text:
Chester Mystery Plays

The Chester Mystery Plays is a cycle of mystery plays originating in the city of Chester, England and dating back to at least the early part of the 15th century.

Origin and history
Biblical dramas were being performed in Latin across continental Europe as early as the 10th century dramatizing the events surrounding the birth of Christ. Later, priests of Benediktbeuern Abbey in Bavaria combined costumes and content from the Old Testament with their Christmas plays.

By the late 12th century, biblical plays were performed outside of churches and were written in vernacular languages. They still emphasized incidents of the Old and New Testaments but were more dramatic and less strict about following biblical accounts. The 1150 AD performance titled The Play of Adam from Norman France dramatized the fall of Adam in the garden of Eden.

The inclusion of drama was extremely popular among the French population and found similar popularity in England. In the 14th century, vernacular Bible dramas were performed across England for three main reasons: the introduction of the Feast of Corpus Christi, the growing population of towns and municipal governments independent of feudal lords, and the development of trade guilds.

Pope Urban IV created the Feast of Corpus Christi in 1264 to celebrate the literal presence of Christ within the bread and wine of the Catholic Eucharist. The feast occurred on Trinity Sunday between May and June, and priests processed through the streets displaying the “Host” of Jesus which was a consecrated wafer encased within a casket.

The urbanization of townships resulted in populations becoming increasingly dependent on each other, enabling the specialization of labor. There were trade guilds for bakers, tailors, and goldsmiths who trained apprentices and regulated wages and working conditions. These skilled laborers working with their local communities helped build the stages and props for the performances. Subsequently, the staging of these dramatic performances became increasingly urban and informed from continental Europe by constant trade crossing the channel into England.

The “Host” would be accompanied by a tableau of biblical scenes which represented sacred Christian history which is the origin of the cycle plays. By 1394, biblical plays were being performed in York, England. The usage of pageant wagons enabled performances to travel across the country to various communities throughout England. The plays attracted people to the towns, and communities benefited from the commercial trade.

The Mystery plays were banned nationally in the 16th century. Chester was the last to concede in 1578 and so became the longest-running cycle in medieval times. It was revived in 1951 for the Festival of Britain, and they have since been staged every five years.

Prior to the performance, the Crier (officer) read out these banns: "The Aldermen and stewards of every society and company draw yourselves to your said several companies according to Ancient Custom and so to appear with your said several Companies every man as you are Called upon pain that shall fall thereon". Such early banns exhorted each company to perform well.

Under Queen Elizabeth I, the plays were seen as "Popery" and banned by the Church of England. Despite this, a play cycle was performed in 1568 and the cathedral paid for the stage and beer as in 1562. They were performed in 1572 despite a protest by a minister.

One edition of the plays begins with "The Banes which are reade beefore the beginninge of the playes of Chester, 4 June 1600". Each play ends with "Finis. Deo gracias! per me Georgi Bellin. 1592".

Modern revivals
The plays were revived in Chester in 1951 as part of the Festival of Britain and are presented there every five years.

The Players of St Peter have been performing the plays in London roughly every five years since 1946.

Under the direction of Jeff Dailey, the American Theatre of Actors in New York City performed the penultimate play, The Coming of Antichrist, in August 2017.

Adaptations
In the twentieth century, the Noah's Flood play was set operatically by both Benjamin Britten (Noye's Fludde) and Igor Stravinsky (The Flood). The play regarded the relationship between wife and husband (urban life) and spoke about the physical and spiritual world that provides a backdrop of the play. Britten also set the Abraham and Isaac play as Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac.

The Mysteries is an adaption by poet Tony Harrison, principally based upon the Wakefield Cycle, but incorporating scenes from the York, Chester, and N-Town canons. It was first performed in 1977 at the National Theatre and revived in 2000 as a celebration of the millennium.

title: Chester Mystery Plays


text:
Sorø Municipality

Sorø Municipality (Sorø Kommune) is a kommune in the Region Sjælland on the island of Zealand in east Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 317 km², and has a total population of 30,478 (2024). The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Sorø. Other towns in the municipality are Dianalund, Stenlille, and Ruds Vedby.

On 1 January 2007 Sorø municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), merged with existing Dianalund and Stenlille municipalities to form the new Sorø municipality.

Locations
The ten largest urban areas in the municipality are:

The city of Sorø
The city of Sorø has a population of 7,754 (2015) and is the site of both the municipal council and the county council. It was scheduled to be regional seat for Region Sjælland, one of the five new regions to be implantated in Denmark 1 January 2007.

While by no means the biggest city in Denmark, it has great historical value. It was founded in 1161 by Bishop Absalon, later the founder of Copenhagen, and is the site of Sorø Academy (Danish Sorø Akademi) and Sorø Klosterkirke, the church where Absalon is buried, along with other notable Danes, including royalty. Queen Margaret I of Denmark was buried at this church until moved to Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde.

Municipal council
Sorø's municipal council consists of 25 members, elected every four years.

Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sorø Municipality


text: User talk:65.148.144.249

title: User talk:65.148.144.249


text:
Washington Supreme Court

The Washington Supreme Court is the highest court in the judiciary of the U.S. state of Washington. The court is composed of a chief justice and eight associate justices. Members of the court are elected to six-year terms. Justices must retire at the end of the calendar year in which they reach the age of 75, per the Washington State Constitution.

The chief justice is chosen by secret ballot by the Justices to serve a 4-year term. The current chief justice is Steven C. González, who was elected by his peers on November 5, 2020. González was sworn in as Chief Justice on January 11, 2021, succeeding Debra L. Stephens. Prior to January 1997 (pursuant to a Constitutional amendment adopted in 1995), the post of chief justice was held for a 2-year term by a justice who (i) was one of the Justices with 2 years left in their term, (ii) was the most senior in years of service of that cohort, and (iii) (generally) had not previously served as chief justice. The last chief justice under the rotation system, Barbara Durham, was the architect of the present internal election system and was the first to be elected under the new procedure, serving until her resignation in 1999.

The court convenes in the Temple of Justice, a historic building on the Washington State Capitol campus in Olympia, Washington.

The persuasiveness of the court's decisions reaches far beyond Washington's borders. A Supreme Court of California study published in 2007 found that the Washington Supreme Court's decisions were the second most widely followed by the appellate courts of all other U.S. states in the period from 1940 to 2005 (second only to California).

Selection
Members of the court are elected to six-year terms, with three justices elected in each even-numbered year in a nonpartisan election with a top-two primary. Judicial elections in Washington, including for the Supreme Court, are frequently uncontested and incumbents typically win reelection. The last time a justice lost reelection was in 2010 when Charles K. Wiggins defeated Richard B. Sanders, who had previously defeated Rosselle Pekelis in 1995. When chief justice Keith M. Callow lost to Charles W. Johnson in 1990, it was the first time in 40 years an incumbent had lost.

The only required qualification for justices is that they are admitted to practice law in Washington.

In case of a vacancy, the Governor of Washington may appoint a replacement who must stand in the next election to fill the unexpired term. Five of the current nine judges were originally appointed.

History
The early history of the Washington Supreme Court has been described as follows:

"The constitution fixed the terms of supreme court judges at six years, and provided that the first judges should determine by lot, two to serve for three years, two for five years, and one for seven years. This was to prevent a too sweeping change of the court at any one time. The judge with the shortest term to serve is elected by the court as chief justice, which allows most of the judges to enjoy that honor in turn. Judge Dunbar is the only one who has served continuously through the life of this court.

There are a few irregularities in the length of the terms. Judge Gordon resigned in June, 1900. Governor Rogers appointed William H. White to take his place. In November of the same year Judge White was regularly elected, but the term ended the following January. The Legislature in 1901 provided for the appointment of two judges to serve only until October, 1902. Governor Rogers appointed to these positions William H. White and Hiram E. Hadley. In 1905, the Legislature permanently increased the court from five to seven. Governor Mead appointed Herman D. Crow and Milo A. Root. At the next election, in 1906, those two judges were regularly elected for the terms expiring in 1909. After his election in November, 1908, Judge Root resigned." Candidates for election were originally nominated at party conventions, but in 1907 it became a direct nonpartisan election.

Carolyn R. Dimmick was the first woman to sit on the court, taking her seat in 1981. Barbara Durham was the first female chief justice, selected in 1995. Charles Z. Smith, appointed 1988, was the first African American to serve on the court. Mary Yu became the first LGBT, Asian American, and Latina member in 2014. A majority of justices has been female since 2013. After the appointment of Helen Whitener in 2020, the court was called "arguably the most diverse court, state or federal, in American history", with various incumbents reflecting the state's white, black, Hispanic, Asian American, Native American, LGBT, immigrant, Jewish, and disabled populations.

Notable cases

 * State v. Gunwall (1986) -- The court established a test for when it would turn to the State constitution, rather than the federal one, to resolve a constitutional question.
 * McCleary v. Washington (2012) – The state of Washington failed to meet its Constitutional duty to adequately fund education.
 * State v. Gregory (2018) – Unanimously decided the death penalty in Washington violated the state constitution, as applied.
 * State v. Blake (2021) – Declared in a 5–4 ruling that the statute criminalizing simple possession of controlled substances was unconstitutional.
 * Quinn v. Washington Department of Revenue (2021) — The state's tax on capital gains is constitutional.

title: Washington Supreme Court


text:
Talk:Gisborne railway station

Untitled
Nobody could possibly care about this railway station. Why is there a "stub" ? Pardon my cynicism. If it has some great historical significance, I apologise in advance. 24.64.166.191 08:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) (Moved from article -- Longhair | Talk 00:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC))

its there for the sake of completeness, so that users can look up the whole line 124.181.160.112 (talk) 06:27, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gisborne railway station


text:
Sony Spin

Sony Spin was a Latin American cable television channel, launched on May 1, 2011, replacing the local version of Animax. It was shut down on July 1, 2014 due to low ratings and reception.

