text:
Talk:Gigi (singer)

Possible copyright violation
Most of the text is identical to the content of this website. The "Build date: 23 June 2003" indicates that their article precedes all versions of this article (I had thought perhaps that their article was instead culled from Wikipedia). Archive.org supports this: although their archive date is later than the build date, it's still older than the Wikipedia article (some problem at archive.org currently prevents me from actually comparing versions).

The source website's terms of use do not indicate that inclusion in Wikipedia would be acceptable.

I have created a temporary subpage containing the text (with my copyedits) that was not part of the content in question: Ejigayehu "Gigi" Shibabaw/Temp

-- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Problem resolved, thanks!
The copyvio material has been deleted.Thanks to Petaholmes for following up with this and moving the temporary subpage to the article space. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 17:34, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Controversy?
I have tagged this section of the article with. The "Controversy" section reads thusly:
 * Gigi has been criticised by some conservatives in Ethiopia, for breaking out of the traditional role of women in the Ethiopian Church. For instance, the song "Adwa" on her album Gigi is a cry of mourning for soldiers who died in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. This type of song is traditionally sung by men in Ethiopia.

Is "Adwa" sung in church? (It might be, but I didn't think this was a liturgical song.) Does the church prescribe that males should only sing "Adwa," or is this influence more broadly cultural (and less directly church-influenced)? This also raises questions about the quote attributed to Gigi (and that's why I added "[sic]"). Women indeed are allowed to sing in church (see image). They do not, however, perform the liturgy. When Gigi mentions that a priest taught her how to sing the church songs, I suspect she means that he taught her how to sing in the style in which (male) priests deliver the liturgy.

-- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:45, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I forgot to mention it before, but it would be great to include some citation(s) regarding the controversy as well as the source of the Gigi quote. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 05:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess word-of-mouth counts as original research, and thus can't be used as a source here, but I'm told that Gigi is certainly not the first woman to sing "Adwa." I'm wondering if Gigi is somehow controversial for stepping outside of the traditional role of women to become a professional singer.  That particular taboo was broken around 50 years ago by Asnaketch Worku.  I'm not even sure if that is the supposed controversy, just guess work on my part. But in light of this, the "controversy" seems more and more like a fabrication for the sake of publicity.  Either that, or it's a misunderstanding on the part of music journalists (or it just makes for good copy - sorry to sound so cynical).  But once again, some citations would have been helpful here. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 19:17, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd also hazard a guess that Gigi is more popular outside of Ethiopia than she is within that country, which (if true) makes it even less likely that "Gigi has been criticised by some conservatives in Ethiopia." -- Gyrofrog (talk) 19:17, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Also found a source for Gigi's quote, her own website (also mirrored in a few places). As I mentioned above, it still isn't clear what she means by women not singing in church. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 19:39, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Someone had cited a Frances Falceto essay to support the claim that "Adwa" is traditionally sung by males. This isn't mentioned anywhere in the essay, nor is anything else about Gigi stepping outside of traditionally female roles etc. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 10:48, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Nobody's been able to produce a genuine reference for this in four years(!), so I'm removing it. — Hex    (❝  ?!  ❞)   21:47, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Redux
A similar claim had been made in the Tigist Shibabaw article; I've removed it and left some comments at that talk page. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:00, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've found a source that I believe clarifies the matter, an interview with Kay Kaufman Shelemay (author of the "Ethiopia" article in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians). (Frankly I am still skeptical, but Shelemay is certainly a reliable source, which trumps my concerns.) See also Talk:Tigist Shibabaw. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 04:49, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Gyrofrog, you're a trip. I quoted and referenced Gigi Shibabaw's official Myspace page regarding the tradition of women not being allowed to sing in the church. But for you, not even the artist, who is Ethiopian, is credible enough to be quoted about a tradition in her own culture regarding her own personal experience. What an insult! Instead, you find it more reliable/credible an article written by an non-Ethiopian? Oh, and because you found this, it trumps what is quoted on the artist's own official myspace page (where I originally got the information from)? To me, the artists Myspace page is more credible than the article you found. Who would be more credible as a source regarding Ethiopian tradition other than a native Ethiopian? The fact that this man is scholar does not, by default, make him more credible as even scholars get their information wrong, or a biased in their research. Bab-a-lot (talk) 13:14, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Gigi's Myspace page is a primary source. Gigi says "is actually not allowed" in the present tense, and your edit (to ) reflected that. (I'm not disputing the part where she says a priest taught her how to sing, where I think we can use MySpace as a source.)  I will grant that women (generally) may not have sung in church in the past (i.e. before the Derg), but this is clearly no longer the case  .  My point in all this, is that it isn't exceptional for a woman her age to have sung in church.  If we are going to cite Gigi's Myspace page, it should be qualified with "Gigi claims that...", "Gigi says..." etc.  (See Talk:Rainbow (rock band) for a similar case.)  Being Ethiopian or non-Ethiopian has nothing to do with it: my wife is Ethiopian, she is older than Gigi, she grew up singing in the church choir (in 1970s-1980s Ethiopia), and says that Gigi (or whoever writes her web pages) is full of it. When I've gone to Ethiopian churches, in both the U.S. and in Ethiopia, women do indeed sing (example). Obviously I can't, and shouldn't, rely on my wife's or my own experience (WP:SELFCITING), but at the same time, when an artist writes about herself on her own website, it should be taken with a grain of salt.  That's why I looked for another source, such as the Shelemay interview.  And what I meant by "trump" was that Shelemay (a woman, by the way) being a verifiable source trumps my own opinion about the matter (which is that women have sung in church even pre-Derg). I hope this is clear, and I apologize that I wasn't more clear earlier. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 16:33, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * P.S. The church itself maintains (source) that "both men and women may join in the singing", but says nothing of the musical roles in the past, and then goes on to say "choirs of the western type are unknown in the Ethiopian Church" which doesn't seem accurate – again, see file.  I've also invited WP:ETHIOPIA participants to weigh in here, as this has been an intermittent issue for 5.5 years. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 18:42, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * As of this writing, Gigi's Myspace page no longer includes the claim about singing in church (GiGi on Myspace). I've converted this information into an explanatory note, although personally I think we should completely remove it, since the source itself no longer corroborates it. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 23:36, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Moved page to "Gigi (singer)"
I've moved (renamed) the page from "Ejigayehu Shibabaw" to "Gigi (singer)," since she is known as "Gigi." (Much in the same way that Paul Hewson is better known as "Bono," and so his Wikipedia article is also named "Bono.") -- Gyrofrog (talk) 17:24, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Language(s)?
What languages does she sing in? What language is the song "Guramayle" in? Anyone know? The Jade Knight 20:11, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the word itself is Amharic. It is more or less used to describe people who speak a mash-up of more than one language (poosibly Amharic and English). From what I can see, many Ethiopians seem to look down on people who speak it, I imagine the way some Americans look down at Espiranto. The song itself is a nice little story about a city boy who is in love with a farm girl. He can speak to her only in broken phrases and slang Amharic.  --Slntwtchr 21:11, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The song is in Amharic, then? 24.182.21.194 23:04, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gigialbumart.jpg
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Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://www.ethiobiography.org/ejegayehu-shibabaw-gigi/. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, provided it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Gyrofrog (talk) 01:32, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gigi (singer)


text: Talk:Seasarmon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seasarmon


text:
Neuregulin

Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including: cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, some aspects of neuronal development, as well as the formation of neuromuscular synapses.

Included in the family are heregulin; neu differentiation factor; acetylcholine receptor synthesis stimulator; glial growth factor; and sensory and motor-neuron derived factor. Multiple family members are generated by alternate splicing or by use of several cell type-specific transcription initiation sites. In general, they bind to and activate the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (erbB2 (HER2), erbB3 (HER3), and erbB4 (HER4)), functioning both as heterodimers and homodimers.

