text:
Talk:Rail transport in China

History
I'm trying to edit the history section using information from Chinese websites and books. Please write down any suggestions. Sinolonghai 18:23, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I merged the "current" section and "data" section.Sinolonghai 17:17, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Cut-and-paste move
I'm afraid there was a cut-and-paste move. — Instantnood 17:16, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Noel (talk) 20:00, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. — Instantnood 20:20, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Please update
A railway link to Tibet was recently completed. Please add an updated map plus relevant info. --24.255.155.100 23:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Pre-ww2 history
The bit about the first trains and being built quasi-legally by Jardine needs sourced statements, please. SchmuckyTheCat 23:33, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * - You were told that they were translated. It's better to put on the [citation needed] tag than removing the materials (tho it happened at the beginning you were simply reverting for the sake of warring, without noticing them). — Instantnood 13:09, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Unsourced material can be removed by anyone at anytime. Being "a translation" doesn't change that. SchmuckyTheCat 20:03, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of the materials on Wikipedia aren't sourced, yet they can be easily verified, as in the case of what you've removed. Such removings are more like vandalism than anything. The key issue, however, is not with unsourced material, but with your revert warring without paying attention to what other people's edits are about. — Instantnood 20:20, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Liar. Show us where in Vandalism does it mention the removal of unsourced materials constitutes vandalism.--Huaiwei 21:06, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Was user:SchmuckyTheCat actually intending to remove unsourced materials? — Instantnood 21:23, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Please read wp:v again. If you start sourcing edits you won't have much trouble. SchmuckyTheCat 22:30, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
Is there a good reason History of rail transport in China should have a distinct page from this one? Cmprince 17:23, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, Taiwan, both claim to be the legitimate China.  Until this is resolved, better to keep all three distinct.Qhist 18:12, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't read the full title. Makes more sense now, but I'd just point out that much of the content is similar between the two articles, so beware of letting one becoming a fork of the other. Cmprince 19:20, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep them separate; a majority of this article deals with rail transport before the 1940s. MisfitToys 18:40, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus. JPG-GR (talk) 16:43, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Rail transport in the People& → Rail transport in mainland China

Hi! I think it is about time this articled is renamed/moved to Rail transport in mainland China or the history of pre PRC should be removed. Poeloq (talk) 18:15, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support — I agree with you. Python eggs (talk) 06:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, as per nom. – Axman (☏) 17:26, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - this makes sense, as the article covers pre-1949 China as well. Biruitorul Talk 20:25, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Covering pre-PRC history is not a big deal. It's the current state.  Calling it "mainland China" is a huge POV problem that has been warred over for years.  There shouldn't be many (if any at all) articles titled "in/of mainland China" SchmuckyTheCat (talk)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

It could just be ingnorance on my part, but could we simply move it to "Rail transport in China"? DigitalC (talk) 05:59, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe there have previously (many moons ago) been no end of edit wars over naming, etc. for articles relating to China, and the current distinction of Mainland/PRC/RoC/China seems to please all concerned. This article is about "the PRC excepting Hong Kong and Macau", hence "Mainland China".  217.36.107.9 (talk) 09:13, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Caption
The caption to the first picture is in Chinese. Can we fix this please? Mazeau (talk) 02:43, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not Chinese. It's Japanese. The image was copied from Japanese Wikipedia. 60.27.140.118 (talk) 04:25, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move no consensus. It appears that the small group of people who have participated in this discussion as well as the previous discussion (as well as the, apparent, next discussion) cannot reach a consensus on any of the choices as yet proposed. Reverting self and re-closing as such. JPG-GR (talk) 01:07, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Rail transport in the People& → Rail transport in China — The current page covers history of railroads in China before the formation of PRC. I propose the page be moved to Rail transport in China because 1) it is a shorter name, 2) more consistent with the content, 3) more consistent with related articles (i.e. Rail transport in Taiwan, History of China). — Voidvector (talk) 09:29, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Oppose. Support move to Rail transport in mainland China instead. Montemonte (talk) 00:14, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * Comment The observant editor will note that an identical proposal ended less than a week previous to this "new" proposal. JPG-GR (talk) 07:17, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Reply Rail transport in mainland China and Rail transport in China are not identical. --Voidvector (talk) 07:19, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoops - my apologies. If I needed another reason to go to bed (and I didn't), there it is. Good night. JPG-GR (talk) 07:20, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus as shown by previous two discussions and page has been reverted to previous location (Rail transport in the People's Republic of China). JPG-GR (talk) 01:09, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Rail transport in China → Rail transport in mainland China — Rail transport has been developed separately in mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Should be moved per discussion above. Montemonte (talk) 23:30, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Link problem
Under "conventional railways": "Rolling stocks
 * China Railway High-speed (CRH): CRH1, CRH2, CRH3, CRH5
 * X 2000
 * Blue Arrow
 * China Star"

X 2000 links to the Swedish X2000 trains, but I assume that this is a different train service. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stefan2 (talk • contribs) 13:50, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Rail network size
The article says it's second after USA. However the wiki article 'List of countries by rail transport network size' puts also Russia ahead of China. Couldn't read the chinese characters of the citations link, so don't know about its accuracy. 85.217.45.181 (talk) 05:00, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've found that The World Bank also puts Russia ahead and gives China only 67092 km for 2016 against 124000 km:World Bank's "Rail lines (total route-km)" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Efojs (talk • contribs) 17:33, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

2017 restructuring
In November 2017 the railway bureaus were renamed and restructured, the article should reflect these changes.

http://news.sina.com.cn/c/nd/2017-11-20/doc-ifynwxum6319234.shtml

Pieceofmetalwork (talk) 09:40, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Low Quality Map
For some reason the map of the rail network is only avalible in the low res format when before it was high res, i think the high res should be made avalible because i can barely read the city names/zoom in 184.185.222.8 (talk) 16:23, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * my bad im tripping i found it 184.185.222.8 (talk) 16:24, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Add photomontage of Chinese rail transport?
Can please making of Photomontage of China rail transport? 37.109.162.56 (talk) 17:39, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rail transport in China


text:
Craig McRae

Craig McRae (born 22 September 1973) is a former Australian rules footballer and the current senior coach of the Collingwood Football Club.

Glenelg Football Club
McRae played for Glenelg Football Club in the SANFL from 1993 until 1994, for a total of 41 games and 59 goals.

Brisbane Bears
McRae was drafted by AFL club Brisbane Bears as the 22nd pick in the 1994 draft and had an immediate impact, kicking two goals in his first game in 1995, and played every game of that year. McRae was known for his ability to kick goals from beyond the fifty-metre line, his fierce tackling, and his scouting of the ball spilled from the hands of taller players. He played for the Brisbane Bears from 1995 until 1996 for a total of 39 games and 56 goals.

Brisbane Lions
At the end of the 1996 season, when Brisbane Bears merged with Fitzroy Lions resulting in the formation of the Brisbane Lions, McRae was one of the players from the Bears to join the Lions. He played for the Brisbane Lions from 1997 until 2004 for a total of 156 games and 176 goals. He was a member of Brisbane Lions' 2001, 2002 and 2003 premiership sides. McRae retired from professional football after the 2004 Grand Final loss to Port Adelaide.

Richmond Football Club assistant coach (2007–2009)
In 2007, McRae served as assistant coach in the role of Player Development Coach with the Richmond Football Club under senior coach Terry Wallace. Midway through the 2009 AFL season, McRae took up the head coaching position at Richmond's VFL affiliate club Coburg, when their former coach and fellow Richmond AFL assistant Jade Rawlings was appointed caretaker senior coach at Richmond, after Wallace resigned in the middle of the 2009 AFL season after Round 11, 2009.

Brisbane Lions assistant coach (2010)
In 2010, McRae took up an assistant coaching position in the role of development coach position at the Brisbane Lions, returning to his old playing club under senior coach and former teammate Michael Voss.

Collingwood Football Club assistant coach (2011–2016)
McRae joined as an assistant coach in the role as head of development in 2011 under senior coach Mick Malthouse and then under senior coach Nathan Buckley from 2012. He remained at the club for five seasons.

Richmond Football Club assistant coach (2017–2020)
He returned to Richmond at the end of the 2016 season, serving as an assistant coach under senior coach Damien Hardwick and head coach of the club's reserves side in the VFL. He took the side to a losing grand final in 2017, before winning a premiership in 2019 and winning the VFL's coach of the year award and the AFL coaches' association's assistant coach of the year award.

Hawthorn Football Club assistant coach (2021)
In 2021, McRae joined the Hawthorn Football Club as an assistant coach in the role of forward line coach under senior coach Alastair Clarkson.

Collingwood Football Club senior coach (2022–present)
In September 2021, McRae returned to the Collingwood Football Club, when he was appointed as senior coach ahead of the 2022 AFL season. McRae replaced caretaker senior coach Robert Harvey, who replaced Nathan Buckley after Buckley stepped down in the middle of the 2021 season. In his first season as senior coach, he led Collingwood to success, winning 16 games and finishing the 2022 season in 4th place after finishing 17th the previous season. Out of their wins, 10 were by less than two goals. In the finals series, Collingwood reached the preliminary finals, where they lost to Sydney by one point after trailing by 23 points at the beginning of the last quarter. On Saturday, 30 September 2023, McRae coached Collingwood to a 4 point win against the Brisbane Lions in the 2023 AFL Grand Final, giving the club its 16th premiership and their first since 2010.

