text:
Fagan Commission

The Native Laws Commission, commonly known as the Fagan Commission, was appointed by the South African Government in 1946 to investigate changes to the system of segregation. Its members were: Henry Allan Fagan, A. S. Welsh, A. L. Barrett, E. E. von Maltitz, and S. J. Parsons. It has been described as "[a]rguably the most liberal official document produced in the segregation era."

The report
The commission's main recommendation was that "influx control" of African people to urban areas should be relaxed. This in turn would increase the flow of labour and prevent the problem of migrant labour living in distant rural areas. Another recommendation was the creation of a stabilised population of African workers within urban areas to create a reliable workforce for business as well as an increased consumer base for retailers.

The report was published at a time when Jan Smuts' popularity was low and his detractors had more support. In response, the National Party created their own commission called the Sauer Commission. Its report suggested the exact opposite of the Fagan Commission, i.e. segregation should continue and be implemented across all social and economic areas of life. The rise of postwar apartheid can be attributed to the Sauer commission.

title: Fagan Commission


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Wiltshire

The ceremonial county of Wiltshire, England, which includes the Borough of Swindon, is divided into eight Parliamentary constituencies. They are all county constituencies.

2024
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission proposed that Wiltshire be combined with Gloucestershire as a sub-region of the South West Region, with the creation of the cross-county boundary constituency of South Cotswolds, resulting in a major reconfiguration of Chippenham. Devizes and North Wiltshire were abolished and new constituencies named East Wiltshire, and Melksham and Devizes, created. These changes came into effect for the 2024 general election.

The following seats were proposed:

Containing electoral wards in Swindon

 * East Wiltshire (part)
 * Swindon North
 * Swindon South

Containing electoral wards in Wiltshire (unitary authority)

 * Chippenham
 * East Wiltshire (part)
 * Melksham and Devizes
 * Salisbury
 * South Cotswolds (parts also in the Districts of Cotswold and Stroud in Gloucestershire)
 * South West Wiltshire

2010
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to increase the number of seats in Wiltshire from 6 to 7, with the re-establishment of Chippenham, which impacted on neighbouring constituencies. An adjusted Westbury constituency was renamed South West Wiltshire.

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing – General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Wiltshire in the 2024 general election were as follows:

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Wiltshire in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
1pre-1979 – Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 – SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11974 & 1979 – Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 – SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

2010 to present (7, then 7.5 seats)
From 2024, part of northern Wiltshire was included in the South Cotswolds constituency, slightly more than half of which lies in Gloucestershire. Its representation is covered at List of parliamentary constituencies in Gloucestershire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Knowledge wars

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 18:32, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Knowledge wars
This phrase had a brief currency in referring to the Middle East debate, but died out as expected. Google shows almost all current references as meaning something different. Today it is barely used and there is nothing to say here that wouldn't be better said on some other MidEast-related page.

old vfd page

 * Delete for reasons stated above. --Zero 12:31, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Faded rose, ancient craze, former phrase. Geogre 13:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can we merge this content with another page?  Scanning the old VfD makes me wonder: if there was "plenty of potential" for expansion as some users claimed, then why haven't they done so in the last five months? --Viriditas  | Talk 14:45, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Middle East-cruft. - Mustafaa 23:09, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable phrase. JamesBurns 23:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Correct the mistake that was made in the previous VfD.  The article that survived that VfD was erroneous, and claimed that the term referred to some kind of intercollegiate rivalry between Columbia and the University of London.  In fact it was simply a neologism used by a single professor to describe campus debate over Middle East issues.  A poorly-chosen neologism that was recorded in only a single article in an online political magazine, it suffered a well-deserved death.  Note: links to Knowledge wars were inserted in many WP articles, unjustifiably in my opionion.  They should all be removed.  Quale 10:03, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Land tenure

Comment
I notice there have been some considerable re-writes from my earlier version. I have two comments to make:

 * 1) the "new" landlord/tenant relationship has no legal or historical relationship with that of tenure, although the terminology has been recycled. I hope I made that clear, the new article is innaccurate in that it implies that tenure can still be created by leasing.

 * 1) the article systematically ignores -- despite my earlier careful wording -- the fact that most people who had some kind of real property rights (as we would now understand them) were neither in demesne, mesne lords nor tenants in chief.

I want to hack the article around to sort that out. Does anybody object?

Francis Davey 12:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge?
I think there's a very good case for merging this article with a rewrite of Land ownership and tenure. Alan 14:09, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

NO. Land ownership and tenure is actually largely about 'estates'. This one is about tenure. It is still incomplete as it fails to deal with the medieval unfree tenures that became copyhold (until that was abolished in 1925). Peterkingiron 23:53, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I can see considerable merit in a merger here. This article could be renamed to something like Feudal tenure, and then the modern bits merged in. I would also merge with Title (property) to create a general article dealing with modern concepts of land ownership. In fact, I'd be almost tempted to merge all with Property, but that article is already very long. DWaterson 19:28, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * One needs to be wary of making articles that are too long, but still end up failing to be comprehensive. In dealing with the land law, this is particularly likely because it tends to be different in every country.  One way of avaoiding this is to have a compatatively short main article, with cross-references to others using a 'main' template - in curly  –  brackets.  Peterkingiron 16:57, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Scotland
I think that this article definitely needs a decent Scottish input, particularly on crofting which is a highly unusual form of land tenure.--MacRusgail 17:55, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
This article is clearly overlapping with Land ownership and tenure, which has no references and is very small. If the other article is about "estates", then I'd like to see a very compelling reason to keep these seperate. --Explodicle (talk) 15:00, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I remain opposed to a merger. I think this article should proably be retitled Land tenure in England.  The other article is a poor one, but seems to apply (at least) to all common law jurisdictions.  However it confuses tenures and estates, which are quite different things in concept; one is how much and the other how long.  However, today the disppearance of freeholds and leases for lives, as well as freehold tenures other than socage means that the distinction is less obvious today.  If you can improve both by merging them, I would not oppose that, but until Land ownership and tenure is a much better article, its content should not be added to this one.  Peterkingiron (talk) 16:40, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Retitling sounds fine to me, that would make the subject seperate enough. --Explodicle (talk) 19:39, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No one has touched this article since June. Neither this nor Land ownership and tenure are properly sourced, and I'm not going to start a new Land tenure in England article if I can't back it up when it's sent to AfD. I'm inclined to just wipe out the original research in both and rewrite a new article under this title. Any objections? -- Explodicle (T/C) 15:34, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Well there are some halfway decent facts in this article, just unreferenced ones. If I was well, I could dig out references for the bits that I can see are right. It would be a shame just to dump it all. Francis Davey (talk) 19:51, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Before wiping anything I can post a link to the old version on the talk page, so it would be easy for people to see what needs sourcing. -- Explodicle (T/C) 20:29, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Forking out the English content was a good idea, but has left this article with little real content. I suspect that the best solution now may be to merge it with Land ownership and tenure.  Peterkingiron (talk) 22:23, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea to me. -- Explodicle (T/C) 13:09, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Socialist countries
I am no expert, but the English word tenure is also used to define the status of land (and property) in Socialist and former Socialist countries (USSR, Yugoslavia), in which the state had a role very much like the Crown in English law. The issue is still very relevant e.g. in cases over refugee return in the former Yugoslav republics. 87.139.126.43 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 10:46, 10 December 2008 (UTC).

Lei de Terras should not redirect here
It is a very specific Brazilian law as far as I know, not a general concept. According to Landless Workers' Movewment it was passed Sept 18 1850. I am not able to fix this and am noting it for the information of anyone else who happens along. (unsigned comment added 10:59, 4Aug2017 by user:Elinruby)
 * It seems to be addressed to some extent at Landless Workers' Movement. Mayhap it should be redirected, but I think a mention here might be appropriate.  I know nothing about Brazil's law, and almost as little about her culture, but redirects aren't hard to create.  Just find one which works correctly, and then open its edit window to see how it's done.  BUT you have to be very careful with spelling, or else you create a red link, as you did above.  rags (talk) 17:15, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Comment
The side point about the UN in the first paragraph

" In 2012, the Committee on World Food Security, based at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, endorsed the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure as the global norm, as the problem of poor and politically marginalized especially likely to suffer from insecure tenure, however, this is merely work in progress. "

Is too complex for the introduction and unrelated to the initial definition of tenure, I propose it be moved deeper into the article.
 * I have moved the above unsigned comment to the end, where new threads are usually placed. Peterkingiron (talk) 16:31, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

 * You are right. The sentence is much better included in the "today" section further down, where I have now placed it.  Peterkingiron (talk) 16:35, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Should this article include a reference to Byzantine pronoia ?
I am new to editing so I am not sure of the procedure here.

The Byzantine pronoia system was a system of granting dedicated streams of income from commercial ventures to certain tenants in return for some fee or service. It eventually devolved into a form similar to feudal system but with the difference that the one piece of land could could be granted to multiple "tenants" or streams of income holders. For example, a certain area of land could be farmed out for its toll rights, crop share rights, commercial transaction rights and so on.

Pronoia refer specifically refer to streams of income and not land title but are very closely related so I am not sure if they should be in included in the section on Modes of tenure.

I am happy to add the relevant section but again am not sure of the procedure so any guidance here would be gratefully accepted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rags17 (talk • contribs) 08:35, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Land tenure


text:
Lean thinking

Lean thinking is a management framework made up of a philosophy, practices and principles which aim to help practitioners improve efficiency and the quality of work. Lean thinking encourages whole organisation participation. The goal is to organise human activities to deliver more benefits to society and value to individuals while eliminating waste.

