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Microstrip antenna

In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually is an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). It is a kind of internal antenna. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various shapes (a patch antenna) on the surface of a PCB, with a metal foil ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple patches in a two-dimensional array. The antenna is usually connected to the transmitter or receiver through foil microstrip transmission lines. The radio frequency current is applied (or in receiving antennas the received signal is produced) between the antenna and ground plane. Microstrip antennas have become very popular in recent decades due to their thin planar profile which can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and missiles; their ease of fabrication using printed circuit techniques; the ease of integrating the antenna on the same board with the rest of the circuit, and the possibility of adding active devices such as microwave integrated circuits to the antenna itself to make active antennas Patch antenna. Based on its origin, microstrip consists of two words, namely micro (very thin/small) and is defined as a type of antenna that has a blade/piece shape and is very thin/small.

The most common type of microstrip antenna is commonly known as patch antenna. Antennas using patches as constitutive elements in an array are also possible. A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Common microstrip antenna shapes are square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is possible. Some patch antennas do not use a dielectric substrate and instead are made of a metal patch mounted above a ground plane using dielectric spacers; the resulting structure is less rugged but has a wider bandwidth. Because such antennas have a very low profile, are mechanically rugged and can be shaped to conform to the curving skin of a vehicle, they are often mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated into mobile radio communications devices.

Advantages
Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design because of the simple two-dimensional physical geometry. They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonant frequency. A single patch antenna provides a maximum directive gain of around 6–9 dBi. It is relatively easy to print an array of patches on a single (large) substrate using lithographic techniques. Patch arrays can provide much higher gains than a single patch at little additional cost; matching and phase adjustment can be performed with printed microstrip feed structures, again in the same operations that form the radiating patches. The ability to create high gain arrays in a low-profile antenna is one reason that patch arrays are common on airplanes and in other military applications.

Such an array of patch antennas is an easy way to make a phased array of antennas with dynamic beamforming ability.

An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have polarization diversity. Patch antennas can easily be designed to have vertical, horizontal, right hand circular (RHCP) or left hand circular (LHCP) polarizations, using multiple feed points, or a single feedpoint with asymmetric patch structures. This unique property allows patch antennas to be used in many types of communications links that may have varied requirements.

Rectangular patch
The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch which looks like a truncated microstrip transmission line. It is approximately of one-half wavelength long. When air is used as the dielectric substrate, the length of the rectangular microstrip antenna is approximately one-half of a free-space wavelength. As the antenna is loaded with a dielectric as its substrate, the length of the antenna decreases as the relative dielectric constant of the substrate increases. The resonant length of the antenna is slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip transmission line with equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.

Specifications
The dielectric loading of a microstrip antenna affects both its radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth. As the dielectric constant of the substrate increases, the antenna bandwidth decreases which increases the Q factor of the antenna and therefore decreases the impedance bandwidth. This relationship did not immediately follow when using the transmission line model of the antenna, but is apparent when using the cavity model which was introduced in 1973 by Itoh and Mittra The radiation from a rectangular microstrip antenna may be understood as a pair of equivalent slots. These slots act as an array and have the highest directivity when the antenna has an air dielectric and decreases when it is replaced by a dielectric substrate with increasing relative permittivity.

The half-wave rectangular microstrip antenna has a virtual shorting plane along its center. This may be replaced with a physical shorting plane to create a quarter-wavelength microstrip antenna. This is sometimes called a half-patch. The antenna only has a single radiation edge (equivalent slot) which lowers the directivity/gain of the antenna. The impedance bandwidth is slightly lower than a half-wavelength full patch as the coupling between radiating edges has been eliminated.

Other types
Another type of patch antenna is the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The PIFA is common in cellular phones (mobile phones) as a built-in structure. These antennas are derived from a quarter-wave half-patch antenna. The shorting plane of the half-patch is reduced in length which decreases the resonance frequency. It offers a low profile and also with acceptable SAR properties. This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. It is popular as a compact antenna with an omnidirectional pattern.

Often PIFA antennas have multiple branches to resonate at the various cellular bands. On some phones, grounded parasitic elements are used to enhance the radiation bandwidth characteristics.

The folded inverted conformal antenna (FICA) has some advantages with respect to the PIFA, because it allows better volume reuse.

Defected Ground Structure (DGS)-integrated microstrip patch has been popular for multiple purposes. This technique introduces a limited number of small-sized slots, termed as 'defects' on the ground plane beneath the patch, and is potentially capable of improving its far-field as well as near-field properties. This was conceived and introduced in 2005 by Guha to control the cross-polarized radiations without involving any extra component, volume, weight, or cost. The technique is advanced enough to reduce cross-polarized radiations even over the diagonal-planes of a microstrip patch. DGS-technique is equally effective in reducing the mutual coupling in large microstrip arrays and hence mitigating the scan blindness issue of the radar beams. The DGS technique is found to be highly attractive in air-borne applications.

title: Microstrip antenna


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BR/PPSS Hill

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 19:02, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

