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Peter Buck (anthropologist)

Sir Peter Henry Buck (c.  October 1877 –1 December 1951), also known as Te Rangi Hīroa or Te Rangihīroa, was a New Zealand doctor and a prominent anthropologist who served many roles through his life.

Buck was accomplished in many fields including, in his younger years, as an athlete. At Te Aute College he captained the high school's athletics and rugby teams and while at University of Otago's medical school he was national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903.

Buck served as a medical officer to Māori in the years following his medical training in 1905, before completing a doctor of medicine with a thesis on contemporary and traditional Māori medicine in 1910. In 1909 he was thrust into politics, serving as MP for the Northern Maori electorate until 1914. On recesses from parliament, Buck travelled to the Cook Islands and to Niue as a medical officer, where he developed his interests in anthropology.

In 1921, following service in World War I, Buck was made director of the Māori Hygiene Division of the Department of Health. He continued to make a name for himself as an accomplished anthropologist of Pacific peoples—including as the leading authority on Māori material culture—and eventually served as director of the Bishop Museum in Hawaii, from 1936 until his death in 1951.

Early life
Peter Henry Buck was born in Urenui, in northern Taranaki, the only child of an Anglo-Irish immigrant, William Henry Buck. William's wife Ngārongo-ki-tua, whom he met at Urenui, had been unable to have children and, in line with Māori custom, Rina, one of Ngārongo's close relatives, became part of the household and produced a child for the couple. Rina died soon after Peter was born, and Ngārongo raised him as her own. He claimed to have been born in 1880, but the register of the primary school he attended records October 1877, which is likely to be correct.

Buck's paternal ancestry was Anglo-Irish. Though he was largely brought up within the Pākehā community at Urenui, Ngārongo-ki-tua and his great-aunt Kapuakore instilled a love of Māori tradition and language in him. Buck was descended on his maternal side from the Taranaki tribe of Ngāti Mutunga. In his teens, his elders gave him the name Te Rangi Hīroa (also written Te Rangihiroa) in honour of an uncle of Ngārongo's, an earlier notable ancestor. He would later use it as a pen-name.

After Ngārongo's death in 1892 he moved with his father to the Wairarapa. In 1896 he enrolled at Te Aute College, a school that produced many Māori leaders of the time. In 1899 he was named dux and passed a medical preliminary examination entitling him to attend medical school at University of Otago.

Buck was later associated with the Young Māori Party.

Medical school and practice
Buck did well at Otago Medical School, where he also succeeded in sport, becoming national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903. He completed his MB ChB in 1904, and an MD six years later. His doctoral thesis, completed in 1910, was titled Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times. During this time, in 1905, he married Irish-born Margaret Wilson. Their long marriage was often fiery, but was strong, and it was Margaret who often gave the impetus to Peter's career.

In November 1905 Buck was appointed as a medical officer to Māori, working under Māui Pōmare, initially in the southern North Island, then in the far north. Between them, Pōmare and Buck campaigned successfully to improve sanitation in the small Māori communities around the country.

Parliament and war
In 1909, Hone Heke Ngapua, Member of Parliament for Northern Maori died suddenly. Buck was singled out by Native Minister James Carroll to be his replacement. Buck accepted and was elected in the subsequent by-election. He became a member of the Native Affairs Committee. He did not seek re-election to the seat in 1914, but stood for the Bay of Islands electorate, where he lost by a narrow margin. By this time, Buck had developed an interest in Pacific Island peoples, working briefly as a medical officer in both the Cook Islands and Niue during parliamentary breaks.

During the First World War, Buck helped in the recruitment of a Māori volunteer contingent. Buck joined this contingent as medical officer, travelling to the Middle East in 1915. He took part at Gallipoli, later being awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his heroism. He later saw action in France and Belgium, before being posted to the No 3 New Zealand General Hospital at Codford, England, in 1918.

Returning to New Zealand, Buck was appointed as Chief Maori Medical Officer, and in 1921 was named director of the Maori Hygiene Division in the Department of Health.

Buck participated in the 1919–1923 Dominion Museum ethnological expeditions alongside Elsdon Best, James McDonald, Johannes Carl Andersen and Āpirana Ngata.

Bishop Museum
Buck gained a five-year research fellowship at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1927. At the end of the fellowship in 1932 he was appointed the Bishop Museum visiting professor of anthropology at Yale University. He was promoted to Director of the Bishop Museum in 1936, a position he held until his death in 1951. He also served as a trustee and president of the board of trustees of the museum. During his directorship, Buck applied for U.S. Citizenship, which was denied. According to Buck, he “could not become an American citizen under the ... law for an applicant has to be over 50% Caucasian. The Polynesians are classed as Orientals in spite of anthropological evidence of their Caucasian origin so I could only show 50%.”

Death
Buck died in Honolulu, on 1 December 1951 after some years with cancer. His ashes were returned to New Zealand in 1953 and he was honoured with a ceremony at Ōkoki, near his hometown of Urenui, on 8 August 1954.

Awards and tributes
In 1925, ethnologist Harry Skinner recommended that the inaugural Percy Smith Medal be awarded to Buck, but the University of Otago decided to award the medal to Skinner himself that year. Buck was awarded the following medal, in 1929.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours, Buck was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to science and literature.

The Te Rangi Hiroa Medal is a social sciences award established in 1996 given biennially by the Royal Society of New Zealand. It is awarded for work in one of four disciplines: historical approaches to societal transformation and change; current issues in cultural diversity and cohesion; social and economic policy and development; and medical anthropology.

One of the residential colleges of the University of Otago was named Te Rangi Hīroa College in 2013 in his honour.

title: Peter Buck (anthropologist)


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User:KarlHallowell

I'm a math grad student specializing in mathematical physics, particularly quantum field theory, string theory, etc. I have many interests including economics, space development, and geology. I also am a somewhat active participant in the Foresight Exchange, a reputation-based betting market on future possibilities in business and finance, law and politics, and science.

Currently, I'm in the last stretches of writing the dissertation. Will put up more as I get around to it. -- KarlHallowell (talk) 02:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:KarlHallowell


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User:Bennievermeer

?!

title: User:Bennievermeer


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Revealed preference

Revealed preference theory, pioneered by economist Paul Anthony Samuelson in 1938, is a method of analyzing choices made by individuals, mostly used for comparing the influence of policies on consumer behavior. Revealed preference models assume that the preferences of consumers can be revealed by their purchasing habits.

Revealed preference theory arose because existing theories of consumer demand were based on a diminishing marginal rate of substitution (MRS). This diminishing MRS relied on the assumption that consumers make consumption decisions to maximise their utility. While utility maximisation was not a controversial assumption, the underlying utility functions could not be measured with great certainty. Revealed preference theory was a means to reconcile demand theory by defining utility functions by observing behaviour.

Therefore, revealed preference is a way to infer the preferences of individuals given the observed choices. It contrasts with attempts to directly measure preferences or utility, for example through stated preferences. Taking economics to be an empirical subject, there is the issue that one cannot observe preferences.

Definition and theory
Let there be two bundles of goods, a and b, available in a budget set $$B$$. If it is observed that a is chosen over b, then a is considered (directly) revealed preferred to b.

Two-dimensional example
If the budget set $$B$$ is defined for two goods; $$X, Y$$, and determined by prices $$p, q$$ and income $$m$$, then let bundle a be $$(x_{1},y_{1}) \in B$$ and bundle b be $$(x_{2},y_{2}) \in B $$. This situation would typically be represented arithmetically by the inequality $$pX + qY \leq m$$ and graphically by a budget line in the positive real numbers. Assuming strongly monotonic preferences, only bundles that are graphically located on the budget line, i.e. bundles where $$px_{1} + qy_{1} = m$$ and $$px_{2} + qy_{2} = m$$ are satisfied, need to be considered. If, in this situation, it is observed that $$(x_{1},y_{1})$$ is chosen over $$(x_{2},y_{2})$$, it is concluded that $$(x_{1},y_{1})$$ is (directly) revealed preferred to $$(x_{2},y_{2})$$, which can be summarized as the binary relation $$(x_{1},y_{1}) \succeq (x_{2},y_{2})$$ or equivalently as $$\mathbf{a} \succeq \mathbf{b}$$.

The Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP)
WARP is one of the criteria which needs to be satisfied in order to make sure that the consumer is consistent with their preferences. If a bundle of goods a is chosen over another bundle b when both are affordable, then the consumer reveals that they prefer a over b. WARP says that when preferences remain the same, there are no circumstances (budget set) where the consumer prefers b over a. By choosing a over b when both bundles are affordable, the consumer reveals that their preferences are such that they will never choose b over a when both are affordable, even as prices vary. Formally:

\left.\begin{matrix} \mathbf{a},\mathbf{b} \in B\\ \mathbf{a} \in C(B, \succeq) \\ \mathbf{b} \in B' \\ \mathbf{b} \in C(B', \succeq) \end{matrix}\right\} ~\Rightarrow~ \mathbf{a} \notin B' $$

where $$\mathbf{a}$$ and $$\mathbf{b}$$ are arbitrary bundles and $$C (B, \succeq) \subset B$$ is the set of bundles chosen in budget set $$B$$, given preference relation $$\succeq$$.

