text:
Talk:Info-ZIP

Talk
''Eventual the "No Feelthy" rules were published, mainly to establish some basic guidelines for contributors. (If anyone has those things, they might be amusing to post: an early attempt at rules for distributed processing .. with a sense of humor, lest someone's feelings be hurt as we criticize his style of coding.)''

Here's one document with the 'no feelthy' rules -- the only Google hit for the phrase "no feelthy tabs" which I remember reading in one such document many moons ago. -- pne 11:21, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * that link seems broken, http://www.opensource.apple.com/darwinsource/Current/zip-6/unzip/unzip/proginfo/ZipPorts seems to have them though.

first mailing list moderator
If the original contributor(s) would like to move all this historical stuff to a separate area, that's fine by me. I'm just chucking it in here because they were interesting times.

I wasn't that great a C hacker; I got involved at first because I tripped over Samuel Smith's Pascal code somewhere and ported it to Turbo Pascal or some such silliness. But somehow I ended up moderating the Info-ZIP Workgroup's newsletter (thanks to Keith Petersen and the folks managing good old SIMTEL-20). This Info-Zip mail list was a real challenge, since we were going to use it to both receive and distribute fixes, patches, discussion, etc. There was one central archive of source code that all could reach (which I maintained). But we needed certain rules so the primitive patching utilities of the time could integrate all the submitted changes. (There was no real version control software at the time.) Eventual the "No Feelthy" rules were published, mainly to establish some basic guidelines for contributors. (If anyone has those things, they might be amusing to post: an early attempt at rules for distributed processing .. with a sense of humor, lest someone's feelings be hurt as we criticize his style of coding.) No doubt other open source or public domain software groups experienced the same difficulties.

Incidentally there was no such thing as "open source" then. The term hadn't even been invented yet. GNU was around, as I recall, but we didn't want to go in that direction because of philosophical problems with some of the licensing details. So we made it public domain, anyone could do anything they wanted with it (to include steal it and try to sell it as their own). Of course it's kind of hard to sell something you can get for free, but I often wonder how far some of the really great C source in the Info-ZIP programs migrated. I saw a lot of "Info-ZIP" credits imbedded in a lot of shareware and freeware zip archivers in those days.

The Info-ZIP Workgroup began with porting the relatively simple unzip utility to every C compiler we could find. It was mostly keeping all the IFDEF's straight, consolidating what could be consolidated, retesting the latest build on as many systems as we could find volunteers (grad students worldwide mostly), fixing what got broke. No real breakthroughs: the name of the game was to build, compile, work, be absolutely PKZIP compatible.

Then Mark Adler (and others? can't remember) coughed up the zip utility! Man, that was some nice code. All greek to me, of course, but wunnerful stuff, and a frenzy of porting began. Everyone wanted to be able to zip (you can't believe how 'orrible compressed tar files can be). Now we could both unzip and zip.

And that put us in an ethical dilemma: what about Phil Katz? He invented PKZIP, after all, and we'd all (pretty much) witnessed his struggle with The Compression Software Company That Shall Not Be Named But Is Dead Now and Rightfully So. We surely didn't want to hurt Phil in any way. We weren't stealing his code or anything, but we'd sure back-engineered his PKZIP and PKUNZIP. We wanted to get his blessing if at all possible. But we couldn't get any discourse going! We kept trying to say, "Gee, Phil, we don't want to hurt you or your PKWARE sales here. This is mostly just for the Unix world, is this okay with you?  You aren't planning a commercial Unix product, are you Phil?" But we never got an answer. I guess he was content enough with the PC / MS-DOS world and market, and I never did learn how he felt about our Info-ZIP Workgroup, our efforts, and our products. Phil is dead and gone now, but I still feel concern about that. We owed him a lot.

Along with integrating submitted changes and patches from dozens and dozens of contributors (some of which had only a working knowledge of English) (not you, Jean-loup), there were other surprising difficulties. For instance, encryption: you really want to be able to lock up an archive with encryption. But .. the US Government, in its infinite wisdom, made it extremely difficult to produce any software with encryption components that was going to be "exported." And by definition we were exporting the Info-Zip components, since we were a Usenet news group and were international. So we were stymied. There were some (poor) jokes about the Encryption Police knocking at our doors, but we sure weren't going up against that! Until a very clever fellow (Was it Jean-loup? I seem to recall it coming from France, the author's name I forget, but it's in the Info-ZIP Workgroup credits somewhere) just went ahead and wrote the entire encryption module in one huge patch. For a while we all pointed to his site in France, "Go get it here, boys!", but eventually just went ahead and brought it into our own source code collection. By this time the US Customs was slacking off on its somewhat silly rules anyway, so they never came and dragged us all away. Although I was fully prepared to take the heat, since I had Army retirement pay and Cave Newt did not :-)

We also learned more than any of us wanted to know about just how many different flavors of C there were out there! And systems that had compilers! I cannot tell you how many make's I ran on every different flavored Unix host I could reach. You couldn't just b*tch that "So and so's tweak for that Wombat 6000 broke the source and it won't build on my Atari now!" You had to fix it, pin it down to exactly what broke. It was tough, but interesting. Eventually we were bragging that Info-ZIP ran on everything from a Commodore 64 to a Cray .. and it was pretty much the truth. (I remember my jaw dropping when the Cray makefile came in; we were all very impressed .. and envious of the guy who had one to play with, even if he wasn't paying the bills.)

Eventually keeping up with everything became just too much (for my poor overworked 9600 baud modem connection), I couldn't keep a good Internet connection, and I had to hand over the reins of the Info-ZIP Workgroup to the trusty (and much much smarter than I) Cave Newt.

