text:
Scott Verplank

Scott Rachal Verplank (born July 9, 1964) is an American professional golfer, who has played on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions.

Early life
Born and raised in Dallas, Texas, Verplank was a leading member of the W.T. White High School golf team and a regular at Brookhaven Country Club in Dallas. He graduated from high school in 1982.

Amateur career
Verplank attended Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. At OSU, he was a member of the 1983 NCAA Championship team, finishing T3 alongside teammates Tommy Moore, Willie Wood, Andy Dillard, and Philip Walton. He went on later to win the 1984 U.S. Amateur and 1986 NCAA individual title.

Prior to his senior year at Oklahoma State, Verplank won the Western Open outside Chicago in August 1985; it was the first victory by an amateur on the PGA Tour in 29 years. He defeated Jim Thorpe on the second extra hole of a playoff for the win at Butler National Golf Club in Oak Brook, Illinois.

Professional career
Verplank graduated and turned professional in 1986, using his two-year exemption on the PGA Tour; his first event as a pro was the U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills in June, his sixth tour event that year. He earned five wins on the PGA Tour, and two Ryder Cup appearances, in 2002 and 2006. Verplank has type 1 diabetes and uses an insulin pump during play. He was awarded the 2002 Ben Hogan Award, given by the Golf Writers Association of America to an individual who has continued to be active in golf despite a physical handicap or serious illness. Verplank has been featured in the top 20 of the Official World Golf Rankings, reaching as high as eleventh in 2001.

He hit a hole-in-one in the Ryder Cup, on the 14th hole during a singles match against Pádraig Harrington in 2006. The shot did not impact the overall result, however, as Europe had already won the trophy. Nonetheless, he was the first American player to card an ace during the Ryder Cup; his overall record in the competition is 4 wins and 1 loss.

Verplank's most recent win was the 2007 EDS Byron Nelson Championship, in which he defeated Luke Donald by one stroke. As a Dallas native, Verplank called the EDS Byron Nelson Championship "a fifth major," and also mentioned that "Byron was with me today" (the 2007 tournament was the first held after Nelson's death). His best finish in a major championship was a tie for fourth at the PGA Championship in 2011.

Verplank competed in the 2011 Arnold Palmer Invitational finishing T38 and then the following week at the Shell Houston Open in which Verplank finished T2 behind Phil Mickelson. Verplank had held a joint 54-hole lead with Mickelson and even held the lead on his own at a number of stages during the final round, however his lack of competitive golf proved costly throughout the final few holes and he was unable to close out the victory. This was his best finish on tour in 18 months since finishing T2 at the Deutsche Bank Championship in 2009. Verplank has amassed over $27 million in career earnings.

Verplank played the 2013 season on a Major Medical Extension after hip and wrist injuries in 2012. He started the 2014 season in a similar fashion, but was not able to satisfy the medical exemption and used his career money list exemption for the remainder of the season. Verplank turned 50 in July 2014 and made his Champions Tour debut at the U.S. Senior Open at Oak Tree National, near his residence in Edmond, Oklahoma.

Awards and honors
In December 2010, Verplank was named a 2011 winner of the NCAA Silver Anniversary Award, given annually to six former NCAA student-athletes for distinguished career accomplishment on the 25th anniversary of their college graduation.

Amateur wins

 * 1983 Porter Cup
 * 1984 U.S. Amateur, Sunnehanna Amateur
 * 1985 Western Amateur, Sunnehanna Amateur, Porter Cup
 * 1986 NCAA individual title

PGA Tour wins (5)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–4)

Other wins (1)
Other playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew "T" = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2003 Masters – 2003 U.S. Open)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Eisenhower Trophy: 1984
 * Walker Cup: 1985 (winners)

Professional
 * World Cup: 1998 (individual title), 2004
 * Ryder Cup: 2002, 2006
 * Presidents Cup: 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 2006 (winners)

title: Scott Verplank


text:
NHS Digital

NHS Digital was the trading name of the Health and Social Care Information Centre, which was the national provider of information, data and IT systems for commissioners, analysts and clinicians in health and social care in England, particularly those involved with the National Health Service of England. The organisation was an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health and Social Care.

Role
NHS Digital provides digital services for the NHS and social care, including the management of large health informatics programmes. They deliver national systems through in-house teams, and by contracting private suppliers. These services include managing patient data including the Spine, which allows the secure sharing of information between different parts of the NHS, and forms the basis of the Electronic Prescription Service, Summary Care Record and Electronic Referral Service.

NHS Digital is also the national collator of information about health and social care, and publishes over 260 statistical publications each year, including Official Statistics and National Statistics. It also runs "The NHS Website" (, formerly NHS Choices), which is the national website for the NHS in England.

NHS Digital has taken on the roles of a number of predecessor bodies including the NHS Information Centre, NHS Connecting for Health, and parts of NHS Direct. The organisation produces more than 260 official and national statistical publications. This includes national comparative data for secondary uses, developed from the long-running Hospital Episode Statistics which can help local decision makers to improve the quality and efficiency of frontline care.

History
The organisation was created as a special health authority on 1 April 2005 by a merger of the National Programme for IT, part of the Department of Health, the NHS Information Authority, and the Prescribing Support Unit.

Following the Health and Social Care Act 2012, the HSCIC changed from a special health authority to an executive non-departmental public body on 1 April 2013. Effective at this time, HSCIC took over parts of the troubled NHS National Programme for IT from the agency NHS Connecting for Health (CfH) which ceased to exist. It also runs the Health Survey for England.

On 20 April 2016, it was announced that HSCIC would be rebranding, changing its name to NHS Digital in July 2016.

NHSX, created in February 2019, has oversight of digital strategy and policy in NHS England. As a budget-holder, NHSX commissions projects from NHS Digital.

On 22 November 2021 it was announced that NHS Digital would be merged with NHSX and incorporated into NHS England. The merger was completed on 1 February 2023.

Handling patient data
NHS Digital ran the Spine service for the NHS, which is a central, secure system for patient data in England. This enables a number of services for patients, including:
 * the Electronic Prescription Service, which sends prescriptions digitally from GP surgeries and other NHS providers to pharmacies, without needing a printed prescription
 * the Summary Care Record which allows authorised NHS staff (such as hospital or ambulance staff) to see a summary of important information about a patient, to help give the best care.
 * the e-referral service which manages the booking of first time appointments with hospitals and specialists
 * the Child Protection - Information Sharing system, which helps ensure that any child protection concerns are known by the NHS when they are treated

As the HSCIC, the organisation ran the care.data programme, which was cancelled in 2016.

NHS Digital collected the national 'Hospital Episode Statistics' (HES), which is a record of every 'episode' of admitted patient care (counted by completing care with a consultant, meaning that more than one episode can be associated with a single stay in hospital ) delivered by the NHS in England, including those done under contract by private providers. This involves the tracking of around 16 million 'episodes' of care every year. This information is used for a range of statistical analysis, as well as for determining payments to providers. In addition to admitted patient care, HES also provides data for outpatient and emergency care encounters. The Emergency Care Data Set has been created to replace HES A&E data and provide better data on emergency care encounters.

In November 2019 it launched the National Record Locator, which spans different health economies and is intended to enable paramedics, community mental health nurses, children’s health teams and maternity services to access the records of mental health patients across England.

In August 2020 it launched a pilot electronic prescription service in three hospital trusts, where hospital prescriptions were sent electronically to the patient’s community pharmacy, as during the COVID-19 pandemic in England most outpatient consultations were held remotely.

Central technology team
A troubleshooting operation was established in 2018 to help NHS trusts when major IT deployments go wrong. Eight trusts needed emergency assistance in 2018 after a deployment led to severe service disruptions. Funding of £2 million a year for the service has been allocated and expansion is expected.

Statistics and data
NHS Digital compiles national data about the NHS and social care, with over 260 publications every year. In addition, they provide data analysis, and access to data and clinical indicators.

Public-facing services
The NHS website, formerly NHS Choices, is the public website for the NHS Services in England, and is run by a team at NHS Digital, mandated by DOH with input from Public Health England. In November 2022 it had been visited more than one billion times in the previous 12 months.

Key people
Simon Bolton, formerly chief information officer at Jaguar Land Rover and NHS Test and Trace, was appointed as interim chief executive officer in June 2021. He replaced Sarah Wilkinson, CEO from August 2017 until she decided to step down in March 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NHS Digital


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 June 10

Category:Catholic view of sin and grace/Category:Catholic Sexual Ethics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 14:30, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rename to Category:Catholic teachings on sin and grace or Category:Catholic docrines on sin and grace and Category:Catholic teachings on human sexuality or Category:Catholic doctrines on human sexuality, respectively. Neutralitytalk 01:28, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, but this also sounds like overcategorization so I'd prefer merging them to something like Category:Catholic doctrines in general. Radiant_ >|< 08:56, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:The economics of production

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 14:29, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Needs to lose the word the. - SimonP 22:43, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as Category:Economics of production. Harro5 00:15, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Prices

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and delete --Kbdank71 14:28, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Should be merged into Category:Pricing. - SimonP 22:24, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merged. Don't see much to discuss, seems like it was a category created with lack of knowledge of Category:Pricing. <> Who ? ¿ ?  02:39, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or soft redirect? --ssd 21:32, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In present implementation, cat redirects do not work properly. Hence, delete. Radiant_ >|< 08:56, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. BTW, why don't we add a line like "This category has been renamed to Category:Pricing" to the category in these cases? — Sebastian (talk) 20:56, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Comic book creators

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:24, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Delete Another one from WP:CMC that hiding forgot yesterday. Has already been depopulated and decategorised - SoM 20:02, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hiding 20:05, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Economic terms

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 14:24, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

We just got rid of Category:Computer terminology and Category:Military terms went some time ago. This should be merged into Category:Economics. - SimonP 17:51, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. --Kbdank71 20:52, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. — Sebastian (talk) 20:58, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Eucharistic Devotions

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:09, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Empty, marked for deletion one day after creation by creator, User:JASpencer. --Kbdank71 16:13, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Jawr256/Stuff/Long names

Long names etc. in the new series of Doctor Who

 * Raxacoricofallapatorius — The planet of origin of the Slitheen family.
 * The Mighty Jagrafess of the Holy Hadrojassic Maxarodenfoe — The full name of the Editor-in-chief of Sattleite 5 in The Long Game
 * Tribophysical waveform magnokinetic extrapolator — The pan-dimensional surfboard in Boom town
 * Blon Fel Fotch Pasameerday Slitheen — The name of the Raxacoricofallapatorian that disguised herself as Margaret Blaine.

title: User:Jawr256/Stuff/Long names


text:
Animalism (album)

Animalism is the fifth American album by the Animals, released in November 1966. The album includes the band's usual repertoire of blues and R&B covers, while Frank Zappa contributed a song and played bass on two tracks. It was the last album recorded by the original incarnation of the Animals prior to their disbandment, after which singer Eric Burdon would assemble a mostly new lineup under the name "Eric Burdon and the Animals". This new version of the group was already touring when Animalism released.

