text:
User talk:Marqus

Deletion on talk page
I noticed you removed notes left by other editors on User talk:Guptadeepak. Please don't do that. I am curious, though: Why did you do it? Rl 07:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Indicatata.jpg)
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Image:Tallest1.gif
Hi

I have listed this image as a possible copyright violation

TeunSpaans 19:50, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problems with Image:20060628-indiabuilding2.jpg
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Indian Space Research Organisation
''I have tried addressing your concerns. Pl have a look. --Marqus 22:29, 19 February 2007 (UTC)''

 * Definitely much better reading. Thanks for the cleanup buddy! --Ash sul 13:31, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Tata indigo sw xxl.jpg)
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Possibly unfree Image:Sdtowers3ed.jpg
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Biosphere Reserve map
Hi! I already uploaded the Biosphere Reserve map, updated for 2007 version; I reverted the changes you made for India's number of biosphere reserves. FYI: India doesn't have 14 biosphere reserves, but just 4: Nilgiri, Gulf of Mannar, Nanda Devi and Sundarban. Please view the list from the official website for details. Joey80 08:49, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Marqus


text:
Talk:Waitrose

Requested move 19 June 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Speedy moved. Should never have been unilaterally moved against prior RM consensus. King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 22:18, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Waitrose & Partners → Waitrose – bold move without discussion ignored earlier RM at Talk:Waitrose & Partners Marcocapelle (talk) 06:46, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 08:13, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

 * queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 08:14, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I am hesitant on actioning this request because the move was done in February 2019, over a year and a half ago. Things might have changed since then. The current logo in the article and some source also relflect the current title. I am not objecting though if someone feels it's OK to revert. – Ammarpad (talk) 08:00, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - the current title accurately reflects the company name and is present on all its merchandising and advertisements. "Waitrose" can remain as a redirect which should overcome any navigation problems.  Velella  Velella Talk  08:22, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. As the article itself says, the company is usually referred to simply as "Waitrose".  The rationale for moving from Waitrose was Officialy rebranded, but that change has not been reflected in the terminology used by customers, press or public.  Some companies need a longer title like Apple Inc. to disambiguate from another topic; that's not the case here.  Certes (talk) 11:00, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. It is not true that the full name "is present on all its merchandising and advertisements" - my loyalty card for example. Media references are nearly always just to "Waitrose". Johnbod (talk) 03:14, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support as most coverage omits the "& Partners" bit, the COMMONNAME is without.--Bob not snob (talk) 08:21, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Store Closures
Is this section really necessary? New stores open and close all the time. Sure, you can find plenty of (local) coverage whenever it happens, but it is a pretty common event and coverage will be of the routine sorts. 192.76.8.70 (talk) 22:09, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The section seems a little undue, certainly. The article cites a few sources covering multiple closures due to economic difficulties of one sort or another, which probably isn't 'routine', but that doesn't really justify a list in my opinion. AndyTheGrump (talk) 23:03, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that they deserve a mention as part of a broader discussion of their financial difficulties. 192.76.8.70 (talk) 09:35, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree this isn't encyclopedic. Crookesmoor (talk) 08:57, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * +1 it isn't encyclopaedic. Puffin123 (talk) 20:39, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I rather disagree, but it is a pity closures and openings aren't taken together, for a true picture. This gets a lot of coverage in national press when there is a constent trend. Johnbod (talk) 18:30, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Waitrose


text:
Talk:Purple vs. violet

Untitled
I vote against speedy - the article has been significantly improved since the notice was put there, and it no longer qualifies as a speedy candidate. Grutness...  wha?  07:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purple vs. violet


text:
Talk:Planning

No refs, stub
The article is a bit of a joke as it stands. I'm not sure it hurts any to include this photo of someone's comments on the business. ProfDEH (talk) 06:23, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

Communication Planning
Communication Planning uses traditional and social media to reach policy or program audiences. Communication planning can be for the internal and/or external audiences of an organization. Katutubongpeminista (talk) 07:02, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Cutting and pasting material into the talk page it not the same as discussing it. Please stop edding warring to include this essay material about communications planning - it isn't well written, and I do not believe belabouring such a minor example on this article is an improvement. - MrOllie (talk) 11:46, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

According to User_talk:Katutubongpeminista, a PhD class have decided or been instructed to all write something about "communication planning" in this article. The content added in this way has been removed by other editors, but added back again by the students. The article has now been temporarily protected for seven days to prevent immediate further edits. If the PhD class has a teacher, they should read Education program before asking students to make particular edits to Wikipedia. --Belbury (talk) 12:23, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 November 2022
Under "public Policy" topic: Requesting to add this sentence before the statement, "Public policy planning includes..."

Public policy is a collection of government-decided rules, standards, and acts that benefit the public. Public policy determines which laws are approved, where financing flows, and which issues interest the public. Policymaking is a continuous activity with no obvious beginning or ending, since judgments regarding who will gain from policies and who will face any burdens are constantly examined, reconsidered, and amended. Nhelarmstrong (talk) 22:46, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Your paraphrasing is far too close to the source given, so you'll have to rewrite it in a way that will not violate WP:CLOSEPARAPHRASING. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 22:53, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

This is my revised statement:

Public Policy refers to the body of laws, regulations, and other governmental decrees that are intended to serve the general public. As a result of public policy, some laws are passed, certain sources of funding are favored, and certain topics get widespread attention. Judgments about who will benefit from policies and who will bear any liabilities are continually studied, revised, and altered, making policymaking a continuous process with no evident beginning or end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nhelarmstrong (talk • contribs) 04:17, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 November 2022
Under the topic "Public Policy", before the statement "Public policy planning includes..."

Policies include laws, rules, decisions, and commands. Public policy is a collection of efforts to tackle social issues via policy-making. Every policy is crafted with a specific goal in mind in order to address an issue that has been prioritized by the government. As such, they stand for the political-administrative system's reaction to an unpalatable aspect of society. . Nhelarmstrong (talk) 09:53, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Done. Corresponds to sources. Paraphrased a bit. Rollo (talk) 22:55, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Some muttering about reasons to improve this page
I'd like it if this page were more complete. Let me write to myself about why I think this is the case to motivate myself and perhaps others. One of the topics I am interested in writing about on wikipedia is Agency and self identity. I have worked a little on the topic. I've also worked a bit on goals. I feel that part of being a human is being able to work out what you want, what you should want, how it is distinct from other people, and how to best achieve it in the world. Additionally, I think it's important to separate this from the things that people might try to make you do.

I would like to think wikipedia can go some way to helping people. At the moment, such goals are often served by business guides, self-help books and at times politically or social ideologies - unfortunately such guides can often have implicit motivations that are not aligned with the individual or just be *wrong* and not have good evidence. It would be great if this page could include material that is as unbiased as possible and which has acheived some sort of analysis. In doing so there is a risk of not providing readers with something that is actionable or simple.

If this page not being more complete we turn people over to these other sources, or when these other sources don't do what they should do provide no solution. Wikipedia is created by amateurs who will naturally work on what they are interested in, there is no reason that the article *should* be any different from what it is but I would like to make it so. Tal pedia 20:45, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planning


text:
Talk:Plan

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2021 and 24 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Courtb559.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:44, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Categories
Adding this to Management and Operations research categories pending related plan/planning articles that will refer to it. --Rev Prez 07:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I can't believe there's a wikipedia article for the word "plan". This should probably be in the dictionary instead.