Playing statistics
! colspan=3 | Career ! 195 !! 232 !! 196 !! 1759 !! 762 !! 2521 !! 477 !! 362 !! 1.2 !! 1.0 !! 9.0 !! 3.9 !! 12.9 !! 2.4 !! 1.9 !! 11
 * 1995 || || 4
 * 23 || 28 || 22 || 231 || 113 || 344 || 47 || 38 || 1.2 || 1.0 || 10.0 || 4.9 || 15.0 || 2.0 || 1.7 || 1
 * 1996 || || 4
 * 16 || 28 || 19 || 181 || 49 || 230 || 38 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 11.3 || 3.1 || 14.4 || 2.4 || 1.1 || 1
 * 1997 || || 4
 * 18 || 19 || 16 || 172 || 70 || 242 || 42 || 27 || 1.1 || 0.9 || 9.6 || 3.9 || 13.4 || 2.3 || 1.5 || 2
 * 1998 || || 4
 * 16 || 13 || 15 || 150 || 79 || 229 || 48 || 17 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 9.4 || 4.9 || 14.3 || 3.0 || 1.1 || 0
 * 1999 || || 4
 * 24 || 41 || 32 || 267 || 73 || 340 || 69 || 37 || 1.7 || 1.3 || 11.1 || 3.0 || 14.2 || 2.9 || 1.5 || 3
 * 2000 || || 4
 * 16 || 9 || 11 || 164 || 69 || 233 || 48 || 28 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 10.3 || 4.3 || 14.6 || 3.0 || 1.8 || 2
 * scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2001# || || 4
 * 19 || 21 || 20 || 145 || 64 || 209 || 52 || 28 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 7.6 || 3.4 || 11.0 || 2.7 || 1.5 || 0
 * scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2002# || || 4
 * 24 || 29 || 27 || 193 || 108 || 301 || 61 || 66 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 8.0 || 4.5 || 12.5 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1
 * scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2003# || || 4
 * 20 || 26 || 17 || 132 || 79 || 211 || 34 || 62 || 1.3 || 0.9 || 6.6 || 4.0 || 10.6 || 1.7 || 3.1 || 0
 * 2004 || || 4
 * 19 || 18 || 17 || 124 || 58 || 182 || 38 || 41 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 6.5 || 3.1 || 9.6 || 2.0 || 2.2 || 1
 * - class=sortbottom
 * scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2002# || || 4
 * 24 || 29 || 27 || 193 || 108 || 301 || 61 || 66 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 8.0 || 4.5 || 12.5 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1
 * scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2003# || || 4
 * 20 || 26 || 17 || 132 || 79 || 211 || 34 || 62 || 1.3 || 0.9 || 6.6 || 4.0 || 10.6 || 1.7 || 3.1 || 0
 * 2004 || || 4
 * 19 || 18 || 17 || 124 || 58 || 182 || 38 || 41 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 6.5 || 3.1 || 9.6 || 2.0 || 2.2 || 1
 * - class=sortbottom
 * 2004 || || 4
 * 19 || 18 || 17 || 124 || 58 || 182 || 38 || 41 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 6.5 || 3.1 || 9.6 || 2.0 || 2.2 || 1
 * - class=sortbottom
 * }

Playing
Team
 * 3× AFL premiership player : 2001, 2002, 2003

Individual
 * SA state-of-origin representative: 1999
 * International Rules representative for Aus v Ireland: 1999

Coaching
Team
 * AFL premiership coach : 2023
 * AFL minor premiership : 2023
 * 3× AFL premiership assistant coach : 2017, 2019, 2020
 * VFL premiership coach (Richmond VFL): 2019

Individual
 * Jock McHale Medal: 2023
 * All-Australian team: 2023
 * AFL Senior Coach of the Year: 2022
 * AFLCA Assistant Coach of the Year: 2019
 * VFL Coach of the Year: 2019
 * AFLCA Development Coach of the Year: 2012

Other work
Prior to his appointment as Collingwood Football Club senior coach, McRae was a part-time kicking and catching coach with the Melbourne Storm.

Until the end of the 2006 season, McRae was involved in a sports administration business and various football broadcasting roles including radio station Triple M, where he hosted a football programme with former Brisbane teammate Jason Akermanis.

Personal life
McRae has two daughters from his first marriage.

McRae married his second wife, Gabrielle, in 2022. Their daughter Maggie (his third child) was born the morning of the 2023 AFL Grand Final, and McRae announced her birth during the post-game presentation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Craig McRae


text:
GWF Light Heavyweight Championship

The GWF Light Heavyweight Championship was the secondary title in the Global Wrestling Federation in Texas. The title existed from 1991 until 1994, when GWF closed. The title was defended on the promotion's show that aired nationally on ESPN.

1991
The GWF Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a twenty-four man tournament for the inaugural GWF Light Heavyweight Championship held on July 12 and July 13, 1991. The Lightning Kid defeated Jerry Lynn in the final to win the tournament.

1992
The GWF Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a three-man tournament for the vacated GWF Light Heavyweight Championship held on May 29, 1992. The title was vacated after previous champion Danny Davis left the company for United States Wrestling Association. Terry Simms defeated Chaz in the final to win the tournament.

title: GWF Light Heavyweight Championship


text: Template:US-bcast-stub

title: Template:US-bcast-stub


text:
Vienna Shorts

Vienna Shorts (formerly known as VIS Vienna Independent Shorts) is an international short film festival held annually in May in Vienna. It is the largest short film festival in Austria.

History
Vienna Independent Shorts was held in 2004 for the first time. Several Viennese institutions active in the promotion of short films arranged one day of the one-week event. The festival program consisted of 125 short films. Among the venues that have been used continuously since the first festival edition are the Top Kino and the Reformed Church.

Since 2005, the festival is hosted the Independent Cinema Association which was founded by the organizers of the first festival edition. For the first time an international competition with 64 films was held. Annually recurring festival events, which were introduced in 2005, are a retrospective of the University of Applied Arts Vienna and a Kino Kabaret.

The festival edition of 2006 included 83 films in international competition. A retrospective was dedicated to Austrian director Mara Mattuschka and short films from Southeast Europe were given a special focus. The film reel of the 26 single films of The Mozart-Minute, which was produced on the occasion of the 250th birthday of Mozart, celebrated its Vienna premiere at the festival. In 2006, venues outside of Vienna – in Dornbirn, Graz and Innsbruck – were also used for festival screenings.

In 2007, a Panorama section with Austrian short films was added to the international competition for the first time. 49 short films were part of the international competition, 23 films were presented in the Panorama section. There were also three retrospectives with short films by Paul Bush, Miranda July and Virgil Widrich. One of several guest programs was curated by the Ars Electronica. In the context of VIS on Tour Vienna Independent Shorts compiled film programs for the Vienna Festival, the Forum Stadtpark, Crossing Europe, the Diagonale, and others. Since 2007, the permanent festival office is located at the quartier21 of the Museumsquartier.

Vienna Independent Shorts 2008 was opened with the world premiere of Eleven Minutes at Vienna's Gartenbaukino with about 1100 guests attending. The Austrian-Swiss anthology film was produced on the occasion of the UEFA Euro 2008 taking place in both countries. Switzerland was given a special focus, including a film program by the Baden Fantoche Animation Film Festival. Forza Bastia, a rarely shown documentary film by Jacques Tati, was screened in the context of an emphasis on films dealing with association football. Retrospectives devoted to Chantal Akerman, Hubert Sielecki and Jerzy Kucia were also presented at the festival. In addition to twenty special and guest programs there were 47 films in international competition and 33 films in the Panorama section.

311 short films were presented during the sixth edition of Vienna Independent Shorts in 2009, including 44 films in international competition. 1129 films from 54 countries were submitted. Major thematic focuses were the memory of the years 1939 (the outbreak of World War II) and 1989 (the fall of the Berlin Wall) as well as the United States and Russia. Retrospectives were devoted to, inter alia, Ben Rivers, Norbert Pfaffenbichler and Lotte Schreiber, and the California Institute of the Arts.

The 2010 VIS Festival was held at seven screening locations in Vienna and two new competitions in the category of international narrative and documentary short film were added: Animation Avantgarde and a national competition that awarded the country's first Austrian Short Film Award. Over 1800 international films were submitted for the festival which had "Dance and Rhythm" as its general thematic focus. The music-based events were presented in cooperation with Radio FM4 and the sixpackfilm distribution firm. Max Hattler and Noriko Okaku premiered their VIS-commissioned audiovisual performance "Resc(O)re 192010". Filmmaker Adnan Popović created the year's popular trailer. Retrospectives on the works Miranda Pennell and Thomas Draschan were presented and the independent Vienna broadcast channel Octo as well as the Austrian national network ORF offered lengthy television coverage on the festival.

Max Hattler created the festival trailer for VIS 2011.

title: Vienna Shorts


text:
Talk:Kudat

Visit
A long way from Kota Kinabalu (238 km), Kudat is, nevertheless, worth a visit, as it is home to the colourful Rungus tribe. The journey to the village is an attraction in its own right, winding through the region's varied terrain of mountains, valleys, and jungles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.186.208.33 (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kudat


text:
1920 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1920.

Class A of local Association Leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition. From 1920 the local association boundaries closely follows those of the counties in Norway.

National team
Sources:

title: 1920 in Norwegian football


text:
Pontrhydyfen

Pontrhydyfen (or Pont-rhyd-y-fen) is a small village in the Afan Valley, in Neath Port Talbot county borough in Wales. The village sits at the confluence of the River Afan and the smaller Afon Pelenna, 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of the larger village of Cwmafan and not far from the towns of Port Talbot and Neath. The views from the village are dominated by the hills of Foel Fynyddau (370 m) to the west, Moel y Fen (260 m) to the south-east and Mynydd Pen-rhys (280 m) to the north. This former coal mining community is distinguished by two large 19th-century bridges that span the valley: a railway viaduct (the red bridge) and a former aqueduct, known in the Welsh language as Y Bont Fawr ("The Big Bridge"). The built-up area has a population of around 830. It is in the community of Pelenna. There is both a Community Centre and rugby union club, Pontrhydyfen RFC.

