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Talk:Strangers in the Night

Composer of Strangers in the Night?
The article claims that this song was written by Ivo Robic. However, the Bert Kaempfert article claims that he wrote it. allmusic.com and all other articles that I can find on google back up Bert Kaempfert as the composer (maybe with the lyrics written by Charles Singleton and Eddie Snyder). As I don't know which is correct I have not changed the article—hopefully someone knows who the true composer is. JeremyA 03:54, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

This mistake can be due to the fact that translation of Stranac u noci would be A Stranger In The Night. However the Croatian songs sounds nothing like Sinatra's legendary song.

Ive met a guy named Avo Uvezian who has his own label of cigars (AVO DOMAINE) and claims to be the composer of Strangers in the Night? any Idea?

 * Yes he told the story in an interview... read below. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 00:44, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

just read an interview from 1986 with ivo robic where he claims, that the song was composed by kaempfert and him together...but they agreed, that only kaempfert should be named on the record. robic was not able to correct this due to kaempfert death. http://yugopapir.blogspot.de/2013/08/ivo-robic-2-deo-razgovora-za-tita.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.116.251.33 (talk) 22:58, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

The author
This sentence above is not quite true; see below:

 * 1) Croatian song was made before the Bert Kaempfert arrangement
 * 2) Harmony (chords) with english version (that is: Strangers in the night) is the same
 * 3) Melody is a little bit different, due to melisms and vocabulary, and of course, different arrangement
 * 4) Originally, Robič-s song was not very well accepted by the audience and the jury in Germany (some kind of competition performance), so perhaps he sold the author-s rights or something
 * 5) Lyrics (text) is quite more changed than music allright, but, thematically in all, it derives from Robić.
 * 6) Robić sung it allright in croatian, there are recordings, held by national RTV-s.

Nevertheless, Robić is the real author of (the first version) Stranci u noći, which is arranged as Strangers in the night by Bert Kaempfert (correct the article there, into arrangement). For instance in jazz music, you can hear such adaptations of "borrowed themes" you can barely recognise, but still, those are arrangements. In this case, the structure of the piece is still quite well recognizable and therefore there is no reason to dispute about.

One can check this data via year of composition, or phone Radio Slovenia or Radio Croatia for further information. Check this, also, http://www.yotor.com/wiki/en/iv/Ivo%20Robic.htm

Best regards, (Wiki sl.)

thats not really a source! way more sources could be cited for kaempfert.--Tresckow 06:15, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * How about a source directly from the composer? Read below why Uvezian is the author of the music. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 00:45, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Pitch noises
What are "pitch noises"?? --ND (talk) 22:18, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

The real composer of "strangers in the night" is still alive, 82 years old
Please ask Avo Uvezian, I asked him face to face and he told me personally, he is the composer of this song. Bert Kaempfert adapted it later. This was also announced in Switzerland by the "davidoff" cigar company.

 * This needs to be resolved. The only links I've found saying that Avo wrote it are press puffs glorifying his cigars. Who get the royalties? Me thinks Kaempfert. No Swan So Fine (talk) 19:03, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It's true Avo Uvezian is the composer, and he got Kaempfert to publish it that's why... I posted excerpts of his interview below. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 00:47, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Quotes in introduction
I was wondering if it was appropriate for these quotes to be in this article. I would think that using "shit" and "fuck" is unencyclopedic. Not sure and don't care either way. Just bringing it up for future reference. Deigo (talk) 18:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it is sanctioned under WP:PROFANE. The words used are indicative of the strong feelings that Sinatra had for the song. No Swan So Fine (talk) 09:12, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Since back-and-forth editing between you and another editor has been going on, I checked out WP:PROFANE. I think you're wrong in this matter now that I've read it. It clearly states that: "Words and images that would be considered offensive, profane, or obscene by typical Wikipedia readers should be used if and only if their omission would cause the article to be less informative, relevant, or accurate."  Omission of Sinatra's quote (or at least omission of the profanity) would not cause the article to be less informative, relevant, or accurate.  Deigo (talk) 16:49, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The profanity has to come out. It detracts more than it adds.  It's not encyclopedic.  It's bizarre to have it in there.  It hints at POV rather than objectivity in the drafting and editing of the article.  It attracts attention to the writing and editing process, and to the selection of information.  Who put it in there to begin with?  Carlos_X (talk) 20:53, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Profanity
The profanity is completely uncalled for, and Sinatra's opinion on the song is irrelevant. If we add his opinion of the song then we might as well do it with all artists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.109.247.148 (talk) 16:01, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I can't tell if the sources are legitimate or not, so I've tagged the section and quotes. If nobody discusses their inclusion, I am removing them in 1 week.  Nowyouseeme talk2me  19:40, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I added this information, and I don't think Sinatra's opinion on the song is irrelevant. The sources are also legitimate. Why is 'profanity uncalled for'? No Swan So Fine (talk) 21:17, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed with the dubiousness. I can find no reliable sources that verify this quote, only Wikipedia mirrors and personal fansites. Note that Wikipedia is not censored, so if someone swears in a quote, we must leave it as is. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 21:53, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * What about the book that it is sourced to? No Swan So Fine (talk) 22:21, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I found the book on Google Books and it does indeed say that quote. The rest of that paragraph, however, was totally unsourced OR. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 22:39, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * My bad. I've come round to your position, but I feel the article has lost some of its colour. No Swan So Fine (talk) 22:47, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Kaempfert is the author.
All reliable sources indicate, as in opposite to this article, that Kaempfert is the author of Strangers in the Night. Not even the obit of the Croatian Musicians Union, of which Robić was vicepresident at the time of his passing away offers pretences of authorship, establishing him rather as "Mister Morgen", after his greatest success. Note, that the original Yugoslav release of Stranci U Noći indicates on the record label "B. Kaempfert" and "M. Renota" (Yug. Lyrics) as authors (Jugoton, EPY-3779), conducted and arranged by N. Kalogjera. The music has been registered for copyright by Roosevelt Music (NY) in 1966 as part of the Kaempfert score for the movie A Man Could Get Killed.

At best, the article rebus sic stantibus reflects some dispute in the history of the tune which is not explained, or in the worst case it is a matter of a plain POV that was erroneously allowed to find expression. I see the need to immediately alleviate the article by removing any references to Robić authorship. With the time at my hand now this will be more a kind of a tough love job to the article, with however a clear intention of providing some well sourced information inside the next week. Oalexander-En (talk) 12:49, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

 * No, Kaempfert is not the author, but rather the copyright holder... read the story I posted for more info.99.7.123.116 (talk) 00:22, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Avo Uvezian is the real composer of Strangers in the Night
Avo Uvezian was interviewed (in Armenian) and he told the story behind Strangers in the Night. He composed the music while someone else composed the lyrics. He did not want to publish the music in the US because he said he wasn't going to make any money, so he asked his friend Bert Kaempfert in Germany to publish it for him, in which case they shared the profit. Bert Kaempfert acknowledged Uvezian as the composer and gave him a letter stating so, so the publishing in Germany was purely for economic reasons. He also stated the original lyrics was not accepted for Frank Sinatra to sing and thus the lyrics were re-made so that Sinatra would sing the song. Thereafter Sinatra became a close friend of his. This story needs to be incorporated in the article and Uvezian needs to be credited. It is ridiculous to dismiss Uvezian as the composer with "lack of sources" - after all, how many people are claiming credit for the composition? Uvezian was a close friend of both Sinatra and Kaempfert, and he composed the music for this song, end of story. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 00:35, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I added credit in the article, and also cited a reference. This should clear up the confusion. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 02:30, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is a fact-based information source. Just because someone told that story in an interview does not make it a fact. As long as there is no official acknowledgement - e.g. by a court or the authentication of the above mentioned letter - Mr. Uvezian cannot be named as composer. RegardsAssessorJurBerlin (talk) 18:09, 6 January 2013 (UTC)
 * By the same token, just because Bert Kaempfert published it under his name, it does not mean he was the composer either. The opening of this article makes this absolute and it is not and must be changed. Uvezian is alive and made his statements and if they are in doubt let the people who have proof then come forward and prove otherwise. Also, if Kaempfert will be credited as the real and sole composer, we would also need to see non-copyright proof if Uvezian's story is to be discredited, for example any documents of the period openly acknowledging Kaempfert as the composer without challenge. As it stands, since wikipedia is a fact-based information source, then anyone so inclined can bring forth some facts as to why Uvezian is lying - and until then, his interview has merit and is a source itself which will need to be incorporated into this article better than it is. 99.7.123.116 (talk) 22:01, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Releases - covers
In reading through the article, it appears that Frank Sinatra's recording of the english version is the THIRD one, preceeded by Connie Francis then Jack Jones. In such an instances, would it be accurate to consider later recordings to be a cover of Connie Francis? Or of Jack Jones since Francis' recording was never released? Just because Sinatra's became the famous one, would it really be accurate to consider future recordings a cover of his? Relevance being, should there be a mention in the article crediting subsequent recordings as a Francis, Jones, or Sinatra cover? Medleystudios72 (talk) 14:14, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Engelbert Humperdinck
In this interview Engelbert Humperdinck reveals that he originally recorded the song, but he could not released it since it was already claimed by Sinatra. He also says his recording disappeared afterwards. The part begins at 9:10 in the video.--z33k (talk) 21:13, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Popular culture
The competing claims paragraphs can be summarized to add popular culture influences. The Scooby-Doo page notes Sinatra's song ending influencing the naming of the title character.

