text:
Talk:Children of the Gods

Nudity
Where was there full frontal nudity during the episode? o_O --69.160.104.96 00:30, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hee hee. I just saw the DVD and was like WTF? R RATED? :) --216.191.87.74 20:57, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

The summary that I wrote requires improvement. Please improve as you see fit. Splintercellguy 22:10, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The iTunes version blurs the genital area, but leaves the nude breasts

Apophis Dialing Out
How does Apophis dial out after invading the SGC? If I recall the scene correctly, it looks like he just walks through the open stargate which has never been shut down... thus being annihilated. I smell an inconsistency...xxxxxx 22:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * He point's to the control room, we then cut to scenes of SGC soldiers preparing to defend, when we cut back the gate is open. I guess we will have to assume that the Jaffa went and worked out how to open the gate using the computers upstairs. Either that or they opened it manually, the gate appears to have been connected to the power system still. Cheez talk 13:52, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * But Carter hadn't compensated for stellar drift yet. There were only two addresses the Earth gate could dial to, Abydos and the plannet Ernest Littlefield got stuck on from the episode "The Torment of Tantalus".  Even if Apophus did have someone take control of the computers upstairs or dial manually, he should've been stuck with a big WTF look on his face, unless he dialed one of the two addresses that worked.  However, no one dialed Abydos because they were keeping watch over the gate there, and the other planet had no working DHD.  Even if they did show up, how did they escape, and why didn't Ernie not notice the only visitors he's had in over 50 years?  Nope, it's a definite inconsistency.  Alas . . . fiction.  What can you do?  :-)  --Bark 15:11, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * UNLESS he came from a ship that had a stargate and was close enough to Earth to dial properly. Yeah, that's the ticket.  --Bark 14:59, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

I assume the device is something they always carry along when they go through to places they haven't explored yet, in case the DHD had been destroyed. (DrZarkov 01:39, 6 July 2006 (UTC))

 * I missed that one, but that would fix the continuity. --Bark 13:44, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I was wrong. Apophis says something to Teal'c in Goa'uld, to the effect of "open the stargate" then we cut back to sometime later, when the reinforcements arrive, and the Stargate is open again. They skip over just what they do. (Does anyone remember when the Goa'uld "clicker" did show up? Because I remembered seeing it before Cassandra had one in 1969.) That isn't the only weird thing either, two Jaffa spotaneously die before the reinforcements arrive, since only Teal'c and a single Jaffa are left when Hammond and his crew get there. (DrZarkov 04:05, 7 July 2006 (UTC))
 * Well, now we're back on square one. Sheesh.  Although NOT addressing the details of that incursion is another way of dealing with continuity too.  LOL.  --Bark 13:00, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

" However, it is clear that certain laws are violated in the beginning. When Apophis and his personal guard come to earth, they leave through the same wormhole that they entered through, a feat that, is later established, is impossible."

Regardless of how exactly it was accomplished, the Gate is de-activated after Apophis came through and then re-activated, which is why I removed the above text from the main page. JBK405 21:09, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sci Fi channel is airing this episode tonight. I want to catch what happens.  It's been so long, I can't remember.  --Bark 12:37, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I just watched the opening scene. The Gate disengages after Apophis comes through, the camera is facing it as it does so and you see it click off. The scene cuts to soldiers reinforcing the Gateroom, then it goes back to Apophis and the Gate is on again. You do not see it reactivated, and don't see how it's done, but it really could simply be that they dialed manually. That gets rid of the "No DHD" problems and doesn't require them to know how to use the Earth computers controlling the Gate, and the galactic drift issues don't really apply since the Goa'uld would know the current addresses of all the Gates, since they've been using them for the past several millenia and don't need to make the jump from 5,000 years ago to now. It's still just conjecture, and thus I'm not saying we should put it in the article, but I think it's pretty clear that it was just manual (Or a remote). JBK405 22:10, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Confirmed. I think the show decided the less detail they showed with that scene, the better.  I still think the "stellar drift" factor is tetchy, but whatever.  It's fiction anyway.  I still like the show.  :-)  --Bark 13:18, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

What's tetchy about it? The Goa'uld know the current position of the Gates, since they use them, so they know the correct current addresses. Just because we don't know them is no reason for them not to. JBK405 20:38, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Easy, big guy. :-)  I'm just commenting on the tactic writers (in general, not just SG-1 writers, but all writers) use of leaving lots of room for interpretation by not stating something, one way or another, when things get in the weeds.  --Bark 13:18, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I know this conversation seems to have gone dead, but I'll just add in something. I totally agree that this is an inconsistency. First, the Goa'uld could not have dialed with the computer, as they have never seen English (they left thousands of years before its creation and there was no English in Abydos). Second, they couldn't have dialed manually, as the complex would have shaken around substantially as with the dialings immediately before and after. Only the incoming wormholes do not shake up the complex this early in the show, and I would assume it was that the writers had not worked out the one-way street sign (sic) for the wormholes yet. Even so, they would have had to communicate back exactly when to open the wormhole (not possible) and gotten out of the way of the event horizon leaping forward (not shown).
 * Even if there was a ship in orbit, there's an inconsistency with the dialing procedure between the film (which came immediately before) and the rest of the episodes (which came afterward) in so much that: in the film, chevrons on both Earth and Abydos are based on constellations and thus different (Daniel manually calculates them), while in the series, chevrons appear to be "standardized" on the DHDs and SG-1 (or any team for that matter) is never shown charting chevrons/constellations again. What I'm trying to say is that if the pilot followed the same chevron scheme as the film, the Goa'uld would not have known what chevrons to dial even if a ship was nearby, while if it followed the series scheme, they may have been able to know its position, but not able to dial out for the reasons listed above.
 * Anybody else see a plausible solution, without disregarding either the film or series? 69.181.119.80 07:51, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This was actually my comment, though apparently I was logged out. A Checkuser can confirm this, if anybody's really that interested. thadius856talk 18:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I am watching it on Sky Two just now, and when you watch Walter dialling the gate, the keyboard he uses has the gate symbols, as opposed to the usual "Qwerty" layout. Any Jaffa sent into this room may possibly recognise these, and know which symbols to press. Bear in mind, the squad directly under the First Prime, and directly accompanying Apophis would not presumably be the ones renowned for brute force and ignorance, otherwise they wouldn't be in a job for long. Apophis also does appear to have assorted hand & wrist gizmoes, so one of them may be a remote dialler, since the Goa'uld would surely be aware of the risk of worlds with no available DHDs.81.145.241.233 (talk) 16:17, 24 February 2008 (UTC)Lance Tyrell

 * There probably isn't one, at least not that doesn't conflict with the film or the series. However, there are several differences between the series and the film anyway (O'Neil vs. O'Neill and Shau'ri vs. Sha're, the result of creative differences with the film's creators I've heard; and things like Daniel commenting in Season Eight that he used to "look down at the Stargate" from the briefing room while he was working on the coverstones, even though he didn't first see it until he'd already solved the puzzle). It's probably safest to assume that where the series and the film contradict each other, the series is right regarding canon.
 * That said, I'm not sure where you get the idea that Daniel somehow "calculated" the coordinates - the address to Abydos is on the coverstones of the Earth gate; the address to Earth is on the catacomb wall on Abydos. Agree on the point of standardization, though - seriously, how lucky is it that the gate system uses the constellations visible from Earth? Still, the "shaking" complaint you offer isn't valid simply because that's a result of stellar drift for which the SGC computer, but presumably not the Goa'uld who had been using the system for millenia, had not compensated. One imagines that the Goa'uld would logically have the proper addresses, so there would be no shaking for a manual dial-out. The Mink Ermine Fox 11:22, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The quaking problem was probably fixed after the movie, but before the program was mothballed. What doesn't make sense is that it quaked at all in the movie. They made numerous tries before Daniel discovered the point-of-origin gimmick - and only the try after that discovery was successful. How does the gate know that the seventh symbol will be correctly entered? - it can't!  Therefore, either it should quake starting when the seventh symbol is successful at activating the power shunt to generate a wormhole, or they should have fixed the quaking after the first couple of attempts.  In the episode where O'Neill and Carter land in Antarctica, Jackson remarked on them fixing the quake problems after the first trip to Abydos.  So, here's what seems to have happened:  TRYS #1 TO (?) #12 - gate causes quakes (why?) on each of these unsuccessful attempts.  TRYS #13 and #14 - Daniel Jackson's P-of-O technique - gate causes quaking (why?) on this successful attempt, although the power shunt happens and generates a wormhole.  TRYS #15 to (?) #30 - attempts to find other gates are unsuccessful due to stellar drift - quaking is fixed during this time.  MOTHBALL - then Apophis arrives.  TRY #31 - Apophis leaves.  TRY #32 - Abydos dialed, kleenex goes through.  TRY #33 - O'Neill goes through and fetches Jackson, who later inquires about the quaking problem being fixed.

