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Yi Shu

Yi Shu or Isabel Nee Yeh-su (born 25 September 1946) is a popular Hong Kong writer. She is the younger sister of Ni Kuang. She has used other pen names, including Rose (玫瑰), Mui Fon (梅峰), Lok Hon (駱絳), and Luk Kwok (陸國).

Childhood
Yi Shu, whose home town is Ningbo, Zhejiang, was born in Shanghai in 1946. She has five elder siblings and one younger brother. Her pet name was A-mei and her siblings would call her "Xiao Mei Tao". She arrived in Hong Kong with her younger brother when she was five. After graduation from Kiangsu and Chekiang Kindergarten and Nursery, Yi Shu studied at Sir Ellis Kadoorie Primary School and Ho Tung Technical School For Girls (later known as Hotung Secondary School). She was a studious pupil who received two distinctions and two credits in the HKCEE examination. In 1964, Yi Shu completed her studies in her secondary school; her schoolmistress gave her a comment: "She was touchy, emotional, and easy to get into a lather…" Consequently, her mother renamed her Ni Rong (倪容) (容 literally means "to tolerate"), in the hope of Yi Shu could become more calm and generous.

Writing career
She had been a journalist of the Ming Pao at the age of 17 after graduation from her secondary school. When she was 27, she went to Manchester to study Hotel Management. She had been the wait staff department supervisor of a hotel in Taiwan (1977), PR manager of the now demolished Furama Hotel in Central, Hong Kong (1978), a top official of the Government Information Services in Hong Kong, as well as a screenwriter. Now, Yi Shu has migrated to Canada, continuing with her writing career. Her novels are mainly romance novels set in modern-day Hong Kong. She is also an essayist as well.

Organised by the Hong Kong Arts Development Council (HKADC), the 15th Hong Kong Arts Development Awards was held on 30 Oct 2021. Yi Shu was one of the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Contribution in Arts, for her keen observation and insights are expressed in her works such as novels, short proses and profiles.

title: Yi Shu


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Kekulé (crater)

Kekulé is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies just to the west-southwest of the larger crater Poynting, on the edge of the ejecta skirt surrounding the walled plain Hertzsprung to the southeast.

The outer rim of Kekulé displays some degradation due to impact erosion, but is for the most part intact. The rim is roughly circular, with the greatest wear along the northeast rim. There a small crater lies along the rim edge. The interior floor is relatively level with no central peak, but there are some irregularities in the surface in the northeastern half and along the southern edge. There are a number of tiny craterlets pitting the interior, and a pair of small craterlets along the northern inner wall.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kekulé.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kekulé (crater)


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Inscription Rock

Inscription Rock may refer to:

 * in the United States
 * Inscription Rock (Keams Canyon, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Arizona
 * Inscription Rock (Kelleys Island, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio
 * Inscription Rock (Cimarron County, Oklahoma), on the Cimarron Cutoff of the Santa Fe Trail

title: Inscription Rock


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Talk:Trinidad and Tobago dollar

50 Dollar Bill
I removed the $50 bill - they have not been incirculation since the 1970s. Guettarda 16:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Images from this article to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:TRI&TOB-1b-Trinidad & Tobago-1 Dollar (1905).jpg and File:TRI&TOB-2b-Trinidad & Tobago-2 Dollars (1905).jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on 2018-10-01. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2018-10-01. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 14:11, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

Royal Bank of Canada?
So this article mentions the Royal Bank of Canada a few times with relation to the TT dollar, saying that it has issued TT bills of various denominations. I don't know enough about the matter to say much. The Royal Bank of Canada is not a central bank, and as far as I can tell has no such relationship with the Trinidad and Tobago dollar. Is this a mistake? Should the central bank of Trinidad and Tobago be referenced instead? Dakane2 (talk) 14:37, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trinidad and Tobago dollar


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Henry Wisner

Henry Wisner (c. 1720 – March 4, 1790) was a miller from Goshen, New York. He was a Patriot leader during the American Revolution who, as a member of the Second Continental Congress, voted for Independence on July 4, 1776, at the creation of the Declaration of Independence. As a member of the First Continental Congress, Wisner signed the 1774 Continental Association.

Early life
Wisner was born around 1720 in Florida, New York, and was a resident of Orange County. He built and operated a gristmill in Goshen and became one of the town's leading citizens. His family originally came to America in the 1710 migration to New York of Johannes Weesner and other Swiss veterans of the English Army who had fought under the Duke of Marlborough in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Political career
Orange County first elected Wisner as a representative to Province of New York Assembly in 1759 and returned him for eleven consecutive years. In 1768 he became a judge in the county's court of common pleas.

During the American Revolution
When New York created a revolutionary government in 1775, Wisner was sent to the New York Provincial Congress. That body, in turn, named him as a delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses, where he served through 1776. Wisner was present on July 4, 1776, and voted for Independence as noted in multiple written accounts, the closest in being a reprint on July 2, 1800, in the Lancaster Intelligencer. Additionally, in an obituary notice of Thomas McKean of Delaware in the Boston Centinal in 1817, it was noted that McKean was present on July 4, 1776, and voted for Independence, as did Wisner. After the New York delegation was finally authorized to support the Declaration, a signing ceremony took place in August 1776, but Wisner was not present in Congress to sign.

While in Congress, Wisner learned that one of the Continental Army's difficulties was obtaining powder and shot. When he returned home he built three gunpowder mills in Orange and Ulster Counties. At their height he was shipping 1,000 pounds of gunpowder each week to George Washington's army. He later financed the erection of cannon and defensive works overlooking the Hudson River, that blocked the British ability to use the river in the Highlands Region.

In late 1776 Wisner, along with Gilbert Livingston of Poughkeepsie, sounded the Hudson River and, as part of a Secret Committee, recommended the placement of what became known as the Great Chain which stretched from the current location of West Point to Constitution Island. This chain was part of a series of Hudson River Chains designed to thwart British naval movements on the Hudson

In 1777, serving again in the Provincial Congress, Wisner was a member of the committee that drafted the first constitution for the state of New York. Under that constitution, Wisner was a member of the state senate from 1777 until 1782.

Later years
After the war, Wisner remained active in civic affairs. In 1784, he founded an academy in Goshen and was one of the regents of the University of the State of New York from 1784 to 1787. In 1788, Wisner was a delegate to the state convention called to ratify the U.S. Constitution. He was one of those who opposed ratification, fearing that the strong central government would eventually infringe on state and individual rights.

Personal life
Wisner married Sarah Norton in 1739. His son Gabriel, born 1754, died in 1779 in the Battle of Minisink. He married Elizabeth Waters and had three children. His daughter, Sarah Wisner (1745–1810), married Major Moses Phillips (a descendant of the Rev, George Phillips, the Winthrop family through Elizabeth Fones, and Thomas Cornell (settler)), with whom he made gunpowder for Washington.

Moses Wisner, a collateral descendant, was the 12th Governor of Michigan. Charles F. Brush, commercializer of the arc lamp and founder of a predecessor firm of General Electric, is a great great-grandson.

Wisner died at home in Goshen in 1790. He was buried in the Old Wallkill Cemetery in Wallkill, New York.

title: Henry Wisner


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Department of Defense Architecture Framework

The Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) is an architecture framework for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) that provides visualization infrastructure for specific stakeholders concerns through viewpoints organized by various views. These views are artifacts for visualizing, understanding, and assimilating the broad scope and complexities of an architecture description through tabular, structural, behavioral, ontological, pictorial, temporal, graphical, probabilistic, or alternative conceptual means. The current release is DoDAF 2.02.

This Architecture Framework is especially suited to large systems with complex integration and interoperability challenges, and it is apparently unique in its employment of "operational views". These views offer overview and details aimed to specific stakeholders within their domain and in interaction with other domains in which the system will operate.

Overview
The DoDAF provides a foundational framework for developing and representing architecture descriptions that ensure a common denominator for understanding, comparing, and integrating architectures across organizational, joint, and multinational boundaries. It establishes data element definitions, rules, and relationships and a baseline set of products for consistent development of systems, integrated, or federated architectures. These architecture descriptions may include families of systems (FoS), systems of systems (SoS), and net-centric capabilities for interoperating and interacting in the non-combat environment.

DoD Components are expected to conform to DoDAF to the maximum extent possible in development of architectures within the department. Conformance ensures that reuse of information, architecture artifacts, models, and viewpoints can be shared with common understanding. All major U.S. DoD weapons and information technology system acquisitions are required to develop and document an enterprise architecture (EA) using the views prescribed in the DoDAF. While it is clearly aimed at military systems, DoDAF has broad applicability across the private, public and voluntary sectors around the world, and represents one of a large number of systems architecture frameworks.

 * The purpose of DoDAF is to define concepts and models usable in DoD's six core processes:
 * Joint Capabilities Integration and Development (JCIDS)
 * Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE)
 * Defense Acquisition System (DAS)
 * Systems Engineering (SE)
 * Operational Planning (OPLAN)
 * Capability Portfolio Management (CPM)
 * In addition, DoDAF 2.0's specific goals were to:
 * Establish guidance for architecture content as a function of purpose – “fit for purpose”
 * Increase utility and effectiveness of architectures via a rigorous data model – the DoDAF Meta Model (DM2) -- so the architectures can be integrated, analyzed, and evaluated with more precision.

History

The first version of the development DoDAF was developed in the 1990s under the name C4ISR Architecture Framework. In the same period the reference model TAFIM, which was initiated in 1986, was further developed. The first C4ISR Architecture Framework v1.0, released 7 June 1996, was created in response to the passage of the Clinger-Cohen Act. It addressed the 1995 Deputy Secretary of Defense directive that a DoD-wide effort be undertaken to define and develop a better means and process for ensuring that C4ISR capabilities were interoperable and met the needs of the warfighter. Continued development effort resulted in December 1997 in the second version, C4ISR Architecture Framework v2.0.

