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Pohlig–Hellman algorithm

In group theory, the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, sometimes credited as the Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, is a special-purpose algorithm for computing discrete logarithms in a finite abelian group whose order is a smooth integer.

The algorithm was introduced by Roland Silver, but first published by Stephen Pohlig and Martin Hellman, who credit Silver with its earlier independent but unpublished discovery. Pohlig and Hellman also list Richard Schroeppel and H. Block as having found the same algorithm, later than Silver, but again without publishing it.

Groups of prime-power order
As an important special case, which is used as a subroutine in the general algorithm (see below), the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm applies to groups whose order is a prime power. The basic idea of this algorithm is to iteratively compute the $$p$$-adic digits of the logarithm by repeatedly "shifting out" all but one unknown digit in the exponent, and computing that digit by elementary methods.

(Note that for readability, the algorithm is stated for cyclic groups — in general, $$G$$ must be replaced by the subgroup $$\langle g\rangle$$ generated by $$g$$, which is always cyclic.)

 * Input. A cyclic group $$G$$ of order $$n=p^e$$ with generator $$g$$ and an element $$h\in G$$.
 * Output. The unique integer $$x\in\{0,\dots,n-1\}$$ such that $$g^x=h$$.
 * Initialize $$x_0:=0.$$
 * Compute $$\gamma:=g^{p^{e-1}}$$. By Lagrange's theorem, this element has order $$p$$.
 * For all $$k\in\{0,\dots,e-1\}$$, do:
 * Compute $$h_k:=(g^{-x_k}h)^{p^{e-1-k}}$$. By construction, the order of this element must divide $$p$$, hence $$h_k\in\langle\gamma\rangle$$.
 * Using the baby-step giant-step algorithm, compute $$d_k\in\{0,\dots,p-1\}$$ such that $$\gamma^{d_k}=h_k$$. It takes time $O(\sqrt p)$.
 * Set $$x_{k+1}:=x_k+p^kd_k$$.
 * Return $$x_e$$.

The algorithm computes discrete logarithms in time complexity $O(e\sqrt p)$, far better than the baby-step giant-step algorithm's $O(\sqrt{p^e})$ when $$e$$ is large.

The general algorithm
In this section, we present the general case of the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm. The core ingredients are the algorithm from the previous section (to compute a logarithm modulo each prime power in the group order) and the Chinese remainder theorem (to combine these to a logarithm in the full group).

(Again, we assume the group to be cyclic, with the understanding that a non-cyclic group must be replaced by the subgroup generated by the logarithm's base element.)

 * Input. A cyclic group $$G$$ of order $$n$$ with generator $$g$$, an element $$h\in G$$, and a prime factorization $n=\prod_{i=1}^rp_i^{e_i}$.
 * Output. The unique integer $$x\in\{0,\dots,n-1\}$$ such that $$g^x=h$$.
 * For each $$i\in\{1,\dots,r\}$$, do:
 * Compute $$g_i:=g^{n/p_i^{e_i}}$$. By Lagrange's theorem, this element has order $$p_i^{e_i}$$.
 * Compute $$h_i:=h^{n/p_i^{e_i}}$$. By construction, $$h_i\in\langle g_i\rangle$$.
 * Using the algorithm above in the group $$\langle g_i\rangle$$, compute $$x_i\in\{0,\dots,p_i^{e_i}-1\}$$ such that $$g_i^{x_i}=h_i$$.
 * Solve the simultaneous congruence $$x\equiv x_i\pmod{p_i^{e_i}}

\quad\forall i\in\{1,\dots,r\} \text{.}$$The Chinese remainder theorem guarantees there exists a unique solution $$x\in\{0,\dots,n-1\}$$.
 * Return $$x$$.

The correctness of this algorithm can be verified via the classification of finite abelian groups: Raising $$g$$ and $$h$$ to the power of $$n/p_i^{e_i}$$ can be understood as the projection to the factor group of order $$p_i^{e_i}$$.

Complexity
The worst-case input for the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm is a group of prime order: In that case, it degrades to the baby-step giant-step algorithm, hence the worst-case time complexity is $$\mathcal O(\sqrt n)$$. However, it is much more efficient if the order is smooth: Specifically, if $$\prod_i p_i^{e_i}$$ is the prime factorization of $$n$$, then the algorithm's complexity is $$\mathcal O\left(\sum_i {e_i(\log n+\sqrt {p_i})}\right)$$ group operations.

title: Pohlig–Hellman algorithm


text:
Talk:3D film

2D
Can we mention that 3D films don't exist and will never exist, as films are always 2D, as they are on screen, and perhaps explain about the illusion, how is more of a 2D parallax effect, like we had on retro videogames? Thank you TudorTulok (talk) 11:32, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Singin in the Rain 3D?
The following quote appears without reference:

"In June 2005, the Mann's Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both Singin' in the Rain and The Polar Express were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months."

I've looked and looked but can't find sources saying Singin in the Rain was ever converted to 3D and screened that way. Maybe the Wikipedia contributor who added this part first can be contacted to elaborate? Jonathan Sabin (talk) 05:06, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

VR glases
In the paragraph "Displaying 3D films", there is no mentioning of VR-glases such as the Meta Quest 3 and the like. It would be nice if this could be added. Skopien (talk) 10:06, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:3D film


text:
Steamer Maxwell

Frederick George "Steamer" Maxwell (May 19, 1890 – September 11, 1975) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player. He played rover in the days of seven-man hockey at the turn of the 20th century, spending six seasons with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL) between 1909 and 1915. Considered one of the top players of his era, he won two Manitoba provincial championships with the Monarchs and was a member of the team that won the 1915 Allan Cup as Canadian senior amateur champions. Maxwell spurned multiple offers to turn professional and ultimately quit playing hockey when he learned some of his peers at the senior amateur level were getting paid.

A long-time coach at the senior level, Maxwell led the Winnipeg Falcons to an Allan Cup championship in 1920; the team went on to win an Olympic Gold medal as Canada's representative in the 1920 Olympic ice hockey tournament. He coached into the 1930s, leading several teams to senior and junior championships. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Sports and Hockey Halls of Fame and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962.

Playing career
Quick on his feet, Maxwell's skating ability at rover earned him the nickname "Steamer". He began his senior career in 1909–10, appearing in one game with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL). In 1910–11, he scored six goals for the Monarchs in five games and was named to the league's second All-Star team. He scored seven goals in seven games for the Monarchs in 1911–12, and by the following season had been named the team's captain.

Maxwell scored three goals and two assists for the Monarchs in the 1913–14 season as the team won the city and provincial championships. By virtue of the title, the team was granted possession of the Allan Cup, emblematic of Canada's national senior-amateur championship. The team initially refused to defend the trophy against a challenge by the Kenora Thistles after the Cup's trustees ruled Dick Irvin ineligible. Facing the possibility of having to play with only six players against Kenora's seven, the Monarchs threatened to default. The game, held March 11, 1914, was ultimately played and Maxwell's speed and skating helped lead the Monarchs to a 6–2 victory. The team was unable to defend the trophy against a second challenge, played two nights later against the Regina Victorias. Maxwell scored a goal in a 5–4 defeat. The Monarchs repeated as Manitoba provincial champions in 1914–15 as Maxwell again scored three goals and two assists during regular league play. The team reached the 1915 Allan Cup finals, where they challenged the Saskatchewan champion Melville Millionaires who held the Cup. Unlike the previous year's single-game contests, the 1915 final was played as a two-game, total-goals series. Melville defeated Winnipeg by a 4–3 score in the first game, but the Monarchs overcame a two-goal deficit in the second match to win 4–2 and win the series on an aggregate total of seven to six. There were no further challenges, and Maxwell and the Monarchs ended the season as Allan Cup champions.

Throughout his playing career, Maxwell received several offers to turn professional. Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association offered him $1,500 to join their team, while representatives of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association made an offer of $1,800 the following season. He turned both offers down, preferring to remain an amateur. His feelings on what constituted an amateur player were so strong that he quit playing hockey following the 1915 Allan Cup as the nature of the senior game at the time failed to meet his expectations: "When I played, I bought my own skates and boots. When I found out some of the others were getting paid, I quit."

Coaching career
Maxwell remained in the game, turning to coaching. He served two seasons as coach of the Winnipeg Monarchs before moving to the cross-town rival Winnipeg Falcons. He led the Falcons to the 1920 Allan Cup, defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues by scores of 8–3 and 3–2. The victory also earned his team the right to represent Canada at the first Olympic ice hockey tournament at the Summer Games in Antwerp. His business interests outside of hockey prevented Maxwell from travelling to Belgium with his team; however the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) lists him as the coach for the gold medal winning Canadians, who outscored their opponents 29–1 in three games played.

