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Heidelberg United FC

Heidelberg United Alexander Football Club (founded as Alexander the Great-Melbourne Soccer Club) established in 1958 is a football (soccer) club based in the northern Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia. The team currently competes in the National Premier League Victoria.

Foundation and beginnings (1958–1979)
The Heidelberg United Alexander Soccer Club was founded in 1958 by Greek immigrants from Florina, Greece. They decided to form their own social club, the Clifton Hill Social Club. It was at that time when families, mainly immigrants wives and their unmarried children, began to arrive in Australia in great numbers.

In May 1955 the founding members, George Evgeniadis”Mouchos", George Baniscas, Nicholas Themelkos, Nick Romanidis, Tryphon Rakovalis, Tryphon Avramopoulos, Chris Samartzis and Peter Economidis commenced their meetings at the residence of Tryphon Rakovalis in Fairfield. Their successful gathering attracted mostly Florinians, as well as from other regions. In 1957 discussions to establish "Alexander The Great" began.

Markos Economidis managed to convince the committee of Clifton Hill Social Club to contribute the funds required to purchase the necessary gear for the team. On 12 May 1958, the Clifton Hill members organised their first appeal. A total of 125 pounds was collected. Wishing to broaden support for the soccer team and in an effort to avoid any political affiliation and, thus, conflict, the leaders of "Alexander The Great" launched a campaign to run a completely independent sporting club. Their move gained momentum immediately.

The first committee consisting of George Baniscas (president), Markos Economidis (secretary), Nicholas Themelkos (vice-president), Tryphon Rakovalis (treasurer), A. Doukas, E. Mangopoulos, G. Milopoulos, V. Iliopoulos and T. Iliopoulos and members. They declared Megas Alexandros its administrative independence from Clifton Hill Social Club.

During the first two years (1958–1959) "Alexander the Great" received the financial support of the Clifton Hill Social Club, as well as of their own membership, the spectators and supporters, even the players. The records of the club indicate, for example, that on 1 February 1960 the players donated the amount of £5/3/- (5 pounds, 3 shillings). The inaugural game was played on 13 September 1958 attracting 400 spectators and £2/2/10 (2 pounds, 2 shillings, 10 pence) was collected, an amount which was increased to £5/8/3 (5 pounds, 8 shillings, 3 pence) within three months following the successful and popular start up of the club. The committee members walked around the fences to collect the entrance 'tickets' in a hat. Their wives were responsible for washing the playing gear and for having the first-aid box ready. The main expenditure areas included the hiring of the soccer grounds, administrative expenses, players' clothing, fees for the referee, usually £1/10/0- (1 pound, 10 shillings) and drinks for the players.

In 1959 the first elections took place which returned the old committee with the addition of A. Nicolaides, L. Pavlides, E. Kreskas, P Boubis, S. Sakellarides, and S. Theos. The new committee increased the numbers of social activities in an effort to attract more family members to stabilise the affairs of the club and create a stronger team. The weekly social dances of the club were held at the Masonic Hall, Queens Parade, Clifton Hill. The members paid two shillings and sixpence as an entrance fee, which cleared an average of 40 pounds per week.

Following the successful first two years, Alexander the Great applied unsuccessfully for a place in the Victorian Amateur Soccer Football Association (VASFA). The club's secretary, Markos Economides, in his letters dated 9 February and 17 March 1959 to the President of the VASF H.J. Dockerty, requested Alexander the Great's admission to the Victoria Provisional League. The club received a negative reply in a letter signed by VASFA's Secretary-Manager, S. Beaton, claiming that the club had not played a sufficient number of games to prove its strength, durability and financial stability. In September 1959, the committee, amidst renewed recruitment of players and membership, reapplied. This time Alexander the Great was admitted to the Provisional League, together with four other teams. By this time, the club had managed to build a strong and skilful squad of twenty-one players, almost unbeatable in their category in Victoria. The 1958 and 1959 team included the players A. Balis, A. Boutlis, J. Dafinis, Th. Doukas, D. Filippou, V. Hatzigeorgiou, V. lordanis, K. Korfiatis, A. Politis, N. Romanides, C. Rakovalis, S. Savvides, A. Soumelides, P Themelkos, C. Zouros and C. Zygomanis. In 1960 Megas Alexandros was enriched and further strengthened with Th. Boutlis, L. Foutoulis, the brothers Evan and George Morihovitis, Th. Tangas, E. Taskas, K. Xanthopoulos and C. Zouros.

During its inaugural appearance in the provisional league competition, Alexander the Great was declared the undisputed champions of the league, easily winning 34 points and scoring 113 goals. The official magazine of the VASFA, Soccer News, in its 24 September 1960 edition under the title 'Alexander are Real Champions' paid tribute to the club implicitly signalling, perhaps, remorse for the delayed admission: "of the entrants, Alexander proved themselves champions when they easily won the League Championship with a total of 34 points. Their attack was the best of any team competing in Victorian soccer this season, with 113 goals scored."

With its successful appearance in competitive soccer, the club received an additional boost in the following years (1961–1963), winning all league competitions and climbing to the State League in 1964. In 1965 Alexander's activities declined due to internal administrative problems and the team was relegated. Next year (1966) the club again won the first division premiership and was promoted to State League only to drop back in 1969. In 1970 it survived the transition and became a leading force when it won the 1975 Victorian State League (today's Victorian Premier League) Championship under its then name of Fitzroy United Alexander Soccer Club under coach Manolis Poulakakis.

National Soccer League (1977–1996)

Fitzroy United Alexander was a founding member of the National Soccer League and proved to be a model team for consistency, since it managed to score, throughout the years, the second best performance rate of all Australian teams competing in the highest league. At one stage (1982–1985) seven of the 16 national Socceroo players were players from the club.

Following the formation of the National Soccer League in 1977, the club commenced negotiations with the Heidelberg City Council to move its grounds from Fitzroy to Heidelberg. The local council decided to lease the historic Olympic Village (the training venue for the Melbourne 1956 Olympics) to Alexander. The terms and conditions of the lease were advantageous to the Club which was obtaining access to a prestigious soccer field, with a pavilion and track and field facilities. The committee, led by a solicitor and ex-player of the team, James Mangopoulos, began in November 1977 negotiating the possibility of leasing the grounds surrounding the pitch at the Olympic Village.

In 1978 the Mangopoulos Committee announced its plan to move to Heidelberg and advertised the erection of a covered grandstand seating 1,500 spectators, turnstiles and public facilities for 3,000 people, incurring a cost of $400,000 out of a total cost of the overall scheme of about $950,000. The contracts, however, were not finalised until 1982. The City of Heidelberg agreed to lease the land for thirty years, charging the club a nominal amount. The club in the meantime obtained an official legal status by its registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission of Victoria in 1977.

The late 1970s and early 1980s the Club went through what many regard as its "Golden Era". In 1980, the Club won the "Top 4" play-off series beating Sydney City by 4 goals to nil in Canberra. Towards the end of the 1980s, the Club encountered difficulties both on and off the park. It was twice relegated (1987 and 1989) but managed to be promoted the next year back into the NSL. During this period for Heidelberg players such Juan Toro, Derek Lea and Charlie Yankos participated in this golden era.

In the 1990s it continued to play a prominent role in Australian soccer, operating with a yearly budget of more than $500,000. However, in 1995 the Club suffered a major setback when it was excluded from the National Soccer League along with Melbourne Zebras and the Parramatta Eagles. Soccer Australia, led by David Hill began the "cleansing process" of the league trying to remove all remnants of ethnicity by forcing Clubs to change their names. Alexander The Great made an attempt to rejoin the National League in a joint partnership arrangement with the Collingwood Football Club and whilst things looked promising at the start, pressure from the AFL saw the venture collapse by the end of its inaugural season. The team did however manage to win the National League Cup in 1996 emulating the feats of Heidelberg United who won the cup for the first time three years earlier in 1993.

Victorian Premier League (1996–2013)
On their return to the Victorian league in 1996, Heidelberg had a reasonably successful season, eventually losing in the Grand Final against Altona Magic in penalties after scores were locked at 3–3 after extra time. In 1998 they found themselves relegated, but won promotion back at their first attempt, rejoining the VPL in 2000, and winning the title in 2001. Their rollercoaster recent history however saw them relegated the next season, until they found themselves back in the VPL once more in 2005, and finishing runners up to Green Gully. A solid season in 2006 saw them reach the Preliminary Final, where they were knocked out by Altona Magic in extra time. An inconsistent season in 2007 saw the Bergers finish 8th and miss out on finals.

Celebrating the 50-year anniversary of the club, 2008 transpired to be a successful season which included United winning the Hellenic Cup for the first time in its history. The season continued its positive direction seeing Heidelberg finish 4th in the Victorian Premier League after the Home and Away matches, and finishing the season in 3rd place following the finals series where they lost to the Melbourne Knights in the Preliminary final. 2010 was another strong season for the Warriors, finishing fourth in the league. They won their elimination final against Northcote City 3–1 but lost the minor semi final to Hume City 2–0.

In 2012, the club was relegated after a bottom place finish, but quickly returned to the top flight after taking out the State League 1 Championship in 2013.