In August 2003 the DoDAF v1.0 was released, which restructured the C4ISR Framework v2.0 to offer guidance, product descriptions, and supplementary information in two volumes and a Desk Book. It broadened the applicability of architecture tenets and practices to all Mission Areas rather than just the C4ISR community. This document addressed usage, integrated architectures, DoD and Federal policies, value of architectures, architecture measures, DoD decision support processes, development techniques, analytical techniques, and the CADM v1.01, and moved towards a repository-based approach by placing emphasis on architecture data elements that comprise architecture products. In February 2004 the documentation of Version 1.0 was released with volume "I: Definitions and Guidelines", "II: Product Descriptions" and a "Deskbook". In April 2007 the Version 1.5 was released with a documentation of "Definitions and Guidelines", "Product Descriptions" and "Architecture Data Description". This period further developed the concepts and terms that have since been replaced with different approaches. For example, a Mission Needs Statement (MNS) was a U.S. Department of Defense type of document which identified capability needs for a program to satisfy by a combination of solutions (DOTMLPF) to resolve a mission deficiency or to enhance operational capability. This type of document has been superseded by the description of capability needs called an Initial Capabilities Document, as of CJCSI 3170.01E. The CJCSI 3170.01 and 6212.01 were superseded by the CJCSI 5123.01 Series.

This term was introduced as a fundamental step in CJCSI 3170.01B (Apr 2001), 6212.01D (Apr 2005), and the Interim Defense Acquisition Guidebook (Oct 2004).

On May 28, 2009, DoDAF v2.0 was approved by the Department of Defense. The current version is DoDAF 2.02 DoDAF V2.0 is published on a public website.

Other derivative frameworks based on DoDAF include the NATO Architecture Framework (NAF) and Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework. Like other EA approaches, for example The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), DoDAF is organized around a shared repository to hold work products. The repository is defined by the common database schema Core Architecture Data Model 2.0 and the DoD Architecture Registry System (DARS). A key feature of DoDAF is interoperability, which is organized as a series of levels, called Levels of Information System Interoperability (LISI). The developing system must not only meet its internal data needs but also those of the operational framework into which it is set.

Capabilities and mission
See the diagram for a depiction of the Capabilities Emphasis, as tied in with mission/course of action, threads, activities, and architectures.

The DoD has moved toward a focus on the delivery of capabilities, which are the reason for creating the system/service. The Capability Models describe capability taxonomy and capability evolution. A capability thread would equate to the specific activities, rules, and systems that are linked to that particular capability.

The concept of capability, as defined by its Meta-model Data Group allows one to answer questions such as:
 * How does a particular capability or capabilities support the overall mission/vision?
 * What outcomes are expected to be achieved by a particular capability or set of capabilities?
 * What services are required to support a capability?
 * What is the functional scope and organizational span of a capability or set of capabilities?
 * What is our current set of capabilities that we are managing as part of a portfolio?

The Mission or Course of Action is described by a Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and is organized by Capabilities.
 * Capabilities are described by Threads.
 * Threads are described by Activities executed in serial or parallel.
 * Activities are grouped into Mission Areas. Activities define operations for an Architecture.
 * Architectures are organized by mission areas. Architectures provide proper resourcing of capabilities required by the Mission or Course of Action.

Version 1.5 views
The DoDAF V1.5 defines a set of products, a view model, that act as mechanisms for visualizing, understanding, and assimilating the broad scope and complexities of an architecture description through graphic, tabular, or textual means. These products are organized under four views: Each view depicts certain perspectives of an architecture as described below. Only a subset of the full DoDAF viewset is usually created for each system development. The figure represents the information that links the operational view, systems and services view, and technical standards view. The three views and their interrelationships – driven by common architecture data elements – provide the basis for deriving measures such as interoperability or performance, and for measuring the impact of the values of these metrics on operational mission and task effectiveness.
 * All view (AV)
 * Operational view (OV)
 * Systems view (SV)
 * Technical standards view (TV)

All view
All view (AV) products provide overarching descriptions of the entire architecture and define the scope and context of the architecture. The DoDAF V1.5 AV products are defined as:
 * AV-1 Overview and Summary Information
 * Scope, purpose, intended users, environment depicted, analytical findings (if applicable)

 * AV-2 Integrated Dictionary
 * Definitions of all terms used in all products.

Operational view
Operational View (OV) products provide descriptions of the tasks and activities, operational elements, and information exchanges required to accomplish DoD missions. The OV provides textual and graphical representations of operational nodes and elements, assigned tasks and activities, and information flows between nodes. It defines the type of information exchanged, the frequency of exchanges, the tasks and activities supported by these exchanges and the nature of the exchanges. The DoDAF V1.5 OV products are defined as:
 * OV-1 High Level Operational Concept Graphic
 * High level graphical and textual description of operational concept (high level organizations, missions, geographic configuration, connectivity, etc.).

 * OV-2 Operational Node Connectivity Description
 * Operational nodes, activities performed at each node, and connectivities and information flow between nodes.

 * OV-3 Operational Information Exchange Matrix
 * Information exchanged between nodes and the relevant attributes of that exchange such as media, quality, quantity, and the level of interoperability required.

 * OV-4 Organizational Relationships Chart
 * Command, control, coordination, and other relationships among organizations.

 * OV-5 Operational Activity Model
 * Activities, relationships among activities, inputs and outputs. In addition, overlays can show cost, performing nodes, or other pertinent information.

 * OV-6a Operational Rules Model
 * One of the three products used to describe operational activity sequence and timing that identifies the business rules that constrain the operation.

 * OV-6b Operational State Transition Description
 * One of the three products used to describe operational activity sequence and timing that identifies responses of a business process to events.

 * OV-6c Operational Event-Trace Description
 * One of the three products used to describe operational activity sequence and timing that traces the actions in a scenario or critical sequence of events.

 * OV-7 Logical Data Model
 * Documentation of the data requirements and structural business process rules of the Operational View. (In DoDAF V1.5. This corresponds to DIV-2 in DoDAF V2.0.)

Systems and services view
Systems and services view (SV) is a set of graphical and textual products that describe systems and services and interconnections providing for, or supporting, DoD functions. SV products focus on specific physical systems with specific physical (geographical) locations. The relationship between architecture data elements across the SV to the OV can be exemplified as systems are procured and fielded to support organizations and their operations. The DoDAF V1.5 SV products are:
 * SV-1 Systems/Services Interface Description
 * Depicts systems nodes and the systems resident at these nodes to support organizations/human roles represented by operational nodes of the OV-2. SV-1 also identifies the interfaces between systems and systems nodes.

 * SV-2 Systems/Services Communications Description
 * Depicts pertinent information about communications systems, communications links, and communications networks. SV-2 documents the kinds of communications media that support the systems and implements their interfaces as described in SV-1. Thus, SV-2 shows the communications details of SV-1 interfaces that automate aspects of the needlines represented in OV-2.

 * SV-3 Systems-Systems, Services-Systems, Services-Services Matrices
 * provides detail on the interface characteristics described in SV-1 for the architecture, arranged in matrix form.

 * SV-4a/SV-4b Systems/Services Functionality Description
 * The SV-4a documents system functional hierarchies and system functions, and the system data flows between them. The SV-4 from DoDAF v1.0 is designated as 'SV-4a' in DoDAF v1.5. Although there is a correlation between OV-5 or business-process hierarchies and the system functional hierarchy of SV-4a, it need not be a one-to-one mapping, hence, the need for the Operational Activity to Systems Function Traceability Matrix (SV-5a), which provides that mapping.

 * SV-5a, SV-5b, SV-5c Operational Activity to Systems Function, Operational Activity to Systems and Services Traceability Matrices
 * Operational Activity to SV-5a and SV-5b is a specification of the relationships between the set of operational activities applicable to an architecture and the set of system functions applicable to that architecture. The SV-5 and extension to the SV-5 from DoDAF v1.0 is designated as 'SV-5a' and ‘SV-5b’ in DoDAF v1.5 respectively.

 * SV-6 Systems/Services Data Exchange Matrix
 * Specifies the characteristics of the system data exchanged between systems. This product focuses on automated information exchanges (from OV-3) that are implemented in systems. Non-automated information exchanges, such as verbal orders, are captured in the OV products only.

 * SV-7 Systems/Services Performance Parameters Matrix
 * Specifies the quantitative characteristics of systems and system hardware/software items, their interfaces (system data carried by the interface as well as communications link details that implement the interface), and their functions. It specifies the current performance parameters of each system, interface, or system function, and the expected or required performance parameters at specified times in the future. Performance parameters include all technical performance characteristics of systems for which requirements can be developed and specification defined. The complete set of performance parameters may not be known at the early stages of architecture definition, so it should be expected that this product will be updated throughout the system’s specification, design, development, testing, and possibly even its deployment and operations life-cycle phases.

 * SV-8 Systems/Services Evolution Description
 * Captures evolution plans that describe how the system, or the architecture in which the system is embedded, will evolve over a lengthy period of time. Generally, the timeline milestones are critical for a successful understanding of the evolution timeline.

 * SV-9 Systems/Services Technology Forecast
 * Defines the underlying current and expected supporting technologies that have been targeted using standard forecasting methods. Expected supporting technologies are those that can be reasonably forecast given the current state of technology and expected improvements. New technologies should be tied to specific time periods, which can correlate against the time periods used in SV-8 milestones.

 * SV-10a Systems/Services Rules Model
 * Describes the rules under which the architecture or its systems behave under specified conditions.

 * SV-10b Systems/Services State Transition Description
 * A graphical method of describing a system (or system function) response to various events by changing its state. The diagram basically represents the sets of events to which the systems in the architecture will respond (by taking an action to move to a new state) as a function of its current state. Each transition specifies an event and an action.