BR/PPSS Hill
Marked for speedy but isn't a candidate. A hill near a service station, near Ballymacash Road. No context given: doesn't say what town, state, or even country this hill resides in. Does not establish notability.  — Gwalla | Talk 20:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Do we need every damn whatever the hell this thing is, from God knows were here? No! Hohokus 23:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless evidence of importance is presented. --Dcfleck 14:36, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. -- BD2412 talk 14:45, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Rbifan

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 20:50, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:EWKenyon.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:DSCF0874 1.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Mike&BernieWinters.jpg
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Your edit to E. W. Kenyon
Your recent edit to E. W. Kenyon (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 00:30, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Please refrain from blanking/vandalizing articles. Just because E. W. Kenyon is a "hack" as you posted on the article's talk page (under the username Banemean) does not give you a right to censor the information. Thanks! --Wordbuilder 03:10, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your reply. I apologize for the misunderstanding. That article has strayed some. Hopefully, with a bit of work, it can be brought up to snuff. Keep up the good work! --Wordbuilder 03:49, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
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Kenyon Article
Hi Rbifan,

I noticed that you were one of the main contribs to the article on E. W. Kenyon. I added a pair of sources to the article today, and while I was reading over those sources I was struck at the lack of sources in general for all the info there. Have you read some of his books? What was your original source of knowledge when you started the article? Would you mind stopping by again and citing some of your sources? I'm not doubting the integrity of your writing or info at all, just encouraging higher quality standards for articles. Thanks! Nswinton 16:23, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Seeking community input re standardizing baseball roster pages
Hi ... I'm leaving you this note because you recently made edits to one of the Major League Baseball roster pages. I've made a proposal for standardizing the format, structure and content of these pages here and would appreciate your input so that we may reach a consensus. Thanks. --Sanfranman59 06:46, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Feat1 267x270 epitafios.jpg
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Maybe I was incorrect to tag it Fair Use, but I think this image still qualifies under -- Other promotional material: Posters, programs, billboards, ads. For critical commentary. Let me know. Rbifan 17:56, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:QueenMontreal.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:B000BGH0X8.01. SS500 SCLZZZZZZZ .jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Graham Haley
I have nominated Graham Haley, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Graham Haley. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. RJC Talk 20:35, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

San Jose Task Force Invite
''Please note that this task force is still unofficial, and I would like to have at least five members before asking for approval from WP:HOCKEY.

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rbifan! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 00:42, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Graham Haley -

Lyrics
Are protected by copyright. Please do not post them again in an article as doing so is considered copyright infringement. -- Terrillja talk  21:13, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

 * So they can print them on their website as fair game, yet we can't do it on Wikipedia! Without the lyrics, there is no article. How do I delete it?
 * Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously, much more so than many other websites. More info is at WP:COPYRIGHT, but either way, songs have a lot of other info that can be included, such as the reasons behind the song, any music videos or notable performances, etc, as long as they are supported with reliable sources]. For aan example of a well written song article, check out While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps-- Terrillja talk  21:25, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Excellent article. Thank you.

Wikipedia Campus Ambassador needed
Hi! My name is Annie Lin - I'm the Campus Team Coordinator at the Wikimedia Foundation. I'm contacting you because you're listed as a resident of San Francisco, and we're currently looking for a friendly Wikipedian to teach students in a University of San Francisco class how to use/edit Wikipedia. This is a role titled the "Wikipedia Campus Ambassador," and you'll basically be doing in-class presentations about Wikipedia, running Wikipedia labs/workshops, and in general providing face-to-face Wikipedia help for the professor and the students in the class. The time commitment is about 3-5 hours a week (with variations throughout the semester), and for this particular University of San Francisco class, most of the workload will be between March and May.

Please let me know if you're interested!

Thanks. Annie Lin (Campus Team Coordinator, Wikimedia Foundation) (talk) 19:59, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of California Writers Club for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article California Writers Club is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rbifan


text:
User talk:Khyth

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 20:51, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Khyth


text:
Jefferson Market Library

The Jefferson Market Branch of the New York Public Library, once known as the Jefferson Market Courthouse, is a National Historic Landmark located at 425 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue), on the southwest corner of West 10th Street, in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, on a triangular plot formed by Greenwich Avenue and West 10th Street. It was originally built as the Third Judicial District Courthouse from 1874 to 1877, and was designed by architect Frederick Clarke Withers of the firm of Vaux and Withers.

Though faced with demolition in 1958, public outcry led to its reuse as a branch of the New York Public Library. The building is now part of the New York City Landmark Preservation Commission's Greenwich Village Historic District, created in 1969. In addition, the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and made a National Historic Landmark in 1977. The AIA Guide to New York City calls the building "A mock Neuschwansteinian assemblage ... of leaded glass, steeply sloping roofs, gables, pinnacles, Venetian Gothic embellishments, and an intricate tower and clock; one of the City's most remarkable buildings."

Early history and architecture
A tall octagonal wooden fire lookout tower was the first building on the site, built circa 1833, located in the center of the merchants' sheds at the Jefferson Market that had been established at this site in 1832 and named for the late President. Court sessions were held in the Jefferson Assembly Rooms that rose above the market sheds. The wood tower and the market structures were torn down by the city to build a new courthouse, the adjacent Jefferson Market Prison building that stood on the corner of West 10th Street and Greenwich Avenue and new coordinated market housing (built in 1883). Of the carefully massed eclectic and picturesque group, only the former Courthouse now remains.

