community.

United States
The history of workfare in the United States dates back to before the American Revolution, during which land grants and military pensions were distributed sub-nationally and based on means-testing. The disbursement of the "first" social benefits set precedents for the development of the US welfare state. In the early days of the United States, most Americans were deeply connected to the Protestant religion that favored literacy and hard work. Therefore, education was promoted and poor relief/cash assistance was discouraged in addressing poverty. In addition, the United States never had a history of feudalism to leave a residue of distinct social classes. Feudalism discouraged education to preserve social order; instead the United States immediately embraced capitalism, an economic system in full support of public education. As such, the United States from its early beginnings placed greater importance on education to decrease poverty.

This history gave rise to colonial poor relief methodology that supported work, as a means of increasing self-reliance. Impoverished and destitute community members were forced into labor at poorhouses and workhouses to enable individuals to provide for themselves while completing a task for the community. Workhouses were designed for the "unworthy" poor, or those who were unemployed but able to work. During this time, women were disproportionately found in workhouses, as they were unable to own property or run a household after a man had abandoned her or died. People of color were unable to receive any poor relief at all. This "deservingness" discrepancy impacting women and people of color set the stage for disproportionate assistance to date. Poorhouses and workhouses existed as a main method of poor relief through the 19th century, particularly growing in popularity as immigration increased in the United States and leading to the narrative that poverty equates to laziness.

Throughout the 20th century, narratives about laziness morphed into stereotypes such as the welfare queen that aimed to paint black, single mothers as abusers of the welfare system. This stereotype claimed that black mothers supposedly refused to get jobs, had numerous children, and lived exclusively off of taxpayer dollars. While applying only to a small percentage of the population, rhetoric such as this laid the groundwork for welfare reform in the 90s.

In 1996, President Bill Clinton and the Republican Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (also known as welfare reform), which created Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), shortened welfare stays, and mandated intensive job training and work requirements for individuals in need of assistance. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act mandated work requirements after two years of assistance, instituted a five-year limit, created state controlled funding, rewarded work with performance bonuses, and required participation in paid or unpaid work. Welfare reform made workfare the official social welfare ideology of the United States. The effort to decrease the number of people on the welfare roll was successful, although some argue that this did not translate to a decrease in poverty.

The criticism related to workfare in the United States is most notably about the tight restrictions and opportunities for low-skilled workers. Loic Wacquant theorizes that the United States and other Western, liberal states have shifted towards more punitive governance under the guise of neoliberalism. Supplemented by welfare reform and the 1994 Crime Bill, he argues that workfare has shrunk (via stricter restrictions) and prisonfare has expanded, ultimately locking the same vulnerable population in a vicious cycle in which low wage work, decreased benefits, and low social mobility lead to increased crime and punishment. He also argues that the institutional racism inherent in the United States has led to the underdevelopment of public aid.

In all welfare states, there is a constant need to address inclusion and exclusion (i.e., who Is able to access policies and who is not). Race discrimination has placed a central role in this struggle, particularly in the United States as a diverse nation. Typically, people of color have struggled entering the workforce due to narratives related to high crime and low-skilled levels. This discrimination is a leading cause for the higher rates of poverty of people of color in the United States. Jeff Manza argues that people of color, particularly African Americans, are more likely to utilize social benefits because they are more likely to be poor. Since workfare decreases the emphasis on education and increases the emphasis on work, scholars like Manza assert that work-first policies trap people of color in a cycle of low-wage work and poverty.

Gender inequality arises in workfare as well, particularly related to equal pay and dependent care work. Welfare states can adopt different models related to the main breadwinner: male-breadwinner model, dual breadwinner model, or dual-earner-dual carer model. Workfare in the United States is focused on the financial self-reliance of families through work, and tends to lean towards a male-breadwinner model. A male-breadwinner model assumes that men participate in the labor market and women complete domestic and caregiving tasks unpaid. Welfare policies designed and structured based on the assumption and support of marriage significantly disadvantage single mothers. For example, in some states, work-first policies may not consider the childcare responsibilities of women receiving benefits when requiring them to participate in workfare. Single mothers are 33% more likely than married parents to be in poverty in the United States also in part due to the stagnant minimum wage and gender pay gap.

Support
Canada ran the experimental Self-Sufficiency Project, a "generous" income supplement to welfare recipients who found work. 1998 research saw significant increases in employment rates and hours worked over the control group (who did not benefit from the project). Though later research suggested that the control group was on trend to catch-up with the recipients in the long-run.

A 2001 review of a range of welfare programs concluded that earnings supplements are an effective policy to increase employment and earnings.

Criticism
In the UK, critics point out that the type of work offered by workfare providers is generally unskilled and is comparable to community work carried out by criminal offenders being punished on community service schemes.

Workfare has also been criticised as forced labour, as those placed under workfare who do not work for who they are assigned to risk benefit sanctions and starvation from a loss of benefits needed to survive.

A 2008 report by the UK's DWP on US, Canadian, and Australian workfare schemes suggested against their effectiveness. It found little evidence that workfare majorly reduced the number of claimants, or increased the likelihood of finding work. Rather it pushes participants to stop claiming before even getting work, leaving them with no income. However, the report notes there was a limited pool of evidence.

title: Workfare


text: Category:School districts in Minnesota

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:School districts in Minnesota


text:
User:Flatbush

Waw waw waw!

title: User:Flatbush


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User talk:Flatbush

The thing that is... Isn't if it weren't so. Bleedat!

title: User talk:Flatbush


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Inner Circle (band)

Inner Circle, also known as The Inner Circle Band or The Bad Boys of Reggae, are a Jamaican reggae band formed in Kingston in 1968. The band first backed The Chosen Few in the early 1970s before joining with successful solo artist Jacob Miller and releasing a string of records. This era of the band ended with Miller's death in a car crash in 1980.

The group reformed in 1986. During this period, they released several international hit singles, including "Sweat (A La La La La Long)" and "Bad Boys", the theme from the American television show COPS. The group continued to record and tour thereafter.

Brothers Ian and Roger Lewis have remained the group's consistent members, playing bass and guitar, respectively. Other long-term members include keyboardist Bernard "Touter" Harvey, a member since 1973, and drummer Lancelot Hall, who joined during their 1986 reformation. The band's lineup is completed by singer Trevor "Skatta" Bonnick and lead guitarist Andre Philips.

Early history (1968–1974)
Inner Circle was formed in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1968, by the brothers Ian Lewis and Roger Lewis with then 12-year-old Stephen "Cat" Coore and Michael Cooper. They appeared on record in 1970, backing The Chosen Few on the Derrick Harriott-produced single "Why Can't I Touch You", with the Inner Circle Band credited with the instrumental version on the B-side. This was one of several singles on which they backed the Chosen Few. In 1970 the band was expanded when they were joined by drummer William Stewart, percussionist Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett, and singer William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke. The band played on Eric Donaldson's hit single "Cherry Oh Baby" and recorded their own version as "Red Cherry".

Jarrett left the band in 1972, with singer Clarke leaving the following year when he moved to New York. Clarke's replacement was Milton "Prilly" Hamilton, but this line-up was short-lived as the band split in two with Coore, Cooper, and Hamilton leaving to form Third World in 1973. Coore and Cooper were then students of the University of the West Indies, studying for various degrees and were soon joined in Third World by fellow Inner Circle departees Clarke and Jarrett. Meanwhile, Inner Circle re-tooled the lineup by recruiting keyboard players Charles Farquharson and Bernard Harvey (aka "Touter"), as well as drummer Calvin McKenzie as a replacement for Stewart (who would also go on to play with Third World). The band played the hotel and club circuit in Kingston, playing a mixture of reggae, pop and soul hits, and released their first album, Dread Reggae Hits, in 1973 on Ian Lewis's Top Ranking label.

The Jacob Miller years
After recording with singer Funky Brown, they recruited Jacob Miller as a permanent vocalist (although he continued to record as a solo artist), and had a hit single with a version of The Stylistics' "You Make Me Feel Brand New". Some of Miller's work with the band was credited to Miller alone, including the "Tenement Yard" single. The band was signed by Capitol Records, who issued the albums Reggae Thing (1976) and Ready for the World (1977). They toured the United States with American guitarist, Ed Elizalde. In 1978 they moved on to Island Records who released the Everything Is Great album in 1978, which included the UK hit singles "Everything Is Great" and "Stop Breaking My Heart", and New Age Music the following year. The band was joined by New York session guitarist Joe Ortiz, dubbed 'Gitzy' by the band; who added the first touches of hard rock, jazz, and blues to the group and to Reggae in general. Ortiz recorded at Compass Point Studios for the Everything Is Great album on Island Records, and later joined the group for their European tour in 1978–1980. He was also the lead guitarist on the title track 'New Age Music' on the album of the same name. Lester Adderley joined the group for the New Age Music album on guitar. Also released in the late 1970s were two dub albums based on Miller's solo albums Killer Miller and Wanted but credited to Inner Circle. The band gained further exposure via their performance in the film Rockers, playing a hotel house band. At his peak in the 1970s, only Bob Marley was more popular in Jamaica than Miller, and as a live act, nobody equalled their popularity.

