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General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center

General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center (formerly Naval Air Station Atlanta) is a military facility located 1 mi south of Marietta, Georgia, United States. It is located immediately south of Dobbins Air Reserve Base and shares its runways.

Before 1959, Naval Air Station Atlanta was located at what is now Peachtree Dekalb Airport, located northeast of Atlanta in DeKalb County. It operated until 26 September 2009 when the base closed its doors. The property is now owned by the state of Georgia as the new headquarters for the Georgia State Department of Defense. The Navy's website for NAS Atlanta was deleted soon after the transfer.

History
In April 1955, Congress appropriated more than $4 million to start building a new Naval Air Station at a more suitable location to allow longer runways. The site selected was a large military reservation jointly occupied by Dobbins Air Force Base and the Lockheed Company, between Marietta and Smyrna. The new air station was completed in April 1959. Naval Air Station Atlanta was originally located at what is now Peachtree-DeKalb Airport in Chamblee, until it moved in 1958. The Southern Technical Institute took over the barracks there, and it too moved in 1958 to Marietta, just on the other side of Dobbins AFB. Naval Air Station Atlanta's mission was to train Navy and Marine Corps Reservists assigned to numerous aviation and non-aviation reserve units. The command organization was made of more than 900 active duty military and civilian personnel. NAS Atlanta was the home of Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) 42, Carrier Air Wing Reserve Twenty, three Navy squadrons (flying the F/A-18, E-2 and C-9 aircraft), two Marine Corps squadrons (flying the F/A-18 aircraft, and AH-1W and UH-1 helicopters) as well as several other commands. In 2005, DoD recommended NAS Atlanta for closure and its constituent units relocated or consolidated at other installations.

Like NAS Willow Grove and NAF Washington/Andrews AFB, NAS Atlanta offers superb convenience and thus recruiting opportunities to the services’ reserve components, at some cost in operational flexibility. In the case of NAF Atlanta, that cost is imposed primarily in terms of airspace access.

The F/A-18s assigned to VFA-203 and VMFA-142 faced one of the more difficult airspace access challenges in the DoN. Operations at the Atlanta Hartsfield Airport impose a significant impact on surrounding airspace. Atlanta functions as a 360 degree hub, with approach, departure, bypass or overflight traffic using virtually all available airspace within 200 mi of the facility. The airspace northeast of Atlanta is probably the most congested, as it must accommodate departures and arrivals between Atlanta and cities in the northeast. Unfortunately, the primary airspace available to NAF Atlanta units, the Snowbird MOA/ATCAA lies in that quadrant.

The Air Station was proudly awarded the Edwin F. Conway Trophy in 1987, 1993 for being the most efficient Naval Air Station in the Naval Reserve, and the Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department (AIMD) won the Commander, Naval Reserve Force Robert S. Gray Maintenance Excellence Award in 1987 and 1992. In 1990 the air station was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for unprecedented accomplishments, consistent performance and unswerving dedication to duty. Other awards between 1988 and 1993 include: Secretary of Navy Energy Conservation Award; major claimant nominations for the Bronze Hammer Award, nomination for the Commander in Chief's Installation Excellence Award, and the 1992 Commander, Naval Air Reserve Force Safety Ashore Award.

NAS Atlanta is also the site of the Navy Lake Site, a military recreation area open to active, reserve, and retired military, located in a 25 acre park on Lake Allatoona reservoir. Not to be outdone, the Army has its own Lake Allatoona Army Recreation Area, an 85 acre resort on another part of the same lake at nearby Ft. McPherson.

NAS Atlanta closed its doors on 26 September 2009 in a base closing ceremony. The property was then turned over to the Georgia State Department of Defense for use as its new main base of operations.

Present day

In 2007, the state of Georgia announced that it had acquired the NAS Atlanta property as the new headquarters for the Georgia Army National Guard. This preceded plans for units in the remote corners of the state to consolidate at the base.

The first Georgia Army National Guard aircraft assigned to the new installation, a HH-60M Blackhawk, arrived on 25 August 2009. It was delivered to the 1/111 Medevac Unit fresh from the production line.

On 26 September 2009, the Georgia National Guard assumed ownership of the former Naval Air Station Atlanta at a formal transfer of facilities ceremony. The transfer was the result of the 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission report which recommended closing the 50-year-old Marietta base. Captain Chuck Mingonet officially turned over the base to General Nesbitt, Adjutant General of the Georgia State Department of Defense. Commander, Navy Region Southeast, Rear Admiral Tim Alexander was in attendance along with many other flag officers and dignitaries. Governor Sonny Perdue, members of Georgia's Congressional delegation and state legislature, as well as local dignitaries including Chairman Sam Olens and Commissioner Bob Ott, were on hand for the event. The facility's name was also changed to the General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center in honor of the World War II hero and coordinator of the Berlin Airlift. Clay was a Cobb County native. Following the ceremony, Georgia National Guard also held a groundbreaking for its new Joint Force Headquarters. The headquarters is scheduled for completion in 2012. More than 1,500 Georgia Guard soldiers and airmen will perform training on the property in the future.

Tenant aviation units

 * 78th Aviation Troop Command (Georgia Army National Guard)
 * Army Aviation Support Facility #2 (GA ARNG)
 * 1st Battalion, 171st Aviation Regiment
 * Detachment of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (GA ARNG)
 * Company A (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment of Company D (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment of Company E (GA ARNG)
 * 2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment
 * Detachment of Company C (GA ARNG)
 * 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment
 * Detachment of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment of Company C (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment of Company D (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment of Company E (GA ARNG)
 * Detachment 9 of Joint Operational Support Airlift Center (JOSAC), State Flight Detachment (GA ARNG)


text:
Generalized method of moments

In econometrics and statistics, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is a generic method for estimating parameters in statistical models. Usually it is applied in the context of semiparametric models, where the parameter of interest is finite-dimensional, whereas the full shape of the data's distribution function may not be known, and therefore maximum likelihood estimation is not applicable.

The method requires that a certain number of moment conditions be specified for the model. These moment conditions are functions of the model parameters and the data, such that their expectation is zero at the parameters' true values. The GMM method then minimizes a certain norm of the sample averages of the moment conditions, and can therefore be thought of as a special case of minimum-distance estimation.

The GMM estimators are known to be consistent, asymptotically normal, and most efficient in the class of all estimators that do not use any extra information aside from that contained in the moment conditions. GMM were advocated by Lars Peter Hansen in 1982 as a generalization of the method of moments, introduced by Karl Pearson in 1894. However, these estimators are mathematically equivalent to those based on "orthogonality conditions" (Sargan, 1958, 1959) or "unbiased estimating equations" (Huber, 1967; Wang et al., 1997).

Description
Suppose the available data consists of T observations {Yt }t = 1,...,T, where each observation Yt is an n-dimensional multivariate random variable. We assume that the data come from a certain statistical model, defined up to an unknown parameter θ ∈ Θ. The goal of the estimation problem is to find the “true” value of this parameter, θ0, or at least a reasonably close estimate.

A general assumption of GMM is that the data Yt be generated by a weakly stationary ergodic stochastic process. (The case of independent and identically distributed (iid) variables Yt is a special case of this condition.)

In order to apply GMM, we need to have "moment conditions", that is, we need to know a vector-valued function g(Y,θ) such that

m(\theta_0) \equiv \operatorname{E}[\,g(Y_t,\theta_0)\,]=0, $$ where E denotes expectation, and Yt is a generic observation. Moreover, the function m(θ) must differ from zero for θ ≠ θ0, otherwise the parameter θ will not be point-identified.

The basic idea behind GMM is to replace the theoretical expected value E[⋅] with its empirical analog—sample average:

\hat{m}(\theta) \equiv \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\theta) $$ and then to minimize the norm of this expression with respect to θ. The minimizing value of θ is our estimate for θ0.

By the law of large numbers, for large values of T, and thus we expect that. The generalized method of moments looks for a number which would make  as close to zero as possible. Mathematically, this is equivalent to minimizing a certain norm of (norm of m, denoted as ||m||, measures the distance between m and zero). The properties of the resulting estimator will depend on the particular choice of the norm function, and therefore the theory of GMM considers an entire family of norms, defined as

\| \hat{m}(\theta) \|^2_{W} = \hat{m}(\theta)^{\mathsf{T}}\,W\hat{m}(\theta), $$ where W is a positive-definite weighting matrix, and $$m^{\mathsf{T}}$$ denotes transposition. In practice, the weighting matrix W is computed based on the available data set, which will be denoted as. Thus, the GMM estimator can be written as

\hat\theta = \operatorname{arg}\min_{\theta\in\Theta} \bigg(\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\theta)\bigg)^{\mathsf{T}} \hat{W} \bigg(\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\theta)\bigg) $$

Under suitable conditions this estimator is consistent, asymptotically normal, and with right choice of weighting matrix also asymptotically efficient.

Consistency
Consistency is a statistical property of an estimator stating that, having a sufficient number of observations, the estimator will converge in probability to the true value of parameter:
 * $$\hat\theta \xrightarrow{p} \theta_0\ \text{as}\ T\to\infty.$$

Sufficient conditions for a GMM estimator to be consistent are as follows:
 * 1) $$\hat{W}_T \xrightarrow{p} W,$$ where W is a positive semi-definite matrix,
 * 2) $$\,W\operatorname{E}[\,g(Y_t,\theta)\,]=0$$  only for $$\,\theta=\theta_0,$$
 * 3) The space of possible parameters $$\Theta \subset \mathbb{R}^{k}$$ is compact,
 * 4) $$\,g(Y,\theta)$$  is continuous at each θ with probability one,
 * 5) $$\operatorname{E}[\,\textstyle\sup_{\theta\in\Theta} \lVert g(Y,\theta)\rVert\,]<\infty.$$

The second condition here (so-called Global identification condition) is often particularly hard to verify. There exist simpler necessary but not sufficient conditions, which may be used to detect non-identification problem:
 * Order condition. The dimension of moment function m(θ) should be at least as large as the dimension of parameter vector θ.
 * Local identification. If g(Y,θ) is continuously differentiable in a neighborhood of $$\theta_0$$, then matrix $$W\operatorname{E}[\nabla_\theta g(Y_t,\theta_0)]$$ must have full column rank.

In practice applied econometricians often simply assume that global identification holds, without actually proving it.

