text:
Tin(II) chloride

Tin(II) chloride, also known as stannous chloride, is a white crystalline solid with the formula SnCl2. It forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot. SnCl2 is widely used as a reducing agent (in acid solution), and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating. Tin(II) chloride should not be confused with the other chloride of tin; tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride (SnCl4).

Chemical structure
SnCl2 has a lone pair of electrons, such that the molecule in the gas phase is bent. In the solid state, crystalline SnCl2 forms chains linked via chloride bridges as shown. The dihydrate has three coordinates as well, with one water on the tin and another water on the first. The main part of the molecule stacks into double layers in the crystal lattice, with the "second" water sandwiched between the layers.

Chemical properties
Tin(II) chloride can dissolve in less than its own mass of water without apparent decomposition, but as the solution is diluted, hydrolysis occurs to form an insoluble basic salt:
 * SnCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) Sn(OH)Cl (s) + HCl (aq)

Therefore, if clear solutions of tin(II) chloride are to be used, it must be dissolved in hydrochloric acid (typically of the same or greater molarity as the stannous chloride) to maintain the equilibrium towards the left-hand side (using Le Chatelier's principle). Solutions of SnCl2 are also unstable towards oxidation by the air:
 * 6 SnCl2 (aq) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 SnCl4 (aq) + 4 Sn(OH)Cl (s)

This can be prevented by storing the solution over lumps of tin metal.

There are many such cases where tin(II) chloride acts as a reducing agent, reducing silver and gold salts to the metal, and iron(III) salts to iron(II), for example:
 * SnCl2 (aq) + 2 FeCl3 (aq) →  SnCl4 (aq) + 2 FeCl2 (aq)

It also reduces copper(II) to copper(I).

Solutions of tin(II) chloride can also serve simply as a source of Sn2+ ions, which can form other tin(II) compounds via precipitation reactions. For example, reaction with sodium sulfide produces the brown/black tin(II) sulfide:
 * SnCl2 (aq) + Na2S (aq) → SnS (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)

If alkali is added to a solution of SnCl2, a white precipitate of hydrated tin(II) oxide forms initially; this then dissolves in excess base to form a stannite salt such as sodium stannite:
 * SnCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → SnO·H2O (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
 * SnO·H2O (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaSn(OH)3 (aq)

Anhydrous SnCl2 can be used to make a variety of interesting tin(II) compounds in non-aqueous solvents. For example, the lithium salt of 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol reacts with SnCl2 in THF to give the yellow linear two-coordinate compound Sn(OAr)2 (Ar = aryl).

Tin(II) chloride also behaves as a Lewis acid, forming complexes with ligands such as chloride ion, for example:
 * SnCl2 (aq) + CsCl (aq) → CsSnCl3 (aq)

Most of these complexes are pyramidal, and since complexes such as SnCl$− 3$ have a full octet, there is little tendency to add more than one ligand. The lone pair of electrons in such complexes is available for bonding, however, and therefore the complex itself can act as a Lewis base or ligand. This seen in the ferrocene-related product of the following reaction:
 * SnCl2 + Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2HgCl → Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2SnCl3 + Hg

SnCl2 can be used to make a variety of such compounds containing metal-metal bonds. For example, the reaction with dicobalt octacarbonyl:
 * SnCl2 + Co2(CO)8 → (CO)4Co-(SnCl2)-Co(CO)4

Preparation
Anhydrous SnCl2 is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal. The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using hydrochloric acid:

 * Sn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → SnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

The water then carefully evaporated from the acidic solution to produce crystals of SnCl2·2H2O. This dihydrate can be dehydrated to anhydration using acetic anhydride.

Uses
A solution of tin(II) chloride containing a little hydrochloric acid is used for the tin-plating of steel, in order to make tin cans. An electric potential is applied, and tin metal is formed at the cathode via electrolysis.

Tin(II) chloride is used as a mordant in textile dyeing because it gives brighter colours with some dyes e.g. cochineal. This mordant has also been used alone to increase the weight of silk.

In recent years, an increasing number of tooth paste brands have been adding Tin(II) chloride as protection against enamel erosion to their formula, e. g. Oral-B or Elmex.

It is used as a catalyst in the production of the plastic polylactic acid (PLA).

It also finds a use as a catalyst between acetone and hydrogen peroxide to form the tetrameric form of acetone peroxide.

Tin(II) chloride also finds wide use as a reducing agent. This is seen in its use for silvering mirrors, where silver metal is deposited on the glass:

 * Sn2+ (aq) + 2 Ag+ → Sn4+ (aq) + 2 Ag (s)

A related reduction was traditionally used as an analytical test for Hg(2+) (aq). For example, if SnCl2 is added dropwise into a solution of mercury(II) chloride, a white precipitate of mercury(I) chloride is first formed; as more SnCl2 is added this turns black as metallic mercury is formed.

Stannous chloride is also used by many precious metals refining hobbyists and professionals to test for the presence of gold salts. When SnCl2 comes into contact with gold compounds, particularly chloroaurate salts, it forms a bright purple colloid known as purple of Cassius. A similar reaction occurs with platinum and palladium salts, becoming green and brown respectively.

When mercury is analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, a cold vapor method must be used, and tin (II) chloride is typically used as the reductant.

In organic chemistry, SnCl2 is mainly used in the Stephen reduction, whereby a nitrile is reduced (via an imidoyl chloride salt) to an imine which is easily hydrolysed to an aldehyde.

The reaction usually works best with aromatic nitriles Aryl-CN. A related reaction (called the Sonn-Müller method) starts with an amide, which is treated with PCl5 to form the imidoyl chloride salt. The Stephen reduction is less used today, because it has been mostly superseded by diisobutylaluminium hydride reduction.

Additionally, SnCl2 is used to selectively reduce aromatic nitro groups to anilines.

SnCl2 also reduces quinones to hydroquinones.

Stannous chloride is also added as a food additive with E number E512 to some canned and bottled foods, where it serves as a color-retention agent and antioxidant.

SnCl2 is used in radionuclide angiography to reduce the radioactive agent technetium-99m-pertechnetate to assist in binding to blood cells.

Molten SnCl2 can be oxidised to form highly crystalline SnO2 nanostructures.

title: Tin(II) chloride


text:
Winter Hill Gang

The Winter Hill Gang was a loose confederation of organized crime figures in the Boston, Massachusetts, area. It was generally considered an Irish Mob organization, with most gang members and the leadership consisting predominantly of Irish-Americans, though some notable members, such as Johnny Martorano, are of Italian-American descent.

The organization itself derives its name from the Winter Hill neighborhood of Somerville, Massachusetts, north of Boston. Amongst its members several have been notorious Boston gangsters, such as Buddy McLean, Whitey Bulger, Howie Winter, Joseph McDonald, Patrick Nee and Stephen Flemmi. They were most influential from 1965, under the rule of McLean and Winter, to the 1979 takeover led by Bulger.

The Winter Hill Gang was given its name in the 1970s by journalists at the Boston Herald, but the name is hardly ever openly used as a reference to them. Winter Hill Gang members are alleged to have been involved with most typical organized-crime-related activities, but they are perhaps best known for fixing horse races in the northeastern United States and shipping weapons to the IRA. Twenty-one members and associates, including Winter, were indicted by federal prosecutors in 1979.

Irish Gang War
The Boston Irish Gang War started in 1961 and lasted until 1967. It was fought between the McLaughlin Gang of the Boston neighborhood of Charlestown, led by Bernie McLaughlin, and the Winter Hill Gang of Somerville, led by James "Buddy" McLean.

The two gangs had co-existed in relative peace for a number of years until an incident at Salisbury Beach on Labor Day weekend 1961. While at a party, Georgie McLaughlin made an advance on the girlfriend of Winter Hill Gang member Alexander Petricone, Jr. (who fled the Boston area during the war and became an actor under the name Alex Rocco). McLaughlin was subsequently beaten unconscious by members of the Winter Hill Gang and was dumped outside the local hospital. Bernie McLaughlin went to see "Buddy" McLean and demanded that he hand over the members of the gang who beat his brother. McLean refused. The McLaughlins took this refusal as an insult and attempted to wire a bomb to McLean's wife's car. In retaliation, McLean shot and killed McLaughlin coming out of the "Morning Glory" bar in Charlestown in October 1961. This was the start of Boston's Irish Gang War.

In 1965, McLean was shot and killed by one of the last survivors of the McLaughlin Gang, Steve Hughes. Howie Winter then assumed control of the Winter Hill Gang. One of the surviving McLaughlin brothers, nicknamed "Punchy", was shot while waiting for a bus in the West Roxbury section of Boston. A year later, in 1966, the last two associates of the McLaughlin Gang, brothers Connie and Steve Hughes were killed, allegedly by hitman Frank Salemme. By the time the war finally ended, more than 60 men had been murdered throughout Boston and the surrounding area.

After the Irish Gang war, the Winter Hill Gang was reputed to be not only the top Irish Mob syndicate in the New England area, but New York City, as well. In the book Black Mass by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill, the authors make the unsubstantiated claim that the Winter Hill Gang was far more feared and powerful than their rivals, the Boston branch of the Patriarca crime family run by the Angiulo Brothers.

