text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Death Knight (Warcraft III)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. — Xezbeth 06:42, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Death Knight (Warcraft III)
Duplicate of death knight Talrias (t | e | c) 15:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * just redirect; death knight is of superior quality. Dunc|☺ 16:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to death knight. You shouldn't even need to vfd it if it's that obvious. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 17:55, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Why should it be redirected? It should be deleted instead. Talrias (t | e | c) 18:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - redirects are cheap. Somebody went to that article name for this. -- Jonel 22:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - the person who created it went by the naming scheme "unit name (Warcraft III)" for other articles too (including spells in the game). Talrias (t | e | c) 00:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge content into Undead Scourge and delete. The link on the Undead Scourge could then be redirected to death knight. — RJH 20:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Merge and delete" is an invalid vote.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no content to merge; it already exists in death knight already. Talrias (t | e | c) 00:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the page. I have already copied all of the material off into Warcraft III strategy.  I apologize for creating a page that seemed to be redundant - i was planning on expanding it to focus it more on the strategic uses of the unit in Warcraft III than on a general description of the Death knight in the Warcraft universe.  Admins: I am the sole contributer.RampagingCarrot 06:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship

The AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship was a title in the American Wrestling Association from 1967 until 1971. It was for mid-level wrestlers and was mostly defended in the Omaha, Nebraska area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship


text:
User talk:Comtebenoit

Welcome!
'''Hello, Comtebenoit, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neanderthal
Please take a look at the recent edits to this article. - UtherSRG July 7, 2005 12:05 (UTC)

Birth control & herbs
You added a referrence to Birth control of Riddle's 'Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West', which sounds a very interesting title. However no reference is made to this in the article itself. Is the book a list of herbal preparations, historical discussion on herb use, or history of women's attempts at regulating their fertility? Whilst a discussion on an individual book is not required, would referencing  at the appropriate point to the reference  help, else a brief descriptive clause in the Reference section? -David Ruben 12:18, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. Riddle's book covers most of the ground of the History of birth control section. Rather than pepper that section with citations, I've added a parenthetical description after the reference. The description is cobbled from my reading as well as reviews in JAMA, the New England Journal of Medicine and others. -- Comte Benoit

 * Really liked the turn-of-phrase you used - look forward to your future contributions.... (the edit was annon, wikipedia seems to log me off too if I've jumped between too many pages or take too long) -David Ruben 17:57, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

April 2014
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=606239946 your edit] to Computational archaeology may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 21:51, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
 * //www.stadtarchaeologie.at/ "International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies" formerly: "Workshop Archäologie und Computer" at Vienna]

Speedy deletion nomination of Phum Snay

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Phum Snay requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. Ahecht ( TALK PAGE ) 18:33, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Two Layer Hypothesis

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Two Layer Hypothesis requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 19:55, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

 * We do not want readers of the encyclopedia to come upon empty articles, which is the reason for speedy deletion criterion A3: no content. Rather than delete this, I have moved it into the DRAFT namespace at Draft:Two Layer Hypothesis where you and your students can develop it until it is ready for the main encyclopedia. Regards, JohnCD (talk) 21:48, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Educational project
If you have not already, see WP:School and university projects for advice on how to register your course and a number of helpful links. JohnCD (talk) 21:48, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I see the course is already registered - somehow I missed that on my first check. Regards, JohnCD (talk) 21:58, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * - No worries, thanks for moving it to draft, I wasn't aware of that namespace until today. Would you be willing to offer some feedback on my students' articles as they become more complete? We could benefit from opinions from experienced editors. Comtebenoit (talk) 02:28, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

This Month in Education: June 2014
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 05:12, 16 June 2014 (UTC)  If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, please update your subscription.

Ambassador program
Dear Comtebenoit, I'm writing to ask for assistance as part of the Campus Ambassador program. I'm an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, and I'd like to use Wikipedia in one of my courses (African Archaeology) this fall. I'm still learning the ropes here, and trying to get approved for instructor user rights on the Education noticeboard. In any case, could I come to you with questions as they arise this semester? I'd very much appreciate the help from someone with more Wikipedia experience! Thanks so much. Ninafundisha (talk) 22:58, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

Hi, yes, happy to help where I can. A few quick tips: Hope that helps, feel free to write here or email me for more. I'm happy to share the details of my assignments that used wikipedia if that would be helpful. Comtebenoit (talk) 09:28, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I emailed a bunch of wiki admin in my region (Pacific Northwest) to get some attention on my instructor and ambassador requests and explain a bit more about plans and ask for advice. I think that sped things up a little. It seemed like having a good edit history (ie. on relevant topics to my class and spanning a long time) was also an asset in getting organised, in the eyes of the admin folks.
 * I borrowed heavily from https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/Case_Studies & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Training/For_educators when designing my wikipedia assignment, I think a lot of that is very useful and practical.
 * I went a bit further by being very exact in the editing requirements. For example, each week each student had to add one sentence to an existing article, and that one sentence had to include a properly formatted citation to the scholarly reading for that week. That gave them good practice with editing and using citations.
 * For the article assignment I had students working in groups of 3 and had a list of requirements to ensure the final product was more than a stub. I also had specific criteria for extra credit (like adding an infobox, images, or going beyond the required number of wikilinks, etc.)

 * Thank you! I appreciate your suggestions; these are all hugely helpful. I'll be back in touch as I work on developing my assignments over the next few weeks. Ninafundisha (talk) 19:13, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for August 17
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Hadley Wickham, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Adjunct. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:09, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Question
Just looked at your sandbox about writing scientific papers. I like "Me write pretty one day". Do you make it clear to students that wikipedia articles are very different from scientific papers? If I were to write a paper on archaeology I'd feel free to combine sources to make an argument. Here, my sources would have to directly discuss the subject of the article. That's a pretty major difference and one it took me a while to grasp. See WP:NOR. Thanks. Dougweller (talk) 10:37, 16 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Ooops. I forgot. Please contact me if you want any advice. I'm a pretty experienced editor, an Administrator, and have a decent layman's grasp of archaeology both from reading and some practical experience. Dougweller (talk) 10:39, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for stopping by, yes my talk page was just to get the students familiar with wikiformatting, especially citations. You can read more about the class work on wikipedia on my current course page. They've all completed the student training and in this class we are not writing wikipedia articles, but just adding relevant sentences and citations to existing articles based on the students' reading of scholarly literature. They're expecting some interaction with other editors, so please feel free to engage directly with them if you see something they can do better. Most of them are first-time editors and are learning quickly about the ins and out of wikipedia! Comtebenoit (talk) 06:14, 17 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Great. I may not come across anymore but if I do I will try to help. Dougweller (talk) 13:08, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Phum Snay

Hello Comtebenoit. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled "Phum Snay".

The page will shortly be deleted. If you plan on editing the page to address the issues raised when it was declined and resubmit it, simply and remove the  or  code. Please note that Articles for Creation is not for indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you want to retrieve it, copy this code:, paste it in the edit box at this link , click "Save page", and an administrator will in most cases undelete the submission.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. JMHamo (talk) 20:03, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ACC notice
Greetings Comtebenoit, this message is to inform you that If you have any questions don't hesitate to ask. Regards, S warm   ♠  22:56, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 18
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited WALL-E, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Steve Jones. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:52, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

Thanks, fixed, that's a wonderful bot! Comtebenoit (talk) 18:53, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

Courses Modules are being deprecated
Hello,

Your account is currently configured with an education program flag. This system (the Courses system) is being deprecated. As such, your account will soon be updated to remove these no longer supported flags. For details on the changes, and how to migrate to using the replacement system (the Programs and Events Dashboard) please see Education noticeboard/Archive 18.

