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Simon Napier-Bell

Simon Robert Napier-Bell (born 22 April 1939) is an English record producer, music manager, author and journalist. At different times, he has managed artists as diverse as the Yardbirds, John's Children, Marc Bolan, Japan, London, Sinéad O'Connor, Ultravox, Boney M, Sinitta, Wham!, Blue Mercedes, Alsou and Candi Staton, among others.

Napier-Bell has written two volumes of music history, focusing on the history of the music industry since the 18th century. He has also written two memoirs about his own experiences in the music industry.

Early years
Napier-Bell attended Durston House in Ealing, and then later a primary school at Perivale. He then attended Harrow County School for Boys and Bryanston School in Dorset. Whilst at Bryanston, he formed the school's first jazz band. When he left school at the age of 17, it was with the idea of becoming a professional musician, preferably in America. A year later, unable to get a visa to the United States, he emigrated to Canada.

Songwriter
When he returned to England he worked as an assistant film editor. With a thorough knowledge of music, he soon progressed to being a music editor and landed the job of working with Burt Bacharach on What's New Pussycat, re-editing the score Bacharach had written for it. Later, he also scored, wrote and edited music for Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967), a film directed by Clive Donner.

In 1966, Dusty Springfield approached Napier-Bell and Vicki Wickham to write an English lyric to an Italian song she had heard at the Sanremo Festival, composed by Pino Donaggio. The result was "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me", which became Springfield's only number one hit in the UK Singles Chart.

Manager
A friend, Vicki Wickham, who booked all the acts for the TV show Ready Steady Go!, persuaded him to move into music management. He began by putting together an act himself; Nicky Scott & Diane Ferraz; a boy from London and a girl from the West Indies. The inter-racial mix was a first for the British music business. The Yardbirds asked him if he would manage them. They were looking for a replacement for their original manager, Giorgio Gomelsky. With the group's bassist, Paul Samwell-Smith, Napier-Bell then co-produced the Yardbirds’ first studio album, Roger the Engineer. He oversaw the entry of Jimmy Page into the group and produced the group's next single, "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago", considered one of the most avant garde rock records of the time.

Napier-Bell managed John's Children, who were better known for their ability to shock rather than for their music, and who were thrown off a major tour of Germany for upstaging The Who, with an act that included running round the audience throwing feathers in the air and whipping each other with chains.

Napier-Bell teamed up with Ray Singer to produce records for various artists including the Scaffold (a group which included Paul McCartney's brother, Mike McGear), Peter Sarstedt, Forever More (which went on to change itself into The Average White Band) and lesser known acts, Plus and Brut. He also spent a year in Australia where he worked for Albert Productions and produced acts such as Alison McCallum, Bobbi Marchini and John Paul Young (who later credited Napier-Bell with having discovered him).

Following this, he worked in Spain and South America for two years, managing one of Spain's biggest stars, Júnior, with whom he co-wrote several Spanish hits, in particular the biggest selling Spanish language single of the 1970s, "Perdóname". In 1976, he came back to London and returned to management with two new groups, London, a group in the then current punk vein, and Japan, an art-rock group. London was a short-lived project, but Japan involved him for the next seven years. Napier-Bell persevered with them through five lean years to eventually help make them one of the most influential groups of the early 1980s.

Napier-Bell then established an association with manager Jazz Summers and together they took on the management of Wham!. The group had previously had three hit singles in the UK but wanted to terminate their contract with the record company, Innervision. Napier-Bell and Summers led them through four months of legal complications (during which they were unable to record), and finally settled the case by signing a new contract with CBS. Napier-Bell spent eighteen months travelling backwards and forwards to China negotiating for Wham! to become the first ever Western pop artist to play in communist China. They eventually played a concert there in April 1985 at the Worker's Stadium in Beijing.

At the end of 1985, Wham! ended its relationship with Napier-Bell and Summers when George Michael left Wham! for a solo career. Napier-Bell went on to manage the duo Blue Mercedes, who had one worldwide hit, "I Want To Be Your Property" (1987). He arranged for the defunct pop group Boney M. to reform and had all their old tracks remixed by Stock Aitken Waterman. The result was an album that stayed at number one in the French charts for four months but sold little elsewhere.

Following this, Napier-Bell collaborated with another manager, Harry Cowell, and they took on the management of two once major groups looking to revive their careers – Asia and Ultravox. Asia fared better than Ultravox, but eventually Napier-Bell gave up on both of them and spent three years writing a book, Black Vinyl White Powder. He returned to artist management, this time working in Russia, first managing Alsou, a girl singer, then Smash!!, a boy duo with Wham! similarities In 2013, he joined forces with Dutch entrepreneur Björn de Water by setting up Snap-B Music Ltd, a music consultancy company offering advice to artist managers. Napier-Bell terminated his directorship of the company in 2016 but remains a consultant.

Author
When Japan broke up, Napier-Bell wrote his first memoir, You Don't Have To Say You Love Me, about his experiences in the music business in the 1960s. When he ceased managing Asia and Ultravox, he wrote Black Vinyl White Powder; originally conceived as a history of the British post-war music industry, it developed during the writing process into an exploration of "the centrality of drugs and drug culture to the development of the British music business" In March 2005, he published another memoir, I'm Coming To Take You To Lunch, the story of how he took Wham! to China.

In 2015, Unbound Books published his fourth book, Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-De-Ay, which is a complete history of the music industry since the early 18th century until today. All four books have received multiple reviews.

Documentaries
In recent years he has turned to film-making and directed three full-length documentary films. To Be Frank, about Frank Sinatra, and 27: Gone Too Soon, about the 27 Club, were both made for Netflix. 50 Years Legal, marking 50 years since the decriminalisation of homosexuality in the UK, was produced for Sky Arts.

Napier-Bell is CEO of the Pierbel Group, which offers music management and consultancy, and is originating producer of Raiding the Rock Vault, the No 1 rated music show in Las Vegas, and Raiding the Country Vault, in Branson, Missouri.

Personal life
Napier-Bell is an atheist and openly gay.

title: Simon Napier-Bell


text: Category:Rugby league competitions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Rugby league competitions


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Wapenshaw

A wapenshaw or wapinshaw (from the Old English for "weapon show") was originally a gathering and review of troops formerly held in every district in Scotland. The object was to satisfy the military chiefs that the arms of their retainers were in good condition and that the men were properly trained in their use.

Use of 'Wapenshaw' in Lawn Bowls
The term is still in use, to describe some competitions by bowling clubs in Scotland.

Use of 'Wapenshaw' in Shooting
Wapenshaw is also occasionally used, in Scotland and elsewhere in the United Kingdom for rifle or other gun shows, particularly those involving historic weapons.

The Woodcraft Folk
Wapenshaw is also widely used by The Woodcraft Folk to describe a daily ceremony when camping, which involves each camper removing all belongings from their tent and laying them out on a groundsheet in a fixed order. This serves two purposes: to air out the tent, and to ensure that no items have been lost.

title: Wapenshaw


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Corey Maggette

Corey Antoine Maggette (born November 12, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He became an analyst for Fox Sports.

High school and college career
Maggette excelled at Fenwick High School in Oak Park, Illinois where he was an All-American in basketball.

Maggette, a 6ft 6in, 225 lb small forward, played college basketball for Duke University where as a freshman in 1998–99, he averaged 10.6 points and 3.9 rebounds per game and was named to the ACC All-Rookie Team. Along with Duke teammates Elton Brand and William Avery, he is notable for being one of the first Duke players to leave before the end of his athletic eligibility during the tenure of coach Mike Krzyzewski.

In July 2000, Maggette signed a sworn statement that as a high schooler, he accepted $2,000 from his Amateur Athletic Union summer league coach Myron Piggie, a move that put his eligibility at Duke in question. In 2004, the NCAA decided not to punish Duke because they were found to have been unaware about Maggette's eligibility issue while at Duke.

Orlando Magic (1999–2000)
Maggette was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics but was later traded to the Orlando Magic on draft night along with Dale Ellis, Don MacLean, and Billy Owens for Horace Grant and 2nd round draft picks from the 2000 and 2001 drafts. Maggette was the only player retained by the Magic from the trade. As a rookie in 1999–2000, he averaged 8.4 points and 3.9 rebounds over 77 games and scored a season-high 20 points on January 3 against the Detroit Pistons.

Los Angeles Clippers (2000–2008)
On June 28, 2000, Maggette was traded, along with Keyon Dooling, Derek Strong, and cash considerations, to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for a 2006 first-round pick. During his career with the Clippers, Maggette, whose teammates nicknamed him "Maximus, " established himself as a solid forward and developed into a perennial 15+ per game scorer. He became known for excellent jumping ability as well as his propensity to create contact and get to the free throw line – he was consistently among the league leaders in free throws attempted and made. Maggette participated in the Slam Dunk Contest at the 2001 NBA All-Star Weekend and experienced a good year in 2004–05, touting career-highs in points, rebounds, assists and free throw percentage. Bothered by a nagging foot injury, he sat out much of the 2005–06 season. On April 22, 2006, Maggette and his teammates helped the Clippers win their first NBA playoff game in 13 years by defeating the Denver Nuggets in Game 1 of their first-round match-up. Two days later, the team won their second playoff game, going 2–0 against an opponent for the first time in franchise history. On May 1, 2006, they defeated the Nuggets in Game 5 and, as a result, their first playoff series since they moved from Buffalo. In the Western Conference semifinals, the Clippers faced the Phoenix Suns and lost in seven games. In a series-saving 118–106 Game 6 win over the Suns, Maggette came off the bench to score 25 points while shooting 7-of-8 shooting from the field and 9-of-9 from the free throw line – the best playoff performance of his career.

Maggette returned strongly during the 2006–07 season despite an alleged feud with coach Mike Dunleavy. Maggette had a career-high night against the Los Angeles Lakers on April 12, 2007, scoring 39 points to secure a 118–110 victory after recovering from a 17-point deficit.

On June 30, 2008, Maggette opted out of the final year of his contract with the Clippers and officially became an unrestricted free agent.