The album peaked at number 33 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart. A remastered bootlegged CD edition was issued by Flawed Gems in 2014 that included 11 bonus tracks.

Side 1

 * 1) "All Night Long" (Frank Zappa) - 2:46
 * 2) "Shake" (Sam Cooke) - 3:11
 * 3) "The Other Side of This Life" (Fred Neil) - 3:30
 * 4) "Rock Me Baby" (B.B. King, Joe Josea) - 5:23
 * 5) "Lucille" (Albert Collins, Richard Penniman) - 2:19
 * 6) "Smokestack Lightning" (Chester Burnett) - 5:19

Side 2

 * 1) "Hey Gyp" (Donovan Leitch) - 3:46
 * 2) "Hit the Road, Jack" (Percy Mayfield) - 3:16
 * 3) "Outcast" (Ernie Johnson, Edgar Campbell) (Album version) - 2:35
 * 4) "Louisiana Blues" (McKinley Morganfield) - 2:37
 * 5) "That's All I Am to You" (Otis Blackwell, Winfield Scott) - 2:08
 * 6) "Going Down Slow" (Jimmy Oden) - 6:12

2014 CD reissue with bonus tracks (Tracks 1-12 are mono)  "All Night Long" (Frank Zappa) - 2:46 "Shake" (Sam Cooke) - 3:11 "The Other Side of This Life" (Fred Neil) - 3:30 "Rock Me Baby" (B.B. King, Joe Josea) - 5:23 "Lucille" (Albert Collins, Richard Penniman) - 2:19 "Smokestack Lightning" (Chester Burnett) - 5:19 "Hey Gyp" (Donovan Leitch) - 3:46 "Hit the Road, Jack" (Percy Mayfield) - 3:16

"Outcast" (Ernie Johnson, Edgar Campbell) (Album version) - 2:35

"Louisiana Blues" (McKinley Morganfield) - 2:37

"That's All I Am to You" (Otis Blackwell, Winfield Scott) - 2:08

"Going Down Slow" (Jimmy Oden) - 6:12

(13-17 recorded live in Germany, January 1967)
"C. C. Ryder" (Ma Rainey, Lena Arant) - 3:56

"A Love Like Yours" (Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, Edward Holland, Jr. - 3:00

"Shake, Rattle, and Roll" (Charles F. Calhoun) - 3:06

"Tobacco Road" (John D. Loudermilk) - 4:27

"Roadrunner (Ellas McDaniel) - 2:48

(BBC session, January 30, 1967)
"When I Was Young" (Eric Burdon, Vic Briggs, John Weider, Barry Jenkins, and Danny McCulloch) - 3:03

"A Love Like Yours" (Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, Edward Holland, Jr. - 2:44

"Connection" (Mick Jagger and Keith Richards) - 2:23

(BBC session, August 15, 1967)

"It's All Meat" - 2:09

"San Franciscan Nights (Eric Burdon, Vic Briggs, John Weider, Barry Jenkins, and Danny McCulloch) - 3:03

"All Night Long" (Frank Zappa) - 2:40

Personnel
Album credited only Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Dave Rowberry, Hilton Valentine, Barry Jenkins, and John Steel; Globalia.net credits others listed below for tracks 1 and 3 (LP and CD). The 2014 CD reissue has asterisks for tracks 1 and 3, but no explanation of them, so Globalia.net may be correct. with:
 * The Animals
 * Eric Burdon – lead vocals on 1-12
 * Chas Chandler – bass guitar, vocals on 2 and 4-12
 * Dave Rowberry – organ, piano on 2 and 4-12
 * Hilton Valentine – guitar on 2 and 4-12
 * Barry Jenkins – drums on 2 and 4-12
 * John Steel - drums on 9 and 11
 * Frank Zappa - arrangements on 1 and 3, guitar on 1, and bass guitar on 3
 * William Roberts — harmonica on 1 and guitar on 3
 * Larry Knechtel — organ on 1 and 3
 * Don Randi - piano on 1 and 3
 * Carol Kaye — guitar on 1 and 3
 * John Guerin — drums on 1 and 3

2014 CD reissue bonus tracks (13-23)
 * The Animals
 * Eric Burdon – lead vocals
 * Vic Briggs - guitar, piano
 * Barry Jenkins - drums
 * Danny McCulloch - bass guitar
 * John Weider - guitar, violin

 * Technical
 * Producer: Tom Wilson
 * Engineers: Mack Emerman, David Greene, Ami Hadani, Adrian Kerridge, Val Valentin
 * Arranger: Dave Rowberry
 * Liner notes: Chas Chandler

title: Animalism (album)


text:
Pepperoni roll

The pepperoni roll is an Italian-American stuffed bread roll. Originally conceived of as a coal miner's lunch, it is popular in West Virginia and some nearby regions of the Appalachian Mountains such as Eastern Kentucky, Western Pennsylvania, Western Maryland, and Appalachian Ohio. In West Virginia it is nearly ubiquitous, particularly in convenience stores, and is arguably the food most closely associated with the state. Pepperoni rolls are also found in Southeast Michigan where they were popular among auto workers in the factories.

The classic pepperoni roll consists of a fairly soft white yeast-leavened bread roll with pepperoni baked in the middle. During baking, the fats in the pepperoni (which are hard at room temperature) melt, resulting in a spicy oil suffusing into the bread. Pepperoni rolls are typically eaten for lunch or breakfast, either unheated or slightly warmed.

Origins
The pepperoni roll was first sold by Giuseppe "Joseph" Argiro at the Country Club Bakery in Fairmont, West Virginia, in 1927. The rolls originated as a lunch option for the coal miners of north-central West Virginia in the first half of the 20th century. Pepperoni rolls do not need to be refrigerated for storage and could readily be packed for lunch by miners. Pepperoni and other Italian foods became popular in north-central West Virginia in the early 20th century, when the booming mines and railroads attracted many immigrants from Italy. The pepperoni roll bears a resemblance to the pasty and sausage roll, which originated in the mining communities of Great Britain, as well as the Italian calzone.

Variations
Variations on the original pepperoni roll may contain different types of cheese, peppers, or other ingredients. The pepperoni within can take several forms, including a single stick, several folded slices, or shredded or ground meat.

Legal challenges
In 1987, a bakery shipped pepperoni rolls from West Virginia to Maryland. While the pepperoni had been inspected as an ingredient before it was baked into the rolls, the Food Inspection and Safety Service decided that the final product needed to be inspected as well because it was sold outside the bakery, similar to how a bakery making pepperoni pizzas would require inspection of the final product after the pizza was made. The United States Department of Agriculture proposed reclassifying bakeries that manufactured the rolls as meat processing plants, thus subjecting them to daily inspections for hygiene. The bakery owners said that meeting the new regulations would increase costs so much that producing pepperoni rolls would no longer be profitable to them. The United States Department of Agriculture suggested that the bakeries cut them in half and rename them pepperoni sandwiches, because cut sandwiches are not subject to the additional hygiene regulations, but the bakeries refused, saying customers would not buy pepperoni rolls cut in half. Jay Rockefeller, U.S. Senator for West Virginia, intervened and met with Secretary of Agriculture Richard Lyng. After the meeting, Secretary Lyng issued a special exemption to bakeries producing pepperoni rolls.

As military rations
In the early 2000s, the U.S. military began including a version of the pepperoni roll in one of the MREs (Meals, Ready-to-Eat) provided to troops. In the late 2000s, the U.S. Army changed the pepperoni roll to its First Strike Ration. These rations are designed for light infantry, airborne, and special forces during a typical 72-hour patrol. The pepperoni roll's compact size and comparatively high nutritional return make it an ideal ration for these patrols. These rations were extensively employed during Operation Enduring Freedom. The military's rolls are made by a North Carolina company.

title: Pepperoni roll


text:
Talk:Animalism (album)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:23, 2 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Animalism.jpg

title: Talk:Animalism (album)


text:
Talk:Jakarta Servlet

Broken Example
The example contains  using the object that it is replacing with. This is the worst thing a programmer can do. is read before the  block is entered, without any thread safe construct, leading to an unpredictable result, followed by synchronizing on that unpredictable result. Synchronization can only work when it is using the same object each time.

178.6.225.132 (talk) 07:16, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Servlet API versions
Maybe you should specify which Servlet API versions are supported by each servlet container.

