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Progressivism in the United States

Progressivism in the United States is a political philosophy and reform movement. Into the 21st century, it advocates policies that are generally considered social democratic and part of the American Left. It has also expressed itself with right-wing politics, such as New Nationalism and progressive conservatism. It reached its height early in the 20th century. Middle/working class and reformist in nature, it arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations, pollution, and corruption in American politics. Historian Alonzo Hamby describes American progressivism as a "political movement that addresses ideas, impulses, and issues stemming from modernization of American society. Emerging at the end of the nineteenth century, it established much of the tone of American politics throughout the first half of the century."

Progressive economic policies incorporate the socioeconomic principles and views of social democracy and political progressivism. These views are often rooted in the concept of social justice and have the goal of improving the human condition through government regulation, social protections, and the maintenance of public goods. It is based on the idea that capitalist markets left to operate with limited government regulation are inherently unfair, favoring big business, large corporations, and the wealthy. Specific economic policies that are considered progressive include progressive taxes, income redistribution aimed at reducing inequalities of wealth, a comprehensive package of public services, universal health care, resisting involuntary unemployment, public education, social security, minimum wage laws, antitrust laws, legislation protecting labor rights, and the rights of labor unions. While the modern progressive movement may be characterized as largely secular in nature, the historical progressive movement was by comparison to a significant extent rooted in and energized by religion.

Progressive Era
Historians debate the exact contours, but they generally date the Progressive Era in response to the excesses of the Gilded Age from the 1890s to either World War I in 1917 or the onset of the Great Depression in the United States in 1929. Many of the core principles of the progressive movement focused on the need for efficiency in all areas of society, and for greater democratic control over public policy. Purification to eliminate waste and corruption was a powerful element as well as the progressives' support of worker compensation, improved child labor laws, minimum wage legislation, a limited workweek, graduated income tax and allowing women the right to vote. Arthur S. Link and Vincent P. De Santis argue that the majority of progressives wanted to purify politics. For some Progressives, purification meant taking the vote away from blacks in the South.

Large corporations and monopolies: trust busting vs. regulation

Most progressives hoped that by regulating large corporations they could liberate human energies from the restrictions imposed by industrial capitalism. Nonetheless, the progressive movement was split over which of the following solutions should be used to regulate corporations. Many progressives argued that industrial monopolies were unnatural economic institutions which suppressed the competition which was necessary for progress and improvement. United States antitrust law prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly) and unfair business practices. Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft supported trust-busting. During their presidencies, the otherwise-conservative Taft brought down 90 trusts in four years while Roosevelt took down 44 in seven and a half years in office.

Progressives, such as Benjamin Parke De Witt, argued that, in a modern economy, large corporations and even monopolies were both inevitable and desirable. He argued that with their massive resources and economies of scale, large corporations offered the United States advantages which smaller companies could not offer. However, these large corporations might abuse their great power. The federal government should allow these companies to exist, but otherwise regulate them for the public interest. President Roosevelt generally supported this idea and incorporated it as part of his "New Nationalism".

Efficiency
Many progressives such as Louis Brandeis hoped to make American governments better able to serve the people's needs by making governmental operations and services more efficient and rational. Rather than making legal arguments against ten-hour workdays for women, he used "scientific principles" and data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both individuals and society. The progressives' quest for efficiency was sometimes at odds with the progressives' quest for democracy. Taking power out of the hands of elected officials and placing that power in the hands of professional administrators reduced the voice of the politicians and in turn reduced the voice of the people. Centralized decision-making by trained experts and reduced power for local wards made government less corrupt but more distant and isolated from the people it served. Progressives who emphasized the need for efficiency typically argued that trained independent experts could make better decisions than the local politicians. In his influential Drift and Mastery (1914) stressing the "scientific spirit" and "discipline of democracy", Walter Lippmann called for a strong central government guided by experts rather than public opinion.

One example of progressive reform was the rise of the city manager system in which paid, professional engineers ran the day-to-day affairs of city governments under guidelines established by elected city councils. Many cities created municipal "reference bureaus" which did expert surveys of government departments looking for waste and inefficiency. After in-depth surveys, local and even state governments were reorganized to reduce the number of officials and to eliminate overlapping areas of authority between departments. City governments were reorganized to reduce the power of local ward bosses and to increase the powers of the city council. Governments at every level began developing budgets to help them plan their expenditures rather than spending money haphazardly as needs arose and revenue became available. Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois showed a "passion for efficiency" as he streamlined state government.

Governmental corruption
Corruption represented a source of waste and inefficiency in the government. William Simon U'Ren in Oregon, Robert M. La Follette in Wisconsin and others worked to clean up state and local governments by passing laws to weaken the power of machine politicians and political bosses. In Wisconsin, La Follette pushed through an open primary system that stripped party bosses of the power to pick party candidates. The Oregon System included a "Corrupt Practices Act", a public referendum and a state-funded voter's pamphlet, among other reforms which were exported to other states in the Northwest and Midwest. Its high point was in 1912, after which they detoured into a disastrous third party status.

Education
Early progressive thinkers such as John Dewey and Lester Ward placed a universal and comprehensive system of education at the top of the progressive agenda, reasoning that if a democracy were to be successful, its leaders, the general public, needed a good education. Progressives worked hard to expand and improve public and private education at all levels. They believed that modernization of society necessitated the compulsory education of all children, even if the parents objected. Progressives turned to educational researchers to evaluate the reform agenda by measuring numerous aspects of education, later leading to standardized testing. Many educational reforms and innovations generated during this period continued to influence debates and initiatives in American education for the remainder of the 20th century. One of the most apparent legacies of the Progressive Era left to American education was the perennial drive to reform schools and curricula, often as the product of energetic grass-roots movements in the city.

Since progressivism was and continues to be "in the eyes of the beholder", progressive education encompasses very diverse and sometimes conflicting directions in educational policy. Such enduring legacies of the Progressive Era continue to interest historians. Progressive Era reformers stressed "object teaching", meeting the needs of particular constituencies within the school district, equal educational opportunity for boys and girls and avoiding corporal punishment.

David Gamson examines the implementation of progressive reforms in three city school districts—Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington and Oakland, California—during 1900–1928. Historians of educational reform during the Progressive Era tend to highlight the fact that many progressive policies and reforms were very different and at times even contradictory. At the school district level, contradictory reform policies were often especially apparent, though there is little evidence of confusion among progressive school leaders in Denver, Seattle and Oakland. District leaders in these cities, including Frank B. Cooper in Seattle and Fred M. Hunter in Oakland, often employed a seemingly contradictory set of reforms. Local progressive educators consciously sought to operate independently of national progressive movements as they preferred reforms that were easy to implement and were encouraged to mix and blend diverse reforms that had been shown to work in other cities.

The reformers emphasized professionalization and bureaucratization. The old system whereby ward politicians selected school employees was dropped in the case of teachers and replaced by a merit system requiring a college-level education in a normal school (teacher's college). The rapid growth in size and complexity the large urban school systems facilitated stabilized employment for women teachers and provided senior teachers greater opportunities to mentor younger teachers. By 1900, most women in Providence, Rhode Island, remained as teachers for at least 17.5 years, indicating teaching had become a significant and desirable career path for women.

Social work
Progressives set up training programs to ensure that welfare and charity work would be undertaken by trained professionals rather than warm-hearted amateurs. Jane Addams of Chicago's Hull House typified the leadership of residential, community centers operated by social workers and volunteers and located in inner city slums. The purpose of the settlement houses was to raise the standard of living of urbanites by providing adult education and cultural enrichment programs.

Anti-prostitution
During this era of massive reformation among all social aspects, elimination of prostitution was vital for the progressives, especially the women. The anti-prostitution movement involved three main groups: Christians, Progressive Era feminists, and physicians. Many individuals active in the anti-prostitution movement shared some of the same perspectives from each of these groups. Jane Addams, one of the most notable of early American social workers, wrote a book addressing prostitution. According to her argument in A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, the reason why women resorted to prostitution was due to the inadequate salaries they received. However, she also mentions the absence of family oversight of female modesty, as young women migrated from rural to urban areas. Although most prostitutes were born in America, the public believed that women were being brought into the United States and later sold into prostitution. The opposition against prostitution could have been a reflection of concerns regarding the influx of immigrants, the growth of cities, the development of industries, and the erosion of established moral standards.

Enactment of child labor laws
Child labor laws were designed to prevent the overuse of children in the newly emerging industries. The goal of these laws was to give working class children the opportunity to go to school and mature more institutionally, thereby liberating the potential of humanity and encouraging the advancement of humanity. Factory owners generally did not want this progression because of lost workers. Parents relied on the income of children to keep the family solvent. Progressives enacted state and federal laws against child labor, but these were overturned by the US Supreme Court. A proposed constitutional amendment was opposed by business and Catholics; it passed Congress but was never ratified by enough states. Child labor was finally outlawed by the New Deal in the 1930s.