Golden State Warriors (2008–2010)
On July 10, 2008, Maggette signed a five-year, $50 million contract with the Golden State Warriors. Upon signing with the Warriors, general manager Chris Mullin said of Maggette, "He gets his points and rebounds. But I just think it's his approach to the work and his lifestyle that will be a huge benefit for our young guys. They can watch him, see how he approaches it and maybe they can emulate him."

Playing a sixth man role for the Warriors, Maggette averaged 19.3 points and 5.4 rebounds in 121 games over two seasons for the franchise.

Milwaukee Bucks (2010–2011)
On June 22, 2010, Maggette was traded, along with a 2010 second-round pick, to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Charlie Bell and Dan Gadzuric. On January 22, 2011, Maggette scored 12 points, grabbed 8 rebounds, and recorded a season-high 5 assists in a loss against the Memphis Grizzlies. On January 28, he recorded season-highs with 29 points and 11 rebounds in a 116–110 win over the Toronto Raptors.

Charlotte Bobcats (2011–2012)
On June 23, 2011, Maggette was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats as part of a three-team deal that also involved the Sacramento Kings. He managed just 32 games for the Bobcats in the lockout-shortened season, scoring a season-high 29 points on March 6, 2012, against the Orlando Magic.

Detroit Pistons (2012–2013)
On June 26, 2012, Maggette was traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Ben Gordon and a future first-round draft pick. After missing the first eight games of the 2012–13 season while nursing a calf injury suffered in preseason, Maggette made his Pistons debut on November 14, recording 9 points and 3 assists off the bench in a 94–76 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He managed to play the next 17 games before being sitting out the rest of the season from mid-December onwards for personal reasons mixed with not being played by coach Lawrence Frank and citing his lack of interest in the game.

Following the 2012–13 season, he became a free agent and subsequently signed a training camp deal with the San Antonio Spurs on September 30, 2013. However, he was later waived by the Spurs on October 15 after appearing in two preseason games. He later retired from basketball after 14 years in the NBA.

Post-playing career
In October 2014, Maggette joined Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket as an analyst for the Los Angeles Clippers. He later joined Fox Sports 1 as a college basketball analyst.

In 2017, Maggette joined the BIG3 team Power for their inaugural season which ended with him suffering a torn achilles in his team's opening game. In August 2018, Maggette was named 2018 BIG3 MVP and Captain of the Year after leading the Power to a 7–1 regular season record. Led by Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman as coach and league MVP Maggette's 27 points, team Power won the championship game 51–43. In May 2019, Maggette returned to the BIG3 to defend his team's championship, his MVP status and his team's health.

Public life
Off the court, Maggette worked with children as a member of the Clippers Reading All-Star Team. His "Uh Oh Maggette-O Kids" program brought hundreds of children to Clippers games for free. In 1999, he established his own "Corey Maggette Flight 50 Basketball Camp" and initially invited 50 kids to the first year's camp. After almost a decade, the camp was taking over 600 kids to its camps each year and won an "NBA Player's Best Camp Award" for its efforts. In June 2006, he also established "Corey Cares Foundation" to serve, mentor and inspire the less fortunate in the community of basketball and sports.

In 2007, Maggette made a brief guest appearance in the music video for Common's Drivin' Me Wild.

title: Corey Maggette


text:
Talk:Germanic weak verb

Hebrew letters
Is it useful to use Hebrew letters for Yiddish words, when >95% won't be able to read it? Anyway ...shouldn't Hebrew script be written from right to left? I only recognise "aleph", but it seems to appear at the "wrong" side of the words. Rolf /Darmstadt --84.167.130.108 12:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Yiddish words are spelled correctly. But you're right that transliterations should be included. AJD 13:44, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There may not be many of us who want the Hebrew characters, but pander to our whim and let there be both! --Doric Loon 17:09, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not against Hebrew script, it's perfekt like this. But the German example seems somehow wrong: "wirken" normally means "to act"/"to be effective" (i.e. "Wirkung"), but "werken" means "to work (manually with material)" ("arbeiten" is more general "to work") (compare "Werkbank", "Werkkunde", "Goethes gesammelten Werke") Rolf, --84.167.169.36 23:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK forget about it, I can't really tell the past participle of "werken", "ich habe gewerkt" ??? It's to unusual, germans would automatically switch to "ich habe gearbeitet".

Afrikaans
I have added the Afrikaans forms of the verbs to the table though the strong verb has been lost from Afrikaans, all verbs follow the weak pattern. However the past participle of Afrikaans verbs have lost the /t/ or /d/ sound. For example the past participle of werk is gewerk rather than the ancestral Dutch gewerkt.

Therefore should the initial sentence still read the following? In Germanic languages, weak verbs are those verbs that form their preterites and past participles by means of a dental suffix, an inflection that contains a /t/ or /d/ sound. Booshank 12:16, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for this. I think in principle that sentence remains a fair opening, but in the case of Afrikaans the dental has been lost.  One might of course ask, since both the dental and the ablaut system have disappeared entirely, whether weak and strong are meaningful concepts in Afrikaans at all.  But that would be a discussion for the Afrikaans page, I suppose.  --Doric Loon 12:40, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have never come across the terms 'strong' and 'weak' applied to Afrikaans verbs, I don't think one would use them if one was just looking at the Afrikaans language as the distinction between the two has been lost, but it seems useful when comparing Afrikaans with other Germanic languages. Booshank 12:47, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Strong and Weak?
Under General Description, shouldn't this sentence: In English the preterite and participle are always identical actualy read as follows: In English the preterite and participle of the weak verb are always identical. ?

Obviously the preterite and the past participle of to sing, for example, are not identical, but I don't want to change it because maybe I misunderstand.

Also, under "Strong and Weak", would show - showed - shown count as a (rare) example from English? Sukkoth 16:43, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

On the first question, you are absolutely right, the sentence was understood to refer only to weak verbs. I thought that was clear in the context but go ahead and improve it if you want. The second question is really interesting. Yes, this is a "semi-strong" verb, isn't it? But it is slightly different, because as far as I can see from the books I have handy, it goes back to a Germanic weak verb, but has developed a strong participle by analogy with verbs like sow, sown (strong, class 7). Is that too complicated to write up in this article? --Doric Loon (talk) 09:18, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Thou forms
I see that Doric Loon undid my edit in which I removed the thou forms from the English part of the Modern Paradigms section. I did this because I think that Early Modern English forms should be included either entirely or not at all: if "he worketh" is excluded, then I see no reason to include "thou workest" (and it would be "workest", not "workst"). There's a case for including them both - they make the similarities to the other Germanic languages clearer - but I thought they would make the chart too cluttered. Anyway, I'll err on the side of inclusion put them both in. --Lazar Taxon (talk) 01:21, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with the -eth forms being in here, but this together with the inclusion of more and more languages is making the table very cluttered. Maybe we should separate out the North Germanic languages into a separate table underneath?  It is not good if automatic linebreaks are stopping the six person/number rows from being lined up and easy to read.
 * There is a difference between the thou forms and the -eth forms, in that -eth died out in early modern times, but some people still use thou, even if it is rare. We discussed this before on some other page - can't remember where - and agreed that there is no point in having "you" twice; "thou" is cognate with the pronouns in the other languages, so it is useful to see it, and since this is an English-language Wiki, no-body is going to be misled by that about actual modern usage.  So including "thou" is sensible.
 * Whether including other old and variant forms has the same logic, I don't know. All I will say is be careful of clutter, and of the notion that we have to include everything.  --Doric Loon (talk) 08:21, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Norwegian exception etc.
This article seems to almost forget the North Germanic languages, although it's call "Germanic weak verb" and not "West Germanic weak verb". Also, Norwegian and Danish should be added to the table under "Modern paradigms".

The Norwegian nynorsk conjugation is verka/verke - verkar - verka - verka, which shows that it is simply not true that "In Germanic languages, weak verbs are those verbs that form their preterites and past participles by means of a dental suffix, an inflection that contains a /t/ or /d/ sound or similar." The biggest class of weak verbs (called a-verbs) in norwegian can't have dental suffixes in nynorsk orthography, and may not have in bokmål orthography (where the ending -et is the more used alternative). There are however other classes of weak verbs that do have dental suffixes.

This verbs that do have a dental suffix now did have one in Old Norse, but it has been lost in all Norwegian dialects except the one in Bergen (and in the Riksmål sociolects), and the same is the case in many Swedish dialects. Since Faroese has lost the ð, this may be the case here to, but I don't know.

Also, that "Only Frisian has retained two productive classes of weak verbs" isn't the case either. I suppose most (maybe all) North Germanic languages have at least two productive classes. 195.0.220.117 (talk) 07:54, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The article is correct to say that weak verbs are those with dental suffixes; the concept is historical, and all weak verbs once had dental suffixes. The article goes on to say that this suffix has disappeared in Afrikaans.  If it has disappeared elsewhere, do add that information.
 * Our articles are focussed by the competence of the authors and so far no-one with extensive competence in Nordic has chosen to contribute much. This is a fairly good article but it is still quite young and it will improve when someone with that competence gets round to writing.  If you are a linguist (as opposed to a casual speaker of some Scandinavian language) I would encourage you to add your knowledge. --Doric Loon (talk) 20:22, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Older English Form
This article overlooks what used to be accepted into the English language. The past form of to work is, or at least used to be, "wrought." Languages are all on a trend on which they are simplifying. German, for example, now accepts both "gesandt"(strong past participle) and "gesendet"(weak past participle) for the verb infinitive "senden," which originally was classified as a strong verb. Jaundiced Zippo (talk) 20:38, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Gesandt is also a weak form (since it ends in -t, not -en), as is wrought (< OE worhte), but you're right that irregular weak forms tend to get replaced by regular weak forms. —Angr 08:02, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Marvel Store aka Sourav Banerjee he is an indian YouTuber,Digital Creator. Instagram- @sourav.official08 YouTube- Marvel Store Souravvbanerjee (talk) 19:28, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Why no PG reconstruction of the weak conjugations?
The commonalities of Germanic weak inflections can only be explained by their proto-forms in the parent language, and yet those aren't given here. The implied attitude of extreme empiricism/scepticism to historical reconstructions seems rather incongruent with the current state of linguistics.--77.85.55.14 (talk) 00:30, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Germanic weak verb


text:
Long Man of Wilmington

The Long Man of Wilmington or Wilmington Giant is a hill figure on the steep slopes of Windover Hill near Wilmington, East Sussex, England. It is 6 mi northwest of Eastbourne and 1/3 mi south of Wilmington. Locally, the figure was once often called the "Green Man". The Long Man is 235 ft tall, holds two "staves", and is designed to look in proportion when viewed from below.

