text:
Talk:Basarab I of Wallachia

reverts rule
I've changed my mind a lot while editing today, but I didn't break anything if anyone feels the need to tell me that I've broken the rule Edit warring; it clearly says "A series of consecutively saved reverting edits by one user, with no intervening edits by another user, counts as one revert." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.120.207.251 (talk) 20:12, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Open message to the quacks deleting my edits
Hello, the one to be doing personal research input right now are the various admins roaming over here! All I've said is that his name may be coming from the Daco-Thracian substrate from the area. I've cited a book written by a renowned historian and linguist Sorin Paliga. NOTE that I didn't use a verb like "IS" as it was the case with Djuvara's work, expressing the fact that the idea given is INVARAIBLY TRUE. I've used a way more relative term i.e. "support"... Until you all get a degree in the matter and publish a book yourself, I don't think you are fit to contest his work! Maybe you are anti-romanian or anti-autochtony, maybe you are now revealing the political bias of Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.120.207.251 (talk) 17:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:DUE: WP content is not based on marginal (and quite obviously fringe) theories. Yes, Paliga tends to prefer etymologies based on his reconstruction of an unknown language ("Daco-Thracian") instead of searching the origin of words in well-documented languages (Turkic, Hungarian, ...). WP:NOR: we cannot make statements about the origin of theories ("Djuvara's theory") or about a community of historians ("Romanian historians" vs "international historiography") without vefifying them. Just a side remark, I am not an admin and I will not be an admin. Borsoka (talk) 04:02, 13 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Alright, I will take the time and translate the entire chapter and put it here if you will. What you consider a fringe theory or not is up to you and it doesn't hold any relevance. I guess you are not a linguist with a phd nor an achieved historian. The fact that one man, i.e. Neagu Djuvara, made a theory that he came up with from nowhere, that isn't backed up by any archeological, sociological or forensic information, just his etymological explanation, and that theory is now STANDARD because occidentals like it, is all pretty rubbish! Meanwhile dozens of academics published works with way more sense in them, that are just overlooked. If you ask me, time has come to put down Djuvara's theory because it's very "fringe" as you like to say. Once more, I've used the term "support". It's wrong to say that Romanian historians cannot even support a theory... When a considerably big number of contemporary Romanian historians do in fact support this theory, I think it's ok to refer to them that way. The fact that you've put tags all over there just shows how stubborn you are. I'm just saying that "Romanian historians support" and that's not WRONG in any way. Now, will you leave my edits alone for once? Pretty please? Thank you for your interest.
 * Please read WP:DUE and WP:Fringe: we are not here to spread theories that "currently" do not have "popularity" (as you described it on my Talk page ). Please address the concerns the tags indicate instead of deleting them. Please also read WP:3RR carefully, because edit warring may have serious consequences. Borsoka (talk) 16:14, 13 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Haha, what I've written there is definitely not fringe. "In Wikipedia parlance, the term fringe theory is used in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views in its particular field". It's not the case here, because in the field of linguistics, Paliga's theory is well documented. Can you stop bullying me already with this rule? That's the only thing you've got? Read the matter yourself if you've got doubts and please stop bothering me. There's nothing departing significantly from mainstream scholarly practice in Paliga's work. Also stop using "we", you and who? The entirety of wikipedia editors? I don't know what are your reasons for dogmatically following Djuvara's view, but let me point out to you, that it's very criticized in the academic circles in Romania. The only people that agree with it are foreigners that write random stuff on the internet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.120.207.251 (talk) 16:27, 13 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Why do you think the Romanian historian Victor Spinei accept the traditional theory? (By the way, it was not developed by Djuvara. It was popularised by him in Romania.) Borsoka (talk) 16:31, 13 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Why is that theory mainstream? Who declared it mainstream? What institute? what authorithy? None. It's everything but traditional. Once again, you are delving into matters you are not very aware of.
 * Sorry, I stop discussing this issue with you. If you want to learn how to edit WP articles, please seek assistance at WP:TEAHOUSE. Borsoka (talk) 17:10, 13 November 2020 (UTC)
 * In the upcoming days I will edit in the entire theory of the name "Basarab" and you'll see that it has it's roots in indo-european linguistics. As for "proper weight", it has proper weight because this theory is written in a book written in collaboration with an anthropologist and an archaeologist, and it circulates in the academic circles. Currently there are not many people who consider Djuvara's theory mainstream or even popular at the moment...  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.120.207.251 (talk) 17:18, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
"He practically founded the principality of Wallachia."

I've removed this until we can sort out what it should actually say. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:18, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "The name Basarab is considered as being of Cuman origin, meaning "Father King", Basar-Aba."

 * And I've removed this pending information on who considers this, and why (and what might be said against it). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's correct that the name is of Cuman origin. See history articles of Neagu Djuvara. bogdan | Talk 15:54, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

OK — it was perhaps just the way that it was expressed. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:34, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

a decent Romanian Translator?
If anyone here has the time paitence and ability it would hel this article greatly to add information to the articl from its Romanian Counterpart. http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarab_I Tnu1138 (talk) 18:43, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Dubious: fights in 1335
When writing of a war between Wallachia and Hungary in 1335, Tudor Sălăgean refers to unspecified "historical sources" in his excellent summary of the medieval history of the lands that now form Romania. Gyula Kristó does not make any mention of the same wars in his very detailed monography on the wars of the Anjou kings of Hungary. I think that those "historical sources" should be specified in order to substantiate Sălăgean's reference to this specific war. Borsoka (talk) 02:50, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

I think Romanian and Hungarian historians are impartial if you ask me.

 * They may be biased, but Sălăgean explicitly writes of unspecified "historical sources". Please sign your messages. Borsoka (talk) 11:08, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Slavic origins
Basarab might had Slavic roots the name is very common in countries like Russia, Ukraine or Poland. Statistics can be found here Basarab name

 * Thank you for your message. Please read WP:NOR. Academic works unanimously write that Basarab's name is of Turkic origin. Consequently, we can only state this theory in this article. If some academic works also substantiate the theory that his name is of Slavic origin, we can mention it. However, without proper sources, this theory cannot be presented in the article. Borsoka (talk) 10:56, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Removal/alteration of (sourced) info
I would highly advise you to revert your edits to the original revision and explain yourself here.

This sourced text was removed by you; BasaCrab's name implies that he was of uman or Pecheneg ancestry, but this hypothesis has not been proven.

Why?

You also changed the lede; Although his name is of Turkic origin, 14th-century sources unanimously state that he was a Vlach. -> There are multiple theories about his ethnicity.

And that's your current edit. Before I reverted you, you even removed even more sourced info, such as A scholarly hypothesis states that he was descended from Seneslau, a mid-13th-century Vlach lord. WP:TENDENTIOUS at its best. --HistoryofIran (talk) 17:14, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * User:HistoryofIran No, i just delete "but this hypothesis has not been proven" part because given sources does not say this. Also, it was already written that his name was of Turkic origin, but it was changed by an IP editor. You can look at Old versions of the article --Shakshak31 (talk) 18:00, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Also, Laurentiu Radvan says on page 129 that he was a "Romanianized Turk". --Shakshak31 (talk) 18:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Another source: "According to scholar Neagu Djuvara, this correspondence with the Holy See proves that Basarab was a Catholic, which also testifies to Basarab's Cuman origin, because the Cumans had been baptized according to Catholic rite.[16]"--Shakshak31 (talk) 18:18, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Uh no, this is the original revision by who has made this article a GA, which you are now disrupting. You forgot to mention the part in the citation where it says; The ethnical origin of the later is subject to debate, some claiming him to be Pecheneg or Cuman which seems to fit pretty well with the statement. Also, in what world does Romanianized Turk mean that he was a Turk? And also what about the two other citations? You still haven't answered why you changed the lede either, or why you removed even more sourced info earlier, not to mention you haven't reverted your edit. Tell me why I shouldn't report you to Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:19, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * User:HistoryofIran Other given source. Read page 153.

 * .. Which amongst other things says: Basrab and his family were also presumably of Cuman extraction, founded a dynasty, and became Romanians. And I quote Romanians. Anyways, does that mean screw the other sources/information because they didn't fit your view? I'm not reading anything more until you answer my questions. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:27, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I mean the given sources does not say that. "but this hypothesis has not been proven"  What's wrong with deleting it?--Shakshak31 (talk) 18:32, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The source doesn't have to say that exact thing, it still implies the same nonetheless. That's one question (kinda) answered, cheers. What about the rest? --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:34, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Where are the other parts that you find wrong? "There are multiple theories about his ethnicity." sentence is already true because some historians claim his father was Chingisid, some historians claim he was a cuman some historians claim he was a vlach etc. There is nothing wrong with that sentence.--Shakshak31 (talk) 18:40, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Because he wasn't a Turk, the source you added above literally says the same (this was the original text which you removed this Although his name is of Turkic origin, 14th-century sources unanimously state that he was a Vlach.). He was a Romanian/Vlach, this was already well explained in the article. He may have had Turkic ancestors, but he certainly was not one of them. You still haven't answered the rest of my questions, and you're barely even answering these ones. I have frankly giving up trying to work with you. Last chance, revert your edits and reach WP:CONSENSUS or I'll report you. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:45, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