I think there's an article b/c it's a fundamental human activity, and it's also part of many jobs (and in some cases, it is the job). BCSharp 02:13, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

The "main article" on Planning is lame. The infobox in that article implies some connection to cognitive neurosciences, but the bulk of the text is about public policy planning. I wonder whether there really is any point in having an article about context-free planning, planning in the abstract. That question would include both "plan" and "planning". DCDuring 23:39, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

What about a plan in the 'blueprint' sense?Nfe (talk) 21:45, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Dunno. "Examples of Plans" profoundly cracks me up. Captain Sprite (talk) 01:07, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Removed blatant advertising section entitled external links. 79.70.77.186 (talk) 04:49, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Plan in context of price plans
Where do I find the english definition of plan(s) in context of a pricing or membership plan? Michael Cieslik (talk) 09:29, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

 * @Michael Cieslik Kristianashleym (talk) 06:30, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

Subject
Voice the real hit off mind off. 2001:4453:2B0:4300:E1FF:E841:89E4:7FBE (talk) 07:40, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plan


text: User talk:69.246.37.1

title: User talk:69.246.37.1


text:
Category talk:National security

Untitled
Top level category for all general national security discussion (hopefully). --Rev Prez 08:03, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

This category is very similar to Category:State security. I propose to merge both categories in order to prevent confusing redundancies. Since the term "national security" is broader, more popular, and there is a main article with the same name, I think that the category resulting from the merger should be named National security. Tankred 05:21, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you're right. But category merges are discussed anotherway, you must propose this category for deletion and state that you want to merge it. It's all rather straightforward and explained on the Category for Deletion page, but if you need any help, please contact me. C mon 06:48, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:National security


text:
Blueprint for a Sunrise

Blueprint for a Sunrise is a 2001 concept album of experimental feminist rock by Yoko Ono. It features live tracks, samples, and remixes of previous recordings. The album incorporates personal details from Ono's childhood in Japan alongside overarching themes of the suffering and frustration of women. In the liner notes, Ono talks about the continuing relevance of feminism and "waking up in the middle of the night hearing thousands of women screaming".

On the cover of the album, Ono portrays herself as the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi, collaging her face and an x-ray image onto a cropped and re-colored version of Hubert Vos's portrait of the Empress.

As of September 2009, the album had sold around 3,000 copies in the USA. On February 18, 2024, the album was released on digital platforms, such as Spotify.

Track listing

 * "Wouldnit "swing"" is a remix of "Wouldnit" from Rising.
 * "Soul Got Out of the Box" was originally a 1972 outtake from Approximately Infinite Universe.
 * "Rising II" and "Mulberry" are live performances.
 * The Queen Charlotte's Hospital tape demo of "Mulberry" was previously released in 1997 on the CD Reissue of Life with the Lions.
 * "I Remember Everything" was written for the play "Hiroshima" (1997) after much coaxing from Playwright Ron Destro. This song was also performed live at the Itsukushima Shrine in Japan 1995.
 * The Japanese bonus tracks were previously released as singles in 1973 and 1974.

A Blueprint for a Sunrise
This CD was included with the book Yes Yoko Ono published in 2000. An exhibition with the same title was held at the Japan Society Gallery in New York City from October 18, 2000, to January 14, 2001.

Alternate versions of "Are You Looking for Me?" and "It's Time for Action" would later be included on Yoko's 2001 studio album Blueprint for a Sunrise.

Personnel

 * Yoko Ono – lead vocals
 * Sean Lennon – guitars, keyboards
 * Timo Ellis – guitars, bass guitar, drums
 * Chris Maxwell – guitars
 * Erik Sanko – bass guitar
 * Zeena Parkins – electric harp
 * Hearn Gadbois – percussion
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * Sam Koppelman – drums, percussion

It's Time for Action
 * Yoko Ono – English
 * Yodit Abate – Ethiopian
 * Nikki Borodi – Hungarian / Russian / Hebrew
 * Manjit Devgun – Punjabi
 * Ghida Fakhry – Arabic
 * Dania Hachey – French
 * Nazan Karsan – Turkish
 * Eva Lee – Chinese
 * Young Wha Lee – Korean
 * Maike Paul – German
 * Anne Terada – Portuguese
 * Midori Yoshimoto – Japanese
 * Eva Zanardi – Italian
 * Fatemeh Ziai – Persian

title: Blueprint for a Sunrise


text:
Schottel

Schottel (company), German manufacturer of ship propulsion

Schottel or Schöttel is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ivan Schottel, United States football coach
 * Justus Georg Schottel, Baroque German grammarian
 * Peter Schöttel, Austrian football player

title: Schottel


text:
Olivier Monterrubio

Olivier Monterrubio (born 8 August 1976) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Nantes, Rennes, Lens, Sion in Switzerland, and Lorient.

Nantes
Monterrubio started his professional career at Nantes in 1996. Product of the famed "Centre of Formation" of Nantes, he was in the same crop of players such as Mickaël Landreau. He was an essential part of the squad in the 1998–99 season, and his winning penalty handed Nantes the Coupe de France title in 1999. He also scored the winning goal in the 1999 Trophée des Champions and played as a substitute when Nantes won the 2000 Coupe de France Final. Finally, in 2001, Monterrubio became a Ligue 1 winner with Les Canaries.

Rennes
In the summer of 2001, Monterrubio signed for fierce rivals Rennes. Despite having a quiet start to his spell at the club, he became one of their key players, establishing a deadly partnership with Swiss striker Alexander Frei. In the 2004–05 season, he led Ligue 1 in assists while Frei was the top scorer. Such was his influence, that he has inherited the captain's armband from Cyril Jeunechamp.

Lens
In the last few hours of the January 2007 transfer window, Monterrubio signed for RC Lens as a replacement for Olivier Thomert, who moved in the opposite direction. On 3 February 2007, he played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes. During this period, he had to fight for his first team place with the Ivorian midfielder Kanga Akalé. He struck up a strong partnership with Nadir Belhadj upon the Algerian left-back's arrival at the club in January 2008, but the team were relegated to Ligue 2 at the end of the season despite Monterrubio's fine form.

Sion
Monterrubio signed a two-year contract with Swiss side Sion during the summer of 2008.

Lorient
On 28 June 2009, Monterrubio signed a contract between 30 June 2011 with Lorient leaving Sion after one year.

International career
Born in France, Monterrubio is of Spanish descent. In his prime, Monterrubio was among the finest players of his unique kind. Although he did not win a single national team cap, he did receive three call-ups to the France B team, scoring in all 3 of his appearances.

Style
Monterrubio was an accomplished left winger, but had also been featured as a striker and attacking midfielder in the early of his career. He specialized in set-pieces, especially at penalty-taking. He led Ligue 1 in assists in 2004–05 and 2005–06 and was runner-up in 2006–07.