Formerly thought to originate in the Iron Age or even the neolithic period, a 2003 archaeological investigation showed that the figure may have been cut in the Early Modern era – the 16th or 17th century AD. From afar the figure appears to have been carved from the underlying chalk; but the modern figure is formed from white-painted breeze blocks and lime mortar.

The Long Man is one of two major extant human hill figures in England; the other is the Cerne Abbas Giant, north of Dorchester. Both are Scheduled Monuments. Two other hill figures that include humans are the Osmington White Horse and the Fovant regimental badges.

The Long Man is also one of two hill figures in East Sussex; the other is the Litlington White Horse, 3 miles south-west of the Long Man.

Origins
The origin of the Long Man remains unclear. For many years the earliest known record was a drawing made by William Burrell when he visited Wilmington Priory, near Windover (or Wind-door) Hill, in 1766. Burrell's drawing shows a figure holding a rake and a scythe, both shorter than the present staves. In 1993, another drawing was discovered in the Devonshire Collections at Chatsworth House which had been made by the surveyor John Rowley in 1710, now the first definite date on which the figure is known to have existed.

An early suggestion, sometimes stated to be a local tradition, was that the Long Man had been cut by monks from nearby Wilmington Priory, and represented a pilgrim, but this was not widely believed by antiquarians, who felt that monks were unlikely to have created an unclothed figure. Until fairly recently the Long Man was most commonly asserted to have been cut in the neolithic period, primarily due to the presence of a long barrow nearby, or given an Iron Age attribution based on a perceived similarity to other hill figures.

John North wrote that during the centuries around 3480 BC the figure would have been positioned to mark the constellation Orion's movement across the ridge above it. The figure, according to this interpretation, may have been a manifestation of a Neolithic astral religion. Another suggestion was that the figure had a Romano-British provenance, while an origin in the time of Anglo-Saxon England gained credence after the 1964 discovery at Finglesham in Kent of an Anglo-Saxon buckle depicting a figure, (possibly Odin), holding two spears in a similar fashion to the Long Man.

In her book "Weald of Kent and Sussex" (published in 1953) novelist and regional historian Sheila Kaye-Smith puts forward the theory: "that he represents the god Baldur standing at the gate of Midsummer. On Midsummer Day the rising sun, appearing over the eastern rim of Andredsweald, would send a patch of light across the waves of trees to enter, as it were, the hillside beyond them. In that hillside the ancients saw a gate, the gate of midsummer and morning, and they saw a god opening the gate to the triumphantly entering sun. So where he stood they carved his likeness, a hand on each pillar of the gate. To us now he looks as if, instead of this, he were holding an upright pole in either hand."

Archaeological work performed in 2003 by Martin Bell of the University of Reading, in association with Aubrey Manning's Open University programme Landscape Mysteries, strongly suggested that the figure dates from the Early Modern period – the 16th or 17th century AD. Bell found that the slope on which the Long Man was cut had gone through a period of instability in this time, after a very long prior period of stability, suggesting that the figure was first cut then. This has opened up the possibility that the Long Man could be a Tudor or Stuart-era political satire in the manner recently posited for the Cerne Abbas giant, or possibly a religious image associated with the Reformation: Ronald Hutton noted that "we can at least celebrate the fact that we have our first, apparently unequivocally, Early Modern hill figure, and historians now have to reckon with it."

Pre-20th century history
Whatever the figure's origin, for much of its history it seems to have existed only as a shadow or indentation in the grass, visible after a light fall of snow or as a different shade of green in summer: it is described or illustrated as such in 1710, 1781, 1800, 1835 and 1851. Indeed, the figure was once known locally as the "Green Man". Earlier depictions, such as those of Rowley and Burrell, show other details such as a possible scythe blade on the right-hand staff and the suggestion of a helmet or hat on the figure's head: they also indicate a different, albeit indistinct, position for the feet. The current outline of the Long Man is largely the result of a 'restoration' of 1873–74, when a group led by the vicar of Glynde, Reverend William de St Croix, marked out the outline with yellow bricks whitewashed and cemented together, though it has been claimed that the restoration process distorted the position of the feet.

The archaeologist John S. Phené, who was co-opted into the project and whose 1873 talk to the Royal Institute of British Architects had originally inspired it, initially expressed his reservations with both the bricking and the design used. The original intention of the 'restoration' had been to cut the figure down to the chalk bedrock, but had been abandoned after trials showed that the soil depth made this too difficult.

In the years after the 'restoration' several people familiar with the figure commented that the feet were altered, having originally both pointed outwards and downwards so that "the Giant appeared to be coming down the hill", in the words of Ann Downs, who had grown up at Wilmington Priory in the 1840s. Resistivity surveys conducted in the 1990s by R. Castleden, combined with examination of apparent shadow marks shown in early photographs, have provided strong evidence that the feet had in fact pointed outwards as described by 19th century observers and had been slightly lower than in the current outline. The surveys showed that the figure had likely been originally cut by trenching, in the same manner as other chalk hill figures, but had been abandoned after only a few scourings.

There was also some evidence to suggest that the feature on one staff similar to a scythe blade, flail or shepherd's crook was genuine, along with a suggestion of a "helmet" or hat. It seems likely that the proportions of the figure have been distorted slightly by the 1873 bricking and the 1969 replacement of the bricks with breeze blocks, with the Long Man having been up to 75.5 m tall prior to 1873.

20th and 21st centuries

In 1925, the site of the Long Man was given to the Sussex Archaeological Trust (now the Sussex Archaeological Society) by the Duke of Devonshire. During the Second World War it was painted green to avoid it being used as a landmark by German aircraft.

The 1993 book, The Druid Way by Sussex author Philip Carr-Gomm, drew attention to the supposed significance of the Long Man as a sacred site for the modern world.

At dawn on May Day, the Long Man Morris Men dance at the foot of the Long Man. The Long Man plays host to neo-pagan rituals on Sundays closest to the eight Pagan Festivals through the year.

In 2007, the site was used in television fashion show Trinny & Susannah Undress the Nation. Trinny Woodall, Susannah Constantine and 100 women gave the Long Man a temporary female form by using their bodies to add pigtails, breasts and hips. The women created the effect by lying down in white boiler suits to make shapes. ITV were given permission for the event by Sussex Archaeological Society and that they took "the utmost care ... to protect this historical site". The hillside chalk carving was not permanently changed or affected. However the scene prompted twenty-two Neo-Pagans to protest at the site during filming. The Long Man is claimed as 'sacred' by the Council of British Druid Orders, who said the 'stunt' would "dishonour an ancient Pagan site of worship". The owners, Sussex Archaeological Society, later apologised for any offence caused to any "individuals or groups" by the filming.

Overnight, on 17/18 June 2010 a giant phallus was painted on the Long Man rivalling that of the Cerne Abbas Giant. Observed by locals it appeared that a football pitch marker or similar object was used to paint the phallus.

On 16 October 2015, anti-fracking protesters added the words "FRACK OFF!" above the Long Man, in protest against fracking being approved in the area. The words were removed quickly and were believed to have been made out of tarpaulin.

On 27 January 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a face mask was painted on to the Long Man.

Literary inclusions
In Arthur Beckett's 1909 Spirit of the Downs, a chapter is dedicated to the Long Man of Wilmington, in "The Hero on the Hill", and gives a fictional account of the invading Saxon's victory over the Britons, who celebrate by drawing an enormous figure on the Downs.

Eleanor Farjeon, in her book Martin Pippin in the Daisy Field (1937), gives a fancy origin of the giant in a form of a folktale told by Martin Pippin the bard to six young girls in the daisy field.

In his comic The Sandman #19 (1990), Neil Gaiman interprets the figure as the guardian of a gateway into Faerie.

The Long Man plays a prominent role in the Spike and Suzy comic book The Circle of Power (1998).

The giant is omnipresent in the post-apocalyptic future of the science-fiction book by Lord Dunsany The Pleasures of a Futuroscope written in 1955.

The Long Man is frequently referenced in the works of English SF/Fantasy author John Whitbourn.

Musical interpretations
The Long Man has long been an influence on artists, musicians, and authors. The composers Benjamin Britten and Frank Bridge would often picnic at the foot of the figure. It inspired On Windover Hill by Nathan James, which premiered at Boxgrove Priory, near Chichester, by the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra and Harlequin Chamber Choir on 7 March 2020. The figure was also an influence on Avril Coleridge-Taylor's work for chorus and orchestra, Wyndore, which was written in Alfriston in 1936.

Electronic pop group Kissing the Pink shot the promotional video for their 1982 single "Mr Blunt" at the Long Man.

In fiction
The title character in "The Man in the Hills", from series twelve of the children's television programme Thomas & Friends, is based on The Long Man of Wilmington.

In the ninth episode of the Japanese TV series Cowboy Bebop, "Jamming with Edward", an image of the Long Man is seen briefly alongside other landscape carvings, although now it is located in South America.

In the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla by Ubisoft, the Long Man makes an appearance in the Suthsexe region of Wessex.

title: Long Man of Wilmington


text:
Basilica della Santa Casa

The Basilica della Santa Casa (Basilica of the Holy House) is a Marian shrine in Loreto, in the Marches, Italy. The basilica is known for enshrining the house in which the Blessed Virgin Mary is believed by some Catholics to have lived. Pious legends claim the same house was flown over by angelic beings from Nazareth to Tersatto (Trsat in Croatia), then to Recanati, before arriving at the current site.

