text:
William Brocius

William Brocius (c. 1845 – March 24, 1882), better known as Curly Bill Brocius, was an American gunman, rustler and an outlaw Cowboy in the Cochise County area of the Arizona Territory during the late 1870s and early 1880s. His name is likely an alias or nickname, and some evidence links him to another outlaw named William "Curly Bill" Bresnaham, who was convicted of an 1878 attempted robbery and murder in El Paso, Texas.

Brocius had a number of conflicts with the lawmen of the Earp family, and he was named as one of the individuals who participated in Morgan Earp's assassination. Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp and a group of deputies including his brother Warren Earp pursued those they believed responsible for Morgan's death. The Earp posse unexpectedly encountered Curly Bill and other Cowboys on March 24, 1882, at Iron Springs (present-day Mescal Springs). Wyatt killed Curly Bill during the shootout. In his journal written in October 1881, George Parsons referred to Brocius as "Arizona's most famous outlaw".

Life in Arizona
Brocius arrived in Arizona Territory from either Texas or Missouri about 1878, and went briefly to the San Carlos Reservation with a herd of cattle, before arriving in the Arizona Territory.

Brocius was an Outlaw Cowboy and a rustler, and was for a time also a tax collector for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, making other rustlers pay taxes on their stolen cattle (the money went into the sheriff's coffers and added to his salary).

Brocius was known for a mean sense of humor when drunk. He was reported to have perpetrated such "practical jokes" as using gunfire to make a preacher "dance" during a sermon and making Mexicans at a community dance take off their clothes and dance naked. (Both incidents were reported by Wells Fargo agent Fred Dodge in his memoirs, and both incidents are alluded to in the newspapers of the time).

Description
An unauthenticated photo of Brocius is displayed in the Bird Cage Theater Museum in Tombstone. Two other unauthenticated photos of Brocius have been provided by descendants. Several writers who knew Brocius reported that he was well-built with curly black hair and a freckled complexion.

Shooting of Fred White, 1880
In a drunken revelry, some of Curly Bill's friends were firing pistols into the air on October 28, 1880, in a dark vacant lot between Toughnut and Allen Streets, near where the Birdcage Theater now stands. Tombstone's Town Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm Brocius and grabbed his weapon by the barrel. The gun discharged, striking White in the groin. Wyatt Earp had borrowed Fred Dodge's pistol and he pistol-whipped Brocius. At the preliminary hearing for Brocius afterward, Wyatt testified that he had heard White say: "I am an officer; give me your pistol." When he got close, he saw Brocius remove his pistol from his holster and White grab it by the barrel. He said he put his arms around Brocius from behind to see if he had any other weapons, and White "gave a quick jerk and the pistol went off." White fell to the ground, wounded. When the pistol discharged, Wyatt buffaloed Brocius and arrested him. Brocius complained, "What have I done? I have not done anything to be arrested for."

Brocius fearful of lynching
White was carried to a doctor and they initially thought he would recover, and the next day, he gave a statement that exonerated Curly Bill of murder, but that night, White's condition worsened. Brocius later claimed that his gun discharged accidentally and reportedly immediately regretted shooting White. He testified at his trial that he did not consider himself to have committed a crime. Brocius waived his right to a preliminary hearing, apparently because he feared a lynching, as White was very popular as town marshal. Brocius was anxious to be moved out of town. Pima County Deputy Sheriff Earp and George Collins immediately took Brocius to Tucson for trial.

Brocius exonerated of White's death
White died two days after Curly Bill shot him. Before dying, White testified that he thought the pistol had accidentally discharged and that he did not believe that Curly Bill shot him on purpose. Wyatt Earp supported this testimony, (ironically, given his later vendetta against Brocius and the rest of the Cowboy gang) as did a demonstration that Brocius's pistol could be fired from half-cock, and the fact that it had been found to contain six rounds, with only one of them fired. After spending most of November and December 1880 in jail awaiting trial, Brocius was acquitted with a verdict of accidental death.

Wyatt told his biographer John H. Flood, Jr., many years later that he thought that Brocius was still armed at the time and did not notice that Brocius' pistol lay on the ground in the dark, until Brocius was already down. Despite being responsible for the deaths of several other men during his life, Brocius had apparently personally liked White and maintained that his death had been an accident.

Outlaw Cowboy
Brocius was described by contemporary author Billy Breakenridge in his book, Helldorado: Bringing the Law to the Mesquite, as being the most deadly pistol shot of the Cowboys: "able to hit running jackrabbits, shoot out candle flames without breaking the candles or lantern holders, and shoot quarters from between the fingers of volunteers". When drunk, Brocius was also known for a mean sense of humor and for such "practical jokes" as using gunfire to make a preacher "dance" during a sermon or forcing Mexicans at a community dance to take off their clothes and dance naked. Wells Fargo agent Fred Dodge reported both incidents in his memoirs, and both were alluded to in local newspapers.

Shooting of Dick Lloyd
On March 8, 1881, Brocius and his friend Johnny Ringo rode to Maxey, near Camp Thomas, Arizona. Cowboy Dick Lloyd got drunk while playing poker in O'Neil and Franklin's saloon. After shooting and wounding one man, Lloyd rode his horse into the saloon where Brocius was drinking. Brocius and several other men resented the interruption, and about a dozen of them, including Brocius, shot and killed Lloyd. Owner O'Neil took the blame and was acquitted.

Shot in face
On May 25, 1881, Brocius was drinking heavily in Galeyville with his friend of several months and Lincoln County War veteran Jim Wallace and eight or nine other cowboys. Wallace insulted Brocius' friend and ally, Tombstone Deputy Marshal Billy Breakenridge. Breakenridge ignored him, but Brocius took offense and insisted that Wallace accompany him and apologize to Breakenridge. Brocius threatened to kill him. Wallace complied, but Brocius afterward heaped abuse on Wallace, announcing, "You damned Lincoln County son of a bitch, I'll kill you anyhow." Wallace left the saloon and Curly Bill followed him. Feeling threatened, Wallace shot Curly Bill, wounding him in the cheek and neck.

Deputy Breakenridge arrested Wallace, but the court ruled he acted in self-defense.

Shooting of the Haslett brothers
In July 1881, Bill Leonard and Harry Head attempted to rob William and Isaac Haslett's general store in Hachita, New Mexico. The Haslett brothers killed Leonard and Head during the hold-up. Some modern researchers state that Brocius and friend Johnny Ringo rode to New Mexico to avenge their friends' deaths and killed both Haslett brothers. However, no witnesses to this crime were found nor to Curly Bill's involvement in the Hasletts' death.

Four months after Brocius was shot, on October 6, 1881, George Parsons rode through the McLaury brothers' ranch in Sulphur Springs Valley as part of an Indian scouting party, and noted that Brocius had not yet fully recovered from his wound, but was well enough to ride. For this reason, many historians doubt that Brocius took part in killing William and Isaac Haslett.

Participation in Skeleton Canyon Massacre
In July, some reports say that Brocius ambushed a Mexican trail herd in the Skeleton Canyon Massacre. Six vaqueros were killed and the remainder captured, then possibly tortured and murdered. Curly Bill reportedly sold the stolen Mexican beef to Newman Haynes Clanton the next month. When Old Man Clanton was herding the beef on the trail to Tombstone, he and four others were ambushed in the Guadalupe Canyon Massacre and murdered by Mexicans. No reports were verified of Curly Bill's involvement in these episodes, nor was he charged with any crimes related to these events.

Brocius was still recovering from being shot in the face by Wallace only six weeks earlier. Some modern researchers doubt that he was well enough to take part in these events.

Assassination of Morgan Earp
Following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881, Brocius robbed the Tombstone–Bisbee stagecoach on January 6, 1882, and the Tombstone-Benson stage the next day. Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a posse and rode after the men, but was unable to find them in the Chiricahua Mountains. Brocius returned to Tombstone on March 17. He was named by Pete Spence's wife Marietta Duarte as a participant in the assassination of Morgan Earp. Justice of the Peace Wells Spicer disallowed her testimony because it was hearsay and because she could not testify against her husband. Lacking evidence, the prosecution dropped all charges against the Cowboys. Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp killed outlaw Cowboy Frank Stilwell in Tucson on March 20, 1882, while guarding his brother Virgil en route to California.

Death at Iron Springs
On March 24, 1882, the Earp party was expecting to meet Charlie Smith at Iron Springs (later Mescal Springs), in the Whetstone Mountains. Smith was bringing cash from Tombstone about 20 mi to the east to help pay posse expenses. As they surmounted the edge of a wash near the springs, they stumbled upon Brocius, Pony Diehl, Johnny Barnes, Frank Patterson, Milt Hicks, Bill Hicks, Bill Johnson, Ed Lyle, and Johnny Lyle, cooking a meal alongside the spring.

Shootout with Wyatt Earp
According to Wyatt Earp — and an anonymous report to The Tombstone Epitaph— he was in the lead of the posse when they suddenly came upon the Cowboys' camp at the springs from less than 30 feet (9m) behind an embankment. The Cowboys began firing just as Earp dismounted, and thought for a moment they had shot him, but had hit his saddle horn instead. Texas Jack Vermillion, whose horse was killed, remained cool under fire and stuck close to Wyatt during the fight. Doc, Johnson, and McMaster fired their weapons and sought cover. Warren Earp was away on an errand at the time.

Eighteen months prior, Wyatt Earp had protected Brocius against a mob ready to lynch him for killing Town Marshal Fred White, and then provided testimony that helped spare him from a murder conviction. Now Brocius fired at Earp with his shotgun from about 50 ft, but missed. Earp returned fire over his horse using a 22-inch, 10-gauge shotgun. He killed Brocius with a load of buckshot to the stomach, nearly cutting him in half. Brocius fell into the water at the edge of the spring.

The Cowboys fired a number of shots at the Earp party, but the lawmen's fire was so intense that those Cowboys who could, left. Earp's long coat was punctured by bullets on both sides. Another bullet struck his boot heel and his saddle horn was hit, as well, burning the saddle hide and narrowly missing Wyatt. Firing his pistol, Earp shot Johnny Barnes in the chest and Milt Hicks in the arm. Vermillion tried to retrieve his rifle wedged in the scabbard under his fallen horse, exposing himself to the Cowboys' gunfire. Doc Holliday helped him gain cover. Earp had trouble remounting his horse due to a cartridge belt that had slipped down his legs. He was finally able to get on his horse and retreat. McMaster was grazed by a bullet that cut through the straps of his field glasses.