Leaders

 * 1955–1965: James "Buddy" McLean: Boss, killed 1965.
 * 1965–1978: Howard "Howie" Winter: Boss, jailed in 1978, released in 2002, died in 2020
 * 1978–1995: James "Whitey" Bulger: Boss, one of the most infamous Irish Mob bosses. Fled Boston in 1994 due to a pending federal indictment. He was on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list until his arrest in Santa Monica, California, on June 22, 2011. He had a $2 million bounty on his head. Killed in his cell at age 89 the night after he was transferred USP Hazleton on October 30, 2018.
 * 1995–2000: Kevin Weeks: Boss, was Bulger's lieutenant, he was arrested on November 17, 1999 and became a cooperating witness in January 2000; released from federal prison on February 4, 2005, he wrote a book in 2006 entitled Brutal: The Untold Story of My Life Inside Whitey Bulger's Irish Mob

Notable associates

 * Stephen Flemmi: Whitey Bulger's partner who was arrested in 1994, currently serving a life sentence.
 * Johnny Martorano: Notorious contract killer and charter member of the gang, involved in 20 mob related killings, served 12 years in prison for murder.
 * Patrick Nee: An associate of Bulger and Weeks and gunrunner; released from prison in 2000 and wrote the book A Criminal and an Irishman in 2006.
 * Charlie Raso: Bookie and member of the gang, worked with Bulger, Steve Flemmi and John Martorano.

Criminal activities

During the 1970s, the gang's most prominent members were Howie Winter, John Martorano, James J. Bulger, Stephen Flemmi, Joseph McDonald and James Sims. The Winter Hill Gang was quite proficient at murdering rival mobsters in order to take over their rackets. But once they gained control, they had no idea how to run them. They learned the lesson of their gang's disastrous foray into gambling after wiping out Joseph (Indian Joe) Notarangeli's crew. In what should have been a fabulously profitable illicit gambling enterprise, the gang lost it. As the years went by, James Bulger and Stephen Flemmi lost interest in running any kind of gambling operation. They would eventually only provide protection for bookmakers, drug dealers and truck hijackers. By 1975, Howie Winter and John Martorano were going broke. Eventually they had to go to Patriarca family underboss Gennaro Angiulo to borrow money. To make the weekly payments, they began going into businesses with people they didn't know and couldn't trust. These activities included rigging horse races and drug trafficking.

It was the decision to involve outsiders with their business that led to their downfall. By 1979, Howie Winter and the rest of the Somerville crew were all sent to prison for fixing horse races, leaving Whitey Bulger and Stephen Flemmi as the new leaders of the Winter Hill Gang. During the 1980s, Bulger's associates consisted of Kevin Weeks, Kevin O'Neil, and Patrick Nee. By 1991, even as James J. Bulger's criminal career was winding down, he remained the undisputed mob boss. His criminal associate Kevin Weeks was not considered a threat, and neither were Jim Mulvey, even though he suspected Bulger of being an FBI informant, Billy Shea, John Shea, Tim Connolly, Pat Linskey, Eddie MacKenzie, Paul "Polecat" Moore or John Cherry. Boston journalist Howie Carr commented, "They hadn't really been gangsters so much as they'd been ex-boxers and bar-room brawlers who had become cocaine dealers." One problem that arose with the gang was that they enjoyed partaking in their own vices. Like their customers, they spent afternoons in the fall drinking beer and watching professional football on television, often doubling up wagers on late West Coast games as they desperately tried to break even and chased their losses. Despite the above unsubstantiated claims of the gang's apparent inability to successfully run organized crime rackets, Bulger generated well over $25 million in racketeering proceeds alone throughout his criminal career, according to paperwork filed in federal court.

The Winter Hill Gang played a role in the Irish Republican Army's paramilitary actions in the late 20th century. In his novel, A Criminal and an Irishman, Patrick Nee detailed the gang's involvement with the IRA. He said that Bulger "loved being associated with the IRA and the cause of Irish Freedom". He went on to say that Bulger's association with the IRA gave him a sense of legitimacy. Nee played an active role in raising funds and smuggling weapons to the IRA. In September of 1984, the Valhalla, a fishing boat, left Boston harbor loaded with weapons. The vessel was seized by two Irish Naval Service ships upon arriving in Ireland having been sold out by an Irish informant. The Winter Hill Gang also had a plot spoiled by a local fisherman John McIntyre who they had partnered with but who went to the police after hearing word of a gun-running mission. The authorities attempted to use McIntyre as an informant against Whitey Bulger. However, Whitey Bulger received information from FBI agent John Connolly that the fisherman had gone to the police. Connolly provided McIntyre's whereabouts and Whitey Bulger along with his right-hand man Stephen Flemmi tortured and killed him.

FBI informants
In 1998, during a trial for racketeering and fixing horse races, Steve Flemmi and Whitey Bulger were revealed under disclosure to be FBI informants. Steve Flemmi and Whitey Bulger were implicated in many unlawful activities, including murder, but were never brought to justice due to their FBI handlers diverting their guilt onto others in the gang or various other gangs of the time. They were first handled by Special Agent H. Paul Rico and then later by SA John "Zip" Connolly. In addition to providing details on other gangs, Flemmi and Bulger relayed information on fellow members of the Winter Hill Gang to the FBI. When they had nothing to report, they would make up information to ensure that they were seen to be of high value to the agency.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Winter Hill Gang


text:
File:Med ligurian sactuary.png

Description = map of the Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary

Source = image created and edited in GIS application by User:Pepijn Koster

Date created = May 2005

Author = User:Pepijn Koster

Permission = User:Pepijn Koster released this under CC-BY-SA-2.5

other_versions = -

title: File:Med ligurian sactuary.png


text:
Talk:Mick Foley

Link 4 is broken.
Here's a fixed link - https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1516018-mick-foley-explains-why-hell-never-wrestle-again

--Crushcastles23 (talk) 10:35, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 April 2022
The last line in his professional wrestling career it's written " However, that didn't occur due to being attacked by Bray Wyatt, now appearing as "The Fiend" on Raw." You should edit this line as Bray Wyatt is no longer with wwe since a year. 139.5.100.188 (talk) 10:12, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

 * ❌ Please provide a reliable source. Cool guy (talk • contribs) • he/they 23:32, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

In this particular sentence, now refers to that particular moment, not now as in right now. The character used to be simply Bray Wyatt but was now known as the Fiend. NJZombie (talk) 13:45, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Time magazine person of the year
Surrly there should be a mention that Foley won the online vote for Time Magazine Person of the Year 137.147.225.9 (talk) 07:40, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Attitude Era link edit request.
Request for someone with privileges to add reference in lede to Foley's influence as one of the biggest stars of the Attitude Era, and link to Attitude Era article at first mention. Currently AE is not mentioned until way down in article body, and mention is not linked. 130.45.24.168 (talk) 02:41, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ but only partially. I linked Attitude Era in the body. Because it has one mention, and the purpose of the lead section is to summarize the body, I don't see why it should be mentioned in the lead, if that's what you wanted. Feel free to suggest actual wording for an improvement. ~Anachronist (talk) 04:16, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Marriage
Rene Dupree confirmed from a source close to Mick that he separated from his wife I guess she was tired of him traveling as she had to put up with it during his wrestling career. 47.198.114.252 (talk) 12:30, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mick Foley


text:
Talk:Nathan Road

Untitled
I supposed Nathan Road was built earlier than 1906. It is a major road in Kowloon, which was ceded in 1860. It was named Robinson Road before renaming as Nathan Road, to avoid duplicated road names on both sides of the harbour. — Instantnood 17:24, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Translatopn box
The translation box is much nicer than that jumble of unreadable text placed inline. SchmuckyTheCat 17:19, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Nathan Road


text:
Claire Clancy

Dame Claire Elizabeth Clancy (born 14 March 1958) is a former Chief Executive and Clerk to the National Assembly for Wales, serving from February 2007 until April 2017.

Background
She attended Dartford Grammar School for Girls, has a degree in psychology from the Open University and owns a farm near Abergavenny.

Career
Clancy has spent many years working within public sector organisations. Before she joined the Assembly Commission, she was Chief Executive of Companies House and Registrar of Companies for England and Wales.

She joined Companies House in April 2002 from the Patent Office, where she was responsible for Corporate Services. As Chief Executive, Clancy was responsible for the overall direction and leadership of the Agency. She was accountable to DTI and its Ministers for the performance and finances of Companies House. She also had the formal statutory role of Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, and was the first woman to hold this position in over 150 years. In the late 1990s, she spent two years on the island of St Helena and Ascension Island, where her husband, Michael Clancy, was Chief Secretary and Governor. She joined the civil service in 1977 and has worked in the Manpower Services Commission, the Department of Employment, the Government Office for the South West and was Chief Executive of Powys Training and Enterprise Council.

Clancy took up post as Chief Executive and Clerk of the National Assembly in February 2007. The post was created to reflect the growing powers of the Assembly following the Government of Wales Act 2006. From May 2007, the Chief Executive and Clerk lead an organisation independent of the Welsh Assembly Government. She was responsible for ensuring that the Assembly is provided with the property, staff and services that it requires. Clancy retired from her position as Chief Executive and Clerk in April 2017.

