text:
Talk:Lysine

Sources of lysine
"As an essential amino acid, lysine is not synthesized in animals," except when we goto Dietary sources:

Catfish, channel, farmed, raw: 9.19% of the protein is lysine.[13] Chicken, roasting, meat and skin, cooked, roasted: 8.11% of the protein is lysine.[14] Beef, ground, 90% lean/10% fat, cooked: 8.31% of the protein is lysine.[15]

My biology is fuzzy, but aren't those animals? --Jeff — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.43.48.131 (talk) 15:58, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Lysine is essential for all vertebrates ( http://jn.nutrition.org/content/137/6/1626S.full ). The examples you mention above are animals which have in turn consumed lysine in their diet. I will add the proper citations and clarifications later. Abergabe (talk) 12:01, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

What the heck is "Spinach (1,740–20,664 ppm) in slant"? What's "slant"? I've looked in some dictionaries, they don't have any definitions that seem to do with vegetables. --71.125.9.209 07:51, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note 71.125.9.209, one of the editors made a typo an year ago. I have corect it back. I'm not sure if "Plant" is correct, as that would mean the whole plant, not just the seeds, the leaves, the roots or whatever, and in that case there is no need for the "in Plant". -- Boris 19:24, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Under properties I think there should be a citation for suchs things like lysines importance in "recovering from surgery." Sounds too much like people hawking the supplement the way it is written. Knowledge JunkieKJ

 * I agree, there are many instances of these Claims.. Perhaps make a new sections entitled Claims for these "home remedy" types of things. Another example is in there below: "...beneficial for those with herpes simplex infections"  Rage italic 17:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Please : I think Buckwheat should be added to the list of products with high lysine, i'm sorry i'm to ignorant yet to do it myself, there is a reference for it in the same website as most other products listed ... I also think someone should revise the data and check to give mentions for raw or cooked or anything pertinent for fair comparison. see : http://www.bitterpoison.com/protein/20009/ and http://www.bitterpoison.com/protein/20010/ thanks Zigomar7 (talk) 21:31, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

Cleanup
Added cleanup tag in order to let people know the article is not up to Wikipedia standards. There are spurious claims and the content does not match the other amino acids included in the stub. Rage italic 17:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

It says that humans cannot replicate this chemical, however Lysine price fixing —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.220.56.151 (talk) 21:54, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Wrong diagram on page
May I note that the diagram on the far right does not represent the formula. It is showing a carbon atom instead of a nitrogen one. I'm fairly new to Wikipedia and I am still working out how to go about making a notification of an error. (Spongefeast (talk) 18:20, 25 October 2009 (UTC))

 * This isn't a mistake, but it is confusing.

 * The 3D diagram on the right in the infobox is from the crystal structure of L -lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate. The nitrogen atom in question is protonated. The appropriate corresponding skeletal formula is shown below alongside the 3D model:

 * L-lysine-monocation-2D-skeletal.png L-lysine-monocation-from-hydrochloride-dihydrate-xtal-3D-balls.png

 * Ben (talk) 18:29, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

That seems to have cleared up the confusion. This must be further than anything I have studied yet. Should the skeleton diagram you have shown there not be on the main page? The one on the main page has just 2 hydrogen on each nitrogen atom. (Spongefeast (talk) 23:17, 26 October 2009 (UTC))
 * I just looked at the page and concluded that the line diagram and 3-D diagram do not show the same molecule and I am not sure either one is Lysine. The description page for the 3-D diagram says it is a lysine cation, ie not lysine. The page implies that the 3-D diagram is lysine and it isnt, so how is this not a mistake? Sandpiper (talk) 05:59, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree that the infobox is now confusing because the line diagram and the ball-and-stick model do not correspond to the same state of ionization. It will be clear to readers who have taken a course in biochemistry, but that does not include all readers. I think it would be better to follow the example of the article on glycine and use two line diagrams and two ball-and-stick models that correspond, and add appropriate explanatory labels.
 * However the discussion at User talk:Benjah-bmm27 seems to suggest that the neutral ball-and-stick model is not available. In that case I would still include two line drawings, and indicate which one corresponds to the ball-and-stick model which is included. Dirac66 (talk) 22:15, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Maize
This topic needs a comment and link to the topic on Quality Maize. High lysine (and tryptophan) corn is an important technological achievement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.171.150.154 (talk) 19:22, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Nothing on the widely-touted immune effects?
All I ever read about is how lysine pills protect you from, and help you get over colds and flu faster. Shocked to find nothing about that here. W@ntonsoup (talk) 23:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia doesn't mention these pills because they don't do anything for you. Lysine pills are like any "dietary supplement" product, just a scam to get your money.

Following that theme, I don't think the reference to Pauling about lysine and ascorbic acid is useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.171.150.154 (talk) 19:18, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Why not (Pauling)? Because he waited until after his second Nobel Prize to promote "orthomolecular" medicine? Funny term now, but his subsequent work has been accepted as scientific truth, again.212.149.205.113 (talk) 20:57, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Nothing on fungal biosynthetic pathway via alpha-aminoadipate?
See http://pathway.yeastgenome.org/YEAST/new-image?type=PATHWAY&object=LYSINE-AMINOAD-PWY&detail-level=2. Woodlore (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 14:30, 16 February 2009 (UTC).

Mislabeled references
There are several references to "Helena Kloosterman; USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Essential Amino Acids Search, …" that link to a website named "bitter poison" that apparently has nothing to do with the USDA. Either the label or the link is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.217.172.71 (talk) 12:36, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * All refs removed. HK and USDA were the correct sources, but no idea why that info had been copied into 'bitter poison' and then ref'd there. For the moment, no refs at all, but I intend to ref it as one ref to a USDA site. David notMD (talk) 13:07, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

3,6-Triaminohexanoic acid
The infobox suggests that an alternative name for Lysine is 3,6-Triaminohexanoic acid, but that can't be right can it, since Lysine has only two amino groups. Surely 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid would be right? Francis Davey (talk) 07:35, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The entry for Beta-Lysine suggests this is a beta form of the amino acid and that "di-" is correct. I don't know what the convention is for biochemical infoboxes and therefore don't know whether that is appropriate. Structurally the two amino acids are different (if one is 2 and the other 3 aminated). "tri-" still wrong though surely? Francis Davey (talk) 07:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Recommendations for Lysine Page
Metabolism Both the Metabolism and Synthesis sections are small but important. Something to mention under Metabolism is the Saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme and its role in degradation of lysine. Some articles also mentioned that lysine degradative enzymes are not correlated with an animal's diet but saccharopine oxidoreductase is correlated to an animal's diet. Lysine Supplementation: There are also articles published about lysine supplementation and the reduction of cold sore outbreaks and reduction in healing time. Recent research does show some correlation between supplementation and reduction of cold sore outbreaks or healing time (Arzo12 (talk) 23:49, 23 September 2016 (UTC))