The commission for the new courthouse went to the firm of Vaux and Withers, but as Calvert Vaux was busy with the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the design fell to his partner, the English-born Frederick Clarke Withers. Withers came from the same background as Vaux, so it is not unusual that his High Victorian Gothic design was similar in some respects to the "Ruskinian Gothic" aesthetic of Vaux's early buildings, such as in its polychrome materials – red brick, black stone, white granite, yellow sandstone trim and variegated roof slates. Reasoning that a building with a clock tower was going to look like a church no matter what he did, Withers decided to add church-like touches with non-religious content, such as the tympanum which shows a scene from The Merchant of Venice instead of the usual scene of Christ sitting in judgment or other ecclesiastical subject matter. The building also features stained glass windows and a fountain decorated with birds and animals.

The courthouse was completed in 1877, and in 1885 a panel of American architects sponsored by American Architect and Building News voted it the fifth most beautiful building in America.

Use and reuse
The building got substantial use as a courthouse, as the Third Judicial District covered the Madison Square area, where the city's entertainment district – The Tenderloin – was located. So heavy was the traffic, that the country's first night court began there. Among the more noted people arraigned in the courthouse was Harry K. Thaw, the murderer of celebrity architect Stanford White.

The building ceased to be used as a courthouse in 1945; its future was uncertain, and it was in danger of being torn down. A group of community preservationists led by Margot Gayle and Ruth Wittenberg formed the Committee of Neighbors to Get the Clock on Jefferson Market Courthouse Started and campaigned to have the building converted into a library. In 1961, the New York Public Library agreed to the plan and architect Giorgio Cavaglieri was brought in to restore the exterior and redesign the building's interior for its new use – one of the first adaptive reuse projects in the United States, and a signal event in the historic preservation movement. The restoration is estimated to have cost $1.4 million. The library opened in 1967, with the police court becoming the Children's Reading Room, the Civil Court the Adult Reading Room. Budget cutbacks in 1974 caused the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library to vote to close the branch, as well as two others. After an outcry from residents, the decision was rescinded one month later.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977, both under the name "Third Judicial District Courthouse".

The building received further restoration in 1994 by preservationist architect Joseph Pell Lombardi.

Recent history

In 1996 "Ol' Jeff", the fire bell, silent in the Tower for 135 years, regained its voice with Margot Gayle's help, thanks to Cynthia Crane and Marilyn Dorato. It strikes the hours from 9am to 10pm. On April 13, 1997, The New York Times wrote: "The bell has newly and unexpectedly connected the community surrounding the building on Avenue of the Americas at 10th Street, helping to put the concept of village back in Greenwich Village; it serves as a powerful, an hourly, reminder of the values of architectural preservation."

There are annual tours of the tower, typically during Open House New York weekend in October.

By 2012 the building's exterior was once again in need of restoration, deteriorated ornaments were re-sculpted from the original Ohio sandstone. The tower's railings and finial were repaired and resecured. Missing and broken slates were replaced on the slate roof and a new copper drainage system installed. Brick and stone were re-pointed and cleaned. SUPERSTRUCTURES Engineers + Architects led the restoration. The owners and project team were honored by the New York Landmarks Conservancy with its Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award in 2014.

The building had further improvements in 2019 to bring it in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. It reopened in July 2022.

The library manager is Frank Collerius who also presents the New York Public Library's podcast The Librarian Is In.

title: Jefferson Market Library


text:
File:Transformers-movieposter-west.jpg

The movie poster for the Transformers: The Movie.

sr:Датотека:Transformers-movieposter-west.jpg

title: File:Transformers-movieposter-west.jpg


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I'll Walk with God

"I'll Walk with God" is a popular song written for the motion picture The Student Prince with music by Nicholas Brodzsky and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster published in 1954. The film's title character, who was played by actor Edmund Purdom with singing dubbed by tenor Mario Lanza, sings this song at the coffin of his grandfather, the king of Karlsburg. The song was released on The Student Prince soundtrack album issued by RCA Victor

Mario Lanza re-recorded the song in stereo in 1959.

The song has also been performed or recorded by other tenors including Placido Domingo, Harry Secombe and Michael Crawford.

It also remains popular as a substitute for hymn-tunes in many brass band concert programmes worldwide, in the arrangement by Goff Richards.

title: I'll Walk with God


text: Category:Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster


text:
Tailpiece

A tailpiece is a component on many stringed musical instruments that anchors one end of the strings, usually opposite the end with the tuning mechanism (the scroll, headstock, peghead, etc.).

Function and construction
The tailpiece anchors the strings, so it must be strong enough to withstand their combined tension. Tailpieces of the violin family or viol families of instruments, including double basses, are attached by a "tailgut" looped around the tailpin or end button, which is let into the bottom bock of the instrument. Originally made of animal gut and adjusted with difficulty by means of a knot, tailguts are now usually made of wire or nylon monofilament, and easily adjusted with threaded collars, usually made of brass, on the ends.