 * SV-10c Systems/Services Event-Trace Description
 * Provides a time-ordered examination of the system data elements exchanged between participating systems (external and internal), system functions, or human roles as a result of a particular scenario. Each event-trace diagram should have an accompanying description that defines the particular scenario or situation. SV-10c in the Systems and Services View may reflect system-specific aspects or refinements of critical sequences of events described in the Operational View.

 * SV-11 Physical Schema
 * One of the architecture products closest to actual system design in the Framework. The product defines the structure of the various kinds of system data that are utilized by the systems in the architecture. (In DoDAF V1.5. This corresponds to DIV-3 in DoDAF V2.0.)

Technical standards view
Technical standards view (TV) products define technical standards, implementation conventions, business rules and criteria that govern the architecture. The DoDAF V1.5 TV products are as follows:
 * StdV-1 Technical Standards Profile - Extraction of standards that applies to the given architecture. (In DoDAF V1.5. Renamed to StdV-1 in DoDAF V2.0.)
 * StdV-2 Technical Standards Forecast - Description of emerging standards that are expected to apply to the given architecture, within an appropriate set of timeframes. (In DoDAF V1.5. Renamed to StdV-2 in DoDAF V2.0.)

Version 2.0 viewpoints
In DoDAF V2.0, architectural viewpoints are composed of data that has been organized to facilitate understanding. To align with ISO Standards, where appropriate, the terminology has changed from Views to Viewpoint (e.g., the Operational View is now the Operational Viewpoint).

 * All Viewpoint (AV)
 * Describes the overarching aspects of architecture context that relate to all viewpoints.

 * Capability Viewpoint (CV)
 * New in DoDAF V2.0. Articulates the capability requirements, the delivery timing, and the deployed capability.

 * Data and Information Viewpoint (DIV)
 * New in DoDAF V2.0. Articulates the data relationships and alignment structures in the architecture content for the capability and operational requirements, system engineering processes, and systems and services.

 * Operational Viewpoint (OV)
 * Includes the operational scenarios, activities, and requirements that support capabilities.

 * Project Viewpoint (PV)
 * New in DoDAF V2.0. Describes the relationships between operational and capability requirements and the various projects being implemented. The Project Viewpoint also details dependencies among capability and operational requirements, system engineering processes, systems design, and services design within the Defense Acquisition System process.

 * Services Viewpoint (SvcV)
 * New in DoDAF V2.0. Presents the design for solutions articulating the Performers, Activities, Services, and their Exchanges, providing for or supporting operational and capability functions.

 * Standards Viewpoint (StdV)
 * Renamed from Technical Standards View. Articulates the applicable operational, business, technical, and industry policies, standards, guidance, constraints, and forecasts that apply to capability and operational requirements, system engineering processes, and systems and services.

 * Systems Viewpoint (SV)
 * Articulates, for legacy support, the design for solutions articulating the systems, their composition, interconnectivity, and context providing for or supporting operational and capability functions. Note, System has changed in DoDAF V2.0 from DoDAF V1.5: System is not just computer hardware and computer software. System is now defined in the general sense of an assemblage of components - machine, human - that perform activities (since they are subtypes of Performer) and are interacting or interdependent. This could be anything, i.e., anything from small pieces of equipment that have interacting or interdependent elements, to Family of Systems (FoS) and System of Systems (SoS). Note that Systems are made up of Materiel (e.g., equipment, aircraft, and vessels) and Personnel Types.

The architectures for DoDAF V1.0 and DoDAF V1.5 may continue to be used. When appropriate (usually indicated by policy or by the decision-maker), DoDAF V1.0 and V1.5 architectures will need to update their architecture. When pre-DoDAF V2.0 architecture is compared with DoDAF V2.0 architecture, concept differences (such as Node) must be defined or explained for the newer architecture. In regard to DoDAF V1.5 products, they have been transformed into parts of the DoDAF V2.0 models. In most cases, the DoDAF V2.0 Meta-model supports the DoDAF V1.5 data concepts, with one notable exception: Node. Node is a complex, logical concept that is represented with more concrete concepts.

All Viewpoint (AV)

 * AV-1 Overview and Summary Information
 * Describes a Project's Visions, Goals, Objectives, Plans, Activities, Events, Conditions, Measures, Effects (Outcomes), and produced objects.

 * AV-2 Integrated Dictionary
 * An architectural data repository with definitions of all terms used throughout

Capability Viewpoint (CV)

 * CV-1 Vision
 * Addresses the enterprise concerns associated with the overall vision for transformational endeavours and thus defines the strategic context for a group of capabilities. The purpose of the CV-1 is to provide a strategic context for the capabilities described in the Architecture Description.

 * CV-2 Capability Taxonomy
 * Captures capability taxonomies. The model presents a hierarchy of capabilities. These capabilities may be presented in the context of a timeline. The CV-2 specifies all the capabilities that are referenced throughout one or more architectures.

 * CV-3 Capability Phasing
 * The planned achievement of capability at different points in time or during specific periods of time. The CV-3 shows the capability phasing in terms of the activities, conditions, desired effects, rules complied with, resource consumption and production, and measures, without regard to the performer and location solutions

 * CV-4 Capability Dependencies
 * The dependencies between planned capabilities and the definition of logical groupings of capabilities.

 * CV-5 Capability to Organizational Development Mapping
 * The fulfillment of capability requirements shows the planned capability deployment and interconnection for a particular Capability Phase. The CV-5 shows the planned solution for the phase in terms of performers and locations and their associated concepts.

 * CV-6 Capability to Operational Activities Mapping
 * A mapping between the capabilities required and the operational activities that those capabilities support.

 * CV-7 Capability to Services Mapping
 * A mapping between the capabilities and the services that these capabilities enable.

Data and Information Viewpoint (DIV)

 * DIV-1 Conceptual Data Model
 * The required high-level data concepts and their relationships.

 * DIV-2 Logical Data Model
 * The documentation of the data requirements and structural business process (activity) rules. In DoDAF V1.5, this was the OV-7.

 * DIV-3 Physical Data Model
 * The physical implementation format of the Logical Data Model entities, e.g., message formats, file structures, physical schema. In DoDAF V1.5, this was the SV-11.

Note, see Logical data model for discussion of the relationship of these three DIV data models, with comparison of the Conceptual, Logical & Physical Data Models.

Operational Viewpoint (OV)

 * OV-1 High-Level Operational Concept Graphic
 * The high-level graphical/textual description of the operational concept.

 * OV-2 Operational Resource Flow Description
 * A description of the Resource Flows exchanged between operational activities.

 * OV-3 Operational Resource Flow Matrix
 * A description of the resources exchanged and the relevant attributes of the exchanges.

 * OV-4 Organizational Relationships Chart
 * The organizational context, role or other relationships among organizations.

 * OV-5a Operational Activity Decomposition Tree
 * The capabilities and activities (operational activities) organized in a hierarchal structure.

 * OV-5b Operational Activity Model
 * The context of capabilities and activities (operational activities) and their relationships among activities, inputs, and outputs; Additional data can show cost, performers or other pertinent information.

 * OV-6a Operational Rules Model
 * One of three models used to describe activity (operational activity). It identifies business rules that constrain operations.

 * OV-6b State Transition Description
 * One of three models used to describe operational activity (activity). It identifies business process (activity) responses to events (usually, very short activities).

 * OV-6c Event-Trace Description
 * One of three models used to describe activity (operational activity). It traces actions in a scenario or sequence of events.

Project Viewpoint (PV)

 * PV-1 Project Portfolio Relationships
 * It describes the dependency relationships between the organizations and projects and the organizational structures needed to manage a portfolio of projects.

 * PV-2 Project Timelines
 * A timeline perspective on programs or projects, with the key milestones and interdependencies.

 * PV-3 Project to Capability Mapping
 * A mapping of programs and projects to capabilities to show how the specific projects and program elements help to achieve a capability.

Services Viewpoint (SvcV)

 * SvcV-1 Services Context Description
 * The identification of services, service items, and their interconnections.

 * SvcV-2 Services Resource Flow Description
 * A description of Resource Flows exchanged between services.

 * SvcV-3a Systems-Services Matrix
 * The relationships among or between systems and services in a given Architectural Description.

 * SvcV-3b Services-Services Matrix
 * The relationships among services in a given Architectural Description. It can be designed to show relationships of interest, (e.g., service-type interfaces, planned vs. existing interfaces).

 * SvcV-4 Services Functionality Description
 * The functions performed by services and the service data flows among service functions (activities).

 * SvcV-5 Operational Activity to Services Traceability Matrix
 * A mapping of services (activities) back to operational activities (activities).

 * SvcV-6 Services Resource Flow Matrix
 * It provides details of service Resource Flow elements being exchanged between services and the attributes of that exchange.

 * SvcV-7 Services Measures Matrix
 * The measures (metrics) of Services Model elements for the appropriate timeframe(s).

 * SvcV-8 Services Evolution Description
 * The planned incremental steps toward migrating a suite of services to a more efficient suite or toward evolving current services to a future implementation.

 * SvcV-9 Services Technology & Skills Forecast
 * The emerging technologies, software/hardware products, and skills that are expected to be available in a given set of time frames and that will affect future service development.

 * SvcV-10a Services Rules Model
 * One of three models used to describe service functionality. It identifies constraints that are imposed on systems functionality due to some aspect of system design or implementation.

 * SvcV-10b Services State Transition Description
 * One of three models used to describe service functionality. It identifies responses of services to events.

 * SvcV-10c Services Event-Trace Description
 * One of three models used to describe service functionality. It identifies service-specific refinements of critical sequences of events described in the Operational Viewpoint.

Standards Viewpoint (StdV)

 * StdV-1 Standards Profile
 * The listing of standards that apply to solution elements. In DoDAF V1.5, this was the TV-1.

