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Saad Hariri

Saad El-Din Rafik Al-Hariri (سعد الدين رفيق الحريري; born 18 April 1970) is a Lebanese-Saudi businessman and politician who served as the prime minister of Lebanon from 2009 to 2011 and 2016 to 2020. The son of Rafic Hariri, he founded and has been leading the Future Movement party since 2007. He is seen as "the strongest figurehead" of the March 14 Alliance.

Hariri served as Prime Minister of Lebanon from 9 November 2009 to 13 June 2011. After three years living overseas, he returned to Lebanon on 8 August 2014 and served a second term as prime minister from 18 December 2016 to 21 January 2020. Hariri's surprise announcement of an intent to resign, broadcast on 4 November 2017 on Saudi state TV, has widely been seen as part of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict in Lebanon, and triggered a dispute between Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. The resignation was later suspended, following President Michel Aoun's request to "put it on hold ahead of further consultations". On 29 October 2019, amid the 2019–20 Lebanese protests, he announced his resignation, and that of his cabinet. He was designated as prime minister on 22 October 2020, but failed to form a government and resigned on 15 July 2021.

On 24 January 2022 he announced that he will suspend his involvement in political activities and did not run in the parliamentary elections on 15 May 2022.

Early life and education
Saad Hariri was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on 18 April 1970, and is the son of Rafic Hariri and his first wife Nidal Bustani, an Iraqi woman of Kurdish origin from the city of Baghdad. His parents met while studying. In addition to his native Arabic, Hariri speaks English, French and Italian. He graduated in 1992 from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University with a degree in business administration.

Business
Prior to entering politics, Hariri was the chairman of the executive committee of Oger Telecom, which pursued telecommunication interests in the Middle East and Africa, from 1994 to 2005. In addition, Hariri was the chairman of Omnia Holdings and a board member of Oger International Entreprise de Travaux Internationaux, Saudi Oger, Saudi Investment Bank, Saudi Research and Marketing Group and Lebanese television channel Future TV.

Political career
On 20 April 2005, the Hariri family announced that Saad Hariri would lead the Future Movement, an essentially Sunni movement that was created and led by his late father. He was the leader of the March 14 Alliance, a coalition of political groups born out of the Cedar Revolution which, through mass popular demonstrations and Western support, led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon in 2005 after a 29-year presence.

According to WikiLeaks documents, Hariri met with Ambassador Jeffrey D. Feltman on 20 August during the 2006 Lebanon War, during which he criticized Army Commander Michel Suleiman for his subservient behavior towards Hezbollah following a statement he issued in support of them, and called Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri asking him to transfer the Shiite officers from the shipping station at Beirut International Airport, claiming that the United Nations wanted this, and also informed Berri that he was ready to “strike and overthrow Hezbollah” if he gets the opportunity.

First tenure and collapse
Hariri was first elected prime minister from 9 November 2009 until 13 June 2011.

On 12 January 2011, minutes after Hariri posed for pictures with President Barack Obama in the Oval Office, the opposition parties resigned from his unity government cabinet, causing its collapse. The withdrawal of Hezbollah and its allies was due to political tensions arising from investigations into the assassination of Rafic Hariri. Hezbollah operatives had been accused of assassinating Rafic Hariri. The resignations stemmed from PM Hariri's refusal to call an emergency cabinet session over discussion for withdrawing cooperation with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, which was expected to indict Hezbollah members in the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri. Following the fall of the government reports of an "imminent release" of the indictments circulated, though constitutionally there would be no government to receive the indictment as this was first time in Lebanese history a government had fallen after the resignations of a third of the government. Preliminary indictments were issued 17 January as expected, ) though they were pending STL approval. The government lasted barely 14-months and was considered by the opposition as dysfunctional; its collapse precipitated a climate of political deadlock and tension similar to that which existed between 2006 and 2008.

Hariri continued on for four months as caretaker prime minister. He vowed to find a way out of the crisis saying his allies and he would take part in "consultations" to a name a new leader. Nabih Berri, the Lebanese parliamentary speaker and a member of the March 8 alliance, said Suleiman would formally launch talks to create a new government on 16 January. However, March 8 said it would no longer be involved in an Hariri government. Mohammad Raad, an Hezbollah MP, said his party would nominate a candidate for prime minister who has "a history of resistance." Though, March 14 said it would not accept anyone other than Hariri. One of his bloc's MP's, Boutros Harb, said "I do not see a government in the country without Saad Hariri."

The new Lebanese government was formed on 13 June 2011 and headed by Najib Mikati. Mikati created an 8 March-led government coalition.

Syrian arrest warrant
On 12 December 2012, Syria issued a warrant for the arrest of Hariri, Future bloc deputy Okab Sakr and Free Syrian Army official Louay Almokdad on charges of arming and providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups. Hariri released a statement in response, describing Bashar al-Assad as a "monster".

Second tenure
Following more than two years of deadlock in electing a president, Michel Aoun was elected. Shortly after, Aoun signed a decree appointing Hariri as prime minister for the second time and he took office on 18 December 2016.

Dispute with Saudi Arabia
On 4 November 2017, in a televised statement from Saudi Arabia, Hariri tendered his resignation from office, citing Iran's and Hezbollah's political over-extension in the Middle East region and fears of assassination. Iran vehemently rejected Saad Hariri's remarks and called his resignation part of a plot by the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia to heighten Middle Eastern tensions. The Lebanese Army responded with a statement that intelligence in its possession in addition to ongoing arrests and investigations had not revealed "the presence of any plan for assassinations in the country."

Most Iran-leaning or Shia-aligned Lebanese groups, including Hezbollah, were among the first to accuse Saudi Arabia of holding Hariri hostage; Hariri's associates and Saudi officials subsequently denied this. Several Lebanese commentators poked fun at the released pictures of Hariri in Saudi Arabia for their apparent similarity to those taken of hostages. Anti-Hezbollah blogger Michael Young stated that he did not think Hariri was an actual hostage of the Saudi regime, but that the situation confirmed Hariri's close ties with them. However, Lebanese-American political scientist As'ad AbuKhalil claimed that the Saudis had jailed and physically restrained and assaulted Hariri before ordering him to broadcast his resignation. In November, it was announced that Hariri was on his way from Saudi Arabia to the United Arab Emirates. Hariri's own party's media outlet reported that he would then move on to Bahrain and later back to Beirut, but both of these trips were subsequently cancelled and he was sent back to Riyadh. Hariri's allies, who usually aligned with Saudi Arabia, then joined the other parties in their concern for Hariri's freedom being limited by Saudi Arabia. The majority of the Lebanese government requested his return. On 11 November, Lebanese President Michel Aoun released the statement: "Lebanon does not accept its prime minister being in a situation at odds with international treaties and the standard rules in relations between states."

Later in November, Hariri left for France to meet French President Emmanuel Macron. Macron specifically requested he take his wife and children along with him. He was able to make such a request due to Hariri's French citizenship. Hariri declared in Beirut on 21 November that he had suspended his resignation. He stated that President Michel Aoun had asked him to "put it on hold ahead of further consultations". He refused to talk about what happened in Saudi Arabia and claimed that events will remain undisclosed. He rescinded his resignation on 5 December and stated that all members of the government had agreed to stay out of conflicts in Arab countries.

2019 protests and resignation
In mid-October 2019, a popular protest movement began calling for increased accountability and transparency in politics. His government was widely viewed as corrupt by the Lebanese people. On 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005. Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act. On 21 October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear. In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held. After the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halving the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans. These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests.

Hariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens.

On 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days. In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country. Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability.

On 29 October, Hariri offered his resignation as a concession, saying "This is in response to the will and demand of the thousands of Lebanese demanding change". The following day, President Michel Aoun accepted the resignation but requested that Hariri remain in office till a successor was appointed. Hassan Diab, the former education minister, was appointed to the role on 21 January 2020. On 10 August 2020, Diab resigned in the aftermath of the Beirut explosion due to mounting political pressure and anger at the Lebanese government for their failure to prevent the disaster, exacerbated by existing political tensions and upheavals within the country.

On 16 December, at noon, President Aoun delayed scheduled parliamentary consultations, where Saad Hariri was widely expected to be renamed Prime Minister. This was because Hariri was now no longer being supported by the main Christian parties in parliament. At night, protesters gathered close to Saad Hariri's Beirut residence to reject his reappointment. A separate group of protesters descended upon Beirut as well, expressing outrage at a month-old video of an ex-pat insulting several Shi'a religious leaders.

2020–21 premiership designation
After the resignation of Diab, Hariri and the Prime Ministers' club favored the Lebanese ambassador to Germany Mustapha Adib to be the next prime minister. Although he was appointed after being nominated by 90 of 120 MPs on 30 August, he stepped down three weeks later after failing to form a new cabinet.

On 8 October, Hariri announced in an interview that he is "definitely a candidate" for the position, and called other political parties not to waste what is called the "French Initiative". On 22 October, Saad Hariri was reappointed as prime minister. He was backed by his Future Movement, PSP and Amal Movement, receiving 65 votes, 4 less than his predecessor Diab, while Hezbollah along with major Christian parties, Free Patriotic Movement and Lebanese Forces, did not endorse him.

