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Alberta Highway 3

Alberta Provincial Highway No. 3, commonly referred to as Highway 3 and officially named the Crowsnest Highway, is a 324 km highway that traverses southern Alberta, Canada, running from the Crowsnest Pass through Lethbridge to the Trans-Canada Highway in Medicine Hat. Together with British Columbia Highway 3 which begins in Hope, it forms an interprovincial route that serves as an alternate to the Trans-Canada from the Lower Mainland to the Canadian Prairies.

Highway 3 begins as a two-lane continuation of BC Highway 3 in the Canadian Rockies at Crowsnest Pass, winding through the foothills to a junction with Highway 2 west of Fort Macleod. Briefly concurrent with Highway 2, it becomes a divided highway and part of Alberta's "Export Highway", a segment of the CANAMEX Corridor that stretches from Alaska to Mexico. In Lethbridge it is an expressway named Crowsnest Trail that crosses the Oldman River and meets the northern termini of Highways 4 and 5; the former is a major route that assumes the designation of the Export Highway, connecting to Interstate 15 in Montana, while the latter branches southwest to Magrath and Cardston. Leaving Lethbridge, Highway 3 passes through Coaldale and Taber before reverting to a two-lane highway that ends at Highway 1 in Medicine Hat.

For its entire length, Highway 3 follows the alignment of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was first a rough dirt road known as the Red Trail plotted in the early 1900s. Later numbered as Highway No. 3, it was designated as a southern branch of the former Trans-Canada Highway by the 1920s and improved to gravel then eventually paved, widened with shoulders, and upgraded to an expressway in sections. The Trans-Canada was officially routed through Calgary in the 1960s, but Highway 3 remained an important alternate route to the west coast and was incorporated into the National Highway System in 1988. Twinning of the first segment between Lethbridge and Coaldale had been completed by the mid-1960s, and it was officially named the Crowsnest Highway in the late 1970s. A major expressway realignment along Crowsnest Trail in central Lethbridge was completed in the 1980s, and twinning of the Fort Macleod–Lethbridge segment was completed in the mid-1990s.

Alberta Transportation has long-term plans to upgrade the entire route to a freeway; the work will include twinning west of Fort Macleod and east of Taber, and an eventual elimination of at-grade intersections. Plans have been drafted for a free-flowing bypass of Lethbridge that will realign Highways 3 and 4 to the north and east of the city respectively, and a future Fort Macleod bypass will realign Highway 3 to the south of the town connecting to a newly extended Highway 2. A $150 million project announced in 2021 will twin the highway from Taber to Burdett, with work tentatively planned to begin 2024.

Route description
Highway 3 was designated as one of the original core routes of the National Highway System in 1988, an interprovincial route connecting large population centres. Most of the road is an undivided two-lane highway with a speed limit of 100 kph outside of rural areas. From Fort Macleod to West Lethbridge and from Coaldale to Taber it is a divided highway with a speed limit of 110 kph. Highway 3 is a divided expressway between Fort Macleod and Lethbridge that forms a portion of Alberta's Export Highway, a segment of the CANAMEX Corridor that facilitates the movement of goods between Alaska and Mexico. The Fort Macleod–Lethbridge segment also comprises the westernmost portion of the Red Coat Trail, a historic route advertised as that which was travelled by the North-West Mounted Police in the late 19th century in their quest to bring order and peace to the region.

Crowsnest Pass and foothills
British Columbia Highway 3 is a two-lane undivided highway that becomes Alberta Highway 3 at the border in mountainous terrain, paralleling a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It first crosses over to the south side of the railway and passes through the centre of Island Lake on a causeway, part of which is natural terrain. It curves through communities of the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass on the south side of Crowsnest Lake, crossing the Crowsnest River and reaching Highway 40 at Coleman. It continues alongside the railway through Blairmore, again crossing the Crowsnest River and bisecting the community of Frank and the rubble of the Frank Slide, a major landslide that killed more than 70 people in 1903. The highway, the Crowsnest River, and the railway meander east into the Municipal District of Pincher Creek No. 9 and Burmis from which Highway 507 splits south to Beaver Mines and forms an alternate route from the west into Pincher Creek. Highway 3 curves northeast to the hamlet of Lundbreck which it bypasses, and from which Highway 22 begins and runs north. The first of four former alignments of Highway 3 (all of which are now designated as Highway 3A) passes through Lundbreck, splitting from Highway 3 prior to the hamlet and rejoining it 3 km later. East of Lundbreck and Cowley, the highway crosses Castle River to Highways 6 and 785 north of Pincher Creek. It briefly parallels the creek for which the town was named before crossing it and reaching Brocket, and Highway 786 which meets Highway 507 southeast of Pincher Creek. Highway 3 follows the Oldman River to Fort Macleod, approximately 30 km east of Brocket. Just prior to Fort Macleod, the highway enters the Municipal District of Willow Creek No. 26 and Highway 810 splits south to the communities of Ardenville and Glenwood after which Highway 3 widens to a divided highway. It meets Highway 2 at a trumpet interchange, and diverges into a one-way road pair through Fort Macleod at a reduced speed limit of 50 kph, concurrent with Highway 2. Highway 811 turns north from Highway 3 in central Fort Macleod to cross the Oldman River on a historic alignment of Highway 2. At the Fort Macleod Health Centre, Highways 2 and 3 curve southeast to leave the town as the one-way roads rejoin into a divided highway. The concurrency ends as Highway 2 splits south as a two-lane highway to Cardston and the United States border at Carway. Highway 3 bends back to the northeast, now designated as the Red Coat Trail and carrying CANAMEX traffic destined for the primary border crossing on Highway 4 at Coutts.

The divided highway continues northeast from Fort Macleod with a speed limit of 110 kph, paralleling the Oldman River. It curves east to bypass Monarch to the south and crosses the river, entering Lethbridge County. Highway 3 formerly passed through Monarch until the 1990s construction of the bypass; that route is now designated as Highway 3A and meets Highway 23 east of the town which then joins Highway 3 north of the confluence of the Oldman and Belly Rivers. After curving southeast, Highway 509 splits southwest to Stand Off. Highway 3 intersects 51 Avenue, the main access for the town of Coalhurst. Westview Drive splits into West Lethbridge at a partial interchange and for less than one kilometre it forms the third route designated as Highway 3A. Highway 3 continues east, entering the city of Lethbridge as a freeway and meeting Highway 25/University Drive at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Highway 25 runs north to Picture Butte, while University Drive connects to the University of Lethbridge and is the main thoroughfare of West Lethbridge.

Lethbridge and southeastern Alberta
Highway 3 is named Crowsnest Trail in Lethbridge. Immediately east of Highway 25 it descends into the Oldman River valley, entering city limits near a trumpet interchange at Bridge Drive. It then crosses the river as the speed limit reduces to 80 kph. The highway interchanges with 5 Avenue N and Scenic Drive in north Lethbridge. It passes north of Park Place Mall to a diamond interchange at Stafford Drive. The freeway passes over 13 Street, to which access is provided only from the westbound direction. The freeway section ends at an interchange with Mayor Magrath Drive, the northern terminus of Highway 5. Crowsnest Trail continues east as an expressway past several at-grade intersections to 43 Street, a busy thoroughfare on the eastern city limit of Lethbridge and the northern end of Highway 4. The Red Coat Trail and CANAMEX Corridor follow Highway 4 south out of Lethbridge, while a divided Highway 3 continues east to Coaldale with a speed limit of 100 kph, unlike the section west of Lethbridge which has a posted limit of 110 km/h.

The Crowsnest Highway bisects Coaldale, intersecting Highway 845 in the centre of town. The speed limit returns to 110 km/h as the divided highway continues northeast, then due east into the Municipal District of Taber. It bypasses Barnwell to the south, while the final former alignment designated as Highway 3A bisects the town. At the west end of the town of Taber, Highway 864 splits north to Vauxhall. Highway 36 then splits south to its southern end at Warner, while Highway 3 continues through the centre of Taber concurrent with Highway 36 until a signalized intersection at the east end of town where the latter splits north to Brooks.

East of Taber, the divided highway ends and the two-lane road continues east across the prairies of southern Alberta past the hamlets of Purple Springs and Grassy Lake into County of Forty Mile No. 8. After Burdett it crosses Highway 879 to the town of Bow Island. Before Seven Persons, the highway enters Cypress County and intersects Highway 887 as it veers northeast to enter the city of Medicine Hat from the southwest. It becomes a divided expressway called Gershaw Drive SW that passes north of the Medicine Hat Airport before ending at the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1). Gershaw Drive continues into downtown Medicine Hat as Highway 41A.

Early years
Many major highways in Alberta are predated by historic railway lines for significant portions of their length, including Highways 1, 2, 4, and 12 through 16. The inception of the trail that would become Highway 3 was similar, with the 1898 completion of a main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway spurring development in the Crowsnest Pass region. The railway connected Kootenay Landing near Creston, British Columbia to Lethbridge and was the primary method of transport until a rapid increase of private automobile use in the early 20th century. In 1926, major highways in Alberta began receiving numbers; previously all routes had been identified by coloured bands tied to telephone poles. The Red Trail officially became Highway 3 in 1932.

Inception
Highway 3 has existed in Alberta on generally the same alignment since the 1910s, with only relatively minor changes made to a rough road called the Red Trail that had been carved from Medicine Hat to Crowsnest Pass. Difficult terrain on the south shore of Crowsnest Lake was a major obstacle in connecting the road to the British Columbia border. On April 29, 1903, a major rockslide buried the town of Frank and killed dozens, blocking the existing Red Trail. Work immediately began to clear the railway of debris, but a new trail north of the slide was created, connecting Frank and Bellevue. By 1906, a road had been carved through the rock to the south of the railway, replacing the temporary trail. A formal opening of the highway was held on October 8, 1917 in Blairmore. Officials had aimed for the ceremony to be held in September, but final work on the road had been delayed by the Canadian Pacific Railway who were unhappy with the location at which the highway crossed the railroad, causing the originally surveyed route to be altered. Minister of Public Works Charles Stewart had travelled from Edmonton for the event and stated that the highway was "the only natural route" for a trans-Canada highway, and would be in better condition if not for the difficult economic times. Canada was embroiled in World War I which ended in 1918, and gravelling of the highway began in the following years.