 * StdV-2 Standards Forecast
 * The description of emerging standards and potential impact on current solution elements, within a set of time frames. In DoDAF V1.5, this was the TV-2.

Systems Viewpoint (SV)

 * SV-1 Systems Interface Description
 * The identification of systems, system items, and their interconnections.

 * SV-2 Systems Resource Flow Description
 * A description of Resource Flows exchanged between systems.

 * SV-3 Systems-Systems Matrix
 * The relationships among systems in a given Architectural Description. It can be designed to show relationships of interest, (e.g., system-type interfaces, planned vs. existing interfaces).

 * SV-4 Systems Functionality Description
 * The functions (activities) performed by systems and the system data flows among system functions (activities).

 * SV-5a Operational Activity to Systems Function Traceability Matrix
 * A mapping of system functions (activities) back to operational activities (activities).

 * SV-5b Operational Activity to Systems Traceability Matrix
 * A mapping of systems back to capabilities or operational activities (activities).

 * SV-6 Systems Resource Flow Matrix
 * Provides details of system resource flow elements being exchanged between systems and the attributes of that exchange.

 * SV-7 Systems Measures Matrix
 * The measures (metrics) of Systems Model elements for the appropriate timeframe(s).

 * SV-8 Systems Evolution Description
 * The planned incremental steps toward migrating a suite of systems to a more efficient suite, or toward evolving a current system to a future implementation.

 * SV-9 Systems Technology & Skills Forecast
 * The emerging technologies, software/hardware products, and skills that are expected to be available in a given set of time frames and that will affect future system development.

 * SV-10a Systems Rules Model
 * One of three models used to describe system functionality. It identifies constraints that are imposed on systems functionality due to some aspect of system design or implementation.

 * SV-10b Systems State Transition Description
 * One of three models used to describe system functionality. It identifies responses of systems to events.

 * SV-10c Systems Event-Trace Description
 * One of three models used to describe system functionality. It identifies system-specific refinements of critical sequences of events described in the Operational Viewpoint.

Creating an integrated architecture using DoDAF

The DODAF 2.0 Architects Guide repeated DOD Instruction 4630.8 definition of an integrated architecture as "An architecture consisting of multiple views facilitating integration and promoting interoperability across capabilities and among integrated architectures.'' For the purposes of architecture development, the term integrated means that data required in more than one of the architectural models is commonly defined and understood across those models. Integrated architectures are a property or design principle for architectures at all levels: Capability,Component, Solution, and Enterprise (in the context of the DoD Enterprise Architecture (EA) being a federation [of] architectures). In simpler terms, integration is seen in the connection from items common among architecture products, where items shown in one architecture product (such as sites used or systems interfaced or services provided) should have the identical number, name, and meaning appear in related architecture product views."

There are many different approaches for creating an integrated architecture using DoDAF and for determining which products are required. The approach depends on the requirements and the expected results; i.e., what the resulting architecture will be used for. As one example, the DoDAF v1.0 listed the following products as the "minimum set of products required to satisfy the definition of an OV, SV and TV." One note: while the DoDAF does not list the OV-1 artifact as a core product, its development is strongly encouraged. The sequence of the artifacts listed below gives a suggested order in which the artifacts could be developed. The actual sequence of view generation and their potential customization is a function of the application domain and the specific needs of the effort.
 * AV-1 : Overview and Summary Information
 * AV-2 : Integrated Dictionary
 * OV-1 : High Level Operational Concept Graphic
 * OV-5 : Operational Activity Model
 * OV-2 : Operational Node Connectivity Description
 * OV-3 : Operational Informational Exchange Matrix
 * SV-1 : System Interface Description
 * TV-1 : Technical Standards Profile

One concern about the DoDAF is how well these products meet actual stakeholder concerns for any given system of interest. One can view DoDAF products, or at least the 3 views, as ANSI/IEEE 1471-2000 or ISO/IEC 42010 viewpoints. But to build an architecture description that corresponds to ANSI/IEEE 1471-2000 or ISO/IEC 42010, it is necessary to clearly identify the stakeholders and their concerns that map to each selected DoDAF product. Otherwise there is the risk of producing products with no customers.

The figure "DoDAF V1.5 Products Matrix" shows how the DoD Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 6212.01E specifies which DoDAF V1.5 products are required for each type of analysis, in the context of the Net-Ready Key Performance Parameter (NR-KPP):
 * Initial Capabilities Document (ICD). Documents the need for a materiel solution to a specific capability gap derived from an initial analysis of alternatives executed by the operational user and, as required, an independent analysis of alternatives. It defines the capability gap in terms of the functional area, the relevant range of military operations, desired effects, and time.
 * Capability Development Document (CDD). A document that captures the information necessary to develop a proposed program(s), normally using an evolutionary acquisition strategy. The CDD outlines an affordable increment of militarily useful, logistically supportable and technically mature capability.
 * Capability Production Document (CPD). A document that addresses the production elements specific to a single increment of an acquisition program.
 * Information Support Plan (ISP). The identification and documentation of information needs, infrastructure support, IT and NSS interface requirements and dependencies focusing on net-centric, interoperability, supportability and sufficiency concerns (DODI 4630.8).
 * Tailored Information Support Plan (TISP). The purpose of the TISP process is to provide a dynamic and efficient vehicle for certain programs (ACAT II and below) to produce requirements necessary for I&S Certification. Select program managers may request to tailor the content of their ISP (ref ss). For programs not designated OSD special interest by ASD (NII)/DOD CIO, the component will make final decision on details of the tailored plan subject to minimums specified in the TISP procedures linked from the CJCSI 6212 resource page and any special needs identified by the J-6 for the I&S certification process.

Representation
Representations for the DoDAF products may be drawn from many diagramming techniques including: There is a UPDM (Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF) effort within the OMG to standardize the representation of DoDAF products when UML is used.
 * tables
 * IDEF
 * Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs)
 * UML
 * SysML

DoDAF generically describes in the representation of the artifacts to be generated, but allows considerable flexibility regarding the specific formats and modeling techniques. The DoDAF deskbook provides examples in using traditional systems engineering and data engineering techniques, and secondly, UML format. DoDAF proclaims latitude in work product format, without professing one diagramming technique over another.

In addition to graphical representation, there is typically a requirement to provide metadata to the Defense Information Technology Portfolio Repository (DITPR) or other architectural repositories.

Meta-model
DoDAF has a meta-model underpinning the framework, defining the types of modelling elements that can be used in each view and the relationships between them. DoDAF versions 1.0 thru 1.5 used the CADM meta-model, which was defined in IDEF1X (then later in UML) with an XML Schema derived from the resulting relational database. From version 2.0, DoDAF has adopted the IDEAS Group foundation ontology as the basis for its new meta-model. This new meta-model is called "DM2"; an acronym for "DoDAF Meta-Model". Each of these three levels of the DM2 is important to a particular viewer of Departmental processes:
 * 1) The conceptual level or Conceptual Data Model (CDM) defines the high-level data constructs from which Architectural Descriptions are created in non-technical terms, so that executives and managers at all levels can understand the data basis of Architectural Description. Represented in the DoDAF V2.0 DIV-1 Viewpoint.
 * 2) The Logical Data Model (LDM) adds technical information, such as attributes to the CDM and, when necessary, clarifies relationships into an unambiguous usage definition. Represented in the DoDAF V2.0 DIV-2 Viewpoint.
 * 3) The Physical Exchange Specification (PES) consists of the LDM with general data types specified and implementation attributes (e.g., source, date) added, and then generated as an XSD. Represented in the DoDAF V2.0 DIV-3 Viewpoint.

The purposes of the DM2 are:
 * 1) Establish and define the constrained vocabulary for description and discourse about DoDAF models (formerly “products”) and their usage in the 6 core processes
 * 2) Specify the semantics and format for federated EA data exchange between:architecture development and analysis tools and architecture databases across the DoD Enterprise Architecture (EA) Community of Interest (COI) and with other authoritative data sources
 * 3) Support discovery and understandability of EA data:
 * 4) Discovery of EA data using DM2 categories of information
 * 5) Understandability of EA data using DM2's precise semantics augmented with linguistic traceability (aliases)
 * 6) Provide a basis for semantic precision in architectural descriptions to support heterogeneous architectural description integration and analysis in support of core process decision making.

The DM2 defines architectural data elements and enables the integration and federation of Architectural Descriptions. It establishes a basis for semantic (i.e., understanding) consistency within and across Architectural Descriptions. In this manner, the DM2 supports the exchange and reuse of architectural information among JCAs, Components, and Federal and Coalition partners, thus facilitating the understanding and implementation of interoperability of processes and systems. As the DM2 matures to meet the ongoing data requirements of process owners, decision makers, architects, and new technologies, it will evolve to a resource that more completely supports the requirements for architectural data, published in a consistently understandable way, and will enable greater ease for discovering, sharing, and reusing architectural data across organizational boundaries.

To facilitate the use of information at the data layer, the DoDAF describes a set of models for visualizing data through graphic, tabular, or textual means. These views relate to stakeholder requirements for producing an Architectural Description.

Relationship to other architecture frameworks
The UPDM (Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF) is an OMG initiative to standardize UML and SysML usage for USA and UK defense architecture frameworks. In addition, the multi-national IDEAS Group, which is supported by Australia, Canada, Sweden, UK, USA, with NATO observers, has launched an initiative to develop a formal ontology for enterprise architectures.


text:
MGM Grand Garden Arena

The MGM Grand Garden Arena is a 17,000-seat multi-purpose arena within the MGM Grand resort, located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The venue opened on December 31, 1993, with a concert by Barbra Streisand,  and subsequent concerts by Luther Vandross, Anita Mui and Janet Jackson.

Sporting events
MGM Grand Garden Arena, the Thomas & Mack Center and the Mandalay Bay Events Center were the main sports arenas in the Las Vegas Valley until 2016, when the MGM co-owned T-Mobile Arena opened.

