text:
User talk:CheeseLover

Category gymnast
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. I notice you added Category:Gymnasts to the Kyle Shewfelt. This category doesn;t actually belong on the article as he is already in Category:Canadian gymnasts. All articles only go in the most specific categories possible. - SimonP 04:16, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC) --

Easter Island
Regarding your edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Island&diff=18250207&oldid=15947816), please don't delete a bunch of stuff without explaining what you're up to, it looks like vandalism. If there's some legit reason, eg, a bunch of commercial links or whatnot, then say so. Uncommented 'delete a bunch o stuff' changes are suspicious. - Chairboy 6 July 2005 14:30 (UTC)

in regards to what i did on the easter island page, many of the external links were irrelevant because sites already linked contained the same information. i don't understand how it can be considered vandalism or even 'delete a bunch o stuff', all i did was delete some external links and reworded a few sentences. CheeseLover 06:35, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the edit, makes sense now that you explain it, but most people can't read your mind, hence the edit summary, especially when it's removing content. Someone else thought those links were useful, do them the courtesy of at least saying why you disagree as you take 'em out. A "Cleaned up redundant links" can do wonders. And caaaalm down. - Chairboy 14:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

why do you feel the need to have a whinge when somebody hasn't left a reason for editing? most users do it all the time - wikipedia articles are always edited mercilessly. it should've been pretty obvious why i edited - this is not google, why would somebody need numerous external links when they've got an encyclopaedia article in front of them? i want to hear why it could be considered vandalism - i havent gone in a written "i love john, he's got great bitch tits" CheeseLover 10:59, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

My suggestion is essentially 'use the Edit Summary so people know what you're doing and why'. It's a suggestion, and you're not obligated to follow it or anything. I didn't write the article, and I didn't add those links. If I thought it was straight up vandalism, I would have just reverted your change, but it looked borderline, so I inquired with you here. The Edit summary isn't mandatory, but it IS a tool that you can use to help prevent unfortunate misunderstandings. Whether you choose to use it or not is up to you, of course, and I'm not gonna try and club you over the head with it. In regards to you cheese question on my user page, we've got plenty, but nothing beats a nice Bobka or Paska dish. - Chairboy 14:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Noelfielding.jpg
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Source and license of all the images you have uploaded
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 * I just went through and marked the problematic ones with "no source". Thue | talk 20:03, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Tamara Yerofeeva -

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Invitation to discussion
You have been cordially invited to discuss Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Gymnastics following this and this discussions. Thanks for your quick and prompt response. --Osplace 15:26, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:CheeseLover


text:
Susmit Sen

Susmit Sen is an Indian guitarist formerly part of Indian Ocean, an Indian fusion rock band, which he founded with lead vocalist Asheem Chakravarty in 1990. Sen released his first solo album, Depths of the Ocean in 2011, in the following year, he also started touring with his separate band, The Susmit Sen Chronicles, and eventually left Indian Ocean in 2013 to pursue a solo career.

Early life and career
Susmit Sen's first guitar was one bought by his father for his elder brother in Mumbai. He had been influenced by his brother's ability to attract attention by playing the guitar.

He did his schooling from St. Xavier's School, Delhi in 1981, and graduation from Hansraj College.

Career
A self-taught musician, Sen started the band, Indian Ocean, with Late Asheem Chakravarty in 1990. They were joined by Rahul Ram in 1991, and in 1991 by multi-instrumentalist Amit Kilam completing the quartet. Using Indian rhythms, melodies and folk music influences the band created a unique sound and soon achieved success; in following decades produced five studio albums, and a live album, Desert Rain. Besides this a concert DVD, Indian Ocean Live In Concert of their two-hour live concert at the Garden of Five Senses in Delhi was released in 2008. Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean (2010) directed by Jaideep Varma, it became the first band ever in India to be subject of a documentary. At the 58th National Film Awards, the documentary went on to win the Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film.

Founder member, Chakravarty died suddenly in 2009, due to heart attack. Sen released his first solo debut album Depths of the Ocean in 2011, an album which had been in the making for the last ten years. Featuring collaboration with Shubha Mudgal, Nitin Malik, Papon, and Asheem Chakravarty. In 2012, he started touring with a new setup of artistes, called The Susmit Sen Chronicles, which included drummer Nikhil Vasudevan, bassist Anirban Ghosh, tabla player Varun Gupta and vocalists Amit Sharma and Sudhir Rikhari. Thereafter Sen left Indian Ocean in June 2013, to pursue his solo career. However, he joined the Indian Ocean for a farewell tour in end 2013, thereafter he was replaced by guitarist Nikhil Rao.