After days and 18 meetings with Aoun, he has yet failed to form a government. He met with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey in January 2021, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in Egypt in February, and visited Mohammed bin Zayed in United Arab Emirates several times. Hariri has been criticized for spending a great amount of time outside Lebanon, while the absence of a government worsened the financial crisis in the country, and his trips were seen as an attempt to compensate the support he lacked from Saudi Arabia.

On 16 March, the exchange rate reached 15,000 Lebanese pounds to the dollar. The next day, Aoun called Hariri to meet him. After the meeting, Hariri announced that the government could be formed soon. However, on 29 March, he claimed that Aoun proposed a formation that included the blocking third for FPM, which he rejected, and released another formation consisting of 18 ministers to the media. On 15 July, he decided to step down from his designation.

After the anger among the Lebanese, President Michel Aoun and Prime minister-designate Saad Hariri held immediate talks in the presidential palace. After that, on 17 March 2021, the President told Hariri that he should form a government immediately and that if he's unable to do so "he should make way for those who are". Aoun also maintained that inaction was no longer a choice for the PM-designate Hariri, as he must choose between stepping down or forming a government.

On 22 March, and after several meetings between Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Aoun, Hariri said that the demands of the President were "unacceptable", therefore Lebanon witnessed a failure to form a new government which will worsen the crisis. According to Hariri, President Aoun presented him with a line-up granting his team a third of all cabinet seats, which would enable them to have veto power over decision making in the Lebanese government. Hariri was said to have been criticized by Aoun for disclosing his proposed government with the media, because the distribution of the ministries was unjust which was his reason for not agreeing to the line-up, according to Al Jazeera. After the meeting which only lasted for just 35 minutes, another date for a new meeting between Hariri and Aoun could not be confirmed.

2022 political step-down
On 24 January 2022 Hariri announced his withdrawal from Lebanese politics and that he would not run in the 2022 general elections. He also called on the Future Movement to follow suit and not run in the upcoming parliamentary elections nor nominate anyone to run on its behalf.

Personal life
Saad Hariri born in 1970 in Riyadh is the second son of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri and his first wife Nidal Bustani, an Iraqi. He has an older brother Bahaa Hariri (born 1967) and another brother Houssam Hariri who died young in a traffic accident. After his parents divorced, his father married Nazik Hariri (née Audi) in 1976. Saad Hariri has two half-brothers and one half-sister from his father's second marriage: Ayman Hariri, (born 1978), Fahd Hariri, (born c. 1980/81) and Hind Hariri, a sister (born 1984).

Hariri holds multiple citizenships: Lebanese, Saudi Arabian  and French. He married Lara Al Azem in 1998, the daughter of Bashir Al Azem, an influential and wealthy Syrian construction magnate. They have three children: Houssam (born 1999), Loulwa (born 2001), and Abdulaziz (born 2005).

In 2007, French president Jacques Chirac awarded Saad Hariri the Légion d'honneur, a French order of merit.

Hariri lived in Paris from 2011 to 2014 for safety reasons, and returned to Lebanon on 8 August 2014.

In 2011, he was said to have a net worth of $2 billion. As of May 2018, his net worth is estimated to be $1.36 billion.

Controversy
In 2013, Hariri allegedly paid South African bikini model, Candice van der Merwe, a $16 million cash gift after meeting her in the Seychelles. In 2019, South African courts sued van der Merwe for failing to pay income taxes on the amount, despite her claims that it was a gift.

In April 2023, 2 flight attendants filed a lawsuit against Hariri for alleged sexual assault. According to case documents Hariri was accused of brutal workplace rape, false imprisonment, sexual assault, and sexual harassment.

title: Saad Hariri


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Boris Ord

Boris Ord (born Bernhard Ord), (9 July 1897 – 30 December 1961) was a British organist and choirmaster of King's College, Cambridge (1929-1957). During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. He is best known for his choral setting of Adam lay ybounden, his only published composition.

Early life and education
Bernhard Ord was born at Clifton, Bristol, the youngest son of Clement Ord, a lecturer at the University of Bristol, and Johanna Anthes. Having a German mother, Ord's given name was Bernhard, but he was later universally known by his nickname, Boris.

Ord was educated at Clifton College, Bristol – as was his successor, Sir David Willcocks – and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he was the John Stewart of Rannoch scholar in Sacred Music.

Ord graduated from Clifton in 1914 aged 17, and he went to study at the Royal College of Music on an organ scholarship as a pupil of Walter Parratt. His studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I and Ord went to serve as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps. After the war, he returned to the Royal College to continue his musical studies. In 1920, Ord won an organ scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. During his time there, he was very active in the musical life of the university and founded the Cambridge University Madrigal Society, in recognition of which he was awarded a Cambridge Fellowship in 1923.

Career
Ord spent a year working at the Cologne Opera in 1928, before returning to Cambridge as a conductor. In 1936, Ord became director of the Cambridge University Musical Society.

In 1929, Boris Ord took the position of Organist of King's College, Cambridge, a role which placed him in charge of the chapel choir. He was assisted by an organ scholar, a role held from 1939 by David Willcocks.

During his tenure at King's, Ord began to introduce more 16th-century music into the choral repertoire, replacing much of the Victorian music favoured by his predecessor, Arthur Henry Mann. Ord became well acquainted with the Dean of the college, Rev Eric Milner-White, who originally devised the Service of Nine Lessons and Carols in 1918. When the Nine Lessons was first televised in 1954 by BBC Television, the choir was conducted by Ord.

After the outbreak of World War II, both Ord and Willcocks left King's to join the armed forces. Ord served in an administrative role in the Royal Air Force, now being considered too old to fly. The composer Harold Darke deputised for Ord during that period.

In the mid 1950s, Ord began to suffer from disseminated sclerosis, and it was decided to split Ord's role into two new positions. Ord took on the new title of "Director of Music", while Willcocks was appointed to the role of Organist. Ord retired in 1957, and Willcocks took over his role under the title "Organist and Director of Music", a title which has since been held by all his successors.

Personal life
Ord was widely known within the music profession to be homosexual, and he never married.

Death
Ord died on 30 December 1961, aged 64, and was cremated on 5 January 1962 at Cambridge Crematorium. His ashes were interred in King's College Chapel.

Composition
Ord is known for his only published piece of music, a choral setting of a medieval text, Adam lay ybounden, written in 1957. Ord's carol is frequently performed at the popular annual service Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's, sometimes alternating with the other settings by Peter Warlock and Philip Ledger.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boris Ord


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Woodspring Priory

Woodspring Priory (originally Worsprynge or Worspring) is a former Augustinian priory. It is near the scenic limestone promontory of Sand Point and Middle Hope, owned by the National Trust, beside the Severn Estuary about 3 mi north-east of Weston-super-Mare, within the English unitary authority of North Somerset. Many of the buildings are Grade I listed, and the whole site is scheduled as an ancient monument.

The priory was founded, by William de Courtney, in the early 13th century, and dedicated to Thomas Becket. The small community built a church and monastic lodgings during the next hundred years. They were Victorine Canons who were influenced by the Cistercians who emphasised manual labour and self-sufficiency so that the clerks who had taken holy orders worked on the farm, as well as providing clergy for surrounding churches. Despite endowments of land the priory was not wealthy until the 15th century when further building work, including the current priory church, infirmary and barn was undertaken. It was dissolved in 1536 and then owned by local noblemen and leased to local farmers. In 1968 the priory and adjoining land of Middle Hope was purchased by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty as part of Project Neptune. The following year the priory was taken over by the Landmark Trust who spent 20 years on restoration work, and now rent out the farmhouse as holiday accommodation.

The surviving buildings include the priory church, which was a 15th-century replacement for the earlier 13th-century structure, infirmary, barn and 16th-century prior's lodging which was converted into a farmhouse. The whole site was arranged around a central cloister from which only the east wall and west wall of the chapter house remain, the sacristy, refectory, chapter house, lady chapel and parlour having been demolished. The former district council and parliamentary constituency both took their name from the priory.

Foundation
The priory was founded in the early 13th century, and dedicated to Thomas Becket. The founder, William de Courtney, was a grandson of Reginald Fitzurse, one of Becket's murderers. In 1849 a reliquary was found in St Paul's Church, Kewstoke that was believed to have come originally from the priory and to contain the blood of Thomas Becket. It is believed that it was moved to St Paul's for safe keeping at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries and is now in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton. The first building had been completed by 1242 as it is described in a letter to Jocelin of Wells. In 1283 John de Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt, the warden of the Forest of Dean was instructed to deliver ten oaks from the forest to the Prior of Woodspring. The foundation was confirmed by Edward II in 1325. It was home to a small community of Victorine Canons. The Victorine order were founded at the Abbey of St. Victor, Paris and founded St Augustine's Abbey in Bristol which became Bristol Cathedral. Members of the priory were influenced by the Cistercians who emphasised manual labour and self-sufficiency so that the clerks who had taken holy orders worked on the farm. The priory also provided the clergy for the local parish Church of St Paul, Kewstoke. The priory, along with other religious houses such as Glastonbury Abbey and Wells Cathedral, was responsible for draining some of the mudflats and salt marshes of the Somerset Levels. William de Courtenay gave the manors of Woodspring, Worle and Locking to the priory, however it was not rich for most of its existence, with William Button giving a legacy of 210 marks in 1277. In 1317, although the first church buildings were complete, however it had not been consecrated and Bishop Drokensford therefore fined them 20 shillings. Further financial difficulties arose when, during the outbreak of the Black Death in 1348 they had to appoint successive clergy to local churches, and the church suffered a fire in the priory church. In the 15th and early 16th centuries an unknown benefactor enabled expansion and new building work to be undertaken. There is some speculation that some of the funding may have come from smugglers who were able to land their craft close to the priory and avoid customs duties. The priory church and the great barn were constructed along with a part of the prior's lodging.

