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Talk:Borscht Belt

Decline
Another important reason for the decline of the Borscht Belt is found in increasing Jewish assimilation. No one can now openly and legally discriminate against Jews in the U.S., as was done very frequently in the past, and also there are far fewer Gentiles who are closed-minded enough to resent or openly object to sharing facilities such as hotels, restaurants, and pools, for example, with Jews. As Jews are welcome in mainstream establishments to a degree unthinkable a couple of generations ago, the demand for Jewish-oriented resorts has consequently declined. This has as much to do with the decline of the Borscht Belt as probably any other single factor, except mabye the ease of travel to Florida compared with two generations ago. Shouldn't this be addressed in the article as well? Rlquall 22:25, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably so, if you can find something to cite. For claims of causality, citation and attribution is particularly important. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:48, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

The peak time is characterised as: "According to Time, "the Borscht Belt resorts reached their peak in the 1950s and 60s, accommodating up to 150,000 guests a year," but the start of a decline was apparent by the late 1960s." Is the number of 150 000 guest per year correct? According to   that's the number of guests that Grossinger's had on it's own. "Grossinger's had about 550 guest rooms and 250 staff rooms when it closed." Thus, this is 200.000 room*nights (and rooms may be occupied by more than one person). I have read that at it's heyday, the whole Borscht Belt was responsable to host more than 1 million guests per summer - this included not only the big hotel resorts but also the bungalow camps and kuchaleyns. --Gunnar (talk) 11:16, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * what you are saying sounds entirely correct to me. - Jmabel | Talk 20:32, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between guests per summer season and room nights rented, as guests may stay just a weekend or several weeks, but nevertheless the Time reference seems to be wrong. So which reference should be quoted? Is there a scientific source available where a tourist researcher has actually digged down in the statistics? The Borscht Belt Museum writes: "Less than 100 miles from the cramped, sweltering tenements of Manhattan’s Lower East Side was a lush patchwork of forests, farms and bustling rural towns that hosted a summertime population of nearly a million urban strivers hungry for the clean air, fresh food and familiar camaraderie that even a garment worker or cab driver could afford." The number of 1 million guest per season is something I read in other press articles as well, but I would love to find a researcher's opinion on it. American Jews says there are almost 2 million Jews in the metropolitan area of New York City, so this means ca. half of them did spend a summer vacation in the Borscht Belt (assuming the census did not change much since the 60s). On the other hand, can it be that the whole of the Borscht Belt is only 7 times the hosting capacity of Grossinger's? IIRC, Gossinger's was not the largest resort but the Concord with 1500 rooms instead of 550. I assume that the Borscht Belt also hosted non-jewish guests, but on the other hand, maybe the long summer stay was more typical with cheaper bungalow colonies and the kuchaleyns, and not so much with "luxury" resorts like Grossinger's.

 * The same source also says: "From the turn of the 20th century to the 1970s, more than 1,000 hotels, bungalow colonies, summer camps and boarding houses dotted the Catskill Mountains of southern New York." to indicate the peak. I find the number of 1000 misleading as other sources say there have been 500+ hotels, plus 50.000 bungalows in the peak years – thus counting the different types of accomodation separately. I would also say, that a "summer camp" is a bungalow colony which has no heating facilities and therefore is closed in fall and reopened for the next summer season. It is not a summer camp to which you send kids and teenagers (basically organised camping as I did this in my youth at the North Sea), isn't it? --Gunnar (talk) 08:47, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * For the time being, I described the peak as 500+ hotels, 50000+ bungalows and 1000+ boarding houses (I think that were mostly self-catered kuchaleyns). Actually, the term cook-alone is misleading as you often would cook together with other guests ;-) As far as I find a good source on ~1 million guests per year, I'll add this information. I have read something like that somewhere. Gunnar (talk) 14:40, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Million guests per year during the peak plateau is often said, but also half a million:
 * "The crowds picked up around the 1920s, and by the peak in the 1950s, a half-million people each year were enjoying the getaways during the summer, according to Northeastern University’s Catskills Institute."
 * "In 1950, half a million people spent their holidays in the Catskills."
 * "The resort colonies began a century ago, and by the 1950s some nine hundred hotels brought in more than a million guests a year."
 * "By the 1950s, more than a million people inhabited a magical Jewish summer world of bungalow colonies, summer camps, as well as small and large hotels."
 * "This 1986 film chronicles the rise and fall of the summer pilgrimage from New York City to the Catskills once made by 1 million people a year from the 1920s to the 1960s.", says the caption on the 1986 documentary.
 * "Every year between 1920 and 1970, almost one million of New York City's Jewish population summered in the Catskills." wrote Irwin Reichmann.
 * "Entertaining a Million Jews" titled the same author an introduction for a different book on a similar subject.
 * "The heyday of the Jewish resort culture was the 1950s, when more than 1 million people would visit the Catskills bungalow colonies, summer camps, and small hotels every year."
 * I'd rather opt for the round number of 1 million guests in the Borscht Belt per year. Even if Grossingers had many guests which stayed only 1-2 weeks for a busy business husband & wife and the cheaper bungalows & kuchaleyns had middle to low class vacation the whole summer, I can't believe how else 7 x Grossingers (150 000 p.a.) = ~1 Mio. does make sense. --Gunnar (talk) 16:43, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Names of the places
Well the Raleigh just closed. The Pines closed a few years back. I'm going to Kutchers the week after next. Anyone know what happened to the Granit? Are there any others left?

These places are not closing because of assimilation, their problem is that they are all huge buildings with vast running costs delapidated past repair catering to a clientelle that is now used to staying in Mariotts and Sheratons. --Gorgonzilla 01:38, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't expect Kutchers to last more than a couple of years. It is't cheap but the level of service is low. Mouldy carpets, bad food, roof leaks, overflowing toilets. --Gorgonzilla 23:14, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * And such small portions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.101.228.193 (talk) 14:07, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

A major part of the article is just mentioning resort names in a sentence, explaining when it went out of business or similar. I don't think that this is encyclopedic content: better is to explain the context and the big picture while naming a few examples which are iconographic or stand out of something special. --Gunnar (talk) 19:59, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

"upstate"

 * This topic was split off from, above.

Is the Borscht Belt really in "upstate" New York? It appears to be in the southern part of the state, which is not traditionally thought of as "upstate" (except to those who live in NYC proper). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.187.10.252 (talk • contribs) 1 July 2006.

 * Well, I'm a Long Islander, so Upstate begins in the Bronx. More seriously, I'd use the term for anything past Westchester and Rockland Counties. Our article has a map that seems to say the same. - Jmabel | Talk 20:12, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Ashkenazi Jews?

 * This topic was split off from, above.

Why does the article single out Ashkenazi Jews? Is this verifiable? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.53.42.160 (talk) 02:50, 14/July/06

 * Certainly. But it's also obvious: the Borscht Belt originally centered on Yiddish-language entertainment. To say that the audience were Ashkenazi Jews is like saying that the audience for a Polish-language standup comedian is mostly Polish. In fact, I'd be hard pressed to name a Borscht Belt comedian of any note who was not an Ashkenazi. - Jmabel | Talk 00:44, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Danny Thomas, Lebanese Christian. :-) Why isn't Adams' book mentioned? 85.159.160.202 (talk) 19:09, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Link goes to wrong Joey Adams
The link for Joey Adams gets redirected to Joey Lauren Adams, a talented actress born in 1968. I do not think she is the Borscht Belt comedian who wrote the book Borscht Belt in 1973. Did the redirect from Joey Adams to Joey Lauren Adams wipe out a previous article on the older Joey Adams? Or, was there never a Wikipedia article on the Borscht Belt comedian Joey Adams? r3 21:57, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like this has been cleaned up to a stub. - Jmabel | Talk 01:07, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Map
It just occurred to me that the map that is used to illustrate this entry is wrong. It shows all of Sullivan and Ulster counties. Actually the old Borscht Belt included just portions of those counties. According to one of my books on the subject, it extended west as far as about White Sulfur Springs, but not as far as Callicoon and further up the Delaware. Same goes for Ulster. I think the map should go, unless an accurate one can be found. --JohnnyB256 (talk) 22:00, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

I've removed the map as no one seemed to object. I'll see if I can get a public domain photo as its replacement. JohnnyB256 (talk) 15:24, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

As someone who grew up in the area, yes, you are correct: a large swath of Sullivan County, including the towns of Fallsburg, South Fallsburgh, Monticello, Woodridge, Mountain Dale, Kiamesha Lake, Glen Dale, Woodburn, Thompsonville are included; many around the periphery are not. Although the Nevele, which attracted some Borscht belt comedians, was in Ellenville (Ulster County), the communities that followed the Western face of the Shawangunks were not generally included in the local definition of "Borscht Belt"; and major Catskills resorts such as Mohonk Mountain House are definitely not Borscht Belt. But I don't think the definition is strictly geographic, so an attempt to define boundaries on a map may be fruitless.

A couple of other observations: the decline of the Borscht Belt was already occurring in the 40s (there is a paucity of local history books of Sullivan County, and I have none, but I believe you can find a reference the that decline with some effort), and was pretty much sealed when railroad service was eliminated in approximately 1955 (and all the tracks were torn up). The slow decline through the 50s and 60s may have also included other factors, including the increasing accessibility of air travel, and the maturation and diversification of resort-owning families (including the establishment of winter resorts by those same families in Miami and Florida East Coast; the Flaglers come to mind).

Note that, while Dirty Dancing portrayed Borscht Belt resort sensibilities, it was filmed at a hotel in Virginia; and, while the term "Jewish Alps" was sometimes used, "Yiddish Alps" was the far more common; and finally (again, from personal experience), "upstate" New York was generally considered any community that was NOT New York City, its first-ring suburbs, and Long Island.Manskybook (talk) 20:25, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * A better movie in terms of historical accuracy is "Sweet Lorraine," which is available on DVD. It was filmed at the old Heiden Hotel near South Fallsburg. On the timeline of decline, it could be that it was the 40s but I agree that sourcing on that is limited. Actually sourcing for this article in general is not great. --JohnnyB256 (talk) 15:10, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Included the movie more prominently. Marquenterre (talk) 19:37, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There was a move discussion in progress on Talk:Borsch, but it ended. Disregard the following: "There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Borsch which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 03:15, 4 July 2010 (UTC)". The discussion ended 11 July 2010, but no one bothered to update this page.71.109.155.189 (talk) 01:37, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Humor in Article
"Lasers played no role in the fire."

