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Talk:Hearing aid

High resolution image for HearingAidTypes.jpg
I have uploaded a higher resolution file for HearingAidTypes.jpg to wikicommons, filename: HearingAidTypes.png. I am not sure how to link these two files so that it will show up as a higher resolution image. Can anyone help? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmerlo (talk • contribs) 18:25, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Early Hearing Aids
Ear horn and ear trumpet lead to this page, but it contains no information about them. This page leads you to horn (acoustic), which just leads you back here again. Which means there's essentially no information on Wikipedia about ear trumpets.... Why isn't there a separate article? --Toastedcheese (talk) 23:41, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Quick question
Does the fact that hearing aids amplify sound for a person who already has hearing loss speed up the rate at which such a person loses their hearing? I'm completely deaf in one ear and partially in the other, myself; but I've never had a hearing aid nor even had one suggested for me. Corporal 20:56, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Visiting an audiologist or an Ear-Nose-Throat physician (outside of the US, Canada and the UK) is always your best bet. To me this sounds like an ad, not NPOV. --Etxrge 06:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be POV if it gave the name and address of the audiologist/ENT specialist or his/her practice. As it is, it is merely good advice even if a little self-evident. Dieter Simon 22:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Advice duly accepted. As I was the one who put up the original statement, I have edited it a little for clarity.--Coryp 20:57, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As an audiologist in the UK for the last 18 years, I've yet to see any evidence that hearing aid use speeds up the rate of hearing loss. If you have it, I would be very keen to see it.--86.148.60.22 (talk) 23:06, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

I am an audiologist and have never known hearing aid rehabilitation leading to a further deterioration in hearing. There are cases where hearing naturally deteriorates over time (presbyacusis) but a hearing aid would not accelerate this progression which is often seen as a result of increasing age. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.72.207.144 (talk) 19:58, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Modern hearing aids do not simply "amplify" sounds. 90.249.133.97 (talk) 08:11, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Re:violation of NPOV
Quote: "This chapter is biased determinative opinion which is in violation of NPOV.In the similar way ststement "audiologists are often provides substandard services" would be equallyt unacceptable." What exactly does all this mean?

Have you ever bought a digital hearing aid? One that hasn't been thoroughly adjusted to your individual needs, measured and electonically/digitally tested? Only a qualified audiometrist (or its equivalent titles and accompanying qualifications) can do that. You may want to throw £200 away but I would rather spend £800 on professional services which can guarantee (or as near as dammit) me an aid that works for me. This has absolutely nothing to do with POV, this is helpful reminder of what may happen if you don't care. Have reversed the para in the article. Dieter Simon 00:48, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

To: Dieter Simon. You can't simply give advises based on your personal experience. If you want give information about alternative way of getting HA, such as online its fine, but you can't say "this is better than that, so don't do that'. "BEWARE"(???). You put warning inside the information article.(???) Who are you kidding. You want to state "There is A and there is B". Fine. You want to say "A is the first letter and B is second". Fine. But you can't simply state "I like B. It's better sound. It's better than A". Why do I even have to explain this basic things about neutrality to a grown person, unless he has a personal agenda. BTW I clearly explained reason for my edit. Go ahead refresh your info about rules of NPOV. That what you should've done before reediting me. Do the right thing and undo your edit. P.S. BTW Been there, done it. Both way. Our personal experiences  has nothing to do with neutral and unbiased info. Even if they 100% true. There is numerous discussion boards, forums to vent your anger, to express your personal opinion or to give advice. One of it,which I put link to could've been just the right place for you. And why did you remove link to it? What's resonable unbiased explanation you can give me about it? Mind boggling...216.233.120.165
 * Hi 216.233.120.165, the para on buying hearing aids will be changed, it wasn't created by myself in first place. However, may main contention is that rather than removing it as you did, you should have improved on it by describing the factual/actual process of buying a hearing aid and yes, the pitfalls that may attend the purchase. I agree, a bald warning may not be appropriate, but there are ways and means of editing this, not just removing it.

 * It is no good you saying there is no particular way, or even that there are many different ways, of purchasing a hearing aid, especially a digital one, that just won't do. You cannot just walk into a shop, put your money down and walk away with a hearing aid. As I said, digital hearing aids need to be bought under professional guidance whether you like or not, and that is not a personal view, but a fact. Since you pride yourself in being an exponent on NPOV, that of all things should have guided you. This is not an advert for the professional services of audiometrists/audiologists, after all no names have been published, but a statement of fact that this type of help is needed. So, I invite you to have a go like all good Wikipedians and edit this because it needs doing and stating. Dieter Simon 01:49, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

To: Dieter Simon.If you would've been asked to create a manual for TV set, people would've know exactly which program is best for them, but have no idea how to switch channels. Give them info of how to use it and let them make their own mind what to watch. You replace one mess with another. Same judgmental opinion, only now compounded into semantic."Need, should, have to, must be, more important"... A lot of recommendations, very little info. May be I am not fair to your efforts. Criticizing you all the time and you are the one who's trying... But I have to. You have such a record contributing to Wiki, you should know better what favoritism means. I might take up on your advise and contribute to this issue in a little while. Meanwhile, I see that you are making attempts, but perhaps something personal, biased holding you back. You asked me a few questions before. I answered them. Now its my turn. Are you an audi? Do you have any personal relation to that field? Regards.216.233.120.165

 * Then alter it to what you think it should read, don't just "might" take up on my advice, "do" take up on my advice and edit it. I really have no axe to grind in this, but people who are in need of a hearing aid need also expert advice, that is not from me but from the experts. If you think differently please enlighten us. I am not making any attempts at anything, as I said I came in on this at a late stage, it was not my original paragraph, and I am quite disinterested. I am yet to see what your anti-bias consists of. You keep on about it but don't show us what form this takes. I am agog to find out. However, please don't just remove the paragraph. Dieter Simon 23:39, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Buyer beware
It should be noted that the heading "Buyer beware" has been reverted some time ago as being POV. Expect the worst. Heading changer beware. Dieter Simon 22:54, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Hearing Aid Sale
It was not an experiment. I've contributed to this article before. If you have bias or no info regarding the article paragraph please restrain yourself of further editing. The latest edit provided very little or hardly any related info regarding paragraph title. If the potential editor willing to make informative contribution I'll be gladly provide some points to cover for the paragraph title purpose. I'm reverting it back to previous version by SM. Please discus it before you attempt to make any changes. 216.233.121.2 6:42PM MAY9 2006
 * I have not reverted the previous version because of vandalism but because the present version is so much better. It may be USA-centred but that should not be a reason for preventing the American side from being heard. It is up to us Non-American Wikipedians to show how sales and after-sales are affected in other countries. So, please concentrate on that rather than conduct an argument for no reason than that the previous version was there before.
 * Sorry, this was me, forgot to sign off. Dieter Simon 23:33, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

and, still, i would like to hear of personal experience regarding types and makes of HA. I need this for my old mother (88) who is a misician, loosing her hearing. thanks ashrab

 * Hi Ashrab, I am afraid your mother (with your help) will have ot seek professional advice on this. If you look at the article and then the "Processing" section, that will give you some idea of what it entails. I am sorry but no outsider can give you advice off hand as your mother's hearing will
 * have to be tested by professionals and on the strength of the test results best advice can be given. Dieter Simon 22:25, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

A reminder to please keep opinions out of the article itself, especially in the "hearing aid sales" section. (I've made some small edits to bring this back in line with WP policy.) Government standards for consumer practices are things we can cite and leave verifiable for readers. No matter how good or helpful you think advice is, advice and opinions that are not previously published and cited from a reliable source cannot be verified and, thus, do not belong in the article. --Ds13 17:23, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you are saying about "keeping opinions out of the article...", Ds13. Yes, private opinions should never be part of an article unless their are being cited as either being pro or con the main theme of an article and then being dealt with in the light of general tenor of that theme. I trust you weren't referring to my recommendation to Ashrab that he should ask his mother to seek professional advice. If you are talking about  another section or instance, perhaps it should be under that section and not under "Hearing aid sales"? or perhaps address the User concerned whose points you are trying refute?. Dieter Simon 23:56, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I wasn't necessarily referring to you. (I put this as a top-level post.)  Over the past few months, there have been many poor choices of wording in the article such as what someone "should" do or what the "best" advice is.  I've reverted these in the past and left comments in the edit history.  Some of these edits came back and these are the opinions I'm objecting to.  And I agree; we shouldn't have to remind people that opinions and uncited advice don't belong here, but for some reason this article is attracting such contributions.  Well-intentioned, I'm sure, but inappropriate. --Ds13 00:41, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Buying a Hearing Aid  The article should make it clear that outside the United States many advanced countries have health services which supply free or cheap hearing aids. Such a service has no built-in money making bias so the advice given is probably more trustworthy. 82.47.176.254 23:20, 2 January 2007 (UTC)mikeL