According to Ruby and Spears, Silverman was inspired by Frank Sinatra's scat "doo-be-doo-be-doo" at the end of his recording of "Strangers in the Night" on a flight to one of the development meetings, and decided to rename the dog "Scooby-Doo" and re-rechristen the show Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! . 22yearswothanks (talk) 22:18, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * In the following version – if I got it right – it is actually "Doo-dee doo-bee doo. Doo-doo-doo dee dah. Dah-dah dah-dah dah yee ahyeeyahyah ...". I don't know if I heard any other scatting in the tune. —Source: ~2:20 into the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTOeRwIUnG0&t=140s And this link has the song with an additional 9 to 10 seconds added at the end where he scats a little more. Again at about 2:20 —Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd_3EkGr0-4&t=140s BUT, I wonder if someone else later made it start with "doo-bee". Later, in some movie, I think it was Who Framed Roger Rabbit that a cartoon version of Sinatra sings part of this song, and part of the scat. Misty MH (talk) 06:42, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Ivo Robić section needs reevaluation or at least rewrite
Reading this section made me feel I was listening to a non-native speaker just relate a story out loud, which was then written down and published as the article.

I suppose spurious claims of a song's authorship are also a story worth telling (at times), so maybe it should stay in, but at the very least this section needs a major rewrite, as there are few sources cited, anyway. This could be truncated to a couple of sentences, perhaps a mention of the interview where the claim was made without the whole play-by-play account of what happened. Deliusfan (talk) 13:38, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strangers in the Night


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Category:De Havilland

This category relates to the de Havilland Aircraft Company and its subsidiaries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:De Havilland


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Worbarrow Bay

Worbarrow Bay
For a while I've been wanting to put some of my work to the vote but never felt it quite worthy. This one though I think is an interesting, asthetic and unusual subject that does the job of illustrating its topic, and adds to the effect of the Tyneham article, with very minimal technical problems (he says overconfidently). Joe D (t) 03:57, 30 May 2005 (UTC) (P.S., if anybody wants to play around with the levels, the original file is . The full size version is all rights reserved, but any modified file if in jpg format and reduced in size to 1024px wide maximum can be released cc-by-sa.) +2 / -3 -- Solipsist 08:02, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Self-nom and support. Joe D (t) 03:57, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Sorry, I just don't like the fence and the signs, they take away from the subject too much. -- Silversmith Hewwo 10:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A nice picture, but not quite striking. Deltabeignet 01:24, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The horizon is sloping - Adrian Pingstone 08:01, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the picture's not aligned right, or do you mean you don't like the asymetry? I double checked with the section of sea and the alignment is right. Joe D (t) 11:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Humble apologies, I goofed, the horizon is indeed level (but I'm afraid I still oppose) -
 * Adrian Pingstone 12:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - everyone is being rather harsh - V1 though - two is too light A curate's egg 19:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)

Alexander Maconochie (11 February 1787 – 25 October 1860) was a Scottish naval officer, geographer and penal reformer.

In 1840, Maconochie became the Governor of Norfolk Island, a prison island in which convicts were treated with severe brutality and were seen as lost causes. Upon reaching the island, Maconochie immediately instituted policies that restored dignity to prisoners and achieved remarkable success in prisoner rehabilitation. Those policies were well in advance of their time, but Maconochie was politically undermined.

His ideas would be largely ignored and forgotten, only to be readopted as the basis of modern penal systems over a century later, during the mid-to-late 20th century. He was also the first professor of Geography at the University College London.

Early life, naval career and geographer
Maconochie was born in Edinburgh on 11 February 1787. At the age of 9, his father died and he was raised by Allan Maconochie, later Lord Meadowbank.

He joined the Royal Navy in 1803 and as a midshipman saw active service in the Napoleonic Wars, rising to the rank of lieutenant. In 1811 he was serving on the Brig HMS Grasshopper, which shipwrecked Christmas Eve off the coast of the Dutch coast. He, together with all those on board, were taken as a prisoner of war and extradited to the French. The forced march in the bitter cold winter of Holland to Verdun and more than two years of miserable imprisonment gave him an experience that he used later in his penal reform. He was released upon Napoleon's abdication in 1814.

He returned to active service in the British-American War in which he commanded HMS Calliope. In 1815, he was promoted to the rank of Commander.

In the peace following the final defeat of Napoleon, Maconochie spent 13 years in Edinburgh studying geography and geopolitics. At that time, he wrote extensively on steam navigation and the colonisation of the Pacific. He married in 1822.

In 1828 he moved to London, England, where he was thefirst secretary of the Royal Geographical Society in 1830. In 1833, he became the first professor of Geography at the University College London, and was a knight of the Royal Guelphic Order.

Penal reformer
In 1836, he sailed to the convict settlement at Hobart in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) as private secretary to the Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Franklin. There, he wrote a report strongly critical of the state of prison discipline. The convict system, being fixated on punishment alone, released into society crushed, resentful and bitter expirees in whom the spark of enterprise and hope was dead. Maconochie's report "can be said to mark the peak and incipient decline of transportation to Australia" when it was given to Lord Russell, the Home Secretary and ardent critic of transportation, according to Robert Hughes.

Although the report was used by the Molesworth Committee on transportation in 1837–1838, the criticism of that work forced Franklin to dismiss him.

According to his biographer John Barry, Maconochie "was a deeply religious man, of generous and compassionate temperament, and convinced of the dignity of man". His two basic principles of penology were the following:
 * as cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment should not be vindictive but aim at the reform of the convict to observe social constraints.
 * a convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time sentences, with release depending on the performance of a measurable amount of labour.

Following the Molesworth Committee's report, transportation to New South Wales was abolished in 1840 although it continued to other colonies. Disturbed at reports of conditions on Norfolk Island, Lord Normanby, Secretary of State for the Colonies, suggested that a new system should be used, and the superintendence given to an officer deeply concerned with the moral welfare of the convicts. Maconochie was recommended to put the new system in place.

In March 1840 he took up duties as commandant of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island and applied his penal principles, known today as the “Mark System. Convicts were awarded 'marks' to encourage effort and thrift. Sentences were served in stages, each increasing in responsibility. Cruel punishments and degrading conditions were reduced, and convicts' sense of dignity was respected. Perhaps the fact that he had experienced the life of a prisoner himself played a part in his approach to his task. He was the only commandant with such an experience.

Those views contrasted greatly with the cruel conditions that had existed on Norfolk Island prior to Maconochie's arrival. He was not permitted to apply his principles to the 1,200 hardened twice-sentenced convicts but only to the 600 newcomers sent directly from the United Kingdom and who were separated from the 'Old Hands'. His Mark System was not permitted to reduce a convict's sentence, and it was difficult to find other incentives. His reforms were resisted by military guards, supervisors and constables (many of whom were ex-convicts) under his command.

In particular, his deputy held views opposite to his own. In an exclusively male environment, he found he was unable to reduce the prevalent 'unnatural offence' of sodomy, and he continued to punish it by flogging. Criticism of his methods in Sydney and England led Governor Sir George Gipps to visit the island in 1843. He was favourably impressed with the condition of the convicts and the effectiveness of the 'marks' system and reported that Maconochie's System of Moral Reform could work if carried through to its conclusion.

However, the order had already been given in the United Kingdom for Maconochie to be replaced. Under the commandants who followed him, Norfolk Island reverted to being an object of terror under brutal masters.

Almost 1,400 convicts had been discharged during Maconochie's term, and he always claimed that a high percentage did not offend again. He is known as the "Father of Parole".

Later life
Maconochie returned to the United Kingdom in 1844 and two years later published a book outlining his system. It had an immense influence on the development of penology.

In 1849, he was appointed governor of the new prison at Birmingham but was dismissed and criticised for his actions although was praised for his humanity and benevolence.

He died on 25 October 1860 at Morden, Surrey. He had been still campaigning for penal reform in spite of ill health. He was buried at St Lawrence Church, London Road, Morden, Surrey. His grave can still be seen in the churchyard.

Legacy
John Barry states that "Maconochie was a pioneer in penal reform, and suffered the fate of men in advance of their times. His concepts and many of his practical measures are now the basis of Western penal systems".

The Alexander Maconochie Centre, a prison in Canberra, is named in his honour.

Sir Walter Frederick Crofton (1815–1897) introduced a variant of the 'progressive stages' system of penal discipline into the Irish convict prisons.

title: Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)


text:
Dean (Christianity)

A dean, in an ecclesiastical context, is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy. The title is used mainly in the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and many Lutheran denominations. A dean's assistant is called a sub-dean.

History
Latin decanus in the Roman military was the head of a group of ten soldiers within a centuria, and by the 5th century it was the head of a group of ten monks. It came to refer to various civil functionaries in the later Roman Empire.

Based on the monastic use, it came to mean the head of a chapter of canons of a collegiate church or cathedral church.

Based on that use, deans in universities now fill various administrative positions.

Latin decanus should not be confused with Greek diákonos (διάκονος), from which the word deacon derives, which describes a supportive role.

Officials
In the Catholic Church, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Cardinal Vice-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected. Except for presiding and delegating administrative tasks, they have no authority over the cardinals, acting as primus inter pares (first among equals).

In the universities that grew out of the cathedral and monastery schools, a university dean came to be an official with various administrative duties.

The chief priest of a Catholic cathedral is a dean.

Catholic Church
The title "dean" is conferred upon a pastor of a parish who serves as a senior figure, though usually without specific jurisdictional authority, over a section of a diocese. These are sometimes referred to as "rural deans", and are expected to show a degree of leadership among the pastors of the region, known as a deanery. This function is sometimes titled "vicar forane" (forane is Latin for "in a foreign land"). An episcopal vicar serves a similar function, but has more formal authority and specific powers under canon law.

