text:
Talk:International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration

Syllabic r and l
There's a table of some of the html codes for the IAST characters at Talk:National_Library_at_Calcutta_romanization ; if anyone wishes to check them, add anything, and perhaps add columns to indicate what the equivalents are in other transliterations (and scripts), that would be useful. Imc 21:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

It wouldn't hurt to add ळ - l, ड़ - ṛ, and ढ़ - ṛh. And it would be useful to add foreign sounds (in Hindi) and other scripts as well. Anyone who wants to tackle it, omniglot's webmaster uses IAST. Also mention there is no unicode (as far I know of yet) for the ring under ऋ - ṛ, thus confusion with the flapped retroflex. Anyway, I have been such a huge supporter of this system, but I had no idea who developed it or what it was called - only that anybody who's anybody in the scholarly world uses this transliteration transcription! Kudos. Khirad 10:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you're wrong - those characters aren't used in Sanskrit, and I don't think those transliterations are part of IAST. ऋ is definitely ṛ rather than r̥ - look in any Sanskrit textbook. What Omniglot is using is a related but separate system, which unfortunately I don't know the name of - maybe it's correct National Library at Calcutta, though the table in the Wikipedia entry uses r̥ for the vocalic... Looking around, maybe it's ISO 15919... The difference in the use of ṛ is annoying, but there you are. Butsuri 23:41, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a very minor nit, but while ळ (retroflex l) is not used for Classical Sanskrit (post-Paṇinian), it is used for Vedic Sanskrit; it even appears in the first verse of ऋग्वेदः Ṛgveda... (of course, the original prononciation of it is debatable). One can also consult Monier-Williams' dictionnary introduction; note there are no mention of ड़ and ढ़ there. AntoineL 10:32, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * [to Khirad] Well, it does hurt, since then you've an ambiguity in the meaning of both ḷ (if you choose it for ळ, as many do) and ṛ; and while it usually obvious for the human reader with the aid of the context, it is a definitive problem for those overly stupid computer algorithms and similar tools, since it breaks the fondamental property of reversibility (lossless). About the ring below r for ISO 15919 ऋ, it is there, as U+0325 (see also http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/triunltv.htm); and yes, this use of a combining diacritic is also a problem for those stupid computer algorithms too, albeit to a lesser degree. AntoineL 10:32, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

r̥ is sometimes used, mainly by Indo-Europeanists (since that's how they write the parent phoneme in the parent language), but it's certainly not IAST. dab (ᛏ) 10:47, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'm sorry, since my main knowledge is Hindi not Sanskrit, I forgot that this system under the title of IAST was for Sanskrit exclusively. In my naïvetée I thought that this was an umbrella term, since I was directed here from pages not dealing in Sanskrit content. You are right, I am thinking of the National Library at Calcutta scheme. Thanks! Khiradtalk 14:11, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Formatting of this page.
I've got problems here now this page has been reformatted. Using Firefox 1.5 under Linux, I can only see the first column of the table. The rest of the table stretches away about 18 feet to the right, which is not much use as I only have a 17inch monitor. Using Firefox under Windows it displays OK, but I do most of my work here using Linux. Imc 19:31, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, Imc. I had checked it using Firefox and as you said it worked under Windows. Have changed the formating somwhat (not the ideal one though as it has to have spaces between each phonetic set). Do let me know if its okay now (I don't have Linux to test it). --ΜιĿːtalk 06:47, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That's fine now. Thanks. Imc 09:29, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Using IAST in articles
cut from article:
 * Usage of correct IAST transliteration of Sanskrit terms in the article can enhance the linguistic value of the article. Along with IPA, it can also help clarify any (distortion) that may have got introduced in the pure format of the term. Wikipedia has various template supports for IAST. For the correct rendering of IAST glyphs, include the term within    format. After using IAST in the article, consider including    template in the article, which would add it to the appropriate category.

this may be useful on Wikiproject Hinduism or someplace, but it doesn't belong on the article. dab (ᛏ) 13:51, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have been editing for a short while and have already seen a lot of inconsistency in the way IAST is used. Personally I feel that it is essential that we encourage the use of IAST.  There is no other way to get any academic respect unless we do.  When I add IAST to articles, sometimes the IAST is quicly reverted to simple English, while other times it stays.  Is there some way to build more agreement about these issues?  I have tried commenting about this on other pages but have failed to create a groundswell.  So I post here, in the temple of IAST, as perhaps my last refuge.  What to do? Buddhipriya 01:30, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Why IAST is used instead of IPA worldwide? IAST weirdly assigns IPA [j] for "y" instead of "j", IPA [ɟ] for "j" instead of "ʝ", in manner of English spelling, but not in manner of spelling of most European languages. In this and other similar matters IAST should follow IPA, and should be reformed, because IAST spelling in these matters looks weird for most Europeans due of its influence by English spelling. 69.10.44.67 (talk) 17:56, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * One problem with the   format is that, at least in Firefox on the compputer I use, the font changes. So śāntiḥ and  look different—the first is in the same font as the rest of the text (Tahoma?), and the second in some serif font. Weird. This makes articles using the tag look bad. What could be the cause of this? I am tempted to remove the tag for this reason! Devadaru (talk) 03:13, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

ś
Is the value of ś definitely /ʃ/ and not /ɕ/? I'm quite certain that the sound represented by the first letter of śiva does not exist in English. --Grammatical error 18:48, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Inclusion of the character ळ
In sanskrit and in many other south-indian languages, the character ळ  is widely used. It is not found in the IAST in wikipedia. Where is it? Aanand Pranav Sharma 07:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's there in ISO 15919, but I'm not sure if it's there in IAST. The ISO standard is (largely) a superset of IAST, by the way. Ambarish 08:22, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * it's also in the National Library at Kolkata romanization, but not in IAST afaik. dab (ᛏ) 13:48, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

IAST vs. ISO 15919
Is there a reason that IAST is used over ISO 15919 on Wikipedia? The previous discussion item is related to absence of a transliteration for Devanagari ळ in IAST. ISO 15919 this letter is transliterated as l-underdot. Also, in recent years, scholars have begun to represent the short and long forms of vocalic r and l with underring instead of underdot, reserving the latter diacritic, more appropriately, for retroflex and similar letters. Sarayuparin 00:11, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No there isn't actually. I was attempting to formulate proposals for ISO 15919 but I haven't had time to finish it (see Naming conventions (Indic)).  You're more than welcome to assist to get it off the ground!  Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 11:34, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There is nothing to discourage you from using ISO 15919, especially when transliterating languages other than Sanskrit. When transliterating Sanskrit, the difference of IAST vs. ISO 15919 is really splitting hairs: to people who know Sanskrit, it won't matter whether they see ṛ or r̥ because the meaning is obvious either way, and to people who don't, it own't matter either, because they'll just see an r with some diacritic speck. Using ṛ is more convenient because it doesn't need a combining diacritic in Unicode, and I suggest we stick with IAST for Sanskrit. In Sanskrit, ळ will only ever come up when discussing specific Vedic Sanskrit citations, otherwise, you'll just use its allophone ढ. In such cases, it may make sense to use ISO 15919. dab (ᛏ) 14:13, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Sanskrit e and o, as also a before t.
I totally disagree with the current opinion that Sanskrit पे (IAST e) and पो (IAST o) are pronounced as long /eː/ and /oː/. The Old Prussian language shows, that theese characters have to be pronounciated and written as ei [ei] and ou [ou]. For example OP. deivs 'god', Skr. devaḥ, must be deivaḥ, OP. dātvei 'to give', Skr. dātave, must be dātavei, Latvian govs 'of cow', Skr. gos, must be gous etc. The Skr. ai really comes from long diphthong āi, au from āu, so along theese changes the short diphthong ai turns into ei and au - into ou. e: and o: are later developments from ei and ou and can't be introduced in Classic Sanskrit! And now abaut a before t. Indo-Iranian languages have the feature, that tautosyllabic n or m (ṃ) falls out in some cases before t and in the end of the word. And in order to preserve ethymology, such a(n)/a(m) have to be written in IAST by using character ą [an]. So the Skr. śata '100' must be written as śątą (<*čamtam 'hand', cf. Latvian cimds 'glove', čamdīt 'to fumble, to paw'), not śata!, nava as navą (<*navam 'new'), dataḥ 'tooth' as dątaḥ (<*adhantas 'eating') etc. Cognates Proto-Baltic čimtan/cimtan '100' and dantas 'thooth'. Roberts7 01:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * This article has nothing whatsoever to do with the Prussian language. dab (𒁳) 16:15, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That was only an example pointing to Sanskrit real pronounciation of पे. The main story is this. Ok, if we even accept पे and पो beeing pronounced as [ē] and [ō], why the appropriate IAST signs are e and o and not ē and ō?! If [ā] is ā, [ī] is [ī], [ū] is ū, why [ē] is e and [ō] is o? This totally dissarange the whole transliteration system and throws into confusion foreigners which don't know the pronounciation rules. Historically e and o come from Latin language, where they were pronounciated as [ē] and [ō], but Latin e and o have nothing common with Sanskrit पे and पो. The fact that [ē] and [ō] does not have their short counterparts doesn't pass any critisism. The system must be uniform. I think that IAST has to change पे and पो transliteration to ē and ō, if we take as standard nowadays pronounciation. Roberts7 19:07, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * it's just a convention. Yes, ē and ō have been used (ISO 15919), but IAST didn't adopt them (probably because ē sort of implies existence of an e, which would be undefined). IAST is IAST, it is intended for people who know the phonological context (and not as a teaching aid to explain said context) and it happens to be the most widespread standard. dab (𒁳) 21:19, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

More on use of IAST
The category for articles containing IAST just disappeared because apparently people did not think it was of value. I am wondering if this is a good time to review principles for use of the IAST tag. I have been trying to develop some consensus around use of IAST [|here]. I have gone over that thread and have tried to refactor it to get a draft of what may become the nucleus of a statement on IAST that we may be able to agree on.

