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Ningde

Ningde is a city located along the northeastern coast of Fujian, China. It borders the provincial capital of Fuzhou City to the south, Wenzhou City of Zhejiang to the north, and Nanping to the west.

The prefecture-level Ningde City administers 1 district, 2 cities, 6 counties, as well as 124 towns, townships and subdistricts. Listed below are the district, cities and counties, first four of which are coastal whereas the rest locate in mountainous areas.

Situated roughly 300 km north of the Tropic of Cancer, the prefecture of Ningde spans 13500 km² in land area. Like the rest of the province, Ningde sits in a mountainous region but it also enjoys almost 200 km of coastline facing the East China Sea. Ningde is listed No.2 in China Integrated City Index 2016's environmental ranking, a study conducted by the National Development and Reform Commission.

Agriculture
The warm and moist climate and fertile land in the prefecture of Ningde provide it with favorable conditions for agriculture. The largest agricultural exports from Ningde include mushroom and tea. The area also produces large quantities of various fruits, such as shaddocks, Chinese chestnuts, plums, honey peaches, lychees and longans.

Tea cultivation has long been an important industry of Ningde. By 1999 statistics, the total area of tea plantations in Ningde had reached 463 km² and the output of green tea took up 10.5 percent of that of the entire country. More than 1.2 million jobs were created directly and indirectly in different stages of the tea industry. Famous brands include the Tianshan Silver-Needle Tea, Baihao Silver-Needle Tea, Fenghuangshe, Lianyue Flower Tea and Xianyan Snow Peak.

The mountainous landscape and advantageous climate conditions are also beneficial to the development of forestry. Up to 1999, 8482 km², or 65.2 percent of the entire prefecture, are forested. Out of this area, bamboo groves occupy 600 km², producing an annual output of six million bamboo products. In Fu'an alone, the green bamboo base has extended to 34 km² and its output of green bamboo shoots takes up more than 60 percent of the entire provincial output.

Aquaculture
The prefecture of Ningde is blessed with vast area of shallow sea, which is suitable for aquaculture. In 2000, aquatic products take up 41.3 percent of the total output value of agriculture from Ningde, with an exporting value of US$82,170,000 and an annual net income exceeding RMB 3,500 for local fishermen. Major products include yellow croakers, oysters, razor clams, prawns and freshwater eels.

Local government is attempting to use aquaculture as a springboard to eliminate poverty and improve the local economy. Up to 2000, aquaculture had created 370,000 jobs directly and indirectly; a total of RMB 4.5 billion had been invested, drawing an annual output value of RMB 2 billion.

Industry
Ningde is the producer of many nonmetallic mineral resources, such as granite, diorite and basalt. The confirmed volume of granite reserves extends to 1,140 million cubic meters, while estimated amount of deposits undiscovered stands at several thousand million cubic meters. The mining area for basalt in Bailin, Fuding, known as Fuding Black, covers 0.21 km2 with a total deposit of up to 50 million cubic meters.

Ningde's rich hydropower resources give it a headstart in metallurgical industries. Products such as magnesium, zirconium oxide, aluminum, high-purity silicon carbide, and a series of other silicon products from plants in the prefecture enjoy high reputation and are exempted from examination when exported to Japan. Advances in metallurgical technology also aids the shipbuilding industry, a traditional trade in Ningde. In recent years, local shipyards have been capable of constructing 10,000-ton steamships.

Ningde owns electricity industry providing energy supply for the need of local as well as for other metropolitan areas such as Fuzhou and Wenzhou. China Datang Corporation runs 2520 MW fired power plant in Fu'an City. The first nuclear power plant Ningde Nuclear Power Plant start to operate from 2008. CFR-600 is under construction in Xiapu county.

Battery industry is another fast growing sector in Ningde region. CATL (寧德時代), the world's biggest lithium-ion batteries manufacturer has its headquarter and product line combining with upper stream product lines located in Jiaocheng district of Ningde.

Demographic substructure
According to the 2010 Census, Ningde has a registered population of 3,393,698 inhabitants, although 2,821,996 persons declared to be permanent residents. It is also the primary residential region for the She minority people, who take up to 25% of the total population. A majority of the population speak Eastern Min.

Climate
It is subjected to a humid subtropical climate, with occasional threat of typhoons. Within the prefecture, the mean annual temperature ranges from 13.4 to 20.2 °C, while mean annual rainfall ranges from 1250 to 2350 mm. The region also enjoys a frost-free period of 235 to 300 days per year, which is highly beneficial for soil agriculture.

History
Ningde's history dates back to the Stamped Pottery Culture System (海印紋陶文化系統 Hāi-éng-ùng-dò̤ Ùng-huá Hiê-tūng). As early as 10,000 to 20,000 years ago during the late Upper Palaeolithic period of the Stone Age (also known as the Old Stone Age) there were already human beings living and multiplying here. In 282, the Jin Dynasty government established magistrate rule here.

Mongol-Manchu
During the first twenty-three years of the Yuan dynasty (1206−1368), Funingzhou (福寧州 Hók-nìng-ciŭ) Administration was set up. In 1736, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty, Ningde was promoted to Funingfu (福寧府 Hók-nìng-hū) Administration.

Republican
In 1934, an Administration Supervision Zone was set up here under the Republic of China. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Fu'an Special Administration Zone was established. Finally in June 1971 the Zone was promoted to Ningde Prefecture. Xi Jinping served as party chief of Ningde between 1988 and 1990.

Culture
The folk arts in Ningde are varied and colorful. Among them bantieji parade, puppet lion dance, and paper art are the most representative.

The bantieji parade, mostly seen during the Chinese new year, is a folk art performance popularized in Ningde since the Qing Dynasty. During the parade, children dressed as characters from various Chinese folklore sit or stand on parade vehicles, which were also decorated to resemble classic scenes such as the Heavenly Palace. The vehicles then cruise along the streets in the company of jovial music.

The puppet lion dance, popular in Huotong Town and Jiaocheng District, originated from toys of the local children. The lions, made of colorful fabrics, are connected to wooden racks by ropes. Each individual rope controls a part of the lion's body, such as the head, tail or foot. The racks are set on vehicles moving through the streets. Performers on the vehicles pull on the ropes to make the lions dance or perform various tricks.

Paper art, mainly practised by women, is a specialty of Zherong County. Common forms of the art include traditional flower patterns, words and daily life objects. Because of her paper art achievements, Zherong County was named "Home of Chinese Folk Arts" by the Ministry of Culture in 2000.

The She people have also created and left many precious cultural heritages in their long historical practice. Owing to projects in recent years to protect the She heritage, three volumes of She folk tales, songs and proverbs have been published. In total, 184 tales, 330,000 words in songs, and 6,000 proverbs have been included. Art works have also been produced out of She folklore, which reflects their way of life.

There are many covered bridges in Ningde, particularly in Pingnan. 15,000-capacity Ningde Stadium is located in the city. It is mostly used for association football.

The Ningde UNESCO Global Geopark was created in 2015 in a volcanic region of the coast, comprising Baishuiyang, Taimushan and Baiyunshan scenic areas.

title: Ningde


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Robert S. Ingersoll

Robert Stephen Ingersoll (January 28, 1914 – August 22, 2010) was an American businessman and former diplomat. Ingersoll was Chief executive officer and chairman of the Board of BorgWarner and his international business experience was an important factor in his selection as United States Ambassador to Japan from 1972 to 1973, and assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from 1973 to 1974, both during President Richard Nixon's term in office. He served as United States Deputy Secretary of State from 1974 to 1976 under both Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford.

Biography
Ingersoll was born on January 28, 1914, in Galesburg, Illinois. he attended the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University in 1937. After two years with the Armco Steel Corporation, he was hired in 1939 by his father's company, Ingersoll Steel and Disc Company. The company was a subsidiary of Borg-Warner, and he was named in 1942 as works manager of the firm's Kalamazoo, Michigan plant and as head of its Chicago plant in 1945, before being named as division vice president in 1947 and president in 1950 and then as Borg-Warner administrative vice president in 1953. Ingersoll was named in 1956 as the firm's president and chief operating officer, succeeding his father in the post. He was named as that firm's chairman and chief executive in 1961. As CEO, Ingersoll was an active supporter of Urban League programs, supporting "better housing, economic opportunities and voting rights for the colored race" and noting that "[o]ur labor force will be increasingly Negro". By 1972, the firm did business in 22 countries around the world and had global sales of $1.15 billion. Shifting to foreign car companies as U.S. domestic manufacturers bought production in house, by 1971 Ingersoll saw automobile transmission sales increase more than tenfold to 487,000 units in the preceding decade.