History
The term "lean thinking" was coined by mechanical engineer and MIT graduate student John Krafcik in 1988, who subsequently went on to run Google LLC's autonomous driving unit for many years.

Principles
Lean thinking is a way of thinking about an activity and seeing the waste inadvertently generated by the way the process is organized. It uses five key principles:
 * Value
 * Value streams
 * Flow
 * Pull
 * Perfection

The aim of lean thinking is to create a lean culture, one that sustains growth by aligning customer satisfaction with employee satisfaction, and that offers innovative products or services profitably while minimizing unnecessary over-costs to customers, suppliers and the environment. The basic insight of lean thinking is that if you train every person to identify wasted time and effort in their own job and to better work together to improve processes by eliminating such waste, the resulting culture (basic thinking, mindset and assumptions) will deliver more value at less expense while developing every employee's confidence, competence and ability to work with others.

Overview
Lean thinking was born out of studying the rise of Toyota Motor Company from a bankrupt Japanese automaker in the early 1950s to today's dominant global player. At every stage of its expansion, Toyota remained a puzzle by capturing new markets with products deemed relatively unattractive and with systematically lower costs while not following any of the usual management dictates. In studying the company firsthand it appeared that it had a unique group of elders (sensei) and coordinators (trainers from Japan) dedicated to help managers think differently. Contrarily to every other large company, Toyota's training in its formative years was focused on developing people's reasoning abilities rather than pushing them to execute specialist-derived systems.

These sensei, or masters in lean thinking, would challenge line managers to look differently at their own jobs by focusing on:
 * 1) The workplace: Going and seeing firsthand work conditions in practice, right now, and finding out the facts for oneself rather than relying on reports and boardroom meeting. The workplace is also where real people make real value, and going to see is a mark of respect and the opportunity to support employees to add value through their ideas and initiative more than merely make value through prescribed work. The management revolution brought by lean thinking can be summed up by describing jobs in terms of Job = Work + Kaizen
 * 2) Value through built-in quality: Understanding that customer satisfaction is paramount and is built-in at every step of the enterprise's process, from building in satisfying features (such as peace of mind) to correctly building in quality at every production step. Built-in quality means to stop at every doubtful part and to train yourself and others not to pass on defective work, not to do defective work and not to accept defective work by stopping the process and reacting immediately whenever things go wrong.
 * 3) Value streams through understanding "takt" time: By calculating the ratio of open production time to averaged customer demand one can have a clear idea of the capacity needed to offer a steady flow of products. This “takt” rhythm, be it a minute for cars, two months for software projects or two years for a new book leads to creating stable value streams where stable teams work on a stable set of products with stable equipment rather than optimize the use of specific machines or processes. Takt time thinking leads to completely different capacity reasoning than traditional costing and is the key to far more frugal processes.
 * 4) Flow through reducing batch sizes: Every traditional business, whether in production or services, is addicted to batch. The idea is that once work is set up one way, we'd better get on and quickly make as many pieces of work as we can to keep the unit cost down. Lean thinking looks at this differently in trying to optimize the flow of work in order to satisfy real demand now, not imaginary demand next month. By working strenuously on reducing change-over time and difficulty, it is possible to approach the lean thinking ideal of single piece flow. In doing so, one reduces dramatically the general cost of the business by eliminating the need for warehouses, transports, systems, subcontractor use and so on.
 * 5) Pull to visualize takt time through the flow: pulling work from upstream at takt time through visual devices such as kanban cards is the essential piece that enables lean thinkers to visualize the gaps between the ideal and the actual at the workplace at any time. Pull is what creates a creative tension in the workplace by both edging closer to single-piece-work and by highlighting problems one at a time as they occur so complex situations can be resolved piecemeal. Pull is the basic technique used to "lean" a company and, by and large, without pull there is no lean thinking.
 * 6) Seeking perfection through kaizen: The old time sensei used to teach that the aim of lean thinking was not to apply lean tools to every process, but to develop the kaizen spirit in every employee. Perfection is not sought through better, more clever systems or go-it-alone heroes but through a commitment to improve things together step-by-small-step. Kaizen literally means change for the better and Kaizen spirit is about seeking a hundred 1% improvements from everyone every day everywhere rather than one 100% leap forward. The practice of kaizen is what anchors deep lean thinking in people's minds and which, ultimately, leads to complete transformation. Practising kaizen together builds self-confidence and the collective confidence that we can face our larger challenges and solve our problems together.

Evolution
The idea of lean thinking gained popularity in the business world and has evolved in three different directions:

 * 1) Lean thinking converts who keep seeking to understand how to seek dynamic gains rather than static efficiencies. For this group of thinkers, lean thinking continuously evolves as they seek to better understand the possibilities of the way opened up by Toyota and have grasped the fact that the aim of continuous improvement is continuous improvement. Lean thinking as such is a movement of practitioners and writers who experiment and learn in different industries and conditions, to lean think any new activity.
 * 2) Lean production adepts who have interpreted the term "lean" as a form of operational excellence and have turned to company programs aimed at taking costs out of processes. Lean activities are used to improve processes without ever challenging the underlying thinking, with powerful low-hanging fruit results but little hope of transforming the enterprise as a whole. This "corporate lean" approach is fundamentally opposed to the ideals of lean thinking, but has been taken up by a great number of large businesses seeking to cut their costs without challenging their fundamental management assumptions.
 * 3) Lean services, as an extent area of application to all the learnings gathered from the industry and adapted to a whole new set of scenarios, including human resources, accounting, retail, health, education, product development, startup/ entrepreneurship and digitalization. Lean basic principles can be applied basically to all scopes of action, regardless of geography and culture.

Lean thinking practices
Experience shows that adopting lean thinking requires abandoning deeply engrained mainstream management thought routines, and this is never easy. The three main ways to adopt lean thinking are, unsurprisingly:
 * 1) "Aha!" moments by seeing someone behave in a striking way, or hitting upon a new idea by reading a book, visiting a workplace, or being beaten over the head by an old time sensei. Aha! moments are powerful, but unfortunately rare, and need the right conditions to occur.
 * 2) Everyday practice by the daily use of "lean" practices. These practices mainly originate from Toyota and are essentially "think with your hand" exercises. Their purpose is not to implement new processes (as they are too often interpreted) but practical activities to lead one to see the situation differently and have new ideas about it – to adopt a leaner way of thinking.
 * 3) Joining lean self-study groups by practising kaizen with others and identifying which role models one would like to follow. The lean community is now a generation strong and has many great examples to offer to any lean learner, whether beginner or experienced. Workplace visits with experienced lean thinkers remain one of the most effective ways to grasp their meaning.

In the lean thinking tradition, the teacher should not explain but demonstrate – learning is the full responsibility of the learner. However, to create the proper conditions for learning the lean tradition has adopted a number of practices from Toyota's own learning curve. The aim of these practices is not to improve processes per se but to create an environment for teachable and learnable moments.

 * 1) Kaizen activities: Whether cross-functional workshops, team quality circles, individual suggestions, and many other exercises, kaizen activities are about scheduled moments to improve the work within the normal working day. The point of kaizen is that improvement is a normal part of the job, not something to be done "when there is time left after having done everything else". Kaizen is scheduled, planned, and controlled by a teacher who makes sure Deming's  plan–do–check–act is followed rigorously.
 * 2) Kanban: Kanban is the foundational practice of lean thinking (the Toyota Production System used to be first known as the Kanban system). Any process will have different output. For instance, nowadays, a writer will produce books, keynote speeches, blog posts, tweets and answer e-mails. The question is, at the present time right now, how can the person using the process know whether they are doing what is needed for customers right now or whether they are working ahead on something not that important and lagging behind on something critical. In project management, this creates segments ahead and segments late, and end of project panic. In production, this creates entire warehouses of inventories to compensate for the inability to produce right now what is needed. Kanban is a simple technique using cards or post-it notes to visualize "leveled" (i.e. averaged to avoid peaks and troughs) activity at the process. The writer will start a new book when she's delivered one. She will worry about the new conference when it's time to. She will write a new blog post at a steady rhythm rather than publish five in a rush and then one and so on. In production, kanban cards make sure employees are working on what is needed right now and not overproducing parts which will then linger in inventory whilst others will be unavailable. Kanban is the main practice to reveal all misfits between today's activities and how the market behaves. Kanban teaches one lean thinking by constantly challenging assumptions about market behaviour and our own flexibility.
 * 3) Autonomation: In any contemporary setting, everyone uses either machines or software to do any work. Yet, this automated work still requires specific human judgments to be done right. As a result, many machines can't be left alone to work because they're likely to go wrong if someone doesn't watch them all the time. Autonomation is the practice of progressively imparting human judgement to a system so that it self-monitors and stops and calls a human when it feels it went wrong, just as a desktop computer will flag a virus alert if it feels under attack. Autonomation is essential to separate people from machines and not have humans doing machine work and vice versa. Automation teaches lean thinking by revealing new ways of designing lighter, smarter machines with less capital expenditure.
 * 4) Andon: Calling out when something feels out of kilt and to visualize that call on central board so that help can come quickly. Lean thinking is thinking together and no employee should be left alone with a problem. Andon is a critical system to be able to train employees in the details of their jobs within their own operations. Andon teaches lean thinking in highlighting the immediate barriers to the lean goal of zero defect at every step of the process at all time. Through andon it is possible to think better about training people and improving their work conditions to take all difficulties away.
 * 5) SMED: Originally known as single-minute exchange of die (changing tools under 10 minutes), SMED is a key lean thinking practice to focus directly on flexibility. Flexibility is central to flow and always a problem, even for an engineer's mind – how flexible is the group to move from one topic to the next? Flexibility doesn't mean changing everything all the time, but the ability to switch quickly from one known activity to the next. SMED teaches lean thinking in always seeking to improve flexibility until one reaches true single-piece-flow in the right sequence to respond to instant customer demand.
 * 6) Standardized work: Lean thinking is about seeking the smoothest flow in any work, in order to see problems one by one and resolve them one by one, thus improving both the flow of work and the autonomy of the person. Standardized work is the graphic description of this smooth flow of work at takt time with zero or one piece of work-in-process and clear location for everything and steps. Tricky quality points are also identified clearly, to make sure the person visualizes first, what is important for the customer, how to distinguish OK from not OK at every step and have to move confidently from one step to the next. Standardized work teaches lean thinking by visualizing every obstacle to smooth work each person encounters and highlighting topics for kaizen.
 * 7) Visualization: Most lean thinking techniques are about visualization in some form or other so that people can see together, know together and thus learn together. Visual control is the essential trigger to creative problem solving as all can see the gap between what was planned and what actually happened and can seek both immediate countermeasures and root causes. Visualization teaches lean thinking by getting people to work together on their own problems and develop their responsibility to reaching objectives without overburden.