Early, 2014 saw the release of an eponymously titled coffee table photography book on the group's history. As a tribute, the Dehradun Guitar Company has created the SS Series of Guitars named after Susmit Sen. He started work on his second solo-album in October 2013 and completed it in following March. In July 2014, the album Ocean to Ocean was released, which also featured a collaborative track with Bernie Marsden, the former Whitesnake guitarist. Later in the year he released his memoir, Ocean to Ocean: A Memoir co-written with Sehba Imam. In its 2014 listing of "25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years", "Rolling Stone India" featured two songs, Ma Rewa and Kandisa from the album, Kandisa (2000).

Indian Ocean

 * Indian Ocean (1993)
 * Desert Rain (1997)
 * Kandisa (2000)
 * Jhini (2004)
 * Black Friday (2005)
 * 16/330 Khajoor Road (2010)
 * Footballwaaliyan (2019)

Susmit Sen Chronicles

 * Depths of the Ocean (2011)
 * Ocean to Ocean (2014)

Filmography

 * Swaraj: The Little Republic (2003)
 * Black Friday (2004)
 * Peepli Live (2010)
 * Footballwaaliyan (2019)

Works

 * Ocean to Ocean: A Memoir (with Sehba Imam), HarperCollins, 2014. ISBN 9351362019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Susmit Sen


text:
David Noonan

David Noonan may refer to:

 * David Noonan (artist) (born 1969), London artist
 * David Noonan (cricketer) (1876–1929), Australian cricketer
 * David Noonan (game designer), designer for the Dungeons & Dragons game
 * David Noonan (environmentalist), Australian anti-nuclear activist and climate campaigner
 * David Noonan, New Democratic Party candidate at the 2003 Ontario provincial election

title: David Noonan


text:
John Abt

John Jacob Abt (May 1, 1904 – August 10, 1991) was an American lawyer and politician, who spent most of his career as chief counsel to the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and was a member of the Communist Party and the Soviet spy network "Ware Group" as alleged by Whittaker Chambers.

Background
Abt was born on May 1, 1904, in Chicago, Illinois. His sister was Marion Bachrach. He was a graduate of the University of Chicago, and from its law school.

Career
Abt practiced real estate and corporate law in Chicago from 1927 to 1933.

Government (1933–1938)
Abt was the Chief of Litigation, Agricultural Adjustment Administration from 1933 to 1935, assistant general counsel of the Works Progress Administration in 1935 (where Lee Pressman was also working), chief counsel to Senator Robert La Follette, Jr.'s Committee from 1936 to 1937 and special assistant to the United States Attorney General, 1937 and 1938.

Unions (1938–1948)
From 1938 to 1948, he worked at chief counsel of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union under Sidney Hillman, who hired him. By this time, the ACW had affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

In his memoir, Abt claimed that leaders of the Communist Party of the USA had inspired the idea of the CIO-PAC:    "In 1943, Gene Dennis came to me and Lee Pressman to first raise the idea of a political action committee to organize labor support for Roosevelt in the approaching 1944 election. Pressman approached Murray with the idea, as I did with Hillman. Both men seized upon the proposal with great enthusiasm." Abt and Pressman became the CIO-PAC's co-counsels. (Thus, in 1943, as American spy Elizabeth Bentley resurrected the Ware Group [of which Abt had been a member], Abt could not risk involvement with her or the group. Instead, the group reformed without him under Victor Perlo as the Perlo Group. )

By January 1946, he was also working as general counsel for the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and traveled to Russia with a CIO delegation, which included Pressman. (The CIO had long-term support from communists; in 1947, CIO leaders like Walter Reuther pushed out communist elements and again in 1949 after the CIO's merger with the American Federation of Labor [AFL] to form the AFL-CIO.)

Politics (1946–1948)
In September 1946, Abt appeared on the New York state ticket of American Labor Party candidates: Benjamin Fielding for Lieutenant Governor, Harry J. Chapman for State Controller, Joseph Lucchi for Attorney General, John T. Loughran for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, and John Abt for Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals.

In October 1946, he (as ACWA general counsel) joined other "liberal and progressive groups" in forming the new Progressive Party.

Progressive Party (1948)
In February 1948, Abt left the Amalgamated and Lee Pressman left the CIO to go work for the Progressive Party to support its presidential candidate, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace. At the time, the Washington Post dubbed Abt, Pressman, and Calvin Benham "Beanie" Baldwin (C. B. Baldwin) as "influential insiders" and "stage managers" in the Wallace campaign. He also supported the candidacy in New York of Vito Marcantonio, a leader of the American Labor Party.

CPUSA Counsel (1950–1970s)
From 1951 to 1953, Abt joined Vito Marcantonio and Joseph Forer in defending the CPUSA on a charge from the McCarran Act.