Ingersoll's experience in dealing with business ventures in Japan played a major role in his choice by President Nixon as United States Ambassador to Japan in 1972, where he was only the second person who was not a career diplomat to be chosen in the period following World War II and the first businessperson to be selected. Ingersoll helped deal with differences between the nations regarding Japan's $3.5 billion trade surplus with the United States, negotiating agreements that led to Japanese imports in excess of $1 billion worth of American agricultural and manufactured products. In 1974, he was named as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs and served in that post until 1976. After the Lockheed bribery scandals were disclosed to the public, Ingersoll played a lead role in the State Department's handling of the affair, which he stated had done "grievous damage" to U.S. foreign relations, with Lockheed having paid $3 million in bribes to the office of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and more than $1 million in improper payments to Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. The scandal led to the downfall of governments overseas and the resignations of two senior Lockheed officials.

As a trustee of the Aspen Institute of Humanistic Studies, he was an active participant in the organization's programs conducted in Colorado, where he participated in discussions with labor officials, politicians and religious leaders on major issues facing society in addition to skiing. Ingersoll was former chairman of the Panasonic Foundation and also served as the vice president of the board of directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce.

Ingersoll died at age 96 on August 22, 2010, at his home in Evanston, Illinois. He was survived by three daughters, 11 grandchildren and 21 great-grandchildren. His wife, the former Coralyn Reed, died in 2001 after 63 years of marriage.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert S. Ingersoll


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Spiers and Boden

Spiers and Boden are an English folk duo. John Spiers plays melodeon and concertina, while Jon Boden sings and plays fiddle and guitar while stamping the rhythm on a stomp box. Spiers and Boden were founding members of the folk band Bellowhead.

Biography
They began playing together in 1999 and their first album as a duo was Through & Through (2001). In 2002 they were both session musicians on Eliza Carthy's album Anglicana, and toured with her as part of her band The Ratcatchers. However it was their second album, Bellow, in 2003 that drew significant attention. The tunes and songs were mostly traditional, grounded in the Morris tradition. In the same year they won the "Horizon Award" in the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards, followed by the "Best Duo" category in 2004. Together they play fiddle, guitar, assorted squeezebox instruments, a stomp box and both sing.

An album called simply Tunes came out in summer 2005 and another, Songs, followed in October of the same year. Their fifth album, Vagabond, was released in 2008.

The Works was released on 11 July 2011. It's an album of re-recorded tracks from their 5 albums made as a duo. The album features a number of special guests, including: Fay Hield, James Fagan, Nancy Kerr, Maddy Prior, Martin Carthy, Martin Simpson and Eliza Carthy.

In October 2013, they announced that their 2014 tour would be their last "for the foreseeable future".

In August 2020, Spiers and Boden announced that they would be playing together as a duo again. They performed for the online Folk On Foot festival.

Spiers and Boden

 * Through & Through (2001)
 * Bellow (2003)
 * Tunes (2005)
 * Songs (2005)
 * Vagabond (2008)
 * The Works (2011)
 * Fallow Ground (2021)

Bellowhead

 * E.P.Onymous (2004)
 * Burlesque (2006)
 * Matachin (2008)
 * Hedonism (2010)
 * Broadside (2012)
 * Revival (2014)

Eliza Carthy and The Ratcatchers

 * Anglicana (2002)
 * Rough Music (2005)

Ian Giles, John Spiers, Jon Boden and Graham Metcalfe

 * Sea Shanties (2002)

Jon Boden, Joey Oliver, John Spiers and Ian Giles

 * Old Irish Jigs and Reels (2007)

Ian Giles, John Spiers, Jon Boden and Giles Lewin

 * Wassail - A Country Christmas (also released as An English Folk Christmas (2003)

title: Spiers and Boden


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-06-13/Features, removal, admins

Sorry for the delay in responding; I guess you've seen the ongoing discussion on the WP:FARC talk page?

Instruction Creep
The Instruction Creep link goes nowhere. What was it supposed to link to? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 16:59, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Crookston, Minnesota

Untitled
I removed the bomb threat reference because I thought it was such a commonplace occurance (I've had three in nearby East Grand Forks throughout my school career), and therefore did not warrant a place in the article. Brendan OShea 07:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There was adequate information, and is relevant to the recent Red Lake shooting, because it WAS sparked by that. Crookston isn't a big enough of a town to use the school rule on. The Red Lake shooting was big enough to warrant a mention, but this isn't. It has plenty more story than "well, a bomb threat went in". It is believed to be the work of a ninth grader who commited suicide soon afterwards. -- A Link to the Past 03:30, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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photo problem
In "The Crookston Commercial Historic District" snap? That huge building on the right? It was razed like three or four years ago. It's now a parking lot. Make of that what you will. Weeb Dingle (talk) 06:08, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

And while I'm here: that opening (unsubstantiated) claim of many people who live in Crookston commute to jobs in the Grand Forks area? I get the feeling that even more commute INTO Crookston from Grand Forks. Call the Chamber of Commerce, but I think the claim is dubious at absolute best. Weeb Dingle (talk) 06:08, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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stuff to fix/update
Melbye hasn't been mayor for a year.

While there are maybe two oxbow lakes readily apparent in any map of the town, whoever included this factoid seems unaware that there's any difference between an oxbow and a meander.

I think there was a self-published book of local history put out a few years ago. As well, there was a column of historical subjects in the newspaper until last year. Weeb Dingle (talk) 06:42, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crookston, Minnesota


text: User:Amanaplanacanalpanama

title: User:Amanaplanacanalpanama


text: Template:WikiProject Stub sorting

title: Template:WikiProject Stub sorting


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Dinu Brătianu

Dinu Brătianu (January 13, 1866 – August 20, 1950), born Constantin I. C. Brătianu, was a Romanian engineer and politician who led the National Liberal Party (PNL) starting in 1934.

Early career
He was born at the estate of Florica, in Ștefănești, Argeș County, the son of the great Romanian statesman Ion Brătianu and of his wife, Pia Brătianu (née Pleșoianu). The fourth of five children, his brothers were Ion I. C. Brătianu and Vintilă Brătianu. Dinu Brătianu attended Saint Sava High School in Bucharest, while also taking private lessons with the mathematicians Spiru Haret and David Emmanuel. He then studied engineering at the Bucharest Polytechnic, graduating in 1890, and then pursued his studies at the École des mines in Paris.

Upon returning to Romania, he worked on the coordination of oil field exploitation works in Solonț, Bacău County. He took part in the installation of the first wells in Moinești, in the construction of the railway that was mounted on Tarcău River valley, and of the railway bridges between Barboși and Brăila. He later was the director of the Romanian Bank, the most important private bank in the country at the time, and several other credit unions.

Brătianu was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Romania in 1895, and was elected without interruption between 1910 and 1938. He held no governmental position until 1933–1934, when he was Minister of Finance.

Under Carol and Antonescu
After the assassination of Prime Minister Ion G. Duca by the Iron Guard (December, 1933), he became head of the PNL. During the interwar period, he became active in opposing the authoritarian regime of King Carol II and his Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu.

After Carol's abdication and the fascist regime known as the National Legionary State, Brătianu offered his support to dictator Ion Antonescu, given that the latter's close relation with Nazi Germany had helped Romania win back territories it had lost to the Soviet Union (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region), taken back through World War II's Operation Barbarossa. The heavy losses inflicted on the Romanian troops and the successful offensives of the Red Army made Brătianu favor King Michael's plan to align Romania with the Allies.

Post–1945
After the August 23, 1944 Royal Coup, he was Minister without portfolio in two successive cabinets of Constantin Sănătescu. As leader of the PNL, he was unable to slow down the accession of Romanian Communist Party to power, as the appeal of his party had suffered major blows due to Brătianu's sympathy towards Antonescu.

He sought to oppose the communists by protesting to the American and British diplomats from Bucharest. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer Schuyler, the American general, portrayed the man who was supposed to fight communists: "Generally, Mr. Brătianu has disappointed me as a political leader", Schuyler wrote in 1945. "He is almost 80 and seems to be wasting his energy. Although he is very unhappy about the actual state of things, he has not offered a constructive programme for recovery, aside from a general opposition to what he calls the exorbitant and unjust demands set by Russia".

He refused to be part of the communist cabinet formed by Petru Groza on March 6, 1945. The Siguranța (the secret police service, which by that time had been taken over by the communists) had him under close surveillance. Kept under house arrest by the authorities, Brătianu was arrested in 1950 and imprisoned without trial. On May 5, 1950 he was sent to the notorious Sighet Prison, where he died a few months later, on August 20, in cell number 12. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the nearby Pauper's Cemetery, Sighetu Marmației. In the fall of 1971, his remains were reburied in a niche in the inner wall of the church in his birthplace, Florica.