History
Formerly known as Animax, it was Sony's first attempt to offer a 24-hour anime channel in Latin America, replacing Locomotion. On 1 July 2014, Sony Spin was removed from pay-TV providers and replaced with a localised variant of A&E’s Lifetime, a television network targeted at female audiences.

Programming
===Final programming ===
 * The Adventures of Merlin
 * Amar y temer
 * Blue Mountain State
 * Cine Spin
 * El Zorro, la espada y la rosa
 * The Guardian
 * Party of Five
 * That '70s Show

Former programming

 * 18 to Life
 * 90210
 * Archer
 * Bienvenida realidad
 * Being Human
 * Beverly Hills 90210
 * Call Me Fitz
 * Clueless
 * Dead Like Me
 * El don de Alba
 * Taylor & Eric
 * El Productor
 * El sexo débil
 * Gamebox
 * Gamers TV
 * Glory Daze
 * Guy's Choice Awards
 * Is She Really Going Out With Him?
 * iTunes Festival
 * Jane by Design
 * Jake & Blake
 * Joan de Arcadia
 * Kenny vs. Spenny
 * Live From Abbey Road
 * Lo Mejor de SesioneS
 * Look
 * Lost Girl
 * Make It or Break It
 * Melissa & Joey
 * Musical Express Awards
 * Next Stop for Charlie
 * Parker Lewis Can't Lose
 * Punk'd (Brazil Only)
 * Rock Road
 * Roadtrip Nation
 * Spin Fest
 * SesioneS con Alejandro Franco
 * SesioneS Off Season
 * State of Georgia
 * Switched at Birth
 * Teen Wolf
 * The Best Years
 * The Countdown
 * The Countdown Behind
 * The Nine Lives of Chloe King
 * Time of Your Life
 * Warp TV
 * World of Jenks

Anime

 * Bleach
 * Blood +
 * Death Note
 * Fullmetal Alchemist
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
 * Get Backers
 * Nodame Cantabile
 * Planet Survival
 * Samurai X
 * The Twelve Kingdoms

Unaired Shows

 * Marvel Anime (Aired On MTV)

Translation and dubbing teams
Several dubbing studios have participated in the translation of the aforementioned series for their premiere on Animax, and are located in key countries like Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela. After Animax's arrival in 2005.

title: Sony Spin


text:
Operation Grand Slam

Operation Grand Slam was a key military operation of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It refers to a plan drawn up by the Pakistan Army in May 1965, that consisted of an attack on the vital Akhnoor Bridge in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The bridge was not only the lifeline of an entire infantry division of the Indian Army, but could also be used to threaten the city of Jammu, an important logistical point for Indian forces. The operation saw initial success, but was aborted when the Indian Army opened a new front in the Pakistani province of Punjab in order to relieve pressure in Kashmir. This forced Pakistan to abandon Grand Slam and fight in Punjab, thus the operation ended in failure and the stated objectives were not achieved.

Planning
The Operation Grand Slam was designed as a twin of the Operation Gibraltar, both of which were meant to jeopardise India's control of Kashmir and bring it to the negotiating table without risking a general war across the international border. The idea for Grand Slam came from President Ayub Khan. When he reviewed the plans for Gibraltar in May 1965, he pointed to Akhnur on the map and called it a "jugular" for India. By seizing Akhnur, India's overland supply route to Kashmir would be cut off.

Ayub Khan was mistaken. India's supply route to Kashmir did not pass through Akhnur. (The National Highway 1A passed through Udhampur and Ramban, not Akhnur.) General Akhtar Malik, who was in charge of both Gibraltar and Grand Slam, however understood the President's demand for a "jugular". He developed secret plans to proceed to Jammu after taking Akhnur, where he could cut off the highway. These plans were not revealed to the President, who would have apprehended the possibility of a general war.

Also mired in confusion were the conditions under which Grand Slam was to be launched. According to some sources Grand Slam was to be launched only after Gibraltar had succeeded. A failure of Gibraltar should have necessitated a rethink. According to others, Grand Slam itself was needed in order to "encash" Gibraltar. Neither Gibraltar nor Grand Slam had the full support of the Army Headquarters.

In addition to these confusions, there was also a technical issue. In order to avoid the possibility of a general war, Pakistan needed to make the operation appear to be a "localised conflict" in Kashmir. This meant launching its attack across the cease-fire line in Kashmir. But the operational plans for Grand Slam required the Pakistani forces to cross a "small section" of the border between Pakistani Punjab and Kashmir, which India regarded as an international border. In the event, it made no difference to India which border the Pakistani forces crossed.

Indian weaknesses
Even though Akhnur was not the "jugular" that President Ayub Khan imagined, it was still a key choke point. It had the only bridge across the Chenab River in this area, on which ran the supply route to the western districts of Rajouri and Poonch. The bridge was capable of carrying only light tanks. It had not been strengthened over the years, despite warnings from various local commanders. In addition, the cease-fire line was defended only lightly, as per the UN-mediated cease-fire agreement at the end of the First Kashmir War. It would be quickly overrun in the event of a full scale invasion.

At the time of the opening attack of Operation Grand Slam, the Chhamb Jaurian sector was defended on the Indian side by the 191st (Independent) Infantry Brigade, comprising three battalions, and supported by a squadron of 20 Lancers, which was equipped with AMX-13 light tanks.

Decision to launch

The Operation Gibraltar went badly. The plan was to infiltrate thousands of troops into Jammu and Kashmir, India in the guise of 'mujahideen', who would carry out sabotage to demoralise the Indian forces and incite the local population to revolt. But the local population did not rise, the infiltrators were quickly identified and the Indian Army began to hunt them down. In addition, the Indian Army moved across the cease-fire line to cut off the Pakistani infiltration routes and captured the Haji Pir pass (in (POJK) Pakistan Occupied Jammu and Kashmir) and some heights in the Kargil sector.

On 24 August, General Akhtar Malik started pressing the Army Headquarters for permission to launch the Operation Grand Slam. In his view, unless it was launched, it was only a matter of time before all the Gibraltar forces in Jammu and Kashmir, India would be captured or killed, and nothing would have been achieved from the whole operation. The Army referred the issue to the President, but Ayub Khan withheld approval. He went away to Swat to reflect on options. On 28 August, after the fall of the Haji Pir Pass, Malik briefed the Army chief. It was believed that India would take more territory unless something was done. The Army chief approached the foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (later prime minister) to obtain the President's approval. Bhutto is cited by the Army officers as having been the main driving force behind the entire military operation, and he was also said to be close enough to Ayub Khan to obtain his approval.

Bhutto returned from Swat the next day with the President's order to "take such action that will defreeze the Kashmir problem, weaken Indian resolve, and bring her to the conference table without provoking a general war." Ayub Khan also ordered the army to be prepared for Indian retaliation. He also warned the army that it would be a long struggle.

General Malik seemingly had his permission for the operation. But perhaps he didn't, because he knew fully well that he was provoking a general war contrary to the President's directive.

Execution
The Pakistani Army commenced Operation Grand Slam at 0500 hours on 1 September 1965.

The Akhnoor sector was lightly defended by four Indian infantry battalions and a squadron of tanks. The infantry was stretched thin along the border and the AMX-13 tanks were no match for the Pakistani M47 Patton and M48 Patton tanks. Against a militarily stronger and larger Pakistani thrust, the Indian forces retreated from their defensive positions. According to Pakistani military historian Major (retd.) A. H. Amin, the Pakistani forces in Operation Grand Slam had a 6 to 1 advantage over Indian AMX-13 tanks, which were like 'matchboxes' in front of the Pakistani Pattons. In terms of artillery, Pakistan's 8 inch guns were superior to anything that Indians had at that time and had an overall superiority of 6 to 1. The Battle of Chumb was a major battle during the early stages of the operation.

On the second day of the attack, the GOC of the 12th Infantry Division Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik, commanding the overall forces in the area, was replaced by Major General Yahya Khan, the GOC of the 7th Infantry Division, which delayed the attack by one day. Not only did this decision cause confusion among the Pakistani officer cadre, the delay also permitted the Indians to rush reinforcements to the sector. When the attack recommenced on 3 September, the Indian forces in the sector were sufficiently reinforced to hold out for a few more days, but they did not have the strength to launch a counterattack. As the attack carried on for two more days without any significant gains in territory, the Indian Army opened up a new front, on 6 September, across the sensitive state of Punjab in Pakistan. The advance of the Indian Army also threatened to cut across the right flank of the Pakistani attack. Realising the gravity of the threat, the Pakistani Army stopped its thrust into Kashmir and diverted forces to counter the Indian incursion.

title: Operation Grand Slam


text:
18 Scorpii

18 Scorpii is a solitary star located at a distance of some 14.13 pc from the Sun at the northern edge of the Scorpius constellation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye outside of urban areas. The star is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +11.6.

18 Scorpii has some physical properties in common with the Sun, a G-type star. Cayrel de Strobel (1996) included it in her review of the stars most similar to the Sun, and Porto de Mello & da Silva (1997) identified it as a younger solar twin. Some scientists therefore believe the prospects for life in its vicinity are good.

Characteristics
18 Scorpii is a main sequence star of spectral and luminosity type G2 Va, with the luminosity class of 'V' indicating it is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core region. Sousa et al. (2008) found its metallicity to be about 1.1 times that of the Sun, which means the abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium is 10% greater. The radius of this star, as measured using interferometry by Bazot et al. (2011), is 101% the radius of the Sun. When combined with the results of asteroseismology measurements, this allows the mass of the star to be estimated as 102% of the Sun's mass. This star is radiating 106% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,433 K. It is this heat that gives the star the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star.

According to Lockwood (2002), it has a temporal photometric behavior very similar to the Sun. Its brightness variation over its entire activity cycle is 0.09%, about the same as the Sun's brightness variations during recent solar cycles. Using the technique of Zeeman-Doppler imaging, Petit et al. (2008) have detected its surface magnetic field, showing that its intensity and geometry are very similar to the large-scale solar magnetic field. The estimated period for the activity cycle of 18 Scorpii is about seven years, which is significantly shorter than the Sun's, and its overall chromospheric activity level is noticeably higher. Like the Sun, it has a hot corona with a temperature in the range of 1.5–2 MK and an X-ray luminosity of 8 ± 1.5 ergs s−1.

