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Boris Babayan

Boris Artashesovich Babayan (Борис Арташеcович Бабаян; Բորիս Արտաշեսի Բաբայան; born Baku, 20 December 1933) is a Soviet and Russian computer scientist of Armenian descent, notable as the pioneering creator of supercomputers in the former Soviet Union and Russia.

Biography
Babayan was born in Baku, Soviet Union to an Armenian family. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1957. He completed his Ph.D. in 1964 and his doctorate of science in 1971.

From 1956 to 1996, Babayan worked in the Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering, where he eventually became chief of the hardware and software division. Babayan and his team built their first computers during the 1950s. In the 1970s, being one of 15 deputies of chief architect V. S. Burtsev, he worked on the first superscalar computer, the Elbrus-1 and programming language Эль-76. Using these computers in 1978, ten years before commercial applications appeared in the West, the Soviet Union developed its missile systems and its nuclear and space programs.

A team headed by Babayan designed Elbrus-3 computer using an architecture named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC).

From 1992 to 2004, Babayan held senior positions in the Moscow Center for SPARC Technology (MCST) and Elbrus International. In these roles he led the development of Elbrus 2000 (single-chip implementation of Elbrus-3) and Elbrus90micro (SPARC computer based on domestically developed microprocessor) projects.

Since August 2004, Babayan is the Director of Architecture for the Software and Solutions Group in Intel Corporation and scientific advisor of the Intel R&D center in Moscow. He leads efforts in such areas as compilers, binary translation and security technologies. He became the second European holding the Intel Fellow title (after Norwegian, Tryggve Fossum).

Babayan was awarded the two highest honors in the former Soviet Union: the USSR State Prize for his achievements in 1974 in the field of computer-aided design, and the Lenin Prize in 1987 for the Elbrus-2 supercomputer design. Since 1984, he has been a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Russian Academy of Sciences). He served as a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and held the Microprocessor Technology chair in Moscow based R&D center of Intel Corporation before his retirement in February 2022.

title: Boris Babayan


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Legal informatics

Legal informatics is an area within information science.

The American Library Association defines informatics as "the study of the structure and properties of information, as well as the application of technology to the organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information." Legal informatics therefore, pertains to the application of informatics within the context of the legal environment and as such involves law-related organizations (e.g., law offices, courts, and law schools) and users of information and information technologies within these organizations.

Policy issues
Policy issues in legal informatics arise from the use of informational technologies in the implementation of law, such as the use of subpoenas for information found in emails, search queries, and social networks. Policy approaches to legal informatics issues vary throughout the world. For example, European countries tend to require the destruction or anonymization of data so that it cannot be used for discovery.

Cloud computing
The widespread introduction of cloud computing provides several benefits in delivering legal services. Legal service providers can use the Software as a Service model to earn a profit by charging customers a per-use or subscription fee. This model has several benefits over traditional bespoke services.
 * Software as a service is much more scalable. Traditional bespoke models require an attorney to spend more of a limited resource (their time) on each additional client. Using Software as a Service, a legal service provider can put in effort once to develop the product and then use a much less limited resource (cloud computing power) to provide service to each additional customer.
 * Software as a service can be used to complement traditional bespoke services by handling routine tasks, leaving an attorney free to concentrate on bespoke work.
 * Software as a service can be delivered more conveniently because it does not require the legal service provider to be available at the same time as the customer.

Software as a service also complicates the attorney-client relationship in a way that may have implications for attorney–client privilege. The traditional delivery model makes it easy to create delineations of when attorney-client privilege attaches and when it does not. But in more complex models of legal service delivery other actors or automated processes may moderate the relationship between a client and their attorney making it difficult to tell which communications should be legally privileged.

Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is employed in online dispute resolution platforms that use optimization algorithms and blind-bidding. Artificial intelligence is also frequently employed in modeling the legal ontology, "an explicit, formal, and general specification of a conceptualization of properties of and relations between objects in a given domain".

Artificial intelligence and law (AI and law) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) mainly concerned with applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on those problems. It is also concerned to contribute in the other direction: to export tools and techniques developed in the context of legal problems to AI in general. For example, theories of legal decision making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi-agent systems; reasoning with legal cases has contributed to case-based reasoning; and the need to store and retrieve large amounts of textual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual information retrieval and intelligent databases.

History
Although Loevinger, Allen and Mehl anticipated several of the ideas that would become important in AI and Law, the first serious proposal for applying AI techniques to law is usually taken to be  Buchanan and Headrick. Early work from this period includes Thorne McCarty's influential TAXMAN project in the US and Ronald Stamper's LEGOL project in the UK. Landmarks in the early 1980s include Carole Hafner's work on conceptual retrieval, Anne Gardner's work on contract law, Edwina Rissland's work on legal hypotheticals and the work at Imperial College London on the representation of legislation by means of executable logic programs.

Early meetings of scholars included a one-off meeting at Swansea, the series of conferences organized by IDG in Florence and the workshops organised by Charles Walter at the University of Houston in 1984 and 1985. In 1987 a biennial conference, the International Conference on AI and Law (ICAIL), was instituted. This conference began to be seen as the main venue for publishing and the developing ideas within AI and Law, and it led to the foundation of the International Association for Artificial Intelligence and Law (IAAIL), to organize and convene subsequent ICAILs. This, in turn, led to the foundation of the Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal, first published in 1992. In Europe, the annual JURIX conferences (organised by the Jurix Foundation for Legal Knowledge Based Systems), began in 1988. Initially intended to bring together the Dutch-speaking (i.e. Dutch and Flemish) researchers, JURIX quickly developed into an international, primarily European, conference and since 2002 has regularly been held outside the Dutch speaking countries. Since 2007 the JURISIN workshops have been held in Japan under the auspices of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence.

The interoperable legal documents standardAkoma Ntoso allows machine-driven processes to operate on the syntactic and semantic components of digital parliamentary, judicial and legislative documents, thus facilitating the development of high-quality information resources and forming a basis for AI tools. Its goal is to substantially enhance the performance, accountability, quality and openness of parliamentary and legislative operations based on best practices and guidance through machine-assisted drafting and machine-assisted (legal) analysis. Embedded in the environment of the semantic web, it forms the basis for a heterogenous yet interoperable ecosystem, with which these tools can operate and communicate, as well as for future applications and use cases based on digital law or rule representation.

In 2019, the city of Hangzhou, China established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to ecommerce and internet-related intellectual property claims. Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence presented and applies relevant legal standards.

Scope
Today, AI and law embrace a wide range of topics, including:
 * Formal models of legal reasoning
 * Computational models of argumentation and decision-making
 * Computational models of evidential reasoning
 * Legal reasoning in multi-agent systems
 * Executable models of legislation
 * Automatic legal text classification and summarization
 * Automated information extraction from legal databases and texts
 * Machine learning and data mining for e-discovery and other legal applications
 * Conceptual or model-based legal information retrieval
 * Lawbots to automate minor and repetitive legal tasks
 * Risk assessment, pricing and timeline predictions of litigation using machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Formal models of legal reasoning
Formal models of legal texts and legal reasoning have been used in AI and Law to clarify issues, to give a more precise understanding and to provide a basis for implementations. A variety of formalisms have been used, including propositional and predicate calculi; deontic, temporal and non-monotonic logics; and state transition diagrams. Prakken and Sartor give a detailed and authoritative review of the use of logic and argumentation in AI and Law, together with a comprehensive set of references.

An important role of formal models is to remove ambiguity. In fact, legislation abounds with ambiguity: Because it is written in natural language there are no brackets and so the scope of connectives such as "and" and "or" can be unclear. "Unless" is also capable of several interpretations, and legal draftsman never write "if and only if", although this is often what they intend by "if". In perhaps the earliest use of logic to model law in AI and Law, Layman Allen advocated the use of propositional logic to resolve such syntactic ambiguities in a series of papers.

In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s a significant strand of work on AI and Law involved the production of executable models of legislation, originating with Thorne McCarty's TAXMAN and Ronald Stamper's LEGOL. TAXMAN was used to model the majority and minority arguments in a US Tax law case (Eisner v Macomber), and was implemented in the micro-PLANNER programming language. LEGOL was used to provide a formal model of the rules and regulations that govern an organization, and was implemented in a condition-action rule language of the kind used for expert systems.

The TAXMAN and LEGOL languages were executable, rule-based languages, which did not have an explicit logical interpretation. However, the formalisation of a large portion of the British Nationality Act by Sergot et al. showed that the natural language of legal documents bears a close resemblance to the Horn clause subset of first order predicate calculus. Moreover, it identified the need to extend the use of Horn clauses by including negative conditions, to represent rules and exceptions. The resulting extended Horn clauses are executable as logic programs.

Later work on larger applications, such as that on Supplementary Benefits, showed that logic programs need further extensions, to deal with such complications as multiple cross references, counterfactuals, deeming provisions, amendments, and highly technical concepts (such as contribution conditions). The use of hierarchical representations was suggested to address the problem of cross reference; and so-called isomorphic representations were suggested to address the problems of verification and frequent amendment. As the 1990s developed this strand of work became partially absorbed into the development of formalisations of domain conceptualisations, (so-called ontologies), which became popular in AI following the work of Gruber. Early examples in AI and Law include Valente's functional ontology and the frame based ontologies of Visser and van Kralingen. Legal ontologies have since become the subject of regular workshops at AI and Law conferences and there are many examples ranging from generic top-level and core ontologies to very specific models of particular pieces of legislation.

Since law comprises sets of norms, it is unsurprising that deontic logics have been tried as the formal basis for models of legislation. These, however, have not been widely adopted as the basis for expert systems, perhaps because expert systems are supposed to enforce the norms, whereas deontic logic becomes of real interest only when we need to consider violations of the norms. In law directed obligations, whereby an obligation is owed to another named individual are of particular interest, since violations of such obligations are often the basis of legal proceedings. There is also some interesting work combining deontic and action logics to explore normative positions.

In the context of multi-agent systems, norms have been modelled using state transition diagrams. Often, especially in the context of electronic institutions, the norms so described are regimented (i.e., cannot be violated), but in other systems violations are also handled, giving a more faithful reflection of real norms. For a good example of this approach see Modgil et al.

Law often concerns issues about time, both relating to the content, such as time periods and deadlines, and those relating to the law itself, such as commencement. Some attempts have been made to model these temporal logics using both computational formalisms such as the Event Calculus and temporal logics such as defeasible temporal logic.