Private life and legacy

On August 26, 1907, he married Alexandrina (Adina) Costinescu (1886–1975), the daughter of Emil Costinescu, an important National Liberal Party politician. In 1909, Brătianu had his residence built at 16, Calea Dorobanților, near Piața Romană in Bucharest; the architect was Petre Antonescu. During World War I, when Brătianu took refuge in Iași with his family, the mansion was pillaged by the Central Powers troops that had occupied Bucharest in December 1916.

A high school in Ștefănești, Argeș bears his name.

title: Dinu Brătianu


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Aegle marmelos

Aegle marmelos, commonly known as bael (or bili or bhel ), also Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone apple or wood apple, is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is present in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal as a naturalized species. The tree is considered to be sacred by Hindus and Buddhists.

Description
Aegle marmelos is a deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 13 m tall with slender drooping branches and rather open, irregular crown.

Bark
The bark is pale brown or grayish, smooth or finely fissured and flaking, armed with long straight spines, 1.2–2.5 cm singly or in pairs, often with slimy sap oozing out from cut parts. The gum is also described as a clear, gummy sap, resembling gum arabic, which exudes from wounded branches and hangs down in long strands, becoming gradually solid. It is sweet at first taste and then irritating to the throat.

Leaves
The leaf is trifoliate, alternate, each leaflet 5–14 cm x 2–6 cm, ovate with tapering or pointed tip and rounded base, untoothed or with shallow rounded teeth. Young leaves are pale green or pinkish, finely hairy while mature leaves are dark green and completely smooth. Each leaf has 4–12 pairs of side veins which are joined at the margin.

Flowers
The flowers are 1.5 to 2 cm, pale green or yellowish, sweetly scented, bisexual, in short drooping unbranched clusters at the end of twigs and leaf axils. They usually appear with young leaves. The calyx is flat with 4(5) small teeth. The four or five petals of 6–8 mm overlap in the bud. Many stamens have short filaments and pale brown, short style anthers. The ovary is bright green with an inconspicuous disc.

Fruits
The fruit typically has a diameter of between 5 and 10 cm. It is globose or slightly pear-shaped with a thick, hard rind and does not split upon ripening. The woody shell is smooth and green, gray until it is fully ripe when it turns yellow. Inside are 8 to 15 or 20 sections filled with aromatic orange pulp, each section with 6 (8) to 10 (15) flattened-oblong seeds each about 1 cm long, bearing woolly hairs and each enclosed in a sac of adhesive, transparent mucilage that solidifies on drying. The exact number of seeds varies in different publications. The fruit takes about 11 months to ripen on the tree, reaching maturity in December. It can reach the size of a large grapefruit or pomelo, and some are even larger. The shell is so hard it must be cracked with a hammer or machete. The fibrous yellow pulp is very aromatic. It has been described as tasting of marmalade and smelling of roses. Boning (2006) indicates that the flavor is "sweet, aromatic and pleasant, although tangy and slightly astringent in some varieties. It resembles a marmalade made, in part, with citrus and, in part, with tamarind." Numerous hairy seeds are encapsulated in a slimy mucilage.

Chemistry
The bael tree contains furocoumarins, including xanthotoxol and the methyl ester of alloimperatorin, as well as flavonoids, rutin and marmesin; a number of essential oils; and, among its alkaloids, á-fargarine(=allocryptopine), O-isopentenylhalfordinol, O-methylhafordinol. Aegeline (N-[2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide) is a constituent that can be extracted from bael leaves.

Aeglemarmelosine, molecular formula C16H15NO2 [α]27D+7.89° (c 0.20, CHCl3), has been isolated as an orange viscous oil.

Taxonomy
Bael is the only member of the monotypic genus Aegle.

Habit and habitat
Aegle marmelos is native across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and is cultivated throughout Sri Lanka, Tamilnadu, Thailand, and Malesia. It occurs in dry, open forests on hills and plains at altitudes from 0 – with mean annual rainfall of 570 - 2,000 mm. It has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil conditions (pH range 5–10), is tolerant of waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance from -7 –. It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.

Ecology
The tree is a larval food plant for the following two Indian Swallowtail butterflies: the lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus) and the common Mormon (Papilio polytes).

Toxicity
Aegeline is a known constituent of the bael leaf and consumed as a dietary supplement with the intent to produce weight loss. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Department of Defense Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, and Hawaii state and local health officials identified an outbreak of 97 persons with acute non-viral hepatitis that first emerged in Hawaii. Seventy-two of these persons had reported using the dietary supplement OxyElite Pro, containing aegeline, which was manufactured by the Dallas company, USPlabs. FDA had previously taken action against an earlier formulation of OxyElite Pro because it contained dimethylamylamine, a stimulant that FDA had determined to be an adulterant when included in dietary supplements, and could cause high blood pressure and lead to heart attacks, seizures, psychiatric disorders, and death. USPlabs subsequently reformulated this product without informing FDA or submitting the required safety data for a new dietary ingredient.

Doctors at the Liver Center at The Queen's Medical Center investigating the first cases in Hawaii reported that between May and September 2013, eight previously healthy individuals presented themselves at their center suffering from a drug-induced liver injury. All of these patients had been using the reformulated OxyElite Pro, which they had purchased from different sources, and which had different lot numbers and expiration dates, at doses within the manufacturer's recommendation. Three of these patients developed fulminant liver failure, two underwent urgent liver transplantation, and one died. The number of such cases ultimately rose to 44 in Hawaii. In January 2014, leaders from the Queen's Liver Center informed state lawmakers that they were almost certain that aegeline was the agent responsible for these cases, but the mechanism of how aegeline may damage the liver has not been isolated.

Culinary
Rich in vitamin C, the fruits can be eaten either fresh from trees or after being dried and produced into candy, toffee, pulp powder or nectar. If fresh, the juice is strained and sweetened to make a drink similar to lemonade. It can be made into sharbat, also called as Bela pana, a beverage. Bela Pana made in Odisha has fresh cheese, milk, water, fruit pulp, sugar, crushed black pepper, and ice. Bæl pana, a drink made of the pulp with water, sugar, and citron juice, is mixed, left to stand a few hours, strained, and put on ice. One large bael fruit may yield five or six liters of sharbat. If the fruit is to be dried, it is usually sliced and sun-dried. The hard leathery slices are then immersed in water. The leaves and small shoots are eaten as salad greens. Bael fruits are of dietary use and the fruit pulp is used to prepare delicacies like murabba, puddings and juices.

Traditional medicine
The leaves, bark, roots, fruits, and seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses.

In culture
Bael is considered to be one of the sacred trees of Hindus, (known in Sanskrit as बिल्व ), and thus they are used in Hindu rites. Earliest evidence of the religious importance of bael appears in the Sri Sukta of the Rigveda, which reveres this plant as the residence of goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth and prosperity. Bael trees are also considered an incarnation of the goddess Sati. Bael trees can be usually seen near Hindu temples and home gardens. It is believed that Shiva is fond of bael trees, to a point of having earned the epithet बिल्वदण्ड Bilvadaṇḍa or "bel-staffed". Its leaves and fruit still play a main role in his worship, because the leaf's triple shape is seen to symbolise his trident.

In the traditional practice of the Hindu and Buddhist religions by people of the Newar culture of Nepal, the bael tree is part of a fertility ritual for girls known as the Bel Bibaaha. Girls are "married" to the bael fruit; as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks, the girl can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This is a ritual that guarantees the high status of widows in the Newar community compared to other women in Nepal.

title: Aegle marmelos


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Interwiki
Please add bg:Шаблон:Филм-мъниче. Thanks.--Петър Петров 14:48, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
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Icon
The icon Image:FilmRoll-small.png should be replaced with the vector version Image:Film reel.svg. —Josh Lee 01:06, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
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Pat Owens

Patrica A. Owens (born 1941) was the mayor of Grand Forks, North Dakota during the flood that devastated the city in April 1997. She actively lobbied then-president Bill Clinton for funds to rebuild the city and construct a permanent flood protection system for the city and neighboring East Grand Forks, Minnesota.

Political career
Owens, born in 1941 in East Grand Forks, Minnesota, worked as the mayor's executive assistant for 33 years, before running for mayor herself in 1996. She received 76% of the vote and became Grand Forks' first female mayor. Then in 1997, after less than one year as mayor, the city was struck by the 1997 Red River Flood. She received numerous awards and national recognition for her efforts after the flood. She ran for a second term in 2000, but was defeated by Michael Brown. Also in 2000, Owens was a member of the Mayors' Campaign Against Breast Cancer.