Heh.

Heh. Heh.

Heh. Heh. Heh!

Allen Sherman, George Burns, and all the Borscht Belt regulars would have *loved* that one! Please, would-be editors and admins with no sense of humor, leave that one as sacrosanct. It's proof that historical references do *not* need to be dry, dull and boring! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.116.83.41 (talk) 04:30, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

Why The 'Borscht Belt?'
Why was it called the 'Borscht Belt,' as a play on of the Bible Belt? Why not the 'Torah Belt?'--Splashen (talk) 03:16, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Probably because it lacks alliteration. (Tumblehome (talk) 13:29, 18 January 2014 (UTC))

 * "It’s said that the name was coined by the editor of Variety, a guy named Abel Green, who called it the Borscht Belt." --Gunnar (talk) 20:22, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Life magazine from January 31, 1938 writes in an article on Bei Mir Bistu Shein: "The Grossinger Hotel is on the fringe of the Catskills, known as the 'Yiddish Alps' or the 'borscht belt'." So both terms had been established in the late 1930s, and it is plausible that Abel Green, at the time 37 years old and 20 years in business as journalist and almost 5 years as Variety's editor, was the father of the "borscht belt" name. But it is not plausible that Larry King coined the "Yiddish Alps", as he was only 4 in January 1939. --Gunnar (talk) 12:31, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Borscht Belt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090228045158/http://catskills.brown.edu:80/hotelframes.html to http://catskills.brown.edu/hotelframes.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090227094255/http://catskills.brown.edu:80/hotelnews/rebuild.html to http://catskills.brown.edu/hotelnews/rebuild.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:50, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Cleaned up a bit
I took the liberty of reorganizing a bit. The interesting bits were drowning in too much info about individual resorts.

Somebody should probably research what became of the gambling efforts, and add it into "History".

Marquenterre (talk) 19:21, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

 * One aspect of cleaning up it the choice of figures and its placing: today, there are mostly pictures from the '70s showing the hotels when they were in a state prior to the collapse of the region which came in the following decade, and a second gallery of delapidated buildings. I don't think it is wise to place photgraphs from the 70s in the 'name' or 'history' section, as this gives a false impression what the text is about. Text and pictures should go hand in hand telling the paragraph's story, thus if there are photos from the early days available, these should be added to the history section. --Gunnar (talk) 13:51, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Fine, if we had such photos. But we don't - look at Commons. Johnbod (talk) 16:36, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Grand_Hotel%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_New_York_LCCN2002711530.jpg
 * Obviously, if you only look at Roadside America - Sullivan County, NY you will only find the photos taken by John Margolies. Please widen up the horizon. The Grand Hotel at Highmount, NY is an example for late 1800s tourism in the Catskills - although I don't know if it followed the "no Hebrews" policy. Nevertheless, it shows that this low mountain range had been already some sort of tourism before the borscht belt became massive. shows a picture of Grossinger's Hotel in the 30s.
 * BTW, reverting the changes to the text without any explanation can be interpreted as vandalism especially when the 'coined by Larry King' remark had been corrected and removed. Therefore, I will revert you last move. If you want to thin out the gallery, I am fine with that. As you added a picture, I did not assume that you are afraid of more pictures. But just dispersing pictures to places which do not match to the nearby text is something I object. --Gunnar (talk) 19:58, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * See the picture policies! The text should be illustrated first, then galleries used for overflow. I looked through nearly the whole Borsch Belt sub-categories on Commons on. You revert my improvements but if I revert yours, that's "vandalism"! No, it isn't. As I said, do what you like to the text. I will restore my improvements. Johnbod (talk) 02:29, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * You did not restore your improvements, you did reset all my changes in the text. Your "improvements" were just 2 moves of existing photos and the addition of a third one. You should first explain why this is an improvement, in order to come to a consensus or compromise. As I said, I do not think that it is good style to add unrelated pictures to a given section of an article which are not related to the content of this section. Why do you deny the adequacy of a borscht soup picture as an add-on to the explanation where the name borscht belt came from? I assume that not everybody knows instantly what borscht is and how it looks like and therefore find a red soup picture helpful to support the text. --Gunnar (talk) 06:01, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

Cleanup and more citing needed
This article is something of a mess, filled with uncited claims that read like someone's personal reminiscences and OR observations, plus many WP:DATED violations, which I have tried to address. I've removed some of the more egregious / tangential uncited claims and added citation requests to others. Surely, a topic as researched and written-about as the Borscht Belt has copious published and online sources that can be cited.--Tenebrae (talk) 18:43, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Orange County?
Although some (newspapers) say that the Borscht Belt comprises Sullivan, Ulster and Orange county, I'd like to test this hypothesis and suggest only take the first two counties as granted. Here is the reasoning: a) Wikipedia itself shows only Sullivan and Ulster County on a Borscht Belt map, but does not mark Orange County.

b) There is another map, which clusters Borscht Belt hotels around Monticello, Liberty, Ellenville, which is most of the Middle to East part of Sullivan County and a Western slice of Ulster County.

c) Quite a few experts only count Sullivan and partly Ulster as the Borscht Belt, but do not mention Orange: "by the late nineteenth century, Sullivan and Ulster counties were linked to New York City. [..] Sullivan and Ulster rapidly became prime resort locales" ; "From the 1920s through the early 1970s, the Borscht Belt was the preeminent summer resort destination for hundreds of thousands of predominantly east coast American Jews. The exclusion of the Jewish community from existing establishments in the 1920s drove Jewish entrepreneurs to create over 500 resorts, 50,000 bungalows and 1,000 rooming houses in Sullivan County and parts of Ulster County." ; "Classic Borscht Belt Sullivan County is really only the eastern part of the county, with a bit of southern Ulster County included." ; "At the turn of the 19th century the celebrated Jewish resort area started in the Sullivan and Ulster County Catskills."

d) The Catskills are basically 4 countries: Delaware and Greene in the North, Sullivan and Ulster in the South. The Borscht Belt is on the southern flank of the Catskills. Actually, the Borscht Belt is not in the "high mountains" but in the foothills of the Catskills, but it still belongs to the Catskills.

e) Drive time from NYC Downtown is less than 2 hours, a little bit less than 100 miles. This does not qualify for Orange County which is surely a nice area and even nearer for having good vibrations during vacations, but it is not the Borscht Belt neither the Catskills. --Gunnar (talk) 13:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Here is some feedback I received by email:
 * While a small portion of Ulster County was part of the Borscht Belt, there are no sections of Orange County that was ever considered so. Of course, the same O&W Railway that helped create the Borscht Belt in that sliver of Sullivan and Ulster Counties where it existed did also run through a section of Orange, so we might see some similarities, but to the best of my knowledge, no one ever lumped any part of Orange County into the vague definition of the Borscht Belt.
 * No to Orange County - nice place with some Catskill-like resorts, but no huge contiguity and continuity and density of culture. There was a small collection of Jewish hotels around Moodus, CT. At our conferences we had talks by Shira Dicker on bungalow colony life in the Monroe area of Orange County, Amy Godine spoke on the Jewish resorts in the Adirondacks, and Ellen McHale and Pamela Brown spoke on the Jewish Resorts of Sharon Springs in Schoharie County. Just not the same...
 * -- Gunnar (talk) 20:59, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Borscht Belt


text:
Sláine

Sláine (sometimes anglicized as Slaine) is an Irish given name.

People
Notable people with this name include:

 * Slaine (rapper), hiphop MC from Boston
 * Sláine ingen Briain (fl. 1014), daughter of Brian Boru and wife of Sigtrygg, king of Dublin
 * Sláine mac Dela of the Fir Bolg, the first legendary High King of Ireland
 * Slaine Kelly (born 1982), Irish actress

Fictional characters
Fictional characters include:
 * Sláine (comics), comic book hero inspired by Celtic mythology
 * Sláine: The Roleplaying Game of Celtic Heroes, role-playing game based on the setting

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sláine


text:
Tietam Brown

Tietam Brown is wrestler Mick Foley's first novel, published in 2003.

Plot introduction
The book is about a period of time in the life of Antietam (Andy) Brown V and his father Antietam (Tietam) Brown IV (the names span across five generations, being taken from the Battle of Antietam). After 16 years of being tossed from foster home to foster home, and spending time in Juvenile Detention for killing a teenager who tried to rape him, his father then shows up to take him home.

Andy was molested by his foster father, who was also a member of the KKK, and physically abused by his father. He puts up with cruel treatment from adults and older students at school. Every now and then in his life he cracks, and in a rage causes terrible harm to his tormentors. He draws strength from the love he gets from Terri, a beautiful girl in his grade at school.

Film adaptation
On WWE.com, the author Mick Foley wrote in his blog Foley is Blog that Paul Haggis, the director of the Oscar-winning movie Crash, was interested in making Tietam Brown into a feature film.

title: Tietam Brown


text:
Guy Côté

Guy Côté (born December 30, 1965) is a Canadian politician and salesman. Côté was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier from 2004–2006.

Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Côté has been involved in many non-profit organizations in Portneuf, among other things, serving as a School commissioner in Portneuf, Quebec (2003–2004) before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2004 federal election for the Bloc Québécois, a left-wing separatist party, in the riding of Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier. Côté is a former salesman. He worked briefly as a salesman for CKNU a local radio station of his riding. He has also been assistant to the former Bloc MP of Portneuf. During the 1980s, at the time of the beau risque and the Meech Lake constitutional reform, he was a member of the local association of the PC party in the riding of Langelier (now Quebec), under Gilles Loiselle, a strong believer in Canadian federalism.

After the 2004 election, Côté soon became an important player of the Bloc opposition in Parliament as assistant Finance critic for the Bloc. In September 2005, he became the Intergovernmental Affairs and Privy Council critic. He sat on the Finance committee, on the subcommittee on Fiscal Imbalance and on the Official Languages committee. According to www.howdtheyvote.ca, during the 38th Legislature, he was the new Quebec MP who spoke the most in the House of Communs and ranked 38th among all MPs.