Herpes simplex cold sores lit
Text revised to statement that it might help (supported by review in supplement industry supported journal) and statement that evidence is not sufficient to support a benefit claim (supported by Cochrane Reviews review). Cochrane considered authoritative. David notMD (talk) 11:38, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, what was your point again? I cannot fully agree with the "Disupted", because several research papers are available which show some evidence despite the unknown correlations, mechanisms, etc. Tankersley writes "...the lack of arginine or histidine, and possibly the presence of lysine, would interfere markedly with virus synthesis", but concludes that "no ready explanation is available for any of these observations". Medlineplus.gov mentions that "Herpes: There is a concern that L-arginine might make herpes worse. There is some evidence that L-arginine is needed for the herpes virus to multiply.", something, unless not reviewed for a while, seems not "disputed". KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 21:54, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Further study by Mailoo et al. conclude that "In the absence of such research, on the balance of possible risk to benefit, clinicians could consider advising patients that there is a theoretical role of lysine supplementation in the prevention of herpes simplex sores but the research evidence is insufficient to back this. Patients with cardiovascular or gallbladder disease should be cautioned and warned of the theoretical risks." KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 21:59, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Definition of 'aliphatic'
Depending on who you ask, aliphatic can either mean "an organic compound that's not aromatic" or "a compound exclusively made of carbon and hydrogen that's not aromatic". The definitions seem to have about 50/50 prevalence all over the internet and even within just scientific literature. I don't know if it makes sense to definitively declare it aliphatic when the word is ambiguous. 129.10.9.38 (talk) 18:27, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Your point is a good one, except that I didn't see the 50/50 aspect. Do you have a citation?
 * The Wikipedia article says, "It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
 * 3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain lysyl ((CH2)4NH2), classifying it as a basic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid." which I disagree with because Googling around showed me that lysine is not aliphatic.
 * I Googled "list of aliphatic amino acids". Top of page one of the hits was "Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and valine, are all aliphatic amino acids.
 * Methionine is sometimes considered an aliphatic amino acid even though the side chain contains a sulfur atom because it is fairly non-reactive like the true aliphatic amino acids.", a quote from Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Aliphatic Amino Acid Definition." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/definition-of-aliphatic-amino-acid-604759. Nowhere is lysine even mentioned in that.
 * https://biologydictionary.net/amino-acids/ says, "Aliphatic amino acids are non-polar and hydrophobic. As the numbers of carbon atoms on the side chain increases, hydrophobicity increases. The aliphatic amino acids are alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and valine; although glycine has so few carbon atoms it is neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic. Methionine is sometimes called the honorary member of the aliphatic group. Its side chain contains a sulfur atom instead of carbon and hydrogen atoms but, like the aliphatic group, does not react strongly in the presence of other molecules as aliphatic amino acids do not have a positive or negative charge but equal charge distribution across the molecule." No mention of lysine even as a borderline or dubious case.
 * The claim should be deleted or justified. As it stands, there is nothing in the body of the article expanding on this unsupported statement in the intro. Polar Apposite (talk) 08:56, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lysine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223052/http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV2P0374.pdf to http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV2P0374.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:20, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Reference 80 seems to contradict the text it is attached to
In the Disputed Roles section, this reference...

Milman N, Scheibel J, Jessen O (1980). "Lysine prophylaxis in recurrent herpes simplex labialis: a double-blind, controlled crossover study". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 60 (1): 85–7. PMID 6153847

seems to contradict what is written in the Disputed Roles section of this article - if I am reading and understanding them correctly.

"On the whole, lysine prophylaxis had no effect on the recurrence rate of herpes simplex. However, significantly more patients were recurrence-free during lysine than during placebo treatment (p = 0.05), suggesting that certain patients may benefit from prophylactic lysine administration. In the herpes lesions described, lysine had no effect on the rate of healing or on the appearance of the lesions at their worst."

I understand that the reference used mentions that more patients were recurrence-free during treatment with lysine, however, they also mention that lysine had no effect on the rate of healing or on the appearance of the lesions caused by the virus.

 * The finding was that lysine had no effect on the course of an outbreak, but decreased the frequency of outbreaks. It's a primary study which would fail WP:MEDRS. Out-of-date reviews suggested that there might have been something to it prior to the introduction of specific antivirals. The latest Cochrane review (2015) found nothing to it for HSV1. AAFP listed lysine as a possible alternate treatment with limited supporting data in 2005, but didn't mention it in 2016. A little more digging might create a good historical context. BiologicalMe (talk) 14:36, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

history section for lysine
I was reading the articles of other amino acids on wikipedia and they seem to have a separate section for history/naming. However, in this article it is just a paragraph in the introduction? How about adding a history section for this article?66.44.94.193 (talk) 05:30, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Wrong 3D model
The JSmol model for zwitterionic lysine is wrong! The molecule should be protonated on the epsilon amino group! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.221.242.34 (talk) 10:52, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * @IP user. Please see discussion at WT:WikiProject_Chemistry for attempts to reach a consensus on this. Please make comments there, with reliable sources, if you have them. Mike Turnbull (talk) 11:25, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lysine


text:
Dioscorea villosa

Dioscorea villosa is a species of twining tuberous vine which is native to eastern North America. It is commonly known as wild yam, colic root, rheumatism root, devil's bones, and fourleaf yam. It is common and widespread in a range stretching from Texas and Florida north to Minnesota, Ontario and Massachusetts.

Description
Dioscorea villosa flower petal color is commonly known to be green to brown, or white. Lengths of the flower petals range from 0.5 to 2 mm. The flowers tend to grow out of the axil; this is the point at which a branch or leaf attaches to the main stem. There is only one flower present on the inflorescence. The fruit of the plant is a capsule that splits and releases the seeds within to then begin the dispersal process The fruit of Dioscorea villosa ranges in size from 10–30 mm. The flower does not produce aerial bulblets.

Taxonomy
Synonyms of Dioscorea villosa include Dioscorea hirticaulis and Dioscorea villosa var. hirticaulis. Common names of Dioscorea villosa include wild yam, Atlantic yam, common wild yam, wild yam-root, yellow yam, colic root, and rheumatism root.

Chemistry
Dioscorea villosa contains diosgenin, which despite claims is not a phytoestrogen and does not interact with estrogen receptors. Other steroidal saponins are also found in the plant.

Medical use
Some of the English common names of this plant reflect its use in Native American and other traditional medicines. Native Americans in the southeast cultivated this plant. In traditional Russian herbal medicine, saponin extracts from the roots of various varieties of wild yam are thought to be an anticoagulant, antisclerotic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic and a vasodilator.