Hearing Loop systems
I have added a note to the telecoil section about hearing loops. I was surprised that there seems currently no article about these on WP but I guess it is because they remain relatively rare in the US. In the UK they are almost mandatory in many public places because of our Disability Discrimination Act 2005. For a number of years I have been on the Environmental Aids committee of Hearing Concern - see http://www.hearingconcern.org.uk/campaigns/camp_envaids.html

I shall shortly be writing a seperate article on Induction Loop systems to expand this topic. Dsergeant 15:37, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Hard of Hearing Advocacy link
The link I tried to add was removed because it was was considered spam. If you go to the "US and News and World Report" site and do a search on hearing aids, you will find a comprehensive article regarding hearing aids, "Good Vibrations: They're still hearing aids. But they're better--and smaller". In this article the site I tried to add is referenced along with all the other sites that are already in the external link to this article. The following is a quote from the article:

"If Ralph Nader had run a website in the '60s for people with hearing problems, it might have been like Hard of Hearing Advocates. Nothing and no one are beyond criticism on this volunteer-run site. The message board is especially feisty."

I am confused as to how this was perceived as spam as this site does not sell anything and I don't believe there are any advertisements on it either. This is the premier hard of hearing online forum. hoha2 00:18 AM, April 20 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems to me it would be more helpful to simply link to the US News and World Report article itself. --CliffC 05:17, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * "Home of the most active..." sounds quite spammy. Advocates sounds spammmy (just as mortgage). Adding 2 links to the same site also look s quite spammy. In other words: try to be more factual and try to sound less advertising. Further CliffC's response also hints that Wiki is not a mere link-page. Good luck! Didgeweb 11:15, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Natalie, an administrator, gave me her blessing for including the link after removing it the other day. Please look at the site and tell me what makes it spam now, Dieter Simon? hoha2 19:36 AM, April 23 2007 (UTC)

 * The following was copied from the Hearing Loss article

 * "Hoha2, nevertheless, you are advertising for your own company, aren't you? Even if you are giving a service, it is still advertising for your own firm. I am sorry that is very much spam, from where I am sitting.
 * Pasted from my own user talk page. Dieter Simon 00:30, 24 April 2007 (UTC)"

 * Dieter, I am not sure what you are talking about. By you argument every external link is a advertisement. Please explain why the other links are not advertisements and this is. I am a hard of hearing member of the forum for the site and have no other affiliation to the site. Where on the site do you see any profiteering occurring? It is an advocacy group for the hard of hearing. "Us News and World Report" acknowledges it's relevancy to the hard of hearing. Please go to the forum and look at its content. It is purely material that all hard of hearing people should read. It has the answers to every question that has ever been asked about hearing problems and how it effects my life and every other hard of hearing person's life. It is run by the hard of hearing for the hard of hearing. It's a world reknown site. Please state what part of the site indicates that it is a "company" or a "firm". I am not hyping anything. I am a hard of hearing person who spent decades looking for a resource like this. And that is why I want to put the link up. For myself and for others who are hard of hearing or are geniunely concerned about the cause for the hard of hearing. Next time you respond please provide references to substantiate your argument. hoha2 22:36, April 23 2007 (UTC)

Pasting the following from elsewhere in reply to hoha2's comments:

 * The first thing I should say in reply to your message is, that you have indeed chosen a rather unfortunate nick in signing off as "hoha2" which obviously refers to the name of the website you are "advocating" ("Hard of Hearing Advocates"). Other editors will connect this with some personal interest. I don't know what your personal involvement in the forum is, you are seemingly more than a mere member of a forum, as you are signing off in this way.

 * You are also not registered as a "user", you are not a Wikipedia editor as such (hence the red link and on clicking on the user link produces a blank field), but are an editor using Wikipedia for your own purpose (how ever noble). At this stage I should refer you to the guide-lines for WP-users as regards to spam: Spam, and see "External link spamming" where the first para reads as follows: "Adding external links to an article or user page for the purpose of promoting a website or a product is not allowed, and is considered to be spam. Although the specific links may be allowed under some circumstances, repeatedly adding links will in most cases result in all of them being removed."

 * The problem is that it is not at all obvious what the website represents, a forum yes, but what else? Is there a hidden meaning? Editors will not get involved in the website if it looks anything like advocating a "cause". So every time you add your external link, it may stay for a while only to be "reverted" at the next opportunity when other editors come across it.
 * Even if there is no commercial interest involved, it is still promoting a website (and a cause). Perhaps registering as a WP user, and then writing a little para referring to forums which can help those who have hearing difficulties, might alter the perception of what you are trying to do, but don't hold your breath. It will be pounced on for the above reasons, depending on the perception of the editor at the time. There can be no certainty that an external link (or any other content, for that matter) will remain if there is the slightest doubt of "spam", I am sorry, we are an encyclopaedia and not there to promote "causes". However, I wish you luck in your endeavours. Dieter Simon 22:25, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Dieter Simon 22:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Once again Dieter your argument is null and void. There is already an advocacy link in the external link for shhh. All the links are either run directly or indirectly by audiologists who obviously make money off the hard of hearing. Are you perhaps associated with the field of audiology? I will add the hoha link. If you or anybody else deletes the link, I will delete every other link. Since aferall no external link meets any of your criteria. Of course I will reference you as the source for the reason why the links were be deleted. hoha2 19:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not arguing, hoha, I am just advising you what happens in Wikipedia, nor am I involved to any great extent. You were wondering why and I gave the reason that in Wikipedia anyone can edit an article according to the guidelines. I gave you good advice to register and be an editor on the article and explain what the forums do, rather than just enter an external link which almost certainly would be rmoved. That's all I can do for you. I shall paste this in the two hearing-related articles. Dieter Simon 00:01, 25 April 2007 (UTC) Dieter Simon 00:06, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Recent advancements etc.
There are many references in this article to "recently" that I would think need "as of" beside them. I don't know if the recent advancements mentioned are from now (2007) or from the day wikipedia was started. Just giving "as of" would be enough, because the word "recently" can only apply for a while, and can mean anything (World War I was a recent war compared to the crusades, but WWI isn't recent at all compared to Desert Storm). Just give the date whatever was introduced, or if you only know that its recent, at least say "recent as of" so that the article can stand up to time even if it isn't continually edited. I'd like to think the guidelines would want articles in a state that if archived now would still provide a lot of accurate information in a thousand years. If I'm wrong about this set me straight. I'm not a contributor to this article and may never read it again who knows, but I thought those that were may be able to provide more accurate dates, or as I said at least mention when it was written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hastor (talk • contribs) 06:31, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Propose to remove sections about In USA, and out of USA
These sections don't belong in a global article, besides they lack referances therefore I hearby challange them! DCwom 12:58, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

The whole article seems to me to be written from a United States point of view and to be based on assumptions that US practices of supply, provision and prices are universal. They are not universal. That is why I added the two lines that you don't like.

(The other name 'Deaf Aid' is quite acceptable. WP needs it listing with a re-direction)

(heres a reference http://www.rnid.org.uk/information_resources/hearing_aids/ I can't give you references in french, german, spanish etc. because I am not fluent enough to find them and I might send you somewhere inappropriate ) 77.97.161.230 09:47, 3 October 2007 (UTC)mikeL

MikeL, I think you misunderstand me, I agree with you that the article is US centric. These two sections, in and out of USA are both unreferenced anyway, and should be removed if no one supplies referances soon. DCwom 12:40, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In a small attempt to compensate for the US bias, I added a (referenced!) note about the situation in the UK. That now sits uncomfortably in the section about US practice so I'll move it now.  Whilst I agree that the current version is unbalanced, I do think that information about different arrangements for supplying hearing aids across the globe is relevant and should be retained.  What's needed is a thorough edit of these two sections, not just a simple deletion. Kahuzi 20:47, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed unrefered section on sales. DCwom 19:26, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Needs Many More Refs
This article contains both technical and medical related information, and therefore needs many more references. Currently the article is somewhere between a tutorial and a sales brochure. The article is also too long for an encyclopedia, there is too much detail about the particilars of each instrument type. DCwom 13:08, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Modulate
According to the introduction hearing aids are used to "amplify and modulate" sounds. My understanding is that they selectively amplify (and perhaps attenuate) different frequencies to different degrees in much the same way as a recording sound engineer or an electric guitar player does with an equaliser. It is misleading to use the word 'modulate'. In engineering modulation refers to modifying a carrier wave in some way to carry information. 77.97.161.230 (talk) 22:46, 26 December 2007 (UTC)mikeL

I was also confused by the term modulate and agree that it should be removed. (Brenwah (talk) 23:12, 30 December 2009 (UTC)).