In other words, if a is chosen over b in budget set $$B$$ where both a and b are feasible bundles, but b is chosen when the consumer faces some other budget set $$B'$$, then a is not a feasible bundle in budget set $$B'$$.

Completeness: The Strong Axiom of Revealed Preferences (SARP)
The strong axiom of revealed preferences (SARP) is equivalent to the weak axiom of revealed preferences, except that the choices A and B are not allowed to be either directly or indirectly revealed preferable to each other at the same time. Here A is considered indirectly revealed preferred to B if C exists such that A is directly revealed preferred to C, and C is directly revealed preferred to B. In mathematical terminology, this says that transitivity is preserved. Transitivity is useful as it can reveal additional information by comparing two separate bundles from budget constraints.

It is often desirable in economic models to prevent such "loops" from happening, for example in order to model choices with utility functions (which have real-valued outputs and are thus transitive). One way to do so is to impose completeness on the revealed preference relation with regards to the choices at large, i.e. without any price considerations or affordability constraints. This is useful because when evaluating {A,B,C} as standalone options, it is directly obvious which is preferred or indifferent to which other. Using the weak axiom then prevents two choices from being preferred over each other at the same time; thus it would be impossible for "loops" to form.

Another way to solve this is to impose the strong axiom of revealed preference (SARP) which ensures transitivity. This is characterised by taking the transitive closure of direct revealed preferences and require that it is antisymmetric, i.e. if A is revealed preferred to B (directly or indirectly), then B is not revealed preferred to A (directly or indirectly).

These are two different approaches to solving the issue; completeness is concerned with the input (domain) of the choice functions; while the strong axiom imposes conditions on the output.

Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP)
Generalised axiom of revealed preference is a generalisation of the strong axiom of revealed preference. It is the final criteria required so that constancy may be satisfied to ensure consumers preferences do not change.

This axiom accounts for conditions in which two or more consumption bundles satisfy equal levels of utility, given that the price level remains constant. It covers circumstances in which utility maximisation is achieved by more than one consumption bundle.

A set of data satisfies the general axiom of revealed preference if $$x^i R x^j $$ implies not $$x^jP^0x^i $$. This establishes that if consumption bundle $$x^i $$ is revealed preferred to $$x^j $$, then the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle $$x^j $$ given that prices remain constant, cannot be more than the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle $$x^i $$.

To satisfy the generalised axiom of revealed preference a dataset must also not establish a preference cycle. Therefore, when considering the bundles {A,B,C}, the revealed preference bundle must be an acyclic order pair as such, If $$A\succeq B $$ and $$B \succeq C $$, then $$B \nsucceq A $$ and $$A \succeq C $$ thus ruling out “preference cycles” while still holding transitivity.

As the generalised axiom is closely related to the strong axiom of revealed preference, it is very easy to demonstrate that each condition of SARP can imply the general axiom, however, the generalised axiom does not imply the strong axiom. This is a result of the condition in which the generalised axiom is compatible with multivalued demand functions, where as SARP is only compatible with single valued demand functions. As such, the generalised axiom permits for flat sections within indifference curves, as stated by Hal R Varian (1982).

If a set of preference data satisfies GARP, then there exists a strictly increasing and concave utility function that rationalizes the preferences (Afriat 1967).

Applications
Revealed preference theory has been used in numerous applications, including college rankings in the U.S.

Criticism
Several economists criticised the theory of revealed preferences for different reasons.

 * 1) Stanley Wong claimed that revealed preference theory was a failed research program. In 1938 Samuelson presented revealed preference theory as an alternative to utility theory, while in 1950, Samuelson took the demonstrated equivalence of the two theories as a vindication for his position, rather than as a refutation.
 * 2) If there exist only an apple and an orange, and an orange is picked, then one can definitely say that an orange is revealed preferred to an apple. In the real world, when it is observed that a consumer purchased an orange, it is impossible to say what good or set of goods or behavioural options were discarded in preference of purchasing an orange. In this sense, preference is not revealed at all in the sense of ordinal utility.
 * 3) The revealed preference theory assumes that the preference scale remains constant over time. Were this not the case all that can be stated is that an action, at a specific point of time, reveals part of a person's preference scale at that time. There is no warrant for assuming that it remains constant from one point of time to another. The "revealed preference" theorists assume constancy in addition to consistent behaviour ("rationality"). Consistency means that a person maintains a transitive order of rank on his preference scale (if A is preferred to B and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C). But the revealed preference procedure does not rest on this assumption so much as on an assumption of constancy—that an individual maintains the same value scale over time. While the former might be called irrational, there is certainly nothing irrational about someone's value scales changing through time. It is claimed that no valid theory can be built on a constancy assumption.
 * 4) The inability to define or measure preferences independently of 'revealed-preferences' leads some authors to see the concept as a tautological fallacy. See, inter alia, Amartya Sen’s  critiques in a series of articles: “Behaviour and the concept of preference” (Sen 1973), “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioural Foundations of Economic Theory” (Sen 1977), “Internal Consistency of Choice” (Sen 1993), “Maximization and the Act of Choice” (Sen 1997), and his book 'Rationality and Freedom' (Sen 2002).

title: Revealed preference


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Talk:True Love Waits (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:True-love-waits.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:21, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:True Love Waits (album)


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Talk:Itch (EP)

Fair use rationale for Image:Radiohead itch.jpg
Image:Radiohead itch.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:58, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Itch (EP)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheneyism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cheneyism
This is a politically-biased rant; it is not informative. At best this is a slang term which does not belong in an encyclopedia. michael 01:26, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I think this has been deleted before. Xcali 01:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hilariously angry article, but complete crap as well--Sophitus 01:38, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. — Phil Welch 02:12, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the funny/profane stuff was already removed from the article, I went ahead and BJAODN'd the old version. Change vote to plain Delete. — Phil Welch 02:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Slang term. No notable third party references. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is completely contradicted by this and this, which imply that Cheneyism is a political philosophy or ideology associated with a specific politician, akin to Thatcherism, Blairism, Bushism, McCarthyism, and so forth. It's supported (in its few relatively unbiased assertions, at any rate) by things like this and this, which imply that the using of words like "fuck" is Cheneyism, indicating that this is a style of speaking, akin to Spoonerism and Malapropism (albeit nowhere near as idiosyncratic as them, given that it is just simple, common, profanity).  There appear to be two things here.  They are distinct from each other, albeit that one is little different from the concept of profanity.  profanity we have covered.  So it comes down to whether Cheneyism the political philosophy is distinct enough from Bushism to warrant being separately discussed in its own right.  (A few people, such as writers for Time, appear to have combined the two into a political philosophy that they refer to as "Bush-Cheneyism".) If it isn't, this should be just a disambiguation between profanity and Bushism.  If it is, this should be an article on the ideology with a pointer to profanity. Cleanup, in either event. Uncle G 03:52, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Comment ---I want to vote "delete", but then just to be consistent I'd have to nominate Bushism, which isn't really better. I'm not a fan of either of these guys, but neither of them are exceptional abusers of the English language, compared to other politicians. Isaac R 04:43, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There's anthologies of Bushisms published, which makes it more notable. Nateji77 04:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That's attributable to anti-Bush partisanism, not notability. I'm an anti-Bush partisan myself, but I don't consider his tendency to mangle language to deserve its own article. The rest of Bushism has to do with his rhetorical/propaganda style, and is redundant with other articles. Bushism really deserves a VfD for its soapboxiness, but I lack any inclination to fight such a energy-consuming, futile battle. Isaac R 16:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 04:53, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to cheney's page. certainly don't need one page about a politician and then a second about the way he phrases things, when only the former is notable. Nateji77 04:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think anyone can seriously deny that "both Cheney and Rove are bald, fat, evil cocksuckers", but as of yet, the term just isn't sufficiently established in the English language. Eixo 07:14, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, POV rant.  Quale 07:48, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - although I do wish I could be this funny when I'm angry --Doc (?) 12:34, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV rant. Jayjg (talk) 15:10, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, remove profanity, but move this to some kind of humor page. Ryan Prior 16:13, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: That would be Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense.
 * Delete. NeoJustin 00:34, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Klonimus 08:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 06:52, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sherbrooke Castors

The Sherbrooke Castors or Beavers (in English) was the name of two different junior ice hockey teams in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and another team in the Quebec Eastern Provincial Hockey League. Both later franchises played at the Palais des Sports in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

Earlier Castors
The earlier Sherbrooke Beavers were a senior ice hockey team which won the 1965 Allan Cup, and previously played in the Quebec Eastern Provincial Hockey League, an amateur league and team from 1959 to 1962.

Original Castors
The Sherbrooke Castors (1969-1982) moved to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec in 1982, named the Saint-Jean Castors. In 1989 they were renamed the Saint-Jean Lynx. In 1995 the team moved to Rimouski, Quebec to become the Rimouski Océanic.

This original Castors franchise won the President's Cup in 1975, 1977 and 1982. The second incarnation never won. The Castors played in the Memorial Cup in those three years, and came closest to winning in 1982, when they lost in the tournament final to the Kitchener Rangers.

On November 24, 1974 on the way to a game in Chicoutimi; the team's bus was involved in an accident that killed Gaétan Paradis, and injured 30 more.