Support for the goals of organized labor
Labor unions grew steadily until 1916, then expanded fast during the war. In 1919, a wave of major strikes alienated the middle class and the strikes were lost which alienated the workers. In the 1920s, the unions were in the doldrums. In 1924, they supported Robert M. La Follette's Progressive Party, but he only carried his base in Wisconsin. The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers after 1907 began supporting the Democrats, who promised more favorable judges as the Republicans appointed pro-business judges. Theodore Roosevelt and his third party also supported such goals as the eight-hour work day, improved safety and health conditions in factories, workers' compensation laws and minimum wage laws for women.

Prohibition
Most progressives, especially in rural areas, adopted the cause of prohibition. They saw the saloon as political corruption incarnate and bewailed the damage done to women and children. They believed the consumption of alcohol limited mankind's potential for advancement. Progressives achieved success first with state laws then with the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. The golden day did not dawn as enforcement was lax, especially in the cities where the law had very limited popular support and where notorious criminal gangs such as the Chicago gang of Al Capone made a crime spree based on illegal sales of liquor in speakeasies. The "experiment" (as President Herbert Hoover called it) also cost the federal and local treasuries large sums of taxes. The 18th amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933.

Eugenics
Some progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or under-performing families, hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, better children while others, like Margaret Sanger advocated it. Progressives also advocated for compulsory sterilization of those deemed "unfit". Progressive leaders such as Herbert Croly and Walter Lippmann indicated their classical liberal concern over the danger posed to the individual by the practice of eugenics. Progressive politician William Jennings Bryan opposed eugenics on the grounds of his anti-evolution activism. In a paper titled "The Progressives: Racism and Public Law", American legal scholar Herbert Hovenkamp (MA, PhD, JD) wrote: "When examining the Progressives on race, it is critical to distinguish the views that they inherited from those that they developed. The rise of Progressivism coincided with the death of scientific racism, which had been taught in American universities since the early nineteenth century and featured prominently in the scientific debate over Darwin’s theory of evolution. Eugenics, which attempted to use genetics and mathematics to validate many racist claims, was its last gasp. The most notable thing about the Progressives is that they were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end."

Purifying the electorate
Progressives repeatedly warned that illegal voting was corrupting the political system. They especially identified big-city bosses, working with saloon keepers and precinct workers, as the culprits who stuffed the ballot boxes. The solution to purifying the vote included prohibition (designed to close down the saloons), voter registration requirements (designed to end multiple voting), and literacy tests (designed to minimize the number of ignorant voters).

All of the Southern states used devices to disenfranchise black voters during the Progressive Era. Typically, the progressive elements in those states pushed for disenfranchisement, often fighting against the conservatism of the Black Belt whites. A major reason given was that whites routinely purchased black votes to control elections, and it was easier to disenfranchise blacks than to go after powerful white men. In the Northern states, progressives such as Robert M. La Follette and William Simon U'Ren argued that the average citizen should have more control over his government. The Oregon System of "Initiative, Referendum, and Recall" was exported to many states, including Idaho, Washington and Wisconsin. Many progressives such as George M. Forbes, president of Rochester's Board of Education, hoped to make government in the United States more responsive to the direct voice of the American people, arguing:

"[W]e are now intensely occupied in forging the tools of democracy, the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum, the recall, the short ballot, commission government. But in our enthusiasm we do not seem to be aware that these tools will be worthless unless they are used by those who are aflame with the sense of brotherhood. ... The idea [of the social centers movement is] to establish in each community an institution having a direct and vital relation to the welfare of the neighborhood, ward, or district, and also to the city as a whole."

Philip J. Ethington seconds this high view of direct democracy, saying that "initiatives, referendums, and recalls, along with direct primaries and the direct election of US Senators, were the core achievements of 'direct democracy' by the Progressive generation during the first two decades of the twentieth century". Progressives fought for women's suffrage to purify the elections using supposedly purer female voters. Progressives in the South supported the elimination of supposedly corrupt black voters from the election booth. Historian Michael Perman says that in both Texas and Georgia "disfranchisement was the weapon as well as the rallying cry in the fight for reform". In Virginia, "the drive for disfranchisement had been initiated by men who saw themselves as reformers, even progressives".

While the ultimate significance of the progressive movement on today's politics is still up for debate, Alonzo L. Hamby asks: "What were the central themes that emerged from the cacophony [of progressivism]? Democracy or elitism? Social justice or social control? Small entrepreneurship or concentrated capitalism? And what was the impact of American foreign policy? Were the progressives isolationists or interventionists? Imperialists or advocates of national self-determination? And whatever they were, what was their motivation? Moralistic utopianism? Muddled relativistic pragmatism? Hegemonic capitalism? Not surprisingly many battered scholars began to shout 'no mas!' In 1970, Peter Filene declared that the term 'progressivism' had become meaningless."

Municipal administration
The progressives typically concentrated on city and state government, looking for waste and better ways to provide services as the cities grew rapidly. These changes led to a more structured system, power that had been centralized within the legislature would now be more locally focused. The changes were made to the system to effectively make legal processes, market transactions, bureaucratic administration and democracy easier to manage, putting them under the classification of "Municipal Administration". There was also a change in authority for this system as it was believed that the authority that was not properly organized had now given authority to professionals, experts and bureaucrats for these services. These changes led to a more solid type of municipal administration compared to the old system that was underdeveloped and poorly constructed.

The progressives mobilized concerned middle class voters as well as newspapers and magazines to identify problems and concentrate reform sentiment on specific problems. Many Protestants focused on the saloon as the power base for corruption as well as violence and family disruption, so they tried to get rid of the entire saloon system through prohibition. Others such as Jane Addams in Chicago promoted settlement houses. Early municipal reformers included Hazen S. Pingree (mayor of Detroit in the 1890s) and Tom L. Johnson in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1901, Johnson won election as mayor of Cleveland on a platform of just taxation, home rule for Ohio cities and a 3-cent streetcar fare. Columbia University President Seth Low was elected mayor of New York City in 1901 on a reform ticket.

Conservation
During the term of the progressive Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and influenced by the ideas of philosopher-scientists such as George Perkins Marsh, William John McGee, John Muir, John Wesley Powell and Lester Frank Ward, the largest government-funded conservation-related projects in United States history were undertaken.

National parks and wildlife refuges
On March 14, 1903, President Roosevelt created the first National Bird Preserve, the beginning of the Wildlife Refuge system, on Pelican Island, Florida. In all, by 1909, the Roosevelt administration had created an unprecedented 42 million acres (170,000 km2) of United States National Forests, 53 National Wildlife Refuges and 18 areas of "special interest" such as the Grand Canyon.

Reclamation
In addition, Roosevelt approved the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 which gave subsidies for irrigation in 13 (eventually 20) Western states. Another conservation-oriented bill was the Antiquities Act of 1906 that protected large areas of land by allowing the president to declare areas meriting protection to be national monuments. The Inland Waterways Commission was appointed by Roosevelt on March 14, 1907, to study the river systems of the United States, including the development of water power, flood control and land reclamation.

National politics
In the early 20th century, politicians of the Democratic and Republican parties, Lincoln–Roosevelt League Republicans (in California) and Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party all pursued environmental, political and economic reforms. Chief among these aims was the pursuit of trust busting, the breaking up very large monopolies and support for labor unions, public health programs, decreased corruption in politics and environmental conservation.

The progressive movement enlisted support from both major parties and from minor parties as well. One leader, the Democratic William Jennings Bryan, had won both the Democratic Party and the Populist Party nominations in 1896. At the time, the great majority of other major leaders had been opposed to populism. When Roosevelt left the Republican Party in 1912, he took with him many of the intellectual leaders of progressivism, but very few political leaders. The Republican Party then became notably more committed to business-oriented and efficiency-oriented progressivism, typified by Herbert Hoover and William Howard Taft.

Culture
The foundation of the progressive tendency was indirectly linked to the unique philosophy of pragmatism which was primarily developed by John Dewey and William James. Equally significant to progressive-era reform were the crusading journalists known as muckrakers. These journalists publicized to middle class readers economic privilege, political corruption and social injustice. Their articles appeared in McClure's Magazine and other reform periodicals. Some muckrakers focused on corporate abuses. Ida Tarbell exposed the activities of the Standard Oil Company. In The Shame of the Cities (1904), Lincoln Steffens dissected corruption in city government. In Following the Color Line (1908), Ray Stannard Baker criticized race relations. Other muckrakers assailed the Senate, railroad companies, insurance companies and fraud in patent medicine.

Novelists criticized corporate injustices. Theodore Dreiser drew harsh portraits of a type of ruthless businessman in The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914). In The Jungle (1906), socialist Upton Sinclair repelled readers with descriptions of Chicago's meatpacking plants and his work led to support for remedial food safety legislation. Leading intellectuals also shaped the progressive mentality. In Dynamic Sociology (1883), Lester Frank Ward laid out the philosophical foundations of the progressive movement and attacked the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. In The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Thorstein Veblen attacked the "conspicuous consumption" of the wealthy. Educator John Dewey emphasized a child-centered philosophy of pedagogy known as progressive education which affected schoolrooms for three generations.