Gravelling and upgrades
Traffic in Alberta had always driven on the right, but British Columbia (BC) had driven on the left until 1921. The switch eliminated confusion that had been occurring on the road in the vicinity of the provincial border when traffic had to switch from one side of the road to the other. The desire for a trans-Canada route that incorporated the Red Trail continued into the 1920s with the formation of the Trans-Canada Red Trail Association. Its president, Dr. O.F. Fansett, advocated for the road to be signed as "The Trans-Canada Red Trail" in addition to the existing red markings, and for the route be improved to an all-weather highway. By the late 1920s, the Red Trail remained a dirt road between Medicine Hat and Taber, but work began on gravelling the Lethbridge to Macleod section in late 1928 and was completed in January 1929. Crews then moved west and began gravelling between Pincher Station and Macleod. The mountain pass into BC was not open during the winter, nor was the dirt section between Taber and Medicine Hat that had not yet been gravelled. By 1928, the highway was envisioned to be part of a trans-Canada trail that stretched from Vancouver to Halifax. A 1929 map of major highways published by the Alberta Development Board listed Highway 3 as part of a southern branch of the Trans-Canada Highway that ran from Medicine Hat to Vancouver via Princeton and Spences Bridge in BC. This route included portions of present-day Highways 5A and 8, as construction of a road connecting Princeton and Hope did not begin until 1930. The northern branch connected Medicine Hat to Banff via Calgary. Work was also on-going to upgrade the road east of Lethbridge. In 1927, the Red Trail between Coaldale and Chin was gravelled, and the upgrading continued further east to Taber in 1928. In 1929, delegates from various communities along the route met in Taber to advocate to the provincial government for gravelling of the Red Trail from Taber to Medicine Hat. The Taber to Bow Island section was completed between 1929 and 1931, and a similar meeting was held in Lethbridge in 1931 lobbying for the remainder. The group included local officials, farmers and residents who argued that the Red Trail connected key population centres and irrigation districts in southern Alberta, and was a component of an interprovincial route from Vancouver to Winnipeg. The route was better known by tourists, they claimed, and was the only highway to the west that could economically be kept open year-round. At this time, British Columbia had done work to their portion of the highway allowing it to remain open year-round so it was desirable for Alberta to follow suit. The general sentiment among southern Alberta officials was that the Red Trail was a shorter and preferable route compared to the northern branch of the Trans-Canada through Calgary. Minister of Public Works Oran McPherson in 1934 announced that the section between Bow Island and Medicine Hat would be gravelled, permitting all-weather travel for the entire length of Highway 3. Along with similar work in southern Saskatchewan and the aforementioned British Columbia work, the project created an all-weather connection across the southern prairies. Through the rubble of the Frank Slide, a new route for the highway was carved north of the railway in 1932, and paving of Highway 3 began in August 1939. The first stretch to be completed ran west from the top of the Oldman River valley hill in West Lethbridge near University Drive to Monarch.

The local road now designated as Township Road 7-0 is the historic alignment of Highway 3 across the Castle River west of Pincher Creek and immediately north of the Pincher Creek Airport. From the east, the highway paralleled the railway until Pincher Station at the junction with Highway 6, but then continued due west to cross the river approximately 2.7 km south of the present-day crossing. Highway 3 turned northwest, then west to pass through the south side of Lundbreck on a local road now named Township Road 7-4. West of Lundbreck, the highway briefly paralleled the Crowsnest River before crossing it near Lundbreck Falls. East of Lethbridge, Highway 3 was composed of sections of road that followed a grid system for long stretches, using only roads that ran due east or due north. Exiting Lethbridge, it followed a road now designated as Highway 512 to Coaldale, then turned north into Coaldale where it turned east. South of Tempest, it turned back north, then east near the hamlet of Chin. After following the vast majority of the present-day alignment alongside the railway to Seven Persons, it diverged from the railway and curved northeast into Medicine Hat.

1950–1970
In 1957, Lethbridge council met to discuss the expansion of Highway 3 between Lethbridge and Coaldale to a divided highway. Highway Minister Gordon Taylor in 1958 confirmed that Alberta would complete the project in the "near future" but did not have a definite timeline. Coaldale voiced opposition to an upgraded highway bypassing the town, fearing economic losses as traffic would be diverted away from the town. Citing safety and efficiency for motorists, Taylor stated that the province would prefer for major highways to not travel through towns, but extra mileage would not be created to accomplish this. Twinning work had been completed by the mid-1960s, and the divided highway bisected Coaldale. Work began in 1963 to upgrade the highway between Coaldale and Barnwell so it could carry loads up to 72000 lb. E.C. Lonsdale, the chairman of the Lethbridge Chamber of Commerce, stated that the region was at an economic disadvantage until the upgrade was completed. The final alignment for the upgraded highway through Barnwell had been confirmed by March 1966 with construction beginning shortly thereafter.

In 1965, the Chamber pressed Taylor for further upgrades to the highway, including safety improvements to intersections and the construction of adequate shoulders. Taylor stated that the province was doing its best to improve the road, but funds were being spread among other important highway projects in the province. "Meanwhile, you must not forget you have a completely black topped road here, one that is equal to the best roads in some of the other provinces and the United States," Taylor said. Nevertheless, the Chamber was still concerned about the condition of the road, particularly in the Crowsnest Pass region where mountainous terrain and steep grades were making upgrades difficult. There was also concern about the diversion of traffic from Highway 3 to the Trans-Canada Highway, which would have a negative effect on the economies of southern Alberta municipalities.

Highway 3 underwent major realignment in the Lethbridge area beginning in 1966. The existing route along Westside Drive and Bridge Drive was to be replaced by a new four-lane expressway to the north, requiring new bridges over the CPR tracks and an interchange at Highway 25. Most of the interchange was built in 1966, but construction of the bridge carrying Highway 25 over the new Highway 3 lagged behind and opened the following year. The twin bridges carrying the new Highway 3 over the CPR tracks west of Lethbridge also opened in 1967, as did a trumpet interchange further east at Bridge Drive on the west bank of the Oldman River. The existing two-lane bridge over the Oldman River that had been constructed in 1946 was widened to four lanes, and a partial interchange at 5 Avenue N built by 1968 completed the realignment. Highway 3 was now twinned from Monarch to Coaldale.

In Medicine Hat, plans were presented to city council for an expressway upgrade to the Trans-Canada Highway in September 1968. The upgrade would include the construction of a diamond interchange at the existing intersection with Gershaw Drive (Highway 3) and the widening of Gershaw to a four-lane road. The interchange had been constructed by summer 1976, delayed several weeks by unstable terrain necessitating steel beams to supplement the concrete piles for the bridge.

Planning began in 1970 to establish a 4-lane corridor for Highway 3 near Crowsnest Pass. A route north of Coleman was first selected, later changed to the south in 1973 to avoid developed residential areas on the north side of Coleman. By the end of the decade, both the province and local municipality had endorsed the route. In the mid-1980s, the municipality asked the province to reconsider a route further to the north of Coleman, but it was deemed to be at an unacceptable grade. The alignment to the south of Coleman and Sentinel planned in the 1970s remains the preferred option for future upgrading.

Crowsnest Highway
Reconstruction of Highway 3 to a modern standard with shoulders continued in the 1970s. A 21.7 km segment from Medicine Hat to west of Severn Persons was completed in 1973, with grading for another 21.7 km west of Seven Persons done in 1974. Several local Social Credit Party Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) expressed dissatisfaction with the rate at which the work was progressing and the reasoning given by Highways Minister Clarence Copithorne. He cited a labour shortage and the fact that provincial funds were being spread across multiple projects, and also the fact that drivers should not be subjected to overly lengthy construction zones. The MLAs disagreed, saying that Alberta's oil and gas revenue should be enough to expedite Highway 3 work, and that their constituents preferred for the work to be done sooner even if it meant longer stretches of the road would be under construction at a given time.

A group of southern Albertans called the Crowsnest Highway 3 Association met annually in the 1970s with the intent of promoting the highway and advocating to the provincial government for improvements. The group included local officials and residents who advertised Highway 3 as a rival to the Trans-Canada Highway and a more scenic route between the prairies and the west coast. Their efforts proved worthwhile; to attract travellers who might better identify with a route that has only one name, Alberta officially renamed Highway 3 as "Crowsnest Highway 3" in 1977 with British Columbia following suit for their portion through to Hope. Members of the Association collaborated with the government on new highway shields, a sign that denotes the designated number of the highway. They began to appear in both provinces by the end of the decade. British Columbia had its own shield and in Alberta two versions of the shield were initially erected; a white number 3 on a crow background within the shield, and a more standard Alberta highway shield with the usual black number on a white background, but with a crow perched on top peering down at the number. The first variant prevailed and remains unchanged through the 2010s. Long-term planning for a Highway 3 expressway was on-going near the end of the decade, with minor changes to the two-lane route near the BC border in the late 1970s.