Thank you! Sent by: xaosflux 20:28, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for November 21
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that you've added some links pointing to disambiguation pages. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)
 * 2018 in archaeology ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/2018_in_archaeology check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/2018_in_archaeology?client=notify fix with Dab solver])
 * added a link pointing to Levallois
 * Guizhou ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Guizhou check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Guizhou?client=notify fix with Dab solver])
 * added a link pointing to Levallois
 * History of China ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/History_of_China check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/History_of_China?client=notify fix with Dab solver])
 * added a link pointing to Levallois

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:13, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Lisa Lodwick
Lisa Lodwick currently redirects to Lisa Lodwick. Surely that's a mistake! --Slashme (talk) 19:51, 2 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Can you help me to understand why that might be a mistake? And how I might fix it? That would make your comment more constructive. Thanks! Comtebenoit (talk) 19:59, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

The Wikipedia namespace, also called the project namespace, is for articles about Wikipedia. Articles about normal subjects, like this biographical article, should not have "Wikipedia:" before the title. I've put in a request for an admin to move the article accordingly, so you shouldn't need to do anything: it should get fixed soon. --Slashme (talk) 20:07, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks! The dialog box to move drafts into other namespaces is very confusing, that's how it accidentally ended up there. Comtebenoit (talk)

OK, good work on the article, by the way! --Slashme (talk) 20:14, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Yup, that's the main thing; thank you for the article. The slight clean-up needed is trivial stuff which keeps the admins happy by making them feel wanted :) --Tagishsimon (talk) 00:39, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Cleanup is now done, but I see that the admin moved the article back into the draft space. From my point of view, there's no real reason for it not to go live. Articles don't have to be perfect to go into the main article space. --Slashme (talk) 08:20, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks to you both! I'll submit the draft now, then Comtebenoit (talk) 09:05, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Well done on getting additional references; the article has been on quite a journey :). I'm afraid I'm completely allergic to the articles for creation process; in your position I'd remove all the AfC guff from the draft, and either cut & paste the entire contents here, or, if it's available to you, use the More / Move option to move it into article space. You are under no obligation, so far as I'm aware, to go through AfC. --Tagishsimon (talk) 09:14, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

 * done! thanks again! Comtebenoit (talk) 09:20, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

 * No probs. Top work on linking the List of Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, but always worth searching for & adding author-link doodabs to citations involving academics - e.g., and . Keeps the orphan taggers at bay. --Tagishsimon (talk) 09:36, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Eleanor Martin–death
Hi, do you have a source that this person is dead? I can't find one in the references, or on Google or on social media. Blythwood (talk) 23:33, 21 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, here is a death notice: https://www.westannouncements.com.au/browse/obituaries/view/lynn-eleanor Where is the proper place to add that to the article? Comtebenoit (talk) 00:46, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Openirony

The article Openirony has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Original research and synthesis. Only one of the references even mentions #openirony and there's only a handful of tweets using this hashtag on Twitter. Does not meet WP:GNG."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Randykitty (talk) 08:56, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:26, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Comtebenoit


text:
'A' You're Adorable

"A' You're Adorable" is a popular song with music by Sid Lippman and lyrics by Buddy Kaye and Fred Wise, published in 1948.

Charted versions
The most well-known version was recorded by Perry Como, with The Fontane Sisters on March 1, 1949. This recording was released on single records as follows:
 * In the United States, by RCA Victor, on 78 rpm and 45 rpm, in 1949, with the flip side "When Is Sometime?" This record reached number 1 on the US chart on April 9, 1949.
 * In the United Kingdom, by HMV, on 78 rpm in June 1949, with the flip side "Forever and Ever"
 * In Japan, by Victor Entertainment, on 78 rpm, with the flip side "Bali Ha'i"
 * In Australia, by His Master's Voice, on 78 rpm, with the flip side "My Melancholy Baby"

Another recording by Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae was also very popular. The recording was released by Capitol Records. The flip side was "Need You". The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949, lasting 13 weeks and peaking at position number 4.

Another recording by the Tony Pastor orchestra (vocal by the Clooney Sisters) also charted. The recording was released by Columbia Records. The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949, lasting 2 weeks and peaking at position number 12.

All the above recordings are available or were available on their own media, however the song also makes its appearance on some "Best Hits of the 30s and 40s" cassette tapes.

In popular culture
In the 1969-70 debut season of Sesame Street, a Muppet named Jack sang the song for his Muppet girlfriend Adrienne while throwing away alphabet letter blocks as they were conveyed to him on a conveyor belt in sequential order. At the end of the song, Cookie Monster suddenly appeared, scaring Adrienne away, and told Jack those were his blocks. Jack recited the song in a looser form as he recovered the blocks in alphabetical order and handed them to Cookie, who ate them as he received them.

title: 'A' You're Adorable


text:
Bazaar (disambiguation)

A bazaar or landa bazaar is a permanent marketplace or street of shops.

Bazaar may also refer to:

Places

 * Bazaar, Kansas, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Namche Bazaar, Nepal
 * De Bazaar Beverwijk Bazaar, Netherlands

Books

 * "The Bazaar", short story and short story collection by Martin Armstrong 1924
 * "The Bazaar", short story and short story collection by Elizabeth Bowen

Film and TV

 * Bazaar (1949 film), a 1949 Indian Hindi language family-drama film directed by K. Amarnath
 * Bazaar (1982 film), a 1982 Indian film directed by Sagar Sarhadi
 * Bazaar (2019 film), a 2019 Indian Kannada film by Suni

Music

 * Bazaar (band), a Danish band
 * Bazaar (album), a 2014 album by Wampire
 * "The Bazaar", a 1995 song by The Tea Party

Brands

 * GNU Bazaar, a software tool for distributed source code management
 * Bazaar (supermarkets), a supermarket chain in Greece
 * Bazaar, an open source software development model described in the essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar
 * Harper's Bazaar, an American fashion magazine

title: Bazaar (disambiguation)


text:
Ringaudas

Ryngold or Ringaudas was a mythological Grand Duke of Lithuania from the Palemonids legends and supposed father of Mindaugas, the first King of Lithuania (1251–1263). In fact, there is nothing known about Mindaugas' father from reliable sources. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, a contemporary source, just mentions that he was a powerful duke, but does not provide his name.

Ryngold, son of otherwise unknown Algimantas, is first mentioned in the second redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicle written c. 1515 and has no historical basis. In the chronicle Ryngold returned to Navahrudak after a victorious battle with the Mongols on the bank of the Neman River at Mohilna near Minsk. This battle could have some historical basis as Mongols did invade Lithuania, but it happened in the late 1230s and early 1240s. However, it is known for a fact that at the time Mindaugas already had supreme power in Lithuania. The legendary account claimed that Ryngold fathered three sons. He left Navharudak to one of his sons, Vaišvilkas. However, it is known from reliable contemporary sources that Vaišvilkas was son of Mindaugas. Therefore the third redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicle, also known as the Bychowiec Chronicle, made Ryngold father of Mindaugas to correct this clear contradiction. This legendary version was popularized by Maciej Stryjkowski and other medieval historians, and it still survives to this day.

title: Ringaudas


text:
Ron Reis

Ronald Allen Reis (born April 26, 1970) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling between 1995 and 1998 under the ring names The Yeti and Reese.

Early life
Ron Reis is the son of Ron Reis, Sr., who was a member of National Collegiate Athletic Association title-winning basketball teams in 1961 and 1962 while studying at the University of Cincinnati.

Reis attended Monta Vista High School in Cupertino, California. He played on the school's basketball team, scoring 2,082 points and competing in the 1987 Central Coast Section championship. Reis went on to attend Santa Clara University, where he played basketball for four years.

Early career (1994–1995)
Ron Reis was trained by Big John Studd, who he has had tagged with as the "Giants of Wrestling". He made his professional debut on March 12, 1994, for the New England–based International Wrestling Federation under his birth name. In 1995, Reis began performing for the Las Vegas–based National Wrestling Conference as "SWAT".

World Championship Wrestling (1995–1996, 1998)
Reis debuted in World Championship Wrestling on Monday Nitro on October 23, 1995, as The Yeti – the Dungeon of Doom's so-called "insurance policy" for the upcoming WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Dungeon member The Giant and current champion Hulk Hogan at Halloween Havoc 1995. Initially introduced (supposedly) frozen inside a block of ice, the Yeti soon broke out of the ice to reveal a heavily bandaged appearance reminiscent of a huge mummy and went on to interfere in the Halloween Havoc 1995 main event, where he and The Giant attacked Hulk Hogan with a double-bearhug. Reis wore lifts in his boots at the event and had bandages wrapped high on his head, which gave the effect of The Yeti appearing noticeably taller than The Giant (in reality Reis is only around an inch taller than Wight) and caused an astonished Tony Schiavone to remark "The Yeti is taller than The Giant!".