Miller's death in a car crash on 23 March 1980 led the band to split up, with the Lewis Brothers and Touter Harvey moving to Miami, where they opened a studio in a warehouse, later opening their own Circle House recording studio, and the band has been based in Miami since then. After Miller's death in 1980, the band had one more American tour, inviting Norman Grant from the Twinkle Brothers for vocals.

Reformation and US success
In 1981, with Bay Area lead guitarist, Mark Castro, they recorded the album Something So Good. Due to the loss of Jacob Miller, the members asked Mark Castro to help them find a new vocalist. Mark brought Rick Hunt to the band. "Something So Good" includes the memorable signature lead guitar solos that only Mark Castro can produce, especially When a Man Loves a Woman and World 2000."Something So Good" was released in 1982. They reformed in 1986 with the Lewis Brothers and Harvey joined by singer Calton Coffie and drummer Lancelot Hall, and this line-up released the Black Roses album (released in 1986 on RAS Records). The band's next album, One Way in 1987, included one of their biggest hits, "Bad Boys", which was re-recorded for their 1989 album Identified and became the theme music for the Fox TV series Cops that year. California guitarist Dave Gonzales, by Mark Castro's recommendation, joined the band for a tour in 1989. "Bad Boys" was reissued as a single in 1990 and charted in several countries in Europe, but it was its 1993 re-release in the United States that achieved the greatest success. The 1992 album Bad to the Bone was picked up by Atlantic Records and reissued as Bad Boys in 1993 to capitalize on the success of the single. It sold more than half a million copies in the United States and more than four million worldwide. The band received a Grammy Award in 1993 for 'Best Reggae Album by Duo or Group' for Bad Boys and the album also spawned the international hit single "Sweat (A La La La La Long)", which was a #3 hit in the UK Singles Chart and topped the chart in 10 countries, selling over a million copies in Europe, while "Bad Boys" peaked at #52. It was their second (and last) American hit, reaching #16 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Bad Boys" was used in the 1995 film of the same name starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence and its sequels Bad Boys II and Bad Boys for Life, and a ringtone based on the song was on the Billboard Hot Ringtones Chart for over 110 weeks. They received a second Grammy nomination in 1994 for the album Reggae Dancer, which included a cover of Joe South's "Games People Play" which was released as a single.

Coffie left in the mid-1990s to pursue a solo career, and they were joined in 1994 by Kris Bentley who made his album debut on Da Bomb (1997), released on the band's own Soundbwoy Entertainment label. In 1999 they released the album Jamaika Me Crazy on their own Eureka label. The 2000 album Big Tings featured guest appearances from Mr Vegas, Beenie Man, Luciano, Anthony B, and Glen Washington. In 2008, Jr. Jazz took over as lead vocalist.

As well as running the Circle Sound studio, the band members also run the Circle Sound production company.

The band's 2009 album State of Da World featured contributions from an array of reggae stars including Luciano, Damian Marley, Stephen Marley, Junior Reid, Mutabaruka, Bushman, David Hinds of Steel Pulse, and members of Slightly Stoopid.

In 2012, the band launched the 'Saving The Reggae Music' campaign with the aim of promoting traditional reggae music over the increasingly US-influenced music coming out of Jamaica.

The band's 2012 album Dubets featured collaborations with Peetah Morgan, Ken Boothe, Marcia Griffiths, Glen Washington, Ali Campbell of UB40, Gramps Morgan, A.J. Brown, and Marty Dread. The group went on to record with several younger singers and deejays, including Damian Marley, I-Octane, Khago, and Chronixx, with whom they recorded an updated version of "Tenement Yard".

In 2019 it was announced that Ian and Roger Lewis, and Jacob Miller would receive the Order of Distinction from the Jamaican government.

Members

 * Current members
 * Ian Lewis (born 1 November 1953) – bass, vocals (1968–1980, 1981–1982, 1986–present)
 * Roger Lewis (born 29 June 1951) – guitar, vocals (1968–1980, 1981–1982, 1986–present)
 * Bernard "Touter" Harvey (born 25 October 1955) – keyboards, vocals (1973–1980, 1981–1982, 1986–present)
 * Lancelot Hall (born 7 February 1960) – drums (1986–present)
 * Trevor "Skatta" Bonnick – vocals (2013–present)
 * Andre Phillips – guitar (2017–present)

 * Former members
 * Michael "Ibo" Cooper – keyboards (1968–1973; died 2023)
 * Stephen "Cat" Coore – guitar (1968–1973)
 * William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke – vocals (1970–1973; died 2014)
 * William Stewart – drums (1970–1973)
 * Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett – percussion (1970–1972; died 2018)
 * Milton "Prilly" Hamilton – vocals (1973)
 * Charles Farquharson – keyboards (1973–1980, 1981–1982)
 * Calvin McKenzie – drums (1973–1980, 1981–1982)
 * Funky Brown – vocals (1973–1974)
 * Jacob Miller – vocals (1974–1980; his death)
 * Ed Elizalde – guitar (1977–1978)
 * Joe Ortiz – guitar (1978–1980)
 * Lester Adderley – guitar (1979–1980)
 * Norman Grant – vocals (1980)
 * Mark Castro – guitar (1981–1982)
 * Rick Hunt – vocals (1981–1982)
 * Anthony "Junior" Douglas – drums/background vocals (1981–1982)
 * Calton Coffie – vocals (1986–1994)
 * Dave Gonzales – guitar (1989)
 * Kris Bentley – vocals (1994–2008)
 * Jr. Jazz – vocals, guitar (2008–2011)
 * Michael Sterling – guitar, vocals (2013–2017)

Discography

 * Dread Reggay Hits (1973)
 * Heavy Reggae (1974)
 * Reggae Thing (1976)
 * Barry Biggs and the Inner Circle (1977) (with Barry Biggs)
 * Ready for the World (1977)
 * Everything is Great (1979)
 * New Age Music (1980)
 * Something So Good (1982)
 * One Way (1987)
 * Identified (1989)
 * Black Roses (1990)
 * Bad to the Bone (1992)
 * Reggae Dancer (1994)
 * Da Bomb Speak My Language (1996)
 * Jamaika Me Crazy (1998)
 * State of Da World (2009)

title: Inner Circle (band)


text:
Coleen Gray

Coleen Gray (born Doris Jensen; October 23, 1922 – August 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her roles in the films Nightmare Alley (1947), Red River (1948), and Stanley Kubrick's The Killing (1956).

Early years
Born to Danish parents in Staplehurst, Nebraska, Gray grew up on a farm. After graduating from Hutchinson High School as Doris Jensen, she studied art, literature, and music at Hamline University, and graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts. She travelled to California, and worked as a waitress in a restaurant in La Jolla. After several weeks there, she moved to Los Angeles and enrolled at UCLA. She also worked in the school's library and at a YWCA while a student.

Stage
She had leading roles in the Los Angeles stage productions Letters to Lucerne and Brief Music, which won her a 20th Century Fox contract in 1944.

Film appearances
After playing a bit part in State Fair (1945), she became pregnant and briefly stopped working, only to return a year later as the love interest of the character played by John Wayne in Red River (1948), which was shot in 1946 but held for release until 1948. Gray appeared in two 1947 films noir: in Kiss of Death as Victor Mature's ex-con character's wife and Richard Widmark's character's target; and in Nightmare Alley as Tyrone Power's character's carnival performer wife, "Electra." In 1947, Gray used her musical abilities as she sang her part live while filming (rather than having her voice dubbed) opposite Bing Crosby in Riding High, directed by Frank Capra. Riding High was not a success and Fox ended her contract in 1950.

Gray worked steadily in the 1950s, but mostly in smaller movies. She played a crooked nurse in The Sleeping City (1950) and appeared in Kansas City Confidential (1952) and in the Stanley Kubrick film noir The Killing (1956), in which she plays the loyal girlfriend of criminal Sterling Hayden. In the 1953 Western The Vanquished, she played a woman who attacks Jan Sterling's character with a pair of scissors in a crazed attempt to exonerate the man she loves (John Payne). Other films included Father Is a Bachelor (1950), The Leech Woman (1960), The Phantom Planet (1961), and P.J. (1968).

Gray appeared in The Late Liz (1971), and acted in the films Forgotten Lady (1977), and Mother (1978) with Patsy Ruth Miller. Mother had a premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Both Mother and Forgotten Lady were written for Gray by Brian Pinette, who also served as director and producer. She appeared in the religious film Cry From the Mountain (1986, in the USA), directed by James F. Collier.

