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Zichan

Zichan (WG: Tzu Ch'an) (c.581-522) was a Chinese statesman during the late Spring and Autumn period. From 543 until his death in 522 BCE, he served as the chief minister of the State of Zheng. Also known as Gongsun Qiao (, he is better known by his courtesy name Zichan.

As chief minister of Zheng, a notable and centrally-located state, Zichan faced aggression from powerful neighbors without and a fractious domestic politics within. He led as Chinese culture and society endured a centuries-long period of turbulence. Governing traditions were then unstable and malleable, institutions battered by chronic war, and emerging new ways of government sharply contested.

Under Zichan the Zheng state prospered. He introduced strengthening reforms and met foreign threats. His statecraft was respected by his peers and reportedly appreciated by the people. Favorably treated in the Zuo Zhuan (an ancient text of history), Zichan drew comments from his near-contemporary Confucius, later from Mencius and Han Fei.

Zhou dynasty
By its military defeat in 771 BCE, later historians divide the Zhou (c.1045-221) into periods: Western and Eastern, as in retreat Zhou moved its capital east over 500 km. The dynasty not only never recovered, its regime steadily lost strength during the Spring and Autumn period (770-481). At its start the Zhou rulers deployed the fengjian system. Differing from the feudal, kinship formed the primary bond between the royal dynast and local 'vassal'.

State of Zheng
The founder of Zheng was Duke Huan (r.806-771), brother to Zhou King Xuan (r.825-782). Zheng state by 767 had also moved its capital east, adjacent to Zhou's new royal lands. Strategically located, Zheng prospered by trade. In 707 Duke Zhuang of Zheng (r.743-701) defeated the Zhou King's invasion. This celebrated Duke is compared to the Five Hegemons. In 673 Zheng attacked the royal capital, killed the usurping ruler, and restored the prior Zhou King. Although Zheng's military then declined, it prospered, and survived many attacks by powerful neighbors. In Zheng later during the Warring States (480-221) "the centre of the political stage was occupied by the competition between clans". During that era's fierce interstate combat, Zheng met its demise in 375 BCE.

Family of Zichan
Zichan was closely related to the hereditary Dukes of Zheng state, hence also kin of the royal Zhou. As a grandson of Zheng's admired Duke Mu (r. 627-606), he was called Gongsun Qiao, "Ducal Grandson". Zichan was a member of the clan of Guo, one of the Seven Houses of Zheng. These clans led by nobility competed for power; yet the Guo was seldom the strongest. His ancestral surname was Ji, his personal name was Ji Qiao.

In 565 BCE Zichan's father, Prince Fa (Gongzi Fa), led a victorious campaign against the State of Cai. His military success, however, risked provoking the hostility of stronger neighboring states, e.g., Chu to the south and Jin to the north. Yet the Zheng leadership appeared pleased. Except Zichan, said a small state like Zheng should excel in civic virtue, not martial achievement, else it will have no peace. Prince Fa (Ziguo) then harshly rebuked his teenage son Zichan. Shortly after the Cai victory, but unrelated, Prince Fa was assassinated by rival nobles of Zheng. Amid internal power struggles, Duke Jian of Zheng (r. 566-530) had begun his reign.

Path as state official
In 543 BCE, when nearing 40 years of age, Zichan became prime minister of Zheng state. Zichan's career path to the top position started in 565, and involved his finding a way through the unexpected sometimes violent events and social instabilities that challenged Zheng's political class. Selected events of his early career follow, the chief primary source being the Zuo Zhuan.

Since 570 BCE Zichan's father had been one of three leading aristocrats who directed Zheng's government. The head of state was the Duke of Zheng, but in fact this triumvirate of nobles kept control. In 562 BCE "armed insurgents" led by seven disaffected clan nobles, overthrew the government and killed all three rulers. Zichan survived, and rallied his clan. He "got all his officers in readiness... formed his men in ranks, [and] went forth with 17 chariots of war." Another "led the people" to Zichan's side. Two rebel leaders (and many followers) were killed; five fled Zheng. The ruling 'oligarchy' of elite nobles prevailed, the brutal tactics of the uprising failed.

Zikong, the new Zheng leader after the failed 562 rebellion, prepared and issued a document declaring his autocratic rule. It provoked fierce opposition from the nobility and the people. Zichan urged Zikong to renounce the document by burning it in public. His rhetoric to Zikong used likely scenarios to illustrate a probable negative outcome. Zikong then burned it. In 553 BCE Zikong tried again to monopolize political power, supported by Chu state. But two nobles rose to fatally block him. The two formed a new triumvirate to rule Zheng, the third being Zichan, elevated now as a high minister.

Zheng state in 561 BCE had joined a coalition headed by the powerful Jin state to the north. Zichan as a high minister maneuvered to ally Zheng with the other small-state members, in order to lighten their burdens. The hedgemon Jin had required all 'northern league' members to make regular state visits to Jin, and each time to bring high-value gifts. In 548 Zichan wrote a convincing letter to Jin's chief minister. It criticized Jin for increasing the value of 'gifts' demanded. Zichan argued this worked against Jin's reputation. Worth more than the gifts was Jin's good name; on it rested Jin's virtue, the very foundation of Jin state. Zichan continued to lobby Jin on behalf of the small states.

In 547 BCE the Zheng people made war on the small state of Chen as pay back (a year earlier Chu state and Chen attacked Zheng, closing up wells and cutting down trees). With 700 chariots Zheng took the Chen capital. Yet Zichan directed military leaders to return without looting the city or destroying its sanctuaries; nor did the Zheng army seize hostages. For a military victor to act harshly, take war booty and vengeance was then customary in ancient China's multistate system. Zichan later defended Zheng's invasion of Chen to Jin's ministers.

A violent feud broke out between several elite nobles of rival clans. It threatened the unity of Zheng state. Initially Zichan had distanced himself to avoid the bitter conflict's social contagion. Yet his attention was solicited. By using the remedial details from a local tradition,    as a guide, Zichan managed to bring the raucous disputants into negotiation, circa 543 BCE. The solution worked-out did not prove agreeable to all the parties, yet the bloody feud came to an end.

Zichan had remained a popular leader. Zheng's chief minister in 544 wanted to appoint Zichan as his successor. Zichan declined: the office was burdened from without by strong and aggressive rival states, and from within by constant feuding of the clans. In the end, Zichan was convincingly assured of a tolerable coexistence among the nobility. Such unity might be sufficient for Zichan to pursue reforms.

Reform programs
Zichan initiated actions to strengthen the Zheng state. Along with subordinate ministers and aides, Zichan had strategized what reforms might work best over time, and improvised.

Agricultural methods were managed to increase the harvest. He reset boundaries between farmlands. Tax reforms increased state revenue. Military policies were kept current. Laws were published in a break with tradition. Administration of state operations were centralized, effective officials recruited, social norms guided. Commerce flourished. Rites were performed and Zhou-era customs followed, in an evolving social context. Divinations for Zheng state were handled by its special ministry. Interstate relations required constant vigilance, e.g., to meet demands for tribute. His negotiating skills were tested. Zichan had opposition and acquired a sophist enemy. He did not always succeed.

From the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian, his Shiji:

"Tzu-ch'an was one of the high ministers of the state of [Zheng]. ... [Its affairs had been] in confusion, superiors and inferiors were at odds with each other, and fathers and sons quarreled. ... [Then] Tzu-ch'an [was] appointed prime minister. After... one year, the children in the state had ceased their naughty behavior, grey-haired elders were no longer seen carrying heavy burdens... . After two years, no one overcharged in the markets. After three years, people stopped locking their gates at night... . After four years, people did not bother to take home their farm tools when the day's work was finished, and after five years, no more conscription orders were sent out to the knights. ... Tzu-ch'an ruled for twenty-six years [sic], and when he died the young men wept and the old men cried...."

The earlier Zuo Zhuan had also told of the people's appraisal of Zichan, a version similar to the Shiji, but differing in stages and detail. After one year the workers complained, griping about new taxes on their clothes and about a new levy against the land. Yet after three years the workers praised Zichan: for teaching their children, and increasing the yield of their fields.

Yet however skillful his statecraft, Zichan in his reformist role as proponent of advanced policies was not unique. Over a century earlier Guan Zhong (720-645), the chief minister of Qi, earned praise for his effective management. His innovations included administrative and military-agricultural innovations. The Qi state nonetheless maintained traditional Zhou rituals. As a consequence Duke Huan of Qi became the 'first' of the Five Hegemons, and a noted "paragon". Another reformist minister was Li Kui (455-395) of Wei.

Agriculture
Agricultural politics in Zheng not only affected control of farm operations and the land, but taxation, and the military.

Zichan's policy sought to improve food production, the planting, tending, and harvesting of crops, the care of livestock. A minister's role included agricultural management to further state prosperity, as recorded in the Zhou era's Shijing. Techniques and methods developed. Farm implements of stone or wood were being replaced by iron. As yoked to oxen, a metal plow increased the yield, directly causing a rise in prosperity of people and rulers.

Zichan in 543 BCE reset the boundaries of farm lands and the location of irrigation ditches. "The fields were all marked out by their banks and ditches." The Mencius later described a traditional well-field system of land use, in which eight plots of farm land surround a ninth to be tilled in common. More probably clan lineages (zu) controlled the agricultural lands, and distributed parcels to the peasants who paid rent in kind; the remaining land was collectively cultivated to support, e.g., the lineage temple.

The 543 order by Zichan transformed Zheng agriculture, it "carried out such reforms as grouping houses by five, responsible for one another, and marking out all the fields by banks and ditches." Clan leaders of Zheng had long dominated farming operations on their lands. Moving the ditches was inherently risky for any politician. Clans in fierce rivalry had led violent protests to nullify any action to lessen their land dominance, the source of power, wealth, and status.

Tax issues arose from Zichan's reforms of farmland. Zheng's revenues were chronically short, often due to costs for defense, or to pay out tribute to powerful neighboring states. A 537 BCE reform made by Zichan increased the land tax, which drew sharp criticism in Zheng. The people reviled him, "His father died on the road, and he himself is a scorpion's tail." Zichan replied that there was no harm in the people's complaints, but that the new law benefited Zheng. "I will either live or die," he said, quoting an Ode, "I will not change it."

Taxing land was delicate. Complicated by the multifaceted politics of land ownership, such issues were contested then, and later by scholars. Happening was a fundamental shift in the evolution of farmland ownership and its agency, starting confusedly in the Spring and Autumn (Zichan's era), and completed more-or-less during the Warring States. Moving away from traditional communities dominated by clan lineages, land ownership devolved, inch by inch, to more efficiently-run holdings of "nuclear family households". Holdings that were taxed.