19:43, 11 May 2005 65.40.174.115, moved by --Jtalledo (talk)

UnZip being the third most portable program in the world
I wonder whether the claim that Info-ZIP's Unzip is 'the third most portable program in the world' (after Hello, world and C-Kermit) could make it into the article? -- pne (talk) 11:05, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

new features in 3.x / 6.x ?
Should the article mention when certain milestones were hit? E.g. Unzip 5.50 supported unpacking Deflate64, 6.0 supports Bzip2, somewhere along there Shrink was enabled by default again, Reduce isn't included, and Zip 3.0 supports -Zbzip2 as well as split (not spanned) archives. Oh, and don't forget > 2 GB files (Zip64), Unicode support, etc. in the latest releases. (I imagine some of this would be more for a changelog, but I still think it should be included.) Armslurp (talk) 21:24, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it would be good to have some indication of the major changes between versions, though obviously not in too much detail. --Zundark (talk) 09:35, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Links?
I think that http://infozip.sourceforge.net/ is the current official home page, not info-zip.org. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 09:21, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Is Info-Zip still active?
On the website of the project they say the latest release (3.0) is from 2008. The next version should be 3.1 with AES Support and more stuff. But is this project stil active? Many parts of the homepage are down. Also: There is no contact link nor information about the maintainer, except the names, which I can't find in Google. --212.184.199.26 (talk) 15:18, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

 * This is where it is all now at:
 * https://sourceforge.net/projects/infozip/
 * 200.68.143.12 (talk) 16:48, 22 September 2019 (UTC) baden k.

 * I did some hard digging, and found one of the maintainers still doing stuff and posting new versions on his personal site. I guess that's it. No idea why he ain't updating SourceForge files any more. Truely the grave of OSS, I guess. --Artoria2e5 🌉 18:24, 24 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Info-ZIP


text:
User talk:Phantomopus

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 11:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Phantomopus


text: User talk:84.13.30.229

title: User talk:84.13.30.229


text:
Corsier

Corsier (, locally ) is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

History
Corsier is first mentioned in 1297 as Corsiacum. Between 1816 and 1858 Corsier and Anières formed a single municipality.

Geography
Corsier has an area,, of 2.74 km2. Of this area, 1.58 km2 or 57.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.08 km2 or 2.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.1 km2 or 40.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 or 1.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 27.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.8%. Out of the forested land, 2.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 0.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 39.4% is used for growing crops and 9.1% is pastures, while 9.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located on the left bank of Lake Geneva.

Demographics
Corsier has a population of. , 29.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5.2%. It has changed at a rate of -0.8% due to migration and at a rate of 5.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,361 or 80.9%), with English being second most common (106 or 6.3%) and German being third (74 or 4.4%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. The population was made up of 636 Swiss men (35.1% of the population) and 271 (14.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 670 Swiss women (36.9%) and 237 (13.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 304 or about 18.1% were born in Corsier and lived there in 2000. There were 522 or 31.0% who were born in the same canton, while 253 or 15.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 558 or 33.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 11 live births to Swiss citizens and 7 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 6 while the foreign population increased by 6. There were 4 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and 11 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 10 and the non-Swiss population increased by 17 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.5%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.1%.

, there were 684 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 844 married individuals, 60 widows or widowers and 94 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 615 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 152 households that consist of only one person and 54 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 633 households that answered this question, 24.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 159 married couples without children, 250 married couples with children There were 45 single parents with a child or children. There were 7 households that were made up of unrelated people and 18 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 307 single family homes (or 75.6% of the total) out of a total of 406 inhabited buildings. There were 41 multi-family buildings (10.1%), along with 36 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (8.9%) and 22 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.4%). Of the single family homes 49 were built before 1919, while 44 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (79) were built between 1981 and 1990.

there were 677 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 158. There were 39 single room apartments and 316 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 592 apartments (87.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 72 apartments (10.6%) were seasonally occupied and 13 apartments (1.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.4%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The prehistoric lakeside settlement at Port is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The settlement is part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the LPS Party which received 26.79% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.79%), the CVP (15.08%) and the Green Party (10.91%). In the federal election, a total of 486 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.5%.

Economy
, Corsier had an unemployment rate of 4.5%. , there were 53 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 38 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 12 businesses in this sector. 183 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 54 businesses in this sector. There were 813 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 237. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 48, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 36 of which 4 or (11.1%) were in manufacturing and 28 (77.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 153. In the tertiary sector; 26 or 17.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 15 or 9.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 19 or 12.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 5 or 3.3% were the insurance or financial industry, 13 or 8.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 35 or 22.9% were in education and 10 or 6.5% were in health care.

, there were 150 workers who commuted into the municipality and 697 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 18.0% of the workforce coming into Corsier are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.3% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 17.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 709 or 42.2% were Roman Catholic, while 378 or 22.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 28 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.66% of the population), and there were 22 individuals (or about 1.31% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 21 individuals (or about 1.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 38 (or about 2.26% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 13 individuals who were Buddhist, 2 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 330 (or about 19.62% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 138 individuals (or about 8.20% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Corsier about 480 or (28.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 465 or (27.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 465 who completed tertiary schooling, 38.9% were Swiss men, 32.9% were Swiss women, 16.3% were non-Swiss men and 11.8% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009–2010 school year there were a total of 390 students in the Corsier school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 23 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Corsier there were 42 students in kindergarten or primary school and 5 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 42 lower secondary students who attended school in Corsier. There were 88 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 8 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 101 students attended a private school.

, there were 149 students in Corsier who came from another municipality, while 213 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Corsier


text:
Hadji Murad

Hadji Murad (Хаджи-Мурат, XӀажи Мурад; 1818 – 5 May 1852) was an important North Caucasian Avar leader during the resistance of the peoples of Dagestan and Chechnya in 1811–1864 against the incorporation of the region into the Russian Empire.

Youth
Hadji Murad was an Avar commander who lived in the North Caucasus. He was foster-brother to Omar, son of Pakkou-Bekkhe, the Khanum of Khunzakh. According to the legend relayed by Leo Tolstoy, Murad's mother Patimat was originally to have been forced to give up her baby to become wet nurse for Omar. Her refusal nearly led to her murder but though stabbed in the breast she survived and indeed was finally able to wean her own son.

Alliance with Russia
Hadji Murad was involved in the murder of Hamzat Bek during a Friday prayer in 1834, in revenge for Gamzat's murdering of the Khanum of Khunzakh and her sons. Murad's brother, Osman, was slain in the fight with Hamzat Bek's Murids.