Côté was defeated by one of Quebec City's most notorious shock-radio hosts, André Arthur, who ran as an independent. Arthur officially became a candidate on January 2, 2006, three weeks before election day, and spent less than $1000 for his campaign but ran an intensive pre-campaign every day for about two months during his morning and noon shows.

title: Guy Côté


text: User talk:209.247.222.116

title: User talk:209.247.222.116


text:
Dirty Hands

Dirty Hands (Les Mains sales) is a play by Jean-Paul Sartre. It was first performed on 2 April 1948 at the Theatre Antoine in Paris, directed by Pierre Valde and starring François Périer, Marie Olivier and André Luguet.

A political drama set in the fictional country of Illyria between 1943 and 1945, the story is about the assassination of a leading politician. The story is told mainly in the form of a flashback, with the killer describing how he carried out his mission. The killer's identity is established from the beginning, but the question is whether his motivations were political or personal. Thus, the play's main theme is not on who did it but on why it was done.

Plot
The play is set in Illyria, a fictional Eastern European country, during the latter stages of World War II. (Illyria was an actual country of classical antiquity, whose territory included modern Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Greece, Serbia and surroundings.) The country, an ally of Nazi Germany, is on the verge of being annexed to the Eastern Bloc.

A young Communist, Hugo Barine, is told that Hoederer, a party leader, has proposed talks with non-Socialist groups, including the Fascist government and the liberal- and Nationalist-led resistance. Hoederer intends to organize a joint resistance group opposing the Germans, and plan for a post-war coalition government. Hugo feels that Hoederer's policy is treacherous. Louis, another party leader, has decided that Hoederer must die. He grudgingly agrees to let Hugo, who has more commitment than experience, carry out the assassination of Hoederer.

Hugo and his wife Jessica move in with Hoederer, who is charming and trusting by nature. Hugo then becomes his secretary. Although Hugo tries to convince Jessica that he is in earnest about the murder, she treats the whole thing as a game. Indeed, at first she sees the gun not as a murder weapon but as a metaphor for a phallus, hinting that Hugo may suffer from erectile dysfunction and is unable to please her. Ten days pass and the negotiations begin with the other parties. When Hoederer almost reaches a deal with the members of the class that he loathes, Hugo is on the point of reaching for his gun until a bomb explodes.

No one is killed, but Hugo is furious, believing that the bomb attack suggests that those who sent him do not trust him to assassinate Hoederer. He gets drunk and almost gives the game up to Hoederer's bodyguards. Jessica covers up for him by claiming to be pregnant.(Here Sartre cites the behavior of Lucie Aubrac, a heroine in the French resistance who helped her husband, Raymond Aubrac, another leading resistant, escape from the control of Nazis by claiming that she was pregnant.)

Olga Lorame, one of those who sent Hugo to commit the murder, discreetly visits Hugo and Jessica. A conversation between Olga and Jessica reveals that Olga threw the bomb as a warning for Hugo. Olga warns Hugo that his current pace is too slow, and that unless he assassinates Hoederer soon, she'll replace him with someone else.

The bomb convinces Jessica, who, up to this point, viewed the mission as a game, that Hugo's task to assassinate Hoederer is serious.

Hoederer's plan is to enter government with the other parties but to leave them with the key ministerial posts. Once the war is over a number of unpopular but necessary policies will have to be implemented in order to rebalance the economy. These policies will cause problems for the right-wing government, allowing the left-wing groups, including the Communists, to seize power more easily. Currently, the Communists do not have enough support to gain power, and the expected arrival of the Soviet forces may exacerbate the situation. Hoederer points out that people do not like occupying foreign armies, even liberating ones, and the feeling will be passed on to the government introduced by the invaders.

Hugo insists that the party must remain pure. He maintains that they, the Communists, must seize power, but Hoederer's expedient methods are not acceptable, especially since they involve collaborating with "class" enemies and deceiving their own forces. Once Hugo and Jessica are alone, Jessica tries to convince Hugo that he was persuaded by Hoederer's view. Hugo, however, is convinced that his agreement with Hoederer's vision is all the more the reason to kill Hoederer because Hugo could convince others.

Over time, however, both Hugo and Jessica succumb to Hoederer's charm and manner. Although he disagrees with Hoederer's policies, Hugo believes that Hoederer could help him cross from boyhood to manhood and resolve his internal conflicts. Hoederer, who is now aware that Hugo is there to kill him on Louis' orders, is willing to help Hugo solve his problems. He is not, however, so keen on Jessica, whose attraction to him seems more physical. When he kisses her to relieve her attraction, Hugo sees their intimate moment and kills Hoederer.

While in prison Hugo receives gifts, which he guesses are from those who sent him to kill Hoederer. These gifts motivate Hugo, but he finds that some of the gifts are poisoned chocolates. When Hugo is released on parole, he finds himself stalked by the party's enemies and takes refuge with Olga.

Olga listens to Hugo's account of the murder and the events surrounding it. Hugo did not kill Hoederer out of jealousy for Jessica but because he thought that Hoederer was not sincere when he said that he wanted Hugo to stay with him in order to mentor him: "I killed him because I opened the door. That's all I know", "Jealous? Perhaps. But not for Jessica."

Olga concludes that Hugo will be more useful alive than dead. However she also reveals that the policy that Hoederer proposed has been adopted after all. On Moscow's orders, the party has formed an alliance with the other groups. In fact, Hugo realizes that the plan Hoederer was negotiating earlier, and which he was supposed to prevent, has been carried out. Hoederer's initiative was too premature, though, so the party had to kill him. After Hoederer's plan was adopted, the party rehabilitated his reputation, intending to commemorate him as a great leader and hero.

Hugo is angered, especially since the party has deceived its own members. In Hugo's view, the fact that they are at war and have likely saved a hundred thousand lives makes no difference. What matters now, he decides, is that Hoederer should die not for a woman like Jessica, but rather for his policies—lying to the rank and file and jeopardizing the soul of the party.

Hugo realizes that, despite Olga's statements to the contrary, if he continues to live and remain a member of the party, his assassination of Hoederer will be meaningless. Olga tries desperately to convince him to live, but Hugo is intent on dying. When the hitmen knock on the door, Hugo announces that he has not killed Hoederer yet, but he will kill him and then himself. Hugo then kicks open the door.

Characters
Hoederer, a former member of the Illyrian parliament and a leading figure in the Socialist Proletarian Party. He has a very trusting nature and even remains friendly with Hugo after he realizes the young man is there to kill him. He offers to help Hugo sort out his internal conflicts. His plans are based on the political reality of the situation.

Hugo Barine, a young 23-year-old bourgeois intellectual who joined the party's Communist faction under the name of Raskolnikov (from Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment). His father is a leading businessman and, since he comes from a wealthy background, most members of the party dismiss him as an intellectual who does not even know what poverty is really like. Hugo is anxious to prove his worth to them, especially Louis and Olga, and he sees killing Hoederer as a way to achieve this.

Jessica, Hugo's 19-year-old wife. She keeps out of politics, referring to herself as someone brought up to simply "put flowers in vases". At first, she treats the approaching murder as a game, which does not help Hugo's confidence, but then she tries desperately to prevent it. When Hugo is jailed she at first keeps in touch but then breaks off communication and stops using her married name.

Louis, another leading figure in the Proletarian Party, but opposed to Hoederer's plan.

Olga, a member of Louis' faction and one of the few friends Hugo has.

Karsky, the leader of the Pentagon, a group that includes Liberals and Nationalists, fighting the Regent of Illyria and his pro-Fascist government.

The Prince, the son of the Regent and his representative in the negotiations.

Slick, Georges and Leon, Hoederer's bodyguards.

Charles and Frantz, Communist assassins sent to kill Hugo after his release from prison.

Ivan, a saboteur for the Communists.

Historical context
World War II has a lot to do with this play and how it was written. Illyria (also the location of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night) was presumably based upon Hungary. The 'Parti Proletarian' is the communist party to which most of the main characters in the story belong. They are fighting for "une société sans classes" ("a classless society"). The other two parties mentioned in this play are the Regent's Fascist government which supports Germany and the 'Pentagone' which is made up of the middle classes.

Hungary at that time was ruled by a Regent, Miklós Horthy who appointed Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös in 1932. Gömbös wanted to co-operate with Nazi Germany, and, although this ended Hungary's depression, it made it economically dependent on Germany. The Hungarian government supported the policies and goals of Nazi Germany.

In 1938, the new Prime Minister, Kálmán Darányi, decided to make his new policies very pro-Germany and pro-Italy, a bit like how Hoederer wanted to join with the other parties to try to evolve as a country and stay on everyone's good side to get his own party's point across.

Legacy
Les mains sales is primarily based on the theme of existentialism which Sartre espoused, but many have taken it as a straightforward political drama. Right-wingers welcomed it as anti-communist, and left-wingers attacked it for the same reason. When the Dirty Hands was released in France in 1951 Communists threatened the cinemas showing it. In fact the play itself was not re-staged in France until 1976.

The play was not staged in a socialist state until November 1968 when it was shown in Prague after the invasion of Czechoslovakia by fellow Warsaw Pact forces.

Underlying the critics' response to Les mains sales is the extent to which it is a play too rooted in themes of politics and existentialism, and whether, as a consequence, it becomes inaccessible for the average spectator.

Non-French versions of the play have had other titles, including Dirty Hands, The Assassin, Red Gloves and Crime Passionnel.

In 1982, the play was performed at the Greenwich Theatre in London under the title of The Assassin, starring Edward Woodward and Michele Dotrice. It was performed again later in 2000 in Britain under the title of The Novice, starring Jamie Glover as Hugo and Kenneth Cranham as Hoederer. The director of this performance, Richard Eyre, intended to raise conflicting differences in contemporary British political life, such as the Northern Ireland peace process or the Old and New factions of Britain's Labour Party government. In 2017, the play was adapted by Leopold Benedict for the Pembroke Players, under the title of Dirty Hands: A Brexistential Crisis, to comment on the politics of the post-Brexit era.

title: Dirty Hands


text:
Simply typed lambda calculus

The simply typed lambda calculus ($$\lambda^\to$$), a form of type theory, is a typed interpretation of the lambda calculus with only one type constructor ($$\to$$) that builds function types. It is the canonical and simplest example of a typed lambda calculus. The simply typed lambda calculus was originally introduced by Alonzo Church in 1940 as an attempt to avoid paradoxical use of the untyped lambda calculus.

