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Talk:English-language vowel changes before historic /r//Archive 1

Americentricity
Article might be better titled "American-language vowel changes before historic r" since it is so American centric.

Just a suggestion.

 * The thing is that it's North American dialects which are most affected by these vowel changes. Such changes in other dialects do occur and are covered here. --Jimp 01:29, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd also add that the Americentricity reflects the academic literature, which is also largely focused on American English. Joeystanley (talk) 15:11, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Florida oranges
Of course it's a tense-lax neutralization. It's exactly the same process as all the others: "short o" before r merges with "or", in exactly the same way as "short e" before r merges with "air", "short i" before r merges with "ear", and so forth. The only reason it's not "in effect" a tense-lax neutralization synchronically is that, subsequent to the neutralization, "short o" underwent a merger with "ah". The result of this merger was that there now exist tokens of "short o" (original "ah") before r contrasting with "or", as in starry~story, and so the synchronic prediction of the merger is violated—but that's the result of a secondary development, the father-bother merger. Tense-lax neutralization is still how it must have come about. Sorrow, borrow, and tomorrow are actual exceptions, since they do retain original "short o" before r, but that just makes it a conditioned tense-lax neutralization (applying everywhere except before "long o"); it doesn't prevent it from being a tense-lax neutralization at all. (Alternatively, that itself could also be the result of a secondary development after TLN: "or" descends to "short o"+r before "long o".) AJD 06:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Originally (in about the 17th century) there was (V is any vowel) in forest, borrow, etc.,  in jarring, starry, etc.,  in Laura, Taurus, etc., and  in glory, story, etc. These remained distinct in RP until the 20th century, when the horse-hoarse merger applied to  making it, so today in RP we have . In America, there was a loss of phonemic length and a loss of , which mostly merged with (now no longer phonemically long)  (the father-bother merger), except before , where the picture is more complicated:
 * In some accents, original (C is any consonant or a word boundary) became  (hardly a merger since centaur was probably the only word with  before the loss of phonemic length), so  > . Later most of these accents underwent the horse-hoarse merger.
 * In other accents, merged with  (the card-cord merger)
 * In some accents (Canadian), original merged with, so you have , etc.; later the horse-hoarse merger changed  to , adding more words to this group.
 * Actually I think it's more accurate to say the horse-hoarse merger changed to, but I'll stick to the conventional transcription since this isn't the place to air my personal theories.
 * In other accents (Northeastern), original merged with  so you have, etc.
 * Still other accents (GenAm) started out like the Canadian pattern but then changed to  by dissimilation; sorry went along in order to keep the same vowel as sorrow.
 * The Canadian pattern is a tense-lax neutralization, yes, but the later GenAm dissimilation isn't, and what the "Florida oranges" section is discussing is the later dissimilation, isn't it? --Angr/undefined 07:42, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The GenAm dissimilation isn't a TLN, but as you say, it started out like the Canadian pattern, which is a TLN. Which means that the present-day GenAm orange class has its origins in TLN just as much as the mirror, hurry, marry, and merry classes do. That's all I was trying to say in my last edit to the article. I think the main focus of the section should be the original change, not the later assimilation: it's tense-lax neutralization that's the focus of the article here, after all. I'll attempt to make it clearer when I've got a few minutes.
 * By the way: it's not quite fair to say "In other accents (Northeastern), original merged with  so you have, etc." This is just exactly the father-bother merger, and therefore Northeastern accents (Boston) not subject to the father-bother merger didn't undergo it. AJD 15:16, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure it is necessarily the father-bother merger, because in NYC, for example, father and bother don't necessarily rhyme. I think the most traditional kind of NYC accent has vs., doesn't it? Certainly non-rhotic Clark  is different from clock . --Angr/undefined 22:49, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that, in NYC dialects where father isn't merged with bother, sorry is still merged with sari? At any rate, this is aside from the main point, which is whether the GenAm orange class has its origins in TLN; since you do seem to agree with me on that, I'm going to change the article back (and try to restructure it to be clearer on that point). AJD 23:36, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure about the New York accent, but the Boston accent quite definitely does not have the father-bother merger (see Boston accent). The "Florida-oranges" lexical set, in Boston, uses the "bother" vowel: . Given the Boston accent's rather complex phonemic relationships to other dialects ( being used in "cot", "caught", and "horse", but not in "hoarse"), I think that if it's going to be included in the chart, it should get its own box rather than being listed alongside either RP or NYC/Philadelphia. I'm going to be bold and edit the chart and corresponding text. --The Lazar 21:55, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

For me, the sound in "Florida oranges" is [or], not [ɔr], and that's the common pronunciation where I live (southern California). I think this should be noted in the text, although I'm having trouble figuring out exactly where or how to put it. -Branddobbe 23:40, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

misnamed node
This node is misnamed, since it refers to tense-lax neutralization (TLN) in general, but in fact applies only [a] to English, [b] to neutralization before /r/. Similar TLN occurs before 'ng' in English, and to some extent before 'sh'. You could also argue that, e.g. the caught-cot merger is a tense-lax neutralization.

Furthermore, there are various other examples of neutralization before /r/ on the "Phonemic differentiation" page or linked from it: horse-hoarse, card-cord, pour-poor, fern-fir-fur, near-square, nurse-square, tower-tire, etc. Whether these are "tense-lax neutralizations" or some other kind of neutralization before r seems a rather silly and artificial distinction to make. I'd strongly suggest renaming this node to "English Neutralizations before r" and combining the relevant information from the Phonemic differentiation page into this. It might also make sense to remove the separate pages on hoarse-horse and card-cord (with redirects to this page) and combine them, since they're quite short and there is little sense in having some of these mergers in separate entries and some together; nor is there much sense in splitting every merger into its own entry.

When this is done, the page called "tense-lax neutralization" should actually reflect its title, and cover this in a properly general fashion -- e.g. discuss the connection between tense-lax and long-short, note the tendency in various languages to convert length to a tense-lax distinction (e.g. German, Proto-Romance, Polish), with the often further result of tense-lax mergers (e.g. Proto-Romance, Polish); the tendency for neutralization in closed syllables; etc. Also, why does English so consistently have neutralization before r? This should be discussed.

If there is consensus, i'll consider making some of these changes myself if no one else would rather do it.

Benwing 1 July 2005 18:09 (UTC)

 * In principle, you're right. I think the reason these changes are called "Tense-lax neutralizations" is because that's what they're called at http://students.csci.unt.edu/~kun/tln.html --Angr/undefined 1 July 2005 20:57 (UTC)

 * I see the point about the article having a general title but only referring to English, although googling the phrase "tense-lax neutralization" (and ignoring Wikipedia mirrors) does find a few other examples referring to this phenomenon. (The variant spelling with "neutralisation", which of course I tried first, gives no hits at all.)  I do think there's some merit in maintaining this group of mergers as a distinct group; they have a similar regional pattern (they all occur across most of North America, excluding parts of the north-eastern US, but do not appear in the British Isles or the southern hemisphere countries, as far as I'm aware) and all involve mergers before intervocalic /r/ only.--JHJ 4 July 2005 17:09 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree with both you and Angr's in-principle agreement. Not all the mergers you mention occur before /r/ for instance, IIUC the nurse-square and tower-tire mergers usually happen in non-rhotic dialects, and I think that pour-poor mergers are also predominately seen in non-rhotic ones, with rhotic ones either preferring to keep them distinct or merging 'poor' with 'fur'; many of the mergers have definitely occurred since the creation of non-rhotic dialects as well, even if they've happened in both (horse-hoarse). So there's two different kinds of mergers: Those before /r/, and the decrease of centralising diphthongs and triphthongs (AuE maintains an independent SQUARE phoneme, but it is (usually) pronounced [e:] ... this is a member of the same family, from AuE's/AuE linguists' perspective, as our poor-paw merger). Also, there are TLNs before /l/ (I understand some western US speakers merge sale and sell). Felix the Cassowary 2 July 2005 10:42 (UTC)

 * The diphthongization before /r/ was probably the proximate cause of the mergers; it wasn't so much a merger of and  as of  and . So it might be more accurate to call it a merger of centering diphthongs with lax vowels, rather than a merger of tense vowels with lax vowels before /r/. For mergers before /l/, see the fill-feel and fell-fail mergers at Phonemic differentiation as well as the second of the Foot-goose and full-fool mergers, and of course centering diphthongs are common before /l/ too (hence the homophony of real and reel even for people who don't merge fill and feel). --Angr/undefined 2 July 2005 11:28 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Especially, I don't think this should be merged with articles on other mergers before /r/. TLN as defined in this article is a well-defined and unitary phenomenon. It makes no more sense to merge, say, hoarse-horse merger into this article than it would make sense to merge æ-tensing into Northern Cities Vowel Shift: they have properties and causes in common and overlap in some of their effects, but they are distinct phenomena for all that.

 * As for the title, it's just that "tense-lax neutralization" is the only name I know that clearly refers to the entire family of mergers: the only concise alternative names that come to mind are things like "marry-merry-Mary merger", which only refers to one aspect of TLN. Can you suggest a better title? AJD 6 July 2005 00:35 (UTC)

OK, perhaps "before r" isn't quite right; maybe "before centering vocalics" is more correct. But definitely [a] this page is badly misnamed; [b] there is data elsewhere that needs to be merged here; [c] these are all basically incidents of the same phenomenon. English velar /r/ and /l/ are phonetically quite similar to a schwa, which is why you see similar changes in both rhotic and non-rhotic dialects (and explains the origin of the non-rhotic change; note the corresponding change of /l/ to /w/ in Cockney etc., and similar changes in German, French, Brazilian Portuguese, etc.).