Dissolution
In 1536 Henry VIII, through a series of administrative and legal processes disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England. He appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members and functions. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority, and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Roger Tormenton had been elected prior of Woodspring in 1525 and in 1534 he acknowledged the king's supremacy, having already sold a third of the prior's property to Thomas Horner of Mells Manor, but on 27 September 1536 the community was disbanded with revenues of £87 2s 11d. Some of the priory's treasures were distributed to nearby churches. In addition to the reliquary going to St Paul's in Kewstoke, the carved misericords went to St Martin's in Worle and the sculpted pulpit to the Church of St Lawrence in Wick St. Lawrence.

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the priory was granted to William St Loe and leased to Edward Fetyplace of Donnington, Berkshire who converted it into a farmhouse. The chancel was demolished, a second floor was constructed in the north aisle and large windows were bricked up. In 1566 it was sold to William Carr the MP for Bristol who completed the conversion from priory to manor house. In the late 17th century it was inherited by the Pigott family who owned it for 200 years, including the Smyth-Pigotts who were related to the Smyth family who owned Ashton Court. In the 17th century it was owned by Ralph Hopton who was a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. During the post medieval period until the early 18th century it served as a hospital for the local population. In 1829 repairs were carried out to the church. Excavations in 1885 found floor tiles with coats of arms and a pavement from the 14th century beneath which were several coffins. According to the findings of later resistivity and gradiometer surveys there may also have been a formal Tudor garden and there may have been fish ponds.

The farmhouse was damaged by fire in 1897. In 1926 the owner, Somerset cricketer Major Vernon Hill, offered the priory for sale to the local council, but the council did not purchase it. Major and Mrs Hill continued to own the priory until 1928, when it was bought by the Agricultural Land Company and rented to local farmers. In 1932 it was the venue for Alan Cobham's Flying Circus providing aviation displays. In 1968 the priory and adjoining land of Middle Hope was purchased by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty as part of Project Neptune.

Restoration
The decaying priory was taken over by the Landmark Trust in 1969. In the subsequent 20 years restoration work was undertaken. Initially this was to the church and infirmary with the removal of ivy and removal and replacement of the roofs. The infirmary walls had to be held in place by a concrete ring beam.

The church is now a small museum with photographs and information about the history of the priory and its renovation by the Landmark Trust, while the attached lodging house is rented out as holiday accommodation.

Architecture
The 15th-century barn, east cloister wall, farmhouse range, gatehouse, gates and mounting block, infirmary, and west wall are all listed buildings.

The whole site was arranged around a central cloister from which only the east wall and west wall of the chapter house remain. The sacristy, refectory, chapter house, lady chapel and parlour having been demolished. The gatehouse, gates, mounting block with six steps and west wall can also be seen attached to the farmhouse.

The original 13th-century church no longer stands, however the current church which is in perpendicular style has a two bay nave, north aisle and two stage crossing tower, which is 65 ft high. The tower stands on the 13th-century base from which the short stair turret and traceried windows can still be seen. The quatrefoil parapet is from 1829. The west front includes both triassic stone from the 13th-century building and Dundry stone from the 15th. The main door is partially blocked up and serves as a window and the large upper windows have also been blocked up.

The 16th-century prior's lodging which was converted into a two-storey farmhouse had major alterations and extensions in 1701. Inside the building are massive beams. The pentice was added in the 19th century. The 15th-century barn, which is approximately 50 m north west of the church has seven bays supported by buttresses with diagonal buttresses at the corners. It has a collar beam roof. It has a well at the eastern end. The old infirmary was built in the 15th century and has an arch braced collar beam roof. The south wall shows the site where a stair turret was included, which would have linked the ground floor infirmary chapel with the infirmarer's quarters, which have both been demolished.

Legacy
The priory gave its name to the Woodspring District of the former county of Avon, which existed from 1974 to 1996 but is now known as North Somerset. Between 1983 and 2010 the parliamentary constituency known as Woodspring also took its name from the priory.

title: Woodspring Priory


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Japanese Fascism:the bases to conduct at Japanese Nationalism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE (10/6)   — Gwalla | Talk 21:25, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Japanese Fascism:the bases to conduct at Japanese Nationalism
This is an unwikified, irredeemably NPOV, text dump of someone's personal (poorly written) essay, put into a ludicrous poorly translated namespace. —thames 16:43, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research and (as translated) gibberish which is too bad because this has a nice All your base are belong to us vibe going. 23skidoo 17:03, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what yo make of this article. It seems to be mistranslated, presumably from Japanese, and I wasn't able to make heads nor tails of it. Possibly it has some useful information. But it would need major cleanup first. Pass — RJH 17:07, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Almost-English ranting about the evils of Japan in WW2. Broken title, irredeemable POV, just this side of patent nonsense. Suspect that is the same as, of Japanese expansion in mainland Asia, also VfDed; similar IP block, similar interests, similar lack of English skills.    — Gwalla | Talk 18:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep: See Votes for deletion/Articles on Imperial Japan for the whole ugly debate.  I'd hate to lose this contributor.  My Talk page also has some information on his sources now. Wikibofh 18:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Wikibofh, and the lack of civility towards a good-faith contributor is troubling. Kappa 21:25, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Good faith" doesn't overcome "ranting", "POV", or "incoherent". --Calton | Talk 03:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without assuming bad faith or meaning to be uncivil in any way. The title, structure, and nature of these articles are simply not encyclopedic. Ben-w 21:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rant without usable material. --Wetman 22:03, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's not a rant.  It's a translation of period information and is valuable.  I will grant you that the title is horrific, but I'd rather move the article to a different title and slowly work on the material than lose it all together.  Wikibofh 00:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This article was up for less than 2 hours when it got slapped with a VfD.  I see potential here.  Isn't that the idea of a wiki?  Why do people sift through recent changes looking to axe articles like this rather than posting   tags? DS1953 22:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no sound basis for keeping an article with the title "Japanese Fascism:the bases to conduct at Japanese Nationalism". None. The following articles already exist, with coherent titles and content: Japanese nationalism, Meiji period, Taisho democracy, Occupied Japan, Pacific War. Those articles already exist and can be added to and edited. Extract any useful content from this article and add it there. I don't think it is incivil, hurtful, or intolerant to state that these articles do not come close to an acceptable standard of writing or organization, whether they're two hours old or two years. Nor does that suggest bad faith on the part of the contributor or that the pieces themselves are worthless: there is indeed potential in the content. Ben-w 23:41, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC).
 * Comment: You agree that there is content here, but you want to delete because of the title?  Heck, that's the easiest thing to change. Wikibofh 00:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: What was unclear about what I wrote? I listed five articles which already exist where some of this content might belong: Japanese nationalism, Meiji period, Taisho democracy, Occupied Japan, Pacific War. Sheesh. Ben-w 04:41, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I addressed this in my talk page in response, but just for completeness sake, the confusion is your first sentence where you say: There is no sound basis for keeping an article with the title "Japanese Fascism:the bases to conduct at Japanese Nationalism".   I don't think anyone is disagreeing with you, but IMO the best way to deal with it is to fix the article in place (I've started) and then to piece it up and merge to the articles you mention.  Wikibofh 22:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The solution for a bad title is a move, not a delete. DS1953 00:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to where? I don't think this belongs here, and unless you have some suggestions for a new name, I'd say delete. NatusRoma 03:11, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Incomprehensible. No offense to the original contributor, but I don't think an article that goes through two translations (Japanese → Spanish → English) is reliable, especially when there are other articles that already exist that deal with its subject. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  23:53, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think the order is English->Spanish->English and the author is trying to actually paraphrase and avoid copyvio.  Hard to argue with that sentiment, even if it's very difficult to decipher, and I've done my fair share of it.  Wikibofh 00:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Just to clarify (1) is it correct to infer from your comment that the source materials are in English? (2) Don't you suppose that in this case there is another translation step given the quality of the english: english → spanish → broken english → english.  My point in bringing this up are the multiple information loss/distortion points.  I've worked with this contributor too and agree with you that the content is being offered in good faith.  I am wishing that there was a better and more reliable way to get this information added to Wikipedia. Tobycat 06:31, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yes that is my understanding.  Yes, I agree with you.  However, I don't see anyone else doing this work.  :(  I try to do my darndest when I do the copyedits, but I could be making subtle mistakes.  Wikibofh 22:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge anything useable to Japanese nationalism, no redirect. JamesBurns 02:54, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete incoherent ranting. --Calton | Talk 03:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have every sympathy for the contributor, and will vote Keep because I am certain the topic is notable and the contribution in good faith. However, material this mangled can't stay in Wikipedia indefinitely, so I hope for a speedy Cleanup. Xoloz 03:46, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. However noble the contributor's intentions, this is gibberish, which as such is not encyclopedic nor forms the basis for material that's encyclopedic. More importantly, as has been argued above, these subjects have already been covered in a host of other articles. carmeld1 15:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Commment. Deja-vu. See Votes for deletion/War Crimes in Asia Mainland. Leithp 10:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Clean-up and Merge with Japanese nationalism. There is some interesting stuff in there, and it seems fairly NPOV. The choice of making it a stand-alone article is unfortunate. UnHoly 14:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * CommentIf interesting seeing your comments.ones are very hard destructive,others are conciliatory and other some observed your possibly value.if naturally inherent to all human groups seeing this i only in my very little limits to sended any information at yours but if ones liked and others not,i no poses trouble,if liked to deleted(destroy in other words) or keep,if your decision...i liked much seeing your deletion meetings,for your democratic rigt for elect any posibility at respect of final decision over articles.