Honours
Nantes
 * Ligue 1: 2000–01
 * Coupe de France: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 * Trophée des Champions: 1999

Sion
 * Swiss Cup: 2008–09

title: Olivier Monterrubio


text:
Talk:Mischmetal

Someone in the know should really give more info on the separation procedures. I hear they're long and involved, but it would be a good reference for students of chemistry.--Joel 08:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I removed the phrase claiming that "geological processes" do not segregate rare earths; as a geochemist who works with REE's, I know thats not true. In fact, the differention b/w REE's by geological processes is crucial to isotope geochemistry.-- DZ Oct. 15th, 2005
 * Thanks! Always nice to learn something new.  Would you say it's true to a small degree, or that it's entirely untrue?  I understand that zirconium and hafnium are always found mixed together, as well, but I would assume that many processes would give at least an incomplete separation between the different elements.  Feel free to expand the article!--Joel 21:00, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

I removed the following "Mischmetal, cerium, and the more desirable rare earth elements are related in a way that is somewhat analogous to the relationship between natural uranium, depleted uranium, and enriched uranium." as while the author undoubtedly understands the difference between elements and isotopes the average reader may well not and thus, as read, the entry would be 'wrong'. Mike

"Historically..."
The preparation section of the article starts "Historically, mischmetal was prepared from monazite ...". Could somebody with more knowledge replace "historically" with some dates, e.g. "In the nineteenth century.." or similar. There's a lot of history so "historically" is too vague and effectively meaningless. It feels like this text has been copied from another source and not referenced. Thanks. --mgaved (talk) 18:40, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Dates?
Dates of discovery — Preceding unsigned comment added by Longinus876 (talk • contribs) 12:49, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Really sad ...
Really sad when someone quotes a reference or external link but doesn't bother to read it. I came across several metallurgy references some back to 1920's of using Misch metal in manufacturing of higher quality iron alloys. (Most younger writers probably don't realize that a steel industry exists outside of Communist China.) The addition of some Rare Earths, Cerium notably, affects Carbon distribution in high Carbon Iron Alloys. (Initially produced Iron reduced with Coke (Carbon) yields high Carbon content which is oxidized away by Air/Oxygen in Bessemer converter et al methods.) When this initial molten Iron is cast, after cooling the excess Carbon precipitates out. The long strings of weak graphite precipitate allow cracks to easily propagate. Misch metal (50% Cerium mixture; Rare Earths are !expensive! to separate)(Magnesium used more recently, cheaper since the 60's note Magnesium boils 900 degrees before Iron melts) causes the Graphite to precipitate into round balls (stops cracks, enhances machinability) instead of continuous strings, hence the name Nodular Cast Iron. (ref Scientific American, Volume 121 (1919): http://books.google.com/books?id=MsUxAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA569&ots=edx-94g2eg&dq=Misch%20metal%20cast%20iron&pg=PA569#v=onepage&q=Misch%20metal%20cast%20iron&f=false and other Engineering and Metalurgical Journals) Didn't find a ref but some Misch metal (made from Mozanite which is high in Thorium) contained Thorium also. This tidbit is important because use by the US Steel Industry is what paid for Rare Earth mines to stay open. The re-opening of California 'Mountain Pass Mine' is irrelevant because its raison d'etre was highest Europium (rare, expensive) content worldwide; Europium was the red color in TV Tubes and CRT Computer Monitors. The history of Rare Earth mining has always been as a byproduct of mining something else Uranium, Thorium, Molybdenum, et al. (I wonder what the Chinese do with the first two when they mine Rare Earths?) Shjacks45 (talk) 10:33, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

History section sux
It's about the inventor, not the topic. For example the first several sentences say nothing about the topic, not even to suggest what the topic is: "'Carl Auer von Welsbach was not only the discoverer of neodymium and praseodymium, and co-discoverer of lutetium, but was also the inventor of the light-mantle (using thorium), and of the rare earth industry. He built a factory to manufacture his mantles, and had discovered that the necessary thorium was available from monazite sand, which at the time originated from Brazil, but which soon thereafter was also coming from North Carolina and India. But after the 6-10% thorium content had been extracted from the monazite,'...." --68.127.80.89 (talk) 02:47, 22 September 2013 (UTC)Doug Bashford

 * Someone seems to just be a big fan of Von Welsbach, even including his picture. I noticed seeing the picture twice going from the praseodymium page to this one. Although most of the text did seem to 'lead up' to the subject of the page, I agree it "sucked", in being overly off-topic. I made an attempt to curtail the text, leaving only (what I perceived as) neccesary information. I think it's pretty concise now, although I'm not entirely happy with the first sentence leaving so many of his other discoveries in (not 100% relevant to this page). However, as I'm not able to gauge in which degree his discoveries are needed to mention, I'll leave that to the next (hopefully more knowledgeable) editor that comes along. The picture bothers me personally, but it DOES apparently depict the most relevant person to Mischmetal, so it gets a pass from me. OmikronWeapon (talk) 14:07, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Economically important usage
Before Magnesium began to be used, Misch metal was an important add to make grey cast Iron into white cast Iron. Only 400ppm of Cerium modifies the excess Carbon in the Cast Iron. (Magnesium only 50ppm). As a large scale use of Rare Earth ore, many US mines shut down with the decline of the US steel industry. TaylorLeem (talk) 17:25, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mischmetal


text:
Paul Languedoc

Paul Languedoc is an American audio engineer and luthier who is most closely associated with the rock band Phish.

Professional career
He was the soundman for rock group Phish prior to the band's breakup in 2004. As the band's chief sound engineer and house mixer, he recorded their double-CD A Live One, and all 20 volumes of the Live Phish Series. He also built guitars and basses for Trey Anastasio and Mike Gordon. A luthier by trade, he built his first guitar when he was 18 years old. He later spent four years working for Alan Stack at Time Guitars in Burlington, Vermont, and by the time he had joined Phish in 1986 at age 28, he had built hundreds of instruments. Since then, he has built only for Anastasio and Gordon, and his original designs have given Phish its own unique instrumental identity. Languedoc has a preference for European hardwoods of the types used for building cellos, specializing in inlay work in mother-of-pearl and abalone. Languedoc first worked with Phish on October 15, 1986, at a concert at Hunt's in Burlington, Vermont. He took part in some of the band's earliest tours and remained with the band until their 2004-2009 hiatus. When Phish resumed touring and recording in 2009, Paul Languedoc declined to join them, deciding to retire from the road to focus on his luthier duties. In March 2009, Garry Brown took over the task of soundman for Phish.

Gordon says Languedoc's striking instruments are only one aspect of the many talents he brings to the Phish sound. "We're really lucky to have Paul. He gives us the freedom to do our own thing."

Guitars
Named for its intricate headstock inlay, the Dragon bass (built in 1989) has a five-piece curly-maple neck and a bound ebony fingerboard. The body is solid koa, with a face of curly-maple veneer. The guitar bridge and machine heads were made by Schaller. Mike Gordon custom-ordered the instrument's active, 18-volt Mørch pickups from Denmark; they came with myriad knobs and switches Gordon did not want. "I have trouble making decisions," he says. "I probably change my instrument settings only every two years." The three larger knobs on the bass control volume (one per pickup) and pickup blend; the four micro-switches and three smaller knobs are for various midrange contours and high and low boosts. (Languedoc comments, "Even I don't know what they all do!")

Gordon and Languedoc both call the Fish — also named for its inlays — "a bit of an experiment." The bass, which was built about two years ago, has a two-piece curly-maple body with an interior chamber, a koa face with an f-hole and multiple-layered binding, and only one knob, which blends between the two EMG ASB-5 pickups. Mike eventually wants to add a piezo bridge transducer to accentuate the highs of the instrument's hollow body.