Neuregulin family members
The neuregulin family includes:
 * Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), with numerous discovered isoforms stemming from alternative splicing:
 * Type I NRG1; alternative names: Heregulin, NEU differentiation factor (NDF), or acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA)
 * Type II NRG1; alternative name: Glial Growth Factor-2 (GGF2);
 * Type III NRG1; alternative name: Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF);
 * Type IV NRG1;
 * Type V NRG1;
 * Type VI NRG1; Types IV-VI are proteins with 3 novel N-terminal domains identified in 2004.
 * Neuregulin 2 (NRG2);
 * Neuregulin 3 (NRG3);
 * Neuregulin 4 (NRG4);

In mammals, neuregulin family members are the products of 4 genes NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4 respectively.

The transmembrane forms of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) are present within synaptic vesicles, including those containing glutamate. After exocytosis, NRG1 is in the presynaptic membrane, where the ectodomain of NRG1 may be cleaved off. The ectodomain then migrates across the synaptic cleft and binds to and activates a member of the EGF-receptor family on the postsynaptic membrane. This has been shown to increase the expression of certain glutamate-receptor subunits. NRG1 appears to signal for glutamate-receptor subunit expression, localization, and /or phosphorylation facilitating subsequent glutamate transmission.

The NRG1 gene has been identified as a potential gene determining susceptibility to schizophrenia by a combination of genetic linkage and association approaches.

NRG1
NRG1 plays a role in synapse development, influencing the upregulation of acetylcholine receptor genes beneath the endplate after mammalian motor neurons have made synaptic contact with muscle fibres, hence its alternative name ARIA = Acetylcholine Receptor Inducing Activity.

Animal models
A study done on mice in early 2009 has indicated that when neuregulin-1\ErbB signalling is disrupted, the dendritic spines of neurons grow but do not fully form. This produced no immediate noticeable changes to brain development, but in adults there was a reduction of dendritic spines on neurons. Glutamatergic signalling was markedly disrupted in the mice as a result of the experiment.

In fish, birds, and earthworms
NRG-1,2,3 have been found in fish and birds.

mRNA similar to mammalian Pro-NRG2 precursor has been found in humus earthworm Lumbricidae.

title: Neuregulin


text: File:Odessey and Oracle.jpg

title: File:Odessey and Oracle.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oak Tree, County Durham

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:22, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oak Tree, County Durham
This is a page that is admittedly about a "small" village. Do little hamlets get their own articles? Ryan Prior 20:11, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. Keep Dunc|☺ 20:20, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Examples? I'm skeptical, but I'm also new, so I'd like to see other discussions. Ryan Prior 20:24, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Firstly, who needs examples?! Just because most hamlets do not yet have their own article doesn't mean they shouldn't - hopefully in time they will. Secondly, I'm sure there are plenty of small villages with articles on Wikipedia. In fact, I think you'll find plenty of articles representing small geographical locations around the world. UkPaolo 20:49, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Vera, Oklahoma Keep. Dsmdgold 22:00, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't wish to bite the newcomer but perhaps if you were not familiar with the inclusion criteria you should have checked up before listing this on VfD. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't find this village in google. Does it even exist? — RJH 20:21, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, my wife has an aunt who lives near there.     22:45, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, the dreaded Google test. Just because something doesn't show up in Google doesn't mean it doesn't exist!. Vast, vast, swathes of encyclopedic human knowledge are not included in Google's index. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I can't verify it. If somebody lives in the area or has a directory, please post! Ryan Prior 20:24, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you had bothered to note the grid reference linked in the article which you put up for deletion, it's easy to check that the place does exist. Check on the OS Map! UkPaolo 20:49, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this hamlet then. :) — RJH 16:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * keep, I'm assuming it's verifiable because of the grid reference, regardless of google results. Kappa 20:25, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Can I crete an article for Nonexistant Ghost Town, Nevada if I say it's between Tucson and Las Vegas? Ryan Prior 20:29, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * You could do that, but hopefully someone would tag it with accuracy or something, and it would be checked out and deleted. Kappa 20:36, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The difference being that this place actually exists and "Nonexistant Ghost Town" does not. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep it. It's a real place. NatusRoma 20:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real place with two hotels and a train station. -- BD2412 talk 20:39, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * ...and if you have a good calling plan and are really keen to verify, call the nearby Parkmore Hotel & Leisure Club, 08700 60 10 60.
 * Strong keep. In answer to your question, yes - small villages should get their own articles! I'd be against deleting any geographical location. Granted, the article doesn't contain much info, but the addition of a stub like this means people are much more likely to add to it in future. UkPaolo 20:49, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * any geographical location — I look forward to your rationale for keeping at Votes for deletion/Danmark (island). ☺ Uncle G 23:38, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Keep per UkPaolo. Ridethefire3211 21:46, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real place. Towns, villages, etc. are inherently notable. This is what encyclopedias are for. 23skidoo 23:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep even small villages. - DS1953 23:19, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I'm convinced. Thanks for the clarifications, all. Ryan Prior 23:42, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Hamlets deserve articles and it exists. -CunningLinguist 01:01, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Real place with pubs, railway station and community of interest. Capitalistroadster 01:25, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've expanded the article from the two-sentence stub with some information of a general nature. I don't actually know the place, I was just creating stubs on all villages in County Durham a few months ago. It now reads more like a Rambot-style template article, waiting for someone who knows it well to add some more information about its history or something. — Trilobite (Talk) 18:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places except rocks in the middle of water that have no particular notability even though they have a name. RickK 07:18, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per convention. James F. (talk) 14:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. All villages are notable. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is larger than the Seldom_Seen_Roadhouse geographical location, though probably slightly less notable.--Takver 03:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves

The Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves (NT1413) are an ecoregion located in the Gulf of Guayaquil in South America, in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. It has an area of 3,300 km2 (1300 sq mi).

Location
The mangroves are found between Ecuador and Peru where many rivers empty into the Pacific and the Gulf of Guayaquil. They fringe the Gulf of Guayaquil and the northwestern Pacific Coast of Peru near Tumbes. They cover an area of 1,300 sqmi. Inland the mangroves transition into areas of Ecuadorian dry forests, Western Ecuador moist forests and in the south the Tumbes–Piura dry forests, which extend into Peru.

The Gulf of Guayaquil is the largest estuary ecosystem on South America's Pacific coast. The flat land and high tides result in salt water moving far up the gulf. Average annual rainfall is 600 mm, but in some years may be as much as 3800 mm.

Ecology
The ecoregion is part of the Panama Bight Mangroves, a Global ecoregion, which contains the Gulf of Panama mangroves, Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves, Manabí mangroves and Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves.

Flora
The ecoregion contains plant formations of mangrove (Rhizophora spp.) forest that are adapted to permanently flooded conditions and the resulting environments, which offer little available oxygen.

The Tumbes River is the southern limit for some mangrove species.

Fauna
There 13 mammal and reptile species, including the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) at its southern limit. There are more than 40 species of birds including the Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), white-necked heron (Ardea pacifica), great egret (Ardea alba), American white ibis (Eudocimus albus), roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis) and horned screamer (Anhima cornuta).

Status
Large parts of the mangroves have been destroyed to make way for aquaculture, rice farms, housing and industry. Other threats come from mercury pollution from gold and silver mining upstream in the Puyango-Tumbes watershed, urban pollution and dams. In Ecuador about 40000 ha of mangroves were lost in the 1980s and early 1990s due to unsustainable shrimp pond development. Since then the mangroves have been slowly recovering, and seem stable.

On Ecuador's side of the mangrove ecoregion, particularly near the cities of Machala and Santa Rosa in the province of El Oro, many shrimp farm ponds have been dug out for export of shrimp to the U.S., Europe and other regions. Shrimp are one of Ecuador's main exports together with crude oil and derivatives, bananas and ornamental flowers.

On the Peruvian side some of the mangroves are protected by the Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary.

title: Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves


text:
Prophecy of Neferti

The Prophecy of Neferti is one of the few surviving literary texts from ancient Egypt. The story is set in the Old Kingdom, under the reign of King Snefru. However, the text should be attributed to an individual named Neferyt, who most likely composed it at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty. The nature of the literary text is argued upon. There are a number of different theories stating that the literature is a historical romance in pseudo-prophetic form, political literature, religious motivation as well as a literary text created to change and improve the situation in Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty.