Hadji Murad supported the Russians in their imperial ambitions for a while, to counter what he saw as the threat of Muridism in the North Caucasus. His rival, Akhmet Khan, set about undermining Russian confidence in Murad, until they ordered his arrest, which was to be carried out by Akhmet Khan. Hadji Murad contrived to escape, by flinging himself over the ledge of a narrow mountain pass. The Russians gave him up for dead. The snow, however, had broken his fall and he lay in hiding for the winter. Because of the Russians' bad faith, he decided to throw his lot in with Imam Shamil, who bestowed upon him the rank of naib. Many tribes followed Hadji Murad, defecting from the Russians.

Exploits and service under Shamil
His exploits and red dress earned him the nickname of 'the red devil' from the Russians. After an ineffectual raid on Russian headquarters at Temirkhan-Shura, a rumour spread that he had slaughtered all the Russians in the hospital and cut them up into shashliks, which he left behind for the Russian troops to eat unawares. Though false, this rumour gained much credence among the Russians and vilified Hadji Murad's reputation.

Defection to Russia
In 1851, a feud broke out between him and Imam Shamil, when Shamil proclaimed his son, Khazi Mohammed, as his successor. In a secret meeting, Shamil and his naibs decided that Hadji Murad should be killed. An unknown naib warned him and he managed to escape in time, but his family were held captive. Hadji Murad surrendered to the Russians, who lionised but mistrusted him. He repeatedly asked to be given men and guns to attack Shamil and rescue his family, but received no firm reply. He was allowed to move from Tbilisi to the small Muslim town of Noukkha (now Shaki, Azerbaijan) accompanied by a Cossack escort. Hadji Murad planned an escape, which he carried out on April 24 (Old style calendar), 1852, during one of his morning rides. The Cossack guards were ambushed and killed but the town's garrison, led by Colonel Karganov, tracked Hadji Murad down. The Russians were joined by many tribesmen, including Akhmet Khan's son, and Hadji Murad was killed in the ensuing fight. The young son of Akhmet Khan cut off the head and sent it to Tbilisi, where it was embalmed and then sent to the Emperor. Tolstoy places Murad's death near Belarjik (probably referring to the latterday town of Birinci Biləcik on the Shaki to Qakh road), but a commemorative grave marker is farther south near km76 on the Shaki-Zaqatala road.

Hadji Murad's severed head was finally sent to be kept at the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg. In 2017, his descendants and activists in Dagestan petitioned to retrieve his skull from St. Petersburg and reunite it with the rest of his remains believed to be buried in modern Azerbaijan's Qakh District. The Russian government set up an interagency commission to consider the request.

In fiction
Leo Tolstoy's posthumously published novella Hadji Murad (1912) is a partially fictionalized account of Murad's struggle with the Russian Empire. His image also appears in My Dagestan, a novel of the Avar writer Rasul Gamzatov.

Agi Murad il diavolo bianco (1959) – in English, The White Warrior – is an Italian movie account of Murad's struggle with the Russian Empire. Murad is played by former 'Mr Universe', bodybuilder Steve Reeves.

title: Hadji Murad


text: User talk:83.235.98.15

title: User talk:83.235.98.15


text:
Talk:Gustavus Adolphus/Archive 1

This is an archive of the naming of the Gustav II Adolph of Sweden article.

Original vote
This vote is no longer active.

The Requested move placed on the WP:RM page was:
 * Gustav II Adolph of Sweden → Gustavus Adolphus since this name is much more common. See the google searches on the discussion page. NoAccount

Because there was no clear consensus reached to move the page, (or for the page to remain under the current name),after five days this has been extended 2 June 2005.
 * I propose that a vote is taken and that Approval voting is used so that there can be more than one option. PBS 14:52, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Could everyone please remove the opposing votes that don't actually fill any useful purpose? Sticking to jus one supporting vote would really help readability as well...
 * Peter Isotalo 18:11, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose name remains at Gustav II Adolph of Sweden
 * Oppose. PBS 14:52, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Peter Isotalo 18:11, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Gene Nygaard 14:24, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Jonathunder 16:18, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Oppose since this does not seem to be the most common name. CDThieme 22:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support This is the standard form name, although not the most popular form in english. A redirect from Gustavus Adolphus can handle people searchign on that form. DES 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose if the policy says to use the common English name, since this is not. No Account
 * Oppose the Adolph with "ph" feels too funny 62.78.104.96 11:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose move to Gustavus Adolphus
 * Oppose. I don't see why Gustavus Adolphus should be alone in not having the country he was monarch of included in the article title. john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. That could be a disambiguation page, what with the colleges etc. Gene Nygaard 14:20, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I agree this would be a good place for a disambiguation page for all the kings who had a similar name as well as the institutions named after. Jonathunder 16:16, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Oppose there really needs to be an indication of antionality i the article title. DES 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose the latinized feels extremely artificial 62.78.104.96 11:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose move to Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden
 * Support. This is my preferred option PBS 14:52, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Mine as well. john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Gene Nygaard 14:20, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, preferred choice. Jonathunder 16:17, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Support, as the number needs to be part of the name to more clearly disambiguate from King G IV A in categories. Gustavus Adolphus and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden should nevertheless redirect to Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, with a link to Gustavus Adolphus (disambiguation) at the top of the article. The dab page should mention something about the change in English usage, and the Swedish form should be used for Gustav V and Gustav VI Adolf. (We will still have to discuss whether the proper Swedish form ought to be Gustav or Gustaf for the modern kings, but that could be done somewhere else.) (This construction is part of the explanation of my vote, so please don't move the comment, but copy it and reply to it elsewhere if you like.) Uppland 07:26, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose This is no more likely a search term than the current title. Anyone who knows enough to insert the number knows enough to use the non-latin form. Anyone who doesn't will find tis title no more helpful then the present oner. But include a redirect from thios form, also. DES 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose 62.78.104.96 11:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose move to Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
 * Support, but second choice. Gustavus IV Adolphus and Gustavus VI Adolphus also bore the byname.  This title would thus be mildly confusing.  That said, Those two are always "Gustavus IV Adolphus" and "Gustaf VI Adolf" (or some such), not usually just "Gustavus Adolphus," so I think this would be okay. john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Gene Nygaard 14:20, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but second choice. Jonathunder 16:21, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Support since this seems to be the most common, per google searches. CDThieme 22:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - see the google results outlined above. No Account
 * Mild support If there was to be a move this is the msot sensible destination. Better would be to creat thsi bage as a disambig page pointing to the several monarchs who bore soem varient of thius name, including G II A. DES 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose 62.78.104.96 11:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose move to Gustav II Adolf of Sweden
 * Oppose. PBS 14:52, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. See my comment below. /Jebur 06:25, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Gustav II Adolf of Sweden is perfectly acceptable and understandable. As DESiegel has said above, a redirect and a list of alternate names on the main page works just as well. And for my 2c, this isn't the Latin wikipedia either, to me Gustavus Adolphus sounds akin to archaic academic terminology. --kudz75 07:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support 62.78.104.96 11:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose move to Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden
 * Oppose. Just added this in for completeness sake. john k 13:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gustavus Adolphus/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Manu Prasad