How can i use genricservlet for FTP or ny other protocol please discribe through simple examples?????
 * Try this forum: https://java-net.dev.java.net/servlets/ForumMessageList?forumID=92

Do you think this is a bit too jargon-heavy for lay readers such as myself, rather than those with prior experience of such matters? 194.73.118.78 13:57, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, I think its got a little too much Sun Hype/Biz Speak in it, I'd like to see it in more down to earth web-server'ish terms if possible. 218.214.138.11 06:37, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

PHP
Is it correct to put PHP in a list with CGI and ASP? PHP scripts may be invoked in CGI, but, generally, PHP is a language, not a technology or something like that... or am I wrong?--VictorAnyakin 08:14, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * PHP is CGI, but it can be embedded in HTML, instead of the "echoing" of "normal" CGI. It is really only cosmetics for humans, you know. :)

218.214.138.11 06:37, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry but that's completely incorrect. PHP is an independant subsystem, exactly like jsp (and considerably easier to use in my opinion).  I find its clumping with CGI a bit jarring, and its peering with ASP very jarring - ASP only works on one platform (actually not true, some maniacs backported it into Apache, nobody knows why), PHP - and don't forget mod_python ! - works pretty much on everything.

Yes i too think servlets are useless in this world.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.212.192.18 (talk) 02:50, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Missing References
There isn't a single reference for this article. Could someone please help out with this? I imagine much of the information in this article can be gleaned from the Sun specification and documentation docs under the product page for java servlet technology--weezology (talk) 00:31, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Equivalence of CGI and ASP.NET
Non-Java dynamic content. That's not to say non-dynamic content. It's just that Java is the exclusive property of Sun. Microsoft offered Java for a while until they were overwhelmed with a desire to modify the Java standard, thereby violating their contract with Sun. Hence, Microsoft offers little in the way of Java. --173.66.64.90 (talk) 18:12, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

What is "A Servlet"?
The article uses the word servlet in capitalised form. Is this a short form for "Java Servlet"? I think that it should not be capitalised at all, as you can see here. Sae1962 (talk) 14:40, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

JSP container?
JSP container redirects to this article. Why? What is it? --Abdull (talk) 19:11, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Changed. Now JSP container redirects to JavaServer Pages. 77.6.237.100 (talk) 15:36, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

"Java Servlet" or "Java servlet"?
Shouldn't it be "Java servlet" instead of "Java Servlet"? --Mortense (talk) 13:11, 2 February 2014 (UTC)
 * No.   Nor are they "a sort of Applet" Andy Dingley (talk) 20:06, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

Why is there a diagram of a JSP file lifetime?
What's JSP and why is there a diagram of its lifetime in the intro? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.13.114.130 (talk) 18:42, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

The Diagram is still incorrect. The second phase/run of a JSPs life cycle starts at the .Class file, and no where else. That's just basic java. No exceptions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidvsop (talk • contribs) 17:14, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

This article is not about the Java class
The question of upper/lower case usage is recurrent on this page but does not seem to have been clearly addressed. The lower-case term, "servlet", is more prevalent in the literature and refers to the servlet concept (e.g.) whereas, the upper-case term, "Servlet", is used to refer to the Java class (technically an interface). It's clear to me from the content that the article is not about the class but the concept (with appropriate references to the class). If that is the consensus here, then I propose we change the article title to "Java servlet". Joja lozzo  17:24, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 17:18, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Java Servlet → Java servlet – The upper case form is rarely used to refer to the concept of a Java servlet. The upper case form is almost always used when referring to the Java class. This article is about the concept of a Java servlet (e.g.) and only tangentially about the Java class. Here are the Google Ngram results showing the overwhelming prevalence in book literature of the lower case form over the upper case form. --Relisted. Dekimasu よ! 22:31, 18 December 2014 (UTC) Joja  lozzo  01:46, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This issue seems to have been broached before by and . Let's see what they have to say about it.  bd2412  T 17:28, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

Support – the meaning intended in the title is the generic, as in the lead. Dicklyon (talk) 06:50, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Jakarta Servlet


text:
Talk:Anton Bayo

Can someone else verify if the person really existed? Could the author provide more relevant facts? Quick search on Internet didn't reveal any place mentioning this person. Oneliner 10:01, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anton Bayo


text:
Froissart's Chronicles

Froissart's Chronicles (or Chroniques) are a prose history of the Hundred Years' War written in the 14th century by Jean Froissart. The Chronicles open with the events leading up to the deposition of Edward II in 1327, and cover the period up to 1400, recounting events in western Europe, mainly in England, France, Scotland, the Low Countries and the Iberian Peninsula, although at times also mentioning other countries and regions such as Italy, Germany, Ireland, the Balkans, Cyprus, Turkey and North Africa.

For centuries the Chronicles have been recognized as the chief expression of the chivalric culture of 14th-century England and France. Froissart's work is perceived as being of vital importance to informed understandings of the European 14th century, particularly of the Hundred Years' War. But modern historians also recognize that the Chronicles have many shortcomings as a historical source: they contain erroneous dates, have misplaced geography, give inaccurate estimations of sizes of armies and casualties of war, and may be biased in favour of the author's patrons.

Although Froissart is sometimes repetitive or covers seemingly insignificant subjects, his battle descriptions are lively and engaging. For the earlier periods Froissart based his work on other existing chronicles, but his own experiences, combined with those of interviewed witnesses, supply much of the detail of the later books. Although Froissart may never have been in a battle, he visited Sluys in 1386 to see the preparations for an invasion of England. He was present at other significant events such as the baptism of Richard II in Bordeaux in 1367, the coronation of King Charles VI of France in Rheims in 1380, the marriage of Duke John of Berry and Jeanne of Boulogne in Riom and the joyous entry of the French queen Isabeau of Bavaria in Paris, both in 1389.

Sir Walter Scott once remarked that Froissart had "marvellous little sympathy" for the "villain churls". It is true that Froissart often omits to talk about the common people, but that is largely the consequence of his stated aim to write not a general chronicle but a history of the chivalric exploits that took place during the wars between France and England. Nevertheless, Froissart was not indifferent to the wars' effects on the rest of society. His Book II focuses extensively on popular revolts in different parts of western Europe (France, England and Flanders) and in this part of the Chronicles the author often demonstrates good understanding of the factors that influenced local economies and their effect on society at large; he also seems to have a lot of sympathy in particular for the plight of the poorer strata of the urban populations of Flanders.

The Chronicles are a very extensive work: with their almost 1.5 million words, they are amongst the longest works written in French prose in the late Middle Ages. Few modern complete editions have been published, but the text was printed from the late 15th century onwards. Enguerrand de Monstrelet continued the Chronicles to 1440, while Jean de Wavrin incorporated large parts of it in his own work. Robert Gaguin's Compendium super origine et gestis Francorum made ample use of Froissart. In the 15th and 16th centuries the Chronicles were translated into Dutch, English, Latin, Spanish, Italian and Danish. The English translation, dated 1523–1525 and carried out by the then-Lord Berners, is one of the oldest historical prose works in English. The text of Froissart's Chronicles is preserved in more than 150 manuscripts, many of which are illustrated, some extensively.

Background
Jean Froissart came from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut, situated in the western tip of the Holy Roman Empire, bordering France (it has been part of France since 1678). He seems to have come from what we would today call a middle-class background, but spent much of his adult life in courts, and took on the world-view of the late medieval feudal aristocracy, who initially represented his readership. He appears to have gained his living as a writer, and was a notable French poet in his day. At least by the end of his life he had taken holy orders, and received a profitable benefice.

He first wrote a rhyming chronicle for the English queen Philippa of Hainault, which he offered to her in 1361 or 1362. The text of this earliest historical work, which Froissart himself mentioned in the prologue of his Chronicles, is usually considered to have been completely lost, but some scholars have argued that a 14th-century manuscript containing a rhyming chronicle, of which fragments are now kept in libraries in Paris and Berlin, may be identified as this so-called 'lost chronicle'.

Synopsis
Some of the important events recorded in Froissart's Chronicles:

Book I 1322–1377 Book II 1376–1385
 * Execution of Hugh the younger Despenser (1326)
 * Edward II deposed and accession of Edward III (1327)
 * Edward III's campaign in Scotland (1327)
 * Edward III's marriage to Philippa of Hainault (1328)
 * Edward III's feudal homage to Philip VI of Valois (1331)
 * Edward III's search for allies in the Low Countries against Philip VI of Valois
 * The Thiérache campaign (1339)
 * Battle of Sluys (1340)
 * The Siege of Tournai (1340)
 * The Breton war of succession (1340-1364)
 * The Earl of Derby's campaign in Gascony (1344-1345)
 * Battle of Crécy (1346)
 * The Siege of Calais (1346-1347)
 * Battle of Neville's Cross (1346)
 * Battle of Winchelsea (1350)
 * Battle of Poitiers (1356)
 * Étienne Marcel leads a merchant revolt in Paris (1358)
 * The Jacquerie (1358)
 * The Free Companies
 * The Black Prince's campaigns in Southern France
 * Edward III's Rheims campaign (1359-1360)
 * The Peace of Brétigny (1360)
 * The Battle of Brignais (1362)
 * The death of King John II of France (1364)
 * The battle of Cocherel (1364)
 * The battle of Auray (1364); the end of the Breton succession war
 * The Castilian Civil War (1366-1369): the Black Prince's campaigns on the Iberian Peninsula; the battle of Nájera (1367); the battle of Montiel (1369)
 * The sack of Limoges (1370)
 * The battle of Chizé (1373)
 * The deaths of the Black Prince and Edward III (1377); accession of Richard II
 * The start of the Great Schism (1378)
 * The Ghent Revolt (1379-1385)
 * The Peasants' Revolt in England (1381)
 * The Battle of Roosebeke (1382)
 * The marriage of Charles VI to Isabella of Bavaria

Book III 1386–1388
 * The French preparations for an aborted invasion of England
 * The final trial by combat ordered by French courts between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques Le Gris
 * Richard II in conflict with his uncles
 * The Battle of Otterburn

Book IV 1389–1400
 * The Bal des Ardents at a festival in honor of Isabeau of Bavaria
 * A tournament in Smithfield held by Richard II
 * The death of Gaston III "Fébus" of Foix-Béarn
 * The madness of Charles VI
 * Richard II deposed and accession of Henry IV
 * Battle of Nicopolis and massacre of the prisoners

Composition and sources
Froissart began writing Book I possibly at the request of Robert de Namur, to whom the earliest version is dedicated. In the prologue of this version of the prose text, Froissart justified his new enterprise by his desire to improve on his first attempts to write a historical account of the early years of the Hundred Years' War. In particular he denounced his earlier rhyming chronicle, whose accuracy, he admitted, had not always been as good as such important matters as war and knightly prowess require. In order to improve the quality and historical accuracy of his work, Froissart declared his intention to follow now as his main source the Vrayes Chroniques of Jean Le Bel, who had expressed fierce criticism on verse as a suitable vehicle for serious history writing. Froissart also used other texts, such as the Life of the Black Prince by Chandos Herald, in particular for the Black Prince's campaign in Spain in 1366–1367. He furthermore inserted some official documents into his text, including the act of hommage by King Edward III to the French King Philip VI (1331) and the English version of the Peace Treaty of Calais (1360).