Asymptotic normality
Asymptotic normality is a useful property, as it allows us to construct confidence bands for the estimator, and conduct different tests. Before we can make a statement about the asymptotic distribution of the GMM estimator, we need to define two auxiliary matrices:
 * $$G = \operatorname{E}[\,\nabla_{\!\theta}\,g(Y_t,\theta_0)\,], \qquad

\Omega = \operatorname{E}[\,g(Y_t,\theta_0)g(Y_t,\theta_0)^{\mathsf{T}}\,]$$ Then under conditions 1–6 listed below, the GMM estimator will be asymptotically normal with limiting distribution:

$$\sqrt{T}\big(\hat\theta - \theta_0\big)\ \xrightarrow{d}\ \mathcal{N}\big[0, (G^{\mathsf{T}}WG)^{-1}G^{\mathsf{T}}W\Omega W^{\mathsf{T}}G(G^{\mathsf{T}}W^{\mathsf{T}}G)^{-1}\big].$$

Conditions:
 * 1) $$\hat\theta$$ is consistent (see previous section),
 * 2) The set of possible parameters $$\Theta \subset \mathbb{R}^{k}$$ is compact,
 * 3) $$\,g(Y,\theta)$$ is continuously differentiable in some neighborhood N of $$\theta_0$$ with probability one,
 * 4) $$\operatorname{E}[\,\lVert g(Y_t,\theta) \rVert^2\,]<\infty,$$
 * 5) $$\operatorname{E}[\,\textstyle\sup_{\theta\in N}\lVert \nabla_\theta g(Y_t,\theta) \rVert\,]<\infty,$$
 * 6) the matrix $$G'WG$$ is nonsingular.

Relative Efficiency
So far we have said nothing about the choice of matrix W, except that it must be positive semi-definite. In fact any such matrix will produce a consistent and asymptotically normal GMM estimator, the only difference will be in the asymptotic variance of that estimator. It can be shown that taking
 * $$ W \propto\ \Omega^{-1} $$

will result in the most efficient estimator in the class of all (generalized) method of moment estimators. Only infinite number of orthogonal conditions obtains the smallest variance, the Cramér–Rao bound.

In this case the formula for the asymptotic distribution of the GMM estimator simplifies to
 * $$\sqrt{T}\big(\hat\theta - \theta_0\big)\ \xrightarrow{d}\ \mathcal{N}\big[0, (G^{\mathsf{T}}\,\Omega^{-1}G)^{-1}\big]$$

The proof that such a choice of weighting matrix is indeed locally optimal is often adopted with slight modifications when establishing efficiency of other estimators. As a rule of thumb, a weighting matrix inches closer to optimality when it turns into an expression closer to the Cramér–Rao bound.

Implementation
One difficulty with implementing the outlined method is that we cannot take because, by the definition of matrix Ω, we need to know the value of θ0 in order to compute this matrix, and θ0 is precisely the quantity we do not know and are trying to estimate in the first place. In the case of Yt being iid we can estimate W as
 * $$\hat{W}_T(\hat\theta) = \bigg(\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\hat\theta)g(Y_t,\hat\theta)^{\mathsf{T}}\bigg)^{-1}.$$

Several approaches exist to deal with this issue, the first one being the most popular:

Another important issue in implementation of minimization procedure is that the function is supposed to search through (possibly high-dimensional) parameter space Θ and find the value of θ which minimizes the objective function. No generic recommendation for such procedure exists, it is a subject of its own field, numerical optimization.

Sargan–Hansen J-test
When the number of moment conditions is greater than the dimension of the parameter vector θ, the model is said to be over-identified. Sargan (1958) proposed tests for over-identifying restrictions based on instrumental variables estimators that are distributed in large samples as Chi-square variables with degrees of freedom that depend on the number of over-identifying restrictions. Subsequently, Hansen (1982) applied this test to the mathematically equivalent formulation of GMM estimators. Note, however, that such statistics can be negative in empirical applications where the models are misspecified, and likelihood ratio tests can yield insights since the models are estimated under both null and alternative hypotheses (Bhargava and Sargan, 1983).

Conceptually we can check whether $$\hat{m}(\hat\theta)$$ is sufficiently close to zero to suggest that the model fits the data well. The GMM method has then replaced the problem of solving the equation $$\hat{m}(\theta)=0$$, which chooses $$\theta$$ to match the restrictions exactly, by a minimization calculation. The minimization can always be conducted even when no $$\theta_0$$ exists such that $$m(\theta_0)=0$$. This is what J-test does. The J-test is also called a test for over-identifying restrictions.

Formally we consider two hypotheses:
 * $$H_0:\ m(\theta_0)=0$$ (the null hypothesis that the model is “valid”), and
 * $$H_1:\ m(\theta)\neq 0,\ \forall \theta\in\Theta$$ (the alternative hypothesis that model is “invalid”; the data does not come close to meeting the restrictions)

Under hypothesis $$H_0$$, the following so-called J-statistic is asymptotically chi-squared distributed with k–l degrees of freedom. Define J to be:
 * $$J \equiv T \cdot \bigg(\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\hat\theta)\bigg)^{\mathsf{T}} \hat{W}_T \bigg(\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^T g(Y_t,\hat\theta)\bigg)\ \xrightarrow{d}\ \chi^2_{k-\ell}$$  under $$H_0,$$

where $$\hat\theta$$ is the GMM estimator of the parameter $$\theta_0$$, k is the number of moment conditions (dimension of vector g), and l is the number of estimated parameters (dimension of vector θ). Matrix $$\hat{W}_T$$ must converge in probability to $$\Omega^{-1}$$, the efficient weighting matrix (note that previously we only required that W be proportional to $$\Omega^{-1}$$ for estimator to be efficient; however in order to conduct the J-test W must be exactly equal to $$\Omega^{-1}$$, not simply proportional).

Under the alternative hypothesis $$H_1$$, the J-statistic is asymptotically unbounded:
 * $$J\ \xrightarrow{p}\ \infty$$ under $$H_1$$

To conduct the test we compute the value of J from the data. It is a nonnegative number. We compare it with (for example) the 0.95 quantile of the $$\chi^2_{k-\ell}$$ distribution:
 * $$H_0$$ is rejected at 95% confidence level if $$ J > q_{0.95}^{\chi^2_{k-\ell}} $$
 * $$H_0$$ cannot be rejected at 95% confidence level if $$ J < q_{0.95}^{\chi^2_{k-\ell}} $$

Scope
Many other popular estimation techniques can be cast in terms of GMM optimization:

An Alternative to the GMM
In method of moments, an alternative to the original (non-generalized) Method of Moments (MoM) is described, and references to some applications and a list of theoretical advantages and disadvantages relative to the traditional method are provided. This Bayesian-Like MoM (BL-MoM) is distinct from all the related methods described above, which are subsumed by the GMM. The literature does not contain a direct comparison between the GMM and the BL-MoM in specific applications.

Implementations

 * R Programming wikibook, Method of Moments
 * R
 * Stata
 * EViews
 * SAS
 * Gretl

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Generalized method of moments


text:
Talk:Salt in the Bible

Speedy delete
I disagree that this page should be up for speedy deletion. It is not nonsense and should at least go the standard deletion route. --Alabamaboy 02:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not even a VfD candidate. The salt of the earth is a very notable concept in Christianity. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It was a speedy delete candidate b/c someone thought is was patent nonsense. I removed that delete notice. --Alabamaboy 03:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ya... I know :) you beat me to it! I think it's a pretty good attempt at explaining the phrase, which is quite notable in Christian circles. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I totally agree. While the article does need to be cleaned up, it is better than most new articles in dealing with a subject. --Alabamaboy 03:11, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Categorization

 * Is there an appropriate category for the article?--Cyberjunkie 03:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There must be a Christianity one. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bible version
I have used the King James Version, since studies show it is the most literal translation. Nathan Larson 03:23, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Shall we set up a disambig between Salt of the Earth and Salt of the earth? Nathan Larson 03:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Verifiability
I added to reference to David Bloch's article in order to confirm the historical information about salt being used as a salary for Roman soldiers. Nathan Larson 03:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Salt and light
Support They share the same scope. Rupert Loup (talk) 20:32, 20 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: In light of the much more recent deletion discussion I am removing the merge tag - there is consensus to keep this as a separate article. StAnselm (talk) 06:30, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

as a child of God
As a child of God your fundamental right over the world and the kindom of darkness is for you to know your battles sworn to destroy Satan and all is demon WATER is life you can decide to stay away from food but not water the Bible says in the book of JOHN 3:5 except a man be born of water and of the spirit he can not enter into the Kingdom of God, so the spirit of God can be in you but you need water to wash you.no matter the situation in life you most learn to use the elements of God that brings life to fight the Kingdom of darkness JOHN 4:14 High praise of God (talk) 07:09, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salt in the Bible


text: Category:Operas by Claude Debussy

title: Category:Operas by Claude Debussy


text:
Edison High School

Edison High School may refer to:

 * Thomas A. Edison High School (Queens), Jamaica, Queens
 * Thomas A. Edison High School (Elmira Heights), Elmira Heights, New York
 * Thomas A. Edison High School (Oregon), Portland, Oregon
 * Thomas A. Edison High School (Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Thomas A. Edison High School (Fairfax County, Virginia), Alexandria, Virginia
 * Thomas A. Edison Junior-Senior High School, Lake Station, Indiana
 * Edison High School (Fresno, California), Fresno, California
 * Edison High School (Huntington Beach, California), Huntington Beach, California
 * Edison High School (Stockton, California), Stockton, California
 * Edison High School (Minnesota), Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Edison High School (New Jersey), Edison, New Jersey
 * Edison High School (Milan, Ohio), Milan, Ohio
 * Edison High School (Richmond, Ohio), Richmond, Ohio
 * Edison High School (Portland, Oregon), not to be confused with the unrelated Thomas A. Edison High School in Portland, Oregon
 * Edison High School (San Antonio), Texas
 * Edison Junior-Senior High School, Yoder, Colorado
 * Burlington-Edison High School, Burlington, Washington
 * Miami Edison High School, Miami, Florida
 * Edison Preparatory School, Tulsa, Oklahoma
 * Thomas Edison High School of Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland
 * Edison Regional Gifted Center, Chicago, Illinois

title: Edison High School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simone Lehmann

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:05, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Simone Lehmann
Vanity Denni ☯ 02:53, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete this rather random bio. humblefool® 02:58, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity page -CunningLinguist 03:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy vanity --Xcali 05:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete looks more like what belongs on a User Page, if anywhere. --Douglas 12:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't a 'random' bio- not quite. According to a Nasa/Lockheed Martin Site:
 * Names: Karin Bergh, Karen Borski, Brett Bray, Alicia Foerster, Karen Lawrence, Corey Maender, Jessica Meir, Elkin Romero, Gwenn Sandoz, Dea Taylor, Simone Thomas, Jacqui vanTwest, Penny Wilkinson, Kiley WrenCompany: Lockheed Martin Space OperationsJob: Experiment Support Scientist (ESS). As ESSs, we support, coordinate, and implement human space life science experiments performed on ISS. We provide discipline expertise to our experiments including science requirements definition and management; serving as the science liaison between NASA and the Principal Investigator; supporting on-console real-time mission activities; training crewmembers; and managing experiment documentation.
 * Further search reveals this:
 * In other words, possible nepotism at NASA. That said, I think this safely fails the notability test, though I would argue an article on her husband wouldn't be out of place. Delete --Scimitar 15:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. An astronaut's spouse isn't inherently notable. --Etacar11 23:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:69.250.221.47

title: User talk:69.250.221.47


text:
Mixture (disambiguation)

A mixture is a combination of two or more chemicals, in which the chemicals retain their identity.

