text:
Arcaicam Esperantom

Arcaicam Esperantom (Archaic Esperanto; arĥaika Esperanto, arkaika Esperanto), is an auxiliary sociolect for translating literature into Esperanto created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto', in the vein of languages such as Middle English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts.

It was created by linguist Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including Gavaro (slang) and Popido (patois), forming Serio La Sociolekta Triopo.

Halvelik also compiled a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots and proposed its application to fields such as taxonomy and linguistics. He gave this register of Esperanto the name Uniespo (Uniëspo, Universala Esperanto, 'Universal Esperanto').

The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.

La Sociolekta Triopo
La Sociolekta Triopo (the sociolect triple) does not create new Esperantidos (e.g. Esperanto II), but its sole purpose—including Arcaicam Esperantom—is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayer's Captain of Köpenick (Popido), or ancient styles in Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (Arcaicam Esperantom).

La Sociolekta Triopo thus constitutes not three new constructed languages, but constructed auxiliary sociolects for Esperanto, understandable by every reader of Esperanto but still providing the stylistic differences between dialects (Popido), slang (Gavaro), and ancient forms contrasting with Fundamento, standard Esperanto, e.g. in works of Mark Twain (slang and southern dialect) or The Lord of the Rings (Arcaicam Esperantom for the elves, Popido for the Hobbits).

Spelling
The three following rules are also added:

 * g becomes gu (before e, i) or g (before other letters)
 * k becomes qu (before e, i) or c (before other letters)
 * ŭ becomes ù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)

diphthongs

 * aŭ becomes aù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)
 * eŭ becomes eù

consonant clusters

 * dz becomes zz
 * ks becomes x
 * kv becomes cù

Typography
Halvelik recommends blackletter and uncial types.

Pronouns
Pronouns are changed as:

* herself/himself/itself/themselves

 * There is an old pronoun egui which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun (utrum). Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.

Verbs

 * The infinitive ends in -ir, rather than in the -i of modern Esperanto. Ex.: fari becomes pharir.
 * The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb esti (to be), present tense:
 * mi/ci/li/ŝi/ĝi/si/ni/vi/ili estas

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb estir (to be), present tense:
 * (mihi) estams
 * (tu) estas
 * (lùi/eshi/eghi/egui) estat
 * (nos) estaims
 * (wos) estais
 * (ilùi) estait

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:
 * The future-tense conjugation estos becomes estoms, etc.
 * The past-tense conjugation estis becomes estims, etc.
 * The conditional-mood conjugation estus becomes estums, etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:
 * The imperative form estu stays estu for singular subjects, but becomes estuy for plural subjects.

Nominals

 * -o becomes om (sg. noun, nominative)
 * -oj becomes oy (pl. noun, nominative)
 * -on stays -on (sg. noun, accusative). Where Esperanto has a direction accusative, the dative is used. E.g.: Tiu virino la drinkemulon venordonis antaŭ la tribunalon becomes Ityu Wirinnom Drinquemulon wenordiguit [sic] antez Tribunalod.
 * -ojn becomes -oyn (pl. noun, accusative)
 * al x-o becomes x-od (sg. noun, dative – ex.: al domo becomes domod)
 * al x-oj becomes x-oyd (pl. noun, dative – ex.: al domoj becomes domoyd)
 * de x-o becomes x-es (sg. noun, genitive – ex.: de domo becomes domes)
 * de x-oj becomes x-eys (pl. noun, genitive – ex.: de domoj becomes domeys)
 * -e becomes -œ (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German ö.)
 * -aŭ becomes -ez (-aŭ-adverb such as baldaŭ, etc.)
 * -a becomes -am (sg. adjective, nominative)
 * -aj becomes -ay (pl. adjective, nominative)
 * A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: Glawom = (la) glavo.
 * The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix -ado. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending.  Ex: Leguirom = (la) legado.
 * The declension of personal pronouns below, however, differs significantly from declensions of nouns or adjectives. These personal pronouns have their own adjectival forms.

Correlatives

 * ki- becomes cuy-
 * ti- becomes ity-
 * i- becomes hey-
 * neni- becomes nemy-
 * ĉi- becomes chey-
 * ali- becomes altri-

(Note: Ali-, which in modern Esperanto is not a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arcaicam Esperantom as altri- a full-fledged correlative.)

 * -o becomes -om
 * -a becomes -am
 * -am becomes -ahem
 * -e becomes -œ
 * -om becomes -ohem
 * (-u stays -u)
 * (-el stays -el)
 * the particle ĉi becomes is- (ĉi tiu = isityu)

Articles

 * The definite article la does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of ityu (in modern Esperanto tiu).
 * The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is unn (which is the same word for the number 1).

Phrases

 * Salutoyn cheyuyd! Cuyel phartais wos? –'Hello everyone, how are you?'
 * Lùi ex Byelostocom wenat. – 'He comes from Białystok.'
 * Cuyel nomizzas? – 'What is your name?'
 * Nomizzams Petrus. – 'My name is Peter.'
 * Ityon comprenams bonœ. – 'I understand that well.'
 * Unn Manom altrian Manon lawat. – 'One hand washes the other (hand).'
 * Tempom phughat. – 'Tempus fugit' (Vergil)
 * Ityel pasat mondes Glorom. – 'Sic transit gloria mundi' (Thomas à Kempis)
 * Wenims, widims, wenquims. – 'Veni, vidi, vici' (Julius Caesar)
 * Homom Homoyd Lupom estat. – 'Homo homini lupus' (Plautus)

title: Arcaicam Esperantom


text:
Nasrid dynasty

The Nasrid dynasty (بنو نصر banū Naṣr or بنو الأحمر banū al-Aḥmar; Nazarí) was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Emirate of Granada from 1232 to 1492. It was the last Muslim dynasty in the Iberian Peninsula. Twenty-three sultans ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammad I until 2 January 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered all lands to Isabella I of Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrid dynasty is the Alhambra palace complex built under their reign.

Historical background
The dynasty founded by Muhammad I of Granada held a territory that included Granada, Jaén, Almería, and Málaga. Valencia, Játiva, and Jaén were conquered by Christians during the campaigns of the Reconquista and for the most part, the Nasrids were made into tribute-paying vassals from 1243. Granada continued as a center of Islamic culture. The Nasrids later formed alliances with the Marinids of Morocco.

Nasrid crafts like textile work such as ceramic overglaze used techniques from 9th century Baghdad and were applied to make lusterware, first in Málaga, Murcia, and Almería, and then by the 15th century in Manises. This style of pottery produced first under Muslim patronage, then Christian, influenced the later style of colorful and glazed Italian ceramics known as maiolica. Throughout the 14th century, the Nasrids are noted for their palace architecture like the Alhambra, which was a product of the efforts of Ismail I and Muhammad V.

In 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile, resulting in the union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The monarchs shared a common cause of conquering the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. During the time the Christians were launching a campaign against the Emirate of Granada that would effectively end the Nasrid dynasty, the Nasrids were engaged in a civil war over the throne of Granada. When Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada, was ousted by his son Muhammad XII, Abu l-Hasan Ali retreated to Málaga and civil war broke out between the competing factions. Christians took full advantage of this and continued capturing Muslim strongholds. Muhammed XII was caught by Christian forces in 1483 at Lucena, Córdoba. He was freed after he swore an oath of allegiance to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Abu l-Hasan Ali finally abdicated in favor of his brother Muhammad XIII, Sultan of Granada, known as Al-Zaghal (the valiant), and a power struggle with Muhammad XII continued. Al-Zaghal prevailed in the inner struggle but was forced to surrender to the Christians. Muhammad XII surrendered Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 and was given a lordship in the Alpujarras mountains, but instead took financial compensation from the Spanish crown to leave the Iberian Peninsula. The remaining Muslim population was given the status of mudéjar.

Lineage
The Nasrid dynasty was descended from the Arab Banu Khazraj tribe, and claimed direct male-line descent from Sa'd ibn Ubadah, the chief of the tribe and one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Family tree
The family tree below shows the genealogical relationship between each sultan of the Nasrid dynasty. It starts with their common ancestor, al-Ahmar. Daughters are omitted, as are sons whose descendants never reigned. During times of rival claims to the throne, the family tree generally recognizes the sultan who controlled the city of Granada itself and the Alhambra palace.

First dynasty (al-dawla al-ghalibiyya)
Sources:

Second dynasty (al-dawla al-isma'iliyya al-nasriyya)
Sources:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nasrid dynasty


text:
Talk:Journey's End/Sources

 * RCS' 7th play [1]
 * and most famous
 * 1st performed 1928
 * set in trenches Saint-Quentin, France
 * in 1918
 * experiences of officers
 * British Army infantry company
 * WW I

 * titles [2]

Production history

 * trouble to get produced at West End [3]

 * Geoffrey Dearmer, ISS, GBS [4]
 * GBS quote [5]

 * semi-staged production
 * Apollo Theatre [6]
 * Olivier offered Stanhope by Whale [7]
 * the director [13]
 * aged 21
 * transferred to Savoy Theatre [8]
 * where ran >1 year
 * from 1929-01-21 [12]
 * entire cast from Apollo reprising except Olivier [9]
 * Colin Clive as Stanhope [9]
 * Zucco Osborne [10]
 * Evans Raleigh [11]

 * Whale took it to Broadway
 * 1930
 * dress rehearsal at Henry Miller Theater [14]
 * 1st USA performance the Great Neck Playhouse, Great Neck, New York, north shore of Long Island [15]
 * Broadway première next evening [14]
 * Johnston playing Stanhope, Quartermaine Osborne [16]

 * N autumn 1929, 14 companies in English, 17 other languages, in London, New York, Paris (in English), Stockholm, Berlin, Rome, Vienna, Madrid, and Budapest, and in Canada, Australia, and South Africa. [17]
 * London later moved to the Prince of Wales Theatre [18]

 * Whale dir film
 * starring Clive, Manners, Maclaren.