In any consideration of the use of logic to model law it needs to be borne in mind that law is inherently non-monotonic, as is shown by the rights of appeal enshrined in all legal systems, and the way in which interpretations of the law change over time. Moreover, in the drafting of law exceptions abound, and, in the application of law, precedents are overturned as well as followed. In logic programming approaches, negation as failure is often used to handle non-monotonicity, but specific non-monotonic logics such as defeasible logic have also been used. Following the development of abstract argumentation, however, these concerns are increasingly being addressed through argumentation in monotonic logic rather than through the use of non-monotonic logics.

Two recent prominent accounts of legal reasoning involve reasons, and they are John Horty's, which focuses on common law reasoning and the notion of precedent, and Federico Faroldi's, which focuses on civil law and uses justification logic.

Quantitative legal prediction
Both academic and proprietary quantitative legal prediction models exist. One of the earliest examples of a working quantitative legal prediction model occurred in the form of the Supreme Court forecasting project. The Supreme Court forecasting model attempted to predict the results of all the cases on the 2002 term of the Supreme Court. The model predicted 75% of cases correctly compared to experts who only predicted 59.1% of cases. Another example of an academic quantitative legal prediction models is a 2012 model that predicted the result of Federal Securities class action lawsuits. Some academics and legal technology startups are attempting to create algorithmic models to predict case outcomes. Part of this overall effort involves improved case assessment for litigation funding.

In order to better evaluate the quality of case outcome prediction systems, a proposal has been made to create a standardised dataset that would allow comparisons between systems.

Legal practice
Within the practice issues conceptual area, progress continues to be made on both litigation and transaction focused technologies. In particular, technology including predictive coding has the potential to effect substantial efficiency gains in law practice. Though predictive coding has largely been applied in the litigation space, it is beginning to make inroads in transaction practice, where it is being used to improve document review in mergers and acquisitions. Other advances, including XML coding in transaction contracts, and increasingly advanced document preparation systems demonstrate the importance of legal informatics in the transactional law space.

Current applications of AI in the legal field utilize machines to review documents, particularly when a high level of completeness and confidence in the quality of document analysis is depended upon, such as in instances of litigation and where due diligence play a role. Predictive coding leverages small samples to cross-reference similar items, weed out less relevant documents so attorneys can focus on the truly important key documents, produces statistically validated results, equal to or surpassing the accuracy and, prominently, the rate of human review.

Delivery of services
Advances in technology and legal informatics have led to new models for the delivery of legal services. Legal services have traditionally been a "bespoke" product created by a professional attorney on an individual basis for each client. However, to work more efficiently, parts of these services will move sequentially from (1) bespoke to (2) standardized, (3) systematized, (4) packaged, and (5) commoditized. Moving from one stage to the next will require embracing different technologies and knowledge systems.

The spread of the Internet and development of legal technology and informatics are extending legal services to individuals and small-medium companies.

Corporate legal departments
Corporate legal departments may use legal informatics for such purposes as to manage patent portfolios, and for preparation, customization and management of documents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Legal informatics


text: User talk:81.214.97.109

title: User talk:81.214.97.109


text:
Talk:Terrorism in India

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071022071102/http://www.newkerala.com/news4.php?action=fullnews&id=104097 to http://www.newkerala.com/news4.php?action=fullnews&id=104097

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External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115355/http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx to http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx
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Semi-protected edit request on 16 June 2018
The full form of SATP is worng, its South Asia Terrorism Portal, please correct it. Also if SATP can be linked to its website then the URL is http://www.satp.org/ Thanks Swati28tripathi (talk) 07:36, 16 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thank you for bringing this to attention, it should be fixed now, but better double check me. SATP was already listed among external links. Sam Sailor 12:29, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2019
Number of terrorist attacks in 2016 is 1025. Number of terrorist attacks in 2017 is 966. death toll is 463, number of injuries is 702. Soham.wiki.m17 (talk) 08:58, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. DannyS712 (talk) 02:19, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

Why not split this into ' Terrorism in India'?
By splitting this article and replacing the current text with one or more paragraph for each ideological terror with Main article produced as a link on top of each paragraph and the paragraph odered based on the count of terror attacks, we can redirect people to learn more about Terrorism in India, rather than clubbing them all in one page. Sounds fine? - AppuduPappudu (talk) 13:06, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 April 2020
In the third paragraph, change "Aasam" to "Assam". Shardnark (talk) 11:28, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks. Brown Chocolate (talk) 11:42, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

Why is Kashmir Missing ?
According to the List of terrorist incidents in India a majority of terrorist incidents in India have occurred in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, where Pakistan-bassed terrorist cells are heavily involved. Why are these incidents missing here? Does the writer think J&K is not part of India? Is it covered elsewhere? If so, that's quite frankly ridiculous and suspect... in any case, not objective. J&K is certainly part of India Sooku (talk) 05:29, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Or maybe the most obvious reason: no one has cared to write about it. You can be the first one. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 07:00, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you, but I found the separate article on Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. Sooku (talk) 08:33, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Article image
When hovering over a link to this article, the image shown in the page preview popup is of 9/11, which may not be the best choice of image. However, I am unable to find the cause of this, as the image is nowhere in the article, and even the page information lists another image (the map, which is probably a more representative image). Does anyone know what is causing this, or how to change it? INDT (talk) 15:50, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 07 Oct 2022
please add this in kerala section in incidents

2020 Mujahid Balussery call for converting Kerala into an Islamic Country
In 2020, Mujahid Balussery, a popular Islam preacher called all muslims of kerala for converting kerala state into a islamic country within 10 years.He assured muslim community in kerala that, kerala will be converted into an Islamic country within 10 years.In his speach he has also mentioned that Hindus in kerala who pray to Guruvayoor Krishna will be in hell after death.He has also told the muslim community in kerala that not to offer any donation to temples,for example giving donation for Saraswati temples are equal to giving donation for a whorehouse. 151.200.244.189 (talk) 15:14, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The source provided does not link this to terrorism. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 17:13, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terrorism in India


text:
William Birney

William Birney (May 28, 1819 – August 14, 1907) was an American professor, Union Army general during the American Civil War, attorney and author. An ardent abolitionist, he was noted for encouraging thousands of free black men to join the Union army.

Birney was a son of prominent Southern abolitionist leader James G. Birney and the older brother of Civil War general David B. Birney. Another brother, James M. Birney, served as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan in 1860. A cousin, Humphrey Marshall, was a U.S. Congressman and a general in the Confederate States Army.

Birth and early years
William Birney was born May 28, 1819, on his father's plantation near Huntsville, Alabama. He grew up there and in Danville, Kentucky. Birney was educated at Centre College and Yale University and he practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio. He then lived for five years in Europe, primarily on the Continent and in England. For two years, he was a professor of English literature at the college in Bourges. He took an active part in the revolutionary movement in France in 1848. He later wrote numerous articles for English and American newspapers. Returning to the United States in 1853, Birney established a newspaper, the Daily Register, in Philadelphia.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Birney entered the Union Army on May 22, 1861, as a captain in the 1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment. He first saw combat in the First Battle of Bull Run. Promoted to major of the 4th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, he participated in the battles of Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericksburg, and, as a colonel, Chancellorsville. In 1863–64, he was appointed as one of three superintendents in charge of enlisting colored troops into the Union army, and in that capacity organized seven regiments. He was named Colonel of the 22nd U.S. Colored Troops. On June 9, 1863, he was commissioned as a brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from May 22, 1863, and assigned to Maryland to recruit more black troops. In 1864, he marched his regiments to fight in South Carolina as a part of the Department of the South. They fared poorly, but did much better work in campaigns in Florida, including the Battle of Olustee.

Birney's brigade was transferred to Virginia and joined other black regiments to form the Third Division of the X Corps under the command of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. They suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm, but were instrumental in several fights along the defenses of Richmond. In December 1864, the X Corps black regiments were combined with those of the XVIII Corps in the new all-black XXV Corps under Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel. Birney's regiments became the 2nd Division of the XXV Corps, and participated in the last assaults during the Siege of Petersburg in early 1865. He then led his division in the pursuit of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Appomattox Campaign. Birney was mustered out of the volunteer army on August 24, 1865.

On July 20, 1866, President of the United States Andrew Johnson nominated Birney for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 26, 1866.

Birney resided in Florida for several years after the war before moving north in 1874 to establish a law practice in Washington, D.C. He served as U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia and as a school board trustee until 1886. He wrote profusely on the subjects of religion and history and authored a biography of his father, James G. Birney and His Times; the Genesis of the Republican Party, in 1890.

Birney died at his home in Forest Glen, Maryland, on August 14, 1907, and was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Georgetown (Washington, D.C.).

title: William Birney


text:
CJBC

CJBC may refer to:

 * CJBC (AM), a radio station (860 AM) licensed to Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * CJBC-FM, a radio station (90.3 FM) licensed to Toronto, Ontario, Canada

title: CJBC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orcines

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orcines
There are 36,782 communes in the French Republic, shall we have entries on all of them? Unless this commune is notable and some text is added to the page (there is currently one sentence), we should delete it. In the meanwhile, a list of communes can be added to the article on the Puy-de-Dôme département. Karol 17:32, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We keep Rambot articles (and rightfully so); how is this different? These are prime examples of articles that exist to be expanded. Presumably, in the fullness of time, residents of these communes will come and fill them in--but this process won't start without these bare-bones articles. Meelar (talk) 17:53, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK... I wasn't in yet on this philosophy. Now I understand. How can we take the article of the VfD list? Karol 17:59, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - this should be kept such that in the future people may add to it. No reason to remove. UkPaolo 18:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * gardez toutes les communes Dunc|☺ 19:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places, but let the VfD run its course. RickK 19:54, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. (Just to make the origin of this application clear) Karol 21:01, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Real place with community of interest. Capitalistroadster 01:11, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand -CunningLinguist 06:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and all other 37k comunes. James F. (talk) 09:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orcines


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sayat

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sayat
There are 36,782 communes in the French Republic, shall we have entries on all of them? Unless this commune is notable and some text is added to the page (there is currently one sentence), we should delete it. In the meanwhile, a list of communes can be added to the article on the Puy-de-Dôme département. Karol 17:33, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * "shall we have entries on all of them?" Absolutely - just as we already do for small US towns.  Keep and fill in by translating from French article if need be. - Mustafaa 17:45, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * - OK then - can wetake this of the VfD list? Karol 17:59, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Keep. No places should be deleted. it's geographical coverage, esp in the US, is one of the best features of wikipedia, SqueakBox 21:04, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP Absolutely, Mustafaa... we should have entries for all commune's like this. Granted the page could do with some more info, but that's much more likely to happen if we keep barebones stub's like this. Does no harm! UkPaolo 18:48, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places, but let the voting period run its course. RickK 19:54, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. (Just to make the origin of this application clear) Karol 21:01, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Real place with real community of interest. Capitalistroadster 01:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Sayat, Auvergne, France. Vegaswikian 05:21, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this too please Yuckfoo 16:13, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sayat


text:
National Steel Corporation

The National Steel Corporation (1929–2003) was a major American steel producer. It was founded in 1929 through a merger arranged by Weirton Steel with some properties of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation and M.A. Hanna Company with headquarters in Pittsburgh. Despite a difficult market in Depression-setting 1930, the company reported USD 8.4 million in profits. Again, in 1931 the company was profitable unlike many other competitors. The company could attribute its success primarily to sales to the automobile industry. Large steel producing operations were located near Detroit, providing the company with low shipping costs. Throughout the Great Depression, National Steel obtained profitability every year.