The basilica is also known for enshrining the Madonna and Child image of "Our Lady of Loreto". Pope Benedict XV designated her under this title as patroness of air passengers and auspicious travel on 24 March 1920. Pope Pius XI granted a Canonical Coronation to the venerated image made of Cedar of Lebanon wood on 5 September 1922, replacing the original Marian image consumed in fire on 23 February 1921.

The church
The basilica containing the Santa Casa is a Late Gothic structure built starting from 1468, and continued by Giuliano da Maiano, Giuliano da Sangallo, and Donato Bramante. It is 93 m long, 60 m wide, and its campanile is 75.6 m high.

The façade of the church was erected under Sixtus V, who in 1586 fortified Loreto and gave it the privileges of a town; his colossal statue stands on the parvis, above the front steps, a third of the way to the left as one enters. Over the principal doorway there is a lifesize bronze statue of the Virgin and Child by Girolamo Lombardo; the three superb bronze doors executed at the latter end of the 16th century under the reign of Paul V (1605–1621) are also by Lombardo (1506–1590), his sons and his pupils, among them Tiburzio Vergelli (1551–1609), who also made the fine bronze font in the interior. The doors and hanging lamps are by the same artists.

The richly decorated campanile (1750 to 1754), by Luigi Vanvitelli, is of great height; the principal bell, presented by Leo X in 1516, weighs 11 tons.

The interior of the church has mosaics by Domenichino and Guido Reni and other works of art, including statues by Raffaello da Montelupo. In the sacristies on each side of the right transept are frescoes, on the right by Melozzo da Forlì, on the left by Luca Signorelli and in both there are some fine intarsias; the basilica as a whole is thus a collaborative work by generations of architects and artists.

The Santa Casa

The main focus of Loreto is the Holy House itself (in Italian, the Santa Casa di Loreto). It has been a Catholic pilgrimage destination since at least the 14th century and a popular tourist destination as well.

The House
The House itself consists of three stone walls. It is a plain stone structure, with a door on the north side and a window on the west. The size is 31 x 13 ft (or 9.52 x 4.10 x 4.30 m) high.

The Black Madonna of Our Lady of Loreto
A niche contains a 33 in high image of the Virgin and Child, richly adorned with jewels, above the altar. The statue was commissioned after a fire in the Santa Casa in 1921 destroyed the original Madonna, and it was granted a Canonical Coronation in 1922 by Pope Pius XI.

A legend attributes the original statue of olive wood to Saint Luke, but the style suggests it was created in the 15th century. The original statue, dating back to the 1400s, was an image of the Black Madonna with the Christ Child, both of whom were covered since the 16th century with a jeweled mantle or dalmatic.

The statue was stolen by Napoleonic troops in 1797 and taken to Paris. It was returned with the Treaty of Tolentino and ended up in Rome, from where the image made an eight-day journey as a pilgrim Madonna, arriving in Loreto on 9 December 1801. During the absence of the original statue from the Holy House, a copy made of poplar wood was placed in the niche and remains the only copy to have been venerated in the Holy House. This copy is now enshrined at the Chiesa della Buona Morte in Cannara.

In 1921, a fire broke out inside the Holy House which incinerated the sculpture. At the behest of Pope Pius XI, a new image similar to the original was immediately carved, using the wood of a cedar of Lebanon from the Vatican Gardens. It was modeled by Enrico Quattrini and executed and painted by Leopoldo Celani. In 1922, the statue was crowned in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and transported to Loreto.

There is a local tradition in the city of Treia that the original statue of Our Lady of Loreto was hidden and replaced with a copy before Napoleon's troops looted the basilica. When the copy was returned to Loreto, the exchange with the original statue never took place. Thus, it was the copy that was destroyed by fire. The original statue was hidden in a convent and then taken by Visitandine nuns to Treia, where it is enshrined at the Church of Santa Chiara. Much like the Holy House, it is associated with miracles.

The sculpted marble screen
Around the house is a tall marble screen designed by Bramante and executed under Popes Leo X, Clement VII and Paul III. A small part of this sculpture was the work of Andrea Sansovino, but the greater part was executed by Raffaello da Montelupo, Tribolo and others of his assistants and pupils. The four sides represent the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Arrival of the Santa Casa at Loreto and the Nativity of the Virgin, respectively.

The Hall of the Treasury
The Hall of the Treasury dates from the beginning of the 17th century. It contains votive offerings, liturgical objects and vestments. The frescoes on the vaulted ceiling are exquisite examples of late Roman Mannerism and were created between 1605 and 1610 by Cristoforo Roncalli, known as Pomarancio.

1st-century Judaea
Late medieval religious traditions developed suggesting that this was the house in which the Holy Family (Mary, Joseph and Jesus) had lived while in Judea at the start of the first century AD. According to this narrative, this is the Nazareth house in which Mary had been born and brought up, received the Annunciation, conceived Jesus through the Holy Spirit, and had lived during the childhood of Christ. After Jesus's Ascension, the house was converted into a church where the Apostles placed an altar, at which Saint Peter celebrated the first Eucharist after the Resurrection.

1291 miraculous translation to Dalmatia
Just before the final expulsion of the Christian Crusaders from the Holy Land, in order to protect it from Muslim soldiers, the house was miraculously carried by angels and initially deposited in 1291 on a hill at Tersatto (now Trsat, a suburb of Rijeka, Croatia), where an appearance of the Virgin and numerous miraculous cures attested to its sanctity. The miraculous translation of the house is said to have been confirmed by investigations made at Nazareth by messengers from the governor of Dalmatia.

1294: miraculous translation to Italy
As pilgrims were prey to bandits, in 1294, angels again carried it across the Adriatic Sea to the woods near Ancona (although the reasoning is not clear as to why this happened); from these woods (Latin lauretum, Italian Colle dei Lauri or from the name of its proprietress Laureta) the chapel derived the name which it still retains (Latin sacellum gloriosæ Virginis in Laureto). The house that gave rise to the title Our Lady of Loreto, applied to the Virgin.

1295–1296: three more translations
"By the will of God", it was afterwards moved again thrice: in 1295 to a hill near Recanati, but being too close to the sea and therefore exposed to the dangers of Turkish raids, after eight months it was again moved to a hill a mile away, Monte Prodo, near Loreto. Here two counts sought to acquire title to the land in order to profit from the pilgrimages. In 1296, the Santa Casa is moved for the fifth time to the road that goes from Recanati to Porto Recanati, and therefore not on private property.

Historicity
An authority on Loreto has summed up the controversy concerning the miraculous flight of the Holy House by writing that it has attracted "the ridicule of one half of the world and the devotion of the other."

Archaeological pro arguments
A number of arguments have been made at various times for the house's authenticity. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia reports that the stones and mortar of the house are claimed to be typical of 1st century Nazareth and Palestine, but not of Loreto and the Marches. It also cites the house's lack of foundations. Another Catholic book, from 1895, claims further that investigations in 1751 found the house to be placed directly on uncleared ground, on top of miscellaneous paving stones, shells, nuts, and bushes. Other Christian sources describe Hebrew and Greek graffiti on the walls, which they compare to writings found at the Grotto of the Annunciation in Nazareth. A sixteenth-century investigation ordered by Pope Clement VII reported that the house's measurements exactly matched those of foundations in front of the Grotto in Nazareth. Finally, apologists cite the house's placement partly on a public road, arguing that a house would not be deliberately built in such a location.

Earliest mentions of the house
The documented history of the house can only be traced as far back as the close of the Crusades, around the 14th century. An early brief reference is made in the Italia Illustrata of Flavius Blondus (1392–1463), secretary to Popes Eugene IV, Nicholas V, Calixtus III and Pius II; it can be read in its entirety in the Redemptoris mundi Matris Ecclesiæ Lauretana historia, contained in the Opera Omnia (1576) of Baptista Mantuanus.

The first detailed mention of the tradition is a 1472 leaflet by Teramano.

Translation by Angelos/Angeli family theory
In modern times, the Church traced the linguistic origins of the story to an aristocratic family called "Angelos", which were responsible for the transfer. There are 16th-century bas-reliefs, which suggest that the Holy House was transported by sea. In May 1900, papal physician Giuseppe Lapponi indicated that he had read in the Vatican archives documents suggesting that the members of the noble Byzantine family named Angelos had saved the stones of the House from Muslim devastation and transported them to Loreto. In a second step, in late 1294, Nikephoros, ruler of Epirus from the Angelos family (in Italian: Niceforo Angeli), sent on the bricks to Italy as a wedding gift for his daughter who had married Prince Philip, the son of the King of Naples, in October that year. In both Greek and Latin, the family name Angelos/Angeli means "angels". The stones considered by researchers to be authentic are still visibly marked with Roman numerals, by scratching or with coal, which suggests that the three walls were carefully taken apart with the intention to faithfully reassemble them at another location. The traditional date of the miraculous translation, 12 May 1291, is compatible with the historical dates – the port city of Acre, the Crusader capital, fell six days later, theoretically allowing for the shipment of the stones, once they had been carried by cart from Nazareth to the port of Acre.

Archaeological excavations were carried out between 1962 and 1965. Among the numerous coins found underneath the building, there were two bearing the inscription "Gui Dux Atenes". This refers to Guy II de la Roche, the Regent of Athens from 1280 to 1287. His parents were the Frankish nobleman, William I, Duke of Athens, and the Aromanian Greek princess Helena Angelina Komnene, the daughter of John Doukas, Prince of Thessaly, also known as John Angelos. Through his mother, Guy was related to the Byzantine families of the Komnenos and Doukas, Emperors of Constantinople and Epirus. Helena was Regent of the Duchy of Athens from the death of her husband in 1287 until her son's reaching the age of majority in 1294, covering the entire time span of the translation of the Holy House from Nazareth, to Epirus, to Recanati (Loreto). The presence of the two coins are proof that the Angelos family, known in Italian as Angeli and later as De Angeli, supervised the event. The law of Recanati categorically prohibited construction of any type of building on public roads, providing for its immediate demolition; only an intervention from a very high authority could have led to a suspension of the law, as is reported to have happened in the case of the House. Archaeological examination offered further proof for both the provenance of the stones from Nazareth, and for them being reassembled at Loreto, where several phases of support construction for the three-wall structure could be detected.

