text:
Talk:Counties of Lithuania

Naming
A vote started on the subject apskritis vs. county, see: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming.

The result of the vote: apskritys are called "counties" in English wikipedia. Markussep 5 July 2005 09:27 (UTC)

text below moved here from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming Tobias Conradi (Talk) 04:23, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Apskritys of Lithuania - Vote
How should the primary subdivisions of Lithuania be named in English Wikipedia:

 * Apskritis (currently used in English Wikipedia, Lithuanian term)
 * arguments:
 * pro: apskritis has no direct translation in English
 * pro: there are more foreign language subdivisions that retain their foreign term, e.g. oblast, krai (is it really "pro" ?)
 * contra: This is English wikipedia. Apskritis is not English, and not easily comprehensible for English speakers
 * contra: apskritis is not a personal or geographical name, hence it should be translated
 * contra: Naming conventions (use English)
 * supporters:
 * DeirYassin
 * Halibutt

 * County (used in English Wikipedia before 23 April 2005)
 * arguments:
 * pro: county is a good English approximation of apskritis
 * pro: used in official English language documents (see below)
 * contra: the Lithuanian word for county is not apskritis
 * supporters:
 * Markussep
 * Tobias Conradi
 * Dirgela
 * Knutux
 * Alga
 * Ifdef
 * Lysy

 * something else
 * 1) This is not really a vote. I just have a suggestion to post the question about the names on the corresponding Lithuanian article's talk page.  I am sure someone there speaks English and would be able to help you.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 14:24, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC). Done Markussep 16:13, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please add your vote. This is a brief summary of discussions on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming and Talk:Lithuania. If you like to add other arguments, do so, but briefly.Markussep 12:10, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Conclusion There is a clear majority for "county". I will move Apskritys of Lithuania to Counties of Lithuania, and all X Apskritis to X County. Markussep 5 July 2005 09:24 (UTC)

Apskritys of Lithuania - Discuss
All primary subdivisions of Lithuania were recently moved to their (probably) Lithuanian names. Now they are: X Apskritis, in which X is probably in its genitive form (I don't speak Lithuanian). For example Kauno Apskritis, which used to be Kaunas County. I don't think there are many users of English wikipedia who are fluent in Lithuanian, so I would prefer an English translation for "apskritis". If county is not acceptable, why not make it province, district or region. Markussep 12:27, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * province is better used for oblast, (they also had oblasts), region is better to be avoided because it also has a non-administrativ sense, district is already in use. I do not see any other solution than 'county'. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 18:20, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The Soviet Union had oblasts, I don't think the Lithuanian SSR was subdivided into oblasts, probably okrugs (districts). I guess the objection to "county" is that there aren't any counts involved. Let's ask the person who changed it to apskritys in the first place. Markussep 21:03, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * County in Lithuanian is "grafystė" (from "grafas" - "count", for counties which are derrived from counts), sometimes "apygarda" (US counties, but even there usually "grafystė"); never "apskritis". Word Apskritis itself is translated differently at various places, sometimes county, sometimes region, sometimes province, sometimes left untranslated; therefore I think leaving untranslated and keeping redirects from all other possible namings (there are already redirects from all names with county, redirects from province and such can be made as well) is the best solution. As "apskritis" is actually not translatable in English probably, would be something like "roundship" or so drectly. I did same translation for another speciffically Lithuanian unit, seniunija, which I refer to usually as eldership on wikipedia (seniūnas is Lithuanian for elder), however I think for apskritis it would sound more stupid. Where it is translatable (e.g. rajonas - district, savivaldybė - municipality) translations are ok. As for LSSR, at first it was subdivided into unis similar to oblasts (sritis in Lithuanian), and those into small districts (rajonas), later larger districts were fomed and the sritys removed. See Administrative division of Lithuania for details. Usage of genitive is nothing special here, it is used even for translated names of subdivisons it seems, e.g. Latvian counties (should be districts btw) and Russian districts are named by genitive. DeirYassin 21:21, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Oficial sites of "Apskritis" administrations are using "county" to describe themselves in English (, look for english link in thise page). It is widely accepted way to call these entities. So my suggestion would be not to reinvent wheels here or dive into peculiarities of translating one or another word from Lithuanian.Dirgela 16:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * About your examples: the Counties of Latvia are far from complete, and need serious attention. Some use genitive, some use nominative. The units are called rajons, so I think you're right about preferring districts. Russian districts are named by Russian adjectives (e.g. Sergiyevo-Posadsky District, Moscow Oblast for Sergiyev Posad district), and I don't think that's right either. As you can see on the project page, an overwhelming majority uses English terms for foreign-language divisions. With reason, because who knows what a Kreis or Muhafazah is.

 * Back to Lithuania: I think we should use the nominative, and an English term for apskritis. Province doesn't sound bad. Region may be vague, but it's also used in France and Italy. Of course the Lithuanian name should be mentioned as well. Markussep 08:13, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see the reason to write approximations though (province is provincija or sritis maybe, not apskritis); all redirects might be in place and people will understand from context that those are administrative divisions anyways, same is for oblasts or krais for example. As it was said previously, then Dalai Lama should be Pope of Tibet and Shah of Iran - King of Iran. Sultonate should be kingdom, emirate should be rulerdom, emir - ruler, czar - emperor, etc. Would be stupid, I think it is good to use translations where they are available and it is possible without loosing any meaning, and in such places as thi sit would be better IMO to use untranslated names. DeirYassin 16:22, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

I've seen this pope of tibet argument before, and IMHO it doesn't apply here. The big difference is how well known the term is internationally. I hadn't heard of apskritis before I started editing on the Venta river. I'm Dutch, and you don't see Dutch names for administrative divisions in English wikipedia (like provincie, gemeente, graafschap), do you? You can't make me believe there is no suitable translation for apskritis. Besides, the apskritys themselves have no trouble finding English names for themselves. I just checked their websites: of all apskritys, Kaunas and Marijampole call themselves Region, Vilnius has no English website, and the other 7 call themselves County. I guess then County it is. Markussep 10:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Translate apskritis with county is not unambigous, but might be better than not translating it at all. See how it is handled for other countries: County. Maybe Markus can add info for NL there and Latvia needs to be added? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 14:43, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) province
 * 2) province (eng) = oblast (rus) = sritis (lit)
 * 3) province (eng) = provincija (rus) = provincija (lit)
 * 4) county
 * 5) The term county does not imply involvment of a count.
 * 6) grafystė = county.
 * 7) apskritis, translation on official sites = county:7, region:2
 * 8) nominative/genitive
 * 9) all 9 official sites use nominative

 * However, as there are even no unified official translation, then if we would do it this way, we'd have to translate 7 apskritys as "county", 2 apskritys as "region" (according to local official translations) and the last one maybe leave untranslated, which would be kinda illogical. And to apply the name "county" to counties which does not calls themselves "county" in English translations seems kinda illogical for me too. Grafystė, although came from grafas - count; does not necessarily involves count either as e.g. the counties of America are translated to as "grafystė". Sometimes they are translated to as "apygarda" though. DeirYassin 19:43, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Once again - there is no question how to call "apskritis" in English - at least for Lithuanians. Those two County administrations have no English sites, so they are not calling there themselves in any way. There are only broken links to ...region.com. "Regions" are sometimes used for rural municipalities As the county administrations are branch of Lithuanian government I may offer you to look at the site of Lithuanian government. Type in "county" in search and you will find biography of one minister where it is clearly written that he once was working in Vilnius county administration. Look at website of any ministry in Lithuania and you will find the same - counties, counties, counties. It is a clear tradition to translate "apskritis" to "counties" in oficial documents and there is absolutely no need for changing this tradition. I would propose DeirYassin to persuade Lithuanian government that thay are mistaken by translating apskritis to county and then to come back here with this question. Dirgela 21:13, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There must be official documents about the subdivisions of Lithuania in English, at the European Union or United Nations. The CIA factbook and Encarta say counties. Markussep 12:51, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I found some official documents, looking for apskritis: I saw "province" in some older documents (1990s), but all recent ones say "county". Did you find anything already? Markussep 17:10, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * European Commission 2002 report on Lithuania see for instance page 102
 * World Health Organization see pages 3 and 9
 * European Movement
 * EURES - The European Job Mobility Portal all apskritys I checked were translated as county.