Television
From the 1950s, Gray guest-starred in episodes of television series such as Four Star Playhouse, Maverick, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Perry Mason, Mr. Ed, Tales of Wells Fargo in 1960 in the episode "The Journey" as Sandra Morton, Rawhide in 1962 in the episode "The Devil and the Deep Blue" as Helen Wade, 77 Sunset Strip, Bonanza, The Deputy, Have Gun Will Travel, The Dakotas, Family Affair, Ironside, Lawman, The Name of the Game, Branded, and Tales from the Darkside. On May 23, 1962, she was cast as Miss Wycliffe in the series finale, "A Job for Summer", of the CBS comedy/drama series, Window on Main Street, starring Robert Young as a widowed author in his hometown. She made four guest appearances on Perry Mason, including the title role of defendant Lorraine Kendall in the 1960 episode, "The Case of the Wandering Widow." Gray was a regular on the daytime dramas Bright Promise and Days of Our Lives.

Personal life
Gray married Rod Amateau, a screenwriter, on August 10, 1945; they divorced on February 11, 1949, and had one daughter, Susan. Gray's second husband was William Clymer Bidlack, an aviation executive. They were married from July 14, 1953, until his death in 1978. The union produced a son, Bruce Robin Bidlack.

In 1979, Gray married widowed Biblical scholar Joseph Fritz Zeiser; they remained together until his death in March 2012. They worked together in Presbyterian causes and the non-profit organization, Prison Fellowship, founded in 1976 by Chuck Colson.

Gray was a Republican and supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election. That same year, along with actors Victor Jory and Susan Seaforth, she testified before the United States Congress as part of "Project Prayer", arguing in favor of a constitutional amendment allowing school prayer.

Gray, at age 92, died of natural causes in her Bel Air home in Los Angeles on August 3, 2015.

She was cremated at Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery and her ashes given to her stepson, Rick Zeiser. Her memorial service was held at the Bel Air Presbyterian Church where she, and her third husband, Joseph Fritz Zeiser, had been active members.

Public service
Gray was a member of the board of directors at her alma mater, Hamline University. She was also active within the following organizations: WAIF, the child adoption organization as president, The March of Dimes, American Cancer Society, American Red Cross, American Mental Health Association, Los Angeles Epilepsy Society, Junior Blind, The Bel-Air Republican Women's Group, and the Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of the United States of America.

Complete filmography

 * State Fair (1945) - Girl with Pappy (uncredited)
 * Three Little Girls in Blue (1946) - Girl at the Beach (uncredited)
 * The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) (scenes cut)
 * Kiss of Death (1947) - Nettie
 * Nightmare Alley (1947) - Molly
 * Fury at Furnace Creek (1948) - Molly Baxter
 * Red River (1948) - Fen
 * Sand (1949) - Joan Hartley
 * Father Is a Bachelor (1950) - Prudence Millett
 * Riding High (1950) - Alice Higgins
 * The Sleeping City (1950) - Ann Sebastian
 * I'll Get You for This (1951) - Kay Wonderly
 * Apache Drums (1951) - Sally
 * Models Inc. (1952) - Rusty Faraday
 * Kansas City Confidential (1952) - Helen Foster
 * The Vanquished (1953) - Jane Colfax
 * Sabre Jet (1953) - Mrs. Gil Manton, aka Jane Carter
 * The Fake (1953) - Mary Mason
 * Arrow In the Dust (1954) - Christella Burke
 * Las Vegas Shakedown (1955) - Julie Rae
 * Tennessee's Partner (1955) - Goldie Slater, w/Ronald Reagan
 * The Twinkle in God's Eye (1955) - Laura
 * The Wild Dakotas (1956) - Sue "Lucky" Duneen
 * Star in the Dust (1956) - Nellie Mason
 * The Killing (1956) - Fay
 * Frontier Gambler (1956) - Sylvia "The Princess" Melbourne
 * Death of a Scoundrel (1956) - Mrs. Edith Van Renasslear
 * The Black Whip (1956) - Jeannie
 * Destination 60,000 (1957) - Mary Ellen
 * The Vampire (1957) - Carol Butler
 * Copper Sky (1957) - Nora Hayes
 * Hell's Five Hours (1958) - Nancy Brand
 * Johnny Rocco (1958) - Lois Mayfield
 * The Leech Woman (1960) - June Talbot
 * The Phantom Planet (1961) - Liara
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962) (Season 7 Episode 33: "The Opportunity") - Mrs. Lois Callen
 * Town Tamer (1965) - Carol Rosser
 * The Virginian (1965) - Mrs Marsh
 * P.J. (1968) - Betty Orbison
 * The Late Liz (1971) - Sue Webb
 * Ellery Queen: Don't Look Behind You (1971, TV Movie) - Mrs. Cazalis
 * Mother (1978) - Angela Harding
 * The Best Place to Be (1979, TV Movie) - Dottie Parker
 * Cry From the Mountain (1985) - Marian Rissman

title: Coleen Gray


text:
The Wiseguys

The Wiseguys were a British electronic duo active in the mid to late 1990s. They produced the song "Start the Commotion", which was featured in a Mitsubishi TV advertisement, as well as the films The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Zoolander and Kangaroo Jack. Another of their singles, "Ooh La La", was used in the film Big Daddy and Budweiser commercials. Both tracks are from the duo's second album, The Antidote.

Career
The band was formed in 1994 with two members, Touché (Theo Keating) and Regal (Paul Eve). They were music production partners from 1990 and released an EP called Ladies Say Ow! in 1994 on the Blackmarket International record label. The record label Wall of Sound signed the duo and released the double A-side "Nil by Mouth" / "Too Easy" in 1995. Their first album, Executive Suite was released in 1996 to critical acclaim, feature downtempo jazz beats and happy optimistic hip-hop numbers, and is now considered a cult classic.

Regal left the band in 1997 to pursue his career as co-founder of the UK's Bronx Dogs, and Touché worked on the second Wiseguys album, The Antidote. This was released in 1998, and contained their two most well-known songs, "Ooh La La" and "Start the Commotion". "Ooh La La" was a minor UK hit in April 1998, but in March 1999 it was re-released as a single and went to No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart following its use in a popular TV commercial for Budweiser. In 2001, "Start the Commotion" was shown on a Mitsubishi Motors television commercial in the United States, and the song reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Solo work
The Wiseguys disbanded in 2001, and Touché continued as a solo artist producing house music under Fatboy Slim's Southern Fried record label. In July 2006, Regal released his first solo single "Shock Ya Mind" on the Funk Weapons label.

On 31 December 2006, Executive Suite made its way onto the US version of iTunes. Touché is a producer and DJ, one half of the Black Ghosts. He produces under several other aliases including Fake Blood.

Regal also went solo; he signed to Unique Records in 2007 and has since released two solo albums and three singles for the label, including his debut solo album Loop Dreams and the CD Time Past, which is paired with his "Time Past" 12" remixes sampler, released in late 2009.

EPs

 * Ladies Say Ow! (1994)

Compilation appearances

 * Wall of Sound Essentials – Mixed by the Wiseguys (2000)

Singles
The Japanese version of The Antidote contains a bonus track, "Expand on the Topic" which features guest spots from J-Nise, Season and Sense Live, and was the B-side to the "Ooh La La" single.