History
The industrial history of Oakwood began in the 1820s, when the first blast furnace was lighted for the Pontrhydyfen Iron Works and coalmaster John Reynolds built the aqueduct to power it. By 1877 local Ordnance Survey maps show the site of the iron works as ruins, but there are continued historical references to the two blast furnaces at Pontrhydyfen until 1902.

George Yates' Map of the County Glamorgan shows Coal mining just south of Oakwood on the West slopes of Moel y Fen and Mynydd Bychan by 1799. By 1875 maps show a range of collieries including: Craig (SS 788933), Graiglyn (SS 788935) & Wernavon (SS 791936) on the south-east slopes of Foel Fynddau, each serviced by tramways, and Craig-y-fedw (SS 787947) on the east slope of Mynydd Hawdref and then by 1914 maps show Oakwood Colliery (SS 799941) just to the south-east of Rhyslyn Carpark.

There are several viaducts around the village. The nine-arch Pontrhydyfen viaduct built in 1898 was the last railway bridge built in the valley. The Bont Fawr Aqueduct (aka The Big Bridge). Built by John Reynolds and completed in 1827, the four-arch aqueduct is 153 yards (140 m) long and over 75 feet (23 m) high. A watercourse some two miles long carried water from the Afan; it supplied the water which powered the giant waterwheels of the Oakwood / Pontrhydyfen Ironworks. Its use in supplying the waterwheels was relatively short-lived, and there is no record it being used for this purpose following the acquisition of the site by Governor and Company of Copper Miners in 1841. The Bont Fawr Aqueduct is 'one of the few surviving structures relating to the use of water power in the iron industry in the region' and is a Grade II* listed building. It remains in use today as a bridge for pedestrians and cyclists, the canal which it once carried having been filled in.

By 1897 there were three quarries on Moel y Fen, 1 on Mynydd Hawdref (just west of Efail-fach), 2 on east slopes of Foel Fynyddau, 2 on the south slopes of Mynydd Pen-Rhys and 1 in the vicinity of Penhydd-fach.

Notable people
Pontrhydyfen was the birthplace of actor Richard Burton, Broadway theatre and musical star Ivor Emmanuel who was also in Zulu, international opera singer Rebecca Evans, singer and songwriter Geraint Griffiths, and actor Mark Frankel. The Richard Burton Appreciation Society is based in the village.

Visitor destination
Due to its location close to Afan Forest Park, the area is a gateway for Mountain biking. The valley offers the best places for mountain biking in South Wales and is consistently ranked highly within the best in the UK. There are paths for walking from the village that lead to the Penrhys Trail.

There are also 3 local pubs in the area. These being the Colliers, The Miners and the Blue Scar.

title: Pontrhydyfen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Melanie schultz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Melanie schultz
Text content is ''Hi! My name is Melanie Schultz and I'm really happy in this photo.''. Really glad for you Melanie, but that doesn't make you worth a Wikipedia entry! Physchim62 17:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, very short article with little or no context. --W(t) 17:56, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Speedy patent vanity --Xcali 18:03, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied--"no context, possible personal attack, not much but an external link". Niteowlneils 18:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Clarence Long

Clarence Dickinson "Doc" Long, Jr. (December 11, 1908 – September 18, 1994) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman who represented the 2nd congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1985.

Long was born in South Bend, Indiana. He received his bachelor's degree from Washington and Jefferson College in 1932, and his master's degree and Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University in 1935 and 1938, respectively. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Long cycles in the building industry business, public, and residential building in United States cities, 1856-1935." He also served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was a former member of the United States Council of Economic Advisers to the President (1953–54 and 1956–57) and in the 1930s was a professor of economics at Wesleyan University and later Johns Hopkins University (1946–1963). Long voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Long became Chairman of the subcommittee on Foreign Operations of the House Appropriations Committee. In this role he supervised the foreign aid budget. Long's support for the anti-Soviet Mujahideen was recounted in the film Charlie Wilson's War, in which Long was played by Ned Beatty. Long was defeated for re-election by Republican Helen Delich Bentley in 1984.

title: Clarence Long


text:
Sub judice

In law, sub judice, Latin for "under a judge", means that a particular case or matter is under trial or being considered by a judge or court. The term may be used synonymously with "the present case" or "the case at bar" by some lawyers.

In England and Wales, Ireland, New Zealand,   Australia, South Africa, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Canada, Sri Lanka, and Israel it is generally considered inappropriate to comment publicly on cases sub judice, which can be an offence in itself, leading to contempt of court proceedings. This is particularly true in criminal cases, where publicly discussing cases sub judice may constitute interference with due process.

Prior to 1981, the term was correctly used in English law to describe material which would prejudice court proceedings by publication. Sub judice is now irrelevant to journalists because of the introduction of the Contempt of Court Act 1981. Under Section 2 of the Act, a substantial risk of serious prejudice can only be created by a media report when proceedings are active. Proceedings become active when there is an arrest, oral charge, issue of a warrant, or a summons.

In the United States, there are First Amendment concerns about stifling the right of free speech which prevent such tight restrictions on comments sub judice. However, State Rules of Professional Conduct governing attorneys often place restrictions on the out-of-court statements an attorney may make regarding an ongoing case. Furthermore, there are still protections for criminal defendants, and those convicted in an atmosphere of a media circus have had their convictions overturned for a fairer trial. One example is the murder conviction of Sam Sheppard.

title: Sub judice


text: Category:United States broadcasting stubs


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Talk:System call

Font
open,read,write and close, and fork,exec,exit and wait should all be in whatever truetype font we normally use to represent programs or functions. Can someone get around to this? I'm not leet to change the font. --Carbonrodney 12:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * dw, I learned. --Carbonrodney 12:12, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

category System calls
Do we need the Category:System calls ? `a5b (talk) 11:17, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merger of Supervisor Call instruction into System call
User:Calaka proposed merger of Supervisor Call instruction into System call with the subject ''To me the sound like the same thing but otherwise leave as they are or maybe add a see also section. Ref here: http://www.answers.com/topic/supervisor-call''.

Oppose - They are not the same thing. The Supervisor Call instruction simply causes an interrupt; it is up to the interrupt handler to decode the SVC number, determine the type of routine and dispatch it. Instruction like MME and SVC can be used as part of the implimentation of a System Call, but they are not themselves System Calls.

This is very different from, e.g., the Program Call instruction. PC and similar instructions actually perform the context switch and dispatch the proper routine without intervention from the operating system, although they do rely on the proper control blocks and registers having been initialized. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 06:43, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Oppose - system call is for the general concept, Supervisor Call instruction is for a particular instruction that's used to implement it. (Shorter Guy Harris: "what he said.") Guy Harris (talk) 21:00, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Strongly Oppose - PC, etcetera, are new to S/390, etcetera, and are apparently similar to competitive architecture implementations whereas SVC is historical, and is specific to the S/360 and successor architectures. In actual applications, SVC has proved to be faster than PC, although PC is less constrained, whereas SVC is architecturally constrained to 256 distinct functions (a few of which have been "extended"), with functions 0x00 on up to about 127 defined for IBM-supplied and supported functions, and with functions 0xFF on down to about 128 reserved for user-supplied and supported functions. SVC's implementation implicitly includes at least a first-level (SVC) interrupt handler, and possibly a second-level (SVC) interrupt handler with associated control blocks for saving of status, plus the possibility for a delayed return to the SVC invoker, or the immediate return to the SVC invoker. In the delayed return case, the OS supervisor's dispatcher is possibly involved, and may cause a task switch (which PC cannot and does not do). Finally, SVC allows for the possibility of the invoked function running disabled for interrupts (SVC Type 6 in MVS also Type 1 in pre-MVS). To merge SVC with PC or other similarly named functions would be a serious mistake and would not be true to history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peterh5322 (talk • contribs) 17:48, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * That's not exactly what's being discussed here - "system call" isn't an instruction named "System Call", it's a general concept - but if there were a page for the Program Call instruction, it shouldn't be merged here either. As per my comment, this page is for the general concept of a call that involves a transition from a less-privileged processor state to a more-privileged processor state; it sounds as if both SVC and PC are particular S/3x0 instructions that do the transition - SVC pretty much just does that, through a software interrupt, while it sounds as if PC does more. Guy Harris (talk) 20:40, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Oppose - "Supervisor Call instruction" goes into a lot of IBM-specific detail that would be out of place in "system call", a more general article. Peter Flass (talk) 00:32, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Oppose - Really? Is "sound like the same thing" a valid justification? The name of the planet "Uranus" can be pronounced as if it is a part of a person's body, not a heavenly body; should Uranus be merged with human anatomy? Sam Tomato (talk) 20:32, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Multithreading models
Hey ! Regarding, I'd say that this description of the available multithreading models and associated mappings between user-level and kernel-level threads would fit much better into an article that deals with the threads themselves, while System call article should contain just a very brief summary of the pros and cons between various models. Thoughts? — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 05:20, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * (Actually, the multithreading stuff was originally contributed by and subsequently edited by others, including  and .)