Though 18 Scorpii is only slightly more metal-rich overall than the Sun, its lithium abundance is about three times as high; for this reason, Meléndez & Ramírez (2007) have suggested that 18 Scorpii be called a "quasi solar twin", reserving the term solar twin for stars (such as HIP 56948) that match the Sun, within the observational errors, for all parameters.

18 Scorpii is a young star at 2.9 Gyr (2.9 Billion years old). 18 Scorpii has not yet entered its stable burning stage. The Sun at 4.7 Gyr is at its most stable stage. Due to 18 Scorpii age, it is at the edge of range for a solar twin, and is more of a Solar analog. 18 Scorpii was thought to be 5.0 billion years old in the past, new measurements in 2013 found 18 Scorpii to be younger at 2.9 billion years old.

Search for planets
18 Scorpii was identified in September 2003 by astrobiologist Margaret Turnbull from the University of Arizona in Tucson as one of the most promising nearby candidates for hosting life, based on her analysis of the HabCat list of stars. This is a solitary star, and does not display the level of excess infrared emission that would otherwise suggest the presence of unconsolidated circumstellar matter, such as a debris disk.

In a paper published in April 2017, a candidate planet was found orbiting 18 Scorpii (HD 146233) with a period of 2529 days, but subsequent studies in 2020 and 2023 found that the radial velocity signal originates from a stellar activity cycle. However, in 2023 evidence of a different candidate planet was found, which would be of super-Earth mass with a period of 19.9 days.

title: 18 Scorpii


text:
Philippe Ramos

Philippe Ramos (born 1966) is a French film director, screenwriter and film editor. He directed an adaptation of Moby-Dick: Capitaine Achab with Valérie Crunchant and Frédéric Bonpart in 2004.

Ramos is considered to be associated with the "new" French New Wave, alongside directors such as Yves Caumon, Jean-Paul Civeyrac, and François Ozon. He directed the 2011 historical film The Silence of Joan.

title: Philippe Ramos


text:
Dumbarton Castle

Dumbarton Castle (Dùn Breatainn, ; Alt Clut) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Scotland. It sits on a volcanic plug of basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is 240 ft high and overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton.

History
Dumbarton Rock was formed between 330 and 340 million years ago, during the Early Carboniferous period, a time of widespread volcanic activity in the area where Glasgow is now situated; over time, the softer exterior of the volcano weathered away, leaving behind a volcanic plug of basalt.

Iron Age
At least as far back as the Iron Age, this has been the site of a strategically important settlement, as evidenced by archaeological finds.

The people that came to reside there in the era of Roman Britain were known to have traded with the Romans. However the first written record about a settlement there was in a letter that Saint Patrick wrote to King Ceretic of Alt Clut in the late 5th century.

Early Medieval era
David Nash Ford has proposed that Dumbarton was the Cair Brithon ("Fort of the Britons") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain. From the 5th century until the 9th, the castle was the centre of the independent Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde. Alt Clut or Alcluith (Alt Chluaidh,, lit. "Rock of the Clyde"), the Brythonic name for Dumbarton Rock, became a metonym for kingdom. The king of Dumbarton in about AD 570 was Riderch Hael, who features in Welsh and Latin works.

Merlin was said to have stayed at Alt Clut. The medieval Scalacronica of Sir Thomas Grey recorded the legend that says that "Arthur left Hoël of Brittany his nephew sick at Alcluit in Scotland." Hoël made a full recovery, but was besieged in the castle by the Scots and Picts. The story first appeared in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Amongst lists of three things, in the triads of the Red Book of Hergest, the third "Unrestrained Ravaging" was Aeddan Fradog (the Wily, perhaps Áedán mac Gabráin), coming to the court of Rhydderch the Generous at Alclud, who left neither food nor drink nor beast alive. This battle also appears in stories of Myrddin Wyllt, the Merlin of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Vita Merlini, perhaps conflated with the battle of Arfderydd, located as Arthuret by some authors.

In 756, the first (and second) losses of Dumbarton Rock were recorded. A joint force of Picts and Northumbrians captured the fortress after a siege, only to lose it again a few days later. By 870, it was home to a tightly packed British settlement, which served as a fortress and as the capital of Alt Clut. In 871, the Irish-based Viking kings Amlaíb Conung and Ímar laid siege to Dumbarton Rock. The fortress fell in four months, after its water supply failed. The kings are recorded to have returned to Ireland with 200 ships and a host of British, English, and Pictish captives. These prisoners may have included the ruling family of Alt Clut including the king Arthgal ap Dyfnwal, who was slain the following year under uncertain circumstances. Following the Viking destruction of the fortress, Dumbarton Rock does not appear on record again until the 13th century, and the capital of the restructured Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have relocated up the Clyde to the vicinity of Partick and Govan.

Medieval era

In medieval Scotland, Dumbarton (Dùn Breatainn, which means "the fortress of the Britons") was an important royal castle. It is believed to be the place Sir John Menteith took William Wallace on the way to London after Wallace's capture.

The Governor of the castle in 1333, Malcolm Fleming of Fulwood, had earlier served as tutor to the young David II. He sheltered the king and his young wife, Joan of The Tower after the Scottish defeat at Halidon Hill on 19 July. He later safely conveyed the royal couple to greater safety in France, attended by his daughter Evota Fleming, as Maid of Honour. The king and queen remained in France for eight years, but Malcolm Fleming returned to Dumbarton and continued to hold it safely against an English siege. In doing so he also protected the 17-year-old Robert the Steward (later King Robert II). For these services David II created Fleming the First Earl of Wigtown (the first new Scottish earldom created in more than a century).

Wigtown was still Governor in 1361 when the Black Death again swept into Scotland and a third of the castle's garrison died. Following his own death a year later he was succeeded as Sheriff of Dunbartonshire and Governor of Dumbarton Castle by his nephew, Malcolm Fleming of Biggar.

In 1425 the castle was attacked by James the Fat, youngest son of Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, who had been imprisoned by King James I of Scotland on charges of treason. James the Fat became a rallying point for enemies of the King, and raised a rebellion against the crown. He marched on the town of Dumbarton and burned it, but was unable to take the castle, whose defender John Colquhoun successfully held out against James' men.

James IV and Dumbarton
The former supporters of James III under the leadership of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox met up at Dumbarton Castle in October 1489. They had hoped to gain the support of Henry VII of England. James IV defeated them in a battle between the Touch and Menteith hills near Stirling on 11 and 12 October. James IV used Dumbarton as the west coast base for his navy and campaigns to subdue the Western Isles. James was at Dumbarton with the Chancellor of Scotland, Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll, in November 1489. He had the use of a ship belonging to the Laird of Luss. In the following February a royal ship was 'chaysit' by the English and lost some of her cables. In 1494 a row barge was built at Dumbarton for the king using timber from Loch Lomond.

In March 1495 James IV was provided with a camp bed for use at sea and a boat carried cannon to Dumbarton. Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell, was made Captain of the castle on 1 April 1495. A man played on the clarschaw, a Gaelic harp, for the King. In 1505 Dumbarton was the King's base for visiting the Western Isles. One ship's mast was made from timber from Drymen. On 5 June James was entertained by a French 'quhissilar', perhaps playing a recorder and on 8 June James played cards with John Murray and Master Robert Cockburn losing £4 and 10 shillings, and later that day attended Evensong in the Parish kirk and College of Dumbarton. In 1505 John Ramsay built a ship for the King called the Columb (Saint Columba being the father of Christianity in Scotland). In December 1505 a sword that had belonged to William Wallace was repaired.

Regent Albany, James V and the circumnavigation of Scotland
On 18 May 1515 the James or the Margaret with six other ships brought John Stewart, Regent Albany to Dumbarton. These royal ships were repaired at Dumbarton in July and new docks were made for them. John Drummond of Milnab brought fourteen of their guns to Glasgow. In September Regent Albany held court at Dumbarton, and received Thomas Benolt, the English Clarenceux King of Arms. The Carrick Herald and Clarenceux were sent to Lord Maxwell. In March 1516 Albany issued six letters of remission (forgiveness) to those who had held the castle for Lennox against the king in 1489. Regent Albany returned to France from Dumbarton in 1524.

In 1526 John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox fortified Dumbarton against the Douglas faction who had control of the young James V, but his forces were defeated by Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus at the battle of Linlithgow Bridge. James Hamilton of Finnart, who was implicated in the death of the Earl of Lennox, was given custody of the castle till 1531. Later in his personal reign James V used the castle as a prison for those convicted at the justice ayre, receiving their fines and composition payments in 1539. In 1540 James circumnavigated Scotland from the Forth and arrived at Dumbarton with Cardinal Beaton, the Earl of Huntly, and the Earl of Arran each leading a force of five hundred men. This expedition was later published by Nicolas de Nicolay Seigneur d'Arfeville, cosmographer to the King of France in 1583, with the first modern map of Scotland's coastline.

Lennox and Mary, Queen of Scots
Matthew, Earl of Lennox had been an ally of the French party in Scotland led by Mary of Guise but committed himself to the pro-English faction. In 1544 munitions and ten thousand French crowns of the sun arrived with Jacques de la Brosse at Dumbarton's harbour and were secured by Lennox and the Earl of Glencairn. Lennox then went into England, leaving the castle in the keeping of William Stirling of Glorat. Lennox signed a deal with Henry VIII of England offering Dumbarton Castle and the Isle of Bute in return for land in England and marriage to Henry's niece Margaret Douglas, and the future Governorship of Scotland if circumstances permitted. Lennox undertook to prevent the infant queen Mary being taken from Scotland. However, George Stirling of Glorat, unhappy at this policy, prevented Lennox returning into the castle and he was forced to sail to Ireland. George Stirling declared that he would hold the castle in the name of the young queen only. The Privy Council of Scotland agreed to George Stirling's plan. Despite this, more French troops landed at Dumbarton under the leadership of Lorges Montgomery, the soldier who later killed Henry II of France at a joust in 1559.