There are no counties in Lithuania and never was!
This article is example of stupidity of American Lithuanian users, who lived in USA and term counties mechanically projected to Lithuania. Also could be copypasters (beždžioniaujantys) who see name in the West, and think in such way: we should be like westerners also and use western names... At least I don't know who else could decide to use such term "county". Yes, there are counties in USA, but in Lithuania - aren't and never was. The name itself for Apskritis is tikrinis daktavardis i.e. name per se and therefore can't be translated. Do in English an entity of administrative divison of Russia i.e. oblast is translated? No. It is left in English as oblast also. So why Lithuanian entity of administative division, apskritis, is named in English as county? Also, because of naming conventions in English the article should be used singular for apskritis for naming, not plural apskritys. Apskritis in Lithuania were created in 1919 and were based something in between, very similar to Landkreis of Ober Ost and Uyezd of Kovno Governorate. It is easy to check this by comparing territories and people who know history of Lithuania can confirm this. So, if someone wants to translate or more exactly use an equivalent, thus district is most accurate name. As entity apskritis existed till 1950. Recreated in 1994, though not matching with those in 1919-1950 existed. And abolished in 2010. Currently apskritis in Lithuania exists as a fiction, i.e. there are no conections, no alliases to any state's power function in territory. Yes, I am Lithuanian and it is annoying to see how 7 users decided what the name use for 3 million people. 212.52.41.237 (talk) 22:07, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
 * And another provement that counties in Lithuania not existed even in interbellum years. I have dictionary that was published in Germany: K.Fulst, A.Scholz, J.Talmantas, J.Paškevičius, "Litausch-Deutches Woerterbuch / Lietuviškai vokiškas žodynas". Huettenfeld, 1970. An entry for apskritis, on page 32: the German translation is Kreis. The vocabulary is based on 1943 and 1947 editions of vocabularies. The equivavalent for German word Kreis is district in English, see Districts of Germany. 212.52.41.237 (talk) 16:28, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Please help
Please I would love to move to Lithuania please help me my name is excellent ekpenisi 102.90.57.84 (talk) 21:06, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Counties of Lithuania


text:
John Swann (politician)

John Swann (1760–1793) was an American planter and statesman from Pasquotank County, North Carolina. He served as a delegate for North Carolina to the Continental Congress in 1788.

Biography
Swann was born on the family's plantation, known as The Elms in Pasquotank County of North Carolina. His family had been resident in the colony since Major Samuel Swann had come from Virginia before 1707 and served as speaker of the colonial assembly. His father (also John) was a local justice of the peace and served in the Governor's Council for the colony. After attending the College of William and Mary in Virginia, John returned to take up operation of their plantation.

In 1788 Swann was made a delegate to the Continental Congress after John Baptista Ashe resigned. He died at home and was buried in the family cemetery on his plantation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Swann (politician)


text:
LMS Patriot Class

The Patriot Class was a class of 52 express passenger steam locomotives built for the London Midland and Scottish Railway. The first locomotive of the class was built in 1930 and the last in 1934. The class was based on the chassis of the Royal Scot combined with the boiler from Large Claughtons earning them the nickname Baby Scots. A total of 18 were rebuilt to create the LMS Rebuilt Patriot Class between 1946 and 1948; thereafter those not subjected to rebuilding were often referred to as the Unrebuilt Patriot Class. These remaining 34 unrebuilt engines were withdrawn between 1960 and 1962.

Overview
The first two were rebuilt in 1930 from the 1912-built LNWR Large Claughton Class, retaining the original driving wheels with their large bosses, the "double radial" bogie truck and some other parts. Of the subsequent 50 locomotives of the class 40 were nominal rebuilds of Claughtons, being in fact new builds classified as rebuilt engines so that they could be charged to revenue accounts, rather than capital. The last ten were classified as new builds.

The two former Claughtons retained their original numbers until 1934, when they were renumbered 5500–1. The 40 built as replacements took the numbers of the Claughtons that they replaced; these were renumbered 5502–41 in 1934. The remainder of the class were allocated nos. 6030–9, but were numbered 5542–51 from new. The numbering of the similar LMS Jubilee Class continued on from where the Patriots left off. This was because 5552–5556 were ordered as Patriots (to be numbered 6040–4) but built with taper boilers as Jubilees on the orders of Sir William Stanier.

Naming of the class was somewhat erratic. Some retained old Claughton names, whilst others continued the military associations of the names Patriot and St Dunstans, and 13 carried names of holiday resorts served by the LMS. Seven remained unnamed, although they had been allocated names in 1943.

Many of the 52 members of the Patriot Class spent the bulk of their working careers in England, primarily on the West Coast Main Line. Most of them were stationed at the Crewe North and Carlisle Upperby, though a few were stationed at Edge Hill, Bushbury, Camden, Willesden, Carlisle Kingmoor and other locations in the area. They were primarily used as express engines, but were later tasked with occasional mixed traffic work once the diesel engines arrived on the network.

Rebuilding
Between 1946 and 1949, eighteen members were rebuilt with Stanier 2A boiler, cab and tender, though again these were largely paper rebuilds, based on the LMS Rebuilt Royal Scot Class. Seven (Nos 5514/21/6/9-31/40) had been rebuilt by the start of 1948 when British Railways inherited the remaining 45 Baby Scots. In March 1948 BR added 40000 to their numbers to number them 45500–13/15-20/2-5/7/8/32-9/41-51. Subsequently, BR rebuilt another 11, so that the rebuilt engines were (4)5512/14/21–23/25–32/34–36/45. The two original members of the class, and the first ten of the nominal rebuilds, were not rebuilt due to their non-standard parts.

Details
Note some never received BR numbers as unrebuilt engines because either they were rebuilt by the LMS. In the table below BR numbers for BR-rebuilt engines are given, but some engines may not have received BR numbers while in an unrebuilt condition as renumbering took several years (sources should indicate these).

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 March 1935, a milk train, hauled by LMS Compound 4-4-0 No. 1165, was in a rear-end collision with an express freight train, hauled LNWR Claughton Class 4-6-0 No. 5946, at King's Langley, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. No. 5511 was hauling a freight train that collided with the wreckage. A coal train hauled by LMS Class 7F 0-8-0 No. 9598 then ran into the wreck. 1 person was killed.
 * On 16 October 1939, No. 5544 was hauling a train that was in a collision with another train at Winwick Junction, Cheshire and was derailed.
 * On 13 October 1940, No. 5529 was hauling an express passenger train that collided with a platform barrow obstructing the line at Wembley Central station, Middlesex and was derailed. Several people were killed and many more were injured.

Withdrawal
All of the unrebuilt Patriots were withdrawn between 1960 and 1962 in accordance with the BR Modernisation Plan.

New Build
No Patriot in either rebuilt or unrebuilt form survived into preservation; however, a replica of no.5551 is under construction. The LMS-Patriot Project, a registered charity, is building a replica which will carry the number of the last built – LMS number 5551 or British Railways number 45551. It will be named The Unknown Warrior.

In fiction
This class of engine forms the basis of the Big City Engine from the Railway Series of children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry.

Models
Both Hornby and Bachmann have produced OO gauge models.

Hornby first introduced an original Patriot in the 1979 catalogue that has remained in production and now forms part of the 'Railroad' budget (i.e. toy) range. The following models have been produced:

Bachmann Industries make a more detailed and expensive model of the original Patriot, also in OO gauge. The following models have been produced:

title: LMS Patriot Class


text: Template:BDSM-stub

title: Template:BDSM-stub


text:
Washington Irving Chambers

Captain Washington Irving Chambers, USN (April 4, 1856 – September 23, 1934) was a 43-year, career United States Navy officer, who near the end of his service played a major role in the early development of U.S.Naval aviation, serving as the first officer to have oversight of the Navy's incipient aviation program through the Bureau of Navigation. In that capacity from 1910 to 1913, he consulted and worked with early civil aviation pioneers Orville Wright and Glenn Curtiss; organized the first airplane landing (1911) and takeoff (1910) from a ship in collaboration with pioneer aviator Eugene Ely; recruited the first naval aviators; established aviator training; oversaw the first budget appropriation of $25,000 from which he purchased the first aircraft for the Navy; designed a catapult to launch aircraft from warships and led a Board that recommended establishment of the first naval air station at Pensacola, Florida and advocated for the establishment of a "national aerodynamic laboratory". Chambers has been called "the Father of Naval Aviation".

Early in his career as an ensign, Chambers distinguished himself as one of six officers attached to USS Thetis (1881) under Captain Winfield Scott Schley, who led the four-ship Greely Relief Expedition in 1884 that located and rescued U.S. Army First Lieutenant Adolphus Greely and the six other survivors of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition five miles off Cape Sabine in Smith Sound, an uninhabited Arctic sea passage between Greenland and Canada's northernmost island, Ellesmere on June 22, 1884. Over the next twenty-five years, in shore duty that alternated with his sea duty, to include teaching at the Naval War College, the Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island, and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance (1907-09), Chambers contributed to the design of torpedoes and the Navy's first all-big-gun battleships, cementing his reputation as one of the Navy's leading intellects and technology innovators, as well as a savvy navigator of the Navy's labyrinthine bureaucracy, which put him in good stead to advocate for naval air against early skepticism and resistance. On January 8, 1914, he was detached from Bureau of Navigation, and to the Division of Operations, Navy Department, for special duty. During this period of service, recommendations to the Navy Department caused the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to be set up (1915) and Captain Chambers continued to serve under the first Chief, William S. Benson, throughout the World War, and until relieved of active duty on November 8, 1919.