Questions about the use of the IAST tag as opposed to the Unicode tag, or use of the Template:IAST versus other encoding schemes, suggest a lack of clarity about what the IAST tag is for. In my view the purpose of the IAST tag is to define which of the different romanization systems for Devanagari is being used, not to define which of the glyph computer implementations is being used. IAST is a set of glyphs that has implementations in both Unicode and ASCII.

If we can get a clear summary that many editiors can agree on, perhaps we could share our points of agreement with others to see if there can be more general consensus reached. Building agreement slowly around even a few points would help the Hinduism Project on this issue. Please give me your reactions to this restatement of ideas:

1. Basic assumptions

 * IAST is the academic standard for the romanization of Sanskrit.

 * In at least some cases there is the potential for significant information loss if IAST is not used, and the nature of the loss in meaning may not be obvious.

 * Currently there is no clear official standard for the use of IAST within the Hinduism Project, leading to inconsistent use of IAST across multiple articles.

 * Since Wikipedia is intended for use by English readers, clarity of communication with English readers is of great importance.

 * IAST may be harder to read for a general audience.

 * While use of IAST may reduce readability for some readers, failure to use IAST may reduce credibility of articles among other readers, but the impact of this loss of credibility is not clear.

 * For some editors, use of IAST is a matter of acdemic integrity. Good faith should be assumed when practice varies between editors, e.g.:
 * when a term is first used anywhere within an article (not just in the lead) if the editor feels that use of IAST is important to preservation of meaning.
 * when an editor feels that a particular term may lead to confusion with another Sanskrit term unless IAST is used consistently.

 * Editors who do not know IAST or prefer not to use it are not required to add it in order to create new content. Later editors may adjust IAST usage at a later time in such cases.

2. IAST should be specified when:

 * a term is defined in the lead.

 * its etymology is traced.

 * Transliteration should be preserved in any quoted text; i.e. if the original uses IAST, we have to  quote correctly.

 * When Sanksrit shlokas/mantras etc are cited, it is ok to use only IAST and leave out standard english transliteration. The reason for this being that it would be too repetitive to provide the (1) standard English transliteration, (2) the IAST transliteration and (3) English translation ... since including the english translation is standard (for English wikipedia), if we need to provide only one transliteration IAST is certainly preferable, since it is richer in information.

3. Except as noted above, IAST should not be routinely used when:

 * A term has a common English equivalent (e.g., Ganesha for, Krishna for ).

Buddhipriya 19:16, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Good points. The guidelines will obviously look something like this. Note that this discussion belongs on Naming conventions (Indic) / Manual of Style (Indic-related articles), which somebody should revive and have it linked from WP:MoS (compare Manual of Style (Arabic)) -- article talkpages are for article content, Wikipedia_talk:-pages are for style and guideline discussions. Yes, IAST should be used when a Sanskrit term is introduced, or when its etymology is being discussed. In other instances, common diacritic-less anglicizations will do. But I wouldn't actively remove IAST from articles where somebody has taken the pains to spell Sanskrit terms in IAST throughout. Also, in more technical topics (Vedic meter, Devi and Vrkis feminines etc.), more background will be expected from the reader, and IAST spelling will be more widespread. Btw, the IAST template is not just for rendering instructions, but also for article parseability (and tooltip at mouseover). Compare PIE, IPA, ArabDIN. dab (𒁳) 08:39, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

_____

Just to comment on the "basic assumptions": As I note below, IAST in fact defines anusvara as ṁ not ṃ. Both forms are in academic use, although ṃ is more common. Multiple PTS editions of Pali use ṁ, as does, for example, Peter Skilling's work on the Mahasutras. So rather than say it's "the academic standard" I would say it's "a common convention". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.180.110.117 (talk) 07:52, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Chandrabindu in IAST?
I am working on a project that caused me to notice an issue with IAST specifications in handling of chandrabindu. I must convert an electronic source text from the old CSX+ (Classical Sanskrit Extended) encoding to Unicode, and in the course of it noticed situations like. In ASCII CSX+ encoded fonts, the chandrabindu is specificed by a glyph which perhaps would be described in Unicode as (Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below and Chandrabindu Above). Is there an IAST glyph specification for this? An example is the following sample line from the electronic edition of the critical edition of the Mahabharata which includes the word pāpā(?)l, where the missing glyph is shown by a question mark:

1.71.51c (Á=?)

The resulting romanization must be IAST-compliant, with Unicode encoding (ideally using MS Arial Unicode as the font). I have not hit this issue before and cannot find any IAST specification for handling it. It cannot be encoded as anusvara because the requirement is to have a lossless exchange of encodings. Is this a missing aspect in IAST, and if so, should it be documented in the IAST article? Buddhipriya 05:46, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Put a candrabindu on 'm.' (From the Report spec in the resources) 67.38.21.60 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:31, 17 May 2009 (UTC).

The chandrabindu ('ँ') diacritic mark (AKA anunāsika) is used in some shakhas instead of the anusvāra under certain phonetic contexts. So you may use 'ṃ' (IAST) or 'ṁ' (ISO 15919) if you want to distinguish between both of them. 181.170.183.103 (talk) 00:49, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

Anusvara
According to IAST, anusvara is transliterated with an "mdotbelow", ṃ. But "mdotaccent" ṁ is widely used for anusvara. Why the discrepancy? Is this something to be noted in this article? Where are the IAST standards published? (I still have a doubt …) Devadaru (talk) 09:22, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Cell background colour?
What, if anything, is the significance of the ivory background colour used in some cells? (Some cells in two of the tables, no cell in one, and both cells one, to be precise.)

The cell background colour was introduced by Miljoshi when adding formatting to the table in, but I can't see any explanation in that version nor in the current. The cell formatting has since changed and the cell background colour was originally darker (#FAFAD2) than the current ivory, but the set of cells with background colour has remained the same.

Is this just a random error propagated by copy-paste before first submitted and never questioned by anyone before I came looking? Sounds rather doubtful ... ;-)

But I still can't figure out what its significance is, and I doubt I'm the only one. Could someone in the know update the article to tell us?

Thanks! — the Sidhekin (talk) 17:48, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In one word: Diacritics.
 * It's been over 5 years since your message, but I've only just noticed this myself when editing the article's IPA links.
 * I first thought those sounds feature some kind of phonetic property common to them all, but it's apparently a typographical issue. They draw attention to letters needing diacritics. There are many of the vowels that do but surprisingly few consonants.
 * I've added an explanation to the article. —Menchi (talk) 17:08, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Example Text
It would be great if this page had a paragrah of example text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.76.213.203 (talk) 07:27, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Online conversion?
Is there any Web site where you could punch in Devanagari strings and get the correct IAST out? Jpatokal (talk) 03:49, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Try this one: http://www.virtualvinodh.com/aksharamukha mahaabaala (talk) 15:04, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

You may also try http://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/scl/ -> Tools -> Transliteration — Preceding unsigned comment added by 183.83.26.218 (talk) 15:41, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Pronunciation reference added
To the layman, this article would be hopeless without a pronunciation guide. I have added a link in the References to an external International Phonetic Alphabet chart with pronunciation guide. This will help alleviate what will otherwise be confusion and dismay on the part of people uninitiated to the IPA. 152.3.183.94 (talk) 17:26, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Any chance corresponding phonemes could be added into the table itself? It's pretty standard in pages on different scripts I've seen to include a column/space in each chart for them. 2602:306:3AE4:A210:8D61:6451:10EA:7502 (talk) 01:22, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. Why isn't the consonant table laid out like the vowels table, with transcription and IPA pronunciation? It just makes it confusing. I've seen so much inconsistency on what sound [C] and [Ch] is supposed to represent. I also agree with other users that IAST should be included on every article with Sanskrit terms to make it more clear. ForestAngel (talk) 22:01, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Candrabindu
The candrabindu is missing — how is that one transliterated in IAST? — N-true (talk) 01:33, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

while in general it is true that "due to written Devanāgarī's isomorphic correspondence with spoken Sanskrit, any transliteration of Devanāgarī is automatically a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit, and vice versa", this isomorphism breaks down in the case of the "non-letters" upadhmaniya, jihvamuliya, candrabindu and friends. Afaik, usage of these symbols vary between Vedic schools and manuscript traditions, and we would need to consult expert literature to figure out exactly who uses which to signify what. The simple IAST to Devanagari correspondence breaks down if you really want to go into the gory details of manuscript tradition. If it is deemed desirable to transcribe candrabindu, usually simple m̐ will be used, but I do not know if this was part of the original 1894 definition of IAST. --dab (𒁳) 12:10, 18 May 2009 (UTC)--dab (𒁳) 12:10, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It was, as were the symbols for upadhmaniya and jihvamuliya. -- Arvind (talk) 10:44, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, in case anyone wants to look up the original specification, whilst copies of the original report are quite hard to find, an English translation of the report was published in JRAS 1895 at pp 879-892. -- Arvind (talk) 00:37, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
 * A PDF of the commission report can be found at the very bottom of the resource link http://www.umich.edu/~shashir/sanskrit_transcription.html 141.211.38.10 (talk) 22:32, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The links now rotted, but it's accessible via the Wayback Machine at https://www.archive.org/web. The same PDF is also accessible at http://shashir.autodidactus.org/shashir_umich/dl/rapportdetranscription.pdf.  The transliterations there are somewhat different to what you might expect:

Sur ces bases, l'alphabet de transcription serait ainsi constitué: quant aux accents:
 * l'udātta serait représente par l'aigu
 * le svarita par le circonflexe ^
 * le anudātta par le grave `.

