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John Hay Whitney

John Hay Whitney (August 17, 1904 – February 8, 1982) was U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, publisher of the New York Herald Tribune, and president of the Museum of Modern Art. He was a member of the Whitney family.

Early life
Whitney was born on August 17, 1904, in Ellsworth, Maine, Whitney was a descendant of John Whitney, a Puritan who settled in Massachusetts in 1635, as well as of William Bradford, who came over on the Mayflower. His father was Payne Whitney, and his grandfathers were William C. Whitney and John Hay, both presidential cabinet members. His mother was Helen Hay Whitney.

The Whitneys' family mansion, Payne Whitney House on New York's Fifth Avenue, was around the corner from James B. Duke House, home of the founder of the American Tobacco Co., father of Doris Duke. Whitney's uncle, Oliver Hazard Payne, a business partner of John D. Rockefeller, arranged the funding for Duke to buy out his competitors.

Jock Whitney attended Groton School, then Yale College. He joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter), as his father had. Whitney, his father, grandfather, and great-uncle were oarsmen at Yale, and his father was captain of the crew in 1898. He was a member of Scroll and Key. While at Yale, he inspired the coining of the term "crew cut" for the haircut favored by the rowing crew which still bears the name. After graduating in 1926, Whitney went to Oxford University, but the death of his father on May 25, 1927 necessitated his returning home. He inherited a trust fund of $20 million (approximately $343.9 million in 2023 dollars), and later inherited four times that amount from his mother.

Business career
In 1929, Whitney, despite his vast wealth, was a clerk at the firm of Lee, Higginson & Co where, through his boss, J.T. Claiborne, Jr., he met former Lee, Higginson clerk Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr., who had come to Claiborne for help in his efforts to gain control of Freeport Texas Co. Williams was a scion of a founding investment firm in the sulfur mining company. In 1929, the year after Whitney became one of the wealthiest men in America, through inheritance, Williams enlisted the help of Whitney's boss, who then enlisted Whitney's financial participation, in his efforts to oust founder and Chairman Eric P. Swenson, casting Whitney in the role of corporate raider before the term existed. Whitney was soon Freeport's biggest shareholder, enabling Williams to replace the chairman and his management team. Claiborne was made a vice-president; Williams became Freeport's president in 1933, and Whitney was appointed chairman of the board.

In 1946, Whitney founded J.H. Whitney & Company, the oldest venture capital firm in the U.S., with Benno C. Schmidt, Sr.—who coined the term "venture capital"—with J. T. Claiborne as a partner. Whitney put up $10 million to finance entrepreneurs with business plans who were unwelcome at banks. Companies Whitney invested in included Spencer Chemical and Minute Maid. In 1958, while he was still ambassador to the United Kingdom, his company Whitney Communications Corp. bought the New York Herald Tribune, and was its publisher from 1961 to its closure in 1966. He was chairman of the International Herald Tribune from 1966 until his death. Whitney Communications also owned and operated other newspapers, magazines and broadcasting stations. Whitney's television stations were sold to Dun & Bradstreet in 1969.

Theatre and motion pictures
Whitney invested in several Broadway shows, including Peter Arno's 1931 revue Here Goes the Bride, a failure that cost him $100,000, but was more successful as one of the backers of Life with Father.

An October 1934 Fortune article on the Technicolor Corporation noted Whitney's interest in pictures. He had met Technicolor head Herbert Kalmus at the Saratoga Race Course. In 1932, Technicolor achieved a breakthrough with its three-strip process. Merian C. Cooper of RKO Radio Pictures approached Whitney with the idea of investing in Technicolor. They joined forces and founded Pioneer Pictures in 1933, with a distribution deal with RKO to distribute Pioneer's films. Whitney and his cousin Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney bought a 15% stake in Technicolor.

Whitney was also the major investor in David O. Selznick's production company Selznick International Pictures, putting up $870,000 and serving as chairman of the board. He put up half the money to option Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind for the Selznick film version, in which he then invested, and later in Rebecca (1940).

Military career
Whitney served in the United States Army Air Forces as an intelligence officer during World War II, assigned to the Office of Strategic Services. This is where he met his good friend and former leader of the CIA, Allen Dulles. He was taken prisoner by the Germans in southern France, but escaped when the train transporting him to a POW camp came under Allied fire.

Thoroughbred horse racing
Whitney inherited his family's love of horses, a predilection he shared with his sister, Joan Whitney Payson. Jock and his sister ran Greentree Stables in the U.S., owned by their mother. In 1928, he became the youngest member ever elected to The Jockey Club.

Whitney and his first wife "Liz" raced horses both in the United States and in Europe. He owned Easter Hero, the Jack Anthony trained horse who was the first to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup twice in succession, in 1929 under the mount of Dick Rees and again in 1930, when ridden by Tommy Cullinan. In the 1929 Grand National, his horse twisted a plate and was beaten by a nose at the finish. Although Whitney entered the Grand National annually, he never again came close to winning.

The Whitneys entered four horses in the Kentucky Derby in the 1930s, "Stepenfetchit," which finished 3rd in 1932, "Overtime," which finished 5th in 1933, "Singing Wood," which finished 8th in 1934, and "Heather Broom," which finished 3rd in 1939.

Jock Whitney was also an outstanding polo player, with a four-goal handicap, and it was as a sportsman that he made the cover of the March 27, 1933, issue of Time magazine.

In 2015, Whitney was posthumously inducted to the National Museum of Racing's Hall of Fame as Pillar of the Turf.

Political life
Whitney was the major backer of Dwight D. Eisenhower and a member of the New York Young Republican Club. Eisenhower appointed him United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, a post held sixty years earlier by Whitney's grandfather John Hay. Whitney played a major role in improving Anglo-American relations, which had been severely strained during the 1956 Suez Crisis, when Eisenhower demanded that the British, French and Israelis terminate their invasion of Egypt.