The term simple type is also used to refer to extensions of the simply typed lambda calculus with constructs such as products, coproducts or natural numbers (System T) or even full recursion (like PCF). In contrast, systems that introduce polymorphic types (like System F) or dependent types (like the Logical Framework) are not considered simply typed. The simple types, except for full recursion, are still considered simple because the Church encodings of such structures can be done using only $$\to$$ and suitable type variables, while polymorphism and dependency cannot.

Syntax
In the 1930s Alonzo Church sought to use the logistic method: his lambda calculus, as a formal language based on symbolic expressions, consisted of a denumerably infinite series of axioms and variables, but also a finite set of primitive symbols, denoting abstraction and scope, as well as four constants: negation, disjunction, universal quantification, and selection respectively; and also, a finite set of rules I to VI. This finite set of rules included rule V modus ponens as well as IV and VI for substitution and generalization respectively. Rules I to III are known as alpha, beta, and eta conversion in the lambda calculus. Church sought to use English only as a syntax language (that is, a metamathematical language) for describing symbolic expressions with no interpretations.

In 1940 Church settled on a subscript notation for denoting the type in a symbolic expression. In his presentation, Church used only two base types: $$o$$ for "the type of propositions" and $$\iota$$ for "the type of individuals". The type $$o$$ has no term constants, whereas $$\iota$$ has one term constant. Frequently the calculus with only one base type, usually $$o$$, is considered. The Greek letter subscripts $$\alpha, \beta$$, etc. denote type variables; the parenthesized subscripted $$(\alpha\beta)$$ denotes the function type $$\beta\to\alpha$$. Church 1940 p.58 used 'arrow or $$\to$$' to denote stands for, or is an abbreviation for. By the 1970s stand-alone arrow notation was in use; for example in this article non-subscripted symbols $$\sigma$$ and $$\tau$$ can range over types. The infinite number of axioms were then seen to be a consequence of applying rules I to VI to the types (see Peano axioms). Informally, the function type $$\sigma \to \tau$$ refers to the type of functions that, given an input of type $$\sigma$$, produce an output of type $$\tau$$. By convention, $$\to$$ associates to the right: $$\sigma\to\tau\to\rho$$ is read as $$\sigma\to(\tau\to\rho)$$.

To define the types, a set of base types, $$B$$, must first be defined. These are sometimes called atomic types or type constants. With this fixed, the syntax of types is:

 * $$\tau ::= \tau \to \tau \mid T \quad \mathrm{where} \quad T \in B$$.

For example, $$B = \{a, b\}$$, generates an infinite set of types starting with $$a$$, $$b$$, $$a \to a$$, $$a \to b$$, $$b \to b$$, $$b \to a$$, $$a \to (a \to a)$$, ..., $$ (b \to a) \to (a \to b) $$, ...

A set of term constants is also fixed for the base types. For example, it might be assumed that one of the base types is nat, and its term constants could be the natural numbers.

The syntax of the simply typed lambda calculus is essentially that of the lambda calculus itself. The term $$x\mathbin{:}\tau$$ denotes that the variable $$x$$ is of type $$\tau$$. The term syntax, in Backus–Naur form, is variable reference, abstractions, application, or constant:

 * $$e ::= x \mid \lambda x\mathbin{:}\tau.e \mid e \, e \mid c$$

where $$c$$ is a term constant. A variable reference $$x$$ is bound if it is inside of an abstraction binding $$x$$. A term is closed if there are no unbound variables.

In comparison, the syntax of untyped lambda calculus has no such typing or term constants:

 * $$e ::= x \mid \lambda x.e \mid e \, e$$

Whereas in typed lambda calculus every abstraction (i.e. function) must specify the type of its argument.

Typing rules
To define the set of well-typed lambda terms of a given type, one defines a typing relation between terms and types. First, one introduces typing contexts, or typing environments $$\Gamma,\Delta,\dots$$, which are sets of typing assumptions. A typing assumption has the form $$x\mathbin{:}\sigma$$, meaning variable $$x$$ has type $$\sigma$$.

The typing relation $$\Gamma\vdash e\mathbin{:}\sigma$$ indicates that $$e$$ is a term of type $$\sigma$$ in context $$\Gamma$$. In this case $$e$$ is said to be well-typed (having type $$\sigma$$). Instances of the typing relation are called typing judgements. The validity of a typing judgement is shown by providing a typing derivation, constructed using typing rules (wherein the premises above the line allow us to derive the conclusion below the line). Simply typed lambda calculus uses these rules:

In words,
 * 1) If $$x$$ has type $$\sigma$$ in the context, then $$x$$ has type $$\sigma$$.
 * 2) Term constants have the appropriate base types.
 * If, in a certain context with $$x$$ having type $$\sigma$$, $$e$$ has type $$\tau$$, then, in the same context without $$x$$, $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\sigma.~e$$ has type $$\sigma \to \tau$$.
 * If, in a certain context, $$e_1$$ has type $$\sigma \to \tau$$, and $$e_2$$ has type $$\sigma$$, then $$e_1~e_2$$ has type $$\tau$$.

Examples of closed terms, i.e. terms typable in the empty context, are: These are the typed lambda calculus representations of the basic combinators of combinatory logic.
 * For every type $$\tau$$, a term $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\tau.x\mathbin{:}\tau\to\tau$$ (identity function/I-combinator),
 * For types $$\sigma,\tau$$, a term $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\sigma.\lambda y\mathbin{:}\tau.x\mathbin{:}\sigma \to \tau \to \sigma$$ (the K-combinator), and
 * For types $$\tau,\tau',\tau$$, a term $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\tau\to\tau'\to\tau.\lambda y\mathbin{:}\tau\to\tau'.\lambda z\mathbin{:}\tau.x z (y z) : (\tau\to\tau'\to\tau)\to(\tau\to\tau')\to\tau\to\tau$$ (the S-combinator).

Each type $$\tau$$ is assigned an order, a number $$o(\tau)$$. For base types, $$o(T)=0$$; for function types, $$o(\sigma\to\tau)=\mbox{max}(o(\sigma)+1,o(\tau))$$. That is, the order of a type measures the depth of the most left-nested arrow. Hence:

 * $$o(\iota \to \iota \to \iota) = 1$$

 * $$o((\iota \to \iota) \to \iota) = 2$$

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic interpretations
Broadly speaking, there are two different ways of assigning meaning to the simply typed lambda calculus, as to typed languages more generally, variously called intrinsic vs. extrinsic, ontological vs. semantical, or Church-style vs. Curry-style. An intrinsic semantics only assigns meaning to well-typed terms, or more precisely, assigns meaning directly to typing derivations. This has the effect that terms differing only by type annotations can nonetheless be assigned different meanings. For example, the identity term $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\mathtt{int}.~x$$ on integers and the identity term $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\mathtt{bool}.~x$$ on booleans may mean different things. (The classic intended interpretations are the identity function on integers and the identity function on boolean values.) In contrast, an extrinsic semantics assigns meaning to terms regardless of typing, as they would be interpreted in an untyped language. In this view, $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\mathtt{int}.~x$$ and $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\mathtt{bool}.~x$$ mean the same thing (i.e., the same thing as $$\lambda x.~x$$).

The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic semantics is sometimes associated with the presence or absence of annotations on lambda abstractions, but strictly speaking this usage is imprecise. It is possible to define an extrinsic semantics on annotated terms simply by ignoring the types (i.e., through type erasure), as it is possible to give an intrinsic semantics on unannotated terms when the types can be deduced from context (i.e., through type inference). The essential difference between intrinsic and extrinsic approaches is just whether the typing rules are viewed as defining the language, or as a formalism for verifying properties of a more primitive underlying language. Most of the different semantic interpretations discussed below can be seen through either an intrinsic or extrinsic perspective.

Equational theory
The simply typed lambda calculus (STLC) has the same equational theory of βη-equivalence as untyped lambda calculus, but subject to type restrictions. The equation for beta reduction
 * $$(\lambda x\mathbin{:}\sigma.~t)\,u =_{\beta} t[x:=u]$$

holds in context $$\Gamma$$ whenever $$\Gamma,x\mathbin{:}\sigma \vdash t\mathbin{:}\tau$$ and $$\Gamma\vdash u\mathbin{:}\sigma$$, while the equation for eta reduction
 * $$\lambda x\mathbin{:}\sigma.~t\,x =_\eta t$$

holds whenever $$\Gamma\vdash t\!:\sigma \to \tau$$ and $$x$$ does not appear free in $$t$$. The advantage of typed lambda calculus is that STLC allows potentially nonterminating computations to be cut short (that is, reduced).

Operational semantics
Likewise, the operational semantics of simply typed lambda calculus can be fixed as for the untyped lambda calculus, using call by name, call by value, or other evaluation strategies. As for any typed language, type safety is a fundamental property of all of these evaluation strategies. Additionally, the strong normalization property described below implies that any evaluation strategy will terminate on all simply typed terms.

Categorical semantics
The simply typed lambda calculus enriched with product types, pairing and projection operators (with $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence) is the internal language of Cartesian closed categories (CCCs), as was first observed by Joachim Lambek. Given any CCC, the basic types of the corresponding lambda calculus are the objects, and the terms are the morphisms. Conversely, the simply typed lambda calculus with product types and pairing operators over a collection of base types and given terms forms a CCC whose objects are the types, and morphisms are equivalence classes of terms.

There are typing rules for pairing, projection, and a unit term. Given two terms $$s\mathbin{:}\sigma$$ and $$t\mathbin{:}\tau$$, the term $$(s,t)$$ has type $$\sigma\times\tau$$. Likewise, if one has a term $$u\mathbin{:}\tau_1\times\tau_2$$, then there are terms $$\pi_1(u)\mathbin{:}\tau_1$$ and $$\pi_2(u)\mathbin{:}\tau_2$$ where the $$\pi_i$$ correspond to the projections of the Cartesian product. The unit term, of type 1, written as $$$$ and vocalized as 'nil', is the final object. The equational theory is extended likewise, so that one has
 * $$\pi_1(s\mathbin{:}\sigma,t\mathbin{:}\tau) = s\mathbin{:}\sigma$$
 * $$\pi_2(s\mathbin{:}\sigma,t\mathbin{:}\tau) = t\mathbin{:}\tau$$
 * $$(\pi_1(u\mathbin{:}\sigma\times\tau), \pi_2(u\mathbin{:}\sigma\times\tau)) =u\mathbin{:}\sigma\times\tau$$
 * $$t\mathbin{:}1 = $$

This last is read as "if t has type 1, then it reduces to nil".

