text:
Talk:History of the Jews in Canada

Ben-Gurion in the Canadian Army

 * Is there a source for this? As cool as it sounds, it seems dubious at best... can someone cite this please?  pm_shef 05:18, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Since no one can confirm this, I'm removing it pending sources. pm_shef 23:42, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Illustrations
Maybe a few illustrations might improve the look of this page. Can anybody obtain a photograph of the Shaarei Israel synagogue in Montreal? Or perhaps a painting of Ezekiel Hart or Abraham De Sola? Would a picture of Herb Gray be appropriate in the famous Jeiwsh Canadians section? Can one obtain a logo from the Canadian Jewish Congress to post? Basically what I'm saying is I'm too afraid to post any pictures I find on the internet for fear that they may not be Free to Use. RPlunk 22:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * We have an image of Ottawa's second synagogue at Image:Ottawa French Seventh-day Adventist Church.JPG, though today the building is a Seventh-day Adventist church. User:Montrealais has taken many good photos and is from Montreal. You could try asking him for a picture of the Shaarei Israel synagogue, though I'm not sure if he takes requests. Also any image of Ezekiel Hart, Abraham De Sola, or Henry Nathan would safely be in the public domain by now and could be added to the article. - SimonP 00:08, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I just corrected the spelling of the synagogue name -- it is usually spelled Shearith Israel, and its full name is Shearith Israel Spanish & Portuguese Synagogue. It is still going, though not in its original location; I was just there for the High Holidays and will be getting married there next summer in fact!  There is a historic picture online at http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume1/chapter5/178-183.htm among others, but not sure whether it is Free to Use.  Incidentally apologies if I am not doing this right: I have been using Wikipedia for a while but this is my very first time trying to edit something! 70.80.27.104 10:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Demographics
I changed "fifth largest" to "fourth largest" at the top -- this reflects the new-ish 2005 estimate from the JPPPI at http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?TID=67&FID=2377. I wanted to put a footnote or some cite to it right in the article, but didn't know how -- can anyone help? 70.80.27.104 10:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Along the same vein I wonder about the sentence "[a]ccording to recent statistics there are roughly 195,000 Canadians who practise Judaism, and another 156,000 who consider themselves Jews by ethnicity or ancestry, although they do not practice Judaism": which recent statistics, and as of what date? I am familiar with the 2001 census numbers, which are in fact posted on Wikipedia itself at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2001_Census -- maybe it would be better to say something like "As of 2001 there were 348,605 Canadians who considered themselves Jewish by ethnicity, and 329,995 Canadians who professed to practice Judaism. "? I leave that to someone more expert than I, though. In particular, it would be good to post a footnote or something there too. 70.80.27.104 10:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

I updated the Mtl figure to 80k. I recently spoke with an employee with a large Jewish non-profit in Montreal who ordered a survey done of the communities, and the word is that there are only 80 000 left and aging rapidly. The 100 000 is a nice round number being pushed since at least the 1980s and not really realistic. Sure the ultra-orthodox are having more babies, the religious still above average, but facts are that the vast majority of Jewish families [are non-religious,] have two kids (non-sustaining), and the migration persists, though smaller than in the past.

As for Canada having more Jews than Russia; It is estimated that about one million Jews are still left behind in Russia. Of the one million 'Russians' that moved to Israel, about 250 000 are either pure goyim or product of intermarriage. Many, many still left behind. --Shuki 19:52, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * However, the source provided gives figures that say otherwise. Jayjg (talk) 02:37, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Jews in New France
The numbers on the Jewish Community's demographics in the 18th and 19th centuries, 200 and 450, seem wrong. Census data suggests there were only 107 Jews in 1831 (source below). If no source is provided I will change the numbers.

Canada. 1831. Statistics Canada. 1831 - Census of Lower Canada. Accessed at:.

New France was Catholic by law, but in practice, people of many faiths lived there, including at least one Jew. The civil administration of New France had no power to enforce most of the laws for lack of proper means. The border between Canada and the Thirteen colonies was of course not walled. When people were embarking for New France at La Rochelle, they had no choice but to declare their faith. People of Protestant faith (or other) only had to promise to convert to Catholicism to enter Le Canada. Some truly converted, while others of course only pretended to get across.

Here is the story of person of Jewish faith in New France, Esther Brandeau, who refused to renounce to her faith and was shipped back:

http://www.bjcc.ca/content/Koffler/Past%20Exhibits/Wendy_Oberlander_Translating_Esther.htm

Because she made herself known by the French authorities, she is the only attested person of Jewish faith we know of. Unfortunately, we can only speculate on the possible settlement of Jews in Canada from France or the Thirteen colonies, or the other colonies of France.

Some other English language links on the subject of Jews in New France:

http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/jewishhistory.shtml

http://www.gelinas.org/centre-gelinas/Juive-en-NF/Allocution-Anglais.htm

-- Mathieugp 16:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Title Change
When I first founded this article it was already titled. However it should be changed to "Jewish Canadians" How does one go about changing the title?

 * Actually,to keep up with the rest of the series, it should be titled History of the Jews in Canada. You can use the move button above, but I would suggest that you use the history title, as in History of the Jews in the United States, History of the Jews in England, History of the Jews in Poland, etc.  --Goodoldpolonius2 23:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree with keeping it. "Jewish Canadians" pushes an atomistic philosophy of history destructive to historical understanding. Why don't you make entries for actual Jewish Canadians, like Aaron Hart, for whome none have been made.

Alliance of Concerned Jewish Canadians
Can someone please provide a reference that shows this organization is of similar stature to the CJC and BB? As it stands, with 80 Google hits, most of which are Wiki mirrors and Press releases, not to mention its absence from the mainstream Jewish community (I'm very involved with said community, and hadn't heard of the organization until today), I really don't see it as being notable enough for inclusion at the present time. Not to mention that the founder himself admits that they only have around 100 members. - pm_shef 22:18, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * All mention of this group should probably be removed from wikipedia altogether, since it seems that Wikipedia is being used as a platform for promoting the organization, in contravention of WP:NOT and WP:NPOV, as well as probably WP:SOAP. In the interest of putting their rôle into context, I have clarified w/in the text that the group is basically irrelevant here, but would be in complete support of excising this promotional material entirely.  Tom e rtalk  04:53, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I see there is virtually no mention of the history of the Jewish left even though this was a significant part of the Jewish community until well into the 1960s. I've added a fleeting reference to the United Jewish Peoples' Order which was the largest fraternal Jewish organization in Canada in the 40s and 50s. Hashomer 16:36, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Working for the organised jewish community, I am familiar with the "Alliance of Concerned Jewish Canadians" as a tiny group of about 30 people advancing a political anti-zionist agenda in cooperation with anti-Israel organisations. Considering their number, they should not be included in this article. Ezra haGuer 18:26, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What about the Workmen's Circle, or the Jewish Labour Committee and other Jewish Labour Bund groups. They were very active in Montreal, and Moshe Lewis (David's father and Stephen's grandfather) was active in re-settling refuges. This is from the 1920s until the early 1950s.  The Workmen's Circle even built a large hall in the St. Urban St. area of Montreal, which opened in 1934, which was "the pride of the Main" at 4848 rue.  Laurent.  It was the crowning achievement of the Montreal branch, which was founded in 1907. Now, the section dealing with WWII mentions that in 1945 the United Jewish Peoples' Order ws the largest fraternal group, that is surprising to me, what is the evidence?  Abebenjoe 20:11, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * See this paper. Considering that Jewish neighbourhoods elected a Communist MP in Montreal, Communist MPPs/MLAs and city councillors in Toronto and Winnipeg and Communist city councillors in Vancouver in the 1940s and 1950s (and later in Winnipeg and Vancouver) I'm suprised by your surprise. Winshevsky 20:10, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Well the Montreal chapter of the Workman's Circle alone had a membership of 3500 in the 1940s according to the Canadian Jewish Congress' booklet entitled In Honour of the Dedication of the Workman's Circle Centre.  Goldman's article on page 7, "Seven Years of the League," states the 3500 figure. The booklet is in the Library and Archives Canada funds, filed under ZB/Workmen's Circle. The UJPO only had about 3000.  I knew something didn't quite add up with the UJPO being the largest fraternal organization, but obviously it is still significantly large enough to keep and enlarge in the article. It was obvious that the History of the Jews in Canada article was lacking information regarding the Canadian Jewish Left, and its contribution to Canadian Jewry – and Canadian society as a whole.  If you want to add more to it great.  Keep up the good work--Abebenjoe 15:01, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Why is information on the Canadian Jewish "left" relevant to the history of Jews in Canada? The article should be apolitical at best and only discuss the historical evolution of Jews in Canada, otherwise it becomes politically charged and bias. Rabrams20 22:59, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Could it be that it is part of Jewish culture?? Of course it's relevant. The Jewish left helped found Canadian parties and were very active in Canada's union movement. As well, they played an important role in settling new immigrants.  Remember, talking about the Jewish left, is now mostly an exercise in history, specifically the period from the turn of the 20th century until the 1960s. Today, the Jewish left is removed from the mainstream of Canadian Jewry, but there was a time that it was the mainstream, and again, another reason for its inclusion in this article.--Abebenjoe 05:52, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

None Is Too Many
Why is the book None is too many not mentioned on this page/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.244.7.247 (talk) 11:58, June 26, 2007 (UTC)

Because it's a load of hoey? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.161.113.212 (talk) 19:43, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Jewish Canadians Today
The Jewish Canadians Today section says that Canada is the country with the fourth largest Jewish population, with more Jews than Russia; however this contradicts the Jewish population page which has Canada listed as fifth, with less than half the number of Jews in Russia. Should this be changed? 66.59.129.42 (talk) 23:25, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Canadian Jewish community in the midst of a population decline?
"Experts debate the accuracy of Jewish numbers in Canadian census"

By Ron Csillag Published: 04/08/2008

TORONTO (JTA) -- A new Canadian census that appears to show a significant decline in the number of Jews in Canada has experts divided over the significance of the figures.