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 08:02, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Manu Prasad
Google doesn't have any hits on this bloke - it seems to be a vanity page more than anything. Craigy (talk) 11:29, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - smells strongly of vanity, and no good encyclopedic style text anyway. andy 11:35, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - definitely vanity. -- Marcika 13:55, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 00:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File:First Stratellite, tethered down in hangar, seen from the back.jpg

Summary
This is an image of a Stratellite, tethered down in its hangar. A Stratellite is an airship, designed to be used as a high altitude communications platform.

This image was sent to me by Leigh Coleman, president of Globetel Communications Corp. for use in the article on the Stratellite, with the words: "Please use this image for your publication".

Licensing
Fair use rationale:
 * 1) No free image is available
 * 2) Use of the image does not unduly restrict the legal rights of the copyright holder
 * 3) Copyright holder has given permission for the image to be used here


text:
Rink

Rink may refer to:
 * Ice rink, a surface of ice used for ice skating
 * Figure skating rink, an ice rink designed for figure skating
 * Ice hockey rink, an ice rink designed for ice hockey
 * Speed skating rink, an ice rink designed for speed skating
 * Curling rink, used to refer to both a curling team and the playing surface
 * Roller rink, a surface used for roller skating or roller hockey

People

 * Arno Rink (1940–2017), German painter
 * Hinrich Johannes Rink (1819–1893), Danish geologist
 * Paul E. Rink (1916–2000), American judge, lawyer, and politician
 * Signe Rink (1836–1909), Greenland-born Danish writer and ethnologist

Places

 * Rink Glacier (Sermerssuaq), W Greenland
 * Rink Glacier (Melville Bay), NW Greenland

title: Rink


text:
User talk:Thnr

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 11:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion of Spokes
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Proposed deletion of Timezone (video arcades)

The article Timezone (video arcades) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
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title: User talk:Thnr


text:
Dardagny

Dardagny is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

In 1978, Dardagny received the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage.

History
Dardagny was first mentioned in 1309 as Dardaniacum. The village of La Plaine was first mentioned in 1321 as Planum.

Geography
Dardagny has an area,, of 8.6 km2. Of this area, 5.27 km2 or 61.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.23 km2 or 25.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.81 km2 or 9.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.2 km2 or 2.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.08 km2 or 0.9% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 3.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, 24.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 32.7% is used for growing crops and 4.7% is pastures, while 24.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

It consists of the villages of Dardagny and La Plaine as well as numerous hamlets including Essertines and Malval. The municipality of Dardagny consists of the sub-sections or villages of La Tuilière, Roulave, Malval, Essertines, Vallon de l'Allondon, Dardagny and La Plaine.

Demographics
Dardagny has a population of. , 26.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5.4%. It has changed at a rate of -3.9% due to migration and at a rate of 8.6% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,088 or 84.7%), with German being second most common (52 or 4.0%) and English being third (44 or 3.4%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 522 Swiss men (34.3% of the population) and 226 (14.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 575 Swiss women (37.8%) and 197 (13.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 331 or about 25.8% were born in Dardagny and lived there in 2000. There were 352 or 27.4% who were born in the same canton, while 235 or 18.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 336 or 26.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 7 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 3 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 4 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 4 Swiss men and 6 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland and 3 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population remained the same in 2008 and the non-Swiss population increased by 9 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.7%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 30.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 7%.

, there were 561 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 609 married individuals, 38 widows or widowers and 76 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 475 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 122 households that consist of only one person and 41 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 492 households that answered this question, 24.8% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 104 married couples without children, 202 married couples with children There were 45 single parents with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 17 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 104 single family homes (or 44.6% of the total) out of a total of 233 inhabited buildings. There were 52 multi-family buildings (22.3%), along with 58 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.9%) and 19 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.2%). Of the single family homes 39 were built before 1919, while 12 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 513 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 164. There were 26 single room apartments and 140 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 462 apartments (90.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 44 apartments (8.6%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (1.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 11.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Dardagny Castle and the Farm House Bellevaux are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Dardagny and the hamlet of Malval are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Les Radicaux which received 26.33% of the vote. The next three most popular coalitions were the UDC (16.47%), the SP (15.05%) and the Green parties (14.74%).

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 719 registered voters of which 288 (40.1%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 20.0% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Radicaux (with 19.3%), they were sixth in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Verts (with 14.3%), they were second in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 726 registered voters of which 358 (49.3%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Dardagny there were 13 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 986 registered voters of which 484 (49.1%) voted. Out of the 484 votes, there were 5 blank votes, 5 null or unreadable votes and 212 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Dardagny had an unemployment rate of 3.9%. , there were 95 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 26 businesses involved in this sector. 411 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 9 businesses in this sector. 71 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 23 businesses in this sector. There were 656 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 541. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 73, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 406 of which 399 or (98.3%) were in manufacturing and 7 (1.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 62. In the tertiary sector; 6 or 9.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 4.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 19 or 30.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 3.2% were in the information industry, 7 or 11.3% were in education and 2 or 3.2% were in health care.