In January 1955 Abt defended Claude Lightfoot in Chicago, an African-American Communist on trial under the 1940 Smith Act for belonging to a group that advocates the overthrow of the US government. This trial marked the first time the government attempted to convict an individual solely as a member of a group conspiring against the nation, rather than for individual actions. Although Abt's short and simple defense did not succeed at this trial, Lightfoot's conviction was ultimately overturned by the US Supreme Court in 1964.

In 1960, Abt again defended the CPUSA before the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of the McCarran Act. In 1961, however, the Court sustained the section of the act requiring Communist-action organizations to register with the Government by a vote of five to four.

During Lee Harvey Oswald's interrogation by the Dallas Police on the evening of 22 November 1963, pending his arraignment for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, he requested the services of Mr. Abt:    "I want that attorney in New York, Mr. Abt. I don't know him personally but I know about a case that he handled some years ago, where he represented the people who had violated the Smith Act, [which made it illegal to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government] ... I don't know him personally, but that is the attorney I want. ... If I can't get him, then I may get the American Civil Liberties Union to send me an attorney." However, Abt and his wife had left New York City that day for a weekend at their cabin in Connecticut. He did not learn of Oswald's request until the following day. He told reporters that he had received no request either from Oswald or from anyone on his behalf to represent him, and so was in no position to give a definite answer. He said later that "if I were requested to represent him, I felt that it would probably be difficult, if not impossible, for me to do so because of my commitments to other clients."

In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled that individuals may invoke their constitutional privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to register with the Government as members of the US Communist Party. Abt considered this decision as his greatest legal victory.

Abt was one of the first attorneys to represent Angela Davis for her alleged involvement in the 1970 Marin County courthouse incident. Margaret Burnham worked with him and later wrote a foreword to his memoir.

Ware Group (1934–1944)
Abt was also a member of the Ware Group, a covert organization of Communist Party operatives within the United States government in the 1930s, which actively aided Soviet intelligence by passing on government information, as well as furnishing assistance to members of the CPUSA. Abt's sister, Marion Bachrach, was also a member of the group. After the group's founder, Harold Ware, was killed in an automobile collision in 1935, Abt married Jessica Smith, Ware's widow.

In late 1943, Jacob Golos, who headed the CPUSA's secret apparatus, was referred to a spy ring of party members by General Secretary of the party, Earl Browder. This ring had been engaged for some time in espionage for Browder, and held regular clandestine meetings at Abt's apartment. In early 1944, Golos sent Elizabeth Bentley to make contact with the group at Abt's apartment. In attendance was Abt, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer, Harry Magdoff and Edward Fitzgerald. They discussed paying party dues to Bentley, the various types of information each would be able to deliver, and the type of information other members not in attendance would also be willing to deliver.

In late 1943, the Federal Bureau of Investigation opened an investigation of Abt. Its surveillance showed frequent meetings in the early months of 1944 between Abt and a man then known as Alexander Stevens, one of the several pseudonyms used by the shadowy J. Peters, a party 'enforcer' who at one time headed the CPUSA's secret apparatus, and was involved in clandestine Soviet intelligence activities in the U.S., until his deportation to Hungary in 1948.

Hiss Case (1948)
In 1948, under subpoena before HUAC, Whittaker Chambers named Abt among members of the Ware Group. Abt refused to give testimony.

(In 1996, it became known that Abt was referenced in Venona decrypts #588 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944 and #687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944. )

Named by Pressman (1950)
Called again before Congress to give testimony on Communist Party activities, on August 28, 1950, Lee Pressman reversed his previous decision to exercise his Fifth Amendment rights and gave testimony against his former comrades. Pressman stated: In my desire to see the destruction of Hitlerism and an improvement in economic conditions here at home, I joined a Communist group in Washington, D. C., about 1934. My participation in such group extended for about a year, to the best of my recollection. I recall that about the latter part of 1935— the precise date I cannot recall, but it is a matter of public record — I left the Government service and left Washington to reenter the private practice of law in New York City. And at that time I discontinued any further participation in the group from that date until the present. He stated that he had no information about the political views of his former law school classmate Alger Hiss and specifically denied that Hiss was a participant in this Washington group. He indicated that in at least one meeting of his group, perhaps two, he had met Soviet intelligence agent J. Peters. Although he made no mention of having himself conducted intelligence-gathering activities, his 1950 testimony provided the first corroboration of Chambers' allegation that a Washington, DC communist group around Ware existed, with federal officials Nathan Witt, John Abt and Charles Kramer named as members of this party cell.