 * 1937 television version [19]

 * revived in West End 3 times
 * also schools and amateur productions

 * RCS novelised it in 1930.

 * basis for 1976 film Aces High
 * changed from infantry to Royal Flying Corps.

 * Made into a teleplay in 1988

[1] Sherriff, Robert Cedric. No leading lady: an autobiography. London, Victor Gollancz ltd, 1968. ISBN 575001550. p. 17 (ch. 2).

[2] Ibid., p. 39 (ch. 3).

[3] Ibid., p. 9 (ch. 1).

[4] Ibid., pp. 43-44 (ch. 4).

[5] Ibid., p. 45 (ch. 4).

[6] Ibid., p. 52 (ch. 5).

[7] Ibid., p. 49 (ch. 5).

[8] Ibid., p. 70 (ch. 5).

[9] Ibid., p. 74 (ch. 5).

[10] Ibid., p. 73 (ch. 5).

[11] Ibid., p. 75 (ch. 5).

[12] Ibid., p. 76 (ch. 5).

[13] Ibid., p. 46 (ch. 4).

[14] Ibid., p. 129 (ch. 11).

[15] Ibid., p. 129 (ch. 11), p. 141 (ch. 12).

[16] Ibid., p. 130 (ch. 11).

[17] Ibid., p. 181 (ch. 16).

[18] Ibid., p. 187 (ch. 16).

[19] Vahimagi, Tise. British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Oxford. Oxford University Press / British Film Institute. 1994. ISBN 0-19-818336-4. p. 8.

title: Talk:Journey's End/Sources


text:
Traces of Sadness

Traces of Sadness is the second album by the Estonian girl band Vanilla Ninja. Released in June 2004, the album included the hit singles "Tough Enough", "Liar" and "When the Indians Cry". It peaked at number three in the German album charts and brought the girls into the mainstream, while increasing their popularity in other countries such as Switzerland and Austria, staying in the charts for almost a full year in the former. "Traces of Sadness" was certified Gold (100,000 copies) by the IFPI in Germany, Gold in Austria (15,000 copies) and Platinum in Estonia.

Track listing

 * 1) "Tough Enough"  – 3:24
 * 2) "Traces of Sadness"  – 3:23
 * 3) "Stay"  – 3:54
 * 4) "When the Indians Cry"  – 3:44
 * 5) "Don't Go Too Fast"  – 3:14
 * 6) "Heartless"  – 3:51
 * 7) "Liar"  – 3:38
 * 8) "Don't You Realize"  – 3:52
 * 9) "Wherever"  – 3:26
 * 10) "Metal Queen"  – 3:27
 * 11) "Looking For a Hero"  – 3:55
 * 12) "Destroyed By You"  – 3:54
 * 13) "Traces of Sadness" (Extended version)  – 5:56
 * 14) "Heartless" (Extended version)  – 7:38

The album also contained two extras:

 * Tough Enough (Video)
 * Don't Go Too Fast (Video)

Limited edition bonus CD

 * 1) "Blue Tattoo"  (Unplugged version)
 * 2) "Tough Enough"  (Unplugged version)
 * 3) "Don't Go Too Fast"  (Unplugged version)
 * 4) "Liar"  (Unplugged version)
 * 5) "Stay"  (Unplugged version)
 * 6) "Metal Queen"  (Unplugged version)
 * 7) "Destroyed By You"  (Unplugged version)
 * 8) "Don't You Realize"  (Classical version)
 * 9) "Heartless"  (Classical version)
 * 10) "Traces Of Sadness"  (Classical version)
 * 11) "Looking For A Hero"  (Classical version)
 * 12) "Light Of Hope"

The limited edition of the album also contained two extras:
 * Liar (Video)
 * When The Indians Cry (Video)

Appearance in music games
A shorter version of the songs "Liar", "Metal Queen" and "Tough Enough" were made playable in Drummania V2/GuitarFreaks V2/Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 2. "Tough Enough" was also available to play on the arcade release of Dancing Stage Fusion. However, it was not included with the home release for PlayStation or PlayStation 2.

Chart positions

 * Estonia - #1
 * Germany – #3
 * Austria – #4
 * Switzerland – #14
 * Czech Republic - #37
 * Poland - #37

title: Traces of Sadness


text:
Perrys Lookdown

Perry's Lookdown is situated on the edge of the Grose Valley in the Blue Mountains, Australia. It is believed to have been named by Frederick Eccleston Du Faur after either Samuel Augustus Perry or a local innkeeper. Free campsites (five individual sites) are adjacent to the car park. The Blue Gum Forest is often accessed by foot from here, 656 vertical metres below the lookdown. The road to Blackheath is unsealed.

title: Perrys Lookdown


text: Category:Vanilla Ninja albums

title: Category:Vanilla Ninja albums


text:
Lake Ray Hubbard

Lake Ray Hubbard, formerly Eastern Dallas Lake or Forney Lake, is a freshwater impoundment (reservoir) located in Dallas, Texas in the counties of Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, and Rockwall, just north of the City of Forney. It was created by the construction of the Rockwall-Forney Dam, which impounded the East Fork Trinity River.

It measures 22745 acre in size with a storage capacity of 490,000 acre-ft (600 million m3) and a maximum depth of 40 ft (12 m). The dam is currently owned by the City of Dallas. I-30 crosses the lake on the Eastern Dallas Causeway. The lake was originally named Forney Lake for the small city of Forney. After the City of Dallas incorporated the lake, it was renamed after a living person, Ray Hubbard, who presided over the Dallas Parks and Recreation System board from 1943 to 1972. The reservoir is currently managed and owned by Dallas Water Utilities.

History
Originally designed to provide water to the North Texas region, the project was started in 1964 and managed by the S. and A. Construction Company and the Markham, Brown and M. C. Winter Construction Company. The lake was impounded in 1968, and a 2 mi earthfill dam was completed in 1969. By 1970, the lake reached its maximum design extent.

Due to the territorial expansion and exercise of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the City of Dallas, the lake and the Interstate 30 (I-30) bridges are now within the jurisdiction of the City of Dallas, rather than the cities surrounding it. A mutual-aid agreement is in place between Dallas and the other cities, but ultimate responsibility lies with Dallas.

Several areas of the lake have been infested with hydrilla.

Because of its location in a densely populated area, the lake is crossed by several bridges and causeways. The most significant is I-30, with six lanes on a 2.9 mi causeway that bisects the lake, and President George Bush Turnpike, the eastern expansion completed in 2012 with a 0.9 mi bridge spanning the Rowlett Creek inlet. The 1.8 mi Texas State Highway 66 bridge was constructed in the 1970s and twinned in the early 2000s, joining Rowlett and Rockwall, and other minor bridges exist on Rowlett Road and Miller Road. Also, a railway crossing formerly operated by Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, now part of Union Pacific, crosses the Muddy Creek inlet and joins the I-30 causeway.

Fishing
The lake contains a large population of hybrid striped bass, white bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, white crappie and black crappie.

title: Lake Ray Hubbard


text:
Talk:Bristol Blenheim

Image of 'Britain First'?
There don't seem to be many images of the Britain First out there to illustrate Bristol's original aircraft. Could probably form a fair use rationale if one turned up. GraemeLeggett (talk) 07:34, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Range or speed?
"Formal work on an extended-range reconnaissance version started as the Blenheim Mk II, which increased tankage from 278 to 468 imp gal (1,260 to 2,130 L; 334 to 562 US gal). Only one Blenheim Mk II was completed, as flight tests revealed the increase in speed to be marginal and not warranting further development"

What increase in speed? It starts out taking about how they needed more range and so added an extra 150 gallons of fuel. Then suddenly the increase in speed isn't enough. What increase in speed? There was no mention of that at all. Was that what they were trying to achieve? They must have made other changes besides just increasing the fuel load if they wanted to increase the speed. Especially if they also increased the fuel load, which makes it heavier.

Also later, " Other modifications included the addition of a bomb-aimer's position and a Browning machine gun in the nose along with provisions for a semi-retractable gun turret in the dorsal position" What nose mounted Browning? The only Browning that ever went in the nose was the rearward firing defensive gun installations, and that was a later addition. The fixed forward firing Browning was in the port wing, just like the Beaufort and every other variant of the Blenheim. Idumea47b (talk) 19:32, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

Size of crew
Neither the info box nor the lead say anything about the size of the crew. Very unhelpful. 10:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC) Vagabond nanoda (talk) 10:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bristol Blenheim


text:
Edward Morgan

Edward, Ted, Teddy, Ed, Eddy or Eddie Morgan may refer to:

Sports

 * Teddy Morgan (1880–1949), Welsh international rugby union player
 * Ted Morgan (boxer) (1906–1952), Olympic boxer from New Zealand
 * Eddie Morgan (rugby union) (1913–1978), Wales international rugby player
 * Ed Morgan (baseball) (1904–1980), American baseball player for the Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox
 * Eddie Morgan (baseball) (1914–1982), American baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals and Brooklyn Dodgers

Politics and law

 * Edward Morgan (governor) (died 1665), Welsh politician, Governor of Jamaica
 * J. Ed Morgan (born 1947), American politician, Mississippi state senator
 * Ed Morgan (professor) (born 1955), Canadian professor of international law

Others

 * Edward Morgan (priest) (died 1642), Welsh Catholic priest
 * Sir Edward Morgan, 1st Baronet (died 1653), Welsh noble, Catholic supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War
 * Edward Morgan (Archdeacon of Ardfert) (fl. 1660s–1670s), Irish Anglican priest
 * Edward Delmar Morgan (1840–1909), English explorer and linguist
 * Edward M. Morgan (1855–1925), American postmaster of New York
 * Edward P. Morgan (1910–1993), American newspaper, radio and television journalist
 * Ted Morgan (writer) (1932–2023), French-American biographer, journalist, and historian
 * Edward Morgan (choreographer) (fl. 1990s), American dancer and choreographer

title: Edward Morgan


text:
Talk:Ontario Highway 17

Ranking
WHO CARES????!!! Bacl-presby 17:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC) So, what happens now with the above ranking? Bacl-presby 19:00, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What's your beef, exactly? Bearcat 08:57, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Freeway status
Is the freeway portion of Highway 17 that is currently under construction connecting to the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge? Cuz I always dreamed of Highway 417 reaching that far since some segments of freeway are likely to be incorporated into 400-series designations.

