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Politics of the Oak Ridges Moraine

The politics of the Oak Ridges Moraine in southern Ontario, Canada, have centred on the question of how to preserve this extensive natural resource that is increasingly threatened by human modification. Although preservation of the moraine was first suggested in the 1940s, and intermittently over the subsequent fifty years, it was not until 1991 that the issue achieved prominence in political discourse. For the ensuing decade, use of the moraine was hotly contested between the interests of local residents, developers and environmentalists.

On December 14, 2001 legislation was enacted, along with a provincial land use plan for the Oak Ridges Moraine. However, it seems clear that regulation, alone, is insufficient to preserving these valuable lands. Implementing the plan has required "political will, an engaged and informed public, and... broad based private and public partnerships." Monitoring of the Moraine project by citizens and environmental organizations, along with credible ecological information are essential to its continued preservation.

Political action
The Oak Ridges Moraine began to come to public awareness in the late 1980s. The establishment, in 1989, of the Save the Oak Ridges Moraine (STORM) Coalition contributed to a growing sense among local residents that action needed to be taken to save the moraine. The Government of Ontario created the Oak Ridges Moraine Technical Working Committee in June 1991 with the joint membership of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Municipal Affairs. The STORM Coalition played a significant role in the committee's work. The committee's aim was to create a regional planning strategy to coordinate the activities of various regional and municipal governments with jurisdiction over parts of the moraine. This multi-stakeholder process produced a comprehensive long-term strategy for the Moraine in 1994. However the strategy was subsequently dismissed in favour of local government administration of the affected lands. This led to intense development on some portions of the moraine. Most of this development was suburban detached single-family dwellings with road networks to accommodate them. In particular, Vaughan, Richmond Hill and Newmarket experienced significant growth in the 1990s.

In early 1999, the Oak Ridges Moraine became a sensitive political issue; developers targeted Richmond Hill for large subdivisions on the moraine, which would house over 100,000 people. Environmental groups began a media campaign to raise public awareness of the moraine, referring to it as the "rain barrel of Ontario". Public opposition to the developments grew quickly, and the issue was transferred to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) in 2000.

Environmentalists, often critical of the OMB for allegedly fast-tracking developments over the concerns of municipal governments, again raised the issue in the media. The dispute remained unresolved until May 2001, when the provincial Conservative government announced a six-month moratorium on moraine development. A panel was formed to create a land-use plan consistent with the current Smart Growth policy. The plan was released in October 2001, and was both praised and condemned. It became the basis for the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act, dividing the area into four zones of increasingly stringent controls on development. Under the Act, only eight percent of the moraine can be developed, and only in lands designated as "settlement areas".

The Bayview Avenue link
Throughout the process, debate continued about the link of Bayview Avenue closing a gap from Stouffville Road, in Richmond Hill, to Bloomington Road in Aurora. The land on which the link would pass had been clear-cut in 1999, after the Government of Ontario Ministry of Environment approved the link in 1998. The road's construction began in September 2001, though environmental groups had entered into legal procedures to block it. The Ontario Court of Appeals rejected the request; York Region officials agreed to resolve some of the concerns that were raised.

As a result, a bridge was added to the plan, spanning a 70 m section of a dry ravine near Stouffville Road. Moreover, five salamander tunnels were added to the design, and were built in September 2002. The Bayview link was officially opened on November 18, 2002.

North Pickering Land Exchange
During the provincial election of 2003, the Liberal Party of Ontario promised to terminate development on the moraine as part of its election campaign. Once elected, the party failed to deliver on that promise, as a development in the northern part of Richmond Hill consisting of over 6600 housing units continued. The government, in its attempt to halt other nearby developments, proposed the North Pickering Land Exchange. Discussed as early as November 2001, it involved exchanging government-owned public lands in North Pickering for privately owned lands on the Oak Ridges Moraine in Richmond Hill and Uxbridge.

The exchange settled outstanding disputes being considered by the OMB involving moraine lands in Richmond Hill and Uxbridge. Lands acquired by the developers had been previously identified as high-growth urban areas in regional and local Official Plans, often referred to as Seaton. However, the process by which the exchange was settled angered environmentalists, who considered the lack of transparency in the process a betrayal: Josh Matlow, founder of Earthroots, accused the Tories of making a "sleazy, secret, sweetheart deal" with developers.

Moreover, the swap allowed the development of 600 acres (2.4 km2) on the moraine; the northern Richmond Hill development ceased operations for several days after the 2003 election, but resumed soon thereafter. The development of MacLeod's Landing, as it is now known, was completed in late 2005. One of the developers, Brookfield Homes, had used the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan as a marketing device, claiming that "as one of the last approved developments on the Oak Ridges Moraine, rest assured that the preservation of the natural landscape that surrounds you is forever." The other developers of the community were Kaitlin Group and Aspen Ridge Homes. The site was desirable for development because of the presence of Phillips Lake and a dozen other small kettle lakes, regular features throughout the Oak Ridges Moraine.

The Big Pipe

 * See also King City: The Big Pipe.

The political struggle regarding the moraine continues. The community of King City in King Township has been embroiled in a decade-long argument about replacing septic systems with a sewerage connection to the Durham-York Sewage System. Proponents of the link claim that the septic systems leak, endangering the subterranean aquifers of the moraine. Opponents claim that such a link would enable explosive growth in the small community, which would be detrimental to the preservation of the moraine. Construction of the link began in early 2005, creating the main sewer trunk from King City to Oak Ridges along King Road, connecting to the existing system near Yonge Street.

The connection to King City, despite the appellation Big Pipe, is relatively small compared to the overall system expansion governed by York Region, which has also been labeled The Big Pipe. The construction of this north–south extension to the system requires daily pumping of 30 million litres of water from subterranean aquifers, over its projected five-year construction schedule (lasting to early 2008). This has upset environmentalists greatly, and disturbed some residents of Markham who rely on wells as their source of water. These residents were the first to be affected by construction because of their proximity to the initial area of development.

The $800 million project is divided into several phases, creating fourteen new links in the system. The system trunks, consisting of 2.7 metre concrete pipes, will collectively transport 740 million litres of raw sewage daily from York and Durham to treatment facilities in Pickering. On October 2, 2004, the province ordered a full environmental assessment of the Southeast Collector (in the Rouge Valley) and the Upper Leslie Trunk; a further 44 environmental conditions were placed on four other links in the new system.

When complete, the regional Big Pipe will extend from the eastern edge of Lake Simcoe in the north, to treatment plants near Lake Ontario in the south, running along Leslie Street. It will twin with the near-capacity Yonge Street trunk, increasing capacity sufficiently to serve the region's growth until 2030. Intended to cover major growth areas in the eastern part of the region, it will connect directly to emerging developments from Markham to Holland Landing. Moreover, new connections to rural communities will be created; King City is connected to the existing system, whereas Stouffville will connect to the new pipe.

Construction of the extensions have been contentious. York Region has been accused of failing to conduct a proper environmental assessment for the expansion. Ontario's environmental commissioner Gord Miller noted such concerns: "One of the most significant problems with this project is the lack of a full environmental assessment. Officials never looked at the full picture and the impact it has on the Oak Ridges Moraine and surrounding communities."

As pumping of the aquifers continued throughout 2002, residents in nearby areas complained about dropping water levels in their wells, as well as dirty water; the range of affected areas increased with the total volume of water pumped from the aquifer, some as far away as 10 km. Environmentalists claim that continued pumping may jeopardize the aquifer system, so much so that it may reverse its flow in some areas. York Region's planners counter that by indicating that all water that is pumped is re-introduced into nearby streams after being warmed (aquifer water from 50 m below ground level is very cold), and will not affect the aquifer system. Unfortunately, there is no scientific evidence for either claim. Environmentalists have observed, though, that water isn't heated evenly, often resulting in the scalding and death of many fish. Also, according to The Globe and Mail, "York Region has acknowledged that the first phase of building the 16th Avenue sewer line, finished in 2003, had a negative impact on local watersheds."

In late October 2005, Toronto City Council voted 34–3 to join an environmental coalition attempting to block the construction of the extension. The city, southern neighbour to York Region, allocated $100,000 to conduct a study of the impact of the system on the city's watersheds, specifically the Rouge River Valley, and requested the provincial Environment Minister to defer the approval for construction until the study is complete.

Lessons learned in watershed preservation
The action to save the moraine yields insights into the state of sustainable land use planning and smart growth in watershed protection. In its 2002 case study, the International Association for Great Lakes Research noted that it was “only through citizen initiatives, shaped and focused by environmental groups, that serious debate, and eventual formation of a land use plan, took place." As the struggle to save the moraine shows, significant political pressure is necessary to overcome the obstacles to controls: municipalities dedicated to encouraging growth and higher level governments reluctant to intervene. The importance of access to good science and policy information is crucial, as is the need for ongoing monitoring and vigilance."

title: Politics of the Oak Ridges Moraine


text: Category:Defunct newspapers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Defunct newspapers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neten Dorji

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. — Xezbeth 06:39, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Neten Dorji

 * Not notable. A sound engineer, even Bhutan's first, just isn't that rare. Nateji77 13:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Keep. shows him to be the first and only sound engineer in Bhutan, where musical facilities are severely limited.  The article needs rewriting, but as the link shows, Bhutanese music is of very limited quality, so Dorji, as the only trained guy at the only equipped studio, should hit well above his weight in Bhutanese music.  As a sound engineer, he is NN, but his impact on Bhutanese music probably meets requirements. (And don't quote me google hits. It's Bhutan, and there sure as hell ain't a lot of internet connections in that country.) --Scimitar 15:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten. --Scimitar 21:35, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment not sure about this one, but does he have what it takes to make a sound engineer notable? Vegaswikian 06:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- may not be notable world-wide but clearly in worthy of note in his field. --Simon Cursitor 06:55, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)

Seth Ward (1617 – 6 January 1689) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and bishop.