TIME magazine mocked Pressman in its reportage in the issue following his hearing: "Like many another smart young man who followed the Communist line, sharp-eyed, sharply dressed Attorney Lee Pressman did very well for a long time. Har-vardman Pressman launched his leftward-turning career in Henry Wallace's AAA back in 1933, ended up as chief counsel of the CIO. He held the post for twelve years. But though he was a skilled labor lawyer, his fellow-traveling finally became too much for Phil Murray; 2½ years ago, Murray tearfully threw him out. His star did not entirely wane. He became a power among the back-room Reds who steered Henry Wallace through the presidential campaign. But when the Korean war began, he, like Wallace, began slipping away from his Commie cronies. California's Congressman Richard Nixon, scenting opportunity, decided to call him before the House Un-American Activities Committee and ask him a few questions. (Once before, when Whittaker Chambers named Pressman as a member of the same elite apparatus as Alger Hiss, Pressman had taken refuge in the Fifth Amendment, refused to answer Congressmen's questions.) Last week, Pressman decided to reverse his field... This week ... he reluctantly consented to name three men who had been fellow Communists in the '30s—John Abt, Nathan Witt and Charles Kramer..." Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)

Abt was requested for legal assistance by Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald upon Oswald's arrests. An FBI document dated Nov 23, 1963, states that police captain Will Fritz confirmed that Oswald was sent a telegram from a Chicago attorney, but Fritz did not deliver it to Oswald as Oswald had expressly asked for Abt to defend him.

Confession
In his memoir posthumously published in 1993, Abt revealed that the Ware Group was a Communist Party unit and that he had been a member.

Personal life and death
On March 14, 1937, Abt married Jessica Smith Ware, widow of Harold Ware; she died in 1983.

Later, he married Vita Barsky.

In 1984, on his 80th birthday, Abt admitted to being a long-time member of the CPUSA.

On August 10, 1991, Abt died at the Columbia-Greene Medical Center in Hudson, New York from a stroke. He was 87.

Works
Abt's memoir appeared in print in 1993, some two years after his death in 1991. In its review, the peer-reviewed Labor Studies Journal expressed doubt in many of Abt's major claims (e.g., "To hear John Abt tell about it, the chief counsel to the American Communist party knew virtually nothing about the inner workings of the party") and in fact "shed a dark light on Communist morality and class position."

 * Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer (University of Illinois Press 1993).

External sources

 * John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
 * Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999).
 * New York FBI report, 9 April 1944, John Jacob Abt FBI file 100-236194, serial 6.
 * The Warren Commission Report, Volume X – Testimony of John J. Abt
 * New York FBI report, 9 April 1944, John Jacob Abt FBI file 100-236194, serial 6.
 * The Warren Commission Report, Volume X – Testimony of John J. Abt

title: John Abt


text:
Talk:Dahalo language

Number of speakers
The first paragraph of the article says 3000 people:

Dahalo is an endangered South Cushitic language spoken by about 3000 people in Kenya.

However, the box to the right says 400. Which is correct? Mga 01:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Good catch. There are at most 400 speakers now (cf. Brenzinger 1992, Tosco 1992). I've changed it. — mark ✎ 07:51, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Airstream mechanism
It says in the article that Dahalo is perhaps the only language to employ all four airstream mechanisms used in human language. What about Xhosa for example? --Midjungards (talk) 15:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You are right, Xhosa uses plosion, implosion, ejective, and velaric mechanisms. I'll edit the sentence. (Taivo (talk) 16:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC))
 * That might be a theoretical difference. Xhosa is often represented with the ejectives being phonetic detail. However, you can't do that with Dahalo. kwami (talk) 18:55, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think that the "X language is unique" comments are pretty lame in linguistics. Just as soon as one is published, it's contradicted in the literature by half a dozen people who say, "Uh, no, this language does that, too."  (I've written "Uh, no" articles myself.)  Since some sources treat the Xhosa ejectives as subphonemic and others treat them as phonemic, it's best to take the "uniqueness" tag off Dahalo I think.  Zulu also has the same four way distinction as Xhosa (although the ejectives may be subphonemic there as well).  But within Khoisan, !Xu also has a phonemic four-way. (Taivo (talk) 20:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC))
 * It has implosives? Do you have refs? Or were you referring to s.t. else? kwami (talk) 01:49, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Snyman, Jan W. 1970.  An Introduction to the !Xu (!Kung) Language.  Cape Town:  A.A. Balkema. (Sorry my response is so much later than your question, I must have been ignoring my watchlist or something.) (Taivo (talk) 05:13, 24 April 2008 (UTC))

Question on IPA symbol in consonant chart
The consonant chart uses a slightly different symbol for the alveolar apical plosives that is not the symbol usually used for alveolar plosives. For example, the alveolar apical voiceless plain plosive, the symbol used is t̠. Perhaps the proper pronounciation of that phoneme could be explained, or a wiki link created to an explanatory page (if one already exists). Thanks. — Jclu (talk) 16:51, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The consonant chart looks like it was taken straight from the Maddieson et al. article in the references section (I've added a link) - the apical diacritic is the same one they use. They refer to the stops as dental & alveolar, though (not apical & laminal); that may be why they used a non-standard symbol? WmGB (talk) 19:15, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * So the symbol denotes apical pronounciation? Thanks; good to know. — Jclu (talk) 22:30, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, it's a retraction symbol, the point being that it's further back than the laminal dentals. They say that these are almost retroflex, that is, they're verging on post-alveolar, so the retraction symbol is appropriate. kwami (talk) 10:37, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Missing Reference
Tosco 1992? This needs a complete reference. (Taivo (talk) 12:29, 13 February 2009 (UTC))