Early life and education
Washington Irving Chambers was born in Kingston, New York in 1856, the only child of a boot maker, Jacob Chambers (1812-1882), and his wife, Margaret Ann (nee Ayres) (1817-1903), both native New Yorkers. Through his father, he was a descendant of Louis DuBois, a Huguenot settler who helped found New Paltz, New York and the Hasbrouck family. Chambers was named after the prominent 19th Century New York author Washington Irving, often called "the Father of American Literature", himself named after George Washington, the American Revolutionary War general and first President of the United States, who is historically regarded as "the Father of his Country."

In June 1871, Washington Chambers was appointed a cadet midshipman to the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland from New York's 13th congressional district. He completed the four year academic course in June 1876 when he was 20 years old and graduated as a Passed Midshipman, required to spend two years at sea before commissioning as an ensign.

In November 1892, Chambers was sent to study and teach at the Naval War College. After graduating, he remained on staff until November 1893.

Personal life
On December 3, 1892, Chambers married Isabella Reynolds (1863–1945) at Kingston, NY. They had one child, Irving Reynolds Chambers (1893-1979), who was also a career naval officer. Following Captain Chambers's retirement from active duty in the Navy, he and his wife resided in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death on September 23, 1934, in Chillicothe, Ohio, he was returning by train to Washington from a trip to San Diego, California. He was survived by his wife and son. Both Chambers men and their wives are buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Irving Chambers was given the nickname "Skipper" by his father and graduated from the Naval Academy in 1915. He served 31 years in the Navy, attaining the rank of captain. Irving Chambers qualified as a submarine officer, and as a lieutenant in 1921 commanding the submarine USS R-6 (SS-83), he was the last man off the boat when it sank at San Pedro Bay (California) due to a malfunctioning torpedo tube door on September 26 that year. Chambers, an excellent swimmer, remained in the water to assist some of his men who were struggling. Following a board of inquiry, he was cleared of any culpability for the accident, which claimed two sailors' lives. The submarine was refloated two weeks later, on October 13, and returned to service until its decommissioning 24-years later in October 1945.

Promoted to captain in 1940, Irving Chambers's last sea command was the light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) from July 13, 1942 to December 16, 1943. From August 27 to December 5, 1943, famed polar explorer and retired Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and his team embarked on Concord from Balboa, the western terminus of the Panama Canal, for a special mission to conduct a highly secret survey of 33 South Pacific islands to identify potential sites for refueling bases for military use and for post-World War II commercial flights. Byrd had been recalled to active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. King and on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took the lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls, and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote a letter from Nuku Hiva, the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia, to Chambers, as the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded."

United States Naval Academy Midshipman – Class of 1876

Legacy

 * Naval Station Norfolk Chambers Field at Norfolk, Virginia, dedicated in June 1938, was named in his honor.
 * On December 2, 2008, Secretary of the Navy Donald Winter announced that the eleventh ship of the Lewis and Clark class of dry-cargo-ammunition vessels would be named for Captain Chambers. On September 11, 2010, USNS Washington Chambers (T-AKE-11), was christened and launched, sponsored by Mrs. Loretta Penn. Washington Chambers was placed in service on February 23, 2011, with Captain Mike Flanagan, commanding.
 * Many of his papers are held by the U.S. Library of Congress. The "Washington Irving Chambers papers" consist of 12,000 documents in 48 containers occupying 12 linear feet. They encompass correspondence, memoranda, logbooks, subject files, printed matter, blueprints, photographs, and other papers relating to Chambers's service in the U.S. Navy and with the Greely Relief Expedition to the Arctic in 1884 and the Nicaragua Canal survey expedition of 1884–1885. Documents include his service aboard USS Pensacola (screw steamer) and USS Portsmouth (sloop of war) as well as at the U.S. Naval War College, New York Naval Shipyard, United States Naval Torpedo Station (Newport, R.I), and U.S. Navy Department offices including the Bureau of Ordinance and the Bureau of Navigation. Subjects include the development and application of aviation to naval forces, flight science and procedures, balloons, dirigibles, helicopters, parachutes, ordnance, and ship construction. Correspondents include Thomas S. Baldwin, W. Starling Burgess, Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Theodore Gordon Ellyson (U.S. naval aviator #1), Eugene Ely, Louis Godard, Roy Knabenshue, Grover Loening, Glenn L. Martin, James Means, Holden Chester Richardson, John Rodgers (U.S. naval aviator #2), and John H. Towers (U.S. naval aviator #3).
 * Irving Reynolds Chambers, then a Navy commander, in the late 1930s donated his father's extensive original photo collection of United States naval aviation to the Office of Naval Records and Library at Washington, D.C. The collection is known as the "Washington Irving Chambers Collection" and consists of several hundred images of early naval aviation from the years 1911 to 1913, with specific emphasis on first test flights of the A-1, A-2, & A-3, the first aircraft built for the Navy, taking off on Keuka Lake at Hammondsport, New York; the C-1, the Navy's first flying boat at Hammondsport; testing of the A-1 at Annapolis; launching of the C-2 flying boat in Pensacola; modifications of the A-1 and A-2 Hydro OWL; the Curtiss twin-engine flying boat, the America; the Curtiss Tractor Landplane; the Gallaudet Bullet; and the Wright Model G Aeroboat.
 * President Ronald Reagan, by Proclamation 5473, declared May 8, 1986 "Naval Aviation Day", stating in part, "May 8 marks the seventy-fifth anniversary of naval aviation in the United States. On that day in 1911, Captain Washington Irving Chambers prepared the requisition for the first aircraft for the United States Navy, thereby initiating a long and glorious tradition. Since that date, naval aviation has played an essential role in our national defense, both in peace and war. Naval aviation also has played a vital role in the development of space exploration and aviation technology. . . . "

title: Washington Irving Chambers


text:
FF6

FF6 may refer to:

 * Final Fantasy VI, a 1994 role-playing game originally released on the Super NES
 * Fast & Furious 6, a 2013 film
 * Firefox 6, a web browser

title: FF6


text:
File:LegendOfLukeUK.jpg

Summary
Cover art for The Legend of Luke by Brian Jacques.

Rationale of fair use for The Legend of Luke

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.
 * 7) Source:https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1189209.The_Legend_of_Luke

title: File:LegendOfLukeUK.jpg


text:
Corralito

Corralito is the informal name for the economic measures taken in Argentina at the end of 2001 by Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo in order to stop a bank run which implicated a limit of cash withdrawals of 250 ARS per week (at that time US$1 = 1 ARS). Electronic transfers and credit and debit card payments were not disrupted.

The Spanish word corralito is the diminutive form of corral, which means "corral, animal pen, enclosure"; the diminutive is used in the sense of "small enclosure" and in Argentina also "a child's playpen". This expressive name alludes to the restrictions imposed by the measure. The term was coined by the journalist Antonio Laje.

Background and initial measures
In 2001, Argentina was in the midst of a crisis: heavily indebted, with an economy in complete stagnation (an almost three-year-long recession), and the exchange rate was fixed at one U. S. dollar per Argentine peso by law, which made exports uncompetitive and effectively deprived the state of having an independent monetary policy. Many Argentines, but most especially companies, fearing an economic crash and possibly a devaluation, were transforming pesos to dollars and withdrawing them from the banks in large amounts, usually transferring them to foreign accounts (capital flight).

On December 1, 2001, in order to stop this draining from destroying the banking system, the government froze all bank accounts, initially for 90 days. Only a small amount of cash was allowed for withdrawal on a weekly basis (initially 250 Argentine pesos, then 300), and only from accounts denominated in pesos. No withdrawals were allowed from accounts denominated in U.S. dollars, unless the owner agreed to convert the funds into pesos. Operations using credit cards, debit cards, cheques and other means of payment could be conducted normally, but the lack of cash availability caused numerous problems for the general public and for businesses.

Immediate effects

At the time, the average Argentine did not employ the banking system for daily uses; many did not have a personal bank account and dealt only in cash. Debit cards were not popular and many businesses did not have the equipment to accept them. Thus the cash restrictions only exacerbated the recession and angered the public. President Fernando de la Rúa resigned on 20 December 2001 after violent riots, but the restrictions of the corralito were not lifted at the time.

