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Tango no sekku

Tango no Sekku (端午の節句), also known as Iris festival, originally referred to an annual ceremony held at the Japanese imperial court on May 5. It was one of the five annual court ceremonies called. Since the Kamakura period (1185–1333), when the samurai class seized power, has become an event to ward off evil spirits for samurai boys. Japanese armour, (helmets) and Japanese swords were displayed in houses from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period (1333–1573). From the Edo period (1603–1867), samurai dolls (武者人形) were displayed in homes, (carp streamers) were hung in gardens. From this period, the custom of decorating houses with offerings on spread to the peasant and  classes, and paper  began to be displayed. Since the Showa era (1926–1989), miniatures of samurai armor have become more popular than samurai dolls.

Until recently, was known as Boys' Day (also known as Feast of Banners) while Girls' Day was celebrated on March 3. In 1948, the government decreed this day to be a national holiday to celebrate the happiness of all children and to express gratitude toward mothers. It was renamed Children's Day and changed to include both boys and girls.

It is the Japanese equivalent of Double Fifth and was celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth moon in the Lunisolar calendar. After Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar, the date was moved to May 5 (the fifth day of the fifth solar month). Other festivals are celebrated on the same day in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan as the Duanwu Festival or Tuen Ng Festival (Cantonese), in Korea as the Dano Festival, and Vietnam as Tết Đoan Ngọ on the traditional lunar calendar date.

Etymology
Tan (端) means beginning and go (午) is a simplified form of 'horse' (⾺), referring to the Chinese zodiac name for the fifth lunar month. Days of the week also have zodiac animals. Thus, originally meant 'the first horse day of the fifth month'. However, is a homonym for five (五) in Japanese, so during the Nara period the meaning shifted to become the fifth day of the fifth month. means a seasonal festival. There are five, including (January 1),  (March 3),  (July 7) and  (September 9), along with. marks the beginning of summer or the rainy season.

History

Although it is not known precisely when began to be celebrated, it was probably during the reign of the Empress Suiko (593–628 AD). In Japan, was assigned to the fifth day of the fifth month after the Nara period.

was originally a day for women to purify the house by thatching the roof with irises, which were believed to be effective in repelling evil spirits, and for women to rest their bodies, but it was changed to a day for boys in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when the samurai class took control of the government. The reason for this was that the iris was a plant that represented the samurai because its leaves were shaped like the blade of a Japanese sword, and the word shōbu (尚武), which means to value military affairs, had the same pronunciation as iris (菖蒲) and was therefore considered an auspicious plant for the samurai. Since this period, (Japanese horseback archery) was held on May 5 as a way to ward off evil spirits.

The custom of displaying miniature Japanese armor and (helmets) on Children's Day, called May doll, has its origins in the Kamakura to Muromachi periods (1333–1573). Samurai used to take their armor,, and Japanese swords out of their storage boxes in May before the rainy season to take care of them. Since this was the time of the, they began to display armor, , and Japanese swords in the hope of protecting their children.

During the Edo period (1603–1867), celebrations became extravagant, and samurai households began to display samurai dolls (武者人形) in addition to real armor,, and Japanese swords. Ordinary households began to display paper. The custom of bathing in the bathtub with irises on May 5 began in this period.

The custom of decorating (carp streamers) on Children's Day originated in the Edo period. During the Edo period (1603–1867), samurai families began to decorate their yards with or fukinuke (吹貫) flags, which were colored with  (family crests) to represent military units, during. The and  were then merged, and the first  appeared in Edo (now Tokyo). The colorful as they are modernly known became popular in the Meiji era (1868–1912).

After Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar, the date was moved to May 5 of the new calendar year. Until 1948, Children's Day was known as Boys' Day (also known as Feast of Banners), celebrating boys and recognizing fathers, as the counterpart to Hinamatsuri, or "Girl's Day" on March 3. In 1948, the name was changed to Children's Day to include both male and female children, as well as recognizing mothers along with fathers and family qualities of unity.

In the Showa era (1926–1989), the popularity shifted from samurai dolls to miniature armor, and since the 21st century, miniature have become popular, probably due to the size of Japanese houses.

(sticky rice cakes filled with red bean jam and wrapped in oak leaves) and (sticky sweet rice wrapped in an iris or bamboo leaf) are traditionally served on this day. The oak leaf used for is said to be a tree whose old leaves do not fall off until new leaves appear, and is considered a good-luck charm representing prosperity of offspring.

Since irises are believed to have medicinal properties and to ward off evil, they are used for various purposes on. For example, people would take a bath with irises in the bathtub, soak thinly sliced iris roots or leaves in sake and drink it, or put irises in thin washi (Japanese traditional paper) before putting it in their pillows and going to bed.

title: Tango no sekku


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Talk:Jonathan Kozol

Infobox
Could we get a larger, more inclusive infobox for Jonathan Kozol?? MaynardClark (talk) 18:11, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jonathan Kozol


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Bill Gadsby

William Alexander Gadsby (August 8, 1927 – March 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Chicago Black Hawks, New York Rangers, and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League between 1946 and 1966.

Playing career
Gadsby began his outstanding hockey career in Calgary playing for several minor league teams including the Alberta Midget champions in 1942. He played two years for the Edmonton Junior Canadians before joining the Chicago Black Hawks in 1946. He was captain twice during his eight years with them. Gadsby contracted polio in 1952 but fought back without interrupting his hockey career, although he spent three weeks in the hospital. That was not his first brush with danger, however—in 1939 he was travelling with his mother on the passenger liner SS Athenia (1922) when it was hit by a torpedo fired by a German U-boat and sank, and he and his mother spent several hours in a lifeboat before being rescued.

Gadsby was a First Team All-Star three times and a Second Team All-Star four times. In 1958–59, he set a record for assists by a defenceman, with 46.

Despite a long (20 seasons) NHL hockey career, Gadsby never won the Stanley Cup. He came closest to winning the Cup in 1964, when the Detroit Red Wings lost a seven-game final series to the Toronto Maple Leafs.

When he retired he was the leading career scorer among defencemen with 568 points.

Bill Gadsby was inducted to the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame in 1986 as an athlete.

Gadsby was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1970. In 1998, he was ranked number 99 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Gadsby at No. 63 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

Retirement and death
Gadsby was an "Honored Member" of the Detroit Red Wings Alumni Association, and was active in its efforts to raise money for children's charities in Metro Detroit.

He would also return to Canada in the Hockey Offseason to play Baseball for the Calgary Buffalo for parts of three seasons from 1950 to 1954.

He died at the age of 88 on March 10, 2016, in Farmington Hills, Michigan, following a period of failing health.

title: Bill Gadsby


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Double beta decay

In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two neutrons are simultaneously transformed into two protons, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus. As in single beta decay, this process allows the atom to move closer to the optimal ratio of protons and neutrons. As a result of this transformation, the nucleus emits two detectable beta particles, which are electrons or positrons.

The literature distinguishes between two types of double beta decay: ordinary double beta decay and neutrinoless double beta decay. In ordinary double beta decay, which has been observed in several isotopes, two electrons and two electron antineutrinos are emitted from the decaying nucleus. In neutrinoless double beta decay, a hypothesized process that has never been observed, only electrons would be emitted.

History
The idea of double beta decay was first proposed by Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1935. In 1937, Ettore Majorana demonstrated that all results of beta decay theory remain unchanged if the neutrino were its own antiparticle, now known as a Majorana particle. In 1939, Wendell H. Furry proposed that if neutrinos are Majorana particles, then double beta decay can proceed without the emission of any neutrinos, via the process now called neutrinoless double beta decay. It is not yet known whether the neutrino is a Majorana particle, and, relatedly, whether neutrinoless double beta decay exists in nature.

As parity violation in weak interactions would not be discovered until 1956, earlier calculations showed that neutrinoless double beta decay should be much more likely to occur than ordinary double beta decay, if neutrinos were Majorana particles. The predicted half-lives were on the order of ~ years. Efforts to observe the process in laboratory date back to at least 1948 when E.L. Fireman made the first attempt to directly measure the half-life of the 124tin isotope with a Geiger counter. Radiometric experiments through about 1960 produced negative results or false positives, not confirmed by later experiments. In 1950, for the first time the double beta decay half-life of 130Tellurium was measured by geochemical methods to be 1.4× years, reasonably close to the modern value. This involved detecting the concentration in minerals of the xenon produced by the decay.

In 1956, after the V − A nature of weak interactions was established, it became clear that the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay would significantly exceed that of ordinary double beta decay. Despite significant progress in experimental techniques in 1960–1970s, double beta decay was not observed in a laboratory until the 1980s. Experiments had only been able to establish the lower bound for the half-life – about years. At the same time, geochemical experiments detected the double beta decay of 82Selenium and 128Tellurium.

Double beta decay was first observed in a laboratory in 1987 by the group of Michael Moe at UC Irvine in 82Selenium. Since then, many experiments have observed ordinary double beta decay in other isotopes. None of those experiments have produced positive results for the neutrinoless process, raising the half-life lower bound to approximately years. Geochemical experiments continued through the 1990s, producing positive results for several isotopes. Double beta decay is the rarest known kind of radioactive decay; as of 2019 it has been observed in only 14 isotopes (including double electron capture in 130Barium observed in 2001, 78Krypton observed in 2013, and 124Xenon observed in 2019), and all have a mean lifetime over yr (table below).

Ordinary double beta decay
In a typical double beta decay, two neutrons in the nucleus are converted to protons, and two electrons and two electron antineutrinos are emitted. The process can be thought as two simultaneous beta minus decays. In order for (double) beta decay to be possible, the final nucleus must have a larger binding energy than the original nucleus. For some nuclei, such as germanium-76, the isobar one atomic number higher (arsenic-76) has a smaller binding energy, preventing single beta decay. However, the isobar with atomic number two higher, selenium-76, has a larger binding energy, so double beta decay is allowed.

The emission spectrum of the two electrons can be computed in a similar way to beta emission spectrum using Fermi's golden rule. The differential rate is given by

$$\frac{dN(T_1, T_2, \cos\theta)}{dT_1 dT_2 d\cos\theta} = F(Z,T_1) F(Z,T_2) w_1 p_1 w_2 p_2 (Q-T_1-T_2)^5 (1 - v_1 v_2 \cos \theta)$$

where the subscripts refer to each electron, $130$ is kinetic energy, $w$ is total energy, $F(Z, T)$ is the Fermi function with Z the charge of the final-state nucleus, $p$ is momentum, $v$ is velocity in units of $82$, $$\cos\theta$$ is the angle between the electrons, and $T$ is the Q value of the decay.