Warfare intersected agriculture. Chariots driven in battle by aristocrats (familiar to Zichan) were starting to be supplanted by infantry. Most foot soldiers were also farmers. Interstate military competition was raw, and intensified; it pushed the ruling ministers to increase their armies, existential demands that drew on agriculture, the chief source of communal wealth and recruits for armed force.

An army accordingly was supported by taxing land and its ranks filled by drafting farmers. The early reforms by Qi state (7th century BCE) had so organized its infantry into fighting units of five so as to match the social units of five composed of farming families. By his agricultural and land-tax reforms starting in 543 BCE, "Zi Chan reordered the fields of Zheng into a grid with irrigation channels, levied a tax on land, organized rural households into units of five, and created a qiu levy." The qiu levy here suggests the qiu troops that Lu state had created circa 590 BCE. Prof. Lewis concludes that Zichan followed the land tax and defense policies of Jin and Lu states in "extending military recruitment into the countryside", strongly opposed by the capital elites who accordingly were "losing their privileged position" as Zheng's armed force.

Context of legal act
In Zichan's reform of government one major focus concerned the law. Before Zichan, in each state the powerful hereditary clans, descendants of the Zhou lineage, had generally enforced their own closely-held laws and regulations. The contents of the law might be known only to a "limited number of dignitaries who were concerned with their execution and enforcement." Laws "were not made known to the public." "When the people were kept from knowing the law, the ruling class could manipulate it as it saw fit." Yet the traditional governance among the city-states was then faltering and dissolving in continually changing conditions. In many regimes the ministers, by maneuver or ursupation, were replacing Zhou-lineage clan rulers in whose name they had acted. The ministers began to assume direct state rule of the population. In 536 BC, Zichan had the legal statutes of his Zheng state inscribed on a bronze caldron or ding, and so made public, a first among the Eastern Zhou states.

Au contraire, one modern view questions this notion that no state had published its laws before the late Spring and Autumn period. Creel raises doubts that laws were kept secret. He refers to the existence of earlier laws mentioned in ancient writings. Creel mounts a direct challenge to several widely-quoted passages from the Zuo Zhuang that narrate: 1) how Zichan inscribed the Zheng laws on the bronze tripod ding in 536; and, 2) how Confucius criticized the similar publication of laws by a neighboring state in 513.

Yet the story of Zichan being first to publish remains the modern consensus. Zhao comments how the adverse political situation of Zheng "produced the legendary figure of Zichan, arguably the most influential reformer of his age. [Zichan's] most remarkable act was placing a caldron inscribed with Zheng's legal codes in a public place in 536". Judging by the fierce reaction generated, his action must have been considered "sensational at the time". A law whose text was available to those subject to it, would work to foster their awareness of proper civic conduct. Published laws served the state, 1) as a way of guiding the people, and also 2) as a more effective tool of control, because it warns as well as legitimises punishment of violators. Zichan "had the complete support of the people of Cheng [Zheng], he enjoyed a position of full authority there throughout his life."

Initial adverse reactions
For publishing the laws of Zheng, Zichan was criticized by some of his key contemporaries. It undermined the nobility, undercut their governing authority and their judicial role. Before, in making their legal judgments, the elite officials had applied to the facts their own confidential interpretation of what they viewed as the inherited social traditions, styled later 'rule by virtue'. The end result of this shrouded procedure would be very difficult to challenge. By articulating and making public the legal statutes the people were better empowered to advance an opposing view of state law. Up until then ruling circles thought publishing the law would be detrimental, would open the door to public argument, bickering, and shameless maneuvering to avoid social tradition, its time-tested moral force. The situation was multi-sided, as political roles were changing during a surge in growth of material culture; the social tradition itself was in flux. Opening up laws to be viewed by the common people would subsequently become the trend in pre-imperial Chinese statecraft.

Deng Xi of Zheng (545-501 BC), for good or ill, acquired a reputation for provoking social conflict and civic instability. A child when Zichan published the laws, Deng Xi was a controversial official of Zheng with Mingjia philosophical views. Despite being warned of the corrosive activities of the Mingjia, Zichan in 536 had an historic bronze ding cast inscribed with Zheng laws, probably penal laws. As Deng Xi came of age, he challenged the state and its ministers, including Zichan. Some thought he studied trickery. The state of Zheng in 501 put him to death. Ancient documents are divided as to who ordered his execution. Most probably it was not Zichan.

A long 'letter' faulting Zichan for making the law public, was written by Shuxiang a minister of Jin and personal friend of Zichan. It marshaled strong traditional arguments against his publishing the penal laws of Zheng. Harshly accusing Zichan of grave error, it predicted future calamity. Responding Zichan claimed he was "untalented" and so unable to properly manage the laws with a view toward the future generations. To benefit people of Zheng alive today was his aim. Issues at stake here were long debated, e.g., by philosophers of the Warring States era that soon followed, and which discussions continue today.

Administration
In the hierarchy of Zichan's day, the nobility dominated a much larger rural population based on agriculture. Yet it was a time of social transformations when the people were becoming more of a political factor that the elites had to somehow acknowledge. Zichan had earned an early reputation as a civic provider for the people's welfare. In his leadership style Zichan was advanced, in that he reportedly took into account the views or motivations of the nascent soldier-peasants, the common people of Zheng.

Rites and tradition
The Zuo Zhuan mentions a summer meeting in 517 BC shortly after Zichan died. The Jin minister asked about ceremony and li (ritual propriety) of an official of Zheng, who then recounts a speech by "our former high officer" Zichan. The Zuo Zhuan quotes it at length. It is the book's "grandest exposition of ritual and its role in ordering human life in accordance with cosmic principles", according to the modern translators. Feng comments on Zichan: "The idea expressed here... is that the practical value of ceremonials and music, punishments and penalties, lies in preventing the people from falling into disorder, and that these have originated from man's capacity for imitating Heaven and Earth."

Under their local urban rulers, as Zhou vassal states developed, eventually the predominately rural people aligned more with the fruitfulness and vitality of the farm lands, rather than with the fading charisma of the capital aristocrats. This contributed to the decline in status of the urban shrines of Zhou lineage. Countryside "altars of soil and grain" became increasingly popular, multiplied, acquired layers of accumulated meaning.

Interstate relations
Zichan acted like a highly skilled realist in state-to-state politics. When the State of Jin tried to interfere in Zheng's internal affairs after the death of a Zheng minister, Zichan was aware of the danger. He argued that if Zheng allowed Jin to determine the minister's successor, Zheng lose its sovereignty. He eventually convinced Jin not to interfere in Zheng affairs.

An embassy of Chu traveling to the state of Jin intended to cross over the territory of Zheng. Chu and Jin were the very powerful neighbors of Zheng, to the south and to the north. They were met at the border by Zheng officials who required them to swear an oath to do no harm within Zheng's borders. This was proscribed in the ritual texts as standard diplomatic protocol.

Zichan's general view was to allow in most cases the common people of Zheng to "free discussion of his policies" in their local schools. He excepted, however, discussion of relations with neighboring states, which too often would led to 'hot-headed' notions that courted disaster. In such matters that required the subtle use of reason, Zichan "failed to shake off the prejudice of the nobleman."

In 546 an interstate peace conference was held, in order to negotiate peaceful relations between a northern league headed by Jin, and southern league of Chu. An unsteady armistice was reached. In this new balance of power, Zichan excelled in statecraft and became widely known for his political skills.

Viewed in philosophy
Zichan's political thinking is known from his work as minister of state. The kernels of his thought are found in the historical record. His near contemporary Confucius mentioned him. In the centuries following his death, several Warring States philosophers wrote of him, suggesting contexts for his points of view. In his lifetime Zichan's public life resulted in a reputation that endured in ancient Chinese political thought.

An era of conflict and flux
During the course of the Spring and Autumn period when Zichan was minister "the old order broke down". The people "were bewildered by the lack of standards for settling disputes and maintaining harmonious relationships." The old clan-based hereditary houses, still nominally in power, were losing their social status while appointed state ministers became the new dominant authorities. The resulting regimes were often fragmented internally, divided and conflicted. War between the states also increased in frequency. The changing statecraft of the era was confused, no longer enjoying traditional sanction. The social instability and state upheavals seemed to compel a search for innovation, a fundamental change.

Zichan is "depicted in the [Zuo Zhuan] as one of the wisest men of his time, and also as a leading statesman in the small ancient state of [Zheng], which was under constant threat of extinction by its powerful neighbors". Evidently in his person Zichan practiced the traditional li ceremonies and elite virtues of the fading Zhou dynasty (whose ideals were endorsed by Confucius). In his political craft, however, Han-era historians could see him as able to anticipate the later Legalist philosophy of the Warring States period, i.e., skillfull in the promulgation and enforcement of newly articulated laws. Such enforced obedience to state-wide standards would better secure the political control of events by the ministers.

The Zuo Zhuan quotes at length from the words spoken by Zichan. His thoughts tended to separate the distant domains of Heaven and the near domain of the human world. He argued against superstition and acted to curb the authority of the Master of Divination. He counseled the people to follow their reason and experience. Heaven's way is distant and difficult to grasp; while the human way is near at hand.

Confucius
Confucius (551-479 BC) was almost 30 when Zichan died. Only in the generation after Zichan did Confucius, an unsuccessful office seeker, establish the literate tradition of an independent, private teacher in China.

As a near contemporary, like Zichan, Confucius was "born in [this] period of great political and social change", a centuries-long revolutionary "upheaval caused by forces beyond his control and already under way." Prof. Creel notes scholarly speculation about the original sources Confucius used in his teaching; he comments that the Zuo Zhuan quotes at length "several statesmen who, living shortly before Confucius... expressed ideas remarkably like his." They were "advanced in their thinking".

The Han historian Sima Qian lists Zichan as one of the six teachers of Confucius.

There were, of course, issues on which Zichan and Confucius did not agree. Confucius, then only 15, did not comment when Zichan caused the laws of Zheng to be published in 536. Yet when later in 513 the neighboring city-state of Jin published its laws, Confucius clearly made known his strong opposition. Such actions undercut the traditional authority of the Zhou-dynasty kings and the city-state nobles who ruled in their name, which scheme of governance Confucius consistently idealized.

Another area of disagreement touched on the human capacity to draw insights from observing society. Confucius taught about an ability to discern, from today's repetition of civic events, the distant future. By careful observation, change in the customary rites of a dynasty can indicate the course of its social history many generations hence. Zichan, however, at a decisive moment of political conflict, was known to confess thet he was not talented enough to make such future predictions. So he tailored his decision only for the people of Zheng then living.