Counter-arguments: chronology and late origin
According to Herbert Thurston, in some respects, the Lauretan tradition is "beset with difficulties of the gravest kind", which were noted in a 1906 work on the subject.

There are documents which indicate that a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin already existed at Loreto in the 12th and 13th centuries, at least a century before the supposed translation.

There is no mention by early pilgrims or other sources of a building at the venerated site in Nazareth, other than the rock-hewn chamber. Neither does any document from the time following the alleged transition mention any missing structure at the site.

There is also no mention of the alleged transition before 1472, 180 years after the time of the supposed translation.

Statue-before-house-legend theory
Thurston suggests that a miracle-working statue or picture of the Madonna was brought from Tersatto in Illyria (more precisely Dalmatia) to Loreto by some pious Christians and was then confounded with the ancient rustic chapel in which it was harboured, the veneration formerly given to the statue afterwards passing to the building.

Vision of Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824) explicitly claims that the house was transported by angels, even to her own near-disbelief: "I have often in vision witnessed the transporting of the Holy House to Loretto. For a long time, I could not believe it, and yet I continued to see it. I saw the Holy House borne over the sea by seven angels. It had no foundation, but there was under it a shining surface of light. On either side was something like a handle. Three angels carried it on one side and three on the other; the seventh hovered in front of it, a long train of light after him."

Modern era
In 1797, Napoleon's troops sacked the church. The treasury was emptied, either looted by soldiers, or its contents requisitioned by the pope who needed money for the payments required by the Treaty of Tolentino, which he had signed with Napoleon. Still, by 1821 the Black Madonna had been returned from the Louvre via Rome, and the treasury was again filled with valuable offerings.

Papal support
Papal support of the Loreto tradition comes relatively late. The first Bull mentioning the translation is that of Julius II in 1507, and is a rather guarded expression. Julius introduces the clause "ut pie creditur et fama est", "as is piously believed and reported to be".

On 4 October 2012, Benedict XVI visited the Shrine to mark the 50th anniversary of John XXIII's visit. In his visit, Benedict formally entrusted the World Synod of Bishops and the Year of Faith to the Virgin of Loreto.

On 20 June 2020, during the Feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Pope Francis added three invocations to the Litany of Loreto: Mother of mercy, Mother of hope, and Solace of migrants. He later approved the extension of the Jubilee Year of Loreto to 2021. The jubilee year marks the 100th anniversary of the official proclamation of Our Lady of Loreto as the patroness of pilots and air passengers. It began 8 December 2019 and was due to end 10 December 2020, the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, but was extended to 10 December 2021 because of disruptions due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Nazareth
A competing tradition holds that the location of the Annunciation was at or near the site of the present Basilica of the Annunciation, whose lower level holds the Grotto of the Annunciation, said to be the remains of Mary's childhood home. (The Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem is also said to have been built on the site of Mary's childhood home.) Some proponents of Loreto maintain that the Holy House and the Grotto were originally part of the same dwelling.

Walsingham, England
The shrine at Walsingham is the principal shrine of the Blessed Virgin in England. The legend of "Our Lady's house" (written down about 1465, and consequently earlier than the Loreto translation tradition) supposes that in the time of St. Edward the Confessor a chapel was built at Walsingham, which exactly reproduced the dimensions of the Holy House of Nazareth. When the carpenters could not complete it upon the site that had been chosen, it was moved and erected by angels' hands at a spot two hundred feet away.

Veneration
Our Lady of Loreto is the title of the Virgin Mary with respect to the Holy House of Loreto and the image displayed therein.

In the 1600s, a Mass and a Marian litany was approved. The "Litany of Loreto" is the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary, one of the five litanies approved for public recitation by the Church.

The Russian icon of the Mother of God "Addition of Mind" is based on the image of Our Lady of Loreto.

Feast day
In October 2019 Pope Francis restored to the universal Roman calendar, the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, as an optional memorial commemorated on 10 December.

Patronage
In 1920 Pope Benedict XV declared the Madonna of Loreto patron saint of air travellers and pilots.

Iconography
The Santa Casa is occasionally represented in religious art borne by angels.

In popular culture
Due to Our Lady of Loreto being the patroness of aviators, Charles Lindbergh took a Loreto statuette with him on his 1927 flight across the Atlantic, and Apollo 8 carried a Loreto medallion on its 1968 flight to the Moon.

title: Basilica della Santa Casa


text:
User:Loganberry/Cricket

''This page is here to help me keep track of my cricket-related work. It is not comprehensive, and in some cases may not even be comprehensible!''

Things to do

 * Worcestershire County Cricket Club
 * Expand history section
 * Articles on all 2005 players
 * Articles on all past captains
 * As many other players as possible, esp Test players
 * ECB National Academy, NBC Denis Compton Award, Playfair Cricket Annual, CricketArchive, Minor Counties Championship, Free Foresters Cricket Club
 * India A cricket team, South Africa A cricket team, Pakistan A cricket team, Sri Lanka A cricket team, Zimbabwe A cricket team
 * 1979 ICC Trophy, 1982 ICC Trophy, 1986 ICC Trophy, 1990 ICC Trophy, 1994 ICC Trophy, 1997 ICC Trophy, 2001 ICC Trophy
 * More second-tier bios, esp Canadian and Dutch.

English counties
Every county has at least a stub page. Leave out National League nicknames unless it's unavoidable.

Derbyshire Durham Essex Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Middlesex Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Somerset Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Worcestershire Yorkshire

Australian states
All team pages are under the state's modern name (ie with the nickname), so need to link to that even for historic articles.

New South Wales Victoria Western Australia South Australia Queensland Tasmania

Worcestershire debuts
Please see separate subpage at User:Loganberry/Worcs.

Notability standards for bios

 * At least one Test or ODI appearance, as player, umpire or administrator.
 * At least one first-class or List A appearance, as player.
 * Long-serving first-class umpire.
 * Appeared in at least one ICC Trophy final.
 * Holds any very notable record in minor cricket (eg A. E. J. Collins).
 * Anyone else I feel ought to be included. =;)

title: User:Loganberry/Cricket


text:
Napata

Napata (Old Egyptian Npt, Npy; Meroitic Napa; Νάπατα and Ναπάται ) was a city of ancient Kush at the fourth cataract of the Nile founded by the Egyptian Amun cult for Egyptian pilgrims given by its, as suggested, Egyptian name. It is located approximately 1.5 kilometers from the east side of the river at the site of modern Karima, Sudan.

Napata was the southernmost permanent settlement in the New Kingdom of Egypt (16th–11th centuries BC) and home to Jebel Barkal, the main Kushite cult centre of Amun. It was the sometime capital of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and, after its fall in 663 BC, of the Kingdom of Kush. In 593 BC, it was sacked by the Egyptians and the Kushite capital was relocated to Meroë. Even after this move, Napata continued to be the kingdom's primary religious centre. The city was sacked a second time by the Romans in 23 BC but was rebuilt and continued as an important centre of the Amun cult.

The terms "Napata" or "Napatan period" can also refer to the Kushite polity from its rise around 750 BC until 270 BC, when Napata finally lost its symbolic significance as the location of royal burials to Meroë. The subsequent period of Kushite history is called Meroitic down to the collapse of the kingdom.

Early history
Napata was founded by Thutmose III in the 15th century BC after his conquest of Kush. Because Egyptians believed that the inundation of the Nile equated Creation, Napata's location as the southernmost point in the empire led it to become an important religious centre and settlement. In the Early 18th Dynasty, Jebel Barkal, a lone sandstone butte, became a focus of Egyptian cultic religion as the residence of their state god Amun of Karnak. In the shadow of Jebel Barkal, a religious centre called Karnak was erected and the settlement that followed in the area became known as Napata.

In 1075 BC, the High Priest of Amun at Thebes, capital of Egypt, became powerful enough to limit the power of Pharaoh Smendes of the post-Ramesside Twenty-first Dynasty over Upper Egypt. This was the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period (1075–664 BC). The fragmentation of power in Egypt allowed the Kushites to regain autonomy as they became increasingly estranged from Theban clergy. They founded the Kingdom of Kush, which was centered at Napata. A stela erected in Napata in the eighth century presents a Kushite king (whose title has been hammered out) as the only ruler legitimated by the god Amun, appointing the kinglets and Libyan chiefs who shared Egypt at that time and derived their legitimacy from the generals' discretion.

Napatan period
In 750 BC, Napata was a developed city, while Egypt was still suffering political instability. Kashta, whose name is Egyptian for "the Kushite", profited from it, and attacked Upper Egypt. His policy was pursued by his successors Piye, and Shabaka (721–707 BC), who eventually brought the whole Nile Valley under Kushitic control in the second year of his reign. Overall, the Kushite kings ruled Upper Egypt for approximately one century and the whole of Egypt for approximately 57 years, from 721 to 664 BC. They constitute the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Manetho's Aegyptiaca. Furthermore, these Kushite kings were supported by Amun clergy at Thebes and believed their power was claimed through Amun of Jebel Barkal and Amun of Karnak. They are depicted in art as having worn a particular type of skull-cap crown reminiscent of the shape of Jebel Barkal, which was intended to show how they derived their power from that “Pure Mountain”.

The reunited Egyptian empire under the 25th dynasty was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom and ushered in a renaissance. Religion, arts, and architecture were restored to their Old, Middle, and New Kingdom forms. Pharaohs, such as Taharqa, built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile, including at Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, Jebel Barkal, and elsewhere.

Assyrian invasion and end of the Twenty-fifth dynasty
Pharaoh Taharqa's reign and that of his eventual successor, his cousin Tantamani, were filled with constant conflict with the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Around 670 BC, emperor Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) conquered Lower Egypt, but allowed local kingdoms there to exist in order to enlist them as his allies against the Kushite rulers of Upper Egypt, who had been accepted with reluctance.