, there were 435 workers who commuted into the municipality and 496 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 20.2% of the workforce coming into Dardagny are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 21.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 57% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 475 or 37.0% were Roman Catholic, while 359 or 28.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.93% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 29 individuals (or about 2.26% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.16% of the population) who were Jewish, and 16 (or about 1.25% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 306 (or about 23.83% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 80 individuals (or about 6.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Dardagny about 421 or (32.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 208 or (16.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 208 who completed tertiary schooling, 35.1% were Swiss men, 34.1% were Swiss women, 17.8% were non-Swiss men and 13.0% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 324 students in the Dardagny school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 22 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Dardagny there were 53 students in kindergarten or primary school and 3 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 53 lower secondary students who attended school in Dardagny. There were 94 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 15 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 23 students attended a private school.

, there were 24 students in Dardagny who came from another municipality, while 141 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, La Plaine, on the Lyon–Geneva line. It has regular service to Geneva.

title: Dardagny


text: User talk:81.151.82.154

title: User talk:81.151.82.154


text:
Genthod

Genthod is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

History
Genthod is first mentioned around 1301-1400 as Gentouz.

Geography
Genthod has an area,, of 2.87 km2. Of this area, 1.04 km2 or 36.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.23 km2 or 8.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.54 km2 or 53.7% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 44.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.3%. Out of the forested land, 5.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 22.6% is used for growing crops and 10.1% is pastures, while 3.5% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located on the right bank of Lake Geneva between Bellevue and Versoix. It consists of the village of Genthod and the hamlets of Malagny and Creux-de-Genthod. It is home to the Creux-de-Genthod yacht club. The municipality of Genthod consists of the sub-sections or villages of Pierre-Grise, Rennex, Genthod and Les Rousses.

Demographics
Genthod has a population of. , 34.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 25.7%. It has changed at a rate of 23.8% due to migration and at a rate of 2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,582 or 72.9%), with English being second most common (247 or 11.4%) and German being third (96 or 4.4%). There are 58 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 837 Swiss men (30.2% of the population) and 525 (18.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 921 Swiss women (33.2%) and 489 (17.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 273 or about 12.6% were born in Genthod and lived there in 2000. There were 605 or 27.9% who were born in the same canton, while 365 or 16.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 779 or 35.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 15 live births to Swiss citizens and 12 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 18 deaths of Swiss citizens and 4 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 8. There were 13 Swiss men and 8 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 41 non-Swiss men and 27 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 3 and the non-Swiss population increased by 67 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.7%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.7%.

, there were 887 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,063 married individuals, 108 widows or widowers and 113 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 736 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 178 households that consist of only one person and 75 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 765 households that answered this question, 23.3% were households made up of just one person and there were 11 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 193 married couples without children, 306 married couples with children There were 43 single parents with a child or children. There were 5 households that were made up of unrelated people and 29 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 498 single family homes (or 79.6% of the total) out of a total of 626 inhabited buildings. There were 63 multi-family buildings (10.1%), along with 44 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (7.0%) and 21 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.4%). Of the single family homes 58 were built before 1919, while 78 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (133) were built between 1981 and 1990.

there were 809 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 183. There were 15 single room apartments and 457 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 714 apartments (88.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 79 apartments (9.8%) were seasonally occupied and 16 apartments (2.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.15%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Campagne Bonnet, Campagne du Creux-de-Genthod and the Campagne du Grand-Malagny are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Genthod is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 21.71% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LPS Party (20.07%), the Green Party (16.01%) and the SP (13.64%). In the federal election, a total of 734 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.0%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 1,322 registered voters of which 564 (42.7%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the Libéral with 29.5% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 14.1%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the MCG (with 12.3%), they were also third in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'État election, there were a total of 1,321 registered voters of which 670 (50.7%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Genthod there were 17 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 1,614 registered voters of which 856 (53.0%) voted. Out of the 856 votes, there were 2 blank votes, 2 null or unreadable votes and 85 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Genthod had an unemployment rate of 3.2%. , there were 16 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 396 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 12 businesses in this sector. 306 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 49 businesses in this sector. There were 1,030 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 627. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 14, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 376 of which 357 or (94.9%) were in manufacturing and 19 (5.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 237. In the tertiary sector; 23 or 9.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 4 or 1.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 24 or 10.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 1.7% were in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 16 or 6.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 38 or 16.0% were in education and 107 or 45.1% were in health care.

, there were 341 workers who commuted into the municipality and 890 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 12.6% of the workforce coming into Genthod are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 11.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 72.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 706 or 32.5% were Roman Catholic, while 542 or 25.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 31 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.43% of the population), there were 6 individuals (or about 0.28% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 64 individuals (or about 2.95% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 22 individuals (or about 1.01% of the population) who were Jewish, and 82 (or about 3.78% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 10 individuals who were Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church. 478 (or about 22.02% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 222 individuals (or about 10.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Genthod about 584 or (26.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 585 or (26.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 585 who completed tertiary schooling, 35.6% were Swiss men, 25.8% were Swiss women, 22.7% were non-Swiss men and 15.9% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 635 students in the Genthod school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 44 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Genthod there were 84 students in kindergarten or primary school and 21 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 84 lower secondary students who attended school in Genthod. There were 104 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 18 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 127 students attended a private school.

, there were 138 students in Genthod who came from another municipality, while 311 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

The Geneva English School (GES), a private school, is in Genthod.

title: Genthod


text:
Category:Tuberculosis

A list of articles pertaining to tuberculosis, an infectious disease.

title: Category:Tuberculosis


text:
Ivan Cesar

Ivan Cesar (9 May 1936 – 26 November 1993) was a Croatian politician.

In 1990 he was the founder and the leader of Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS).

