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Quechan language

Quechan or Kwtsaan (, Kwatsáan Iiyáa), also known as Yuma, is the native language of the Quechan people of southeastern California and southwestern Arizona in the Lower Colorado River Valley and Sonoran Desert. Despite its name, it is not related to the Quechua language of the Andes.

Quechan belongs to the River branch of the Yuman language family, together with Mohave and Maricopa languages. Publications have documented Quechan grammar and texts.

In 1980, it was estimated that there were fewer than 700 speakers of the language, including both the elderly and young. Hinton put a conservative estimate of the number of speakers at 150, and a liberal estimate at 400-500. As of 2009, 93 preschoolers were learning Quechan in the Quechan tribe's language preservation program, and the number of fluent speakers was estimated to be about 100. A Quechan dictionary was in progress.

In 2020, it was estimated that there were approximately 60 speakers of the language left.

Quechan speakers participate in the Yuman Family Language Summit, held annually since 2001.

A 2010 documentary, “Songs of the Colorado,” by filmmaker Daniel Golding features traditional songs in the Quechan language. Golding says, "The songs are all sung in the language, so if you're not learning and picking up the language, then you won't be able to understand the songs ... there are actually words telling stories..."

Assistance is available for speakers of the language who wish to vote in elections in Imperial County, California and Yuma County, Arizona, under Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Vowels
Quechan has five vowel phonemes, which all occur in short and long forms. Vowel length is contrastive, as shown in ʔa·vé "snake" versus ʔa·vé· "mouse".

Consonants
The consonants in Quechan are given in the table below.

Quechan features word-medial and word-final consonant clusters. Word-medial clusters may be biconsonantal or triconsonantal, while word-final clusters only appear with two consonants.

The semivowels w and j occur as consonants when in a word-initial position, when intervocalic, and as final members of consonant clusters. They occur as vowels when in the word-final position and as initial members of vowel clusters.

Phonological processes
A variety of processes affect the realization of sounds in Quechan, a few of which are listed below.
 * kʷ is delabialized before the vowel u· as in kwu·hamí "the procreator", which is typically pronounced [kuːxami]. The orthography kʷ is retained because a labialized pronunciation of kʷ is accepted as over-careful.
 * xʷ is similarly delabialized as in hwu·ʔá·vənʸ "her jealousy."
 * The affricate c varies in pronunciation from a dental to an alveolar affricate. When followed by a t, c is pronounced as s, as in aʔíctaʔa "so they said," which is pronounced [aʔistaʔa].
 * The phonemes m, n, l, and r are pronounced as long forms when preceded by an accented short vowel as in nakkámək "he touches."
 * r is typically pronounced as [r], but when it is preceded by š and an unaccented short vowel it has a retroflex pronunciation as in šaréq "he grasps."
 * When two of nʸ, lʸ and łʸ come into contact, the first loses its palatalization but is articulated at a slightly higher point than the corresponding unpalatalized phoneme, as in nu·mínʸnʸa "their passing by."

Word structure
Quechan words consist of two immediate constituents: a theme and non-thematic elements. Themes are structures consisting of unanalyzable root morphemes that form the basis of Quechan words. Themes can consist of stems in isolation, reduplicated, or affixed.

Words usually include one or more nonthematic affixes which can be either nominal or verbal. Themes can be split into noun themes, verbal themes and interjectional themes. Nouns are words composed of noun themes and nominal affixes, verbs are words composed of verbal themes and verbal affixes, and interjections are themes with no affixes added.

Nouns
Quechan nouns consist of a theme alone or a theme plus non thematic affixes. The primary function of a noun is to convey simple referential content. There are four types of nonthematic elements that can be affixed to nouns: pronominal prefixes, demonstrative suffixes, the locative suffix -i, and case suffixes.

Pronominal prefixes
Possessive pronominal prefixes indicate first, second, third and indefinite third person possessor. There are two distinct sets of possessive prefixes.

The first set of prefixes is used primarily with body parts and kinship terms, while the second is used primarily with natural objects and artifacts but also certain body part terms. The distinction is not that between inalienable and alienable possession: for example, i·kʷé "his horn" refers to both a deer's horn and a person's deer horn.

Demonstrative suffixes
The demonstrative suffixes in Quechan are -va "this (nearby)," -sa, "that (far off)," and -nʸ "that (location unspecified)."

Locative suffix
The locative suffix -i is roughly equivalent in meaning to English "at, in the vicinity of." It is primarily affixed to the noun theme plus a demonstrative suffix: i·mé šama·vi (i·mé "foot," šamá· "root" + -va "this" + -i "at") "at his feet, underfoot" (literally "at the root of his foot").

Case suffixes
Noun themes with case suffixes function as subjects of verbs, adverbs, or, with vocative -a, as a predicative expression: šalʸʔáyc ʔamé·k "the sand is high," literally "sand it-is-high."

The following suffix combinations are found (with -nʸ representing the demonstrative suffixes):

Verbs
Quechan verbs convey most meaning in sentences, including indication of notional and grammatical relationships, in contrast to nouns which are comparatively simple in content.

Verbs typically consist of a theme and two nonthematic elements, a pronominal prefix and a predicative suffix as in ʔayú·k "I see", which is composed of first person pronominal prefix ʔ + "to see" ayú + present-past suffix ·k.

Verb stems that form the basis of verb themes can be modified in a variety of ways to modify their meaning.

Reduplication
Some verb stems can be reduplicated to add the meaning of repetitive or intermittent activity. An example of a reduplicated stem is toxatóx "to be spotted", from the stem atóx "to have a spot." Another example is aspukaspúk "to be kinky (hair)", from the stem aspúk "to be curled.

Thematic prefixes
A variety of thematic prefixes can be added to the verb stem to give the stem meaning.

One such prefix is t- "to cause generally or by means of an instrument." The stem qʷeraqʷér "to be sharp-pointed" can be modified by t- to produce the stem taqʷeraqʷér "to sharpen to a point."