BTW can someone help clear up some facts about "Canadian raising"? This is claimed to be a largely northern phenomenon in the U.S., but in various informal surveys I've done, every person I've encountered, from all over the U.S., distinguishes 'writer' from 'rider'. [me too, and I grew up in Arizona from age 4 -- likewise, 'spider' and 'spied [h]er' are not the same for me; the former has the diphthong of 'writer'.] Benwing 3 July 2005 06:04 (UTC)

 * Do you mean before central vowels? There are central vowels and there are centering diphthongs, but I'm not familiar with the term "centering vocalics". It's true coda liquids (/r/ and /l/) tend cross-linguistically to become vocoids (vowels or glides). As for "writer"/"rider", is it the vowel quality that's different for you (as it is for Canadians), or just the vowel quantity. I grew up in Texas from age 9, and for me writer and rider are identical, but I can convince myself the diphthong in spied 'er is longer than the diphthong in spider even though the qualities are identical. I have the same distinction between a longer diphthong in shyness and a shorter diphthong in minus. It all has to do with morpheme boundaries, not a phonemic contrast between long and short diphthongs, though. --Angr/undefined 3 July 2005 07:14 (UTC)

For me there is a quality difference between the vowels in writer/rider; probably a small quantity difference as well, although in fast speech the quantity difference may disappear, while the quality remains. the quality difference is that the first vowel in the diphthong in "writer" tends towards schwa while in "rider" the diphthong starts with the vowel of "cot". the exact same difference occurs between spider/spied 'er and in your example minus/shyness. Note that for me, "highness" can have both pronunciations, but with different meanings: in "your highness", it rhymes with "minus"; in "highness" = "height", it rhymes with "shyness". the "raised" diphthong of "writer" also occurs in "bicycle" and "nitrogen", and *optionally* in "hydrogen". it also seems to me that it is optional in "pilot". i don't see how this is anything but a phonemic split, unless you allow for really abstract theories of phonology -- at which point you might as well assert that the sound "engma" is "not really" a phoneme, since you can dispense with it at some level of abstraction.

and you're right my terminology was muddled. /r/ and /l/ in English, esp. at the end of a syllable, are highly vocalic in their phonetic nature. they are also pronounced centrally in the mouth, due (among other things) to their strong velarization in this position -- although in AmEng /r/ and /l/ have a fair amount of velarization everywhere. Maybe "centering off-glides" is a better term. the basic point is that regardless of terminology there is one essential mechanism causing all of these vowel reductions before these particular phonemes, which does not (in general) lead to reductions elsewhere. (the reductions before /n/ are due to a separate phenomenon, i.e. nasalization, which often causes raising -- although lowering in French, God only knows why).

Benwing 8 July 2005 09:36 (UTC)

 * All this sounds eminently plausible to me: centering diphthongs arise before velarized coda liquids, and then can merge with the nearest lax vowel. But can we find a published source that analyzes these mergers this way? We can't add original research here, after all. --Angr/undefined 8 July 2005 09:48 (UTC)

Well, it doesn't seem like we need any authority to simply *group* things in a particular way, e.g. grouping changes before schwa/r/l based on simple observation that they tend to occur a lot, and in similar ways. After all, every day Wikipedians make decisions on grouping, and it is not considered original research or needs a published source. We can put in a theory explaining why these changes happen if/when we find such a published theory.

Benwing 8 July 2005 09:58 (UTC)

Furry-ferry merger
Here's what L. Craig Schoonmaker http://www.geocities.com/sswordday/ has to say about the ferry-furry distinction:

+ +
 * Quote-THIS is the famous "distinction without a difference", except that there are about 4 times as many -erry's as -urry's. And please note that Dictionary gives woor.ee, foor.ee, and hoor.ee (that's the sound that the U with a 'hat' (circumflex accent) shows: short-OO), which I have not heard so regard as bizarre. Either they heard wrong or they're on drugs.
 * Dictionary, oddly, is sometimes just plain wrong. For instance, "water" is not shown there as ever being pronounced "wut.er", but I listened very carefully to reports of water-main breaks on TV stations in the New York Tristate Metropolitan Area (the broadcasting capital of North America), and wut.er is plainly the pronunciation educated people in this area give that word. The SSWD project, of course, cannot offer "water" precisely because it has more than one common pronunciation.
 * If you put together the -erry's and the -ery's pronounced the same, you get a MASS of words with ER as the crucial spelling, but if you try to use -ury rather than -urry, you get a completely different sound. So I think we'll go with -erry. But I appreciate your views. Cheers.

+ + +
 * Quote-''UR, ER, OR, and AR may be pronounced with tiny differences by SOME speakers in SOME dialects as to SOME words. I went to your URL for the Cambridge dictionary, which offers TWO bizarre transliterations (which may or may not be rendered in standard IPA but is opaque to me -- IPA transliterations tend to proceed from the positions of vocal apparatus of the linguists who speak them in preparing to write them; SSWD is concerned about what people HEAR, and if they hear no difference between, for instance, vaann and venn for French "vin", it doesn't matter to them whether the person saying it forms the word one way, because the listener hears it the same no matter which way a speaker might articulate it). Most to the point, the Cambridge dictionary shows TWO pronunciations, British dialect and American standard.
 * I then went to the Merriam-Webster URLs for the other words and clicked on the speaker icon to listen to the pronunciations rendered, in American English, and found no distinction worth making. All those words would rhyme PERFECTLY as most people regard things. Of course, we could avoid the problem altogether by saying that there are two different pronunciations for "worry", so the word can't be changed!
 * For most ordinary, for whom the SSWD project is intended, not for linguistics specialists, there is between a great many word pairs or groups, no difference worth 'worrying' about. There are a lot of overeducated people who have bugaboos about tiny matters of no consequence, and will argue them endlessly, to everyone else's tedium. I'm not about to argue the linguistic equivalent of how many angels can dance on the head of a pin, a subject that may have fascinated some medieval theologians but nobody else.
 * The SSWD project is about NEEDED change, and preferably changes that people can readily apply to things they HEAR. One transliteration for a small range of actual sounds is convenient, and all spelling is convention. Few speakers of standard English distinguish in sound between "ferry" and "furry". Having a distinction in spelling for these two HOMONYMS is useful. As to which spelling you favor for a reform of "worry", I have noted that you favor "wurry".

You are talking nonsense. They don't sound even similar to most British speakers. 89.243.97.14 (talk) 00:07, 15 February 2008 (UTC) +
 * The problem may be only that a following-R tends to alter the quality of the vowel before it, for some speakers more than others. I have not yet offered this word (which you plainly render "wurd" and I render "werd") and might select "wurry", on the basis that some people might see it as parallel to "merry", which they pronounce like "Mary". Or I may not offer it at all, since, as some people regard things, it has two pronunciations so cannot be changed if a change would antagonize some significant body of speakers. I am asking for more comments. Cheers.

+ + + +
 * Quote- ''YES, I noted that in checking "merge", some dictionaries use the U with a hat as the vowel. But in any case, that is the ER sound, as shown plainly by the sample words in Dictionary.com's own pronunciation key: "urge, term, firm, word, heard".
 * As for "ont", I suggested that because "ant" is a homophone we can eliminate from a language filled to overflowing with homophones, and seems to those of us who say "ont" -- meaning a large proportion of the best-educated people in the U.S. and almost everybody in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean, etc. -- that calling a person by a homophone for an insect is arguably disrespectful. I have no power to impose anything, and the SSWD site is designed mainly to make people think. As for "tord", too-waurd is a spelling pronunciation, and as with ev-er-y and other spelling pronunciations (which my Random House Unabridged labels so people know better than to use them), spelling reformers can properly advise people that tho they think they are being careful to be correct, they are actually being wrong.
 * The distinction between "ferry" and "furry" is, I repeat, not "worth making. All those words would rhyme PERFECTLY as most people regard things." People who try to draw needless distinctions and force people to try to supply only one of essentially interchangeable spellings do spelling reform a disservice. This is not the distinction between "merry" rhyming with "berry" and "merry" rhyming with "Mary". It is TRIVIA that ordinary people do not waste time on and cannot justify wasting educational time and money on. If you see a poem in which one line ends with "ferry" and the next appropriate line ends in "furry" or "worry" or "cherry" or "very", will you be startled by an appalling lack of rhyme? If so, you are one in perhaps 15,000 people.
 * Native speakers of English cannot and do not make the short-E as in "bed" and follow it with R in the same syllable and come out with anything like what most people say for "very", "berry", etc. Following-R changes the quality of many vowels in its same syllable.
 * Make all the silly and PRETENTIOUS distinctions you want. Ordinary people concerned with communication rather than language as an arcane study to itself will not trouble to heed you.'' 205.188.117.14 04:30, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is about what is, not what should be. Benwing 07:34, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What does it matter what L. Craig Schoonmaker has to say? The man is as much a linguistics expert as is a jellyfish. Jimp 05:58, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

planning on moving/merging this page
i am planning on merging this page with the info in Phonemic differentiation that pertains to mergers before historic /r/. tentative name is "English-language pre-rhotic mergers". yes, i am aware that some of these mergers have occurred in non-rhotic dialects, but that does not change the basic facts of the situation. suggestions for a different name are welcome. Benwing 07:26, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't like "pre-rhotic": some of the mergers I think you're talking about (near/square, for example) occur mainly in non-rhotic dialects, and it just seems wrong to call them "pre-rhotic" mergers. "Mergers before historic /r/" might be better, but I'm not sure. Also, I'll repeat my opinion that the family of sound changes currently discussed on this page should be kept as a distinct group.  They all involve short (or "lax", or whatever) vowels before intervocalic /r/, and they have very similar geographic distributions (most of English-speaking North America, but not New York or Boston, and not the British Isles or the southern hemisphere). --JHJ 11:34, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

'English-language pre-rhotic mergers' and 'English-language centralising diphthong simplifications' makes sense. I don't see how it doesn't change the basic facts of the situation. (I spelt 'centralising' with an S because that's how I spell and I didn't think about it till now, but of course 'centralizing' would make equal sense and I'm not interested in disputing the point.) Felix the Cassowary 12:30, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * JHJ -- I think that the attempt to group exactly what's on this page, and nothing else, is stretching it. Neither the marry/merry nor hurry/furry mergers are tense-lax neutralizations, since both vowels are lax.  nor does the "florida oranges" section describe such a neutralization.  hence, the entirety of TLN on this page is mirror-nearer and merry-mary, not a reasonable separation.