Following Halloween Havoc, The Yeti's ring attire was changed without explanation to resemble a masked ninja. However, Reis only made three more appearances as the character; as an entrant in the 60-man battle royal at World War 3 1995, in a match against Barry Houston on WCW Prime, and in a match against WCW United States Heavyweight Champion One Man Gang on WCW Saturday Night in January 1996, where Reis' character was renamed The Super Giant Ninja. This would be the final appearance of the character.

Reis later became known as Big Ron Studd in 1996, and WCW announcers billed Reis as having taken the surname of his trainer Big John Studd. In his column in WCW Magazine, Bobby Heenan, who had managed John Studd, expressed disdain over this angle. WCW primarily used the Studd character as an enhancement talent. He would lose to Chris Benoit, Randy Savage, Lex Luger and Jeff Jarrett.

He left WCW by the end of 1996, and in 1997 worked in the independent circuit.

On the March 2, 1998, edition of Nitro, Reis returned to WCW and joined Raven's Flock as Reese. Raven claimed that Reis' size had made him an outcast from society, leading him to seek acceptance within the Flock. Reis acted as Raven's enforcer, though he was unable to prevent Goldberg defeating Raven for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. He also suffered a loss to Juventud Guerrera at the 1998 Great American Bash. Reese's last appearance was on the June 29, 1998, episode of Nitro. Saturn pinned Reese with a Death Valley Driver.

Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling and Japan (2000–2005)
After being released, Reis toured Japan as Big Bomb Jones (a take on Big Van Vader) throughout 2002. In 2003, he returned to America and began working for Dusty Rhodes' Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling promotion, returning to the Big Ron Studd gimmick. He formed a tag team with Glacier, and they won the TCW Tag Team Championships on January 3, 2004. The titles were vacated later that year.

Reis reemerged in Vince Russo's Christian-oriented Ring Of Glory Wrestling promotion in 2005 as the abstract character Evil, losing to Joshua the Carpenter on February 26.

Filmography

 * Assault on Death Mountain a.k.a. Shadow Warriors II: Hunt for the Death Merchant (1999) as "Vlassi"

Championships and accomplishments

 * Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
 * TCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Glacier

title: Ron Reis


text:
Joe Amisano

Joe Amisano (1917–2008) was an American architect, especially known for his work in Atlanta. Born in New York, he graduated from Pratt Institute in 1940 and won a Prix de Rome in 1950. He joined the Atlanta firm that became Toombs, Amisano and Wells in 1954.

Works

 * Lenox Square mall (1958)
 * Regency Square Mall (Jacksonville) (1967)
 * Woodruff Arts Center (Atlanta Memorial Arts Building) (1968)
 * Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta (1968)
 * Peachtree Summit (1975)
 * Peachtree Center (MARTA station) (1982-1983)
 * Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center (1983)

title: Joe Amisano


text:
User:Siulungbau

A handsome boy in HK

title: User:Siulungbau


text:
Queen's Park Oval

The Queen's Park Oval is a sports stadium in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, used mostly for cricket matches. It opened in 1896. Privately owned by the Queen's Park Cricket Club, it is currently the second largest capacity cricket ground in the West Indies with seating for about 20,000 spectators.

It has hosted more Test matches than any other ground in the Caribbean with 60 as of January 2018, and also hosted a number of One-Day International (ODI) matches, including many World Series Cricket games in 1979 and matches of the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The Trinidad and Tobago cricket team play most of their home matches at the ground, and it is the home ground of the Caribbean Premier League team Trinbago Knight Riders.

Considered by many players, journalists and critics as one of the most picturesque cricket venues,  the ground first hosted a Test match in February 1930 when England toured the Caribbean, though it had previously hosted many first class tours as early as the 1897 tour under Lord Hawke. The pavilion dates back to 1896, though there were extensive renovations in the 1950s and in 2007 prior to the World Cup and following an earthquake. The "Concrete Stand" was renamed the "Learie Constantine Stand" in recognition of that former West Indies cricketer. The first ODI match at the ground was played in March 1983, and the first Twenty20 International in 2009.

As well as the main cricket stadium, the facility includes a gym, indoor and outdoor cricket practice nets, two squash courts and two outdoor tennis courts. The cricket field has also been used to host several domestic and international football matches, and several music events.

Early years

The Queen's Park Oval Cricket Club leased the Queen's Park Oval in 1896, moving there from its first home at the Queen's Park Savannah, where it had existed since its founding in 1891. The natural soil at the ground prevented turf wickets from being laid down, due to the damage caused by the mole crickets that inhabited it, so when the club moved to its new ground the groundsmen laid a pitch of clay with a wicket made of matting prepared on top. A popular venue due to its capacity (7,000 when first constructed, the highest in the Caribbean) the ground was very profitable for the owning cricket club. The first match recorded by CricketArchive, CricInfo and Wisden took place on 29 January 1897, between Lord Hawke's touring party and a team put out by the Queen's Park Oval Club. The match, which was a draw but saw the ground's first century—119 by Plum Warner—was not counted as first-class. Only a few days later on February 1 the ground's maiden first-class fixture took place between Trinidad and the same Lord Hawke's XI. The home team won by 137 runs. The two teams met at the Oval again on 5 February, when Trinidad were victorious once more. Arthur Priestley's touring eleven then played a Queen's Park XI on February 12, with the game drawn.

During the first decades of the 20th century, the private Queen's Park Oval was a very exclusive cricket ground and club. C. L. R. James records that "they were for the most part white and often wealthy" and that "a black man in the Queen's Park was rare and usually anonymous." The Queen's Park club was "the big shot" of the local cricket on the island, and touring matches were the mainstay of cricket at the ground for the first few years. They also contributed to the growth of cricket on the island, for trial matches were held on weekends while a tour was in progress, and local talent was invited to play. In April 1899, Trinidad played a Barbados-based XI led by Arthur St. Hill, an early domestic West Indian fixture. By 1900, Inter-Colonial Tournament matches were taking place, with the final between Barbados and British Guiana taking place at the Queen's Park Oval. These became more and more frequent in the first decade of the 20th century, along with more tour games against the invitational XIs of Richard Bennett and Lord Brackley. The ground hosted the finals of the 1906 and 1910 Inter-Colonial Tournaments.

In 1911 and in 1913 the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) toured the West Indies, with four matches played in total between the MCC and Trinidad at the Queen's Park Oval across both tours. Then, on 20 February 1913, the MCC played a combined West Indies cricket team, who was playing one of its earliest matches as a representative eleven, and only its fourth against an MCC side. Harry Ince scored 167 in the West Indian first innings, Richard Ollivierre took a five-wicket haul and Joseph Rogers took a six-for as the MCC slid to a heavy defeat. The match was the first between the West Indies and the MCC to have taken place at the Queen's Park Oval. Though cricket was largely interrupted by World War I, normal practice resumed with the ground hosting the Inter-Colonial Tournament finals in 1921, 1925 and 1929.

Test matches
On 1 February 1930, the Queen's Park Oval hosted its first Test match. The second Test of the MCC 1929–30 tour of the West Indies saw England under Les Ames defeat the West Indies under Errol Hunte thanks largely to a century by the England captain and a double-century by Patsy Hendren. The ground also hosted the Second Test of the 1935 tour, which started on 24 January. This time the West Indies recorded its first Test match victory at the ground, defeating Bob Wyatt's England by 217 runs. Between the Tests, the ground had also hosted several of the first-class matches of the tour, as well as continuing to host matches of the Inter-Colonial Tournament, including the 1935 and 1937 finals.