Prefixes can be compounded, which most frequently occurs with the causative prefix u·- in addition to another prefix. The causative prefix u·- is affixed in conjunction with the prefix c- "to cause with the teeth" present in caqáw "to eat fruit," producing the compound u·caqáw "to feed fruit to."

Infixation
A theme consisting of only a stem or a prefix-stem structure can be further developed through infixation. Infixing u· before the consonant preceding the accented vowel of the stem in conjunction with the suffixation of a thematic suffix -v or -p produces a developed theme with the meaning "to be one who does."

An example is the theme ku·nácv "to be one who orders" which is produced by infixing u· and affixing -v to the stem kanác "to order, summon."

Word order
Quechan has a subject-object-verb word order.

Switch reference
Like other Yuman languages, Quechan features switch-reference by which two clauses can be linked with markers specifying whether their subjects are the same or different.

Sample text
The following is an excerpt from a traditional Quechan story called "The Man Who Bothered Ants."

Pa'iipáats suuváat. Pa'iipáats nyaváyk suuváa.

Pa'iipáats 'atáyk nyaváyk viivák, athúus athótk aváts 'ashéntək alyuuváapətəka. Tsam'athúlyəm éevtək uuváat.

'Anyáayk viithíim, amanək, tsam'athúly nyaványa, tsam'athúly kéek a'ét. 'Anyétsəts nyuu'ítsk.

Someone was over there. Someone was living over there.

A lot of people were living here, but it happened that this (person) was the only one (who did it). He bothered ants.

When the sun came up, he got up, and as for the ants' nest, he was going to stir up the ants. We say that.

title: Quechan language


text:
Marjorie Holt

Marjorie Holt (née Sewell; September 17, 1920 – January 6, 2018), a Republican, was a U.S. Congresswoman who represented Maryland's 4th congressional district from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1987. She was the first Republican woman elected to Congress from Maryland. Holt died on January 6, 2018, in Severna Park, Maryland, aged 97.

Early life and education
She was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and attended Jacksonville Junior College (now Jacksonville University). In 1940–1941 she attended the University of Florida College of Law and was admitted to the Florida bar in 1949 and the Maryland bar in 1962, and commenced practice in Anne Arundel County, Maryland

Political career
In 1972, Holt was elected as a Republican to Congress and served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1987. She represented a district that stretched from Brooklyn Park to Eagle Harbor and included Glen Burnie, Annapolis and Crofton. The district also included Andrews Air Force Base. She did not seek reelection in 1986 and resumed the practice of law in Baltimore. She was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to be a member of the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament. She was a resident of Severna Park, Maryland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marjorie Holt


text:
User talk:Thanneer

Welcome!

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language populations
Hi Thanneer,

I see you added "significant numbers" of speakers of several Indian languages to various countries in List of languages by number of native speakers. Do you have sources for these claims? We've spent a good deal of time squaring all the data with Ethnologue 15, and arguing for any changes on the talk page. Ethnologue isn't always very reliable, so we're happy to change, but if we don't verify everything, the article quickly becomes useless. (Like having 250 million speakers of Turkish, or a significant number of native Spanish speakers in Bangladesh.)

Thanks, kwami 07:07, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Flags in human migration articles
Hi, can I suggest you read Manual of style (flags)? Flags shouldn't be used for decorative purposes, nor in situations where they would wrongly imply something about people's nationlity. Furthermore, flags shouldn't be used to represent people who wouldn't identify with those flags. Because of this, they definitely don't belong on articles about human migration and ethnic minority populations; many members of ethnic minority populations left their countries of origins before those countries even adopted their current flags. Thanks, cab (talk) 01:08, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I've started a thread about this at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (flags). cab (talk) 02:24, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Indians in Thailand
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Proposed deletion of List of Burmese Indians
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Unreferenced BLPs
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Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:20, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Nirmal Shah -

March 2010
Your addition to Indians in Portugal has been removed, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of article content such as sentences or images. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. Copied from http://www.indembassy-lisbon.org/uk/ind_personorigin.html Whpq (talk) 18:49, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Your article is about to be deleted
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Nomination of Kumar (Singaporean Entertainer) for deletion
Greetings Thanneer, and welcome to the Wikipedia. Your article Kumar (Singaporean Entertainer) will be deleted and will not be found on the Wikipedia's critiera search. This happened because your article does not say the real name for Kumar, and the article has influent writing such as the symbols: -- and ;. Your writing and sections from your article has been transferred to the article, Kumarason Chinnadurai, as well it has an additional infobox and some clear details for the article. You can make edits on the new article, as it can be viewed to the Wikipedia. If you need further help, go to my talk page. And see the new article! Ganapati Pujans (talk/contribs) 00:22, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Rajiv Gupta (technocrat)

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title: User talk:Thanneer


text:
User:Staat

I should hope no one actually reads these dumb things. Nonetheless, I'm in the National Guard operating through SMP as an ROTC cadet living in eastern Iowa with an interest in linguistics, history, and military science, the two former I plan on majoring in, the latter minoring. Enough said.

After taking 4 years of German in school I'm reasonably qualified to converse in German on a day to day level, so long as they're not using weird technical terms. Needless to say, I blew off most of my German homework and instead learned Platt (or, at least my family's dialect) as best as I could muster (I'm a Dutch-Prussian hybrid). I could probably speak Dutch if I bothered to sit down and look at it for a bit, as if you know English and German (let alone Platt, which is basically Dutch, from what I undestand) you can easily put together Dutch. I've recently taken an interest in the languages of antiquity, though I've definitely neglected Latin in favor for Ancient Greek.

title: User:Staat


text:
Mill's Methods

Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic. They are intended to establish a causal relationship between two or more groups of data, analyzing their respective differences and similarities.

Direct method of agreement
"If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon. "

For a property to be a necessary condition it must always be present if the effect is present. Since this is so, then we are interested in looking at cases where the effect is present and taking note of which properties, among those considered to be 'possible necessary conditions' are present and which are absent. Obviously, any properties which are absent when the effect is present cannot be necessary conditions for the effect. This method is also referred to more generally within comparative politics as the most different systems design. Symbolically, the method of agreement can be represented as:
 * A B C D occur together with w x y z
 * A E F G occur together with w t u v
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, of w.
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, of w.