Content
The Prophecies of Neferti is set in the fictional court of King Snefru (c. 2575–2551 BC), who ruled Egypt during the Fourth Dynasty. The sage Neferti is summoned to the court so that he can entertain the King with fine speeches. He is asked to speak of the future rather than the past, the sage prophesies the downfall of the Egyptian nation by civil war, leading to the eventual atonement of the nation through the rise of a great king. According to Neferti this king, “Ameny”, will redeem the chaos, banish enemies, and set all right.

Excerpt from "The Prophecies of Neferti"
“The transliteration follows Helck 1970b, using the copy on Papyrus Hermitage 1116B as principal source. The section divisions are those of Helck 1970b: after each section number are given the corresponding line-numbers in Papyrus Hermitage 1116B.”

13 (Papyrus Hermitage 1116B, lines 57 to 61)

“nswt pw r iyt n rsy imny mAa xrw rn.f sA Hmt pw n tA sty ms pw n Xn nxn iw.f r Ssp HDt iw.f r wTs dSrt iw.f smA sxmty iw.f r sHtp nbwy m mrt.sn pXr iHy m xfa wsr m nwd

There is a king who will come from the south Ameny true of voice is his name. He is the son of a woman of the Land of the Bow, he is a child of the Heartland of Nekhen. He will take up the White Crown, he will raise up the Red Crown, he will unite the Two Mighty Goddesses, he will appease the Two Lord Gods, with what they desire. The field circuit is in his grasp, the oar in the jump.”

Background of the Twelfth Dynasty
Amenemhat I, who is theorized to be “Ameny” in “The Prophecies of Neferti”, was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty. He “inherited territorial unification, but faced a formidable political task. Kingship had become discredited and locally independent power had become strong. Internal reorganization around a strong central government was the task” (Wilson 275). The history of the Twelfth Dynasty leads scholars to believe that “The Prophecy of Neferti” was written as political propaganda, in order to show Amenemhat I’s claim to kingship.

Copies
What survives of the secular literature of ancient Egypt is a small number of texts. It is impossible to establish conclusively whether they are indicative of the scope of the literary production or whether they are the incidental survivors of the adversaries of the time and men. Among the surviving literary texts from ancient Egypt is, “The Prophecy of Neferti”. It has only one complete version, which is portrayed on two writing tablets (Cairo 25224 and BM 5647) from the Eighteenth Dynasty. This complete version is held at the Hermitage Museum in Saint-Petersburg. Although there is only one complete version, there are numerous Ramesside partial copies of the work, over twenty, which is much higher than other well-known Egyptian literature works. The work is theorized to originally date to the Twelfth Dynasty under the reign of King Amenemhat I. Hans Goedicke argues that this literary work was undoubtedly written for contemporaries, who were fully familiar with the current events and in no way for readers of the distant future.

Various arguments
There is not one interpretation of the prophecy that is widely agreed upon. Rather, there are numerous supported theories based on the interpretations of respected scholars, ranging from simplistic explanations to in-depth critical analyses. The most widely accepted interpretation revolves around the theory that it was produced as propagandistic literature for the newly established Twelfth Dynasty under the rule of King Amenemhat I. This was an early interpretation and numerous others are now considered. Hans Goedicke in his book, “The Protocol of Neferyt”, argues that “the text does not contain a prophecy of future events but is an elaboration of existing conditions in the Eastern border region and potential dangers resulting therefrom”. This, much like all Egyptian history, is a debated idea. It is important to note though, being that it places “The Prophecy of Neferty” in a new light; it takes away the possible glorification of Amenemhat I and instead places the purpose of the literary text, as one used to change and improve the situation in Egypt.

Ludwig Morenz added to the debate in 2003 with his book, “Literature as a construction of the past in the Middle Kingdom”. He believes that the only reason historical royal names appear in the text, “is to give the text a flavor of historicity and as being proto-mythical” (107). Morenz goes on to say, the author of the literature text lived several centuries after King Snofru, most likely during the Twelfth Dynasty and concrete historical memory was being re-cast as proto-myth. He also argues that the “prophetic genre of text probably derives from this notion of the possibility of knowing history” (111). A significant point that Morenz makes is that, the literary text could have been composed for the coronation of the King but gradually lost its concrete links with it. There is one key point that both Goedicke and Morenz seem to agree on, that the literature text unarguably laments the decline of Egypt as a country with the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty.

The third argument presented is by Jose Perez-Accino. “Description of the land in chaos and turmoil shows clear primeval overtones. Several phrases can be understood as referring to a time before the creation of the world. The vision of Neferty thus seems to present a metaphor in which the time of trouble is related to a time in which creation has reverted into an original chaos and so the process of creation needs to start again” (1498). Perez-Accino compares the rise of Ameny with the creation of the world. His views differ greatly from most scholars; he believes the literary text discusses the mythological founder, Menes, as the king and not Amenemhat I directly, although the description given in the text is valid for both of them. This argument is supported by puns, as well as the idea that the literature is written in primeval and mythological context. If this is true, then from this literary text, Amenemhat I is a new Menes, “who will perform the Gods’ wishes and put an end to a condition which has afflicted the land” (Perez-Accino 1499). With this idea, the Twelfth Dynasty would be comparable to the original creation of the country.

"The Prophecies of Neferti" has been interpreted as primary evidence to support the view that Amenemhat I had Nubian heritage as his mother is described as a "woman of Ta Seti", with origins in Aswan, the extreme southern region of Egypt.

title: Prophecy of Neferti


text:
Hong Kong Open (golf)

The Hong Kong Open is a golf tournament which is played on the Asian Tour, and formerly on the European Tour. It was founded in 1959 and in 1962 was one of the five tournaments that made up the inaugural Far East Circuit, later known as the Asia Golf Circuit. It remained part of the circuit until 1996, before joining the Asian Tour, then known as the Omega Tour, in 1997. It became co-sanctioned by the European Tour in 2001, as part of the 2002 season.

The Hong Kong Open was played in spring from its inception until 1994, but since 1995 has usually been played towards the end of the year, in November or December, and as a result has often fallen into the following year's European Tour season.

Since taking its place on the European Tour the event has always been held at the Hong Kong Golf Club in Sheung Shui, New Territories. The Hong Kong Golf Association, Hong Kong PGA, and Chinese PGA receive a limited number of exemptions into the tournament for their members.

History
In 1958, Hong Kong Golf Club member Kim Hall wrote to Australian professional Eric Cremin to see if those players playing in the Philippine Open in 1959 would consider staying in the region to play in Hong Kong. Hall then approached Peter Plumley, secretary of South China Morning Post, who was also a golfer. Plumley then persuaded his boss to sponsor 1,000 Australian pounds in prize money in the name of South China Morning Post. Then, the first Hong Kong Open was launched in February 1959. According to Hong Kong Golf Club member Willie Woo, Kim Hall was very keen for the tournament and he talked a lot with Australian golfers, including Peter Thomson. Woo helped to get Taiwanese players through his connections.

The first tournament was hosted by Sir Robert Black, the then-Governor of Hong Kong. Around one thousand spectators joined the tournament. Taiwanese golfer Lu Liang-Huan won the inaugural edition of the tournament. The success of the Hong Kong Open prompted first Singapore in 1961, and then Malaysia and Japan in 1962, to introduce their own tournaments and bring about the setting up of the Far East Golf Circuit. The circuit further expanded into a regular ten-tournament tour, called the Asia Golf Circuit, that existed until the end of the twentieth century. Despite the SCMP's original agreement to maintain 1,000 pounds sponsorship of the Hong Kong Open, it was felt that prize money would need to be increased if the best players were to be attracted. To that end the 1963 event was jointly sponsored by the SCMP and British American Tobacco, with the purse being increased to 4,000 pounds as a result. Due to poor weather conditions during the 1966 event, the Hong Kong Golf Club lost HK$10,442 as the money put up by the sponsors was insufficient to cover expenses. As a result, the club decided that in future it could not undertake to assist financially in any way, but would continued provide the courses and the general facilities. The 1968 tournament was the first edition to be shown live on television. In 1969, the newly formed the Hong Kong Golf Association took up the task of organising the tournament. In 1971, the Hong Kong Open was on the verge of disappearing due to low spectator numbers and financial problems, but with the assistance of the Asia Pacific Golf Confederation, who were keen to retain the event on the Asia Golf Circuit, the tournament was saved.