Early life
He was born in Hertfordshire, and educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1636 and M.A. in 1640, becoming a Fellow in that year. In 1643 he was chosen university mathematical lecturer, but he was deprived of his fellowship next year for opposing the Solemn League and Covenant (with Isaac Barrow, John Barwick and Peter Gunning).

Academic
In the 1640s, he took instruction in mathematics from William Oughtred, and stayed with relations of Samuel Ward.

In 1649, he became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford University, and gained a high reputation by his theory of planetary motion, propounded in the works entitled In Ismaelis Bullialdi astronomiae philolaicae fundamenta inquisitio brevis (Oxford, 1653), against the cosmology of Ismael Boulliau, and Astronomia geometrica (London, 1656) on the system of Kepler. About this time he was engaged in a decades-long philosophical controversy with Thomas Hobbes: Seth Ward and John Wallis, both Savilian professors and members of the Anglican clergy, felt offended by the works of Hobbes, particularly after Leviathan was released.

A small part of the debate with John Webster launched by the Vindiciae academiarum he wrote with John Wilkins which also incorporated an attack on William Dell.

He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of London. In 1659, he was appointed President of Trinity College, Oxford, but not having the statutory qualifications he resigned in 1660.

Churchman
King Charles II appointed him to the livings of St Lawrence Jewry in London, and Uplowman in Devonshire, in 1661. He also became dean of Exeter Cathedral (1661) and rector of St Breock, Cornwall in 1662. In the latter year he was consecrated Bishop of Exeter, and in 1667 he was translated to the see of Salisbury. The office of Chancellor of the Order of the Garter was conferred on him in 1671.

In his diocese he showed great severity to nonconformists, and rigidly enforced the act prohibiting conventicles (unofficial religious meetings). He spent a great deal of money on the restoration of the cathedrals of Worcester and Salisbury. He died at Knightsbridge on 6 January 1689.

In 2017 Bishop Wordsworth's Grammar School named its new, fifth house (Ward House) after Bishop Ward.

title: Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)


text:
User:343~enwiki

 * Write Me -- Serge 343@nm.ru

title: User:343~enwiki


text:
User:Iamramin

Hey, I am Ramin, i'm currently studying Chemistry at King's College in the University of Cambridge

I am new to wikipedia, but loving this amazing source of information! I have made a couple of edits to some pages about my home town, as well as add articles about my old school.

title: User:Iamramin


text: User talk:65.45.168.144

title: User talk:65.45.168.144


text:
Bermuda Football Association

The Bermuda Football Association, founded in 1928, is the official football organization in Bermuda and is in charge of the Bermudian national team. The league is also in charge of the sporting leagues on the island.

Leagues in Order from Highest to lowest
Men Women Youth
 * Bermudian Premier Division
 * First Division
 * Corona League
 * Women's League
 * Appleby Youth League

title: Bermuda Football Association


text:
Soke

Soke may refer to:

 * Soke (legal), an early Western jurisdictional concept
 * Soke (dance) or eke, a Tongan stick dance, originating from Wallis and Futuna
 * Sōke (宗家), a Japanese title meaning "head of the family," and is usually used to denote the headmaster of a school of Japanese martial arts
 * Soke of Peterborough, an administrative region of England until 1965
 * Söke, a town in the Aydın province of Turkey

title: Soke


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Public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence

In the law of evidence in the United States, public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence encompass several types of evidence that would be relevant to prove facts at issue in a legal proceeding, but which are nonetheless excluded because of public policy concerns. There are five major areas of exclusion that arise out of the Federal Rules of Evidence ("FRE"): subsequent remedial measures, ownership of liability insurance, offers to plead guilty to a crime, offers to settle a claim, and offers to pay medical expenses. Many states have modified versions of the FRE under their own state evidence codes which widen or narrow the public policy exclusions in state courts.

The exclusionary rule, under which evidence gathered by the police from an illegal search is excluded, is of similar operation but is typically considered separately.

Subsequent remedial measures
A subsequent remedial measure is an improvement, repair, or safety measure made after an injury has occurred. FRE 407 prohibits the admission of evidence of subsequent remedial measures to show defendant's (1) negligence; (2) culpable conduct; (3) a defect in defendant's product; (4) defect in the design of defendant's product; or (5) the need for a warning or instruction.

Evidence of subsequent remedial measures are generally inadmissible for two reasons. First, courts do not want to discourage defendants from taking steps that further safety. Second, excluding subsequent remedial measures from evidence avoids having to give juries the difficult task of distinguishing between defendant's due care prior to plaintiff's injury, and defendant's due care subsequent to plaintiff's injury.

Subsequent remedial measures are, however, admissible into evidence for
 * 1) witness impeachment purposes
 * 2) proving defendant's ownership of the instrumentality that injured the plaintiff, if ownership is disputed
 * 3) proving defendant's control of the instrumentality that injured the plaintiff, if control is disputed
 * 4) proving the feasibility of undertaking precautionary measures, if feasibility is disputed

Example: In a slip and fall claim where plaintiff falls on the wooden steps leading into a building, defendant decides, as the ambulance is taking plaintiff to the hospital, to quickly sand down the stairs where plaintiff injured herself. FRE 407 prohibits plaintiff from introducing evidence of this subsequent remedial measure to prove that the steps were hazardous at the time of her injury.

If defendant says that he did not own the building where the plaintiff fell, and plaintiff disputes this claim, plaintiff may introduce evidence that the defendant sanded the stairs to show that defendant did, in fact, own the property on which the steps are located at the time her injury occurred.

If defendant claims that there was nothing he could have done to make the steps safer at the time of plaintiff's slip and fall, and plaintiff disputes this allegation, plaintiff may introduce evidence of the subsequent remedial measure to prove that undertaking precautionary measures was, in fact, within their control and feasible to perform.

 * Note that in California, California Evidence Code ("CEC") §1151 designates as inadmissible evidence of subsequent remedial measures only if it is being offered to prove (1) negligence or (2) culpable conduct; California state courts, therefore, have abandoned the exclusion of evidence of subsequent remedial measures when being used to prove defects in defendant's product or design of defendant's product, or to prove that there was a need for a warning or instruction.

Ownership of liability insurance
Evidence of a party's ownership of—or lack of ownership of—liability insurance is inadmissible to prove (1) negligence or (2) wrongful conduct because courts do not want to discourage parties from carrying such insurance. FRE 411 states:

 * Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.

The rule spells out four exceptions to the rule of inadmissibility: evidence of a party's ownership of liability insurance—or of a party's failure to own liability insurance—is admissible to prove (1) a witness' bias or prejudice, i.e. for witness impeachment; (2) agency; (3) ownership; and (4) control.

 * 1) If the owner of the insurance policy disputes ownership or control of the property, for instance, evidence of liability insurance can be introduced to show that it is likely that the owner of the policy probably does own or control the property.
 * 2) If a witness has an interest in the policy that gives the witness a motive or bias with respect to specific testimony, the existence of the policy can be introduced to show this motive or bias. Federal rules of civil procedure rule 26 was amended in 1993 to require that any insurance policy that may pay or may reimburse be made available for photocopying by the opposing litigants, although the policies are not normally information given to the jury.  Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure rule 46 says that an appeal can be dismissed or affirmed if counsel does not update their notice of appearance to acknowledge insurance.  The Cornell University Legal Institute web site includes congressional notes.

Additionally, an exception arises where the party's mention of its own liability insurance is inextricably intertwined with another statement that is admissible. For example, if after an automobile accident, the driver of one car runs over to the other and says "don't worry, my insurance will pay to fix the damage I caused to your car", the entire statement is admissible not to show that the driver is insured, but that the driver has admitted fault.

 * Note that in California, California Evidence Code ("CEC") §1155 provides that evidence of a party's whole or part ownership of liability insurance is inadmissible to prove (1) negligence or (2) other wrongdoing. The statute does not include total lack of ownership of liability insurance, which may thus be used to prove that defendant did not exercise due care.

Offers to plead guilty to a crime
FRE 410 holds that (1) withdrawn guilty pleas; (2) nolo contendere pleas; (3) statements made during proceedings regarding guilty pleas; (4) statements made during proceedings regarding nolo contendere pleas; (5) and statements made during plea discussions with an attorney present are inadmissible for public policy reasons even if they are relevant. The motivation behind excluding such pleas from evidence is to encourage plea bargaining.

Two FRE-contained exceptions apply to this rule: criminal pleas, plea discussions, and related statements are admissible (i) in any proceeding where another statement made in the course of the same plea or plea discussion has been introduced and the statement ought in fairness be considered contemporaneously with it, or (ii) in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false statement if the statement was made by the defendant under oath, on the record, and in the presence of counsel.