Personal life
In 1930, Whitney purchased the Llangollen estate as a bridal gift for his fiancée, the Pennsylvania socialite Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Altemus. It was a 2200 acre historic equestrian farm just outside Middleburg, Virginia. They were married on September 23, 1931. Although married to Altemus, Whitney was romantically linked to Tallulah Bankhead, Joan Bennett, Paulette Goddard and Joan Crawford. Clark Gable and Carole Lombard met at one of Whitney's parties. In the early 1930s, Jock Whitney began an affair with Nina Gore Vidal; simultaneously, his wife had an affair with Nina Vidal's husband Eugene Vidal. The couple divorced in 1940, but Liz Whitney remained at Llangollen for the rest of her life, becoming an internationally renowned horse breeder and a member of the Virginia Thoroughbred Association Hall of Fame.

On March 1, 1942, he married Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, ex-wife of James Roosevelt, son of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and adopted her two daughters:
 * Kate Roosevelt Whitney
 * Sara Roosevelt Whitney (born March 13, 1932)

Whitney met Fred Astaire in New York City while the former was a student at Yale University and they became lifelong friends, sharing a passion for horse racing. Whitney became a major investor in two of Astaire's Broadway stage vehicles, The Band Wagon (1930) and Gay Divorce (1932), and played a crucial role in securing for Astaire a contract with RKO Pictures in 1933, using his contacts with Merian C. Cooper; both men were board members of Pan American Airways whose planes were prominently featured in Astaire's breakthrough film with Ginger Rogers: Flying Down to Rio (1933).

During the 1970s, Whitney was listed as one of the ten wealthiest men in the world. The residences at his disposal over the years included an estate on Long Island; an Atlantic Beach, NY beach house; Greenwood Plantation in Georgia; a townhouse and an elegant apartment in Manhattan; a large summer house on Fishers Island, near New London, Connecticut; a 12-room house in Saratoga Springs, which the Whitneys used when they attended horse races; a golfing cottage in Augusta, Georgia, where he was a member of the Augusta National Golf Club; and a spacious house Cherry Hill in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, near the Ascot Racecourse. Mr. Whitney also owned an estate in Aiken, South Carolina, which he considered his "retirement" home and where he hoped to spend his final days.

Whitney died on February 8, 1982, at North Shore Hospital, Manhasset, Long Island, after a long illness.

Philanthropy
Payne Whitney made substantial gifts to Yale, to the New York Presbyterian Hospital, and the New York Public Library. After his father's death, the family built the Payne Whitney Gymnasium at Yale in his honor. The family also financed Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic at New York Presbyterian Hospital in 1932.

Whitney created the John Hay Whitney Foundation for educational projects in 1946. The foundation provided fellowships to the racially and culturally deprived. He became a major contributor to Yale University, where he served as a Fellow of the corporation.

In 1951, he and his wife Betsey Cushing Whitney donated land from their "Greentree" estate in Manhasset, New York toward the building of North Shore Hospital. Currently called North Shore University Hospital, it is the flagship hospital of the 3rd largest not-for-profit secular healthcare system in the United States, the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System.

In 1953, Whitney received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

In the late 1960s/early 1970's John Hay Whitney donated two small parcels of land in Manhasset to the County of Nassau and to the Manhasset-Lakeville Volunteer Fire Department. The Nassau County parcel was the new home for the 6th Police Precinct of the Nassau County Police, located at the S/E intersection of Community Drive and East Community Drive. Just east of the 6th pct, at 2 E Community Dr., the M-LFD parcel was the new home of Fire Company #2 of the M-LFD, where John Hay Whitney was voted in by the membership of Company number two as an Honorary Member of the company.

Museum of Modern Art
In 1930 Whitney was elected to the board of trustees of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and named President of the MoMA Film Library in 1935. In 1941 he succeeded Nelson A. Rockefeller as President of MoMA. In 1946 he succeeded Stephen C. Clark as chairman of the board of trustees

Art collection
When Whitney moved to England as United States ambassador, he took a number of his favourite artworks with him to enjoy during his posting. Before his return to the US, he agreed for the first time to loan part of his collection for the public to see. He provided the Tate Gallery with 56 paintings from the collection in England and specially brought in a further 11 paintings from the US. The exhibition, the John Hay Whitney Collection, ran from 16 December 1960 to 29 January 1961

In 1983 the National Gallery of Art, Washington held an exhibition of the John Hay Whitney Collection with paintings loaned by Whitney's wife, The Museum of Modern Art and Yale University Art Gallery

Among the paintings in his collection, Jock Whitney's prized possession was the Bal au moulin de la Galette painted in 1876 by the French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. In 1990, his widow put the painting up for auction with Sotheby's, New York and it sold for US$78 million to Japanese businessman Ryoei Saito.

Whitney's widow donated a number of paintings from his collection to the Greentree Foundation. One of those paintings by Pablo Picasso, Garçon à la pipe was auctioned by Sotheby's in May 2004 for $104 million

The following works have been publicly exhibited or sold from the former collection of John Hay Whitney.