Tailpieces are made of many materials. Violin tailpieces are typically made of wood: ebony, rosewood, boxwood, or rarely pernambuco. Other materials include cast light metal, and composites including plastic. Choice of material may have more than just cosmetic effect; a well-made instrument is sensitive to tailpiece weight, mass distribution, and tailgut placement on the saddle. Fretted string instrument tailpieces are typically made of metal.

Violin tailpieces come in various shapes. Some resemble a tulip or a goblet. The common Hill style has a central longitudinal ridge that gives it a faceted appearance. Some violin tailpieces feature decorative elements, as shell inlays or ornate stylized or figurative carvings.

Devices called "fine-tuners" are sometimes used to assist in the tuning of the instrument; they may either be affixed to the tailpiece or built into its design. Most modern violinists, regardless of what other strings they use, play an E with a solid steel core, which may be overly touchy to tune with the traditional tuning pegs. For convenience in tuning, the added mass of a single fine tuner is a tolerable trade-off. Four fine tuners are advantageous when tuning a set of metal-core strings.

Some electric guitar tailpieces feature a vibrato bar, which a player uses to alter the pitch of all strings at once for various musical effects.

Setting up tailpieces
A well-set-up instrument from the violin family will have attention paid to the tuning of the afterlength, or string length on the tailpiece side of the bridge. On many instruments it is set to 1/6 the playing length, or length between nut and bridge, sounding two octaves and a fifth above the open note of the playing length. This tuning may be varied to give certain desired effects.

title: Tailpiece


text:
Pays d'Ouche

The Pays d'Ouche (, literally Land of Ouche) is an historical and geographical region in Normandy. It extends from the southwest of Évreux up to Bernay and Beaumont-le-Roger as a northern limit, and down to L'Aigle and to Gacé in the south. Additional cities are Breteuil-sur-Iton, Conches and Rugles. Neighboring regions are the Pays d'Auge and to the south is Perche (Perche (fr)).

Since the French revolution, the main part is located in the department of Eure, and the lesser portion in the neighboring Orne department (both Normandy region), where its capital town L'Aigle is situated.

The Risle River and other tributaries of the Seine flow through this area. Its chalky soil is not agriculturally productive. The principal towns of the area are L'Aigle, population 8,090 (2017), on the river Risle and Conches-en-Ouche, population 5,030 (2017), on the river Rouloir.

title: Pays d'Ouche


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Talk:Grisélidis Réal

Untitled
What exactly should be improved in this article?
 * Giving its sources & references would be a good start. More about her schooling. -Lincher 12:58, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grisélidis Réal


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Talk:Computerized physician order entry

Untitled section
This may seem like a small discipline, but is quite controversial in the field of medicine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Polacrilex (talk • contribs)

Agreed. CPOE is much bigger than it looks from the outside. --Dirkstanley (talk) 16:29, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

External link to TM software
IP user 87.161.217.56 objects to my deletion of his link to a software company's web site in Iceland, which, among other things, makes hospital software. There is no reference information of any type, except a self serving statement that "Theriak healthcare solution has been installed by leading European hospitals in five countries, enabling savings of up to 20% on medication costs while reducing medication related errors by more than 50%" (that CPOE reduces errors is already stated in the article with a citation to published research data). No data to support Theriak's claim is provided. I did a search on that site for the terms: CPOE (No results), Doctor (opens a page describing the software's functions, again, unreferenced). IP user 87.161.217.56 also tipped his hand by posting his link in bold type, unlike any other links or text in the article. Merely distributing software does not make you a reference source. - Ryanjo 02:29, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * See also: Wikipedia policies on Self-promotion and Advertising and conflicts of interest. - Ryanjo 02:38, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

129.2.141.123 (talk) 19:12, 29 April 2011 (UTC)4/29 3:11PM Is this "Computerized provider order entry" or "Computerized physician order entry"? See discrepancy between title and content of first paragraph.

The problem, I think, is that historically this has been called "Computerized Physician Order Entry". But when it comes to some of the real workflow challenges (of physicians entering all of their own orders, so they can be exposed to Clinical Decision Support alerts), it seems the somewhat more modern term has been "Computerized Provider Order Entry", which seems slightly more open to interpretation. The actual CMS Website uses the term "Provider Order Entry" --Dirkstanley (talk) 16:26, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Computerized physician order entry


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User talk:Kils/Virtual University/Faculty patrons

Faculty patrons is a motion of wiki editors to increase the academic reliability of content for the proposals of a Wikiversity. Patrons, members of a faculty, would read articles of their field and freeze that timestage under their name for the teaching projects, with a link to the life page. Example: Uwe Kils worked and published many years on krill, gave a stamp on the Antarctic krill page on June 18 for incorporation in a virtual class on Biology of Antarctica. Patrons should also invite other faculty and students to join, maybe forming a panel and creating a category:academia. They should create courses utilizing Wiki material and create discussion forums. Some might be willing to be available via videoconference at times. Maybe in a few years from now it might be possible for a student in the third world to add to her curriculum courses with literature and media from us wealthy communities.


