text:
Sixty Watt Shaman

Sixty Watt Shaman is an American rock band known for incorporating hard rock with blues, southern rock, doom, punk rock and heavy metal influences, originally based out of Towson, Maryland, Montgomery Village, Maryland, and currently Winchester, Virginia.

Sixty Watt Shaman formed in 1996 out of a band originally called Approach, formed by Daniel Soren and Kurt Ubersax two years earlier in 1994. Ubersax and Soren recruited Joe Selby on bass and Chuck Dukehart on drums, and Approach played in and around the Baltimore area and recorded an album release. Later Ubersax was replaced on guitar by Joe Selby, and the band auditioned new bass players, selecting Jim Forrester to take on the job. They recorded and released their first studio album, Ultra Electric, in 1998. The band continued on to record two releases with Spitfire Records, and is now on Megalithic Media. Sixty Watt Shaman continues efforts focused on new music, shows, festival events in the US and Europe, and are writing and recording new music and videos for release.

History
Sixty Watt Shaman was formed in 1996 by lead singer/rhythm guitarist Daniel Soren, lead guitarist Joe Selby, and drummer Chuck Dukehart, from their original band Approach, bringing in bass player Jim Forrester, when Joe Selby moved from bass to guitar to form the new project.

The band name derives from a split reference to Jim Morrison (referred to as the 'Electric Shaman') and an infamous sixty watt amplifier once played by Jimi Hendrix. The band name was dubbed by vocalist Dan Soren in early September 1996 upon his return from European travel where he had visited the grave of Jim Morrison who is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France. Jim Morrison was called the "electric shaman" by press and popular culture during his Doors years. The reference to "Sixty Watt" refers to an amplifier that was built specifically for Jimi Hendrix by the pioneering amplifier manufacturer Jim Marshall; it was a special sixty watt amplifier which was used during live performances and on the Electric Ladyland album, but was alleged to have been stolen and never recovered after Hendrix's Isle of Wight Festival performance.

The band's debut album, Ultra Electric, was recorded in two 24-hour sessions at Hound Studio in Baltimore. The session were produced by Sixty Watt Shaman and engineered by Frank Marchand in 1998 and released on the independent label Game Two Records. Also recorded, studio outtake track "Red Colony" was released on the Welcome to MeteorCity (MeteorCity) compilation, marked as a ground breaking release for its showcase of up and coming heavy rock bands. Soon after, the band also recorded two tracks with Baltimore producer/engineer Jon Smulyan with a mobile unit at The Regal Beagle rehearsal studio the band had built in the loft of an early 20th century barn, at an artists colony in Reisterstown, Maryland. One track, "Whiskey Neck", was released on another seminal compilation, In the Groove by NY's Musical Cartel Records.

After these releases, Sixty Watt embarked on a US tour from Maine to Texas with California band Nebula, while Nebula supported their recently released Let It Burn EP as their first release following their departure from Fu Manchu in 1997. In 1999, New York's Tee Pee Records released a now very rare split 7-inch with Maryland's Spirit Caravan featuring the track "Stone's Throw Away" from the Regal Beagle sessions. During this time period (1998/1999), the band had developed a friendship with members of fellow Maryland-based rock band Clutch, after playing shows with their side project The Bakerton Group, whose drummer, Jean-Paul Gaster, would later be recruited to produce their next album Seed of Decades.

In the late 1990s the band worked tirelessly to play shows all along the East Coast with bands in and outside of their scene, including Solace, Atomic Bitchwax, Nothingface, Alabama Thunderpussy, Spirit Caravan, Unorthodox, Internal Void, Karma to Burn, Clutch and many others. They toured nationwide with Nebula and Spirit Caravan during that time period. After playing several shows in New York City and developing buzz about the band, Sixty Watt landed a showcase for Spitfire Records president Paul Bibeau at the Continental in the late summer of 1999. Bibeau offered Sixty Watt Shaman a recording contract in the downstairs backstage room immediately after their performance. Two weeks earlier, Sixty Watt had played a show at the same venue where Frank Kozik (of Man's Ruin Records fame, as well as fame for his album-cover art, concert flyer art, and directing music videos for Soundgarden and Mint Condition) had been in the audience; Kozik approached the band about an album deal following that show. Sixty Watt was extremely excited to have the honor to work with Kozik; but, with the approach by Bibeau only 14 days later, with a more extensive offer (a multi-album deal, including tour support, wide US and European distribution, PR and album support), Sixty Watt Shaman opted to go with Spitfire Records.

With one release behind them, in 1999 the band were signed by Spitfire Records and released Seed of Decades in 2000. Seed of Decades has been compared to the 1970s hard rock sound of Aerosmith and Grand Funk Railroad "with a more modern harder edge". The band toured with label mates Black Label Society and Crowbar in support of the album in the summer of 2000, and then later with Clutch and Corrosion of Conformity.

For their 2002 release, Reason to Live, Dukehart was let go from the band and was replaced by drummer, "Minnesota" Pete Campbell, who went on later to play with other acts, such as Pentagram. Former Kyuss bassist Scott Reeder was recruited to work on production for this album. It was recorded at Phase Studios in College Park, MD in 28 days. The album reveals the strong influence of the heavy music and the musicians that Sixty Watt had been on tours with over the previous two years. Reason to Live features many standout tracks including "All Things Come to Pass" which features Sixty Watt Shaman and guest performers Scott Reeder and Scott "Wino" Weinrich (The Obsessed, Saint Vitus) who were brought together again after having played together years earlier in The Obsessed for this live jam performance.

Before the release of Reason to Live, Sixty Watt Shaman toured Europe with Karma to Burn, playing with many of their European contemporaries such as Dozer. After the release, they embarked on a full US tour with Alabama Thunderpussy and dates with Clutch that culminated in a final tour date at their hometown venue, 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., on January 4, 2003. After the end of that US tour, lead singer Daniel Soren moved to the mid-west and worked on other projects including The Mighty Nimbus with Pete Campbell; and, also, a project out of Norman, Oklahoma with Chris "Paco" Johnson and Forrest Smith, playing shows in Norman and Oklahoma City. Jim Forrester worked on other projects including The Devil You Know, Angels of Meth, Soaphammer and others. Upon his return to Maryland from Oklahoma, Dan Soren rejoined Joe Selby in another rock project, Stillhouse. Dukehart had been fired from the band and went on to other projects. Pete Campbell joined doom pioneers Pentagram on drums.

Over the years, band members continued to work both separately and together on various projects and reunions. Dukehart had a brief return for a tour to play DesertFest dates in 2014 but was fired once again by the beginning of 2015. Soon after Forrester and Soren parted ways as band mates once again, with Soren leaving the door open for future work together. Eventually, Dan Soren reformed the band with a new lineup, and, tragically, Jim Forrester died in a shooting in Baltimore in 2017.

Following the DesertFest dates in 2014, and the firing of Dukehart and parting with Forrester in 2015, lead singer Daniel Soren reformed the lineup in 2015 to include Johnny Wretched (John Koutsioukis) on bass guitar and longstanding hometown heavy rock drummer Sandy Hinden. That lineup went through 2018, followed by several more lineup changes, eventually landing on Mike Beggs and Chris Baker to round out the current group. With their new lineup, Sixty Watt Shaman moved to new home base in Winchester, VA and continues to write and record new material.

Current

 * Daniel Soren – vocals, guitar
 * Mike Beggs – guitar
 * Chris Baker – bass
 * Jason Budman – drums

Former

 * Joe Selby – lead guitar
 * Minnesota Pete Campbell – drums
 * Michael Nagel – guitar
 * Jeff Clemens – bass
 * Kenny Wagner – drums
 * Todd Ingram – guitar
 * Chuck Dukehart – drums
 * Jim Forrester – bass

Discography

 * Ultra Electric (1998) (Game Two)
 * Seed of Decades (2000) (Spitfire)
 * Reason to Live (2002) (Spitfire)

Compilation releases

 * Welcome to MeteorCity (1998) (MeteorCity)
 * In the Groove (1999) (Music Cartel)

Split 7-inch

 * "Stone's Throw Away" – Sixty Watt Shaman / "Darkness and Longing" – with Spirit Caravan

title: Sixty Watt Shaman


text:
Bishop of Lausanne

The Bishop of Lausanne (French: Évêque de Lausanne) was the principal ecclesiastical authority of the diocese of Lausanne, Switzerland (Latin: Dioecesis Lausannensis).

King Rudolphe I of Burgundy granted the Church of Lausanne the privilege of electing its own bishop on 28 January 895.

On 25 August 1011, at the request of Queen Ermengarde, Archbishop Burchard of Lyon (the king's brother), Bishop Hugues of Geneva, and Anselme of Aosta, the county of Vaud with all its rights and privileges was granted to Bishop Henri of Lausanne and his successors, by King Rudolphe III of Burgundy.

It is claimed that the bishops of Lausanne were granted the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1270. The deed of grant is published by Jean Joseph Hisely in his work on the comtes de Genevois, but it bears the date 28 September 1273, not 1270. It states that the grant was requested by Pope Gregory X in person, on the very day on which he presided at the consecration of the cathedral of Lausanne. On 28 September 1273, however, Pope Gregory was in Reggio Emiliana, on his way to France for the Second Council of Lyon. The cathedral of Lausanne was consecrated by Gregory X in 1275, not 1273, and on 20 October, not 28 September. The deed of grant has been labelled a forgery.

In the 15th century, the bishops of Lausanne still style themselves episcopus et comes.

The Sovereign Council of Bern secularized the bishopric in 1536. Bishop Sébastien de Montfalcon fled into exile, first in Évian-les-Bains, and then in Burgundy.

Since 1924, the dioceses have been combined as the Catholic diocese of Fribourg, Lausanne, and Geneva, which has its episcopal seat in Fribourg.

 * For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, and Roman Catholic Diocese of Geneva.