 * I agree - it's really describing threading models in general. It's relevant to system calls only in whether a blocking system call blocks only one thread (1:1 and, in most if not all cases, M:N) or blocks more than one thread (many:1 and possibly M:N) and, in a model other than 1:1, if it blocks only one thread, how that is made to happen.  It's up to Thread (computing) to describe the threading models. Guy Harris (talk) 07:34, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for clarifying the way this content reached the article, I obviously haven't paid enough attention to the revision history. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 07:40, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree Peter Flass (talk) 10:36, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks. If everyone agrees, let's wait for comments from  before doing anything. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 21:59, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * A related issue is that the existing text seems to violate WP:NPOV in that it assumes a binary kernel-user dichotomy. In some systems, e.g., Z/OS, there is privileged code that does not conform to the academic concept of a kernel. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 21:35, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

 * In what way does it not conform? Guy Harris (talk) 23:19, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Starting with OS/360, IBM had a nucleus with a mixture of privileged and unprivileged code, SVC routines which were privileged and several programs that ran a key zero jobs. No clean layering there.

 * The DAT-off nucleus is the closest to a kernel the MVS has, but it doesn't do, e.g., dispatching. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 21:33, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

 * "Several programs that ran as key zero jobs" is somewhat like "several daemons that run as root" in UN*X or "several daemons that run with administrative privileges" in Windows NT and so on, so either that's not really disqualifying or there are a number of other OSes, probably discussed in the article, that also don't have a binary kernel-user dichotomy.

 * "a nucleus with a mixture of privileged and unprivileged code" - i.e., there's code in the nucleus that ran in problem state rather than supervisor state? Guy Harris (talk) 22:20, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Unix programs that run as root are still subject to storage access controls and can't execute privileged instructions. That's very different from running in key zero supervisor mode. The analog to root in classic MVS is APF authorization.

 * More precisely, there's code in the Nucleus that runs in the state of the caller, e.g., TTR to MBBCCHHR conversion. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 18:12, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * So by "several programs that ran as key zero jobs" you meant "several programs that ran as key zero jobs in supervisor mode?"

 * And by "there's code in the Nucleus that runs in the state of the caller" you mean "the code runs in problem state if called from problem state and runs in supervisor state if called from supervisor state" (presumably meaning you call them with BAL/BALR, or something such as that, rather than an SVC)? Guy Harris (talk) 19:14, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

What about gates in the hardware architecture?
Some hardware architectures, e.g., GE 645, Intel iAPX 432, have provision in the architectures for calls through, e.g., access descriptors, gateway segments, that raise or lower the privilege level, or even cause a task switch. These are similar to the newer IBM instruction Program Call. Should System call say anything about those? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 17:58, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, any mechanism that allows a transfer of control that raises privilege levels counts. (The GE 645 only had provisions for entering "master mode" through a procedure call; ring crossings were done mostly in software, by, when running in a given ring, marking the code segments for code in other rings inaccessible, so that a call to an entry in the gateway segment, or a return from inner-ring code to outer-ring code, gets an access violation trap.  The trap handler would then change segment privileges and transfer control to the code in the other ring.  The 6180 added hardware support for protection rings; see Schroeder and Salzer, A Hardware Architecture for Implementing Protection Rings.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy Harris (talk • contribs) 21:26, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Etymology of "system call"
Who first started using the term "system call"? The article should include this info. Pacerier (talk) 02:42, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

The library as an intermediary
The "library as an intermediary" section describes undocumented mechanisms, or at least mechanisms the typical application programmer does not use. In my opinion the internals of how a system works is more of the system side than the application side. By definition of what a system call mechanism is, the typical application programmer's view of how to interface with the operating system should be described, at least for a typical assembler programmer.

For example, for Windows, system calls are made by calls to DLLs. The internals of what the DLLs do are the system side, not the application side. Even an assembler program would typically call a DLL to call Windows. For other operating systems, an assembler programmer might use a machine instruction, such as "int" or "svc". Sam Tomato (talk) 20:52, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * On at least some Unix-like systems, an assembler programmer directly using a trap instruction to call a system service would be writing code not guaranteed to work on all versions of the operating system; the OS application binary interface is expressed in terms of procedure calls to routines in various (dynamic) shared libraries, not in terms of system call traps. In addition, many APIs requiring a privilege transition might not be implemented as simple wrappers around a system call trap; they might make one or more system calls that are not necessarily part of the system API. macOS (and other Darwin-based OSes from Apple) and Solaris are systems that work in this fashion. Guy Harris (talk) 23:13, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The article should make this clear in some fashion; it should not imply that it is a general rule for operating systems that all APIs requiring a privilege transition are implemented as direct system calls or, for programming languages that don't provide a mechanism for making system calls inline, as calls to small wrappers making direct system calls. Guy Harris (talk) 23:13, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:System call


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Category:Garratt locomotives

This category page includes Garratt locomotives, types of articulated steam locomotives.

title: Category:Garratt locomotives


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mozilla (disambiguation)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. No concensus was reached, however, on whether the article should be "kept as is" or "kept as a redirect". Further discussions on that topic should be held on the article's Talk page. Rossami (talk) 21:37, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mozilla (disambiguation)
I moved disambiguation back to Mozilla, and expanded so that the newbies will know more about the various use of "Mozilla" without visiting every articles. It is now similar to the Netscape article. minghong 17:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Just redirect it back to Mozilla then. No need for vfd.Dunc|☺ 18:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Although, there really isn't any need to keep this page as a redirect now; it's not something anybody is likely to type in directly, and there doesn't seem to be anybody linking to it. Delete.
 * Redirect. Kappa 21:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't think this is an improvement at all.  Almost without exception, references to Mozilla are to the current Mozilla browser, and this should be the primary topic of Mozilla.  You have split off Mozilla Application Suite (which was formerly a redirect to Mozilla with material from Mozilla,  and this probably breaks the GFDL. Put the other stuff in a separate article if you like, but really when I type Mozilla I expect to see an article about a piece of software, not an essay about the history of the use of the word. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:21, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason why you don't see a browser in Mozilla is the same as that in Netscape. Both the word "Mozilla" and "Netscape" has been used for too many things. In fact, "Mozilla" is now turning into an adjective for Mozilla technologies and related stuffs... Also, since there will be no Mozilla 1.8, I think it is a good time to move the browser away from the Mozilla article. --minghong 06:22, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Tony. JamesBurns 05:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Pumas CU

The Pumas CU football program represents the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM) in college football at the ONEFA level. UNAM has competed in the Liga Mayor since the 2014 season. The team is led by head coach José Luis Canales. The Pumas plays its home games at Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City. They maintain a fierce rivalry with teams from the National Polytechnic Institute (Spanish: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, or IPN) particularly with its Miguel Hidalgo-based team from Santo Tomás, Águilas Blancas.

History
The team was founded in 1927 by a group of students led by the Noriega brothers, but it wasn't until 1931 when Pumas was officially the varsity team of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In addition, American oil magnate Harry Ford Sinclair sponsored the team with generous donations until 1935. In the early years, Pumas had a long string of consecutive championships from 1933 to 1945 (including an appearance in the 1945 Sun Bowl; this was followed by the so-called "Golden Age" of 1946 to 1957. Between the years 1958 and 1969 the team consolidated its position within ONEFA, Mexico's league of American football. For the period 1970–1980 the university authorities decided to disband the team and create three teams (Cóndores/Condors; Aguilas Reales/Royal Eagles; and Guerreros Aztecas/Aztec Warriors), from 1981 to 1990 only the Cóndores could reclaim the tradition of the Pumas and win championships. In 1998, the University government decided to reduce to one team per campus and created Pumas CU and Acatlan. Unfortunately, conditions within the league and the existence of other powerful newcomer squads undermined the strength and dominance of the team. Its first position tradition vanished rapidly during the seasons of 1998 to 2007. From 1969 until 2002, the Pumas Dorados team consisted of a selection of the best players of all UNAM teams. These teams didn't play any regular season games, but rather the Pumas Dorados used to play a Classic game against the Burros Blancos at the end of season, until 2002 when this event was suspended.

ONEFA championships
+ This is not the same team as previous Pumas Dorados teams. Championships in 2008 and 2010 were won by the Main Campus (CU). There is another Pumas team located in Acatlan Campus. Pumas Dorados currently represents  a selection of the best players of both Pumas teams and the last selection was made in 2002 and played against a selection of the best players of the IPN.
 * In 2008 was created another league for the major category in Mexico (Liga Mayor) and the National Championship is shared in 2 leagues since then.

Rivalry
The team has an historic rivalry with Aguilas Blancas IPN, due to both of them being the biggest public universities in the country. More recently, major rivalries arose with Borregos Salvajes ITESM, Borregos Salvajes CEM, Aztecas UDLAP and Auténticos Tigres UANL.

Venue
The team plays at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City, inaugurated in 1952 with the game between Pumas and Burros Blancos. Capacity: 72000.

Players in the CFL
As of January 2020, the following players have played at least one game with a Canadian Football League team.

 * Andrés Salgado, WR, Calgary Stampeders

title: Pumas CU


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Snakes and Earrings

Snakes and Earrings (蛇にピアス) is a Japanese novel by Hitomi Kanehara. The story follows Lui, a young woman in Tokyo whose fascination with body modification and sadomasochistic sexual activity drives her to make increasingly dangerous personal choices. First published in 2003 in the literary magazine Shōsetsu Subaru as the winner of the 27th Subaru Literary Prize, the novel was republished in 2004 after winning the 130th Akutagawa Prize.

Though Snakes and Earrings received mixed reviews, popular and academic critics have noted its significance in contemporary Japanese literature, not only for its authentic portrayal of post-bubble Japanese youth culture, but also for the controversial commercialization of its author's personal life. The novel has sold more than a million copies in Japan, has been translated into sixteen languages, and was adapted into a 2008 Yukio Ninagawa film starring Yuriko Yoshitaka.