For some nuclei, the process occurs as conversion of two protons to neutrons, emitting two electron neutrinos and absorbing two orbital electrons (double electron capture). If the mass difference between the parent and daughter atoms is more than 1.022 MeV/c2 (two electron masses), another decay is accessible, capture of one orbital electron and emission of one positron. When the mass difference is more than 2.044 MeV/c2 (four electron masses), emission of two positrons is possible. These theoretical decay branches have not been observed.

Known double beta decay isotopes
There are 35 naturally occurring isotopes capable of double beta decay. In practice, the decay can be observed when the single beta decay is forbidden by energy conservation. This happens for elements with an even atomic number and even neutron number, which are more stable due to spin-coupling. When single beta decay or alpha decay also occur, the double beta decay rate is generally too low to observe. However, the double beta decay of 238Uranium (also an alpha emitter) has been measured radiochemically. Two other nuclides in which double beta decay has been observed, 48Calcium and 96Zirconium, can also theoretically single beta decay, but this decay is extremely suppressed and has never been observed. Similar suppression of energetically barely possible single beta decay occurs for 148Gd and 222Rn, but both these nuclides are rather short-lived alpha emitters.

Fourteen isotopes have been experimentally observed undergoing two-neutrino double beta decay (β–β–) or double electron capture (εε). The table below contains nuclides with the latest experimentally measured half-lives, as of December 2016, except for 124Xe (for which double electron capture was first observed in 2019). Where two uncertainties are specified, the first one is statistical uncertainty and the second is systematic.

Searches for double beta decay in isotopes that present significantly greater experimental challenges are ongoing. One such isotope is 134Xenon.

The following known beta-stable (or almost beta-stable in the cases 48Ca, 96Zr, and 222Rn) nuclides with A ≤ 260 are theoretically capable of double beta decay, where red are isotopes that have a double-beta rate measured experimentally and black have yet to be measured experimentally: 46Ca, 48Ca, 70Zn, 76Ge, 80Se, 82Se, 86Kr, 94Zr, 96Zr, 98Mo, 100Mo, 104Ru, 110Pd, 114Cd, 116Cd, 122Sn, 124Sn, 128Te, 130Te, 134Xe, 136Xe, 142Ce, 146Nd, 148Nd, 150Nd, 154Sm, 160Gd, 170Er, 176Yb, 186W, 192Os, 198Pt, 204Hg, 216Po, 220Rn, 222Rn, 226Ra, 232Th, 238U, 244Pu, 248Cm, 254Cf, 256Cf, and 260Fm.

The following known beta-stable (or almost beta-stable in the case 148Gd) nuclides with A ≤ 260 are theoretically capable of double electron capture, where red are isotopes that have a double-electron capture rate measured and black have yet to be measured experimentally: 36Ar, 40Ca, 50Cr, 54Fe, 58Ni, 64Zn, 74Se, 78Kr, 84Sr, 92Mo, 96Ru, 102Pd, 106Cd, 108Cd, 112Sn, 120Te, 124Xe, 126Xe, 130Ba, 132Ba, 136Ce, 138Ce, 144Sm, 148Gd, 150Gd, 152Gd, 154Dy, 156Dy, 158Dy, 162Er, 164Er, 168Yb, 174Hf, 180W, 184Os, 190Pt, 196Hg, 212Rn, 214Rn, 218Ra, 224Th, 230U, 236Pu, 242Cm, 252Fm, and 258No.

In particular, 36Ar is the lightest observationally stable nuclide whose decay is energetically possible.

Neutrinoless double beta decay

If the neutrino is a Majorana particle (i.e., the antineutrino and the neutrino are actually the same particle), and at least one type of neutrino has non-zero mass (which has been established by the neutrino oscillation experiments), then it is possible for neutrinoless double beta decay to occur. Neutrinoless double beta decay is a lepton number violating process. In the simplest theoretical treatment, known as light neutrino exchange, a nucleon absorbs the neutrino emitted by another nucleon. The exchanged neutrinos are virtual particles.

With only two electrons in the final state, the electrons' total kinetic energy would be approximately the binding energy difference of the initial and final nuclei, with the nuclear recoil accounting for the rest. Because of momentum conservation, electrons are generally emitted back-to-back. The decay rate for this process is given by $$\Gamma = G |M|^2 |m_{\beta \beta}|^2,$$ where G is the two-body phase-space factor, M is the nuclear matrix element, and mββ is the effective Majorana mass of the electron neutrino. In the context of light Majorana neutrino exchange, mββ is given by

$$m_{\beta \beta} = \sum_{i=1}^3 m_i U^2_{ei},$$

where mi are the neutrino masses and the Uei are elements of the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata (PMNS) matrix. Therefore, observing neutrinoless double beta decay, in addition to confirming the Majorana neutrino nature, can give information on the absolute neutrino mass scale and Majorana phases in the PMNS matrix, subject to interpretation through theoretical models of the nucleus, which determine the nuclear matrix elements, and models of the decay.

The observation of neutrinoless double beta decay would require that at least one neutrino is a Majorana particle, irrespective of whether the process is engendered by neutrino exchange.

Experiments
Numerous experiments have searched for neutrinoless double beta decay. The best-performing experiments have a high mass of the decaying isotope and low backgrounds, with some experiments able to perform particle discrimination and electron tracking. In order to remove backgrounds from cosmic rays, most experiments are located in underground laboratories around the world.

Recent and proposed experiments include:
 * Completed experiments:
 * Gotthard TPC
 * Heidelberg-Moscow, 76Ge detectors (1997–2001)
 * IGEX, 76Ge detectors (1999–2002)
 * NEMO, various isotopes using tracking calorimeters (2003–2011)
 * Cuoricino, 130Te in ultracold TeO2 crystals (2003–2008)
 * Experiments taking data as of November 2017:
 * COBRA, 116Cd in room temperature CdZnTe crystals
 * CUORE, 130Te in ultracold TeO2 crystals
 * EXO, a 136Xe and 134Xe search
 * GERDA, a 76Ge detector
 * KamLAND-Zen, a 136Xe search. Data collection from 2011.
 * , using high purity 76Ge p-type point-contact detectors.
 * XMASS using liquid Xe
 * Proposed/future experiments:
 * CUPID, neutrinoless double-beta decay of 100Mo
 * CANDLES, 48Ca in CaF2, at Kamioka Observatory
 * MOON, developing 100Mo detectors
 * AMoRE, 100Mo enriched CaMoO4 crystals at YangYang underground laboratory
 * nEXO, using liquid 136Xe in a time projection chamber
 * LEGEND, Neutrinoless Double-beta Decay of 76Ge.
 * LUMINEU, exploring 100Mo enriched ZnMoO4 crystals at LSM, France.
 * NEXT, a Xenon TPC. NEXT-DEMO ran and NEXT-100 will run in 2016.
 * SNO+, a liquid scintillator, will study 130Te
 * SuperNEMO, a NEMO upgrade, will study 82Se
 * TIN.TIN, a 124Sn detector at INO
 * PandaX-III, an experiment with 200 kg to 1000 kg of 90% enriched 136Xe
 * DUNE, a TPC filled with liquid Argon doped with 136Xe.

Status
While some experiments have claimed a discovery of neutrinoless double beta decay, modern searches have found no evidence for the decay.

Heidelberg-Moscow Controversy
Some members of the Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration claimed a detection of neutrinoless beta decay in 76Ge in 2001. This claim was criticized by outside physicists  as well as other members of the collaboration. In 2006, a refined estimate by the same authors stated the half-life was 2.3 years. This half-life has been excluded at high confidence by other experiments, including in 76Ge by GERDA.

Current results
As of 2017, the strongest limits on neutrinoless double beta decay have come from GERDA in 76Ge, CUORE in 130Te, and EXO-200 and KamLAND-Zen in 136Xe.

Higher order simultaneous beta decay
For mass numbers with more than two beta-stable isobars, quadruple beta decay and its inverse, quadruple electron capture, have been proposed as alternatives to double beta decay in the isobars with the greatest energy excess. These decays are energetically possible in eight nuclei, though partial half-lives compared to single or double beta decay are predicted to be very long; hence, quadruple beta decay is unlikely to be observed. The seven candidate nuclei for quadruple beta decay include 96Zr, 136Xe, and 150Nd capable of quadruple beta-minus decay, and 124Xe, 130Ba, 148Gd, and 154Dy capable of quadruple beta-plus decay or electron capture (though 148Gd and 154Dy are non-primordial alpha-emitters with geologically short half-lives). In theory, quadruple beta decay may be experimentally observable in three of these nuclei – 96Zr, 136Xe, and 150Nd – with the most promising candidate being 150Nd. Triple beta decay is also possible for 48Ca, 96Zr, and 150Nd.

Moreover, such a decay mode could also be neutrinoless in physics beyond the standard model. Neutrinoless quadruple beta decay would violate lepton number in 4 units, as opposed to a lepton number breaking of two units in the case of neutrinoless double beta decay. Therefore, there is no 'black-box theorem' and neutrinos could be Dirac particles while allowing these type of processes. In particular, if neutrinoless quadruple beta decay is found before neutrinoless double beta decay then the expectation is that neutrinos will be Dirac particles.

So far, searches for triple and quadruple beta decay in 150Nd have remained unsuccessful.

title: Double beta decay


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Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Kambojas

Kambojas
You'll love this one. Its not a copyvio and its survived VfD once or twice. Its a complete mess, its 164KB long, and theres no way I can take it up. The job is basically tidying up this collection of dumped references, quotes, and the occasional make-sense paragraph. Whoever takes this on, good luck. Hedley 22:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) 22:27, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Assigned by Hedley to Kaal. · Katefan0 (scribble)

 * Article is quite long, 64 KB not 164 KB. But it does contain interesting information though.