Retirement
Owens currently resides in Ocala, Florida, where she moved in 2001. That same year, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of North Dakota. In 2004 when Florida was struck by a string of hurricanes, she was asked by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to act as an ambassador for them by trying to help give the victims some sort of hope. However, she was unable to as the retirement development had been damaged by two of the hurricanes that hit the state.

title: Pat Owens


text: Template talk:Aero-stub

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Talk:Mount & Blade

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Wrong map
The map is wrong. 85.229.187.64 (talk) 21:13, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * tru Welso (talk) 05:36, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount & Blade


text:
Category:Telescope manufacturers

This category is for telescope manufacturers.

title: Category:Telescope manufacturers


text: Template talk:UK-stub

title: Template talk:UK-stub


text:
Civil registration

Civil registration is the system by which a government records the vital events (births, marriages, and deaths) of its citizens and residents. The resulting repository or database has different names in different countries and even in different subnational jurisdictions. It can be called a civil registry, civil register (but this is also an official term for an individual file of a vital event), vital records, and other terms, and the office responsible for receiving the registrations can be called a bureau of vital statistics, registry of vital records and statistics, registrar, registry, register, registry office (officially register office), or population registry. The primary purpose of civil registration is to create a legal document (usually called a certificate) that can be used to establish and protect the rights of individuals. A secondary purpose is to create a data source for the compilation of vital statistics.

The United Nations General Assembly in 1979 adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Article 16 of which requires countries to establish compulsory civil registration of marriages. Most countries have a legal requirement for relevant authority to be notified of certain life events, such as births, marriages and deaths. The first country to establish a nationwide population register was France in 1539, using the registers of the Catholic Church. Sweden followed in 1631, on the basis of a register drawn up by the Church of Sweden on behalf of the Swedish king.

The United Nations defines civil registration as "the continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population as provided through decree or regulation in accordance with the legal requirements of a country. Civil registration is carried out primarily for the purpose of establishing the legal documents required by law. These records are also a main source of vital statistics. Complete coverage, accuracy and timeliness of civil registration are essential to ensure the quality of vital statistics."

Vital events that are typically recorded on the register include live birth, death, foetal death, name, change of name, marriage, divorce, annulment of marriage, judicial separation of marriage, adoption, legitimization and recognition. Among the legal documents that are derived from civil registration are birth certificates, death certificates, and marriage certificates. A family register is a type of civil register which is more concerned with events within the family unit and is common in Continental European and Asian countries, such as Germany (Familienbuch), France, Spain, China (Hukou), Japan (Koseki), and North and South Korea (Hoju).

Additionally, in some countries, immigration, emigration, and any change of residence may require notification. A register of residents is a type of civil register primarily concerned with the current residence.

Challenges
Civil registration is faced with many challenges, both on the demand side and supply side, especially in low-income countries. The demand-side challenges include a lack of awareness of the need for and importance of registration of vital events, and the situation is not helped by the many existing barriers to registration. For example, in 2009, the World Health Statistics Quarterly of the World Health Organization estimated that only about 1% of the estimated deaths in low-income groups are reported and just about 9% in lower-middle-income groups.

The registration systems in many cases are very difficult, causing potential barriers to accessing the registration. Furthermore, in certain societies, due to stigmatisation based on cultural and religious settings, single mothers may fear questions of paternity during notification through chief or community agents.

On the supply side, challenges often involve different, and often conflicting, legal frameworks various stakeholders (health institution, civil registry, statistics agency), and as a result, many countries with "burdensome procedures and non-standardized systems across a country, leading to confusion regarding what individuals need to do or present." Other challenges include accessibility of remote areas and also irregular migration caused by civil conflicts and porous borders.

Innovations
There have been new developments in civil registration across the globe over the years. With the advent of enhanced and information and communication technology, civil registration has been moving from a paper-intensive, manual-based civil registration to more automated and digitalised systems. Some of the innovations implemented in civil registration include the use of e-birth notification systems, whereby the health officials are able to notify the national population registration system with new births. This system improves registration process by timely feeding the system with information as soon as a birth occurs. Another innovation, such as that implemented by iCivil Africa in Burkina Faso, is the use of a mobile application to register newborns.

Family register
A family register is a civil registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or family-centric legal interest. Other terms are household register and family album. The system is called hojeok in South Korea and koseki in Japan, Familienbuch in Germany, hukou in China, hộ khẩu in Vietnam and (formerly) propiska in the Soviet Union.

Often, official recognition of certain events or status may be granted only when such event or status is registered in the family registry—for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the Familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events.

Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where the family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, the closest equivalent in the United Kingdom is the electoral roll, which is organised by address, but it is limited in the amount of information recorded).

Although the United States for example assigns most citizens and residents a Social Security number intended to be unique to the recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the Social Security system) is collected, the U.S. Social Security Administration has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to Social Security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or the like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems.

Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the Japanese or former German systems) has been criticized by civil liberties advocates as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information.

In South Korea, use of the hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system.

The systems of household registers in China, Korea and Japan date back to the Tang dynasty or Heian period or earlier, both since the seventh century.

East Asia

 * The Hukou system (户口), also known as Huji (户籍) system, in China
 * The Koseki system (戸籍) in Japan.
 * The Hoju scheme is a family register system in North Korea. Hoju means the 'head of the family', Hojuje  is the 'head of the family' system, and Hojeok (alternate romanization: Hojok; 호적, 戶籍) is the 'family register'.
 * The former Hoju system in South Korea attracted controversy for being innately patriarchal and hence representing a 'violation of the right to gender equality'. It was abolished on 1 January 2008. On 1 January 2008, the "family relations register" system began.
 * The Household registration system (戶籍, Mandarin: Hùjí, Hokkien: Hō͘-che̍k, Hakka: Fu-sit) in Taiwan.

South East Asia

 * Vietnam: The hộ khẩu, based on the Chinese hukou
 * Thailand: The Tabien Baan (ทะเบียนบ้าน), or document proving House Registration, is distributed by a village, city, or other municipal authority. The Tabien Baan (sometimes spelled Tambien Baan) reflects the residents who live at a specific property (this document is not used as proof of Real Estate ownership, for that one must have a Thai Chanote or Title Deed). The Tabien Baan (House Registration) is issued to Thai Citizens and is used as a permanent address for service of process and other official mailings. A Tabien Baan is an extremely important document for Thai nationals because it acts as proof of a Thai person's residence. Therefore, it is used to determine a Thai person's voting district and in the case of Thai men of military age, the Tabien Baan is used to ascertain what district the Thai man will be placed in when drawing for the military draft. This can be critical because if one district reaches a certain level of volunteers then it is not necessary to further draft any inhabitants of that district. As a result, a Thai man's House Registration (Tabien Baan) can have a massive impact upon their life and career depending upon the district in which they live.
 * Indonesia: Kartu Keluarga (literally 'family card') is a document in Indonesia that proves residency and which records relationships and family members. Every family in Indonesia is required to own one of these documents. Despite its name, the document is technically a document paper (instead of a card) and large in size. This document records the identity of the family's head and the individual members. The document is kept by the family's head, ketua RT (head of neighborhood association) and desa or kelurahan office. The document is a provincial government document, thus, it is not permitted to strike out, change, replace or make additions in the document. Every data change has to be reported to the village or kelurahan office which will replace the old one with the updated one. Newcomers are not recorded in the document until they have been reported or have been deemed not to have local residency status. Changes in data have to be reported within 14 working days by the family's head to desa or kelurahan office. Each report of changes must be submitted with the copy that is held by the family's head and ketua RT. Changes in data include: birth, death or migration (of a member). However, if a family moves to different desa or kelurahan, the document must be revoked by desa or kelurahan office, which must be submitted with the copy that held by family's head and ketua RT. The official in the prior location will produce Surat Keterangan Pindah (Note of Migration) which will be used to make the new Kartu Keluarga in the arrival by desa or kelurahan office.

Continental Europe

 * The former Familienbuch system in Germany.
 * The livret de famille system in France.
 * The former Libro de Familia (España) system in Spain.
 * The former Propiska system in Russia.
 * The Swedish Population Register.

Namibia
In Namibia, civil registration mandate lies with the government through the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, which has offices in all fourteen region of the country. Although some vital events (e.g., marriages) are recorded by various agencies (e.g., church and courts), vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the Department of Civil Registration within the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. In Namibia, civil registration and identity management systems are integrated and managed by one department. Over the years, Namibia has transformed its civil registration processes, moving away from the manual system to an electronic system. In 2017, Namibia, which has at least 22 birth and registration offices based within the maternity wards of hospitals across the country, launched its e-birth notification system. This improvement is expected to "improve the quality of vital statistics produced in the country. The system is also a welcome departure from the present mechanism of relying on surveys for estimations of birth registration rates and projections of the numbers of births each year."