In the 21st century
Modern progressivism can be seen as encompassing many notable differences from the historical progressivism of the 19th–20th centuries. Some viewpoints of modern progressivism highlight these perceived differences like those of Princeton economics professor Thomas C. Leonard who viewed historical progressivism in The American Conservative as being "[a]t a glance, ... not much here for 21st-century progressives to claim kinship with. Today's progressives emphasize racial equality and minority rights, decry U.S. imperialism, shun biological ideas in social science, and have little use for piety or proselytizing," Ultimately, both historical progressivism and the modern movement share the notion that the free markets lead to economic inequalities that must be ameliorated in order to best protect the American working class.

Mitigating income inequality
Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise since 1970. Progressives argue that lower union rates, weak policy, globalization and other drivers have caused the gap in income. The rise of income inequality has led progressives to draft legislation including, but not limited to, reforming Wall Street, reforming the tax code, reforming campaign finance, closing loopholes and keeping domestic work.

Wall Street reform
Progressives began to demand stronger Wall Street regulation after they perceived deregulation and relaxed enforcement as leading to the financial crisis of 2008. The Occupy Wall Street movement, launched in downtown Manhattan, was one high-profile reaction to the financial shenanigans. Passing the Dodd-Frank financial regulatory act in 2010 provided increased oversight on financial institutions and the creation of new regulatory agencies, but many progressives argue its broad framework allows for financial institutions to continue to take advantage of consumers and the government. Among others, Bernie Sanders has argued for reimplementing Glass-Steagall, which regulated banking more strictly, and for breaking up financial institutions where market-share is concentrated in a select few 'too big to fail' corporations.

Health care reform
In 2009, the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) outlined five key healthcare principles they intended to pass into law. The CPC mandated a nationwide public option, affordable health insurance, insurance market regulations, an employer insurance provision mandate and comprehensive services for children. In March 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, generally referred to as Obamacare, which was intended to increase the affordability and efficiency of the United States healthcare system. Although considered a partial success by some progressives, many argued that it did not go far enough in achieving healthcare reform as exemplified with the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option. In recent decades, single-payer healthcare has become an important goal in healthcare reform for progressives. In the 2016 Democratic Party primaries, progressive presidential candidate Bernie Sanders raised the issue of a single-payer healthcare system, citing his belief that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance and arguing that millions more do not receive the care they need. In November 2016, an effort was made to implement a single-payer healthcare system in the state of Colorado, known as ColoradoCare (Amendment 69). Senator Sanders held rallies in Colorado in support of Amendment 69 leading up to the vote. Despite high-profile support, Amendment 69 failed to pass, with just 21.23% of voting Colorado residents voting in favor and 78.77% against.

Minimum wage
Adjusted for inflation, the minimum wage peaked in 1968 at around $9.90 an hour in 2020 dollars. Progressives believe that stagnating wages perpetuate income inequality and that raising the minimum wage is a necessary step to combat inequality. If the minimum wage grew at the rate of productivity growth in the United States, it would be $21.72 an hour, nearly three times as much as the current $7.25 an hour. Popular progressives such as Senator Bernie Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez have endorsed a federally mandated wage increase to $15 an hour. The movement has already seen success with its implementation in California with the passing of bill to raise the minimum wage $1 every year until reaching $15 an hour in 2021. New York workers are lobbying for similar legislation as many continue to rally for a minimum wage increase as part of the Fight for $15 movement.

Environmental justice
Modern progressives advocate strong environmental protections and measures to reduce or eliminate pollution. One reason for this is the strong link between economic injustice and adverse environmental conditions as groups that are economically marginalized tend to be disproportionately affected by the harms of pollution and environmental degradation.

Social justice
In the 21st century progressives in the United States are advocating for the implementation of legislation that will promote a more equal society and help reduce the gaps between diverse populations in the American society, including the gaps between populations of different races, gender gaps and socio-economic gaps. Progressives support the promotion of criminal justice reform to rectify systemic injustices, and the eradication of discriminatory practices in areas such as employment and housing.

Definition
With the rise in popularity of progressives such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren, the term progressive began to carry greater cultural currency, particularly in the 2016 Democratic primaries. While answering a question from CNN moderator Anderson Cooper regarding her willingness to shift positions during an October 2015 debate, Hillary Clinton referred to herself as a "progressive who likes to get things done", drawing the ire of a number of Sanders supporters and other critics from her left. Senator John Fetterman has moderated his foreign and domestic positions that have arisen in late 2023 such as the war in Gaza and the increased illegal immigration on the southern border creating doubts about his progressivism. Questions about the precise meaning of the term have persisted within the Democratic Party and without since the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election, with some candidates using it to indicate their affiliation with the left flank of the party.

Progressive parties
Following the first progressive movement of the early 20th century, two later short-lived parties have also identified as progressive.

Progressive Party, 1912
The first political party named the Progressive Party was formed for the 1912 presidential election to elect Theodore Roosevelt. It was formed after Roosevelt lost his bid to become the Republican candidate to William Howard Taft, and became defunct by 1920.

Progressive Party, 1924
In 1924, Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette ran for president on the Progressive Party ticket. La Follette won the support of labor unions, German Americans, and socialists by his crusade. He carried only Wisconsin, and the party vanished elsewhere. In Wisconsin, it remained a force until the 1940s.

Progressive Party, 1948
A third party was initiated in 1948 by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace as a vehicle for his campaign for president of the United States. He saw the two parties as reactionary and war-mongering, and attracted support from left-wing voters who opposed the Cold War policies that had become a national consensus. Most liberals, New Dealers, and especially the Congress of Industrial Organizations, denounced the party because in their view it was increasingly controlled by Communists. It faded away after winning 2% of the vote in 1948.

Overview

 * Buenker, John D., John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden. Progressivism (1986) short overview
 * Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Sharpe Reference, 2005. xxxii + 1256 pp. in three volumes. ISBN 0-7656-8051-3. 900 articles by 200 scholars
 * Buenker, John D., ed. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era (1988) online
 * Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era (2009)
 * Chambers, John Whiteclay II. The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920 (2000), textbook excerpt and text search
 * Crunden, Robert M. Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889–1920 (1982) excerpt and text search
 * Dawley, Alan. Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (2003) excerpt and text search
 * Diner, Steven J. A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era (1998) excerpt and text search
 * Flanagan, Maureen. America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s–1920s (2007).
 * Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Who Were the Progressives? (2002)
 * Gould, Lewis L. America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (2000) excerpt and text search
 * Gould, Lewis L. ed., The Progressive Era (1974), essays by scholars
 * Hays, Samuel P. The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (1957), old but influential short survey
 * Hofstadter, Richard The Age of Reform (1954), Pulitzer Prize, but now sadly outdated
 * Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp. 149–80; online version
 * Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2002) 1#1 pp. 68–92
 * Kennedy, David M. ed., Progressivism: The Critical Issues (1971), readings
 * Kloppenberg, James T. Uncertain victory: social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought, 1870–1920 1986 online at ACLS e-books
 * Leuchtenburg, William E. "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 39, No. 3. (Dec., 1952), pp. 483–504. JSTOR
 * Lears, T. J. Jackson. Rebirth of a Nation: The Remaking of Modern America, 1877-1920 (2009) excerpt and text search
 * Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913–1917 (1954), standard scholarly survey; online
 * Mann, Arthur. ed., The Progressive Era (1975), readings from scholars
 * Lasch, Christopher. The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics (1991) excerpt and text search
 * McGerr, Michael. A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 (2003) excerpt and text search
 * Mowry, George. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912. (1954) general survey of era; online
 * Noggle, Burl. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," The Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299–314. in JSTOR
 * Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion (2006)
 * Piott, Steven. American Reformers 1870–1920 (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders online review
 * Rodgers, Daniel T. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (2000). stresses links with Europe online edition
 * Schutz, Aaron. Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy. (2010) introduction
 * Stromquist, Shelton. Reinventing "the People": The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem and the Origins of Modern Liberalism (2006) excerpt and text search
 * Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," Journal of American History 56 (1969), 323–341 JSTOR
 * Wiebe, Robert. The Search For Order, 1877–1920 (1967) highly influential interpretation
 * Young, Jeremy C. The Age of Charisma: Leaders, Followers, and Emotions in American Society, 1870-1940 (2017) excerpt and text search

National politics

 * Blum, John Morton The Republican Roosevelt. (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics
 * Brands, H.W. T.R.: The Last Romantic (2019) excerpt
 * Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1992) online

 * Coletta, Paolo. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973) online

 * Cooper, John Milton The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. (1983), influential dual biography online
 * Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?." Congress & the Presidency 41#1 (2014) pp 49–83 online
 * Gould, Lewis L. The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1991) online

 * Harrison, Robert. Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State (2004) excerpt and text search
 * Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition (1948), ch. 8–10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. excerpt and text search
 * Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917 (1972), standard history; online
 * Morris, Edmund Theodore Rex. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901–1909 excerpt and text search
 * Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement; online
 * Sanders, Elizabeth. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877–1917 (1999) excerpt and text search
 * ; 904pp; full scale scholarly biography; winner of Pulitzer Prize; online 2nd ed. 1965

title: Progressivism in the United States


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SHP

SHP or shp may refer to:

 * Saint Helena pound, currency
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title: SHP


text:
Fiedler

Fiedler is a German word for "fiddler", and is a German and Ashkenazi Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler (1771–1850), German entrepreneur in Saxony and Poland
 * Arkady Fiedler (1894–1985), Polish writer
 * Arthur Fiedler (1894–1979), American conductor
 * Bernhard Fiedler (1816–1904), German painter
 * Bernold Fiedler (born 1956), German mathematician
 * Bobbi Fiedler (1937–2019), American politician
 * Christian Fiedler (born 1975), former German football goalkeeper
 * Edgar Fiedler (1929–2003), American economist
 * Ellen Fiedler (born 1958), German athlete
 * François Fiedler (1921–2001), Abstract Expressionist Painter
 * Franz Fiedler (1885–1956), Austrian photographer
 * Fred Fiedler ( 1922 –2017), industrial and organizational psychologist
 * Fiedler contingency model, a leadership theory developed by Fred Fiedler
 * Fritz Fiedler (1899–1972), German automobile engineer
 * Hermann Georg Fiedler (1862–1945), German scholar
 * Jay Fiedler (born 1971), American football quarterback
 * Jens Fiedler (canoeist), East German sprint canoeist
 * Jens Fiedler (cyclist), German cyclist
 * John Fiedler (1925–2005), American actor
 * Joshua Fiedler (born 1978), American musician
 * Konrad Fiedler (1841-1895), German art historian and writer.
 * Leslie Fiedler (1917–2003), American literary critic
 * Margaret Fiedler, London-based American musician
 * Max Fiedler (1859–1939), German conductor and composer
 * Miroslav Fiedler (1926–2015), Czech mathematician
 * Patrick Fiedler (born 1953), American lawyer and judge.
 * Richard Fiedler (1908–1974), German SS-Brigadeführer
 * Richard Fiedler, German scientist and engineer who invented the flame thrower
 * Sebastian Fiedler (born 1973), German police investigator and politician

title: Fiedler


text:
Abstract analytic number theory

Abstract analytic number theory is a branch of mathematics which takes the ideas and techniques of classical analytic number theory and applies them to a variety of different mathematical fields. The classical prime number theorem serves as a prototypical example, and the emphasis is on abstract asymptotic distribution results. The theory was invented and developed by mathematicians such as John Knopfmacher and Arne Beurling in the twentieth century.

Arithmetic semigroups
The fundamental notion involved is that of an arithmetic semigroup, which is a commutative monoid G satisfying the following properties:

 * There exists a countable subset (finite or countably infinite) P of G, such that every element a ≠ 1 in G has a unique factorisation of the form

 * $$a = p_1^{\alpha_1} p_2^{\alpha_2} \cdots p_r^{\alpha_r}$$

 * where the pi are distinct elements of P, the αi are positive integers, r may depend on a, and two factorisations are considered the same if they differ only by the order of the factors indicated. The elements of P are called the primes of G.

 * There exists a real-valued norm mapping $$|\mbox{ }|$$ on G such that
 * $$|1| = 1$$
 * $$|p| > 1 \mbox{ for all } p \in P$$
 * $$|ab| = |a| |b| \mbox{ for all } a,b \in G$$
 * The total number $$N_G(x)$$ of elements $$a \in G$$ of norm $$|a| \leq x$$ is finite, for each real $$x > 0$$.

Additive number systems
An additive number system is an arithmetic semigroup in which the underlying monoid G is free abelian. The norm function may be written additively.

If the norm is integer-valued, we associate counting functions a(n) and p(n) with G where p counts the number of elements of P of norm n, and a counts the number of elements of G of norm n. We let A(x) and P(x) be the corresponding formal power series. We have the fundamental identity

 * $$A(x) = \sum_n a(n) x^n = \prod_n (1-x^n)^{-p(n)} \ $$

which formally encodes the unique expression of each element of G as a product of elements of P. The radius of convergence of G is the radius of convergence of the power series A(x).

The fundamental identity has the alternative form

 * $$A(x) = \exp\left({ \sum_{m \ge 1} \frac{P(x^m)}{m} }\right) \ . $$

Examples

 * The prototypical example of an arithmetic semigroup is the multiplicative semigroup of positive integers G = Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...}, with subset of rational primes P = {2, 3, 5, ...}. Here, the norm of an integer is simply $$|n| = n$$, so that $$N_G(x) = \lfloor x \rfloor$$, the greatest integer not exceeding x.

 * If K is an algebraic number field, i.e. a finite extension of the field of rational numbers Q, then the set G of all nonzero ideals in the ring of integers OK of K forms an arithmetic semigroup with identity element OK and the norm of an ideal I is given by the cardinality of the quotient ring OK/I. In this case, the appropriate generalisation of the prime number theorem is the Landau prime ideal theorem, which describes the asymptotic distribution of the ideals in OK.

 * Various arithmetical categories which satisfy a theorem of Krull-Schmidt type can be considered. In all these cases, the elements of G are isomorphism classes in an appropriate category, and P consists of all isomorphism classes of indecomposable objects, i.e. objects which cannot be decomposed as a direct product of nonzero objects. Some typical examples are the following.
 * The category of all finite abelian groups under the usual direct product operation and norm mapping $$|A| = \operatorname{card}(A).$$ The indecomposable objects are the cyclic groups of prime power order.
 * The category of all compact simply-connected globally symmetric Riemannian manifolds under the Riemannian product of manifolds and norm mapping $$|M| = c^{\dim M},$$ where c > 1 is fixed, and dim M denotes the manifold dimension of M. The indecomposable objects are the compact simply-connected irreducible symmetric spaces.
 * The category of all pseudometrisable finite topological spaces under the topological sum and norm mapping $$|X| = 2^{\operatorname{card}(X)}.$$ The indecomposable objects are the connected spaces.

Methods and techniques
The use of arithmetic functions and zeta functions is extensive. The idea is to extend the various arguments and techniques of arithmetic functions and zeta functions in classical analytic number theory to the context of an arbitrary arithmetic semigroup which may satisfy one or more additional axioms. Such a typical axiom is the following, usually called "Axiom A" in the literature:

 * Axiom A. There exist positive constants A and $$\delta$$, and a constant $$\nu$$ with $$0 \le \nu < \delta$$, such that $$N_G(x) = Ax^{\delta} + O(x^{\nu}) \mbox { as } x \rightarrow \infin.$$

For any arithmetic semigroup which satisfies Axiom A, we have the following abstract prime number theorem:

 * $$\pi_G(x) \sim \frac{x^{\delta}}{\delta \log x} \mbox { as } x \rightarrow \infin$$

where πG(x) = total number of elements p in P of norm |p| ≤ x.

Arithmetical formation
The notion of arithmetical formation provides a generalisation of the ideal class group in algebraic number theory and allows for abstract asymptotic distribution results under constraints. In the case of number fields, for example, this is Chebotarev's density theorem. An arithmetical formation is an arithmetic semigroup G with an equivalence relation ≡ such that the quotient G/≡ is a finite abelian group A. This quotient is the class group of the formation and the equivalence classes are generalised arithmetic progressions or generalised ideal classes. If χ is a character of A then we can define a Dirichlet series

 * $$ \sum_{g \in G} \chi([g]) |g|^{-s} $$

which provides a notion of zeta function for arithmetical semigroup.

title: Abstract analytic number theory


text: Category:Geography of Mali

title: Category:Geography of Mali


text:
Flores-class gunboat

The Flores-class gunboats were a class of two gunboats built in the mid-1920s for the Royal Netherlands Navy. HNLMS Flores and HNLMS Soemba (1925) were intended to patrol the Dutch East Indies. During World War II, they served in the Royal Netherlands Navy. They were in several ways the most successful surface ships of the Dutch navy during the war.

They were squat ships, both commissioned in 1926, with a relatively heavy armament for their size (three 150 mm Krupp guns, the same type and calibre as for the cruisers Java and Sumatra). Their main asset was an advanced fire control system that made them very accurate in bombarding shore targets, as a similar gunboat, Johan Maurits van Nassau, demonstrated in 1940 when she silenced a German battery from a distance of some 10 nmi.

Service history
Flores was brought back to the Netherlands at the start of World War II where she patrolled home waters until the Germans invaded in 1940. Slightly damaged, she escaped to Britain and was employed as a coastal escort. Soemba was withdrawn to Colombo in March 1942, before she could be captured or destroyed by the Japanese invasion of the East Indies. Flores and Soemba were united in the Mediterranean Sea and played an active and successful role in the landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Garigliano, Gaeta and finally, at the beaches of Normandy in June 1944. The ships came under fire from shore based artillery and bombers many times, but survived all attacks, although they incurred damage several times. British war correspondents referred to them as "the terrible twins".

With their guns worn out due to intensive use, the two ships were retired from active duty shortly after the war and used for artillery instruction and as floating barracks. Soemba was converted to a radar training ship, most of her guns removed and enlarged superstructure fitted to house radar equipment and classrooms. On November 10, 1948, Flores and Soemba were awarded the.