No, I didn't delete that sentence. It's still there. Also i didn't add a new source i add only link of the source. If you want remove the "There are multiple theories about his ethnicity." part you can. But i don't see anything wrong with that sentence. --Shakshak31 (talk) 18:50, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Sorin Paliga and the possible Daco-Thracian origin of Basarab name
The theory, as it is presented in the article, shows all features of a fringe theory. Paliga makes connection between words that are similar to each other and states that they are connected to each other without substantiating his statement. A similar approach was adopted by Hungarian nationalistic "scholars" more than a hundred years ago, who stated that the name of Adan is of clear Hungarian origin, because "ad" is a pure Hungarian word ("to give"). Are there respected Romanian historians who accept Paliga's views? Borsoka (talk) 01:45, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

(Relevant discussion copyied from my Talk page:)
 * Hello Borsoka. I've seen that once again you've took interest in editing my contribution. I'd like to point out to you that the modern Romanian language does indeed have a Daco-Thracian substrate, fact agreed upon by all universities in this country and abroad. There's no reason to put a undue weight tag there... As for the rest of the tags, I'll leave them there until we reach a consenus in the talk page. Thank you.
 * 1. Yes, "Daco-Thracian" may be the substrate language of Romanian. Or, it is also a possibility, that early medieval Romanians borrowed a specific pastoralist vocabulary from Proto-Albanian and this specific vocabulary is described now as heritage of a supposed substrate language. Both views are mentioned in international scholarly literature. 2. Romanian also borrowed words from Slavic and Turkic languages, from Hungarian, from Western Romance languages. If you understand Hungarian, you certainly realize that the name "Basarab" is extremly similar to two Hungarian words ("to make love" in slang and "Arab"). Could we assume that the name is of Hungarian origin based on this similarity? No, because similarity does not make a connection. Borsoka (talk) 02:15, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not the nicest of assumptions, but you could nullify in the same manner the cuman theory, which is also based on such connections. The Proto-Albanian language may have also derived from a Thracian idiom, hence some similarities between our languages. Your derogatory way of using "pastoralist vocabulary" shows me that you may have indeed a visible adversion to Romanians. Keep going like that and you'll also find your way into ANI.
 * No, the Cumans dominated the Pontic steppes just decades before Basarab's birth and Cumans made up a significant part of the population of the Golden Horde in the 14th century. Making a connection between a language widely spoken in the region in the 12th-14th century and the name of a ruler born in the 13th century is quite logical. However, making connection between a ruler and a language spoken more than a millenium before his birth is a fringe theory. Sorry, but I think my Talk page is not the best place to discuss this issue. Please use the article's Talk page. Borsoka (talk) 02:48, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

(End of discussion copyied from my Talk page.) Borsoka (talk) 03:38, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Mate it's 6 in the goddamn morning. There's no rule on Wikipedia that bans me from presenting academics' theories. The way you're saying that Paliga "makes connections between words that are similar to each other" is exactly the same way Djuvara links words to the Cuman language. To me it makes more sense that if every single historical source out there tells us that Basarab is Vlach, then his name must reflect a Vlach heritage. Truth is that both theories aren't conclusive and they must be treated as such. Consequently, it's unfair that you want to totally eliminate the theory that I support, and leave only yours... Why can't we show both of them and let the readers choose for themselves?
 * I have never read books written by mainstream scholars suggesting that the Vlachs spoke Daco-Thracian. As soon as you can verify that Paliga's statement is not a marginal theory, we can present it. However, we are not here to present all marginal theories of the world, as per WP:DUE and WP:Fringe. Borsoka (talk) 04:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * If you actually bothered to check out the book, you can see that it's released in 2018, it's quite recent and probably you haven't heard of it, but the facts explained there aren't new. The term marginal doesn't apply here because we aren't talking about exact sciences. It's not like I'm denying gravity or condoning flat earth theories. I'm just presenting an academical work made by a certified historian and linguist with a PhD. Second, there's no standard or scholarly general consensus as to place different views as marginal. There's no institution or renowned historian that says that Basarab is 100% undoubtedly Cuman. The entire deal is still unclear, and never ever will etymological research alone be enough to testify one's background. I know that you probably care for this article, since you've made it GA, but it's time that you let others contribute to it. Thank you. Boyar Bran
 * Whether Basarab's was a Cuman is not subject of this discussion (especially, because all primary sources describe him as a Vlach). We are discussing whether a theory published in 2018 that has not been discussed in other peer reviewed books should be mentioned in the article, taking into account that it makes a connection between the name of a man living around 1300 and a language that was last documented centuries before. Borsoka (talk) 04:40, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I requested a third opinion. Borsoka (talk) 04:44, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Paliga makes a connection between a name and a language spoken by his people before and after his birth. That language is Romanian which was the result of the romanization of the Dacian/Daco-Thracian language, later substrate of the Romanian language. Boyar Bran (talk)
 * BTW even that template says "Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view."...different points of view. Generally Wikipedia has a policy that is against dogmatic thinking i.e. sticking strictly to just one theory.
 * Can you quote Paliga's statement that Basarab's name is of Romanian origin? A Celtic idiom is the substrate languages of English, but we cannot say that the name Owen is of English origin, because it is of Celtic origin. Even if Daco-Thracian is the substrate language of Romanian (which is also an unproven theory), we cannot say that Basarab's name is of Romanian origin based on Paliga's proposal of the name's possible Daco-Thracian origin. Paliga makes a connection between a poorly attested language that died out in the 6th-7th century at the latest (Daco-Thracian) and the name of a ruler who was born in a region inhabited by a Turkic- and Romanian-speaking population in the late 13th century. In this case, the best solution is the deletion of this marginal (and likely fringe) theory. Sorry, I stop discussing this issue with you, because we should allow third parties to make comments without reading a large wall of texts. Borsoka (talk) 05:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Saying that Daco-Thracian isn't a substrate of a language known in international linguistics as Daco-Romanian is a very bold statement! It comes without say that Paliga obviously means that Basarab is a name coming from the Romanian language. I'm not happy that you seem to harbour anti-romanian sentiments. Please check out the Romanian language wikipage.
 * I did not say that Daco-Thracian is not a substrate of Daco-Romanian, Macedo-Romanian, Istro-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian (the four descendants of the common Proto-Romanian language). I only said this was only one of the theories published in peer-reviewed books. All editors would be grateful if you could concentrate on the core of this debate: is Paliga's theory accepted by mainstream Romanian historians? Borsoka (talk) 06:00, 19 November 2020 (UTC)ve
 * You clearly said that Daco-Thracian has nothing to do with the modern Romanian language, don't hide it now. Can you speak in your name, "all editors" seem to be just you. As for Sorin Paliga, yes he is a respected historian and he is mainstream. Note that the Daco-Thracian words he used are also documented by many Bulgarian historians and linguists which have researched Thracian etymologies. So this theory isn't the work of Sorin Paliga alone. As far as I'm concerned yes, he is mainstream.
 * 1. I have never said that Daco-Thracian has nothing to do with modern Romanian. I only stated that this connection is only a theory, coexisting with other scholarly theories. 2. Yes, Bulgarian, Hungarian, German, etc. linguists agree that there are about 80 words of possible subtrate origin. Basarab is not listed among these words, only by Paliga. That is why his view should be treated as a marginal/fringe theory. Borsoka (talk) 06:43, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Those aprox. 80 words, are words that are exclusively found in Daco-Thracian and haven't suffered any change. They don't refer to the forms, prefixes and suffixes that have been inherited through other languages (which are way more consistent in numbers.). As you can see Basarab is a name that has changed a lot through the ages and naturally it doesn't belong to that list of 80 words. Bran (talk) 14:24, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Words that have not suffered any change for centuries! Nice idea. Nevertheless, if you could refer to linguists who accept Paliga's theory, we should not continue this discussion. Borsoka (talk) 14:54, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Wow, 80 words out of a modern language, which generally has between 40.000 and 60.000+ words, unbelievable. I'm sure there are plenty words in Hungarian which are unique to Hungarian. Anyway this is not the topic. Topic is that I've explained again and again, that you have no right to delete a sourced theory. Thank you. Bran (talk) 23:28, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Borsoka has fully right, moreover just alone the Daco-Thracian hypothesis is controversial, as well it's possible relation to the Romanian language, which is neither proved or share academic consensus. You should not confuse assumptions with facts.(KIENGIR (talk) 02:12, 27 November 2020 (UTC))
 * The theory he is supporting isn't fact either. It's just another assumption and it is not standard. Not even Neagu Djuvara meant to say that he is certain about the cuman theory. I don't care where Borsoka brought you from, but another user said that you are not allowed to remove sourced info. Side fact: User:Shakshak31 that did just that got banned. I can also call my friends and tell them to aid me over here, but I don't. Bran (talk) 19:05, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The main difference between the two theories are the following: 1. The Cuman origin is supported my multiple scholars (including Romanian historians). 2. The Cuman origin takes into account 13th-14th century ethnic realities. 3. Scholars supporting the Cuman theory has not proposed that the Summerian script originated in the lands now forming Romania and has not associated Hungarian words as elements of the substrate of the Romanian language. Borsoka (talk) 01:54, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Boyar Bran,
 * nobody brought me here, btw. it seems you don't understand some of our basic policies (I checked the user's history you mentioned, I don't see any ban, did I miss something?). As well, Borsoka's summarization is correct, from this all case I just recall when a someone tried to prove a few years ago Romanian topnyms being of Sumerian origin, and after it turned out all of them was toponyms of Hungarians origin, the nominator had to withdraw his theory since without wanting he proved something different he originally wanted, the all ended in a very ridiculous way...I am not sure it the person was not Paliga, but this show will end up here, the page will be restored to the last table version per policy, and explicit consensus needed for any change from now on.(KIENGIR (talk) 16:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC))
 * please read WP:DUE. Why do you think a recently developed theory about a link between a 14th-century rulers' name and a language spoken centuries before his birth should be presented in the article? Please remember you have not been able to refer to a single historian accepting this theory, while the theory about the name's Cumanian origin is proposed by multiple scholars, including Romanian historians. Borsoka (talk) 01:57, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * This theory isn't new, when I'l gett access I'll put more books that show this theory. As for the Daco-Dhracians words they were researched by multiple scholars from different countries: Bulgaria, Serbia, etc... Bran (talk) 12:16, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, Thracian, Dacian words are researched by hundreds of scholars. And you cannot refer to a single of them to verify that Pal8ga's claim is not marginal. Borsoka (talk) 13:03, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Thee problematic sentences
Honestly I'm not familiar to this topic, but three sentences caught my eyes. Is this what the three sources say? Or did someone else put this because "2 other conflicting claim". Can someone point out which, if yes.
 * but this hypothesis has not been proven.