Professional wrestling
From 1996 to 2000, it hosted World Championship Wrestling's Halloween Havoc events. The UWF television event Blackjack Brawl was held at the venue in 1994.

On May 25, 2019, it hosted All Elite Wrestling's inaugural event, Double or Nothing (2019). Tickets for the event sold out in four minutes. It was originally scheduled to host Double or Nothing (2020) on May 23, 2020, and the May 27 episode of AEW Dynamite, but was moved due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

It hosted Money in the Bank on July 2, 2022, which was originally scheduled to be held at the larger Allegiant Stadium. This marked the first WWE pay-per-view to have taken place at the arena.

Combat sports
The arena is well known for numerous professional boxing superfights, such as Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather Jr., Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao, Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Canelo Álvarez, Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao, Deontay Wilder vs. Tyson Fury II and Canelo Álvarez vs. Caleb Plant.

On September 7, 1996, the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson bout was held here; later that night, rapper Tupac Shakur (who attended the fight) was shot in a drive-by attack. He succumbed to his injuries six days later.

The arena held 42 Ultimate Fighting Championship mixed martial arts events, starting with UFC 34 in 2001 and ending with The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale in 2016. UFC currently uses the T-Mobile Arena for major events.

On May 2, 2015, Floyd Mayweather Jr. defended his world title in a highly anticipated match against fellow superstar Manny Pacquiao. The fight continued to the 12th round and Mayweather retained his title.

Professional sports
In 1994, the Las Vegas Dustdevils, an indoor soccer team in the Continental Indoor Soccer League played one season at the arena. It also previously served through 2015 as the pre-season home for select Los Angeles Kings games against the Colorado Avalanche, Phoenix Coyotes and San Jose Sharks, known as Frozen Fury. Two more games occurred at the new T-Mobile Arena before the launch of the NHL's newest team, the Vegas Golden Knights, who went on to play in the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs within their first season.

On October 24, 2014, it held an NBA preseason game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Sacramento Kings.

College sports
During the 1990s, the arena served as the site for the WAC women's volleyball tournament.

On March 13, 2012, it was announced that the Pac-12 men's basketball tournament would take place at the arena from at least 2013 through 2016  and then to T-Mobile Arena in 2017 until 2020.

From 2014 to 2017, the MGM Grand Garden Arena hosted the Roman Main Event, then called The MGM Resorts Main Event, an 8-team college basketball tournament held during Monday and Wednesday of Thanksgiving week of NCAA Division I men's basketball season.

Starting in 2025, the arena will host some of the games from the College Basketball Crown.

Bull riding
The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) held its annual World Finals event at the MGM Arena from 1994 to 1998 before moving to the Thomas & Mack Center in 1999 and then to T-Mobile Arena in 2016. The PBR later returned on June 11 and 12, 2021 for an Unleash the Beast Series event in its first visit to the MGM Arena since 1998.

Latin Grammy Awards
The MGM Grand Garden Arena has hosted the Latin Grammy Awards six times. The arena hosted the Latin Grammy Awards in 2014, 2015, and from 2017 to 2019. It was most recently held at the arena in 2021.

Grammy Awards
The arena hosted the 64th Annual Grammy Awards on April 3, 2022, marking the first time the Grammy Awards were held in Las Vegas.

Academy of Country Music Awards
The venue was a consistent site for the Academy of Country Music Awards and has served as host twelve times since 2006, including 2018's event which was the first following the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, which occurred roughly 1 mile away. The ceremony moved to Allegiant Stadium in 2022.

Phish Halloween
Improvisational jam band Phish has hosted several significant halloween concerts at the venue. On October 31, 2014, they performed Chilling, Thrilling Sounds of the Haunted House with original instrumental music to accompany the album as their "musical costume" for the second set of their Halloween night show at the venue. Following that performance, the band has made their interpretation of "Martian Monster" a regular part of their concert repertoire and have performed it at over 25 subsequent concerts. On October 31, 2016, the band covered David Bowie's The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars in its entirety as their musical costume for the evening. On October 31, 2018, the band performed a set of all-new original material that they promoted as a "cover" of í rokk by "Kasvot Växt", a fictional 1980s Scandinavian progressive rock band they had created. On October 31, 2021, they performed the album Get More Down by another fictional band of their creation, "Sci-Fi Soldier."

title: MGM Grand Garden Arena


text:
Jorge Semprún

Jorge Semprún Maura (10 December 1923 – 7 June 2011 ) was a Spanish writer and politician who lived in France most of his life and wrote primarily in French. From 1953 to 1962, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Semprún lived clandestinely in Spain working as an organizer for the exiled Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1964. After the death of Franco and the change to a democratic government, he served as Minister of Culture in Spain's socialist government from 1988 to 1991.

He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970), which dealt with the theme of persecution by governments. For his work on the films The War Is Over (1966) and Z (1969) Semprún was nominated for the Academy Award. In 1996, he became the first non-French author elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual literary prize. He won the 1997 Jerusalem Prize, and the 2002 Ovid Prize.

Early life and education
Jorge Semprún Maura was born in 1923 in Madrid. His mother was Susana Maura Gamazo, the youngest daughter of Antonio Maura, who served several times as prime minister of Spain. His father, José María Semprún Gurrea (1893–1966), was a liberal politician and served as a diplomat for the Republic of Spain during the Spanish Civil War.

Émigrés and World War II
In the wake of the military uprising led by General Franco in July 1936, the Semprún family moved to France, and then to The Hague where his father was a diplomat, representing the Republic of Spain in the Netherlands. After the Netherlands officially recognized the Franco government in the beginning of 1939, the family returned to France as refugees. Jorge Semprún enrolled there at the Lycée Henri IV and later the Sorbonne.

During the Nazi occupation of France, the young Semprún joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), a Resistance organization made up mostly of immigrants. After joining the Spanish Communist Party in 1942 in France, Semprún was reassigned to the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), the Communist armed Resistance. In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp for his role in the Resistance. He deals with the experiences in two books: Le grand voyage (1963) treats the journey to Buchenwald, and Quel beau dimanche! (1980) his camp experiences.

In 1945 Semprún returned to France and became an active member of the exiled Communist Party of Spain (PCE). From 1953 to 1962, he was an important organizer of the PCE's clandestine activities in Spain, using the pseudonym of Federico Sánchez. He entered the party's executive committee in 1956. In 1964 he was expelled from the party because of "differences regarding the party line", and from then on he concentrated on his writing career.

Semprún wrote many novels, plays, and screenplays, for which he received several nominations, including an Academy Award in 1970, and awards, including the 1997 Jerusalem Prize. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, dealing with the theme of persecution by governments, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970). For his work on Z, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win.

He was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. In 1988 he was appointed Minister of Culture in Felipe González's second government, despite being neither an elected MP nor a member of the Socialist Party (PSOE). He resigned the post three years later after publishing an article openly criticising the vice-president, Alfonso Guerra, and his brother Juan Guerra.

In 1996, Semprún became the first non-French author to be elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual prize for literature written in French. In 2002, he was awarded the inaugural Ovid Prize in recognition of his entire body of work, which focuses on "tolerance and freedom of expression".

Jorge Semprún served as the honorary chairman of the Spanish branch of Action Against Hunger. He lived in Paris. In 2001, while giving a conference at the Lycée Frédéric Mistral in Avignon, France, he inspired young Pablo Daniel Magee to become a writer. Magee went on to write Opération Condor, prefaced by Costa Gavras.

Marriage and family
Semprún married the actress Loleh Bellon in 1949. Their son, Jaime Semprún (1947–2010), was also a writer. Later Semprún married the French film editor Colette Leloup in 1958. They had five children: Dominique Semprún, Ricardo Semprún, Lourdes Semprún, Juan Semprún and Pablo Semprún. He is the brother of the writer Carlos Semprún (1926-2009).

Style and themes
Semprún wrote primarily in French and alludes to French authors as much as to Spanish ones. Most of his books are fictionalized accounts of his deportation to Buchenwald. His writing is non-linear and achronological. The narrative setting shifts back and forth in time, exploring the past and future in relation to key events. With each recounting, events take on different meanings. Semprún's works are self-reflexive. His narrators explore how events live on in memory and means of communicating the events of the concentration camp to readers who cannot fathom that experience. His more recent work in this vein also includes reflections on the meaning of Europe and of being European, as informed by this period of history, including how Buchenwald was reopened by Soviet forces as Special Camp No. 2 of the NKVD, and then largely razed and planted over by East Germany to hide the mass graves from this second dark episode.

Semprún's writing in Spanish deals with Spanish subject matter, and includes two volumes of memoirs: Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez, about his clandestine work in and later exclusion from the Spanish Communist Party (1953–64), and Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes, which deals with his term of service as Minister of Culture in the second Socialist government of Felipe González (1988–91). A novel in Spanish, Veinte años y un día, is set in 1956 and deals with recent history in Spain.

Works
Semprún's first book, Le grand voyage (The Long Voyage in English; republished as The Cattle Truck in 2005 by Serif), was published in 1963 by Gallimard. It recounts Semprún's deportation and incarceration in Buchenwald in fictionalized form. A feature of the novel, and with Semprún's work in general, is its fractured chronology. The work recounts his train journey and arrival at the concentration camp. During the long trip, the narrator provides the reader with flashbacks to his experiences in the French Resistance and flash-forwards to life in the camp and after liberation. The novel won two literary prizes, the Prix Formentor and Prix littéraire de la Résistance ("Literary Prize of the Resistance").

In 1977, his Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Autobiography of Federico Sánchez) won the Premio Planeta, the most highly remunerated literary prize in Spain. In spite of the pseudonymous title, the work is Semprún's least fictionalized volume of autobiography, recounting his life as a member of the central committee of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), and his undercover activities in Spain between 1953 and 1964. The book shows a stark view of Communist organizations during the Cold War, and presents a very critical portrait of leading figures of the PCE, including Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri.