Earp biographer John Flood wrote that The Cowboys buried Brocius' body on the nearby ranch of Frank Patterson near the Babocomari River. This is close to the original McLaury ranch site about 5 miles (8 km) west of Fairbank (before the McLaurys moved to the Sulphur Springs Valley in late 1880). Brocius's grave site has never been identified.

Proof of death
Fred J. Dodge, an undercover operative for Wells Fargo in Tombstone, asked Curly Bill's associates about his death. He wrote that he talked to "J. B. Ayers, a saloonkeeper of Charleston where the outlaws and rustlers headquartered, told me that the men who were in the fight told him that Wyatt Earp killed Curly Bill and that they took the body away that night and that they buried him on Patterson's ranch on the Babocomari." The Tombstone Nugget first put up a $1,000 reward for proof Curly Bill lived, and The Tombstone Epitaph countered with a $2,000 reward. Neither was ever collected. Brocius was not wanted by the law in Arizona and if he was not dead had no reason to disappear. He also was unlikely to return to Texas, where according to Wyatt Earp's recollection, he was probably still wanted for murder.

Other names
Because of his nickname, "Curly Bill" Brocius has been confused with "Curly Bill" Graham, a different outlaw of the same geographical region and time period. Graham was killed in a gunfight by Deputy Sheriff James D. Houck on October 17, 1887, and buried in Young, Arizona, and is not considered by historians to be the same Curly Bill of Charleston and Tombstone. Brocius' birth date, birth name, and birthplace are not known.

In newspapers of the time, Brocius was known alternately as "Curly Bill" and "Curley Bill." His surname has also been spelled as "Brocious", although the former is the spelling used for his maildrop in Arizona Territory, according to one published letter of the time.

Origins in Missouri
Historical research into Brocius' death turned up two possible earlier identities. Denis McLoughlin in The Encyclopedia of the Old West reports that Brocius was from Missouri and named William B. Graham. He said Brocius rode for various Texas cow outfits and was known in Kansas.

Origins in Texas
While on the way to Tucson, Brocius asked Wyatt Earp to recommend an attorney. As reported in The Tombstone Epitaph:

"The facts leaked out in this way: On the road to Tucson, Brocius asked Earp where he could get a good lawyer. Earp suggested that Hereford & Zabriskie were considered a good firm. Broscius said that he didn't want Zabriskie, as he had prosecuted him once in Texas."

Wyatt looked into the story about Brocius' time in Texas and learned that Brocius had been convicted of robbery in El Paso, Texas, during which a man had been killed. Zabriskie had prosecuted Brocius for the crime, and "he was tried and sentenced to the penitentiary, but managed to make his escape shortly after being incarcerated."

The El Paso Daily Times speculated that he was the man whom Texas Ranger Thomas Mode shot in the right ear.

Modern researchers have linked Brocius with a man known as William "Curly Bill" Bresnaham, who was convicted in a robbery attempt in Texas in 1878, along with another known cowboy of the Tombstone area named Robert Martin. The men were convicted and sentenced to five years in prison, but both escaped, presumably to the southwest Arizona Territory. Since both Robert Martin and Curly Bill became known as leaders of the rustlers in Arizona Territory, they are likely the same Robert Martin and Curly Bill of the Texas crime.

According to historian Robert M. Utley, Robert Martin was a member of the Jesse Evans gang of outlaws in New Mexico during the mid- to late 1870s. Billy the Kid briefly joined this group before going to work for John Tunstall. Evans's gang, a loose-knit consortium of desperadoes known as "The Boys", ended up fighting against the "Regulators" during the Lincoln County War. Because of the time frame, the location, and his friendship with Martin, Curly Bill Brocius may have been a member of the Evans gang, as well.

Portrayals in film and television
• Edgar Buchanan portrayed the role of Brocius in the     1942 movie Tombstone.
 * Robert Foulk portrayed Brocius in three episodes of the Western television series Tombstone Territory: "Gunslinger from Galeville", "Ride Out at Noon", and "Skeleton Canyon Massacre" (1957–1958).
 * Harry Bellaver portrayed Brocius in the 1959 episode "Bad Gun" of the series Wanted Dead or Alive.
 * William Phipps portrayed Curly Bill Brocius on the TV series “The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp”.
 * Robert Yuro played Brocius in the episode "A Mule ... Like the Army's Mule" (October 5, 1968) of the television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor, and also starring Sam Melville as Army Lt. Jason Beal and Luke Halpin as Sandy King, the youngest member of the Brocius gang at the time.
 * Wes Hudman earlier played Brocius in the 1955 episode, "Death and Taxes" of Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, novice deputy Bud Payson (Wayne Mallory) while courting the sheriff's daughter, June (Eve Brent), enlists the aid of Curly Bill Brocius to assist him in collecting property taxes from a large area of the Death Valley country which had not been previously taxed.
 * Curly Bill was portrayed by Jon Voight in the 1967 film Hour of the Gun which begins with the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and continues with a somewhat accurate account of the aftermath. (The death of Curly Bill was inaccurate).
 * Curly Bill was portrayed by Powers Boothe in the 1993 film Tombstone
 * Curly Bill was portrayed by Lewis Smith in the 1994 film Wyatt Earp

title: William Brocius


text:
Monchy & Alexandra

Monchy & Alexandra were a bachata musical group from the Dominican Republic. They sang together as a duo beginning in 1998. Their first big hit was "Hoja en Blanco (song)", which they released in 1999. Since then, they had many other hits, such as "Hasta El Fin" and "Perdidos", both from their 2004 album Hasta el Fin, as well as "No Es Una Novela" from their 2006 Éxitos y Más album. They have been often credited with being instrumental in popularizing bachata music outside of the Dominican Republic.

Formation, Hoja En Blanco, Confesiones, and international success (1998-2003)
Monchy (real name Ramón Rijo, born 19 September 1977 in La Romana) first performed in a group in the Dominican Republic, which earned him a place in the recording of the Bachatazos series of releases. Alexandra (full name Alexandra Cabrera de la Cruz, born 19 October 1978 in Santo Domingo) was attending a university in 1998, but her studies were put on hold when the opportunity arose to audition for arranger/producer Martires De Leon and executive producer Victor Reyes, who were looking for someone to pair with Monchy. Alexandra won and began the duo that would become Monchy & Alexandra. The pair's first hit, in fact, was recorded without the two having ever met in person; Rijo recorded his vocal while the search for a female duet partner was still in progress.

Monchy & Alexandra released their debut album Hoja En Blanco in 1999. Promotion of the album was slowed by visa problems and unauthorized cover versions. Even so, slowly, requests for the song began to flood into Miami, leading tropical radio stations WXDJ and WRTO to launch Sunday-afternoon bachata programs and to incorporate the music style into their regular programming. Miami station WXDJ even added the word "bachata" to its slogan. They were the first bachata act to perform on the show Sabado Gigante in April 2001, after their single "Hoja En Blanco" began to finally climb the Billboard charts in the US. Cabrera credited their success in part to their early singles' roots in the vallenato genre, noting that vallenato lyrics traditionally are "sweeter [and] more romantic" in contrast to the traditionally bitter lyrics favored in the male-dominated bachata scene. The following year, they released their first live album Unplugged. Around this time Sony Discos (now Sony Music Latin) would start distributing their albums. Their debut album was re-released in 2001. In the same year, they were featured in the compilation album Bachatazos Del 2001 with the song 	"Palomita Blanca".

The duo released their second studio album Confesiones on March 5, 2002. According to Monchy, the duo waited two years before releasing their next album in order to "put out something superior to their debut album". Label executives from J&N worked hard to improve the odds for commercial success for the second album. Their marketing efforts included a $300,000 national TV advertising campaign for the U.S., including Puerto Rico, (consisting of 30 and 60 second spots) and a $17,000 video filmed in Miami. This marketing campaign was the first time for such in a bachata group; prior to that all marketing had concentrated on compilation albums. The album's lead single "Te Quiero Igual Que Ayer" was written by the same composer, Wilfran Castillo, that penned "Hoja En Blanco". On the Billboard charts, the song peaked at number 21 on Hot Latin Tracks, and peaked at number 2 on Tropical Airplay chart. I won "Tropical Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group" at the 2003 Latin Billboard Music Awards, which was the same show in which the duo also won "Tropical Album of the Year, Duo or Group" for their second studio album. It was the first two major awards they won in their careers. It also featured the single Dos Locos, which was added as a sound track for GTA Online: The Contract (2021), in the fictional radio station Motomami Los Santos.

Another song that is featured on some editions of the second studio album is the song "Polo Opuesto", which would be released as the lead single in 2003 to promote their first remix album titled The Mix. The remix album was released on June 10, 2003. The album contains remixes of some of their best songs. They were remixed in different genres. It peaked at Billboard Tropical Albums chart. In the same year, they featured in the song "Con un nudo en la Garganta", which was part of a collaboration album titled Memin Y Sus Invitados from Dominican musician Memin.

Hasta El Fin and Éxitos y Más (2004-2008)
On October 19, 2004, they released their third and final studio album Hasta El Fin. It became their first album the reach the Billboard 200 as it peaked at 193. It also became their first number 1 album on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart. It features the singles "Tu Sin Mi y Yo Sin Ti", "Hasta El Fin", and "Perdidos", which became their first song to reach the Billboard 100 as it peaked at number 92. It also became their first number 1 hit on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. In the same year, they were featured in the song "Comentarios" by La Hill. In 2005, the duo performed with Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres, He Venido A Pedirte Perdón, on an album contributing to Mexican singer, Juan Gabriel.

On March 28, 2006, the duo released their first greatest hits album Éxitos y Más. The album featured their greatest hit songs. In addition, it also included 3 new songs which were "Te Regalo", "Corazón Prendido", and "No Es Una Novela", which was released as the main single for the album. The single became the second number 1 hit on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. It won Tropical Song of the Year at the 19th Lo Nuestro Awards. The album itself was awarded Tropical Album of the Year on the same show. Also in 2006 were included in the songs "Dame una Noche" with Dominican rapper Don Miguelo for his album Contra El Tiempo, and "La Otra" with merengue rap group Ilegales for the group's album La Republica. On May 20, 2008, they released their second live album and concert film En Vivo Desde Bellas Artes. It was recorded live at a concert that took place at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center (also known as Bellas Artes) in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart.

Break up and embarking in separate careers (2008-2018)
In 2008, they released the single "Cuando Zarpa El Amor". This would be their last performance together before officially splitting in the same year. On September 15, 2008, Monchy announced that the group would be breaking up. He attributed the decision to split solely to Alexandra saying "The decision was Alexandra's. I still don't know the reasons why, only that when I was informed about this, the reasons were not explained to me and this occurred while we were on a European tour, in Milan, Italy." Monchy disputed rumors that the split was over money.