Post war years
The post-World War II years brought about record profits for the company as steel was in high demand. The company continued to post healthy profits in the 1970s, although the latter half of the decade saw some sharp and turbulent profit slumps. The increasing consumption of imported steel was often an attributed problem. It acquired United Financial Corporation, in 1979, adding another sundry item for its portfolio. United Financial was the parent company of Citizens Savings & Loan Association of San Francisco, which was the seventh‐largest savings and loan in the United States.

1980s
Beginning in 1980, the company reported a serious loss of demand and with it profits in its core steel business. A roller coaster earnings surge the next year crashed down the year after that due to a further increase in imports and low demand. In 1983, shareholders agreed to create National Intergroup, a holding company, and merge the steel business as one many units into it. The corporate reorganization was a further step to an already initiated arrangement that started in 1982, which broke the company into six independently managed units. The move was intended to better administer the company which had become diversified away from steel into aluminum and financial services. That same year, the workers of the Weirton mill purchased their operation from National Steel, forming an independent employee-owned corporation.

In February 1984, Nippon Kokan K.K., a major Japanese steel producer, acquired 50% of National Steel from National Intergroup for US$292 million. Later in 1990, the Japanese firm would claim another 20% share from National Intergroup, which was eager to sell the steel business. The company stumbled through troubled years as it shed thousands of workers and faced bankruptcy in 1991.

Amidst the savings and loan crisis in 1981, West Side Federal Savings and Loan Association of New York and the Washington Savings and Loan Association of Miami were acquired and merged with Citizens, creating the country's largest federally chartered savings and loan association. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board approved the first interstate consolidation of savings and loan associations largely because National Steel was willing to provide $75 million in cash to the new association, whose combined assets would be $6.8 billion with 136 branches in the three states. The branches were rebranded as First Nationwide Savings in 1982, when National Steel sold a 19% share of First Nationwide to the public. Ford Motor Company acquired First Nationwide for $493 million in 1985.

National Steel spun-off its computer data subsidiary Genix which spun-off the current-day Corporate Election Services, a market leader in proxy statement and proxy fight services based in suburban Pittsburgh.

1990s
The company announced in 1991 that it would re-locate its longtime Pittsburgh headquarters to the South Bend, Indiana, area.

In 1994, the company caused a stir in the industry when it terminated nearly all of its vice presidents, President and CFO, and replaced them by hiring nearly the complete executive staff of the U.S. Steel Gary Works, including V. John Goodwin who was named the new President of National Steel. U.S. Steel was incensed and filed a lawsuit which the two companies settled out-of-court in 1995. However these drastic leadership changes were short-lived, as Goodwin resigned in 1996, the result of a bitter dispute with the Japanese ownership and by 1998 nearly all of the U.S. Steel expatriates had departed from National.

2000s
The darkest days of National's management history occurred in 2000, when an internal auditor, tipped off by an informer, discovered that longtime executive James Squires was receiving millions of dollars in kickbacks from scrap suppliers. This was an especially painful event for the company because Squires had been hailed as a "self-made man" who had advanced from a mill laborer to a Senior Vice President over the course of his 42-year career, and had professed to be the pinnacle of financial stewardship. Nevertheless, in August 2001, Squires was convicted in Federal Court of receiving kickbacks, and in 2002 was sentenced to two years imprisonment. Later he was forced to pay National approximately $3,000,000 in a civil lawsuit. In his allocution at sentencing, Squires noted, apologetically, that he had taken the improper payments because the company was promoting "Harvard MBA's" more rapidly than it was promoting him. The truth of the matter, however, was that Squires was one of the company's most senior executives, and that National Steel did not have any Harvard MBA's within its ranks, let alone any who were promoted ahead of Squires.

The company then lumbered along for the next few years, hampered by doddering executive management. It filed for bankruptcy protection in 2002, the result of a deep depression in the industry at the time combined with the laggard leadership.

Bankruptcy
The company would never again enjoy extended periods of profit and finally in March 2002, it filed for bankruptcy with only $2.3 billion in assets for $2.6 billion in debt. After a bidding war between AK Steel and U.S. Steel, in May 2003 the remains of National Steel were sold to U.S. Steel for $850 million and the assumption of $200 million in debt. US Steel continues to operate National's Keewatin, Minnesota mining operation and pellet plant under the new name of Keewatin Taconite or Keetac.

title: National Steel Corporation


text:
Saint-Télesphore

Saint-Télesphore is a municipality located in Vaudreuil-Soulanges Regional County Municipality, Quebec (Canada). The population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 754. The municipality is situated west of Saint-Polycarpe, south of Sainte-Justine-de-Newton, north of Rivière-Baudette and east of the provincial border near North Lancaster, Ontario.

The municipality is named for Pope Telesphorus, who reigned from 126 to 138 AD. In addition to the village of Saint-Télesphore itself, the municipality also includes the community of Dalhousie or Dalhousie Station along the Canadian Pacific railway.

History
Settlement began around 1800 with the arrival of Scottish, Irish, and English immigrants. At that time, the place was called Rivière-Delisle, Lac-Saint-François, or Rivière-au-Beaudet.

In 1877, the Parish Municipality of Saint-Télesphore was created, named after the parish that was formed one year earlier. In 1879, its post office opened.

On August 7, 2010, the parish municipality changed its statutes to become a (regular) municipality.

Local government
List of former mayors:

 * Camille Gourgon (1878–1883)
 * Jean Baptiste Campeau (1883–1884, 1885–1886)
 * Athanase Daou (1884–1885, 1886–1889)
 * Joseph Pilon (1889–1893, 1897–1899, 1902–1905)
 * Louis Charlebois (1893–1897)
 * Joseph Antoine Moyse Leroux (1899–1902, 1917-1919)
 * Joseph Moyse Beauchamp (1905–1909)
 * François Xavier Cuillierier (1909–1913)
 * Louis Sauvé (1913–1914)
 * Zotique Dicaire (1914–1917)
 * Joseph Alfred Théodule Pilon (1919–1923)
 * Joseph Arthur Hyacinthe St. Denis (1923–1927)
 * Joseph Alfred Louis Charlebois (1927–1939)
 * Joseph Samuel Evariste Braseau (1939–1953)
 * Joseph Arcade Napoléon Bruno St-Denis (1953–1959)
 * Joseph-Elzéar-Rosario-Richard Gaston Pilon (1959–1963)
 * Joseph Jean-Baptiste Rémi Sauvé (1963–1981, 1987–1999)
 * Joseph Marcel Eléonore Descent (1981–1983)
 * Robert Bourgon (1983–1987, 1999–2003)
 * Joseph Albert Patrice Claude Cyr (2003–2009)
 * Yvon Bériault (2009–2021)
 * David Watson McKay (2021–present)

Education
Commission Scolaire des Trois-Lacs operates Francophone schools.
 * École du Val-des-Prés Immaculée-Conception

Lester B. Pearson School Board operates Anglophone schools.
 * Soulanges Elementary School in Saint-Télesphore or Evergreen Elementary and Forest Hill Elementary (Junior Campus and Senior campus) in Saint-Lazare

title: Saint-Télesphore


text:
2005 Wimbledon Championships

The 2005 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 119th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 20 June to 3 July 2005. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year.

Roger Federer successfully defended the men's singles crown defeating Andy Roddick in the final for the second consecutive year. Maria Sharapova was unsuccessful in her 2004 title defence, being defeated in the semifinals by eventual champion Venus Williams. Williams and Lindsay Davenport played the longest women's final in history.

Point distribution
Below are the tables with the point distribution for each discipline of the tournament.

Prize distribution
The total prize money for 2005 championships was £10,085,510. The winner of the men's title earned £630,000 while the women's singles champion earned £600,000.