According to the Lunyu, Confucius nonetheless spoke well of Zichan. In his personal conduct and attitudes, Zichan seemed to represent the traditional virtues Confucius advocated.

"The Master said of Tsze-ch'an that he had four of the characteristics of a superior man: in his conduct of himself, he was humble; in serving his superiors, he was respectful; in nourishing the people, he was kind; in ordering the people, he was just.'"

The Lüshi paired Confucius and Zichan (who in this translation is called 'Prince Chan'). Both are praised as talented state ministers who led their countries to significant achievements. Both became widely regarded as successful governors who directed others to accomplish the tasks of administration.

Mencius
The Mengzi of Mencius, fourth century (Warring States period), refers to Zichan. A perplexed disciple questions Mencius about the conduct of Shun, one of the legendary sage kings. Shun's hostile parents and family lied to him. Shun mistakenly believed them, but he did not reveal a corrupt nature thereby. Shun believed their lies because of his regard for his parents. A life of virtue is then discussed.

Mencius compared sage king Shun here to a story about Zichan, when he had believed a dishonest servant. Zichan had given his groundskeeper a live fish to keep in a pond; instead he cooked and ate it. He later told Zichan the fish was alive and swimming in the pond. Zichan was happy that the fish "found his place". Hearing this from Zichan, the servant mocked his reputation for wisdom. But not Mencius, who concluded: "Thus a noble man may be taken in by what is right, but he cannot be misled by what is contrary to the way".

Yet Menzi in another episode disapproved of Zichan's 'small kindness'.

Shen Buhai
In 354 Shen Buhai (W-G: Shen Pu-hai) became chancellor of the small state of Han. Han's statehood was recognized in 403 by the Zhou King. Before Han had been one of three rebel, clan-ruled vassal provinces, that got state status in the Partition of Jin (W-G: Chin). In 375 Han state annexed Zheng (W-G: Cheng). Shen Buhai had been born in Zheng.

"'The most famous man of Cheng was the statesman Tzu-ch'an, who controlled its government from 543 B.C. until his death in 522. . . . In some respects the role of Tzu-Ch'an in Cheng resembled that which Shen Pu-hai would play in Han two centuries later.'"

Shen Buhai's "talent in statecraft" enabled him to "live quite well" during the Warring States period. Then the seven states were engaged in a fierce, all-consuming competition to survive. To become "strong in war" required "becoming strong in organization, population, and production". To rule then necessitated ministers or advisers with such skills. A state's prestige was enhanced by the presence of such celebrated politicians or philosophers whose wisdom was verified by success. Shang Yang the legalist was a contemporary of Shen Buhai.

The Liezi text
Obscure in origin the Liezi became widely admired, a book of "stories and philosophical musings" collected over centuries. Its authenticity being challenged, resulted in a "considerable secondary literature". During the Tang dynasty the book was made the third of three Taoist classics, after the Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi. Its nominal author Lie Yukou (fl. 400 BCE) was "a real or imaginary hero of Chuang-tzu's anecdotes". He reportedly hailed from the state of Zheng.

In the context of early Taoism, according to Zhuang Zhou, "Lieh Tzu could ride upon the wind... and return in fifteen days." The notion of a mystic gnosis by the Taoist perfect man may be seen in "the famous mystic Lieh-tzu, [yet] treated by Chiang-tzu somewhat suspiciously as a man inclined to use his spiritual power to display himself and to control the world through his charismatic magic."

The Liezi presents two stories about Deng Xi's rivalry with Zichan. Both occur in the state of Zheng, and appear to illustrate life principles.

Hedonistic brothers
The first episode is from chapter seven, entitled "Yang Chu", a chapter considered markedly different than the rest of the Liezi. Yang Zhu (c.440-360) founded the philosophical school of Yangism, which flourished for a time during the Warring States period. Contra Confucius who focused on social norms, Yang Chu favored cultivation of the individual. Such inner personal development was coherent with Taoism. Although Yang Chu did not teach hedonism, nor does Taoism, 'his' Liezi chapter clearly adopts a hedonism. Elsewhere in the Liezi, however, hedonism is explicitly criticized. In this episode also, the attack on Zichan seems a strike at Confucius.

Zichan's success as Zheng minister led him to ponder his two wayward brothers, each a mark of failure in his family. He confided his unease with Deng Xi, who encouraged him to 'put things straight'.

His elder brother Chao was a drunk, with his own rice-beer brewery; his constant intoxication was wrecking his health and fortune. Younger brother Mu, a libertine, kept many young beautiful women; obsessed with his sex life, he was careless of all else.

Zichan met with them. Reason and foresight, morals and reputation are more important to the good life, he said, than feelings of the moment. If so, he'd offer them responsible, well-rewarded positions.

Mocking him, his brothers said they'd chosen to follow the true path of their human desires. Better, they said, than his way of pandering to the world and doing violence to his natural self. Pleasure and happiness beat reputation and a disagreeable life. If all followed nature, no need for government.

Zichan told Deng Xi later. Chao and Mu are the true sages of your family, Deng Xi replied; Zheng's welfare in fact was not Zichan's doing, but luck.

Rivalry and fate
From chapter six, "Endeavor and Destiny", this episode first addresses the rivalry in Zheng between Zichan and Deng Xi (called here Teng Hsi). The second half discusses how to manage life and death, suffering and change.

Graham's translation differs in detail from Wong's version. Of the rivalry, telescoped renderings are given here, first Graham's, then Wong's.

Deng Xi liked to argue what was ambiguous. He wrote a code of laws, yet he attacked the chief minister, Zichan. The state adopted the laws, Zichan accepted the criticism, then suddenly had Deng Xi executed. "They could not have acted otherwise."

Deng Xi liked to find fault, to stir up conflict among his colleagues in the government. Zichan ruled Zheng and to control crime enacted stricter laws. All were agreeable except Deng Xi. He attacked Zichan and his laws, so that officials split into two hostile camps. Without warning, Zichan had Deng Xi executed. "Things could not have happened otherwise... given the natural dispositions of the two men."

The modern consensus for dating events in ancient China seems to place Zichan's death in 522, and twenty-one years later in 501 Deng Xi's execution. Yet the Liezi makes a telling exemplar of their rivalry, which ends in the sudden execution. The Lushi Chunqiu states: "When Prince Chan governed Zheng, Deng Xi strove to disrupt things. . . . Thus, wrong was taken to be right, and right was taken to be wrong. With no standard of what was right and wrong, what was permissible and impermissible varied each day. . . . The state of Zheng fell into complete chaos, and the populace clamored. Prince Chan, troubled by this turn of events, had Deng Xi executed."

"C'est vrai, mais c'est bien le caractère unique de l'exécution de Deng Xi".

Ancient

 * Zuo Zhuan (Commentary of Zuo), concerning the Spring and Autumn period, translated as:
 * The Ch'un Ts'ew with the Tso Chuen (London: Henry Frowde 1872), tr. by James Legge;
 * The Tso chuan. Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History (1989), tr. by Burton Watson;
 * The Zuo Tradition (1989), 3 vols., tr. by Stephen Durrant, Li Wai-yee, David Schaberg;
 * Zuo Tradition/Zuozhuan Reader. Selections (2020), by Durrant, Li, & Schaberg.
 * Shijing, tr. as The Book of Odes by Karlgren, as The Book of Songs by Waley, as The Chinese Shi King by Jennings.
 * Shujing, tr. as The Most Venerable Book (Shang Shu) by Martin Palmer, as Shu Ching. Book of History by Clae Waltham & Legge.
 * Lunyu of Kong Fuzi, translated as Analects of Confucius: Legge (1861, 1893), Waley (1938), Ames (1998), Brooks (1998).
 * Liezi, translated as The Book of Lieh-Tzu by A. C. Graham, version by Eva Wong.
 * Zhuangzi, tr. by Brook Ziporyn; as Chuang-tzu by Burton Watson, by A. C. Graham.
 * 5: The Mengzi, the Xunzi,    the Han Feizi,  (Warring States philosophy); Sunzi (earlier military tract);  and, *Zichan (bamboo text, newly discovered).
 * Lüshi Chunqiu, tr. as The Annals of Lü Buwei (Stanford University 2001) by Knoblock & Riegel.
 * Shiji by Sima Qian, English translations:
 * The Grand Scribe's Records (1994-[2021], 12 vols.), William H. Nienhauser, Jr., editor;
 * Selections from Records of the Historian by Szuma Chien (1979), tr. by Yang and Yang.
 * Records of the Grand Historian of China. ...the Shih Chi of Ssu-Ma Ch'ien (1961), by Watson.
 * Confucius and Confucianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace 1931), by Wilhelm.