In 1996, Hong Kong golfer Dominique Boulet finished fourth, the best result by a local golfer. In 2008, Florida-based Hong Kong amateur Shun Yat Hak became the youngest player ever to make the cut in a European Tour event, at 14 years and 304 days, eclipsing the record set by Sergio García at the Turespaña Open Mediterrania in 1995. At the other end of the age spectrum, Miguel Ángel Jiménez became the oldest golfer ever to win on the European Tour when he won in 2012 at age 48 years, 326 days, and extended his record by defending his title in 2013 at age 49 years, 350 days.

In 2013, organizers and potential sponsors raised concerns over the complex becoming enmeshed in a controversial redevelopment plan for Fan Ling. The tournament was played that year without a title sponsor.

In 2020, the Hong Kong Open organizers announced that the tournament would be postponed till 2021 due to COVID-19 restrictions.

In March 2023, it was confirmed that the Hong Kong Open would return after a two-year hiatus as an Asian Tour event. The tournament would also gain International Series status.

Winners
Source:

title: Hong Kong Open (golf)


text:
Stuart Freeborn

Stuart Freeborn (5 September 1914 – 5 February 2013) was a British motion picture make-up artist. He has been referred to as the "grandfather of modern make-up design" and is perhaps best known for his work on the original Star Wars trilogy, most notably the design and fabrication of Yoda.

Career
Freeborn's earliest work in the film industry was designing the controversial hair and make-up worn by Alec Guinness, as Fagin, in Oliver Twist. Freeborn's most famous work is creating the make-up for all of the characters in the Star Wars trilogy, including Chewbacca and Yoda; he based Yoda on his own face and partly on Albert Einstein. He oversaw the design of the original Jabba the Hutt puppet used in Return of the Jedi as well as the creation of the Ewoks.

Freeborn was also the make-up artist on Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, where he created the humans/apes for the "Dawn of Man" sequence. He worked on Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, handling Peter Sellers' multiple lead roles. He also worked with Sellers in several other films, including Heavens Above!, Mr. Topaze, The Mouse that Roared, and Soft Beds, Hard Battles and he was the make-up visual supervisor in the Superman films.

His wife Kay assisted her husband on several occasions; their son Graham was also a prolific make-up artist before his death in 1986.

In the Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace DVD, in one of the web documentaries, he was awarded a statue by the team at Lucasfilm.

Personal life
Freeborn died on 5 February 2013 at the age of 98 in London. His wife Kay died in 2012. Freeborn's three sons—Roger, Ray and Graham—also predeceased him. Freeborn had eight grandchildren and several great-grandchildren.

Selected filmography

 * The Thief of Bagdad (1940, uncredited makeup artist)
 * Oliver Twist (1948, makeup artist – as Stuart Freebourne)
 * The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957, makeup artist)
 * A King in New York (1957, makeup artist)
 * Dr. Strangelove (1964, makeup artist – as Stewart Freeborn)
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968, makeup)
 * Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972, makeup artist)
 * The Omen (1976, chief makeup artist)
 * Star Wars
 * Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977, makeup supervisor and uncredited creature design supervisor)
 * The Empire Strikes Back (1980, makeup and special creature designer)
 * Return of the Jedi (1983, makeup designer and creature design)
 * Superman
 * Superman (1978, creative supervisor of makeup & special visuals)
 * Superman II (1980, makeup artist)
 * Superman III (1983, makeup artist)
 * Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987, makeup supervisor)

title: Stuart Freeborn


text:
Assault on Mount Mitchell

The Assault on Mount Mitchell is an annual bicycling endurance contest in South Carolina and North Carolina first held in 1974.

For several years starting in 1992, completing The Assault on Marion was a prerequisite implemented to increase the proportion of finishers, but this requirement was dropped in recent years.

The ride starts in Spartanburg, South Carolina and ends at the summit of Mount Mitchell in Mount Mitchell State Park in Yancey County, North Carolina. The ride distance is 102 mi and has over 11,000 vertical feet of climbing. Most riders finish in less than 12 hours; the leaders finish in under 6 hours. The contest typically includes over 800 cyclists from across the globe.

It spawned the Off-Road Assault on Mount Mitchell, which has taken place since 1999.

The record number of consecutive finishes is 40 (as of 2020), held by Michael H. Davis.

As of 2015, the contest has a charitable component, The Freewheelers Cycling Association. This 501(c)(3) organization is partnered with nonprofit organizations such as the Humane Society and Mt. Mitchell State Park.

As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, the contest was cancelled for the years 2020 and 2021.

title: Assault on Mount Mitchell


text:
Talk:Cowcatcher

Untitled
Except a pilot in British language is a locomotive that is attached to the front of a train when double heading; er Dunc|☺ 20:14, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fender
This page seems to use the word "fender" to mean some kind of pilot on a trolley/cable-car which catches and retains a pedestrian to prevent injury. It does not seem to be at all like a fender on an automobile. A picture is linked at. Ewlyahoocom 15:12, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fender is the commen term for a device protecting fallen pedestrians from being overrun by streetcars. The device is normaly only lowered to the ground when a sensor bracket hit an object laying in front of the wheels.--Pechristener1 (talk) 03:52, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Charles Babbage
The Charles Babbage page states that he invented the cowcatcher (or pilot).
 * Yes, someone vandalised this page --121.73.5.55 09:24, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Ok, who really invented this thing
Most of the web says Charles Babbage invented this thing in 1838.

But then there's the case of Isaac Dripps who assembled the John Bull locomotive imported into the USA in 1831, which entered service in 1833. The story is that it could be de-railed easily so he made some modifications including adding a truck at the front with a set of wheels, and a plow. All accounts say these modifications were made soon after its introduction but no date is given, in this account the photo of the modified loco has a caption 1833.

There is a poem suggesting that the cowcatcher was patent #8996 in 1852 (who knows if that's just poetic license :-).

Then there is the story of Mr J. R. Davis of Brown Township, Franklin County, Ohio, USA, who supposably invented the thing in 1850 - at least this story involves a bull (and maybe a cock as well).

How about Lorenzo Davies of Columbus invented a device for the front of a railroad engine that he called a pilot (1851) but was soon dubbed as "cowcatcher"

 * 1) So my question is, can anyone get hold of original sources to see exactly what Mr Babbage invented and whether he called it a cowcatcher and whether it looked anything like the traditional US cowcatcher.

 * 1) Next question is, was it ever used on UK trains (for which it was invented) ? --AGoon 10:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Cowcatchers were certainly used on the narrow gauge 2-6-2s (such as "Exe" of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway in Devon, delivered new by Manning Wardle in 1898. The line also imported a 2-4-2 Baldwin - "Lyn" - from America in the same year, which was also built with them.