title: The Wiseguys


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/IFK Göteborg/archive1

IFK Göteborg
I would appreciate any kind of comments, but first of all I'd like to get comments about grammar and the sentence structure. I'm not satisfied with how I use the language in some places, but as English isn't my mother tongue, I can't figure out other ways to write certain passages. I'd also like to get comments on how to handle the linking of years and other words. I've seen a lot of different styles, from linking every year mentioned, to not linking any at all. The guidelines propose linking only important years, but how to decide which years are important? Links to competitions, players and other clubs are given once in each chapter of the history. Too much? As said initially, comments and suggestions for improvements on any part of the article is appreciated! -- Elisson | Talk 22:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I did a little copy-editting in the first stages of the article, but more is needed by someone who understands soccer (football, sorry). The one consistent problem I noted was that the tense in the introduction was correctly past-tense, but later on it switched to a more fannish present-tense.  Someone needs to go through and fix the tenses, preferably someone who knows the sport well enough not to mess anything else up (regrettably, my own knowledge on the subject is severely limited, at best). --Scimitar 13:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input! Your changes definitely made the article better and easier to read. I've changed the tense to past-tense in the rest of the history sections. I noticed that I changed back and forth between tenses a lot, the last section was in past-tense again. I shall think of that when I write other articles in the future. I'd be happy if you or any other native English speaker could read them (and the other sections) through again and edit sentences that could be written in a better way. -- Elisson | Talk 14:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some more minor copy-editting, but the database is apparently locked, so I couldn't do more. If you put this up for FA I think you'll be asked to trim it, so you might want to keep that in mind. The prose isn't bad, but in places it's a little clumsy, and I was confused about what you were trying to say. This is a good article, and what it really needs is just some minor refining in prose by someone more naturally comfortable with English.  Great job, though. --Scimitar 14:47, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks again, I'll think about trimming the history section and maybe move the current writing to History of IFK Göteborg (which has been done on a few other clubs). Yeah, I'm having trouble with getting the text to be smooth to read, I write somewhat "square", that's why I wanted this peer review. Hopefully someone with good understanding of football will show up and improve the writing a bit more. -- Elisson | Talk 15:07, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a few links for other Swedish teams that contain characters that would not work due to Wikipedia technical limitations, but since those articles are yet to be created, this can be fixed. Phoenix2 01:43, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What links? If you mean Østerbro BK (Danish club in fact ;) ), I don't see a problem with it, there are already articles starting with Ø. -- Elisson | Talk 11:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, there are a few articles, it seems to not be a problem. Phoenix2 17:10, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed the article may need to be trimmed, as there is more than enough information. Phoenix2 01:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll do something about the history section in the following days. Probably move it to History of IFK Göteborg as mentioned above. -- Elisson | Talk 11:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've performed the move and I now request a review on the rewritten and shortened history section on IFK Göteborg, as well as continued reviewing of the article History of IFK Göteborg which is almost completely unchanged since the move. -- Elisson | Talk 21:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Are the image copyright tags acceptable (a criteria for a FA)? The badge is under fair use as most logos, the two team pictures are under fair use and old, these images are from a book (the one in the references) and the writers of the book mentions that credits for the photos can't be given as the photographer is unknown. The stadium photo is released into pd (by whom, I don't know). -- Elisson | Talk 11:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Commerce

Merge with trade
There is no need for this article and should be merged with Trade. The difference can be explained there. if no one oppose I will merge.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Vorpzn (talk • contribs) 03:44, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I oppose this merger. As you yourself noted, there is a difference between the two topics. This commerce article has hundreds of edits and is a long-established article that has been in existence fifteen years, since 2002, and as such, merging away such an article needs discussion and consensus. If you feel such an article should be merged, please follow the instructions at Merging: list this merger proposal on Proposed mergers so many editors can know about it so we can discuss it on this talk page to establish a consensus whether to merge or not to merge. —Lowellian (reply) 08:40, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Let's not. I think this article can be improved further by adding sections about how the present world views it - what it means to study commerce, how it is a part of business, what are the other parts of business, how it is also different from Economics. Ren   Zut  ↂ 14:36, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I as well oppose the merging as the two are definitely not the same. Trade is exchange of goods, while commerce involves all the elements involved in trade, like transport, insurance, warehousing, advertising and so further. I see no benefit in merging and i think that making Commerce as a section of Trade article would just open up a space for confusion. SRBeen (talk) 23:08, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Please DO NOT merge this with "Commerce" article. Commerce ≠ Trade. Commerce is profit-seeking per se - to CAPTURE "value", often more asymmetric in power and approach by the parties thereto, while trade in kernel form is more ad hoc social cooperation designed to reallocate value to he/she whom will benefit most from the exchanged artifacts or acts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Philanthro (talk • contribs) 01:22, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * YES! Unlike the former comments, I am totally for it! I don't think that nowadays there is such a big difference which requires such a distinction. Actually, in Latin commercium means precisely trade, and as you can see very few languages in Wikipedia make this distnction. In Spanish, comercio means both. But the article "comercio", like other 115 articles, is linked to Trade, not Commerce(!), which can also be very confusing for someone who is looking for a version in his own language. The article in German "Kommerz", which is linked here, is more about the old definition of the word, and even there it is defined Handel (trade). The caduceus symbol appears in most other language articles also under "trade". Now, I know English Wikipedists like to be "unique", but there is really no factual reason to leave the article as is. It is very short, the longest section is "see also" (which I think is here to make it look longer), the second longest section is "History", which is actully the history of trade(!), mentioning the word "trade" itself 7 times! All that is left, apart from Etymology, is one line! There have been articles which were merged for less reasons. Law Insider defines both with the same meaning ("Trade or commerce means any and all economic activity carried on wholly or partially in this state which involves or relates to any commodity or service.") According to WikiDiff: Trade is a synonym of commerce. Commerce is a synonym of trade. As nouns the difference between commerce and trade is that commerce is the exchange or buying and selling of commodities, especially the exchange of merchandise between different places or communities; Ttrade is buying and selling of goods and services on a market." In short, a difference which in most situations in the business world (which I am in) is insignificant. Is there a difference between the two? To some extent. Is it enough for 2 separated articles? No, by any means. Commerce should be a redirection page to Trade, where a section about commerce may be added (although there would not be a lot to say, just like there isn't in this article). --Virum Mundi (talk) 04:47, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 102
— Assignment last updated by Jeremytm3 (talk) 14:39, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Lead section image
Does this article need an image in the lead section? I think that it does not. But a picture of a boat doesn't serve to educate the reader, and a dictionary definition as an image caption (let alone one that is copy and pasted/plagiarized from the cited source) serves no purpose. MrOllie (talk) 20:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Ship image
There has been some edit-warring over image in the lead. At a glance I don't think it belongs in the lead; it's not really a general representation of commerce. It's possible that the article could have a subsection on shipping, where it might go, but we don't have that yet, just a very brief mention. In the lead, though, having a dictionary definition of commerce under a picture of a random ship full of crates doesn't seem to me like it improves the article much. --Aquillion (talk) 20:21, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Dear friend, Commerce simply is trade that is done on a large scale. Although commerce can be done in other ways (land or air transport), the best image that can evoke it, is this, Because most of the big trades are done by commercial ships that carry a large amount of cargo.Even if you look at the logo of the US Department of Commerce, you will notice this.Merchant ships have been a symbol of commerce since ancient times. Kavehkdf1402 (talk) 21:28, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Commerce simply is trade that is done on a large scale. That is not a correct understanding or definition of "commerce". I agree with Aquillion that the image is better suited for a subsection on shipping, but adds little value to the lead. Grandpallama (talk) 16:52, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment, let's skip the trade-based definition. What do you think of the United States Department of Commerce logo? There, the image of a commercial ship is used as a symbol of Commerce.
 * However, let me say that I do not insist on adding this particular image. I think any other commercial ship would be the best evocative of commerce for readers of the article. Kavehkdf1402 (talk) 17:22, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * let's skip the trade-based definition That's probably a good idea, because this very article has an entire section distinguishing "commerce" from "trade". Grandpallama (talk) 15:10, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You are right. What do you think about adding image with a change in its caption ?
 * For example, in the caption, it can be written :"A huge volume of goods commerce in the world is carried out by Maritime Transportation".Of course, many reliable sources can be found for this. Moreover, it probably shows the relevance of the image to the subject better.
 * Or it can be written "Commercial ships are always known as a symbol of commerce" Kavehkdf1402 (talk) 16:22, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Adds even less value. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 00:43, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It doesn't make the article better and arguably makes it worse. Boats and ships can be used in commerce, but the concept of commerce does not inherently require a ship or a boat. They're simply examples of things that can be used in the furtherance of commerce; it doesn't clarify the concept in any way. There's an image of a ship in Maritime transport because it actually aids the article in that case. CoffeeCrumbs (talk) 01:10, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well then please take a look at trade. With the reasons you give, the images of that article have nothing to do with it because they don't create a general association of its concept and should be removed. Kavehkdf1402 (talk) 11:05, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I count five editors (including MrOllie) objecting to the image as a lead image. That seems like a consensus to me. I would suggest that perhaps that image (or one like it) could be more acceptable if subsections were developed. The notion of a maritime subsection has already been raised, but I could also see a general subsection about modes of transport, where it might be appropriate. In general, however, I think it's important to keep in mind that commerce is a much larger concept than just the modes of transport that move goods around, which is very much at the heart of the editor objections here.
 * Separately, I strongly suggest you consult WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS and WP:1AM. The former will help you understand that there may be issues with other articles, but those are not relevant to this article. Grandpallama (talk) 15:10, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I disagree on your analysis that they have the same relationship to Trade as your proposed image to this article. But even assuming, for the sake of argument that the photos in Trade aren't appropriate, that has little to do with this article and the consensus being discussed here. CoffeeCrumbs (talk) 06:57, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * By the way, I never think that those in the Trade are irrelevant. But I wanted to get my point across. Of course, there are many other examples.if you look at the Economy of Kazakhstan, you will notice that there is a picture of the downtown of its capital.
 * Well, this image definitely does not mean the entire economy of this country, but it has the role of conveying its meaning to the audience.
 * Concepts of economic and social sciences (such as Commerce) don't have clear examples, so other images are used to convey the concept. For example, there are two images of markets in Trade or the image of the city center is placed in the Economy of Kazakhstan. Kavehkdf1402 (talk) 08:04, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