Preciselly for this diffrent opinions i reinstall this present articleto links area,awaiting your final decision.

 * Delete, quit whining and expecting special treatment for rambling, poorly-written, POV material. This isn't about you. Anything usable should go in the many, many, many existing articles about Japanese history and World War II. Ben-w 19:00, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing here that shouldn't be in Japanese Fascism if it survives. If it doesn't this should be deleted along with it. DJ Clayworth 19:04, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

 * Keep The Wikipedia project must not be blackmailed by the Japanese neo-fascist historical revisionists. Ignore them.  Everton 09:14, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ed Bishop

Untitled
Well, rest in peace wherever you are; along with Shane Rimmer he was one of the British film and television industry's favourite accessible American actors. He is also linked to the recently deceased Michael Billington by the James Bond films. Ed was in 'You Only Live Twice' - near the beginning, as a NASA ground controller - and 'Diamonds are Forever', whilst Billington was considered for the role of Bond and ended up being killed at the beginning of 'The Spy Who Loved Me'.-Ashley Pomeroy 16:41, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Good-bye Old Friend
Good-bye old friend. Yet another great actor departs the world. I remember him in JOURNEY TO THE FAR SIDE OF THE SUN and the series UFO. Not to mentin the brief appearance he made in my #1 favourite movie. Through his many performances, he touched the lives of many people -- of which I am only one. -- User:Jason Palpatine 06:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Leukemia?
A couple of times now I have had to revert statements that said Bishop died of leukemia. While I'm not denying he had the disease, I have been unable to find any online source to confirm that he had leukemia, let alone that this was the cause of his death. According to the only online source I could find that actually discussed the cause of death (the Fanderson page), Bishop died of a chest infection while undergoing tests for "an undisclosed blood disorder" (I'm willing to guess what that blood disorder is). If someone can provide a source to indicate differently, please cite it before changing the cause of death. Meanwhile, I deleted the Independent obituary link as it is no longer active, updated the Fanderson link since their tribute has been moved into the archive. I considered deleting the Yahoo Group link on the basis that membership is required, but I let it be. 23skidoo 14:56, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No one ever officially confirmed Ed Bishop had leukaemia, or whether - if he had one of the many possible variants - it contributed to his death. Just recently several people who personally knew him categorically stated that they will not corroborate any such allegation. His family, be it his wives or daughters, have never issued an official statement either. Fact is that the idea surfaced after a female fan made this allegation on the maillist which she at the time herself owned, edited and censored in content and participation. This means that the statement that Bishop died of leukaemia or because he was treated for leukaemia is highly subjective and unverified. The only verified cause of death so far known is the chest infection. Grainsofsalt (talk) 10:35, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The coordinates need the following fixes:

A deceased person cannot have a location except a headstone or memorial --125.239.96.118 (talk) 06:21, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * [TYPE HERE]
 * I agree, and I've removed the coordinates. Deor (talk) 11:36, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Sorry, but I disagree. Anyone or anything can have geographic co-ordinates - on condition that their geographic co-ordinates never change. The co-ordinates provided were for the precise location of Ed Bishop's grave. Stop and think for a moment:- Bishop had legions of fans, some of whom might want to visit his grave. If you had visited the churchyard where he's buried (and I'm assuming that you haven't) you'd quickly realise that it's not exactly small. Finding the grave isn't as easy as you might think. Therefore, providing precise geographic co-ordinates (allowing you to see an aerial view of the churchyard via Googlemaps) makes it more straightforward for people to find the precise spot in the churchyard where Bishop's grave is located. By deleting those geographical co-ordinates, you're hindering fans and admirers who want to lay flowers on his grave. Some people (particularly foreign visitors) will have travelled long distances and won't have much time to spare when they arrive at the church. They need to go straight to Bishop's grave-site without doing an onerous search through a sometimes wet and muddy churchyard. - Nabokov (talk) 18:28, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Copyrighted Photos
It is not helpful to use copyrighted photos of Ed Bishop without the proper permission by the copyright owners and no valid rationale for use. There's no immediate necessity to add a picture to make this article better understandable, the last photographs used were either a privately owned copyrighted photo or a copyrigted screenshot of Bishop in a TV role. Neither picture qualified under the fair use policy, for at least three out of the set of rules. Grainsofsalt (talk) 22:08, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The image is being used under the non-free content criteria and has been properly templated as such. – ukexpat (talk) 22:12, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Citizenship.
He wasn't British. Can we remove it?2A00:23C6:5496:8800:FC76:2D8A:C2C4:31F1 (talk) 12:31, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ed Bishop


text:
Adaptive control

Adaptive control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters which vary, or are initially uncertain. For example, as an aircraft flies, its mass will slowly decrease as a result of fuel consumption; a control law is needed that adapts itself to such changing conditions. Adaptive control is different from robust control in that it does not need a priori information about the bounds on these uncertain or time-varying parameters; robust control guarantees that if the changes are within given bounds the control law need not be changed, while adaptive control is concerned with control law changing itself.

Parameter estimation
The foundation of adaptive control is parameter estimation, which is a branch of system identification. Common methods of estimation include recursive least squares and gradient descent. Both of these methods provide update laws that are used to modify estimates in real-time (i.e., as the system operates). Lyapunov stability is used to derive these update laws and show convergence criteria (typically persistent excitation; relaxation of this condition are studied in Concurrent Learning adaptive control). Projection and normalization are commonly used to improve the robustness of estimation algorithms.

Classification of adaptive control techniques
In general, one should distinguish between:

 * 1) Feedforward adaptive control
 * 2) Feedback adaptive control

as well as between
 * 1) Direct methods
 * 2) Indirect methods
 * 3) Hybrid methods

Direct methods are ones wherein the estimated parameters are those directly used in the adaptive controller. In contrast, indirect methods are those in which the estimated parameters are used to calculate required controller parameters. Hybrid methods rely on both estimation of parameters and direct modification of the control law.

There are several broad categories of feedback adaptive control (classification can vary):

 * Dual adaptive controllers – based on dual control theory
 * Optimal dual controllers – difficult to design
 * Suboptimal dual controllers
 * Nondual adaptive controllers
 * Adaptive pole placement
 * Extremum-seeking controllers
 * Iterative learning control
 * Gain scheduling
 * Model reference adaptive controllers (MRACs) – incorporate a reference model defining desired closed loop performance
 * Gradient optimization MRACs – use local rule for adjusting params when performance differs from reference. Ex.: "MIT rule".
 * Stability optimized MRACs
 * Model identification adaptive controllers (MIACs) – perform system identification while the system is running
 * Cautious adaptive controllers – use current SI to modify control law, allowing for SI uncertainty
 * Certainty equivalent adaptive controllers – take current SI to be the true system, assume no uncertainty
 * Nonparametric adaptive controllers
 * Parametric adaptive controllers
 * Explicit parameter adaptive controllers
 * Implicit parameter adaptive controllers
 * Multiple models – Use large number of models, which are distributed in the region of uncertainty, and based on the responses of the plant and the models. One model is chosen at every instant, which is closest to the plant according to some metric.

Some special topics in adaptive control can be introduced as well:

In recent times, adaptive control has been merged with intelligent techniques such as fuzzy and neural networks to bring forth new concepts such as fuzzy adaptive control.
 * 1) Adaptive control based on discrete-time process identification
 * 2) Adaptive control based on the model reference control technique
 * 3) Adaptive control based on continuous-time process models
 * 4) Adaptive control of multivariable processes
 * 5) Adaptive control of nonlinear processes
 * 6) Concurrent learning adaptive control, which relaxes the condition on persistent excitation for parameter convergence for a class of systems

Applications
When designing adaptive control systems, special consideration is necessary of convergence and robustness issues. Lyapunov stability is typically used to derive control adaptation laws and show.