Maxwell coached several Winnipeg teams throughout the 1920s and 1930s. He led the Winnipeg Rangers, Winnipeg Winnipegs and Elmwood Millionaires to Manitoba provincial senior championships in 1926, 1927 and 1930, respectively. He led the Millionaires' junior team to a provincial title that same season.

Maxwell briefly coached in the professional ranks, with the Winnipeg Maroons of the American Hockey Association in 1927–28. The Toronto Maple Leafs attempted to sign him to coach their National Hockey League club in 1931, however team owner Conn Smythe chose to hire Dick Irvin instead after Maxwell insisted on a three-year contract. Instead, Maxwell returned to the Winnipeg Monarchs, where he led their junior team to the western Canadian championship in 1931–32. In the Memorial Cup final, Maxwell's squad lost to the eastern champion Sudbury Cub Wolves.

Coaching the senior Monarchs, Maxwell led the team to the Manitoba Championship in 1933–34. Canadian Amateur Hockey Association invited the team to represent Canada at the 1935 World Championship. However, as with 1920, Maxwell was unable to travel to Europe with his team. The Monarchs went on to win the World Championship.

In addition to coaching, Maxwell was a long time referee. He frequently officiated matches in both Allan and Memorial Cup playoffs, as well as professional teams that traveled through Western Canada. He was recognized numerous times for his playing and coaching career. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame, and was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. That honour followed his 1962 induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Outside of hockey, Maxwell owned a lumber business, F. G. Maxwell Co. Ltd, which he operated until his retirement in 1967. He was a partner with fellow Hall of Famer Charlie Gardiner until the latter's death in 1934. The company, which focused on plywood supply, was successful and ultimately made Maxwell a millionaire. Following his retirement, Maxwell turned to photography and world travel. He and his wife Ann resided in his hometown of Winnipeg. He had two sisters, Genevieve and Beatrice. Genevieve was herself a champion tennis player in Western Canada.

An avid baseball fan, Maxwell was among the founders of the Winnipeg Arena baseball club in 1908, and became the team's manager in 1912. At its peak, the team drew as many as 5,000 fans per game. As a player, manager or general manager, Maxwell was a member of eight Arena teams that won the Winnipeg city championship between 1908 and 1923. He was known for his quick, and often barbed, wit; His friends often told a story of an Arenas baseball game where, after failing to convince the umpire that it was too dark to play, Maxwell sent his players onto the field with lighted candles. In his later years, he served on the advisory board of the Winnipeg Goldeyes professional club.

title: Steamer Maxwell


text:
Talk:Grover Washington Jr.

Untitled
can somebody make a discography for him???
 * Take a look at allmusic.com -Fred Bradstadt 17:02, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

re: "Soulful Strut"
This is a cover and it should be so stated. The original track is by Young Holt Unlimited. See http://www.soultracks.com/soulful_strut.htm

re:discography
thanks a lot fred, i've been searching the albums :) --dario vet (talk) 15:52, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Can anyone double check his Discography, one of his talked about Covers, Take Five, is on an album "Prime Cuts" not listed in the discography. It's on both Amazaon.com and Allmusic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Egreena42 (talk • contribs) 20:25, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:GroverWashington.jpg
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Consistency
The dates at the top of this article indicate that GW died on December 16. But the account of his death near the end of the article gives that date as the 17th. Can't we be consistent? --Christofurio (talk) 18:50, 13 December 2009 (UTC

External links modified
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title: Talk:Grover Washington Jr.


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Mary Lavin

Mary Josephine Lavin (10 June 1912 – 25 March 1996) wrote short stories and novels. An Irishwoman, she is now regarded as a pioneer in the field of women's writing. The well-known Irish writer Lord Dunsany mentored Lavin after her father approached him on her behalf to discuss with him some stories she had written.

Her subject matter often dealt explicitly with concerns of women, as well as a deep Catholic faith (she attended a convent school in Dublin). She is particularly noteworthy for her stories on the topic of widowhood, which are acknowledged to be among her finest. Her husband died in 1954, a little over a decade into his marriage. She remarried in 1969. Her second husband, who before his marriage to Lavin had been living abroad, died in 1991 and she was once again a widow, remaining so until her death five years later.

Early life and career
Mary Lavin was born in East Walpole, Massachusetts, in 1912, the only child of Tom and Nora Lavin, an immigrant Irish couple. She attended primary school in East Walpole until the age of nine when her mother decided to go back to Ireland. Initially, Mary and Nora lived with Nora's family in Athenry in County Galway. Afterwards, they bought a house in Dublin, and Mary's father, too, came back from America to join them.

Mary attended Loreto College, a convent school in Dublin, before going on to study English and French at University College Dublin (UCD). She taught French at Loreto College for a while. As a postgraduate student, she published her first short story, "Miss Holland", which appeared in the Dublin Magazine in 1938. Tom Lavin then approached Lord Dunsany, the well-known Irish writer, on behalf of his daughter and asked him to read some of Mary's unpublished work. Suitably impressed, Lord Dunsany became Mary's literary mentor.

In 1943, Mary published her first book; Tales from Bective Bridge, a volume of ten short stories about life in rural Ireland, was a critical success and won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. That same year, Lavin married William Walsh, a Dublin lawyer. Over the next decade, the couple had three daughters and moved to "abbey farm" which they purchased in County Meath, and which included the land around Bective Abbey. Lavin's literary career flourished; she published several novels and collections of short stories during this period. Her first novel The House in Clewe Street was serialised in The Atlantic monthly magazine before its publication in book form in 1945.

Widowhood and later career
In 1954, William Walsh died. Lavin, her reputation as a major writer already well established, was left to confront her responsibilities alone. She raised her three daughters and kept the family farm going at the same time. She also managed to keep her literary career on track, continuing to publish short stories and winning several awards for her work, including the Katherine Mansfield Prize in 1961, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1959 and 1961, and an honorary doctorate from UCD in 1968. Some of her stories written during this period, dealing with the topic of widowhood, are acknowledged to be among her finest.

Lavin remarried in 1969. Michael Scott was an old friend from Mary's student days in University College. He had been a Jesuit priest in Australia but had obtained release from his vows from Rome and returned to Ireland. The two remained together until Scott's death in 1991.

In 1992, the members of Aosdána elected Lavin - now retired - Saoi for achieving "singular and sustained distinction" in literature. Aosdána is an affiliation of creative artists in Ireland, and the title of Saoi is one of the highest honours in Irish culture.

Lavin's granddaughter is the novelist Kathleen MacMahon.

In March 2021 a public square, leading from Lad Lane, where she lived for many years, to Wilton Park, near the Grand Canal, was named Mary Lavin Place. It was the first time an Irish woman writer was so honoured.

title: Mary Lavin


text:
Richard Russell (doctor)

Richard Russell (26 November 1687 – 1759) was an 18th-century British physician who encouraged his patients to use a form of water therapy that involved the submersion or bathing in, and drinking of, seawater. The contemporary equivalent of this is thalassotherapy, although the practice of drinking seawater has largely discontinued.

Early life
Richard Russell was the son of Nathaniel Russell, a surgeon of Lewes, in Sussex, who at one time owned Ranscomb Manor, in South Malling, near Lewes. He was the eldest of seven children, his siblings being: Mary (b. 1689), John (b. 1691), Nathaniell (b. 1694), Elizabeth (b. 1695/96), Hannah (b. 1699), and Charity (b. 1701).

Medical career
He began his medical practice in Lewes in 1725. Records indicate that in 1742, Russell purchased a manor in Ditchling from Thomas Godfrey, John Legas, and Legas' wife Judith. "Between 1758 and 1760 it passed to Dr Russell's son William Russell, who assumed his mother's surname of Kempe, and he held it until 1787", after which it was owned by John Ingram, and thence Charles James Ingram.

Brighton
Around 1747, Russell went to Brighton to exploit his theories on the medical properties of seawater. In 1750, he published a Latin dissertation De Tabe Glandulari, in which he recommended the use of seawater for the cure of enlarged lymphatic glands. This was translated into English in 1752 as Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands by W. Owen in London, and in 1769 it reached a sixth edition. It was the first book to make a connection between drinking and bathing in seawater and improvements in health.

Dr Russell recommended especially that people try the water near Brighton, proclaiming that sea water was superior to those cures provided by inland spas. His ideas were widely acclaimed in England and abroad, and despite dispute regarding the best ways to use seawater, "few disputed its value".