Mixture may also refer to:

 * Mixture (probability), a set of probability distributions often used for statistical classification
 * Mixture (organ stop), a special kind of pipe organ stop which has several pipes to each note
 * Bombay mix, called "mixture" in southern India
 * The Mixtures, an Australian rock band formed in 1965

title: Mixture (disambiguation)


text: Category:Operas by Ernest Reyer

title: Category:Operas by Ernest Reyer


text:
De oppresso liber

De oppresso liber is the motto of the United States Army Special Forces.

United States Army Special Forces tradition
In the United States Army Special Forces, the motto is traditionally believed to mean "to free from oppression" or "to liberate the oppressed" in Latin.

Actual translation
A correct translation of the Latin phrase de oppresso liber would be "from (being) an oppressed man, (to being) a free one".

Grammatical structure
The preposition de here means "from" in the sense of a change from one status to another, not intending separation from the oppressed, but moving from a source in the oppressed. Compare Ovid Fasti 5, 616: inque deum de bove versus erat, "he had been changed from an ox into a god", or Juvenal 7, 197: fies de rhetore consul, "from an orator you will become a consul". Oppresso is the past participle of opprimere ("to oppress") in the ablative case as governed by de, meaning "an oppressed person". The adjective Liber is in the nominative case, "a free person".

Similar phrases
The motto resembles a quote from St. Augustine: corripiendi sunt inquieti, [...] oppressi liberandi, "the turbulent have to be corrected, [...] the oppressed to be liberated". See also Isaiah 1:17: subvenite oppresso, "relieve the oppressed".

Lineage
The phrase stems from the exploits of World War II Office of Strategic Services Jedburgh/Sussex Teams operating behind the lines in France. Colonel Aaron Bank, father of United States Army Special Forces, and his teams enabled the French Resistance to grow and oppose the occupying German Army. The unconventional warfare tactics of Colonel Bank differed from the conventional warfare tactics of the rest of the United States Army in that they included clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict and that they were subversive to the Nazi forces in power.

Sculpture
The sculpture America's Response Monument is subtitled De Oppresso Liber. It is a life-and-a-half scale bronze statue located in the West Street lobby of One World Financial Center opposite Ground Zero in New York City. Unofficially known as the Horse Soldier Statue, it is the first public monument dedicated to the United States Special Forces and commemorates the servicemen and women of America's Special Operations response to 9/11, including those who fought in the early days of Operation Enduring Freedom, which led to the initial defeat of the Taliban in Afghanistan. It was conceived by a private citizen, sculptor Douwe Blumberg, and commissioned by an anonymous group of Wall Street bankers who lost friends in the 9/11 attacks.

The statue was dedicated on November 11, 2011, in a ceremony led by Vice President Joe Biden and Lt. Gen. John Mulholland, commander of Special Operations Command.

title: De oppresso liber


text:
Category:Canon cameras

Cameras made by Canon.

title: Category:Canon cameras


text:
A Nuevo México

A Nuevo México (To New Mexico) is the State Poem of the U.S. State of New Mexico. It was written by Luis Tafoya in January, 1911, and it was declared to be the official state poem during the fortieth legislative session, January, 1991. The official version is in both Spanish - as it was originally written - and English.

title: A Nuevo México


text:
Ely Buendia

Ely Eleandre Basiño Buendia (born November 2, 1970), is a Filipino musician, singer, songwriter and author who gained fame as the guitarist, lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the famed Filipino rock band, the Eraserheads and also the lead vocalist/rhythm guitarist of Pupil. He currently performs as the guitarist and singer-songwriter of the band Apartel.

Early life and education
Buendia was born in his parents' home in Naga City at 6:20 am on November 2, 1970. He is the second child of Ely Revilla Buendia (born c. 1942 in Goa, Camarines Sur) and Lisetta Ruiz Basiño (March 22, 1942, in Caramoan, Camarines Sur – August 28, 2008, in Manila). His parents were married on October 30, 1964, in Ragay, Camarines Sur. He first learned Kundiman from his mother while he started playing the guitar at the age of 7. Buendia attended preparatory education in Naga Parochial School (a Catholic school located at Naga City, Camarines Sur) and finished his elementary grades in Pasig Catholic College, Pasig, in 1983; and high school in University of Perpetual Help, Rizal. Buendia later enrolled in the University of the Philippines Diliman where he formed several bands like Bluidie Tryste and Sunday School, and finally the Eraserheads.

Eraserheads (1989–2002)
In December 1989, Ely Buendia, Raimund Marasigan, Marcus Adoro and Buddy Zabala formed their band, the Eraserheads, in the University of the Philippines Diliman, where Buendia majored in film at the College of Mass Communications (he began his first year in college in 1987). The band found that they weren't good at covering other people's hits, so they focused on writing their own material instead. In 1991, Buendia explained, "After all, if we committed a mistake no one would recognize it since they don't know the song, right?" Performing their original songs before live audiences soon earned them a cult following within the University, that gradually spread outside the campus. One of the songs, a pop song entitled "Pare Ko", which Buendia wrote, caused a stir, partly because of the lyrics that included cuss words.

The Eraserheads eventually signed a three-year deal with BMG Pilipinas. Their debut album, Ultraelectromagneticpop!, featured no less than the chart-topping Pare Ko and a host of other novelty pieces that had people listening and discovering more about the quartet. The album also brought the fledgling underground college rock scene to public awareness. 1993 saw the emergence of "Eraserheadsmania" because of their successive hit singles, sold-out concerts and thousands of fans.

Buendia continued to write songs for the band, many of which became hit singles and band classics. Eraserheads lasted for ten years before finally breaking up with Buendia and Adoro's departure. During its 10-year stint, the band produced eight studio albums along with other EPs and singles. Their gigs took them out of the country, with tours in the United States and other countries. One album, Aloha Milkyway, was released in the Asia-Pacific region. Eraserheads were also the first ever Filipino act to receive the "Moon Man" trophy for winning the 1997 MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award for the music video of their hit song, "Ang Huling El Bimbo". The latter was also written by Buendia, among many which the band released.

Leaving the Eraserheads
After weeks of speculation, it was confirmed that Buendia had left the band in mid-March 2002 for "reasons unknown". However, in subsequent interviews, Buendia referred to business matters as the cause of the band's break-up.

In an interview, Marasigan said he was "semi-surprised" when he heard the news, and wondered if Zabala already knew about it. Adoro told of the story now famous among Eraserheads fans about Buendia's cryptic SMS text message. He said Buendia sent in the text message that it's already time to "graduate". Adoro quipped in the same interview that Buendia's being the first to graduate was natural, since he was in Batch 1987 in UP Diliman, while they were in Batch 1988.

Zabala confessed in an interview that disbanding was not far from the members' minds. He mentioned that there were many occasions where they could have disbanded but they did not. Adoro expressed the belief of some people that the band was getting too old and that it was "selfish" for the band to continue, likely referring to comments about how it's time for other bands besides Eraserheads to shine. The band made it clear, though, that Buendia's departure from the band wasn't in any way violent and there was no shouting (sigawan) or any confrontation.

The three remaining original Eraserheads decided to continue. The "new" Eheads debuted at the local Hard Rock Cafe in Makati on April 19 with a female singer-guitarist, Kris Gorra-Dancel from the band Fatal Posporos. However, after a few months, Adoro left the band. The remaining members of Eraserheads, Marasigan and Zabala, thereafter added Diego Mapa and Ebe Dancel to their lineup and renamed their band, "Cambio".

The Eraserheads went onstage staged a reunion concert on August 30, 2008, at the Fort Open Field, Taguig, but which was cut short unexpectedly. The continuation of the concert was held at the SM Mall of Asia Concert Grounds on March 7, 2009.

The Mongols
After Ely's departure from the Eraserheads, he would invite musicians and jam together. He had no definite line-up at that time, "I have, like, 10 members in the band right now. I have two drummers, two bass players..." according to Ely in an interview with Martin Nievera. This jamming together with friends would eventually evolve into The Mongols. It was composed of guitarist J. Astro (also known as Jerome Velasco) (of The Teeth), bassist Yan Yuzon, drummer Bogs "Boga Man" Jugo (of the indie pop band Daydream Cycle), and Buendia on guitars and vocals, under the stage name Jesus "Dizzy" Ventura. The band was managed by Day Cabuhat, one of Eraserheads' former managers. According to one of Eraserhead's event producers, Ely's "Jesus" stage name was from an inside joke during Eraserhead's US Tour. Ely and Marcus bought replica sheriff badges at the Universal Studios Hollywood and Ely got a badge with the name "Jesus" while Marcus' was "Cesar".

The Mongols released a self-produced underground EP in CD-R format with factory-printed sleeves in April 2003, "A Fraction of A Second". It contains five tracks, "Case Logic", "No", "Tomorrowland", "KSP" and "Abstraction of A Second". It was released under Redrum Records.

After a few months, the Mongols decided to have their self-produced album distributed by Neo Records Inc. under the major label VIVA Records. The result is a thirteen-track album called Buddha's Pest released on November 8, 2003. Its tracks include "Keeper", "Bulakbol", "Bakit Nga Ba?", "Pony", "Teka Muna", "Candy Flip", "Heroine", "Wig Out", "It's Over", "Irish Spring", "Odd Even", "Your Bushido", plus an untitled instrumental track. It was produced by The Genghis Klan under Criminal Records.

Pupil
Shortly after The Mongols' guitarist, J. Astro, left the band, the remaining members renamed their group Pupil. Buendia chanced upon the band name while reading a medical book. The band gained mainstream popularity, in contrast to the Mongols. Bogs left the band after their first album Beautiful Machines, and was succeeded by Wendell Garcia. On the evening of January 7, 2007, Buendia had a near-fatal heart attack after performing with the band in Laguna, being sent to the Asian Hospital and Medical Center in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila for an emergency angioplasty.

Pupil's guitarist Yanny Yuzon left the band in 2013. Day Cabuhat Pupil's Manager announced that "Yanny is no longer. Transitions and changes are normal within any band structure and we all thank you for the understanding and continued support of all of our projects..."

The Oktaves
The band consists of Ely Buendia as the frontman, Nitoy Adriano as the lead guitarist, Chris Padilla also in Guitars, Ivan Garcia on bass and Bobby Padilla on drums. "Nitoy Adriano is a former member of quintessential Filipino rock band The Jerks. They are the original alternative and blues band of the Philippines. Current and past members are considered icons in the local music scene," MCA Music, Inc. said. "Chris Padilla, Bobby Padilla and Ivan Garcia are actually a three piece rockabilly group called Hilera. They may be new players in the scene compared to the other two members but they have already made quite an impact by winning the Nescafe sound school competition in 2005 and by being nominated and winning various rock awards," MCA added.