 * peresonally i dont see any problem with this article. it's perfectly readable though admittedly oversize. have read many wikipedia articles and frankly this one is the most informative one i have read here. *Dhar*

 * The references in this article don't have enough context to be useful. They need to be turned into footnotes that give full citations, or at least that use intelligible abbreviations.  The talk page also contains a gratuitous amount of information.  It should probably be moved to one or more subpages, and someone needs to check whether or not any of it still needs processing of some kind. -- Beland 06:29, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I started splitting up the article into various parts, but this still needs a lot of work. I will keep working on this, but it is going to be fairly slow. kaal 05:50, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Added to User:BaronLarf/Desk to try and get some movement here Stewart Adcock 09:31, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Removed from my desk; not my area of expertise.  Refined my Cleanup Taskforce listing to show this, as well. --BaronLarf 14:48, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok - I'll have a stab at this and see what develops, I think the plan must be to go for a rewrite sub page and see if we can get help from some of the editors who made this mess! Andreww 11:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I will work on this simultaneously with other editors--Vyzasatya 07:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Asking to check status on this article: Added to User:Vyzasatya/Desk RJFJR 17:14, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering the fact how this article was (5-6 months back). It has undergone a major surgery and relatively easier to read now. But the content and information in various sections is not well balanced. This is the main anchoring article for the rest of the many Kamobja related articles. I would like to make few suggestions for improvements
 * condense information in some sections and expand some sections to bring balance to article. In short we need a bird eye view.
 * Logical arrangement of sections so that a section smoothely flows into the next one.
 * --Vyzasatya 16:48, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Closing, looks OK IMHO. RJFJR 13:18, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Kambojas


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Tichodroma

Tichodroma is the only known genus in the family Tichodromidae. Initially, Linnaeus placed Tichodroma in the family Certhiidae, along with the treecreepers., while other authorities have placed it the nuthatch family Sittidae, as its own subfamily. A 2016 phylogenetic study of members in the superfamily Certhioidea suggests it is a sister of the Sittidae.

The wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) is the only extant species, but the extinct Tichodroma capeki is known from the Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary.

title: Tichodroma


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Talk:Kung Fu (1972 TV series)

Question of Bruce Lee's involvement
According to the special features on the Kung Fu DVD's, Bruce Lee did not come up with the original idea of the show, or even develop it. He was just one of the actors they looked at for casting Caine. It is also relevent to note that Bruce's name does not appear in the credits. One would think that if he came up with the original idea, he would be credited as such. Can anyone offer any evidence that the show was orginally Bruce Lee's idea?

-Mike Prosser, June 4, 2005

 * Bruce Lee claimed in his memoirs that he had came up with the idea for the show and pitched it to Warner Brothers. In his version, the studio didn't think an Asian star would get as many ratings and replaced him with David Carradine.  The event was dramatized in the movie Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story.  The studio continues to deny they stole they idea for the show and maintains that Bruce Lee only tried out for the part.  Neither side has strong evidence supporting their claims.  :--207.215.78.126 23:19, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If you found a quotation of Bruce Lee claiming to have created the show, that quote would be relevant. Noit 09:22, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In the documentary "Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey, Bruce Lee talks about a show called "The Warrior" and that the studio execs were afraid of casting a chinese man for the role because the white audience would not accept it.

 * It also is worth noting that the producers have the advantage in the discussion, since Lee is dead and cannot contradict them. I'm not saying that makes Lee's assertion true, only pointing out one aspect of the issue. The article doesn't presently include any comments either from Lee or from his widow as to his claims. It's notable as it continues to be a point of dispute.Lawikitejana 19:37, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Atleast mention the allogations. This seems like a major issue concerning the work, and wouldn't make sense to ignore its existance.
 * --Vehgah (talk) 19:39, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * In The John Kerwin Show, in witch David Carradine was interviewed, it is told that Bruce Lee had nothing to do with the creation of the show. He merely heard of it and himself asked for audition. It is also told that when the script resurfaced, the first thing Jerry Thorpe said was "This is an excuse for hiring David Cerradine" Paivis 213.243.135.38 (talk) 12:16, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Neither side has strong evidence supporting their claims."
 * Only Bruce is making claims he cannot prove. 79.106.203.36 (talk) 17:44, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Quotes from Carradine and Thorpe don't in themselves make Lee's assertions any less plausible. It's basically a matter of his word against theirs. In any case, Vehgah is right about one thing: the article would be remiss to not give Lee's claim at least a mention. Because Lee's assertion was very public -- finding its way into his own memoirs, documentaries, and an autobiographical film -- the article would be incomplete without a mention of the fact that Lee claimed to create this series; mentioning Lee's claim does not qualify as rumor, as long as we refrain from speculation. Minaker (talk) 01:07, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * There's certainly no reason not to include Lee's obviously untrue claim. It is well sourced. Dlabtot (talk) 01:17, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I deleted the info about Lee's claims because they were uncited. My concern was not whether lee's claims were true, but if he had made the claims at all. If you can find the source of these rumors definitely add them. Otherwise, we wouldn't want to put words in a dead man's mouth. Noit (talk) 17:47, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hey, don't look at me, I didn't add it. I'm not familiar with the sources so I have no opinion. Minaker said it was sourced in " his own memoirs, documentaries, and an autobiographical film " and I just took his word for it. If you disagree about his characterization of the sources that's between you two. I agree that the truth of the claim is irrelevant to the issue of it's inclusion. Dlabtot (talk) 18:04, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a "citation needed" to the claim, and took out the reference to the movie. The movie is irrelevant and doesn't add to the claim. Also it states in the movie's article that it was based on his wife's book, not Lee's memoirs, and is partially fictional. Now we're back where we were in two years ago right before I took the info out the first time. I hope you find the source of Bruce Lee's "quotes" so it can stay. Noit (talk) 18:02, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Sorry if I wasn't precise enough; I've read his widow's book, which does make the claim that Lee created the concept behind Kung Fu; I was under the impression that the book was based not just on her memories, but also on his unpublished memoirs, although I could be wrong about this. We already know which autobiographical film I was referring to, but if you say the movie's depiction of the event is irrelevant, I guess you have a point. I don't have a specific page citation; if my memory of the book making the claim counts as original research (honestly not sure if it does, I'll take your word for it either way) then you'd be right to remove the claim entirely. I thought it was important and interesting information, but if the encyclopedic or factual value is in question, I'm not opposed to its removal. My apology if I complicated things. Minaker (talk) 20:00, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Just a heads up, the sections "Bruce Lee's involvement" and "Ed Spielman's commentary" are WAY over the top for an article about the TV show. A one or two line mention about the controversy is AT MOST all that should be in this article.
 * I am sure that a separate article about the controversy is justified. It just does not belong in Kung Fu (TV series).
 * P.S., I notice that the contents of "Ed Spielman's commentary" has been getting cut out routinely. "Bruce Lee's involvement" should also get the axe.Kid Bugs (talk) 00:40, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Although I can't prove it, my step father was a friend of Bruce Lee's, and his brother, back in the '60's. He even has one of his custom made suits. A white suit, with purple velvet inlays to make the pant legs flare. He said that Bruce, his brother and he had discussed the Kung Fu show, and that Bruce had told him that he had written a rough script and pitched it to the two companies in question. He said that they turned him down due to the public's perception of Asian people in leading roles. He lost the script as he thought it was no use pursuing it. A year later, he saw an advertisement for the show, and got upset. this was the same show that he tried to pitch. He called Warner Bros. and they told him that he never copy righted the show, so there was nothing he could do about it. He was also told that he could never come out publicly and say that it was stolen from him without proof, or he'd be sued for defamation. Unfortunately, that's what happens when you don't protect yourself and your work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.145.62.36 (talk) 03:37, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Link
The link to Chris Potter is incorrect. The actor who played Peter Caine in Kung Fu: The Legend Continues was born in Canada in 1960, not a jazz saxophonist born in 1971. Check out IMDB for details: http://imdb.com/name/nm0693243/

-Sheri Herod, June 29, 2005

The Emporer's nephew
It should be mentioned that the reason Caine killed the nephew was that nephew shot Master PO.

digitalronin 01:22, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Asian-American actors
How is there no reference here to the lack of Asian-American actors in the cast (which would have been a little unusual for the time, but younger readers won't know that). Could someone who knows anything about the show add in a paragraph or two? This Guardian piece might be of a little assistance. — OwenBlacker 13:19, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * There was not in reality a lack of Asian-American actors in the cast. The Caine character was half-Chinese, half-American. Considering that neither Bruce Lee nor David Carradine share that heritage, the point seems moot, since other than the half-Chinese lead character all the other Asian characters in the series were played by actors of Asian ethnicity, afaik. Dlabtot (talk) 01:55, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * OTOH Don Johnson as a Native American? (The Spirit Helper) That was lame casting. Dlabtot (talk) 01:58, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

