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Demetrius and the Gladiators

Demetrius and the Gladiators is a 1954 American biblical drama film and a sequel to The Robe. The picture was made by 20th Century-Fox, directed by Delmer Daves and produced by Frank Ross. The screenplay was written by Philip Dunne based on characters created by Lloyd C. Douglas in The Robe.

The movie presents Victor Mature as Demetrius, a Christian slave made to fight in the Roman arena as a gladiator, and Susan Hayward as Messalina, a reprobate who is the wife of Claudius, the uncle of the depraved emperor Caligula. The cast also features Ernest Borgnine, William Marshall, Michael Rennie, Jay Robinson as Caligula, Debra Paget, Anne Bancroft in one of her earlier roles, and Julie Newmar as a briefly seen dancing entertainer. The film is in Technicolor and CinemaScope.

Plot
After his friends Marcellus and Diana are executed for heresy and treason, Demetrius makes it his mission to hide the Robe of Christ. One day, while with his beloved, Lucia (Debra Paget), he is arrested for assaulting a Roman centurion and sentenced to the arena. There, Demetrius trains as a gladiator and soon wins acclaim, proving his valor against a pack of hungry tigers. The emperor, Caligula, appoints him bodyguard of Messalina (Susan Hayward), unfaithful wife of Claudius (Barry Jones). He soon tires of waiting on his mistress and returns to the arena. Later, Lucia disguises herself to gain entrance to the gladiator school to see Demetrius. However, the two are forcibly separated on orders from a jealous Messalina. Lucia is then assaulted by Dardanius (Richard Egan) and four other gladiators. Demetrius prays for God to save her, but it appears Dardanius has broken Lucia's neck. All are shocked at Lucia's sudden demise. Demetrius then renounces his faith in Christ.

Previously, Demetrius had avoided killing human competitors in the arena because of his religion. All that now changes. He ferociously slays all five of the gladiators who assaulted Lucia. The spectators are thrilled by his savagery. Emperor Caligula asks Demetrius to renounce Christ. He does so. Thus, Caligula frees him and inducts him into the Praetorian Guard with the rank of Tribune. Having rejected Christianity, Demetrius begins a lusty affair with Messalina that lasts for months. One day, Caligula holds audience with Demetrius and orders him to retrieve the Robe. Later while carrying out the emperor's command, he is surprised to discover Lucia, lying on a bed, clutching the Robe. It turns out she never died. Demetrius realizes his mistake, prays to God for forgiveness, and Lucia awakens.

Nevertheless, Demetrius takes the Robe to the Emperor, as ordered. He is horrified that Caligula has had a prisoner killed so he can use the powers of the Robe to bring him back to life—which he fails to do. As Demetrius steps toward Caligula to attack, he is stopped by the guards. On Caligula's orders, he is returned to the arena. However, Demetrius refuses to take part in the mayhem. So the Emperor orders the Praetorian Guard to execute Demetrius. But the Praetorian Guard (already angry over bad wages and conditions) execute Caligula instead. Afterward, Claudius is installed as Caligula's successor. In his first formal address as Rome's leader, Claudius decrees that Christians will no longer be persecuted by the state. The Robe is returned to the disciple Peter and his followers.

Cast
• Victor Mature – Demetrius

• Susan Hayward – Messalina

• Michael Rennie – Peter

• Debra Paget – Lucia

• Anne Bancroft – Paula

• Jay Robinson – Caligula

• Barry Jones – Claudius

• William Marshall – Glycon

• Richard Egan – Dardanius

• Ernest Borgnine – Strabo

• Charles Evans – Cassius Chaerea

• Jean Simmons – as Diana (in clip from The Robe)

• Richard Burton – as Marcellus (in clip from The Robe)

• Cameron Mitchell – voice of Jesus in clip from The Robe

• John Cliff – Varus (uncredited)

• Karl Davis – Macro (uncredited)

• Carmen de Lavallade – Slave Girl

• George Eldredge – Chamberlain (uncredited)

• Everett Glass – Kaeso (uncredited)

• Fred Graham – Decurion (uncredited)

• Selmer Jackson – Senator (uncredited)

• Roy Jenson – Gladiator (uncredited)

• Paul Newlan – Potter (uncredited)

• Julie Newmar – Primary Specialty Dancer (uncredited)

• Woody Strode – Gladiator (uncredited)

• Jeff York – Albus (uncredited)

Production
The sequel was planned even before The Robe had been released. It was originally known as The Story of Demetrius. Filming was completed by September 1953.

Reception
Demetrius and the Gladiators was a massive commercial success. In its initial release, the film earned $4.25 million in US theatrical rentals, against a budget of less than $2 million. Overall, it grossed $26 million in North America, making it one of the highest-grossing films of 1954.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that "we've got to hand it to Producer Frank Ross and Philip Dunne, the writer who put this one together out of whole cloth instead of 'The Robe' ... they have millinered this saga along straight Cecil B. Devotional lines, which means stitching on equal cuttings of spectacle, action, sex and reverence." Variety called the film "a worthy successor" to The Robe, "beautifully fashioned with all the basics of good drama and action that can play, and quite often do, against any setting, period or modern." Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "As long as Mature is merely bluffing at being a gladiator, and trying at the same time to remain true to the principles of Christianity, the drama of the picture limps along ... Once Mature suddenly goes on a rampage as a fighter in the arena, 'Demetrius' takes on new life. It holds onto that animation most creditably even when its central character reforms." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post stated, "Because there is less of the religious aspect of its Lloyd C. Douglas predecessor, and much more of the man-versus-lions-versus-men-versus-women-versus-vino of the early Cecil B. DeMille school herein, I suspect that, moviewise at least, 'Demetrius and the Gladiators' is a more enjoyable, less stuffy entertainment." Harrison's Reports wrote, "Excellent! As a general rule, it is too much to hope that a sequel to an outstanding picture will be as good as the original, but 'Demetrius and the Gladiators,' which is a CinemaScope sequel to 'The Robe,' is one of the rare exceptions to the rule, for it not only matches the spectacular production quality of the original but also surpasses it in entertainment appeal." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "This sequel to The Robe seems much less inhibited by religious awe than its predecessor. Its spectacle is more lusty; its vulgarity unabashed. Twice it turns back reverently to The Robe (in flashback) as to a chastening altar, but happily soon regains its own noisy bounce in describing suggestive doings in dirty ancient Rome."

title: Demetrius and the Gladiators


text: Talk:Abram Smith

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Abram Smith


text: User talk:69.205.232.170

title: User talk:69.205.232.170


text:
Stafford Municipal School District

Stafford Municipal School District (SMSD) is a school district based in Stafford, Texas, United States in Greater Houston. The district covers all of the city of Stafford and is controlled by the city, making it the only school district in Texas that is not an independent school district operated by an independent school board.

The Primary/Elementary School building houses grades Pre-K through 5, the Middle School building houses grades 6 through 8, the High School building houses grades 9 through 12. The administration building and athletic facilities are on the same campus as the school buildings.

The Stafford MSD area is served by the Houston Community College System

In 2018, the school district was rated an overall B by the Texas Education Agency.

History
Stafford was initially a part of the Fort Bend Independent School District. Fort Bend ISD banned public bussing for students living two miles or less from their school, which proved to be unpopular in Stafford and initiated a movement to secede from FBISD. In 1977, after a municipal vote, Stafford schools broke away from the Fort Bend Independent School District, which caused several rounds of federal litigation and by 1981 it was finally declared that the Stafford Municipal School District was constitutional. Almost all of Stafford was in the Fort Bend District, with a minuscule portion in the Houston Independent School District. All of Stafford is now zoned to the Stafford Municipal School District, which is the only school district in all of Texas that is controlled by a city.

Politics and geography
While Stafford MSD is a part of the City of Stafford and took all of the land in the city in 1977 when it was created, Stafford MSD cannot annex any territory without the consent of the other school districts which own that territory. Because of this, the City of Stafford, for a period of over 20 years ending in 2006, did not annex any territory in its extraterritorial jurisdiction as that would mean portions of its territory would fall within these independent school districts: Alief, Ft. Bend, and Houston. The city government of Stafford wants its school district's territory to be the same as its city limits.

Superintendent
The current superintendent of the Stafford Municipal School District is Robert Bostic. Before being appointed superintendent, Bostic was the Assistant Superintendent for Academic Programs for Denton Independent School District.

Schools

 * Stafford High School
 * Stafford Middle School
 * Stafford Elementary School
 * Stafford Early Childhood Center (SECC) (infants-Kindergarten)
 * Stafford MSD STEM Magnet School (SSMA)

The school board approved a stricter dress code for the high school in 2005.

 * Former divisions
 * Previously schools were divided as such: Stafford Primary School (Early education to grade 1), Stafford Elementary School (2-4), Stafford Intermediate School (5-6), and Stafford Middle School (7-8), and then the high school.

Athletics
In 2014 the district was considering whether it should install artificial turf in its sports fields. At the time it had residual funds from a $49.9 million bond passed in 2011. As of 2016 the school district has had artificial turf inside its stadium.