Endangered?
It seems given the number of speakers and the fact that children are not learning it, "moribound" may be a more accurate characterization than "endangered". Does anyone have a source for either one? Joefromrandb (talk) 05:35, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It's moribund once children are no longer learning it. I'm not sure that's the case, though it would seem that there are not very many children learning it. — kwami (talk) 05:39, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Consonant inventory
(Cont'd from User talk:Tropylium) Yes, you're right, just pooling the two accounts leads to some duplication (although it's Tosco's /tʃʼ/ that Ladefoged & co analyze as a plain alveolars, not /tsʼ/). I considered instead presenting their intersection but that runs into the issue that several consonants were probably not caught by L&co due to, by their admittance, a fairly small sampling of the language. They also seem to misrepresent Tosco in claiming that his /v/ would be just a variant of /w/.

You can check out his paper on Academia.edu, BTW.

As for "inflated", Tosco basically appears to argue that there is no native Dahalo phonology any more (all speakers being apparently bilingual+); i.e. loanwords from the main contact languages have ceased to be nativized in any way and are brought over in their basic Swahili, Oromo etc. forms. "As is probably the case in any bi- or multilingual community, the boundaries between the systems, initially strongly perceived by the speakers, gradually fade away (…) [A]s more and more loans creep in, they are simply stored, unanalyzed." The point is that Dahalo is at any rate full of loanword phonemes, and differences in the inventory will result from what other languages any particular informant speaks. A better word than "inflated" might be findable.

The "more original verb-final" system would seem to be a partially historical analysis though. -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 12:36, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

 * If phonemes depend on what languages people speak, as you noted, then that is indeed an argument for the inventory being inflated. But if they've been assimilated by people who do not speak the source language, they're now part of the inventory.  But Tosco's comment is a valuable one, which I think we should add to the text.
 * I thought /tʼ/ was /tsʼ/. Ladefoged has both /tʼ/ and /tʃʼ/, does he not? (Though /tʃʼ/ is marginal; maybe he mentioned it somewhere but did not include it in the table?).  What reason do we have to think L misrepresented T on /v/?  I remember having some reservations about Tosco, such as listing /ᵑʇ/ as prenasalized. — kwami (talk) 20:26, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dahalo language


text: Category:Algerian people by occupation

title: Category:Algerian people by occupation


text:
Amyloid-beta precursor protein

Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is coded for by the gene APP and regulated by substrate presentation. APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Genetics
Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. In humans, the gene APP is located on chromosome 21 and contains 18 exons spanning 290 kilobases. Several alternative splicing isoforms of APP have been observed in humans, ranging in length from 639 to 770 amino acids, with certain isoforms preferentially expressed in neurons; changes in the neuronal ratio of these isoforms have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Homologous proteins have been identified in other organisms such as Drosophila (fruit flies), C. elegans (roundworms), and all mammals. The amyloid beta region of the protein, located in the membrane-spanning domain, is not well conserved across species and has no obvious connection with APP's native-state biological functions.

Mutations in critical regions of amyloid precursor protein, including the region that generates amyloid beta (Aβ), cause familial susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. For example, several mutations outside the Aβ region associated with familial Alzheimer's have been found to dramatically increase production of Aβ.

A mutation (A673T) in the APP gene protects against Alzheimer's disease. This substitution is adjacent to the beta secretase cleavage site and results in a 40% reduction in the formation of amyloid beta in vitro.

Structure
A number of different structural domains that fold mostly on their own have been found in the APP sequence. The extracellular region, much larger than the intracellular region, is divided into the E1 and E2 domains, linked by an acidic domain (AcD); E1 contains two subdomains including a growth factor-like domain (GFLD) and a copper-binding domain (CuBD) interacting tightly together. A serine protease inhibitor domain, absent from the isoform differentially expressed in the brain, is found between acidic region and E2 domain. The complete crystal structure of APP has not yet been solved; however, individual domains have been successfully crystallized, the growth factor-like domain, the copper-binding domain, the complete E1 domain and the E2 domain.