Is this an original research or did the writers (secondary source) imply "he's a Vlach because ... sources called him so"? If not, I have other comments.
 * Atleast four royal charters from the 14th century refer to Basarab as a Vlach.

Same thing like the previous one. Beshogur (talk) 00:56, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Charles I of Hungary referred to him as "Basarab, our disloyal Vlach" in 1332.
 * 1. The hypothesis remained unproven, especially because it contradicts all primary sources. 2. No, this is not original research. That four primary sources refer to him as a Vlach is a fact and this fact is mentioned based on reliable secondary sources. 3. No, this is not original research. That Charles I refers to him as a Vlach is a fact and this fact is mentioned based on reliable secondary sources. Borsoka (talk) 01:21, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The hypothesis remained unproven It isn't a hypothesis, if you call it hypothesis. No WP:OR. I really want to see if those authors said that. At that time there were various Cuman dynasties migrating from Hungary. :That four primary sources refer to him as a Vlach is a fact and this fact is mentioned based on reliable secondary sources Can you show a pdf or the sentences of the primary sources? I have Ioan Basarab, un domn român la începuturile Țării Românești pdf and this author doesn't explicitly say "Basarab is Wlach because ... sources said so" or I am missing it. Beshogur (talk) 11:16, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Also I saw this edit. I checked the source and the sentence is indeed correct. Yes, this user was a sock, but can be readded as well, considering Radvan is used in the whole article. Full sentence: The ethnical origin of the latter is subject to debate, some claiming him to be Pecheneg or Cuman. He was most likely a Romanianized Turk. Also an update to my comment above: "our disloyal Vlach" is incorrect, because the Romanian book says "our disloyal Romanian". I dont'know if those two terms are the same, yet this doesn't prove anything considering the author didn't say he was a Vlach (or I missed it, maybe a Romanian speaker can check). Beshogur (talk) 12:23, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I assume you do not understand that Vlach and Romanian are synonyms in historical context. Borsoka (talk) 12:34, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * And? What's your point? You haven't answered my questions. Beshogur (talk) 13:10, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I answered your questions above. Borsoka (talk) 15:15, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

my three questions please. Beshogur (talk) 15:23, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Please read my answers again: Borsoka (talk) 02:01, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * See my comment below your answer please. Beshogur (talk) 11:09, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Those comments make no sense in WP environment. 1. Basarab's Cuman origin is not a fact, but a scholarly hypothesis. 2. All quotes from the primary sources are verified by one or more references to reliable sources. We do not need to present pdf-s. Borsoka (talk) 16:08, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basarab I of Wallachia


text:
Predetermined motion time system

A predetermined motion time system (PMTS) is frequently used to perform Labor Minute Costing in order to set piece-rates, wage-rates and/or incentives in labor (labour) oriented industries by quantifying the amount of time required to perform specific tasks under defined conditions. Today the PMTS is mainly used in work measurement for shorter cycles in labour oriented industries such as apparel and footwear. This topic comes under wider industrial and production engineering.

One of such a system is known as "Work Factor" and more popular Methods-time measurement, (MTM) released in 1948 exist today in several variations and used in some commercial applications.

New legislation in developed markets following sustainability issues, Living Wage movement and the 2013 disaster in Rana Plaza, Bangladesh have brought labor costing and standards back to the focus of activists and global fashion retailers. Occupational safety and health (OSH, OHS), Ergonomics, Skills development and job satisfaction are some of the other factors influenced by Labor Standards Act (Japan).

Predetermined Motion Time Standard and Predetermined Time standards (PTS), Predetermined Time Systems are other terms that describe same concept by different authors. Main outcome of PMTS application is quantifying labor inputs in terms of SMV (Standard Minute Value) or SAM (Stranded Allocated Minute).

TMU
Most predetermined motion time systems (MTM and MOST) use time measurement units (TMU) instead of seconds for measuring time. One TMU is defined to be 0.00001 hours, or 0.036 seconds according to MTM100 and 0.0000083 hours, or 0.030 seconds according to BS100. These smaller units allow for more accurate calculations without the use of decimals. In the most in-depth PMT systems, motions observed will be on the level of individual TMUs, like toss (3 TMUs in MiniMOST) and simple pick-up (2 TMUs in MTM-1). More general systems simplify things by grouping individual elements, and thus have larger time values – for example, a bend and arise (61 TMUs in MTM-2) and one or two steps (30 TMUs in BasicMOST). Systems with even less detail work with TMU values in the hundreds, like climbing 10 rungs on a ladder (300 TMUs in MaxiMOST) or passing through a door (100 TMUs in MaxiMOST).

The choice of which variation of a certain PMTS to use is dependent on the need for accuracy in contrast to the need for quick analysis, as well as the length of the operation, the distances involved in the operation, and the repetitiveness of the operation. Longer operations often take place on a larger spatial scale, and tend to be less repetitive, so these issues are often treated as one. For longer, less repetitive operations, statistical analysis demonstrates that the accuracy of less detailed systems will generally approach the accuracy of more detailed systems. Thus, in order to reduce the time required for analysis, less detailed systems (like MTM-B and MaxiMOST) are usually used when possible. Conversely, very short, repetitive processes are commonly analyzed with more exact methods like MTM-1 and MiniMOST because of the need for accuracy.

ILO & Manchester University research during 2009 to 2013
Manchester University researchers including Doug Miller, has gone deep into uses of PMTS in apparel labour costing in "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail." Doug says ..work measurement for arriving at a standard time should normally make provision for relaxation, contingency and special allowances. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), as of 1992 there were some 200 different PTS systems.

Canadian Apparel Federation, CAF
As the supply chain delays or disruptions keep many apparel executives on edge at regular intervals, especially with the ever shortening life cycle of fast fashion CAF explored how PMTS weigh in their fashion value chain by conducting series of programs including an awareness WEBINAR on SewEasy PMTS software systems, based on MTM standard.

Fair Wear Foundation, FWF
Fair Wear Foundation, a non-profit whose mission is to see a world where the garment industry supports workers in realizing their rights to safe, dignified, properly paid employment used the SewEasy PMTS approach to formulate the country wise, living wage adjustment known as labour minute costing calculators.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Predetermined motion time system


text:
Union Pacific West Line

The Union Pacific West Line (UP-W) is a Metra commuter rail line operated by Union Pacific Railroad in Chicago, Illinois and its western suburbs. Metra does not refer to its lines by particular colors, but the timetable accents for the Union Pacific West line are "Kate Shelley Rose" pink, honoring an Iowa woman who saved a Chicago & North Western Railway train from disaster in 1881. Green and yellow were already selected for the Union Pacific North Line and Union Pacific Northwest Line, respectively, so pink was chosen for this line. Therefore, the UP-W is the only Metra line that uses a color to honor a person instead of a fallen flag railroad. Until the late 1940s the line had a branch to Freeport, Illinois. It diverged from the main line at West Chicago and had stations at Elgin, Marengo, Belvidere, Rockford, Freeport, and other communities. The line was once known as the Chicago & Northwestern/West Line until UP took over the C&NW in 1995. All Metra trains on this line terminated at until 2006, when the line was extended to its present terminus in. The line runs as part of the Union Pacific Railroad's Geneva Subdivision (ex-C&NW line to Clinton, Iowa).

The line runs from the Ogilvie Transportation Center in downtown Chicago through the western suburbs to Elburn. This is the oldest railway route built from Chicago, the route of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad along Kinzie Street.

As of February 16, 2024, Metra operates 58 trains (29 in each direction) on the Union Pacific West Line on weekdays. Of these, 23 inbound trains originate from Elburn, two from, three from , and one from. Two outbound trains terminate at Geneva, three at La Fox, and the remaining 24 terminate at Elburn.

On weekends, all trains run the full route to Elburn, with Metra operating 10 roundtrip trains on Saturday and nine on Sundays and holidays.

Union Pacific is building a third track from West Chicago through all of Geneva. The project started in September 2022 and is expected to be finished in July 2024. The improvements are designed to ensure smoother traffic flow and reduce conflicts between commuter and freight trains.