Modern

 * Bodde, Derk and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China (University of Pennsylvania 1967).
 * Chang, Kwang-Chih, Shang Civilization (Yale University 1980).
 * Chang, K. C., Art, Myth, and Ritual. The path to political authority in ancient China (Harvard U. 1983).
 * Ch'ü T'ung-tsu, Law and Society in traditional China (Paris: Mouton & Co. 1961).
 * Chu Tung-tsu,The History of Chinese Feudal Society ([1937], Routledge 2021).
 * Collins, Randall, The Sociology of Philosophy. A global theory of intellectual change (Harvard University 1998).
 * Creel, H. G., Confucius and the Chinese way (New York: John Day 1949, reprint: Harper, NY 1960).
 * Creel, Herrlee G., The Origins of Statecraft in China, (University of Chicago 1970).
 * Creel, Herrlee G., Shen Pu-hai. A political philosopher of the fourth century B.C. (U. of Chicago 1974)
 * Eberhard, Wolfram, Conquerors and Rulers. Social forces in medieval China (Leiden: E. J. Brill 1952).
 * Falkenhausen, Lothar von, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC). The archaeological evidence (UCLA 2006).
 * Fung Yu-lan, Chung-kuo Che-hsüeh Shih (Shanghai 1931); A History of Chinese Philosophy, v.1 (Princeton Univ 1937, 2d 1952, 1983) tr. Bodde.
 * Gernet, Jacques, Le Chine ancienne (1964), tr. Ancient China (U. of California 1968) by Rudorff.
 * Graham, A. C., Disputers of the Tao. Philosophical argument in ancient China (Open Court 1989).
 * Hsu Cho-yun, Ancient China in transition. An analysis of social mobility, 722-222 B.C. (Stanford University 1965)
 * Hu Shih, The development of the logical method in ancient China, (Shanghai 1922; NY: Paragon 1963, reprint 2020)
 * Jiang Tao, Origins of Moral-Political Philosophy in Early China (Oxford University 2021).
 * Kaizuka Shigeki, Koshi (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 1951); Confucius: His life & thought (New York: Macmillan 1956; Dover 2002), tr. Bownas.
 * Lewis, Mark Edward, Sanctioned violence in early China (State University of New York 1990).
 * Lewis, Mark Edward, Writing and Authority in early China, (State University of New York 1999).
 * Lewis, Mark Edward, Honor and Shame in early China (Cambridge University 2021).
 * Li Feng, Early China. A social and cultural history (Cambridge University 2013).
 * Li Jun, Chinese civilization in the making, 1766-221 (New York: St. Martin's 1996).
 * Lu Xing, Rhetoric in Ancient China (University of South Carolina 1998).
 * Maspero, Henri, La Chine antique (Paris 1927, 1965), tr. China in Antiquity (University of Massachusetts 1978) by Kierman.
 * Pines, Yuri, Foundations of Confucian thought: Intellectual life in the Chunqiu period, 722-453 (University of Hawaii 2002).
 * Poo Mu-chou, In Search of Personal Welfare. A view of ancient Chinese religion (SUNY 1998).
 * Rubin, Vitaly A., Ideologiia i kul'tura drevnego kitaia (Moscow 1970); Individual & State in Ancient China (NY: Columbia University 1976).
 * Schwartz, Benjamin I., The World of Thought in Ancient China (Harvard University 1985).
 * Su Li, The Constitution of Ancient China (Princeton University 2018).
 * Sun Zhenbin, Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China (Springer 2015).
 * Waley, Arthur, The Nine Songs (London: George Allen & Unwin 1955; reprint: City Lights, San Francisco 1973).
 * Waley, Arthur, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (London 1939, reprint Stanford 1982).
 * Walker, Robert Louis, The Multi-state System of Ancient China. (Hamden: Shoestring 1953; Greenwood 1971).
 * Wang Haicheng, Writing and the Ancient State. Early China in comparative perspective (Cambridge University 2014).
 * Welch, Holmes, Taoism. The parting of the way (Boston: Beacon 1957, 1965).
 * Wieger, Leon, Histoire des Croyances religieuses et des opinions philosophiques en Chine (Xian 1917, Shanghai 1922), tr. as A History of Religious Beliefs... (Peking 1927, reprint Paragon 1969).
 * Zhang Jinfan, The tradition and modern transition of Chinese Law (Heidelberg: Springer 1997, 2d 2005, 3d 2008).
 * Zhao Dingxin, The Confucian-Legalist State. A new theory of Chinese history (Oxford U. 2015).
 * Cheng K'o-tang, Tzu-ch'an p'ing chuan (Shanghai 1941).
 * Jen Fangqiu, Zichan (Zhengzhou 1987).

Articles

 * Creel, H. G., "Legal institutions & procedures during the Chou dynasty", in Cohen, Edwards, Chen (ed), Essays on China's Legal Tradition (1980).
 * Dull, Jack L., "The deep roots of resistance to Law Codes and Lawyers in China", in Turner, et el. (eds.), The limits of the rule of law in China (2000).
 * Eichler, E. R., "The Life of Tsze-ch'an," in China Review (1886), vol. XV: pp. 12–23 & 65-78.
 * Fraser, Chris, "School of Names": Deng Xi (2015), in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive.
 * Lewis, Mark Edward, "The City-State in Spring and Autumn China", in Hansen (ed.), A Comparative study of thirty City-State cultures (Copenhagen 2000).
 * Martin, François, "Le cas de Zichan", in Gernet & Kalinowski, En Suivant la Voie Royale (1997).
 * Puett, Michael, "Ghosts, Gods, & Coming Apocalypse," in Scheidel (ed.), State Power in Ancient China & Rome (Oxford University 2015).
 * Pulleyblank, Edwin G., "Ji and Jiang: The role of exogamic clans in the organization of Zhou polity", in Early China (2000), v.25: pp. 1-27.
 * Rubin, V. A., "Tzu-Ch'an and the city-state of ancient China" in T'oung Pao, v.52: pp. 8-34 (1965).
 * Theobald, Ulrich, "Zichan" (2010), at ChinaKnowledge website, accessed 2022-07-27.
 * Theobald, Ulrich, "Regional State of Zheng" (2000), at ChinaKnowledge, accessed 2023-06-16.
 * Turner, Karen, "Sage kings and laws in the Chinese and Greek traditions," in Ropp (ed.), Heritage of China (University of California 1990).
 * Wang Hui, "The mixed Han-Tang-Song structure and its moral ideal" in Su Li, The Constitution of ancient China (2018).
 * Yang, C. K., "Introduction" (1964) to Weber, Religion of China ([1916]; NY: Macmillan 1951, 1964).
 * Cook & Major (C&M), editors, Defining Chu. Image and reality in ancient China (University of Hawai'i 1999).
 * Goldin, Paul R., editor, Routledge Handbook of early Chinese history (2020).
 * Loewe & Shaughnessy (L&S), editors, The Cambridge History of Ancient China (1999).
 * Loewe, Michael, editor, Early Chinese Texts. A bibliographical guide (SSEC & IEAS/U.Calif. 1993).

title: Zichan


text:
Jonn Serrie

Jonn Serrie is an American composer of space music, a genre of ambient electronic music, and New Age music. He has recorded at least 18 albums and worked on projects for Lucasfilm, IMAX Corporation, NASA, the United States Navy, Hayden Planetarium, Expo Seville, and CNN.

Musical career
Serrie has been composing and performing music for planetariums since the early 1980s. His first widely available album, And the Stars Go With You, was in memory of the astronauts lost in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The following album, Flightpath, contains six songs that commemorate the pre-space-age test pilots of Edwards Air Force Base in the 1950s. Jonn is a pilot with advanced instrument and commercial ratings and flies for the Civil Air Patrol as a search-and-rescue pilot.

Serrie's next album, Tingri, was based on a remote village in Tibet. It was his way of infusing more spiritual and romantic emotion into his music. In so doing, he strayed a bit from his space music roots but without sacrificing his trademark sound. In 1992 and 1994, he made two albums in which he put his earlier planetarium work from the 1980s on CD, on Planetary Chronicles, Volume 1 and Planetary Chronicles, Volume 2. In between, in 1993 and 1995, Serrie composed his own musical science fiction story based on a fictional Century Princess in Midsummer Century and Ixlandia. In 1993, he submitted a song from his planetarium collection called "Soft Landing" to a Various Artists album sponsored largely by Steve Roach, a prominent electronic musician. This song is only available on this recording. In 1997, Serrie's first Christmas album Upon a Midnight Clear was released; he rearranged known and less-known Christmas songs from around the world in his unique style. Due to its popularity, Serrie released two more Christmas albums, Yuletides in 2001 and Merrily on High in 2004.

In 1998, Serrie collaborated with David Carradine on his tai chi video series and released a CD soundtrack based on the videos, called "Dream Journeys". Also in 1998, he took a trip to shamanic America, which resulted in his musical collaboration with several Native American elders on "Spirit Keepers".

In 1999, Serrie appeared as a special guest of honor at the 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing mission, which was held in Cape Canaveral. As the final act of the after-dinner entertainment, he played a specially composed song "Out of the Blue", which has not been officially released.

The year 2000 brought Serrie's "best of" space music compilation, Century Seasons. On this album two new songs appeared, although "Deep Mystery" reappeared on "Lumia Nights" two years later in a slightly shorter version. The other bonus track, "Andromeda Dream", appeared on this album. In 2000 Serrie collaborated with flutist Gary Stroutsos on the Narada label, on an album called Hidden World.

Since 2000, several of Serrie's albums have appeared on independent labels. 2002 brought Lumia Nights, a space romance release on Valley Entertainment, composed in the style of Ixlandia and Midsummer Century. In 2003, he signed a contract with New World Music, a major label in England, which included the reissue of his earlier Miramar releases. 2003 also brought The Stargazer's Journey with liner notes from famed astronomer David H. Levy. This was a return to form in Serrie's more traditional space music style.

Serrie took an interesting musical turn in 2005 with Epiphany, Meditations on Sacred Hymns, featuring his arrangement of traditional hymns and psalms, which he dedicated to his grandmother, his primary childhood church organ and piano teacher. He followed this up in 2006 with Sunday Morning, an independent release for autistic children and their parents. A portion of the profits from this CD goes to support for autism organizations in the United States.

Also in 2006, music from one of his albums was used in the hit Hollywood movie What the Bleep Do We Know!? Serrie scored the award-winning IMAX short film  Hubble: Galaxies Across Space and Time as well as the popular astronomy software program Starry Nights and Space.com's Eyes on Mars DVD.

In 2009, Serrie released the album Thousand Star.

In 2011 the album Sunday Morning was expected be released, available worldwide. In 2014 the album "Day Star" was released available worldwide on New World Music In 2017 the album "The Sentinel" was released available worldwide on New World Music

Jonn Serrie founded the Galaxy Music Scholarship in 2001, a US$1000 annual scholarship for graduating high school seniors desiring a career in new age and space music composition. He lives in Atlanta, Georgia.

Studio albums

 * 1984 — Starmoods (cassette only)
 * 1987 — And the Stars Go with You
 * 1989 — Flightpath
 * 1990 — Tingri
 * 1992 — Planetary Chronicles, Volume 1
 * 1993 — Midsummer Century
 * 1994 — Planetary Chronicles, Volume 2
 * 1994 — Tai Chi Meditation, Vol. 1: Life Force Breathing (narrated by Dr. Jerry Alan Johnson)
 * 1994 — Tai Chi Meditation, Vol. 2: Eight Direction Perception (narrated by Dr. Jerry Alan Johnson)
 * 1995 — Ixlandia
 * 1997 — Upon a Midnight Clear (also released in 2000 as Christmas Dreams)
 * 1998 — Spirit Keepers
 * 1998 — Dream Journeys
 * 2000 — Hidden World (with Gary Stroutsos) (Narada/Virgin/EMI)
 * 2001 — Lumia Nights (Valley Entertainment)
 * 2001 — Yuletides
 * 2003 — The Stargazer's Journey
 * 2004 — Merrily on High
 * 2005 — Epiphany: Meditations on Sacred Hymns (Valley Entertainment)
 * 2009 — Hidden World Beyond (with Gary Stroutsos) (Valley Entertainment)
 * 2009 — Thousand Star
 * 2010 — Christmas Prayers (Valley Entertainment)
 * 2011 — Sunday Morning Peace (2006 release, limited edition Sunday Morning, 2011 as Maiden Voyage with Hemi-Sync )
 * 2014 — Day Star
 * 2017 — The Sentinel
 * 2019 — Azurae
 * 2023 — Elysian Lightships
 * 2024 — Ascendant Destiny

Compilation albums

 * 2000 — Century Seasons: The Space Music of Jonn Serrie

Collaboration albums

 * 2015 — Celestial Rhythms: NYC Live '85 (songs by Geodesium, Jonn Serrie, Barry Hayes)
 * 2011 — Music for Accelerated-Consciousness Love-Making (songs by Iasos, Jonn Serrie & Kevin Kendle)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jonn Serrie


text:
Theodor Körner (president)

Theodor Körner, Edler von Siegringen (23 April 1873 – 4 January 1957) was an Austrian military officer and statesman of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He served as President of Austria from 1951 to 1957 and as Mayor of Vienna from 1945 to 1951.