Concha/pinna
In the ITE section it states that "These devices fit in the outer ear bowl (called the concha or pinna)". Is it too pedantic to say that "concha" is the name of the outer ear bowl, whereas "pinna" refers to the whole of the ear outside the skull, and should this be amended? --81.159.138.215 (talk) 17:19, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It is important to be both accurate and accessible. Sometimes, that is challenging. Why don't you give it a go? Walter Siegmund (talk) 18:08, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

POV tag on new section dealing with US regulation of hearing aids
The new section on US regulations seems overly detailed with its many complex citations of legal cases and specific state and federal regulations. It seems likely to over-complicate a reader's decision to purchase a hearing aid, especially by mail; and also likely to make him uneasy about making such a decision. The repetition of the vaguely threatening phrase "restricted devices" makes hearing aids sound rather dangerous - in one place, the writer calls them Class I "restricted devices", but in fact the FDA defines Class I devices as "those presenting the least risk". Per the FDA, "Restricted devices are the subset of FDA-regulated devices over which FDA has advertising jurisdiction. They include, for example, hearing aids, certain types of contact lenses and diagnostic tests, and many types of high-risk devices." Not so scary now, eh?

The section seems out of balance with the rest of the article. I recommend that it be removed entirely, or stripped down to a few basic facts, such as that the FDA controls the advertising and sale of hearing aids, that state regulations may vary (without citing the most onerous), and a simple NPOV summary of the FDA rules on buying a hearing aid, no more and no less. --CliffC (talk) 21:38, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the link on the Hearing Aids page to Healthy Hearing
Regarding on "What to link" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EL The site Healthy Hearing has an in depth collection of articles, common questions, and user guides that cover in depth not only aspects of hearing aids, but hearing loss in general. Additionally, a comprehensive funding guide is available free of charge to help persons who have hearing loss and need hearing aids. The site is staffed by audiologists and professional writers who have expertise in teaching and writing about hearing loss and hearing aids http://www.healthyhearing.com/about - The site is also the only official site selected by Google News to cover the topic of hearing loss and hearing aids. Therefore, the ongoing news and articles (example) http://www.healthyhearing.com/articles/42690-care-for-hearing-aids  that are beyond the scope of what a Wikipedia article would typically cover. This is in connection with "Such links could contain further research that is accurate and on-topic, information that could not be added to the article for reasons such as copyright or amount of detail, or other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article for reasons unrelated to its accuracy."

The site does contain advertising, but this is no different than your local newspaper website. It has independent news and information about a topic, but it has to generate ad revenue. Healthy Hearing is really like the national USA Today for hearing loss and hearing aids. I am assuming that this is why the link is in question - but it would mean that on a Wikipedia article on Newspapers that you could not create wiki pages on those newspapers nor could you link to those newspaper websites as examples.

If you take the time to read through the articles, news releases, the consumer guides and the common questions, you will see what I am talking about. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.94.216.178 (talk) 15:10, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

The comment above was copied from User talk:Wsiegmund. Walter Siegmund (talk) 15:28, 16 October 2009 Do (UTC)

 * I regularly trim external links from articles that appear to have an excess. Too many links make it difficult for the reader to find the ones that are the most helpful. Commercial articles are often suspect because some companies see Wikipedia as a way to advertise their products. May I ask if you have a connection to http://www.healthyhearing.com/ or a financial interest in the products advertised there? I need to ask because of WP:COI and I think it best to be direct about such matters. I note that American Hearing Research Foundation covers related news, but I agree that Healthy Hearing is more thorough.. The advertising on the Healthy Hearing site does not prevent it from being linked, but it is a concern and should be discussed. Are you the anonymous editor that edit warred on October 7 to restore the link? Edit warring should be avoided. It is better to bring disputes to the talk page so that it can be discussed and resolved. If it is decided to keep the link, then you can cite the discussion in your edit summary when you restore it. Thank you for pointing out the qualifications of the editorial team of the site. That is a point in its favor. Regarding "Take Care of Your Hearing Aids", please consider adding content based on that source to the article with an appropriate footnote. That will make it easy for the reader to find the source article and learn more. Inline links to footnotes are encouraged and rarely removed. Walter Siegmund (talk) 16:14, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

In the ear hearing aids
I get the impression that "in the ear" hearing aids are essentially restricted to hearing losses of "up to" -35 db, because of battery size. But would need a good reference.

Also shells stink for listening in front of a person. There are good reasons to use in the ear, besides vanity. They use your ear as a collector and a person can hear better than someone with a shell. If this isn't here, it should be IMO. Student7 (talk) 17:44, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

@Student7: Your understanding of "in the ear" is based on old technology. I am an audiologist with a severe to profound hearing loss and use completely-in-the-canal (CIC) hearing aids which output up to 132 dB SPL. I'm not exactly sure where you are going with your second point, but that sounds a lot like an opinion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.196.146.74 (talk) 19:40, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

The image is showing a behind the ear hearing aid but is labeled as an in the ear hearing aid.Ajohnsonaud (talk) 15:11, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Historical context?
I can't see anything in the article to set it in a historical context; it's all "older", "earliest", "recent" and "today"- terms which are essentially meaningless. When was the first hearing aid developed? When did the behind the ear ones get invented? There's no timeline at all, no sense of how one thing developed into the next over a period of years. For all I know, they could all have been developed at the same time. There's a line about "the late 1950s through 1970s, before in-the-ear aids became common" and that's the only place I can see anything like a date. (I know nothing about hearing aids, and I wandered over here looking for when they were first developed.) MorganaFiolett (talk) 09:53, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * There's a big-picture timeline here, starting with the ear trumpet in the early 1700s. Similar page here.  For anyone with time to expand the article, or just the curious, see Deafness in Disguise: Concealed Hearing Devices of the 19th and 20th Centuries (NSFW, includes scantily-clad 1940s ladies with aids strapped to their legs).  --CliffC (talk) 21:38, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Songbird Hearing
I contacted the Songbird Hearing people, who turn out to be an ordering service with little or no knowledge of audiology or hearing aid technology. This product is not a true hearing aid, but an across-the board amplifier at all frequencies (and not a very flat response. either, according to their PDF chart). Furthermore, it is not a disposable unit as claimed in the article, but uses batteries like other consumer devices. The current price is $495 per ear, which is high for this very basic functionality as compared with similar advertised devices. For all these reasons, the device should not be mentioned in Wikipedia in contexts in which it does not belong. David Spector (talk) 17:37, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

History section?
This article could use a good History section. Misty MH (talk) 13:33, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Added a history section using the lead from History of hearing aids. Feel free to improve it. pgr94 (talk) 15:08, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Undefined acronyms
Several acronyms are used in this article but are undefined. A few examples are: CIC, ITC, and MIC. It looks like they were once defined but the article has been trimmed too much and now that information is missing. Could someone please replace the missing information and make sure that all acronyms are defined at least once? Thanks very much. Softlavender (talk) 02:21, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Citation needed!
The articles states that interference is rare for hearing loop systems, but gives no source for that claim. I feel this is quite misleading. Interference is in fact a big problem. See for example http://www.emaa.com.au/documents/accessdocs/AFILS_Info_Sheet.pdf which states "If there are other loop systems close by, the problem of overlap of sound must be addressed. This is a serious problem if the auditoria are next to or above one another. There are various ways to resolve this overlap but consult the experts while the design is still in its early stage. There are many unsatisfactory audio-magnetic loop installations. It is an area for the specialist, rather than the average electrical consultant or contractor. Consultation may be necessary at the early design stage as well as when the building is under construction." Unfortunately, much of the information publicly available about loop systems is put out by people who have a financial incentive to promote the use of such systems, even when cheaper alternatives would be better for people whose hearing is impaired. HouseOfChange (talk) 16:23, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Digital Hearing Aid
There is a great deal of overlap between Digital Hearing Aid and this article; much of what isn't covered here in that new article is WP:OR or WP:SYNTHESIS, often referenced by product pages. I propose that we merge it here. Dai Pritchard (talk) 14:30, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * merge no reason for separate articles. Deunanknute (talk) 18:16, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * merge with heavy trimming and consolidation. --Animalparty-- (talk) 01:33, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge. It had been speedy deleted as duplicate page of hearing aid(I had posted the speedy tag); not sure if that would apply again or not; but it should at least be merged/redirected. 331dot (talk) 09:05, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge. It looks like this is one of several articles written by a paid editor, likely to promote one specific product. I've given the editor a COI warning, accordingly. That aside, I can't see where this really needs to have a completely separate page. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   08:05, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 23:18, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Hearing aid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080222003941/http://varibel.nl:80/site/home/default.asp to http://varibel.nl/site/home/default.asp
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External links modified
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:20, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Edit Request
In section seven of the Hearing aid page, the information about rechargeable batteries does not reflect the advancements over the past few years in rechargeable hearing aid battery technology. Here is the information in question:

"While there are some rare instances that a hearing aid uses a rechargeable battery or a long-life disposable battery, the majority of modern hearing aids use one of five standard button cell zinc–air batteries."

Suggested copy changes:

"Within the past several years, major advancements in rechargeable hearing aid battery technology have resulted in nearly every major hearing aid manufacturer now offering a rechargeable battery option using either silver zinc chemistry or lithium ion chemistry. These batteries are powerful enough to support the wireless streaming capabilities of modern hearing aids while also providing an all-day charge."

Here are links to the various rechargeable hearing aids currently on the market:

Silver Zinc:

http://www.starkey.com/hearing-aids/rechargeable-hearing-aids http://unitron.com/content/unitron/global/en/professional/hearing-solutions/tempus.html#FitR-2 https://www.beltonene.com/zpower_rechargeable_hearing_aids.html https://www.oticon.com/inside-oticon/news/news/2017/april-4-2017---opn-rechargeable http://www.nuear.com/hearing-aids/technologies/now-wireless-hearing-aids

Lithium Ion:

https://www.phonak.com/us/en/about-us/rechargeable-os-technology.html https://www.sivantos.com/en/press/2016/07/05/sivantos-unveils-the-worlds-most-advanced-lithium-ion-inductive-rechargeable-hearing-aid/

If these citations are too commercial, here is the link to an article in a trade publication about rechargeable hearing aid options:

https://www.hearingtracker.com/blog/rechargeable-hearing-aids-a-look-at-the-options-for-2017/

MPierson (talk) 19:21, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
 * None of the refs are really suitable. This book comments how uncommon recharagle batteries are. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:35, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Marking as declined for needing better sources. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 17:55, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Differences digital/analogue
"Analogue hearing aids amplify (makes louder) all the sounds picked up by the microphone" - not true, I am sure many analogue devices had something like an an Equalization (audio) and/or Equalization (communications) as well as some more filters. Similarly "This allows amplifying the sounds of certain frequency" is not something that analogue devices were incapable of doing. Neither is frequency range compression a groundbreaking technology that would be in any way difficult to do with an analogue device. Feedback reduction? The same.. and so on. 2.247.252.86 (talk) 14:18, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

This page is a mess.
Hey folks,

I'm trying to improve this page - there is a ton of outdated, flat out incorrect information, and badly sourced information.

Jytdog is removing my edits but has left up most of the article that is poorly sourced or incorrect. I am happy to provide more sources, but if edits are going to be removed for source issues, please delete all information on the page that is not sourced or poorly sourced.

Thank you, Sigsaly (talk) 17:12, 15 November 2017 (UTC)siglsaly
 * Much of what you did was great. Thanks for that!  I removed edits that were unsourced or badly sourced.  I left the rest. Please use WP:MEDRS sources. Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 01:54, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Error in the digital signal flow diagram
Hello

There is a minor error in the "Block diagram of digital hearing aid" signal flow diagram. I'm rather new to wikipedia and have no idea how to help fix an image of a diagram. The error is the process block labelled "Flattering Filter" - it should be "Flattening Filter" or even better "Gain Flattening Filter"

I'm a retired engineer and have knowledge of signal processing, so I feel qualified to point out this error.

Thank you SmokeyVW (talk) 22:21, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

I created a new SVG version of the diagram and switched it in here. SmokeyVW (talk) 22:03, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:52, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Lyric - Ear.jpg

Over-the-counter hearing aids, United States
Noting that a JAMA article was published recently related to this topic: see https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2799343 --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 02:31, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

Hearing device
Hearing device redirects here, but I think this is not quite correct. Hearing assist devices were also inside the early telephones and are not discussed here. Wuerzele (talk) 10:41, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hearing aid


text:
User talk:Sparta 232

bob

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sparta 232


text:
Reforms and Order Party

Party Reform and Order (Партія «Реформи і порядок» Partiya Reformy i Poriadok) was a liberal political party in Ukraine. The party merged into All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" in June 2013.

History
The party was organized in October 1997 as a right-wing party, led by ex-vice Prime Minister Viktor Pynzenyk. And it was registered as the fiftieth political party in the history of Ukrainian modern politics. The party was an offspring from the electoral bloc of 1997 "Forward, Ukraine!".

At the parliamentary elections on 29 March 1998 the party, obtained 3,13% of the votes, 10th place out of 30 participated parties, and 3 (single-mandate constituency) seats in the parliament; 2 in the Lviv Oblast and 1 in the Mykolaiv Oblast.

At the parliamentary elections on 30 March 2002, the party was part of the Viktor Yushchenko Bloc Our Ukraine. Before the Orange Revolution of 2004 the party renamed itself into Our Ukraine (Nasha Ukrayina). After the revolution the party kept some distance from the People's Union Our Ukraine and after a court decision renamed itself again in Party Reform and Order (Partiya Reformy i Poriadok).

At the parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006, it won in an alliance with PORA 1.47% of the popular vote and no seats.

On December 3, 2006 the party announced their decision to join the Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc. In the parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the party was part of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc alliance, that won 156 out of 450 seats.

In April 2010 Viktor Pynzenyk left the party; Serhii Sobolev had been elected party chairman on February 20, 2010.

In the 2010 local elections the party won 2 representative in the regional parliament of the Cherkasy Oblast and 1 seats in the city council of Lviv.

The party competed on one single party under "umbrella" party "Fatherland" (also a former member of the Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc), together with several other parties, during the 2012 parliamentary elections     During the election this list won 62 seats (25.55% of the votes) under the proportional party-list system and another 39 by winning 39 simple-majority constituencies; a total of 101 seats in Parliament.

The party (and Front for Change) merged into "Fatherland" on 15 June 2013. The party is still registered at the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice.

title: Reforms and Order Party


text:
The Crystal Prison

The Crystal Prison is a dark fantasy novel for children by British author Robin Jarvis. It is the second book in The Deptford Mice trilogy, first published in the United Kingdom in 1989 by Macdonald & Company, London. In 2001, it was published by SeaStar Books in the United States. The book continues the story of the young house mouse Audrey after she and her friends have defeated the evil cat Jupiter, lord of the sewer rats.

Plot
The story picks up shortly after the last book left off. Albino mouse Oswald Chitter is deathly ill, having caught an infection during his time in the Deptford sewers battling the villainous cat Jupiter with his friends. In caring for him, Oswald's parents have become sick as well. They are now being tended to by their friends the Browns, city mouse Piccadilly, and Oswald's fieldmouse cousin Twit. Midshipmouse Thomas Triton arrives with news that the Starwife, the wise and ancient queen of the squirrels, has summoned Audrey to her chambers so she can hear the story of Jupiter's downfall firsthand. While there, the Starwife reveals the main reason for summoning Audrey: the rat Madame Akkikuyu was found wandering aimlessly in Greenwich Park by her sentries. A phony fortune teller who once served Jupiter, Akkikuyu lost her mind when she discovered he was a cat. Now she is harmless, and the Starwife believes it best if Audrey, whom Akkikuyu considers her close friend, accompanies the rat to Twit's home of Fennywolde, a rural field. There she can live out her days in peace and happiness. Audrey is horrified when she learns she is to stay with Akkikuyu for the rest of the rat's life. She has no choice in the matter when the Starwife uses her magic to create a medicine to heal Oswald that will only work if Audrey agrees to the bargain. Oswald and his parents recover and there is a celebration, but Audrey is too depressed to join in.