 * per team

Men's singles
 Roger Federer defeated 🇺🇸 Andy Roddick, 6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Venus Williams defeated 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport, 4–6, 7–6(7–4), 9–7

Men's doubles
🇦🇺 Stephen Huss / Wesley Moodie defeated 🇺🇸 Bob Bryan / 🇺🇸 Mike Bryan, 7–6(7–4), 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 6–3

Women's doubles
Cara Black / Liezel Huber defeated 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova / 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo, 6–2, 6–1

Mixed doubles
🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi / 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce defeated 🇦🇺 Paul Hanley / 🇺🇦 Tatiana Perebiynis, 6–4, 6–2

Boys' singles
🇫🇷 Jérémy Chardy defeated  Robin Haase, 6–4, 6–3

Girls' singles
🇵🇱 Agnieszka Radwańska defeated 🇦🇹 Tamira Paszek, 6–3, 6–4

Boys' doubles
🇺🇸 Jesse Levine / 🇺🇸 Michael Shabaz defeated 🇦🇺 Sam Groth / 🇬🇧 Andrew Kennaugh, 6–4, 6–1

Girls' doubles
🇧🇾 Victoria Azarenka / 🇭🇺 Ágnes Szávay defeated 🇳🇿 Marina Erakovic / Monica Niculescu, 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–0

Wheelchair men's doubles
🇫🇷 Michaël Jeremiasz / 🇬🇧 Jayant Mistry defeated 🇦🇺 David Hall / 🇦🇹 Martin Legner, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6

Men's singles

 * 1)  Roger Federer (champion)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Andy Roddick (final, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt (semifinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 4) 🇪🇸 Rafael Nadal (second round, lost to Gilles Müller)
 * 5) 🇷🇺 Marat Safin (third round, lost to Feliciano López)
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (second round, lost to Dmitry Tursunov)
 * 7) 🇦🇷 Guillermo Cañas (withdrew)
 * 8) 🇷🇺 Nikolay Davydenko (second round, lost to Jonas Björkman)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Sébastien Grosjean (quarterfinals, lost to Andy Roddick)
 * 10)  Mario Ančić (fourth round, lost to Feliciano López)
 * 11) 🇸🇪 Joachim Johansson (third round, lost to Fernando González)
 * 12) 🇸🇪 Thomas Johansson (semifinals, lost to Andy Roddick)
 * 13) 🇪🇸 Tommy Robredo (first round, lost to Fernando Verdasco)
 * 14) 🇨🇿 Radek Štěpánek (second round, lost to Andy Murray)
 * 15) 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria (fourth round, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 16) 🇦🇷 Mariano Puerta (first round, lost to Lars Burgsmüller)
 * 17) 🇪🇸 David Ferrer (first round, lost to Guillermo García López)
 * 18) 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian (quarterfinals, lost to Thomas Johansson)
 * 19) 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas (first round, lost to Janko Tipsarević)
 * 20)  Ivan Ljubičić (first round, lost to Jürgen Melzer)
 * 21)  Fernando González (quarterfinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 22) 🇸🇰 Dominik Hrbatý (second round, lost to Gaël Monfils)
 * 23) 🇪🇸 Juan Carlos Ferrero (fourth round, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 24) 🇺🇸 Taylor Dent (fourth round, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 25) 🇩🇪 Nicolas Kiefer (third round, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 26) 🇪🇸 Feliciano López (quarterfinals, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 27) 🇫🇷 Richard Gasquet (fourth round, lost to David Nalbandian)
 * 28) 🇨🇿 Jiří Novák (third round, lost to Max Mirnyi)
 * 29)  Nicolás Massú (second round, lost to Justin Gimelstob)
 * 30) 🇸🇪 Robin Söderling (first round, lost to Igor Andreev)
 * 31) 🇷🇺 Mikhail Youzhny (fourth round, lost to Fernando González)
 * 32) 🇮🇹 Filippo Volandri (first round, lost to Wayne Arthurs)
 * 33) 🇧🇪 Olivier Rochus (second round, lost to Max Mirnyi)

Women's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (final, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 2) 🇷🇺 Maria Sharapova (semifinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (semifinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (third round, lost to Jill Craybas)
 * 5) 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova (quarterfinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 6) 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva (fourth round, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 7) 🇧🇪 Justine Henin-Hardenne (first round, lost to Eleni Daniilidou)
 * 8) 🇷🇺 Nadia Petrova (quarterfinals, lost to Maria Sharapova)
 * 9) 🇷🇺 Anastasia Myskina (quarterfinals, lost to Amélie Mauresmo)
 * 10)  Patty Schnyder (first round, lost to Antonella Serra Zanetti)
 * 11) 🇷🇺 Vera Zvonareva (second round, lost to Květa Peschke)
 * 12) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (quarterfinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 13) 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva (fourth round, lost to Amélie Mauresmo)
 * 14) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (champion)
 * 15) 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters (fourth round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 16) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Dechy (fourth round, lost to Maria Sharapova)
 * 17)  Jelena Janković (third round, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 18) 🇫🇷 Tatiana Golovin (first round, lost to Alona Bondarenko)
 * 19)  Ana Ivanovic (third round, lost to Mary Pierce)
 * 20) 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová (third round, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 21) 🇮🇹 Francesca Schiavone (first round, lost to Kristina Brandi)
 * 22) 🇮🇹 Silvia Farina Elia (third round, lost to Elena Likhovtseva)
 * 23) 🇯🇵 Ai Sugiyama (first round, lost to Roberta Vinci)
 * 24) 🇯🇵 Shinobu Asagoe (first round, lost to Magdalena Maleeva)
 * 25)  Karolina Šprem (first round, lost to Tamarine Tanasugarn)
 * 26) 🇮🇹 Flavia Pennetta (fourth round, lost to Mary Pierce)
 * 27) 🇨🇿 Nicole Vaidišová (third round, lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova)
 * 28) 🇺🇸 Amy Frazier (first round, lost to Mashona Washington)
 * 29) 🇫🇷 Marion Bartoli (second round, lost to Rika Fujiwara)
 * 30) 🇷🇺 Dinara Safina (third round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 31) 🇪🇸 Anabel Medina Garrigues (first round, lost to Katarina Srebotnik)
 * 32) 🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano (second round, lost to Cara Black)

Main draw wild card entries
The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events.

Men's singles
 * 1) 🇺🇸 James Blake
 * 2) 🇬🇧 Alex Bogdanovic
 * 3) 🇬🇧 Josh Goodall
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Alan Mackin
 * 5) 🇬🇧 Jonathan Marray
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Andy Murray
 * 7) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis
 * 8) 🇬🇧 David Sherwood

Women's singles
 * 1) 🇬🇧 Elena Baltacha
 * 2)  Cara Black
 * 3) 🇬🇧 Sarah Borwell
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Amanda Janes
 * 5) 🇬🇧 Anne Keothavong
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Rebecca Llewellyn
 * 7) 🇬🇧 Katie O'Brien
 * 8) 🇬🇧 Jane O'Donoghue

Men's doubles
 * 1) 🇬🇧 James Auckland / 🇬🇧 Dan Kiernan
 * 2) 🇬🇧 Andrew Banks / 🇬🇧 Alan Mackin
 * 3) 🇬🇧 Richard Barker / 🇬🇧 William Barker
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Alex Bogdanovic / 🇬🇧 Josh Goodall
 * 5) 🇬🇧 Mark Hilton / 🇬🇧 Jonathan Marray
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Andy Murray / 🇬🇧 David Sherwood

Women's doubles
 * 1) 🇬🇧 Elena Baltacha / 🇬🇧 Jane O'Donoghue
 * 2) 🇬🇧 Sarah Borwell / 🇬🇧 Emily Webley-Smith
 * 3) 🇬🇧 Claire Curran /  Natalie Grandin
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Anna Hawkins / 🇬🇧 Rebecca Llewellyn
 * 5) 🇬🇧 Amanda Janes / 🇬🇧 Anne Keothavong
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Katie O'Brien / 🇬🇧 Melanie South

Mixed doubles
 * 1) 🇬🇧 Jamie Baker / 🇬🇧 Claire Curran
 * 2) 🇬🇧 Jamie Delgado / 🇬🇧 Amanda Janes
 * 3) 🇬🇧 Andy Murray / 🇮🇱 Shahar Pe'er
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Arvind Parmar / 🇬🇧 Jane O'Donoghue
 * 5) 🇬🇧 David Sherwood / 🇬🇧 Elena Baltacha

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇮🇹 Andreas Seppi
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Arnaud Clément
 * 3) George Bastl
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Jamie Delgado
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Jeff Morrison
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Antony Dupuis
 * 7) 🇹🇭 Danai Udomchoke
 * 8) 🇧🇪 Gilles Elseneer
 * 9) Roko Karanušić
 * 10) 🇧🇪 Dick Norman
 * 11) 🇨🇱 Adrián García
 * 12) Lu Yen-hsun
 * 13) 🇮🇱 Noam Okun
 * 14) 🇫🇮 Tuomas Ketola
 * 15) Novak Djokovic
 * 16) 🇩🇪 Tobias Summerer

The following players received entry into the lucky loser spot:
 * 1) 🇺🇸 Justin Gimelstob
 * 2) 🇮🇹 Daniele Bracciali
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Paul Goldstein

Women's singles

 * 1) 🇨🇿 Kateřina Böhmová
 * 2) 🇸🇪 Sofia Arvidsson
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Ashley Harkleroad
 * 4) 🇧🇪 Els Callens
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Jamea Jackson
 * 6) 🇺🇸 Meilen Tu
 * 7) 🇯🇵 Saori Obata
 * 8) 🇮🇹 Mara Santangelo
 * 9) 🇩🇪 Sabine Klaschka
 * 10) 🇺🇦 Kateryna Bondarenko
 * 11) 🇺🇦 Julia Vakulenko
 * 12) 🇧🇾 Tatiana Poutchek

The following players received entry into the lucky loser spot:
 * 1) 🇨🇿 Eva Birnerová
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Séverine Beltrame
 * 3) 🇭🇺 Melinda Czink

Men's doubles

 * 1) 🇫🇮 Tuomas Ketola / 🇨🇦 Frédéric Niemeyer
 * 2) Ramón Delgado / 🇧🇷 André Sá
 * 3) 🇸🇪 Robert Lindstedt / 🇦🇹 Alexander Peya
 * 4) 🇦🇺 Stephen Huss / Wesley Moodie (champions)

The following teams received entry into the lucky loser spot:
 * 1) 🇨🇿 Lukáš Dlouhý / 🇨🇿 David Škoch
 * 2) 🇬🇧 Ross Hutchins / 🇬🇧 Martin Lee

Women's doubles

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Evie Dominikovic / 🇯🇵 Aiko Nakamura
 * 2) 🇺🇦 Alona Bondarenko / 🇷🇺 Anastasia Rodionova
 * 3) 🇯🇵 Rika Fujiwara / 🇯🇵 Saori Obata
 * 4) 🇧🇾 Tatiana Poutchek / 🇧🇾 Anastasiya Yakimova

The following teams received entry into the lucky loser spot:
 * 1) 🇺🇦 Yuliana Fedak / 🇺🇸 Lilia Osterloh
 * 2) 🇦🇷 Erica Krauth / 🇨🇦 Marie-Ève Pelletier
 * 3) Edina Gallovits / 🇺🇸 Angela Haynes

Withdrawals

 * Men's Singles
 * 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi → replaced by 🇺🇸 Justin Gimelstob
 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Cañas → replaced by 🇺🇸 Paul Goldstein
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Ignacio Chela → replaced by 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist
 * 🇪🇸 Albert Costa → replaced by 🇦🇺 Scott Draper
 * 🇺🇸 Mardy Fish → replaced by 🇪🇸 Albert Montañés
 * 🇦🇷 Gastón Gaudio → replaced by Janko Tipsarević
 * 🇦🇷 Edgardo Massa → replaced by 🇩🇪 Björn Phau
 * 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyá → replaced by 🇨🇿 Bohdan Ulihrach
 * Sjeng Schalken → replaced by 🇮🇹 Daniele Bracciali
 * 🇦🇷 Mariano Zabaleta → replaced by 🇨🇿 Ivo Minář

 * Women's Singles
 * 🇷🇺 Elena Bovina → replaced by 🇨🇿 Eva Birnerová
 * 🇦🇺 Alicia Molik → replaced by 🇭🇺 Melinda Czink
 * 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez → replaced by 🇫🇷 Séverine Beltrame

title: 2005 Wimbledon Championships


text:
William James Mayo

William James Mayo (June 29, 1861 – July 28, 1939) was a physician and surgeon in the United States and one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic. He and his brother, Charles Horace Mayo, both joined their father's private medical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, US, after graduating from medical school in the 1880s. In 1919, that practice became the not-for-profit Mayo Clinic.