National Premier Leagues Victoria (2014–current)
The club's first season in the newly established National Premier Leagues Victoria, what was formerly the Victorian Premier League, saw them finish in 3rd place.

In the 2015 season, the Club qualified for the 2015 FFA Cup, through the Dockerty Cup. The Club progressed from the Round of 32 by beating Broadmeadow Magic FC 3–1 in Newcastle, then becoming one of the five Victorian clubs to progress through to the last eight, after defeating former NSL giants Sydney United 58 FC. Daniel Heffernan's goal after 26 seconds was the fastest ever goal scored in the FFA Cup. The club signed 116-time capped Greek international Kostas Katsouranis for their FFA Cup clash with Melbourne City FC. The Bergers went down 5–0 to their A-League opponents in the quarter final, but managed to draw a crowd of 11,372 at their home ground Olympic Village. The crowd was the second biggest crowd in FFA Cup history. The Warriors also made the reintroduced finals series of the 2015 National Premier Leagues Victoria season, after a third placed league finish, but lost to Pascoe Vale SC at the first hurdle.

In September 2015, the Bergers' star strikers Daniel Heffernan was signed by A-League club Central Coast Mariners. Heidelberg made a strange start to their 2016 campaign, opening the season with a record 6–0 defeat to South Melbourne FC at Lakeside Stadium, before bouncing back to defeat Melbourne Knights FC with an incredible scoreline of 6–1, scoring 4 goals in the opening 15 minutes. On 5 August 2016, Heidelberg confirmed the signing of Melbourne Victory icon Archie Thompson. Heidelberg finished the season in 2nd place, losing 2–1 to South Melbourne in the finals series semi-final.

On 1 August 2017, Heidelberg United defeated A-League side Perth Glory FC 1–0 at Olympic Village in the Round of 32 at the 2017 FFA Cup. Heidelberg took out the 2017 NPL Victoria premiership, but lost out to Bentleigh Greens in the Grand Final. Heidelberg became national champions of the NPL for the first time after defeating Bayswater City SC, APIA Leichhardt Tigers FC and Brisbane Strikers FC.

On 19 August 2018, Heidelberg secured back-to-back NPL Victoria Premierships with two rounds remaining after defeating South Melbourne at Olympic Village 4–2. The premiership was secured in the Bergers' 60th year of existence. Heidelberg went on to claim the championship, defeating Avondale FC 2–1 at AAMI Park. It was Heidelberg's first Premier League title since 2001.

In June 2019, Heidelberg began demolition of their home ground Olympic Village in preparation of a staged refurbishment of the precinct. The total cost of the project is $11m. To date, the club has secured $2m in state government funding, $3.1m from the City of Banyule and $0.5m from Soltilo Soccer School. On the last round of the 2019 NPL Victoria season, the Bergers secured a third consecutive Premiers Plate with a 3–0 victory over South Melbourne.

Stadium
Heidelberg's home ground is Olympic Village in Heidelberg West.

Olympic Park (Village) was built for the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia. The venue was used as the official warm-up venue for the Olympics.

The ground has a main grandstand with seating for 1,000 as well as undercover standing room. Opposite the main stadium is smaller grandstand with more undercover standing room. Both stands have grass hills on either side but there is no spectator room behind each of the goals. One end contains player facilities while the other has a fence with advertising and the scoreboard. The original athletics track was removed in late 2019. The total capacity of the ground is 12,000.

The stadium has been Heidelberg's home for most of their history and has seen many large crowds against rivals such as South Melbourne FC and Melbourne Knights FC.

A crowd of 11,372 people turned up to watch the 2015 FFA Cup quarter final match between Heidelberg United and Melbourne City. This was the second highest crowd in FFA Cup history.

Crest and colours
Heidelberg's crest features Greek icon Alexander the Great holding a shield, who was born in the city in which the founders of the club originated from.

The club colours are primarily yellow and black.

Players
As of 11 July 2024

Notable players

 * 🇦🇺 Andreas Govas

Honours

 * National Soccer League Runners-Up – 1979, 1980
 * NSL Cup Winners – 1992/1993, 1996/1997
 * NSL Cup Runners-Up – 1980, 1982, 1983, 1994/1995
 * National Premier Leagues Champions – 2017

Champions – 1975, 1988, 1990, 2001, 2018
 * National Premier Leagues Victoria

Runners Up – 1996, 2005

Minor Premiers – 1975, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * National Premier Leagues Victoria

 * Victorian Metropolitan League 1 Champions 1965, 1969
 * Victorian State League 1 Champions 2004, 2013
 * Victorian Division 1 North Champions 1963
 * Victorian Division 2 North Champions 1961
 * Victorian Provisional League Champions 1960
 * Buffalo Gold Cup Winners 1985
 * Hellenic Cup Winners 2008
 * Dockerty Cup Winners 2017
 * FFA Cup Quarter Finalists 2015, 2017, 2018

Individual honours

 * Victorian Premier League Player of the Year Award
 * 1973 – Vince Bannon
 * 1974 – Pat Bannon
 * 2008 – Graham Hockless
 * Bill Fleming Medal
 * 2001 – Jim Kourtis
 * 2009 – Osagie Ederaro
 * Victorian Premier League Coach of the Year Award
 * 2005 – Phil Stubbins
 * Victorian Premier League Top Goalscorer Award
 * 1975 – Frank Donachie
 * 1990 – Paul Lewis
 * 1996 – Bobby Despotovski
 * Victorian Premier League Goalkeeper of the Year Award
 * 2001 – Jim Kourtis
 * National Soccer League Top Goalscorer Award
 * 1980 – Gary Cole 21
 * 1981 – Gary Cole 16
 * National Soccer League Under 21 Player of the Year
 * 1985 George Katsakis
 * 1986 Nick Ousalkas
 * 1992 Kevin Muscat

title: Heidelberg United FC


text:
Talk:Another Day on Earth

LP by Brian Eno?
I just noticed that the album info-box says "LP". Has it really been released on vinyl? --BNutzer 15:49, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see that it says "LP" anywhere on the main page. However, it's not unusual even now for albums to be released in a vinyl version Here's an amazon link for a limited-edition vinyl version of My Life in the Bush of Ghosts.  I haven't heard of a vinyl versions of ADoE, but that doesn't mean it's not out there...  --Register allocation 22:47, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

"Under"
How does the version of "Under" on this album relate to the version released on the Vocal box set (link)? Is it the same song, a complete re-recording, or something inbetween? --Register allocation 22:28, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Another Day on Earth


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Everett Franklin Lindquist

Everett Franklin Lindquist (June 4, 1901 – May 13, 1978) was a professor of education at the University of Iowa College of Education. He is best known as the creator of the ACT and other standardized tests. His contributions to the field of educational testing are significant and still evident today.

Early life
Everett Franklin Lindquist was a native of Gowrie, Iowa. He was the son of Jonas A. Lindquist and Hannah O. Anderson.

Career
Lindquist joined the University of Iowa in 1925 as a research assistant. He received his Ph.D. in 1927 and was a member of the Iowa faculty until retirement in 1969. In 1953 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Educational Testing
Desiring to create an academic competition for Iowa students, he developed a set of tests in 1929. These evolved into the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, an exam for elementary and middle school students, as well as the Iowa Tests of Educational Development for high schoolers. Despite their name, they are used nationwide, especially since the enactment of No Child Left Behind legislation. Due to their success, he founded the not-for-profit Measurement Research Center on the Iowa campus to score these tests, which was later acquired by Westinghouse, NCS, and its present owner, Pearson PLC.

In 1959, he introduced the ACT, an examination to test students on practical knowledge rather than cognitive reasoning examined on the SAT. The ACT is still in widespread use today, and is headquartered in Lindquist's hometown, Iowa City, Iowa. Although it is now administered by the College Board, the competing organization to ACT, Lindquist developed the first National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Tests.

Lindquist was on the committee that developed the GED, which evolved during World War II as a way to grant academic credit to servicemen.

Testing technology
As a result of the fast-growing use of ITBS tests, he developed the first practical optical mark recognition system as a replacement for the electrical mark sense IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine. Although many of his colleagues at the University of Iowa contributed to the invention, Lindquist is generally credited with this development and is the sole inventor listed on U.S. Patent 3,050,248 (Filed 1955, granted 1962).

Lindquist's first optical mark recognition scanner used a mimeograph paper-transport mechanism directly coupled to a magnetic drum memory. Although it was not a general purpose computer, it made extensive use of computer technology.

Publications
His 1940 book, "Statistical Analysis in Educational Research", laid the groundwork for the need to interpret testing data in smaller settings using accessible means. He was the editor of the first edition of the then definitive work, Educational Measurement (1951) and contributed his own chapter outlining the problems and issues facing his field. These issues are still of great importance today. A second influential book, "Design and Analysis of Experiments in Psychology and Education" (1953), expounded on the ideas mentioned in his first book, cementing his authority as an expert on educational research.

Legacy
The Lindquist Center, home to the University of Iowa College of Education, is currently on the University of Iowa campus and was named in his honor. Additionally, the Lindquist Building on the ACT campus in Iowa City also exists in his honor. He was also named one of Iowa City's "Fabulous 150" by the Iowa City Press Citizen.