She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB) in the 2017 Birthday Honours. She was appointed as High Sheriff of Gwent for 2019–2020, and is a Deputy Lieutenant of the county.

title: Claire Clancy


text:
Shortcut (computing)

In computing, a file shortcut is a handle in a user interface that allows the user to find a file or resource located in a different directory or folder from the place where the shortcut is located. Similarly, an Internet shortcut allows the user to open a page, file or resource located at a remote Internet location or Web site.

Shortcuts are typically implemented as a small file containing a target URI or GUID to an object, or the name of a target program file that the shortcut represents. The shortcut might additionally specify parameters to be passed to the target program when it is run. Each shortcut can have its own icon. Shortcuts are very commonly placed on a desktop, in an application launcher panel such as the Microsoft Windows Start menu, or in the main menu of a desktop environment. The functional equivalent in the Macintosh operating system is called an alias. Unix-like systems have symbolic links which point to a target file, and often support  files which provide additional configuration details.

Microsoft Windows
File shortcuts (also known as shell links) were introduced in Windows 95. Microsoft Windows uses  as the filename extension for shortcuts to local files, and   for shortcuts to remote files, like web pages. Commonly referred to as "shortcuts" or "link files", both are displayed with a curled arrow overlay icon by default, and no filename extension. (The extension remains hidden in Windows Explorer even when "Hide extensions for known file types" is unchecked in File Type options, because it is controlled by the  option in   in the Registry.  The   option causes the arrow to be displayed.) Shortcut files can be used to launch programs in minimized or maximized window states if the program supports it.

Microsoft Windows  files operate as Windows Explorer extensions, rather than file system extensions. As a shell extension,  files cannot be used in place of the file except in Windows Explorer, and have other uses in Windows Explorer in addition to use as a shortcut to a local file (or GUID). These files also begin with "L".

Although shortcuts, when created, point to specific files or folders, they may break if the target is moved to another location. When a shortcut file that points to a nonexistent target is opened, Explorer will attempt to repair the shortcut. Windows 9x-based versions of Windows use a simple search algorithm to fix broken shortcuts. On Windows NT-based operating systems and the NTFS file system, the target object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts, so that the shortcut may be silently updated if the target moves to another hard drive. Windows Installer, introduced in Windows 2000, added another special type of shortcuts called "Advertised Shortcuts."

File shortcuts in Windows can store a working directory path besides the target path. Environment variables can be used. A hotkey can be defined in the shortcut's properties for shortcuts that are located in the Start Menu folders, pinned to the Taskbar or the Desktop. In Windows 2000 onwards, file shortcuts can store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut.

Generally, the effect of double-clicking a shortcut is intended to be the same as double-clicking the application or document to which it refers, but Windows shortcuts contain separate properties for the target file and the "Start In" directory. If the latter parameter is not entered, attempting to use the shortcut for some programs may generate "missing DLL" errors not present when the application is accessed directly.

File system links can also be created on Windows systems (Vista and up). They serve a similar function, although they are a feature of the file system. Windows shortcuts are files and work independently of the file system, through Explorer.

Beginning with Windows 7, some shortcuts also store Application User Model IDs (AppUserModelIDs). Instead of the target command line, AppUserModelIDs may directly be used to launch applications. Shortcuts with AppUserModelIDs are used by some desktop programs and all WinRT Modern/Universal Windows Platform apps for launching.

Although Windows does not provide convenient tools to create it, Explorer supports a "folder link" or "shell link folder": a folder with the system attribute set, containing a hidden "desktop.ini" (folder customization) file which tells Explorer to look in that same folder for a "target.lnk" shortcut file pointing to another folder. When viewed in Explorer, the shell link folder then appears to have the contents of the target folder in it—that is, the customized folder becomes the effective shortcut. This technique is used by Microsoft Windows for items like WebDAV folders. The advent of file system links in Windows Vista and up has made shell link folders less useful.

There is another type of file that is similar to a  file, but has the extension. This is used to reference a track (song) on a CD (in standard CDDA / RedBook format).

Unix
On Unix-like systems such as Linux and BSD, a simple pointer to a target file or directory is implemented in the operating system as a symbolic link.

When the target is a program, many graphical user interfaces support  and  files. The format of these plain text files follows the 'desktop entry' specification by freedesktop.org, and besides the location of the program they can provide an icon, a tooltip and other details.

Mac
Macintosh does not have extensions for shortcuts. A file type called "alias" was introduced in Macintosh System 7; it tracks information like inode number to handle moves. Aliases in System 7 through Mac OS 9 were distinguished from other files by using names in italics. In Mac OS 8.5 and later, another distinguishing mark was added: an "alias arrow" –a black arrow with a thin, white border – similar to that used for shortcuts in Microsoft Windows. In Mac OS X, the names of aliases are no longer italicized, but the arrow badge remains. Additionally, an alias retains its dynamic reference to an object and does not have to be specified even when calling files on remote servers.

In addition, symbolic links can be created within the Unix subsystem. The Safari browser has its own property list-based format, .webloc, for storing Internet URLs.

History
To execute an application or render a file in early graphical user interfaces, the user had to click on the representation of the actual file or executable in the location where the application or file was. The concept of disassociating the executable from the icon representing an instruction to perform a task associated with that file or executable so that they may be grouped by function or task rather than physical organisation in the file structure was first described in the research paper "A Task Oriented Front End For The Windows Graphical User Interface", by Mike Roberts, published in 1991 by Kingston University and presented to both Microsoft and Xerox EuroPARC that same year under an academia/business technology sharing agreement. A simplified form of this research was incorporated into System 7 in 1991, and four years later into Windows 95.

title: Shortcut (computing)


text:
Zon Guitars

Zon Guitars is a US manufacturer of bass guitars founded in 1981 by Joseph Zon. The company is known for its use of non-traditional designs and materials. Zon Guitars is associated with endorser and player Michael Manring, who collaborated with the company in the mid-1990s to design the innovative Zon Hyperbass instrument, a bass guitar that enables the player to retune the instrument during play.

Instrument range
There are five primary models of Zon Bass guitars: the Mosaic series, the Sonus series, the Legacy Elite, the VB and the Hyperbass. Many models are available in a variety of configurations such as five or six-string models or models with custom electronics or woods. A signature feature of the Zon basses is the use of Phenowood instead of wood as the material for the fingerboard, laid on top of a neck made of wood composite. Phenowood is wood, often birch, that has been impregnated with a phenolic resin, layered and compressed under heat. The necks of Zon guitars that use these rigid materials usually do not have truss rods, since they are not subject to bowing. String height is adjusted from the bridge. The tone generated by these materials is clear and bell-like, and players such as Manring use these qualities to incorporate harmonics prominently in their playing.

The Hyperbass is a fretless four-string model which has a radical body shape featuring an extended cutaway to give access to a three-octave fretless fingerboard. The biggest departure from traditional construction is the use of four detuning heads (usually basses have at most one) and a unique bridge design, which allows selective tuning changes of one or more strings. This design allows quick changes to a vast selection of altered tunings. The design also incorporates four separate transducers mounted in various locations on the instrument and uses a special output connector to allow access to these individual signals in addition to the signal from the magnetic pickup.

Zon is also known as the first manufacturer to offer an optical pickup system from Lightwave Systems as a standard option on its basses. Zon had elements of their graphite necks made by Modulus Guitars until Modulus' patent for Graphite neck construction ran out in the early 1990s.

Custom Made Basses
Zon has made numerous one-off custom bass guitars over the years for many popular bass guitar players. The list includes the following musicians:
 * Arion Salazar (Third Eye Blind): Used from at least 1999 until his split with the band, Arion's custom Zon was notable for its built in blue LED lights in the neck of the bass.
 * Tim Butler (The Psychedelic Furs): Timothy's custom bass guitar was used during the height of The Psychedelic Furs stardom from 1984 - 1987. Featuring a candy apple red paint and signature green airplane icon, this Zon bass also featured a yellow star with the name ¨Tim¨ in it. The bass was also built with a wireless system.
 * In addition to his standard range Zon instruments (which include a VB4, a Legacy Elite 6-string fretless and a Legacy Elite Special fretless) Michael Manring plays several custom Zon basses - the original Hyperbass prototype, a custom Sonus/Hyperbass hybrid and a prototype Legacy 5-string which is strung with a double course, making it a 10-string).

Notable users
Artist who play/have played Zon basses are:

 * Adam Duce (Machine Head)
 * Arion Salazar (Third Eye Blind)
 * Billy Gould (Faith No More)
 * Brett Bamberger (Revocation)
 * Dick Lövgren (Meshuggah)
 * Jim Crichton (Saga)
 * Joaquín Cardiel (Heroes del Silencio)
 * Joe Lester (Intronaut)
 * John Wetton (Asia)
 * Jonni Lightfoot (Air Supply)
 * Liam Wilson (The Dillinger Escape Plan)
 * Mark King (Level 42)
 * Mel Schacher (Grand Funk Railroad)
 * Michael Manring
 * Paulo Jr. (Sepultura)
 * Reita (The Gazette)
 * Robert Trujillo (Metallica)
 * Scott Clendenin (Death)
 * Tetsuya "tetsu" Ogawa (L'Arc~en~Ciel)
 * Tim Butler (The Psychedelic Furs)
 * Tony Campos (Static-X)
 * Tony Choy (Atheist)
 * Jeph Howard (The Used)
 * Troy Sanders (Mastodon)
 * Albin Suffys

title: Zon Guitars


text:
Gold chloride

Gold chloride can refer to:

 * Gold(I) chloride (gold monochloride), AuCl
 * Gold(I,III) chloride (gold dichloride, tetragold octachloride), Au4Cl8
 * Gold(III) chloride (gold trichloride, digold hexachloride), Au2Cl6
 * Chloroauric acid, HAuCl4 (brown gold chloride); or its sodium salt, sodium tetrachloroaurate, NaAuCl4 (gold chloride, sodium gold chloride, yellow gold chloride), used as a histological stain

title: Gold chloride


text:
Skip Ewing

Donald Ralph "Skip" Ewing (born March 6, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Active since 1988, Ewing has recorded nine studio albums and has charted 15 singles on the Billboard country charts.