What a Beautiful Sunday (Quel beau dimanche!), his novel of life in Buchenwald and after liberation was published by Grasset in 1980. It purports to tell what it was like to live one day, hour by hour, in the concentration camp, but like Semprún's other novels, the narrator recounts events that precede and follow that day. In part, Semprún was inspired by A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and the work contains criticism of Stalinism as well as fascism.

Literature or Life was published by Gallimard in 1994. The French title, L'Ecriture ou la vie, might be better translated as "Writing or Life". Semprún explores themes related to deportation, but the focus is on living with the memory of the experience and how to write about it. Semprún revisits scenes from previous works and gives rationales for his literary choices.

 * Books
 * Grand voyage (Paris: Gallimard, 1963)
 * Long voyage, translated by Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1964)
 * Évanouissement (Paris: Gallimard, 1967)
 * Deuxième mort de Ramón Mercader (Paris: Gallimard, 1969)
 * Second death of Ramón Mercader, translated by Len Ortzen (New York: Grove Press, 1973)
 * Segunda muerte de Ramón Mercader: novela, traducción por Carlos Pujol (Barcelona: Planeta, 1978)
 * Repérages: Photographies de Alain Resnais, texte de Jorge Semprun (Paris: Chêne, 1974)
 * Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977)
 * Autobiography of Federico Sanchez and the Communist underground in Spain, translated by Helen Lane (New York: Karz Publishers, c1979)
 * Desvanecimiento: novela (Barcelona: Planeta, 1979)
 * Quel beau dimanche (Paris: B. Grasset, c1980)
 * What a beautiful Sunday!, translated by Alan Sheridan (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1982)
 * Algarabie: roman (Paris:  Fayard, c1981)
 * Montand, la vie continue (Paris: Denoël J. Clims, c1983)
 * Montagne blanche: roman (Paris:  Gallimard, c1986)
 * Netchaïev est de retour-- : roman (Paris: J.C. Lattès, c1987)

title: Jorge Semprún


text:
Boss Hogg

'''Jefferson Davis "J.D." Hogg, known as Boss Hogg', is a fictional character featured in the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard''. He was the commissioner of Hazzard County, and the county's political boss. Boss Hogg almost always wore an all-white suit with a white cowboy hat and regularly smoked cigars. He is the namesake of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America. The role of Boss Hogg was played by Sorrell Booke, who performed frequently on radio, stage, television, and film prior to his role in The Dukes of Hazzard. The character was played by Burt Reynolds in the 2005 film.

Description
"Boss" Hogg was the sole commissioner of (fictional) Hazzard County, Georgia, and thus, held all executive and judicial powers therein. (In reality, Georgia is the only state which still allows this form of government, and in only seven of its 159 counties.) As the wealthiest man in the county, he would do almost anything to get his hands on more money, including executing many nefarious and criminal schemes. However, he does not tolerate anyone (even the Dukes, despite Hogg's constant rivalry with them) getting physically hurt in the process. He also refuses to have anything to do with illegal drugs, regardless of money. Boss Hogg is described in one analysis as "an ineffectual bad guy—hence amusing".

Hogg owned most of Hazzard's property and businesses, either directly or by holding the mortgages over the land. His lust for money often drove him to participate in criminal activities—usually by enlisting the aid of associates—mainly his right-hand man and partner in crime, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane. Together, the two schemed to frame the Duke family for crimes they did not commit. Rosco's deputies, Enos Strate and Cletus Hogg (Boss's cousin), have also aided Boss Hogg, though Enos (and to a lesser extent, Cletus) were more reluctant to do so. According to Waylon Jennings' narration, he had a "cradle to grave" earning plan; in that if you were a Hazzard County resident, you were born at the local hospital (owned by Hogg), you lived in a house that he owned the deed to, worked at one of his businesses, and when you died, his casket company would make your pine box.

Boss Hogg's greed only seemed to fuel his lust for more and more wealth. He was chauffeured around in the back of a Cadillac (though he drove himself around in later seasons), all-white in color to match his all-white suit. Other clothing (such as jogging suits, etc.) and other accessories, and much of his own mansion home, were also decked out in white.

Boss is forever angry at the Duke family, particularly Bo and Luke, for continually exposing and halting his various crooked schemes. Despite the Dukes coming to his rescue on occasion, Hogg forever seems to have an irrational dislike of the clan, particularly Bo and Luke, often accusing them of spying on him, robbing or planning to rob him, and other supposedly nefarious actions as he believes they are generally out to get him. Although this characteristic is present throughout the show's run, it is particularly evident in the earlier seasons. One episode has Uncle Jesse mentioning that he and Boss had known one another "since we were kids", and others mention that they had run moonshine together.

Just like the exact specifications of the Duke Boys' probation rules, the extent of just what was and wasn't within Boss's powers often seemed to vary from episode to episode. However, this can be countermanded slightly, as Boss would often bend the law and make up rules to suit himself.

Every morning, Boss Hogg would drink coffee and eat raw liver (as seen in the pilot episode, "One Armed Bandits" and several later episodes). Method actor Sorrell Booke actually ate the raw liver.

Sorrell Booke was only slightly overweight at best. He wore padding under his suit to give Boss his familiar 62 inch waist.

Initially, the character was created as a nemesis for the Duke family to battle, but as the series evolved over its first and subsequent seasons, Hogg developed more into a comical money-grabbing villain, with more intent on performing various get-rich-quick schemes and shady plots, than ever knowingly causing anyone serious harm. With this evolution of the character, for which the foundations were set over the course of the first half-season, came the closer pairing of Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (James Best), and as the pair's comical ability together became apparent and a popular element of the series, Booke and Best were often given permission to ad-lib and improvise their scenes together.

By the time of the 1997 reunion movie, Booke had died, so rather than replace him with a new actor or similar character, Hogg's death was written into the script. He willed his empire to Rosco P. Coltrane, who continued to pursue zany schemes, many of which Boss had come up with before his death.

Criminal
In a typical episode of The Dukes of Hazzard, Boss hires others to carry out his crimes, then diverts the blame onto the Dukes, usually the cousins Bo and Luke. Some of Hogg's favorite schemes include bank and armored car robbery, counterfeiting, fraud, and moonshine running. He especially enjoyed trying to trick Bo and Luke into violating their probation (for illegal transportation of moonshine) by running moonshine, or crossing the county line.

Boss reasons that by framing Bo and Luke, he will more easily acquire the Duke farm—the property he most covets, and for which he held the mortgage—for little to no cost. Usually, this is so he can develop the land (for profit, of course) in various ways. When the Dukes are not targeted, it is generally a friend of the Dukes—auto mechanic Cooter Davenport, postmistress Miz Emma Tisdale, county worker Emery Potter, general store owner Mr. Rhuebottom, and others—who find themselves on the wrong side of Hogg's schemes.

It is usually up to Bo and Luke to foil Boss's schemes, defeat his associates, and make things right. Though Boss's crimes should land him in prison, he usually winds up with little more than a slap on the wrist, such as donating his ill-gotten proceeds to charity, or having to personally re-sow by hand a crop that he had destroyed. He often worms his way out of trouble by foisting the blame for his schemes onto associates. This has left him with a reputation for untrustworthiness and double-crossing in the criminal world, and had made him many enemies who come back for revenge.

Boss lusts for "simoleons", but has his limits; he refuses to risk anyone's life or safety for the sake of his schemes. More than once, he has sacrificed his potential earnings to save lives that would otherwise be imperiled by his greed (this is especially true in later seasons). His conscience has landed him into trouble with his former partners in the past. He stands by his word, but only if he "spits and shakes" on it. On several occasions, when Boss's disgruntled or devious associates attempted to exact revenge for Boss's betrayal, Bo and Luke always came to his rescue.

Boss held various positions in the community, including County Commissioner, Police Commissioner, Chief of the Volunteer Fire Department, Justice of the Peace, and Bank President. All of these organizations seemed to suffer from his greed. It seems in some episodes that his position of County Commissioner is elected; Hogg was even once defeated for this office (by one vote, cast at the last minute), but Boss was back in charge in the following episode.

Traffic
Boss constantly looks for new, usually dishonest methods to bring revenue into the county (and thereby, into his pocketbook). Some of the more memorable schemes involve Rosco setting up fake fire hydrants next to parked cars, using hair dryers as radar guns (to ticket people for speeding), and placing hidden stop signs or speed limit signs that mysteriously spring into view after an unsuspecting motorist drives by.

Boss's traffic schemes have also resulted in country music and other performers "working off" their fines, by performing at "The Boar's Nest". Famous singer victims include: Roy Orbison, Buck Owens, Mel Tillis, Dottie West, Tammy Wynette, Hoyt Axton, Johnny Paycheck and The Oak Ridge Boys twice, Loretta Lynn, and Mickey Gilley, whose performance he also tried to pirate.

Rivalries
Despite Boss Hogg's unending desire to have Bo and Luke imprisoned for crimes they did not commit, his principal rival always remained their uncle, Jesse Duke. Jesse and J.D. had a feud dating back to their ridge-running days in the 1930s, which continued to simmer after Bo and Luke were indicted for moonshine-running, and Jesse began protecting them from J.D.

Though they rarely got along, Jesse and J.D. held a grudging respect for one another and enjoyed a "friendship" of sorts (Jesse once claimed he and Hogg were "friends and enemies"), as both would help each other when circumstances warranted. However, Jesse Duke was well aware of J.D.'s greedy nature, and the wizened Duke patriarch frequently warned his nephews and niece about Hogg's antics. When Uncle Jesse needed a favor of Boss Hogg, he would often say "I've never asked you for anything", and the question appeared new to the portly Hogg each time. Furthermore, whenever Jesse and J.D. do formally agree to something, it is always with a "spit and shake" of hands; in one episode, J.D. insists that without "spit and shake", any promises made by him are not binding. In one episode, when Hogg becomes involved with some very serious criminals who threaten Jesse's life, he intervenes and insists that they don't hurt him.