There is little modern clinical research on Dioscorea villosa, and the one study of a wild yam-containing cream for menopausal symptoms failed to find any value from this therapy. According to the American Cancer Society, there is no evidence to support wild yam or diosgenin being either safe or effective in humans.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dioscorea villosa


text:
Talk:Warping of space by gravity

First a general question. I am new to Wikipedia, but think I can see room for improvement in the existing gtr articles. Is there some custom about putting up comments before making major changes? Or do you guys just plunge in?

Some specific questions concerning this particular article: I see that a number of Wikipedians have modified this article, but can anyone explain its purpose? This strikes me as a minor comment which doesn't really stand on its own. Perhaps it should be incorporated into the existing article The Einstein Field Equation? What about a new article on Physical Interpretations of the Riemann Tensor? Why don't comments concerning the physical interpretation of the EFE cite something like John Baez's on-line article 'The Maning of the EFE? Would these suggestions improvements be welcome? Is it possible to have too many citations in a Wikipedia article? Is anyone reading this?

Redirected
I turned this into a redirect to the GR article because it exchanges one misconception for another. This is dealt with in the GR aticle. Hence the redirect. --EMS | Talk 03:58, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warping of space by gravity


text:
Tris Imboden

Gregory Tristan "Tris" Imboden (born July 27, 1951) is an American rock and jazz drummer. As a performer, he has been in studio sessions and on tour with some of the most notable and highest-selling musicians of all time. He was the drummer for the multi-platinum band Chicago from 1990 to 2018. He is a multi-platinum selling artist. As an educator, he has been a drum clinician and author of tutorial materials.

Some of Imboden's most notable work include recordings with Neil Diamond, Kenny Loggins, Firefall, Richard Marx, Steve Vai, Roger Daltrey, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Chicago, Anita Baker, Julio Iglesias and Stevie Wonder.

In addition he has toured the world with rock and jazz acts such as Kenny Loggins, Al Jarreau, Chaka Khan, Firefall, Cock Robin, Michael McDonald, Chicago, and other notable groups.

As a full-time band member, Imboden's career has included Honk, the Kenny Loggins Band (including "Who's Right, Who's Wrong" featuring Michael Jackson, the six-time platinum Number One hit "Footloose", and "I'm Alright" from Caddyshack), and Chicago. His career with Chicago has seen the release of thirteen albums, several of them certified as platinum.

Biography
Aside from a brief, early, move to Germany, Tris Imboden was raised in various beachside communities of Orange County in Southern California. As a primarily self-taught, lifetime career musician, his musical interests were stirred by seeing a parade when he was five years old.

"I still remember the day my dad took me to a Fourth of July parade in Huntington Beach. This marching band from Compton came down the street and the cadence that they were playing almost made me hysterical. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry."

"... the drum section was just smoking ... I was so deeply moved. But I knew at that moment that was what I was going to have to do."

"So from that point on I was always drawn toward drums."

His formal training began from grade school; and until there was an available position in the percussion section of the school band, he drummed at home on a practice pad and studied basic music theory on the trumpet at school. He ultimately reached the position of second chair trumpeter before switching to the then-available percussion section in junior high school. He currently resides in Malibu, California, and on the island of Kauai, Hawai'i, where he is an avid surfer.

Career
Imboden began his adolescent career in various surf bands, and then achieved professional status in a high school band called The Other Half. The band performed at venues ranging from sock hops to Hollywood's venerable Teenage Fair, where Imboden said their popularity "clogged the whole entrance". Out of Newport Harbor High School, Imboden cofounded Honk in 1970. After recording some demo songs, the band's first album was the soundtrack for the surf movie Five Summer Stories, crediting Imboden as composer, producer, drummer, harmonica player, and vocalist. Imboden established a career trend, ultimately lasting through to Chicago, of occasionally being featured on harmonica. The song "Pipeline Sequence" reached No. 1 on Hawai'i radio. Being a member of Honk provided Imboden with formative future career experience as the band built their studio recording skills, their touring skills, and innumerable industry contacts. They worked with bands which would eventually serve as Imboden's future professional base, by touring with Loggins and Messina, Jackson Browne, and The Beach Boys—and by opening Chicago's concerts. Honk went on hiatus from 1976 to 1986, when they established a tradition of periodic reunion concerts in their original home area of Southern California, as band members' schedules permit.

From 1977 to 1986, Imboden became a full-time recording and touring member of the Kenny Loggins Band, and then would do part-time work with them until 1989, for a total of 12 years of collaboration. During his full-time tenure there, he composed and performed the drum set arrangements for popular 1980s motion picture soundtracks: Caddyshack and Footloose.

From the end of his full-time duration with Kenny Loggins in 1986, until 1989, Imboden's career became a full-time composite of various part-time session recordings and live performances with various groups. His consistent work throughout that entire duration included the following: part-time work with Kenny Loggins; stage support for Grammy Award-winning jazz singer, Al Jarreau; and "Queen of Funk-Soul", Chaka Khan. In 1986, he performed drum set overdub sessions for Neil Diamond's Headed for the Future album. This album provided a venue for Imboden's studio session collaboration with a then-member of Chicago, Bill Champlin. In 1988, he was a studio session player with former member of Chicago, bassist/lead vocalist, Peter Cetera, on Cetera's solo album titled One More Story.

In 1990, his career reshaped by joining the multi-platinum Chicago. With the departure of founding drummer Danny Seraphine, Imboden joined the band as the full-time drummer in time for the band's 1991 release titled Twenty 1. As an integral part of Chicago for the latter half of the band's 57-year total career, Imboden would contribute to twelve Chicago records, and to tours alongside The Beach Boys, Earth, Wind, & Fire, and The Doobie Brothers. Since 2012, his drum set was accompanied by Chicago's newest full-time member, veteran auxiliary percussionist Walfredo Reyes, Jr. On January 17, 2018, Imboden announced his resignation from the band to focus on family time with his new wife and due to the band's schedule of touring intensely for the most of each year.

Equipment
Tris Imboden currently endorses and uses the following products:
 * Groove Juice Cymbal Cleaner
 * DW drums, hardware and pedals
 * Gibraltar drum racks
 * Remo drum heads
 * Paiste cymbals
 * Vic Firth drumsticks
 * Beato Bags
 * Latin Percussion

title: Tris Imboden


text:
User talk:Coltius

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Ashmodai 20:48, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

FN SCAR Gas System
Thanks for the edit. Actually, the FN SCAR uses a tappet system similar to the M1 Carbine.--Asams10 03:38, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coltius


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B2B

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 07:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

B2B
Delete. Hard to sort through the text, but it's pretty clearly an advertisement. FreplySpang (talk) 20:48, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Sholtar 20:49, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Along with Union Cab and Formmail two other recent edits put up by this user that are currently VfD.  This has gotten to such a level that I'm not sure I can even be generous in my assumptions anymore that these are in good faith, like I was in the Vandalism_in_progress. Wikibofh 21:02, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this ad. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 21:06, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rather bizarre ad. Mindmatrix 21:41, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B2B


text:
Inghams Enterprises

Inghams Enterprises, commonly known as Inghams, is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and is a supplier/producer of poultry and fodder across Australia and New Zealand. The company claims to be one of the largest producers of chicken and turkey products in Australia and employs in excess of 8,000 people in more than 100 locations in Australia and New Zealand. The company was founded in 1918 and was managed by members of the Ingham family from its establishment until 2014, including Walter Ingham and his two sons, Jack Ingham and Bob Ingham. TPG Capital acquired Inghams in 2014 for A$880 million. Inghams was listed on the ASX in November 2016.