At their 1979 meeting in Lethbridge, the Association pushed for wider recognition and advertisement of the Crowsnest route in tourism offices across Canada, and also hoped for the Crowsnest moniker to be expanded to include the Trans-Canada Highway from Medicine Hat to the Saskatchewan border. They would later create a 16-page brochure that highlighted points of interest along the Crowsnest Highway en route to Expo 86, a world's fair held in Vancouver in October 1986, again presenting it as a better alternative to the Trans-Canada Highway. In 1979, a group similarly lobbied for a named highway across the southern prairies including Alberta Highway 501 and Saskatchewan Highway 13. The Crowsnest efforts were used as an example of the traffic that could be brought to a route when it has a cohesive name.

Lethbridge realignment
Prior to construction of the Crowsnest Trail expressway in Lethbridge, the highway crossed the Oldman River then curved south underneath the High Level Bridge, following portions of 1 Avenue and 3 Avenue downtown. After several years of planning, a $50 million realignment of Highway 3 through the centre of the city was presented to city council by Calgary engineers in September 1981, receiving favourable comments. The new corridor was designated as one of several "Major Continuous Corridors" in the province. It involved the construction of a new four-lane expressway from 43 Street to the existing Highway 3 on the east bank of the Oldman River between North and West Lethbridge, and new interchanges at 5 Avenue N and Scenic Drive. The relocation of a Canadian Pacific Railway yard from downtown Lethbridge was required; it was moved to Kipp, west of Coalhurst. Construction was estimated to be completed by 1985, with the province paying for 90% of the project and the city covering the remaining 10%. Land acquisition was to cost between $2 and $12 million. Work began in 1983 and was completed in 1986. Interchanges were constructed on Crowsnest Trail at Stafford Drive, 13 Street and Mayor Magrath Drive at a cost of more than $50 million.

Monarch interchange
Before the four-lane bypass south of Monarch across the Oldman River was constructed, Highway 3 passed through Monarch and crossed the river southwest of the town on a bridge built in 1957. This stretch is now designated as Highway 3A. The interchange at Highway 3A (then Highway 3) and Highway 23 near Monarch was completed in 1984. Highway 23 had been shifted slightly west to eliminate two 90° bends in the route near Nobleford. The new interchange was initially criticized for being confusing, causing many drivers to make wrong turns. Counter-intuitively, traffic continuing westbound through the interchange on Highway 3 exited to the right, passing underneath Highway 23. Southbound traffic on Highway 23 turning west onto Highway 3 had to turn left across the westbound lanes to access the aforementioned single lane ramp. Macleod MLA LeRoy Fjordbotten promised improved signage and lighting for the interchange in early 1984. Fort Macleod Mayor Wes Olmstead was concerned that the interchange, along with upgrades of Highways 519 and 520, encouraged northbound traffic to use Highway 23 instead of continuing west to his community and using Highway 2. The towns of Pincher Creek and Nanton had similar concerns about the diversion of traffic caused by the new interchange. Transport Minister Henry Kroeger disagreed and thought the concerns were unwarranted; of Fort Macleod, he stated, "the town won't disappear as a result of the interchange." Alberta had long-term plans for Highway 23 to be twinned, and for the Monarch interchange to be expanded to a partial cloverleaf. The possibility of a southern Monarch bypass had already been identified by the mid-1980s.

An announcement for the construction of passing lanes on the two-lane Highway 3 between Monarch and Fort Macleod came in 1985, though Fort Macleod Mayor Olmstead stated the project was simply delaying the inevitable twinning that would be required for the route. He remained concerned about the loss of traffic to his community caused by the Monarch interchange, and was confident that twinning of Highways 2 and 3 would offset the loss. Twinning of both routes continued in the late 1980s.

Export Highway and east twinning
A bypass of Blairmore was completed in October 1983 after more than a year of construction. The highway was formerly routed down Main Street of the community (20 Avenue) at a reduced speed limit. At the east end of Blairmore, a new bridge over the Crowsnest River was constructed, and the highway curves north around the community before rejoining the existing alignment west of the town. The $3.9 million project was estimated to save almost 15 minutes of driving time through Blairmore. Alberta Transportation estimated that work on a Coleman bypass would likely proceed within five years, but this did not come to fruition.

In 1989, Alberta announced plans to twin the entire length of the Export Highway, a name given to the southern portion of Alberta's north–south trade corridor that includes Highway 2 from Calgary to Fort Macleod, Highway 3 between Fort Macleod and Lethbridge, and the entire length of Highway 4 from Lethbridge to the United States border. The plan was for Highway 2 to be twinned first, followed by Highway 3 then 4. Highway 3 required twinning only from Fort Macleod to Monarch, as the remainder to Lethbridge had already been completed. Work included the construction of two new steel bridges over the Oldman River in 1996 which formed a bypass to the south of Monarch. The former alignment of the highway through Monarch was re-designated as Highway 3A, relegating the previously controversial interchange at Highway 23 to service of local Monarch traffic. Travellers continuing west on Highway 3 toward Fort Macleod from Lethbridge no longer had to exit the highway and reduce their speed to navigate a single lane ramp, and were not at risk of missing the exit and accidentally proceeding north on Highway 23 toward Vulcan. Twinning on Highway 3 west of Monarch continued into 1997 and was completed at a cost of $31 million.

Though Alberta had prioritized the Export Highway, twinning work was also progressing east of Coaldale in the mid-1990s. Alberta Transportation minister Steve West announced in 1995 that Barnwell would not be bypassed, and the twinned highway would instead continue on its existing alignment through the centre of the village at a reduced speed limit. Some members of the community opposed the decision, citing increased vehicular safety of the recommended bypass alignment south of the village, and a safer environment for pedestrians who would not have to cross highway traffic. Representatives from Barnwell acknowledged that bypassing the town might be detrimental to growth of the community. Local MLA Ron Hierath stated that residents who lived north of the old highway were in favour of the bypass being constructed to the south of the town, while residents on the south side preferred the alignment through the centre of the town. Amidst the controversy, the decision was later reversed by West, and the twinned Highway 3 was constructed south of Barnwell with the former alignment designated as Highway 3A. After a slight delay in 1995, twinning continued in 1996 and had been completed to Cranford by the end of 1997, and to Taber by the end of the decade. In 1999, Infrastructure minister Ed Stelmach stated that twinning the remainder of the highway from Taber to Medicine Hat was not a priority, despite pleas from local officials.

Future
Alberta Transportation has long-term plans to upgrade the entire length of Highway 3 to a freeway, requiring major bypasses of Fort Macleod and Lethbridge. The proposed route for the Lethbridge bypass would split from Highway 3 west of Coalhurst, running north past the town to a new interchange at Highway 25. It would continue east across the Oldman River on new bridges, bypassing Lethbridge to reach a newly extended Highway 4 (temporarily designated as Highway 4X) northeast of Lethbridge. It would rejoin the existing highway east of Chin. A freeway upgrade of Crowsnest Trail was considered, but would require extensive reconstruction and demolition within the corridor through Lethbridge, and twinning of the existing bridge across the Oldman River. The city of Lethbridge expressed their disapproval of this alignment, eliminating it early in the study process. A functional planning study was completed in 2008 to identify the optimal alignment for the Fort Macleod bypass. The preferred alignment has the new Highway 3, temporarily designated as Highway 3X, splitting southeast from the existing Highway 3, west of the intersection with Highway 810. It would meet a newly extended Highway 2 at an interchange southwest of Fort Macleod before continuing to a second interchange with the existing two-lane section of Highway 2 between Fort Macleod and Cardston. Stage 1 of the project would include only the Highway 2 bypass, with the extension to Highway 3 west of Highway 810 completed in Stage 2. A Medicine Hat bypass of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) is also proposed, which would involve the construction of a large interchange with directional flyovers at Highway 3 and the newly realigned Highway 1 southwest of Medicine Hat.

A 2004 study assessed the reduction of accesses to Highways 3 and 36 in Taber as a stopgap measure until a bypass of the town is constructed. Highway 3 currently has a speed limit of 50 kph and seven at-grade intersections in Taber. In April 2008, Alberta Transportation published a study analyzing twinning and potential changes to the alignments of Highways 3 and 6 in the vicinity of Pincher Creek, including the construction of a diamond interchange at Highway 6. Residents who could be affected by the changed routes were consulted as part of the study.

In 2010, a study plotted the routing of a bypass to the north of Seven Persons with plans for a diamond interchange at Highway 887. A 2013 study identified the preferred alignment for a freeway bypass of Burdett and Bow Island, likely to be operated as a divided expressway until the freeway is completed long-term. Both towns would be bypassed to the south, with an interchange constructed at Highway 879.

On July 2, 2020, Jason Kenney announced a $150 million plan to twin a 46 km section of Highway 3 from Taber to Burdett, with construction planned to begin in 2021.

title: Alberta Highway 3


text:
Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom

Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom (Bijeli Brijeg Stadium), also known as HŠK Zrinjski Stadium, is a City of Mostar owned association football stadium, located in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The venue is currently home of HŠK Zrinjski Mostar. Today it has a capacity of 9,000 seats. Currently, its stadium is being renovated, where instead of standing, there will be a modern new tribune for a minimum of 5,000 seats

Location
The stadium is situated in the city's center, in the neighborhood of Bijeli Brijeg, on the west bank of the Neretva river.

History
The stadium was built in 1958 with the public subsidies, and volunteering construction works by all denizens of Mostar, particularly students, and it served as the home ground of Velež Mostar during SFR Yugoslavia era. During the Bosnian War, between 1992 and 1995, and in particular subsequent incitement of Croat-Bosniak hostilities, the city of Mostar was effectively split to two parts, western (Croat) and eastern (Bosniak), divided around the river Neretva and the city boulevard. The stadium sustained heavy damage during the war, while conflicting ideologies and interests were conveyed from the war times into the post-war era, evidenced in continuous and steady political divisiveness in the city of Mostar, among other, in issues of territorial and ownership disputes. Such political ambiance showed in the forced eviction of FK Velež Mostar from its traditional home-ground of stadium Pod Bijelim Brijegom, and subsequent political and public disputes over stadium usurpation by another club, emerging in the city at the beginning of the war in 1992, namely HŠK Zrinjski Mostar, one of three city's ethno-national football organizations banned by the former Yugoslav government immediately after the World War II. From that moment onward stadium serves solely as the home ground of Zrinjski Mostar.

