text:
Talk:Pingala

Untitled
Can anyone provide independent confirmation or an independent reference for any of this? Google only has pages based on Wikipedia; Britannica has nothing at all.--Niels Ø 20:00, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I searched through MathSciNet and found 10 reviews mentioning Pingala including:
 * Datta, Bibhutibhusan; Singh, Awadhesh Narayan; Use of permutations and combinations in India. Indian J. Hist. Sci. 27 (1992), no. 3, 231--249.
 * Kak, Subhash; Computational aspects of the \=Aryabha\d ta algorithm. Indian J. Hist. Sci. 21 (1986), no. 1, 62--71.
 * However, I didn't get the papers. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:29, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The book Indian Mathematics and Astronomy by Dr. Chandrashekar a proffessor of Mathematics, contains Sanskrit verses from Pingalas writings unfortunatly soft copy of the same is not available.

~rAGU 16:42, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

the article seemed to confuse the 10th century commentary with the actual work. "zero as a dot" certainly refers to the 10th century work, as does Pascal's triangle. I'll try to unearth an edition or a scholarly discussion of the text, but so far the content of the article is entirely anecdotal. dab (ᛏ) 09:10, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

9th century or earlier?
Sorry, the "Varahamihira" in my edit summary was a mistake. I meant Brahmagupta. Most sources say that the first inscription showing the use of positional zero is from the 9th century (Gwalior). However, no historian would ever claim that this means that zero was invented in the 9th century. There are enough other convincing evidences, and most historians believe that by the 6th century, zero as a positional numeral was very much in use. For example, Brahmagupta from the 7th century explains all the arithmetic of zero that we know today (except he messes up 0/0) in his book Brahmasphutasiddhanta. It is also recognized that Al Fazali translated this book into Arabic in the 8th century. It is very likely that Brahmagupta was not the inventor either, but just reported in the text a mathematical artifice that was in contemporary use. deeptrivia (talk) 17:03, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * you are confusing positional and arithmetical zero. We have discussed this at length at the numeral system articles. Brahmagupta in the 6th century certainly knew the arithmetical concept. There is still no evidence of positional zero predating the 9th c., and I am very doubtful that "most historians" believe that positional zero dates to the 6th c.; while it is not inconceivable that positional zero was introduced earlier than the 9th c., say 8th or 7th c., it is patently false to claim that "no historian would ever claim positional zero was invented in the 9th c.", let alone because of the work of Brahmagupta, which is entirely irrelevant to the question. dab (ᛏ) 17:18, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Basic ideas of Fibonacci number
I do not understand the claim that the commentary includes the "basic ideas" of the Fibonacci numbers. In what sense does it contain the basic ideas, but not a description of the numbers themselves? (You would not reasonably refer to all theory around or applications of the Fibonacci numbers; since that would disqualify Fibonacci himself.)-JoergenB (talk) 21:09, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Pascal's triangle?
Is the image of Pascal's triangle added in this edit really from a preserved text by Pingala from 200 BC? Otherwise, the text and caption (and image desciption at meta) should clarify where it is from and how it is believed to relate to Pingala. Nø (talk) 07:31, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I replicated the "description" field of the image at commons. Its source field links to https://archive.org/details/ChhandaSutra-Pingala/page/n203/mode/2up which seems in Hindi language, which I can't read. The text may, or may not, refer to a preserved text by Pingala from 200 BC - I hope somebody else will be able to check this. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 07:51, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * To: @Nø and @Jochen Burghardt
 * I apologise for creating ambiguity through the edit. Well, for clarification, the image appears to have been taken from a later version of Pingala's original composition not from a preserved text. I mean, this work was probably written post 1000 CE... It is Sanskrit (not Hindi) in the Devanagari script. The original version might have been passed on orally for some time before it was written down in some other script and transliterated in Devanagari.
 * The title reads, "Vargā Meruḥ", which means, "The Squares of Meru".
 * The words on the left of the table read, "Ekākṣarasya Prastāraḥ", "Dvayakṣarasya ...", etc, meaning "The Step of the First Letter", "... of the Second Letter", etc as I interpret it.
 * The numbers in the boxes are
 * 1
 * 1 1
 * 1 2 1
 * (etc.)
 * The numbers to the right of the boxes are the sums of the number in each row, i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, etc, with the sum of the 0th row being omitted.
 * I agree it was my fault to not have mentioned that it appears in a version jotted down more than a millennium after the composition of the text.
 * As per my knowledge, the diagram is based on poetic descriptions from the verses of the text, and so it should be understood that the diagram was not drawn in the 2nd century BCE, but was mentally visualised.
 * If you consent, I could add the image back with an updated caption, otherwise I shall leave it.
 * One more thing...
 * The description at Commons should read:
 * "Pascal's Triangle as depicted in the Chandas Shastra, composed by the poet Pingala around 200 B.C., but written many centuries later."
 * I will change it after posting this message.
 * I also apologise for the unreliably-sourced highly-assertive claim of "binary digits"...
 * Thanking you,
 * Yours faithfully,
 *  Felixdor  (talk) 16:09, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Be bold :-) Nø (talk) 07:29, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you :-)
 *  Felixdor  (talk) 09:44, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Binary numbers?
Earlier than Pingala's, I Ching also has a representation or an arrangement that can be interpreted as binary numbers. However, I think neither I Ching nor Pingala actually have binary numbers - they do not (I think) actually relate their binary representations to numbers in general, or suggest their use to represent numbers outside of their respective limited contexts. Nø (talk) 07:35, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pingala


text:
Saxon (disambiguation)

The Saxons were a Germanic people during the Early Middle Ages, some of whom became the Anglo-Saxons.

Saxon may also refer to:

United States

 * Saxon, South Carolina, a census-designated place
 * Saxon, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Saxon, Wisconsin, a town
 * Saxon (CDP), Wisconsin, an unincorporated census-designated place within the town
 * Saxon Harbor, a harbor in Wisconsin
 * Saxon Boulevard, a road in Volusia County, Florida

Elsewhere

 * Saxon, Switzerland, a district of Martigny, canton of Valais
 * Saxon River, New Zealand
 * Saxon Elbeland, area near a river in Germany
 * Saxon Street, a village in Woodditton parish, Cambridgeshire, England
 * Saxon Uplands, hilly countryside in Saxony, Germany

Arts and entertainment

 * Saxon (band), a British heavy metal band, formed in 1976
 * Saxon (album), a 1979 debut album by the band Saxon
 * The Saxons, the original name of Scottish pop band Bay City Rollers
 * Sky Saxon, a stage name of American rock and roll musician Richard Marsh (1937-2009)
 * "Saxon", a song by Chase & Status
 * Saxon (film), a 2007 independent British film
 * Gar Saxon, a Mandalorian commander in the Star Wars universe
 * Tiber Saxon, a fictional Star Wars character in the animated series Star Wars Rebels
 * Harold Saxon, a pseudonym of The Master, an enemy of Doctor Who
 * Saxon Garvey, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * Peter Saxon, house pseudonym used by various thriller writers from the 1950s to the 1970s
 * Machinesmith, a Marvel Universe villain born Samuel "Starr" Saxon
 * Saxon Greeting, a gymnastic routine performed by women in Nazi Germany
 * Saxon World Chronicle, 13th century German universal history
 * The Saxon Stories, series of historical novels by Bernard Cornwell