In recent years, the Catholic Church in England and Wales has introduced the custom of designating cathedral deans, formerly known as cathedral administrators. However, the term differs slightly from the Anglican usage as Catholic deans do not necessarily preside over the cathedral chapter (this function belonging to the office of Provost) and are not necessarily required even to be a member of the chapter. More commonly, in places throughout the world where a cathedral chapter has not been erected (as for instance, in the United States, where there are no chapters at all), the term rector is used for the priest who serves as chief administrator of a cathedral church, as it is in other religious communities.

Another important use of the term within the Catholic Church is in the office of the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who serves as senior member of that body. The current Dean is Giovanni Battista Cardinal Re, approved on 18 January 2020.

Cathedrals
In the Church of England and elsewhere in the Anglican Communion, the dean is the chief resident cleric of a cathedral or other collegiate church and the head of the chapter of canons. If the cathedral or collegiate church has its own parish, the dean is usually also rector of the parish. However, in the Church of Ireland the roles are often separated, and most cathedrals in the Church of England do not have associated parishes. In the Church in Wales, however, most cathedrals are parish churches, and their deans are now also vicars of their parishes.

In some parts of the Communion (particularly in the Scottish Episcopal Church and, formerly in some cathedrals in England), the senior resident cleric in a cathedral is a provost. Each diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church has a dean of the diocese: this is a cleric who, rather than heading the cathedral staff, assists the bishop in the administration of the diocese. In this way, a Scottish Episcopal dean is similar to an archdeacon in the other member churches of the Communion (a post that does not exist in the Scottish church). In the Anglican Church of Canada, the roles of senior cleric of the cathedral are combined in one person who is referred to as "Rector of Cathedral and Dean of Diocese". Thus, Peter Elliott was Rector of Christ Church Cathedral and Dean of New Westminster.

The style The Very Reverend distinguishes a cleric as a dean (or a cathedral provost). For example, the Very Reverend June Osborne was Dean of Salisbury Cathedral. The legal act by which a cathedral dean in the Church of England takes up his or her role is the institution, which is invariably followed in the same service by the installation (into his/her stall in the cathedral church); an "institution and installation" are very often referred to simply as an installation. In consideration of the high status of a Dean, the Very Reverend title is normally a permanent title preferment.

Some important deans include the deans of St Paul's, Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey is a royal peculiar, not the seat of any bishop or a cathedral, but is led by a dean. The deans of Washington National Cathedral and St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin are likewise important clerics in their churches.

Rural or area deaneries
In many parts of the Anglican Communion, parishes are grouped together to form deaneries, each being a constituent administrative district of the diocese. Usually, a deanery is led by one of the incumbents of the deanery's parishes, who is called a rural dean, but in more urban areas this has often been replaced by the title area dean or regional dean. Such a dean chairs the meeting of the deanery's clergy (which, like a cathedral, is called a chapter), and may also chair a deanery synod. Rural deans (and those known by alternative titles) rank as primi inter pares of their chapters, and do not have the seniority of cathedral or diocesan deans.

Other uses
The head of an Anglican theological college or seminary may also be called a dean (in common with its use in education).

Lutheran Church
Within the Lutheran tradition, particularly in the Nordic and Baltic tradition of evangelical episcopal Lutheranism, senior clergy bear the title 'Dean'. Each diocese usually has a cathedral Dean, in charge of the cathedral church, and a series of area deans to supervise the clergy in a given geographical area. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, there are also deans in charge of leading the administrative work and personnel of the Chapters.

United Methodism
United Methodists often speak of a "dean" in terms of the dean of the cabinet. Every annual conference has a bishop's cabinet made up of the district superintendents under the bishop's appointment, as well as occasionally a few other conference officials. One of these superintendents is chosen by his or her colleagues to serve as the dean, usually for one year. This dean then has certain administrative and leadership responsibilities, and is accountable to the bishop.

title: Dean (Christianity)


text: User talk:69.69.48.67

title: User talk:69.69.48.67


text:
Goodman Fielder

Goodman Fielder is an Australian manufacturer, marketer and distributor of bread, smallgoods, dairy products, margarine, oil, dressings and various food ingredients. Its main operations are in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia, with over 40 manufacturing sites. The company employs over 5,000 people, and has more than 120 brands.

History
Goodman Group was founded as A.S. Paterson & Co. ltd in Dunedin in 1886 as a general importing firm by Scottish-Born businessman and philanthropist Alexander Stronach Paterson. It was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange in 1949 and would come to focus mainly on the grocery business. The firm was renamed as Goodman Group in 1979 after Paterson's grandson Alex was ousted as chairman in 1976 by "dissatisfied baking interests".

Goodman Fielder was founded in 1986 after the merger of Allied Mills Ltd and Goodman Group Ltd. Since the merger in 1986, the company has purchased a further 13 companies. The company was taken over by Burns Philp in 2003.

Goodman Fielder was re-listed on the share market at the end of 2005 with Burns Philp retaining a 20% share (subsequently sold in 2007). As part of the IPO, New Zealand Dairy Foods brands Meadowfresh, Tararua, Kiwi, Huttons, Anchor Cheese (under licence), Top Hat and Puhoi cheese became part of Goodman Fielder.

The Uncle Tobys and Bluebird snack food businesses of the "original" Goodman Fielder were not included in the float, the former being sold to Nestlé and the latter to PepsiCo.

Chris Delaney, the former Asia Pacific President of Campbell Soup Company, was Goodman Fielder's CEO from 4 July 2011. He resigned following a takeover of the company by Wilmar International and First Pacific joint-venture in March 2015 for $1.3 billion Australian dollars.

Goodman Fielder's CEO was Scott Weitemeyer, until the takeover by Wilmar International.

In 2019, Wilmar International acquired First Pacific's 50% share in the company.

Brands
The company's brands include:
 * Cornwell's
 * Country Life Bakery
 * Cow and Gate
 * Crisco
 * Ernest Adams – a New Zealand bakery brand and part of the Goodman Fielder group of companies, its products include cakes, desserts, loaves, biscuits, meringues, cakes, sponges, puddings and tarts. The company was originally called Adams Bruce Limited, with Ernest Alfred Adams in partnership with Christchurch baker Hugh Bruce. The company grew rapidly, with bakeries in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin by the time of Bruce's retirement in 1929. Following Bruce's retirement, the company was split, with Adams Bruce operating in the North Island and a new company, Ernest Adams Ltd., taking over the South Island arm of the business. Despite his official retirement, Bruce continued to work for the company as manager of the Christchurch factory until his death in 1939. In 2022 the Ernest Adams brand of baked goods was discontinued.
 * Edmonds
 * ETA
 * Freya's Continental Style Bread
 * Gold'n Canola
 * Helga's Continental Bakehouse
 * Irvines
 * La Famiglia
 * Logicol
 * Meadow Fresh
 * MeadowLea
 * Mighty Soft
 * Molenberg
 * Mother's Choice
 * Nature's Fresh
 * Olivani
 * Olive Grove
 * Paradise
 * Pampas
 * Praise
 * Puhoi Valley
 * Quality Bakers – a New Zealand brand of bread products, it is a subsidiary of Goodman Fielder and has bakeries throughout Australia and New Zealand.
 * Tararua
 * Vogel's – a bread based on a recipe by Alfred Vogel
 * White Wings

Goodman Fielder operate in the dairy, baking and grocery segments of the food manufacturing market, and have a portfolio of retail and food service brands, including Meadow Fresh, Puhoi Valley, Bouton D'or, Tararua, Vogel's, Quality Bakers, Molenberg, Natures Fresh and Meadowlea.

Internationally
The company exports many of its products to over 30 countries. Goodman Fielder has four divisions, home ingredients, baking, dairy and commercial fats & oils.

title: Goodman Fielder


text:
Bents Basin State Conservation Area

Bents Basin is a protected nature reserve and state park near Wallacia, New South Wales, Australia in the Sydney metropolitan area. The lake basin, which formed at the efflux of the Nepean River from the Hawkesbury Sandstone (Sydney sandstone) gorge, is a popular swimming hole with a camping area and an education centre used by local school groups. Also featuring a large woodland area and native wildlife, the reserve is the only picnic area along the Nepean River and it is one of the most popular water-based picnic parks in Greater Western Sydney.

History
Aboriginal Australians were denizens of the area due to its vicinity to the Nepean River, which featured food and water. The Basin is believed to have been a traditional meeting and trading place between Aboriginal groups. Having spiritual and cultural significance to Aboriginal communities, camps were used to provide an opportunity for Aboriginal people to connect with each other and their culture.

Bents Basin was discovered in 1804 by the botanist George Caley, who named it 'Dovedale', where it has since then been a popular place for botanists. The site was originally a small natural basin formed in an erosion basin banked by sandstone outcrops, considerably enlarged with a large earth fill dam constructed by the Army's 17th Construction Squadron in 1987–88.

A prominent inn was located within the park and is listed on the NSW State Heritage Inventory. The inn was built in the 1860s and the site is of local importance, as it gives details of western Sydney's history, early road networks and the rise and fall of rural communities in the region. Destroyed in the 1950s, the inn's location is marked by a pepper tree (Schinus areira). The Basin was reserved as State Recreation Area in 1994.

Geography
The Basin features a floodplain and is on a plateau. The basin is a circular lagoon-like pool that is 120 m across and over 22 m at its deepest, travelling about 150 km northeast (through Hawkesbury River) before reaching the ocean in Central Coast. Bents Basin is around 36 km south of Penrith and 56 km south-west of Sydney central business district. To the east of the basin is a cleared undulating paddock on the clay soils from the Wianamatta Shale of the Cumberland Plain.