 * Albert Marquet, The Beach at Trouville
 * Alfred de Dreux, Cheval Blanc Effraye Par L'orage
 * Alfred de Dreux, Moorish Groom
 * André Derain, Charing Cross Bridge
 * André Derain, Collioure Landscape
 * Balthus (Balthasar Klossowski): Le Salon
 * Bazille, Jean-Frédéric: Pots De Fleurs
 * Bernard Perlin, Vacant Lots
 * Berthe Morisot, Hide and Seek (Cache-Cache)
 * Camille Pissarro, Jeanne with Flowers
 * Camille Pissarro, Pommes En Fleurs, Temps Gris, Eragny
 * Claude Monet, Bateaux Sur Le Galet
 * Claude Monet, Camille on the Beach
 * Edgar Degas, Avant la Course
 * Edgar Degas, Cheval de Selle
 * Edgar Degas, Chevaux de Course
 * Edgar Degas, La Promenade Des Chevaux
 * Edgar Degas, Le faux Depart
 * Edgar Degas, Le faux Depart (drawing)
 * Edgar Degas, Self Portrait
 * Édouard Manet, Les Courses au Bois de Bologne
 * Édouard Manet, Woman in a Decollete Gown
 * Édouard Vuillard, An Artist
 * Édouard Vuillard, Demoiselle en Rouge
 * Édouard Vuillard, Embroiders near a Window (Tapestry)
 * Édouard Vuillard, La Mère De Vuillard En Profil
 * Édouard Vuillard, Portrait of the Artist's Mother
 * Edward Hopper, Cape Cod Evening
 * Eugène Boudin, Hollyhocks
 * Eugène Boudin, Roses
 * George Bellows, Club Night
 * George Bellows, Crowd at Polo
 * George Bellows, Introducing John L. Sullivan
 * Georges Braque, Bouteiile et Verre
 * Georges Braque, Les Cabines
 * Georges Braque, The Port of La Ciotat
 * Georges Seurat, Grandcamp, Evening
 * Georges Seurat, The Island of La Grande Jatte
 * Gustave Courbet, The Hound
 * Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Marcelle Lender Dancing the Bolero in "Chilperic"
 * Henri Fantin-Latour, Roses
 * Henri Fantin-Latour, Vase of Flowers
 * Henri Matisse, Luxe, Calme et Volupte
 * Henri Matisse, Nature Morte au Purro II
 * Henri Matisse, Open Window, Collioure
 * Henri Rousseau, L'Heureux Quatuor (the Happy Quartet)
 * Henri Rousseau, Tropical Forest with Monkeys
 * Henri-Edmond Cross, Coast near Antibes
 * Henri-Edmond Cross, The Grape Harvest
 * Honoré Daumier, Joueurs Des Cartes
 * James McNeill Whistler, Wapping on Thames
 * Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Chaumieres Et Moulins Au Bord D'un Torrent (Morvan Ou Auvergne)
 * Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Still Life
 * John Constable, View of the back of a terrace of houses at Hampstead, with an elder tree
 * John Singer Sargent, Robert Louis Stevenson
 * John Singer Sargent, Venetian Courtyard
 * Kees van Dongen, Saida
 * Maurice de Vlaminck, Tugboat on the Seine, Chatou
 * Maurice Utrillo, The Rue des Abbesses, Montmartre
 * Odilon Redon, Fleurs Dans Un Vase Vert
 * Pablo Picasso, Ace of Clubs
 * Pablo Picasso, Garçon à la pipe Le jeune Apprenti
 * Pablo Picasso, Head of a Sleeping Woman
 * Pablo Picasso, Homme assis (seated man)
 * Pablo Picasso, Plant de Tomate
 * Pablo Picasso, Self Portrait
 * Pablo Picasso, Still Life (Le Journal)
 * Pablo Picasso, Still Life with a Bottle of Maraschino
 * Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Fruit and Glass
 * Pablo Picasso, Still Life with vase, Gourd and Fruit
 * Paul Cézanne, Route Tournante a Montgeroult
 * Paul Cézanne, Still Life With Curtain, Pitcher and Bowl of Fruit
 * Paul Gauguin, Parau-Parau
 * Paul Signac, Collioure Le Mohamed-El-Sadok
 * Paul Signac, Fishing Boats in the Sunset
 * Paul Signac, The Yawl
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Foret de Marly
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Yole
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Liseuse
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette
 * Raoul Dufy, Beach at Saint-Adresse
 * Raoul Dufy, Fete a Sainte-Adresse
 * Raoul Dufy, Jockeys et Turfistes À Epsom
 * Raoul Dufy, Sailboats at Le Havre
 * Roger de La Fresnaye, Still Life, Coffee, Pot and Melon
 * Rufino Tamayo, Women
 * Sir Alfred Munnings, Before the Start
 * Sir Alfred Munnings, Leaving The Paddock At Epsom Downs
 * Sir Alfred Munnings, The Red Prince Mare
 * Sir Alfred Munnings, The Winner
 * Sir John Lavery, Weighing in at Sandown Park
 * Théo van Rysselberghe, Port Cette
 * Théodore Géricault, Cheval de Napoleon
 * Théodore Géricault, Officier de Cavalerie à Cheval
 * Théodore Rousseau, The Isle of Capri
 * Thomas Eakins, Baby at Play
 * Thomas Eakins, The Oarsmen
 * Vincent van Gogh, Les Oliviers, St Remy
 * Vincent van Gogh, Self Portrait
 * William Blake, The Good and Evil Angels Struggling For Possession of a Child
 * Winslow Homer, Woodshopper in the Adirondacks
 * Fosburgh, Daisies

Sources: John Hay Whitney Collection (Catalogue), Tate Gallery, 1960, John Hay Whitney Collection (Catalogue), National Gallery of Art, 1983, Sotheby's Catalogue, auction 10 May 1999, Sotheby's Catalogue, auction 5 May 2004

Anecdotes
Whitney gave Fred Astaire a pair of big-wheel roller skates as a present. A few years later roller skating was one of his most important dance numbers on film.

Whitney and Jimmy Altemus provided the lyrics for a sing composed by Fred Astaire, "Tappin' the Time."

President Dwight D. Eisenhower took pains to transmit to Ambassador Whitney in London, by telegram, the first round golf scores of the Masters Tournament at the Augusta National Golf Club on 5 April 1957.

Ambassador Whitney had a very demanding and exhausting schedule but was not fazed by it. After having been to three or four receptions one day, his wife was not surprised to find their chauffeur, groggy from his rounds, dozing on the back seat of their limousine and the Ambassador driving the car.

Whitney: "I have just had a heart attack and am on a very strict diet. However if you will twist my arm a little, I will probably give in and we will consume a number of very large dry martinis"

William S. Paley (the legendary founder of CBS), who was Whitney's brother in law, had a gentle rivalry with Whitney. Once while watching television with Whitney at Greentree, Paley wanted to change the channel. 'Where's your clicker?' Paley asked, figuring Jock would have a remote-control switch at his fingertips. Jock calmly pressed a buzzer, and his butler walked up to the TV set to make the switch.