To further illustrate this concept, consider two structurally different countries. Country A is a former colony, has a centre-left government, and has a federal system with two levels of government. Country B has never been a colony, has a centre-left government and is a unitary state. One factor that both countries have in common, the dependent variable in this case, is that they have a system of universal health care. Comparing the factors known about the countries above, a comparative political scientist would conclude that the government sitting on the centre-left of the spectrum would be the independent variable which causes a system of universal health care, since it is the only one of the factors examined which holds constant between the two countries, and the theoretical backing for that relationship is sound; social democratic (centre-left) policies often include universal health care.

Method of difference
" If an instance in which the phenomenon under investigation occurs, and an instance in which it does not occur, have every circumstance save one in common, that one occurring only in the former; the circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or an indispensable part of the cause, of the phenomenon. "

This method is also known more generally as the most similar systems design within comparative politics.

 * A B C D occur together with w x y z
 * B C D occur together with x y z
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of w.
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of w.

As an example of the method of difference, consider two similar countries. Country A has a centre-right government, a unitary system and was a former colony. Country B has a centre-right government, a unitary system but was never a colony. The difference between the countries is that Country A readily supports anti-colonial initiatives, whereas Country B does not. The method of difference would identify the independent variable to be the status of each country as a former colony or not, with the dependant variable being supportive for anti-colonial initiatives. This is because, out of the two similar countries compared, the difference between the two is whether or not they were formerly a colony. This then explains the difference on the values of the dependent variable, with the former colony being more likely to support decolonization than the country with no history of being a colony.

Indirect method of difference
"If two or more instances in which the phenomenon occurs have only one circumstance in common, while two or more instances in which it does not occur have nothing in common save the absence of that circumstance; the circumstance in which alone the two sets of instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or a necessary part of the cause, of the phenomenon. "

Also called the "Joint Method of Agreement and Difference", this principle is a combination of two methods of agreement. Despite the name, it is weaker than the direct method of difference and does not include it.

Symbolically, the Joint method of agreement and difference can be represented as:

 * A B C occur together with x y z
 * A D E occur together with x v w
 * F G occur with y w
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of x.
 * Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of x.

Method of residue
"Subduct from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents. "

If a range of factors are believed to cause a range of phenomena, and we have matched all the factors, except one, with all the phenomena, except one, then the remaining phenomenon can be attributed to the remaining factor.

Symbolically, the Method of Residue can be represented as:

 * A B C occur together with x y z
 * B is known to be the cause of y
 * C is known to be the cause of z
 * Therefore A is the cause or effect of x.
 * Therefore A is the cause or effect of x.

Method of concomitant variations
"Whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, or is connected with it through some fact of causation. "

If across a range of circumstances leading to a phenomenon, some property of the phenomenon varies in tandem with some factor existing in the circumstances, then the phenomenon can be associated with that factor. For instance, suppose that various samples of water, each containing both salt and lead, were found to be toxic. If the level of toxicity varied in tandem with the level of lead, one could attribute the toxicity to the presence of lead.

Symbolically, the method of concomitant variation can be represented as (with ± representing a shift):

 * A B C occur together with x y z
 * A± B C results in x± y z.
 * Therefore A and x are causally connected
 * Therefore A and x are causally connected

Unlike the preceding four inductive methods, the method of concomitant variation doesn't involve the elimination of any circumstance. Changing the magnitude of one factor results in the change in the magnitude of another factor.

title: Mill's Methods


text:
Method of difference

Method of difference may refer to:

 * The method of finite differences, used in the difference engine
 * One of Mill's methods in inductive reasoning
 * A mathematical way of finding the value of telescoping sums

title: Method of difference


text:
Piper PA-48 Enforcer

The Piper PA-48 Enforcer is an American turboprop-powered light close air support aircraft built by Piper in the 1970s. It is a development of the World War II-era North American P-51 Mustang fighter. The Enforcer concept was originally created and flown as the Cavalier Mustang by David Lindsay, owner of Cavalier Aircraft, in response to the United States Air Force PAVE COIN program, but Cavalier did not have the manufacturing abilities to mass-produce the Enforcer, so the program was sold to Piper by Lindsay in 1970.

Design and development

In 1968, Cavalier Aircraft owner/founder David Lindsay began developing a highly modified version of the Cavalier Mustang for use as a counter-insurgency aircraft. Cavalier initially mated a Rolls-Royce Dart 510 turboprop to a Mustang II airframe. This privately funded prototype was also intended for the same CAS/COIN mission that the Mustang II was built for. The Turbo Mustang III had radically increased performance, along with an associated increase in payload and decrease in cost of maintenance, and was equipped with Bristol ceramic armor to protect the engine, airframe, and pilot. Despite numerous sales attempts to the United States Air Force, neither the U.S. military nor any foreign operators purchased the Turbo Mustang III.

Seeking a company with mass production capability, the Turbo Mustang III, renamed the "Enforcer", was sold to Piper Aircraft in late 1970. Cavalier Aircraft Corp. was closed in 1971 so the founder/owner, David Lindsay, could help continue develop the Enforcer concept with Piper. Piper was able to lease a Lycoming T55-L-9 engine from the USAF (the engine Lindsay wanted initially) and flew the aircraft some 200+ hours.

In 1971, Piper built two Enforcers by heavily modifying two existing Mustang airframes, fitting them with Lycoming YT55-L-9A turboprop engines along with numerous other significant modifications. One airframe was a single seat (called the PE-1 and FAA registered as N201PE), the other a dual-control aircraft (the PE-2, registered N202PE). Prior to the Pave COIN evaluation, N202PE was lost in a crash off the Florida coast on 12 July 1971 due to flutter caused by a Piper-modified elevator trim tab. Although the Enforcer performed well in the 1971–1972 Pave COIN test flown by USAF pilots, Piper failed to secure a USAF contract.

In 1984, with a $US12 million appropriation from Congress, Piper built two new Enforcers, giving the new prototypes the designation PA-48. These aircraft were evaluated by the USAF, but flown only by Piper test pilots.

