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Gurajada Apparao

Gurajada Venkata Apparao (21 September 1862 – 30 November 1915) was an Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer known for his works in Telugu theatre. Rao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, which is considered as the greatest play in the Telugu language. One of the pioneers of Indian theatre, Rao holds the titles Kavisekhara and Abyudaya Kavitha Pithamahudu. In 1910, Rao scripted the widely known Telugu patriotic song "Desamunu Preminchumanna".

In 1897, Kanyasulkam was published (by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons, Madras) and dedicated to Maharaja Ananda Gajapati. Apparao (along with his brother Syamala Rao) wrote several English poems. His epic Sarangadhara, published in "Indian Leisure Hour", was well received. The editor of the Calcutta-based "Rees and Ryot", Sambhu Chandra Mukherji read it and re-published it in his magazine. Gundukurti Venkata Ramanayya, editor of the "Indian Leisure Hour", encouraged Apparao greatly during the same period. In 1891, Gurajada was appointed to the post of Epigraphist to the Maharaja of Vizianagaram.

Early life and education
Gurajada was born in a Niyogi Brahmin family on 21 September 1862 at his maternal uncle's home in Rayavaram village, near Yelamanchili, Anakapalli district. His parents were Venkata Rama Dasu and Kausalyamma. Gurajada lived most of his life in and around Vizianagaram in what was then called as Kalinga Rajyam. He and his father before him were both employed by the princely state of Vizianagaram. Gurajada enjoyed a close relationship with the ruling family during his adult life. He had his initial schooling in Cheepurupalli while his father was working there. His remaining schooling was done at Vizianagaram after his father died. During that time, he was taken care of by the then M.R. College Principal, C. Chandrasekhara Sastri who provided him free lodging and boarding. He completed his matriculation in 1882 and obtained F.A. in 1884. Soon after, he was employed as a teacher in M.R. High School in 1884 with a salary of Rs.25.

In 1887, Gurajada spoke at a Congress Party meeting in Vizianagaram. His daughter Voleti Lakshmi Narasamma was born in 1887. He was simultaneously involved in social work and became a member of the Voluntary Service Corps in Visakhapatnam in 1888. He was elected vice-president of the Ananda Gajapati Debating club in 1889. His son Gurajada Venkata Ramadasu was born in 1890. In 1891 he was promoted to Lecturer (Level III) with a salary of Rs.125. He taught the F.A. and B.A. classes several subjects including English Grammar, Sanskrit Literature, Translation, Greek and Roman Histories. His younger brother Syamala Rao died in 1892 while studying at Madras Law College.

1908 Congress session at Madras
In 1911, he was appointed to the Board of Studies by Madras University. The same year, Gurajada and his friends started the Andhra Sahitya Parishat to promote use of spoken dialects. The next year, he was invited to attend the meeting of the Bangeeya Sahitya Parishat (Bengal Literary Association) at Calcutta.

Kanyasulkam
Kanyasulkam is about the deplorable condition of widows in traditional Brahmin families in the Andhra region of India during the 19th century. The play is a highly thought-provoking social drama dealing with social issues relevant to the time. Gurajada Apparao was deeply troubled by the double standards, hypocrisy and social inequalities in the Indian society. The English preface to the first edition of his play states: "Such a scandalous state of things is a disgrace to society, and literature can not have a higher function than to show up such practices and give currency to a high standard of moral ideas. Until reading habits prevail among masses, one must look only to the stage to exert such healthy influence."

Perhaps for the first time in Telugu literary history, a prostitute was given a very positive image so much so that she is shown to better the lives of many people during the course of the play. The play is ageless in the sense that its projection of the Indian mindset and psyche is very relevant and applicable in Indian Society today. The play was, in some ways, ahead of its time and was very bold in criticizing the popular opinions and practices during that era. It frequently jabs at the male-dominated society of India, by bringing to the forefront certain egoistic idiosyncrasies of a typical Indian male, in an unflattering manner. It also questions the practices of witchcraft, sorcery, and their popular usage in medical practice during that period in India.

Personal life
Gurajada married Appala Narasamma in 1885. He continued his studies and graduated with B.A. (Philosophy major and Sanskrit minor) in 1886. For some period during 1886, he worked as Head Clerk in the Deputy Collector's office. On Vijayadasami day, 1887, he joined as a Lecturer (Level IV) in M.R. College with a salary of Rs.100. Around the same time, he was introduced to Maharajah Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (1850–1897).

In 1905, Gurajada's mother died. In 1906, his close friend P.T. Srinivasa Iyyangar, principal of Mrs. A.V.N. College, Visakhapatnam started an association to promote curriculum reform in high schools. One of the chief aims was to introduce spoken dialects. Along with him, J.A. Yates (1874–1951) -a British civil servant, Gidugu and Gurajada were the principal members. Another friend S. Srinivasa Iyengar (1874–1941) also gave a lot of support and encouragement. Incidentally, this Srinivasa Iyengar was a well-known lawyer and was the President of AICC (All India Congress Committee) annual session at Guwahati in 1926. Gurajada's childhood friend and classmate in Chipurupalli, Gidugu Rammurty (1863–1940) was his school of thought.

Retirement and death
Gurajada retired in 1913, and the then Madras University honored him with the title "Emeritus Fellow". He died on 30 November 1915.

Other literature works

 * The Cook (N/A. An English Poem -1882)
 * Sarangadhara (In English, a long poem, (padya kavyam) -1883. {Refer a letter addressed by the Editor of Reis and Rayyet, to Gundukurti Venkataramanaiah, dated:14-8-1883)
 * Chandrahasa (N/A. An English long poem, padya kavyam - Authorship and Date uncertain)
 * Victoria Prasasti (English poems in praise of Queen Victoria presented to the then Viceroy of India by Maharani of Reeva -1890)
 * KanyaSulkamu (Drama, First Ed. -1892, Completely revised second Ed. -1909)
 * Review and Introduction in English to Sree rama vijayam and jArji dEva caritaM (both Sanskrit works -1894)
 * Edited (1890s) "the Wars of Rajas, Being the History of Hande Anantapuram, Thathacharyula kathalu," both originally collected by C.P. Brown. These works were published after Gurajada's death.
 * Review and introduction in English to Harischandra (An English Drama -1897)
 * Minugurlu (children's story, perhaps the first in modern style -1903?)
 * Kondubhatteeyam (Unfinished humorous drama -1906)
 * Neelagiri patalu (Songs describing the beauty of Nilagiri hills where Gurajada recuperated from an illness -1907)
 * "Madras Congress" an article by Gurajada, in The Hindu, on the 1908 Congress Party Annual Session at Madras criticizing the lack of focus, integrity and strong will to take on the British rulers, original not traceable, only Avasarala Suryarao's Telugu translation is now available. Part of the above said article, a poem parodying the session,is now available.
 * "Canna kalapu cinna buddhulu," essay denouncing the superstitions associated with the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1910.
 * Mutyala Saralu and Kasulu (Poems in Gurajada's own meter, matra Chandassu -1910). Many poems and short stories in modern style during the same year. These were perhaps the earliest instances of modern short stories in Telugu. Also published several essays supporting the use of vernacular as formal language. His famous patriotic song "Desamunu Preminchumanna" was written around this time.
 * Bilhaneeyam (Unfinished drama, Act I -1910, Act II -1911)
 * Lavanaraju kala (Poem -1911)
 * Kanyaka (Poem -1912)
 * Subhadra (Poem -1913)
 * Visvavidyalayalu: samskrita, matru Bhashalu (Report submitted to Madras University -1914)
 * Asammati patram (Minute of Dissent -report against the decision of Madras University to retain classical language as the platform for curriculum development -1914)
 * Dimcu langaru (Poem -1914)
 * Langarettumu (Poem -1915)
 * "Sree gurajada appa ravu gari Daireelu," Collected dairies of Gurajada published many decades after Gurajada's death. Editor: Burra Seshagiri Rao
 * 'Gurujadalu', complete works of Gurajada (Mahakavi Gurajada Sarvalabhya Rachanala Samkalanam); Editors:Sri Pennepalli Gopalakrishna, Dr Kalidasu Purushotham and Sri Mannem Rayudu, Published by MANASU Foundation, Hyderabad. First Edition: 21 September 2012.
 * "Subject For An Extravaganza" An English Poem by Gurajada, published in 'Vijaya' magazine by Ramadasu Pantulu around 1940.

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Distribution

Distribution may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations
 * Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a variable
 * Cumulative distribution function, in which the probability of being no greater than a particular value is a function of that value
 * Frequency distribution, a list of the values recorded in a sample
 * Inner distribution, and outer distribution, in coding theory
 * Distribution (differential geometry), a subset of the tangent bundle of a manifold
 * Distributed parameter system, systems that have an infinite-dimensional state-space
 * Distribution of terms, a situation in which all members of a category are accounted for
 * Distributivity, a property of binary operations that generalises the distributive law from elementary algebra
 * Distribution (number theory)
 * Distribution problems, a common type of problems in combinatorics where the goal is to enumerate the number of possible distributions of $m$ objects to $n$ recipients, subject to various conditions; see Twelvefold way

Computing and telecommunications

 * Distribution (concurrency), the projection operator in a history monoid, a representation of the histories of concurrent computer processes
 * Data distribution or dissemination, to distribute information without direct feedback
 * Digital distribution, publishing media digitally
 * Distributed computing, the coordinated use of physically distributed computers (distributed systems) for tasks or storage
 * Electronic brakeforce distribution, an automotive technology that varies brake force based on prevailing conditions
 * Key distribution center, part of a cryptosystem intended to reduce the risks inherent in exchanging keys
 * Software distribution, bundles of a specific software already compiled and configured
 * A specific packaging of an operating system containing a kernel, toolchain, utilities and other software
 * Linux distribution, one of several distributions built on the Linux kernel

Natural sciences

 * Distribution (pharmacology), the movement of a drug from one location to another within the body
 * Species distribution, the manner in which a species is spatially arranged
 * Cosmopolitan distribution, in which a species appears in appropriate environments around the world
 * Spectral power distribution of light sources