'Notable' guest stars
What is the criteria for inclusion here? The recent additions of Judson Pratt and Don Keefer got me looking at this. It seems to be turning into a list of all guest stars. But that seems inevitable with no set criteria. Harrison Ford, Jodie Foster and Don Johnson certainly seem to qualify as 'famous' guest stars, but Season Hubley? Should we even have this section? I'm not sure there's anything remarkable or notable about a TV series having guest stars, a few of whom were or became famous. I admit I am no fan of lists. Dlabtot (talk) 17:55, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it having been many months, and no one having advanced any justification for including this section, nor any criteria for inclusion, I've deleted it. If you disagree, go ahead and revert me, and let's talk. Dlabtot (talk) 20:34, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Where did the original story come from?
It's hard to believe that Hollywood screenwriters came up with the original story. There is so much detail and Taoist philosophy in the pilot movie. Was it based on a book? Was one of the screenwriters a monk? In the on-screen credits of the pilot movie, it says "Story by Ed Spielman". 114.161.79.57 (talk) 07:34, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that the Shaolin is not a Taoist order. Dlabtot (talk) 15:21, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It's Buddhist.Toddsschneider (talk) 17:37, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There appears to be a connection between the title of this television program, and the 63rd hexagram of the I Ching.  I can't be the first to notice the connection.    The 63rd hexagram is known by the name "kung fu," (though this depends a little on the way it is transliterated.    Most people examining the I Ching, refer to an index where "crossing the river brings luck."    This is actually an essential part of the story line where the protagonist crosses the Pacific Ocean to come to North America.   Does anybody have a reference suitable for citing, so we can mention this in the main article?    216.99.198.237 (talk) 11:11, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Make that Hexagram #61, not #63.  The translation by James Legge translates hexagram #61 as "Kung Fu"  (inner truth) - "movement of pigs in a pond is equal to the movement of fish in a pool" while Richard Wilhelm translates it as "Jung Fu" (English) or "Dschung Fu" (innere Wahrheit) (German).   They are all, apparently, equivalent to each other.   216.99.201.73 (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment Please note that the I Ching is a Confucian work, not Buddhist.--Farang Rak Tham (talk) 12:55, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Obviously. But it's true. 79.106.203.21 (talk) 07:14, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Wasn't he born in America? 79.106.203.70 (talk) 08:07, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Who cares? The show is indeed Taoist. 79.106.203.70 (talk) 08:05, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Who cares? The show is indeed Taoist. 79.106.203.70 (talk) 08:05, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Creator's Notes Ed Spielman
Why can't the Writer of the Show be the source for this type of information? Wikipedia articles should rely primarily on reliable, third-party, published sources per Wikipedia:reliable sources. If this material comes from a published source, it can be cited and included. User:75.51.65.192, where did you get this material? Let's say for the sake of argument that you are Ed Spielman. Wikipedia would not be the proper venue for the initial publishing of this statement. Get interviewed by a trade magazine or newspaper, or publish an op-ed or a book. ''Wikipedia does not publish original research or original thought. This includes unpublished facts, arguments, speculation, and ideas; and any unpublished analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position. This means that Wikipedia is not the place to publish your own opinions, experiences, arguments, or conclusions.'' per Wikipedia:no original research. Dlabtot (talk) 20:19, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is so unacademic, that it will not accept the source, as the source. lol 79.106.203.21 (talk) 07:16, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

Claims and attempts to establish who is right
I altered a few claims (one in an angle bracket note) about Bruce Lee. Was the idea his? Was he considered for the role? We can't settle these points, but can only include various verifiable reports. --Uncle Ed (talk) 02:02, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Not the final 4 episodes
"Barbary House," "Flight to Orion," "The Brothers Caine," and "Full Circle" are not the final four episodes, there are 3 more after them. 75.88.107.54 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:00, 12 January 2010 (UTC).

Reception e.g. in UK
The series created a huge craze for all things kung fu related in the UK - may be worth someone writing something about that (probably re the series' general reception). Ben Finn (talk) 19:34, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Caine and Master Po.jpg
The image File:Caine and Master Po.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --02:25, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Quotes
In the article, Master Kan is quoted as saying, "Avoid rather than check. Check rather than hurt. Hurt rather than maim. Maim rather than kill. For all life is precious and cannot be replaced." The end of the quote is "for all life is precious nor can any be replaced."Dreese1210 (talk) 04:17, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

only three seasons
Please improve this article. It is odd that it says so little about the importance of this TV show in US culture: the relationship with Chinese/Asian influences in general, martial arts etc. And very odd not to include anything about why the original show came to an end after only three seasons despite being very popular.-71.174.185.30 (talk) 13:28, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Those are interesting topics. Do you have any sources that discuss them, so that they could be added to the article?  Dlabtot (talk) 15:45, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Franchise
With the launch of the reboot Kung Fu (2021 TV series); it seems it is time to create a franchise article, instead of using this 1972 article as an ersatz franchise article. Kung Fu (media franchise) could be started with a partial copy partial split from this article and expansion. A shorter summary of the follow-ups and sequels would be left behind, that being for the franchise article. The dispute between production and plaigirism with Bruce Lee can be expanded on with content from Warrior (TV series). -- 65.93.183.33 (talk) 16:26, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Greetings. It appears that Warner Bros. has no intention of making Kung Fu a franchise, since the new series is seen as a substitution, and a "righting of the wrong" made by the original one by having a white actor in the leading role. On the other hand, Matthew Polly's Bruce Lee biography has settled the plagiarism question: there was no plagiarism, Kung Fu and Warrior are two different shows.Maykiwi (talk) 21:18, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

Sources for this article, about Parodies.
Regarding the removal of the “In Popular Culture” section, which has this note: (rm WP:TRIVIA, most of it ill-sourced (WP:RS/IMDB etc) or unsourced – fortunately we no longer include this kind of stuff in our articles), my view is, it serves a purpose in the history of this series, and is related to the lack of contemporary reviews.

-Originally, the section had the same title, a few items, without order, and no sources.

-Regarding the sources for it, I am a real-life librarian. I have worked in historical bibliographic research, I have high respect for sources, but this is a 70s TV show. It isn’t the same as history, politics, physics or medicine, which require documentary or peer-reviewed sources. Regarding TV shows before the Internet, there aren’t any contemporary sources other than magazines and newspapers, which either aren’t online, or are behind a paywall. The UCLA Library, which has extensive resources about showbiz, only provides bibliographical service for its members. I can’t go to look for 70s American newspapers; I am a Chilean quarantining in Argentina.

A lesser source is better than no source at all; primary sources, like oral testimonies (and blogs nowadays, like Yoani Sánchez’ one), are increasingly used in the history field when authoritative documented or academically produced sources are absent, especially when just describing or dating events. And, no source is free of error: most of the academic sources used in other parts of this article contain mistakes about the series’ plot. Sometimes it seems that the professors or their research team simply did not watch the series before passing judgment on it.

-The IMDb is not an ill source. It is a professional information company in the entertainment field; its characteristics are described in its own Wikipedia article. Every article I have seen in Wikipedia regarding movies and actors has an IMDb link. If the problem is that IMDb is a collaborative effort by volunteers, Wikipedia is that too, and here we are. If there is a better source for TV shows' episodes' description and casts, please inform. There are uploads from the parodies in YouTube, which is a social network and essentially unstable, yet I have seen it used here and there in Wikipedia for illustration purposes. IMDb is much more permanent, hence, a decent source for a fleeting subject.

Why mention the parodies?

-This series had a great cultural impact in its time. Not every 70s TV series got picked by major comedy shows and satirical magazines for parodies internationally, nor got alluded to in the title and plot of a 21st-century play addressing the issue of anti-Asian racism. IMDb enlists dozens of mentions in many other shows and films, here there were only the most relevant.

I agree that having a section called “In Popular Culture” under a TV show, which is a popular culture subject, constitutes an Ouroboros. However, as explained, this isn’t mere trivia about the show, but a sign of its impact. It is a subject that should be mentioned, possibly after the Critical response. Any better sources you wish to inform? Maykiwi (talk) 22:07, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

 * It would have been better if User:Justlettersandnumbers had discussed and explained further why he deleted the "In popular culture" section but his edit summary did say most of what needed to be said: "(rm WP:TRIVIA, most of it ill-sourced (WP:RS/IMDB etc) or unsourced – fortunately we no longer include this kind of stuff in our articles)"
 * As he said WP:TRIVIA is discouraged. IMDB is not a reliable source, Wikipedia rules and guidelines consistently agree that WP:IMDB should almost never be used. Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia and (sometimes) holds itself to higher standards that would be acceptable for other publications.
 * I think deleting the whole section was a little harsh. What some editor think is TRIVIA, other editors recognize as Production details, or in this case as the Legacy and Cultural impact of an important tv show. It is not The Cover of Rolling Stone but being featured on the cover of Mad magazine and Cracked was significant cultural signifier at the time. It might be possible to maybe restore some of that section (maybe a third of it), but it would definitely need work and significantly better sourcing. -- 109.76.142.195 (talk) 14:26, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

About Critical response
I have been writing to film review aggregator websites, libraries, UCLA’s social networks, the producing companies, asking for them. So far, no answers. A member of Metacritic says that if I find them, I have to send them to him as PDFs. So, I’ll write to the magazines and newspapers themselves. If anyone wants to collaborate with the search for reviews, please help by contacting the publications that the aggregators use, and ask the media to send the reviews to the aggregators. They won’t do it spontaneously.

https://www.metacritic.com/browse/tv/publication/reviewed

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/critics/sources https://www.rottentomatoes.com/critics/legacy_sources

Hopefully, some day the Critical reception section won’t be empty. Meanwhile, I’ll put what is available, which is popular reception. If you know of any online and for free source to find contemporary reviews about this show, please inform. Maykiwi (talk) 22:10, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Forget Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic, don't waste your time. They are a convenient way to provide an overview of modern shows but frankly they are not important for anything older from before 2000. WP:SOURCEACCESS means that you might be able to reference sources or libraries that others cannot easily access. Search old newspapers for reviews of the show. If you find anything clipping services like newspaper.com might be a helpful way to reference those old newspapers but that isn't necessarily required.
 * If you cannot find anything directly try searching indirectly for information about David Carradine and there is a good chance you will find out more information about the show that he is best known for. You might be able to extract more from sources already in the article Also the release of the 2021 Kung Fu television show should result in a lot of retrospective commentary on the original. -- 109.76.142.195 (talk) 14:43, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

About excessive detail.
Greetings. I am undoing the recent edit in the "Casting controversy" section, labeled as "excessive detail." Without the reference to the episodes in which racial and gender issues are treated (how many of them, which ones), the text appears as vague. It is not excessive detail, it is precision/accuracy, referencing the episodes with season and episode numbers only to make the whole the less cumbersome to read as possible. As seen by the sources, this show has been studied in the fields of social and racial issues vs. the media and entertainment until present times. It is a service for anyone who is currently researching in those fields to refer to the specific episodes in which those subjects are mentioned, instead of just saying "some episodes" (How many? Which ones?) and forcing the researcher to watch all the episodes. Which he/she probably won't do, and the results can be biased. Several of the academic sources show mistakes due to that same difficulty. Maykiwi (talk) 21:19, 17 July 2021 (UTC) Also, direct quotes from sources shouldn't be edited, even if they have grammar or factual mistakes. Maykiwi (talk) 21:28, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Agree with above.
 * Just reading the "Representation of women and ethnic groups" section, for starters I didn't think it was written particularly well. But that aside, it generally has a stench of someone using WK to promote their own essay and subjective opinions. I won't do any edits however, as perhaps I'm incorrect on this and anyway, I don't feel qualified to do so. 137.43.106.63 (talk) 11:36, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I also agree with the above -- the entire section reeks of someone trying to defend a specific opinion rather than attempting to provide an objective view of the controversies surrounding the show. 2601:202:4181:9340:D065:B5FB:C9DF:BC89 (talk) 20:03, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:08, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Radames Pera Grasshopper (Pinterest) 576x781.jpg

Audience response
Audience scores are not allowed. Please see MOS:TVRECEPTION. WP:USERGENERATED content such as from other wikis or from user voted web polls are not allowed. Scores such as those from IMDB and Rotten Tomatoes have consistently been rejected as unreliable source. This means that almost the entirety of the "General response" section does not meet the standards normally required by Wikipedia Television articles. In general the best available indication of audience response to a TV show is the Neilsen ratings, again please see MOS:TVRECEPTION.