Business activities
Ingham Enterprises, often called Inghams, produce a range of foods for human and animal consumption that can generally be classified into poultry and non-poultry products.

Poultry products
Inghams products are available in most Australian and New Zealand supermarkets. The company is also a large supplier to the hospitality and food service industry and schools with a range of chicken and turkey products, and egg-free products.

A range of chicken product lines are produced including fresh chicken cuts, such as chicken thighs, chicken breasts and chicken mince, amongst other fresh chicken lines. Products that are ready-to-cook include chicken kebabs, schnitzels, and a range of roasting portions that are typically available from most supermarket delis. Inghams also produce packaged chicken products for most supermarkets that are pre-packaged including drumsticks, thighs, breast filets, wings and mince. Ready-to-cook packaged products include the above items as well as chicken burger patties, chicken meatballs, and limited meal options. Items available from the supermarket freezer section include roasting chickens and a ready-to-cook Chicken Kiev. Processed chicken meat, into a roll, is also produced as a ready-to-eat line and available as a deli item.

Turkey product lines include fresh turkey meats in a range of cuts such as sausages, small roasts, steaks, wings, drumsticks, schnitzel and turkey mince. Ready-to-eat lines are either roasted or smoked and packaged. Frozen items include a whole turkey, buffé, or Kiev.

Non-poultry products
Inghams claims to be the largest manufacturer of stockfeed in Australasia; with product lines for horses, pigs, and poultry.

History
The company was founded in 1918 when Walter Ingham Sr. purchased 42 acre of bush land in Casula as a gift to 18-year-old son, Walter Ingham. Walter Jr. embarked on a fruit and vegetable farming venture, eventually moving into the poultry business. Starting with just one cockerel and six hens, his flock quickly grew to 1,000 birds. On his death in 1953, his two sons, Jack and Bob Ingham took over the small breeding operation and built it into the largest producer of chickens and turkeys in Australia.

In the 1920s, as with most farmers during this time, Walter Ingham was self-sufficient and produced feed for his own poultry and horses. Most work was pre-mechanised, so back-breaking work included ploughing the fields. Due to a lack of meat during World War II, Inghams provided Australians with poultry products. Women contributed to the war effort by working on farms owned by the Ingham family.

In 1958, the company built first processing plant at Casula. By the early to mid-1960s, new styles and techniques of packaging and processing led to the company's involvement in the rapid process of expansion and development of the poultry industry. Ingham became a household name throughout Australia. In 1963, Inghams had acquired 50% of A.A. Tegel turkey, and took the company over completely in 1994. In 1968 the first KFC restaurant opened in Sydney. In 1976, KFC and Inghams aligned in a business partnership, providing new opportunities for both companies.

Acquisitions included Chickadee Food Pty Ltd (26 per cent in 1972); Harvey Farms in 1990, the number two chicken processor in New Zealand.

By the mid-1980s there was a dramatic shift to food processing creating a revolution for the poultry industry. The McDonald's chicken nugget product, developed by Tyson in the United States, was launched in Australia. By 1995, due to enormous popularity, Inghams built a dedicated plant strictly to produce McDonald's nuggets.

In 2001, Inghams established Murarrie poultry processing plant, the largest in the country with the most sophisticated machinery, production and supply chain technologies employing approximately 1,200 workers.

In 2008, the company officially cancelled their 'halal certification' status in Western Australia and is no longer supplying halal slaughtered chicken.

In May 2015, Ingams agreed to pay $80,000 to the Lake Macquarie Council, after a ruptured tank resulted in 1,700 litres of chicken blood and offal to flow into local waterways the previous year.

Family
In 2019, Ingham chicken heir Robby Ingham sold his South Coast oceanfront property Ocean Pines in Gerringong, for the highest auction result recorded on the NSW South Coast of $11.3 million through real estate agent Craig Pontey.

Thoroughbred horses
The Ingham name is also synonymous with horses. The Inghams passion for horseracing began during the days they'd spend with Walter Ingham at the race tracks. Along with the poultry business, the Jack and Bob Ingham also inherited Valiant Rose, which was a descendent broodmare of a champion British racehorse. In the 1960s, they began building their thoroughbred horse racing and breeding operations. This passion became the largest thoroughbred dynasty in Australia until Bob sold the entire operation in 2008.

Key events during these years included Bob Ingham purchasing his first two trotters in 1965. By 1970, Bob and Jack were the biggest trotting owners in Australia; and had 650 race wins by 31 July 1974.

In the late 1990s, the Ingham's most widely known thoroughbred horse, Octagonal, became a household name with 28 starts, 24 wins, 7 seconds and 1 third placement resulting in nearly A$6 million in earnings. In 1995–1996, it was voted Australian Champion Three Year Old and Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year.

During 2004 and 2005, Lonhro, son of Octagonal, had 35 starts with 26 wins, 3 seconds and 2 thirds, earning nearly the same amount as his father.

In 2008, divesting themselves of the equine interests, Dubai's Sheikh bought Inghams' thoroughbred horse breeding business, incorporating it into the Darley Stud.

title: Inghams Enterprises


text:
Nayef bin Abdulaziz

Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود, Nāyif ibn ‘Abd al ‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd; 1934 – 16 June 2012) was the crown prince of Saudi Arabia and deputy prime minister from October 2011 and the minister of interior from October 1975 until his death in June 2012.

Early life and education
Nayef bin Abdulaziz was born in Ta'if in 1934 to King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of the Sudairi Seven. His full brothers included Fahd and Salman, who would both become kings of Saudi Arabia, and Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz (later crown prince of Saudi Arabia). Nayef was the twenty-third son of King Abdulaziz. Prince Nayef received education at Princes' School and from senior ulema (Muslim religious scholars). Additionally, he was educated in diplomacy and security affairs.

Early experience
From 1952 to 1953 Prince Nayef served as vice governor of Riyadh Province. In 1953, he was appointed as the governor of Riyadh province and stayed in this post for one year. He then served as governor of the Medina Region. In 1970 King Faisal appointed him as both deputy interior minister and minister of state for internal affairs.