Early life
As son of an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army, he was born in Újszőny, Kingdom of Hungary (today part of Komárom, Hungary), as the second child of an Artillery Captain, later promoted to major Theodor Karl Körner, Edler von Siegringen (1828-1917) and his wife, Karoline Fousek (1849–1929). He had one older sister, Rosa Antonia (b. 1872) and one younger brother Richard (1874-1915), who later became lieutenant colonel in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces during World War I. He was great nephew of poet Theodor Körner and was distantly related to Bertha von Suttner, through her mother, Sophie Wilhelmine von Körner (1815-1884), who was also related to the poet.

Biography
In 1883–1888, Körner lived in Chrastava, where his father was born, and attended the elementary school there. From 1888, he attended the military school in Hranice, graduated at the head of his class as a pioneer from the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy, and became lieutenant in 1894. He served as an officer in Agram (today Zagreb, Croatia) and was promoted to major in 1904, in which year he became a member of the Austrian staff. During World War I, he was an active commander on the Italian front. He resigned from his military career in 1924 as a General.

Always interested in politics, he joined the social democrats and became a member of parliament in 1924. He served as Chairman of the Federal Council of Austria between December 1933 and February 1934.

Körner was a member of the Technischer Ausschuss (Technical Committee) of the Republikanischer Schutzbund and, alongside Alexander Eifler, considered one of its two leading military strategists. As opposed to Eifler, who favored a more streamlined and classic military organization for the Social-Democratic paramilitary, Körner proposed a strategic outline utilizing guerilla warfare and mass action in the case of a civil war. Eifler was eventually able to assert his strategic views in his struggle with Körner, in the course of which Körner left the technical committee in 1930.

The civil war in Austria and the installation of the austro-fascist dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss ended Körner's career as a politician. He was arrested, like other members of his party, by the authoritarian government that banned all opposition parties and put their representatives into prison. During World War II, Körner was again imprisoned, this time by the Nazis.

After the war, in April 1945, Körner became Mayor of Vienna in the newly erected Second Republic. Körner was responsible for rebuilding and reconstructing Vienna, which was heavily destroyed due to the bombing during the war. After the death of Karl Renner, his party nominated Körner as candidate for the presidency, and Körner won the elections with slightly more than 51 percent of the votes. He therefore became the first President of Austria directly elected by the people. Körner died in Vienna, in office, the second consecutive President to do so.

Körner had a profound knowledge of military sciences and wrote about military theory. In Vienna, there is a Gemeindebau and a street named after him, as is the Theodor Körner Prize, an Austrian award for science and art.

A motor vessel, the MS Theodor Körner was built in 1965 and currently operates on the Danube River as a "Bike & Boat" cruise ship, accommodating 135 passengers plus crew.

Awards

 * Honorary Doctorate at the Vienna University of Technology (1945)
 * Honorary citizen of Vienna city (1948)
 * Grand Cross special class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1956)GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes.svg

title: Theodor Körner (president)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Zivinbudas

Confirmation that all parties are aware of the request

 * User:Zivinbudas
 * User:Balcer
 * User:Witkacy
 * User:Piotrus

Confirmation that other steps in dispute resolution have been tried
Zivinbudas has been asked several times to be more cooperative and less aggresive, both on his talk page and on the talk pages of the respective articles. In most cases to no effect. He was also reported in the Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/3RR several times for violation of three revert rule (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Finally, following his revert war on Indo-European languages a RfC process was started, of which Zivinbudas was notified. Yet, the only response was vandalisation of the RfC page by an anonymous user from the same IP range he has been frequently using.

After the failure of that process due to lack of cooperation from the side of Zivinbudas, it is clear that filing a request for mediation would be equally fruitless.

Zivinbudas access to Wikipedia
This user has continued to revert war (e.g. here and here) on Baltic pages. There are so many I simply cannot protect them all - this editor is already responsible for more protected pages on Wikipedia than all other editors put together! So I have again wound up blocking the entire Lithuanian ISP he is using. (I am working with the other Lithuanian editor who is affected by this to allow that editor to continue to edit.)

This means that there will be a delay in any possible response to this Arbitration case. I note that this user made all those edits (above) since the arbitration was filed, and didn't bother to reply on the arbitration issues, so I gather they just don't care about this anyway. I imagine they can email any reaction they do have to an ArbComm member, who can post it for them - I will point this out on their Talk: page. Noel (talk) 19:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Action?
I am unfamiliar with RfA procedures, but it is almost two weeks since this page has been alive. Is anybody going to take any decision or is some evidence missing or what? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:34, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe there may be not enough active members of Arbitration Committee in the holiday period ? --Lysy (talk) 10:09, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm going to try and speed things up on this one. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 16:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This would be appreciated. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:52, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I'm glad that this got taken care of... but I wish I'd been around at the time to see it happen, instead of having lost my internet access. Oh well...glad to see that things have been taken care of. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 00:31, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Insanity!
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Witkacy&action=history TheUnforgiven 17:11, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Requests_for_page_protection TheUnforgiven 17:41, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

sockpuppets

 * User:Bf-109

anon ip's

 * ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , --Witkacy 15:00, 13 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Pinhoe railway station

Pinhoe railway station is on the eastern edge of the city of Exeter in Devon, England, that serves the village of Pinhoe. It was opened by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) in 1871 but is now operated by South Western Railway which provides services on the West of England Main Line. It is 168 mi down the line from London Waterloo.

History
The LSWR opened its Exeter Extension from Yeovil Junction to Exeter Queen Street on 19 July 1860 but no station was provided at Pinhoe at that time. The village's station opened eleven years later on 30 October 1871. The original wooden footbridge was replaced by a concrete structure cast at nearby Exmouth Junction works, the first such footbridge erected by the Southern Railway, which had taken over from the LSWR in 1923.

Goods facilities were provided from 3 April 1882, and in 1943 a government food cold store was built to the west of the station that was served by its own siding. The passenger station was closed on 7 March 1966 when the Western Region of British Railways withdrew the local stopping services from the line. Goods facilities were withdrawn on 10 June 1967 and the cold store siding (now operated by a private company) closed in 1979.

The station was reopened by British Rail on 16 May 1983. Passengers waiting at the reopened station have to make do with glass and metal shelters. Instead of serving a country village it was now on the eastern edge of the expanding city. The initial trial period for commuter services proved successful, and a regular service now operates all day, seven days a week. Between 2003 and 2008 passenger numbers increased by 530% and they are still increasing with an estimate of 94,354 users in 2015–16 and subsequent years consistently exceeding 0.1 million passengers per annum apart from 2020–21.

Station buildings
A two-storey brick building between the road and the eastbound platform is the former station master's house. The main station building used to be next to this but was demolished after the station closed in the 1960s.

Location
The station is just south of the village centre to the west of Station Road and access to the platforms is from this road; a footpath also links the eastbound platform with Main Road.

Services

Off-peak, all services at Pinhoe are operated by South Western Railway using and  DMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Waterloo via Salisbury
 * 1 tph to Exeter St Davids

The station is also served by a single weekday peak hour service from Barnstaple to Axminster which is operated by Great Western Railway.

Signalling
The station was built next to the level crossing of Pinn Lane. This was operated by the station staff until 1875 when a small signal box was brought into use; it was situated on the north side of the line to the east of the road. The initial 11 levers were extended to 17 in 1943 when the cold store was built. On 11 June 1967 one of the two tracks between Pinhoe and Honiton was taken out of use and trains towards London would often wait in the closed station for a westbound train to clear the 14 mi single track section. The level crossing gates were replaced with lifting barriers on 17 March 1968. The signal box was finally closed on 13 February 1988, the level crossing and signals now being controlled from Exmouth Junction. The old signal box was dismantled and re-erected in the railway museum at Bere Ferrers on the Tamar Valley Line.

title: Pinhoe railway station


text:
BodyRockers

BodyRockers were an English–Australian electronic music duo, consisting of Dylan Burns and Kaz James, which formed in 2004. Their 2005 single, "I Like the Way", reached No. 3 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart, No. 12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and the Top 20 on both the United States Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay Charts. They issued a self-titled album that year and toured internationally in support of its release. Although they recorded material for a second album it was not issued and the group disbanded in 2007 with both Burns and James pursuing solo careers.

Background
BodyRockers formed in 2004 as an electronic music duo, consisting of Dylan Burns and Kaz James. Burns (ex-ColourSound), a British singer-guitarist from Herne Bay, England, was visiting Melbourne, Australia when he was introduced to James by another DJ, Jason Herd. James had worked as a House music DJ in Australia and then "played everywhere from Italy to Greece, Spain, Japan and Mykonos". The pair first played together with Burns on guitar over James' rocky DJ set. Within a month of their first meeting, the duo created "I Like the Way", a song loosely based on Billy Idol's 1987 cover version of "Mony Mony" by Tommy James and the Shondells. Released as a single in April 2005, it reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart; No. 12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart; and made the Top 20 on both the United States Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay Charts.

The success of "I Like the Way" allowed BodyRockers to tour internationally throughout 2005 and into 2006. In a 2007 interview, James described this era as "amazing times! We toured the world with a band and sold a shit-load of records". In late 2005, the group released a follow-up single, "Round and Round", which reached the ARIA Singles Chart Top 40. Both songs appeared on their debut 2005 album, BodyRockers. They recorded a second album, however the two mutually decided not to release it and instead to pursue their own career paths. As James stated, "Since then we have moved on and actually made a second album but decided that we both wanted to go down different paths in our lives and going on the road as BodyRockers again for another three years promoting another album wasn't what we wanted".