Role of banks
It is generally agreed that the banks had a share of the blame for the situation that led to the corralito. In mid-2001, it was probably clear to bank owners and high-ranking officials that Argentina's banking system was going to crash, and some in fact may have spurred this outcome by letting their highest deposit holders know this news. These, mostly large companies, quickly moved their deposits abroad. Meanwhile, they continued to recommend their middle-class customers to enter deposits.

Transition to corralón
After Eduardo Duhalde assumed the presidency, US denominated debt and deposits were forcibly exchanged for Argentine pesos at 1.4 pesos per dollar for deposits and 1.0 for debt. The exchange rate spiked to 4 ARS/USD. The corralito was renamed corralón as people could not longer withdraw $250 per week not because of a new limit but because they no longer had any dollars. Protests increased and banks were closed for months.

It is also believed that in the end the corralito ended up being good business for some international banks since they negotiated with the Argentine government to receive compensation bonds for the "missing" money, which in a large proportion had never really left their banks, only moved from one branch to another.

Most banks stayed in the country during the crisis, withstanding a severe damage to their reputation as well as (in certain cases) physical attacks. Others fled as soon as problems arose (for example, Scotiabank's Argentine branch, Scotiabank Quilmes).

title: Corralito


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Kbdank71

Kbdank71
final (26/2/0) ending 12:20 17 June 2005 (UTC)

Very productive user, who works on stub sorting, recent changes patrol, and does a lot of work in closing and processing WP:CFD entries. Would be a great addition to the admin team; the only reason I didn't nominate him earlier is the time-honored cliche that I thought he already was. Radiant_ >|< 12:24, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

For those who care about numbers, Kate says that Kbdank71 has a total of 9347 edits.

 * Candidate please indicate acceptance of the nomination here
 * Thank you, I accept the nomination. --Kbdank71 13:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Support (pending acceptance) - Hard working, does lots of mop-and-bucket tasks.  Since the user does so many management tasks at CfD it would probably be beneficial to have the ability to delete the cats as well.   Guettarda 13:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support --Spangineer  (háblame)  14:56, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support --JeremyA 15:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. I trust Radiant's call on this editor, and concur with his judgement. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 15:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. A firm hand with the mop is sometimes needed in those grungy corners. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:54, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC) I like this candidate so much, I voted twice, darn it.... TenOfAllTrades(talk) 03:15, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Yase.jpg ! El_C 03:21, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support — Xezbeth 16:23, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I mistrust Radiant's call on this editor, and I do not concur with his judgement. And that he didn't even cast his vote in support of his own nominee is the greatest insult(!). Which is why I oppose this nominations. Therefore, I support. El_C 23:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Radiant is just that confident that this candidate's RFA will succeed. It's a tremendous compliment Kbdank71; don't let anyone tell you different. ;-) TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 00:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh. I oppose, support, oppose, support, oppose, support! :) El_C 00:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can only see Radiant’s abstention as a positive sign: He may want to avoid any wrong impressions, since he himself owes his win partly to Kbdank71’s emphatic support. This is the honorable thing to do. — Sebastian (talk) 21:36, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Yes, he explained that to me clearly enough, though it changes nothing! :P El_C 02:24, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. JuntungWu 03:53, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. He once tried to mediate, and yeah, is that required of someone who has already volunteered to do all the CFD by himself?. Amusing he isnt an admin yet! :D --Huaiwei 12:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Looks good. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 12:50, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Absolutely! A stub-sorter is my type of person ;-) Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 15:20, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Anyone insane enough to slog through WP:CFD deserves to be burdened with adminship.  Kelly Martin 15:50, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support - mop and bucket and all that --FCYTravis 18:44, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. I remember lot of useful work. Pavel Vozenilek 21:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support, does all the hard work which is made easier by adminship. Rje 15:31, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support More deletionist than I'd like but at least thoughtful about it.  Fine editor everywhere else SchmuckyTheCat 16:13, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. Great user. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. User is an active contributer and would make a grea admin here at the Wikipedia. • Thorpe • 16:00, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. yup. Grutness...  wha?  02:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support.  As someone who has experienced both agreements and disagreements with him, I know that he can handle the responsibility maturely.  And he's a workaholic on here.  Postdlf 07:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support.  I hesitated at first for three reasons: (1) I didn’t know him enough to be sure he met my main criterion of conflict resolution. He could have handled one or two cases more calmly, , but I now realize that these were exceptions. (2) Politically, he’s too far on the deletionist side for me. (3) I mistrusted Radiant!’s nomination. — I feel more comfortable about the latter point since Radiant! didn’t vote himself. The first two points hint to George Washington’s flaws:  He’s very dedicated and gets things done in an area (categories) that sometimes needs a strong hand. When it comes to holding a mop, he’s certainly the right candidate. He readily picks up the dirt others (including me) leave behind..  — Sebastian (talk) 21:36, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * 16) Support. SlimVirgin (talk) 14:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. Most definitely. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 14:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. Edit history indicates responsible adminship. Jayjg (talk) 20:57, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support, good worker on CfD et al.. James F. (talk) 01:02, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Oppose - too deletionist on categories, even eliminating ones that are useful. CDThieme 01:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *For the record - he eliminates categories only after WP:CSD procedure and voting. In other words, he's just doing his job, and cannot be held responsible if CSD yields a consensus to delete for a category that some people find useful. Radiant_ >|< 07:24, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) **It's a fairly diff-less, anectodal opinion from my vantage point, I'm afraid, CDThieme. El_C 02:27, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:34, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Because Boothy443 has opposed every adminship request on this page without reason, I have left him a polite comment/suggestion on his user talk page that he either provide reasons for his opposition or withdraw his votes. Flcelloguy [[Image:Bass clef2.gif|25px|Cello today?]] Give me a note! Eighth note (crop).gif Desk  21:28, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * If interested, edit counts: Main: 5808 / 20, Wikipedia: 2424 / 71, Category: 862 / 41, Template: 39 / 3, User: 38 / 128, Image: 24 / 0. Edit summary usage is 100% for articles, 99% overall.

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I'll probably continue with what I've been doing to start with: RC Patrol and CfD. Although I'll help out wherever I'm needed.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. My main contribution has been keeping CfD clean and archiving the old discussions. As I wrote on my user page, I'm not that good at writing articles, so I'd rather spend my time tidying the place up than writing stuff that someone else will have to come and fix.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. Since I determine consensus on many of the CfD discussions, I've come in contact with a few upset editors over why "their" category was deleted. I try to calmly explain the process, I'll point them to the discussion that led to the deletion, and answer any questions they may have.   I've also, in CfD discussions, come upon an editor who was very forceful in their opinion, which at times has been contrary to my own opinion.  I've learned that sometimes, just walking away for awhile works wonders to calm any frayed nerves.  In the future, I expect to handle it the same way, and if granted the mop and bucket, I'll make sure to take extra care, as I'll be representing not only myself, but Wikipedia as well.


text:
Ganges, Hérault

Ganges (Languedocien: Gange) is a commune in the Hérault department in Occitanie in southern France.

Location

Ganges is situated at the confluence of the Hérault and Rieutord rivers.

History
The castle, of which only ruins remain, was the scene of a murder in the 17th century. The beautiful Dianne de Roussan was killed by her husband's brothers, who wanted her large fortune. They were caught and subsequently executed.

Ganges became prosperous from the manufacture of fine silk stockings during the reign of Louis XIV. Natural silk was replaced by artificial, and later by nylon, and cottage industry gave way to factories; half a dozen or so still produce high quality stockings.

In August 1944, German forces unsuccessfully tried to force a way down the Hérault valley through Ganges; they were repelled by the defence of the Aigoual-Cévennes maquis.

Tourism
The area around Ganges offers extensive activities, including kayaking, gliding and go-karting.

The moped mobylette was created by a resident of Ganges and a plaque near the old town commemorates this fact.

International relations
Ganges is the twin town of Schwalmtal (Germany).

Famous people
It was the birthplace of the author, poet and composer Antoine Fabre d'Olivet (December 8, 1767, – March 25, 1825, Paris)

title: Ganges, Hérault


text:
User:Leifhille

Welcome!

Me

 * I am an electrical engineer with varied interests.
 * I spent some time as a Naval Officer working on a Submarine many moons ago.