Career
Ewing was born in Redlands, California, United States. He first began to gain national attention during the mid-1980s, both as a songwriter and recording artist for MCA and Capitol Records. His 1988 debut, The Coast of Colorado, produced the number 3 hit "Burnin' a Hole in My Heart" and four other top 20 country hits. The Will to Love included the top 5 hits "It's You Again". Although none of Ewing's subsequent chart entries made the Top 40, he released eight more albums from 1990 to 2009.

Ewing is a notable attendee of Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colorado, and Redlands High School in Redlands, California.

In 1990, Ewing wrote two songs for Kenny Rogers' album Love Is Strange: "Listen to the Rain" and "If I Were a Painting".

In 2008, he served as the duet partner of the radio version of Reba McEntire's single, "Every Other Weekend". He also co-wrote the single; the song reached the Top 20 on the Billboard Country Chart. Although the song was credited for one week to Ewing and Kenny Chesney as ""Every Other Weekend" by Reba McEntire and Skip Ewing or Kenny Chesney", the song was thereafter credited to McEntire alone on the chart.

Awards

 * Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) Songwriter of the Year 2000;
 * Nashville Songwriters Association International (NSAI) Song of the Year;
 * Country Music Association (CMA) Triple Play Award (three No. 1 songs within 12 months).

Additionally, Ewing has received a CMA Song of the Year nomination, a Grammy nomination, a Tony nomination and multiple BMI "Million Air" awards.

Horse and Writer
Horse and Writer is an annual songwriting retreat Skip Ewing organizes every year with members of the Nashville songwriting community. The retreat lasts six days, and takes place at the Triangle C Ranch in Dubois, Wyoming. The mission is to help aspiring songwriters realize their potential, as they are mentored by experienced pros like Ewing, who describes the event as "a labor of love."

title: Skip Ewing


text:
Talk:Pat DeWine

Untitled
While Sen Coleman and Mr Dewine might be called 'douchebags' by some, it obviously violates NPOV and was removed. Youngamerican 17:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pat DeWine


text:
Ramiro II

Ramiro II may refer to:
 * Ramiro II of León (died 951)
 * Ramiro II of Aragon (died 1157)

title: Ramiro II


text:
Talk:Pound (currency)

Does it still represent a pound of silver? - Omegatron 17:31, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course not. Silver is about $7.12 US (£4.07) per ounce today. -- Arwel 14:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Offically the Irish Pound was known as the "Punt" - Update?
 * No, "Punt" was the Irish language name for the currency, in English it was normally referred to as the Pound (Punt was sometimes used after the break with Sterling in 1979, but not with any official basis). See the Irish pound article, and especially the Central Bank PDF external link from it. Incidentally, apropos of nothing, "Punt" is also the Welsh language name for the Pound. -- Arwel 13:46, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--- Surely dinar is the Arabic for penny, not pound, as both dinar and penny are derived from the Latin denarius?

Merge

 * There is simply too much redundancy with List of countries using pound currency.
 * Other common currency unit articles do not have separate lists. See dollar, peso, guilder, and krone. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 08:46, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I also support the merge. Laudak 23:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Originated in Great Britain
Really?? That's misleading. The actual currency came from the Romans. France used to use the Livre before the French revolution (I don't they took it from the British) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_%28monnaie%29. This is an example of bad citations. (didn't signed)

 * It was used also in Portugal in the Middle Ages, as part of the Portuguese dinheiro and was known as Libra i.e. Pound. The current currency of the UK is also known as Libra in Portuguese.---Pedro (talk) 01:02, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pound (currency)


text:
Plaza de Toros México

The Plaza de toros México, situated in Mexico City, is the world's largest bullring. This 41,262-seat facility is usually dedicated to bullfighting, but many boxing matches have been held there as well, including Julio César Chávez's third and final bout with Frankie Randall on May 22, 2004. The Plaza México replaced the ancient bullring Toreo de la Condesa in the Condesa neighborhood that was overwhelmed by the rapid growth of population in the capital. It opened on 5 February 1946 and annually since then, that date marks the date of the Corrida de Aniversario. This building was built beside the football stadium Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes (formerly Estadio Azul).

title: Plaza de Toros México


text:
Craig Reid

Craig Reid may refer to:

 * Craig Reid (footballer, born 1985), English footballer
 * Craig Reid (footballer, born 1986), Scottish footballer
 * Craig Reid (musician) (born 1962), member of Scottish band The Proclaimers
 * Craig Reed (Emmerdale), a fictional character

title: Craig Reid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dieter Manisprechensie

See article: Dieter Manisprechensie

Vote below
 * Delete - either vanity article, terrible misspelling, or hoax --JimWae 17:31, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete - no google hits at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by William M. Connolley (talk • contribs) 14:47, 10 Jun 2005
 * Delete. Hoax. Note that this page was vandalized by . --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 03:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was just about to speedy this. It's patent nonsense. SlimVirgin (talk) 08:47, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to speedy this, unless anyone has an objection. I've left a couple of messages for the editor who created it,, asking if he had a source, and he's deleting the queries as soon as I post them. I'm taking that as confirmation that he knows it's nonsense. SlimVirgin (talk) 09:14, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've deleted it. SlimVirgin (talk) 12:17, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Bread (disambiguation)

Bread is a group of staple foods.

Bread may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Bread (1918 film), an American silent film
 * Bread (1924 film), an American silent film
 * Bread (1971 film), a British film directed by Stanley Long
 * Bread (1986 film), an Israeli Hebrew-language film
 * Bread (TV series), a 1986–1991 British sitcom

Music

 * Bread (band), an American soft rock band
 * Bread (album), by Bread, 1969
 * "Bread", a song by Todd Rundgren from Hermit of Mink Hollow, 1978

Other uses

 * Bread (charity), a New Zealand charitable organisation
 * "The Bread", a 1947 short story by Wolfgang Borchert
 * "Bread", a poem by Patti Smith from her 1978 book Babel
 * "Bread", a pseudonym used by David Katz, perpetrator of the 2018 Jacksonville Landing shooting
 * "Bread", a nickname commonly used for money.

title: Bread (disambiguation)


text: Category:Mong Kok

title: Category:Mong Kok


text:
Charlie Reid

Charlie Reid may refer to:

 * Charlie Reid of The Proclaimers
 * Charlie Reid (ice hockey) (died 1953), ice hockey goaltender
 * Charlie Reid (footballer), Irish international footballer

title: Charlie Reid


text:
File:Gripincincorporated.jpg

Grip Inc. – Incorporated album cover. Copyright 2004 SPV.

Fair Use Incorporated (Grip Inc. album)
 This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * It is a low-resolution copy of a CD album cover;
 * It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way;
 * Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD;
 * The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Grip Inc..

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:Gripincincorporated.jpg


text:
Talk:Shortcut (computing)

symlinks
Whatare the differences between unix soft/hard links and shortcuts?

title: Talk:Shortcut (computing)


text:
Talk:Helen Sawyer Hogg

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Edofedinburgh 03:46, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Did Helen start the publication of the Observer's Handbook, one of the most useful astronomical publications of all time?

yes... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.39.251.28 (talk) 00:55, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Deleted Copy Vio Text
Deleted long section lifted entirely from. Some of the information might be rescued, but first we delete the plaigarism. // BL \\ (talk) 06:17, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Using 'Hogg' to refer to her
This article was written using the first name (Helen) to refer to this astronomer throughout the article. However, this is unusual, who would be all the time speaking about "Albert" in the Albert Einstein article? (For the article about William Herschel I can accept the exception, as this astronomer's biography is tightly bond to his sister Caroline Herschel, so the differentiation is needed). As a reference, I have followed the form used in most of Marie Curie's article, where she is referred to as Curie, and I have changed most references to Helen Sawyer Hogg to 'Hogg', using 'Helen Sawyer Hogg' when using just 'Hogg' might be confusing with her husband (as it is done in the article of Marie Curie). This fits also with the fact that, during her career, she was known mostly as 'Dr Hogg'. Eynar Oxartum (talk) 06:23, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

Relationship to astronomer David W. Hogg
http://cosmo.nyu.edu/hogg/bio.html

Is this correct? Both from Toronto — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.74.14.178 (talk) 01:00, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Helen Sawyer Hogg


text:
Talk:Helium-3

Humans did not invent Tritium
The article implies that all helium-3 is either primordial or man-made. Every time a Uranium fissions it creates neutrons, that usually get absorbed by a nucleus. Sometimes that nucleus is a deuteron. Cosmic rays can also produce He-3 or tritium through a rather long list of interactions in addition to hitting a lithon. All of this is incredibly obvious and should be mentioned in a discussion of the origins of Helium-3 on planet Earth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Octaazacubane (talk • contribs) 03:44, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

Contradiction
From the 'Manufacturing' section:

 * "Commercial use of fusion reactors would require tens of tons of helium-3 each year to produce a fraction of the world's power."