Background
As an elementary school student in Japan, Hitomi Kanehara lost interest in academic topics and began to skip school in order to socialize with friends. Her father Mizuhito Kanehara, a professor of sociology at Hosei University, brought her along on a year-long research trip to San Francisco, where she occasionally attended an American school. During her stay in the United States, with her father's permission, she began reading stories by Ryū Murakami and Amy Yamada that contained strong violent and sexual themes.

Kanehara returned to Japan and attended middle school, but became anorexic and engaged in self-harm. Against the wishes of her mother Chieko, Kanehara dropped out of her first year of high school, left home, and began to write stories, including Snakes and Earrings, that drew on her own experiences with cutting, suicidal thoughts, body modification, and living with different boyfriends. She has described Snakes and Earrings as the story she "had to write". Her father supported her writing by arranging for her to participate in a fiction workshop for sophomores at his university, and by editing the Snakes and Earrings manuscript before it was submitted for the Akutagawa Prize.

Plot summary
A young woman named Lui admires her new boyfriend Ama's split tongue, which she likens to the forked tongue of a snake. Having experimented with large ear piercings, she decides that she wants to try the same body modification as Ama. Lui and Ama visit Shiba, a body modification and tattoo artist, who begins the process of inserting progressively larger tongue studs. Lui finds herself interested in Shiba, returns to the shop without Ama, and secretly begins a violent sexual relationship with Shiba involving bondage and sadomasochism.

While walking to a train station one night, Lui, Ama, and Lui's friend Maki are confronted in Shinjuku by two apparent gangsters, one of whom grabs Lui's breast while insulting her. Ama punches both men. After one of the men flees, Ama continues to beat Lui's attacker, using the heavy rings on his hand to knock out the gangster's teeth. Ama gives the teeth to Lui as a symbol of his love for her. Despite Ama's obvious affection, Lui feels disconnected from Ama and continues to have a sexual relationship with Shiba, who is creating an intricate tattoo that covers her entire back. Lui later sees a television news story about a gangster who was beaten to death in Shinjuku, and makes Ama change his appearance to avoid recognition by the police.

One day Ama unexpectedly disappears. His corpse is found with evidence of sexual torture, rape, and strangulation. After learning of Ama's demise, Lui tries to speed up the process of splitting her tongue by inserting larger studs too quickly, causing intense pain, and she stops eating, instead only drinking alcohol. She then discovers evidence suggesting that Shiba was Ama's rapist and murderer. Lui suspects a previous sexual relationship between Shiba and Ama, but when the police investigator asks her whether Ama was bisexual, she insists that he was not. With Ama gone, Shiba completes Lui's tattoo, Lui and Shiba's relationship falls into a more domestic pattern, and Lui considers putting in a larger tongue stud.

Major themes
Academic analysis of Snakes and Earrings outside of Japan has focused on themes of subcultural resistance, gender roles, and commodification. Mark Driscoll, writing in Cultural Critique, argued that while the book's graphic descriptions of tattooing, self-harm, and violent sexual activities revealed subcultures unfamiliar to many readers, Kanehara's portrayal of her characters as "consumerist, closed-off, and unwilling or unable to communicate with people outside their tribe" reinforced popular stereotypes about Japanese youth, particularly the part-time workers called freeters. David Holloway, writing in Japanese Language and Literature, came to a similar conclusion, noting that despite the depiction of Lui as a fringe character rejecting society's rules, she ends up assuming a domestic role consistent with expectations of Japanese women in mainstream society.

In Japan Forum, Rachel DiNitto argued that expecting the subcultural elements of the book to express resistance to mainstream Japanese culture actually reflected a Western literary bias. Instead, she proposed that Kanehara's novel expresses resistance through Lui's experience of her own physical body in a society emphasizing commodification and virtuality. Both DiNitto and Holloway have also suggested that Snakes and Earrings resembles works of Japanese literature published in the years immediately following World War II, such as Tamura Taijiro's Gate of Flesh, in which characters regain control over their own bodies after coercion and defeat, then use their bodies as sites of protest.

Japanese scholars have also highlighted the position of Snakes and Earrings within broader Japanese literary trends. Pointing specifically to Lui's personal experience of pain as a way to mediate between self and society, Japanese sociologist and poet Kiriu Minashita suggests that the novel is part of an early 21st-century Japanese literary trend in which authors focus on women's experiences as worthy subjects in their own right, rather than defining those experiences in terms of relationships with men. Literary scholar Eisuke Kotani has further observed that Snakes and Earrings is a prominent example of a trend also seen in works by Motoko Arai and Risa Wataya, in which a character's first-person real-time narration of personal experience in everyday language, similar to a narrative style usually encountered in anime and manga, leads the reader to imagine that the main character is actually the author.

Japanese publication
Snakes and Earrings won the 27th Subaru Literary Prize (すばる文学賞) for unpublished stories in 2003. The story was published for the first time in the November 2003 issue of the literary magazine Shōsetsu Subaru. In January 2004, Snakes and Earrings won the 130th Akutagawa Prize. While Snakes and Earrings was the overall favorite of the Akutagawa Prize committee, the award was shared with Risa Wataya for her story Keritai Senaka, making the 20-year old Kanehara and the 19-year old Wataya the youngest winners in the prize's history. Akutagawa Prize committee member Ryū Murakami particularly praised the "radical depiction of our time" in the winning works.

Kanehara appeared at the Akutagawa Prize announcement ceremony wearing "an off-the-shoulder, cut jersey shirt with exposed bra straps, a flared mini skirt, stiletto heels, mid-thigh nylons, multiple earrings and grey-tinted contact lenses". Press accounts of the event contrasted Kanehara's youthful, street-style image with the image of the "demure and old-fashioned" Wataya. Interviews and photos of the winning authors appeared not only in national newspapers, but also in Japanese editions of GQ and Cosmopolitan as well as Weekly Playboy. Kanehara's interviews often discussed troubles in her personal life, such as thoughts of suicide and self-harm, reinforcing the public perception of Kanehara as an authentic narrator of Japanese youth culture.

Kanehara's image, and in particular what Rachel DiNitto has called the "unprecedented commercialization" of that image, raised questions about her novel's literary merits. Critics claimed that Snakes and Earrings was chosen for its marketing value to younger audiences, and that its selection was evidence of declining literary standards, but much of the criticism focused on Kanehara rather than on the novel. In an English-language review of both Akutagawa Prize winning novels, Janet Ashby of The Japan Times criticized the "element of sexism" in the media hype over the two novelists, but also observed that both stories were "somewhat of a letdown", with Snakes and Earrings having a "particularly unsatisfactory ending".

After winning the Akutagawa Prize, Snakes and Earrings was republished alongside Wataya's winning story in the literary magazine Bungei Shunjū. The story was also republished in book form by Shueisha. Within three months of the prize announcement, the Bungei Shunjū issue containing the prize-winning stories had sold over 1.1 million copies, doubling the magazine's usual sales, and the book edition of Snakes and Earrings had sold over 500,000 copies. Contemporary coverage noted that many middle-aged men bought Kanehara's work, but preferred the magazine edition to the book edition, as the book cover was designed to appeal to women readers. The unusual sales numbers and media spectacle surrounding the book drew international attention, including a profile in The New York Times that called the novel "a powerful portrait of this post-bubble generation".

English translation
Shortly after the Japanese book was published, Dutton acquired the English translation rights. In 2005 an English version of Snakes and Earrings, translated by David Karashima, was published by Dutton in the United States and Vintage Books in the United Kingdom. It received generally positive reviews. Kirkus Reviews called the book "fascinating and unnerving", Marie Claire called it "riveting", and The Village Voice called it "a gnarly blast of Tokyo nihilism". Writing for The Guardian, Maya Jaggi praised the book as "a debut novel about alienation that is shocking but not sensational" and observed that it "offers more than sociological interest".

Reviews of the English translation also noted the broader significance of Snakes and Earrings in contemporary Japanese literature. Writing in the Financial Times, Andrew Lee praised Kanehara for describing Tokyo youth culture with "simple, visceral eloquence", and cited Snakes and Earrings as an exemplar of a literary trend elevating high school girls to the iconic status of geisha in Japanese culture. In The Independent, former Japan Times editor Victoria James grouped the novel with similarly explicit work by Ami Sakurai and Mari Akasaka, lauding the book's quality but expressing skepticism about any long-term mainstream impact of novels by young women about sex.

Criticism of the English translation of Snakes and Earrings concerned its length and ending. While praising Kanehara's detailed descriptions and character development, Prudence Peiffer's review in Library Journal found the book's "hasty conclusion" predictable. Writing for Artforum, Christine Thomas similarly praised Kanehara's "keen observation of everyday reality", but noted that the ending was strained by its efforts to find redemption for the main character. Karen Karbo of Entertainment Weekly compared Snakes and Earrings to the Bret Easton Ellis novel Less than Zero, calling the ending "both chilling and oddly moving" but questioning the book's originality.

Production
A film adaptation of Snakes and Earrings, directed by Yukio Ninagawa and starring Yuriko Yoshitaka, Kengo Kora, and Arata Iura, started principal photography in November 2007. Ninagawa changed the location of the story to Shibuya from its original Shinjuku in order to film a panoramic opening scene at Shibuya Crossing that he claimed was inspired by the Werner Herzog film Fitzcarraldo. He selected Yoshitaka for the lead role after an audition in which she was required to perform in the nude.

While the film was in production, Yoshitaka was involved in a serious car accident and spent several days in intensive care before returning to the set. She later claimed that the experience helped her to understand her character's pain. Most of the tattoos and piercings in the film, including Lui's tongue piercing, were achieved through makeup and computer-generated effects. Kanehara wrote original lyrics for the film's theme song, which was performed by Chara.