After the split, Monchy left J&N Records and decided to start a new duo with another women Nathalia (born Carmen Luisa Reyes) to form the duo Monchy & Nathalia. They released their eponymous debut album in 2011. It was distributed by Terra Music Inc. and Universal Music Latin Entertainment. The two singles for this album were songs "No Saber De Tí" and "Hasta El Alma". The duo ended a few years later and Monchy went on to pursue a solo career.

As for Alexandra, she continued with J&N Records as a solo act and released her first solo single "Que Te Creiste Tú". In the same year, she started her first collaborations as a solo singer with artists like Jandy Feliz and Daniel Monción. Then in 2012, she released her second single "No Es Tarde" featuring a singer named Nikolaz. In 2013, she released the song "Lo Que Tu Me Das", which served as the first single for her first solo studio album titled Estar Sin Ti, which was released on February 9, 2016. Its second single, which album is named after, was released as an ep with for versions of the song. She then went on to release more singles like "A Dormir Juntitos" featuring Eddy Herrera, "Y Aquí Estoy" which is a cover of an Ana Gabriel song, "Ángeles Desnudos", "El Teléfono", among others. Around this time, she had dubbed herself La Reina De La Bachata (The Queen of Bachata), thus going under the name Alexandra La Reina (Alexandra The Queen).

Reunion and Monchy going solo (2019-present)
In 2019, the duo reunited to collaborate on a track "Años Luz" with Romeo Santos for his fourth studio album, Utopía. Prior to the making of the song, Santos had to get permission from J&N Records to have both Monchy and Alexandra to work together. This is due to the fact Monchy had sign a contract that terminated his contractual relationship with J&N and prohibit him from ever working with Alexandra as per J&N demands. This contract was made when Monchy had departure from the record label. On September 21, 2019, the duo performed the song with Santos as part of his Utopía concert at MetLife Stadium. The performance is featured in the concert film and live album, Utopía Live from MetLife Stadium. The duo only reunited for the song as they would continue with their separate paths. In the same year, J&N release their third compilation and greatest hits album Dos Locos, named after their single from 2002.

On June 19, 2020, Monchy released his first solo album titled Primogénito. In the same year, Alexandra continued her solo career releasing more singles and albums. She has collaborated with more artists like Chiko Swagg, Gustavo Enrique, Daniel Santacruz, Henry Santos, among others. She released her greatest hits album Grandes Éxitos on September 21, which featured hits from her solo career and hits from her time with Monchy. On November 12, she released her first live album titled Concierto Virtual. It is based on a virtual concert she performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, she released the EP, Bachata Queen. In 2022 she released the collaborative album Dúos Entre Amigos, which included artists on every song.

Legacy
Monchy & Alexandra are considered the greatest duo in the history of bachata, a genre in which is mostly dominated by solo artists. Also, Alexandra became one of the greatest female musicians in the genre, thus being dubbed the Queen of Bachata. Hits like "Hoja En Blanco", "Te Quiero Igual Que Ayer", "Perdidos", "No Es Una Novela", among others, helped with the expansion of bachata by giving it a different vibe to the genre. They were one of the first bachata acts to obtain mainstream fame in the Latin community in the United States. They are considered pioneers of the genre and are a hybrid between tradition and pop style bachata. They have been recognized by some of the most prestigious organizations of the Hispanic music business. They have been nominated for the Billboard Latin Music Awards, Premios Cassandra, Premios Lo Nuestro and a Latin Grammy. The duo has achieved a large amount of success in a relatively short amount of time. They have open doors for more duos to be formed in the genre, especially male-female duos like Carlos & Alejandra, JFab & Poala Fabre, among others.

Studio

 * Hoja En Blanco (1999)
 * Confesiones (2002)
 * Hasta El Fin (2004)

Live

 * Unplugged (2000)
 * En Vivo Desde Bellas Artes (Live from Bellas Artes) (2008)

Compilations

 * Éxitos & Más (2006)

Remix

 * The Mix (2003)

Post-duo albums

 * Monchy
 * Monchy & Nathalia (2011) - with Nathalia
 * Primogénito (2020) - Solo
 * Alexandra
 * Estar Sin Ti (2016) - Studio
 * Grandes Éxitos (2020) - Greatest Hits
 * Concierto Virtual (2020) - Live
 * Bachata Queen (2021) - EP
 * Dúos Entre Amigos (2022) - Collaborative

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Monchy & Alexandra


text:
Talk:Bushire

Any gossip about why the location is "Bush"ehr? UnIntentional pun? Dates do not match.

title: Talk:Bushire


text:
Harmonica gun

A harmonica gun or slide gun is a firearm design which was breech loaded with a steel slide, containing a number of chambers bored in it that were filled with projectiles. Most harmonica guns are percussion cap guns, although some designs exist for compressed air guns and some examples were made in pinfire cartridge form. In percussion cap guns, each chamber contains a separate primer, powder charge, and projectile. The slide was inserted in an opening in the breech action and could be advanced by releasing the camlock, and moving the slide by hand. The gun comes in both pistol and rifle models, as well as single-action and double-action.

The earliest example of a harmonica gun is probably the one constructed by the Swiss inventor Welten in 1742.

Background
In 1814 a flintlock harmonica gun was patented by James Thomson.

According to Clive Scott Chisholm in Following the Wrong God Home: Footloose in an American Dream and Louis A Garavaglia & Charles G. Worman in Firearms of the American West: 1803-1865 the slide gun was independently invented by a Mormon gunsmith called Nicanor Kendall in 1838 and it was from this gunsmith that Browning got the idea for his own harmonica guns when he moved to the area in which Kendall was living in around 1840.

The most famous maker of harmonica guns was Jonathan Browning, father of John Moses Browning. Commencing in 1834 in Quincy, Illinois, he began to make harmonica guns and more conventional revolving rifles. He continued to improve on the principle after he became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emigrated to Nauvoo, Illinois, and finally Ogden, Utah.

In 1837 a percussion cap harmonica gun was patented by Elijah Fisher and Dexter H. Chamberlain.

In 1854 a pump action harmonica gun was patented by Alexander Bain.

A crank-operated harmonica gun was patented in 1856 by C. G. Terrel.

title: Harmonica gun


text:
User:Klonimus/Society for the Preservation of Waffle Irons

Founded in 2003, The Society for the Preservation of Waffle Irons is a Brooklyn, New York based association dedicated to the preservation and promoton of classic North American made waffle irons. Society Founder and President Ian L. Chalmers founded group after he was tired of buying new inferior quality waffle irons made in Red China every six months. The society's promotional material is anti-Wal-Mart, pro-free Tibet, and is critical of Red China's human rights abuses. Also featured are photos of a classic 1950s Sunbeam CG waffle iron. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_Waffle_Irons"


text: Talk:Saffron Walden County High School

title: Talk:Saffron Walden County High School


text: User talk:68.40.50.202

title: User talk:68.40.50.202


text:
Talk:Homestead High School (Indiana)

Notable alumni
None of the "notable alumni" appear to be notable from my google'ing. I would therefore suggest removing them. chowells 01:20, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Chowells, who are you? Did you attend Homestead High School? Are you from Indiana? How do you have any right to say that these are not notable alumni. They are, and google isn't the answer to everything. Who made you the watch dog for Homestead High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana? Leave it alone. eazyz99 09:00, 24 October 2005 (EST)

 * You can find out who I am by visiting my user page. I am quite aware that google isn't everything, which is why I am requesting that you justify their inclusion. I'm not going to "leave it alone" and I suggest that you read Consensus. Thank you. chowells 09:04, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Justin Zellers is a record producer/studio engineer at one of the largest recording studios in the midwest. He's worked with rap artitst, Twista, and is finishing up NBA All-Star Ron Artest's debut R&B album. He works for Sweetwater Sound, INC., the third largest music retailer in the world. Mr. Zellers has also just produced and engineered many jazz records that have achieved medium success in the state of Indiana.

Justin graduated, with honors, from Ball State University in 2003 with a degree in Telecommunication, specializing in Production. He attended Homestead High School from 1995 to 1999 and graduated with Distinguished Honors, near the top of his class. Justin's friends include famed producer/engineer, George Massenburg, and political talk radio host, Rush Limbaugh.

 * I'm afraid that a record producer does not sound particularly notable, and being friends of someone who is notable is not notable in itself. And that's one of them, what about all the others? chowells 09:04, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

I give up. You are such an asshole. You get off on watching me and disputing everything I do on wikipedia and that's just sick. You have problems and need to grow up. Have a fun life being a free watch dog for an online encyclopedia, loser. - EaZyZ99

 * You need to read WP:NPA and WP:3RR. — Locke Cole ( talk )  (e-mail) 07:59, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Typical Homestead students think they're always right. Kerdek (talk) Tell me if I screw up 04:53, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Is Kenny Edwards a notable alumni? Acronjsmith 06:58, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Censorship
NEW TOPIC: The school came under fire last year for censorhip when the Principal denied the drama director to perform a play she had already approved. It was in the newspapers around the area. I believe it was worth putting up here, but I wanted your opinions before I go ahead with it. SovietChicken

I say go for it. Sounds noteworthy. Ms. Moake seems to come under fire alot. - Eaton

Definitely mention the names of the musicals. Urinetown was initially proposed as the spring musical, and when that plan was turned down like Bat Boy the previous year the far raunchier Cabaret was proposed and accepted. Syckls

It was a very controversial in the high school but really around the area, there wasn't that much news on it. In my honest opinion, you probably know more about this topic than most of the students who went to Homestead or are currently attending that High School. Are you referring to BatBoy or Urinetown? Spartan05 16:27, 5 February 2007 (UTC) Spartan05

Fair use rationale for Image:HomesteadSeal.JPG
Image:HomesteadSeal.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:11, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Homestead's OK, but Woodside Middle School is AWESOME! Go Warriors! YEA! I just got back from a Homestead's girl's basketball game. WOOT WOOT! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.245.128.98 (talk) 03:40, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

WP:OWN and School article guidelines
Reading some of the comments on this talk page, I can see how the corresponding article has degenerated into such a piece of crap. This is not the school's page on Wikipedia, it is Wikipedia's page on the school!

There are guidelines for content for a school article. Virtually none of this article is within them. This page is not for posting accolades, sales pitches rah rahs or anything of the like. It is for the reporting of verifiable factual information that has been published elsewhere. This reporting is to be done in an encyclopedic style, and is to be written for the sole purpose of informing the English speaking world what is significant about this school.