The Basin adjoins Gulguer Nature Reserve to the south. Two small creeks exist in the area. Large parts of the reserve are prone to flood. During flood events the basin is either fully closed or partially closed to all water-based activity because of hazardous conditions.

Wildlife
Animals species within the area include the Common bent-wing bat, sooty owl, Common wombat, East-coast free-tailed bat, powerful owl, large-eared pied bat and the glossy black cockatoo. The basin harbours 25 plant communities and around 360 plant species. Hibbertia hermanniifolia and Eucalyptus benthamii are both rare tree species present in the park.

Other plant species include, Angophora subvelutina, Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Acacia parramattensis, Backhousia myrtifolia, Pratia purpurascens. Asplenium flabellifolium, Adiantum aethiopicum, Oplismenus imbecillis, Cynodon dactylon, Tristaniopsis laurina, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Microlaena stipoides, Syncarpia glomulifera, Glochidion ferdinandi and Ceratopetalum apetalum.

Features
The park is popular for swimming, kayaking, bushwalking, camping (with 100 tent sites), barbecuing, picnicking and fishing. The park also features walking trails within a bushland and an education centre with a commercial kitchen. Caley's Lookout Track, a walking track within the bushland, leads to Little Mountain, a scenic lookout area that is 160 m in elevation. Designated facilities can be hired for personal use. Two roads access the park (Bents Basin Road in northwest and Bents Loop Road in the park's east), though only the eastern approach permits access to the camping grounds and education centre. A fee is charged for vehicle access per day.

Drownings
The basin is renowned for its dangerous and powerful undercurrents, which have been known to suck swimmers down to the bottom of the 20 metre lagoon, resulting in a number of serious and fatal drownings in recent years.

12/11/2010 - Two men aged 20 and 27 drown while swimming in the Basin.

26/12/2016 - A 25 year old man drowns while swimming with friends in the Basin.

27/01/2019 - Four men aged in their 20s get into trouble while swimming in the Basin, three of the men are rescued with the fourth drowning.

title: Bents Basin State Conservation Area


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TheWolfWeb

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mackensen (talk) 22:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

TheWolfWeb
Obvious prank by some college kids on a messageboard 24.211.174.208 04:05, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Doesn't appear to be a "prank", but it doesn't appear to be encyclopedic either. Delete for now. K1Bond007 05:15, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 06:32, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic. Megan1967 09:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A webforum forum, unless large, is not notable; a webforum with a history of its pranks being broadcast on television, hacking the police, and whose page gives information on these events, is.  Almafeta 03:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable, encyclopedic. freestylefrappe 20:22, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete forum vanity. JamesBurns 08:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Uncle Tobys

Uncle Tobys is an Australian food manufacturing company which specialises in breakfast oat products. Since its foundation in 1861, the company has expanded its product range across the cereal and ready-to-eat snack market. Uncle Tobys is currently operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé, after being acquired in 2006. Uncle Tobys’ main factory is situated in the town of Wahgunyah, Victoria.

History
During the gold rush in Victoria, brothers Leonard and George Parsons left England and began manufacturing John Bull Oats in Melbourne. In 1861 they established Parsons Bros. which later became Uncle Tobys. Rolled oats were considered a commodity during the era and were mentioned in the financial columns of newspapers.

On 23 May 2006, Nestlé announced its acquisition of Uncle Tobys Australia—in addition to the brand rights in New Zealand—for the total sum of $890 million Australian dollars. The Uncle Tobys cereal business—which accounted for approximately 40% of its overall sales—was bought by Cereal Partners Worldwide (a joint venture between General Mills and Nestlé). Other sections of the Uncle Tobys business, such as nutritious snacks and instant soups, were directly incorporated into Nestlé Australia.

Products
The Uncle Tobys product suite is separated into three categories: Snacks, Oats and Cereals. The company sells different types of oats, such as traditional, super blend, and ancient grains.

Other popular Uncle Tobys products include: Roll-Ups, Cheerios, and snack bars.

Oats and nutrition
80% of the oats used by Uncle Tobys Australia are of the Mikita variety. Mikita oats differ from conventional oats due to higher levels of disease resistance, increased yield potential, and increased levels of β-glucan. Mikita oats were developed at the South Australian Research Development Institute (SARDI), by the National Oat Breeding Program. The research was funded by the Uncle Tobys Corporation, in partnership with various governmental and corporate entities.

Uncle Tobys sources 50% of its oats from local farms, which are within 100 km its main factory. In its corporate supply chain, Uncle Tobys exclusively utilises suppliers who have been certified as “Level A” by the National Association of Sustainable Agriculture.

Uncle Tobys often advertises the health benefits of its oats, calling them a ‘natural superfood’. Monro et al. (2003) conducted research on three of Uncle Tobys oat bars (Break-Free Fruesli, Whole meal Fruit, and Chewy Muesli). The study found that: "Dietary Fibre contents are consistent with recommendations for adult males made by the Standing Committee on the Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes of the Food and Nutrition Board".

Advertising malpractice
On 13 September 2006, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) mandated that Uncle Tobys stop advertising that its Fruit Roll-Ups are ‘Made with 65% real fruit’. The chairman of the commission released a statement saying: "The ACCC was concerned that the Roll-Ups composition was being misrepresented to consumers". After the announcement, Uncle Tobys altered its advertising practices to remove the aforementioned phrase. Uncle Tobys was prevented from suggesting that Roll-Ups are equivalent to any percentage of fresh fruit and was prevented from running an advertisement that showed an apple being compacted into a Fruit Roll-Up.

After the mandate, the ACCC required Uncle Tobys to publish an article for the food industry, emphasising the importance of advertising standards. In the article, Uncle Tobys stated that its "key learning from this experience was that in making representations to consumers, we have to carefully consider how consumers might view both representations on packaging and the overall impression created by all the aspects of product marketing, including labels, branding and advertising."

On 26 November 2015, Cereal Partners Australia paid a fine of $32,400 to the ACCC. Prior to this payment, the ACCC had issued Cereal Partners Australia with three infringement notices. The commission issued infringement notices because it had reason to believe that Cereal Partners Australia had violated Australian Consumer Law, by misrepresenting the protein content within Uncle Tobys oat products. The commission alleged that the packaging “made false or misleading representations that the oats in these Uncle Tobys products contained a significant amount of protein, which is not the case”. Uncle Tobys had included a disclaimer with the packaging, but this did not impact the verdict.

Swim My Way initiative
Historically, the Uncle Tobys brand has been closely associated with swimming. In 1983, the company sponsored its first athlete—Lisa Curry—a swimmer at the Commonwealth Games. Currently, Uncle Tobys has two brand ambassadors: Olympic Champions Cate and Bronte Campbell.

Uncle Tobys, in collaboration with Royal Life Saving Australia, previously launched a swimming campaign. The program is named ‘Swim My Way’ and was launched on the 6 March 2018. The aim of this program is to promote swimming to all Australians, regardless of their age demographic.

Product recall
On 10 January 2020, Food Standards Australia New Zealand issued a product recall for a number of Uncle Tobys products. The recall affected four flavours of fruit roll-ups; including passionfruit, rainbow berry, rainbow fruit salad, and fun-prints strawberry (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2020).

The product recall was due to equipment failure within one of Nestle's production facilities, which created the possibility for there to be foreign matter (small metal fragments) in the product. Customers who purchased the recalled batches were entitled to a full refund.

title: Uncle Tobys


text: Template:Fooian people

title: Template:Fooian people


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International Bodyboarding Association

The International Bodyboarding Association (IBA) was the governing body for professional Bodyboarders and was dedicated to showcasing the world's best talent in a variety of progressive formats.

IBA ran the bodyboarding World Tour from 2003 - 2013.

In 2020, the International Bodyboarding Corporation was created in order to run the bodyboarding world tour. For the period of 2020 to 2021, the IBC couldn't effectively run a tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic which impacted global travel. The IBC Bodyboarding World Tour consists of 6 divisions: Men, Women, Dropknee, Junior Men, Junior Women and Master Women.

History
2003 - 2013

title: International Bodyboarding Association


text:
User talk:UrbannaChampagne

I'm sorry, what are you talking about? RickK 04:07, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:UrbannaChampagne


text:
Template talk:Fooian people

Example:

used on Category:English people

Hopefully clearer
I changed things so that this template is hopefully easier to use, and in line with Classification, which I'm hoping will become a standard way of doing this. --Samuel Wantman 09:32, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Pages with templates in the wrong namespace
Your recent to this template left 3 pages (viz. Categories for deletion/Log/2006 May 23, Talk:Meher Baba/Archive 1, and User talk:NikoSilver/Archive 4) with templates in the wrong namespace. I went ahead and fixed them (e.g. Special:Diff/761520699). Best Regards, — Godsy (TALK CONT ) 11:55, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Godsy. I hadn't thought that such usages were likely, so I didn't check. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 12:07, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Fooian people


text:
Elizabeth Raleigh

Elizabeth, Lady Raleigh (née Throckmorton; 16 April 1565 – c. 1647), was an English courtier, a Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber to Queen Elizabeth I of England. Her secret marriage to Sir Walter Raleigh precipitated a long period of royal disfavour for both her and her husband.

Life
Elizabeth, known also as "Bess", was the daughter of the diplomat Sir Nicholas Throckmorton and Anne Throckmorton (née Carew). Bess and her brother Arthur were courtiers to Elizabeth I.

In her book, The Life of Elizabeth I (1998), British author and historian Alison Weir states Throckmorton and Raleigh's first child was conceived by July 1591, the couple were married "in great secrecy" in the autumn of 1591, and their son was born in March 1592. The boy was christened Damerei, after Sir Walter's claimed ancestors, the D'Ameries. Damerei is believed to have died during infancy.