The above can then be turned into a category by taking the types as the objects. The morphisms $$\sigma\to\tau$$ are equivalence classes of pairs $$(x\mathbin{:}\sigma, t\mathbin{:}\tau)$$ where x is a variable (of type $$\sigma$$) and t is a term (of type $$\tau$$), having no free variables in it, except for (optionally) x. The set of terms in the language is the closure of this set of terms under the operations of abstraction and application.

This correspondence can be extended to include "language homomorphisms" and functors between the category of Cartesian closed categories, and the category of simply typed lambda theories.

Part of this correspondence can be extended to closed symmetric monoidal categories by using a linear type system.

Proof-theoretic semantics
The simply typed lambda calculus is closely related to the implicational fragment of propositional intuitionistic logic, i.e., the implicational propositional calculus, via the Curry–Howard isomorphism: terms correspond precisely to proofs in natural deduction, and inhabited types are exactly the tautologies of this logic.

From his logistic method Church 1940 p.58 laid out an axiom schema, p. 60, which Henkin 1949 filled in to show that type domains (e.g. the natural numbers, the real numbers, etc.). Henkin 1996 p. 146 described how Church's logistic method could seek to provide a foundation for mathematics (Peano arithmetic and real analysis), via model theory.

Alternative syntaxes
The presentation given above is not the only way of defining the syntax of the simply typed lambda calculus. One alternative is to remove type annotations entirely (so that the syntax is identical to the untyped lambda calculus), while ensuring that terms are well-typed via Hindley–Milner type inference. The inference algorithm is terminating, sound, and complete: whenever a term is typable, the algorithm computes its type. More precisely, it computes the term's principal type, since often an unannotated term (such as $$\lambda x.~x$$) may have more than one type ($$\mathtt{int} \to \mathtt{int}$$, $$\mathtt{bool} \to \mathtt{bool}$$, etc., which are all instances of the principal type $$\alpha \to \alpha$$).

Another alternative presentation of simply typed lambda calculus is based on bidirectional type checking, which requires more type annotations than Hindley–Milner inference but is easier to describe. The type system is divided into two judgments, representing both checking and synthesis, written $$\Gamma \vdash e \Leftarrow \tau$$ and $$\Gamma \vdash e \Rightarrow \tau$$ respectively. Operationally, the three components $$\Gamma$$, $$e$$, and $$\tau$$ are all inputs to the checking judgment $$\Gamma \vdash e \Leftarrow \tau$$, whereas the synthesis judgment $$\Gamma \vdash e \Rightarrow \tau$$ only takes $$\Gamma$$ and $$e$$ as inputs, producing the type $$\tau$$ as output. These judgments are derived via the following rules: Observe that rules [1]–[4] are nearly identical to rules (1)–(4) above, except for the careful choice of checking or synthesis judgments. These choices can be explained like so: Observe that the rules for synthesis are read top-to-bottom, whereas the rules for checking are read bottom-to-top. Note in particular that we do not need any annotation on the lambda abstraction in rule [3], because the type of the bound variable can be deduced from the type at which we check the function. Finally, we explain rules [5] and [6] as follows: To check that $$e$$ has type $$\tau$$, it suffices to synthesize type $$\tau$$. If $$e$$ checks against type $$\tau$$, then the explicitly annotated term $$(e\mathbin{:}\tau)$$ synthesizes $$\tau$$.   Because of these last two rules coercing between synthesis and checking, it is easy to see that any well-typed but unannotated term can be checked in the bidirectional system, so long as we insert "enough" type annotations. And in fact, annotations are needed only at β-redexes.
 * 1) If $$x\mathbin{:}\sigma$$ is in the context, we can synthesize type $$\sigma$$ for $$x$$.
 * 2) The types of term constants are fixed and can be synthesized.
 * 3) To check that $$\lambda x.~e$$ has type $$\sigma \to \tau$$ in some context, we extend the context with $$x\mathbin{:}\sigma$$ and check that $$e$$ has type $$\tau$$.
 * 4) If $$e_1$$ synthesizes type $$\sigma \to \tau$$ (in some context), and $$e_2$$ checks against type $$\sigma$$ (in the same context), then $$e_1~e_2$$ synthesizes type $$\tau$$.

General observations
Given the standard semantics, the simply typed lambda calculus is strongly normalizing: every sequence of reductions eventually terminates. This is because recursion is not allowed by the typing rules: it is impossible to find types for fixed-point combinators and the looping term $$\Omega = (\lambda x.~x~x) (\lambda x.~x~x)$$. Recursion can be added to the language by either having a special operator $$\mathtt{fix}_\alpha$$of type $$(\alpha \to \alpha) \to \alpha$$ or adding general recursive types, though both eliminate strong normalization.

Unlike the untyped lambda calculus, the simply typed lambda calculus is not Turing complete. All programs in the simply typed lambda calculus halt. For the untyped lambda calculus, there are programs that do not halt, and moreover there is no general decision procedure that can determine whether a program halts.

Important results

 * Tait showed in 1967 that $$\beta$$-reduction is strongly normalizing. As a corollary $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence is decidable. Statman showed in 1979 that the normalisation problem is not elementary recursive, a proof that was later simplified by Mairson. The problem is known to be in the set $$\mathcal{E}^4$$ of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy. A purely semantic normalisation proof (see normalisation by evaluation) was given by Berger and Schwichtenberg in 1991.
 * The unification problem for $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence is undecidable. Huet showed in 1973 that 3rd order unification is undecidable and this was improved upon by Baxter in 1978 then by Goldfarb in 1981 by showing that 2nd order unification is already undecidable. A proof that higher order matching (unification where only one term contains existential variables) is decidable was announced by Colin Stirling in 2006, and a full proof was published in 2009.
 * We can encode natural numbers by terms of the type $$(o\to o)\to(o \to o)$$ (Church numerals). Schwichtenberg showed in 1975 that in $$\lambda^\to$$ exactly the extended polynomials are representable as functions over Church numerals; these are roughly the polynomials closed up under a conditional operator.
 * A full model of $$\lambda^\to$$ is given by interpreting base types as sets and function types by the set-theoretic function space. Friedman showed in 1975 that this interpretation is complete for $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence, if the base types are interpreted by infinite sets. Statman showed in 1983 that $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence is the maximal equivalence that is typically ambiguous, i.e. closed under type substitutions (Statman's Typical Ambiguity Theorem). A corollary of this is that the finite model property holds, i.e. finite sets are sufficient to distinguish terms that are not identified by $$\beta\eta$$-equivalence.
 * Plotkin introduced logical relations in 1973 to characterize the elements of a model that are definable by lambda terms. In 1993 Jung and Tiuryn showed that a general form of logical relation (Kripke logical relations with varying arity) exactly characterizes lambda definability. Plotkin and Statman conjectured that it is decidable whether a given element of a model generated from finite sets is definable by a lambda term (Plotkin–Statman conjecture). The conjecture was shown to be false by Loader in 2001.

title: Simply typed lambda calculus


text:
File:CapitalGay687.jpg

Front page of Capital Gay issue no. 687 of March 24, 1995.

title: File:CapitalGay687.jpg


text:
Senigallia

Senigallia (or Sinigaglia in Old Italian; Romagnol: S'nigaja) is a comune (municipality) and port town on Italy's Adriatic coast. It is situated in the province of Ancona, in the Italian region of Marche, and lies approximately 30 kilometers north-west of the provincial capital city Ancona. Senigallia's small port is located at the mouth of the River Misa. It is one of the endpoints of the Massa–Senigallia Line, one of the most important dividing lines (isoglosses) in the classification of the Romance languages.

History
Senigallia was first settled in the 4th century BC by the Gallic Senone tribe, who had settled the coastal area. In 284 BC, the area and the settlement were taken over by Romans, who established the colony Sena Gallica there to control the region they called the Ager Gallicus. "Sena" is probably a corrupted form of "Senones" and "Gallica" (meaning "Gaulish") distinguished it from Saena (Siena) in Etruria.

In the prelude to the Battle of the Metaurus between Romans and Carthaginians in 207 BC, Sena Gallica was the southernmost point of Carthaginian General Hasdrubal Barca's invasion of Italy. Senigallia was ravaged by Alaric during the decline of the Roman Empire and fortified when it became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was again laid waste by the Lombards in the 8th century and by the Saracens in the 9th. It was one of the five cities of the medieval Adriatic duchy of Pentapolis.

The diocese and the bishopric had long been established, and the city saw economic development, including the establishment of the so-called Magdalena Fair around the 13th century. The fair's popularity grew when Sergius, count of Senigallia, became engaged to the daughter of the count of Marseilles. On his engagement, the count of Marseilles presented Sergius with relics, said to be of Mary Magdalene. The fair was visited by merchants from both Europe and the Levant.

In the 15th century, Senigallia was captured and recaptured many times by opposing sides during the Guelph and Ghibelline war. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta of Rimini fortified the town in the years 1450–1455. Pope Pius II made his nephew Antonio Piccolomini Lord of Senigallia in [?], but in 1464 the residents pledged loyalty to Pope Paul II. In 1472, Giacomo Piccolomini tried, but failed, to seize the town. In 1503 Cesare Borgia, the brother of the famous Lucrezia Borgia and illegitimate son of the Pope Alexander VI, carried out a coup at Senigallia against some of his disloyal supporters. Pope Sixtus IV assigned the lordship to the Della Rovere family. In 1516, this was temporarily revoked by Pope Leo X, who transferred the Lordship to his nephew Lorenzo II de' Medici, then again the Della Rovere family took over from 1624, when Senigallia eventually was annexed to the Papal States' legation (province) of Urbino.

Senigallia is the birthplace of Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, Pope Pius IX. He was born here in 1792, became pope in 1846, and was the last pope to rule the Papal States before Italian unification.

During the First World War, the town and its port were devastated by intensive shelling by units of the Austro-Hungarian Navy led by the battleship SMS Zrínyi. The town was also badly damaged by a powerful earthquake in 1930 and during the Second World War.