FK Velež Mostar used stadium Pod Bijelim Brijegom from the time it was built until 1992, through the club's glory days, when they emerged triumphant from their campaigns in the 1981 and 1986 Yugoslav Cups competition, and before that when the club also reached the quarter-final stage of the 1974–75 UEFA Cup. People around Velež Mostar club, supporters, as well as aficionados of this cult club around former Yugoslavia, public figures, including number of Croatian intellectuals, continuously advocate for Velež's return to its original stadium, however, so far these calls fall on deaf ears with the city's administration, who often citing political and security issues to continue blocking of Velež's return. The club currently plays at the Rođeni Stadium which was built in 1995.

Importance
Bijeli Brijeg is the fourth largest stadium in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Koševo stadium in Sarajevo. The club HŠK Zrinjski administration changed the stadium name into Stadion HŠK Zrinjski (HSK Zrinjski Stadium) and registered it with the Football Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the club's games under the association's auspices.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom


text: Category:Catholic theology and doctrine

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USS Sigsbee

USS Sigsbee (DD-502), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was a ship of the United States Navy named for Rear Admiral Charles D. Sigsbee (1845–1923).

Construction and service
Sigsbee was laid down on 22 July 1942 by Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Kearny, New Jersey; launched on 7 December 1942; sponsored by Mrs. A. O. Fischer; and commissioned on 23 January 1943.

1943
Sigsbee completed outfitting three weeks later and sailed to Casco Bay, Maine, for 10 days of gunnery and torpedo practice before sailing to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to complete her shakedown. She returned to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York City, for post-shakedown overhaul. Upon completion, the destroyer escorted Birmingham (CL-62) to Norfolk. On 4 April, she escorted two tankers to Casco Bay and returned. Next was an escort trip with Independence (CV-22) and Guest (DD-472) to Trinidad, B.W.I., where the aircraft carrier trained her air group. Upon her return to Norfolk, Sigsbee refueled and with Guest and Earle (DD-635) escorted Lexington (CV-16) to Trinidad arriving on 16 May.

On 8 June, the destroyer was detached from the group and proceeded independently to New York. Sigsbee operated between New York, Casco Bay, and Norfolk until 22 July. On that date, the destroyer, with Harrison (DD-573), Daly (DD-519), and Lexington, stood out of Norfolk en route to Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal. The canal was transited on 27 July, and Sigsbee arrived at Pearl Harbor on 9 August.

In mid-August, Sigsbee joined the task group built around carriers Yorktown (CV-10), Essex (CV-9), and Independence (CVL-22) commanded by Rear Admiral Charles Alan Pownall for raids against Marcus Island in which considerable damage was done to enemy installations. Sigsbee returned to Pearl Harbor on 8 September 1943.

Sigsbee was off Wake Island three weeks later and participated in the bombardment of that island on 5 October.

On 21 October, the destroyer stood out of Pearl Harbor en route to Efate, New Hebrides. She arrived on 5 November and spent the next two weeks in training with transports. On 13 November, Sigsbee sortied with Task Unit 53.1.4 (TU 53.1.4) for the Gilbert Islands. On 22 and 23 November, she bombarded Betio, at Tarawa Atoll. She then returned to Pearl Harbor on 14 December for a yard availability period.

1944
On 22 January 1944, Sigsbee sailed out of Pearl Harbor with Task Force 52 (TF 52) to participate in the assault and capture of Kwajalein, Marshall Islands. The destroyer bombarded Ennylabegan Island on the morning of 31 January and, that evening, Sigsbee and Ringgold (DD-500) entered the lagoon to protect American shipping and provide call-fire for troops ashore. The destroyer remained in the Marshall Islands until 1 March when she departed for Efate. Sigsbee sortied from there, on 20 March, with TF 37 to participate in the bombardment of Kavieng, New Ireland.

In April, Sigsbee patrolled the entrance to Humboldt Bay until the 26th when she screened a convoy to Cape Cretin. After patrolling in the Guadalcanal area for several weeks, Sigsbee joined TU 53.1.14 to take part in the Marianas campaign. The destroyer bombarded the Guam beaches during the period 16 to 18 July as well as covering the underwater demolition teams (UDTs) on the beaches. She then joined the picket screen and remained off Guam until 3 August. Sigsbee returned to Humboldt Bay for a month and then joined TF 77, proceeded to Morotai Island, North Moluccas, and provided fire support for the landings on Cape Podangi in mid-September.

Sigsbee returned to Humboldt Bay and was assigned to TF 78. The force sortied on 3 October for the assault and landings on Leyte, P.I., on the 20th. After the invasion of Leyte, the destroyer sailed for San Francisco and an overhaul, arriving there on 15 November 1944. Sigsbee was back in Pearl Harbor on 19 January 1945 and then sailed for Ulithi where she joined TF 58, the Fast Carrier Task Force.

1945
On 16 February, the task force launched air strikes against Japan and Okinawa in support of the landings on Iwo Jima. On 14 March, the fast carriers and Sigsbee again steamed out of Ulithi for air strikes against the Japanese home islands to neutralize the airfields in preparation for the forthcoming assault on Okinawa. The destroyer then joined the radar picket ships off that island and remained there until 14 April. On that date, the destroyer was struck aft of her number five gun by a kamikaze suicide plane. The port engine was knocked out of commission, the starboard engine could only be run at five knots, steering control was lost, and the ship began to take on water. Commander Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon in command of Sigsbee continued to fight his ship and direct anti-aircraft fire, while at the same time directing damage control parties that saved his ship. Twenty-three sailors were killed in the attack.

Sigsbee was towed south to Guam (out of the battle area) where she was sufficiently repaired for the long tow back to Pearl Harbor (via Eniwetok). The destroyer arrived there on 7 June 1945 and had a complete new 60-foot stern installed. Ready for sea again, the ship sailed out of port on 28 September en route to the east coast of the United States. On 22 October, she arrived at Philadelphia. The following week, the ship moved to Charleston to prepare for inactivation.

Post WWII
On 1 May 1946, the destroyer was placed in commission, in reserve. On 31 March 1947, Sigsbee was placed in reserve, out of commission, with the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. On 1 December 1974, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register, and on 31 July 1975 the ship was sold and broken up for scrap.

Awards
Sigsbee was awarded 11 battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Sigsbee


text:
Stanley Copp

Stanley Copp (May 25, 1914 – May 1, 1987) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1953 to 1958.

Copp was born in Winnipeg and educated in North Kildonan, now part of the City of Winnipeg. He first worked as a market gardener and later opened a restaurant in 1959. He was a councillor on the Rural Municipality of North Kildonan from 1945–1954 and later served as Mayor of North Kildonan from 1964-1965.

Copp won the Liberal-Progressive nomination for St. Clements in the spring of 1953, defeating Fred Klym by six votes. He was then elected to the legislature in the 1953 provincial election, defeating an opponent from the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government.

Copp appears to have left the Liberal-Progressives before the 1958 provincial election, and campaigned for re-election as an independent candidate in Brokenhead. He lost, finishing fourth against CCF candidate Edward Schreyer.

After this defeat, Copp became a perennial candidate seeking a return to the assembly. He ran for the assembly again in the 1959 election, but received only 346 votes as an independent candidate in Lac du Bonnet, for a fourth-place finish. The winner was Progressive Conservative Oscar Bjornson.

In the 1966 election, he ran as an Independent Liberal in Brokenhead and received 669 votes, finishing third behind NDP candidate Sam Uskiw. Finally, he campaigned against NDP leader Edward Schreyer in the 1969 election as an independent, and finished a distant fourth with 238 votes.

He died in Winnipeg in 1987.

title: Stanley Copp


text:
Cytherea (actress)

Cytherea is an American pornographic actress and model. She is known for her ability to ejaculate (known as "squirting" in the adult industry) while performing sex acts.

Career
Cytherea took her stage name from the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and music. She originally had a Yahoo! fan group when she was recruited by an agent into the adult industry. Her video career started in 2003, and she has performed in over 350 movies. Her first scene was with Tyce Bune for I've Never Done That Before 14. Elegant Angel produced a series of movies featuring her dubbed as "Squirtwoman". Cytherea performed her first anal scene in the movie Cytherea's Anal Whores in 2006.

In 2005, she received the AVN Best New Starlet Award. She made her feature dancing debut at The Gentlemen's Club in Charlotte, North Carolina, also in that year. Cytherea formed a production company called Cytherea Productions in 2004.

In 2012, Cytherea signed with Ideal Image Management for representation, returning to performing after a brief stint in 2010–11 after a nearly four-year hiatus.

In 2014, Cytherea announced her intentions to crowdfund her return to the adult industry. She stated that since retiring from the industry in 2005, she has been a stay-at-home-mother to her two children. She also stated that she has had plastic surgery done in order to prepare herself for her return.

Appearances
She has appeared on cable television shows, most notably the HBO/Cinemax series Sex Games: Vegas, Playboy TV's Night Calls and has been a guest on the Tom Leykis Show and The Howard Stern Show.

Cytherea also hosted an industry talk and interview radio show on KSEX in Los Angeles, California called Goddess of Gush. According to her website, the show was cancelled in 2006 and Cytherea has toured as a feature dancer in the past.

She has also had minor roles in a variety of movies such as the thriller Tumbling After and the comedy film Finishing the Game: The Search for a New Bruce Lee, both in 2007, and the cable television series Sex Games Vegas in 2005.