Sherbrooke Faucons/Castors
The second Sherbrooke Castors team (1998-2003), originally the Trois-Rivières Draveurs, franchise moved to Sherbrooke in 1992 as the Sherbrooke Faucons ("Falcons"). The Faucons were renamed to Castors in 1998 and moved to Lewiston, Maine in 2003, to be renamed the Lewiston Maineiacs. The Maineiacs folded in 2011, and the City of Sherbrooke received an expansion franchise in 2012 in the form of the Sherbrooke Phoenix.

NHL alumni
The following Castors/Faucons later played in the National Hockey League:

 * Dmitry Afanasenkov
 * Norm Aubin
 * Alain Belanger
 * Yves Bélanger
 * Serge Boisvert
 * Paul Boutilier
 * Fred Burchell
 * Claude Cardin
 * Ron Carter
 * John Chabot
 * Dan Chicoine
 * Rejean Cloutier
 * Jean Cusson
 * Claude Cyr
 * Mathieu Dandenault
 * Gord Donnelly
 * Gilles Dube
 * Norm Dube
 * Norm Dussault
 * Jean-Francois Fortin
 * Ray Fortin
 * Gerard Gallant
 * Jean-Marc Gaulin
 * Jere Gillis
 * Alan Haworth
 * Pierre Jarry
 * Brian Johnson
 * Claude Larose
 * Fern LeBlanc
 * Rejean Lemelin
 * Jean Lemieux
 * Mario Lessard
 * Gilles Lupien
 * Drew MacIntyre
 * Jimmy Mann
 * Peter Marsh
 * Sean McKenna
 * Corrado Micalef
 * Richard Mulhern
 * Simon Nolet
 * Michel Petit
 * Noel Picard
 * Roger Picard
 * Pascal Rheaume
 * Dany Sabourin
 * Richard Sévigny
 * Bobby Simpson
 * Claude St. Sauveur
 * Radoslav Suchy
 * Jocelyn Thibault
 * Rick Vaive
 * Sid Veysey
 * Kurt Walker

title: Sherbrooke Castors


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Tuineje

Tuineje is a town and a municipality in the southern part of the island of Fuerteventura in the Province of Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. The population is 13,946 (2013), and the area is 275.94 km2. The largest town in the municipality is Gran Tarajal, on the south coast.

History
Tuineje was the site of the two battles between the locals and English privateers in 1740.

Notable people

 * Aridane Hernández (born 1989), professional footballer

title: Tuineje


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Talk:Shoehorn

Untitled
this is a valid stub. People collect these things and there is a history to them. that this needs to be re-written is NOT patent nonsense.

Patent_nonsense "The following, while often regrettable, are not patent nonsense. Check the Deletion policy for information on how to handle these things.: Really poorly written content (See Why Aren't These Pages Copy-edited?) "

Can someone please explain the following to me?

"Shoehorns are known to be one of the most common accesories in Asian societies. Commoners used them back in medievil times to throw at others when they have eaten all the candy from being too horny."

Wiwaxia (talk) 02:08, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

re: merge proposal "shoehorning<shoehorn"
i oppose the (rather dated) proposal to merge shoehorning into shoehorn. the topic treats with very separate concepts & deserves a separate article. it is appropriate that we have a subsection mentioning it here, but it would be a mistake to try to shoehorn the whole shoehorning article in as-a-whole... :p

Lx 121 (talk) 01:58, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

re: V&A date of 1623
I'm the collator of the Catalogue. I suspect the V&A claim if 1623 is either a typo or a reproduction of a literal made by someone before them. As far as I'm aware, the Burlington Magazine's finish date of 1612 stood until the 1613 shoehorn Mindum made for his wife surfaced in 2010.

Legviiii (talk) 12:13, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

re: V&A date of 1623
Correspondence with Hazel Forsyth at the MoL dated 4 June 2015: "The catalogue entry was written by me (Treasures of the Royal Courts…&c); originally for the Russian edition and there is a typographic error – it should be ‘…shoehorns date from 1593 to 1613’ not 1623, and Wayne is correct in picking this up."

Legviiii (talk) 07:56, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

Separate page for Mindum
I'm now up to 21 shoehorns by Mindum and am thinking of creating a separate article on Mindum to see if it flushes out any other shoehorns by him. I still don't know where the Drane collection ended up, Evans talks about them but the dates and inscriptions (where known) don't match any of the Evans collection or any that have surfaced since.

Legviiii (talk) 10:38, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

Drane Collection
All but one of the Drane collection have surfaced in the Museum of London collection, along with the entire Evans collection.

Legviiii (talk) 11:36, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Shoehorn. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150530002619/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1261149/shoehorn-robert-mindum/ to http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1261149/shoehorn-robert-mindum/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:21, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Sorry User:Cyberbot II, that archive link is also a 404. There is a correct copy at archive.is, https://archive.is/iYMAm/ but we're not allowed to link to that domain.

Legviiii (talk) 08:53, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Shoehorn. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20160211185517/http://www.academia.edu/20393370/A_catalogue_of_shoehorns_made_by_Robert_Mindum_1593-1613 to https://www.academia.edu/20393370/A_catalogue_of_shoehorns_made_by_Robert_Mindum_1593-1613

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:55, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoehorn


text:
Podolsky

Podolsky/Podolski (masculine), Podolskaya/Podolska (feminine), or Podolskoye/Podolscy (neuter) may refer to:

Podolski

 * Dariusz Podolski, Polish football player
 * Lukas Podolski (born 1985), Poland-born German football player
 * Łukasz Podolski (born 1980), Polish road cyclist
 * Sophie Podolski (1953–1974), Belgian poet and graphic artist
 * Waldemar Podolski, Polish football player
 * Deputy Commissioner Podolski, Brooklyn Nine-Nine character

Podolska

 * Iryna Podolska, Ukrainian football player

Podolsky

 * Boris Podolsky (1896–1966), American physicist
 * Leo Podolsky (1894–1987), Russian pianist

Podolskaya

 * Natalia Podolskaya (born 1982), Belarusian singer

Places

 * Podolsky District, a district of Moscow Oblast, Russia
 * Podolsky (rural locality) (Podolskaya, Podolskoye), several rural localities in Russia

title: Podolsky


text:
Internet Explorer 6

Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 (IE6) is a web browser developed by Microsoft for Windows operating systems. Released on August 24, 2001, it is the sixth, and by now discontinued, version of Internet Explorer and the successor to Internet Explorer 5. It does not support earlier versions.

Despite dominating market share (attaining a peak of 90% in mid-2004), this version of Internet Explorer has been widely criticized for its security issues and lack of support for modern web standards, making frequent appearances in "worst tech products of all time" lists, with PC World labeling it "the least secure software on the planet." In 2004, Mozilla finalized Firefox to rival IE6, and it became highly popular and acclaimed for its security, add-ons, speed and other modern features such as tabbed browsing. Microsoft planned to fix these issues in Internet Explorer 7 by June–August 2005, but it was delayed until an October 2006 release, over 5 years after IE6 debuted.

Because a substantial percentage of the web audience still used the outdated browser (especially in China), campaigns were established in the late 2000s to encourage users to upgrade to newer versions of Internet Explorer or switch to different browsers. Some websites dropped support for IE6 entirely, most notable of which was Google dropping support in some of its services in March 2010. According to Microsoft's modern.ie website,, 3.1% of users in China and less than 1% in other countries were using IE6.

Internet Explorer 6 was the last version to be called Microsoft Internet Explorer. The software was rebranded as Windows Internet Explorer starting with the release of Internet Explorer 7.

Internet Explorer 6 is no longer supported, and is not available for download from Microsoft.

It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows NT 4.0 SP6a, Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows ME, though it is only available as pre-installed in Windows XP RTM—SP1 and Windows Server 2003 RTM.

Overview
When IE6 was released, it included a number of enhancements over its predecessor, Internet Explorer 5. It and its browser engine MSHTML (Trident) are required for many programs including Microsoft Encarta. IE6 improved support for Cascading Style Sheets, adding a number of properties that previously had not been implemented and fixing bugs such as the Internet Explorer box model bug. IE6 introduced a redesigned interface based on the operating system's default theme, Luna.

In addition, IE6 added DHTML enhancements, content restricted inline frames, and partial support of DOM level 1 and SMIL 2.0. The MSXML engine was also updated to version 3.0. Other new features included a new version of the Internet Explorer Administration Kit (IEAK) which introduced IExpress, a utility to create self-extracting INF-based installation packages, Media bar, Windows Messenger integration, fault collection, automatic image resizing, and P3P. Meanwhile, in 2002, the Gopher protocol was disabled. XBM support was dropped.

IE6 was the most widely used web browser during its tenure, surpassing Internet Explorer 5.x. At its peak in 2002 and 2003, IE6 attained a total market share of nearly 90%, with all versions of IE combined reaching 95%. There was little change in IE's market share for several years until Mozilla Firefox was released and gradually began to gain popularity. Microsoft subsequently resumed development of Internet Explorer and released Internet Explorer 7, further reducing the number of IE6 users.