 * How effective they may have been against cows, I know not, but sheep regularly got onto the line, which invariably meant the train would stop, and the crew would round them up and herd them off back through the fencing themselves! Regards, Lynbarn 12:56, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Another Smithsonian Institution article gives a date of "shortly after" 1833 for the John Bull modifications. I'm guessing that attribution to a single person/place is not the way to go here, and that several people independently came up with this. I too would like a better citation for Babbage, frankly; there's no image of what he worked out and no indication that it was ever realized in practice (a common issue with Babbage's "innovations"). Mangoe 17:51, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Babbage discusses his interest in railways in Passages from the Life of Philosopher. He describes two strategies for removing objects from the path of the train but fails to mention any practical application directlky arising from either. While he was asked to describe an invention for uncoupling train and engine in the event of an accident, I doubt that this would amount to his being employed by the Liverpool & Manchester Railway. CastWider (talk) 13:54, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Germany
The German wikipedia cites some German railway regulation, dating from 1838 that requires all engines to have a pilot (unless they are used during daylight only). This makes it likely that pilots were common in Germany at that time and before.84.59.181.60 (talk) 11:05, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, but what kind of pilot? A thing to knock stray animals aside, an extra locomotive, an extra crewmember, or something else? -- Red rose64 (talk) 15:30, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It would have been a "cowcatcher"-type device. The 1838 Berlin to Potsdam Railway "application approval" mentioned above defines it as "a frame which extends down to the track in front of the locomotive's front wheels and is intended to clear away from the track any obstacle located thereon before the wheels reach it". The regulation calls it a Bahnräumer (i.e. a track clearer). -- Picapica (talk) 18:23, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 25 January 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. per WP:NATURAL. There could be some merit to Thryduulf's comment that cowcatcher is just one of the kinds of pilots. In that case, per WP:OTHEROPTIONS, a new RM can be created at any time. (closed by non-admin page mover) Vpab15 (talk) 18:38, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Pilot (locomotive) → Cowcatcher – Should this article be renamed to cowcatcher? I understand that pilot is the "official" name of the device, but "cowcatcher" is the layman's term, and the WP:COMMONNAME. It's hard to provide google stats though since pilot also gives results for aviation. Additionally, "cowcatcher" is a precise term, whereas pilot can mean a variety of things. Invinciblewalnut (talk) 00:54, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Strong Oppose The name of the article is already specific - Pilot (locomotive). 'Cowcatcher' seems to be a comparitively informal name. In most places, the word 'pilot' is used. Thank You. Kpddg  (talk)  04:35, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Per WP:NATURAL, which says that even if a term is less common, as long as it's somewhat commonly used, it's preferred over a common but vague term that requires disambiguation. This is a clear application of that rule.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 12:14, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per NATURAL.--Ortizesp (talk) 17:03, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment Is this an WP:ENGVAR thing? Cowcatcher is definitely common in North America. 162 etc. (talk) 17:37, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * 162 etc. It may be. As far as I can tell the article is written in British/Commonwealth English as it uses "snowplough" instead of the North American "snowplow." Does WP:ENGVAR supercede WP:NATURAL though? Tbh I didn't even know natural was a rule when I proposed this but I like the reasoning! Invinciblewalnut (talk) 21:36, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment. The big, wedge-shaped cowcatchers were not generally used on British railways, but that's still what we'd call them if we saw them on a foreign locomotive. So no, not an ENGVAR issue. However, this article is not just about those. It's about any device used to deflect obstructions from the front of a locomotive, most of which would presumably not be called cowcatchers even in North America. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:16, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Cowcatchers are an example of one the types of pilot that this article talks about. Having said that, pilots are also only one of things this article talks about (pilots, lifeguards, anticlimbers and (sort of) snowploughs) so a rename might be in order but not to the proposed title. I don't know what a suitable inclusive term for these devices intended to divert objects that might derail a train out of the way would be though, so I'm not making a seperate proposal now. Thryduulf (talk) 08:17, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support I'd sure like to see it changed but is is clearly written for the word pilot and would need to have some work done if it's changed. In the US nobody used the term pilot -- we use cowcatcher.  There are almost no refs here and looking for "pilot" is not very successful at all.  The structure of the two seems similar to me, it is only a difference in the name.  Sectionworker (talk) 14:16, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME Pilot (i.e. Locomotive Pilot) versus Cowcatcher (i.e. Locomotive Cowcatcher) is at least 3:1 more common in a google books search. Most industrial and scholarly railroad literature uses the term pilot, not Cowcatcher. Additionally, cowcatcher has an alternative meaning in the entertainment industry [].

what about cows?
Shouldn't this page at least mention whether we know where the term "cow catcher" came from, and whether cattle or sheep roaming across tracks was ever part of the description of the problem the device was designed to solve? 2603:8001:D3F0:87E0:0:0:0:1DF6 (talk) 18:44, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

 * We don't publish information based on whether "we" know about it, but what reliable sources have to say. It seems thus far nobody with an interest in this article has come across sources that discussed this point. In other words, it would be inappropriate for us to say, "We don't know the origin of the term 'cowcatcher'.", but if someone came across a source that said, "The origins of the term 'cowcatcher' have been lost to antiquity", or such, we could use that. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 20:32, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cowcatcher


text:
Talk:Belthazor

I would call into question the reference that the Source is the same breed of demon as Balthazor. The only real correlations are black eyes and the fact that they possess tattoos. However, the Source seems to have had one small design tattooed on his forehead, not the full-body tribal tattoos that Balthazor and Sykes had. As far as I know, no reference was ever made to the Source being from the same breed of demon, so I think the simple fact that he had a tattoo is not enough to make that classification.

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 20:14, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ok that's fine, but why on earth does 'shimmer' redirect here? it even has an endless loop link in it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.23.129.74 (talk • contribs) 2005-08-31 13:44:45 (UTC)
 * Removed the self-redirect, and the other redlink; I can't imagine we'll ever have a full article on adjusting, as it is used in this context. -- nae'blis (talk) 21:13, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ColeAndBelthazor.jpg
Image:ColeAndBelthazor.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DVD VIDEO-14.jpg
Image:DVD VIDEO-14.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:47, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Balthazar
You might want to mention that his name resembles Balthazar, one of the Three Wise Men, so some viewers would make that association. Art LaPella (talk) 21:53, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belthazor


text:
Algonquin Peak

Algonquin Peak is a mountain in the MacIntyre Range of the Adirondacks in the U.S. state of New York. It is the second highest mountain in New York, with an elevation of 5114 ft, and one of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks. It is located in the town of North Elba in Essex County and in the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack Park. The first recorded ascent of the mountain was made on August 8, 1837, by a party led by New York state geologist Ebenezer Emmons. It was originally named Mount McIntyre, after Archibald McIntyre, but this name was eventually applied to the entire range. Surveyor Verplanck Colvin added the name "Algonquin" in 1880. This name came from the peak reputedly being on the Algonquian side of a nearby informal boundary between the Algonquian and their Iroquois neighbors, although no such boundary existed in reality.

Algonquin Peak is accessible from two trails. Starting at the Adirondak Loj outside Lake Placid, the mountain can be approached from the north by following the blue-blazed Van Hoevenberg Trail 1.0 mi to its junction with the yellow-blazed MacIntyre Range Trail. That trail continues the remaining 3.3 mi to the summit, during which the route gets progressively steeper and rockier. The total distance is 4.3 mi for an elevation gain of 2936 ft. The mountain can also be approached from the southeast via an even steeper trail which begins at Lake Colden, which rises 2350 ft in just 2.1 mi. From the summit, an unmarked trail leads 1.1 mi southeast to nearby Boundary Peak and Iroquois Peak. A trail to Wright Peak forks from the yellow trail 0.9 mi below the summit. The mountain's summit is above tree line. Views of the surrounding peaks are available in all directions, with particularly good views available of nearby Mount Colden and Lake Colden. Algonquin is increasingly popular with hikers, with a 2021 study by Otak observing significant crowds on the summit of the mountain on popular summer days. An area of 23.5 acre surrounding the summit is an alpine tundra zone, the largest found in the Adirondacks. This area is home to many arctic plants, including American dwarf birch, bearberry willow, black crowberry, Bog bilberry, Cutler's alpine goldenrod, Diapensia, Lapland rose-bay, and low rattlesnake root, and contains a prominent bog. The large numbers of hikers on the summit have in the past caused damage to the fragile plant life, and strict regulations have been put in place on the summit to protect it. Camping is prohibited above an elevation of 4000 ft, hikers must remain on the trail in the alpine zone, and no dogs are allowed without a leash. The Summit Steward program places guides on Algonquin and other peaks to both remind hikers of these rules and educate them about the ecosystem.

title: Algonquin Peak


text:
Talk:Bacara

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here.