Upon her arrival in Fennywolde, Akkikuyu immediately gains the respect of the inhabitants by saving the lives of two fieldmouse children and chasing off the owl who attacked them. Now able to move from their winter quarters and into the field again, the fieldmice build the Hall of Corn, an immense structure made from corn stalks. To celebrate its opening, Audrey creates a corn dolly as a gift to the fieldmice. But country beauty Alison Sedge, jealous of the town mouse's popularity, informs the strict religious fundamentalist Isaac Nettle, who denounces the doll as blasphemy to the Green Mouse deity and tosses it away. Meanwhile, Akkikuyu is haunted by a voice calling her name and discovers that it is a spirit named Nicodemus animating a tattooed face on her ear. He says he is trapped in limbo and needs her help in freeing him. In return he promises her magic powers. To convince her he is telling the truth, Nicodemus brings the discarded corn dolly to life. Multiple fieldmice turn up dead, and the Fennywolders begin to suspect Audrey as Isaac continues to vilify her. Nicodemus explains to Akkikuyu that to free him from the other side, a ritual must take place in which a female will be sacrificed. Audrey is the one he has in mind, to Akkikuyu's dismay. When the fieldmice discover that Audrey's animated corn dolly is the murderer, they want to hang her as a witch. But Twit invokes the Gallows Law, which states that if the accused can find a willing spouse, they cannot be hanged. He offers to marry Audrey, and she accepts only to save her life. Audrey is now under the protection of the Green Mouse, and thus unable to be sacrificed by Nicodemus. However, Akkikuyu suggests that Alison would be the perfect substitute.

Akkikuyu lures Alison into the ritual circle by saying she will cast a spell against Audrey. Alison soon finds out differently and midway through the ceremony, Akkikuyu herself learns she has been tricked as she sees she is turning into a cat. Nicodemus is revealed as the spirit of Jupiter, who plans to inhabit her body. Horrified, Akkikuyu leaps into the bonfire to free herself from Jupiter's control and burns to death. Alison escapes and Jupiter is left trapped inside Akkikuyu's crystal ball, where he transferred his soul temporarily during the ritual. The fire spreads throughout Fennywolde and it takes many days to be put under control. Having learned the truth, the Fennywolders realise they misjudged Audrey. Now that Akkikuyu is dead, she is free to return home, although Twit stays behind to help rebuild Fennywolde. Some time later, Alison, driven mad with grief and hatred, finds Akkikuyu's charred crystal ball. Cursing Audrey, she tosses the globe away. It smashes and Jupiter is released to wreak vengeance on his enemies.

Background
Jarvis has said he based Fennywolde on the fields of a farm he played in as a child: "Everything in the book was there, the meadow, the ditch and the pool surrounded by trees. It was a perfect setting for the mice's second adventure and made a refreshing change from the sewers." For The Crystal Prison he "wanted a change of pace, slowly building up an atmosphere of tension and fear. [Jarvis] was particularly pleased with the murderer...who lurked in the cornfield."

Reception
Sally Estes of Booklist said that The Crystal Prison "lacks the power of its predecessor, but it still stands up well as a foreboding bridge to the trilogy's concluding volume." According to Eva Mitnick of School Library Journal, "Although this book stands on its own, readers who aren't familiar with the first volume might become impatient with the first section, which introduces a multitude of characters and moves slowly, impeded by old-fashioned, florid prose. The pace picks up in the countryside, where an ever-hungry owl and the mysterious spirit bring menace and tragedy to the close-knit community of field mice who live there, and the final chapters are breathtakingly thrilling. Some literal-minded readers may wonder how a mouse could stride or possess a waist and long flowing hair, but fans of Brian Jacques's Redwall series (Philomel) and Avi's Tales from Dimwood Forest series (HarperCollins) will likely relish this tale."

title: The Crystal Prison


text:
Fratelli Alinari

Fratelli Alinari is one of the world's oldest photographic firms, founded in Florence, Italy in 1852. Its archives contain 5.5 million photographs, ranging from daguerreotypes to modern digital photos from around the world.

Founding
In 1852, Leopoldo Alinari founded a photographic studio. His brothers Giuseppe and Romualdo joined him two years later to establish Fratelli Alinari Fotografi Editori, a photographic workshop dedicated initially to the documentation of notable Italian paintings, sculptures, monuments and architecture. They subsequently expanded the scope of their photographic project to include the towns and landscapes of Italy, as well as portrait photography and images of national costume. The brothers achieved recognition for the quality of their work, and by 1860 their portrait subjects included the Italian royal family.

The three brothers shared the work of running the studio, Romualdo the eldest (1830–1891) ran the administrative aspects of the studio; Leonardo (1832–1865), the middle brother was responsible for business organization including cultural policy; the younges brother, Giuseppe (1836-1890) was the technical expert. The main subjects of their photographs were architecture, monuments and works of art. They also ran the Alinari publishing house in Italy.

Work
The studio used the collodion process to produce their negatives. In 1856, the studio produced their first catalogue in print, Collection des Vues Monumentales de la Toscane en Photographie par les Frères Alinari, with a text in French. It included photographic panoramas of Tuscany and its monuments, most particularly those in Arezzo, Florence, Siena and Pisa. In 1855, a selection of these images were shown in the Exposition Universelle, Paris, which firmly established them as important European photographers. The following year, they won a gold medal for an exhibition in Brussels. They continued to exhibit their work throughout Europe, including shows in Vienna, Paris, and Milan.

Today
Alinari is today the oldest company in the world in the field of photography. Alinari holds a photographic corpus, which includes over 5,500,000 pictures of its own, historical and contemporary, ranging from vintage prints, glass plate negatives to film and fotocolors.

In 2007, the company opened the Museum of Multimedia and History of Photography (MNAF) is open to the public in Florence, Italy.

In order to make the images available to a greater number of persons, Alinari has established an on-line search system of its photographic archives, employing a system of iconographic classification produced in collaboration with the University of Florence with over 330,000 images. 400 new images are added on-line daily. The digitization process is done using a Kodak EverSmart Supreme flatbed scanner and a Leaf/Mamiya 80 megapixels Aptus II 12 80 digital camera back. Color correction is done using Eizo monitors through a fully calibrated system. Color profiling is done using Adobe '98 color space.

Archives
The brothers' archives along with the works of other photographers are held in the Fondazione per la Fotografia. In 2019, the archive of the Alinari brothers was purchased by the Region of Tuscany, who currently manages the Alinari Foundation collection.

Collections
Over 500 photographic prints by the Alinari Brothers are held in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Several portraits by the Fratelli Alinari are held in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

title: Fratelli Alinari


text:
No. 75 Squadron RAF

No. 75 Squadron was a unit of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force in World War I and the RAF in World War II. In 1940–1945, it was a bomber unit composed mainly of New Zealand-born personnel. In October 1945, the squadron number – along with its heraldry and honours – was relinquished by the RAF and transferred to the Royal New Zealand Air Force, officially becoming No. 75 Squadron RNZAF. No other RAF squadron has been gifted in this way, to another Commonwealth air force.

First World War, Royal Flying Corps, Home Defence Squadron
Established as a unit of the Royal Flying Corps for Home Defence, it was formed at Goldington, Bedfordshire on 1 October 1916 with B.E.2c and BE2e aircraft, supplementing these with BE.12s in 1917. The squadron had detachments at Yelling, Cambridgeshire, Old Weston, Huntingdonshire and Therfield, Hertfordshire. In February 1917, with the threat from German Zeppelin attacks considered to be contained, and an urgent need for night flying qualified pilots to man night bomber squadrons to operate over the Western Front, consideration was given to disbanding 75 and 77 Squadrons, but instead, pilots were detached from several home defence squadrons to form the new 100 Squadron. While the squadron remained operational, it was badly understrength - on 7 March 1917, it had 7 aircraft, and four pilots, compared with an establishment strength of 18 of each. It moved to Elmswell in East Anglia in September 1917, with detachments at Harling Road and Hadleigh. Operational flying against day and night raids proved fruitless and the pilots did not engage the enemy. Late in 1917, the Squadron became part of 50 Southern Wing. Minimal records exist to show that the Squadron flew 16 interception sorties between September 1917 to August 1918. In May 1918 the squadron moved to North Weald tasked with night fighting, and it received Avro 504K and Sopwith Pups in October.