Additionally, a criminal defendant may waive inadmissibility protections, rendering criminal pleas, plea discussions, and related statements admissible at trial. It is a common practice for prosecutors drawing up plea deals to include terms requiring the defendant to agree that statements made in the course of plea negotiations may be used to impeach the testimony of that defendant, to protect against the possibility of the defendant later changing her story.

 * Note that if a defendant chooses not to withdraw her guilty plea, this is an admission by a party opponent and may be admitted into evidence in subsequent civil proceedings.

Offers to settle a claim
Offers to settle a claim, and related statements made during a settlement conference, are generally inadmissible under FRE 408. The primary public policy motivation is to encourage litigants to settle their disputes. This rule also recognizes that parties may make settlement offers even where they believe they have no actual liability, in order to avoid the expense of litigation. A 2006 amendment to the rule permits the admission of statements made during settlement discussions between a private party and a regulatory body, when those statements are offered as evidence in a criminal case, subject to FRE 403.

The inadmissibility of settlement claims only prohibits the admission of statements, not the admission of facts. Thus, if a party to a settlement conference mentions that she possesses a certain document relevant to the proceedings, the other party may seek to discover that document through legal processes, despite it having first been mentioned in the settlement conference; merely disclosing a document's existence and mentioning it during a settlement conference does not insulate it from being discovered and admitted.

Additionally, the public policy exception of excluding relevant evidence arising out of an offer to settle cannot not apply if the evidence sought to be introduced is a claim made in a period before a dispute between the parties arose.
 * Example: Florida-based piano teacher P gets her expensive, snow white tile floors polished by North Carolina-based cleaning company C on March 22. C mails P a bill for $100,000 on March 29.  P thought that the service would only cost $75,000.00, and disputes the $100,000 charge.  Unable to come to a compromise with P, C  brings suit on May 8 in federal court to collect $200,000. FRE 408 does not prohibit P's introduction of the $100,000 March bill into evidence as an admission by C that the total amount disputed cannot exceed $100,000.

Offers to pay medical expenses
An offer to pay medical expenses is an offer of this nature made by a party who might potentially be liable for an injury to another is inadmissible despite its relevance. FRE 409 states:

 * Evidence of furnishing or offering or promising to pay medical, hospital, or similar expenses occasioned by an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury.

Evidence of an offer to pay medical expenses is inadmissible for the public policy rationale that courts do not want to discourage parties responsible for injuring others from paying for the treatment of those injuries.

Statements made in connection with offers to pay medical expenses, however, are not excluded by FRE 409.
 * Example: Plaintiff P slices her lip on a shard of glass that somehow made its way into a salad prepared in defendant D's restaurant. D later visits P in the hospital, puts a bouquet of sunflowers on the table next to the bed where P is sobbing in pain, and exclaims,"I'm so sorry about your injury, it was completely my fault! Please don't worry about your expenses for this hospital visit, I'll write you a check for whatever your bills add up to." In a subsequent personal injury suit brought by P against D in federal court, P may introduce D's statement "I'm so sorry about your injury, it was completely my fault!" as an admission of fault by D.

 * Note that in California, California Evidence Code ("CEC") §1152(a) renders both offers to pay medical expenses as well as "statements made in negotiation thereof" inadmissible to prove liability. In the above example, therefore, a CA court would prohibit P's introduction of not only the "Please don't worry about your expenses for this hospital visit, I'll write you a check for whatever your bills add up to" statement, but also the "I'm so sorry about your injury, it was completely my fault" statement.

Mediation proceedings: a California-specific rule
California law excludes from evidence and discovery relevant statements made "for the purpose of, in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation or a mediation consultation" through California Evidence Code ("CEC") §§1115-1125, for the public policy purpose of encouraging the resolution of legal conflicts by mediation.

Exclusionary rule
The exclusionary rule is another rule under which relevant evidence may be excluded, based in part on public policy concerns. It causes evidence gathered by the police from an illegal search to be inadmissible in a criminal case. The exclusion is intended, in part, to discourage law enforcement officials from violating the search subject's constitutional rights against unreasonable search and seizure. However, it is premised as much on the right of the individual accused against such a search as it is on the larger issue of law enforcement behavior. The rule does also reflect on questions of reliability regarding some (but not all) types of evidence that are excluded thereunder. For example, an officer conducting a warrantless search may have more of an opportunity to plant evidence, and a confession coerced out of a party denied access to legal counsel may be false.

In legal education and discourse, the exclusionary rule is generally treated as a rule of criminal procedure, rather than a rule of evidence.


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Fort Nya Elfsborg

Fort Nya Elfsborg was a fortification and settlement established as a part of New Sweden. Built in 1643 and named after the Älvsborg Fortress off Gothenburg, Fort Nya Elfsborg was located on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River, between present day Salem and Alloway Creek.

History
At the time of European colonization in the 17th century, the Delaware was known as the South River and the Salem River was known as Varkens Kill, or Hogg Creek. The Dutch established a factorij at Fort Nassau on the east bank of the South River in 1626, and claimed the territory as part of New Netherland. Despite the claim, the colony of New Sweden was founded, in 1638, at Fort Christina on the west bank. In 1641, without having a patent, a group of 60 settlers (20 families) from the New Haven Colony (in today's Connecticut) purchased land along the kill and the Schuylkill from indigenous Lenape. In 1643, the Dutch forcibly disbanded their trading post on the Schuylkill opposite their fort.

Fort Nya Elfsborg was built shortly after Johan Printz, governor of New Sweden, arrived in the colony on 15 February 1643, allowing the Varkens Kill settlement to remain if they swore allegiance to Sweden. He also built Fort Nya Gothenborg on Tinicum Island (to the immediate SW of today's Philadelphia), where he built his own manor house which he called The Printzhof.

Fort Nya Elfsborg had iron and brass 12pd cannons mounted on earth and wooden palisades. It was a Swedish-style three-cornered earthen redoubt with eight guns. Log farmsteads similar to those found in Sweden went up around the fort further downriver, so that Dutch West India Company ships coming up from the bay would have to pass them first.

At that time, this area of the river was mostly swamp and the soldiers garrisoned there were inundated by mosquitos. Fort Mosquito (Fort Myggenborgh), as it was commonly nicknamed, was eventually abandoned, the soldiers succumbing not to enemy cannon fire, but bites. New Sweden burned down the fort after the Dutch built Fort Casimir across the river in 1651.

The actual site of the fort is now under water at Elsinboro Point. In August 2012, archeological surveys were undertaken to locate the precise location and any remains of the fort, without success. There is a black stone monument outside the Elsinboro Township School. The stone block came from an old fortress in Sweden built in the 13th century.

title: Fort Nya Elfsborg


text:
Talk:Eckhart Tolle

Dissociation/depersonalization
I've just bought Tolle's "The Power of Now", with his famous 'enlightenment-narrative'. Yet, it strikes me that his explanationwas formulated years after this experience, after he had started reading 'spiritual texts'. What he describes in his writings is similar to Samkhya: dissociating purusha, the witness-cosnciousness, from the rest of the activities of the mind. It seems to me that his explanation is an ad hoc explanation, a rationalization, missing the obvious point that such "enlightenment experiences" are more similar to the general category of "religious experience," and not to the Indian notion of 'awakening', 'being awake', which involves long training and gradual development. It sounds more like dissociation/depersonalization, and a Google-seacrh elaborates this impression:
 * PsychCentral, Is Depersonalization Disorder a Form of Enlightenment?
 * DPSelfHelp, Does Eckhart Tolle have some form of DP?. This page does have an interesting observation, though:
 * The above would mean that the Purusha-prakriti distinction is not just a 'mental trick', but the description of an actual experience, as experienced by yogis. In Buddhism, fear of 'nothingness' is recognized, though hardly mentioned; some state that the Buddhanature-concept was introduced to help aspirants through this fear. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  09:36, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The above would mean that the Purusha-prakriti distinction is not just a 'mental trick', but the description of an actual experience, as experienced by yogis. In Buddhism, fear of 'nothingness' is recognized, though hardly mentioned; some state that the Buddhanature-concept was introduced to help aspirants through this fear. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  09:36, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Awakening and Enlightened are significantly different. Awakening is more often the preamble state when an individual becomes first aware of the existence of witness consciousness from ego consciousness and begin to explore and narrate the world from the POV of witness consciousness. However the ability to remain established in witness consciousness at will without unconsciously switching back to ego consciousness is often termed as 'enlightened' in broad terms across buddhism and vedanta.
 * Personal experience of an individual who claims to be awakened cannot be verified by a third person. Outside critics/skeptics often look for behavioral pattern of such individual to see if such individual are committing actions that are self serving. In case of the author, there are several evidences that comport to be self serving as it entails financial reward to the author. This article IMO is lacking a neutral WP:BLPSPS perspective. Cigarlover (talk) 23:09, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