Bishops of Avenches

 * Bubulcus (517-535)
 * Grammatius (535-549)

To 1200

 * Marius Aventicensis (574-594)
 * Protasius (attested 652)
 * Arricus (attested 650)
 * ? Chilmegesilus (c. 670 ?)
 * Udalricus (690 ?)
 * Fredarius (attested 814-825)
 * David (827-850)
 * Hartmannus (852-878)
 * Hieronymus (878-892)
 * Boso (892-927)
 * Libo (927-932)
 * Bero (c. 932-947)
 * Magnerius (947-968)
 * Eginolfus (968-985)
 * Henri of Bourgogne (985-1018)
 * Hugues of Bourgogne (1018-1037)
 * Henri de Lenzbourg (1039-1051/56)
 * Burchard de Oltingen (1056-1089)
 * Lambert de Grandson (1089-1090)
 * Conon de Fenis (1090-1103/07)
 * Giroldus or Gérard of Faucigny (1105-1126/34)
 * Guy de Maligny or of Marlaniaco (1134-1143)
 * Amedeus of Clermont call of Lausanne (1145-1159)
 * Landri of Durnes (1160-1177)
 * Roger of Vico-Pisano (1178-1212)

From 1200 to 1400

 * Berthold of Neuchâtel (1212-1220)
 * Gérard of Rougemont (1220-1221)
 * Guillaume of Ecublens (1221-1229)
 * Boniface, O.Cist. (1231-1239)
 * Jean of Cossonay (1240-1273)
 * Guillaume de Champvent (1273-1301)
 * Gérard de Vuippens (1302-1309)
 * Othon of Champvent (1309-1312)
 * Pierre of Oron (1313-1323)
 * Jean de Rossillon (1323-1341)
 * Jean de Bertrand (1341-1342)
 * Geoffroi de Vayrols (1342-1347)
 * François Prévost (1347-1354)
 * Aymon de Cossonay (1355-1375)
 * Guy de Prangins (1375-1394)
 * Aymon Séchal administrator (1394)

 * Guillaume of Menthonay 1394-1406

From 1400 to 1600

 * Guillaume of Challant (1406-1431)
 * Louis de la Palud (1431-1433)
 * Jean de Prangins (1433-1440)
 * Georges of Saluces (1440-1461)
 * Guillaume de Varax (1462-1466)
 * Jean de Michaëlis (1466-1468)
 * Barthélémy Chuet, administrator (1469-1472)

 * Giuliano della Rovere (1472-1476)
 * Benoît de Montferrand (1476-1491)
 * Aymon de Montfalcon (1491-1517)
 * Sébastien de Montfalcon (1517-1536/60)

From 1600 to 1814

 * Jean de Watteville, O.Cist. (1609-1649)
 * Jost Knab 1652-1658
 * Henri Fuchs (1658-1662) (apostolic administrator)
 * Jean-Baptiste de Strambino, O.Min.Obs. (1662-1684)
 * Pierre de Montenbach 1688-1707
 * Jacques Duding 1707-1716
 * Claude-Antoine Duding 1716-1745
 * Joseph-Hubert de Boccard (1746-1758)
 * Joseph-Nicolas de Montenach (1758-1782)
 * Berndard-Emmanuel de Lenzbourg, O.Cist. (1782-1795)
 * Jean-Baptiste d'Odet (1796-1803)
 * Joseph-Antoine Guisolan (1804-1814)

Bishops of Lausanne and Geneva 1821-1924

 * Pierre-Tobie Yenni (1815-1845)
 * Etienne Marilley (1846-1879)
 * Christophore Cosandey (1879-1882)
 * Gaspard Mermillod (1883-1891)
 * Joseph Déruaz (1891-1911)
 * André-Maurice Bovet (1911-1915)
 * Placide Colliard (1915-1920)

Bishops of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg from 1924

 * Marius Besson (1920-1945)
 * François Charrière (1945-1970)
 * Pierre Mamie (1970-1995)
 * Amédée (Antoine-Marie) Grab, O.S.B. (1995-1998)
 * Bernard Genoud (1999-2010)
 * Charles Morerod, O.P. (2011-Present)

Reference works for bishops

 * pp. 283-284.
 * archived
 * archived

Studies

 * Aerny, Francis (1991). L'evêché de Lausanne: (VIe siècle-1536); essai de synthèse. . Bière, Switzerland: Cabédita, 1991.
 * Besson, Marius (1906). Recherches sur les origines des évêchés de Genève, Lausanne, Sion et leurs premiers titulaires jusqu'au déclin du VIe siècle. Fribourg: O. Gschwend, 1906.
 * Conon d'Estavayer (ed.) (1851). Cartulaire du Chapitre de Notre-Dame de Lausanne. . Lausanne: G. Bridel 1851. [Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société d'histoire de la Suisse Romande, Vol. VI.]
 * Duchesne, Louis (1915). Fastes épiscopaux de l’ancienne Gaule. Tome III. Provinces du Sud-Est. . Paris, Albert Fontemoing 1915. (pp. 219-223)
 * Fontaine, Charles-Aloyse (1791). Dissertation historique et critique pour fixer l'époque de l'entrevue du pape Grégoire X & de l'empereur Rodolphe de Habsbourg à Lausanne, pendant laquelle s'est fait le sacre de la cathédrale de cette ville. . Fribourg: chez B. Louis Piller, 1791.
 * Hauréau, Barthelemy (1860). Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiaticas distributa. . Vol. 15. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1860. pp. 323-422; Instrumenta pp. 126-184.
 * Gingins-La Serra; Forel, François (edd.). Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société d'histoire de la Suisse romande. . Volume 7. Lausanne: G. Bridel, 1846.
 * Gremaud, Jean (1857). Catalogue chronologique des évêques de Lausanne. . Fribourg: Impr. J.-L. Piller, 1857.
 * Lullin, Paul; Le Fort, Charles (edd.) (1866). Régeste genevois: ou, Répertoire chronologique et analytique des documents imprimés relatifs à l'histoire de la ville et du diocèse de Genève avant l'année 1312. . Genève: Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Genève 1866. (cf. Index, p. 502)
 * Reymond, Maxime (1912). Les dignitaires de l'église Nôtre-Dame de Lausanne jusqu'en 1536, . [Mémoires et documents / Société d'histoire de la Suisse romande Volume 8]. Lausanne: G. Bridel & cie, 1912.
 * Santschi, Catherine (1975). Les évêques de Lausanne et leurs historiens des origines au 18e siècle. . Paris: Librairie Droz, 1975.
 * Schmitt, Martin (1858). Mémoires historiques sur le Diocèse de Lausanne. Volume 1. . Fribourg: Impr. J.-L. Piller, 1858. Volume 2.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bishop of Lausanne


text:
Savka Dabčević-Kučar

Savka Dabčević-Kučar (6 December 1923 – 6 August 2009) was a Croatian politician. She was one of the most influential Croatian female politicians during the communist period, especially during the Croatian Spring when she was deposed. She returned to politics during the early days of Croatian independence as the leader of the Coalition of People's Accord and the Croatian People's Party. From 1967 to 1969 she served as the Chairman of the 5th Executive Council (Prime Minister) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, one of eight constituent republics and autonomous provinces of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. She was the first woman in Europe to be appointed head of government of a political entity and the first female in the post-World War II Croatia to hold an office equivalent to a head of government.

Early life
Savka Dabčević-Kučar (née Dabčević) was born on 6 December 1923 in Korčula, then in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, today in Croatia. During the World War II, she joined Yugoslav Partisans, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH) in 1943. In 1944, she was transferred to the El Shatt refugee camp. In 1946 she enrolled in the study of economics at the University of Zagreb and two years later transferred to the Leningrad University – returning to complete her study in Zagreb in 1949 following the Tito–Stalin split. She married Ante Kučar in 1951.

Dabčević-Kučar received PhD in economics from the University of Zagreb in 1955. She became a member of the central committee of the League of Communists of Croatia (SKH - previously known as the KPH) in 1959. Two years later, she received a grant from the Ford Foundation and studied economic development and regional planning in the United States and France. In 1963, she was appointed a member of the SKH's task group formed to develop a proposal for economic reforms. In 1965 she became a professor at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Zagreb.

Dabčević-Kučar came into the public spotlight in the late 1960s as a member of a younger and more reformist generation of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia leaders. With the tacit blessing of Josip Broz Tito, she and Miko Tripalo became the leaders of the SKH. In 1967 she became the President of the Executive Council (Prime Minister) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, a constituent republic of SFR Yugoslavia, giving her the distinction of being the first female head of government of a political entity in Europe.

Career
In the late 1960s, the party adopted a new course demanding greater autonomy for Croatia within Yugoslavia and freedoms for the people. Her policy, propagated through mass rallies, became a movement later called the Croatian Spring, being one of the '68 student revolutions. Consequently, Dabčević-Kučar became one of the most popular political leaders at the time, being affectionately called "Savka, queen of Croatians".

Not everyone was happy with the new course. Open manifestations of Croatian nationalism created tensions in ethnically mixed areas, which served as an argument for the Yugoslav People's Army and more conservative elements of the party who wanted the movement suppressed. At the same time, the Croatian leadership was also challenged by a student movement with even more radical demands.

In December 1971 Tito held a party leadership conference in Karađorđevo, Serbia, and publicly turned against the Croatian Spring in the form of "comradely critic", (an internal communist way to openly criticize its party members when they, according to majority opinion, do not follow "the party line"). This led to Dabčević-Kučar's response to the critic, (published in newspapers during December) in which she accepted all criticism except those intended to show her as nationalist, and enemy of the socialist self-governing system, to which she publicly expressed loyalty. She resigned from the Central Committee of the Croatian Communist Party and, ultimately, from public life. She was replaced by Milka Planinc.

When multi-party democracy finally arrived in Croatia, Dabčević-Kučar and Tripalo returned to the public stage, using their long-accumulated reputation. They refused to endorse a single party, and instead initiated the formation of a broad coalition of the moderate middle, called the Coalition of People's Accord. The coalition failed to make a major impact at the 1990 elections, with most opting for Franjo Tuđman and his Croatian Democratic Union party.