Economics

 * Distribution (economics), distribution of income or output among individuals or factors of production (or to help others)
 * Distribution in kind, concerning the transfer of non-cash assets by a company to a shareholder, see Companies Act 2006
 * Distribution (marketing), or place, one of the four elements of marketing mix
 * Distribution resource planning, method used in business administration for planning orders within a supply chain
 * Distributionism, an economic ideology
 * Distribution of wealth, among members in a society
 * Division of property, or equitable distribution, of property between spouses during divorce
 * Food distribution, methods of transporting food
 * Drug distribution, methods by which medication goes from manufacturer to consumer

Other sciences

 * Electric power distribution, the final stage in the delivery of electricity
 * Distributed generation, the use of technologies to provide electric power at the source of consumption
 * Distributed production or distributed manufacturing, the fabrication of products by consumers such as with 3D printing
 * Distribution of elements in the distributed-element model of electric circuits
 * Trip distribution, part of the four-step transportation forecasting model
 * The distribution of a linguistic element is the set of environments in which it occurs, which may be in complementary distribution, contrastive distribution, or free variation with another such element, and which is the basis of distributional semantics

Other uses

 * Film distribution, the process of making a movie available for the audiences to watch
 * Film distributor, an agent between a film producer and an exhibitor
 * Purse distribution, in a horse race, the distribution of winnings among the highest finishers
 * Record distribution, process of shipping and promoting record labels
 * Font distribution, the units in which metal type is sold, containing relative proportions of letters appropriate for a given language
 * Distribution (bridge), a term in the bridge card game

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Distribution


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File:Yoko Ono POB.jpg

Summary
"Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band" 1970

title: File:Yoko Ono POB.jpg


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Talk:Kingdom Hearts II

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Talk:List of capital ships of minor navies

Norwegian navy
The independent Norwegian navy was founded april 12 1814. Norways union with Denmark ended in 1814. Then Norway was in union with Sweden until 1905 but these two countries never shared a navy. This is an important point in Norwegian military history espescially because the Norwegian armed forces started preparing for potential war with Sweden long before the union was abolished. The correct listing would therefore be that the Norwegian vessels before 1814 were listed under Denmark. Inge 12:21, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

"Battleships"
Hmm....far from everyone here are "Battleships". Would be better to rename the article "List of major warships of minor navies". --MoRsE 13:00, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

minor navies?
somebody should define the term minor navy. Nergaal (talk) 00:19, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's just anyone who doesn't have thier own list.  bahamut0013  words deeds 20:18, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Capital ships... not all included?
The concept of "capital ship" is not restricted to battleships, but includes other types as aircraft carriers. Either the list's name is incorrect, or other capital ships should be included. Thoughts? Regards, DPdH (talk) 23:51, 27 November 2015 (UTC)


text: User:JK the unwise/photos

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Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band

Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band is the debut solo studio album by Japanese artist and musician Yoko Ono, released on Apple Records in December 1970 alongside her husband's album John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. The album features Ono's vocal improvisations accompanied by the Plastic Ono Band (consisting of Lennon on guitar, Ringo Starr on drums, and Klaus Voormann on bass), with the exception of "AOS", on which she is backed by the Ornette Coleman Quartet.

In the United States, Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band peaked at number 182 on the Billboard album chart. The album was poorly received upon release, with the exception of supportive reviews by Billboard and Lester Bangs of Rolling Stone. Despite its lack of commercial success, it has been influential on a variety of subsequent musicians.

Recording
With the exception of "AOS", Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band was recorded at Abbey Road Studios during the same September–October 1970 sessions that produced the John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album. Also recorded at this time was "Between the Takes", which was released on the 1998 CD reissue of Ono's 1971 album Fly. "Greenfield Morning I Pushed an Empty Baby Carriage All Over the City" was based on a sample from a tape of George Harrison playing sitar and drums by Ringo Starr treated with tape echo, with lyrics referencing a miscarriage that were derived from Ono's 1964 book Grapefruit. Ono's vocalisations on tracks such as "Why" and "Why Not" mixed hetai, a Japanese vocal technique from kabuki theatre, with rock vocal styles and a raw aggression influenced by the then-popular primal therapy that Lennon and Ono had been undertaking at the time. According to Ono, the recording engineers were in the habit of turning off the recording equipment when she began to perform; at the end of "Why", Lennon can thus be heard asking "Were you gettin' that?"

On 29 February 1968, Ono appeared onstage at London's Royal Albert Hall with avant-garde jazz musician Ornette Coleman and his quartet, then consisting of drummer Ed Blackwell and bassists Charlie Haden and David Izenzon. The performance and their afternoon rehearsal were both recorded; "AOS" was recorded during the rehearsal and included on the album, the only track not featuring the Plastic Ono Band. Describing how she met Coleman, Ono has stated:"Ornette was already very, very established and famous and respected guy as a musician. And I met him in Paris. The way I met was, I was doing a show and after the show, somebody said, Oh, Ornette Coleman is here and he would like to – okay. Well, hello. Thank you for coming. That kind of thing. And he was saying, Well, okay. So he said that he was going to go and do a concert in Albert Hall and would I come and do it with him because he thought it was kind of interesting what I do."

Critical reception
Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band was released through Apple Records to considerable critical disdain on 11 December 1970, at a time when Ono was widely blamed for the recent break-up of The Beatles. It peaked at number 182 during a three-week run on the Billboard album chart in the United States, and failed to chart in the United Kingdom. Among the few favorable contemporary reviews were those of Billboard, which called it "visionary," and Rolling Stone critic Lester Bangs, who called it "the first J&Y album that doesn’t insult the intelligence—in fact, in its dark confounding way, it’s nearly as beautiful as John’s album… There’s something happening here."

Legacy and impact
More recently, the album has been credited with having an influence on musicians grossly disproportionate to its sales and visibility, akin to that of the Velvet Underground. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly has credited the album with "launching a hundred or more female alternative rockers, like Kate Pierson & Cindy Wilson of the B-52s to [sic] current thrashers like L7 and Courtney Love of Hole". NPR Music ranked at number 136 on their 2017 list of "The 150 Greatest Albums Made By Women". The site's Marissa Lorusso deemed it "jarring, experimental and stunning" and cited its "fearless curiosity" as influencing subsequent experimental rock, experimental electronic music, post-punk, and sound art.

In a 2017 Bandcamp Daily feature focused on Ono's impact, British electronic musician Kiran Leonard applauded Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band, writing: "the strength and range of vocal techniques on [the album] is simply astonishing...to do what Ono does with her voice on [the album] is no easy task."

Release
The covers of Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band and John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band are nearly identical. Lennon pointed out the difference in their 1980 Playboy interview: "in Yoko's, she's leaning back on me; in mine, I'm leaning on her". The photos were taken with an Instamatic camera on the grounds of their Tittenhurst Park estate in Berkshire by actor Daniel Richter, who lived with them and worked as their assistant at the time.

The album was reissued on compact disc by Rykodisc in 1997, with three bonus tracks from the era. An "LP replica" special edition was issued by V2 Records in Japan in 2007, and the album was reissued again on LP, compact disc, and digital download by Secretly Canadian in 2016, with bonus tracks and rare photos.

An alternate version of "Open Your Box", the B-side to the UK issue of Lennon's 1971 single "Power to the People", appears on the 1997 and 2016 reissues.

Track listing
All songs written by Yoko Ono.

Original release
Side one
 * 1) "Why" – 5:37
 * 2) "Why Not" – 9:55
 * 3) "Greenfield Morning I Pushed an Empty Baby Carriage All Over the City" – 5:38

Side two
 * 1) "AOS" – 7:06
 * 2) "Touch Me" – 4:37
 * 3) "Paper Shoes" – 7:26

1997 reissue
Tracks 1–6 per the 1970 release, with the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Open Your Box" (alternate version) – 7:35
 * 2) "Something More Abstract" – 0:44
 * 3) "The South Wind" – 16:38

2016 reissue
Tracks 1–6 per the 1970 release, with the following bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Open Your Box" (alternate version) – 7:35
 * 2) "Something More Abstract" – 0:44
 * 3) "Why" (extended version) – 8:41
 * 4) "The South Wind" – 16:38

Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band – The Live Sessions (2020)
The 2020 deluxe box set of John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band included a Blu-ray disc containing the unedited live sessions for Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band as well as three previously unreleased songs and three B-sides that appeared on John Lennon singles in 1969 and 1970. "Life" is the full version of the track "Between the Takes", which appeared as a bonus track on CD reissues of Fly.
 * 1) "Why" (Live Session) – 18:00
 * 2) "Why Not" (Live Session) – 21:22
 * 3) "Greenfield Morning I Pushed an Empty Baby Carriage All Over the City" (Live Session) – 8:22
 * 4) "Touch Me" (Live Session) – 15:54
 * 5) "Paper Shoes" (Live Session) – 12:17
 * 6) "Life" – 6:57
 * 7) "Omae No Okaa Wa" – 6:31
 * 8) "I Lost Myself Somewhere in the Sky" – 5:01
 * 9) "Remember Love" – 4:04
 * 10) "Don't Worry Kyoko" (Live Session) – 9:29
 * 11) "Who Has Seen the Wind?" – 2:09

Personnel

 * Yoko Ono – vocals
 * John Lennon – guitars
 * Klaus Voormann – bass guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * George Harrison – sitar (3)
 * Ornette Coleman – trumpet (4)
 * Charlie Haden – double bass (4)
 * David Izenzon – double bass (4)
 * Ed Blackwell – drums (4)

Technical personnel
 * Phil McDonald – engineering
 * John Leckie – engineering
 * Andy Stevens – engineering
 * "Eddie" – engineering

title: Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band


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Talk:All About Mormons

Title
No parentheses "South Park" are needed, as there are zero other articles on Wikipedia by this title. -- Cirt (talk) 21:45, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

"Dumb dumb dumb dumb dumb" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Dumb dumb dumb dumb dumb. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 August 4 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 23:01, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:All About Mormons


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Parliamentary constituencies in London

The region of Greater London, including the City of London, is divided into 73 parliamentary constituencies which are sub-classified as borough constituencies, affecting the type of electoral officer and level of expenses permitted.