In 2006, Paul Languedoc started Languedoc Guitars, selling handmade instruments through his web site. The guitars for sale are near replicas of the hollow-body guitar Trey Anastasio of Phish currently plays. The G2 model guitar sold for $10,000 and the G4 model sold for $7500 as recently as 2009. The G2 features two "F" holes and a pair of Seymour Duncan '59 Model humbuckers; and the G4 has a single "F" hole and a Duncan Custom 5 in the bridge position and a '59 in the neck. As recently as February 2020, Languedoc has zero inventory of new guitars for sale, and his wait-list for future new builds remains listed on his website as "full" and "closed" to accepting new names.

By 2021, he is selling a limited supply of brand new custom made guitars for $20,000 with a 25% deposit to begin. For the custom build, the customer can choose body woods, color (if any), binding, and fretboard inlay.

title: Paul Languedoc


text:
Fengite

Fengite is a translucent sheet of marble or alabaster used during the Early Middle Ages for windows instead of glass.

title: Fengite


text:
Central Canada Hockey League

The Central Canada Hockey League (CCHL) is a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey league operating in eastern Ontario, Canada. The league is sanctioned by Hockey Eastern Ontario and Hockey Canada and is a member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League. The winner of the CCHL playoffs competes for the Fred Page Cup — the Eastern Region championship of the Canadian Junior Hockey League — with the winners of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League and the Maritime Junior A Hockey League. The winner of the Fred Page Cup then moves on to compete for the national Centennial Cup.

History
The league started in 1961 as the Ottawa-Hull District Junior Hockey League, under the sponsorship of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL), in hope of a better development program. The league has featured such NHL stars as Steve Yzerman and Larry Robinson, for which its two divisions are named. As this league was for the Ottawa District, teams out of the area were not allowed to compete, with one exemption: Pembroke. In the early years, any player in the league was automatically a member of the Montreal Canadiens, and were forced into a contract which would disallow them to sign with any other NHL team if they wanted to play in the NHL. The Canadiens also wanted the league to be strictly for development, allowing four 19-year-olds and five 18-year-olds per team with the rest of the players being 17 or younger. This was met with much anger and disappointment with players who had just reached their 20s, but the league substantially gained in popularity and did not step back from the changes. In 1963, the Montreal Canadiens allowed the Chicago Blackhawks-sponsored Brockville Braves into the league. The league rebranded itself as the Central Junior A Hockey League (CJHL) starting with the 1964–65 season.

In February 1966, players from the Hawkesbury Braves went on strike over coaching issues. The Braves brought in replacement players from midget and Jr. B leagues for a game against the CJHL's perennial champions, the Cornwall Royals. The Royals went on to win 43–0, which still stands as the highest margin of victory in the league. As CJHL champions, the Royals represented the league at the playdowns for the 1966, 1967 and 1968 Memorial Cup national junior hockey championships. They applied to enter into the stronger Ontario Hockey Association (today's OHL) but were turned away; they next applied to join the new Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) and were accepted as one of the inaugural teams for the 1969–70 season. In 1973, the Hull Festivals, also departed for the QMJHL. In 1975, the Canadian Hockey Association informed the league that they had to allow 20-year-olds into their league, matching what all other leagues of their calibre were doing.

In 1976, Bryan Murray took over as head coach of the Rockland Nationals. With Murray at the wheel, the Nationals won the league, the region, and then went on to win the Junior A National Championship Centennial Cup. The financial cost of the playoff run was too much for the team's backers to handle and they declared bankruptcy one disappointing season after winning it all. The Nationals have resurrected since then as a member of the Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League.

After the ruling that allowed 20-year-olds to play in the league, teams began attempting to "buy" championship teams by going after former Major Junior players. The effect of this resulted in the labeling of the league as a "goon league" or "bush league" as the league got more violent. The fan base dwindled, and by 1984 there were only 5 teams left in the league, all on the verge of bankruptcy. The owners of the five teams approached the owners of Ottawa's Talisman Hotel and asked them to purchase the league. Through new management and rule changes, the league barred 20-year-olds from the Major Junior ranks, created a limit of five 20-year-olds (homegrown from the CJHL), and banned the paying of players. The new rules worked, and the league was once again successful. The league then approached the Canadian Hockey Association, and requested a new system. After the fall of the Rockland Nationals, the league realized there was a revenue problem amongst its teams. The league demanded longer regular seasons and a shorter National playdown schedule to determine the National Champion. This new system was guaranteed to increase revenue amongst all teams nationwide as they were allowed to have more home games, increasing revenue through ticket sales, and decreased the travel expenditures that forced the Rockland Nationals to fold soon after they won the National Championship.

The league began flourishing, and by the early 1990s, had more than doubled. Teams that had folded during the "dark days" of the late 1970s and early 1980s came back. The league even allowed for the expansion of their first American hockey team, the Massena Americans. Also, now a member of the OHL, the Cornwall Royals moved from Cornwall. In response, the CJHL allowed the Messena Americans to move to Cornwall, hoping the Cornwall Colts could help the city fill its competitive hockey "void".

The Gloucester Rangers hosted the last Centennial Cup tournament in 1995 before it was transformed into the Royal Bank Cup. The Rangers boosted NHL stars like Mathieu Dandenault and Robert Esche. The Gloucester Rangers were seconds away from defeating the Calgary Canucks in the final, until the Canucks scored a last-minute goal and won it all in overtime, to continue the drought of a CJHL team winning the National Junior "A" Championship.

In 2004–05, the Central Junior Hockey League saw higher attendance figures in all arenas with the NHL lockout. All teams in the CJHL had doubled their attendance.

In April 2007, it was announced that the Kemptville 73's were joining the CJHL as its 11th member team. The 73's formerly played in the Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League.

The Cornwall Colts became the 4th team in CJHL history to play host to a Centennial/Royal Bank Cup tournament in 2008. The Colts managed to qualify for the semi-finals, but were ousted 7–1 by the Humboldt Broncos.

In 2009, the Carleton Place Canadians, another former EOJBHL team, was announced as the league's 12th franchise. They began play during the 2009–10 season. At the beginning of the 2009–10 season, the league dropped the "A" from their name, switching to the Central Junior Hockey League.

In February 2010, it was announced that the Smiths Falls Memorial Centre – one of the league's oldest facilities and home to the Smiths Falls Bears was staging its final home game of the 2009–10 season. The Bears will be moving into a brand-new multipurpose facility for that fall. The Memorial Centre was demolished to accommodate parking spaces for the new facility.

In April 2010, the Pembroke Lumber Kings made CJHL history by winning four-consecutive Art Bogart Cup championships, which is now the most-consecutive championships won by a CJHL team, however the Pembroke Lumber Kings qualified for the Fred Page Cup for the fifth consecutive year, but lost the finals to the Brockville Braves, who advanced to the Royal Bank Cup in Dauphin, Manitoba. The 2012 Fred Page Cup was awarded to the Kanata Stallions to commemorate their 25 years of Jr. A hockey in Kanata.

On April 26, 2010, the league rebranded by changing their league to the Central Hockey League, from the Central Junior Hockey League. A league, by the same name "Central Hockey League" already existed, a minor professional league below the ECHL, which was 15 teams throughout the mid-western United States. In January 2011, the league rebranded itself again the Central Canada Hockey League.