In the 1992 presidential elections in Croatia he ran as a candidate, finishing 7th. This, and failure of HKDS to enter Croatian Parliament led to HKDS uniting with Croatian Democratic Party (HDS) into a new party called the Croatian Christian Democratic Union.

title: Ivan Cesar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vol au vent

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:16, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vol au vent
This article was listed for deletion by 81.178.101.133. -- Longhair | Talk 11:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep -- and cleanup. They're available here in Australia. Longhair | Talk 11:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic. Relevant. Non-obvious. -- Marcika 13:57, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, non-obvious, and delicious. Kappa 15:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'd certainly like to try one. ¶ If I had spotted this, I would have just deleted the VfD template. If somebody can't be bothered to explain why they want something deleted, a debate is a waste of time. Isaac R 19:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep article is perfectly fine and anon didn't provide rationale to prove otherwise. Mgm|(talk) 21:34, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Notable food. Capitalistroadster 23:33, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and eat. Mmmmm...vollervonts! Grutness...  wha?  02:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and eat as above :p ··gracefool |☺ 08:22, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and eat. Don't see anything wrong with this entry. Have just used it to validate a quiz question. Ringbark 09:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, eat and expand. Where is the history, the diferent sizes you can buy, etc?--Takver 02:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but the article needs to be cleaned up.  Dr.frog 14:29, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Enele Maʻafu

ʻEnele Maʻafuʻotuʻitonga, commonly known as Maʻafu, (circa 1816 — 6 February 1881) was a Pacific islander who held important titles in two countries in the Pacific. He was a traditional Tongan Prince and a Fijian chief nominated and installed by the Tovata chiefs of Lakeba and Vanua Balavu as 'Tui Lau' in 1869. This title was ratified by a wider council of Fijian chiefs and subsequently formalised under British colonial administration. In 1847, Maʻafu went to Fiji in an expedition to Vanua Balavu to investigate the killing of a preacher.

A Brief History
He was born in Tongatapu, Tonga, in 1816, as the son of Aleamotu'a, Tu'i Kanokupulu. In 1840 he married ʻElenoa Ngataialupe Lutui, with whom he had one child, Siale 'Ataongo, in Nukualofa. Also a Christian, 'Enele (Henry) Ma'afu introduced Methodist Christianity to eastern Fiji. Ma'afu died 6 February 1881 in Lomaloma, Vanua Balavu, and was buried on the island of Lakeba in the chiefly village of Tubou.

The Beginnings of his Kingdom
The cousin and official representative of King George Tupou I, who wished to keep him away from Tonga as a potential rival for the throne. In 1847, King Taufa'ahau of Tonga included his cousin Ma'afu in an expedition sent to Vanua Balavu to investigate the killing of a preacher. Ma'afu established himself at Lakeba as leader of the Tongan community in the Lau Islands in 1848. Aligning himself with the Tui Nayau, the Paramount Chief of the Lau Islands, he went on to conquer the Moala Islands and placed them under the Tui Nayau's authority. In 1850, Enele Ma'afu gave the Tui Cakau a canoe and in return the Tui Cakau gave the island of Vanua Balavu to Ma'afu. He went on to Vanua Balavu and took up residence in Lomaloma, after suppressing a religious war on the island. Using his alliance with the Tui Cakau and Tui Bua, or Paramount Chief of Bua, Ma'afu defeated Ritova, the Tui Macuata or Paramount Chief of Macuata, Ma'afu extended his influence through the northern island of Vanua Levu.

War and Diplomacy
When Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, the Vunivalu, by then the Paramount Chief of Bau, made his first offer to cede Fiji to the United Kingdom in 1858, William Thomas Pritchard, the British Consul, warned Ma'afu - by now the most powerful chief in northern Fiji - that under British rule, further attempts to expand his power base would not be tolerated. Ma'afu shrewdly signed an agreement denying sovereignty over Fijians and claiming to be in the islands only to oversee the Tongan population. Following Britain's decision in 1862 not to annex Fiji, however, Ma'afu resumed his attempts to extend his rule. In 1867, he created the Tovata Confederacy, covering most of northern and eastern Fiji. This arrangement was not a success, however, and Ma'afu retired to the island of Vanuabalavu. He maintained his claim, however, to be the overseer of the Tongan population, and when the Tui Nayau raised the Tongan flag over Lakeba, Ma'afu took control of the Lau archipelago on the pretext that its Paramount Chief had declared it be Tongan territory, rather than Fijian.

Ma'afu was faced with a crisis in June 1868, when the Tongan government disclaimed all sovereignty over Fijian territory, including the Lau Islands. Ma'afu could no longer exercise authority over Lau as a Tongan Prince. Lauan chiefs met in Lakeba and February 1869, and granted Ma'afu the title of Tui Lau, or King of Lau, Levuka, and Ovalau. He was subsequently recognized as such by the chiefs of Cakaudrove and Bua in May 1869. Ma'afu played a leading role in the cession of Fiji to the United Kingdom in 1874. Ma'afu has descendants living today in Tubou, Lakeba, in the Lau Islands known as the Onewai clan in Tubou, Lakeba. The large Onewai Clan live all over Fiji and around the world. He also had descendants in the Kingdom of Tonga, as Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe, the late Queen Mother.

title: Enele Maʻafu


text:
Talk:Lancashire Cotton Famine

I remember my history master telling me about this at school in Manchester in the 1960's, although it was not in the syllabus, and he was not a 'trust the people' enthusiast for democracy. His tale was that the meeting voted not to work on any slave-labour cotton. I can't immediately find any more verifiable account Rjccumbria 11:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have added a link to the Virtual Manchester website because it gives some of the text.

Other than that, their apparent POV that a free factory hand led a life little better than that of a slave was one usually found at the time coming from apologists for slavery, so should be approached with some caution. I appreciate that there were some who used similar arguments and probably had better intentions (Cobbett somewhere has a swipe at Wilberforce for being so obsessed in the welfare of Negroes as to show no interest in the destitution and want of the English farm labourers). But in this context there is an obvious rebuttal; if the 19th century millhands would accept hardship if it meant the end of slavery for others, it seems highly likely that they would not have accepted better working conditions for themselves if that came at the price of chattel slavery for themselves Rjccumbria

Time for Change
This article is too important to leave like this. It need restructuring. POVs removed and some authoritive text. I will have a go but there must be others better qualified than me who would do a better job. Any comment.--ClemRutter (talk) 10:51, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