Augustus Stinchfield was also asked to join the medical practice in 1892 by William Worrall Mayo. Once Stinchfield was hired, W. W. Mayo retired at age 73. Others who were invited to be part of the enterprise were C. Graham, E. Starr Judd, Henry Stanley Plummer, Melvin Millet and Donald Balfour.

Early years
William James Mayo was born to William Worrall Mayo and his wife Louise in Le Sueur, Minnesota, in his parents' home. As a child, William and his brother Charles frequently accompanied their father as he went about his business as a pioneer physician. They began by helping out with very menial tasks, and were gradually given more responsibility. Eventually, the boys were administering anesthesia and tying off blood vessels.

One night at the age of 16, Will accompanied his father to an abandoned hotel where one of the elder Mayo's patients worked as the caretaker. The patient had just died and Mayo was going to perform an autopsy. Will stood by and watched the procedure and after about an hour, it was time to go to another patient's home. Mayo asked his son to stay behind and clean up. "Sew up the incisions and then tuck the sheet around the corpse. When you finish, go right home." Will nervously began to stitch up the incisions on the body and recounted the incident many years later saying, "I'm about as proud of the fact that I walked out of there, instead of ran, as of anything else I ever made myself do".

Education and career
Mayo earned his medical degree at the University of Michigan Medical School in 1883, where he became a founder of Nu Sigma Nu Medical Fraternity. Afterwards he returned to Rochester to practice medicine alongside his father and his brother Charles.

On August 21, 1883, a tornado struck Rochester, killing 29 people and seriously injuring over 55 others. One-third of the town was destroyed, but young Will and his family escaped serious harm. The relief efforts began immediately with a temporary hospital being established at the town's dance hall. The Mayo brothers were extensively involved in treating the injured who were brought there for help. Mother Alfred Moes and the Sisters of Saint Francis were called in to act as nurses (despite the fact they were trained as teachers and had little if any medical experience).

After the crisis had subsided, Mother Alfred Moes approached William Worrall Mayo about establishing a hospital in Rochester. On September 30, 1889, Saint Mary's Hospital opened. W.W. Mayo, 70 years old, became the consulting physician and surgeon at the hospital, and his two sons began seeing patients and performing surgery with the assistance of the Sisters of Saint Francis.

Personal life and death
William J. Mayo married Hattie Marie Damon (1864–1952) in 1884. They had 5 children, two of whom survived infancy. Carrie born in 1887 and Pheobe in 1897 both married physicians at the Mayo Clinic.

He died in July 1939 of gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer) in Rochester, Minnesota. That type of tumor had been a major focus of his surgical practice. Mayo is buried with his family members near his parents and brother at Oakwood Cemetery in Rochester.

The United States Postal Service printed a stamp depicting him and his brother, Charles Horace Mayo, on September 11, 1964.

Will's father and his brother Charles H. Mayo were prominent Freemasons of the Grand Lodge of Minnesota, and members of Rochester Lodge #21. Will petitioned the lodge but his medical practice and time with his family did not allow him the time to join the fraternity.

The Dr. William J. Mayo House in Rochester is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Military service
William J. Mayo served in World War I at the rank of colonel (O6), as chief adviser for U.S. Army surgical services in the office of the U.S. Army Surgeon General. His brother Charles was also a Colonel in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and alternated with William as the associate chief adviser for surgical care of U.S. Army soldiers. When President Woodrow Wilson organized the Committee of American Physicians for Medical Preparedness in 1916, William was named its chairman and Charles as one of its members. That committee subsequently became the General Medical Board of the Council for National Defense. William was made a member of its executive committee and Charles was his alternate.

During World War I, the Mayo Clinic continued to be busy. Many draftees were examined and war training classes were conducted for new physicians in the medical corps. William and Charles designed courses to educate military doctors on the latest scientific and surgical developments. The two brothers divided their time between Rochester and their duties in Washington, D.C. so that one of them would always be at the Clinic. This schedule took a toll on their health; Charles contracted pneumonia during one of his stints in Washington, and William developed hepatitis while in Rochester in 1918.

After hostilities ended in November 1918, both of the Mayo brothers were promoted to the rank of brigadier general (O7) in the U.S. Army Reserve. In addition, they both received the U.S. Distinguished Service Medal for their wartime service to the country.

Predictions
In September 1931, Mayo and other prominent individuals of the time were invited by The New York Times to make a prediction concerning the world in eighty years time in the future, in 2011, to celebrate the paper's hundred-and-sixtieth anniversary since its establishment in 1851. Mayo's prediction was that the life expectancy of developed countries would reach 70 years, compared to less than sixty years in 1931.

"Three-score and ten" means 70 years. The average life expectancy in the United States was approximately 78 years as of 2010, and it exceeded 80 years in other countries such as Japan.

title: William James Mayo


text: User talk:200.95.39.125

title: User talk:200.95.39.125


text:
Talk:William B. Renshaw

Untitled

 * At Galveston at the end of the year, he refused to surrender his ship on 1 January 1863 and set fire to her to keep her out of Confederate hands.
 * The first Renshaw, a new schooner still unrigged, was captured by a boatcrew from Louisiana in the Tar River some 5 miles above Washington, N.C., 20 May 1862. The members of the expedition named the prize, taken without papers, for Louisiana's commanding officer, Comdr. Richard T. Renshaw. R. T. Renshaw, soon renamed Renshaw so that she might also honor the late Comdr. William B. Renshaw, was placed in service as an ordnance hulk and formally purchased by the Navy from the Boston Prize Court 28 October 1862. She served in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron through the remainder of the Civil War and was sold at Norfolk 12 August 1865.
 * The first Renshaw, a new schooner still unrigged, was captured by a boatcrew from Louisiana in the Tar River some 5 miles above Washington, N.C., 20 May 1862. The members of the expedition named the prize, taken without papers, for Louisiana's commanding officer, Comdr. Richard T. Renshaw. R. T. Renshaw, soon renamed Renshaw so that she might also honor the late Comdr. William B. Renshaw, was placed in service as an ordnance hulk and formally purchased by the Navy from the Boston Prize Court 28 October 1862. She served in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron through the remainder of the Civil War and was sold at Norfolk 12 August 1865.

So William Renshaw was probably killed when Westfield blew up. —wwoods 17:35, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Your note has prompted me on this. Checking some genealogical sources, it appears that he died on 1 Jan 1863. Some old biographical indexes show his death year to be 1863. This source clearly states that he died when his ship exploded. Here are some others, ,.
 * I've added this information, as well as some other interesting familial notes. Jinian 00:29, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:William B. Renshaw


text:
Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia

The switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia was a change in the rule of the road in 1938–1939.

Before 1938, Czechoslovakia drove on the left. In 1925, Czechoslovakia accepted the Paris convention and undertook to change to right-hand traffic "within a reasonable time frame". In 1931, the government decreed to change over within five years, which did not happen. The main obstacles were financial cost and widespread opposition in rural areas. In November 1938, parliament finally decided to change to right-hand traffic with effect from 1 May 1939. Progress towards this goal continued under the Nazi occupation.

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
The occupation of the Czech part of the country by Nazi Germany and its transformation into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (in German: Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren) on 15 March 1939 sped up the change. A few places switched the same day (e.g. Ostrava), the rest of the area of the Protectorate following a decree on 17 March, and Prague got a few more days to implement the change and switched on 26 March.

Tramway infrastructure in Prague was modified in November 1938. In the final days there were daily reminders of the change in newspapers and large warnings were painted on the streets and on tramway cars. Drivers adapted quickly although a total of 26 traffic accidents and one fatality on the day of the switch were reported in Prague.

Slovakia
Right hand traffic was already introduced in Slovakia by a decree of the government of "autonomous Slovakia" within Czechoslovakia in late 1938. After the creation of the Slovak State in March 1939, buses in the capital Bratislava were adapted, and the last roads in Slovakia switched to the new system in 1940/1941.

The areas which are nowadays the southern border regions of Slovakia were subsequently part of Hungary (under the terms of the First Vienna Award), and did therefore change to right hand traffic as late as 1941, together with the rest of wartime Hungary.


text:
2005 US Open (tennis)

The 2005 US Open was the fourth and final Grand Slam of 2005. It was held between August 29, 2005, and September 11, 2005. The "9/11/01" sign to remember the 9/11 attacks was not featured on the court. It was, however, featured during the 2011 final between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal, the 2016 final between Djokovic and Stan Wawrinka, and the 2021 final between Djokovic and Daniil Medvedev, respectively.

Roger Federer was successful in defending his 2004 title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final. Svetlana Kuznetsova was unsuccessful in her title defense, losing in the first round against compatriot Ekaterina Bychkova. Kim Clijsters won her first Grand Slam title after four previous Grand Slam final losses. It was the first of three US Open titles for Clijsters, also winning in 2009 and 2010. This was the first time that future US Open (Tennis) champion Andy Murray was featured in the tournament.

Men's singles
Roger Federer defeating 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi, 6–3, 2–6, 7–6(1), 6–1
 * It was Federer's 10th title of the year, and his 32nd overall. It was his 6th career Grand Slam title, and his 2nd (consecutive) US Open title.

Women's singles
🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters defeating 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce, 6–3, 6–1
 * It was Clijsters's 7th title of the year, and her 28th overall. It was her 1st career Grand Slam title.