On May 8, 2011, at the 2011 Royal Bank Cup in Camrose, Alberta, the Pembroke Lumber Kings defeated the BCHL's Vernon Vipers 2–0 to win the CCHL's second ever National Title during the league's 50th anniversary season.

Prior to the 2014–15 season, the CCHL announced it was adapting the American Hockey League's overtime format.

 * Following tied games, teams will remain at the 3rd period ends and 7:00 minutes will be placed on the clock after a 30-second break. Each team will receive 1 point.
 * The first 3 minutes of over time will be played 4 on 4. At the first whistle after 3 minutes (i.e. if the clock reads 4:00 or less) the teams will play 3 on 3. The same penalty regulations apply. The games are again sudden victory with the first team to score collects an additional point.
 * In the event the game remains tied after the conclusion of seven minutes of overtime, a 30-second break during which the team coaches will provide a list of 3 shooters will precede a shoot out. Home teams shall determine if they shoot first or second. If the score after 3 rounds of shooters remains tied, there will be a continued sudden death single round shoot out until a winner is declared.
 * No shooter may shoot twice until all eligible shooters have shot once.
 * Players in the penalty box at the conclusion of overtime shall not be eligible to participate in the shoot out.

In the 2013–14 season, 69 CCHL regular season games were tied after regulation. The outcome of 30 games was determined in the over time session and 39 games required a shoot out.

For the 2015–16 the CCHL made a significant move to the development model for the league. The Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League was aligned directly with the CCHL to establish direct affiliations and specific guidelines for players to move up and down between leagues. The EOJBHL also took on a re-branding to become the Central Canada Hockey League Tier 2. The development model is also to be extended to affiliation with midget (under18) teams.

In fall 2016, the Gloucester Rangers were sold to new ownership, who will relocate the team to Rockland, Ontario for the 2017–18 season and become the Rockland Nationals. The current Rockland Nationals, who currently play in the National Capital Junior Hockey League are expected to relocate to a nearby community to accommodate junior A hockey in the community for the first time since 1977. The Rockland Nationals expect to develop and renew their geographical rivalry with the Hawkesbury Hawks, and also develop a rivalry with the Cumberland Grads.

David Frost incident
David Frost, the agent of former St. Louis Blues player Mike Danton, was banned from all Central Junior "A" Hockey League games and events in fall 2005 after Frost entered an off-limits-to-fans area at the Jim Durrell Arena, home to the Ottawa Jr. Senators, in which Frost "accosted, harassed and threatened an official of the CJHL". League commissioner Mac MacLean stated "We don't want him around period". The Lumber Kings were fined $1000 for David Frost's actions, because the league considered Frost to be associated with owner Sheldon Keefe. MacLean sent posters to each league arena to help security staff identify Frost if he were to show up at games, and to refuse entry to Frost. Weeks later, the ban was lifted after Mac MacLean was relieved of his duties of CJHL commissioner. Newly appointed commissioner John Comerford lifted the ban, stating "We can't stop David Frost from entering the rink and I haven't received any complaints from anybody about him". League's former vice president, who was fired tried to extend the ban throughout the 2005–06 season. David Frost had no affiliation with the Pembroke Lumber Kings hockey organization. He was allowed to attend league games, but was barred from restricted areas. Frost disregarded the advisement not to enter restricted areas, and was seen getting off the Lumber Kings team bus by CBC Fifth Estate film crew, and was filmed following the team to dressing room during a playoff game in Nepean. At the end of the season, David Frost severed un-affiliated ties with the league and informed that he would not attend any more league games or events.

Art Bogart Cup Champions
Note: League champion is bolded

Former member teams

 * Arnprior Packers – left to join Ottawa Valley Junior Hockey League after the 1966–67 season
 * Arnprior Legion
 * Arnprior Rams
 * Brockville Ramblers
 * Buckingham Beavers
 * Cornwall Royals – left to join the new Quebec Major Junior Hockey League after the 1968–69 season
 * Eastview Astros – folded after 1968–69 season
 * Eastview Primrose
 * Gatineau Actionaires
 * Hawkesbury Royals
 * Gloucester Rangers - Franchise known as Orleans Blues from 2005 to 2008, and Gloucester Rangers from 1973 to 2005 and 2008-2017
 * Hull Castors
 * Hull Éperviers
 * Hull-Volant
 * Hull Festivals – left to join Quebec Major Junior Hockey League after 1972–73 season
 * Kanata Lasers - relocated to Renfrew after the 2019-20 season
 * Ottawa Capitals
 * Ottawa Metros
 * Ottawa Montagnards
 * Pembroke C and A's
 * Pembroke Ironmen
 * Pembroke Royals – played during the 1979–80 season, while the Pembroke Lumber Kings were suspended
 * Rockland Nationals – folded after 1976–77 season
 * Thurso Lions

Notable alumni
Notable players who have played or are playing in the NHL:

League records

 * Best record: 2013-14 Carleton Place Canadians (54–6–0-2)
 * Worst record: 1987–88 Smiths Falls Bears (4–52–0)
 * Most Wins in a Season: 2013–14 Carleton Place Canadians (54)
 * Most Points in a Season: Carleton Place Canadians (110) - 2013-14 & 2017-18
 * Most Consecutive Wins: 2009–10 Brockville Braves (26)
 * Largest margin of victory: Cornwall Royals 43 – Hawkesbury Braves 0 in February 1966
 * Most goals, one season: Luc Chabot (101) – 1985–86 Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most assists, one season: Peter White (136) – 1987–88 Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most points, one season: Peter White (226) – 1987–88 Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most penalty minutes, one season: Frank Manson (416) – 1992–93 Ottawa Senators
 * Most goals, career: Luc Chabot (255) – Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most assists, career: George Dupont (332) – Nepean Raiders/Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most points, career: Luc Chabot (490) – Pembroke Lumber Kings
 * Most penalty minutes, career: Travis Albers (942) – Nepean/Cornwall/Kanata/Brockville
 * Most minutes played, one season: Francis Marotte (3220.16) – 2015-16 Nepean Raiders
 * Most wins, one season: Pete Karvouniaris (40) – 2010-11 Cornwall Colts
 * Lowest goals against average, one season: Devon Levi (1.47) – 2019-20 Carleton Place Canadians
 * Highest percentage, one season: Devon Levi (0.941) – 2019-20 Carleton Place Canadians
 * Most shutouts, one season: Henry Johnson (9) – 2015-16 Brockville Braves
 * Most minutes played, career: Mark Byrne (11,143) – Nepean Raiders
 * Most wins, career: Grant Robb (87) – Pembroke Lumber Kings