In 1972 the American Educational Research Association created the E. F. Lindquist Award for worthy statisticians.

Although many classes now teach to his tests and ACT preparation is a multimillion-dollar industry, Lindquist discouraged teaching to the test – due to this problem, his competitions ended in the late 1930s.

title: Everett Franklin Lindquist


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Genesis 1:3

Genesis 1:3 is the third verse of the first chapter in the Book of Genesis. In it God made light by declaration: God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light. It is a part of the Torah portion known as Bereshit (Genesis 1:1-6:8).

"Let there be light" (like "in the beginning" in Genesis 1:1) has entered into common usage as a phrase. It is the motto (sometimes in its Latin form, fiat lux) for many educational institutions (using light as a metaphor for knowledge). The University of California is one example. The phrase also forms the chorus of John Marriott's hymn about Creation, "Thou, Whose Almighty Word."

By a word
Augustine of Hippo, in his City of God, sees the verse as indicating "not only that God had made the world, but also that He had made it by the word." The words "let there be light" are the first divine words in the Bible. The Latin for "let there be light" is "fiat lux," and this description of creation by command has led to the theological phrase "creation by fiat." In the words of Peter Kreeft, God "simply spoke... and it came to be."

Gerhard von Rad considers the implication to be "the most radical distinction between Creator and creature. Creation cannot be even remotely considered an emanation from God; it is not somehow an overflow or reflection of his being, i.e., of his divine nature, but is rather a product of his personal will."

The divine "fiat lux" in this passage has "exerted a powerful influence on the English poetic tradition." The many examples include John Dryden's lines "Thus Britain's Basis on a Word is laid, / As by a word the World itself was made."

Light
St Basil emphasises the role of light in making the universe beautiful, as does St Ambrose, who writes: "But the good Author uttered the word 'light' so that He might reveal the world by infusing brightness therein and thus make its aspect beautiful."

The light is described as being created here before the sun, moon, and stars, which appear on the fourth day. In some Jewish interpretations, the light created here is a primordial light, different in nature from (and brighter than) that associated with the sun. The light has also been interpreted metaphorically, and has been connected to Psalm 104 (a "poem of creation" ), where God is described as wrapping himself in light.

Some writers have seen a connection between this verse and the Big Bang in physical cosmology.

Text
Various translations into English of the Hebrew text (Wayyōmer Ělōhîm "yǝhî ôr," wayǝhî ôr) include:

title: Genesis 1:3


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Borregaard

Borregaard is a Norwegian company, established in 1889 in the southeastern town of Sarpsborg in Østfold county. Its main products were traditionally pulp and paper. The company later started producing chemicals based on timber as a raw material. After a takeover in 1986, Borregaard was part of the chemical division of the Orkla Group until it was spun off and introduced to the Oslo Stock Exchange in October 2012. It had 1050 employees in 2016.

The company's core business is based on a Biorefinery that manufactures products based on the different components in wood. Important products are speciality cellulose, lignin products (lignosulphonates), bio ethanol, yeast and yeast extracts and lignin-based vanillin. The company also produces ethyl vanillin, diphenols and fine chemicals.

History
The name "Borregaard" was connected to Borgargjerdi, the royal seat during the reign of Olav the Holy (1016). In 1312 the estate was handed over from the king and became a country estate which changed hands several times until 1889, when British company The Kellner Partington Paper Pulp Co. Ltd. became its owner. This company built a cellulose factory near Sarpsfossen waterfall.

In 1918 a holding company called Borregaard was established in order to transfer the business into Norwegian hands.

Until the Second World War Borregaard's main products were cellulose and paper, but then Borregaard started production of various chemical products and activities in other areas.

In 1986 Borregaard merged with Orkla Industries into Orkla Borregaard. When Orkla Borregaard then merged with Nora Industries in 1992, the new company took the name Orkla, while the chemicals business kept the Borregaard name.

On the 18th of October 2012 Borregaard was separated from Orkla and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.

Borregaard ChemCell
Borregaard ChemCell is a producer of advanced speciality cellulose based on softwood, Spruce. Borregaards has a Cellulose plant in Sarpsborg, Norway. 2002 brought Borregaard an additional ChemCell plant in Solothurn, Switzerland. This plant was closed 2008.

Customers are manufacturers of cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose ethers and esters, acetate cellulose and micro-crystalline cellulose. Borregaard ChemCell also produces cellulose for textile fibres, plastic products and a variety of paper qualities.

Borregaard's plant in Norway was erected in 1891, The Swiss plant, former Atisholz started production as early as 1884. Both plant utilizes a calcium sulphite based digesting proses which gives high viscosity cellulose with high purity.

Bio ethanol and basic chemicals The sugar compounds in wood is used to manufacture bio ethanol. Borregaard also produces caustic soda, hydrochloric acid and bleaching chemicals for captive use and for sale to external customers.

Borregaard LignoTech
Borregaard LignoTech is a supplier of lignin-based binding and dispersing agents (lignosulphonate). Lignin is the binding agent in wood and is extracted as lignosulphonate during the production of cellulose. The company has production units in Norway, US, Brazil, Germany, and the UK, and joint venture units in South Africa, Spain, and the US.

LignoTech's lignin products are used as dispersing agents in concrete, textile dyes, agrochemicals, batteries and ceramic products, or as binding agents in animal feed and briquettes. Lignin products improve the end-use properties and strengthen the structure of concrete. Lignin-based products are also used in connection with oil drilling.

Borregaard Synthesis
Borregaard Synthesis provides intermediates for non-ionic X-ray contrast media, and has dedicated plants for this market. The company also supplies advanced intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for several medicines. The production facilities is located at the Borregaard production site in Sarpsborg, Norway.

The company also produces diphenols at its plant in Ravenna, Italy.

Borregaard Ingredients
Borregaard manufactures several ingredients based on natural raw materials.

Omega-3 oil: Borregaard supplies omega-3 specialty oils designed for use in functional food such as dairy products, juice, sausages and sweets.

Vanillin: The company is the only supplier of vanillin produced from wood (lignin). Borregaard also supplies vanillin and ethyl vanillin products based on petrochemical raw materials.

Yeast products: Borregaard's plant in Switzerland produces protein-rich torula yeast, based on sugar compounds in wood, for use in food products and selected animal feed products. Borregaard also manufactures various yeast extracts that are used as taste enhancers with good nutritional properties in sauces, soups, baby food, pizza and meat products.

General directors and managing directors

 * 1918–1933 : Hjalmar Wessel
 * 1933–1960 : Arne Meidell
 * 1960–1978 : Rein Henriksen
 * 1978–1985 : Oddmund Sørhuus
 * 1986–1999 : Egil Ullebø
 * 1999–    : Per Sørlie

Legionella epidemic
In May 2005 there was a legionellosis outbreak in Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg area. It was confirmed that an air scrubber on Borregaard's plant in Sarpsborg, Norway was the source of the worst legionella epidemic in Norwegian history. The epidemic spread to at least 56 people, of whom ten died.

In 2008 there was a new legionellosis outbreak in Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg area. This time it was concluded that the biological treatment plant was connected with both outbreaks. The biological treatment plant was immediately shut down. A replacement plant, based on different technology, was opened in February 2014.

title: Borregaard


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Demonstration effect

Demonstration effects are effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences. The term is particularly used in political science and sociology to describe the fact that developments in one place will often act as a catalyst in another place.

Examples
Parents may take care of their parents to create a demonstration effect by which their children later care for them.

Countries and local governments may adopt laws and economic policies similar to those that appear to demonstrate success elsewhere. The proven success of the policies provides a demonstration effect that leads other governments to attempt to emulate that success.

Tourism
The demonstration effect has been observed as a natural consequence of tourism. One study argues that the demonstration effect can be broken down into four forms: exact imitation, deliberately inexact imitation, accidental inexact imitation, and social learning.

Economics
In economics, demonstration effects may help explain the spread of financial or economic crises like the Asian financial crisis. Investors do not know everything about the economic situation of countries where they invest. When investors see a country's economy collapse, however, they may question the safety of investments in other countries with similar economic policies.

Some heterodox economists such as James Duesenberry and Robert H. Frank, following the original insights of Thorstein Veblen (1899), have argued that awareness of the consumption habits of others tends to inspire emulation of these practices. Duesenberry (1949) gave the name "demonstration effect" to this phenomenon, arguing that it promoted unhappiness with current levels of consumption, which impacted savings rates and consequently opportunities for macroeconomic growth. Similarly, Ragnar Nurkse (1953) argued that the exposure of a society to new goods or ways of living creates unhappiness with what had previously been acceptable consumption practices; he dubbed it the "international demonstration effect." He claimed that in developing nations, pressure to increase access to material goods rapidly increases, primarily because people "come into contact with superior goods or superior patterns of consumption, with new articles or new ways of meeting old wants." As a result, he argued, these people are "apt to feel after a while a certain restlessness and dissatisfaction. Their knowledge is extended, their imagination stimulated; new desires are aroused".