My Interests

 * Organizational Behavior
 * Data Mining
 * Wiki
 * Cryptology
 * Cogeneration
 * Linux
 * Open source advocacy
 * Yale Russian Chorus
 * Submarines
 * Historical Fiction like Aubrey–Maturin series

Pages I've writen

 * Micro Combine Heat and Power or MicroCHP
 * Hi - I would like to congratulate you on this one. Nice job, shows what is really good about Wiki.  All the best Andreas 16:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Pages I've contributed to

 * Cogeneration

title: User:Leifhille


text:
Confessions of an Advertising Man

In Confessions of an Advertising Man, David Ogilvy shares his lessons from advertising consumer brands worldwide in the fifties and sixties in an eleven-chapter playbook of more than two hundred rules that cover corporate and subject matter aspects, the latter focused on the copywriting and illustrations of advertising campaigns for printed media. Two editions were released, in 1963 and 1988.

Summary of the 1963 edition
I - Managing an advertising agency is like managing any other creative business. Ogilvy articulates the ten anchors that underpinned the corporate culture of his agency's 497 employees in 1963: they work hard, combine intelligence with intellectual honesty, put passion in what they do, do not suck up to their bosses, are self-confident, do not hire their spouses but future successors who they build up, have gentle manners, are well-organised and deliver work on time.

II - Ogilvy founded his agency in 1948 with $6,000 and the financial backing of his brother, Francis, then MD at Mather & Crowther, an advertising agency in London. In 1963, Ogilvy, Benson & Mather billed for $55m and had 19 clients, including Chase, Standard Oil (NJ), Shell, KLM, Rolls-Royce and Guinness. All had good products, which Ogilvy was proud to advertise and all gave the agency an opportunity to make a profit or create great campaigns.

III - Agencies have better chances of keeping their clients, if they put their best people on serving them, instead of chasing prospects. They are vigilant about the quality of client relationships at all hierarchical levels, if they invest in testing new campaigns and using clients' products. Agencies should refuse to take companies that fire their agencies frequently and actively resign accounts who dictate their campaigns, are unprofitable or whose products get worse.

IV - Ogilvy also offers 15 rules for businesses who want to be good clients of agencies. His main advice is to emancipate agencies from fear, tolerate genius, not bog them down with committees but brief their agency very thoroughly.

V - Great campaigns, those that drive product sales without drawing attention to themselves, build on the specific knowledge acquired by mail-order advertisers, department stores, research departments and direct market experience. Ogilvy encapsulates them into eleven great campaign commandments. There is no great campaign without a Big Idea. Ogilvy strongly advises to demonstrate the benefit to the customer specifically and factually.

VI - Potent copy results from being very disciplined in the writing of headlines and body copies. Doing so Ogilvy delivered his "best headline ever", for Rolls-Royce: "At Sixty Miles an Hour, the Loudest Noise in the New Rolls-Royce Comes from the electric clock"; it was followed by a 719-word body copy, which he later increased to 1,400 following positive readers’ reactions to the first.

VII - The same artistic discipline applied to illustrations can arouse readers' curiosity, such as the eye patch of the Hathaway man. Ogilvy distils his extensive know-now through 41 specific commandments such as those three: i) photographs sell more than illustrations (because they are closer to reality and therefore more believable), ii) people are more attracted to faces of the same sex than the opposite, iii) never set the copy in reverse (white type on a black background).

VIII - As television was still a rather new medium in 1963, this chapter is short: four pages vs 23 devoted to advertising in printed media.

IX - These rules are further refined to the advertisement of food, travel and drug products. For instance, good food advertising is centered around the appetite appeal, makes food the hero, and shows it in color with a readable recipe.

X - Ogilvy lists 20 behaviors that will get young people to climb the hierarchical ladder faster than their colleagues. Among them are being ambitious without being aggressive, working hard to become an expert of their clients' industry, preferring a specialty to account management, and rising to the occasion.

XI - The book ends by discussing whether advertising should be abolished. Ogilvy's own experience is that informative advertising is more profitable than "combative" advertising and, although his views are pro-business, he closes by noting that "advertising [...] should not be abolished [...] but reformed".

Additions of the 1988 edition
In his foreword, Sir Alan Parker recalls he worked at Ogilvy in the mid sixties. Back then the Confessions were required reading and the equivalent of Mao Zedong's Little Red Book. In "The Story Behind this Book", Ogilvy summarises a quarter century of growth since the first edition with two numbers: his agency has grown sixtyfold and the Confessions have sold a million copies in 14 languages. He calls out three specific rules of the 1963 edition which have been invalidated by research and market experiments and points out that the chapter on TV commercials is inadequate. However, the nine founding principles of Ogilvy & Matther's corporate culture that were described in the 1963 edition remain valid. The most important of them is probably the first one: "We sell - or else."

title: Confessions of an Advertising Man


text:
Gongzhuling

Gongzhuling is a county-level city under the administration of Changchun. It is located in central Jilin province of Northeast China, halfway between Siping and Changchun, along the main railway line in the Northeast. Major employers in the city include Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located on the north side of the railway and several factories which manufacture auto parts. There is major military presence in the area, including a PLA base and a military airport.

Administrative divisions
Subdistricts:
 * Dongsan Subdistrict (东三街道), Tiebei Subdistrict (铁北街道), Lingdong Subdistrict (岭东街道), Henan Subdistrict (河南街道), Hebei Subdistrict (河北街道)

Towns:
 * Fanjiatun (范家屯镇), Xiangshui (响水镇), Liufangzi (刘房子镇), Heilinzi (黑林子镇), Daling (大岭镇), Huaide (怀德镇), Shuangchengbao (双城堡镇), Qinjiatun (秦家屯镇), Ershijiazi Manchu Ethnic Town (二十家子满族镇), Sangshutai (桑树台镇), Nanwaizi (南崴子镇), Yangdachengzi (杨大城子镇), Bawu (八屋镇), Taojiatun (陶家屯镇), Bolichengzi (玻璃城子镇), Chaoyangpo (朝阳坡镇), Dayushu (大榆树镇), Maochengzi (毛城子镇), Shiwu (十屋镇)

Townships:
 * Shuangyushu Township (双榆树乡), Yulin Township (育林乡), Baoquan Township (宝泉乡), Shuanglong (双龙乡), Lianhuashan Township (莲花山乡), Huanling Township (环岭乡), Weizigou Township (苇子沟乡), Liuyang Township (柳杨乡), Yongfa Township (永发乡), Sidaogang Township (四道岗乡), Heqi Township (和气乡), Fengxiang Township (凤响乡), Fangmagou Manchu Ethnic Township (放马沟满族乡)

Notable persons

 * Wang Gongquan
 * Li Hongzhi

title: Gongzhuling


text:
File:BrocktreeUK.jpg

Summary
Cover art for Lord Brocktree by Brian Jacques.

Rationale of fair use for Lord Brocktree

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:BrocktreeUK.jpg


text:
Bodysong

Bodysong is a 2003 BAFTA-winning documentary about human life and the human condition directed by Simon Pummell and produced by Janine Marmot.The image search and research on the film was performed by Ann Hummel.

Synopsis
The film tells the story of an archetypal human life using images taken from all around the world and the last 100 years of cinema.

The images span the microcosm (inside the body), through the individual (the first cry of a new-born baby), to the macrocosm (accumulated archive footage of ritual celebration and the carnage of war).

The editing, music, and the mythic narrative arc of the material is designed to take the viewer on a roller coaster tour of the human body and life cycle. Every possible depiction of the human life from microscopic medical to portraits and newsreels, from births to deaths, are cut to a music track by Jonny Greenwood of Radiohead to create a mythic narrative of the arc of a single life.

Hollywood director Paul Thomas Anderson saw the film at its Rotterdam Festival premiere: "I remember seeing Bodysong and feeling like I was in a trance. A wonderful collection of the two simple things a film has to work with: pictures and music. It's a moving, scary and hypnotic potpourri of images and an experience that gets more lucid the more you watch ...The website, which is 50% of the experience is a testament to the strong, caring research and a dedication to wonderful material."

Release
The film was released by Pathé in 2003 with a limited collector's edition released on DVD by the BFI in 2010, which included original essays by William Gibson, Geoff Andrew, Gareth Evans and Matt Hanson.

Awards
The film won a BAFTA Interactive Award in 2004 and Best British Documentary at the British Independent Film Award in 2003.

title: Bodysong


text:
WOMADelaide

WOMADelaide is an annual four-day festival of Music, Arts and Dance, which was first held in 1992 in Botanic Park, Adelaide, South Australia. One of many WOMAD festivals held around the world, it is a four-day event that presents a diverse selection of music from artists around the world, as well as side events like talks and discussions.

History
WOMADelaide was first run in 1992 as part of the Adelaide Festival of Arts. From 1993 it ran every two years (in odd-numbered years) so as to not conflict with subsequent editions of the Festival. From 1996 the management and production of WOMADelaide was taken on by the Adelaide-based company, Arts Projects Australia.