Geography
The municipality borders Belvedere Ostrense, Mondolfo (PU), Monte San Vito, Montemarciano, Morro d'Alba, Ostra and Trecastelli.

The municipality includes the hamlets (frazioni) of Bettolelle, Borgo Bicchia, Borgo Catena, Borgo Passera, Brugnetto, Cannella, Castellaro, Cesanella, Cesano, Ciarnin, Filetto, Gabriella, Grottino, Mandriola, Marzocca, Montignano, Roncitelli, Sant'Angelo, San Silvestro, Scapezzano and Vallone.

Main sights
Though traces of the city's history are still visible, much of today's city is modern. Visitor attractions include:
 * Palazzo Comunale, from the 17th century
 * Rocca Roveresca – castle of Gothic origins, restored by Baccio Pontelli in 1492. It has a square plan with four large round tower.
 * The Cathedral, erected after 1787
 * Santa Maria delle Grazie – one of the only two churches attributed to Baccio Pontelli (the other is at Orciano, near Mondavio, about 20 km to the west by road). It contains a museum of the mezzadria agrarian life typical of the area, with farm tools, dresses, photos, etc. It once housed the painting of Madonna di Senigallia by Piero della Francesca.
 * Chiesa della Croce
 * Rotonda a mare, an art nouveau pier

Twin towns — sister cities
Senigallia is twinned with:
 * Chester, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Lörrach, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Sens, France

title: Senigallia


text:
Ōtomo no Tabito

Ōtomo no Tabito (大伴 旅人) was a Japanese court noble, military leader and poet. He is known for his military campaign against the Hayato Rebellion and as the father of Ōtomo no Yakamochi, who contributed to the compilation of the Man'yōshū alongside his father. He served as Dainagon and held the court rank of Junior Second Rank.

Life
Ōtomo was born in 665, the son of Dainagon Ōtomo no Yasumaro. His mother was Iratsume, the daughter of Kose no Hito.

During Empress Genmei's New Year's Day celebration of 710, he led the cavalry, Hayato, Emishi, and others as the Shogun of the Left with his deputy, Hozumi no Oyu, in a march along the Suzaku Avenue.

In 711, he was given the court rank of Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade, and in 715, he was promoted to Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, Minister of the Center. In 718, he was promoted to Chūnagon, and in 719, he was promoted Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.

In 720, when the Hayato Rebellion erupted in Kyushu after the assassination of Governor of Ōsumi Province Yako no Maro, Ōtomo was ordered to lead Japanese forces to suppress the rebellion. After the death of Minister of the Right Fujiwara no Fuhito, Ōtomo received an imperial edict to return to Nara. However, since the Hayato had not yet been pacified, the deputy shogun and his men were ordered to continue garrisoning the area. As a result, southern Kyushu was firmly brought under the control of the Imperial court under Empress Genmei.

In 721, he was promoted to Junior Third Rank, and in 724, he was promoted to Senior Third Rank upon the accession to the throne of Emperor Shōmu.

Around 728, Ōtomo was transferred to Dazaifu with his wife, Ōtomo no Iratsume, as Governor of Dazaifu, the second time he was sent to Kyushu after his 60th birthday, and this appointment could have been a strategic demotion by the four Fujiwara brothers, Muchimaro, Fusasaki, Umakai and Maro, to oust Prince Nagaya, the Minister of the Left in power at the time. However, it has also been theorized that Ōtomo was transferred because of his excellent skills in diplomacy and defense in light of the international situation at the time. In Dazaifu, he compiled the Chikushi Kadan of the Man'yōshū with Yamanoue no Okura and Sami Mansei. After arriving in Dazaifu, his wife died.

In 730, he was appointed Dainagon.

Tabito was a contemporary of Hitomaro, but lacked his success in the Imperial Court. While serving as Governor-General of Dazaifu, the military procuracy in northern Kyushu from 728-730, Tabito hosted a plum-blossom party, encouraging the composition of poetry among his subordinates in imitation of Chinese style elegance. He also showed his Chinese education in his set of thirteen tanka in praise of sake.

title: Ōtomo no Tabito


text:
Talk:The Wizard (Black Sabbath song)

Lead genre
Black Sabbath, according to its article's lead, is a rock band. Yet for some reason, they're described here as a heavy metal band. I think this needs to be changed to rock.-Teh Thrasher (talk) 18:27, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Please add a Black Sabbath (album) cover.

Cities on Flame with Rock and Roll
"It also served as the inspiration for the song 'Cities on Flame with Rock and Roll', by Blue Oyster Cult."

Source? BrainRotMenacer 20:32, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Drug Dealer?
The claim that the song is about a drug dealer makes sense, but can you cite a source that confirms a number of people claim this? Disturbed360 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Disturbed360 • contribs) 23:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Not played live?
Correct me if I'm wrong, but didn't it appear on Ozzy's "Speak of the Devil" album? Perhaps the statement should be clarified that Black Sabbath never played it live? 71.198.127.97 (talk) 07:57, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Style
I think a section should be included for the unique song structure and Geezer Butler's bass lines in the song, heavily influenced by blues and Jazz. The drumming in the song is quite typical of Jazz and borrows heavily from Blues, as was Bill Ward's style anyway. The singing is in E mixolydian mode, not uncommon either for Ozzy, whereas the riffs are all in E minor pentatonic, with use of not just the blues scale, but also the jazz scale, the minor pentatonic scale. The song isn't entirely unique from a Black Sabbath point of view for using these elements, but uses Blues more than other songs and is quite exemplary for the way Black Sabbath use Jazz and Blues in their "heavy metal" as the Wizard is the archetypal Black Sabbath Blues song. These riffs use not only power chords, but also single notes that come from the blues scale. I am no expert on music though so maybe someone with more knowledge can add a paragraph? Please?

Jorgenpfhartogs (talk) 07:48, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wizard (Black Sabbath song)


text:
Natural religion

Natural religion most frequently means the "religion of nature", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of nature and not separate from it. Conversely, it is also used in philosophy to describe some aspects of religion that are said to be knowable apart from divine revelation through logic and reason alone, for example, the existence of the unmoved Mover, the first cause of the universe.

Most authors consider natural religion as not only the foundation of monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam but also distinct from them. According to some authors, aspects of natural religion are found universally among all peoples, often in such forms as shamanism and animism. They are still practiced in many parts of the world. The religions of Native American societies for example are considered as possessing some aspects of natural religion.

Definition
Natural religion might have the following meanings:

 * In the modern study of religion it is used to refer to the notion that there is a spontaneous religious apprehension of the world common to all human beings, see:
 * urreligion
 * origin of religion
 * anthropology of religion
 * As a reverent form of nature worship, embodied in a statement by Frank Lloyd Wright: "I put a capital N on Nature, and call it my Church."
 * Referring to the religions of people prior to their Christianization.

History
The basic tenets of natural religion were outlined by Aristotle, in whose hylomorphism all things are made of matter and form. The form of each living thing is the soul, which guides and directs its development. Many natural religions consider God to be the "soul of the universe".

Early monotheism had many naturalistic elements. Heaven and hell were thought of as physical places above and below the earth and "salvation" was expected to bring resurrection of the body.

In the fourth century, Christians were concerned that Jesus had not returned and wondered what happened to those who died before the Second Coming of Christ. Christians, led by Augustine of Hippo and under the influence of both gnosticism and neoplatonism, developed a new belief in the soul as capable of a separate existence abstract from the material world. The human souls, unlike those of animals, would survive death and, depending on God's judgment, be transferred to the non-material realms of heaven or hell and the new realm of limbo for unbaptized persons and purgatory for those who do not deserve hell but are not purified for heaven.

Another distinction from monotheism is found in the Christian belief in miracles, in which God intervenes in history from outside nature. Ancient Roman philosophers and others since objected to this Christian doctrine as God violating his own natural laws. Christians had to separate God more completely from the natural universe in order to show how this could be possible. There were similar neoplatonist tendencies in Judaism and Islam, which also saw God as acting in history.

Natural religions, on the contrary, consider the supernatural as part of the natural universe.

Modern views
One of the first attempts to develop a science of religion was The Varieties of Religious Experience by the American philosopher William James. James saw the basic experience which unified all religions as a sometimes life-changing personal event in which one perceives the connectedness of all things as one unified whole.

James defined the basics of all religion, including natural religion, when he wrote: "Were one to characterize the life of religion in the broadest and most general terms possible, one might say that it exists of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves hereto."

Certain aspects of natural religion (that is, religious truths that are knowable by human reason alone) are found among different cultures, though not always entirely intact, and to varying degrees, according to philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas and Malebranche.

A few modern scientists such as British biologist Rupert Sheldrake believe new discoveries coincide with Aristotle's belief in the soul. Forces such as magnetism, gravity, and quantum mechanics also point to non-material forces acting in nature, Sheldrake believes.

title: Natural religion


title: File:Dada1.jpg


text:
Blue Eyed Six

The Blue Eyed Six were a group of six men, all of them coincidentally blue-eyed, who were arrested and indicted on first degree murder charges in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, in 1879.

The Six were Charles Drews, Frank Stichler, Henry F. Wise, Josiah Hummel, Israel Brandt, and George Zechman. This group of friends and unsavory business associates conspired to murder their neighbor, Joseph Raber, for an insurance pay-off. Raber, age 65, lived in poverty with his housekeeper in a charcoal burner's hut in the Blue Mountain area of northern Lebanon County. Raber had no steady employment and depended mainly on the charity of his equally impoverished neighbors.

In early July 1878, four of the conspirators met at Brandt's hotel at St. Joseph Spring and agreed to insure Raber for a total of $8,000. The men told the insurance agent that they had agreed to take care of Raber for the rest of his life and wanted the policy to cover his eventual burial expenses. Several assessment-type life insurance policies were sold on Joseph Raber, with his cooperation, with the men named as the beneficiaries.

Later that year they enlisted two other men to drown Raber in Indiantown Creek. Without any evidence to the contrary, the coroner ruled the death accidental. Although the local citizenry suspected foul play, it wasn't until two months later, when Drews' son-in-law Joseph Peters reported to the constable that he was an eye-witness to the murder, that the six men were arrested and held over for trial.