When King Ashurbanipal succeeded Esarhaddon, the Kushite king Taharqa convinced some rulers of Lower Egypt to break with Assyrians. However, Assurbanipal overpowered the coalition. He appointed Necho I, ruler of Memphis and Saïs. Necho was the first king of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty (664–525 BC) of Egypt, which is also known as the "Saïte Dynasty".

In 664 BC, the Assyrians struck the final blow, sacking Thebes and Memphis. The same year, Taharqa died. The new Kushite king, Tantamani (664–653 BC), killed Necho I that same year when he tried to invade Lower Egypt. However, Tantamani was unable to defeat the Assyrians, who backed Necho's son, Psamtik I. Tantamani eventually abandoned his attempt to conquer Lower Egypt and retreated to Napata. However, his authority over Upper Egypt was acknowledged until 656 BC, when Psamtik I dispatched a naval fleet to Upper Egypt and succeeded in placing all of Egypt under his control.

The 25th dynasty ended with its rulers retreating to Napata. It was there (at El-Kurru and Nuri) that all 25th dynasty pharaohs are buried under the first pyramids that the Nile valley had seen since the Middle Kingdom.

The Napatan dynasty continued to rule the Kushite state, which flourished in Napata and Meroë until at least the second century AD.

Late Napatan kingdom
Napata remained the centre of the Kingdom of Kush for another two generations, from the 650s to 590 BC. Its economy was essentially based on gold, with 26th dynasty Egypt an important economic ally.

Napatan architecture, paintings, writing script, and other artistic and cultural forms were in Kush style. Egyptian burial customs were practised, including the resurrection of pyramid building. Also, several ancient Egyptian deities were worshipped. The most important god was Amun, a Theban deity. The Temple of Amun and the Temple of Mut were the most important ones at Napata, located at the foot of Jebel Barkal.

After the Achaemenid conquest of Egypt, Napata lost its economic influence. The Napatan region itself was desiccating, leading to less cattle and agriculture. An Achaemenid raid had seriously affected Napata in 591 BC. Finally, Napata was losing its role of economic capital to Meroë. The island of Meroë, the peninsula formed by the Nile and the Atbarah River, was an area rich in iron, which was becoming an essential source of wealth. Meroe eventually became the capital of the Kingdom of Kush, leading to the abandonment of Napata.

In 23 BC, the Governor of Roman Egypt Gaius Petronius invaded Kush with 10,000 men after an initial attack by the queen of Meroë, razing Napata to the ground. In the Res Gestae Divi Augusti ("Deeds of the Divine Augustus"), Augustus claims that "a penetration was made as far as the town of Napata, which is next to Meroe.

After the Roman sack, Napata was restored by King Natakamani, who renovated the temple of Amun and constructed a palace. Later, the site was abandoned, its buildings plundered and destroyed. There is circumstantial evidence that this may have been the result of religious changes.

Archaeology of the site
The American archaeologists George A. Reisner discovered a total of ten complete (or nearly complete) statues in two caches. These statues depicted Taharqa and several of his successors, including Tanwetamani, Senkamanisken, Anlamani, and Aspelta. This discovery was partially accidental, as Reisner had only happened upon the first cache while searching for a prospective dump site. Weeks later, the second cache was found within the nearby Amun temple with several fragments matching the statues in the first cache. Along with the statue fragments, ash was found in the second cache which suggested to Reisner that the sculptures had been purposefully destroyed. Due to the close proximity, the statues from the caches are thought to have once been displayed in the Amun temple.

The earliest known standing structure at Jebel Barkal is the Enthronement Pavilion, which has been dated to the reign of Thutmose IV. This structure is adjacent to the Jebel Barkal cliff, which has resulted in several rock falls damaging the construction at various points in the third century BC and first century AD. The 18th Dynasty use for this structure is uncertain, though it is known to have functioned as a royal enthronement pavilion during the third century BC.

Cultural references
Napata was mentioned in Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida (1871) in Act III, when Amonasro uses Aida to learn where Rhadames will lead his army.

Napata is the setting for a large portion of the novel, The Last Camel Died At Noon by Egyptologist, Barbara Mertz under the nom de plume of Elizabeth Peters.

title: Napata


text:
Argun, Chechen Republic

Argun (Аргу́н, ), also known as Ustrada (Устрада-ГӀала, Ustrada-Ġala or Орга-ГӀала, Orga-Ġala) is a town in the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the Argun River. Population:   22,000 (1968).

In April 2017 the independent Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta documented that Chechen authorities had set up so-called "gay concentration camps", within the town.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of republic significance of Argun—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Argun is incorporated as Argun Urban Okrug.

Climate
Argun has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa).

title: Argun, Chechen Republic


text:
Talk:Jürgen Rüttgers

Untitled
Thanks for the further corrections to this article, though I'm very sceptical about the use of the term Prime Minister. A Prime Minister tends to refer to a single politician in control of the country's government who is second only to the official head of state, although in Germany the "Prime Minister" would actually be the Federal Chancellor (Gerhard Schröder) who officially serves under the President of the Federation (Horst Köhler). NRW is not a country in itself - it is a state much like states in America, so Prime Minister would be an inaccurate description. State President (original German: Landespräsident) would be more fitting. Jamyskis 12:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The German Wikipedia page will probably be updated more often. You should have a link to it, so that readers can get more recent information. That's probably the case with a lot of articles about foreign politics and politicians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.94.182.233 (talk) 22:15, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jürgen Rüttgers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Titbag Spears

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The anonymous and unsigned votes were discounted during the discussion. Unsigned claims of notability through personal experience carry little weight when they come from anonymous or extremely new users. We have had too much trouble with sockpuppets attempting to bias the decision-making process. Rossami (talk) 22:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Titbag Spears
I am having trouble verifying the existence of this musician. I get 23 google hits, but all of the are to internet forums. Also, i found no allmusic entry. Sjakkalle 12:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:MUSIC. Meelar (talk) 13:36, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, what Meelar said, insufficient evidence of any notability. -- Infrogmation 14:25, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Sure seems like an artgag. Not notable enough as a prankster/prank to qualify for an encyclopedia at this point. Geogre 15:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn/prank. The name seems like an obvious goof on Britney. --Etacar11 00:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 8 hits on google, all of them link to the profile of a member of some obscure forum. R Lee E 01:34, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The name makes it blatantly obvious that this should be deleted for several reasons. --Chanting Fox 01:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 01:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Increasingly prominent figure on the Hoxton/Shoreditch art scene, very pretentious, but relatively significant all the same. He uses a variety of psudonyms, often just variations on 'Titbag Spears', presumably as some form of Punk statement. His style is clearly indebted to 80's performance poets like Seething Wells and Attilla The Stockbroker. HipsterKing 03:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Not everything can be found so easily on the Internet, particularly not such non-mainstream performers as Titbag Spears. This is what Wikipedia is for. He doesn't stand for such ignorance as that evidenced above, either.
 * Delete. Does not meet Wikipedia criteria for notability, or something like that. -- BD2412 talk 05:14, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 11:09, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NeoJustin 03:01 June 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Keep Was mentioned in The Guardian's G2 supplement recently. 06:09, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote was the fifth contribution by anon 217.205.242.19. -- BD2412 talk 14:23, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * WP:MUSIC. Does the artist Titbag Spears meet any of the requirements? If so, keep. R Lee E 06:41, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have witnessed Titbag Spears on tour. Been to a few dates across the country and will be going again at the next opportunity. Hopefully I'll get his autograph and touch his garments next time round

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Junior Jack

Vito Lucente (born 31 August 1971), known by his stage name Junior Jack, is an Italian house music producer and DJ based in Belgium.

Biography
In the early years, Vito Lucente produced several acid house and Eurodance projects, mostly in collaboration with Eric Imhauser. However, his more famous project was as producer of the synthpop/rap group Benny B, with vocalist Amid Gharbaoui, DJ Daddy K and dancer Serge "Perfect" Nuet. Lucente left the band after the second album, and he did not produce their last single.

Career
Vito Lucente resided in Belgium in his teen years. In 1995, he abandoned Eurodance and adopted the name "Mr. Jack" (which would later morph into Junior Jack), dabbling in house music. He entered the UK top 40 with the singles "My Feeling", "Thrill Me (Such a Thrill)", "E Samba", "Dare Me (Stupidisco)" and "Da Hype", the latter featuring vocals by Robert Smith from the Cure and uses samples from "I'm So Hot for You" by Bobby Orlando. His album Trust It was released to critical acclaim. "My Feeling" and "Stupidisco" were built around vocal samples from, respectively, "Saturday Love" by Alexander O'Neal and Cherrelle, and "Dare Me" by the Pointer Sisters. His latest single was a remake of "Dare Me (Stupidisco)", with vocals from Shena, which reached #20 in the UK Singles Chart on 25 February 2007

Lucente has also worked with disco artist Oliver Cheatham under the name Room 5, reaching number-one on the UK Singles Chart with the 2003 single "Make Luv" (which used samples from Cheatham's song "Get Down Saturday Night"). "Make Luv" ended up being certified platinum by BPI in 2022.

As a remixer, he has reworked tracks for artists such as Whitney Houston, Moby, Bob Sinclar and Utada. He has worked extensively in this area with partner Kid Creme.