Proposed boundary changes
Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. The Commission calculated that the number of seats to be allocated to the London region will increase by 2 from 73 to 75. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

Under the proposals, an additional constituency named Stratford and Bow would be created, covering parts of the boroughs of Newham and Tower Hamlets and straddling the River Lea and, in the south of the city, there would be a new constituency named Streatham and Croydon North, covering parts of the boroughs of Croydon and Lambeth. Elsewhere, changes to boundaries result in a number of name changes. Only Walthamstow, Islington North and Tooting would remain entirely unchanged, with a further seven unchanged except to realign constituency boundaries with local government ward boundaries.

The following constituencies for the region will come into effect at the 2024 general election:

Abolished seats

 * Beckenham
 * Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Brent Central
 * Brent North
 * Bromley and Chislehurst
 * Camberwell and Peckham
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North
 * Edmonton
 * Eltham
 * Enfield Southgate
 * Hammersmith
 * Hampstead and Kilburn
 * Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Kensington
 * Lewisham Deptford
 * Lewisham West and Penge
 * Streatham
 * Vauxhall
 * West Ham
 * Westminster North

New seats

 * Beckenham and Penge
 * Bethnal Green and Stepney
 * Brent East
 * Brent West
 * Bromley and Biggin Hill
 * Clapham and Brixton Hill
 * Croydon East
 * Croydon West
 * Edmonton and Winchmore Hill
 * Hammersmith and Chiswick
 * Hampstead and Highgate
 * Hornsey and Friern Barnet
 * Kensington and Bayswater
 * Peckham
 * Queen's Park and Maida Vale
 * Stratford and Bow
 * Streatham and Croydon North
 * Vauxhall and Camberwell Green
 * West Ham and Beckton

Prior to 1832
Prior to 1832, the metropolitan area of London was represented by the parliamentary boroughs of City of London (four MPs), Westminster and Southwark (two MPs each). The remainder of the metropolitan area was covered by the historical counties of Middlesex and Surrey.

1832 to 1868
The Reform Act 1832 gave representation in the London metropolitan area to seven parliamentary boroughs, known as the metropolitan boroughs, with the formation of four additional boroughs, each electing two MPs. In addition, Greenwich was formed as a separate borough from the counties of Kent and Surrey.

 * City of London
 * Finsbury
 * Greenwich
 * Lambeth
 * Marylebone
 * Southwark
 * Tower Hamlets
 * Westminster

1868 to 1885
The Reform Act 1867 expanded the metropolitan area to include the new borough of Chelsea, and Tower Hamlets was divided into the two boroughs of Hackney and Tower Hamlets.

 * Chelsea
 * City of London
 * Finsbury
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney
 * Lambeth
 * Marylebone
 * Southwark
 * Tower Hamlets
 * Westminster

1885 to 1918
The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 extended the area of parliamentary boroughs to the Metropolitan Board of Works area. With the exception of the City of London, whose representation was reduced from four to two MPs, each borough, or division thereof, was represented by one MP. This act increased the number of MPs representing London from 22 to 59.

The County of London was created in 1889 in succession to the Metropolitan Board of Works. In 1900, the county was divided into 28 boroughs (plus the City of London) and the outer boundary was adjusted. However, the old constituency boundaries remained in place until 1918.

For representation by party, see sections 1885 to 1900 and 1900 to 1918.

 * Battersea
 * Bermondsey
 * Bethnal    Green North East
 * Bethnal    Green South West
 * Bow and Bromley
 * Brixton
 * Camberwell    North
 * Chelsea
 * City of London
 * Clapham
 * Deptford
 * Dulwich
 * Finsbury    Central
 * Finsbury    East
 * Fulham
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney    Central
 * Hackney North
 * Hackney South
 * Haggerston
 * Hammersmith
 * Hampstead
 * Holborn
 * Hoxton
 * Islington    East
 * Islington    North
 * Islington    South
 * Islington    West
 * Kennington
 * Kensington    North
 * Kensington    South
 * Lambeth North
 * Lewisham
 * Limehouse
 * Marylebone    East
 * Marylebone    West
 * Mile End
 * Newington    West
 * Norwood
 * Paddington    North
 * Paddington    South
 * Peckham
 * Poplar
 * Rotherhithe
 * St George
 * St    George, Hanover Square
 * St Pancras East
 * St Pancras North
 * St Pancras South
 * St Pancras West
 * Southwark    West
 * Stepney
 * Strand
 * Walworth
 * Wandsworth
 * Westminster
 * Whitechapel
 * Woolwich

1918 to 1950
Under the Representation of the People Act 1918 the parliamentary boroughs corresponded to the metropolitan boroughs created in 1900, with each borough, or division thereof, being represented by one MP. The City of London continued to be represented by two MPs despite the very small size of its electorate. The number of MPs was increased from 59 to 62.

For representation by party, see sections 1918 to 1931 and 1931 to 1950.

 * Balham    and Tooting
 * Battersea    North
 * Battersea    South
 * Bermondsey    West
 * Bethnal    Green North East
 * Bethnal    Green South West
 * Bow and Bromley
 * Brixton
 * Camberwell    North
 * Camberwell    North West
 * Chelsea
 * City of London
 * Clapham
 * Deptford
 * Dulwich
 * Finsbury
 * Fulham East
 * Fulham West
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney    Central
 * Hackney North
 * Hackney South
 * Hammersmith    North
 * Hammersmith    South
 * Hampstead
 * Holborn
 * Islington    East
 * Islington    North
 * Islington    South
 * Islington    West
 * Kennington
 * Kensington    North
 * Kensington    South
 * Lambeth North
 * Lewisham    East
 * Lewisham    West
 * Limehouse
 * Mile End
 * Norwood
 * Paddington    North
 * Paddington    South
 * Peckham
 * Putney
 * Rotherhithe
 * St Marylebone
 * St Pancras North
 * St    Pancras South East
 * St    Pancras South West
 * Shoreditch
 * South Poplar
 * Southwark    Central
 * Southwark    North
 * Southwark    South East
 * Stoke Newington
 * Streatham
 * Wandsworth    Central
 * Westminster    Abbey
 * Westminster    St George's
 * Whitechapel    and St George's
 * Woolwich    East
 * Woolwich    West

1950 to 1974
Under the Representation of the People Act 1948, which came into effect for the 1950 general election, the county of London was divided into 43 borough constituencies.

Under the First Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, effective for the 1955 general election, there were limited changes in London, with a reduction of one constituency across the boroughs of Fulham and Hammersmith.

For representation by party, see section 1950 to 1974.

 * Barons Court (from 1955)
 * Battersea    North
 * Battersea    South
 * Bermondsey
 * Bethnal Green
 * Brixton
 * Chelsea
 * Cities    of London and Westminster
 * Clapham
 * Deptford
 * Dulwich
 * Fulham    (from 1955)
 * Fulham East (1950–1955)
 * Fulham West (1950–1955)
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney    Central (1955 onwards)
 * Hackney South (1950–1955)
 * Hammersmith    North
 * Hammersmith    South (1950–1955)
 * Hampstead
 * Holborn    and St Pancras South
 * Islington    East
 * Islington    North
 * Islington    South West
 * Kensington    North
 * Kensington    South
 * Lewisham North
 * Lewisham South
 * Lewisham West
 * Norwood
 * Paddington North
 * Paddington South
 * Peckham
 * Poplar
 * Putney
 * St Marylebone
 * St Pancras North
 * Shoreditch and Finsbury
 * Southwark
 * Stepney
 * Stoke Newington and Hackney North
 * Streatham
 * Vauxhall
 * Wandsworth Central
 * Woolwich East
 * Woolwich West

1965 to 1974
Despite Greater London being created in 1965, the old constituency boundaries remained in place until 1974, awaiting the implementation of the Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. From 1965 to 1974, Outer London included the following constituencies or parts of constituencies.

Formerly in Essex: Formerly in Hertfordshire: Formerly in Kent: Formerly in Middlesex: Formerly in Surrey:
 * Barking
 * Dagenham
 * East Ham North
 * East Ham South
 * Epping    (part)
 * Hornchurch
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Leyton
 * Romford
 * Walthamstow East
 * Walthamstow West
 * Wanstead and Woodford
 * West Ham North
 * West Ham South
 * Barnet (part)
 * Beckenham
 * Bexley
 * Bromley
 * Chislehurst
 * Erith and Crayford
 * Orpington
 * Acton
 * Brentford    and Chiswick
 * Ealing North
 * Ealing South
 * Edmonton
 * Enfield East
 * Enfield West (part)
 * Feltham
 * Finchley
 * Harrow Central
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon North
 * Hendon South
 * Heston and Isleworth
 * Hornsey
 * Ruislip-Northwood
 * Southall
 * Southgate
 * Tottenham
 * Twickenham
 * Uxbridge
 * Wembley North
 * Wembley South
 * Willesden East
 * Willesden West
 * Wood Green
 * Carshalton (part)
 * Croydon North East
 * Croydon North West
 * Croydon South
 * East Surrey (part)
 * Kingston-upon-Thames
 * Merton and Morden
 * Mitcham
 * Richmond
 * Surbiton
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Wimbledon

1974 to 1983
When Greater London was created in 1965 the existing constituencies crossed county boundaries. The constituency review reported in 1969, and was implemented for the February 1974 election. All 92 constituencies were contained within Greater London and each were within a single London borough, with the exception of the City of London and Westminster South. They were all borough constituencies. The constituencies were also used as electoral divisions for the Greater London Council from 1973 to 1986.

For representation by party, see sections North West, North East, South West and South East.