Being a student or an alumni or a staff member at this school gives you no more rights to this article than any other editor on Wikipedia. As a matter of fact, it gives you somewhat less, because if you belong to those groups you have an inherent conflict of interest. Pretty much, if it is something that the local population is interested in, it probably shouldn't be in the article. The locals have all sorts of ways to find out what is up at the school. This article is for Joe from Mississippi or Carol from Maine or Kumar from Bhopal to find out information that would be significant to them about this school. I highly doubt any of them care what the name that was bestowed upon the halftime show in 2001 is. They want to know what things of significance this school has accomplished. They want to know when it was built, how many kids go there, who accredits it. They want to know things that are significantly different about this school. No-one but students or alumni give a hoot about most of what is in this article. If you want to have an alumni site, get a webpage. GoDaddy.com is ====> thataway.

We will begin rebuilding this soon. John from Idegon (talk) 21:59, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Homestead High School (Indiana). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120207115350/http://www.indianafind.com/Education/High_Schools/Homestead_High_School_L9225/ to http://www.indianafind.com/Education/High_Schools/Homestead_High_School_L9225/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:14, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Homestead High School (Indiana). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150221072545/http://studentpress.org/nspa/contests.html to http://www.studentpress.org/nspa/contests.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:23, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Classes Homestead Provides
List of classes homestead provides for students. RicardoValdezIII (talk) 02:32, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * What about it? If you are suggesting that we should add it, then no. That would be of no interest to general readers, and the schools project article content guideline says not to add such lists. Meters (talk) 04:50, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:56, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * BoysBB12.jpg

title: Talk:Homestead High School (Indiana)


text:
Talk:St Edward's School, Oxford

Clearly important, just looking at the alumni and history. Could be a great page. Maybe only mid Importance but as a member of the Rugby group, it deserves some attention,

Semi-protected edit request on 8 August 2018
In the "Alumni (OSE)" section, consider adding 'David Case, audio books reader' Mr. Case's WIKI page is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frederick_Case 2604:B200:4:71:D5AF:AB51:698E:9255 (talk) 20:28, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Done, thank you for this suggestion. MPS1992 (talk) 21:07, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:22, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * St Edward's School, Oxford (main logo).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:08, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * New Quad Development, St Edward's School, Oxford, UK.jpg

title: Talk:St Edward's School, Oxford


text:
Talk:Tomball High School

I thought that...
I'm a sophomore at Tombal High School, and I thought our deceased senior AP (short for Assistant Principal) died from liver cancer, not colon cancer. Our main principal told the entire school that he died from liver cancer.--70.240.240.229 (talk) 02:23, 20 July 2008 (UTC)Chris

Sourcing extracurricular activities
How am i supposed to obtain said sources? There isnt a "independent" agency that reports what activities a school hosts. Please explain why it natters if some info comes from school websites. Plenty of other local high school articles contain many more instances of info coming from a school/district website.

Im just trying to update old info and willing to learn what is necessary to update the page correctly.

Acrasulter (talk) 00:04, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

 * This is not the school's page on Wikipedia; instead it is an encyclopedia article about the school. By definition, an encyclopedia is a tertiary source. What that means in simplest terms is: We do not write about the school, we write about what is written about the school.  The purpose is not to inform this school's community but to inform the world about what is important about this school. What is important is indicated by what others have written in reliable sources. I doubt the AV club has been or ever will be written up in a reliable source. School clubs have 0 import beyond the school's community, and very little import beyond the school walls. John from Idegon (talk) 01:23, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomball High School


text:
Cadet (dinghy)

The Cadet is a class of sailing dinghy designed to be sailed by two children up to the age of 17. It is a one-design class, originally designed by Jack Holt in 1947. Cadets are sailed worldwide in more than 40 countries.

History
In 1947, Yachting World organised a design competition for a beginners' sailing dinghy that the current Cadet-design won.

Design
The boat is crewed by two people and sails with a bermuda rigged mainsail, jib and spinnaker. The Cadet is the only recognised two persons youth-boat by World Sailing (formerly ISAF) as an International Competitive Youth Sailing Class since 1958. Over 10,000 Cadets have been built worldwide by registered licensed builders on four continents. The Cadet is sailed internationally throughout Europe, Asia, Australia and South America. Originally made of wood, the majority of the international fleet is now constructed of fibreglass. The strongest fleets are currently situated in Ukraine, Poland, Belgium, Australia and Argentina. Argentine sailors won 14 world championships in the 20-year period between 1991 and 2010. The Cadet is 3.2 metres long, 1.38 m wide, and weighs 54 kilograms. With the centerboard up, the hull draft is 16 cm; the mast is deck-stepped and 5.22 m high, the mainsail area is 3.9 m2, the jib 1.26 m2 and the spinnaker 4.25 m2. The side decks are designed so that a capsize normally does not fill the hull with water. In a mixed fleet, the Cadet has a Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 1428, the second-slowest in the PY scheme.

Events
The class most important competition is the Cadet World Championship.

title: Cadet (dinghy)


text:
Argentine, Kansas

Argentine is a community of Kansas City, Kansas, located in the southern part of Wyandotte County. It is bordered on the west by the Turner community, on the east by the Rosedale community, on the south by Johnson County, and on the north by Armourdale community and by the Kansas River.

Argentine was primarily recognized for the prosperous silver smeltery for which it was named. Built on the site of a former Shawnee reservation, the proximity of the railroad, local lumber sources, the smeltery, and in later years, steel manufacturing, meant that the city enjoyed a considerable amount of economic success for quite some time.

When the smeltery finally closed, the city found itself in the throes of an unprecedented financial crisis and began to seek entry to nearby Kansas City in 1907. Although the community was annexed and became the seventh ward of Kansas City, Kansas in 1910, the neighborhood retains its own distinct flavor and personality.

Prominent nearby landmarks include Argentine Carnegie Library (the last Carnegie library in the Kansas City metropolitan area), the grave of Tecumseh's brother, the Shawnee prophet Tensquatawa at White Feather Spring, Sauer Castle at 945 Shawnee Road, and the Argentine mural located at 30th Street and Metropolitan Avenue.

The neighborhood is the location of one of three rail yards on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the Argentine Yard.

Primary and secondary schools
It is in the Kansas City, Kansas School District. Its local high school is J. C. Harmon High School, which opened in 1973 as the fusion of Argentine Senior High School and Rosedale Senior High School. The neighborhood has its own middle school, Argentine Middle School.

Public libraries
Kansas City, Kansas Public Library currently operates the South Branch Library in Argentine, with 21000 sqft of space. The name was chosen to reflect that it serves the entire southern region of the city and not a single neighborhood.

It formerly operated the Argentine Carnegie Library which opened in 1911 in a storefront and received its own Carnegie building in 1917. By 1998 it, on the National Register of Historic Places, was the sole remaining Carnegie library in the city. In 2012 the current South Branch opened, and it cost $6 million, with a third of it made in fundraisers by local residents. The school district agreed to pay for the rest if residents raised $1.5 million to $2 million. An old grocery store was demolished to make way for the current library, and the school district took possession of the former library.

title: Argentine, Kansas


text:
Talk:Hingham School District

It appears that Hingham High has been merged into this article, I believe that if the high school is merged, Hingham Middle should be merged as well. Actually, I don't feel particularly strongly about it one way or the other, but I think we should be consistent. Friejose 15:49, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say go ahead and merge but leave the link (as with the high school) and if the information is ever expanded the redirect can be reverted. --Tony Sidaway Talk 16:36, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Hingham School District. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061212232935/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7723397/site/newsweek/?page=10 to http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7723397/site/newsweek/?page=10

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:26, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hingham School District


text: Talk:Salem High School

title: Talk:Salem High School


text: Talk:Tomball Independent School District


text:
File:Vidicon.png

Schematic of vidicon image tube.

The vidicon is a storage type camera tube in which a charge-density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on a photoconductive surface which is then scanned by a beam of low velocity electrons. The fluctuating voltage coupled out to a video amplifier can be used to reproduce the scene being imaged. Pyroelectric photocathodes can be used to produce a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the infrared spectrum.

https://ewhdbks.mugu.navy.mil/vidicon.gif

title: File:Vidicon.png


text:
Langerfeld

Langerfeld is a borough of the German city of Wuppertal.

On 24 June 2018, an explosion in the area damaged an apartment complex and surroundings. The blast was powerful and destroyed the three top floors of the block, and also destroying a parked car. The impact caused fires inside the building. Twenty-five people were injured, five of them seriously. The explosion's cause is unknown and still under investigation.

title: Langerfeld


text:
Grabowiec, Toruń County

Grabowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubicz, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 12 km south-east of Toruń.

In April 2005, one of its streets was named Obi-Wan Kenobi Street (Polish: ulica Obi-Wana Kenobiego) after the famous Jedi master from Star Wars movies.

title: Grabowiec, Toruń County


text:
Live at the Apollo (1963 album)

Live at the Apollo is the first live album by James Brown and the Famous Flames, recorded at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in October 1962 and released in May 1963 by King Records. Capturing Brown's popular stage show for the first time on record, the album was a major commercial and critical success and cemented his status as a leading R&B star.

The album is included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). In 2000 it was voted number 248 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. In 2003, the album was ranked number 24 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, then was re-ranked at number 25 in 2012, and then re-ranked at number 65 in a 2020 reboot of the list. In 2004, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 1998, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
The album was recorded on the night of October 24, 1962, at Brown's own expense. Although not credited on the album cover or label, Brown's vocal group, The Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth), played an important co-starring role in Live at the Apollo, and are included with Brown by MC Fats Gonder in the album's intro. It wasn't until the CD release of this album, decades later, that The Flames were finally credited for their work on this album. While Brown's record label, King Records, originally opposed releasing the album, believing that a live album featuring no new songs would not be profitable, the label finally relented under pressure from both Brown's manager Bud Hobgood and Brown himself.

Release and reception
Live at the Apollo was an amazingly rapid seller. It spent 66 weeks on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, peaking at #2. Many record stores, especially in the southeast US, found themselves unable to keep up with the demand for the product, eventually ordering several cases at a time. R&B DJs often would play side1 in its entirety, pausing only to insert commercials and to flip the record to side2, which was often played in full as well.

Legacy
In a retrospective article for Rolling Stone, music critic Robert Christgau said that Brown was a "striking but more conventional performer" in the show than on his contemporary studio recordings and wrote of the album:

"Recorded in 1962 and barely half an hour long, it lacks the heft we associate with live albums, relegating major songs to the same eight-title medley as forgettable ones. But not only did it establish Brown as an r&b superstar and a sales force to be reckoned with, it's a time capsule, living testament of a chitlin circuit now defunct. The band is clean as a silk suit, and how the women love this rough singer's tender lover-in-song act. There is no music anywhere quite like the perfectly timed and articulated female fan-screeches that punctuate the 10-minute 'Lost Someone.'"