Le Bel had written his chronicle for Jean, lord of Beaumont, uncle of Philippa of Hainault, who had been a supporter of Queen Isabella and the rebellion which led to the deposition of Edward II in 1326. Jean of Hainault had also taken part in several of the early battles of the Hundred Years' War, first on the English side, then on the French. His grandson, Guy II, Count of Blois later became the main patron of Froissart's Chronicles. Jean Le Bel himself, throughout his work expressed great admiration for Edward III, in whose 1327 Weardale campaign against the Scots he had fought. For all these reasons Froissart must have highly valued Le Bel's chronicle as a source for reliable information about the events which led to the outbreak of the war between France and England and about the early phases of the Hundred Years' War. Comparison of Froissart's Book I with Le Bel's work shows that for the early parts of the Chronicles (up to c.1360) Froissart often directly copied and developed very large parts of Le Bel's text.

Froissart seems to have written new drafts of Book I, which covers the period up to 1378/1379, at different points in time. Several of these variant versions are now known to scholars by the unique manuscripts which have transmitted their texts, such as the 'Amiens' (Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 486), 'Valenciennes' (Valenciennes, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 638), and 'Rome' versions of Book I, so named after manuscripts kept in the municipal libraries of Amiens and Valenciennes and in the Vatican Library. The so-called 'Rome' version of Book I (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 869) has only partly survived and now only covers the period up to c.1350.

The order of the authorial versions of Book I has been discussed extensively by scholars in the last century and a half and there have been many fundamental disagreements. French scholars have often followed Siméon Luce, the French 19th-century editor of the Chronicles, who thought that the 'Amiens' version was a more recent version that must have followed the 'A' and 'B' versions in the chronology. But research by Godfried Croenen has now firmly established that these earlier views are no longer tenable. Croenen has demonstrated that the so-called 'A' version that Luce had identified, is in fact a hybrid version composed by medieval scribes who put together the very beginning and end of the authorial 'A' version, combining it with a much larger part of the so-called 'B' version, and a fragment of the Grandes Chroniques de France covering the years 1350–1356. The authorial 'A' version, which is now largely lost except for the fragments from the beginning and end, is the first version of Book I written by Froissart and was probably composed by him between June and December 1381.

The 'Amiens' and 'Valenciennes' versions are both earlier than the so-called 'B' redaction. The 'Amiens' version and the abridgement of Book I (Paris, BnF, fr. 10144) were probably both written in the period 1384–1391, but the 'Amiens' version seems the earlier of the two. The 'B' redaction is the version of Book I that was edited by S. Luce for the Société d'Histoire de France and that represents what is often seen as the 'standard' version of Book I. Luce himself was convinced that the 'B' version represented the earliest completed state of Book I and that it was therefore earlier than the 'Amiens' text. The evidence from the text, however, argues strongly for a date of composition in or shortly after 1391, so certainly later than the 'Amiens' version, and before 1399.

The 'B' version was followed by the 'C' version of Book I, written sometime between 1395 and 1399, which was long considered lost; the 'C' version actually survives in a single manuscript now in the Newberry Library in Chicago. The 'Rome' version was written towards the end of Froissart's life, at the earliest in late 1404 and probably sometime before 1415.

A first version of the second book of Froissart's Chronicles, which in the author's mind never seems to have been a separate book but rather a continuation covering the period 1378–1385, was probably completed in the late 1380s. It does not seem to have been based on other pre-existing chronicles and is therefore entirely Froissart's own work. Book II, however, includes an extended account of the Flemish revolt against the count in the years 1379–1385, which Froissart had earlier composed as a separate text and which is known as his Chronicle of Flanders. Froissart inserted several official documents into his Chronicle of Flanders, which were also kept in Book II of the Chronicles, including the text of Treaty of Tournai (1385) that re-established peace between the Flemish cities and their count.

As with Book I, Froissart also seems to have rewritten the later books of his Chronicles. Apart from the Chronicle of Flanders, at least four authorial versions of Book II survive. Most manuscripts of Book II contain one of the two earlier versions, which have an almost identical text, except for a small number of chapters in which there are substantial differences. The manuscripts of these two earlier versions have provided the basis for all the modern editions. The two later authorial versions were only identified in this century and remain unedited.

The first later version of Book II dates from after 1395 and survives only in the Newberry manuscript that also contains the 'C' version of Book I. The Newberry version of Book II is substantially different from the other known versions and is undoubtedly the result of an extensive authorial reworking of the text, which included the addition of important material that does not appear in the other versions. The Newberry text has not yet been fully edited but it has been partly transcribed for the Online Froissart. The second later version of Book II has been partially transmitted in the manuscript Bruges, Archief van het Grootseminarie, MS 468, which lacks § 1-101 but also contains the text of Book III. The Bruges text seems to be a reworking of the Newberry text, but it has not been edited and has been barely studied. It is codicologically connected to the 'Rome' manuscript of Book I, and it may have formed part of a final revision of the whole Chronicles which Froissart would have undertaken towards the end of his life.

A first version of Book III, which covers the years 1385 to 1390, but which also includes extensive flashback to the earlier periods, was possibly completed in 1390 or 1391 and is the one found in nearly all the surviving manuscripts. A second version exists in a two manuscripts (Bruges, Archief van het Grootseminarie, MS 468 and Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 2650). This second version is probably a later reworking by Froissart himself: it follows the pattern that can be seen in the different authorial versions of Book II, with many chapters remaining the same and some chapters having been extensively rewritten. There are some differences between the Bruges and Paris manuscripts which indicate that the latter may be a slightly later authorial revision in which the author was experimenting with the textual order.

Book IV, whose text goes up to the year 1400, remains incomplete and was probably, like the 'Rome' version of Book I, written after 1404. It is likely that the abrupt ending of Book IV is to be explained by Froissart's death, which may have occurred while he was writing this part of the Chronicles.

Book IV has been transmitted in 21 manuscripts, all representing a single authorial version. The text shows traces of having been worked over by a 'copy editor', who was not the author but someone who seems to have prepared a text, possibly autograph, for reproduction. Unlike the other three books of the Chronicles, Book IV seems to have remained unknown for a long time, until it was discovered in the second half of the 15th century, when the first manuscript copies of the text were made and the text started to circulate in the court circles of the Dukes of Burgundy.

Illuminated manuscripts
The Chronicles were almost immediately popular among the nobility, and many manuscripts were expensively illuminated. In the first quarter of the 15th century many illustrated copies of Book I, as well as some copies of Books II and III, were produced by the Parisian booktrade. Nearly half of these surviving copies can be linked to a particular libraire, called Pierre de Liffol. Several artistic hands can be detected in these copies, but two anonymous miniature painters seem to stand out as regular collaborators in Liffol's production: the Boethius Master and the Giac Master.

There was something of a revival in interest from about 1470 in the Burgundian Low Countries, and some of the most extensive cycles of Flemish illumination were produced to illustrate Froissart's Chronicles. Several complete copies of the four books, as well as all the illustrated manuscripts of Book IV, date from this period. Whereas older illustrations are mostly rather simple and formulaic, with decorated backgrounds, the larger images of this later period are often full of detail, and have extensive views of landscape, interiors or cities in their backgrounds. Most of the images here come from this period. One of the most lavishly illuminated copies was commissioned by Louis of Gruuthuse, a Flemish nobleman, in the 1470s. The four volumes of this copy (BnF, Fr 2643-6) contain 110 miniatures painted by some of the best Brugeois artists of the day. Among them is Loiset Lyédet, who has been identified as the painter who executed the miniatures in the first two volumes. Those in the third and fourth volume have been attributed to a collaboration between the Master of Anthony of Burgundy, the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook and the Master of Margaret of York. Many of the illustrations to this entry come from this copy.