Weir states that Queen Elizabeth first became aware in May 1592 of the secret marriage and of Damerei's birth, despite Bess and Sir Walter's denials. The couple had married without royal permission, but, significantly, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, was in on the secret and acting as godfather to the Raleighs' son. Once the queen found out, she first placed Bess and Raleigh under house arrest, then sent them to the Tower of London, in June 1592. Raleigh was released from the Tower in August 1592 and Bess in December 1592, at which time she joined her husband at Sherborne Castle, his Dorset estate. The couple remained devoted to each other, although, according to Weir, Bess proved to be a domineering wife. Anna Beer, Lady Raleigh's biographer, offers a different perspective, pointing out that due to Raleigh's frequent absences, whether on expeditions, diplomatic duties, or in prison, Bess had to shoulder an unusual level of responsibility for a woman of her time. The Raleighs' second son, Walter, was born in 1593 at Sherborne.

After the Union of Crowns in 1603, many courtiers travelled to Northamptonshire to greet the new queen, Anne of Denmark, and her children, and to seek royal favour. Lord Buckhurst wrote on 21 June 1603 that he and the Lord Keeper Thomas Egerton were travelling "to do our duties to the Queen, the Prince, and Princess, all the world flying beforehand to see her". Bess made the same trip, but was disappointed. Sir Robert Crosse wrote that she had persuaded him to make an "idle journey" to meet the queen and she had received "but idle graces".

The couple's third son was born in January 1605, by which time Raleigh was again a prisoner in the Tower of London. Named Carew, which was both Bess's mother's maiden name and the name of one of Raleigh's brothers, he was christened within the walls of the Tower in the church of St Peter ad Vincula. After Raleigh's execution in 1618, Bess worked tirelessly to re-establish her late husband's reputation and, in 1628, saw a Bill of Restitution restore the Raleigh name 'in blood', which allowed her one surviving son to inherit.

Bess is said to have had her husband's head embalmed and to have carried it around with her for the rest of her life, although the only documented reference to Raleigh's head is from the day of his execution, when it was noted that Lady Raleigh and her ladies left the scene carrying Sir Walter's head in a red bag. An account from 1740 claims that, after Bess's death, Raleigh's head was returned to his tomb in St Margaret's, Westminster.

Through both her parents, Bess had connections to Henry VIII. Her father, Nicholas Throckmorton, was the cousin of Henry's sixth wife, Queen Catherine Parr. Anne Carew, Elizabeth's mother, was the daughter of Nicholas Carew and Elizabeth Carew née Bryan. Nicholas had been a close friend of Henry, from childhood until his execution in 1539.

Fictional depictions
Bessie Throckmorton is a major character in Edward German's operetta Merrie England (1902).

Norah Lofts in her 1936 fictionalized biography of Walter Raleigh, Here Was a Man, depicted a full-fledged love triangle, with the two Elizabeths - the Queen and the much younger Lady in Waiting - fiercely vying for Walter Raleigh's love and deeply hating each other. There is no clear historical evidence that things went that far. In later parts of the book, Elizabeth Raleigh is depicted as trying to get Walter to leave the court and live quietly with her at Sherborne, and feeling neglected and abandoned when he returned to the Queen's favor, and as loyally standing by him during his disgrace under King James and voluntarily sharing his twelve years of imprisonment in the Tower.

In the film The Virgin Queen (1955), Elizabeth Throckmorton (referred to as Beth Throgmorton in the film) is portrayed by Joan Collins, Queen Elizabeth by Bette Davis.

Elizabeth Throckmorton is the subject of Rosemary Sutcliff's novel Lady in Waiting (1956). Sutcliff usually refers to her as "Bess".

Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton, portrayed by Abbie Cornish, was a featured character in the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) as a blonde. This sequel to Elizabeth (1998) focuses on the relationships of Elizabeth I (Cate Blanchett) and Bess with Walter Raleigh (Clive Owen), and shows Bess and Raleigh marrying prior to the Spanish Armada (1588), though in fact the couple married in 1591.

Elizabeth Throckmorton, played by actress Phoebe Thomas, appears in the BBC 2 three-part drama documentary series Armada: 12 Days to Save England (2015) as lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth (Anita Dobson), whom the Queen calls "Bes"'. One scene shows the Queen's jealousy of Bess when she realises, from seeing her wearing a brooch, that Bess has a male admirer unknown to the Queen. Another scene shows the Queen's paranoia about the great danger she feels she is in while the Armada is attacking England, with the Queen forcing Bess to taste her food to check for poison.

Further reading and external links

 * My Just Desire: The Life of Bess Raleigh, Wife to Sir Walter (ISBN 0-345-45290-9), by Anna Beer
 * Elizabeth Throckmorton, Lady Raleigh, West Horsley Pace
 * Portrait of Elizabeth Raleigh, National Gallery of Ireland

title: Elizabeth Raleigh


text: User talk:69.208.243.149

title: User talk:69.208.243.149


text: Category:1976 in television

title: Category:1976 in television


text: Category:Television by year

title: Category:Television by year


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Cheltenham railway station, Sydney

Cheltenham railway station is located on the Main Northern line, serving the Sydney suburb of Cheltenham. It is served by Sydney Trains T9 Northern Line services.

History
Cheltenham station opened on 10 October 1898. It was established mainly due to pressure from William Chorley, whose home was located near the station. Chorley prevented commercial development near the station by placing covenants on the surrounding land, which he owned, and so Cheltenham is one of the few stations in Sydney with no shops nearby.

As part of the original plans for the North West Rail Link it was proposed to upgrade Cheltenham station to four tracks as part of the quadruplication of the line between Epping and Beecroft. There were however no plans for North West Rail Line services to stop at Cheltenham station. Due to complaints by local residents about noise and increased train services, the proposal to route the line through Cheltenham was scrapped, in favour of a tunnel starting at Epping station from the Epping to Chatswood line.

However, a second northbound track was built through the station around a decade later as part of the North Sydney Freight Corridor project, with the western platform becoming an island. The works included the construction of a new concourse with lifts, which opened on 31 August 2015. The new platform opened on 14 June 2016.

Platforms and services
The station is served by four trains per hour each way, with additional trains during weekday peak hours. During off-peak hours two of these four train services towards Central terminate at Chatswood.

title: Cheltenham railway station, Sydney


text:
California State Route 5

Two highways, none of which were designated as only a state route, in the U.S. state of California have been signed as Route 5:
 * I-5 (CA).svg Interstate 5 in California
 * California 5 1957.svg California State Route 5 (1934), now part of Route 35

title: California State Route 5


text:
User talk:Magictoymissing

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 04:15, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Magictoymissing


text:
Pace's Ferry

Through much of the 19th century, Pace's Ferry was an important ferry across the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta. Started in the early 1830s near Peachtree Creek, it was run by Hardy Pace, one of the city's founders. It was an important transportation link to northwestern Georgia, especially prior to the construction of the State Road (the Western & Atlantic Railroad) to Chattanooga.

In Vinings (formerly Paces), Pace's Mill was a gristmill begun by Hardy Pace, founded to diversify his holdings after the railroad was built. The short Paces Mill Road still exists today. Just across the river is Paces, the northwesternmost neighborhood of Atlanta.

During the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War, the Battle of Pace's Ferry was fought July 5, 1864.

Paces Ferry Road
The original Pace's Ferry Road was begun during the Georgia Gold Rush as a stage coach bringing people from Decatur to Vinings, where they could continue on to gold country. The road went southeast from the river to Irbyville (later Irby, now Buckhead), then following what is now called "Old Decatur Road", then Lindbergh Drive/LaVista Road, through what is now Emory University on Clifton Road, along Haygood Drive then North Decatur Road until that hits Clairmont Road, which was then known as the Shallowford Road.

In modern times, Paces Ferry Road (dropping the apostrophe) is still an important east–west route across northern Atlanta. West Paces Ferry Road runs from the center of Buckhead Village as far west as a dead-end in Paces, while Paces Ferry Road splits off to the northwest at Nancy Creek and runs across the river to Vinings in Cobb County, where it is the address for the world headquarters of The Home Depot. Beginning at Atlanta Road and going east, it crosses I-285 at mile 18, and heads into historic Vinings where it crosses the Chattahoochee River. This river crossing is very near the old ferry location, just down from the 1904 bridge that replaced the ferry. That first wooden bridge had been used for pedestrians since being replaced by a concrete one in the early 1970s.

At the river, Paces Ferry Road enters Fulton County and the Atlanta city limits and continues to its terminus at the western end of Atlanta's Buckhead area. Here, West Paces Ferry Road continues under I-75 at mile 255, and heads east through some of Atlanta's oldest and wealthiest Buckhead neighborhoods. It serves as the address of the Georgia Governor's Mansion as well many of Atlanta's other stately older mansions and estates. Unlike many of metro Atlanta's newer suburbs, the area along this street has maintained most of its forest cover, also making it a pleasant and scenic drive. It emerges from this canopy at the center of Buckhead, meeting Peachtree Road at the southern end of Roswell Road.