Trial
In a highly unusual move, the Six were tried together. Due to this and, perhaps, to the fanciful nickname that the conspirators were given by the newspapers, the trial gained more than its share of attention. Reporters from throughout the east coast descended on the city of Lebanon, the county seat of Lebanon County, and the story was carried worldwide. The trial began on 18 April. The Commonwealth's main witness was Drews' son-in-law, but he was only one of thirty-six witnesses called by the prosecution.

The defense called twenty-two witnesses. The witnesses on both sides were mainly friends, neighbors, and family members who contradicted each other at every turn. It became evident that there were many people who knew of, or suspected, the plot before and after Raber's death, but who did not come forward for fear of mortal retaliation. At 3:30 p.m. on 24 April 1879, the fate of the Blue Eyed Six was left in the hands of the twelve men of the jury. The wait was not long. Five hours later the courthouse bell rang out, announcing that they had reached their verdicts. The jury returned verdicts of guilty of first degree murder for all six of the defendants. Defense requested that the jury be polled, and so the word "Guilty" was uttered seventy-two times, once for each defendant from each juror.

The local newspaper noted that it was the first time in the recorded history of common law of the United States and England that six people were convicted of murder on a single indictment. On appeal, the judge awarded Zechman a new trial, based on the lack of direct evidence presented by the Commonwealth against him personally. He was acquitted in his second trial on essentially the same evidence. The other five defendants were sentenced to death by hanging.

Drews and Stichler, who had committed the crime, were hanged first. After all other appeals were exhausted, the accomplices Wise, Hummel, and Brandt were hanged the following year. The acquitted Zechman died of natural causes within the decade. Apart from the actual murder trial, the whole proceeding turned out to be an indictment of the murky business of assessment life insurance, which led to major changes in insurance law, particularly with regard to the practice of insuring people in whom one had no legal interest.

Misconceptions
The Blue Eyed Six are sometimes reported to have been hanged and to be buried in the cemetery at Moonshine United Zion Church (Moonshine is the name of the family who donated the land the church and cemetery occupy) near the village of Green Point at Indiantown Gap, near the site of the murder. In actuality, the hangings all took place at the county prison in Lebanon. Although Joseph Raber, the victim, is buried at Moonshine Church, the six conspirators were all buried separately by their families elsewhere in the county.

Brandt and Drews are buried side by side in the veteran's section of Mt. Lebanon Cemetery in Lebanon. Hummel and Zechman are buried at Sattazahn Lutheran Church cemetery in Union Township, Lebanon County. Wise is buried at Evangelical United Brethren Church cemetery in the village of Green Point, Union Township, Lebanon County. Stichler is buried in the family plot on McLean Road, now within the bounds of Ft. Indiantown Gap.

Hummel was hanged May 13, 1880, along with Wise and Brandt. Zechman was acquitted and therefore escaped hanging. He was released from prison and died in 1887.

Blue Eyed Six in popular culture

 * Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was inspired by the Blue Eyed Six moniker for his Sherlock Holmes short story, "The Red-Headed League" The story alludes to the matter through the criminals' use of a made-up millionaire from Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
 * The story of the Blue Eyed Six is recounted in a stage play, which plays locally in Pennsylvania, and in a documentary film of the same name, by Bruce and Brian Kreider.
 * Author/novelist Gary Ludwig speaks to groups about the infamous Lebanon County 19th century murder. Ludwig's four-part magazine series about the murder was published in 1979. The magazine articles were subsequently published in booklet form.

title: Blue Eyed Six


text:
Andrew Odlyzko

Andrew Michael Odlyzko (Andrzej Odłyżko) (born 23 July 1949) is a Polish-American mathematician and a former head of the University of Minnesota's Digital Technology Center and of the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. He began his career in 1975 at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he stayed for 26 years before joining the University of Minnesota in 2001.

Work in mathematics
Odlyzko received his B.S. and M.S. in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975.

In the field of mathematics he has published extensively on analytic number theory, computational number theory, cryptography, algorithms and computational complexity, combinatorics, probability, and error-correcting codes. In the early 1970s, he was a co-author (with D. Kahaner and Gian-Carlo Rota) of one of the founding papers of the modern umbral calculus. In 1985 he and Herman te Riele disproved the Mertens conjecture. In mathematics, he is probably known best for his work on the Riemann zeta function, which led to the invention of improved algorithms, including the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm, and large-scale computations, which stimulated extensive research on connections between the zeta function and random matrix theory.

As a direct collaborator of Paul Erdős, he has Erdős number 1.

Work on electronic communication
More recently, he has worked on communication networks, electronic publishing, economics of security and electronic commerce.

In 1998, he and Kerry Coffman were the first to show that one of the great inspirations for the Internet bubble, the myth of "Internet traffic doubling every 100 days," was false.

In the paper "Content is Not King", published in First Monday in January 2001, he argues that
 * 1) the entertainment industry is a small industry compared with other industries, notably the telecommunications industry;
 * 2) people are more interested in communication than entertainment;
 * 3) and therefore that entertainment "content" is not the killer app for the Internet.

In 2012, he became a fellow of the International Association for Cryptologic Research and in 2013 of the American Mathematical Society.

Network value
In the 2006 paper "Metcalfe's Law is Wrong", Andrew Odlyzko and coauthors argue that the incremental value of adding one person to a network of n people is approximately the nth harmonic number, so the total value of the network is approximately n * log(n). Since this curves upward (unlike Sarnoff's law), it implies that Metcalfe's conclusion – that there is a critical mass in networks, leading to a network effect – is qualitatively correct. But since this linearithmic function does not grow as rapidly as Metcalfe's law, it implies that many of the quantitative expectations based on Metcalfe's law were excessively optimistic.

For example, by Metcalfe, if a hypothetical network of 100,000 members has a value of $1M, doubling its membership would increase its value fourfold (200,0002/100,0002). However Odlyzko predicts its value would only slightly more than double: 200,000*log(200,000)/(100,000*log(100,000). Empirical tests, in part stimulated by this criticism, strongly support Metcalfe's law.

Financial History
In recent years, Odlyzko has published multiple papers on the financial history of bubbles, particularly the South Sea Bubble and the English Railway Mania of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, respectively.

title: Andrew Odlyzko


text:
Talk:Attitude (magazine)

Critical article
This article does not seem to be up to Wikipedia's normal standards of impartiality. It is overly-critical and has failed to identify some of Attitude's strengths. I do not have time to do a re-write at the moment, but will do so as soon as I can.

Andy 20 Apr 2006.

While I agree with most of the criticisms of Attitude in the article, it's not quite NPOV is it? The same thing expressed in a neutral way would be acceptable. David | Talk 22:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've got to agree with you. As a regular Attitude reader I do recognise much of what is said in the article. However, a lot of what is critised is what makes the magazine appealing. Magazines like Gay Times may be more "heavyweight" but they can be perceived as too political and, personally, I don't want that from a magazine. The article is not inaccurate but does not adhere to the NPOV policy. R.carroll 20:03, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Capitalisation
On a totally different point, as on Attitude's website the magazine's name is capitalized when it occurs mid-sentence, I've removed the notice about having the wrong title. I think that, although it has a small a on the front cover of the magazine, its name is actually Attitude. Dan 31 Aug 2005

 * I would strongly take issue with the point: "Unlike the Gay Times, though, it is known for avoiding the opinion that all gay men are victims or operate as a single group." It is simply not the case that Gay Times characterises all gay men as victims and we certainly do not see gay men as a homogenous group. Part of Gay times' challenge - and strength - is to recognise the diversity of our readership and do our best to cater to that very broad constituency. As a magazine, we strive to maintain a balance between serious, political pieces, lifestyle coverage and lighter features. Joseph Galliano. Gay Times' deputy editor.

Removing of material
Marcelo81, please note that on August 1, you removed a lot of material with your edit, without explaining why. Everybody notice this. ---Majestic- 18:01, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I removed a lot of information from this page because a substantial part of it was based on subjective opinions and out of date information. Marcelo81

 * Quite right too. I've removed a reference to Blair being on the cover in 2005; Gay Times had Blair on the cover in 1997.

Actually I think you'll find it was Attitude did have Tony Blair on the cover in 2005.

January 2007 issue
I've re-entered details about the speculation of whether Attitude had closed down or not as I think it is worthy of entry into the article. Let us not forget the frustration to subscribers and the complete lack of communication from Attitude last month. No one did appear to know what was going on. Richard ( T 16:56, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree that there was speculation but wasn't it just that? There has been no confirmation about any of the runours except that the magazine changed hands which lead to the no show of an issue. Marcelo81

External links modified
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Cover Image 2021
The cover image was changed in January 2021 to a cover featuring Dua Lipa.  The edit summary stated that the image was newer but did not give any reason for the change. The article previously used an image of "Ricky Martin on the cover of 200th issue (January 2011)" but the automated cleaning robots of Wikipedia have already removed that image so it cannot easily be restored.

The editor that did this, made similar changes to several other magazine cover images, and appears to be a huge fan of Dua Lipa. There does not appear to be any special relevance or reason to pick the 2021 cover featuring Dua Lipa over any of the hundreds of other cover images. Editors may want to try to restore the previous cover image or add a cover image that is more representative of this magazine and its history. -- 109.78.195.140 (talk) 03:47, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * N.B. List of people on the cover of Attitude magazine
 * In the lead up to the 300 issue the magazine published a special supplement featuring 68 of their favorite covers
 * Top 9 covers -- 109.78.203.56 (talk) 06:36, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

The change is more than obvious, the image of Ricky Martin and the current one have a decade of difference and that's not bad, If you don't like it, I don't know what I can do for you because the previous image has already been eliminated, without forgetting that it is not I see no problem with the current one besides that it is recent, if you are going to make complaints at least log in. Alexismata7 (talk) 14:53, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * You are spamming articles with Dua Lipa, that's the only thing that is obvious. You aren't the first person to think Wikipedia cover images should be more recent but there is absolutely no requirement for cover images to be recent. It is actually better for cover images to be older and more notable, and show some special relevance to the magazine.
 * You removed a notable anniversary edition cover. You removed a cover featuring a famous gay man from the cover of a gay mens magazine, and replaced it with a hetrosexual female pop singer. This case in particular might be your worst most ill-advised decision of the lot. -- 109.78.203.56 (talk) 15:45, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * N.B. Template:Non-free magazine cover "Use of the image merely to depict a person or persons in the image will be removed." That's exactly what is happening here, it's a blatant violation. -- 109.78.203.56 (talk) 16:02, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

I do not regret my decision, Lipa is a person considered LGBT ally and one of the most notable singers today. I don't know why Ricky Martin deserves more to appear there because he is homosexual and Lipa is not, it seems discriminatory to me. In addition, if the woman who appears in that image did not mean anything to the magazine, she would not have done the session and put it on the cover of December. Alexismata7 (talk) 18:36, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

I am disappointed that Alexismata7 thinks his changes were appropriate. I do not believe that the image is notable enough to justify fair use. I have brought this issue to Files_for_discussion and started a discussion (, note: this link may not work after the discussion is archived).