By the first quarter of 2024, the Union Pacific Railroad is expected to transfer operations of the three Union Pacific lines to Metra. The Union Pacific will continue to own and maintain the right-of-way.

Ridership
Since 2014 annual ridership has declined from 8,423,188 to 7,883,185, an overall decline of 6.4%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 1,945,886 passengers in 2020 and to 1,486,536 passengers in 2021.

Freeport Branch
This branch line ran from West Chicago to Freeport, Illinois. Service was discontinued in the late 1940s. Metra is planning to revive service from Big Timber Road to Rockford on this line, stopping in Huntley and Belvidere, but there are no plans to restore passenger service south of Elgin.

title: Union Pacific West Line


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User talk:Osher

Osher - a boy who i know XD he have an MSN messenger, almog_osher@hotmail.com if you want to send spam to him just for fun, you ARE welcome! =D ask him his adress, and you could go and.... do somethings to him. yeah :D his last name is almog, and he is an idiot :D umm.... i like pie :D --Osher 15:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)Yeah $$X=Y²$$ ĦĦÞðþŒŒæťǎØøÅå – ~|°²

title: User talk:Osher


text: User talk:142.227.65.65

title: User talk:142.227.65.65


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User talk:JRice

I am not likely to check this page.

Please 'talk' to me on the page in question.

Thanks.

title: User talk:JRice


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Category:Servants of God

Roman Catholics declared a Servant of God. Many Servants of God later go on to be declared venerable, then to be beatified and canonized, but this list only includes those who have not (yet) done so. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Servants of God


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Abishabis

Abishabis (died August 30, 1843) was a Cree religious leader. He became the prophet of a religious movement that spread among the Cree communities of northern Manitoba and Ontario during the 1840s. His preaching caused some Cree people to stop hunting furs, angering employees of the Hudson's Bay Company and reducing the company's profits. After losing much of his influence in 1843, Abishabis was suspected of murdering a First Nations family living near York Factory, in present-day Manitoba. He was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Severn, where a group of people forcibly removed him from his jail cell, murdered him and burned his body. His followers slowly disavowed his teachings and destroyed their relics from the movement or practiced their religion in secret.

The religious philosophy of his teachings was a syncretism of Christianity and traditional Cree religion. Abishabis preached that he had visited heaven and that followers could use a Cree writing system to create religious relics, the purpose of which is disputed among academics. His followers did not worship him as a deity but believed his teachings were a revelation from their god. In 1930, John Montgomery Cooper reported that stories about Abishabis were passed down by the Cree people, who claimed that Abishabis had introduced Christianity to them.

Early life and background

Abishabis was Omushkego Cree, referred to as "Home Guard Indians" by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). The Cree were one of several groups of Indigenous people who served as intermediaries between the HBC and Indigenous fur trappers. The company became dependent upon the Indigenous workforce to provide goods (such as fur) that they sold in Europe and to provide skilled and unskilled labour to sustain the trading posts the HBC established. Abishabis was from a district that contained York Factory, a HBC trading post. His group traded with the company since the trading post was established. An 1832 list of Cree in the York Factory area lists an unmarried man as Abesshabis, son of Secappenesew. The Omushkego Cree relied upon guns to hunt animals, and the furs from these animals were traded to the HBC. In the years preceding Abishabis's religious pursuits, the group believed something was wrong with their hunting grounds, as they struggled to hunt caribou. James Hargrave, an officer with the HBC, wrote that there was nothing remarkable about Abishabis before the arrival of Methodist missionaries to the area.

Religious activity
Religious activity associated with Abishabis was first recorded in 1842. In late 1842 and early 1843, his movement spread to the Cree in the area between Fort Churchill (in what is now Manitoba) and Moose River (in what is now Ontario). His movement would later be known as "Track to Heaven". Abishabis's movement was supported by tithes from his followers; as his following grew, he accumulated goods and more wives, a traditional sign of success among the Cree. His followers expected Abishabis to provide gifts that equaled the resources that were provided by Methodist missionaries and the HBC. Meanwhile, colonists and businessmen from Europe were concerned about Abishabis's preaching, as his followers were less likely to hunt for furs, hurting their profits. They also reported that followers relied upon wooden carvings for salvation and neglected the consumption of food or drink, causing some of them to starve to death. The HBC and the Methodist missionaries were united in refusing to recognise Abishabis's authority amongst his group. As Hargrave wrote in a letter to Governor George Simpson in September 1892, "[The head missionary] has most cordially united with me in crushing this phrenzy."

Abishabis's influence decreased in mid-1843, partially because employees of the HBC advocated against his movement. On June 8, 1843, an HBC official named George Barnston condemned Abishabis's teachings as false and manipulation from the Devil, then destroyed an artifact from the leader's group that depicted a "track to heaven" by burning it. One day after prayers, Abishabis approached Hargrave to shake his hand; the Cree considered a handshake as a ritualistic action, and Abishabis intended for this to signal the HBC's support of his group. Hargrave refused, indicating to the Cree people that the Cree leader could not obtain resources from the company. Support further weakened when Abishabis asked for more wives (some of whom were already married to other followers) and demanded larger quantities of food and clothing. Hargrave reported that by July 1843, Abishabis was begging for food and supplies to survive. As his following and influence waned, he was unable to support his wives, many of whom returned to their families.

Arrest and death
In July 1843, Abishabis gathered supplies to travel to Severn House. He was accused of murdering an Indigenous family in the York Factory area and taking some of their possessions. Researcher Norman James Williamson stated that it was difficult to corroborate this story, as this version of events was based on information reported to Hargrave by the Cree and gossip heard by Hargrave's wife, Letitia. Abishabis arrived in Severn House several days after the killings and spent a couple of days there, bothering the population and refusing to leave. Hargrave sent an interpreter named John Cromartie to Severn House with orders to incite the Cree population to kill Abishabis by accusing him of being a wendigo. After analysing Hargrave's actions and reports, Norman Williamson stated that this order was given because Hargrave feared an uprising from the Cree against the HBC, led by Abishabis.

Cromartie disobeyed Hargrave's orders and arrested Abishabis on August 9. Norman Williamson attributes this to Cromartie's anxiety about the upcoming winter: the Cree participated in a fall goose hunt so that the HBC employees would have enough food to survive the winter. If Abishabis convinced the Cree to boycott the event, the outpost would struggle to survive. Cromartie wrote of Indigenous people's claims that Abishabis was threatening them if they did not give him resources. Abishabis was questioned about the murders in York Factory by Cromartie and denied involvement. Cromartie allowed Abishabis to escape, believing he would leave the area. Abishabis did leave for a time, but he returned shortly afterwards and was arrested again on August 28. On August 30, three men took him from his cell and killed him with axe-blows to the head. Letitia, in a letter to her mother, reported that the man who struck the final blow was named Towers. The men brought Abishabis's body to a nearby island and burned it, declaring that he might have been a wendigo and that they wanted to prevent him from haunting them.

Religious views
It is difficult to establish Abishabis's religious beliefs before his preaching because the Cree were not forthcoming about their beliefs when speaking to Europeans. The ultimate goal in the Cree religion was to journey to the afterlife, located in the remote west. This differed from the Christian concept of heaven as a place in the sky for morally good people, and thus the Cree struggled to understand the Christian concept when it was explained to them by missionaries.

Before beginning his ministry, Abishabis separated himself from the Cree and the HBC employees. Upon his return, he stated that he had traveled to the sky to a place where he received blessings and information, including the deity's physical features. Using a syllabic writing system, introduced to the Cree people by Methodist missionary James Evans, Abishabis and his associates created texts, charts, and pictographs with lines drawn upon wood or paper. Academics have given several explanations for what these lines depicted. Lee Irwin writes that they were seen as paths to heaven and hell; Philip H. Round said they were used to determine the will of spirits, allowing the Cree to purify themselves. Norman Williamson writes that the role of Abishabis's revelations was to determine possible futures for the Cree people; Timothy E. Williamson said the writings included warnings against adopting European customs and promises of meat on Earth and rewards in heaven for following these teachings. Abishabis taught his followers his technique so that they could create their own paths. He also claimed to have received a book from God called Tracks to Heaven.

Abishabis's group was probably monotheistic, believing in a self-existing creator of the world. Their deity was distant from the group and difficult to approach. Methodists described Jesus to the Cree as an intermediary between humans and God, allowing humans to make requests to their deity. Abishabis used the Methodist teachings as a foundation for the Cree to communicate with their own deity. His followers observed the Sabbath, sang psalms, and painted books.

Some sources state that Abishabis referred to himself as Jesus. Norman Williamson states that this was probably rhetoric from the Methodists, and that instead Abishabis claimed that Jesus had led his spiritual journey. Abishabis's followers did not deify him and considered his teachings to be revelations of God's will. They believed that the spirits called upon the Cree to recognise the leader as a prophet, replace the Methodist missionaries' books with religious texts created by Abishabis and his associates, and return to their pre-colonisation customs. Abishabis claimed that he was the "High Priest of the Tribe"; Norman Williamson stated that Abishabis's ministry was successful because he was the first person to declare himself a Christian leader among his Cree community. This allowed them to open themselves up to the possibility of a Cree person leading their Christian theological teachings. Round said that the religion's success stemmed from merging Christian ideas with the familiarity of the Cree writing system, which promised Cree empowerment.