On May 7, 2003 Microsoft online chat, Brian Countryman, Internet Explorer Program Manager, declared that Internet Explorer would cease to be distributed separately from Windows (IE6 would be the last standalone version); it would, however, be continued as a part of the evolution of Windows, with updates coming only bundled in Windows upgrades. Thus, Internet Explorer and Windows itself would be kept more in sync. However, after one release in this fashion. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 was the last version of Internet Explorer to have "Microsoft" in the title: later versions changed branding to "Windows Internet Explorer", as a reaction to the findings of anti-competitive tying of Internet Explorer and Windows raised in United States v. Microsoft and the European Union Microsoft competition case.

On March 4, 2011, Microsoft urged web users to stop using IE6 in favor of newer versions of Internet Explorer. They launched a website called IE6 Countdown, which would show how much percentage of the world uses IE6 and aim to get people to upgrade.

Since 2015, all of the older sample questions offered by IE6 Search Companion on other unique functions have been replaced with "Windows Upgrade".

Security problems
The security advisory site Secunia reported 24 unpatched vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer 6 as of February 9, 2010. These vulnerabilities, which include several "moderately critical" ratings, amount to 17% of the total 144 security risks listed on the website as of February 11, 2010.

As of June 23, 2006, Secunia counted 20 unpatched security flaws for Internet Explorer 6, many more and older than for any other browser, even in each individual criticality-level, although some of these flaws only affect Internet Explorer when running on certain versions of Windows or when running in conjunction with certain other applications.

On June 23, 2004, an attacker used two previously undiscovered security holes in Internet Explorer to insert spam-sending software on an unknown number of end-user computers. This malware became known as Download.ject and caused users to infect their computers with a back door and key logger merely by viewing a web page. Infected sites included several financial sites.

Probably the biggest generic security failing of Internet Explorer (and other web browsers too) is the fact that it runs with the same level of access as the logged in user, rather than adopting the principle of least user access. Consequently, any malware executing in the Internet Explorer process via a security vulnerability (e.g. Download.ject in the example above) has the same level of access as the user, something that has particular relevance when that user is an Administrator. Tools such as DropMyRights are able to address this issue by restricting the security token of the Internet Explorer process to that of a limited user. However this added level of security is not installed or available by default, and does not offer a simple way to elevate privileges ad hoc when required (for example to access Microsoft Update).

Art Manion, a representative of the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) noted in a vulnerability report that the design of Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 1 made it difficult to secure. He stated that: There are a number of significant vulnerabilities in technologies relating to the IE domain/zone security model, local file system (Local Machine Zone) trust, the Dynamic HTML (DHTML) document object model (in particular, proprietary DHTML features), the HTML Help system, MIME type determination, the graphical user interface (GUI), and ActiveX. … IE is integrated into Windows to such an extent that vulnerabilities in IE frequently provide an attacker significant access to the operating system.

Manion later clarified that most of these concerns were addressed, and other browsers had begun to suffer the same vulnerabilities he identified in the above CERT report.

In response to a belief that Internet Explorer's frequency of exploitation is due in part to its ubiquity, since its market dominance made it the most obvious target, David Wheeler argues that this is not the full story. He notes that Apache HTTP Server had a much larger market share than Microsoft IIS, yet Apache traditionally had fewer security vulnerabilities at the time.

As a result of its issues, some security experts, including Bruce Schneier in 2004, recommended that users stop using Internet Explorer for normal browsing, and switch to a different browser instead. Several notable technology columnists suggested the same idea, including The Wall Street Journal's Walt Mossberg and eWeek's Steven Vaughan-Nichols. On July 6, 2004, US-CERT released an exploit report in which the last of seven workarounds was to use a different browser, especially when visiting untrusted sites.

Market share
Internet Explorer 6 was the most widely used web browser during its tenure (surpassing Internet Explorer 5.x), attaining a peak percentage in usage share during 2002 and 2003 in the high 80s, and together with other versions up to 95%. It only slowly declined up to 2007, when it lost about half its market share to Internet Explorer 7 and Mozilla Firefox between late 2006 to 2008.

IE6 remained more popular than its successor in business use for more than a year after IE7 came out. A 2008 DailyTech article noted, "A Survey found 55.2% of companies still use IE 6 as of December 2007", while "IE 7 only has a 23.4 percent adoption rate".

Net Applications estimated IE6 market share at almost 39% for September 2008. According to the same source, IE7 users migrate faster to IE8 than users of its predecessor IE6 did, leading to IE6 once again becoming the most widely used browser during the summer and fall of 2009, eight years after its introduction.

As of February 2010, estimates of IE6's global market share ranged from 10 to 20%. Nonetheless, IE6 continued to maintain a plurality or even majority presence in the browser market of certain countries, notably China and South Korea.

Google Apps and YouTube dropped support for IE6 in March 2010, followed by Facebook chat in September.

On January 3, 2012, Microsoft announced that usage of IE6 in the United States had dropped below 1%.

In August 2012, IE6 was still the most popular IE web browser in China. It was also the second most used browser overall with a total market share of 22.41%, just behind the Chinese-made 360 Secure Browser at 26.96%.

In July 2013, Net Applications reported the global market share of IE6 amongst all Internet Explorer browsers to be 10.9%.

As of August 2015, IE6 was being used by <1% users in most countries, with the only exception being China (3.1%). Usage in China fell below 1% by the end of the year.

Criticism
A common criticism of Internet Explorer is the speed at which fixes are released after the discovery of security problems.

Microsoft attributes the perceived delays to rigorous testing. A posting to the Internet Explorer team blog on August 17, 2004 explained that there are, at minimum, 234 distinct releases of Internet Explorer that Microsoft supports (covering more than two dozen languages, and several different revisions of the operating system and browser level for each language), and that every combination is tested before a patch is released.

In May 2006, PC World rated Internet Explorer 6 the eighth worst tech product of all time. A certain degree of complacency has been alleged against Microsoft over IE6. With near 90% of the browser market, the motive for innovation was not strongly present, resulting in the 5-year time between IE6's introduction and its replacement with IE7. This was a contributing factor for the rapid rise of the free software alternative Mozilla Firefox.

Programming interface
Unlike most other modern browsers, IE6 does not fully nor properly support CSS version 2, which made it difficult for web developers to ensure compatibility with the browser without degrading the experience for users of more advanced browsers. Developers often resorted to strategies such as CSS hacks, conditional comments, or other forms of browser sniffing to make their websites work in IE6.

Additionally, IE6 lacks support for alpha transparency in PNG images, replacing transparent pixels with a solid colour background (grey unless defined in a PNG bKGD chunk). There is a workaround by way of Microsoft's proprietary AlphaImageLoader, but it is more complicated and not wholly comparable in function.

Due to the long-lasting popularity of Internet Explorer 6, web developers had to work around its lack of interfaces. For example, due to the lack of the  parameter in CSS for elements such as top bars that should remain on screen when the user scrolls, JavaScript code had to be used to determine the user's scrolling position and then push down an element positioned with   by the same distance to have it remain on screen, or by dividing the page's hypertext into subframes using the   tag. With media queries unavailable, responsive widths could be implemented to a limited extent by wrapping elements inside tables.

Bugs
Internet Explorer 6 has also been criticized due to its instability. For example, the following code on a website would cause a program crash in IE6:

or

The user could crash the browser with a single line of code in the address bar, causing a pointer overflow.

Deprecation of support

Several campaigns were later aimed at ridding Internet Explorer 6 from the browser market:

 * In July 2008, 37signals announced it would phase out support for IE6 beginning in October 2008.
 * In February 2009, some Norwegian sites began hosting campaigns with the same aim.
 * In March 2009, a Danish anti-IE6 campaign was launched.
 * In July 2009, developers of YouTube placed a site notice that warned about the impending deprecation of support for Internet Explorer 6, prompting its users to upgrade their browser. It is claimed that they represented 18% of the site traffic at that time.
 * In January 2010, the German Government, and subsequently the French Government each advised their citizens to move away from IE6.
 * Also in January 2010, Google announced it would no longer support IE6.
 * In February 2010, British citizens began to petition their government to stop using IE6, though this was rejected in July 2010.
 * In March 2010, in agreement with the EU, Microsoft began prompting users of Internet Explorer 6 in the EU with a ballot screen in which they are presented with a list of browsers in random order to select and upgrade to. The website is located at BrowserChoice.eu.
 * In May 2010, Microsoft's Australian division launched a campaign which compared IE6 to 9-year-old milk and urged users to upgrade to IE8.

With the increasing lack of compatibility with modern web standards, popular websites began removing support for IE6 in 2010, including YouTube and their parent company Google; however large IT company support teams and other employers forcing staff to use IE6 for compatibility reasons slowed upgrades. Microsoft themselves eventually began their own campaign to encourage users to stop using IE6, though stating that they would support IE6 until SP3 (including embedded versions) support is removed. However, on January 12, 2016 when the new Microsoft Lifecycle Support policy for Internet Explorer went into effect, IE6 support on all Windows versions ended, more than 14 years after its original release, making the January 2016 security update for multiple versions of XP Embedded the last that Microsoft publicly issued for IE6.

Security framework
Internet Explorer uses a zone-based security framework, which means that sites are grouped based upon certain conditions. IE allows the restriction of broad areas of functionality, and also allows specific functions to be restricted. The administration of Internet Explorer is accomplished through the Internet Properties control panel. This utility also administers the Internet Explorer framework as it is implemented by other applications.