His lifestyle
It's often suggested that he just combined existing teachings to become popular and wealthy, rather than just referring to other teachings as they relate to his awakening and higher consciousness. Someone should point out his lifestyle. He doesn't live a luxurious high life with his $90 mil (and he's now 75 years old). He clearly has no interest in egotistic use of money, (not even fancy clothes, etc). His plans for the use of his wealth are centered on spreading the benefits of higher consciousness via a nonprofit. His detractors don't seem to have watched his talks and listened to his uniquely lighthearted way of illuminating truths. Cldupont (talk) 12:27, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Please see, WP:FORUM, WP:OR, WP:RS, Help:Citing sources, WP:SPS, WP:NPOV, and WP:DUE. Not sure what you are asking here. —DIYeditor (talk) 01:02, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

COI request
I work for Eckhart Tolle and there are a few edits we would like to make to this Wikipedia page. Some of the edits are to correct factual inaccuracies, some are to update numbers/data, and some are to add more information. I realize we have a conflict of interest, and would like to know the best way to submit edits. Also wondering about citing certain information when it is coming directly from Mr. Tolle. Any help/advice is appreciated. SheilaLSharma (talk) 21:38, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * ❌ No edit has been requested. Please see instructions at Template:Edit COI/Instructions. Note also that it is usually best to make no more than 1 to 4 requested edits/changes at a time. Softlavender (talk) 03:45, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

COI Edit Request - mention another book in lede
As mentioned in my topic above, I have a COI as I work for Eckhart Tolle, but I will start by requesting 1 edit, just to make sure I am submitting correctly:

Edit Request #1: Please add Stillness Speaks (2003)

Current:

His books include The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment (1997), A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose (2005) and the picture book Guardians of Being (2009).

Proposed Edit:

His books include The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment (1997), A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose (2005), Stillness Speaks (2003), and the picture book Guardians of Being (2009). SheilaLSharma (talk) 19:13, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅, but in chronological order. Done because the book is already mentioned and cited in the body text, and therefore this edit request did not need a citation, but most edit requests require a citation to be provided. SheilaLSharma. please make sure your template appears properly when you post it. It should open up into an actually image with text in it. If your template is not posted properly, no editors who normally respond to these requests are ever going to see it. I just happened to see it because this article is on my watchlist and I happened to log on to Wikipedia today and checked my watchlist. Softlavender (talk) 05:40, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

I've reverted the edit. Please indicate why it deserves such high prominence in the article. --Hipal (talk) 19:32, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

COI Edit Request - alma mater to infobox

 * What I think should be changed: Could we please add Eckhart's Alma Mater to the infobox on the right?

Alma Mater  King's College (University of London); Gonville and Caius (University of Cambridge)

 * Why it should be changed: It is already cited (7) that he attended these Universities, but it would be great to add these specifics to the infobox as well for quick reference.
 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

SheilaLSharma (talk) 17:34, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm unclear what reference you're referring to. #7 is Walker 2008, which doesn't appear to verify the information. A quote would help if I'm overlooking something. --Hipal (talk) 19:37, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Although there are many inaccuracies in the Walker 2008 article used as #7 citation, it does include this quote: "Despite all this, he went to the University of London and is acknowledged by Cambridge University to have matriculated as a postgraduate student there in 1977..." However, I will provide further citation in my reply to Softlavender below if that is more helpful... SheilaLSharma (talk) 22:00, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment: Cambridge would not be an alma mater; there's no indication that he received a degree from it or did anything more than enroll as a postgraduate student there in 1977, but very soon afterwards (1977 or early 1978) he became depressed, had a spiritual experience, and stopped studying for his doctorate. University of London can be added to the infobox (but not King's College London unless there is a citation for that); that would be a standard edit. Softlavender (talk) 19:57, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the (#7) cited article is incorrect on the timeline of events. I can provide a different citation if it is better with this article: https://www.good.is/features/the-power-of-then This article includes the following: “...Tolle enrolled in King’s College London...and in 1977 he graduated with honors...But with no plan post-graduation, he became increasingly depressed and anxious. That spring, something changed...He lay in bed one spring night, his head a whirlwind of sadness and despair. “I can’t live with myself anymore,” he recounted. And as he thought that, he says, he had another thought: “Who is myself? And who am I?”...Still, Tolle applied and got into Cambridge to work on a doctorate in Latin American literature...After four years, he decided it wasn’t for him. He left abruptly and moved to London..." If the definition of Alma Mater is a school, college, or university which one has attended or from which one has graduated, is Cambridge not considered an Alma Mater in Eckhart's case? SheilaLSharma (talk) 22:18, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * My concern is that that 2013 Good.is article could be revisionist history. The Independent, which is a much more reliable source, checked with Cambridge in 2008 and reported that "[Tolle] is acknowledged by Cambridge University to have matriculated as a postgraduate student there in 1977" . The problem with Tolle is that his education and its timeline is murky and the story seems to keep changing. Why did he not post all of this educational information in 1997 or 2005? My sense is that it's because it may not be fully accurate. Softlavender (talk) 22:45, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The article was written in 2013 but based on a 2008 interview "Five years ago, I sat across from Eckhart Tolle...He said he didn’t like talking to press...But, Tolle told me...the universe had told him to grant me this interview...", however I understand your point. I will keep looking for a more solid citation. In the meantime, are you able to add the University of London as an Alma Mater in the infobox? Or do you need me to submit a separate edit request for it on its own? SheilaLSharma (talk) 22:57, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Template:infobox person says "It is usually not relevant to include either parameter for non-graduates", so I do not believe Cambridge should be in the infobox at all. I will however add the University of London. Softlavender (talk) 23:30, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Many thanks! SheilaLSharma (talk) 23:32, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The university Tolle graduated from has been added to the infobox. Per the infobox guidelines, the university he did not graduate from has not been added to the infobox. Softlavender (talk) 15:22, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eckhart Tolle


text:
Codex Brixianus

The Codex Brixianus (Brescia, Biblioteca Civica Queriniana, s.n.), designated by f, is a 6th-century Latin Gospel Book which was probably produced in Italy.

Description
The manuscript contains 419 folios. The text, written on purple dyed vellum in silver ink, is a version of the old Latin translation which seems to be connected with the Gothic translation of Ulfilas. At the base of each page is an arcade very similar to that found in the Codex Argenteus. Furthermore, the Latin text shows readings which seem to be influenced by the Gothic Bible translation.

Text
It has some lacunae.

It was named Brixianus after Brescia in Italy, where it is housed.

In Luke 7:31, it contains the phrase "tunc ergo iesus dixit". In John 11:41, alone of all the Old Latin Gospels, it had in the original hand the truncated reading "ubi fuerat", a translation of ου ην, the reading of A, K, P, 0211, 0250, f1, 22, 579, al. This matches the Gothic reading "þarei was."

title: Codex Brixianus


text: Category:Newspapers published in Oceania


text: User talk:69.250.97.76

title: User talk:69.250.97.76


text:
Talk:Third rail (politics)

Various
It's a good article so far. People say Social Security's the "third rail" in American politics, but is that true? Has contemplating Social Security changes really been political suicide for certain officials, or has it just exposed them to a certain amount of backlash? Greenspan proposed changes in the early '80's and Reagan signed them into law and neither of them suffered too much for it, so did anyone else take the fall? Maybe there could be an example of a name of someone who did? Uyanga 14:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is overpopulation really a 3rd rail? in what country? Rban 20:03, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Unconditional support for Israel as a third rail, only really exist in the United States. If the government of Britain or France finishes its relationship with Israel, it sees a diplomatic rift. 159753 09:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Is it possible that anyone could offer a single external link/reference to cite? 1337wesm (talk) 00:45, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Israel
Since 2006, editors have repeatedly removed Criticism of Israel from the list of third rail issues. I'd like to seek community input on this issue, and I have requested comment from Plot Spoiler. Mhults7791 (talk) 08:21, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

The relevant policies are WP:BIASED and WP:RSOPINION within WP:RS. From WP:BIASED: "reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject… While a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific context"

The issue: Is the opinion of Helen Thomas a reliable source, when given in-text attribution, as an example of the use of this political metaphor? This page is about a metaphor commonly used in political rhetoric. A metaphor is a comparison, an opinion, and in politics, an expression of a viewpoint. No issue is "factually" a third rail issue. The article itself says that "disagreement may occur over whether a specific issue is a "third rail" issue." When the metaphor is used, it is always either assertion or an expression of an opinion. Further, the section heading is "Examples of usage in American politics," rather than "Examples in American politics," suggesting that the list consists of examples of opinions that have been given within American political discourse.

All 6 current sources are statements of opinion. #1 is an opinion piece by the Chicago Tribune. #2 is objectively written, but still an opinion on which political commentators disagree (for example, Matt Purple of The American Spectator). One of the list items has no citation, though I wouldn't disagree with its inclusion. #3 is an opinion piece from a blog. #4 is an opinion piece from an "unapologetically partisan" source. #5 is also an opinion piece, though from a pair of experts. And #6 is an opinion piece from Christine Flowers. All appear to be reliable sources, with the possible exception of the blog, because they are sources of opinions, not facts. It should go without saying that the same standards should apply to all sources in the list. It may be the case that all the list items require an in-text attribution.