With the coalition falling apart, Dabčević-Kučar and Tripalo formed their own party, the Croatian People's Party (HNS), in late 1990. This new party was intended to attract moderates and had high hopes for the 1992 presidential and parliamentary elections, being perceived as the strongest opposition party in Croatia.

As a presidential candidate Savka Dabčević trailed third behind Dražen Budiša. The HNS refused to form coalitions with other opposition parties, allowing the ruling Croatian Democratic Union to win some constituencies with less than fifth of all votes. With the party humiliated, and nearly bankrupt after a lavish but ineffective campaign, the aging Dabčević-Kučar left the party leadership to the younger Radimir Čačić.

Personal life
She died in Zagreb at the age of 85. She was an agnostic.

title: Savka Dabčević-Kučar


text:
M&C Saatchi

M&C Saatchi Group (lse: SAA) is an international communications company, formed in May 1995 as an advertising agency. With more than 2,400 staff, the group has its headquarters in London, and offices in several other countries.

M&C Saatchi Group claims to be the world's largest independent communications network.

The group is listed on the AIM Board of the London Stock Exchange.

In May 2022, Next Fifteen Communications Group tried to buy M&C Saatchi Group for $387.2 million.

History
M&C Saatchi Group started as an advertising agency in 1995, founded by Maurice & Charles Saatchi, Jeremy Sinclair, Bill Muirhead and David Kershaw, in a split from Saatchi & Saatchi. A number of Saatchi and Saatchi's London management and creative staff also joined. Some clients soon followed, including Gallaher Group, Mirror Newspapers, the retailer Dixons and after a competitive pitch, British Airways and its part subsidiary Qantas, as well as the Conservative Party, for whom they made the infamous New Labour, New Danger adverts. By early 1996, the network consisted of offices in London, Singapore, Hong Kong, Sydney, New York and Auckland. In 2020, the group stated that it operated in 24 countries, with regional offices in London, New York, Milan, Cape Town, Sydney and Singapore.

In 2019, some accounting errors from previous financial years were discovered. Problems included the early recognition of revenue for projects not fully completed and the capitalising of assets which ought to have been expensed. The issues were brought to the attention of the PLC directors and an announcement was made that charges of £6.4M would be booked in the 2019 year relating to either 2018 or 2019. PricewaterhouseCoopers were appointed as independent advisors to review and confirm findings. In December 2019, the Board announced the total charges would in fact be £11.6M. The company's original auditor KPMG resigned earlier in 2019.

It was reported that the agency's client, the Financial Conduct Authority – Britain's financial watchdog - issued a formal request for information to examine M&C's disclosure of the accounting problems which prompted the share price fall.

In January 2021, the founders of the agency stepped down and Moray MacLennan became the new CEO. In January 2021, M&C Saatchi Group hosted a virtual capital markets event for institutional investors and analysts, where they announced a new strategy and operating model. The new mantra 'We Navigate, Create and Lead Meaningful Change' was launched, described by MacLennan as a 'new chapter' for M&C Saatchi. Following this launch and announcement of positive financial results, the M&C Saatchi plc share price rallied, jumping from 90p to 150p in early March 2021.

On the 13th May 2024, Zaid Al-Qassab, previous CMO of Channel 4, joined as Global CEO.

Board
Zillah Byng-Thorne, Executive Chairman, Zaid Al-Qassab, Global CEO, Simon Fuller, Chief Financial Officer, Heather Rabbatts, Non-Executive Chair, Colin Jones, Non-Executive Director, Louise Jackson, Non-Executive Director and Chris Sweetland, Non-Executive Director make up the M&C Saatchi Board as of 2024.

In July 2023, it was announced that Moray MacLennan would be stepping down as CEO. On the 13th May 2024, Zaid Al-Qassab, previous CMO of Channel 4, joined as Global CEO, following which Zillah Byng-Thorne, acting Executive Chair, returned to her role as Non-Executive Chair of the Company.

Awards
Agency Awards include:

 * Campaign, Start-up Agency of the Year: Fluency, 2023.
 * UK Sponsorship Awards, Agency of the Year: M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment, 2023.
 * Fast Company names SS+K, part of M&C Saatchi Group The 10 most innovative companies in advertising of 2023.
 * Marketing Interactive Agency of the Year Awards, Creative Agency of the Year (Gold), Independent Agency of the Year (Silver), Agency team of the year (Silver), Best Agency - client partnership (Silver) M&C Saatchi Malaysia 2023.
 * The American Business Awards, Marketing or Advertising Agency of the Year M&C Saatchi Performance US 2022.
 * Campaign Media, Performance Marketing Agency of the Year Bronze, 2022.
 * Agency of the Year Campaign Awards, M&C Saatchi Indonesia, 2021.
 * Agency of the Decade, NC Digital Awards, M&C Saatchi Milano, 2021.
 * Most Innovative Company, Australian Financial Review Awards, M&C Saatchi Australia Group, 2017, 2019.
 * Agency of the Decade, Mobile Marketing Effectiveness Awards, M&C Saatchi Performance (formerly known as M&C Saatchi Mobile), 2020.
 * Large Agency of the Year, FM Adfocus Awards, M&C Saatchi Abel, 2019.
 * Agency of the Year, BT Sport Industry Awards, M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment, 6 times winners.
 * Leading Consultants, Financial Times, Clear M&C Saatchi, 2017–21.
 * Large Consultancy of the Year, UK Sponsorship Awards, M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment, 2019.
 * Most Effective Media Agency The Drum, M&C Saatchi Performance, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018.
 * Digital Agency of the Year, The DADI Awards, M&C Saatchi Performance, 2016.
 * Consultancy of the Year, PR Week, M&C Saatchi PR, 2017.
 * Agency of the Year, Campaign Asia-Pacific, M&C Saatchi Australia Group, 2015.
 * Creative Talent Management Agency of the Year, Business Excellence Awards from Acquisition International Magazine, M&C Saatchi Merlin, 2014.

Work Awards include:

 * SABRE Awards EMEA, Best Reputation Work - 500 Tonnes Light: Grand Prix winner 2023.
 * Lynx Awards Grand Prix, Film, Grand Prix winner, Grand Prix - Film Craft, Grand Prix winner, Film Craft – Direction, Silver, Film – Script, Silver for As good as the original campaign and Film Craft - Use of Original Music, Loyalty, Bronze and World Cup, Bronze Film - Online Film campaign, 2023.
 * LA Film Festival, Best Animation Short Tourism Australia - Come & Say G'Day, 2023.
 * UK Sponsorship Awards: Women’s Sport Sponsorship Award, Heineken, Cheers to All Fans Winner, Brand Sponsorship, Heineken, Cheers to All Fans, Winner, Sponsorship of the Year, Heineken, Cheers to All Fans, Winner, UKSA Spotlight Award - drinks sector (no entries, picked by UKSA), Heineken, Cheers to All Fans, Winner, International Sponsorship Award, Heineken x F1 - When you Drive Never Drink 2022, Winner, Best social purpose, community or charity sponsorship, Barclays, It all starts with a chance, Winner, Sport Sponsorship, O2, Wear the rose, Winner, 2023.
 * The One Show Social Media: Stunts & Activations Business Iceland Outhorse your email, Gold 2023.
 * US Effies, Talk/SS+K, Travel & Tourism (Silver), Current Events (Silver) and small budget (Bronze) for Business Iceland Icelandverse campaign 2023.
 * The ABBY Awards - Animation - Video Craft, U GRO Capital - FUND ISLAND (Gold), Special effects  U GRO Capital FUND ISLAND (Silver), Reliance Jewels, MAHALAYA: Celebrating Grace & Glory, (Silver) and Reliance Jewels, RANNKAAR (Bronze) 2023.
 * The ANDY's - Craft Idea: Business Iceland - Outhorse your email, winner SS+K 2023.
 * Effies Awards, Golds in: David vs. Goliath, Travel & Tourism and Small Budgets - Services, for 'Looks Like You Need to Let It Out' for Promote Iceland, 2021.

 * PR Week Awards, Winner Global Integration, Looks Like You Need To Let it Out' for Promote Iceland, 2021.

 * Fast Company World Changing Idea, 'The Street Store' for Haven Shelter, 2020.

 * D&AD Graphite Pencil – 'rightmyname' for Nandos, M&C Saatchi Abel, 2019.
 * APG Creative Strategy Award, Long-Term Thinking, 'Change4Life' for PHE, 2019.
 * Loeries Grand Prix, 'Afrotising' for Nando's.
 * Cannes Lions Titanium Lion Wood Pencil, 'Clever Buoy' for Optus, 2015.
 * IPA Effectiveness Award, 'Be Clear on Cancer' for PHE, 2014.
 * BAFTA, Best Comedy and Entertainment Show, for A League of their Own, 2014.
 * IPA Effectiveness Award, London 2012 Olympics Campaign, 2012.

title: M&C Saatchi


text:
Ballynahone Bog

Ballynahone Bog is a raised bog, situated in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, about 3 km south of Maghera, on low-lying ground immediately north of the Moyola River about 14 km from its mouth at Lough Neagh. It is one of the largest lowland raised bogs in Northern Ireland.

Features
The raised bog which covers most of the site contains characteristic vegetation and structural features associated with this type of habitat such as bog pools and hummocks. The raised bog dome is surrounded by cut-over bog with poor fen and birch woodland.

Peat found here was made by decayed branches and leaves of trees and plants. The extraction of this peat was first made by the UPW. Locals who were against the extraction set up the FFB in 1990. In the end the area was declared an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) after successful petitioning by the FFB and Friends of the Earth.

Flora and fauna
The bog vegetation features a high percentage cover of sphagnum mosses, ericoid dwarf-shrubs such as cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and heather Calluna vulgaris, and other associated species such as hare's-tail cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum, common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium, deergrass Trichophorum cespitosum and sundew species Drosera. Additional species, also well represented within the bog include Bog Asphodel Narthecium ossifragum and White Beak-sedge Rhynchospora alba, with occasional patches of Bog-myrtle Myrica gale also occurring.