The outbreak of World War II halted Test cricket at the ground after this 1935 tour, however domestic cricket continued. 1939 represented the last year of the Inter-Colonial Tournament, and throughout the war years the Queen's Park Oval hosted several first-class games between Trinidad and either Barbados or British Guiana. International cricket would not return to the ground until 1947 when the MCC returned and played Trinidad twice at the ground in the lead up to the first post-war Test at the Queen's Park Oval on 11 February 1948. England drew with the West Indies—under Clyde Walcott—despite centuries from both West Indian openers. In 1952, the original pavilion was replaced with a two-tier structure as part of an extensive renovation of the ground. In 1953 India toured the West Indies and played the First and Third Tests at the ground. On 17 May 1954, the Oval then hosted England once more and the home team scored 681/8d, which remains the highest team score at the ground. Everton Weekes scored 206 of the runs, the second of two double centuries scored by him at the Oval, following a knock of 207 during the aforementioned tour by India. This was the final match played on the clay surface with matting laid on top. From then on greater effort was made to prepare turf wickets in an attempt to balance batting and bowling at the Oval. More advanced techniques were introduced and a new pitch laid in 1955. Later that year the ground hosted the second Test of an Australian tour. Pakistan came in 1957, followed by England two years later. On 28 January 1960, during the latter tour, England faced the West Indies at the Oval. Batting in front of a 30,000-strong home crowd on the third day, the West Indies fell from 22 for no loss to 98/8. The crowd began to throw bottles onto the pitch, some ran on to the field, and general disorder spread until the game had to be halted. Wisden called the match one of "most dramatic Test matches for many years" and labelled the disorder "unfortunate" and "remarkable", remarking that the situation "became so bad that a riot developed." Officials of the ground and the West Indies team had to apologise to the MCC, as had the Governor of Trinidad, Eric Williams and Learie Constantine. The match resumed and England went on to victory, and took the series 1:0. India returned to the West Indies 1961 and played two further Tests at the Oval.

The Beaumont Cup competition was held at the Queen's Park Oval from 1958 onwards, and from 1964 the Regional Four Day Competition also began, with the ground hosting Trinidad home games for both competitions. Australia returned to the ground in 1965 for the Second and Fifth Tests of the tour. The latter saw a heavy West Indian defeat. However, across the series they were victorious 2–1 in what Wisden called the "series for the unofficial championship of the world." The West Indian first-class domestic tournament, now renamed the Shell Shield, continued at the ground in the winter of 1965. England under Colin Cowdrey returned in January 1968 – and during this match at the Queen's Park Oval a generous declaration by Gary Sobers allowed England to win and level the series—followed by India in 1971. On this tour India were victorious, the first time they had ever been so against the West Indies in the Caribbean. The score of 220 made by Indian Sunil Gavaskar at the Queen's Park Oval during the Test match there remains the highest score made by any player at the ground. Gavaskar would go on to make a total of four centuries at the ground, the most by any player. The bowling analysis of 9/95 by West Indian Jack Noreiga was also made during the same tour and remains the best bowling analysis at the Queen's Park Oval. New Zealand returned that winter, followed by an Australian tour over the winter of 1972–73.

West Indian ascendency

The West Indians had begun to experience difficulties in the final years of the 1960s. The Indian defeat had come on the back of defeats away to Australia and England. Though they played well against Australia on the 1972–73 tour, they lost 2:1. In the Fourth Test in Guyana they fell to a 10-wicket defeat after being dismissed for 109 in their second innings. The utilisation of aggressive fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson had inspired West Indian captain to bring into his team men of similar virtues. In the 1976 Indian tour of the West Indies, the Queen's Park Oval hosted the Second and Third Tests. The West Indians played Andy Roberts and Michael Holding in both games, though India played well enough to draw the first and win the second of these fixtures. Their victory in the second involved a record 406-run fourth innings to chase the West Indies total down.

Meanwhile, in domestic cricket, the Beaumont Cup had been renamed the Texaco Cup, and both it and the Shell Shield continued to feature at the Queen's Park Oval. The first one-day cricket matches had begun in the West Indies, and the Queen's Park Oval hosted its inaugural Gillette Cup match between Trinidad and Tobago and the Windward Islands in February 1976. Several of these games would be hosted at the ground each season.

Pakistan toured the West Indies in 1977, by which time the hosts were becoming a major force in world cricket. For the next decade the team would win 40 and lose only six Tests. The Second and Fourth Tests of the 1977 Pakistan tour were both at the Queen's Park Oval, and the West Indians comfortable took the former thanks to 8/29 by pacer Colin Croft, supported by Roberts and Joel Garner. Further success came in 1978 when two Tests against Australia at the ground both saw heavy West Indian victories. The First Test of the series saw Australia routed for 90 in their first innings by Garner, Croft and Roberts and a defeat to the hosts by an innings and 106 runs. A six-wicket-haul by Vanburn Holder in the Fourth Test of the series, also at the Queen's Park Oval, ensured another West Indian victory. With World Series Cricket (WSC) commencing a West Indies tour in 1979, the third "Supertest" was held at the Queen's Park Oval. With centuries from Bruce Laird and Greg Chappell, the Australian WSC team secured victory.

In 1981 the Queen's Park Oval hosted England and saw West Indian victory by an innings, followed by a draw against India in 1982. The first One-Day International at the ground took place between India and the West Indies in March 1983, with the hosts taking a comfortable victory. Australia, New Zealand and England all visited the ground for Test and ODI games during 1985 and 1986, faring poorly. The decade ended with tours by Pakistan and India, mixed with matches from the now entitled Red Stripe Cup, the new name for the West Indian domestic first-class competition.

Following a return by Pakistan in 1992, England toured the West Indies over the winter of 1993–94. The teams met March 25 at the Queen's Park Oval and England were reduced to 46 all-out by Curtly Ambrose. It remains the lowest total made in a Test match at the ground, and with 66 wickets Ambrose remains the most successful bowler there.

West Indian decline, 2007 World Cup
By the late 1990s the West Indian team had begun to decline. It was defeated by Australia in a 1994–95 series, the Third Test of which was played at the Queen's Park Oval, as were two of the ODI matches. The ground hosted two Tests of the 1997–98 tour by England, the second of which in February saw the West Indies defeated by England. The West Indian captain during the match, Brian Lara, went on to be the leading run scorer at the Queen's Park Oval in ODI matches, as well as hold record for the highest score made there. The West Indies lost heavily again to Australia at the ground in 1999, by a margin of 312 runs. The retirement of Ambrose and Courtney Walsh in 2001 further hampered West Indian efforts, and they were defeated at the Queen's Park Oval by South Africa in March, and India in August 2001. They were likewise defeated in ODI matches at the ground by both sides. The West Indies dropped to eighth in the Test rankings, with another heavy loss at the Queen's Park Oval against England in 2004, amid complaints about the quality of the pitch from England players. The West Indies also suffered at the hands of South Africa during ODI matches played at the ground.

The West Indies were chosen as hosts for the 2007 Cricket World Cup, with the Queen's Park Oval selected as one of the venues. Renovation work commenced immediately to prepare the ground for the matches. These, however, suffered drawbacks. Labour shortages hampered the efforts of the construction workers. Two new stands at the Queen's Park Oval were constructed for the event. Initially the International Cricket Council expressed concerns that the ground would not be ready in time, with Development Director Don Lockerbie stating that "the ante had to be upped." An earthquake in late February that measured 5.1 on the Richter magnitude scale caused damaged to the fledgling stands. Work which had due to be completed by December 2006 dragged into the spring of the following year, with opening matches of the competition due to start in March. Nevertheless, the new pavilion was unveiled in time for the matches. The ground was celebrated as "the only venue in the West Indies, and one of four in the world to host more than 50 Test matches and 51 ODIs" during a ceremony to open the new stands. Once the tournament had gotten underway, several Group B matches were played at the Queen's Park Oval between teams such as Bermuda, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. These matches included a score of 413/5 by India against Bermuda on March 19, which remains the highest total made in an ODI at the Queen's Park Oval. None of the final stage games were played at the ground, with the Super Eight stages all being played at either the Providence Stadium or the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium.

Tests

Following the end of the World Cup, the Queen's Park Oval has had a sporadic allotment of international cricket. Since 2007 there has been six test matches the most recent of which was the infamous washed out match held in August 2016 against India. That match was notable for the third shortest non-abandoned test ever, with the match being curtailed by a wet outfield which allowed for only twenty two overs to be bowled over the five days despite rain not falling for the majority of the match.

Test matches were not allocated to the ground for 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 which prompted a reaction from Trinidad and Tobago Cricket Association President Azim Bassarath, who stated that "we in T&T need to have Test matches here so that our young and developing players can get a taste of the best form of the game.". In 2010 due to the arrest of Christopher "Dudus" Coke and subsequent social unrest and deteriorating security situation in Kingston, Jamaica the 1st South Africa/West Indies test match that was initially allotted to Sabina Park was relocated to Trinidad.