Flight testing and evaluation

For another eight years, Piper and Lindsay lobbied Congress to force the Air Force to officially re-evaluate the Enforcer. Eventually in the 1979 defense bill $11.9 million was allocated for Piper to build two new prototypes and for the Air Force to perform another flight evaluation. Since the Enforcer was never in the Air Force inventory, it was not given an official military designation and did not receive a serial number. Instead, it carried the Piper designation PA-48 and the FAA registration numbers N481PE and N482PE.

By the time the PA-48s were completed, they shared less than 10 percent of their structure with the P-51, and were longer and larger. The PA-48 Enforcer was a completely new aircraft.

The two PA-48s were tested during 1983 and 1984 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, and Edwards Air Force Base, California. As in the Pave COIN tests of 1971, the PA-48s were found to perform well in their intended role, but the Air Force again decided not to purchase the aircraft.

Surviving aircraft
Of the four prototype aircraft produced, two still exist. In 2014, PA-48 N482PE completed restoration and is on display at the Air Force Flight Test Museum at Edwards Air Force Base. N481PE has been fully restored and is currently at the Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson Arizona after being displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio.

title: Piper PA-48 Enforcer


text:
User talk:Bethshalom

I also see that you have added a photo to the Wikipedia. Where did you get this image from? We need to know this because the copyright status and sources of all images need to be verified. You can just post a message on my talk page by clicking this link. Thanks. Bratsche talk 5 pillars 03:09, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bethshalom


text:
Beyblade Trading Card Game

Released in 2003 by Decipher, Inc. the Beyblade Trading Card Game is an out-of-print collectible card game based on the Beyblade anime series. It was designed to be simplistic in nature with a slow learning curve. In one format of the game, players did not even need to know how to read. Only one set was released in the entire long history of the universe.

Product distinctiveness
One notable feature of the game was that each pack came with personalizing decal stickers which players could put on their cards to make them more distinctive.

Cards and card availability
The Beyblade Collision card set features a total of 130 different cards, including 10 blade cards. Through special retail promotions and other means, an additional 14 promotional foil cards were made available.

Starter packs contain 60 cards, with 5 of these being starter-exclusive foil cards. Booster packs contain 11 cards, including a single rare card. Each booster pack has a 1 in 8 chance of including an "Xtra-Rare" foil card in place of one of the other cards.

Online play
Since this game is no longer in production, there has been a decrease in the number of players. For those who can not find others to play with in person, programs such as LackeyCCG allow players to meet and play online.

Reviews

 * Review in Scrye #68

title: Beyblade Trading Card Game


text:
Talk:Social networking service

Proposed merge of Social media with Social networking service
The difference between a social media website and a social networking service is not made clear in these articles, and if it does exist at all, it doesn't seem important enough to warrant a split. Fundamentally, this is a gigantic redundant content fork, and it'd be better presented in a single article. Courtesy pinging and, who discussed this on Discord a few days ago. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:02, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Weak oppose. I agree with everything written there. I don't think there's enough difference between the two that keeping them separate serves readers. Pinging in everybody from Special:Permalink/1049448746:, , and . Jaobar said he was happy to discuss this further so I'd be interested in what he has to say about what difference exists between the two in the popular mind. Enterprisey (talk!) 06:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * (re-ping due to rename: ) Enterprisey (talk!) 06:45, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Switching to oppose. I have been convinced by the arguments below. Enterprisey (talk!) 09:36, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Media and networking are different concepts, at least in marketing. A medium is used to broadcast a message to a wide audience, such as an advertisement or PR piece. Networking is about building relationships among members of a network and messages passed are specific from one member to another. Social media and social networking can coexist on the same platform. For instance on Facebook a company can broadcast ads to a wide audience, but members can also communicate with each other, forming a network. Viral campaigns use both mechanisms: media are used inject a message into a community, such as a corporate tweet and networking is used to amplify that message, such as through retweets and linking. I don't think anyone in Web marketing would ever confuse social media with social networking. Facebook supports social networking on their platform, but makes money on the social media broadcast to a captive audience on that platform. Their coexistence on various platforms may cause confusion among lay people. But confusion among lay people is not a strong argument for merging. -- 08:04, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah, I think I get it. Thank you for the explanation. As I'm not an expert in the field, I think I rather need to think about this a bunch more before replying further. Enterprisey (talk!) 08:37, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose. Social media is mainly about Web 2.0 and the advantages and disadvantages of User-generated content. Social networking service is a much broader concept. The merged article would be too long and unmanageable. The Social networking service article may be shortened by trimming down the discussion of social media and adding a hatnote referring to the Social media article. Agnerf (talk) 09:24, 9 November 2021 (UTC)Agnerf (talk) 09:10, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Support as I believe that both of these topics can be explained and differentiated in one article. Although social media may concern itself with Web 2.0, they are all social networking services. dekema  (Formerly Buffaboy) (talk) 22:56, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Hi everyone, apologies for taking a while to reply. I maintain what I said previously. The concepts likely still have distinct audiences, which is in part, perhaps due to differences in the literature. As you may know, there is a social networking literature that precedes Web 2.0. Something else to consider, yes, Facebook is both social media and SNS; however, Facebook and similar apps and websites are referred to as stand-alone services. There is also built-in social media functionality. This distinction complicates distinctions between what might be referred to as social media or SNS. Happy to discuss this further. --Jaobar (talk) 17:34, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: To those opposing I'd encourage you to edit the articles to attempt to articulate the difference between the concepts. You've laid out a bunch of possible distinctions, not all of which agree with each other or with the articles as presently written. The current lead of social media doesn't even link to social networking service. I'd also remind everyone that the existence of some difference in the terms does not necessarily mean that we ought to have two separate articles. Forking essentially doubles the editing workload, which is a huge cost to bear unless it's absolutely necessary. {{u|  Sdkb  }}  talk 17:48, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree with this. As an example, one low-hanging fruit is the Definition section. It essentially duplicates the 4-point definition from the social media article and cites an article defining social media, not social networking services in general (Obar, Jonathan A.; Wildman, Steve (October 2015). "Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue".)
 * I feel like there is a distinction between SNS and social media (ex: maybe MMORGS are SNS but not social media), but I'd like to see more development of this distinction in the article. Quohx (talk) 21:40, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Ibid what Jaobar said. --Kent Dominic·(talk) 13:02, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Implementation
According to Social media, which seems to have a good reference, social networking services are a type of social media. I edited the intro of this article to say that. I dropped the "Definition" section from this article (which mentioned in the discussion above) that incorrectly applied the four-prong definition of "social media" to this one specific subtype of social media. Glancing very briefly at social media, I see sources that say sometimes the two are used as synonyms (most other types, for example the microblogging site Twitter or the photo-sharing site Instagram, also build social networks through follower relationships).