Ramsar site
The Ballynahone Bog Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 243.24 hectares in area, at Latitude 54 49 25 N and Longitude 06 39 40 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 31 December 1998. The site qualifies under criterion 1a of the Ramsar Convention by being a particularly good representative example of lowland raised bog. It is one of the two largest intact active bogs in Northern Ireland with hummock and hollow pool complexes and represents one of the best examples of this habitat type in the United Kingdom.

Peat Extraction and ASSI status
In 1979 a producer of peat for horticulture opened a factory (with government aid) and leased two bogs in the townland of Ballynahone More. In 1987 there was an application for planning permission to extract peat by milling from Ballynahone, Mullagh and Knocnakielt. In 1988, despite objections raised against the scheme, the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland granted Planning Permission to the company.

In 1990 the Ulster Wildlife Trust sent out a Press release inviting members to "... take their last walk on an Ulster Bog - now that the fight to retain its ancient flora and fauna has been lost". This walk drew in people from the surrounding area, a public meeting was held and the Friends of the Ballynahone Bog (FBB) were launched. In 1991 the peat development company dug 13 miles of drains on the southern half of Ballynahone Bog threatening the plants of the raised bog. In 1993 FBB started the process of declaring Ballynahone Bog a National Nature Reserve. After pressure from Professor David Bellamy and Friends of the Earth, planning permission was revoked and the government announced their intention of declaring the bog an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI).

In December 1993, the peat company dammed the drains it had cut in the bog with about 1700 dams helping to maintain the height of the water table. In January 1995 Ballynahone Bog was declared an ASSI by the Environment and Heritage Service. FBB are now in partnership with the Ulster Wildlife Trust to try to reverse the damage done to the bog in order to encourage the revival of the specialized bog plants, such as the sundew, and the wildlife such as insects and birds which depend upon them.

Further references
Crory, Andrew. 2016. Fritillary Butterflies. The Irish Hare. Ulster Wildlife Membership Magazine. Issue 113 p.4

title: Ballynahone Bog


text: Category:1535 in law

title: Category:1535 in law


text:
Smash It Up

"Smash It Up" is a song by English punk rock band the Damned, released as a single on 12 October 1979 by Chiswick Records. It is considered the band's unofficial anthem.

The single was the second release from the band's third studio album Machine Gun Etiquette (1979), where it was listed as "Smash It Up (Part II)". The B-side of the single was "Burglar".

Production
"Smash It Up" was produced by the band and Roger Armstrong. It is structured in two-part form: a melodic instrumental introduction (written in hommage to Marc Bolan after his tragic death) segueing into an energetic pop-punk song. The song's lyrics criticize those who indulge in hippie culture (referring to "blow wave hairstyles" and "Glastonbury hippies" ) instead of advocating for political revolution.

Release
Chiswick reissued the single on their budget Big Beat imprint in February 1982. The single was also issued in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.

"Smash It Up" was boycotted by BBC Radio 1 because of its perceived anarchic lyrics, stalling at No. 35 in the UK Singles Chart.

In November 2004, Ace Records reissued the single on CD, with alternate versions of the song (including the previously unreleased third and fourth parts of "Smash It Up") and a video, directed by Martin Baker, added.

Promotion
The Damned performed "Smash It Up" (as well as "I Just Can't Be Happy Today") on the BBC2 television show The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1979.

In other media
A cover version of the song by the Offspring appeared for a few seconds in the 1995 film Batman Forever. The full song was included on the film's soundtrack album.

The song appeared in the console-based game Driver: Parallel Lines (2006) as a track from the 1978 era.

The song appears in the 2010 film, It's Kind of a Funny Story.

The song appears at the end of the third episode of the 2022 series SAS: Rogue Heroes.

The song also appears at the end credits of DC Universe's Titans, Season 2, Episode 10.

Track listing
All songs written by Scabies, Sensible, Vanian, Ward.

 * 1979 vinyl release
 * 1) "Smash It Up" – 2:52
 * 2) "Burglar" – 3:33

 * 2004 CD release
 * 1) "Smash It Up" – 2:52
 * 2) "Burglar" – 3:33
 * 3) "Smash It Up Parts 1–4" – 8:43

Production credits
Producers
 * Roger Armstrong
 * The Damned

Musicians
 * Dave Vanian − vocals
 * Captain Sensible − guitar, keyboards
 * Rat Scabies − drums, vocals on "Burglar"
 * Algy Ward − bass

Cover versions
The song was covered by Die Toten Hosen for the 1991 cover album Learning English, Lesson One.

In 1995, the Offspring covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Batman Forever. The song peaked at No. 16 on the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks chart and No. 47 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. It was later released on the Offspring's Club Me EP and also on the "All I Want" CD single.

title: Smash It Up


text: File:Safe as Milk.jpg

title: File:Safe as Milk.jpg


text:
Talk:Ethan Frome

Plot Summary
This plot summary doesn't actually track - it looks like it's missing a number of paragraphs, as it skips around to a few specific points but doesn't actually summarize the story. 98.116.133.26 (talk) 15:20, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

Chivalrous affair?
What is a "chivalrous affair"? Joyous 14:08, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Hey everyone, this book is the worst book I've ever read. Also I think by "chivalrous affair" it's supposed to imply that their affair wasn't purely physical but Ethan deeply loved Mattie (none of this matters; the book is god awful). --142.161.181.136 06:21, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That you think the "book is the worst book [you've] ever read" and "god awful" is irrelevant; this isn't "Critics Corner". Rent the movie; it's brilliant. And please respect this forum and delete your critical comments. (And you may delete mine regarding the film as well. ;)
 * Cheers, Rico402 (talk)

I edited the line about Ethan's mother dying during autumn. She died during the winter: "He had often thought since that it would not have happened if his mother had died in spring instead of winter.” No mention of autumn.

Also, for some reason the Engineer was mentioned as Jordyn (a female) in the plot synopsis. Since the Engineer was never given a sex or name, this should be erased. Who the hell wrote this article?

Merge request
And the point of the Starkfield article was? Can't see it myself. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  14:59, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Film
Should we include details of the film here, or have a separate article ? -- Beardo 08:32, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * seperate. Its a different thing, plus it needs a lot of space for whoever writes the article to fit in the laughing at how retarted that one scene where ethan and mattie sled down the hill at 2 miles an hour and then somehow get hurt. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.122.93.108 (talk) 03:43, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

 * If you're going to criticize a novel as "retarded", learn how to spell the word and what it means: it's an illness, not a synonym for "stupidity". It doesn't help your credibility as a critic when you misuse a single word twice.  2001:558:6011:1:1CA0:8880:2F90:A2F5 (talk) 05:55, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

We should also mention that Ned Hale opens the film by greeting the Minister (Engineer in the book). The problem with this is that Ned Hale is dead in the book by the time the Minister (engineer) arrives.

I don't know if there is enough material to require two articles at this point. While in general I support having separate articles for a film versus a book, I am not sure what the major differences are except that the book goes into greater detail about some things. There didn't seem to be any major plot differences that I recall. Also, it's probably easier to contain vandalism this way. So long as this book is taught in high school (as it is in many places), there is going to be a seasonal influx of vandals. Not to slam the story exactly, but the concept of trying to kill yourself by slamming a sled into a tree is outlandish enough for a serious reader to do a double-take (and the less serious reader to have a real good laugh). I would advocate having a section listing the film's differences from the primary story and if it had enough of its own material of interest (production details, plot differences, etc) then to split it off. Benjamid (talk) 23:03, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Just last month, a 47-year-old Indiana man died after his sled hit a tree. http://www.wndu.com/hometop/headlines/80508152.html In January 2009, two girls in Haverstraw, N.Y. struck a tree on a snowtube; one died, the other had serious injuries. While those were accidents, maybe suicide by sledding isn't so far-fetched after all - maybe all it takes is a long slope, a large tree, and the will to steer into it. 05:22, 20 February 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.128.188.152 (talk)

Vandalism
Josh, please discontinue vandalising this page. Everytime you vandalise a page, someone has to go out of their way to revert the page in question. This sort of behaviour is unacceptable when we are trying to make this a reliable encyclopedic source. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.171.41.223 (talk) 22:26, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

Pulitzer prize
I heard after this book was written that they took away her pulitzer prize and the prize people broke her knees and cut of her finger, is it true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.188.240.123 (talk) 22:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

That's the dumbest thing I ever heard. It's beyond ignorant rumor and that's saying something. Good luck repeating the 7th grade and thanks for playing! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.2.142.63 (talk) 06:30, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Real Life analogues?
If Ethan represents Edith herself, then who was Mattie? Wm James? Dawud (talk) 02:21, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Rollback
Sorry I rolled back this edit. The content seems to be mostly innocuous but the overall effect seems to be undeniably detrimental to the credibility of the article.