 * 'l' with two dots below was chosen instead of the now familiar 'l' with dot below and macron above because of printing difficulties. Note that the retroflex lateral was chosen as l with 'macron below' - ḻ.  There was no mention of how to handle sequences of vowels - they do occur word-internally in the Prakrits.
 * Anyway, candrabindu is there - it's m̐ as in ISO 15919. --RichardW57 (talk) 18:21, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

om
Om is also one letter that is used a lot in Sanskrit literature. Please add it. -- 11:00, 24 Jul 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.8.134.131 (talk)

 * oṃ isn't a letter it's a syllable made up on the vowel o ओ or au औ with anusvāra ं or anunasika ँ. Therefore it has no place in the alphabet. mahaabaala (talk) 15:05, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

ḷ
The pages states that: owing to confusion of the vowel l sign in Sanskrit (here ḷ) and the need for the same sign for the retroflexive consonant ḷ, which is found in Pāḷi.

 * In practice there's no confusion because Sanskrit does not have a retroflex consonant ळ; and Pāli does not have a vowel ऌ. mahaabaala (talk) 15:04, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Confusing conjuncts
Probably silly question, but: As I understand it, IAST should provide a 1-1-mapping from Devanagari to roman and back. But क्‍ह and ख both map to IAST kha, likewise ब्‍ह and भ to bha. Which point am I missing? --WolfgangRieger (talk) 18:37, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * , can you think of a Sanskrit word that has these combinations of consonants. From what I know, these should be impossible given the phonotactics of Sanskrit. Uanfala (talk) 22:43, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

IPA values?
Were there ever ipa values in the main table? From reading the talk page, it seems like there were at some point. Where have they gone? 82.34.92.18 (talk) 22:02, 13 June 2016 (UTC)
 * They were removed with this edit back in 2013. If you're interested in what the tables looked like with IPA, you might have a look at this old revision. Pinging in case they might have anything to say on why the IPA was dubious. Uanfala (talk) 22:41, 13 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I removed them because we don't know in detail how Sanskrit was pronounced and authorities differ. Just as with Latin, Classical Greek, etc. Also, I think the IPA here differed from what we had in the Sanskrit article. Better to avoid content forks by restricting the IPA to Sanskrit so we don't get out of sync again. — kwami (talk) 21:23, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * But Sanskrit had a much stronger tradition of classical phonetic texts than either Latin or Greek. I'd imagine for all segments with the exception of the syllabic consonants it will be relatively easy to give a generally accepted broad IPA value. Uanfala (talk) 19:55, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Careful philological analysis has come to the conclusion that despite the care, the pronunciation has shifted since the Vedas were composed. 'Short' diphthongs have become monophthongs /e/ and /o/, /i/ before vowels has become , and the surviving laryngeal has dropped (it apparently made weight in versification as well as preserving what is now hiatus after /i/). --RichardW57 (talk) 17:01, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

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Request for Clarification
In the Etymology section, the original Sanskrit spelling shown is यज्ञ. That is the same spelling shown in the article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna_(avatar). The second letter of this spelling does NOT appear in the IAST article on the Sanskrit alphabet at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration.

So either the IAST article needs to show this second letter or else the spelling in the two Yajna articles needs to be revised.

Thanks. 24.6.16.207 (talk) 17:52, 12 June 2019 (UTC)
 * A third alternative applies! The article rather assumes that the reader understands the difference between alphabets and abugidas, and indeed the Brahmic script principle of conjunct consonants.  The best discussion of the matter I can find in the transliteration articles is buried in Devanagari_transliteration and Devanagari_transliteration.  Thus, to distinguish Yajña from Yajaña (यजञ), the second and third letters combine to show that there is no vowel between them.  In simple Unicode, this joining is represented by a 'virama' character, which also doubles as a visible vowel cancellation mark.

 * I think someone needs to write a brief explanation for those who don't understand this technicality; it should then be cloned to the transliteration scheme articles for most other Indic scripts. (It's probably not needed for transliteration of Thai, Lao, New Tai Lue or Philippine scripts.) -- RichardW57 (talk) 19:58, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Word processors
"Accordingly, many academics working in the area of Sanskrit studies now make use of free and open-source software like LibreOffice, instead of Microsoft Word" Accordingly to what? The article has just stated that word's default fonts support IAST. Besides, word processors don't differ in charset or font support, especially for latin (not classified as a "complex script"). The whole section comes off as an advert, really. 93.23.14.177 (talk) 16:43, 25 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It was added by . It makes some sense if the argument is that the large Windows/Word font collection offers too few fonts to make it worth the expense, but then it needs clarifying and sourcing. --RichardW57 (talk) 02:28, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Rashtrakutas
Rashtrakutas 122.170.25.139 (talk) 14:17, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

The Geneva Congress of 1894 defined anusvāra as ṁ overdot, not ṃ underdot
It is an assumed fact that the IAST standard was codified at the Geneva Congress of 1894, and that this fixed the representation of anusvāra as ṃ underdot. This is considered one of the defining differences between IAST and ISO 15919. However I have reviewed the relevant original publications from the Geneva Congress, and they invariably use ṁ overdot. That this is no accident is confirmed by the fact that they argue cogently for this choice. It seems that the IAST standard was not fully adopted by Indological publishers, who continued to use ṃ, and this came to be assumed as the IAST standard.

This Wikipedia article should at least acknowledge this problem.

Relevant sources are gathered here.

https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/it-seems-anusvara-was-represented-by-not-at-the-geneva-congress-of-1894/28164 49.180.110.104 (talk) 06:36, 17 February 2023 (UTC)


text:
Ir Ovot

Ir Ovot (עִיר אֹבֹת ,עיר אובות, Ir Obot; lit. City of Oboth) is a small village in southern Israel. Located in the northeastern Arabah, it falls under the jurisdiction of Central Arava Regional Council. It operated as a kibbutz from 1967 until the 1980s. In 2019 it had a population of 54.

It is the site of an extensive archaeological complex known as Tamar Fortress or Hatzevah Fortress (מצודת חצבה) which dates to the 10th century BCE (United Monarchy/First Temple period).

Geography
Ir Ovot is located south of the Dead Sea and southeast of Dimona in the Arabah valley, an arid plain located below the Negev plateau and south of the Jordan Rift Valley within the larger Great Rift Valley. The settlement abuts the Ein Hatzeva bloc of agricultural villages on the opposite side of Highway 90 near the Jordanian border, and is within the boundaries of the Tamar Regional Council. The community is located close to the biblical site of Tamar, and is west of Hatzeva Junction.

History
Originally the site of the Ein Husub police station during the British Mandate of Palestine, the location was captured by the Israel Defense Forces in 1948. The village of Ir Ovot was founded in 1967, in an area deserted apart from a small military base and roadside cafe on the way to Eilat.

In 2018 Ir Ovot had 250 housing units were approved.

History of the Hatzeva Fortress
First observed and documented by Alois Musil in 1902, the Roman fortress was identified on Fritz Frank's 1932 travels in the region. In 1934, Nelson Glueck identified the location as a Nabatæan caravanserai coopted by the Romans, but the site's true significance was noted by Benjamin Mazar and Michael Avi-Yonah's 1950 discovery of sherds from the First Temple period. In the 1960s, it was first suggested by Yohanan Aharoni that the site might be the same as Tamar of the Book of Ezekiel and, and Eusebius of Caesarea's Tamara.

The first salvage excavation took place in 1972 under Aharoni and Rudolph Cohen's direction, but much of the work was carried out by Cohen, Yigal Yisrael, and recently Tali Erickson-Gini, following the 1986 involvement of "Blossoming Rose" in partnership with the Israel Antiquities Authority, Jewish National Fund and Tamar Regional Council. Known in addition to Tamar as the Hatzeva Fortress, or alternatively identified with Solomon's Tadmor, the site has six strata which indicate Early Israelite, Nabatæan, Edomite, Roman, and Early Arab occupations. It includes a 1,000-year-old shade tree, and the largest Paliurus spina-christi in Israel.