I see from the edit history that adding this section was almost entirely the good faith work of but most or all of this will all have to go. If you ask Wikipedia Project Television they might be able to explain if any of this can be salvaged, or if any exception can be made but I doubt it. -- 109.76.142.195 (talk) 14:10, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I have removed the section. It was added in good faith but user voted web polls are unreliable and those kinds of sources are rarely acceptable. -- 109.76.129.242 (talk) 15:01, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

"Bruce Lee's Involvement" section
Given that Bruce Lee wasn't really involved in the show Kung Fu, apart from maybe a casting consideration, the title of this section seems inappropriate for an encyclopedic article. Crediblity aside, his involvement is only a rumor or an allegation, so perhaps "Question of Bruce Lee's Involvement" is more appropriate. 4.28.82.26 (talk) 21:44, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Based on previous talk page involvement, not going to draw out a delay in what's probably an uncontroversial change. Changed it. 4.28.82.26 (talk) 21:56, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

In Kung Fu (especially pertaining to the original series), Caine is a Shaolin Priest, not a Monk.
I have read the main page of 'Kung Fu (1972 TV series)' before, someone changed all instances of Caine being referred to as a Shaolin Priest to Monk. Without regard to whether this is technically true or false in real life, Kwai Chang Caine has been repeatedly referred to explicitly as a Priest, and not a Monk. He even refers to himself as a Priest. In the interest of being as authentic and accurate as possible, in facts relating to the Series, I propose that this be changed back to how it was before; Kwai Chang Caine is a Shaolin Priest.

Regards

https://imgur.com/a/g8RC8rq 2001:F40:98C:A16:E4BE:94AD:1EB8:6A72 (talk) 17:23, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Former monk, obviously. "Priest" is what he was in most of the show. 79.106.203.21 (talk) 07:18, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kung Fu (1972 TV series)


text:
Norberto Costa Alegre

Norberto José d'Alva Costa Alegre (born 1951) is a former prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 16 May 1992 to 2 July 1994. He is a member of the Democratic Convergence Party-Reflection Group (PCD-GR) and is married to former foreign minister Alda Bandeira.

Political life
In 1990, he ran for the Democratic Convergence Party-Reflection Group (PCD-GR). In the Daniel Daio government from 1991 to 1992, he was finance and economic minister. He became Prime Minister which he held the post from 16 May 1992 until his dismissal by the president on 2 July 1994. He was succeeded by former Defence Minister Evaristo Carvalho. He later ran in parliament for the constituency of Água Grande where the national capital São Tomé is located.

title: Norberto Costa Alegre


text:
DHL Air UK

DHL Air UK, incorporated as DHL Air Ltd., is a British cargo airline based in Orbital Park, Hounslow, London Borough of Hounslow. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post and provides services on the group's DHL-branded parcel and express network in Europe. Its main base is East Midlands Airport. It forms a part of the greater DHL Aviation division.

History
The company was formed as Elan Air on 11 October 1982 and commenced operations on 8 November 1983. Elan Air operated night freight charters for DHL using the Armstrong Whitworth Argosy and Handley Page Dart Herald. The airline then acquired a Merchantman freighter version of the Vickers Vanguard and later the airline's name changed to DHL Air on 16 May 1989.

DHL Air has held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A air operator certificate since 30 November 2001 to transport passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with a capacity of 20 or more seats. After receiving the license, flight operations began in December 2001. The airline has 270 employees as of March 2007. Its main office is located at EMA Cargo West in the main DHL building at East Midlands Airport.

Current

The DHL Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of October 2023):

Former
The airline formerly operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 February 2021, a Boeing 757-200PCF (registered G-DHKZ) returned to land at Leipzig/Halle Airport after its cargo door opened in-flight shortly after departure.

title: DHL Air UK


text:
Torus Games

Torus Games was an Australian video game developer founded in 1994 by Bill McIntosh. The company is located in Bayswater, Victoria. Its managing director is Bill McIntosh. The company being a family business. Torus has developed over 145 titles. The company is most known for family action/adventure games, based on well-known licenses.

History
Torus began developing their first game in 1994, a Game Boy and Game Gear game based on the film Stargate, published by Acclaim Entertainment.

Torus has a single, scalable cross-platform game engine. The Torus game engine runs on consoles, handhelds (including those without floating point support) and mobile phones, and their unified asset pipeline allows Torus to deliver the same game from the same common code-base across all hardware platforms. Torus Games also use the Unreal and Unity engines, depending on the type of project they are developing.

In 2015, Torus Games were awarded the Disney Developer of the Year Award for their efforts on Disney's Imagicademy initiative. They also launched their first original iOS and Android game, Crystal Crusade, followed by Flipper Fox and Heidi Price and the Orient Express in 2016.

In the late 2010s, the company partnered with Monash University to develop an educational tool assisting children with reduced attention spans. Project TALI has scope to become a screening tool, allowing for the possibility of earlier cognitive training for children with learning difficulties.

In March 2024, it was reported that the company had been "effectively shuttered" with no projects in the pipeline and no employees except for McIntosh left.

Games
PlayStation 5
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)

Xbox Series X/S
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)

Google Stadia
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)

PlayStation 4
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)
 * Matchpoint: Tennis Champions (Kalypso Media) (2022)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)
 * Praetorians (Kalypso Media) (2020)
 * Beast Quest (Maximum Games) (2018)
 * Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard (Outright Games) (2018)
 * PAW Patrol: On a Roll (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Beast Quest (Maximum Games) (2018)
 * Ben 10 (Outright Games) (2017)

Xbox One
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)
 * Matchpoint: Tennis Champions (Kalypso Media) (2022)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)
 * Praetorians (Kalypso Media) (2020)
 * Beast Quest (Maximum Games) (2018)
 * Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Paw Patrol: On a Roll (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Beast Quest (Maximum Games) (2018)
 * Ben 10 (Outright Games) (2017)

Nintendo Switch
 * Cartoon Network: Battle Crashers (GameMill Entertainment/Maximum Games) (2017)
 * Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Paw Patrol: On a Roll (Outright Games) (2018)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)
 * Matchpoint: Tennis Champions (Kalypso Media) (2022)
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)

PlayStation 3
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Falling Skies (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)

Xbox 360
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Falling Skies (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)
 * Monster Jam (Activision) (2007)

Wii U
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Penguins of Madagascar (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Falling Skies (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Barbie: Dreamhouse Party (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * The Croods: Prehistoric Party (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)

Wii
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Penguins of Madagascar (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Barbie: Dreamhouse Party (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * Combo Pack: The Croods: Prehistoric Party and Rise of the Guardians (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Turbo: Super Stunt Squad (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * The Croods: Prehistoric Party (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)
 * Bigfoot: King of Crush (Zoo Entertainment) (2011)
 * Stunt Flyer: Hero of the Skies (Just A Game GmbH) (2011) (Region 2 only)
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Swamp (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2010)
 * Kid Adventures: Sky Captain (D3 Publisher) (2010)
 * Scooby-Doo! First Frights (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2009)
 * Monster Jam: Urban Assault (Activision) (2008)
 * Zoo Hospital (Majesco Entertainment) (2008)
 * Monster Jam (Activision) (2007)
 * Indianapolis 500 Legends (Destineer) (2007)

Nintendo 3DS
 * Fireman Sam: to the Rescue (Avanquest) (2015) (Region 2 only)
 * Thomas & Friends: Steaming Around Sodor (Avanquest) (2015) (Region 2 only)
 * Mike the Knight and the Great Gallop (Avanquest) (2015) (Region 2 only)
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Penguins of Madagascar (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * How to Train Your Dragon 2 (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Barbie: Dreamhouse Party (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * Combo Pack: The Croods: Prehistoric Party and Madagascar 3 (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Turbo: Super Stunt Squad (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * The Croods: Prehistoric Party (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)
 * Madagascar 3: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)

Nintendo DS
 * Monster High: 13 Wishes (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * Barbie: Dreamhouse Party (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * Combo Pack: The Croods: Prehistoric Party and Madagascar 3 (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Turbo: Super Stunt Squad (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * The Croods: Prehistoric Party (D3 Publisher) (2013)
 * Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)
 * Madagascar 3: The Video Game (D3 Publisher) (2012)
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Swamp (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2010)
 * Scooby-Doo! First Frights (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2009)
 * Crystal Mines (Home Entertainment Suppliers) (2009) (Region 4 only)
 * Backyard Football 2009 (Atari) (2008)
 * Monster Jam: Urban Assault (Activision) (2008)
 * Zoo Hospital (Majesco Entertainment) (2008)
 * Backyard Football 2008 (Atari) (2007)
 * Monster Jam (game) (Activision) (2007)
 * Indianapolis 500 Legends (Destineer) (2007)
 * Spider-Man: Battle for New York (Activision) (2006)
 * Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing (Activision) (2006)

iOS
 * Flipper Fox (Celago) (2016)
 * Heidi Price and the Orient Express (Celago) (2016), (Calypso Entertainment) (2017)
 * Crystal Crusade (Celago) (2015)
 * Mickey's Shapes Sing-Along (Disney) (2015)
 * Mickey's Magical Math World (Disney) (2015)
 * Falling Skies Planetary Warfare (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Save Your Legs (RKPix) (2012)

Android
 * Flipper Fox (Celago) (2016)
 * Heidi Price and the Orient Express (Celago) (2016)
 * Crystal Crusade (Celago) (2015)
 * Mickey's Super Rocket Shapes (Disney) (2015)
 * Falling Skies Planetary Warfare (Little Orbit) (2014)