South Africa
In South Africa, vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the national Department of Home Affairs. Any Home Affairs office can record a vital event or issue a certified copy of a vital record.

Burkina Faso
In Burkina Faso, since 2015, a centralized civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system is being implemented by the non-governmental organization iCivil Africa. This "new tech start up has set themselves a massive task: to register all newborn babies digitally".

Belgium
Belgium maintains a National Register (Registre National / Rijksregister) of citizens and resident foreigners. The register is administered centrally by the Ministry of the Interior (SPF Intérieur / FOD Binnenlandse Zaken) and locally by Belgian municipalities and embassies. Citizens and resident foreigners are issued with a National Register Number (numéro de registre national / rijksregisternummer), which features on their identity card.

France
France was the first country to create a national registration. In 1539, King Francis I ordered in the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, as part of a wider legislation regarding the policing of church benefices, to keep vital records registers in the various church local institutions (mainly parishes). The ordinance orderer the creation of at least a register of baptisms, as a proof of one's date of birth, and a register of burials of churchmen, as a proof of one's date of death. Though both registers were kept by religious authorities, they were authenticated by a public notary, always a layman, and were kept in the local royal administration's archives. In fact, as the church kept parish registers since the Middle Ages (the oldest one in France is Givry's, of 1303), these registers were used to meet the ordinance's dispositions.

The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have been continued through the present and are kept at the departmental archives. The Civil Registration includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, maintaining the civil registry ("basisregistratie personen") is the duty of the municipalities.

Before the French Rule, the Netherlands did not have a central registration of its population, which was introduced in some parts of the country in 1796 by the French. In 1811, this registration was introduced throughout the country. The Dutch differentiate between the basisregistratie personen, an ongoing database of citizens' information, and the burgerlijke stand, which is a collection (at the municipal level) of documents evidencing certain events taking place in a given municipality, such as birth, marriage, civil union, and death.

Beginning on 1 January 1850, municipalities were obliged to keep citizen's records in book form (Dutch: bevolkingsregister). Early in the twentieth century this system was replaced by a card system that registered families. The move toward individual registration took place in 1939 with the introduction of the persoonskaart, a single card registering a single individual, kept in the municipality. Information gathered on this card included family name, first names, gender, position within the family, date and place of birth, marital status, address, and church affiliation, besides information on when a person entered and left a municipality.

In 1940, the Dutch government did not want to mandate citizen's identification, but during World War II the German occupying government mandated it so they could assess who was to be sent to Germany as forced labor and to select Jewish citizens from the general population. When the war was over, mandatory identification was done away with.

In the 1990s all local registries were automated, and starting on 1 October 1994 the individual registration card was replaced with a digital list containing a person's information as collected by the gemeentelijke basisadministratie van persoonsgegevens (in 2015 replaced with the 'basisregistratie personen'), kept and maintained at the municipal level. Municipalities exchange information through a closed network at the end of each day to a nationwide database, which can be consulted by officials online. Though it was generally considered "un-Dutch," on 1 January 2005 mandatory identification (when asked by a mandated person) was reintroduced for everyone over 14; official identification is to be presented for all important transactions between citizens and government.

Portugal
The civil registry in Portugal is officially established by the "Civil Registry Code" of February 18, 1911 (a few months before the promulgation of the Portuguese Constitution of 1911) and is officially called Institute of Registries and Notaries (Instituto dos Registos e Notariado) and exists in its current form since 2007.

On April 20, 1911, the "Law of Separation of the Church of the State" radicalized the secular state and determined that all parish registers (baptisms, marriages, and deaths) prior to 1911 should be civilly effective and transferred from parishes to newly established Civil Registry Offices. This was a previous struggle that had come since the formation of the Civil Registry Association in 1895, a Masonic organization presented by its mentors as "a strong anti-clerical and antireligious stronghold".

On December 22, 1945, the Directorate-General for Registries and Notary (Direcção-Geral dos Registos e do Notariado) was created in the Ministry of Justice, to oversee civil, property, commercial and motor vehicle registration services and notary services, reformed in 2007 into the Institute of Registries and Notaries (Instituto dos Registos e Notariado).

In general, there is a civil registry office in each Portuguese province, and in the cities of Lisbon, Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia and Setubal there are eleven, four, two and two conservatories respectively. In small and medium-sized municipalities, conservatories also accumulate other functions besides the civil registry, such as land registration (registo predial), commercial (legal entities, registo comercial) and vehicles (registo de automóveis). In Lisbon, the Central Registry Office (Conservatória dos Registos Centrais) is located, it was created in 1949 and is responsible for registrations involving Portuguese citizens abroad and for the management of any procedure that concerns Portuguese citizenship.

Romania
Civil registries were introduced in 1806–1812 during the Russian occupation, and they followed the Tsarist model of keeping them with church records. By the "Communal Law" (Legea comunală) of 31 March 1864 subsequent record keeping became the responsibility of the mayor in each dwelling, who was allowed to delegate it to one of his helpers. An effort by the state to gather the ancient historical records happened around 1926–1932 but in some cases as late as 1948–1952; a good number of these early records were lost in this process, sometimes literally by the truckload.

Russia
Vital records (births, deaths and marriages) are called Acts of civil state or Acts of civil status (акты гражданского состояния – akty grazhdankogo sostoyaniya) in Russia. These records are available only for relatives of a died person. Acts of civil status replaced Metricheskiye knigi (Parish registers) in 1918. All registers before 1918 are open for everyone.

Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by register office called Body of registration of acts of civil status (орган записи актов гражданского состояния - organ zapisi aktov grazhdanskogo sostoyaniya or орган ЗАГС – organ ZAGS for short) or the Palace of Marriages (Дворец бракосочетаний) for civil marriage ceremonies. The system is decentralized. Each Russian federal subject has its own regional body as a part of regional government.

The Unified state register of acts of civil status (EGR ZAGS, Единый государственный реестр записей актов гражданского состояния –ЕГР ЗАГС) maintained by the Federal Tax Service of Russia began operations since October 1, 2018.

The system of resident registration in Russia (and former propiska) maintained by centralized federal body is not related to this system.

Spain
In Spain, the first civil registers were created in 1841 in the big and medium-size cities of the country. The current Civil Register was established on January 1, 1871 in all municipalities and in 1873 it was created and special Civil Register for the Royal Family, which still exits today.

Both of this registers record names, surnames, births, deaths, marriages, divorces and other relevant data, and both of them are supervised by the Ministry of Justice, through the Directorate-General for the Registries and Notaries.

Sweden
In Sweden, the civil registry is maintained by the Swedish Tax Agency (Skatteverket); up into the 1990s the Church of Sweden was responsible. Recording of births and deaths was stipulated in the early 17th century, formal national censuses have been made since the mid-18th century, and Sweden has one of the longest and most comprehensive suites of civil records of any country.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, civil registration was first introduced, in England and Wales, via the 1653 marriage act, which transferred the statutory duty of recording marriages, births and burials, established in 1538, from the established churches, to the civil authorities, with a justice of peace, rather than the parish priest required to maintain a register. The act was repealed on the restitution of the monarchy in 1660, with the duty reverting to the established churches, until the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836 which affected England and Wales. The General Register Office for England and Wales was set up and the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths in England and Wales became mandatory on 1 July 1837. Initially the onus lay on registrars to discover and record events, so parents only had to supply information if and when asked. In 1875, the Births & Deaths Act 1874 came into force, whereby those present at a birth or death were required to report the event. Subsequent legislation introduced similar systems in Ireland (all of which was then part of the United Kingdom) on 1 April 1845 for Protestant marriages and on 1 January 1864 for all birth, marriage and death events. Civil registration was introduced in Scotland on 1 January 1855.

The administration of individual registration districts is the responsibility of registrars in the relevant local authority. There is also a national body for each jurisdiction. The local offices are generally responsible both for maintaining the original registers and for providing copies to the national body for central retention. A superintendent registrar facilitates the legal preliminaries to marriage, conducts civil marriage ceremonies and retains in his or her custody all completed birth, death and marriage registers for the district. The office of the superintendent registrar is the district register office, often referred to (informally) in the media as the "registry office".

Today, both officers may also conduct statutory civil partnership preliminaries and ceremonies, citizenship ceremonies and other non-statutory ceremonies such as naming or renewal of vows. Certified copies of the entries made by the registrars over the years are issued on a daily basis either for genealogical research or for modern legal purposes such as supporting passport applications or ensuring eligibility for the appropriate junior sports leagues.