From the 'Lunar supplies' section:

 * "Accordingly, helium-3 seems less likely than other reactants for use in fusion power generation"

I've amended the sentence from the manufacturing section to make it clear that helium-3 is only one of several possible fusion fuels by changing it to:

 * "If commercial fusion reactors were to use helium-3 as a fuel, they would require tens of tons of it each year to produce a fraction of the world's power."

I'm pretty sure this is the correct resolution of this contradiction.

Disgusting, unsightly typo
I had to remove an apostrophe from "it's" to turn it into the correct "its".

How come this has been ignored for so long? Are you all illiterate?

Tralphium?
Why is "tralphium" listed as an alternate name in the helium-3 infobox? I cannot find any source that mentions this. Is this vandalism? Nrco0e (talk) 01:32, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It is an invention of George Gamow. There are a few hits, but it seems to be hardly used beyond referring to or quoting his work. Double sharp (talk) 09:49, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * From Gamow, The Creation of the Universe: Tritium (H3) and tralphium (He3), serving as transition stages from mass 2 to mass 4, were always present in extremely small quantities, as is shown in the diagram.
 * But from Cosmology and Controversy (Helge Kragh, 2021): Fermi and Turkevich considered twenty-eight possible nuclear reactions between neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons (hydrogen-3 nuclei), and helium-3 nuclei. The latter were called tralpha particles by Gamow, who invented the name tralphium for helium-3; the names seem not to have been adopted by other physicists.
 * They were however adopted a little by popularisers in the 1960s, like Willy Ley and Levitt and Cole.
 * Probably the most famous occurrence (and certainly the only one I had heard of for a long time) was the one in Gamow's New Genesis. Double sharp (talk) 17:58, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah thanks for the explanation, I was quite confused because of the lack of citations here. Nrco0e (talk) 18:27, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

He-3 sources on earth
"The contribution from cosmic rays is negligible within all except the oldest regolith materials, and lithium spallation reactions are a lesser contributor than the production of 4He by alpha particle emissions. "

Regolith is an extremely illdefined material type on earth, and the second part compares pears with apples. 2001:9E8:2B1F:2200:C1B1:8906:795B:4076 (talk) 09:11, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Helium-3


text:
Agostino Tassi

Agostino Tassi (born Agostino Buonamici; 1578 – 1644) was an Italian landscape and seascape painter who was acquitted of raping Artemisia Gentileschi in 1612.

Because he aspired to nobility he modified the details of his early life. Though he was born in Perugia he claimed to have been born in Rome. His family name was Buonamici, but Agostino adopted the surname Tassi to give substance to his story that he was adopted by the Marchese Tassi. He was actually the son of a furrier named Domenico.

Career
Tassi may have worked for a time in Livorno, as well as in Florence. Among his followers or pupils in Livorno is thought to be Pietro Ciafferi. During his sojourn in Florence it is believed that he was made a galley slave in the Grand Duke's convict galleys for some unspecified crime. However, he was allowed to move about freely on the ship instead of pulling on an oar. More importantly, he was able to paint and draw on the galley, and was thus provided with ample material from which to execute his seascapes and images of ports, ships, and fishing scenes.

Regarding his artistic formation, Tassi is said to have been a pupil of Paul Bril, from whom he derived some of his images of the sea. He later worked in Rome with Orazio Gentileschi, who painted figures, after being commissioned by Pope Paul V. During his stay, he raped Orazio's daughter, the painter Artemisia Gentileschi.

Considered a master of perspective and a good painter of illusionistic architectural decoration, Tassi painted in several Roman palaces including the Quirinale (1611–12), the Rospigliosi and the Doria Pamphili (1637).

In Rome, Tassi also served as the master (from April 1625) of French painter Claude Lorrain as well as Viviano Codazzi and Costanzo de Peris. Tassi hired Lorrain to grind his colors and to do all of the household work.

Though better known as a painter of frescoes, Tassi also painted some canvases, which include Arrival of the Queen of Sheba before Solomon (c. 1610) and Entry of Taddeo Barberini from the Porta del Popolo (1632). His depictions of night scenes had a certain influence on the Dutch Leonaert Bramer.

Rape conviction
In 1612, Tassi was convicted of raping Artemisia Gentileschi, an Italian Baroque painter with an international clientele. Tassi originally denied the accusation, stating, "Never have I had carnal relations nor tried to have it with the said Artemisia... I've never been alone in Artemisia's house with her." He afterwards claimed that he had visited her house in order to safeguard her honor. Tassi had already run afoul of the law, having earlier been accused of raping both his sister-in-law and one of his wives. His wife had been missing for a time, and it was believed that Tassi had hired bandits to kill her.

In the ensuing seven-month rape trial, it was discovered that Tassi had planned to murder his wife and to steal some of Orazio's paintings. At the end of the trial, Tassi was imprisoned for two years. His verdict was later annulled and he was at liberty in 1613. His crime and its impact on Artemisia Gentileschi subsequently influenced the feminist view of her during the late 17th century.

Tassi died in Rome in 1644.

Popular culture
In the 1997 film Artemisia, directed by Agnès Merlet and starring Valentina Cervi, the role of Tassi is played by Serbian actor Miki Manojlovic. The movie, contrary to accepted historical knowledge and Tassi's conviction for rape, depicted the relationship between Tassi and Artemisia Gentileschi as one of mutual passion.

title: Agostino Tassi


text:
User:Jakemcmahon

need me?

mail me.

jake.mcmahon@gmail.com

title: User:Jakemcmahon


text:
Potentilla chamissonis

Potentilla chamissonis, the bluff cinquefoil, is distributed across Svalbard, northern Norway, Greenland and the eastern Arctic of Canada. It grows on ledges on steep slopes, and in crevices.

Description
It is a loosely tufted plant growing from a stout stem base, reaching to 10–25 cm tall. The basal leaves are 3- (rarely 5-) foliate, hairy above, and densely tomentose beneath, the petioles and stems with long, straight hairs. The inflorescence is branched, bearing several fairly large flowers. The flowers have five petals, pale yellow, inversely heart-shaped, longer than sepals.

title: Potentilla chamissonis


text:
List of lord high admirals of Scotland

The Lord High Admiral of Scotland was one of the Great Officers of State of the Kingdom of Scotland before the Union with England in 1707.

The office was one of considerable power, also known as Royal Scottish Admiralty, including command of the King's ships and sailors (see Royal Scottish Navy) and inspection of all sea ports, harbours, and sea coasts. The Admiral appointed judges to decide causes relating to maritime affairs, including both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and jurisdiction over creeks, fresh and navigable waterways. The duties were exercised through Vice-Admirals and Admirals-Depute, later called Judge Admirals.

The office seems to have originated in the early 15th century and was once held by Sir Robert Logan of Grugar, later also of Restalrig and the Earls of Bothwell and the Dukes of Lennox. It was one of the heritable offices that Charles II gave to his illegitimate son Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox.

The earliest surviving records of the Scottish High Court of Admiralty date from 1557, convened under the authority of the Earl of Bothwell, in Edinburgh or Leith. Although all maritime causes in Scotland below a river's first bridge were in its view, it was inferior to the Court of Session, and its authority was contested by the Court of Justiciary in criminal matters. The Court was formally to be held, fenced, within the sea-flood and wherever it was actually held the Admiral would declare that to be the case. The judges were Bothwell's two vice-admirals, men otherwise unknown who were almost certainly professional lawyers rather than mariners.

By the Act of Union 1707 all admiralty jurisdictions were placed under the Lord High Admiral of Great Britain or Commissioners of the Admiralty. Nevertheless, the Vice-Admiral of Scotland who received his commission from the Crown continued to appoint the Judge Admiral (until 1782) and Admirals-depute and to rank as an Officer of the Crown.

The Public Offices (Scotland) Act 1817 provided that no person thereafter appointed as Vice Admiral should receive a salary. The Admiralty Court in Edinburgh was abolished in 1830 and the Court of Session granted subject-matter jurisdiction.