International commerce
@MrOllie, what do you mean by " it is not a distinct topic"? International commerce is an international discipline that is taught in many universities like. Even in Wikipedia we have an article about international commercial law. 5.211.177.209 (talk) 18:42, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I mean that just because two words sometimes appear next to each other, that does not mean that we need a redundant section on this Wikipedia article. MrOllie (talk) 19:14, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * How come a scientific topic that is taught all over the world and there are laws and organizations about it, is redundant. This is a well-known and valid sub-section about commerce. If you have a problem with any part of this paragraph or you think it is wrong, point it out so it can be fixed, or even correct it yourself. Please do not revert the entire paragraph.89.199.98.73 (talk) 19:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That's what I did - I feel it is redundant with the rest of the article, which is largely already about international commerce. I fixed that by removing it. MrOllie (talk) 19:54, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There are types of commerce that include international commerce, domestic commerce, and electronic commerce, each of them has similarities and differences. I want to add to this article about these types of commerce in the limit of one paragraph taken from scientific and academic sources, please correct it if you see a mistake. 5.106.148.99 (talk) 20:13, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commerce


text:
R-26 (missile)

The R-26 was a second-generation intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) designed but not deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Its control system was designed at NPO "Electropribor" (Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR). The missile was mistakenly identified as an R-9 Desna and given the NATO reporting name SS-8 Sasin. Within the Soviet Union, it carried the GRAU index 8K66.

Development
Design of the R-26 was initiated to develop a light liquid propellant powered ICBM. Designs received approval in 1960, but prior to flight tests were cancelled by the government in 1962.

The missile was revealed during a Red Square parade in November 1964, where it was misidentified as an R-9 Desna. However, the program had already been cancelled and the error was not rectified.

Operators

 * : The Strategic Rocket Forces were to be the only operator of the R-26, but it was cancelled before entry into service.

title: R-26 (missile)


text:
László Sólyom

László Sólyom (Sólyom László, ; 3 January 1942 – 8 October 2023) was a Hungarian politician, lawyer, and librarian who was President of Hungary from 2005 until 2010. Previously he was the first president of the Constitutional Court of Hungary from 1990 to 1998.

A prominent jurist and pro-democracy activist, Sólyom became the first president of the Constitutional Court at a time when the country was in the final years of its democratic transition after decades of communist rule. During his mandate, the Court declared the death penalty unconstitutional, strengthened the protection of freedom of expression and conscience, and legitimated the domestic partnerships of homosexuals.

Later, in 2005, he was elected president of Hungary, a largely ceremonial position, as an independent candidate. He held this office until 2010.

Early life
László Sólyom was born on 3 January 1942 in Pécs, Kingdom of Hungary, the son of lawyer Ferenc Sólyom and Aranka Lelkes. On 24 October 1956, Sólyom joined an anti-communist demonstration with his fellow students of the Széchenyi István High School.

He began his studies in law and political science at the University of Pécs in 1960, graduating in 1965. Sólyom also trained to become a librarian at the National Széchényi Library between 1963 and 1965. In 1966, Ferenc Mádl, who was then the Secretary of the Legal Department of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, offered him an assistant professorship at the University of Jena's Institute of Civil Law, earning his doctorate in German Civil Law in 1969. In 1977 he published the first of his essays on law, whose main object of study was the protection of people and the environment. Sólyolm earned a doctorate in Political and Legal Sciences in 1981.

Back in Hungary, Sólyolm started working as a researcher and began teaching in 1983 at the Civil Law Department of the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the Eötvös Loránd University. In 1984, he completed another academic internship at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Private Law and in 1988 he did research at the University of Frankfurt. Years later, in 1993, Sólyolm began teaching at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University and, since 2002, at the Andrássy University Budapest.

Already in the mid-1980s, he worked as a legal advisor for various civic and environmental movements, joining the environmental organization Duna Kör in 1984 and participating in their protests, such as those against the construction of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Dams. In the 1980s, Sólyolm participated in civic organizations that contributed to the democratic transition in the country. In 1988 and 1989 Sólyom was the secretary of the Publicity Club, and he became a member of the board of the Independent Lawyers' Forum in 1989. He also participated in the meeting in Lakitelek on 27 September 1987 with other intellectuals opposed to the János Kádár regime and was one of the founding members of the then-illegal Hungarian Democratic Forum in 1989. Sólyolm became member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum's executive and was in charge of the constitutional reform proposals. He was also a member of the Opposition Round Table Talks, which was a set of meetings to design the legal and politicial basis for post-communist Hungary.

President of the Constitutional Court of Hungary (1989–1998)
Throughout his legal career, Sólyom acquired a reputation for his academic accomplishments and for his doctrinal development of privacy rights. This led to his appointment as a judge of the newly established Constitutional Court of Hungary by the National Assembly on 24 November 1989, becoming its first president in 1990. Sólyom abandoned his political affiliations but not his work as a university professor. This new court was entrusted with the task of overseeing the constitutional revisions that had been introduced the previous month.

In this role, he significantly contributed to the abolition of capital punishment, the protection of information and environmental rights, the freedom of opinion and of conscience, as well as the constitutional protection of domestic partnerships of homosexuals, the Justice Act, the status of the President of the Republic, the constitutional content of the referendum, legislation on abortion and the law on compensation, which measures brought wide international acclaim for the Constitutional Court of Hungary. The Court, with this activity, helped lead to the democratic transition in Hungary and the establishment of a parliamentary democracy.

Sólyom had a controversial principle of "activism" based on the "invisible constitution", shaping the decisions of the court by the "spirit" or "morals" of the Constitution rather than its explicitly written terms, advocating the principle of equality and human dignity even over the language of the constitution. In his concurring opinion in the judgement on the unconstitutionality of capital punishment he writes: "In this context, the starting point is the Constitution as a whole. The Constitutional Court must continue its effort to explain the theoretical bases of the Constitution and the rights included in it and to form a coherent system with its decisions which as an "invisible Constitution" provides for a reliable standard of constitutionality beyond the Constitution, which nowadays is often amended out of current political interests." He also called for the possibility of the Constitutional Court to modify laws that can be declared unconstitutional so as not to annul them completely.

Sólyolm's term of office ended on 24 November 1998 and was succeeded by János Németh. He continued his scholarly career, continued giving lectures in universities, and became founder of Védegylet, an environmentalist and civil rights non-governmental organisation in 2000. Sólyom became member of the International Commission of Jurists and the National Science Research Fund Programmes. In 2002, Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy appointed Sólyolm as head of the advisory committee of the bill to make public the collaboration of officials of the current government and administration with the secret police of the late communist regime.

President of Hungary (2005–2010)
In view of the 2005 Hungarian presidential election, in February 2005, 110 personalities sent, as representatives of the Védegylet organization, intellectuals and artists, an open letter to the members of the National Assembly, to elect Sólyom as the next president of the Republic, as they saw in him a "non-partisan person who looks beyond the political considerations of the moment".

In the third round of the elections, on 7 June 2005, Solyom was elected by the National Assembly as the new President of Hungary, receiving 185 votes, three votes more than the Hungarian Socialist Party candidate Katalin Szili, although there were reports of voting irregularities. He was subsequently sworn into office.

László Sólyom was inaugurated in his office at a ceremony in the Mirror Hall of Sándor Palace on 4 August, effectively beginning his term of office on 5 August. In March 2006 he refused to shake hands with János Fekete, former vice president of the Hungarian National Bank before the end of Communism in Hungary. The incident happened while presenting an award to Fekete that the Gyurcsány cabinet forced through, despite strong objections to that nomination due to Fekete's past as a hardline communist.

On 26 June 2006, while the President of the United States George W. Bush was visiting Hungary to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, Sólyom told him that "this fight against terrorism can be successful only if every step and measure taken are in line with international law", a comment that many media interpreted as a subtle criticism of the Iraq War.

Following the outbreak of anti-government protests in September 2006 that soon became violent, Sólyom called unsuccessfully on Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány to resign, accusing him of lying to the people and provoking a "moral crisis" in the country after the latter admitted that he had repeatedly lied about the country's economic situation. In 2006, a published poll showed that Sólyom was the most trusted politician in the country. In 2007, he refused to award a similar distinction to Gyula Horn. He referred to the fact that Horn had not changed his views on the 1956 revolution in which he had taken part on the Soviet side, fighting against the Hungarian revolutionaries. Sólyom said that this (i.e., Horn's opinion) conflicts with the constitutional values of the Republic of Hungary, and that he could not give the award to Horn, despite his merits. In 2009, Sólyom was refused entry to Slovakia to attend the dedication of a statue of King Saint Stephen in the border town of Komárno on 21 August, an incident reported in Hungary as tantamount to a declaration of persona non grata which further worsened already tense Hungary–Slovakia relations. Sólyom said that "this is a situation unheard of, inexcusable and unexplainable in the relationship of two allied countries." Slovakia's government, containing the ultranationalist SNS party, claimed that the Hungarian President's presence is a "threat to national security". Sólyom came back to visit the same statue a year later in August 2010, after Slovak voters ousted the previous government; the ceremony at the statue took place without incident. The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in October 2012 that the prohibition on his entry into Slovakia in 2009 did not compromise his freedom of movement as an EU citizen because his role as a Head of State justified a limit, based on international law, to his right to freedom of movement.