Microsoft Windows
 * Lego 2K Drive (2K) (2023)
 * World War Z (Saber Interactive) (2022)
 * Praetorians (Kalypso Media) (2020)
 * Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Paw Patrol: On a Roll (Outright Games) (2018)
 * Ben 10 (Outright Games) (2017)
 * Barbie and her Sisters: Puppy Rescue (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Monster High: New Ghoul in School (Little Orbit) (2015)
 * Falling Skies (Little Orbit) (2014)
 * Barbie: Dreamhouse Party (Little Orbit) (2013)
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Swamp (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2012)
 * Scooby-Doo! First Frights (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2011)
 * Monster Jam (Activision) (2007)
 * Squatter: The Classic Australian Game (HES) (1999)
 * Carmageddon TDR 2000 (SCi) (2000)
 * Dick Johnson V8 Challenge (HES) (1999)
 * ''Le Mans 24 Hours (Infogrames) (2002) - Ported for Infogrames Melbourne House

PlayStation 2
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Swamp (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2010)
 * Scooby-Doo! First Frights (Warner Bros. Interactive) (2009)
 * Monster Jam: Urban Assault (Activision) (2008)
 * Monster Jam (Activision) (2007)
 * Indianapolis 500 Legends (Destineer) (2008)
 * Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing (Activision) (2006)
 * Grand Prix Challenge (Infogrames) (2002) - Supplied art for tracks of Silverstone (UK), Magny-Cours (France) and Montreal (Canada)

PlayStation Portable
 * Monster Jam: Urban Assault (Activision) (2008)
 * Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing (Activision) (2006)

Xbox
 * Classified: The Sentinel Crisis (Global Star) (2005)

GameCube
 * Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing (Activision) (2006)

Game Boy Advance
 * Backyard Sports Football 2007 (Atari) (2006)
 * Spider-Man: Battle for New York (Activision) (2006)
 * Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing (Activision) (2006)
 * Curious George (Namco) (2006)
 * Fantastic Four (Activision) (2005)
 * Backyard Football 2006 (Atari) (2005)
 * Sportsmans Pack 2 in 1 (Activision) (2005)
 * Gumby vs the Astrobots (Namco) (2005)
 * Fantastic 4 (Activision) (2005)
 * Dead to Rights (Namco) (2004)
 * Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2005 Adventures (Activision) (2004)
 * Rapala Pro Fishing (Activision) (2004)
 * Ice Nine (BAM! Entertainment) (2003)
 * Pitfall: The Lost Expedition (Activision) (2003)
 * Backyard Football (Atari) (2003)
 * Space Invaders (Activision) (2002)
 * The Invincible Iron Man (Activision) (2002)
 * Duke Nukem Advance (Activision) (2002)
 * Doom II (Activision) (2002)
 * Minority Report: Everybody Runs (Activision) (2002)
 * Jackie Chan Adventures: Legend of the Dark Hand (Activision) (2001)
 * Planet of the Apes (Ubisoft) (2001)

Game Boy Color
 * Planet of the Apes (Ubisoft) (2001)
 * Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six (Activision) (2001)
 * The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (Activision) (2000)
 * NBA Hoopz (Midway) (2000)
 * NBA Showtime: NBA on NBC (Midway) (2000)
 * Star Wars: Yoda Stories (THQ) (1999)
 * Duke Nukem (GT Interactive) (1999)
 * Hello Kitty's Cube Frenzy (NewKidCo) (1999)
 * NBA Jam 99 (Acclaim) (1999)

Game Boy
 * Beavis and Butt-Head (GT Interactive) (1999)
 * NBA Jam Tournament Edition (Acclaim) (1998)
 * DragonHeart: Fire & Steel (Acclaim) (1996)
 * College Slam (Acclaim) (1995)
 * Stargate (Acclaim) (1994)
 * The Lost World: Jurassic Park (THQ) (1997)

Game Gear
 * Stargate (Acclaim) (1995)

N-Gage
 * Ashen (Nokia) (2004)
 * Operation Shadow (Nokia (2004)'

Didj
 * Didj Racing: Tiki Tropics (LeapFrog Enterprises) (2008)

Leapster 2
 * Go, Diego, Go! Animal Rescuer (LeapFrog Enterprises/Nickelodeon) (2008) port
 * CARS Supercharged (LeapFrog Enterprises/Disney) (2008) port
 * Sonic X (LeapFrog Enterprises/4Kids Entertainment) (2008) port
 * Cars (LeapFrog Enterprises/Disney) (2008) port

L-Max
 * Go, Diego, Go! Animal Rescuer (LeapFrog Enterprises/Nickelodeon) (2007)
 * Cars Supercharged (LeapFrog Enterprises/Disney) (2007)
 * Sonic X (LeapFrog Enterprises/4Kids Entertainment) (2007)
 * NASCAR (LeapFrog Enterprises/NASCAR) (2005)
 * Counting on Zero (LeapFrog Enterprises) (2005)
 * Cars (LeapFrog Enterprises/Disney) (2006)

title: Torus Games


text:
User:Qmerge

Welcome
I play chess.

I have a web page (blocked by the spam filter) qmerge.no-ip.info that you might want to check out.

I also have a program I wrote to run chess clubs rated-ladder.

title: User:Qmerge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gauze

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(page moved to Gauze (band); nearly all inbound links to Gauze are referring to the material.) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:36, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gauze
There is no entry in allmusic or artistdirect for a band called Gauze. This title should probably be reserved, anyway. RickK 22:48, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * There used to be an article about the material gauze, it was probably transikied and deleted or something. Anyway this band has 4 albums on amazon.co.jp, 2 of which are re-releases. Half of this album was recorded "live in Scotland" suggesting they have some international appeal, or a least a travel budget. Keep Kappa 23:01, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 19:29, 2005 May 12 Pending deletion script deleted "Gauze" (Was marked with )
 * If it had been transwikied, it would have been recorded in the transwiki log. There's no mention of it there.  There's also no article in the transwiki namespace at Wiktionary (the most likely transwiki target), and since Wiktionary already has its own article on the word, and has had for well over a year, it wouldn't have been a transwiki to Wiktionary candidate anyway.  Its deletion wasn't anything to do with transwikification. Uncle G 06:19, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Just as a comment, there's also a page called GAUZE, so if it is to stay, someone should add a dablink at the top. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 01:43, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 04:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Gauze is a notable hardcore band in japan and is renouned in the underground hardcore scene. I think this article has potential, and i vote against deletion. Marxxxx 20:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC).
 * Above users only edits have been on the Gauze article. JamesBurns 07:03, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The amazon.co.jp link indicates notability. Martg76 22:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gauze are one of the most well-known and long running japanese punk bands, the article needs to be cleaned up and probably renamed "gauze_(band)", but it should not be deleted.  (Sorry about the edit on this comment, I forgot to sign in) Tombride 20:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please delete, since gauze is mainly known for the surgical "cotton" material.
 * That's not a reason to delete, since the article can simply be moved to Gauze (band) if someone want to write something about the material. Kappa 20:40, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gauze


text:
Talk:Imperial Crown of Austria

Translation
This article was quite difficult to translate because of some very specific words. Does anyone know how you properly refer to the arches of the crown? and how do you translate "Rechinen", which is a precious stone, correctly into english? Also if there are problems with the grammar or the syntax, feel free to correct it. Please do not change the heading of the this article. In German the crown is known as "Österreichische Kaiserkrone", which translates into Imperial Crown of Austria or Austrian Imperial Crown. User:antares911

Thanks for supplying the other name for those jewels, and clinching the translation by supplying the chemical formula. J S Ayer 04:35, 8 December 2005 (UTC) :de nada Gryffindor  16:48, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Redirection
The currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire is also sometimes called Austrian Crown, which is why Austrian crown redirects you to the article about the currency. But Austrian Crown is redirecting you to this article. Can someone implement a note at the top? I'm not sure how to do that. SkySilver (talk) 13:34, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperial Crown of Austria


text:
1911 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1911.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition. The champions qualify for the 1911 Norwegian cup.

National team
Sources:

title: 1911 in Norwegian football


text:
Waramanga, Australian Capital Territory

Waramanga (postcode: 2611) is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia in the district of Weston Creek.

Waramanga was established in the late-1960s and was named after the Warumungu people of Central Australia. Streets in the suburb of Warramanga are named after Australian Aborignal people.

History
The Weston Creek district was part of Yarralumla Station, a 40,000 acre (162 km2) property dating back to 1828. It was resumed by the Commonwealth in 1913 from Frederick Campbell who bought the property in 1881. In 1920 9,000 acres (36 km2) of the Woden Valley, including the Weston Creek district, were subdivided for soldier settlement leases. A 1950s map of the district shows four paddocks, Weston paddock, Track paddock, Brown Hill paddock and Oakey Hill paddock intersecting the area which is now the suburb of Waramanga. Long Gully Road ran through the suburb and the nearest homestead was Cooleman on the Kambah Road just west of the present suburb of Fisher. Cooleman was farmed by the Champion family from about 1932. It was previously known as Allawah and was leased to the Anderson family in 1920. Other properties in the district were Avondale and Weston whose homesteads were in the present suburb of Holder, Yamba in the suburb of Phillip and Iloura, Melrose and Yarra Glen in the suburb of Curtin.

In June 1968 the suburb of Waramanga was officially gazetted.

The bushfire which engulfed parts of Canberra on 18 January 2003 flowed out of Mount Taylor Nature Reserve and reached the eastern boundary of the suburb at Badimara Street where it was slowed by residents and stopped by a contrary wind. For more information about the bushfire see Canberra bushfires of 2003.

Demographics
At the, Waramanga had a population of 2,785 people. Waramanga residents had a median age of 38 compared to a Canberra median of 35. The median weekly personal income for people aged 15 years was A$1,179 a week, compared to a Canberra wide figure of $1,203 and an Australia wide figure of $805.

The population of Waramanga is predominantly Australian-born, 74.0% of people being born in Australia. With 3.4% of the population, the second most common birthplace is the England. Accommodation is mostly separate houses (77.3%), with semi detached, row or terrace houses and townhouses comprising 19.6%.

Politics
Waramanga is located in the federal House of Representatives electorate of Bean, which is the largest division in the Australian Capital Territory. The electorate of Bean is represented by David Smith of the Australian Labor Party.