Release and reception
The R-15 film was released in Japan in September 2008. It ranked 15th at the box office in its opening weekend with approximately US$100,000 in gross receipts, and eventually grossed approximately US$510,000 in domestic theatrical release. Yoshitaka received a Best Newcomer Award at the 32nd Japan Academy Prize ceremony for her performance, as well as a Best Newcomer Prize at the 51st Blue Ribbon Awards and a Best Newcomer prize at the Japanese Movie Critics Awards.

The film was also shown internationally at film festivals, including the 2008 Pusan Film Festival and the 2009 New York Asian Film Festival. Writing for Variety, Russell Edwards panned the film, leveling criticism at weak directing and the performances of the male leads, while calling Yoshitaka an "alluring actress" who nevertheless "lacks the chops to carry the role". Charles Webb, writing for Screen Anarchy, also gave the film a negative review, calling it "the worst kind of art film that is unable to stimulate given its vacuous characters and inane situations".

title: Snakes and Earrings


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GWF Tag Team Championship

The GWF Tag Team Championship was the tag team title in the Global Wrestling Federation in Texas. The title existed from 1991 until 1994, when GWF closed. The title was featured on the promotion's show that aired nationally on ESPN. It is known as the first tag team title that Harlem Heat won. In its early days, the GWF pretended on television that it was part of a larger worldwide promotion. In 1991, it was announced that a tag team known as the "English lords" had been injured in a car wreck and that the GWF was organizing a tournament to award the vacated title in Dallas. No other team as the English Lords ever existed.

1991
The GWF Tag Team Championship Tournament was a twenty-four man tournament for the inaugural GWF Tag Team Championship held on July 26 and July 27, 1991. Steve Simpson and Chris Walker defeated Rip Rogers and Scotty Anthony in the final to win the tournament.

title: GWF Tag Team Championship


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Argentine Army

The Argentine Army (Ejército Argentino, EA) is the land force branch of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and the senior military service of Argentina. Under the Argentine Constitution, the president of Argentina is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, exercising his or her command authority through the Minister of Defense.

The Army's official foundation date is May 29, 1810 (celebrated in Argentina as the Army Day), four days after the Spanish colonial administration in Buenos Aires was overthrown. The new national army was formed out of several pre-existing colonial militia units and locally manned regiments; most notably the Infantry Regiment "Patricios", which to this date is still an active unit.

History
Several armed expeditions were sent to the Upper Peru (now Bolivia), Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile to fight Spanish forces and secure Argentina's newly gained independence. The most famous of these expeditions was the one led by General José de San Martín, who led a 5000-man army across the Andes Mountains to expel the Spaniards from Chile and later from Perú. While the other expeditions failed in their goal of bringing all the dependencies of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata under the new government in Buenos Aires, they prevented the Spaniards from crushing the rebellion.

During the civil wars of the first half of the nineteenth century, the Argentine Army became fractionalized under the leadership of the so-called caudillos ("leaders" or "warlords"), provincial leaders who waged a war against the centralist Buenos Aires administration. However, the Army was briefly re-unified during the war with the Brazilian Empire (1824–1827).

It was only with the establishment of a constitution (which explicitly forbade the provinces from maintaining military forces of their own) and a national government recognized by all the provinces that the Army became a single force, absorbing the older provincial militias. The Army went on to fight the War of the Triple Alliance in the 1860s together with Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay. After that war, the Army became involved in Argentina's Conquista del Desierto ("Conquest of the Desert"): the campaign to occupy Patagonia and root out the natives, who conducted looting raids throughout the country.

1880–1960s
Between 1880 and 1930, the Army sought to become a professional force without active involvement in politics, even though many a political figure -President Julio Argentino Roca, for example- benefitted from a past military career. The Army prevented the fall of the government in a number of Radical-led uprisings. Meanwhile, the military in general and the Army, in particular, contributed to develop Argentina's unsettled southern frontier and its nascent industrial complex.

The main foreign influence during this period was, by and large, the Prussian (and then German) doctrine. Partly because of that, during both World Wars most of the officers supported the Germans, more or less openly, while the Argentine Navy favored the British instead.

In 1930, a small group of Army forces (not more than 600 troops) deposed President Hipólito Yrigoyen without much response from the rest of the Army and the Navy. This was the beginning of a long history of political intervention by the military. Another coup, in 1943, was responsible for bringing an obscure colonel into the political limelight: Juan Perón.

Even though Perón had the support of the military during his two consecutive terms of office (1946–1952 and 1952–1955), his increasingly repressive government alienated many officers, which finally led to a military uprising which overthrew him in September 1955. Between 1955 and 1973 the Army and the rest of the military became vigilant over the possible re-emergence of Peronism in the political arena, which led to two new coups against elected Presidents in 1962 (deposing Arturo Frondizi) and 1966 (ousting Arturo Illia). Political infighting eroded discipline and cohesion within the army, to the extent that there was armed fighting between contending military units during the early 1960s.

1960s and the military junta
The military government ruled Argentina between 1966 and 1973. During that decade the saw the rise of several terrorist groups including Montoneros and the ERP. During Héctor Cámpora's first months of government, a rather moderate and left-wing Peronist, approximatively 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations took place. Following the June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre, left and right-wing Peronism broke apart, and the Triple A a far-right terrorist group founded by José López Rega, the right-hand man of Juan Peron and, later, Isabel Perón, started a campaign of terror and death against any perceived political rivals. Isabel Perón herself was ousted during the March 1976 coup by a military junta.

The new military government, self-named Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, initially tried to end the guerrilla's campaigns, but the nation rapidly descended into a state of civil unrest. Terrorist organisations and guerilla movements where often met with a mixture of state terror and general paranoia. The civilian population was now caught in a police state between a paranoid and brutal military dictatorship and violent dissident communist guerrillas. The PRN called this period the "Dirty War" — a term refused by jurists during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas. Batallón de Inteligencia 601 (the 601st Intelligence Battalion) became infamous during this period. It was a special military intelligence service set up in the late 1970s, active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor, and disbanded in 2000. Its personnel collected information on and infiltrated guerrilla groups and human rights organisations, and coordinated killings, kidnappings and other abuses. The unit also participated in the training of Nicaraguan Contras with US assistance, including from John Negroponte.

"Annihilation decrees"

Meanwhile, the Guevarist People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), led by Roberto Santucho and inspired by Che Guevara's foco theory, began a rural insurgency in the province of Tucumán, in the mountainous northwest of Argentina. It started the campaign with no more than 100 men and women of the Marxist ERP guerrilla force and ended with about 300 in the mountains (including reinforcements in the form of the elite Montoneros 65-strong "Compañía de Monte" (Jungle Company) and the ERP's "Decididos de Córdoba" Urban Company), which the Argentine Army managed to defeat, but at a cost.

On 5 January 1975, an Army DHC-6 transport plane was downed near the Monteros mountains, apparently shot down by the Guerrillas. All thirteen on board were killed. The military believe a heavy machine gun had downed the aircraft. In response, Ítalo Luder, President of the National Assembly who acted as interim President substituting himself to Isabel Perón who was ill for a short period, signed in February 1975 the secret presidential decree 261, which ordered the army to neutralize and/or annihilate the insurgency in Tucumán, the smallest province of Argentina. Operativo Independencia gave power to the Armed Forces to "execute all military operations necessary for the effects of neutralizing or annihilating the action of subversive elements acting in the Province of Tucumán." Santucho had declared a 620 mi "liberated zone" in Tucuman and demanded Soviet-backed protection for its borders as well as proper treatment of captured guerrillas as POWs.

The Argentine Army Fifth Brigade, then consisting of the 19th, 20th and 29th Mountain Infantry Regiments and commanded by Brigadier-General Acdel Vilas received the order to move to Famailla in the foothills of the Monteros mountains on 8 February 1975. While fighting the guerrillas in the jungle, Vilas concentrated on uprooting the ERP support network in the towns, using tactics later adopted nationwide, as well as a civic action campaign.

By July 1975, anti-guerrilla commandos were mounting search-and-destroy missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's base camp in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Most of the Compañia de Monte's general staff was killed in October and was dispersed by the end of the year.

The leadership of the rural guerrilla force was mostly eradicated and many of the ERP guerrillas and civilian sympathizers in Tucumán were either killed or forcefully disappeared. Efforts to restrain the rural guerrilla activity to Tucumán, however, remained unsuccessful despite the use of 24 recently arrived US-made Bell UH-1H Huey troop-transport helicopters. In early October, the 5th Brigade suffered a major blow at the hands of the Montoneros, when more than one hundred, and possibly several hundred Montoneros and supporters were involved in the Operation Primicia, the most elaborate operation of the "Dirty War", which involved hijacking a civilian airliner, taking over the provincial airport, attacking the 29th Infantry Regiment (which had retired to barracks in Formosa province) and capturing its cache of arms, and finally escaping by air. Once the operation was over, they escaped towards a remote area in Santa Fe province. The aircraft, a Boeing 737, eventually landed on a crop field not far from the city of Rafaela.

In the aftermath, twelve soldiers and two policemen were killed and several wounded. The sophistication of the operation, and the getaway cars and safehouses they used to escape from the crash-landing site, suggest several hundred guerrillas and their supporters were involved. The Argentine security forces admitted to 43 army troops killed in action in Tucuman, although this figure does not take into account police and Gendarmerie troops, and the soldiers who died defending their barracks in Formosa province on 5 October 1975. By December 1975, the Argentine military could, with some justification claim that it was winning the 'Dirty War', but it was dismayed to find no evidence of overall victory.