Brown went on to record several more albums at the Apollo throughout his career, including 1968's Live at the Apollo, Volume II (King), 1971's Revolution of the Mind: Live at the Apollo, Volume III (Polydor), and Live at the Apollo 1995 (Scotti Bros.).

In 2015, Rolling Stone listed it as the greatest live album of all time.

MC5 guitarist Wayne Kramer cited Live at the Apollo as the inspiration to Kick Out the Jams "Our whole thing was based on James Brown. We listened to Live at the Apollo endlessly on acid. We would listen to that in the van in the early days of 8-tracks on the way to the gigs to get us up for the gig. If you played in a band in Detroit in the days before The MC5, everybody did 'Please, Please, Please' and 'I Go Crazy.' These were standards. We modeled The MC5's performance on those records. Everything we did was on a gut level about sweat and energy. It was anti-refinement. That's what we were consciously going for."

CD reissues
Despite its renowned and historical significance, Live at the Apollo was not reissued on CD until 1990 because the original master recordings had been misplaced and the available copies were not of a high enough quality for a satisfactory CD release. The master tapes were recovered in late 1989. As Harry Weinger writes in the booklet of the reissued Deluxe Edition (featuring remastered sound and several alternate mixes) in 2004: "Finding the primary master, not the readily available copy, became a mission. It was tough to find, since the original LP didn't index individual tracks, meaning its song titles would not be properly listed in a database. The tape vault was 100,000 reels strong, and growing. As JB would say Good gawd. I shared this tale of woe with Phil Schaap, the noted jazz historian. One day, [as] Philip was searching the vault for a Max Roach tape, his hand landed on what he thought was Max's master. Pulling the tape off the shelf, he realized he had instead an anonymous-looking audiotape box that said: 'Second Show James Brown'. It was initialed, in grease pencil, 'GR-CLS-King Records' (Gene Redd and Chuck L. Speitz). Phil handed it to me, saying with urgent economy, 'I think you need to hear this."

Track listing
''The track listing is as it appears on the 2004 remaster. The original 1963 issue of the album is unindexed.''

James Brown & The Famous Flames

 * James Brown – lead vocals
 * Bobby Byrd – baritone/bass vocals (and keyboards on "Lost Someone")
 * Bobby Bennett – first tenor vocals
 * Lloyd Stallworth – second tenor vocals

Band

 * Lewis Hamlin – music director, trumpet
 * Hubert Perry – bass
 * Clayton Fillyau – drums
 * Les Buie – guitar, road manager
 * Lucas "Fats" Gonder – organ, MC
 * Clifford MacMillan – tenor saxophone
 * St. Clair Pinckney – tenor saxophone
 * Al "Brisco" Clark – tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone
 * William Burgess – alto saxophone
 * Dickie Wells – trombone
 * Roscoe Patrick – trumpet
 * Teddy Washington – trumpet

Technical

 * Dan Quest – art and cover (original LP)
 * Hal Neely – liner notes (original sleeve)
 * Tom Nola – location engineer
 * Chuck Seitz – editing, mastering (original LP)
 * Gene Redd – editing (original LP)
 * James Brown – producer

title: Live at the Apollo (1963 album)


text:
Groove Terminator

Simon Lewicki, also known as Groove Terminator and GT, is an Australian electronic music artist.

Originally a hip-hop DJ, he eventually began spinning house music. He was featured in the 2000 Australian edition of Ministry of Sound's Club Nation series, as well as several other Ministry of Sound compilations. His song "Here Comes Another One" became the theme of the popular Australian (and worldwide) reality TV-show 'The Block' and had featured previously in the cult spoof-slasher film, Cut (1999).

Career
Lewicki's parents founded the first community radio station in Adelaide and his mother was a radio presenter. Simon's DJing began with the casual production of mix-tapes on the weekends as a youth. He was a fan of punk rock prior to discovering electronic and dance music. The first concert Lewicki attended as a child (aged eight) was The Ramones at Thebarton Theatre in Adelaide, South Australia.

Lewicki first performed as a scratch turntablist in the Adelaide-based hip hop duo, Major Rhyme Squad.

In the early 1990s he was part of the Adelaide hip-hop group "Finger Lickin' Good" alongside DJ Madcap and Quro. Their sole release was a 1993 vinyl EP release called Illegitimate Sons of the Bastard Funk.

In 1995, Lewicki formed Hoops Inc. with Steven Hooper and released two singles.

By the late 1990s, Groove Terminator began releasing singles. His debut album, Road Kill was released February 2000 by Virgin Records. Groove Terminator toured with the rock band, Grinspoon to promote the album. He is also credited with breaking electronic and dance music into regional venues around Australia with fellow DJs Nick Skitz and Bexta.

In 2002, Groove Terminator began releasing music under the title GT. A second album was released in November 2002 under the title Electrifyin' Mojo.

Circa 2005, Lewicki relocated to Los Angeles where he carried on his production and DJ work.

He is also in several other bands; one being Tonite Only with Sam La More which was launched in 2006 and is signed to Hussle Black, a sub-label of Ministry of Sound. In 2009, Lewicki started the electronic rock duo Jump Jump Dance Dance with singer/guitarist Chris Carter, also known as DJ Snakepanther. Jump Jump Dance Dance's debut album was released in July 2011.

In 2012 GT began releasing collaborative singles.

In 2017 and 2018, Groove Terminator toured with Ministry of Sound: Orchestrated, which brought a set of house, rave and club classics arranged for orchestral performance to major venues around Australia.

Lewicki is co-creator of the music festival Block Rocking Beats, which premieres at McLaren Vale, South Australia in December 2019.

Associated acts

 * Chili Hi Fly (2000–2002)
 * Tonite Only (2005–2006)
 * Jump Jump Dance Dance (2007–present)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Groove Terminator has been nominated for four awards.

 * rowspan="2"| 1998
 * rowspan="2"| "Losing Ground"
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Best New Talent
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2000
 * rowspan="2"| Road Kill
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Associated acts

 * Hoops Inc. (c.1995)
 * Chili Hi Fly (2000–2002)
 * Tonite Only (2005–2006)
 * Jump Jump Dance Dance (2007–present)

title: Groove Terminator


text:
Peter Potamus

Peter Potamus is a purple animated hippopotamus that first appeared in the 1964–1966 animated television series The Peter Potamus Show, produced by Hanna-Barbera and first broadcast on September 16, 1964.

The Peter Potamus Show is divided into three segments: Peter Potamus and So-So, Breezly and Sneezly and Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey. Peter Potamus was broadcast as a companion series to The Magilla Gorilla Show. Both series premiered in first-run syndication before being picked up by ABC in January 1966. Peter Potamus ran on Sunday mornings and The Magilla Gorilla Show went to Saturday mornings before moving to Sundays the following year. At that time, the Breezly and Sneezly segment was swapped with Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long, a segment on The Magilla Gorilla Show. After the ABC run ended in 1967, cartoons from Magilla Gorilla and Peter Potamus shows were syndicated together.

The Ideal Toy Company sponsored the television series, and during the original run of the cartoon, the closing song ended with the phrase: "And there he goes Peter Potamus, our ideal". A similarly subtle sponsor reference appeared in the Magilla Gorilla theme song lyrics: "He's really ideal". Early promotional materials for the series carried the title Peter Potamus and His Magic Flying Balloon, but that title never appeared on screen. The original Peter Potamus series was broadcast on the cable TV channel Boomerang, often as part of its anthology series Boomerang Zoo.

Peter Potamus and So-So
The main segment features Peter Potamus (voiced by Daws Butler impersonating Joe E. Brown; Butler uses an identical voice for Lippy the Lion) and his diminutive sidekick So-So the monkey (voiced by Don Messick). Peter is big, purple, and friendly, dressed in a safari jacket and hat. Episodes generally consist of Peter and So-So exploring the world in his hot air balloon, which is capable of time travel at the spin of a dial. When faced with a precarious situation, Peter uses his Hippo Hurricane Howler to blow away his opponents.

Breezly and Sneezly
A polar bear named Breezly Bruin (voiced by Howard Morris) and his friend Sneezly Seal (voiced by Mel Blanc) use various schemes to break into an army camp in the frozen north, while trying to stay one step ahead of the camp's leader Colonel Fuzzby (voiced by John Stephenson).

Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey
Three dogs named Yippee (voiced by Doug Young), Yappee (voiced by Hal Smith), and Yahooey (voiced by Daws Butler impersonating Jerry Lewis) aka The Goofy Guards, work for the King (voiced by Hal Smith), a short, complaining ruler who is often on the receiving end of their antics. The trio's plumed hats and swords are reminiscent of The Three Musketeers.

Other appearances

 * Peter Potamus and So-So appeared in Yogi's Ark Lark and its spin-off series Yogi's Gang.
 * Peter Potamus guest starred in the episode "India and Israel" on Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics.
 * Peter Potamus guest starred in some episodes of Yogi's Treasure Hunt.
 * Gold Key Comics published one issue of a Peter Potamus comic book in 1965.
 * Peter Potamus made a cameo appearance in The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound as a captain of a boat to Tahiti.
 * Peter Potamus appeared in the early 1990s series Yo Yogi!, where he was voiced by Greg Burson. He and So-So were shown to own a plant store at Jellystone Mall called Peter Potamus' Plant Palace. In "Tricky Dickie's Dirty Trickies", he is shown to be allergic to goldenrods. He later appeared in "Mall or Nothing" as part of the Mall-a-thon.
 * Peter Potamus and So-So were seen as animatronics in the Dexter's Laboratory episode "Chubby Cheese" during Chubby's song sequence.
 * Potamus was also a recurring character on Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, where he is voiced in a Brooklyn accent by Joe Alaskey and later voiced by Chris Edgerly. In it, he is a lecherous glutton and a lazy and sleazy (but inexplicably successful) lawyer in constant pursuit of women and sandwiches. He works at the Sebben & Sebben law firm with Harvey Birdman. Peter has the trademark phrase "Did you get that thing I sent you?" Starting with the episode "Return of Birdgirl", Peter's hands were changed to hooves.
 * Peter Potamus appeared in Velma Dinkley's feverish dream in issue #10 'Velma - Warrior Queen of Monsterworld!" of Scooby Apocalypse.
 * Peter Potamus and So-So appeared in DC Comics Deathstroke/Yogi Bear Special #1 as captured animals alongside other Hanna-Barbera characters.
 * Peter Potamus made a brief cameo in the Wacky Races episode "King Solomon's Races".
 * Peter Potamus and So-So also appeared in the 2021 feature film Space Jam: A New Legacy. They are seen watching the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad from their balloon.
 * Peter Potamus and So-So appear in the series Jellystone! with Peter Potamus voiced by C.H. Greenblatt and So-So voiced by George Takei. Peter Potamus and So-So are portrayed as Otakus, Peter is also a martial arts specialist who considers his action figures to be his friends. Though has been shown trying to hang out with the other citizens. So-So was seen as Peter's fighting coach. Peter also works as a mail carrier by using his hot air balloon. So-So was silent until the season 2 episode "Balloon Kids". Sneezly Seal appears in season 3 of Jellystone. He is portrayed as a child in this series.
 * Peter Potamus' balloon makes a cameo in the background of "The Court" map in the platform fighting game MultiVersus.
 * A restaurant named "Pizza Potamus" is seen in several episodes of Aqua Teen Hunger Force, being portrayed as a dilapidated abandoned building that would frequently be destroyed in some form by the lead characters' actions; in several shots, faded and worn-out paintings of Peter Potamus are seen in the background.