The White House Is Nice, But It's No Greentree! E. J. Kahn, Mr. Whitney's biographer, reported that one of his daughters, Kate, once took her own children on a tour of the White House. Mr. Kahn wrote, ''After inspecting it, they pronounced it nice enough but hardly on a par with Greentree. [Greentree was the more prestigious of his Long Island residences']''

title: John Hay Whitney


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Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/June 9, 2005

I've requested that Mumbai appear on this date as it is the official date that the monsoons hit the city. = Nichalp ( Talk )= 10:31, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Raul = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 07:41, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. →Raul654 18:49, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

The libnk to Borivali National Park should be changed to Sanjay Gandhi National Park. Dralwik 00:56, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please the image. Thanks. -- 199.71.174.100 02:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) It was indeed. I may have a cache problem... -- 199.71.174.100 23:08, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Opus Dei and Catholic Church leaders

Opus Dei and Catholic Church Leaders discusses the comments and observations of popes, cardinals, and other leaders of the Catholic Church as regards the Personal Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei.

Opus Dei and the popes
Pope John XXIII lauded Opus Dei and said on 5 March 1960 that it opens up "unsuspected horizons of apostolate," while Paul VI said that the Work is "an expression of the perennial youth of the Church, fully open to the exigencies of a modern apostolate." (Handwritten letter to Msgr. Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, 1 October 1964)

Before the start of his brief papacy, John Paul I said that Escrivá's teachings are "radical; he goes as far as talking about "materializing" --in a good sense-- the quest for holiness. For him, it is the material work itself which must be turned into prayer and sanctity."

John Paul II stated “[Opus Dei] has as its aim the sanctification of one’s life, while remaining within the world at one’s place of work and profession: to live the Gospel in the world, while living immersed in the world, but in order to transform it, and to redeem it with one’s personal love for Christ. This is truly a great ideal, which right from the beginning has anticipated the theology of the lay state, which is a characteristic mark of the Church of the Council and after the Council.” L’Osservatore Romano, August 27, 1979. He established Opus Dei as a Personal Prelature in 1982 and the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in 1990, and canonized its founder in 2002. He also said upon creating Opus Dei as a personal prelature, “With very great hope, the Church directs its attention and maternal care to Opus Dei, which -- by divine inspiration --the Servant of God Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer founded in Madrid on October 2, 1928, so that it may always be an apt and effective instrument of the salvific mission which the Church carries out for the life of the world. From its beginnings, this Institution has in fact striven, not only to illuminate with new lights the mission of the laity in the Church and in society, but also to put it into practice.” Ut Sit, November 1982 (the apostolic constitution by which Opus Dei was made a personal prelature of the Catholic Church in accord with Code of Canon Law sections 294-97).

In the "Address to Theological Study Convention on the Teaching of Blessed Josemaria Escriva," October 14, 1993, John Paul II stated: "In the 65 years since its foundation, the Prelature of Opus Dei, an indissoluble unity of priests and lay people, has contributed to making Christ's saving message resound in many walks of life. As Pastor of the universal Church, echoes of this apostolate reach me. I encourage all the members of the Prelature of Opus Dei to persevere in this work, in faithful continuity with the spirit of service to the Church which always inspired the life of your founder."

Benedict XVI, three years before becoming Pope, said "the theocentrism of Escrivá...means this confidence in the fact that God is working now and we ought only to put ourselves at his disposal...This, for me, is a message of greatest importance. It is a message that leads to overcoming what could be considered the great temptation of our times: the pretense that after the 'big bang' God retired from history."

Catholic faith and Opus Dei teachings
John Paul II said Opus Dei "anticipated the theology of the lay state, which is a characteristic mark of the Church of the Council and after the Council." The Catholic Church's Second Vatican Council states:
 * "All the faithful, whatever their condition or state, are called by the Lord, each in his own way, to that perfect holiness whereby the Father Himself is perfect (Mt 5:48)." "It belongs to the laity to seek the kingdom of God by engaging in the affairs of the world and directing them according to God's will."

With Escriva's teaching that God comes close to us and we can cooperate with his plan of salvation, John Paul II said that "it is easier to understand what the Second Vatican Council affirmed: 'there is no question, then, of the Christian message inhibiting men from building up the world ... on the contrary it is an incentive to do these very things' (Vatican II, Gaudium et spes, n. 34)."

The biblical concept that everyone is called to sanctity was already enunciated by Augustine of Hippo, Francis of Sales, and Alphonsus Liguori, but their emphasis was on prayer and liturgical devotions, basically monastic spirituality applied to lay people. "Escrivá is more radical," writes Cardinal Luciani (1977), who later became John Paul I. "For him, it is the material work itself which must be turned into prayer and sanctity," thus providing a lay spirituality for lay people to attain holiness. Thus, Sebastiano Baggio, Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, states that Escrivá is a "turning point in the history of Christian spirituality. "The "absolute novelty" of Opus Dei, says Cardinal Franz König (1975), the perceived leader of the "progressivists" in Vatican II, lies in teaching that the two separated worlds of religious life and professional life "should in fact walk together." On a deeper level, the "great originality" of Opus Dei's message, states José Saraiva Martins (2002), is based on the teaching that all of creation has been sanctified by the God-become-flesh: movies, boardrooms, gardens, sports can and should lead to God. In this Christian materialism, as Escrivá calls it, Christians leading an integral life of prayer and mortification are called to "passionately love the world" and to overcome the "enemies of sanctity": greed, lust and egoism.

In the work of spreading a message that to many seems new, Opus Dei faced challenges, misunderstandings and controversies, leading some Catholic leaders like Cardinal John Carmel Heenan to see Opus Dei as a sign of contradiction, a "sign that is spoken against" (Lk 2:34).

In the 1940s, some Jesuits led by Fr. Ángel Carrillo de Albornoz, who later left the Society of Jesus, denounced Opus Dei's teachings as "a new heresy." It is not orthodox, they said, to teach that the laity can be holy without public vows and distinctive clothing. Also, these critics were concerned that Opus Dei would take away vocations from the religious orders.