On 23 December 1975, several hundred ERP fighters with the help of hundreds of underground supporters, staged an all-out battle with the 601st Arsenal Battalion 9 mi from Buenos Aires and occupied four local police stations and a regimental headquarters. 63 guerrillas, seven army troops and three policemen were killed. In addition 20 civilians were killed in the crossfire. Many of the civilian deaths occurred when the guerrillas and supporting militants burned 15 city buses near the arsenal to hamper military reinforcements. This development was to have far-reaching ramifications. On 30 December 1975, urban guerrillas exploded a bomb inside the Army's headquarters in Buenos Aires, injuring at least six soldiers.

The Montoneros movement successfully utilized divers in underwater infiltrations and blew the pier where the Argentine destroyer ARA Santísima Trinidad was being built, on 22 August 1975. The ship was effectively immobilized for several years.

French cooperation
French journalist Marie-Monique Robin has found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires instaured a "permanent French military mission," formed of veterans who had fought in the Algerian War, and which was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Army. She showed how Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Jorge Rafael Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile.

Green deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet deposed on September 10, 2003, a request for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Edouard Balladur. Apart from Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request. However, deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12 pages report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.

Falklands war
On 2 April 1982, Leopoldo Galtieri initiated the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands or Operation Rosario as a result of negotiations with the United Kingdom running long. The Argentine Army contributed forces to Operation Rosario and occupation that followed. Army forces also opposed the amphibious landing in San Carlos Water on 21 May, and fought the British at Goose Green, Mount Kent, and the battles around Port Stanley that lead to the ceasefire of 14 June followed by the surrender of the Argentine troops.

The Argentine Army suffered 194 men killed and 1,308 wounded and lost much equipment. The war left the army weakened in equipment, personal, moral and supremacy in the region. The Dirty War events, coupled with the defeat in the Falklands War, precipitated the fall of the military junta that ruled the country, then enters the General Reynaldo Bignone, who began the process of return to democracy in 1983.

1980s to present
Since the return to civilian rule in 1983, the Argentine military have been reduced both in number and budget and, by law, cannot intervene anymore in internal civil conflicts. They became more professional, especially after conscription was abolished.

In 1998, Argentina was granted Major non-NATO ally status by the United States. The modern Argentine Army is fully committed to international peacekeeping under United Nations mandates, humanitarian aid and emergencies relief.

In 2010, the Army incorporated Chinese Norinco armored wheeled APCs to deploy with its peacekeeping forces.

In 2016 President Mauricio Macri modified a decree made by the 1984 government of Raúl Alfonsín which had removed much of the military's autonomy.

A major problem of today's Army is that most of its combat units are understrength in manpower due to budgetary limitations; the current Table of Organization and Equipment being established at a time during which the Army could rely on larger budgets and conscripted troops. Current plans call for the expansion of all combat units until all combat units are again full-strength, as soon as budget constraints allow for the induction of new volunteer service personnel of both genders.

Army General Staff
The Army is headed by a Chief of General Staff directly appointed by the President. The current Chief of the General Staff (since September 2008) is General Luis Alberto Pozzi. The General Staff of the Army (Estado Mayor General del Ejército) includes the Chief of Staff, a Deputy Chief of the General Staff and the heads of the General Staff's six departments (Jefaturas). The current departments of the General Staff (known also by their Roman numerals) are:

There are also a number of Commands and Directorates responsible for development and implementation of policies within the Army regarding technological and operational areas. They also handle administrative affairs. As of 2020, these include the following:
 * Communications and Computer Directorate (Dirección General de Comunicaciones e Informática)
 * Education Directorate (Dirección General de Educación)
 * Engineers and Infrastructure Directorate (Dirección de Ingenieros e Infraestructura)
 * Remount and Veterinary Directorate (Dirección de Remonta y Veterinaria)
 * Health Directorate (Dirección General de Salud)
 * Personnel and Welfare Directorate
 * Materiel Directorate (Dirección General de Material)
 * Intelligence Directorate
 * Organization and Doctrine Directorate
 * Research and Development Directorate (Dirección General de Investigación y Desarrollo)
 * Planning Directorate (Dirección de Planeamiento)
 * Finance Directorate
 * Historical Service Directorate

Field organization
In the 1960s, the Army was reorganised into five Army Corps. This structure replaced the old structure based on divisions following the French model. There was a further reorganisation in 1991, when brigades were assigned to six new divisions, two stationed at Santa Cruz and Mendoza.

Until late 2010, the First, Second and Third Army Divisions were designated as the Second, Third and Fifth Army Corps (Cuerpos de Ejército) respectively, without any intermediate division-level commands. These redesignations took place as part of a major reorganization of the Armed Forces' administrative and command structure. Two additional Army Corps, the First and Fourth, had already been dissolved in 1984 and 1991 respectively, with their dependent units reassigned to the remaining three Army Corps.

As of 2011, army forces are geographically grouped into three Army Divisions (Divisiones de Ejército), each roughly equivalent in terms of nominal organization to a U.S. Army division (+). Each Army Division has an area of responsibility over a specific region of the country; First Army Division covers the northeast of the country, Second Army Division covers the center and northwest of Argentina and Third Army Division covers the south and Patagonia. In addition to the three Army Divisions, the Rapid Deployment Force (Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido, FDR) forms an additional fourth divisional-level formation, while the Buenos Aires Military Garrison operates independently from any division-sized command. There are also several separate groups, including an anti-aircraft group and the Argentine Army Aviation group.

Each division has varying numbers of brigades of armor, mechanized forces and infantry.

As of 2011, the Argentine Army has eleven brigades:
 * two armored brigades (1st and 2nd),
 * three mechanized brigades (9th, 10th and 11th),
 * three mountain brigades (5th, 6th and 8th),
 * one paratrooper brigade (4th) and
 * two bush brigades (3rd and 12th).

Note: The 7th Infantry Brigade was dissolved in early 1985, while the 3rd Infantry Brigade was converted into a motorized training formation, which was ultimately dissolved in 2003.

Depending on its type, each brigade includes two to five Cavalry or Infantry Regiments, one or two Artillery Groups, a scout cavalry squadron, one battalion or company-sized engineer unit, one intelligence company, one communications company, one command company and a battalion-sized logistical support unit. The terms "regiment" and "group", found in the official designations of cavalry, infantry and artillery units, are used due to historical reasons. During the Argentine War of Independence, the Argentine Army fielded traditional regiment-sized units. 'Regiments' are more accurately described as battalions; similar-sized units that do not belong to the above-mentioned services are referred to as "battalions". In addition to their service, Regiments and Groups are also specialized according to their area of operations (Mountain Infantry, Jungle Infantry, Mountain Cavalry), their equipment (Tank Cavalry, Light Cavalry, Mechanized Infantry) or their special training (Paratroopers, Commandos, Air Assault, Mountain Cazadores or Jungle Cazadores). Regiments are made up by four maneuver sub-units (companies in infantry regiments and squadrons in cavalry regiments) and one command and support sub-unit for a total of 350 to 700 troops.

In 2006, a Rapid Deployment Force was created based on the 4th Paratrooper Brigade.

In 2008, a Special Operations Forces Group was created comprising two Commando Companies, one Special Forces Company and one psychological operations company.

Ranks
Insignia for all ranks except volunteers is worn on shoulder boards. Ranks from colonel major onwards use red-trimmed shoulderboards and the suns denoting rank are gold-braid; the suns on other officers' shoulder boards are metallic. Generals also wear golden wreath leaves on their coat lapels.

The rank insignia for volunteers 1st class, 2nd class and commissioned 2nd class is worn on the sleeves. Collar versions of the ranks are used in combat uniforms.

The highest army rank in use is lieutenant-general. A higher army rank, captain-general, was awarded twice in the nineteenth century: to José de San Martín and to Bernardino Rivadavia. As a promotion to this rank is not foreseen, no insignia for the rank currently exists.

Officers
The rank of coronel mayor (senior colonel) is an honorary distinction for colonels occupying general's positions (such as brigade commander), but who are not senior enough to be promoted.

title: Argentine Army


text:
Jürgen Budday

Jürgen Budday (born 1948 in Germany) is a German conductor, director of church music and music teacher. He is artistic director of the concert series at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Maulbronn Abbey, of the choir 'Maulbronner Kantorei' and of the Maulbronn Chamber Choir.

Biography
Jürgen Budday studied music education, church music and musicology at the Academy of Music in Stuttgart and, since 1979, has been teaching music at the Evangelical Seminary Maulbronn, a Protestant private boarding school in Maulbronn. For his teaching and artistic activity, he has received many awards, including the Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande (German Cross of Merit) and the Bruno Frey Prize from the Baden-Württemberg State Academy of Music, Ochsenhausen. Since 2002, Jürgen Budday has also held the chair of the choral committee of the German Music Council. Several concert recordings have been made under his artistic direction. These have included the Handel oratorios Jephtha, Samson, Judas Maccabaeus, Saul and the Messiah with highly distinguished soloists such as Emma Kirkby, Michael Chance, Nancy Argenta, David Thomas, Stephen Varcoe, Miriam Allan, Joanne Lunn and many others.

In 2011, Jürgen Budday has been awarded the honorary title Professor by the Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg, who dignified Mr Budday to be an illustrious musical ambassador of Baden-Württemberg.