 * Acton
 * Barking
 * Battersea North
 * Battersea South
 * Beckenham
 * Bermondsey
 * Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Bexleyheath
 * Brent East
 * Brent North
 * Brent South
 * Brentford and Isleworth
 * Carshalton
 * Chelsea
 * Chingford
 * Chipping Barnet
 * Chislehurst
 * City of London and Westminster South
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North East
 * Croydon North West
 * Croydon South
 * Dagenham
 * Dulwich
 * Ealing North
 * Edmonton
 * Enfield North
 * Erith and Crayford
 * Feltham and Heston
 * Finchley
 * Fulham
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney Central
 * Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Hammersmith North
 * Hampstead
 * Harrow Central
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon North
 * Hendon South
 * Holborn and St Pancras South
 * Hornchurch
 * Hornsey
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Islington Central
 * Islington North
 * Islington South and Finsbury
 * Kensington
 * Kingston upon Thames
 * Lambeth Central
 * Lewisham Deptford
 * Lewisham East
 * Lewisham West
 * Leyton
 * Mitcham and Morden
 * Newham North East
 * Newham North West
 * Newham South
 * Norwood
 * Orpington
 * Paddington
 * Peckham
 * Putney
 * Ravensbourne
 * Richmond upon Thames
 * Romford
 * Ruislip Northwood
 * St Marylebone
 * St Pancras North
 * Sidcup
 * Southall
 * Southgate
 * Stepney and Poplar
 * Streatham
 * Surbiton
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Tooting
 * Tottenham
 * Twickenham
 * Upminster
 * Uxbridge
 * Vauxhall
 * Walthamstow
 * Wanstead and Woodford
 * Wimbledon
 * Wood Green
 * Woolwich East
 * Woolwich West

1983 to 1997
The constituencies were redrawn for the 1983 election. All 84 constituencies were contained within Greater London and each were within a single London borough, with the exception of the City of London and Westminster South. They were all borough constituencies.

For representation by party, see sections North West, North East, South West and South East.

 * Barking
 * Battersea
 * Beckenham
 * Bethnal Green and Stepney
 * Bexleyheath
 * Bow and Poplar
 * Brent East
 * Brent North
 * Brent South
 * Brentford and Isleworth
 * Carshalton and Wallington
 * Chelsea
 * Chingford
 * Chipping Barnet
 * Chislehurst
 * City of London and Westminster South
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North East
 * Croydon North West
 * Croydon South
 * Dagenham
 * Dulwich
 * Ealing Acton
 * Ealing North
 * Ealing Southall
 * Edmonton
 * Eltham
 * Enfield North
 * Enfield Southgate
 * Erith and Crayford
 * Feltham and Heston
 * Finchley
 * Fulham
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Hammersmith
 * Hampstead and Highgate
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon North
 * Hendon South
 * Holborn and St Pancras
 * Hornchurch
 * Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Islington North
 * Islington South and Finsbury
 * Kensington
 * Kingston upon Thames
 * Lewisham Deptford
 * Lewisham East
 * Lewisham West
 * Leyton
 * Mitcham and Morden
 * Newham North East
 * Newham North West
 * Newham South
 * Norwood
 * Old Bexley and Sidcup
 * Orpington
 * Peckham
 * Putney
 * Ravensbourne
 * Richmond and Barnes
 * Romford
 * Ruislip Northwood
 * Southwark and Bermondsey
 * Streatham
 * Surbiton
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Tooting
 * Tottenham
 * Twickenham
 * Upminster
 * Uxbridge
 * Vauxhall
 * Walthamstow
 * Wanstead and Woodford
 * Westminster North
 * Wimbledon
 * Woolwich

1997 to 2010
The constituencies were redrawn for the 1997 election. All 74 constituencies were contained within Greater London. Constituencies crossed borough boundaries between Bexley and Greenwich; Ealing, and Hammersmith and Fulham; Kensington and Chelsea, Westminster and the City of London; Kingston upon Thames and Richmond upon Thames; Lambeth and Southwark; Newham and Tower Hamlets; and Redbridge and Waltham Forest. They were all borough constituencies.

For representation by party, see sections North West, North East, South West and South East.

 * Barking
 * Battersea
 * Beckenham
 * Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Bexleyheath and Crayford
 * Brent East
 * Brent North
 * Brent South
 * Brentford and Isleworth
 * Bromley and Chislehurst
 * Camberwell and Peckham
 * Carshalton and Wallington
 * Chingford and Woodford Green
 * Chipping Barnet
 * Cities of London and Westminster
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North
 * Croydon South
 * Dagenham
 * Dulwich and West Norwood
 * Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush
 * Ealing North
 * Ealing, Southall
 * East Ham
 * Edmonton
 * Eltham
 * Enfield North
 * Enfield, Southgate
 * Erith and Thamesmead
 * Feltham and Heston
 * Finchley and Golders Green
 * Greenwich and Woolwich
 * Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Hammersmith and Fulham
 * Hampstead and Highgate
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon
 * Holborn and St Pancras
 * Hornchurch
 * Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Islington North
 * Islington South and Finsbury
 * Kensington and Chelsea
 * Kingston and Surbiton
 * Lewisham, Deptford
 * Lewisham East
 * Lewisham West
 * Leyton and Wanstead
 * Mitcham and Morden
 * North Southwark and Bermondsey
 * Old Bexley and Sidcup
 * Orpington
 * Poplar and Canning Town
 * Putney
 * Regent's Park and Kensington North
 * Richmond Park
 * Romford
 * Ruislip-Northwood
 * Streatham
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Tooting
 * Tottenham
 * Twickenham
 * Upminster
 * Uxbridge
 * Vauxhall
 * Walthamstow
 * West Ham
 * Wimbledon

Since 2010
The constituencies were redrawn for the 2010 election. All 73 constituencies are contained within Greater London. Constituencies cross borough boundaries between Barking and Dagenham, and Havering; Brent and Camden; Harrow and Hillingdon; Kensington and Chelsea, and Hammersmith and Fulham; Redbridge and Waltham Forest; Bexley and Greenwich; Bromley and Lewisham; Kingston upon Thames and Richmond upon Thames; Lambeth and Southwark; and Westminster and the City of London. They are all borough constituencies.

For representation by party, see sections North West, North East, South West and South East.

 * Barking
 * Battersea
 * Beckenham
 * Bermondsey and Old Southwark
 * Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Bexleyheath and Crayford
 * Brent Central
 * Brent North
 * Brentford and Isleworth
 * Bromley and Chislehurst
 * Camberwell and Peckham
 * Carshalton and Wallington
 * Chelsea and Fulham
 * Chingford and Woodford Green
 * Chipping Barnet
 * Cities of London and Westminster
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North
 * Croydon South
 * Dagenham and Rainham
 * Dulwich and West Norwood
 * Ealing Central and Acton
 * Ealing North
 * Ealing Southall
 * East Ham
 * Edmonton
 * Eltham
 * Enfield North
 * Enfield Southgate
 * Erith and Thamesmead
 * Feltham and Heston
 * Finchley and Golders Green
 * Greenwich and Woolwich
 * Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Hammersmith
 * Hampstead and Kilburn
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon
 * Holborn and St Pancras
 * Hornchurch and Upminster
 * Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Islington North
 * Islington South and Finsbury
 * Kensington
 * Kingston and Surbiton
 * Lewisham Deptford
 * Lewisham East
 * Lewisham West and Penge
 * Leyton and Wanstead
 * Mitcham and Morden
 * Old Bexley and Sidcup
 * Orpington
 * Poplar and Limehouse
 * Putney
 * Richmond Park
 * Romford
 * Ruislip Northwood and Pinner
 * Streatham
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Tooting
 * Tottenham
 * Twickenham
 * Uxbridge and South Ruislip
 * Vauxhall
 * Walthamstow
 * West Ham
 * Westminster North
 * Wimbledon

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

North West London
The boroughs of Hillingdon, Harrow, Brent, Ealing, Barnet, Camden, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster, and the City of London.

North East London
The boroughs of Barking & Dagenham, Enfield, Hackney, Haringey, Havering, Islington, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest.

South West London
The boroughs of Croydon, Hounslow, Kingston, Merton, Richmond, Sutton and Wandsworth.

South East London
The boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Greenwich, Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark.

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing – General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024 general election
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies in the London region in the 2024 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
Key:

CON – Conservative Party, including National Liberal Party up to 1966

LAB – Labour Party

LIB – Liberal Party up to 1979; SDP–Liberal Alliance 1983 & 1987; Liberal Democrats from 1992

UKIP/Br – UK Independence Party 2010 to 2017 (included in Other up to 2005 and in 2019); Brexit Party in 2019

Green – Green Party of England and Wales (included in Other up to 2005)

Seats
Key:

CON – Conservative Party, including National Liberal Party up to 1966

LAB – Labour Party

LIB – Liberal Party up to 1979; SDP–Liberal Alliance 1983 & 1987; Liberal Democrats from 1992

OTH – 1945 – (1) Communist Party; (2) Independent Labour (Denis Pritt); 2005 – Respect (George Galloway)

Greater London
These are maps of the results of the last 14 general elections in London.
 * Red represents seats won by MPs from the Labour Party.
 * Blue represents seats won by MPs from the Conservative Party.
 * Amber represents seats won by MPs from the Liberal Democrats.
 * Green (in 2005) represents the seat won by the sole MP from the Respect Party, George Galloway.
 * Yellow (in 1983 and 1987) represents the seat won by the sole MP from the Liberal Party, Simon Hughes, who continued to be an MP of the Liberal Democrats.
 * Purple represents the two seats won by MPs from the Social Democratic Party. They were John Cartwright (formerly Labour), and Rosie Barnes.
 * Grey (in 2024) represents seats won by Independent politicians (Jeremy Corbyn).

title: Parliamentary constituencies in London


text:
Pawan Kalyan

Konidala Pawan Kalyan (born Konidala Kalyan Babu; 2 September) is an Indian politician and actor who has been serving as the 10th deputy chief minister of Andhra Pradesh since 12 June 2024. He is also serving as the Minister of Panchayat Raj, Rural Development & Rural Water Supply; Environment, Forests, Science & Technology in the Government of Andhra Pradesh. He is the founder and president of the Jana Sena Party.

As an actor, Kalyan primarily works in Telugu cinema and is known for his unique style and mannerisms. He has a huge fan base and is one of the highest-paid actors of Indian cinema. He has been featured in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list multiple times since 2013. Kalyan is the recipient of a Filmfare Award South and a SIIMA Award among other accolades.

Kalyan made his acting debut in the 1996 film Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi, but rose to prominence with the dramas Gokulamlo Seeta (1997) and Suswagatham (1998). He achieved stardom for his performance in Tholi Prema (1998), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu that year. Kalyan established himself as a leading actor with successful projects such as Thammudu (1999), Badri (2000), Kushi (2001), Jalsa (2008), Gabbar Singh (2012), Attarintiki Daredi (2013), Gopala Gopala (2015), and Bheemla Nayak (2022). He received the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for Gabbar Singh. Kushi and Attarintiki Daredi held the record of being the highest-grossing Telugu film of all time. In addition to acting, he produces films under the banners Anjana Productions and Pawan Kalyan Creative Works.