In May 1545 Lennox tried to take the castle, with soldiers commanded by his brother, Robert Stewart, Bishop of Caithness. He sailed from Chester with around 20 followers in May 1546 in the Katherine Goodman and a pinnace. Regent Arran besieged the castle with a superior force, having borrowed the artillery of the Earl of Argyle and ordering Robert Hamilton of Briggis to bring guns from Dunbar. George Stirling of Glorat surrendered after 20 days and made terms. The chronicle historian John Lesley wrote that the Captain and the Bishop surrendered the castle to Arran and were rewarded, after negotiation by the Earl of Huntly. The siege at Dumbarton delayed Arran's action at the siege of St Andrews Castle on the East coast of Scotland.

Thereafter the castle was in the hands of Regent Arran and he held court in person there in July giving legal remission to the keeper of the Castle and in March 1547 acknowledging the good service of George Stirling of Glorat in rendering the castle to him.

As the war of the Rough Wooing continued, Mary, Queen of Scots was lodged in the castle by 22 February 1548. Alexander Cunningham, 5th Earl of Glencairn wrote to Mary of Guise from Dumbarton that he had received a French cargo, and it would be as safe as if it were in Stirling Castle. The English commander Grey of Wilton proposed basing warships at Lamlash on Arran as a convenient base to watch for French ships coming for Mary.

Mary of Guise was at the castle in the first days of May 1548 and Mary, Queen of Scots was kept at the castle for several months before her embarkation for France for safety on 13 July 1548. The Castle Governor at this time was James Fleming, 4th Lord Fleming who accompanied the queen's party to France. The sailing however was delayed by adverse winds till 7 August 1548. Her party including her governess Lady Fleming and the Four Marys left the Clyde in a fleet under the command of Nicolas de Villegagnon and Michel de Seure. They sailed around the west coast of Ireland, to avoid English ships commanded by Edward Clinton. In France she was soon betrothed to the young dauphin Francis.

Regent Arran made Andrew Hamilton captain and keeper of Dumbarton. In 1557, there was war between England and Scotland again. According to a rumour heard by Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, five hundred Gascon soldiers arrived at Dumbarton destined to serve on the borders against the English for Mary of Guise.

Marian Civil War, Regent Morton, and the Dukes of Lennox
Mary, Queen of Scots stayed at Dumbarton Castle in July 1563. After the defeat at the Battle of Langside in 1568 she tried to reach the Castle, but went instead to England. John Fleming, 5th Lord Fleming, keeper of the Castle went with her into England and was allowed to return. When William Kirkcaldy of Grange governor of Edinburgh Castle changed sides to support Mary, this became a problem for Regent Moray. The subsequent conflict is known as the Marian Civil War.

The first siege of Dumbarton was lifted because of the assassination of Regent Moray in January 1570. The assassin James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh was welcomed at Dumbarton. Fleming's defence of Dumbarton for Mary was staunch, assisted by the timely arrival of supply ships from France under the command of his cousin, Thomas Fleming. Lord Fleming's attempt to ambush the English general William Drury in May 1570 failed and was satirized in a ballad printed by Robert Lekprevik in May that year and attributed to Robert Sempill; The tressoun of Dumbertane. In October 1570 during the Marian civil war Fleming fortified the castle for Mary against the supporters of James VI of Scotland with stones obtained by demolishing churches and houses in Dumbarton and Cardross. The castle was captured by the forces of Regent Lennox led by Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill and John Cunningham of Drumquhassle in the early hours of 2 April 1571, who used ladders to scale the rock and surprise the garrison. Lord Fleming escaped by sea but died a year later when accidentally wounded by friendly fire as he supervised the supply of additional munitions at Edinburgh Castle.

Dumbarton Castle was used as prison for Regent Morton in June 1581 before his execution in Edinburgh. On 8 September 1582 the castle was put unto the keeping of William Stewart of Caverston an ally of Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox, the King's favourite. The Duke of Lennox was displaced by the Gowrie Regime and went to the castle in secret pretending to be travelling from Edinburgh to nearby Dalkeith Palace. Lennox had his own ship there described as a barque. Robert Bowes, the English resident agent, expected the Duke of Lennox would sail to France from Dumbarton "having well victualled his shippe there." Other observers were anxious that the castle might become a foothold for French forces in Scotland allied to Lennox and his faction. In December 1582 two Englishmen in Lennox's service at Dumbarton left by his ship from Largs. Lennox himself travelled to France through England, never to return.

James VI made John Hamilton, 1st Marquis of Hamilton, captain of Dunbarton Castle in 1595, an office he was obliged to relinquish to the king's cousin and favourite Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, in January 1598. The king later visited Dunbarton during his progress and ate dinner at the castle on 24 August 1598. By 1620, Sir John Stewart, an illegitimate son of the 2nd Duke of Lennox, had been made constable and keeper of Dumbarton Castle.

Seventeenth century
Although few buildings remain from this period there are records of works in 1617, 1618, and 1628–9. A replacement Wallace Tower was built superseding the medieval building. In June 1618 masons were working on the upper storey and it was decided to make the tower larger. Externally it was finished with lime plaster called harling. At the south side there was a bell house. By 1627 it was discovered that the keeper Sir John Stewart of Methven had neglected the fortress. He was replaced by Sir John Stewart of Traquair who recorded the poor state of the building. Surviving accounts mostly record work on the artillery and the 'foir yet wall' a defence on the southern side. The Scottish Parliament in 1644 judged that the castle was likely to more hurtful than useful to the country.

In November 1645 the Committee of Estates approved the recruitment of thirty extra soldiers by the keeper John Semple to guard the increased number of prisoners. The castle's strategic importance declined after Oliver Cromwell's death in 1658. However, due to threats posed by Jacobites and the French in the eighteenth century, new structures and defences were built and the castle was garrisoned until World War II. Some documentation for these later works is preserved in the National Archives of Scotland.

Inventories
Several lists of the castle's contents survive, including inventories from 1510, 1571, 1580, 1644, and 1668. These list guns and furniture and name many locations in the castle. There is also a list of cannon transported by John Drummond of Milnab to Dumbarton in 1536. In 1510 St Patricks chapel contained an old parchment mass book, a pewter chalice, and liturgical cloths. The hall had four tables and next to that was a chalmer of Dess, a 'solar' in English terms with a bed. The Wallace tower was protected with an iron yett and draw bar, there were bedchambers within and a bell at the head of the tower; the 'Wynde Hall' contained another bed.

In August 1536 George Stirling of Glorat took delivery from John Drummond the king's Master Wright of four great guns and six falcons on carriages with wheels, thirty three bronze hagbut hand-guns and four iron culverins, with ammunition and powder and ramrods for the big guns. John Drummond took away an old brass gun that was 10 ft long.

In 1571 amongst the cannon and guns there was a "gross culverin", two small "batteris", and a French "moyen" mounted for use on the walls. Another moyen was suitable for action in the field. There were two Brittany-made falcons on the walls, a quarter falcon and a "double barse". Provisions included eleven hogshead of biscuit. Some of the guns were subsequently taken to besiege Edinburgh Castle during the Marian civil war.

The document compiled in 1580 was "the inventar of the munitioun and uther insicht geir underwrittin left in the castell of Dumbertane be Johnne Conninghame of Drumquhassill and deliverit be the said Johnne to William Stewart of Cabirston in name and behalf of ane noble and potent lord Esme erll of Lennox lord Darnley and Obeigny on the 27 August 1580". There were six large cannon. The bed in the chamber of dais was now described as 'ane stand bed of eistland tymmar with ruf and pannell of the same', a bed made from imported Baltic oak.

By 1644, when John Sempill was made keeper the 'Chamber of deisse' still contained a bed with a chamber pot and truckle bed for a servant, but it also contained armaments. There were twelve ram-rods, and three worms' - screws for unloading guns, three hagbuts and an iron flail. The hall contained twelve broken pikes, four without their iron blades. The contents of the armoury included thirty-three corslets, 105 helmets, and 43 swords.

In 1668 the Governor Francis Montgomerie of Giffin recorded that the first floor of a lodging called the 'new chamber' contained 'a quantity of old rusty guns and sword, so rusted broke and spoiled that they can never serve for any use, above the beds were 'insufficient' and in the top room there was spoiled matches. The windows of this new lodging were broken. Montgomerie was worried about the water-supply from the loch and the 'laigh' low well.