Flores was decommissioned in 1968 and Soemba in 1986.

title: Flores-class gunboat


text:
Parasyros

Parasyros (Παρασυρός) is a village of the municipality of East Mani. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Gytheio. Parasyros is part of the community of Skoutari. Parasyros is located 2 km west of Skoutari, 9 km east of Areopoli and 13 km southwest of Gytheio.

History
In 1770 Parasyros sent men to contribute to the Maniot army in the Battle of Vromopigada. The Maniot army assembled in the mountains behind Parasyros called tria kefalia (Three Heads). In the battle that ensued the Maniot army defeated a much superior Ottoman army. It was part of the municipality Karyoupoli between 1845 and 1912, part of the community Skoutari between 1912 and 1997, and part of the municipality Gytheio between 1997 and 2010. Parasyros was occupied by the Nazis in World War II.

title: Parasyros


text:
EHP

EHP may refer to:
 * E.H.P., a 1920s French automobile manufacturer
 * Eastern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea
 * EHP spectral sequence in mathematics
 * (Emekçi Hareket Partisi), Labourist Movement Party, a political party in Turkey
 * Environmental Health Perspectives, a scholarly journal
 * Environmental Planning & Historic Preservation (EHP), a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) program
 * Everglades Holiday Park, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * Sahrawi peseta, the de facto currency of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
 * Electron-Hole Pairs, the fundamental unit of generation and recombination in semiconductors

title: EHP


text:
Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/42967 9 June 1962 Winwick Jct.jpg

Stanier Mogul
LMS Stanier Mogul, courtesy Stanier Mogul fund Dunc|☺ 10:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * minor object. While the composition is clean, the smokebox cover and the pilot just appears as a black blob on my screen. slambo 15:58, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * eh? it hasn't got a pilot, it's not double headed!?! though perhaps the brightness/contrast need adjusting. Dunc|☺ 16:25, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, the pilot is the US term for the beam at the front of the locomotive where the buffers and coupler are located. I'd like to see a photo like this featured, but as it is now the front is too dark for me. slambo 18:34, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, the buffer beam then! How about the other one, image:Stanier Mogul 2968 (preserved).jpgDunc|☺ 18:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I like that one better. The lighting and contrast are much more better; it's light enough to show some detail, but not so light that the rest of the image is washed out.  slambo 11:06, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Longbridge

Longbridge is an area in the south-west of Birmingham, England, located near the border with Worcestershire, historically being within it.

Public transport
Longbridge is described as a hub for public transport with a number of bus services run by Kev's Coaches and National Express West Midlands passing through it with destinations including Birmingham City Centre, West Bromwich and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Edgbaston. West Midlands Railway serves Longbridge railway station on the Cross City Line, with destinations at Redditch or Bromsgrove and Four Oaks or Lichfield with connections to Hereford and Nottingham at University station or nationwide at Birmingham New Street station. In 2020 a large multi-storey carpark was built near Longbridge station as a park and ride facility to reduce car journeys into the city centre. Some improvements to Longbridge station were also carried out in 2020 though one side of the station remains without a lift facility.

Situation
Longbridge is surrounded by Frankley, Frankley Beeches, Rubery, Rednal, Bromsgrove, Northfield, West Heath and Kings Norton. Longbridge is in close proximity to and can be viewed from the Lickey Hills.

Longbridge plant
Since 1906, the area has been dominated by the Longbridge plant, which produced Austin, Nash Metropolitan, Morris, British Leyland, and most recently MG Rover cars. The factory became dormant, and some parts of the older sections of the site were demolished after MG Rover fell into administration in April 2005. The plant was one of the main employers of the local population and the resultant layoffs caused local decline. The company, renamed MG Motor (owned by MG Rover's would-be partner Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation) resumed limited MG TF sports car production within a small portion of the factory in August 2008 and in late 2010 started final assembly of the MG6. Production ceased completely in 2017, when the Chinese car maker decided to ship the fully assembled cars to the UK. The remaining disused sections of the factory were demolished on 4 August 2006.

Regeneration
25,410 people live in Longbridge.

Gary Sambrook of the Conservative Party is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Northfield, representing the seat since the December 2019 general election.

As part of the Ward of Longbridge And West Heath, Longbridge is represented as of the 2022 Birmingham City Council Election on Birmingham City Council by Debbie Clancy and Ron Storer who are both of the Conservative Party.

Population
The 2001 Population Census recorded that there were 30,964 people living in Longbridge with a population density of 3,789 people per km2 compared with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham. Longbridge has a small ethnic minority population: only 6.8% (2,117) of the ward's population consists of ethnic minorities, unlike more centralised areas such as Aston, Handsworth and Small Heath.

Notable people

 * Mark Frost, actor
 * Lewis Goodall, Journalist
 * David Haddleton, academic

title: Longbridge


text:
Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/8FSTMARTINS23.5.66RNC.JPG

Stanier 8F
Image courtesy The Stanier 8F Locomotive Society Limited
 * Neutral. This is a good image, but the overall tint seems too green to me. There isn't enough contrast between the different hues in the image. slambo 16:00, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Heart and club

The heart and club (Agrotis clavis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout the Palearctic realm.

The common name of this species refers to the supposed shapes of the bold dark stigmata on the usually pale forewings. In this species all the stigmata have a rounded shape, contrasting with the elongated claviform stigmata of the much commoner heart and dart. The hindwings are grey, usually much darker than in heart and dart and turnip moth. The differences are not consistent however; they are highly variable in both colour and markings, and identification of atypical or worn examples may prove impossible without examination of genitalia.See Townsend et al. The wingspan is 35–40 mm. The main habitat is calcareous grassland. The moth flies at night in June and July and is attracted to light and sugar. The larva, which is, when adult, dark brown with a pattern of black dots feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants (see list below). The young larva feeds on the leaves of the food plant, later feeding on the roots. It overwinters as a full-grown larva in a cavity in the soil before pupating in the spring.

 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range depending on the weather.

Recorded host plants
Full list at reference.
 * Brassica oleracea
 * Chenopodium - goosefoot
 * Lactuca - lettuce
 * Polygonum - knotgrass
 * Rumex
 * Spinacia - spinach
 * Trifolium - clover
 * Zea - maize

Subspecies

 * A. c. clavis - Europe
 * A. c. corsa - Corsica

title: Heart and club


text:
Pegswood railway station

Pegswood is a railway station on the East Coast Main Line, which runs between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The station, situated 18 mi north of Newcastle, serves the villages of Longhirst and Pegswood in Northumberland, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The station was opened by the North Eastern Railway on 1 January 1903, to serve the nearby village and colliery. The line passing through the station, which was constructed by the Newcastle and Berwick Railway during the 1840s, had opened more than fifty years earlier.

The station was twice threatened with closure after nationalisation. The first attempt to close the station was made in 1958, with a further attempt made in 1966, during the Beeching cuts. The station was reprieved each time. Until 1968, the station was served by through trains running between Newcastle and Alnwick.

An average of 3 or 4 services each way per day ran to and from Berwick-upon-Tweed and Edinburgh Waverley until the 1980s. Following the electrification of the East Coast Main Line, these services were curtailed to Berwick-upon-Tweed. Services were further cut (and reduced in frequency to the present residual level) by British Rail in May 1991, due to a shortage of rolling stock.

The local rail user group, SENRUG, has been campaigning to improve service levels at the station, and at neighbouring Widdrington, since September 2016.

Facilities
The station has two platforms with basic facilities. A waiting shelter is located on the Newcastle-bound platform. There is step-free access to both platforms, which are linked by road bridge.

Pegswood is not part of the Northern Trains penalty fare network, as a ticket machine has not yet been installed at the station.

Services
As of the December 2021 timetable change, the station is served by one train per day (excluding Sunday) towards Chathill, and two trains towards Newcastle via Morpeth. All services are operated by Northern Trains.