 * No, it is not. That will likely just get the Highway 17 designation at least into the medium term, as it is a long way from being connected up. It likely will be 25-40 years at least before Highway 417 will be fully connected up to that point, after all there is about a 720 km (450 mile) gap to fill...the new truck route is only an urban arterial road, not a freeway or expressway. 24.226.10.98 4 July 2005 03:30 (UTC)

Length
What is the length of 17?

 * Just under 2,000 km. I'm not sure exactly - it has been shortening due to minor realignments, downloading and Highway 417 extensions. CrazyC83 03:33, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

417 Extension
The Ontario government has not committed to have Highway 417 extended all the way to Sault Ste. Marie by 2020. We know it's on the books as a prospective project, but it most certainly isn't in any kind of active planning at this point. And besides, the vastly shorter and easier Highway 400 extension to Sudbury isn't scheduled for completion until 2017, and that's already been in the pipeline for years — so there's no way you're going to see an exponentially more complex project take only three years longer than that, when it's just a long-term goal that hasn't even entered the planning stages yet. And for that matter, I don't hold out much hope that they're ever going to figure out a viable solution to the North Bay bottleneck. I've replaced this inappropriate speculation with a more accurate assessment of the reality. Bearcat 02:25, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

417 redux
Can we kindly get some actual sources for the Nipigon-Raith study and the purported forest clearing between the Sault and Sudbury? (The clearing doesn't normally occur before environmental assessments and route studies have actually taken place, for one thing. And would the government really take 17 that far away from Thunder Bay? Wouldn't Sibley to Shabaqua make a whole lot more sense in terms of keeping major communities close to the highway?) Are there actual sources confirming that these are in the works, or are people just adding a whole lot of wishful thinking? Bearcat 02:40, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

I've been reading MTO materials, and I hate to say, it's just wishful thinking....however, with a Provincial Election coming this October, see who will promise this in their campaign literature--if 4-laning won't happen between Nipigon and TB in the coming future, the reality of such changes proposed by these folks will be a number of generations away, if Al Gore and David Suzuki's prophecies of doom don't come first! Bacl-presby 19:45, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Image
THANK YOU!! 23:54, 17 November 2006 (UTC) Bacl-presby 23:54, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Dangerous slope south of Wawa
I'd like to find a discussion about the steep slope approaching the bridge over the Michipicoten River from south. Any leads? In snowy weather a vehicle can slide into the river at the bottom, or off the side to the right. George Slivinsky (talk) 15:40, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * A new bypass is supposed to be in the early investigation stages that would open a new 50km route from Batchewana Bay to Lake Superior Provincial Park. It would be designed to Super 2 standards for easy upgrading to a four lane freeway in the future. Haven't seen any sites discussing it yet, just roadgeek talk at the ONroads yahoo group. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  18:22, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Maybe I could talk there if you lead me to it. Where would truckers talk? — Preceding unsigned comment added by George Slivinsky (talk • contribs) 00:29, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ontario Highway 17


text:
Pearl Street

Pearl Street may refer to:

 * Pearl Street (Manhattan)
 * Pearl Street Station
 * Pearl Street (Albany, New York)
 * Pearl Street (Reading, Massachusetts)
 * Pearl Street School
 * Pearl Street (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Pearl Street Market
 * Pearl Street (Boulder, Colorado)
 * Pearl Street Mall

title: Pearl Street


text:
Nicky Wagner

Nicola Joanne Wagner (born 23 July 1953) is a New Zealand teacher, businesswoman and politician. She represented the Christchurch Central electorate for the New Zealand National Party in the New Zealand Parliament.

Early life and career
Born in Christchurch, Wagner received a teaching degree from Christchurch College of Education, a BA from the University of Canterbury, and an MBA from Massey University. After working for a time as a teacher, she entered the business world, and established a successful fashion marketing company and later an internet marketing business. She was an internet pioneer establishing firstly FashioNZ a website to support the  New Zealand fashion industry and GardenNZ for the gardening industry.

Politics
Environment Canterbury (ECan) councillor Peter Yeoman died in October 2002. The resulting by-election was held over when councillor Neil Cherry resigned shortly after over health concerns. Wagner and Alec Neill won the April 2003 by-election held in the Christchurch West constituency. There was concern whether Wagner could do justice to both being a regional councillor and a member of parliament when she received a high list ranking for the 2005 general election. Wagner retired from ECan at the 2007 local elections.

She appeared on the National party list at 37th place for the 2002 general election, which was not enough to win a seat. She contested the Christchurch Central electorate for the National Party in the 2005 general election. While Wagner did not win the electorate, her high list placing (28th, the third highest placing for a newcomer behind Tim Groser and Chris Finlayson) ensured her election to Parliament. Prior to her election, Wagner had endorsed the NZ Flag.com Trust's campaign for a referendum on New Zealand's flag, stating "Our flag should celebrate our nation's identity and our special foot-print on this earth. We will always respect and cherish our links with the past that are represented in our present flag but a young country needs to create a strong vision for its future." In her first term in Parliament she sat on the Justice and Electoral select committee and later the Local Government and Environment Committee.

In 2005, Wagner voted for the controversial Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill 2005, a bill which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and a woman.

Recontesting Christchurch Central in the 2008 general election, Wagner drastically cut Labour's majority in both the electorate and the party vote, reducing the candidate majority from 7,836 to 936. She remained in Parliament, having been re-elected through the National Party list.

In 2009, Wagner voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes.

She contested Christchurch Central for the third time in the 2011 general election and won the seat off Labour with a 47-vote majority, after special votes broke an exact tie between her and incumbent MP Brendon Burns on election night. This marked the first time National had ever held the Christchurch Central electorate since its creation in 1946.

Wagner was the Chair of the Local Government and Environment Select Committee and sat on the Maori Affairs Select Committee. She also chaired the BlueGreens Caucus Committee and the Arts, Culture and Heritage Caucus Committee. In 2013 she was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Gerry Brownlee and Nick Smith in the Christchurch Earthquake Recovery and Conservation portfolios, respectively.

The boundaries of the Christchurch Central electorate were redrawn for the. When the draft boundaries were published for consultation, Wagner declared the electorate as more Labour focussed and "unwinnable" due to the proposed loss of more affluent suburbs. When the final boundaries were released in April 2014, Wagner vowed to stand again and fight for re-election. Wagner won the seat with a majority of 2420 at the 2014 general election.

In September 2014, Wagner defended employing Simon Lusk, a controversial political strategist mentioned in Dirty Politics, claiming New Zealand's grassroots campaigning is "very much amateurish".

On 8 October 2014, Wagner was appointed a Minister outside of Cabinet, holding the portfolios of Customs, Disability Issues, Associate Canterbury Earthquake Recovery, and Associate Conservation. She is ranked 23 on the party list.

On 14 June 2017, Wagner made a comment on Twitter that she'd "rather be out on the harbour" while mentioning that she was attending disability meetings, attracting online criticism. Labour and Green politicians commented on the issue, stating "It really makes me question her commitment to the disability community if she'd rather be out on the harbour than in meetings with them."

After losing her seat in the 2017 election to Labour's Duncan Webb, she stayed on as a list MP, but decided not to stand again for the 2020 election.

title: Nicky Wagner


text:
Vistula Historic District

Vistula Historic District is a designated historic district in the city of Toledo, Ohio, USA, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district comprises Toledo's oldest extant neighborhood and encompasses an area roughly bounded by Champlain, Summit, Walnut and Magnolia streets.

Vistula was a village established on land in what was then part of Michigan Territory, purchased in 1832 by Benjamin F. Stickney, in company with several investors from Lockport, New York, including Edward Bissell. In January 1833, Stickney platted the village of Vistula.

Another settlement, named Port Lawrence, had first been established in 1817, although the companies arranging sales of the land failed and nothing much was developed until a new plat was recorded for the village in 1833. This area encompassed roughly east to west from Jefferson to Washington Street and north to south, from Superior Street to the River, or slightly farther upstream from where the Vistula settlement would later be established.

When Vistula and Port Lawrence merged to form the city of Toledo in 1837, the area which had been contested between Michigan and Ohio in the Toledo War was granted to Ohio by the United States Congress.

title: Vistula Historic District


text:
Animal Logic (band)

Animal Logic is a band formed in 1987 by drummer Stewart Copeland, bassist Stanley Clarke, and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The group recorded two albums under the auspices of manager Miles Copeland III before disbanding.

Formation and tour of Brazil (1987–1988)
In 1987 Stewart Copeland was working on the opera Holy Blood and Crescent Moon and found himself missing pop music. Along with bassist Stanley Clarke, he decided to form a band centered around a female singer. They found Deborah Holland after an extensive search, having received her tape from publisher Dan Howell.