Political
In the late 18th century, the successful American Revolution may have provided a demonstration effect that sparked the subsequent French Revolution. Political movements may be given a boost from the observed success of similar movements in other countries. The domino effect thesis relates to this idea; it argued that communist revolutions in some countries would spread to other countries.

title: Demonstration effect


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User:Pieter90210

I'm pretty new at wikipedia.org. I did hang around at Hrwiki.org. I mostly just do things with the Mythology section. I have the tendacy to make links that don't lead to anywhere. If you see one and you know about the subject, please fill it in.

title: User:Pieter90210


text:
User talk:Edward Wakelin

(Note: I was welcomed by SqueakBox, so kudos to them, just removed it to save space and so forth.)

Inter-/Intra-Group Problems
Liked how you created the new section Inter-/Intra-Group Problems, and not to mention the two other names you listed in the "Famous White supremacist" section I created. Keep up the good work. :-) --Gramaic 02:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

dab
dab: disambiguation, especially in Wikipedia. Victoria is a particularly ambiguous word. If you prefer, you could break Victoria, British Columbia up as Victoria, British Columbia creating Victoria, British Columbia. BTW, it's possible to sign your messages with ~. Josh Parris ✉ 00:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vanguard News Network
Hi Edward. I started this new article that is about the White supremacist website that is run by Alex Linder. Since your the one who started the article about Alex Linder, I thought that you'll find this new article interesting, and expand it a little bit more. Regards, --Gramaic 28 June 2005 09:10 (UTC)

deeceevoice rfc
A request for comment has been filed re: deeceevoice. You may be interested in commenting.

-Justforasecond 15:50, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi Edward -- if you have specific instances of deeceevoice's violation of NPOV, NOR or CITE could you post them to the deeceevoice rfc talk page? They are outside the scope of the original RfC but I think it might be hard to get momentum for a second RfC. It was a mistake not to include thse in the first place, if deeceevoice tones down her language but persists in content violations, little progress will have been made. -Justforasecond 18:16, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

deeceevoice arbitration
As a party to her RfC, you might be interested to know a request for arbitration has been filed towards deeceevoice Requests_for_arbitration.

-Justforasecond 18:28, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * ?  ε γκυκλοπαίδεια  *   (talk)  22:01, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
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not your browser
On that HL2 xfd there are 2, and the bottom one is a blank page for me too! So, be assured that I had the same problem and your computer is probably not playing tricks on you. Chris Kreider 15:53, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Good to hear nothing's wrong with my computer, the nominator of the AfD says that it's been cleared up. Edward Wakelin 15:58, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your edit to James Blunt, but...
Hi Edward Wakelin - Just wanted to let you know that James Blunt's family name actually IS Blount - he's been quoted as saying he changed the spelling so people wouldn't mispronounce the name - so I have reverted your edit so thank you for reverting the IP's edit. There is actually a note to future editors immediately following the word "Blount" about this point, but perhaps it isn't visible enough. Maybe it should be moved before the name so it is more clear - different people have made the very same edit about every 10 days or so. If you have any suggestions on how to make it clearer, please let's try them out. :)Risker 21:15, 14 December 2006 (UTC) (Sorry for the original error, I've been reading way too many diffs today Risker 21:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC))
 * Is it possible to bold things within edit boxes? Or have a note put on the edit page? Edward Wakelin 01:21, 15 December 2006 (UTC) (I just realised I should copy this to your talk)

AfD nomination of Martin Lindstedt
I have nominated Martin Lindstedt, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Martin Lindstedt. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Scott Mac (Doc) 18:11, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edward Wakelin


text:
Rainer Knopff

Rainer Knopff is a writer, professor of political science at the University of Calgary, Canada, and member of a group known as the Calgary School. He especially well known for his views about the influence of judicial decisions on Canadian public policy. In 2010, Knopff was appointed by the then Prime Minister Stephen Harper to the Governor General Consultation Committee, a special committee to recommend a successor to Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean. The panel recommended David Johnston who was installed as viceroy on October 1, 2010.

Affiliations
Rainer Knopff is often described as a member of the Calgary School, which includes a group of conservatively inclined professors at the University of Calgary, such as Barry Cooper, F.L.(Ted) Morton, Tom Flanagan (political scientist) and history professor David Bercuson  who are strongly committed to strategic and direct influence on public affairs with a long term vision.

By 1998, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a public policy research institution based in Washington, DC had already observed the ascendancy of the role of Calgary-based academics on Canadian public policy, specifically the Calgary School of political science (Rovinsky 1998:10).

The Calgary School are clever strategists who chose to write about contentious, controversial and current topics that "people care about" by simplifying and polarizing complex and sensitive issues giving them dramatic interest and mass appeal. Their role is not to clarify public policy alternatives available to help political leaders make informed choices.

Criticism of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Rainer Knopff writes on constitutional and judicial politics (Knopff 2008:44) and since 1982, has been particularly active in challenging the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, often with F. L. Morton,

In their book entitled The Charter Revolution & the Court Party Morton and Knopff (2000) argue that "the advent of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has drastically increased the power of judges in Canadian society. In deciding to use their new powers in an activist way, judges have been urged on by what Morton and Knopff call "the Court Party," a loose coalition of feminists, civil libertarians, government lawyers, Supreme Court clerks, law professors, and social activists, many funded principally by government (Morton and Knopff 2000:55).".

Controversy
Knopff entered a highly-controversial debate to defend a Calgary School colleague whose career ended abruptly when his comments on the consumption of child pornography were publicized. In a statement from Elizabeth Cannon, President of the University of Calgary, regarding remarks made by Tom Flanagan, the university sought to distance itself from Flanagan's comments by declaring that they "absolutely do not represent the views of the University of Calgary. In the university's view, child pornography is not a victimless crime. All aspects of this horrific crime involve the exploitation of children. Viewing pictures serves to create more demand for these terrible images, which leads to further exploitation of defenseless children" (Cannon 2013)"

In his criticism of the university, the CBC, and the Manning Institute, Knopff cited the "famous Sharpe case" in which "both the trial judge and the B.C. Court of Appeal struck down Canada's criminal prohibition of possessing child pornography" in what was called a "courageous" act in the face of a "hallmark of tyranny." Rainer agreed with the possession offence but also with his colleague's statement that the demand-side consumption of child pornography is one of personal liberty and suggested that as opposed to the production side, which is a more harmful crime, it could be addressed by treatment, not incarceration.

title: Rainer Knopff


text:
List of high schools in West Virginia

This is a list of high schools in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

Locations are the communities in which they are located, with postal location in parentheses if different.

Barbour County

 * Philip Barbour High School, Philippi

Berkeley County

 * Hedgesville High School, Hedgesville
 * Musselman High School, Inwood

Martinsburg

 * Faith Christian Academy
 * Martinsburg High School
 * Spring Mills High School

Boone County

 * Scott High School, Madison
 * Sherman High School, Seth
 * Van Junior-Senior High School, Van

Braxton County

 * Braxton County High School, Sutton

Brooke County

 * Brooke High School, Wellsburg

Cabell County

 * Cabell Midland High School, Ona

Huntington

 * Covenant School
 * Grace Christian School
 * Huntington High School
 * Huntington Prep School
 * St. Joseph Central Catholic High School

Calhoun County

 * Calhoun County Middle-High School, Mount Zion
 * Calhoun Gilmer Center

Clay County

 * Clay County High School, Clay

Doddridge County

 * Doddridge County High School, West Union

Fayette County

 * Meadow Bridge High School, Meadow Bridge
 * Midland Trail High School, Hico

Oak Hill

 * Fayette Institute of Technology
 * Oak Hill High School

Gilmer County

 * Gilmer County High School, Glenville

Grant County

 * Union K-12 Educational Complex, Mount Storm

Petersburg

 * Petersburg High School
 * South Branch Vocational Center

Greenbrier County

 * Greenbrier East High School, Fairlea
 * Greenbrier West High School, Charmco

Romney

 * Hampshire County Career Center
 * Hampshire High School
 * West Virginia School for the Blind
 * West Virginia School for the Deaf

New Cumberland

 * John D. Rockefeller Career Center
 * Oak Glen High School

Weirton

 * Weir High School
 * Weirton Madonna High School

Hardy County

 * East Hardy High School, Baker
 * Moorefield High School, Moorefield

Harrison County

 * Bridgeport High School, Bridgeport
 * Lincoln High School, Shinnston
 * South Harrison High School, Lost Creek

Clarksburg

 * Notre Dame High School
 * Robert C. Byrd High School
 * Liberty High School
 * United Technical Center

Jackson County

 * Ravenswood High School, Ravenswood
 * Ripley High School, Ripley
 * Roane-Jackson Technical Center, LeRoy

Jefferson County

 * Jefferson High School, Shenandoah Junction
 * Washington High School, Charles Town

Kanawha County

 * Ben Franklin Career & Technical/Vocational Center, Dunbar
 * Carver Career & Technical Education Center, Rand
 * Elk Valley Christian School, Elkview
 * Herbert Hoover High School, Falling Rock
 * Nitro High School, Nitro
 * Riverside High School, Quincy
 * St. Albans High School, St. Albans
 * Sissonville High School, Pocatalico
 * South Charleston High School, South Charleston

Charleston

 * Capital High School
 * Chandler Academy Alternative School
 * Charleston Catholic High School
 * Cross Lanes Christian School
 * Garnet Career Center
 * George Washington High School