On 5 August 2010, Sólyom was succeeded as President by Pál Schmitt.

Post-presidency
During the processing of the 2011 constitution of Hungary, Sólyom stated that "the drafting process had lost its dignity by descending to the level of common parliamentary squabbles".

After his mandate, he established scholarships to help young Hungarian researchers to study in other countries. He was very critical of the Viktor Orbán government. Sólyom published his three-volume professional memoir and summary Documenta in 2019.

Personal life and death
In 1966, he married a school teacher named Erzsébet (née Nagy; 1944–2015), a fellow student at the Pécs Conservatory. They had two children: Beáta Sólyom and Benedek Sólyom, as well as eleven grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. His wife kept a low profile during Sólyom's presidency and participated in events for disabled children, large families and the elderly, staying away from protocol events. She died in February 2015 at the age of 73 after a long illness, for which reason he gradually abandoned his public life.

He was Catholic. After his retirement, Sólyom translated many theologian works into Hungarian. After his wife's death, Sólyom walked Camino de Santiago on foot. He also passed a pilot's licence in his old age. Sólyom frequently volunteered at the Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta.

Sólyom died of cancer on 8 October 2023, at age 81, in Budapest. The religious funeral took place on 18 October at the Fiume Road Graveyard. His funeral was attended by numerous politicians and public figures, including incumbent head of state Katalin Novák, former presidents Pál Schmitt and János Áder, house speaker László Kövér, cardinal Péter Erdő and apostolic nuncio Michael Banach, in addition to various members of the Hungarian government and opposition parties.

Awards and honours

 * Humboldt Prize (1998)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1999)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1998)
 * Imre Nagy Medal (2003)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (27 March 2006)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars (31 August 2006)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (31 August 2006)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (2006)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (25 May 2007)
 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Grand Cross with Chain of the National Order of Merit (31 May 2007)
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2 June 2007)
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan: First Class of the Order of Friendship (23 November 2007)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (7 July 2008)
 * 🇵🇪 Peru: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru (24 September 2008)
 * Hungarian Freedom Prize (2013)

title: László Sólyom


text:
Night Heat

Night Heat is a Canadian police crime drama series that aired on both CTV in Canada and CBS in the United States. Original episodes were broadcast from 1985 to 1989. Night Heat was the first Canadian original drama series that was also aired on a United States television network during its original broadcast. It was also the first original, first-run drama series to be aired during a late night time slot on a television network in the United States.

During its original run it was the highest-rated Canadian-produced original series in Canada. The show won the Gemini Award for Best Drama Series in both 1986 and 1987. The show stars Scott Hylands and Jeff Wincott as police detectives Kevin O'Brien and Frank Giambone who work the graveyard shift in an unnamed northeastern North American metropolis. The series follows their nightly police beat as it is chronicled by journalist Tom Kirkwood (Allan Royal) in his newspaper column titled "Night Heat".

Synopsis
Allan Royal plays Tom Kirkwood, a journalist who writes a newspaper column titled "Night Heat" where he chronicles the nightly police beat of detectives Kevin O'Brien, played by Scott Hylands, and Frank Giambone, played by Jeff Wincott. O'Brien is a tough, cynical, veteran police officer and Giambone is his younger, hot-tempered partner. Kirkwood also serves as the show's narrator; his voice-over commentary starts and ends each episode, recapping the lessons learned and acting as a sort of Greek chorus.

The name of the city in which the show takes place is never mentioned. Each episode represents a single night's shift and, as a result, crimes often remain unresolved by the end of the show.

Main

 * Scott Hylands as Detective Kevin O'Brien
 * Jeff Wincott as Detective Frank Giambone
 * Allan Royal as columnist Thomas J. Kirkwood
 * Sean McCann as Lieutenant James Hogan
 * Eugene Clark as Detective Colby Burns
 * Stephen Mendel as Detective Freddie Carson
 * Susan Hogan as Nichole Rimbaud
 * Louise Vallance as Detective Stephanie "Stevie" Brody (season 1 and part of season 2)

Recurring

 * Wendy Crewson as Prosecutor Dorothy Fredricks (first 6 episodes of season 1)
 * Lynda Mason Green as Detective Fleece Toland (first 6 episodes of season 1)
 * Tony Rosato as Arthur "Whitey" Morelli
 * Clark Johnson as Detective David Jefferson
 * Deborah Grover as Prosecutor Elaine Jeffers
 * Laura McKinlay Robinson as Detective Christine Meadows
 * Robert Morelli as Joey Sanza

Concept and development
Night Heat was conceived by Sonny Grosso, a former New York City Police Department detective. Grosso served was the show's executive producer along with his partner, Larry Jacobson.

Grosso had over 20 years experience in law enforcement, later working as a narcotics detective. He and his former NYPD partner, Eddie Egan, were the detectives responsible for bringing an end to the infamous drug smuggling ring known as the French Connection. Grosso served as technical adviser on the film based on the investigation. He also worked as a consultant for the film The Godfather and as story editor for the TV series The Rockford Files, Kojak and Baretta.

Grosso and Jacobson were originally approached by CBS to produce a docudrama series following actual police officers, but they considered the potential risk in filming people who had not yet been convicted of a crime and decided against it. Grosso came up with the idea of creating a police series that would feature a realistic look at police work in a documentary style, similar to the 1950s/1960s police drama Naked City. He wanted to depict the life of the everyday police officer, in contrast to the slicker, high-action, high-drama, yuppie-oriented police series of the time such as Miami Vice and Hill Street Blues. The pilot episode was written by Don Flynn, a crime reporter with the New York Daily News.

Filming
Grosso and Jacobson decided to produce their show in Toronto, Canada, otherwise the production costs would have been too expensive for CBS's late-night budget. At the time one could film in Toronto for less than half the cost of a major American city—Canadian union scale was lower and the American-to-Canadian dollar exchange rate was also favorable. The show featured an all-Canadian cast and crew and was partially funded by the Government of Canada. For Hylands, a 21-year veteran actor, frequently seen playing villains in U.S. TV shows during the 1970s and early 1980s, this was the first time he had been given a leading role, or the role of a "good guy."

The series was shot entirely at night between the hours of 6pm and 4am, which also made it easier to film since there was less traffic and it was easier to close down streets. The lower budget also meant that the show did not contain high speed car chases or shootouts with heavy calibre weapons. As a result, the show was more reliant on story and dialogue to capture audiences.

Night Heat was filmed on 16mm film using hand-held cameras, instead of the Hollywood-standard 35mm film, giving the series a grainy, documentary-style look. Much of the show was shot at the site of the former Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital, which served as the series' police station; described as a "grim and forbidding setting," the hospital fit in with the gritty look that the show's producer, Robert Lantos wanted.

Filming a police drama aimed at both Canadian and American audiences in an unidentified city presented a unique set of challenges: The crew had to avoid capturing shots of landmarks and other objects that would give away that it was not an American city, such as Toronto Police cars, Esso stations and the CN Tower. While much of the show's dialogue included American law-enforcement terminology (for example: they referred to police "precincts" instead of "divisions", and characters had ranks such as officers, detectives and lieutenants instead of constables, sergeants and inspectors), they avoided terms from the American criminal justice system such as "grand jury" or "district attorney". In addition, the officers were never seen reading Miranda rights to suspects since there is no Miranda law in Canada. The writers also made a concerted effort to avoid using words that Canadians have a distinctive way of pronouncing, such as the words "out" and "about". Given Toronto's relative cleanliness when compared to larger American cities, the film crew would sometimes throw additional garbage onto the set during street scenes. Grosso, Hylands and Jacobson have all said in separate interviews that there was a time when the garbage that they had strewn about for a Night Heat shoot had been cleaned-up by city sanitation crews while the film crew was on break.

Broadcast
CBS aired Night Heat as part of CBS Late Night, a late-night block of drama programming. It marked the first time in 20 years that CBS had slotted a first-run series against The Tonight Show. For six weeks in the summer of 1987 CBS moved the show to a 9pm slot, making it the first time that a Canadian drama series was shown on a major US network in prime time since Encounter, a short-lived ABC anthology series broadcast live out of the CBC's Toronto studios in the fall of 1958.