In 2008, Kalyan entered into politics as the youth wing president of his brother Chiranjeevi's Praja Rajyam Party, but he left after it merged into the Congress party. He founded the Jana Sena Party in March 2014. He is a black belt in Karate and trains in various martial arts which he depicts in his films regularly. Kalyan is referred to as Power Star by his fans and in the media. Kalyan is the founder of the charity Common Man Protection Force.

Early life and education
Kalyan was born as Konidala Kalyan Babu on 2 September in a Telugu family to Konidala Venkata Rao and Anjana Devi in Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh. Venkata Rao worked as a police constable and was transferred on a regular basis.

Kalyan was educated at the St. Joseph's High School in Nellore. He was awarded the title "Pawan" during one of his public martial arts presentations. He also holds a black belt in Karate.

Acting career
Kalyan made his acting debut in 1996 with Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi. His second film Gokulamlo Seeta released the following year. He next appeared in A. Karunakaran-directed Tholi Prema (1999) which won the National Award and six Nandi Awards that year. After Tholi Prema, Kalyan acted in Thammudu, playing the role of a kick boxer. Thammudu was released on 15 July 1999 and was written and directed by P. A. Arun Prasad. On 20 April 2000, he acted in Puri Jagannadh's first directorial venture, Badri. Produced by T. Trivikrama Rao and music composed by Ramana Gogula.

In 2001, he acted in the film Kushi. The film was released on 27 April 2001 and was directed by S. J. Suryah, which became a huge blockbuster that year. In 2001, he was the brand ambassador for Pepsi at the time his brother Chiranjeevi was promoting Coca-Cola. His next film Johnny, written and directed by himself, released on 26 April 2003. Kalyan also starred in the film, along with Renu Desai, produced by Allu Aravind, and music composed by Ramana Gogula.

In 2004, his film Gudumba Shankar was released. The film was directed by Veera Shankar and produced by Kalyan's brother Nagendra Babu under Anjana Productions banner. The film's script and screenplay were written by Kalyan and he also choreographed three songs in this film and action scenes were conceived and choreographed by him. In 2005, the film Balu, directed by A. Karunakaran was released. This was Karunakaran's second film with Kalyan after Tholi Prema. This film was produced by C. Ashwini Dutt under Vyjayanthi Movies banner.

In 2006, Bangaram, directed by Tamil director Dharani was released. During March 2006, Kalyan launched his second directorial venture Satyagrahi, produced by A. M. Rathnam, which would be a tale questioning the atrocities in society. After spending a few months on pre-production by signing with P. C. Sreeram and A. R. Rahman, the film was later suddenly shelved. Later that year, he appeared in Annavaram, directed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao. Asin, and Sandhya were cast alongside Kalyan in the film and the film was produced under Super Good Films. The film was released on 29 December 2006 and collected inr 230000000 in 3 weeks and inr 300000000 in 70 Days. The film was a remake of the Tamil film Thirupaachi.

In 2008, Jalsa, directed by Trivikram Srinivas and produced by Allu Aravind was released on 2 April. This film got the highest first-day collection in Telugu film history and was also the first for any regional film in south India in a single state by that time. Jalsa turned out to be the highest grosser of 2008 in Telugu cinema. Puli was written and directed by S. J. Suryah and released in 2010. An official announcement was made in the same year that Kalyan was going to play a small role in a movie about Jesus Christ directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao. In 2011, he appeared in Teen Maar, a remake of Love Aaj Kal, directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee. He also appeared in Vishnuvardhan's gangster film Panjaa.

In 2012, he appeared in Gabbar Singh, a remake of Dabangg, directed by Harish Shankar. The film successfully completed 100 days and stood as the second highest-grossing Telugu film at that time. After this film, he worked in Puri Jagannadh's Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu.

In 2013, he appeared in Trivikram Srinivas's Attarintiki Daredi. The film, released on 27 September 2013, faced problems with piracy as half of the movie was leaked to the internet prior to its release. In spite of this the movie was a blockbuster in 2013. The movie completed 100 days in 33 theaters and held the record of the highest-grossing film in Tollywood by that time, surpassing the previous record of Magadheera (2009). Later, it was surpassed by Baahubali: The Beginning (2015).

In 2014, a Star India survey ranked Kalyan as one of the Top 5 Heroes of India. In 2015, he appeared in Gopala Gopala, a Telugu remake of OMG – Oh My God!. The film featured Kalyan starring alongside Venkatesh and was directed by Kishore Kumar Pardasani. In 2016, Kalyan's Sardaar Gabbar Singh, a sequel to his 2012 film Gabbar Singh received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. Katamarayudu (2017), a remake of Tamil film Veeram marked his second collaboration with Kishore Kumar Pardasani. In 2018, he appeared in the film Agnyaathavaasi directed by Trivikram Srinivas. This marked Kalyan's 25th film.

In 2021, he made a comeback to films by appearing in Vakeel Saab, directed by Venu Sriram. He announced Hari Hara Veera Mallu, which is being directed by Krish Jagarlamudi. The shooting of the film has currently been on hold for almost 2 years, owing to Kalyan's political commitments. Mythri Movie Makers also announced Ustaad Bhagat Singh with Kalyan, under the direction of Harish Shankar. He also acted in the remake of Vinodhaya Sitham, Bro, with Sai Dharam Tej, under the direction of Samuthirakani, who also directed the original film. Another film, OG, was subsequently announced with Sujeeth as the director and to be produced by D. V. V. Danayya.

Praja Rajyam Party
Kalyan started his political career in 2008 as the president of Yuvarajyam, the youth wing of Praja Rajyam Party which was started by his elder brother Chiranjeevi. He neither contested in elections nor did he hold any constitutional post during his days in Praja Rajyam Party. While he actively campaigned for the party, he was also hit with few health problems. Kalyan was struck with bouts of vomiting, as he was hit by a sunstroke during a roadshow at Vizag on 19 April 2009. Later, in 2011, when Chiranjeevi merged his party with the Congress Party, Kalyan took a break from political life, expressing his silent discontent with his brother's decision to merge the party.

Jana Sena Party
Kalyan founded a political party named Jana Sena Party on 14 March 2014. He wrote a book titled Ism which is also the ideology of the Jana Sena party. He met with then Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi to discuss the issues related to both the Telugu states and extended his support. He campaigned extensively for the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and BJP alliance in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. He opposed Congress party's rule stating the slogan Congress Hatao, Desh Bachao (lit. 'Stop Congress, Save the Country' in Hindi). His rallies drew what the Deccan-Journal called "huge crowds" in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In August 2017, he announced that he intended to enter full-time politics starting October 2017 once he completes his film commitments.

Kalyan brought the Uddanam kidney disease crisis to the attention of media and politicians through protests and a hunger strike. Government of Andhra Pradesh responded by constructing dialysis centers and implementing various schemes for the village. In November 2016, Kalyan announced that Jana Sena will contest in the 2019 general elections in Andhra Pradesh. He stated that he was planning to contest from all 175 legislatures of Andhra Pradesh without any alliance. He opposed central government's move to privatise Dredging Corporation of India (DCI) on a golden platter. Kalyan led a protest march to condolence farmers who committed suicides or migrated from the drought-prone regions of Rayalaseema. He opposed the TDP Government's decision on land pooling. Kalyan conducted a march on the historical Dowleswaram Barrage in Rajahmundry demanding political accountability. He exposed the alleged unchecked mining in the reserve forest area at Vanthada village of Prathipadu in East Godavari district.

Kalyan announced the Jana Sena party's 2019 election manifesto at Rajahmundry public meeting with many measures to improve the lives of farmers, farm labourers, women, youth, and students. His party would contest together with left parties Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and Bahujan Samaj Party for the upcoming 2019 elections in both Telugu states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. At the same time, when he was actively campaigning for the elections all around Andhra Pradesh, he fell sick and shared a few health problems. As he was getting ready for his next round of campaign at Sattenapalle, he felt dizzy and nauseated. When the chopper was down for refilling at Gannavaram airport, he was down with vomiting, dehydration, and drowsiness. Immediately then, he was hospitalized and treated in Vijayawada. Again the campaign resumed after he got well.

Jana Sena Party contested in 140 constituencies in the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, of which, Kalyan contested in two constituencies – Gajuwaka and Bhimavaram. He lost in both constituencies to candidates from YSR Congress Party. His party was able to win from Razole, making it the only seat it won in the election. Later the same year, on 3 November 2019, Kalyan led a long march in Visakhapatnam in support of construction workers, against YSR Congress Party, who have been facing unemployment due to a shortage of supply of sand in Andhra Pradesh. On 16 January 2020, Kalyan announced his party's alliance with BJP, after three years of distancing from it. On 12 February 2020, he led a rally for justice to Sugali Preethi, a 15-year-old girl who was raped and murdered, in Kurnool. He demanded an inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) into the incident.

Jana Sena Party formed a triple alliance with Telugu Desam Party and BJP and contested in 21 constituencies in the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, with Kalyan contesting in the Pithapuram constituency. He won by a margin of more than 70,000 votes; Jana Sena Party won in all the contested twenty-one assembly constituencies and two Lok Sabha seats. On 12 June 2024, he was sworn in as a cabinet minister of Andhra Pradesh, whereas on 16 June 2024, he was announced as the deputy chief minister. He is also serving as the Minister of Panchayat Raj & Rural Development; Rural Water Supply; Environment, Forests, Science & Technology in the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

Brand endorsements

 * In April 2001, soft-drink giant Pepsi, announced him as its brand ambassador, making him the first South Indian to endorse the popular soft-drink.
 * In January 2017, Kalyan agreed to take up the role of the brand ambassador for hand loom weavers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
 * In August 2017, Kalyan was asked to be the brand ambassador to JEEVAN DAAN, an initiative started for organ donation by government of Andhra Pradesh.

Harvard University
Kalyan was invited to Harvard University to deliver a speech in 14th edition of India Conference 2017 along with R. Madhavan.