 * Here's what should have happened: TRYS #1 to (?) #12 - gate causes no quakes on unsuccessful attempts. TRYS #13 and #14 - after the seventh chevron locks, power shunt starts to generate wormhole, and quaking happens, ramping up quickly - the quaking slightly delays the generation of the wormhole as the gate compensates for the motion.  Technicians install "shock absorbers", so subsequent tries should not cause quakes.  They find that the lack of quakes causes the wormhole to open sooner.  Everyone happy except the System Lords and the penny-pinchers in Washington.GBC (talk) 21:05, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

Shau'ri or Sha're
In the film, her name is Shau'ri. In Stargate SG-1, her name is Sha're. Since this is the beginning of SG-1, shouldn't her name be Sha're in the article? --Dani 20:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I made the changes. The Mink Ermine Fox 11:29, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

DHD contradictions
Let's put an end to this revert war, shall we? The Talk page is here so that we don't need to communicate via the little Note tags on edits, and for discussing changes.

Now, plain and simple, in this episode Daniel and Carter state, in dialogue, that the reason Daniel can not dial any of the addresses he found on the Abydonian cartouche is that, as a result of stellar drift, the addresses are no longer accurate. However, in later episodes it is stated, again in dialogue, that DHD's make periodic and automatic updates to compensate for stellar drift. I am more than willing to concede that this might not be a "Goof" per se, since for all we know it's intentional (And therefor not a mistake), but it is a clear contradiction between the episodes with no explanation. These articles are meant to be more than simple plot summaries, they're meant to give additional information on the episode and the series, and though I really do hate the articles with Trivia sections that are longer than the actual synopsis (And I edit them down whenever I can), the fact is that two episodes in contradiction deserves to be noted. I'm not trying to say why they contradict, or the result, since that would be my own opinion and conjecture, but their contradiction is not my own thoughts.

You asked for a source, and I can't give you one; I don't know how you source a TV episode. This is stated plainly in dialogue, and if you know how to source on-air dialogue I'll pop it right into the article, but otherwise, it will have to remain in the same state as the entire rest of the article; there's no notes on any other sections, including the plot summary, but nobody contests their authenticity (Except for some of the Trivia notes), since they're from the episode itself. JBK405 20:25, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You're interpreting it's a goof/contradiction - this is likely so.. it could just as easily be not, however. Sources are required for content, if you can find a verifiable one that suggests this is a contradiction.. then cite it.. otherwise it doesn't meet the criteria for inclusion: verifiability. Matthew 20:31, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Wasn't it said that, under normal circumstances (i.e. without tampering by Ba'al), there are centuries or more between these updates? I think so, though my memory isn't perfect of course. -- Noneofyourbusiness 03:39, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

It's actually more like millenia, since after only centuries the stars haven't shifted enough to warrant an update, but yes.

And in response to the request for a source, I in turn as for a source for:

"One year previously, in the events of the movie Stargate, Colonel Jack O'Neill led a team through the Stargate to the planet Abydos. After killing Ra by ringing a nuclear bomb onto Ra's ship as it left Abydos, O'Neill returned to Earth with the two survivors of his team besides Dr. Daniel Jackson, who remained with his new love Sha're and her brother Skaara."

It's the first paragraph of the "Part 1" synopsis, and no source has been presented. No source has been requested, either. Why? Because it's information from within the episode itself, and information from within an episode doesn't require a source. No article of a TV episode anywhere throughout the Stargate realm has sources for the plot synopsis. For the production notes, for "Behind the Scenes" facts, and anything else not presented within the episode itself a source is required, and I personally add the "fact" tag whenever I come across an un-sourced statement, but what I write is presented within the episode. I'm not saying it was a mistake, and not attributing any motive, I'm not adding any conjetucre, I'm just stating what happened in one episode and what happened in another episode. The episode itself is a source. JBK405 03:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I know it would logically take millenia, which is why I said "or more". However, Chloe said "I thought those were supposed to happen only once every couple of hundred years." If it takes a very, very long time then it's not necessarily a contradiction because either the update simply hadn't occurred recently enough for addresses other than Abydos and Heliopolis to still be vaild or the DHD on Earth didn't receive the update because it wasn't connected to the stargate for millenia. Edit: Oh, wait. You mean the Abydos DHD, which was still connected to its stargate the whole time. It's possible nonetheless that the last update was so long ago that many addresses were invalid. And, of course, the producers hadn't come up with the idea of correlative updates at the time of the first episode. So if it's contradiction at least it's an understandable one. Thanks for bringing it up, I hadn't noticed that. -- Noneofyourbusiness 04:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

We're talking about the DHD on Abydos, not Earth (The SGC Stargate doesn't have a DHD), and that might make sense (Even though it's slightly illogical), except that we saw Teal'c dial out to Chulak. If the Abydos DHD hadn't been updated in long enough of a time for stellar drift to have occured to a significant degree, then Chulak's address wouldn't have worked (The DHD would be trying to dial a phone number which is no longer in use). Plus, even if that were true, it hasn't been stated within the show, we can't put our own theories into the articles (And believe me, I've got some whopper theories of my own that I would just love to drop in here). Right now we have to stick with what's stated in the show, or verifiable sources. JBK405 04:21, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * See edit above. I didn't manage to finish typing it before you replied. -- Noneofyourbusiness 04:28, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

It's possible, of course, but (In my opinion, which I'm not going to argue isn't conjecture) unlikely, and it's unsupported. Like Matthew has been saying, we need sources to advance a theory. Right now the show has offered no explanation for why the DHD wasn't updated here but was updated elsewhere and, regardless of what logical reasons we've got to explain it (Like the producers not yet planning the whole process out), without a source we can't put any ideas in. If they explain it later, great (After all, it was several seasons before Carter got around to explaining why the frost and rocky ride were left out of Gate travel), but until then it's a mystery. JBK405 04:33, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Don't understand this bit -
Start of part 2 - ''Turbaned guards drag away one of a dozen gauzily dressed young women to be stripped and inspected. Protesting that she's a US Air Force Sergeant, she fails and is killed.'' Who is protesting? --Fredrick day 11:43, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

It's not clear, but the US Air Force Sergeant who's being dragged away to be stripped and inspected. JBK405 23:51, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Re-make
I added information about the remake based on GateWorld.net's story, but it could do with improvement.Richard Jackson (talk) 12:20, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

DVD Age Ratings
There is a part that says all subsequent episodes have been rated 12 at the most. This is not true since the first DVD of the 7th Season is rated 15 so I have changed this. xsamix (talk) 18:31, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

There are at least 3 different cuts of this episode: I don't have much experience editing on Wikipedia, and I'm not confident re-writing an entire section myself. I've included the BBFC links as possible sources. Don't know if you will need others. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.102.94.175 (talk) 01:44, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) The original (appears to have been released after the PG version) (18 in the UK) - http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/stargate-sg1-children-god-video
 * 2) An early VHS version (probably the version first aired on TV?) (PG in the UK) - http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/stargate-sg-1-children-gods-video-0
 * 3) The "Final Cut" 2009 release (15 in the UK) - http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/stargate-sg-1-children-gods-1970

Re-work
I think the article needs to be changed to something like the one for art of truth with it being re-edited. see gateworld http://www.gateworld.net/news/2009/05/new-info-on-stargates-summer-dvds/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.255.127 (talk) 17:44, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Clarification removal
I have re edited the section around the changes to the stargate devices vs the original film and removed the clarification tag. Feel free to check my edit and make sure it reads better

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MacGyver as a verb
I believe this is the first time "MacGyver" is used as a verb, to describe the action of cobbling together disparate parts to produce a working solution (for some task). The usage was an homage to Angus MacGyver, the character made famous by Actor Richard Dean Anderson who plays Jack O'Neill.