Men's doubles
🇺🇸 Bob Bryan / 🇺🇸 Mike Bryan defeating 🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman / 🇧🇾 Max Mirnyi, 6–1, 6–4

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇦🇺 Samantha Stosur defeating 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva / 🇮🇹 Flavia Pennetta, 6–2, 5–7, 6–3

Mixed doubles
🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová / 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi defeating Katarina Srebotnik /  Nenad Zimonjić, 6–4, 6–2

Boys' singles
Ryan Sweeting defeating 🇫🇷 Jérémy Chardy, 6–4, 6–4

Girls' singles
🇧🇾 Victoria Azarenka defeating 🇺🇸 Alexa Glatch, 6–3, 6–4

Boys' doubles
🇺🇸 Alex Clayton / 🇺🇸 Donald Young defeating 🇦🇺 Carsten Ball / Thiemo de Bakker, 7–6(3), 4–6, 7–5

Girls' doubles
🇨🇿 Nikola Fraňková / 🇷🇺 Alisa Kleybanova defeating 🇺🇸 Alexa Glatch / 🇺🇸 Vania King, 7–5, 7–6(3)

Top 10 seeds (singles)
More information on the top 32 seeds here.

Withdrawals

 * Men's singles
 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Cañas → replaced by 🇧🇪 Dick Norman
 * 🇸🇪 Joachim Johansson → replaced by 🇸🇰 Karol Kučera
 * 🇷🇺 Marat Safin → replaced by 🇩🇪 Björn Phau

 * Women's singles
 * 🇷🇺 Elena Bovina → replaced by Emmanuelle Gagliardi
 * Michaëlla Krajicek → replaced by 🇷🇺 Ekaterina Bychkova
 * 🇷🇺 Vera Zvonareva → replaced by 🇪🇸 María Sánchez Lorenzo

Highlights

 * Day 1
 * Defending champion Svetlana Kuznetsova of Russia became the first defending women's champion to lose in the first round during the Open Era. She lost to Ekaterina Bychkova 6–3, 6–4. It marked the fourth time a women's defending champion was ousted in her first match.
 * Ninth-seeded Gastón Gaudio (2004 French Open champion) also lost in the first round. He was beaten by wildcard Brian Baker in straight sets: 7–6(9), 6–2, 6–4.
 * Day 2
 * 2003 Champion Andy Roddick lost to Gilles Müller 7–6, 7–6, 7–6.
 * Day 3
 * Day 4
 * Indian teen sensation Sania Mirza became the first Indian woman to reach the 4th round of any Grand Slam.
 * Day 5
 * Day 6
 * American James Blake takes out No. 2 seed – and one of the candidates to win the title – Rafael Nadal of Spain. James Blake declared the player of the day for the 2nd time in the tournament.
 * Day 7
 * Tenth seed Venus Williams beats her little sister and 2005 Australian Open champion Serena Williams to reach the quarter-finals, (7-6, 6–2). It was only the second time (after their second round meeting at the 1998 Australian Open) that the sisters met before the quarter-finals of a Grand Slam tournament.
 * Day 8
 * Andre Agassi is stretched to five sets against Belgian Xavier Malisse.
 * Day 9
 * Roger Federer loses his first set of the tournament against Nicolas Kiefer of Germany. He progresses in four sets.
 * Kim Clijsters of Belgium continues to dominate the hardcourt summer. Her victim in the quarter-final was Venus Williams. Clijsters wins 4–6, 7-5 and 6–1.
 * Day 10
 * Both Andre Agassi and Robby Ginepri needed five difficult sets to beat James Blake and  Guillermo Coria in their quarter-final matches.
 * Second seed Lindsay Davenport loses in three sets to Russian Elena Dementieva and for the first time since 1994 there are no American representatives in the women's semifinals.
 * Day 11
 * Daniela Hantuchová and Mahesh Bhupathi are champions in Mixed doubles against Katarina Srebotnik and Nenad Zimonjić.
 * Day 12
 * Twin brothers Mike and Bob Bryan, after being runners-up at the other three Grand Slams, are champions for the first time in the US Open in the men's doubles championship, winning the 1st seed Jonas Björkman and Max Mirnyi.
 * Day 13
 * Kim Clijsters wins her first Grand Slam title after defeating Mary Pierce in 6–3, 6–1.
 * Day 14
 * Roger Federer wins the title defeating Andre Agassi in four sets.

Player of the day

 * Day 1 – 🇺🇸 Brian Baker for upset defeat of 🇦🇷 Gastón Gaudio
 * Day 2 – 🇺🇸 James Blake for a comeback after injury-marred 2004
 * Day 3 – 🇮🇳 Sania Mirza for winning the match despite bleeding toes
 * Day 4 – 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi for second most wins in the US Open history
 * Day 5 – 🇨🇿 Nicole Vaidišová for a personal best performance in a Grand Slam Tourney
 * Day 6 – 🇺🇸 James Blake for defeating No. 2 seed 🇪🇸 Rafael Nadal
 * Day 7 – 🇺🇸 Venus Williams for defeating sister 🇺🇸 Serena Williams
 * Day 8 – 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria on winning the longest match (4 & 1/2 hours) of 2005 US open
 * Day 9 – 🇫🇮 Jarkko Nieminen for becoming the first Finnish man to reach the quarter-finals of a grand slam
 * Day 10 – 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce for a great comeback and making it to the US Open Semifinal for the 1st time
 * Day 11 – 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová and 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi for winning the mixed doubles title
 * Day 12 – 🇺🇸 Mike and 🇺🇸 Bob Bryan for winning their first men's doubles title
 * Day 13 – 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters for capturing her first Grand Slam singles title
 * Day 14 – Roger Federer for capturing the men's singles title

title: 2005 US Open (tennis)


text:
IFP

IFP may refer to:

Film

 * Ian Fleming Publications, a film production company formerly known as both Glidrose Productions Limited and Glidrose Publications Limited
 * Independent Filmmaker Project, a series of membership-based, not-for-profit organizations that produce programs that assist independent filmmakers
 * India Film Project, Asia's largest content festival based out of India

Political parties

 * Independence Freedom Party, a short-lived minor party in Botswana; see Botswana Independence Party
 * Inkatha Freedom Party, a right wing South African political party, founded 1975
 * Irish Freedom Party, a far-right party in Ireland

Research and education

 * IFP School (Institute of French Petroleum), a graduate engineering school near Paris, France
 * Institut français de Pondichéry, the French Institute of Pondicherry
 * Institut français du pétrole, the French Institute of Petroleum, a public petroleum and oil research organisation in France

Sports

 * International Pickleball Federation, previously the International Federation of Pickleball
 * International Federation of Poker, a non-profit governing body for poker

Other

 * IFP, IATA airport code for Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport, Arizona, US
 * IFP-1, intermediate filament protein, a non-essential protein in Caenorhabditis elegans
 * Imphal Free Press, an English-language newspaper published in Manipur, India
 * In forma pauperis, a designation for indigent parties in court

title: IFP


text:
Matest M. Agrest

Mates (Matest) Mendelevich Agrest (20 July 1915 – 20 September 2005) was a Russian Empire-born mathematician and a proponent of the ancient astronaut theory.

Biography
Agrest was born in Knyazhitsy in the Mogilev Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Republic of Belarus) on 20 July 1915. He graduated from Leningrad State University (now Saint Petersburg State University) in 1938 and received his PhD in Science, Physics and Mathematics in 1946. He became the Chief of the University's Laboratory in 1970. He retired in 1992 and emigrated with his wife Riva to Charleston, South Carolina, in the United States.

Agrest authored more than 100 scientific articles and five monographs on the subjects of mathematics, physics and astronomy. Some of his articles were devoted to the question of paleocontacts- contacts of extraterrestrial intelligent beings with Earth. His article "Космонавты древности" (translated in some places as Astronauts of Yore, and also as Ancient Astronauts; literally, Cosmonauts of Antiquity), published in 1961 in Moscow, has been translated into many languages. Agrest has been said to be the first scientist to advance the theory that Earth had been visited in pre-historic times by intelligent beings from outer space.

In a 1959 work, he asserted a number of unorthodox claims, such as that the megalithic stone terracing at Baalbek had been used as a launch site for spaceships, and that the destruction of Biblical Sodom and Gomorrah was the result of a nuclear explosion detonated by extraterrestrial beings.

Agrest was a major inspiration of later figures such as Erich von Däniken and Zecharia Sitchin, who in later decades popularized the idea of ancient astronauts. He has been described as the doyen of the ancient astronaut theory.

Agrest was a member of the Ancient Astronaut Society, and contributed a number of articles to the society's periodicals.

Publications

 * 1) Следы ведут в... космос? (Trail leads to... Space?), 9 February 1960
 * 2) КОСМОНАВТЫ ДРЕВНОСТИ (The Astronauts of Yore), 1961
 * 3) Des cosmonautes dans l'antiquité? (Cosmonauts in antiquity?), 1962
 * 4) Theory of Incomplete Cylindrical Functions and their Applications, co-authored with Michail S. Maksimov, 1971
 * 5) The Historical Evidence of Paleocontacts, 1994
 * 6) Paleocontact Ideas in the Middle Ages, 1994
 * 7) Experimental Proof of the Paleocontact Hypothesis, 1995

title: Matest M. Agrest


text: Category:Rail transport by country

title: Category:Rail transport by country


text:
Hanx!

Hanx! is a live punk album by the band Stiff Little Fingers, released in 1980. Originally intended for the American market, in order to introduce the band before they toured there, it was subsequently released at a budget price in the UK, for the band were concerned that a lot of their fans would insist on buying the album on import anyway for a higher price. Jake Burns remarks on the sleeve notes for the CD reissue that only "Johnny Was" came from the Rainbow Theatre show, with the remainder recorded at the Aylesbury gig.

The title Hanx! is a phonetic representation of Burns' delivery of "Thanks" after most numbers.

Track listing

 * 1) "Nobody's Hero" (Jake Burns, Gordon Ogilvie) – 4:03
 * 2) "Gotta Gettaway" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 2:23
 * 3) "Wait and See" (Burns, Ogilvie) – 4:19
 * 4) "Barbed Wire Love" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:25
 * 5) "Fly the Flag" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:28
 * 6) "Alternative Ulster" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:01
 * 7) "Johnny Was" (Bob Marley) – 10:09
 * 8) "At the Edge" (Fingers) – 2:38
 * 9) "Wasted Life" (Burns) – 3:28
 * 10) "Tin Soldiers" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 5:02
 * 11) "Suspect Device" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 2:17

Some CD reissues have added tracks;these are "Running Bear" and "White Christmas", both B-sides of their "At The Edge" single, plus a further part of a Jake Burns interview with Alan Parker recorded in 2001.