After the war, Sopwith Camels arrived (December) and finally Sopwith Snipes (March 1919). Little information has survived about the squadron's early history, however, John Rawling's Fighter Squadrons of the Royal Air Force confirms that it saw no action before being disbanded, still at North Weald, on 13 June 1919.

1937: Reformed as bomber squadron
The squadron reformed as No. 75 (Bomber) Squadron on 15 March 1937 as part of a planned expansion of the RAF. It used B Flight, No. 218 Squadron as cadre, forming at RAF Driffield in Yorkshire. Initial aircraft received were four Vickers Virginia night bombers and two Avro Ansons. Later more Ansons arrived from No. 215 Squadron to give six in each flight. By September Handley Page Harrow heavy bombers replaced the Virginias and the squadron became a long-range bomber unit with six aircraft in each flight and four in reserve, with the squadron code of '75' painted on the fuselage. In July 1938 they moved to RAF Honington and were issued with the aircraft code of 'FO' to replace the '75'. By March 1939, 75 Sqn became the Pool for No. 3 Group, RAF Bomber Command, effectively becoming an Operational Training Unit (OTU), it moved to RAF Stradishall in July 1939 and re-equipped with Vickers Wellington Mk1's. On 4 April 1940, 75 Sqn was absorbed into No.6 (Training) Group and ceased to exist. The reformed squadron did not create, adopt or have authorised an official RAF Squadron badge.

The New Zealand Squadron
The New Zealand government ordered 30 Vickers Wellington Mk1C bombers in 1938. RNZAF aircrew were sent to England to train on the new aircraft based at RAF Marham. The crews were to fly the aircraft to New Zealand in batches of six. RAF official records name this group of airman as "The New Zealand Squadron", and as a result of Britain declaring war against Germany, the New Zealand Government made the airman and the aircraft available to the RAF to help with the new war effort. A decision by the British Air Ministry to give them the defunct No. 75 Squadron numberplate on 4 April 1940, meant that the nucleus of The New Zealand Squadron personnel remained together as an operational unit of the RAF.

Second World War: New Zealand crews

On 4 April 1940, The New Zealand Squadron was renamed No. 75 Squadron with the letters (NZ) being added in brackets after the number. This was the first Commonwealth squadron to be so created in the Second World War. Although often referred to, then and since, as an RNZAF unit, 75 Squadron was equipped and controlled by the RAF until VJ Day. (This was not the case with most RNZAF units, as well as those from the other Dominions; technically these units were attached to the RAF under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme, and were known as "Article XV squadrons".)

75 (NZ) Sqn rejoined No. 3 Group and was based initially at RAF Feltwell, then RAF Mildenhall, RAF Newmarket and RAF Mepal in Cambridgeshire. It saw action over France, Norway, Belgium, Italy, Sweden and Germany.

Its code letters of "AA" became widely recognised on both sides, The squadron operated with three flights after receiving Short Stirlings, and "C" Flight was given the code letters "JN" as there were insufficient codes for three flights of "AA". Avro Lancasters replaced the Stirlings in 1944 until August 1945 when after moving to RAF Spilsby the squadron began converting to Avro Lincolns as part of the new Tiger Force. The squadron had to leave their well tuned and looked-after Lancasters at Mepal and were given a squadron of rather poorly kept Lancasters at Spilsby. The personnel were now completely New Zealanders, but when Japan surrendered, the squadron had received only three Lincolns to take to the Far East, and it was soon disbanded, with the New Zealanders being slowly shipped home over a twelve-month period.

75 (Bomber) Squadron 1937–1940, and 75 (NZ) Squadron 1940–1945, was based at:

Transfer to the Royal New Zealand Air Force
In October 1946, in gratitude for the work done and sacrifices made by its New Zealand aircrew, Britain transferred the squadron number, badge and colours to the Royal New Zealand Air Force. No. 2 Squadron RNZAF was disposing of its Ventura bombers at RNZAF Base Ohakea at the time, and so was disbanded and renumbered as No. 75 Squadron RNZAF. It formed up as a Fighter/Bomber unit and requiped with 50 ex-RAF de Havilland Mosquitos, which they flew out from Britain.

The RAF were to never again have a No. 75 Squadron, and it is the only RAF Squadron to be given to a Commonwealth country by Britain. The squadron badge was also transferred and maintained its RAF format but with the Royal New Zealand Air Force title. This is also a unique aspect, being the only RAF format badge among all the RNZAF Commonwealth format badges.

Achievements

75 (NZ) Squadron was engaged constantly against Germany from 1940 to VE day. The squadron flew more sorties than any other heavy bomber squadron in Bomber Command and lost the second most aircraft of Bomber Command. The highest Commonwealth award for valour – the Victoria Cross – was awarded to Sgt J A Ward for climbing out onto the wing of a Wellington he was second pilot of, when on an operation over Europe, in an attempt to put out an engine fire. Although badly damaged by enemy fighters' canon shells, the aircraft managed to return to its base.

A rebuilt Lancaster in the Museum of Transport and Technology at Auckland, New Zealand, has the AA codes of one of 75 (NZ) Squadron aircraft. This particular aircraft never saw active service, but was left in New Zealand by the French Navy, and gifted to the people of New Zealand. The only aircraft in 75 (NZ) Squadron to achieve more than 100 operations was Lancaster NE181 (JN-M). Attempts were made to have this aircraft brought back to New Zealand in 1945 but the New Zealand Government would not pay for her to be brought to New Zealand. All of the surviving 75 (NZ) Squadron aircraft were scrapped in 1947–48. The National Archives features an interview with Gordon Ford, a British wireless operator who served with 75 (NZ) Squadron in World War II.

title: No. 75 Squadron RAF


text:
The Final Reckoning

The Final Reckoning is a dark fantasy novel for children by British author Robin Jarvis. It is the third book in The Deptford Mice trilogy, first published in the United Kingdom in 1990 by Macdonald & Company, London. In 2002, it was published by SeaStar Books in the United States. The book continues the story of the young house mouse Audrey and her friends as they attempt to banish the spirit of the evil cat Jupiter once and for all.

Plot summary
It is winter and Yule festivities are underway in the Skirtings, the mouse community of the old empty house in Deptford. The Brown siblings, Arthur and Audrey, have returned from their disastrous stay in Fennywolde where, to prevent her being hanged as a witch, the latter was married to Twit. Several troubling events begin to occur: the psychic bats leave the house's attic, the Starwife's magical Starglass is stolen, and there are reports of a bloodthirsty rat army growing in the city. The Deptford mice soon reach the horrifying conclusion that the spirit of Jupiter has returned to seek revenge by smothering the world in eternal winter, and they have no idea how to defeat him this time as he is already dead.

The city rats, now led by Jupiter's former lieutenant Morgan (who survived his fall into the sewer water at the end of the first book), prepare to go to Deptford and slaughter all the mice there. But Jupiter appears to Morgan and once again ensnares him into his service. Lured to his master's base, the Deptford Power Station, Morgan is confused and horrified when all his rats are immediately murdered by Jupiter on their arrival. Piccadilly, Thomas, and Arthur go to the power station hoping that they can vanquish Jupiter by using Audrey's mousebrass charm, which is what worked last time. It is now in the possession of Morgan, who battles Piccadilly in a one-on-one duel but ultimately decides to commit suicide to free himself from Jupiter's control. When Piccadilly uses the mousebrass against Jupiter, he finds that the cat spectre is too powerful to be harmed by it now. The city mouse is surrounded and killed by the ghosts of Morgan's rats, returned from the dead as an invincible army wielding ice spears.

Thomas, wounded by an ice spear, is brought to the Skirtings by Arthur. Though reluctant as she assumes everyone will soon die anyway, the Starwife agrees to help Thomas, but only if Audrey assists her. With her magical silver acorn pendant, the Starwife casts the healing spell while simultaneously performing a ritual to transfer her powers to the unsuspecting Audrey. When Audrey learns she is now the new Starwife whether she likes it or not, she reacts in fury, tossing the pendant away. The former Starwife goes out into the yard where she prepares to sacrifice herself as part of a final plan to defeat Jupiter. Her frozen body is discovered the next morning and burned in a funeral pyre as she wished. Shortly afterward, a banging is heard on the front door of the empty house, which turns out to be a horde of Jupiter's ghostly rats trying to get in. Quickly, all the mice escape through the sewers to the Cutty Sark with Thomas, but Audrey hears a voice in her head compelling her to return to the garden. In spite of protests, she does so and finds a single snowdrop flower in the remains of the Starwife's pyre.