Notable alumni

 * Craig Robertson, football player
 * Adrian Awasom, football player
 * Boris Anyama, football player
 * Jalen Pitre, football player

title: Stafford Municipal School District


text:
Template talk:Infobox professional wrestler

Image size
Some infobox images on wrestlers' pages, for example Rey Mysterio, Torrie Wilson, and Eddie Guerrero are far too small. You can't change this in the individuals infoboxes, so can somebody edit the template so this isn't the case? I don't know how to. HamishMacBeth 20:06, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

The info box
I think the info box should include the name of the wrestler's theme song.--Hornetman16 20:22, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I second that. 83.233.58.34 00:37, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No it definitely shouldn't. ↪Lakes (Talk) 11:57, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Resides
I've removed the "resides" field from the template because it fails WP:V, WP:CITE and WP:BIO. It's never sourced and could just be completely made up. I asked a while back on WP:PW and whilst nobody really supported it, nobody objected. BertieBasset 00:50, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * WP:PW has recently agreed to include countries in the infobox. In the case of wrestlers like Glen Jacobs and Shannon Spruill who were born outwith their current country of resides, the field is necessary to avoid confusion. Moreover, anything on Wikipedia is potentially "completely made up"; this is not a compelling rationale. McPhail 01:36, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * If you need compelling rationale, you could read the bit where it fails WP:V, WP:CITE and WP:BIO. To say it is necessary for the reason you give doesn't make sense, who would really assume that despite appearing weekly on American television, Jacobs still resides in Spain? BertieBasset 11:08, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There are plenty of American/Canadian/Mexican wrestlers who regularly cross the border and wrestle in Canada/Mexico/America. WP:V, WP:CITE and WP:BIO could potentially be used to remove any field from the infobox. The field is optional, so it doesn't have to been included, but it makes sense to retain the option. McPhail 14:57, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Championships
I would like to add a "Current Championships" section to the bottom of the template. I just figured I would ask opinions here first. Obviously this section would only include championship belt(s) which are currently held by that wrestler.
 * eg. Chavo Guerrero - ECW Championship

 * eg. Kia Stevens - TNA Women's Championship and NWA World Women's Championship

This list would not get too big, wrestlers usually wont hold multiple belts at once for very long. --Skyhawker666 (talk) 03:37, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I suggest bringing this up at WP:PW, where more people will see the discussion.  TJ   Spyke   00:53, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Skyhawker666's change was wrapped in a conditional, so it would only be seen in any article that actually used it (i.e. it would not "effect hundreds of articles".) So what's the big deal?  — Andrwsc (talk · contribs) 01:08, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The section would be either added or updated when the title changes hands. Thanks for your approval Andrwsc, however I appreciate the link to WP:PW I will bring it up there as well. Thankyou --Skyhawker666 (talk) 08:52, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Possible parameters
It would seem that "manager(s)" would be a good optional parameter to add to this infobox, along with "nickname(s)". Also, something similar to how Infobox actor approaches awards listing, there could be a championships parameter. This would cut down on the compulsion to use lists within the articles. Just suggestions, though. Chickenmonkey (talk) 14:46, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

POV?
I think using John Cena as an example breaches Point of view. What do we do? --Kaizer13 (talk) 20:15, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Spouse?
Would a spouse section in the infobox be of interest? This would allow easy reference to relationshps such as Chris Benoit and Nancy Sullivan, Tommy Dreamer and Beulah McGillicutty, Triple H and Stephanie McMahon, Brock Lesnar and Rena Mero, etc. Poker Flunky (talk) 18:07, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 03:35, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

template:infobox Wrestler → template:infobox wrestler — - Uncontroversial move to lowercase for ease of use (and removal of the inexplicable move protection in the process). Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:40, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose and close this request asap. All templates are required to use capital letters (blame the software). Please take a look at other templates. Flamarande (talk) 11:30, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I've corrected the request to eliminate any confusion. It is the W of "wrestler" I'm talking about, not the T of "template". See also infobox football biography, infobox baseball biography. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 11:45, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree. Any objections?  Zoo Fari  14:52, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Date of birth
The doc now advises use of birth date and age, which requires a full date. However, as per WP:DOB the exact birth date should normally not be included in articles about living people unless it is widely published already, or has clearly been published with the approval of the person. Many editors seem to be automaically following this documetation and inserting full dates of birth where they should not. I have now included a warning about this and a suggestion to use birth year and age in the doc. DES (talk) 21:21, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

New parameter
Should cause of death be included? It's included in most other infoboxes. Just a thought.  Cra sh  Underride  12:34, 1 October 2015 (UTC)
 * It most definitely should UniNoUta (talk) 15:45, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Years Active parameter needs to be added
Suggesting an addition of the Years Active parameter for wrestlers/announcers who passed while still under contract to an organization. The only option to indicate an end to a career is Retired but I don’t think that label fits in that situation. C.M. Andersen 20:44, 2 January 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dachad01 (talk • contribs)
 * Seems like a good idea.★Trekker (talk) 21:26, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. If we do that might want to get rid of debut and retired, and just have years active. A lot of wrestlers have passed away while they were still wrestling, so retired would be incorrect in those cases. This way if they didn't wrestle for a few years that can be shown there too. StaticVapor message me!   18:52, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Finishing Moves
Could someone please put the Finishing Move as a Parameter into the Infobox? MkIc (talk) 19:46, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Finisher was removed in 2007 as unimportant clutter. Hoof Hearted (talk) 15:37, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Two proposed revisions to Template:Infobox professional wrestler
I believe that the current infobox for "professional wrestler" is inadequate. I propose two possible revisions to the infobox. The first revision would include a "Promotion" parameter, and the second revision that implements multiple changes: a "Promotion" parameter, a "Stable" parameter, and a "Tag Team(s)" parameter

Proposed revision 1
I believe this change is the most necessary change. This is why I have singled out this change in proposing it in a separate infobox. I think it is necessary to state what professional wrestling promotion(s) the individual belongs to. This is as necessary as stating what team an American football player or soccer player belongs to, yet this information is absent in the current infobox for wrestlers. For these dates, just the year value can be used.

The proposed change would appear as follows:

The promotion parameter would only be filled if the wrestler worked a significant amount in the promotion. For example, Daniel Bryan has worked for at least 31 promotions, which would get unwieldy in the infobox. To solve this, the promotion parameter should be filled only if the individual wrestled X amount of matches and/or was in the promotion for X years (ie at least 20-30 matches and/or an active participant in the promotion for 2-3 years), or if their work in the promotion is considered otherwise significant. For instance, Steve Austin's work in ECW, however short, would be considered important. For Daniel Bryan, the promotion parameter could mention his most significant work -- Memphis Championship Wrestling (WWE), NJPW, ROH, NOAH, WWE -- and then a hyperlink to a full list of promotions Daniel Bryan has worked for can be placed at the end of the list (obviously another section "Promotions" or something similar would have to be created). The promotions would be listed in order of major debut date under the promotion.

Here are examples of the usage of the new parameter:

Daniel Bryan  ROH (2002-2009) NJPW (2002-2004) NOAH (2006-2009) WWE (2002, 2003, 2009-2010, 2010-present) (Full list)
 * promotion  =MCW (WWE) (2000-2001)

Eddie Guerrero  AAA (1993-1995) NJPW (1992-1996, 1998, 2002) ECW (1995) World Championship Wrestling (1989, 1991, 1995-2000) WWF/WWE (2000-2001, 2002-2005 (his death) ) (Full list)
 * promotion  =EMLL/CMLL (1986-1992)

Steve Austin  ECW (1995) WWF/WWE (1995-2003)
 * promotion  =WCW (1991-1995)

If the list of all promotions is short, perhaps all promotions can be included in the parameter. This is up for debate; this could muddle the information.

 WCWA (1990) WCW (1991-1995) NJPW (1992, 1995) ECW (1995) WWF/WWE (1995-2003)
 * promotion  =USWA (1990)

Proposed revision 2
There are two other parameters I believe could be added to the infobox, along with the necessary "Promotion" parameter. These parameters are "Stable" and "Tag Team(s)". All three are exemplified here in this second larger proposed revision.

The proposed change would appear as follows:

Many times tag teams are extremely vital to an individual wrestler's career. Their participation in an established tag team could be what they are mainly known for, such as Road Warrior Animal and Road Warrior Hawk. Tag teams that fall under the parameter would only be named, notable tag teams; one-off tag teams or temporary inner-faction team-ups would not qualify.

Stables, on the other hand, aside from being important story elements, are absolutely central to a wrestler's character in some places such as modern-day New Japan Pro Wrestling. Like the Promotion parameter, tag teams and stables would be listed in order of when the individual debuted their major involvement in the tag team or stable.

An example of the usage of the Tag Team parameter for Road Warrior Hawk:

 * tag_team   =The Road Warriors (1983-2003 (his death) )

An example of the usage of the Tag Team parameter for Shawn Michaels:

 * tag_team   =The Midnight Rockers/The Rockers (1985-1992)

An example of the usage of the Stable parameter for Kazuchika Okada:

 * stable     =CHAOS (2012-present)

An example of the usage of the Stable parameter for Triple H:

 Evolution (2003-2005, 2007, 2014) Holidayruin (talk) 20:44, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * stable     =D-Generation X (1997-1999, 2006-2007, 2009-2010)

 * Promotions, I absolutely agree with. Tag teams/stables, depends on factors such as success, championships, longetivity, and prominence. DrewieStewie (talk) 04:34, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I now think a better name for the parameter "Tag Team(s)" would be "Notable Tag Team(s)". If the tag team has a separate Wikipedia page (or should have a page) and a distinct name, then it should qualify. Otherwise, it doesn't qualify for the parameter.
 * Regarding stables, I think pretty much any stable is relatively important. Being part of a group that qualifies as a stable is usually a prominent part of a wrestler's entire identity for that time. In New Japan, they're absolutely vital to a wrestler's identity -- not just modern-day NJPW but also Riki Choshu's Ishin Gundan and NWO Japan. Not mentioning them in that case would be a disservice, I think. Perhaps the same rule of thumb can be used as tag teams, that they need a Wikipedia page? Stables are generally pretty well-covered on Wikipedia anyways. Holidayruin (talk) 20:42, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * , some tag teams can be not notable enough for a standalone page but could be notable for the template. DrewieStewie (talk) 03:34, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with that assessment, I am sure there are cases where that applies. My only concern is that subjective ideas of notoriety could cause editing conflicts. Could you name some case(s) where this happens? Holidayruin (talk) 03:55, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Personally I am not keen on either of these. The majority of wrestlers with articles on Wikipedia worked for so many different promotions that their careers can't be classified this way. E.g. look at Buddy Landel's career and try fitting that into an Infobox. Tag teams and stables sit more comfortably in the prose, in my opinion. McPhail (talk) 14:18, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I understand your concern. This categorization could get murky in the pre-WWF/WCW territory era, as guys went everywhere. I suggested this change because I believe most wrestlers belong to one company for a very long time, and I think it is useful to single out their most prominent work. The rest of their non-prominent work can then be filed under something like a "Various (XXXX-XXXX)" label, and/or link to a separate "Promotions" section in the article which contains the full list of promotion under as mentioned above.
 * Landel belonged to the NWA for most of his career. The same database can show that Landel's most prominent work was in NWA, Mid-South/UWF, Mid-Atlantic, Smoky Mountain, WCW, USWA, CWA, Gulf Athletic Club, and All Japan (using the aforementioned 20-match threshold, which can be adjusted according to consensus).
 * The Promotions parameter for Buddy Landel can look like this if the Promotions section in the article is not yet created:

 UWF (1986) AJPW (1988) USWA (1989, 1992-1995) WCW (1990-1991, 1997) SMW (1992, 1994-1995) Various (1991-2010)
 * promotion  =NWA (1981-1990)
 * Mid-South (1981-1985)
 * Mid-Atlantic (1981-1986)
 * CWA (1982-1988)
 * Gulf Athletic Club/GAC (1982-1985)
 * Various
 * (Writing this out also made me realize that it might be a good idea to put promotions that were in the NWA under the NWA banner, in a list. So here, Mid-South, Mid-Atlantic, CWA, Gulf Athletic, Various would be a bulleted list under the main NWA (1981-1990) entry. Also Mid-South is listed separate from UWF.).
 * If the Promotions section in the article is created for Buddy Landel, then you can add to the end of the Promotions parameter:

 (Full list)
 * Holidayruin (talk) 20:23, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * An added aside, I think it's likely that most of the "messiest" cases where individuals worked for a lot of promotions fall into two categories: indie stars in the 2000s and 2010s who have had free range contracts, or wrestlers in the transitional era in the 80s from the territory age to the cable/consolidation age. Buddy Landel's work fits in right in that latter category, where the territories were faltering and therefore unstable work, and there were also many other competitors that tried to go national (UWF, USWA) before all talent really got consolidated into only WWF, WCW, and ECW. Landel also has the misfortune of not being a very prominent draw, which meant a guy like him would go any place that would take him. Performers who worked entirely before the 80s consolidation period, such as during the heyday of the NWA, mostly had loyalties to a single promotion. Most performers who worked entirely after the 80s consolidation period also could only have loyalties to a single promotion: WWF/WWE, WCW, or ECW (except indie wrestlers). There's an argument to be made that showing the brunt of the complexities of working during their time period/setting enhances the reader's understanding of wrestling history and the wrestler themselves. Holidayruin (talk) 04:26, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Wrestlers did not work for the NWA; they worked for various companies that were associated with the NWA. This is a vast amount of information that simply doesn't need to be compressed into the infobox. McPhail (talk) 22:27, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I personally disagree. Regarding the NWA, while wrestlers did not work "for" the NWA, they worked "under" the NWA name, using NWA iconography and NWA championships. I believe putting all NWA promotions under a single banner is accurate and useful. However if a wrestler worked for a single NWA promotion in their entire career, maybe then a list doesn't have to be used. For instance, Rikidozan's time in Mid-Pacific Promotions might be shown as "Mid-Pacific (NWA) (1952)". Regarding all the information in Landel's infobox, I do believe it is necessary to state. UWF and USWA were genuine possible contenders in a national market even though they quickly flamed out. Landel's work in AJPW showed that he did some significant amount of work in Japan, as many wrestlers in the 80s did. Landel's work in WCW showed that he came back to the former Jim Crockett Promotions but ultimately had to leave early. This accurately conveys Landel's career summary. The only exception is his work in Smoky Mountain, a small promotion which might be considered insignificant in a broader sense except its role as a developmental territory. Holidayruin (talk) 00:07, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I was thinking about how to address performers' time within WWE NXT and other WWE developmental promotions within the Promotion parameter. Perhaps it's a good idea to address developmental promotions in a bulleted list underneath the main promotion name? For instance, the WWE portion of Paige would appear as:

 WWE (2011-2018)     (or 2011-present) if we count the continued employment and not her wrestling appearances
 * FCW (2011-2012)
 * NXT (2012-2014)
 * This poses the further question of whether to include the WWE "brands" Smackdown, Raw, and WWE ECW in the Promotions parameter. I vote against doing so. Holidayruin (talk) 04:27, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Just look at the example of football (soccer) players and the infobox; it doesn't matter how many clubs they played for - Sebastián Abreu was at 30 clubs, Jefferson Louis has played for over 40 clubs. You can mention a "developmental" career prior to their professional career, and you can differentiate which brand a wrestler was featured on similarly to when a football player moves on loan to another team. All my warmest wishes, ItsKesha (talk) 12:47, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Indeed, mentioning every promotion a wrestler has worked for could be useful. An example of this would be the second of the Steve Austin examples I provided. However many times wrestlers do only one appearance for an indie promotion for example, and this could muddle the intended immediacy of the infobox. This is why I proposed the 20-30 match per mentioned promotion threshold, and then advocated creating a separate section within the article entitled "Promotions" that lists data relevant to their appearances in every promotion they appeared in.
 * As for brands, I am against it because I believe that a "brand" is different in spirit from a developmental promotion or a promotion within the former NWA. To me it is less significant than the other examples where a list would be used. Still, I can certainly see an argument for it, as many WWE fans and observers look at Wikipedia to get information on the history of the WWE. Here is an example of the promotion parameter for AJ Styles, with the WWE brand information included. Brand information is from this site and other info is from Cagematch again. Note that I have used a nested list (list within list) for this example in WWE. I should mention that AJ Styles has worked for at least 124(!) promotions, which would be quite unwieldy in an infobox.

 TNA (2002-2014) ROH (2002-2004, 2005-2006, 2014-2016) IWA Mid-South (2002-2004, 2007) IWC (2002-2007, 2009, 2014) PWG (2003-2006) NJPW (2014-2016) WWE (2016-present)
 * promotion  =NWA/NWA Wildside (2000-2006)
 * Main roster
 * Unified WWE brand (Jan 2016-July 2016)
 * SmackDown (July 2016-Apr 2019, May 2020-Oct 2020)
 * Raw (Apr 2019-May 2020, Oct 2020-present)
 * I also pose this question: would Styles' 4 matches in WCW and 6 matches in Revolution Pro Wrestling be considered significant enough to put in the infobox? If so why, compared to other promotions? What objective factor determines that? Should we keep a list of promotions always considered "Significant"?
 * Holidayruin (talk) 20:11, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Oppose inclusion in infobox. I think the last comment shows why this is not a good idea. Unlike, say, in baseball, where a player can be on only one team at a time, it is not uncommon in pro wrestling for a wrestler to have overlapping appearances for multiple promotions, some major, some less so, and for stints of varying lengths. Trying to summarize and present that as a neat little list for an infobox would be a kludge, as it lacks all refinement of small details. In other words, there's no way for such a list to have the amount of text necessary to properly show the situation; it needs to be in prose, that is, the article body. An actor's filmography is not in their infobox, and a pro wrestler's career is much more like an actor's than a ball player's in this aspect. oknazevad (talk) 10:32, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * To counter the example given about actors: take a look at the infoboxes for notable directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami, Andrei Tarkovsky, and Federico Fellini. These directors have a section called "Notable work" which gives a quick summation of their most important work as directors (sometimes the "Known for" parameter serves the same purpose, such as with Taika Waititi and Jafar Panahi). The "Promotions" parameter is meant to do something similar; as stated in the examples above, they are not meant to give all of the work of a wrestler but simply their most notable work. Putting a "Promotions" parameter also encourages the further creation of a "Promotions" section in the article which would list all of their work, which would contribute to the encyclopedic value of Wikipedia. A notable exception who does not use the "Notable works" parameter for film directors in the conventional way is Steven Spielberg, who has so many notable works that the parameter "Works" just links to Steven Spielberg filmography.

 * Bearing in mind WP:OR, what sources will you use to determine what work by a wrestler was "most notable"? McPhail (talk) 22:30, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I have previously stated that a good threshold for notability would be at least 30 matches in a promotion to be put in the parameter. I also suggested a possible list of promotions always considered notable if appearances pass a certain threshold, so that something like AJ Styles' 6 REVPRO matches might count, although I am open to not doing this as well.

 * Why 30 matches? This seems very arbitrary/broad brush. By this rationale, none of Goldberg's appearances with WWE since 2004 have been "notable". McPhail (talk) 16:08, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes 30 matches was an arbitrary choice, it could be any threshold. I feel there needs to be a limit somewhere when arbitrating disputes so I proposed either 20 or 30. But regarding your concern about Goldberg, this goes into the "possible list of promotions always considered notable": WWE would be on that list, so even if Goldberg did do a few appearances, the threshold would not exist or be much lower for a promotion "always considered notable". Also, the threshold is a running total; notice I have included Daniel Bryan's 2002 and 2003 appearances in his parameter (the chronology of promotions listed would be in order of first notable time, however).Holidayruin (talk) 05:51, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

 * The main idea behind the Promotion parameter is to show where a wrestler's main allegiances were throughout specific periods of a career, whether they be to one promotion (as is often the case) or scattered. I think this is useful encyclopedia knowledge to have immediately accessible. I think that having the reader look around for information where the wrestler worked is an unnecessary barrier to their wholistic understanding of the individual wrestler, and by extension the reader's progress in understanding wrestling as a whole. Your mention of Jushin Thunder Liger is a good opportunity to define the criterion even further. Holidayruin (talk) 23:45, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * As to the comment on overlapping time at promotions: I believe this is actually relatively uncommon, unless the wrestler was a big draw that worked a lot of promotions in the chaotic 80s or the wrestler was an indie wrestler in the 2000s-mid10s with a free contract. Outside of those two types of exceptions, most wrestlers worked mostly for one company at a time. This is useful information to convey through the intended immediacy of the infobox. Generally an American wrestler worked essentially only for NWA, WWF/WWE, WCW, ECW, AEW for long periods. If the wrestler was Japanese or Mexican they definitely only worked for one promotion at a time. (I am not counting one-off cross-promotion appearances done while a wrestler really still belonged to another promotion) Holidayruin (talk) 18:25, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * This is not the case. Even an NJPW mainstay like Jushin Liger worked for dozens of different promotions in overlapping periods. As noted, wrestlers did not work for "NWA" any more than a football player works for the NFL. McPhail (talk) 22:27, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * In the case of Liger, I would count all non-NJPW appearances to be under the "one-off cross-promotion appearances" (one-off being not a numerical but rhetorical term). If you look at his match statistics by promotion, his number of appearances for the promotion he appears in second most, EMLL/CMLL (103), doesn't even scratch the surface compared to his 1st most, NJPW (3765).
 * You asked earlier what work by a wrestler was "most notable". While Liger has 5 promotions other than NJPW that pass the 30-match threshold (CMLL, Stampede, NOAH, WCW, ROH), all these appearance were done for the sake of NJPW and because of his loyalty to NJPW. In those appearances he shows up as "an NJPW guy". In the alternative case of Daniel Bryan, for instance, his NOAH matches are notable because he signed on not as a ROH wrestler, but as an legitimate independent contractor. This is not true for Liger. For this reason, in Liger's case, I think it would be appropriate to put the following:

 (Full list)
 * promotion  =NJPW (1984-2020)
 * Holidayruin (talk) 23:45, 16 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you have sources for this information? How are you going to establish in which cases wrestlers were or were not under contract? McPhail (talk) 16:08, 19 June 2021 (UTC)
 * NJPW had cross-promotion partnerships with CMLL for a very long time, which goes explain Liger's appearances there, and WCW during the early to mid-90s, which goes explain Liger's appearances there. NJPW often loans its talent to help competitor promotions NOAH and AJPW (another example would be when they loaned Tanahashi to AJPW to push Suwama), which goes to explain Liger's appearances there. In ROH, Liger was always treated as "the foreign legend coming from Japan" rather than an at-home talent like Low Ki or Danielson, which I think fits the bill. Also footage was often loaned from NJPW to promote his appearances in ROH. I am not sure about Stampede.
 * But it is perhaps an imprecise science. Who's to say that Life, and Nothing More... is not a notable work of Abbas Kiarostami? Ultimately the parameter is trying to represent what is generally understood about the wrestler. In Liger's case, it is that he was a NJPW mainstay, and that his NJPW work is by far the single most representative aspect of his entire career. Holidayruin (talk) 05:51, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Ultimately that's a WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS argument, and frankly it's the sort of non-objective thing we need less of on Wikipedia, not more. It's pretty clear that there's no consensus for adding these. It's a good faith proposal, but it just doesn't work without engaging in non-objective notability calls. That's the same reason we don't classify some titles as "true world titles". Deciding which promotions are major and which are borderline is too messy. oknazevad (talk) 02:36, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm talking about precedence, but it's not the crux of the argument. Determining is not even that subjective, I was only talking about instances like Liger's case when I said that. Cases where their work for one company really is their major work; there it is one promotion mentioned for cleanliness' sake. It can generally be well-determined what is notable work and what is not. Holidayruin (talk) 14:26, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * oppose I don't see how any of this is helpful. What is being suggested is use wikipedia's voice to convey what they are most notable for, which is almost exactly the opposite of what we aspire to in prose. This is very crufty. If it is very important that someone represented a brand or promotion, then it should be in prose, but most subjects it's hardly a big deal. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 07:44, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Presenting chronology in a digestible way is the kind of immediacy the infobox was made for. What promotion a wrestler worked for is very important to their career, even entirely shaping it.Holidayruin (talk) 14:26, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * The issue is that this information largely doesn't lend itself to being presented that way and the rules you are inventing around how it is presented are not clear/transparent to casual readers. McPhail (talk) 11:40, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I've been thinking about this, and it has occurred to me that the section titles in any given wrestler's Wikipedia page give the year chronologies that I advocated for in the infobox. Honestly, this is probably enough when it comes to describing their careers through promotions. The only thing I advocate for in this regard now is changing broader section titles to include years where it is not included; for instance in Roman Reigns changing the section title "World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE" to "World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE (2010–present)" for presentation immediacy in the Contents box. Holidayruin (talk) 02:35, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Adding "Partner" parameter
Please add the parameter "Partner" after "Spouse". This can be used to include notable long-term unmarried relationships in articles. McPhail (talk) 13:39, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Please can you demonstrate consensus for this change? Should partner and spouse be mutually exclusive? Could the label be changed to Spouse/partner or is a separate row required? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 11:30, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

 * the requested change is based on Template:Infobox person, which is the master template for biography articles. Template:Infobox person has "Spouse" and "Partner" as separate parameters. This change will bring biographical articles on professional wrestlers in line with biographical articles generally - there's no real reason to capture information on partners for everyone with a biographical article bar wrestlers. McPhail (talk) 15:45, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. While I see no issue with adding this extra parameter, Martin raises some good points that should be discussed. Just because infobox person has the two parameters on different lines doesn't mean this template must follow suit. Basically, I'd like to see opinions on whether it should be an either/or situation; i.e. both on one row or different rows. Primefac (talk) 16:09, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Adding "Partner" parameter (redux)
Please add the parameter "Partner" after "Spouse", with "Partner" Wikilinked to the article Intimate relationship. This can be used to include notable long-term unmarried relationships in articles. As requested I have raised this at the Professional Wrestling WikiProject and there is support for adding the field. McPhail (talk) 10:48, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added the field to the sandbox version — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. would you mind updating the documentation? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:41, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

 * - done, thank you. McPhail (talk) 21:30, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Removal of "Residence" parameter
Please can the parameter "residence" be removed from this template. This was discussed here. The rationale is that (1) this is consistent with Template:Infobox_person fromm which this parameter has been removed (2) this information is inherently very difficult to reliably source (3) the inclusion of this information may given rise to privacy/security issues in certain cases. McPhail (talk) 09:10, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry to hijack, but can the editor also add the "partner" parameter to the unknown parameter check? This part of the process was overlooked months ago, so articles using it are incorrectly listed in Category:Pages using infobox professional wrestler with unknown parameters. Pre  fall  10:42, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * All ✅.  P.I. Ellsworth  - ed.  put'r there 11:11, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

 * thank you. McPhail (talk) 15:49, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * my pleasure!  Paine  16:10, 1 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Adrian Grenier

Adrian Sean Grenier (born July 10, 1976) is an American actor, producer, director, and musician. He is best known for his portrayal of Vincent Chase in the television series Entourage (2004–2011). He has appeared in films such as Drive Me Crazy (1999), The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Trash Fire (2016), and Marauders (2016). In 2021, he acted in the Netflix series Clickbait.

Early life
Grenier was born in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the son of Karesse Grenier and John Dunbar. His parents were never married. He was raised by his mother in New York City. His mother was born in New Mexico to a family of mostly Mexican, Spanish, and some French descent.

A DNA test on a 2012 episode of the series Finding Your Roots showed Grenier to have approximately 8% Native American ancestry and that his direct matrilineal line is Native American. The program determined that his ancestor Diego de Montoya (born in Texcoco, New Spain in 1596) was the leader of an encomienda, a protectorate of Puebloan peoples in Pueblo San Pedro in New Mexico. He shares this ancestor with author and commentator Linda Chavez, making them ninth cousins. As of 2016, Grenier self-identifies as "part Apache Indian."

Grenier graduated from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts and attended Bard College in New York.

Acting
In 1997, Grenier left Bard to embark on a film career. He made his film debut in the independent drama Arresting Gena, then in 1999 played opposite Melissa Joan Hart in Drive Me Crazy and in 2001 starred in James Toback's Harvard Man.

In 2004, Grenier played Vincent Chase in the HBO series Entourage, gaining his most substantial notability and success. The series followed the triumphs and trials in the life of Chase, as the movie star character and his friends lived the good life in Los Angeles. It ran for eight seasons, from 2004 to 2011, and was nominated for numerous Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series. In 2006, he played Nate Cooper, the boyfriend of Andrea Sachs (Anne Hathaway) in The Devil Wears Prada.

In 2013, he starred in the post-apocalyptic film Goodbye World alongside Gaby Hoffmann. It premiered at the 2013 Los Angeles Film Festival where it received good reviews. The film made its cinematic release in the United States on April 4, 2014.

Grenier stepped back in front of the camera in 2015 to reprise his role of Vincent Chase in the Entourage film adaptation. Filming began in January 2014 and the film was released in June 2015. In 2016, Grenier shot the heist movie Marauders. The film would make it to Netflix's U.S. platform's top two in December 2020. Grenier also starred in the 2021 8-episode American-Australian drama/thriller miniseries, Clickbait, on Netflix, where he played Nick Brewer.

He is a campus advisor for Academy for Global Citizenship in Chicago, Illinois.

Directing and producing
As a vehicle for Grenier to transition between acting, directing, and producing, with some partners, he started Reckless Productions in 2001. The company focused on producing socially-minded films. One of its first, Shot in the Dark, chronicled Grenier's journey to reconnect with his estranged father, Dunbar, with whom his mother broke up when he was still a baby. Grenier and Dunbar remained estranged for 18 years until he began work on the documentary in an attempt to forge a relationship with him. The two eventually reunited and continue to remain in contact. This was Grenier's directorial debut and the film premiered at the 2002 Tribeca Film Festival. HBO distributed the documentary and it premiered on the channel on June 3, 2007.

On June 2, 2008, Grenier premiered a new television series, Alter Eco, for which he was the producer. The show aired on the Discovery communications channel Planet Green and featured Grenier and a team of green experts showing changes that can be made to live a more eco-friendly and sustainable lifestyle.

On September 27, 2010, HBO premiered Teenage Paparazzo, a documentary directed by Grenier and produced by Bert Marcus. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. The film focused on 13-year-old paparazzo Austin Visschedyk and the celebrity-obsessed world in which he operates. It also featured interviews with celebrities such as Lindsay Lohan, Alec Baldwin, and Whoopi Goldberg. Aside from HBO, Teenage Paparazzo premiered on 40 other outlets around the globe. In addition to its theatrical release, Grenier took the documentary to College campuses nationwide in the Teenage Paparazzo Experience Tour. The tour included a call for art to be included in a traveling gallery that challenged the traditional understanding of celebrity and modern media.