ODIs
In the years following the 2007 World Cup the Queen's Park Oval has had a sporadic allotment of ODIs, with no matches being played there in 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The ground last hosted ODIs in June 2017 when two matches against India were played there. In that period of time the ground did host its first Twenty20 International, against England as a one-off match. The hosts defeated England comfortably thanks largely to a score of 59 from 46 balls by Ramnaresh Sarwan, which leaves him to date the highest scorer and most prolific run-maker at the ground in T20 Internationals. The ground hosted another Twenty20 International against Zimbabwe in February 2010 and against India in 2011. No Twenty20 Internationals has been played since.

Domestic Cricket
The ground hosts domestic First Class, List A and T20 matches, of the Trinidad and Tobago Red Force National Team. With the advent of a new title sponsor for the West Indies domestic 50 over competition, Trinidad and Tobago was chosen as the venue for all matches for a three-year period from 2014 to 2016 and the ground has hosted these matches.

The formation of the Caribbean Premier League has given the QPO a new tenant - The Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel and the ground has hosted Red Steel league matches in each of the three seasons as well as the semifinals and finals of the 2013 and 2015 editions of the CPL. For the 2016 CPL season the QPO will host home matches for the Trinbago Knight Riders who replaced the Red Steel in the tournament when the ownership changed.

Facilities and pitch

In preparation for the 2007 World Cup there were significant renovations that took place at the Oval with the provision of several new facilities and buildings, as well as upgrades to existing infrastructure. According to a CricInfo review of the new ground on the eve of the World Cup, it featured a "library and museum space on the ground floor, as well as a top class health, spa, gymnasium and restaurant facilities, and an entertainment centre with satellite TV and other comforts." The ground has a crowd capacity of around 18,000 and day/night cricket is supported by the presence of floodlights, hosted on 6 towers around the ground.

The structures at the Oval include the "Learie Constantine Stand", known in particular for its jovial crowds, the Trini Posse Stand which is located perpendicular to the pitch, the Carib/KFC/RBC Stand, the Brian Lara Pavilion, the latter named for the West Indian batsman, the CL Duprey/Republic Bank stand, the Scotia Bank/BG Stand, the Jeffrey Stollmeyer Stand and the Gerry Gomez Media Centre, the last two of which has been named for former cricketers. There was a structure called the Dos Santos Stand which was demolished in 2012 due to health and safety considerations with it suffering structural decay and weakening steel. No replacement has been constructed, significantly reducing the existing capacity of the stadium.

The pitch has two ends, the Pavilion End and Media Centre End. The Media Centre End was renamed in 2011 to the Willie Rodriguez End in honour of the former Queen's Park and Trinidad and Tobago player. Natural turf was used in the early years however Mole crickets caused too much damage on the original pitch which was laid directly onto the natural soil, so soon after the ground was purchased a pitch of clay was laid over a wicket made of coir matting. A 1932 study into cricket pitches ruled that clay pitches lacking in calcium carbonate were ideal for cricket play. However, the Queen's Park Oval clay surface was disproportionately suited to batting. A score of 681/8d in 1954, and double-centuries by Everton Weekes in consecutive series during that same year, prompted the laying of a turf wicket in 1955 in an attempt to balance batting and bowling. Five 20-metre-wide and 26-metre-long pitches were dug, each with a depth of one meter.

The work was supported by a second study in 1962, made in Australia, which argued that such turf wickets were more likely to lead to balanced cricket games. Between the Oval's inaugural Test and January 1954, the overall batting average at the ground was 37.03, and it dropped to 28.07 between the installation of the new pitch and the year 2000. Even the new pitch was, however, according to a 1982 report, "well known of its peculiar playing characteristics." It crumbled during matches, giving more help to spin bowlers. Australian Test bowler Ashley Mallett believed that the new pitch was certainly more helpful to spin bowling, while England captain Nasser Hussain was negative about batting on the pitch during the 2004 England tour in his biography Playing With Fire. In 2012 the pitch was described by the media during the Australian tour as "slightly damp, tacky appearance" after rain, and then "tinder-dry."

Batting

 * Highest total: 681/8d by the West Indies against England, 17 May 1954.
 * Lowest total: 46 all out by England against the West Indies, 25 March 1994.
 * Most runs: 1,212 by West Indian Rohan Kanhai.
 * Highest score: 220 by Indian Sunil Gavaskar, 13 April 1971.
 * Most centuries: 4, by Indian Sunil Gavaskar, http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28794.html?class=1;ground=208;host=4;template=results;type=batting;view=innings

Bowling

 * Most wickets: 66 by West Indian Curtly Ambrose.
 * Best bowling figures (innings): 9/95, by West Indian Jack Noreiga.
 * Best bowling figures (match): 13/132, by South African Makhaya Ntini.

Batting

 * Highest total: 413/5 by India against Bermuda, 19 March 2007.
 * Lowest total: 75 by Canada against Zimbabwe, 16 May 2006.
 * Most runs: 1,276 by West Indian Brian Lara.
 * Highest score: 146* by West Indian Brian Lara.
 * Most centuries: 3, by Indian Virat Kohli.

Bowling

 * Most wickets: 24 by West Indian Curtly Ambrose.
 * Best bowling figures (innings): 6/25 by New Zealander Scott Styris.

Batting

 * Highest total: 159/6 by India against the West Indies, 4 June 2011.
 * Lowest total: 79/7 by the West Indies against Zimbabwe, 28 February 2010.
 * Most runs: 111 by West Indian Marlon Samuels on 20 July 2009.
 * Highest score: 91 by West Indian Evin Lewis on 1 April 2017.

Bowling

 * Most wickets: 10 by West Indian Darren Sammy.
 * Best bowling figures (innings): 5/26 by West Indian Darren Sammy.

Local Art
Around the exterior walls of the Oval (also known as The Wall Project) are large sized prints of works by artists who paint in different medium, such as oil and watercolor. These prints have been placed on the exterior the walls since around 1985 and display abstract works, cultural and nature inspired scenes. Over time, some of the works which have been displayed have been changed to accommodate either a new artist or a new piece of art.

Nelson Mandela Park
To the side of the Nelson Mandela Park which is closest to Serpentine Road are three pieces of art which have been placed there by Digicel after the pieces were selected as the winning pieces of the competition launched to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the City of Port of Spain.

title: Queen's Park Oval


text:
Verdict of Twelve

Verdict of Twelve is a novel by Raymond Postgate first published in 1940 about a trial by jury seen through the eyes of each of the twelve jurors as they listen to the evidence and try to reach a unanimous verdict of either "Guilty" or "Not guilty". Verdict of Twelve is set in England in the late 1930s (Hitler, Nazism and in particular anti-Semitism are referred to several times). Up to the final pages of the novel, till after the trial is over, the reader does not know if the defendant—a middle-aged woman charged with murder—is innocent or not.

The case
Rosalie van Beer is a widowed, childless woman who comes into money when all the relatives of her late husband unexpectedly die in a plane crash. The only surviving member of the family is her 11-year-old nephew Philip, and van Beer considers herself to be his “natural guardian”. She moves into the house in Devon that was built by her father-in-law and leads a quiet life there with Philip, a sickly child for whom she engages a private tutor. The household is run by an older couple who were devoted to their former employer but who dislike, and cheat on, Rosalie van Beer. It soon turns out that Philip is a difficult child, and that he does not get along with his aunt at all.

The situation escalates when van Beer takes away Philip's pet rabbit, which he called Sredni Vashtar (the name of a weasel in a Saki short story, which kills a cruel aunt), and gasses it in the kitchen. When, soon afterwards, the boy is taken ill the old country doctor is unable to diagnose his disease correctly, and Philip dies before another physician can be consulted.

When poison is found in the boy's vomit the police are alerted. Then Philip's tutor comes forward and tells the police that he saw a newspaper clipping about exactly such a case of poisoning in one of the books in the library. As Rosalie van Beer stands to inherit the family fortune, her motive seems to be obvious, and she is charged with murder.

At first, when the jury retires to the jury room, about half of them, including the two women, consider the defendant guilty. However, as time progresses, they can all be convinced by the others that there is reasonable doubt that Rosalie van Beer has committed premeditated murder. In the end, their verdict is one of acquittal.

Only on the way back to her hotel does van Beer tell her barrister and her solicitor what really happened, something she has been aware of all along.