In late 1988, CBS announced it had officially canceled Night Heat. In spite of the show's popularity, CBS decided that it could get even better ratings in the late-night timeslot with The Pat Sajak Show, a talk show fronted by Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak. Over a fourth of CBS's affiliates expressed more interest in running the Sajak program than continuing to run Night Heat and the last episode aired on CBS in January 1989 even though CTV still had a full season on film that had yet to be aired.

After the series was canceled, reruns continued to air on CBS for another two years, and on Canadian television well into the early 2000s.

Ratings
Night Heat received good ratings for CBS; the show drew an average of 20% of TV viewers in its timeslot and at times the show even outperformed NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in such markets as New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago.

In Canada Night Heat attracted a million viewers a week. Critics in Canada were generally enthusiastic about Night Heat and were proud of the fact that it was being shown on American television. Critics such as Rick Salutin of The Globe and Mail expressed disappointment that the show hid or downplayed the fact that it was Canadian in order to appeal to US audiences: "they never say it's Toronto. It's just the city."

Accolades
Night Heat won the award for Best Drama Series at the 1986 Gemini Awards. At the 1987 Gemini Awards the series again won the award for Best Drama Series, actor Eugene Clark won the award for Best Performance by a Supporting Actor and writer Bob Carney won the award for Best Writing in a Dramatic Series for the episode titled "The Hit". Night Heat also won the 1987 Gemini award in the category of TV Guide's Most Popular Program, an award based on ballots submitted by the magazine's readers in Canada.

At the 1988 Gemini Awards writers Tim Dunphy and Peter Mohan won the award for Best Writing in a Dramatic Series and Night Heat again won TV Guide's Most Popular Program award. In 1989 the series writer Chris Haddock won the Gemini Award for Best Writing in a Dramatic Series for the episode titled "False Witness".

title: Night Heat


text:
Talk:History of the automobile

Archive 2005-2010

Market penetration
It would be interesting to see a chart of the percentage of households that owned a car in various decades, in various countries. This would be helpful to get an idea of how the transportation system worked in each period. -- Beland (talk) 06:00, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

 * i will insert a paragraph about market penetration and surrounding issues around 1930 in "british" palestine. it's a nice example about acceptance, unions etc. after the great depression when cars started to take over worldwide. Maximilian (talk) 14:10, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Isaac Newton and Leonardo Da Vinci
Hey folks, wouldn't be worth to say that the first theoretical prototypes of CARS were made by Isaac Newton and Da Vinci ?? I know about Newton that he built a car that could move forward on four wheels like a regular car, and it was controlled from the inside. Da vinci as well made a similar design. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Goose friend (talk • contribs) 01:14, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * We can't say anything like that without an reliable source saying it, at a minimum. Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 01:24, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Modern era image
In August, I added an image to the "Modern era" section of the article (this version). I chose a 2011 Toyota Corolla because, being the best-selling model of all time, it is representative. Another user deleted the image, saying "a modern era automobile image is not needed, and no point in promoting a particular model". I disagree with the reversion, so I wanted to bring the topic up here. A modern image does add value to the article. Someone new to this topic is not getting a complete idea of how the appearance of cars has changed though the years because there is no image from the last 39 years (the most recent image in from 1974). Put differently, almost one-third of automobile history is missing from the images (if we start that history in 1886). An image of a contemporary automobile presents the most recent stage in automotive history, which has value for readers. Furthermore, having a contemporary image does not "promote a particular model" more than any of the other images in the article do. Consider the SUV article: having a Ford Explorer as the lead image does not serve as promotion or advertising; it is simply a representative SUV. Similarly, the Corolla would be a good choice for the modern image because the model is pervasive around the world. If we can reach consensus on this, we should restore the modern image. --Albany NY (talk) 02:41, 22 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, put the Corolla photo back. We had a problem a while ago of a few motorcycling articles where three fourths or more of the bikes in images were BMWs, for various reasons, even though they're really a niche brand, with maybe 5% if the market in most countries. So that was a problem and needed to be balanced for the sake of neutrality. That's not the case here. Merely showing a photo of a car isn't in of itself promotional. Every other image in this article shows "one model" of car. Is each of them also overly promotional of that model? Of course not. The Corrola is in fact the most produced model of car in history, and using that as a criterion is objective and neutral. Better than some arbitrary choice based on editor's whims. And the 2011 Corolla is a perfect representative of the bland, generic design sensibility that has ruled most cars we've seen sine the 1980s. So where some see an ad for Toyotas, others, like me, see an indictment of Toyota. It's perfect. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 03:12, 22 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Interesting points and observations, but they really do not relate to the main subject matter of the article. This is not an article about the most produced cars, but of the entire history of automobiles. A separate WP article lists automobile production records. Moreover, there is also no requirement that an equal percentage of images must be used within each era of the history of automobiles. Adding an image of a modern "bland" (Dennis Bratland's description) model that everyone can see everywhere on the roads today, does not contribute significant value to this article. If anything, this article should have more images cars that are from the older eras because they are seldom seen by most readers. I would dare say that there are more people that have not seen or experienced 1974 and older automobiles, compared to most any "modern era" model. In summary, increasing the number of images of the early historically significant automobiles would vastly enhance the understanding of the development of this product and the numerous changes that automobiles have undergone over the years. Insisting on including one particular picture of a modern era car - no matter how representative, "it's perfect", or how "pervasive around the world" it is - seems to be overly enthusiastic in relationship to helping readers see the entire history of automobiles. Thank you for your consideration. CZmarlin (talk) 04:14, 22 September 2013 (UTC)
 * If you ever had to present information to a group, whether as a teacher or as a manager addressing fellow business executives, you'll know that different people are able assimilate information in different ways.  Some will listen carefully to the presenter and apparently take in everything that is said, some will instantly understand the tables of figures on the accompanying Powerpoint presentations, some will read the bullet points on the presentation (as long as there are no more than three per page), and completely miss the attempts to nuance the issues by the speaker, and some really like to digest information using pictures.   It's unhelpful bordering on arrogant to assume that everyone will assimilate information in the way that you do.   In that context I agree with CZMarlin that this particular entry needs more well chosen images, if only for those who don't have the time available right now and/ or right glasses to read the text as carefully as it deserves.

 * If the story from the pictures is sufficiently compelling / interesting readers may even fetch their screen-reading glasses and come back tomorrow to read the text more carefully.  Which images?   That can indeed lead to vigorous differences of opinion, but that's no reason to try and communicate whatever the entry has to communicate without a good selection of the things.   Images are a communication channel just like paragraphs of prose (or indeed of poetry).   Incidently, contrary to what someone wrote higher up this discussion, the current Toyota Corolla cannot be seen easily all over the world.  I live in England where Toyota, for reasons that presumably make sense to their marketing department, do not sell the current Corolla, and noticable numbers of "grey imports" have not (yet?) appeared of the newest cars:  I guess Toyota make much more profit per vehicle on those beautifully embellished and promoted gas guzzling quasi-trucks on which the Brits like to splash out, despite the stalling of road improvements here in recent decades.  Britain is a small island as that nice Mr Putin is reported to have announced the other day for the benefit of anyone who hadn't noticed it, and the absence (unless a grey import market gets going) here of recent Toyota Corollas is a slightly frivolous point, but please, whereever you live, do not assume that readers of wikipedia, simply because they use the same language version of Wikipedia as you do, see the same cars on the streets when they head out each morning.

 * As for "when did history stop?" that, logically, is a moving target.  When I went to school the schools here chose 1945, but if you talk to kids and their teachers here today, the schools seem to think history went on right up to or even past the break up of the Soviet Union.   I guess we all need to try and keep up with that moving target.   It's just that if you were around when "history" happened (1) it can make you feel very old and (2) the perspectives selected by the chattering class may differ alarmingly from what you yourself remember of the matters being described.   Regards  Charles01 (talk) 07:30, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

 * ♠First off, I don't care if it's a Toyota or a Bimmer. ;p
 * ♠Second, the "when does history stop" issue IMO is relevant, because this, like the lead image of many model pages, seems to run up against a "recentism" issue: namely, the tendency is to use the latest model. Is that a preference? Even a guideline? IDK. It is common. That seems to be at play here, too.
 * ♠I mean no criticism by that, however (tho occasionally I wonder about it on pages where the car originates in the '40s or '50s). I mean to say, that's in line with usual practise. Since it is, I'd expect complaints, & probably rv's, if the Corolla was replaced with a Aries or Monza.
 * ♠That said, I'd rather it was something less boring than a grey Corolla... ;p (Just nothing in red, please. I'm tired of the Porsche Indians. ;p )  TREK philer   any time you're ready, Uhura  09:42, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

 * It seems that most of us agree that an image adds value to the Modern era section. I have therefore restored the Corolla image. If anyone has a better idea for a modern image (or for improving the historic era images as CZmarlin has suggested), please share it. --Albany NY (talk) 02:28, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Handle thingy
For someone not familiar with the inner workings of the car, I was a bit disappointed to not find an answer within the article to a longtime mystery of mine: in front of antique/vintage cars, what is that handle called which has to be cranked every so often? Mac Dreamstate (talk) 20:31, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
 * To start the engine? Hand crank. Or starting handle (UK English). Also at Starter motor. It's probably a good idea to merge Kick start and Recoil start along with the history of hand crank start into a new Manual start article, since they're all different methods of accomplishing the same thing, and it's the logical precursor to Starter motor--Dennis Bratland (talk) 21:15, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for the pointer. I should've looked at the starter motor article more thoroughly. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 00:27, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

History of various elements
Many pieces of equipment were not found on early cars or were of a more primitive design; some mention of developments might be made for each of these, perhaps with a link to the History section of an appropriate sub-article: -- Beland (talk) 01:19, 1 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Windshield
 * Windscreen wiper
 * Headlights
 * Suspension_(vehicle)
 * Tubeless_tire
 * Automobile pedal
 * Vehicle door
 * Automatic transmission
 * Rear-view_mirror
 * Wing mirror
 * Seat_belt
 * Airbag

First four-wheel drive production car in 1965?
"...and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four-wheel drive was used on a production car."