 * Self-tuning of subsequently fixed linear controllers during the implementation phase for one operating point;
 * Self-tuning of subsequently fixed robust controllers during the implementation phase for whole range of operating points;
 * Self-tuning of fixed controllers on request if the process behaviour changes due to ageing, drift, wear, etc.;
 * Adaptive control of linear controllers for nonlinear or time-varying processes;
 * Adaptive control or self-tuning control of nonlinear controllers for nonlinear processes;
 * Adaptive control or self-tuning control of multivariable controllers for multivariable processes (MIMO systems);

Usually these methods adapt the controllers to both the process statics and dynamics. In special cases the adaptation can be limited to the static behavior alone, leading to adaptive control based on characteristic curves for the steady-states or to extremum value control, optimizing the steady state. Hence, there are several ways to apply adaptive control algorithms.

A particularly successful application of adaptive control has been adaptive flight control. This body of work has focused on guaranteeing stability of a model reference adaptive control scheme using Lyapunov arguments. Several successful flight-test demonstrations have been conducted, including fault tolerant adaptive control.

title: Adaptive control


text:
Mac transition to Intel processors

The Mac transition to Intel processors was the process of switching the central processing units (CPUs) of Apple's line of Mac and Xserve computers from PowerPC processors over to Intel's x86-64 processors. The change was announced at the 2005 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) by then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who said Apple would gradually stop using PowerPC microprocessors supplied by Freescale (formerly Motorola) and IBM.

The transition was the second time Apple had switched the processor instruction set architecture of its personal computers. The first was in 1994, when Apple discarded the Mac's original Motorola 68000 series architecture in favor of the then-new PowerPC platform.

Apple's initial press release originally outlined that the move would begin by June 2006, with completion slated by early 2008 - the transition had proceeded faster than anticipated. The first-generation Intel-based Macs were released in January 2006 with Mac OS X 10.4.4 Tiger. In August, Jobs announced the last models to switch, with the Mac Pro available immediately and the Intel Xserve available by October, although shipments for the latter computer line did not start until December.

The final version of Mac OS X that ran on PowerPC processors was Leopard, released in October 2007, with PowerPC binary translation support (using Rosetta) persisting up through the following version, Snow Leopard. Support was later dropped in Lion.

In 2020, Apple announced that it would shift its Mac line to Apple silicon, which are ARM-based processors developed in-house.

Background
Apple had been using PowerPC processors in its products for 11 years when the move to Intel processors was announced.

At 2003's WWDC keynote address, Jobs unveiled a Power Mac with a processor from IBM's PowerPC G5 product line, the first personal computer to feature a 64-bit processor.

He promised a 3 GHz Power Mac G5 within 12 months, but never released such a product. In 2004's WWDC keynote address, Jobs addressed the broken promise, saying IBM had trouble moving to a fabrication process lower than the 90 nm process. Apple officials also said in 2003 they planned to release a PowerBook with a G5 processor, but such a product never materialized. Tim Cook, then Apple's Executive Vice President of Worldwide Sales and Operations, said during an earnings call that putting a G5 in a PowerBook was "the mother of all thermal challenges".

In addition, there were reports that IBM officials had concerns over the profitability of a low-volume business, which caused tensions with Apple and its desires for a wide variety of PowerPC processors.

1980s
Apple's efforts to move to Intel hardware began in 1985. A proposal was floated after Jobs departed but was quickly disapproved by management.

1990s
The first known attempt by Apple to move to Intel's platform was the Star Trek project, a code name given to a secret project to run a port of Classic Mac OS System 7 and its applications on an Intel-compatible personal computer. The effort began on February 14, 1992, with the blessing of Intel's then-CEO Andy Grove.

Apple leaders set an October 31 deadline to create a working prototype. The team met that deadline, and had a functional demo ready by December. John Sculley's departure during the Star Trek project was a factor in the project's termination. Michael Spindler, who took over as Apple's CEO, devoted most of Apple's resources to moving to PowerPC instead, thus initiating Apple's first processor transition.

After Apple's 1997 acquisition of NeXT, Apple began to rework their NeXTSTEP operating system into a successor to the classic Mac OS, codenamed Rhapsody. Jobs (who rejoined Apple upon the purchase) demonstrated an Intel-compatible build of Rhapsody to Dell founder and namesake Michael Dell. Jobs offered to license the new OS to Dell for its PCs, so that users could choose between it and Windows. However, Dell declined when Jobs insisted that the company license the operating system for every PC it ships, regardless of whether or not the user wanted to use Mac OS.

Early 2000s
In the years since the end of the Star Trek project, there were reports of Apple working to port its operating system to Intel's x86 processors, with one engineer managing to get Apple's OS to run on a number of Intel-powered computers.

In 2001, Jobs and then Sony president Kunitake Andō reportedly had a meeting to discuss the possibility of running Apple's operating system on its Vaio computers. Jobs even presented a Vaio running Mac OS. Such negotiations ultimately came to nothing.

In 2002, it was reported that Apple had more than a dozen software engineers tasked to a project code-named "Marklar," with a mission to steadily work on maintaining X86-compatible builds of Mac OS X.

It was noted in 2003 by IBM in an article published to its intranet that Apple felt a transition to Intel would present massive software changes that it wanted to avoid. Nevertheless, rumors of an impending announcement of a transition to Intel cropped up in 2000 and 2003.

2005
News reports of an impending announcement by Apple to transition to Intel processors surfaced in early June 2005, close to that year's WWDC. The announcement was made during that year's WWDC Keynote Address.

At the time Apple announced the transition, Jobs attributed the switch to a superior product roadmap that Intel offered, as well as an inability to build products envisioned by Apple based on the PowerPC product roadmap. Meanwhile, pricing disputes with IBM, in addition to a desire by Apple to give its computer the ability to run Microsoft Windows, were reportedly factors for the switch as well.

Reaction to the change
At the time, a research director for Ovum Ltd. called the move "risky" and "foolish", noting that Intel's innovation in processor design is overshadowed by both AMD and IBM. Another analyst said the move risks diluting Apple's value proposition, since it will now have less control over its product road map, in addition to the risk of alienating its loyal users.

AMD
Some observers expressed surprise that Apple made a deal with Intel instead of with AMD. By 2005, AMD had become popular with gamers and the budget conscious, but some analysts believed AMD's lack of low-power designs at the time was behind Apple's decision to go with Intel.

In 2011, Apple investigated using AMD's low power Llano APU for the MacBook Air, but eventually opted for Intel due to AMD's potential inability to supply enough Llano processors to meet demand.

32-bit regression
Apple had created the world's first consumer 64-bit desktop computer with its G5 based line-up; however, the first Intel-based Macs included only Intel Core Duo processors, which were 32-bit. Apple refreshed its line of computers six months later, adding Intel's new Intel Core 2 Duo 64-bit processors.

Concerns over Rosetta performance
When Rosetta was announced, it was noted that the translation software is designed to translate applications that run on a "PowerPC with a G3 processor and that are built for Mac OS X." It was noted at the time that translated software performs at a level between 50% and 80% of native software. The announcement caused concerns over performance.

Intel
At the time the transition was announced, it was noted that a degree of enmity towards Intel exists amongst some fans of Apple products, due to Intel's close identification with Microsoft. In addition, It was noted by Intel's then CEO, Paul Otellini, that Apple and Intel's relationship was strained at times, especially due to Apple's commission of an ad that shows Intel processors being outperformed by PowerPC processors.

While there were questions over whether Apple would put the Intel Inside stickers on its products, Jobs dispelled such a possibility, saying it is redundant when Apple's use of Intel processors is well-known. "Intel Inside" stickers have never been included on any Apple product.

Osborne effect
There was concern that an early announcement of the change would cause an Osborne effect, but it would merely mean only a delay of purchases of Mac computers by retail and institutional customers, not permanent cancellations, and that Apple had enough cash on hand to weather a possible decline in computer sales.

Analysis of financial data suggests that the Osborne Effect did not materialize, with sales for Macs growing by 19% and 37% in the two quarters following March 2006.

Product compatibility
The Classic environment, the Mac OS 9 virtualization measure for Mac OS X, was not ported to the x86 architecture, leaving the new Intel-powered Macs incompatible with classic Mac OS applications without a proper third-party PowerPC emulator.

There were also concerns over third-party software support, with reaction to the change being mixed amongst the software developer community, due to a need to recompile software for compatibility on Intel-based Macs. In early 2006, it was reported that a number of software companies, such as Adobe, Aspyr and Microsoft, were not ready to release universal binary versions of their software offerings.

Technical issues
In the years prior to Apple's announcement of the transition, it was noted that there was a debate over the difference of endianness between Intel and non-Intel processors, as well as the merits of each CPU architecture. The difference in endianness meant that some software could not simply be recompiled; it required changes to make it work on processors of either endianness.

2005
During Apple's 2005 WWDC, the company introduced a Developer Transition Kit consisting of a prototype Intel-based Mac computer, along with preliminary versions of Mac OS X Tiger and Xcode, which allowed developers to prepare future versions of their software to run on both PowerPC and Intel-based Macs.