Personal life
Pawan Kalyan is the younger brother of actors Chiranjeevi and Nagendra Babu. He is also the uncle of actors Ram Charan, Allu Arjun, Varun Tej, Sai Dharam Tej, Vaisshnav Tej, and Niharika.

Kalyan married Nandini in 1997, one year after his film debut. In 2001, Kalyan started a live-in relationship with his co-star from Badri, Renu Desai; their son, Akira Nandan, was born in 2004. In June 2007, Nandini filed a bigamy case on Kalyan alleging that he remarried without divorcing her; Kalyan responded by stating that he had not married Desai and a magistrate court in Visakhapatnam cleared him of the charge due to lack of evidence. Subsequently, in July 2007, Kalyan filed for divorce at a family court in Visakhapatnam claiming that Nandini deserted him immediately after their marriage, which was denied by her lawyer. In August 2008, their divorce was formalized with an alimony of ₹5 crore paid by Kalyan as a one-time settlement.

In 2009, Kalyan married Desai after eight years of live-in companionship. Their daughter Aadya was born in 2010. The couple parted ways in 2012 with a formal divorce. She later mentioned that they separated for personal reasons but she still maintains a very friendly relationship with Kalyan.

Kalyan met his third wife, Anna Lezhneva, a Russian citizen during the shoot of Teen Maar (2011). They married in September 2013 under Special Marriage Act at a Sub-Registrar Office in Hyderabad. The couple has a daughter Polena Anjana Pawanova and a son Mark Shankar Pawanovich.

Outside of work, Kalyan is a black belt in Karate who trains in various martial arts and is an avid reader.

title: Pawan Kalyan


text: Talk:Béhanzin

title: Talk:Béhanzin


text:
List of vice-chancellors of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David

This is a list of vice-chancellors of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David and its previous founding institutions.

The institution has changed its title three times in its history, from St David's College to St David's University College in 1971, then to the University of Wales, Lampeter in 1996, and more recently to the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David—a merging of University of Wales, Lampeter and Trinity University College, Carmarthen—in 2010; the names are split up into these categories.

Principals of St David's College

 * 1827 Llewelyn Lewellin (1798–1878)
 * 1879 Francis John Jayne (1845–1921) (Also Bishop of Chester)
 * 1886 Herbert Edward Ryle (1856–1925) (Also Bishop of Exeter and Winchester)
 * 1888 Charles Gresford Edmondes (1838–1893)
 * 1892 John Owen (1854–1926) (Also Bishop of Saint David's)
 * 1897 George William Gent (1852–1898)
 * 1898 Llewellyn John Montfort Bebb (1862–1915)
 * 1916 Gilbert Cunningham Joyce (1866–1942) (Also Bishop of Monmouth)
 * 1923 Maurice Jones (1863–1957)
 * 1938 Henry Kingsley Archdall (1886–1976)
 * 1953 John Roland Lloyd Thomas (1908–1984)

Principals of St David's University College

 * 1971 John Roland Lloyd Thomas (1908–1984)
 * 1975 Brinley Rees (1919–2004)
 * 1980 Brian Robert Morris, Baron Morris of Castle Morris (1930–2001)
 * 1992 Keith Robbins (1940–2019)

Vice-chancellors of the University of Wales, Lampeter

 * 1996 Keith Robbins (1940–2019)
 * 2003 Robert A Pearce (1951–)
 * 2008 Alfred Morris (1941–)
 * 2009 Medwin Hughes (Also of Trinity University College, Carmarthen)

Vice-chancellors of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David

 * 2010 Medwin Hughes
 * 2023 Elwen Evans


text:
Consignee

In a contract of carriage, the consignee is the entity who is financially responsible (the buyer) for the receipt of a shipment. Generally, but not always, the consignee is the same as the receiver.

If a sender dispatches an item to a receiver via a delivery service, the sender is the consignor, the recipient is the consignee, and the deliverer is the carrier.

A brief statement of law
This is a difficult area of law, in that it regulates the mass transportation industry, which cannot always guarantee arrival on time or that goods will not be damaged in the course of transit. Two other problems are that unpaid consignors or freight carriers may wish to hold goods until payment is made, and that fraudulent individuals may seek to take delivery in place of the legitimate consignees. The key to resolving such disputes lies in the documentation. The standard form of contract is a bill of lading which, in international shipping law, is simply a contract for the carriage of goods entered into between the shipper and the carrier that is not a charter party. It is always a term of that contract that the carrier must deliver the goods to a specific receiver.

Documentation and legal requirements for delivery
Straight bills of lading by land or sea, or air waybill are not documents of title to the goods that they represent. They do no more than require delivery of the goods to the named consignee and (subject to the shipper's ability to redirect the goods) to no other. This differs from "order" or "bearer" bills of lading, which are possessory title documents and negotiable, i.e. they can be endorsed and so transfer the right to take delivery to the last endorsee. This aspect of shipping law is regulated by the Hague Rules, and the laws of individual countries, e.g. the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 and the U.S. Pomerene Act 1916. There is some international dispute as to whether the consignee on a straight bill must produce the bill in order to take delivery. The U.S. position is that the person taking delivery must prove his or her identity but, as in Hong Kong, there is no need to present the bill itself. In the UK there are conflicting obiter dicta in "The Rafaela S" [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 113 and "The Happy Ranger" [2002] 2 AER (Comm) 23, so the matter must remain unclear even though there are serious problems, for example, arising from the everyday occurrence of cargo being discharged against letters of indemnity when original bills of lading are not yet available to be presented at the discharge port.

Consignee rights
The rights of the consignee under an air waybill are regulated by the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, 1929 and the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air 1999 and the relevant state laws (which may be one law chosen as the proper law by the parties, or any combination of laws representing the seller, buyer, consignor, and carrier.) This is very important as per export documents.

The receiver can be different than that of the consignee.

title: Consignee


text:
Wilgelm Vitgeft

Wilhelm Withöft (Вильгельм Карлович Витгефт, tr. Vil’gel’m Karlovich Vitgeft; October 14, 1847 – August 10, 1904), more commonly known as Wilgelm Vitgeft, was a Russo-German admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy, noted for his service in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Biography
Withöft was born in Odessa, and was of German ancestry and Lutheran faith. He graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps in 1868 and subsequently circumnavigated the globe on the clipper Wsadnik. After his return to Russia, he was promoted to warrant officer in 1870 and to lieutenant in 1873. From 1875 to 1878 he received specialized training as a naval artillery and mine warfare expert. Thereafter he served in various functions on ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet. In 1885, as a captain of the second rank, he was assigned his first command, that of the gunboat Groza. He subsequently served as an inspector of works for the Marine Technical Committee, and as the Assistant Chief Inspector of Mines, was responsible for testing naval mines.

In 1892, Vitgeft took over command of the cruiser Voyevoda and was promoted to captain 1st rank in 1894. On 26 October 1899 Withöft was promoted to rear admiral and was transferred to the Russian Pacific Fleet. He was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus (1st class with Swords) for participation in the Russian-Chinese War of 1900, and was also decorated by the Empire of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class. He served as chief of staff to Viceroy, Yevgeny Alekseyev, from 1900 to 1903.

After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Vitgeft became chief of the Naval Headquarters in the Far East. Following the death of Admiral Stepan Makarov, Vitgeft was appointed temporary commander of the "First Pacific Squadron", that portion of the Russian Pacific Fleet trapped at Port Arthur by the Japanese blockade. Vitgeft made one aborted attempt to break out of Port Arthur on 23 June. On 7 August, he suffered from a leg wound caused by a shell splinter during the Japanese bombardment of Port Arthur.

Viceroy Alekseyev, an admiral, favored an aggressive sortie so as to enable the First Pacific Squadron to link up with the Vladivostok Squadron and thereby create a naval force powerful enough to challenge the Japanese fleet. Vitgeft believed "in a fleet in being", which simply stayed at anchor, while at the same time contributing some of his weaponry to the land battle as the safest course to follow. Although passive, Vitgeft's preference was actually more in keeping with the Russian Navy's doctrine, which was building up strength (waiting for the arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet, renamed as the "2nd Pacific Squadron"), and then engaging the Japanese navy in decisive battle.

Alekseyev appealed to St. Petersburg, and Tsar Nicholas II replied that he fully shared the Viceroy's opinion. Faced with an Imperial writ and threat of legal action, Admiral Vitgeft was ordered to sail for Vladivostok immediately. By 06:15 hours, on 10 August 1904, Admiral Vitgeft, flying his flag in the battleship Tsesarevich, began leading his fleet from the harbor.

The Russian fleet consisted of the battleships RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Tsesarevich, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Retvizan, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Pobeda, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Peresvet, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Sevastopol, and Poltava, the protected cruisers RUSSIAN CRUISER Askold, RUSSIAN CRUISER Diana, RUSSIAN CRUISER Novik and RUSSIAN CRUISER Pallada, and 14 destroyers. In the subsequent Battle of the Yellow Sea, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet under Admiral Togo Heihachiro intercepted the Russian fleet. At 18:40 on 10 August 1904, Admiral Vitgeft and his immediate staff were killed instantly when a 12 in salvo from the Japanese battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi struck the upper bridge of the Russian flagship Tsesarevich. The shell also jammed the flagship's steering into a shaft port turn, which threw the Russian line of battle into confusion. Five battleships, a cruiser and nine destroyers escaped back to Port Arthur; however, the damaged Tsesarevich and three escorting destroyers sailed to Qingdao, where they were interned by Imperial German authorities under Governor Oskar von Truppel and his chief of staff Korvettenkapitän Felix Funke.

Honors

 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne 2nd degree 1893
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir 4th degree, 1893.
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir 3rd degree, 1898.
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree with swords, 1900
 * GRE Order Redeemer 3Class.png Order of the Redeemer, 3rd degree, 1896 (Greece)
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd degree, 1900 (Japan)
 * EST Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - 5th Class BAR.png Order of the Crown, 2nd degree with star and swords, 1900 (Prussia)

title: Wilgelm Vitgeft


text:
Talk:Cup of tea test

I don't remember this. Where is it from? Morwen - Talk 12:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't look familiar to me, either. I've left an question about it on Stellertony's page, but I haven't heard back yet.  Joyous 14:17, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Right, apparently this is from a promo released to coincide with the movie. Not sure if Adams had anything to do with it. Certainly doesn't want to be as prominent on the main hitchhiker's page. Morwen - Talk 08:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cup of tea test


text:
Talk:Large for gestational age

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 August 2021 and 21 September 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Logbai707, Zayfay911, Shotokan75.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 June 2020 and 21 August 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Carrie bi, H.K.Barton, Ucsfjchen, Mxphan.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:14, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

greater than 90% of the normal weight for that gestational age
"greater than 90% of the normal weight for that gestational age, adjusted for sex and ethnicity."