In 2003, WOMADelaide became an annual festival, following a decision made by the Rann government to financially support the event. That year, WOMADelaide Foundation Limited was also established as a not-for-profit organisation. The Foundation presented subsequent festivals and special projects for remote Indigenous arts communities.

In 2010, in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Adelaide Festival of Arts, WOMADelaide extended to four days. Due to overwhelming popularity, the festival has continued at this length. That year, WOMADelaide was produced and presented by the WOMADelaide Foundation, was managed by Arts Projects Australia and WOMAD Ltd, and was presented in association with the Government of South Australia.

In 2015 the South Australian Tourism Commission (an agency of the Government of South Australia) replaced the Government of South Australia as the event's new principal partner. As of 2017, the South Australian Tourism Commission remains the event's principal partner.

In 2017, WOMADelaide became a smoke-free event, with provision for smoking in three designated areas.

In 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, WOMADelaide was held in King Rodney Park / Ityamai-itpina instead of its usual location at Botanic Park, so that the venue could comply with the restrictions necessary to prevent any possible spread of COVID-19. The format was changed to a series of seated concerts on a single stage, opening with Archie Roach and closing with Midnight Oil and First Nations collaborators on their Makarrata Live project. This was also the first year of WOMADelaide x NSS Academy, a collaboration with the youth music centre Northern Sound System, which was established to provide training and development program for emerging Aboriginal South Australians and multicultural artists. The program identified 10 artists in its first year or operation, with musical duo MRLN x RKM selected to support Vika & Linda and Midnight Oil at WOMAD.

Description
The event is hosted by the WOMAD festivals organisation, which aims "to excite, to create, to inform and to highlight awareness of the worth and potential of a multicultural society". The festival encourages people to experience the music of cultures other than their own as a way of developing global understanding, and aims to entertain all age groups and people from all backgrounds. WOMADelaide has won the Helpmann Award for "Best Contemporary Music Festival" in 2008 and 2016, the Australian Event Awards "Best Cultural, Arts or Music Event" in 2015, and the Fowlers Live / SA Music Awards "Best Live Music Event" for five years in a row, 2012 - 2016.

Festival site and layout
WOMADelaide is usually held in Botanic Park, which is situated north-east of central Adelaide, between the Adelaide Zoo and Adelaide Botanic Garden. The 34 ha park is fenced off for the duration of the festival. The main stages are set up around a backstage compound with Stage 1 in the middle and Stages 2 and 3 on either side, all facing out from the backstage area. There are an additional four smaller stages (Zoo Stage, Moreton Bay Stage and two in Speakers Corner). There are also visual arts exhibitions, a KidZone, a Global Village market area with over 100 food, crafts and display stalls, as well as several bars. All front-of-stage areas, the KidZone and the food and drink area are designated smoke-free.

WOMADelaide has worked closely with Zero Waste SA in waste minimisation. After the 2005 festival, some six tonnes of compost from WOMADelaide waste were returned to the Adelaide Botanic Garden, in an effort to preserve the delicate ecosystem in which the event is located. In 2007, WOMADelaide joined forces with Greening Australia, Australia’s largest environmental organisation, to remove the global warming impact of the event. The carbon generated through artists’ travel, and the festival site lighting and power was offset through the re-vegetation of native bushland in SA, which also helped to restore native habitat for rare and endangered species, and to reduce the effects of salinity.

Reception
A day only event (with full weekend tickets also available, no camping on site), WOMADelaide has grown steadily in audience size from 30,000 in 1993 to over 90,000 over the four day events annually since 2014. "About 95,000" people attended in 2015. All prior attendance records were broken in 2016 when over 95,000 people attended over the course of the weekend.

In 2023 the event sold out its first three days (Fri-Sun) for the very first time and was nearly sold out for its final day on the Labour Day Monday.

In 2008 WOMADelaide won the FasterLouder Festival Award for best Sound & Production. WOMADelaide also received the 2008 Helpmann Award for Best Contemporary Music Festival.

National Live Music Awards
The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.

 * National Live Music Awards of 2016
 * WOMADelaide
 * South Australian Live Event of the Year
 * Won
 * National Live Music Awards of 2020
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Live Music Festival or Event
 * Nominated
 * National Live Music Awards of 2023
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Live Event in SA
 * Won
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Live Event in SA
 * Won

South Australian Music Awards
The South Australian Music Awards (previously known as the Fowler's Live Music Awards) are annual awards that exist to recognise, promote and celebrate excellence in the South Australian contemporary music industry. They commenced in 2012. WOMADelaide won five awards.

(wins only)
 * 2012
 * WOMADelaide
 * Most Popular SA Live Music Event
 * Won
 * 2013
 * WOMADelaide
 * Favourite SA Live Music Event
 * Won
 * 2014
 * WOMADelaide
 * Favourite SA Live Music Event
 * Won
 * 2015
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Festival / Music Event
 * Won
 * 2016
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Festival / Music Event
 * Won
 * 2016
 * WOMADelaide
 * Best Festival / Music Event
 * Won
 * Won

Programming
WOMADelaide draws its performing artists from all over the world. A specific emphasis is placed on traditional music and performances of various cultures although some more contemporary, popular acts are included. The festival runs from 6pm to 1am on Friday, from 12noon until 1am on Saturday and from 12noon-12midnight on Sunday. In 2010, due to substantial popularity WOMADelaide was extended to include Monday from 12noon - 12midnight, making the festival four days in length. Artists also lead workshops demonstrating and/or discussing aspects of their performances on smaller stages. There are also artists who do "roving" performances through the park and installation pieces, such as La Compagnie Carabosse, who set up large fire installations at the 2005 festival.

Some of the many artists who have appeared at WOMADelaide include:

 * A.B. Original
 * Afro Celt Sound System
 * Azadoota
 * The Beautiful Girls
 * Courtney Barnett
 * Black Grace
 * Blue King Brown
 * Briggs
 * Sarah Blasko
 * John Butler Trio
 * Capercaillie
 * Kev Carmody
 * The Cat Empire
 * Jimmy Cliff
 * The Correspondents
 * Crowded House
 * Daara J
 * The Dhol Foundation
 * Dirty Three
 * Fat Freddy's Drop
 * Peter Gabriel
 * Gil Scott Heron
 * Glass Beams
 * Salif Keita
 * Paul Kelly and the Stormwater Boys
 * Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
 * Kimbra
 * Late Nite Tuff Guy
 * Leningrad Cowboys
 * Les Yeux Noirs
 * Lior
 * Mad Professor
 * Baaba Maal
 * Miriam Makeba
 * Master Drummers of Burundi
 * Melbourne Ska Orchestra
 * Midnight Oil
 * Not Drowning, Waving
 * Ozomatli
 * Archie Roach
 * Xavier Rudd
 * Marina Satti & Fones
 * Shooglenifty
 * The Specials
 * Dan Sultan
 * Noriko Tadano
 * Thandi Phoenix
 * Themba
 * Violent Femmes
 * Tiddas
 * The Waifs
 * Yungchen Lhamo
 * Zap Mama

title: WOMADelaide


text:
J. Reuben Clark

Joshua Reuben Clark Jr. (September 1, 1871 – October 6, 1961) was an American attorney, civil servant, and a prominent leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Grantsville, Utah Territory, Clark was a prominent attorney in the Department of State, and Undersecretary of State for U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. In 1930, Clark was appointed United States Ambassador to Mexico.

Clark received a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah, where he was valedictorian and student-body president. Clark received a law degree from Columbia University, where he also became a member of Phi Delta Phi, a prominent international legal fraternity in which he remained active throughout his life.

Clark later became an associate professor at George Washington University. Both the J. Reuben Clark Law Society and the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University (BYU) are named in his honor.

Early life
Clark was the first of ten children born to Joshua R. and Mary Louisa Woolley Clark. He was born and raised in Grantsville, Utah, 33 miles southwest of Salt Lake City in Tooele Valley. At the time, it was a four-hour trip by buggy and train from Grantsville to Salt Lake City. The LDS Church members who settled the area were industrious and community-oriented.

As a break from farmwork, Clark participated in dramatic productions from his youth. He displayed a talent for public speaking, comedy, and humor at a young age. Clark also participated in the childhood diversions available on the frontier, sledding in the winter and swimming in the summer.

Clark's grandfather had been a minister in the Dunker Faith (Church of the Brethren). Clark's father, Joshua, had worked his way west through Utah as a trapper and freighter and felt drawn to the LDS Church after attending his first Sunday service, being baptized a month afterward. Education and culture were important in the Mormon communities in Utah Territory. Clark's father, although accustomed to hard physical labor, was also reputed to be a knowledgeable, culturally-oriented man. He was hired soon after his baptism to teach school in Grantsville.