Personal life
Cytherea was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. She is a former Mormon.

Cytherea's house was invaded and robbed in January 2015, which involved a sexual assault by three armed men. Police believed the house was selected at random. Cytherea, her husband, and her two children were all home at the time.

She was married to Timothy Hale. Hale died at the age of 52 on November 2, 2016.

title: Cytherea (actress)


text: User talk:69.199.248.156

title: User talk:69.199.248.156


text: User talk:81.79.226.136

title: User talk:81.79.226.136


text:
User talk:Littlecure

JFW | T@lk  20:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

PS Please familiarise yourself with the Manual of Style. Your edits to infertility are factually correct but I had to perform a lot of formatting. Also I doubt the necessity of Image:Motherbaby.jpg on a page that is about mothers without babies.

 * I hope you don't mind I removed most of the images, and the text about endometriosis. The images, and the text, pertained to subpages. You are completely free to add them to endometriosis (although most of the info will already be there). Could you expand on the cost aspect of infertility? You have not mentioned the hormonal assays, insulin resistance screen for PCOS and laparoscopy.

Image Tagging Image:ARTOverview.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:ARTOverview.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 16:36, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Assisted hatching.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Assisted hatching.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Tawker 05:30, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ICSI.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ICSI.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 00:53, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Littlecure


text: User talk:209.80.235.3

title: User talk:209.80.235.3


text:
User talk:Tkelly7

Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikipedia, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice, provided that it is appropriate.
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you.
 * The ability to start new pages.
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to edit semi-protected pages.
 * The ability to upload images.
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website.
 * The eligibility to become an administrator.
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope you enjoy your time here on Wikipedia and that you choose to become a Wikipedian by  [ creating an account] . Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, you should sign your name to your posts and comments with ~~~~.

Thanks for your work on Karel Kramar. Pavel Vozenilek 20:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tkelly7


text:
Audenshaw Reservoirs

The Audenshaw Reservoirs were constructed between 1877 and 1882 by Manchester Corporation. They are located between Audenshaw and Denton, in Greater Manchester, England. Their construction was overseen by John Frederick Bateman. Part of the village of Audenshaw was demolished to make way for the three reservoirs. Also destroyed to allow their construction was a section of Nico Ditch.

Description
The three reservoirs – Audenshaw No.1, Audenshaw No. 2, and Audenshaw No. 3 – originally covered an area of 101.5 ha, and had a total capacity of 5500 m3. Reservoir number 3 was partly filled in during the 1990s, to make way for the M60 motorway.

The reservoirs are currently maintained by United Utilities plc and are not open to the general public. However, it is possible to obtain a permit to visit the reservoirs for leisure use. More recently, the reservoirs have been fenced off to the public, in preparation for the creation of a sailing club on the water.

title: Audenshaw Reservoirs


text: User talk:69.196.160.8

title: User talk:69.196.160.8


text:
Talk:2–3–4 tree

isomorphism to red-black trees
The article currently says that "red-black trees are isomorphic to 2-3-4 trees" and "for every 2-3-4 tree there exists at least one and at most one equivalent red-black tree". But I'm pretty sure this is wrong; for example, consider the 2-3-4 tree consisting of a single 3-node, with values 0 and 1. Aren't there _two_ different ways to represent this as a red-black tree? KyeShi (talk) 23:22, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article was wrong and seems to have arrived in that state via a series of unfortunate edits, originally speaking of an "isometry" that was then replaced by "isomorphism", with the "at most one" phrase added later. I've gone ahead and fixed the description of the correspondence using the explanation by Sedgewick, and removed the claims about 2-3-4 trees being harder to implement than red-black trees (that as far as I can tell are not in the Sedgewick reference, which is about the difficulty of implementing red-black trees).
 * Noamz (talk) 07:43, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

Move article?
Shouldn't this article be at 2-3-4 tree instead, with the plural linking to the singular? Enochlau 20:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'll put up a request for a page move. —Ghakko 30 June 2005 09:26 (UTC)

Draft
I'm planning to expand the article to include a walkthough of all the 2-3-4 tree operations, a la red-black tree. I'll put the draft-in-progress below for comment. —Ghakko 13:41, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Lookup
To find an element, we look for it in the root; if it's not there, we descend into the child whose interval the element is in and repeat. If we encounter an empty child, the element is not present in the tree.

Insertion
'''Don't mean to be harsh, but this isn't a 2-3-4-tree. Over Christmas I will have a go at improving this.''' '''You don't do this, instead you put the middle element into the node above and point it to the other two elements and 4 children of this node. Only the root node can add a level like this.''' '''You can never actually insert at a 4-node, because it would have been split by the node before. This is trivally wrong as it generates 5-nodes.''' 131.111.8.104 03:40, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Split 4-nodes on way down (splitting root node heightens tree by one).
 * [[Image:2-3-4 tree split.png]]
 * Insertion is at leaf.
 * 2-node leaf insertion (2 cases).
 * [[Image:2-3-4 tree 2-node insertion 1.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 2-node insertion 2.png]]
 * 3-node leaf insertion (3 cases).
 * [[Image:2-3-4 tree 3-node insertion 1.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 3-node insertion 2.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 3-node insertion 3.png]]
 * 4-node leaf insertion (4 cases).
 * [[Image:2-3-4 tree 4-node insertion 1.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 4-node insertion 2.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 4-node insertion 3.png]] [[Image:2-3-4 tree 4-node insertion 4.png]]

Deletion

 * Find node to delete, then find in-order successor if any. (Any 4-nodes encountered should be split first, to reduce the number of special cases.)
 * Delete from successor, heeding the following cases:
 * 3-node? Shrink to 2-node.
 * 2-node at root? Tree becomes empty.
 * 2-node with sibling, sibling is a 3-node? Redistribute.
 * Otherwise? Merge.
 * Merge leaves hole in parent? Recurse, treating parent as new deletee.

Analysis
The height of a 2-3-4 tree with $$n \,\!$$ elements is $$O(\log {n}) \,\!$$.
 * Worst case is a tree of 2-nodes.
 * Suppose the height of the tree is $$h \,\!$$.
 * $$n \geq 1 + 2 + \ldots + 2^{h - 1}$$
 * $$n \geq 2^{h} - 1$$
 * $$\log_2({n + 1}) \geq h$$

 * Best case is a tree of 4-nodes: $$O(\log_4{n}) = \frac{1}2\ O(\log {n}) \,\!$$. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.196.239.127 (talk) 12:57, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Implementation
I was thinking of writing an implementation of a 2-3-4 tree using the object-oriented design pattern. I was considering Python/Java, do any of you think that would be a useful thing to include in this article? —Programmerer 19:12, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:2–3–4 tree


text:
Prince John

Prince John may refer to:

 * John, King of England (1166–1216) known as Prince John during the reigns of his father and older brother
 * Prince John of the United Kingdom (1905–1919), youngest son of King George V
 * John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall (1316–1336), second son of Edward II
 * John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399), third son of Edward III
 * John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (1389–1435), second son of Henry IV
 * Prince Alexander John of Wales (1871), third son and youngest child of Edward VII
 * Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia (1886–1918), great-grandson of Nicholas I of Russia
 * Prince John August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1704–1767), son of Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

Other

 * Nickname of Confederate general John B. Magruder
 * Prince John (horse), champion racehorse

title: Prince John


text: Category:Operas by Jakov Gotovac

title: Category:Operas by Jakov Gotovac


text:
City University of New York Athletic Conference

The City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNY Athletic Conference or CUNYAC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division III. Its member institutions are all located in New York City and are campuses of the City University of New York. The CUNYAC also has a community college division, affiliated with the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA).

NCAA Division III (Senior college division)

 * 1978 - The CUNYAC was founded as the CUNY Athletic Directions Association (CUNYADA). Charter members included Baruch College, Brooklyn College, the City College of New York (CCNY), Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Lehman College, Medgar Evers College, Queens College, the College of Staten Island and York College, effective beginning the 1978–79 academic year.
 * 1980 - Two institutions left the CUNYAC to join their respective new home primary conferences: Brooklyn to join the Division I ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as an NCAA D-I Independent, and Queens to join the NCAA Division II ranks as an NCAA D-II Independent, both effective after the 1979–80 academic year.
 * 1987 - The CUNYADA has been rebranded as the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC), effective in the 1987–88 academic year.
 * 1996 - Brooklyn re-joined back to the CUNYAC, effective in the 1996–97 academic year.
 * 1999 - New York City College of Technology (New York City Tech) joined the senior college ranks of the CUNYAC, effective in the 1999–2000 academic year.
 * 2011 - New York City Tech left the CUNYAC to put its athletic program on hiatus, effective after the 2010–11 academic year.
 * 2015 - The University of Maine at Presque Isle (Maine–Presque Isle or UMPI) joined the CUNYAC as an affiliate member for baseball during the 2016 spring season (2015-16 academic year).
 * 2018 - Maine–Presque Isle (UMPI) left the CUNYAC as an affiliate member for baseball after the 2018 spring season (2017-18 academic year).
 * 2019 - Staten Island left the CUNYAC to join the NCAA Division II ranks and the East Coast Conference (ECC), effective after the 2018–19 academic year.

NJCAA (Community college division)

 * 1987 - The community college division of the CUNYAC was founded. Charter members included Bronx Community College, the Borough of Manhattan Community College, Kingsborough Community College, the New York City College of Technology (New York City Tech) and Queensborough Community College, effective beginning the 1987–88 academic year.
 * 1999 - New York City Tech left the community college division of the CUNYAC to join the Division III ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the senior college division of the CUNYAC, effective after the 1998–99 academic year.
 * 2002 - Hostos Community College joined the community college division of the CUNYAC, effective in the 2002–03 academic year.
 * 2013 - LaGuardia Community College joined the community college division of the CUNYAC, effective in the 2002–03 academic year.
 * 2017 - LaGuardia left the community college division of the CUNYAC to put its athletic program on hiatus, effective after the 2016–17 academic year.
 * 2022 - LaGuardia re-joined the community college division of the CUNYAC, effective in the 2022–23 academic year.