In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Waramanga is part of the electorate of Murrumbidgee. The electorate elects five members on the basis of proportional representation.

Geology
Deakin Volcanics green grey, red, and purple rhyodacite with spherulitic texture fill up Warramanga from beneath.

Suburb amenities

Waramanga has a busy local shopping centre on the corner of Damala Street and Waramanga Place. The centre contains a cafe, supermarket, bakery,’Village’ cafe, hairdresser, beauty salon, chemist, newsagency, medical centre and postal agency.

Educational institutions located in Waramanga

 * Government schools
 * Waramanga Preschool on Nemarang Crescent.
 * Arawang Primary on Nemarang Crescent.
 * Mount Stromlo High School on the corner of Badimara Street and Namatjira Drive.
 * Non-government schools and colleges
 * St John Vianney Primary in Namatjira Drive.
 * Alliance College of Australia in Namatjira Drive.

Churches in Waramanga

 * St John Vianney Parish Centre of the Catholic Church in Australia in Namatjira Drive.
 * Woden Valley Alliance Church of the Christian and Missionary Alliance in Namatjira Drive.
 * Canberra Korean Manse of the Uniting Church in Australia in Badimara Street.

Health facilities in Waramanga

 * Weston Creek Veterinary Hospital in Badimara Street.
 * Waramanga Medical Centre located in the shopping centre on the corner of Damala Street and Waramanga Place.

Public Transport in Waramanga

 * ACTION Buses run regular services to Waramanga. Route 63 services most of Waramanga, on its way between the nearest major bus interchange at Woden Town Centre and the Weston Creek Centre. Routes 70 and 71 provides a link to Tuggeranong Town Centre via Kambah.
 * No other public transportation is available, apart from taxis.

Waramanga has extensive open spaces with playing fields on the western side of the suburb, several neighbourhood parks and pedestrian parkland along the ridge in the centre of the suburb. Waramanga is adjacent to Mount Taylor Nature Reserve, part of Canberra Nature Park with grassland and hillside walking tracks and sweeping views across Woden and Tuggeranong Valleys.

title: Waramanga, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Chaetodon

Chaetodon is a tropical fish genus in the family Chaetodontidae. Like their relatives, they are known as "butterflyfish". This genus is by far the largest among the Chaetodontidae, with about 90 living species included here, though most might warrant recognition as distinct genera.

Species
There are currently 87 recognized species in this genus:

Chaetodon sensu stricto

 * Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758 (Foureye butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 (Spotfin butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Banded butterflyfish)

C. robustus group

 * Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner, 1881 (Four-banded butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon robustus Günther, 1860 (Three-banded butterflyfish)

Lepidochaetodon group
Subgenus Exornator (including Burgessius, Heterochaetodon and possibly Rhombochaetodon; tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon citrinellus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Speckled butterflyfish, Citron butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon dolosus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (African butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon guentheri C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Crochet butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon guttatissimus E. T. Bennett, 1833 (Peppered butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Millet butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon multicinctus A. Garrett, 1863 (Pebbled butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon pelewensis Kner, 1868 (Sunset butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon punctatofasciatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Spotband butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon quadrimaculatus J. E. Gray, 1831 (Fourspot butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860 (Reef butterflyfish)

Subgenus Lepidochaetodon (including Tifia)
 * Chaetodon daedalma D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1902 (Wrought-iron butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon interruptus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Yellow teardrop butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 (Sunburst butterflyfish, black-lipped butterflyfish, Klein's butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon litus J. E. Randall & D. K. Caldwell, 1973 (Easter Island butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon nippon Steindachner & Döderlein (de), 1883 (Japanese butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon smithi J. E. Randall, 1975 (Smith's butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon trichrous Günther, 1874 (Tahiti butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 (Teardrop butterflyfish)

Subgenus Rhombochaetodon (including Roaops, might belong in Exornator; tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon argentatus H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 (Asian butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon blackburnii Desjardins, 1836 (Brownburnie) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon burgessi G. R. Allen & Starck, 1973 (Burgess' butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon declivis J. E. Randall, 1975 (Marquesas butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon flavocoronatus R. F. Myers, 1980 (Yellow-crowned butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon fremblii E. T. Bennett, 1828 (Blue-striped butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon madagaskariensis C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Seychelles butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon mertensii G. Cuvier, 1831 (Atoll butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon mitratus Günther, 1860 (Indian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon paucifasciatus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Eritrean butterflyfish, Crown butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon tinkeri L. P. Schultz, 1951 (Hawaiian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon xanthurus Bleeker, 1857 (Pearlscale butterflyfish, Philippines chevron butterflyfish, yellow-tailed butterflyfish)

Megaprotodon group
Subgenus "Citharoedus" (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon meyeri Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Scrawled butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon ornatissimus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Ornate butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon reticulatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Mailed butterflyfish)

Subgenus Corallochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon austriacus Rüppell, 1836 (Blacktail butterflyfish, exquisite butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Oval butterflyfish, red-finned butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon melapterus Guichenot, 1863 (Arabian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park, 1797 (Melon butterflyfish)

Subgenus Discochaetodon
 * Chaetodon aureofasciatus W. J. Macleay, 1878 (Golden butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch, 1787 (Eightband butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon rainfordi McCulloch, 1923 (Rainford's butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon tricinctus Waite, 1901 (Three-striped butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)

Subgenus Gonochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon baronessa G. Cuvier, 1829 (Eastern triangular butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon larvatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Hooded butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon triangulum G. Cuvier, 1831 (Triangle butterflyfish)

Subgenus Megaprotodon
 * Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Chevron Butterflyfish, Triangulate butterflyfish, V-lined butterflyfish)

Subgenus Tetrachaetodon
 * Chaetodon andamanensis Kuiter & Debelius (de), 1999 (Andaman butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon bennetti G. Cuvier, 1831 (Bluelashed butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon plebeius G. Cuvier, 1831 (Blue-blotched butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon speculum G. Cuvier, 1831 (Mirror butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon zanzibarensis Playfair (fr), 1867 (Zanzibar butterflyfish)

Rabdophorus group
Including Aspilurochaetodon, Chaetodontops

 * Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 (Philippine butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon auriga Forsskål, 1775 (Threadfin butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon auripes D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (Oriental butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon collare Bloch, 1787 (Redtail butterflyfish, Pakistani butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon decussatus G. Cuvier, 1829 (Indian vagabond butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon ephippium G. Cuvier, 1831 (Saddle butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon falcula Bloch, 1795 (Blackwedged butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon fasciatus Forsskål, 1775 (Diagonal butterflyfish, Red Sea raccoon butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon flavirostris Günther, 1874 (Black butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon gardineri Norman, 1939 (Gardner's butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon leucopleura Playfair, 1867 (Somali butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon lineolatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Lined butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon lunula (Lacépède, 1802) (Raccoon butterflyfish, Crescent-masked butterflyfish, lunule butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon melannotus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Blackback butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon mesoleucos Forsskål, 1775 (White-faced butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon nigropunctatus Sauvage, 1880 (Black-spotted butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
 * Chaetodon ocellicaudus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Spot-tail butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 (Spot-naped butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon pictus Forsskål, 1775 (Horseshoe butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon rafflesii Anonymous [Bennett], 1830 (Latticed butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon selene Bleeker, 1853 (Yellow-dotted butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 (Dotted butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon semilarvatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Bluecheek butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon ulietensis G. Cuvier, 1831 (Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish, false falcula butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 (Vagabond butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon wiebeli Kaup, 1863 (Hong Kong butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon xanthocephalus E. T. Bennett, 1833 (Yellowhead butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)

Incertae sedis
Most are probably either Chaetodon sensu stricto or C. robustus group.
 * Chaetodon assarius Waite, 1905 (West Australian butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon dialeucos Salm & Mee, 1989 (Oman butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon humeralis Günther, 1860
 * Chaetodon marleyi Regan, 1921 (Doublesash butterflyfish)
 * Chaetodon sanctaehelenae Günther, 1868 (Saint Helena butterflyfish)

Proposed subgenera
Several subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of this group. It is becoming clear how the genus might be split up, with a range of DNA sequence data in large parts agreeing with S.D. Blum's landmark 1988 phylogenetic assessment of osteology.

Basically, a core group around the type species Chaetodon capistratus would remain in Chaetodon, while maybe four clades would be split off. These could use the names Lepidochaetodon, Megaprotodon and Rabdophorus, and there is one unnamed group containing the three-banded butterflyfish (C. robustus) and its relatives. But the monophyly of the Lepidochaetodon group is not fully established; it is both unclear whether Rhombochaetodon is a lineage distinct from Exornator, and whether Lepidochaetodon is indeed closer to these than to any other Chaetodon, particularly to some lineages otherwise placed in Megaprotodon.

Prognathodes, for some time contained in Chaetodon, is worthy of recognition as full genus, as is Roa.

Historically, more distantly related fish were placed in Chaetodon too, for resembling them in details – e.g. the common scat Scatophagus argus, which has a similar shape and size, as well as armored larvae like the Chaetodontidae – or simply because they are colorful, smallish, and unusual-looking – e.g. the quite unrelated paradise fish, as C. chinensis.