 * I'm not bothered about whether it's called TLN (though that does seem to be a term used for the phenomenon in question). I'm talking about the geographic distributions (to me, TLN as currently described on this page is one - or maybe four - of the most notable phonological differences between typical "British" accents and typical "American" accents) and the fact that they're all mergers before intervocalic /r/ only.  You seem to want to group these mergers with things like the nurse/square merger of Scouse, which is really just a merger of two long vowels: fur /f3:/ and fair /fE:/ merge as /fE:/.--JHJ 08:55, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think "English-language mergers before historic /r/" might be best, as it describes most clearly the situation. Benwing 00:40, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

If you can put that slash at the end of the title, then I'd accept it (not like it, mind), otherwise I absolutely hate it on the grounds that I absolutely hate articles that have a title technical limitations header. I thought the hurry/furry was a TLN; for me, furry's in the same category as Mary (which is long, but corresponds in this case to US tense). Indeed, I thought the distinction between /@r/ and /3r/ in American was [-tense] and [+tense]. (But that still doesn't make the marry/merry merger fit here.) Felix the Cassowary 02:04, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Let's take out the slashes. "English-language mergers before historic r"?  Do you like "... pre-rhotic mergers" better? Benwing 02:27, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's not pre-rhotic, so the 'historic' is important IMHO... Felix the Cassowary 02:41, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Furry-ferry merger
Is this merger just a near merger and not an actually phonemic merger? Something that I've read suggested that. 64.194.44.220 02:34, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Moved from Talk:Bear-beer-burr merger
This is a personal blog? http://caxton.stockton.edu/classwork/discuss/msgReader$44 Sorry for putting with the references if it is. Foogol 21:06, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks like one to me. It's a teacher talking about something she's noticed in her students' speech and writing, isn't it? Anyway, even if it's not a personal blog, it's still not a useful source since she's just reporting on something she read about in an introductory linguistics textbook (Fromkin & Rodman, which is usually used in freshman Intro to Linguistics courses). If you get a copy of F&R out of the library and track down their source for the phenomenon in AAVE, that will be a useful source. --Angr (t·c) 21:10, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Original research
This looks like original research. Although this phenomenon is mentioned at http://www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca/spa/phonology/features.htm (scroll down to "Vowel Centralization Before /r/ (VC-r)"), that says it is "reported in Memphis data". No source is provided discussing this as a phenomenon of rap or of the AAVE of St. Louis. --Angr (t·c) 21:10, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks to me as if it's partly based on a Language Log posting: http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000697.html --JHJ 12:02, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Another source that refers to the phenomenon is at http://www.ausp.memphis.edu/phonology/#Vocalic. --Angr (t·c) 10:56, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Previously under Talk:Horse-hoarse merger
I think that is actually useful information that you've removed, angr. So, I've reverted it and added quotation marks.

 * I never said it wasn't useful information. I said it was a copyvio (copyright violation), which it is. You cannot copy text wholesale from other websites and paste it here. Even inside quotations marks it was far too long to count as fair use. But we can add a link to the page it comes from so the interested reader can learn more at the original page, which is what I've now done. --Angr/undefined 04:43, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

What about dialects like mine, where the merge has taken place but the pronunciation is with "o" instead of "ɔ"? -Branddobbe 00:04, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think in most accents with the merger, the resulting vowel is closer to than to, but for better or for worse linguists have agreed to transcribe the merged vowel as . In other words, transcribing merged ho(a)rse as  rather than  is more a matter of consistency with tradition than of phonetic accuracy. --Angr/undefined 05:45, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you have sources for the agreed-upon transcription of the merged vovel? I also come from a region where horse/hoarse are homophones pronounced with a vowel much closer to  or, and I know from experience that I differentiate the pronunciations  and .  Given my impression from undergraduate linguistics courses that linguists rarely agree upon anything, it strikes me that it might be more accurate to mention the various pronunciations of the merged aspect while noting that a/the predominant linguistic tradition transcribes the vowel as . JohannVII 10:36, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't have a source where a bunch of linguists have gotten together and explicitly said "let's transcribe the merged horse/hoarse vowel as ", but if you look at books and dictionaries that use an IPA transcription (Ladefoged, Longman's pronunciation dictionary, Kenyon & Knott, etc.) all or almost all of them do use . And for that matter, other dictionaries that use their own idiosyncratic transcription system will use their own equivalent to in these cases as well (e.g. Merriam-Webster transcribes the merged ho(a)rse vowel as "hôrs", not as "hōrs", where "ô" is the vowel of "bought" and "ō" is the vowel of "boat"). I'm confused though by your second sentence: you come from a region where they're homophones, but you personally distinguish them? Or do you mean you distinguish merged "ho(a)rse" from "hearse"? —Angr 11:12, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Toe-tow merger
Has this (the horse-hoarse merger) anything to do with the Toe-tow merger? If so, let's merge the articles. Jimp 22Dec05
 * I don't think so. The toe-tow merger was earlier; in fact, the horse-hoarse merger is a merger of EME "short o" ( with the outcome of the toe-tow merger before /r/. --Angr (t·c) 06:24, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

In EME, you have something like (where /O/ is the vowel of cot)
 * toe /to:/
 * tow /tOU/
 * hoarse /ho:rs/
 * horse /hOrs/

So toe and hoarse had the same vowel (and indeed they still do in some accents, like some Scottish ones). The H/H merger merges /O/ and /o:/ before /r/ (to /O:/ in non-rhotic accents), and the T/T merger is a complete merger of /o:/ and /OU/. I don't know whether any words had /OUr/ or, if they did, whether there are any accents that distinguish it from the reflex of /o:r/ (hoarse). Norfolk accents, I believe, have H/H merged but not T/T.

I'd suggest merging toe-tow merger with pane-pain merger under Wells's name "Long mid mergers". I think this article is long enough to stay separate, but if it's merged anywhere it should be to English-language vowel changes before historic r.

--JHJ 11:48, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with JHJ. Toe-tow merger can be usefully merged with pane-pain merger as Long mid mergers, and horse-hoarse merger is long enough (and sociolinguistically important enough IMHO) to remain an independent article. --Angr (t·c) 12:22, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that all makes good sense. And merging Pane-pain merger with Toe-tow merger to Long mid mergers makes more sense than merging it with Rain-rein merger to Vane-vain-vein mergers did.  Perhaps words like four, source, etc. may have had /OUr/ as opposed to the /o:r/ of such words as perhaps oar, roar, etc. just judging by the spelling.  Wonder whether such a distinction would still be made (if it ever had been) by some. Jimp 16:59, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Previously under Talk:Phonological history of English back vowels before historic r
Merging all this here was a good idea but I think I have a better one. Instead of Phonological history of English back vowels before historic r and English-language vowel changes before historic r here's what I suggest. Split the latter into English-language vowel changes before historic coda r and English-language vowel changes before intervocalic r (or some such titles). Then merge this article with the latter of these new articles. The problem is what to do with the Phonological history of English back vowels before historic r intro. Jimp 17:53, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is Phonological history of English back vowels before historic r a separate article anyway? Why not just have one single Phonological history of English vowels before historic r article? --Angr ( tɔk ) 18:05, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it makes no sense to me either. This was my other idea: merge them back together. Let's do it.  Jimp 10 January 2006

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

don't move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 07:50, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
81.154.24.25 has requested that this page be moved to American English vowel changes before historic r. This section is for discussion of that suggestion.
 * Oppose, because many of the phenomena discussed (especially in section 2, Mergers before historic coda r) are found outside of American English. Angr/ talk 10:39, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose, many of these changes occur in non-American English.--JHJ 15:29, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as above —Felix the Cassowary 01:11, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

a major topic is missing here

 * Starting about the time that English incunabula were being printed (late 15th cent.) there begins to appear evidence that many words formerly spelled with er now began to be spelled with ar.

This is mentioned in Wells (Accents I:203), in Prins (History of English Phonemes, 1974:154-6) and especially in Wyld (History of Modern Colloquial English, 1956:212-222), where he connects the early appearances especially with "S.E. and E. Midland texts". The Wells book mentions some common examples such as star - far - heart which were not only previously spelled with -e- but also are easily related to German Stern - fern - Herz. In the first two cases, the spelling also changed, but in the case of heart it is not clear whether the new spelling reflects the new pronunciation which is clearly different from Middle English herte. Wells speaks of "quite a few instances" and Wyld lists several pages full of examples along with citations and sources.

Along with the many words where the spelling changed to the new ar and has remained so, there were many other words in which the spelling did not changed, but in which the pronunciation must have also been ar. This assumption rests of large amounts of private correspondence from the 15th to the 18th centuries, some of which Wyld refers to: when people wrote "I hard it was so" the assumption is that they were spelling to reflect their own pronunciation, a habit much more in vogue several centuries ago. The public printers, on the other hand, maintained --- for some reason -- the older er---or in some cases such as learn,an ear---in this second group of words. Wyld states that the new ar pronunciation was spreading more and more in the 16th century, with, for example, Queen Elisabeth using less of them when young but more in her writings from later years. Prins (p.156), gives a short list of examples (certain - desert - mercy - person - sermon - servant - verdict - vermin) and states that they were all spoken with ar in the 18th century. He singles out these words as the kind which had earlier acquired the new ar spelling, but had later, "under French influence", reverted to the old er spelling. The American Encyclopaedic Dictionary 1895, which I have just started examining, lists several "obsolete" variants with an ar spelling for words such as merchant and perfect.

To further complicate the story, with the rise, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, of spelling pronunciation and the new idea that there was only one correct spelling for each word, there began a large-scale reversion to the er spellings that had often been preserved by printing houses; this in turn eventually led to almost all such  [ar] words acquiring the ur ( ɝ ) sound that we now hear in mercy - certain etc. Wells's "spelling pronunciation perhaps playing a rôle" seems like quite an understatement when one considers the large scope of this reversion. The only survivors I know of in American English are sergeant and heart, hearth, while RP still maintains the ar sound in words such as clerk - Berkeley - Derby. The proper noun Clark still has the old ar since its spelling had already changed. Another doublet is parson, which used to be the same as person, with the latter, more common word undergoing the reversion.