Personnel

 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jake Burns – vocals/guitar
 * Jim Reilly – drums
 * Henry Cluney – guitar
 * Ali McMordie – bass
 * Technical
 * Doug Bennett – producer
 * Bill Gill – engineer
 * Andi Banks – tour manager
 * Arthur Kemish – equipment
 * Bazz Ward – Livewire PA
 * 'Side' Phil Wilkie – Livewire PA
 * Colin Phillipps – Livewire PA
 * Alan Espley – light and sound design
 * Steve Ruisling – light and sound design
 * Mike Carter – road transport
 * John Ferguson – security
 * Wally Grove – security
 * Dave Jupp – Keedwell Trucking
 * John Jackson – cowbell agency
 * Pete Greenslade – The Manor Mobile
 * Dave Chapman – The Manor Mobile
 * John "Teflon" Sims – sleeve design
 * Dave Storey – sleeve design
 * Brian Cooke – front cover pictures and colour effects
 * Iain McKell – back cover picture

title: Hanx!


text:
Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna

The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is a botanical garden in Vienna, Austria. It covers 8 hectares and is immediately adjacent to the Belvedere gardens. It is a part of the University of Vienna.

History
The gardens date back to 1754 when Empress Maria Theresa founded the Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis with renowned botanist Nikolaus von Jacquin as one of its first directors. His son, Joseph von Jacquin, succeeded him as director, as did a number of other leading botanists in turn, including Stefan Endlicher, Eduard Fenzl, Anton Kerner von Marilaun, Richard von Wettstein, Fritz Knoll, Karl von Frisch, and Lothar Geitler. The Institute of Botany building was opened in 1905. However, at the end of the Second World War, the institute, all the greenhouses, and the entire garden area were bombed and severely damaged, and thus required major repair work.

In 1994, Wollemia (Wollemia nobilis) was discovered in Australia, previously known only from fossils. On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna in 2004, the garden received a Wollemia as a gift from Australia, this was the first Wollemia to be shown on the European mainland. This plant is now on permanent loan to the Schönbrunn Palm House. In the garden, the non-hardy plant is part of the cold house group. On May 29, 2022, 2:30 p.m., the titanwort has reached "full bloom". The top heats up in the process and emits an unpleasant odor. The opening hours of the two following days are extended to 11 p.m.

Flora
The gardens currently contain more than 11,500 species of plants, including well-documented tropical plants, particularly of such families as Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Bromeliaceae or Orchidaceae. Its greenhouses (c. 1,500 m2) were originally built between 1890 and 1893, but were damaged during the Second World War; they were renovated or rebuilt between 1970 and 1995. Only the tropical greenhouse in the centre of the complex is open for the public.

There are several old trees in the Botanical Garden, but one of the oldest is now no longer on the garden grounds. The Jacquin or Mozart plane tree (Platanus orientalis) is a Viennese natural monument and grows in front of the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research. Due to property shifts, it now stands on the sidewalk in front of the department.

The garden collections include:
 * Abies pinsapo
 * Aesculus pavia
 * Asimina triloba
 * Cephalotaxus harringtonii
 * Diospyros lotus
 * Elaeagnus angustifolia
 * Ephedra
 * Ficus carica
 * Ginkgo biloba
 * Gunnera chilensis
 * +Laburnocytisus adamii
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Magnolia
 * Metasequoia glyptostroboides
 * Nothofagus antarctica
 * Ostrya carpinifolia
 * Paeonia
 * Parrotia persica
 * Paulownia tomentosa
 * Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens
 * Pinus aristata
 * Platanus orientalis
 * Poncirus trifoliata
 * Prunus tenella
 * Rhododendron
 * Salvia
 * Sequoiadendron giganteum
 * Syringa
 * Viburnum
 * Vitis riparia


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Sándor Végh

Sándor Végh (17 May 1912 – 7 January 1997) was a Hungarian, later French, violinist and conductor. He was best known as one of the great chamber music violinists of the twentieth century.

Education
Sándor Végh was born in 1912 in Kolozsvár, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary, (since 1920 Cluj-Napoca, Romania). His parents were not professional musicians but folk music especially was an important part of family life. At the age of six he was given a violin, "Because", he says, "that was cheaper than a piano. My parents had no idea how much money I had to save later to be able to buy a Stradivari." He entered the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music in 1924, taking violin studies with Jenő Hubay and composition with Zoltán Kodály. He began a career as a solo violinist and in 1927, when he played a Richard Strauss composition under the composer's baton. He graduated from the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music in 1930, having won the Hubay Prize and the Reményi Prize from the institution in 1927.

Chamber musician
As his solo career was developing, he joined the Hungarian Trio with Ilonka Krauss and László Vencze. In 1934, he became one of the founding members of the Hungarian String Quartet. He was initially the first violinist, but gave that position to Zoltán Székely and took second chair. He participated with the Hungarian String Quartet in the first Hungarian performance of Béla Bartók's String Quartet No. 5.

Végh left the Hungarian String Quartet in 1940 to found his own quartet, the Végh Quartet. At the first international music competition held in Geneva in 1946, the Végh Quartet was awarded the first prize. He and the quartet left Hungary in 1946. The quartet continued to give concerts until the mid-1970s; Végh also made solo appearances as a violinist. From 1958 Végh played on his own Stradivari from 1724, which once belonged to Niccolò Paganini.

Teaching, conducting
In the same year (1940) in which he established the quartet that bore his name, Végh became a professor at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, a position he held until 1946, when he left Hungary.

In 1952 he met cellist Pablo Casals, who invited Végh to join him in giving summer classes in Zermatt, Switzerland (1953–62) and to appear annually at Casals' Prades Festival (1953–69). He began his first recital there with Bach: the solo Sonata in g minor. Works of Bach played a special role in his life, as Végh himself declared on numerous occasions.

He found teaching rewarding and taught at the Basel Conservatory (1953–63), in Freiburg (1954–62), Düsseldorf (1962–69), and at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (1971–97).

He founded the International Chamber Music Festival of Cervo (Liguria, Italy) in 1964, and often conducted there. He also founded an orchestra, the Sándor Végh Chamber Orchestra, which he led from 1968 to 1971, and conducted the Marlboro Festival Orchestra (1974–77). And in 1972, after visiting Cornwall (England) at Hilary Tunstall-Behrens' invitation, he co-founded the International Musicians Seminar Prussia Cove (England). In 1978 he became conductor of the Camerata Academica at the Mozarteum. With them he made a recording of Mozart’s divertimentos and serenades that won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1989.

He was awarded "Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur" in 1986, Doctor Honoris causa of Warwick and Exeter universities (1987), an honorary appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1988 and the Gold Medal of Salzburg in 1987.

In letters to Charles Barber, Carlos Kleiber referred to Végh as "my conducting idol" and said: "That man is pure music. A monster". "He is great, wild, Asiatic... I didn't get a word in edgeways, thank God."

Végh took French citizenship in 1953, but is perhaps best regarded as a "world citizen of music", having made his home in Basel and, from 1971, in Greifensee, near Zurich. He also lived in Salzburg from the 1970s onwards.

After a short illness in 1997, he died at a hospital in Freilassing, just across the border from Salzburg. His grave is in the cemetery of the old parish church in Liefering, in the district of Salzburg.

title: Sándor Végh


text:
Lethbridge District

Lethbridge District was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1909 to 1913.

History
The Lethbridge District was created prior to the 1909 Provincial election from the Lethbridge electoral district, which was split into Lethbridge City and the Lethbridge district. At the 1909 Liberal convention, Dr. John H. Rivers, the Mayor of Raymond was selected as the Liberal candidate over W. W. Douglas, the Mayor of Taber.

Lethbridge District was short-lived, however, when prior to the 1913 Alberta general election, it was split into Little Bow and Taber electoral districts.

By-election reasons

 * June 22, 1910—Sitting member A.J. McLean accepted office in provincial ministry, crossed the floor to the Liberal party.

title: Lethbridge District


text:
Aquilegia coerulea

Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea (or caerulea) means "sky blue".

Description
Aquilegia coerulea is a herbaceous plant with flowering stems that may be 15–80 cm when fully grown. Its leaves are on stems that are always shorter than the flowering stems, just 9–37 cm and are compound leaves that usually have three leaflets on three components (biternate), but occasionally may be simpler with just three leaflets (trifoliate) or more complex (tripinnate). Each leaflet is quite thin, smooth and hairless on the upper side, and green. They may either be glabrous or covered in fine, minute hairs on the underside of the leaf and have three. Leaflets most often range in size from 13–42 mm, but occasionally may be as long as 61 mm.

The plant flower buds nod, facing somewhat downward. The flowers are large and showy with a diameter of as much as 15 cm, but more often about 5–10 cm. They are so striking that the botanists E. O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley enthusiastically wrote of them in their 1915 Flora of New Mexico, "'This is the State flower of Colorado and no other State has one so beautiful. Few indeed are the flowers of the Rockies that can compare with this in beauty. The great blossoms, sometimes six inches in diameter, look like bits of fallen sky, and when the plants cover acres of meadow, as they sometimes do, no words can be found to do them justice.'" The flowers are atop stems that stand perpendicular to the ground with the outer five sepals in shades of white to deep-blue or occasionally pink in their wild condition. The sepals range in shape from a flattened circle with somewhat pointed ends with the widest part moved toward the base (-) to like a somewhat egg shaped spear head (-ovate}. They range in size from 26–51 millimeters long and 8–23 millimeters wide.

The five petals have very long tapered spurs, ranging from 25–72 millimeters in length, though usually longer than 34 mm. The blades of the petals are 13–28 mm long by 5–14 mm wide. Petals are most often white to cream in color at the front with the spurs the same color as the sepals.

The center of the flower has a projecting cluster of numerous bright orange-yellow stamens, 50–130 total. The stamens range in length from 13 to 24 mm. They surround five to ten unfused carpels. If fertilized each of the carpels may develop into a dry pod that splits along one side (a ). Each of the pods is round in cross section and is filled with small, smooth, black seeds.

The leaves may be mistaken for that of a meadowrue (Thalictrum), but the flowers are entirely different and the species cannot be confused while flowering. Similar columbines in its range include Aquilegia scopulorum, Aquilegia jonesii, and Aquilegia micrantha. Aquilegia scopulorum has leaves that are covered in natural waxes making them blue-green rather than green. It is found in Nevada and Utah. Aquilegia jonesii has much shorter spurs on its flowers, just 8-15 mm and grows to the north in Wyoming, Montana, and Alberta. Aquilegia micrantha has very sticky leaves.