Controversies
There are two controversies surrounding the word “lean,” one concerning the image of lean with the general public and the other within the lean movement itself.

Lean has repeatedly been accused of being a form of turbo-charged Taylorism, the harbinger of productivity pressure, detrimental to employee's health and autonomy at work. Unfortunately, some company programs calling themselves “lean” have indeed had a severely negative effect on the business and work relations. This problem arises when senior leaders do not seek to adopt lean thinking but instead delegate to outside consultants or internal specialist team the job of “leaning” processes. Lean thinking very clearly states that it seeks cost reductions – finding the policy origins of unnecessary costs and eliminating at the cause – and not cost cutting – forcing people to work within reduced budgets and degraded conditions in order to achieve line by line cost advantage. There is no doubt about this, but to many managers, the latter option is far more expedient than the former and it's easy to call “lean” a cost-cutting program. Nonetheless, this is not that, and any approach that doesn't have the explicit aim to develop lean thinking in every employee should not be considered to be "lean".

Putting people first
These controversies largely emerge around the radical organizational innovation proposed by lean thinking: putting people first rather than systems. In this, lean thinking departs markedly from mainstream management:
 * 1) Individual customers rather than market segments: Without denying the need to think in terms of segments, lean thinking is about taking seriously every single customer complaint and opinion of the product or service, as a fact. The ability to service every customer specifically is only limited by the flexibility of the company's process and lean thinking is about seeking a way to reach the ideal of serving each individual's preferences.
 * 2) Teaching employees how to learn rather than telling them what to do: Lean thinking's aim is to develop each person's autonomy in problem solving by supporting them in their continuous improvement activities. This is a radical break from Taylorism where a group of specialists will devise the “one-best-way” and line management will be tasked to enforce it. By contrast, lean thinking is taught to managers so that they help their own direct reports to think lean and reduce overburden, unneeded variation and activity waste by working more closely with their teams and across functional boundaries.

Lean thinking at senior level creates leaner enterprises because sales increase through customer satisfaction with higher quality products or services, because cash improve as flexibility reduces the need for inventories or backlogs, because costs reduce through identifying costly policies that create waste at value-adding level, and because capital expenditure is less needed as people themselves invent smarter, leaner processes to flow work continuously at takt time without waste.

Lean and green
Lean thinking goes beyond improving business profitability. In their book Natural Capitalism, authors Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins reference lean thinking as a way to sustain growth with less collateral damage to the environment. Lean thinking's approach, seeking to eliminate waste in the form of muri (overburden), mura (unlevelness) and muda (unnecessary resource use), is a proven practical way to attack complex problems piece by piece through concrete action. Toyota industrial sites are well known for their sustainability efforts and well ahead of the "zero landfill" goal – all waste recycled within the site. Practising lean thinking offers a radically new way to look at traditional goods and service production to learn how to sustain the same benefits at a lower cost, financially and environmentally.

title: Lean thinking


text:
Halvdan Sivertsen

Halvdan Sivertsen (born 5 January 1950) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Tromsø, but raised and lives in Bodø. He has won Spellemannprisen awards five times, twice with his group Gitarkameratene, and received the Culture Prize of Nordland county in 2000. His album Kjærlighetslandet reached number eight on the Norway albums chart.

The Norwegian Society of Composers and Lyricists awarded him the "lyrics of the year"-prize in 2010 and an accompanying grant totalling 25 000 Norwegian kroner, for his song Dødsbra dop — a criticism of Norwegian soldiers' behaviour in Afghanistan, and Norwegian politicians.

Albums

 * Halvdan 23 1/2 år (1973)
 * Utsikt minus innsikt gir tilnærmet blindhet fra toppen av pyramiden (1975)
 * Nordaførr (1979)
 * Liv laga (1981)
 * Amerika (1985)
 * Ny og naken (1987)
 * "Førr ei dame" (1989)
 * Hilsen Halvdan (1991)
 * Kjærlighetslandet (1995)
 * Helt Halvdan (1996)
 * Tvil, håp og kjærlighet (2001)
 * Frelsesearmeens Juleplate (2003)
 * 40+ (2005)
 * Mellom oss (2008)
 * Gjør det så gjerne (2012)

Singles

 * "Gladiatorglimt (ode til Bodø Glimt)" / "Syng sjøl" (1976) with Terje Nilsen under the name Halvdan og den gule fare
 * "Hvis du vil ha mæ" (1995)
 * "Aldri så nær som da" (1996)
 * "Pus har løpetid" (1996)
 * "Bli med mæ dit" (2008)
 * "Venta på toget" (2008)
 * "Ola Diger" (2008)
 * "Twisted Little Star" (2012)
 * "Lonesome Traveller" (2012)

 * with Gitarkameratene
 * "Gitarkameratene" (1989)
 * "Typisk norsk" (1990)

With other artists

 * Mitt lille land (2011)

title: Halvdan Sivertsen


text: Template:FLCfailed

title: Template:FLCfailed


text:
1953 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1953.

Championship final
June 21: Larvik Turn - Skeid 3-2

Sørland/Vestland
Flekkefjord - Djerv 1919 3-2

Flekkefjord - Nordnes 2-2 (extra time)

Flekkefjord - Nordnes 2-3

Nordnes promoted.

Møre/Trøndelag
Langevåg - Freidig 0-1

Freidig promoted.

District I
1. Askim (Promoted) 2. Greåker 3. Mysen 4. Rapid 5. Sprint 6. Østsiden 7. Rakkestad 8. Kvik (Halden)

District II, Group A
1. Sagene (Play-off) 2. Drammens BK 3. Stabæk 4. Kongsberg 5. Strømsgodset 6. Mjøndalen 7. Nydalen 8. Mercantile/Trygg

District II, Group B
1. Sandaker (Play-off) 2. Aurskog 3. Spartacus 4. Aasen 5. Grei 6. Bjørkelangen 7. Kjelsås 8. Raumnes/Årnes

District III
1. Raufoss (Play-off) 2. Gjøvik/Lyn 3. Hamar IL 4. Vang 5. Mesna 6. Vardal 7. Fremad 8. Biri

District IV, Group A
1. Eik (Play-off) 2. Tønsberg Turn 3. Kragerø 4. Urædd 5. Flint 6. Skiens-Grane 7. Runar 8. Teie

District IV, Group B
1. Skiens BK (Play-off) 2. Borg 3. Storm 4. Ulefoss 5. Brevik 6. Rjukan 7. Skade 8. Stag

District V, Group A1 (Aust-Agder)
1. Arendals BK (Play-off) 2. Grane (Arendal) 3. Nedenes 4. Risør 5. Rygene

District V, Group A2 (Vest-Agder)
1. AIK Lund (Play-off) 2. Vigør 3. Vindbjart 4. Bakke 5. Farsund 6. Våg

District V, Group B1 (Rogaland)
1. Buøy (Promoted) 2. Jarl 3. Varhaug 4. Vidar 5. Vigrestad 6. Orre

District V, Group B2 (Rogaland)
1. Kopervik (Promoted) 2. Haugar 3. Randaberg 4. Torvastad 5. Brodd 6. Pol

District VI, Group A (Bergen)
1. Fjellkameratene (Play-off) 2. Minde 3. Laksevåg 4. Bergens-Sparta 5. Sandviken 6. Trane 7. Frøya

District VI, Group B (Midthordland)
1. Dale (Dalekvam) (Play-off) 2. Florvåg 3. Fana 4. Erdal 5. Eidsvåg (Åsane) 6. Kjøkkelvik 7. Søfteland

District VII, Group A (Sunnmøre/Romsdal)
1. Rollon (Promoted) 2. Spjelkavik 3. Sykkylven 4. Åndalsnes 5. Skarbøvik 6. Volda 7. Isfjorden

District VII, Group B (Nordmøre/Romsdal)
1. Halsa (Promoted) 2. Braatt 3. Nordlandet 4. Goma 5. Sunndal 6. Averøykam. 7. Eide 8. Framtid

District VIII, Group A1 (Sør-Trøndelag)
1. Hommelvik (Play-off) 2. Heimdal 3. Melhus 4. Flå 5. Leik 6. Hovin

District VIII, Group A2 (Sør-Trøndelag)
1. Løkken (Play-off) 2. Orkanger 3. Troll 4. Svorkmo 5. Oppdal 6. Kyrksæterøra

District VIII, Group B (Trondheim og omegn)
1. Wing (Play-off) 2. Rosenborg 3. Nidar 4. Tryggkameratene 5. Trond 6. Ørn (Trondheim)

District VIII, Group C (Fosen)
1. Opphaug (Play-off) 2. Lensvik 3. Stadsbygd 4. Fevåg 5. Beian 6. Uthaug

District VIII, Group D (Nord-Trøndelag)
1. Sverre (Play-off) 2. Verdal 3. Stjørdal 4. Malm 5. Blink 6. Skogn

Play-off District II/III
Raufoss - Sandaker 0-0

Sandaker - Sagene 2-5

Sagene - Raufoss 2-1

Championship District II
Sandaker - Sagene 2-5

Play-off District IV
Eik - Skiens BK 6-1

Skiens BK - Eik 2-1 (agg. 3–7)

Eik promoted.