The area was used for training crews in site conservation before their work on the Masada site.

10th century BCE
The earliest remains, dating to the Solomonic period of the 10th century BCE, resembles other contemporary Negev plateau fortresses and included period Negevite pottery. Ranging from tenth to sixth centuries BCE, Negevite was also uncovered at Tel Kadesh Barnea and de:Tell el-Kheleifeh; it is probable that this level was destroyed by Pharaoh Shishaq like other sites of that period.

9th–8th century BCE
The second layer consists of a very large Iron Age fortification surrounded by a casemate wall. This First Temple period building of the Kingdom of Judah is almost as large as contemporary cities such as Tel Be'er Sheva, and is four times larger than other fortified Negev cities at 10,000 square metres.

Excavation revealed a four-chambered, north-facing gate complex near the northeastern corner and three storerooms, a pair of granaries, a moat and a defensive wall. The city was possibly constructed by King Amaziah of Judah, an 8th-century BCE ruler who fortified the Judean kingdom and went to war with neighbouring Edom in the northern Arabah, or his son Uzziah whose construction of towers in the desert is mentioned by the second Book of Chronicles.

7th–6th century BCE
A third fortress from the Late First Temple period from the 7th–6th centuries BCE was found, though because only the walls' foundations remain, reconstructing the floor plan has been difficult. However, an eastern wall with two towers set 14 m apart was reconstructed.

A pit full of smashed clay and stone, which were reassembled into 74 cultic vessels, was also found, indicating a probable Edomite shrine. Censers, chalices, altars and human figurines were unearthed outside the fortress wall on the site's northern edge in 1993, near the foundations of a small building that seems to have been a shrine. Some of the sherds resemble vessels found in an Edomite shrine at Horvat Qitmit, about 45 km to the northwest. A circular stone stamp seal discovered inside the fortress, picturing two men in long robes on either side of an altar, provides another indicator of Edomite origin. The pit recoveries dating to the end of the seventh century could possibly have been destroyed in the campaign of religious reforms spearheaded by King Josiah mentioned in Book of Kings II.

1st–4th century CE
Evidence of Roman administrative and military presence is plentiful, and the junction of the east–west Incense Road to Gaza and the north–south route to the Red Sea probably made it an economically valuable frontier outpost.

The Roman fortress' layout is similar to other imperial outposts in the region. An official Latin inscription that dates several area strongholds to the 3rd century CE was discovered on a large limestone slab at nearby Yotvata bears. This site was the largest in the area at 46 m2, and included four projecting towers on the fortress' corners. Artefacts tell of probably destruction in the middle of the fourth century CE, perhaps by a 344 earthquake, though it was promptly rebuilt with improved, stone flooring and again destroyed two decades later, probably from an earthquake in 363.

A thermæ and caravanserai of the same period were also found, and is similar to the thermæ at Ashkelon and others in the nearby country. A row of rooms from an earlier, 1st century BCE to 1st century CE fortress revealed artefacts pointing to a Nabatæan occupation predating Roman annexation. Coins bearing the likeness of Nabatæan kings were found, along with storage jars and other vessels.

7th–8th century CE
A building fragment stratum from the Early Arab period was uncovered immediately beneath the ground surface, along with evidence of a farm located above the Roman thermæ's remains and below the modern structures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ir Ovot


text:
Talk:Interstate 505

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Interstate 505. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090205175759/http://www.dot.ca.gov:80/hq/traffops/trucks/truckmap/truck-route-list.xls to http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/trucks/truckmap/truck-route-list.xls

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title: Talk:Interstate 505


text: Category:File sharing networks

title: Category:File sharing networks


text:
Fabio (DJ)

Fitzroy Heslop, better known as Fabio, is a British drum and bass DJ and producer. Fabio has been described as one of the best DJs of all time, and together with DJ partner Grooverider are regarded as the "originators" of the scene.

Biography
Fabio has been at the forefront of the dance/rave scene for over two decades. He started his career on the pirate radio station Faze 1 in the mid-1980s, and DJing at Brixton club Mendozas, where he would first meet his longtime DJ partner Grooverider, the pair were at the forefront as the acid house scene exploded. Fabio and Grooverider developed their sound and partnership at raves up and down the country but particularly at the groundbreaking Rage at Heaven.

Taking the music from the raves to the radio with Grooverider on Kiss 100 between 1994 and 1997, then on to BBC Radio 1 initially hosting the One in the Jungle show, and then with their own immensely popular show from 1998. The Radio 1 show is credited with helping bring drum and bass to mainstream audiences. Fabio left the show and the station (along with Grooverider) when the new BBC Radio 1 lineup commenced in April 2012.

In September 2016, they brought their long-running radio show to London's Rinse FM.

Fabio is in a relationship with DJ Charlotte Devaney.

Mixes/compilations

 * Promised Land Vol 2 (Higher Limits, 1996)
 * Liquid Funk (Creative Source, 2000 [Vol. 1] & 2005 [Vol. 2])
 * FabricLive.10 (Fabric, 2003)
 * Fabio & Grooverider - Drum & Bass Arena (Resist, 2004)
 * Drum and Bass Arena Presents Friction and Fabio (New State Recordings, 2008)

title: Fabio (DJ)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helpargentina

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete, and was eliminated as such already as a copyvio. Mackensen (talk) 23:07, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Helpargentina
I'm aware that Argentina has had trouble lately, but this is not the place to advertise charities. Gazpacho 21:33, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * deleted as a copyright violation after the listing period on WP:CP.--Duk 23:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, advertising --Angr/undefined 05:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Megan1967 10:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. -- BD2412 talk 03:21, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Interstate 605

"Interstate 13 in California" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Interstate 13 in California. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Morriswa (Charlotte Allison) (talk) 12:25, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate 605


text:
List of lakes of Canada

This is a partial list of lakes of Canada. Canada has an extremely large number of lakes, with the number of lakes larger than three square kilometres being estimated at close to 31,752 by the Atlas of Canada. Of these, 561 lakes have a surface area larger than 100 km2, including four of the Great Lakes. Almost 9% (891163 km2) of Canada's total area is covered by freshwater. There is no official estimate of the number of smaller lakes. This list covers lakes larger than 400 sqmi.

Canada's largest lakes
This is a list of lakes of Canada with an area larger than 1000 km2.

Alberta
This is a list of lakes of Alberta with an area larger than 400 km2.

British Columbia
This is a list of lakes of British Columbia with an area larger than 400 km2.

Manitoba
This is a list of lakes of Manitoba with an area larger than 400 km2.

Newfoundland and Labrador
This is a list of lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador with an area larger than 400 km2.

Northwest Territories
This is a list of lakes of the Northwest Territories with an area larger than 400 km2.

Nova Scotia
Bras d'Or Lake is the largest lake in Nova Scotia with an area of 1099 km2. The tidal lake has a maximum length of 100 km, a maximum width of 50 km and a maximum depth of 287 m.

Nunavut
This is a list of lakes of Nunavut with an area larger than 400 km2.

Ontario
This is a list of lakes of Ontario with an area larger than 400 km2.

Quebec
This is a list of lakes of Quebec with an area larger than 400 km2.

Saskatchewan
This is a list of lakes of Saskatchewan with an area larger than 400 km2.

Yukon
Kluane Lake is the largest lake in Yukon at 409 km2 located at an elevation of 781 m

International lakes
This is a list of lakes shared between Canada and the United States.

 * Lake Champlain in Quebec and New York, Vermont
 * Lake Erie in Ontario and Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania
 * Lake Huron in Ontario and Michigan
 * Lake Memphremagog in Quebec and Vermont
 * Lake Ontario in Ontario and New York
 * Osoyoos Lake in British Columbia and Washington
 * Rainy Lake in Ontario and Minnesota,
 * Lake St Clair in Ontario and Michigan
 * Lake Superior in Ontario and Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
 * Waterton Lake in Alberta and Montana
 * Lake of the Woods in Minnesota, Manitoba and Ontario

title: List of lakes of Canada


text:
Doug Christie

Douglas Dale Christie (born May 9, 1970) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Standing at 6ft 6in, Christie played the shooting guard position. He played college basketball for Pepperdine University. After being selected with the 17th overall pick in the 1992 NBA Draft, Christie played for seven teams in a 15-season NBA career. He was a starter for the Sacramento Kings during the early 2000s and played for the Kings in the NBA playoffs in four consecutive years. Known for his defense, Christie made the NBA All-Defensive First Team once and made the NBA All-Defensive Second Team three times during his Kings tenure.

Christie became an assistant coach for the Kings in 2021.

Early life and college career
Born in Seattle, Washington, Christie is the son of John Malone and Norma Christie. He was raised in Seattle by his mother. Christie is biracial; his father is black and his mother is white.

Christie played basketball in eighth grade at Cascade Middle School and for Mark Morris High School during his freshman and sophomore years. He had moved to Longview to live with his father, former Mark Morris track star John Malone. He later attended Seattle's Rainier Beach High School. In his senior year at Rainier Beach High, Christie led the school's varsity boys' basketball team to their first-ever Washington state championship. He also was named the high school player of the year in the state of Washington.