List of Lord High Admirals

 * The 1st Earl of Orkney
 * George, 1st Earl of Caithness (Third Creation)
 * William, 1st Earl of Caithness (Fourth Creation)
 * The 1st Duke of Montrose
 * The 1st Duke of Albany
 * Sir Robert Logan of Grugar, later also of Restalrig 1400
 * The 1st Earl of Crawford before 1403
 * The 1st Earl of Bothwell appointed 1488.
 * The 1st Earl of Arran sailed with royal fleet 1502, 1504–5, 1513
 * The 5th Earl of Angus
 * The 5th Lord Maxwell
 * The 2nd Earl of Bothwell appointed 1508 in succession to his father.
 * The 3rd Earl of Bothwell appointed 1513, duties performed by Patrick Hepburn, Prior of St. Andrews.
 * The 4th Earl of Bothwell appointed 1556.
 * The 4th Earl of Morton appointed 1568.
 * The 1st Earl of Bothwell (Second Creation) appointed 1581, confirmed 1587.
 * The 2nd Duke of Lennox appointed 1591.
 * The 4th Duke of Lennox 1626
 * The 2nd Earl of Kincardine 1668
 * James, Duke of York and Albany 1673
 * The Duke of Hamilton 1692
 * Charles, 1st Duke of Richmond and 1st Duke of Lennox 1694
 * The 1st Duke of Montrose 1702
 * The 4th Earl of Wemyss 1706–1707, thereafter Vice-Admiral

List of Vice Admirals

 * 1708 The 4th Earl of Wemyss
 * 1714 The 9th Earl of Rothes
 * 1727 The 3rd Duke of Queensberry
 * 1729 The 2nd Earl of Stair
 * 1733 The 13th Earl of Morton
 * 1738 The 5th Earl of Findlater
 * 1764 The 3rd Earl of Hyndford
 * 1767 The 4th Duke of Queensberry
 * 1776 The 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland
 * 1782 Lord William Gordon, son of The 3rd Duke of Gordon
 * The 1st Earl Cathcart

title: List of lord high admirals of Scotland


text:
Terry Alderman

Terence Michael Alderman (born 12 June 1956) is a former Australian international cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm fast-medium bowler.

He began his first-class cricket career during the 1974–75 eason with Western Australia in the Sheffield Shield and came to international prominence when he was chosen for the Australian national team to tour England in 1981. He was a poor batsman, passing fifty just once in his career and averaging barely eight in first-class cricket. He had three seasons in English county cricket, playing with Kent County Cricket Club in 1984 and 1986 and with Gloucestershire County Cricket Club in 1988.

In the 1981 Ashes series he took 42 Test wickets, including nine on debut, the biggest haul in a series since Jim Laker's 46 in 1956 and the fourth-highest total of all time. Alderman's 42 wickets is the record for the most wickets taken in a series without taking 10 wickets in a match. He was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the Almanack's 1982 edition.

Alderman took part in an unofficial Australian tour of South Africa in 1985–86 and 1986–87, when that country was banned from Test cricket as a Commonwealth anti-apartheid sanction. As a result, he received a three-year ban from international cricket which disqualified him from playing in the 1985 Ashes series in England. Following his suspension, Alderman returned to the Australian side and resumed his success against England, taking 41 wickets in the 1989 Ashes series and another 16 in the 1990–91 series, his final Ashes appearance. He rarely enjoyed similar success against other countries. His final Test series was against the West Indies in 1990–91, where he ended his career with 170 Test wickets.

Early life
Alderman was born at Subiaco, Western Australia, the fourth of five children. His father, William, represented Western Australia in Australian Rules Football and opened the batting and bowling for Western Australia Colts without ever playing first-class cricket.

Alderman studied at Aquinas College in Perth, playing both football and cricket. He bowled in his high school team's first eleven from his third year at high school onwards and was coached by Bert Rigg during his last two years. Alderman represented Western Australia at a schoolboys' carnival in Melbourne in 1972-73 and was chosen in the Australian schoolboys team to play a governors eleven.

Cricket career
In 1973-74 Alderman played for WA Colts in Melbourne and Adelaide. He took six wickets in a game in Melbourne. He made his first-class debut in 1974/75. In his first game, a Gillette Cup match, Ian Chappell took 24 runs off his second over. He was twelfth man for two Sheffield Shield games against South Australia and Victoria before being picked against New South Wales in Sydney. He took 5/63 but pulled a hamstring and had to return home. In total he took 18 first-class wickets that summer at an average of 28.

The following summer he took 17 wickets at 26 and in 1976/77 he only took 8 wickets at 17. During World Series Cricket, Alderman took 28 wickets at 21 during the 1977/78 summer. The following season he took 26 wickets at 18.69, but was overlooked for national selection.

Alderman had his best season in 1979/80 taking 42 wickets at 28.09 before going to play for Watsonians in Scotland in the northern summer of 1980. In 1980-81 he took 32 wickets at 26, a performance which earned him selection on the 1981 Ashes tour.

1981 Ashes
Alderman had a superb Ashes series.

He was picked in the first Test and took 4/68 and 5/62, helping bowl Australia to victory. He found things harder going in the second, with 1-79 and 1-42, a game that ended in a draw. In the third Test Alderman took 3/59 in the first innings; England followed on, and Alderman helped reduce England to 7–135 with 4 wickets and two catches. Ian Botham counter-attacked and Alderman's final figures were 6/135 - Australia collapsed chasing and lost the game.

In the fourth Test Alderman bowled beautifully for figures of 5/42 and 3/65 but Australia's batsman collapsed again and lost the game. Australia lost the fifth Test, Alderman taking 4/88 and 5/109. In the sixth drawn Test Alderman took 3/84 and 2/60. He had taken 42 wickets in the Test series at 51 first-class wickets on tour at 20.86.

Alderman was picked as one of Wisden's five cricketers of the year.

1981-82
Alderman kept in the Australian side the following summer. In the first Test against Pakistan he took 4/36 and 2/43, helping Australia win. The going was harder in the second Test, with 2/74 and 0/37. In the third Test Alderman went for 0/62.

Alderman played in two Tests against the West Indies. He took 2/54 and 2/23 in the first match, but is probably best remembered for his batting in the first innings - he joined Kim Hughes when the score was 9/155 and stuck around for 43 more runs which proved crucial (Alderman made 10). He suffered in the second Test, taking 0/73 and 1/46. Alderman did not play in the third Test, which the West Indies won.

He took 37 first-class wickets that summer at 16.94.

Alderman toured New Zealand in 1982 taking 12 wickets at 30 and was picked for the 1982 tour of Pakistan. Australia went with a two-spin attack for the first two Tests and Alderman was left out. He returned for the third Test despite barely bowling during the tour, taking 2/144 in an Australian defeat. He only took four first-class wickets on tour at 65.

1982-83: Injury
Alderman was injured in the first Test of the 1982/83 Ashes. He had taken 1/84 in the first innings when there was a pitch invasion. Alderman was hit in the back of the head by a member of the crowd, Gary Donnison. Alderman recalled, "he ran off, and I could see that there were no police in the vicinity so I attempted to apprehend him." Alderman charged at Donnison and tackled him to the ground but fell on his shoulder and injured himself. "I can't remember a lot of how I fell ... but I was immediately aware I was injured ... it was very painful indeed," Alderman said. "At the time I thought it would just pop back in - little did I know that it would be a year before I could bowl in a competitive match again," he said. "I had to learn to swim a mile a day for eight months. What is tough in sport, is that if you have a physical injury or problem, no one wants to know you. In a way, when I came back, it was like starting another career."

He took 18 first-class wickets that summer at 19.61.

Alderman was unable to force his way back into the Australian side over the 1983/84 summer. However 30 first-class wickets at 25.26 saw him picked for the West Indies.

Return to Test cricket
Alderman was selected for the tour of the West Indies in 1984. He took 1/64 and 0/43 in the first Test. In the second Test he took 2/91 but had some success with the bat, scoring 21 in Australia's second innings and taking part in a 61-run partnership with Allan Border. In the third Test Alderman took 1/152 and 0/18. He was dropped for the final two Tests. Alderman took 15 first-class wickets on tour at 43.6. After the tour he played his first season of county cricket in England with Kent County Cricket Club.

Alderman made his way back into the Australian side for the first Test against the West Indies during 1984/85. He took 6/128 but the West Indies won by an innings. He took 3/107 in the second Test, which ended with Kim Hughes' resignation as Australian captain. After going wicketless in the third Test he was dropped for the final two Tests of the series.

Alderman took 44 wickets at 28.34 that summer. He was picked to tour England in 1985 but lost his spot when it was revealed he had signed to play in South Africa. Alderman says he was motivated by financial conditions after being left off the contract list of Australian players in 1984. "The board was; not thinking of me for the future.! I was 28 and I had a family to think of, The opportunity to go to South Africa and to get a nest egg came up. It pointed out to me the lack of security you have when you play this, game. 'It's so fickle: one minute you are up,'the next you are down."

Playing in South Africa, 1985/86–1986/87
In South Africa Alderman took 23 wickets at 21.21 in 1985/86. He played for Kent again in 1986 and took 98 wickets at 19.20. In 1986/87 he took 18 wickets at 32.77. Alderman later admitted his trips to South Africa had been disappointing bowling-wise and he set himself the goal of getting back in the Australian team by the 1989 Ashes.

Return to Australia
Alderman returned to domestic cricket in Australia in 1987/88, taking 39 wickets at 24.20. He played for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club in England in 1988, taking 75 wickets at 22.81.

Alderman was available for international selection from the 1988/89 season onwards. He was overlooked for the first two Tests but back for the third, taking 4/68 and 3/78. Alderman took 48 first-class wickets in 1988/89 at 20.93 and was selected for the 1989 Ashes in England.

1989 Ashes
Alderman toured for Australia in 1989. In the first Test he took 5/107 and 5/44, helping Australia to a big win. In the second he took 3/60 and 6/128. In the third he went for 3/61; the fourth, 0/49 and 5/66; the fifth 5/69 and 2/32; the sixth 5-66 and 2-30.

He took 70 first-class wickets on tour at 15.64.