Online copy

 * Jean Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, and Spain and the adjoining countries, Johnes translation
 * The Online Froissart: transcriptions and reproductions of many manuscripts of the Chronicles

title: Froissart's Chronicles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Growth hormone-releasing factor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate wasKEEP unanimously (including the nominator, apparently). Splash 23:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Growth hormone-releasing factor
Keep- Rewrite - It was worth delting before, but I've removed the rubbish from it, however it's not much more than a stub. Spaully 10:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure: It should be Human Growth hormone releasing factor.  Further, the bit about its pulsatile expression during hypoglycemia is misleading at best.  It's a detail that isn't germane, because hypoglycemia is not going to make someone taller; rather, during local hypoglycemia, an increased expression is found (very small amounts).  The various connections between this and glucagon factors is interesting, but, well, we're not really a biochem site.  (I used to work with IGF's.)  Geogre 03:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Mm, I've been working at a lab where they're doing work with rat GHRF; it's not solely linked to humans. Keep. DS 14:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is it from the pituitary?  Is it released in a pulsatile manner?  Is it increased in hypoglycemia?  I.e. is this article about GHRF or about hGHRF?  In either case, what else is there to say about it?  What are the clinical presentations of surplus and deficit in humans (i.e. is this the cause of acromegaly, or is it something else? is this the cause of dwarfism, or is it something else?).  Is it ever administered therapeutically?  If not, why not.  (I know why not, but the article doesn't tell anyone else.)  If so, in what cases?  What are the other factors produced by its metabolism or production?  I.e. if there's going to be an article on this factor, I'd hope that it would contextualize and make the information informative to readers who aren't working in endocrine and protein labs.  Geogre 15:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — notable. — RJH 23:16, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. JamesBurns 02:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
A Sea Symphony

A Sea Symphony is an hour-long work for soprano, baritone, chorus and large orchestra written by Ralph Vaughan Williams between 1903 and 1909. The first and longest of his nine symphonies, it was first performed at the Leeds Festival in 1910 with the composer conducting, and its maturity belies the relatively young age – 30 – when he began sketching it. Moreover, it is one of the first symphonies in which a chorus is used throughout as an integral part of the texture and it helped set the stage for a new era of symphonic and choral music in Britain during the first half of the 20th century. It was never numbered.

History
From 1903 to 1909, Ralph Vaughan Williams worked intermittently on a series of songs for chorus and orchestra that were to become his most lengthy project to date and his first true symphony. Originally titled The Ocean, A Sea Symphony was first performed in 1910 at the Leeds Festival on the composer's 38th birthday. This is generally cited as his first large-scale work; although Grove lists some 16 other orchestral works composed by Vaughan Williams before he completed A Sea Symphony, including two with chorus, the vast majority of those are juvenilia or apprentice works that have never been published and are long since withdrawn from circulation. Nevertheless, Vaughan Williams had never before attempted a work of quite this duration, or for such large forces, and it was his first of what would eventually be nine symphonies. Like Brahms, Vaughan Williams delayed a long time before composing his first symphony, but remained prolific throughout the end of his life: his final symphony was composed from 1956 to 1958, and completed when he was 85 years of age.

Structure
At approximately 70 minutes, A Sea Symphony is the longest of all Vaughan Williams's symphonies. Although it represents a departure from the traditional Germanic symphonic tradition of the time, it follows a fairly standard symphonic outline: fast introductory movement, slow movement, scherzo, and finale. The four movements are:

 * A Song for All Seas, All Ships (baritone, soprano, and chorus)
 * On the Beach at Night, Alone (baritone and chorus)
 * Scherzo: The Waves (chorus)
 * The Explorers (baritone, soprano, semi-chorus, and chorus)

The first movement lasts roughly twenty minutes; the inner movements approximately eleven and eight minutes, and the finale lasts roughly thirty minutes.

Text
The text of A Sea Symphony comes from Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Though Whitman's poems were little known in England at the time, Vaughan Williams was introduced to them by Bertrand Russell, a family friend. Vaughan Williams was attracted to them for their ability to transcend both metaphysical and humanist perspectives. Whitman's use of free verse was also beginning to make waves in the compositional world, where fluidity of structure was beginning to be more attractive than traditional, metrical settings of text. Vaughan Williams sets sections from the following poems in A Sea Symphony:

Behold, the sea itself, And on its limitless, heaving breast, the ships; See, where their white sails, bellying in the wind, speckle the green and blue, See, the steamers coming and going, steaming in or out of port, See, dusky and undulating, the long pennants of smoke.
 * Movement 1: “Song of the Exposition” and “Song for all Seas, all Ships"

1 To-day a rude brief recitative, Of ships sailing the seas, each with its special flag or ship-signal, Of unnamed heroes in the ships—of waves spreading and spreading far as the eye can reach, Of dashing spray, and the winds piping and blowing, And out of these a chant for the sailors of all nations, Fitful, like a surge.

Of sea-captains young or old, and the mates, and of all intrepid sailors, Of the few, very choice, taciturn, whom fate can never surprise nor death dismay. Pick'd sparingly without noise by thee old ocean, chosen by thee, Thou sea that pickest and cullest the race in time, and unitest nations, Suckled by thee, old husky nurse, embodying thee, Indomitable, untamed as thee. ...

2 Flaunt out O sea your separate flags of nations! Flaunt out visible as ever the various ship-signals! But do you reserve especially for yourself and for the soul of man one flag above all the rest, A spiritual woven signal for all nations, emblem of man elate above death, Token of all brave captains and all intrepid sailors and mates, And all that went down doing their duty, Reminiscent of them, twined from all intrepid captains young or old, A pennant universal, subtly waving all time, o'er all brave sailors, One flag, one flag above all the rest. Behold, the sea itself, And on its limitless heaving breast, the ships All seas, all ships.

On the beach at night alone, As the old mother sways her to and fro singing her husky song, As I watch the bright stars shining, I think a thought of the clef of the universes and of the future.
 * Movement 2: "On the Beach at Night Alone"

A vast similitude interlocks all, ... All distances of place however wide, All distances of time, ... All souls, all living bodies though they be ever so different, ... All nations, ... All identities that have existed or may exist ..., All lives and deaths, all of the past, present, future, This vast similitude spans them, and always has spann'd, And shall forever span them and compactly hold and enclose them.

After the sea-ship, after the whistling winds, After the white-gray sails taut to their spars and ropes, Below, a myriad myriad waves hastening, lifting up their necks, Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship, Waves of the ocean bubbling and gurgling, blithely prying, Waves, undulating waves, liquid, uneven, emulous waves, Toward that whirling current, laughing and buoyant, with curves, Where the great vessel sailing and tacking displaced the surface, Larger and smaller waves in the spread of the ocean yearnfully flowing, The wake of the sea-ship after she passes, flashing and frolicsome under the sun, A motley procession with many a fleck of foam and many fragments, Following the stately and rapid ship, in the wake following.
 * Movement 3: "After the Sea-ship", (taken in its entirety):

5 O vast Rondure, swimming in space, Cover'd all over with visible power and beauty, Alternate light and day and the teeming spiritual darkness, Unspeakable high processions of sun and moon and countless stars above, Below, the manifold grass and waters, animals, mountains, trees, With inscrutable purpose, some hidden prophetic intention, Now first it seems my thought begins to span thee.
 * Movement 4: "Passage to India"

Down from the gardens of Asia descending ..., Adam and Eve appear, then their myriad progeny after them, Wandering, yearning, ..., with restless explorations, With questionings, baffled, formless, feverish, with never-happy hearts, With that sad incessant refrain, Wherefore unsatisfied soul? ... Whither O mocking life?

Ah who shall soothe these feverish children? Who Justify these restless explorations? Who speak the secret of impassive earth? ...

Yet soul be sure the first intent remains, and shall be carried out, Perhaps even now the time has arrived.

After the seas are all crossed, (...) After the great captains and engineers have accomplished their work, After the noble inventors, ... Finally shall come the poet worthy that name, The true son of God shall come singing his songs.

8 O we can wait no longer, We too take ship O soul, Joyous we too launch out on trackless seas, Fearless for unknown shores on waves of ecstasy to sail, Amid the wafting winds, (thou pressing me to thee, I thee to me, O soul,) Caroling free, singing our song of God, Chanting our chant of pleasant exploration.

O soul thou pleasest me, I thee, Sailing these seas or on the hills, or waking in the night, Thoughts, silent thoughts, of Time and Space and Death, like waters flowing, Bear me indeed as through the regions infinite, Whose air I breathe, whose ripples hear, lave me all over, Bathe me O God in thee, mounting to thee, I and my soul to range in range of thee.

O Thou transcendent, Nameless, the fibre and the breath, Light of the light, shedding forth universes, thou centre of them, ...

Swiftly I shrivel at the thought of God, At Nature and its wonders, Time and Space and Death, But that I, turning, call to thee O soul, thou actual Me, And lo, thou gently masterest the orbs, Thou matest Time, smilest content at Death, And fillest, swellest full the vastnesses of Space.

Greater than stars or suns, Bounding O soul thou journeyest forth; ...

9 Away O soul! hoist instantly the anchor! Cut the hawsers—haul out—shake out every sail! ...

Sail forth—steer for the deep waters only, Reckless O soul, exploring, I with thee, and thou with me, For we are bound where mariner has not yet dared to go, ...

O my brave soul! O farther farther sail! O daring joy, but safe! are they not all the seas of God? O farther, farther, farther sail!

Orchestration
The symphony is scored for soprano, baritone, chorus and a large orchestra consisting of:
 * Woodwinds: two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon
 * Brass: four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba
 * Percussion: timpani (F♯2–F3), side drum, bass drum, triangle, suspended cymbal, crash cymbals
 * Organ (1st and 4th movements)
 * Strings: two harps, and strings.

To facilitate more performances of the work, the full score also includes the provision that it may be performed by a reduced orchestra of two flutes (second doubling piccolo), one oboe, cor anglais, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, one harp, and strings.

The chorus sings in all four movements. Both soloists are featured in the first and last movements, while only the baritone sings in the second movement. The scherzo is for the chorus and orchestra alone.

Influences
A Sea Symphony is among the best-known of a host of sea-related pieces being written around the same time in England, some of the most famous of which are Stanford's Songs of the Sea (1904) and Songs of the Fleet (1910), Elgar's Sea Pictures (1899), and Frank Bridge's The Sea (1911). Debussy's La mer (1905) may also have been influential in this apparent nautical obsession.

Comparisons to Stanford, Parry, and Elgar, as in the Grove article, are expected. Not only were the four writing during the same era and in the same country, Vaughan Williams studied with both Stanford and Parry at the Royal College of Music (RCM), and his preparations for composing A Sea Symphony included study of both Elgar's Enigma Variations (1898–99) and his oratorio The Dream of Gerontius (1900).