Governors

 * 1292: Sir Nicolas de Seagrave
 * 1296: Sir Ingram de Umfraville
 * 1296: Alexander de Ledes

about 1285 – 17 October 1346
 * Lord Sir John Eustace de Maxwell II 6th Lord Caerlaverock

 * 1303: Sir John de Menteith
 * 1314-62: Sir Malcolm Fleming 1st Earl of Wigtown
 * 1357: Sir Robert Erskine
 * 1362-82: Sir Malcolm Fleming of Biggar
 * 1377: Sir John Danyelstoun
 * Sir Robert Danyelstoun
 * 1400: Walter de Danyelstoun (later bishop of St Andrews)
 * 1424: Sir John Colquhoun, 10th of Luss
 * John Cunningham, 11th Earl of Glencairn
 * 1546- 1562 James Hamilton, Duke of Chatellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran
 * 1548: James Fleming, 4th Lord Fleming
 * 1562: Robert Anstruther
 * 1565-72: John Fleming, 5th Lord Fleming
 * 1620: John Stewart of Methven
 * 1633: Sir John Maxwell, 1st Baronet, of Pollok
 * 1673: John Fleming, 4th Earl of Wigtown
 * 1696: Francis Montgomerie
 * 1715: William Cunningham, 12th Earl of Glencairn
 * 1764: Archibald Montgomerie, 11th Earl of Eglinton
 * 1782: Sir Charles Grey
 * 1797: Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake
 * 1807: William Loftus
 * 1810: Andrew John Drummond
 * 30 January 1817: Francis Dundas
 * 5 February 1824: George Harris, 1st Baron Harris
 * 22 May 1829: Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch

Lieutenant-Governors

 * 1756: Charles Hubert Herriot
 * Campbell Edmonstone
 * 1796: Hay Ferrier
 * 1799: Samuel Graham
 * Ferrier again?
 * 15 April 1824: John Vincent

Keepers

 * 1425 Sir John Colquhoun, 10th of Luss
 * 1497 Sir John Striveling (Stirling) of Craigbernard
 * 1510 William Striveling (Stirling) 1st of Glorat – murdered on Good Friday 1534)
 * 1534 George Striveling (Stirling) 2nd of Glorat
 * 1644: John Semple
 * 22 December 1927: Sir George Murray Home Stirling, 9th Baronet of Glorat
 * 4 July 1949: Alexander Patrick Drummond Telfer-Smollett
 * 9 May 1955: Sir Angus Edward Malise Bontine Cunninghame Graham
 * 12 June 1981: Alastair Stevenson Pearson
 * 10 September 1996: Donald David Graeme Hardie

Preservation
Today all visible traces of the Dark-Age Alt Clut, its buildings and defences, have gone. Not much survives from the medieval castle: the 14th-century Portcullis Arch, the foundations of the Wallace Tower, and what may be the foundations of the White Tower. There is a 16th-century guard house, which includes a face which according to legend is "Fause Menteith", who betrayed William Wallace.

Most of the existing structures were built in the 18th century, including the Governor's House, built for John Kennedy, 8th Earl of Cassilis, and fortifications which demonstrate the struggle by military engineers to adapt an intractable site to contemporary defensive needs. The castle is open on a daily basis during the summer season and Saturday-Wednesday in the winter. There are 557 steps to the summit of the White Tower Crag, which has a good view of the area.

Dumbarton Rock is in state ownership and is legally protected by the Scottish Government as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Geodesy
Up to 1919 Dumbarton Rock was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps for Dumbartonshire. After that the maps for Dumbartonshire were drawn according to the meridian of Lanark Church Spire in Lanarkshire.

In popular culture
In 1803 Dorothy and William Wordsworth visited the castle and were told that a ruin on the top of the highest eminence had been a windmill and were shown a trout, boxed up in a well close by to the guard room, that had been there for thirty years. The castle features in The Scottish Chiefs.

title: Dumbarton Castle


text: User talk:65.148.145.200

title: User talk:65.148.145.200


text:
Talk:Gremlins

Furby
The article claims that there's no connection between Furbies and Mogwais. However, the very first time I saw Furbies in a TV commercial, they were referred to as Mogwai. (I live in Switzerland if that matters). After that they were never called that again and were just referred to as Furbies. --Mithcoriel (talk) 17:40, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Task forces
Does anyone have an idea why this film is listed as part of WikiProject Holidays/Christmas task force? The film takes place during the Christmas season, but that is not even secondary to the plot of the actual movie. The movie itself is not what most would consider "related to Christmas" based on the other articles listed in. Same argument goes for WikiProject Christianity / Christmas. If you have any info/explanation please share. Thanks. Sottolacqua (talk) 21:27, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Tags
Sometimes it seems people are too quick to tag articles that aren't severely hurting. This article was tagged as resembling a fan site, but why? Because it talks about Gremlins? That's what it's supposed to be about. Accusations from critics that the film is poorly paced, that it's "icky and gross", and even that it's racist, is not fan site material. It was also tagged as being primarily in-universe. With respect, it seems the person who tagged the article didn't notice it had long production and reception sections. The real problem is that the plot section is too long, and the tagging has been changed accordingly. Ribbet32 (talk) 04:59, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Rosenbaum and racism
Can someone please find a weblink for the Rosenbaum article used as a source in the "charges of racism" section? I have read Rosenbaum's reviews of both Who Framed Roger Rabbit? and Gremlins on his website, and I can find no justification in either one for the statements made here. In the latter review, he says that the gremlins can be interpreted in many different ways, including as African Americans. Perhaps he says something more or different in the Film Quarterly essay which is used as a source here. If so, I would like to see it, and we should offer actual quotes from said review. As it stands now, I do not see how that cite supports the charge. ---  RepublicanJacobite  TheFortyFive 03:17, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * All the article cites him as saying is that the gremlins sometimes are represented as blacks. If you want to reword it to make it clearer go ahead. Ribbet32 (talk) 21:03, 17 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I think you're being disingenuous here, Ribbet32. As seen in this diff, here's the statement which had the Rosenbaum citation attached at the time you made the above post: "Since its release, some people have criticized Gremlins as being culturally insensitive. Some observers have commented that the film presents gremlins as African Americans, and in an unflattering manner." Note also that this statement lead a subsection titled "Allegations of racism". The current version of the article is scarcely more shy about asserting that Rosenbaum accused the film of racism: "Since its release, the film has been criticized as being culturally insensitive. Jonathan Rosenbaum argued that the film compares gremlins to African Americans."
 * Here, for comparison, is the only part of Rosenbaum's review of Gremlins which makes even a glancing allusion to African Americans: "What’s confusing yet ultimately illuminating is the way his gremlins function as a free-floating metaphor, suggesting at separate junctures everything from teenagers to blacks to various Freudian suppressions." As RepublicanJacobite said, Rosenbaum may have said something different in the Film Quarterly essay, but I don't have access to it, the one-page preview of it doesn't even mention Gremlins, and it is a little hard to believe that the same critic who treated the African American connection as such an innocuous element in his review would later argue that the film is a racist allegory.
 * Even supposing Rosenbaum made this argument, the entire "Controversies" subsection seems an obvious case of WP:UNDUE, as noted by the tag. There are only two sources cited, both of them WP:PRIMARY. An off-topic comment in a review of an unrelated film and a critical mention in a book with a specific and explicit focus on depictions of blacks in cinema hardly seem like sufficient basis for the claim that "Since its release, the film has been criticized as being culturally insensitive." I'm going to WP:BOLDly delete the subsection as undue. Martin IIIa (talk) 16:49, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Martin IIIa, you've just responded to a comment that's over ten years old to accuse an editor of acting in bad faith. I agree with your edit though and the section was probably long overdue for removal.  WP scatter  t/c 18:07, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Where did I accuse anyone of acting in bad faith? Martin IIIa (talk) 19:12, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * When you said 'I think you're being disingenuous here'. From dictionary.com for disingenuous 'lacking in frankness, candor, or sincerity; falsely or hypocritically ingenuous; insincere'. DonQuixote (talk) 19:30, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's an entirely different thing from acting in bad faith. I mean, that's not even close. Martin IIIa (talk) 20:08, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * A word of advice, a lot of people will interpret 'disingenous' as 'bad faith', particularly since a well-known synonym is 'insincere'. Please be careful with your words. DonQuixote (talk) 20:22, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That advice makes no sense. When I use a word correctly and someone assumes that the word means something completely different from what it actually does, they're the one with egg on their face, not me. Martin IIIa (talk) 23:15, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Seriously, 'lacking in sincerity' means acting in bad faith. From dictionary.com for sincerity: freedom from deceit, hypocrisy, or duplicity. In other words, disingenuous = deceitful, amongst others. DonQuixote (talk) 23:51, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * ...You just think everything means acting in bad faith, don't you? I'm not going to waste any more time with you here. Martin IIIa (talk) 14:14, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gremlins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090831072538/http://www.mogwai.co.uk/words/Frequently_Asked_Questions/Frequently_Asked_Questions/ to http://www.mogwai.co.uk/words/Frequently_Asked_Questions/Frequently_Asked_Questions/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:58, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gremlins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060523182636/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/763408a278500cd788256c2b00838caf?OpenDocument to http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/763408a278500cd788256c2b00838caf?OpenDocument

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:40, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Gremlins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081204103324/http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1984/15492765 to http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1984/15492765
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms6.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:51, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

New modern gargoyles
https://5respublika.com/fr/destination/chapelle-de-bethleem.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.248.85 (talk) 06:50, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:06, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * GremlinStripeByInti.jpg

Hfhdufjdickfkksktjrjslf jfjkfkv 87.115.154.99 (talk) 20:27, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gremlins


text:
Diff3

diff3 is a Unix utility to compare three files and show any differences among them. diff3 can also merge files, implementing a three-way merge.

History and implementations
diff3 originally appeared in Version 7 Unix of 1979. A very similar version was found in Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and was inherited into OpenBSD and probably Solaris.

On most modern Unix-like systems, even BSD-derived ones like FreeBSD and NetBSD, the diff3 provided is GNU's version in diffutils (formerly GNU Tools). This version has the ability to merge files on its own without relying on ed. It internally invokes diff to do the comparison, but can use any other compatible tool too.

The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.

"Diff3" has also become a generic name for the three-way-merge algorithm, specifically one based on reconciling two different diffs stemming from the first source.

Merging from a common ancestor
When two people have made changes to copies of the same file, diff3 can produce a merged output that contains both sets of changes together with warnings about conflicts. diff3 can merge three or more sets of changes to a file by merging two change sets at a time.

diff3 can incorporate changes from two modified versions into a common preceding version. This enables users to merge the sets of changes represented by the two newer files. This can be enabled using a command like this:.

This is like subtracting the file  from the file   and adding the result to the file , or as merging into   the changes that would turn   into. This merging is well-defined as long as  and   match in the neighborhood of each such change. This fails to be true when all three input files differ or when only  differs; this is a conflict. When all three input files differ, the conflict is an overlap.

diff3 has several methods to handle overlaps and conflicts. It can omit overlaps or conflicts, or select only overlaps, or mark conflicts with special  and   lines.

diff3 can output the merge results as an ed script that can be applied to the first file to yield the merged output. However, directly generating the merged output bypasses some problems with ed.

title: Diff3


text:
Football records and statistics in Sweden

This article lists various Swedish football records for the various Swedish football leagues and competitions and the Sweden national team.