In 2010, Grenier began working as a producer alongside producer Bert Marcus and director Matthew Cooke on the full-length feature documentary How to Make Money Selling Drugs. The film was a tongue-in-cheek look at what is considered to be one of the worst domestic policy failures in recent American history. It featured actual dealers and celebrities commenting on the subject, including; 50 Cent, Eminem, Susan Sarandon and David Simon, head writer of the HBO series The Wire. It was released in the Summer of 2013 on Amazon.com and iTunes, and it received positive reviews.

Music
Grenier plays guitar, bass, drums, and harmonica. He was a member of two New York bands: the lead singer in Kid Friendly and the drummer in The Honey Brothers before moving on to build Wreckroom, a music incubator, and recording studio in May 2012.

Wreckroom releases EPs and a video series of cover songs, titled "Under the Covers". Two bands, Missouri "punk 'n' roll" trio Radkey and metal-spined Brooklyn five-piece The Skins, released EPs on the label in 2013. Wreckroom also hosts curated music showcases in both Brooklyn and Austin.

Most recently, Adrian co-wrote the song 'the master and margarita' with artist 'SORAYA'. The song was inspired by the Russian surrealist classic novel of the same name but SORAYA and Adrian imagined it taking place in contemporary Austin, Texas. It was distributed by Empire and released in early 2024.

SHFT.com
An advocate of sustainable living, Grenier and his business partner and film producer Peter Glatzer founded the lifestyle brand SHFT.com in 2010. SHFT is a brand that promotes sustainability through film, design, art, and culture and lives both online and offline.

SHFT has partnered with brands such as Ford Motor Company, AOL/Huffington Post, Virgin America, Stonyfield Farm, The W Hollywood, The Weather Channel, and Estée Lauder. In its second year, SHFT won two Webby Awards for best website in its category.

In 2014, Grenier and Glatzer partnered with Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture to create SHFT Mobile Kitchen Classroom – a teaching kitchen on wheels for high-school students in New York City.

United Nations Environment Goodwill Ambassador
On World Environment Day 2017, Grenier was appointed as a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme. Grenier was chosen due to his work with the Lonely Whale Foundation. In his role, Grenier advocates for reducing single-use plastic and for the protection of marine species.

Bitcoin
Grenier is a Bitcoin advocate and is developing a farming community in Texas that would use cryptocurrency for exchange.

Personal life
Grenier married Jordan Roemmele in a ceremony in Morocco in 2022.

title: Adrian Grenier


text:
Minister for Development Cooperation (Denmark)

Minister for Development Cooperation of Denmark (Udviklingsminister) is a Danish Government ministerial office. The office was introduced with the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I on 25 January 1993.


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Bijelo Polje

Bijelo Polje is a town in Montenegro in the northern region on the Lim River. It has an urban population of 12,900 (2011 census). It is the administrative, economic, cultural and educational centre of northern Montenegro.

Bijelo Polje is the center of Bijelo Polje Municipality (population of 46,051). It is the unofficial center of the north-eastern region of Montenegro. Bijelo Polje means 'white field' in Montenegrin.

History
Bijelo Polje's Saint Peter and Paul Church is the place where the UNESCO Miroslav's Gospel of Miroslav, brother of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja was written.

During World War II, Bijelo Pole was a prominent location for the anti-fascist resistance movement in Yugoslavia, Montenegro in particular.

Demographics
Bijelo Polje is the administrative centre of the Bijelo Polje municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 46,251. The town of Bijelo Polje itself has 12,900 citizens. Town

Municipality

Ethnicity
Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011

Culture and sights
Bijelo Polje was the birthplace of the oral poet Avdo Međedović and of many prominent writers such as Ćamil Sijarić, Miodrag Bulatović, Risto Ratković and Dragomir Brajković as well as basketball player Nikola Peković and Swedish footballing brothers Ajsel and Emir Kujović.

Sports
The major football team is Jedinstvo, who have spent several seasons in the country's top tier. They share their Gradski stadion with lower league team OFK Borac. The town's basketball teams are Jedinstvo and KK Centar.

Transport
Bijelo Polje is connected to the rest of Montenegro by two major roads. It is situated on the main road connecting Montenegro's coast and Podgorica with northern Montenegro and Serbia (E65, E80).

Bijelo Polje is also a station on Belgrade–Bar railway, the last station in Montenegro for trains leaving for Belgrade, and it serves as a regional train station. Podgorica Airport is 130 km away, and has regular flights to major European destinations.

Climate
Bijelo Polje has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with warm summers, cold winters, and abundant precipitation year round.

Notable people

 * Avdo Međedović, guslar
 * Miodrag Bulatović, writer
 * Ćamil Sijarić, writer
 * Dragomir Brajković, writer
 * Risto Ratković, writer
 * Nastasja Vojinović, musician
 * Milutin Karadžić, actor
 * Ajsel Kujović, footballer
 * Emir Kujović, footballer
 * Duško Ivanović, basketball coach
 * Nikola Peković, basketball player
 * Predrag Drobnjak, basketball player
 * Suad Šehović, basketball player
 * Sead Šehović, basketball player

Twin towns — sister cities
Bijelo Polje is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇦 Bila Tserkva, Ukraine
 * 🇹🇷 Burhaniye, Turkey
 * 🇵🇱 Hrubieszów, Poland
 * 🇪🇪 Maardu, Estonia
 * 🇲🇰 Strumica, North Macedonia
 * 🇧🇬 Svishtov, Bulgaria

title: Bijelo Polje


text:
User talk:AmericaUnida

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 22:33, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:AmericaUnida


text: Category:Icelandic films

title: Category:Icelandic films


text:
D12 (disambiguation)

D12 is an American hip-hop group originating from Detroit, Michigan.

D12 may also refer to:

Military transport

 * ARA Heroína (D-12), a 1983 Argentine Navy MEKO 360H2 series destroyer
 * Albatros D.XII, a 1918 German single-seat fighter biplane
 * Pfalz D.XII, a 1918 German fighter aircraft
 * HMS Striker (D12), a 1942 British converted aircraft carrier
 * D-12 Almirante Clemente, a Venezuelan Navy Almirante Clemente class destroyer
 * D-12 armoured car, a Soviet military vehicle of the early 1930s
 * Dewoitine D.12, a French fighter aircraft

Civilian transport

 * Spyker D12, a luxury vehicle made by Dutch car company Spyker
 * Bavarian D XII, an 1897 German steam locomotive model
 * Curtiss D-12, a 1923 aircraft engine
 * GS&WR Class D12, a Great Southern and Western Railway Irish steam locomotive

Other uses

 * A nickname for DirecTV-12, a DirecTV satellite
 * D12, part of the Allis-Chalmers D Series of tractors
 * A nickname for NBA All-Star Dwight Howard, whose jersey number is 12
 * d12, a twelve-sided polyhedral die used in many games
 * Dublin 12, a postal district of Dublin, Ireland
 * Familial adenomatous polyposis, a cancerous condition (ICD-10 code: D12)
 * Acronym for Double 12, mean two tanks with 12 liter in Scuba diving
 * D12, the eldest eaglet from the 2012 clutch of the Decorah Bald Eagles
 * D12 road (Croatia), a state road in central Croatia
 * DVCPRO HD (D-12), a professional digital high definition video format

title: D12 (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:D12 (disambiguation)

I think this disambiguation page is quite pointless, seeing as there is currently only one D12, the group, and the album it's disambiguating is called D-12 World, which could easily be reached from the groups D12 article itself if anyone somehow got confused and landed there. Any objections to moving the groups article here instead? – Quoth 01:13, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:D12 (disambiguation)


text:
Bernard Belleau

Bernard Belleau (March 15, 1925 – September 4, 1989) was a Canadian molecular pharmacologist best known for his role in the discovery of Lamivudine, a drug used in the treatment of HIV and Hepatitis B infection.

Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he gained his BSc (1947) and MSc (1948) from the Université de Montréal and his PhD in 1950 at McGill University. During his time at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research he discovered the Fujimoto–Belleau reaction, which is named after him and George I. Fujimoto. After various academic research postings in the U.S. and Canada he became Professor of Chemistry at the University of Ottawa in 1961. He moved to McGill University in 1971. Belleau worked in the 1960s and 1970s on research programs with Bristol Laboratories, one of which led to the non-narcotic analgesic Butorphanol. Butorphanol was found to have over five times the potency of morphine with far fewer side effects. Butorphanol is often used to relieve post-surgical pain and in the management of migraine headaches.

In the mid-1980s he helped found what became the biotech company BioChem Pharma with colleagues Francesco Bellini and Gervais Dionne. The trio began work on the anti-AIDS drug, 2,3 dideoxy – 3-thiacytidine (3TC). Just prior to his death in 1989 he laid the foundations for Lamivudine's development, which was a significant advance in the fight against AIDS, and is credited with saving over 2 million lives.

In 1981, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1978, he was awarded the Quebec government's Prix Marie-Victorin. In 1979, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's McLaughlin Medal. In 2000, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 1977/78, he was awarded a Killam fellowship from The Canada Council for the Arts.

title: Bernard Belleau


text:
User:Jubeanation

I write stuff.

I wrote a book about Discordianism called Chasing Eris.

title: User:Jubeanation


text:
Silkeborg Municipality

Silkeborg Municipality (Silkeborg Kommune) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 857.16 km2, and has a population of 100,747 (1. January 2024). Its mayor is Steen Vindum, of the party Venstre. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Silkeborg.

On 1 January 2007 Silkeborg municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), merged with Gjern, Kjellerup, and Them municipalities to form the new Silkeborg municipality.

The municipality is part of Business Region Aarhus and of the East Jutland metropolitan area, which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016.

The town of Silkeborg

The town of Silkeborg is divided into a northern and southern part by the lake, Silkeborg Langsø, which at the eastern side of the town, resolves into the Guden River (Gudenaa). Silkeborg was the home town of COBRA painter Asger Jorn, and has several interesting art museums and exhibitions, including Museum Jorn, Silkeborg with its large Asger Jorn collection.