Oratorios by G.F.Handel
Historically informed performances in English

 * Jephtha - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Emma Kirkby (Soprano), Melinda Paulsen (Mezzo-soprano), Charles Humphries (Countertenor), Julian Podger (Tenor), Stephen Varcoe (Bass), Maulbronn Chamber Choir, Barockorchester der Klosterkonzerte (1998, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Samson - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Sinéad Pratschke, Michael Chance, Mark LeBrocq, Raimund Nolte, David Thomas, Maulbronn Chamber Choir, Barockorchester der Klosterkonzerte (1999, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Judas Maccabäus - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Sinéad Pratschke (Soprano), Catherine King (Mezzo-soprano), Charles Humphries (Countertenor), Mark LeBrocq (Tenor), Christopher Purves (Bass), Maulbronn Chamber Choir, Musica Florea Prag (2000, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Saul - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Nancy Argenta (Soprano), Laurie Reviol (Soprano), Michael Chance (Countertenor), Marc LeBrocq (Tenor), Michael Berner (Tenor), Stephen Varcoe (Bass), Steffen Balbach (Bass), Hanoverian Court Orchestra/Hannoversche Hofkapelle (on period instruments), Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2002, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Solomon - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Nancy Argenta (Soprano), Laurie Reviol (Soprano), Michael Chance (Countertenor), Julian Podger (Tenor), Steffen Balbach (Bass), Hanoverian Court Orchestra/Hannoversche Hofkapelle (on period instruments), Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2004, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Belshazzar - Oratorio in three acts. An historically informed performance in English with Miriam Allan (Soprano), Michael Chance (Countertenor), Patrick Van Goethem (Countertenor), Marc LeBrocq (Tenor), Stephen Varcoe (Bass), Maulbronn Chamber Choir, Hanoverian Court Orchestra/Hannoversche Hofkapelle (on period instruments). (2005, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Der Messias (The Messiah) - Complete Recording Oratorio in three parts by George Frideric Handel in the arrangement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Performed according to the traditions of the time, sung in German, with Marlis Petersen (Soprano), Margot Oitzinger (Alto), Markus Schäfer (Tenor), Marek Rzepka (Bass), Hanoverian Court Orchestra/Hannoversche Hofkapelle (on period instruments), Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2006, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Joshua - Unedited version in English from 1748. Performed according to the traditions of the time with Miriam Allan (Soprano), David Allsopp (Countertenor), Mark LeBrocq (Tenor), James Rutherford (Bass), Hanoverian Court Orchestra/Hannoversche Hofkapelle (on period instruments), Maulbronn Chamber Choir (Maulbronner Kammerchor) (2007, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)

Other Oratorios and Masses

 * Gioacchino Rossini: Petit Messe Solenelle - version for two pianos and harmonium with Laura de Souza (Soprano), Dalia Schaechter (Altus), Keith Ikaia Purdy (Tenor), Max Wittges (Bass), Ennio Pastorino und An Li Pang (Pianos), Carlotte Lootgieter (Harmonium), Maulbronn Chamber Choir (1996, concert recording)
 * Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Paulus with Brigitte Geller, Jolanta Michalska-Taliaferro, Lothar Odinius, Peter Lika, Kantorei Maulbronn, Mitglieder des SWF-Sinfonieorchesters (1998, concert recording)
 * Charles Gounod: Cäcilienmesse & Gioacchino Rossini: Stabat Mater with Svetlana Strezeva, Jolanta Michalska-Taliaferro, Willi Stein, Nikita Storojev, Kantorei Maulbronn, Mitglieder des SWR-Sinfonieorchesters (1999, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Giacomo Puccini: Messa di Gloria & Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Christus with Willi Stein (Tenor), Thomas Pfeiffer (Baritone), Kantorei Maulbronn, Mitglieder des SWR-Sinfonieorchesters (2001, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Elias with Peter Lika (Bass), Heidi Elisabeth Meier (Soprano), Jolantha Michalska-Taliaferro (Altus), Hans Peter Blochwitz (Tenor), Kantorei Maulbronn, Mitglieder des SWR-Sinfonieorchesters (2003, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Max Bruch: Moses with Peter Lika (Bass), Birgitte Christensen (Soprano), Stefan Vinke (Tenor), Kantorei Maulbronn, Russian Chamber Philharmonic St. Petersburg (2005, concert recording, Maulbronn Monastery Edition)
 * Johann Sebastian Bach: Mass in B minor with Joanne Lunn, Ursula Eittinger, Marcus Ullmann, Gotthold Schwarz, Maulbronn Chamber Choir, Hannoversche Hofkapelle (2008, concert recording, Maulbronn)
 * Louis Spohr: Die letzten Dinge / The Last Judgement - The original version of the Oratorio from 1826, Miriam Meyer (Soprano), Ursula Eittinger (Mezzo-Soprano), Marcus Ullmann (Tenor), Josef Wagner (Bass), [Kantorei Maulbronn (Maulbronn Cantor Choir), Russian Chamber Philharmonic St. Petersburg (2010, concert recording, Maulbronn)

a cappella

 * All meine Herzgedanken ~ Chormusik der Romantik, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (1991)
 * Tröste mich wieder ~ Geistliche Chormusik, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (1993)
 * From early dawn... until late at night, A daily musical routine according to the tradition of horary prayers with works by Orlando di Lasso, Joseph Rheinberger, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Rolf Schweizer, Johann H. Schein, Jozef Swider, Arvo Pärt, Sven D. Sandström and Max Reger. Maulbronn Chamber Choir (1999)
 * Du verwandelst meine Klage in einen Reigen ~ Geistliche Chormusik, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2003)
 * Der Mensch lebt und bestehet ~ Geburt - Endlichkeit - Ewigkeit, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2006)
 * Transeamus usque Bethlehem ~ Europäische Weihnachtslieder und Motetten, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2008)
 * Die Nacht leuchtet wie der Tag, Maulbronn Chamber Choir (2010)

title: Jürgen Budday


text:
Hans Krása

Hans Krása (30 November 1899 – 17 October 1944) was a Czech composer. He was killed during the Holocaust at Auschwitz-Birkenau. He helped to organize cultural life in Theresienstadt concentration camp.

Life
Hans Krása was born in Prague, the son of Anna (Steiner) and Karl Krása, a lawyer. His father was a Czech Jew and his mother was German Jewish. He studied both the piano and violin as a child and went on to study composition at the German Music Academy in Prague. After graduating, he went on to become a répétiteur at the Neues Deutsches Theater, where he met the composer and conductor Alexander von Zemlinsky, who had a major influence on Krása's career.

In 1927 he followed Zemlinsky to Berlin, where he was introduced to Albert Roussel. Krása, whose primary influences were Mahler, Schoenberg and Zemlinsky, also felt an affinity with French music, especially the group of composers known as Les Six and made a number of trips to France to study under Roussel while he lived in Berlin. Krása eventually returned, homesick, to Prague to resume his old job as a répétiteur at the Neues Deutsches Theater. His debut as a composer came with his Four Orchestral Songs, Op. 1, based on the Galgenlieder (Gallows Songs) of Christian Morgenstern. The work was first performed under Zemlinsky's direction in Prague in May 1921 and was widely acclaimed. There followed a string quartet, a set of five songs for voice and piano and his Symphonie für kleines Orchester, which was performed in Zürich, Paris and Boston. His major achievement, however, was the opera Verlobung im Traum (Betrothal in a Dream) after the novel Uncle's Dream by Dostoyevsky. This work was first performed at the Neues Deutsches Theater in Prague in 1933 under Georg Szell and was awarded the Czechoslovak State Prize.

Brundibár, a children's opera based on a play by Aristophanes, was the last work Krása completed before he was arrested by the Nazis on 10 August 1942. Krása was sent to the Theresienstadt ghetto where he reworked Brundibár with the available cast “and scattered salt of staging”, who then performed it 55 times in the camp, with excerpts featured in the infamous propaganda film made for the Red Cross in 1944. While he was interned in the ghetto, Krása was at his most productive, producing a number of chamber works including Tans, Theme with Variations, and Pascaglia and Fugue, although, due to the circumstances, some of these have not survived. He also contributed to the musical culture of Theresienstadt as a pianist, accompanist, and conductor.

Death
Along with fellow composers Viktor Ullmann, Pavel Haas and Gideon Klein, Krása was taken to Auschwitz. He was murdered on 17 October 1944; he was not yet 45 years old.

Works

 * 4 Orchesterlieder, Op. 1 (1920) (text by Christian Morgenstern)
 * String Quartet, Op. 2 (1921)
 * Symphonie für kleines Orchester (1923)
 * 5 Lieder, Op. 4, for voice and piano (1925) (text by Rainer Maria Rilke, Catullus, Christian Morgenstern)
 * Verlobung im Traum (Betrothal in a Dream) (1928–30), opera in two acts after the novel Uncle's Dream by Feodor Dostoyevsky
 * Die Erde ist des Herrn (The Earth is the Lord's) (1931), cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra.
 * Kammermusik for harpsichord and seven instruments (1936)
 * Theme and Variations for string quartet (1936)
 * Brundibár (1938–43), symbolic anti-Nazi opera
 * Three Songs for baritone, clarinet, viola and cello (1943) (text by Arthur Rimbaud)
 * Overture for small orchestra (1943)
 * Tanec, dance for string trio (1944)
 * Passacaglia and Fugue for string trio (1944)

Recordings
His Three Songs after poems by Arthur Rimbaud, Čtyřverší, Vzrušení and Přátelé, sung by Christian Gerhaher, appear on the CD Terezín - Theresienstadt  initiated by Anne Sofie von Otter, Deutsche Grammophon, 2007.

His String Quartet appears on Pavel Haas and Hans Krása: String Quartets, performed by the Hawthorne String Quartet as part of the Decca series, Entartete Musik, label: Decca 440 853–2. As part of the same series his opera Verlobung im Traum (Betrothal in a Dream) and Symphonie appeared in recordings by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin conducted by Lothar Zagrosek and Vladimir Ashkenazy respectively, label: Decca 455 587–2.

title: Hans Krása