By 1753, his treatments became so popular that he moved his surgery to Brighton. He bought a plot of land at the south of Old Steine, for £40 (£0 as of ),. The land is where the Royal Albion Hotel now stands. It was in a sheltered, marshy area of common land. The red-brick, gabled structure was Brighton's largest house to date, and accommodated both patients and Russell himself. The rear opened directly out to the beach.

Russell's efforts have been credited with playing a role in the populist "sea side mania of the second half of the eighteenth century", although broader social movements were also at play. The plaque on the wall of the Royal Albion Hotel says simply: "If you seek his monument, look around". After Dr Russell's death in 1759, his house was rented to seasonal visitors, including the brother of George III the Duke of Cumberland in 1779. On 7 September 1783 the Prince Regent (then the Prince of Wales) visited his uncle. The Prince's subsequent patronage of the town for the next 40 years was central to the rapid growth of the town and the transition of the fishing village of Brighthelmston to the modern town of Brighton.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1752.

Burial
Dr Richard Russell was buried at South Malling (St Michael), in Lewes. The Lewes geography section notes that the west part of South Malling is a tiny, previously separate village with a church dedicated to St Michael.

Russell's oldest son William was the heir. A condition of the inheritance was that he had to change his name to Kempe, that of his maternal grandfather, 'if he was to enjoy the estate settled on his mother'. This stipulation was made in his grandfather's will. The inheritance included about 1300 acres of land in east Sussex. Russell's practice at Brighton passed to a Dr Anthony Relhan.

title: Richard Russell (doctor)


text:
Dedicated console

A dedicated console is a video game console that is limited to one or more built-in video game or games, and is not equipped for additional games that are distributed via ROM cartridges, discs, downloads or other digital media. Dedicated consoles were popular in the first generation of video game consoles until they were gradually replaced by second-generation video game consoles that use ROM cartridges.

History
Most of the earliest home video game systems were dedicated consoles, most popularly Pong and its many imitators. Unlike almost all later consoles, these systems were typically not computers (in which a CPU is running a piece of software), but contained a hardwired game logic.

In the mid-1970s, ROM cartridge-based systems, beginning with the Fairchild Channel F, had risen to prominence during the second generation of video game consoles due to the success of the Atari 2600, though stand-alone systems such as Coleco's Mini-Arcade series continued to have a smaller presence in the home video game console market until the video game crash of 1983. Since the Nintendo Entertainment System, ROM cartridge-based consoles had dominated the home market until CD-based consoles such as the PlayStation gained prominence in the mid and late 1990s.

First-generation home video game consoles
All home video game consoles from the first generation of video game consoles are dedicated to one or a few games, and they can usually be selected with a game switch on the console. Less common, the games can be selected with a cartridge. On these cartridges isn't a program; there are just a few wires that connect electrically a few parts of the intern console hardware that a game appears on the screen. Examples for this technique are the Magnavox Odyssey, the Coleco Telstar Arcade and the Philips Tele-Game ES 2201.

Arcade games
Developing from earlier non-video electronic game cabinets such as pinball machines, arcade-style video games (whether coin-operated or individually owned) are usually dedicated to a single game or a small selection of built-in games and do not allow for external input in the form of ROM cartridges. Although modern arcade games such as Dance Dance Revolution X and Half-Life 2: Survivor do allow external input in the form of memory cards or USB sticks, this functionality usually only allows for saving progress or for providing modified level-data, and does not allow the dedicated machine to access new games. The game or games in a dedicated arcade console are usually housed in a stand-up cabinet that holds a video screen, a control deck or attachments for more complex control devices, and a computer or console hidden within that runs the games.

Handheld electronic games
First released in the mid-1970s by games such as Mattel Electronics' Mattel Auto Race and Mattel Electronic Football, dedicated handheld video games are considered the precursors of modern handheld game consoles. Devoted to one game or a collection or built-in games, dedicated handhelds tend to employ simple VFD or LCD screens although older models often utilized even more primitive arrays of small light bulbs or LED lights to produce calculator-like alphanumerical screens. Dedicated handheld systems typically comprise a screen, a number of control buttons, and a compact body that houses the game engine. Nintendo's Game and Watch series increased the popularity of dedicated handheld games during 1980s.

Joypad games
Dedicated consoles have appeared for fishing games, where the unit's body itself becomes a specialized controller in the form of a rod and reel. Other dedicated consoles have been released with light guns, for hunting, shooting, and even archery games.

Game watches
Rising to popularity in the early 1980s, game watches are electronic wristwatches that allow the wearer to access an included video game that uses the display in the watch's face as its screen. Game watch buttons which originally may have been used for setting hour and minute gain secondary functions in relation to the needs of the game.

Handheld TV games
A dedicated console differs from a handheld TV game (or a "plug and play game") in that the latter integrates the video game console with the game controller.

Most modern dedicated home game systems are popularly referred to as "plug and play" because they are based on modern technology which enables the hardware and software of the entire game to be within a single controller, with no separate console at all. Some of these are clones of old games, and are produced in China or Southeast Asia (i.e. Power Player Super Joy III), while others contain licensed games and are distributed in mainstream stores in the West. Of the latter, Jakks Pacific's line of TV Games is among the most famous, which includes re-releases of many vintage games, from arcade classics to Atari 2600 games, as well as games based on currently-popular characters, such as SpongeBob SquarePants. Konami has also released a line of their classic arcade games, including Frogger, on "plug and play" dedicated systems.

The Pelican VG Pocket was an attempt to make a TV game with a backlit color LCD. Dedicated consoles and handheld electronic games with LCD screens that only have one game are rather distinct devices, but the release of the Pelican VG Pocket has blurred the categorization between the two.

Retrogaming revival
Beginning with the 2001 release by Toymax (and later Jakk's Pacific) of the Activision TV Games, there has been a revival of interest in dedicated consoles by nostalgia-driven retrogamers. The subsequent 2002 release of the Atari 10-in-1 system prompted speculation of an Atari revival.

In 2002, the Brazilian Sega distributor Tectoy re-released the Master System with numerous games built in. These are not, strictly-speaking, dedicated consoles, however, as they also support cartridge-based games. As of 2006, no new official cartridges were available for sale. Tectoy also released a portable Mega Drive with the firecore firmware, with LCD screen and several games built in, but it has no cartridge port and instead has a SD card slot.

In 2004, a miniaturized version of the Atari 7800 home consoles was released with 20 built-in games and no cartridge support called Atari Flashback. The dedicated console is actually based on a clone of the NES hardware, but running Atari software. A newer version, Atari Flashback 2, is based on actual Atari hardware, and includes some new built-in games developed by modern hobbyist Atari 2600 programmers, as well as old favorite games. While the new console has no cartridge slot, it is designed so that one can be added, and multiple online tutorials exist detailing this process.

In the late 2010s, Nintendo, Konami, Sony, Sega, and SNK released dedicated consoles with built-in games that had been released earlier for their historic video game consoles. Examples of these dedicated consoles include the NES Classic Edition, Super NES Classic Edition, PlayStation Classic, Neo Geo Mini, TurboGrafx-16 Mini, and the Sega Genesis Mini, which usually are miniaturized replicas of their historic consoles.

title: Dedicated console


text:
Silicon Dreams Studio

Silicon Dreams Studio Limited was a British video game developer based in Adderbury, England.

History
Silicon Dreams Studio was founded by Geoff Brown in March 1994 as the in-house development team for video game publisher U.S. Gold, also founded by Brown, and became part of the CentreGold umbrella. In April 1996, the entirety of CentreGold (including Silicon Dreams) was acquired by Eidos Interactive for GB£17.6 million. However, in December 1996, Brown re-acquired a 75% share in the Silicon Dreams label for at least GB£500,000, and merged it into a new, legally incorporated entity, Silicon Dreams Studio, which became a subsidiary of Geoff Brown Holdings (later renamed Kaboom Studios). In August 2003, Kaboom Studios, facing financial difficulties, closed down sister studio, Attention to Detail, which led media to expect similar to happen to Silicon Dreams Studio. Silicon Dreams Studio entered liquidation on 3 September 2003, laying off all of its 55 employees and cancelling the in-development Urban Freestyle Soccer. A successor to the company, Gusto Games, made up from eleven former Silicon Dreams Studio staff, was announced in October 2003. Gusto Games went on to finish work on Urban Freestyle Soccer, which was released in December 2003.

title: Silicon Dreams Studio


text:
Talk:Samuel von Pufendorf

Untitled
According to Britannica, his birthdate was Oct 13, 1694

lots of issues | leave me a message 15:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Word Choice
This article reads like somebody copied it from somewhere and used a thesaurus on all the words. Or translated it or something. I'm not familiar enough the subject to do much stylistic work, for fear of screwing up the content.NickelShoe 04:48, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure where to post a general comment on this page, but it needs to be fixed. The article should start with a brief description of who von Pufendorf was and what about his life was significant. It jumps in in media res, and is not well-written.