Quohx and, you said that social media is a narrower concept than social networking services. I don't see any sources saying that, but if you know of some, please share so we can explain the terminology more completely. The main source for the typology of social media, this International Journal of Market Research paper, explicitly says that social gaming is a type of social media, and mentions two MMORGs as examples of social gaming and not social networks. Presumably this is because the primary purpose of MMORGs is not to build a network of people (the "social network") like Facebook and LinkedIn do.

The International Journal of Market Research paper cited by Social media does not support the idea that the marketing industry distinguishes "media" as "one-to-many" as different from "network" as "many-to-many". Media (communication) says that the term includes both "one-to-many" and "many-to-many" communication mechanisms. Maybe "media" is sometimes used as shorthand for mass media? The way that article is written implies that term does have "one-to-many" connotations. But if you have reliable sources that define "social media" and "social network" the way you described, please share them so we can explain the terminology more completely. -- Beland (talk) 01:34, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your closing and thoughtful comments. This blog lays out the ideas of social media vs social networking fairly clearly, but wouldn't be considered an RS. More of an RS is the book Social Information Seeking, chapter 3, pages 29-33 where social media and social networking are described as different concepts. I think "media" in a communications context is often shorthand for "media platform", which can host both one-to-many social media and many-to-many social networks. I don't want to give the idea that these are hard and fast universal definitions, or that many people don't confuse social media with social networking, but I think there is enough daylight between these concepts (and enough instances in the literature that treat them as separate concepts) that it is worth describing them separately. -- 03:47, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Are there any examples we can agree on that would be classified as one but not the other? {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 16:20, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Title: Influence of AI and its Impact among JHS Students
local research only in region 7 and above 2014 only 124.106.104.34 (talk) 16:16, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

Two factor authentication
I'm straggling with my Facebook account... 102.66.13.128 (talk) 08:39, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social networking service


text:
User talk:Arpeggio~enwiki

[Conny Bauer]
Hallo Arpeggio, if this article is in need "to be cleaned up" try your better knowledge and do it. Hoss 03:09, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Rncm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Rncm.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 10:14, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

こんにちは/今晩は
こんにちは/今晩は. 日本語版に参加できない私が、次のことをしていただきたいのですが、よろしいでしょうか.

 * ja:イスラエル人の一覧へ追加:
 * ハルペン・ジャック
 * ベン＝エイミ・ベン・イスラエル （ブラック・ジューを名乗る非改宗者）

 * ja:パヴェル・ヴラニツキーのリンク修正

 * ja:ユダヤ人の一覧:
 * ロバート・ワインバーグ
 * エドモンド・フィッシャー
 * エードゥアルト・ハインリヒ・ヘノッホ　Eduard Heinrich Henoch - 小児科を新設した医師
 * ヤーコフ・スヴェルドロフ

 * ja:ポーランド人の一覧の在外者に
 * ジョン・ギールグッド

 * 日本語版へinterlangを追加:
 * Hans Geiger ハンス・ガイガー
 * Gregory Bateson
 * Wissenschaft des Judentums
 * Siebengemeinden

 * ja:フランツ・リスト・アカデミーをja:リスト音楽院へリダイレクト

 * ja:倫理学のトピック一覧へムーサール運動を追加

よろしくお願いいたします. お礼に何かお送りしましょうか.

 * --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 10:27, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 追加ですが、利用者ページにinterlangを付けられるとよいのではないでしょうか. --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 10:33, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

紛らわしくて失礼、私の英語アカウントはこれです. ;ja:パヴェル・ヴラニツキーはリンクのどこを修正するか判りませんでしたが、残りは全部やっておきました. --1523 01:01, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Arpeggio~enwiki


text:
A System of Logic

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive is an 1843 book by English philosopher John Stuart Mill.

Overview
In this work, he formulated the five principles of inductive reasoning that are known as Mill's Methods. This work is important in the philosophy of science, and more generally, insofar as it outlines the empirical principles Mill would use to justify his moral and political philosophies.

An article in "Philosophy of Recent Times" has described this book as an "attempt to expound a psychological system of logic within empiricist principles.”

This work was important to the history of science, being a strong influence on scientists such as Dirac. A System of Logic also had an impression on Gottlob Frege, who rebuked many of Mill's ideas about the philosophy of mathematics in his work The Foundations of Arithmetic.

Mill revised the original work several times over the course of thirty years in response to critiques and commentary by Whewell, Bain, and others.

Introduction
A System of Logic begins with a discussion of difficulty of a preliminary definition of what Logic is but gives one. Mill asserts his right to do this, " I do this by virtue of the right I claim for every author, to give whatever provisional definition he pleases of his own subject". He concludes with "Logic, then, is the science of the operations of the understanding which are subservient to the estimation of evidence"

Book One
This Book is headed "Of Names and Propositions".

Mill begins with a "simple" quotation from Thomas Hobbes which although simple contains the essence of what leads to the greater complexities there are in naming things and ideas.

In Chapter VI of this book Mill gives a look back at the different kinds of proposition. "We then examined the different kinds of Propositions, and found that, with the exception of those which are merely verbal, they assert five different kinds of matters of fact, namely, Existence, Order in Place, Order in Time, Causation, and Resemblance; that in every proposition one of these five is either affirmed, or denied, of some fact or phenomenon, or of some object the unknown source of a fact or phenomenon."