I have asked that the be restored. -- 109.79.77.239 (talk) 20:00, 31 January 2021 (UTC)
 * This discussion is ongoing but the Wayback Machine can be used to see a version of the Attitude magazine Wikipedia page from August 2020. The cover image was Attitude (200th issue) featuring Rick Martin. The 200th anniversary cover seems more notable and representative of the magazine than any other potential cover image, I'm hoping admins can somehow rollback and restore that version, avoiding the need for anyone to manually re-add it using the version from the web archive. -- 109.79.68.226 (talk) 15:15, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

TLDR the cover image of this article was changed to one featuring Dua Lipa for no particular reason (that arbitrary non-notable WP:N WP:NFCC choice apparently doesn't invalidate the fair use claims). Editors should feel free to change the image to a more notable cover image. -- 109.78.201.221 (talk) 17:25, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

April 2022, the cover image was changed to one featuring Jonathan Bailey. This seems like an appropriate image, although in general I think first issue or anniversary issue covers are more notable. -- 109.77.205.71 (talk) 16:02, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Attitude (magazine)


text:
Sláine mac Dela

Sláine (Sláinge, Slánga), son of Dela, of the Fir Bolg was the legendary first High King of Ireland, who cleared the forest around Brú na Bóinne. He reportedly came ashore at Wexford Harbour at the mouth of the River Slaney.

The Fir Bolg invaded Ireland with five thousand men. Sláine and his four brothers, who were descended from one of the sons of Nemed, divided Ireland amongst themselves. Sláine, the youngest of the five, took Leinster, Gann north Munster, Sengann south Munster, Genann Connacht and Rudraige Ulster. They elected Sláine as ruler over them.

His wife was Fuad. His portion of the Fir Bolg were known as the Gailióin variant Gaileanga, named after their spears (Old Irish gáe).

His reign lasted from 1748 to 1703 BCE. He died at Dind Ríg in County Carlow and was buried at Slane, County Meath. He was succeeded by his brother Rudraige mac Dela.

title: Sláine mac Dela


text:
Joe Nedney

Joseph Thomas Nedney (born March 22, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at San Jose State and signed as an undrafted player with the Miami Dolphins in 1996. Nedney played for the San Francisco 49ers from 2005 to 2010 after having played for the Dolphins, Arizona Cardinals, Baltimore Ravens, Oakland Raiders, Denver Broncos, Carolina Panthers, and Tennessee Titans.

Early years
Nedney was born and raised in San Jose, California and attended Santa Teresa High School. He lettered in football as a kicker/punter and basketball as a guard/forward.

College career
Nedney played college football at San Jose State University, where he was a four-year letterman. He graduated as the school's all-time leading scorer with 236 points, going 39-for-70 in field goal attempts (including a school record 62-yarder) and 119-of-132 extra points. He also punted as a senior, averaging 37.8 yards per punt on 70 punts. In 1998, San Jose State awarded him a degree in recreation after Nedney completed an internship at the Arizona Cardinals community relations department.

Professional career
Nedney started his NFL career in 1996, bouncing around practice squads for the Green Bay Packers, Oakland Raiders, and Miami Dolphins. He then joined the Dolphins full-time for the 1996 NFL season, and led the team in scoring with 89 points. The following season, he signed with the Arizona Cardinals, who he stayed with for two and a half seasons, and at one point sharing kicking duties with veteran Chris Jacke. In 1999, he was waived by the Cardinals, and then picked up by the Raiders, where he finished the season before being released. He was picked up by the Denver Broncos at the start of the 2000 NFL season to fill in for the injured Jason Elam, but was waived after three games and then signed by the Carolina Panthers. Nedney went on to join the Tennessee Titans the following year, and was their kicker for four years, until injuring his hamstring during the 2004 NFL season. During the 2002 playoffs, he was involved in a controversial running into the kicker penalty against the Steelers during overtime. Nedney had just missed a 31-yard field goal, but was given another opportunity by the penalty. He made his second try, thus winning the game. After the game Nedney said, "He got a pretty good hit on me, but when I'm done playing ball I might try acting."

He signed with the 49ers in March 2005. Nedney went 26 for 28 in 2005, and kicked a career high 56-yard field goal against the St. Louis Rams on Christmas Eve. He was the Co-MVP for the 49ers, and quickly re-signed with the team during the offseason.

In the final game of the 1999 NFL season while Nedney was with the Oakland Raiders, the Chiefs were denied a trip to the playoffs and an AFC West division title in the final game of the season when Nedney kicked a field-goal in overtime, giving the division to the Seattle Seahawks instead. Coincidentally, Nedney, with the San Francisco 49ers in 2006, kicked a field goal in overtime against the Denver Broncos, knocking them from the playoff picture and giving the Chiefs the final wild-card spot in the playoffs.

On October 31, 2007, the NFL fined Nedney $7,500 for giving a fan the middle finger during the team's loss to the Saints on October 28.

On July 28, 2011, he was released by the 49ers and retired the next day.

Career regular season statistics
Career high/best bolded

Coaching career
From 2011 to 2014, Nedney was varsity special teams coach for the Scotts Valley High School.

title: Joe Nedney


text:
The Shepheardes Calender

The Shepheardes Calender (originally titled The Shepheardes Calendar, Conteyning twelve Aeglogues proportionable to the Twelve monthes. Entitled to the Noble and Vertuous Gentleman most worthy of all titles both of learning and chevalrie M. Philip Sidney) was Edmund Spenser's first major poetic work, published in 1579. In emulation of Virgil's first work, the Eclogues, Spenser wrote this series of pastorals at the commencement of his career. However, Spenser's models were rather the Renaissance eclogues of Mantuanus. The title, like the entire work, is written using deliberately archaic spellings, in order to suggest a connection to medieval literature, and to Geoffrey Chaucer in particular. Spenser dedicated the poem to Philip Sidney. The poem introduces Colin Clout, a folk character originated by John Skelton, and depicts his life as a shepherd through the twelve months of the year. The Calender encompasses considerable formal innovations, anticipating the even more virtuosic Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (The "Old" Arcadia, 1580), the classic pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney, with whom Spenser was acquainted. It is also remarkable for the extensive commentary or gloss included with the work in its first publication, ascribed to an "E.K." E.K. is an intelligent, very subtle, sometimes wrong, and often deeply ironic commentator, who is sometimes assumed to be an alias of Spenser himself. The term sarcasm (Sarcasmus) is first recorded in English in Spenser's poem (October).

Interpretation
The twelve eclogues of The Shepheardes Calender, dealing with such themes as the abuses of the church, Colin's shattered love for Rosalind, praise for Queen Elizabeth, and encomia to the rustic Shepherd's life, are titled for the months of the year. Each eclogue is preceded by a woodcut and followed by a motto describing the speaker. The opening line of each eclogue expresses characteristics of the month, and the poem as a whole charts common accuracy of the seasons, the toil and celebrations of the village year. The precision of the description of birds, flowers, and harvests is balanced by an underlying theme of the hardships and rituals that each season entails. Each pastoral in the poem can be classified into one of three categories, identified as moral, plaintive, or re-creative.

The plaintive and re-creative poems are each devoted to presenting Colin Clout in his double character of lover and poet, whereas the moral poems are mixed with mocking bitterness, which moves Colin from a dramatic personae to a more homely style. While the January pastoral tells of the unhappy love of Colin for Rosalind, the springtime of April calls for a song in praise of Elizabeth. In May, the shepherds, who are rival pastors of the Reformation, end their sermons with an animal fable. In summer, they discourse on Puritan theology. October brings them to contemplate the trials and disappointments of a poet, and the series ends with a parable comparing life to the four seasons of the year.

Form and style
The Shepheardes Calender is a poem that consists of twelve eclogues. Each eclogue is named after a different month, which represents the turning of seasons. An eclogue is a short pastoral poem that is in the form of a dialogue or soliloquy. This is why, while the months come together to form a whole year, each month can also stand alone as a separate poem. The months are all written in a different form. For example, April has a lyrical "laye" which honors the Queen. May gives off characterization and greater description. As the reader passes through each month and gets closer to the end of the year, the wording becomes less beautifully lyrical and more straightforward; closing together the poem the way the month of December closes up the year. Spenser uses rhyme differently in each month. There is a very cyclical pattern that shows off the kind of style that Spenser was going for, making the reader feel as though they are going through the cycle of each year just as the narrator does. The months all have repetition of elements and arguments. The style of the poem is also influenced by writers such as Chaucer and Skelton.

Influence
Edmund Spenser's involvement with the Earl of Leicester set the groundwork for the influential effect that The Shepheardes Calender would have. A year after working together, the two of them, joined by Sir Philip Sidney, Edward Dyer, and Fulke Greville, created the literary group called "Areopagus". The group they formed supported Leicester's views on religion and politics (Bear). When The Shepheardes Calender, which was Spenser's first ever published piece, was published it was around the same time that Leicester proposed marriage between the Queen and the Duc d'Alençon.

The poem served as a type of propaganda to the proposal. Spenser recognized that the poem was for his own financial and political gains, but it also sets the idea of standing behind one's work. The work was a success; between 1579 and 1597 five editions were published. One thing that separates the poem from others of its time is Spenser's use of allegory and his dependence on the idea of antiquity. The poem also set the groundwork for Spenser's best known work The Faerie Queene. The Shepheardes Calender was also crucial to the naturalization of the English language and the introduction of vocabulary along with literary techniques.

The Irish composer Ina Boyle first drafted her Colin Clout, "a pastoral for orchestra for orchestra after the first aeglogue of Spenser's Shepheard's Calender", in 1921 and revised it in 1923.

title: The Shepheardes Calender