As a youngster in the US in the 50s, I occasionally heard such expressions as Marcy me! ( = mercy), What in tarnation... (old doublet related to eternal), "you consarned.. (&@#%$)" ( = concerned), That'll larn ya ( = learn ). More interestingly, the retention of the old ar in popular ("rustic") speech was also found in words which traditionally seemed to have had a long -e- vowel, and which today have been standardised with the er (not ɝ ) pronunciation: there's the old song about how Davy Crockett "killed him a bar when he was only three"" (=bear), and the even better known doublet thar for there, as in "in them thar hills" and the whaler's "Thar she blows!". When checking in the OED for early variants of some of the above words, I found some examples such as fern and herd where the earlier ar form was referred to as Scottish. A number of such ar variants are also cited in the Concise Scots Dictionary 1985; somehow I feel a connection between these Scots citations and the Scotch-Irish flavor of hillbillies,Davy Crockett, and sailors (Aye aye Captain!- Aye is northern English for "yes"). I wonder if these ar forms, although beginning in the South, ended up being preserved more in the nonstandard northern dialects?

The question of who said what and where is very difficult: was there another dialectal tradition where short er did not change to ar, and did this accent later become more dominant? From where do we get this mixture of long er and short er reflexes? In the same small section (4.19) Prins first says that short er merged with ir and ur, but then he says that "er frequently became ar". This is confusing --- I'm a specialist in Tibetan, not English phonology, but I'm interested in this problem due to its connection with parallel dialectal developments and the power of spelling pronunciations: can anyone offer suggestions? Also, I think at least some of this material belongs in the main article. Jakob37 11:54, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Mary-marry-merry merger
Which are, and  respectly, in the dialects that the three-way contrast is preserved?
 * Mary // - marry // - merry // → Are these all correct? ― 韓斌 /  Yes0song  (談笑  筆跡  다지모 ) 16:57, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. AJD 14:44, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Is Mary the only word which has before an intervocalic r in the dialects in which the three-way contrast is preserved?  If not, then how does one know if a word will have  as opposed to  or even ?  For example, in modern day English English, marry, Mary, and increasingly the final two syllables of necessary, each are pronounced with a different vowel even though they are all spelled with an a.  Thegryseone (talk) 21:23, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * No, Mary is not the only word. Fairy and hairy are also good examples. I'm not sure what you mean by "how does one know" which of the three vowel phonemes a word will have—the same way one knows whether a word has /θ/ or /ð/ in it, I suppose. AJD (talk) 16:40, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I just mean are there any rules governing this? Because most Americans pronounce all these words the same. Thegryseone (talk) 18:23, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you asking if there's a way for an American who doesn't make a difference himself to predict which word will have which vowel in a dialect like British English that does make the difference? Not always, no. When I was singing in a choir in a Church of England church, I had to ask one of the British choir members whether parent is or  because there's no way to tell from the spelling of the word. (Note that patent is either  or  depending on dialect, and parent actually varies across Mary/marry-distinguishing dialects as well.) —Angr 08:32, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I was wondering if an a followed by two r's is always /æ/, because that seemed to be the case (marry, Harry, etc.). You bring up something interesting.  I've noticed that sometimes singers that normally wouldn't have these pre-r distinctions in their dialect attempt to make them when they sing.  This seems to be especially the case in choir music.  Maybe they were just taught to sing that way.  Maybe I'm just wrong. Thegryseone (talk) 18:13, 12 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I think arrV (V = vowel) is always /ær/ (except in obvious cases like "starry", "marred", etc.) but arV is not necessarily /eər/. I don't think ar(r)V is ever, though. —Angr 20:19, 12 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Not so. -ary words are, at least in dialects which haven't reduced the penultimate syllable to a schwa, pronounced with .  E.g., necessary, military, capillary, etc.  (This is only when it's the suffix; e.g., canary rhymes with Mary.)  Also the state Maryland has a DRESS vowel for the first syllable. 136.152.181.37 (talk) 05:56, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

(<--) The Merriam-Webster online dictionary (by the way, Merriam would be ) lists the older pronunciations along with the merged variants; using the Merriam notation, Mary = \er-\, merry = \e-r\, marry = \a-r\. (The hyphen is used to separate syllables, and \a\ is our "ash." In the Guide to Pronunciation, M-W makes the point that

Many varieties of English do not allow \a\ to be followed by an \r\ which begins the following syllable. In such a case, the sequence of \a-r\ is replaced by \er\, and word pairs like arrow and aero are homophones. ... Many varieties of English do not allow \e\ to be followed by an \r\ which begins the following syllable. In such a case, the sequence of \e-r\ is replaced by \er\, and word pairs like very and vary are homophones.

As a case in point, the word parakeet falls into the marry bucket, which makes sense if you consider that the word used to be spelled parrakeet. I'm  Jack (Lumber) and I approve this message. 01:19, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It makes more sense if you consider that it's a three-syllable word, and short vowels in that position are the norm. More examples: charity, parallel, marinate, arable.  Compare animal, catapult, tabula (but table), amulet.  136.152.181.37 (talk) 05:51, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

My speech seems to have a variation not mentioned here, which is that Mary and marry merge, but merry is distinct. The former has something like (not diphthongized) while the latter has. The distinction seems to correspond to the spelling of a vs. e. Anyone know how common this is? BTW I vaguely remember reading somewhere that to the extent a pronunciation like this exists, it's a spelling pronunciation (which would imply that it appears only in conscious speech), but I wonder whether this is really true. I certainly remember a time hearing an instructor of mine talk about someone named "Barrel" and it took quite awhile before I figured out he was really referring to someone named "Beryl". I take this to mean that for me at least the distinction is real, and that his pronunciation (from Michigan) has a 3-way merger with the vowel of .Benwing (talk) 00:55, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Southern American English
How is the "short o" before intervocalic r pronounced in the South? I think it is similar to NYC and Philly. 208.104.45.20 (talk) 00:29, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Is corps NORTH or FORCE?
The article lists corps/core as a minimal pair for the horse-hoarse distinction. Where does this information come from? I don't agree. I have sources: dictionary.com lists the pronunciations [kawr, kohr] for both, which is their notation for FORCE words. John Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary lists both with the same FORCE (o1) vowel (with a usage note for corps about its final letters, not its vowel).

core clearly has a FORCE vowel. The article implies corps has a NORTH vowel (as corpse, corpulent, etc., obviously do). Maybe some who natively speak a distinguishing dialect can weigh in? At any event, there are plenty of other perfectly good minimal pairs (the similar cord=chord/cored, born/borne). 136.152.181.37 (talk) 05:46, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think you're right. Kenyon and Knott also give "corps" as a word. —Angr 06:50, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

"Mourning"
"The horse-hoarse merger is the merger of the vowels /ɔ/ and /o/ before historic /r/, making pairs of words like horse/hoarse, for/four, war/wore, or/oar, morning/mourning etc. homophones." Really? I guess my pronunciation of mourning with /ʊə/ is an affectation, then, and wouldn't be found in any dictionaries.... 91.105.52.52 (talk) 00:22, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, only you can know if it's an affectation, but I can't find mourning with /ʊə/ in any dictionaries. +Angr 01:04, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I too pronounce it with /ʊə/, and was unaware until reading this article that that pronunciation was in any way marginal. I thought it was standard RP, and became /ɔ/ only in those accents which had undergone the pour–poor merger. On investigation, /ʊə/ is given as an alternative to /ɔ/ for "mourn" in the ODEE, but not in any other dictionaries that I've been able to lay my hands on. Vilĉjo (talk) 17:29, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, the 1989 Second Edition of the OED gives /ˈmɔənɪŋ/ but the 2003 Third Edition gives /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ for British English. I've also heard /ˈmʊənɪŋ/ and I use that pronunciation if I wish to distinguish the word from morning.    D b f i r s   18:27, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

What is "historic," "intervocalic," and "historic coda" r?

 * What is "historic r"? What is "intervocalic r"? What is "historic coda r"? User talk:Carlaude 10:19, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "Historic r" is an /r/ which was there in Early Modern English (or something like that) regardless of whether it's still there or not, "intervocalic r" is /r/ between two vowels, and "historic coda r" is an /r/ which was at the end of a syllable. ― _ _ _ A._di_M. (formerly Army1987) 12:53, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * If historic r was in the Early Modern English time then this article, English-language vowel changes before historic r, would be about changes before that. Since Early Modern English covers the time even before North America was even setteted by English speakers, and sobefore American English, something is either wrong or misunderstood here. User talk:Carlaude 18:18, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't follow the logic of your first sentence. The article is about what has since happened before the places where there once was (and often still is) an /r/. ― _ _ _ A._di_M. (formerly Army1987) 21:41, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Help me follow your logic; where in the Anglosphere is there not still an /r/ ?
 * Eastern England (including RP), Australia, New Zealand and old-fashioned New England, except before a vowel. ― _ _ _ A._di_M. (formerly Army1987) 22:54, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I see that Eastern England, Australia, New Zealand, and old-fashioned New England have non-rhotic accents. They do have an /r/. Non-rhotic accents just "pronounce only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit." I was mislead by your claim some have "no /r/" and you not using Wikipedia's terms for a rhotic/non-rhotic accent terms.
 * So you must mean that the article is about what has "since happened before the places" where there once was (and often still is) a rhotic accent. I gather a "historic phoneme /r/" means a historic rhotic phonology. So does that mean that in some point in the past, all English was rhotic? I still do not understand what the "before" means in "phonological changes before the historic phoneme /r/" from the lead sentence. How can it be both "before the historic phoneme" and also in "recent centuries"? User talk:Carlaude 23:42, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * In places such as horse, there's no /r/ in non-rhotic accents, period. There's no way of causing the /ɔː/ of such words to be followed by a vowel. You can still say that there's an /r/ in the underlying representation of such words even for non-rhotic speakers, but Occam's razor suggests not to do that; most analyses would agree that for non-rhotic speakers the /r/ in such words is gone. (And "before" means "before in the word", the way there's a /h/ "before" the /ɔː/ in horse, not "before" as in "in earlier phases of the history of English.) ― _ _ _ A._di_M. (formerly Army1987) 01:00, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not saying that there is an /r/ in such words as horse for non-rhotic accents. There is no /r/ in some words-- such as horse and "ball" in non-rhotic accents-- but even in rhotic accents there is no /r/ in words like "ball." There are mearly fewer words with an /r/ for non-rhotic accents, but such people of such places do not grow up without ever making the /r/ sound-- the way monolingual English speakers would grow up without ever making the nasal vowels of French.
 * Thank you for clearing up the bit about "before historic r." Is there any other term for the "historic r". It is very confussing without this explanation. If there is no other term then an explanation for us non-linguists, in either a hat note or the lead sentence of the page is needed, since "changes before historic r" is made (part of) the subject of the whole page. It could be along the lines of "...a vowel just before the letter r, if the r was there historicly." User talk:Carlaude 07:22, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
 * But in horse there used to be a /r/, but in ball there didn't. So horse has a historic /r/ and ball hasn't. Anyway, I attempted to clarify it. (Maybe it could be made even clearer, but that's a start.) ― _ _ _ A._di_M. (formerly Army1987) 09:45, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. Thank you. User talk:Carlaude 19:48, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Poor choice of words for American pure-poor split
I believe that in the pure-poor split in America, sure and your rhyme with fir in the Midwest, and store in the South. I think lure would be a much better example word than sure. If nobody has any objection (and nobody makes the change themself), I'll change it in a while.Peterwshor (talk) 00:21, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