People

 * Saxon (given name)
 * Saxon (surname)
 * Bruno the Saxon, 11th-century German chronicler of the eleventh century
 * nickname of Matthew Saxon McEwan, late 19th century Scottish rugby football player
 * Alex Saxon, pen name of Bill Pronzini (born 1943), American writer of detective fiction
 * Inhabitants of one of three modern states (Länder) of Germany: Lower Saxony, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt
 * Inhabitants of one of the predecessor states to the modern German states; see Saxony (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * Saxon language (disambiguation), various old and modern languages
 * Saxon pound, unit of currency in Anglo-Saxon England
 * Saxon thaler, historical currency of the Kingdom of Saxony
 * Saxon White, a large diamond from India
 * Saxon (firework), a ground-based pyrotechnic device
 * Saxon (horse), an American racehorse who won the 1874 Belmont Stakes
 * Saxon Gold rabbit, a breed of rabbit
 * Saxon Colour pigeons, a group of Saxon breeds of fancy pigeons
 * Saxon Fairy Swallow pigeon, a breed of fancy pigeon
 * Saxon Monk, a breed of fancy pigeon
 * Saxon Spot, a breed of fancy pigeon
 * Saxon Shield, a breed of fancy pigeon
 * Saxon wasp, common social wasp found in Europe and Asia
 * Saxon (vehicle), a British Army armoured personnel carrier
 * Saxon Motor Car Company, American car maker from 1914 to 1922
 * Saxon (automobile), produced from 1913 to 1923
 * Saxon Mill, former mill at Guy's Cliffe, Warwickshire, England
 * Saxon-Upper Lusatian Railway Company, German railway company
 * Saxon math, a mathematics learning program for grades K-12
 * Saxon Studio International, London reggae sound system
 * Saxon XSLT, an open-source XSLT and XQuery processor
 * Alfred Saxons, an American collegiate athletic program
 * England Saxons, current name of that country's "A" (second-level) men's national rugby union team
 * Transylvanian Saxons, an ethnic German minority in Transylvania, Romania, who settled there from 12th century

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saxon (disambiguation)


text:
Clan Macnaghten

Clan Macnaghten (sometimes spelt as MacNachten, MacNaughton, McNaughton or McNorton), Scottish Gaelic: MacNeachdain, is a Scottish clan.

Traditional origins
The Clan Macnaghten are amongst the Scottish clans who claim descent from the early Pictish rulers of the Mormaer of Moray. The name Nectan means pure or clear and was popular in at least one Pictish royal branch.

Recorded origins
Three brothers are recorded in the thirteenth century: Gilchrist, Athe and Gilbert, all sons of Malcolm Macnachten. Before 1287 Gilchrist received a charter from Alexander III of Scotland who died in 1287 which granted to him the keepership of a castle on the island of Fraoch Eilean (Heather Isle) in Loch Awe warding the eastern approach to the narrow Pass of Brander, which was the gateway to the west.

Wars of Scottish Independence
The Macnaghtens came to Loch Awe and as a result became neighbours of the powerful and acquisitive Clan Campbell. The Campbells were quick to support Robert the Bruce when he set out to claim his throne; however, the Macnaghtens, who were under the influence of the Clan MacDougall, opposed him. The Macnaghtens formed part of the MacDougall host that fought against Robert the Bruce's army at the Battle of Dalrigh in 1306 but had changed sides and joined Bruce at the August 1308 Battle of the Pass of Brander. The Macnaghtens continued their new allegiance and a Baron Macnachten (possibly Alexander Macnachten) is recorded as fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn for the Bruce during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Macnaghtens did not gain much from their late change of allegiance and from that point onwards the Campbells dominated Loch Awe.

The second wife of Alexander Macnaghten, who may be a son of the man who fought at Bannockburn, was his cousin Christina Campbell of Craignish. When she became a widow about 1360 she granted one third of the Macnaghten lands in 1361 to obtain protection from her cousin, Colin Campbell of Lochow and his blessing to marry his servant. Alexander Macnaghten's son, Duncan, succeeded to the rest of the lands. His seat was at Dunderave Castle and Dunderave became the territorial designation of the clan chiefs.

15th and 16th centuries
In 1478 Duncan's heir, Alexander, accepted a charter from the Campbell Earls of Argyll for his lands and thus accepted them as feudal superiors. His grandson, also called Alexander, was knighted by James IV of Scotland. He followed the king to the Battle of Flodden and was one of the few survivors of the battle. He died two years later but had married twice and left six sons, the eldest of which succeeded as clan chief. The second son was Ian, father of another Ian or John Dhu who could be the Shane Dhu who is credited with founding the Irish branch of Clan Macnaghten.

Gilbert Macnaghten succeeded as clan chief in 1548 but died without issue and was therefore succeeded by his younger brother, Alexander. Alexander started the rebuilding of Dunderave Castle on Loch Fyne which was completed by his son, Iain, in 1596.

17th century and Civil War
The Macnaghten chiefs raised a force of bowmen to go and assist the French Huguenot rebels in the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627. The chief of Clan Macnaghten was in high favour with Charles I of England and served as a Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber but the expense of the French expedition and the extravagance of living in court forced Macnaghten to mortgage his lands. Alexander died in 1630 leaving Dunderave in the hands of his brother, Macolm Macnaghten of Killearn.

Malcolm's son was a royalist and called out his clan to fight in Glencairn's rising against Oliver Cromwell in 1653. After the Restoration of 1660 Macnaghten was knighted but through the influence of Campbell, Earl of Argyll he was later denounced as a rebel. As a result, the clan lands were nearly entirely lost by debt and the next chief, Iain, inherited little more than an empty title.

Iain joined the forces of John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee and fought at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689. As a result, he was denounced as a Jacobite rebel and his remaining lands were forfeited. His younger son, John Macnaghten, was the last chief of this line. John was forced to make a formal disposition of his remaining lands to Sir James Campbell of Ardkinglas in 1710.

Modern history
In 1818 Edmund Alexander Macnaghten was recognized as the new clan chief. He was descended from the Irish branch of Macnaghtens who are descended from John Macnaughten Shane Dhu of the 16th century. Edmund Alexander Macnaghten died in 1832 and was succeeded by his brother, Francis, who was a judge in Madras and Calcutta. Francis was a distinguished lawyer and became a Lord of Appeal in 1887. He was succeeded by his son, Sir Edward, whose two sons were both killed in World War I. They were succeeded by their uncle Sir Francis, eighth Baronet.

Clan Chief

 * Clan chief: Sir Malcolm MacNaghten of MacNaghten, Bt.