Isoform diversity
Amyloid-beta precursor protein is highly versatile with several isoforms generated through alternative splicing of its mRNA. The primary isoforms include APP695, APP751, and APP770, differing in their inclusion of certain exons, mainly exon 7 and 8. APP695 is predominantly expressed in neuronal cells and is crucial for normal neuronal function. APP751 and APP770 are more widely expressed in non-neuronal tissues but exhibit distinct expression patterns during neuron differentiation. The differential expression of these isoforms plays a significant role in cellular processes such as neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the isoform diversity of APP is essential for deciphering its various physiological and pathological roles.

Post-translational processing
APP undergoes extensive post-translational modification including glycosylation, phosphorylation, sialylation, and tyrosine sulfation, as well as many types of proteolytic processing to generate peptide fragments. It is commonly cleaved by proteases in the secretase family; alpha secretase and beta secretase both remove nearly the entire extracellular domain to release membrane-anchored carboxy-terminal fragments that may be associated with apoptosis. Cleavage by gamma secretase within the membrane-spanning domain after beta-secretase cleavage generates the amyloid-beta fragment; gamma secretase is a large multi-subunit complex whose components have not yet been fully characterized, but include presenilin, whose gene has been identified as a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's.

The amyloidogenic processing of APP has been linked to its presence in lipid rafts. When APP molecules occupy a lipid raft region of membrane, they are more accessible to and differentially cleaved by beta secretase, whereas APP molecules outside a raft are differentially cleaved by the non-amyloidogenic alpha secretase. Gamma secretase activity has also been associated with lipid rafts. The role of cholesterol in lipid raft maintenance has been cited as a likely explanation for observations that high cholesterol and apolipoprotein E genotype are major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

Biological function
Although the native biological role of APP is of obvious interest to Alzheimer's research, thorough understanding has remained elusive. Experimental models of Alzheimer's disease are commonly used by researchers to gain better understandings about the biological function of APP in disease pathology and progression.

Synaptic formation and repair
The most-substantiated role for APP is in synaptic formation and repair; its expression is upregulated during neuronal differentiation and after neural injury. Roles in cell signaling, long-term potentiation, and cell adhesion have been proposed and supported by as-yet limited research. In particular, similarities in post-translational processing have invited comparisons to the signaling role of the surface receptor protein Notch.

APP knockout mice are viable and have relatively minor phenotypic effects including impaired long-term potentiation and memory loss without general neuron loss. On the other hand, transgenic mice with upregulated APP expression have also been reported to show impaired long-term potentiation.

The logical inference is that because Aβ accumulates excessively in Alzheimer's disease its precursor, APP, would be elevated as well. However, neuronal cell bodies contain less APP as a function of their proximity to amyloid plaques. The data indicate that this deficit in APP results from a decline in production rather than an increase in catalysis. Loss of a neuron's APP may affect physiological deficits that contribute to dementia.

Somatic recombination
In neurons of the human brain, somatic recombination occurs frequently in the gene that encodes APP. Neurons from individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease show greater APP gene diversity due to somatic recombination than neurons from healthy individuals.

Anterograde neuronal transport
Molecules synthesized in the cell bodies of neurons must be conveyed outward to the distal synapses. This is accomplished via fast anterograde transport. It has been found that APP can mediate interaction between cargo and kinesin and thus facilitate this transport. Specifically, a short peptide 15-amino-acid sequence from the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus is necessary for interaction with the motor protein.

Additionally, it has been shown that the interaction between APP and kinesin is specific to the peptide sequence of APP. In a recent experiment involving transport of peptide-conjugated colored beads, controls were conjugated to a single amino acid, glycine, such that they display the same terminal carboxylic acid group as APP without the intervening 15-amino-acid sequence mentioned above. The control beads were not motile, which demonstrated that the terminal COOH moiety of peptides is not sufficient to mediate transport.

Iron export
A different perspective on Alzheimer's is revealed by a mouse study that has found that APP possesses ferroxidase activity similar to ceruloplasmin, facilitating iron export through interaction with ferroportin; it seems that this activity is blocked by zinc trapped by accumulated Aβ in Alzheimer's. It has been shown that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'UTR of APP mRNA can disrupt its translation.

The hypothesis that APP has ferroxidase activity in its E2 domain and facilitates export of Fe(II) is possibly incorrect since the proposed ferroxidase site of APP located in the E2 domain does not have ferroxidase activity.

As APP does not possess ferroxidase activity within its E2 domain, the mechanism of APP-modulated iron efflux from ferroportin has come under scrutiny. One model suggests that APP acts to stabilize the iron efflux protein ferroportin in the plasma membrane of cells thereby increasing the total number of ferroportin molecules at the membrane. These iron-transporters can then be activated by known mammalian ferroxidases (i.e. ceruloplasmin or hephaestin).

Hormonal regulation
The amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP), and all associated secretases, are expressed early in development and play a key role in the endocrinology of reproduction – with the differential processing of AβPP by secretases regulating human embryonic stem cell (hESC) proliferation as well as their differentiation into neural precursor cells (NPC). The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) increases AβPP expression and hESC proliferation while progesterone directs AβPP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway, which promotes hESC differentiation into NPC.