CARTER: (Smiling beautifully, and growing more excited with each second) This is how they controlled it [the Call Home device]. It took us 15 years and 3 supercomputers to MacGyver a system for the gate on Earth.

Landoltjp (talk) 16:19, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Children of the Gods


text: Category:Werewolf fiction

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Werewolf fiction


text: Category:Vampires in fiction

title: Category:Vampires in fiction


text:
Molar mass distribution

In polymer chemistry, the molar mass distribution (or molecular weight distribution) describes the relationship between the number of moles of each polymer species ($N_{i}$) and the molar mass ($M_{i}$) of that species. In linear polymers, the individual polymer chains rarely have exactly the same degree of polymerization and molar mass, and there is always a distribution around an average value. The molar mass distribution of a polymer may be modified by polymer fractionation.

Definitions of molar mass average
Different average values can be defined, depending on the statistical method applied. In practice, four averages are used, representing the weighted mean taken with the mole fraction, the weight fraction, and two other functions which can be related to measured quantities:

 * Number average molar mass ($Mn$), also loosely referred to as number average molecular weight (NAMW).
 * Mass average molar mass ($Mw$), where $w$ stands for weight; also commonly referred to as weight average or weight average molecular weight (WAMW).
 * Z-average molar mass ($Mz$), where $z$ stands for centrifugation.
 * Viscosity average molar mass ($Mv$).

$$\begin{align} M_\mathrm{n} &= \frac{\sum M_i N_i} {\sum N_i}        && M_\mathrm{w} = \frac{\sum M_i^2 N_i} {\sum M_i N_i} \\ M_\mathrm{z} &= \frac{\sum M_i^3 N_i} {\sum M_i^2 N_i} && M_\mathrm{v} = \left[\frac{\sum M_i^{1+a} N_i} {\sum M_i N_i}\right]^\frac{1} {a} \end{align}$$

Here, $a$ is the exponent in the Mark–Houwink equation that relates the intrinsic viscosity to molar mass.

Measurement
These different definitions have true physical meaning because different techniques in physical polymer chemistry often measure just one of them. For instance, osmometry measures number average molar mass and small-angle laser light scattering measures mass average molar mass. $Mv$ is obtained from viscosimetry and $Mz$ by sedimentation in an analytical ultra-centrifuge. The quantity a in the expression for the viscosity average molar mass varies from 0.5 to 0.8 and depends on the interaction between solvent and polymer in a dilute solution. In a typical distribution curve, the average values are related to each other as follows: $$M_n < M_v < M_w < M_z.$$ The dispersity (also known as the polydispersity index) of a sample is defined as $M_{w}$ divided by $M_{n}$ and gives an indication just how narrow a distribution is.

The most common technique for measuring molecular mass used in modern times is a variant of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) known by the interchangeable terms of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These techniques involve forcing a polymer solution through a matrix of cross-linked polymer particles at a pressure of up to several hundred bar. The limited accessibility of stationary phase pore volume for the polymer molecules results in shorter elution times for high-molecular-mass species. The use of low dispersity standards allows the user to correlate retention time with molecular mass, although the actual correlation is with the Hydrodynamic volume. If the relationship between molar mass and the hydrodynamic volume changes (i.e., the polymer is not exactly the same shape as the standard) then the calibration for mass is in error.

The most common detectors used for size exclusion chromatography include online methods similar to the bench methods used above. By far the most common is the differential refractive index detector that measures the change in refractive index of the solvent. This detector is concentration-sensitive and very molecular-mass-insensitive, so it is ideal for a single-detector GPC system, as it allows the generation of mass v's molecular mass curves. Less common but more accurate and reliable is a molecular-mass-sensitive detector using multi-angle laser-light scattering - see static light scattering. These detectors directly measure the molecular mass of the polymer and are most often used in conjunction with differential refractive index detectors. A further alternative is either low-angle light scattering, which uses a single low angle to determine the molar mass, or Right-angle-light laser scattering in combination with a viscometer, although this latter technique does not give an absolute measure of molar mass but one relative to the structural model used.

The molar mass distribution of a polymer sample depends on factors such as chemical kinetics and work-up procedure. Ideal step-growth polymerization gives a polymer with dispersity of 2. Ideal living polymerization results in a dispersity of 1. By dissolving a polymer an insoluble high molar mass fraction may be filtered off resulting in a large reduction in $Mw$ and a small reduction in $Mn$, thus reducing dispersity.

Number average molar mass
The number average molar mass is a way of determining the molecular mass of a polymer. Polymer molecules, even ones of the same type, come in different sizes (chain lengths, for linear polymers), so the average molecular mass will depend on the method of averaging. The number average molecular mass is the ordinary arithmetic mean or average of the molecular masses of the individual macromolecules. It is determined by measuring the molecular mass of $n$ polymer molecules, summing the masses, and dividing by $n$. $$\bar{M}_n = \frac{\sum_i N_i M_i}{\sum_i N_i}$$ The number average molecular mass of a polymer can be determined by gel permeation chromatography, viscometry via the (Mark–Houwink equation), colligative methods such as vapor pressure osmometry, end-group determination or proton NMR.

High number-average molecular mass polymers may be obtained only with a high fractional monomer conversion in the case of step-growth polymerization, as per the Carothers' equation.

Mass average molar mass
The mass average molar mass (often loosely termed weight average molar mass) is another way of describing the molar mass of a polymer. Some properties are dependent on molecular size, so a larger molecule will have a larger contribution than a smaller molecule. The mass average molar mass is calculated by $$\bar{M}_w = \frac{\sum_i N_i M_i^2}{\sum_i N_i M_i}$$ where $Ni$ is the number of molecules of molecular mass $Mi$.

The mass average molecular mass can be determined by static light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, X-ray scattering, and sedimentation velocity.

The ratio of the mass average to the number average is called the dispersity or the polydispersity index.

The mass-average molecular mass, $Mw$, is also related to the fractional monomer conversion, $p$, in step-growth polymerization (for the simplest case of linear polymers formed from two monomers in equimolar quantities) as per Carothers' equation: $$\bar{X}_w = \frac{1+p}{1-p} \quad \bar{M}_w = \frac{M_o\left(1+p\right)}{1-p},$$ where $M_{o}$ is the molecular mass of the repeating unit.

Z-average molar mass
The z-average molar mass is the third moment or third power average molar mass, which is calculated by

$$\bar{M}_z = \frac{\sum M_i^3 N_i} {\sum M_i^2 N_i} $$

The z-average molar mass can be determined with ultracentrifugation. The melt elasticity of a polymer is dependent on $Mz$.

title: Molar mass distribution


text:
Talk:Hunter × Hunter

2011 series reviews
Geekenstein, Animation Infinity, Lost in Anime, Wrong Every Time, and Snap Thirty are used as sources for critical reviews on the 2011 anime. However, none of these sources are listed as reliable on WP:A&M/ORS. Are some of the reviewers working for other reliable sources or do they have some industry background? If no one is capable of assuring their reliability, I fear we should have to remove it. They were mainly added in March 2015 by and , so if anyone of them want to argue, feel free to do it. Thanks, Gabriel Yuji (talk) 02:15, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Wrong Every Time (Nick Creamer) works for Anime News Network as a staff critic (ANN is listed as a reliable source for reviews). 50.247.27.100 (talk) 20:17, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks. In this case, I think WET is fine then. Gabriel Yuji (talk) 21:48, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Previous unsourced archived opinionating here.

This article currently opens with
 * Hunter × Hunter (pronounced "hunter hunter")

(a)Wikipedia's actual style is to use IPA (i.e., /ˈhʌntɚˈhʌntɚ/ or /ˈˈhʌntər.hʌntər/), although I understand simplifying that here.

(b)If we're simply repeating the name using the format read as if it were written "Hunter Hunter", though, then the words should be given capitalized and probably italicized as well.

(c)Multiple reliable citations very much needed.

Unsourced, this is essentially fringe page vandalism.