Patches and updates to the browser are released periodically and made available through Windows Update web site. Service Pack 2 adds several important security features to Internet Explorer, including a popup blocker and additional security for ActiveX controls. ActiveX support remains in Internet Explorer although access to the "Local Machine Zone" is denied by default since Service Pack 2. However, once an ActiveX control runs and is authorized by the user, it can gain all the privileges of the user, instead of being granted limited privileges as Java or JavaScript do. This was later solved in IE 7, which supported running the browser in a low-permission mode, making malware unable to run unless expressly granted permission by the user.

Quirks mode
Internet Explorer 6 dropped Compatibility Mode, which allowed Internet Explorer 4 to be run side by side with 5.x. Instead, IE6 introduced quirks mode, which causes it to emulate many behaviors of IE 5.5. Rather than being activated by the user, quirks mode is automatically and silently activated when viewing web pages that contain an old, invalid or no DOCTYPE. This feature was later added to all other major browsers to maximize compatibility with old or poorly-coded web pages.

Supported platforms
The Service Pack 1 update supports all of these versions, but Security Version 1 is only available as part of SP2 and later service packs for those versions.

System requirements
IE6 requires at least:

 * 486/66 MHz processor
 * Windows 98/NT 4.0 SP6a
 * Super VGA (800 × 600) monitor with 256 colors
 * Mouse or compatible pointing device
 * RAM: 16-32 MB
 * Free disk space: 8.7–12.7 MB

title: Internet Explorer 6


text:
Guns N' Roses (pinball)

Guns N' Roses is a 1994 pinball machine made by Data East featuring the hard rock group Guns N' Roses. In 2020, Jersey Jack Pinball produced a new pinball machine: Guns N' Roses: Not in This Lifetime.

Original Data East gameplay
The artwork features photos by Robert John from his book Guns N' Roses: The Photographic History. This game is a widebody pinball game with several unique twists. Among them, is an old fashioned revolver, which players use to start the game as opposed to the typical plunger. When a quarter is inserted, the band's famous "Welcome to the Jungle" song (recorded from a concert) plays. Also included on the soundtrack is the Use Your Illusion outtake "Ain't Going Down", which is the only official release of the song. The backdrop is illuminated with lights in the shape of the famous Guns N' Roses seal, and Axl Rose's tattoos, featured in the Appetite for Destruction album artwork. The multi-ball can be activated when the yellow light is lit on the G ramp, this will open a trap door and send the ball into the snake pit (if the ball is shot up the ramp which is a hard shot), pulling the rose plunger will then activate the multi-ball. An "R" ramp is also featured completing the "GN'R" logo. The gameplay is a mode-based game like that of The Addams Family, Jurassic Park, or Tommy. The machine also uses magnets to fling balls around unpredictably, a feature that was used previously on The Addams Family, and a video mode for extra points.

Lawsuit
Former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke sued the band over the use of his likeness in the game, as he had been a member of the band when the machine was under production but was out by the time it was released.

title: Guns N' Roses (pinball)


text: Template:Environment-stub

title: Template:Environment-stub


text:
Hug machine

A hug machine, also known as a hug box, a squeeze machine, or a squeeze box, is a therapeutic device designed to calm hypersensitive persons, usually individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The device was invented by Temple Grandin to administer deep-touch pressure, a type of physical stimulation often self-administered by autistic individuals as a means of self-soothing.

Autistic people often have sensory processing disorder, which entails abnormal levels of stimulation of the senses (such as hypersensitivity). Because of difficulty with social interactions, it can be uncomfortable or impractical to turn to other human beings for comfort, including hugs. Grandin addressed this by designing the hug machine, in part to help her own anxiety and sensory sensitivity.

Description
The hug machine consists of two hinged side-boards, each four by three feet (120 cm by 90 cm) with thick soft padding, which form a V-shape, with a complex control box at one end and heavy-duty tubes leading to an air compressor. The user lies or squats between the side-boards for as long or short of a period as desired. Using pressure exerted by the air compressor and controlled by the user, the side-boards apply deep pressure stimulation evenly across the lateral parts of the body. The machine and its development are depicted in the biopic Temple Grandin.

History

As a young child, Temple Grandin realized she would seek out deep pressure stimulation, but she felt over-stimulated when someone hugged or held her. The idea for the hug machine came to her during a visit to her aunt's Arizona ranch, where she noted the way cattle were confined in a squeeze chute for inoculation, and how some of the cattle immediately calmed down after pressure was administered. She realized that the deep pressure from the chute had a calming effect on the cattle, and she decided that something similar might well settle down her own hypersensitivity.

Initially, Grandin's device met with disapproval as psychologists at her college sought to confiscate her prototype hug machine. Her science teacher, however, encouraged her to determine the reason it helped resolve the anxiety and sensory issues.

Efficacy
Several therapy programs in the United States now use hug machines, effectively achieving general calming effects among autistic people across the age spectrum. A 1995 study on the efficacy of Grandin's device, conducted by the Center for the Study of Autism, working with Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, involved ten autistic children and found a reduction in tension and anxiety. Other studies, including one by Margaret Creedon, have yielded similar results. A small pilot study by Edelson et al. (1999), published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy, reported that the machine produced a significant reduction in tension but only a small decrease in anxiety.

Grandin continued to use her own hug box on a regular basis to provide the deep pressure necessary to relieve symptoms of her anxiety. "I concentrate on how gently I can do it," she has said. A paper Grandin wrote on her hug machine and the effects of deep pressure stimulation was published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.

In a February 2010 Time magazine interview, Grandin stated that she no longer uses a hug machine: "It broke two years ago, and I never got around to fixing it. I'm into hugging people now."

Squeeze chair
For several years in the 1990s, urban interventionist/artist Wendy Jacob worked with Grandin in developing furniture that squeezes or "hugs" users, inspired by Grandin's hug machine.

Animal analogs
Several compression garments are available to treat noise phobia in dogs.

title: Hug machine


text:
Internet Explorer 5

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 (IE5) is the fifth, and by now, discontinued, version of the Internet Explorer graphical web browser, the successor to Internet Explorer 4 and one of the main participants of the first browser war. Its distribution methods and Windows integration were involved in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case. Launched on March 18, 1999. Although Internet Explorer 5 ran only on Windows, its siblings Internet Explorer for Mac 5 and Internet Explorer for UNIX 5 supported Mac OS X, Solaris and HP-UX.

IE5 presided over a large market share increase over Netscape Navigator between 1999 and 2001, and offered many advanced features for its day. In addition, it was compatible with the largest range of OSes of all the IE versions. However, support for many OSes quickly dropped off with later patches, and later Windows versions are not supported, because of inclusion of later IE versions. The 1999 review in PC World noted, "Credit the never-ending game of browser one-upsmanship that Netscape and Microsoft play. The new IE 5 trumps Netscape Communicator with smarter searching and accelerated browsing."

IE5 attained over 50% market share by early 2000, taking the lead over other browser versions including IE4 and Netscape. 5.x versions attained over 80% market share by the release of IE6 in August 2001. 5.0x and 5.5 were surpassed by Internet Explorer 6.0, dropping it to the second most popular browser, with market share dropping to 34 percent by mid-2003. In addition, Firefox 1.0 had overtaken it in market share by early 2005. Market share of IE5 fell below 1% by the end of 2006, right when Internet Explorer 7 was released.

Microsoft spent over US$100 million a year in the late 1990s, with over 1000 people working on IE by 1999 during the development of IE5.

The rendering behavior of Internet Explorer 5.x lives on in other browsers' quirks modes. Internet Explorer 5 is no longer available for download from Microsoft.

It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows 3.1x, Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP3—SP6.

History

The actual release of Internet Explorer 5 happened in three stages. First, a Developer Preview was released in June 1998 (5.0B1), and then a Public Preview was released in November 1998 (5.0B2). Then in March 1999 the final release was released (5.0). Version 5.01, a bug fix version, was released in December 1999. Internet Explorer 5 Macintosh Edition had been released a few months earlier on March 27, 2000, and was the last version of Internet Explorer to be released on a non-Windows platform. Version 5.5 for Windows was released in June 2000, bundled with 128-bit encryption. It dropped support for several older Windows versions.

A 1999 review of IE5 by Paul Thurrott described IE5 in ways such as, "Think of IE 5.0 as IE 4.0 done right: All of the rough areas have been smoothed out..", "....comes optionally bundled with a full suite of Internet applications that many people are going to find irresistible.", "IE 5.0 is a world-class suite of Internet applications."

Microsoft ended all support for Internet Explorer 5.5, including security updates, on December 31, 2005. Microsoft continued to support Internet Explorer 5.01 SP4, according to its Support Lifecycle Policy; however, this support was ended on July 13, 2010.

Overview
Version 5.0, launched on March 18, 1999, and subsequently bundled with Microsoft Office 2000, was a significant release that supported bi-directional text, ruby characters, XML, XSLT and the ability to save web pages in MHTML format. There was enhanced support for CSS Level 1 and 2, and a side bar for web searches was introduced, allowing quick jumps throughout results.