AβPP and its cleavage products do not promote the proliferation and differentiation of post-mitotic neurons; rather, the overexpression of either wild-type or mutant AβPP in post-mitotic neurons induces apoptotic death following their re-entry into the cell cycle. It is postulated that the loss of sex steroids (including progesterone) but the elevation in luteinizing hormone, the adult equivalent of hCG, post-menopause and during andropause drives amyloid-β production and re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle.

Interactions
Amyloid precursor protein has been shown to interact with:

 * APBA1,
 * APBA2,
 * APBA3,
 * APBB1,
 * APPBP1,
 * APPBP2,
 * BCAP31,
 * BLMH
 * CLSTN1,
 * CAV1,
 * COL25A1,
 * FBLN1,
 * GSN,
 * HSD17B10, and
 * SHC1.

APP interacts with reelin, a protein implicated in a number of brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.

title: Amyloid-beta precursor protein


text: User talk:69.43.28.240

title: User talk:69.43.28.240


text:
Old Parliament House, New Delhi

The Old Parliament House, officially known as the Samvidhan Sadan (Constitution House), was the seat of the Imperial Legislative Council of India between 18 January 1927 and 15 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and the Parliament of India between 26 January 1950 and 18 September 2023. For 73 years, it housed the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha (the lower and upper houses) respectively in India's bicameral parliament.

The building was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and was constructed between 1921 and 1927. It was opened in January 1927 as the seat of the Imperial Legislative Council and was known as the Council House. Following the British withdrawal from India, it was taken over by the Constituent Assembly of India, and then by the Indian Parliament once India's Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950 with India becoming a republic.

The New Parliament House, built near this building on a triangular plot from 2020 to 2023 was inaugurated on 28 May 2023. It was built as part of the Indian government's Central Vista Redevelopment Project.

History

The building was designed by the British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker in 1912–1913. The structure was built over a period of six years, starting in 1921 and culminating in 1927. Following the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, there was an expansion of the Legislative Assembly which necessitated the construction of the building. The iconic circular design was proposed by Lutyens, who believed that this would be the most efficient design given the triangular shape of the plot of land on which the building is located.

The foundation stone was laid by HRH Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, in February 1921. On 18 January 1927, Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra, a Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council, in charge of the Department of Industries and Labour, invited Lord Irwin, then Viceroy of India, to inaugurate the building. The third session of Central Legislative Assembly was held in this building on 19 January 1927.

After independence, the house served as the seat of the Constituent Assembly from 1947–1950. The Constitution of India was created here, under the presidency of Rajendra Prasad.

Two floors were added to the structure in 1956 due to a demand for more space.

The Parliament Museum, which was opened in 2006, stands next to the Parliament House, in the building of the Parliamentary Library.

Description
The architectural style of the structure can be described as an amalgamation of a classical style of architecture inspired from Greece and Rome and structural elements and decorative motifs from Indian architecture. The perimeter of the building is circular, with 144 columns on the outside. At the centre of the building is the circular Central Chamber, and surrounding this Chamber are three semicircular halls that were constructed for the sessions of the Chamber of Princes (now used as the Library Hall), the State Council (later used for the Rajya Sabha), and the Central Legislative Assembly (later used for the Lok Sabha). The former parliament is surrounded by large gardens and the perimeter is fenced off by sandstone railings (jali). The current building is planned to be converted into a Museum of Democracy after the new Parliament House becomes operational.

Background
Proposals for a new parliament building to replace Parliament House emerged in the early 2010s as a result of questions being asked about the stability of the original structure. In 2012, a committee was assembled by the then Speaker, Mira Kumar, to suggest and assess several alternatives to the usage of the building.

Commencement
In 2019, the Indian government launched the Central Vista Redevelopment Project, a multi-billion dollar project to redevelop the Central Vista, India's central administrative area near Raisina Hill, New Delhi. The construction of a new parliament building, as well as redeveloping the Rajpath will create a new office and residence for the Indian prime minister, as well as combining all ministerial buildings in a single central secretariat.

The groundbreaking ceremony for the new building was held in October 2020 and the foundation stone was laid on 10 December 2020.

Museum of Democracy

After the inauguration of the New Parliament House, the Old Parliament House will be converted to a Museum of Democracy. In a speech held on 19 September 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed that the building be renamed Samvidhan Sadan ("Constitution House"). Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Om Birla, announced later that day that it had been so renamed.