This is a ridiculously active topic anywhere the thing is mentioned online and, if anything, the majority position among native English speakers—which is far from a consensus—is in favor of reading it /ˈhʌntər.ɛks.ˈhʌntər/. Both of those pronunciations are perfectly common in actual use for a product that doesn't have a definitive authority to establish one or the other as correct. The writer at least once pronounced it in Japanese without the symbol but no one is presumably using his actual pronunciation of "Hunna/Hunna" as authoritative in English—although the anime-specific Wikia does lead with the Japanese name and romanji Hantā Hantā—and people involved in the English dub do read it with the /ɛks/ sounded. We can pretty confidently ignore more fringe ideas like "Hunter-Cross-Hunter", "Hunter-by-Hunter", "Hunter-Times-Hunter", "Hunter-Hugs-Hunter", "Hunter-no-Hunter", "Hunter Squared" but at least the "Hunter Hunter" and "Hunter X Hunter" readings are perfectly common and valid. — Llywelyn II   12:39, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

See also the years-long slow-rolling edit war in the page's edit history, the most recent clearly marked as such less than a month ago. — Llywelyn II   12:48, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't have the Shone Jump issue cited in the article to verify the statement that the "×" in the title is silent, nor I was able to find scans of the issue online, but I added two citations from two published authors stating that the "×" is silent. I'm pretty sure that they are more reliable and have more weight than whatever have been discussed in some forums out there. By the way, if the Shonen Jump (published by Viz Media) stated that the "×" is silent, and both TV series were licensed by Viz Media, it would be weird if they ever have formally pronounced the title as "Hunter 'eks' Hunter"; at least I couldn't find at the moment some video or audio from the people directly involved in the English dub calling it like that, but I found a promo from Toonami (available on Youtube) where they call it "Hunter Hunter"; I suppose that they directly asked Viz Media how the title should be correctly pronounced. Xexerss (talk) 16:30, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I own the actual Shonen Jump issue and am the one who cited it. The quote is "not 'Hunter 'ex' Hunter', or even 'Hunter 'times' Hunter', but just simply 'Hunter Hunter'". The furigana in the title's logo tells Japanese people how to pronounce it, and the English publisher told us to pronounce it identically to that. There is nothing to discuss. People unknowingly mispronouncing it has no bearing on this article. Xfansd (talk) 17:17, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Actors in show pronounce it https://comicbook.com/anime/amp/news/hunter-x-hunter-correct-pronunciation-anime-manga/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ddcome (talk • contribs) 08:17, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
 * And? that doesn't mean anything; the official publisher indicated how the title should be pronounced. The way the actors pronounce the title doesn't make it official or anything like that. Edit: It fact, the article only says that Kaiji Tang pronounces the title like that, so it does make the report even less relevant. Xexerss (talk) 08:21, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I cannot assume good faith in your edits. Your behavior makes me think that you're trolling. The only thing that you have to support your claim is the tweet from one voice actor who said that he calls the series "hunter ex hunter", that, against the three sources cited in the article (from the own publisher and two published authors) confirming that the '×' is silent. If you don't have something more concrete to refute this, I kindly ask you to stop your edits. Xexerss (talk) 08:23, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

 * And we record usage and authorities but don't pretend either is definitive and the other is wrong. Both occur and should be noted. In any case, the formatting remains completely wrong even if people have issues with using the thing's Japanese name and the Japanese template in the lead. — Llywelyn II   12:58, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * People who still call it "Hunter eks Hunter" is because they don't know or plainly don't care how the author or the publisher intended the pronunciation. It shouldn't be noted, because is simply incorrect. We have three sources, also in Japanese they clearly call it "hantā hantā", not "hantā ekusu hantā"; in English, officially they always pronounce it as "Hunter Hunter", so what else do we need to end this discussion? People can call it as they want, but that doesn't mean that any pronunciation is correct. Saying that it is correct because some people in some forums or some voice actors pronounce the '×' as an 'X' would be spreading false information. Xexerss (talk) 16:51, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yhea 196.24.72.25 (talk) 19:18, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hunter × Hunter


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Talk:Saprotroph

Hi- can anyone explain the difference between a detritivore and a saprophore? Seems to be describing the same thing =).

I removed the reference to Monotropes because it appears to be incorrect. It states that Monotropes are known to be parasites on other plants. As I understand it, monotropes are not necesarily parasites, as some feed off off oragnic material in the soil rather than other living plants. Sheldrake 22:29, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry I never addressed this. Quite simply, your understanding is wrong - there is no plant that breaks down soil organic matter as a food supply. Its quite simply physiologically impossible for plants to do this. Monotropes and other so-called "saprophytic" plants are myco-heterotrophs. Peter G Werner 07:45, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

82.46.236.51 (talk) 18:20, 17 February 2013 (UTC)detritus is waste and decaying matter, chemicals are used to hydrolyse this decaying matter; hence the term "detrivore". Recycling at its best :)

On the other hand, a saprophyte is the term to define species that hydrolyse chemicals in the environment. A saprophyte can be a detrivore. The specific enzymes used to degrade tissue or organic chemicals in the soil can be used for both means; ie it is NOT ALWAYS necessary for degrading decaying matter (as a detrivore). Bev, Exeter.82.46.236.51 (talk) 18:20, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saprotroph


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Talk:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union

Some images have been lost due to deletion, but I'm not sure how to put them back since deleted from Commons --Mrg3105 (talk) 03:45, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

A magnificent page! and source of the Eisenhower anecdote
It is allmost unbelievable isn't it? But the source is reliable. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands in a serious book. The prince was told about the rhinestones in the Order of Victory by Eisenhower himself.

(Source: Prince Bernhard in an interview with Henny Meyer,Published in " Het vliegerskruis" isbn 90-6707-347-4)

Robert Prummel 01:58, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Missing Afghan medal?
Any reason why the "From the Grateful Afghan People" medal Медаль_«Воину-интернационалисту_от_благодарного_афганского_народа» from the 1979-1989 Afghanistan campaign is missing? I know it was technically issued by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, but it was issued to Soviet forces and authorized for their wear. Hzoi (talk) 22:49, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

 * As you so clearly mention yourself, this is an Afghan medal, not a Soviet award. If we were to include all foreign awards allowed for wear on Soviet uniforms, we'd need a life time and completely lose focus on the actual theme of this article. Fdutil (talk) 23:06, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

Merge Badges and decorations of the Soviet Union here

 * Support merging the section "All-Union sport decorations", oppose everything else. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 22:24, 21 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I Support the merging, I was against the 2010 split... Fdutil (talk) 22:18, 7 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose purely on the basis of WP:SIZE; the main main article is already over 100k and shouldn't be packed with more material. Klbrain (talk) 16:54, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:37, 17 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Народный учитель СССР (аверс).png

Medal awarded to Chernobyl liquidators
Should this list (or the one covering Soviet badges) include the medal awarded to Chernobyl liquidators – those who helped with the extensive clean-up after the Chernobyl disaster of 1986? One source states that this medal was established in May 1990 by the USSR State Committee on Labour and Social Issues. If this is correct, it would be an official Soviet award. There is a picture of the medal on Wikimedia Commons, along with a badge awarded to the first liquidators: Any views? Hsq7278 11:31, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Natalisism

 * There should be a category link to Natalism as a natalist award is on the page.
 * Kenixkil (talk) 21:18, 1 October 2021 (UTC)


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HyperWRT

HyperWRT is a defunct firmware project for the Linksys WRT54G and WRT54GS wireless routers based on the stock Linksys firmware, released under a GPL. The original goal of the HyperWRT project was to add a set of features—such as power boost—to the latest Linux-based Linksys firmware, extending its possibilities but staying close to the official firmware. Over time, it continued to be updated with newer Linksys firmware, and added many more features typically found in enterprise routing equipment. HyperWRT is no longer maintained, and has been succeeded by Tomato.

History
The original HyperWRT project was started in 2004 by Timothy Jans, with continued development into early 2005. programmer Rupan then continued HyperWRT development by integrating newer Linksys code as it was released.

Later in 2005, developers called Tofu and Thibor picked up HyperWRT development with HyperWRT +tofu for the WRT54G and HyperWRT Thibor for the WRT54GS. Both developers collaborated frequently and added features from each other's releases, and both developed WRTSL54GS versions of their firmware. After February 2006, Tofu discontinued development and his code was incorporated into HyperWRT Thibor. HyperWRT Thibor15c (July 2006) was the last version of HyperWRT and was compatible with the WRT54G (v1-v4), WRT54GL (v1-v1.1), WRT54GS (v1-v4), and WRTSL54GS (later unfinished beta 17rc3 released February 2008).

title: HyperWRT


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Howie Beck

Howie Beck is a Canadian musician, mixer and producer based in Toronto, Ontario. He has been nominated for three Juno Awards in Canada on three occasions for Adult Alternative Album, Engineer of the Year and Producer of the Year (2017).