Current members
The senior college division of the CUNYAC currently has eight full members, all are public schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The senior college division of the CUNYAC had three former full members, all were public schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The senior college division of the CUNYAC had one former associate member, which was also a public school:

 * Notes:

Current members
The community college division of the CUNYAC currently has six full members, all are public schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The community college division of the CUNYAC had two former full members, both were public schools:

 * Notes:

NCAA Division III
The CUNYAC sponsors Division III intercollegiate athletic competition in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's soccer, women's softball, men's and women's swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and men's and women's volleyball.

Community college
The CUNYAC sponsors community college (NJCAA) intercollegiate athletic competition in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's soccer, and women's volleyball.


text:
Russell Allen

Russell Allen (born July 19, 1971) is an American singer who is known as the vocalist of the progressive metal band Symphony X. He has also worked with the supergroups Star One, Allen-Lande, Adrenaline Mob, Level 10, and as one of fourteen vocalists in the progressive symphonic metal band Trans-Siberian Orchestra.

Biography
Before his music career began, Allen was a jouster at a Medieval Times Dinner Theater. He was introduced to the band Symphony X by former singer Rod Tyler. Allen has been the lead singer of Symphony X since 1995, releasing eight studio albums and one live album with the band.

His first solo album, Atomic Soul, was released April 25, 2005. As well as singing he also plays the bass when performing songs from Atomic Soul live.

He is referred to in various circles as "Sir Russell Allen", and he is credited as such on Arjen Lucassen's Star One albums, because of a joke that Arjen made regarding Allen's former job as a jouster.

In the summer of 2005 he went on tour with Symphony X on Dave Mustaine's Gigantour alongside such bands as Dream Theater, Megadeth, and Nevermore. The same year, he also made part of a duo melodic rock project with singer Jørn Lande (ex-Masterplan) called Allen/Lande, which has four albums, all released by Frontiers Records.

In addition to being Symphony X vocalist, he is also currently working in another band with guitarist Mike Orlando called Adrenaline Mob.

In November 2013, Allen joined Trans-Siberian Orchestra for their 2013 Fall/Winter tour and performed with the group at the Wacken Open Air 2015. He is also featured in their 2015 studio album Letters from the Labyrinth.

In 2014, a new project was announced, featuring Russell Allen with bassist Mat Sinner and other members of the German band Primal Fear, called Level 10, with an album release slated for January 2015. The release date and the name of the album were revealed in November 2013: it would be titled as Chapter One, to be released on January 23, 2015, in Europe and on January 27, 2014, in North America via Frontiers Music srl.

In 2015, Russell Allen recorded vocals for a new project of Whitesnake and former Night Ranger guitarist Joel Hoekstra called Joel Hoekstra's 13, with an album called Dying to Live, released on October 16. Russell sings lead vocals on half of the songs in the album with background vocals and the other half of lead vocals recorded by Jeff Scott Soto.

In 2020, Russell Allen collaborated with former Nightwish vocalist Anette Olzon on a new a duo melodic rock project under the name Allen/Olzon. Worlds Apart, their debut album, was released on March 6, 2020.

Musical style
Multi-instrumentalist, singer and composer Arjen Lucassen has said the following regarding Russell Allen:

"Russell has a very powerful and versatile voice, and on top of that he is a great musician and performer. Russell was one of the few singers with whom I didn't need to be present during recording, but when on the phone he let me hear the parts he had sung, my eyes filled with tears. Russell thought I was joking, but I was truly moved! At the moment Russell is one of the best singers in the world. And he proved that during the Star One tour."

Allen has worked with Lucassen on various occasions: originally he sang the song "Dawn of a Million Souls" on Ayreon's 2000 album Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator (which also featured a guitar solo by Michael Romeo), and in 2002 he became one of the lead vocalists for Lucassen's project Star One.

Allen has stated in an interview that "Ronnie James Dio is definitely at the top of my list of influences" and also mentioned Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and former Free and Bad Company singer Paul Rodgers as influences.

Discography
Studio albums:
 * Atomic Soul (2005)

Symphony X
Studio albums:
 * The Damnation Game (1995)
 * The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1997)
 * Twilight in Olympus (1998)
 * V – The New Mythology Suite (2000)
 * The Odyssey (2002)
 * Paradise Lost (2007)
 * Iconoclast (2011)
 * Underworld (2015)

Live albums:
 * Live on the Edge of Forever (2001)

Star One
Studio albums:
 * Space Metal (2002)
 * Victims of the Modern Age (2010)
 * Revel in Time (2022)

Live albums:
 * Live on Earth (2003)

Allen/Lande
Studio albums:
 * The Battle (2005)
 * The Revenge (2007)
 * The Showdown (2010)
 * The Great Divide (2014)

Adrenaline Mob
Studio albums:
 * Omertà (2012)
 * Men of Honor (2014)
 * We The People (2017)

EPs:
 * Adrenaline Mob (2011)
 * Covertà (2013)
 * Dearly Departed (2015)

Level 10
Studio albums:
 * Chapter One (2015)

Joel Hoekstra's 13
Studio albums:
 * Dying to Live (2015)
 * Running Games (2021)

Allen/Olzon
Studio albums:
 * Worlds Apart (2020)
 * Army of Dreamers (2022)

title: Russell Allen


text:
Helen Mussallem

Helen Kathleen Mussallem (7 January 1915 – 9 November 2012) was a Canadian nurse, who served in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps during World War II.

Life
Born in Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Solomon and Annie (née Besytt) Mussallem, both of Lebanese descent, Mussallem studied at the School of Nursing, Vancouver General Hospital from 1934 to 1937. Between 1943 and 1946, she served as a surgical nurse and lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps during World War II. In 1947, she attended McGill University, where she received her bachelor's degree in Nursing. She received her Master's of Arts in education from Columbia University Teachers College and was the first Canadian nurse to earn a doctoral degree from Columbia University. From 1963 to 1981, she was executive director of the Canadian Nurses Association. From 1989 to 1991 she was the President of the Victorian Order of Nurses.

Death
Mussallem died in Ottawa at the age of 97 on 9 November 2012.

Honours

 * She was the first nurse outside the United Kingdom to be honoured as a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing.
 * She received the highest award that can be awarded by the International Red Cross, the Florence Nightingale Medal.
 * In 1982, she was appointed Dame of Grace of the Venerable Order of Saint John.
 * In 1969, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1992.
 * In 2006, she was appointed Capilano Herald Extraordinary within the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
 * She received honorary degrees from Memorial University, the University of New Brunswick, Queen's University, McMaster University, the University of British Columbia, and the University of Ottawa.

title: Helen Mussallem


text:
Christian Halldorson

Christian Halldorson (February 27, 1891 – September 18, 1956 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1945 until his death.

Halldorson's parents emigrated from Iceland to Canada four years before his birth. Born in Lundar, Manitoba, Halldorson was educated at the Manitoba Agricultural College, and worked as an insurance agent. During World War I, he served with the 107th Battalion C.E.F. and 3rd Canadian Engineers from February 1915 to May 9, 1919, and was stationed in France from 1917 to 1919. In 1920, he married Lauga Eyolfson. They moved to Ericksdale in 1934 where Halldorson was an insurance agent and also operated a garage. He later was owner and operator of a bus line that ran between Gypsumville and Winnipeg.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1945 provincial election, defeating Eric Stefanson by 258 votes in the St. George constituency. He was re-elected by acclamation in the 1949 election, and easily defeated a Social Credit opponent in 1953. He died three years later, while still a member of the legislature.

Unlike most Liberal-Progressive backbenchers, Halldorson supported the CCF's proposals for pension reform in 1955.

He died in office in Winnipeg at the age of 65.

His sister Salome also served in the provincial assembly 1936-1941.

title: Christian Halldorson


text:
User talk:Paul Schils

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! JesseW 20:38, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image:Conestoga_Wagon.jpg
While it's great that you uploaded this image and took the time to create the work you did, it is necessary for the image to have it's source and licensing listed, using one of the image copyright tags. Untagged images may be deleted, so it's pretty important. JesseW 20:38, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paul Schils


text: Category:Canadian nurses

title: Category:Canadian nurses


text: Category:Operas by Hans Krása

title: Category:Operas by Hans Krása


text:
I. P. Sharp Associates

I. P. Sharp Associates (IPSA) was a major Canadian computer time-sharing, consulting and services firm of the 1970s and 1980s. IPSA is well known for its work on the programming language APL, an early packet switching computer network named IPSANET, and a powerful mainframe computer-based email system named 666 Box, stylized as 666 BOX. It was purchased in 1987 by Reuters Group, which used them until 2005 as a data warehousing center for business data.

History
The company's founders worked as a team at the Toronto division of Ferranti, Ferranti-Packard, which sold many products to the Canadian military and large businesses. The team worked on operating system and compiler design for the company's range of mainframe computers, the Ferranti-Packard 6000. In 1964 Ferranti sold off its computing division to International Computers and Tabulators, which almost immediately closed the Toronto office. Ian Sharp, the chief programmer, founded I. P. Sharp Associates in December 1964 with the other members of the team (Roger Moore, Ted McDorman, Don Smith, David Oldacre, Brian Daly, and James McSherry) and David Butler shortly after.