Castles
Castles that have been owned by the MacNaughtons or MacNaughts, who were a branch of the MacNaughtons, have included:
 * Dubh Loch Castle, once stood by the side of Loch Dubh, north-east of Inveraray, in Argyll, but nothing now remains except for a mound. The clan made Dunderave their main seat during the fifteenth century with Dubh Loch Castle being abandoned, apparently because an outbreak of plague.
 * Dundarave Castle, which is not far from Dubh Loch Castle, and is three miles east of Inveraray on the north bank of Loch Fyne is a restored L-plan tower house. It has a large round tower on one corner and dates from 1596. The last MacNaughton holder of the castle was Iain MacNaughton who intended to wed the younger daughter of Sir James Campbell. However he found that he had been tricked into marrying the wrong woman. He then fled to Ireland with his love, the younger daughter. The castle then passed to the Campbells in about 1689. Iain MacNaughton had been a Jacobite who had fought at the Battle of Killiecrankie which is another reason why he did not stay. The castle became ruinous but was restored in 1911-12 for the Noble family and it is still occupied. The MacNaughton line continued to flourish however, and now reside at Dundarave House (or "Dunderawe"), Bushmills, Antrim, Northern Ireland.
 * Fraoch Eilean, Loch Awe, two miles north-east of Inveraray, Argyll is an island with the ruins of what was a strong castle, with a hall house and courtyard. It dates from the twelfth or thirteenth centuries and was occupied for around four hundred years. It was held by the MacNaughtons from 1267 but later passed to the Campbells.
 * Crogo, ten miles north of Castle Douglas in Dumfries and Galloway is the site of a tower house that stood in its own park, although there are no remains. The lands were held by the MacNaughts but passed to the Gordons in the fifteenth century.
 * Kilquhanty, also north of Castle Douglas, is the site of a castle or old house that also had its own park. The lands were held by the MacNaughts from 1360 to 1680. The present mansion was built in 1820 and is used as a school.

Clan profile

 * Chief's Motto: I hope in God.
 * Chief's Slogan & War Cry: "Fraoch Eilean" (The Heathery Isle).
 * Chief's Crest: A castle embattled, Gules.
 * Clan Badge: Trailing Azalea.

Historical forms of the name
Macnaghten, Macnauchtan, Macnachten, Macnaught, MacNaughtan, Macnaughtan, Macnaughtens, MacNaughton, Macnaughton, Macnechtan, McNaughton, McNaughten, McNaughtan, McNaught, McNaughton.

title: Clan Macnaghten


text:
Corwith Cramer (ship)

The Corwith Cramer is a tall ship (specifically a brigantine) owned by the Sea Education Association (SEA) sailing school, named after SEA's founding director. Her home port is Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States. She was designed by Wooden and Marean specifically for SEA and was constructed by ASTACE in 1987 in Bilbao, Spain. She is a 134 ft steel brigantine built as a research vessel for operation under sail, and generally sails in the Atlantic Ocean. A young David Brainard spent six weeks aboard the Corwith Cramer for his “Semester at Sea”.

title: Corwith Cramer (ship)


text:
User:Rillian

Works in progress

 * very unique -> unique
 * past history -> past or history
 * first debut -> debuted
 * first and only -> only

Lee v. Weisman

Not So Favorite Sons

Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program History of MSE 1989 Blue Shuttles

Citing sources/example style

Signatures on Talk pages
It is proper Wikiquette to sign your posts on Talk pages. This is an essential aspect of communication here. It helps other users understand the progress and evolution of a dialog. Because of this necessity, Wikipedian developers created a very easy way to create signatures. To automatically sign your posts with a date-stamp, add four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of your message.

Peer review
You worked on the NNN article. I have posted the article, ARTICLE, at Peer review/ARTICLE/archive1 and would appreciate your comments.

Editing archives
You edited pagename NN times today. Please do not edit page archives - they are preserved for future reference only, not for discussion, as noted at the top of each archived page in bold letters. (see talk page etiquette). Thanks,

Blanking your own Talk page
Blanking your own Talk page is considered uncivil behavior. (see talk page etiquette). Please don't do it again. Thanks,

Please use Edit Summaries
Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy editing.

Marking edits as "Minor"
You are routinely marking your edits as "Minor". Please see Help:Minor edit for more details but in general any change that affects the meaning of an article is not minor, even if it involves one word.

The distinction between major and minor edits is significant because users can decide to ignore minor edits when viewing recent changes; logged-in users can even set their preferences to not display them. No one wants to be fooled into ignoring a significant change to an article simply because it was marked "minor." So remember to consider the opinions of other editors when choosing this option. Thanks,

Personal Attacks
Personal attacks, particularly in edit notes, are not acceptable. Discuss your issues here in a mature manner or don't edit the page at all.

title: User:Rillian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Garalow

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 18:25, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Garalow
Neologism; zero google hits. — Xezbeth 20:05, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No worthy article, no matter how obscure the topic, gets zero google hits. Vanity neologism. func (talk) 20:10, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. It also gets no points for misspelling portmanteau. Mr Bound 23:01, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 23:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Garalow


text:
Great Unconformity

Of the many unconformities (gaps) observed in geological strata, the term Great Unconformity is frequently applied to either the unconformity observed by James Hutton in 1787 at Siccar Point in Scotland, or that observed by John Wesley Powell in the Grand Canyon in 1869. Both instances are exceptional examples of where the contacts between sedimentary strata and either sedimentary or crystalline strata of greatly different ages, origins, and structure represent periods of geologic time sufficiently long to raise great mountains and then erode them away.

Background
Unconformities tend to reflect long-term changes in the pattern of the accumulation of sedimentary or igneous strata in low-lying areas (often ocean basins, such as the Gulf of Mexico or the North Sea, but also Bangladesh and much of Brazil), then being uplifted and eroded (such as the ongoing Himalayan orogeny, the older Laramide orogeny of the Rocky Mountains, or much older Appalachian (Alleghanian) and Ouachita orogenies), then subsequently subsiding, eventually to be buried under younger sediments. The intervening periods of tectonic uplift are generally periods of mountain building, often due to the collision of tectonic plates. The "great" unconformities of regional or continental scale (in both geography and chronology) are associated with either global changes in eustatic sea level or the supercontinent cycle, the periodic merger of all the continents into one approximately every 500 million years.

Hutton's Unconformity
Hutton's Unconformity at Siccar Point, in county of Berwickshire on the east coast of Scotland, is an angular unconformity that consists of gently dipping, reddish, Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous breccias, sandstones, and conglomerates of the Old Red Sandstone overlying deeply eroded, near-vertical, greyish, Silurian (Llandovery) greywackes and shales. The Llandovery greywackes and graptolite-bearing shales of the Gala Group were deposited by turbidity currents in a deep sea environment about 425 million years ago. The overlying Devonian strata were deposited by rivers and streams about 345 million years ago. Thus, this unconformity reflects a gap of about 80 million years during which deep sea sediments were lithified, folded, and uplifted; later deeply eroded and weathered subaerially; and finally buried by river and stream sediments.