Final Test years
In Australia, Alderman took 3/73 and 1/59 against New Zealand in November 1989 and 3/81 against Sri Lanka in the first Test in December. He took 2/71 and 0/38 in the second Test. Against Pakistan in January 1990 he took 3/30 and 5/105 in the first Test. He took 34 first-class wickets over the 1989/90 summer at 23.05.

He toured New Zealand in 1990 taking 4/46 and 0/27 in the only Test played on the tour. Alderman kept his place in the Australian side to play England in the 1990/91 Ashes. He took 2/44 and 6/47 in the first Test; 2/86 and 0/19 in the second; 3/62 and 0/29 in the third; he did not play in the fourth but took 0/66 and 3/75 in the fifth. He took 31 first-class wickets at 28.38 that summer and was picked to tour the West Indies.

Alderman's final Test was on the tour of the West Indies in 1991 when he took nine wickets at 38.44 on the tour, playing in just one of the Test matches, taking one wicket in the match.

Final years of cricket
In 1991/92 Alderman took 29 wickets at 31.82 but was overlooked for national selection. His last first-class season was in 1992/93. He took 20 wickets at 36.35.

Awards
In 2000, Alderman was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for being the all-time leading wicket taker for Western Australia.

Family and personal life
Alderman's sister Denise Emerson is married to former Test umpire Ross Emerson and herself played seven Tests for the Australian women's cricket team.

Alderman is an alumnus of Aquinas College, Perth.

title: Terry Alderman


text:
Category:Mountains of Belize

The mountains of Belize.

title: Category:Mountains of Belize


text:
User talk:Jerzy/Argus for LoPbN Templates

History ending 2005 June
(don't recall why i created this; probably intended annotations)
 * 17:27, 10 Jun 2005 Jerzy (→V - Z - Mrk Y for subdiv (brk out Yo))
 * 08:06, 20 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - + Car & done)
 * 03:03, 20 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - Break out Cam from Cam - Caq)
 * 09:01, 11 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→Q - U - split Si & Sj; break out Sin & split Sia-Sim at K/L)
 * 22:07, 6 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→J - P - subdiv Mu)
 * 02:09, 5 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - + And)
 * 19:28, 4 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→F - J - split out Fis)
 * 07:55, 3 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→F - J - split off Fa & subdiv it)
 * 05:54, 3 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - + Name E)
 * 04:31, 2 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→F - J - + Name J)
 * 15:52, 1 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - note Name/Prefix Da)
 * 04:01, 1 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - Break out Cor)
 * 03:36, 1 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - restore from misplaced edit making a "Cla & Cle" record)
 * 03:32, 1 Apr 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - Break out Cla & Cle)
 * 09:40, 31 Mar 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - anticipate Col breakup)
 * 09:04, 31 Mar 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - split out Cla, Cle)
 * 22:21, 30 Mar 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - Break out Bur)
 * 19:37, 30 Mar 2005 Jerzy (→A - E - break out Ber)
 * 02:28, 24 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→Misc Templates)
 * 04:36, 19 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - retrv old dates of completion)
 * 03:57, 17 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - a few more dates)
 * 03:18, 17 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - many dates)
 * 02:38, 17 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - date for Bro)
 * 16:40, 12 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - Bro done)
 * 14:08, 12 Nov 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - rdy for Bro)
 * 05:17, 13 Oct 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - + Bar; + date done)
 * 07:48, 12 Oct 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - +recent breakup dates)
 * 08:19, 8 Oct 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - Con done)
 * 14:12, 6 Oct 2004 Jerzy (→A - E - Da done)
 * 07:00, 23 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - break at U/V)
 * 06:46, 23 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - + Van (done), mark Va done)
 * 22:29, 22 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - mark Sh done)
 * 04:47, 22 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - raise Sh, Va to urgent)
 * 04:00, 22 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→J - P - mark Pe done)
 * 19:20, 21 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→J - P - mark Me done)
 * 04:18, 21 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→J - P - mark Mar as done)
 * 21:37, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - mark Th done (since 00:55, 2004 Sep 12, but not so marked))
 * 21:05, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→J - P - Li done)
 * 19:22, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - Sch done)
 * 18:37, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - reorg; Hu done)
 * 06:49, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - indent Ke)
 * 00:51, 20 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - Fr split)
 * 07:35, 13 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - + si)
 * 06:31, 13 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - Hu marked)
 * 05:59, 13 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - Sh due for split)
 * 05:55, 13 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - Me needs split)
 * 20:25, 12 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - Ke,Li, need split)
 * 04:36, 12 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - mark Fr urgent& Con as ready.)
 * 04:19, 11 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - mark Th for urgent breakup)
 * 02:24, 11 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - redist Sch j-o)
 * 07:57, 10 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - + Mar)
 * 04:39, 10 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - mark Pe for split)
 * 03:29, 10 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - note need to split We)
 * 03:05, 10 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - + Va)
 * 19:27, 3 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - note GR dodone)
 * 10:12, 2 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - note Ga & Go breakups)
 * 15:05, 1 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - + Gr *)
 * 08:21, 1 Sep 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - * Ga, Go)
 * 08:49, 17 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - + Fo, Cl)
 * 04:30, 17 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - + We)
 * 06:21, 4 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - refl Wa breakup)
 * 21:26, 3 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→Misc Templates - + Indexes-transclusion sample)
 * 20:33, 3 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - restore pipe labels I and E!)
 * 18:22, 3 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - repl lost non-red MW talk links & minimize hopefully perm-red lks to ".")
 * 17:42, 3 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z)
 * 17:22, 3 Aug 2004 Jerzy (→Misc Templates - + * )
 * 07:47, 31 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - refl Ho breakup)
 * 16:14, 30 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - refl Ri done)
 * 18:25, 29 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→Q - Z - + Ri to list)
 * 20:19, 27 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→A - H - refl Decompletion)
 * 06:30, 27 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→I - P - Le done)
 * 19:57, 23 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos)
 * 18:08, 1 Jul 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - * on Ho)
 * 06:10, 30 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - Wi done; * De, Le, Pa)
 * 04:41, 29 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - reflect creation of La)
 * 23:02, 28 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos)
 * 22:44, 28 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Templates for particular LoPbN letter combos - - start on Mo)
 * 18:28, 28 Jun 2004 Jerzy (Overdue Cleanup)
 * 17:34, 28 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN - unstar Sch)
 * 05:21, 28 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN)
 * 07:11, 26 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN - hi prior for Sc)
 * 04:50, 25 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN) //An ?
 * 20:10, 24 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN) //Al ?
 * 05:33, 22 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of Template items specifically for use in LoPbN - prioritize An, Ch, La, Mo)
 * 14:00, 21 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of MediaWiki items specifically for use in LoPbN - MW--> Tmplt)
 * 04:20, 4 Jun 2004 Template namespace initialisation script
 * 20:30, 2 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→List of MediaWiki items specifically for use in LoPbN)
 * 19:03, 17 May 2004 Jerzy (=Quasi-Source= MediaWiki:Index only)
 * 00:27, 9 May 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items specifically for use in LoPbN=)
 * 20:45, 6 Apr 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items for direct use in LoPbN= ren "List of MediaWiki items specifically for use in LoPbN", ital childless rows)
 * 07:06, 2 Apr 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items for direct use in LoPbN=)
 * 20:50, 1 Apr 2004 Jerzy (+ Jo)
 * 19:54, 1 Apr 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items for direct use in LoPbN= new links (S & St only so far) for lists of affected msgs)
 * 22:07, 29 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Main, 'List of MediaWiki items for direct use in LoPbN' secn: MW pages for msg calls, talk w/ their Q-sources, and links for subst calls in both)
 * 14:51, 28 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Try to fix busted heading)
 * 05:29, 28 Mar 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items for direct use in LoPbN= +M& Mi w/lks)
 * 22:22, 27 Mar 2004 Jerzy (=List of MediaWiki items for use in LoPbN= Hdgs & add (actual & possible) trash-redirects)
 * 03:17, 26 Mar 2004 Jerzy (+Sandbox)
 * 23:53, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Switch from slashes to hypens; propably other pseudo-source links)
 * 23:12, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Convert to slashes in Framework Titles)
 * 22:49, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Initial Links to Quasi-Source)
 * 19:22, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (trim out duplicates at bottom of page)
 * 19:22, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Add large pages, as prospects for explansion)
 * 18:56, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (Bold the currently missing ones)
 * 15:10, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (+ MediaWiki:List of people)
 * 15:08, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (List to Mar 23 & anticipable)


text: Category:Inflation

title: Category:Inflation


text:
Incorporated (Grip Inc. album)

Incorporated is the fourth and final full-length studio album by American groove metal band Grip Inc. It was released on March 16, 2004.

Personnel

 * Waldemar Sorychta – guitar, backing vocals, producer, engineer
 * Gus Chambers – vocals
 * Dave Lombardo – drums
 * Stuart Carruthers – bass
 * Eicca Toppinen – cello
 * Sami Yli-Sirniö – sitar
 * Su Maha Ya – violin
 * Jeff Collin – vocals
 * Dennis Koehne – engineer
 * Siggi Bemm – engineer

title: Incorporated (Grip Inc. album)


text:
Hollie point

Hollie point is an English needle lace noted for its use in baby clothes, particularly in the 18th century. It is also known as Holy point, because it was originally used in liturgical laces. The Puritans were the first to make common usage of Hollie point beginning in the reign of James I.