Albums

 * 1990 L'Album, as Benny B
 * 1992 Perfect, Daddy K Et Moi, as Benny B
 * 1992 Walakota, as Wamblee
 * 2003 Music & You, as Room 5
 * 2004 Trust It, as Junior Jack

Singles
Junior Jack

Room 5
 * 2001 "Make Luv" (with Oliver Cheatham)
 * 2003 "Make Luv" (re-release) (with Oliver Cheatham) #1 UK, #34 AUS
 * 2003 "Music & You" (with Oliver Cheatham) #38 UK
 * 2003 "Think About U"
 * 2004 "U Got Me"
 * 2005 "Make Luv (The 2005 Mixes)" (with Oliver Cheatham)

Mr Jack
 * 1995 "Only House Muzik"
 * 1996 "Wiggly World"
 * 1997 "The Wiggly World 2 (Jack Is the One)" (with Brenda Edwards)
 * 1997 "I Know" (with Olivier Gosseries)
 * 1998 "Back from Hawaii EP" (with Olivier Gosseries)
 * 1999 "Start!" (with Olivier Gosseries)
 * 1999 "Only House Muzik - Remixes '99"
 * 1999 "Voodoo Curse" (with Olivier Gosseries)

Benny B
 * All are collaborations with Amid Gharbaoui, Daddy K and Richard Quyssens

 * 1990 "Vous êtes fous !"
 * 1990 "Qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant ?"
 * 1991 "Dis-moi bébé"
 * 1991 "Parce qu'on est jeunes"
 * 1992 "Dix neuf huit..."
 * 1992 "Est-ce que je peux"
 * 1993 "Je t'aime à l'infini", with Eric Imhauser, Gregg Wakson, David Linx and François Gery

Latino Brothers productions
 * All are collaborations with Terry Logist

 * 1990 "Move It!", as One Shot
 * 1993 "Don't Miss the Party", as One Shot
 * 1993 "The Musik", as Latino Brothers
 * 1994 "Can You See It", as Kaf'e
 * 1994 "I'm in Love", as Fresh Mould
 * 1995 "Come with Me", as Latino Brothers
 * 1996 "Back in Town EP", as Kaf'e
 * 1996 "Fantasy", as Kaf'e
 * 1998 "Can You See It '98", as Kaf'e
 * 2004 "Carnaval", as Latino Brothers

Hugh K.
 * All are collaborations with Hugh Kanza and Eric Imhauser

 * 1992 "Georgia On My Mind"
 * 1993 "Shine On"
 * 1994 "One More Time"
 * 1995 "Shine On (Unreleased Dubs)"
 * 1996 "Higher"

Other aliases
 * 1990 "Cocco Di Mamma", as Don Vito
 * 1990 "Mais Vous Etes Sottes", as Suzy D (with Richard Quyssens, François Gery and Alain Deproost)
 * 1991 "No Name", as F&V (with Frank Sels)
 * 1991 "Anitouni", as Wamblee (with Francesco Palmeri)
 * 1991 "Wa Na Pi", as Warble (with Francesco Palmeri)
 * 1992 "I'm Sorry (Désolé Madame)", as R.I.P. (with Richard Quyssens and Eric Imhauser)
 * 1992 "Atomico", as Redline (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1992 "It's Time to Sleep", as Nitrogena (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1993 "Jumping", as Redline (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1993 "Get to You", as Logic Dream (with F. Spindler)
 * 1994 "4 U/Just Deep", as Deep Walker
 * 1994 "Strange Day", as Marocco
 * 1994 "People", as Family Groove
 * 1995 "Fuori uno", album released by EMI, as DON VITO, with the single "Grazie a chi".
 * 2001 "We Loved", as E-People (with Frank de Gryse and C. Robert Walker)
 * 2001 "Tool #1", as Private Tools (with Kid Creme)
 * 2002 "Chasing", as Maphia Ltd. (with Kid Creme)
 * 2003 "Hidden Sun/Good Times", as Soho
 * 2003 "Excuse Me!", as Nu Rican Kidz
 * 2003 "Hold Me Up", as Glory (with Frank de Gryse and Jocelyn Brown)
 * 2005 "Tool #2", as Private Tools (with Kid Creme)

Production for other artists
 * 1993 Bart Herman - "Metropool" (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1994 Bart Herman - "Waterman" (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1994 Daddy K - "Voulez-Vous Coucher Avec Moi?" (with Eric Imhauser)
 * 1997 Traisey Elana Williams - "Feel the Fire" (with Frank Degrees)
 * 1998 Shelly Dee - "Party"
 * 1999 Jerome Prister - "Lovin' Right Now" (with Conga Squad)
 * 2001 Dajae - "Everyday of My Life" (with Felix Da Housecat)

title: Junior Jack


text:
Talk:Guy of Lusignan

Untitled
The same here as in page of Sibylla of Jerusalem, see Talk there.

Marriage
I notice that in popular fiction, Guy is usually portrayed as being forced on Sibylla as a husband. But the Arab chronicler Ibn Al-Athir says that Sibylla had "fallen in love with a man named Guy, a Frank recently arrived from the West. She married him, and when [Baldwin V] died, she gave the throne to her husband." Missi 10:27, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

The Cup...
Wait a minute! I don't recall Saladin knocking the cup away! Didn't he just let Reynald drink, and then declare that he had not given Reynald permission to drink when he had finished? Other Wikipedia articles (such as Reynald's article) make no mention of Saladin interfering before Reynald had quenched his thirst. Did this really happen or not? Roy Al Blue 00:11, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, he either let Raynald drink, then killed him, or didn't let him drink, then killed him, or Raynald refused to drink, then Saladin killed him anyway...depends on the source. I think what we have on Raynald's page currently is probably the most accurate. Adam Bishop 00:36, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Whether or not documentation can be found, offering water is hospitality, with all that implies. If he had let Raynald drink, it would have been against the rules of hospitality to execute him. - Tenebris —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.254.157.138 (talk) 01:58, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Arrival date
I have edited to make the date of Guy's arrival more doubtful. It is only modern historians (and the makers of the film Kingdom of Heaven) who think he was established in Jerusalem long before 1180. I see from the note above that Ibn al-Athir supports Ernoul (whom many dismiss) in suggesting that he was a newcomer there at the time of his marriage. Andrew Dalby 22:16, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fine! We simply don't know for sure when he arrived, certainly after his brother. There doesn't seem to be any reference to where he was/what he was doing in the meantime! Silverwhistle 18:27, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, who are we to argue with modern historians? :) I saw Andrew ask elsewhere if Guy ever witnessed anything before 1180 - that should be a simple matter of looking him up on Rohricht's collection of charters, right?. Adam Bishop 03:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've got quite a lot of that photocopied, so will check tonight...Silverwhistle 07:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Checked - no Guy pre-marriage. Neither of the Lusignan brothers does witnessing & c., even when we know Amalric was around. Silverwhistle, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I'm glad I tempted you to check that, because I really wanted to know ... Quote Adam Bishop, "who are we to argue with modern historians ...?" When we write or edit articles like this, we /are/ modern historians, I guess. I suppose I feel that encyclopedia articles ought to have a smaller proportion of speculation than historical monographs (or films); and I had the feeling that Guy's putative arrival some years before his marriage was speculation, against the evidence, which seems to be all in favour of his being a recent arrival. But, yes, who knows? Andrew Dalby 15:16, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the speed with which the marriage was brought on suggests he was already around, and didn't have to be shipped in from France. Baldwin IV seems to have been quick off the mark to marry Sibylla off to him to counter Raymond, Bohemond and the Ibelins. (I think Hamilton's analysis in The Leper King & his Heirs, comparing William of Tyre and the Old French Continuation, is sound.) I think, also, he simply wasn't important enough beforehand to crop up in major documentation.
 * Ibn al-Athir's "recent" doesn't give a clear time-frame: it could mean anything up to a couple of years! In conclusion, I'd say he arrived after Amalric had established himself, but didn't have to be sent for especially in 1180. Silverwhistle 19:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Rohricht has him at the top of a witness list from March 26, 1173, at Acre, on a charter of Amalric I giving some land (etc) to some Germans. It's number 496, on page 130-31 in volume 1. It's signed by "Guy, count of Jaffa and Ascalon", Reginald of Sidon, the Ibelin brothers, William of Tyre, and various others, but most notably Miles of Plancy, who was dead in 1174. Rohricht's note for Guy says "Guy, who eventually became count of Jaffa and Ascalon through a marriage contracted with Sibylla in Easter, 1180, because of which this charter seemed to be spurious to Strehlke [a previous editor], but he errors, along with William of Tyre, saying that Miles of Plancy, who is a witness to a charter of the king in April 1174, was already dead in October 1173." (The Latin, if you would like to take a better stab at it than me, is "Qui demum 1180 per nuptias infra paschalia cum Sibylla contractas comes Joppensis et Ascalonitanus factus est, qua de causa privelegium nostrum jam Strehlkio spurium esse videbatur, sed idem errat cum Guill. de Tyro dicens, Milonem de Planci Octob. 1173 jam mortuum esse, qui April. 1174 chartae regis testis est.") This is pretty strange! Sibylla hadn't even married William yet...Guy appears again, as Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, in 1177 (no. 548), but this seems to be similar to no. 496, and both zombie Amalric I and zombie Miles of Plancy are on it too (and Strehlke and Rohricht both agree that it is spurious, heh). Both Guy (as Count of Jaffa) and his brother (as constable) are on a charter of 1181 (no. 601), and Guy appears more frequently after that, with Sibylla finally in March 1183 (no. 626). Then nothing, presumably because he was out of favour, until March of 1186 when he and Sibylla appear as king and queen (no. 650). There are some after that where he still claims to be king of Jerusalem, and some where he is king of Cyprus. So what's going on in that 1173 charter? Adam Bishop 20:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yup, I spotted 548 (my photocopies run pp. 142-47, then 164-91, and Additions pp. 32-47, so I don't have no. 496), but felt it was too doubtful to mention. One of the problematic aspects of Rohricht is that most of the charters listed are not the actual charters, but citations of them in other documents. It is possible, re: 496,  that someone after 1180, quoting a charter witnessed by Guy back in the 1170s, may have referred to him by his present-day title. But there's a real problem of religious houses and merchant bodies claiming privileges based on false charter claims. Silverwhistle 21:25, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, I didn't know that's what Rohricht was doing. Has anyone ever attempted to do a better job with all these crusade charters? Have I stumbled across a possible thesis topic? :) Adam Bishop 21:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's just that due to the exigencies of history, very few original Outremer charters survive (just as we only have one letter by Baldwin IV surviving in a later copy, when he must have written or dictated lots, and none of the surviving texts of the Old French Continuation is earlier than about mid-13C), so we only know about a lot of them where they've been copied down or mentioned elsewhere. Silverwhistle 00:18, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If I have it right, then, the two charters that Guy apparently signed before 1180 have him as count of Jaffa and Ascalon, which we are certain he wasn't; therefore they have been adjusted (or forged outright) after 1180, and in either case cannot serve, unsupported, as evidence of his presence. The two narrative sources that mention his arrival (one late and romanticized, the other from outside the kingdom) say (1) that Amalric went and fetched him for this 1180 marriage, (2) that he was a recent arrival -- but, yes, what is recent? --, (1+2) that Sibylla wanted him. And the one thing we do know about his relations with Sibylla is that, whenever she did first take to him, she stuck with him against all opposition afterwards. Now, if we assume that he was present in Jerusalem in good time, I suppose we also assume that he was overlooked when Baldwin sent his one surviving letter to Louis VII, asking for a chap to come and marry Sibylla; and that he was overlooked throughout the period when Hugh of Burgundy was expected to answer the call. So he was very easy to overlook. And yet we argue that he was important enough, as a vassal of the Plantagenets, to be a good dynastic choice. Do I have it right? If so, Guy performed a remarkable silent balancing act in the 1170s. Andrew Dalby 18:56, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "If I have it right, then, the two charters that Guy apparently signed before 1180 have him as count of Jaffa and Ascalon, which we are certain he wasn't; therefore they have been adjusted (or forged outright) after 1180" - Quotes from/copies of charters are not necessarily forgeries - if a chronicler is citing an earlier document, they may well refer to a signatory by his present-day title. Plus, bear in mind a lot of documentation has probably been lost.
 * "So he was very easy to overlook. And yet we argue that he was important enough, as a vassal of the Plantagenets, to be a good dynastic choice. Do I have it right?" - In an emergency, he was: the Hugh of Burgundy plan had stalled; Raymond and Bohemond were attempting a coup to force a local candidate from their grouping on to Sibylla. Guy - who had a useful Angevin link, and whose brother seems to have been well-regarded - was handy to seize upon in such an emergency.Silverwhistle 15:26, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Silverwhistle! Just wanting to think it through, really ... Andrew Dalby 20:10, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have this comic vision of him walking along a palace corridor and the king hooking him around the neck with his walking-stick (like a shepherd hooking a sheep with his crook) and dragging him into a side-room: "Get in here! You're marrying my sister!" -"What, right now?" - "Yes! You're single, aren't you? Otherwise, she's going to end up with your big brother's father-in-law!" Silverwhistle 07:21, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Philip, Count of Flanders also tried to have Sibylla married to one of his own men, but apparently everyone else was opposed to that. (And Philip himself was Sibylla's cousin.) Adam Bishop 21:21, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes - it would have been a disparagement for her to marry a vassal of Philip. (As was marrying Guy, but that was an emergency - ditto marrying Baldwin of Ibelin, for that matter.) Phil's Mum was one of Amaury I's half-sisters. Silverwhistle 07:21, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I added a few words to clarify the "already" in "must have been already in the kingdom". Take them out again if I have misunderstood something. In the following sentence, "it was vital for Sibylla to marry someone who could rally external help to the kingdom" would no doubt have been a good reason. Is there any evidence that he could? Andrew Dalby 15:32, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Undoubtedly, the preference for that reason would have been for her to marry another prominent prince from abroad (as per the Hugh of Burgundy plan), but with Raymond and Bohemond threatening to bring troops into the kingdom, a handy Angevin vassal was the nearest best thing. As Hamilton points out, the situation in France was not favourable at this time, and cousin Henry owed the Pope over Becket. Silverwhistle 21:20, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Still the same issue, sorry folks. The first para now says "rose to prominence within the royal courts of Baldwin IV before marrying Sybilla" but the rest of the text doesn't justify that (moreover, Silverwhistle's search, reported above, throws strong doubt on it, and the sources deny it). One can of course say "he must have! The evidence must be wrong!" Maybe: but that's a poor basis for our introductory paragraph.