Their 1st album was the self-titled album The Oktaves. It has 12 tracks including their first single "K.U.P.A.L (K.P.L)", another single "Paakyat Ka Pa Lang, Pababa Na Ako" and the song "Bungo sa Bangin" by Ely Buendia.

Apartel
In 2016, Buendia launched a new band with Jay Ortega (of DRT, Gnash, Wally Gonzalez, and Tres), which is primarily focused on soul music, RnB, funk, and semblances of jazz. Buendia met Ortega during the latter's launch of his bar and cafe called Spin Cafe. The two later collaborated and started to form a group, with members and contributors Pat Sarabia (drums), Coco Coo (guitars), RJ Pineda (keyboards), Redge Concepcion (guitars), Louie Talan (bass), Carissa Ramos (bass), Deej Rodriguez (percussion), Roxy Modesto (saxophone), Wowie Ansano (trumpet), Pards Tupas (trombone), Joseph Cabañero (saxophone), Donna Sagun Señoran(harp and backup vocals), and Ramonne Rodriguez (backup vocals). Buddy Zabala (bass), Nitoy Adriano (guitars), Cooky Chua (backup vocals), Wendell Garcia (drums), and the group Bras Pas Pas Pas (horns), also shared their expertise to the band's album tracks. Entitled "Inner Play", the band's first album was released digitally on September 29, 2016. The double album 45RPM vinyl version was manufactured in Japan, and the band opted not to release in CD format due to piracy and decreasing number of CD users, which was released on November 12, 2016, at the HiFi Show, Dusit Thani Hotel. Inner Play will be released under Buendia and Ortega's own record label called Offshore Music. According to Buendia in an interview with Myx, their band name was inspired by the 1980s new wave band, The Motels. However, according to Buendia, Apartel's sound is a tribute to 1970s music, such as Stax Records, Motown, Manila Sound, APO Hiking Society, VST & Co., and Rico J. Puno. The band launched its first music video for their single "Is It Hip?" on September 17, 2016, in Victoria Court, Malate, and was directed by Marie Jamora and produced by Artikulo Uno Productions. On January 16, 2017, Jay Ortega left the band to pursue a solo career. The band also covers songs from its influences such as Sly & Family Stone's "Thank You For Talking To Me Africa". The band released Inner Play (Remixes) in 2017. Its latest album, "Full Flood", was released in 2018.

Touring Band Members

 * Wendell Garcia - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2007-present)
 * Audry Garcia Dioniso - rhythm guitar, synthesizer, backing vocals (2017-present)
 * Nitoy Adriano - lead guitar (2011-present)
 * Pat Sarabia - drums, percussion (2016-present), backing vocals (2017-2022)
 * Dok Sergio - bass guitar, backing vocals (2022-present)
 * Moon Carlo - drums, percussion (2023-present)

Former Touring Band Members

 * Mayo Baluyut - bass guitar, electric guitar, vocals (2012-2017)
 * Coco Coo - guitar (2016-2018)
 * Redge Concepcion - guitar (2016-2019)
 * Wowee Ansano - trumpet (2012-2020)
 * Joseph Cabanero - saxophone (2012-2020)
 * Pards Tupas - trombone (2012-2020)
 * Lily - backing vocals 1 (2012-2020)
 * Marj - backing vocals 2 (2012-2020)
 * Telay Robles- backing vocals 3 (2012-2020)
 * Ryan Goan - keyboards, piano, backing vocals (2012-2020)
 * Carissa Ramos - bass guitar, backing vocals (2016-2024; it's now a solo artist since 2021)
 * Carissa Ramos - bass guitar, backing vocals (2016-2024; it's now a solo artist since 2021)

Health
On January 7, 2007, Ely Buendia suffered a heart attack or acute myocardial infarction secondary to arterial blockage. It began when Buendia complained about finding it a bit hard to breathe while they were on the way to a gig in Laguna. But he dismissed it as mere heartburn. After some time, Buendia was reportedly in the middle of a song during a gig in Calamba, Laguna when he felt a sudden pain in his chest and left arm. He was rushed to an intensive care unit at the Asian Hospital and Medical Center in Alabang, Muntinlupa. "It turns out that he'd been having a heart attack for the last twenty five hours." according to ex-eheads manager Jessica Zafra. Doctors performed an angiogram on the frontman and it confirmed the heart attack as two of his arteries were blocked. Buendia's condition was confirmed stable after an emergency angioplasty operation headed by Dr. Benjie Luna during the same night. According to Dok Sergio, "Ely is fine, successful yung surgery last night. (Last night's surgery was a success)."

The second angioplasty operation conducted on Ely Buendia on January 10, 2007, was successful and is secured from having heart attack recurrence. "The operation was a super success. He is totally out of danger and heart attack recurrence is not expected." according to Buendia's attending physician and cardiac surgeon, Dr. Wilfred Dee. Buendia left hospital by the night of January 15, 2007.

This event prompted rap artist Francis Magalona, a longtime friend of Buendia and the other Eraserheads, to state the following in his personal blogsite: "Fast forward to right now, 9:58 am, Jan. 9, a lot of what ifs scenarios pop in my head. What if the E-heads members are back, like long-lost blood brothers? What if "the most significant OPM band of Pinoy Rock" would be in one room, what would happen?" And in postscript he adds, "Para sa akin panahon na para mag-reunite ang E-heads. Sugod na mga kapatid...rock & roll na hanggang umaga.", which roughly translates, "For me, it's time for E-Heads to reunite. Let's go brothers...rock & roll until the morning comes."

Ely's first on-stage public appearance after his heart attack was on Saturday, February 10, 2007, as his band, Pupil, performed at The Music Hall in SM Mall of Asia, in an Animax event called "Love Is In The Air". The event featured a speed dating event as a welcome celebration for Valentine's Day and live performances from other local artists such as Callalily and Amber. Pupil is also part of "Super Proxy Jam". It is an event that is hoping to spread awareness for the importance of Cardiovascular Health and for the benefit of The Heartist Foundation Inc.

Eraserheads reunion
Buendia joined Marasigan, Adoro, and Zabala for a one-night-only reunion show on August 30, 2008, at The Fort Open Grounds, In Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. The concert, however, was cut short after Buendia collapsed due to emotional stress. They were already halfway of a planned 30-song setlist as Ely reportedly collapsed backstage during a break and was rushed to the Makati Medical Center. Results showed that Buendia suffered from a slight attack and Hypokalemia. The doctors at Philippine Heart Center had found another blocked artery and performed angioplasty right away, which is Buendia's third since 2007. On September 5, 2008, Buendia was discharged from the hospital.

Literature

 * Ely Buendia had a broadsheet column, entitled "CURSOR", published weekly (every Saturday) in the Entertainment Section of the Manila Bulletin. Due to Buendia's musical career, CURSOR was last published during the first Saturday of September 2006.
 * Ely's sci-fi short story "The Pillar" was published on the March 2009 issue of Rogue magazine, with illustrations by Arnold Arre. The Pillar will be released as a graphic novel in June 2011, with illustrations by Jason Moss, who is one of the pioneers of Adarna House.

TV and films

 * Aside from starring with Eraserheads in the movie Run Barbi Run, Ely played a cameo role in Rufa Mae Quinto's movie entitled Masikip Sa Dibdib where he was playing and singing "Keeper" by The Mongols in a live stage set with audiences going wild and enjoying the music.
 * Buendia appeared in Saab Magalona's short film Spoonfeed.
 * A 13-minute indie film entitled Waiting Shed was produced by Cinemanila's Anima and Tikoy Aguiluz and was shown as part of Cinemanila's Sine Barangay. The film was directed by Ely Buendia, making it his first. Waiting Shed premiered with Marcus Adoro's indie film The Artist Is In.
 * Ely Buendia was chosen by MTV Philippines as a voice actor in the Filipino version of MTV Asia's Intersection animated film. It is also a campaign of MTV Exit and USAID against exploitation and trafficking, which features soundtrack from Radiohead and Thievery Corporation. Other voice actors are Anne Curtis, Dingdong Dantes, Epi Quizon, and Dolly Anne Carvajal.
 * He guested as "Dave", the older brother of Chris Brawner, in Manny Pacquiao's comedy sitcom, Show Me Da Manny. In the later part of the show, Buendia performed "Disconnection Notice" with his band Pupil. The episode was aired on September 13, 2009.
 * He appeared in the Metro Manila Film Festival Best Picture Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story, as well as the artist of the soundtrack. He won Best Theme Song in the recent MMFF Awards.
 * He also appeared in the indie film rakenrol as himself.
 * Ely Buendia directed the indie film entitled "Bang Bang Alley", starring Megan Young, Gabe Mercado, Jimmy Santos, Arthur Acuña, and Bela Padilla.