Rolling stock used: Class 156 Super Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter

title: Pegswood railway station


text:
Talk:Hainanese chicken rice

level 5 vital article
let's discuss. —valereee (talk) 22:30, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , I was just doing maintenance work adding VA Templates on VA articles not having them. I was directed via VA Report and checked validity on WP:Vital articles/Level/5/Everyday life where this article seems to be have placed for a while.
 * In case you are interested in VA article list, I need help on a matter requiring experienced editor/admin experience. Kindly refer to my report on WP:ANI ::Roller26 (talk) 09:29, 11 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , I'm not really interested in the VA article list, although I am very surprised that anyone would consider any single specific dish to be a vital article! I can see an entire category of dish, like "fried chicken", but Hainanese chicken rice is just so specific. Maybe they're including all dishes that are some country's national dish? At any rate, if that's what the good folks at VA lists have decided, fine by me, and sorry to trouble you. :) I don't know what that Saturdayopen is doing, but they seem to be well-intentioned. I've left a message at their talk asking them to start using edit summaries; between that, your warnings, and ANI, we should get their attention. A lot of very new users don't understand why edit summaries are so important. —valereee (talk) 10:10, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

IP edits
Hey, IP! Not sure what you intend by this edit, can you explain? —valereee (talk) 01:47, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * nasi ayam in Malaysia is a synonym for nasi lemak (as well as a sort of rice that includes a chicken drumstick) not Hainanese chicken rice. They are entirely different dishes. 104.244.208.228 (talk) 20:32, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I think this is a continuation, what are you saying "totally different dishes" etc.? Special:Diff/1005066542 —valereee (talk) 20:51, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

Thailand - "chicken blood tofu"
"Chicken blood tofu" is mentioned in the Thailand section, and linked to pork blood curd, which says nothing at all about chicken blood. --142.163.195.153 (talk) 15:54, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You can edit the article, you know? – robertsky (talk) 16:20, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

Country of origin
I believe the country of origin for Hainanese Chicken rice should be limited to Singapore only. There are various sources that state that Mr Wang Yiyuan first sold chicken rice as a street hawker during the 1920s, the National Museum of Singapore had also done a Food Gallery in 2014 explaining the origin of this dish to visitors in 2014.12

Nam Heong Chicken Rice in Malaysia as cited by SCMP in this source 3, had differing information on when the restaurant first started selling chicken rice. As seen here most information found states that the brand first started selling it in 1938. 4567. All these are Malaysian sources. -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 19:27, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * From what I can tell, the inclusion of "Malaysia" as the dish origin could not be verifiable. I'm aware that Wikipedia requires strict verifiability.

 * Looking into the SCMP source, the Malaysian claim was pretty much made by Malaysians themselves, and as you mentioned, all of which could not be verified as they are highly contradictory. On the other hand, we have many examples of food critics and travel documentations not from either country crediting Singapore for the dish origin, which additionally are also backed by numerous reliably verified sources (e.g. the creator, Wang Yiyuan).

 * Also, it seems that Malaysian politicians love bringing up Singaporean culinary foods on purpose to muddy the waters over their origins, and it should come as no surprise that these tend to happen whenever relations between the two are strained, as we can see in the "Controversy over origin" subsection. It's frankly undiplomatic and just one of the many examples of a larger country bullying a smaller one.

 * Off topic, I can't wait to visit someday to try out this dish. :-) NunoSantosAR (talk) 18:17, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

 * How do you propose we proceed from here? As listing Malaysia as one of the places of orgin would not really be factually correct. I have been trying to factually list the places of origin correctly for various dishes from Singapore but after a while most of these edits gets undone and completely deleted. Similarly on the Chinese Wikipedia (Chinese version of Bak kut teh), many unreigstered editors just removes the citation or content completely, its like they are indenial.

 * I do you hope you'd get a chance to visit after this whole COVID pandemic! Would be glad to welcome you to SG! In the mean time stay safe! -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 19:27, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

 * The SCMP post discusses explicitly the differing claims behind the dish, as well as the possibility similar derivations of the same Chinese dish emerged in different areas. Synthesising the various sources here to make new determinations as done above is inappropriate for Wikipedia. Casting national claims back before the countries existed is a bit anachronistic as well. CMD (talk) 02:38, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes it does, but however, it also cites that Nam Heong Chicken Rice in Malaysia was established in the 1920s, while other sources about the brand puts its establishment at 1938. I'm just questioning the reliability of the SCMP article as a source for putting the country of origin as Malaysia & Singapore. There were other information and sources putting the country of origin of the dish as Singapore. If it is anachronistic, then why do the article on Nasi lemak cites Malaysia as the place of origin, when in fact it did not exist as a country until 1957? And the name Malaysia was only used officially in 1963 after merger with other British territories in the region. Just want to clear up these questions regarding the place of origin information and how it should be written. -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 03:22, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * It's certainly true that these tend to be WP:DISINFOBOXes which don't handle really dishes which are quite basic, often informal, and older than the countries in question. The best path forward is to be braod and non-specific in tricky infobox areas, and put the detailed information you've found into the relevant body section. CMD (talk) 03:35, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Maybe a clean up on articles revolving around Malaysian and Singaporean dishes would be great to have, so as to not confuse readers. Regarding the sources cited, it would more reliable to cross check with a few credible sources (UBO) as articles such as the SCMP one in question proved that a single credible source might also be inaccurate and misinformed. -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 06:12, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I suppose readers would be generally helped if sources like the SCMP one were used throughout to explain the link to gastronationalism. Using multiple sources is fine, but sources saying something happened in Malaysia, or something happened in Singapore, are not sources saying something did not happen in the other place. Nor is cross-checking the same as deriving new information by combining sources. CMD (talk) 07:01, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, that would be better utilised there, rather than citing it as a source for the place of origin. I think you misunderstood my intention, what I am pushing for is that rather than citing a misinformed source, maybe it could be replaced with one that is more factually correct, if not it wouldn't be reliable if it was providing the wrong information. Multiple sources have already been cited in the article placing the earliest known variant of the dish to have been created or adapted in Singapore since the 1920s to 1940s, which would be more factually correct. Thus, my first suggestion was just to place Singapore as the place of origin. But if that is not possible, then I would suggest that the infobox place the dish place of origin to Southeast Asia and detail the origin story of the dish in each country (Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) within the article itself, as this dish is a adapted variant of the Wenchang chicken from China. Maybe that would provide a more neutral and less nationalistic approach? -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 07:15, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Generalising seems good, it's somewhat of a thankless task to try and find a specific location for a food which has lots of variations and is in turn a variation on another type of food. Presumably every Hainanese emigrant who could cook would've had a chance. Malay Peninsula would be a bit tighter than Southeast Asia, but that doesn't seem too important if the body detail is good. I am no convinced the SCMP source is particularly misinformed, there's every chance the author simply encountered a different standard for what qualifies as Hainanese chicken rice. CMD (talk) 07:58, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I think it would be good to put Southeast Asia, as Malay Peninsula does not include Singapore, which might raise some eyebrows. -- Deoma 12 (Talk) 02:37, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 June 2022
Include Thailand in "culinary staple" sentence. You can see in the Thailand variation section that it is also popular in Thailand, too, as khao man gai. Honestly I don't understand why Indonesia is in the sentence but not Thailand when clearly the dish is more prominent the other way around. 49.228.166.231 (talk) 09:08, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. CMD (talk) 09:23, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Translation of name in thai.
the translation from the thai name to english is wrong. It is as written khao man gai. But literally it means: rice fat chicken. Khao in this sentence means rice, man means fat, and kai is chicken. Chromalux (talk) 12:04, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hainanese chicken rice


text:
Food Network Star

Food Network Star is a reality television series that aired from June 5, 2005 to August 5, 2018. It was produced by CBS EYEtoo Productions for seasons 1–8 and by Triage Entertainment for seasons 9-14. It aired on the Food Network in the United States. Prior to season seven, the series was known as The Next Food Network Star.

Summary
The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005, and was composed of five episodes in June 2005. Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners, and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve; later titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys, which premiered on September 18, 2005.

The runner-up, Deborah Fewell, was chosen to host a special on food at beaches, Surf N Turf, which aired in June 2006. Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show. Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show, and is also an on-air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States.

Summary
The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006. Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23, 2006, beating Reggie Southerland.

Fieri has achieved considerable success and a Daytime Emmy at Food Network since his victory, and is still regularly on air as of February 2024. Guy's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and aired for 13 seasons until December 2016. Fieri's second series, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, premiered in April 2007 and has aired for 33 seasons, being the recipient of several Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He went on to the series, Ultimate Recipe Showdown, premiering February 17, 2008, and Guy Off The Hook on September 14, 2008. His reality competition Guy's Grocery Games debuted in October 2013 and has aired for 29 seasons.

Fourth-place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series, A Lyon In the Kitchen, on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007.

Four of the seasons cast members along with Fieri reunited on Season 10 episode 4 of Guy’s Grocery Games which aired on July 24, 2016.

Summary
The third season began on June 3, 2007, and the winner was announced on Sunday, July 22. In season 3, judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly. Once the field was down to 2 final contestants, the viewers picked the winner. Marc Summers (host of the first 2 seasons) only returned for this season's finale. Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales.

During the season, the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City. The contestants' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game (with guest Darryl Dawkins) to a mini version of Food Network's Iron Chef America (with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora). The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest. Guest judges included Alton Brown, Giada De Laurentiis, Duff Goldman, season two winner Guy Fieri, and Robert Irvine.

Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges, and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process. Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22, 2007. Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14, 2007 and ran for six episodes. Finley later declined to continue with the series, citing relocation to France for family reasons.

Among the contestants this season was former child actress Colombe Jacobsen-Derstine, best known for her appearances in the Mighty Ducks film franchise.

Contestants

 * Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7, and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua "JAG" Garcia. After the final elimination episode was aired, evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service, representing both as more extensive than they actually were.  Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley, who was voted The Next Food Network Star.

Summary
Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday, June 1, 2008. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season. Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10:00 PM EDT. For this season, the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner; producers instead made the final decision. This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com, which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired. The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo Jr. His winning show idea, Big Daddy's House, first aired August 3, 2008.

Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food, which debuted on January 19, 2009 and was cancelled after one season. He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store, which aired two seasons.

Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com (a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009. In 2010, Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party, a half-hour recap/interview show following that night's episode of Star, on Cooking Channel. Nixon stars in Kelsey's Essentials, a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November, 2010–2013.

Summary
Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7, 2009. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season, which was filmed early 2009 in New York, New York and Miami, Florida. Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2, 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners. Her show premiered on August 9, 2009.

On August 17, 2009, Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot, now called "The Spice Smuggler." The program premiered with four $4 1/2$-minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it. Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board. In November, 2010, Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America, which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food.

Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her "Seoul to Soul" concept to the streets of L.A., opening a lunch truck, Ahn-Joo, featuring a range of Korean food.

Summary
The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday, June 6, 2010. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges; in addition, Giada De Laurentiis served as an on-set mentor. On July 17, 2010, a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel. Shows were filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.

On August 15, 2010, Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner, and her new show Aarti Party premiered on Sunday, August 22, 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair. Season 2 of Aarti Party premiered that December.

The Food Network also signed runner-up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food, which premiered in November 2010. The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013.

Summary
For the seventh season, the reality television series was renamed, after the first episode, Food Network Star, dropping the word "Next". It premiered Sunday, June 5, 2011. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.

Season seven winner Jeff Mauro's show "Sandwich King" premiered on Sunday, August 21, 2011. In spring 2013, Jeff hosted $24 in 24, a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day's worth of meals on 24 dollars. Mauro is currently a co-host on "The Kitchen", airing Saturday mornings on Food Network with cohosts Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee and Geoffrey Zakarian.

Summary
Season 8 started May 13, 2012. For season 8, the format changed, with the contestants divided into three five-member teams, each coached by a Food Network host, either Bobby Flay, Alton Brown, or Giada De Laurentiis. Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks. The winner's coach would also be the producer of the winner's show.

Each week, a winning team was selected, and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers' Challenge. Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities.

The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15–17, 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22, 2012. The winner was Justin Warner, who hosted a one-hour special on The Food Network, but did not have a series produced. He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com, makes appearances at Food Network events, and is an active Twitter presence.

Coaches

 * Alton Brown – host of Good Eats, Iron Chef America, The Next Iron Chef, and Cutthroat Kitchen.
 * Bobby Flay – host of Grill It! with Bobby Flay, Throwdown! with Bobby Flay. Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America
 * Giada De Laurentiis – host of Everyday Italian, Giada at Home and Giada in Italy.

Summary
Season 9 started on June 2, 2013. For season 9, Alton Brown, Bobby Flay, and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors, although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8. Many of this season's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows. The winner was Damaris Phillips, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11, 2013. Phillips hosted the Food Network show Southern at Heart for five seasons from 2013 to 2016. In 2018, she began co-hosting The Bobby and Damaris Show on Food Network with Bobby Flay. Phillips also cohosted "Southern and Hungry" with auto racing analyst Rutledge Wood in 2017.

Season Ten
The winner was Lenny McNab, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10, 2014. It is the last season to date where the finale aired live—all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing.

Season Eleven
Beginning with this season, Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge. The winner was Eddie Jackson, an ex NFL player and MasterChef (American season 4) contestant.

Season Twelve
Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen.

Season Thirteen
Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11. He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition.

Contestants
This season features Manny Washington and Katie Dixon from MasterChef (American season 7) and Palak Patel who beats Bobby Flay. Amy Pottinger originally competed in season 13. She returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition, along with Adam Gertler, who originally competed in season four.

title: Food Network Star


text:
Design and Technology

Design and Technology (D&T) is a school subject taught in England to pupils in primary and secondary schools. It first appeared as a titled subject in the first National Curriculum for England in 1990. It has undergone several reviews when the whole National Curriculum has been reviewed, the most recent in 2013.

D&T is also taught in many countries around the world such as India, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Malta, China, South Africa, France and Finland.

As a school subject it involves students in designing in a practical context using a range or materials and media. It is also a university course in many countries, including Australia, Canada, the US, Singapore, South Africa, Netherlands and New Zealand, both for the preparation of teachers and for general education in areas such as industrial design. Some of the UK universities which deliver courses include: Brighton, Sheffield Hallam, Goldsmiths, University of London and Greenwich.

Purpose and aims of D&T
The National Curriculum for England states that the purpose of D&T is:

"Design and technology is an inspiring, rigorous and practical subject. Using creativity and imagination, pupils design and make products that solve real and relevant problems within a variety of contexts, considering their own and others’ needs, wants and values. They acquire a broad range of subject knowledge and draw on disciplines such as mathematics, science, engineering, computing and art. Pupils learn how to take risks, becoming resourceful, innovative, enterprising and capable citizens. Through the evaluation of past and present design and technology, they develop a critical understanding of its impact on daily life and the wider world. High-quality design and technology education makes an essential contribution to the creativity, culture, wealth and well-being of the nation."

And there are four aims: "to ensure that all pupils:

 * 1) develop the creative, technical and practical expertise needed to perform everyday tasks confidently and to participate successfully in an increasingly technological world
 * 2) build and apply a repertoire of knowledge, understanding and skills in order to design and make high-quality prototypes and products for a wide range of users
 * 3) critique, evaluate and test their ideas and products and the work of others
 * 4) understand and apply the principles of nutrition and learn how to cook"

The second goal is known as "design and technology capability" and is the interaction of responding to a design and technology context whilst drawing on the resources of knowledge and experience, where pupils develop “the power to produce change and improvement in the made world”.

GCSE D&T (2017 onwards)
Taught primarily to pupils in upper secondary school (years 10-11, aged 14-16) the GCSE incorporates all material areas (with the exception of food which is now a separate GCSE ). Similar to the previous GCSE, the new GCSE Specifications  have two assessed components - an exam and a non-examined assessment (NEA) but with a 50:50 split of the marks.

A level
A and AS level examinations prepare students for individualised learning and problem solving, which is essential in business and industry. Time management is a key factor to candidates' success within the coursework elements of the qualification. The examinations are as rigorous as any other subject. Indeed, due to the complexity and variety of tasks and organisation skills required this examination and course is very demanding. The subject covers activities from control technology to aesthetic product design. Students have to use all types of computer software including computer-aided design and manufacture, spreadsheets and computer presentations. Outputs from such work are often sent to CNC machines for manufacture.

Previous qualification in D&T
With the first National Curriculum new GCSE qualifications were introduced for D&T in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Unlike the National Curriculum the previous subject titles were retained (e.g. craft, design and technology  (CDT) and home economics) and others added (e.g. electronics, food technology, textiles technology and systems and control). These GCSE specifications had two assessed components:

 * 50% of the final mark for coursework
 * 50% for an examination of general subject knowledge (materials, processes, techniques and sustainability etc.).

GCSE D&T titles that were offered included:

 * GCSE Design and Technology: Electronic Products
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Food Technology
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Graphic Products
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Resistant Materials
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Systems and Control
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Textiles Technology
 * GCSE Design and Technology: Product Design

International Baccalaureate in Design Technology
The IB Design Technology (DT) is an elective subject offered in many International Baccalaureate schools globally. Design is also offered in the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) as a compulsory subject for grades 6–10, and at the Diploma Programme level (from grades 11-12). IB Design Technology is very similar in content to Design and Technology. It is one of the Group 4 sciences.

The primary focus of MYP Design is to give students an understanding of the design cycle, through a practical programme. The student will complete projects based on solving a real and authentic problem. Students document their progress as they follow the design cycle to come to a feasible solution. They create the solution and then evaluate it following thorough testing.

The Diploma Programme of Design Technology is a two-year introduction to designing, a range of fundamentals of technology, and global technological issues. It provides students with the knowledge to be able to design and make in school workshops, and also to develop an informed literacy about technology in general. Because it is an international curriculum it has a particular focus on global environmental issues. It covers core topics in human factors and ergonomics, resource management and sustainable production, modeling, raw materials to final production, innovation and design, classic design. It covers advanced higher level topics in user centered design, sustainability, innovation and markets, and commercial production. The diploma is accepted for university entrance in many countries, and is a good preparation for careers in areas such as engineering, architecture, product design, interior design, design and education.

Scotland
Technological education is part of the Scottish secondary school curriculum. Technological education is segregated into various subjects available at National 4, National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher

Standard Subject in Technical
 * Graphic Communication
 * Design and Manufacture
 * Engineering Science
 * Practical Electronics (available to N5 level)
 * Practical Woodwork (available to N5 level)
 * Practical Metalwork (available to N5 level)

Specialist Subjects within Technical
 * Architectural technology
 * Automotive engineering
 * Civil engineering
 * Building services
 * Construction
 * Electrical engineering
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Mechatronics

Awards
In the UK, the Arkwright Scholarships Trust awards two-year scholarships to students who are taking GCSE/Scottish Standard Grade in design & technology. The Arkwright Engineering Scholarships support students through their A levels/Scottish Highers and encourage them to study engineering or a related area of design at a top university or through a high-quality industrial apprenticeship.

title: Design and Technology


text:
Category:Lakes of Mali

This category is for articles pertaining to lakes and reservoirs in Mali.

title: Category:Lakes of Mali


text:
Talk:Reverse psychology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 October 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alexmolini. Peer reviewers: LouiseBradley46, Sphub.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Stub?
Why does this article have "sociological theory" tag? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.190.96.7 (talk) 05:35, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

I see that this article is now a stub, and used to be much bigger.... shouldnt it be reverted? 71.238.25.226 (talk) 01:30, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell from looking at the history, it has always been a stub. Eggbertx (talk) 17:55, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Merger
I am merging the material from "Culture Industry" which was inappropaitely long and determined to deal with two many unrelated topics. Will be back to consolidate it later. -David91 11:01, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

No cleanup necessary.
No really, this article DOES NOT NEED cleaning up. Do NOT clean it up.