Exposures of the unconformity at Siccar Point, provided James Hutton, accompanied by John Playfair and Sir James Hall, the clearest example of an unconformable relationship between two sets of sedimentary strata that involved a complex geological history. The clear truncation of near-vertical Silurian sedimentary strata by well-bedded conglomerates and sandstones belonging to the Upper Old Red Sandstone allowed Hutton to demonstrate the existence of significant breaks in the geological record, in this case a break separating strata that were then called alpine schistus and secondary strata. This and other unconformities provided evidence for Hutton's ideas about the recycling of geological materials and for unconformities representing very large time periods. He argued that these concepts pointed to the great antiquity of the Earth and the vastness of the geological time-scale.

Powell’s Unconformity, Grand Canyon
The Great Unconformity of Powell in the Grand Canyon is a regional unconformity that separates the Tonto Group from the underlying, faulted and tilted sedimentary rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup and vertically foliated metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Vishnu Basement Rocks. The unconformity between the Tonto Group and the Vishnu Basement Rocks is a nonconformity. The break between the Tonto Group and the Grand Canyon Supergroup is an angular unconformity.

Powell's Great Unconformity is part of a continent-wide unconformity that extends across Laurentia, the ancient core of North America. It was first recognized twelve years before Powell's expedition by John Newberry in New Mexico, during the Ives expedition of 1857–1858. However, the disruption of the American Civil War kept Newberry's work from becoming widely known. This Great Unconformity marks the progressive submergence of this landmass by a shallow cratonic sea and its burial by shallow marine sediments of the Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sauk sequence. The submergence of Laurentia ended a lengthy period of widespread continental denudation that exhumed and deeply eroded Precambrian rocks and exposed them to extensive physical and chemical weathering at the Earth's surface. As a result, Powell's Great Unconformity is unusual in its geographic extent and its stratigraphic significance.

The length of time represented by Powell's Great Unconformity varies along its length. Within the Grand Canyon, the Great Unconformity represents a period of about 175 million years between the Tonto Group and the youngest subdivision, the Sixtymile Formation, of the Grand Canyon Supergroup. At the base of the Grand Canyon Supergroup, where it truncates the Bass Formation, the period of time represented by this angular unconformity increases to about 725 million years. Where the Tonto Group overlies the Vishnu Basement Rocks, the Great Unconformity represents a period as much as 1.2 to 1.6 billion years. (See also geological timescale.)

Frenchman Mountain, Nevada
A prominent exposure of Powell's Great Unconformity occurs in Frenchman Mountain in Nevada. Frenchman Mountain exposes a sequence of Phanerozoic strata equivalent to those found in the Grand Canyon. At the base of this sequence, the Great Unconformity, with the Tapeats Sandstone of the Tonto Group overlying the Vishnu Basement Rocks, is well exposed in a manner that is atypical and scientifically significant in its combination of extent and accessibility. This exposure is frequently illustrated in popular and educational publications, and is often part of geological fieldtrips. There is a gap of about 1.2 billion years where 550 million year old strata of the Tapeats Sandstone rests on 1.7 billion (1700 million) year old Vishnu Basement Rocks.

As a widespread phenomenon
The term "Great Unconformity" has also been used to refer to the anomalous concentration of unconformities, including basement nonconformities, below the base of the Cambrian. Charles Walcott was among the first to note this phenomenon, remarking in 1910:

"I do not know of a case of proven conformity between Cambrian and pre-Cambrian Algonkian rocks on the North American continent. In all localities where the contact is sufficiently extensive, or where fossils have been found in the basal Cambrian beds or above the basal conglomerate and coarser sandstones, an unconformity has been found to exist. Stated in another way, the pre-Cambrian land surface was formed of sedimentary, eruptive, and crystalline rocks that did not in any known instance immediately precede in deposition or origin the Cambrian sediments. Everywhere there is a stratigraphic and time break between the known pre-Cambrian rocks and Cambrian sediments of the North American continent."

- Charles D Walcott

A potential link has been proposed between such sub-Cambrian unconformities and glacial erosion during the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth glaciations. Alternatively, it has been proposed that multiple smaller events, such as the formation and breakup of Rodinia, created many unconformities worldwide. Evidence indicates that the Pikes Peak unconformity was formed before the Snowball Earth glaciations.

Possible causes of the Great Unconformity
There is currently no widely accepted explanation for the Great Unconformity among geoscientists. There are hypotheses that have been proposed; it is widely accepted that there was a combination of more than one event which may have caused such an extensive phenomenon. One example is a large glaciation event which took place during the Neoproterozoic, starting around 720 million years ago. This is also when a significant glaciation event known as Snowball Earth occurred. Snowball Earth periods covered almost the entire planet with ice. The areas that underwent glaciation were approximately those where the Great Unconformity is located today. When glaciers move, they drag and erode sediment away from the underlying rock. This would explain how a large section of rock was taken away from widespread areas around the same time.

title: Great Unconformity


text:
Semliki Forest virus

The Semliki Forest virus is an alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. It is known to cause disease in animals and humans.

The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine proteins. The 5’ two thirds of the genome encode four non-structural proteins concerned with RNA synthesis; the structural proteins are encoded in the 3’ one third. Of the structural proteins, the C proteins make up the icosahedral capsid, which is enveloped by a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell. The outermost surface of the virus is almost entirely covered by heterodimers of glycoproteins E1 and E2, arranged in interconnective trimers, which form an outer shell. Trimers are anchored in the membrane by an E2 cytoplasmic domain that associates with the nucleocapsid.

Replication occurs via a negative strand intermediate giving rise to a full-length genomic RNA for export in new virions and a subgenomic message that is translated into the structural proteins.

Semliki Forest virus is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It is not able to infect mammals through inhalation or gastrointestinal exposure, although rodents in the laboratory can be infected by intranasal instillation. The virus is able to cause a lethal encephalitis in rodents, but generally only mild symptoms in humans. Only one lethal human infection has been reported. In this one case, the patient was speculated to be immunodeficient and potentially had been exposed to large amounts of virus in the laboratory.

Semliki Forest virus has been used extensively in biological research as a model of the viral life cycle and of viral neuropathy. Due to its broad host range and efficient replication, it has also been developed as a vector for genes encoding vaccines and anti-cancer agents, and as a tool in gene therapy.

Since Semliki Forest virus naturally infects cells of the central nervous system, it has been pre-clinically tested as an oncolytic virus against the very aggressive brain tumour type glioblastoma. The SFV virus was genetically modified with microRNA target sequences so that it only replicated in brain tumour cells and not in normal brain cells. The modified virus reduced tumour growth and prolonged survival of mice with brain tumours. The modified virus was also found to efficiently kill human glioblastoma tumour cell lines.

title: Semliki Forest virus


text:
Republic of Korea Marine Corps

The Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC; 대한민국 해병대), also known as the ROK Marine Corps, ROK Marines or South Korean Marine Corps, is the naval infantry of South Korea. The ROKMC is a branch of the Republic of Korea Navy responsible for amphibious operations, and also functions as a rapid reaction force and a strategic reserve.