English Titles
This entry would benefit from the English titles alongside the original tile captions. The Grotius entry does this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.26.106.9 (talk) 20:33, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Blindsided
This isn't my subject area in the least, but I tried to correct two cases where the reader was blindsided with no context provided for the magnitude of the spat attested (his clerical feuds raged despite his largely traditional beliefs; and his views had much in common with Leibniz, but went about justifying things in a different and shallower way—both of these points are made in the Döring citation.) Stylistically, my hacks leave a lot to be desired. — MaxEnt 05:36, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Elementa jurisprudentiae universalis 1661 or 1660?
"At Leiden, he was permitted to publish, in 1661, the fruits of his reflections under the title of Elementa jurisprudentiae universalis libri duo". I think Elementa was published in 1660: see Encyclopedia Britannica, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and Thomas Behme's Introduction to the 2006 Libert Fund ed. Therefore I am now editing the text, new ref. 1660. --Gitz6666 (talk) 01:29, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel von Pufendorf


text:
Gary Danielson

Gary Dennis Danielson (born September 10, 1951) is an American college football commentator and former professional football player. Danielson was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Detroit Lions from 1976 to 1984 and for the Cleveland Browns in 1985, 1987, and 1988. Since 2006, he has worked for CBS Sports as a commentator for its college football coverage and previously held the same position for ABC Sports from 1997 through 2005 and ESPN from 1990 through 1996.

Playing career
Danielson played high school football at Divine Child High School under Tony Versaci in Dearborn, Michigan, and graduated from the school in 1969. As the left side wide receiver in his junior year and quarterback in his senior year, he helped Divine Child win two straight Catholic High School League championships. He played college football at Purdue University and graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor of Arts in industrial management. He would later earn a Master's degree in physical education in 1976. Danielson had succeeded Mike Phipps as the Boilermakers' starting quarterback in 1970 and had 14 touchdown passes and 30 interceptions with a 45.6 percent completion rate in three seasons as a starter.

Danielson spent two years in the short-lived World Football League as a non-starter, with the New York Stars/Charlotte Hornets in 1974 and the Chicago Winds in 1975. The Winds franchise folded a month before the league's collapse in October, and Danielson signed with the Lions for the 1976 season.

He amassed 13,764 passing yards and 81 touchdowns in 101 games in the NFL. He ranks fourth in Lions history in passing yards and touchdowns. His five touchdowns in a 1978 game against the Minnesota Vikings is still tied for a Lions record.

Broadcasting career
Danielson began his broadcasting career starting before his playing days were over as a part-time anchor/reporter at WDIV-TV, in Detroit, during the off-season while a member of the Lions. In Cleveland, he co-hosted a sports talk show while a member of the Browns.

After retiring from the Browns, Danielson joined ESPN as a college football analyst. He continued to work in that capacity for ESPN/ABC Sports until 2006 when he joined CBS Sports as a college football analyst, partnering originally with Verne Lundquist (and currently Brad Nessler) on the network's primary broadcast team during Southeastern Conference telecasts. He also serves as the college football radio analyst for Paul Finebaum where he appears weekly during the college football season. Starting in the 2011 college football season, Danielson became a weekly guest on Mike's On: Francesa on the FAN with Mike Francesa. He has also become a regular guest on The Dan Patrick Show.

Personal life
Danielson is married to wife Kristy with whom he has four children, Matt David Danielson, Kelly Danielson, Tracy Danielson, and Molly Danielson. The two met in college at Purdue, where Kristy's father, George King, was the head basketball coach and athletic director.

The Danielson family resided in Rochester Hills, Michigan and the children attended Rochester Adams High School. His son, Matt, played college football at Northwestern.

Danielson ran an importing and exporting business with former Lions teammate James Jones in the early 1990s. He has also invested in business ventures with former Browns teammate Bernie Kosar.

title: Gary Danielson


text:
Billy McGimsie

William George McGimsie (June 7, 1880 – October 28, 1968) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player. He played six seasons as a centre for the Rat Portage/Kenora Thistles between 1901 and 1907. A leading offensive player of his era, McGimsie led the Manitoba and North West Hockey League with 28 goals in 8 games in 1904–05. He was a member of three Thistles' teams that challenged for the Stanley Cup, winning the national championship in 1907. His career was ended when he suffered a separated shoulder in an exhibition game. McGimsie was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Early life
McGimsie was born on June 7, 1880 in Woodville, Ontario, the second of three children to Samuel and Susan McGimsie. He had an older sister, Jeanette and younger brother, Charlie. Samuel was originally a carpenter, and the nature of his work saw the family move frequently. In 1882 or 1883 the family moved to Rat Portage, Ontario as he took up a job with the Canadian Pacific Railway. There McGimsie became interested in hockey at an early age; his first pair of skates were stolen from his sister. They were of a style designed to clamp onto his normal shoes, and he wore them for several years as his family could not afford a newer pair.

The establishment of the Stanley Cup as Canada's national hockey championship in 1893 inspired McGimsie, who dedicated his early life to winning it. He played in school, church and mercantile leagues as a youth. His brother Charlie was also a player, and McGimsie played his youth hockey with future Hockey Hall of Famers Si Griffis, Tommy Phillips and Tom Hooper.

Playing career
Following his youth career, McGimsie joined the Rat Portage Thistles' intermediate team where he scored eight goals in four games in 1901–02. Turning his focus exclusively to hockey, McGimsie quit school and paid a $2 fee to join the Thistles' senior team for the following season. He scored ten goals in four regular season games to help the Thistles win the Manitoba and North West Hockey Association (MNWHA) championship. The team then challenged the Ottawa Silver Seven for control of the Stanley Cup. The Thistles were outmatched by Ottawa in the two-game, total-goals series, losing by 6–2 and 4–2 scores. McGimsie scored three of his team's four goals.

A 14-goal season in 1903–04 gave way to 28 goals, in 8 games, for McGimsie in 1904–05. He led the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL) in scoring that season and led the team to a second league championship. The Thistles again challenged the Silver Seven for the Stanley Cup. This series was held as a best-of-three games. Led by Tommy Phillips' five goals, Rat Portage won the first game by a 9–3 score against an Ottawa team that was missing its star, Frank McGee. The return of McGee for the final two games sparked the Silver Seven, who won both games, 4–2 and 5–4, to retain the Stanley Cup.

McGimsie finished third in MHL scoring with 21 goals in 1905–06 for the Kenora Thistles, whose name changed along with that their town. The team defeated the Winnipeg Hockey Club in a single game playoff, 8–2, to win the Manitoba championship, but made no challenge for the Stanley Cup that season. The challenge failed to materialize as the Stanley Cup's trustees felt it was too late in the season for a series. Instead, they mandated that the Montreal Wanderers, who won the Cup from Ottawa, would face the Thistles in a two-game series for the trophy midway through the 1906–07 season. The Thistles won the first game by a 4–2 score. In the second game, played January 21, 1907, McGimsie scored one of Kenora's eight goals as the Thistles took the second match 8–6 and won the Stanley Cup by a combined score of 12–8. With a population of around 4,000, Kenora became the smallest town to ever win the Stanley Cup.

On their return to Kenora, the Thistles stopped in Ottawa and Toronto to play exhibition games. In the January 23 game at Ottawa, McGimsie was knocked out of the game with an injury that was not initially considered serious, described as a "badly bruised and slightly dislocated shoulder". He played in the Thistles' next exhibition in Toronto on January 25, but the injury ended McGimsie's career. He and his teammates were feted when they returned to Kenora, and McGimsie accepted a $2,000 reward from the team for winning the championship. He briefly coached in Fort William, Ontario, serving behind the bench for one season in 1910–11, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Off the ice
McGimsie became a jeweller, an occupation that led to his moving frequently across western Canada until his daughter convinced him to settle in Calgary, Alberta.

title: Billy McGimsie


text:
Lucens

Lucens is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. In 2017 the former municipalities of Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens merged into the municipality of Lucens.

History
Lucens is first mentioned in 964 as in villa Losingus. It was formerly known by the German name Losingen.

In 1969 the Lucens reactor, an underground nuclear reactor, began operations. It was a pilot project to test a heavy-water moderated, carbon dioxide gas-cooled reactor. Soon after the initial start up, an undetected blockage in one of the cooling pipes led to a partial fuel meltdown and massive radioactive contamination of the underground site. Following the accident, the reactor was decommissioned and the cavern was then sealed. No humans were irradiated in the accident.