 * This artically only needs minor changes. It will help readers sift through it better.

 * I could help clean up this article, and add to it. The article at least needs subsections, which won't be hard to do. I would also like to add therapeutic uses of reverse psychology or paradoxical intentions. I will work on it over my christmas break. --whicky1978 02:06, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

I think "Adorno and Horkheimer" section needs to be divided into two paragraphs, instead of one large paragraph.--whicky1978 14:16, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Who added that little gem at the bottom? I love it. -Toptomcat 14:41, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

The section on Adorno and Horkheimer is superb! Thanks! 218.102.65.214 10:15, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

How old is the term?
What are the oldest references to reverse psychology, or to the term itself? Thanks.

Actually a psycological term?
Is this actually a psycological term? I've always been under the impression that it's just an informal thing.

Actually, I think the proper term is paradoxical intent. 12.44.67.176 00:46, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Original Research
This is just a list of works deemed to be reverse psychology. I don't dispute that it is factually correct, but there is no verifiable source listing these examples as relating to reverse psychology. --JianLi 03:07, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

The Office
I have removed:

In an episode of NBC's The Office, Michael tries his hand at reverse psychology when he receives an oven mitt from Phyllis during Secret Santa. He doesn't like the gift, and decides to turn Secret Santa into Yankee Swap. Complimenting the mitt's fine craftsmanship, Michael tries to trick some poor soul into wanting the mitt. (Episode: "Christmas Party")'' ... as that's not reverse psychology. Funny story though. Maikel (talk) 00:34, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

87.220.23.203 (talk) 16:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC) I have also changed the line about Seinfield. It's really a "How I Met Your Mother" reference, and it occurs in the episode Milk. (1X21)

A Modest Proposal
I'm curious, is the essay A Modest Proposal an early example of reverse psychology? Or is satire defined differently. I'm just curious. If it is I think it should be mentioned in the examples section. Thx. Zeke515 (talk) 20:46, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It isn't. It's just sarcasm. Eggbertx (talk) 17:48, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

How I met Your Mother
The example given about this movie doesn't sound like reverse psychology, unless the waitress wanted Lily to touch the hot coffee. It sounds more like an example of Reactance.

I tried to reference but spam filter
I simple google search for the parenting sentence finds several references but the spam filter stopped me. I am new so please do this. --Medic463 (talk) 17:55, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Photo Suggestions

This is an example of reverse psychology only if the property owner (who presumably put up the sign) wants strangers to come in. And if he did, the caption should tell that story. Otherwise, it's something else (curiosity, defiance, trespass, illiteracy, etc.). Just1thing (talk) 18:30, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

== Lack of psychological understanding? Why are children supposed to "lack psychological understanding"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.0.43.248 (talk) 04:28, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Gaga ?
Is the Gaga an example of Rev Psy ? Or simply ironical self-publicity since I doubt if anyone was 'duped' as a result of the publicity.Pincrete (talk) 22:29, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Marxism and the culture industry?
I think the section Adorno and Horkheimer is socio-political commentary and has little or nothing to do with reverse psychology. The text is about judging the motivations of the (undefined) "culture industry"; reverse psychology is, at best, an inadequate description of the tactics noted; those are based on implicitly misleading the audience; my sense is that reverse psychology is explicit by nature. The examples are not really reverse psychology, but something like it. The degree to which readers agree or disagree with the assertions in this section is irrelevant. In my opinion this section should be deleted. 2015-02-07 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frevi (talk • contribs) 03:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Devil's advocate
Why is devil's advocate a related article? 2.236.138.147 (talk) 17:24, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Make it a Featured Article?
I think this article has the propensity of becoming featured. Spannerjam (talk) 16:36, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Pseudoscience
This article is problematic, unscientific and have nothing to do with any sort of actual psychology. It should have a warning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ostream (talk • contribs) 14:30, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Origin of reverse psychology
Parents tend to say their kids things like "go play outside" that is more in the interest of the parent that wants have some rest. After a while the kid subconsciously learns that it's not in his interest, so it begins to do the direct opposite of what the parents say, kids even begin to generalized this ractance to all older people. 178.82.219.75 (talk) 00:22, 31 October 2019 (UTC) Landev

Reverse reverse Psychology
Refering "Origing of reverse psychology" the parents will learn that the kid learned reactance and begin to use "reverse-reverse-psychology" 178.82.219.75 (talk) 00:22, 31 October 2019 (UTC) Landev

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Phrenic490 (talk) 21:38, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reverse psychology


text:
Magazin

Magazin is a Croatian pop band from Split. Founded in 1979 under the name Dalmatinski magazin ("Dalmatian Magazine" in Croatian), the band quickly began to make a mark on local pop music festivals with its songs influenced by Dalmatian folk music. The band currently consists of lead vocalist Andrea Šušnjara, guitarist Željko Baričić and bass guitarist Nenad Vesanović Keko. Baričić is the only active founding member even though Vesanović featured on every album to date.

History
The band is a successor to Mladi Batali band that was founded in 1966. The original name Dalmatinski Magazin was shortened to Magazin in 1982. after singer Majda Šoletić left the band. Their gradual rise in popularity continued in the 1980s with a series of prestigious festival victories. But their peak of popularity was reached while Ljiljana Nikolovska was the band's lead singer. The leader and songwriter Tonči Huljić began to insert elements of folk music of other European countries in his songs. Magazin became one of the most popular and most influential music bands in Croatia. Their biggest hits are "Put putujem" (I'm travelling), "Ti si želja mog života" (You are the desire of my life), "Oko moje sanjivo" (My sleepy eye), "Sve bi seke ljubile mornare" (All girls would kiss the sailors), "Balkanska ulica" (Balkan street), "Istanbul", "Zna srce, zna" (The heart knows, knows), "Boli me" (It hurts), "Besane noći"(Sleepless nights), and many more. Most of these songs are considered as classics in Croatia. The band won the first iteration of Dora in 1992. with the song "Aleluja" but Croatia was not eligible to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest. Later, they entered the 1995 Eurovision Song Contest with "Nostalgija".

Current members

 * Željko Baričić – guitar (1979–present)
 * Nenad Vesanović Keko – bass guitar (1979–present)
 * Andrea Šušnjara – lead vocals (2010–present)

Former members

 * Igor Biočić – bass guitar (1979)
 * Zoran Marinković – drums (1979–1984)
 * Miro Crnko – keyboards (1979–1992)
 * Tonči Huljić – keyboards (1979–2006)
 * Ante Miletić – drums (1984–2013)
 * Ivan Huljić – keyboards (2006–2014)

Former vocals

 * Majda Šoletić – lead vocals (1979–1982)
 * Marija Kuzmić – lead vocals (1982–1983)
 * Ljiljana Nikolovska – lead vocals (1983–1990)
 * Danijela Martinović – lead vocals (1991–1996)
 * Jelena Rozga – lead vocals (1996–2006)
 * Ivana Kovač – lead vocals (2006–2010)

Discography

 * Slatko stanje (1982) ("The Sweet State") singer Marija Kuzmić
 * Kokolo (1983) singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * O, la, la (1984) singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Piši mi (1985) ("Write to Me") singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Put putujem (1986) ("I am Traveling") singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Magazin (1987) singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Besane noći (1988) ("Sleepless Nights") singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Dobro jutro (1989) ("Good Morning") singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Da mi te zaljubit u mene (1991) ("If I Could Make You Fall In Love With Me") singer Danijela Martinovic
 * Došlo vrijeme (1993) ("The Time Has Come") singer Danijela Martinović
 * Najbolje godine (1993) ("The Best Years") singer Ljiljana Nikolovska
 * Simpatija (1994) ("Sympathy") singer Danijela Martinović
 * Nebo boje moje ljubavi (1996) ("The sky in the color of my Love") singer Jelena Rozga
 * Da si ti ja (1998) ("If you were Me") singer Jelena Rozga
 * Minus i plus (2000) ("Minus and Plus") singer Jelena Rozga
 * S druge strane mjeseca (2002) ("From the other side of the Moon") singer Jelena Rozga
 * Paaa..? (2004) ("Well...") singer Jelena Rozga
 * Dama i car (2007) ("Lady and Emperor") singer Ivana Kovač
 * Bossa n' Magazin (2008) singer Ivana Kovač
 * Mislim pozitivno! (2014) singer Andrea Šušnjara

title: Magazin