Home media
The episode Fe Fi Fo Fun is available on the DVD Saturday Morning Cartoons 1960s Vol. 1. The episode Wagon Train Strain is available on the Saturday Morning Cartoons 1960's Vol. 2 set. The episode Cleo Trio is on the Hanna Barbera 25 Cartoon Collection DVD, part of The Best of Warner Bros. series.

On November 1, 2016, Warner Archive released The Peter Potamus Show- The Complete Series on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna–Barbera Classics Collection. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.

title: Peter Potamus


text:
Germán Valdés

Germán Genaro Cipriano Teodoro Gómez Valdés y Castillo (19 September 1915 – 29 June 1973), known professionally as Tin-Tan, was a Mexican actor, singer and comedian who was born in Mexico City but was raised and began his career in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. He often displayed the pachuco dress and employed pachuco slang in many of his movies, some with his brothers Manuel "El Loco" Valdés and Ramón Valdés. He made the language of the border Mexican, known in Spanish as fronterizos pachucos, famous in Mexico. A "caló" based in Spanglish, it was a mixture of Spanish and English in speech based on that of Mexicans on the Mexican side of the border, specifically Ciudad Juarez.

Origin of name
Tin-Tan began his career by calling himself Topillo (slang for the trickster), which a friend of his stated sounded too vulgar and uncouth for a comedian. He suggested instead the nickname "Tin-Tan" (based on the sound of bells ringing), which Valdés originally disliked but grew to like and use professionally for his whole career.

Career
Valdés's film career came as a complete surprise to everyone. He used to work as a sweeper for the XEJ station in Ciudad Juarez when he decided to try to mimic the radio announcers for fun. Unbeknownst to him, the actual announcer had left the microphone on. His quick wit and funny personality garnered him acclaim and he was quickly promoted to the main radio announcer himself. It was under these circumstances that legendary ventriloquist Paco Miller contacted him to act in films, and his career began.

He usually acted alongside his "carnal" (blood brother), Marcelo Chávez, who also accompanied Tin-Tan with a guitar. He was a prominent figure during his golden years in film, from 1949 onward. His 1948 film, Calabacitas tiernas, a comedy, was chosen as one of the best in Mexican cinema.

Valdés boasted of his record of "having kissed the most actresses" in his career, some of them considered the beauties of their day. His co-stars were Marga López, Rosita Quintana, Silvia Pinal, Amalia Aguilar, Meche Barba, Ana Bertha Lepe, María Antonieta Pons, Tongolele and many more. He also collaborated closely with actress and comedian Fannie Kauffman, who was also known as Vitola, during their careers.

He was also one of several people who were originally intended to be on the front cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band but declined the invitation. He requested that Ringo swap him for a Mexican tree known as "El Árbol de la Vida", the Tree of Life, which he did.

He was the voice of Baloo the bear and Thomas O'Malley the cat in the Mexican Spanish dubbing of the Disney films The Jungle Book and The Aristocats; both roles were originally voiced by Phil Harris.

Valdés was the subject of the 2005 documentary, Ni Muy Muy... Ni Tan Tan... Simplemente Tin Tán, by Manuel Márquez and Carlos Valdés, son of the comedian.

Death
Valdés became ill with hepatitis, which degenerated into cancer. He then fell into a hepatic coma and died on 29 June 1973 (at age 57).

When he died he did not leave a fortune, just a testament to his wife Rosalía and his children Rosalía and Carlos.

He left behind a legacy of over a hundred films, 11 records, and two short films. The only recognition he received was the Virginia Fábregas Medal, a medal given for 25 years' professional service by the Association of Actors of Mexico.

Legacy
On 19 September 2019, the 104th anniversary of his birth, Tin-Tan was honored with a Google Doodle that reached Central America, Iceland, Italy and Sweden.

Selected filmography

 * El que la traga, la paga (1943)
 * Summer Hotel (1944)
 * The Disobedient Son (1945) as Germán Rico / Tin Tan
 * Song of Mexico (1945) as Tin Tan (uncredited)
 * The Noiseless Dead (1946)
 * Music Inside (1947) as Tin Tán / Hortensia
 * The Lost Child (1947) as Agustín peón Torre y Rey; Tincito
 * Music, Poetry and Madness (1948) as Tin Tan
 * Tender Pumpkins (1949) as Tin tan
 * Rough But Respectable (1949) as Tin Tan
 * No me defiendas, compadre (1949) as Tin Tan
 * El rey del barrio (1950) as Tin Tan
 * The Mark of the Skunk (1950) as Tin / El vizconde de Texmelucan
 * También de dolor se canta (1950) as Tin Tan
 * Sinbad the Seasick (1950) as Simbad
 * El revoltoso (1951) as Tin Tan
 * Oh Darling! Look What You've Done! (1951) as Tin Tan
 * Kill Me Because I'm Dying! (1951) as Tin-Tan
 * When Women Rule (1951)
 * Las locuras de Tin-Tan (1952) as Tin-Tan
 * Snow White (1952) as Valentín Gaytán
 * Chucho the Mended (1952) as Tin Tan / Valentín Gaytán
 * Mi campeón (1952) as Tin Tan
 * The Beautiful Dreamer (1952) as Triquitrán
 * You've Got Me By the Wing (1953) as Tin Tan
 * The Island of Women (1953) as Tin Tan
 * The Vagabond (1953) as La Chiva
 * God Created Them (1953) as Tin Tan
 * The Unknown Mariachi (1953) as Agustín / Tin Tan
 * Reportaje (1953) as Pachuco composer
 * El vizconde de Montecristo (1954) as Inocencio Dantés
 * El hombre inquieto (1954) as Germán Valdés / Abel Caim
 * Bluebeard (1955) as Ricardo
 * Look What Happened to Samson (1955) as Tin Tan / Sansón
 * Barefoot Sultan (1956) as Sultán Casquillo
 * El vividor (1956) as Atliano Valadez
 * El médico de las locas (1956) as Apolonio Borrego
 * Teatro del crimen (1957) as Germán Valdés, cantante
 * Las aventuras de Pito Pérez (1957) as Pito Pérez; Jesús Pérez Gaona
 * El campeón ciclista (1957) as Cleto García
 * Puss Without Boots (1957) as Agustín Tancredo (El Gato) / Don Victorio Tancredo
 * Locos peligrosos (1957) as Federico
 * Los tres mosqueteros y medio (1957) as Federico
 * Escuela para suegras (1958) as Tin Tan
 * Refifi entre las mujeres (1958) as Refifí
 * Viaje a la luna (1958)
 * Quiero ser artista (1958) as Tin Tan
 * Música de siempre (1958)
 * A Thousand and One Nights (1958) as Ven Aquí
 * La odalisca No. 13 (1958) as Quintín
 * Paso a la juventud (1958) as Casimiro
 * Tres lecciones de amor (1959) as Germán Valadez
 * Vagabundo y millonario (1959) as Antonio García / Andrés Aguilar
 * El cofre del pirata (1959)
 * Ferias de México (1959)
 * El que con niños se acuesta (1959) as Chon / Encarnación Bernal
 * Dos fantasmas y una muchacha (1959) as Germán Pérez
 * Escuela de verano (1959) as Casimiro Bellavista y Manduriano
 * Vivir del cuento (1960) as Crisoforo Pérez (Choforo)
 * La casa del terror (1960) as Casimiro
 * Variedades de medianoche (1960) as Germán Gómez
 * Rebel Without a House (1960) as Teodoro Silva
 * La tijera de oro (1960) as Pablo Emilio Campos
 * Tin-Tan y las modelos (1960) as Marcos Alonso Chimalpopoca
 * Una estrella y dos estrellados (1960) as Tin Tán
 * El violetero (1960) as Lorenzo Miguel
 * The Phantom of the Operetta (1960) as Aldo / Baldomiro Valdes
 * El pandillero (1961) as Pepe Álvarez del Monte
 * El duende y yo (1961) as Modesto Fauno
 * Locura de terror (1961) as Pacifico otero
 * ¡Suicídate, mi amor! (1961) as Raúl González
 * Viva Chihuahua (1961)
 * Pilotos de la muerte (1962) as Octano Pérez y Pérez
 * ¡En peligro de muerte! (1962) as Marshall Nylon
 * El tesoro del rey Salomón (1963) as Tin Tan
 * Fuerte, audaz y valiente (1963)
 * Tin-Tan el hombre mono (1963) as Tin Tan
 * Face of the Screaming Werewolf (1965) as Man Who Sleeps in Wax Museum and Saves Woman in Apartment
 * Tintansón Crusoe (1965) as Tin-Tan Cruz / Guaraní
 * Los fantasmas burlones (1965) as Cyril Ludovico Churchill
 * Especialista en chamacas (1965) as Don Guille
 * Puerto Rico en carnaval (1965)
 * Loco por ellas (1966) as Ángel Macías / Alberto Macías / Padre de Ángel y Alberto
 * El ángel y yo (1966) as Rito
 * Detectives o ladrones (1967) as Harry
 * Seis días para morir (1967) as José - Globero
 * Chanoc (1967)
 * Duelo en El Dorado (1969) as Compadre Barrera
 * Gregorio y su ángel (1970) as Devil
 * El capitán Mantarraya (1970) as Capitán Mantarraya
 * Chanoc en las garras de las fieras (1970) as Tin Tan / Tsekub Baloyán
 * El quelite (1970) as Proculo
 * Trampa para una niña (1971)
 * En estas camas nadie duerme (1971)
 * El ogro (1971) as Sabas
 * Caín, Abel y el otro (1971)
 * Chanoc contra el tigre y el vampiro (1972) as Tsekub Baloyán
 * The Incredible Professor Zovek (1972) as Chalo
 * Los cacos (1972)
 * Las tarántulas (1973) as Tsekub Baloyán
 * La Disputa (1974)
 * Acapulco 12-22 (1975) as Pirata
 * La mafia amarilla (1975) as Germán
 * Noche de muerte (1972) as Germán (final film role)

title: Germán Valdés


text:
User:Adjaro

Hello. I'm Adjaro, from Chamblee, Georgia

Currently, I have authored the following articles:

Monchy y Alexandra

Vicente Fernández

Poverty in Africa

title: User:Adjaro


text:
Star Time (album)

Star Time is a four-CD box set by American musician James Brown. Released in May 1991 by Polydor Records, its contents span most of the length of his career up to the time of its release, starting in 1956 with his first hit record, "Please, Please, Please", and ending with "Unity", his 1984 collaboration with Afrika Bambaataa. Writing in 2007, Robert Christgau described it as "the finest box set ever released... as essential a package as the biz has ever hawked, not just because it's James Brown, but because compilers Cliff White and Harry Weinger invested so much care and knowledge in it." Its title comes from the question Brown's announcer would ask concert audiences, as heard on the album Live at the Apollo: "Are you ready for star time?"