 * ==Plot summary== -> --Tmarklo-2 (talk) 17:58, 1 April 2008 (UTC)==Plot summary==

 * After the story is told, the narrator is shown inside Ethan's home, where he finds two old women, one of whom complains in a whiny voice of the coldness. The whining woman turns out to be Mattie, and the other woman is a healthier Zeena who now looks after Ethan and Mattie.
 * -> After the story is told, the narrator is shown inside Ethan's home, where he finds two old women, one of whom complains in a whiny voice of the coldness. The whining woman turns out to be Mattie, and the other woman is a healthier Zeena who now looks after Ethan and Mattie. Ethan and Mattie go to a dance together like the beginning of the book. After the dance is when they end their life

As I said, the content may well be a very great improvement (which is why I reproduce it here for discussion) but the edit in itself messed up the article. A typographical error. --Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The 19:16, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Plot changes 3/5/10
I edited the plot summary and symbolism today to provide a more clear plot summary and break out the section on symbolism into a new section. Poeticmotion80 (talk) 22:07, 5 March 2010 (UTC) Ben Bjostad

Symbolism and Themes are original research
I have marked the Symbolism and Themes sections as consisting of original research. Wikipedia is not the place for people to share their opinions of what literary works mean. If no one has added reliable citations to support the opinions expressed in those sections within a reasonable time, like a month or so, I plan to remove those two sections entirely. By reliable citations I mean analyses of Ethan Frome from published academic or other reputable sources, not blogs and not simply references to specific passages in Ethan Frome itself that seem to support the opinions.--Jim10701 (talk) 20:21, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Plot spoilers?
I read the Novels Project page and didn't see any guidance on this, so maybe I'm out of line, but I'm really surprised to see the ending described in the plot summary. Is that usual practice? (If so, I'll remember NOT to look at the Wikipedia article for any book I have not already read!) Thanks. Regina Terrae (talk) 18:38, 9 December 2011 (UTC) Regina Terrae

Delete "Themes" section?
This entire section is unreferenced and mostly subjective. Who the says, "The novel is all the more remarkable for its forbidden impressions ..."? It's long past July 2011, the date given in the "original research" tag. Therefore I nominate this section for immediate deletion. Please allow me also to suggest that those opposed provide the necessary references or otherwise make your case for retention. Cheers and Happy Holidays to all!! Rico402 (talk) 09:18, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Support notion. I think a themes section would be good if expanded but "Ethan’s character is one that comes full circle, moving from silent desire to action to quiet submission, ordered by life’s circumstances. The novel is all the more remarkable for its forbidden impressions of the rural working class in New England, especially given that its author was a woman of leisure. The name of the small Massachusetts town represents a bleak, cold and dismal environment." is against wikipolicy, if still a bit incitefull- It's here on the talk page now for people who look- but has no place in the article. Deadagain33 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC).

Cuando, cuando, cuando?
When is the story set? The love affair between Ethan and Mattie, I mean? Thanks, Maikel (talk) 15:54, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110519222556/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1DE1F3CF931A25750C0A965958260 to http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1DE1F3CF931A25750C0A965958260

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title: Talk:Ethan Frome


text:
MindArk

MindArk is a Swedish software company located in Gothenburg. It created Entropia Universe (formerly known as Project Entropia), a popular MMORPG-style online virtual universe. In this Real Cash Economy metaverse there are (as of 2021) six planet partners, which manage the virtual planets Calypso, Rocktropia, Next Island, Arkadia, Cyrene and Toulan. Some of the company's senior managers saw potential in Project Entropia and bought the operation back from the receiver in April 2003. Many employees also chose to follow suit and the company Mindark PE AB was formed.

In 2021, MindArk started working on the next generation Entropia Universe experience based on the Graphics Engine Unreal Engine 5 from Epic Games.

title: MindArk


text:
Talk:Hindu sects

I changed into to a list of Hindu denominations. sect seems to imply a cult.

Raj2004 14:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hindu sects


text:
Siphonostomatoida

Siphonostomatoida is an order of copepods, containing around 75% of all the copepods that parasitise fishes. Their success has been linked to their possession of siphon-like mandibles and of a "frontal filament" to aid attachment to their hosts. Most are marine, but a few live in fresh water. There are 40 recognised families:

 * Archidactylinidae Izawa, 1996
 * Artotrogidae Brady, 1880
 * Asterocheridae Giesbrecht, 1899
 * Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974
 * Caligidae Burmeister, 1835
 * Calverocheridae Stock, 1968
 * Cancerillidae Giesbrecht, 1897
 * Codobidae Boxshall & Ohtsuka, 2001
 * Coralliomyzontidae Humes & Stock, 1991
 * Dichelesthiidae Milne-Edwards, 1840
 * Dichelinidae Boxshall & Ohtsuka, 2001
 * Dinopontiidae Murnane, 1967
 * Dirivultidae Humes & Dojiri, 1980
 * Dissonidae Yamaguti, 1963
 * Ecbathyriontidae Humes, 1987
 * Entomolepididae Brady, 1899
 * Eudactylinidae C. B. Wilson, 1932
 * Hatschekiidae Kabata, 1979
 * Hyponeoidae Heegaard, 1962
 * Kroyeriidae Kabata, 1979
 * Lernaeopodidae Milne-Edwards, 1840
 * Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979
 * Megapontiidae Heptner, 1968
 * Micropontiidae Gooding, 1957
 * Nanaspididae Humes & Cressey, 1959
 * Nicothoidae Dana, 1852
 * Pandaridae Milne Edwards, 1840
 * Pennellidae Burmeister, 1835
 * Pontoeciellidae Giesbrecht, 1895
 * Pseudocycnidae C. B. Wilson, 1922
 * Pseudohatschekiidae Tang et al., 2010
 * Rataniidae Giesbrecht, 1897
 * Samarusidae Lee J. & I.H. Kim, 2018
 * Scottomyzontidae Ivanenko et al., 2001
 * Sphyriidae C. B. Wilson, 1919
 * Sponginticolidae Topsent, 1928
 * Spongiocnizontidae Stock & Kleeton, 1964
 * Stellicomitidae Humes & Cressey, 1958
 * Tanypleuridae Kabata, 1969
 * Trebiidae C. B. Wilson, 1905

title: Siphonostomatoida


text:
The Mushroom River Band

The Mushroom River Band was a Swedish rock band active from 1996 to 2004. They released two full-length albums and an EP, as well as appearing on a number of compilations. The band also made two European tours in support of each album, playing in countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Belgium.

Biography
The Mushroom River Band was formed by guitarist Anders Linusson, bass player Alexander "Saso" Sekulovski and drummer Andreas Grafenauer in 1996. This line-up recorded one demo tape with Christian "Spice" Sjöstrand from Spiritual Beggars as a guest vocalist. This demo was produced in small numbers and the band broke up as members went in different directions. In 1997, Linusson and Sekulovski decided to reform the band and recruited 16-year-old Chris Rockström on drums. Also, Spice now joined as a full-time singer. In January 1998 the band entered Soundscape Studio in Halmstad to record what would later become the Rocketcrash EP. This EP was released in 1999 on 10" vinyl on the band's own Tea Pot label. Later in 1999 the band recorded a second demo entitled the No Quarter Recordings. These recordings led to the band landing gigs outside their local region, but performing became increasingly difficult as Spice attempted to juggle duties in both The Mushroom River Band and Spiritual Beggars. In 2000 the band signed to MeteorCity and released their first full-length album, Music for the World Beyond, the same year. Following this album the band performed only a few shows, again due to Spice's engagement in Spiritual Beggars. However, in 2001 the band went out on their first European tour in support of the album. Later in the year Spice left Spiritual Beggars to concentrate solely on The Mushroom River Band. The band's second and final album, Simsalabim, was released in 2002. Following the recording of this album Rockström left the band. Robert Hansson was recruited to fill in on drums for the ensuing European tour. After the tour The Mushroom River Band was put on hiatus and the following year Spice left the band. The band decided to break up in 2004.

Members

 * Anders Linusson: guitar (1996–2004)
 * Alexander "Saso" Sekulovski: bass guitar (1996–2004)
 * Christian "Spice" Sjöstrand: vocals (1997–2003)
 * Chris Rockström: drums (1997–2002, 2004)
 * Robert "Bob Ruben" Hansson: drums (2002–2003)
 * Andreas Grafenauer: drums (1996)

Albums

 * Music for the World Beyond CD (2000 MeteorCity Records)
 * Simsalabim CD (2002 MeteorCity Records)

EPs

 * Rocketcrash 10" EP (1999 Tea Pot Records) (ltd 500 copies)

7"
"Sincerely Yours" on Tungt Svenskt, 2 x 7" vinyl (2004 Game Two Records) - with Generous Maria, Rise and Shine & Space Probe Taurus

Compilation appearances

 * "Twin Lyrics #1" on Molten Universe Volume 1 (1999 Molten Universe Records)
 * "Loser's Blues" on Twisted Sounds from the Swedish Underground (1999 Topsound)
 * "Super Insomnia" on Judge Not... (2000 Underdogma Records)
 * "Sir B's Tune" on Burned Down to Zero (2000 Daredevil Records & Monsterzero Records)
 * "A Sad Story" on Where the Bad Boys Rock (2000 "I Used to Fuck People Like You in Prison" Records)
 * "To the World Beyond" on Where the Bad Boys Rock (2001 "I Used to Fuck People Like You in Prison" Records)
 * "Bugs" on Hard 'n' Heavy Vol. 46 (2002 Hard 'n' Heavy Series)
 * "Walk Away" (James Gang cover) on Sucking the 70's (2002 Small Stone Records)
 * "D.D.D." on The Mighty Desert Rock Avengers (2002 "I Used to Fuck People Like You in Prison" Records)
 * "Simsalabim" and "29' 2-1/2" (into Thin Air)" on ...And Back to Earth Again (2007 MeteorCity Records)

title: The Mushroom River Band


text:
Birth weight

Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at their birth. The average birth weight in babies of European and African descent is 3.5 kg, with the normative range between 2.5 and 4.0 kg. On average, babies of Asian descent weigh about 3.25 kg. The prevalence of low birth weight has changed over time. Trends show a slight decrease from 7.9% (1970) to 6.8% (1980), then a slight increase to 8.3% (2006), to the current levels of 8.2% (2016). The prevalence of low birth weights has trended slightly upward from 2012 to the present.

Low birth weight is associated with neonatal infection, infant mortality, as well as illness into adulthood. Numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking, and intelligence.

Abnormalities

 * A low birth weight can be caused either by a preterm birth (low gestational age at birth) or the infant being small for gestational age (slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both. Small for gestational age is defined as below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex. Low birth weight can also be caused by health issues in the person giving birth, genetic factors, or problems in the placenta.
 * A very large birth weight is usually caused by the infant having been large for gestational age. Large birth weight can be caused by maternal health issues such as gestational diabetes and obesity. Large birth weight has been associated with significantly higher rates of neonatal morbidity.

Genetics
There are two genetic loci that have been strongly linked to birth weight, ADCY5 and CCNL1, and four that show some evidence (CDKAL1, HHEX–IDE, GCK, and TCF7L2). The heritability of birth weight ranges from 25 to 40%. There is a complex relationship between a baby's genes and the maternal environment that the child is developing in. Foetal genes influence how the fetus grows in utero, and the maternal genes influence how the environment affects the growing fetus.