However, Internet Explorer 5 incorrectly includes the padding and borders within a specified width or height; this results in a narrower or shorter rendering of a box. The bug was fixed in Internet Explorer 6 when running in standards-compliant mode.

With the release of Internet Explorer 5.0, Microsoft released the first version of XMLHttpRequest (XHR), giving birth to Ajax (even though the term "Ajax" was not coined until years later.) XMLHttpRequest is an API that can be used by JavaScript, and other Web browser scripting languages to transfer XML and other text data between a page's client side and server side, and was available since the introduction of Internet Explorer 5.0 and is accessible via JScript, VBScript and other scripting languages supported by IE browsers. Windows Script Host was also installed with IE5, although later on viruses and malware would attempt to use this ability as an exploit, which resulted pressure to disable it for security reasons. Smart Offline Favorites feature was added to the Active Desktop component introduced in IE4.

An "HTML Application" (HTA) is a Microsoft Windows application written with HTML and Dynamic HTML and introduced with IE5. Internet Explorer 5.0 also introduced favicon support and Windows Script Host, which provides scripting capabilities comparable to batch files, but with a greater range of supported features.

Because of United States v. Microsoft Corp., The Active Channels Channel Bar was removed in Internet Explorer 5.

Version 5.5 followed in June 2000. First released to developers at the 2000 Professional Developers Conference in Orlando, Florida, then made available for download, it focused on improved print preview capabilities, CSS and HTML standards support, and developer APIs. It also includes support for 128-bit encryption. Although it is no longer available for download from Microsoft directly it can also be installed with MSN Explorer 6.0 as msnsetup_full.exe. The full version of MSN Explorer can be downloaded only if Internet Explorer 5.5 has not yet been installed. The full version will work but you will need to download it on earlier Windows versions and transfer the setup file to the newer operating system. If you still want to download it on a newer operating system the only way is to use an outdated web browser such as Netscape 4.8.

Although newer browsers have been released, IE5 rendering mode continues to have an impact, as a 2008 Ars Technica article notes:
 * IE5.5 (and below) was decidedly nonstandard in its rendering behavior. Hundreds of millions of web pages were written to look "right" in IE5.5's broken rendering. The result was something of a quandary for Microsoft when it came to release IE6. They wanted to improve the standards conformance in IE6, but could not afford to break pages dependent on the older behavior.

 * The solution was the "doctype switch". The doctype switch allowed IE6 to support both the old IE5.5 behavior—"quirks mode"—and new, more standards-conforming behavior—"standards mode."

United States v. Microsoft Corp.
On April 3, 2000, Judge Jackson issued his findings of fact that Microsoft had abused its monopoly position by attempting to "dissuade Netscape from developing Navigator as a platform", that it "withheld crucial technical information", and attempted to reduce Navigator's usage share by "giving Internet Explorer away and rewarding firms that helped build its usage share" and "excluding Navigator from important distribution channels".

Jackson also released a remedy that suggested Microsoft should be broken up into two companies. This remedy was overturned on appeal, amidst charges that Jackson had revealed a bias against Microsoft in communication with reporters. The findings of fact that Microsoft had broken the law, however, were upheld. The Department of Justice announced on September 6, 2001 that it was no longer seeking to break up Microsoft and would instead seek a lesser antitrust penalty. Several months later the Department of Justice agreed on a settlement agreement with Microsoft.

Major features
IE5 introduced many new or improved features:

 * Web Page, Complete
 * Web Archive (MHTML) (only with Microsoft Outlook Express 5)
 * Language Encoding (new options such as Install On Demand)
 * History Explorer Bar (new search and sort options)
 * Search Explorer Bar (new options for searching)
 * Favorites (make available offline)
 * AutoComplete Feature
 * Windows Radio Bar Toolbar
 * Ability to set a default HTML Editor
 * Internet Explorer Repair Tool
 * FTP Folders allows browsing of FTP and Web-Based Folders from Windows Explorer. (see Shell extension)
 * Approved Sites (PICS not required for listed sites option)
 * Hotmail Integration
 * There was also a Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 Resource Kit
 * Compatibility Option allowed Internet Explorer 4 to be run side by side with IE 5, although IE 5.5 would be the last version with this feature.
 * XMLHTTPRequest support via ActiveX, making IE 5 the earliest AJAX-capable browser

Bundled software
IE5 for Windows came with Windows Media Player 6.0 (with new Real Audio codecs), NetMeeting 2.11, Chat 2.5 and FrontPage Express 2.0. Other optional installs included Offline Browsing Pack, Internet Explorer Core Web Fonts, and Visual Basic Scripting (VBScript) support. Internet Explorer versions 5.0 and 5.5 are no longer available from Microsoft.

Adoption capability overview
IE 5.01 SP2 was the last version to support Windows 3.1x and Windows NT 3.51. Support was dropped after that, as well as HP-UX, Solaris, the classic Mac OS, and Mac OS X. IE 5.5 SP2 was the last version to support Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP3—SP6. IE5 was not developed for 68k Macs, support for which had been dropped in Internet Explorer 4.5.

Windows software

 * Windows 32-bit versions
 * Windows 16-bit versions
 * Note: Although NT 3.51 is a 32-bit platform, it must run the 16-bit version of Internet Explorer.
 * UNIX, including Sun Solaris 2.5.1, Sun Solaris 2.6, and Hewlett Packard HP-UX

PC hardware

 * Internet Explorer 5.0 for 32-bit Windows Operating Systems
 * Minimum Requirements: 486DX/66 MHz or higher, Windows 95, 12MB RAM, 56MB disk space.
 * Download Size: 37 MB
 * There was also a 380 KB active installer that only downloaded selected components
 * Internet Explorer 5.0 for 16-bit Windows Operating Systems
 * Minimum Requirements: 486DX or higher, Windows 3.1 or NT 3.5, 12 MB RAM for browser only installation (16 MB RAM if using the Java VM). 30 MB disk space to run setup.
 * Download Size: 9.4 MB

Apple Macintosh
Internet Explorer 5 for Apple Macintosh requirements:

 * PowerPC processor
 * Mac OS version 7.6.1 or later
 * 8 MB RAM plus Virtual Memory
 * 12 MB hard disk space
 * QuickTime 3.0 or later
 * Open Transport 1.2 or later

Versions
Early versions of Mac OS X shipped with Internet Explorer for Mac v5.1 as the default web browser, only until Mac OS X 10.3, where the default web browser in Mac OS X Panther is Safari.

title: Internet Explorer 5


text:
Internet Explorer 4

Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 (IE4) is the fourth, and by now, discontinued, version of the Internet Explorer graphical web browser that Microsoft unveiled in Spring of 1997, and released on September 22, 1997, primarily for Microsoft Windows, but also with versions available for the classic Mac OS, Solaris, and HP-UX and marketed as "The Web the Way You Want It".

It was one of the main participants of the first browser war. Its distribution methods and Windows integration were involved in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case. It was superseded by Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 in March 1999. In addition the Internet Explorer layout engine MSHTML (Trident) was introduced. It attained just over 60% market share by March 1999 when IE5 was released. In August 2001 when Internet Explorer 6 was released, IE4.x had dropped to 7% market share and IE5 had increased to 80%. IE4 market share dropped under 1% by 2004.

Internet Explorer 4 is no longer available for download from Microsoft. However, archived versions of the software can be found on various websites.

Overview
The Internet Explorer 4.0 Platform Preview was released in April 1997, and Platform Preview 2.0 in July that year. Internet Explorer 4 was released to the public on September 22, 1997, and deepened the level of integration between the web browser and the underlying operating system. Installing version 4 and choosing "Windows Desktop Update" would result in the traditional Windows Explorer being replaced by a version more akin to a web browser interface, as well as the Windows desktop itself being web-enabled via Active Desktop. The integration with Windows, however, was subject to numerous packaging criticisms (see United States v. Microsoft Corp.). This option was no longer available with the installers for later versions of Internet Explorer but was not removed from the system if already installed. Internet Explorer 4 introduced support for Group Policy, allowing companies to configure and lock down many aspects of the browser's configuration. Internet Mail and News was replaced with Outlook Express, and Microsoft Chat and an improved NetMeeting were also included. Version 4.5 (only for Mac) dropped support for 68k Macs, but offered new features such as easier 128-bit encryption. The last non-Mac version was 4.0 Service Pack 2. Uninstalling IE4 became the subject of concern to some users and was a point of contention in later lawsuits (see Removal of Internet Explorer and United States v. Microsoft Corp..)

Internet Explorer version 4.0 for Macintosh
On January 6, 1998, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco, Microsoft announced the release of the final version of Internet Explorer version 4.0 for Macintosh. Version 4 includes support for offline browsing, Dynamic HTML, a new faster Java virtual machine and Security Zones that allow users or administrators to limit access to certain types of web content depending on which zone (for example Intranet or Internet) the content is coming from. At the same event, Apple announced the release of Mac OS 8.1, which would be bundled with IE4.

At the following year's San Francisco Macworld Expo on January 9, 1999, Microsoft announced the release of Internet Explorer 4.5 Macintosh Edition. This new version dropped 68K processor support, introduced Form AutoFill, Print Preview, and Page Holder pane, which allowed user to hold a page of links on one side of the screen that opens pages in the right hand and support for Mac OS technology like Sherlock.