To allow apps built for PowerPC-based Macs to run on Intel-based Macs without recompilation, a dynamic binary translation software called Rosetta was created.

2006
On January 10, Apple unveiled an Intel-based iMac, as well as a 15-inch MacBook Pro laptop, which replaced the similarly sized PowerBook.

On February 28, a Mac mini featuring an Intel Core Duo processor was unveiled.

On April 5, the dual-boot software Boot Camp was released as a trial version, which allowed Intel-based Mac owners to run Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows.

On April 24, a MacBook Pro replacement for the 17-inch PowerBook was announced.

On May 16, a replacement for the iBook, called MacBook, was announced, thus completing the transition of Apple's laptop line to Intel processors.

On July 5, a replacement for the eMac, a special configuration of a 17-inch iMac for use in education, was announced.

On August 7, Apple unveiled a replacement for the PowerMac, Mac Pro, and an Intel-based version of Xserve. The unveiling of the Mac Pro was touted by Apple as a completion of its transition to Intel, and said the entire process took 210 days.

Ongoing support for PowerPC following transition
Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6), released in August 2009, was the first version of Mac OS X (later macOS) to require a Mac with an Intel processor, ending operating system support for PowerPC Macs three years after the transition was complete. Support for Rosetta was removed from Mac OS X with the release of 10.7 Lion, which was released in July 2011, five years after the transition was complete. The last Apple application to support PowerPC processors was iTunes 10.6.3, which was released on June 11, 2012.

Apple has a policy of placing products that have not been sold for more than five years, but less than seven years, as "vintage", meaning hardware services from Apple Stores and service providers are subject to availability of inventory, or as required by law. After a product has not been sold for more than seven years, it is considered "obsolete", meaning it is not eligible for hardware support. All PowerPC-based Macs were obsolete by 2013.

In spite of the PowerPC machines being considered obsolete, use of the systems remains popular in retrocomputing; multiple community projects exist that aim to allow PowerPC Macs to carry out modern tasks, such as the Classilla and TenFourFox web browsers.

Legacy
A Mashable article in 2016 noted that the decision to switch to Intel processors gave many people who wanted a Mac, but couldn't commit to giving up Windows, a way to have both via Boot Camp and a number of virtualization programs, and that Mac, as a computer platform, had a renaissance following the transition, with more apps being developed. The article also said following the transition to Intel, Mac, while still outsold by Windows and other computer systems, has had a remarkable comeback, and also noted that Mac users tend to be loyal to the Apple ecosystem, which leads to purchases of other Apple products such as iPad, iPhone and Apple Watch.

On June 22, 2020, Apple announced plans to transition the Macintosh to ARM processors over a two-year period, following a roadmap similar to the Intel transition, including universal binaries and a Rosetta 2 compatibility program. Apple had been using ARM processors in the iPhone since 2007, and had been using them in the iPad, iPod Touch, Apple TV, and Apple Watch as well, and had been designing its own ARM processors since the Apple A6 in 2012.

Timeline

 * June 6, 2005: Apple announced its plans to switch to Intel processors at the Worldwide Developer Conference and released a Developer Transition System, a PC running an Intel build of Mac OS X 10.4.1 in a modified Power Mac G5 case, to all Select and Premier members of the Apple Developer Connection at a price of $999.
 * January 10, 2006: Jobs announced the first two computers in this series, the 15" MacBook Pro, the first laptop to support SATA, and iMac Core Duo line, both using an Intel Core Duo chip and offered to trade in the Developer Transition Kits for iMacs.
 * February 28, 2006: Jobs announced that the Mac mini now also comes with SATA connection and an Intel Core chip, in either the Solo or Duo varieties.
 * April 5, 2006: Apple announced the release of Boot Camp, which allowed users of Intel-based Macs to run Windows XP (later versions of Boot Camp allow later versions of Windows).
 * April 24, 2006: Apple announced the 17" MacBook Pro, replacing the 17" PowerBook.
 * April 27, 2006: Intel announced that processors with the Core microarchitecture would be released months sooner than previously thought.
 * May 16, 2006: Apple announced the 13" MacBook with SATA support, replacing both the iBook line and the 12" PowerBook.
 * June 26, 2006: Intel announced the Xeon 5100 series server/workstation CPU.
 * July 5, 2006: Apple announced a special educational configuration of the iMac, replacing the old G4 eMac.
 * August 7, 2006: "Transition Complete" - Apple announced the Intel-based Mac Pro and Xserve, replacing the Power Mac G5 and Xserve G5, at the Worldwide Developers Conference; both use the Xeon 5100 series ("Woodcrest") processors.
 * October 26, 2007: Apple shipped Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard", the final release with PowerPC support. Macs using a G3 processor cannot boot this operating system as the backwards compatibility with them have been removed, only G4 and G5 processors with a minimum 867 MHz clock speed are supported. Although it runs on PowerPC machines, it omits the Classic environment, ending Apple's support of software for the classic Mac OS.
 * August 28, 2009: Apple shipped Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" exclusively for Intel Macs. PowerPC Macs cannot boot this OS as the backwards compatibility with them have been removed. This is also the final release with Rosetta, allowing PowerPC software to run on an Intel Mac.
 * March 1, 2011: The beta version of the then-upcoming Mac OS X Lion removed "Rosetta" and lost the ability to run PowerPC based software.
 * June 23, 2011: Support for Mac OS 10.5 Leopard came to a end, formally ending Apple's support of PowerPC on Mac OS X.
 * July 20, 2011: The release of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion formally ended Apple's support of PowerPC-based software.
 * August 7, 2011: PowerPC hardware reached "vintage" status having been discontinued five years prior, ending most of Apple's service and parts support for PowerPC hardware.
 * June 11, 2012: Apple released iTunes 10.6.3, their last application with support for PowerPC processors.
 * August 7, 2013: PowerPC hardware reached "obsolete" status having been discontinued seven years prior, ending all of Apple's service and parts support for PowerPC hardware.

title: Mac transition to Intel processors


text:
Crazy Quilt (card game)

Crazy Quilt (also known as Quilt, Indian Carpet or Japanese Rug) is a patience or solitaire card game using two decks of 52 playing cards each. The game is so-called because the reserve resembles the weaves of a carpet or an arrangement of a quilt, with cards alternating vertical and horizontal rotations.

Rules
First, one Ace and one King of each suit are taken out to form the foundations. The rest of the cards are shuffled, and 64 cards are dealt into eight rows of eight cards each. Each row should have its card alternately placed vertically and horizontally in this order. The resulting layout resembles a chessboard with vertical and horizontal cards alternating. This reserve is called the "quilt".

The cards on the quilt with their shorter sides exposed, i.e. cards each with one of its shorter sides not touching another card, are available for play to the foundations or the top of the wastepile. The foundations that start with the Aces are built up by suit while those that start with the Kings are built down also by suit.

The stock is dealt one at a time onto the wastepile. The top card of the wastepile can be used to build on the foundations and be built up or down by suit using cards from the quilt.

Once the stock runs out, the wastepile (which includes cards acquired from the quilt) is gathered and turned faced down without shuffling to be used as the new stock. This can be done only once in the entire game.

The patience is out when all cards, both from the quilt and the wastepile, end up in the foundations.

Variants
A common variant (sometimes called Indian Carpet) is to allow an extra redeal, in order to make the game easier. In another variant (sometimes called Persian Rug) cards not in the tableau are dealt to reserves instead of a stock pile and waste pile, which allows more play.

title: Crazy Quilt (card game)


text: Category:Kings of Lydia

title: Category:Kings of Lydia


text:
Euphorbia cyparissias

Euphorbia cyparissias, the cypress spurge, is a species of plant in the genus Euphorbia. It is native to Europe and was introduced to North America in the 1860s as an ornamental plant.

Natural habitat types include dunes, pannes, coastal headlands and grasslands. In North America it is commonly found in the dry, gravelly soil of roadsides, pastures, and meadows. Cypress spurge thrives in open, disturbed areas.

Description
The plant ranges from 8 inches (20 cm) to 16 inches (40 cm) in height. Its petal-like bracts are usually green-yellow, maturing to purple or red from May to August. The mature fruit explodes, spreading seeds up to 16 ft. The plant also reproduces through lateral root buds, which allow it to spread densely. It can be identified by its leaves, which are small and linear, measuring up to 4 cm long by only 1 to 2 mm wide.

Ecology
This plant is considered a noxious weed in many places, including Colorado in the United States. Like some other non-native plants, it invades the habitat of native species. It is known to be harmful to cattle and horses, but not sheep. It can be difficult to control. Biological pest control methods have been attempted, involving the release of several European insect species in North America. Certain flea beetles have been effective, but there are concerns about the release of non-native insects into the region.

Parasites of this species include Uromyces pisi-sativi, a fungus.

Anthrenus scrophulariae may frequently be found on this plant. This plant is attractive as an ornamental but its invasive nature makes it necessary to control its spread; its root spread is more invasive than its ability to self-seed.