I'll do some work on it as I get time. There's a useful source here Richerman (talk) 13:05, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I have done a few changes. There appear to be some significant facts to report. There are many contemporary sources that can be used eg Watt. Some of the politics is victors history. It has been a area of much research- with the contemporary sources extensively quoted. Modern writers such as Farnie have a broader view, writing up the events in the form of Economic History. It effects have been more widespread than I suspected. The Lancashire region gained a new model of ownership- strong local government- sanitation- superb public buildings- union structures- municipal parks, and all of these kick started the rest of the UK. Possibly this was the origin of the saying- 'What Manchester does today the rest of the world does tomorrow'. At the same time, the pressure was there to utilise new technology and move to self-acting looms, mules and ring frames. The emmigration must have had a effect on the development of woollen and worsted, and the industrialisation of Australia. The sources are available but it will need a lot of effort to read, and make the necessary referenced changes to sister articles. I don't believe that this article is complete- it needs a lot of work still. And finally a good copyedit to remove all my signature spellling mistakes and grammatic mistakes. --ClemRutter (talk) 08:39, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Politics of the Lancashire Working Class
I just found this on line: Politics of the Lancashire Working Class during the American Civil War by Graeme Kristofer Hefner, December 4, 2006 Looks like a really good resource. Richerman (talk) 11:36, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Apologies if this seems like a rant. Thanks for the lead. I have seen the article before but didn't use it. The majority of references were stateside, and they seemed to be articles trying support the authors fad- ie selected to support to a predisposed point of view. But more importantly was the use of the London Times as a reliable source- my mother taught me in the 1950s that if its not published from Manchester- it cannot understand Manchester. The Bee-hive was also a London paper. The article attempts to discuss writings in the Manchester Guardian but does not cite it. Marx was unhappy with the Bee-hives political leanings. Remember The Times stance on Peterloo. If I were marking this essay, I would advise the author that it is a good start but he needs to sort out his references before he publishes. If he were to look at a Wikipedia GA he would see how it should be done. It needs a stronger opening, and a reference for the initial assertion would be useful, the conclusion is too abrupt. Maps would help- showing the juxtaposition of the towns mentioned, over an overlay of present LG boundarys with indication of the canal and rail links.. Right that wasn´t too bigotted was it?--ClemRutter (talk) 18:24, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No not at all. It could be useful for source references though. The London Times? I've only ever heard it called that by the Irish :-) Richerman (talk) 13:52, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * File:HeatonChapel WestonGr4453.JPG was the house of my great aunt- a fierce Manchester patriot- in her last years she would go into a newsagent and request "A paper please"- if she wasn't handed a Manchester Guardian, she would be enraged, and berate the assistant for his error throwing the offending article in general direction of 'from whence it came', explaining that there was only one paper. When she visited us, there was a quick sweep of the living room to remove any 'rag' that might offend her. --ClemRutter (talk) 18:30, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Another nice resource is Edwin Waugh's contributions to the Manchester Examiner 1862. The whole site is a very pleasant read. Edwin Waugh is known for his dialect works. And there's another article that needs attention! --ClemRutter (talk) 18:30, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Sounds like your Gran was a feisty old bird. And yes, I know a little about Edwin Waugh as he was buried on Kersal Moor - an article I created and took to GA - with more than a little help from my friends, of course. I spent quite a bit of time on the Gerald Massey site finding bits to add to the article - as you say, a pleasant read. Oddly enough it seems his name was pronounced "woff". I've still got to find his grave in St. Paul's churchyard to take a picture for his article - I would like to improve that one too. I see you live in Rochester now, my son went to Kent Institute of Art and Design there - it's a lovely town. Richerman (talk) 23:31, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Another Source
I just found this book written just after the cotton famine by one of the relief committee and digitised in google books online The facts of the Cotton Famine by John Watts - maybe this one will pass the Granny test :) Richerman (talk) 15:20, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Chesire and Derbyshire ? Not just Lancashire
Most of the places badly hit mentioned in this article were actually in Cheshire, some in Derbyshire. Stalybridge, Dukinfield and Ashton and I think Stockport were in Cheshire at the time. One sentence seemed to suggest that Cheshire (and Derbyshire) was 'in Lancashire'. This did not make sense, as Cheshire is/was a county in its own right. Perhaps the article should omit the 'Lancashire' part of the title ? I know the boundary changes are confusing but think it better to note the correct counties at that time — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peepgreen (talk • contribs) 12:47, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I have tried to clarify the mills were in Lancashire and the surrounding area so it is not necessary to keep linking Cheshire and Derbyshire which should only be linked once in the article. J3Mrs (talk) 18:20, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

It is not clear that most of the towns badly affected mentioned were in Cheshire. Ashton, Hyde, Dukinfield were all in Cheshire. The section ' Stalybridge Riots' gives the impression that Stalybridge was in Lancashire. It is innacurate Peepgreen (talk) 19:27, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The area with cotton mills is defined in the opening sentence of the section headed Background. "The 1850s had been a period of unprecedented growth for the cotton industry in Lancashire, the High Peak of Derbyshire, and north east parts of Cheshire." It is not necessary to say where each town is located. Nowhere is it implied that Stalybridge is in Cheshire. Anyone can find out about Stalybridge by clicking the link.J3Mrs (talk) 19:47, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

But the title is Lancashire Cotton Famine. Anyone reading it would be under the impression that all the places mentioned were in Lancashire. They were not. I understand you do not want Cheshire written all over the article but shoudnt it made be made clear that the worse affected areas were in that county. Even parts of Manchester used to be in Cheshire. Also the article does not mention the West Riding of Yorkshire. The West Riding also had cotton mills. This 'famine' did not just affect Lancashire. That is not made clear Also what does this mean ? It doesn't make sense and it gives the impression that Lancashire was the only region Quote from current article. '...of the Lancashire regions's extensive cotton mill workforce. '

 * The Stalybridge article tells you in the first line that it was historically in Cheshire. The link to Cheshire in this article was inaccurate and confusing - I've removed it Richerman    (talk) 13:03, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

How can it be 'innacurate' if its true ? . The Lancashire Cotton Famine did not just affect 'the Lancashire region's' ( whatever that means ?). The worse hit areas were in fact in Cheshire. This needs to be made clear somewhere on the page. Not everyone knows the area or history of what happened and just as importantly WHERE. Students, for example, reading this are misled. If you do not know the area, you would think it happened in Lancashire. I am not saying plaster the page with ' Cheshire ' but as it it is now it is innacurate as most of the mill towns mentioned were in Cheshire. Can't you see the point I am trying to make ? Peepgreen (talk) 16:25, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

What about renaming the section Stalybridge Riots as Chesire Riots or Riots in Cheshire and leaving it at that. This is accurate, considering that every town named in the section was in Cheshire ? Does anyone agree ? Peepgreen (talk) 16:39, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lancashire Cotton Famine


text: User talk:81.178.101.133

title: User talk:81.178.101.133


text:
1997 Wimbledon Championships

The 1997 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 111th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and was held from 23 June to 6 July 1997.