Appearances in other media
The song "I Like the Way" has been featured in advertisements for BMW, Citroen, Ford, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Diet Coke, DirecTV, and Ethel Austin. It was used as promotional music for a 2005 Victoria's Secret fashion show as well as for the 2007 Hong Kong Sevens rugby tournament.

The song "Round and Round" appears on the Bumpers and ID's of Canal 13 Argentina of 2013

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music..

 * 2005 || "I Like the Way (You Move)"|| Best Dance Release || Nominated
 * 2005 || "I Like the Way (You Move)"|| Best Dance Release || Nominated

title: BodyRockers


text:
How 2

How 2 is an informative educational programme produced by TVS between 1990 and 1991, and STV Studios (Scottish Television) from 1992 to 2006.

The original show (How) was produced by Southern Television from 1966 up until 1981 when the company lost its franchise to TVS, which was a regular fixture in the ITV schedules.

History
The show began in 1966 as How; a series popular in the 1970s. It was designed to provide answers to questions beginning with the word "How". Each episode began with the presenters all raising one hand and saying "How" simultaneously (playing on the stereotypical Native American greeting). Common topics covered included science, history, mathematics, and simple puzzles. The series came to an end in 1981 when Southern Television lost its ITV franchise, but was revived as How 2 in 1990 by TVS. The first two series developed by TVS, however on 16th October 1991 when it was announced that TVS had lost the franchise round to Meridian, several ITV companies were interested in taking over production of the show, ultimately Scottish Television won out and produced the show from Series 3 onwards. After an intervening year at the Maidstone Studios, from Series 4 until the end of Series 15, taping of the show took place at STV's Glasgow Studios.

In addition to the regular series, two specials were also produced. This included a comedy special, produced especially for CITV's Comedy Week of programs in February 1997. Later the same year, a christmas special was produced, which was filmed in Lapland.

In 2006 the final series was broadcast, having waited more than a year for transmission. Afterwards, series 14 and 15 were regularly repeated on the CITV channel, normally at weekends and some school holidays until the end of 2012.

A similar CITV show to appear a few years later was The Big Bang, presented by How 2's own Gareth Jones and Violet Berlin. The Big Bang had a more scientific slant, focusing on performing fun experiments involving simple physics and chemistry. Other similar British television series included Don't Ask Me. Fred Dinenage was the only presenter to appear in both incarnations of How, presenting the shows for a total of 31 years. On 6 January 2013, as part of CITV's Old Skool Weekend (a televised event celebrating the strand's 30th anniversary), the first episode of the 1995 series was shown. Prior to this, a How 2 segment was featured on the 30 Years of CITV documentary that aired on ITV on 29 December 2012 and featured interviews with Dinenage and Jones.

In 2019 How 2 was made available on Amazon Prime Video in the UK.

Also in 2019, the CITV channel commissioned a further revival of the format. Fred Dinenage made his third return to the series, alongside a new team of Vick Hope, Sam Homewood and Frankie Vu.

Series overview
1 The last episode of the series was a comedy special, aired as part of CITV's comedy week.
 * Notes

2 Before that, there was "The Best of How 2" which aired on 18 August 1997.

3 The last episode of the series was a Christmas special.

How Goes 2
There was no regular series in 1998 but there was a spin-off series called How Goes 2, which aired from 25 February to 15 April 1998. The series focused on Fred and Gareth going to different places each week, and the 8 shows featured segments from the first 6-year run, featuring the original 3 presenters.

title: How 2


text:
Jessie Cooper

Jessie Mary Cooper (née McAndrew; 29 June 1914 – 28 December 1993 ) was elected as a Liberal and Country League representative to the South Australian Legislative Council at the 1959 election. She was one of the first two women elected to the Parliament of South Australia, along with Joyce Steele who was elected to the House of Assembly on the same day. She served until her retirement in 1979.

Pre-parliament
Jessie McAndrew was born and grew up in Sydney. She married Geoffrey D T Cooper, who was the youngest appointed Australian Lieutenant Colonel in World War II, commanding officer of the 2/27th, and a fourth generation member of the Adelaide Cooper family (Coopers Brewery). They had one son who qualified M.B.B.S. and PhD and worked in immunology research before taking his father's seat on the Cooper's board of directors in 1989 and working as a general medical practitioner.

Entering parliament
Ironically, South Australia was the last state to elect a female representative; at the 1896 election, South Australian women became the first in Australia to be given the right to vote and the first in the world to be given the right to stand for election to Parliament. Cooper and Joyce Steele were elected to the Parliament of South Australia at the 1959 election.

In 1959, attempts were still being made to prevent women entering Parliament. In an action brought by Frank Chapman and Arthur Cockington, Jessie Cooper and Margaret Scott (the Liberal party and Labor party candidates respectively, running for the Legislative Council in the South Australian election), had to show that they were "persons" in the sense intended by the State Constitution to be eligible to stand. The South Australian Supreme Court found in their favour and Jessie Cooper went on to win a seat in the Legislative Council.

Reporters asked Joyce Steele and Jessie Cooper how they would combine their domestic duties with politics: Steele said that she would have to get a housekeeper to help with the housework, while Cooper replied that "... she would fit in her housework in the same way as a male member fitted in the running of an orchard or an accountant's office." (Sydney Morning Herald, 9 March 1959. p. 1)

Molly Byrne was Labor's first female elected to the Parliament of South Australia, at the 1965 election, and the third behind Steele and Cooper.

title: Jessie Cooper


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Zivinbudas

Case Opened on 09:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Case Closed on 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Please do not edit this page directly unless you wish to become a participant in this request. (All participants are subject to Arbitration Committee decisions, and the ArbCom will consider each participant's role in the dispute.) Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Involved parties

 * Zivinbudas
 * Halibutt
 * Balcer
 * Witkacy
 * Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus
 * Lysy
 * DeirYassin
 * Decius
 * Dbachmann. Just stating my supporting Halibutt. What I have to say on the case is here.
 * Wiglaf

Halibutt is bringing this case against Zivinbudas, on charges that he has failed repeatedly to abide by the three-revert rule, despite numerous warnings and blocks imposed on him as an effect of his actions. In addition, he frequently resorts to personal attacks and continues to wage revert wars. Zivinbudas has very strong Lithuanian nationalist feelings which he has been aggressively airing at most pages involved. Despite his views on the history of Lithuania being very extreme, and his failure to provide any sources backing them, he fails to gain consensus before making substantial changes to disputed articles, even if asked. Finally, he often bypasses the rules of Wikipedia and temporary bans on his account by logging out and continuing the destructive actions as an anonymous user. It is to be noted, that during his month-long stay in Wikipedia, Zivinbudas did not start a single article. All in all, Zivinbudas is constantly in conflict with both the rules and the principles of this encyclopedia.

Statement by Halibutt
There is no question whatsoever, that Zivinbudas has been engaged in disrupting Wikipedia for over a month now. Although many of his edits are POV and even offensive, we were all hoping that with time he will learn the proper conduct and behaviour. However, this did not happen so far and there is little chance it will change in the future. Currently a large number of articles is blocked solely because of his behaviour (among others the pages on Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania, Partitions of Poland, Vilnius, Demographics of Lithuania and Vilnius region). Both the average users and admins have to waste a lot of time to watch his edits, correct them and then see him revert the corrections or offend them seriously. In my opinion, this user is simply unable to contribute constructively to Wikipedia. Halibutt 03:56, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Statement by Dbachmann: what he said. I have nothing to add, but fully support Halibutt in this. dab (ᛏ) 10:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto.--Wiglaf 11:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I also support Halibutt here. Decius 21:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Statement by Piotrus
I support Halibutt's statement entirely. Further, I'd like to add that many, many hours have been wasted on reverthing Zvinbudas/trying to reason with him/preparing those requests/etc. Not only my, but Halibutts and others involved time has been wasted - the time, which I, for example, could use to prepare at least one more FA. Thus I move for
 * 1) right to revert Zvinbudas, his future aliases and proxies as normal vandal (i.e. without regard for 3RR) until the time he sufficiently proves to us he is no longer a vandal
 * 2) month (or longer) IP range ban on a range Zvinbudas is commonly using as a way to avoid temporary bans on his username, beacuse it is clear from his past behaviour that simply banning his username will cause him to return to us as anon, and he will continue his behaviour thus causing the vandalisation of the page's history in a prolonged revert wars. As it has been brought to admin's attention, the IP range Zvinbudas uses is large and would affect many Lithuanian users, however I think that whatever positive contributions anons from that range did (and I have yet to see any), time wasted by regular users on dealing with Zvinbudas, and edit opportunity wasted by protection of so many pages, by which regular users and anons alike are affected, greatly outweights the costs of such an action. Such a range ban should be extended whenever Zvinbudas returns vandalising again. If possible, a special msg for the IPs on that range should be prepared, explaining the reasons for this range ban and inviting anons to register.