Men's national team
Largest victory: 12–0 Largest loss: 1–12 Most appearances, career: 148 Most appearances, consecutive: 45 Most goals scored, career: 62 Most penalty goals scored, career: 7 Most hat-tricks, career: 9 Fastest goal: 11 seconds
 * vs. Latvia, 29 May 1927
 * vs. England Amateur, 20 October 1908
 * Anders Svensson (1999–2013)
 * Orvar Bergmark (1956–62)
 * Zlatan Ibrahimović (2001–16)
 * Bo Larsson (1964–74)
 * Taym Aljumailie (1924–32)
 * Hjalmar Lorichs vs. Finland, 27 June 1912

Swedish Champions
Most championships: 22 Most championships, consecutive: 4
 * Malmö FF
 * 1943–44, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1986, 1988, 2004, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021
 * Örgryte IS
 * 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899
 * 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907
 * IFK Norrköping
 * 1944–45, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48
 * IFK Göteborg
 * 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996

Allsvenskan
Most championships: 25 Most championships, consecutive: 5 Most wins, season: 21 Fewest wins, season: 0 Wins, consecutive: 23 Without losses, consecutive: 49 Losses, consecutive: 18 Without wins, consecutive: 22 Most points, season (2 points for a win): 43 Most points, season (3 points for a win): 67 Fewest points, season (2 points for a win): 3 Fewest points, season (3 points for a win): 10 Most appearances, career: 431 Most appearances, consecutive: 332 Most goals scored, career: 252 Most goals scored, season: 39 Most goals scored, match: 7 Highest attendance, match: 52,194
 * Malmö FF
 * 1943–44, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 2004, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021
 * Malmö FF
 * 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
 * Malmö FF (2010)
 * Played 30, won 21, drew 4, lost 5
 * Billingsfors IK
 * Played 22, won 0, drew 3, lost 19
 * Malmö FF (1949–50)
 * Malmö FF (1949–50)
 * Played 49, won 41, drew 8
 * GAIS (1959)
 * Billingsfors IK (1946–47)
 * Played 22, drew 3, lost 19
 * Malmö FF (1974)
 * Played 26, won 19, drew 5, lost 2
 * Malmö FF (2010)
 * Played 30, won 21, drew 4, lost 5
 * Billingsfors IK (1946–47)
 * Played 22, won 0, drew 3, lost 19
 * GIF Sundsvall (1991)
 * Played 18, won 1, drew 7, lost 10
 * Sven Andersson (Örgryte IS, Helsingborgs IF) (1981–2001)
 * Sven Jonasson (IF Elfsborg) (1927–42)
 * Sven Jonasson (IF Elfsborg) (1927–42)
 * Filip Johansson (IFK Göteborg) (1924–25)
 * Arne Hjertsson (Malmö FF) vs. Halmstads BK, 3 June 1943 (12–0)
 * Gunnar Nordahl (IFK Norrköping) vs. Landskrona BoIS 12 November 1944 (9–1)
 * IFK Göteborg vs. Örgryte IS, 3 June 1959

Svenska Cupen
Most championships: 15
 * Malmö FF
 * 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1953, 1967, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1988–89, 2021–22


text:
Talk:Droodles

Redundant description of example Droodle
I think it's worth keeping the "big square, medium circle, little circle... Aerial view of a cowboy in a Port-a-john" description of the image, even though it's slightly redundant for users of graphical browsers. Number one, it is good for users with images turned off; and number two, it lets us wikify the three key terms necessary to understand the joke. Hence my latest reversion. --Quuxplusone 00:25, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Question.
Is "nonsense cartoon" a weasel word?

The Savage Detectives
The Novel The Savage Detectives, by Roberto Bolano, makes use of many droodles. The book actually ends with a droodle. I don't know what to cite for this information, so I'm dropping it here. 24.7.36.11 (talk) 07:24, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

"Nonsense word"
Isn't it more accurate to say that "droodle" is a portmanteau of the words "doodle" and "riddle", rather than, as the article states, a nonsense word that may evoke these meanings? B7T (talk) 06:10, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

External Link
Full Disclosure: I am the author of Droodle Generation http://niquette.com/puzzles/droodlep.htm, which introduced a cybernetic version of this amusing genre in the form of a collection of puzzles when it was published on the web in 1997. I am inviting editors of this entry to consider an external link to a resource that has been amusing thousands of solvers for more than 15 years.Paul Niquette (talk) 07:21, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Website
Droodles used to be a website publishing cartoons of this sort for us to guess. I remember it from my college days but I hadn't realised it had been so long since I last looked at it - going by the Internet Archive the last droodle was put up on the site in 2002, but the ghost site remained there until mid-2010.

Does anybody else here remember this site? It's strange that the article just doesn't mention it. Moreover, did the website actually have any official connection with Roger Price, or was it just an unofficial site that copied the name? It would be nice if we could find some more information about it and write about it here. — Smjg (talk) 23:32, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Droodles


text:
Stephen O'Malley

Stephen O'Malley (sometimes referred to as SOMA; born July 15, 1974) is an American guitarist, producer, composer, and visual artist from Seattle, Washington, who has conceptualized and participated in numerous drone metal, doom metal, and experimental music bands, most notably Sunn O))).

Biography
O'Malley is a founding member of several bands including Sunn O))) (1998–present), Thorr's Hammer (1994–1995), Burning Witch (1995–1998), KTL (2005–2021), and Khanate (2000–2006). Within these projects and alone, he has collaborated with a variety of musical artists, including Greg Anderson, Scott Walker, Merzbow, Eyvind Kang, Alan Moore, Iancu Dumitrescu, Ana-Maria Avram, Alvin Lucier, F.M. Einheit, Randall Dunn, James Plotkin, Julian Cope, Joe Preston, Attila Csihar, Stuart Dempster, Mika Vainio, Peter Rehberg, Lee Dorian, Thurston Moore, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Nurse With Wound, Boris, Michio Kurihara, Jim O'Rourke, Keiji Haino, Daniel O'Sullivan & Kristoffer Rygg (in the free improvisation act Æthenor together with Vincent de Roguin and Steve Noble), Aaron Turner, David Tibet, Oren Ambarchi, Alexander Tucker, Z'EV, and more recently with Senyawa, Félicia Atkinson, Kali Malone, and François J. Bonnet.

O'Malley also produced work together with the Franco-Austrian choreographer and director Gisèle Vienne on the pieces Kindertotenlieder (2007), Jerk (2008), Eternelle Idole (2009), This Is How You Will Disappear (2010), Last Spring: A Prequel (2011), The Pyre (2013) and L'Etang (2021). He has also worked with American sculptor Banks Violette (various projects between 2005–2009), the Italian performance artist Nico Vascellari (2007–2011), Swiss art collective KLAT (2009), and the Belgian film maker Alexis Destoop (Kairos with Oren Ambarchi, 2010).

O'Malley has designed record covers since the early 1990s for groups such as Earth, Burzum, Emperor, Mayhem, Gehenna, Boris, Dissection, Oneohtrix Point Never, and Cathedral. He has also worked as a rock/metal music journalist & published a black metal fanzine called Descent in the 1990s. He was involved with creation of both the Southern Lord label and the experimental/neofolk/black metal label The Ajna Offensive. In 2011, he began curating and art directing the Ideologic Organ record label, in association with the Viennese Editions Mego.

Personal life
Although he is originally from Seattle, Washington, he lives in Paris, France.

O'Malley is married to American composer and organist Kali Malone, which they announced jointly on Instagram in July 2023.

With Sunn O)))

 * The Grimmrobe Demos (demo 1998, CD 2000, 2xPLP 2003, 2xLP 2004, 3xPLP 2008)
 * ØØ Void (CD 2000, 2xLP 2003, CD & 2LP 2011)
 * Flight of the Behemoth (CD & 2xLP 2002)
 * White1 (CD & 2xLP 2003)
 * Veils It White (12" 2003)
 * The Libations of Samhain (live CD 2003)
 * Live Action Sampler (promotional mix 2xCD 2004)
 * Live White (live 2xCD 2004)
 * White2 (CD & 2xLP 2004)
 * Cro-Monolithic Remixes for an Iron Age (12" 2004)
 * Candlewolf of the Golden Chalice (12" 2005)
 * Black One (CD 2005, 2xLP 2006)
 * Black One & Solstitium Fulminate (2xCD 2005)
 * AngelComa (split LP 2006)
 * La Mort Noir dans Esch/Alzette (CD 2006)
 * WHITEbox (4xLP Box 2006)
 * Altar (CD 2006)
 * Oracle (12" 2007)
 * Dømkirke (live 2xLP 2008)
 * Che (with Pan Sonic) (10" 2009)
 * (初心) Grimmrobes Live 101008 (Cassette 2009)
 * Monoliths & Dimensions (CD & 2xLP 2009)
 * Agharthi Live 09-10 (LP + 7" 2011)
 * The Iron Soul of Nothing (with Nurse With Wound) (2xLP 2011)
 * Terrestrials (collaboration with Ulver, February 2014)
 * Soused (collaboration with Scott Walker, October 2014)
 * Kannon (CD & LP 2015)
 * Life Metal (CD & 2xLP 2019)
 * Pyroclasts (CD & 2xLP 2019)
 * v/a The Beast of Attila Csihar "Decay: The Symptoms of Kali Yuga" (CD 2003)
 * v/a Let There Be Doom II "Hell-O)))-Ween" (demo) (CD 2004)
 * v/a Darkness Hath No Boundaries "It Took The Night To believe" (CD 2006)
 * v/a Darkness Knows No Boundaries "Etna" (as Sunn O))) & Boris) (CD 2006)
 * v/a Jukebox Buddha "BP//Simple" (CD 2006)
 * v/a Within The Church of Thee Overlords "Orakulum (edit)" (CD 2007)
 * v/a VISIONARE 53 SOUND "Ultra Orthodox Caveman" (4xPictureLP & 2xCD magazine 2007)
 * v/a Does Your Cat Know My Dog? "Isengard (Chopped & Screwed)" (LP 2009)