The championships saw the inauguration of a new No. 1 Court, the third court to be named such in the club's history. To commemorate the new stadium, all the three-time or more singles champions were invited to a ceremony marking the opening of the new court and were presented with a silver salver. Ten of the thirteen surviving eligible champions attended: Louise Brough, Rod Laver, Margaret Court, Billie Jean King, John Newcombe, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, John McEnroe, Boris Becker and Pete Sampras. The only surviving absentees were Maria Bueno and Björn Borg who declined to attend and Steffi Graf who was recovering from knee surgery and unable to be present. The first match played on the new court was between Tim Henman and Daniel Nestor.

For only the second time in the tournament history (after the 1991 edition), Wimbledon saw play during the Middle Sunday, after 3 days of suspension due to rain.

Prize money
The total prize money for 1997 championships was £6,884,952. The winner of the men's title earned £415,000 while the women's singles champion earned £373,500.

 * per team

Men's singles
🇺🇸 Pete Sampras defeated 🇫🇷 Cédric Pioline, 6–4, 6–2, 6–4
 * It was Sampras' 10th career Grand Slam singles title and his 4th title at Wimbledon.

Women's singles
Martina Hingis defeated 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná, 2–6, 6–3, 6–3
 * It was Hingis' 2nd career Grand Slam singles title and her 1st and only title at Wimbledon.

Men's doubles
🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge / 🇦🇺 Mark Woodforde defeated Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(9–7), 5–7, 6–3
 * It was Woodbridge's 14th career Grand Slam doubles title and his 6th title at Wimbledon. It was Woodforde's 15th career Grand Slam doubles title and his 6th title at Wimbledon.

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Gigi Fernández / 🇧🇾 Natasha Zvereva defeated 🇺🇸 Nicole Arendt / Manon Bollegraf, 7–6(7–4), 6–4
 * It was Fernández's 17th and last career Grand Slam doubles title and her 4th title at Wimbledon. It was Zvereva's 18th and last career Grand Slam doubles title and her 5th title at Wimbledon.

Mixed doubles
🇨🇿 Cyril Suk / 🇨🇿 Helena Suková defeated 🇷🇺 Andrei Olhovskiy / Larisa Neiland, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
 * It was Suk's 4th and last career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 3rd title at Wimbledon. It was Suková's 5th and last career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 3rd title at Wimbledon.

Boys' singles
Wesley Whitehouse defeated 🇩🇪 Daniel Elsner, 6–3, 7–6(8–6)

Girls' singles
Cara Black defeated 🇺🇸 Brie Rippner, 6–3, 7–5

Boys' doubles
🇵🇪 Luis Horna / Nicolás Massú defeated  Jaco van der Westhuizen /  Wesley Whitehouse, 6–4, 6–2

Girls' doubles
Cara Black / 🇰🇿 Irina Selyutina defeated Maja Matevžič /  Katarina Srebotnik, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (champion)
 * 2)  Goran Ivanišević (second round, lost to Magnus Norman)
 * 3) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (first round, lost to Nicolas Kiefer)
 * 4)  Richard Krajicek (fourth round, lost to Tim Henman)
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Michael Chang (first round, lost to Todd Woodbridge)
 * 6) 🇦🇹 Thomas Muster (withdrew before the tournament began)
 * 7) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis (first round, lost to Greg Rusedski)
 * 8) 🇩🇪 Boris Becker (quarterfinals, lost to Pete Sampras)
 * 9)  Marcelo Ríos (fourth round, lost to Boris Becker)
 * 10) 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyá (second round, lost to Boris Becker)
 * 11) 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten (first round, lost to Justin Gimelstob)
 * 12) 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter (fourth round, lost to Todd Woodbridge)
 * 13) 🇺🇦 Andriy Medvedev (third round, lost to Nicolas Kiefer)
 * 14) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (quarterfinals, lost to Michael Stich)
 * 15)  Wayne Ferreira (third round, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 16) 🇨🇿 Petr Korda (fourth round, lost to Pete Sampras)
 * 17) 🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman (first round, lost to Chris Wilkinson)

Women's singles

 * 1)  Martina Hingis (champion)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Monica Seles (third round, lost to Sandrine Testud)
 * 3) 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná (final, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 4)  Iva Majoli (quarterfinals, lost to Anna Kournikova)
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (second round, lost to Denisa Chládková)
 * 6)  Amanda Coetzer (second round, lost to Patricia Hy-Boulais)
 * 7) 🇩🇪 Anke Huber (third round, lost to Anna Kournikova)
 * 8) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (semifinals, lost to Jana Novotná)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (fourth round, lost to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario)
 * 10) 🇪🇸 Conchita Martínez (third round, lost to Helena Suková)
 * 11) 🇺🇸 Mary Joe Fernández (fourth round, lost to Jana Novotná)
 * 12)  Irina Spîrlea (fourth round, lost to Iva Majoli)
 * 13) 🇺🇸 Kimberly Po (first round, lost to Kerry-Anne Guse)
 * 14)  Brenda Schultz-McCarthy (third round, lost to Sabine Appelmans)
 * 15)  Ruxandra Dragomir (first round, lost to Andrea Glass)
 * 16) 🇦🇹 Barbara Paulus (second round, lost to Naoko Kijimuta)

title: 1997 Wimbledon Championships


text: Talk:Charlotte Rampling

title: Talk:Charlotte Rampling


text:
Mongrel Nation

Mongrel Nation is a 3-part series released in 2003 and hosted by Eddie Izzard on the Discovery Channel, examining the ethnic origins of the English.

The three programmes were titled: Invasion, Immigration, and Infusion.

title: Mongrel Nation