The ROKMC was founded as a suppression operations force against communist partisans in 1949, prior to the Korean War. The ROKMC also fought in combat during the Vietnam War.

The ROK Marine Corps, with 29,000 personnel, is organized into two divisions and two separate brigades under the Headquarters ROK Marine Corps. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles, main battle tanks, and self-propelled artillery.

Founding years
On April 15, 1949, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) was founded at Deoksan airfield in Jinhae with an initial strength of 380 men. Lieutenant Colonel Shin Hyun-joon was appointed to lead as the first Commandant of the newly formed Marine Corps and he was promoted to colonel on July 1, 1949. The ROKMC consisted of 2 rifle companies and a headquarters company equipped with many secondhand weapons from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) used during World War II, including the 7.7 mm Type 99 Light Machine Gun. It was soon reorganized into an infantry battalion with three rifle companies. Initially no United States Marine Corps (USMC) or United States Army advisers were attached to the unit and its doctrine and training was based on that of the IJA.

In September 1949 two rifle companies were sent to Jinju on anti-guerilla operations and in December the entire battalion was sent to Jeju-do for anti-guerilla operations following the Jeju Uprising. A 37 mm anti-tank platoon was added to the battalion in this period.

Korean War
During the Korean War, ROK Marine Corps earned the nickname of the '귀신 잡는 해병(대)' which means 'Ghost Hunters' or 'Ghost Killers'.

Following the start of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, the Ko Kil-hun Unit (Marine Rifle Battalion) landed Gunsan on 16 July and Kim Sung-un Unit (Marine Rifle Battalion) landed Tongyong peninsula on 17 August where they delayed the advance of the Korean People's Army (KPA) forces, The Marines were rapidly expanded to three battalions and took part in fighting at Mokpo, Changhang, Chindongri, Jinju, Namwon and Masan.

On 23 August the Marines landed on Kueje Island and fought a KPA force there until 15 September.

Before the Inchon Landing, ROKMC regiment size unit was formed and attached to USMC 1st Marine Division. At that time, 1st Marine Division called this unit as the ROKMC 1st Marine Regiment for convenience' sake. (Officially, ROKMC ROKMC 1st Marine Regiment was founded on 20 December 1950.)

On 5 September operational control of the Regiment was passed to the USMC 5th Marine Regiment and after undergoing further training by Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG) advisers at Pusan the regiment was embarked on USS Pickaway (APA-222) on 12 September and sailed for Inchon.

On the afternoon of 15 September the regiment landed at Red Beach, Inchon and was assigned the task of mopping up KPA forces in Inchon. The next day the USMC 5th Marine Regiment and 1st Marine Regiment were ordered to move along the Inchon-Seoul highway and capture Kimpo Air Base. The ROKMC 3rd Battalion was assigned to protect the 5th Marines left flank and capture high ground near Ascom City west of Kimpo. On the morning of 17 September the ROKMC 3rd Battalion began clearing Ascom City, a two square mile maze of huts in which many KPA had taken shelter. The Ascom City area was eventually secured on 18 September On 19 September after advancing to the Han River near Seoul the 5th Marines were ordered to cross the Han River near Haengju-dong, seize Hill 125 and then move southeast along the railway lines. The ROKMC 2nd Battalion crossed the Han on Amphibious Tractors and occupied Hill 95 overlooking the crossing site. Meanwhile, the ROKMC 3rd Battalion at Kimpo called in airstrikes against a KPA unit forming up to try to retake the airfield. On 22 September the ROKMC 1st Battalion with the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines and 1st Battalion, 5th Marines began advancing into Seoul, meeting heavy KPA resistance the ROKMC 1st was forced to retreat to its starting point. On 23 September the ROKMC 1st Regiment renewed their attack but were met by heavy fire losing 32 killed and 68 wounded. The Regiment 1st Regiment was withdrawn into reserve and replaced by the ROKMC 2nd Battalion, while the 5th Marines eventually overran the KPA strongpoint on Hill 105S. On 25 September the USMC began their final assault on Seoul with the ROKMC 2nd Regiment assigned to the 1st Marines to move through the central city to the northeast while the ROKMC 1st Regiment assigned to the 5th Marines would seize the Capital Building and the northwest of the city. Meeting a stubborn defense from entrenched KPA forces the 7th Marine Regiment joined the battle on 26 September. By the afternoon of 28 September the center of the city had been cleared of KPA troops and on 29 September despite ongoing fighting in the suburbs the Government of Korea was formally reinstated in Seoul. The Regiment less the 1st and 3rd Battalions was deployed 18 mi east of Seoul to block the KPA retreat but encountered only scattered resistance.

On 18 October the ROKMC three battalions were embarked on ships for the landing at Wonsan, eventually going ashore there on 25 October. On 2 November the Regiment was given responsibility for the zone south of the 39th Parallel. In late November the Regiment was attached to the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division. Following the attacks by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir the Regiment withdrew to Wonsan to cover the evacuation of United Nations Command (UN) Forces. Between 7 and 9 December the 1st and ROKMC 3rd Battalions were evacuated from Wonsan by ship, while on 15 December the 2nd and ROKMC 5th Battalions were evacuated by air from Hungnam. The Regiment reformed at Jinhae in mid-December.

After a period of rest and refitting, including training by USMC advisers, the Regiment was assigned to the 1st Marine Division in mid-January 1951. On 24 January the Regiment joined the 1st Marine Division which was conducting anti-guerilla operations against the KPA 10th Division. On 12 February the Regiment, less the 5th Battalion, was attached to the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) Capital Division at Samcheok. The 5th Battalion meanwhile was sent to Inchon and then occupied the Kimpo peninsula, it would operate independently from the Regiment until March 1952.

On 17 March 1951 as they participated in Operation Ripper the Regiment was permanently attached to the 1st Marine Division and the 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines was assigned to provide artillery support to the Regiment. Ripper was followed immediately by Operation Rugged and then Operation Dauntless in which the Regiment crossed the Bukhan River and captured the Hwacheon Dam. The Chinese Spring Offensive which started on 22 April was met with a strong defence by the 1st and ROKMC 2nd Battalions and the 5th Marines and by 23 April they had successfully repelled the PVA attacks. However, with neighbouring units withdrawing the Marines were ordered back to the high ground between the Soyang and Hongcheon Rivers. With the PVA offensive blunted by 20 May the UN launched its May–June 1951 counteroffensive and on 22 May the Regiment made its initial advance to take objectives 3 mi north of the front. The advance made rapid progress and by the end of May the Regiment was on the south bank of the Hwacheon Reservoir where it was relieved on 2 June by the ROK 3rd Regiment.