Christie graduated from Rainier Beach High in 1988. He then went on to Pepperdine University, studying sociology. Christie led Pepperdine to the NCAA Tournament twice, averaging over 19 points per game during his final two seasons. He was twice named WCC Player of the Year.

Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1994)
Christie was selected 17th overall in the 1992 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. However, Christie and the Sonics failed to agree upon a contract, and he did not play for the team. On February 22, 1993, Christie and Benoit Benjamin were traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Sam Perkins. The Lakers signed Christie several days after acquiring him, and he made his NBA debut on March 12, 1993. In his first Lakers game, Christie's jersey bore the incorrect name "Chrisite". He was used sparingly in Los Angeles his rookie year.

Christie's usage went up his second season, as he started 34 of 65 games and averaged 10.3 points per game. He played with Vlade Divac in LA, who he would eventually team with in Sacramento to challenge the Lakers in multiple playoff series.

New York Knicks (1994–1996)
Just prior to the start of the 1994-95 season, the Lakers traded Christie to the New York Knicks for two second-round draft picks. Christie only played twelve games that season because of an ankle injury.

Christie competed in the 1996 Slam Dunk Contest. Despite this, he was unable to crack new coach Don Nelson's rotation for the 1995-96 season, and requested a trade.

Toronto Raptors (1996–2000)
On February 18, 1996, Christie was traded alongside Herb Williams to the expansion Toronto Raptors in exchange for Willie Anderson and Victor Alexander   (Williams would be released by Toronto and re-signed by the Knicks following the trade). On March 24, 1996, Christie helped the 17-49 Raptors defeat the 60-9 record-breaking Chicago Bulls in one of the bigger upsets in NBA history. In Jordan’s 12 games against the Raptors from 1996-98, he averaged 24.7 points on 47.4 percent shooting - both numbers were below his averages against the rest of the league over that time. and credited to Christie's defense.

In his first full season in Toronto, Christie started 81 games, averaging 14.5 points, 5.3 rebounds and 2.5 steals per game, finishing second in Most Improved Player of the Year voting.

The following season, he averaged 16.5 points, 5.2 rebounds and 2.4 steals per game. In the 1999-00 season, alongside Tracy McGrady, Charles Oakley and Vince Carter, Christie helped Toronto to their first ever playoff appearance.

Sacramento Kings (2000–2005)
In August 2000, Christie was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for forward Corliss Williamson. In Sacramento, Christie became the Kings' popular starting shooting guard and developed into one of the league's best defenders. While in Sacramento, Christie was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team once and to the All-Defensive Second Team three times. During the 2000-2001 season, Sports Illustrated dubbed the Kings' starting five of Jason Williams, Peja Stojaković, Chris Webber, Vlade Divac, and Christie "The Greatest Show on Court". Christie's defense helped the Kings rise in the NBA ranks, becoming a perennial playoff contender and eventually a championship contender. The Kings led the league in wins in the 2001–02 NBA season and made the playoffs in each of Christie's seasons with the team.

Orlando Magic (2005)
In 2005, Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley and Michael Bradley. He left the Kings as second all-time in total steals. He was unhappy about the trade and played only a few games before being sidelined with bone spurs. Following Christie's ankle surgery, the Orlando Magic released him on August 11, 2005 under the new NBA collective bargaining agreement one-time amnesty clause.

Dallas Mavericks (2005)
Christie signed a one-year contract with the Dallas Mavericks shortly thereafter.

Due to a slow healing surgically repaired left ankle, Christie was waived by the Dallas Mavericks on November 25, 2005, signaling his impending retirement. He had left the team the week prior to have his surgically repaired left ankle examined by his personal physician. In seven games with the Dallas Mavericks, Christie averaged 3.7 points and 2.0 assists.

Los Angeles Clippers (2007)
In January 2007, Christie attempted a comeback when he signed a 10-day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers. After the All-Star break, Christie, on his second 10-day contract, decided to part ways with the team.

Coaching and other endeavors
In 2014, Christie was named to a team assembled by Dennis Rodman as part of his "basketball diplomacy" effort in North Korea with the job of playing an exhibition match against the North Korean Senior National Team to celebrate the birthday of Kim Jong-un.

Christie began working as a color commentator for Sacramento Kings games on NBC Sports in the 2018-2019 season. He left NBC to become an assistant coach for the Kings in August 2021.

Personal life
Christie and his wife Jackie, have three children. In 2002, The New York Times published a feature story in which the Christies spoke about their marriage and committed lifestyle. As of 2002, the Christies renewed their wedding vows every year on their wedding anniversary.

Christie is a devout Christian.

In 2006, BET's BET J launched the reality show The Christies Committed, featuring the Christies' struggle to balance family and celebrity life.

title: Doug Christie


text:
User talk:24.127.125.132

Nomination of Dante Roberson for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Dante Roberson, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.

The discussion will take place at Articles for deletion/Dante Roberson until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:01, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.127.125.132


text:
MOMO syndrome

MOMO syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder which belongs to the overgrowth syndromes and has been diagnosed in only seven cases around the world, and occurs in 1 in 100 million births. The name is an acronym of the four primary aspects of the disorder: Macrosomia (excessive birth weight), Obesity, Macrocephaly (excessive head size) and Ocular abnormalities. It is unknown if it is a life-limiting condition. MOMO syndrome was first diagnosed in 1993 by Professor Danilo Moretti-Ferreira, a Brazilian researcher in the Genetic and Clinical Studies of neurodevelopmental disorders.

This syndrome's acronym is an intended pun. It refers to the traditionally tall and obese king of Carnivals, Momus—Rei Momo in Portuguese.

Signs and symptoms
Along with the four aspects of the disorder that give it its name, there are also other common symptoms:
 * A downward slant of the forehead
 * Delayed bone maturation
 * Mental retardation

The ocular abnormalities are generally retinal coloboma and nystagmus.

Pathophysiology
Because MOMO is such a rare disorder, very few studies have been conducted into its causes. Current research suggests that it is linked to a de novo (new) autosomal dominant mutation.

History
Archie Thompson was born in 2002 in Icklesham, England and weighed 8 lbs 4 oz (3740 g). By 15 months his weight had increased to 4 stone (56 lbs; 25 kg) and by 24 months it was up to 6 stone (84 lbs; 38 kg). The condition placed a large strain on his heart and lungs. The Thompson family were featured in a documentary for Five first shown on 3 October 2004. It has since aired on Discovery Fit & Health in the United States.

Danielle Falan, from São Paulo, Brazil, is one of the oldest surviving people with MOMO syndrome. At age 17 she was featured in the Archie Thompson documentary as her mother traveled to visit her in Brazil. Falan attended school as normal, and hopes to attend college.

Six other cases have been diagnosed, in Italy, in Brazil, two in Germany, , in Cuba, 2018 Diorkeblin Hernández Durruthy   , and in Poland. An additional case was reported in 2010.

title: MOMO syndrome


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NewLISP

newLISP is a scripting language which is a dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. It was designed and developed by Lutz Mueller. Because of its small resource requirements, newLISP is excellent for embedded systems applications. Most of the functions you will ever need are already built in. This includes networking functions, support for distributed and multicore processing, and Bayesian statistics. newLISP is free and open-source software released under the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later.

History
newLISP design is influenced by the two main Lisp dialects, Common Lisp and Scheme, and by other languages like Pascal and C. newLISP originated in 1991 and was originally developed on a Sun-4 workstation. It later moved to Windows 3.0, where version 1.3 was released on CompuServe around 1993, then became available as a Windows graphical user interface (GUI) graphics-capable application and a DOS console application (both 16-bit). In 1995, with the release of Windows 95, newLISP moved to 32-bit.

In April 1999, newLISP was ported to Linux; some of its core algorithms were rewritten, and all Windows-specific code removed. newLISP was released as an open-source software project licensed under the GPL, and development on Windows stopped after version 6.0.25. During the first half of 2001, newLISP was ported back to Windows on the Cygwin platform without graphics abilities. In the second half of 2001, a cross-platform Tcl/Tk frontend named newLISP-tk was released around version 6.3.0. In 2006, 64-bit precision was introduced for integer arithmetic and for some operations on files in version 9.0.

Since the release of 6.5 in mid-2002, development has been very active, and many new features have been added.

Philosophy
newLISP attempts to provide a fast, powerful, cross-platform, full-featured scripting version of the language Lisp while using only a modest system resources such as data storage (e.g., disk space) and memory.

It provides Lisp features such as lists, symbol processing, function mapping, anonymous functions (lambda expressions), s-expressions (excluding improper lists), and macros. It also provides the functions expected of a modern scripting language, including supporting regular expressions, XML, Unicode (UTF-8), networking via Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), matrix and array processing, advanced math, statistics and Bayesian statistical analysis, mathematical finance, and distributed computing.

newLISP runs on the operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows. It supports MYSQL, SQLite and ODBC database access, Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol (POP) 3, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and XML remote procedure call (XML-RPC). It can run in server mode as a daemon.