Legacy
Followers continued to adhere to Abishabis's teachings in the winter following his death, particularly among Indigenous people who were inland and unaware that he died. The HBC and the Methodist church persecuted Abishabis's followers to eliminate this religious practice. A woman and a boy spread Abishabis's teachings to the Albany Cree community; upon their discovery by the Methodists, they were forced to put their relics of Abishabis's teachings into a bonfire that was attended by Cree people and HBC employees.

Hargrave sent a report to the British government in London; their response praised Hargrave's efforts to have Abishabis killed. In February 1844, a Methodist missionary named George Barnley reported that the Cree people in Moose Factory were still under the influence of the religious teachings, which had also spread to Cree people in Eastmain. In May 1844, Governor George Simpson stated that enthusiasm for the teachings in the northern parts of his territory ended with Abishabis's death. Followers began to conceal their faith when the influence of the HBC increased and as its workers showed disapproval of this interpretation of Christianity. Other followers slowly disavowed Abishabis's teachings and destroyed materials that were inspired by him.

In 1930, anthropologist John Montgomery Cooper reported that Cree people in Moose Factory had passed down oral stories about the movement. The Cree in Moose Factory stated that Abishabis had introduced Christianity to them.

title: Abishabis


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Kalimavkion

A kalimavkion (καλυμμαύχιον), kalymmavchi (καλυμμαύχι), or, by metathesis of the word's internal syllables, kamilavka (Камила́вка), is a clerical headdress worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monks (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy (in which case it may be red or purple). An approximate equivalent in the Latin Church is the biretta (biretum/birretum).

In the Byzantine Empire the term kamelaukion (καμηλ(λ)αύκιον or καμιλαύκιον) was a more general one for formal headgear, including items worn by the imperial family.

Overview
The kalimavkion is a stiff cylindrical head covering, similar to a stovepipe hat but without a brim. It first came in use after the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the 1600s. The kalimavkion is worn during services; at other times, the softer skufia is worn in its place. The specific shape and colouring will differ between the various ethnic traditions:

 * In the Greek tradition, monks wear a simple black kalimavkion, covered by a black veil (epanokalimavkion), but ordained clergy (both married and monastic) wear a kalimavkion with a flattened conical brim at the top. Hierodeacons (monastic deacons) remove the veil when they vest for services, but hieromonks (monastic priests) do not. In the Greek tradition, nuns do not normally wear a kalimavkion, but rather just the veil.
 * In the Russian tradition, priests and deacons, if awarded it, wear a kamilavka that is normally taller than the Greek style, widens as it rises, and is flat at the top. Monks wear a black kamilavka with black veil. Russian nuns also wear the kamilavka with veil. Hieromonks and hierodeacons wear the same black kamilavka and veil as non-ordained monastics. Again, hierodeacons remove the veil when they are serving, but hieromonks do not. Protodeacons (honorary rank for married deacons) are awarded a purple or red kamilavka, but archdeacons (a parallel rank for monastic deacons) continue to wear the black kamilavka. Archpriests (honorary rank for married priests) are also awarded a purple or red kamilavka. Bishops, who are always monks, wear a black kamilavka with a black veil. Archbishops are distinguished by a jewelled cross on the front of their veil. Metropolitans wear a white veil over their kamilavka, with the same cross as an archbishop. The Patriarch of Moscow instead of the kamilavka wears a white koukoulion, a conical head covering with a monastic veil. The kamilavka was first introduced in the Russian Church in the 17th century but were unpopular with clergy who preferred to wear the skufias. The mailavka was given as a clergy award by decree of Emperor Paul I.
 * In the Serbian Orthodox Church clergy of all ranks wear a black kalimavkion which is flat at the top. Monastics wear a black veil over the kalimavkion during services. Bishops wear a black kalimavkion with a wide purple band at the bottom, and remove the veil when they are outside the church.
 * Syriac Catholic priests and bishops in the past have worn a kalimavkion (unlike their Orthodox counterparts who wear a turban). However, this practice has faded to only a few wearing it and has almost exclusively been used by the patriarch only.

title: Kalimavkion


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Union Pacific Northwest Line

The Union Pacific Northwest Line (UP-NW) is a commuter rail line provided by Metra and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad in Chicago, Illinois and its surrounding suburbs. While Metra does not refer to any of its lines by colors, the timetable accents for the Union Pacific Northwest Line are bright "Viking Yellow," honoring the Chicago & North Western Railway's Viking passenger train.

The line runs from Ogilvie Transportation Center to Harvard, Illinois. However, most trains terminate in Crystal Lake, Illinois. A branch line to McHenry, Illinois operates during weekday rush hours in the peak direction. Overall, this is Metra's longest route and one of three routes with branches (the others being the Rock Island District and Metra Electric District). The line is Metra's second busiest with an average of 38,600 boardings on a weekday. It is second only to the BNSF Line.

As of February 16, 2024, Metra operates 78 trains (39 in each direction) on the line on weekdays. Of these, 14 inbound trains originate from, three from , 13 from , four from , one from , and four from. Five outbound trains terminate at Des Plaines, three at Palatine, three at Barrington, 12 at Crystal Lake, three at McHenry, and 13 at Harvard.

Metra operates 34 trains (17 in each direction) on the line on Saturdays. Of these, 10 inbound trains originate from Harvard, five from Crystal Lake, one from Barrington, and one from. Two outbound trains terminate at Barrington, five at Crystal Lake, and 10 at Harvard.

Metra operates 21 trains (10 inbound, 11 outbound) on the line on Sundays. Of these, seven inbound trains originate from Harvard, two from Crystal Lake, and one from Arlington Heights. Three outbound trains terminate at Crystal Lake and eight terminate at Harvard.

There is no service at station or on the McHenry branch on weekends or holidays. All other stations are open daily.

The main line is triple-tracked from to just southeast of Barrington, with a bidirectional express track, and double tracked from Barrington to Harvard. The McHenry branch is single-tracked. Historically, double track was maintained from Harvard to Baraboo, Wisconsin. A now-gone portion of the Union Pacific Northwest Line diverged at Harvard and passed through Beloit, Wisconsin, and reconnected to the main line at Evansville junction to allow a separate passenger and freight line. Around the time the Beloit line was abandoned, the railroad single-tracked the line from Harvard to Janesville.

Metra has included the possibility of extending the McHenry branch to Johnsburg in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the branch would open an infill station in Prairie Grove. Additionally, an infill station would open in Ridgefield between Crystal Lake and Woodstock along the line to Harvard.

By the first quarter of 2024, the Union Pacific Railroad is expected to transfer operations of the three Union Pacific lines to Metra. The Union Pacific will continue to own and maintain the right-of-way.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined from 11,609,358 to 10,384,356, an overall decline of 10.6%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 2,602,403 passengers in 2020.

McHenry branch
The branch, which formerly had service north to Williams Bay, branches off from the main line north of Pingree Road.

title: Union Pacific Northwest Line


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Gaillardia pulchella

Gaillardia pulchella (firewheel, Indian blanket, Indian blanketflower, or sundance) is a North American species of short-lived perennial or annual flowering plants in the sunflower family.

Description
The branching stem of G. pulchella is hairy and upright, growing to 60 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, mostly basal, 4–8 cm long, with edges smooth to coarsely toothed or lobed. It has a hairy stem, simple or branched near the base, where the leaves are essentially located towards the bottom of the plant.

The pinwheel, daisy-like inflorescences are 4–6.5 cm in diameter, vividly colored with red, orange and yellow and is surrounded by 10 to 20 ray florets up to 2 cm; the ligule has three lobes. The central disc florets of the flower head tend to be more red-violet, with the outer ray florets being yellow. In one variety, almost the entire flower is red, with only the barest tips of the petals touched with yellow. It typically blooms from May to July, but does so practically year-round in some areas.

The fruit is an achene, almost pyramidal, hairy, and prolonged by a pappus 5 to 8 mm in length.

Distribution and habitat
It is native to northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, Tamaulipas) and the southern and central United States from Arizona east to Florida and the Carolinas and north as far as Nebraska. It is also naturalized in scattered locations in other parts of the U.S. as well as in Québec, Ontario, China, South Africa, and parts of Central and South America. The plant generally lives in the sandy plains and deserts of the south of the North American continent. It is common along the roads and prefers sandy soils. It can also grow on vacant lots in urban areas, but generally below 1000 m above sea level.

The flower has also been introduced to the Penghu (Pescadores) Islands in Taiwan, where it is the County Flower of Penghu County. It is called tiānrén jú (天人菊; "tianren daisy") in Chinese.

Ecology
The plant is a larval host to the bordered patch butterfly (Chlosyne lacinia) and the painted schinia moth (Schinia volupia), which feed upon its foliage.

Cultivation
G. pulchella is a hardy plant, not picky about soil, though sandy and well-drained are best. It has a high drought tolerance and does best with a dry, hot climate in full sun. Its vibrantly colored flowers can be seen carpeting fields and the sides of highways for miles in the summer to late fall. Favored by honeybees, it produces a dark reddish amber buttery tasting honey. In the garden, the flowers can be deadheaded to promote further blooming. It self-seeds freely.