For the pure/poor split, somebody put sure back in as an example that rhymes with fir. I am quite sure that it rhymes with core in the Southern version of the pure/poor split, but I don't know whether this should be clarified. I'm not going to do anything, but leave this note in case somebody else wants to fix it. The funniest instance of this in my experience: Atlanta hotel clerk "can I have your name." me: "Shor." Long pause. Peterwshor (talk) 17:08, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I can't pin down my dialect, but for me, sure rhymes with fir and your rhymes with store, while lure is a bit peculiar. 173.66.211.53 (talk) 02:30, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I guess I have a five-way split. (1) sure with fir, and (2) lure close to it. (3) poor with store. (4) pure and cure with year [or fear or ear or we're, but with an initial y-sound], and (5) tour with sewer [or newer]. 173.66.211.53 (talk) 02:44, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Mary, Merry, and Marry
I went ahead and changed "In accents that do not have the merger, Mary has the a sound of mare, marry has the a sound of mat and merry has the e sound of met." to "In accents that do not have the merger, Mary has the a sound of mare, marry rhymes with Larry and Barry, and merry rhymes with berry and cherry."

I think the rhyming gives a better illustration. Also, the old wording could be misleading, as there's no T sound in marry or merry. Most people would probably realize it was just referring to the vowel sound, but still I think that's less clear, and I believe all of the vowel sounds are actually pronounced a bit differently when followed by an R. The only possible issue with the rhymes would be how the rhyming words are pronounced in different American dialects, but in my travels I've always heard those the same throughout the country...

Merry Christmas! -Helvetica (talk) 17:45, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I've reverted, because just giving rhymes is no use at all to people who do have the merger. If "Larry" and "cherry" also rhyme for you, if "Barry" and "berry" are homophones, then you're no wiser about what it sounds like to pronounce the three sounds differently unless you're given examples like "mat" and "met" where the vowels really are different even in your accent. Angr (talk) 08:27, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Another problem with rhyming is that there's rarely 100% agreement on what constitutes a rhyme. The vowel in two words may be considered to rhyme, even if different consonants in the two words result in a noticeable allophonic variation in the vowel.Pithecanthropus (talk) 19:42, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Mergers overgeneralized
I think statements about mergers need to be hedged a bit more than they are. Admittedly my own perception, as a Californian, has probably been overly influenced by education, including classes in English linguistics taken at a German university. Still, it wasn't my study of Middle English at Göttingen that led me to stop merging 'mirror' and 'mere'. I probably stopped doing that when I was eight or nine years old. Call me prescriptivist, but many of the mergers in American English purported in Wikipedia merely suggest that kiddie English, spoken by children before they can perceive or articulate the distinctions, is becoming the adult norm.

With regard to Mary-merry-marry the last two sound the same to me but the vowel in Mary is longer. At Christmastime I would notice if someone said 'the Virgin Merry' or 'Mary Christmas'! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pithecanthropus (talk • contribs) 19:33, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Whoever thinks most Americans merge tear/terror and air/err/error was unduly influenced by eight years of listening to George W. Bush.Pithecanthropus (talk) 04:20, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Mirror-nearer?
I'm pretty sure I have the vowel merger, also with Sirius-serious, but in whatever dialect I've grown up with, mirror rhymes with near and mere, because it has one syllable, not with near-er which has two. 96.231.17.131 (talk) 16:22, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I've never picked up the other mergers listed under mirror-mere. Is there any explanation why mirror and mere may merge while the other examples do not? 96.231.17.131 (talk) 16:31, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Cure words have different values in AmE
The article claims that:

In traditional Received Pronunciation and General American, CURE words are pronounced with RP /ʊə/ (/ʊər/ before a vowel) and GenAm /ʊr/.

Words belonging to this class are most commonly spelled with oor, our, ure, or eur; examples include poor, tour, cure, Europe.

In at least more dialects of AmE, poor, tour, cure, and Europe have four different u-vowels. Poor rhymes with more, tour with sewer, cure with year, and Europe doesn't rhyme with anything. So to say that General American uses the same sound for all these seems a bit misleading. 96.231.17.131 (talk) 16:44, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * In American English, rhyming poor with more sounds distinctly rustic and/or uneducated. Tour doesn't rhyme with sewer because the former is one syllable and the latter is two syllables. I've never heard anyone from any English-speaking country rhyme cure with year. Poor and tour have [ʊr], and cure and Europe alternate freely between [jʊr] and [jɝ]. Angr (talk) 21:06, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * "In American English, rhyming poor with more sounds distinctly rustic and/or uneducated." You're kidding, right?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Accentman (talk • contribs) 15:12, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Not at all. That's why spellings like "pore folks" exist, to indicate a nonstandard pronunciation of poor. It puts me in mind of Snuffy Smith and Li'l Abner. Angr (talk) 15:33, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Really? I'm shocked that you think that is a non-standard pronunciation.  It sounds perfectly standard to me.  But you are entitled to your opinion of course.  Saying poor like "po'", on the other hand, does sound non-standard to my ear. Accentman (talk) 01:00, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I've never known any other way to say these words, rustic or not. Tour does rhyme with sewer and both have two syllables. Poor also rhymes with pore. Tour also rhymes with newer. Cure also rhymes with we're. Europe also rhymes with you're up. 173.66.211.53 (talk) 02:25, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * According to the American Heritage Dictionary, tour is one syllable whereas sewer is two. But that may not be true for all speakers. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 16:52, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

^I would note that it's different depending where you live. For me (in Philadelphia, although I'm not sure if it's standard) all these words are pronounced with exactly the same sound. We would need to find some sources figuring out which is most common. I have heard very few speakers pronounce "tour" to rhyme with "sewer" and never heard "cure" rhyme with "year." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.165.29.44 (talk) 08:17, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

As another note/question, if some dialects use the same vowel in cure and poor, would they have any sound distinction between pure and poor? Because I've grown up with the same vowel /y/ [or /ee/ like the y in happy] or /jy/ [/jee/] in cure and pure and another vowel /o/ [/oh/ like the aw in saw] in poor and pour and pore and more. Both of these contrast with /ju/ [/juh/] in Europe. 173.66.211.53 (talk) 20:29, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

As for tour it has the same first vowel as blue or two or goose which I can't pronounce immediately before an /r/. I can't see anything about the goose vowel preceding /r/ so I doubt I'm the only one to insert a minimal vowel between /uu/ and /r/. 173.66.211.53 (talk) 20:53, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Poor is supposed to have /u/ as its vowel. Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 03:49, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

I was looking at this article because I found that according to Wiktionary, poor rhymes with pure, but for me they don't. It's not because I pronounce poor like door, but because for me, pure has a diphthong something like /iu/ or /iʊ/. Similarly, Wiktionary says that compute rhymes with loot. For me they don't. The first is /iu/ and the second is /u/. So I don't think that "Pure–poor split" is a good title for the section with that title. These two words were always pronounced different in any accent. Also, I would like to split the Rhyme pages in Wiktionary that mix words with the vowel /u/ (or /ʊə(ɹ)/) with those having /ju/ (or /jʊə(ɹ)/). Eric Kvaalen (talk) 16:52, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Agree that "pure-poor split" is not a great name (though whether we use it or not ought to depend not on what we think about it, but on whether it's used in the literature on the topic). Don't have any problem with saying that "compute" rhymes with "loot", though - for the great majority of speakers I think they do (the additional /j/ is part of the onset and so doesn't affect rhyming). You are probably among the minority that speak dialects that have not undergone the i->j change. described at just above yod-dropping. W. P. Uzer (talk) 17:13, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have just looked at the article that talks about yod dropping [note added later: I meant Phonological history of English consonant clusters). It's hard to believe that my pronunciation of words like pure is only found in the Carolinas and the deep south. I come from North Dakota! And my parents from Montana and Chicago.

 * I see that I was wrong when I said that pure and poor were always pronounced different in any accent. Apparently in the Norfolk dialect pure is pronounced like poor, and beauty like booty! But I still think the sets of rhymes should be separated in Wiktionary, perhaps with a note saying that for some people, words with the ending /ut/ rhyme with words ending in /jut/.

 * Can you find one example of a poem or hymn in which a word like cure is rhymed with a word like poor? Or a word like refute or cute with moot or root?

 * So does the literature use the term "pure-poor split"? As though those two words used to be pronounced the same (which is not the case)?

 * Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:35, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * As to the last question - quite likely not; I often see (and sometimes remove) examples of such phrases in Wikipedia articles that on closer examination prove to be made-up. And as to the previous question - yes, I very quickly found examples of such rhymes with e.g. "cute" and "loot", or "cute" and "snoot", using Google Books. W. P. Uzer (talk) 13:00, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Yeah? Can you give some links? I'd like to see when those were written and by whom. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 14:47, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I just googled (e.g. using Google books) such search strings as "poetry cute loot" or "rhyme cute". Various links came up that might interest you. But from my point of view (as a pretty standard RP speaker) I don't find it remotely surprising or controversial that these words are considered to rhyme. W. P. Uzer (talk) 19:59, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, the first one I found was "Must be cute/And have loot", from a Personal ad (some modern person lookin for a mate). I tried a couple rhyming dictionaries on Google Books and they agree with you. But I still think it's untraditional to rhyme such words. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 07:09, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Is this (cure/poor) traditional enough for you? W. P. Uzer (talk) 11:17, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * ... but cure also rhymes with whore there, and swear with beer and water with clatter ( "watter" still does rhyme with clatter in my local dialect ). Here in northern England, cute rhymes with newt, beaut, mute, suit, acute, astute, compute, refute, etc.  The vowel in loot, boot, moot, (a) coot, and similar words, is a normal /uː/, but in the cute words, the /j/ is not just an onset vowel, but changes the vowel to something like /yɯ/, though that's probably not a good transcription.  I don't know the extent to which this applies to the rest of England.  Lute seems to be variable, usually rhyming with cute in the north-east.    D b f i r s   11:53, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * That's a good point. I just ask'd my wife to say "cute" and then "coot", and I could see that in the first her lips were not rounded, but in the second they were. (Her accent is more or less Rhode Island.) As for the word "lute", there are two ways of pronouncing it, depending on whether yod dropping is done. See that article. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 17:06, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

More on furry-ferry
I saw there was some discussion below about whether the furry-ferry merger was worth talking about it, as "most Americans have it." I have to disagree. Despite being from Philadelphia, I pronounce these quite distinctly (although, curiously, I pronounce bury and berry both as "berry"). For me at least, "furry" uses /ʌ/ exclusively and "ferry" uses /ɛ/ (which is further distinct from the /e/ in "fairy"). I imagine this is common in most dialects based on the IPA used on online dictionaries. Most of these dictionaries have online sound clips which sound similar to my own pronunciation.

To the note that said the online dictionaries are incorrect because they don't list "wooder" as a "water" pronunciation - I don't really see your argument. I too say "wooder," but I'm aware that it's not the American standard. Therefore, it becomes a dialectal feature worth discussing. Likewise, many of us do not have the furry-ferry merger, so that merger itself is worth discussing.

The comment also included things like "Americans can't pronounce the /ɛ/ (as in "set") sound before an r." This is not true. It is true for the poster, yes. But I think he's hearing his own sound system in others when they speak. For a long time, I always assumed all other Americans distinguished between /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ until I started listening really carefully. It's funny how you assume people have the same sounds as you do as long as their accents aren't extreme. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.165.29.44 (talk) 08:10, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

 * "Despite being from Philadelphia, I pronounce these quite distinctly (although, curiously, I pronounce bury and berry both as "berry")."
 * That's the only pronunciation listed in dictionaries and also the only one I've ever heard. Accentman (talk) 15:25, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * This also highlights one of the major overgeneralisations that many United States citizens make on a common basis: claiming that the way they do things is the way that everyone in the United States does things. It's really annoying when people say things like that. Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 17:44, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Aside from the annoying nature of the generalization, it's true that bury is usually pronounced like berry, even outside of the North America. According to (scroll down to below the table), it's a word that has a pronunciation derived from one dialect of Old English and a spelling derived from another. However, this is an exception, and most words with ur historically have  or, not . — Eru·tuon 04:21, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

How is the goose vowel supposed to precede an r in the same syllable?
I know in my dialect [which is influenced by western dialects of NAmE], tour [which I keep mistyping tuor] has two syllables, the first with the goose vowel and the second with the nurse vowel. But the article mentions that some speakers pronounce it with one syllable, with the goose vowel immediately before r.

Is it even possible to pronounce either or  immediately before ? 173.66.211.53 (talk) 00:13, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Sure it is. In Scottish English all vowels that occur before other consonants like /t/ and /n/ can occur before /r/. If you don't know any Scottish people yourself, maybe you can find a youtube video of a Scottish person saying a word like poor. Angr (talk) 05:48, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Non-rhoticity
This article should describe how vowels change when is elided: for instance, vowels often undergo compensatory lengthening and vowel breaking. — Eru·tuon 03:30, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that depends on the dialect. My dialect, for instance, often uses a schwa in place of lengthening in certain instances. Although I personally usually speak rhotically, unless I am trying to be particularly patriotic. Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 03:46, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Right: the addition of a schwa would be considered breaking, the second option. Maybe calling this breaking is incorrect since the schwa derives from, but I don't know. — Eru·tuon 04:24, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

"Single-word merger"
What does the term "single-word merger" mean in the section "Cure-fir merger"? Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:35, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I suppose it means that it only applies to the one word "sure" (which makes it not what I would call a merger, but maybe the literature describes it as such). W. P. Uzer (talk) 13:04, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

"Cure" pronounced like "core"?
Is it really true that "In southern English English it is now common to pronounce CURE words with /ɔː/, so that moor is often pronounced /mɔː/, tour /tɔː/, poor /pɔː/"? That means they pronounce cure like core?! Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:35, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have just realized that I misunderstood. They don't pronounce cure like core, they pronounce it the same as they would pronounce "kyor". Eric Kvaalen (talk) 10:28, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, the OED has both /kjʊə/ and /kjɔː/ for British pronunciations, though, here in the north on England, the second pronunciation sounds odd. It's true that some British southerners have a poor-pour merger.  I've even heard it from BBC announcers (  ... and it annoys me, but I can't prevent changes in language  ).  The Merriam-Webster dictionary suggests that there is a similar merger in parts of America, as stated in our article.    D b f i r s   09:10, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

Flower–flour merger
Shouldn't this be regarded as a split, rather than a merger, since they started as the same word?  D b f i r s   16:06, 5 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
Hjalmar Mellin

Robert Hjalmar Mellin (19 June 1854 – 5 April 1933) was a Finnish mathematician and function theorist.

Biography
Mellin was born on June 19, 1854 to priest and a former teacher Gustaf Robert Mellin (1826-1880) and Sofia Augusta Thérmen (1821-1888) in Liminka, Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. He was the oldest among his four siblings, He worked as a translator of his father's religious and literary works after his father's expulsion from the priesthood in 1886 because of his heavy drinking, although he's suspended in 1864 because of the same reason. Hjarmar's mother Sofia was the sister of the former Councilor of State, Karl Otto Themén (1818-1893). Mellin studied at the University of Helsinki and later in Berlin under Karl Weierstrass. He is chiefly remembered as the developer of the integral transform known as the Mellin transform. He studied related gamma functions, hypergeometric functions, Dirichlet series and the Riemann ζ function. He was appointed professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Helsinki, which later became Helsinki University of Technology with Mellin as first rector.

Later in his career Mellin also became known for his critical opposition to the theory of relativity; he published several papers in which he argued against the theory from a chiefly philosophical standpoint. In his private life he was known as an outspoken fennoman: a proponent of adopting Finnish as the language of state and culture in the Grand Duchy of Finland, in preference to Swedish, which had predominantly been used hitherto.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hjalmar Mellin


text:
ZPC

ZPC (Zero Population Count) is a first-person shooter video game which uses the Marathon 2 engine. It was developed by Zombie LLC, published by GT Interactive and released on October 31, 1996. It was noted for its stylized look adapted from artwork by Aidan Hughes (also credited with the game's concept).

Gameplay
The story focuses on Arman, an exiled "Warrior Messiah" who has come of age and sets out to reclaim his throne.

Development
The game had a development budget of less than $1 million.

In other media
At some point prior to November 2003, Hughes announced plans to create or bring about a full-length ZPC film, but nothing came of this.

Reception
Air Hendrix of GamePro found ZPC severely outdated, for both its 2D graphics and its gameplay, which he found made little advance beyond 1993's Doom. However, he remarked that the "stark, sombre visual style" and moody music would highly appeal to many, and that this would make the gameplay more enjoyable to those players. A Next Generation critic said much the same: "Gameplay sticks to the tried-and-true tactics of the legion of Doom clones ... While the level and puzzle design are entirely satisfying, ZPC would be just another pretender to the throne if it weren't for the tremendous atmosphere provided by artists Aiden Hughes and musicians Roland and Paul Barker". He elaborated that "Hughes's predominantly black and red palette and structuralist approach make ZPC one of the most unique-looking games around."

title: ZPC


text:
Samuel Pérez (pianist)

Samuel Pérez Quiñones C. A., November 29, 1952 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, DMA is a Puerto Rican pianist with a doctorate in music arts in applied music (piano) from the University of Michigan. He is a faculty member of the Music Department of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. Perez has given performances throughout Europe and the United States.

In 2003 he conducted a series of six concerts in Germany and Austria, including a piano concerto in Himmelkron Castle in Bayreuth. In Austria he was soloist for the St. Oswald-Moderbrugg band and also interpreted pieces by Mozart, Albéniz, Liszt and Rachmaninoff.

title: Samuel Pérez (pianist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lltt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lltt
A joke. Google says and. Jonnabuz (talk) 07:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism and/or joke. Sjakkalle 07:21, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable joke acronym. Megan1967 09:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable acronym, neologism or joke. --Edcolins 13:18, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lltt


text:
Remy Shand

Remy Shand (born 1978) is a Canadian R&B/soul singer, who released his only album, The Way I Feel, on Motown Records in 2002.

Early life
Shand was born to parents Doug and Lana Shand.

Career
Shand became a fan of artists such as Stevie Wonder, The Isley Brothers, Marvin Gaye, Steely Dan and Earth, Wind & Fire. During 1998 he began to write and record songs independently. Three years later, he was signed to Motown Records, and these songs became the basis for his first and only album, The Way I Feel which was released on March 12, 2002. The album and won a Juno Award for Best R&B/Soul Recording in the 2003 Juno Awards. In 2002, Shand also released the hit singles "Rocksteady" and "Take A Message".