Star Time's liner notes, written by Cliff White, Harry Weinger, Nelson George, Alan Leeds, and Brown himself, won a 1991 Grammy Award for Best Album Notes. The notes also include a discography and a one-page comic by Mary Fleener, a visual interpretation of the song "I Got You (I Feel Good)."

In 2003, the album was ranked number 79 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It was the second-highest ranking box set on the list. In 2012, it moved up to 75, while in its 2020 revision, it moved to number 54.

Track listing
Adapted from CD booklet's liner notes.

title: Star Time (album)


text:
Zantedeschia

Zantedeschia is a genus of eight species of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants in the aroid family, Araceae, native to southern Africa (from South Africa northeast to Malawi). The genus has been introduced, in some form, on every continent (minus Antarctica).

Common names include arum lily for Z. aethiopica, calla and calla lily for Z. elliottiana and Z. rehmannii. However, members of this genus are not true lilies (which belong to the family Liliaceae), and the genera Arum and Calla, although related, are distinct from Zantedeschia, despite visual similarities. The colourful flowers and leaves, of both species and cultivars, are greatly valued and commonly grown as ornamental and garden plants.

Description
Zantedeschia species are rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plants with some species, e. g., Zantedeschia aethiopica, growing to 1.2m tall, while Zantedeschia rehmannii does not exceed 60 cm in height, growing in clumps or clusters. Roots: Contractile, emerging from the top of the tubers in Group II. Stem: The underground portion is variously described as a thick underground stem, i. e., a rhizome or tuber. While the literature is confusing as to the exact terminology, generally the Zantedeschia aethiopica-Zantedeschia odorata group (Group I) is considered to have rhizomes and the remaining species tubers. The rhizomes are fleshy and branched. Leaves: Petioles are long, spongy, sheathed at the bases, and of varying lengths, from 15 cm (Zantedeschia rehmannii) to 1.5 m (Zantedeschia aethiopica). The lamina is simple, elongated, and coriaceous with a variety of shapes, including triangular, oval (ovate), with or without a point (elliptic), heart-shaped (cordate), spear-shaped (hastate), lance-shaped (lanceolate), oblong, or circular (orbicular). 15–60 cm in length, 5–25 cm in width. The leaves are dark green in colour, feather-veined (pinnate), and may be erect or spreading with undulate margins. Some species exhibit transparent flecking (maculation), and are therefore described as maculate, while others are immaculate. (see Table I, also New Zealand Calla Council Leaf Shape Images )  The leaves contain hydathodes that result in guttation.

Inflorescence: Takes the form of a solitary pseudanthium (false flower), with a showy white or yellow spathe (a specialised petal like bract) shaped like a funnel with a yellow, central, finger-like spadix, which carries the true flowers. Both spathe and spadix are carried on or above the leaves on the fleshy flower stem. The shape of the spathe whose overlapping margins form the tubes varies from trumpet shaped (Z. pentlandii) to a tight tube with a tapering tip (Z. rehmannii). The spathe is initially green, but as it unfolds becomes coloured. This may be white as in Z. aethiopica, but other species include yellow and pink. Cultivars have a wide variety of other spathe colours including orange and purple. Inside the spathe, the throat may be darkly coloured. The spathe acts to attract pollinators. Flowers: Zantedeschia is monoecious, in which separate male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers ("imperfect" or "unisexual" flowers) are carried on the spadix. The flowers are small and non-blooming without a perianth. The male flowers contain two to three stamens fused to form a synandrium, and the female flowers have a single, compound pistil with three fused carpels and three locules.

Fruit: Beaked orange or red berries.

Taxonomy
Zantedeschia is the sole genus in the tribe Zantedeschieae in a 1997 classification of the Araceae.

Species
Eight species are currently recognized:

 * Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. – giant white arum lily or common arum lily - South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho
 * Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill. – spotted arum lily - widespread from South Africa north to Nigeria and Tanzania
 * Zantedeschia elliottiana (W.Watson) Engl. – yellow or golden arum lily - Mpumalanga Province of South Africa
 * Zantedeschia jucunda Letty - Leolo Mountains of northern South Africa
 * Zantedeschia odorata P.L.Perry - Western Cape Province
 * Zantedeschia pentlandii (R.Whyte ex W.Watson) Wittm. - Mpumalanga Province of South Africa
 * Zantedeschia rehmannii Engl. – pink arum lily - South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique
 * Zantedeschia valida (Letty) Y.Singh - KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa

Etymology
The name of the genus was given as a tribute to Italian botanist Giovanni Zantedeschi (1773–1846) by the German botanist Kurt Sprengel (1766–1833).

Distribution and habitat
All species are endemic to central and southern Africa, from Nigeria to Tanzania and South Africa. Z. aethiopica grows naturally in marshy areas and is only deciduous when water becomes scarce. It grows continuously when watered and fed regularly and can survive periods of minor frosts. Z. aethiopica is a very strong and sturdy plant, being able to grow in many soils and habitats, multiplying by rhizome-offsets; it is naturalised and regarded as a weed throughout much of the world. Z. odorata is a rare species, resembling Z. aethiopica, but deciduous and smelling like freesia, endemic to a few localities in South Africa. Z. albomaculata is a widespread and variable species, growing from South Africa north to Kenya, varying in shades of white to cream and pink to orange-shades. Z. jucunda and Z. pentlandii are rare species with large yellow showy flowers. Z. rehmannii is a pink-flowered species with sword shaped leaves. Z. elliotiana is known from horticultural sources only and is probably of hybrid origin.

Introduction
Zantedeschia was introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century as Z. aethiopica, and is now widely naturalised in Europe, North America, Central America, South America, Oceania, and Australasia. In many places it is considered a dangerous invasive species that displaces native vegetation. In the South-West of Western Australia, Z. aethiopica was introduced for horticulture, but has become a widespread and conspicuous weed of watercourses, heath, and wet pastures to the extent that it has been declared a pest in Western Australia and landowners must control it and attempts to sell plants must be reported. Zantedeschia in North America is primarily grown as ornamental cultivars in home gardens.

Habitat
Z. aethiopica grows naturally in marshy areas and is only deciduous when water becomes scarce. It grows continuously when watered and fed regularly and can survive periods of minor frosts. Z. aethiopica is a very strong and sturdy plant, being able to grow in many soils and habitats, multiplying by rhizome-offsets.

Cultivation
All Zantedeschia produce large, showy flowers spathes and are often grown both as ornamental plants and for cut flowers. Zantedeschia are relatively hardy plants, but some are more winter-hardy than others. In this regard there may be considered two groups, a hardy outdoor group with large white flowers (arum lilies) and less hardy group with white-spotted leaves and flowers in many colours (calla lilies), such as yellow, orange, pink and purple.

Hardy forms (arum lilies)
These include Zantedeschia aethiopica and Zantedeschia pentlandii and their cultivars. Zantedeschia aethiopica and some of its relatives can survive at minimum winter temperatures below -23 °C (USDA Zone 6) and many others can be grown in even warmer areas where all the ground does not freeze (USDA Zone 7). Z. pentlandii hybrids include 'Millennium Gold'.

Tender forms (calla lilies)
The more tender specimens are mainly cultivars (hybrids) of Zantedeschia elliotiana and Zantedeschia rehmannii (referred to as elliotiana or rehmannii cultivars or hybrids, or as e.g. Z. × rehmanii), but also Zantedeschia albomaculata and Zantedeschia jucunda. These less hardy forms can only survive winter temperatures to −12 °C (Zones 8). This plant must be grown as tender bulbs or houseplants in cooler areas. Species and hybrids between Z. elliotiana, Z. jucunda, Z. pentlandii and Z. rehmannii appear to have an optimum temperature for growth near 25 °C, with growth being suppressed once daily average temperatures persist at 28 °C. Z. rehmannii hybrids include 'Amethyst', 'Crystal Blush' and 'Neon Amour', while an example of a Z. elliotiana × Z. rehmannii hybrid would be 'Blaze'. Z. elliotiana × Z. maculata hybrids include 'Lemon Drop'. Z. elliotiana hybrids include 'Solar Flare'.

Seasonal grouping
Other classifications consider two groups based on their seasonal habits. Zantedeschia aethiopica and Zantedeschia odorata form one group (Group I) typified by retaining their leaves in winter, and flowering from late winter to late spring, while the remaining species (Group II) are in leaf from spring to late autumn shedding their leaves in winter (deciduous) and flower during the summer. Zantedeschia aethiopica may retain its leaves all year round (evergreen), otherwise from autumn to late summer, while Zantedeschia odorata retains its leaves from late winter to late spring. The two groups also vary according to the arrangement of the male and female organs. In the first group they are arranged together in the lower part of the spadix, whereas in the latter they are separate, with the female at the base. The Z. aethiopica group also have a fruit that turns soft and orange, whereas the other retains a firm green fruit.

Toxicity
Zantedeschia shares the general properties of the family Araceae in causing contact irritation. Zantedeschia species are also poisonous due to the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. All parts of the plant are poisonous, typically producing local irritation or a burning sensation in the mouth and occasionally vomiting and diarrhea. However leaves are sometimes cooked and eaten.