I like that this statement is cited and all, but... why is the Willys-Overland CJ-2A not considered to be a production car? Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 20:59, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * This is an idiomatic issue: many speakers of American English resist calling a Jeep a "car", for about the same reason they resist calling an SUV a "car"—there is a connotative divide of car-vs-truck whereby passenger cars (from sedans to station wagons to coupes) are in a separate mental class from light trucks (pickups, vans, Jeeps of the WWII/CJ form factor, and most SUVs). This is clearly the mindset where the "not until 1965" usage is coming from, even though it is true that this distinction has been breaking down somewhat since minivans were developed (1980s) and SUVs became much more popular (1990s). Early SUVs such as the Ford Bronco and Chevrolet Blazer were always considered trucks (not cars) in this idiomatic classification, whereas station wagons were cars. But in the 2000s, some Americans began calling SUVs such as the Ford Explorer "cars" a little more often (it went from sounding solecistic to many ears to sounding merely uninterested in fine distinctions), and now the crossover SUV category has rendered the old idiomatic dichotomous cutoff almost untenable. It used to be logically tied directly to platforms, which were clearly divided as either car or truck platforms, but the variety of forms that some automobile platforms can take today is so wide and continuous that it resists the old dichotomization. It's interesting to me that the very word "automobile" itself is not immune to the idiomatic dichotomy: although speakers of American English will acknowledge that light trucks are automobiles, it feels just slightly funny to call them that (at least to "car guys" it does), because "automobile" connotes "car" in the aforementioned dichotomy more strongly than it connotes "truck". Denotatively it is undeniable that "automobile" is a hypernym of "car" and "light truck", but connotatively there is a sense of the word that competes mentally, trying to fit into the car subset and resisting the light truck subset. This is why the word "vehicle" is so popular in American English (to the point that people say "my vehicle" instead of "my car" or "my SUV", which some Europeans find odd): it serves comfortably as a neutral hypernym of the "car" and "truck" mental categories without leaning toward one of them connotatively like "automobile" does. Etically it could seem silly that a heavy station wagon and a light SUV would be emically dichotomized as being so different from each other (car vs truck); and indeed I would be surprised if it is not true that in some languages they are treated exactly alike—and that speakers of those languages might find this whole topic quite odd.  — ¾-10 23:51, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the essay, but there are CJ-2As with back seats and no truck bed. Those aren't trucks, they're cars. They carry people instead of cargo, and they're not big enough to be buses, so they're cars. Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 03:31, 25 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The Land-Rover station wagon probably has a better claim to being an early 4WD car. UK tax law was quite strict at this period and cars attracted more tax than utility vehicles (usually judged by the absence of rear windows). Despite this, L-R did think it worthwhile to produce a small number of distinctively car-bodied station wagons, extra tax and all.
 * The Jensen FF's claim is that it was both the first road car (with zero pretensions to off-road use - the Jensen suspension bottoms out on an unironed billiard table) with four driven wheels and also that it was permanent or all-wheel drive, rather than the selectable 2/4 drive of the Jeep or Landie. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:14, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi SamBlob—you're totally right, but yet many Americans of the 20th century would have replied, "no, that's not a car, it's a Jeep. Jeeps aren't cars, they're light trucks. You can remove the bed and install back seats, but it's still a Jeep, not a car." I'm not saying it's better or worse, more or less correct, or anything; just explaining the idiom. In the US of the 1980s, the only 4-wheel-drive cars that an average person knew of were AMC Eagles and Subarus. Jeeps were Jeeps; if pressed on car-vs-truck, one would say a Jeep was a truck, not a car, but if some people called them cars, the solecism was mild and excusable on grounds of "precision not needed". Probably Wikipedia should explain this word-sense disambiguation instance somewhere while also not incorporating it into its own ontology. — ¾-10 16:06, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Steam in the 20th and 21st centuries
"The need for global changes in energy sources and consumption to bring about sustainability and energy independence has led 21st century engineers to think once more about possibilities for steam use, if powered by modern energy sources controlled with computerized controls, such as advanced electric batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaics, biofuels, or others."

The above appears to be original research. I don't see why anyone would use steam as a force intermediary, given that steam must be generated from other sources of energy, sources that can now directly drive pistons or electric motors. I mean, just how exactly would a battery be used to power a steam engine...via resistance heat? This is thermodynamically ridiculous and I doubt any legitimate engineer would consider commercializing such a contraption. I suspect the above quote is from some conspiratorial nut trying to promote water as a clean energy "source" again. Fission would be the only reason why steam would make sense, but fission itself is a pipe dream due to the myriad practical and lethality issues associated with it.

 * I have to agree. Not to pick on anyone for brainstorming anything (always good to think), but "thermodynamically ridiculous" pretty much kills the idea. Don't see how an amazing new battery powering a steam engine could ever compete with an amazing new battery powering an electric motor directly, regarding energy efficiency. I'm going to delete it, and if someone can prove me wrong with a reference about the topic, good for them. — ¾-10 23:23, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete it. As a proposition, it's absurd; it should go for the self-evident lack of understanding of the subject. (As to steam ever being practical for automotive use, I'd be inclined to disbelieve that, too.)  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  23:46, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

Traction control systems
Article says "1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – Seat belt pretensioner, and electronic traction control system". The Buick Riviera had this in 1971. Traction_control_system 2001:56A:F414:D300:9897:942B:69A1:5916 (talk) 19:19, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

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Fuel
"The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838." Between 'technologies' and 'hailed' the word 'now' should be added (Pamour (talk) 22:21, 17 September 2016 (UTC)).

Introduction
The following appears in the introduction: "After producing and selling the Model A in 1903, Ford Motor Company's Model T became the first mass produced automobile in 1908, focusing on affordability for the average consumer. By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the Model A."

This doesn't make sense to me. Did they produce and sell some other vehicle in 1903? Or were there 2 different Model A's? Jaydub99 (talk) 18:44, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
 * There were two Model As. I might dispute the T as "first mass-produced", too: the & the Duryea was produced in series, & the Olds Runabout got there first.   TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  06:52, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

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Summers and Ogle
In a grammar exercise on a book I found cited in a timeline of the evolution of the car a certain "Summers and Ogle" pair who in 1830 build a car which was able to travel up to 35 mph. never heard of them, so I looked around. According to an online source, a patent was deposited in April 1830. I cannot find it here in the current text but I suppose that, if someone has a nice source, this information could be inserted.--Alexmar983 (talk) 10:45, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

Philion Road Carriage
Steam powered in 1892? At the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and in the film The Magnificent Ambersons (film)? 2001:56A:F888:6B00:515D:470D:AB9A:6AE (talk) 03:12, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Rewrite the article please
The article just looks like a gallery, also it goes like WW1 cars, WW2 cars, > electric cars. In that order.

Electric cars are older than WW1 make it an article with one time line, not several ones. For example French wikipedia has a rather good way of making a timeline, it's clearer about american use of cars, than the american article itself.

--78.193.35.108 (talk) 21:04, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

How many different modes from all manufacturers. Or total of different vehicles
I was wondering I can’t seem to see it how many different types of cars have been produced models for manufacturing. I’m sure there’s handbuilt 1 off cars that don’t count 2001:569:FBA3:E00:9D98:BA80:F95F:F8F5 (talk) 00:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your question. Do you mean:
 * How many types of cars - eg sedan, coupe, wagon, pickup, etc ?
 * How many model names - eg Mustang, Porsche 911, Porsche 928, Tesla Model S, etc ?
 * How many unique variations, eg Mustang 1966 coupe, Mustang 1966 fastback, Mustang 1968 coupe, etc (per year and per body style),
 * Something else ?  Stepho  talk 00:43, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the automobile