History
Beck's debut album, 1997's Pop and Crash, was recorded at home while Beck recovered from mononucleosis.

Beck performed at the 1999 Stardust Picnic festival at Historic Fort York, Toronto, as well as at the Rancho Relaxo that year. He began to attract attention outside of Canada with 1999's Hollow. Around this time, some of Beck's songs made appearances in prime-time TV shows like Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Queer as Folk, and Felicity. Picked up by the independent record label Easy!Tiger, Hollow was released in Europe nearly two years after its Canadian release to rave reviews, and regular international tours followed. His music has also appeared in episodes of One Tree Hill and Degrassi.

Beck regularly trades guest appearances, in recording sessions and onstage, with other Canadian artists such as Sarah Harmer, Hayden, Leslie Feist, Jason Collett, Chilly Gonzales and British singer-songwriter Ed Harcourt. Beck is also an accomplished drummer and has appeared as a multi-instrumentalist on many albums by Hayden, Sarah Harmer, Gonzales and others.

After a long break from the music industry, partly triggered by September 11, Beck finally released his third, self-titled album in Canada in 2004. The album was again released in 2006 in the UK, Europe and the US to generally positive reviews. That year he toured with Josh Rouse and Nada Surf in Europe and Scandinavia.

How to Fall Down in Public, his fourth full-length album, was released to critical acclaim in Canada on February 24, 2009, receiving glowing reviews and features in the Canadian press. Beck continues to have mainly a devoted cult following, largely due to his irregular live appearances. Though he again played all of the instruments on the album, he was assisted by Gonzales in some instrumental and production duties. Also appearing on the album are Feist and Sarah Harmer, both as guest vocalists.

In recent years, Beck is more known as a producer and mixer. He has produced and / or mixed albums for Jason Collett, Hayden, Feist, Hannah Georgas, Walk Off the Earth, Barenaked Ladies, Jamie Lidell, Chilly Gonzales, Ron Sexsmith, Dragonette, Charlotte Day Wilson, Sarah Harmer, Rich Aucoin Daniela Andrade, Elisapie and Something For Kate among others.

In 2010, Beck's album How to Fall Down in Public was a Juno Award nominee for Adult Alternative Album of the Year. In 2014, he was nominated for his work engineering Hannah Georgas and Walk Off The Earth, and additionally in 2017, he received a Juno nomination for Producer of the Year for his work on Wilson's "Work" and Dragonette's "High Five".

Discography

 * Pop and Crash, 1997
 * Hollow, 2001
 * Maybe I Belong (EP), 2001
 * The Chance is Gone (EP), 2001
 * Howie Beck, 2004
 * How to Fall Down in Public, 2009

title: Howie Beck


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Charles Shuttleworth

Charles Lemington Shuttleworth (September 28, 1910 in Minnedosa, Manitoba – April 13, 2006 in Minnedosa, Manitoba ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1949 to 1959, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Douglas Campbell. His father, N.W.P. Shuttleworth, unsuccessfully ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1927 election as a Progressive.

Shuttleworth worked as a farmer before entering political life. He served as reeve of the Rural Municipality of Odanah, and was president of the Manitoba Approved Flock Owners. He was a member of the United Farmers of Manitoba.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1949 provincial election, defeating Progressive Conservative E.P. Venables by 241 votes in the rural constituency of Hamiota. He defeated Venables again in the 1953 election, and was appointed to cabinet on September 4, 1953 as Minister of Public Utilities and Power Commissioner. On July 6, 1956, he was also appointed Minister of Agriculture. He was responsible for overseeing the Rural Electrification Program.

The Liberal-Progressives lost power after the 1958 election, although Shuttleworth was re-elected in the redistributed constituency of Minnedosa. In the 1959 election, he lost the seat to future Premier Walter Weir by 357 votes.

Shuttleworth campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal in the federal election of 1962. Running in Portage—Neepawa, he lost to Progressive Conservative Siegfried Enns by 3,510 votes.

He was appointed to the Board of Grain Commissioners in 1965, and became the first chairman of the Board of the Canadian International Grain Institute in 1972. He retired in 1977.

In 1981, Shuttleworth received a certificate of merit from the Manitoba Agricultural and Food Science Grads Association. He was named to the Manitoba Agricultural Hall of Fame in 1996.

Shuttleworth was married to Charlotte May Sedgwick from 1935 until her death in 1981. He married Mae Johnson in 1995.

Shuttleworth's daughter, Elaine Shuttleworth, once ran for the Manitoba legislature as a candidate of the Manitoba Liberal Party.

He suffered a stroke in 2000 and died at a long term care home in Minnedosa six years later at the age of 95.

title: Charles Shuttleworth


text: User talk:69.193.109.251

title: User talk:69.193.109.251


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Talk:Provincial

I think this phrase, "typical of an inhabitant of the provinces" is a gratuitous insult. Today one should be more politically correct - the etymology might suffer a bit but provincial residents will benefit. Pdn 22:22, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Provincial means of or belonging to a province or region. I am unclear as to when to use the term provincial versus the posessive province's. Is it a provincial flag and a provincial team or a province's flag and a province's team. @*&%= Michael McGrath June 2007

title: Talk:Provincial


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Royal Lodge

Royal Lodge is a Grade II listed house in Windsor Great Park in Berkshire, England, half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and 3.2 mi south of Windsor Castle. The site of homes since the 17th century, the present structure dates from the 19th century, and was expanded in the 1930s for the then duke of York, the future king George VI. Its central section consists of three storeys, with two-storey wings, totalling about 30 rooms, including seven bedrooms. The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built on the grounds in the 1820s.

Part of the Crown Estate, it became the official country residence of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and his family in 2004. It was also the Windsor residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother from 1952 until her passing in 2002 at the age of 101.

History
Royal Lodge dates back to the mid-seventeenth century, with a house on the site by 1662. By 1750, the small Queen Anne style brick house was being used in conjunction with the adjacent dairy. By this time, it was known variously as the Lower Lodge to distinguish it from Cumberland Lodge, then known as the Great Lodge, or the Dairy Lodge.

From the mid-eighteenth century, it was the residence of military topographer and artist Thomas Sandby (the brother of the better-known Paul), serving as Deputy Ranger of the Great Park. The house was then known as the Deputy Ranger's House. It was expanded in 1792 and became the residence of Joseph Frost, the Park Bailiff, and later of the General Superintendent of Farms following Sandby's death.

George, Prince of Wales (later King George IV) planned to rebuild Cumberland Lodge after becoming prince regent. He used the Lower Lodge as temporary accommodation in 1812. Alterations and additions were undertaken by John Nash for George. The chapels of Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for the royal households in the early 19th century, and the Royal Chapel of All Saints was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyatville, less than a hundred yards from Royal Lodge. It was now a large and elaborate cottage in the contemporary style of the cottage orné, with thatched roofs, verandas, and a conservatory. It became known as the Prince Regent's Cottage after the prince moved into it in 1815. The renovation of Cumberland Lodge was abandoned. Additions were made after 1820. In 1823, Jeffry Wyatt (later Sir Jeffry Wyatville) succeeded Nash as architect, and the house (known now as the "King's Cottage") became known as Royal Lodge in the late 1820s. After 1830, King William IV ordered the demolition of all of the house, except the conservatory. It became a residence again in 1840 and was used as accommodation for various officers of the Royal Household until 1843 and from 1873 to 1931.

The grounds extend to 98 acres (40 hectares), partly under its own head gardener, but primarily the responsibility of the Crown Estates Commissioners. While the house has been gradually expanding gradually since the 1840s, it remains relatively small and informal yet the grounds follow a cohesive plan. This was the result of work undertaken by the Duke and Duchess of York in the 1930s, with the assistance of Sir Eric Savill, of the Windsor Estate.

In 1931, King George V granted Royal Lodge to the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth) as a country retreat. Wings were added on each flank in the 1930s. There are two lodges at the entrance and groups of three cottages on each side of the lodges. The main building has some 30 rooms, including seven bedrooms and a saloon (48 by). The original conservatory survives. The grounds contain the miniature cottage Y Bwthyn Bach, a gift to Princess Elizabeth as a child from the people of Wales in 1932. On 11 December 1936, the Duke of Windsor took leave of his family at Royal Lodge following his abdication speech before leaving for overseas and exile. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and their daughters Princesses Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret were depicted in Royal Lodge in Herbert James Gunn's 1950 painting Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor. After the death of her husband George VI in 1952, the Queen Mother continued to use the house as one of her country retreats as a grace and favour residence until her death. The Queen Mother died at Royal Lodge on 30 March 2002, with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, and niece Margaret Rhodes, by her side. In 2018, the wedding reception for Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank was held at the Royal Lodge.