Based on reports from Spain, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Fr. Wlodimir Ledóchowski (1866–1942), told the Vatican he considered Opus Dei "very dangerous for the Church in Spain." He described it as having a "secretive character" and saw "signs in it of a covert inclination to dominate the world with a form of Christian Masonry." This attack against Opus Dei from within well-regarded ecclesiastical circles ("the opposition by good people," Escrivá called it), which happened time and again in its history, is considered the root of present-day accusations coming from the most varied quarters. This is the conclusion of a number of writers, including John L. Allen Jr., a Catholic American journalist, in his work Opus Dei: an Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church (2005).

Some time after the end of the Second Vatican Council, Opus Dei critics started stating that it has an ultraconservative and reactionary vision of the Roman Catholic faith. In contrast, Messori and Allen state that the Opus Dei prelature does not have any doctrine other than what the Catholic Church teaches. Catholic thinkers such as George Weigel say the use of conservative, a political category, on religious, moral, or intellectual matters is "implausible and distorting." These should be categorised, they say, as either faithful or heretical, good or evil, true or false. The "handing on" (traditio) of "living faith," writes Weigel, has the "capacity to inspire innovative thinking." Opus Dei is the perfect storm, says Allen: It has become the center of the debate in the post-Vatican II polarization in Catholic politics.

The late Hans Urs von Balthasar, considered one of the greatest theologians of the 20th century, discussed Opus Dei in an article entitled "Fundamentalism," describing it as "a concentration of fundamentalist power in the Church." (article in Wort und Wahrheit, 1963). He based his negative views on his reading of some points of Escriva's main book, The Way, which von Balthasar did not consider of sufficient spiritual depth for its worldwide goals. On the other hand, V. Messori, who studied the von Balthasar issue, says that the theologian later retracted his views after more in-depth study and after meeting members of Opus Dei. He even defended Opus Dei against attacks.

title: Opus Dei and Catholic Church leaders


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List of busiest airports by passenger traffic

The world's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by total passengers provided by the Airports Council International, defined as passengers enplaned plus passengers deplaned plus direct-transit passengers. The world's busiest airport is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, which has been the world's busiest airport every year since 1998 with the exception of 2020, when its passenger traffic dipped for a year due to travel restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Atlanta regained the top position in 2021, and has held it since. Alternatively, London has the world's busiest city airport system by passenger count.

As of 2023, the United States has the most airports in the top 50 list, with 16, including five of the top 10. Four other countries have at least two airports in the top 50: China has 10, and India, Spain, and the United Kingdom each have two. In terms of regions, North America has 18 airports in the top 50, followed by East Asia with 12, Europe with eight, Southeast Asia with six, West Asia with three, South Asia with two, and South America has one.

2023 statistics
Source: 2023 report from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

2022 statistics
Source: 2022 report from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

2021 statistics
Source: 2021 report from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

2020 statistics
Source: 2020 report from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

2019 statistics
Figures as reported by airports are as follows:

2018 statistics
Figures as reported by airports are as follows:

2017 statistics
Airports Council International's full-year figures are as follows:

2016 statistics
Airports Council International's full-year figures are as follows:


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Fiorite

Fiorite is a hydrated silica mineraloid, a form of opal, found in cavities in volcanic tuff. It is a globular, botryoidal, or stalactic concretionary form of opal. The mineraloid has a pearly lustre and forms botryoidal masses. Named after Santa Fiora, Italy, fiorite is used as a gemstone.

title: Fiorite


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Jonas Danilssønn Ramus

Jonas Danilssønn Ramus (27 September 1649 − 16 May 1718) was a Norwegian priest, author and historian. He is principally known as an author of religious and historical writings.

Background
Ramus was born at Aukra in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. His parents were parish priest Danil Johnsen Ramus (d. 1654) and Anna Christensdatter Bernhoft (1624–1705). Ramus belonged a family of clerics, with the father, grandfather, stepfather and two brothers, clerics and scholars in various positions. He lost his father early, but her stepfather, Hans Olsen Brejer, took responsibility for his basic education. After studies at the Trondheim Cathedral School, in 1665 he was discharged to the University of Copenhagen with two of his brothers. For the next 15 years, he is believed to have continued studying in Copenhagen.

Career
In the 1680s Ramus became personnel chaplain in Sørum Church (Sørum kirke) in Romerike under the priest Colbjørn Torstensen Arneberg. From 1690 Ramus was senior priest of Norderhov Church (Norderhov kirke) at Ringerike in Buskerud. Ramus became a magistrate in 1698.

In 1680, he published his first book, Naadens aandelige Markets-Tiid. It quickly became popular and was issued in both Swedish and Danish editions. Ramus also wrote about the famous Maelstrom at Moskenstraumen. His work was read by Edgar Allan Poe and featured in his short story  A Descent into the Maelström (1841).

Perhaps his best known book was Norges Beskrivelse which contains a poem about a feral child, Jostedalsrypa. She was the only survivor of  the Black Death in the remote valley of  Jostedal after of the Black Death (Svartedauden).

Anna Colbjørnsdatter
In 1682, he married Anna Colbjørnsdatter (ca. 1667- 1736), the daughter of pastor Colbjørn Torstensen Arneberg (1628–1720) in Sørum. They had five children: Ole (1683-1714), Daniel (1684-1727), Johanna (1685-1717), Christian (1686-1714) and Anna Sophie (1687-1722), all of whom were born in Sørum. Their son, Daniel Ramus followed his father as a priest in Norderhov from 1717, when his father was sick. Ramus died in 1718 at Norderhov.

Anna Colbjørnsdatter became known for her role in the skirmish at Norderhov (Slaget på Norderhov) between Norwegian-Danish and Swedish forces on 29 March 1716. She and her family were residing in the Norderhov Rectory in Ringerike. Reportedly she alerted the Norwegians to the presence of the troops of King Charles XII of Sweden in the church yard at Norderhov, where they had taken shelter in and around the rectory. The event itself was first published by Peter Andreas Munch in his book, Norges, Sveriges og Danmarks Historie til Skolebrug (1838).

Her half-brothers, Hans Colbjørnsen (1675-1754) and Peder Colbjørnsen (1683–1738), were successful timber merchants in Fredrikshald. Both were active in leading the civilian resistance to the Swedish attacks of Fredrikshald during 1716 and 1718.