Audrey makes her way to the Greenwich Observatory, where she finally confronts Jupiter, throwing the snowdrop flower at him, which causes him terrific agony. He drops the Starglass and it shatters. Consumed by blistering green flames, Jupiter is sent to the void to be tormented by spring eternally. All the rat ghosts disappear as well. The frozen world begins to thaw and a beautiful spring day begins. The Green Mouse appears and thanks Audrey for releasing him. He also presides over the union of her mother Gwen and Thomas Triton, who have grown close. After some weeks, Arthur and a few other mice go to the old empty house in Deptford. The damage from Jupiter's ghosts cannot be repaired, however, and they return to live on the Cutty Sark with Thomas. Audrey, who accompanied them, searches until she finds the discarded silver acorn pendant. Taking leave of her family, she travels to Greenwich where she finally accepts her role as the new Starwife.

Background
According to Jarvis, "After the unfolding drama of the previous story I knew this one had to have a powerful beginning which dragged the reader onto a roller coaster ride that did not let up until the very last page." Several parts of the Holeborn scenes were cut from the finished book due to issues of space, which Jarvis considered "a great pity as there were some old campaigners in the missing pieces who I was very fond of."

Just before he began writing the book, Jarvis invested in a typewriter. As he had previously written everything long hand, this made things much easier for him and his novels would subsequently increase in length.

Reception
The Final Reckoning was called "a humdinger of a tale" by Sally Estes of Booklist, with "a poignant denouement that will satisfy the trilogy's fans." Kirkus Reviews also praised the book, saying it was a "superlative conclusion to a top-notch series." Charlotte Decker of Library Media Connection gave a positive review where she described The Final Reckoning as being "packed with action as the rats once again come under Jupiter's evil will and wage war upon the mice. As this is the last in the series, readers new to the books may have trouble keeping characters straight but there is enough information about events from the previous titles to allow them to enjoy the story."

title: The Final Reckoning


text:
The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band

The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band, also known as Soapbox Circus or Matchbox, were an Australian jug band formed in 1969. It centred on Mic Conway ("Captain Matchbox") on lead vocals, washboard and ukulele; and his brother, Jim Conway, on harmonica, kazoo and vocals. They issued four studio albums, Smoke Dreams (June 1973), Wangaratta Wahine (late 1974), Australia (November 1975) and Slightly Troppo (1978), before they disbanded in September 1980. The Conway brothers reformed the group in 2010 as Captain Matchbox Reignited and disbanded again two years later.

In October 2010, Smoke Dreams was listed in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums.

1969-1973: Formation & Smoke Dreams
The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band were formed in Melbourne in 1969 as a jug band by Mic Conway on lead vocals, washboard and ukulele; his brother, Jim Conway on harmonica, kazoo and vocals; Mick Fleming on banjo, mandolin, guitar and vocals; Dave Hubbard on guitar; David Isom on guitar and vocals; Jeffrey Cheesman on guitar and vocals; Inge de Koster on violin; and John McDiarmid on tea-chest bass and flute. David Isom, Jeffrey Cheesman, Inge de Koster and John McDiarmid were later replaced by Peter Inglis on guitar and vocals; Jim Niven on piano; and Peter Scott on tea chest bass.

Inspired by early jazz recordings and jug band music they heard on reel-to-reel tapes and 78s as teenagers, the Conways formed the Jellybean Jug Band while secondary students at Camberwell High School. After they left school, in 1969, they formed the Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band, which grew from an underground art school band to a national icon, with film and television appearances and regular appearances in the charts. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, opined, "one of the most unusual aggregations ever assembled in Australia, [they] played jug-band blues enlivened with sideshow entertainment and vaudeville lunacy."

During 1971 they appeared as themselves in Tim Burstall's comedy feature film, Stork. They signed with Image Records and issued their debut single, "My Canary Has Circles Under His Eyes" (written by Jack Golden, Ted Koehler and Edward Pola), which is a cover version of Irish-born English band leader, Debroy Somers' 1931 original. Captain Matchbox's version reached No. 35 on the Go-Set National Top 40 in November 1972. Their follow up single, "I Can't Dance (Got Ants in My Pants)" (April 1973), did not chart.

The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band's debut album, Smoke Dreams (June 1973), reached the Go-Set Australian Albums Top 20. McFarlane observed that it consisted entirely of "1930s and 1940s jazz, blues and jug-band standards." It was also released in the US via ESP-Disk label, in the DynaQuad quadraphonic format. AllMusic's reviewer, arwulf arwulf, rated it at four-and-a-half stars out of five and explained, "this frowsy little group specialized in popular novelty, jazz and blues songs dating from the 1920s and '30s, whipping themselves into a frenzy over vintage delights."

In November 1973 the group's line-up was the Conway brothers, Fleming and Niven with Dave Flett on electric bass, slide dobro, backing vocals and ukulele (ex-Lipp and the Double Dekker Brothers); Geoff Hales on drums and washboard; and Fred Olbrei on violin and vocals. Jon Snyder joined on guitar early in the following year.

1974-1975: Wangaratta Wahine & Australia
The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band released a second studio album, Wangaratta Wahine (late 1974), which was produced by Ern Rose at Armstrong Studios. It had a cover illustration by Australian cartoonist, Michael Leunig. It provided the singles, "Your Feets Too Big" (early 1974), "Hernando's Hideaway" (July 1974) and "Wangaratta Wahine" (1974). Basil of Tharunka caught their performance in early May 1974, he felt, "[the group] epitomised the 20s, Prohibition and flappers... [with their] cunning combination of the camp, the serious, the brilliant, the hilarious, did once again what they do better than any other band in the country: entertain their audience unrelentingly."

In March 1975 the group appeared on ABC-TV's pop music show, Countdown, to perform the latter single. The track is an original, written by Mic Conway and Flett. Tony Wright of The Sydney Morning Herald, in June 2013, lamented the modification of the Hume Highway and its bypass of the city of Wangaratta; he recalled how, "Wangaratta and its highway culture was captured forever by the marvellously whacky [group]... The title song, held together by a wailing mouth organ, was dedicated to a waitress in a late-night roadhouse restaurant ('My Wahine in Wang'). I'm pretty sure I visited the very same roadhouse, for a plastic palm tree is described within the lyrics, though who could be sure? There were roadhouses like that all up and down the Hume once." In August 1975 the album peaked at No. 14 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart.

During 1975 Fleming and Hales left and were replaced by Chris Worrall (ex-The Pelaco Brothers) on guitar and Manny Paterakis on drums. The group were signed to Mushroom Records and released their third album, Australia, in that year. McFarlane found, "it was an entertaining mix of originals and covers." Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times noticed that one way the group, "maintains total absorption is by pretending to be a band of brilliant musicians justifiably despatched to a lunatic asylum and which plays at the next-door sleazy nightclub, which the other inmates also attend... It's hard to pick favourites but the title track is a gem: full of pomp and cracked trumpets blaring after its military beat, and both an ocker's anthem and the first impressions the archetypal, Crass Texas Millionaire has of Australia."

In December they supported Skyhooks on that group's In the Heat of the Night Tour, after which Catterall surmised the Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band, "is unlikely to reach the sales position of the Hooks, [but] it too is a proven winner."

1976-1980: Name changes, Slightly Troppo and break up
In 1976 the group continued through line-up changes first with Olbrei, Paterakis and Worrall replaced by Jack Sara, Graeme Isaac and Gordon McLean, respectively. Soon after Niven left to form a rock band, the Sports.

The group were renamed the Soapbox Circus, and were incorporated into the Australian Performing Group (APG). Flett left, while Rick Ludbrook on guitar and saxophone and Peter Muhleisen on bass guitar joined the line-up to record a live album, The Great Stumble Forward (1976). They performed in a musical theatre play, Smackin' the Dacks, at the Pram Factory Front Theatre, Carlton from 17 November to 24 December 1977. The musicians were the Conway brothers, Ludbrook, McLean and Muhleisen joined by Tony Burkys and Colin Stevens.