Internet Explorer 4 for Unix

On November 5, 1997, a beta of IE for Unix 4.0 was released for testing on Solaris. On January 27, 1998, it was reported that IE 4.0 for Solaris was due in March; Tod Nielsen, general manager of Microsoft's developer relations group, joked that "he wanted to launch Internet Explorer 4.0 for Unix at the Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum in San Francisco" because of skepticism from those who suspected IE for Unix was vaporware. It was further reported that versions for "HP-UX, IBM AIX, and Irix" were planned. The software used to enable this, MainWin XDE, was available for Solaris 2.5.1 on SPARC and Intel, SunOS 4.1.4, Irix 5.3, Irix 6.2, HP UX 10.2, and IBM AIX 4.1.5. On March 4, 1998, IE 4.0 for Unix on Solaris was released. Later that year, a version for HP-UX was released.

Features, technology, and integrated software
IE4 came with Active Desktop, Windows Desktop Update, Channels, Frontpage Express, Netmeeting, NetShow, Web Publishing Wizard, Microsoft Chat 2.0 and Progressive Networks RealPlayer. Outlook Express 4 replaced Internet Mail and News.

Other new features including Dynamic HTML, inline PNG, Favicons, a parental rating system, and the ability to 'subscribe' to a website in favorites, where it would notify the user of an update. Stephen Reid of PC Pro noted in his review: "But it was the Web-style view that surprised me so much on first using IE 4. This changes the way you look at Windows, with files and folders now acting like hyperlinks on a Web page; you move your cursor over them to select them, then single click to launch. Individual folders are viewed as Web pages, including My Computer and Control Panel, and any folder you wish can be customised with your choice of background."

Bundled and/or integrated software

 * Microsoft Chat 2.0 is a simple text chatting program included in the Windows NT-line of operating system. It utilizes NetBIOS session service and NetDDE.
 * Outlook Express is the successor of Microsoft Internet Mail and News, an early e-mail client add-on for Internet Explorer 3. Internet Mail and News handled only plain text and rich text (RTF) e-mail, it lacked HTML email. Despite being versioned 4.0, Outlook Express was at its first iteration.
 * NetMeeting is a VoIP and multi-point videoconferencing client that uses the H.323 protocol for video and audio conferencing.
 * FrontPage Express 2.0 was a stripped-down version of Microsoft FrontPage. It was bundled with Internet Explorer 4, but was also available for free, and could be downloaded from online repositories.
 * RealPlayer was a streaming media player made by Progressive Networks (later called RealNetworks). The first version of RealPlayer was introduced in April 1995 as RealAudio Player and was one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet.

Active Desktop
Active Desktop is a feature of Internet Explorer's optional Windows Desktop Update that allows the user to add HTML content to the desktop, along with some other features. Active Desktop placed a number of "channels" on the user's computer desktop that provided continually-updated information, such as news headlines and stock quotes, without requiring the user to open a web browser.

Channels
Active Channel is a website type which allows synchronizing website content and viewing it offline. It makes use of the Channel Definition Format, which is a way of defining a website's content and structure. Each country had different channels, so picking a country during the installation of IE 4 was important. Channels could be displayed in a Channel Bar and made heavy use of Dynamic HTML.

Windows Desktop Update
Windows Desktop Update was an optional feature included with Internet Explorer 4, which provided several updated shell features for older versions of Microsoft Windows. The Windows Desktop Update also added the ability to create desk-bands like the quicklaunch bar. It also updated the Windows file manager, explorer.exe (also a shell), to be more modular and extensible.

MSHTML
MSHTML (Trident) was a layout engine introduced with IE4. It was designed as a software component to allow software developers to easily add web browsing functionality to their own applications. It presents a COM interface for accessing and editing web pages in any COM-supported environment, like C++ and .NET. For instance, the WebBrowser control can be added to a C++ program and MSHTML can then be used to access the page currently displayed in the web browser and retrieve element values. Events from the WebBrowser control can also be captured. MSHTML functionality becomes available by connecting the file mshtml.dll to the software project.

Browser Helper Object
A Browser Helper Object (BHO) is a DLL module designed as a plugin for Internet Explorer 4.0, and provides added functionality. Most BHOs are loaded once by each new instance of Internet Explorer.

Adoption capability overview
IE4 supported 68k Macs, although this was dropped in Internet Explorer 4.5.

Windows
For Windows, 16MB of RAM, 11MB of disk space (minimum for install). The 16-bit version required a 486, 12 MB of RAM (or 16 MB for Java support), and 25 MB of disk space.

Mac
System Requirements for initial release of 4.0 for Mac:
 * Macintosh with 68030 or higher processor
 * System 7.1 or higher
 * 8 MB of RAM with virtual memory on (12 MB recommended)
 * 12 MB of hard disk space for IE4 and 8.5 MB of hard disk space for Java VM.
 * Open Transport 1.1.1 or higher or MacTCP 2.0.6 or, Config PPP or similar PPP connection software (Control Panel) with PPP (Extension).

IE 4.5 did not support 68k Macs.

Encryption
Internet Explorer 4 was the first version of the browser to support TLS 1.0. Internet Explorer 4 supported 40-bit and later 128-bit encryption through an add-on, using Server Gated Cryptography (SGC). A 256-bit encryption would not become available in IE for nearly 10 years.

128-bit encryption was available or included for these versions:
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.5 for Macintosh
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.5 128-Bit Edition
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.01
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 for Unix
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.01 Service Pack 2
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 for Macintosh
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 128-Bit Edition

If it is not possible to upgrade to 128-bit, then 40-bit (SGC) is standard.

Versions overview
Mac OS:
 * Version 4.0 – January 6, 1998
 * Version 4.5 – January 5, 1999

title: Internet Explorer 4


text:
Talk:Election stock market

Comments
The Iowa Election Market has been active since at least the mid 80's. Yes, it's at least 20 years old and to my knowledge significantly older than any other prediction market out there. However, to put this in context, UK bookies have been in business probably for the past three or four centuries and outcomes of elections probably have been long part of their business. - KarlHallowell 01:33, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Election stock market


text:
Internet Explorer 3

Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 (IE3) is the third, and by now, discontinued, version of the Internet Explorer graphical web browser which was announced in March 1996, and was released on August 13, 1996 by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and on January 8, 1997 for Apple Mac OS (see IE for Mac). It began serious competition against Netscape Navigator in the first Browser war. It was Microsoft's first browser release with a major internal development component. It was the first more widely used version of Internet Explorer, although it did not surpass Netscape or become the browser with the most market share. During its tenure, IE market share went from roughly 3–9% in early 1996 to 20–30% by the end of 1997. In September 1997 it was superseded by Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.

IE3 was the first commercial browser with Cascading Style Sheets support. It introduced support for ActiveX controls, Java applets, inline multimedia, and the Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) system for content metadata. This version was the first version of Internet Explorer to use the blue 'e' logo, which later became a symbol of the browser. Version 3 came bundled with Internet Mail and News, NetMeeting, and an early version of the Windows Address Book. There were 16-bit and 32-bit versions depending on the OS.

This is the first version of Internet Explorer developed without Spyglass source code, but still used Spyglass technology, so the Spyglass licensing information remained in the program's documentation. In 1996 Microsoft said of its new browser "Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 adds many new features which are great for HTML authors and demonstrates our accelerating commitment to W3C HTML standards."

It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows NT 3.5 and Windows NT 4.0 RTM—SP2.

Internet Explorer 3 is no longer supported, and is not available for download from Microsoft.

Overview
Internet Explorer 3.0 was released free of charge on the August 13, 1996. Microsoft thus made no direct revenues on IE and was liable to pay Spyglass only the minimum quarterly fee. In 1997, Spyglass threatened Microsoft with a contractual audit, in response to which Microsoft settled for $8 million U.S. Version 3 included Internet Mail and News 1.0 and the Windows Address Book. It brought the browser much closer to the bar that had been set by Netscape, including the support of Netscape's plugins technology (NPAPI), ActiveX, frames, and a reverse-engineered version of JavaScript named JScript. Later, Microsoft NetMeeting and Windows Media Player were integrated into the product and thus helper applications became not as necessary as they once were. CSS were introduced with version 3 of Internet Explorer. While IE1 and IE2 were said have "paled" in comparison to Netscape, IE3 "delivers a crushing blow to Netscape". The user interface notably changes, with much larger buttons, with more intricate icons, and with a light gray design behind it. Unlike later IE versions, users who upgraded to IE3 could still use the last IE by converting the previous version to a separate directory. It could import favorites into IE3 from IE1 or 2. The competition between Netscape and Microsoft heated up, with some saying the Internet community "became polarized on the issue of which web browser had the most features." Other new features included ActiveMovie multimedia API, HTML Layout Control, Quick Links toolbar, VRML.