Play-off District V, Group A
AIK Lund - Arendals BK 3-2

Arendals BK - AIK Lund 0-1 (agg. 2–4)

AIK Lund promoted.

Championship District V, Group B
Buøy - Kopervik?

Kopervik - Buøy 6-1 (in Egersund)

Play-off District VI
Fjellkameratene - Dale 5-2

Dale - Fjellkameratene 2-1 (agg. 4–6)

Fjellkameratene promoted.

Championship District VII
Rollon - Halsa 3-3 (extra time)

Rollon - Halsa 0-1 (in Molde)

Championship District VIII
Hommelvik - Løkken?

Sverre - Wing 0-2

Opphaug - Løkken 0-1

Wing - Opphaug 2-3

Løkken - Sverre 2-9

Løkken - Wing 0-3

Opphaug - Sverre 1-7

National team
Note: Norway's goals first

Explanation:
 * WCQ = 1954 FIFA World Cup Qualifier

title: 1953 in Norwegian football


text:
User:Serkan cetinkaya

Serkan Çetinkaya is my name.

title: User:Serkan cetinkaya


text:
Masan

Masan is an administrative region of Changwon, a city in the South Gyeongsang Province. It was formerly an independent city from 1949 until 30 June 2010, when it was absorbed to Changwon along with Jinhae. Masan was redistricted as two districts within Changwon, Masanhappo-gu and Masanhoewon-gu. On 31 December 2012, the population of the districts combined was 406,893.

Throughout Korean history, Masan served as a significant port city of Happo, which went through rapid modernization in the 19th century. It was also a stage for significant democratization movements in the 1960s and 1970s, most notable event being the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests in 1979. Due to its status as a free trade port, Masan has experienced consistent growth until the early 1990s when the construction of Changwon went underway and began to attract citizens around the region.

History
September 1274 – After Korean officials encouraged Kublai Khan – head of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty – in 1267 that Japan would be easily subdued, the Koryo Korean state built over 300 large ships to aid an invasion of Japan. With over 20,000 Mongol troops as well as 5,000 Korean, the allied armies departed Masan on board 900 ships on 15 September 1274 in a failed campaign to conquer Japan.

May 1899 – The port of Masan was opened with pressure from Japan. Among the initial trading goods were salt, fish, cotton and other goods.

15 March 1960 – A protest against electoral corruption was spearheaded by the Democratic Party in Masan. Approximately 1000 residents attended the demonstration, which took place at 19:30 in front of the Democratic Party Headquarters in Masan. The protest sparked violent clashes between demonstrators and police officers in which seven students were killed and some fifty others injured. To restore order, authorities blacked out Masan and General Carter B. Magruder eventually dispatched US Marines to quell the unrest.

11 April 1960 – The body of Kim Ju-yul was discovered in Masan Harbor. Kim – still dressed in his uniform from Masan Commercial High School – had disappeared in the March 15 clashes. Authorities claimed that he had drowned, but many Masan residents did not believe this explanation and forced their way into the hospital where Kim's body was stored. At the hospital, they discovered that grenade fragments behind his eyes had actually killed him. In the following days, mass demonstrations broke out involving as many as 40,000 residents throughout the characteristically politically left-leaning city. During renewed clashes with police, police opened fire and killed several protesters. Once again, the US military was called in to help restore order. At this point, public anger with the government had grown to new highs and rebellion against the Rhee government mushroomed around the country. Authorities 8 declared martial law.

Thus, the events in Masan in 1960 helped spark the movement against corruption known as the April 19 Movement, which eventually led to the resignation of President Syngman Rhee and the beginning of the Second Republic. October 16–20, 1979 – Protests broke out in Masan (as well as in Busan) against the regime of President Park Chung Hee following a brutal police crackdown on a sit-in strike of female textile workers from YH Trading Company. Workers in Masan's Free-export Zone even managed to create four labour unions.

Administrative divisions
Like most Korean cities, the city center of Masan is divided into administrative dong. Outlying regions are divided into 1 eup and 4 myeon:

 * 1) Naeseo-eup (내서읍)
 * 2) Sanho-dong(산호동)
 * 3) Gusan-myeon  (구산면)
 * 4) Jindong-myeon (진동면)
 * 5) Jinbuk-myeon (진북면)
 * 6) Jinjeon-myeon (진전면)
 * 7) Hyeon-dong (현동)
 * 8) Gapo-dong (가포동)
 * 9) Woryeong-dong (월영동)
 * 10) Munhwa-dong (문화동)
 * 11) Banwol-dong (반월동)
 * 12) Jungang-dong (중앙동)
 * 13) Wanwol-dong (완월동)
 * 14) Jasan-dong (자산동)
 * 15) Dongseo-dong (동서동)
 * 16) Seongho-dong (성호동)
 * 17) Gyobang-dong (교방동)
 * 18) Nosan-dong (노산동)
 * 19) Odong-dong (오동동)
 * 20) Happo-dong (합포동)
 * 21) Hoewon-dong (회원동) (divided into two administrative dong)
 * 22) Seokjeon-dong (석전동) (divided into two administrative dong)
 * 23) Hoeseong-dong (회성동)
 * 24) Yangdeok-dong (양덕동) (divided into two administrative dong)
 * 25) Hapseong-dong (합성동)  (divided into two administrative dong)
 * 26) Guam-dong (구암동) (divided into two administrative dong)
 * 27) Bongam-dong (봉암동)

Education
Masan has three institutions of higher education: public vocational focused, which is located on the northwestern outskirts of the city in Yongdam-ri, and the private Kyungnam University (경남대학교), which is located in the southern part of Masan adjacent to Shin Masan. And the small private Christian Chang Shin College, in the northeastern part of the city.

Entertainment and sports
The original central business district of Masan is located in Chang-dong. But recently it has moved to Hapseong-dong. Hapseong-dong is also a commercial neighborhood. An area with many bars, restaurants, and other forms of entertainment is located in Sinmasan.

Masan's baseball stadium is the home of the KBO League's NC Dinos. It previously occasionally hosted the Lotte Giants, a Korea Baseball Organization team which plays in nearby Busan. A professional women's baseball team, one of several in South Korea, plays in Sinpo-dong. An amusement park and zoo are on the tiny island of Dot-do

Masan is also very close to Geojedo, a large island that can be reached by bus, car, or ferry.

Food
Masan is generally known for its fishing industry and is the origin of spicy Agujjim, a steamed dish made with agwi (아귀, blackmouth angler). Until the 1940s, the fish was not eaten and was frequently discarded due to its ugly appearance and low commercial value. However, as fish began to become more scarce in the late 20th century, the newly found delicacy became popular. Since its creation, agujjim has been considered a local specialty of Masan, especially around Odong-dong, one of the neighborhoods there and is favored by the public nationwide.

Transportation
Machang Bridge is the first large-scale bridge to be built in South Korea as a public-private partnership. The sponsors of the project, Bouygues Travaux Publics and Hyundai Engineering & Construction, had been pursuing the Project since the late 1991s. MCB Co., Ltd, the Concessionaire, is jointly owned by the sponsors and MKIF.

Masan Port
The port was once operated by the Mongolians (Yuan Dynasty in China) and used in the preparations to conquer Japan - which eventually failed. To this day, Masan features the small but historic "Mongojeong" (몽고정,蒙古井) meaning Mongol Well. It is located on Jasan-dong 117, and represents the Mongolian influence on the city.

Today, Masan Port is one of the city's most dominating features. It was first opened in 1901. The port connects much of the outside world with the Changwon Industrial Complex, Masan's Free Trade Zone and the future Sachun Industrial Complex.

Tourist spots
Jeodoyeonneukgyo Bridge is a popular spot to watch the sunrise and sunset. Built in 1990, the bridge connecting Gubok-ri and Jeodo Island is 182m in length and 15.5m in height. Rocks found on both ends of the bridge extend outward toward the sea, and one can cross the bridge while enjoying the backdrop of the deep blue sea.
 * Jeodoyeonneukgyo Bridge(Jeodo Island Land Connecting Bridge)

This park is located in the heart of Masan, with a waterwheel along a 95m-long small stream, a pine trail created with red clay, an outdoor fitness area with gym equipment, a playground for children in the forest, an outdoor performance stage, and a gateball court.
 * Jasan Solbat Park

This is a mural village where people can take a walk along a winding alley, and enjoy a view of a mountain village and the Masan Port. 32 artists painted the murals without pay as part of the efforts to invigorate the communities in Chusan-dong and Seongho-dong.
 * Gagopa Kkoburang-gil

Dotseom Island in Masan is a peaceful spot away from the city. You can get there by a quick ferry ride from Masan Port. It’s a beautiful island with nice walking paths along the coast, green nature all around, and great views of the bay and mountains.
 * Dotseom Island

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Jacksonville, Florida, United States
 * 🇺🇸 Houston, Texas, United States
 * 🇰🇷 Mokpo, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Shulan, China
 * 🇲🇽 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
 * 🇯🇵 Himeji, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Ussuriisk, Russia