Selected works

 * Naadens aandelige Markets-Tiid (1680)
 * Noris Regum (1698)
 * Guds Rige blandt Verdens Riger (1702)
 * Ulysses & Outinus unus & idem (1714)
 * Norges Beskrivelse (1715)
 * Norriges Kongers Historie (1719)

Other sources

 * Bang, A. B. Jonas Ramus og Anna Colbjørnsdatter (Ringerike: 1966–67)

title: Jonas Danilssønn Ramus


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User:Hsan~enwiki

I don't know how to say when I saw this webpage. I fall in love with it. Thanks for all people who provided this.

title: User:Hsan~enwiki


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No Limits (British TV series)

No Limits is a television programme, shown on BBC2 over four series between 1985 and 1987. The idea was created by Jonathan King for Channel 4 as a way to introduce new presenters and was featured in his newspaper column of the time in The Sun to seek applicants. He then moved the project, before it began, to BBC2 which was broadcasting his Entertainment USA series. It was broadcast in an early-evening slot on Tuesdays at 6pm. The show's logo was a roadsign with a red ring and a black dash.

The show was presented in its first series by Jeremy Legg and Lisa Maxwell, and for the remaining three series by Tony Baker and Jenny Powell. The presenters regularly took part in stunts such as jetbiking.

In its final series, in addition to Baker and Powell, presenters were chosen from around the country to represent different regions. Terry Vaughan and Linda Huntley represented the Southeast region.

Overview
Each week the show was set in a different town or location, and, as well as pop videos, had its own specially made videos about that location and some things about which the place was famous. Each music track ran for 90 seconds so as to appeal to viewers who liked them without alienating those who didn't. It exposed and helped break many unknown songs. The theme tune was Sex Appeal by Jonathan King. The show included both UK and US chart countdowns. At its peak, the series was the top-rated show on BBC2 and had up to six million weekly viewers.

title: No Limits (British TV series)


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USS Conemaugh (1862)

USS Conemaugh was a side-wheel steamer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. With her large crew of 125 and her powerful guns, she was assigned as a gunboat on the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America.

Launched in Maine in 1862
Originally named Cinemaugh, she was renamed on 24 December 1861, launched on 1 May 1862 by Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine; and commissioned on 16 July 1862, Lieutenant Reed Werden in command.

Assigned to the South Atlantic blockade
Conemaugh sailed from Portsmouth on 19 July 1862, and arrived at Port Royal, South Carolina on 30 July to join the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She patrolled and served as a picket frequently engaging Confederate batteries and detachments of troops along stream banks. Among such exchanges were those with the Cat Island battery on 5 March, 13 April and 23 May 1863 and Fort Wagner on 11 July-12 July. Conemaugh entered Philadelphia Navy Yard on 19 September and was placed out of commission four days later for overhaul.

Assigned to the West Gulf blockade
Clearing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 24 January 1864, Conemaugh arrived at Key West on 1 February for duty with the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. She carried stores and ordnance to the ships off Mobile, Alabama. She captured the blockade runner Judson on 30 April and sent her into Ship Island with her valuable cargo of cotton and turpentine.

With Admiral David Farragut's fleet, Conemaugh landed troops on Dauphin Island on 3 August and participated in the celebrated Battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August. She sailed from Key West on 5 November for overhaul at Philadelphia.

Reassigned to the South Atlantic blockade
From 20 May-22 November 1865, Conemaugh cruised the coast of North and South Carolina with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She lay at Norfolk, Virginia from 25 November 1865 – 27 May 1866, then was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron.

Post-war decommissioning
Conemaugh cruised on the coast of the Carolinas and Florida until 23 July 1867, when she put into New York Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 27 July and sold on 1 October.

title: USS Conemaugh (1862)


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File:The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical).jpg

The The Phantom of the Opera logo.

Fair Use Summaries

 * Fair use rationale for use of image in The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical):

The use of the image in the article on The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical) qualifies under the "Fair Use" doctrine because:

 * It is a low resolution image;
 * Its use does not interfere with or limit the copyright owner's advertising/marketing opportunities or profits;
 * Its use is significant to an understanding of this article, which is an article about the show advertised in the logo;
 * There is no equivalent free image available to replace this image.


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QCD vacuum

The QCD vacuum is the quantum vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non-perturbative vacuum state, characterized by non-vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate and the quark condensate in the complete theory which includes quarks. The presence of these condensates characterizes the confined phase of quark matter.

Symmetries of the QCD Lagrangian
Like any relativistic quantum field theory, QCD enjoys Poincaré symmetry including the discrete symmetries CPT (each of which is realized). Apart from these space-time symmetries, it also has internal symmetries. Since QCD is an SU(3) gauge theory, it has local SU(3) gauge symmetry.

Since it has many flavours of quarks, it has approximate flavour and chiral symmetry. This approximation is said to involve the chiral limit of QCD. Of these chiral symmetries, the baryon number symmetry is exact. Some of the broken symmetries include the axial U(1) symmetry of the flavour group. This is broken by the chiral anomaly. The presence of instantons implied by this anomaly also breaks CP symmetry.

In summary, the QCD Lagrangian has the following symmetries:
 * Poincaré symmetry and CPT invariance
 * SU(3) local gauge symmetry
 * approximate global SU($N_{f}$) × SU($N_{f}$) flavour chiral symmetry and the U(1) baryon number symmetry

The following classical symmetries are broken in the QCD Lagrangian:
 * scale, i.e., conformal symmetry (through the scale anomaly), giving rise to asymptotic freedom
 * the axial part of the U(1) flavour chiral symmetry (through the chiral anomaly), giving rise to the strong CP problem.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking
When the Hamiltonian of a system (or the Lagrangian) has a certain symmetry, but the vacuum does not, then one says that spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) has taken place.