After passing Georgia 9 and U.S. 19 (both routed on Peachtree to the south and Roswell to the north), it becomes East Paces Ferry Road. It stops at Piedmont Road (Georgia 237), then continues very slightly northward on the other side as a residential street. The tolled section of the Georgia 400 expressway, finished in 1993, made this a dead-end road in the early 1990s. It resumes on the other side of the tollway, along the southeastern edge of Lenox Square, the city's first indoor shopping mall. The road then ends east-northeast of Lenox Road at Roxboro Road.

title: Pace's Ferry


text:
Talk:Runway (fashion)

Untitled
just smile cause whats the point of being moody

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jahai.canty.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Origin & definition
It should be researched whether or not this term derives from the Italian catafalco, which means scaffolding. Ayeroxor 04:16, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Catafalco is BTW the source of catafalque, with defs at e.g. Merriam-Webster. The same site has for catwalk "a narrow walkway (as along a bridge)" and dates it in English from 1845. --Jerzy•t 08:17, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

The conflation of catwalk and skywalk seems misleading, especially in this context. There is another, very common, use of catwalk in English to refer to something much closer to scaffolding. A catwalk in that sense is a very narrow, generally rather exposed, elevated, lightweight, and fixed kind of scaffolding designed for limited use. They generally have a narrow, usually open mesh, deck and some minimal railing. Catwalks of this sort are seen in industrial and similar settings; oil platforms and chemical plants would have catwalks. Using them involves a sense of risk; something a cat would be comfortable on. They are found in the upper reaches of theaters and studios to allow technicians to access lights, microphones, and other equipment. The skywalks discussed in the link are generally enclosed, rather large, and designed for public use; they seem a relatively poor analogy to the runway/catwalk a model uses. There really ought to be a better link. --AJim 05:53, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No, there was no edit between these two, per the edit history.--Jerzy•t 05:39, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Yes, how about Catwalk (theater)? My sense of the meaning of catwalk would be more confined to the passageway itself rather than to the associated battens and lights. (Notice that the disambiguation page lists catwalk being used to describe an exposed walkway on a whale hunter ship as well.) --AJim 06:05, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The 1913 Webster's has for catwalk
 * a narrow walkway projecting from a stage into the seating area of a theater; it is used, e. g. by models displaying clothes on it at a fashion show. Called also runway.
 * a narrow walkway high in the air to allow workers access to parts of a structure otherwise difficult to reach. Catwalks are located, e.g. above a stage in a theater, between parts of a building, along the side of a bridge, on the outside of a railroad car, on the outside of a large storage tank, etc. The term catwalk was also used in the colonial times in places like Sri Lanka during the late 1800's onwards, where the wooden walkway set up under the roof allowed the tea factory managers to clean the roof of dangerous dust particles that may otherwise have caught fire. The Tea Museum in Kandy, Sri Lanka displays this fact.
 * --Jerzy•t 08:17, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Image
Please leave the image in the article at least until a better one is found, it gives people who may not be familiar with catwalks some idea of how they are used. Kappa 06:09, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

I will find a better image, but not a gif image. --Mabm 11:19, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I put up a new PD image. In some ways a moving picture (which existed before) was nice, but I'm not sure that falls under fair use of a copyrighted image.  This article isn't about the model in the picture, the photographer, the specific event, or even the photo.  So, "fair use" doesn't seem to apply for copyrighted photos, in this case.  But, I'm no lawyer. --rob 03:06, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * There are many problems with the attempted change:
 * The Tyra Banks animated gif is appropriate here as she is notably identifiable with a catwalk
 * if there is a copyright problem with the gif, this is not the page for it, vote for vfd on that page, until then, the image stays
 * the replacement picture is entirely inappropriate as it is not someone notable for modeling and the catwalk is not identifiable as it looks like it is in someone's home
 * the replacement image appears to be attempting to promote someone's girlfriend, which is inappropriate for Wiki
 * --Noitall 00:28, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

As a reminder, it's illegal to violate copyright laws, so what we personally like or prefer is irrelevant. --rob 00:44-:47 (3 edits), 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) A Tyra Banks image is not "fair use", as the article is not about Tyra Banks. The same image might be fair use, on a "Tyra Banks" article.  The fact she and Victoria Secret are famous, makes it more likely that the copyright holder would object to it's illegal usage.
 * 2) I have put a question to others about this on the image tag page, but please understand my problem with the image is this *specific* usage of it. It may well have other "fair uses", but not here.  This is a problem specific to this article.
 * 3) The image I put in Image:Catwalk.jpg actually shows the physical catwalk, which the Tyra image (Image:Tbcatw.gif) does not. This article is about catwalks, and should actually show the physical catwalk.  In fact, the Tyra image barely even shows walking, since here feet are not visible.
 * No, she's not my girlfriend. I would be happy to replace the image with another public domain image of a different model.  I found the image by a Google Image search ".mil" web sites, which are good source of public domain images.  If you check the image, you'll see I've indicated exactly where the image came from.
 * As I mentioned, this is not the page for a copyright issue. However, your #3 and #4 make sense.  I would agree to a much better picture showing a notable model or modelling group with a catwalk. Although the mil sites are great, I suspect the picture we are looking for will not be on there. --Noitall 00:50, September 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * While general issues of copyright doesn't belong here, it's appropriate to discuss here if this *context* is appropriate for *this* "fair use". What's fair use in one article, isn't fair use in another article.  Hence, an article-by-article discussion may need to occur over fair use.  One shouldn't have to delete an image because just one of if it's uses was unjustified, when other uses might be valid.  Also, I agree a notable model would be nice, but generally they, and their photographers, don't give away images for free.  A good analogy on fair use is album covers.  They're an easy "fair use" in an article about the album or the band.  But the same album cover wouldn't be fair use in Album (music).  I think you're making a dangerous assumption, in you think because an image exists on wikipedia, and hasn't yet been deemed a copyright problem, that you may use it freely.  In fact, there are countless images which are valid "fair use" imags, that have legit uses, which still may not be used outside of certain contexts.  It's not my obligation to report the copyright problem, its the obligation of the editor who ads it, to justify fair use, for the specific context.   --rob 01:18, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Much of what you say about copyrights and fair use is inaccurate. That is why that particular discussion is inappropriate for this page.  I would be happy to have it with you on a copyright page for people knowledgable and interested in those issues.  --Noitall 01:31, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

Well, that discussion seems to have started there, and I expect the image will be deleted. Also, I don't understand why you removed the link to catwalk (disambiguation) article. All the links to this page refer to the fashion catwalk, and so a separte disambig page for other meanings is called for. --rob 01:47, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

It's nice to see Image:Tbcatw.gif wasn't put back, but I think there's a misunderstanding that catwalks are all about famous fashion supermodels. There are huge numbers of fashion shows, with catwalks, that don't have anybody famous. A "catwalk" is not a "red carpet", as it doesn't need a notable person to be itself. Now, Image:Catwalk.jpg is far from perfect, but any improvement would be in the form of a better shot of a larger catwalk. I haven't heard a single good reason why the photo wasn't appropriate. --rob 04:31 & :34, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I do consider other people's comments and that is why I did not put it back. The image should be what is recognized and notable, and this image is neither.  It barely shows a corner of the catwalk.  And it is misleading because it still looks like someone's girlfriend doing it, not as what we generally recognize as fashion modelling on the catwalk.  --Noitall 04:36, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is the fashion show. It is a real fashion show, even though there is no famous supermodel walking in her underwear.   This should avoid worries somebody is "attempting to promote someone's girlfriend" as was said before.  Anyway, I never claimed the photo is the best one on Earth.  For now, I'll look around for other better photos, and I'll see if anybody else comes up with something better.  Since, there's no longer a copyright violation on the page, the issue  is not in urgent need of a fix.   --rob 05:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Whats the History of the Catwalk ?
Like how did it come into existence ? Who designed the first line of clothing exhibited on the catwalk ? Can some one pls advice me - I'm doing a speech on the same and need the help. pls mail any info u may have on it to manishparekh@rediffmail.com. Thanks ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.226.178.106 (talk) 12:47, 3 December 2005

catwalk is "walking like a cat"
bloody too sad no one knows catwalk. confusing with skywalk, god bless your soul mr.davidshankbone.58.68.87.3 13:45, 14 May 2007 (UTC) http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=catwalk http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/catwalk Unfortunately, it is you who are confusing it with the way a cat walks as the origin of the term for fashion, conflated it with the way a female moves. Try using Google. --David Shankbone 14:16, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Why don't you provide a few citations for your edits, instead of holding yourself out as an expert? And many of your other revisions simply are out of place. --David Shankbone 14:08, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Here's a few to back up the article as it is: http://www.apparelsearch.com/definitions/fashion/catwalk.htm

 * Im posting my version for view of others:

 * {| align="center" style="width:auto; background-color:#ffffd5; border:2px solid black; padding:5px;"

 * Catwalk, a term derived from the way female models walk, which is similar to walk of a cat. Catwalk is usually performed on elevated platform called ramp by models to demonstrate clothing and accessories during a fashion show. A cat walks with its footsteps confined in a narrow lane or strip which is narrower than its body.
 * Catwalk, a term derived from the way female models walk, which is similar to walk of a cat. Catwalk is usually performed on elevated platform called ramp by models to demonstrate clothing and accessories during a fashion show. A cat walks with its footsteps confined in a narrow lane or strip which is narrower than its body.