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Computerized physician order entry

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE), sometimes referred to as computerized provider order entry or computerized provider order management (CPOM), is a process of electronic entry of medical practitioner instructions for the treatment of patients (particularly hospitalized patients) under his or her care.

The entered orders are communicated over a computer network to the medical staff or to the departments (pharmacy, laboratory, or radiology) responsible for fulfilling the order. CPOE reduces the time it takes to distribute and complete orders, while increasing efficiency by reducing transcription errors including preventing duplicate order entry, while simplifying inventory management and billing.

CPOE is a form of patient management software.

Required data
In a graphical representation of an order sequence, specific data should be presented to CPOE system staff in cleartext, including:

 * identity of the patient
 * role of required member of staff
 * resources, materials and medication applied
 * procedures to be performed
 * operational sequence to be obeyed
 * feedback to be noted
 * case specific documentation to build

Some textual data can be reduced to simple graphics.

CPOE related terminology
CPOE systems use terminology familiar to medical and nursing staff, but there are different terms used to classify and concatenate orders. The following items are examples of additional terminology that a CPOE system programmer might need to know:

Filler
The application responding to, i.e., performing, a request for services (orders) or producing an observation. The filler can also originate requests for services (new orders), add additional services to existing orders, replace existing orders, put an order on hold, discontinue an order, release a held order, or cancel existing orders.

Order
A request for a service from one application to a second application. In some cases an application is allowed to place orders with itself.

Order detail segment
One of several segments that can carry order information. Future ancillary specific segments may be defined in subsequent releases of the Standard if they become necessary.

Placer
The application or individual originating a request for services (order).

Placer order group
A list of associated orders coming from a single location regarding a single patient.

Order Set
A grouping of orders used to standardize and expedite the ordering process for a common clinical scenario. (Typically, these orders are started, modified, and stopped by a licensed physician.)

Protocol
A grouping of orders used to standardize and automate a clinical process on behalf of a physician. (Typically, these orders are started, modified, and stopped by a nurse, pharmacist, or other licensed health professional.)

Features of CPOE systems
Features of the ideal computerized physician order entry system (CPOE) include:
 * Ordering :Physician orders are standardized across the organization, yet may be individualized for each doctor or specialty by using order sets. Orders are communicated to all departments and involved caregivers, improving response time and avoiding scheduling problems and conflict with existing orders.
 * Patient-centered decision support :The ordering process includes a display of the patient's medical history and current results and evidence-based clinical guidelines to support treatment decisions. Often uses medical logic module and/or Arden syntax to facilitate fully integrated Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS).
 * Patient safety features : The CPOE system allows real-time patient identification, drug dose recommendations, adverse drug reaction reviews, and checks on allergies and test or treatment conflicts. Physicians and nurses can review orders immediately for confirmation.
 * Intuitive Human interface: The order entry workflow corresponds to familiar "paper-based" ordering to allow efficient use by new or infrequent users.
 * Regulatory compliance and security : Access is secure, and a permanent record is created, with electronic signature.
 * Portability : The system accepts and manages orders for all departments at the point-of-care, from any location in the health system (physician's office, hospital or home) through a variety of devices, including wireless PCs and tablet computers.
 * Management :The system delivers statistical reports online so that managers can analyze patient census and make changes in staffing, replace inventory and audit utilization and productivity throughout the organization. Data is collected for training, planning, and root cause analysis for patient safety events.
 * Billing :Documentation is improved by linking diagnoses (ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM codes) to orders at the time of order entry to support appropriate charges.

Patient safety benefits
In the past, physicians have traditionally hand-written or verbally communicated orders for patient care, which are then transcribed by various individuals (such as unit clerks, nurses, and ancillary staff) before being carried out. Handwritten reports or notes, manual order entry, non-standard abbreviations and poor legibility lead to errors and injuries to patients,. A follow-up IOM report in 2001 advised use of electronic medication ordering, with computer- and internet-based information systems to support clinical decisions. Prescribing errors are the largest identified source of preventable hospital medical error. A 2006 report by the Institute of Medicine estimated that a hospitalized patient is exposed to a medication error each day of his or her stay. While further studies have estimated that CPOE implementation at all nonrural hospitals in the United States could prevent over 500,000 serious medication errors each year. Studies of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has yielded evidence that suggests the medication error rate can be reduced by 80%, and errors that have potential for serious harm or death for patients can be reduced by 55%, and other studies have also suggested benefits. Further, in 2005, CMS and CDC released a report that showed only 41 percent of prophylactic antibacterials were correctly stopped within 24 hours of completed surgery. The researchers conducted an analysis over an eight-month period, implementing a CPOE system designed to stop the administration of prophylactic antibacterials. Results showed CPOE significantly improved timely discontinuation of antibacterials from 38.8 percent of surgeries to 55.7 percent in the intervention hospital. CPOE/e-Prescribing systems can provide automatic dosing alerts (for example, letting the user know that the dose is too high and thus dangerous) and interaction checking (for example, telling the user that 2 medicines ordered taken together can cause health problems). In this way, specialists in pharmacy informatics work with the medical and nursing staffs at hospitals to improve the safety and effectiveness of medication use by utilizing CPOE systems.