A familiar example of SSB is in ferromagnetic materials. Microscopically, the material consists of atoms with a non-vanishing spin, each of which acts like a tiny bar magnet, i.e., a magnetic dipole. The Hamiltonian of the material, describing the interaction of neighbouring dipoles, is invariant under rotations. At high temperature, there is no magnetization of a large sample of the material. Then one says that the symmetry of the Hamiltonian is realized by the system. However, at low temperature, there could be an overall magnetization. This magnetization has a preferred direction, since one can tell the north magnetic pole of the sample from the south magnetic pole. In this case, there is spontaneous symmetry breaking of the rotational symmetry of the Hamiltonian.

When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, massless bosons appear, corresponding to the remaining symmetry. This is called the Goldstone phenomenon and the bosons are called Goldstone bosons.

Symmetries of the QCD vacuum
The SU($N_{f}$) × SU($N_{f}$) chiral flavour symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian is broken in the vacuum state of the theory. The symmetry of the vacuum state is the diagonal SU($N_{f}$) part of the chiral group. The diagnostic for this is the formation of a non-vanishing chiral condensate $⟨\overline{ψ_{i}}ψ_{i}⟩$, where $ψ_{i}$ is the quark field operator, and the flavour index $i$ is summed. The Goldstone bosons of the symmetry breaking are the pseudoscalar mesons.

When $N_{f} = 2$, i.e., only the up and down quarks are treated as massless, the three pions are the Goldstone bosons. When the strange quark is also treated as massless, i.e., $N_{f} = 3$, all eight pseudoscalar mesons of the quark model become Goldstone bosons. The actual masses of these mesons are obtained in chiral perturbation theory through an expansion in the (small) actual masses of the quarks.

In other phases of quark matter the full chiral flavour symmetry may be recovered, or broken in completely different ways.

Experimental evidence
The evidence for QCD condensates comes from two eras, the pre-QCD era 1950–1973 and the post-QCD era, after 1974. The pre-QCD results established that the strong interactions vacuum contains a quark chiral condensate, while the post-QCD results established that the vacuum also contains a gluon condensate.

Gradient coupling
In the 1950s, there were many attempts to produce a field theory to describe the interactions of pions ($$\pi$$) and nucleons ($$N$$). The obvious renormalizable interaction between the two objects is the Yukawa coupling to a pseudoscalar:

 * $$L_I= \bar{N}\gamma_5 \pi N$$

And this is theoretically correct, since it is leading order and it takes all the symmetries into account. But it doesn't match experiment in isolation. When the nonrelativistic limit of this coupling is taken, the gradient-coupling model is obtained. To lowest order, the nonrelativistic pion field interacts by derivatives. This is not obvious in the relativistic form. A gradient interaction has a very different dependence on the energy of the pion—it vanishes at zero momentum. This type of coupling means that a coherent state of low momentum pions barely interacts at all. This is a manifestation of an approximate symmetry, a shift symmetry of the pion field. The replacement
 * $$\pi \rightarrow \pi+C$$

leaves the gradient coupling alone, but not the pseudoscalar coupling, at least not by itself. The way nature fixes this in the pseudoscalar model is by simultaneous rotation of the proton-neutron and shift of the pion field. This, when the proper axial SU(2) symmetry is included, is the Gell-Mann Levy σ-model, discussed below.

The modern explanation for the shift symmetry is now understood to be the Nambu-Goldstone non-linear symmetry realization mode, due to Yoichiro Nambu and Jeffrey Goldstone. The pion field is a Goldstone boson, while the shift symmetry is a manifestation of a degenerate vacuum.

Goldberger–Treiman relation
There is a surprising  relationship between the strong interaction coupling of the pions to the nucleons, the coefficient  in the nucleon-pion-gradient coupling model, and the axial vector current coefficient of the nucleon, which determines the weak decay rate of the neutron. The relation is
 * $$g_{\pi NN} F_\pi = G_A M_N $$

and it is obeyed to 2.5% accuracy.

The constant $G_{A}$ is the coefficient that determines the neutron decay rate: It gives the normalization of the weak interaction matrix elements for the nucleon. On the other hand, the pion-nucleon coupling is a phenomenological constant describing the (strong) scattering of bound states of quarks and gluons. The weak interactions are current-current interactions ultimately because they come from a non-Abelian gauge theory. The Goldberger–Treiman relation suggests that the pions, by dint of chiral symmetry breaking,  interact as surrogates of sorts of the axial weak  currents.

Partially conserved axial current
The structure which gives rise to the Goldberger–Treiman relation was called the partially conserved axial current (PCAC) hypothesis, spelled out in the pioneering σ-model paper. Partially conserved describes the modification of a spontaneously-broken symmetry current by an explicit breaking correction preventing its conservation. The axial current in question is also often called the chiral symmetry current.

The basic idea of SSB is that the symmetry current which performs axial rotations on the fundamental fields does not preserve the vacuum: This means that the current $J$ applied to the vacuum produces particles. The particles must be spinless, otherwise the vacuum wouldn't be Lorentz invariant. By index matching, the matrix element must be
 * $$J_\mu |0\rangle = k_\mu |\pi\rangle \,,$$

where $k_{μ}$ is the momentum carried by the created pion.

When the divergence of the axial current operator is zero, we must have
 * $$\partial_\mu J^\mu |0\rangle = k^\mu k_\mu |\pi\rangle  = m_\pi^2|\pi\rangle = 0\,.$$

Hence these pions are massless, $m2 π = 0$, in accordance with Goldstone's theorem.

If the scattering matrix element is considered, we have
 * $$k_\mu \langle N(p) |\pi(k)| N(p') \rangle = \langle N(p) | J_\mu |N(p')\rangle \,.$$

Up to a momentum factor, which is the gradient in the coupling, it takes the same form as the axial current turning a neutron into a proton in the current-current form of the weak interaction.
 * $$\langle N |J^\mu |N\rangle \langle e| J_\mu |\nu\rangle~. $$

But if a small explicit breaking of the chiral symmetry (due to quark masses) is introduced, as in real life, the above divergence does not vanish, and the right hand side involves the mass of the pion, now a Pseudo-Goldstone boson.

Soft pion emission
Extensions of the PCAC ideas allowed Steven Weinberg to calculate the amplitudes for collisions which emit low energy pions from the amplitude for the same process with no pions. The amplitudes are those given by acting with symmetry currents on the external particles of the collision.