Sources in dispute:, a transcript from a CNN interview in which Helen Thomas states that she was fired because she touched "the third rail, which is Israel… You touch one thing about Israel and you're finished." This is her opinion; it is also her experience. She is an example of a political commentator who touched the third rail issue of criticizing Israel. , a non-opinion article that claims that "Criticizing Israel has long been the equivalent of touching a third rail in many Jewish families and friendships." While it doesn't provide any examples of political figures being taken down, it gives several examples from within the political discourse of the Jewish community. The most persuasive support given is a sociology study that found that "younger and liberal-leaning [Jews] are frustrated at being labeled “anti-Israel” or even anti-Semitic for expressing opposition to Israel’s treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories". And is an opinion piece from a partisan source, just like source #4. The author claims Rand Paul "may have crossed a third rail" by proposing to end all foreign aid, including to Israel. He supports the claim by detailing criticism Paul received following his proposal. While Paul's presidential hopes are still alive after flirting with the third rail, Zionist billionaire Sheldon Adelson and other wealthy political donors plan to take him down. All three, but especially the first, are reliable sources of examples of the use of the term "third rail" in American politics. Mhults7791 (talk) 00:36, 13 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The sourcing on this article is by and large unsuitable and needs to be revamped. It should be viewed as a model for inclusion of other material. Regarding the sources you have brought to bear regarding criticism of Israel, I don't believe they are directly on topic or fail RS.
 * Helen Thomas is not a politician that suffered for touching a third rail and her comments on the subject were largely considered fringe at the time.
 * The New York Times article is about discussions within American Jewish families, not in American politics writ-large.
 * New American is not a reliable media source. Plot Spoiler (talk) 22:16, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Issue posted to WP:RS/N Mhults7791 (talk) 03:10, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Polticians are not the only public figures who can be zapped by the third rail. This should be reflected in the article. Thomas is an example of a political commentator, and Steven Salaita is an example of a professor who was zapped by this third rail. While Thomas's views may be fringe in America, globally they are significantly less fringe, and this is a global issue. Also, third rail views are often fringe or near-fringe, for example Todd Akin in source #6. Mhults7791 (talk) 04:52, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * New American doesn't have to BE a reliable source, as this is an opinion piece. However, this column is talking about stopping ALL foreign aid, not just Israel.  I mostly concur with Plot Spoiler.  I haven't read this talk page yet, but if this is another Israel/Palestine or Jew/Muslim boxing ring for editors, please knock it off now.Two kinds of pork (talk) 03:46, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I'd also like to add we don't just take anybody's opinion and use it in articles like these. We take opinions from people with experience who know politics, and what constitutes a "third rail".  Reporters, professors, politicians, etc.  Yes Thomas was in this category, but because she was using the metaphor about herself, it carries far less (if any) weight.  In other words, look to other's to make this statement.Two kinds of pork (talk) 03:55, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * This is a valid point. I posted this source on the other page, but this source, written by a PhD, may be better. What do you think? Mhults7791 (talk) 04:09, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Both of those links are opinions of partisans, and their usage of the third rail is a partisan opinion. The best type of source to look for is someone who is using this phrase as matter of fact, not as a tool to advocate a position.  A Mideast studies expert, that has a proven rack record of accurate exporting would be the best possible source.  But if you expand the definition to "third rail" to include partisan uses, the ones you submitted might work.  But that's not how the article currently reads.  I also wouldn't support such a change, because the way it is written and the way the phrase is used requires a preponderance of sources.  Two kinds of pork (talk) 04:35, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I believe the opinion source should be an expert in American politics, rather than Mideast studies, since the metaphor is used to describe a condition of the American political environment. How about this Huffington Post source? The author, M.J. Rosenberg is pro-Israel and has worked on Capitol Hill for 15 years, as well as for AIPAC. Mhults7791 (talk) 04:47, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

IMO the list need to be shortened. The "dumping" usage has the same problems as does the Israel usage. Rape? I don't think so. Who ever thinks about advocating for rape? Historically, it's SS, gun control and maybe abortion. The overwhelming usage is centered on these. But if the consensus is to expand the list, I'll not stand in the way.Two kinds of pork (talk) 05:42, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The third rail issue is about politicians who would deny abortions to rape victims who are impregnated by their rapists. Fortunately, they don't advocate for rape. That could be made clearer. Even if the list was shortened, criticizing Israel is as third rail as it gets, behind social security and maybe gun control. The recent vote on gun control was actually for background checks, but was filibustered. When it's Israel, it's 100-0. Mhults7791 (talk) 05:51, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The thing is, we don't get to determine what is "third rail" and what isn't. The sources do.  My opinion is the preponderance of sources merits inclusion, but others might disagree.Two kinds of pork (talk) 05:54, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * So the preponderance of sources merits inclusion of "criticism of Israel" on the list, and the Rosenberg source should be attributed? Mhults7791 (talk) 05:59, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I also want to emphasize that we aren't, and the sources aren't, deciding what is third rail and what isn't. That cannot be objectively determined. We are only putting together a list of examples of the use of the metaphor by credible political experts. Even the experts disagree on what is and isn't third rail, as shown by the Matt Purple source above. Mhults7791 (talk) 06:11, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I would say the Israeli position is scantly supported, but that's my opinion. What other people think, I'll wait and see.Two kinds of pork (talk) 06:37, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Mhults, on the Israel matter you keep bringing in some of the most partisan voices, which are not suitable RS in this case. MJ Rosenberg is not "pro-Israel" and he essentially got fired from Media Matters for his over the top harangues against Israel. Plot Spoiler (talk) 14:21, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Rosenberg self-identifies as pro-Israel in the article. He worked for AIPAC, which is as pro-Israel as it gets. And if someone who self-identifies as pro-Israel was fired for criticizing Israel then that's yet another example, and the strongest example yet, that criticizing Israel quite obviously merits inclusion on the list. Mhults7791 (talk) 19:59, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * New opinions have come in on the RS/N. Consensus is that these are indeed RS, and that this now becomes an NPOV - DUE WEIGHT issue. Is there a compromise possibility we could work out, such as a new section that discusses differing viewpoints? We could make a separate section for each line of the list and elaborate on them all. Mhults7791 (talk) 20:08, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

I motion as an editor to add Israel as a certain third rail issue in American politics. Not saying it is good or bad for America, but the fact is support for Israel in American foreign policy is ubiquitously bipartisan in American politics. It is political suicide for ANY American senator to go up against AIPAC. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 11:02, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
 * But the sources don't support this notion. Isn't that correct ? We don't count fringe opinions as discussed above. There are msny RS saying SS is a third rail. Gun control has also received coverage, but IMO not to the level of SS.  Those that have made the claim of US/Israel relations being a third rail are fringe opinions.  Your username suggests you might have a COI with articles related to Israel.  Please try and not let any personal leanings cloud your editorial judgment.Two kinds of pork Makin'Bacon 20:12, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Did you even look at history? He has had a history of disruptive editing in regards to topics concerning Israel and pro-Israeli foreign policy.  has a reputation for having a very pro-Israel slant so it is ironic my username is considered a "conflict of interest" on whether or not claiming the American relationship with Israel is a "third rail" issue. My username itself was inspired by someone accusing me of being "pro-Israeli" in a heated e-mail exchange. I'm trying to be objective and there isn't much debate that Israel has a powerful lobby and bipartisan support. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 05:32, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Plot Spolier's edit history has no bearing on whether or not Israel constitutes being a third rail. The sources do, and so far I don't see any credible sources making this claim. Two kinds of pork Makin'Bacon 07:02, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay so then what sources would be considered "credible" to you to officially declare Israel a "third rail" issue? By the way, do you not see the irony about how you're going about this? You don't think Israel's relationship with the US is not a third rail issue yet you have gone above and beyond just reverting my edits and attempted to get admin involved to block me. You're proving my point how Israel can't be discussed as an "untouchable issue" by removing from the entry. Fine, go ahead and leave gun control up there which I can easily prove is no "third rail" issue, but stop resorting to Orwellian (and Machiavellian) tactics by removing Israel as a "third rail" issue. And believer it or not, yes, it is pertinent has had a history of disruptive editing in regards to Israel. It goes to prove he does not want the Israel lobby to be seen as influential and pervasive in elite American politics. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 23:27, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

So Two kinds of pork, what is so unconvincing to you about Israel having bipartisan support? Just look at pro-Israel lobby donations: http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=Q05 CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 23:32, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Have you ever watched Cool Hand Luke? Because  what we have here, is a failure to communicate.  This article is about the phrase "third rail of politics".  We need reliable sources stating that the subject of touching or messing with this lobby is indeed a "third rail".  Not fringe sources mind you, but reliable sources.  Thankfully sinces she's well dead I won't be violating BLP in saying that the opinion of nut job leather face Helen Thomas is not applicable.Two kinds of pork Makin'Bacon 20:34, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Considering your unflattering characterization of Helen Thomas, is it okay to speculate this is because of her statements on Israel? I'm guessing you have pro-Israel sentiments then? CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 01:21, 3 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I can't help but mention I thought Helen Thomas was Jewish (or part Jewish) growing up. I didn't know she was Arab until her comments on Israel were scandalized. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 01:26, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

http://mondoweiss.net/2008/03/today-i-talked 93.106.127.222 (talk) 18:49, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

http://mondoweiss.net/2007/08/the-censorship- 93.106.127.222 (talk) 19:46, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Agricultural Subsidies
I motion agricultural subsidies as an entry in Third rail of politics. No politician wants to see be blamed for increasing food prices. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 11:03, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Gun control/Gun rights
I suggest gun politics should be disqualified as a "third rail" issue. It is in no way a bipartisan issue. It is openly debated and gun control legislation exists in all states in the US. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 11:10, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