Solo projects and collaborations

 * Buendia had a solo project, even before leaving Eraserheads. He recorded ten tracks in his home studio, Suite 16 Studios." The album was called Wanted Bedspacer, and it comprised the tracks "Wanted Bedspacer," "Monday Mundane," "Kakaiba," "Santo," "Over 18," "Tapos Na," "Acid Tongue," "Oras," "Shallow Breathing," and "Hotchik". The cassette version of the album has a bonus track titled "In the Midnight".
 * In mid-2008, Buendia commenced a series of solo gigs. He mostly sang Eraserheads songs accompanied by indie bands or sessionists, without his band Pupil. First he had a local performance with the Oven Toaster band in the Mag:net Cafe, the Fort. Then he performed an all-Eraserheads number in Manning Bar, Sydney, Australia. He also made a new version of "Ang Huling El Bimbo" with FILharmoniKa orchestra for Kumpas compilation, headed by Gerard Salonga, brother of Lea Salonga.
 * Ely Buendia co-produced Sugar Hiccup's Oracle album with Raimund Marasigan.
 * Ely Buendia and his sister, Lally Buendia wrote the songs "Black Whole", "Sucker" and "Marble" for Domino's Fair Tales album. His wife, Diane played Glockenspiel on "In Your Arms and Pedalpitch on "Provocatrice". Fair Tales was co-produced by Ely (together with his sister), and was mixed by him as well (together with Lazyboy). Domino was fronted by Lally Buendia and the album was released commercially under Viva Records in 2003.
 * He composed True Faith's "Kung 'Di Rin Lang Ikaw" with lyrics by J. Bacasmas and arranged by Ron Soriano for PolyEast Records. Bacasmas is the vocals behind Ultraelectromagneticpop's "Ganjazz."
 * "Magasin" which he wrote was sampled for the track "Girl On Da Magazin" by Flip-Hop group, Legit Misfitz.
 * He wrote the songs "Dahan Dahan Lang", "Mga Babae" and "Something Always Brings Me Back To You" sung by the female funk, R&B, rap, and soul music group, Novia under BMG Pilipinas (Then Sony BMG Music Philippines & now currently as Sony Music Philippines).
 * Buendia wrote a song called "Stone's Throw" for Sponge Cola's debut album Palabas.
 * He also collaborated with Pinoy Rap artists in the song "Private Diane" with Francis Magalona and Death Threat. It was released under Sony Music. Buendia furthered the collaboration with rapper Beware (also of Death Threat) titled "Pag Puti ng Uwak", under the album Revenge of tha Undaground, which was released in 2007.
 * He used the codename "MH Hesus" when he sang back-up vocals for Parokya Ni Edgar's "Hosanna Ngayong Pasko" Christmas song in the Jingle Balls Silent Night Holy Cow album. MH actually means Maalalahanin, it is the street somewhere in Teachers Village, Quezon City, where Ely Buendia used to live.
 * Buendia also sang "Suntok Sa Buwan", an APO Hiking Society original. It was included in the OST of 2000 Viva Films movie Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw, starring Regine Velasquez and Robin Padilla.
 * Buendia also collaborated with the late Francis Magalona for their new album, In Love & War, released in May 2010, with their hit single, "Higante".
 * Buendia celebrated his 40th birthday with a one-off concert entitled "Ely Buendia XL (Xtra Live)" at Republiq Bar, Resorts World Manila. Aside from his main band, Pupil, guest artists performed with him, including Dope Militia, Raimund Marasigan, Hilera, Turbo Goth, Diego Mapa, Rommel Dela Cruz, Brigada and Francis Brew Reyes. "XL" is the Roman numeral of 40, as suggested by Buendia's father.
 * Buendia was featured in Pete Best's Beatlefest 2010 concert held at the Aliw Theater on September 11, 2010. The concert was produced by Steve O'Neal Productions and featured Pete Best, Ramon Jacinto, Rene Garcia, Mcoy Fundales and the Glass Onion Band. Buendia sang Beatles songs such as I Feel Fine, She Said She Said, We Can Work It Out and Dear Prudence.
 * In 2011, Ely Buendia contributed to Rock Ed Philippines and celebrated José Rizal's works using his song "Bungo Sa Bangin". It features Pepe Smith on drums, Kat Agarrado of Sinosikat? and Sarah Gaugler of Turbo Goth on backing vocals, Nitoy Adriano of The Jerks on lead guitar, Paolo Peralta of The Camerawalls on rhythm guitar and synths, and Niño Mesina of Afterimage on bass. Sandwich, The Dawn, Aiza Seguerra and many other OPM artists contributed to Rock Ed Philippines as well. Their works were released free and under Creative Commons license.
 * Buendia collaborated with the independent band The Purplechickens for a Bob Dylan tribute night he set up. The band also appears in In Love And War where they covered the Dylan classic "It's Alright, Ma" (along with singer Radha).
 * Elytistas was a short-lived endeavor band fronted by Ely Buendia with Diane Ventura on drums, Dok Sergio on bass and JP Cuison of Kiko Machine as lead guitarist. It performed mainly in saGuijo Cafe Makati and as a part of Livestock Productions. Buendia later formed another endeavor band, Ely Buendia and the Diamond Dogs, which covers David Bowie songs and other classics. It is fronted by Ely Buendia and composed of Nitoy Adriano of The Jerks and Jesse Grinter of Gaijin on guitars, Micaela Benedicto of Outerhope on keyboards, Mayo Baluyut of Revenge Avenger on bass and Wendell Garcia on drums.
 * In 2011, Buendia revealed his new band called "Oktaves" under MCA Universal. Buendia's cover of La Paloma in the movie Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story won the MMFF Award Best Original Theme Song, which later became an Oktaves song. Compared to Pupil and The Mongols, the Oktaves focuses on rock music from the 1950s to early 1970s. It is currently composed of Ely Buendia (frontman, guitars), Nitoy Adriano (lead guitars) Chris Padilla (vocals and guitars), Ivan Garcia (bass) and Bobby Padilla (drums).
 * In 2013, Buendia collaborated with Rico Blanco, Barbie Almalbis and Raimund Marasigan, they covered "Tayo’y Mga Pinoy" by Heber Bartolome.
 * In early 2016, Buendia formed a new soul indie band called Apartel. He is the vocalist, guitarist, and main creative proponent for the group.
 * For 2016, Buendia also had his "Greatest Hits" U.S. Tour with Nitoy Adriano, Wendell Garcia, and sessionist musicians, which was held in various venues such as Loew's Jersey Theatre, Aratani Theatre, Historic BAL Theatre, and many others.
 * As part of Buendia's record label, Offshore Music, he launched a series of collaborations with the band, Itchyworms. It is under the name "Ely Buendia and the Itchyworms, and have already released two songs, "Lutang" and "Pariwara".
 * In 2020, Buendia joined various OPM artists in honor of frontliners, the project was headed by Ogie Alcasid and joined by Regine Velasquez-Alcasid, Gary Valenciano, Lea Salonga, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Pops Fernandez, Martin Nievera, Lani Misalucha, Noel Cabangon, Piolo Pascual, Bamboo, Ely Buendia, Rico Blanco, Erik Santos, Christian Bautista, Jed Madela, Nyoy Volante, Angeline Quinto, KZ Tandingan, Morissette, Klarisse, Janine Berdin, Jason Dy, Sam Concepcion and Lara Maigue.

Commercial projects

 * As early as January 2006, there were reports that some of Pupil's fans have been hearing a new song called "Luk4 Jingle", as it was played on some radio stations and also during the ending credits video of the original episodes of Studio 23's Barkada Trip. Although due to lack of indications and confirmations from the band and related organizers that time, it was quite unclear if the song was actually from the band or was an old solo project of Ely or the vocals of the said song just sounded like Ely. Until recently, the song was finally confirmed, heard and witnessed when the band played it (titled "Text LUK4") live during the finale of DPC Yellow Pages' "Luk4 The Million – City Adventure Challenge" held on December 8, 2006, at the Metrowalk. Although Pupil plays it during live performances, the song itself was a side project of Ely's.
 * Ely Buendia was included in a commercial project for San Miguel Beer's Red Horse product line, alongside various Filipino Rock icons: Basti Artadi from Wolfgang, Marc Abaya from Kjwan, Kevin Roy from Razorback, and Pepe Smith from Juan dela Cruz Band. He also became an endorser of the Red Horse Muziklaban. During the 2007 Muziklaban, he performed "Nasaan Ka?" with Kjwan as his ad hoc band.
 * Buendia is part of Coca-Cola Philippine's Coke Zero campaign with Billy Crawford and Gaby Dela Merced. The campaign was launched on SOP and is generally about the health awareness of the brand. He also participated in a similar but more formal campaign in 2008 with Quaker Oats.
 * Ely Buendia was brought back together with Eraserheads bandmates Marcus Adoro, Raymund Marasigan, and Buddy Zabala to go all out for a new, complete prepaid offer of Smart Communications.

Free Mali
Buendia is a supporter of PETA's campaign to free Mali from captivity in the Manila zoo and have her moved to Boon Lott's Elephant Sanctuary in Thailand."I am urging my fans to raise their voices to help free Mali,[She] has been lonely for more than 36 years," the 43-year-old musician thinks that "a sanctuary can give her (Mali) the kind of life that she needs and deserves."

On-stage equipment

 * Fender Telecaster MIJ
 * Fender American Standard (Sunburst) Stratocaster
 * Fender American Standard (Natural) Telecaster
 * Fender Jaguar                                      || Dunlop M-101
 * Fender Jazzmaster                                  || Dunlop M-102
 * Gibson Les Paul Custom
 * Gibson Les Paul                                    || Dunlop M-103
 * Gibson SG                                          || Dunlop M-108
 * Gretsch Electromagnetic                    || Dunlop M-109
 * Gretsch Nashville Reissue
 * Gretsch 6128
 * Rickenbacker 360
 * Yamaha Acoustic Guitars
 * Taylor Acoustic Guitars
 * Martin Acoustic Guitars
 * Lumanog Guitar

Personal life
Buendia has two children with his first wife, Vicky Cayago, and one child with Pupil co-manager Diane Ventura. He had a relationship with Andi Trinidad of Mega Magazine and reportedly dated TV5 news anchor and model Shawn Yao.

title: Ely Buendia


text: Category:Cameras by brand

title: Category:Cameras by brand


text:
Justice League Elite

Justice League Elite was a twelve-issue comic book limited series published monthly by DC Comics in 2004 and 2005. The title was created by writer Joe Kelly and penciller Doug Mahnke. The limited series is a spin-off from the JSA title.

The Justice League Elite was formed to attempt black ops that would not be acceptable for the JLA to "sully their hands" with.

"'The Justice League Elite are a not-exactly-sanctioned, don't-ask-don't-tell, covert operations unit-- newly formed to hunt and eliminate extra-normal threats to the earth before they go public'. (JLA Secret Files and Origins 2004)"

The team was formed at the end JLA #100 from most of the second incarnation of The Elite (only missing Hat), members of the JLA and a couple of spies/assassins. They operated out of Somerset, New Jersey.

Membership

 * Sister Superior, sister of the Elite's first leader Manchester Black, sees the Elite as a means of atoning for her brother's actions.
 * Coldcast, the only original member of the Elite in the JLE, and inspired by Superman to fight for right after his earlier actions in the Elite.
 * Menagerie, joined with an alien weapon crèche (formerly bonded to her comatose sister) which drove her insane, now in a metahuman prison facility.
 * Manitou Raven and his wife Dawn (who later becomes Manitou Dawn after her husband's death), serving as the team's magical expert.
 * Green Arrow (Oliver Queen), serving as the team's tactical expert and left-winger, commonly coordinating their battles from the base; has a brief affair with Dawn.
 * Flash (Wally West), working in the Elite after recent events caused him to question the League's policy of only reacting to threats; he was a member of both teams simultaneously, but used a new, dark costume for his time with the Elite.
 * Major Disaster, a former supervillain who reformed and went on to join the Justice League.
 * Kasumi, supposedly an assassin who killed two hundred men before she was sixteen, but actually an undercover Batgirl (Cassandra Cain), sent by Batman to monitor the Elite.
 * Naif al-Sheikh, an Arab expert in international espionage who was brought in by Vera Black because she believed his dislike of metahumans would keep the team in check.