Geography
After the 2017 merger Lucens had an area of.

Before the merger Lucens had an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 7.83 km2. Of this area, about 42.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 36.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 18.0% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.3% is unproductive land. In the 2013/18 survey a total of 94 ha or about 12.0% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 32 ha over the 1981 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality decreased by 1 ha and is now about 0.38% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 3 ha is used for orchards and vineyards, 340 ha is fields and grasslands. Since 1981 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 28 ha. Over the same time period the amount of forested land has decreased by 5 ha. Rivers and lakes cover 18 ha in the municipality.

The municipality was part of the Moudon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Lucens became part of the new district of Broye-Vully.

The municipality is located along the left bank of the Broye.

The municipality of Oulens-sur-Lucens will merge on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Lucens.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per bend Argent and Gules, overall a Sun in his splendour Or.

Demographics
Lucens has a population of. , 31.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 12.2%. It has changed at a rate of 10.8% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,822 or 82.0%), with Italian being second most common (111 or 5.0%) and Albanian being third (77 or 3.5%). There are 44 people who speak German and 4 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 575 or about 25.9% were born in Lucens and lived there in 2000. There were 565 or 25.4% who were born in the same canton, while 354 or 15.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 644 or 29.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 19 live births to Swiss citizens and 10 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 21 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 9. There were 3 Swiss men and 10 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 22 non-Swiss men and 25 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 69 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 8 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.7%.

The age distribution,, in Lucens is; 256 children or 11.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 284 teenagers or 12.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 284 people or 12.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 334 people or 14.4% are between 30 and 39, 371 people or 16.0% are between 40 and 49, and 275 people or 11.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 252 people or 10.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 158 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 83 people or 3.6% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 19 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.

, there were 880 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,073 married individuals, 148 widows or widowers and 120 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 913 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 312 households that consist of only one person and 69 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 939 households that answered this question, 33.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 7 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 244 married couples without children, 301 married couples with children. There were 37 single parents with a child or children. There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 26 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 217 single family homes (or 50.2% of the total) out of a total of 432 inhabited buildings. There were 109 multi-family buildings (25.2%), along with 58 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (13.4%) and 48 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (11.1%). Of the single family homes 46 were built before 1919, while 12 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (42) were built before 1919 and the next most (18) were built between 1961 and 1970. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 1,078 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 328. There were 94 single room apartments and 198 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 886 apartments (82.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 124 apartments (11.5%) were seasonally occupied and 68 apartments (6.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Lucens Castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town of Lucens is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 29.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (25.6%), the FDP (22.4%) and the GPS (9.5%). In the federal election, a total of 542 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 34.6%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 29.38% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (26.59%), the FDP (20.05%) and the Green Party (8.56%). In the federal election, a total of 494 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.2%.

Economy
Lucens is an industrial community, or a municipality where manufacturing provides over a quarter of all jobs.

, there were a total of 1,176 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 23 people worked in 10 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 620 workers in 47 separate businesses. A minority (19.5%) of the secondary sector employees worked in very small businesses. There were 7 small businesses with a total of 185 employees and 3 mid sized businesses with a total of 314 employees. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 533 jobs in 123 businesses. There were 4 small businesses with a total of 142 employees and one mid sized business with a total of 92 employees. In 2014 a total of 10.7% of the population received social assistance.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 791. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 7, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 530 of which 361 or (68.1%) were in manufacturing and 153 (28.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 254. In the tertiary sector; 70 or 27.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 24 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 32 or 12.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 2.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 16 or 6.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 35 or 13.8% were in education and 48 or 18.9% were in health care.

, there were 464 workers who commuted into the municipality and 609 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 859 or 38.7% were Roman Catholic, while 802 or 36.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.36% of the population), there were 9 individuals (or about 0.41% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 61 individuals (or about 2.75% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 199 (or about 8.96% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 126 (or about 5.67% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 152 individuals (or about 6.84% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Lucens about 705 or (31.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 148 or (6.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 148 who completed tertiary schooling, 57.4% were Swiss men, 21.6% were Swiss women, 13.5% were non-Swiss men and 7.4% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 278 students in the Lucens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 155 children of which 83 children (53.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 129 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 139 students in those schools. There were also 10 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. Lucens is home to 1 museum, the Musée Sherlock Holmes. In 2009 the Musée Sherlock Holmes was visited by 1,359 visitors (the average in previous years was 1,373).

, there were 134 students in Lucens who came from another municipality, while 61 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Lucens, on the Palézieux–Lyss railway line. It has regular service to Lausanne, Palézieux, Payerne, and Kerzers.

Crime
In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Lucens was 58.8 per thousand residents. This rate is only 61.3% of the cantonal rate and about the same as the national rate (64.6). During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 2.5 per thousand residents. This rate is only 25.3% of the national rate. The rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 1.3 per thousand residents. This rate is only 26.5% of the rate for the entire country.

title: Lucens


text:
Talk:Bernie Kosar

Untitled
To whoever's been eliminating the mention of Gary Danielson -- I've created an article on Danielson, so if you were concerned about the redlink, it's been taken care of. Mwalcoff 15:08, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Shalersville?
An anonymous user has changed the article to say that Kosar now lives in Shalersville, Ohio rather than South Florida.

Does anyone have any evidence that Bernie has moved back to Ohio? I know he lived in Portage County when he played, but it would seem a bit strange for him to move back now that he has kids in school. -- Mwalcoff 04:17, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Wristband
I've been thinking the last couple or so seasons about a major contribution that Bernie made to the NFL that he doesn't get any credit for. However, I've had trouble finding enough information to substantiate my claim although I clearly remember the incident. When Bernie was cut and then signed by Dallas he had to learn a pretty complex system in a short amount of time. Knowing that Troy Aikman was prone to injury Bernie and the coaching staff came up with the idea of putting several plays into a booklet that would then be wrapped around Bernie's wrist. He was widely ridiculed for this as his detractors pointed to it as being proof that his skills had diminished and his mental capacity was questionable. Today every QB wears a playbook on their wrist and defensive captains wear them too. Clearly it was a ground breaking moment for the way the NFL approaches a game, but back then it was considered proof that Bernie was past his prime. Does anybody else remember this, and if so, can you dig up any proof? Gratefuldavid (talk) 04:30, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * If I remember my NFL history correct, the wristband playbook concept was first created for Baltimore Colts running back Tom Matte. Coach Don Shula had a series of plays written on Matte's wristband when he had to fill in at quarterback late in the 1965 season following injuries to Johnny Unitas and Gary Cuozzo. Maybe Kosar was the first to use the modern variation. WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 17:25, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Kosar's contribution to the Cowboys' second Super Bowl victory in the 90's cant be underestimated. He entered the NFC Championship game against San Francisco after Aikman went down and the 49'ers were making a push to get back in the game. He was steady, solid, threw a key TD, and broke the game open, helping to stamp out any hopes SF had of a second half comeback. That's precisely why they brought him onto the field to take the last snap in the SB. He had earned his ring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.33.208.179 (talk) 00:21, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

Uniform Number(s)
Only #19 is listed. Of course, Kosar is most known for wearing #19 for the Cleveland Browns. He also wore #19 for the Miami Dolphins. But why isn't #18 Dallas Cowboys or #20 Miami Hurricanes listed? 65.24.249.74 (talk) 21:59, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bernie Kosar


text:
Freda

Freda may refer to:

 * Freda (given name)
 * Freda (surname)
 * Freda (character) from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
 * Ford Freda, a motor vehicle introduced in the Japanese market in 1995
 * Freda Sandstone, a member of the Oronto Group of sandstones in Wisconsin
 * Freda (tortoise), a pet featured in UK children's TV series Blue Peter
 * Freda', a pop group from Sweden
 * Freda (film), a 2021 film
 * "Freda", an 2013 episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 * Typhoon Freda, tropical cyclones named Freda

Places

 * Freda, Michigan, a former mining town in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States
 * Freda Township, Grant County, North Dakota, a township in North Dakota, United States
 * Freda, North Dakota, an unincorporated community and ghost town within the township of the same name
 * Freda, Kaunas, a neighbourhood of Kaunas
 * Fredrikinkatu, a street in Helsinki, Finland, nicknamed Freda
 * 1093 Freda, a minor planet

title: Freda


text:
User:Woozle

I'm an enthusiastic supporter of the wiki concept and have set up way too many MediaWiki sites; more details are on my main home page.

I live in Durham, North Carolina (see also Durham, NC in HTYP), where I grew up, although I spent about 5 years in Providence, Rhode Island (1985-1989) and 10 years in Athens, Georgia (1992-2001).