The classification proposed in Fessler and Westneat is based on the species of Chaetodon they sampled and these sorted into the following clades:

 * Clade 1
 * Chaetodon robustus
 * Chaetodon hoefleri
 * Clade 2
 * Chaetodon kleini
 * Chaetodon unimaculatus
 * Chaetodon fremblii
 * Chaetodon burgessi
 * Chaetodon xanthurus
 * Chaetodon paucifasciatus
 * Chaetodon mertensi
 * Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
 * Chaetodon citrinellus
 * Chaetodon multicinctus
 * Chaetodon punctatofasciatus
 * Chaetodon pelewensis
 * Chaetodon sedentarius
 * Chaetodon dolosus
 * Chaetodon miliaris
 * Chaetodon guentheri
 * Clade 3
 * Chaetodon austriacus
 * Chaetodon trifasciatus
 * Chaetodon ornatissimus
 * Chaetodon reticularis
 * Chaetodon meyeri
 * Chaetodon larvatus
 * Chaetodon baronessa
 * Chaetodon trifascialis
 * Chaetodon rainfordi
 * Chaetodon octofasciatus
 * Chaetodon bennetti
 * Chaetodon plebius
 * Chaetodon speculum
 * Chaetodon zanzibarensis
 * Clade 4
 * Chaetodon ocellatus
 * Chaetodon capistratus
 * Chaetodon striatus
 * Chaetodon semeion
 * Chaetodon ephippium
 * Chaetodon selene
 * Chaetodon melannotus
 * Chaetodon ocellicaudus
 * Chaetodon rafflesi
 * Chaetodon auriga
 * Chaetodon vagabundus
 * Chaetodon collare
 * Chaetodon adiergastos
 * Chaetodon fasciatus
 * Chaetodon lunula
 * Chaetodon semilarvatus
 * Chaetodon lineolatus
 * Chaetodon oxycephalus
 * Chaetodon falcula
 * Chaetodon ulietensis

Fossil record
The oldest fossils that are usually assigned to Chaetodon date from the late Oligocene, about 25 million years ago. But since it is not easy to distinguish this genus from close relatives, it may be that the Oligocene fossils are actually of other Chaetodontidae. The fossil record of this family is scant indeed, only Chelmon (or some similar genus like Chelmonops or Coradion) being known from Miocene remains. As even crude molecular clocks suggest that the ancestors of the Chaetodon and the Chelmops lineage diverged in the Late Eocene already, nothing more can be said without new fossils being discovered.

title: Chaetodon


text:
Salvia guaranitica

Salvia guaranitica, the anise-scented sage or hummingbird sage, is a species of flowering plant in the sage family, Lamiaceae, native to a wide area of South America, including Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is cultivated all over the world, and is naturalized in New Zealand and Chile.

Description
It is a perennial subshrub growing 4 to 5 ft tall, spreading into a large patch via its spreading roots. The leaves are ovate, 4 cm long and nearly as wide, with a fresh mint green color, and an anise scent when crushed. The inflorescences are up to 25 cm long with flowers in various shades of blue, including an uncommonly true blue. In cold regions, flowering begins in mid summer and continues until frost.

The species name originates from the Guaraní people of Brazil, who reportedly used the leaves as a sedative.

Cultivation
Salvia guaranitica is a popular ornamental plant in mild areas. It grows in either full or three quarter sunlight, in well-drained soil. Numerous cultivars have been selected, including 'Argentine Skies' (pale blue flowers), 'Black and Blue' (very dark violet blue calyx), 'Blue Ensign' (large blue flowers), and 'Purple Splendor' (Light purple flowers). The cultivar 'Blue Enigma', with pure blue flowers, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Salvia guaranitica


text:
WOSM

WOSM may refer to:

 * World Organization of the Scout Movement, a non-governmental international organization
 * WOSM (FM), a radio station (103.1 FM) in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, United States
 * Worldwide Oil Spill Model, a simulation program for oil spills; see Oil spill

title: WOSM


text:
Civetone

Civetone is a macrocyclic ketone and the main odorous constituent of civet oil. It is a pheromone sourced from the African civet. It has a strong musky odor that becomes pleasant at extreme dilutions. Civetone is closely related to muscone, the principal odoriferous compound found in musk; the structure of both compounds was elucidated by Leopold Ružička. Today, civetone can be synthesized from precursor chemicals found in palm oil.

Uses
Civetone is a synthetic musk used as a perfume fixative and flavor.

In order to attract jaguars to camera traps, field biologists have used the Calvin Klein-brand male cologne Obsession. It is believed that the civetone in the cologne resembles a territorial marking.

title: Civetone


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Chikako, Princess Kazu

Chikako, Princess Kazu (和宮 親子内親王) (Kazunomiya) was the wife of 14th shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi. She was renamed Lady Seikan'in-no-miya after she took the tonsure as a widow. Chikako was the youngest child of Emperor Ninkō.

Biography
Her birth name was Chikako. She was the eighth and youngest daughter of Emperor Ninkō and his concubine, Hashimoto Tsuneko – renamed Kangyō'in (観行院) after she took the tonsure. She was the younger half-sister of Emperor Kōmei. A few months before her birth, her father, Emperor Ninkō, died unexpectedly. Born on 1 August 1846, her official birth date was changed to 10 May because the actual birth date was a bad omen date, and a double bad omen with the death of her father a few months before.

She was known as an excellent calligrapher and she was also highly regarded as a waka poet.

Family

 * Father: Emperor Ninkō
 * Mother: Hashimoto Tsuneko (1825–1865)
 * Husband: Tokugawa Iemochi
 * Adopted son: Tokugawa Iesato

Marriage
In 1851, Chikako was engaged to Prince Arisugawa Taruhito (有栖川宮熾仁親王). However, this engagement was subsequently broken when the Imperial court needed someone for a political marriage with the Tokugawa shogunate. Such a marriage had been arranged by the rōjū Andō Nobumasa and Kuze Hirochika in order to foster reconciliation between the Imperial court and the shogunate, but the original candidate for the marriage died in 1861. Subsequently, the Shogunate petitioned the court for a royal marriage between Princess Kazu and Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi.

Initially, Princess Kazu refused, and her brother Emperor Kōmei declined the shogunate request stating that Kazu was already engaged and did not want to leave Kyoto, and that, like any woman in Japan, his own sister could not be compelled to marry anyone she did not wish to marry, even by Imperial order. However, the proposal was taken up enthusiastically by a number of people, including Princess Kazu's mother and uncle as well as several prominent kuge at the Imperial court, who persuaded both the Emperor and Princess Kazu to acquiesce to the request. Eventually Emperor Kōmei was persuaded to accept the proposal if, in return, the shogunate would repudiate the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States, and return to the previous isolationist policy.

It was then resolved that if Princess Kazu continued to refuse to accept the marriage, Emperor Kōmei would abdicate, another member of the Imperial family would be chosen instead, and that Princess Kazu would have to become a nun. Under pressure from her family, unwilling to be responsible for Emperor Kōmei's abdication and threatened with the monastery, Princess Kazu finally agreed, but gave several conditions including demands that her lifestyle in Edo would remain the same as in Kyoto and that she would be able to return to Kyoto on the anniversaries of her father's death. Emperor Kōmei would also add the conditions that the Shogunate must deliver on its promises on foreign affairs, work out a strategy to improve the livelihood of artisans unable to compete with cheap foreign imports, and that Princess Kazu's conditions must be met. Emperor Kōmei would then make his sister a naishinnō (imperial princess of a shinnōke).

In 1862, Chikako, her mother Kangyō-in, and her chief attendant Niwata Tsuguko moved to Edo Castle with a number of attendants. Due to concerns over attacks by those against the Tokugawa shogunate's policies, security forces from dozens of hans were mobilised to protect the procession. In addition, rumours that the support in the court for Princess Kazu's unprecedented marriage was the result of Tokugawa bribery and scheme to hold an Imperial Princess hostage led Emperor Kōmei to send Iwakura Tomomi to safeguard the court's interests. Iwakura would force the shōgun to put a vow of loyalty to paper before returning to Kyoto.

The marriage ceremony was held on 11 February 1862. This ceremony differed from that of all previous Tokugawa shōguns: having been made a naishinnō by her brother before leaving Kyoto, Kazu now outranked her husband as well as her mother-in-law, Tenshō-in. Furthermore, Princess Kazu retained the customs of the Imperial palace, which caused considerable friction with Lady Tenshō-in. However, she apparently enjoyed such a good relationship with her husband that they are usually called the closest couple out of all the Tokugawa shōguns, and Iemochi only once took a concubine, which the princess gave him permission to do. Eventually Tenshō-in would reconcile with Princess Kazu, and the bakufu submitted to her order to address her as "Kazu-no-Miya-sama", as opposed to the traditional "Midai-sama".

Buddhist nun
A series of tragedies hit Princess Kazu between 1865 and 1867. Her mother, who followed her to Edo to keep her company, died on 10 August 1865, followed by her husband shōgun Iemochi, who died in Osaka while commanding the Chōshū Expedition on 20 July 1866. She became a Buddhist nun, receiving the title of Seikan'in-no-miya (静寛院宮) on 9 December 1866, but just a few weeks later her brother Emperor Komei would also pass away.

The death of Shogun Iemochi put an end to their very short marriage, and the couple did not have any children. When Iemochi's will to have Tokugawa Iesato succeed him arrived in Edo, the rōjū consulted her and Tenshō-in, voicing opposition to having someone so young as shōgun during such turbulent times, Seikan'in and Tenshō-in instead supported Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who would become the last Tokugawa Shogun. However their relationship quickly turned sour as public opinion turned against Yoshinobu.

During the Meiji Restoration, Seikanin and Tenshō-in helped negotiate for the peaceful surrender of Edo Castle by restraining extremists of both sides. They were therefore instrumental in maintaining the lineage of the Tokugawa family. After the shogunal surrender, Seikanin briefly returned to Kyoto. But after Emperor Meiji moved the capital to Tokyo (the former Edo), he and her uncle persuaded Seikanin to join them there.

Seikan'in arrived in Tokyo in 1874 and she took up residence in the home of Katsu Kaishū, in the mansion in Azabu ichibei-cho. She remained there until her death in 1877 of beriberi, at the young age of 31. Her grave is at Zōjō-ji, in Minato, Tokyo. After World War II, her tomb was excavated for reburial. A photographic plate of a man in traditional hitatare and a tachi-eboshi was found on her person. The image on the plate disappeared the following day, however, perhaps due to improper handling. As a result, the identity of the male is unknown. Although it is generally believed to have been of her husband, Tokugawa Iemochi, it has also been suggested that it could have been of her former fiancé, Prince Arisugawa Taruhito. The body of Iemochi was found. An old tradition was if the husband died, his wife would cut a piece of her hair, and the hair would be buried with her husband, but the hair that was buried with Iemochi was not Kazunomiya's.

There is a legend that Princess Kazu gave one of her ladies-in-waiting to Iemochi as a concubine, named Sachi. Sachi followed the shōgun to Kyoto and Osaka, but one year after Iemochi's death, Sachi was murdered by a samurai from Satsuma who believed her to be Princess Kazu.

In literature
The exhumation of Princess Kazunomiya's remains, together with the story of the mysterious fading photograph that was found with her, was referenced in Yasunari Kawabata's 1961 novel Beauty and Sadness.

title: Chikako, Princess Kazu