2001 terror attack
On 13 December 2001, five terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) - two Pakistan-raised terrorist organisations - entered the grounds of Parliament and attempted to invade the building. They were all killed outside the building. The attack led to the deaths of six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Services personnel, and a gardener – nine others in total – and led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff.

title: Old Parliament House, New Delhi


text:
Thomas Müller (SS officer)

Thomas Müller (born February 2, 1902, date of death unknown) was a German Waffen-SS officer who commanded the SS-NCO Training School (Waffen-SS-Unterführerschule) in Radolfzell, 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen, 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen and the 6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Langemarck during World War II. He saw action on the East and the West, finishing the war on the Oder front.

Biography
Müller was born in Munich, Bavaria on February 2, 1902. He served with the Freikorps in 1920. Between February 1941 and February 1943 Thomas Müller was commander and tactics instructor of the SS-NCO Training School in Radolfzell. After that, he commanded a regiment of 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen (February 20, 1943 - June 29, 1944). He assumed command of 9th SS Panzer Division from June 30 to July 10, 1944.

Following this, he briefly took command of a new division, the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen. He then received command of the 6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Langemarck on October 19, 1944. The Langemarck acted as support for the German Ardennes offensive but after protest from the political SS they returned to the east. He surrendered the division to the Western Allies at Schwerin.

Dates of rank

 * SS-Untersturmführer: September 11, 1934
 * SS-Obersturmführer: June 1, 1935
 * SS-Hauptsturmführer: November 11, 1936
 * SS-Sturmbannführer: October 31, 1939
 * SS-Obersturmbannführer: April 20, 1942
 * SS-Standartenführer: June 21, 1943

Notable decorations

 * Iron Cross Second (1940) and First (1940) Classes
 * Infantry Assault Badge in Bronze (?)

title: Thomas Müller (SS officer)


text:
Rahul Ram

Rahul Ram is an Indian bass guitarist, social activist and music composer. He plays bass guitar for musical band Indian Ocean, which he joined in 1991. He is also one of the three members of 'Aisi Taisi Democracy,' along with Varun Grover and Sanjay Rajoura.

Biography
Rahul was born into a Kannadiga family, the son of noted botanist late Professor H.Y. Mohan Ram. He is a nephew of the late H. Y. Sharada Prasad, who was best known as the media adviser to Indira Gandhi.

Considering that he finally became a guitar player with a rock band, Rahul has some unexpected educational qualifications, earned at some of the top-ranking educational institutions in India and the USA. After schooling at St. Xavier's School, Delhi, he took a bachelor's degree in Chemistry at St. Stephen's College, Delhi and followed this up with an MSc degree in chemistry from IIT Kanpur. Next, he took a PhD degree (1986–90) in Environmental Toxicology from Cornell University, which he attended on an Andrew White scholarship. His doctoral research on environmental toxicology is what moved him to become an activist with the Narmada Bachao Andolan (1990–95). His stint with that activist group consumed five years of his life immediately after he took his doctorate from Cornell.

Concurrently with his Narmada activism, Rahul had joined the Indian Ocean band in 1991, soon after returning to India with his doctorate. Later, he went to America to learn to play the Alto saxophone, which he intends to bring to the band's music. Inside his group, he is known as Logic Baba because of his rationality. He has composed music and done playback singing in Bollywood. Rahul, along with Indian Ocean member Asheem Chakrabarty, sung the song 'Yaara Maula' in an Anurag Kashyap film Gulaal, a Hindi movie based on student politics. Rahul also created tribute videos for independent artists for ThankYouForMusic an event by Songdew.

Discography
Rahul Ram's band Indian Ocean has also given music for the following films:
 * 1) SWARAJ—The Little Republic (2002)
 * 2) Black Friday (2004)
 * 3) Hulla (2008)
 * 4) Live in Concert (DVD) (2008)
 * 5) Beware Dogs(2008)
 * 6) Bhoomi (2009)
 * 7) Yeh Mera India (2009)
 * 8) Gulaal (2009)
 * 9) Mumbai Cutting (2009)
 * 10) Leaving Home – The Life and Music of Indian Ocean (2010)
 * 11) Peepli Live (2010)
 * 12) Satyagraha (2013)
 * 13) Katiyabaaz (Powerless, 2014), a documentary film
 * 14) Masaan (2015)
 * 15) Gulabo Sitabo (2020)
 * 16) Sarileru Neekevvaru (2020) (Hindi dub released in 2022)
 * 17) Khufiya (2023)

In 2015, Indian Ocean composed the music for critically acclaimed Masaan (2015), in which Rahul Ram collaborated with writer Varun Grover and Swanand Kirkire for two songs and an original composition Bhor. Rahul toured with Being Indian original series 'Aisi Taisi Democracy,' the coming together of three prolific talents - stand-up comedian and social-satirist Sanjay Rajoura, stand-up comedian, writer and lyricist Varun Grover (writer) joined him.

Rahul also acted in A. R. Rahman's multi-lingual musical film 99 Songs.

title: Rahul Ram