Cultivars

Gaillardia pulchella (with the perennial Gaillardia aristata) is the parent of Gaillardia × grandiflora, a hybrid, from which several cultivars have been created. One of these is 'Sundance Bicolor', a perennial double-form with the flower heads having florets of alternating red and yellow. Because of its bright colors, it is well adapted in the sun. Others are 'Goblin' and 'Tangerine'.

Culture
It is the state wildflower of Oklahoma.

title: Gaillardia pulchella


text: User talk:81.7.24.160

title: User talk:81.7.24.160


text: User talk:170.158.81.60

title: User talk:170.158.81.60


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Category:WikiProject Stub sorting

This is a collection of policy pages, discussion pages and categories relevant to the WikiProject Stub sorting. They are in no way "owned" or "controlled" by the project. Still, it would be very helpful if major changes to any of these were reported on the WSS's talk page.

title: Category:WikiProject Stub sorting


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Battle of Hilli

The First and Second Battles of Hilli       were two major battles fought during the Bangladesh Liberation War on 22–24 November and 10–11 December 1971. They are generally regarded as the bloodiest battles of the eastern front of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The first battle saw, according to veterans of the battle, the fiercest fighting of the war, but the second was much tamer.

The Indian objective was to capture a network of Pakistani fortifications centred around the village of Hilli to allow for an advance on the town of Bogra.

Indian objective
The main objective of the Indian Army in the sector was to capture a network of Pakistani forts centred around Hilli, which would allow the XXXIII Corps to advance toward the important town of Bogra, south-east of Hilli. The 202nd Mountain Brigade, part of 20th Mountain Division, was selected for the task, with its constituent battalions attacking different forts in the network. The 8th Battalion of the Brigade of the Guards was to secure the main objective of Hilli.

Bangladesh
Sector VII was assign over Rajshahi, Pabna, Bogra and part of Dinajpur District. The headquarters of the sector was at Tarangpur near Kaliaganj under Major Kazi Nuruzzaman at the time of the battle. The sector was composed of regular militia and components from 1st East Bengal Regiment.

India
The 20th Mountain Division had under it four infantry brigades; the 202nd, the 165th, the 66th and the 340th. As the 165th, 66th and 340th were assigned different objectives to Hilli, the only brigade participating in the upcoming battle would be the 202nd.

202nd Mountain Brigade

 * 5th Battalion, Garwhal Rifles
 * 8th Battalion, Guards
 * 22nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
 * 37th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
 * 38th Medium Regiment (artillery, understrength)
 * 100th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
 * 1 Squadron of T-55s detached from 63 Cavalry

Pakistan
The defence of Bogra against an entire division was the sole responsibility of the Pakistani 205th Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier Tajammul Husain Malik. The remainder of the 16th Infantry Division, pary of which was the 205th was a part, was defending other parts of the north-western area of East Pakistan.

205th Infantry Brigade

 * 3rd Battalion, Baluch Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, Frontier Force
 * 32nd Battalion, Baluch Regiment
 * 1 M24 Chaffee Squadron
 * 1 artillery regiment

First Battle of Hilli
Although India and Pakistan were legally and technically at peace in November 1971, Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora ordered the attack on Hilli to lay the groundwork for the all-out offensive into East Pakistan, which he knew was coming. D-Day for the operation was pushed back or changed multiple times but was finally set for 22 November. 8 Guards was chosen as the battalion to launch the frontal attack on Hilli.

Pakistani fortifications
The Pakistani defenses, consisting of well-dug trenches, bunkers, railway cars repurposed into firing positions, mines, booby-traps and barbed wire were set up for all-round defence of Hilli and covered all of the approaches to the village. North of Hilli is a small locality, Morapara. Wet and soggy paddy fields, marshes and mud surrounded Hilli on all sides except Morapara, where they were patchy at best. Consequently, Morapara was the most well-defended angle of the entire complex and simultaneously the only one from which to attack. The Pakistani 4th Frontier Force (4FF), responsible for the defense of Hilli, had turned Morapara into a stronghold.

Indian plan of attack
H-Hour was set for the midnight between 22 and 23 November. In the hours preceding the attack, starting a full 12 hours earlier, the artillery guns of the 37th Mountain Regiment, the 38th Medium Regiment and the 100th Mountain Regiment had begun a massive barrage. The barrage ended only moments before the attack began. 8 Guards attacked from the North and West, with "B" and "C" Companies attacking from the north and "A" and "D" Companies attacking from the west. By 0100 hours, "B" and "C" Companies had secured two hamlets north of Morapara and "C" Company and began providing covering fire for "A" and "B" Company, which began the attack on the defenses at Morapara, with "D" Company being held in reserve. During the attack, the battalion was to be supported by four T-55 tanks of 63 Cavalry.

Attack on Morapara
"A" Company's commander, Major Hemant Manjrekar, was killed almost instantaneously by a burst of machine-gun fire. "A" Company lost all of four of its officers (including Major Manjrekar), all of whom would be found dead mere yards from the Pakistani trenches trying to get their company moving. "B" Company, attacking from the north, also lost its commanding officer, Major R. Nath, almost immediately after the assault on Morapara had begun. Both companies would now be led by Captain S.K. Bansal, Subedar Raj Bahadur Singh and Naib Subedar Mohammed Nayeem. To draw attention away from the Guards, 5 Garwhal was ordered by Brigadier Batti to launch a distracting assault on Basudeopur, a smaller fort adjacent to Morapara. "A" Company of 5 Garwhal quickly overwhelmed and secured its objective but failed to draw forces away from Morapara.

Despite having lost most of its officers, the assault partially succeeded, and the Pakistani defenders were pushed back from portions of Morapara. However, large sections of Morapara remained occupied by the Pakistanis and needed to be cleared. "D" Company was required for that, as both "A" and "B" had suffered heavy casualties. "D" Company's CO, Major K. K. Rao, would also be almost immediately killed by machine-gun fire. Despite taking heavy casualties, the battalion had taken almost all of Morapara, save for the east end.

The four T-55s that were assigned to provide fire support to the attack could not be used by the infantry, as they had become bogged down in the marshland that surrounded the objective.

24 November
Over the night of 23 and 24 November, both sides conducted patrols in strength, and Pakistani forces attempted a counterattack. Sometime in the night, 8 Guards were reinforced by a section (four tanks) of PT-76 light tanks from the 69th Armoured Regiment, which aided in the repulsion of the Pakistani counterattack. The PT-76s were dispatched to Morapara, as the Brigade HQ had noticed the failure of the T-55s in those conditions. Supported by the tanks, Second Lieutenant K.S.R. Jain from "C" Company led a column of infantry and armour into East Morapara, before dawn broke on 24 November, and secured the small hamlet. That ended the First Battle of Hilli, which is often referred to as the Battle of Morapara.

Second Battle of Hilli
The 202nd could not achieve its objective, the capture of Hilli, until 11 December and then only in the end because of the success of the 340th Brigade in breaking through Pakistani defences in other areas and in harassing Pakistani supply lines to Hilli. Until then, units from the 202nd had continued to engage 4 FF regularly to keep them distracted and occupied. 4 FF attempted a few counterattacks over the 19 days between 24 November and 11 December, but they were repulsed by 8 Guards and 22 Maratha, which had come in to reinforce the depleted 8 Guards.

For the entirety of 10 December and that night, the surviving mortar platoons, RCL platoons and HMG platoons of 8 Guards relentlessly attacked the positions of 4 FF at Hilli. On the 11th, the Guards, Marathas and Garwhalis swept into Hilli and captured it with little resistance.

Bangladesh

 * Major Quazi Nuruzzaman was awarded Bir Uttom, the second-highest award for individual gallantry in Bangladesh, but he rejected it as thousands of Mukti Bahini volunteers were killed and did not receive any recognition.

India

 * Maha Vir Chakra; 2nd Lt. Shamsher Singh Samra (P), Lance Naik Ram Ugrah Pandey (P), Vir Chakra; Sub. Raj Bahadur Singh (P), Captain Vishnu Sharma, Sena Medal; Major K. K. Rao (P)

Pakistan

 * Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed of Pakistan won the Nishan-E-Haider, the highest military honour of the country.
 * Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Tariq Anees Malik of Pakistan received Sitar-e-Jurat.

title: Battle of Hilli


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Patterson Creek (Ottawa)

Patterson Creek is a small body of water in the middle of Ottawa, Ontario. The creek was originally a small stream flowing east through a swampy area to the Rideau River. The construction of the Rideau Canal blocked the creek causing it to become much larger in size. Prior to the construction the land housed a Cedar Lodge. The construction created a small island in the creek that then housed the Cedar Lodge, but this structure was demolished in the 1930s. The Creek originally ran from near Lyon Street all the way to the canal. The creek was named after George Patterson, an early settler who owned the lot where the creek emptied into the canal. In the 1890s work began on landscaping the area. The western portion of the creek disappeared, replaced by Central Park in one of the first projects of the Ottawa Improvement Commission.

Today Patterson Creek runs for two blocks from the canal to just west of O'Connor Street. The creek is located in the northern part of the Glebe neighbourhood, just to the south of the Queensway and Centretown. The creek, and the landscaped park that surrounds it, are surrounded by large houses which are some of the most expensive in Ottawa. First Avenue Public School also looks out upon the creek. The creek is crossed by two bridges one at O'Connor and the other at the Queen Elizabeth Driveway.