Lease to Prince Andrew, Duke of York
In August 2003, Prince Andrew, Duke of York was granted a lease agreement by the Crown Estate for 75 years. The property leased included Royal Lodge, a Gardener's Cottage, the Chapel Lodge, six Lodge Cottages, and police security accommodation in addition to 40 hectares of land. The lease agreement required Prince Andrew to undertake refurbishments at his own expense, which was underestimated at £7.5 million at September 2002 prices, excluding VAT. It also specified a premium payment of £1 million. The National Audit Office (NAO) report into the lease agreement stated that the Crown Estate's independent advisors had advised that the refurbishment work would cost at least £5 million and that the prince should be given the option to buy out the notional annual rental payment (set at £260,000) for £2.5 million. Once the prince committed to spending £7.5 million on refurbishment, it was decided that no rental would be required as he would be treated as having effectively bought out the notional annual rental payment because he exceeded the minimum £5 million required for refurbishment. As a result, only the £1 million premium was paid to the Crown Estate. There is no provision for any further rent review over the life of the 75-year lease agreement (unlike the rent reviews provided in the case of Bagshot Park, the residence of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, also leased from the Crown Estate). The lease agreement provides that the prince may not benefit financially from any increase in the value of the property as the freehold belongs to the Crown Estate. The leasehold may be assigned only to his widow or his two daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, or a trust established solely for their benefit. If the prince terminates the lease, the property reverts to the Crown Estate. He would be entitled to compensation for the refurbishment costs incurred up to a maximum of just under £7 million, which is reduced annually over the first 25 years, after which no compensation is payable. The NAO report states that having already taken advice from one independent advisor on the transaction, the Crown Estate appointed a second firm of independent advisors to assess the details of the lease deal, given its importance. The second independent advisor concluded that the deal was appropriate, considering the importance of retaining management control over the Royal Lodge and the security implications, especially concerning the Royal Family's access to the Royal Chapel). In the circumstances, the Crown Estate considered that the requirement to obtain value for money was satisfied, taking into account the non-financial considerations relating to the lease of the property. The alternative use, to lease it on the commercial market, was not viable.  Following the renovations, Prince Andrew with his two daughters moved into the house in 2004, having vacated Sunninghill Park. In 2008, his former wife Sarah, Duchess of York moved into Royal Lodge, again sharing a house with the Duke of York. It has been reported that the open market value of the property would have been at least £30 million as of January 2022. After the Duke of York stepped down from public duties in November 2019 the flagpole on the roof of Royal Lodge, used to fly the personal Royal Standard of the Duke of York when in residence, was removed. In 2023 reports suggested that King Charles III was to cut Andrew's annual grant, potentially leaving him unable to afford the Lodge's running costs, and had been offered the smaller five-bedroom Frogmore Cottage instead, until then the UK residence of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and his family, who had been issued a request to vacate by Buckingham Palace.

title: Royal Lodge


text: User talk:213.114.73.139

title: User talk:213.114.73.139


text: Template:User be-2

title: Template:User be-2


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Paul Foster Case

Paul Foster Case (October 3, 1884 – March 2, 1954) was an American occultist, Freemason, and writer of books on occult tarot and Qabalah. Perhaps his greatest contributions to the field of occultism were the lessons he wrote for associate members of Builders of the Adytum or B.O.T.A. The knowledge lectures given to initiated members of the chapters of the B.O.T.A. were equally profound, although the limited distribution has made them less well known.

Early life
A modern scholar of the occult tarot and Qabalah, Paul Foster Case was born on October 3, 1884, in Fairport, New York.

His father was the town librarian and a deacon at the local Congregational church. When he was five years old, his mother began teaching him to play the piano and organ, and later in his youth, Case performed as organist in his family's church. A talented musician, he embarked on a successful career as a violinist, and orchestra conductor. He had an honorary doctorate in music awarded to him. Case was early on attracted to the occult. While still a child he reported experiences that today are called lucid dreaming. He corresponded about these experiences with Rudyard Kipling who encouraged him as to the validity of his paranormal pursuits.

In the year 1901, Case met the occultist Claude Bragdon while both were performing at a charity performance. Bragdon asked Case what he thought the origin of playing cards was. After pursuing the question in his father's library, Case discovered a link to tarot, called 'The Game of Man'. Thus began what would become Case's lifelong study of the tarot, and leading to the creation of the B.O.T.A. tarot deck, which Case called a "corrected" version of the Rider–Waite cards.

Between 1905 and 1908 (aged 20–24), Case began practicing yoga, and in particular pranayama, from what published sources were available. His early experiences appear to have caused him some mental and emotional difficulties and left him with a lifelong concern that so called "occult" practice be done with proper guidance and training.

In the summer of 1907, Case read The Secret of Mental Magic by William W. Atkinson (aka Ramacharaka) which led him to correspond with the then popular new thought author. Biographer Paul Clark has proposed that Case and Atkinson were two of the three anonymous authors of The Kybalion, although the introduction to The Kybalion: The Definitive Edition (2011) presents considerable evidence for Atkinson as the book's sole author.

Dilemma: music or the mysteries
Case reported a meeting on the streets of Chicago, in 1909 or 1910, that was to change the course of his life. "Dr. Fludd", a Chicago physician, approached the young Case and greeting him by name, saying he had a message from a "master of wisdom who is my teacher as well as yours."

The stranger said that Case was being offered a choice. He could continue with his successful musical career and live comfortably, or he could dedicate himself to "serve humanity" and thereby play a role in the coming age. From that time on, Case began to study and formulate the lessons that served as the core curricula of the "Builders of the Adytum", the school of tarot study and Qabalah that Case founded and that continues today.

In 1916 Case published a series of articles on the Tarot Keys, titled The Secret Doctrine of the Tarot, in the popular occult magazine The Word. The articles attracted wide notice in the occult community for organizing and clarifying what had previously been confusing and scattered occult doctrines about the meaning of the tarot cards.

Whitty and Alpha et Omega
In 1918, Case met Michael James Whitty (died December 27, 1920, in Los Angeles, California), who was the editor of Azoth magazine and would become a close friend. Whitty was serving as the 'cancellarius' (treasurer/office manager) for the Thoth-Hermes Lodge in Chicago, which was one of the lodges of the Alpha et Omega (A.O.). Alpha et Omega was the successor organization to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, founded in 1906 by S. L. MacGregor Mathers, after the demise of the Golden Dawn in 1903. Whitty invited Case to join Thoth-Hermes, which was the direct American lodge under the A.O. mother lodge in Paris. Case joined, and quickly moved up initiations in the Rosicrucian grades (True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order). Case's aspiration name in A.O. was Perseverantia (which means 'perseverance').

Whitty republished Case's attribution of the Tarot keys (with corrections) in Azoth magazine. That same year, Case became the 'sub-praemonstrator' (assistant chief instructor) at the Thoth-Hermes Lodge. Also during that year he finished a set of articles on the Mystical Rosicrucian Origins of Faust and published by Whitty. The following year, he began to correspond with Dr. John William Brodie-Innes (Fr. Sub Spe).

Between 1919 and 1920, Case and Michael Whitty collaborated in the development of the text which would later be published as The Book of Tokens. This book was written as a received text, whether through meditation, automatic writing, or some other means. It later surfaced that Master R. was the source. On May 16, 1920, Case was initiated into Alpha et Omega's Second Order. Three weeks later, according to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's bio-page on Case, he was named Third Adept.

In December 1920, Michael Whitty died. Case believed Whitty's health problems were attributable to the dangers that arise or may arise in the practice of Enochian magic. He later corresponded with Israel Regardie about those concerns.