Also, I did previously object to "it was vital for Sibylla to marry someone who could rally external help to the kingdom". Maybe it was, but this clause seems to be there as an explanation for her marrying Guy. Well, did he? Could he? If not, the clause is misleading and should be taken out. And rew D alby 11:29, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, since no one objected, I am now taking out "rose to prominence within the royal courts of Baldwin IV before marrying Sybilla" from the introduction because, as far as I can see, it's pure mashed potatoes. Hamilton in The Leper King and His Heirs suggests that Guy arrived in a party of Crusaders in 1179, which has the advantage of support from the sources: I will say that with a footnote at the appropriate point in the main text.
 * My objection to "it was vital for Sibylla to marry someone who could rally external help to the kingdom" (as said above) is that, however true it may be, it's irrelevant to this article, because Guy was not such a person. Therefore, what demonstrates that in permitting the marriage "the King ... was considering the international implications"? Nothing. So I'm inclined to take that out too. If someone wants to put them back, I think they should be footnoted. And rew D alby  09:41, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Also, further to the discussion above from 2006, in case anyone is wondering, there is indeed a new edition of royal charters, by Hans Mayer (Die Urkunden der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem). Adam Bishop (talk) 10:22, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

King of Jerusalem
Image error? The image captioned "A 17th century interpretation of Saladin, ... holding Guy of Lusignan" appears to be in fact a detail from one of Rubens' Adoration of the Magi (date unknown), in the Musées Royaux de Beaux-Artes de Belquique, see e.g. http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/adoration-of-the-magi-by-peter-paul-rubens-oil-on-canvas-news-photo/534970245#adoration-of-the-magi-by-peter-paul-rubens-oil-on-canvas-384x280-cm-picture-id534970245 © GettyImages. This possibly mistaken attribution also occurs in the article King of Jerusalem, where another editor has also disputed the description & attributed it to the same Rubens. As I have only one image of the Rubens painting to go by at present this needs confirmation, hopefully from an art expert (which I am not).

As I am not familiar with the protocol for removing/re-describing an image that appears in more than one place, I will leave this note for a while & watch the page. I have added a Disputed note to the image caption. D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 06:17, 4 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm glad about this -- I could never quite believe it. The image is also used at Kingdom of Jerusalem; several other wikis use it in the same mistaken context; and the Commons filename is misleading and ought to be changed as well.
 * I'd say you should now remove the image from all three English pages, with an explanation on the other two talk pages. The next step would be to get the Commons information changed, after which, when the image is removed on other wikis, there would be no reason for dispute. It requires a request to change the filename at Commons, which in these circumstances will probably be readily agreed. If you're not familiar with Commons, I could do that bit. Andrew Dalby 08:39, 4 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm glad as well, I kept trying to remove that image whenever it was added, but I must have missed it the last time. Adam Bishop (talk) 18:21, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

 * It seems possible that the attribution to Jan Lievens is correct, although the paining to my eye is a faithful copy of Rubens' original - painters do copy masters works! At high magnification, some details do seem to be different, but with JPGs it's hard to be sure. I'll do some more research before I delete anything, but if an art expert can help, please preempt me. D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 02:53, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * The museum images of the original "adoration" (found here) show much more detail in the brushwork, hence resembling the copy closely to my eyes, though the copy certainly has a different background. In the museum description the two figures we're looking at are identified as "le roi noir éthiopien au turban blanc" and "le roi assyrien, les mains croisées sur la poitrine". Therefore, the identification of the figures in the copy as Saladin and Guy is counter-intuitive, and our caption, focusing on the chain and the religious significance of the colours of their garments, is misleading since the preceding depiction of the magi has the same details. Andrew Dalby 12:07, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

Undo
I add his mother name in the infobox, but user Surtsicna undo it. I add an Ahnentafel (ancestors tree), but also Surtsicna remove it. Additionaly, she makes ungry comments. Her arguments are wrong (e.g. she said the ahnentafel has only males); what I do is similar to what exists in other pages here in WP. I cannot understand why she deletes all this stuff. Do we interested to improve the texts or not? Aris de Methymna (talk) 18:33, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Saladin, the Egyptian movie
King Guy is also mention in the 1963 movie epic titled “Saladin, the Victorious”. King Guy had a arsehole that married Isabella. But King Guy was the good guy, from the Muslim film community. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_the_Victorious User:egberts Egberts (talk) 14:47, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guy of Lusignan


text:
Brian Reade

Brian Reade is a British journalist and author who writes a weekly opinion column for the Daily Mirror. He was born in Wavertree and grew up in Huyton.

He began his journalism career working on the Reading Evening Post in 1980 and became a columnist on the Liverpool Echo in 1990 before moving to the Mirror in 1994.

In 2007, a column in the Daily Mirror by Reade which likened Lord Green and his organisation MigrationWatch UK to the Ku Klux Klan and the Nazi Party led to Green successfully suing for costs and damages.

Sir James Dyson sued the Daily Mirror for libel over a 2022 article in which Reade called him "the vacuum-cleaner tycoon who championed Vote Leave due to the economic opportunities it would bring to British industry before moving his global head office to Singapore." Dyson lost.

In 2008, he became a presenter on radio station City Talk 105.9 and released his first book, entitled 43 Years with the Same Bird, documenting his life spent following Liverpool F.C.

In 2011, he released a book investigating corruption in football, An Epic Swindle, which made The Sunday Times best-seller list. In 2021 Reade wrote a third book Diamonds In The Mud about working-class heroes. In 2024 he penned his debut novel Sick Mick.

Awards

 * 2000 The British Press Awards Columnist of the Year
 * 2003 The Sports Journalists' Association Columnist of the Year
 * 2012 The British Press Awards Cudlipp Award for Journalistic Excellence (following his two-decade fight for justice for the Hillsborough Families)
 * 2014 The British Press Awards Highly Commended Columnist of the Year
 * 2017 Society of Editors National Press Awards Feature Writer of the Year

title: Brian Reade