Maternal health
The health of the mother during the pregnancy can affect birth weight. A pre-existing disease or acquired disease in pregnancy is sometimes associated with decreased birth weight. For example, celiac disease confers an odds ratio of low birth weight of approximately 1.8. Certain medications (e.g. for high blood pressure or epilepsy) can put a mother at a higher risk for delivering a low birth weight baby. Women younger than 15 or older than 35 are at a higher risk to have a low-birth weight baby. Multiple births, where a mother has more than one child at one time, can also be a determinant in birth weight as each baby is likely to be outside the AGA (appropriate for gestational age). Multiple births put children at a higher rate to have low birth weight (56.6%) compared to children born in a single birth (6.2%). Low birth weight can also vary by maternal age. In 2008 the rate of low birth weight was the highest in babies born to women younger than 15 years old (12.4%). Women aged 40–54 had a rate of low birth weight at 11.8 percent. The lowest rates of low birth weight happened among babies whose mothers were between the ages of 25–29 years (4.4%) and 30–34 years (7.6%).

Stress
Stressful events have been demonstrated to produce significant effects on birth weight. Those mothers who have stressful events during pregnancy, especially during the first and second trimester, are at higher risk to deliver low birth weight babies. Researchers furthered this study and found that maternal stressful events that occur prior to conception have a negative impact on birth weight as well, and can result in a higher risk for preterm and lower birth weight babies. Women who experienced abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) during pregnancy are also at increased risk of delivering a low birth weight baby. For example, in a study completed by Witt et al., those women who experienced a stressful event (i.e. death of close family member, infertility issues, separation from partner) prior to conception had 38% more of a chance to have a very low birth weight baby compared to those who had not experienced a stressful life event. Additionally, mothers with diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder are more likely to give birth to a low birth weight infant. The theory is that stress can impact a baby based on two different mechanisms: neuroendocrine pathway or immune/inflammatory pathway. Stress causes the body to produce stress hormones called glucocorticoids that can suppress the immune system, as well as raises levels of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which can lead to preterm labor. These findings can pose evidence for future prevention efforts for low birth weight babies. One way to decrease rates of low birth weight and premature delivery is to focus on the health of women prior to conception through reproductive education, screening and counseling regarding mental health issues and stress, and access to primary care.

Racial stress
Non-Hispanic Blacks have the highest infant mortality rate in the United States (11.4 deaths per 1,000 live births compared to the national average of 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births). Subsequently, there has been growing research supporting the idea of racial discrimination as a risk factor for low birth weight. In one study by Collins et al., evidence suggested that African American mothers who experienced high levels of racial discrimination were at significantly higher risk of delivering a very low-birth weight baby compared to African American mothers who had not experienced racial discrimination.

Environmental factors
Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke can be a factor in determining the birth weight of child. In 2014, 13% of children exposed to smoke were born with low birth weight compared with 7.5% of those children born to nonsmokers. Children born to mothers who smoked or were exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to develop health problems earlier in life such as neurodevelopmental delays. When mothers actively smoke during pregnancy, their child is at a higher risk of being born with a low birth weight. Smoking can also be a stress management tool used by expecting mothers. There is some support for lower socioeconomic status of the parents being a determinant of low birth weight, but there is conflicting evidence, as socioeconomic status is tied to many other factors.

Neonatal care
Most babies admitted to the NICU are born before 37 weeks of pregnancy or have low birth weight which is less than 5.5 lb. They could also have a medical condition that requires special care. In the United States nearly half a million babies are born preterm. Because of this, many of these babies also have low birth weights. There are four levels of care in the neonatal care units: intensive care, high dependency care, low dependency, and transitional care:

 * Intensive care: For babies with serious problems. This includes babies born three months early and with extremely low birth weight.
 * High dependency care: For babies with less serious problems, but who still may need to be looked after or babies that are recovering from a critical illness.
 * Low dependency care: For babies that do not need continuous supervision.
 * Transitional care: For babies that still need medical treatment, but are well enough to be called for at their mother's bedside.

Influence on early life
Children born with an abnormally low birth weight can have significant problems within the first few years of life. They may have trouble gaining weight, obtaining adequate nutrition, and developing a strong immune system. They also have higher risks for mortality, behavior problems, and mental deficiencies. Low birth weight babies are more likely to develop the following conditions compared to normal birth weight babies:

 * Breathing problems (infant respiratory distress syndrome)
 * Bleeding in the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage)
 * Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
 * Necrotizing enterocolitis
 * Retinopathy of prematurity
 * Jaundice
 * Infections

That said, the effects of low birth weight on a child's first few years of life are often intertwined with other maternal, environmental, and genetic factors and most effects of low birth weight are only slightly negatively significant on a child's life when these factors are controlled for. When these factors are taken into account, the only significant effect low birth weight has on a child's development is early physical growth and the likelihood of being underweight, compared to those with a normal birth rate.

Influence on adult life
Studies have investigated how a person's birth weight can influence their future life, including potential links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.

A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) was previously thought to have an increased risk of developing obesity, but it was later found that both high birth weight and maternal BMI are associated with increased risk of developing obesity in childhood.

Growth hormone (GH) therapy at a certain dose induced catch-up of lean body mass (LBM). However, percentage body fat decreased in the GH-treated subjects. Bone mineral density SDS measured by DEXA increased significantly in the GH-treated group compared to the untreated subjects, though there is much debate over whether or not SGA (small for gestational age) is significantly adverse to children to warrant inducing catch-up. Babies that have a low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life. Low birth weight is linked with increase rates of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes and it is shown that children with the low birth weights have increased leptin levels after they catch up growth during childhood. Adiponectin levels are positively related with birth weight and BMI in babies with an increase of risk of type 2 diabetes. The leptin and adiponection mechanisms are still being studied when involving low birth weight.

Around the world
There is much variation regarding birth weight within continents, countries, and cities. Even though over 20 million babies are born each year with low birth weight, it is hard to know the exact number, as more than half of babies born in the world are not weighed at birth. The baby's weight is an indicator of the mother and baby's health. In 2013, 22 million newborns had low birth weight, around 16 percent of all babies globally. Data on low birth weight is adjusted to account for under reporting. South Asia has the highest rate of babies not weighed at birth with 66 percent, but also have the highest low birth weight, at 28 percent worldwide. West and Central Africa and least developed countries are next, with 14 percent low birth weight worldwide.

More than 96.5% of low birth weight babies are born in developing countries around the world. Because low birth weight babies can require more extensive care, it places a financial burden on communities.

Prevention
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently announced an initiative to have a thirty percent reduction in low birth weight worldwide. This is a public health priority, as birth weight can have short- and long-term effects. WHO estimates that worldwide, 15–20 % of all births each year are considered low birth weight, which is about 20 million births.

The start of prenatal care is very important to help prevent low birth weight and early medical problems. Going to regular doctor's visits is very important for the health of the mother and the baby. At the visits, OB/GYNs check maternal nutrition and weight gain because they are linked to the baby's weight gain. The mother having a healthy diet is essential for the baby. Maintaining good nutrition by taking folic acid, which can be found in fruits and vegetables, is linked to the prevention of premature births and low birth weight. Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs should also be avoided during pregnancy because they can also lead to poor growth and other complications. Doctors are also able to monitor pre-existing medical illnesses to make sure they are under control during pregnancy. Mothers with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are more likely to have infants with low birth weights. One essential action to increase normal birth weights is to have affordable, accessible, and culturally sensitive prenatal care worldwide. This is essential not just for treating low birth weight, but also preventing it. Other prevention efforts include smoking cessation programs, food-distribution systems, stress reduction and social service supports.

title: Birth weight


text:
Talk:Birth weight

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 June 2020 and 21 August 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): L. Liu, Future UCSF Pharm.D., Strinh24, Jlee747, Fvillegas, Future UCSF Pharm.D.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 August 2018 and 6 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ravent4, Ecostello1213.

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Untitled
See also: Talk:Large_for_gestational_age

4000 or 4500?
"defined as a fetus that weighs above 4000 grams (8 lb 13 oz) or 4500 grams (9 lb 15 oz) regardless of gestational age". Don't these two figures contradict each other? Is it 4000 grams or 4500? Or am I misreading? Can someone fix or clarify? -anon 22:47, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry if it's not clear. It depends on who is defining it as some say it's over 4000 grams and some say over 4500.  If I remember correctly it's partially down to the U.K./U.S./other divide.  violet/riga (t) 23:06, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh come now my sister was 11 pounds at birth and perfectly normal. She wasn't even as tall as I was and I weighed 2 pounds less at 23 inches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.63.142 (talk) 18:29, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

sex of baby and weight
"The incidence of birth weight being outside of the AGA is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including:

* Genetics * The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy * Environmental factors"

Does the sex of the baby not play any part? What about when there are twins, don't they result in lower birth weights?

Just being pedantic..... Poweroid 20:01, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

um, yes multiples do increase risk for SGA, as well as grand multipara, primapara, lack of prenatal care, low SES(socio economic status, third trimester malnutrition, heart/kidney disease, sub abuse, sickle cell anemia, PKU, comps of PIH, chronic hyperT, sm placenra, previa,

4500 is the absolute--referring to non-diabetic mothers. 4000 is for diabetics because their babies their shoulders tend to be larger and more at risk for dystocia (getting stuck).

I cant figure out how to post a new thread so, on an unrelated topic, I have an issue with the comment under Asymmetric SGA that states thet the fetal head is disproportioned to the body measurements. I do not think this is an accurate defining charachteristic of ASGA. this may be the case hoeever, as a description I believe that most would agree that ONLY the weight falls below the 10th percentile. the baby is large in measurement but thin; lacking adipose tissue. any objections?