Uses
Extensive commercial production of Zantedeschia for cut flowers and/or planting material occurs in California, Colombia, New Zealand and Kenya. Plant breeders in California and New Zealand continue to produce an extensive range of new hybrid cultivars. The so-called white calla derived from Z. aethiopica. All varieties with flowers with shades of yellow, orange, red, purple are mainly derived from Z. albomaculata, Z. pentlandii, Z. elliottiana and Z. rehmanni.

Culture
Zantedeschia has often been used in paintings and is featured in many of Diego Rivera's works of art (see The Flower Vendor, amongst others). It was a favourite subject of the painter Georgia O'Keeffe.

title: Zantedeschia


text:
Keki Hormusji Gharda

Keki Hormusji Gharda (born 25 September 1929) is a prominent Indian chemical engineer, chemist and entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman and managing director of Gharda Chemicals Limited, a R&D-based company with business interests in agrochemicals, polymers, and high performance pigments. He was honoured by the Government of India with the award of Padma Shri in 2016.

Early life
Gharda was born on 25 September 1929, to Hormusji and Ratanbai in a Kadmi Zoroastrian Parsi family in Mumbai. He attended St. Stanislaus High School, in Bandra, Bombay, graduating in 1941. He acquired Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Technology Degree from University Department of Chemical Technology at the University of Bombay (now the Institute of Chemical Technology). He then obtained a master's degree and PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1952 and 1959, respectively. He also studied at the University of Oklahoma.

Career
Gharda began his career as an assistant professor, Process Design & Chemical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. During this time he was granted his first two patents for projects he undertook for an oil company.

Upon his return to India, Gharda briefly taught as a visiting faculty member at UDCT and then established Gharda Chemicals. His strategy of producing off-patent at extremely cheap prices led to successful start for the company. His move into agrochemicals was a result of being invited to be an observer of an investigation by the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission into an alleged monopolistic product. However, his foray in bulk drug production was not successful.

Among his many awards, Gharda was elected to be a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1976 in the field of Process Design. Other awards include the Distinguished Alumnus award by the UDCT and the Indian Chemical Councils Lifetime Achievement Award. For his contribution to chemistry and chemical engineering, Gharda is a recipient of the American Institute of Chemists's Chemical Pioneer Award. He also got the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce And Industry (FICCI) Award For Research And Technology for the Development And Commercialisation of Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK).

Gharda Chemicals Ltd.
Gharda Chemicals Limited, established in 1967, is a research and development company manufacturing agrochemicals, high performance pigments, and high performance polymers. It has five manufacturing units located across the country at Dombivli in Mumbai, Lote Parshuram in Khed (Maharashtra), Panoli & Ankleshwar, Saykha, Bharuch in Gujarat and Samba in Jammu.

Innovation through research and development has seen the company rise from a rented shed in 1964 to a leadership position in the agrochemical industry. The company was valued at over ₹1,200 crore in early 2000s by Dupont, which had tried to acquire it. In 2009, the turnover & profits were roughly ₹1,000 crore & ₹100 crore. In 2018, the company had a turnover of ₹950-crore and valuation of the privately held company was estimated at anywhere in the range of ₹3,000-9,000 crore.

Personal life
Gharda is married to Abaan, who was a graduate of St. Xavier's College and also earned a PhD from the University of Mumbai. She died 2017. He is an avid reader and has promoted Bai Ratnabai Gharda Library in Bandra, Mumbai. Gharda has said that he follows a frugal lifestyle.

Gharda is also known for his philanthropic contributions, with the first foundation started in 1966. The Abaan and Keki Gharda Memorial Trust named after his wife and him has been formed in 2009 and receives 99% of the proceeds from the sale of his shares in the company. He has promoted the Gharda Scientific Research Foundation, a non-profit limited-liability company, dedicated to develop and research basic technologies. The aim is to use the earnings of this foundation to promote more technologies in the areas of health and education. He also founded the Gharda Institute of Technology in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra.

title: Keki Hormusji Gharda


text:
John Wood (governor)

John Wood (December 20, 1798 – June 4, 1880) was the 12th governor of Illinois, serving from March 18, 1860, to January 14, 1861. Wood was a founder and the first settler of Quincy, Illinois.

Early years
Wood was born on December 20, 1798, in Sempronius, New York, in the area now known as Moravia. He was the second child and son of Dr. Daniel and Catherine Crause Wood. His mother became estranged from the family when John Wood was five and moved to Palatine, New York. Wood was sent to live with his older cousin, James, and his wife, Mary Armstrong Wood, in Florida, New York.

In the vanguard of adventurous young eastern emigrants, Wood on November 2, 1818, left his New York home. He initially planned to farm in Northern Alabama. In Cincinnati during the winter of 1818-1819, however, he gained access to two books by Edmund Dana, published in Cincinnati in 1818. A resident and surveyor in the Illinois Military Tract, land set aside by Congress as bounty for veterans of the War of 1812, Dana provided the lure that changed Wood's destination. Dana's books extolled the significant advantages of a promontory over the Mississippi River at Illinois' westernmost point. Wood moved west to land near Atlas in Pike County, Illinois, squatted (resided on land he did not own), and became a farmer. Here, Wood met land speculator Peter Flinn, from whom he bought 160 acres of land in the 3.5-million-acre Illinois Military Tract. Wood moved to his newly acquired land and with Jeremiah Rose in 1822 built a small, one-room log cabin on the east bank of the Mississippi River at today's Quincy, Illinois. Rose, his wife, and their five-year-old daughter lived with Wood in the cabin until 1826, when Wood married Ann M. Streeter of Salem, New York, daughter of Justice of the Peace Joshua Streeter.

Land speculator
Intending to speculate in land in the Military Tract, Wood had arrived at the federal land office in Edwardsville, Illinois, where he met Willard Keyes, a Vermont native. Keyes had taught French and Indian children at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, for two years and become disenchanted with his profession and disappointed that he had accumulated nothing. Learning Wood had the same idea about speculating in land, Keyes formed an informal partnership with Wood. They journeyed to the site on the Mississippi that had attracted Wood west. It was a limestone bluff that rose nearly 100 feet above the river, at which the pair would found Quincy, Illinois.

At the land office, Wood also met Edward Coles, who would become Illinois' second governor in 1822. Appointed the federal land registrar by President James Monroe, Virginian Coles had released his eleven slaves while on the way to Illinois to take his post. As governor, Coles recruited Wood's help to fight a movement from 1822 to 1824 by the Illinois General Assembly, dominated by immigrants from Southern states, to amend the constitution to make Illinois a slave state. A referendum on August 3, 1824, for a constitutional convention for that purpose failed statewide by a ratio of 57 to 43 percent. In the territory in which John Wood fought the proposal, the plan for a slave constitution was defeated 90 to 10 percent. Wood considered his work to keep Illinois a free state one of his life's greatest achievements.

On September 14, 1824, Wood petitioned the Illinois General Assembly to organize Adams County, Illinois and on January 18, 1825, the measure passed. On April 30, 1825, the unincorporated town of Quincy, Illinois, was designated the county seat.

Wood continued to buy land in the Military Tract and sold it at a profit to immigrants arriving in Illinois. With his family growing, Wood in 1835 began construction of a 14-room Greek Revival mansion, the John Wood Mansion, next to his two-story log cabin. His choice of the Greek Revival architectural style was purposeful. The American Revolution fading from memory and the War of 1812 two decades earlier, Wood saw the recent overthrow of the Ottoman Empire by the Greeks, the birthplace of Democracy in 800 A.D., a rebirth of freedom. The Wood home was among the first Greek Revival structures in the Illinois. Wood himself turned the four large columns at the front of a house from coffeywood trees, which he selected, on a horse-powered lathe he fabricated. He built the home on the northwest side of today's 12th and State Street intersection. He found his craftsmen in St. Louis and New Orleans, where he sought men arriving from Germany who were skilled in construction trades. Fluent in German, Wood promised the men lots on the south side of his property on which they could build their homes if they would help Wood build his. The area today is Quincy's German Heritage District. The Association of Independent Architects in 2007 named the Governor John Wood Mansion one of the 150 most important structures in Illinois. The large mansion is now owned by the Historical Society of Quincy and Adams County and is open for tours from April through October.

Politician
Wood was elected to seven one-year terms as mayor of Quincy 1844–1848, 1852–53 and 1856) and to the Illinois state senate in 1850. Earlier a Whig, Wood became a Republican and was elected Illinois' first Republican Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1856. When Governor William Henry Bissell died on March 18, 1860, three years into his four-year term, Wood succeeded him, becoming the state's 12th governor. The General Assembly, soon to adjourn its session in early 1860, granted Wood's request that he be allowed to remain in Quincy to manage business interests and the construction of his stone octagonal mansion. A room on the south side of his Greek Revival mansion was expanded to become the official governor's office of the State of Illinois. While conducting the governor's business from Quincy, Wood permitted Abraham Lincoln to use the governor's office in the state capitol building in Springfield during his 1860 presidential campaign. Wood also allowed Governor Bissell's widow to continue to live in the new executive mansion. Wood's greatest achievement in his ten months as governor was his work to reorganize the Illinois militia, which had been neglected since the end of the Mexican War. With business interests pressing Wood, he declined his party's request to run for re-election.

Civil War
Governor Richard Yates appointed Wood one of five Illinois delegates to the failed "Peace Convention" in Washington, D.C., in February 1861. After the start of the Civil War in April, John Wood was named Quartermaster General of the State of Illinois. In 1863, at age 65, Wood became even more personally involved in the Civil War. He raised men for the 137th Illinois 100-day volunteers. Wood and the 137th were assigned to duty in southwest Tennessee, and Wood was given command of three more regiments. His own regiment fought a four-hour battle on August 21, 1863, against one of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest's regiments.

In 1863, Wood's wife Ann died, and he married Mary Ann Holmes.

Final years
Wood's octagonal mansion was completed in 1864 and his Greek Revival mansion went to his eldest son, Daniel. The octagonal home, built at a cost of $100,000, was the most expensive house in Illinois at that time. An economic decline in 1875 cost Wood his fortune, and creditors forced him to sell his assets, including the stone mansion. It fetched $40,000. Bankrupt, Wood moved back into the Greek Revival mansion he had built four decades earlier.

John Wood died at home on June 4, 1880. He was 81. His body is interred in the family plot at Woodland Cemetery, established on 45 acres he donated to the City of Quincy in 1846.

John Wood Community College in Quincy is named for the former Governor. A life-size statue of the former governor has been placed in the Illinois State Capitol.

title: John Wood (governor)