On 1 December 2007 registrars and superintendent registrars became employees of their local authority for the first time following the enactment of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.

England and Wales
Births in England and Wales must be registered within 42 days, whilst deaths must be registered within five days unless an inquest is called or a postmortem is held.

Marriages are registered at the time of the ceremony by either
 * 1) the officiating minister of the Church of England or the Church in Wales,
 * 2) an authorised person at a registered building, religious, or
 * 3) a registrar at a register office, registered building or approved premise.

The official registers are not directly accessible by the general public. Instead, indexes are made available which can be used to find the relevant register entry and then request a certified copy of the details.

The General Register Office—now merged into His Majesty's Passport Office—has overall responsibility for registration administration.

Scotland
Civil registration came into force in Scotland on 1 January 1855. A significant difference from the English system is the greater detail required for a registration. This means that if a certified copy of an entry is requested, it will contain much more information.

The General Register Office for Scotland has overall responsibility for registration administration and drafting legislative changes in this area (as well as census data). They are governed by the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 and subsequent legislation (responsibility for which has now been devolved to the Scottish Parliament).

Mexico
In Mexico, vital records (birth, death and marriage certificates) are registered in the Registro Civil, as called in Spanish. Each state has its own registration form. Until the 1960s, birth certificates were written by hand, in a styled, cursive calligraphy (almost unreadable for the new generations) and typically issued on security paper. After the 1960s, they were issued typed by machine.

Currently all copies (from people born before and after the 1960s) are standardized in brown-security paper and are typed automatically by a computer and the CURP (control identification number in Mexico) and the specific dates of issuing are already issued.

United States
In the United States, vital records such as birth certificates, death certificates, and frequently marriage certificates are maintained by the Office of Vital Statistics or Office of Vital Records in each individual state. Other documents such as deeds, mortgage documents, name change documents, and divorce records, as well as marriage certificates for those states not centralizing these records, are maintained by the clerk of court of each individual county. However, the term "civil registry" is not used.

Japan
In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare counts the number of births, deaths, stillbirths, marriages and divorces throughout the year and publishes them as vital statistics annually. Japanese civil registration is primarily based on the koseki system.

Philippines
In the Philippines, civil registrations are maintained by the Philippine Statistics Authority.

Australia
Australia has had compulsory civil registration since the mid 19th century. Today it is carried out and maintained by each state and territory. Prior to the colonies taking over civil registration, records of baptisms, marriages and burials were kept by individual churches. Because early civil registration often involved the churches, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether early records are civil or church records. Civil registration was carried out by government employees independent of the churches. The registration procedure and information recorded in records varies between jurisdictions.

title: Civil registration


text:
Poems (Hesse collection)

Poems is a collection of 31 poems written by the German author Hermann Hesse between 1899 and 1921. They were selected and translated to English by James Wright in 1970 from Die Gedichte, which was published in German in 1953. This collection was first published in 1971.

Contents
Each translated poem in this volume appears alongside the original German text. The poems, and the year they were written, are:
 * "I Know, You Walk" / "Ich weiß, du gehst" (1899)
 * "Across the Fields ..." / "Über die Felder ..." (1902)
 * "Elizabeth" / "Elisabeth" (1902)
 * "Ravenna (1)" / "Ravenna (1)" (1902)
 * "Ravenna (2)" / "Ravenna (2)" (1902)
 * "Lonesome Night" / "Einsame Nacht" (1902)
 * "A Swarm of Gnats" / "Mückenschwarm" (1911)
 * "The Poet" / "Der Dichter" (1911)
 * "Mountains at Night" / "Berge in der Nacht" (1911)
 * "At Night on the High Seas" / "Bei Nacht" (1911)
 * "To a Chinese Girl Singing" / "An eine Chinesische Sängerin" (1915)
 * "Departure from the Jungle" / "Abschied vom Urwald" (1915)
 * "Evil Time" / "Böse Zeit" (1911)
 * "On a Journey" / "Auf Wanderung" (1911)
 * "Night" / "Wohl Lieb ich die Finstre Nacht" (1911)
 * "Destiny" / "Schicksal" (1911)
 * "Ode to Hölderlin" / "Ode an Hölderlin" (1911)
 * "Childhood" / "Die Kindheit" (1915)
 * "Lying in Grass" / "Im Grase Liegend" (1915)
 * "How Heavy the Days ..." / "Wie Sind die Tage ..." (1911)
 * "In a Collection of Egyptian Sculptures" / "In einer Sammlung Ägyptischer Bildwerke" (1915)
 * "Without You" / "Ohne Dich" (1915)
 * "The First Flowers" / "Die Ersten Blumen" (1915)
 * "Spring Day" / "Frühlingstag" (1915)
 * "Holiday Music in the Evening" / "Feierliche Abendmusik" (1911)
 * "Thinking of a Friend at Night" / "Denken an den Freund bei Nacht" (1915)
 * "Autumn Day" / "Herbsttag" (1915)
 * "To Children" / "Den Kindern" (1915)
 * "Flowers, Too" / "Auch die Blumen" (1911)
 * "Uneasiness in the Night" / "Angst in der Nacht" (1911)
 * "All Deaths" / "Alle Tode" (1921)

Background
Hermann Hesse is best known for his novels, but he was also a poet. In the seven volume German edition of his works, there are some 480 pages of poems. Hesse's novels themselves contain many passages of literal verse.

The common thread that runs through the poems in this collection is homesickness. On the selection of these poems, James Wright wrote in the Translator's Note: "All I wish to do is to offer a selection of Hesse's poems which deal with the single theme of homesickness." Many of Hesse's novels touched on this subject, including Steppenwolf (1927):
 * Towards the end of the novel, Hermine says to Harry: "… Ah, Harry, we have to stumble through so much dirt and humbug before we reach home. And we have no one to guide us. Our only guide is our homesickness."

In these poems Hesse has touched this theme with a "traditionally endearing delicacy."

title: Poems (Hesse collection)


text:
User:Kevin H

So ya.

title: User:Kevin H


text:
User talk:Dotancohen

Speedy deletion nomination of Devuan
Hello Dotancohen,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Devuan for deletion, because it seems to be promotional, rather than an encyclopedia article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. LS1979 (talk) 18:07, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

The text of your article
(Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:56, 29 November 2014 (UTC))

Devuan is a fork of the Debian Linux distribution created as a response to the inclusion of systemd in Debian, and thus will include SysV Init as the default. Thus Devuan will join Slackware and Gentoo as a mainstream Linux distro without Systemd. More gerneally, Devuan ensures that "Debian packages won't become dependent on any single init system". Devuan is intended to "protect the freedom of its community of users and developers". Devuan is prononuced as "DevOne". The initial Devuan release is expected to be ready by the time that the next Debian release is ready, in order to provide a seamless upgrade path.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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title: User talk:Dotancohen


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title: Template talk:Color-stub


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Vixen (telescopes)

Vixen is a Japanese company that makes telescopes, binoculars, spotting scopes and accessories for their products.

Among many other more mainstream products they have created two unusual varieties of catadioptric telescopes with an open tube design instead of the full-aperture corrector plate of the Schmidt–Cassegrain and most Maksutov–Cassegrain designs.

Klevtsov–Cassegrain
This design is based on the Maksutov–Cassegrain. It provides correction of aberrations via a two-element meniscus-shaped corrector lens in front of the secondary mirror. This design was originally envisaged by G. I. Popov with a practical implementation by Yu. A. Klevtsov. It is produced with apertures of 8, 10.25 and 13 inches. The 8-inch model employs a refractor style rack and pinion focuser, while in the larger designs the primary mirror is moved as in most other small to medium-sized Cassegrain designs.

Vixen Sixth-Order Aspheric Cassegrain (VISAC)
Vixen produces an 8-inch aperture-modified Cassegrain design (VC200L) they refer to as a VISAC (Vixen Sixth-Order Aspheric Cassegrain) that is based on a Cassegrain design with a primary mirror that is "sixth order aspheric" – somewhat like a hyperbolic mirror but able to be manufactured using mass-production techniques. To compensate for the aberrations the mirror design introduces, Vixen adds a "field corrector lens" – actually a three-element corrector in the draw tube of the focuser which also reduces field curvature for wide field applications. The design results in an image that is free of coma and astigmatism. These characteristics have led to the VISAC being referred to as a "Poor man's Ritchey–Chrétien". In fact, given that it has no astigmatism and field curvature, it performs better than a true RC. There is the downside of the potential for chromatic aberration due to the refractive elements, but it is hardly noticeable.

This particular design is also unusual in that it is a Cassegrain design but has a fixed primary and refractor-style rack-and-pinion focuser which removes the image shift issues seen with other catadioptric designs.