Wikipedia
I just wanted to state my disagreement with the merging of the Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center article into the article named World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories. This makes it sound like the demolition hypothesis (and, by implication, any explanation that isn't officially sanctioned) is totally wacko and has no substantial evidence; my understanding is that there are piles of evidence, and the case is slowly becoming overwhelming as more comes in.

Note that I have not contributed to either of those articles, to the best of my recollection; I've just done a lot of research on this topic, and the more I see people accepting (or even promoting) the official non-explanation for the events of 9/11 and casually dismissing all others, the angrier I get. (If I had time, I'd look up the grievance procedure and pursue this, but I don't.) --Woozle (talk) 12:20, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * 09:03 update: Okay, I went and picked a nit -- the claim that the "mainstream engineering community" rejects controlled demolition was justified by one very dubious and uncheckable reference, so I made a note of this.
 * 11:15 update: User:Jehochman removed both the "dubious" template and the reference, saying only "Remove cruft - the lede does not need references". Talk about casual dismissal. (Is this truly a policy?)
 * I responded by changing "and the mainstream engineering community" to "and some members of the mainstream engineering community"

questions
Are there other lists of officially reliable sources, such as List of scientific journals in physics? If so:
 * What is the process by which it is decided which sources are officially listed as reliable and which are not?
 * What is the policy when an item is published by a nominally reliable source, but no articles on that item can be found in any of the sources officially designated reliable on Wikipedia?
 * What is the policy for dealing with "reliably" sourced information which is demonstrably inaccurate? (e.g. I'm sure there have been mainstream articles favorable to creationism, global warming denial, etc.)

title: User:Woozle


text:
User talk:Steven~enwiki

Hello there... I'm guessing that you are also 24.254.195.87, recent editor of the CNU page - was just curious what the basis was for the Chicken Nugget University bit - it's been a while since I've been at CNU, is that a running joke there or something? --Golfhaus 15:11, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Steven. I'm assuming that you are the user 24.254.196.245 who just posted the autobiography from your blog to Steven Latimer. I'd like to ask you to remove it - just edit the article, delete all the text, and save it as blank. That kind of autobiographical material is great for a user page, and you are welcome to put it on yours. But it's not really appropriate for an encyclopedia article. Thanks for your interest in contributing to Wikipedia, and congratulations on your honors diploma and IB! FreplySpang (talk) 22:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Steven. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Steven~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:14, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steven~enwiki


text: User:Nilles~enwiki

title: User:Nilles~enwiki


text:
User:Frankchn

Hi! I am currently serving my National Service in Singapore in the Singapore Armed Forces. I will be matriculating at Stanford University in 2010, hopefully majoring in both Computer Science and Economics.

title: User:Frankchn


text:
Talk:Cheryl Campbell

Pronunciation Note
I have heard BBC announcers pronounce her first name with both hard and soft "Ch" (i.e. "chair-ill" and "shair-ill"); and I once knew a woman whose name was spelled "Cheryl" and she pronounced it with a "K" sound - as a variant spelling of "Carol."

So, if someone could undertake to research how she pronounces her first name, it would be handy to include that information in the first paragraph of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.162.218.153 (talk) 04:51, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Actor/Actress
I bet 50% of the edits on this page are people changed "actor" to "actress" and back again. How can this get stopped? I'm curious. Airproofing (talk) 03:50, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheryl Campbell


text:
George McNamara

George Andrew McNamara (August 26, 1886 – March 10, 1952) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was a member of the 1914 Toronto Blueshirts Stanley Cup champions. His brothers Harold and Howard also played professional ice hockey. McNamara was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

Playing career
When McNamara was a youngster, his family moved to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and it was in the Soo that he first learned the game of hockey. McNamara made his professional hockey debut playing with the Sault Ste. Marie Marlboros of the International Hockey League during the 1906–1907 season. George and his brother, Howard, also briefly a member of the Soo Marlboros, were known as the "Dynamite Twins" because of their bone-crunching body checks. The International Hockey League folded in 1907 when a purely amateur game in Canada finally gave way to professional leagues and the top Canadian players were lured back to Canada to play. McNamara, a big, rugged defenceman, was in high demand among Canadian professional clubs, playing with four clubs in four leagues from 1908 to 1913.

McNamara was one of the best open ice checkers of his day. He would help the Toronto Blueshirts win the 1914 Stanley Cup. His professional hockey career was interrupted in 1916 when he enlisted in the Canadian Army during the First World War, along with brother Harold. He was a member of the 228th Battalion team that played in the National Hockey Association before being ordered overseas on February 10, 1917. McNamara helped organize the Battalion's hockey team, and coached the junior affiliate. As many of the members of the 228th Battalion had rail construction and operation experience, it was re-designated as the 6th Battalion of the Canadian Railway Troops. McNamara served in this capacity for the duration of the war, and was Mentioned in Dispatches and promoted to major before being discharged and returning to Canada in March 1919.

After returning from the service, McNamara became the coach of the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (a team which he is credited for naming because "a greyhound is faster than a wolf" in reference to the local rivals, the Sudbury Wolves) and led the team to the Allan Cup championship in 1924. George and Howard founded the McNamara Construction Company and developed it into a prosperous firm.

He died in Miami, Florida on March 10, 1952.

He was inducted posthumously into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

title: George McNamara


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Eordaia

Eordaia (Εορδαία) is a municipality in the Kozani regional unit, Western Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Ptolemaida. The municipality has an area of 708.807 km2. The population was 42,515 in 2021.

Municipality
The municipality Eordaia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Agia Paraskevi
 * Mouriki
 * Ptolemaida
 * Vermio
 * Vlasti

Province
The province of Eordaia (Επαρχία Εορδαίας) was one of the provinces of the Kozani Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Eordaia, and a few villages of the municipality Kozani. It was abolished in 2006.

History
The history of Eordaia can be found stretching long before 2000 BCE when the first Greeks known as the Mycenean Greeks began to inhabit this area. Remnants of copper mines exploited from 2700 up until 1200 BCE indicate strongly that the Greeks inhabited Eordaia for many years. Iron mines have also been exploited in the region.

Recent discoveries
Within a 50-year period, paleontologists and archaeologists have made many discoveries due to the industrial development of the Eordaian countryside. In particular, the skeletal fossils of a prehistoric mammoth, a prehistoric elephant, and Stone Age tools have all been found within the province of Eordaia. These finds add to knowledge on the variety of animal species and human artifacts in this particular region of western Macedonia. In addition, two ancient Macedonian tombs have been excavated within Eordaia. The first was located in a rural area of the village of Spilia, while the second was located in the village of Pyrgoi.

title: Eordaia


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Eordaea

Eordaea (also spelled Eordaia or Eordia, Ἐορδαία) was a geographical region of upper Macedonia and later an administrative region of the kingdom of Macedon. Eordaea was located south of Lynkestis, west of Emathia, north of Elimiotis and east of Orestis.

Eordaea stretched in the basin of Eordaia, the current homonymous municipality in Greece, which is named after the ancient region, and also in the southern part of the municipality of Amyntaio and the western part of the municipality of Edessa.

The capital of Eordaea was the city of Eordaea (el) (Εορδαία, κείμενη της λίμνης), which was mentioned by many historians and geographers of antiquity.

Name
The name Eordaea is of proto-Greek origin and related to the Mycenaean word "Ϝορδία" meaning "rich land". The name refers to the fact that Eordaea was a region rich in roses, as noted by Herodotus (8.138).

History
The history of Eordaea stretches long before 2000 BCE when the first Greeks, known as the Mycenean Greeks, began to inhabit this area. Remnants of exploited copper mines from 2700 up until 1200 BCE strongly indicate that the Greeks inhabited Eordaea for many years. Iron mines have also been exploited in the Eordean region.

Recent discoveries
Within a 50-year period, paleontologists and archaeologists have made many discoveries due to the industrial development of the Eordean countryside. In particular, the skeletal fossils of a prehistoric mammoth, a prehistoric elephant, and Stone Age tools have all been found within the province of Eordaea. These finds add to knowledge on the variety of animal species and human artifacts from the region of Western Macedonia. In addition, two ancient Macedonian tombs have been excavated within Eordaia. The first was located in a rural area of the village of Spilia, while the second was located in the village of Pyrgoi.

Towns
Many ancient towns of Eordaea are mentioned and many archaeological sites have been examined on the past decades, certainly around the Vegoritida lake, but it is difficult to distinguish their names.