On 4 June 1951 the Regiment was brought out of reserve to join the 1st Marine Division in an assault on the PVA/KPA main line of resistance along a mountain range extending from Yanggu to Hill 1316 (Daeamsan). The area was defended by a regiment of the KPA 12th Division with orders to hold the position until death. from 4 to 9 June the Regiment fought the KPA making limited progress. Finally on 10 June the Regiment commander Colonel Kim Tae Shik decided to make a night attack on the KPA positions. Launched at 02:00 on 11 June the attack caught the KPA unprepared and the Marines quickly overran Hill 1122 and the rest of the ridgeline. Following the capture of Daeamsan the Marines continued to push against the PVA/KPA to obtain better positions. On 15 June the ROKMC 2nd Battalion attacked north to Hill 1304 which it captured the next day. The ROKMC 3rd Battalion moved northwest and captured Dusol-san (38.24°N, 128.096°W) following which they dug in. On 7 July the Regiment was ordered to take Daeusan (38.268°N, 128.077°W), beginning their attack on 8 July. After suffering over 220 casualties the attack was called off on 12 July.

The Regiment and the 1st Marine Division went into reserve and the Regiment received intensive training from USMC advisers. At the end of this period it was organized like a USMC regiment with three infantry battalions, a regimental headquarters, a 4.2-inch mortar company and a 75 mm recoilless rifle platoon. Lieutenant Colonel Kim Dong Ha, who replaced the wounded Colonel Kim Tae Shik as Regiment commander.

On 27 August the 1st Marine Division and the Regiment returned to the frontline to lead the Battle of the Punchbowl ultimately gaining control of the line of hills north of the Punchbowl by 21 September.

Following the Battle of the Punchbowl the fighting stabilized into static warfare with numerous foot patrols far into PVA/KPA territory and company-strength tank-infantry raids. Throughout the remainder of 1951, the 1st Marine Division continued to occupy the eastern portion of the X Corps defense sector in east-central Korea. From left to right the ROKMC 1st Regiment, 7th Marines and 1st Marines held the main line of resistance with two battalions each. The 5th Marines remained in reserve until 11 November when it relieved the 1st Marines, which went into reserve. As Marines continued patrols and efforts to improve their defenses, the ROKMC added its own artillery support, the 1st Korean Artillery Battalion consisting of two medium (155 mm) and two light (105 mm) howitzer batteries.

In early 1952 the ROKMC 2nd Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Kim Doo Chan, was organized as were engineer and medical companies. In the spring of 1952, the 1st Marine Division, along with the ROKMC 1st Regiment, received orders to move across the peninsula to western Korea. The regiment was the first unit to move to its new positions along the extreme left flank of the Eighth Army, where it was given the mission of guarding the approaches to Seoul along the Jamestown Line. By 24 March, the 1st Marine Division and ROKMC 1st Regiment had relieved elements of the ROK 1st Division along the left sector of the main line of resistance, adjacent to the 1st Commonwealth Division, and were in position to continue sector outpost security and ground defense in what had become a war of attrition. On 20 March 1952 the ROKMC 1st Regiment assumed responsibility for its portion of the Jamestown Line between the Kimpo Provisional Regiment and the 1st Marines (replaced by the 5th Marines on 29 March. From 25 to 31 March the PVA made five separate probing attacks against the ROKMC 1st Regiment. On 1 April the KPA launched an attack on the ROKMC 1st Regiment positions in an attempt to capture the Freedom Gate Bridge over the Imjin River but were pushed back by dawn on 2 April. On 12–13 April the PVA increased their attacks by fire and infantry probes of the 1st Marine Division sector and on the night of 17 April launched an attack on the ROKMC 1st Regiment positions but this was beaten back with small arms and artillery fire with the ROKMC 1st Regiment losing two dead while the PVA lost 36 killed. On 23 and 24 April the 1st Marine Division withdrew from most of its outpost line reducing the vulnerability of these isolated positions and strengthening the main line of resistance.

On 5 May 1952, the Korean Marine Corps Tank Company was formed consisting of 181 men with 17 M4 Sherman tanks and one tank retriever. The company received its training in combat under the direction of USMC Company A, 1st Tank Battalion. The entire company was committed on 12 July to relieve Company A in support of the ROKMC 1st Regiment. Following a period of small unit actions along the main line of resistance, starting in August the ROKMC 1st Regiment participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill. On the night of 31 October 1952 as the ROKMC 5th Battalion was relieving the ROKMC 3rd Battalion on the right of the Regiment's position the PVA attacked the positions. Both Battalions held their positions and the PVA withdrew before dawn on 1 November leaving more than 295 dead.

In early May 1953 the ROKMC 1st Regiment went into reserve, returning to the frontline in July when it defended its positions against PVA probes during the Battle of the Berlin Outposts and Boulder City.

With the end of the war on 27 July 1953 the Korean Marines had killed an estimated 22,070 PVA/KPA while suffering 2,529 casualties.

In 1955, the 1st Marine Division was established.

Vietnam War and 1970s
South Korean President Park Chung Hee asked to participate in the Many Flags program and sent military units into Vietnam, despite opposition from both the Assembly and the public. In exchange, the United States agreed to reimburse additional military budgets to South Korea to help modernize its armed forces, totaling about a billion dollars.

The three main units deployed to Vietnam were the ROKMC's Blue Dragon Brigade (청룡; Hanja: 靑龍; Cheongryeong), ROKA Capital Division and the White Horse Division. Various South Korean special forces units were also deployed. The Republic of Korea Army's Tactical Area of Responsibility was the southern half of the I Corps. The ROKMC was deployed with the I Corps, alongside U.S. Marines.

In 1974, Commander Lee Dong-Yong of the 1st Marine Division modified the 1st Division's infantry regiment to specialize each of its 3 battalions to Airborne/Amphibious Infiltration/Ranger. This system distinguishes the 1st Marine Division from other ROKMC divisions and brigades.

1980s
In 1982, ROKMC established the '812th "Hammer" Unit'. Their mission was to perform retaliation operations against the DPRK forces. The unit's motto was 'Kill'em all, Let God sort'em out'. Their training included a 10 km ruck march in an hour with full combat gear, and carrying a 100 kg IBS(Inflatable Boat Small) overhead. Training also included 12 km continuous sea swimming.

In November 1987, the Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps was re-established; it was disbanded in October 1973 due to budget constraint.

2010s
On November 23, 2010, the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong incident occurred. There was a rigorous engagement between the North Korean Army and a South Korean Marine Corps YP unit. As a result of this event, the South Korean government cancelled its Military Reform Plan 2020 which was to downsize the number of Marine Corps personnel deployed in North-West islands. Instead, the South Korean government established the Military Reform Plan 307 (Plan 307).

Plan 307 affected ROKMC by deploying new ARTHUR artillery hunting radar to North-West islands until February 2012.

With Plan 307, Northwest Islands Defense Command (NWIDC) was established on June 15, 2011. ROKMC Commandant holds an additional position as NWIDC commander. With NWIDC, ROKMC Commandant can command Army, Navy, Airforce under NWIDC branch in actual combat situation.