Contexts
newLISP supports namespaces termed contexts, which can be assigned to variables and passed to functions, but which are associated with globally unique symbols, limiting their use as first-class citizens (objects). A prototype-based object-oriented style of programming is possible in newLISP, using contexts as prototypes to construct objects. Variables inside contexts do not interfere with variables of the same name in other contexts, but inside a context, variables behave according to the rules of dynamic scoping.

Scoping
newLISP uses dynamic scoping. When a function is called, that function can see all variables of its caller, its caller's caller, and so on, within the same context or namespace. It supports both explicitly and implicitly defined local dynamic variables that shadow variables with the same name from the outer environment, thus preventing accidental use or change of the variables from caller environment. Parameter variables of the called function automatically shadow the caller's variable environment. Globally, variables can be grouped in separate namespaces.

Memory management
newLISP uses a method of automatic memory management different from traditional garbage collection schemes, termed one reference only (ORO) memory management. Each variable is referenced only by its context, and each context is referenced globally.

Sharing of subobjects among objects, cyclic structures, or multiple variables pointing to the same object are unsupported in newLISP. Objects are copied when stored in data structures or passed to functions, except for certain built-in functions. The exceptions are symbols and contexts, which are shared instead of copied, and thus can be used for indirection. Symbols and contexts are globally named and are deleted explicitly; deleting a symbol or context scans all other objects to replace references to it with.

GUI options
newLISP graphical user interface (GUI) server (newLISP-GS) is a Java-based Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) server providing a graphical programming interface. A newLISP-GS based development environment is included in newLISP binary distributions, and GTK-server, OpenGL, and Tcl/Tk-based programming interfaces are available.

Standalone binaries
Any newLISP version allows building executable files, portable applications, for deployment which are self-contained and need no installing.

Interaction with shared libraries
newLISP has an import function, which allows importing functions from a dynamic-link library (DLL) on Windows API Win32, or from a shared library on Linux or Unix.

Frameworks
Web frameworks available for newLISP include Dragonfly and Rockets.

title: NewLISP


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WHAS

WHAS may refer to:

 * WHAS (AM), a radio station (840 AM) licensed to Louisville, Kentucky, United States
 * WHAS-TV, a television station (channel 11 analog/55 digital) licensed to Louisville, Kentucky, United States
 * Wet Hot American Summer, a 2001 film

title: WHAS


text:
User:BAILOPAN

I edit articles here not because I think that Wikipedia is encyclopedic, democratic, or properly administered.

In fact, I edited your article because your writing either sucked or could be improved. On rare occasions I'll revert the heinous crime of vandalism.

I vote articles down for being unencyclopedic. Deal with it. An encyclopedia isn't a garbage bag of everything on the Internet cross linked with every opinion possible. If for some reason you don't like this philosophy, attacking my low edit count or removing my vote is unacceptable and in remarkably poor taste.

If you're still reading this, I suggest you link away to a more interesting article, such as this one, or this one.

title: User:BAILOPAN


text:
User talk:HAHA

Don't edit others' user pages
Please don't edit others' user pages. This is considered vandalism. — Knowledge Seeker দ 21:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:HAHA


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SLIPR

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 23:06, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

SLIPR
Well, if it can't be distributed in Wikipedia, then it won't! Sorry! It seems Marcus has created an account, but I'd be happier if he created some valuable articles instead of insisting on vanity... Sarg 21:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete... vanity UkPaolo 21:58, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete vanity. WP is not a crytal ball --Xcali 23:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete if it's not going to be tested until June then it's prognostication. RJFJR 00:47, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Never-used software (which, moreover, is apparently too secret for Wikipedia) created by the same person as the never-used language Interslurf. Delete. Uncle G 04:34, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SLIPR


text:
Talk:Joseph Rainey

first phrase of the article
I'm not sure I understand the first sentence in this article: first black man (shouldn't it be African American?) in the U.S. House of Representatives and the second black U.S. congressman. Isn't U.S. house of representatives and congress the same? Or was there an US senator of African American origin before him? Anyway, Joseph Rainey doesn't look very African American on the photo in the article. He could only have been part African American. --85.74.184.3 21:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Re: the Congressman issue. Perhaps this should be rephrased. The word "Congressman" is often used to mean a member of the House of Representatives, but "Congress" definitely includes the the U.S. Senate, as you suggest. The first black person in the U.S. Congress was Senator Hiram Revels, earlier the same year. - Nat Krause 00:54, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Response
If you click on the word/link "black" in the first sentance, you'll get a full description of Wiki's approach to the word "black" vs. "African-American". "The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate." (Wiki) However, I can't seem to find a reference to the first black in the Senate... He looks very African-American to me (a black person). However, the flashes they used in those days were *very* strong and often bleached out the true tone of skin for many people of color. Pictures taken outside and with great care sometimes revealed color, but that wasn't always the case.

the life of joseph hayne rainey
Joesph Hayne Rainey, Born June 21 1832 Georgetown he is a former american slave,.The first black to serve in the u.s. House of Repesentatives (1870-79). Rainey recived schooling and took his father trade. He was a slave to Edward and Gracy.His father was a barber,used paycheck to buy there freedoom. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.162.86.27 (talk) 16:54, 12 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Yeah, what is this saying that he was born to a family of farmers and planters is white washing his biography. A major part of his narrative is that he was born a slave.  The artist formerly known as Balloonman  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.170.62.86 (talk) 23:56, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Middle name
Is his middle name Hayne or Haynes? I see a lot of sources writing it Haynes. FloridaArmy (talk) 22:42, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Rainey


text:
Mirosław Kalita

Mirosław Kalita (born 18 July 1970) is a Polish professional football manager who serves as the assistant coach of Igloopol Dębica and Poland U16. He is also a player who plays as a midfielder on amateur level for LKS Nagorzyn.

Honours
Amica Wronki
 * Polish Cup: 1997–98, 1998–99

title: Mirosław Kalita


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject European Union

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 * for biographical articles on Parliament members.
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The only existing barnstar associated with this project is the European Union Barnstar of Merit. It is available to be given out to members whose work regarding the project is found by other members to be particularly deserving of recognition.

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text: File:Underworld.beaucoupfish.jpg

title: File:Underworld.beaucoupfish.jpg


text:
User talk:CAPS LOCK/Archive

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, brian0918  ™

Hi, welcome. Nice job on vandal patrol today. RickK 23:45, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for the block. BrokenSegue 00:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CAPS LOCK/Archive


text:
SEAC (computer)

SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer or Standards Electronic Automatic Computer) was a first-generation electronic computer, built in 1950 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and was initially called the National Bureau of Standards Interim Computer, because it was a small-scale computer designed to be built quickly and put into operation while the NBS waited for more powerful computers to be completed (the DYSEAC). The team that developed SEAC was organized by Samuel N. Alexander. SEAC was demonstrated in April 1950 and was dedicated in June 1950;  it is claimed to be the first fully operational stored-program electronic computer in the US.

Description
Based on EDVAC, SEAC used only 747 vacuum tubes (a small number for the time) eventually expanded to 1,500 tubes. It had 10,500 germanium diodes which performed all of the logic functions (see the article diode–transistor logic for the working principles of diode logic), later expanded to 16,000 diodes. It was the first computer to do most of its logic with solid-state devices. The tubes were used for amplification, inversion and storing information in dynamic flip-flops. The machine used 64 acoustic delay lines to store 512 words of memory, with each word being 45 bits in size. The clock rate was kept low (1 MHz).

The computer's instruction set consisted of only 11 types of instructions: fixed-point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; comparison, and input & output. It eventually expanded to 16 instructions.

The addition time was 864 microseconds and the multiplication time was 2,980 microseconds (i.e. close to 3 milliseconds).

Weight: 3,000 lb (central machine).

Applications
On some occasions SEAC was used by a remote teletype. This makes it one of the first computers to be used remotely. With many modifications, it was used until 1964. Some of the problems run on it dealt with:

 * digital imaging, led by Russell A. Kirsch
 * computer animation of the city traffic simulation
 * meteorology
 * linear programming
 * optical lenses
 * a program for Los Alamos National Laboratory
 * tables for LORAN navigation
 * statistical sampling plans
 * wave function of the helium atom
 * designing a proton synchrotron

title: SEAC (computer)


text:
Talk:Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)

Response to proposal to split article
No, don't split the article. The tedium of creating a new article just for State Route 110 really isn't worth it, especially on the off chance that the part of State Route 110 that isn't Arroyo Seco Parkway (i.e. from I-10 to US 101) is upgraded to Interstate standards in the distant future. Besides, there is already a page for the Arroyo Seco Parkway, which you can access here.


text:
Paran, Israel

Paran (פָּארָן) is a small moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Arabah valley around 100 km north of Eilat, it falls under the jurisdiction of Central Arava Regional Council. In it had a population of.

History
The moshav is named after a passage in the Book of Genesis (21:20–21): "And God was with the lad, and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer. And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran. And his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt."

Economy
Each of the family farm units covers 50 dunams (50,000 m2). The main crops are high quality peppers and flowers for export. In addition, 14 of the families run a cowshed of 40-45 dairy cows each. Among the smaller farm branches are a date palm orchard and turkey production.