Redirect and external links to IUGR
I just noticed that small for gestational age redirects here. This article does not deal with the adverse birth outcome known as IUGR, only SGA, and yet it externally links to IUGR. There are several reasons why it might be sensible to create a separate page for these birth outcomes, instead of including them all under birth weight: e.g. low birth weight, term low birth weight, intra uterine growth retardation, small for gestational age, fetal growth restriction etc. (note that both fetal growth restriction and low birth weight also redirect to birth weight at present)

Several external links dealing with IUGR (intra uterine growth retardation) are included for this article, which is ostensibly dealing with SGA. While some clinicians and researchers may use these terms interchangeably (partly because there is no accepted clinical definition for IUGR), this situation allows for considerable misclassification and general confusion. The reason for this is that a neonate can be SGA without necessarily being IUGR i.e. it is just small relative to its growth potential, rather than being pathologically small. Reciprocally, an IUGR neonate does not necessarily end up as SGA - if it already had a high growth potential (say it was likely to be a very large baby because of its parents), but was does not reach this due to IUGR, it might still end up as not being SGA (which is referenced against centiles based on an entire population). There are other problems that arise due to the use of the same statistical references for the use of both IUGR and SGA classifications, but I won't go into these here. I would suggest removing the external references to IUGR, renaming those that actually deal with SGA appropriately, and/or finding specific SGA references. And that is if the page is remain without references to IUGR. If the page is going to deal with all the adverse birth outcomes I mention in my first comment (above) - and not deal with these in separate articles - I will gladly make a start.

Any thoughts? Jimjamjak (talk) 21:22, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

SGA/LGA Chart
What is the source for this? It doesn't appear to tie up with the charts used by ultrasonographers in the UK... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.189.154.1 (talk) 11:13, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Mass?
Does anyone outside physics talk of birth "mass" instead of "weight?"

I understand the pedantic reason for this, but precision of language is not relevant in this case, and surely then the common usage of "birth weight" should be adopted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Waster (talk • contribs) 18:03, 19 April 2009 (UTC) A search on "birth mass" shows only this article and one on wood lice.
 * I totally agree. This "birth mass" thing is just an attempt to change existing language from a pseudo-scientific point of view. Zigomer trubahin (talk) 13:11, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * To a scientist I'm sure that the misunderstanding of mass/weight is frustrating but the correct term here is "birth weight". Hopefully the clarification I'm put at the start will help. violet/riga (t) 11:11, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Previous template
I think the template at right is a bit sub-optimal to use in this article, and it's contents are better found integrated in the article for several reasons: I've explained the relation between birth weight, gestational age and growth rate in the article, and added a diagram of relations, so I think the template is rather redundant now. Mikael Häggström (talk) 08:00, 24 September 2011 (UTC)
 * to be more specific for the topic of birth weight.
 * to be easier to edit

 * The PNG image used in the template is now an SVG image. Can now be easily edited or translated. – JBarta (talk) 03:29, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

Maybe mentioning a normal weight range somewhere?
Writing a whole article about birth weight without mentioning what a normal birth weight is anywhere, good job guys! --85.151.204.175 (talk) 15:43, 21 April 2016 (UTC)
 * This has been resolved. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 20:34, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_hrpregnant/iugr.cfm
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European, South Asian and Chinese only?
As if this writing, the page has data for babies of “European descent,” a euphemism for “white,” which makes little sense considering how many black and East Asian people I know of European descent - their families have been in Europe for generations before moving to the US.

Additionally, the omission of black and native peoples (among others), sends a *strange* signal - to say the least.

Given dubious scientific evidence for *race,* the page should give information on average weights and/or mass (but most viewers are looking for weight) for males and females born within the 50 states and the territories. To list differences or stats by state territory makes sense, but pretending race/origin matters before location of birth is a little silly. refractonsofthedawn 02:34, 21 April 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Refractionsofthedawn (talk • contribs)

Expansion of Article-Including Public Health Info
Hello!

This is my first time editing a wikipedia article, and I am working on it as part of a graduate school course. My partner and I are thinking of expanding the following sections:
 * more information regarding determinants
 * abnormalities
 * effects on adult life
 * a new section on prevention

Are there any other specific areas that previous authors/reviewers would like us to expand on?

Thanks! Ecostello1213 (talk) 01:36, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

Peer Review for Public Health Course
After reviewing the article, I have a few suggestions that may add to the content. There seems to be information lacking on the quality of neonatal care. I think that reviewing the literature and adding content on this subject could add to the overall content of birth weight. Also, there is a color map that shows the world, but I do not feel that there is enough explanation on what it is showing. I also feel that a discussion on data surrounding worldwide birth weights and the differences between developed and developing countries. I think that it is great that there is the list of determinants and abnormalities, but I wish there was more detail on each of these. Maybe they could make good subheadings? These are just some suggestions for a place to start.

Thanks for your insights! I agree that the quality of neonatal care section could use some additional work. I will look into the color map and see if I can find some more information on it. Throughout my research, I noticed some interesting ideas along the lines of developed vs. developing countries. As far as the determinants and abnormalities, we will be expanding those sections! Thank you again for your suggestions. Ecostello1213 (talk) 20:45, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Course for PH7020 Braunrs (talk) 03:01, 30 October 2018 (UTC) braunrs

title: Talk:Birth weight


text:
Jacques Labillardière

Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière (28 October 1755 – 8 January 1834) was a French biologist noted for his descriptions of the flora of Australia. Labillardière was a member of a voyage in search of the La Pérouse expedition. He published a popular account of his journey and produced the first Flora on the region.

Early life
Jacques Labillardière was born in Alençon, Normandy, France, on 28 October 1755. The ninth of 14 children of a lace merchant, he was born into a devoutly Roman Catholic family of modest means.

The surname Labillardière originated with Labillardière's grandfather, Jacques Houtou, who, in an affectation of nobility, appended the name of the family's estate, La Billardière, after his surname. Labillardière was thus baptised under the surname Houtou de Labillardière, but he later dropped the patronymic, retaining only Labillardière in both his publications and his signature.

As a child, he attended the Collège royal d'Alençon, where he excelled in his studies. Around 1772, he matriculated to the University of Montpellier, studying medicine under Antoine Gouan. He did not graduate from Montpellier, instead transferring to the Reims University around 1774. After graduating in 1779, he moved to Paris, where he spent much his time at the Jardin du Roi. Having decided to pursue his interest in natural history, rather than a medical career, he took up an opportunity to collect specimens for Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier.

Early voyages
Labillardière undertook his first voyage as a naturalist in 1783. Sent to Britain by Le Monnier to study the exotic plants in cultivation there, he ended up staying almost two years, during which time he established enduring friendships with Sir Joseph Banks, James Edward Smith, Aylmer Bourke Lambert and George Williams. On returning from Britain, Labillardière immediately set out on a voyage through the French Alps.

Near East
Labillardière's early voyages seem to have fired a passion for exploring foreign lands because, on his return to Paris, he immediately began making plans for a voyage to the Near East, in order to study the plants described by physicians of the Islamic Golden Age. He again secured Le Monnier's sponsorship, and Le Monnier in turn secured the support of France's foreign minister Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, making Labillardière's voyage virtually an official mission. Labillardière left Paris in November 1786, and departed France via Marseilles in February 1787. He travelled first to Cyprus, then on to Latakia, Syria. From there he moved south along the coast as far as Acre, before turning inland to Nazareth, via the Mount Carmel Range. From Nazareth, he headed north to Damascus, visiting Mount Hermon en route. He then crossed the Mount Lebanon Range, arriving in Tripoli in late June. After a detour to Bsharri to see the Cedars of Lebanon, he returned north along the coast, departing from Latakia in November.

The following year, Labillardière made another voyage to the eastern Mediterranean. Little is known of that voyage, except that he made landfall at Crete, Corsica, Sardinia and Lampedusa.

The result of the two voyages was a collection of around 1000 specimens. As sponsor of the expedition, they were the property of Le Monnier, but Labillardière retained a great many duplicate specimens. The voyage also resulted in Labillardière's botanical account of the region, later published as Icones plantarum Syriae rariorum. Only 55 taxa were published in it but, according to Duyker, "this was sufficient to secure for him a place among the founders of modern botany in the Near and Middle East".

Australia
In 1791, Labillardière was appointed as a naturalist to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux's expedition to Oceania, in search of the lost ships of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. D'Entrecasteaux failed to find any trace of the missing expedition, but his ships visited south-west Australia, Tasmania, the North Island of New Zealand, and the East Indies, where Labillardière, Claude Riche and Étienne Pierre Ventenat, assisted by gardener Félix Delahaye, collected zoological, botanical and geological specimens, and described the customs and languages of the local Indigenous Australians.

While the expedition was exploring Oceania, the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out in Europe and, when the ships reached Java, Labillardière's scientific collections were seized by the British as spoils of war. Labillardière despaired at the loss of three years' painstaking work, but he had an ally in Joseph Banks, who campaigned for the return of the collections. In 1796, Banks's lobbying succeeded, and he was able to write to William Price at the British Museum:

"... his Majesty's Ministers have thought it necessary for the honour of the British nation and for the advancement of Science that the right of the Captors to the Collection should be on this occasion wav'd and that the whole should be returned to M. de Billardiere, in order that he may be able to publish his Observations on Natural History in a complete manner ... By this her Majesty will lose an acquisition to her herbarium, which I very much wish'd to see deposited there, but the national character of Great Britain will certainly gain much credit for holding a conduct towards Science and Scientific men liberal in the highest degree."

Labillardière returned to France with his collections in 1796. In 1799, he published a popular account of his voyage, Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse, and was elected to the Académie des sciences. Between 1804 and 1807, he published Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen, In 1816, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Character
Labillardière had an abrasive, critical personality. Even his eulogist described him as "sharp and austere", and a man who tended to "hide everything that was good in his soul behind a caustic and bitter intellect". He was also extremely stubborn. Denis and Maisie Carr describe him as having "the stubborn, almost pigheaded, independent mentality of the peasants near Alençon". On the other hand, he was highly regarded for his sincerity and generosity. Augustin Saint-Hilaire, for example, wrote that Labillardière "could perceive someone's slightest defect; yet he would have been ready to open his purse for the same man whose ridiculousness had not escaped him, and would have done all in his power to help him".