Plan 307 also includes a plan to fortify all 5 islands in the North-West area until 2015 by constructing bunkers for tanks, K-9 Thunder, K-10 ARV and civilians, digging trenches, establishing Guided-Missile unit which is equipped with 60 Spike missiles and 4 launchers, deploying the Hostile Artillery Locating System (HALO) which is manufactured by the Selex Galileo company, creating an AH-1S Cobra unit under the 6th Marine Brigade in Baengnyeongdo, increasing size of artillery units in Yeonpyeong from company to battalion which changed their number of K-9 Thunder from 6 to 18, deploying the K-SAM Chunma and the K-136 multiple rocket launcher to North-West islands and increasing numbers of marines in North-West islands by more than 1000. On June 23, 2011, the South Korean National Assembly legislated a law that states the right that personnel management can be exercised by the ROKMC Commandant instead of the ROKN Chief of Naval Operations (Until 2011, the CNO exercised the latter), legislating the ROKMC Deputy Commandant, dividing and specifying ROKMC's main operation as 'amphibious operations' from ROKN 'naval operations', including the ROKMC Commandant as a formal member of the joint chiefs of the staff council, legislating the ROKMC Commandant as a member of the Defense Project Promotion Committee, giving him rights to select the uniform from CNO to the ROKMC Commandant and making the latter exercise the rights of the Management of Military Supplies of the ROKMC.

By dividing the ROKMC's main operation from ROKN, ROKMC made a stepping-stone to become a National Strategic Mobile Force.

On October 15, 2011, The law mentioned above took effect. ROKMC retrieved their record of service back from ROKN on October 13. ROKMC started issuing new uniforms since October 1. The ROKMC used to wear their own distinct uniforms before 1973, but after the ROKMC HQ were dissolved, South Korean marines had to wear uniforms similar to those used by the South Korean navy (sans the sailor caps). This new uniform is different from the new uniform of the ROKA, ROKN and the ROKAF (these 3 forces use same uniform). The new uniform was designed to camouflage marine personnel for amphibious operations by using colors of beach, sand and seaweed.

On June 4, 2012, Ministry of National Defense confirmed a plan to distribute 32 amphibious mobile helicopters to ROKMC. The ROKMC scheduled to activate an aviation group between 2017 and 2020 with 2 amphibious mobile helicopter battalions and 1 attack helicopter battalion with Colonel in chief.

Organization

The marine corps, with 29,000 personnel, is organized into two divisions and two brigades under the Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps. The Commandant of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps is a three-star general. After the bombardment of Yeonpyeong, the Commandant of the ROKMC also holds the commander position of the NWIDC (Northwest Islands Defense Command). The 1st Marine Division can operate in sea, air, land, with specializing its three infantry battalions under a single regiment to Airborne/Amphibious Assault/Ranger. Furthermore, the ROKMC's Recon units (two Reconnaissance Battalions and one Reconnaissance Company) hold various special warfare trainings such as scuba and parachuting.

The ROKMC relies on the ROK Navy for medical treatment of its wounded, as specially trained Navy medics are to some extent integrated into the Marine Corps' units and also instructing fundamental first-aid techniques to new recruits (similar to the US Navy's Corpsmen).

Quick Maneuver Force
In March 2016, the South Korean defense ministry announced the formation of a Quick Maneuver Force (nickname: "Spartan 3000", size - regiment consisting of 3,000 of South Korean marines.) The unit will be combat ready to be deployed in any part of the Korean Peninsula within 24 hours in case of an attack from the DPRK forces and will be responsible for targeting high priority targets in North Korea including nuclear facilities. This new announcement also aims to make the ROK deployment strategy more efficient as it aims to be able to deploy a ROKMC regiment within 24 hours instead of the current 48 hours.

On 2 May 2016, Quick Maneuver Force was launched with the official name: "ROK Navy·Marine Corps Quick Maneuver Force" (대한민국 해군·해병대 신속기동부대) and official nickname: "Jeseung Unit" (제승부대, 제승(制勝) means guarantee victory).

Currently, official name is "ROK Marine Corps Quick Maneuver Force" (대한민국 해병대 신속기동부대) and 2 brigades in the 1st Marine Division undertake a task of the Quick Maneuver Force in turn.

On 4 September 2017, When South Korean Miniser of National Defense, "Song Young-moo" announced that "Decapitation Unit (참수부대)" would be established in December 2017.
 * Confusion with ROK Army 13th Special Mission Brigade (Decapitation Unit)

Some western news outlets misunderstood and announced that the unit called "Spartan 3000" with the task of "Decapitation Unit (참수부대)" would be established by the end of the 2017.

But "Spartan 3000" was a nickname of the ROK Marine Corps Quick Maneuver Force and this unit was already fully formed in March 2016.

Actually, 13th Special Forces Brigade was reorganized into as the 13th Special Mission Brigade with the task of "Decapitation Unit (참수부대)" for Supreme Leader of North Korea - "Kim Jong Un" on 1 December 2017.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps (대한민국 해병대사령부)
 * Education and Training Group (교육훈련단)
 * Special Reconnaissance Battalion (특수수색대대)
 * Logistics Group (군수단)
 * Aircraft Group (항공단)
 * 1st Marine Division (Sea-Dragon, 제1해병사단)
 * Headquarters Battalion
 * Quick Maneuver Force
 * 2nd Marine Brigade (Yellow-Dragon)
 * 21st Marine Battalion
 * 22nd Marine Battalion
 * 23rd Marine Battalion
 * 3rd Marine Brigade (King-Kong)
 * 31st Marine Battalion
 * 32nd Marine Battalion
 * 33rd Marine Battalion
 * 7th Marine Brigade (Warthog)
 * 71st Marine Battalion
 * 72nd Marine Battalion
 * 73rd Marine Battalion
 * 1st Marine Artillery Brigade (Phoenix): equipped with K55/K9A1
 * 2nd Marine Artillery Battalion
 * 3rd Marine Artillery Battalion
 * 7th Marine Artillery Battalion
 * 11th Marine Artillery Battalion
 * 1st Tank Battalion: equipped with K1 Main Battle Tank
 * 1st Assault Amphibian Vehicle Battalion: equipped with KAAV7A1
 * 1st Reconnaissance Battalion
 * 1st Engineer Battalion
 * 1st Signal Battalion
 * 1st Supply Battalion
 * 1st Maintenance Battalion
 * 2nd Marine Division (Blue-Dragon, 제2해병사단)
 * Headquarters Battalion
 * 1st Marine Brigade
 * 11th Marine Battalion
 * 12th Marine Battalion
 * 13th Marine Battalion
 * 5th Marine Brigade
 * 51st Marine Battalion
 * 52nd Marine Battalion
 * 53rd Marine Battalion
 * 8th Marine Brigade
 * 81st Marine Battalion
 * 82nd Marine Battalion
 * 83rd Marine Battalion
 * 2nd Marine Artillery Brigade: equipped with K55/K9 Thunder
 * Marine Artillery Battalion
 * Marine Artillery Battalion
 * Marine Artillery Battalion
 * Marine Artillery Battalion
 * 2nd Tank Battalion: equipped with K1 Main Battle Tank
 * 2nd Assault Amphibian Vehicle Battalion: equipped with KAAV7A1
 * 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion
 * 2nd Engineer Battalion
 * 2nd Signal Battalion
 * 2nd Supply Battalion
 * 2nd Maintenance Battalion
 * 9th Marine Brigade (White-Dragon, 제9해병여단) on Jeju island
 * Headquarters Battalion
 * 91st Marine Battalion
 * 92nd Marine Battalion
 * 93rd Marine Battalion
 * Marine Artillery Battalion: equipped with K55/KH179
 * 9th Engineer Company
 * Northwest Islands Defense Command (서북도서방위사령부)
 * 6th Marine Brigade (Black-Dragon, 제6해병여단) on Baengnyeongdo island
 * Headquarters Battalion
 * 61st Marine Battalion
 * 62nd Marine Battalion
 * 63rd Marine Battalion
 * 65th Marine Battalion
 * 6th Marine Artillery Battalion: equipped with K9 Thunder/K10 ARV
 * 6th Reconnaissance Company
 * 6th Engineer Company
 * Yeon-Pyeong Unit (Dinosaur, 연평부대) on Yeonpyeong island
 * Headquarters Battalion
 * 90th Marine Battalion
 * 9th Marine Artillery Battalion: equipped K9 Thunder/K10 ARV
 * U-do Garrison Unit