Notable residents

 * Lee Hyo-jae (1924–2020), social activist

title: Masan


text:
User talk:Serkan cetinkaya

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Lectonar 12:34, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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mERHaba
Slm, Türk karşıtı bir kullanıcı, Khoikhoi ingilizce wikipedia'da adminlik için şansını deniyor.Daha fazla türk gelirse bunu engelleyebiliriz. Oyunu burdan kulllanabilirsin Teşekkürler. (66.36.229.70 19:21, 26 March 2006 (UTC))

Image:Serkan1.JPG and Image:Serkan.jpg
Dear Sir, are you going to use these images on your userpage? If not, please let me know so I can delete them. Thanks. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 19:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Turkey
Merhaba WikiProject Turkey isminde bir proje önerisinde bulundum. Öneri olarak en az 5-10 kişi varsa projeye başlamanın daha uygun olacağı söyleniyor. Türkiye ile ilgilenen her kullanıcıya bu mesajı yolluyorum. Gözümden kaçan bu proje ile ilgilenebilecek aktif kullanıcı olursa sizde bildirin. Geçici proje sayfası bu User:Ugur Basak/WikiProject Turkey, bu sayfayada ilgilenmek isterseniz adınızı ekleyebilirsiniz. Wikiproject/List_of_proposed_projects --Ugur Basak 14:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Poll
There is a poll going on about the Republic of Macedonia article. If you want, you can vot here --Dipazi 02:02, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Serkan cetinkaya


text:
National Reorganization Process

The National Reorganization Process (Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply el Proceso, "the Process") was the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983, which received support from the United States until 1982. In Argentina it is often known simply as the última junta militar ("last military junta"), última dictadura militar ("last military dictatorship") or última dictadura cívico-militar ("last civil–military dictatorship"), because there have been several in the country's history and no others since it ended.

The Argentine Armed Forces seized political power during the March 1976 coup against the presidency of Peronist Isabel Perón, the successor and widow of former President Juan Perón, at a time of growing economic and political instability. Congress and democracy were suspended, political parties were banned, civil rights were limited, and free market and deregulation policies were introduced. The President of Argentina and his ministers were appointed from military personnel while Peronists and leftists were persecuted. The junta launched the Dirty War, a campaign of state terrorism against opponents involving torture, extrajudicial murder and systematic forced disappearances, with most victims being civilians. Public opposition due to civil rights abuses and inability to solve the worsening economic crisis in Argentina caused the junta to invade the Falkland Islands in April 1982. After starting and then losing the Falklands War against the United Kingdom in June, the junta began to collapse and finally relinquished power in 1983 with the election of President Raúl Alfonsín.

Members of the National Reorganization Process were prosecuted in the Trial of the Juntas in 1985, receiving sentences ranging from life imprisonment to courts-martial for mishandling the Falklands War. They were pardoned by President Carlos Menem in 1989 but were re-arrested on new charges in the early 2000s. Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for crimes against humanity and genocide. Scholars generally characterize the regime as characteristic of neo-fascism.

Background
The military of Argentina has always been highly influential in Argentine politics, and Argentine history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. The popular Argentine leader Juan Perón, three-time President of Argentina, was a colonel in the army who first came to political power in the aftermath of a 1943 military coup. He advocated a new policy dubbed Justicialism, a nationalist policy that he claimed was a "Third Position", an alternative to both capitalism and communism. After being reelected president by popular vote, Perón was deposed and exiled by the Revolución Libertadora in 1955.

After a series of weak governments and a seven-year military government, Perón returned to Argentina in 1973 after 18 years in exile in Francoist Spain, amid escalating political unrest, divisions in the Peronist movement, and frequent outbreaks of political violence. His return was marked by the 20 June 1973 Ezeiza massacre, after which the right wing of the Peronist movement became dominant.

Perón was democratically elected president in 1973, but died in July 1974. His vice president and third wife, Isabel Perón, succeeded him, but she proved to be a weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations—chief among them Montoneros, a group of far-left Peronists—escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, right-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as the Triple A death squad, founded by José López Rega, Perón's Minister of Social Welfare and a member of the P2 masonic lodge. The situation escalated until Mrs. Perón was overthrown. She was replaced on 24 March 1976 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla.

Dirty War
Official investigations undertaken after the end of the Dirty War by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons documented 8,961 desaparecidos (victims of forced disappearance) and other human rights violations, noting that the correct number must be higher. Many cases were never reported, when whole families disappeared, and the military destroyed many of its records months before the return of democracy. Among the "disappeared" were pregnant women, who were kept alive until giving birth under often primitive circumstances in the secret prisons. The infants were generally illegally adopted by military or political families affiliated with the administration, and the mothers were generally killed. Thousands of detainees were drugged, loaded into aircraft, stripped naked and then thrown into the Rio de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean to drown in what became known as "death flights".

The film The Official Story (1984), which won the Oscar for the Best Foreign Language Film category in 1985, addresses this situation. The Argentine secret service SIDE (Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado) also cooperated with the DINA in Pinochet's Chile and other South American intelligence agencies. Eight South American nations supported endeavours to eradicate left-leaning groups on the continent, known as Operation Condor, a United States-backed campaign of anti-democratic and political repression and state terror. It is estimated to have caused the deaths of more than 60,000 people. SIDE also trained—for example in the Honduran Lepaterique base—the Nicaraguan Contras who were fighting the Sandinista government there.

The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both freedom of the press and freedom of speech, adopting severe media censorship. The 1978 World Cup, which Argentina hosted and won, was used as propaganda to rally its people under a nationalist pretense.

Corruption, a failing economy, growing public awareness of the harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the military defeat in the Falklands War eroded the regime's image. The last de facto president, Reynaldo Bignone, was forced to call for elections by the lack of support within the Army and the steadily growing pressure of public opinion. On 30 October 1983, elections were held, and democracy was formally restored on 10 December, when President Raúl Alfonsín was sworn in.

Economic policies
As Argentina's new de facto president, Videla faced a collapsing economy wracked by soaring inflation. He largely left economic policies in the hands of Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, who adopted a free trade and deregulatory economic policy.

Martínez de Hoz took measures to restore economic growth, reversing Peronism in favour of a free market economy. His economic measures were moderately successful.

He enjoyed the personal friendship of David Rockefeller, who facilitated Chase Manhattan Bank and International Monetary Fund loans of nearly US$1 billion after of his arrival.

He eliminated all price controls and the exchange controls regime. The black market and shortages disappeared.

He freed exports (removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) and imports (removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs).

During his tenure, the foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced. The period ended in a tenfold devaluation and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history.

Viola appointed Lorenzo Sigaut as Finance Minister, and it became clear that Sigaut was looking for ways to reverse some of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Notably, Sigaut abandoned the sliding exchange rate mechanism and devalued the peso, after boasting that "they who gamble on the dollar will lose". Argentines braced for a recession after the excesses of the "sweet money" years, which destabilized Viola's position.

He appointed conservative economist and publisher Roberto Alemann as Economy Minister. Alemann inherited an economy in deep recession in the aftermath of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Alemann slashed spending, began selling off government-owned industries (with only minor success), enacted a tight monetary policy, and ordered salaries frozen (amid 130% inflation).

The Central Bank Circular 1050, which tied mortgage rates to the value of the U.S. dollar locally, was maintained, leading to further deepening of the crisis; GDP fell by 5%, and business investment by 20% over the weakened levels of 1981.

Bignone chose Domingo Cavallo to head the Argentine Central Bank. Cavallo inherited a foreign debt installment guarantee program that shielded billions of private debt from the collapse of the peso, costing the treasury billions. He instituted controls over the facility, such as the indexation of payments, but this move and the rescission of Circular 1050 threw the banking sector against him; Cavallo and Dagnino Pastore were replaced in August.

The President of the Central Bank, Julio González del Solar, undid many of these controls, transferring billions more in private foreign debt to the Central Bank, although he stopped short of reinstating the hated "1050."

Six years of intermittent wage freezes had left real wages close to 40% lower than during Perón's tenure, leading to growing labor unrest. Bignone's decision to restore limited rights of speech and right to assembly, including the right to strike, led to increased strike activity. Saúl Ubaldini, leader of the General Confederation of Labour, Argentina's largest labor union, was particularly active. The new Economy Minister, Jorge Wehbe, a banking executive with previous experience in the post, reluctantly granted two large, mandatory wage increases in late 1982.

U.S. support

The United States provided military assistance to the junta and, at the start of the Dirty War, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger gave them a "green light" to engage in political repression of real or perceived opponents.

The U.S. Congress approved a request by the Ford Administration, to grant $50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta. In 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina, and in 1977 the U.S. Department of Defense granted $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers.

In 1978, president Jimmy Carter secured a congressional cutoff of all U.S. arms transfers for the human rights violations.

American-Argentine relations improved dramatically with Ronald Reagan, which asserted that the previous Carter Administration had weakened U.S. diplomatic relationships with Cold War allies in Argentina, and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's human rights practices. However, relations soured after the U.S. supported the United Kingdom in the Falkland Wars.

The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for CIA collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in arming and training the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government. Argentina also provided security advisors, intelligence training and some material support to forces in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to suppress local rebel groups as part of a U.S.-sponsored program called Operation Charly.

Military intervention in Central America
After attaining power in 1976, the National Reorganization Process formed close ties with the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua among other right-wing dictatorships in Latin America. In 1977 at a meeting of the Conference of American Armies (CAA) held in the Nicaraguan capital city of Managua, junta members General Roberto Viola and Admiral Emilio Massera secretly pledged unconditional support of Somoza regime in its fight against left-wing subversion and agreed to send advisors and material support to Nicaragua to assist President Somoza's National Guard.