Municipal council
Silkeborg's municipal council consists of 31 members, elected every four years.

Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.

title: Silkeborg Municipality


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Examples of subtle vandalism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:23, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Examples of subtle vandalism
Is not suitable for Wikipedia & Completely idiosyncratic non-topic. Material that probably belongs on a help page or a user page. Voting to Delete. — RJH 22:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not particularly subtle either. Kappa 22:52, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Silliness. -- BD2412 talk 01:34, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete trvial content. JamesBurns 06:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; if anything, a meta-topic. jglc | t | c 14:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rapidly. Offensivley stupid. --Ian Pitchford 14:59, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic for a hundred reasons. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Moll

Moll may refer to:

Media

 * Moll Flanders, a 1722 novel by Daniel Defoe

Characters

 * Moll, a young prostitute in the 1937 musical The Cradle Will Rock
 * Moll, an outlaw in the fifth season of the TV series Star Trek: Discovery
 * Moll Hackabout, protagonist in William Hogarth's 1730s series of paintings and engravings, A Harlot's Progress

Given name

 * Moll Anderson, inspirational interior designer, life stylist, author, and former singer
 * Moll Anthony (1807–1878), Irish bean feasa
 * Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria, King of Northumbria
 * Moll Davis (c. 1648 –1708), a courtesan and mistress of King Charles II of England
 * Moll Dyer (died c. 1697), a legendary 17th-century resident of Leonardtown, Maryland
 * Mary Frith (also Moll Cutpurse; (c. 1584 –1659), notorious English pickpocket and fence
 * Moll King (coffee house proprietor) (1696–1747), a prominent figure in London's underworld
 * Moll O'Driscoll (1922–1988), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Moll Pitcher (c. 1736 –1813), a clairvoyant and fortune-teller from Lynn, Massachusetts

Surname

 * Albert Moll (Canadian psychiatrist), pioneer of day treatment for psychiatric patients
 * Brian Moll (1925–2013), British-born Australian comedian character actor of stage, television and film
 * Carl Moll (1861–1945), Austrian art nouveau painter
 * Gerrit Moll (1785–1838), Dutch scientist and mathematician
 * Giorgia Moll (born 1938), Italian film actress
 * Guy Moll (1910–1934), French racing driver
 * Herman Moll (mid-17th century –1732), British cartographer, engraver, and publisher
 * Herman Moll (convict), (1838–1882), a convict transported to Western Australia
 * John Selwyn Moll (1913–1942), English banker, British Army officer, and rugby union player
 * Louis-Joseph Moll (1816–1872), a physician and political figure in Quebec
 * Toby Moll (1890–1916), South African rugby union player
 * Toby Moll (general) (born 1917), South African Chief of Defence Staff
 * W. E. Moll (1856–1932), English Anglican priest and Christian socialist activist

Americans

 * John L. Moll, (1921–2011), American electrical engineer
 * Richard Moll (1943–2023), American actor
 * Sam Moll (born 1992), American professional baseball pitcher
 * Tony Moll (born 1983), American football guard and offensive tackle
 * Victor Moll (born 1956), Chilean American mathematician

Germans

 * Albert Moll (German psychiatrist) (1862–1939), a neurologist, psychologist, sexologist, and ethicist
 * Claudia Moll (born 1968), German politician
 * Eva Moll (born 1975), German contemporary artist
 * Friedrich Moll (1882–1951), German wood specialist
 * Joseph Moll (1813–1849), German labour leader and revolutionary
 * Jürgen Moll (1939–1968), German football player
 * Kurt Moll (1938–2017), German operatic bass singer
 * Marg Moll (1884–1977), German sculptor, painter and author
 * Oskar Moll (1875–1947), German Fauvist painter
 * Otto Moll (1915–1946), an SS non-commissioned officer who committed numerous atrocities at Auschwitz

Other uses

 * Gun moll, the female companion of a male professional criminal
 * Möll, a river in northwestern Carinthia in Austria
 * Moll (slang), a usually pejorative or self-deprecating term for a woman of loose sexual morals
 * Moll, Skye, a location in Highland, Scotland

title: Moll


text:
Pascal Nouma

Pascal Olivier Nouma (born 6 January 1972) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder or striker.

Career
Nouma started his career in the Paris Saint-Germain youth team before moving around other teams in France. He played for Lille and Caen before moving back to PSG for two seasons in 1994. He helped PSG win both the 1994–95 Coupe de la Ligue and the 1994–95 Coupe de France, playing as a substitute in both finals, the latter against future club Strasbourg. He also scored as PSG won the 1995 Trophée des Champions. In 1996 he left for Strasbourg, winning the Coupe de la Ligue there in 1997 and staying for two seasons, before moving to Lens. While at Lens he played in the final as they won the 1998–99 Coupe de la Ligue, which was the third time he'd won the trophy in five seasons and with three different teams.

After two seasons at Lens, he left for Turkish club Beşiktaş, where he achieved phenomenal success and still maintains his popularity among Beşiktaş fans, who composed special songs for him. He played for them for one season before moving to play for Marseille the next year. He returned for a short spell at Beşiktaş the next season, but received a seven-month suspension for celebrating a goal against arch-rivals Fenerbahçe by putting his hands down his shorts, a gesture he described as "a private moment of joy". The Beşiktaş board were forced to cancel his contract as a result. The incident did not diminish his popularity with Beşiktaş fans, who still look back fondly on his lob shot against Dynamo Kiev in the third round of the UEFA Cup in 2003.

Following this incident he played in Qatar and went on trial at clubs in countries like the US and Scotland.

Personal life
Born in Épinay-sur-Seine, France, Nouma's ancestors are from Cameroon. He is particularly famous for his eccentric behaviour both on and off the pitch. During an interview with Hürriyet he claimed to be a Turk and to feel that Turkey was his home country.

Nouma works as an actor, and made his film debut in a Turkish movie, Dünyayı Kurtaran Adamın Oğlu (The Son of the Man Who Saved the World).

Nouma co-hosted radio show "Aragaz" along with professional radio host Kadir Çöpdemir at local radio station Metro FM.

Nouma became a member of Beşiktaş Congress in July 2012. [1] In 2017, he played with Mustafa Topaloğlu in "Didi" commercials.

Honours
Paris Saint-Germain
 * Coupe de France: 1994–95
 * Coupe de la Ligue: 1994–95
 * Trophée des Champions: 1995
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1995–96

Strasbourg
 * Coupe de la Ligue: 1996–97

RC Lens
 * Coupe de la Ligue: 1998–99

title: Pascal Nouma


text: User talk:81.179.243.46

title: User talk:81.179.243.46


text:
Talk:Osborne effect

Name the "Vice President" or Delete the Story
It's a nice story, and interesting, and probably true, but without this detail from a credible source, it sounds like the typical kind of "urban legend" that grows around these situations, meaning it's not encyclopedic. 70.115.28.42 (talk) 20:31, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osborne effect


text:
Tyler (Masonic)

Tyler (also spelled Tiler) is the name of the office of outer guard of a Masonic Lodge. Masonic lodges may meet in rooms in taverns and other public meeting places, and all Lodges appoint a Tyler to guard the door from the outside against ineligible masons or malicious or curious people, to check the eligibility of latecomers, and to ensure that candidates for ceremonies in the Lodge are properly prepared. Although a junior Officer of the Lodge and often a highly experienced Past Master, he may often be considered akin to a sergeant: in some cases the Tyler may not be an unpaid member of the lodge, but a mason from another lodge employed for the purpose. Other duties often involve preparing the room for meetings, supplying regalia and equipment, serving as bar steward or acting as permanent, and sometimes resident, caretaker of the furniture and premises.

Duties of the post

In some Jurisdictions the Tyler is appointed by the Worshipful Master, while in others he is elected by the members of the Lodge. He is charged with examining the Masonic credentials of anyone wishing to enter the Lodge and keeping unqualified persons from infiltrating Masonic meetings, and admitting only those qualified to attend the current business.

In most jurisdictions, the Tyler is required to be outside the Lodge door for large portions of the meeting, although usually in a position to overhear the proceedings. The position has often been given to a deserving Mason who has fallen on hard times, such as the original Grand Master Anthony Sayer, or to a senior Lodge member who can help and advise those kept waiting outside.

In some jurisdictions, the Worshipful Master has the authority to permit or direct the Tyler to "tyle from within" during the non-ritualistic portions of a meeting. If tyling from within, the Tyler must first secure the outer doors of the Tyler's anteroom. He would then leave the inner door open between the lodge room and the Tyler's anteroom, and sit at the seat closest to the door, still holding his drawn sword. Tyling from within enables the Tyler to participate in the business portions of the meeting, voice his opinions, volunteer for committees, deliver reports, and receive instruction if any be given. In other jurisdictions, such as the United Grand Lodge of England, the Tyler is always expected to be outside the closed door of the lodge; on the rare occasions when the Tyler enters the lodge room, another lodge member (typically the Inner Guard or, in the U.S., the Junior Deacon) goes outside to take temporary responsibility for guarding the door.

In some jurisdictions and lodges, the tiler is the lodge process server; he can be tasked with serving the membership with Masonic summons, messages, or notices at their home or at work when directed by a vote of the lodge or the Worshipful Master.

Origins of the term
The origins of the term are uncertain and a number of hypotheses have been presented over time. Masonic lodges originally met in inns or taverns, and Tyler is an Old English word for the keeper of an inn door. Alternatively, the name may simply come from the occupation of tyler—a person who lays roof and floor tiles. More fanciful suggestions have included:
 * In operative Masonry, the Tyler would draw out the blueprints for the Temple/cathedral in chalk on the floor.
 * Possibly related to the name of Wat Tyler, or Walter the Tyler, the leader of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.
 * Possibly a revision of the word tether, used to tie the door closed.
 * Possibly owing to the tiles being those stones or bricks which seal the structural masonry, whether they be on floors, walls or roofs. Likewise, the Tyler seals the remainder of the activities of the lodge.

In popular culture
William Hogarth's famous print of Night shows a drunken Mason being helped home by the Tyler, from one of the four original Lodges in 1717 at the Rummer & Grapes tavern.