Book Two
This book is headed "Of Inference, or Reasoning, in General".

Mill begins with the retrospect that we have concluded that propositions assert. We now move "to the peculiar problem of the Science of Logic, namely, how the assertions, of which we have analysed the import, are proved or disproved"

In Chapter I of this book Mill emphasies the practicality of the type of Logic He values and hopes this book will promote. "There is no more important intellectual habit, nor any the cultivation of which falls more strictly within the province of the art of logic, than that of discerning rapidly and surely the identity of an assertion when disguised under diversity of language".

Book III
This book is headed "Of Induction"

The centrality of Induction to Mill's System of Logic is emphasized by such statements as, "What Induction is, therefore, and what conditions render it legitimate, cannot but be deemed the main question of the science of logic, the question which includes all others."

Book IV
This book is headed "Of Operations Subsidiary to Induction"

Mill writes that this book is needed because,

"The consideration of Induction, however, does not end with the direct rules for its performance. Something must be said of those other operations of the mind, which are either necessarily presupposed in all induction, or are instrumental to the more difficult and complicated inductive processes".

Book V
This book is headed "On Fallacies"

The five classes of fallacies being, Fallacies of Simple inspection, or a priori fallacies, Fallacies of Observation, Fallacies of Generalization, Fallacies of Ratiocination, Fallacies of Confusion.

Book VI
This book is headed "On the Logic of the Moral Sciences".

John Stuart Mill thought this a very important chapter for the social progress he so keenly sought.

"The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized".

Editions

 * Mill, John Stuart, A System of Logic, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 2002, ISBN 1-4102-0252-6

Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation by JOHN STUART MILL BOOKS I-III AND APPENDICES
 * System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive

Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation by JOHN STUART MILL BOOKS IV-VI AND APPENDICES
 * System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive

Online editions

 * 1843. Google Books: Vol. I, Vol. II (first edition)
 * 1846. Google Books: All
 * 1851. Google Books: Vol. I, Vol. II missing? Internet Archive: Vol. I, Vol. II missing? (third edition)
 * 1858. Google Books: All
 * 1862. Google Books: Vol. I, Vol. II
 * 1868. Internet Archive: Vol. I, Vol. II. Also Vol. I, Vol. II. Also Vol. I (seventh edition)
 * 1872. Internet Archive: Vol. I, Vol. II. Also partial HTML version.(eighth edition)
 * 1882. Internet Archive: All
 * 1882. Project Gutenberg: All

title: A System of Logic


text: Category:Marquesses in the Peerage of Ireland


text:
List of female Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to Mankind." Additionally, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established by Sveriges Riksbank in 1968 and awarded to a "person or persons in the field of economic sciences who have produced work of outstanding importance."

As of 2023, 65 Nobel Prizes and the Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to 64 women. Unique Nobel Prize laureates include 894 men, 64 women, and 27 organizations.

The distribution of Nobel prizes awarded to women is as follows:

 * nineteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize (16.3% of 110 awarded);
 * seventeen have won the Nobel Prize in Literature (14.28% of 119 awarded);
 * thirteen have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (5.6% of 230 awarded);
 * eight have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (4.1% of 191 awarded);
 * five have won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1.8% of 224 awarded);
 * and three (Elinor Ostrom, Esther Duflo and Claudia Goldin) have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2.17% of 92 awarded).

The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel. Curie is also the first person and the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; in 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie's daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making the two the only mother–daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes and of Pierre and Irène Curie the only father-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes by the same occasion, whilst there are 6 father-son pairs who have won Nobel Prizes by comparison.

The most Nobel Prizes awarded to women in a single year was in 2009, when five women became laureates in four categories.

The most recent women to be awarded a Nobel Prize were Claudia Goldin in Economics, Narges Mohammadi for Peace, Anne L'Huillier in Physics and Katalin Karikó in Physiology or Medicine (2023), Annie Ernaux in Literature and Carolyn R. Bertozzi for Chemistry (2022), Maria Ressa for Peace (2021), Louise Glück in Literature, Andrea M. Ghez in Physics, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna in Chemistry (2020), and Esther Duflo in Economics (2019).

title: List of female Nobel laureates


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Africa (Toto song)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. NSR (talk) 10:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Africa (Toto song)
''I finished this nom that was never listed here. No vote from me. --Dmcdevit 09:48, July 11, 2005 (UTC)''