title: Talk:Bacara


text: User talk:83.79.91.254

title: User talk:83.79.91.254


text:
Tol

Tol or TOL may refer to:

People

 * Tol (surname), a Dutch surname
 * Tol Avery (1915–1973), American film and television character actor
 * Tol Hansse (1940–2002), stage name of Hans van Tol, Dutch singer and musician
 * Vontongchai Intarawat (born 1987), Thai singer also known as Tol

Places

 * Tol, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
 * Tol (Castropol), Asturias, Spain, a parish
 * Tol, Federated States of Micronesia, a village
 * Tol (island), in Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia

Transport codes

 * TOL, IATA airport code and FAA location identifier for Toledo Express Airport, Toledo, Ohio, United States
 * TOL, National Rail station code for Tolworth railway station, London

Acronyms

 * Treaty of Lisbon, a treaty amending the treaties of the European Union
 * Tales of Legendia, a 2005 PlayStation 2 role-playing game
 * Tower of London
 * Township of Langley, British Columbia, Canada
 * Transitions Online, an online journal
 * Tree of life
 * Tricare Online
 * Throne of Lies, the online game of lies and deceit
 * Trucial Oman Levies, paramilitary force that the British raised in 1951 to serve in the Trucial States

Other uses

 * Tol language, an indigenous and near-extinct language of Honduras

title: Tol


text:
King Heritage & Cultural Centre

The King Heritage & Cultural Centre in King City, Ontario, Canada is a local history museum for the township of King at 2920 King Road.

It was previously known as Kinghorn Museum, and is located on what was once known as Kinghorn, now subsumed by King City. Its name was changed to King Township Museum when its operation was transferred from the King Township Historical Society to the municipal government of King in 2000, and to its current name in 2014. It is operated by the King Township Community Services Department.

The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association (CMA), the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN), and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

The King Heritage & Cultural Centre houses the King Township Historical Society, Arts Society King, the township archives, the township museum collection and two exhibition galleries, a performance hall, and four historic buildings.

Campus
The museum consists of a building which houses the majority of collections held. This building was originally built in 1861 as the site of the Kinghorn School SS #23. It was updated and expanded in 1958 and again in 1963, and purchased by the township in 1978. The township gave operational control of the building to the King Township Historical Society, which established the museum in 1979 and opened it in 1982. The museum was operated on a volunteer basis until 2001, when the township municipal government assumed control of the museum. The government established a management board, to which individuals are appointed by the township council.

In 2012, a 749 sqft addition was built by the real estate development company Genview Homes, which leased it and used it as its sales office for a development adjacent to the museum grounds in exchange for repairing or upgrading damaged parts of the building. The flat, leaky roof was rebuilt as a peaked roof. Once vacated by Genview, the space may be used for various services, such as a lecture hall with a capacity of 60 to 80 guests.

On the grounds of the 2.5 acre property owned by the museum are several heritage sites. The King Township Historical Society raised funds to acquire and move King Station from Black Creek Pioneer Village to the grounds in 1989, where it now fronts King Road. It was the original railway station building of Springhill (now King City), and believed to be the oldest surviving railway station in Canada, built by the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway in 1852 and first served passengers in 1853. The single-storey board and batten structure was in poor shape by then, and restoration began soon after to repair the damage. It was painted green and grey after the initial restoration, and is now painted cream yellow with green trim. It is the only surviving station building of the original Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway buildings.

The other heritage building is the King Christian Church built in 1851 by local community members with Quaker and Loyalist backgrounds. It was renamed to the King Emmanuel Baptist Church in 1931 and permanently closed in 1978. It was moved from its original location at Kettleby Road and Jane Street to the museum grounds in 1982.

In August 2017, Laskay Hall was moved to the site from its original location in Laskay. It will be used for cultural programs such as art, music, dance, and theatre; an event venue for Laskay residents; a performing arts space; and as an additional exhibit for the museum. A basement will eventually be built for it, which will be used for storage by the museum and Arts Society King.

The site also contains a dredge built in the 1970s that was used to clear the canals of the Holland Marsh until the 1990s, and was obtained by the museum in 2001.

Collections and programs
The museum collection contains over 1,800 artifacts associated with the township's history, such as books, clothing, tools, and other household items.

King Heritage & Cultural Centre operates a variety of March break and summer camps, and established an Art Camp and Puppet Theatre Camp in 2006. Since 2006, the museum has hosted Music at the Museum, a weekly concert showcasing local musical talent.

Works of local and regional artists are also exhibited by the museum.

Events
The museum conducts several annual events, including a trunk sale, a fundraising antique appraisal, an appreciation barbecue for its volunteers, and a garden tea hosted by the Nobleton and King City Horticultural Society at the beginning of summer. It participates in Doors Open and the Arts Society of King studio tour, and hosts Christmas and Halloween celebrations.

The church may be rented for small weddings.

One-time events hosted by the museum include a reenactment of the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion, retracing the route of the rebels from Lloydtown to Toronto. The six-hour tour stopped at the rebel statue in Lloydtown, Gibson House in North York, and Mackenzie House in Toronto.

Other
The most famous person associated with the museum is Walter Rolling, who taught at the schoolhouse for over 40 years. The school was originally one room, but was expanded later. In the late 1970s, the school was converted into what is now the King Heritage & Cultural Centre.

In 2012, the museum board undertook a program to create a 5-10 year strategic business plan to replace the ad-hoc volunteer administration plan. As part of the project, physical accessibility to the museum will be improved and business hours extended.

It will also change the administrative structure to eliminate board appointments by the township council, replacing the board with a community museum board.

In late 2011, the museum received a bequest of CA$400000.

title: King Heritage & Cultural Centre


text:
Foreign White

The Foreign White is cat breed recognised by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) and the Australian Cat Federation (ACF); in some other registries it is considered simply a color variety of the Siamese or Oriental Shorthair breeds, and not a breed unto itself. The Foreign White is characterized by its long body, triangle-shaped face, uniformly white coat, and deep blue eyes.

History
During the 1960s, the introduction of new colors in the Siamese standard resulted in the birth of fully solid-colored cats. The Foreign White was born from a breeding program aiming to create an all-white Siamese and was recognized by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy in 1977. Initially, each color of Siamese became a breed; however the federations quickly understood that it was not viable to continue on such a model and merged all the united breeds into one: the Oriental Shorthair. The GCCF decided, however, that the foreign white was a breed in its own right. GCCF and the Australian Cat Federation are the only breeder/fancier organisations to recognize the Foreign White as a breed.

Genetics and breeding
The white coat of the Foreign White is induced by the W gene, the "dominant white". This gene favors the appearance of deafness in white cats with blue eyes. This breeding constraint leads Foreign White breeders to systematically cross their subjects with Siamese cats, and to avoid reproductions with the red colors and the tabby pattern.

title: Foreign White


text:
Walls of the Ruler

The Walls of the Ruler was a fortification, or possibly a whole string of them, built by Amenemhat I in the 14th nome of Lower Egypt to protect the eastern approaches to Egypt. It succeeded the Old Kingdom Walls of Sneferu.

The Walls of the Ruler are mentioned in the Tale of Sinuhe and in the Prophecy of Neferti. No remains have been found. New Kingdom depictions show forts which had a secured supply of water and were surrounded by crocodile-infested ditches or canals which were spanned by bridges.

Cultural impact
Alfred J. Hoerth speculates that in the biblical tradition of the Exodus, Moses led the Israelites south to Pithom and Etham; would he had led the people northwards toward the Promised Land, they would have most likely encountered the Walls of the Ruler. It would not have been possible for a large group of people to go undetected pass these fortifications.

A fictionalized version of the Walls of the Ruler are present in the first DLC (The Hidden Ones) of the 2017 video game Assassin's Creed Origins. Unlike real-life accounts of it, it is located on the Sinai Peninsula, rather than mainland Egypt.

title: Walls of the Ruler


text:
Talk:Alexander Anderson (Hellsing)

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 20:16, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Regenerator
In the OVA it gives many diffent hints to the fact that Anderson is a regenerator. I am just putting this here to clear up the part about his battle tactics/abilities. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.132.222 (talk) 06:31, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Scottish/Irish
Anderson has a Scottish accent, period.