In November 1987, they embarked on a short tour of Brazil under the band name Rush Hour, with Copeland's former bandmate in The Police, Andy Summers, playing guitar. Summers, who was reluctant to join a group that would attract so many comparisons to The Police, quit the band after the tour ended in order to promote his solo works.

Animal Logic album (1989)
Copeland and Clarke financed the recording of the band's debut album, and began showcasing for labels. They eventually signed with I.R.S. Records, which was headed by Copeland's brother Miles.

The band adopted the name Animal Logic after Miles Copeland misheard the lyrics on a punk band's tape as "Animal logic! Animal logic!". The band thought Animal Logic described their music perfectly. After being sued for using the name of a well known band in the D.C. area, they bought the rights to use the name from the group.

The album cover depicting three dogs was a rejected cover for the Police greatest hits album Every Breath You Take: The Singles. Stewart Copeland liked it so much that he had hung it on the wall of his studio in England, and when Miles told him about the name Animal Logic, Stewart volunteered it as the cover for the debut album.

Miles Copeland envisioned recruiting a well known guitar player to record the album, and arranged a recording session with Joe Walsh, who did not show up to the studio. Michael Thompson, who had previously played in a cover band with Deborah Holland, was called in to salvage the session and played on the song "Spy In The House Of Love". Thompson was offered a spot in Animal Logic, but declined as he was just about to release his own album, Michael Thompson Band, for Geffen Records. Thompson did commit to playing on the rest of the album, as well as a three week tour of Asia. The album Animal Logic was released in 1989 on I.R.S. Records in North America, and Virgin Records in other territories.

A promotional video for "Spy in the House of Love" was released to MTV. The band performed "Spy in the House of Love" on Late Night with David Letterman on November 10, 1989, accompanied by members of Paul Shaffer and the World's Most Dangerous Band.

Animal Logic II and breakup (1991)
Animal Logic released their second album, Animal Logic II in 1991, which included a duet with Jackson Browne on "Another Place", recorded at Browne's studio in Santa Monica. The album was promoted with a music video for “Rose Colored Glasses”, a song the band also performed on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on November 7, 1991.

Rusty Anderson, later lead guitarist for Paul McCartney, recorded and toured with the group.

Stanley Clarke was unable to tour due to his career as a film composer, which was just taking off. Rather than look for a replacement, and unable to promote the album, Animal Logic disbanded and Deborah Holland went on to pursue a solo career.

Reunions and related activity
Both Clarke and Copeland appeared on Deborah Holland’s debut solo album, Freudian Slip (1994).

On September 11, 2013, Copeland posted a Sacred Grove video on YouTube featuring an Animal Logic "reunion". Copeland, Holland and Clarke performed a new song by Holland entitled "Whipping Boy".

In January 2019, Holland posted several pictures and short videos from a new Animal Logic recording session at the Sacred Grove with Copeland and Clarke online via Facebook. On March 23, 2019 Deborah made the announcement on her official Facebook page that she was working on two new EPs – a solo release for 2020, and one with Animal Logic with no set release date. On February 25, 2020 it was announced that she would release her sixth solo album, Fine, Thank You on March 27. The six song offering features performances by Stewart Copeland on four tracks.

In a March 2020 interview with stewartcopeland.com, Deborah Holland confirmed that Animal Logic has been working on material for a new EP: "We're in the process of finishing up five songs though the bulk of the work is now on Stanley's shoulders and he has a crazy schedule so it may take a while."

In October 2022, Deborah Holland announced through Facebook that Animal Logic would be releasing two new singles, titled "Can You Tell Me," and "Ordinary."

Discography
Studio albums
 * Animal Logic (1989)
 * Animal Logic II (1991)

Singles

Band members

 * Stewart Copeland – drums
 * Stanley Clarke – bass
 * Deborah Holland – vocals

title: Animal Logic (band)


text:
Talk:Sharon Mitchell

Her degree
I think it is a very important point that her supposed degree isn't accredited. It is a very important point to be made in this article. We can't have people running around saying they have "such and such" degrees when that degree isn't recognized by anyone in the academic community or any of the nationally recogized accreditation boards.

There are two options here as I see them. 1. Leave my edit in stating that the degree is from an unaccredited institution and not recognized. If you want to reword it a bit that is fine but it needs to mention that she doesn't really have a PH.D. 2. Just remove everything in refrence to her supposed education and time spent at the San Fran sex school or whatever it is called.

People can't just go around saying they have a PH.D. When they really don't. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.246.55.236 (talk) 07:50, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you read the history on the website, it states that they are certified by the state of California to give graduate degrees. If you have proof that the school is lying about its status, then cite it. Otherwise, don't include that in the article as it is POV and original research. --Core des at talk. ^_^ 07:51, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The San Fran Sex School is "Accredited" by the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education. Now if you search for that on wikipedia it will tell you that..
 * "CBPPVE approval or exemption is required by the state of California to ensure consumer safety from fraudulent degrees. Despite this it is not a recognized accreditor nor does its approval serve as a substitute for School accreditation."
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Bureau_of_Private_Postsecondary_and_Vocational_Education
 * Check and mate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.246.55.236 (talk) 07:59, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, you're right about that part. However, in an attempt to verify it, Google and the search engines gave me contradictory results regarding the school's accreditation status. The detail about the school being unaccredited should be left out. Besides, that is an issue for an article on the school. This is not an article on the school, but about someone who happens to have a "degree" from the school. It is worthy of mention, whether the school is accredited or not. A compromise would be to remove the sentence about her qualifications as a result of the degree. The sentence as it currently is looks like an attack. --Core des at talk. ^_^ 08:15, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The fact that one of the institute's accreditations does not provide the accreditation for a PhD program does not imply that it is not properly accredited. The IASHS is accredited, by Superintendent of Public Instruction of the California State Department of Education under California Education, under Code Section 94310(b). Dougwightman (talk) 20:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Further support:  http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/centers.html.  I strongly doubt that the Kinsey Institute (part of Indiana University, and arguably the most famous and well-established institute for the study of human sexuality) would be endorsing an unaccredited institution on its website. 68.251.248.137 (talk) 04:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Check and mate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.246.55.236 (talk) 07:59, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, you're right about that part. However, in an attempt to verify it, Google and the search engines gave me contradictory results regarding the school's accreditation status. The detail about the school being unaccredited should be left out. Besides, that is an issue for an article on the school. This is not an article on the school, but about someone who happens to have a "degree" from the school. It is worthy of mention, whether the school is accredited or not. A compromise would be to remove the sentence about her qualifications as a result of the degree. The sentence as it currently is looks like an attack. --Core des at talk. ^_^ 08:15, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The fact that one of the institute's accreditations does not provide the accreditation for a PhD program does not imply that it is not properly accredited. The IASHS is accredited, by Superintendent of Public Instruction of the California State Department of Education under California Education, under Code Section 94310(b). Dougwightman (talk) 20:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Further support:  http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/centers.html.  I strongly doubt that the Kinsey Institute (part of Indiana University, and arguably the most famous and well-established institute for the study of human sexuality) would be endorsing an unaccredited institution on its website. 68.251.248.137 (talk) 04:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The fact that one of the institute's accreditations does not provide the accreditation for a PhD program does not imply that it is not properly accredited. The IASHS is accredited, by Superintendent of Public Instruction of the California State Department of Education under California Education, under Code Section 94310(b). Dougwightman (talk) 20:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Further support:  http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/centers.html.  I strongly doubt that the Kinsey Institute (part of Indiana University, and arguably the most famous and well-established institute for the study of human sexuality) would be endorsing an unaccredited institution on its website. 68.251.248.137 (talk) 04:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Further support:  http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/centers.html.  I strongly doubt that the Kinsey Institute (part of Indiana University, and arguably the most famous and well-established institute for the study of human sexuality) would be endorsing an unaccredited institution on its website. 68.251.248.137 (talk) 04:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Sharon Mitchell's page has been repeatedly altered to indicate that her degree is not from an accredited organization. This is a malicious, defamatory act. Not only is the organization accredited, but this argument has been repeatedly refuted over the last two years as detailed below and in the page revision history. Dougwightman (talk) 20:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There needs to be extreme care taken on this issue per WP:BLP. In a nutshell, the PhD program at IASHS is not considered legitimate by any of the major bodies that accredit degree-granting programs in the US. Its accreditation by the California Superintendent of Public Instruction is meaningless – its the equivalent of a business license. Have a look at the article on Columbia Pacific University for another example of such a generally unrecognized borderline diploma mill. Sharon Mitchell has been criticized for touting this degree, however, I'm not sure if such criticism comes from anybody other than blogosphere sources, who generally don't rise to the level of WP:VERIFY, especially when it comes to BLP articles. On the other hand, to simply state that she has a PhD, without comment, is slanting the issue in the opposite direction. In any event, her degree status is a contentious issue and it concerns a living person. Basically, this section needs solid referencing or it needs to go. Iamcuriousblue (talk) 17:50, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Her date of birth
She was born in 1958 not 1956. Listen to the first four minutes of her interview with The Rialto Report. http://www.therialtoreport.com/2014/04/06/sharon-mitchell-punk-rock-porn-star-podcast-34/ (14.192.209.216 (talk) 02:59, 4 September 2016 (UTC))

Porndemic
Mitchell is featured in the 2018 documentary film Porndemic. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 07:22, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sharon Mitchell


text:
Howard Smith

Howard Smith may refer to:

Government and politics

 * H. Alexander Smith (1880–1966), U.S. senator from New Jersey
 * Howard E. Smith (Minnesota politician) (1917–2011), American businessman and Minnesota state legislator
 * Howard W. Smith (1883–1976), U.S. representative from Virginia
 * Howard Smith (diplomat) (1919–1996), British ambassador and director general of MI5, 1979–1981