Statistics culled from Canada’s 2006 "mini-census" released last week show that 315,000 Canadians identified themselves as Jewish by ethnic origin. This constitutes a 9 percent drop from 2001, when they numbered 348,000.

Canada’s largest Jewish populations are Toronto’s 141,685 Jews, Montreal’s 71,380 and Vancouver’s 21,465, according to the census.

As with past censuses, experts are divided over the significance of the numbers, with some saying the results are incomplete and skewed, and others arguing they are accurate.

Jim Torczyner, a professor of social work at Montreal's McGill University and a longtime interpreter of census results, says the latest figures are unreliable because they do not reflect what he says is a more significant marker of self-identification: religious affiliation.

"It's not ethnicity alone that creates Jewish identity," Torczyner told JTA. "You can't extrapolate [a decline] from a census that asks only about ethnicity when it comes to Jews."

Canadian headcounts, held every decade in years ending in 1, inquire about subjects’ religion and ethnic origins. Shorter mid-decade censuses, conducted in years ending in 6, ask about ethnic background only. They permit respondents to list up to four ethnic origins, including "Canadian."

Jews are the only group to fall into both categories, which has led to decades of communal debate over who and what constitutes a Jew.

The 2001 census found 330,000 Canadians who said they were Jewish by religion, an increase of 3.7 percent over 1991. Some 348,000 listed their ethnic origin as Jewish, either alone or in combination with one or more other ethnicities, which was down by 1 percent from 1996.

Community officials combine the figures, excluding only those who say their ethnic roots are Jewish but also list another religion. There are about 50,000 in this category.

The community’s final official tally as of 2001 was 370,520 Jews in Canada.

In 2001, Jews ranked 17th overall among groups in Canada defined by ethnic origin, but in the 2006 census they ranked 25th.

Robert Brym, a sociology professor at the University of Toronto, said the latest numbers reveal a deeper issue, reflected in those who listed just one ethnic origin, Jewish, versus those who listed more than one, including Polish, Russian, Israeli and Canadian.

In 2006, he said, the number of people who identified with multiple ethnicities -- on average, younger and more assimilated Jews -- grew by a healthy 11.7 percent. But the number of single-ethnicity identifiers, who tend to be older and less-assimilated Jews, fell precipitously, by 27.6 percent.

Brym says the data show the older generation of less-assimilated Jews dying off more quickly than the younger, more assimilated generation of Jews who can replace them.

He attributes this to low Jewish birthrates, the fact that Jews tend to be older than non-Jewish Canadians and the virtual end to Jewish immigration to Canada from places like Russia and South Africa.

Torczyner interprets the data differently.

"When you give people a choice -- when you can ask, 'Are you Jewish by religion or ethnicy?’ -- those who identify as Jewish by religion will then say they're ethnically something else.”

Therefore, he said, “When you compare just the ethnicity numbers, you get a very confusing picture because you just don't know whether some Jews are not responding at all."

Brym says the latest census figures signal a decline in the overall number of Jews in Canada. He notes that in every census year for which data is collected on ethnicity and religion, the number of Jews by religion is lower than those by ethnicity because some "ethnic" Jews are irreligious or have converted.

He said he wouldn't be surprised if the number of Jews by religion declines by 5 percent in the next census.

"In 1989, I published an article predicting the demographic decline of the Canadian Jewish community due to aging and low in-migration," he said. "Two decades later, the census data are bearing out my forecast."

Torczyner argues the opposite, saying the 2011 census will show a growing Jewish community in Canada.

"People are living longer. There is intermarriage, but that still doesn't affect one's identification," he said.

Torczyner added that Canada continues to attract Jewish immigrants.

SOURCE: http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/article/200804080407canadacensus.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.166.171.215 (talk) 05:06, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

348,000 Jews in 2001 census
those were the responses on heritage. 330,000 answered Judaism for religion. there's a difference because there are many people with Jewish blood who can prove it and are not counted in the 2nd list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grmike (talk • contribs) 09:44, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Related ethnic groups: Arab Canadians
Someone else before me had included this group in the 'related ethnic groups' box, and I agree that Canadian Jews, as with most other Jewish diaspora groups, are more closely related (culturally, genetically, linguistically) to Arabs and other groups of Middle Eastern descent. An edit war has broken out over this, but consensus seems to support their inclusion in the box. However, more opinions are needed on this.Evildoer187 (talk) 19:58, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The relationship is a far stretch to say the least - no need for it at all -  READ.Moxy (talk) 20:14, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we could include Israeli Canadians instead. Arabs and other groups of the Middle East are included in the related ethnic groups section of the template at Jews, which is why I agree that they belong here.Evildoer187 (talk) 20:23, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * That sounds ok I guess - not a fan at all of the section - dont think its needed in any article.Moxy (talk) 20:39, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Come to think of it, I agree. I'll get rid of it.Evildoer187 (talk) 21:48, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * This article is about Canadian Jews. Do they share more as a group with Canadian Arabs than any other Canadian group? Do they live in the same neighborhoods, have a shared history of immigration, share similar religious/cultural festivals and so on? The answer is probably not. Yuvn86 (talk)
 * They don't share much of that with any group, and what little they do share is with Arabs. Nevertheless, the category is removed so it's pointless to talk about it now.Evildoer187 (talk) 23:14, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Most Canadian Jews are Ashkenazic (European) in origin and are therefore at least 1500 + years disconnected with the Middle East, other than religiously or through their modern-day connection to Israel. They would have far more a connection with other Eureopan ethnic groups than with Arabs.  This is a no-brainer. Best, A Sniper (talk) 01:32, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, you know very little of Jewish history and culture if that's what you think. Collectively, Jewish culture/identity/etc is not European, hence my objection to classifying them as such. Furthermore, there are Jews in Canada who are Mizrahi and Sephardi (North African), what about them?Evildoer187 (talk) 00:49, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you a professor of Jewish or Canadian history? What you think of identities and cultures and whether it fits most Canadian Jews doesn't make it a fact. Canadian Jews can have multiple identites (religious, secular, european, "just canadian" etc), just like any group. Yuvn86 (talk) 02:12, 19 February 2013 (UTC) There was never a palestinian nation, they came from egypt syria iraq persia ....no flag no anthem no army no nothing ....jews have absolutely zero in common with arabs

Asian Canadians category and template
I have removed these for similar reasons as discussed above. Why would we include these here? I really don't want to get into the discussion about who or what makes one Jewish, since that won't really help or clear things up. I would leave this out for now unless there is clear consensus for inclusion, then we can add them back. Fair enough? Thank you. --Malerooster (talk) 21:32, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

358,000
Where is the number taken from? Not from the link presented, having checked it. I would like to present a range on this. Dontreadalone (talk) 02:53, 8 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Upon reading around, the 358k figure appears to date from 1993. I'm inclined to go with the 391k from here: http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3131. I will leave a note on the lower census figures. Anyone paying attention?

Dontreadalone (talk) 04:00, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

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Employment
I did a pretty substantial re-write of the employment section. Previously, it had a strong focus on Jewish wealth and involvement in business leadership, but cited less reliable sources that did not substantively support claims made. The section also did not discuss Jewish employment outside the focus mentioned above. I included information on Jewish participation in specific sectors over time, as well as information about Jewish involvement in the labour movement. More data is needed on Jewish employment in specific sectors from the 1970s to present (2020s); I wasn't able to find much in the way of academic writing on that (most of what I found stopped in the 1960s or 70s), so help on this front is appreciated. newmila (talk) 02:35, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the Jews in Canada


text:
Thawi Bunyaket

Thawi Bunyaket (also spelt Thawee Bunyaget; ทวี บุณยเกตุ, ; 10 November 1904 – 3 November 1971) was a Thai politician and the prime minister of Thailand for a short time from 31 August 1945, following the resignation of 	Khuang Aphaiwong until his resignation, to his own resignation on 17 September 1945.