The most significant towns, according to Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine Greek writers, were:
 * Eordaea (city) (Ἐορδαία)
 * Arnissa (Άρνισσα)
 * Vegora (el) (Βεγόρα)
 * Kella (Κέλλα)

Notable people

 * Ptolemy I Soter. He is the most known notable person of ancient Eordaea. He was a distinguished General of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy became Pharaoh of Egypt and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled Egypt until 30BC.
 * Lagus. Father of Ptolemy I Soter
 * Peithon. Satrap of Alexander the Great
 * Aristonous. Bodyguard of Alexander the Great

title: Eordaea


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User:Zordsdavini

Leave message.

I'm Arns Udovičė from Vilnius in Lithuania. My nation is samogitian and I'm 23 years old man. I'v finished my studies in Informatic Technology Departament in Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. My mission in Wikipedia is Samogitian language development for my nation computerisation :). My nick is zordsdavini.
 * Samogitian wikipedia created in 25th March of 2006. []

title: User:Zordsdavini


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Paddy Moran (ice hockey)

Patrick Joseph Alexander "Paddy" Moran (March 11, 1877 – January 14, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Moran played all but one of his 16 seasons for the Quebec Hockey Club, from 1901 to 1917; in the 1909–10 season, Moran played for the All-Montreal HC and the Haileybury Comets. Moran was noted for protecting the area in front of his net by aggressively using his stick, and expectorating at opposing players while chewing tobacco. He won two Stanley Cups with Quebec in 1912 and 1913. Moran was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

Early life
Moran began playing ice hockey at the age of 15, with a local Quebec team. At age 17, Moran changed schools as his school was one of the few in Quebec City not to have an ice hockey team. At the age of 19, Moran helped his new club, the Crescents, win the Intermediate Championship.

Playing career
Moran began his playing career with the Quebec Hockey Club in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL). Over four seasons, Moran appeared in 30 games, winning 19 of them. For the 1905–06 season, the Quebec Hockey Club joined the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA). Over the next four years, Moran appeared in 38 games, but won only 11 of them, while his lowest goals-against average in a season during that span was 6.79. In the 1909–10 season, Moran joined the All-Montreal HC from the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) and as the league folded, he then joined the Haileybury Comets of the National Hockey Association (NHA). In his only season with the Comets, Moran posted a 3–8 record over 11 games, letting in 79 goals.

For the 1910–11 season, Moran rejoined Quebec. That year, Quebec finished last in the league, winning only four games, and letting in 97 goals against. In the 1911–12 season, Moran went 10–8 over 18 games, with a 4.26 goals-against average. They won the O'Brien Cup and the Stanley Cup after finishing with the best record in the league. In the Stanley Cup challenge against the Moncton Victorias of the Maritime Professional Hockey League (MPHL), Quebec won the first game 9–3, and the second game 8–0. Moran finished with a 1.50 goals-against average, while Jack McDonald and Joe Malone combined for 14 out of the 17 Quebec goals as Quebec won the Stanley Cup. During the 1911–12 season Moran was also manager Art Ross' goaltender of choice for the NHA All-Stars, a team which played a series of three games against the PCHA All-Stars in British Columbia, losing two games to one.

The next season, Moran went 16–4 in the regular season in 20 games, with one shutout and a 3.70 goals-against average. Quebec repeated as O'Brien Cup winners, and had a Stanley Cup challenge once more, playing against the Sydney Miners of the MPHL. Quebec repeated as champions, winning the three-game series 2–0. In the first game, Quebec won 14–3, as Malone scored nine goals, while in the second one, Quebec emerged with a slimmer margin of victory, winning 6–2.

Moran finished his career with the Bulldogs, retiring after the NHA's last season. He played four more seasons, during which he played 69 games, winning 34 of them. Over his career, Moran's teams often had losing records, or they had a winning percentage barely over 50%. Some hockey legends often recall that he was the best goaltender of them all. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1958, with the help of Senator Chubby Power, once a teammate. He is still the earliest goaltender in HHOF, starting his senior hockey venture in 1901.

Playing style
Moran was a stand-up style goaltender. At 5ft 11in and 180 lb (82 kg/12 st 12 lb), he was considered a big goaltender for his era. In Moran's era, goaltenders were not allowed to drop down to the ice to make saves, so his style suited him well. Moran was especially noted for his aggressive defense of the area in front of his net. He used his stick to slash opposing players within reach. Moran often chewed tobacco while on the ice, and another favorite tactic of his was to expectorate at opposing players. Moran's stick work was described as attempts to "slash [other players'] heads off with lightning strokes of his blade". Moran often wore oversized sweaters, claiming that they kept him warm in the cold arenas; however, he kept it unbuttoned, and often used it to catch shots.

Post-retirement
Moran retired after the 1916–17 season, at the age of 39. He was proud to have built his own house with his ice hockey earnings, which cost CAN$4,000. In 1919, Moran became a custom house builder, and continued in this career for at least 35 years. In 1944 at age 66, Moran was interviewed about his playing days, along with contemporary goaltender Percy LeSueur, who is noted for his Stanley Cup wins in 1909 and 1911 with the Ottawa Senators. Later in his life, Moran became an avid follower of the Quebec Aces. He was inducted into the Quebec Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1958, Moran was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He died on January 14, 1966.

title: Paddy Moran (ice hockey)


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Centurio

Centurio may refer to:

 * Centurio senex, binomial name of the Wrinkle-faced bat
 * Clan Centurio, a clan from Final Fantasy XII

title: Centurio


text:
Talk:Time Cube/Archive 7

 * I think we can all (all but one) agree that this discussion will lead nowhere. Therefore I am putting it here.  A note to anon: if you attempt to continue this discussion on the main talk page, I will personally move all of your comments to this page. —Sean κ. + 15:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anon's attempt to continue a pointless discussion

 * I find the above comments unimpressive. Kosebamse says: "I would like to warn everybody not to enter any arguments with him". One must indeed caution flat-earth followers against arguing the round-earth truth, for otherwise they could risk overcoming their religious brainwashing and learning to think rationally.

 * Sean Kelly says: "we will never be able to have any sort of meaningful contact with this vandal." This is incorrect; aside that I'm not a vandal, I have taken much time to discuss Time Cube with users interested therein. Perhaps by "meaningful" you mean "threatening with an IP block".

 * Anonymous editor says: "All the "justifications" provided are pretty poor, but it just isn't worth my time going through and trying to rebut them"' -- bad excuse for anti-Cubic bias. The justifications are strong, and they stand.

 * It is my hope that Kosebamse and other users might break free of their irrational pedantic indoctrination. Evident in Kosebamse's anti-Cubic crusade was a lack of substantation for anti-Cubic beliefs — presumably due to which, Kosebamse is now resorting to NineteenEightyFourBigBrother obscurantist techniques. But awaiting mental transcension of the corrupt Academia-cube, there is a latent power of Opposites — existing within the magnificent symmetry and fractalic life-patterns of the Ineffable Cubic Truth of the Universe.

 * For enlightenment, see TimeCube.com and Cubic Awareness Online.

Wow, you go away for a little while and everything changes. I suggest we actually try a poll or something as to how to best deal with the issue. Given the fact that the "proposed" page isn't even stable I don't see that unprotecting the page any time soon will be useful, and I agree with Kosebamse that editing a page under protection isn't ging to be a good idea unless we have something resembling a larger consensus on the issue. I don't think the proposed page is really that much better than what we have now - it still needs a lot of work really: the whole "criticism and reaction" section is rather underdeveloped and needs some serious editing. Cheradenine 23:35, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Underdeveloped" in that you would like it to include more anti-Cubic propaganda, Cheradenine? Maybe you should actually disprove Time Cube, if it is so patently false.

 * UPDATE: Also unimpressive are reversions of my comments. Am I not allowed to express an alternative view? Users expressing anti-Cubic views have happily dubbed me a "vandal", and called my contributions "nonsense" and "crap". Do these really lack the "inflammatory" character ascribed to my posts? I would appreciate a little more tolerance from those who differ with me.

 * You're treading on personal attack territory, anon, and it's also become quite apparent that your contributions to this article aren't very helpful. Normally I would have jumped in to revert the removal of comments on a talk page like what was done to yours, but in this case I think it might be necessary if we're to keep making progress here. Calling our work "anti-Cubic propaganda" and "irrational pedantic indoctrination" is hardly an indication of tolerance yourself, and we've bent over backwards trying to accomodate you until now. I've only been involved in this dispute for a month or so now and I'm at the point where I'm not going to bother answering your points from here on out either, unless you do something really dramatic to show you've changed your attitude (like for example registering a user name). Bryan 08:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Calling me a "vandal" is indeed a personal attack. Users have tended to ignore the justification I have set forth, preferring instead to revert my contributions; thus, all I have to go on is that they are initially biased against Time Cube. I am unsure as to why a registered username should be required.