It has been said that Labillardière was scrupulously honest, especially with money, yet he has also been criticised for failing to acknowledge the work of others, such as his unattributed use of specimens collected by L'Héritier.

Nothing is known of his physique, but his travels as a naturalist reveal him to be a man of good physical fitness, with a strong constitution and immense stamina. Intellectually, he is shown to be not just an outstanding botanist and naturalist with excellent observational skills, but also to be possessed of considerable linguistic abilities, including an impeccable grasp of Latin.

Politically he was a staunch republican.

Legacy
Labillardière is commemorated in over a hundred published plant names, the most prestigious of which is the Australian endemic genus Billardiera, named by James Edward Smith in 1793, in Labillardière's honour. In 1978, the Irish botanist Ernest Charles Nelson published Adenanthos labillardierei with the specific epithet: "in recognition of Labillardière's contribution to the knowledge of this genus, and Australian botany". A small number of animal species have been named in his honour as well, namely the Tasmanian Pademelon (Thylogale billardierii ) and the red-legged skink (Ctenotus labillardieri). His name is further honoured in Labillardiere Peninsula and Point Labillardiere on Bruny Island, and by Cape Labillardiere on Fergusson Island, Papua New Guinea.

His herbarium is now part of the Museo di Botanica at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, University of Florence. About fifty of the plant genera established by Labillardière survive as current genera today.

Amongst the notable plants detailed in the author's two works on Australia are the first descriptions of Cephalotus follicularis and Eucalyptus cornuta.

Historiography
Only two portraits of Labillardière survive: an 1821 lithograph of a sketch by Julien-Léopold Boilly, and a lithograph by Langlumè, based on a portrait by Alexis Nicolas Noël.

The first biography of Labillardière was written by Jean Pierre Flourens, whose graveside eulogy of Labillardière was published in the Annales du Museum d'histoire in 1837. That first biography was very highly regarded, and seems to have formed the basis of most of the entries in French biographical dictionaries published over the next century, as well as the anonymous biography in Volume 2 of the Australian Dictionary of Biography.

New insights into Labillardière's life and work did not begin to appear until the 1953 publication, by Auguste Chevalier, of new information on Labillardière's early life, together with a number of his letters. More letters were published in Gavin de Beer's 1960 The sciences were never at war. Further biographical material was published by Frans Stafleu in 1967, and by Denis and Maisie Carr in 1976 and 1981. The first book-length treatment of Labillardière's life appeared in 2003, with the publication of Edward Duyker's award-winning Citizen Labillardière: A naturalist's life in revolution and exploration (1755–1834).

A major thread in the historiography of Labillardière is questions surrounding the reliability of his work. There are anomalies and contradictions in both Labillardière's account of his voyage and in his botanical data. The former appear to be at least partly attributable to mistakes made in converting the measurements and dates in his journal into the metric system and the Republican Calendar respectively. In the latter case, the anomalies mostly concern the collection locations of his specimens, about which he was apparently quite careless. Ernest Charles Nelson in particular did much to shed doubt upon Labillardière's reliability, and over time a tradition arose amongst botanists that Labillardière's data was not to be trusted.

His reputation has since been restored somewhat by the Carrs who, in 1976, published a detailed validation of his account of his visit to Observatory Island, where Eucalyptus cornuta (Yate) was first collected. Labillardière's type location for Eucalyptus cordata remained unverified for nearly 200 years until, in August 1987, Bradley Potts, from the Department of Botany at the University of Tasmania, and Gintaras Kantvilas, from the Tasmanian Herbarium, rediscovered a stand of 200 trees on steep and densely forested Penguin Island. Edward Duyker suggested that, given the period the specimens were in foreign hands, "the errors made in the published habitat statements for about a dozen species may have been a result of a shuffling of herbarium sheets or notes without Labillardière’s knowledge".

One of the greatest challenges for biographers of Labillardière has been the gaining of insight into his character and personality. That is largely due to the paucity of documents and testimonies: fewer than sixty of his letters survive, and many of them are purely related to business matters. Since he clearly had an austere personality, Duyker speculates that "the lack of surviving personal detail may in itself be a reflection of a strongly defensive character".

Selected publications

 * , see Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen

title: Jacques Labillardière


text:
User talk:Mel Etitis/Discussion from noticeboard

(Discussion moved from Administrators' noticeboard)

I'd be very grateful if someone could explain to that it's not acceptable to place the "cleanup" template on Zanskar on the grounds that he thinks that it should be organised differently, and that it contains (unspecified, and so far as I can see nonexistent) grammatical errors. He won't listen to me – in fact, he won't listen to anybody – and I know that a few admins have already tangled with him and beat a hasty and sensible retreat, but who knows, someone might do what everyone else has failed to (see also the RfC on him).

I've asked three members of the arbcom if they think that a request for arbitration would be suitable, but none of them has responded. I may have to go that route, and perhaps my reluctance is silly. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:56, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: I think that Mel meant this RFC. -Frazzydee|✍ 14:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks — yes, I've corrected it in my message. I've decided to take the plunge, and am beginning the long and painful process of working out how to request arbitration, using a temp page in my User space (I've never done it before, and had hoped that I'd never had to). In the meantime, I'd still be grateful for any help in trying to get through to Mr Tan without arbitration. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:59, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The article needs cleanup, and all I needed is some peace and quiet, and Mel to respect on my decision. See Talk:Zanskar, and Joseon dynasty to gage as a comparison of its standard. Much of its content, however, is not appropriately classified, and content restructing is badly needed. Unless the other users in commenting my opinion can be called back, I do not see why he should prevent me from editing.

Tan 23:15, 4 June 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not see why he should prevent me from editing. Because of your demonstratable lack of competence to do so, coupled with your inability to recognize said lack of competence, perhaps? Having done some small repair work in the wake of your "cleaning up", and seeing how you managed to munge the simplest of edits in March Fong Eu, Tony Miller, and Jerry Brown, I thoroughly understand Mel Etitis's frustration.

 * As for your self-assessment of your skills, see Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999), "Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121-1134. --Calton | Talk 16:07, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Having decided that arbitration is the only route left, I created a temporary page in my User space in order to experiment and develop my request. Within minutes, Mr Tan had started adding his comments to it, and continued to do so after I'd asked him to stop. He then created a page in my User space (User talk:Mel Etitis/Arbtan), without even telling me, and added his comments there; he's now wiped it. His antics are driving me (and other editors) to distraction; could someone else at least try to get through to him? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:20, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In the first place, I'm the one frustrated. Much of his edits are merely plain reverts, often not elaborating his reasons why. I agree to your suggestion (Calton), but just look at his attitude--extremely childish for a fifty-year-old professor versus a young teen.

 * I agree to your suggestion (Calton)... What in the Sam Hill are you talking about? Did you understand a single word I wrote? --Calton | Talk 13:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

See for more information. Analyse if his reverts and what he says ''Please do not edit this page directly unless you wish to become a participant in this request. '' is fair.

Tan 00:32, 5 June 2005 (UTC)

 * His Talk Page, his arbitration request, his rules. Perfectly fair. Don't like it? Deal with it, Mister "I Am So Much More Mature Than He is, I Am, I Am!" --Calton | Talk 13:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * He's now re-added comments to the page that he's created in my User space... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe that he thinks that it is the formal arbitration request and does not understand that it is just a draft that has not be submitted as yet. I've left a comment on his talk page to try and explain this. --khaosworks 16:52, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

As you'll have seen, I'd already done that, but either he still doesn't understand, or he doesn't care. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but it may take a while to sink in. He saw the "Please do not edit" boilerplate on the top of your draft as provocation. Anyway, I think he's stopped now. I hope. --khaosworks 17:19, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I know how Mel and Mr. Tan think about the articles now, but surely general concencus by other users shows the direction in which these articles should go? Mgm|(talk) 19:03, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, so far every other editor on Zanskar has agreed that Mr Tan's edits are disruptive, poor quality, and unnecessary — but that's not exactly my point here. I'm concerned with his insistence on placing a "cleanup" template on the article for no good rason.  he's been doing this on and off (sometimes using a "gcheck" template for variety) for some time.  Originally it was clearly to retaliate against my placing "copyedit" on a couple of pages that he was editing; I'm really not sure why he's doing it now. He claims that it's because the article is poorly structured (by which he means that it's not structured in the same way as another article that he likes), but not only is that insufficient grounds in itself, his proposed changes have been, as I say, rejected by every other editor involved with the article. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not exactly a mediator yet, but would you guys be willing to step into mediation on this? I think an agreement on structure could be possible here. Mgm|(talk) 08:07, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Interruption? What I mean is that the article genuinely needs restructuring. It is because of his reverts that I have to do it on-and-off, fearing that he would revert all the changes. If I were disruptive, why should I not disrupt other pages as well, instead specifically targeting on this one? Many users have shown a strong dislike on him, notably User:THE KING. He does his reverts without giving proper explanations,, and it should be noted that giving explanations to first-time, or second-time reverts should be a real-world law, in view of outrage and confusion by other users. But he didn't, only until I have to prompt him repeatedly. Mr Tan 12:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)Tan

 * What I mean is that the article genuinely needs restructuring. Sez you -- and you alone, really.

 * ...fearing that he would revert all the changes. The proper verb, given your track record, is "repair", nor "revert". --Calton | Talk 13:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

So what? If all of you want consensus, but the thing is wrong itself in reality, this makes wikipediaimperfect. And furthermore, I haven't done the thing yet, I wonder what ridiculous things you all are thinking about. Mr Tan 15:38, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)User:Mr Tan

 * but the thing is wrong itself in reality. Precisely. It's not about consensus, really, but about competence. And you, Mr. Tan, are not. Not competent. Unskilled. Not up to it. Objectively and demonstratably unqualified to "clean up" any text. The marvel is why, in the face of all available evidence, you believe yourself proficient in English editing. You've been given "proper explanations" before -- detailed explanations, even -- which you have completely ignored. --Calton | Talk 13:18, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * See my comments at Talk:Zanskar. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:30, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)