I motion to delete the entry of "gun control" as a third rail issue by following the exact same standards put forth by certain users that disqualifies American support for Israel as a "third rail issue." CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 11:30, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
 * What are these standards of which you speak?Two kinds of pork Makin'Bacon 15:15, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Every source claiming Israel's "special relationship" with America is a third rail is dismissed as an unreliable source so let us look into the sources how "gun politics" is a third rail issue. I will soon act accordingly with these edits. CHECK YOUR CITATIONS! (talk) 05:59, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Why does Wikipedia have an article about a metaphor, sourced solely to examples of usage?
As far as I can see, this article is sourced solely to material providing examples of the metaphor being used, and lacks any sources providing discussion of the metaphor itself. Accordingly, it seems questionable that the subject matter (the metaphor) meets Wikipedia notability guidelines. AndyTheGrump (talk) 19:51, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Kill it! InedibleHulk (talk) 21:37, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree, to make matters worse, the UK examples all appear to be US sources using the metaphor to discuss UK issues. Surprise, surprise, Americans use US metaphors when discussing non-American matters! Who would have guessed it? Pincrete (talk) 14:33, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Tidy
Added a controversial item (back) in. As per my note, the issue is not whether a topic *is* toxic, but that there is usage of it being expressly described as "third rail". Snori (talk) 20:18, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Third rail (politics)


text:
Mancunian Films

Mancunian Films was a British film production company first organised in 1933. From 1947 it was based in Rusholme, a suburb of Manchester, and produced a number of comedy films, mostly aimed at audiences in the North of England.

History
Founded by John E. Blakeley, the company produced films in London on extremely low-budgets. From property records at HM Land Registry, on 17 June 1933 Blakeley's Productions Limited, 148 Slade Lane, Levenshulme in Manchester bought Hulme Hippodrome for £17,900, selling it on 23 December 1935. Blakeley's first studio consisted of a single soundstage in a loft space in London above a taxi garage. Whenever the filmmakers wanted to shoot a scene, they would first have to signal the mechanics below to stop working, so the noise from below wouldn't register on the soundtracks. Blakeley's first production was Boots! Boots! (1934), starring the variety entertainer George Formby in his first released film. Production values were so low that some scenes were filmed in semi-darkness, to hide the lack of set decorations. Despite the limitations, the debut film was a huge success in the regions, recouping Blakeley's investment several times over and launching George Formby as Britain's leading screen comedian. Within the year "Blakeley's Productions, Ltd." had become "The Mancunian Film Distributors, Ltd". Blakeley initially used facilities like Riverside Studios; the films were released via Butcher's Films.

Dickenson Road Studios

Escalating costs and a desire to cater for the robust tastes of northern industrial audiences led to the establishment of the two-stage facility at Dickenson Road Studios, a former Methodist Chapel on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, the only film studio outside the South East. The buildings were converted at a cost of £70,000 in 1947, with funding from the National Film Finance Corporation (NFFC), which provided grants to support independent British studios.

Beginning with Cup-tie Honeymoon (1948) starring Sandy Powell, over the next six years the films went on to feature northern favourites Frank Randle, Josef Locke, Diana Dors, and Jimmy Clitheroe. The Mancunian Films production operation earned the nickname "the Hollywood of the North", or alternatively "Jollywood", on account of its output of comedy films. Critics of Mancunian's productions dubbed the studio the "Corn Exchange", a humorous reference to the Corn Exchange in Manchester ("" being a slang term for unoriginal, poor-quality humour).

The studio, often working on shoestring budgets, was profitable. The cinematographic expertise developed in Manchester formed the foundations of Granada Television.

In 1950, the NFFC demanded that Blakeley repay its £50,000 loan. The NFFC chairman, Lord Reith, expressed dissatisfaction with the quality of Mancunian's comedy productions; of Over the Garden Wall (1950), Reith said it was not "of as high a quality as the Corporation would have wished". This created a funding crisis for the studio, but Blakeley managed to raise the necessary monies from profits on his movies and by hiring out the facilities at Dickenson Road to other production companies such as Hammer Horror for filming B-movies. After overcoming these difficulties, Blakely decided to retire when he reached 65, and handed control of Mancunian Films to his son Tom Blakely.

In the 1950s, the growing reach television and the decline of cinema's audience size, led to many film studios being converted to for television broadcasts. In London, the BBC acquired Lime Grove Studios from Gainsborough Pictures in 1949, and Ealing Studios in 1955. Dickenson Road Studios was bought from Mancunian by the BBC in 1954, and it became the first regional BBC Television studio outside London. Programmes made by the BBC at the studios included series starring comedian Harry Worth and variety programmes. The first episode of the pop music television show Top of the Pops was broadcast from Dickenson Road Studio on 1 January 1964, presented by Jimmy Savile and opening with The Rolling Stones performing "I Wanna Be Your Man". The studios remained the home of Top of the Pops until 1967, when the show moved to the larger facility at Lime Grove. The Dickenson Road building was demolished in 1975 after operations were transferred to the BBC's new building at New Broadcasting House on Oxford Road.

Mancunian Films Library
Mancunian Films Library, in storage at Kay Laboratories, was lost in a fire in 1980. Mike Blakeley, cameraman and grandson of John E. Blakeley, was reported to be attempting to find and restore all of Blakeley's films in 2003. Working with CP Lee of the University of Salford in promoting the detailed history of the Mancunian Film Studio via film screenings and facts about Mancunian Films and its actors.

Selected filmography

 * Boots! Boots! (1934)
 * Off the Dole (1935)
 * Cup-tie Honeymoon (1948)
 * International Circus Review (1948)
 * Holidays with Pay (1948)
 * Showground of the North (1948)
 * Somewhere in Politics (1948)
 * What a Carry On (1949)
 * School for Randle (1949)
 * Over the Garden Wall (1950)
 * Let's Have a Murder (1950)
 * Love's a Luxury (1952)
 * Those People Next Door (1952)
 * It's a Grand Life (1953)

title: Mancunian Films


text:
Running backstay

A running backstay is a rigging component on a sailboat which helps support the mast. A running backstay runs from each lateral corner of the stern to the mast at the level where the forestay begins in the fractional rig. Because they are attached low on the mast, they can present a significant problem in an accidental gybe, as the boom hits the stay, with the possibility of breaking the boom, mast, or both.

During beating or reaching, the running backstay in windward side is in tension. The one in the leeward side is lazy. As the boat tacks they change over. Another function of the running backstay is to adjust the tension of the forestay to suit the sailing angle and sea condition. In general, during a hard beat when the boat sails very close to the wind, the running backstay is tightened to increase the tension of the forestay. The genoa is sheeted in. Under these conditions, the draft of the genoa is brought forward reducing the drag.

title: Running backstay


text:
Area codes 804 and 686

Area codes 804 and 686 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the east-central portion of Virginia. The numbering plan area is anchored by Virginia's capital, Richmond, and includes most of its metropolitan area. Other communities included are Chesterfield, Henrico, Hopewell, Mechanicsville, Powhatan, Midlothian, Petersburg, and Colonial Heights. This also includes the Northern Neck and the Middle Peninsula. The two southernmost counties on the Middle Peninsula, Gloucester and Mathews, are part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, but use 804 and 686 instead of the area codes 757 and 948 used by the rest of Hampton Roads.

Area code 804 was split from Virginia's original area code 703 on Sunday, June 24, 1973, with an official permissive dialing period ending January 1, 1974. Originally, it stretched across the eastern two-thirds of the state, from Danville to the Eastern Shore. Normally, when an area code is split, the largest city in the old numbering plan area retains the old area code–in this case, Norfolk, then Virginia's largest city. However, C&P Telephone (now part of Verizon) wanted to keep the large number of federal agencies in Northern Virginia from having to change their numbers.

Despite the rapid growth of the Richmond-Petersburg and Hampton Roads areas, this configuration remained in place for 23 years. On July 1, 1996, the Eastern Shore and most of Hampton Roads became area code 757. Although Hampton Roads is the largest metropolitan area based in the Commonwealth, Bell Atlantic (forerunner of Verizon) decided to let Richmond keep 804 in order to spare the plethora of state agencies in the capital the expense and burden of having to change their numbers. This split was intended as a long-term solution, but by the turn of the century and millennium 804 was running out of numbers due to the rapid growth of the Richmond area, as well as the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. As a result, 804 was split again on June 1, 2001, when most of the western portion (Danville, Lynchburg, Charlottesville) became area code 434.