Early life and education
After studying at the King's College, University of Cambridge and the École nationale supérieure d'Agronomie de Grignon (France), he started to work as a government official at the Ministry of Agriculture.

Political careers
On 24 June 1932 he joined the coup group of the 1932 coup, the People's Party. He became secretary general in the cabinet of Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram, and Minister of Education in the cabinet of Khuang Aphaiwong. When Khuang resigned directly after the end of World War II, he was elected as prime minister on 31 August 1945 and formed the 12th Thai administration. However he was only chosen because the preferred candidate Seni Pramoj, chief of the Free Thai Movement, wasn't available. Seventeen days after his election, on 17 September, he resigned to free the post for Seni Pramoj.

Later he became President of the Constitutional Drafting Committee in the government of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat.

Civil Service of Siam rank

 * Assistant of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Siam)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thawi Bunyaket


text:
CCNA

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) is an entry-level information technology (IT) certification offered by Cisco Systems. CCNA certification is widely recognized in the IT industry as the foundational step for careers in IT positions and networking roles.

Cisco exams routinely change in response to evolving IT trends. In 2020, Cisco announced an update to its certification program that "Consolidated and updated associate-level training and certification." Cisco has consolidated the previous different types of Cisco-certified Network Associate with a general CCNA certification.

The exams content covers proprietary technology such as Cisco IOS and its associated command-line interface commands. Cisco along with 3rd party learning partners offer multiple training methods to achieve certification. Training methods include virtual classroom, in-person classroom, and book-based learning. Free alternatives are also available, such as community sourced practice exams and YouTube video lectures.

Exam
To achieve a CCNA certification, candidates must achieve a passing score on a proctored Cisco exam No. 200-301. After completion of the exam, candidates receive a score report along with a score breakdown by exam section and the score for the given exam.

The exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network devices. The exam covers a broad range of fundamentals, including network fundamentals, network access, IP connectivity, IP services, security fundamentals, automation, and programmability.

Prerequisites
There are no prerequisites to take the CCNA certification exam. However, if the learning curve is too steep, another starting point of Cisco networking qualifications is the CCT (Cisco Certified Technician).

Expiry
The CCNA Certification expires after three years. Renewal requires certification holders to register for and pass the same or higher level Cisco re-certification exam(s) every three years.

title: CCNA


text:
Arthur Doughty

Sir Arthur George Doughty (22 March 1860 – 1 December 1936) was a Canadian civil servant and Dominion Archivist and Keeper of the Public Records.

Life
Born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, the son of William Doughty, Doughty was educated at the public schools in Maidenhead, at Lord Eldon School in London, and at New Inn Hall, Oxford. He emigrated to Canada in 1886 settling in Montreal. He was appointed to a position in the revenue department of the government of Quebec and in 1897 became private secretary to the Minister of Public Works. In 1900, he was named joint librarian of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and in May 1904 was appointed as the second Dominion Archivist and Keeper of the Records. He served in this post until 1935. Under his leadership, the Public Archives of Canada undertook to locate and list important archival material in different areas of Canada. He wrote or edited a number of books, on topics such as the Siege of Quebec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 1759; Canadian constitutional documents, and the 23-volume work Canada and its Provinces, which Doughty edited with Adam Shortt. He wrote the article on Samuel de Champlain for the Catholic Encyclopedia.

In 1900, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1927, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal. In 1905 he was created a Companion of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He encouraged the creation of archives by the provincial governments and served on the Board of the Public Archives of Nova Scotia when it was reconstituted in 1929.

Across the world, one of the most quoted statements made by Sir Arthur George Doughty in 1924 concerned the essential value of keeping and maintaining good and full records in an organised national archive when he said:

"Of all national assets, archives are the most precious, they are the gifts of one generation to another, and the extent of our care of them marks the extent of our civilisation. As a rule the papers of a given generation are seldom required after their reception and primary use; but when all personal touch with that period has ceased, then these records assume a startling importance, for they replace hands that have vanished and lips that are sealed."

Following his death, a statue of Sir Arthur was erected in front of the National Archives of Canada, then located on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. This is one of only two statues of civil servants erected in Ottawa, both at the instigation of Prime Minister MacKenzie King. In the 1960s, the statue was moved behind the new National Archives building on Wellington Street.

Works

 * Under the lily & the rose : a short history of Canada for children - Vol. 1
 * Under the lily & the rose : a short history of Canada for children - Vol. 2
 * A daughter of New France : being a story of the life and times of Magdelaine de Verchères, 1665-1692
 * The cradle of New France : a story of the city founded by Champlain
 * The probable site of the battle of the Plains of Abraham
 * The siege of Quebec and the battle of the Plains of Abraham
 * Bibliography of the Siege of Quebec in three parts
 * Quebec under two flags : a brief history of the city from its foundation until the present time
 * The fortress of Quebec, 1608-1903 : with illustrations
 * The King's book of Quebec, Vol. 1
 * The King's book of Quebec, Vol. 2
 * The Acadian exiles : a chronicle of the land of Evangeline
 * The Canadian archives and its activities
 * Documents relating to the constitutional history of Canada, 1759-1791
 * Documents relating to the constitutional history of Canada, 1791-1818
 * Canada and its provinces; a history of the Canadian people and their institutions by one hundred associates
 * Index and dictionary of Canadian history
 * Vol. 01
 * Vol. 02
 * Vol. 03
 * Vol. 04
 * Vol. 05
 * Vol. 06
 * Vol. 07
 * Vol. 08
 * Vol. 09
 * Vol. 10
 * Vol. 11
 * Vol. 12
 * Vol. 13
 * Vol. 14
 * Vol. 15
 * Vol. 16
 * Vol. 17
 * Vol. 18
 * Vol. 19
 * Vol. 20
 * Vol. 21
 * Vol. 22
 * Vol. 23
 * Nugae canorae

title: Arthur Doughty


text: Category:Hedgehogs

title: Category:Hedgehogs


text: Category:Fictional hedgehogs

title: Category:Fictional hedgehogs


text:
Spend a Night in the Box

Spend a Night in the Box is the sixth album by The Reverend Horton Heat. It was released by Time Bomb Recordings in 2000.

Production
The album, produced by Paul Leary, was recorded at Pedernales Studios, in Texas. Jim "Reverend Horton" Heath played a 1954 Gibson ES-175 on the album.

Critical reception
Exclaim! called the album "good, basic, well-produced country and swing-influenced rockabilly." The Austin Chronicle panned the "Gap-ready numbers like 'Sleeper Coach Driver' and 'Hand It to Me'," writing that "one Big Bad Voodoo Daddy is more than enough." Trouser Press wrote that "The Rev relocated his songwriting mojo for an album full of tasty rockabilly, swinging grooves and good old-fashioned stomp." CMJ New Music Report deemed it "a skillfully choreographed saloon rumble of an album."

Track listing
All songs written by Jim Heath except as noted.
 * 1) "Spend a Night in the Box" – 3:07
 * 2) "Big D Boogie Woogie" – 2:55
 * 3) "Sleeper Coach Driver" – 3:24
 * 4) "The Girl in Blue" – 3:52
 * 5) "Sue Jack Daniels" – 3:31
 * 6) "Hand It to Me" – 3:23
 * 7) "I'll Make Love" – 2:20
 * 8) "It Hurts Your Daddy Bad" – 4:04
 * 9) "The Bedroom Again" – 3:22
 * 10) "King" – 2:41
 * 11) "Whole Lotta Baby" – 3:42
 * 12) "The Millionaire" (Heath/Churilla) – 3:56
 * 13) "Unlucky in Love" – 4:33
 * 14) "The Party in Your Head" – 3:55

Personnel

 * Jim "Reverend Horton" Heath - guitar & vocals
 * Jimbo Wallace - upright bass
 * Scott Churilla - drums
 * Tim Alexander - piano (on "Sleeper Coach Driver"), piano and organ (on "Hand It to Me"), accordion and bajo quinto ("Unlucky in Love")
 * Paul Leary - producer, mixer
 * Stuart Sullivan - mixer, engineer
 * Scott J. Weiss - management
 * Jolie Clemens - artwork
 * Jennifer Broussard - photography

title: Spend a Night in the Box


text:
Atsushi Sakurai

Atsushi Sakurai (櫻井 敦司) was a Japanese musician and singer-songwriter. He was the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of the rock band Buck-Tick from 1985 until his death in 2023. Initially joining as their drummer in 1983, Sakurai fronted the band for 38 years and 23 studio albums, nearly all of which reached the top ten on Japan's Oricon chart. They are commonly credited as one of the founders of the visual kei movement.

Sakurai released the solo album Ai no Wakusei in 2004, and was a member of Schwein alongside his Buck-Tick bandmate Hisashi Imai, Sascha Konietzko and Raymond Watts. In 2015, he formed a solo project called the Mortal. After falling ill during a Buck-Tick concert, Sakurai died from a brainstem hemorrhage in a Yokohama hospital on October 19, 2023.