Pursuant with these military agreements, Somoza's Guardsmen were sent to police and military academies in Argentina to undergo training and Argentina began to send arms and advisors to Nicaragua to bolster the National Guard, in addition to similar services being provided by the United States. According to an Argentine advisor with the Nicaraguan National Guard, the intelligence techniques used by the Somoza regime consisted of essentially the same "unconventional" methods which had been used in Argentina's Dirty War (torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial killings). Argentina's aid programs increased proportionate to the growth of the popular movement against the Somoza regime and the degree of isolation of the Somoza regime. Following the suspension of U.S. military aid and training in 1979, Argentina became one of the Somoza regime's principal sources of arms alongside Israel, Brazil and South Africa.

In addition to providing arms and training to Somoza's National Guard, the Argentine junta also executed a number of Condor operations on Nicaraguan soil during the late-1970s, benefitting from close rapport between Argentine secret services and the Nicaraguan regime. The military in Argentina sent agents of the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 and the SIDE to Nicaragua in 1978 with the aim of apprehending and eliminating Argentine guerrillas fighting within the ranks of the Sandinistas. A special commando team from Argentina worked in conjunction with Somoza's OSN (Office of National Security) and its Argentine advisors with the objective of capturing exiled squadrons from the ERP and the Montoneros.

Following the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle by the Sandinista Front, Argentina played a central role in the formation of the Contras. Shortly after the Sandinista victory in July 1979, agents from Argentine intelligence began to organize exiled members of Somoza's National Guard residing in Guatemala into an anti-Sandinista insurgency. Following the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the Argentine government sought arrangements for the Argentine military to organize and train the contras in Honduras in collaboration with the Honduran government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Shortly thereafter, Argentina oversaw the relocation of Contra bases from Guatemala to Honduras. There, some Argentine Special force units, such as Batallón de Inteligencia 601, began to train the Nicaraguan Contras, particularly at Lepaterique base alongside some members of the Honduran security forces.

In August 1981, a CIA official met with Honduran military staff, Argentine military and intelligence advisors, and the Contra leadership and expressed his support for the contra operations. On November 1, 1981, the Director of the CIA William Casey met with the Chief of Staff of the Argentine military; the two purportedly agreed that Argentina would oversee the contras and the United States would provide money and weapons. In late-1981, President Reagan authorized the U.S. to support the contras by giving them money, arms, and equipment. This aid was transported and distributed to the Contras by way of Argentina. With new weapons and logistical support, the scale of Contra attacks increased and the ranks of the Contras swelled as recruitment became more feasible. By the end of 1982, the Contras were conducting attacks deeper inside Nicaragua than before.

In the immediate aftermath of the Nicaraguan Revolution in 1979, the National Reorganization Process dispatched a large Argentine military mission to Honduras. At the time, General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, a former student of Argentina's Colegio Militar de la Nación (class of 1961) and graduate of the School of the Americas, was commander of a branch of the Honduran security forces known as the Fuerza de Seguridad Publica (FUSEP). Álvarez Martínez was a proponent of the "Argentine Method", viewing it as an effective tool against subversion in the hemisphere, and sought increased Argentine military influence in Honduras. Argentina's military program in Honduras expanded after 1981 when General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, offered his country to the CIA and the Argentine military as a base for conducting operations opposing the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. By the end of 1981, 150 Argentine military advisors were active in Honduras training members of the Honduran security forces and providing training to the Nicaraguan Contras based in Honduras. According to the NGO Equipo Nizkor, though the Argentine mission in Honduras was downgraded after the Falklands War, Argentine officers remained active in Honduras until 1984, some of them until 1986, well after the 1983 election of Raúl Alfonsín.

Battalion 316's name indicated the unit's service to three military units and sixteen battalions of the Honduran army. This unit was charged with the task of carrying out political assassinations and torture of suspected political opponents of the government, effectively implementing the "Argentine Method" in Honduras. At least 184 suspected government opponents including teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by Battalion 316 during the 1980s.

Argentina played a role in supporting the Salvadoran government during the El Salvador Civil War. As early as 1979, the National Reorganization Process supported the Salvadoran government militarily with intelligence training, weapons and counterinsurgency advisors. This support continued until well after the United States had established itself as the principal supplier of weapons to the Salvadoran security forces. According to secret documents from the Argentine military, the purpose of this aid was to strengthen inter-military relations between Argentina and El Salvador and "contribute to hardening [El Salvador's] position in the widening struggle against subversion, alongside other countries in the region."

In fall of 1981, the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan requested that the high command of the Argentine military increase its assistance to El Salvador. The Argentine government ratified an agreement by which U.S. intelligence would provide the Argentine government with intelligence and logistics support for an arms interdiction program to stem the flow of military supplies to the FMLN from Cuba and Nicaragua. In addition to agreeing to coordinate arms interdiction operations, the Argentine General Directorate of Military Industries (DGFM) supplied El Salvador with light and heavy weapons, ammunition and military spare parts worth U.S.$20 million in February 1982.

The military junta in Argentina was a prominent source of both material aid and inspiration to the Guatemalan military during the Guatemalan Civil War, especially during the final two years of the Lucas government. Argentina's involvement had initially began in 1980, when the Videla regime dispatched army and naval officers to Guatemala, under contract from President Fernando Romeo Lucas García, to assist the security forces in counterinsurgency operations. Argentine involvement in Guatemala expanded when, in October 1981, the Guatemalan government and the Argentine military junta formalized secret accords which augmented Argentine participation in government counterinsurgency operations. As part of the agreement, two-hundred Guatemalan officers were dispatched to Buenos Aires to undergo advanced military intelligence training, which included instruction in interrogation.

Alleged French support
In 2003, French journalist Marie-Monique Robin documented that Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile.

Green deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet passed a resolution in September 2003 for a Parliamentary Commission to be convened on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984", to be held before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and presided over by Edouard Balladur. Apart from Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request. Deputy Roland Blum, who was in charge of the commission, refused to let Marie-Monique Robin testify.

In December 2003, his staff published a 12-page document that said no agreement had been signed between France and Argentina about military forces. But, Marie-Monique Robin had sent them a copy of the document she found showing such an agreement.

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.

Relations with the Soviet Union
Despite the officially anti-Communist leanings of Videla's junta in the context of the Cold War, the regime maintained extensive trade and diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union.

Legal moves by Baltasar Garzón and Peter Tatchell
Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón unsuccessfully attempted to question former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as a witness in his investigations into the Argentine disappearances during one of Kissinger's visits to Britain, and Peter Tatchell was unable to have Kissinger arrested during the same visit for alleged war crimes under the Geneva Conventions Act.

Aftermath
Following a decree of President Alfonsín mandating prosecution of the leaders of the Proceso for acts committed during their tenure, they were tried and convicted in 1985 (Juicio a las Juntas). In 1989, President Carlos Menem pardoned them during his first year in office, which was highly controversial. He said the pardons were part of healing the country. The Argentine Supreme Court declared amnesty laws unconstitutional in 2005. As a result, the government resumed trials against military officers who had been indicted for actions during the Dirty War.

Adolfo Scilingo, an Argentine naval officer during the junta, was tried for his role in jettisoning drugged and naked political dissidents from military aircraft to their deaths in the Atlantic Ocean during the junta years. He was convicted in Spain in 2005 of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 640 years in prison. The sentence was later raised to 1084 years.

Christian von Wernich, a Catholic priest and former chaplain of the Buenos Aires Province Police, was arrested in 2003 on accusations of torture of political prisoners in illegal detention centers. He was convicted at trial, and on 9 October 2007, the Argentine court sentenced him to life in prison.

On March 25, 2013, Federal Criminal Oral Court No. 1 of La Plata rendered decision on a public trial for crimes committed during the civilian-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) in the network of clandestine detention, torture and extermination centers ("clandestine centers") known as the "Camps Circuit". By conventional view, genocide requires intention to destroy a group in whole or in part. Where the intention is to destroy a group in part, that part must be "substantial", either in the numerical sense, or in the sense of being important to the physical survival of the group. The facts being prosecuted involves attacks against "subversive elements", which does not appear, on first sight, to be a "substantial" part of the group defined by nationality, by sheer numerical representation. This decision is significant in adopting the theory, originating from genocide scholar Daniel Feierstein, that the targeted victims are significant to the national group, as their destruction fundamentally altered the social fabric of the nation. A major trial, nicknamed "the ESMA mega-trial", of 63 people accused of crimes against humanity (lesa humanidad) during the 1976–1983 dictatorship, including those involved in death flights, was reaching its close in July 2015. 830 witnesses and 789 victims were heard. There had been two previous trials after the Supreme Court struck down an amnesty the military dictatorship had granted its members; in the first the one accused committed suicide before a verdict was reached; in a 2009 trial twelve defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment.

In December 2018, two former executives of a local Ford Motor Company plant near Buenos Aires, Pedro Muller and Hector Sibilla, were convicted for their involvement in the abduction and torture of 24 workers during the reign of the military junta. Lawyers involved in the case say this is the first time former executives of a multinational corporation operating in Argentina under the military junta have been convicted of crimes against humanity.

Commemoration
In 2002, the Argentine Congress declared the date of 24 March as the Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice, in commemoration for the victims of the dictatorship. In 2006, thirty years after the coup d'état that started the Proceso, the Day of Memory was declared a national public holiday. The anniversary of the coup was remembered by massive official events and demonstrations throughout the country.