Some families supplement their income with other activities such as a horseback riding school, a nursery for vegetable and flower seedlings, cottage industries producing arts and crafts articles, and jeep tours.

In 2008 new rules in Israel made solar power profitable. Some families started to produce electricity (commercially) from 50 kWp photovoltaic power plants (per family), using the area's high daily solar radiation and dry weather.

Services
The moshav offers its members a variety of community services including a kindergarten, nursery, members' club, youth club, swimming pool, garage, fitness, public gardens and a well-stocked library, minimarket.

title: Paran, Israel


text:
User:Lurch

I'm a Metcalfe

title: User:Lurch


text: User talk:4.156.117.172

title: User talk:4.156.117.172


text:
Talk:Frank McCool

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Nicholas Bachynsky (politician)

Nicholas Volodymir (Val) Bachynsky (September 16, 1887 in Eastern Galicia – August 14, 1969 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1922 to 1958, and was Speaker of the Assembly for most of Douglas Campbell's administration.

Bachynsky came to Canada in 1904 and to Manitoba in 1909. He was educated in Galicia. Bachynsky attended teacher's college in Brandon and worked as a teacher before entering politics. In 1920, he married Julia Wlasinuk.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1922 provincial election. Campaigning as a member of the United Farmers of Manitoba, he defeated the incumbent member, independent Henry L. Mabb, by a margin of 581 votes to 354 in the constituency of Fisher. After the election, the UFM formed government as the Progressive Party, and Bachynsky became a backbench supporter of John Bracken's administration.

Bachynsky again defeated Mabb, who was by this time identifying himself as a Conservative, in the 1927 election. He was again returned with comfortable margins in the elections of 1932 and 1936, now identifying himself as a Liberal-Progressive after an alliance between the province's Liberal and Progressive parties.

Bachnysky faced a more difficult challenge in the 1941 election, defeating pro-government independent L.W. Michalchuk by just thirty-three votes. He again defeated Michalchuk, then a CCF candidate, in the 1945 election by 121 votes.

Bachynsky was returned without difficulty in the elections of 1949 and 1953. After serving twenty-eight years as a backbencher, he was appointed Speaker of Legislature by Premier Douglas Campbell on November 7, 1950.

Bachynsky had difficulty concealing his dislike of the CCF backbench, and once expressed his sympathy to CCF leader Seymour Farmer for putting up with this "bunch of wild broncos". Lloyd Stinson, who became leader of the Manitoba CCF in 1952, claimed Bachynsky was "such a volatile, vociferous orator that he was temperamentally unsuited to be an impartial moderator". Stinson also claims that Bachynsky consistently ruled against the CCF on procedural matters after becoming speaker.

After thirty-six years in the legislature, Bachynsky lost the Fisher constituency by 56 votes to CCF candidate Peter Wagner in the 1958 provincial election.

He died on his farm in Poplarfield in 1969.

title: Nicholas Bachynsky (politician)


text:
Dykstraflex

The Dykstraflex was the first digital motion control photography camera system, named after its primary developer John Dykstra. Numerous people actually created the camera, with the critical electronics being created by Alvah J. Miller and Jerry Jeffress.

The camera was developed in 1976 specifically for complex special effects shots in Star Wars. Using old VistaVision cameras (for their high image resolution), created by engineers at Paramount Pictures in 1954, and hand wire wrapped TTL chips, the all-digitally controlled system allowed for 7 axes of motion: roll, pan, tilt, swing, boom, traverse, track, lens focus, motor drive, shutter control, and their duplication in multiple takes.

Dykstra's development of this first digital motion control camera system earned himself, Al Miller, and Jerry Jeffress Academy Awards in 1978.

title: Dykstraflex


text:
Talk:Foothill Freeway

Requested move 9 January 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (closed by non-admin page mover) BegbertBiggs (talk) 22:02, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

Interstate 210 and State Route 210 (California) → Foothill Freeway – This should be moved over the redirect to simplify the title. Since the Foothill Freeway encompasses both Interstate 210 and California State Route 210, it should be no different than Capital Beltway, Massachusetts Turnpike, Summerlin Parkway and other similar pages where their respective route numbers (Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway), Interstate 90 in Massachusetts, and Nevada State Route 613) are redirects. Several Southern California freeways such as the Foothill are also commonly referred to by their freeway names instead of just their route numbers like the Hollywood Freeway and the Ventura Freeway. Zzyzx11 (talk) 19:08, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Is CA 210 the Foothill Freeway? I've not heard that before. --Rschen7754 19:19, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I guess it is. Support because while I'm generally not a fan of names other than the route number, in this case the name with the route number is horrendously long. --Rschen7754 19:21, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foothill Freeway


text:
Talk:Sir George Williams affair

WP:RM

 * Talk:George Williams Computer Riot — George Williams Computer Riot → Sir George Williams Computer Riot – The name of the university was "Sir George Williams", short name was "Sir George" - 132.205.45.148 21:43, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 23:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What riot?
This article is supposedly about a riot, yet this is what it says: So what about the riot? Shouldn't there be something about that? Scolaire (talk) 09:33, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * "Most of the occupation was quite peaceful: the police were not involved, and negotiations continued...The occupation continued until February 11 when negotiations broke down and riot police were called in. A fire broke out in the computer lab"

 * About the use of the word "Riot"

I lived in Montreal at the time, though I was away at university during the period the "riot" occurred. In a sense, I think you are right, it was a student demonstration through building occupation that was part of, and inspired by, earlier events in the congeries of similar student disturbances worldwide in the late 1960's and early 1970's, and not a "riot" in the classical sense of people "running wild and committing illegal acts in he street." However, I think the reason it was called a "riot" in the media (a metaphor) is that, at the end, something triggered the students to destroy the facility, throwing computers and such out the windows, and generally trashing the university equipment. As I vaguely seem to recall, while this was illegal and shocking, there was also some sort of perceived significant betrayal by the school administration that led to it. The media coverage at the time, as with coverage of student demonstrations in many other places, was not a model of impartiality and careful investigation (all counterarguments welcome), but rather more an exercise in ideological posturing. Adjusted for inflation, the value of the damage was in the order of $12 million, so it was not inconsiderable.

The article definitely is in need of expansion. As it is now, it seems to me, holding it up as a "cloth" in front of actual memory from years ago, to be so sketchy that it does not present a coherent account of the affair. It seems particularly weak on what the university faculty and administration did to cause the demonstration. As I recall, though I think the university post mortems denied this, the students presented a fairly disturbing case (or so gossip had it) that unethical in-class conduct had occurred, and this was never answered convincingly to the contrary by the school whose process was seen (perhaps inaccurately) as aiming more to mask the truth than reveal it, raising legitimate concerns in the public mind about the possibility that the students' actions were fair, though extreme; a legitimate protest of last resort where internal mechanisms of control and rectification of racialism had not functioned. In fairness to all reputations affected by lingering doubts about the actions of the parties to the dispute, we do need a more through treatment.--FurnaldHall (talk) 05:53, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Riot?
Not a riot, it was an occupation of a room. Further no one knows who actually set the fire. What is more likely is that cops flash bang grenades set off a fire in the office filed with paper cards. Recall the officers were trying to clear the students out the room. Based on the events it is highly unlikely the students set the fire as they barriacaded themselves inside a the computer room. It doesn't take a university student to figure out if you set a fire in a room you are in your going to die of smoke inhalation.

We know for sure that the students threw paper cards out the window. We don't know who set the fire. We do know that there was a largely white crowd outside that was on the brink of rioting and who got violent to the protestors and carried signs that said all niggers must die and shouted let the niggers burn according to John Rodney Ph.d in psychology who was an occupier at the riot. source turning points in history-st george williams episode

I was part of the "white crowd" at the time. People were simply milling around outside the locked building. I did not see any signs as described here ("all niggers must die") nor did I hear anyone shout "let the niggers burn." Generally speaking, the crowd outside supported the protesters and were deeply concerned about what was going on. When I saw police officers smashing windows, letting the glass fall onto the crowd below, I assumed we were seeing a police riot. In retrospect I realize that that was probably not the case, though I did see a Montreal officer pull his firearm halfway out of its hostler before another officer grabbed his arm to prevent him from doing so. As the soaked and shivering students were taken down the elevators to police vans, there were two officers per student in each elevator and many reported that the students were beaten. That would jib with what we knew of the attitudes of Montreal police force of the time, especially those from Station 10 which was known for having violent officers on staff.

Zoology 431
According to the Turning Points in History episode, it was caused by marking in the Zoology 431 course, in September 1967 76.66.203.138 (talk) 12:11, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

please clarify wording
"saw police confiscating locking doors and exits"

could someone change the word confiscating to something else? were the doors removed? were the locks disabled? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.205.102.112 (talk) 18:40, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Article Fails to Adhere to Neutral Point of View
I've rarely read a Wikipedia article that so clearly failed to adhere to a neutral point of view. The article goes out of its way to defend the student actions during this event without giving serious consideration to any other perspectives. I would recommend a complete rewrite of the article by someone who has carefully studied the "Sir George Williams Affair" but is able to present the events in a more even-handed manner without trying to advance a partisan agenda. (In case anyone responds to my comments by making the ad hominem argument that I'm engaging in right-wing griping, my politics happen to be left-of-center. But I don't want Wikipedia to be a mouthpiece to propagate specific political positions, whether they're my own or anyone else's.)