Lewis County

 * Lewis County High School, Weston

Lincoln County

 * Lincoln County High School, Hamlin

Logan County

 * Chapmanville Regional High School, Chapmanville
 * Man High School, Man

Logan

 * Logan High School
 * Ralph R Willis Vocational Center

Fairmont

 * East Fairmont High School
 * Fairmont Senior High School

Farmington

 * Marion County Technical Center
 * North Marion High School

Marshall County

 * Cameron High School, Cameron
 * John Marshall High School, Glen Dale

Mason County

 * Hannan High School, Ashton
 * Wahama High School, Mason

Point Pleasant

 * Mason County Vocational-Technical Center
 * Point Pleasant High School

McDowell County

 * River View High School, Bradshaw

Welch

 * McDowell County Career and Technology Center
 * Mount View High School

Mercer County

 * Bluefield High School, Bluefield
 * Montcalm High School, Montcalm
 * PikeView High School, Athens

Princeton

 * Mercer Christian Academy
 * Princeton High School, Princeton

Mineral County

 * Frankfort High School, Short Gap
 * Keyser High School, Keyser

Mingo County

 * Mingo Central High School, Newtown
 * Tug Valley High School, Naugatuck

Monongalia County

 * Clay-Battelle High School, Blacksville

Morgantown

 * Morgantown High School
 * Trinity Christian School
 * University High School
 * Monongalia County Technical Education Center
 * Morgantown Christian Academy

Lindside

 * James Monroe High School
 * Monroe County Vocational/Technical Center

Morgan County

 * Berkeley Springs High School, Berkeley Springs
 * Paw Paw High School, Paw Paw

Nicholas County

 * Nicholas County Career and Technical Center, Craigsville
 * Richwood High School, Richwood

Summersville

 * New Life Christian Academy
 * Nicholas County High School

Wheeling

 * Linsly School
 * Wheeling Central Catholic High School
 * Wheeling Park High School

Pendleton County

 * Pendleton County High School, Franklin

St. Marys

 * Mid-Ohio Valley Technical Institute (serves Pleasants, Ritchie, Tyler, & Wetzel Counties)
 * St. Marys High School

Pocahontas County

 * Pocahontas County High School, Dunmore

Preston County

 * Preston High School, Kingwood

Putnam County

 * Buffalo High School, Buffalo
 * Hurricane High School, Hurricane
 * Poca High School, Poca
 * Teays Valley Christian School, Scott Depot
 * Winfield High School, Winfield

Raleigh County

 * Greater Beckley Christian School, Prosperity
 * Independence High School, Coal City
 * Liberty High School, Glen Daniel
 * Shady Spring High School, Shady Spring

Beckley

 * Academy of Careers and Technology
 * Woodrow Wilson High School

Randolph County

 * Harman High School, Harman
 * Pickens K-12 School, Pickens
 * Tygarts Valley High School, Mill Creek

Elkins

 * Elkins High School
 * Randolph Technical Center

Ellenboro

 * The Highland School
 * Ritchie County High School

Roane County

 * Roane County High School, Spencer

Summers County

 * Summers County High School, Hinton

Taylor County

 * Grafton High School, Grafton

Tucker County

 * Tucker County High School, Hambleton

Tyler County

 * Tyler Consolidated High School, Sistersville

Upshur County

 * Buckhannon-Upshur High School, Buckhannon
 * Fred W. Eberle Technical Center

Wayne County

 * Spring Valley High School, Huntington
 * Tolsia High School and Southern Vocational/Technology Center, Fort Gay
 * Wayne High School, Wayne

Webster County

 * Webster County High School, Upperglade

Wetzel County

 * Hundred High School, Hundred
 * Magnolia High School, New Martinsville
 * Paden City High School, Paden City
 * Valley High School, Pine Grove

Wirt County

 * Wirt County High School, Elizabeth

Parkersburg

 * Parkersburg Catholic High School
 * Parkersburg Christian School
 * Parkersburg High School
 * Parkersburg South High School

Williamstown

 * Williamstown High School
 * Wood County Christian School

Wyoming County

 * Westside High School, Clear Fork
 * Wyoming East High School, New Richmond

title: List of high schools in West Virginia


text:
Tairona

Tairona or Tayrona was a Pre-Columbian culture of Colombia, which consisted in a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century AD and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.

The Tairona people formed one of the two principal linguistic groups of the Chibchan family, the other being the Muisca. Genetic and archaeological evidence shows a relatively dense occupation of the region by at least 200 BC. Pollen data compiled by Luisa Fernanda Herrera in 1980 shows considerable deforestation and the use of cultigens such as yuca and maize since possibly 1200 BC. However, occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by sedentary or semi-sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.

Ethnohistorical data shows that initial contact with the Spanish was tolerated by the Tairona; but by 1600 AD confrontations grew, and a small part of the Tairona population moved to the higher stretches of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. This movement allowed them to evade the worst of the Spanish colonial system during the 17th and 18th centuries. The indigenous Kogi, Wiwa, Arhuacos (Ijka, Ifca) and Kankuamo people who live in the area today are believed to be direct descendants of the Tairona.

Origin of the name
Etymological similarities of the word Tairona survive in the four main linguistic groups of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: in Sanca Language it is pronounced Teiruna, in Kankuamo language Teijua or Tairuna, and in Ijka, Teruna, meaning "Males" or "sons of the Jaguar."

Although Tairona may be an inaccurate name for the people who inhabited the region during the contact with the Spanish Empire, it has become the most common name for a hierarchical network of villages that developed around 900. Initially it was used to refer to the inhabitants of a valley and probably a chiefdom named Tairo on the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. But by the 16th century, the Spanish used it for the whole group of complex chiefdoms in the area. The groups in the northern and western Sierra Nevada were largely indistinguishable to the Spaniards, and became indistinguishable to archaeologists in more modern times.

Geographical location
The archaeological sequence of the region spans from approximately 200 BC to the 17th century, when the Tairona were forcibly integrated into the Spanish Encomienda system. The available Carbon-14 dates show that the coastal sites were occupied from perhaps as early as 200 BC, much earlier than those at higher elevations, including some of the largest centers, at 1200 m above sea level. The coves and inlets on the Caribbean coast, like Chengue, Neguanje, Gayraca, Cinto and Buritaca, where villages have only more modest architecture, show the longest occupations, spanning the whole 1,800 years. Knowledge sources about the pre-Columbian Tairona civilization are limited to archaeological findings and a few written references from the Spanish colonial era. One of the first descriptions of the region was written by Pedro Martyr d' Anghiera and was published in 1530. The area also was described by other explorers who visited the region between 1505 and 1524. Anghiera portrays the Tairona valleys as densely populated, with extensive fields irrigated in the same way as those in Tuscany. Many villages were dedicated to fishing and traded their marine goods for the rest of their needs with those living inland. Anghiera describes how they aggressively repelled the Spanish when they attempted to take women and children as slaves in the first contacts. It appears that as a result, the first contacts with the Tairona were very violent and the Spanish suffered great losses, which resulted in a more diplomatic strategy from the first governor of Santa Marta, Rodrigo de Bastidas.

Cities
One of the best-known Tairona nucleated villages and archaeological sites is known as Ciudad Perdida (Spanish for "Lost City"). It was a major city, about 13 hectares (32 acres) in the "core". It was discovered by looters in 1975 but is now under the care of the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History. Recent studies suggest that it was inhabited by approximately 1,600 to 2,400 people that lived in at least 11,700 square meters (124,000 square feet) of roofed space, in about 184 round houses built on top of terraces paved with stone. There are many other sites of similar or greater size.

A larger site, Pueblito, is located near the coast. According to Reichel-Dolmatoff's research, it contains at least 254 terraces and had a population of about 3,000 people. Archaeological studies in the area show that even larger nucleated villages existed towards the western slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, like Posiguieca and Ciudad Antigua.

Smaller villages and hamlets were part of a very robust exchange network of specialized communities, connected with stone-paved paths. Villages that specialized in salt production and fishing, like Chengue in the Parque Tairona, are evidence of a robust Tairona political economy based on specialized staple production. Chengue contains at least 100 terraces and was inhabited by about 800 to 1,000 people in 15 hectares by 1400. The Tairona are known to have built stone terraced platforms, house foundations, stairs, sewers, tombs, and bridges. Use of pottery for utilitarian and ornamental or ceremonial purposes was also highly developed as a result of fairly specialized communities.