The jury
The ten men and two women who have been picked randomly to do jury service are:

 * 1) an unmarried middle-aged journalist;
 * 2) a young left-wing intellectual, newly married and happy;
 * 3) a hard-working and honest publican;
 * 4) a travelling salesman unsuccessfully trying to flog encyclopaedias;
 * 5) a young attractive widow of Jewish descent whose husband was killed when he was attacked in the street by hooligans;
 * 6) a young hairdresser sharing a house with three workmates;
 * 7) an old, fat, homosexual university don specialising in the reconstruction of classical texts;
 * 8) a young actor who has not quite found his personal style;
 * 9) a restaurateur who successfully poses as an Englishman although he was born and raised a pauper in Greece;
 * 10) a religious fanatic who believes he belongs to the chosen few;
 * 11) a busy trade union official;
 * 12) and, ironically, a murderess who has got away with her crime and who has been leading an inconspicuous and solitary life ever since.

Major themes
Postgate's premise is that of Marx, that “it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but [that] on the contrary their social existence determines their consciousness”. Accordingly, he begins the novel by giving short biographies of each juror in which he describes their individual experiences, their social and financial background, the outlook on life which each of them has acquired over time, and also any possible predisposition to judge others harshly. Postgate presents all these factors to show that they prevent the jurors from considering evidence objectively, and that they will respond to the case emotionally rather than realistically.

TV film adaptation
The American TV series Playhouse 90 (series 2, episode 31, 1958) featured a 90-minute version of the story under the name Verdict of Three, focussing on the three jurors who dominate the discussion.

Read on

 * Agatha Christie: Witness for the Prosecution (short story and play)
 * Cyril Hare: Tragedy at Law (novel)
 * Cameron McCabe: The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor (novel)
 * Reginald Rose: Twelve Angry Men (play)

title: Verdict of Twelve


text:
User:Gmaxwell/instrument article ideas

All instruments should have a collection of audio clips.

 * Technical clips, seperated to avoid the need for naration and facilitate reuse in many languages.
 * Pitch range
 * Dynamics
 * Scale up, scale down
 * Chords (i-iv-v-i, thick consonance, extended tertian harmony)
 * Articulations
 * pizzacato
 * bow technique (spiicatto, col legno)
 * Staccato
 * Leg with and without vibrato
 * Flutter Tongue
 * Slaptongue
 * harmonics
 * Bend range
 * Trills
 * Effects (i.e. growl on sax)
 * Tuning up
 * Multiphonics
 * Pure Solo clips 1-3
 * Ensemble
 * Ideally at least one consisting of several of the same instrument
 * Well known pieces (1-2)

title: User:Gmaxwell/instrument article ideas


text:
Lacus Odii

Lacus Odii (Latin odiī, "Lake of Hate") is a small lunar mare in the Terra Nivium region on the Moon. It is located at 19.0° N, 7.0° E and is 70 km in diameter.

title: Lacus Odii


text:
Johan Peter Falk

Johan Peter Falk (26 November 1732 – 31 March 1774) was a Swedish botanist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus. His first name is sometimes spelled "Johann"; his middle name is sometimes spelled "Pehr"; and his surname is sometimes spelled "Falck". The genus Falkia is named for him.

Biography
Falk was born in the parish of Broddetorp in Västergötland, Sweden. He was the son of Peter Falck (1701–1754) and Beata Winge (1706–1771). He studied at the University of Uppsala under Carl Linnaeus as served as a tutor for his son, Carl Linnaeus the Younger. He defended his dissertation in 1762.

Falk traveled to the Russian Empire in 1763 and became Curator for the Cabinet of Natural History in St. Petersburg. In 1765, Falck was appointed Professor in medicine and botany at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He participated in the expedition to the central Russian province of Povolzhye, Siberia, Altay, and Transbaikal (1768–1774) organised by the Prussian scientist Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). Results were published in St. Petersburg at the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

In 1774, Falk killed himself in Kazan. Falk's notes were published in Germany as Beyträge zur topgraphischen Kentniß des rußischen Reichs (3 volumes, 1785–1786). They were edited by Johann Gottlieb Georgi (1729–1802).

Literature

 * Vera Shirokova, Alexey Sobisevich, Illustrations from Academic Expeditions in Russia: The works of Falck and Georgi iLINNAEUS | iMagazine | iStories (December 2015)

title: Johan Peter Falk


text:
Self-authenticating document

A self-authenticating document, under the law of evidence in the United States, is any document that can be admitted into evidence at a trial without proof being submitted to support the claim that the document is what it appears to be. Several categories of documents are deemed to be self-authenticating:

 * 1) Certified copy of public or business records;
 * 2) Official publications of government agencies;
 * 3) Newspaper articles;
 * 4) Trade inscriptions, such as labels on products;
 * 5) Acknowledged documents (wherein the signer also gets a paper notarized); and
 * 6) Commercial paper under the Uniform Commercial Code.

Although most U.S. states have evidentiary rules similar to the Federal Rules of Evidence, the California Evidence Code diverges significantly from the FRE in that it does not treat trade inscriptions as self-authenticating. This means that if a defendant does not stipulate to the authenticity and accuracy of a trade inscription, and the plaintiff lacks testimony from percipient witnesses who can establish a complete chain of custody leading back to the defendant, then the plaintiff must use expert testimony to establish the authenticity of the inscription and to get around the obvious hearsay issue (i.e., to establish, based on common practice within the trade, that the product is what the inscription says it is).

title: Self-authenticating document


text:
Education in Hungary

The educational system in Hungary is predominantly public, run by the Ministry of Human Resources. Preschool kindergarten education is compulsory and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until age of sixteen. Primary education usually lasts for eight years. Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the Gymnasium enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for vocational education and the world of work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist, graduates from a vocational school can achieve a two years program to have access to vocational higher education for instance. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science.

Most Hungarian universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the Matura. The Hungarian public higher education system includes universities and other higher education institutes, that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. Health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. English and German language is important in Hungarian higher education, there are a number of degree programs that are taught in these languages, which attracts thousands of exchange students every year. Hungary's higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global competitiveness Report 2014.

Today there are 67 higher education institutions in Hungary, ranging from small colleges to top research universities. These universities and colleges are maintained either by the state, private organizations or a church. In accordance with the objectives of the Bologna process the degree structure of tertiary education is based on three cycles. Nearly all study fields lead first to a Bachelor's degree (usually 3 years), and after a further study period to a Master's degree (2 years). However, there are some exceptions: medicine, pharmacy, dental and veterinary studies, architecture, law, teacher training, and certain arts-, crafts- and design-related study programmes, which retain a long single-cycle structure of 5 or 6 years of study. The first-cycle programmes last 6–8 semesters (3–4 years, 180–240 credit points) and lead to a bachelor's degree (in Hungarian: alapfokozat). The second cycle, leading to a master's degree (in Hungarian: mesterfokozat), lasts 2–4 semesters (1–2 years, 60–120 credit points). Two-year-long vocational higher education programmes (in Hungarian: felsőoktatási szakképzés) are also available on an optional basis prior to first-cycle programmes and lead to advanced vocational qualifications. The 120 credit points gained in vocational higher education programmes are compatible for recognition in the first (Bachelor) cycle. Any Bachelor's or master's degree can be followed by specialised higher education courses (in Hungarian: szakirányú továbbképzés). These do not lead to another degree but offer the option of specialisation in a particular field of study. Courses can be studied full-time, part-time or through distance learning. A four-year doctoral programme is a post-graduate course to follow any Master's or equivalent qualification.

Hungary has a long tradition of higher education reflecting the existence of established knowledge economy. The established universities in Hungary include some of the oldest in the world, the first was the University of Pécs founded in 1367 which is still functioning, although in the year 1276, the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Peter Csák, but it was never rebuilt. Sigismund established Óbuda University in 1395. Another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony by Mattias Corvinus. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777 and it is called Eötvös Loránd University today. The world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735, its legal successor is the University of Miskolc. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure, its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II.

The social environment of education
The decline of Hungary's population that started in 1981 has also continued in recent years. According to the 2001 census, the population of Hungary was 10,198,000, about half a million less than the figure of twenty years earlier. By 2005 the population dropped to 10,077,000. The age pyramid of the Hungarian population is among the most irregular ones in Europe. On 1 January 2005, due to the extremely low number of live births in the preceding years the size of the 0-4-year-old population was smaller than the next age groups of five-year increments up to the age group 60–64. There are major differences in the size of the various generations.