The first name of the character Tyler Durden in the movie Fight Club is believed to be the a symbolic reference to the Tyler's duty of enforcing secrecy and discretion and preserving the lodge.

title: Tyler (Masonic)


text:
Knut Selberg

Knut Atle Selberg (born 1949, in Norway) is a planner, architect, and urban designer with the Selberg Arkitektkontor AS since 1996.

Selberg received his BS in architecture in 1973, his diploma in architecture in 1975, and his Diploma in Urban Design in 1976 at Scot Sutherland School of Architecture at Garthdee School of Engineering, Aberdeen, Scotland.

Selberg Arkitektkontor is a multi-discipline company working in the fields of planning, landscaping, architecture, and analysis.

Architectural Projects

 * IKEA Store Leangen, Norway - the largest IKEA store in Norway at 25.000m2 (1996-2002)
 * Lerkendal stadion for the Norwegian football club Rosenborg BK (1996-2002)

Traffic and road design

 * E6 Project - Melhus, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway (1996-2003)
 * Urban design and environmental plan for 2 main roads into Trondheim, Norway (1996-2003)
 * Oslo Tunnel (1985-1990)

Bridges

 * Leonardo Bridge Ås, Norway - part of the Vebjørn Sand Da Vinci Project (1996-2001)
 * Vallsundet Bridge Östersund, Sweden - nominated to “The building of the year” in Sweden in 1999 (1995-1998)
 * Askøy Bridge - Bergen to Askøy (1991-1996)
 * Evenstad Bridge - spans the river Glomma (1993-1997)

title: Knut Selberg


text:
User talk:Rodasmith

Blood Type Diet
Changed Blood type diet to a more NPOV, thanks for pointing this out, hope it's now more along Wikipedia guidelines... apers0n 07:59, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice edit, Rodasmith apers0n 05:28, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

.NET Bot Framework
Hi, thanks for applying to use the .NET Bot Framework.Your request has been approved, and you should soon receive instructions as to accessing the source code of the framework. You have also been added to the Spam list for announcement emails regarding the framework. If you do not wish to receive these announcements, please feel free to remove yourself from this list. Messages sent will involve announcements of new versions, features and other important information. Thanks, and enjoy your use of the framework,Werdnabot (DNBF)/T\C on behalf of Werdna648T/C\@ 03:47, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

User page comments
From one developer to another, I have to say your user page was the geekiest I've ever read! I was about to reach for the desktop (computer desktop) calculator (which defaults to hex in my case) to work out the numbers, but was deeply dissapointed when I continued to read and realized I no longer needed the calculator. Take care! --Stephane Charette 02:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I consider that, of course, to be a compliment. You reminded me that I hadn't been there in awhile. Anyway, thanks, and cheers! Rod (A. Smith) 07:33, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

I have to agree with the above comment. I love your user page, it seems so serious, and yet that makes it all the more humourous. It makes me want to go read some more Terry Pratchett novels. His sense of humour is very similar to your own, I think. Anyway, I just had to comment on your user page, it's hilarious. Balrog30 08:13, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Meetup
Looks like Meetup/Seattle4 will be happening September 9, 2006. - Jmabel | Talk 01:45, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Pro-rata
Hi. I hope my changes, from what was an awful stub, to this beauty will convince you to withdraw your nom. :-) Bearian 17:46, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well done. I have asked to withdraw the nomination.  Thanks, Bearian!  Rod (A. Smith) 18:55, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You are welcome! We have to wait for a more experienced user or sysop to mop up the job.. Bearian 19:22, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Seattle meetup 5
Hi Rodasmith, I see that you've attended the Seattle meetup 3 back in 2006. I hope that you can make it to the next one on June 19! Bestchai (talk) 22:02, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

rollback
Hi, I have granted you rollback. Note that English Wikipedians get a bit antsy if you use it for anything besides vandalism. Regards, John Vandenberg (chat) 22:19, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks, John. Rod (A. Smith) 18:01, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Private class data pattern for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Private class data pattern, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.

The discussion will take place at Articles for deletion/Private class data pattern until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

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title: User talk:Rodasmith


text:
Land Rush of 1889

The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was the first land run into the Unassigned Lands of former Indian Territory, which had earlier been assigned to the Creek and Seminole peoples. The area that was opened to settlement included all or part of the Canadian, Cleveland, Kingfisher, Logan, Oklahoma, and Payne counties of the present-day US state of Oklahoma.

The land run started at high noon on April 22, 1889. An estimated 50,000 people were lined up at the start, seeking to gain a piece of the available 2000000 acre.

The Unassigned Lands were considered some of the best unoccupied public land in the United States. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 was passed and signed into law with an amendment by Representative William McKendree Springer (R-IL) that authorized President Benjamin Harrison to open the two million acres (8,100 km2) for settlement. President Abraham Lincoln had earlier signed the Homestead Act of 1862, which allowed settlers to claim lots of up to 160 acre, provided that they lived on the land and improved it.

Overview
During the mid-19th century, the time when the American Civil War was at its peak, President Abraham Lincoln developed a strategy to increase land ownership and development by signing the Homestead Act into law. It was intended to open western lands to allow people to settle on what the government considered to be "idle" tracts of land. The majority of occupants in Indian Territory (which became most of present-day Oklahoma) belonged to the so-called Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, who had been forcibly removed in the 1830s from their traditional territories in the Southeast.

The government passed an Act called the Dawes Severality (or Dawes Act) in 1887 that aimed to extinguish communal tribal holdings. It proposed that the tribes' communal lands be allocated to heads of households by 160-acre plots, to encourage them to adopt subsistence farming. A stated aim of the Act was to enhance assimilation of tribal members to mainstream European-American practices. It markedly reduced the amount of land owned by the tribes, because the government declared as 'surplus' any lands left over after distribution, and made them available for sale to non-Native Americans. The settlers were also allowed to take up the subdivided land in many places. However, the Dawes Act was not enforced on the five tribes that were considered civilized since they were later exempted. The exemption was to take effect until the year 1902, when the household heads of the five “civilized” tribes were to take 160-acre plots.

After the Civil War, the other Indian tribes that had been relocated to the Territory had been assigned approximately one half of the total landmass occupied by the five tribes. The five tribes had allied with the Confederacy and were forced to give up some of the Indian lands. On April 22, 1889, the day that the government had set aside for the settlement, the crowd in the Oklahoma settlement land was overwhelming. When the signal for the process of land registration was raised, thousands of people rushed across the border as the Oklahoma land rush began. Approximately fifty thousand people; young and old, men and women rushed to try their luck in acquiring the 12,000 land tracts that were available.

Native American tribes in Indian Territory
The removal of Native Americans to Indian Territory started after the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. He believed that Indian Removal from the Southeast was needed to extinguish Native American land claims and enable development by European Americans in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, which still had numerous Native Americans occupying their territories. President Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830.

Choctaw
The Choctaw were the first tribe to concede to removal in 1830. They agreed to give up their land and move to the designated Indian Territory. The main portions of the Choctaw tribe moved to Indian Territory from 1830 to 1833, with the promise that they would be granted autonomy and receive annuities to aid in resettlement. Many died on the long journey to the new territory.

Creek
The Creek were the next tribe to move to Indian Territory. In 1829 they had held a council, agreeing that they would submit to state laws in order to stay on their lands. But, continued pressure from settlers and the state government resulted in the Creek ceding most of its lands in what became Alabama to the United States. By 1836, the entire Creek Tribe had been removed to Indian Territory. They had suffered armed conflict with settlers and effectively a civil war within the bands of the tribe.

Cherokee
The Cherokee were the third tribe to be removed to Indian Territory. Tribal leaders Chief John Ross, and other high-ranking families worked to keep their lands, challenging Georgia state actions against them. They were upheld by the US Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia, which said that Georgia had no authority over them. But President Jackson refused to enforce the ruling that recognized the Cherokee Nation as a community with its own boundaries, and that Georgia residents could not enter their lands without consent of the Cherokee. Chief John Ross believed that removal was inevitable and worked to gain the best deal possible from the federal government. Opponents gained a new treaty, but by the end of the 1830s, most of the tribe was forced to remove to Indian Territory, accompanied by US military forces. By the end of 1838, most of the Cherokee tribe had been fully removed from the Southeast. Those who remained became state and federal citizens without tribal standing. Of the 18,000 who traveled west from 1835 to 1838, about 4,000 died on what became known as the Trail of Tears.

Chickasaw
The Chickasaw elected to leave their lands freely and did not suffer like the Cherokee tribe. The tribe had adopted some European-American practices: gaining some formal education for their children, building churches, and farming. They struggled with encroachment by the state government of Mississippi. Beginning in 1832 they signed a collection of treaties with the US, and gained some better terms than the other tribes. They left for Indian Territory in the winter of 1837–38 and paid the Choctaw to be able to settle on some of their lands.

Seminole
The Seminole Tribe was tricked into signing a removal treaty and the Seminole War is what followed. This was the bloodiest and costliest Indian war in United States history. Chief Osceola and his tribe hid in the Everglades in Florida, where the military sought to hunt them down. Many were captured and sent to Indian Territory in chains. Osceola surrendered and died in prison. The war and removal reduced their population by 40%. The Seminole in the Everglades never surrendered and their descendants today comprise two federally recognized tribes in the state. According to the 1859 census, 2,254 Seminole remained in Florida.

Plains tribes in the territory
The US also relocated tribes here from the upper Midwest. After the Indian Wars on the Great Plains, the US also relocated some western tribes to Indian Territory. The Quapaw and Seneca were placed in Northeast Oklahoma with the Cherokee. By 1845 they were joined by the Shawnee, Delaware (Lenape), and Kickapoo.

After Texas was admitted into the Union in 1846, the US forced removal of the Caddo, Kiowa, and parts of the Comanche tribes in Indian Territory. By 1880, the Wyandot, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Wichita, and other smaller tribes had been removed from surrounding states and reassigned to Indian Territory.