Arts and crafts
The Tairona ceramic chronologies range from 200 BCE to 1650 CE, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia has evidence of ceramics from at least 2500 BCE. Recent investigations in Chengue, Parque Tairona by the Colombian archaeologist Alejandro Dever show significant variations in the ceramic that allow for a chronological division of sequence into at least five phases. The first phase, called Nahuange 1, appears to start at around 200 BCE and ends at around 500 CE when there appears to be a peak in the population. A second phase spans from 500 AD to about 900 AD; it can be called Nehuange 2, and was called Buritaca after detailed excavations by Jack Wynn in the 1970s. From c. 900 CE began what is commonly called the Tairona period, characterized by an impressive increase in the variation, size and number of ceramic forms, many conserving the styles from the Nehuange or Buritaca phases. The Tairona 1 through 3 phases, from 900 to 1650, show significant local variations. This was shown by numerous works done in the 1980s by Colombian archaeologists Augusto Oyuela, Carl Langebaek, Luisa Fernanda Herrera and Ana Maria Groot, and others. During the Tairona period, the evidence for exchange increases as does the population of the entire region. The causes for this population increase are not fully known but what is evident is the robust local exchange networks that emerge at this time. The Tairona civilization is most renowned for its distinctive goldwork. The earliest known Tairona gold work has been described for the Neguanje Period (from about 300 to 800 AD). Its use in the Tairona society appears to have extended beyond the elite, although little proof of this exists. The gold artifacts consist of pendants, lip-plugs, nose ornaments, necklaces, and earrings. The Tairona cast a meltable mixture of gold, silver and copper called Tumbaga into intricate moulds using clay, sand, charcoal and lost wax. Depletion gilding, using controlled corrosion to remove copper from the surface, gave the appearance of solid gold. Cast Tairona figure pendants (known as "caciques") in particular stand out among the goldworks of pre-Columbian America because of their richness in detail. The figurines depict human subjects - probably the shamanic elite that ruled them - in ornate dresses and with a large animal mask over the face. Many elements of their body posture (e.g., hands on their hips) and dress signal an aggressive stance, and hence are interpreted by some as evidence for the power of the wearer and the bellicose nature of Tairona society at that time. Not only that, but recent revelations have shown that this was the first step of a process known as 'transformation', which involved members of the shaman elite putting on sub-labial ornaments, nose rings etc. to resemble certain bat species and extract powers from the animal, opening their eyes to a greater truth.

Religious beliefs
At the time of the conquest, the Tairona had different traditional cultural practices than modern Native American populations. Ethnographic sources highlight freedom to divorce and acceptance of homosexuality, which differed significantly from their Catholic conquerors. The Tairona religion, and to some extent modern Kogui religion, separate much of the domestic life between genders. Modern scholars have determined that the descriptions of Tairona homosexuality were an attempt by the Catholic establishment to abolish the Tairona male meeting house, which was the site of intense and permanent religious activity. These rituals are believed to be very similar to those of the Kogui, modern descendants of some of the Tairona chiefdoms. Many of the adult men are involved in rituals, sometimes lasting days, and consisting mostly of coca chewing and meditation.

Tairona revolt and modern-day descendants
In 1599, the Tairona revolted against the Spanish, apparently because economic and religious pressure from the Spanish had become intolerable. The main aggression was the killing of priests and travellers along the roads connecting the Spanish city of Santa Marta and the Tairona centers of Bonda and the villages of Concha and Chengue. Secondary targets were the churches and houses of known bureaucrats of the colonial administration. However, these data are from Spanish testimonies from the trial against the Tairona chiefs in 1602. The Chiefs of Chengue and Bonda were sentenced to death, their bodies dismembered, their villages burned, and much of the population was relocated and incorporated into the Encomienda system. By the mid-17th century, many Tairona populations were completely abandoned and the region was engulfed by forest.

Their descendants today are the Kogi, Arhuaco, Wiwa, and Kankuamo people.

title: Tairona


text:
Talk:Atari BASIC

Influence on other BASICs
I've added the removed section and included a ref. for discussion. It would be most helpful to show sources and data to allow this section to stand without dispute. An example would be college curriculum or other training that makes use of the Atari BASIC source code. --Pelladon 21:54, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

You reworded parts of the introduction I wrote because of supposed speculation, which is understandable. However I have strong evidence for this thesis. If I publish, together with a friend of mine (who has also done a lot of research about these things), a short essay on his web page about what we found out, would that be sufficient to include it again? Or is such practice forwned upon? --Rtc 21:33, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If you have sources, I have no problems with that. I was only putting in info that was verifiable and sourced. I have a lot of info that I cannot include because I can't source it. That's how things work. --Pelladon 21:43, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Do keep in mind, Wikipedia does not condone original research - No original research --Pelladon 22:22, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I know. But the question was, if it is okay to simply publish it on a web page and then refer to that web page as a source? Perhaps you can do so for your information, too? --Rtc 10:48, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As long as it's not original research. Best to use a referenced source (original articles and documentation, for example). --Pelladon 19:14, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

It would most certainly be original research to publish it on the web page. Any information has been original research at one point in time. For example Wikipedia is citing academic journals all the time and there is clearly original research going on in there, isn't it? I mean you could refer to the web page then as a source. Why wouldn't that be okay? How exactly do I need to publish it in order for Wikipedia to accept it as not being original research? Or is original research conducted by wikipedians forbidden to be cited in wikipedia? Scientists have to be careful then not to register at Wikipedia if they want their theories being cited here ;) --Rtc 00:24, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Just read this, use it as a guideline, okay? - No original research. Before you do anything, show the sources so everyone can take a look first. --Pelladon 03:21, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

That doesn't quite answer my question. WP:NOR and WP:NOR shows that I'd need to publish my original research thesis in a reputable publication, but it does not say whether a website would be considered a reputable publication. I see websites being used as sources all over the place and most of them are surely personal efforts on some topic to just state obvious views that would otherwise be considered original research. Most if not all of them have not been peer reviewed. Perhaps you know some 8 bit magazine still active today in which I could publish the stuff? Perhaps that might be more considered a reputable publication than some random web site? --Rtc 13:16, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't make such a big deal out this, just show the sources first and then take it from there. --Pelladon 15:04, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Please get it: There are no sources I can show, because it is original research. The question is what I can do to make the theory (that is now original research), to be a theory that is not original research in the wikipedia sense. --Rtc 15:18, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Put it in the Atari BASIC discussion page, not on the main page itself. --Pelladon 15:21, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

But the nor policy says "If an expert editor has published the results of his or her research elsewhere, in a reputable publication, the editor can cite that source" but the discussion page is not 'elsewhere' --Rtc 15:27, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * By putting it in the discussion page, this allows others to look at it and give suggestions. Part of the process. Please put the discussions on the appropriate page, not on my home page. Thanks. --Pelladon 15:34, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Not only Wikipedia does not publish original research, it also does not conduct it, according to the WP:NOR policy you directed me to. But "putting it on the discussion page" to allow "others to look at it and give suggestions" would be conducting original research! I see you cannot really help me with the problem. --Rtc 15:41, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it's asking others how to proceed with this. BTW: You still haven't shown anything (source, info) to debate about. --Pelladon 15:57, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

There is no source. The original research information consists of an object code spectral analysis, which can show at least the Frank Ostrowski BASICs (even those for the Atari ST) to use exactly the parser architecture of ATARI BASIC. Since Turbo Basic still uses the file format of ATARI BASIC, the relationship is obvious. Those people with a deep knowledge of M68K GFA BASICs (Atari, Amiga) and its file formats also know that they are basically still intentical in architecture to ATARI BASIC. I am not saying that source code has been copied, but merely the architecture. --Rtc 16:16, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * This is your last warning. Any discussions of Atari BASIC needs to go to the Atari BASIC discussion page, not my home page. --Pelladon 16:23, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Inside Atari DOS
I added a reference to this (webbed) book, which has a brief account of the development of Atari Basic. It conflicts somewhat with the article - for one thing, it says that Atari Basic was spec'ed for 10K, not 8K. Mirror Vax 01:48, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It could have been Atari giving them (SMI) some leeway in size since Atari themselves were having problems fitting MS Basic into 8K. (Atari originally designed their system with 8K allocated to BASIC, before BASIC was developed). And they needed it fast. All moot of course. --Pelladon 17:05, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Versions
Might help to have a section describing the three versions, Revision A, B and C. Never mind :D --Pelladon

BTW: There's a line stating that Atari BASIC was patterned after Data General's BASIC. Is there any valid source for this info? Since when did Shepardson Microsystems get it inspiration from Data General? BASIC dialects were in the hundreds or more. Thanks. --Pelladon 03:08, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, there's a line saying that AB's strings were similar to those DGB, which is an obvious truism. They are also similar to C, for example. This whole article needs a massive re-write. Battling editors have managed to take what was essentially a pared-down version of my AB:GBU article and mangled it into an almost unreadable mess, while misleading the reader that the article is actually taken from other sources. Maury 20:01, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops, my bad, I see the reference you're talking about now. Oh well, all fixed now. Maury 21:50, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Wrong information
There are some wrong informations in the article. I don't edit myself because my English is not very good: In Atari BASIC, "P." does not expand to "PRINT" as the article claims. It expands to "POINT". Probably because "PRINT" has already "?" as abbreviation. "PR." is not much longer anyway. The strings does not start at "location zero" as the article claims, but at location 1. So no compatibility problems are present because of that. Two dimensional arrays do exist in Atari BASIC. Although not for strings. Finally, "INPUT D:" will not input from disk, "INPUT #1" will, if I/O channel 1 is open for disk input.Cyco130 07:55, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Feel free to fix - I was going on many-years old memory there. Or would you like me to do these fixes? The string one is just wrong, the problem is at the "other end" when you're specifying lengths, like in MID$. Maury 13:14, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You cannot access a Atari BASIC string variable with a zero subscript, you get a Error- 5 (string length error).—Pelladon 08:45, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

MS basic issue
"Six months and many man-hours later, they were almost ready. But Atari had a deadline with the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) approaching and decided to ask for help."