These features together make for a telescope that is very well suited to astrophotography either at the native f/9 or using the optional focal reducer at around f/6.3.

title: Vixen (telescopes)


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Template talk:Art-stub

Trying out new icon
This had the same icon as Template:Painting-stub. I thought I'd switch it up a bit with a palette icon... on second thought maybe painting stub should have the palette icon. -Fadookie Talk 10:52, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Art-stub


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User:Jeremygbyrne/Datapool

Datapool is a noun, a verb and a specific historical event which took place on 01 July 2006.

According to its proponents, the datapool (n) is the emerging successor to the world wide web — one which promises to function as a universal information storehouse, a global library and ultimately the permanent repository of all shared human knowledge.

At its most abstract, the datapool is a virtual distributed datastore, comprising the sum total of publicly-accessible information (as well as a large amount of private information, stored securely). At a more practical level, the datastore is an automated peer-to-peer filesharing system comprising millions of small, self-contained programs running on up to 77% (January 2007 figures) of all internet-connected "personal computing devices". It operates as a gigantic global hard disk drive (or a RAID array, to stretch the analogy) optimised to provide high-speed reliable storage and retrieval of information and to be protected against any and all outside interference.

The datapool was designed to provide guaranteed availability, absolute security and high-speed accessibility for all its information, and to intelligently manages its huge but limited resources to best approach that ideal.

The PÛL Event
The meaning of datapool (v) is connected to the event which took place on 01 July 2006 (GMT). It refers to the "pooling" of data which took place when the datapool "went live". In addition, the event the media labelled "The PÛL Event" (see Trivia, below) is known by its originators and supporters as "the datapool".

The "declaration phase" (effectively the public launch) was advertised via mass proxy-cache replacement of advertising blocks on tens of thousands of major websites worldwide (much of it legitimately negotiated with ISPs, some involving a spoofing exploit against the caching application squid; the datapool organisation has subsequently declared that "attention is something [they’re] prepared to take" without compensation).

Initially, no uninstall option was available, and the mechanism by which the datapool worked was cloaked in "industrial secrecy", awaiting a "patent application" (according to the minimal "About" information accompanying the program). As of 12.00 +0000 04 July 2006, all queries to the datapool generated a pop-up dialog box offering to uninstall the "datapool application" and "immunise" against future installations. (This terminology fueled security concerns, and the perception that the datapool code was "viral" was very quickly promoted by many media organisations.) However, by this time, the use of the datapool was already widespread and popular, and some 81% of net-connected Windows machines were still running the code.

By the time it was announced on 01 July, much of the web has been reflected into the datapool and linked from urls under datapool.org, organised into a "Library of All World Knowledge" style search system with significantly better response and accuracy (except in a known subset of queries) than google's engine, which retrieved cached information significantly faster than the web and hooked transparently into the web for ultra-recent content, a jukebox of "All the World’s Music" which could play in real-time at mp3 quality from any ADSL link, and the ability to securely and transparently backup hard drives based on earned micro-credits.

The PÛL Event wiped 40% off the average value of entertainment industry stocks on US stockmarkets. Apple Computer’s stock dropped a mere 5% as their wireless "ePod" became the first consumer device to ship with a native compilation of the open-source datapool code in September 2006; iTunes was sold to EMI two months later for 10% of its pre-launch value). Microsoft's value was reduced by 20% overnight.

The Safe Data Act (2006) was introduced into the Republican-dominated US seeking to make it illegal to execute the datapool code, but by the time a modified provision was signed into law by President Bush, it was mid-2007 and the damage had been done. The even more draconian Entertainment Industry Preservation Act (2007), in which the active presence of the code constitutes evidence of copyright violation, has been widely ignored by State law enforcement officials.

History
The datapool project was begun by Russian university student hackers (led by a Trotskyist ideologue named Peter Petrovich) working in secret from the mid-eighties, as a weapon against the US. During the first two decades of its development, the team designed general classification systems for knowledge, fleshed out the concepts surrounding data perpetuity, micro-economics for resource sharing, and the mathematics of fragmentation and redundancy.

The first "release code" from the project was the vector program, which was, over a period of frantic development in late 2001, optimised and surreptitiously inserted into several dozen distributions of major shareware applications, anti-virus patches, screensavers and the like. These vectors were "seeded" in late 2003 with hundreds of genetically-programmed variant datapool storage bots, which immediately began mirroring as much valuable data as they could locate, coordinating their actions via communication "semaphores" including pseudo-spam and steganographically-hidden instructions.

The datapool organisation (who operated from the domain dartcalm.org) had, by the mid-nineties, begun to employ and subcontract from a veritable army of independent hacker and security groups and programmers-for-hire. Much of the organisation's funding for the development and deployment in the two years preceding the Event came from running protection and loans systems within massively multiplayer online rpgs, and trading in virtual currency and goods.

The organisation has not been available for comment since October 2007.

Technical Details
The vector code for the datapool was a 4Kb windows executable of hand-written machinecode which had found its way onto 98% of internet-connected Windows machines piggybacked across the internet on many legitimate releases of widely-used downloadable applications, operating system patches, viruses etc. These were activated in November 2003 by the live datapool code: several hundred 8-12kb GA-variant executables—designed to stay beneath the virus-detection radar—each of which performed the same function in its own unique way. This final version hooks into the OS in such a way as to execute only during wait states (ie. when the CPU would otherwise not be in use), and automatically mirrors cached web content and certain media files (those in "shared folders", although this has become a highly contentious issue) into a fully fragmented, massively redundant distributed datastore utilising unallocated blocks on the hard drive for storage, distributing information across the internet using spare bits in the TCP/IP implementation and, most recently, implementing a "micro-credit economy" to compensate willing hosts for hard drive wear-and-tear and power used.

The client application(s) install a web proxy on port 8880, intercepting any calls to "pool://" resources. The client also generates a drag-and-drop "web folders" style interface for insertion and retrieval of files to and from the datapool, and presents datapool files to the browser as web content (allowing datapool-based "websites" using standard html).

When a file is inserted into the datapool, it is first padded to ten times the minimum block size, then cryptographically scrambled, then divided into at least ten fragments and sufficient to ensure that no fragment exceeds the maximum block size, with each fragment including checksum information to ensure against data corruption.

 * The following subject to change

 * The client then "announces" to the datapool that a file of a certain size needs to be inserted. The datapool matches known storage availability to blocksize and uploads three copies of each block/fragment, creates a file-index which will keep track of the locations of all the individual fragments, and "announces" a file-indexkey, which will point to this file-index and which will allow later recall of the file, for the client to store. When a file is retrieved, the client "announces" the relevant file-indexkey, and the datapool uses this to provide, from the file-index, the locations of the copies of each of the file's fragments which will reach the client quickest (taking into account bandwidth and availability of the various storage location options). The client then retrieves each of the fragments making optimal use of available bandwidth, assembles, descrambles and presents the file to the browser for display/local storage.

Zero-Day purchases
Much has been made since 2013 of speculation that early datapool vector code was inserted into certain development environments, not many years ahead as has been claimed, but perhaps as little as months, through the use of three large collections of zero-day exploits purchased by associates of the main development team early in early 2004. One such exploit is reputed to involve legacy ntfs code in XP which allowed the auto-execution of arbitrary file types.

Non-Windows Clients/Developments
Linux and Macintosh executables were available for download immediately from the datapool itself, and from a variety of websites. A number of mobile phone pool clients were also available at "launch", and many more have appeared as the technology matured. This latter datapool is becoming (as of late 2007) the interchange system of choice for the pod craze which kicked into high gear in early 2006 with the convergence of mobile phone, media/game player, organiser and digital camera technology (and was ultimately driven by cheap, high-quality Chinese units, mirroring the Transistor Radio craze of the '70s).

The datapool provides a universal store for multimedia content. Poolplayer (a web-style application with optional OS hooks) software has rapidly become the "internet" connection method of choice on the majority of recent model pods. Most variants include customised content selection, grouping and indexing, inherent "publishing" capability, collaborative customisation features with variably private/secure storage of personal variants, "auto-marketing" features via peer feedback and web-of-trust review networking, as well as highly flexible "skinning", community communication features etc.