MaMe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.130.95.6 (talk) 08:08, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir George Williams affair


text: User talk:70.50.204.246

title: User talk:70.50.204.246


text:
Talk:Pentti Lund

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text:
Frederick Robertson

Frederick Robertson may refer to:

 * Frederick William Robertson (1816–1853), English divine
 * Frederick Robertson (politician) (1909–2002), member of the Canadian House of Commons
 * Fred Robertson (1911–1997), ice hockey player
 * Frederick Robertson (English cricketer) (1843–1920), English cricketer
 * Frederick Robertson (New Zealand cricketer) (1878-1966), New Zealand cricketer
 * Frederick Robertson (judge) (1854–1918), judge and academic administrator

title: Frederick Robertson


text:
Talk:Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:03, 19 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Angela Aames

Angela Aames (born Lois Marie Tlustos; February 27, 1956 – November 27, 1988) was an American B Movie actress known for her buxom blonde bombshell image.

Career
Angela Aames's first film role was as Little Bo Peep in the adult film Fairy Tales (1978). The next year, she played Linda "Boom-Boom" Bangs in the movie H.O.T.S. (1979).

Her film roles included ...All the Marbles (1981), Scarface (1983), Bachelor Party (1984), Basic Training (1985), and Chopping Mall (1986). She did guest appearances on several television shows, including Cheers (1982), and Night Court (1984).

In 1983, she appeared on Cinemax's Likely Stories, playing an 80 ft giantess. She played a supporting role in the 1984 fantasy adventure The Lost Empire, directed by Jim Wynorski.

In the opening credits of Bachelor Party, Aames appears in a photography studio as a buxom mother having baby pictures taken with her child, along with the bachelors. She appeared in a recurring role as Penny, a fitness instructor, on The Dom DeLuise Show (1987).

Personal life
Aames married Mark Haughland.

She was found dead at a friend's home in West Hills in the San Fernando Valley on November 27, 1988. The coroner ruled that her death was a result of a deterioration of the heart muscle, probably caused by a virus.

title: Angela Aames


text:
Talk:Broaching (metalworking)

Disambig
Why do History of Buddhism, 14th Lok Sabha and Nicolaus of Damascus link to here? I think we need a page here. 198.164.135.56 21:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Links fixed with broach occurences redirected to Bharuch, disambig created for brooch (jewellery). — Graibeard – talk Graibeard 06:32, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Poor link
I have reverted the reference to the google articles page. The link goes to a search results page. The reader is then left to wade through multiple articles, many of which are not applicable. It's probably OK to cite a specific article; or better yet, summarize any worthy content.--gargoyle888 11:53, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Wobble broach needs a picture?
I've handled rotary broaches (though I don't have one to photograph) and I'm still struggling to understand that section of the article. Would benefit greatly from an illustration or photo showing the relevant deatils! Myself248 08:43, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Here is a diagram illustrating the rotary broaching process and an rendering of a hexagon rotary broach

--Polygonbroaches (talk) 01:11, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Rotary broaching is not a proper noun
"Rotary broaching" is not a proper noun. It refers to a class of broaches, not a single one. Please provide a source, otherwise I'm switching it back. For guidelines that pertain to this please see MOS:CAPS, Proper names, and WP:V. Wizard191 (talk) 22:42, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

History notes for later workup
As of this writing, the history section says that broaching was applied to rifling after WWI. This occurred earlier according to Roe 1916:194. I also remember reading somewhere that one company in particular, the Lapointe company, played a huge role in the development of broaching practice, kind of like Norton with grinding. Roe 1916 mentions Lapointe only in passing, but somewhere I read more detail about this. Anyway, Google Books probably is the place to search more. I don't have time presently, but I'm recording my thoughts here for further workup later. — ¾-10 01:37, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Update: I just idly revisited that Roe 1916 page and realized that Roe does not specify what was being broached. It may have been any of the cuts besides the rifling itself. Oh well, it is still true that someday I will see about finding and adding more history info. — ¾-10 22:42, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Describe action of broaching in lede
The action of broaching a piece is not described in the lede, beyond specifying that the broach can be moved against the piece or vice versa. The action should be described immediately after "Broaching is a machining operation which uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material." ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 21:44, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I added a sentence. Thanks for the note. Wizard191 (talk) 16:37, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I also contributed my bit to explaining/elaborating: "A broach is effectively a collection of single-point cutting tools arrayed in sequence, cutting one after the other; its cut is analogous to multiple passes of a shaper." I hope it has value. — ¾-10 00:36, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Images
This has a lot of free images that might be able to help the article. Wizard191 (talk) 18:02, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
I am a rotary broach manufacturer and would like to help clear some of these questions up, including providing an image. However, I am new(rookie) to wikipedia editing, and need help. First, maybe I can create a diagram/image. Please let me know where to put it when it is done. Thanks, Peter Qchess (talk) 03:20, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Answered at User talk:Qchess __ Just plain Bill (talk) 20:51, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

rasp analogy
first, thanks for nice article, second, may I suggest that for many people, an analogy to a rasp or file would help ? As I understand broaching, it is automated rasp action, except that the tool is designed to do a single pass thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.245.17.105 (talk) 15:55, 7 July 2016 (UTC)

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text:
User:Jean-no

My english is quite weak so I don't work a lot on :en, and I don't see the messages I receive.

On the french-speaking wikipedia, I'm an admin I used to be an admin, but I don't have time enough to do it well so I resigned. You'll find me at fr:User:Jean-no (there, I see the messages that I receive).

Draft:Étienne Robial

Draft:Jean-Louis Boissier

title: User:Jean-no


text:
Waldemar Piątek

Waldemar Piątek (born 2 November 1979) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Club career
He started his career in Wisłoka Dębica where he played until the spring season of 2001. Then, he moved to KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and in the spring of 2003 he was bought by Lech Poznań. In the 2003–04 season, while representing Lech, he won the Polish Cup and Polish Super Cup.

Piątek was highly regarded as a goalkeeper, before having his career cut short after being diagnosed with hepatitis C in mid-2005.

International career
In July 2004 Piątek was called up to the Poland national football team for a friendly game in Chicago against the United States. However, he spent the entirety of the 1–1 draw on the bench.

Managerial career
In 2021 and 2022 he served as a caretaker manager of Ekstraklasa side Bruk-Bet Termalica Nieciecza, following the Mariusz Lewandowski's lay-off and preceding the beginning of cooperation with Michał Probierz.

Club
Lech Poznań
 * Polish Cup: 2003–04
 * Polish Super Cup: 2004

title: Waldemar Piątek


text:
Talk:Interstate 215 (California)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034335/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways.pdf to http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034335/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways.pdf to http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150507032231/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist8/projects/riverside/6091215/index.htm to http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist8/projects/riverside/6091215/index.htm

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 * I have a question about this article and not sure where to go with it other than here. The article states the highway was changed from 15E to 215 after 1974. Living in Southern California in the late 70s and early 80s, I remember seeing signage for 15E and the general public calling it "the 15E". Question is, when was this change supposed to have happened and was their like a grace period before signage was changed? MOJayhawk99 (talk) 07:55, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate 215 (California)


text: User talk:70.242.121.158

title: User talk:70.242.121.158


text:
Nulka

Nulka is an Australian-designed and -developed active missile decoy built by an American/Australian collaboration. Used aboard warships of the United States Navy (USN), Royal Australian Navy (RAN), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and Royal Canadian Navy, Nulka is a rocket-propelled, disposable, offboard, active decoy designed to lure anti-ship missiles away from their targets. It has a unique design in that it hovers in mid-air while drawing the incoming anti-ship missile. The hovering rocket concept was initiated in Australia by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), and the system was designed, developed and then manufactured by AWA Defence Industries (AWADI) (now BAE Systems Australia). BAE refers to Nulka as a "soft-kill defence system". The word "Nulka" is of Australian Aboriginal origin and means "be quick".

The Nulka consists of the missile itself enclosed in a hermetically sealed canister. This canister is then contained in a dedicated launcher module, adjacent and used in tandem with the Mark 36 launcher (if fitted).

By July 2017, Nulka had been fitted to more than 150 Australian, Canadian, and United States warships, and over 1,400 decoys had been produced. , it was expected that the system would be fitted to U.S. Navy's Nimitz-class aircraft carriers as well as Australia's future destroyers. This made the system Australia's most successful defence export.

In 2012, Lockheed Martin announced that it had successfully tested its new ExLS (Extensible Launching System) for Nulka. The tests were conducted at the Woomera Test Range, Australia.

On 9 October 2016, the guided-missile destroyer USS Mason (DDG-87) deployed its Nulka decoy when it and two other US warships, USS Ponce (LPD-15) and USS Nitze (DDG-94), came under fire by two missiles fired by Houthi rebels off the Yemeni coast around 7 PM local time.

title: Nulka