Vaughan Williams studied with Ravel for three months in Paris in the winter of 1907–1908. Though he worked chiefly on orchestration, this was to provide quite a contrast to the Germanic tradition handed down through Stanford and Parry at the RCM, and perhaps began to give Vaughan Williams a greater sense for colour and a freedom to move chords as block units. His partiality towards mediant relationships, a unifying harmonic motive of A Sea Symphony, may have been somewhat liberated by these studies, and this harmonic relationship is now considered characteristic of his style in general. A Sea Symphony also makes use of both pentatonic and whole tone scales, now often considered idiomatic features of French music of the period. Almost certainly, this music was in Vaughan Williams's mind as he finished work on A Sea Symphony in 1908–1909, but Ravel paid him the great compliment of calling him "the only one of my students who does not write my music".

Motives
Musically, A Sea Symphony contains two strong unifying motives. The first is the harmonic motive of two chords (usually one major and one minor) whose roots are a third apart. This is the first thing that occurs in the symphony; the brass fanfare is a B flat minor chord, followed by the choir singing the same chord, singing Behold, the sea. The full orchestra then comes in on the word sea, which has resolved into D major. The second motive is a melodic figure juxtaposing duplets and triplets, set at the opening of the symphony (and throughout the first movement) to the words And, on its limitless heaving breast... In the common method of counting musical rhythms, the pattern could be spoken as 'one two-and three-two-three four', showing that the second beat is divided into quavers (for on its) and the third beat is divided into triplets (for limitless).

Reception and legacy
The impact of A Sea Symphony manifests itself not only in the life of the composer (his first symphony and first work of such an immense scale), but also in the newfound support and appreciation of the English symphony and 20th century English music in general. Hugh Ottaway's book, Vaughan Williams Symphonies presents the following observation in its introduction:

 * "The English symphony is almost entirely a twentieth-century creation. When in 1903 Vaughan Williams began to sketch the songs for chorus and orchestra that became A Sea Symphony, Elgar had not yet emerged as a symphonist. And, extraordinary though it may seem, Elgar's First (1908) is the earliest symphony by an English composer in the permanent repertory. . . By the time Vaughan Williams had completed his Ninth [Symphony] – in 1958, a few months before his death at the age of 85 – the English symphony . . . had become a central figure of our musical revival. To say that Vaughan Williams played a major part in bringing this about is to state the obvious: throughout much of the period he was actively involved in English musical life, not only as a composer but as a teacher, conductor, organiser and, increasingly, advisor of young men". (5)

In the Grove article on Vaughan Williams, Ottaway and Frogley call the work:

 * “…a triumph of instinct over environment. The tone is optimistic, Whitman's emphasis on the unity of being and the brotherhood of man comes through strongly, and the vitality of the best things in it has proved enduring. Whatever the indebtedness to Parry and Stanford, and in the finale to Elgar, there is no mistaking the physical exhilaration or the visionary rapture".

Ursula Vaughan Williams, in what has become the definitive biography of her husband Ralph Vaughan Williams, writes of his philosophy in a more general sense:

 * “…he was aware of the common aspirations of generations of ordinary men and women with whom he felt a deep, contemplative sympathy. And so there is in his work a fundamental tension between traditional concepts of belief and morality and a modern spiritual anguish which is also visionary".

Recordings
There are at least 20 recordings of the work:
 * Sir Adrian Boult, conductor—Dame Isobel Baillie, soprano; John Cameron, baritone; with London Philharmonic Choir; London Philharmonic; Decca LXT 2907-08 (Kingsway Hall, 28–30 Dec. 1953 and 1 January 1954)
 * Sir Malcolm Sargent—Blighton (sop)/Cameron (bar)/choruses/BBC SO; Carlton BBC Radio Classics 15656 9150-2 (22 September 1965)
 * Boult – Armstrong (sop)/Case (bar)/LP Choir/LPO, HMV SLS 780 (Kingsway Hall, 23–26 Sept. 1968)
 * André Previn, conductor—Heather Harper, soprano; John Shirley-Quirk, baritone; with London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; RCA Red Seal SER 5585 (Kingsway Hall, 9–16 Feb. 1970)
 * Kazuyoshi Akiyama, conductor—Sakae Himoto, soprano; Koichi Tajiona, baritone; with Osaka Philharmonic and Chorus; Nippon Columbia OP 7103 (Festival Hall, Osaka, 13 July 1973)
 * Gennadi Rozhdestvensky, conductor—Smoryakova, soprano; Vasiliev, baritone; with USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra; Leningrad Musical Society Choir and Rimsky-Korsakov Musical School Choir; Melodiya SUCD 10-00234 (Grand Hall of Leningrad Philharmony, 30 April 1988)
 * Vernon Handley, conductor—Joan Rodgers, soprano; William Shimell, baritone; Liverpool Philharmonic Choir; Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra; EMI Eminence CD EMX 2142 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 27–29 July 1988)
 * Richard Hickox—Marshall (sop)/Roberts (bar)/LS Chorus/Philharmonia; Virgin VC7 90843-2 (All Saints Church, Tooting, 27 Feb to 2 March 1989)
 * Bernard Haitink—Felicity Lott, soprano; Jonathan Summers, baritone; with London Philharmonic Choir; Cantilena; London Philharmonic; EMI CDC 7 49911 2 (Abbey Road, 19–21 March 1989)
 * Bryden Thomson—Kenny (sop)/Rayner Cook (bar)/LS Chorus/LSO; Chandos CHAN 8764 (St Jude-on-the-Hill, Hampstead, 19–22 June 1989)
 * Leonard Slatkin—Valente (sop)/Allen (bar)/Philharmonia Chorus/Philharmonia; RCA Red Seal 09026-61197-2 (Abbey Road, 19–20 June 1992)
 * Sir Andrew Davis—Roocroft (sop)/Hampson (bar)/BBC Symphony Chorus/BBC SO; Teldec 4509-94550-2 (Blackheath Halls, London, Feb. 1994)
 * Slatkin—Rodgers (sop)/Keenlyside (bar)/choruses/BBC SO; BBC Music Magazine MM 244 (Royal Albert Hall, 10 September 2001)
 * Robert Spano, conductor—Christine Goerke, soprano; Brett Polegato, baritone; Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; Telarc CD 80588 (Symphony Hall, Atlanta, 10–11 Nov. 2001); winner of 2003 Grammy Award for Best Classical Album
 * Paul Daniel, conductor—Rodgers, soprano; Christopher Maltman, baritone; with Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra& Chorus; Naxos 8.557059 (Poole Arts Centre, 8–10 Jan. 2002)
 * Hickox—Gritton (sop)/Finley (bar)/LS Chorus/LSO; Chandos CHSA 5047 (Barbican Hall, 3–4 June 2006)
 * Howard Arman—McGreevy (sop)/Hakala (bar)/MDR Rundfunkchor/MDR Sinfonie-Orchester; Querstand VKJK 0731 (Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 4 February 2007)
 * Sir Mark Elder, conductor—Katherine Broderick, soprano; Roderick Williams, baritone; Hallé Orchestra and Choir; Hallé CD HLL 7542 (Bridgewater Hall, March 2014)
 * Martyn Brabbins—Llewellyn (sop)/Farnsworth (bar)/BBC Symphony Chorus/BBC SO; Hyperion CDA 68245 (Blackheath Halls, London, 14–15 Oct. 2017)
 * Andrew Manze—Fox (sop)/Stone (bar)/Liverpool Phil Choir/RLPO; Onyx 4185 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, Nov. 2017)

title: A Sea Symphony


text:
Shuggie

Shuggie is a given name. People and fictional characters with the name include:

 * Shuggie Otis (born 1953), American musician
 * Hugh "Shuggie" Bain, fictional protagonist of the 2020 novel Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart

title: Shuggie


text:
Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886

The Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 29) (Achd na Croitearachd 1886) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created legal definitions of crofting parish and crofter, granted security of land tenure to crofters and produced the first Crofters Commission, a land court which ruled on disputes between landlords and crofters. The same court ruled on whether parishes were or were not crofting parishes. In many respects the Act was modelled on the Irish Land Acts of 1870 and 1881. By granting the crofters security of tenure, the Act put an end to the Highland Clearances.

The Act was largely a result of crofters' agitation which had become well organised and very persistent in Skye and of growing support, throughout the Highlands, for the Crofters Party, which had gained five members of parliament in the general election of 1885. Agitation took the form of rent strikes (withholding rent payments) and land raids (occupying land which the landlord had reserved for hunting or sheep).

The Act itself did not quell the agitation. In particular it was very weak in terms of enabling the Crofters Commission to resolve disputes about access to land. It was enough however to make much more acceptable, politically, the use of troops in confrontations with agitators.

According to John Lorne Campbell, however, the Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 was nothing less than "the Magna Carta of the Highlands and Islands, which conferred on the small tenants there something which the peasantry of Scandinavian countries had known for generations, security of tenure and the right to the principle of compensation for their own improvements at the termination of tenancies. Nothing was suggested in the report, or contained in the Act, to restrict absentee landlordism or limit the amount of land any one individual might own in Scotland, but for the moment a great advantage has been secured."

The Act was not fully effective in increasing the equality of land distribution in Scotland. By the year 2000, two-thirds of Scotland's land area was still owned by only 1,252 landowners out of a population of 5 million.