Taxonomy
The first scientific description of Aquilegia coerulea was by the American scientist Edwin James in 1822. Though Aquilegia coerulea was the original spelling by James, it has often been spelled as Aquilegia caerulea as this is more correct Latin. However, the rules of taxonomic nomenclature generally prefer the original spelling and this is the name adopted by the Board of International Botanic Nomenclature. James found the first specimen he collected in a thicket of scrub oak near what is today Palmer Lake, Colorado while on the Stephen H. Long Expedition of 1820. After James's description seven species, six subspecies, five varieties, and two botanical forms have been described that are considered to be synonyms of the species or one of its four varieties.

Sequencing of the genome of this species has advanced the study of the evolution of basal eudicots.

Varieties
There are four widely accepted varieties of Aquilegia coerulea according to Plants of the World Online, World Flora Online, and World Plants. Though World Plants additionally lists Aquilegia coerulea var. daileyae Eastw. as valid as does the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database.

Aquilegia coerulea var. alpina
This variety was scientifically described by the botanist Aven Nelson in 1896. It is known by the common name of Colorado alpine columbine. Though botanical writers such as Robert Nold doubt the validity of the variety. It differs from the other varieties by having much smaller petal blades, only 13–17 millimeters instead of 19–28 millimeters. It grows on open rocky slopes in the state of Wyoming at elevations of 2100-3500 m. It always has pale blue sepals and flowers from June to August. NatureServe has not evaluated the variety since 2001, but at that time they listed it as "vulnerable" (T3), but they also list it as possibly extirpated from Wyoming and with an unevaluated status in Utah.

Aquilegia coerulea var. coerulea
Five species were described at various times that are considered heterotypic synonyms of this variety. The autonymic variety of the species grows in Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado at elevations of 2100-3500 m. It is distinguished from the two following varieties by having medium to deep blue sepals where they have white, pale blue, or pink sepals. It's sepals range in length from 28–43 millimeters. The petals have spurs that are 34-48 mm long while their blades are usually 20–24 mm, though occasionally as short as 17 mm. They grow on rocky slopes, near streams, in open woodlands, and in herb dominated meadows. They flower in the summer starting in mid-June and may flower as late as early September. NatureServe evaluated the variety in 2004 and found it to be "apparently secure" (T4) globally and in Wyoming. They did not evaluate the rest of its range.

Aquilegia coerulea var. daileyae
This disputed variety was described by the botanist Alice Eastwood in 1897. It is a variation where the petals lack spurs and both the petals and spurs are colored deep blue and commonly called spurless columbine, but is also sometimes called Dailey's columbine. The spurless columbine may be found in identical habitats to var. coerulea, but only in the state of Colorado. From the foothills to alpine areas forest openings. Colorado resident Anna Dailey collected specimens of the spurless columbine near Evergreen, Colorado and sent them to Eastwood. A genetic mutation causes the petals to be replaced with a second set of sepals. The population continues to reproduce in and near the Reynolds Park open space in Jefferson County, Colorado. They are also found around Estes Park, Colorado near Rocky Mountain National Park. Though lacking parts to produce nectar the flowers are still polinated by bumblebees, which collect pollen from the plants.

Aquilegia coerulea var. ochroleuca
William Jackson Hooker described this variety in 1864. It had previously been described as a species by Thomas Nuttall in 1834 with the name Aquilegia leptoceras. This species name was also unnecessarily reclassified as Aquilegia coerulea var. leptoceras by Aven Nelson in 1909. It was inadvertently described by Asa Gray as Aquilegia coerulea var. albiflora in 1895 from which it was reclassified by Edwin Blake Payson as a subspecies in 1918. It differs from var. coerulea by having lighter blue or white sepals (occasionally pink) and from var. pinetorum by having shorter flower spurs (usually 40–48 mm, but possibly 36–54 mm) and shorter stamens (13–18 mm). It grows in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming at elevations of 2000-3600 m. It flowers as early as late June and may bloom as late as August. It is commonly known as white Colorado columbine, despite the fact that it may have light blue or pink sepals. When it was evaluated by NatureServe in 2004, they assigned it the status of "aparently secure" (T4).

Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum
This variety was first described as a species with the name Aquilegia pinetorum in 1910 by Ivar (Frederick) Tidestrøm (1864-1956). In 1918 Edwin Blake Payson described it as subspecies of Aquilegia coerulea and in 1942 Thomas Henry Kearney and Robert Hibbs Peebles gave it the present classification as Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum. Like var. ochroleuca it may have white to pale blue sepals, occasionally light pink, while it has longer petal spurs (usually 50–58 mm, but ranging from 45–72 mm) and longer flower stamens (17–24 mm). This variety is found in Utah and Arizona at elevations of 1800-3400 m. They may flower starting in May or as late as September.

Names
The genus name, Aquilegia, is frequently said to mean "eagle-like". The author Bill Casselman strongly asserts this to be incorrect and that the name derives from the Latin adjective "aquilegus" with the meaning "drawing water". The species name, coerulea, is also Latin meaning "sky-blue" or "dark-blue".

Two of the most frequently used common names in English are Colorado columbine and Colorado blue columbine. However, the species is also called Rocky Mountain columbine for its wider natural range, however this name is also infrequently applied to Aquilegia saximontana. The common name columbine is suggested to be related to the Latin for "Dove" for a resemblance of five doves drinking at a fountain. Aquilegia coerulea is also known as blue columbine or simply as columbine, though Aquilegia brevistyla is occasionlly known as blue columbine and many species are casually called columbines such as Aquilegia canadensis.

In the Gosiute dialect of the Shoshoni language Aquilegia coerulea is called either pa'-wa-gúmp or pa'-o-gûm-pi as recorded by Ralph Vary Chamberlin.

Range and habitat
Colorado columbine is native to the Rocky Mountains from northern New Mexico to southern Montana. It grows in all of the mountainous western half of Colorado and Wyoming. Additionally it grows in every county of Utah, parts of Nevada, and northern Arizona. It is listed by the USDA as growing in Idaho and South Dakota, but without county level distributions. The species was reported to grow in the Caribou–Targhee National Forest in eastern Idaho in 1973.

Rocky Mountain columbine grows in mountainous areas, starting at elevations lower elevations with the Rocky Mountain variety of the Douglas-fir. They become more common at higher elevations in montane ecosystems and subalpine habitats with some growing above timberline in the alpine tundra. The lowest elevations where they grow naturally is 1800 m for Aquilegia coerulea var. pinetorum and the highest is 3600 m for Aquilegia coerulea var. coerulea in the southern Rocky Mountains. This species of columbine grows poorly in heavy soils without good drainage. However, it prefers moist areas and is very often found in quaking aspen groves. It will also grow in the open coniferous forests, meadows, and in clearings. When there is sufficent water they will thrive on rocky outcrops and slopes.

Ecology
Within its natural range Aquilegia coerulea is most often polinated by hawkmoths and bumblebees. Specific species of hawkmoth include Hyles lineata and Sphinx vashti. The bumblebees include Bombus appositus, but Bombus flavifrons visit the flowers much more frequently. Hawkmoths visit most often during the night while bumblebees only visit during daylight hours. The plants are have the highest rate of cross-fertilization between plants in areas where the number of flowers is smaller and the population of hawkmoths is highest.

The western bumblebee (Bombus occidentalis) has been observed nectar robbing from Aquilegia coerulea by opening or using holes cut in the spurs. Though prior to its decline in numbers in the 21st century they were also a significant pollinator of the species in some areas. The broad-tailed hummingbird also visits the blooms, but at a much lower rate than moths or bees.

The wildflower authors Frank and John Craighead attributed a decline in the population of the species to overgrazing by sheep and cattle in 1963.

Culture
Though it is not the standard form for a columbine, the long spurs and shape of the Colorado columbine's flower is the most recognized in the genus. The white and lavender variety of the columbine was officially instituted as the flower symbol of Colorado on 4 April 1899 by an act of the Colorado General Assembly. In 1925 the species was protected by law in Colorado, preventing needless destruction or waste of the flowers. It prohibits the digging or uprooting Colorado columbine plants on public lands and prohibits picking more than twenty-five flowers, buds, or stems in one day. In the 1890s there was also a group called the Columbine Association that sought to establish it as the national flower of the United States.

Cultivation
Aquilegia coerulea is used as an ornamental plant in gardens. The species was adoped as a garden plant very soon after its scientific description, with its introduction to the United Kingdom coming in 1864. It is also planted in American gardens for its attractiveness to hummingbirds. They are tollerant of damage by deer and rabbits. It is also recommended as an attractive plant for revegitation of mountain roadsides in its native range by the Office of Natural Environment in the Federal Highway Administration. When planting large areas it is seeded at a rate of 112 ounces per acre.

Colorado columbine is winter hardy in USDA zones 3–8. Plants in cultivation grow most successfully in average to medium garden soil that is well drained and even moisture. They may be grown by gardeners in full sun or partial shade. It is propagated both by seed and the division of plants.

Colorado columbine is vulnerable powdery mildews, particularly when its leaves are regularly wetted by overhead irrigation. It is also susceptible to infestation by aphids, though not more than other species of columbine. Plants can also be attacked by leaf-mining flies and sawflies.

The treatment of seeds with gibberellic acid and planting at 21 C results in 93% germination after three weeks. The seeds also display resistance to sprouting without treatment with none sprouting when planted at 21 °C and 40% germination after two weeks after first being cold stratified at 4.5 C. When grown in gardens plants will last three or four years a most and often are treated by gardeners like a biennial.

Its natural variability and ease of hybridization with other columbines is exploited in the selection of numerous cultivars in different shades. This is a drawback to gardeners seeking to have standard blue and white columbines, often requiring them to seek collected seeds rather than replanting. The cultivars that are probably entirely or largely derived from Rocky Mountain columbine include 'alba', 'albiflora', and 'snow queen'. Cultivars that are thought to be significatly of A. coerulea ancestry include 'crimson star' and 'rose queen'. While the 'origami mix' hybirds, origionally developed by Goldsmith Seeds, are listed by some sources as being derived from A. coerulea others list it as being from Aquilegia vulgaris.

title: Aquilegia coerulea