Minister of Interior
On 30 March 1975 following King Faisal's assassination, then Minister of Interior Prince Fahd became the crown prince, and Prince Nayef was appointed to the post by King Khalid.

Timeline
In March 1980 King Khalid established a constitutional committee with eight members under the presidency of Prince Nayef. However, the committee could not manage to produce the basic law that had been promised. From 1992 Prince Nayef's influence increased over provincial governors through the Law of Provinces. In December 1994, he ordered hundreds of terrorism-related arrests with the support of Prince Turki, head of Saudi intelligence services.

Prince Nayef established the General Directorate of Prisons in 2000 as a separate unit within the ministry. In April 2001, he, not foreign minister Saud bin Faisal, went to Iran as Saudi envoy in an unprecedented move. He issued all women in Saudi Arabia identity cards. Women were previously registered under their husband's or father's name in November 2001. After the September 11 attacks, as the man in charge of the Saudi investigation he received US criticism for his continuing to insist that the Saudi hijackers were dupes in a Zionist plot for over a year after 9/11, and for not undertaking sufficient action against extremists.

In 2003 Prince Nayef, who was in charge of foreign labor, decreed that foreign workers and their family members should not exceed 20 percent of the Saudi population in 2013. Senator Charles Schumer lobbied through Prince Bandar to remove Prince Nayef as minister of interior in July 2003.

Between 2003 and 2006 Prince Nayef led Saudi Arabia's confrontation against Al Qaeda, which sponsored a series of domestic attacks on expatriate housing compounds, oil infrastructure, and industrial facilities. His political stance was strengthened because of increased media exposure and the successful end to terrorist attacks.

In March 2011 during the 2011 Saudi Arabian protests 200 people who called for more information on their imprisoned relatives were denied a meeting with Nayef.

Second deputy prime minister
Since Crown Prince Sultan could not deal with demanding duties due to his extended absences for medical treatment and King Abdullah was about to travel to Doha to attend the League of Arab States Summit before going to London for the G20 summit, it was imperative to leave a senior official in charge, which added burdens to the leukemia-suffering 76-year-old Nayef. Therefore, on 27 March 2009 Prince Nayef was made second deputy prime minister. His appointment caused a public split in the royal family. Prince Talal asked the King to clarify that the appointment did not necessarily mean that Nayef would become crown prince.

His appointment as second deputy prime minister expanded Prince Nayef's influence into all corners of Saudi domestic policy and allowed him to participate in the development of foreign policy. He was not expected to interfere in economic matters, but to influence the judiciary.

Prince Nayef chaired many cabinet meetings when King Abdullah and Crown Prince Sultan were away for health reasons. Critics said he was behind the cancellation of the nation's only film festival in the summer of 2009. In November 2010 he undertook all Hajj-related responsibilities. In some government offices, his picture was added next to King Abdulaziz, King Abdullah, and Crown Prince Sultan.

Crown Prince and first deputy prime minister
Prince Nayef was appointed crown prince and first deputy prime minister by King Abdullah on 27 October 2011, five days after the death of Crown Prince Sultan. Shortly thereafter he vowed that Saudi Arabia would "never sway from and never compromise on" its adherence to Wahhabi doctrine which he stated was "the source of the kingdom's pride, success and progress."

During his time as crown prince, Nayef brought about modernizations such as "removing religious authorities who objected to the mingling of men and women in public spaces."

Influence
Prince Nayef's career was propelled by his full-brother King Fahd. Under Fahd, the Ministry of Interior became one of the most influential bureaucracies in Saudi Arabia. Prince Nayef served as a mediator in disputes between King Fahd and Prince Sultan. As King Fahd's health deteriorated, his power gradually diminished as well. In 2003 he "threatened to cancel certain business deals with the French government" if the narcotics investigation of Nayef bin Fawwaz Al Sha'lan continued.

When meeting with US diplomats in 2009 Prince Nayef voiced support for aggressive activity against Iran after what he believed was a breach of the 2001 security agreement. He urged European nations to turn in suspected terrorists and asked for US intercession. He said the most effective way to combat extremism was through Friday sermons.

As Crown Prince, Nayef was the most influential of the Sudairi Seven. He delegated the day-to-day responsibilities of his ministry to his son, Prince Muhammad bin Nayef and then-deputy minister Prince Ahmed. Prince Nayef had members of the ministry of interior placed in all overseas embassies.

Various positions
Prince Nayef served for a time as the supervisor general of the Saudi committee for the Al Quds intifada, which provided aid to Palestinian refugees. He headed the supreme council on information which oversaw the media and regulated the internet in the country. He also chaired the supreme committee on the Hajj and headed the ministerial committee on morality and the ministerial oversight committee on the World Trade Organization.

Views
Prince Nayef was considered to be one of the more conservative, but also pragmatic, members of the Al Saud family. He viewed the potential erosion of the official Wahhabi-Salafi doctrine as a diminishing of the core legitimacy of the state itself and resisted such moves, not from a pronounced sense of religious devotion, but rather a desire to maintain a firm grip on the levers of state power.

In November 2002 Prince Nayef said, "It is impossible that 19 youths carried out the operation of September 11, or that bin Laden or al Qaeda did that alone. ... I think [the Zionists] are behind these events." He later proposed that Americans visiting the Kingdom should be fingerprinted like visitors to the United States.

According to leaked cables, Prince Nayef argued for a tougher approach than King Abdullah towards the then Yemeni president Saleh in 2009.

His motto was "no to change, yes to development". He believed that no change is necessary in Saudi Arabia: “Change means changing something that already exists. Whatever exists in the Kingdom is already well-established; however, there is a scope for development – development that does not clash with the principles of the nation”. In a similar vein, in March 2009, he publicly stated that he saw no need for either elections or women in government.

After visiting Cleveland for planned health-tests in March 2012, Prince Nayef addressed the controversy over the participation of Saudi women athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London from his residence in Algeria. Al Hayat reported that for him women can represent Saudi Arabia at the Olympics as long as they do not break Islamic laws. His approval was conditioned on women competing in sports that "meet the standards of women's decency and don't contradict Islamic laws", though even this concession seemed surprising. However, only a few days later, his statement led to other statements by Saudi officials. At a press conference in Jeddah, the head of the Saudi Olympic Committee, Nawwaf bin Faisal, explicitly stated that Saudi women athletes would not be sent to the Olympics: "We are not endorsing any Saudi female participation at the moment in the Olympics or other international championships." He further added that Saudi women taking part on their own are free to do so, and the Kingdom's Olympic authority would "help in ensuring that their participation does not violate the Islamic shari'a law." Though he did emphasize that this was in accordance with a previously stated position, it did seem a rebuff to Crown Prince Nayef.