Timeline of teams in the CJHL

 * 1963 – Brockville Braves join league and are sponsored by the Chicago Blackhawks
 * 1968 – Eastview Astros join league and fold after one season
 * 1972 – Hull Hawks and Cornwall Royals leave league to join Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
 * 1972 – Nepean Raiders join league
 * 1973 – Ottawa M.&W. Rangers become Gloucester Rangers
 * 1974 – Hawkesbury Hawks join league
 * 1976 – Smiths Falls Bears leave league
 * 1977 – Rockland Nationals leave league
 * 1979 – Pembroke Lumber Kings are expelled from the league for failing to remain in good standing.
 * 1979 – Pembroke Royals play their first and only season in 1979–80
 * 1980 – Pembroke Lumber Kings reapply for a franchise and are accepted into the league.
 * 1987 – Kanata Valley Lasers join league
 * 1987 – Smiths Falls Bears rejoin league
 * 1988 – Massena Turbines join league
 * 1990 – Massena Turbines become Massena Americans
 * 1991 – Cumberland Grads join league from Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League
 * 1992 – Massena Americans relocated to Cornwall to become the Cornwall Colts to fill in the void for the Cornwall Royals, who moved to Newmarket
 * 1992 – Ottawa Senators become Ottawa Jr. Senators because of the NHL expansion team Ottawa Senators
 * 2000 – Smiths Falls Bears relocate to Perth, Ontario and become the Lanark Thunder
 * 2002 – Kanata Valley Lasers become Kanata Stallions
 * 2002 – Lanark Thunder suspends operations and team is returned to Smiths Falls as the Smiths Falls Bears
 * 2005 – Gloucester Rangers become the Orleans Blues
 * 2007 – Kemptville 73's join league from Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League
 * 2008 – Orleans Blues become Gloucester Rangers after league refuses permit to move team to Orleans
 * 2009 – Carleton Place Jr. A Canadians join league from Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League
 * 2014 – Kanata Stallions become Kanata Lasers mid-season
 * 2017 - Gloucester Rangers relocate to Rockland and become Rockland Nationals
 * 2021 - Kanata Lasers relocate to Renfrew and become the Renfrew Wolves

title: Central Canada Hockey League


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aventura Mall

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 02:32, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Aventura Mall
I was going to place a copyvio notice on this article, compare with the article, however Vegaswikian to his credit has been doing some editing around the edges removing some of the phone numbers. A question over whether this shopping mall is inherently notable. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages. JamesBurns 08:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep the article but remove the current content and replace it with a blurb about the general features of the mall and any notable aspects to it. -CunningLinguist 09:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, looks like a major mall. Kappa 09:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a major mall.--AAAAA 14:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * AMERICANA CAFE PHONE: (305) 933-8373 1401- Upper Level ASIA CHAO PHONE: (305) 466-3820 1437 - Upper Level CAJUN & GRILL PHONE: (305)682-1333 1377 - Upper Level CHE PASTA PHONE: (305) 932-2652 1373 - WP:NOT a directory, so delete. Radiant_* 14:06, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you don't like the phone number, why dont YOU take them out instead of DESTROYING the whole article?--AAAAA 14:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You're in no position to attack Radiant. Copying and pasting from the h2limousine website reflects badly on you, not Radiant, as an editor. JamesBurns 08:12, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. This is the most important mall in the Miami area and maybe also in Florida.--AAAAA 14:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a big mall, but it doesn't seem exceptional in any way. If I'm wrong and some form of notability can be established, I'll happily change my vote, but until then, delete. Scimitar 14:20, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but only if the huge list of shops in this mall (with their location) is removed. We're not a map. Otherwise, delete. Mgm|(talk) 14:42, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP - the article should remain, allbeit that it needs re-writing. Agreed that much of the current content is out of place on Wikipedia, but an article with this name should remain. UkPaolo 16:09, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep article - the mall is freakin' huge, always packed, and is really the centerpiece of the whole city - but get rid of advert-like store listings, which would require ridiculous upkeep anyway, as tenants are always moving in or out. -- BD2412  talk  21:46, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable mall and cleanup by removing the store listing. We're not the information desk. Capitalistroadster 00:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mike H 00:43, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Malls are not generally notable.  The list of tenants is a stupendously bad idea, too.  Quale 00:46, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Liberally condense and Merge into Aventura, Florida. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:38, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Large public object. Like the Natick Mall. Klonimus 07:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete or merge to Aventura, Florida pending evidence of more notability than bigness (for which "biggest in a nation" is my minimum criterion for inclusion without further significance), in agreement with Scimitar. Ted Kennedy is a large public object, but that's not why he has a WP article.  Barno 20:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ONLY if store listings are removed. otherwise delete. carmeld1 01:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and Merge without store list to Aventura, Florida. If all it takes to be an article is to list all stores in a mall, then we can list every mall.  Please note that even the owner of this mall does not have an article! Vegaswikian 02:15, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a meandering list taken from a directory - not encyclopaedic, notability not established. Megan1967 03:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a mall that isnt all that notable. Leanne 10:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Justus Georg Schottelius

Justus Georg Schottelius (Latinized Justus-Georgius Schottelius; 23 June 1612, Einbeck – 25 October 1676, Wolfenbüttel) was a German grammarian, best known for his publications on German grammar, language theory and poetics.

Life
Justus-Georg Schottelius was born in Einbeck, which in 1612 was a Low German-speaking area. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor; his mother came from a merchant family. Justus-Georg regularly styled himself Schottelius, and this must be regarded as the correct form of his name, though after his death the de-Latinized form Schottel long persisted in scholarly writings and is still sometimes used.

Surmounting the many upheavals of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) and the untimely death of his father, Schottelius managed to acquire a good education, notably at the Akademisches Gymnasium in Hamburg and at the universities of Groningen, Leiden, Leipzig and Wittenberg. In 1640 he found employment as tutor to the children of Duke August the Younger of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1579–1666), including August's heir, Anton Ulrich (1633–1714). Schottelius wrote several plays for his pupils to perform, some with musical accompaniments composed by August's consort, Sophie Elisabeth, or in one case by Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672). In 1646 he married Anna Margarete Eleonore Cleve, but she died the following year. His second wife, whom he married in 1649, was Anna Margarete Sobbe. During the 1640s and 1650s Schottelius rose to prominent administrative positions at court. He also had access to the magnificent ducal library at Wolfenbüttel, and he continued to reside in that town until his death.

Schottelius quickly established himself in the early 1640s as a powerful protagonist of the German language. Admitted in 1642 to the leading patriotic language society, the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft or 'Fructifying Society', Schottelius took as his society name Der Suchende ('The Seeker'), engaging vigorously in its controversies on fundamentals of grammar and lexical purity. In 1645 or 1646 he became a member of the Pegnesischer Blumenorden, headed in Nürnberg by Georg Philipp Harsdörffer (1607–1658) and later Sigmund von Birken (1626–1681). In 1646 he obtained a doctorate in laws at the University of Helmstedt.

Achievements as a writer
Though he also distinguished himself in the fields of poetry, poetic theory and drama, Schottelius is chiefly memorable for his insights and achievements as a linguist. Acting like many of his contemporaries in a spirit of cultural and linguistic patriotism. he sought to raise the lowly status of German, to celebrate its high antiquity, to defend it against latter-day foreign influences, to re-examine it in the light of current linguistic theory, to promote its refinement and use as a communicative medium, and ultimately to inaugurate a new, prestigious epoch in the language. This process was known among contemporaries as Spracharbeit.

For his début as a language reformer, Schottelius chose a poetic medium. His Lamentatio Germaniae exspirantis (1640) attacked in stately alexandrines and lurid metaphors the corrupt state of the language, in particular the burgeoning over-use of foreign words. In a dying lament, the once fair nymph Germania presents herself as a grotesque hag. Venerated down the ages, and even meriting the crown of Europe, she now prostitutes herself, begging words from French, Spanish, Italian and English. For all his potent rhetoric, Schottelius's linguistic purism was of a somewhat moderate kind, when compared with his contemporary Philipp von Zesen (1619–1689). But his championship of the German language was without equal.