During the winter the creek is cleared and used as a skating rink, along with the rest of the canal. It is generally used by young children and others who wish to avoid the rapid speed of the main canal.

title: Patterson Creek (Ottawa)


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User:Splash

Search user languages

New articles and major rewrites

 * University of Bristol
 * Academic dress of the University of Bristol
 * Degrees of the University of Bristol (now trimmed and merged into main article)
 * List of University of Bristol alumni (actually, I exported this from the original Uni article)
 * Eric Thomas (academic)
 * John Kingman
 * Category:University of Bristol
 * Category:People associated with the University of Bristol
 * Office for Fair Access
 * Master of Engineering
 * Constellation diagram
 * Phase-shift keying
 * Baseband
 * Modulation index
 * Phase modulation
 * Quadrature amplitude modulation
 * Space–time code
 * Space–time block code
 * Space–time trellis code (stub)
 * Differential space–time code (stub)
 * RC circuit
 * RL circuit
 * Atef El-Tayeb (stub)
 * Gerard J. Foschini
 * Hamid Jafarkhani
 * Bluetooth Special Interest Group (it was a stub for 3.5 years!)
 * Worldwide Universities Network
 * Template:Worldwide Universities Network listbox
 * Category:Worldwide Universities Network
 * Barnyard (2006 film)
 * Statistics Commission
 * Institute of Statisticians (superstub)
 * Grant-in-aid (stub)
 * BTG
 * Council for Industry and Higher Education
 * Peter Whittle
 * Patricia Broadfoot
 * Rayleigh fading (spent most of its life as a redirect!)
 * Electronic Travel Authority
 * Vehicular Technology Conference (and VTC to dab it with a school)
 * International Conference on Communications
 * Global Communications Conference
 * International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
 * Consolidation bill
 * Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
 * Engineering Doctorate
 * William Darling (very small stub in need of help)
 * The Inheritance of Loss (just so we had something)
 * China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting
 * Icesave dispute

Significant contributions to...

 * Amplitude modulation
 * Kiran Desai
 * Time from NPL

Made a difference to...
Some of these include the addition of just a paragraph to e.g. a stub.
 * Top-up fees
 * British universities
 * Student loan
 * Modulation
 * Frequency modulation
 * Narrowband
 * Diversity reception
 * Bandpass filter
 * Motion graphs and derivatives
 * John F Kennedy Catholic School (say "school" quickly, and it won't make you itch)

Along with minor copy-edits, stub-sorts etc. to various things.

Images
I've uploaded a few rather dull, technical images. I release all my own images under the GFDL because the choices of everything else are too bewildering. If you'd like a technical image made, I can probably make it given a little time:

What I want to do
Write these articles properly (in no particular order):
 * MIMO
 * Space–time trellis code
 * Differential space–time code, but they're so messy I probably never will
 * Narrowband
 * Wideband
 * Fading
 * Fix Category:Telecommunications and its children. They make my eyes water.

Work out whether frequency spectrum is really talking about the discrete Fourier transform and if some arrangement can be reached between those two and spectral density.

Get involved in some non-technical articles. I think I might be able to do some useful copy-editing of articles related to British politics and political systems.

Awards
Nice things nice people gave to me:

Interwiki accounts
For interwiki purposes, I am also meta:User:Splash, commons:User:Splash, wikibooks:User:Splash, wikiquote:User:Splash, wikisource:User:Splash, wiktionary:User:Splash, wikitravel:User:Splash (not a Wikimedia or a GFDL project), Openfacts:User:Splash and IRC user splash_wp. The Wikimedia projects apart from Meta and Commons are principally for transwiki purposes. On Wikia I am User:Splash-enwiki, and all the accounts listed at that central user page are me.

nl:Gebruiker:Splash

title: User:Splash


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cumbo-5

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 21:21, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Cumbo-5
Clearly a hoax band, gets one unique google hit when restricted to sites from Australia (thus excluding wikipedia mirrors) which is their msn group with a massive 25 members is obviously a joke, delete --nixie 15:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of passing WP:MUSIC, apparent hoax. Kappa 21:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As per nixie. Cyberjunkie 03:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non non notable. --Woohookitty 06:25, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable at best. Gblaz June 28, 2005 15:34 (UTC)
 * Delete-5 Proto t c 30 June 2005 09:59 (UTC)
 * This VfD nom was orphaned. Completing now.  delete unless verified.  JYolkowski // talk 14:43, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cumbo-5


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File:Origin1.jpg

Rationale
Cover art for the album Origin Vol. 1 by The Soundtrack of our Lives

title: File:Origin1.jpg


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Ermanno Gorrieri

Ermanno Gorrieri (26 November 1920 – 29 December 2004) was an Italian politician and economist.

Biography
Gorrieri was born in Magreta in 1920. In 1928 he moved to Modena, where he graduated in law, and became an officer of the Alpine troops. During World War II he participated in the resistance and was active in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Montefiorino. After the war he was a trade union activist and one of the founders of the CISL. Between 1958 and 1963 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and was Minister of Labor in 1987. One of his main interests was the problem of poverty. He authored five books and collaborated on fourteen more. Originally a member of the Christian Democratic party, he was one of the founders (with Pierre Carniti) of the Social Christians in 1993.

title: Ermanno Gorrieri


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Frauenkirche

Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady) is a common dedication for churches in German-speaking countries, and may refer to:
 * Frauenkirche, Dresden, a Protestant church in Dresden, Germany
 * Frauenkirche, Munich, the Catholic cathedral in Munich, Germany
 * Frauenkirche, Nuremberg, a Catholic church in Nuremberg, Germany

title: Frauenkirche


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River Llynfi

The River Llynfi (Afon Llynfi), is one of three main tributaries of the River Ogmore (Afon Ogwr).

It runs for around 10 miles from its source north of Maesteg and flows generally southwards through the Llynfi Valley to the confluence with the River Ogmore and the River Garw at Aberkenfig. Its main tributaries are Nant Cwm-du and Nant Cedfyw which enter on its left bank and Nant Crynwydd, Nant Sychbant and Nant y Gadlys on its right bank.

The Llynfi has endured a long period of industrialisation and coal mining especially around Maesteg. There was an ironworks and brick works at Tondu.

Industrialisation and poor provision of sewerage led to severe water pollution of the river. In the second half of the 20th century, whilst the impact of coal mining diminished, new industries such as cosmetics and toiletries, paper making and sewage disposal continued to maintain the Llynfi in an almost abiotic condition. Strong enforcement action against a number of industries helped to ensure a steady improvement in quality into the 21st century.

 * Map sources for: on Mynydd Caerau and  with the Ogmore.

title: River Llynfi


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blood Libel (story)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:35, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Blood Libel (story)
The author is a friend, so my bias would naturally flow the other direction; however, an article on a short story which basically consists of a retelling of the short story isn't particularly encyclopedic; the story itself isn't particularly notable; it's hard to see that anything more than "read the story" can be made of this. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 15:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC) lived. Thue | talk 20:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as the story doesn't seem to be notable. We don't have articles on any story ever written, just as we don't have articles on any person who ever
 * Delete per Thue. carmeld1 01:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Jon Gries

Jonathan Gries ( ; born June 17, 1957) is an American actor, writer, and director. He is best known for the role of Uncle Rico in Napoleon Dynamite  for which he was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male, and recurring character Roger Linus on Lost. He is also known for his roles in Martin, The Pretender, The Monster Squad, Running Scared, Real Genius, Dream Corp LLC, Get Shorty, and The White Lotus.

Life and career
Gries was born in Glendale, California, the son of writer, director, and producer Tom Gries. His first film role came at the age of 11, when he played the Boy Horace in the Charlton Heston film Will Penny, which was written and directed by his father. Some of his signature roles have come in cult classics. He played Lazlo Hollyfeld in Real Genius (1985), Azzolini in Rainbow Drive, Shawn McDermott in the TV series Martin (1992–1994), Ronnie Wingate in Get Shorty (1995), Harvey in The Rundown, and Uncle Rico in Napoleon Dynamite (2004). Gries has played a werewolf on several occasions, such as Fright Night Part 2 and The Monster Squad.

In the historical Western film September Dawn, he played executed murderer John D. Lee, in a performance praised by critics who otherwise panned the film. He played Casey in the films Taken (2008), Taken 2 (2012), and Taken 3 (2014), and was in TerrorVision, as O.D. He lent his voice for the video game Hitman: Absolution.

Among his television roles are that of a terrorist in season two of the hit show 24 and as Broots on the NBC series The Pretender. He had a guest role on The X-Files in the episode "Sleepless". He played Dylan McKay's drug dealer in season 5 of Beverly Hills, 90210. He played Ben Linus's father Roger in a recurring role on the TV series Lost. He played Shawn on the Fox sitcom Martin during the first two seasons. He appeared twice in the TV series Quantum Leap—first, as a bookie in the episode "The Right Hand of God" and then as a band member in the episode "Glitter Rock". He appeared as Rusty the Bum in two episodes of Seinfeld.

In 2007, he played the menacing dad to Samaire Armstrong in Around June. In 2008, he appeared in the CSI: NY episode "The Box" as the father of that episode's victim. In 2010, he wrapped production on ''A True Story. Based on Things That Never Actually Happened. ...and Some that Did and appeared in one episode of Nikita''. He played Martin in the TV show Supernatural in the episodes "Sam, Interrupted" (2010), "Hello, Cruel World" (2011) and "Citizen Fang" (2012). He played Bob, a former drug addict who operates a safe haven for abused Mexican women, in The Bridge. He played Strabinsky in the TV Show Psych in the episode "One, Maybe Two, Ways Out" (2010).