Personality
Prince Nayef, before being appointed second deputy prime minister in 2009, was generally described as elusive, ambiguous, pragmatic, unimaginative, shrewd, and outspoken. According to leaked cables, he had a reputation of being anti-Western, but tended to do business if there were shared interests. It is further stated that his conservative approach did not reflect his personal religious personality (indeed, he was rumored to be a heavy drinker in his younger days). However, his conservative views allowed him to gain support from social and religious conservatives. He seemed to be reserved and even a bit shy. He was described as neither well-spoken nor articulate, and had a tendency to repeat platitudes in private as well as in public. He did appear to understand and speak at least some English. On the other hand, Prince Nayef was considered by other princes to be one of the kinder members of his royal generation in his approach towards nephews and nieces.

Prince Nayef and his full brother and then-deputy interior minister, Prince Ahmed, were reported to pay massive bonuses to successful security officers. They both also had a reputation for honesty and using the security budget only for the stated purposes, not enriching themselves.

Personal life
Prince Nayef married three times. He was the father of ten children.

His first wife was Noura Alfarraj Alsubaie who died in August 1994. His child from this marriage is Jawahir, wife of King Fahd's son, Mohammed bin Fahd, who is former governor of Eastern Province. Jawahir bint Nayef was raised by her aunt Princess Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud.

Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Al Jiluwi was his second spouse. His children from this marriage are Mohammed, Noura, Saud and Sara.

His third wife was Maha bint Mohammed Al Sudairi. They later divorced. They had five children: Nouf, Nawwaf, Mishail (born 1986), Hayfa and Fahd. His daughter, Nouf bint Nayef (born 1984), is the wife of Mohammed bin Abdullah, one of King Abdullah's sons. Nawwaf bin Nayef was arrested in March 2020 along with his half-brother Muhammad bin Nayef and his uncle Ahmed bin Abdulaziz.

In the early 1960s Prince Nayef lived in Loxwood House in the north London suburb of Totteridge. He donated £1,000 to his local member for parliament, Margaret Thatcher, when she was canvassing during the 1964 United Kingdom general election.

Illness
Prince Nayef was said to be suffering from diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis as well as leukemia. In March 2012, he went to Morocco for a "private vacation", then to Cleveland for pre-planned medical tests. This news raised some speculation about his health and Saudi succession. He returned to Saudi Arabia after staying in Algeria in April 2012.

Prince Nayef again left Saudi Arabia for medical tests on 26 May 2012. Although it was unknown where Prince Nayef went, Prince Ahmed stated in Al Watan on 3 June 2012 that he was "well and in good health ... and he will soon return to Saudi Arabia". Before his death in June 2012, it was reported that Prince Nayef had gone to Geneva on 26 May 2012 for treatment for a knee ailment.

Death and funeral
On 16 June 2012 at about 1 pm (UTC+3), Saudi state television reported that Crown Prince Nayef had died. According to Reuters, he died in Geneva, Switzerland. A medical source in Geneva said that Nayef died of "cardiac problems" while staying at his brother's residence there. His body was kept at the Geneva Mosque before being taken to Jeddah.

The royal court stated that his funeral would be held on 17 June 2012. It was reported that Crown Prince Nayef's body was brought from Geneva to Jeddah. Funeral prayers were held in the Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque, in Mecca after sunset prayer, led by Sheikh Saud Ash Shuraim. His body was buried in an unmarked grave in Al Adl cemetery in Mecca as per his wish on 17 June 2012.

Major political figures sent their condolences to King Abdullah, including US President Barack Obama, French President François Hollande, UK Foreign Minister William Hague, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Turkish President Abdullah Gul, and other leaders of Arab and Persian Gulf States.

Legacy
On 6 July 2012 King Abdullah renamed the Qassim Regional Airport in Buraidah as the Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Regional Airport.

Honours and awards
Prince Nayef was the recipient of several honours, including the military Order of the Cloud and Banner by Taiwan (1977), the Legion of Honor by France (1977), the Al Kawkab Decoration by Jordan (1977), the Order of National Security by Republic of Korea (1980), and the National Order of the Cedar by Lebanon (2009). In addition, he was awarded the followings;

 * Spange des König-Abdulaziz-Ordens.png Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud (First Class)
 * VEN Order of the Liberator - Knight BAR.png Order of the Liberator by Venezuela (1977)

Posthumously Prince Nayef was honoured by the United Nations with the Outstanding Donor Award for the Special Human Settlements Programme for the Palestinian People on 28 June 2013.

title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz


text:
Great Railroad Strike of 1922

The Great Railroad Strike of 1922, or the Railway Shopmen's Strike, was a nationwide strike of railroad workers in the United States. Launched on July 1, 1922 by seven of the sixteen extant railroad labor organizations, the strike continued into August before collapsing. A sweeping judicial injunction by Judge James Herbert Wilkerson effectively ended the strike on September 1, 1922.

At least ten strikers or family members were killed during the work stoppage. The collective action of some 400,000 workers in the summer of 1922 was the largest railroad strike since the American Railway Union's Pullman Strike of 1894 and the biggest American strike of any kind since the Great Steel Strike of 1919.

Background

During American participation in World War I, the American railroad system, the primary mode of freight and passenger transportation in the era, was nationalized by an executive order by President Woodrow Wilson. Operation of the railways was turned over to an institution known as the United States Railroad Administration. A period of relative labor harmony followed, marked by the establishment of the 8-hour day across the railroad industry.

This interval of labor peace proved short-lived, however, following the return of control of the rail system to private hands by the Transportation Act of 1920. A new bureaucratic entity for coordination of the industry was created at this time, a 9-member panel known as the Railroad Labor Board. This body was given the power to oversee the wages and working conditions of more than 2 million American railway workers.

The war years had been a period of dramatic inflation across the American economy. Price levels began to turn in the other direction in the first years of the 1920s as increased wartime demands upon production were regularized and labor supply was expanded with the reintegration of millions of former soldiers into the employment market. In response to the changing economic conditions, railway companies obtained approval from the Railroad Labor Board in 1921 for deep reductions in wage rates for workers across the industry.

Additionally, the railway industry was affected by the open shop movement, which was fostered by large employers throughout the American economy, with an increasing percentage of shop work contracted out by the railway companies to non-union subcontractors. During the war, the various railway shop crafts (machinists, boilermakers, blacksmiths, electricians, sheet-metal workers, and laborers) had fully obtained the right to unionize, and they sought to maintain this economic clout. Deep tension developed between employers and railway workers across the country. Attempts by the National Civic Federation in December 1921 to arrive at an amicable remedy to the conflict were unsuccessful.

Launch of strike
In 1922 the Railroad Labor Board approved yet another cut in wages, this time a cut of 7 cents an hour targeted at railway repair and maintenance workers, representing a loss of an average of 12% for these workers. The overall economy had subsequently improved from its condition in the previous year, however, and railway workers were particularly aggrieved by the new round of wage reductions.