Background
During the Highland Clearances, the crofters had no official rights to the land. Until 1886, it was legal to evict any crofter at the landlord's convenience. The Land Wars commenced in Scotland in 1874 with the successful legal case of the Bernera Riot on the island of Great Bernera in the Outer Hebrides. The crofters wanted recognition of their traditional rights to the land that they had enjoyed under the clan system from the Middle Ages. Through political and economic development the gentry began to take an alternate perspective on their tenantry:

"The cultural force of dùthchas [heritage] was pervasive in Gaeldom and was central to the social cohesion of the clan because it articulated the expectations of the masses that the ruling family had the responsibility to act as their protectors and guarantee secure possession of land in return for allegiance, military service, tribute and rental. It was a powerful and enduring belief which lived on long after the military rationale of clanship itself had disappeared and tribal chiefs had shed their ancient responsibilities and become commercial landlords."

Land agitation in Scotland began because of the "Home Rule" movement in Ireland and information and opinions of this movement brought by fishermen to the Outer Hebrides. Believing that they were the rightful owners of the land, crofters used rent strikes and what came to be known as land raids: crofter occupations of land to which crofters believed they should have access for common grazing or for new crofts, but which landlords had given over to sheep farming and hunting parks (called deer forests). The strife grew more intense; the landlords hired warships for protection from the crofters. From time to time there were open uprisings and riots.

In 1884 suffrage was extended to men owning land worth at least £10 or paying £10 in rent annually. This included many Highland crofters.

At a political level the crofters wanted legal rights, so the Comunn Gàidhealach Ath-Leasachadh an Fhearainn ('Highland Land Law Reform Association') was established in 1885 in London. The Crofters' Party was established and elected five MPs in 1885. Is Treasa Tuath na Tighearna ('The people are stronger than the lord') was their best-known slogan.

The government feared that the "Home Rule" movement would spread to the Gàidhealtachd (Gaelic-speaking areas in Scotland) from Ireland. The Napier Commission interviewed crofters all over the Gàidhealtachd and made careful study of the crofters' position, publishing its report in 1884. William Gladstone tried to pass a new law granting crofters more rights, but it was voted down in May 1885. Gladstone left his post in 1885 but the other parties created a new government. Gladstone returned to power in January 1886, and the act was finally passed 25 June 1886.

The Act
For the first time in Scottish history, the Crofting Act of 1886 affirmed the rights of crofters to their land. It also granted a legal status to crofting towns. The Act dealt with the following points especially:
 * It gave security of tenure to the crofters, as long as they worked the croft and paid the rent.
 * Crofters had the right to pass down their croft to their descendants.
 * Crofters had the right to be paid for land improvements, such as erecting fences and drainage
 * A standard of reasonable rent was established and required.
 * The first Crofters' Commission was established.
 * Crofters had the opportunity to reassess the rent with the Crofters' Commission.

The Act specified eight counties of Scotland as counties where parishes might be recognised as crofting parishes: Argyll, Caithness, Cromarty, Inverness, Orkney, Ross, Shetland, and Sutherland. Within these counties a crofting parish was a parish where there were year-by-year tenants of land (tenants without leases) who were paying less than £30 a year in rent and who had possessed effective common grazing rights during the 80 years since 24 June 1806.

The Crofters' Commission also was in charge of establishing fair rent and reevaluating rents every seven years. If crofters believed that the rent was too high they had the opportunity to go to the commission. Quite often the rents were lowered or even removed, if the crofters had already been paying too much. The commission had the power to reform the Act and establish other Acts, as well as grant green land to crofters in order to enlarge small crofts.

Results
There were different opinions about the Act. On the one hand crofters complained that the Act did not go far enough, because they were not granted automatic right to fertile land for expansion of their small crofts. Worse, the Act did not delineate the position of cotters, who had never had land. After a while, they saw that the commission was willing to protect their rights, especially with regard to rent security. Unfortunately, the commission was underfunded and there was not enough land to distribute to crofters. The Act did not resolve the greatest complaint of the crofters, that the land should be returned to them. There was no resolution of the issue where landlords and crofters wanted the same piece of land.

On the other hand, the landlords said that there was "communism looming in the future" and The Scotsman wrote that the Act was a "great infringement on the rights of private property.'"

The Act did not end the land agitation, because Arthur Balfour believed that the Act gave moral authority to the authorities to quell every uprising to reestablish "law and order." For this reason, warships were sent to the Isle of Skye and Tiree.

In the years after the Act, Comunn Gàidhealach Ath-Leasachadh an Fhearainn (now called Dionnasg an Fhearainn, "the Land League") and the Crofters' Party the political influence that they had had, because they could not agree on the issue of land and how far to follow the "Home Rule" movement in Ireland on the issue of land ownership.

This opinion was raised again in the Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 1976 in which crofters gained the legal right to purchase their land for fifteen years' rent. However, by owning their own land, crofters lost the right to CCAGS (Crofting Counties Agricultural Grant Scheme). In the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 the right of purchase was given to community organizations even against the will of landowners, to advance social and economic development. The Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 granted equality between tenants and landowners, especially with regard to grants and obligations and clarified the details of residency requirements. Now, tenants or owners must live within 32 km of the croft. Crofts not in use may be granted to new tenants.

Looking back in history, Hunter believes that the Act established an old-fashioned order, with a place for the tenantry quite different than as in Ireland where crofters could buy their land under "Home Rule" acts. The Act was neither effective in the development of crofting communities nor did it encompass the political and social beliefs of those communities. But according to Wightman, the Act paved the road to further land development in Scotland, although it did not affect areas outside the Gàidhealtachd. Wightman also stated that the "land question" has yet to be resolved, as two-thirds of Scotland's land area is still owned by only 1,252 landowners out of a population of 5 million.

Primary legislation since 1886
There has been a steady flow of primary legislation on crofting, including:

 * Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886
 * Crofters Holding (Scotland) Act 1887
 * Crofters Commission (Delegation of Powers) Act 1888
 * Crofters Common Grazings Regulation Act 1891
 * Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911
 * Crofters (Scotland) Act 1955
 * Crofters (Scotland) Act 1961
 * Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 1976
 * Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993
 * Transfer of Crofting Estates (Scotland) Act 1997
 * Crofting Reform etc. Act 2007
 * Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 2010
 * Crofting (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2013

This is summarised in David Findlay's Blog for the Law Society of Scotland.

title: Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886


text:
White meat

In culinary terms, white meat is meat which is pale in color before and after cooking. In traditional gastronomy, white meat also includes rabbit, the flesh of milk-fed young mammals (in particular veal and lamb), and sometimes pork. In ecotrophology and nutritional studies, white meat includes poultry and fish, but excludes all mammal flesh, which is considered red meat.

Various factors have resulted in debate centering on the definition of white and red meat. Dark meat is used to describe darker-colored flesh. A common example is the lighter-colored meat of poultry (white meat), coming from the breast, as contrasted with darker-colored meat from the legs (dark meat). Certain types of poultry that are sometimes grouped as white meat are red when raw, such as duck and goose. Some types of fish, such as tuna, sometimes are red when raw and turn white when cooked.

Terminology
The terms white, red, light and dark applied to meat have varied and inconsistent meanings in different contexts. The term white meat in particular has caused confusion from oversimplification in scientific publications, misuse of the term in the popular press, and evolution of the term over decades. Some writers suggest avoiding the terms "red" and "white" altogether, instead classifying meat by objective characteristics such as myoglobin or heme iron content, lipid profile, fatty acid composition, cholesterol content, etc.

In nutritional studies, white meat may also include land snails and amphibians like frogs. Mammal flesh (eg; beef, pork, goat, lamb, doe, rabbit) is excluded and considered to be red meat (although rabbit meat is sometimes considered to be white meat). Periodically some researchers allow lean cuts of rabbit to be an outlier and categorize it into the “white meat” category because it shares certain nutritional similarities with poultry. Otherwise, nutritional studies and social studies popularly define "red meat" as coming from any mammal, "seafood" as coming from fish and shellfish, and "white meat" coming from birds and other animals. Some entomologists have referred to edible insects as "the next white meat".

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) typically classifies red meat, poultry, and seafood as their own separate categories. The USDA considers all livestock animals (including beef, veal, pork) to be "red meat” because their muscles contain enough myoglobin that their fresh meat is deep red in color prior to being cooked. Poultry and seafood are not considered to be red meats because they contain less myoglobin. The term white meat is used to describe poultry in particular; while this includes duck and geese, they are considered to be a dark meat. Seafood is treated as a distinct product and not included as a type of meat by the USDA's FSIS. The World Health Organization (WHO) distinguishes between white meat and seafood.

Poultry
Within poultry, there are two types of meats—white and dark. The different colours are based on the different locations and uses of the muscles. White meat can be found within the breast of a chicken or turkey. Dark muscles are fit to develop endurance or long-term use, and contain more myoglobin than white muscles, allowing the muscle to use oxygen more efficiently for aerobic respiration. White meat contains large amounts of protein.

Dark meat contains 2.64 times more saturated fat than white meat, per gram of protein. One commentator wrote that dark meat contains more vitamins, while a New York Times columnist has stated the two meats are nearly identical in nutritional value, especially when compared with typical red meat. For ground-based birds like chicken and turkeys, dark meats occur in the legs, which are used to support the weight of the animals while they move. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1 oz of boneless, skinless turkey breast contains about one gram of fat, compared with roughly two grams of fat for 1 oz of boneless, skinless thigh. The numbers go up when the skin is kept in: a chicken thigh, with skin intact, has 13 grams of total fat and 3.5 grams of saturated fat per 3 oz serving; this is about 20 percent of the recommended maximum daily intake. Birds which use their chest muscles for sustained flight (such as geese and ducks) have dark meat throughout their bodies.

Pork
Because of health concerns, meat producers have positioned pork as "white meat", taking advantage of the traditional gastronomic definition. The United States National Pork Board has marketed their product as "Pork. The Other White Meat".

In Israel, where Jewish dietary laws which forbid the consumption of pork are popularly practiced, "white meat" is the accepted euphemism for pork.