 * }

 * i will try to get some reference soon. also you are a fashion editor, try googling ramp which is missed in wiki-fashion— vinay  14:27, 14 and 03:32 & :49, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

"and what you did for ramp"? I don't really understand what you are trying to say with your English, but I haven't seen you produce anything that says a catwalk is named as such because the "woman moves like a cat." --David Shankbone 03:38, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I look forward to your proving the article incorrect, that the phrase "catwalk", almost universally known as "on the catwalk", is in fact derived as a term from female movement. --David Shankbone 14:33, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * and what you did for ramp? try googling "walk on ramp", or walk the ramp. notice line i added. long live fashion-wiki— vinay  03:32, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * i meant an article on ramp(fashion) has to be created, since im not much interested in fashion side of wiki i thought you may do that job. added citation needed in article to one sentence. and produce something to say males also catwalk. "on the catwalk" is same as "on a tour"— vinay  03:46, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No thanks, I have enough to do and don't take assignments. I'm also not a member of Wikifashion.  But you seem to be editing without any ability to back up what you believe, despite claiming that other editors know nothing.  --David Shankbone 03:53, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I admire very much the openness even the fight about this small discussion regarding the origin of "Catwalk". The notion that men also catwalk is an addition to the issue, originally fashion on catwalk was for women, but people men and women started to do a lot and by chance on the the catwalk. The origin of the word remain the same according to many resources, the word then was used in different occasion such as the on of the rig-floors that was designed for pipe handling. The only note I would like to add is that catwalk also are all those narrow passages where no one else could use them but a cat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.201.176.247 (talk) 21:02, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Just as a side note, I have heard the term "runway" used for a stage projection in a burlesque theater. Perhaps somewhat dated now, as there are few if any burlesque theaters (at least here in the US), but nonetheless at one time a common use. Wschart (talk) 14:47, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Crushed Black Glass
At the Victoria's Secret fashion show, the catwalk was made of crushed up black glass that glitters and is non-slip. I don't know if this is common or not, so I didn't make any edits, but if it is, this is an interesting point for the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.188.177.64 (talk) 01:07, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Catwalk is a common WRONG term
The actual, correct term is RUNWAY. Catwalk is a very commonly misused term, and actually refers to scaffolding or the like that hangs up very high in a theater. Therefore, this should be deleted or at the very least merged into "runway." 68.101.130.214 (talk) 03:28, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That's as stupid as saying that "Runway is a very commonly misused term, and actually refers to an aircraft landing/takeoff zone". They're both equally correct, but one is a British term and one is used in North America. Since the catwalk article was created in 2004 and runway in 2007, the former can claim some kind of precedence as per WP:ENGVAR - and having catwalk as the primary article avoids the need to have disambiguating brackets in the title, which is also discouraged. FlagSteward (talk) 02:54, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Blame that song "I'm Too Sexy" by Right Said Fred, which used the word "catwalk" to refer to what is properly called a runway. 69.255.130.89 (talk) 23:36, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

I beg to differ with this theory, a runway yes might do but what is the significance of a model and a plane that uses the runway. I guess the word CAT should not be limited to a small tiny domestic cat,rather all the cats including lions, tigers and all. The walk of all cats is disciplined and very accurate yet precise. When you look at any cat walk, there is grace and authority hence it soundless and does not shake the rest of the body.For instance a domestic cat walking on top of the fence or wall will walk in a straight line its head in position and all. An elephant will stamp its feet just like a bully to command attention and display power, any cat will walk in with calculated strides and no sound yet will attract attention of any animal,yet the head stays focused in front. Thus the name catwalk walk, means as graceful but commands attention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sammyafroh (talk • contribs) 12:42, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

Hanamichi
Is this really a "related" link? Just because it's a type of stage? Just curiousRkaufman13 (talk) 17:56, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the History Merge
_ _ Merging of the articles Catwalk and Runway (fashion) was proposed in January (not here, but only on Catwalk, and without a direction being specified) and, without discussion, improperly effected on June 22 by a Cut and paste merge. While i am far from the only one capable of remedying that, i have about four years of experience doing so with provision of talk-page aids for grasping the evolution of the article content (and thereby complying with the spirit of the GFDL license's legal requirements for attribution) despite interleaving of edits during the period (most of a year in this case) during which both articles were undergoing edits. I commit myself to doing that, unless concern develops that the merge was in fact ill-considered, and should be reversed. (That seems unlikely, and please be aware that that is entirely distinct from the question of whether the merged page should be renamed -- which is far more easily handled.) _ _ The editor who effected the content merge has total contributions amounting to 4 edits, all related to this move and all within the span of three minutes. It is far easier to suspect that editor as a sock-puppet than to know that for a fact (tho the knowledge of how to create a Redirect to a specific section cannot but raise the question!). I mention it only to say that i am making no effort to respect that editor as a colleague whose opinions relating to the move deserve much attention, in light of either limited experience or some degree of anti-collegial stealth. In particular, i am re-doing the Wiki-project assessment box, to Stub quality and Un-assessed importance, since the article bears a stub tag and the combination of good-faith and competence is presumably lacking in the previous quality assessment. --Jerzy•t 07:28, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This merge does seem to be problematic but does it need to be reversed? If not it should be fixed. -- Banj e  b oi   21:18, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Please talk abt the problem. I meant to ask whether the decision that a merge was needed was a bad one, not whether the current text has problems. (I think it does, and suspect they were introduced or exacerbated in the content merge. But as you hint, that does not mean two articles are required to fix the text.) --Jerzy•t 05:42, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * In again reviewing your post it seems the real issue is if the merge should be reversed or not. A newby or sock editor can still make a good edit, the only issue here is if it needs to be reversed. If that is the case then a substantial reason must exist to having two or more articles. I have no strong opinions as I'm not familiar enough with the subject and sources. In practice runway and catwalk seem synonymous so my instinct is to leave it as is and call for specific improvements as needed. -- Banj e  b oi   21:25, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Catwalk
The following articles link to catwalk
 * Railway air brake
 * 2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak
 * Architecture of the California missions
 * Lena Water Tower
 * Diamond plate
 * Guard rail

plus a number of others that have ABSOLUTELY NOTHING to do with fashion. I would love to see a fasion model in high heels walk on top of a string of boxcars or walk on open grating panels. This needs to be sorted out. Peter Horn 01:01, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * All the above now link to Cat walk. Peter Horn 18:46, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

This sort of thing is a frequent problem where there's one main use for a term and also a fairly common secondary use. I've fixed this in the usual way for such problems, by expanding the information at the dab page (basically by redirecting and merging cat walk), and setting up an extra redirect at Catwalk (fashion). As to things linking incorrectly to catwalk, that's going to be an ongoing problem no matter what is done. If it gets really out of hand, contact WikiProject Disambiguation for assistance or advice. Grutness...wha?  22:53, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Runway information

Runway is a fashion producer in New York City. They are a dress and clothing makers. They are very expensive designs. It falls in place that they have Runway week in New York City. They have well over 10,000 designs and are going to continue. They also issue magazines and catalogs. They are mainly for adults and sometimes teenagers. They also have a very high sense of fashion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.192.204.95 (talk) 23:38, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 6 December 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 14:14, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Runway (fashion) → Catwalk – Seriously? Unreal7 (talk) 23:19, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Based on the discussions above on this talk page, there appears to have been a long term debate on whether the appropriate article title should be "runaway" or "catwalk". Granted, it has been more than 10 years since they were discussed. But unless the OP can provide me with a better contrary argument instead of a one-word personal point of view, I would like to retain the current variety. Zzyzx11 (talk) 07:19, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge to Fashion show as seemingly a WP:DUPLICATE. Seems like someone else had the same idea at Talk:Fashion show. This should not be its own article and therefore doesn't need a move. Move Catwalk (disambiguation) to Catwalk, there is no primary topic here and it should not be a primary redirect. When I think of "catwalk", I think of a maintenance bridge.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:49, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Guardian (which is the first one I goggled) refers to the catwalk as a runway here. Being in fashion myself, catwalk is the slang for runway. As far as moving to the fashion show article, ~ being 'Runway (fashion)' on it's own, to be expanded later should work, also there should be a summary of the primary topic included on the Fashion show article. ~mitch~ (talk) 14:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Runway (fashion)


text: User talk:69.164.90.0

title: User talk:69.164.90.0


text:
Beecroft railway station

Beecroft railway station is located on the Main Northern line, serving the Sydney suburb of Beecroft. It is served by Sydney Trains T9 Northern Line services.

History
The original Beecroft station opened on 17 September 1886 approximately adjacent to the current Beecroft tennis courts, relocating north to its present site on 7 March 1892. The disused down platform was demolished in the early 1990s. A disused dock platform for produce was located to the west of the platform.

As part of the North Sydney Freight Corridor project, an electrified passing loop opened to the west of the station in June 2016.

An upgrade to the station which involved lifts connecting the underpass with the platform was complete in December 2021.

Transport links
Busways operates one bus route from Beecroft station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 553: to North Rocks Shopping Centre and West Pennant Hills

CDC NSW operates two routes from Beecroft station
 * 635: to Castle Hill
 * 651: Rouse Hill station to Epping station

Beecroft station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N80: Hornsby station to Town Hall station

title: Beecroft railway station


text:
Shark Island (Cronulla Beach)

Shark Island is a dangerous reef break about 100 metres off the coast of Cronulla, in Sydney New South Wales, Australia. It comprises a rock ledge that is fully exposed at low tide.

The island is a well-known bodyboarding and surfing location. The wave can stand up fast and violently ("jack up" in surfing jargon), making it difficult and dangerous. The island is regarded by bodyboarders as producing one of the "heaviest" waves in the world.

The annual Shark Island Challenge bodyboarding contest is held there, as well as the annual Shark Island Swim Challenge held at Cronulla Beach.

title: Shark Island (Cronulla Beach)


text:
Early 2000s recession

US Treasury interest rates.webp in early 2001.

]] Treasury Yield Spreads.webp yield spreads go inverted for an Inverted yield curve in early 2001

]]

The early 2000s recession was a major decline in economic activity which mainly occurred in developed countries. The recession affected the European Union during 2000 and 2001 and the United States from March to November 2001. The UK, Canada and Australia avoided the recession, while Russia, a nation that did not experience prosperity during the 1990s, began to recover from it. Japan's 1990s recession continued.