Arts and entertainment

 * Howard Smith (actor) (1893–1968), American actor
 * Howard Smith (director) (1936–2014), American film director, journalist and broadcaster
 * Howie Smith (born 1943), musician
 * Howard Everett Smith (1885–1970), American painter
 * Howard Philips Smith (born 1956), American writer, novelist, and photographer

Other

 * Howard Alan Smith, astrophysicist and author
 * Howard Bradley Smith (1894–?), American author
 * Howard Dwight Smith (1886–1958), American architect
 * Howard K. Smith (1914–2002), American journalist
 * Howard Smith (footballer) (1878–1909), Australian footballer for St Kilda
 * Howard Van Smith (1909–1987), American journalist
 * Howard Smith (bobsleigh) (born 1956), British Olympic bobsledder
 * Howard Smith Limited, former Australian industrial company

title: Howard Smith


text: User talk:68.49.121.25

title: User talk:68.49.121.25


text:
Mizuno Shinryu

The Mizuno Shinryū/Jinryū was a late-World War II Japanese rocket-powered interceptor. While the Jinryū was still in development, Mizuno began to develop an interceptor which both the Army and Navy air force were in desperate need of to fend off the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. When Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, all aircraft that were under development were stopped, including the Jinryū & Shinryū II. The Shinryū II was the second aircraft developed in Japan to use a canard design, after the Kyushu J7W Shinden.

Development
In June 1944, the first Boeing B-29 Superfortresses appeared over Japan. It was the start of bombing campaign that would see key Japanese cities, infrastructure and industries reduced to ashes through conventional and firebombing raids. With the aircraft industry being a priority target, the Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau (海軍航空本部) looked to ways to combat the B-29 menace. One concept was a point defence interceptor that could quickly rise to meet the bombers and so the Mizuno Shinryū was born. However, the development of the Shinryū began with designs for a far more conventional craft.

In November 1944, the Navy Aviation Bureau looked into the possibilities of an aircraft to undertake suicide missions (神風). While the mission was not unique, the fact that the aircraft being investigated would be a glider was. The Bureau envisioned that gliders would be launched with rocket boosters from caves or shore positions and pilots would guide the aircraft and the 100 kg explosive payload inside it into Allied ships or tanks should the Japanese home islands be invaded. The Bureau assigned the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal (海軍航空技術廠) at Yokosuka the task of turning the glider into reality. The project was led by Shigeki Sakakibara who staffed a number of teams that would each be responsible for one part of the glider. The different sections were the wings, the fuselage, control surfaces, aerodynamic testing and test flights once the prototype was complete. The Navy Aviation Bureau gave instructions that the glider must be built from as much wood as possible.

This restriction was imposed for two reasons. The first was that in using wood and keeping the use of metal to an absolute minimum, the glider could be manufactured in any small shop using only wood working tools, and secondly, as a consequence, what metals were available would be conserved for other military uses. Much of the glider's design was conceived by Yoshio Akita. A number of concepts were discussed and sketched and after much deliberation among Akita and his teams the design was complete by May 1945, and the Mizuno Corporation, a small glider manufacturer better known for sports equipment, had almost finished the prototype.

The glider was very simple and used a high-wing monoplane form. The straight and flat wings were wide but had a short span and were designed to ensure that the glider was easy to handle given that inexperienced pilots would be at the controls. Also, the platform would be able to accommodate the rocket engines that were to be used to boost the glider into the air. The pilot sat in an open cockpit. The design was sent to the Navy Aviation Bureau for review. Sakakibara studied the plans and projections and after his analysis it was felt the glider was flawed and changes were necessary.

After these had been made the design was approved. Work began on the revised Jinryū, as the glider was now called, by the middle of June 1945. To hasten the construction, the finalised blueprints and work plans for the Jinryū were drawn up even as the components for the first prototype were being built. Construction of the Jinryū was again given to Mizuno. Working around the clock, the company completed two prototypes with such speed that wind tunnel testing of the design was still underway. In fact, the first flight of the Jinryū occurred even before the results of the testing had been provided to Tonsho and Sakakibara. Tashiichi Narabayashi was the pilot who flew the maiden flight in mid-July 1945 at the airfield in Ishioka, a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, about 90 km northeast of Tokyo. The Jinryū was towed into the air by a Tachikawa Ki-9, piloted by Saburo Fujikura, a man known for his skill in flying gliders prior to the beginning of the war.

For the first test, Narabayashi assessed the Jinryū's handling. On landing, his opinion was that the glider was stable and possessed good handling characteristics. For the second flight Narabayashi would investigate the Jinryū's diving capability and after a few bounces on the ground the Ki-9 and the Jinryū took off. At a height of 2300 m, Narabayashi went to cast off from the Ki-9 but found that the tow rope release had stuck; however, he was able to cut the rope and proceed with the test flight. When Narabayashi put the Jinryū into a dive and had reached 300 km/h, the glider began to vibrate to such a degree that he was unable to read the gauges. Pulling the nose up to bleed off speed, Narabayashi discovered that the vibrations ceased. During his descent Narabayashi examined the vibrations and after landing the issue was reviewed. The conclusion was that the tail was not sufficiently reinforced and the vertical stabiliser was too small.

The Jinryū was modified by adding some strengthening in the tail and fitting a second stabiliser. The changes were later validated both in the air and in the wind tunnel testing of the modified Jinryū model. Before flying the Jinryū, Narabayashi had suspected that the aircraft would have stability problems which, as was seen, proved to be the case. With the handling and flight characteristics of the Jinryū proven, the testing moved to the next phase - that of-powered flight. The glider was relocated to an airfield in Kasumigaura, about 19 km north of Ishioka. Here, the Jinryū was modified to accept a group of three Toku-Ro I Type I rocket engines that together would produce 300 kg of thrust during a 10-second burn.

Testing of the rocket array showed two serious flaws. The first was the quality of the rockets that resulted in a number of failures. The second was the inconsistency of the burn times. Narabayashi noted his concerns and forwarded them to Major Suganuma who had been placed in charge of the Jinryū project. In addition to expressing his doubts about the rocket engines, he also stated that the Jinryū would be unsuited for shinpu missions because, despite the changes made to the glider to improve the flight characteristics, it was a challenging aircraft to fly. Narabayashi suggested that instead of being used for shinpu operations, the glider should be modified to take six rocket engines each with a 30-second burn time. He estimated that at maximum burn the Jinryū could attain a speed of 750 km/h, and for weapons he envisioned that it could carry ten explosive charges adapted from artillery shells used by the IJA in their 100 mm guns (likely the Type 92). Not only did Narabayashi agree that the Jinryū could be used against tanks and ships but added that it could also be used to attack US B-29 bombers.

Despite the issues with the rockets work continued on preparing the Jinryū for powered flight. Major Suganuma, however, would become the catalyst for the Shinryū II's continued development. Taking Narabayashi's concerns on board, Suganuma formed a team to revise the Jinryū and produce a design for an interceptor rather than a glider; Suganuma was especially interested in this idea since he had access to rocket engines that promised 32-second burn times. Two people were retained from the Jinryū project: Sakakibara, the lead designer, and Yoshio Tonsho who would oversee the construction of the prototype. Yujiro Murakami was tasked with the aerodynamic testing of the Shinryū II. All of those assigned to develop the Shinryū II were ordered by Suganuma to maintain the utmost secrecy. Unlike the Jinryū, the Shinryū II was to be built from the outset as an interceptor. Sakakibara would use a canard design that made this the second Japanese aircraft to be developed during the war with such a feature (the first was the Kyushu J7W Shinden). In addition, the main wings had a platform similar to a cropped delta. These design features were included as a means of ensuring stability in flight as well as good handling characteristics. Since the average Japanese pilot had little experience with canard equipped aircraft, the Shinryū II had spoilers fitted into the top of each main wing. Each spoiler was able to rotate between 60 degrees and 90 degrees and if the mechanism for controlling the spoilers was damaged, they would automatically return to the closed position. The pilot was provided with an enclosed cockpit. For power, the Shinryū II was to use four Toku-Ro I Type 2 rocket engines located in the rear of the fuselage. Each engine provided a 30-second burn time and all together up to 600 kg of thrust could be delivered. Two rockets would be used to get the Shinryū II airborne while the other two engines would be used when making the attack. There was a concern regarding the operating temperatures of the Toku Ro rockets and two methods of cooling the engines were considered. The first would have utilised an air-cooled combustion chamber that would have required an air inlet using a bayonet mechanism in order to maintain air flow across the chamber. It also would have required specific positioning of the fuel injectors so as not to have the air flow disrupt the injection process. The second method would use injectors which sprayed a water and alcohol mixture onto the rocket nozzle, cooling it.

In reviewing the two solutions for cooling, it was determined that the water/alcohol system would be the simplest to implement. No provision was made for a wheeled landing gear system and skids were used. A nose skid was provided with a basic spring suspension to absorb the landing forces. Under each wing was a non-sprung skid arrangement supported by two struts. For take-off the Shinryū II was to use a two wheeled dolly similar to the one used by the Mitsubishi J8M Shūsui. Once airborne the pilot could jettison the dolly. In addition to conventional runway take-off procedures, other methods for launching the Shinryū II were considered but what exactly these were is not known. It can be speculated that towing the Shinryū II aloft was one consideration. Another may have been air dropping the Shinryū II in the same manner as the Kūgishō MXY7 Ōka. In both cases this may have preserved two of the rocket engines which would have been used up had the Shinryū II taken off from the ground. In order to combat the B-29, which could operate at altitudes up to 10000 m, the Shinryū II was to be equipped with a pressurised cockpit or, if such a cockpit proved problematic, the pilot would wear a pressure suit.