Advantages
Generally, CPOE is advantageous, as it leaves the trails of just better formatting retrospective information, similarly to traditional hospital information systems designs. The key advantage of providing information from the physician in charge of treatment for a single patient to the different roles involved in processing he treatise itself is widely innovative. This makes CPOE the primary tool for information transfer to the performing staff and lesser the tool for collecting action items for the accounting staff. However, the needs of proper accounting get served automatically upon feedback on completion of orders.

CPOE is generally not suitable without reasonable training and tutoring respectively. As with other technical means, the system based communicating of information may be inaccessible or inoperable due to failures. That is not different from making use of an ordinary telephone or with conventional hospital information systems. Beyond, the information conveyed may be faulty or erratic. A concatenated validating of orders must be well organized. Errors lead to liability cases as with all professional treatment of patients.

Prescriber and staff inexperience may cause slower entry of orders at first, use more staff time, and is slower than person-to-person communication in an emergency situation. Physician to nurse communication can worsen if each group works alone at their workstations.

But, in general, the options to reuse order sets anew with new patients lays the basic for substantial enhancement of the processing of services to the patients in the complex distribution of work amongst the roles involved. The basic concepts are defined with the clinical pathway approach. However, success does not occur by itself. The preparatory work has to be budgeted from the very beginning and has to be maintained all the time. Patterns of proper management from other service industry and from production industry may apply. However, the medical methodologies and nursing procedures do not get affected by the management approaches.

Risks
CPOE presents several possible dangers by introducing new types of errors. Automation causes a false sense of security, a misconception that when technology suggests a course of action, errors are avoided. These factors contributed to an increased mortality rate in the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh's Pediatric ICU when a CPOE system was introduced. In other settings, shortcut or default selections can override non-standard medication regimens for elderly or underweight patients, resulting in toxic doses. Frequent alerts and warnings can interrupt work flow, causing these messages to be ignored or overridden due to alert fatigue. CPOE and automated drug dispensing was identified as a cause of error by 84% of over 500 health care facilities participating in a surveillance system by the United States Pharmacopoeia. Introducing CPOE to a complex medical environment requires ongoing changes in design to cope with unique patients and care settings, close supervision of overrides caused by automatic systems, and training, testing and re-training all users.

Implementation
CPOE systems can take years to install and configure. Despite ample evidence of the potential to reduce medication errors, adoption of this technology by doctors and hospitals in the United States has been slowed by resistance to changes in physician's practice patterns, costs and training time involved, and concern with interoperability and compliance with future national standards. According to a study by RAND Health, the US healthcare system could save more than 81 billion dollars annually, reduce adverse medical events and improve the quality of care if it were to widely adopt CPOE and other health information technology. As more hospitals become aware of the financial benefits of CPOE, and more physicians with a familiarity with computers enter practice, increased use of CPOE is predicted. Several high-profile failures of CPOE implementation have occurred, so a major effort must be focused on change management, including restructuring workflows, dealing with physicians' resistance to change, and creating a collaborative environment.

An early success with CPOE by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture or VistA. A graphical user interface known as the Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS) allows health care providers to review and update a patient's record at any computer in the VA's over 1,000 healthcare facilities. CPRS includes the ability to place orders by CPOE, including medications, special procedures, x-rays, patient care nursing orders, diets and laboratory tests.

The world's first successful implementation of a CPOE system was at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California in the early 1970s. The Medical Information System (MIS) was originally developed by a software and hardware team at Lockheed in Sunnyvale, California, which became the TMIS group at Technicon Instruments Corporation. The MIS system used a light pen to allow physicians and nurses to quickly point and click items to be ordered.

, one of the largest projects for a national EHR is by the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom. The goal of the NHS is to have 60,000,000 patients with a centralized electronic health record by 2010. The plan involves a gradual roll-out commencing May 2006, providing general practices in England access to the National Programme for IT (NPfIT). The NHS component, known as the "Connecting for Health Programme", includes office-based CPOE for medication prescribing and test ordering and retrieval, although some concerns have been raised about patient safety features.

In 2008, the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative and the New England Healthcare Institute (NEHI) published research showing that 1 in 10 patients admitted to a Massachusetts community hospital suffered a preventable medication error. The study argued that Massachusetts hospitals could prevent 55,000 adverse drug events per year and save $170 million annually if they fully implemented CPOE. The findings prompted the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to enact legislation requiring all hospitals to implement CPOE by 2012 as a condition of licensure.

In addition, the study also concludes that it would cost approximately $2.1 million to implement a CPOE system, and a cost of $435,000 to maintain it in the state of Massachusetts while it saves annually about $2.7 million per hospital. The hospitals will still see payback within 26 months through reducing hospitalizations generated by error. Despite the advantages and cost savings, the CPOE is still not well adapted by many hospitals in the US.