Is this accurate? I'm curious, because I have a direct statement (in e-mail) from Bill that their stuff was 12 k and showed no signs of getting any smaller when OSS was called in. The statement is part of a larger history so I can't be sure he's talking about the same point in time that the article is, but I don't believe it is inaccurate. Another point to consider is that although the machines were announced at the CES, they didn't ship for another year (almost). If the MS version was that close, I simply can't see them going to OSS just for the CES, when they would already know they had lots of time. And finally, I seem to recall the MS version in the PET being about the same size too.

 * sigh* If only they connected the whole 16 k to the "left" cart, all of this would be moot.

Maury 16:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It was from Bill Wilkinson, Atari cut out a lot from MS Basic to get it to fit in 8K. They were better off going with Atari BASIC from Shepardson. 8KB is very limiting for any BASIC. Can't do much with 8KB.—Pelladon 08:42, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I'm referring to the timing. Bill was the one that told me it was still 12k when OSS got the contract. And seeing that the MS basic they did release was later (12k?) I'm somewhat skeptical about the history. Maury 13:31, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The only MS BASIC for the Atari was 27KB (disk and cart+extensions). —Pelladon 18:16, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * More confused than ever then! Bill definitely said it was 12k when they took over. Maury 23:28, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Just FYI, Commodore BASIC 2.0 (which is based on an almost unmodified Microsoft 6502 code base) is very close to 9K in size. Applesoft BASIC (which has a few extensions) is 10K. In both cases not counting the OS but the BASIC itself only. Applesoft BASIC was specifically made from the Microsoft code base because that was a quicker thing to do than to extend Steve Wozniak's Apple Integer BASIC with floating point. So I doubt the Microsoft code was that hard to get down somewhat smaller than 12K, but 8K seems to have been a problem. -- 92.229.77.243 (talk) 13:36, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

"Intermediate Mode"?
I've never heard this term used to describe how Atari BASIC, or any other BASIC, functions. Source please? Clayhalliwell (talk) 15:51, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think it's called "immediate mode". Cyco130 (talk) 06:40, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

I changed it,. It's immediate mode. Just a typo or slip, I guess. SimonTrew (talk) 05:12, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

How to find out what revision it is?
Is there a simple PEEK command or similar that will tell you which one of the three revisions, A, B, or C, you have in an Atari? Please add this info. -- 92.229.77.243 (talk) 13:27, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Character Set
This section has little to do with Atari BASIC. It's related to ANTIC and the Atari OS. The alternate character set is part of the XL/XE OS ROM, not Atari BASIC "C" ROM. — Pelladon (talk) 18:05, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree, but as far as I know there is no article on the Atari 8-bit OS. The section on the CIO thus is longer than it need be, for the same reason. I don't know if we can sensibly make a case for a split-out when there is considerable interaction between the two yet not really enough stuff to support a separate article. SimonTrew (talk) 23:02, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it really is a Atari OS topic and should be part of that. Until a separate Atari OS page is built, it can stay for now. — Pelladon (talk) 04:02, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Great article
Great job people writing this article!!! I used to program in Atari BASIC on an Atari 800 computer and this brings back memories. Thank you!--Tomwsulcer (talk) 15:05, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed split to Atari 8-bit operating system
I have added a section, unfortunately unreferenced as yet, about the Graphics system. At this stage, with a fairly lengthy section on the CIO as well, I think it is time to propose a split to Atari 8-bit operating system, taking in the majority of those sections, since really the Atari BASIC is nothing more than thin wrappers onto the OS facilities.

I realise that the graphics section also starts off with a discussion of the hardware, which I think inevitable if it is to make any sense in context, but this might also have some bearing on splitting content from this article into a hardware article (e.g. at Atari 8-bit family). I note there is already an article at ANTIC and I should probably merge some of this preamble into that, since it gives a more general overview of e.g. sprites (Player/Missile Graphics) though I should like to tie more details down (specific register memory mapping and so on), but I think there is useful content in there.

So, I am a little vague at the moment on proposing exactly what sections to split out, but would like to get opinions, and consensus, on whether in principle we should split out for the operating system proper. This may mean that afterwards, for example, Turbo BASIC XL and other BASIC varieties are proposals for a merge, but we can leave that until later.

I should appreciate your views. Si Trew (talk) 10:42, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed, much of what is in the article really has nothing to do with BASIC. As there seems to be no pushback on the split, I'd be happy to do it. Maury Markowitz (talk) 12:47, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm happy for the material that isn't specific to Atari BASIC (i.e. the bits that relate to OS facilities in general) to be moved to a new or existing article if more appropriate. The BASIC article should still, of course, note the relevant parts in passing, with inline or "mainarticle" links to the full version.

 * As to whether (e.g.) Turbo BASIC XL should be merged into Atari BASIC... not sure. It depends on whether one considers it an expanded variant of Atari BASIC or a language in its own right, and also whether there is (potentially) enough to be said about it separate from Atari BASIC to sustain a non-stub article. Ubcule (talk) 23:48, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * There appears to be consensus for this split, so please action it. I took a look, and it is not clear to a non-specialist what to split out, as there isn't a clearly defined 8-bit operating system section, so I have removed the general split request tag. This needs to be done by those who understand what they are doing. If the split is not going ahead, then I suggest raising the issue on appropriate WikiProjects.  SilkTork  *YES! 12:38, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Comparing floating point implementations
Where can I find an essay comparing floating point on the Atari 800 with floating point on the Apple II and on the Commodore 64?

The main article is very interesting but I am looking for the exact location of the sign bit on floating point numbers used for 6502-based computers of the 1980s. That means the Commodore 64, Atari 800, and the Apple II+. I am already aware of the fact that the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 both used 5 byte floating point (with two more bytes used for the name of the floating point variable). Is there a place on Wikipedia that already compares these floating point implementations against each other? If Wikipedia doesn't have it, I am willing to go to a website somewhere else, or even to a non-internet BBS if I have to. Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 00:25, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * If someone has information on floating point used in BASIC for a PC compatible of the 1980s, that would be interesting too, but ultimately not very useful to those of us bent on software maintenance (porting software from one 8 bit platform to another 8 bit platform).

 * Does anyone know whether there is a publication or newsletter somewhere that warns us, or otherwise attempts to standardize, where the sign bit is, or the other fairly interesting bits (like flags for NAN, Zero, High, Low, and so on)? The main page of the article lacks a detailed discussion of Atari 800 floating point. I, for one, would find that information interesting. Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 00:32, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Well I imagine for PC compatibles one should start by reading up on the 8087. Before that, it was done in software. The Intel 8087 was before IEEE 754-1985 (it had, for example, projective infinities as well as affine ones, if I recall correctly) and of course Intel contributed hugely to IEEE 574. I remember reading some very in-depth article about this about fifteen years ago that said how hard they had to kinda push their own implementation, but at the same time not reveal the details of the implementation – i.e. keep it as a specification – both because that is what it is and because they wanted to keep their tricks up their sleeve.

 * I remember the manual for the 80287 and it told you the min and max cycles of each instruction. Of course it was a stack-based implementation. It told you the average, too, but this seemed always to be the median of the min and the max, so I didn't trust it too much. The manual was about two inches thick of ?foolscap, whatever that American size is 8x11 inches.

 * Atari 8-bits used 6-byte BCD, 1 byte (two digits) for the decimal exponent and 5 for the decimal mantissa. This was relatively slow, but I guess (it is a guess) was expedient because the 6502 had a BCD mode for addition and subtraction on the processor. I believe that Turbo BASIC XL used a base 2 representation (i.e. not BCD), but I am not sure: it certainly speeded up the numerics a lot, but that may have been through simple optimisations that prevented the needless and stupid storage and conversion of integers to and from floating point (for example, for line numbers in GOTOs, or array indices).

 * Amazingly (at least to me), the article on the Z3 (computer) says that a binary FP implementation was built mechanically! Considering that I think base-10 to base-2 conversion and vice versa is rather tricky (not in theory but in practice) I find this astonishing.

 * What is also quite amazing really is that most cheap digital calculators still use the old 4-bit processors. Digital alarm clocks, too, of course: When you think about it, beyond a very thin surface, every digital alarm clock you have ever used has the same functions and workings as when they first came out over thirty years ago. For example they still set the alarm to 12 midnight by default, and the time to 7am (I think) – those being of course the exact opposite of what the defaults should be!

 * Best wishes

 * S.

 * I do believe the Commodore series of 8 bit computers used something known as a "signed byte" in lieu of a sign bit - inasmuch as there being no particular sign bit, you are supposed to treat $ff as a minus one, $fe as a minus two, and $fd as a minus three, and so on.  The extra effort being worth the extra bit of precision.   If I hadn't abandoned CBM BASIC 2.0 in 1984 (in favor of assembly language), I would have known the answer to this, and not have to have bothered anybody here.   Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 03:29, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

 * You're saying that the "signed byte" is essentially two's complement? In that case, the top bit is 1 if the number is negative, anyway. Si Trew (talk) 14:43, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Embedding machine language
This paragraph is written in an astoundingly unencylopedic fashion, and really needs a rewrite:
 * On the 6502, relocation is not trivial. These days we expect programs to sit pretty much anywhere in memory; the loader and processor collaborate to make that happen. But microprocessors of that era did not do that. The 6502 was especially hindered by having very few indirection instructions, and those it had were asymmetric: the X and Y registers indirect in different directions. This leads either to rather clumsy code that is forever moving stuff between registers, or clever but obtuse code that keeps them where they need to be even if it would seem more obvious to stick something else there. The 6502 instruction set is small enough that, over a short time, programmers can model the entire processor in their heads, even down to knowing how many cycles each instruction takes, and then start making clever tricks.