The targeted 1922 cut did not affect the members of the "Big Four" railway brotherhoods, however, and these unions were not affected as were the shop workers. Promises were made by the Railroad Labor Board to the so-called "Big Four" (the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, the Order of Railway Conductors, and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen) that no additional wage cuts would be forthcoming. Several others of the 16 American railway unions in existence at the time similarly escaped the latest round of wage reductions.

Strike ballots were sent out to the members of all railway unions over the 1922 wage cuts, but when the votes were counted the members of the "Big Four" brotherhoods broke ranks over the question of a work stoppage. Seven unions representing the railroad shopmen and maintenance of way workers voted to go on strike, however, and the date July 1, 1922, was set for the launch of a coordinated work stoppage. On that day some 400,000 railway workers walked off the job, including nearly 100,000 in the Chicago metropolitan area alone.

Company counteroffensive

With the conductors, engineers, firemen, and brakemen who actually operated the trains unaffected by the strike, the railroad companies immediately began to replace the skilled and semi-skilled maintenance workers with strikebreakers. In unison, railroads began to establish living facilities for the strikebreakers inside their railway shops and in railroad cars and railroad guards were hired to protect property and defend strikebreakers. Commissaries and kitchens were established to provide for newly-hired workers, and newspaper advertising was published by a number of railway companies in an attempt to win public support for their strikebreaking efforts.

Railway workers were divided not only by craft, however, but also by race. Several of the railway brotherhoods denied African-American workers membership in their ranks on strictly racial grounds; the excluded workers had no economic or moral incentive to honor the work stoppage. Thousands of black railway workers crossed picket lines and helped to undermine strike efforts, but that was not universal; in places like North Carolina, Louisiana, and El Paso, Texas, black workers actively supported the work stoppage.

The railroads took advantage of the strike to undermine the bargaining position of the workers in their maintenance facilities. On July 3, head of the Railroad Labor Board Ben W. Hooper, a former Republican Governor of Tennessee and political appointee of conservative President Warren G. Harding, pushed through a so-called "outlaw resolution" that declared that all strikers had forfeited their arbitration rights guaranteed under the Transportation Act of 1920. Railroads were encouraged by the Railway Labor Board to hire replacement workers, who were to be regarded as permanent by the board.

In the Eastern United States, a number of railroads attempted to bring pressure to end the strike by stripping strikers of seniority rights. Seniority was important to railroad shop workers in the process of promotion to skilled status as positions became available and in the avoidance of layoffs during slack times, with employees with the least seniority laid off first. The strategy of stripping strikers of their seniority spread rapidly across the country and the issue of retaining seniority, and its associated benefits thereafter became one of the paramount issues of the strike.

Conflict and violence

Bitter labor discord followed. In some towns, local merchants and authorities gave moral and actual help to the strikers, including refusal to sell groceries to strikebreakers and other commercial boycotts and the extension of free goods and discounts to strikers. Picnics were held in support of strikers and in some places, railway guards were disarmed by local sheriffs who were seeking to avert the chance of violence.

Women came to the aid of striking men by both provisioning those who walked picket lines and walking the lines themselves. Women were also instrumental in some places in pressuring strikers to appear on the picket line and in dissuading strikebreakers from continuing to cross strike lines. In Easton, Pennsylvania, for example, a crowd of 50 women and children pelted strikebreakers with sour milk, rotten eggs, and spoiled produce.

Attempts by state and federal authorities to impose order proved to be an accelerant to the physical nature of the conflict. In the initial phase of the conflict, strikers attempted to set up pickets to close down railroad roundhouses and repair shops. Private guards and law enforcement authorities were quick to remove strikers from private property, however, and with the strikebreakers frequently domiciled on the job site, new and more-violent tactics were used, including the issuance of physical threats, the vandalism of strikebreakers' homes, the destruction of railroad property, and instances of physical violence against strikebreakers.

For their part, armed company guards fired upon striking workers with a number of deaths resulting, including incidents in Cleveland, Ohio (July 8 and July 16), Buffalo, New York (July 8), Clinton, Illinois, (a worker's teenaged son, July 8; the worker was wounded), Port Morris, New Jersey (July 12), and in Needles, California (July 12). In Wilmington, North Carolina, a company guard took exception to being called a "scab" by a non-striking railroad engineer and shot him dead. In Buffalo, a woman and two boys were shot by railroad detectives; the boys suffered mortal injuries according to contemporary newspaper accounts. In addition, at least one company guard was shot and killed following the stopping of a train at Superior, Wisconsin, on August 12.

Some strikers did not hesitate to sabotage trains and tracks when the opportunity arose. In one case a train was switched onto side tracks and the cars set upon by a mob, with rocks and metal parts thrown through glass windows. Sections of track were occasionally disrupted with explosives. Vigilante violence was particularly acute in the South and Southwest, with kidnappings and floggings of strikebreakers common. Union leaders condemned the spontaneous violence of strikers and the sometimes-brutal response of company guards and police officials but with little practical effect.

Termination of strike

The opportunity for a mediated solution to the strike was brief. On July 11, 1922, President Harding issued a proclamation that attempted to split the difference between the two sides in the conflict, recognizing the merit of the workers' grievances and promising not to destroy organized labor but also recognizing the decision of the Railroad Labor Board that strikebreakers were to be regarded as permanent employees, with "the same indisputable right to work as others have to decline work."

The Railroad Labor Board attempted to mediate an end to the dispute, bringing together union and railroad representatives on July 14 in a joint conference. While the railroad officials pledged to end the subcontracting of work to non-union shops, no retreat was to be made on the issue of restoring seniority to striking workers, and the impasse remained unsettled. Following the failure of this conference, the Railroad Labor Board declared that its efforts to resolve the stoppage had reached an end.

While the US Army was not used to defend railroad company interests in the 1922 Shopmen's Strike, the US National Guard was called out, on a state-by-state basis, by various state governors. Troops bolstered armed company guards in their work protecting railroad property and aiding in the defense and transportation of strikebreakers, thereby working to undermine the strike effort.

US Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty, an outspoken opponent of the labor movement, was instrumental in escalating the federal government's role in bringing about the defeat of the striking railway workers. Daugherty sensationally charged strikers with conducting "a conspiracy worthy of Lenin and Zinoviev" and sent US Marshals into the field to aid the railroads in their efforts to defend their property and defeat the strike. Deputy US Marshals were appointed freely, sometimes from pools of "thugs" that had been gathered by the railways themselves.

Opposing Daugherty in the inner circle of the Harding administration were Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover and Secretary of Labor James John Davis, who sought a negotiated end to the strike. Harding was won over to that approach and professed the belief that the role of the federal government in the dispute should be one of an "honest broker" rather than as a violent authority figure.