Collected editions
The group's appearances have been collected in two trade paperbacks:
 * Justice League Elite:
 * Volume 1 (collects: Action Comics #775, JLA #100, JLA Secret Files 2004, and Justice League Elite #1–4, 208 pages, 2005, Titan ISBN 1-84576-191-X, DC ISBN 1-4012-0481-3)
 * Volume 2 (collects Justice League Elite #5–12, 192 pages, 2007, Titan ISBN 1-84576-632-6, DC ISBN 1-4012-1556-4)

title: Justice League Elite


text:
David Ogilvie

David Ogilvie may refer to:

 * Dave Ogilvie, Canadian record producer and musician
 * David Ogilvie (cricketer) (born 1951), former Australian cricketer

title: David Ogilvie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dark Doctrine Satanism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Dark Doctrine Satanism
I'm not sure about this one. It looks a lot like vanity and/or promotion, (the word "we" appears in the article). Google hits: func (talk) 03:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Dark Doctrine Satanism" 1 hit
 * "Dark Doctrine" Satanism 139 hits
 * "Dark Doctrine" 768 hits, most of them not concerning satanism

 * Delete - Not only does it look/read like vanity, and get very few google hits but a lot of the information in it seems hoaxed/nonsensical. While according to google there is such a thing as "The Satan Shop" nothing related to said shop having to do with any Schwarzenegger ornaments or "UBS gay dolls" comes up on Google -CunningLinguist 03:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Further comment: This page is similar to another page recently listed on VfD: Satanic Reds Social Realists -CunningLinguist 03:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like same folks to me; somebody look at the user/ip creating these. Delete. humblefool® 04:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - infernocruft... I mean vanity nonnotable unverifiable nonsense. DreamGuy 04:56, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. --Xcali 05:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Operas by Camille Saint-Saëns

title: Category:Operas by Camille Saint-Saëns


text:
Netaji Subhas Open University

Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU) is a state open university imparting distance education in eastern India

History
It was established in 1997 to commemorate the birth centenary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. It has its headquarters at 1, Woodburn Park, Kolkata - 700020, It was the residence of Sarat Chandra Bose from late 1928. Netaji lived mainly at 38/2 Elgin Road & at Woodburn Park between 1928 and 1931. Its medium of instruction is English and Bengali. Modelled on the Open University, UK and the IGNOU, it offers courses in different disciplines of taught graduate and post-graduate study and is one of the largest growing education universities in eastern India. The logo was designed by eminent painter Professor Mrinal Kanti Roy.

Administration

 * Chancellor: C. V. Ananda Bose, Governor of West Bengal.
 * Vice-Chancellor: Professor Indrajit Lahiri
 * Registrar : Sri Kishore Sengupta
 * Director, Study Centres: Sri Ashit Baran Aich
 * Finance Officer : Sri Sachindra Chandra Kar
 * Controller of Examinations: Mrs Rokeya Ray

School

 * School of Science.
 * School of Humanities.
 * School of Social Sciences.
 * School of Professional Studies.
 * School of Education.
 * School of Vocational Studies.

Campus
The university functions from the following campuses:
 * Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700064 (Headquarters of all administrative works)
 * Netaji Subhas Open University, 1st Floor, K2, Bidhan Nagar Fire Station, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091 (School of Sciences, Publications, Online and Video-Conferencing Units)
 * Netaji Subhas Open University, 25/2, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019 (School of Education)
 * Netaji Subhas Open University, 2nd Floor, 134/1, Meghnad Saha Sarani, Kolkata 700029 (School of Professional and Technological Studies, Office of the Controller of Examinations and Centre for Language Studies)
 * Regional Centre, Netaji Subhas Open University, Kalyani Ghoshpara, Kalyani—741235 (University's first eco-friendly green campus)
 * Regional Centre, Netaji Subhas Open University, Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, Durgapur, Pachim Bardhaman - 713 214.(adjacent to Durgapur Govt. Degree College)
 * Regional Centre, Netaji Subhas Open University, Patkata, Kotwali, Jalpaiguri - 735 102.(Inside the premises of Govt. Engineering College, Jalpaiguri)
 * Netaji Subhas Open University, 24/8, Garcha 1st Lane, Kolkata 700019 (Transmission Centre of FM Channel Gyan Vani).
 * Ben Fish Bhavan, Salt Lake (another Print and Publication Section).

At present, the university is continuing its work with 150 NSOU Study Centre List of Undergraduate BDP/UG. In the near future, more study centres will be opened.

Teaching methods
To provide individualised support to its students, NSOU has the large number of Study Centres throughout West Bengal.

NSOU uses a variety of methods for distance learning:

1. Self Instructional Material: Self instructional study materials are distributed to the students through the Study Centres.

2. Audio-Video CD: Audio and video cassettes of a specific programme are supplied to the Study Centres. The audiotapes are run and video cassettes are screened at the Study Centres.

3. Personal Contact Programme: Instruction are imparted through self-instructional study materials and Personal Contact Programme. The Personal Contact Programme is generally held on Saturdays and Sundays.

4. Gyan Vani FM Channel: NSOU started the Gyan Vani FM, Kolkata, a radio channel on 105.4 MHz.

5. Interactive Radio Counselling: The university broadcasts different subjects on 4th Sunday of every month through All India Radio (AIR) at Kolkata B. Apart from the regular classes various topics on Awareness Programme; Support Services Special Programme of National importances are also broadcast.

Awards
In 2006, Netaji Subhas Open University received Excellence in Distance Education Award (EDEA) from Commonwealth of Learning (COL) for institutional excellence.

title: Netaji Subhas Open University


text: User talk:69.141.93.173

title: User talk:69.141.93.173


text: Category:Operas by Michele Carafa

title: Category:Operas by Michele Carafa


text: User talk:70.242.106.143

title: User talk:70.242.106.143


text:
Islam and Dhimmitude

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide is a book by Bat Ye'or.

Reception
Norman A. Stillman, Professor of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma, in his review for Israel Studies Forum, says
 * "For Bat Ye'or dhimmitude is itself a civilisation, which she defines as "a comprehensive system of laws, traditions and culture evolving in duration according to specific and structural parameters, which maintain its homogeneity, its behavioural patterns and their transmission." Dhimmitude she argues is not only a civilisation, but it is the mindset and behaviour patterns of the non-Muslim people's themselves. ... As with her previous books, this one marshals a great deal of evidence, and has some very valid points to make, but again, as with her former efforts, the material is so one-sidedly selective, so oversimplified, and her rhetoric so hyperbolic and bathetic that whatever merits there are in her arguments are thoroughly overshadowed by the tendentiousness of the polemics."

title: Islam and Dhimmitude


text: User talk:69.59.64.243

title: User talk:69.59.64.243


text: Category:Nikon cameras

title: Category:Nikon cameras


text:
Charles R. Codman

Charles Russell Codman (February 22, 1893 – August 25, 1956) was an American writer, wine expert, and aide to General George S. Patton during World War II.

Biography
Codman was a Boston, Massachusetts native who was born into an old, notable, and wealthy New England family. After graduating from Harvard College in 1915, he enlisted in the American Field Service. When the United States entered World War I, Codman became a pilot and saw combat in France as a first lieutenant in the 96th Aero Squadron. His heroics earned him the Silver Star and the Croix de Guerre.

After the war, Codman worked part-time in France as a wine buyer and part-time in Boston as a real estate manager. When Nazi Germany invaded France in 1940, Codman was in the invaded country on a wine buying trip, and escaped to Lisbon on the last plane out of Bordeaux.

In 1942, Codman re-joined the United States Army at the rank of major. Because of his fluency in the French language, he was assigned as a translator to accompany Operation Torch, the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa. In the latter stages of the North African Campaign, he met Patton, who soon asked him to serve as his aide-de-camp, which Codman did for the rest of the war. (In the 1970 movie Patton, Codman is played by Paul Stevens.)

In 1945, Codman left the Army at the rank of colonel. He returned to Boston and his real estate business, which he ran until his death.

Codman's marriage to Theodora Larocque lasted more than 35 years. Their only child, a son who was his father's namesake, died at age 24 in Paris in 1946.

Publications

 * Years and Years : Some Vintage Years in French Wines. Boston : S. S. Pierce, 1935.
 * Contact. Boston : Little, Brown, 1937.
 * Drive. Boston : Little, Brown, 1957.

title: Charles R. Codman


text:
User talk:Ralph McDonald

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Samw 03:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Ralph McDonald


text: File:IslamAndDhimmitude.jpg

title: File:IslamAndDhimmitude.jpg


text:
Armenian needlelace

Armenian needlelace (also known as Bebilla, Nazareth Lace and Knotted Lace) is a pure form of needle lace made using only a needle, thread and pair of scissors.

Various threads are used in embroidery: cotton, silk, wool (often colored), as well as beads, pearls, feathers, precious stones, gold threads, silver threads, coins, etc.

Embroidery is used to decorate clothes, hats, blankets, socks, household items to create decorative images.

History
Needlework comes from ancient times, when people used plant thorns and fish bones instead of needles, then wood, ivory, metal needles. From early historical times, they started working with gold threads, then with wool, later with cotton threads. Woolen thread was used in embroidery in China in 1200 BC.

Assyrians, Jews, Persians, Greeks, and Romans used embroidery in the ancient world, and the most famous center was Babylon. The decorations of clothes depicted on Assyrian-Babylonian statues, Egyptian sculptures, wall paintings and embroidered fragments found during archaeological excavations give an idea of the oldest samples.

Embroidery was widespread all over the world. some old samples were found. In ancient Greek mythology, embroidery is attributed to the goddess Athena, which is reflected in the iconography of the famous contest between her and the mortal Arachne.

Like lacis, or filet lace, Armenian needlelace seems to be an obvious descendant of net making. Where lacis adds decorative stitches to a net ground, Armenian needlelace involves making the net itself decorative. Representations of the lace have been described on ancient statuary, and in centuries-old stonework.

There is some archeological evidence suggesting the use of lace in prehistoric Armenia and the prevalence of pre-Christian symbology in traditional designs would certainly suggest a pre-Christian root for this art form.

In contrast to Europe where lace was the preserve of the nobility, in Armenia it decorated everything from traditional headscarves to lingerie and lacemaking was part of many or most women's lives.

Technique
The lace is made by tying knots, usually tied onto the previous round of the piece creating small loops of thread onto which the next round of knots can be tied. Patterns are created by varying the length of the loops, missing loops from the previous round, adding extra loops and similar.

When used as an edging the lace can be made directly onto the hem of the fabric being edged. When a doily or freeform object (such as the birds and flowers decorating traditional headscarves) is being started a series of loops is tied onto a slip knot which is pulled tight to complete the first round.

Armenian embroidery is rich in materials used as a base - leather, fabric, etc., as well as thread types and additional decorations. All kinds of wool, cotton, silk textures and home-made threads are used in traditional Armenian embroidery. The main tools of embroidery are a needle, thimble, scissors and a frame, which was of two types - square and circular. The square circles were called karkah (it’s a frame for embroidery). If embroidery stands were large, were adapted to be placed on the ground, and if small, to be fixed on the table. Golden thread embroidery is a constituent part of Armenian artistic needlework, which was widely spread throughout Armenia since ancient times. Armenian masters knew many ways of performing gold thread and silver thread embroidery, whose component parts were gold and silver.