Presidents of Argentina, 1976–1983
29 March 1976 – 29 March 1981. 29 March – 11 December 1981. 11–22 December 1981. 22 December 1981 – 18 June 1982. 18 June – 1 July 1982. 1 July 1982 – 10 December 1983.
 * Jorge Rafael Videla
 * Roberto Eduardo Viola
 * Carlos Lacoste (Interim)
 * Leopoldo Galtieri
 * Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean (Interim)
 * Reynaldo Bignone

Military juntas
During the Process, there were four successive military juntas, each consisting of the heads of the three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces:

title: National Reorganization Process


text:
Bayugan

Bayugan, officially the City of Bayugan (Dakbayan sa Bayugan; Lungsod ng Bayugan), is a 5th class component city in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 109,499 people..

Gained cityhood through Republic Act No. 9405, it is the only city in the province of Agusan del Sur.

Located at the northern part of Agusan del Sur, Bayugan is the "cut-flower capital" of the province owing to its lucrative cut flower industry. The city's climate, especially in the highland barangays, is conducive to high yield cut-flower production. The city is also one of the major producers of rice and vegetables in the province, even providing for neighboring municipalities and provinces.

Etymology
The natives called the area Bayugan since the word bayugan is a Manobo term for pathway. Another version states that bayug trees used to grow abundantly in the area. It was also believed that the natives used to make this place their meeting spot and that the means of gathering the inhabitants was by knocking on a hollow piece of wood which they termed as the bayug.

History
Bayugan was formerly a sitio of Barangay Maygatasan, Esperanza. Several versions abound on how the sitio got its name. First, the place was located along the river which served as the pathway of the natives in going to Esperanza.

In 1942, Japanese troops entered Bayugan during the second World War.

In 1945, the town of Bayugan in Southern Agusan was liberated by Filipino soldiers and guerrillas from the Japanese forces occupying the town.

In 1948, the Department of Public Works and Highways conducted a survey for a National Highway that would connect Butuan with Davao City. Simultaneously, the Bureau of Lands surveyed the places that would be traversed by the proposed road. Possible town sites were identified and among them was Barangay Maygatasan. However, part of the National Highway (now the Narra Avenue) passed through the sitio of Bayugan instead of Barangay Maygatasan. Migrants started settling in the sitio of Bayugan, thus, prompting the transfer of the proposed town site.

In the early part of 1960, the inhabitants led by Mr. Jose Joson passed a resolution creating the sitio of Bayugan into a regular barrio. In April of that year, Barangay Bayugan was inaugurated with Joson as the Teniente del Barrio. Brought about by the construction of the National Highway which traversed the place, business activity sprouted rapidly in the area.

A year later, barangay officials led by then Sergio Mullaneda worked out the creation of Bayugan into a regular municipality through the assistance of Governor Democrito O. Plaza, Governor of Agusan. By virtue of Executive Order No. 440 of then President Carlos P. Garcia, the petition to create the municipality of Bayugan was granted on August 6, 1961. Mr. Mullaneda, the first appointed Municipal Mayor of Bayugan assumed into office on August 6, 1962, during the term of President Diosdado Macapagal. In the year 2007 Bayugan was converted to a city.

Bayugan is a transportation highway nexus for the eastern part of Mindanao Island. Bayugan is now one if not the fastest growing component city in North Eastern Mindanao.

Cityhood
On July 24, 2006, the congress approved R.A. 9405, an act converting the Municipality of Bayugan into a component city to be known as the City of Bayugan.

But in 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines declared the law unconstitutional. The court ruled that Bayugan, along with the other fifteen cities covered by the law did not meet the requirements for cityhood.

More than a year later, on December 22, 2009, acting favorably on the appeal of the sixteen affected cities, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier ruling. It deemed that the passage of the amendatory law regarding the criteria for cityhood as set by congress specifically exempting a particular political subdivision therefrom was constitutional. The court further ruled that congress, in enacting the exempting law, effectively decreased the already codified indicators. As such, the cityhood status of Bayugan, and the rest of the fifteen local government units was restored.

But again on August 24, 2010, in a 16-page resolution, the court reinstated its November 18, 2008 decision striking down the constitutionality of Republic Act 9405. Voting 7–6, with two justices abstaining, the court reinstated its decision declaring RA 9405 as unconstitutional.

However, in another twist of fate for Bayugan, the court once again upheld for the third and final time the constitutionality of RA 9405 on February 15, 2011, thereby finalizing the cityhood of Bayugan and the other fifteen municipalities affected by the law. On July 3, 2011, the court ordered its clerk of court to issue an entry of judgment on the cityhood case, sealing with finality the constitutionality of the law.

After six years of legal battle, in its board resolution, the League of Cities of the Philippines acknowledged and recognized the cityhood of Bayugan and 15 other cities.

Geography
Bayugan is bordered by the Municipality of Sibagat and the province of Surigao del Sur to the north; the Municipality of Prosperidad to the east; the Municipality of Esperanza to the south; and the Municipality of Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte, to the west.

Climate
The city is geographically situated below the typhoon belt but is usually affected by depressions forming in the typhoon regions of Visayas and the province of Surigao del Norte. The climate map of the Philippines based on the modified coronas classification shows that the city falls under Type II. Which also is the weather classification of the province of Agusan del Sur.

Type II climate has no dry season with very pronounced wet season of heavy precipitation. Maximum rainfall generally occurs from December to January although there is no single dry month. Its average monthly rainfall is 161.6 mm and average temperature is 32 C. Areas characterized by this climate type are generally along or very near the eastern coast thus are open to the north-east monsoon.

Barangays
Bayugan is politically subdivided into 43 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Currently, there are 3 barangays which classified as urban and 40 are rural.

Demographics
Indigenous people:
 * Manobo
 * Higaonon
 * Banwaon
 * Kamayo/Mandaya
 * Talaandig

Economy

Products: • Rice / palay (the major rice production site of Agusan del Sur)

• Cut flowers (abundant in the city making it the cut flower capital of Agusan del Sur)

• Corn

• Coconut

• Banana

• Rubber

• Vegetables

• Legumes

• Cacao

• Coffee

• Citrus

• Root Crops

• Fruits

Fertile soil suitable for agricultural, Protection Forest About 26,107.163 Hectares = 51.697% in land classifications. Gold, silver, sand and gravel.

City officials
Elected city officials 2019–present:

Executive:
 * Mayor: Kirk A. Asis
 * Vice Mayor: Kim Lope A. Asis

Legislative:
 * City councilors:
 * Kim "Tata" Asis
 * Dionril "Balong" Salvan
 * Rizalina B. Parba
 * Anjannette "Badat" Alonde-Rana
 * Charles P. Anggayong
 * Fortunato "Jun" Paway II
 * Jonathan D. Sayon
 * Teresito "Terry" Abastillas
 * Allan R. Cogollodo
 * Primitivo N. Alimpoos

Barangay council
Association of Baragay Councils (Liga ng mga Barangay):

 * President - Eleony G. Estrera (Barangay Gethsemane)
 * Vice President - Vacant position

Tourism
• Bayugan Rotunda

• Pinagalaan (Bayug/Hamogaway) Falls

• Narra Avenue

• Wawa Bridge

• Meteor Garden

• Gethsemane Falls

• Santa Irene Overview

• Andanan/Wawa River and Irrigation System

• Family Place Resort

• Green Haven Adventure Farm

• Mangrove Base Park

• ARC Bayugan

• Graceland Cold Spring

• Magkiangkang Cave

• New Loon Cave

• San Agustin Lake

• Putting Bato Cave

• Katipunan Lake

• Vising/Sisimon Cave

• Rizal Park Plaza

• Bayugan City Hall

• Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish Church

• San Lorenzo Ruiz Diocesan Shrine

• Ziram Garden

• Sisa Theme Nature Park

Local festivals and events

 * Kahimunan tu Bayugan Festival, Holy Child - A local version of the Sinulog Festival of Cebu, it is highlighted by street dancing focusing on the indigenous tribes' of Bayugan and their way of life. Celebrated every Last Sunday of January.
 * Sacred Heart of Jesus Festival – Popularly known as the town fiesta or "pista", celebrated every June 30.
 * Rice Corn and Flower Festival - A new born festival replacing the traditional "Araw ng Bayugan" and is a celebration of the abundant harvest of crops of farmers in the city. The name of the festival is coined from the nickname of the city (City of Rice, Corn, and Flowers). It highlights street dancing and float contests.
 * Charter Day Celebration- Held every June 21 to commemorate the city-hood of Bayugan.

Communications
The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company provides fixed line services. Wireless mobile communications services are provided by Smart Communications and Globe Telecommunications.

Transportation
Major transportation around the vicinity of the city are Motorela/Tricycle and some multicabs which travel to remote barangays. "Habal-habal" is also used as a transport to the mountain barangays of Bayugan.

Accessibility
Butuan Airport: Butuan has the nearest airport from Bayugan.
 * By air

Davao Airport: From Manila or Cebu to Davao City as transit point.

Surigao Airport: From Manila or Cebu to Surigao City as transit point.

Bayugan can be reached via land transport. Davao Metro Shuttle, Bachelor Express, Land Car Inc., and Surigao Express are only few bus companies travelling to and from the city. Buses are serving routes from Davao City, Butuan, Surigao City, and Bislig. Philtranco and PP Bus Line serving Pasay/Cubao via Butuan or Davao are also available.
 * By land

Accredited Transport Cooperative as of January 2021:

Inter-island vessels Cokaliong Shipping Lines, 2-Go and TransAsia Shipping Lines ply the Cebu-Nasipit routes on regular schedules with Nasipit Port as transit point. Multi-cabs and buses are available at the wharf going to Butuan Integrated Terminal for the regular bus trips to Bayugan.
 * Agusan Sur Transport Service Cooperative
 * By sea

Education
Agusan del Sur Pilot Laboratory School, or commonly known as ADSPILS, is a Public Elementary School. ADSPILS is the only Special Science Elementary School in the city. The school has about 600 pupils with over 3 sections in each grade, Science Class, Best Class and Crack.