Hollie point is a flat needlepoint lace whose name derives either from lace made for religious purposes (holy work) or from the holes that create the pattern. It is made up of rows of twisted buttonhole stitches worked over horizontal threads. At the end of each row, the stitching returns to the starting point, creating the next horizontal thread. Simple pinprick designs are created by leaving gaps, or holes, in the otherwise plain cloth work formed by the buttonhole stitches.

Hollie point has always been more or a domestic, rather than a professional, art. Hollie point was used primarily on baby clothes in the 18th and early 19th century, especially, christening sets. The lace was stitched in the crown of baby bonnets, or caps, and sometimes on a band that extended from the centre front of the cap to the nape of the neck. The shoulder seams of small shirts were decorated with initials, dates, and mottoes. Lace designs included religious motifs such as lilies of the annunciation, Tree of life, Star of Bethlehem, dove of peace, and Crown of Glory.

Earlier mentions of similarly named laces, such as collars of "hollie work" that were listed in an inventory of Mary Queen of Scots, are thought to refer to other types of needlework that were done as "holy work".

The Royal School of Needlework provides guidelines and structural details to reproduce Hollie Point stitches.

title: Hollie point


text:
Korman Stadium

Korman Stadium is a sports stadium located in Port Vila, Vanuatu. It is the national stadium and the home of the Vanuatu national football team. The stadium's capacity is 6,500. Korman Stadium was named for one of Vanuatu's politicians, the head of the Vanuatu Republican Party, Maxime Carlot Korman. Amical FC were tenants of the stadium.

The sports complex that houses the stadium also includes the Vanuatu Cricket Ground.

title: Korman Stadium


text:
Talk:Register transfer language

Not just GCC
It's true that GCC uses a RTL, but many compilers use register transfer languages internally. I think that this article should be about RTLs in general, not just GCC's (though that may make an interesting section, since GCC is an important compiler). Brighterorange 17:41, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. --Mike Van Emmerik 04:57, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree. The article makes it seem like GCC is the only place where it is used, and that the form presented is the only form used.  RTL is used a lot in teaching CPU design so I think this article should offer a more detailed explanation
 * 131.104.78.125 01:22, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm changing it to make it clearer, but it should probably be expanded upon. EvanED 16:59, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

HDLs
I thought in the context of HDLs, RTL meant "register transfer level", describing the level of the design description (as opposed to gate/transistor level). I've never heard it expanded as "register transfer language" in this context. --CTho 01:43, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

I think you are right. I'll change the references in the EDA pages. LouScheffer 02:41, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

I modified Design For Test also. --CTho 04:18, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Fixed the above DFT link LouScheffer 07:34, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

New Page
A new page is required. As stated above RTL in the context of HDLs stands for "Register Transfer Level" Graemec2 13:33, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Register transfer language


text:
Biological Innovation for Open Society

BiOS (Biological Open Source/Biological Innovation for Open Society) is an international initiative to foster innovation and freedom to operate in the biological sciences. BiOS was officially launched on 10 February 2005 by Cambia, an independent, international non-profit organization dedicated to democratizing innovation. Its intention is to initiate new norms and practices for creating tools for biological innovation, using binding covenants to protect and preserve their usefulness, while allowing diverse business models for the application of these tools.

As described by Richard Anthony Jefferson, CEO of Cambia, the Deputy CEO of Cambia, Dr Marie Connett worked extensively with small companies, university offices of technology transfer, attorneys, and multinational corporations to create a platform to share productive and sustainable technology. The parties developed the BiOS Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) and the BiOS license as legal instruments to facilitate these goals.

Biological Open Source
Traditionally, the term 'open source' describes a paradigm for software development associated with a set of collaborative innovation practices, which ensure access to the end product's source materials - typically, source code. The BiOS Initiative has sought to extend this concept to the biological sciences, and agricultural biotechnology in particular. BiOS is founded on the concept of sharing scientific tools and platforms so that innovation can occur at the 'application layer.' Jefferson observes that, 'Freeing up the tools that make new discoveries possible will spur a new wave of innovation that has real value.' He notes further that, 'Open source is an enormously powerful tool for driving efficiency.'

Through BiOS instruments, licensees cannot appropriate the fundamental kernel of a technology and improvements exclusively for themselves. The base technology remains the property of whichever entity developed it, but improvements can be shared with others that support the development of a protected commons around the technology.

To maintain legal access to the technology, in other words, licensees must agree not to prevent others who have agreed to the same terms from using the technology and any improvements in the development of different products

BiOS License
By making the BiOS license cost-free, Cambia has sought to create 'freedom to innovate' in the scientific community. In lieu of royalties and other restrictions often imposed by legal agreements, the BiOS licenses impose on the licensee conditions to encourage cooperation and development of the technology. To be granted full, unfettered commercial rights to listed technologies, licensees are required to comply with three conditions:
 * To share with all BiOS licensees any improvements in the core technologies as defined, for which they seek any Intellectual Property protection.
 * To agree to not assert over other BiOS licensees their own or third-party rights that might dominate the defined technologies.
 * To agree to share with the public any and all information about the biosafety of the defined technologies.

As with other legal instruments, definitions used in the BiOS licenses are important. The scope and core capabilities of the enabling technologies and platforms should be carefully defined to provide confidence in the development of viable business models surrounding the use of the BiOS license.

The adoption of the BiOS licenses has now extended to over 300 licensees worldwide.

Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs)
BiOS has also issued a series of Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs), a common form of bailment used to provide materials for life sciences research, such as bacterial strains, plant lines, cell cultures, or DNA. MTAs able to be adapted for biological materials are available on the BiOS site.

Open Source Biological Technologies
CambiaLabs engineered two ‘open source’ biological technologies, TransBacter and GUSPlus, which they released under the BiOS Initiative. The first, TransBacter, was designed to work around the intense patenting associated with the making of transgenic plants. Cambia identified that the majority of patents claiming methods for plant transgenics make explicit reference to the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens; therefore, the use of a bacterium outside the genus Agrobacterium would not be subject to existing patent claims. Cambia published its work on TransBacter, which uses bacteria from the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium in 2005 in Nature. TransBacter is available to all non-profit researchers and institutes upon signing a BiOS MTA. For-profit companies are asked to sign a BiOS license and to make a contribution to Cambia which is calculated on the company’s financial means.

An inventory of BiOS-licensed patents is available at the Cambia site.

title: Biological Innovation for Open Society


text: Category:Compositions by Steve Reich

title: Category:Compositions by Steve Reich


text:
User:Wwoods/Principia149

''Exempl. 3. Assumentes m & n'' pro quibusvis indicibus dignitatum Altudinis, & b, c pro numeris quibusvis datis, ponamus vim centripetam esse ut $$ \frac{bA^m + cA^n}{A\,cub.} $$, id est ut $$ \frac{b\mathrm{ in }\overline{T-X}^m+ c\mathrm{ in }\overline{T-X}^n} {A\,cub.} $$ seu (per eandem Methodum nostram Serierum convergentium) ut $$ \frac{bT^m - mbXT^{m-1} + \frac{mm-m}{2}bX^2T^{m-2} + cT^n - ncXT^{n-1} + \frac{nn-n}{2}cX^2T^{n-2} \;[et]c.}{A\,Cub.} $$ [** For some reason, it chokes on the & in the fraction.] & collatis numeratorum terminis, fiet ''RGq. - RFq. + TFq. ad $$ bT^m + cT^n $$, ut -Fq.'' ad $$ -mbT^{m-1} - ncT^{n-1} + \frac{mm-m}{2}XT^{m-2} + \frac{nn-n}{2}XT^{n-2} $$ &c. Et Sumendo rationes ultimas quæ prodeunt ubi orbes ad formam circularem addedunt, fit Cq. ad $$ bT^{m-1} + cT^{n-1} $$, ut Fq. ad $$ mbT^{m-1} + ncT^{n-1} $$ & vicissim Gq. ad Fq. ut $$ bT^{m-1} + cT^{n-1} $$ ad $$ mbT^{m-1} + ncT^{n-1} $$ Quæ proportio, exponendo altitudinem maximam CV seu T Arithmetice per unitatem, fit Gq. ad Fq. ut b + c ad mb + nc, adeoq; ut 1 ad $$ \frac{mb+nc}{b+c} $$. Unde est G ad F, is est angulus VCp ad angulum VCP, ut 1 ad $$ \sqrt{\frac{mb+nc}{b+c}} $$. Et propterea cum angulus VCP inter Apsidem summam & Apsidem imam in Ellipsi immobili sit 180 gr. erit angulus VCp inter easdem Apsides, in Orbe quem corpus vi centripeta quantitati $$ \frac{bA^m + cA^n}{A\, cub.} $$ proportionali describit, æqualis angulo graduum $$ 180\sqrt{\frac{b+c}{mb+nc}} $$. Et eodem argumento si vis centripeta sit ut $$ \frac{bA^m - cA^n}{A\, cub.} $$, angulus inter Apsides invenietur $$ 180\sqrt{\frac{b-c}{mb-nc}} $$ graduum. Nec secus resolvetur Problema in casibus

title: User:Wwoods/Principia149