Harding proposed a settlement on July 28 that would have granted little to the labor unions, but the railroad companies still rejected the compromise, despite interest from the desperate workers. Daugherty, who opposed the unions, pushed for national action against the strike, and on September 1, Judge James Herbert Wilkerson issued a sweeping injunction against striking, assembling, picketing, and a variety of other union activities; it was colloquially known as the "Daugherty Injunction": "One of the most extreme pronouncements in American history violating any number of constitutional guarantees of free speech and free assembly. (But) it effectively broke the strike".

There was widespread opposition to the injunction, and a number of sympathy strikes shut down some railroads completely, but the strike eventually died out, as many shopmen made deals with the railroads on the local level. The often-unpalatable concessions, coupled with memories of the violence and tension during the strike, soured relations between the railroads and the shopmen for quite some time. The outcome of the strike was a major blow to the Harding administration who were criticzed for their inability to resolve the situation and would be a major factor to the Republicans losing the 1922 midterms along with Harding controversial veto of the Bonus Bill.

title: Great Railroad Strike of 1922


text:
Operation: Desert Storm (video game)

Operation: Desert Storm is a top-down tank shooter for the Macintosh. It is the first commercial game released by Bungie and the first game released after their incorporation. It followed the freeware title Gnop!, published by Bungie co-founder Alex Seropian under the Bungie name prior to incorporation. Operation: Desert Storm sold about 2,500 copies and was based on the events of the ongoing Gulf War.

The game features twenty levels, culminating in a mission set in Baghdad, Iraq with the final enemy being Saddam Hussein. It comes with a glossary of military terms and trivia which was needed in order to validate the copy-protection in the game, and authentic maps of the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations.

title: Operation: Desert Storm (video game)


text:
Meteo

Meteo may refer to:
 * The spelling, without accents, of Météo
 * Meteo (film), a 1989 Hungarian film
 * Meteo, an asteroid belt in the Star Fox series of video games
 * Meteo, a magic spell in some of the Final Fantasy video games
 * Meteo, a destructive planet in the video game Meteos
 * METEO System, a machine translation system for weather bulletins
 * Meteo is also used as a general abbreviation for meteorology

title: Meteo


text:
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (song)

"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" also known as "There's a Pawn Shop on the Corner" or "There's a Pawn Shop on the Corner in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" is a popular song, written by Bob Merrill in 1952.

The best-known version was recorded by Guy Mitchell on January 15, 1952. This recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 39663, with the flip side "Doll with a Sawdust Heart." It first reached the Billboard chart on March 7, 1952, and lasted 17 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 6.

Bing Crosby sang the song on a number of occasions on his radio show in 1952, and one of these versions has since been released on CD. In 1973, Keld Heick released a Danish version, "Der' En Gammel Marskandiser På Hjørnet Af Ranunkelvej," as an A-side EP. The song was remastered in 2005 by Parlophone Denmark. Mickey Katz released a comedic parody titled "Schvitzburgh, Pennsylvania."

The song tells the story of a relatively poor man who falls in love with a beautiful woman and convinces her he is rich by taking her out to fancy places, paying for it all by pawning all he has. As the song opens, he is out of things to pawn.

Appearances in other media
The song was referenced in Robert A. Heinlein's Time Enough for Love. The Senior sings a verse while he is in rejuvenation.

title: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (song)


text: User talk:128.135.219.47

title: User talk:128.135.219.47


text:
Niphal

Niphal is the name given to one of the seven major verb stems called בִּנְיָנִים (/binjaˈnim/ binyanim, "constructions") in biblical Hebrew. The designation Niphal comes from the form niph‘al for the verb pa‘al, “to do”. The nun prefix is characteristic of the perfect conjugation, as well as of the participle. In the imperfect conjugation, the nun is (where possible) assimilated into the first root consonant and appears as a dagesh forte. In the imperative and infinitive construct, the prefix is a he instead of a nun. The infinitive absolute may be prefixed by either the nun or the he.

The Niphal stem usually denotes the incomplete passive or the reflexive voice. However, some verbs, such as nacham (meaning “to repent” in the Niphal), may be better translated with the active voice.

title: Niphal


text:
Bellefontaine Regional Airport

Bellefontaine Regional Airport is a publicly owned, public use airport located three miles west of Bellefontaine, in Logan County, Ohio. It is a general aviation airport operated by Midwest Corporate Air under the auspices of the City of Bellefontaine and is accessible from State Route 47.

Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Bellefontaine Regional Airport is EDJ to the FAA and has no IATA code.

For the last several years, Bellefontaine Regional has hosted an annual "Airfest" in late summer.

History
The airport replaced an earlier airport, Bellefontaine Municipal Airport, which was previously four miles (6 km) northeast of the current airport (to the north of the city, near U.S. Route 68). According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, the current Bellefontaine Regional was, at its opening in 2002, only the second new airport to open in Ohio in the last 30 years.

In 2021, the airport received a $32,000 grant from the Federal Aviation Administration to fund operations, personnel, cleaning, sanitization, janitorial services, debt service payments, and funds to combat the spread of pathogens at the airport. The money was aimed to help the airport recover from the covid-19 pandemic.

Facilities
The airport covers 300 acre and has one asphalt runway (7/25) 4,999 x 100 ft (1,524 x 30 m) long.

The airport has fuel available. Planes can use tiedowns or hangars for parking.

In the year ending September 3, 2021 the airport had 8,395 aircraft operations, average 23 per day: 89% general aviation and 11% air taxi. For the same time period, 28 aircraft were based at the airport: 22 single-engine and 5 multi-engine airplanes as well as 1 jet.

Accidents and incidents

 * On August 17, 2021, a Diamond DA42 Twin Star crashed after takeoff from the Bellefontaine Regional Airport when both of its engines lost power. The two pilots were able to stabilize the aircraft and brought it to a landing at the edge of airport property. Neither the flight instructor nor the student pilot onboard were injured. The aircraft was on its first flight since time-limited engine fuel feed pumps had been replaced on both engines; no maintenance check flight was completed after the replacements because none was required. After the accident, examination of the right engine revealed that the right engine fuel feed pump bolt was not seated and thus might have resulted in inadequate fuel pressure for proper engine operation. The cause of the left engine's power loss could not be determined. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the improper position of the right engine’s fuel feed pump bolt, which led to a total loss of power on the right engine, and the left engine's partial loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined based on the available evidence.
 * On February 26, 2022, a Diamond DA42 Twin Star was substantially damaged on landing at the Bellefontaine Regional Airport. The aircraft's nose wheel collapsed during the landing sequence, causing the aircraft to veer off the runway and strike a taxiway light.

title: Bellefontaine Regional Airport