Health effects
The health effects that correlate with white meat consumption have been studied as compared to red meat. There is a decreased incidence of stroke. Cancer Council Australia have stated that "there is not enough evidence to draw any conclusions on eating chicken, or other white meats and cancer risk".

A 2022 review found that high white meat intake is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. A 2023 found no association between white meat intake and cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

There is additional evidence that myoglobin promotes carcinogenesis in colorectal models and therefore epidemiologic evidence supports reduced prevalence of colon cancer in those who consume white meat as opposed to red meat.

title: White meat


text:
William R. Higgins

William Richard Higgins (January 15, 1945 – died July 31, 1989; declared dead July 6, 1990) was a United States Marine Corps colonel who was captured in Lebanon in 1988 while serving on a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission. He was held hostage, tortured and eventually murdered by his captors.

Biography
William Higgins was born in Danville, Kentucky, on January 15, 1945. He graduated from Southern High School in Louisville and earned his bachelor's degree from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. A scholarship student in the Navy ROTC, he received the Marine Corps Association Award and was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1967. He later obtained master's degrees from Pepperdine University and Auburn University. He graduated from the Army Infantry Officers Advanced Course, the Air Force Command and Staff College, and the National War College.

As a lieutenant, he participated in combat operations during 1968 in the Republic of Vietnam as a rifle company platoon commander and executive officer with C Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He also was aide-de-camp to the Assistant Commander of the 3rd Marine Division.

Returning to the States, Lt. Higgins served at Headquarters Marine Corps in 1969. In 1970, he served as the Officer-in-Charge of the Officer Selection Team in Louisville, Kentucky.

He returned to Vietnam in 1972, serving as an infantry battalion advisor to the Vietnamese Marine Division. In 1973, he served as a rifle company commander with B Company, 1st Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, in Vietnam.

From 1973 to 1977, Captain Higgins served at the Staff Noncommissioned Officers Academy and Officer Candidate School at Quantico, Virginia.

Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1977, Capt. Higgins was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where he again served as a rifle company commander with A Company, 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment. Upon promotion to major, he was reassigned as the Logistics Officer for Regimental Landing Team 2, 4th Marine Amphibious Brigade.

After completion of the Air Force Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base in 1980, designated a distinguished graduate, Higgins returned to Washington, D.C., where he served at Headquarters as a Plans Officer until his selection to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

During 1981 and 1982, he served as Military Assistant to the Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, then as Assistant for Interagency Matters to the Executive Secretary for the Department of Defense. After graduation from the National War College in 1985, he returned to the Pentagon as the Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, where he served until he was transferred to his United Nations assignment in July 1987. He was promoted to colonel on March 1, 1989, while in captivity.

Abduction and murder

In 1982 the situation started to become more chaotic and violent. Just three years before the kidnapping of Higgins, another retired American lieutenant colonel working for the CIA had been kidnapped, tortured, and murdered. This situation essentially repeated itself with Higgins, and on February 17, 1988, he disappeared while serving as the Chief, Observer Group Lebanon and Senior Military Observer, United Nations Military Observer Group, United Nations Truce Supervision Organization. He was driving alone on the coastal highway between Tyre and Naqoura in southern Lebanon, returning from a meeting with a local leader of the Amal movement, when a car blocked the road in front of him and forcing him to stop, after which he was pulled from his vehicle by armed men suspected of being affiliated with Hezbollah.

As a reaction to his abduction, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 618, demanding his release.

During his captivity, he was interrogated and tortured. On April 21, 1988, a public statement in Arabic, along with black-and-white pictures of a disheveled and scruffy Higgins, was sent by the terrorists to the news agency Reuters in which they proclaimed that Higgins was a war criminal and would be tried by a "tribunal of the oppressed"; the kidnappers who claimed responsibility for Higgins' capture claimed to form part of a Shia Muslim terrorist organization called "The Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", which was in reality a pro-Iranian wing of Hezbollah. Higgins was eventually charged with "spying for the criminal United States on our Lebanese and Palestinian peoples" plus having an "active participation in American conspiracies against our Muslim people". Higgins, the statement went on to elaborate, worked in Lebanon supervising a "Pentagon team to combat Lebanese and Palestinian Islamic organizations in Palestine and Lebanon". The accusations were rejected by American governmental officials as "nonsense" after noting how he had not even been working on behalf of the United States government, but for the United Nations and on a peacekeeping mission.

After his kidnapping, rumors and unconfirmed reports about Higgins' death began to circulate. For instance, on April 18, 1988, a Lebanese radio news outlet named Voice of Lebanon and controlled by Maronite Christian (and thus, unlikely to be influenced by Muslim extremists), claimed that Higgins had died in southern Lebanon in the crossfire of an armed clash between pro-Syrian and pro-Iranian militias as both Syria and Iran fought a proxy war on Lebanon for control of said country; additionally, sources from the United Nations in the region claimed that Higgins had died under torture after he had tried to escape.

On 31 July 1989, the group announced that it had executed Higgins by hanging, and publicly released a videotape of the murder along with a statement calling the graphic footage "an opening gift" for Israel and the United States. This was in retaliation for the abduction of Hezbollah leader Sheik Abdul Karim Obeid by Israeli commandos in South Lebanon, 27 July 1989, during which two other people accompanying Obeid also were taken and a neighbour killed. The operation had been planned by Israel's then Minister of Defence, Yitzhak Rabin.

The footage showed images of his body, hanging by the neck as he slowly suffocated to death, and were televised around the world. FBI experts analyzed the footage and concluded the body hanged was indeed Colonel Higgins. The video was also examined by Israeli security services, who raised doubts about its authenticity. Among other things, Higgins is seen in the video wearing a coat and winter clothes, which does not match the summer weather in July in Lebanon. Afterwards, with the return of his body to the Americans, knife cuts were discovered in his throat - which was likely the cause of death. According to the researchers who examined all the evidence, Higgins was murdered in December 1988.

Higgins was eventually declared dead on July 6, 1990, and his remains recovered on December 23, 1991, by Major Jens Nielsen of the Royal Danish Army, who was attached to the United Nations Observation Group in Beirut. The remains were found in an advanced state of decomposition beside a mosque near a south Beirut hospital; however, the body had been buried for several months prior. After Higgins was murdered, his kidnappers had buried the body then dug it out almost a year later with their public statements. Once recovered, Colonel Higgins' body was flown to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware, where it was conclusively identified and then he was interred at Quantico National Cemetery, Triangle, Virginia, on December 30, 1991. A memorial and religious service for Higgins had previously been held in November, 1989 at Louisville's Southern High School, from which Higgins had graduated in 1963.

Aftermath
On February 16, 1992, Israeli troops assassinated Hezbollah leader Abbas al-Musawi. Hezbollah responded one month later by attacking the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 people.

In 1999, Higgins' widow filed a civil suit against Iran as the main sponsor of Hezbollah and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard in United States Federal district court. The court ruled in her favor and issued a default judgement ordering the defendants, including the Islamic Republic Iran, to pay over $55 million in compensatory damages, the court further ordered an additional $300 million in punitive damages be paid by the Revolutionary Guard. Any compensatory amounts recovered were shared among family members, attorneys' fees, and a non-profit organization. The punitive amounts are considered to be unrecoverable.

Military awards
Higgins' military decorations and awards include the following:

In April 2003, he was posthumously granted a Prisoner of War Medal. Department of Defense General Counsel, Judith A. Miller, initially blocked the award in 1998 based on the claim that "circumstances do not appear to meet the criteria established by Congress for award of the Prisoner of War Medal." The Navy later overruled her after it was determined that the 1989 expansion of the eligibility criteria allowed the award.

Other awards and honors
On March 18, 1992, President George Bush awarded Colonel Higgins the Presidential Citizens Medal (posthumous). The medal was accepted by his wife, Robin, and daughter, Chrissy. Higgins also was survived by two sisters.

On February 17, 1994, the Secretary of the Navy announced a new Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer would be named for Higgins. On October 4, 1997, the USS Higgins (DDG-76) was christened by Higgins' widow, Robin Higgins and commissioned on April 24, 1999.

title: William R. Higgins


text:
Mihailo Lalić

Mihailo Lalić (Михаило Лалић, ; 7 October 1914 – 30 December 1992) was a Montenegrin and Serbian     writer.

Biography
He was born in Trepča (Andrijevica municipality) village in north-eastern Montenegro in 1914. His most important novels are "Svadba", "Zlo proljeće", "Raskid", "Hajka", "Ratna sreća", and his masterpiece, "Lelejska gora".

He won the NIN Award (NIN magazine's prize for the novel of the year) for "Ratna sreća" in 1973, and was the first recipient of "Njegoš Award" for "Lelejska gora". In his novels he depicted major events in modern history of Montenegro, World Wars in particular, and battling between communist Partisans and royalist Chetniks.

He lived in Herceg-Novi and Belgrade and was a member of both the Montenegrin and Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, whose vice-president he was. He was also a member of SKOJ and Communist Party. He died in Belgrade in 1992.

Short stories

 * Izvidnica (The Patrol) (1948)
 * Prvi snijeg (The First Snow) (1951)
 * Na mjesečini (In the Moonlight) (1956)
 * Posljednje brdo (The Last Hill) (1967)

Novels

 * Svadba (The Wedding) (1950)
 * Zlo proljeće (The Evil Spring) (1953)
 * Raskid (Separation) (1955)
 * Lelejska gora (The Mountain of Cries) (1957, 1962)
 * Hajka (The Pursuit) (1960)
 * Pramen tame (The Lock of Darkness) (1970)
 * Ratna sreća (The Luck of War) (1973)
 * Zatočnici (The Advocates) (1976)
 * Dokle gora zazeleni (Until the Mountain Turns Green) (1982)
 * Gledajući dolje na drumove (Looking Down on the Roads) (1983)
 * Odlučan čovjek (Determined Man) (1990)

title: Mihailo Lalić