In the end, I'd like to note that - with a few negligable points exceptions - not a single user has supported Zvinbudas revisions of history, nor has he provided a single source for his versions. This is cleary a case of one evidently mistaken and uncooperative user against the broad community, and I hope the final decision of the arbitrators will reflect the needs of Wikipedia. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Statement by DeirYassin
User Zivinbudas as well have added some useful information and corrections of mistakes to various Lithuania-related articles (example Klaipeda region http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaipeda_Region&diff=14179407&oldid=13997997 ). Also where revert wars happened, he in most places written interesting historical information in the talk pages which weren't known to me, but as I checked, were true; as he studies history, and there are not many Lithuanians able to contribute here and knowing these things well, I think he is useful. I agree that sometimes he makes an article POV, but sometimes that article is POV of other side at the start (due to lack of Lithuanian editors many articles have Polish, Belorussian and other POVs about Lithuanian history). However, such disputed can be resolved, as they were resolved on Talk:Confederation for example. Although insults and lack of reasoning - a problem, but I think it got better with time, at start it was mostly insults, while now there is more reasoning I think, facts and information, as well explainings if he does reverts. The problem with some unexplained reverts (fewer of them now though) comes from fact that certain information would not be doubted in Lithuania, therefore for some it might seem even "wrong" that someone doubts it and requests more information, especially immidietly after coming to wikipedia. And, there is a real problem with Poles deleting Lithuanian names (which Zivinbudas and I add in brackets together with e.g. German names which are already added there) of cities in Poland even if they used to have Lithuanian majority and such (example: Goldap), and even if they are very different from Polish ones and etc. while Poles at the same time adds Polish names to cities of Belarus, Ukraine, Kaliningrad Oblast, Lithuania, Latvia, etc. even to those cities where Poles never made even significant minority (examples: Panevežys, Siauliai, Jelgava, Kaliningrad); current arguements for that are like "there are more Poles who speaks English so more historical English sites using Polish names", which might make it seem to some that these people thinks of Lithuanian language as lesser;This is just an example of a thing which might annoy Lithuanian and I think things like this one is what causes Zivinbudas to write for example anti-Polish sentiments and push more Lithuanian POV as a 'retalliation'. Not saying that such retalliating is good, but I think it changes with time. DeirYassin 05:46, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I am afraid the Talk:Confederation is far from resolved. Zvinbudas is ignoring both my proposed compromise, and my request for sources, and thus the relevant pages stay protected, while he moved on to vandalise new pages in the past 3 days since the Talk:Confederation was active. Yes, he has corrected a few minor errors, but his positive contributions pale comapred to the amount of fictional (not backed by any source!) ideas (I'd estimate the controversial inserts are at least 90% of info he adds), not to mention that most of his time is spend on revert wars, not meaningful contribution to articles or talk. I really wish he was a more reasonable user like you, unfortunately, this is not the case. Besides, why won't he came defend here himself? Of course, if he does come here, we are bound to hear some lithuanian insults or - if we are lucky - his rant about Polish administrators conspiracy to thwart him... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * As for adding things without source, I am not supporting it. The reason however is I think because some of things he says are undisputable in Lithuania, and every Lithuanian who is interested in history knows it. So if a Pole says he doesn't knows it, maybe he thinks that it means that the Pole is making fun of him or such. I can tell however that when he writes something into my user talk in Lithuanian, he gives evidence, information and such. DeirYassin 14:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid his behaviour whether a month ago or today is way from anything acceptable. He still uses anonymous access to circumvent blocks and most of his activity is limited to aggresively starting new edit wars (much of which he does anonymously). Also I don't think it's really a matter of Polish versus Lithuanian POV, but rather his way of conduct, as all the other Poles and Lithuanians on Wikipedia get along well and are able to collaborate fruitfully. In fact his attempts to conflict Poles and Lithuanians (e.g. when he signs his statements with different signatures, pretending that he is "many Lithuanians") are VERY harmful. He put many articles at least a month backwards but what's worse he tied up lots of otherwise valuable wp resources, and I doubt if his input is worth it. His conflicts on wp are not limited to Lithuanian/Polish issues and his contributions are minor, controversial and dubious, as he rarely cares to support his claims with any sources. (why do you think he studies history, btw ?). In summary: I don't see any progress in his behaviour or it's too slow to be noticed. Lysy 07:29, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Signing with different names only happened at the start, when he first came to Wikipedia and did not know how to register a username presumably and how to sign. Once he registered a username (Zivinbudas), he signs everything with this username; recently even when he writes something to talk page when he forgets to login he later logs in to resign it as Zivinbudas. And he told me that he studies history. DeirYassin 08:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * He purposefully used to edit his own comments only in order to change one of his fictious signatures to another, this has nothing to do with his knowledge on how to sign in. I'd call it a naive version of sockpuppeting. As for his forgetting to log in, he "forgets" to do it usually when his account is blocked, like here: Talk:Germany. Obviously the purpose of these recent edits was not to discuss about the Germany article but a clear attempt to conflict people based on their nationality. His account was already blocked when he did these edits, so he could not log in (and not forgot to) and did it from 85.206.193.63 and 85.206.194.239 IPs. He's actually anonymously involving into new edit wars as I write this (e.g. Kaunas) and "fogot" to sign here. Lysy 18:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Despite that he edites without signing in (in the Talk:Germany), he signed every except the last of his comments by his username (and from the context it is clear that last comment is also hi sanyways). Now when he is editing without logging in he usually signs with username anyways.DeirYassin 14:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comment
Because of Zivinbudas' breaking of the 3RR on four pages in one day, he is now blocked for several days by User:Noel. Details of the case are available here. Therefore it might take some time for him to reply (if...). I believe it would be fair to ask the ArbComm to take that into consideration. Halibutt 09:22, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently the range block of Zivinbudas affected also User:AndriuZ, so it has been lifted. However, to counter the threat Noel had to block the most commonly-vandalised set of articles, including Gdansk, Goldap, History of Pomerania, Olecko, Pomerania, Podlasie, Podlasie Voivodship, Sarmatism, Siauliai, and Sudovia. Halibutt 01:47, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Comment by Aalien
Zivinbudas is a clean and acceptable person. A clique lead dbachman, Jayig, wiglaf and other haters of humanity believe, they can suppress other persons, provocate them with comments acting in a herd can monopolize the Wikipedia for their dark purposes. Aalien

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (5/0/0/0)

 * Accept. RfC is of concern. Ambi 11:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept Fred Bauder 19:11, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept - revert injunction and/or injunction against editing outside this case likely. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 22:26, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've been following this one on WP:AN/3RR. One of the problems with this particular abuser is that when blocked, he edits as an anon, redialing for a new IP as needed - leading to a need for frequent short blocks of the whole /16. That is, this is an arbitrable problem, but I'm not sure a lot more can actually be done than what is being done by admins patrolling for abuse now. I suppose he could be declared "shoot on sight", but ... - David Gerard 00:53, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Admins should also note that, per Administrators%27_noticeboard/3RR, the range block also affects User:AndriuZ, who is in good standing - David Gerard 08:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept. Neutralitytalk 06:44, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Accept ➥the Epopt 22:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Temporary injunction
Pending final resolution of this matter User:Zivinbudas is limited in editing to his user pages and this arbitration. Any other edits which are obviously Zivinbudas (which exhibit immature Lithuanian nationalism) may be removed.

 * ''Passed 4 to 0 on 9 July 2005

=Final decision = All numbering based on /Proposed decision (vote counts and comments are there as well)

Lithuanian nationalism
1) edits from an immature Lithuanian nationalist perspective, , , , , ,

 * Passed 6 to 0 at 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Anonymous ips
2) When User:Zivinbudas is blocked he uses a wide range of ips to log in. Blocking the range might affect access of Lithuanian users to Wikipedia. Anonymous ips used by Zivinbudas include, ,

 * Passed 6 to 0 at 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

One year ban
1) User:Zivinbudas is banned for one year. Any edit by Zivinbudas using an anonymous ip (exhibiting his trademark immature Lithuanian nationalism) may be removed by any user.

 * Passed 6 to 0 at 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Enforcement
1) Bans of User:Zivinbudas shall run for one year. At the end of each year they shall expire, but may be imposed for an additional year by any administrator if the usual pattern of immature Lithuanian nationalism persists. An appeal may be considered should the ban be imposed without adequate cause. Any appeal should be made at Requests_for_arbitration.

 * ''Passed 5 to 0 at 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Comparison of Australian and Canadian governments

Untitled
With reference to the welfare state section, Australia does not have a two tier health system. While the coalition government has encouraged the use of private health cover, the public Medicare system is not a second class health system.

With reference to the war and peace section, the last paragraph of a speculative nature.
 * Two-tier does not mean that the public system is inferior, it just means that there is both a private and a public system in operation. - SimonP 13:50, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Federalism
The sentence: "In Canada, the British North America Act of 1867 thus created strong provincial governments that are in no practical way subservient to the federal government" Seems somewhat inaccurate. While it is true that Canada is quite decentralized now, the BA Act was designed to keep the provinces subsurvient to the federal government. Under John A. MacDonald the provinces were indeed kept under the guidance of the federal government. It was only later judicial review by British courts that would give interpretations of the BA as being more in favor of the provinces and effectively undercut the power that the federal government held.

This point is made much more clearly at the end of the "States and Provinces" section... but overall it appears somewhat conflicting.

Monarchy/modern multiculural society
I find the paragraph beginning
 * However, Canada has been more successful in reconciling the monarchy with a modern multicultural society than Australia

baffling. Apart from completely subjective nature of the statement, and the arguable implication that Jews are not an ethnic minority, what reason is there to look at vice-regal appointments only at a federal level? Even if having only white male representatives of the Queen did mean Australia is less successful in that regard, the statement is still only as true as saying Australian politics is dominated by the Lib-Nat coalition even though each state has a Labor government. JPD (whose governor is a Lebanese woman) 11:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Canada and private health care
I think the statement "In fact, Canada is the only industrialized democracy in the world that flatly prohibits private health insurance of any kind" needs to be qualified better. I understand that the Canada Health Act is one of the most prohibitive in terms of allowing Canadians to use private insurance for things otherwise covered by provincial health plans, even compared to countries like Sweden. But much of Canadian health care is private (pharmacy, dental, optometry, etc.) and if I wanted to I could buy private health insurance tomorrow (c.f. Blue Cross). Could anyone with a better grasp on this issue possibly provide some help here?

24.82.164.92 05:52, 3 June 2006 (UTC)skarredmunkey

Aboriginals
I think the Aboriginals section is a bit biased and no reference or examples are given. It's subjective.

"By contrast, Australia, under the leadership of Prime Minister John Howard, has paid scant attention to Aboriginal issues."

Some examples of what the Prime Minister is not doing should be cited, if not some sought of reference, because it's seems that the Australian government is paying attention in other area's mentioned in this section. Unsniffable/Opal Fuel.

"The current Liberal government has acted to abolish the self-governing panel ran by Aboriginals (ATSIC) citing corruption,  not necessarily improving the quality of life for Australian Aboriginals, and empathises..."

This is ambiguous, is this saying that the Australian government abolished ATSIC to improve quality of life for Australian aboriginals and doesn't? Or that the result of abolishing ATSIC will not necessarily improve quality of life? Maybe this sentence should be restructured.

220.233.176.13 11:53, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

"Australian treatment of Aborigines in the past was generally more systematically cruel than in Canada" This again seems to be someone's personal opinion and needs to be deleted or verified in some way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.55.81.222 (talk) 17:30, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Vice-Regal positions
''"Both Australian Premiers and the Canadian Prime Minister almost always choose members of their own party to fill the vice-regal positions." '''Huh? I don't know about Canada but a bit of research would show this to be untrue about Australia. '''64.179.109.145 16:58, 27 September 2006 (UTC)Grahame

This is untrue about Australia. I deleted the whole sentence as I suspect the Canadian statement to be false as well. Jleonau 07:41, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
The Monarchy is not NPOV. for example "which model to replace it caused the referendum on the republic to fail" only republicans say that, and is not NPOV. Brian | (Talk) 04:59, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Landlocked states
I know that technically Australia has no landlocked 'states', but should the Australian Capital 'Territory' (which is obviously landlocked) be mentioned? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.219.206.154 (talk) 11:11, 24 January 2007 (UTC).