For weapons, the Shinryū II was to be armed with eight rockets. Attached to the inside of the rear landing skid arrangement were four tubes, one on top of the other and angled downwards, which contained the rockets. There has been some conjecture as to the mission objective of the Shinryū II. Some sources make the case that the Shinryū II was to be used like the MXY7 while others come to the conclusion that the Shinryū II was to attack armoured ground targets such as tanks. In both cases these sources state that the nose of the Shinryū II contained an impact fused explosive warhead and once the rocket armament was expended, the pilot would crash the aircraft into his final target using the warhead to deliver the coup de grâce. However, analysis of the Shinryū II shows that neither mission was likely. The aircraft would have been far more complex to build than the Toka or Ōka and the Shinryū II was constructed for maneuverability, high altitude operation and the means to land. In addition, using the Shinryū II for shinpu missions against tanks makes little sense when there were other simpler and more effective means (both already in service and under development) to eliminate armour.

Perhaps this is a case of the Jinryū glider's role being applied to the Shinryū II, or an assumption based on the fact that, like the IJN's other special attack aircraft such as the Kikka, Baika and Toka, the Shinryū II possessed no letter/numerical designation. So, by extension, the Shinryū II must also have been a special attack weapon. This, of course, is not to say that the pilot could not choose to use the Shinryū II as a shinpu aircraft. As an interceptor, the Shinryū II had a similar role to the Mitsubishi J8M Shūsui and the German Bachem Ba 349 Natter, which the Japanese were aware of and obtained data on (although the plans never made it to Japan). Like the J8M and Ba349, and due to the limited range afforded by the rocket engines, the Shinryū II would have to be positioned close to targets that were likely to be bombed. And like the J8M, the Shinryū II would have used a jettisonable wheeled dolly to take-off while firing a pair of its rocket engines. Unlike the J8M which burned up all of its fuel at once, the Shinryū II had a second set of rocket engines which could be used to sustain flight endurance or to increase speed during the attack. In the same way as the Ba349, the Shinryū II would be armed with rocket projectiles, likely fired as a group to affect a spread pattern, to bring down the bomber target. Finally, akin to the J8M, once the fuel and ammunition were expended, the Shinryū II would glide back to its base to be recovered, refueled and rearmed.

The Shinryū II would never be built because the end of the hostilities in August 1945 terminated any further work on the design. Likewise, the Jinryū glider would never fly under power. After the failure of the rocket motors during ground tests, the war came to a close before more suitable and reliable motors could be acquired and tested. Mizuno completed a total of five Jinryū gliders.

Variants

 * Mizuno Jinryū "Divine Dragon"
 * Special attack aircraft. Mizuno's only (known) plane to be ordered into production. 5 glider prototypes produced.

 * Mizuno Shinryū II "Divine Dragon"
 * Rocket Interceptor with 4 rocket pods stacked on each other under each wing. Designed to intercept the B-29 Superfortress in a similar fashion to the Bachem Ba 349. None built.

Operators

 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

title: Mizuno Shinryu


text:
Columbus Avenue

Columbus Avenue may refer to:

 * Columbus Avenue (Boston)
 * Columbus Avenue (Manhattan)
 * Columbus Avenue (San Francisco)
 * Columbus Avenue Cable Line, M7 (New York City bus)
 * Columbus Avenue Historic District, in Sandusky, Ohio

title: Columbus Avenue


text:
Eddie Calvert

Albert Edward Calvert (15 March 1922 – 7 August 1978 ) was an English trumpeter successful in the 1950s. Between 1953 and 1958 he achieved seven instrumental hits on the UK Singles Chart, including the two 1955 chart-toppers "Oh, Mein Papa" in 1953 and "Cherry Pink (and Apple Blossom White)".

Biography
Calvert was born in Preston, Lancashire, England and grew up in a family where the music of his local brass band featured highly. He was soon able to play a variety of instruments but was most accomplished on the trumpet. At the age of 11 he joined the Preston Town Silver Band. After the Second World War, invalided out of the Army, he borrowed money from his father to get his first job in a Manchester band and graduated from playing as an amateur in brass bands to professional engagements with popular dance orchestras of the day, including Geraldo's plus Billy Ternent, and he soon became renowned for the virtuosity of his performances. Following his exposure on television with the Stanley Black Orchestra, an enthusiastic announcer introduced him as the "Man with the Golden Trumpet" – an apt description that remained with him for the rest of his musical career.

Calvert's style was unusually individualistic, and he became a familiar musician on BBC Radio and TV during the 1950s. He first recorded for Melodisc c. 1949–1951 before he started to record for EMI's Columbia label and his records included two UK number ones, "Oh, Mein Papa" and, more than a year later, "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White". He was the first British instrumentalist to achieve two number ones. "Oh, Mein Papa" topped the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks (then a UK chart record), and he received the first gold disc awarded for a UK instrumental track. The record also sold well in the United States, reached No. 6 on the Billboard charts.

Further chart entries were "John and Julie", taken from the soundtrack of the film John and Juliet, and "Mandy", his last major hit. Other recordings included "Stranger in Paradise" (1955), "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1956) and "Jealousy" (1960). Calvert co-wrote the song "My Son, My Son", which was a hit for Vera Lynn in 1954. In spite of being an instrumental, his theme music for the film The Man with the Golden Arm was banned by the BBC "due to its connection with a film about drugs".

In 1956 he was invited by orchestra leader Norrie Paramor and their mutual friends Ruby Murray and Michael Holliday to record an extended-play single with four tracks. Calvert played "Silent Night" and on another track he, Murray and Holliday teamed up in a version of "Good Luck, Good Health, God Bless You". The single, released by Columbia Records, achieved some success in Britain but was more popular in Australia and South Africa.

As music began to change in the 1960s with the worldwide popularity of groups like the Beatles and the rock n' roll genre, Calvert's musical renditions became less popular among record buyers. By 1968 Calvert had become disillusioned with life under the Labour government of Harold Wilson and was especially critical of London's policy towards Rhodesia. After a world tour that included several stops in Africa, he left the UK, making South Africa his home. He continued to perform there, and was a regular visitor to Rhodesia. He continued to record for the local market and performed a version of "Amazing Grace", retitled "Amazing Race", specially adapted for Rhodesia.

In 1974 Eddie became Chief promoter for the Cultural Section of the West Rand Bantu Affairs Administration Board. His mission was to improve the entertainment scene in Soweto, improving the venues, booking top talent and ensuring promoters acted fairly. In an interview with the Sunday Times he said "From now on, no black artist will be exploited by a white promoter. Any white promoter found in Soweto will be arrested". Not all artistes were in favour of the proposals saying the board was acting with an 'iron hand', but Eddie insisted that he would stop at nothing to give Soweto the best in entertainment. Calvert also supported many multi-racial causes, including performing at a charity fundraising concert for the Drakensberg children's charity.

On 7 August 1978, Calvert collapsed and died of a heart attack in the bathroom of his home in Rivonia, Johannesburg. He was 56 years old.

Early recordings

 * Melodisc – 78rpm (c 1949–1951)
 * 1022 Eddie Calvert & His Rumba Band – "Miserlou" / Eddie Calvert & Orchestra – "Hora Samba"
 * 1023 Eddie Calvert & Orchestra – "Gypsy Lullaby" / "Son Mambo"
 * 1178 Eddie Calvert & Orchestra – "With A Song in My Heart" / "Kiss Me Again"
 * Melodisc 45rpm EP (c 1955)
 * EPM 7–58 Eddie Calvert and His Rumba Band – Eddie Calvert Plays Latin American – "Miserlou" / "Hora Samba" / "Gypsy Lullaby" / "Son Mambo"

UK singles chart discography

 * "Oh, Mein Papa" (No. 1) – 1953
 * "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" (No.1) – 1955
 * "Stranger in Paradise" (No. 14) – 1955
 * "John and Julie" (No. 6) – 1955
 * "Zambesi" (No.13) – 1956
 * "Mandy (La Panse)" (No. 9) – 1958
 * "Little Serenade" (No. 28) – 1958

title: Eddie Calvert


text:
Caher Island

Caher Island (Cathair na Naomh in Irish), an uninhabited island off the coast of County Mayo in Ireland, is situated between the larger Clare Island and Inishturk.

Etymology
Cathair na Naomh in Irish means the City of the Saints.

History
An ancient centre for pilgrimage, it is still visited for this reason today. On 15 August each year, the Feast of the Assumption, there is a pilgrimage to the island.

The island has an Early Christian monastery with the remains of a chapel in an enclosure and several carved slabs. The island appears to hold the remains of hermitages of seventh century monks.

After being widowed in 1565, the legendary pirate queen and Irish clan leader Gráinne Mhaol (Grace O'Malley) allegedly took a shipwrecked sailor as her lover. The affair only lasted briefly as he was killed in a deliberate provocation by Clan MacMahon of Ballyvoy. Seeking vengeance, O'Malley attacked Clan MacMahon's stronghold of Doona Castle in Blacksod Bay and slew her lover's killers upon Caher Island. Her vengeance against Clan MacMahon earned Gráinne Mhaol the sinister nickname the 'Dark Lady of Doona'.