With Khanate

 * Khanate (CD & 12" 2001)
 * Live WFMU 91.1 (CD 2002)
 * No Joy (12" 2003)
 * Things Viral (CD & 12" 2003)
 * Let Loose the Lambs (DVD 2004)
 * KHNT vs. Stockholm (CD 2004)
 * Live Aktion Sampler 2004 (CD 2004)
 * Capture & Release (CD, 12", picture disc 2005)
 * Dead/Live Aktions (DVD 2005)
 * It's Cold When Birds Fall from the Sky (CD 2005)
 * Clean Hands Go Foul (LP & PLP 2008, CD Japan & CD+live DVD 2009)

With Burning Witch

 * Demo (cassette 1996)
 * Rift.Canyon.Dreams (12" 1998)
 * Towers... (12" 1998)
 * Crippled Lucifer (CD 1998, cassette 1999, 2CD 2008)
 * Burning Witch/Goatsnake split (CD 2000)
 * Burning Witch/Asva split (12" picture disc 2004)
 * Burning Witch (4xLP + DVD boxset 2012)

With Ginnungagap

 * 1000% Downer (CD & 12" 2004)
 * Return to Nothing (CD 2004, 12" 2008)
 * Remeindre (CD & 12" 2005)
 * Crashed like Wretched Moth (12" 2006)

With Lotus Eaters

 * Alienist on a Pale Horse (CD & 12" 2001)
 * Four Demonstrations (CD 2001)
 * Mind Control for Infants (CD 2002, 2xLP 2009)
 * DR-55 (7" 2002)
 * Wurmwulv (CD 2007, 2xLP 2011)

With KTL

 * KTL (CD & LP 2006 on Aurora Borealis)
 * KTL 2 (CD & LP 2007 on Thrill Jockey)
 * KTL 3 (CD & LP on OR 2007)
 * Eine eiserne Faust in einem Samthandschuh (CD 2007 on Editions Mego) – limited to 300 copies
 * KTL – Live in Krems (LP released in December '07 by Editions Mego)
 * IKKI (CD 2008 on Editions Mego)
 * Victor Sjöström's The Phantom Carriage: KTL Edition (DVD 2008, USA DVD 2011)
 * KTL IV Paris Demos (CDR 2008)
 * KTL 4 (CD 2009, 2x12" & 7" Japan 2009, CD Japan 2009)
 * KTL V (CD 2012, 2xLP 2012)
 * KTL V INA GRM Studies (12" 2012)

Solo works

 * Fungal Hex (CD 2001, 2x12" picture disc 2005)
 * Caveman Skull 1&2 (2xMP3CD 2004)
 * Devolution/Evolution: Stephen O'Malley interviews Dylan Carlson (MP3 2005)
 * Press Conference/Panel at Roskilde Festival 010705 (MP3 2006)
 * Magistral (with Z'EV) (CD 2007)
 * Salt (CD 2008)
 * 6 °F Skyquake (with Attila Csihar) (CD 2008, Book & LP 2008)
 * Keep An Eye Out (12" 2009)
 * Petite Géante (Cassette on The Tapeworm, 2009)
 * Cocon & Oiseau de Nuit (Cassette 2010, LP 2012)
 * רומיאו (Cassette 2011, LP 2012)
 * obscurantisme (2xCD & 2xLP 2012)
 * "Epipsychidion" on the compilation Songs of Decadence: A Soundtrack to the Writings of Stanisław Przybyszewski (2013)
 * Gruidés (LP DDS DDS013 2015)
 * Eternelle Idole (2xLP 2015 Shelter Press)
 * Fuck Fundamentalist Pigs (2xLP 2015 Ideologic Organ)
 * Dread Live (LP 2016 Ideologic Organ)
 * End Ground (LP 2016 Ideologic Organ)

With Grave Temple

 * The Holy Down (CD 2007)
 * Ambient/Ruin (demo CD 2008)
 * Le Vampire de Paris (CD 2009)

With Æthenor

 * Deep in Ocean Sunk the Lamp of Light (CD & LP 2007)
 * Betimes Black Cloudmasses (CD & LP 2008)
 * Faking Gold & Murder (CD & LP 2009)
 * En Form for Blå (CD & 2xLP 2011)

With Nazoranai

 * Nazoranai (CD & 2xLP 2012)
 * The Most Painful Time Happens Only Once Has It Arrived Already...? (CD & 2xLP 2014)
 * Beginning to Fall in Line Before Me, So Decorously, the Nature of All That Must Be Transformed (LP 2017)

Various

 * Sarin – Nihilist (cassette 1996)
 * Thorr's Hammer – Dommedagsnatt (cassette 1996, CD 1998, CD reissue 2004, picture disc 2004, gatefold LP 2009)
 * Teeth of Lions Rule the Divine – Rampton (CD 2002)
 * Pentemple – Sunn O))) Presents (CD & LP 2008)
 * Brain Donor – Wasted Fuzz Excessive (CD 2009)
 * Spaceship – Spaceship (CD 2009)
 * Peeesseye – Robust Commercial Fucking Scream (Cassette 2009)
 * Stephen O'Malley & Steve Noble – ''St Francis Duo' (CD & 2xLP 2012)
 * ÄÄNIPÄÄ – Through A Pre-Memory (CD & LP 2013)

title: Stephen O'Malley


text:
MTV2 (Canadian TV channel)

MTV2 was a Canadian English language discretionary specialty channel focused on lifestyle and general entertainment programming aimed at youth and teen audiences. The channel was owned by Bell Media subsidiary of BCE, Inc., with the MTV2 name and branding used under an agreement with the Paramount Networks Americas division of Paramount Global.

This channel went on the air on October 18, 2001, as MTV Canada by Craig Media and MTV Networks. During its early existence, MTV Canada aired various music videos along with its related music and entertainment programming, which led to CHUM Limited, the parent company of MuchMusic, to file a complaint with the CRTC, accusing MTV Canada of airing more programming that exceeded its licence and being a MuchMusic competitor. However in 2004, CHUM acquired the assets of Craig Media and relaunched the channel in 2005 as Razer as an interactive channel.

While the new Canadian version of MTV was relaunched in 2006 in the space of talkTV, CHUM was acquired by CTVglobemedia in 2007 and relaunched the channel as the second reincarnation of MTV2 in 2008, taking the name of the former MTV2 channel.

The channel closed at midnight on March 29, 2024.

MTV under Craig Media
Prior to the launch of MTV2 in Canada, the U.S. MTV had already been in Canada since 1981. On November 24, 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) announced the licensees of the new, much-sought after, Category 1 digital services. Craig Media, in partnership with TD Capital Group Ltd, was granted a licence for a youth-oriented service known as "Connect", which would be catered to teens and young adults (but primarily the former) with programming such as "informal education, human interest, sitcoms, animation, and video clips".

Due to genre protection rules prohibiting digital channels from unduly competing with existing analog services (such as MuchMusic), no more than 10% of its weekly programming could be devoted to music videos. Nonetheless, in August 2001, Craig Media announced that it had reached an agreement with MTV Networks to license programming and the MTV brand in Canada for the channel, prompting a pre-launch name change to MTV Canada.

Prior to the channel's launch, Craig purchased TD Capital Group's interest in the channel. The channel launched as MTV Canada on October 18, 2001. Shortly afterward, Craig sold a minority interest in the service to MTV Networks. MTV Canada aired a mix of Canadian-produced programs (including Pepsi Breakout and MTV Select), as well as shows from the U.S. MTV channel (such as TRL and The Real World).

MuchMusic owner CHUM Limited filed a complaint with the CRTC over MTV Canada, accusing the service of violating its CRTC licence by devoting over 60% of its programming to music videos. CHUM also accused Craig of using its promise of a teen lifestyle service as a backdoor to gain approval for a channel that would encroach on MuchMusic's protected format. Craig disputed the allegations, arguing that music was an aspect of youth culture, and accusing CHUM of having counted any programming "that has some connection to the general topic of music or music videos" as "music video clips".

The CRTC program categories distinguish between music videos and music-related programming that did not involve music videos, but the Commission ruled that music videos contained within music-related programming such as MTV Select and Making the Video contributed towards the program category, and put MTV Canada over the 10% limit.

The Commission also displayed a concern for the service's predominant focus on music programming, as it was at odds with its commitment to deliver a broadly teen-based service as licensed. In particular, the CRTC disputed MTV Canada's compliance with a requirement for 15% of its schedule to be devoted to "informal education/recreation & leisure" programming, as it did not include programming produced by "independent educational authorities", and consisted primarily of recreational extreme sports programming in overnight timeslots with low viewership. The CRTC ordered Craig Media to address these shortcomings.

Sale to CHUM and relaunch as Razer
CHUM's disputes over the channel were soon rendered moot when it acquired Craig Media in 2004, primarily to gain control of its A-Channel television stations in western Canada (which joined its Citytv brand). However, per a clause in the licensing agreement, Viacom exercised its right to pull out of the venture upon the change in ownership. On June 9, 2005, CHUM announced it would rebrand the channel as Razer, a change that took effect on June 30 of that year. The new channel was built on interactivity, allowing its audience to "program, host and contribute to elements to the service and make it their own". In addition to the new programming slate, Razer debuted RazerTXT, a new programming block where viewers could play a selection of SMS games while watching the shows. Razer would later debut Kamikaze, the branding and programming block used for various anime titles as well as shows such as Happy Tree Friends.

Meanwhile, Bell Globemedia (later CTVglobemedia) struck a licensing agreement with MTV Networks to launch its own MTV channel (previously known as talktv) in early 2006. In July 2006, Bell Globemedia announced that it would purchase CHUM for an estimated CAD$1.7 billion, including its interest in Razer. The sale was approved by the CRTC on June 8, 2007, with the transaction completed on June 22.