The official language of instruction is Hungarian, but a number of ethnic and national minorities (e.g. German, Romanian, Slovene, Serb and Croatian) have minority educational institutions with their own languages as first or second language of instruction at primary and secondary level of teaching. According to the 2003 survey, the rate of Romani children in the population entering school education in 2008–2009 is expected to be around 15%.

School system in Hungary
A special feature of the Hungarian education system is that institutional structures and the structure of educational programmes are not aligned with each other. The system's institutional structure and the presence of programmes allowing early selection show similarities with Central European and ex-socialist countries. The system's content structure, the uniform and general phase of education has extended, and secondary level education may be characterised by increased opportunities for transition. The general phase of education lasts until the age of 18 in Hungary's education system. Participation in secondary education, offering a wide variety of programmes, is fairly high. Within secondary education, the proportion of students studying in programmes leading to a secondary school-leaving certificate and offering transition to tertiary education is around the international average.

Hungarian education and training programmes (ISCED-97)
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Education 2002/2003, OM, 2003.

Notes: Destination for which the programmes have been designed to prepare students: A=access to further general education, B=access to further vocational education, C=access to the labour market. Orientation category is based on the degree to which content of programme has been specifically designed: G=general, P=pre-vocational, V=vocational.

Pre-primary education
This educational level is considered as a crucially important integrated part of the school system. It caters for children from 3 to 7 years of age. Since 2015, participation in pre-primary education at this level (kindergarten) is compulsory from age 3 (before 2015 only the final year – beyond age 5 – was compulsory), although exceptions are made for developmental reasons

Public-sector institutions may only charge for services additional to their basic tasks, including for example extracurricular activities, meals, excursions, etc. Currently, the attendance rate with regard to the age groups 3–5, is just above 86%. The average duration of participation of children aged 3–7 in pre-primary education is just over 3 years (3.3), which is the highest average value in Europe.

In Hungary a kindergarten is called an óvoda ('place for caring'). Children attend kindergarten between the ages of 3–6/7 (they go to school in the year in which they have their 7th birthday). Attendance in kindergarten is compulsory from the age of 3 years, though exceptions are made for developmental reasons. Though kindergartens may include programs in subjects such as foreign languages and music, children spend most of their time playing. In their last year children begin to be prepared to attend elementary school.

Most kindergartens are state-funded. Kindergarten teachers are required to have a diploma.

Primary education
Children start primary school when they reach school-maturity, usually in the year in which they have their 6th birthday (7th if they were born after August 31).

Primary education can last for 4, 6 or 8 years. 8-year education is the most widespread; the other two options were introduced in the early 1990s.

Subjects include literature, grammar, mathematics, music, art, Physical education, environmental studies (from 1st to 6th grade), biology (from 7th grade), geography (from 7th grade), history (from 5th grade), history of art, physics (from 7th grade), chemistry (from 7th grade), one or two foreign languages (usually English, German or French). Before 1990, Russian was compulsory.

Secondary education
Secondary education usually lasts for 4 years. In gimnáziums it can also last for 5, 6 or 8 years depending on how many years the student spent in primary school. Since 1997 the numbering of years in secondary school are following that of primary school (i. e. after the 8th grade of primary school the student goes to 9th grade, which is actually the 1st year of secondary school.)

There are three kinds of high schools:
 * Gimnázium (grammar school; prepares students for higher education; teaches at least 2 foreign languages)
 * Szakgimnázium (secondary vocational school. It also provides a "secondary school leaving examination" opening higher education curriculum. )
 * Szakközépiskola (vocational school. It also offers "bridge" programs to help low achieving students in primary school to catch up and join the usual vocational school curriculum)

After finishing high school, students take a school-leaving exam (Matura or final exam, érettségi in Hungarian). From 2005 this consists of exams on five subjects: written exam in mathematics, verbal and written exams in Hungarian literature and grammar, a foreign language, history, and written and/or verbal exam in a subject of the student's choice. These exams also serve as an entry exam to universities and colleges.

New secondary form until the school year of 2004/2005
Many of the gimnáziums have begun to teach a foreign language intensively (usually 12–14 lessons a week) and IT (usually 3–4 lessons a week) in the first year. This is called nyelvi előkészítő évfolyam, literally "Language training class", or simply nulladik évfolyam (literally "0th grade"). After 2005, students will have fewer foreign language lessons and IT.

At schools where there is no nulladik évfolyam (beginners classes), they may be required to introduce them because the majority of Hungarians do not speak more than one language, or only speak their parents' language or dialect. Most students will finish High School at the age of 18 or 19, or when they complete Year 13.

Those who had at least an intermediate level language exam weren't required to pass a language exam at Matura, but has become compulsory since 2006. In language training classes, a student must pass an intermediate level language exam in the second year, and the same level Matura in the third year.

Higher education
Higher education in Hungary dates back to 1367 when Louis the Great founded the first Hungarian university in the city of Pécs.

Higher education is divided between colleges and universities. College education generally lasts for 4 years, while university education lasts for 4 to 6 years depending on the course undertaken. Vocational curriculum usually last 2 years: they are opened to secondary vocational school's graduates, and eventually vocational school students (after 5 years of work in the desired field or after a two-year program leading to a "secondary school leaving certificate"). University PhD courses usually take 3 years to complete.

Before students get their degree, they must pass an intermediate level language exam in the foreign language of their choice. English and German are the most popular. The number of Spanish-learners has been growing in the last few years. Recently a high number of students chose Esperanto and Romani languages. Both are said to have a relatively small vocabulary and easy grammar.

Vocational schools
This school type (in Hungarian: szakiskola) typically provides general and pre-vocational education in grades 9 and 10, normally followed by three or two years of VET. At the end of their studies, students will acquire a qualification (ISCED 2C or mostly 3C).

Foreign students in Hungary
Hungary attracts foreign students from both EU and non-EU countries. Three quarters of the students arriving in Hungary arrive from just ten countries, while one quarter of the students arrives from another 100 countries. Among the countries sending the most students are Germany, Iran, Norway, Israel and Sweden, while the majority of guest students are citizens of the neighbouring countries. In the 2008/2009 academic year, the total number of foreign students studying in Hungary was 16 916, while this number was only 14 491 in 2005/2006. The figures are increasing owing to the following advantages:
 * Hungary offers affordable tuition fees and living costs within the European Union and Schengen area;
 * A number of Nobel Prize Winners and scientific inventors were educated there;
 * There are easier admission procedures and fewer documents are needed for obtaining admission;
 * Hungary offers different types of scholarships for foreigners;
 * The cost of student accommodation in Hungary is lower than in most Western European Countries and Scandinavia.
 * Many education programmes are offered in English and/or German;
 * Hungarian embassies issue education visas more easily than other European Union and Schengen Member States;
 * Residence permits issued in Hungary for foreign students allow them to travel to other Schengen countries without any further visa;
 * A number of low cost flights connect Hungarian cities to other countries and popular travel destinations;
 * There are employment opportunities in the European Union during education years and after graduation, etc.

Preparatory courses
Students interested in continuing their studies in Hungary will find preparatory courses in numerous universities from Debrecen to Budapest, from Budapest to Szeged, from Szeged to Pécs.

title: Education in Hungary


text: Talk:Education in Hungary

title: Talk:Education in Hungary


text:
Glenrio, New Mexico and Texas

Glenrio, formerly Rock Island, is an unincorporated community in both Deaf Smith County, Texas, and Quay County, New Mexico, United States. Located on the former U.S. Route 66, the ghost town sits on the Texas–New Mexico state line. It includes the Glenrio Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

The community was founded in 1903 as a railroad siding on the Rock Island Railroad. Its name is derived and.

History
Originally a railroad town, the village was renamed from Rock Island to Glenrio by the Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1908, and began receiving motorists on the dusty Ozark Trail in 1917. Its original structures were adobe buildings. The circa-1910 Angel House was in New Mexico.

The Ozark Trail was formed into U.S. Route 66 on November 11, 1926. By the 1930s, U.S. Route 66 was a paved, two-lane road served locally by several filling stations, a restaurant, and a motel. The road was widened in the 1950s. A Texaco station (1950) and a diner (Brownlee Diner/Little Juarez Café, 1952) were constructed in Texas using the art moderne architectural style.