Hammerspace or powers?
Hammerspace works for needles or knives, but bayonets seems a bit big to have in such abundance. My theory is that it's part of his divine abilities, much like the Belmonts of the Castlevania series can replicate their subweapons to create dozens of axes, daggers, etc...And he is like the Belmonts in goal and like many in fanaticism. I don't wanna write my theory, though, unless I get other people who agree. Can we take a vote or something? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.2.113.130 (talk • contribs) 06:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In the notes about his character at the end of volume 1 of the manga, Hirano explains it as Anderson having fourth dimensional capabilities, but if he does it doesn't explain how he couldn't simply obtain more powerful bayonets unless he needs permission from Maxwell or some other superior.

EDIT: I'll get the quote in a month or so, I'm at university right now Sam 02:09, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed
I removed the notice from the talk page. It originated from the old deletion discussion here which is outdated. The consensus seemed to reach delete because the article was fancruft and could merely be merged to Hellsing, but now this article is definitely an independent article. (Whether as an independent article it is still fancruft or not, it is nonetheless an independent article which could not be merged into the main article without being incredibly unwieldly.) (Also, I signed unsigned posts, did very slight formatting, and added the template to the main article.) --Iamunknown 05:14, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Image
Can anyone confirm if the image added to this article is supposed to have "Gotem" as the text behind the figure? I'm just asking because the original uploader is a known prankster who liked to add Gotem to as many pages as possible, but I can't outright delete the pic as I have no way to find evidence if this is a lucky find for him, or a doctored image. So if anyone with access to the original publication could check this, I'ld be grateful! Fram 20:40, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, no "Gotem" in the original image. The panel in question is from Hellsing volume 4, page 64. Schrödinger 21:19, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, just like I suspected :-) Do you have any way to replace the image by a correct one? I could just delete the image, but that's so ugly... Fram 05:52, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Trivia, do I have something?
Well, I'm not sure if it deserves its whole own article or what, but on page 4 of chapter 65, as Anderson is cutting his way through Alucard's minions, he pauses at a particular one to tell it to get out of the way. This one is fat, turkish, and wears a turban and mask. It looks a lot like the man who raped Dracula in his youth. Does anyone think it's intentional? (it would mean Alucard got revenge too) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.131.204.205 (talk) 03:55, 18 December 2006 (UTC).

Trivia, do I have something?
Well, I'm not sure if it deserves its whole own article or what, but on page 4 of chapter 65, as Anderson is cutting his way through Alucard's minions, he pauses at a particular one to tell it to get out of the way. This one is fat, turkish, and wears a turban and mask. It looks a lot like the man who raped Dracula in his youth. Does anyone think it's intentional? (it would mean Alucard got revenge too.

70.131.204.205 03:56, 18 December 2006 (UTC)JohnnyD

Correct surname?
Why is his surname Anderson even though it is Andersen according to the Japanese spelling? It shouldn't have been changed to Anderson in the first place, even though the surname is more familiar to the Western audience, in my opinion. 82.197.2.180 20:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Angel Dust Anderson?
I don't know about the Japanese version of the first episode, but in the English dub, Walter says "Dust to Dust Anderson" which appears to be derived from one of Anderson's monologues.--75.68.134.170 22:33, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Those nicknames were made up for the dub. "Off With His Head" is totally fabricated and "Dust to Dust" should be "Angel Dust". This is a reference to the title of one of Hirano's old H-manga, in which an Anderson prototype appeared. The nicknames are translated properly in Dark Horse's edition of the manga and in fansubs of OVA I. I haven't seen Geneon's subtitles for OVA I but they probably have them translated correctly...if not, they're dubtitles, which would be totally ridiculous and unprofessional. Alucard's moniker "No-Life King" (the title of a Japanese movie made in 1989) got the same treatment - Abraham calls him "Vampire King" or something to that effect in the dub of OVA II. As with Angel Dust, this is wrong, and it would be apparent to anyone watching it in Japanese, since these phrases are spoken phonetically. Schrödinger 22:55, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Ability to kill Alucard without the Nail?
In Chapter 88 of Hellsing, "Black Onyx 1," while beating up Walter, Alucard exclaims, "That spaced-out priest. He somehow thought he couldn't win. Even though I gave him tens of thousands of chances." Maybe I'm reaching here, but I think he's saying Anderson was wrong to think he needed to become a monster to kill Alucard and could have done it on his own if he had a little more faith in his own abilities. In a sense, using the Nail may have actually hurt Anderson's chances. What does this say about Anderson's choice to use the Nail and his abilities? I think it reveals an undue loss of confidence at the end for Anderson, one that ultimately killed him. What do you guys think? Discerptor 14:59, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe you're right; with Anderson's regenerator powers he could have easily cut down all of Alucard's familiars which would have stopped Alucard's ability to revive himself. 68.55.125.227 (talk) 02:50, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander Anderson (Hellsing)


text:
Anatoly Bykov

Anatoly Petrovich Bykov (Анатолий Петрович Быков; born 17 January 1960) is a Russian businessman and politician. During the 1990s, Bykov gained prominence in Krasnoyarsk Krai and Krasnoyarsk as an entrepreneur, who was the chairman of the board of the world's largest aluminium company RUSAL's Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant (KrAZ).

Political activity
Bykov is considered one of the most powerful persons in Krasnoyarsk. Bykov from 1997 until 2016 held a seat of the deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai and his party Patriots of Russia is currently holding 14 (or 25.62%) of the 36 seats in the Krasnoyarsk City Council of Deputies, leaving Vladimir's Putin ruling party United Russia behind with 12 seats.

Controversies
Bykov was a strong supporter of Alexander Lebed.

In 2002, Bykov received a suspended prison sentence of $6 1/2$ years for plotting the murder of a former associate. The case was under review by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, following an application lodged by Bykov. In 2009, it has ruled that Russian authorities violated the rights of Bykov and awarded him about $33,000 in compensation.

In May 2020, Bykov was arrested in Krasnoyarsk, on suspicion of organizing the 1994 murders of criminal gang members Kirill Voytenko and Alexander Naumov. In September 2021, he was sentenced to 13 years of imprisonment. In May 2023, a court in Krasnoyarsk handed down another sentence to Bykov. For inciting the murder of businessman Andrei Nekolov, he received 11 years. In December 2023, he received another 12 years for inciting the murder of crime boss Vladimir Filippov. The total term at that time was 20 years in a maximum security colony. The convicted person did not admit guilt.

title: Anatoly Bykov


text: Category:Danish film producers

title: Category:Danish film producers


text:
Talk:Enrico Maxwell

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 20:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Since this is a very short article, I believe it should be merged with the main Hellsin article. Some of the character bios on the main article are even bigger than this one.

I think it's possible for almost every character in the series to get their own article, since there's lots of material, but as it stands now I think this should be merged with the main article.

Plenty of other anime/manga/tv/movie characters have their own individual articles - I see no reason why this shouldn't be preserved. I personally found this page because I was looking specifically for a detailed article on Maxwell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.253.36.46 (talk) 07:13, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Crusaders
"He is given command of the remnants of the Christian armies from the Holy Crusades, which consists of over 3,000 knights clad in medieval armor and wielding an assortment of heavy weapons with which to attack Millennium."

I'm not sure what's supposed to be conveyed by this particular statement. Is this implying that the crusaders were the actual warriors that fought in the crusades (Which would make them hundreds of years old) or that they are simply soldiers in a modern division that bears the title and customs of the old Crusaders? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.253.36.46 (talk) 07:32, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enrico Maxwell


text:
Franklin Avenue Bridge

The Franklin Avenue Bridge, officially the F.W. Cappelen Memorial Bridge, carries Franklin Avenue over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was designed by Frederick William Cappelen, assisted by Kristoffer Olsen Oustad, both of whom were among four important Norwegian-American engineers working in the region at the time. The reinforced-concrete open-spandrel arched structure was completed in 1923. The bridge's overall length is 1054.7 feet (321.47 m), with a central span of 400 feet (122 m). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 along with several other area bridges as part of a multiple-property submission. At the time of its completion, the bridge's central span was the longest concrete arch in the world.