Toxicity and uses
While the roots have sometimes been used as a purgative, it can be poisonous if taken in quantity, and animals can be poisoned by eating hay containing it. Contact with the sap can cause skin reactions. WARNING: This plant has several irritants. The milky sap is a skin irritant that can cause burns/blisters in some individuals. Late season mature bracts have tiny hair like barbs. Once they are in your skin can cause mild irritation that can last for years. If you work with this plant use gloves and long sleeves. When you work this plant do not touch your skin with gloves on.

title: Euphorbia cyparissias


text:
Winkler (crater)

Winkler is a small lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located about one crater diameter to the south-southeast of Dunér. This feature forms a circular, cup-shaped depression in the surface. A small, relatively fresh crater lies across the eastern rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Winkler.

title: Winkler (crater)


text:
2006 New Brunswick electoral redistribution

The 2006 New Brunswick electoral redistribution was undertaken as a result of legislation introduced by Bernard Lord, the Premier of New Brunswick, Canada, on June 9, 2005. The legislation establishes a statutory requirement for redistribution of electoral districts after every decennial Canadian census.

The redistribution process set out in the legislation took approximately six months to complete, and was overseen by an independent commission. The bill introduced by the government would have required that 55 ridings be maintained with populations varying between 75% and 110% of 1/55 of the provincial population. The Opposition Liberals expressed a desire for the commission to have greater flexibility either in the variance of the average population or in the number of districts. On June 30, 2005, an agreement was reached and the bill was amended to allow the commission to ignore population basis entirely in "extraordinary circumstances," but should strive to be within the range of 90% to 110% of the average population of 55 districts.

There was considerable work to be done as 35 out of the 55 districts that existed from the outset were outside of the +/- 10% range. This is due in part to the population shifts over the course of a decade, and because the requirement was +/- 25% during the previous redistribution.

In the end, the commission was able to maintain most districts in their same alignment by means of minor boundary adjustments. However, two sets of districts were merged and there were considerable changes of district boundaries in the cities Dieppe and Fredericton.

Timeline

 * June 9, 2005 - The Electoral Boundaries and Representation Act is introduced in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.
 * June 30, 2005 - The legislation is amended to alleviate Opposition concerns and passes.
 * July 14, 2005 - The Legislative Administration Committee of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick meets and agrees to the seven members of the Commission. The names will not be made public until the nominees have agreed to appointment and the cabinet ratifies them.
 * August 11, 2005 - Government House Leader Brad Green announces that cabinet has approved two co-chairs and five commissioners whose appointments will take effect on August 22.
 * August 25, 2005 - The Commission concludes its first meeting at which the co-chairs express concern about the short time available for them to complete their report. They also announce that the first round of public hearings will be held in the month of October and that they will soon launch a website.
 * September 20, 2005 - The commission announces the details of their first round of public hearings. They will visit 12 communities from October 11 to October 28.
 * October 11, 2005 - Public hearings to assist the commission in the drafting of its preliminary report begin.
 * November 21, 2005 - The commission files its preliminary report outlining a proposal for a new electoral map. As expected, there are significant changes to almost all districts, though most are kept as minor as possible with one new district added in each of the Fredericton and Moncton areas and one district lost in each of Charlotte County and the Madawaska-Restigouche area.
 * February 20, 2006 - The commission files its final report, making changes to 20 of 55 ridings from its preliminary report. Individuals have 14 days to file an appeal to the final report but such an appeal must be signed by 2 members of the legislature.  If an appeal is filed, the commission has 30 days to respond.
 * March 24, 2006 - The commission announces that it received 15 valid notices of appeal within the 14-day public response period; it has reviewed them and completed its work. In the end it makes 3 minor changes to electoral districts.  The legislature may now only make recommendations with respect to changing names of electoral districts; the boundaries cannot be changed until after the next census.

Co-chairs

 * Madam Justice Brigette Robichaud of Moncton. Justice Robichaud is a member of the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick.
 * Madam Justice Margaret Larlee of Fredericton. Justice Larlee was the first woman on the Court of Appeal of New Brunswick, New Brunswick's supreme court.

Commissioners

 * David Brown of Saint John, legal counsel to the New Brunswick Union of Public and Private Employees.
 * Normand Carrier of Edmundston, a former vice-president for the Edmundston campus of the Université de Moncton.
 * Richard Myers of Fredericton, a former vice-president of St. Thomas University and current professor of political science at the same institution.
 * Reginald Paulin of Lamèque a former mayor and school principal.
 * Pam Ward of Red Bank First Nation, an active participant in New Brunswick aboriginal governance.

Preliminary report
On November 21, 2005, the Commission released its preliminary recommendations for new electoral districts. Despite the fact that the vast majority of existing ridings were outside of the +/- 10% population range, most were retained in the new distribution through minor adjustments to their boundaries. In all, 46 of 55 districts are largely unchanged. There are five essentially new districts, three of which resulting from a merger of previous districts or large parts of previous districts.

Only one district was created using the "extraordinary circumstances" clause of the legislation which allows districts to be less than 90% of the provincial average population. This was the district of Tantramar, which is an anglophone area surrounded by water, Nova Scotia and francophone areas. The Commission argued that the only way to maintain a community of interest was to leave the boundaries as they were. The districts of Nigadoo-Chaleur, Saint John Lancaster and Saint John Portland were the only others to have no changes whatsoever to their boundaries.

These proposals will be taken to the public in a series of hearings in January 2006, and may be subject to change before the commission tables its final report on February 18, 2006.

† represents a proposal that was altered in the final report

Largely unchanged districts
Though these districts were all largely unchanged from their previous form, some new names have been recommended due to subtle community changes as a result of minor boundary changes or for other reasons. These districts are denoted by an asterisk (*).

Final report
The commission released its final report on February 20, 2006. The commission altered the boundaries of 20 of the 55 districts from its proposals in its preliminary report, though many of the changes were minor. It also changed the proposed names of three districts whose boundaries remained the same as in the preliminary report.

There was some question as to whether or not these boundaries will be used in the next general election, there has been much media speculation that the government may fall by April 7, 2006 which would be just two days after the period for appeal of the commission's work will have ended. Government House Leader Bev Harrison has suggested that should the government fall then, it would be unlikely for the government to enact the regulation required to finalize the new boundaries so as to prevent confusion for voters and party officials. The Opposition House Leader, Kelly Lamrock, has suggested he would agree with such a move. However, Premier Bernard Lord went on to say that the boundaries would be used if at all possible as they are more equitable than the old boundaries. The election was not held, however, until September, and these boundaries were used.

Changes only in the name of the district

 * The district proposed as Miramichi-Neguac will retain its existing name of Miramichi Bay.
 * The district proposed as Nashwaaksis will be called Fredericton-Nashwaaksis to be consistent with the names of the other Fredericton districts.
 * The district proposed as Fredericton-Odell will be called Fredericton-Silverwood instead.

Districts with minor boundary changes

 * The proposed Campbellton district, will lose largely unpopulated territory in southern Restigouche County primarily to ensure that Mount Carleton Provincial Park is contained wholly in one district. The name of the district will be changed to Campbellton-Restigouche Centre to reflect its inclusion of communities outside of the immediate area of the city of Campbellton.
 * The proposed Kent South district undergoes minor changes as a result of more major changes in the Moncton and Dieppe districts.
 * The proposed Moncton South district undergoes minor changes as a result of changes in neighbouring districts.
 * The proposed Moncton North district undergoes minor changes as a result of changes in neighbouring districts.
 * The proposed Moncton Crescent district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest.
 * The proposed Petitcodiac district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest.
 * The proposed Saint John-Fundy district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest.
 * The proposed Rothesay-Kings district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest and takes on the simplified name of Rothesay.
 * The proposed Saint John Harbour district undergoes minor changes as a result of changes in neighbouring districts.
 * The proposed Saint John Portland district undergoes minor changes as a result of changes in neighbouring districts.
 * The proposed New Maryland district undergoes minor changes as a result of changes in neighbouring districts.
 * The proposed Grand Falls district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest and has its name changed to Grand Falls-Drummond-Saint-André.
 * The proposed Madawaska-Restigouche district undergoes minor changes to reflect communities of interest and has its name changed to Restigouche-La-Vallée.

Substantial changes from the preliminary report

 * Dieppe-Memramcook losses all but a small portion of Dieppe and takes on the name of Memramcook-Lakeville-Dieppe to differentiate it from the old Dieppe-Memramcook riding and also to recognize the addition of the Lakeville community from Moncton Crescent.
 * The proposed district of Codiac is changed significantly and takes on the name of Dieppe Centre. Instead of being a district half of Dieppe and a part of Moncton, it now takes on about 4/5ths of Dieppe and only a small portion of Moncton.
 * Moncton East regains most of its territory that was to have gone to the proposed Codiac district.
 * York loses most of the territory it was proposed to gain from Woodstock.
 * Woodstock largely retains its existing form despite the original proposal.
 * Carleton regains most of the territory that was proposed as going to Victoria-Tobique.
 * Victoria-Tobique gains much less from Carleton County than was proposed.