The location of Glenrio on Texas and New Mexico border led to some interesting business practices. At one point, all fuel was dispensed in Texas due to New Mexico's higher gasoline taxes. The 1930s State Line Bar and motel were built in New Mexico because Deaf Smith County, Texas, was dry at the time. The railroad station was in Texas. The local post office, built around 1935, was in New Mexico. A water tank and windmill in New Mexico were constructed around 1945.

The Joseph Brownlee House, constructed in Amarillo in 1930, was moved to Glenrio in 1950. Glenrio was the site of the "First Motel in Texas" / "Last Motel in Texas" (Homer Ehresman's family-run 1953 State Line Café and Gas Station and 1955 Texas Longhorn Motel, closed in 1976) and other businesses that straddled the state line on U.S. Route 66 for many years until Interstate 40 bypassed the community in September 1973.

Three filling stations (the 1925 Broyles Mobil station, a 1935 Texaco, and the 1946 Ferguson gas station) once operated in New Mexico.

It went into decline during 1975 when Interstate 40 had bypassed the town.

For years, a simmering dispute had existed over of which state the east part of Glenrio is lawfully a part of. The straight north-south border between the two states was originally defined as the 103rd meridian, but the 1859 survey that was supposed to mark that boundary mistakenly set the border between 2.29 and 3.77 mi too far west of that line, making the current towns of Texline, Farwell, Bledsoe, Bronco and the eastern part of Glenrio appear to be within Texas. New Mexico's short border with Oklahoma, in contrast, was surveyed on the correct meridian. New Mexico's draft constitution in 1910 stated that the border is on the 103rd meridian as intended. The disputed strip, hundreds of miles long, includes parts of valuable oilfields of the Permian Basin. A bill was passed in the New Mexico Senate to fund and file a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court to recover the strip from Texas, but the bill did not become law. Today, land in the strip is included in Texas land surveys and the land and towns (the east part of Glenrio) for all purposes are taxed and governed by the State of Texas.

Location
Glenrio sits just a few yards to the south of Interstate 40 at Texas exit 0 on Business I-40, a road which turns into a local gravel road at the state line. This was the original Route 66 alignment between Glenrio and San Jon until 1952, and was paved for many years until Quay County removed the paving due to maintenance costs. Mail was formerly served by a post office on the New Mexico side of the town.

The town consists of the remains of the courtyard motel and related Texas Longhorn Café and Phillips 66 service station, the post office, a few other buildings including the diner and adjacent Texaco service station, the old Route 66 roadbed, and the former roadbed of the Rock Island Railroad, whose tracks were removed in the 1980s. A few homes still exist in Glenrio; the Joseph Brownlee House and an office in the Texas Longhorn Motel were the last to be occupied.

Glenrio Historic District
Glenrio Historic District is a 31.7 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. At the time of the listing, the district included 12 contributing buildings and four other contributing structures.

Glenrio Welcome Center
On June 25, 2008, the State of New Mexico opened the Glenrio Welcome Center on Interstate 40 at the Texas state line. The center includes a pet walk, a livestock corral, wireless Internet access, a movie theater, and information kiosks. Built to accommodate one million visitors per year, it includes green features such as recycling of greywater for grounds irrigation, and a wind turbine to generate 20% of the center's energy.

In cinema
Portions of The Grapes of Wrath (1940) were filmed in Glenrio. An abandoned "Glenn Rio Motel" is depicted in the town of Radiator Springs in 2006's animated film Cars, where the architectural design of Glenrio's Little Juarez Café is used for a vacant, abandoned building, which eventually becomes the Racing Museum. The opening scene from the movie Daylight's End (2018) was filmed in Glenrio.

title: Glenrio, New Mexico and Texas


text: User talk:82.44.169.165

title: User talk:82.44.169.165


text:
Wikipedia:Cinema Collaboration of the Week/Mikio Naruse

Mikio Naruse (1 June, 2005)
Support Comments:
 * 1) Jun-Dai 19:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is important because Mikio Naruse is one of the major figures of Japanese cinema. His role in the development of a national Japanese cinema is on par with the likes of Yasujirō Ozu and Kenji Mizoguchi, as is his role in the development of filmmaking as an investigation of family.  Information on him can be found in the usual places (imdb, google), as well as Senses of Cinema.  Any reference book on film history in general, or on Japanese film in general, is bound to have helpful information (particularly in contextualizing his body of work).  If your curiosity has been piqued, you might be able to hunt down a copy of Audie Bock's Naruse: A Master of the Japanese Cinema (it's out of print).  I confess I have not seen any of his films, but I want to badly.  Criterion is rumored to be putting out a film or more of his in the near future, which will probably generate searches on this (currently non-existent) article. Jun-Dai 19:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
James Braddock

James Braddock may refer to:

 * James J. Braddock (1905–1974), American boxer
 * James Braddock (cricketer) (1852–?), English cricketer
 * Jamie Braddock, fictional character in Marvel Comics
 * Colonel James Braddock, fictional character in the Missing in Action film franchise

title: James Braddock


text:
Jaora

Jaora is a city and a municipality in Ratlam district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Jaora is located in the Malwa region, between Ratlam and Mandsaur. It was the capital of the Jaora princely state of Jaora before Independence. During the Mourning of Muharram, thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of Hussain Tekri. Jains visit Jaora as a place that the Jain ascetic Rajendrasuri practiced tapasya.

Demographics
As of the 2011 India census, Jaora tehsil had a population of 243070. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jaora has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 54%. In Jaora, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Jaora princely state
The state was founded by 'Abdu'l Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Muslim of Afghan descent. He was a cavalry officer serving the Pindari leader Amir Khan. He later served the Holkar Maharaja of Indore, subduing Rajput territories in northern Malwa and annexing their lands. The expansion stopped after he was defeated by Raja Lakshman Singh of Sailana, who made him swear not to trouble the local Rajputs after the victory. The Nawab later swore allegiance to the British to save his newly found state. The Nawabs of Jaora were very loyal to the British and were responsible for destroying many Rebels during the mutiny period. In return for the services, the state was confirmed by the British government in 1818 by the Treaty of Mandsaur.

Places of interest

There are two city parks, Chota Baagh and Bada Baagh. The Hussain Tekri shrine on the edge of the town attracts thousands of visitors every year. Notable temples include 900+ year old Idol of Shree Lakshmikant Bhagwan in Shree Lakshmikant Mandir  (Brahmin Gali), Ambe mata Mandir, Jagnath Mahadev Mandir the 200-year-old Radhakrishna temple, Manchapuran Hanuman temple, Jagnath Mahadev, Bada Mandir (Jain Temple), and Jain Dadawadi (Shree Rajendrasurishwar ji maharasaheb), Rogyadevi mandir, Sujalpur mandir.

Educational institutes
As of the 2011 Census of India, Jaora had 119 primary schools, 38 middle schools, 9 secondary schools and 11 senior secondary schools as well as 2 science colleges and 1 polytechnic college.

Transport
Jaora has a railway station on the Indian Railways network between Ratlam - Ajmer section. From Jaora there are direct trains for Ajmer, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Agra, Kota, Indore, Bhopal, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Mumbai, Vadodara, Ahmedabad.

The Mhow - Neemuch state highway passes through Jaora. Jaora is 38 km from district HQ Ratlam. Buses provide access to the surrounding area.

Nawabs of Jaora

 * 1817-1825 Iftikhar ud-Daula, Nawab Abdul Ghafur'Khan Bahadur, Diler-Jung
 * 1825-1827 Musharraf Begum (f)+ Jahangir Khan -Regent (d. 1827)
 * 1827-1840 Borthwick -Regent
 * 1825-1865 Muhtasim ud-Daula, Nawab Ghaus Muhammad'Khan Bahadur, Shaukat-Jung
 * 1865-1872 Sahibzada Hazrat Nur Khan-Regent
 * 1865-1895 Ihtisham ud-Daula, Nawab Muhammad Ismail'Khan Bahadur, Firoz-Jung
 * 1895-1906 Sahibzada Yar Muhammad Khan -Regent
 * 1895-1947 Fakhr ud-Daula, Nawab Iftikhar Ali'Khan Bahadur, Saulat-Jung
 * 1947-1972 Asif ud-Daula, Nawab Usman Ali'Khan Bahadur, Saulat-Jung. Unmarried

Notable people

 * Kailash Nath Katju - former CM of Madhya Pradesh
 * Laxminarayan Pandey - former Member of parliament Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)

title: Jaora