Clayhalliwell (talk) 22:24, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, this entire section is loaded with continual attempts to relate the subject matter to modern software techniques, which just bloat the article, add nothing to understanding, and make the whole thing harder to read. Clayhalliwell (talk) 23:08, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, expand that sentiment to all the sections that Mr. Trew is editing. He's making a real mess of the article, with cutesy unencylopedic language, irrelevent detail, and some statements that are just flat-out wrong. I suppose I'm going to have to clean all this up later. It's seriously bordering on vandalism. Clayhalliwell (talk) 23:39, 25 March 2010 (UTC

 * I agree that relocation is not trivial.  That is one of the points in favor of certain kinds of copy protection:   making it difficult for unknown third parties to come along, years after the fact, and have the audacity to disassemble it, let alone try to move the programs to places they were never meant to execute.   Maybe modern users want to get their hands on '"free" software, and are angry with the original author for having put it where he did.   Maybe not.  Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 03:31, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ummm.... what? Are you sure you posted that to the intended talk page? Clayhalliwell (talk) 18:00, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Do you really think that "letting the software sit pretty much anywhere in memory" is a good idea, or that we all approve of that idea?  Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 03:32, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I note that User:Clayhalliwell has made precisely 0 edits to the article since posting the above comments. I do agree it needs a lot of work. Unfortunately nobody else seems much interested in the article, so I have to more or less take it in the direction I see fit. The biggest jobs to do are to split the operating system information out from the BASIC section, and then to get references from De Re Atari and from Wilkinson's BASIC manuals. Adding references would be a great help and no doubt would also tidy up some errors.

 * That being said, I disagree with the article being bloated, beyond the inclusion of the OS and hardware sections, which I think belong somewhere because without them the whole structure of the BASIC language and implementation becomes meaningless. They would be better off in a separate article, but we have to walk before we can run. Si Trew (talk) 14:51, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

No need to repeat hardware info here
Details about Player/Missile graphics and how Antic works and all that is already in the main article about the Atari 8-bit computers, so why duplicate it here?

Article cannot be properly printed as PDF anymore
Dear all, thanks a lot for this great article.

I was trying to gather a few Atari-related articles when I noticed that this one cannot be properly printed in PDF format anymore.

Print Export > Download as PDF

produces the following error message

WARNING: Article could not be rendered - ouputting plain text.

Potential causes of the problem are:

(a) a bug in the pdf-writer software

(b) problematic Mediawiki markup

(c) table is too wide

As a result, the page is unformatted, and all the text is printed in a single giant paragraph, without CR.

Can anyone figure out what's wrong in the formatting of the current version of the page (Aug 2011)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ldelsarte (talk • contribs) 10:03, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Attempt at getting this back under control
I deleted Atari hardware-specific topics that aren't tied to Atari BASIC.

Someone wrote this amazingly detailed personal essay about Atari BASIC at some point, but it wasn't encyclopedic in tone, and it also dwelled on exceptional cases and advanced topics that made the core information harder to follow. I tried to keep the spirit of the original while drastically reducing the bulk and the editorializing.

I rewrote most of the machine language subroutine section.

There's a lot more that can be done, but these changes reduced the size of the article by close to 30K.

Dgpop (talk) 02:04, 11 May 2016 (UTC) Reset key.[13]

"Reset" Key in Cutsey "font"
Under "Releases", "It cannot be fixed by pressing the Reset key" - Reset here is stylized as a computer button, by putting double brackets and "keypress|". Later there are two s, The stylized ENTER is justified because it is presented along with, and therefore clears up possible confusion with differently stylized letters. But there is extensive, and I think unnecessary use of  starting with "OPTION" in the second paragraph, which would easily be differentiated with capital letter alone. Ideally both the keypress font and the code font should only be used when there may be confusion, especially with commons words such as "print" which may be used the computer command. It should not be used as "Revision B also contains a bug that adds 16 bytes to a program every time it is SAVEd and LOADed" SMH! There's so much of this article put into stylized "code", that I don't want to go through the article with a chainsaw and potentially pick fights with people who think each word is essential. Although my experience on Wikipedia has been that people forget their contributions, on articles which people tag with templates like "Importance and notability","Neutrality and factual accuracy", and "Verifiability and sources", which are also ignored for years and likewise forgotten. So, I'm going to change a couple of examples of "code" But I mostly want to tell future contributors, don't add to this mess! It may belong on other wikis, Atari ones particularly. But not Wikipedia.Tumacama (talk) 20:42, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atari BASIC


text:
Eastern Canada

Eastern Canada (Est du Canada, also the Eastern provinces, Canadian East or the East) is generally considered to be the region of Canada south of Hudson Bay/Hudson Strait and east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces (from east to west): Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.

Ontario and Quebec, Canada's two largest provinces, define Central Canada; while the other provinces constitute Atlantic Canada. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island are also known as the Maritime provinces.

Capitals
Ottawa, Canada's capital, is located in Eastern Canada, within the province of Ontario.

The capitals of the provinces are in the list below:
 * Newfoundland and Labrador - St. John's
 * Nova Scotia - Halifax
 * Prince Edward Island - Charlottetown
 * New Brunswick - Fredericton
 * Quebec - Quebec City
 * Ontario - Toronto

Definitions
The Canadian Press defines Eastern Canada as everything east of and including Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Population
The total population of this region is about 23,946,177 in 2016, or about 70% of Canada's population. Most of the population resides in Ontario and Quebec. The region contains three of Canada's five largest metropolitan areas, Toronto being the fourth largest municipality in North America.

 * Largest metropolitan areas:
 * Toronto, Ontario - 6,254,191
 * Montreal, Quebec - 4,098,927
 * National Capital Region (Ottawa-Gatineau, Ontario-Quebec) - 1,568,381
 * Quebec City, Quebec - 807,200
 * Hamilton, Ontario - 536 917
 * London, Ontario - 474 786
 * St. Catharines-Niagara, Ontario - 447,888
 * Kitchener, Ontario - 441 380
 * Halifax, Nova Scotia - 403,131
 * Windsor, Ontario - 329,144
 * Barrie, Ontario - 212,667
 * Sherbrooke, Quebec - 212,105
 * St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador - 205,955

The population of each province in 2016, from greatest to least is here:

 * Ontario - 13,448,494
 * Quebec - 8,164,361
 * Nova Scotia - 923,598
 * New Brunswick - 747,101
 * Newfoundland and Labrador - 519,716
 * Prince Edward Island - 142,907

Politics
Eastern Canada is represented by 231 Members of Parliament out of the 338 (121 in Ontario, 78 in Quebec, and 32 in the Atlantic Provinces) and 78 senators out of 105.

title: Eastern Canada


text:
Gemze de Lappe

Gemze de Lappe (February 28, 1922, Portsmouth, Virginia – November 11, 2017 Manhattan) was an American dancer who worked very closely with Agnes de Mille and was frequently partnered by de Mille's favorite male dancer, James Mitchell.

Born to daughter of Birch Wood de Lappe (an actor and teacher) and his wife, Maureen (an actress and drummer; maiden name, McDonough), Gemze attended Hunter College and  the Ballet Arts School at Carnegie Hall. Originally trained by Irma Duncan and Michel Fokine, de Lappe began her career in Fokine's company. Her Broadway musical theatre performance credits include Simon of Legree in the original production of The King and I (also in the film version), Paint Your Wagon (Donaldson Award winner), Juno, and The American Dance Machine. She appeared in the original West End and first national companies of Oklahoma!, dancing the iconic role of Laurey in the "Dream Ballet". In the early 1950s, she briefly formed part of a dance team with Dean Crane. De Lappe's long concert dance career included engagements with American Ballet Theatre and the Agnes de Mille Dance Theatre. For several years, she was a professor of dance at Smith College, and has held a number of visiting appointments since her nominal retirement. In 1989, Niagara University awarded her an honorary doctorate.

De Lappe died on 11 November 2017, up to which time she remained active as a choreographer and teacher; now, she remains especially well known for reconstructing the work of de Mille, Isadora Duncan, and Jerome Robbins. She recreated de Mille's choreography for the 1979 Broadway revival of Oklahoma! and choreographed Abe Lincoln in Illinois on Broadway. She regularly traveled the country, recreating the original choreography for such shows as The King and I, Oklahoma!, Brigadoon, and Carousel for various professional, regional, and educational theatre companies. In Spring 2011, the University of North Carolina School of the Arts presented an accurate recreation of the original Broadway production of Oklahoma! with the original choreography recreated by De Lappe.

In 2007, she was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre. In 2012, she received the Martha Hill Dance Fund Lifetime Achievement Award.

title: Gemze de Lappe