This recession was predicted by economists because the boom of the 1990s, accompanied by both low inflation and low unemployment, slowed in some parts of East Asia during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The recession in industrialized countries was not as significant as either of the two previous worldwide recessions. Some economists in the United States object to characterizing it as a recession since there were no two consecutive quarters of negative growth.

United States
Recession2001.PNG with growth remaining weak from 2000-III to 2003-I. {{Legend|#4682B4|Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product (annualized; seasonally adjusted)|border=1px solid #aaa}} US 90s 00s unemployment.png After the relatively mild 1990 recession ended in early 1991, the country hit a belated unemployment rate peak of 7.8% in mid-1992. Job growth was initially muted by large layoffs among defense related industries. However, payrolls accelerated in 1992 and experienced robust growth through 2000.
 * right|thumb|upright=1.5]]

Predictions that the bubble would burst emerged during the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s. Predictions about a future burst increased following the October 27, 1997 mini-crash, in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. This caused an uncertain economic climate during the first few months of 1998. However conditions improved, and the Federal Reserve raised interest rates six times between June 1999 and May 2000 in an effort to cool the economy to achieve a soft landing. The burst of the stock market bubble occurred in the form of the NASDAQ crash in March 2000. Growth in gross domestic product slowed considerably in the third quarter of 2000 to the lowest rate since a contraction in the first quarter of 1992.

According to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), which is the private, nonprofit, nonpartisan organization charged with determining economic recessions, the U.S. economy was in recession from March 2001 to November 2001, a period of eight months at the beginning of President George W. Bush's term of office. The NBER's Business Cycle Dating Committee determined that a peak in business activity occurred in the U.S. economy in March 2001. A peak marks the end of an expansion and the beginning of a recession. The determination of a peak date in March is thus a determination that the expansion that began in March 1991 ended in March 2001 and a recession began. The expansion lasted exactly 10 years, the longest in the NBER's chronology.

However, economic conditions did not satisfy the common shorthand definition of recession, which is "a fall of a country's real gross domestic product in two or more successive quarters", and has led to some confusion about the procedure for determining the starting and ending dates of a recession.

The NBER's Business Cycle Dating Committee (BCDC) uses monthly, rather than quarterly, indicators to determine peaks and troughs in business activity, as can be seen by noting that starting and ending dates are given by month and year, not quarters. However, controversy over the precise dates of the recession led to the characterization of the recession as the "Clinton Recession" by Republicans, if it could be traced to the final term of President Bill Clinton. BCDC members suggested they would be open to revisiting the dates of the recession as newer and more definitive data became available. In early 2004, NBER President Martin Feldstein said: "It is clear that the revised data have made our original March date for the start of the recession much too late. We are still waiting for additional monthly data before making a final judgment. Until we have the additional data, we cannot make a decision."

However, in 2008, the NBER confirmed that the recession started in March 2001.

From mid-1999 to 2001, the Federal Reserve, in a move to protect the economy from the overvalued stock market, made successive interest rate increases. Using the stock market as an unofficial benchmark, a recession would have begun in March 2000 when the NASDAQ crashed following the collapse of the dot-com bubble. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was relatively unscathed by the NASDAQ's crash until the September 11 attacks, after which the Dow Jones suffered its worst one-day loss and largest one-week losses in history up to that point. The market rebounded, only to crash once more in the final two quarters of 2002. In the final three quarters of 2003, the market finally rebounded permanently, agreeing with the unemployment statistics that a recession defined in this way would have lasted from 2001 through 2003.

The Labor Department estimates that a net 1.735 million jobs were shed in 2001, with an additional net 508,000 lost during 2002. 2003 saw a small gain of a mere 105,000 jobs. Unemployment rose from 4.2% in February 2001 to 5.5% in November 2001, but did not peak until June 2003 at 6.3%, after which it declined to 5% by mid-2005.

Canada
Canada's economy is closely linked to that of the United States, and economic conditions south of the border tend to quickly make their way north. Canada's stock markets were especially hard hit by the collapse in high-tech stocks. For much of the 1990s the rapid rise of the TSX had almost wholly been attributed to two stocks: Nortel and BCE. Both companies were hard hit by the downturn, especially Nortel, which was forced to lay off much of its workforce. The September 11 attacks also hurt the Canadian stock markets and were especially devastating to the already troubled airline sector.

However, in the wider economy, Canada was surprisingly unhurt by these events. While growth slowed, the economy never actually entered a recession. This was the first time that Canada had avoided following the United States into an economic downturn. The rate of job creation in Canada continued at the rapid pace of the 1990s. A number of explanations have been advanced to explain this. Canada was not as directly affected by 9/11 and the subsequent wars, and the downward pressure of these events was more muted. Canada's fiscal management during the period has been praised as the federal government continued to bring in large surpluses throughout this period, in sharp contrast to the United States. Unlike the United States no major tax cuts or major new expenditures were introduced. However, during this time, Canada did pursue an expansionary monetary policy in an effort to reduce the effects of a possible recession. Many provincial governments suffered greater problems with a number of them returning to deficits, which was blamed on the fiscal imbalance. 2003 saw elections in six Canadian provinces and in only one did the governing party not lose seats.

Russia
The Soviet Union's last year of economic growth was 1989, and throughout the 1990s, recession ensued in the Former Soviet Republics. In May 1998, following the 1997 crash of the East Asian economy, things began to get even worse in Russia. In August 1998, the value of the ruble fell 34% and people clamored to get their money out of banks (see 1998 Russian financial crisis). The government acted by dragging its feet on privatization programs. Russians responded to this situation with approval by electing the more pro-dirigist and less liberal Vladimir Putin as President in 2000. Putin proceeded to reassert the role of the federal government, and gave it power it had not seen since the Soviet era. State-run businesses were used to out-compete some of the more wealthy rivals of Putin. Putin's policies were popular with the Russian people, gaining him re-election in 2004. At the same time, the export-oriented Russian economy enjoyed considerable influx of foreign currency thanks to rising worldwide oil prices (from $15 per barrel in early 1999 to an average of $30 per barrel during Putin's first term). The early 2000s recession was avoided in Russia due to rebound in exports and, to some degree, a return to dirigisme.

Japan
Japan's recession, which started in the early 1990s, continued into the 2000s, with deflation being the main problem. Deflation began plaguing Japan in the fiscal year ending 1999, and by 2005 the yen had 103% of its 2000 buying power. The Bank of Japan attempted to cultivate inflation with high liquidity and a nominal 0% interest rate on loans. Other aspects of the Japanese economy were good during the early 2000s; unemployment remained relatively low, and China became somewhat dependent on the Japanese exports. The bear market, however, continued in Japan, despite the best efforts of the Bank.

European Union

Transition left the economy of the European Union in a cautiously optimistic state during the early 2000s. The most difficult years were 2000–2001, precipitating the worst years of the American recession. The European Union introduced a new currency on January 1, 1999. The euro, which was met with much anticipation, had its value immediately plummet, and it continued to be a weak currency throughout 2000 and 2001. Inflation struck the Eurozone for a few months in summer 2001 but the economy deflated within months. In 2002, the value of the euro began to rapidly rise (reaching parity with the US dollar on July 15, 2002). This hurt business for companies based in Europe, as the profits made abroad (especially in the Americas) had an unfavorable exchange rate.

France and Germany both entered recession towards the end of 2001, but in May 2002 both countries declared that their recessions had ended after a mere six months each. Both economies suffered from global tech crash with the ruling German party introducing the then unpopular austerity, tax cuts and labor reforms nicknamed Hartz concept to boost the German economy in wake of an economic slump that would persist until the mid-2000s with unemployment peaking in early 2005 of 12.7%. However, some European Union countries – including the United Kingdom – managed to delay sliding into recession until the late 2000s.

title: Early 2000s recession


text:
Warragamba, New South Wales

Warragamba is a town in New South Wales, Australia, in Wollondilly Shire. Located on the eastern edge of the Blue Mountains, Warragamba is one and a half hour's drive west of Sydney. The name Warragamba comes from the aboriginal words Warra and Gamba meaning 'water running over rocks'.

History
In 1804, George William Evans became the first white man to discover the Warragamba River, penetrating upstream to the present site of Warragamba Dam.

However, for Indigenous peoples, the river and the valley were an integral part of daily life, and remain today a significant place of cultural heritage.

Originally constructed as a workers' settlement during the construction of Warragamba Dam, Sydney's primary water source, in the 1940s the modern town of Warragamba remains on the same site adjacent the dam. The town was built from scratch, including homes, shops, schools and other facilities.

On completion of the dam being built many workers bought their homes from the Water Board and stayed on in the township. Warragamba Public School celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in September 1998 despite the fact it was to be demolished after the completion of Warragamba Dam in the 1960s.

Warragamba is unusual for an Australian town, as the streets do not have typical names, but are numbered (such as First Street and Eighteenth Street). Ongoing dam works (including recent safety improvements) have severely reduced weekend visitors. The town also lost 30 homes and businesses in the 2001 Warragamba bushfires. It was home to African Lion Safari until 1991.

A new Warragamba Dam Visitor Centre and Haviland Park are becoming a popular tourist attractions thanks in part to the excellent picnic facilities.

Heritage listings
Lake Burragorang Warragamba Dam has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Coxs River Arms: Coxs River track
 * Warragamba Dam
 * Warragamba Dam: Megarritys Bridge
 * Warragamba Dam: Warragamba Dam – Haviland Park

Population
At the, Warragamba had a population of 1,241. 85.4% of people were born in Australia and 92.4% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 31.8%, Anglican 26.4% and No Religion 25.6%.

Popular culture

 * In Australia, a popular phrase used in pubs and restaurants throughout greater Sydney is Warragamba Slammer. This is used when someone would like a glass of water.

title: Warragamba, New South Wales