Prior to October 2021, area code 804 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

Area code 804 is predicted to run out of central office prefixes in the third quarter of 2024. The State Corporation Commission (SCC) announced on November 16, 2022, that it would overlay the existing area code, likely in the first half of 2024. On November 22, 2022, the SCC approved the new area code 686 to be implemented after the numbers in area code 804 have been exhausted. On January 9, 2023, the NANPA designated the assignment of the overlay which took effect on February 1, 2024, with network preparation beginning on May 1, 2023.

title: Area codes 804 and 686


text:
Long form

Long form or longform may refer to:

 * A variety of improvisational theatre
 * A type of census questionnaire
 * Form 1040, an American income tax form
 * Long-form journalism

title: Long form


text:
Category:Rivers of Fiji

 * Rivers of Fiji.

title: Category:Rivers of Fiji


text: Category:Rivers of Oceania

title: Category:Rivers of Oceania


text:
Category:Mass media in Fiji

Newspapers, television, radio, and internet websites pertaining to Fiji belong in this category.

title: Category:Mass media in Fiji


text:
Henri Caillavet

Henri Caillavet (2 June 1914 – 27 February 2013) was a French political figure most prominent during the post-war years 1946–1958, when, during the Fourth Republic, he was a member of the National Assembly and as a Senator from 1967–1985.

A native of Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, and trained as a lawyer, Caillavet was renowned in France as a veteran guardian of civil liberties. He proposed bills concerning gay rights, abortion, transgender issues, divorce by mutual consent, euthanasia and organ transplants.

In January 1953, the ministerial portfolio of France d'Outre-mer was conferred upon him in the government of René Mayer, then that of the Navy in the government of Pierre Mendès France in 1954. In 1958, he opposed General Charles de Gaulle in voting against his investiture and against the new Constitution.

He then left Lot-et-Garonne and was elected mayor of Bourisp in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées from 1959 to 1983. He competed in senatorial elections in Lot-et-Garonne and was elected in June 1967. Senator from 1967 to 1983, he combined this office with that of MEP from 1979 to 1984. He lost his mandate in 1983 against Senator Jean François-Poncet. But he helped to launch a number of initiatives, such as the creation of the CNIL and the think tank Voltaire Network; in this position, he chaired the committee for transparency and plurality of the press (June 1985).

Several times president of the Association for the Right to Die with Dignity (ADMD), he resigned on 23 June 2007.

Caillevet died in Bourisp on 27 February 2013, at the age of 99.

title: Henri Caillavet


text:
Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Troitsk (Тро́ицк) is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located 175 km east of the southern Ural Mountains and approximately 110 km south of Chelyabinsk on the border with Kazakhstan. It stands on the east-flowing Uy River, a branch of the Tobol River. Population: 83,862 (2002 Census);

Geography and climate
The Uy and Uvelka Rivers merge within the town boundaries and form a water body which serves as a reservoir for the nearby power station.

The landscape around the town is flat, although river valleys are hilly. The town is situated on the border of a forest-steppe zone. The climate is continental. The average temperature in January is -14 C, and +20 C in July.

History

Troitsk was founded in 1743 by Ivan Neplyuyev as a head fortress of the Orenburg Line of forts during the Bashkir War of 1735-1740 and to protect the southern borders of Russia. It played a major role in the rebellion of Pugachev, who besieged and captured the town in 1774.

Gradually from a military settlement Troitsk has grown into a trading town with well-developed industry and nascent tourism.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Troitsk serves as the administrative center of Troitsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the Town of Troitsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Troitsk is incorporated as Troitsky Urban Okrug.

Economy
Troitsk serves as a railway junction and a supply and trading center for the southern Ural Mountains mining district. Through Troitsk trains pass to the Republic of Kazakhstan and further to the states of Central Asia. Other lines connect the Ural Mountains with the southern regions of Russia.

Near Troitsk are deposits of clay, sand, quartzite, granite, and rubble, used by the town's construction industry. The Russia-Kazakhstan border is immediately south of Troitsk (see photograph). Several large, cultivated field patterns (elongated, rectangular shapes) are visible through the snow-covered landscape, probably planted with spring wheat. Numerous circular, frozen lakes are scattered throughout the countryside around Troitsk.

The area in the Southern Urals has significant industrial potential. Capacity of the Troitsaya GRES coal-fired power station is around 2000 Megawatts. Additional units with capacity of 660 Megawatt are being built. There is an electromechanical plant which makes heat transfer devices for powerful electric machines, a manufacturer of rockwool plates for Danish firm "Rockwool", a meat-packing plant, ferro-concrete products and parquet, a garment factory, and the railway and motor transportation enterprises. Small-scale businesses employ more than 6000 people.

Education
There are four higher educational institutions in Troitsk. Most significant of them is the Ural State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. About 5,000 students are trained there. Other higher educational institutions have branches in Troitsk.

Culture
Various festivals, competitions, and concerts take place during the year.

Tourism
Troitsk is one of the few places in the Ural region where the historical environment is well preserved. There are 948 cultural and historical monuments. The city of Troitsk has 4 architectural sites of federal importance: Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (1754), passage Yausheva brothers Bashkirov hotel and shopping arcades.

title: Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast


text:
Steve Souza

Steve "Zetro" Souza (born March 24, 1964) is an American musician, best known for his work as lead vocalist with thrash metal band Exodus from 1986 to 1994, and again from 2002 to 2004. He rejoined Exodus for a third time in 2014. Souza is one of two singers, along with Chuck Billy, for the band Dublin Death Patrol. He also sings for the thrash metal band Tenet and was the lead singer for the thrash metal band Legacy (later known as Testament). In 2011, Souza announced his new project, Hatriot. He stepped down as the frontman of the band in 2015, leaving the role of lead vocals to his son, Cody.

Legacy/Testament
Before singing for Exodus, he was the lead singer for the band Legacy (which became Testament after his departure), recording and writing most of The Legacy demo. At the time of his departure from Legacy, he introduced Chuck Billy to Legacy members and joined Exodus.

Exodus
Souza is best known for his stints in Exodus, for whom he sang between 1986 and 1994 (when they broke up) after being brought in to replace Paul Baloff. Exodus was disbanded about two years after the release of Force of Habit. He later rejoined the reformed Exodus from 2002 to 2004. He again parted ways with the band during their South American tour later in 2004; according to Holt, Zetro bailed from the tour just as the tour was about to start. This caused the split to be fairly hostile; in retrospect, Zetro has admitted the blame for the circumstances, saying that it was his discontent at the time that caused the problems.

Thrash Against Cancer
Souza hosted the Thrash Against Cancer benefit in 2005 at The Pound in San Francisco, and appears onstage with Testament every time they play the Bay Area.

Dublin Death Patrol
In 2006, he and Chuck Billy formed Dublin Death Patrol, an American thrash metal band. Alongside Willy Lange (Lȧȧz Rockit). In 2007, they went on a world tour and did Fields of Rock in the Netherlands alongside Heaven & Hell, Korn, Iron Maiden, Ozzy Osbourne, Machine Head, Black Label Society, Hatebreed, Megadeth, Papa Roach, Slayer, Motörhead, Mastodon, Velvet Revolver, Dream Theater, Suicidal Tendencies, Amon Amarth, DragonForce, Ill Niño, and DevilDriver.

Tenet
In August 2008, Souza became the lead singer for the metal band TENET along with members Byron Stroud (Strapping Young Lad, Fear Factory, Zimmer's Hole), Jed Simon (Strapping Young Lad, Zimmer's Hole), Glen Alvelais (Testament, Forbidden) and Gene Hoglan (Death, Unearth, Dethklok, Strapping Young Lad, Dark Angel, Testament, Zimmer's Hole, Old Man's Child). The album was eventually released in July 2009.

Hatriot
Souza, along with fellow members Kosta Varvatakis, Justin Sakagawa, and his two sons Nicholas Souza and Cody Souza, started a thrash metal project called Hatriot. Hatriot released their debut album, Heroes of Origin, on January 25, 2013. The group's second album, Dawn of the New Centurion, was released on February 21, 2014 via Massacre Records. Steve eventually left Hatriot due to Exodus touring duties in 2015 and was succeeded by his son Cody.

Return to Exodus
On June 8, 2014, it was announced that Souza had rejoined Exodus. He appeared on Exodus' tenth studio album Blood In, Blood Out, which is his first album with the band since 2004's Tempo of the Damned.

Style
Souza's voice is reminiscent of AC/DC's former vocalist Bon Scott, and can be heard on the AC/DC covers that Exodus recorded, including "Overdose" on 1989's Fabulous Disaster, and "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" on 2004's Tempo of the Damned.

Personal life
Souza is second generation Portuguese-American. His grandparents were originally from the Azores Islands in Portugal before settling in California in the early 20th century.

His nickname "Zetro" comes from a cartoon whale he saw in high school.

In a July 2018 interview, Souza called himself a supporter of President Donald Trump, as he cites the low unemployment rate and the meetings with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un being beneficial to the country. Regarding Kim, Zetro mentioned: "I think that's great – that's what you need to do. People need to touch together, not do it through channels".

With Testament

 * Legacy Demo (1985)
 * The Legacy (1987) (credited for writing six out of nine of the songs, but did not perform)
 * First Strike Still Deadly (2001) (provides vocals for re-recordings of "Alone in the Dark" and "Reign of Terror")

With Exodus

 * Pleasures of the Flesh (1987)
 * Fabulous Disaster (1989)
 * Impact Is Imminent (1990)
 * Good Friendly Violent Fun (1991)
 * Force of Habit (1992)
 * Tempo of the Damned (2004)
 * Blood In, Blood Out (2014)
 * Persona Non Grata (2021)

With Dublin Death Patrol

 * DDP 4 Life (2007)
 * Death Sentence (2012)

With Tenet

 * Sovereign (2009)

With Hatriot

 * Heroes of Origin (2013)
 * Dawn of the New Centurion (2014)

title: Steve Souza


text:
Habit evidence

Habit evidence is a term used in the law of evidence in the United States to describe any evidence submitted for the purpose of proving that a person acted in a particular way on a particular occasion based on that person's tendency to reflexively respond to a particular situation in a particular way.