By 1978 the band were renamed Matchbox with the Conway brothers, Ludbrook, McLean, Muhleisen, Burkys on guitar (ex-Original Battersea Heroes) and Stephen Cooney on guitar (ex-Phil Manning Band), who was soon replaced by Louis McManus (ex-Bushwackers). The musical theatre component, Soapbox Circus, were incorporated into Circus Oz. Matchbox issued a studio album, Slightly Troppo (1978), which delivered two singles. The Canberra Times' Luis Feliu felt, "There seems to be more emphasis on polish compared with previous material; more of that Matchbox spirit and wit, send-ups as usual (less hard-core political though – the cause seems to be lost)." He claimed, "[they are] by far the best good-time jug band in Australia, which leads me to point out that it's a truly resilient band, having covered so many campuses and rock venues throughout Australia."

Matchbox appeared in Burstall's feature film, Dimboola (1979), performing the track, "The Sheik of Araby. By mid-year the line-up of the Conways, McManus and Muhleisen had been joined by Chris Coyne on saxophone and flute, Eric McCusker on guitar and Robert Ross on drums (ex-Manning). They performed "a more rock-oriented sound." A truck crash while on tour in 1979 ruined the band financially and emotionally and, after paying off their debts, they disbanded in September 1980. Their final single, "Juggling Time", had been released early in 1980 which was recorded by Matchbox Band with the line-up of the Conways, Coyne, McCusker, McManus, Muhleisen and Ross.

1990-present: Reformations
In 1994, The band performed at the Continental hotel in Melbourne, which was recorded and received a limited released on cassette.

The band reformed in 1996 for the Port Fairy Folk Festival, and again in 2010 under the name "Captain Matchbox Re-Ignited" for the Woodford Folk Festival, with shows at Bluesfest and Sydney and Melbourne. Members: Mic Conway, Jim Conway, Jeremy Cook, Don Hopkins, Phil Donnison, Cazzbo Johns, Jess Green and George Washingmachine. In October 2010, Smoke Dreams (1973) was listed in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums.

1980-represent: Solo ventures
Mic Conway continued to record and perform regularly, both as a solo artist and with his National Junk Band. Jim Conway worked on many musical projects and became a sought-after session and backing musician, however due to the onset of multiple sclerosis, his health (but not his playing) was significantly affected and in early 2014 he retired.

Chris Worrall was the founding guitarist of Melbourne-based pub rockers, the Bleeding Hearts, in 1976, and joined Paul Kelly & the Dots in February 1979. Manny Paterakis was the founding drummer in Mike Rudd & the Heaters in 1979. Eric McCusker joined Mondo Rock on guitar in April 1980. From 1980 to 1983 Dave Flett was bass guitarist of folk and political rockers, Redgum. Louis McManus joined Adelaide-based reggae rockers, No Fixed Address, on guitar in 1984. Peter Inglis joined the original Skyhooks in 1973.

Other appearances

 * "Roll that Reefer", "The Prefect", "Out in the Suburbs" on A Reefer Derci by Various Artists (1976)

Members

 * Jim Conway – lead vocals, harmonica, kazoo, whistles (1969–80, 1996, 2010–12)
 * Mic Conway – vocals, washboard, phonograph, horn, ukulele, jug (1969–80, 1996, 2010–12)
 * Mick Fleming – vocals, lead guitar, banjo, mandolin (1969–73)
 * David Hubbard – vocals, guitar (1969–73)
 * Peter R Inglis – vocals, guitar (1969–73)
 * Tony Dunn, primary jug (1969–72)
 * Jim Niven – keyboards, piano, pedal organ (1969–76)
 * Peter Scott – tea-chest bass, jug (1969–73)
 * Dave Flett – vocals, electric bass, backing vocals, ukulele, slide dobro (1973–76)
 * Geoff Hales – drums, washboard, tap dancing (1973–75)
 * Fred Olbrei – vocals, violin (1973–76)
 * Jon Snyder – guitar (1974)
 * Manny Paterakis – drums, washboard (1974–76)
 * Chris Worrall – banjo, mandolin, guitar, vocals (1975–76)
 * Graeme Isaac – drums, washboard (1976–77)
 * Rick Ludbrook – guitar, saxophone, vocals (1976–78)
 * Gordon McLean – banjo, mandolin, guitar, drums, vocals (1976–78)
 * Peter Muhleisen – bass guitar (1976–80)
 * Jack Sara – violin, vocals (1976)
 * Colin Stevens – mandolin, blues harp (1976–77)
 * Tony Burkys – guitar, bouzouki (1978–79)
 * Stephen Cooney – guitar (1978)
 * Louis McManus – guitars, fiddle, mandolin, banjo (1978–80)
 * Chris Coyne – saxophone, flute (1979–80)
 * Eric McCusker – guitar (1979–80)
 * Robert Ross – drums (1979–80)
 * Peter Martin – guitar (1980)
 * Jeffrey Cheesman – vocals, guitar
 * Inge de Koster – violin
 * Dave Isom – vocals, guitar
 * John McDiarmid – tea-chest bass, jug, flute
 * Jeremy Cook, Don Hopkins, Phil Donnison, Cazzbo Johns, Jess Green, George Washingmachine (2010)

Credits

title: The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band


text:
Amen.

Amen. is a 2002 historical war drama film directed and co-written by Costa-Gavras. Based on the play The Deputy by Rolf Hochhuth, the film examines the political and diplomatic relationship between the Vatican and Nazi Germany during World War II. It stars Ulrich Tukur, Mathieu Kassovitz, Sebastian Koch, Ulrich Mühe, Ion Caramitru, and Marcel Iureş. It was a co-production between French, German, and Romanian studios.

The film premiered at the 52nd Berlin International Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Golden Bear. It was nominated for seven César Awards, including for Best Film and Best Director, and won the award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Costa-Gavras and Jean-Claude Grumberg).

Plot
During World War II, Kurt Gerstein, a Waffen-SS officer employed in the SS Hygiene Institute, designs programs for the purification of water and the destruction of vermin. He is shocked to learn that the process he has developed to eradicate typhus, by using a hydrogen cyanide mixture called Zyklon B, is now being used for killing Jews and other "undesirables" in extermination camps. Gerstein attempts to notify Pope Pius XII about the gassings, but is appalled by the lack of response he gets from the Catholic hierarchy. The only person moved is Riccardo Fontana, a young Jesuit priest. Fontana and Gerstein attempt to raise awareness about what is happening to the Jews in Europe but even after Fontana appealing to the pope himself, the Vatican makes only a timid and vague condemnation of Hitler and Nazi Germany.

Eventually Gerstein travels to Rome to speak to the Pope himself but is not allowed. When he arrives the Germans are taking control of Rome and begin rounding up the Italian Jews to be sent to the death camps. Fontana begs the Pope to force the Germans to stop the deportation by appearing at the train station in person but the Pope refuses, saying that doing so will cause hardship for the Christians living under Nazi Germany. In disgust and sorrow Fontana puts the Jewish Star-of- David yellow badge on himself and presents himself to be taken on the train of Jews being deported to the death camps. When he arrives at the camp Fontana is interrogated by the head of the camp, a powerful 'friend' of Kurt Gerstein known simply as the Doctor, who despite knowing that the war is lost and that Fontana is a Catholic priest, allows Fontana to stay with the Jews and work in the crematorium, and eventually orders him gassed.

Gerstein attempts to save Fontana but he will not leave. The Doctor escorts Gerstein out of the camp as Fontana and the remaining Jews continue to be murdered. They drive by German soldiers digging up and burning the bodies of previously murdered Jews in a mass grave near the camp, and the Doctor asks Gerstein if he knows any contacts to help get him out of Germany. Gerstein returns home and gathers all his evidence that documents the Nazi atrocities and takes them to the Allies. Despite accepting his evidence he is still arrested and after reading the charges against him he is found hanged in his cell. Afterward the Doctor is seen speaking to a Cardinal in Rome asking for help leaving the country saying "I'm a doctor, just a physician" and the cardinal agrees to help send him to Argentina.

Production
The film is based on a 1963 play by Rolf Hochhuth, The Deputy, a Christian Tragedy, which was widely attacked in Catholic and Jewish circles for its portrayal of Pope Pius XII. The German-language version of the film was released under the play's original title Der Stellvertreter.

Since the Holy See did not allow filming in the Vatican, the scenes in the papal palaces were shot in the Palace of the Parliament of Bucharest, Romania.

title: Amen.


text: User talk:220.237.101.198

title: User talk:220.237.101.198


text:
User talk:XyzEffect

Welcome!

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