Ranks
In the South Korean armed forces, ranks fall into one of four categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer, and junior enlisted (Byeong), in decreasing order of authority.

Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into Jangseong-level (general) officers, Yeonggwan-level (field-grade) officers, and Wigwan-level (company-grade) officers.
 * Commissioned officer

All branches of the South Korean armed forces maintain a single Warrant Officer rank known as Junwi. Warrant Officers fall in between non-commissioned and commissioned officers. The rank is denoted by a gold-colored Sowi insignia.
 * Warrant officer

In the South Korean armed forces, personnel with ranks of Hasa through Wonsa are considered non-commissioned officers. There are enlisted ranks called "Corporal" and "Sergeant" in English, but they are not considered non-commissioned officer ranks, though they are treated as one if they hold an NCO position. Ideungbyeong (이등병; Hanja: 2等兵), Ildeungbyeong (일등병; Hanja: 1等兵), and Sangdeungbyeong (상등병; Hanja: 上等兵) are commonly referred to as Ibyeong, Ilbyeong, and Sangbyeong respectively.
 * Enlisted

Equipment
Acquisition plans are tied to Army procurement and focus on increasing tactical mobility, firepower, and command and control.

Until the mid-1990s, the ROKMC fleet of Amphibious Vehicles consisted of 61 Landing Vehicles Tracked (LVT) and 42 AAV7A1. In the early 1980s all Amtracs in ROKMC service were modified to LVTP7A1 standard, but the original variant remained for many more years in service. In an effort to replace the LVTs, the ROKMC undertook a 57 AAV7A1 co-production contract, later increased with an additional 67 AAV7A1 vehicles. Since 1998, South Korea had deployed these 124 new vehicles to enhance its defense against North Korea as well as replacing its current fleet consisting of obsolete vehicles.

The Marine Corps has no aircraft of its own, thus relying on aerial support from the Army and Navy. The service plans to create an aviation brigade with transport and KAI Surion attack helicopters by 2015. To strengthen its intelligence-gathering and surveillance capabilities, the service also is considering deploying unmanned aerial vehicles for reconnaissance. The current M48A3K Main Battle Tanks are being replaced by around 50 to 60 K1 tanks. To support the force, K55, K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzers and KH179 towed howitzers are used. The individual equipment may vary. The old ERDL type camouflage is still in use with training units, although it has been phased out largely by the ROKMC's new digital camouflage. The M-1956 Load-Carrying Equipment, alongside large backpacks (similar to the ALICE backpacks) are still used, though most units now have been issued newer, updated LCE gear or combat vests and often also body-armor/plate-carriers and modern rucksacks with MOLLE webbing. The helmets in use are of the traditional steel-type (similar to the M1 and M80) and Kevlar helmets. Some units, such as Recon units, prefer the use of boonie hats.

In 2013, the ROKMC procured four Plasan Sandcat light protected vehicles with 67 Spike NLOS guided missiles.

By the end of 2017, ROK Marine Corps forces are to deploy the Bigung (flying arrow) guided rocket system near the Northern Limit Line (NLL) along the western sea border to protect the islands of Baengnyeong and Yeonpyeong from assault by North Korean hovercraft. The Bigung is a truck-mounted launcher that uses the LOGIR guided rocket, which is 2.75 in in diameter, 1.9 m long and weighs 15 kg with a range of 5-8 km. Each system is capable of engaging multiple craft, with target acquisition and designation sights (TADS) and an uncooled infrared detector that can independently detect and track multiple targets simultaneously. Compared to coastal artillery, the system is more mobile and versatile, and can fire up to 36-40 rockets at once. The Agency for Defense Development partnered with LIG Nex1 for development and production.

Firearms

 * Daewoo K1A Carbine/SMG, issued to tank/helicopter/vehicle crews, some elite-units use K1As with aftermarket handguards, rail-systems and sights.
 * Daewoo K2/K2C Standard-issue assault rifle, often used in conjunction with the K201 40 mm grenade launcher, Picatinny RIS issued to all Reconnaissance units, top-mounted Picatinny rails being issued to all active units
 * Daewoo K3 Standard-issue LMG
 * Daewoo K5 Standard handgun, issued to tank/helicopter crews and high-ranking officers
 * Daewoo K7 Silenced SMG in use with some special units
 * Daewoo K14 Sniper rifle in use with Recon units
 * Steyr SSG 69 Sniper rifle used by some elite units
 * Accuracy International AWM Sniper rifle used by some elite units
 * Colt M16A1 Assault rifle, license-produced by (Daewoo) S&T Precision, used by some training units alongside the K2
 * M1 Garand Semi-automatic battle rifle, used by honor guard only

Joint exercises
On November 21, 2023, the Marine Corps of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Korea held first exercises in last 5 years in the city of Pohang, in which about 3,400 marines, more than 30 amphibious assault vehicles and 10 Navy ships took part. During the exercises, amphibious landings in the coastal zone were practiced using amphibious ships, transport aircraft and helicopters, while Navy ships and attack helicopters provided cover for the troops.

title: Republic of Korea Marine Corps


text:
Account

Account (abbreviated a/c) may refer to:

 * Account (bookkeeping)
 * A report
 * A bank account
 * Deposit account
 * Personal account
 * Sweep account
 * Transaction account
 * User account, the means by which a user can access a computer system
 * Customer of a company, used in B2B business
 * account manager
 * account executive

title: Account