The bridge originally carried streetcars, which were removed in the 1940s. A major renovation in the early 1970s changed many of the ornamental details and widened a completely replaced deck. A bike lane was added in 2005. The bridge was extensively rehabilitated between 2015 and 2017, including restoring some of the details lost in the 1970s reconstruction

The bridge's designer, Frederick William Cappelen, was also responsible for the design of many public works buildings in Minneapolis, such as the Prospect Park Water Tower and the Kenwood Park Water Tower. Cappelen died during the construction of the bridge on February 16, 1921 following an operation for appendicitis. As a memorial to his life and career, the city council decided immediately after Cappelen's death to name the bridge in his honor.

title: Franklin Avenue Bridge


text: User talk:24.193.128.76

title: User talk:24.193.128.76


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Geography of India/archive1

Geography of India
This was a recent Indian collaboration of the week. Although this time is isn't a total self-nom; I did write about 80% of the prose in this article in two days flat! The collaboration also involved User:IMpbt who helped immensely, and to a certain extent User:Guptadeepak. Also thank all those who helped add, critiqued, copy edited & NPOV'd the text. I wish I could cut down the length of this article; but alas, couldn't put my summary skills into use, as all mentioned points were necessary. (PS I've also drawn the maps). ☺ =Nichalp (Talk)= 20:20, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment Wonderful job on the maps. Now to read and vote... slambo 20:45, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've read through it now and can lend my Support. One additional comment, however, on measurement units.  Most of the article uses metric units, but there are a few conversions to imperial units scattered throughout the text.  If you're going to show conversions, show them all or stick with one set of units. slambo 00:23, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Units work done. =Nichalp (Talk)= 09:32, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Very thorough and well-written (nice work with the prose!), and great use of pictures throughout. A good geography candidate for FA. Harro5 21:25, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This looks good and reads well. I note that the footnotes are inconsistent in style, which I would like to see fixed. --Theo  (Talk) 22:20, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Notes 1-8 use Template:note. The rest do not. --Theo (Talk) 23:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Template:note is for inline referencing. The others are references for the article as a whole. I've tried to differenciate it somewhat by using bulleted lists for the non-inline refs. =Nichalp (Talk)= 07:22, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I sorted out the notes/references myself. --Theo (Talk) 16:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for sorting it out. I wasn't aware of this system. =Nichalp (Talk)= 04:29, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Conditional Support, I agree that the refs should be a consistent format, also the rivers section is disjointed and difficult to understand and needs to be tidied up. --nixie 05:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Refs are displayed according to Cite your sources. I've modified it slighty. Is this what you were looking for? =Nichalp (Talk)= 11:23, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why discuss both classification systems when they're basically the same? Also names appear in the text and then appear later as wikilinks, shouldn't the first use of the name be the wikilink?--nixie 00:17, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that one is based on where the rivers originate and the other on where they flow. The second section was added independently of the first, so we still have to bring the sections to line. Any proposed solutions would be welcome--IMpbt 02:49, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with nixie; removed the extra text. =Nichalp (Talk)= 07:32, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. A very well-written article. -- 05:36, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Object. I'll support iff all measurements are given in standrad as well as metric units. Otherwise an excellent article. Excellent job. --Neutralitytalk 05:55, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done =Nichalp (Talk)= 08:40, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the rapid response. I now lend my full support. Neutralitytalk 16:34, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Various verbal infelicities which I'm working through and fixing myself- I'll try not to do anything too drastic.  It's rather misleading to say that Indonesia is an "island nation to the south of India"; that needs fixing in some way or other. Mark1 08:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold! and fix whatever is wrong. Such infelicities though are hard to spot, I agree. you've done great work, thanks. =Nichalp (Talk)= 11:27, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: there is a color coding problem on Image:India-naturalhazards-map.png; I suppose "Draught prone" in the legend should be orange-brown. Also, the color boxes in the legend are not aligned properly. The caption of Image:Talmarg.jpg.jpg (what's up with this filename?) reads "Snow is only received in elevated regions.", which I find a bit obvious. Lupo 08:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've corrected the colour, but since I've rasterised the layers, I can't align the key. I've also removed the snow image. =Nichalp (Talk)= 09:22, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. As a co-author (mostly adding info, copy editing), the article still needs some work in terms of corrections and clean up (mostly minor and in sections) before it becomes a FA. -- Impbt
 * Object. The "notes" section has two problems: (1) the notes numbers don't matchup, and (2) the section includes several entries which should go into a "references" section. Paul August ☎ 19:55, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fixed; added inline and non-inline references under =References=. =Nichalp (Talk)= 07:22, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well this is better, but I'm not particularly happy with the mixed format of the "References" section. Also why is this reference "The Land (.doc), The Great Mountains of the North" be considered reliable? Who is the author? Where is it from? As far as I can tell it is just some random page from the web. Paul August ☎ 15:48, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that there might be some issues so referenced it from an official govt of India article. BTW, the previous reference was credible, as they publish texts for schools (See: ). I've crosschecked other references in the original article. The references also have been sorted. =Nichalp (Talk)= 17:33, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now there is both a "Notes" section (using "ref/note" style notes) and a "Footnotes" section (using "mn/mnb" style notes). They should be combined into one section (preferably called "Notes" and placed after the "References" section) and a single note style chosen (I happen to prefer the look of "mn'mnb" over "ref/note" — actually I like "rf/ent" style notes the best). Every reference mentioned in the notes should be listed in the "References" section with complete bibliographic info (currently I think they all are, except for the "Physical Divisions" reference mentioned in note 1). Then each reference mentioned in the notes can be shortened to just a citation (and link, if the citation is to an online source — which all of them are currently). Paul August  ☎ 20:09, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I've displayed all references in the =note= section according to a template so I can't shorten that. 2) I don't support merging the =footnote= with other sections as it is a clarification of a point, not a reference. I'd prefer to leave it as it is. Thanks for your suggestions. =Nichalp (Talk)= 12:14, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well it will be very confusing to have both a "Notes" section and a "Footnotes" section. For example when readers see: "Afghanistan" how will they know whether it refers to note 1, or footnote 1? If an editor wants to annotate a piece of text, where should it go, in the "Notes" section or the "Footnotes" section? As used on Wikipedia, these two terms are virtually synonymous. I think this is essentially unworkable. From your comment, I think you might be confusing notes with references. As I use the term, a reference is a source which is used to write the article, and all references should be collected together in a bulleted list in a "References" section, with all the bibliographic information necessary for a reader to easily identify and find the source. Notes (also called footnotes or endnotes, depending on placement) are for any information that you want to associate with a piece of text, but which you don't want inline, for example some clarifying text, and/or to cite (i.e. point to) a reference listed in the "References" section, in which case, since the reference is already listed completely there, the note doesn't have to repeat all the bibliographic information — and consider you may have several notes which cite the same reference. Thus for example the text for Note 2 can be shortened to just be "Deccan Plateau", since the first item in the "References" section has the rest of the source information. Also a citation given in a note can give more specific "chapter and verse" information (e.g. Smith p. 5) to point the reader to a specific part of the cited reference work. For an example of how all of this can be done see Attalus I. Paul August ☎ 14:26, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok. I finally get what you mean. I wasn't aware that inline references were also considered to be notes. User:TheoClarke has addressed the problem. Thank you for enlightening me on the differences. I'll do the same for my future articles. Regards, =Nichalp (Talk)= 04:29, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad to have been able to help. I think the article is better now. Paul August ☎ 16:32, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Will support once this is addressed. Good article, and well illustrated, BTW. Phil s 20:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support I haven't gone through all the recent edits done to the article, but it seems good and informative. Good job User:Nichalp --IncMan 15:31, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)