This doesn't make sense. 100% of the normal weight, ie the normal weight, is >90% and can not be abnormally large. Should it say >190%, or something else?

 * I agree with the above poster. Unless I'm missing something, I think the line should be changed to "greater than 90% over the normal weight for that gestational age" or "greater than 190% of the normal weight for that gestational age".

 * I've attempted to reword that to clarify it a bit more. The "90th percentile" birth weight refers to the top 10% weights of average newborns which works out (not taking into consideration sex or ethnicity) to around 4250g.  I hope its clearer now.  violet/riga (t) 21:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

"Occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies"
The lead notes that macrosomai "occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies". If macrosomia is based on a birth weight that is in the 90th percentile or above, wouldn't this mean macrosomia occurs in 10% of pregnancies, not "up to"? --Westendgirl 05:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's the 90th percentile adjusted for gestational age, sex and ethnicity. So a newborn may be classed as being above the 90th percentile of all births but it may not figure in the 90th percentile after the adjustment.  I agree that it's quite a daft classification and that's why people tend to use the fixed weight nowadays.  violet/riga (t) 09:27, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this should be noted in a footnote, and the 10% moved out of the lead definition. We probably don't want a one-line description that needs footnoting. --Westendgirl 22:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

kind of offensive
The chart is labeled "appropriate for gestational age". It should use some term other than "appropriate", and "adequate" is no good either. These work:
 * normal
 * average
 * usual
 * common

(BTW, when you fix the chart, please also put pounds and ounces on the right side)

The problem with "appropriate" is that such weights are not appropriate for all babies. The appropriate weight depends on the size of the parents. The same goes for the "40 weeks" too.

A few examples involving a 6'2" dad and a very healthy 5'10" mom:

 * With my first kid, I knew when conception occurred. (a range of dates) Based on an ultrasound, the hospital chose a gestational age that was off by at least 2 weeks, possibly much more. Based on that, they insisted on inducing birth. At birth the kid showed signs of premature birth. As intelligence runs in the family and is associated with high birth weight, I'm especially upset about this birth.

 * Kid number 3, the healthiest of the bunch, was about 10 pounds (4545 g) at birth. Again, we knew the ultrasound estimate was off by weeks. He was delivered naturally, at home of course, with no problems at all. The mom didn't tear, the baby was very responsive, and so on. Heh, your chart is too small. Almost two years later, this kid is now very tall, bright, and strong. He has conversations, uses the can, and beats up his older brothers.

 * Even my twins went to 40 weeks and were not considered small. (they look tiny after the 10-pounder of course) We got 12.5 pounds of baby out of that birth.

This idea of diagnosing unusual-sized babies as "bad" and then trying to "fix" things makes people get hurt. What if we did that for feet? I'm a U.S. size 14. Maybe a doctor should remove part of my foot to make it "appropriate"? We could even enforce a standard height, skin color, nose shape...

AlbertCahalan 15:05, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry but that is the correct term in use today. The chart shows the median (50th percentile) of AGA along with the upper and lower bounds of what is considered "appropriate" (LGA and SGA).  This is all calculated to include all variations in influences on the size (including the size of the parents).  I see what you're saying, but that is the classification currently in use.

 * As for the look of the chart, I'm not entirely happy with it at the moment and have some ideas on how to make it look a bit better, including pounds/ounces on the other Y scale. violet/riga (t) 15:23, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've reworked the graph now. violet/riga (t) 16:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I was thinking that you might best just label the graph by percentile, but I like what you did. How do you make graphs like that? AlbertCahalan 17:07, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The original one was made in Excel. This time I used Excel to make the background and plot some of the points, then used Macromedia Fireworks to create the rest of it.  I considered adding the percentiles to it but didn't want to further increase its size.  violet/riga (t) 17:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Think about what "calculated to include all variations in influences on the size (including the size of the parents)" really means. It means you have the average. To have a chart that properly accounts for my family, you'd really need to move the SGA line. My 2812g kid (a "full term" twin) was terribly scrawny. Very long limbs throw off the weight. AlbertCahalan 17:07, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's true, but it's not really possible to represent every every individual family in a chart. It's also based on released statistics and what is classed as SGA and LGA.  It may be silly to categorise the newborns so simply, but it's not saying that an AGA baby isn't scrawny and thin.  violet/riga (t) 17:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's a nice example (happy ending even) of how people can be hurt: a lady, with previous successful experience delivering a 12-pound baby, goes to a hospital to give birth. They insist that her 12-pounder absolutely must be delivered by cesarean. She is stubborn enough to get up and walk out while in labor. She easily gives birth in a different hospital. Meanwhile, the first hospital has gone to a judge to get an emergency custody order that would allow them to force the mother to have a cesarean. (They expect her to come back! WTF???) The mother finds out about the court order when news reporters visit her in the second hospital. (In case you didn't know, cesareans interfere with breastfeeding, create risk of infection and future uterine rupture, and cause a very long and painful recovery.) AlbertCahalan 17:07, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If you could find a source for that it might be good to add it to the article, noting that LGA isn't necessarily a direct lead onto a caesarian. violet/riga (t) 17:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

think I found it
Big babies do not always need to be delivered by Caesarean section.

 * http://allnurses.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-54674
 * http://www.jehovahs-witness.com/16/72675/1.ashx

Note that the hospital lied on court papers, over both the mother's reason and over her success with previous children.

AlbertCahalan 01:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Birth weight/merge
Birth weight/merge has been created which merges the following articles:
 * Birth weight
 * Small for gestational age
 * Large for gestational age

Comments would be appreciated on this possible way forward. violet/riga (t) 14:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mothers of African origin
The article includes the unsourced statement "The condition is most common in mothers of African origin, partly due to the higher incidence of diabetes." Since Africa as far as I am aware experiences a high incidence of low birth weights, I can't help but wonder if this is another of Wikipedia's many frankly shameful examples of statements being made about the United States or some other rich country as if the rest of the world did not exist. I say shameful because, if I'm right, in this case the author of that sentence wrote "African origin" without it even occurring to them that Africa is where most people of African origin live, and they are disproportionately affected by factors that lead to low birth weight. So, do we mean African-origin mothers worldwide, or African-origin mothers in a particular country? Either way it needs a source. Credulity (talk) 19:23, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Inconsistent use of units
I can't help but notice that the article is trying to strike a balance between using metric units (grams) and US ones (pounds & ounces). The lead of the article & the chart is in grams, while the rest is mostly US units, making it difficult to relate the chart to the text.

A decision needs to be made about which units to use. --NetRolller 3D  01:09, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

Slovenly writing
"In the end", "In the end", "In the end"... Appalling, and unclear. But that's not so much a problem as the quasi-technical phraseology of the article. Editors should keep sight of the need of readers with little technical knowledge. Articles like this should not be written as if the target reader was a member of the medical or nursing professions. It should be written so that an anxious mother can understand it. This also applies to many of the related articles. This article struck me as linguistically far too complicated for a general reader. Macdonald-ross (talk) 09:48, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

Foundations II 2020 Group 29 proposed edits
- Overall, we would like to properly clarify the medical jargon and make the spelling more consistent.

- "Large for gestational age (LGA) is an indication of high prenatal growth rate." We would like to update the leading sentence to explain what exactly LGA is and provide a citation. This phrase should be used as a supporting sentence somewhere else in the article rather than as the introductory sentence.
 * "Large for gestational age (LGA) describes full-term or post-term infants that are born of high birth weight." We will go on to incorporate 'high birthweight' in the next segment of information. Carrie bi (talk) 18:15, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

- "LGA is often defined as a weight, length, or head circumference that lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age. However, it has been suggested that the definition be restricted to infants with birth weights greater than the 97th percentile (2 standard deviations above the mean) as this more accurately describes infants who are at greatest risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality." (rewritten followed below)
 * "The term LGA or large for gestational age is defined by birth weight above the 90th percentile for their gestational age and gender. In infants with birth weight above the 97th percentile in their gestational age and gender group, research has shown that greater risk of long-term health complications and fatal outcomes are present in LGA infants. Carrie bi (talk) 18:50, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

- "Some experts consider a baby to be big when it weighs more than 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g) at birth, and others say a baby is big if it weighs more than 9 pounds 15 ounces (4,500 g)." This phrase was taken directly from Evidence Based Birth website, and we propose to reword the phrase and provide the appropriate citation. We would also like to clarify source #5.
 * Specifically, large for gestational age can be characterized by macrosomia, referring to a fetal growth beyond a certain threshold (threshold ranging from a body weight of 4000 grams to above 5000 grams). Experts in Obstetrics and Gynecology currently use a grading system to evaluate LGA infants, where their birth weight may help identify risks associated with their birth, including labor complications of both mother and child, potential long-term health complications of the neonate and infant mortality. Carrie bi (talk) 21:03, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Signs and Symptoms - For the signs and symptoms section, we believe that this heading is not an appropriate description for this section, which describes risks that are involved with LGA.
 * We would like to change the heading to "Characteristics" and move the leading paragraph's sentence on macrosomia to this section, as it describes what LGA is. :- In addition, we'd like to include a subsection for "Complications" to describe the risks associated with LGA. In addition, following the leading sentence: "Common risks in LGA babies include shoulder dystocia,[3] hypoglycemia,[3] metatarsus adductus, hip subluxation[6] and talipes calcaneovalgus due to intrauterine deformation," we would like to add paragraphs clarifying each complication involved with LGA babies and if possible, provide a percentage that describes the frequency of how often these complications occur.
 * medical articles on Wikipedia follow a "manual of style" Please check here and follow this guideline before changing any headings. Medical Manual of Style (you can find your article type and it lists the suggested headings/subheadings WP:MEDMOS. JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Propose to add subheadings for "maternal" and "neonatal" complications.Ucsfjchen (talk) 02:26, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Subheadings were added. Ucsfjchen (talk) 18:09, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