Ausführliche Arbeit Von der Teutschen HaubtSprache
Schottelius's magnum opus, his Ausführliche Arbeit Von der Teutschen HaubtSprache, appeared in 1663. Running to over 1,500 pages, it incorporated substantial amounts of material that had appeared earlier, notably in his Teutsche Sprachkunst of 1641. Aimed at a learned, international readership, with much use of Latin alongside German, the Ausführliche Arbeit is a compendium of remarkable range and depth. Combining many discourse traditions, it embraces language history, orthography, accidence, word-formation, idioms, proverbs, syntax, versification, onomastics and other features, including a dictionary of more than 10,000 German root-words. Heading the work (pp. 1–170) are ten so-called eulogies (Lobreden): these are massively documented, programmatic statements characterising many aspects of the German language, past and present, and claiming for it the status of a 'cardinal' language (Hauptsprache) alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. One key argument here was the German language's rich lexical productivity, its ability to combine root-words (Wurtzeln, Stammwörter, mostly monosyllabic) and affixes (Hauptendungen) in ways which gave it unique and infinite powers of expression. To depict nature in all her variety, it had, for example, the means to name hundreds of different colours, as Schottelius showed in some detail.

Seeking to demonstrate that the German language had a rational basis, Schottelius based his grammar partly on the Classical principle of analogy, identifying (and sometimes even artificially creating) patterns of regularity or similarity in spelling and grammatical inflection. But as a grammarian he also acknowledged countless anomalies or irregularities in the language, and he respected written usage in what he regarded as its most exemplary forms. In the 17th century, German was still in the long and difficult process of becoming standardized or codified. Influential here was Schottelius's own conception of High German as a language transcending the many dialects, and as currently used in writing by 'learned, wise and experienced men' (viri docti, sapientes et periti). Schottelius argued distinctively that this idealized, supra-regional form of German could not be acquired spontaneously, and certainly not from speech: it had to be 'learnt through much diligence and toil' (durch viel Fleis und Arbeit ... erlernet).

Legacy
Schottelius’s truly 'comprehensive' work dominated the German linguistic field until Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700-1766), whose authoritative grammars appeared from 1748 onwards. Schottelius's wider legacy has been variously assessed, but it lies mainly in the development of linguistic ideas, with measurable influences to be found in early grammars of Danish, Dutch, Swedish and Russian, and in theoretical writings on these and other languages.

Major works

 * 1995 Reprint
 * 1995 Reprint
 * 1995 Reprint
 * 1995 Reprint
 * 1995 Reprint

title: Justus Georg Schottelius


text:
Talk:Liability insurance

Untitled
I have completed the wikification of the page. If you don't think it does the job well enough, feel free to pitch in. -David91 08:09, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

concrete examples
This page is too abstract. would it be possible to add some concrete examples? For example, if one person has liability insurance and gets in an accident and damages another car, but his car also gets damaged, does the insurance pay only the other party or would they compensate the car damage to the owner of the liability insurance? Also, would it be possible for the insurance company to claim that the accident was not an accident, but a malicious attempt by the liability insurance holder and thus not pay for the damage caused?

US position
The addition of an element specific to the U.S. is most useful. Howe bbvn bv bn bver, I am a little unclear why the public policy is to make the existence of liability insurance inadmissible. If I was a prospective litigant, it would change my view on whether to sue if I knew that the defendant had no insurance. Obviously, a successful judgment as to liability is worthless if the defendant has inadequate private funds out of why to pay damages. The U.S. public policy would seem to operate as a deterrent to litigation against private citizens or small companies or large companies whose solvency is doubted because the plaintiff may be suing a "man of straw". And lawyers may not recover their costs!!! I'm probably being very stupid in not seeing the immediately obvious answer. Could you hep me out please. -David91 05:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(If you're still reading this page) I think your problem may be the definition of "admissible." Certainly, a plaintiff may discover whether or not their defendant has insurance (and may probably use judicially ordered discovery to do so once a lawsuit has been instituted). The issue is that a litigant may not admit evidence of insurance at trial as evidence that the defendant is guilty, i.e. may not say "Look, jury, the defendant doctor has medical malpractice insurance-- clearly, he's a crummy doctor if he's going to pay an insurance company to handle all the claims that are going to be brought against him." I've added a link in the article to the relevant section of the evidence law article. QuixoticKate 16:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

What's more, a jury must often determine the amount of damages that the defendant owes to the plaintiff. Thinking "oh well, he's got insurance" may cause a jury to drive the monetary award up - beyond what one would deem appropriate, but for the knowledge of the insurance company's "deep pockets" ... Omegadrone 00:47, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Public liability - example of North Korea
For example, in North Korea, those found without proper liability insurance face punishment ranging from seizing of property, flogging, or political exile

North Korea is a Stalinist state. The idea of everyone in a communist state requiring liability insurance is ludicrous. Even were it true, this information is about the most useless example imaginable, as North Korea is unlike any other state on the planet. I fear 192.231.106.2 added this as a joke (on 21:43, 9 April 2008). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.9.6.138 (talk) 16:10, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Subcontractors
Regarding this line:

"Additionally, client contracts often require technology subcontractors working on-site to provide proof of general liability and professional liability insurance."

I question the characterization "often". In my 10 year experience as a user interface designer, usually working as a subcontractor, I've only been asked to provide my own general liability insurance just once. Last week, in fact. Perhaps developers need this more than designers do? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.231.237.174 (talk) 00:36, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

Vocabulary
This page doesn't say what those various cover options it describes are called. You don't buy a policy for in-case-an-employee-is-injured cover. It's called something. All that vocabulary is missing, making this page a lot less useful. It's also a lot harder to integrate into the wikipedia framework, since the relevant jump-off links aren't here.99.11.160.111 (talk) 10:20, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Too many negations
Can somebody who understands this please reformulate this sentence? It has so many negatives (twice 'avoid' plus endangering, which also turns the sense): "To avoid endangering an insured to gain a remote possibility of avoiding paying on the policy, the duty to defend obligates the insurance company to settle reasonably clear claims." --maye (talk) 22:30, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure how to clean up the sentence in the article, but I'll use an example here to explain the meaning. Plaintiff sues defendant for $2,000,000 but offers to settle for $1,000,000.  Policy is for $1,000,000.  Claim is pretty cut and dried and any reasonable person can see that it is a valid claim.  Insurance company won't have to pay more than $1,000,000 since that is the limit of the policy, so they have a financial incentive to fight the claim since settling the claim for $1,000,000 costs them the same as losing and paying the policy limit, but potentially winning the case before a jury will cost them much less.  The problem is that doing so is adverse to the interests of the insured (i.e. the defendant) because the jury might award the plaintiff more than $1,000,000 leaving the defendant on the hook for any amount awarded above the policy limit, when a settlement would have left the defendant with no financial liability.  As a side note, there is also a public policy interest in this as a plaintiff who was harmed by the defendant's actions may be suffering financially as a result of the defendant's action, and may have a very serious need to receive the settlement or judgement as soon as possible, and an insurance company decision to fight a clearly valid claim further harms the plaintiff since trials can sometimes take years to schedule, when a settlement could have been processed in a few days or weeks. Etamni (talk) 08:13, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

Third-party liability section is nonsensical gibberish that doesn't comply with the Manual of Style
Liability insurance by definition is third-party insurance. So it is simply incorrect and nonsensical to categorize third-party insurance as a type of liability insurance. Whomever wrote that (it was apparently inserted in January 2014) doesn't really understand how liability insurance works or the difference between first-party (loss) and third-party (liability) insurance.