The Leapfrog's 2008 survey showed that most hospitals are still not complying with having a fully implemented, effective CPOE system. The CPOE requirement became more challenging to meet in 2008 because the Leapfrog introduced a new requirement: Hospitals must test their CPOE systems with Leapfrog's CPOE Evaluation Tool. So the number of hospitals in the survey considered to be fully meeting the standard dropped to 7% in 2008 from 11% the previous year. Though the adoption rate seems very low in 2008, it is still an improvement from 2002 when only 2% of hospitals met this Leapfrog standard.

title: Computerized physician order entry


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Talk:Elizabeth II of Canada

For a June 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Elizabeth II of Canada

I posted a message at Talk:Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom about the creation of this page. There were no repsonses, so I proceeded.

If there are issues with this, it can be discussed either here or at the Elizabeth II U.K. page.

It seems that as there is so much information which pertains purely to Elizabeth II's role as Queen of Canada, which is not covered on the Monarchy in Canada page, a seperate page needed to be created (similar to the Queen of Australia and Queen of New Zealand pages). gbambino

Head of state
There is now some confusion as to whether Elizabeth II is Canada's head of state. If we go by the Wikipedia definition on the page head of state she is. However, head of state is mentioned nowhere in the Canadian constitution.

While some are now beginning to argue that the 1947 Letters Patent issued by George VI have made the GG the head of state, a read of the Letters Patent clearly shows that the GG performs the Sovereign's duties on behalf of the Sovereign -- they do not transfer the powers to the GG as the sovereign's replacement! Therefore I think it's quite clear that The Queen remains as the holder of executive power, and is thus, by the modern definition, Canada's head of state.

Though, to go a bit further, I think this demonstrates well that head of state is an inappropriate term to apply to a Monarch.

Perhaps any debate about this would be better placed on Monarchy in Canada gbambino

'The Queen'
See the following for examples of the correct form 'The Queen': http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/royalvisit2005/biography_e.cfm

http://www.monarchist.ca/new/arguments.html

http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page229.asp

Revert
This page has been reverted to its original format for the purpose of the ongoing discussion about it. AndyL should not have heavily edited the page before the standard 5 day lag time (as outlined in Wikipedia Deletion Policy) was up, as this will undoubtedly influence the opinion of 'voters.'

The debate about this page was instigated by AndyL under the claim that the article was created for a POV purpose. His claim is unjustified and unproven. The page was created as a possible prototype for articles on Elizabeth II's personal history and association with each of her Commonwealth Realms, apart from the role of the Crown, as an institution, in Canada (including the Sovereign and Governor General) which is outlined in Monarchy in Canada, and apart from her role as Queen of the United Kingdom. This is not meant to be a personal biography, as that is already covered in Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, but, again, only to be a history of this particular Sovereign in relation to Canada.

The title or article may well be changed -- however, appropriate discussion must take place first. gbambino

Shouldn't the title of this article by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Canada and her other Realms since that is her title and not "Elizabeth II of Canada"? Perhaps we can call it Elizabeth II... of Canada? AndyL 04:03, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't this redirect to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom? Wasn't that the consensus? john k 00:57, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizabeth II of Canada


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I Can't Tell a Waltz from a Tango

"I Can't Tell a Waltz from a Tango" is a popular song, written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning and published in 1954. The best-known version in the United States was recorded by Patti Page; the best-known version in the United Kingdom by Alma Cogan, both of which were recorded in 1954. The Pee Wee King Orchestra recorded the song, reviewed as a "right smooth job" in the same month as the Patti Page's charting of the song.

The Page recording was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70458, with the B-side "The Mama Doll Song." It entered the Billboard chart on October 16, 1954 at number 30, the only week it charted there. In Australia, "I Can't Tell a Waltz from a Tango" afforded Page a number 14 hit.

The recording by Alma Cogan was released in 1954 by HMV as a 78rpm recording (catalog number B10786) and a 45rpm recording (catalog number 7M 271). It reached number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. The B-side was "Christmas Cards". The song was often used in the BBC comedy radio programme, The Goon Show, by Ray Ellington and his quartet.

title: I Can't Tell a Waltz from a Tango


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Sewers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 22:12, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Sewers
Marked for speedy but isn't a candidate. A forested area...somewhere. Lacks any sort of context. Does not establish notability.  — Gwalla | Talk 20:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless it is made more encyclopedic. The article seems to actually be quite interesting, but without basic information such as where said place is located, it's not viable to be kept on the Wikipedia. --Sn0wflake 21:18, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just one of, oh, several billion places in the world where bored teenagers hang out. --Dcfleck 15:09, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. -- BD2412 talk 14:45, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User talk:JesseStu

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 20:56, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:JesseStu


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Sleep Number

Sleep Number Corporation is an American manufacturer that makes the Sleep Number and Comfortaire beds, foundations and bedding accessories. The company is based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In addition to its Minnesota headquarters, Sleep Number has manufacturing and distribution facilities in South Carolina and Utah. As of 2023, the company employed 5,515 people across the United States.

History
In 1980, the category of adjustable air-supported sleep systems was invented by a private company, Comfortaire Corporation of South Carolina. Robert Walker left Comfortaire and he and his wife, JoAnne Walker, formed a new company in 1987 called Select Comfort.

Select Comfort acquired the Comfortaire Corporation in January 2013. In March 2017, Select Comfort closed its Comfortaire third-party retail business. In November 2017, Select Comfort Corporation changed their corporate name to Sleep Number Corporation.