Controversy with Moina Mathers
Like his fellow British occultist and later correspondent, Dion Fortune, Case found himself in a controversy with Moina Mathers (1865-1928) in the early 1920s. Perhaps because of his quick advancement through the grades of the order, Case sparked some jealousy among the other adepts. Moreover, others may have thought some of his teachings inappropriate. On July 18, 1921, Mathers wrote Case regarding complaints she had received regarding some of his teachings. Apparently, Case had begun discussing the topics of sexual symbolism and sex magic, which at the time had no official place in the order's curriculum. Since no knowledge lectures exist on the subject, whether sex practices were ever taught in the Golden Dawn has been a long-standing question. In her correspondence with Case, Moina wrote, "I have seen the results of this superficial sex teaching in several occult societies as well as in individual cases. I have never met with one happy result".

But to Case, sexuality became an increasingly important subject. In his Book of Tokens, a collection of inspired meditations on the 22 Tarot Keys of the Major Arcana, Case comments on the sex function, "You must wholly alter your conception of sex in order to comprehend the Ancient Wisdom. It is the interior nervous organism, not the external organs, that is always meant in phallic symbolism, and the force that works through these interior centers is the Great Magical Agent, the divine serpent fire." In his works, The True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order and The Masonic Letter G, he writes of certain practices involving the redirection of the sexual force to the higher centers of the brain where experience of supersensory states of consciousness becomes possible.

Some members also complained about a personal relationship between Case and a soror, Lilli Geise. Case confessed the matter to Moina: "The Hierophantria and I were observed to exchange significant glances over the altar during the Mystic Repast... My conscience acquits me... Our relation to each other we submit to no other Judge than that Lord of Love and Justice whom we all adore." In time, Case married Geise, who died a few years later.

Perhaps Moina's correspondence also touched a sensitive area for Case. In her July 18 letter, she tells Case, "You evidently have reached a point in your mystical Way where there would appear to exist certain cross-roads. The artist in you, which I recognize, and with whom I deeply sympathize, would probably choose to learn the Truth through the joy and beauty of physical life." She continued, "You who have studied the Pantheons, do you know of that enchanting God, the Celtic Angus, the Ever Young? He who is sometimes called Lord of the Land of Heart's Desire?" Angus rescued Etain, the Moon, who had been turned into a golden fly. But Etain had to choose between bodily existence in the land of mortals and everlasting life. She continued still, "The artist in us may have lingered in that land for a moment. But you and I who would be teachers and pioneers in this Purgatorial World must be prepared before all the Gods to be the servants of the greatest of them all... the Osiris, the Christ, the God of the Sacrifice of the Self." Moina then asked Case to resign from his position as Praemonstrator.

Case resigned as Praemonstrator, responding to Moina, "I have no desire to be a 'teacher and pioneer in this Purgatorial World. Guidance seems to have removed me from the high place to which I have never really aspired. The relief is great".

Apparently Case had already begun work on establishing a mystery school of his own—the School of Ageless Wisdom, which later became Builders of the Adytum.

Builders of the Adytum
After Case left Alpha et Omega, he vigorously pursued the organization of his own mystery school. In the summer of 1922, Case put his first efforts together preparing a comprehensive correspondence course. In one year it covered what the B.O.T.A. presently covers in over five years. He called the course The Ageless Wisdom. By 1923 Case formed The School of Ageless Wisdom, probably in Boston.

Opposition to Enochian magic
In the "Wheel of Life" magazine, in March 1937, Case described B.O.T.A.'s relationship to the Golden Dawn, and his beliefs about the Golden Dawn's use of Enochian material.

"B.O.T.A. is a direct off-shoot of the Golden Dawn, but its work has been purged of all the dangerous and dubious magic incorporated into the Golden Dawn's curriculum by the late S.L. MacGregor Mathers, who was responsible for the inclusion of the ceremonials based on the skrying of Sir Edward Kelly. There is much in these Golden Dawn rituals and ceremonies that is of the greatest value; but from the first grade to the last it is all vitiated by these dangerous elements taken from Dee and Kelly. Furthermore, in many places, the practical working is not provided with adequate safeguards, so that, to the present writer's personal knowledge, an operator working with the Golden Dawn [Enochian] rituals runs very grave risks of breaking down his physical organism, or of obsession by evil entities"."

Dr. Paul Clark, in his book on Case, mentions his own examination of the original Cipher manuscripts on which Mathers founded the first order Golden Dawn rituals. Clark found that the "Cipher manuscripts refer to a set of tablets from the 'Old Manuscripts,' but do not specify Dee or Kelly's work by name. Mather's [sic!] had been doing much research in the British Museum where the Dee manuscripts were housed. It was natural for him, perhaps mistakenly, to assume these were the ones referenced in the Cipher manuscripts. Unfortunately, this was not necessarily the case."

Death
Case died while vacationing in Mexico with his wife, Harriet. His ashes lie in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Biography
Dr. Paul Clark, affiliated with the Fraternity of the Hidden Light, published a biography of Case in 2013, entitled ''Paul Foster Case. His Life and Works''. Besides being an extensive biography of Case (about a hundred pages), the book also includes a number of appendices, including letters from Case to Israel Regardie. Appendix II purports to be communications from Master R. to Case and two of Case's associates and comprises the longest section of the book.

Alleged influence: Master R.
In the summer of 1921, Case said he had received a phone call from "The Master Rococzy" (or Rakoczy, Rákóczy or Rákóczi; also known as the "Count of St. Germain" or "Master R"). Case later allegedly met Master R. in person at the old Waldorf-Astoria in NYC (Madison and Lexington Avenues at 43rd Street). The Adytum News described it this way: "One day the phone rang, and much to his surprise the same voice which had been inwardly instructing him in his researches for many years spoke to him on the phone. It was the Master R. who had come personally to New York for the purpose of preparing Paul Case to begin the next incarnation of the Qabalistic Way of Return. ... After three weeks of personal instruction with the Master R., Builders of the Adytum was formed." The story is told in more detail in Paul Clark's biography of Case.

Case also purportedly received communications from Master R. The first set of communications resulted in The Book of Tokens, a set of meditations on the Tarot. Further and far more extensive communications were purportedly received some twenty-five years later by Case, along with Ann Davies and Case's wife Harriet, and were published in 2013.

Articles

 * 1) Article on tarot in The Word (1916)
 * 2) Article on tarot (revised) in Azoth Magazine (1918)

Books

 * 1) An Introduction to the Study of the Tarot (1920)
 * 2) A Brief Analysis of the Tarot (1927)
 * 3) The True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order (1927)
 * 4) Tarot Revelations (1931)
 * 5) Hermetic Alchemy: Science and Practice (1931)
 * 6) Correlations of Sound & Color (1931)
 * 7) The Highlights of Tarot (1931)
 * 8) Learning Tarot Essentials (1932)
 * 9) Oracle of the Tarot - A Course on Tarot Divination (1933)
 * 10) The Book of Tokens (1934)
 * 11) The Great Seal of the United States (1935)
 * 12) Progressive Rotascope (1936)
 * 13) Tarot Fundamentals 4 volumes (1936)
 * 14) Tarot Interpretations 4 volumes (1936)
 * 15) The Open Door (1938)
 * 16) The Tarot:  A Key to the Wisdom of the Ages (1947)
 * 17) Daniel, Master of Magicians
 * 18) The Masonic Letter G
 * 19) The Name of Names

Course books

 * 1) Occult Fundamentals and Spiritual Unfoldment. Vol. 1: The Early Writings. [no location given]: Fraternity of the Hidden Light (2008)
 * 2) Esoteric Secrets of Meditation and Magic. Vol. 2: The Early Writings. [no location given]: Fraternity of the Hidden Light. (2008)

title: Paul Foster Case


text:
Monte Testaccio

Monte Testaccio or Monte Testaceo, also known as Monte dei Cocci, is an artificial mound in Rome composed almost entirely of testae (cocci), fragments of broken ancient Roman pottery, nearly all discarded amphorae dating from the time of the Roman Empire, some of which were labelled with tituli picti. It is one of the largest spoil heaps found anywhere in the ancient world, covering an area of 2 ha at its base and with a volume of approximately 580000 m3, containing the remains of an estimated 53 million amphorae. It has a circumference of nearly a kilometre (0.6 mi) and stands 35 metres (115 ft) high, though it was probably considerably higher in ancient times. It stands a short distance away from the east bank of the River Tiber, near the Horrea Galbae where the state-controlled reserve of olive oil was stored in the late 2nd century AD. The mound later had both religious and military significance.