Appeals to the final report
The legislation governing the electoral district reform process allowed for appeals to the final report which were signed by two members of the legislature. The commission received 15 such appeals.

After considering the appeals, the commission discarded most of them saying that the appeals did not provide further justification beyond those arguments that they had already rejected or that accepting the changes would cause a domino effect requiring a massive redrawing of the boundaries.

They did however accept three appeals:

 * Seal Island had been omitted from the original report and would now be added to the district of Charlotte-The Isles
 * The village of Norton had argued that its community of interest required it to be in the district of Hampton-Belleisle, as it had been originally, as opposed to the district of Kings East as recommended by the commission. The commission decided to place those parts of Norton north of the Kennebecasis River in Hampton-Belleisle and those parts south of the river in Kings East.
 * The community of Saint-Léonard-Parent was included in the district of Grand Falls-Drummond-Saint-André while Saint-Léonard was in the district of Restigouche-la-Vallée; the appellant argued that both communities should be in the same district. As a result, the commission moved Saint-Léonard-Parent to the district of Restigouche-la-Vallée but this caused the Grand Falls-Drummond-Saint-André district to become too small in terms of population so part of California Settlement was moved from Victoria-Tobique to Grand Falls-Drummond-Saint-André.

District name changes
The Electoral Boundaries and Representation Act forbade the Legislative Assembly from making any changes to the boundaries of electoral districts, but it did allow MLAs to change their names. On May 12, 2006, the Legislature decided to make several changes as follows:


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User talk:Andrew Norman/Archive 1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:08, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Ludwig Wittgenstein spam
Hi Andrew, granted the http://www.wittgenstein-portal.com plausibly has some value, but the http://wittgenstein.pagina.nl link I'm quite sure is spam. I suggest you look at the anon's talk page and edit history - pagina.nl seems to be a link farm they are running. Wikipedia doesn't encourage external links, except when they are particularly informative or germain to the topic. See also spam and WikiSpam. You might then reconsider whether the links are desirable. -- Solipsist 21:44, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Nonsense about Russell
I am glad you got rid of the nonsense about Wales that has appeared before. Russell, of course, lived in Wales for a time, but he was most definitely a son of England, as were generations of Russells before him. Best... icut4u

Miles Davis
Looks like you've done much to improve the Miles Davis article. I'd like to point out two things, though: headings should be in lower case (Manual of Style (headings)), and you needn't disambiguate album names if there's no ambiguity, e.g. it could probably just be Miles in the Sky, instead of Miles in the Sky (album).--Ferdinand Pienaar 20:31, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Brummie
Andrew, have you put the dispute procedure into action yet? The situation is ridiculous. Nick is strangling the development of the article, and serious linguists aren't going to post anything when it's instantly reverted. 195.92.67.67 06:00, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If Nick doesn't start acting more reasonably in the very near future, I'm going to apply for mediation. I asked to have the page locked about a week ago, but the administrator who dealt with it didn't think the situation was serious enough yet.  --Andrew Norman 11:19, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm trying to stress the point that this is about Wikipedia standards. Ideally, nearly all the dialect examples should be binned for having no verification - see no original research - and in any case we shouldn't have to pussy-foot around feeling every change has to be negotiated with one editor. 195.92.67.76 23:43, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately I think Nick has a way to go before he even has a basic grasp of academic standards (in the loosest sense of "academic") and providing references (I'm marking final year degree reports this week so I'm a little touchy about that sort of thing, but he's not bothering to justify anything). It's a pretty good illustration of the reason why people who come from a particular group are often incapable of providing an objective description of that group.  --Andrew Norman 08:29, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Andrew, thankfully your bias towards Birmingham has been exposed and we now have an excellent Brummie article despite your interest in portraying that article to suit your own misguided arogant opinions, I am surprised that you are involved with "marking final year degree reports this week" nice to see you giving priority to the people who have worked hard on their degree work. "It's a pretty good illustration of the reason why people who come from a particular group are often incapable of providing an objective description of that group" ~ you are a very amusing man. 195.92.67.68 17:28, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm assuming that this is User:Nick Boulevard, who has taken a well over a week to decode the phrase "being a bit of a chauvinist I bristle at this sort of thing" (denigration of Birmingham), and has finally realised that I have do indeed have a bias towards Birmingham (but not the sort of insecure chauvinism which can't bear the thought of anyone having ever thought ill of the city, and attempts to distort the truth accordingly). Or perhaps he still hasn't understood, and as so often his words don't say what he thinks they do (I loved the bit on the Birmingham page, now happily deleted, about HMS Birmingham being the first Nazi U-boat to be sunk in the first world war - two glaring historical errors in one sentence!).  --Andrew Norman 19:35, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * "I'm assuming that this is User:Nick Boulevard, who has taken a well over a week to decode the phrase "being a bit of a chauvinist I bristle at this sort of thing" (denigration of Birmingham)" ~ ha, ha... (shakes head in utter disbelief) Andy, I'm really sorry for you, I think you have seriously underestimated the integrity of wikipedia members including myself here, you're an ok guy but I honestly think you need to address your insecurities over Birmingham no mater how you try to tie up your own words :) if it was a Brummie girl that hurt you then I am genuinely sorry otherwise??? Nick Boulevard 00:01, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * "I have do indeed have a bias towards Birmingham (but not the sort of insecure chauvinism which can't bear the thought of anyone having ever thought ill of the city, and attempts to distort the truth accordingly" Andy, I love Brum but I am fully aware of its downfalls like all other major conurbations across the world, I wouldn't be a brummie if I didn't endevour to address your points :). Nick Boulevard 00:01, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * "(I loved the bit on the Birmingham page, now happily deleted, about HMS Birmingham being the first Nazi U-boat to be sunk in the first world war - two glaring historical errors in one sentence!). --Andrew Norman 19:35, 15 May 2005 (UTC)" ~ mmm, how interesting, it was pigs on the wing (member Andy Mabbot) who deleted that sentence which was actually 100% corect? nice one Andy ;) Nick Boulevard 00:01, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You really think HMS Birmingham was a Nazi U-boat and that there were Nazis in the first world war? Bonkers.  I am a Brummie myself, by the way.  I have no insecurities about Birmingham, which is why I'm able to deal with hearing both good and bad things about the city I love.  This obsession you have with my supposed wish to do the city down is all a product of your overactive imagination.  Both pages now reflect the balanced viewpoint you were trying to suppress, thanks mainly to someone who due to your behaviour is only prepared to edit anonymously.  --Andrew Norman 06:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Andy you get my back up with your arrogance, because of this any genuine mistakes are overlooked and the focus of my attention is directed at the fact you are removing work, why can't you discuss it sensibly on the talk page instead of removing and then playing the victim, when you finally ARE forced into discussion you either talk around me or become condesending when there really is no need, I am sure your an ok person but try and respect that you do not have complete and utter control of these articles, the Brummie article is great and brummagem is definately getting there and you can believe what you want about why the articles are improving I don't care about that, all I care about is that the articles are balanced and correct. :) Nick Boulevard 18:06, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * P.S. You are right about the Nazzi U-boat claim (I certainly did not think the HMS Brum was Nazi U-boat?), well done for picking that up, It was Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham that sank the first German U 15 U-boat in the first battle of the atlantic in the Great War. Nick Boulevard 18:06, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Andrew: RfC re Nick Boulevard under way, and needing signatories who've "tried and failed to solve the dispute" at Requests_for_comment/Nick_Boulevard if you're interested. RayGirvan 21:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well actually I think that my last comment on this page is a perfect example of how I do actually get on with oposing users (in the end), besides if it wasn't for my stirring up of both the Brummie and Brummagem articles they would still be quite poor IMO, whereas now they are quite advanced and revrts are minor, by the way Ray, why did you take praise for sorting out disputes on the Brummie article when as I recall it was an annonymous user? Nick Boulevard 22:13, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a fairly jaw-dropping rewrite of history. I came in via a Wikiquette Alert posted because you had stalled the article, and the whole thing could have been rehashed to its current state in a day or two if you hadn't continued to impede edits. I'm not taking sole credit; others helped. RayGirvan 00:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry but you have just stated that "I came in via a Wikiquette Alert posted because you had stalled the article" You agree then that you would not have reached Brummie article and ultimately contributed to it had I not stalled it (your words) IMO the article was one sided and naff, I stirred it up including the fake accent and many brummie speakers which later was professionaly edited by an annonymous user into an easily readable wiki page, we all contributed to the article full stop :) Nick Boulevard 16:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So in short, your vandalism and obstructiveness are actually constructive? As Ray says, a staggeringly twisted view of reality.  You are kidding yourself if you think you "get along with" me, too - but you seem to be pretty good at kidding yourself.  Adding a smiley to an insult doesn't reduce the insult.  Please don't pollute this page again with your drivel.  --Andrew Norman 16:25, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * To be honest Andrew, it seems from your last post that you are an abusive person with little respect as can clearly be seen from the contributions to Brummie article that were removed. "drivel"... that really is pathetic, get a grip of yourself man. Nick Boulevard 10:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrew Norman/Archive 1


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