Trivia

 * The AI Seven (in her guise as "Czech teenager" Sophia Marie) provided very useful information to the datapool organisation in late 2004 which helped establish a major new revenue line through online auctions, based on her experience and knowledge of the workings of the Standingstone organisation
 * Initial small-scale (10,000+ hosts) testing of the datapool was reportedly done via an exploit of the google toolbar
 * In late 2005 the vector code was detected and classified as windows.PÛL by one anti-virus company, based on a repeating sequence of three bytes at the tail of the code. Its significance was not realised until nearly 12 months later when the datapool was announced, although there were rumours linking windows.PÛL to "file-sharing bots" in early 2006
 * Uptake (retention) of the datapool was spurred by concurrent (June – August 2006) revelations about the use of "digital mercenaries", including Russian crime networks, by a number of private networking companies to knock out the public internet using coordinated spam-flood, worm and ddos attacks
 * Petrovich's 2009 interview for Pravda cites La Some's "Cybercrime: Fight Club Catastrophe or Wealth Redistribution?" (2006) in reference to his organisation's intention to negate the need for credit card transactions on the internet

title: User:Jeremygbyrne/Datapool


text:
List of Albanian writers

This is a list of Albanian writers.

A

 * Rreze Abdullahu (born 1990)
 * Dritëro Agolli (1931–2017)
 * Mimoza Ahmeti (born 1963)
 * Ylljet Aliçka (born 1951)
 * Gëzim Alpion (born 1962)
 * Valdete Antoni (born 1953)
 * Fatos Arapi (1930–2018)
 * Lindita Arapi (born 1972)
 * Pjetër Arbnori (1935–2006)
 * Asdreni (1872–1947)

B

 * Frang Bardhi (1606–1643)
 * Marin Barleti (15th century)
 * Eqrem Basha (born 1948)
 * Mario Bellizzi (born 1957)
 * Nafiz Bezhani (1928–2004)
 * Ben Blushi (born 1969)
 * Pjetër Bogdani (1630–1689)
 * Flora Brovina (born 1949)
 * Maria Antonia Braile (20th century)
 * Dionis Bubani (1926–2006)
 * Gjergj Bubani (1899–1954)
 * Klara Buda (21st century)
 * Pjetër Budi (1566–1622)
 * Uran Butka (born 1938)
 * Gjon Buzuku (16th century)

C

 * Martin Camaj (1925–1992)
 * Nicola Chetta (1741–1803)
 * Selfixhe Ciu (1918–2003)
 * Constantine of Berat (18th century)

Ç

 * Nelson Çabej (born 1939)
 * Aleks Çaçi (1916–1989)
 * Andon Zako Çajupi (1866–1930)
 * Thoma Çami (19th century)
 * Spiro Çomora (1918–1973)
 * Diana Çuli (born 1951)

D

 * Gavril Dara the Younger (1826–1885)
 * Adem Demaçi (1936–2018)
 * Musa Demi (1878–1971)
 * Jeronim De Rada (1814–1903)
 * Ridvan Dibra (born 1959)
 * Dora d'Istria (1828–1888)
 * Spiro Dine (1846–1922)
 * Elvira Dones (born 1960)
 * Yahya Dukagjini (1498–1582)

E

 * Pal Engjëlli (1416–1470)
 * Rudi Erëbara (born 1971)

F

 * Nikollë Filja (1691–1769)
 * Gjergj Fishta (1871–1940)
 * Nezim Frakulla (1680–1760)
 * Dalip Frashëri (19th century)
 * Naim Frashëri (1846–1900)
 * Sami Frashëri (1850–1904)
 * Shahin Frashëri (19th century)
 * Llazar Fundo (1899–1944)

G

 * Mirko Gashi (1939–1995)
 * Sabri Godo (1929–2011)
 * Gregory of Durrës (18th century)
 * Odhise Grillo (1932–2003)
 * Luigj Gurakuqi (1879–1925)

Gj

 * Fatmir Gjata (1922–1989)
 * Kadri Gjata (1865–1912)
 * Julia Gjika (born 1949)

H

 * Sinan Hasani (1922–2010)
 * Ervin Hatibi (born 1974)
 * Rifat Hoxha (born 1946)
 * Shefki Hysa (born 1957)

I

 * Anilda Ibrahimi (born 1972)
 * Vera Isaku (born 1955)
 * Nikolla Ivanaj (1879–1951)

J

 * Halil Jaçellari (1940–2009)
 * Petro Janura (1911–1983)
 * Irhan Jubica (born 1973)

K

 * Helena Kadare (born 1943)
 * Ismail Kadare (1936—2024)
 * Hasan Zyko Kamberi (18th century)
 * Veli Karahoda (born 1968)
 * Amik Kasoruho (1932–2014)
 * Teodor Keko (1958–2002)
 * Jeton Kelmendi (born 1978)
 * Skifter Këlliçi (born 1938)
 * Ardian Klosi (1957–2012)
 * Jolanda Kodra (1910–1963)
 * Musine Kokalari (1917–1983)
 * Vedat Kokona (1913–1998)
 * Dashnor Kokonozi (born 1951)
 * Aristidh Kola (1944–2000)
 * Ernest Koliqi (1903–1975)
 * Anastas Kondo (1937–2006)
 * Fatos Kongoli (born 1944)
 * Faik Konica (1875–1942)
 * Vath Koreshi (1936–2006)
 * Eulogios Kourilas Lauriotis (1880–1961)
 * Irma Kurti (born 1966)
 * Mitrush Kuteli (1907–1967)

L

 * Teodor Laço (1936–2016)
 * Natasha Lako (born 1948)
 * Skënder Luarasi (1900–1982)
 * Fatos Lubonja (born 1951)

Ll

 * Luljeta Lleshanaku (born 1968)

M

 * Sejfulla Malëshova (1900–1971)
 * Gjekë Marinaj (born 1965)
 * Petro Marko (1913–1991)
 * Petrus Massarechius (16th century)
 * Lekë Matrënga (1567–1619)
 * Din Mehmeti (1932–2010)
 * Vangjel Meksi (1770–1821)
 * Esad Mekuli (1916–1993)
 * Branko Merxhani (1894–1981)
 * Mesihi (15th century)
 * Migjeni (1911–1938)
 * Ndre Mjeda (1866–1937)
 * Betim Muço (1947–2015)
 * Besnik Mustafaj (born 1958)
 * Gjon Muzaka (16th century)
 * Faruk Myrtaj (born 1955)

N

 * Sulejman Naibi (18th century)
 * Kristo Negovani (1875–1905)
 * Ndoc Nikaj (1864–1951)
 * Fan Noli (1882–1965)
 * Majlinda Nana Rama (born 1980)

P

 * Fadil Paçrami (1922–2008)
 * Ludmilla Pajo (1947–1995)
 * Vaso Pasha (1825–1892)
 * Arshi Pipa (1920–1997)
 * Aurel Plasari (born 1956)
 * Ali Podrimja (1942–2012)
 * Lasgush Poradeci (1898–1987)
 * Foqion Postoli (1889–1927)
 * Iljaz Prokshi (1949–2007)

Q

 * Leon Qafzezi (born 1953)
 * Gjergj Qiriazi (1868–1912)
 * Rexhep Qosja (born 1936)

R

 * Kadrush Radogoshi (born 1948)
 * Luan Rama (born 1952)
 * Musa Ramadani (born 1944)
 * Nijazi Ramadani (born 1964)

S

 * Francesco Antonio Santori (1819–1894)
 * Zef Serembe (1844–1901)
 * Nokë Sinishtaj (born 1944)
 * Brikena Smajli (born 1970)
 * Xhevahir Spahiu (born 1945)
 * Sterjo Spasse (1914–1989)
 * Luan Starova (1941–2022)
 * Haki Stërmilli (1895–1953)
 * Iliriana Sulkuqi (born 1951)

Sh

 * Halit Shamata (born 1953)
 * Sokol Shameti (born 1978)
 * Bashkim Shehu (born 1955)
 * Filip Shiroka (1859–1935)
 * Stefan Shundi (1906–1947)
 * Dhimitër Shuteriqi (1915–2003)

T

 * Skënder Temali (1946–2021)
 * Ismet Toto (1908–1937)
 * Kasëm Trebeshina (1926–2017)

U

 * Vorea Ujko (1918–1989)
 * Hajro Ulqinaku (born 1938)

V

 * Giulio Variboba (1725–1788)
 * Ardian Vehbiu (born 1959)
 * Naum Veqilharxhi (1797–1846)
 * Eqrem Vlora (1885–1964)
 * Ornela Vorpsi (born 1968)

W

 * Anila Wilms (born 1971)

X

 * Jakov Xoxa (1923–1979)

Xh

 * Bilal Xhaferri (1935–1986)
 * Dhimitër Xhuvani (1934–2009)

Z

 * Muçi Zade (18th century)
 * Injac Zamputi (1910–1998)
 * Tajar Zavalani (1903–1966)
 * Petraq Zoto (1937–2015)

Zh

 * Gjergj Zheji (1926–2010)
 * Petro Zheji (1929–2015)

title: List of Albanian writers