The firm began with contract programming on IBM System/360 series mainframes, and to some degree took over Ferranti's former military work. It became particularly well used by the Canadian Navy, setting up an office in Ottawa near DND headquarters. Ted McDorman and Jim McSherry were lead players in this. At one point IPSA could claim to have played a part in every computer system onboard Canadian Navy ships.

In the early years, IPSA collaborated with its sister company Scientific Time Sharing Corporation (STSC) of Bethesda, Maryland, USA, each retailing the same services in their respective countries. IPSA and STSC jointly developed their software. Eventually they devised separate product names. They separated as Sharp APL and APL*Plus. Initially, IPSA served STSC's customers from its Toronto datacenter. In 1972, STSC built its own datacenter. Afterward, both firms provided disaster recovery for each other: if one of the datacenters could not function, the other datacenter would accommodate both vendors' users.

Timesharing and IPSANET
IPSA sold time on its mainframes by the minute to customers across Canada, and rapidly developed into a major time sharing service in the 1970s. Long before the Internet, IPSA developed IPSANET to provide cheap telecommunications between the Toronto data center and IPSA clients across North America and Europe. Packet-switching also made their transatlantic links much more usable, since on previous equipment, frequent "line hits" would produce user-visible errors. As the network grew, and as Sharp APL was available on in-house computers, Sharp clients with their own mainframes could join the network, access their own or the Toronto mainframe from anywhere on IPSANET, and transfer data accordingly. The network eventually provided "Network Shared Variables" that allowed programs running on one mainframe to communicate in realtime with programs on another mainframe. This was used for file transfer and email services.

I. P. Sharp Associates offered timesharing users access to a variety of databases, plus sophisticated packages for statistical analysis, forecasting, reporting, and graphing data. Databases included historical stock market time series data, econometric data, and airline data. All of these were available from the 39 MAGIC workspace, an easy-to-use time series, query, and reporting language, which among other things featured integrated high-quality business graphics from Superplot. In 1982, IPSA produced its first printed catalog of all online databases and proceeded to document for its customers the content and use of single databases or sets of databases.

APL implementors
IPSA was heavily involved in the development of the APL language, eventually employing APL's inventor, Ken Iverson, in the early 1980s. Roger Moore, a company co-founder and vice-president, won the 1973 Grace Murray Hopper Award for the development of APL\360 (along with Larry Breed and Dick Lathwell). APL\360 was later greatly enhanced and extended to become Sharp APL, stylized as SHARP APL.

IPSA employed a team of expert APL implementors and contributors at its head office in Toronto: including Ian Sharp, in his role as enabler, Roger Moore, Dick Lathwell, Brian Daly in his role as marketing guy in Ottawa, Bob Bernecky, Leigh O. Clayton, Doug Forkes, Dave Markwick, and Peter Wooster. This group was headed by Eric B. Iverson, Ken Iverson's son. It was affectionately termed the "Zoo" and was well-respected inside and outside the firm. The term "Zoo" is attributed to a visitor from The Establishment who witnessed the long hair, beards, and unconventional dress of some in the team. Sharp APL and APL Plus, and variants, were all based on the XM6 IBM program. Further extensive APL development was done in Toronto and elsewhere.

Later, in the 1980s, a branch office in Palo Alto, California, managed by Paul L. Jackson, made significant contributions to APL and later J. This office included Joey Tuttle, Roland Pesch, and Eugene McDonnell.

666 Box, written in APL, was one of the first commercial email services, known colloquially by its users as the "Sharp Mailbox". The original 666 Box was written by Larry Breed of STSC. It was later rewritten for higher security by a student hacker from Lower Canada College, Leslie H. Goldsmith. Eventually it was extended to support transferring email among multiple domains (mainframes) over the IPSANET.

Rise of the personal computer
The profitable timesharing business started to deteriorate in mid-1982, as some key timesharing clients moved their operations from timesharing to in-house Sharp APL. Around that time, IBM started offering smaller mainframes, such as the IBM 4300 series, which could be leased for less than the cost of using external services. Clients who did not depend on the network were the first to migrate to small mainframes. Initially, the presence of the IBM PC posed little threat to the timesharing industry as the computing power and storage capacity offered by these small machines was insufficient. A major part of Sharp's business was buttressed by database business, which had the beneficial effect of delaying the eventual downslide. STSC started to feel the effects of the deteriorating timesharing market one or two years earlier.

Sharp was active in the field of developing APL interpreters for the IBM PC and other computers. Their IBM PC implementation was based on a software IBM System/370 emulator, written by Roger Moore, which ran the mainframe Sharp APL executable on the PC. This product was only used by users exposed to mainframe Sharp APL, never enjoying the commercial success of STSC's APL*Plus/PC product. Sharp also offered their APL interpreter for PC-XT/370 hardware, essentially an IBM PC/XT with IBM 370 hardware emulation cards, but the PC/370 hardware never caught on. Later, Sharp released the SAX (Sharp APL for Unix) interpreter, based on STSC's APL*Plus UNX interpreter, which was a much more complete implementation of Iverson's APL extensions. As of 2016, SAX is available from Soliton Incorporated.

Reuters purchased I. P. Sharp Associates in 1987, partly for the historic financial data. Ian Sharp continued as president until 1989, when he retired. In 1993, IPSA's APL Software Division was purchased by its employees from Reuters and renamed Soliton. Reuters closed the Toronto facility in 2005.

People
IPSA served an important role as an incubator for entrepreneurs and technologists, including:

 * Bob Bernecky – founded Snake Island Research
 * Clarke Bruce – founded Soliton Inc.
 * Gitte Christensen – founded Insight Systems ApS; CEO of Dyalog Ltd.
 * Lib Gibson – launched Sympatico ISP; CEO of Raft Mobile Systems; CEO of Bell Globemedia Interactive
 * Leslie Goldsmith – founded Affinity Systems
 * Rob Hodgkinson – co-founded Financial Market Software Consultants with Paul Phillips (below)
 * Roger Hui – developed the programming language J with Ken Iverson
 * Hugh Hyndman – founded Affinity Systems
 * Eric Iverson – founded Jsoftware Inc.
 * Rohan Jayasekera – founded the Sympatico Internet service
 * Morten Kromberg – founded Insight Systems ApS; CTO and CXO of Dyalog Ltd.
 * W.H. Lidington – founded Beyond 20/20 Inc.
 * Jane Minett – founded the Sympatico Internet service
 * Roland Pesch – principal at Cygnus Solutions
 * Paul Phillips - co-founded Financial Market Software Consultants with Rob Hodgkinson (above)
 * Richard Proctor – founded APL Borealis Inc.
 * Scott Remborg – founded the Sympatico Internet service
 * Morgan Smyth – founded Braegen Inc.
 * Stephen Taylor – writer, editor, poet, founder of the Iverson College conferences
 * Arthur Whitney – founded Kx Systems; developed the programming languages A+, k, and q

Timeline

 * 1964 – I. P. Sharp Associates formed
 * 1970 – Dominant player in timesharing business
 * 1978 – Arrival of Amdahl V8, high performance IBM 370 alternative
 * 1980 – Sharp APL available as an in-house product
 * 1984 – Sharp APL for the PC available
 * 1987 – Acquisition by Reuters
 * 1993 – Soliton formed
 * 2005 – Reuters closes Toronto facility

title: I. P. Sharp Associates


text: User talk:70.19.59.75

title: User talk:70.19.59.75


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Points of reference

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:27, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Points of reference, Hierarchical Mind, Contextual Mind, and Contextual mind model
Delete. Original research. These are all from Chain, who describes them on his user page as his own theory. -- BD2412 talk 20:41, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * delete all of them as OR Brighterorange 20:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete them all althouth I think you should've created a vfd page for each one. drini ☎ 20:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought of that, but they're quite cross-referential. -- BD2412 talk 21:08, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research.--Fangz 21:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I couldn't make head or tail of that. Oh, and I rather like group nominations in limited cases such as these, it prevents people from having to repeat themselves. Radiant_* 08:10, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:64.66.86.34

title: User talk:64.66.86.34


text:
User talk:Chain~enwiki

Hi, your contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, but until your theories become established scientific models, they will likely not meet the criteria for inclusion in the encyclopedia. You may want to consider moving them to your user page. -- BD2412 talk 20:42, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * There are two major "namespaces" in Wikipedia, the user namespace and the article namespace. Everthing in your User namespace will start with User:Chain or User talk:Chain. You can make articles within your user namespace by creating them (in the search window) at addresses like User:Chain/Article. Also, some editing pointers - bold the name of the article in the article text, but nothing else within it (we use boldface sparingly, so it sticks out); don't put spaces at the beginning of lines (it throws off all the formatting, which is why they're in boxes); use asterisks (*) to make bullet points, and pound signs (#) to make numbered lists; and sign your comments on talk pages by putting four tildes (e.g. ~ ) at the end of them. Happy editing! -- BD2412 talk 21:07, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

Cory, I see a small typo on your front page. I shall fix it; just wanted to let you know. (It links to DHD, when, in fact, it should link to ADHD.-- G ordon W atts D ot C om   05:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chain. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chain~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:53, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chain~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Paul of Tarsus/archive2