Despite the fact that they constantly thwarted his plots, and while he often derided them even when they were helping him, Hogg was willing to swallow his pride when the Dukes offered him aid; while the Dukes have no love for Hogg, it is clear they are aware that Boss has never willingly put lives at risk. Hogg and the Dukes appear to almost enjoy their rivalry on some level, as Hogg could easily have foreclosed on the mortgage he holds on the Dukes' land long ago, yet never has; either Boss is honest enough to accept the Dukes' payments to keep their land in their possession, or he merely wants the satisfaction of removing them via one of his schemes. Whether Hogg genuinely wants the Dukes out of the way, or is simply harassing them for fun, is never made clear. The Dukes, for their part, thoroughly enjoy their clashes with Hogg when thwarting him despite the issues he causes. Despite this, they have never made any serious attempt to have him removed from his position, via any of their friends who can cross the Hazzard county line and report on his corrupt actions, indicating that they are unwilling to see Hogg truly placed in legal trouble, despite all the issues he causes for them. Whether this is out of respect for Hogg's strange friendship with their uncle Jesse or not was never revealed.

Family
Boss is married to Rosco's "fat sister", Lulu Coltrane Hogg, making Boss and Rosco brothers-in-law. In the first episode, "One Armed Bandits", and referenced again in some later episodes, Boss mentions that she had him give Rosco the role of Sheriff so that he would have a safe job. It is this "debt" that, in the earliest episodes at least, seems to have Rosco continually working for Boss in repayment.

As with several of the other characters, the version of Lulu seen in the early episodes is slightly different to the version portrayed later. In her lone first season appearance ("Repo Men"), she is played as spoiled (she is seen to be demanding that Boss buy her a Rolls-Royce for her birthday). Her single second season appearances (in "The Rustlers") also shows her in a similar light. As the character progressed and appeared on a more regular basis in the series, the character softened, becoming a kind and more level-headed woman, who became involved with several local charities and projects. Although in some earlier instances, although she didn't seem keen on the Dukes, she was more hospitable towards them. By the later seasons, Lulu was often seen to be on friendly terms with the family - particularly Jesse, with whom she would occasionally consort if she thought Boss was getting himself too deep into trouble. She and Daisy also seemed to hold a friendship, as she hired Daisy into the Hazzard Equal Rights Society and in a later episode they were seen to be returning together from an out-of-town shopping trip.

Although Boss frequently takes his wife for granted, Lulu has no patience for Boss's shady antics, and is clearly the dominant personality in the relationship, even acting as her husband's Achilles' heel in his latest crooked scheme (and succeeding on occasion). At one point, she threatens to leave Boss and take half of his holdings; he quickly backs down. While apprehensive to trust her, and scheming behind her back at all times, Boss seems to genuinely love Lulu, frequently calling her such pet names, as "Angel Food Cake", "Marshmallow", and "Sugarplum Puddin'."

Boss also has an antithetical identical twin brother, Abraham Lincoln Hogg, who appeared in one episode of the show (the third season's "Baa, Baa White Sheep"). Also played by Booke, A.L Hogg was the opposite of J.D.—he was kind, honest, law-abiding, dressed in black, and drove a black Cadillac—and was friendly with the Dukes, particularly Uncle Jesse.

Boss and Lulu are childless, but have at least two nephews: Hughie Hogg and Jamie Lee Hogg (Jonathan Frakes). Like their uncle, both Hughie and Jamie Lee are often up to no good: Hughie (who, like his uncle, wore an all-white three-piece suit, though he drove a Volkswagen Beetle, in stark contrast to Boss's Cadillac) is often more crooked than Boss Hogg, and is seen in some episodes blackmailing and using wise tactics, while Jamie Lee is seen in only one episode (see below).

Deputy Sheriff Cletus Hogg is also Boss's third cousin.

Jolene Hunnicutt, who is a character on the sitcom Alice, is a distant relative of Hogg. Like The Dukes of Hazzard, Alice was produced by Warner Bros. Television. Boss made one appearance on Alice.

Alter ego
In the third-season episode "The Late J.D. Hogg", Boss is wrongly diagnosed with a fatal illness, and adopts a nice, kind persona, only to revert to his usual crooked, mean self when he learns that he is not really about to die.

In "No More Mr. Nice Guy" (Episode: #7.5 – original airdate: 19 October 1984), Boss Hogg suffered amnesia as a result of being hit on the head. When he awakened, he was a kind, caring, honest, and fair man, who intended to "clean up Hazzard County of all corruption". He did not like being referred to as "Boss" or even as "J.D.", instead identifying himself as "Jefferson Davis Hogg with two G's", or just "Jefferson" for short. Jefferson actually liked and appreciated the Dukes for the help they bring to Hazzard, and helped them whenever he could—until he received another bump on the head (many times, via Rosco) and turned back into the ruthless, corrupt Boss Hogg.

Vehicle
Boss Hogg's car was a triple white 1970 Cadillac DeVille (1976 Cadillac Eldorado in the 2005 film) convertible, with large bull horns for a hood ornament, and in the movies sported pistol shaped door handles. He had a chauffeur named Alex, who drove the car in the first few seasons; in later years, Hogg became the car's principal driver and frequently challenged others by invoking his driving expertise from his days as a ridge-runner. Unlike other vehicles in the series, Boss Hogg's Cadillac is typically handled carefully, and he was always blaming Cooter if even the smallest thing happened to it.

Holdings
Some of Boss Hogg's holdings (either directly or by mortgage) include:

 * The Duke Farm – Boss held the mortgage.
 * The Boar's Nest – the local watering hole where Daisy Duke was employed as a waitress. Boss also has an office in the back, where he does most of his dealings.
 * Hazzard County Bank – the local bank where Boss served as president, owner, and chief operating officer (COO).
 * Cooter's Garage – owned by the Dukes' friend, Cooter Davenport. Boss held the mortgage.
 * HOGGOCO Oil and Petroleum Co. – Boss has gas stations all over Hazzard County, and Hoggoco fuel pumps in front of both The Boars Nest and Cooter's Garage.
 * The Hazzard County Gazette – the weekly newspaper serving Hazzard County.
 * The Hazzard Phone Company – Boss had all of the operators in his pocket, and his cousin Maybel or local girl Gussie tell him whenever any calls of interest came through Hazzard.
 * WHOGG – the only radio station in Hazzard County. Boss served as president.
 * Hogg Grits Mill – Abandoned by Boss, only to be occupied for dubious purposes by his nephew, Jamie Lee Hogg.
 * Hogg's Heavenly Acres – Boss charged a handsome fee to be buried here, in Hazzard's only public cemetery, sometimes even double-selling plots.
 * J.D. Hogg Logging & Sawmill
 * J.D. Hogg Ice House – Abandoned by Boss, only to be occupied by a group of crooks who are out to steal ten million dollars from armored trucks.
 * J.D. Hogg Real Estate
 * J.D. Hogg Funeral Home
 * J.D. Hogg Gravel Company
 * J.D. Hogg Painting Company
 * J.D. Hogg Used Cars
 * The Hazzard Coffin Works – Boss ran the Coffin Works as a place to store his moonshine, it was taken as a hide out for the ridge-raiders, Russel "Snake" Harmon used the building as a place to hide from Texas Ranger Jude Emery, and Boss Hogg's hired crooks Turk and Moody used it as a hideout.
 * J.D. Hogg Investment Corporation Public services controlled by Hogg
 * Hazzard County Public Works
 * Hazzard County Sheriffs Department - Hogg is the Police Commissioner.
 * Hazzard County Volunteer Fire Department - Hogg is the Fire Chief. In some episodes Bo, Luke, and Uncle Jesse also appear to be firemen, seemingly putting their differences aside for the public good, although Hogg steals the alarm fees. It is said, that in one second-season episode, that a man named Amos Petersdorf is the fire chief, and the fire truck and station are both different. It is possible that Hazzard has two fire companies with one commanded by Hogg and the other by Petersdorf.
 * Hazzard County Hospital - It is said in a first-season episode by the Balladeer that Hogg owns the hospital.
 * Hazzard County Dog Pound
 * Hazzard Livery Stable

Film
In Moonrunners—the precursor film to the Dukes of Hazzard—the character that would go on to be developed into Boss Hogg, was named Jake Rainey (played by George Ellis). Like Boss Hogg, Jake was an old friend of Uncle Jesse, who had risen from running moonshine with Jesse in the old days, to boss of the county. Jake also had the loyalty of Sheriff Rosco Coltrane, although this bond wasn't as close as it was in the TV series.

Burt Reynolds played Boss Hogg in The Dukes of Hazzard (2005), the big-screen remake of the TV series. This version of Boss was far more serious and wily than his TV counterpart. Although it was indicated that this Boss Hogg enjoyed fine cuisine and had a slightly enlarged belly, he was not the overweight glutton of the television series.

Chris McDonald played Boss Hogg in The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (2007). Much like Reynolds' portrayal, Hogg was not overweight as his TV series version was, although he was decidedly taller (McDonald is 6'3", nine inches taller than Booke was).

Video games
Boss Hogg appears in the game The Dukes of Hazzard: Racing for Home, voiced by Wayne Powers.

Cartoon
Boss, voiced by Sorrell Booke, appeared in The Dukes. This cartoon lasted for two seasons, both in 1983, for a total of 20 episodes.

Television
A drunken hallucination Boss Hogg appears to Dee Reynolds in It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 10, Episode 1, "The Gang Beats Boggs". He was played by American actor Jerry Hauck.