delete/merge to Toto (band) - I think this small of an article is not necissary. in the main Toto article, there could be a mention of its appearance in GTA:VC, but this small of an article is not necessary. At least not for now. mysekurity 03:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Some content, but rather nano-, as the nominator suggests.  Alai 05:20, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup You're all joking, right? GTA?! This song got so much air-play when I was growing up that I got sick of it. I think that this song might actually be responsible for my first knowledge that there were "plains" in Africa.
 * Rock on the Net's #90 in the list of top 100 80s songs
 * #11 in a poll of top 80s music
 * What is the criteria for a song if "Africa" can't make it? -Harmil 10:02, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and expand. #1 song on Billboard charts in 1993 see . Capitalistroadster 10:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not really much of an article, forgettable 80s song. JamesBurns 10:35, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Forgettable? The darn song still gets stuck in my head to this day Youngamerican 13:55, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleaup Gorrister 14:01, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redir. I like the song, but two sentences? Keep it in Toto (band) until/unless it's ready to stand on its own. Niteowlneils 14:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC) or as BD2412 said, the album.
 * That said, at some point we need to decide if WP's main goal is to be a timeless, universal encyclopedia, or just a db of today's pop[mostly Western]-culture (I wouldn't be surprised if we have more articles on fictional alien races from the StarWars extended universe than real human races/languages on Earth). If it's the former, I'd like to volunteer as the first paid full-time WP editor. If it's the latter, I may find something else to do with those 60-70 hours per week. Niteowlneils 17:02, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You seem to be assuming that real things and fictional ones are fighting over limited resources, which is not true in an unlimited electronic encyclopedia. WP should aim to be an encyclopedia of all culture, and western/pop culture should be kept not just on its own merits but precisely because it preserves wikipedia's potential coverage of non-western/non-popular cultures. The kids in Africa should be able to use wp to tell each other and the world about whatever songs they are listening to. Kappa 20:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And how many dollars have you donated to Wikipedia to build new DB servers? And how many non-Western pop-cultural articles have you contributed to or voted to keep? Theoretical/idealistic and real-world limits are very different. And a merge/redir to the band or album article would allow the "...kids in Africa should be able to use wp to tell each other and the world about whatever songs they are listening to..." to do just that. Niteowlneils 20:35, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable and hard to forget. Kappa 14:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a notable song but only if expanded. Otherwise merge with the band article until someone gets around to writing a full article. 23skidoo 15:07, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, or merge with an article on the album from whence it came. Notable song. -- BD2412 talk 15:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A notable song, emblematic of the 80's. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:43, 2005 July 11 (UTC)
 * Merge unless the album or band page is too busy for it, then keep would be acceptable. And damn you all for giving me an ear worm. SchmuckyTheCat 23:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mike H (Talking is hot) 00:14, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup per capitalistroadster (Sorry, forgot to sign my vote Chuck 18:34, July 14, 2005 (UTC))
 * A notable song, but nothing here. Redirect, unless expanded into a semi decent article, in which case keep. -R. fiend 03:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and, I hope, expand. An important 80s song and worthy of an expanded article.  Moncrief 06:24, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect unless expanded. -Sean Curtin 06:27, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The song is older than I am, but I love it. Keep and expand. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 06:43, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I left my brains down in Africa. Erm, I mean, keep, notable song.   — J I P | Talk 07:09, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A notable song of the 80's. --YUL89YYZ 20:48, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I know a depressing large number of people who enter into ecstatic trances when this song plays. Xoloz 03:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable song, per Capitalroadster. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Great song, but is there really much more to be said about it? (cf. Billie Jean, another 1983 hit) Unless the article can be expanded to something more subtantial, it doesn't really seem to warrant its own entry.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Sexuality in older age

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BCharlie. Peer reviewers: Mr06396, Scott nielsen.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:07, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Suggestions
Include ideas on sexuality and intimacy for relationships in older age and the importance of its recognition; how its still healthy to practice even as you age. I’d like to mention more on ageist ideas and societal tendencies to shy away from discussing sexuality with older adults. Brief explanation of why sexuality in older adults is on the radar, as it relates population group percentage increase. Natural health concerns associated with older age should also be mentioned, along with benefits of a healthy sexual relationship, and health concerns and education. One study I like mentions research on participants “sexual well-being;” basically what they are doing and how often. The importance of self-esteem is also mentioned several times so I’d like to incorporate that as well. There is an additional article I have on HIV rates and predictions among adults 65 years and older. I can mention this with how older adults are living with STDs, other health concerns, statistics, and sexual behavior.

peer review~ Scott nielsen
I believe that overall this is a great article and the topic of sexuality in older age is a very interesting topic that is not discussed as much as it should be in my opinion. One tip I would give is to check all of your sources and make sure that they are correct and up to date. Also to make sure that the source has not been edited or deleted. Another thing that you can do that would help this article tremendously is if you were to discuss each source and why it pertains to your article and the topic of sexuality in older age. Doing this would help the reader tremendously and allow them to have a deeper understanding of why you included this source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scott nielsen (talk • contribs) 19:26, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sexuality in older age


text:
Ballymoe

Ballymoe (historically Bellamoe, from ) is a village in County Galway, Ireland. Ballymoe is situated on the western side of the River Suck that separates counties Galway and Roscommon. The N60 national secondary road meets the R360 regional road in the centre of the village.

History
The name Béal Átha Mó is derived from a fort which was built by Meabh of Connacht, under the order of Mogh. The fort and village would later become known as Átha Mogh Mór and Béal Átha Mogh. The town is now the centre of a small rural area involved in scale mixed farming. Raised bogs, forts and a mass rock from penal times are features of Ballymoe today.

People

 * Éamonn Ceannt, one of the leaders of the Easter Rising and signatory to the Proclamation of the Irish Republic was born in the police barracks in Ballymoe where his father James Kent, an officer in the Royal Irish Constabulary was stationed. The Garda Síochána barracks in the town today is named in his honour.
 * Fr. Edward J. Flanagan, founder of Boys Town, Nebraska, was born here
 * Thomas Charles Beirne, Australian businessman, politician and philanthropist, was born nearby.
 * James Daly, executed in 1920 for his role in the Connaught Rangers mutiny in India, was born in Ballymoe in 1899.

title: Ballymoe


text:
Shear rate

In physics, shear rate is the rate at which a progressive shear strain is applied to some material, causing shearing to the material. Shear rate is a measure of how the velocity changes with distance.

Simple shear
The shear rate for a fluid flowing between two parallel plates, one moving at a constant speed and the other one stationary (Couette flow), is defined by

 * $$\dot\gamma = \frac{v}{h},$$

where:

 * $$\dot\gamma$$ is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
 * $v$ is the velocity of the moving plate, measured in meters per second;
 * $h$ is the distance between the two parallel plates, measured in meters.

Or:

\dot\gamma_{ij} = \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_i}. $$

For the simple shear case, it is just a gradient of velocity in a flowing material. The SI unit of measurement for shear rate is s−1, expressed as "reciprocal seconds" or "inverse seconds". However, when modelling fluids in 3D, it is common to consider a scalar value for the shear rate by calculating the second invariant of the strain-rate tensor

 * $$\dot{\gamma}=\sqrt{2 \varepsilon:\varepsilon}$$.

The shear rate at the inner wall of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe is

 * $$\dot\gamma = \frac{8v}{d},$$

where:

 * $$\dot\gamma$$ is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
 * $v$ is the linear fluid velocity;
 * $d$ is the inside diameter of the pipe.