Paul of Tarsus
This is the second peer review request for this article. I believe the issues raised by the previous peer review request have been addressed, and would like to nominate this for featured article status. However, the last peer review was a while ago, so I thought it would be prudent to let others take a look at it one more time before I did so.--MikeJ9919 20:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) Old peer review is archived here: Peer review/Paul of Tarsus/archive1
 * I strongly advise putting subheadings within the individual sections, to improve readability, and split up those lengthy sections. --Scimitar 21:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty good. I can't comment too much on the material, since almost all I know is from catechism class, and going to Mass. A few observations though: 1) You have cited and quoted from the Bible, so it would be good to note what version you are using and add it as a reference. 2) I wouldn't know, but are those citations standard? Do we know that (Rom. 11:1, Phil. 3:5) automatically refer to Paul's letters? Even if that is standard it could be made easier to read by explaining it quickly, and linking to a longer explanation if available. 3) The alternative views section needs reorganizing. Maybe subheadings would work or maybe just make it into prose without the numbered bullets. 4) The citations by title (The Mythmaker) seem strange. Is that common? I'm used to (author, year) or footnotes style, but maybe the way you've done it is fine. In any case the Spong citation is the opposite way, so there should be consistency there. All inline citations (including links to web pages like should be made consistent and ideally listed either in the ==References== section if they are used throughout the article, or in a ==Notes== section if they just support one fact. Pick a system from Cite_sources and use it for all the inline citations in the article. There is no consensus on which, but consistency is good. External links if used as sources for the article can be listed as references too. 5) Is the Spong work really notable enough to have a whole paragraph on his views? That quote at least doesn't seem to offer any evidence for the claim. - Taxman Talk 19:56, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since I was the one who originally added the Bible references (& I'm amazed at how much of what I originally wrote is still in the article), I can state that they are the standard abbreviations, per the MLA Handbook. Many revisions back, I tried to spell out the entire title of the reference (e.g. "Rom. 11:1" would become "Romans 11:1"), but it appears that someone changed that.
 * As for the citations by title, I may have responsible for that, since it was the style I used before I noticed a consensus had finally evolved embracing using footnotes. If it is troublesome, then it should be fixed.
 * Lastly, I am a bit troubled at the "Alternative views" section, mostly because it does not seem to provide a proper survey of Alternative view, but rather a scatter-shot collection of writers who have a bone to pick with Paul. But since I don't know the literature, I can't offer constructive suggestions. -- llywrch 18:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
G minor

G minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B♭, C, D, E♭, and F. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative major is B-flat major and its parallel major is G major.

The G natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – G minor
 * Supertonic – A diminished
 * Mediant – B-flat major
 * Subdominant – C minor
 * Dominant – D minor
 * Submediant – E-flat major
 * Subtonic – F major

Mozart's use of G minor
G minor has been considered the key through which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart best expressed sadness and tragedy, and many of his minor key works are in G minor, such as Piano Quartet No. 1 and String Quintet No. 4. Though Mozart touched on various minor keys in his symphonies, G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies (No. 25, and the famous No. 40). In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B♭ alto. Another convention of G minor symphonies observed in Mozart's No. 25 and Mozart's No. 40 was the choice of E-flat major, the subdominant of the relative major B♭, for the slow movement, with other examples including Joseph Haydn's No. 39 and Johann Baptist Wanhal's G minor symphony from before 1771.

Notable works in G minor

 * Arcangelo Corelli
 * Christmas Concerto
 * Henry Purcell
 * "Dido's Lament" from Dido and Aeneas
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 4/6, RV 316a
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 6/1, RV 324
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 6/3, RV 318
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 7/3, RV 326
 * Violin Concerto "Summer" from "The four seasons", Op. 8/2, RV 315
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 8/8, RV 332
 * Flute Concerto La Notte, Op. 10/2, RV 439
 * Oboe Concerto, Op. 11/6, RV 460
 * Georg Philipp Telemann
 * Fantasia for flute solo No. 12
 * Fantasia for viola da gamba solo No. 7
 * Johann Sebastian Bach
 * Violin Sonata No. 1, BWV 1001
 * Great Fantasia and Fugue, BWV 542
 * "Little" Fugue in G minor, BWV 578
 * English Suite No. 3, BWV 808
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Stabat Mater
 * Symphony No. 39
 * Symphony No. 83 "The Hen"
 * String Quartet No. 26, Op. 20, No. 3
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Symphony No. 25
 * Symphony No. 40
 * String Quintet No. 4
 * Piano Quartet No. 1
 * Six Variations on "Hélas, j'ai perdu mon amant"
 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Cello Sonata No. 2, Op. 5, No. 2
 * Piano Sonata No. 19, Op. 49/1
 * Franz Schubert
 * Stabat Mater, D 175
 * String Quartet No. 9, D 173
 * Violin Sonata No. 3, Op. posth. 137/3, D 408
 * Carl Maria von Weber
 * Trio for Piano, Flute and Cello, Op. 63
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 25
 * String Symphony No. 12
 * Frédéric Chopin
 * Piano Trio, Op. 8
 * Ballade No. 1, Op. 23
 * Nocturne, Op. 37, No. 1
 * Prelude "Impatience", Op. 28, No. 22
 * Cello Sonata, Op. 65
 * Polonaise in G minor, Op. posth.
 * Charles-Valentin Alkan
 * Scherzo diabolico, Op. 39, No. 3
 * Esquisses, Op. 63, No. 6 "Les cloches"; No. 26 "Petit air, Genre ancien"
 * Franz Liszt
 * Transcendental Étude No. 6 "Vision"
 * Robert Schumann
 * Symphony in G minor ("Zwickau")
 * Piano Sonata No. 2, Op. 22
 * Piano Trio No. 3, Op. 110
 * Clara Schumann
 * Piano Trio, Op. 17
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Piano Quartet No. 1, Op. 25
 * Rhapsody, Op. 79/2
 * Capriccio, Op. 116/3
 * Ballade, Op. 118/3
 * Hungarian Dance No. 5 (orchestral version)
 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 22
 * Danse macabre, Op. 40
 * Max Bruch
 * Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 26
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * Symphony No. 1, Op. 13
 * Antonín Dvořák
 * Piano Concerto, Op. 33
 * Slavonic Dance No. 8
 * Rondo for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 94
 * Piano Trio No. 2, Op. 26
 * Bagatelles, Op. 47
 * Gabriel Fauré
 * Sicilienne, Op. 78
 * Claude Debussy
 * String Quartet, Op. 10
 * Isaac Albéniz
 * Cataluña, Op. 47, No. 2
 * Gustav Holst
 * Mars, the bringer of war, from the orchestral suite The Planets
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams
 * Mass in G minor
 * Sergei Rachmaninoff
 * Piano Concerto No. 4
 * Prelude in G minor
 * Cello Sonata
 * Sergei Prokofiev
 * Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 16
 * Dmitri Shostakovich
 * Symphony No. 11 The year 1905, Op. 103
 * Piano Quintet, Op. 57

title: G minor


text:
Equal Rights (Latvia)

Equal Rights (ER; Līdztiesība, Равноправие) was a political party in Latvia, mainly supported by the Russian minority.

ER was founded on the basis of the "Equal Rights" faction of the Supreme Soviet as a NGO in 1993. The Equal Rights faction (Равноправие) had been founded in April, 1990, after the 1990 Latvian parliamentary election.

The NGO transformed into a party in 1996. Its leaders were MPs Tatjana Ždanoka and Sergejs Dīmanis. The organization participated in the 1994 municipal election and the 1995 legislative election within the Socialist Party of Latvia list.

In 1998, ER joined with two other predominantly Russian parties, the Latvian Socialist Party and the National Harmony Party to found the alliance For Human Rights in United Latvia (Par Cilvēka Tiesībām Vienotā Latvijā; ForHRUL). The alliance split in 2003, with the National Harmony Party and the Socialist Party abandoning the coalition, leaving the newly founded rump Free Choice in People's Europe (made up of dissident Socialist Party and Harmony Party members, like Yakov Pliner, who opposed the decision to quit the alliance) in the ForHRUL coalition.

From 2001 ER's leader was Tatjana Ždanoka and its chairman was Vladimir Buzayev.

In 2007, the 11th Congress of the party decided to merge it with Free Choice in People's Europe, transforming their block ForHRUL into a unified party. The party failed to win any seats in the 2010 legislative election.

title: Equal Rights (Latvia)


text:
List of WCW World Television Champions

The WCW World Television Championship was a professional wrestling world television championship owned by the now-defunct World Championship Wrestling (WCW) promotion.

The title was introduced on February 27, 1974 in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (MACW), a territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). MACW, also known as Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), was purchased by Turner Broadcasting System in 1988, and subsequently renamed WCW. In March 2001, certain assets of WCW were sold by AOL Time Warner to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). As such these assets, including the rights to the WCW World Television Championship, inactive since April 10, 2000, were now WWF property. Before it was known as the WCW World Television Championship (starting in 1991 and continuing until the title's deactivation), it was known as the NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (1974 to 1977), the NWA Television Championship (1977 to 1985), and the NWA World Television Championship (1985 to 1991).

Being a professional wrestling championship, it was won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. All title changes occurred at JCP or WCW-promoted events. The inaugural champion was Danny Miller, who defeated Ole Anderson on February 27, 1974, in the finals of a tournament. Booker T holds the record for most reigns, with six. Rick Steamboat's second reign ended due to vacancy for unknown reasons. The day on which the reign ended is also unknown, although it is known that the reign began on June 10, 1978, and came to a close sometime in 1980. As such, if the reign ended on January 1, 1980, or any later time during 1980, then Steamboat's second reign is the longest in the title's history, at over 570 days. Five different reigns are tied for the record for shortest reign in the title's history, at one day.

Jim Duggan was the last champion in his only reign. At the time, then-champion Scott Hall did not want to be champion, and after unsuccessfully trying to give the title to Kevin Nash, he abandoned the title by throwing the championship belt into a trashcan on the November 29, 1999, episode of one of WCW's television programs, Nitro. Duggan later found the championship belt in a dumpster on the February 16, 2000, episode of another of WCW's television programs, WCW Saturday Night and named himself champion. The championship was later retired on the April 10, 2000, episode of Nitro, after a storyline reboot by WCW authority figures Eric Bischoff and Vince Russo. Overall, there were 108 reigns shared among 56 wrestlers, with 11 vacancies.

title: List of WCW World Television Champions