Access to the island
The island is accessed by boat from Inishturk. Caher can only be accessed reasonably safely by approaching with a small boat, such as a currach, from the east to the point marked as Portatemple on the charts. This is not a safe harbour, as heavy Atlantic swells can break through even on rare calm days. The comment on the chart for the area, "The entire area of irregular depths up to 4 miles offshore between Clew Bay and Killary harbour 10 miles further south, breaks in bad weather" reflects the fact that even in moderate swell conditions of less than 5 metres, peaks can rise and break unexpectedly.

title: Caher Island


text:
Hoogsteen base pair

A Hoogsteen base pair is a variation of base-pairing in nucleic acids such as the A•T pair. In this manner, two nucleobases, one on each strand, can be held together by hydrogen bonds in the major groove. A Hoogsteen base pair applies the N7 position of the purine base (as a hydrogen bond acceptor) and C6 amino group (as a donor), which bind the Watson–Crick (N3–C4) face of the pyrimidine base.

History
Ten years after James Watson and Francis Crick published their model of the DNA double helix, Karst Hoogsteen reported a crystal structure of a complex in which analogues of A and T formed a base pair that had a different geometry from that described by Watson and Crick. Similarly, an alternative base-pairing geometry can occur for G•C pairs. Hoogsteen pointed out that if the alternative hydrogen-bonding patterns were present in DNA, then the double helix would have to assume a quite different shape. Hoogsteen base pairs are observed in alternative structures such as the four-stranded G-quadruplex structures that form in DNA and RNA.

Chemical properties
Hoogsteen pairs have quite different properties from Watson–Crick base pairs. The angle between the two glycosidic bonds (ca. 80° in the A• T pair) is larger and the C1–C1 distance (ca. 860 pm or 8.6 Å) is smaller than in the regular geometry. In some cases, called reversed Hoogsteen base pairs, one base is rotated 180° with respect to the other.

In some DNA sequences, especially CA and TA dinucleotides, Hoogsteen base pairs exist as transient entities that are present in thermal equilibrium with standard Watson–Crick base pairs. The detection of the transient species required the use of NMR relaxation dispersion spectroscopy applied to macromolecules.

Hoogsteen base pairs have been observed in protein–DNA complexes. Some proteins have evolved to recognize only one base-pair type, and use intermolecular interactions to shift the equilibrium between the two geometries.

DNA has many features that allow its sequence-specific recognition by proteins. This recognition was originally thought to primarily involve specific hydrogen-bonding interactions between amino-acid side chains and bases. But it soon became clear that there was no identifiable one-to-one correspondence — that is, there was no simple code to be read. Part of the problem is that DNA can undergo conformational changes that distort the classical double helix. The resulting variations alter the presentation of DNA bases to proteins molecules and thus affect the recognition mechanism.

As distortions in the double helix are themselves are dependent on base sequence, proteins are able to recognize DNA in a manner similar to the way that they recognize other proteins and small ligand molecules, i.e. via geometric shape (instead of the specific sequence). For example, stretches of A and T bases can lead to narrowing the minor groove of DNA (the narrower of the two grooves in the double helix), resulting in enhanced local negative electrostatic potentials which in turn creates binding sites for positively charged arginine amino-acid residues on the protein.

Triplex structures

This non-Watson–Crick base-pairing allows the third strands to wind around the duplexes, which are assembled in the Watson–Crick pattern, and form triple-stranded helices such as (poly(dA)•2poly(dT)) and (poly(rG)•2poly(rC)). It can be also seen in three-dimensional structures of transfer RNA, as T54•A58 and U8•A14.

Triple-helix base pairing
Watson–Crick base pairs are indicated by a "•", "-", or a "." (example: A•T, or poly(rC)•2poly(rC)).

Hoogsteen triple-stranded DNA base pairs are indicated by a "*" or a ":" (example: C•G*C+, T•A*T, C•G*G, or T•A*A).

Quadruplex structures
Hoogsteen pairs also allows formation of secondary structures of single stranded DNA and RNA G-rich called G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA and G4-RNA). Evidence exists for both in vitro and in vivo formation of G4s. Genomic G4s have been suggested to regulate gene transcription and at the RNA level inhibit protein synthesis through steric inhibition of ribosome function. It needs four triplets of G, separated by short spacers. This permits assembly of planar quartets which are composed of stacked associations of Hoogsteen bonded guanine molecules.

title: Hoogsteen base pair


text:
Eugene Mirman

Eugene Boris Mirman (born July 24, 1974) is a Russian-American actor, comedian, and writer, known for playing Yvgeny Mirminsky on Delocated and Gene Belcher on the animated comedy Bob's Burgers.

Early life
Mirman was born Evgeniy Borisovich Mirman (Евгений Борисович Мирман) on July 24, 1974, in Moscow, Russia, when the country was part of the Soviet Union, to Boris Mirman, a Latvian Jew, and Marina, a Russian Jew. His father was a civil engineer. His family immigrated to the United States when he was four years old, and settled in Lexington, Massachusetts, where Mirman attended William Diamond Middle School and Lexington High School. After arriving in the United States, his name was anglicized, his first name being changed to its English form, Eugene, and his patronymic Borisovich being shortened to simply Boris.

Mirman is a graduate of Hampshire College in Western Massachusetts. As part of the college's "design your own major" program, Mirman graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in comedy, with a one-hour routine as his thesis. He returned to his high school to deliver its 2009 commencement address. He returned to Hampshire to deliver the 2012 commencement speech as well.

Stand-up
In 2004, Mirman released The Absurd Nightclub Comedy of Eugene Mirman, a CD/DVD on Suicide Squeeze Records. The album was voted one of the Best Albums of 2004 by both The A.V. Club and Time Out New York. His second album, En Garde, Society was released by Sub Pop in 2006. Three years later, Mirman released another comedy album, God Is a Twelve-Year-Old Boy with Asperger's, which was recorded in Chicago at the Lakeshore Theatre. In 2012, Mirman released An Evening of Comedy in a Fake, Underground Laboratory.

Mirman has appeared at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado, the Just for Laughs Festival in Montreal, Bumbershoot and South by Southwest. He co-produced the weekly standup-variety show Invite Them Up with Bobby Tisdale and Holly Schlesinger, which won a Nightlife Award. Guests included the comedians Mike Birbiglia, Aziz Ansari, David Cross, and Chelsea Peretti. He currently produces Pretty Good Friends (formerly Tearing the Veil of Maya) at Union Hall in Park Slope, Brooklyn with Julie Smith, which has been voted the best comedy night in New York City by New York Magazine. Similar to comedians David Cross and Patton Oswalt, Mirman often performs in rock clubs and theaters as opposed to traditional comedy clubs. Often touring the US, Mirman occasionally opens for the comedy troupe Stella (former members of The State). He has opened for various bands such as The Shins and toured with Modest Mouse, Yo La Tengo, Gogol Bordello, Andrew Bird, and Cake. In 2012, Mirman stated that opening for musicians is uncommon and that music concerts pay three times that of a comedy gig. Mirman also toured with Patton Oswalt, Brian Posehn and Maria Bamford on the Comedians of Comedy tour. He has toured as an opener for the comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and was a regular actor on their HBO series, and he also toured with Andy Kindler and Marc Maron in Stand Uppity.

In January 2010, Mirman performed standup comedy on John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show on Comedy Central.

Mirman's Eugene Mirman Comedy Festival ran for 10 years from 2008 to 2017.

On April 10, 2015, Mirman filmed a live stand-up special in Tucson, Arizona, directed by Bobcat Goldthwait. The special was released on Netflix in 2015 as Eugene Mirman: Vegan on His Way to the Complain Store.

Television
Mirman has appeared on several TV shows, including Late Night with Conan O'Brien, HBO's Flight of the Conchords as the character Eugene, the BBC's Russell Howard's Good News, Comedy Central Presents, Delocated, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Comedy Central's Premium Blend, VH1, Third Watch, Cartoon Network's Home Movies, Cheap Seats, Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil and more. He also played a spokes-potato on Food Network.

In 2010, Mirman co-starred with Phill Jupitus in the Dave TV movie Comedy Exchange. In late 2010, Mirman performed on the Comedy Central show The Benson Interruption.

On February 21, 2011, Mirman appeared on The Colbert Report as a fertility clown. On April 4, 2013, Mirman provided the voice for Cecil Tunt, multi-millionaire brother of Cheryl/Carol Tunt on FX's Archer. On March 13, 2016, Mirman appeared on Last Week Tonight as a hacker.

Mirman voices the character Gene Belcher on the Fox animated series Bob's Burgers.

Mirman was a guest voice as Emperor Keith Merman in the Netflix original The Adventures of Puss in Boots. Mirman voices the character Burger on the animated show Apple & Onion.

Radio and podcasts
In January 2009, Mirman released a satirical self-help book entitled The Will to Whatevs.

He often appears on StarTalk Radio, hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson. He has also appeared several times on the TV adaptation.

Mirman guest starred as an "Expert witness" on humorist John Hodgman's podcast Judge John Hodgman.

Mirman appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor Podcast on April 24, 2015. The episode was recorded live as part of the 2015 Eugene Mirman Comedy Festival in Boston.

Mirman plays a supporting role of Benny the gerbil on the children's podcast This Podcast Has Fleas in 2017.

Mirman hosted his own podcast, Hold On with Eugene Mirman, in 2017–18.

Personal life
On September 7, 2015, Mirman wed his longtime partner Katie Westfall-Tharp (1980–2020). She was a set decorator who worked on such productions as Inside Amy Schumer and Human Giant. The two remained married until Westfall-Tharp's death from cancer on January 29, 2020. They have one son, born in 2016.

In 2023, Mirman married comedian Therese Plaehn.