Types of Embroidery
The patterns in Armenian embroidery are diverse, ranging from plant and animal ornaments to geometric figures and depictions of heavenly bodies. Embroiderers in different settlements developed these patterns in their own unique ways. There are also various types of embroideries, and samples have been preserved in Matenadaran, proving the diversity of Armenian embroidery. The most common types of embroidery include:

Topstitch has its types:
 * chainsaw
 * ring
 * side by side suture
 * crossing suture
 * knitting needle suture
 * In the case of thread-weight sewing, the place of the threads pulled from the fabric is patterned with other threads,
 * Patterns are made from other pieces on a large piece.
 * Filling - the surface of the cloth is filled with patterns.
 * Hammock thread covers the surface of the pattern by the threads of the fabric

Embroiderers of different places used different stitches, in the white embroidery of Aintap, the patterns were made with thread, hammer, and linear platform. The platform of Marash embroidery is called needle-needle, the stitches are uneven, and the pattern is covered over the cloth by taking only a few threads from the cloth with the working thread.

Ancient Armenian Embroidery
Embroidery was widespread in all Armenian regions, concentrating in Van-Vaspurakan, Shirak-Karin, Syunik-Artsakh, Ararat land, Cilicia and the two major centers of Armenian culture in Tbilisi and Constantinople, as well as in the schools of settlements. Keeping the national uniform style, each school has developed its own forms and types of embroidery.

Armenian embroidery mainly developed in three major branches:
 * democratic, related to rural dress and lifestyle
 * urban, commercial-industrial
 * ecclesiastical

Ecclesiastical Embroidery
Ecclesiastical embroidery is divided into two groups: embroidered items used during church utensils and rituals, and fabrics used for the ritual clothing of clergy. The first group includes curtains, aprons, table and other covers, crucifixes, towels, handkerchiefs for holding the cross, carpets, pillows, decorations of the throne of the Catholicos, embroidered pictures, etc.

The second group consists of embroidered shirts, crowns and helmets, belts, slippers, etc. One of the important components of the interior decoration of Armenian churches are the curtains, which are of three types - the tabernacle, the baptistery, and the baptismal basin. On the curtains are depicted Holy Mother, the four Evangelists, the vision of St. Gregory the Illuminator, St. Gevorg and other scenes with biblical themes.

There are two types of embroidered church carpets: eagle carpets and floral carpets. Floral carpets are woven with different threads and techniques and very densely placed ornaments. The floral patterns of these carpets have a lot in common with the frescoes and sculptures of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, which allows us to assume that they were also specially ordered and made in embroidery workshops. Eagle carpets are of special interest. These are quadrangular and round fabrics of different sizes, on which eagles are embroidered with images of snakes, scorpions above or below.

Armenian Embroidery
Embroidery is one of the widely spread crafts in Armenia, which has an ancient origin. Since the 5th century, Armenian historians have left descriptions of luxurious clothing and church decorations, most of which were embroidered. Thanks to them, we have data and information on Armenian textiles from the early Middle Ages, which at the same time indirectly testify to the earlier origin of embroidery.

Other evidences of the high development of embroidery in medieval Armenia are the miniatures. The miniatures contain very valuable pictorial and descriptive data on needlework. The variety of embroidered items in the miniatures makes it possible to distinguish three groups of embroidery: clothes, household items, and ecclesiastical outfit.

The 13th century fabric samples found in the excavations of Ani are high-value examples of embroidery. Among the exceptional samples, the silk clothes, blankets, and other pieces of fabric taken from the tomb of Tigran Honents' relative stand out. The mentioned items are embroidered with different threads, embroideries and ornaments, which gives an opportunity to get an idea about the features of medieval Armenian embroidery, the high skill of accomplishment, and in particular the aesthetic taste and other phenomena of the population of Ani.

Remarkable examples of medieval embroidery are the textures pasted under the covers of the Matenadaran manuscripts, three of which N3661 (copied in 1267), N521 (XIV century), N1518 (XVI century) were studied and described by Davtyan. They are interesting from the point of view of the fabric, the threads and, especially, the ornaments and embroidery techniques. Incomparably large and rich are the collections of church silk thread, gold thread precious embroidery, among which the oldest sample is the religious banner of Etchmiadzin Treasury.

Van-Vaspurakan Embroidery
Van was Armenian with various needlework, Armenians spread the Van stitch in different countries: Cilicia, Constantinople, and Middle East. Van was also famous for its types of lace. In the fine embroidered laces, ancient motifs of the universe, flora and fauna, geometric motifs have been preserved. Lace was made by tying knots that were usually tied in the previous round of cloth, creating small loops of thread that were tied into subsequent knots. The patterns were created by changing the length of the loops, adding additional loops to the previous loops. Tablecloths, curtains, carpets, handcrafts of monasteries (Lim, Aghtamar, Varagavank, Msho Arakelots monastery, etc.) were preserved from Van-Vaspurakan. Clothes, necklaces, bracelets, cuffs, aprons, kachak-chambars, mezars, etc. were decorated. Men's clothes also had embroidered parts, including pants and shawls,   whose fabric with bunches protected them from cold and rain. Among the samples in the Yerevan State Museum, a 6 and a half-meter-long towel embroidered by Van is preserved, and the napkins also had ornaments. Preserved samples of needlework feature many images of the tree of life. At the beginning of the 20th century, embroideries with patriotic and historical scenes gained popularity. Examples include: "Mother Armenia," "Artsiv Vaspurakani," "Khrimyan Hayrik," "Varaga Monastery," "Aghtamar," "Sipana Sar". The royal flag of Artsrun is a remarkable embroidered work.

Shirak-Karin Embroidery
The oldest examples of embroidery are from the 10th-13th centuries. Among them are the clothes from the tomb of a relative of Tigran Honentsi, discovered by N. Mar during the excavations of Ani, including the top, cover, and other samples. A masterpiece of Ani's handiwork is the image of a lion and a lioness made with gold thread on a black veil, displayed on a tree stand. The miniatures of the manuscripts preserved in Matenadaran are noteworthy, where embroidered pieces are used instead of the lining of the cover, depicting trees of life and plant ornaments. Ani's embroidery is characterized by intricate stitching, where one image is stitched with several types of stitches, and the gold thread and silk thread harmoniously complement each other.

In the 19th century, the regions of Shirak and the city of Gyumri, renowned for their rich culture, housed embroiderers' workshops where more than seven dozen masters and six dozen apprentices worked alongside two hundred silk and gold thread embroiderers. Similar organizations were also found in Shushi, Yerevan, Tiflis, Nor Bayazet, and Karin. One notable master embroiderer, Melkon Chilingaryan, showcased the Armenian costume (Armenian cloth) at Caucasian exhibitions in London, Paris, Moscow, and Petersburg between 1853-1873. In Shirak-Karin, the production of embroidered cloth flourished, adorned with various patterns. A diverse collection of embroidered towels exists, with each towel featuring a unique ornament. Additionally, there are preserved samples of silk purses decorated with gold thread. A church curtain has been preserved, and its inscription indicates that it was dedicated to the Church of St. Lusavorch by Maryam in 1613. When Armenians migrated from Karin, they also brought along embroidered images known as "Seven Wounds." The depiction of "Seven Wounds" can be found in the ‘’St. Yot Verk’’ Church of Gyumri. In Kharberd, women were also involved in embroidery, particularly notable were the embroidered saltas, a short top with long sleeves adorned with floral motifs in gold thread.

Syunik Embroidery
The embroidery tradition in Syunik extends to the Zangezur, Sisian, Goris, and Kapan regions. The earliest examples of embroidery found in these communities date back to the 17th century. These works feature intricate patterns, pearls, and gem embellishments, crafted with gold thread. Various elements of costumes, such as ties, shirt chests, and buttonholes, were adorned with embroidery. Members of the upper class, both men and women, had their ‘’mahude mushtas’’ intricately embroidered with gold thread.

Household items like curtains, pillows, towels, and tablecloths were beautifully embroidered. Towels showcased a variety of embroidery styles, including white and colored threads, flat and thread-weight techniques. Common patterns included the S-shaped tree of life and cross-stitch designs. Spoon bowls were also embellished with embroidery.

Syunik's embroidery extended to the ‘’giardaklyoch’’, the embroidered head of the curtain that adorns the bride's corner. This piece was adorned with ribbons and acorn, the latter covered in embroidery. Magical items like ‘’dzhu-chamayil’’ and ‘’fridayanuk’’ were also decorated with embroidery. Girls' and brides' shoes featured intricate gold thread embroidery.

Noteworthy were the tassel-handles, embroidered with carpet patterns, using various stitches such as shulal, flat, chain, and cross stitch. Pipe and lamp glass cases were also embroidered and adorned with beads. Luxurious floral patterns decorated the cover of the baby's crib.

A renowned example is the ‘’kranpapatan’’, embroidered with floral patterns using colored silk thread. Syunik gained fame for its overhead embroidery, where patterns cut from different cloth were attached to a single-shaded fabric with ornaments. Towels often showcased embroidered patterns in the shape of a tree of life.

In 1651, Catholicos Philip received an embroidered eagle carpet presented by the priest Voskan. This remarkable piece featured golden and silver feathers, a large eagle, cross domes on both sides, heavenly luminaries, and the image of a man above. The embroidery was convex, with intricate vegetable patterns. Syunik's monasteries also housed remarkable embroidered curtains, including a preserved sample crafted by Grigor Tatevevatsi’s sister at the Tatev monastery.

Ararat Embroidery
Ararat embroidery has a long history and ancient traditions. Already in the 19th and 20th centuries, he embroidered suede coats, bras, and linens. The cylindrical cushions of the couch, the mutt akas, were embroidered with gold thread and silk thread. Beadwork was also used at the same time. Curtains, tablecloths, towels, candlestick tablecloths, handkerchiefs, purses were also embroidered. The embroidered items of the Ararat valley are decorated with gold threads, glitters, and pearl threads. The embroidered church items preserved from the 17th century are notable for their embroidered offering letters. A manuscript copied in 1684 is kept in the Matenadaran, it has a satin cover. The shirt is made of silk black satin, embroidered with clapiton in golden thread, decorated with pearls, with two and three legs. There are embroidered carpets in the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the eagle carpets were embroidered with silk threads and convex flats. Gold thread embroidered carpets on ‘’mahudi’’ or ‘’tavits’’ are made with top embroidery. There are a lot of embroidered samples of church vestments, lapels, and blinds. One of the oldest veils is the veil of the Catholicos of Khachatur (16th century), on one side is Mary holding the baby Jesus, on the other, Christ crucified. The gold thread embroidered surface is covered with ornaments made of silver thread, it is decorated with beads, and there is a large crystal and 5 hyacinths on it.

Cilicia Embroidery
Handmade art has a long history in Cilicia, dating back to ancient times. Even after the fall of the kingdom and during periods of foreign rule, Armenians in Cilicia continued to preserve their artistic traditions, crafts, and culture. In the 19th century, embroidery emerged as a highly developed art form in Cilicia, with each settlement having its unique and distinct style of embroidery.