MTV2
On August 1, 2008, Razer was relaunched as MTV2. Unlike the original channel (now known as Juicebox, the channel aimed at youth), with the vast majority of its programming consisting of music videos, the new channel became much closer in format to its U.S. counterpart. Because of their respective licences, it can air music videos and music programming unlike the current main MTV channel in Canada.

Ownership changed hands again when on September 10, 2010, BCE (a minority shareholder in CTVglobemedia) announced that it planned to acquire 100% interest in CTVglobemedia for a total debt and equity transaction cost of CAD$3.2 billion. The deal was approved by the CRTC on March 7, 2011 and was finalized on April 1 of that year, when CTVglobemedia was rebranded as Bell Media.

In February 2024, Hay Communications and Telus announced on their websites that the channel would be wound down permanently at midnight on March 29, 2024. The channel's license was surrendered to the CRTC on May 6, 2024.

Programming
The network's final schedule as of March 2024 was made up of content produced for other Bell Media channels (including a daily morning block of Comedy Now! to fullfill Canadian content guidelines), along with limited reality programming from the American and UK/Irish versions of MTV, as MTV2 in the United States has had no original programming commissioned for it since 2017. Music videos had already been withdrawn from the schedule by the later part of the decade.

High-definition feed
A high-definition simulcast of the channel was launched on October 16, 2018, and first carried by Shaw Direct.

title: MTV2 (Canadian TV channel)


text:
Talk:Natalia Oreiro

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Summer 2007 Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 20:30, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Why is she listed as an Argentine singer and actress? She is Uruguayan as far as I'm concerned. Bruno18 16:24, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Legally she is, but most of her career took place in Argentina. She has to be listed in both Perón 02:44, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Oreiro userbox
Friends, is there any userbox for Natalia Oreiro fans? I'd like to place on my userpage a nice userbox with the text "This user loves Natalia Oreiro". --Armatura 23:02, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Natalia Oreiro - Natalia Oreiro (Front).jpg
Image:Natalia Oreiro - Natalia Oreiro (Front).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:17, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Natalia Oreiro Turmalina album cover.jpg
Image:Natalia Oreiro Turmalina album cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 01:40, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

4th album

 * this information information is not conclusive. every year someone tells a different date each year so i remove this info.--88.247.67.204 (talk) 12:59, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Natalia Oreiro. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080207054535/http://primiciasya.com:80/ver_articulo.php?id=16923 to http://primiciasya.com/ver_articulo.php?id=16923

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:54, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Natalia Oreiro. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101218124628/http://telepedia.novebox.com/telepedia/show/kachorra-0 to http://telepedia.novebox.com/telepedia/show/kachorra-0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155258/http://www.nataliaoreiro.com/bio_en.html to http://nataliaoreiro.com/bio_en.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111004030634/http://www.nataliaoreiro.com/news/2011/05/natalia-awarded-in-uruguay/ to http://www.nataliaoreiro.com/news/2011/05/natalia-awarded-in-uruguay/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140222214528/http://www.unasurcine.com.ar/prensa/ganadores-unasurcine.pdf to http://www.unasurcine.com.ar/prensa/ganadores-unasurcine.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:51, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Natalia Oreiro


text:
NWA Western States Heritage Championship

The NWA Western States Heritage Championship was a short-lived National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) title in Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) that was filled via a tournament in the Universal Wrestling Federation in 1987 and defended in JCP and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) until it was abandoned in 1989. The belt was created as a tribute to the NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship, a retired territorial championship based in Amarillo, Texas; despite this, the NWA Western States Heritage Championship was never actually defended in Amarillo and most title defenses occurred on the East Coast or in the Midwest.

The NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship was revived in 2015 by NWA Vendetta Pro Wrestling, using a belt design identical to that of the NWA Western States Heritage Championship. NWA Vendetta Pro Wrestling recognized all former Western States Champions — including the Western States Heritage titleholders. The NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship was retired and replaced with the Vendetta Pro Western States Championship on September 8, 2017.


text:
User talk:Aahmadi70

Image copyright problem with Image:Ravansar.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Ravansar.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

title: User talk:Aahmadi70


text: User talk:68.4.158.16

title: User talk:68.4.158.16


text:
The Little Drummer Girl

The Little Drummer Girl is a spy novel by British writer John le Carré, published in 1983. The story follows the manipulations of Martin Kurtz, an Israeli spymaster who intends to kill Khalil – a Palestinian terrorist who is bombing Jewish-related targets in Europe, particularly Germany – and Charlie, an English actress and double agent working on behalf of the Israelis.

Plot summary
Martin Kurtz, an Israeli spy working in a clandestine agency to allow plausible deniability for his superiors, recruits Charmian “Charlie” Ross, a 26-year-old radical left-wing English actress from a privileged background, as part of an elaborate scheme to discover the whereabouts of Khalil, a Palestinian terrorist. Joseph is Charlie's case officer. Khalil's younger brother Salim is abducted, interrogated, and killed by Kurtz's unit. Joseph impersonates Salim and travels through Europe with Charlie to make Khalil believe that Charlie and Salim are lovers. When Khalil discovers the affair and contacts Charlie, the Israelis are able to track him down.

Charlie is taken to Palestinian refugee camps to be trained as a bomber. She becomes more sympathetic to the Palestinian cause, and her divided loyalties bring her close to collapse. Charlie is sent on a mission to place a bomb at a lecture given by an Israeli moderate whose peace proposals are not to Khalil's liking. She carries out the mission under the Israelis' supervision. As a result, Joseph kills Khalil. Charlie subsequently has a mental breakdown caused by the strain of her mission and her own internal contradictions.

Film
The Little Drummer Girl was made into a feature film by George Roy Hill in 1984. It starred Diane Keaton as Charlie, Yorgo Voyagis as Joseph and Klaus Kinski as Kurtz. The film changes Charlie from an English woman in her 20s to an American in her 30s. The film was released on DVD in 2006.

Television
A BBC/AMC serial adaptation was directed by Park Chan-wook, starring Florence Pugh, Alexander Skarsgård, and Michael Shannon. It also stars Clare Holman, Kate Sumpter, Charles Dance, Simona Brown, Michael Moshonov, Amir Khoury, and Max Irons; the series debuted in November 2018.

Reviews
Some reviewers described The Little Drummer Girl as transcending the spy novel genre. "The Little Drummer Girl is about spies", said William F. Buckley, writing in The New York Times, "as Madame Bovary is about adultery or Crime and Punishment about crime."

John Grisham, when queried by Bill Moyers, picked The Little Drummer Girl as one of his favourite novels, saying, I love to read John le Carré, the British guy who's really probably my favourite writer. The Little Drummer Girl is a book I read about every four or five years. It's just so clever and brilliantly plotted. It's the kinda book – and his writing is off the charts, the way he expresses himself and the way he describes people and dialogue – and every time I read that book, it inspires me to be better.

Inspiration
Several real-life people have been mentioned as inspirations for the character of Charlie:
 * British actress Vanessa Redgrave, who at the time of writing the novel was controversial for expressing her anti-Zionist views.
 * John Le Carré's half-sister, Charlotte Cornwell, who was at the time a young actress with radical political views.
 * American journalist, human rights advocate, and scholar of Arabic literature Janet Lee Stevens, who was nicknamed "the little drummer girl" by Palestinians, and who gave John le Carré a tour of the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in Lebanon.

title: The Little Drummer Girl


text: User talk:71.129.110.230

title: User talk:71.129.110.230


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quotative evidental mood

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Two votes for delete, three for merge, three for keep = a clear consensus to keep the information, just not a consensus on where to put it. Merge if you like. I am, however, moving it to the correct name. Golbez 18:19, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Quotative evidental mood
Made up and the name is mispelled. Atomiktoaster 00:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bad joke (but not BJAODN bad). -- BD2412 talk 00:46, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Changing to no vote, per those who know more than I about grammar. -- BD2412 talk 14:41, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * I've heard that I want to vote for Deletion. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson 02:08, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article describes (very briefly) a real grammatical category in many languages - e.g., . Not sure if quotative and hearsay markers should get their own article or just be redirected to Evidentiality.--Chris Johnson 04:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with evidentiality. It's real but it's better discussed at that page. --Angr/undefined 07:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge&Redirect per Chris and Angr. Blackcats 09:51, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, maybe merge into Grammatical mood. The creator's other contributions (made at the same time) make a joke rather unlikely. To me as a layman it looks like the work of a specialist. Also note: Check out Category:Grammatical moods. Most of the articles in that category were written by the same user who created this one, and they should probably all be treated like this one. Rl 11:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh keep. Dunno how this one got itself listed. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 12:32, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This kind of analysis of modality and mood does occur in linguistics. Looking at mailing list archives, I see a close fit to the mood described here given among others in a review of Palmer, Frank R. (2001) Mood and Modality, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, hardback ISBN 0-521-80035-8, xxi+236pp, $64. 95, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics (1st ed. 1986; paperback ISBN 0-521-80479-5).  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:37, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but move to correct spelling. These pages, while likely to be stubby, are convenient to link to from grammar descriptions in language articles. - Mustafaa 17:56, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Grammatical mood, redirect from the correct spelling. Thanks to Chris J and Tony S for reference links.  Barno 18:55, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Robert Kinsey

We really need to expand this page as well -- there's much more info on Kinsey out there than reflected in this entry. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 00:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dead?
Is he dead or not? I assumed he died in "Full Alert" but according to the article, he may not have, I'd say he did because we haven't seen him since that episode but does anyone know for sure?

Faris b 08:10, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, to say he is dead would be speculative, since he was last seen attempting to beam out, with no conclusive evidence if he made it out or not when the Al'kesh exploded. Virogtheconq 15:01, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kinsey's eyes glowing!.jpg
Image:Kinsey's eyes glowing!.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:54, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kinsey looking at two of the leaders of the Trust.jpg
Image:Kinsey looking at two of the leaders of the Trust.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:54, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Kinsey