- In addition, for the phrase, "researches have found that it is impossible to predict who will have shoulder dystocia and who will not," we would like to rephrase this sentence to make it less frightening for readers.
 * Please include the exact edit that you wish to make so that it is easier for people on the talk page to see your proposed improvement. JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

- For the section on shoulder dystocia, we would like to find appropriate citations, as the entire section is not cited.
 * See above regarding sharing your exact edit and citation, rather than just a summary. You have some great ideas here! JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Several references have been added to this section.Ucsfjchen (talk) 02:08, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

- The section that begins with "induction of labour for women with a baby..." we believe that this would be more appropriate to place under "Treatment" section and would like to move this paragraph.
 * makes sense to me JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * This section has been moved. H.K.Barton (talk) 05:43, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

- "Big babies are at higher risk of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, independent of whether the mother has diabetes." This particular sentence lacks a source, and we hope to find an appropriate reference. However, if one is not available, we would like to remove this sentence from this section and place it under "Risk factors" as a risk factor associated with babies born to diabetic mothers.
 * See WP:MEDRS when choosing a source to ensure that it is a secondary source and recent within the last 5 years if possible as per WP:MEDDATE.
 * Reference found and added.Ucsfjchen (talk) 19:43, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

- We would like to have two separate paragraphs designating complications for the infant and the mother.

Risk factors - In the section for risk factors, we would like to clarify that diabetes is present in the mothers and not the infant, and change "poorly-controlled diabetes" to "poorly-controlled maternal diabetes." Seeing as the source for this sentence directs readers to a German article that costs $40, we hope to find a more accessible and recent article.
 * As mentioned refer to WP:MEDRS and please share your exact wording and source here before adding to the article. This makes it easier for volunteers to help moderate these improvements before the article goes live. JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

- "LGA newborns that have complications other than exposure to maternal DM present with universal measurements above the 90th percentile." We do not believe this sentence reaches an understandable conclusion and would like to remove it.

Risk factors: Genetics - This section can be expanded and should elaborate on the role of genetics on LGA.
 * Note WP:MEDRS and be sure to paraphrase.JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Risk factors: Other - Each bullet point should have a citation.
 * Please review WP:MEDRS carefully when selecting sources. JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * "There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic sac fluid). Preterm labor is also highly likely for polyhydramnios." Propose to delete this phrase, as there is no direct citation and no indication of who has claimed this link between polyhydramnios and LGA. While polyhydramnios is associated with some genetic syndromes, such as Costello syndrome, which has exhibited fetal overgrowth, there is no direct link between polyhydramnios causing LGA. Mxphan (talk) 18:30, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I am not familiar with the evidence base. There was no citation in the article and you can not find a WP:MEDRS source on PubMed etc, it is important to remove non evidence-based information shared in this article. Good catch! JenOttawa (talk) 20:37, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Propose deletion of the following bullet points: Congenital anomalies (transposition of great vessels) – Hydrops fetalis; Erythroblastosis fetalis – Hydrops fetalis; Use of some antibiotics (amoxicillin, pivampicillin) during pregnancy – Hydrops fetalis" as there are no resources that state that hydrops fetalis is a risk factor of LGA nor do they draw any conclusion that hydrops fetalis leads to LGA. Mxphan (talk) 20:28, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Diagnosis - The graph lacks a reliable source for the information provided. - The last paragraph that describes complications associated with LGA should be moved to our proposed Complications sections, as it does not involve diagnosing of LGA. - The point that describes how the complication that arises from care providers perceiving a LGA baby is big is more harmful than the LGA baby, is a point that should be described under complications for the mothers.
 * These proposed article improvements make sense based on the info you proposed. Just make sure that each sentence is followed by the citation. Re-using citations in a paragraph and in different sections of the article is fine too! Thank you againJenOttawa (talk) 20:37, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * After further review of this Diagnosis section, it became apparent that a large portion was plagiarized and taken directly from Evidence-based Birth, which was cited. I will be paraphrasing this section, and moving it to the Complications section. Mxphan (talk) 20:42, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There is an article by J.Gardosi et al that addresses outcomes of a personalized fetal growth estimation for each mother to limit adverse outcomes of generalizing birth weight categories. Will add once I locate full text. H.K.Barton (talk) 07:10, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Epidemiology - We hope to add information about the incidence and prevalence of LGA. Mxphan (talk) 21:25, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I have added a few comments inline. Thank you for all your efforts to improve this article. Please do include your exact edits (we do not need an explanation usually) and leave it up on the talk page for a few days at least before editing major portions of the article so that the community can help review these article improvements before they go live in the article. Thank you again for this great contribution. JenOttawa (talk) 02:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * added epidemiology sections in compliance with WP:MEDMOS format and citations. Carrie bi (talk) 04:52, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Group #30 Foundation II Peer Review
'''Part 1: Do the group's edits substantially improve the article as described in the Wikipedia peer review "Guiding framework"? Has the group achieved its overall goals for improvement?'''

Overall, group 29 had substantially improved the article "Large for gestational age". Epidemiology and Treatment sections were added. A majority of the citations and reliable references were appropriately added (specifically for Diagnosis and Risk Factors section). Group 29 also corrected the plagiarized paragraphs (Diagnosis section). Wording was changed in order to create a more neutral tone. Group expanded the introduction in order to give more insight into a broader overview of the topic, for example they defined the term macrosomia and its relation to large for gestational age. A.Nono, Future UCSF PharmD. (talk) 21:09, 3 August 2020 (UTC) J.W.Hon (talk) 21:10, 3 August 2020 (UTC)Cynthia Fu, Future UCSF Pharm.D. (talk) 21:11, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

'''Part 2: 1. Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view?''' Yes, their draft overall reflects a neutral point of view. For example in the risk factor section, they addressed the percent incidence of shoulder dystocia in both diabetic and non-diabetic women, so they were not just mentioning one side. However, in the "treatment section," it may be better to reword or re-organize what are the pros and cons for induction versus not to induce labor so that readers can distinguish between the two. It seemed to us that there is no definite treatment, but it was a bit confusing about whether or not induction of labor provides the benefit that outweigh the risk when reading the paragraph.Cynthia Fu, Future UCSF Pharm.D. (talk) 21:53, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

2. Are the points included verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely available? Under "Neonatal" in the "complication" section, this sentence: "The bone should heal spontaneously, and most babies will make a full recovery from this birth injury" needs to be revised on adding an appropriate citation or source. In the "Others" subtopic under "Risk Factors" section and "Diagnosis section", reference 21 and 28 were cited from Uptodate, which we believed that belongs to a tertiary source, so that could be revised. Reference 27 could also be revised to determine whether it is a reliable secondary source. Otherwise, most of the sources in the article are verifiable.A.Nono, Future UCSF PharmD. (talk) 22:00, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

3. Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia's manual of style? Yes. They have all the relevant sections for the condition. Complications, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology are relevant to the topic and are all presented in the correct order. J.W.Hon (talk) 21:56, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

FA and LB proposed workplan
This article seems to have a solid foundation with good overall organization. To help improve overall content and structure we plan to do the following: - Fill in some missing sections such as signs and symptoms, causes (triggers, genetics, virology), mechanism, Prevention/Screening. - Remove some of the extra information that is presented (such as details of specific complications) that while important are actually housed under separate wiki pages. - Remove repetitive information and condense existing information. - Clarify the definitions of Large for Gestational age and Macrosomia. - Add additional citations to the information presented earlier on in the page that does not have them. Logbai707 (talk) 20:22, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

Amrik:
Akwiki16 (talk) 08:21, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Check subject-verb agreement for "describe" in second sentence of intro
 * I wonder if it would be helpful to briefly list some of the most common risks and health complications of LGA directly in the intro paragraph; it feels like that info should be available on the initial glance.
 * Is there a simpler, more public-friendly term that you can use when defining LGA than "for their given gestational age"? Maybe something like "compared to other babies at the same number of weeks of development"?
 * When talking about signs and symptoms, it feels like symptoms of the gestational parent and of the fetus should be separated. When using terms like "patient", it's not really clear who is experiencing the symptoms
 * Is it possible to use simpler language when describing shoulder dystocia? The public likely will not be able to fully understand the paragraph.
 * It feels like there is a disproportionate focus on shoulder dystocia in the complications section; as the main page is linked, some of the information can likely be cut out.
 * I think the epidemiology on shoulder dystocia is great and thorough
 * feels like the maternal complications section can be fleshed out a little more, and it currently lacks links to some of the symptoms listed
 * not clear whether frozen embryo transfer is more or less likely to cause LGA
 * The diagnosis section feels quite good, as it is concise, informative, and has good references
 * need a reference for screening for LGA during prenatal check-ups
 * Also feels like prevention and screening might be able to be combined into a single section
 * Epidemiology section looks nice. I wonder if there is a world chart or some similar graphic that could be inserted here from one of the referenced papers.

Sei:
Love the article! I learned a lot because it's clearly written and easy to follow (with lots of appropriate section breaks). My main feedback is related to using slightly less jargon, or when medical jargon is used, having a colloquial term in parentheses that links to the associated Wiki page (if appropriate). I understand not all of these alternative phrases are as accurate as the original medical term, which is why I don't necessarily think replacing them is necessary, perhaps just occasionally peppering synonyms throughout the article so people reading don't get too lost. Great job! Patricklow9 (talk) 17:19, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Prevention section: "poor glycemic control" --> high blood sugar levels, uncontrolled blood sugar levels, etc.
 * Screening section: "fundal height" --> size of uterus
 * Also, the introduction could clarify the difference between LGA and macrosomia because although I understand macrosomia is an "absolute" measurement, I'm not sure the general public would understand that distinction with only 1 sentence of explanation
 * Great citations!

I think this should be renamed
The other name for this(macrosomia) is less wordy, so I think it should be renamed to this. I'm not sure if there's policies for this though. (and large for gestational age gets more hits on google) DiaamondMiner999 (talk) 03:05, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Large for gestational age