Early life
Atsushi Sakurai was born in Fujioka, Gunma on March 7, 1966, as the youngest of two sons. He shared a birthday and blood type with his father, whom Sakurai described as an alcoholic that he also physically resembled. After buying a large stereo in his fifth year of elementary school, the first record Sakurai ever bought was Shinji Harada's Feel Happy. He was impressed by Kiss' makeup and the Bay City Rollers' melodies and clothing, but preferred Harada, Twist, and Char. Although he received an acoustic guitar at the same time, he gave the instrument up after about a week. Despite really enjoying listening to music, he did not consider becoming a musician at the time.

By the time Sakurai entered Gunma Kenritsu Fujioka High School, he was a loner who hung out with the bad-kid yankī crowd and whose friends were mainly from outside the school. This changed in his third year of high school, when he became friends with his classmate Hisashi Imai, who introduced him to punk rock. While listening to records together, they would often talk about starting a band and selected their respective instruments, despite none of them being able to play at the time. Sakurai chose drums because he thought it would be cool. He later said that seeing fellow Gunma band Boøwy served as an initial inspiration for starting a band, followed soon after by Bauhaus and David Bowie. After graduating in 1984, Sakurai got a job and continued to play in the band, soon after re-named Buck-Tick. However, he said being in the band was simply because he had nothing else to do. He described this as the worst period of his life and began to drink a lot like his father.

Buck-Tick
When the other members of Buck-Tick graduated high school and moved to Tokyo, Sakurai was the only one left in Gunma Prefecture because his father was against his band activities and Sakurai was worried about his mother. Sakurai then set his mind on becoming a singer. He asked Toll Yagami if he could be the vocalist of his band SP, but was declined. When his father died in October 1984, Sakurai moved to Tokyo a year later. When the singer of Buck-Tick left, Sakurai sternly and successfully lobbied to become the band's new frontman in December 1985.

Buck-Tick released their major label debut album Sexual XXXXX! through Victor Entertainment in 1987. Their 1988 single "Just One More Kiss" marked their breakthrough when it reached number six on the Oricon Singles Chart. The following year, their fourth studio album Taboo reached number one and they performed at the Tokyo Dome for the first time. In 1990, the single "Aku no Hana" and the album of the same name each reached number one on their respective charts. Buck-Tick continued their success for more than 30 years, as nearly all of their subsequent albums have reached the top ten on the Oricon chart. This includes 2023's Izora, their twenty-third studio album and last with Sakurai.

Sakurai's last name was originally written with the first kanji as "桜" ("sakura"), but when his mother died in 1990 he changed it to "櫻", the older version. He also wrote "Jupiter" and "Sakura" about his mother's death. Sakurai married Buck-Tick's stylist in 1991. They had one son, Akutagawa Prize-winning author Haruka Tono, before divorcing a year later. He married again in June 2004.

Buck-Tick's Chaos After Dark Tour was scheduled to begin in December 1996. However, it was postponed after Sakurai fell seriously ill with acute peritonitis while at a photo shoot in Nepal. With his life at risk, he was flown back to Japan, where he was hospitalized for about a month. The missed concert dates were made up for with a tour in March 1997.

On December 9, 2018, Sakurai was visibly unwell during Buck Tick's concert at Zepp DiverCity, but he insisted on finishing the performance. After the concert, he was diagnosed with gastrointestinal bleeding and subsequent shows had to be postponed for his treatment.

Solo career and other work
Outside of Buck-Tick, Sakurai appeared on the song "Masquerade" from Der Zibet's 1991 album Shishunki II, and its re-recording for 2010's Kaikoteki Mirai - Nostalgic Future. He collaborated with Dutch band Xymox on the song "Yokan" (予感) for the March 1992 compilation album Dance 2 Noise 002. Sakurai provided backing vocals to "Koi no Hallelujah" on the 1994 album Flowers by Der Zibet vocalist Issay, as well as the songs "No One Gets Out of Her Alive" and "Contempt" from the 1996 album Wrecked by English recording act Pig. For Masami Tsuchiya's 1998 album Mori no Hito ~Forest People~, he sings lead vocals on "A Mid Summer Night's Forest" and "Goblin Forest", which he wrote the lyrics to.

Sakurai and his Buck-Tick bandmate Hisashi Imai teamed up with English and German industrial musicians Raymond Watts and Sascha Konietzko to form the supergroup Schwein in 2001. They released one studio album, Schweinstein, one remix album, Son of Schweinstein, and held a Japanese tour, all before dissolving within the year. In a 2023 interview with Visual Music Japan, Watts cited Schwein as his favorite collaboration to date and called Sakurai a "grand vocalist".

In 2004, Sakurai released his first solo album Ai no Wakusei. It features music composed by a variety of musicians such as Wayne Hussey, Taiji Sato (Theatre Brook), and Robin Guthrie. 2004 also saw his acting debut, with the lead role in Ryuhei Kitamura's short film Longinus. He released a book of his poetry and lyrics called Yasou (夜想) in 2004.

Sakurai co-wrote the song "Shinkai" for Chiaki Kuriyama's 2011 debut album Circus.

In 2015, he announced the formation of his second solo project, a band called the Mortal. The group consisted of guitarist Jake Cloudchair (Guniw Tools), guitarist Yukio Murata (My Way My Love), bassist Ken Miyo (M-Age) and drummer Takahito Akiyama (Downy). The mini album Spirit was released on October 14 and they played a five-date tour in November. The full-length album I am Mortal was released on November 11, 2015.

Sakurai wrote the lyrics to the song "Koisuru Christine", which Imai composed for Kishidan's 2017 album Manyoshu. Sakurai was the narrator of the 2018 anime film Neko Ki Kaku. He sang the song "Kakeochi-mono" with Ringo Sheena as a duet for her 2019 album Sandokushi.

Death and legacy
On October 19, 2023, during a Buck-Tick concert at KT Zepp Yokohama in Yokohama, Japan, that was exclusively for members of their fan club, Sakurai was rushed to a hospital due to sudden signs of illness, abruptly ending the performance. According to attendees, he was visibly unwell during the first song, "Scarecrow", sat down to perform the second, "Boy Septem Peccata Mortalia", and was then escorted off stage by staff after the third song, "Zekkai". He died at the hospital at 11:09p.m. that night, at the age of 57. The cause of death was revealed to be a brainstem hemorrhage. A private funeral, attended by close friends and family, was held in the following days. His death was announced by the band on October 24. Buck-Tick held a two-day memorial event for Sakurai, titled The Ceremony -Atsushi Sakurai e- (THE CEREMONY -櫻井敦司へ-), at Zepp Haneda on December 8 and 9. It was attended by an estimated 20,000 people.

Sports Nippon described Sakurai as a "charismatic figure who led the rock world of the 1980s". The Mainichi Shimbun wrote that Sakurai was known for his handsome appearance and unique singing voice. Several musicians publicly expressed their condolences over his death, including Tomoyasu Hotei, Sugizo, Gackt, Daigo, and Diamond Yukai. Izam said he had admired Sakurai since his school days, and related how when he first met him, "it felt as if I had touched a god". Show Ayanocozey remarked, "he was a true rock hero who lived on stage until the very end, and was in the spotlight right up to the moment of his death. Who else has done such a thing?" Sakurai was posthumously honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 65th Japan Record Awards on December 30, 2023.

In 2011, Japanese rock music critics writing for Metropolis included Sakurai in their Pantheon of Japanese Rock Gods. According to Shweta Basu, the musician's good looks and "aloof and dangerous aura" inspired many fictional characters, most notably the rock singer Kouji Nanjo in the manga series Zetsuai 1989. Manga artist Ami Shibata, creator of Papuwa and Jibaku-kun, admitted she modeled several of her characters in his image. Dir En Grey vocalist Kyo was inspired to become a rock star after seeing a picture of Sakurai on the desk of a junior high school classmate. Mucc frontman Tatsuro cited Sakurai as the vocalist who has influenced him the most, including his lyrics and stage presence.

Discography

 * Singles
 * "Sacrifice" (May 26, 2004), Oricon Singles Chart Peak Position: #25
 * "Taiji/Smell" (胎児/SMELL) #22
 * "Wakusei -Rebirth-" (惑星-Rebirth-) #62

 * Albums
 * Ai no Wakusei (愛の惑星), Oricon Albums Chart Peak Position: #15

 * DVDs
 * Longinus (August 25, 2004, short film), Oricon DVDs Chart Peak Position: #16
 * -Explosion- Ai no Wakusei Live 2004 (-EXPLOSION -愛の惑星Live2004) #47

 * With the Mortal
 * Spirit (October 14, 2015) #11
 * I am Mortal (November 11, 2015) #12
 * Immortal (March 9, 2016, home video)

 * With Buck-Tick

 * With Schwein

Books

 * Yasou (夜想)
 * Sacrifice (July 20, 2004)

title: Atsushi Sakurai


text:
It's a Wonderful World (1939 film)

It's a Wonderful World is a 1939 American screwball comedy starring Claudette Colbert and James Stewart, and directed by W. S. Van Dyke.