Reception and legacy
He has been described as a "stereotypical corrupt public figure". Writing in 2017, Lexye L. Schockley saw in Boss Hogg, although fictional and "exaggerated on all fronts", the image of a flawed local leader who abuses his unchecked power, who have been and still are not uncommon in small-town politics. S. Robert Lichter et al. characterized Boss Hogg as the "blustery county commissioner and machine-style political boss" of his rural area, and saw in the figure a typical example of a "trend was toward casting foolish or bumbling politicians in humorous roles" in American television in the 1980s. Boss Hogg has also been described as a stereotypical "Southerner", but in contrast to the "sly Duke boys", focusing on the negative traits of bigotry and stupidity.

Boss Hogg's initials "J. D." inspired part of the name of J D Wetherspoon, a pub chain with locations around the United Kingdom and Ireland.

title: Boss Hogg


text:
Lomatogonium

Lomatogonium is a genus of 18 species in the family Gentianaceae, found in cool temperate to subarctic regions of Asia, with two species (L. carinthiacum, L. rotatum) also in Europe and one species (L. rotatum) also in North America. By far the highest diversity is in China, with 16 species.

They are annual or perennial plants, growing to 5–15 cm tall, with a basal rosette of 2–3 cm long leaves, and sometimes secondary whorls of smaller leaves on the flower stems. The flowers are 2 cm across, with the five white to pale blue petals joined at the base.

 * Species
 * Lomatogonium bellum
 * Lomatogonium brachyantherum
 * Lomatogonium carinthiacum
 * Lomatogonium chilaiensis
 * Lomatogonium chumbicum
 * Lomatogonium cuneifolium
 * Lomatogonium forrestii
 * Lomatogonium gamosepalum
 * Lomatogonium lijiangense
 * Lomatogonium longifolium
 * Lomatogonium macranthum
 * Lomatogonium micranthum
 * Lomatogonium oreocharis
 * Lomatogonium perenne
 * Lomatogonium rotatum
 * Lomatogonium sichuanense
 * Lomatogonium sikkimense
 * Lomatogonium stapfii
 * Lomatogonium zhongdianense

title: Lomatogonium


text:
Talk:Home Away from Homer

Untitled
Hey, does anyone have a source regarding the idea that Kosovo Autumn was a reference to the Croatian Spring? If so, could you email me @ mhood1@umbc.edu

Thanks,

Matt

Was it Kosovo, or Albania? -Litefantastic 16:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Kosovo, the language was Albanian. Usrnme h8er 09:38, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

It was Kosovo, but the language was not Albanian, nor any of the languages used in Kosovo. Actually Marge's saying fits this language, it was a "gibby gabby" language, but not Albanian. I think one should fix that in the main text. I am from Kosovo myself, I can recognize my language. :) Thank you! Artan79 10:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * actually I watched the episode again recently, and out of all words I could recognize two words being in a very bad accented Albanian :))) maybe you should keep it then. Artan79 09:57, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

---

Ned's favourite food isn't soggy bread, all he says is that he prefers it to both types of peanut butter. Be26

Do we really need a "citation required" tag for the fact that Homer stole the church organ? Seriously? I'm removing it, LOL. Vasu619 (talk) 12:04, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Katya or Katja?
Currently the article spells this name two different ways. Anyone know what it should be? Pelago (talk) 22:23, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Home Away from Homer


text:
Islamic Society of North America

The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is a non-profit Muslim religious organization based in the United States and serving North America. It provides a number of programs and services to North America's Muslim communities and broader societies. ISNA holds an annual convention that is generally regarded as the largest regulated gathering of Muslims in the United States. It is headquartered in Plainfield, Indiana.

Founding
ISNA traces its origins to a meeting of a group of international students at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1963, during which the Muslim Students Association was formed. ISNA regards the MSA's 1963 convention at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign as its first one.

Headquarters
In 1963, the MSA invited Pakistani-Canadian architect Dr. Gulzar Haider to design a headquarters mosque for the Plainfield society. Haider "eschewed minarets, domes and other hallmarks of Islamic architecture to focus on geometry." In 1981, the mosque was completed, featuring "prayer space, a library, and administrative offices." It was in use by the following year.

The present-day ISNA was founded in 1982 through a joint effort of four organizations: The Muslim Students Association of the US and Canada (The MSA), Islamic Medical Association (IMA), the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS), and the Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers (AMSE) - to create a community-oriented organization due to the changing nature of the growing Muslim community. Many of the leaders of these four founding organizations took on roles in the newly formed ISNA. In 1983, ISNA's multi-million dollar headquarters was completed in Plainfield, Indiana, using funds raised in part from international sources.

Structure
ISNA is composed of a General Assembly, Board of Directors, Executive Committee, Directorate, Advisory Council, and Committees.

Services
ISNA's vision is "to be an exemplary and unifying Islamic organization in North America that contributes to the betterment of the Muslim community and society at large." ISNA provides a common platform for presenting Islam, supports Muslim communities, develops educational, social and outreach programs, and fosters good relations with other religious communities, and civic and service organizations.

ISNA provides various services for Muslims in North America. Services include annual conventions, education forums, youth programs, chaplain support, scholarships, an award-winning magazine, and more. ISNA also offers individual membership on an annual basis and lifetime basis for sustaining donors.

ISNA's annual convention, typically on the Labor Day weekend in early September, is generally regarded as the largest annual gathering of American Muslims in the United States. The convention is often held in Chicago, Illinois, where it features Islamic lectures, discussions, debates, nasheeds, and Muslim comedy. A notable comedian who has repeatedly performed at ISNA is Azhar Usman. In 2012, the ISNA Convention was held in Washington, D.C. Deputy U.S. Attorney General, Thomas Perez, addressed the 2012 Convention, and other prominent representatives of the White House have attended in the past, including Valerie Jarrett, President Obama's Senior Advisor for Engagement and International Affairs in 2009 and Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson in 2016. Joe Biden also addressed the ISNA convention in 2020, prior to his presidency.

Islamic Horizons is ISNA's bi-monthly publication, which comments on global issues and current events. It also highlights the strides being made by American Muslims in various fields.

On August 30, 2013, Tahera Ahmad became the first woman to open an ISNA convention with a recitation of the Quran, which she did at the 50th Annual ISNA Convention in front of a mixed-gender audience.

Interfaith dialogue

In 2007, ISNA invited Eric Yoffie, an American rabbi and the president of the Union for Reform Judaism, to speak before the organization's 44th annual meeting, where Yoffie denounced Islamophobia and called for Jews and Muslims to unite in pursuit of a two-state solution to bring an end to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Earlier, ISNA had condemned Hamas and Hezbollah for terrorism and endorsed the two-state solution as well, which were "key factors" in Yoffie's decision to engage with ISNA. Yoffie's speech drew frequent applause and a standing ovation from the crowd. David Harris, the executive director of the American Jewish Committee, criticized Yoffie as the voice of a "discredited group eager for mainstream recognition."

In 2009, ISNA invited Rick Warren, an American pastor, to address the annual convention. Rabbis and evangelical and Catholic figures were also present.

ISNA has also engaged with the U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.

In 2016, ISNA and the American Jewish Committee formed the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council to address the rising rates of antisemitism and Islamophobia across the United States.

Alleged ties to extremists
Former U.S. Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ) said that the Islamic Society of North America is "accused of ties to Islamic extremists." Investigative journalist Steven Emerson accused ISNA of ties to terrorism and argued that ISNA is not as moderate as some "would like to believe." Others, such as rabbi Marc Schneier, argue ISNA and other Islamic groups are too often condemned because of "extreme outliers."

Allegations of terrorism financing (2003–2007)
ISNA was one of a number of Muslim groups investigated by US law enforcement for possible terrorist connections. Its tax records were requested in December 2003 by the Senate Finance Committee. However, the committee's investigation concluded in November 2005 having found no evidence of ties to terrorists. Committee chairman Charles Grassley said, "We did not find anything alarming enough that required additional follow-up beyond what law enforcement is already doing."

In the 2007 Holy Land Foundation terrorist financing case, the United States Department of Justice named ISNA, along with Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), the North American Islamic Trust (NAIT), as an unindicted co-conspirator and one of a number of "entities who are and/or were members of the US Muslim Brotherhood." ISNA, along with NAIT and CAIR, filed motions seeking to be removed from the UCC listing, and the District Judge found that the government had violated the organizations' rights by publicly listing them as Unindicted Co-Conspirators. However, the judge did not remove ISNA from the list, ruling that prosecutors provided “ample evidence to establish the association” of ISNA to Hamas.

Other controversies
In his testimony before the US Senate in October 2003, Michael Waller referred to ISNA as a Saudi-supported organization, noted that it "certifies Wahhabi-trained chaplains" for U.S. prisons, and argued that it sought to impose "Wahhabi religious conformity" on the American Muslim community.

Warith Deen Umar, an imam from New York and a speaker at the 2009 ISNA national convention, asserted that the Jews were to blame for the Holocaust, stating: "They were punished for a reason, because they were serially disobedient to Allah." He further went on to claim, in light of the endorsement by American president Barack Obama of two Jewish men for official positions at the White House, that Jews "control the world." Umar had also previously referred to the September 11 hijackers as "martyrs" and published a book titled "Judaiology" discussing the "inordinacy of Jewish power" and stating that Jews "play mind games" to deceive non-Jews. In response to his comments, ISNA president Ingrid Mattison stated: "We would like to set the record straight and state our complete rejection of all prejudicial views and bigoted stances toward the Jewish community and any other community of faith."

At the July 2017 annual convention of ISNA, representatives from "Muslims for Progressive Values" and Human Rights Campaign (LGBT civil rights groups) were asked to shut down their booth and leave, given "that the convention was a religious, private, and family-oriented event."

title: Islamic Society of North America


text:
File:MagneticFields-Charm.jpg

Licensing
Cover of The Charm of the Highway Strip by The Magnetic Fields

title: File:MagneticFields-Charm.jpg