Shortly after moving there from Salt Lake City, Clark's father married Mary Louisa Woolley, who was born on the plains as her parents made their way west with the Mormon pioneers. Clark's father was the sort of man who, while doing business in Salt Lake City, would sleep in a hay loft to afford to see a Shakespearean play, and he would make great sacrifices to afford to buy a good book. The small library in the Clark home was made up of history books, classics, an encyclopedia, the Bible, plus other religious works of the LDS Church. Although the younger Clark's education was spotty in his youth because of the demands of farm life and meager family resources, he was able to take music lessons and to play with various bands. He played the piccolo and then the flute.

Clark's father became the clerk, then superintendent, of the Grantsville educational co-operative, was elected the Tooele County Superintendent of Schools in 1878, became president of the Tooele County Education Association, and by 1879 was assessor and tax collector, with his two eldest sons helped with the accounting and record-keeping.

When his father later taught at a local private school, Clark was able to be formally educated for the first time. He was ten years old and had been schooled by his mother. Clark was not at school every term; sometimes, financial difficulties and farm work kept him at home. His father once related that Clark would "rather miss his meals than to miss a day from school." After completing the eighth grade, the highest grade offered at the Grantsville school, Clark repeated it two more times.

College education and early career
In 1890, at age 19 and with his father’s consent, Clark was taken to Salt Lake City to enter Latter-day Saints' University. Clark lived at the home of an aunt to save money, and he earned extremely high grades. The principal of the school was James E. Talmage, the foremost scholar and scientist in the LDS Church. Talmage hired Clark to be the assistant curator (and later, curator) for the Deseret Museum. It was a paid position and helped immensely to support Clark during his higher education. The curator position was also considered a mission and relieved Clark of being called to serve a formal full-time mission for the LDS Church. When Talmage was released as principal and called to create a new college for the LDS Church, he brought Clark with him as his chemistry lab assistant and clerk. While Clark would still curate at the museum, this helped Clark with his financial support and enabled him to finish six years of advanced schooling in four. Two of the years were intended to finish his unmet high school requirements. It was Talmage who called Clark "the greatest mind ever to leave Utah" and who encouraged him to attend an eastern university.

In 1894, Clark entered the University of Utah. Clark lived frugally and was even able to partially support his father, who had been called to serve as a missionary in the church's Northern States Mission, then as the mission president.

Talmage later became the president of the University of Utah and was also the first recipient of the recently endowed Deseret Professorship of Geology. Clark graduated in 1898 as valedictorian of his graduating class, while still serving as clerk to Talmage and on the faculty of the university. He had met Luacine ("Lute") Annetta Savage, the youngest daughter of Charles Roscoe Savage of Salt Lake City, in 1894, but he could not afford to marry her. She taught kindergarten and then worked at her father's store while dating Clark for four years. They married on September 14, 1898, in the Salt Lake Temple.

Talmage performed the sealing, the first that he performed. The couple had a modest reception by Lute's choice, owing to Clark's small means, but she came from a prosperous family. A few days later, Clark left for Heber, Utah, to find a place for them to live and start his first career position as a teacher and principal of the new Heber City High School.

The next year, Clark signed on as a teacher at Latter-day Saints' University, but he resigned in February to teach at Salt Lake Business College. Joseph Nelson headed the college and became an important benefactor to Clark. In the fall of 1900, Clark went to Cedar City, Utah, to become the principal of the Branch Normal School. The following year, Clark was an instructor in Commercial Law, Principal of the Shorthand Department, and Secretary of the Faculty at Salt Lake Business College. In 1903, Nelson was named cashier of the Utah National Bank, and Clark assumed most of his duties at the college. That year, Nelson offered to pay for law school for Clark, and Clark applied to Columbia University. He was accepted, and he received his entire education in law at Columbia.

Columbia
In the beginning of Clark's second year of law school at Columbia, he was elected to the editorial board of the Columbia Law Review. He was the oldest on the board, the only one married, and the only Latter-day Saint in the law school. In 1905, at the end of his second year of law school, he was admitted to the New York bar. He was granted a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1906. Clark had worked with James Brown Scott on the 772-page book Cases on Quasi Contracts (1905) during his schooling. Scott recommended him as Assistant Solicitor of the Department of State, and Clark received the appointment on September 5, 1906.

Government service and law career
Clark began his government service in 1906, when he was appointed Assistant Solicitor to the State Department. During his tenure in Washington, the Clark family (consisting of Clark, his wife and four children) was in the wake of the controversy over the Reed Smoot hearings in the US Senate.

In his position as Assistant Solicitor and then as Solicitor in the State Department, Clark was often confronted with critical issues of international consequence. For example, when the Mexican Revolution erupted in 1911, he was called upon to make crucial decisions and recommend courses of action to the secretary of state and Howard Taft. Of particular concern to Clark was the plight of the Latter-day Saints who lived in the Mexican colonies and were often caught in the middle of the conflict and whose presence in Mexico was resented by the revolutionaries.

After resigning from the State Department in 1913, after the election of Woodrow Wilson, Clark turned his attention to the practice of law. His family returned to Utah, and he opened law offices in Washington, DC; New York City; and Salt Lake City, specializing in international and corporate law. One of his first major clients was the Japanese government, which enlisted his services to combat anti-Japanese discrimination in California. Officials in the Japanese government extended an offer for him to become their permanent counsel in Tokyo and to reside in the Imperial Palace. Clark declined the offer, partly on the advice of Joseph F. Smith.

When the United States entered World War I, Clark was commissioned as a major in the Judge Advocate General Officer Reserve Corps (Army) and later asked to become Special Counsel to the Judge Advocate General. Also during World War I, Clark worked in the U.S. Attorney General's office. He also participated in creating the regulations for the Selective Service.

In 1926, Clark was called back into government service as tensions with Mexico flared. His past experience in Mexican affairs as solicitor and his experience in diplomacy were called upon as the US President appointed him to the Mexican and American Mixed Claims Commission. The Commission, established by treaty in 1924 to settle monetary disputes between the two countries, was thought to be the best means of avoiding war with Mexico. Other positions of national prominence followed, such as appointments to Special Counsel for the United States before the American-British Claim Arbitration and then Agent for the United States on the US-Mexico General and Special Claims commissions. Later, Clark took a position as personal legal adviser to the US Ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow, who had been impressed with Clark's work in the State Department.

In 1928, as Under-Secretary of State to Secretary of State Frank Kellogg in the Calvin Coolidge administration, Clark wrote the "Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine", which repudiated the idea that the United States could arbitrarily use military force in Latin America. The Memorandum was a 238-page treatise exploring every nuance of the US's philosophy of hemispherical guardianship. It was published as an official State Department document and partially reprinted in textbooks for years.

When Morrow resigned as ambassador to serve in the U.S Senate, Clark was recommended as his replacement. Herbert Hoover appointed Clark as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to Mexico on October 3, 1930. That was a key post in US foreign relations and earned him instant prestige. Clark served as US ambassador to Mexico from 1930–1933.

Later, while Clark was serving in the LDS Church's First Presidency, he was summoned to the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who asked him to be a delegate to the Pan-American Conference at Montevideo, Uruguay. Again, in 1933, Roosevelt tapped Clark, this time to serve on the newly-formed Foreign Bondholders Protective Council.

LDS Church service
In June 1925, Clark was appointed to the LDS Church's board of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association. In April 1933, Clark was called to serve second counselor in the church's First Presidency to Heber J. Grant. Grant held the position in the First Presidency vacant for over a year until Clark was able to resign from his ambassadorship and resolve necessary government matters.

Clark was sustained as second counselor to Grant on April 6, 1933. He replaced Charles W. Nibley, who had died in December 1931. The call was unusual not only for the delay between Nibley's death and Clark's call, but also because counselors were generally selected from within the church's general authorities.

Clark had also never been a stake president or bishop in the church. He immediately set out to relieve Grant of some of the administrative duties he placed upon himself that became a source of fatigue.

Grant had been active in business throughout his life and encouraged his new second counselor to continue to take advantage of business and governmental opportunities whenever possible. Grant believed the interests of the LDS Church would be best served by Clark continuing to be involved in leadership endeavors outside the church. A week after joining the First Presidency, Clark was asked to fill a position on the board of directors of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, headquartered in New York. Soon afterward came the appointment as a delegate to the Pan-American Conference. Grant gave his approval to both proposals, and Clark felt duty-bound to again serve.

Following the church's October 1933 General Conference, Roosevelt again asked Clark to serve on the Foreign Bondholders' Protective Council. As the Great Depression ravaged the world's economies, a billion dollars in US citizen-owned foreign bonds had fallen into default. Clark was asked to lead the council's effort in recovering money on the defaulted bonds, first as general counsel and then as council president.