Plot
Private detective Guy Johnson is well paid to watch over Willie Heyward, a wealthy man who likes to drink a bit too much and gets into trouble as a result. However, when Heyward's recent ex-girlfriend, Dolores Gonzalez, makes a public nuisance of herself over their relationship, a drunk Heyward goes to see her, not knowing it is a setup. Dolores is being held at gunpoint by a man, so when Heyward enters her apartment, the mystery man kills Dolores and frames Heyward for the murder. The only clue is half of a dime incorporated into a piece of jewelry that the victim managed to snatch from her assailant. Guy hurries to the scene soon after and hides his client so he can catch the real killer, but both of them are nabbed by the police, tried, convicted and sentenced: Guy to prison for a year, Heyward to be executed. It is revealed to the audience that Heyward's new wife, Vivian, and her lover, Al Mallon, are behind the whole thing. She stands to inherit Heyward's millions. In addition to her lover, the unfaithful woman discovers that her husband Ned Brown, an actor who she thought was dead, is still alive. Brown unexpectedly arrives from Australia and begins blackmailing her. On the way to prison, Guy comes across a clue: a newspaper personal ad from "Half a Dime" asking to be contacted in a theater in Saugerties, New York. Guy jumps from the moving train into a river, taking along the bumbling policeman handcuffed to him, Sergeant Fred Koretz. His struggle with Koretz is witnessed by noted poet, Edwina Corday, who happens to be strolling near the river. After knocking Koretz out and freeing himself from the handcuffs, he has no choice but to kidnap Edwina to prevent her from sounding the alarm. At first, she believes him to be a dangerous criminal, but she soon discovers he is telling the truth about his mission. She then insists on sticking with him, much to his annoyance, as he conveys his low opinion regarding the intelligence of women. The trail eventually leads to a small theater group run by Madame Chambers in Saugerties, New York. Guy gets himself hired as an actor to figure out who knows about the half dime. Guy brings in his associate, "Cap" Streeter, to help with the investigation, only to have Edwina mistake him for a policeman and knock him out. Meanwhile, Vivian and Mallon decide it is better to silence her husband rather than submit to his demands. However, Mallon kills the wrong actor, a last-minute replacement, during a performance of What Price Glory?. Guy is arrested by the police, but Edwina tricks them into going to where Brown lives to look for a diary that supposedly implicates Guy in the first murder. When they drive to the address she gives, they catch Vivian and Mallon in the process of escaping with a bound and gagged Brown. As the police take away the true culprits, Guy recites a comical poem to Edwina professing his love for her and they embrace.

Cast

 * Claudette Colbert as Edwina Corday
 * James Stewart as Guy Johnson
 * Guy Kibbee as Fred 'Cap' Streeter
 * Nat Pendleton as Sergeant Fred Koretz
 * Frances Drake as Vivian Tarbel
 * Edgar Kennedy as Lieutenant Miller
 * Ernest Truex as Willie Heyward
 * Richard Carle as Major I. E. Willoughby, the head of Guy's detective agency
 * Cecilia Callejo as Dolores Gonzales
 * Sidney Blackmer as Al Mallon
 * Andy Clyde as 'Gimpy' Wilson
 * Cliff Clark as Captain Haggerty, the frustrated boss of bumblers Koretz and Miller
 * Cecil Cunningham as Madame J. L. Chambers
 * Leonard Kibrick as Herman Plotka
 * Hans Conried as Mr. Delmonico, Stage Manager
 * Conrad Veidt as George Richard
 * Brandon Hurst as Paul Henry
 * Grady Sutton as Lupton Peabody
 * George Meeker as Ned Brown

title: It's a Wonderful World (1939 film)


text:
User:Renosan

Simply put, I'm a geek. And a real one, that I can assure you.

title: User:Renosan


text:
Thetis Island

Thetis Island location in the Strait of Georgia Thetis Island (population: 379) is an island and unincorporated community off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, lying between Vancouver Island, which is to the west across Stuart Channel, and the west  from the north tip of Galiano Island, from which it is separated by Trincomali Channel. With its immediate southern neighbour Penelakut Island (formerly Kuper Island), it is one of the Gulf Islands. Thetis island is 2560 acres in size. It is approximately 2 mi wide and 3 mi long north to south. Two north to south land ridges define the east and west sides of the island. Burchell Hill is 503 feet above sea level, and forms the high point on the west side of Thetis island, and Moore Hill is 511 feet above sea level, and forms the high point ridge on the east side of the island.

Etymology
The island was named in 1851 after HMS Thetis, a 36-gun Royal Navy frigate commanded by Captain Augustus Leopold Kuper (after whom Kuper Island was formerly named). The ship was named after the Nereid Thetis from Greek mythology.

History
Before contact, two Cowichan tribes inhabited Thetis Island, the Yekolaos and the Lilmalche.

Thetis was first settled by Europeans in 1874 but permanent settlement took hold in the 1890s and 1900s. One of the early families on Thetis Island was the Hunter family. In 1891 Peter & Joseph Hunter purchased lot 27 from Mr. Walls, and then a couple of years later, lot 18 from Olaf Gustafson. Descendants of Peter Hunter continue to live on the northern coast of the island.

Services
Among the homes and seasonal cabins of Thetis Island are two Christian organizations: Capernwray Harbour Bible School and Pioneer Pacific Camp. In the summer, various art- and science-based educational events are run by the Thetis Island Nature Conservancy (ThINC) through the Nature House program, located at The Portal, a 70-acre waterfront property dedicated to nature education, stewardship, conservation and local food production. There are also two marinas, Telegraph Harbour with a bistro and Thetis Island marina with a restaurant/pub, a small convenience store with post office, and several bed and breakfast on the island. Thetis Island also operates one of the few one-room schoolhouses left in Canada.

Climate
Thetis Island has a mild climate experiencing less rainfall than the western coast of Vancouver Island as it lies in the rain shadow of Vancouver Island. Vegetation on the island includes many arbutus, Douglas fir and western red cedar. Pilkey Point offers islanders and visitors a great view of the ocean and is a popular attraction.

title: Thetis Island


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/Adolf Hitler on Jews

"The relation of the Jews to prostitution and, even more, to the white-slave traffic, could be studied in Vienna as perhaps in no other city of Western Europe, with the possible exception of the southern French ports. If you walked at night through the streets and alleys of Leopoldstadt at every step you witnessed proceedings which remained concealed from the majority of the German people until the War gave the soldiers on the eastern front occasion to see similar things, or, better expressed, forced them to see them. When thus for the first time I recognized the Jew as the cold-hearted, shameless, and calculating director of this revolting vice traffic in the scum of the big city, a cold shudder ran down my back. But then a flame flared up within me. I no longer avoided discussion of the Jewish question; no, now I sought it. And when I learned to look for the Jew in all branches of cultural and artistic life and its various manifestations, I suddenly encountered him in a place where I would least have expected to find him. When I recognized the Jew as the leader of the Social Democracy, the scales dropped from my eyes. A long soul struggle had reached its conclusion. Even in my daily relations with my fellow workers, I observed the amazing adaptability with which they adopted different positions on the same question, sometimes within an interval of a few days, sometimes in only a few hours. It was hard for me to understand how people who, when spoken to alone, possessed some sensible opinions, suddenly lost them as soon as they came under the influence of the masses. It was often enough to make one despair. When, after hours of argument, I was convinced that now at last I had broken the ice or cleared up some absurdity, and was beginning to rejoice at my success, on the next day to my disgust I had to begin all over again; it had all been in vain. Like an eternal pendulum their opinions seemed to swing back again and again to the old madness. All this I could understand: that they were dissatisfied with their lot and cursed the Fate which often struck them so harshly; that they hated the employers who seemed to them the heartless bailiffs of Fate; that they cursed the authorities who in their eyes were without feeling for their situation; that they demonstrated against food prices and carried their demands into the streets: this much could be understood without recourse to reason. But what inevitably remained incomprehensible was the boundless hatred they heaped upon their own nationality, despising its greatness, besmirching its history, and dragging its great men into the gutter. This struggle against their own species, their own clan, their own homeland, was as senseless as it was incomprehensible. It was unnatural. It was possible to cure them temporarily of this vice, but only for days or at most weeks. If later you met the man you thought you had converted, he was just the same as before. His old unnatural state had regained full possession of him.