Habit evidence must be distinguished from character evidence, which seeks to show that a person behaved in a particular way on a particular occasion based on that person's prior bad acts, or based on the opinion of a witness, or based on that person's reputation in the community. Such character evidence is generally inadmissible.

Federal Rule of Evidence 406 states, "Evidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of an eyewitness, is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice".

For example, suppose there was a bar called "Study Hall" located near a college campus. "Happy Hour Joe" is the nickname of a regular patron of this bar, and he frequents the bar every day, Monday through Friday, at approximately 5:30 p.m. on his way home from work. Joe typically has 1 or 2 beers, and then leaves. A party could introduce this evidence of habit if the party wanted to show it was more probable that Joe was at Study Hall on Wednesday at 5:30 p.m. A party could also introduce the evidence if the party wanted to show it was more probable that, on his way home Wednesday at 6 p.m., Joe had been drinking.

However, the evidence could not be introduced to show that Happy Hour Joe is an alcoholic, or that he is a careless driver. That would be character evidence.

title: Habit evidence


text:
Vahe

Vahe (Վահէ), according to the traditional Armenian history recorded by Movses Khorenatsi, was the last king of Armenia descended from the legendary Armenian progenitor Hayk. Khorenatsi writes that Vahe rebelled against Alexander the Great and was killed. L. Shaninyan believes that this reflects the presence of Armenians among the Persian forces at the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, identifying Vahe with Mithraustes, who Arrian says was the Armenian commander at Gaugamela.

title: Vahe


text:
Short form

Short form may refer to:

 * Short form cricket, a reduced version of cricket
 * Shortform improvisation, a form of improvisational comedy
 * in linguistics, a synonym for abbreviation
 * Form 1040A, also known as "the short form", an American tax form
 * a type of census questionnaire
 * Sub-styles of Yang-style tai chi
 * The Short Form, a 1997 album by Raphe Malik

title: Short form


text:
User talk:Tuop

Tuop man you get it all wrong.Namela didnt make the sock puppets are is a jark.The real stroy is him and his friends were trying vote but some users called them sockpuppets.they were just trying to save a 15 year olds page from being deleted.We have to help him.Quin T Jun 5 2005

title: User talk:Tuop


text: Category:Mass media in Kenya

title: Category:Mass media in Kenya


text:
Talk:Dialects of Calabria

I highly contest this categorization of Calabrese as a distinct language. As a student of Romance Philology and Linguistics, there is no significant proof that Calabrese is a unified language. Calabria is a region in southern Italy, yes, but it does not necessarily equate being a language as well. The historical information shows that much of southern Calabria was influenced in the same ways as Sicily, while northern Calabria has more in common with greater Naples. Calabria was part of the Two Sicilies, with Sicily (the island), and greater Naples the bifurcated hubs of the former kingdom. Linguistically speaking, the region of Calabria can be divided north to south in terms of its various dialects. The southern Calabrian dialects are virtually identical to the Messinese dialect of Sicily, and the Salentine dialect in peninsular Puglia. The northern Calabrian dialects are virtually identical to those of Lucano, Campania, and greater Naples. For these reasons, the dialects of Calabrian cannot be grouped together as a consistent language. Instead, southern dialects make up the language of what some call "Extreme Meredional" or simply "Sicilian," while the northern dialects make up the language of what some call "Intermediate Meredional" or simply "Neapolitan." Again, these reasons are geographical, historical, and aboveall, linguistic.

If one visits Ethnologue, they will at times see a bifurcated grouping of "Neapolitan-Calabrian" but this is not exactly correct. This is done because northern Calabrian is very similar to Neapolitan, and some argue that Calabrian should retain its own identity, at least in name sake. Unfortunately, linguistics is a science, and Calabria is a region with very different dialects. One cannot simply speak of a "Calabrian" language when the region's dialects are so different. Again, region does not always equal dialect.

I leave you with the following links on the various languages of Italy, including maps and the official Ethnologue linguistic classifications: http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/mappe/mappe/f_dialetti.htm (interactive map of Italy with the linguistic classifications, researched in the 1920s and most recently revisited in 1977 with the publication of the "Carta dei dialetti." See here that southern Calabrian is classified in the group of extreme southern dialects, referred to as 'Sicilian', while northern Calabrese is classified in the intermediate southern group of dialects, referred to as 'Neapolitan.' http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap Neapolitan-Calabrese group of dialects - which again is not accurate. There is no hybrid Calabrese dialect, instead the 'region' of Calabria is made up of several 'dialects' which pertain to two different language groups, "Neapolitan" and "Sicilian."

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scn The Sicilian group of dialects. Pay attention that this group is sometimes called "Sicilian-Calabrese" but this, like the "Neapolitan-Calabrese" category is inaccurate. Unfortunately, the region of Calabria is geographically between two larger linguistic groups, and because the Calabrese dialects are so divergent from each other, there is no universial Calabrese language, and therefore it is bifurcated into the other two larger groups of Sicilian and Neapolitan. Even in the peninsular portion of the region of Puglia, that dialect "Salentine" is also part of the Sicilian group, while northern Pugliese is considered a dialect of Italian, according to Ethnologue. But linguistically speaking, this is also incorrect, as you saw with the first weblink (map) above. The reasons for considering northern Pugliese as Italian instead of Neapolitan are of political reasons, and ignorance. http://www.linguasiciliana.org/articuli_file/puglisi.HTM Finally, here is an essay on the Italian 'languages' or 'dialects.' This essay was written by a Calabrese linguist who regularly participates in a Sicilian language organization. Written in Sicilian, this Calabrese discusses how and why the languages of Italy are classified as such, and also includes much information on his home region of Calabria and why for many different reasons is divided into two different linguistic classifications, none of which are centered around the region of Calabria. He also writes of the different Pugliese dialects, the southern being part of Sicilian, and the northern being part of the Neapolitan group, and not the Italian group as erroneously printed in Ethnologue. I have no qualms against the people or region of Calabria. Its various dialects are enchanting and bold, but as a researcher, I cannot help but argue against the classification of Calabrese as a single Romance language. All of the evidence points against this idea. I hope that I may have enlightened some of you, and cleared up any previous misconceptions about this topic. Thank you. I may be reached at VingenzoTM@yahoo.com for further questions
 * Thank you for your extensive explanation, Vinginzu. Wikipedia is a source that is changing and growing due to the knowledge of its users. It sounds like there is enough to be said about language in Calabria that this article should remain separate, but perhaps the title of the article could be changed. What would you suggest? Calabrian dialects? Calabrian linguistic issues? Is there anything comparable at Category:Languages_of_Italy? It would be best if you could first discuss this with the other contributors to this article, as I'm not a linguist; see the article history. The primary contributor seems to be E. abu Filumena; I have left a message on that talk page about your note here (as s/he may not have the page watched) to let them know you'd like to discuss it.

 * You might also look at discussing the issues on the talk pages at Italian dialects and List of Languages of Italy, and talking to some of the contributors there, such as User:Sarcelles, User:Man vyi, User: Falphin, User:Decius, and perhaps especially User:Espo111, who was the contributor who added: "However, to call these languages dialects is misleading. Many evolved along the same path modern Italian did and have literary traditions of their own. They also have their own grammar and lexicon."

 * I'm sure that calm discussion among you will find the best way to present this information to linguists, linguophiles, and the general public. Good luck! — Catherine\talk 17:10, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Italian Wikipedia says: "Il dialetto calabrese (u ddjalettu calabbrisi) è di tipo siciliano nella parte centro-meridionale della Calabria e di tipo napoletano nell'estrema parte settentrionale".

As a native Calabrian speaker, I agree with this statement but it is contradictory. It refers to the "Sicilian type" in the centre-south, and "Neopolitan type" in the extreme north. In fact, this is not clear cut either, as in much of the central part there are influences from both sides. That would support the view currently taken on the English version of the article.

 * I've added back the missing history and removed the funny redirects. The main article is now Calabrian languages. Mariokempes 23:13, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dialects of Calabria


text:
Football Association of Cuba

The Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba is the official governing body of the sport of football in Cuba including the Cuba national football team, Cuba women's national football team and Cuba national futsal team.

Notable former players

 * 🇨🇺 Yénier Márquez most-capped player of the Cuba national team
 * 🇨🇺 Eduardo Sebrango Vancouver Whitecaps, later Montreal Impact player
 * 🇨🇺 Mario Inchausti (3 June 1915 – 2 May 2006) was a Cuban footballer who played in Spain for Real Zaragoza, Real Betis and Real Madrid, before retiring in 1942 due to injury
 * 🇨🇺 Héctor Socorro scorer of three goals in the 1938 FIFA World Cup, helping Cuba reach the quarterfinals

title: Football Association of Cuba


text:
User talk:Trainthh

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 14:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trainthh