In 1933, Clark began urging change in the LDS Church's welfare policy, which directed members to seek assistance from the government before the church, to adopt many of the innovative techniques instituted by Harold B. Lee of the Salt Lake Pioneer Stake to aid church members, such as employment co-ordination, operation of a farm and cannery, and the organization of jobs for stake members to refurbish and sell a Utah company's unsold, defective products.

Apostleship
In September 1934, Grant's first counselor, Anthony W. Ivins, died. In October 1934, Clark was ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for purposes of seniority. Immediately thereafter, he was set apart as Grant's first counselor, with David O. McKay as the second counselor.

In 1935, Grant presented a new "Church Security" program, renamed the "Welfare Plan" in 1938, which encouraged industry and personal responsibility and enabled the members to turn to the church instead of relying on the "demoralizing system" of government dependence. The Welfare Plan would centralize the church's efforts and grow to include a "Beautification Program," church farms, Deseret Industries, and a Bishop's Central Storehouse. In a special meeting of stake presidents on October 2, 1936, Clark would capture the goal of church welfare: "The real long term objective of the Welfare Plan is the building of character in the members of the Church, givers and receivers, rescuing all that is finest deep down inside of them, and bring to flower and fruitage the latent richness of the spirit which after all is the mission and purpose and reason for being of this Church." Clark's counsel remains the guiding principle of LDS Church welfare.

In 1940, Clark initiated a project to transmit sessions of general conference to additional assembly halls via closed circuit radio. In February 1940, Grant suffered a stroke that left the left side of his body paralyzed and eventually led to his virtual incapacitation. Soon afterward, McKay fell seriously ill, and by necessity, Clark took hold of the reins of LDS Church administration, but he always kept the other members of the First Presidency apprised and consulted with them prior to making any major decision.

After Grant's death, Clark and McKay were also first and second counselors, respectively, to George Albert Smith. However, when Smith died and McKay became church president, he surprised some by choosing Clark as his second counselor, with Stephen L Richards as first counsel. McKay cited Richards's longer tenure as an apostle as the only reason for not making Clark his first counselor, and Clark's leadership style clashed with McKay's way of doing things. It was upon being sustained as second counselor in a general conference that Clark famously remarked, "In the service of the Lord, it is not where you serve but how. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one takes the place to which one is duly called, which place one neither seeks nor declines." Clark was returned to the position of first counselor after Richards died in 1959. Although he served in that capacity until his death on October 6, 1961, McKay excluded Clark from much of the decision-making.

In the 1950s, while serving as second counselor in the First Presidency, Clark was able to see two major religious works he had been working on for several years published. In 1954, Our Lord of the Gospels a deep study of the life of Jesus Christ was brought to publication, with Thomas S. Monson serving as the representative of Deseret Book in the publishing project. In 1956, Clark's work Why the King James Version, advocating continued use of the King James Bible by the church, was published.

Clark was closely involved with most of the administrative innovations of the church while he was in the First Presidency. He was involved especially in advocating for regional priesthood councils.

Death
Clark died on October 6, 1961, at his residence, 80 D Street, Salt Lake City, Utah, at ninety years of age. Clark served in the First Presidency for over 28 years, longer than any other man who has not been church president. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

Racism and anti-Semitism
As noted in D. Michael Quinn's 2002 biography, Clark's life spanned a period that saw "enormous changes in the attitudes and conduct of Western society, the United States, and the LDS Church toward the races and ethnic peoples of the world." As a young man, writes Quinn, Clark possessed "the full endowment of racism characteristic of late nineteenth-century America." Clark's nativist views were evident in his 1898 valedictory speech at the University of Utah in which he declared, "America must cease to be the cess-pool into which shall drain the foul sewage of Europe." Clark eventually changed some of his racial and ethnic views but maintained others to the end of his life.

Speaking to a church audience in 1956 about his service as U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, Clark admitted that he had gone to Mexico "with a great prejudice against the Mexican people." However, as he learned the people's history and lived among them, he came to develop a great affection for them.

Clark's views of the Japanese softened after he performed legal work on behalf of the Japanese embassy in 1913. Although his son-in-law, Mervyn S. Bennion, was killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Clark "neither felt nor manifested any bitterness toward the Japanese," according to Quinn. Clark wrote to an LDS serviceman on August 3, 1945, "I have nothing but kindness for the [Japanese] race."

During Clark's lifetime, Utah had de facto segregation policies, and males of African descent were excluded from the LDS priesthood. As a church leader, Clark resisted the social integration of whites and blacks and strongly opposed interracial marriage, explaining in a 1949 letter: "Since they are not entitled to the Priesthood, the Church discourages social intercourse with the negro race, because such intercourse leads to marriage, and the offspring possess negro blood and is therefore subject to the inhibition set out in our Scripture."

Clark nevertheless expressed support for Brown v. Board of Education, stating that "the Latter-day Saints willingly accord to [blacks] in civil matters all the rights, privileges, liberties, and protection guaranteed them... in all their social, economic, and political activities."

Quinn notes that "there was one ethnic group, however, for whom Reuben expressed lifelong dislike and distrust—the Jewish people." According to Quinn, Clark kept several copies of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in his personal library and shared it and other anti-Semitic publications with colleagues and acquaintances. He expressed anti-Semitic attitudes in "code words publicly and in specifics privately" and used his church position to obstruct what he perceived as "Jewish influence." After Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria, Clark denied desperate pleas by Austrian Mormon converts from Judaism who sought the church's help in emigrating to safety.

Clark's anti-Semitism seems to have derived at least in part from his ardent anti-Communism. Quinn notes that "although not all American anti-Communists were anti-Semitic, the more intense tended to be. Reuben's own fusion of anti-Communism and anti-Semitism was representative of this tendency."

Clark's views put him at odds with LDS Church president David O. McKay, whose "positive attitudes toward the Jews, Zionism, and the State of Israel were more representative of Mormons generally than were President Clark's anti-Semitic attitudes and administrative actions."

Career timeline

 * 1900–01 President of the Branch Normal School (Southern Utah University)
 * 1906–10 Assistant solicitor for the United States Department of State
 * 1907–08 Assistant professor of law, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
 * 1910–13 Solicitor for the United States Department of State
 * 1913 Appointed counsel for the United States before Tribunal of Arbitration under Special Agreement of August 18, 1910, between the US and Great Britain — $5 million in claims.
 * 1914 Counsel in charge of US Agency, American-British Claims Arbitration
 * 1918 Author, Emergency Legislation and War Powers of the President
 * 1919–20 Active in the League of Nations controversy
 * 1922 Utah Republican nominee for US Senate, also in 1928
 * 1926 Agent of the United States, General Claims Commission, US and Mexico.
 * 1927–28 Legal adviser to Ambassador Dwight W. Morrow, Mexico
 * 1928 Author, Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine
 * 1930–33 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to Mexico
 * 1933 Sustained as second counselor in the First Presidency of the LDS Church, 6 April, Heber J. Grant, President
 * 1933 Named member, board of trustees of Brigham Young University
 * 1933 Delegate of the United States to the Seventh International Conference of American States (Pan-American Conference), Montevideo, Uruguay
 * 1933 Elected director, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York City
 * 1934 Sustained as Apostle and as first counselor in the First Presidency, 6 October, Heber J. Grant, President
 * 1934–53 President, director of KSL Radio Station; vice-president and director of Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI)
 * 1936 United States representative on Committee for the Study of International Loan Contracts (League of Nations)
 * 1944 Elected Director, Western Pacific Railroad, San Francisco, California
 * 1945 Sustained as first counselor to President George Albert Smith, 21 May, LDS Church
 * 1949 Elected vice-president, First National Bank, 11 January
 * 1949 Elected vice-president, Utah Hotel Company, 23 February
 * 1950 Elected member, board of trustees, the Roosevelt Memorial Association, 27 October
 * 1951 Sustained as second counselor in the First Presidency of the LDS Church, 9 April, David O. McKay, President
 * 1952 Elected vice-president, Zion's Savings Bank and Trust Company, 8 January
 * 1952 Elected vice-president, Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 20 April
 * 1959 Designated first counselor in the First Presidency of the LDS Church, 12 June, David O. McKay, President
 * 1962 In 1963, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum for his contribution as a farmer, cattleman, and politician.

Quotes

 * "There has not been another such group of men in all our history that even challenged the supremacy of this group. It is the union of independence and dependence of these branches—legislative, executive and judicial—and of the governmental functions possessed by each of them, that constitutes the marvelous genius of this unrivaled document. ... It was here that divine inspiration came. It was truly a miracle."

title: J. Reuben Clark