Discography

 * The Absurd Nightclub Comedy of Eugene Mirman (2004)
 * Invite Them Up (2005)
 * En Garde, Society! (2006)
 * Comedians of Comedy 3" Tour CD (2006)
 * God Is a Twelve-Year-Old Boy with Asperger's (2009)
 * An Evening of Comedy In a Fake Underground Laboratory (2012)
 * I'm Sorry (You're Welcome) (2015)

title: Eugene Mirman


text:
Talk:Jean-Pierre Raffarin

Untitled
I attempted to make this entry a bit more neutral and ordered. I thus created a "Critics" section as it is customary for politicians. I fail to see why the Taiwan speech is mentioned... Matthieu

I think that the famous quote is "la route est droite, mais la pente est forte". A little google search for this sentance brought the blog from the people in charge of correcting mistakes at Le Monde, which are generally very careful about the words they are using and the correctness of what they are publishing. I leave the responsability of the update to anyone who wishes to do it by the way. http://correcteurs.blog.lemonde.fr/correcteurs/2005/05/raffarinade.html

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title: Talk:Jean-Pierre Raffarin


text:
Evolutionary epistemology

Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct topics: (1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, (2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection, and (3) the study of the historical discovery of new abstract entities such as abstract number or abstract value that necessarily precede the individual acquisition and usage of such abstractions. As a branch of inquiry in epistemology, evolutionary epistemology lies at the crossroads of philosophy and evolutionary biology.

Cognition in biological evolution
can refer to a branch of inquiry in epistemology that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of animal and human cognition. It argues that the mind is in part genetically determined and that its structure and function reflect adaptation, a nonteleological process of interaction between the organism and its environment. A cognitive trait tending to increase inclusive fitness in a given population should therefore grow more common over time, and a trait tending to prevent its carriers from passing on their genes should show up less and less frequently.

Growth of knowledge
can also refer to a theory that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of human knowledge, and argues that units of knowledge themselves, particularly scientific theories, evolve according to selection. In this case, a theory—like the germ theory of disease—becomes more or less credible according to changes in the body of knowledge surrounding it.

One of the hallmarks of evolutionary epistemology is the notion that empirical testing alone does not justify the pragmatic value of scientific theories, but rather that social and methodological processes select those theories with the closest "fit" to a given problem. The mere fact that a theory has survived the most rigorous empirical tests available does not, in the calculus of probability, predict its ability to survive future testing. Karl Popper used Newtonian physics as an example of a body of theories so thoroughly confirmed by testing as to be considered unassailable, but which were nevertheless overturned by Einstein's insights into the nature of space-time. For the evolutionary epistemologist, all theories are true only provisionally, regardless of the degree of empirical testing they have survived.

Process of discovering new abstract entities
can also refer to the opposite of (onto)genetic epistemology, namely phylogenetic epistemology as the historical discovery and reification of abstractions that necessarily precedes the learning of such abstractions by individuals. Jean Piaget dismissed this possibility, stating

"The fundamental hypothesis of genetic epistemology is that there is a parallelism between the progress made in the logical and rational organization of knowledge and the corresponding formative psychological processes. Well, now, if that is our hypothesis, what will be our field of study? Of course the most fruitful, most obvious field of study would be reconstituting human history: the history of human thinking in prehistoric man. Unfortunately, we are not very well informed about the psychology of Neanderthal man or about the psychology of  of Teilhard de Chardin. Since this field of biogenesis is not available to us, we shall do as biologists do and turn to ontogenesis.  Nothing could be more accessible to study than the ontogenesis of these notions. There are children all around us.'"

Piaget was mistaken in so quickly dismissing the study of phylogenetic epistemology, as there is much historical data available about the origins and evolution of the various notational systems that reify different kinds of abstract entity.

Karl Popper gave its first comprehensive treatment in his 1970 article "Sketch of an Evolutionary Epistemology", after Donald T. Campbell had coined the phrase in a letter to Popper in 1963. Campbell wrote on evolutionary epistemology in 1974; Piaget alluded to it in 1968 and described the concept as one of five possible theories in The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1936).

Criticism
In the scheme of K. Popper, the problem with which the process begins is not defined, making it impossible to predict the outcome to which the cycle of knowledge will lead.

P1 → TT → EE → P2

A problem (P1) gives rise to attempts to solve it by tentative theories (TT). These are submitted to a critical process of error elimination (EE). The errors which we detect give rise to new problems (P2).

Additionally, the "specifically human language" is not included in the operation of the scheme. If "All organisms are problem solvers: problems arise with the emergence of life", then death is the absolute problem that creates various derivatives (P1,2,...,n), which are overcome by the evolution of life and knowledge.

If language is included in the operation of the scheme, then the issue of qualitative transitions in knowledge is addressed, where new levels of problems become accessible only with the presence of a new language. Just as the world of Planck units is described only with the language of Quantum mechanics, and not by correcting errors in Classical mechanics, which is not reflected in Popper's scheme. The proposed scheme involving language:

L1 → P1 → TT → EE → L2 → P2

Where L1 is the language that allows one to see the problem; L2 is the new language that allows one to see new spaces of problems.

title: Evolutionary epistemology


text:
Template talk:Infobox British Political Party

Please note when editing this template that it is used on Sinn Fein, with the addition of links to Irish politics, due to Sinn Fein being a transnational political party, with representatives in both the UK and the RoI. Talrias (t | e | c) 22:10, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Chairman
I've removed the "chairman" field for two reasons. Firstly, it is misnamed; "Chair" is a far more common post. Secondly, it is not present in many articles, and so looks terrible there. Warofdreams talk 01:13, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Legalise Cannabis Alliance
I note use of the template in Legalise Cannabis Alliance. The Legalise Cannabis Alliance has ceased to function as a political party, and I am wondering if there is a more suitable template for the page. Laurel Bush 15:37, 4 December 2007 (UTC).


text:
Seuthopolis

Seuthopolis (Ancient Greek: Σευθόπολις) was an ancient hellenistic-type city founded by the Thracian king Seuthes III between 325–315 BC which was the capital of the Odrysian kingdom.

Its ruins are now located at the bottom of the Koprinka Reservoir near Kazanlak, Stara Zagora Province, in central Bulgaria. Several kilometres north of the city is the Valley of the Thracian Rulers where many magnificent royal tombs are located.

Description
Seuthopolis was not a true polis, but rather the seat of Seuthes and his court. His palace had a dual role, functioning also as a sanctuary of the Cabeiri, the gods of Samothrace. Most of the space within the city was occupied not by homes but by official structures, the majority of the people living outside the city. It had Thracian and Greek populace. In 281 BC it was sacked by Celts.

The dual role of Seuthes' palace (royal court and sanctuary) indicates that Seuthes was a priest–king: the high priest of the Cabeiri among the Odrysian Thracians. According to Seuthopolis’ sign, the sanctuary of Dionysius/Sabazios was situated on the square.

The cemetery of Seuthopolis included a number of brick tholos tombs, some covered by tumuli, in which the upper-class were interred, sometimes along with their horses. The less affluent were cremated, with modest grave goods laid alongside.

Dam flooding
The ruins of the city were discovered and excavated in 1948 by Bulgarian archeologists during the construction of the Georgi Dimitrov (later renamed Koprinka) Reservoir. However, it was decided to continue with the construction and flood the dam, leaving Seuthopolis at its bottom. Despite the importance of the discovery, the government gave the archaeologists 6 years to research and preserve as much of the city as they could.

One of the most important archaeological finds is the so-called "Great inscription" found in 1953 in the palace-citadel. It is written in Greek, which indicates that Thracians were already hellenised in the 3rd century BC.

Dam wall proposal
In 2005, Bulgarian architect Zheko Tilev proposed a project to uncover, preserve and reconstruct the city of Seuthopolis (the best-preserved Thracian city in Bulgaria) by means of a dam wall surrounding the ruins in the middle of the dam, enabling the site's inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and making it a tourist destination of world importance. Tourists would be transported to the site by boats. The round wall, 420 metres in diameter, would enable visitors to see the city from 20 metres above and would also feature "hanging gardens", glass lifts, a quay, restaurants, cafés, shops, ateliers, etc. It would be illuminated at night.

The project was donated by the architect to Kazanlak municipality and funds are being raised to begin construction. According to Tilev, it would cost minimum €50 million.

Legacy
Sevtopolis Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Seuthopolis.

title: Seuthopolis


text:
Vanilla Ninja (album)

Vanilla Ninja is the first album by the Estonian girl band Vanilla Ninja. The album was released on May 30, 2003, and was only ever released in Estonia, despite the group's subsequent success in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album did well in Estonia, and one track, the group's Eurolaul 2003 entry "Club Kung Fu", was released as a single in Germany and reached #95 in March 2004.

The album contained a blend of songs in English and Estonian, as well as a drum 'n' bass remix of "Club Kung Fu". It is the group's only album with songs in Estonian.

"Vanilla Ninja" was certified Platinum in Estonia.

Track listing

 * 1) "Guitar and Old Blue Jeans"  – 4:02 (English)
 * 2) "Why?"  – 3:22 (English)
 * 3) "Club Kung Fu"  – 2:42 (English)
 * 4) "Nagu Rockstaar"  – 4:10 (Estonian)
 * 5) "Purunematu" - 3:25  (Estonian)
 * 6) "Inner Radio"  – 3:00 (English)
 * 7) "Outcast"  – 3:59 (English)
 * 8) "Toxic"  – 2:23 (English)
 * 9) "Spit It Out"  – 4:46 (English)
 * 10) "Psycho"  – 3:17 (English)
 * 11) "Klubikuningad"  – 2:05 (Estonian)
 * 12) "Polluter" - 3:23 (English)
 * 13) "Vanad Teksad Ja Kitarr"  – 3:40 (Estonian)
 * 14) "Sugar and Honey"  – 3:26 (English)
 * 15) "Club Kung Fu" (Drum 'n' Bass Remix)  – 4:29 (English)

Chart positions

 * Estonia – #1

title: Vanilla Ninja (album)