I gradually became aware that the Social Democratic press was directed predominantly by Jews; yet I did not attribute any special significance to this circumstance, since conditions were exactly the same in the other papers. Yet one fact seemed conspicuous: there was not one paper with Jews working on it which could have been regarded as truly national according to my education and way of thinking. I swallowed my disgust and tried to read this type of Marxist press production, but my revulsion became so unlimited in so doing that I endeavored to become more closely acquainted with the men who manufactured these compendiums of knavery. From the publisher down, they were all Jews. I took all the Social Democratic pamphlets I could lay hands on and sought the names of their authors: Jews. I noted the names of the leaders; by far the greatest part were likewise members of the 'chosen people,' whether they were representatives in the Reichsrat or trade-union secretaries, the heads of organizations or street agitators. It was always the same gruesome picture. The names of the Austerlitzes, Davids, Adlers, Ellenbogens, etc., will remain forever graven in my memory. One thing had grown dear to me: the party with whose petty representatives I had been carrying on the most violent struggle for months was, as to leadership, almost exclusively in the hands of a foreign people; for, to my deep and joyful satisfaction, I had at last come to the conclusion that the Jew was no German. Only now did I become thoroughly acquainted with the seducer of our people. A single year of my sojourn in Vienna had sufficed to imbue me with the conviction that no worker could be so stubborn that he would not in the end succumb to better knowledge and better explanations. Slowly I had become an expert in their own doctrine and used it as a weapon in the struggle for my own profound conviction. Success almost always favored my side. The great masses could be saved, if only with the gravest sacrifice in time and patience. But a Jew could never be parted from his opinions. At that time I was still childish enough to try to make the madness of their doctrine clear to them; in my little circle I talked my tongue sore and my throat hoarse, thinking I would inevitably succeed in convincing them how ruinous their Marxist madness was; but what I accomplished was often the opposite. It seemed as though their increased understanding of the destructive effects of Social Democratic theories and their results only reinforced their determination. The more I argued with them, the better I came to know their dialectic. First they counted on the stupidity of their adversary, and then, when there was no other way out, they themselves simply played stupid. If all this didn't help, they pretended not to understand, or, if challenged, they changed the subject in a hurry, quoted platitudes which, if you accepted them, they immediately related to entirely different matters, and then, if again attacked, gave ground and pretended not to know exactly what you were talking about. Whenever you tried to attack one of these apostles, your hand closed on a jelly-like slime which divided up and poured through your fingers, but in the next moment collected again. But if you really struck one of these fellows so telling a blow that, observed by the audience, he couldn't help but agree, and if you believed that this had taken you at least one step forward, your amazement was great the next day. The Jew had not the slightest recollection of the day before, he rattled off his same old nonsense as though nothing at all had happened, and, if indignantly challenged, affected amazement; he couldn't remember a thing, except that he had proved the correctness of his assertions the previous day. Sometimes I stood there thunderstruck. I didn't know what to be more amazed at: the agility of their tongues or their virtuosity at lying. Gradually I began to hate them. All this had but one good side: that in proportion as the real leaders or at least the disseminators of Social Democracy came within my vision, my love for my people inevitably grew. For who, in view of the diabolical craftiness of these seducers, could damn the luckless victims? How hard it was, even for me, to get the better of thus race of dialectical liars ! And how futile was such success in dealing with people who twist the truth in your mouth who without so much as a blush disavow the word they have just spoken, and in the very next minute take credit for it after all. No. The better acquainted I became with the Jew, the more forgiving I inevitably became toward the worker. In my eyes the gravest fault was no longer with him, but with all those who did not regard it as worth the trouble to have mercy on him, with iron righteousness giving the son of the people his just deserts, and standing the seducer and corrupter up against the wall. Inspired by the experience of daily life, I now began to track down the sources of the Marxist doctrine. Its effects had become clear to me in individual cases; each day its success was apparent to my attentive eyes, and, with some exercise of my imagination, I was able to picture the consequences. The only remaining question was whether the result of their action in its ultimate form had existed in the mind's eye of the creators, or whether they themselves were the victims of an error. I felt that both were possible. In the one case it was the duty of every thinking man to force himself to the forefront of the ilI-starred movement, thus perhaps averting catastrophe; in the other, however, the original founders of this plague of the nations must have been veritable devils- for only in the brain of a monster-not that of a man-could the plan of an organization assume form and meaning, whose activity must ultimately result in the collapse of human civilization and the consequent devastation of the world. In this case the only remaining hope was struggle, struggle with all the weapons which the human spirit, reason, and will can devise, regardless on which side of the scale Fate should lay its blessing. Thus I began to make myself familiar with the founders of this doctrine, in order to study the foundations of the movement. If I reached my goal more quickly than at first I had perhaps ventured to believe, it was thanks to my newly acquired, though at that time not very profound, knowledge of the Jewish question. This alone enabled me to draw a practical comparison between the reality and the theoretical flim-flam of the founding fathers of Social Democracy, since it taught me to understand the language of the Jewish people, who speak in order to conceal or at least to veil their thoughts; their real aim is not therefore to be found in the lines themselves, but slumbers well concealed between them. For or me this was the time of the greatest spiritual upheaval I have ever had to go through. I had ceased to be a weak-kneed cosmopolitan and become an anti-Semite. Just once more-and this was the last time-fearful, oppressive thoughts came to me in profound anguish. When over long periods of human history I scrutinized the activity of the Jewish people, suddenly there rose up in me the fearful question whether inscrutable Destiny, perhaps Or reasons unknown to us poor mortals, did not with eternal and immutable resolve, desire the final victory of this little nation. Was it possible that the earth had been promised as a reward to this people which lives only for this earth? Have we an objective right to struggle for our self-preservation, or is this justified only subjectively within ourselves? As I delved more deeply into the teachings of Marxism and thus in tranquil clarity submitted the deeds of the Jewish people to contemplation, Fate itself gave me its answer. The Jewish doctrine of Marxism rejects the aristocratic principle of Nature and replaces the eternal privilege of power and strength by the mass of numbers and their dead weight. Thus it denies the value of personality in man, contests the significance of nationality and race, and thereby withdraws from humanity the premise of its existence and its culture. As a foundation of the universe, this doctrine would bring about the end of any order intellectually conceivable to man. And as, in this greatest of ail recognizable organisms, the result of an application of such a law could only be chaos, on earth it could only be destruction for the inhabitants of this planet. If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity and this planet will, as it did thousands l of years ago, move through the ether devoid of men. Eternal Nature inexorably avenges the infringement of her commands. Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord."