Microsoft announced on July 29, 1996 that it would develop a native version of IE for "Solaris and other popular variants of UNIX" to be available "by the end of 1996" which would have "equivalent functionality as that provided in Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0", thus "delivering on its commitment to provide full-featured Web browser support on all major operating system platforms" as well as "supporting and promoting open standards, including HTML, ActiveX and Java". In March, 1997 following a dispute which "arose between Microsoft and Bristol concerning each other's performance of the 1996 IE Agreement" and likely because of contract negotiations with Bristol to access Windows source code after September 1997 failing, Microsoft reversed course and decided to directly port the Windows version in-house using the MainWin XDE (eXtended Development Environment) application from Mainsoft, the main competitor to Bristol Technology. (Microsoft would later use MainWin to port Windows Media Player and Outlook Express to Unix. ) Now well behind schedule, the 3.0 branch was apparently scrapped in favor of 4.0 (that was released for Windows half a year earlier), which used the new MSHTML (Trident) rendering engine. An Internet Explorer 4 Beta for Solaris was released by the end of 1997, leading to Internet Explorer for UNIX versions, which lasted until Internet Explorer 5.

Backwards compatibility was handled by allowing Users who upgraded to IE3 to still use the last IE, because the installation converted the previous version to a separate directory.

Security
The Princeton Word Macro Virus Loophole was discovered on August 22, 1996, nine days after Internet Explorer 3's release, which could allow Webmasters to cause an end-user's computer to initiate downloads without their consent via a backdoor. Microsoft patched the vulnerability the following day; however, researchers went on to find more vulnerabilities and new types of problems, such as the ability to spoof a website (similar to the later phishing problem), with these issues triggering public concern over browser security. In early 1997, Microsoft released IE 3.02 as an update to fix most of the discovered security problems.

Microsoft Authenticode became inoperable on June 30, 1997, when its trust anchor expired. After this, IE users needed to upgrade to Authenticode 2.0 which required at least IE 3.02. Authenticode is a code signing technology.

Internet Explorer version 3.0 for Macintosh
Internet Explorer 3 for Macintosh was released on January 8, 1997 for PPC, and added support for the SSL and NTLM security protocols and the PICS and RSACi rating systems that can be used to control access to websites based on content ratings. On November 5, 1996 Microsoft announced the release of a beta version for Mac of Internet Explorer version 3.0. This release added support for HTML version 3.2, CSS, Java applets and ActiveX controls. Keith Mitchell of Macworld noted in November 1996, when discussing the IE mac version, "With the near-simultaneous release of Netscape Navigator 3.0 (415/528-2555, http://www.netscape.com ) and Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 (206/882-8080, http://www.microsoft.com ), both companies are tripping over each other to entice Web users to their products." A problem with an operating system extension used in the Mac OS called CFM68K Runtime Enabler, led to a delay in the release of the version 3.0 for Macs based on the 68k line of processors. Four months later on May 14, Microsoft released version 3.01 which included a version for 68k-based machines. This version included features from the Windows version of Internet Explorer 4.0 such as AutoComplete and Monitoring Favorites that notified users when sites in their Favorites list have been updated. It included support for JavaScript and introduced a Download Manager and a Cookie Manager. The download manager was introduced in version 3.01; version 3.0 would open the download progress bar in the main browser window, forcing the user to either cancel the download and restart it in a new window, or wait for the transfer to complete. MacUser's review noted "While Netscape Navigator 3.0 is more feature-laden and consequently bigger and slower than previous incarnations, Microsoft Internet Explorer has been refined and optimised into a Web browser that has almost as many features, but is both smaller and faster than its rival."

Bundled software
IE3 launched with a variety of integrated apps. The following is a list of those apps and a brief description for each.

 * Internet Mail and News is an e-mail and news client included with IE3. It was replaced with Outlook Express 4.0 in IE4.
 * Windows Address Book is an address book app that maintains a database of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs. It can query LDAP servers and read or write data to a local .wab file.
 * Microsoft Comic Chat (not to be confused with the later Microsoft Chat) is a text-based online chat app that used cartoon avatars to display text and emotion. It was updated and renamed Microsoft Chat 2.0 in IE4.
 * RealPlayer is a streaming media player made by Progressive Networks (later called RealNetworks). The first version of RealPlayer was introduced in April 1995 as RealAudio Player and is one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet.

Later versions of Internet Explorer 3 included the following:
 * Microsoft NetMeeting is a VoIP and multi-point videoconferencing client that uses the H.323 protocol for video and audio conferencing.
 * Windows Media Player a media player that supports mainstream audio and video formats. The browser could play MIDI files on its own.

IE3 also included Microsoft Java Virtual Machine, which continued to be included until IE5.5. Because of a legal battle between Sun Microsystems (the developer of Java), Microsoft stopped offering it in 2001, although it was supported for several years after this (until the end of 2007).

Platform
Major Microsoft OS releases, switched to supporting version 4 or higher. Internet Explorer 3 had a Beta supporting Solaris (UNIX). IE4 integration with the OS meant systems that upgraded from Internet Explorer 3 to 4.0, or came with 4.0, could not easily revert to IE3 (see Removal of Internet Explorer). The Mac OS version supported PPC and 68k Macs, superseding IE 2.1. Microsoft released various 16- and 32-bit versions for Windows.

Internet Explorer 3.03, and subsequently 3.03 Service Pack 1, were released after the launch of IE4.

Encryption
Internet Explorer 3 was the first version of the browser to support SSL 3.0. The last patch versions of Internet Explorer 3 supported 40-bit and 128-bit encryption, using Server Gated Cryptography (SGC). 256-bit encryption would not become available in IE for nearly 10 years.

128-bit encryption was available or included for these versions:
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.03 SP1
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02
 * Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 for Macintosh

If it was not possible to upgrade to 128-bit, then 40-bit (SGC) was standard.

Version history
32-bit Internet Explorer 3 version numbers are in the form of 4.70.####, where # represents a varying digit.

title: Internet Explorer 3


text:
Internet Explorer 2

Microsoft Internet Explorer 2 (IE2) is the second, and by now discontinued, version of Internet Explorer (IE), a graphical web browser by Microsoft. It was unveiled in October 1995, and was released on November 27, 1995, for Microsoft Windows, and on April 23, 1996, for Apple Macintosh.

Version 2 launched with 12 languages, including English, but this would expand to 24, 20, and 9. It lacked many features that became common in later IE versions, including the blue 'e' logo, integration with Windows Explorer, and bundled programs. Its market share was also much lower than later versions. During its tenure, IE market share only went up to about roughly 3-9%.

It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows NT 3.1.

Internet Explorer 2 is no longer supported, and is not available for download from Microsoft.

History
IE replicated many of the quirks of Netscape Navigator, and allowed importing bookmarks from it. In May 1996, FTP Software announced it was providing Microsoft with various technology for Internet Explorer 2.0, including a PPP network, 16-bit email client, and other technology.

Availability
Internet Explorer version 2 was released in beta in October 1995, only 2 months after version 1 came out in Microsoft Plus! for 95 that August. It was released for Microsoft Windows in November 1995. The Beta for Mac on PowerPC came out in January, and the finalized version in April for 68k and PowerPC. The Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2 was included in Microsoft's Internet Starter Kit in early 1996. It launched with twelve languages, including English, but this expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1 and Mac respectively by April 1996. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-sets for supporting Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in web pages. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, the same month version 2 for Windows was superseded by Microsoft Internet Explorer 3. There were 16-bit and 32-bit versions depending on the OS.

Mac version
The Mac version, especially version 2.1, was praised for being economic with resources and for new features. Internet Explorer supported the embedding of a number of multimedia formats into web pages, including AVI and QuickTime formatted video and AIFF, MIDI and WAV formatted audio. The non-beta final version was released three months later on April 23, 1996. Version 2.1 fixed bugs and improving stability, but also added a few features such as support for the NPAPI (the first version of Internet Explorer on any platform to do so) and support for QuickTime VR. AOL 3.0 for Macintosh used the IE 2.1 rendering engine in its built-in web browser. The various 16 and 32 bit versions largely depended on the OS although NT-based systems would use the 16 bit versions. "Netscape has enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the browser market (about 90% according to some estimates), and this has allowed it to consolidate its position still further by introducing unofficial or 'extended' HTML tags. As a result, the Web is littered with pages that only work effectively if viewed in Navigator. By the time other browsers catch up, Netscape has made even more additions."

Features
IE2 introduced new or improved features for its time period. Many soon became ubiquitous (such as cookies) while others such as the integrated email client were removed in later versions due to being out of scope and better covered by dedicated software like Outlook. The features are:

 * Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol
 * HTTP cookies
 * Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)
 * Integrated email and news client
 * Support for SMTP and POP protocols
 * Support for newsgroups over NNTP protocol
 * Spelling checker
 * Automatic mail management (filter)
 * MIME
 * MAPI
 * JavaScript (from Internet Explorer 2.5)
 * HTML3
 * HTML tables
 * HTML Frames element support
 * Nonstandard tags, such as
 * RSA
 * PPP network stack
 * Bookmark importer for Netscape

title: Internet Explorer 2


text: Category:Brazilian business aircraft

title: Category:Brazilian business aircraft


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Solger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:13, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Solger
Solger only existed for 6 months, to my knowledge, only played local shows. Dosn't qualify for notability. Ryan Prior 01:36, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Phil Welch 02:20, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:53, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Fartz. Nateji77 04:55, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 06:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Solger


text:
User talk:Villamota~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Samw 01:37, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Villamota. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Villamota~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:15, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Villamota~enwiki