 * Ayntap’s sewing

 * Marash’s sewing
 * Urfa’s sewing
 * Svaz’s sewing
 * Rubinyants’s sewing
 * Tarson’s sewing

The most delicate embroidery is crafted using Aintap white thread on transparent fabric, employing a thread-weight, linear platform.

Urfa embroidery is executed on Manisa cloth with gold and silk threads. The pattern is bordered with gold or silk thread, incorporating thread weight and flat stitches. The short ends of the needle are arranged obliquely in rows next to each other.

Kilikia stitch involves the tongues of one colored thread entering the field of the other colored thread, resulting in small and dense stitches. The art of lace-making flourished in Aintap and Urfa.

In Sebastia, needlework was widespread, employing shulal and slanting stitches. Swazi and Sebastian's notable stitch is the tars stitch, where the ornament made with colored thread patterns the cloth from below, achieving the desired pattern on the surface. Young women's aprons and socks were commonly embroidered.

Tarson stitch involves silk thread filling on sheer fabric.

The Zeytun seam, known as a blunt needle, involves the working thread filling the pattern on the cloth, and the threads sticking to each other from the side. The edges can be short and long, and the surface is convex.

The Marash stitch had several versions; one was made flat using a needle-needle technique, and the other was a woven stitch. The technique is confidential, with the working thread following a specific order of transitions known only to the embroiderer. Various threads, including woolen, cotton, silk, and gold winding threads, were used.

The Cesarean stitch is very delicate. The embroidery is made with gold and silk threads on the transparent cloth, it is a thick seam.

Armenian Embroidery of Tiflis
Armenian art and culture were also very popular in Tiflis. It was a unique center for Armenian culture. Until the first half of the 20th century, an Armenian nunnery operated in Tiflis, where the girls were engaged in needlework with gold thread and silk thread. One of the samples of manuscript covers kept in the Matenadaran is a work from 1766, created in Tiflis. The Armenian embroiderers of Tiflis specialized in embroidering linen, household items, curtains, tablecloths, etc. After 1915, the Armenian immigrants who settled in Tiflis brought with them rich cultural traditions, especially lace-making, from different Armenian-populated regions.

The Typology of Armenian Embroidery
Armenian embroidery is divided into two major types: secular (with rural and urban subtypes) and ecclesiastical, within which the embroidery of clothes (national taraz and ecclesiastical outfits) and household items is distinguished. Both types of handicrafts are distinguished by the variety of used materials, threads, technical skills, the abundance of ornaments and various assortments. In the second half of the 19th century, several schools of Armenian embroidery were formed - in Van-Vaspurakan, Upper Armenia, Shirak-Javakhk, Lesser Armenia, Cilicia, Airarat and Syunik-Artsakh. Each of these schools has its own characteristics of handicrafts which are manifested in the materials used, threads, color shades, embellishments, areas of application and sewing techniques.

Ornaments
Armenian folk embroidery is also rich in its colouring system, which is expressed especially in ornaments. Perhaps the most important place in the art is occupied by vegetable ornaments, which have been known in Armenian applied art since ancient times. Floral motifs are very diverse, multifaceted and found in embroidery both in stylized, geometric forms and in a natural form. The most popular and common among plant motifs are flower motifs, which appear not only in huge numbers, but also in various forms. In various embroidery works, flowers appear both separately, as the main motif, and together with other images, complementing them and decorating the whole composition. Often, the flower patterns are repeated, incessantly continuing each other, or they form a bunch.

Floral ornaments are not limited to flowers. In general, the nature of Armenia and the occupations of the people are reflected in Armenian folk embroidery. Armenian fine art is also rich in images of fruits. All the fruits common in Armenia are represented in embroidery, but the most popular are the motifs of grapes, pomegranates, apples, and pears. The most important expression of plant motifs in Armenian applied art is the tree of life, which is represented in the most various ways, sometimes highly stylized and generalized. The tree of life is often the central decoration of the composition, around which other images are gathered. In general, the tree of life is never embroidered separately in household embroidery, it is surrounded by pairs of birds and animals, together with them it forms one complete image, expressing a certain meaning. Apart from the ones mentioned above, geometric and animal ornaments were also popular. The bird pattern is a fairly common motif in embroidery. Both clothes and household items were decorated with it. Among the animal ornaments of traditional Armenian embroidery, the snake-dragon motif has a unique place, which is presented in all its pictorial (real form and stylized) and semantic (good and evil) richness. In embroidery, the snake pattern is not one of the widespread motifs, it is not found as the main, central image, as in carpets and rugs, but as a complementary element that completes the ornament, it has many manifestations.

The human figure is the least common ornament. The figures of people sometimes found in traditional household embroidery designs, which are predominantly female, are highly stylized and geometric. Carpet embroideries are a remarkable part of Armenian needlework art. In the 17th and 18th centuries, exceptional and remarkable samples of embroidered carpets are preserved in many museums of the world, the decoration system of which almost completely repeats or shows great commonalities with dragon carpets and other carpets of the same period.

title: Armenian needlelace


text:
Russell Cunningham

Russell Cunningham may refer to:
 * Russell Cunningham (producer), Australian film and television producer
 * Russell Cunningham (Canadian politician), Nova Scotia CCF leader, 1945–1953
 * Russell McWhortor Cunningham (1855–1921), American Democratic politician, acting Governor of Alabama, 1904–1905

title: Russell Cunningham


text:
User talk:Literaryfairy

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 03:09, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

requested move
Hi - Is your entry on Requested_moves really requesting moving A&E Network or some other article? I assume the request is to move A&E Network (since A&E Networks doesn't exist), but isn't this article mostly about the A&E channel rather than the parent company? Can you edit your move request appropriately? Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 21:50, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

The History Channel
When you renamed the links from History Channel to The History Channel, you neglected to remove the already existing "the". Please visit all the pages you edited and remove this extra "the" as I have done so for Mail Call and Modern Marvels since they are on my watchlist.

Also, please keep external links to their respective pages. For example, the link to the History Channel website belongs on only History Channel and show links belong on the show pages only. Cburnett 05:38, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Literaryfairy


text:
Talk:Southern Cross 9

Although the Nine affiliate station in Adelaide is owned by Southern Cross Broadcasting, it has never been known as "Southern Cross 9" - in fact people not involved or interested in the TV industry would probably never know it was owned by SCB. I have made this a redirect, but in reality it should probably be deleted. Amy comments? -- Chuq 03:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southern Cross 9


text:
Talk:Japan/Archive 1

National Emblem
I was just wondering why some other encyclopedias display a national emblem or coat of arms on Japan, which is like a sun used in imperial settings.

Chin Chinguri

The /Introduction and /History pages could probably be combined....

Yes, you're right. I don't like deleting other people's stuff though. I suppose if whoever wrote that doesn't object, I'll delete the Intro once I write the post-WWII entry, which will basically just expand on the Intro.

--Seckstu

The /Introduction page comes from the CIA World Factbook's "History" section; Jimbo Wales put it there originally.

Hello,

It seems that there are too many details on this page. I think it is better, if some sentences were moved to "sub-articles" and that some categories were blended. What I think, it should be done
 * Agriculture: moved to economy of Japan
 * GDP growth during the 60-80s ...: moved to economy

 * List of prefectures: link moved to geography
 * Foreign relation of Japan: link moved to politics
 * Japanese Constitution: to be moved to politics
 * Japanese language, anime, manga, Japanese food: create  "Culture of Japan" then move all that there.
 * Ainu: to be moved to culture and history
 * Rulers: moved to history and politics

Regards Youssefsan 08:12 Oct 31, 2002 (UTC)

"Japan was finally defeated in 1945 by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki"? That statement isn't uncontroversial. There have been a lot of talks about in the role of the bombs in the surrender. It seems Japan was willing to surrender, but the bombs were needed to get them to an unconditional surrender. // Liftarn 12:52 Dec 19, 2002 (UTC)

I changed a following sentence
 * This military expansion ended after Japan surrendered to the United States and her Allies on August 15, 1945 after Hiroshima and Nagasaki were obliterated by two atomic bombs.

after -> in the meantime. It may be my POV but after strongly connotes the atomic bombs were needed to convince Japan to surrender, which is not true. -- Taku 05:09 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

"The former 9.11 attack"

The attacks on Pearl Harbor are not related or similar enough to the September 11 terrorist attacks to be labeled as "the former 9.11 attack" unless I am missing something here.

--Tongpoo

The description " According to traditional Japanese history, the Japanese Islands were created by Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, in the 7th century BC, and Japan's first emperor is Jimmu, son of Amaterasu, the first in an unbroken line of 125 Emperors that extends to the present day. There are several theories on the origins of the Japanese people; the traditional view was that all Japanese people were, like Emperor Jimmu, descended from the Sun Goddess. Modern scholarship suggests links to other Asian peoples. Japan was, and still is, home to a distinct group called the Ainu, who are physically, culturally and linguistically distinct from other Japanese. Today they live mainly on Hokkaido. " is incorrect!

- "Japan wrongfully acquired Korea, Taiwan..."

Wouldn't the passage 'Japan's new ambitions led to invasion wars that exploited and killed thousands of people in mainland China (1895) and Russia (1905) in which Japan wrongfully acquired Korea, Taiwan and other territories' be better expressed by replacing 'wrongfully acquired' with 'annexed' or 'annexed and subjugated'? Of course we know it was wrong now, but all of history has been filled with successive wars and annexations, and nor was it even Japan's first invasion of Korea. The entry for Germany describes in dispassionate and non-judgemental terms Hitler's annexation of countries in Europe and India's entry describes its 'subjugation' under English rule without the need to specify that it was 'wrong'. Wouldn't an objective description of the nature of the annexation and the subjugation go further towards proving to any intelligent reader that it was wrong without compromising the integrity of the encyclopedia with editorializing? -- Tlotoxl 02:12, 17 Aug 2003 (UTC) - I removed following sentence:
 * A number of new religions established after or slightly before World War II are also influential.

Is it so?

 * As I wrote on Religions of Japan, Soka Gakkai is definitely influential because it has Komeito, a part of coalition government. Toitsu Kyokai isn't small either. Duckie

 * There are many influential interest groups in Japan besides Soka Gakkai. The point is that if it is necessary to talk about Japan. I think the power of LDP, for example, should be more emphasized. Also, the sentence gives us an impression that new religions are popular in Japan and have effected many aspects of Japanese society. While it may be true in terms of stats, but roles of religion in Japan are really different than those in other countries. -- Taku 15:48, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japan/Archive 1


text:
Bazeley

Bazeley or Bazely is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Darren Bazeley (born 1972), English footballer
 * Geoffrey Bazeley (1906–1989), British architect
 * George Bazeley (born 1984), Australian field hockey goalie
 * John Bazely (1740–1809), British Royal Navy admiral
 * Paul Bazely, English actor
 * Percival Bazeley (1909–1991), Australian scientist
 * Mark Bazeley (born 1970), English Actor

title: Bazeley