"The general pacifistic paralysis of the national instinct of selfpreservation begun by Freemasonry in the circles of the so-called intelligentsia is transmitted to the broad masses and above all to the bourgeoisie by the activity of the big papers which today are always Jewish. Added to these two weapons of disintegration comes a third and by far the most terrible, the organization of brute force. As a shock and storm troop, Marxism is intended to finish off what the preparatory softening up with the first two weapons has made ripe for collapse. Here we have teamwork that is positively brilliant-and we need really not be surprised if in confronting it those very institutions which always like to represent themselves as the pillars of a more or less legendary state authority hold up least. It is in our high and highest state officialdom that the Jew has at all times (aside from a few exceptions) found the most compliant abettor of his work of disintegration. Cringing submissiveness to superiors and high-handed arrogance to inferiors distinguish this class to the same degree as a narrow-mindedness that often cries to high Heaven and is only exceeded by a self-conceit that is sometimes positively amazing. And these are qualities that the Jew needs in our authorities and loves accordingly. The practical struggle which now begins, sketched in broad outlines, takes the following course: In keeping with the ultimate aims of the Jewish struggle, which are not exhausted in the mere economic conquest of the world, but also demand its political subjugation, the Jew divides the organization of his Marxist world doctrine into two halves which, apparently separate from one another, in truth form an inseparable whole: the political and the trade-union movement. The trade-union movement does the recruiting. In the hard struggle for existence which the worker must carry on, thanks to the greed and shortsightedness of many employers, it offers him aid and protection, and thus the possibility of winning better living conditions. If, at a time when the organized national community, the state, concerns itself with him little or not at all, the worker does not want to hand over the defense of his vital human rights to the blind caprice of people who in part have little sense of responsibility and are often heartless to boot, he must take their defense into his own hands. In exact proportion as the so-called national bourgeoisie, blinded by financial interests, sets the heaviest obstacles in the path of this struggle for existence and not only resists all attempts at shortening the inhumanly long working day, abolishing child labor, safeguarding and protecting the woman, improving sanitary conditions in the workshops and homes, but often actually sabotages them, the shrewder Jew takes the oppressed people under his wing. Gradually he be comes the leader of the trade-union movement, all the more easily as he is not interested in really eliminating social evils in an honest sense, but only in training an economic storm troop, blindly devoted to him, with which to destroy the national economic independence. For while the conduct of a healthy social policy will consistently move between the aims of preserving the national health on the one hand and safeguarding an independent national economy on the other, for the Jew in his struggle these two criteria not only cease to exist, but their elimination, among other things, is his life goal. He desires, not the preservation of an independent national economy, but its destruction. Consequently, no pangs of conscience can prevent him as a leader of the trade-union movement from raising demands which not only overshoot the goal, but whose fulfillment is either impossible for practical purposes or means the ruin of the national economy. Moreover, he does not want to have a healthy, sturdy race before him, but a rickety herd capable of being subjugated. This desire again permits him to raise demands of the most senseless kind whose practical fulfillment he himself knows to be impossible and which, therefore, could not lead to any change in things, but at most to a wild incitement of the masses. And that is what he is interested in and not a true and honest improvement of social conditions. Hence the Jewish leadership in trade-union affairs remains uncontested until an enormous work of enlightenment influences the broad masses and sets them right about their never-ending misery, or else the state disposes of the Jew and his work. For as long as the insight of the masses remains as slight as now and the state as indifferent as today, these masses will always be first to follow the man who in economic matters offers the most shameless promises. And in this the Jew is a master. For in his entire activity he is restrained by no moral scruples! And so he inevitably drives every competitor in this sphere from the field in a short time. In keeping with all his inner rapacious brutality, he at once teaches the trade-union movement the most brutal use of violence. If anyone by his intelligence resists the Jewish lures, his defiance and understanding are broken by terror. The success of such an activity is enormous. Actually the Jew by means of the trade union, which could be a blessing for the nation, shatters the foundations of the national economy. Parallel with this, the political organization advances. It plays hand in glove with the trade-union movement, for the latter prepares the masses for political organization, in fact, lashes them into it with violence and coercion. Furthermore, it is the permanent financial source from which the political organization feeds its enormous apparatus. It is the organ controlling the political activity of the individual and does the pandering in all big demonstrations of a political nature. In the end it no longer comes out for political interests at all, but places its chief instrument of struggle, the cessation of work in the form of a mass and general strike, in the service of the political idea. By the creation of a press whose content is adapted to the intellectual horizon of the least educated people, the political and trade-union organization finally obtains the agitational institution by which the lowest strata of the nation are made ripe for the most reckless acts. Its function is not to lead people out of the swamp of a base mentality to a higher stage, but to cater to their lowest instincts. Since the masses are as mentally lazy as they are sometimes presumptuous, this is a business as speculative as it is profitable. It is this press, above all, which wages a positively fanatical and slanderous struggle, tearing down everything which can be regarded as a support of national independence, cultural elevation, and the economic independence of the nation. Above all, it hammers away at the characters of all those who will not bow down to the Jewish presumption to dominate, or whose ability and genius in themselves seem a danger to the Jew. For to be hated by the Jew it is not necessary to combat him; no, it suffices if he suspects that someone might even conceive the idea of combating him some time or that on the strength of his superior genius he is an augmenter of the power and greatness of a nationality hostile to the Jew. His unfailing instinct in such things scents the original soul l in everyone, and his hostility is assured to anyone who is not spirit of his spirit. Since the Jew is not the attacked but the attacker, not only anyone who attacks passes as his enemy, but also anyone who resists him. But the means with which he seeks to break such reckless but upright souls is not honest warfare, but lies and slander. Here he stops at nothing, and in his vileness he becomes so gigantic that no one need be surprised if among our people the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew. The ignorance of the broad masses about the inner nature of the Jew, the lack of instinct and narrow-mindedness of our upper classes, make the people an easy victim for this Jewish campaign of lies. While from innate cowardice the upper classes turn away from a man whom the Jew attacks with lies and slander, the broad masses from stupidity or simplicity believe everything. The state authorities either cloak themselves in silence or, what usually happens, in order to put an end to the Jewish press campaign, they persecute the unjustly attacked, which, in the eyes of such an official ass, passes as the preservation of state authority and the safeguarding of law and order. Slowly fear of the Marxist weapon of Jewry descends like a nightmare on the mind and soul of decent people. They begin to tremble before the terrible enemy and thus have become his final victim. The Jew's domination in the state seems so assured that now not only can he call himself a Jew again, but he ruthlessly admits his ultimate national and political designs. A section of his race openly owns itself to be a foreign people, yet even here they lie. For while the Zionists try to make the rest of the world believe that the national consciousness of the Jew finds its satisfaction in the creation of a Palestinian state, the Jews again slyly dupe the dumb Goyim. It doesn't even enter their heads to build up a Jewish state in Palestine for the purpose of living there; all they want is a central organization for their international world swindle, endowed with its own sovereign rights and removed from the intervention of other states: a haven for convicted scoundrels and a university for budding crooks. It is a sign of their rising confidence and sense of security that at a time when one section is still playing the German, Frenchman, or Englishman, the other with open effrontery comes out as the Jewish race. How close they see approaching victory can be seen by the hideous aspect which their relations with the members of other peoples takes on. With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people. With every means he tries to destroy the racial foundations of the people he has set out to subjugate. Just as he himself systematically ruins women and girls, he does not shrink back from pulling down the blood barriers for others, even on a large scale. It was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes into the Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of ruining the hated white race by the necessarily resulting bastardization, throwing it down from its cultural and political height, and himself rising to be its master. For a racially pure people which is conscious of its blood can never be enslaved by the Jew. In this world he will forever be master over bastards and bastards alone. And so he tries systematically to lower the racial level by a continuous poisoning of individuals. And in politics he begins to replace the idea of democracy by the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the organized mass of Marxism he has found the weapon which lets him dispense with democracy and in its stead allows him to subjugate and govern the peoples with a dictatorial and brutal fist. He works systematically for revolutionization in a twofold sense: economic and political. Around peoples who offer too violent a resistance to attack from within he weaves a net of enemies, thanks to his international influence, incites them to war, and finally, if necessary, plants the flag of revolution on the very battlefields. In economics he undermines the states until the social enterprises which have become unprofitable are taken from the state and subjected to his financial control. In the political field he refuses the state the means for its selfpreservation, destroys the foundations of all national self-maintenance and defense, destroys faith in the leadership, scoffs at its history and past, and drags everything that is truly great into the gutter. Culturally he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down into the sphere of his own base nature. Religion is ridiculed, ethics and morality represented as outmoded, until the last props of a nation in its struggle for existence in this world have fallen. (e) Now begins the great last revolution. In gaining political power the Jew casts off the few cloaks that he still wears. The democratic people's Jew becomes the blood-Jew and tyrant over peoples. In a few years he tries to exterminate the national intelligentsia and by robbing the peoples of their natural intellectual leadership makes them ripe for the slave's lot of permanent subjugation. The most frightful example of this kind is offered by Russia, where he killed or starved about thirty million people with positively fanatical savagery, in part amid inhuman tortures, in order to give a gang of Jewish journalists and stock exchange bandits domination over a great people. The end is not only the end of the freedom of the peoples oppressed by the Jew, but also the end of this parasite upon the nations. After the death of his victim, the vampire sooner or later dies too."


text: Talk:Azerbaijani manat

title: Talk:Azerbaijani manat


text:
Talk:Common Era calendar

Email link
I deleted the Email link for several reasons:
 * 1) It simply quotes the other external link already provided.
 * 2) An email is not an appropriate source, unless the sender is a recognized authority.
 * 3) There is no indication the sender has any authoritative status.
 * 4) The link was in footnote format, considered poor style (here) in an external links section.

--Blainster 22:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
I am redirecting this page to Common Era because the contents are wrong. Any correct information is best presented on Common Era because only the labels for the years are discussed, not any days or months, hence it is not a true calendar.

The cited web page has distorted information. The author, Peter Meyer, has erroneously co-opted the name "Common Era Calendar" for astronomical year numbering: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, … But "Common Era" as used by historians does not contain any year zero! Such historians label positive years "CE" and earlier years "BCE", yet Meyer does not even mention either of these labels after his "short answer". Furthermore, historians almost never use negative years, and when they do, they do not include a year 0 between -1 and 1! See, for example, V. Grumel, La Chronologie (1958), page 30. — Joe Kress 01:33, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common Era calendar


text:
Joey Belladonna

Joey Belladonna (born Joseph Bellardini; October 13, 1960) is an American singer, best known as the vocalist for thrash metal band Anthrax. He is also the vocalist and drummer of the cover band Chief Big Way and the vocalist for the cover band Beyond Frontiers. Belladonna has six Grammy Award nominations and is known for his wild, energetic stage behavior, and tenor vocal range.

Early life
Belladonna was born Joseph Bellardini in Oswego, New York. He is Italian American on his father's side and Native American (Iroquois) on his mother's side. In his youth, Belladonna looked up to bands such as the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Kansas and Rush; bands that Belladonna said created "stuff that was very intricate but yet catchy and hooky you know, with great vocals."

Bible Black
In 1983, Belladonna, still using his birth name Joey Bellardini at the time, became the vocalist for the band Bible Black, founded by Craig Gruber and Gary Driscoll (former members of Elf and Rainbow) and Andrew "Duck" MacDonald (who later joined Blue Cheer). Belladonna's predecessors in the band were Jeff Fenholt, who later had brief stints with Black Sabbath and Joshua, and Louis Marullo, aka Eric Adams, who left to join Manowar. Belladonna recorded the songs "Deceiver" and "Midnight Dance" with Bible Black. The band never officially released an album.