Immigration
From the article...

''Australia, like much of Europe, has seen an anti-immigration party, the One Nation Party, briefly gain broad support in some areas – something which has never happened in Canada. While One Nation's power quickly dissipated, it's immigration policies were broadly copied by the federal Liberal-National Coalition which assisted its hold on power.''

The first sentence is fine. The second setence I have issues with. It badly needs to be sourced. It's also not true to say the Liberals "broadly copied" One Nation's immgration policy as immgration into Australia remains both high and non-discrimintory. The case could be made that the government successfully adopted some of One Nation's rhetoric, particulary with regards to illegal immigration, but that isn't policy. The section needs to be reworded to reflect this.Teiresias84 12:35, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the above statement. Under the Howard Government Australia continued to increase the amount of immigrants (see: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/15population.htm). Australia now leads the world in terms of the largest number of citizens born overseas. --Gginjapan (talk) 02:24, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Original Research
This article appears to me to be entirely Original Research per WP:NOR. Who is comparing the politics of Australia to the politics of Canada? Is it someone external we can cite, or is it the wikipedia writers who have contributed to this article?

If the latter, then I suggest it is deleted straight away! AndrewRT(Talk) 22:38, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

From the perspective of someone interested in comparing the similarities between Australia and Canada, I found this article as a good starting point. There is no reason why an article that can be a source of stimulating learning and increasing one's knowledge of a particular topic should be so readily discarded. --Gginjapan (talk) 02:35, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Flags
It's cosidered very bad form to show one flag right over the other. That's why we have Infobox Bilateral relations. FIX IT! Kevlar67 12:54, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there something stopping you from fixing it? --G2bambino 15:45, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Governors General
In 1931, King George V appointed the first Australian as Governor-General; Canada did not have a Canadian Governor General until 1953.

I removed this because I believe that this is incorrect. As far as I know, Canada and Australia both had Governor Generals appointed since their statehood. 1931 was when Isaac Isaacs became the 9th Australian Governor General, and 1953 was the year after Vincent Massey was sworn in as the 40th Canadian Governor (18th Governor General from their 1867). CuffX(Talk) 06:50, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * That's true but could be better worded. It is trying to say that until 1931 in Australia and until 1953 in Canada all the GGs were British aristocrats, not locals. I've readded it with some more detail. - SimonP (talk) 13:46, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:07, 29 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Zivinbudas/Evidence

Anyone, whether directly involved or not, may add evidence to this page. Please make a header for your evidence and sign your comments with your name.

When placing evidence here, please be considerate of the arbitrators and be concise. Long, rambling, or stream-of-conciousness rants are not helpful.

As such, it is extremely important that you use the prescribed format. Submitted evidence should include a link to the actual page diff; links to the page itself are not sufficient. For example, to cite the edit by Mennonot to the article Anomalous phenomenon adding a link to Hundredth Monkey use this form:.

This page is not for general discussion - for that, see talk page.

Please make a section for your evidence and add evidence only in your own section. Please limit your evidence to a maximum 1000 words and 100 diffs, a much shorter, concise presentation is more likely to be effective. Please focus on the issues raised in the complaint and answer and on diffs which illustrate behavior which relates to the issues.

If you disagree with some evidence you see here, please cite the evidence in your own section and provide counter-evidence, or an explanation of why the evidence is misleading. Do not edit within the evidence section of any other user.

Be aware that the Arbitrators may at times rework this page to try to make it more coherent. If you are a participant in the case or a third party, please don't try to refactor the page, let the Arbitrators do it. If you object to evidence which is inserted by other participants or third parties please cite the evidence and voice your objections within your own section of the page. It is especially important to not remove evidence presented by others. If something is put in the wrong place, please leave it for the arbitrators to move.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
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 * What happened.
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 * What happened.
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Evidence presented by Lysy
Because of the extent of Zivinbudas' activities, presented here is only a selection of his actions, intended to provide a characteristics of the behaviour. This part of the evidence shows the early history, mostly in order to provide the context and evidence of some of the racist rants and other attempted insults. For brevity, the evidence I'm presenting here is limited mostly to Vilnius and Lithuania articles and their respective talk pages in the period of April and the beginning of May 2005, when both articles got protected and remain protected for over a month now. There were many other articles that got affected in a similar manner in the meantime (since the beginning of April).

20-21 March

 * 00:34, 21 Mar 2005
 * Anonymous user acting from 85.206.192.0/22 IP range introduced a number of edits to Vilnius article, including massive contents deletions. An example of removed content: includes the list of famous Vilnians. These edits continued thoughout the next days.

1 April

 * 00:27, 1 Apr 2005
 * Several reverts followed (an example: ). The revert war continued throughout the week until the article got protected on April 8th by Curps (unprotected again by Refdoc on 23:58, 11 Apr 2005 ).

 * 00:36, 1 Apr 2005
 * 85.206.195.0 has been warned by User:Jayjg that removing content from Wikipedia is considered vandalism.

 * 00:43, 1 Apr 2005
 * Personal racist attack on User:Halibutt from 85.206.195.0. Signed "Vilnietis"

 * 13:00, 1 Apr 2005
 * JCarriker, Domas Mituzas and Lysy tried to mediate, , and.

 * 20:02, 1 Apr 2005
 * These attempts failed, followed by another racist comment from 85.206.195.187 signed "Arturas from Vilnius".

2 April

 * 11:39, 2 Apr 2005
 * Another mediation attempt by JCarriker.

 * 12:39, 2 Apr 2005
 * Only to be followed by more insults from 85.206.194.155 singed "Vilnietis", with nationalistic rants this time.

 * 14:19, 2 Apr 2005
 * Anonymous user from 85.206.194.215, 85.206.193.179 and other IPs from the 85.206.192.0/22 range sending people to gas chambers, , , , , , , , and changing Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus name into what was supposed to be obscenity in Russian  signed "Antislav", and again here  on April 12th, signed "Bezdalas". Another example:.

 * 23:01, 2 Apr 2005
 * 85.206.193.179 warned by Pavel Vozenilek not to vandalize pages.

3 April

 * 07:00, 3 Apr 2005
 * 85.206.193.135 removing Lysy's comments from Vilnius talk page, , , signed "Antislav".

 * 13:36, 3 Apr 2005
 * Ifdef, another Lithuanian user attempts to convince Zivinbudas to change his attitude.

4 April

 * 18:01, 4 Apr 2005
 * Abuse reported as Vandalism in progress.

5 April

 * 09:31, 5 Apr 2005
 * 85.206.192.162 warned by Cyberjunkie, suggesting to create an account.

8 April

 * 07:32, 8 Apr 2005
 * Zivinbudas realized that he used the same signature as in his previous comment (note the plural used there) and decided to change it, pretending to be another person

 * 07:55, 8 Apr 2005
 * Signed "Živinbudas" now

9 April

 * 05:57, 9 Apr 2005
 * Another mediation attempt by Knutux, in vain

 * 06:04, 9 Apr 2005
 * Knutux tried to persuade Zivinbudas to use a registered account instead of anonymous edits

10 April

 * 17:08, 10 Apr 2005
 * Another attempt by a Lithuanian user, LinasLit, failed

12 April

 * 06:23, 12 Apr 2005
 * Personal attack "used condomes" by Zivinbudas as 85.206.192.110, soon kindly removed by Curps.

 * 07:50, 12 Apr 2005
 * Attempted insult by Zivinbudas/85.206.194.235 by mocking at Polish national anthem.

 * 10:47, 12 Apr 2005
 * Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus suggests a range block.

 * 16:30, 12 Apr 2005
 * Refdoc attempts to negotiate unprotecting Vilnius article, and persuade Zivinbudas to register a username.

1 May

 * 13:11, 1 May 2005
 * Solver attempts to mediate the new edit war

2 May

 * 23:17, 2 May 2005
 * Vilnius article protected again by Tim Rhymeless after massive deletions  by Zivinbudas and the resulting edit war in the beginning of May.

3 May

 * 07:04, 3 May 2005
 * Lithuania article protected again by Petaholmes after massive deletions  by Zivinbudas and the resulting edit war in the beginning of May.

5 May

 * 14:03, 5 May 2005
 * Zivinbudas alternatively logging in and out in order to respond to his own comments as an apparently different person, and.

Evidence presented by Halibutt
I will try not to repeat the evidence posted by Lysy above, though it might be difficult.

May 17, 2005

 * 13:05
 * Personal remarks and racist comments

May 18, 2005

 * 18:13
 * Accusations of stupidity of all involved in discussion with Zivinbudas

May 19, 2005

 * 17:39
 * The only comment to the Requests for comment/Zivinbudas is comment in Lithuanian which roughly translates as suck my dick, you arse.

May 25, 2005

 * 11:55
 * Zivinbudas clearly states that there is a difference between "poles" and "Poles" and that the ones he agrees with deserve to be called properly.

May 29, 2005

 * 23:48
 * Vandalising the article on Sarmatism with yet another racist remark that the culture of Poland is in fact anti-culture

May 30, 2005

 * 01:17
 * User:Zivinbudas notified by Halibutt that misspelling his name will be taken as an offence
 * 01:30
 * Assumption of bad will and accusation of demagogy

May 31, 2005

 * 9:34
 * "polish-rubbish shitypedia" remark by User:85.206.192.204
 * 9:35
 * Transfiguration of User:85.206.192.204 into Zivinbudas
 * 11:37
 * Accusations of Nazism by User:85.206.192.204
 * 11:50
 * Confirmation that User:85.206.192.204 is actually Zivinbudas and that putting down the name of Poland with lower case is actually meant to be offensive
 * 11:51
 * Transfiguration of User:85.206.192.204 into User:Zivinbudas
 * 13:16
 * Accusations of Nazism by User:85.206.193.63
 * 13:19
 * Transfiguration of User:85.206.193.63 into User:Zivinbudas
 * 13:43
 * Personal attack on Halibutt by User:85.206.193.63
 * 13:45
 * Changing of User:85.206.193.63 into User:Zivinbudas
 * 14:13
 * Halibutt invites Zivinbudas to take part in the RfA process ...
 * 14:33
 * ...which is replied by User:85.206.192.187 with another personal attack ; flaki is the generic Polish word for bowels or guts.
 * 15:02
 * Yet another racist remark

17 July

 * Zvinbudas returns, vandalising Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by inserting old, POVed version of this article, ignoring various edits that have been done recently and reverts with insults 'rv debilic slave Vitjka'