Anyone who has actually analyzed uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage in an auto policy (where the distinction between first- and third-party insurance is most important) would not make such an obvious mistake. Any objections before I take out the garbage? --Coolcaesar (talk) 15:46, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

auto insurance
What's the lowest priced company???? Fred Jennings (talk) 16:33, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

History
I would have appreciated some discussion of the history of liability insurance in this article. About the only source I've found online is here:, which is really concerned with employee injury. Specifically I'm wondering if a small unincorporated US company dealing with the public on its premises would, or might not, have been expected to carry liability coverage for personal injury to a customer, in the early years of the 20th century. Was such premises liability insurance even available at that time, and if so, was it widely used? Articles on insurance tend not to mention personal injury, and articles on public injury and death, such as the disastrous 1903 Iroquois Theatre fire, make no mention of lawsuits or insurance. Thanks for any help. Milkunderwood (talk) 07:58, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liability insurance


text:
File talk:Europe political map.png

Nakhichevan is part of Azerbaijan and should be light pink, not dark pink.--JWB 08:10, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * On the Europe page is written this explanation on the right of the map: "Some states have territory lying in both Europe and Asia (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia). Their Asian territory is coloured light pink. Some states that lie entirely on the Asian continent are considered part of Europe because of cultural and historical reasons (Armenia, Cyprus). They are coloured dark-pink. Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan is also coloured dark-pink because it is not a continuous extension of Azerbaijan's territory." Also see point e) below. Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

The map states without qualification that Turkey is a European state, which is not universally accepted. Calsicol 07:49, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Read the 'note' on Turkey on the Europa page - "European Turkey comprises territory to the west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits". The map deals with geographical Europe mainly. I don't know anyone that does not accept that Turkey HAS european TERRITORY. For details look at Transcontinental nation.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Problems with map
There seems to exist several problems with this map due to different and not overlapping definitions of Europe:
 * The map is presented as a political one. Does that mean, exclusively, a map representing the borders between Sates within the strict geographic limits of Europe? Then no consideration about cultural and historic reasons should be present.
 * Only the green areas are representing States within the strict geographic limits of Europe. Asian parts of transcontinental states are colored differently becouse of the ever-continuing debate "if-to-include-Turkey, etc.". Cultural/Historical considerations are colored differently, again to not be POV-ed and to cover both points of view - "inclusive" and "exclusive" in relation to the disputable states (Cyprus, Armenia). Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * What are the strict geographic limits of Europe? This question is pertinent as to the geographic status of Cyprus and the countries of the Caucasus.
 * This question is elaborated much more broadly at Transcontinental nation.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If considerations other then that of the borders between States are present, such as cultural and historic, then the following remarks must be made:
 * a) The map presents no specific colour for countries that, being culturally European, have part of their territory outside of geographic Europe (such as Russia).
 * I don't get this one - the asian part of Russia is colored pink, the european part - green. What other do you suggest? Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * b) The status of culturally European given to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia is highly disputed (particularly the first two).
 * "Culturaly european" status is given only to Armenia and Cyprus (dark-pink, see description of colors at the Asia-subsection here). Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan are colored with light-pink that means "continious asian territory of a state that has european territory".Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * c) If Georgia is culturally European, then point a) is relevant.
 * "culturally european" is applied only to geographicaly purely asian countries (Cyprus, Armenia). That is done mostly becouse of the paradox of these states closely participating in european political/economic/cultural affairs - mainly membership in the Council of Europe and European Union. Those states that have european territory (like Russia and Kazakhstan) do NOT get ANY-"cultural"-label here - I think that it is better to leave this cultural debate to some other much less geographical page/picture.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * d) If Armenia is culturally European, then what to do with its de facto control of the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave (and areas between that enclave and Armenia), witch are de jure part of Azerbaijan?
 * These territorial disputes are also out-of-scope here. Let's deal with de-jure and internationaly accepted borders, so Nagorno-Karabakh is shown as part of Azerbaijan. Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * e) If Azerbaijan is not culturally European, then the Nakhichevan enclave should not appear as part of Europe.
 * Good point. Again - this is not a map showing "cultural" distinctions - see point c). Maybe the cultural affiliation of Azerbaijan should be cleared at its pages. Until then - we could color the Nakhichevan exclave gray or light-pink.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * f) Is Kazakhstan culturally European?
 * see point c) - not important for the map, "culturaly european" or not - this will not change its coloring here.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * g) Are the regions of Caucasian Russia (namely autonomous republics such as Chechnya or Kalmukia) culturally European?
 * see point c), see point d) - this is entierly out of scope - this is not "cultural" map, the borders that are shown on the map are only the Europe/Asia border and the internationaly recognized state borders. Sub-state entities like Chechnya (or Montenegro or Kosovo or Transinistria in Moldova, etc.) are not an object for this map.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Maybe the best thing to do is try to come up with the map that does acknowledge these ambiguities! The Ogre 15:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope that at least some points are done now.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion the place for this debate should be here: Talk:Transcontinental nation.Alinor 20:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the general opinion over Turkey, Azerbaijan and Russia, light green should not be "extension over Asia of European States" but "extension over Europe of Asiatic States". The Cases of Armenia, Georgia and Cyprus is actually those of "European States beyond Europe"

Greenland
How should we color Greenland - as dark pink (meaning "culturaly european, geographicaly north american") or leave it as it is now - gray (meaning "non-european geographicaly")?Alinor 20:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's really culturally European. To me, it seems to belong more to the aboriginal inhabitants of northern Canada. Nightstallion 14:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, but we should also admit that it has big Danemark influence, Danemark people live there, etc. My opinion is to leave it gray/north american, but becouse the 'problem' with 'cultural coloring' of territories has arisen I wanted that we clear this issue as well...Alinor 15:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Danish or Danes*. Greenland is under Danish control, we (yes, I'm Danish) control their military and foreign politics, for these reasons it is considered a part of the EU.  As a reminder; when the US wanted to put their missile defence system on Greenland, it was Denmark who had to discuss the issue, but the EU got involded, due to the fact that Denmark is a member of the EU.  So yes, Greenland is a part of the EU, but not of Europe. --Svippong 13:02, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In fact, Greenland is not part of the EU since 1985, it's only an associated territory -- more so than the Faroes, but far less than, say, Gibraltar. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 20:23, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

United Kingdom
There are dotted lines along the 'borders' between England, Scotland, and Wales. They should not be there, deserving to be be demarcated less than the Russian republics, Swiss cantons, German states, Belgian regions, Spanish autonomous communities do. Bastin8 14:45, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. If the UK constituent countries are to be marked, then the Russian republics ought to be shown too, or atleast every region in Europe with legislative authority (for ex. Scotland, Karelia, Valencia, Walonia...) Andelarion 13:51, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File talk:Europe political map.png