Music videos

 * As director
 * Flies on Fire - "Long Gone Dead" (1989)
 * Low Profile - "Pay Ya Dues" (1989)
 * Low Profile - "That's Y They Do It (1989)
 * Low Profile - "Funky Song" (1990)
 * Mere Mortals - "Cracked" (2006)

 * As actor

 * Alice in Chains - "Rooster" (1993)
 * Lenny Kravitz - "Mr. Cab Driver" 1988

title: Jon Gries


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User:DaleA

I am from the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada

title: User:DaleA


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Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway

Organized in 1870, the Atlanta and Richmond Air–Line Railway combined the Georgia Air Line Railroad and the Air Line Railroad in South Carolina under president Algernon S. Buford. The line was complete by 1873 but went broke the next year when it was re-organized into the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway.

It later became part of the Southern Railway.

title: Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway


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River Garw

The River Garw (Afon Garw in Welsh, meaning "rugged river") runs for about 12 miles from its source in the hills north of Blaengarw to the confluence with the River Ogmore and the River Llynfi at Aberkenfig. It is one of three main tributaries of the River Ogmore which runs through the town of Bridgend. It is in Wales, United Kingdom.

Course
Originating in Blaengarw, it passes through the villages of Pontycymer, Pantygog, Lluest/Braichycymer, Tylagwyn, Llangeinor, Abergarw and finally the village of Brynmenyn, where it joins the River Ogmore.

Tributaries
With most of the River Garw's course running along the floor of the river valley to which its name is given, it collects a number of tributary streams along the way. These streams are listed in order of confluence with the river from its uppermost point to its confluence with the River Ogmore.

 * Nant Cwm Gwyn
 * Ffynon Daren Goch
 * Nant Cwm gweinen
 * Cwm Nant Hir
 * Nant Gelli Wern: This brook is best known in the local area for its small waterfall and now defunct reservoir above Pontycymers playing fields above Waun Bant.
 * Nant Forch Wen: This brook is known in the local area mainly for both its longstanding crossing point at Forch Las consisting of two railway sleepers stretching between its banks alongside a ford that leads between Forch Las and the highest area of Pantygog, and for the fact that it once filled the village of Pontycymer's own swimming baths (since demolished) which were closed in the 1970s to 1980s due to the polio scare of that time.
 * Nant Garw Fechan: Best known for the minor valley to which it gives its name. This valley and its river now form a picturesque nature reserve above the village of Braichycymer
 * Nant Lwyn cria
 * Nant Y Cwrdu
 * Nant Felin arw
 * Cae Garw Drehir

Industrial Effects
The effects of coal mining in the valley, both from small family owned shafts and major pits alike, caused the river to become polluted and dirty with coal dust and other chemicals to the point at which it was once entirely black in colour, earning it the mainly local nickname of the "Black River".

Wildlife
The River Garw once contained Salmon amongst other fish. Industrialisation of the valley resulted in their loss, but they are slowly being re-introduced as part of the valley's regeneration, after the closure of the coal mines in the 1980s and the recovery of the now useful shale through a brief period of restorative opencast mining in the 1990s.

It also runs through Bryngarw Country Park - a managed and publicly owned estate and nature reserve, where many types of birds can occasionally be seen.

Flood Risks
During periods of prolonged heavy rain, the River Garw quite commonly bursts its shallow banks, causing minor flooding in all villages along its length. As the villages are mostly up on the valley sides, this doesn't have any significant effect, save for a few places; a house that once stood next to what is now a small footbridge across the river near the children's playground on the valley floor at Pantygog was demolished some years ago due to constant flooding from the river. The river has also been known to flood the playground area at Braichycymmer, and sometimes becomes hazardous near the Llangeinor playing fields/railway crossing, and in the lower regions of Bryngarw Country Park (where it has become less of a problem due to the deepening off the river bed to these ends). Its tributary streams, one of which joins at the boundary of Pontycymer and Pantygog, can turn from mere babbling brooks to raging torrents in a matter of a few minutes, and it is not unknown for this to occur very suddenly.

title: River Garw


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Reading South (UK Parliament constituency)

Reading South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency covered an area in and around the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire.

History
The Reading South parliamentary constituency was first created for the 1950 general election by splitting the previous parliamentary constituency of Reading into North and South divisions. These constituencies were merged back into a single Reading constituency in for the 1955 general election.

The Reading South constituency was recreated in 1974, when the majority comprised areas outside the County Borough. In 1983 the constituencies in Reading were reorganised, creating the new constituencies of Reading East and Reading West.

1950–1955
The County Borough of Reading wards of Church, East, Katesgrove, Minster, Redlands, and West.

It was then abolished and absorbed into the re-established constituency of Reading, with the exception of the East ward, which was transferred to Wokingham.

1974–1983

 * The County Borough of Reading wards of Christchurch, Park, Redlands, and Whitley; and
 * The Rural District of Wokingham parishes of Arborfield and Newland, Barkham, Earley, Finchampstead, Shinfield, Sonning, Swallowfield, Winnersh, and Woodley and Sandford.

''The Park ward of the County Borough of Reading was transferred from Wokingham, along with western parts of the Rural District thereof. The remaining wards of the County Borough were previously part of the abolished constituency of Reading.''

The constituency was abolished again for the 1983 general election, with the majority forming the basis of the new County Constituency of Reading East. The north-western areas transferred back to Wokingham.

Politics and history of the constituency
The Reading South parliamentary constituency was first created for the 1950 general election by splitting the previous parliamentary constituency of Reading into North and South divisions. The seat was contested and won for the Labour Party by Ian Mikardo, the sitting MP for the Reading constituency, who held the seat until it was merged back into a single Reading constituency for the 1955 general election.

The Reading South constituency was recreated in 1974, when it was contested and won for the Conservative Party by Gerard Vaughan, the sitting MP for the Reading constituency. For the 1983 general election the constituencies in Reading were reorganised, creating the new constituencies of Reading East and Reading West. Gerard Vaughan went on to hold the Reading East constituency until he stood down at the 1997 general election.


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Wharfedale (company)

Wharfedale is a British audio equipment brand, best known for loudspeakers. It is currently part of the International Audio Group.

Wharfedale also used to brand televisions, DVD players, set-top boxes and Hi-Fi players. Since 2008, they have only manufactured and sold audio equipment.

History
Wharfedale Wireless Works was founded in 1932 by Gilbert Briggs, and became one of Britain's leading manufacturers of audiophile equipment, particularly loudspeakers. In addition to winning awards by groups such as the Bradford Radio Society, in mass public testing at Carnegie Hall Wharfedale speakers proved indistinguishable from live music. Innovations introduced by Wharfedale under Briggs included such basics as the two-way loudspeaker and the ceramic magnet. In the 1950s and 1960s, Wharfedale became famous for its technique of eliminating cabinet resonances by using a double cabinet, with the space between the inner and outer shells filled with sand. Purchasers of the loudspeaker systems would receive the appropriate quantity of sand which had been shipped from Wharfedale in England. (Wharfedale in Yorkshire is the site of numerous sand quarries). Briggs sold the company to the Rank Organisation in 1958, and it has been through several owners since then.

Manufacturing
The original manufacturing site was located in Idle, a district of Bradford, West Yorkshire. The current manufacturing site is in Ji'an in China.

Currently, Wharfedale's research and development is located at the IAG UK HQ, in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK lead by Peter Comeau.

As part of the IAG Group, Wharfedale benefits from a self-owned, centralised manufacturing facility in Jian, Jiang-Xi province, China.

The IAG Group factory covers an area of approximately 400,000 square metres. It operates in a  ‘raw-material to finished goods’ manufacturing remit, combining with international research and development expertise.

Their inward investment extends to R&D facilities located in Huntingdon, Cambridge, as well as Yokohama, Japan and China’s technology capital, Shenzhen.

Return to UK manufacturing
In February, 2023, Wharfedale announced their first UK-made loudspeaker in over 40 years - the Wharfedale Dovedale.

Dovedale is built in the home of British Hi-Fi at Wharfedale’s UK headquarters in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Incorporating key manufacturing, assembly and finishing processes for specially selected products in addition to the R&D function already located there. A 9,000ft2 production facility has been added to the existing building, including a new anechoic chamber, making a total of 25,000ft2 of office, lab and manufacturing space. It is here that Dovedale is manufactured by loudspeaker experts.

Wharfedale is officially accredited by the 'Made In Britain' organisation, a not-for-profit organisation supporting British manufacturers with the official trademarks. They work with other UK trade bodies, relevant UK government departments and media channels, to promote high quality employment, responsible business, and sustainable economic growth.

title: Wharfedale (company)


text: User talk:80.58.10.170

title: User talk:80.58.10.170


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Rimu (disambiguation)

Rimu can mean the following:
 * Dacrydium cupressinum, also rimu, a tree endemic to New Zealand
 * Rimu (algae), a general term for seaweeds in Polynesia
 * Rimu, Southland, a locality in Southland, New Zealand
 * Rimu, West Coast, a locality in the West Coast region of New Zealand
 * Rimu, in Polynesian mythology, a god of the dead

title: Rimu (disambiguation)