 * I was about to say something, when I found that Bryan said something better than I ever could. And if you Mr. Anon would like to discuss (I mean an actual discussion) the -1*-1 thing, I believe I have a significant understanding of Principia Mathematica. LMK. (Oh, and please get a username and actually be a part of Wikipedia if you have any semblance of concern for how Wikipedia results) McKay 08:26, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Time Cube/Archive for previous discussion of why -1*-1=+1 is Stupid and Evil. If you can offer a refutation of the mathematical stupidity and evil demonstrated therein, I'd be interested in discussing it. Wikipedia results in creation of encyclopaedic articles; this may occur regardless of whether editors go under usernames or anonymity. Thus, I fail to see the relevance of your suggestion.

There has already been an extensive discussion about that mathematical point (see archives of this talk page) where 211.28's idea has been demonstrated to be reducible to a system of mathematics which is essentially meaningless. 211.28 has engaged in many more extensive discussions for two years now, but has not convinced anybody of the slightest piece of his philosophy. I dare say his philosophy is extremely unconvincing. If two years of experience can prove anything, I would say it's proven to be utterly hopeless to conduct discussions with 211.28. Furthermore, I would say it's proven that he disrespects any consensus about article content, trying to sneak his ideas into articles again and again. Discussion being hopeless, a way should be found to deal with this problem, and I do think we should ask the community for clarification (in the form of an RfC perhaps?). Kosebamse 09:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Kosebamse, all that is meaningless here is your insistent anti-Cubicism. You are ignoring the mathematical explanations of why Time Cube explains reality in a more complete sense than the 1-corner Academian mathematics which you worship. Why can't you shift your brain into a rational gear and use reasoning to find the Truth?

title: Talk:Time Cube/Archive 7


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Sally Gray

Constance Vera Browne, Baroness Oranmore and Browne (née Stevens; 14 February 1915 – 24 September 2006), commonly known as Sally Gray, was an English film actress of the 1930s and 1940s. Her obituary in The Irish Times described her as "once seen as a British rival to Ginger Rogers."

According to her obituary in The Independent: "In the Thirties she was a charming soubrette of light movies and musical comedy. After a break from performing, she emerged in the mid-Forties as a sultry beauty who starred in a series of moody dramas and potent thrillers."

Early life
Born Constance Vera Stevens in Holloway, London, Gray was the daughter of Charles Stevens, who drove a motor cab, and his wife, Gertrude Grace Green. Her mother was a ballet dancer and her grandmother a "principal boy" in the 1870s. Her father died when Gray was young.

Theatre career
She trained as a child at Fay Compton's School of Dramatic Art, and began acting on stage at the age of 10. Gray made her professional stage debut at the age of twelve in All God's Chillun at the Globe Theatre in London, playing an African boy. When she was 14, Gray appeared in a minstrel show at the Gate Theatre in London. She made her film debut with a bit part in The School for Scandal (1930).

She then returned to school for two years, training at Fay Compton's School of Dramatic Art, during which time she performed in cabarets.

She appeared in The Gay Divorce (1933) on stage with Fred Astaire. The agent John Gliddon saw her in the musical Jill Darling (1934) and signed her.

Film career
Gray returned to films in 1935, with The Dictator (1935). She could also be seen in Cross Currents (1935), Radio Pirates (1935), Lucky Days (1935), and Checkmate (1935). She returned on stage and was spotted by Stanley Lupino, who fell in love with her.

Gray had the female lead in Cheer Up (1936) with Stanley Lupino. She had leads in Calling the Tune (1936), Cafe Colette (1936), and Saturday Night Revue (1937) with Billy Milton. In 1936, she was earning £150 a week. Gray had support roles in Lightning Conductor (1937), a thriller; Over She Goes (1937) with Lupino; Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1937), a non musical; and Hold My Hand (1938) with Lupino. Gray was the female lead in Sword of Honour (1938), The Saint in London (1939) with George Sanders, The Lambeth Walk (1939) with Lupino Lane, and A Window in London (1940), a non musical film with Michael Redgrave. Gray was in Olympic Honeymoon (1940) then had the female lead in The Saint's Vacation (1941). She had a sensitive role in Brian Desmond Hurst's romantic melodrama Dangerous Moonlight (1941). The same year she appeared in the West End musical Lady Behave which had been written by her co-star Stanley Lupino. The show had to close early because of Lupino's illness.

Gray returned to the stage to star in My Sister Eileen (1942) with Coral Browne. Lupino died, leaving Gray £10,000. Gray had a nervous breakdown, resulting in her retirement for several years.

Comeback
Gray returned to the screen in 1946 and made her strongest bid for stardom in a series of melodramas. They include the hospital thriller Green for Danger (1946), Carnival (1946), They Made Me a Fugitive (1947) and The Mark of Cain (1948). Gray then made Silent Dust (1948) and Edward Dmytryk's film noir piece Obsession (1949), in which she plays Robert Newton's faithless wife. Her final film was the spy yarn Escape Route (1952).

RKO executives, impressed with Gray, authorised producer William Sistrom to offer her a long-term contract if she would move to the United States. John Paddy Carstairs, director of The Saint in London, also thought she could be a star. However, she declined the offer and instead retired in 1952 after her marriage.

Personal life
Gray married the 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne, an Anglo-Irish peer, on 1 December 1951, and thereafter lived for several years at Castle Macgarrett, near Claremorris, in County Mayo in the west of Ireland. The couple kept the marriage secret until the 1953 coronation of Elizabeth II, at which she appeared with her husband.

In the early 1960s, they returned to England and settled in a flat in Eaton Place, Belgravia, London. The couple had no children.

Death
The Dowager Lady Oranmore and Browne died on 24 September 2006, at 91 years of age, in London, England.

title: Sally Gray


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Spectral resolution

The spectral resolution of a spectrograph, or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum, is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is usually denoted by $$\Delta\lambda$$, and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as $$R = \frac{\lambda}{\Delta\lambda},$$ where $$\Delta\lambda$$ is the smallest difference in wavelengths that can be distinguished at a wavelength of $$\lambda$$. For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) can distinguish features 0.17 nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) installed at ESO's Very Large Telescope, which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000.

Doppler effect
The spectral resolution can also be expressed in terms of physical quantities, such as velocity; then it describes the difference between velocities $$\Delta v$$ that can be distinguished through the Doppler effect. Then, the resolution is $$\Delta v$$ and the resolving power is $$R = \frac{c}{\Delta v},$$ where $$c$$ is the speed of light. The STIS example above then has a spectral resolution of 51 km/s.

IUPAC definition
IUPAC defines resolution in optical spectroscopy as the minimum wavenumber, wavelength or frequency difference between two lines in a spectrum that can be distinguished. Resolving power, R, is given by the transition wavenumber, wavelength or frequency, divided by the resolution.

title: Spectral resolution


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Operation Power Geyser

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was the Vfd was withdrawn after evidence was presented of the article's truthfulness and notability. Jersyko   talk   19:21, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Operation Power Geyser
Not notable, possible hoax. A google search for "operation power geyser" returns only one hit. The article should be deleted, unless there is evidence that the article's content is true. Jersyko   talk   15:23, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a hoax on my part. The name appeared on the front page of the Washington Post, I then entered into my Vast Database of operational codenames. It is in my book on the subject. If someone hoaxed me, I would be pleased to corrected. Also, I only entered this stub as the name appears in someon else's article I was looking at today. (Darn if I can remember it though! Let me look!)  Paul, in Saudi 16:08, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you provide a source for the Washington Post front page mention? A search of their website produced zero hits.  After more google searching, the only mentions I can find of this supposed operation are on wikipedia and conspiracy-minded blogs. -  Jersyko    talk   18:18, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now I remember, the name appeared a red link on the List of operations and projects (military and non-military) article. I was doing some cleaning and posted the information from the Vast Database. To say that more clearly, someone else posted the name and I just turned the link blue. Paul, in Saudi 16:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * New York Times, January 23, 2005, "In Terror Fight, Domestic Roles for U.S. Troops" by Eric Schmitt --Tabor 18:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That works for me. The article is actually titled "Commandos See Duty on U.S. Soil In Role Redefined by Terror Fight", however. -  Jersyko    talk   19:13, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Arkin, William. (2005). Code Names : Deciphering U.S. Military Plans, Programs and Operations in the 9/11 World. Hanover, N.H. : Steerforth Press. ISBN 1586420836   --Tabor 18:36, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

''

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.