Start of the Boomer Movement
With the end of the Civil War, land hungry people sought land in the West. White Americans pressed their legislators to open the Indian Territory. Certain Native Americans like Elias C. Boudinot encouraged other Native Americans to participate in the effort to welcome westward expansion. From 1870 to 1879, thirty-three bills were introduced in Congress to open the territory for settlement.

Legislation was passed by Congress in 1866 that permitted railroads to be laid in sections of 40 mi on either sides of the Indian Territory. The two companies in charge of creating these railroads were the Atlantic and Pacific (A&P). Their contracts were eventually rescinded due to not finishing the projects in the agreed time. Railroad companies that came after them took it as their responsibility to finish the project, and saw a way to strengthen their contracts by introducing the movement of settlement in the Indian Territory. The railroads employed people such as C. C. Carpenter to spread false information in newspapers of the Indian Territory being open to settlement through Congress's Homestead Acts. Both black and white migrants began to move to the Oklahoma Territory. President Rutherford B. Hayes warned these early agitators for settlement (who came to be known as "boomers" in figurative reference to the loudness of their demands) against moving into the Indian lands. He ordered the military to use force to ensure this.

Boomers and Sooners

A number of the people who participated in the run entered the unoccupied land early and hid there until the legal time of entry to lay quick claim to some of the most choice homesteads. These people came to be identified as "Sooners". This led to hundreds of legal contests that were decided first at local land offices and eventually by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Arguments included what constituted the "legal time of entry". The settlers who entered the territory at the legally appointed time are sometimes known as "boomers", although confusingly, the term also refers to those who campaigned for the opening of the lands, led by David L. Payne. The University of Oklahoma's fight song, "Boomer Sooner", derives from these two names. The school "mascot" is a replica of a 19th-century covered wagon, called the "Sooner Schooner." When the OU football team scores, the Sooner Schooner is pulled across the field by a pair of ponies named "Boomer" and "Sooner.” There are a pair of costumed mascots also named "Boomer" and "Sooner" as well.

David Payne
Captain David L. Payne took advantage of the boomer movement to occupy and create the Oklahoma Territory. He and other enthusiasts created the Oklahoma Colony, allowing settlers to join with the fee of a minimum of one dollar. Then once settled in the Oklahoma Territory they organized themselves as a town-site company that sold lots of land from a range of $2–25 depending on the demand of the Boomer Movement. Cattlemen, afraid that these boomers would take their land, worked alongside the military to keep them out. Settlers thought it their right to occupy the lands as they had purchased it with cash and by doing so, their title was invested in the U.S. government. Even so, the military was at constant work to arrest the boomers unlawfully on Indian Territory, although they were generally released without having to go to trial.

On November 28, 1884, Payne met his end at a hotel in Kansas due to poison found in his glass of milk. It is speculated that it was organized by cattlemen unhappy with the success of the Boomer Movement.

William Couch
William Couch was a former lieutenant under Payne. He did not possess the brash personality of his predecessor, but, he had a kindred personality and spoke with strength. He rigorously studied all treaties, court cases, and laws regarding the Oklahoma land issue in order to present logical and concise boomer claims. He had led unsuccessful movements into Indian Territory, but under military and legal pressure the Oklahoma movement stagnated. It was rebooted with the construction of the Santa Fe Railroad line across the middle of Indian Territory from Arkansas City, Kansas, to Gainesville, Texas. Certain that the lands would be opened to settlement shortly after the construction of the railroad was completed in the spring of 1887, the Oklahoma movement again slowed down.

By December 1887 the inaction of Congress reignited the movement behind Couch's leadership. After a conference of boomers was held in Kansas, the conference sent delegates Sydney Clarke, Samuel Crocker, and Couch to Washington to promote the passage of an act to open Oklahoma lands for settlement. After Couch and company presented the bill to Congress, it faced opposition from state representatives George T. Barnes of Georgia, Charles E. Hooker of Mississippi, and Colonel G.W. Harkins of the Chickasaw Nation. They opposed it because the U.S. government had promised the land to the Indian Nations living there and the government did not have the right to open up land in the territory to settlement.

The Springer Oklahoma Bill, which was proposed by Illinois representative William M. Springer, was meant to use the Homestead Act to open the lands for settlement. Arguments over the payment for the lands continued until the legislative session ended and the bill was not passed. In December, Couch presented the Springer Oklahoma Bill to Congress again, which led to the passage of the Indian Appropriation Bill. With this bill, Congress paid $1,912,952.02 to the Seminole and Creek Nations in exchange for 2,370,414.62 acres of unassigned land. A section giving the president the authority to open the land to settlement was added.

African-Americans
African Americans had been trying to find communities they could settle without the worries of racism against them. When the Land Rush took place, black families had been building their own way of life and culture since the Reconstruction era. Even in the Oklahoma Territory, the five main Native American Tribes had to sign agreements with the US government that they would no longer practice slavery, and if they continued, they would be exempted from their land by the United States.

During the Land Rush, it was a growing belief within the African American community that this opening of free land was their opportunity to create communities of their very own, without the influence of racism. Their intentions were to make Oklahoma a state just for them. One organization that took advantage of this movement was the Oklahoma Immigration Organization owned by W. L. Eagleson. Eagleson spread the announcement of recolonization to the black community throughout the United States, especially focused in the South. One attempt to make Oklahoma a black state was to appoint Edward Preston McCabe as the governor of the Oklahoma Territory. This would make it easier for black families to settle within the region during the land rush. This plan failed, as there seemed to be less and less excitement of immigrating to the new land, and instead McCabe had to settle to being a treasurer in Logan County of Oklahoma.

The attempts of people like Eagleson and McCabe were not completely futile as their support of the black family did enthuse many to continue to move to the Oklahoma Territory. These movements did become townships, such as Kingfisher.

Rush for land
After the passage of the Indian Appropriation Bill, President Benjamin Harrison made the declaration that on April 22, 1889, at 12 o'clock noon that the Unassigned Land in Indian Territory would be open for settlement. At the time of the opening, which was indicated by gunshot, the line of people on horse and in wagons dispersed into a kaleidoscope of motion and dust and oxen and wagons. The chase for land was frenzied and much chaos and disorder ensued. The rush did not last long, and by the end of the day nearly two million acres of land had been claimed. By the end of the year, 62,000 settlers lived in the Unassigned Lands located between the Five Tribes on the east and the Plains Tribes on the west.

Rapid growth
By the end of the day (April 22, 1889), both Oklahoma City and Guthrie had become cities of around 10,000 people each. As Harper's Weekly reported:

At twelve o'clock on Monday, April 22d, the resident population of Guthrie was nothing; before sundown it was at least ten thousand. In that time streets had been laid out, town lots staked off, and steps taken toward the formation of a municipal government.

Many settlers immediately started improving their new land or stood in line waiting to file their claims. Children sold creek water to homesteaders waiting in line for five cents a cup, while other children gathered buffalo dung to provide fuel for cooking. By the second week, new settlers had opened schools; children were taught by volunteers paid by pupils' parents until regular school districts could be established. Within one month, Oklahoma City had five banks and six newspapers.

On May 2, 1890, the Oklahoma Organic Act was passed creating the Oklahoma Territory. This act included the Panhandle of Oklahoma within the territory. It also allowed for central governments and designated Guthrie as the territory's capital.

Expansion of cities
With the signal of troops to cross into the territory, over a dozen Santa Fe trains pulled into Oklahoma Territory, but most migrants traveled on horseback, in wagons, and on foot. Establishing a claim involved placing a stake with the claimant's name and place of entry at a U.S. land, one of which was located in Guthrie and the other in Kingfisher. The settler had to live on the claimed section of land for a five-year period and visibly improve it (including with buildings) before they could attain the title to the property. That period could be shortened to fourteen months if the settler paid a price of $1.25 per acre.

Guthrie, Oklahoma City, Kingfisher, El Reno, Norman, and Stillwater were six of the townsites established in 1889. They were designated as county seats. Guthrie was named capital of the Territory and later was capital of the state of Oklahoma for a brief period.

Oklahoma City was designated as the permanent capital of the state. On April 23, Oklahoma City contained more than 12,000 people. Within an hour of land being opened, 2,500 settlers occupied lands in a township that they initially named Lisbon, but would later be called Kingfisher.

In popular culture

 * Hollywood has produced motion pictures illustrating the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889 and pioneer life on the land claims. Two of these, both named Cimarron, were based upon the 1929 novel of the same name by Edna Ferber:
 * Cimarron (1931): directed by Wesley Ruggles; cast includes Richard Dix, Irene Dunne, and Estelle Taylor. It was an Academy Award Winner for Best Art Direction, Best Picture, Best Writing and Adaptation.
 * Cimarron (1960): directed by Anthony Mann and Charles Walters; cast includes Glenn Ford, Maria Schell, and Anne Baxter.
 * The Oklahoma City 89ers was the original name for the Oklahoma City Triple-A Minor League Baseball from 1962 to 1997, when the team played at the now-demolished All Sports Stadium at the state fairgrounds. The team is known now as the Oklahoma City Baseball Club. Among the most notable players for the 89ers were Juan González, National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Ryne Sandberg, Rubén Sierra and Sammy Sosa.
 * The drama film Far and Away (1992), starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, depicts a young Irish couple immigrating to the States with hopes of participating in the Cherokee Outlet (or Strip) land run (1893 just north of the Unassigned Lands) and staking claim to their own land.
 * The Rush is the central theme of the comic album Ruée sur l'Oklahoma, the 14th album of the Belgian comics series Lucky Luke.

title: Land Rush of 1889


text: File:ChancesAreAlbum.jpg

title: File:ChancesAreAlbum.jpg


text:
Talk:Mona Vale, New South Wales

Update
I added a photo of Mona Vale beach as well as adding a short history of Mona Vale that i think i referenced correctly.Virtual circuit 12:28, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Page move
This page was moved from "Mona Vale" to "Mona Vale, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) – Ianblair23 02:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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I have just modified one external link on Mona Vale, New South Wales. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060509122408/http://www.nsh.nsw.gov.au/monavale/ to http://www.nsh.nsw.gov.au/monavale/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:54, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mona Vale, New South Wales