Anthrax
Belladonna was the lead singer of Anthrax from 1984 to 1992, and was considered part of the classic-lineup (also featuring Dan Spitz, Scott Ian, Frank Bello and Charlie Benante).

After he was replaced by John Bush, he spent the next decade touring in minivans and taking odd jobs.

Belladonna returned to the band when the "classic" lineup reunited and toured during 2005 and 2006. He found out on the internet that he had been replaced again by Dan Nelson.

His voice has been featured on six studio albums and several EPs that have sold a total of eight million copies worldwide. During Belladonna's first tenure with Anthrax, the band was nominated for three Grammys, and he was voted the No. 1 metal singer two years in a row in Metal Forces magazine.

In early 2010, Belladonna officially rejoined Anthrax in time for the "Big Four" shows at the Sonisphere festival. Following these and other shows, Belladonna returned to the studio with the band to record new vocals for their long-awaited album Worship Music.

Since his return, Anthrax has been nominated for three additional Grammy awards.

Belladonna / solo career
After his departure from Anthrax in 1992, Belladonna continued to make music in 'Belladonna', a solo project of which he has been the only consistent member.

In the mid-1990s, Belladonna released its self-titled debut album, which was well received by both critics and fans alike. The second album, Spells of Fear, was released in 1998 and was heavily criticized for bad production and poor musicianship. Demo recordings of a third album, which was never professionally mastered, was self-released by the band in 2003. It was a return to better songwriting and musicianship and like the debut album it was well received by the fans.

When asked whether he plans to release any more solo material in the future despite having re-joined Anthrax as a full-time member, Belladonna responded with: "'Yeah definitely. I'm working on some stuff and I have almost a full record worth of material sitting right here which is very well demoed up but it is still far from done in its own way. I just keep running out of time whether someone's schedule is messed up or whatever it is happening at the time and it's unfortunate. Now of course Anthrax is back on the go so I just don't have the time to sit for hours with the material but there is definitely some cool metal here. By the time I get to do these songs I'll probably have a fresh batch of ideas and songs to put on top of those. (...) I'd like to put another record out some day, put something out that I can again call my own as I have some great ideas.'"

Belladonna also plays drums and sings lead vocals in a cover band named Chief Big Way which features mainly classic rock hits from the 1970s and 80s. The band, based around Syracuse, New York, plays small neighborhood bars. He also sings in a Journey cover band called Beyond Frontiers.

EPs

 * Armed and Dangerous (1985)
 * I'm the Man (1987) (includes live tracks)
 * Penikufesin (1989) (only released in Europe, collection of State of Euphoria sessions)
 * Attack of the Killer B's (1991) (promo release, includes live tracks)
 * Anthems (2013)

Compilation albums

 * Fistful of Anthrax (1987) (only released in Japan, this is Fistful of Metal with two Joey Belladonna-fronted songs added)
 * Attack of the Killer B's (1991) (collection of live, rarities and previously unreleased material)
 * Moshers: 1986–1991 (1998) (import release)
 * Return of the Killer A's (1999)
 * Madhouse – The Very Best of Anthrax (2001)
 * The Collection (2002)
 * Universal Masters Collection (2002)
 * Anthrology: No Hit Wonders (1985–1991) (2005)
 * Sin-Atra (2011)

Live albums

 * Live: The Island Years (1994) (recorded live in 1991 and 1992)
 * Alive 2 (2005)

VHS/DVDs

 * US Speed Metal Attack (1986) (split video with Agent Steel and Overkill, recorded live in Germany)
 * Oidivnikufesin (1987) (recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon)
 * Through Time (1990)
 * Live Noize (1991) (recorded live on the Persistence of Time tour)
 * White Noise: The Videos (1994) (released only in Japan, complete collection of the Sound of White Noise music videos)
 * Return of the Killer A's (1999) (includes live performances of the Persistence of Time tour)
 * Rock Legends (2004)
 * Anthrax Anthralogy: The DVD (2005) (includes live performances)
 * Alive 2 (2005) (DVD version)

title: Joey Belladonna


text:
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, previously called the First Nanjing Yangtze Bridge, is a double-decked road-rail truss bridge across the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Jiangsu, connecting the city's Pukou and Gulou districts. Its upper deck is part of China National Highway 104, spanning 4588 m. Its lower deck, with a double-track railway, is 6772 m long, and completes the Beijing–Shanghai railway, which had been divided by the Yangtze for decades. Its right bridge consists of nine piers, with the maximum span of 160 m and the total length of 1576 m. The bridge carries approximately 80,000 vehicles and 190 trains per day.

The bridge was completed and open for traffic in 1968. It was the third bridge over the Yangtze after the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge and the Chongqing Baishatuo Yangtze River Bridge. It was the first heavy bridge designed and built using Chinese expertise.

Suicide site
According to state media, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge surpassed the Golden Gate Bridge as the most frequent suicide site in the world, with more than 2,000 suicides estimated by 2006.

title: Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge


text:
User:Crism

I am Christopher R. Maden; more info is available on my home page.

I started using Wikipedia when I was testing work-related stuff at Metaweb. I now live in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

My hobbies include 태권도 and Libertarian politics, when I’m not messing about with markup languages; I contributed in small ways to the creation of HTML 2.0 and XML, as well as related languages XLink, XPointer, XPath, and XSL.

My Erdős number is 5, via Steve De Rose, Andries van Dam, John Hughes, and Jeffrey Shallit. My Bacon number is 3 if documentaries count, via Pursuit of Equality with Rosie O’Donnell, Beautiful Girls with Matt Dillon, and Wild Things.

I have friends who worked on CRISM, but so far as I know, it was not named after me.

title: User:Crism


text:
Alison Hargreaves

Alison Jane Hargreaves (17 February 1962 – 13 August 1995) was a British mountaineer. Her accomplishments included scaling Mount Everest alone, without supplementary oxygen or support from a Sherpa team, in 1995. She soloed all the great north faces of the Alps in a single season—a first for any climber. This feat included climbing the difficult north face of the Eiger in the Alps. Hargreaves also climbed 6812 m Ama Dablam in Nepal.

In 1995, Hargreaves intended to climb the three highest mountains in the world—Mount Everest, K2, and Kangchenjunga—unaided. On 13 May 1995, she became the first woman to reach summit of Everest without the aid of Sherpas or bottled oxygen; on 13 August, she died while descending from the summit of K2.

Personal life
Hargreaves grew up in Belper, Derbyshire, and attended Belper High School. After leaving home at 18, she lived with and later married Jim Ballard, and in 1995 the family moved to Spean Bridge, in the Scottish Highlands, closer to conditions suitable for her training.

She was six months pregnant with her first child, Tom, when she climbed the Eiger north face. Tom Ballard went on to become the first person to solo climb all of the six great north faces of the Alps in a single winter. He died in 2019 while ascending Nanga Parbat.

The great north faces of the Alps
In 1993, Hargreaves decided to solo climb the six great north faces of the Alps in a single season, and become the first person to do so.

The spring and summer weather were particularly bad that year, and she was forced to use alternative routes for the Grandes Jorasses and the Eiger. Without pictures to prove her success and with the use of alternative routes, the media and climbing community did not initially approve of her climb. In order to settle things, Hargreaves solo climbed the Croz spur on the north face of the Grandes Jorasses the following winter. With pictures taken from a professional photographer, the media and climbing community believed her claim.

K2 climb
In June 1995, Hargreaves joined an American team with a permit to climb 8611 m K2. By 13 August 1995, the remnants of the US team, along with Hargreaves, had joined forces with a team from Canada and New Zealand at Camp 4, around 7600 m above sea level, and at least 12 hours from the summit. Later that day, having joined with a Spanish team of mountaineers above Camp 4, New Zealander Peter Hillary, son of Everest pioneer Sir Edmund Hillary, decided to turn back, noting that the weather that had been fine for the previous four days appeared to be changing. At 6:45 pm, in fine conditions, Hargreaves and Spaniard Javier Olivar reached the summit, followed by American Rob Slater, Spaniards Javier Escartín and Lorenzo Ortíz, and New Zealander Bruce Grant. All six died in a violent storm while returning from the summit. Canadian Jeff Lakes, who had turned back below the summit earlier, managed to reach one of the lower camps but died from the effects of exposure.

The next day, two Spanish climbers, Pepe Garces and Lorenzo Ortas, who had survived the storm at Camp 4, were descending the mountain while suffering from frostbite and exhaustion. Before reaching Camp 3, they found a bloodstained anorak, a climbing boot, and a harness. They recognised the equipment as belonging to Hargreaves. From Camp 3 they could also see a body in the distance. They did not approach the body, so it was not positively identified, but they had little doubt it was Hargreaves and concluded she had been blown off the mountain during the storm. After the incident, Captain Fawad Khan, the Pakistani army officer who was the team's intermediary with the rescue services, claimed that he had urged her not to climb beyond base camp because it would be "suicidal" in the deteriorating weather conditions.

title: Alison Hargreaves