The company's TV commercials used to feature actress Lindsay Wagner. Other endorsers include conservative radio talk show hosts Glenn Beck, Paul Harvey and Laura Ingraham. Rush Limbaugh also previously advertised the product, but the company pulled its advertising in the wake of the Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy. Sleep Number is the official sleep and wellness partner of the NFL. Its commercials also feature star athletes like the Dallas Cowboys' Dak Prescott.

Robert Walker left Select Comfort in 2001 and formed an alternative energy company, Bixby Energy Systems. In 2014, he was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison for fraud, tax evasion, witness tampering and conspiracy for repeatedly misleading investors about Bixby Energy.

, Sleep Number holds 23 issued or pending U.S. patents and 40 issued or pending foreign patents for its products. In September 2017, According to the Global Mattress Toppers market research report, Sleep Number was among the key players of Mattress Toppers market.

In January 2020, Sleep Number announced a collaboration with Mayo Clinic to further sleep science research and cardiovascular medicine, valued at $10M over five years. In February 2022, Sleep Number entered into a long-term partnership with the American Cancer Society to embark upon foundational sleep research to identify the impact of quality sleep on cancer prevention and recovery.

Sleep Number Bed
The company manufactures the Sleep Number® bed, an adjustable air mattress. The "Sleep Number® setting" is a setting that adjusts the firmness or softness of the mattress on each side of the bed using air pressure (dual air chambers, one on each side), with higher numbers (up to 100) denoting higher pressure and more firmness, and lower numbers denoting less pressure and more softness. Sleep Number's latest line of beds, the 360 Smart Bed®, launched in 2017. The "Smart" features include Dual Adjustability for adjustable comfort and firmness on each of the bed; Responsive Air® technology, which allows the mattress to respond to movements and automatically adjusts firmness; and SleepIQ® technology, which shows sleep quality via a SleepIQ® score, with personal insights for better sleep. Sleep Number Beds can hold up to 850 lbs. of combined weight, with each side able to support 400-420 pounds.

Legal issues and controversy
In 2005, Sleepy's, which is now Mattress Firm, sued Select Comfort, currently known as Sleep Number, for disparaging the quality and comfort of Personal Preference beds made by Sleepy's, and said Sleepy’s offered inferior warranties. The case revolved around whether or not Select Comfort violated a 2005 contract that let Sleepy’s sell a Select Comfort product, while Select Comfort sold an arguably superior product in its own stores. The case was originally dismissed in 2015 by U.S. District Judge Joanna Seybert in Central Islip, New York but later revived by the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2018 after finding out that the lower court misinterpreted part of the New York law. The appeals court also threw out a $2.63 million legal fee award for Sleep Number. In 2015, a class action lawsuit was filed against Sleep Number and Leggett & Platt accusing the companies of failing to uphold the warranty and fix a bed they sold to customers, David and Katina Spade. The suit claims there were several other customers who experienced similar issues.

On November 9, 2019 Dires LLC, the legal entity that sells the Personal Comfort Bed, filed a lawsuit in Minnesota state court accusing Sleep Number of monopolization, tortious interference, deceptive trade and unjust enrichment. This stems out of a previous court ruling stating that Sleep Number has no trademark rights to the phrase “number bed.” The new lawsuit claims that Sleep Number falsely told Google that it owns the trademark rights for "number bed," causing Google to deny Dires the use of the phrase to attain more clicks to its website. Dires also accused Sleep Number of targeting it with false, misleading and defamatory reviews and comments about its products. They provided evidence of Sleep Number employees posting false and negative comments about its products on Facebook and YouTube.

title: Sleep Number


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Rhinelander

Rhinelander can refer to a person from Rhineland, Germany.

Rhinelander can also refer to:

Places

 * Rhinelander, Wisconsin, a city in the United States
 * Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport, an airport that serves Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA
 * Rhinelander High School, a school that serves Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA
 * Rhinelander Brewing Company, a craft brewery located in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA

Animals

 * Rhenish Warmblood or Rhineländer, a German breed of warmblood horse
 * Rhinelander rabbit, a German breed of rabbit

Structures

 * Rhinelander Mansion in New York City, USA

People

 * Frederic W. Rhinelander (1828–1904), an American who served as president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 * Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo (1842–1914), an American heiress
 * Thomas Jackson Oakley Rhinelander (1858–1946), an American real estate magnate and society leader
 * Philip M. Rhinelander (1869–1939), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania
 * Edith Cruger Sands Rhinelander (1874–1923), an American socialite
 * Rhinelander Waldo (1877–1927), an early 20th-century American fire commissioner, then police commissioner, of New York City, USA
 * Anita Rhinelander Stewart (later Princess Miguel of Braganza) (1886–1977), an American socialite and heiress
 * Kip Rhinelander (1903 – 1936), an American socialite in New York City who was the subject of a divorce process (1925) notable for the contemporary discussion of racial issues and for the use of (ethical) photomanipulation in journalism
 * Philip H. Rhinelander (1908–1987), philosopher at Stanford University

title: Rhinelander