Shand now leads a quiet life out of the public eye and has transitioned into electrical engineering, stating: "Motown was one of the few studios that built their own gear. I think that inspired me to become more than just an entertainer. Modern music has always been dictated by technological advancements intertwined with cultural movements. Song and dance have been around for ages and I would like to encourage more artists to evolve beyond that cycle, separate themselves from the pageantry, and get heavy with the recording arts and sciences. It’s time to step into the future and innovate."

Accolades
Shand also received four Grammy nominations for his work.

Singles

 * "Take a Message" (2001), Universal
 * "The Way I Feel" (2001), Universal
 * "Rocksteady" (2001), Universal
 * "Lust" (2013), Remy Records
 * "Song for Mark Gonzales" (2013), Remy Records
 * "Where Are We Going" (2013), Remy Records
 * "Springtime (Live)" (2013), Remy Records
 * "Worms (Instrumental)" (2013), Remy Records
 * "Mainline" (2013), Remy Records
 * "The Best In Me" (2014), Remy Records
 * "Son Of Night" (2014), Remy Records
 * "Politicians" (2014), Remy Records
 * "The Price I Pay" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Electronic Flesh" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Lament of Nine" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Man of Time" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Washington Square" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Serafin" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Peer Pressure" (2015), Remy Records
 * "Event Horizon" (2015), Remy Records
 * "My Hollywood" (2016), Remy Records

Awards and nominations
Juno Awards

Grammy Awards

title: Remy Shand


text:
Clearwater County, Alberta

Clearwater County is a municipal district in west central Alberta, Canada in Division No. 9. Its northwest boundary is the Brazeau River. The municipal office is located in the Town of Rocky Mountain House. The county has a land area of 18,691.65 km2 and comprises close to 99% of Census Division No. 9's land area of 18,921.38 km2. Although the territory excluded is rather small in geographical area, it comprises the major population centre of Rocky Mountain House, which has one-third of Division No. 9's population, in addition to the communities of Caroline, Burnstick Lake and three Indian reserves. The county's 2021 census population was 11,865.

The economy of the county is based on agriculture, oil and gas and forestry, with tourism increasing in importance in recent years.

On July 1, 2000, the name was changed from "Municipal District of Clearwater No. 99" to "Clearwater County".

Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by Clearwater County.
 * Cities
 * none
 * Towns
 * Rocky Mountain House
 * Villages
 * Caroline
 * Summer villages
 * Burnstick Lake

The following hamlets are located within Clearwater County.
 * Hamlets
 * Alhambra
 * Condor
 * Leslieville
 * Nordegg
 * Withrow

The following localities are located within Clearwater County.
 * Localities

 * Alexo
 * Ancona
 * Baptiste River
 * Bingley
 * Brazeau
 * Brower Subdivision
 * Butte
 * Carlos
 * Chedderville
 * Clearwater Subdivision
 * Cline River
 * Cline Settlement
 * Codner
 * Congresbury

 * Crammond
 * Crimson Lake
 * Dovercourt
 * Evergreen
 * Ferrier (designated place)
 * Ferrier Acres Trailer Court
 * Garth
 * Goldeye
 * Gray Subdivision
 * Harlech
 * Horburg
 * Improvement District No. 10
 * James River Bridge
 * Lochearn

 * Martins Trailer Court (designated place)
 * Morrish Subdivision
 * Oras
 * Pinewoods Estates
 * Ricinus
 * Saunders
 * Stauffer
 * Stolberg
 * Strachan
 * Ullin
 * Vetchland
 * Westerner Trailer Court
 * Woodland Estates
 * Ya Ha Tinda Ranch

Phoenix, a former coal mining community between Nordegg and Rocky Mountain House, is also located within Clearwater County.
 * Other places

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Clearwater County had a population of 11,865 living in 4,817 of its 5,605 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 11,947. With a land area of 18605.71 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Clearwater County had a population of 11,947 living in 4,699 of its 5,486 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 12,278. With a land area of 18682.45 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Attractions

 * Rocky Mountain House Historic Site in Rocky Mountain House
 * Historic minesite in Nordegg
 * Hiking in the Bighorn Wildland
 * Camping at Burnstick Lake campsite
 * Canoeing on lakes; Rafting and kayaking on Clearwater River and North Saskatchewan River
 * Cross-country skiing, snowmobile trail in the Chambers Creek area
 * Fishing (cutthroat, rainbow, brook and lake trout, whitefish) and hunting

title: Clearwater County, Alberta


text:
Talk:Matsudaira Katamori

Merged content from Katamori Matsudaira. I'll continue to work on this when I have time. Atsi Otani 07:05, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I've tried to temporarily fix the article. The article is still underdeveloped, and I had to omit some information that used to be in the article. The previous version of the article can be found at User:Atsi_Otani/Matsudaira_Katamori_%28archive%29. Please contact me on my talk page if you have any issues with my edit. I'll try to improve the article when I have time. Atsi Otani 14:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Military Governor of Kyoto during the Meiji Restoration era?? The Bakumatsu period was just before the Meiji Restoration, and it was during that time that he was the military governor of Kyoto, and it was then that the Shinsengumi was active. I don't know exactly when the Meiji Restoration began, but it would have been when the last shogun resigned. Ref. Romulus Hillsborough's work on that time...a few books and a website.

 * Katamori tried to achieve peaceful resolutions after the Battle of Toba Fushimi, but members of the new Meiji government refused. Does anybody know what exactly he tried? I mean, solutions for what?

Katamori apologized to the new government many times, invoking his good relationship with Emperor Komei and asking to have his domain be spared from attack. His neighboring lords in the north also tried to intervene on his behalf with the new government, to no avail. As a gesture of his submission, he retired from the family headship and placed himself in confinement in Aizu. It is notable that Aizu appears to have first focused in diplomatic efforts at reconciliation, and then moved toward a focus on military efforts. However, the two are not mutually exclusive-- Aizu had military contingencies even during the period of diplomacy following Toba-Fushimi. In the text "Meiji Nyuusu Jiten" (ISBN 4895631052) which compiles articles from a plethora of newspapers from 1868 to the start of the 20th century, there is a facsimile of a public apology written by Katamori, as well as a facsimile of a petition on his behalf by the lords of 14 major northern domains. In a rather notable turn of events, he refers in the public apology to Tokugawa Yoshinobu as being "foolish" in his actions. Will make those available here when I have more time. --Tadakuni 15:09, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Waht is the Ouetsu Reppan Doumei? A party? --Franczeska 21:29, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

The Ouetsu Reppan Doumei, also known by some Western scholars as the "Northern Alliance of Confederated Domains," was a loose coalition formed around the Sendai, Shonai, Nihonmatsu, and Aizu domains, which eventually included most of the domains of northeastern Japan, including those in the entirety of Mutsu and Dewa Provinces, as well as the northern half of Echigo Province. Even the Matsumae clan of Hokkaido were signatories to the original pact. It had Sendai lord Date Yoshikuni as its commander-in-chief, and Prince Rinnoji no Miya Yoshihisa as its leader. However, the alliance fell apart soon after, due to inaction on the part of Date Yoshikuni and its inability to operate as a single, cohesive entity in military affairs. --Tadakuni 15:18, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd like to comment with regards to a recent edit by 218.236.14.20 :

''During Katamori's service of the Shogun as the "Protector of Kyoto" and founder of the very famous "Shinsengumi" led by Kondō Isami and Hijikata Toshizō, had a illegitimate grandchild; Matudaira Kioko. She moved to the United States and passed away in 1980. She is survived by her grandson still is alive to this day in Kyoto (or in the United States, birth records show dual citizenship) Tokugawa Jayson. The Matsudaira family still holds property in Aizu as well as Kyoto.''

First of all, Katamori is believed to have had only one child during his years in Kyoto. Even this is just a theory, given the similarity that Suzuki Kenkichi, the son of Katamori's servant Sekiyama Kayoko, had to him. Source:. If you go by official records, Katamori did not have any children until just after the end of the Boshin War. If he maybe had one illegitimate son in the 1860s and had no other children until 1869, how could he have had grandchildren? Secondly, this editor once edited the "Tokugawa" page to talk about (presumably) himself, but referred to this mysterious "Matsudaira daughter" as having been an illegitimate child of a Tokugawa, and having been made to carry the Matsudaira surname because of mixed-marriage (this can be seen in the "history" mode on the Tokugawa page, which has since been thankfully made into a disambiguation page). Thirdly, if the person's name is "Tokugawa Jayson," why is his family the "Matsudaira family"? Also, some of the Aizu-Matsudaira live in Aizu (at least periodically, as in the case of Katamori's grandson Matsudaira Isao, who was governor of Fukushima Prefecture), but they do not, to my knowledge, hold property in Kyoto. Furthermore, on the page for Matsudaira Nobunori, this person claimed yet another line of descent, through Matsudaira Nobunori:

''Nobunori's grand daughter passed away in 1980 and her recent youngest brother Tokugawa Nobutada, passed away in January 2007 Her son is still alive keeping the Mito-Tokugawa name alive. Tokugawa Jayson currently resides in Kyoto (records indicate dual citizenship in the U.S.) the last of the Mito-Tokugawa Han name to date.''

As can be seen on the Japanese wikipedia page for "Mito Tokugawa-ke", the current head of the family is Tokugawa Narimasa, and if the absence of a death date in the entry is to be believed, he is still alive and well.

The edit went on to advertise the Owari Tokugawa family's museum:

The two other major houses are Kii, and the largest Owari located in Nagoya is a beautfiul musuem if you would like to learn more through the personal family libraries.

Three different lineages claimed. "Matudaira Kioko" both the granddaughter of Matsudaira Katamori and Matsudaira Nobunori. Fellow editors, I trust you can smell something funny here.

Ultimately this smacks of a rather poor attempt at self-advertisement. I'd like to quote the following words from the "create page" page:

''Wikipedia is not an advertising service. Promotional articles about yourself, your friends, your company or products, or articles created as part of a marketing or promotional campaign, will be deleted in accordance with our deletion policies. For more information, see Wikipedia:Spam.''