The linear fluid velocity $v$ is related to the volumetric flow rate $Q$ by

 * $$v = \frac{Q}{A},$$

where $A$ is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, which for an inside pipe radius of $r$ is given by

 * $$A = \pi r^2,$$

thus producing

 * $$v = \frac{Q}{\pi r^2}.$$

Substituting the above into the earlier equation for the shear rate of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe, and noting (in the denominator) that $d = 2r$:

 * $$\dot\gamma = \frac{8v}{d} = \frac{8\left(\frac{Q}{\pi r^2}\right)}{2r},$$

which simplifies to the following equivalent form for wall shear rate in terms of volumetric flow rate $Q$ and inner pipe radius $r$:

 * $$\dot\gamma = \frac{4Q}{\pi r^3}.$$

For a Newtonian fluid wall, shear stress ($τw$) can be related to shear rate by $$\tau_w = \dot\gamma_x \mu$$ where $μ$ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. For non-Newtonian fluids, there are different constitutive laws depending on the fluid, which relates the stress tensor to the shear rate tensor.

title: Shear rate


text:
Talk:Alpha strike

Origin
'Originated in BattleTech?' I know the term gets used (indeed, has a specific meaning) in Star Fleet Battles, which is six years older, and somehow I don't think it originates there. I'll have to see if there's oldish references to the term in what I have. Anyone know better? --Rindis 15:32, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Split it
The real world use of the term in the US Navy should be a seperate article from the fictional/game uses.

Disambiguation Page?
Alpha strike is also an electronics-industry term referring to the impact of alpha particles onto integrated circuits - which cause errors and can cause IC's to fail. Not sure how to make a disambiguation page, though ... anyone?

There's an article about it here: http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG19990616S0016

title: Talk:Alpha strike


text:
Category talk:European nobility stubs

Untitled
This category is a monstrosity. Hint: monarchs are not "nobility." john k 03:18, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:European nobility stubs


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Simple shear

Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.

In fluid mechanics
In fluid mechanics, simple shear is a special case of deformation where only one component of velocity vectors has a non-zero value:

 * $$V_x=f(x,y)$$

 * $$V_y=V_z=0$$

And the gradient of velocity is constant and perpendicular to the velocity itself:

 * $$\frac {\partial V_x} {\partial y} = \dot \gamma $$,

where $$\dot \gamma $$ is the shear rate and:

 * $$\frac {\partial V_x} {\partial x} = \frac {\partial V_x} {\partial z} = 0 $$

The displacement gradient tensor Γ for this deformation has only one nonzero term:

 * $$\Gamma = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & {\dot \gamma} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$

Simple shear with the rate $$\dot \gamma$$ is the combination of pure shear strain with the rate of $1⁄2$$$\dot \gamma$$ and rotation with the rate of $1⁄2$$$\dot \gamma$$:

 * $$\Gamma =

\begin{matrix} \underbrace \begin{bmatrix} 0 & {\dot \gamma} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \\ \mbox{simple shear}\end{matrix} = \begin{matrix} \underbrace \begin{bmatrix} 0 & {\tfrac12 \dot \gamma} & 0 \\ {\tfrac12 \dot \gamma} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \\ \mbox{pure shear} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \underbrace \begin{bmatrix} 0 & {\tfrac12 \dot \gamma} & 0 \\ {- { \tfrac12 \dot \gamma}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \\ \mbox{solid rotation} \end{matrix} $$

The mathematical model representing simple shear is a shear mapping restricted to the physical limits. It is an elementary linear transformation represented by a matrix. The model may represent laminar flow velocity at varying depths of a long channel with constant cross-section. Limited shear deformation is also used in vibration control, for instance base isolation of buildings for limiting earthquake damage.

In solid mechanics
In solid mechanics, a simple shear deformation is defined as an isochoric plane deformation in which there are a set of line elements with a given reference orientation that do not change length and orientation during the deformation. This deformation is differentiated from a pure shear by virtue of the presence of a rigid rotation of the material. When rubber deforms under simple shear, its stress-strain behavior is approximately linear. A rod under torsion is a practical example for a body under simple shear.

If e1 is the fixed reference orientation in which line elements do not deform during the deformation and e1 − e2 is the plane of deformation, then the deformation gradient in simple shear can be expressed as
 * $$ \boldsymbol{F} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & \gamma & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

We can also write the deformation gradient as
 * $$ \boldsymbol{F} = \boldsymbol{\mathit{1}} + \gamma\mathbf{e}_1\otimes\mathbf{e}_2. $$

Simple shear stress–strain relation
In linear elasticity, shear stress, denoted $$\tau$$, is related to shear strain, denoted $$\gamma$$, by the following equation:

$$\tau = \gamma G\,$$

where $$G$$ is the shear modulus of the material, given by

$$ G = \frac{E}{2(1+\nu)} $$

Here $$E$$ is Young's modulus and $$\nu$$ is Poisson's ratio. Combining gives

$$\tau = \frac{\gamma E}{2(1+\nu)}$$

title: Simple shear


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Talk:Robert Eads

Source
This article is cited as a source in the following article:
 * McCormack, John, M.D. "The LGBT Patient; What health care professionals need to know." CMA Today 40 (March/April 2007): pp. 14-18.

Two dozen doctors? Really?
I saw Southern Comfort and thought it was an excellent movie. I thought what happened to Robert Eads was extremely unfortunate. But saying he was refused treatment by two dozen doctors sounds like an exaggeration. Yes, I will accept that he was refused treatment by one or more than one doctor. But if it was me, and I was refused by the second doctor, I would have reevaluated my process--because clearly something isn't working.

All I'm saying is that if you are going to make a fantastic claim like saying he was refused treatment by TWO DOZEN doctors--that you cite a source. A source other than a friend of a friend told me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bill790 (talk • contribs) 15:18, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

See the deleted scenes on the DVD. Eads discusses his difficulty getting treatment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kellyprice (talk • contribs) 04:06, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry to resurrect this; I'm here because Shakesville is linking to this article on occasion of the "Transgender Day of Remembrance." The source that the sentence cites says it was "over a dozen doctors refused to treat him," not "over two dozen." I've modified the sentence to reflect this. Filjil (talk) 16:42, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Eads