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, or BNCHS, is a comprehensive high school with a population of about six thousand students, and is located on a site that has an area of 5 hectares. The school is currently recognized for its research program in science related topics. "Comprehensive" it is because it offers different curricula such as ESEP (Engineering and Science Education Program), Special Program in Journalism (pilot school for journalism in Caraga Region), Special Program in the Arts (with the specialization of Visual Arts, Creative Writing, Dancing, Music, Media Arts and Theater Arts), Technical Vocational Courses, Special Program in Sports and Revised Basic Education Curriculum.

Agusan del Sur College or ADSCO established in 1966, is the only private educational institution in the city offering Preparatory, Elementary, High School, College (CHED) degree courses i.e. Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) major in : Marketing Management, Financial Management, Operation Management, Bachelor of Secondary Education, Bachelor of Elementary Education, Bachelor of Arts major in English, Associate in Computer Secretarial, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (by year 2011) and TESDA programs like Health Care Services NC II, Computer Hardware Servicing NC II, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) NC II, Driving NC II, Security Services NC II, Massage Therapy NC II, Housekeeping, Commercial Cooking NC II, Bookkeeping NC II.

Father Saturnino Urios University (formerly Father Urios Technical Institute of Bayugan Inc. or FUTIBI), is the oldest private educational institution in the city. Located at the heart of the city making it one of the most populous school in Bayugan. Created in the year 1959, Urios caters elementary and secondary basic education. By school year 2010–2011, Urios will be putting up its technical courses. The school was founded by a Jesuit priest Father Atanasio B. De Castro in 1959. The school is currently headed by Mrs. Chereil C. Martel (Principal) and Fr. Roberto Butawan (School Director).

Sister cities

 * Butuan, Philippines
 * Davao City, Philippines
 * Makati, Philippines
 * Cebu City, Philippines

title: Bayugan


text:
Esperanza, Agusan del Sur

Esperanza, officially the Municipality of Esperanza (Lungsod sa Esperanza; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 59,353 people.

History
The municipality of Esperanza was founded on September 11, 1953, per Executive Order No. 611 signed and approved by President Elpidio Quirino. It duly then began its functions as an independent municipality on September 27, 1953, when its first town officials were appointed.

Esperanza was the oldest town in northern Agusan del Sur. It was also the largest town in the province by land area until several municipalities were created out its territories in the late 20th century, namely: Las Nieves, San Luis, Sibagat, and Bayugan which later turned into a city and has far surpassed its mother town in terms of economy and population.

The Golden Tara
In July 1917, a flood and storm swept through Agusan del Sur in Barangay Cubo of Esperanza. After the storm, a Manobo woman named Bilay Ocampo was on the banks of the muddy Wawa River where she eventually found a figure where it washed up from the river. The 21-karat gold figure dating to around 850 to 950 C.E. weighs 4 lb and depicts a woman sitting in the lotus position in Buddhism, is ornamented with jewelry on her body, and wears a headdress. This figure turned out to be a representation of the Bodhisattva Tara. Now known as the "Golden Tara", after its discovery, it was handed to the former Deputy Governor Bias Baclagon then it was passed to the Agusan Coconut Company, because of a debt. It was then being sold and was purchased for ₱4,000 by the wife of American Governor-General Leonard Wood, Faye Cooper-Cole, who was the curator of Chicago Field Museum’s Southeast Asian department. They then donated the Golden Tara to the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, United States where it is currently held in the Grainger Hall of Gems. Dr. H. Otley Beyer, known as the father of Philippine Archaeology and Anthropology, tried to encourage the government to buy the artifact however all attempts failed due to lack of funds.

Another historical claim has it that when Bilay Ocampo found the Golden Tara, she decided to keep it as a doll. However she was told to give it over to Baclagon because they believed it was a diwata. Because of this, it was previously called Buwawan ni Baclagon or Ginto ni Baclagon (both translates to "Gold of Baclagon"). However, according to Bilay's granddaughter, Constancia, the Golden Tara wasn't handed over but it was stolen from her grandmother. The question of the validity of the purchase of the Golden Tara and whether it was acquired legally if it was in fact originally stolen from Bilay remains a debate of history.

The Golden Tara remains exhibited in the Grainger Hall of Chicago Field Museum (now known as the Field Museum of Natural History) up to the present time and reports has it that the Philippine government has plans to continue its negotiations in re-acquiring the figure.

According to UP scholar Dr. Juan Francisco, he described the golden statue as, "One of the most spectacular discoveries in the Philippine archaeological history."

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 1,355.48 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
Esperanza is politically subdivided into 47 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Esperanza had a population of 59,353. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: Esperanza, Agusan del Sur


text:
La Paz, Agusan del Sur

La Paz, officially the Municipality of La Paz (Lungsod sa La Paz; Bayan ng La Paz), is a municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur in the Caraga of the Philippines. The population was 30,969 at the 2020 census. La Paz is the largest town in terms of land area in Agusan del Sur and the entire Mindanao.

Geography
La Paz is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 1,481.12 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur. Which makes it the largest municipality in Mindanao in term of land area.

Barangays
La Paz is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, La Paz had a population of 30,969. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: La Paz, Agusan del Sur


text:
Talk:Tai Wo Hau station

Untitled
Is this the first underground station in the New Territories? Lai King, also in the New Territories, is partly "inside" a hillside slope. — Instantnood 12:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lai King Station is indeed built as "cutting" the slope, so shouldn't be treated as fully underground. For wiki standards, the article text should be amended though.  Patrickov 09:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tai Wo Hau station


text:
Loreto, Agusan del Sur

Loreto, officially the Municipality of Loreto (Lungsod sa Loreto; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 43,880 people. Loreto is the largest Municipality in terms of land area in Mindanao.

History
It was in the year 1600 long before Fr. Urios came to Agusan in 1880 when the Spaniards first came to the upper reaches of Agusan and discovered the Manobos. In convincing the Manobos to organize themselves and live in a settlement/community, the settlement was given the name of "Loreto" in remembrance of Fr. Urios town in Spain on March 30, 1965.

Rain of fish
On a rainy morning on January 13, 2012, Loreto became nationally notable when it became the site of a rain of fish. Seventy-two small fish were recovered and placed in an aquarium. They were about 3 in long and had small spots, but the species remains unknown. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources attributes the phenomenon to a waterspout.

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 1,462.74 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Loreto is a river town situated south-west of Agusan del Sur. It is bounded on the north by La Paz, north-east by Bunawan, and southeast by Veruela. The provinces of Bukidnon and Davao del Norte bound its Western and Southern portions.

Loreto is a strategically situated as a junction point to various destination within Agusan del Sur and nearby provinces. The accessibility of Loreto to Provincial Center, Patin-ay in Prosperidad has three main routes: the Loreto-Santa Josefa-Trento route of 118.36 km, the Loreto-La Paz Talacogon route of 85.53 km, and the Loreto-Bunawan route of 87.52 km with two hours of Pump boat cruising the Agusan River.

Barangays
Loreto is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
According to the 2020 census, Loreto had a population of 43,880. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: Loreto, Agusan del Sur


text:
Prosperidad

Prosperidad, officially the Municipality of Prosperidad (Lungsod sa Prosperidad; ), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 88,321 people.

Prosperidad was created on June 18, 1960, through Republic Act No. 2650.

Prosperidad is the venue of the Naliyagan Festival, an annual event celebrated by the entire province of Agusan del Sur. It also hosts its own festival called the Angot Festival celebrated every 28 September in honor of St. Michael the Archangel.

History
Prior to the Spanish Colonial Period, a Manobo settlement thrived at the junction of the Sianib and Gibong River. This settlement was known to the natives as Culilay.

During the Spanish Colonial Period, the missionaries discovered the settlement and soon began the Christianization of the Manobos. The natives were given Christian names and the settlement was renamed from Culilay to ''Las Navas", as the site was full of bancas, being the means of transportation at the time.

At the start of the American Period, Las Navas was bustling with local trades, but is experiencing constant flooding thus a new community,a business center cops up on a nearby site and was named 'Prosperidad' derived from the word Prospero or "progressive" as the place experienced growth and prosperity during the time of American Governor Zapanta.

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 505.15 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
Prosperidad is politically subdivided into 32 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Prosperidad had a population of 88,321. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Sports and recreation
The Patin-ay Sports Complex (Officially known as Datu Lipus Makapandong - Democrito O. Plaza Sports Complex) has been constructed starting in the late 2018 and ends in year 2021. It has an artificial turf and rubberized track oval, the covered court has been upgraded, and the swimming pool will be upgraded into Olympic-size swimming pool. The main stadium capacity of the complex was 3,000, the aquatic center capacity was 1,500, and the basketball court capacity was 600. Once its finished, they will become the host for the future sporting events such as the upcoming Palarong Pambansa in 2026. The said complex which will cost of ₱700 Million. Opened in June 11, 2023 for the Naliyagan Festival events.

Education
A satellite campus of the Philippine Normal University is located in Poblacion (popularly known as Bahbah) which was established in 1968.

title: Prosperidad


text:
Rosario, Agusan del Sur

Rosario, officially the Municipality of Rosario (Lungsod sa Rosario; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,610 people.

Rosario was historically part of San Francisco until June 21, 1969, when it became a separate municipality through Republic Act No. 5760. The town was named after its patron saint Nuestra Senora del Rosario.

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 385.05 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
Rosario is politically subdivided into 11 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Rosario had a population of 49,610. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: Rosario, Agusan del Sur