Fellow editors, I hope this serves as a call for vigilance, responsibility, and honesty. Thank you. -Tadakuni 20:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Gosanke system
I started translating this article into Russian and am kinda confused with the fact that Takasu daimyos' status was high due to the fact they belonged to Owari house in the Gosanke system, and Owari was the senior branch of the Tokugawa family. But then the article states that Takasu daimyos adopted heirs from _senior branches such as Mito_. How so? Gosanke article states Mito was lesser house than Owari. Or do I miss something and Takasu daimyos were not actually so senior compared to Mito? Why they belonged to Owari house then? - ru:Ari —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.226.233.158 (talk) 12:52, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Aizu Pronunciation
I think the following sentence is incorrect: [Aizu was so unfamiliar to many people in early 1863 that many of them pronounced its name "kaizu" or "kwaizu," due to the contemporary spelling of "Aizu" (會津 as opposed to the present 会津).]  會 and 会 can both be pronounced "kai", since they are really the same character; the latter is a simplification of the former. I can see how Kyoto people would mis-pronounce Aizu as Kaizu, but it has nothing to do with the two different writings of the character. It has to do with the kun-yomi vs on-yomi of the character. --Westwind273 (talk) 04:49, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Matsudaira Katamori


text:
Talk:Neso (moon)

Untitled
48.837 Gm -- what is "Gm?" ...this should have a link or something to explain that unit.
 * Standard metric. G is giga- (109), as in gigabyte (GB), and m is meter. 1Gm = 1000Mm; 1Mm = 1000km.

 * I changed it to km, which I think is much clearer and way more widely-used. Also added the orbital period.

 * Ah, but proper usage is the closest unit. I'll add the link so it is easier next time.
 * Urhixidur 19:05, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

Name based on the Greek word for island, νησος; stress on the e. kwami 16:21, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes, why use understandable units when something more obtuse will do? ;-) —RJH (talk) 17:59, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

There reads: ''It was discovered ... on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003.''

"Went unnoticed until 2003"? They discovered it, but didn't realize it? I don't get it. 85.217.42.90 (talk) 04:17, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I didnt read the PDF .... i have trouble with densely typed text .... but perhaps they mean that they had it on images but didnt know it was a moon until they looked at enough to see that it was actually orbiting Neptune.  though we should definitely choose better wording in any case.  — Soap — 06:28, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neso (moon)


text:
Talk:List of the worst forms of child labour (ILO convention)

This list was started as per a decision to merge the subcategory Category:Worst forms of child labour with the Category:Child labour. See Categories for deletion/Log/2005 May 18 in this regard. Please lend a hand to expand / improve the list at List of the worst forms of child labour (ILO convention). Zingi 07:09, 27 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Yamaha MT-100

The Yamaha MT-100 Multi-track Cassette Recorder is an analog tape deck developed to record artists in the late 1980s. It was marketed just before the advent of Digital Audio Tape. It allowed variable speed recording of 4 tracks of audio that could be mixed, merged and re-recorded onto standard cassette tapes.

In proper condition, the Yamaha MT-100 was useful for capturing multi-part ideas quickly and simply. This has been used by people who primarily utilized Samplers and Synthesizers that have a multi-track music sequencer built in. This would allow someone to effectively number around 128 tracks.

Direct line in recording from sequencers allowed for clean recordings within a usable dynamic audio range.

title: Yamaha MT-100


text:
Talk:Pataleshwar cave

I'm moving this article to Pataleshwar instead of Pataleshwar cave. 4~

title: Talk:Pataleshwar cave


text:
Metso

Metso Corporation (natively Metso Oyj) was a Finnish industrial machinery company focusing on providing technology and services for mining, aggregates, and oil and gas, recycling, pulp and paper and other process industries.

On 30 June 2020, Metso's partial demerger and combination of Metso Minerals business unit and Outotec took place. Two new companies started operations on 1 July 2020: Neles and Metso Outotec.

History
Metso was created through the merger of Valmet and in 1999. In 2013, Metso demerged into two separate companies: Metso Corporation and Valmet Corporation.

2000s
By 2008, Metso had become Finland's ninth largest company and the number of Metso shareholders had increased from 25,000 to 42,000. Metso strengthened its market position and service capacity in growing markets, particularly in India and China. During 2008, the expansions to the Ahmedabad foundry and the Bawal factory in India were completed.

Metso also purchased the paper machine technology of Japanese Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI), making Metso the sole owner of Beloit's paper machinery intellectual property globally.

In September 2008, Metso sold 83% of its foundry in Sweden to an investment group assembled by the Primaca investment company. The Metso Foundries Karlstad unit specialized in casts of wind power components, diesel engine blocks and Yankee cylinders for paper machines.

By 2009, half of Metso's orders received in 2009 came from emerging markets, compared to less than one fifth in 1999. In the same year, Metso entered into a combination agreement with Tamfelt, one of the world's leading suppliers of technical textile. Subsequently, Metso made a public exchange offer for all of Tamfelt's shares.

2010s
In 2012, Metso agreed to form a joint venture with China's LiuGong Group to develop the track-mounted crushing business in China, consolidated its valve operations in the United States into new premises in Massachusetts and opened a new valve supply and service center in Vadodara, India. In the same year, Metso acquired the Korean valve manufacturer Valstone Control Inc., U.S. software company ExperTune Inc. and 75 percent of the Chinese crushing and screening equipment producer Shaorui Heavy Industries.

Metso Recycling business offers metal and waste recycling equipment and services globally. On 1 September 2011, Metso announced that the Recycling business would be managed as a separate entity while Metso reviews other strategic alternatives for it. As part of this process, Metso evaluated both external and internal options. On 25 October 2012, Metso announced that Metso Recycling will be integrated into Mining and Construction as of 1 December 2012.

In August 2013, Metso closed the acquisition of Chinese manganese steel foundry JX.

2013 company demerge
On 1 October 2013, the Extraordinary General Meeting approved the demerger of Metso into two companies. At the start of 2014, Metso Corporation's Mining and Construction business and Automation business formed the new Metso Corporation and Metso's Pulp, Paper and Power business formed a new independent company under the name Valmet Corporation.

In December 2013 Metso reduced its holding in Valmet Automotive to approximately 41%. As a result of this arrangement, Valmet Automotive ceased to be a Metso subsidiary.

In 2015, Metso divested its Process Automation Systems (PAS) business to Valmet, focusing on their mining and aggregates industries operations and on the flow control systems manufacturing business.

2020 partial demerger and combination of Metso Minerals and Outotec
All regulatory approvals were received by 18 June 2020 and partial demerger was registered on 30 June 2020. Metso Outotec and Neles started operations on 1 July 2020.

2020s
In July 2023, it was announced Metso had acquired the Perth-headquartered bulk material handling company Brouwer Engineering.

Corporate governance
Metso's President and CEO as well as Chairman of the Executive Team is Pekka Vauramo as of 1 November 2018.

Metso’s Board of Directors
Metso's Board includes the following members.
 * Mikael Lilius (Chairman since 31 December 2013. Board member since 2013.)
 * Christer Gardell (Vice Chairman since 31 December 2013. Board member since 2006.)
 * Peter Carlsson (2016–)
 * Lars Josefsson (2013–)
 * Nina Kopola (2013–)
 * Antti Mäkinen (2018–)
 * Kari Stadigh
 * Arja Talma (2016–)
 * Raimo Brand

Metso Executive Team
The Executive Team includes the following members.
 * Pekka Vauramo, President and CEO
 * Eeva Sipilä, CFO and Deputy to CEO
 * Stephan W Kirsch, President, Mining Equipment business area
 * Markku Simula, President, Aggregates Equipment business area
 * Olli Isotalo, President, Valves
 * Sami Takaluoma, President, Minerals Consumables business area
 * Uffe Hansen, President, Recycling business area
 * Giuseppe Campanelli, President, Minerals Services business area
 * Kalle Sipilä, President, Pumps business area
 * Jani Puroranta, Chief Digital Officer

Products and services
For minerals processing in the mining, aggregates and recycling industries, Metso's offering includes crushers, screens, mining solutions, grinding mills and media, conveyors, solutions for bulk materials handling as well as process, pyro processing and recycling equipment.

Competitors
Metso's biggest competitors in the mining industry include FLSmidth, Outotec and ThyssenKrupp, and in the construction industry Terex, Atlas Copco, Caterpillar and Sandvik.

Customers
Metso's customers operate in mining, aggregates, recycling and process industries.

Share
Metso's share was listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. The share was previously traded also on the New York Stock Exchange, but the listing there ended on 14 September 2007 and now, in the US, it is exchanged on the over-the-counter (OTC) market.

Starting from 1 July, Metso's share is continued by Neles.

Shareholders
Metso's biggest registered shareholders on 30 September 2016 were:

 * Solidium Oy (14.9%)
 * Keskinäinen työeläkevakuutusyhtiö Varma(3.4%)
 * Keskinäinen Eläkevakuutusyhtiö Ilmarinen (1.5%)
 * Odin -rahastot (1.0%)
 * Valtion Eläkerahasto (1.0%)
 * Keva (1.0%)
 * Mandatum Henkivakuutusosakeyhtiö (1.0%)
 * Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland r.f. (0.8%)
 * Keskinäinen Työeläkevakuutusyhtiö Elo (0.6%)
 * Schweizerische Nationalbank (0.5%)

title: Metso


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A. Rahman A.H.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A. Rahman A.H.
Unverifiable. Only unrelated hits on Google using the name or "fighters' republic". Also, the age of this "leader" is 17. Jonnabuz (talk) 07:11, 27 May 2005 (UTC) (Non-user; School Professor; M. Carey. Auckland University)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 09:55, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete given that the hashashin haven't existed since the 13th century and the leader is 17, definite vanity--Sophitus 10:28, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and for future reference list things like this for speedy as nonsense--nixie 14:44, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The hashashin relates to a New Zealand gang that is growing in popularity with the younger generation. In relation to the order of the Hashashin.. The name was based on this assassins guild... The gang itself is somewhat based on the movie "Fight Club" in that many students have organised fights and public demonstrations.. He is a sketchy character but defenitely important for the current times in New Zealand and the next upcoming years.
 * Delete nonsense. JamesBurns 10:58, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User:Dymero/Sandbox

title: User:Dymero/Sandbox