Structure and purpose
The huge numbers of broken amphorae at Monte Testaccio illustrate the enormous demand for oil of imperial Rome, which was at the time the world's largest city with a population of at least one million people. It has been estimated that the hill contains the remains of as many as 53 million olive oil amphorae, in which some 6 billion litres (1.3 billion imperial gallons/1.6 billion U.S. gallons) of oil were imported. Studies of the hill's composition suggest that Rome's imports of olive oil reached a peak towards the end of the 2nd century AD, when as many as 130,000 amphorae were being deposited on the site each year. The vast majority of those vessels had a capacity of some 70 L; from this it has been estimated that Rome was importing at least 7.5 million liters (1.6 million imperial gal/2 million U.S. gal) of olive oil annually. As the vessels found at Monte Testaccio appear to represent mainly state-sponsored olive oil imports, it is very likely that considerable additional quantities of olive oil were imported privately.

Monte Testaccio was not simply a haphazard waste dump; it was a highly organised and carefully engineered creation, presumably managed by a state administrative authority. Excavations carried out in 1991 showed that the mound had been raised as a series of level terraces with retaining walls made of nearly intact amphorae filled with sherds to anchor them in place. Empty amphorae were probably carried up the mound intact on the backs of donkeys or mules and then broken up on the spot, with the sherds laid out in a stable pattern. Lime appears to have been sprinkled over the broken pots to neutralise the smell of rancid oil.

As the oldest parts of Monte Testaccio are at the bottom of the mound, it is difficult to say with any certainty when it was first created. Deposits found by excavators have been dated to a period between approximately AD 140 to 250, but it is possible that dumping could have begun on the site as early as the 1st century BC. The mound has a roughly triangular shape comprising two distinct platforms, the eastern side being the oldest. At least four distinct series of terraces were built in a stepped arrangement. Layers of small sherds were laid down in some places, possibly to serve as paths for those carrying out the waste disposal operations.

Re-use and disposal of amphorae
The hill was constructed using mostly the fragments of large globular 70 L vessels from Baetica (the Guadalquivir region of modern Spain), of a type now known as Dressel 20. It also included smaller numbers of two types of amphorae from Tripolitania (Libya) and Byzacena (Tunisia). All three types of vessel were used to transport olive oil. However, it is not clear why Monte Testaccio was built using only olive oil vessels. The oil itself was probably decanted into bulk containers when the amphorae were unloaded at the port, in much the same way as other staples such as grain. There is no equivalent mound of broken grain or wine amphorae and the overwhelming majority of the amphorae found at Monte Testaccio are of one single type, which raises the question of why the Romans found it necessary to dispose of the amphorae in this way.

One possibility is that the Dressel 20 amphora, the principal type found at Monte Testaccio, may have been unusually difficult to recycle. Many types of amphora could be re-used to carry the same type of product or modified to serve a different purpose—for instance, as drain pipes or flower pots. Fragmentary amphorae could be pounded into chips to use in opus signinum, a type of concrete widely used as a building material, or could simply be used as landfill. The Dressel 20 amphora, however, broke into large curved fragments that could not readily be reduced to small shards. It is likely that the difficulty of reusing or repurposing the Dressel 20s meant that it was more economical to discard them.

Another reason for not re-cycling olive oil amphorae into concrete of the opus signinum type may have been that the fragments were too fatty due to residual oil. Also, oil happens to react chemically with lime (a major component of concrete) and the product of this chemical reaction is soap; the resulting concrete would have had unsatisfactory quality. Wheat amphorae and wine amphorae on the other hand were certainly "clean" enough to be recycled into concrete.

Tituli picti
Monte Testaccio has provided archaeologists with a rare insight into the ancient Roman economy. The amphorae deposited in the mound were often labelled with tituli picti, painted or stamped inscriptions which record information such as the weight of the oil contained in the vessel, the names of the people who weighed and documented the oil and the name of the district where the oil was originally bottled. This has allowed archaeologists to determine that the oil in the vessels was imported under state authority and was designated for the annona urbis (distribution to the people of Rome) or the annona militaris (distribution to the army). Indeed, some of the inscriptions found on mid-2nd century vessels at Monte Testaccio specifically record that the oil they once contained was delivered to the praefectus annonae, the official in charge of the state-run food distribution service. It is possible that Monte Testaccio was also managed by the praefectus annonae.

The tituli picti on the Monte Testaccio amphorae tend to follow a standard pattern and indicate a rigorous system of inspection to control trade and deter fraud. An amphora was first weighed while empty, and its weight was marked on the outside of the vessel. The name of the export merchant was then noted, followed by a line giving the weight of the oil contained in the amphora (subtracting the previously determined weight of the vessel itself). Those responsible for carrying out and monitoring the weighing then signed their names on the amphora and the location of the farm from which the oil originated was also noted. The maker of the amphora was often identified by a stamp on the vessel's handle.

The inscriptions also provide evidence of the structure of the oil export business. Apart from single names, many inscriptions list combinations such as "the two Aurelii Heraclae, father and son", "the Fadii", "Cutius Celsianus and Fabius Galaticus", "the two Junii, Melissus and Melissa", "the partners Hyacinthus, Isidore and Pollio", "L. Marius Phoebus and the Vibii, Viator and Retitutus." This suggests that many of those involved were members of joint enterprises, perhaps small workshops involving business partners, father-son teams and skilled freedmen.

Later history
Monte Testaccio's use as an amphora dump seems to have ceased after about the 260s, perhaps due to the city's quays being moved elsewhere. A new type of amphora was also introduced around this time to transport olive oil. A need to dispose of these bulky containers remained. Nine buildings in the Rome area constructed in the fourth century have been found to use amphorae as space filler/lightener elements in their concrete portions. One example is the Circus of Maxentius, which was constructed between 308 and 312 at the third mile of the Via Appia: it is estimated that at least 6,000 and more likely as many as 10,000 amphorae were used in this facility. As Peña notes, directing these vessels "toward state-sponsored construction projects for use as space-fillers in concrete vaulting, the praefectura annonae could have succeeded in disposing of substantial numbers of highly cumbersome and otherwise useless oil containers, while at the same time reducing the amount of lime, sand and rubble that would have been required to complete these initiatives."

The area around the hill was largely abandoned after the fall of Rome. A print of 1625 depicts Monte Testaccio standing in isolation in an area of wasteland within the ancient city walls, and even as late as the mid-19th century the surrounding area was little more than a "romantic desert" with only "a few shabby houses". It was the scene of jousts and tournaments during the Middle Ages, when Monte Testaccio was the scene of pre-Lenten celebrations. As part of the festivities, two carts filled with pigs were hauled to the top of the hill, then released to run back down and smash in pieces at the bottom of the hill, where the watching revellers then dismembered the pigs on the spot for roasting.

Monte Testaccio was still used as a place of recreation when Stendhal visited in 1827. A 19th-century traveller, visiting a few years earlier, described the annual festival that was held on the summit of the hill: "Each Sunday and Thursday during the month of October, almost the whole population of Rome, rich and poor, throng to this spot, where innumerable tables are covered with refreshments, and the wine is drawn cool from the vaults. It is impossible to conceive a more animating scene than the summit of the hill presents. Gay groups dancing the saltarella, intermingled with the jovial circles which surround the tables; the immense crowd of walkers who, leaving their carriages below, stroll about to enjoy the festive scene ..."

The hill gained a brief military significance in 1849 when it was used as the site of an Italian gun battery, under the command of Giuseppe Garibaldi, in the successful defence of Rome against an attacking French army. Its economic significance was somewhat greater, as the hill's interior was discovered to have unusual cooling properties which investigators attributed to the ventilation produced by its porous structure. This made it ideal for wine storage during the heat of the Roman summer, and caves were excavated for that purpose.

Monte Testaccio also had a religious significance; it was formerly used on Good Friday to represent the hill of Golgotha in Jerusalem, when the Pope would lead a procession to the summit and place crosses to represent those of Jesus and the two thieves crucified alongside him. Monte Testaccio is still crowned with a cross in commemoration of the event. Only after World War II was the area around the hill redeveloped, as a working-class neighbourhood.

The first archaeological investigation of Monte Testaccio began in January 1872 under the German archaeologist Heinrich Dressel, who published his results in 1878. Further work was carried out in the 1980s by the Spanish archaeologists Emilio Rodríguez Almeida and José Remesal Rodríguez.

title: Monte Testaccio