These successes established the basic properties of the strong interaction vacuum well before QCD.

Pseudo-Goldstone bosons
Experimentally it is seen that the masses of the octet of pseudoscalar mesons is very much lighter than the next lightest states; i.e., the octet of vector mesons (such as the rho meson). The most convincing evidence for SSB of the chiral flavour symmetry of QCD is the appearance of these pseudo-Goldstone bosons. These would have been strictly massless in the chiral limit. There is convincing demonstration that the observed masses are compatible with chiral perturbation theory. The internal consistency of this argument is further checked by lattice QCD computations which allow one to vary the quark mass and check that the variation of the pseudoscalar masses with the quark mass is as required by chiral perturbation theory.

Eta prime meson
This pattern of SSB solves one of the earlier "mysteries" of the quark model, where all the pseudoscalar mesons should have been of nearly the same mass. Since $N_{f} = 3$, there should have been nine of these. However, one (the SU(3) singlet η′ meson) has quite a larger mass than the SU(3) octet. In the quark model, this has no natural explanation – a mystery named the η−η′ mass splitting (the η is one member of the octet, which should have been degenerate in mass with the η′).

In QCD, one realizes that the η′ is associated with the axial UA(1) which is explicitly broken through the chiral anomaly, and thus its mass is not "protected" to be small, like that of the η. The η–η′ mass splitting can be explained through the 't Hooft instanton mechanism, whose $1⁄N$ realization is also known as Witten–Veneziano mechanism.

Current algebra and QCD sum rules
PCAC and current algebra also provide evidence for this pattern of SSB. Direct estimates of the chiral condensate also come from such analysis.

Another method of analysis of correlation functions in QCD is through an operator product expansion (OPE). This writes the vacuum expectation value of a non-local operator as a sum over VEVs of local operators, i.e., condensates. The value of the correlation function then dictates the values of the condensates. Analysis of many separate correlation functions gives consistent results for several condensates, including the gluon condensate, the quark condensate, and many mixed and higher order condensates. In particular one obtains

 * $$\begin{align}

\left\langle (gG)^2\right\rangle\ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \left\langle g^2 G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu}\right\rangle &\approx 0.5 \;\text{GeV}^4 \\ \left\langle \overline\psi\psi\right\rangle &\approx (-0.23)^3 \;\text{GeV}^3 \\ \left\langle (gG)^4\right\rangle&\approx 5:10\left\langle (gG)^2\right\rangle^2 \end{align}$$

Here $G$ refers to the gluon field tensor, $ψ$ to the quark field, and $g$ to the QCD coupling.

These analyses are being refined further through improved sum rule estimates and direct estimates in lattice QCD. They provide the raw data which must be explained by models of the QCD vacuum.

Models
A full solution of QCD should give a full description of the vacuum, confinement and the hadron spectrum. Lattice QCD is making rapid progress towards providing the solution as a systematically improvable numerical computation. However, approximate models of the QCD vacuum remain useful in more restricted domains. The purpose of these models is to make quantitative sense of some set of condensates and hadron properties such as masses and form factors.

This section is devoted to models. Opposed to these are systematically improvable computational procedures such as large $N$ QCD and lattice QCD, which are described in their own articles.

The Savvidy vacuum, instabilities and structure
The Savvidy vacuum is a model of the QCD vacuum which at a basic level is a statement that it cannot be the conventional Fock vacuum empty of particles and fields. In 1977, George Savvidy showed that the QCD vacuum with zero field strength is unstable, and decays into a state with a calculable non vanishing value of the field. Since condensates are scalar, it seems like a good first approximation that the vacuum contains some non-zero but homogeneous field which gives rise to these condensates. However, Stanley Mandelstam showed that a homogeneous vacuum field is also unstable. The instability of a homogeneous gluon field was argued by Niels Kjær Nielsen and Poul Olesen in their 1978 paper. These arguments suggest that the scalar condensates are an effective long-distance description of the vacuum, and at short distances, below the QCD scale, the vacuum may have structure.

The dual superconducting model
In a type II superconductor, electric charges condense into Cooper pairs. As a result, magnetic flux is squeezed into tubes. In the dual superconductor picture of the QCD vacuum, chromomagnetic monopoles condense into dual Cooper pairs, causing chromoelectric flux to be squeezed into tubes. As a result, confinement and the string picture of hadrons follows. This dual superconductor picture is due to Gerard 't Hooft and Stanley Mandelstam. 't Hooft showed further that an Abelian projection of a non-Abelian gauge theory contains magnetic monopoles.

While the vortices in a type II superconductor are neatly arranged into a hexagonal or occasionally square lattice, as is reviewed in Olesen's 1980 seminar one may expect a much more complicated and possibly dynamical structure in QCD. For example, nonabelian Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortices may vibrate wildly or be knotted.

String models
String models of confinement and hadrons have a long history. They were first invented to explain certain aspects of crossing symmetry in the scattering of two mesons. They were also found to be useful in the description of certain properties of the Regge trajectory of the hadrons. These early developments took on a life of their own called the dual resonance model (later renamed string theory). However, even after the development of QCD string models continued to play a role in the physics of strong interactions. These models are called non-fundamental strings or QCD strings, since they should be derived from QCD, as they are, in certain approximations such as the strong coupling limit of lattice QCD.

The model states that the colour electric flux between a quark and an antiquark collapses into a string, rather than spreading out into a Coulomb field as the normal electric flux does. This string also obeys a different force law. It behaves as if the string had constant tension, so that separating out the ends (quarks) would give a potential energy increasing linearly with the separation. When the energy is higher than that of a meson, the string breaks and the two new ends become a quark-antiquark pair, thus describing the creation of a meson. Thus confinement is incorporated naturally into the model.

In the form of the Lund model Monte Carlo program, this picture has had remarkable success in explaining experimental data collected in electron-electron and hadron-hadron collisions.

Bag models
Strictly, these models are not models of the QCD vacuum, but of physical single particle quantum states — the hadrons. The model proposed originally in 1974 by A. Chodos et al. consists of inserting a quark model in a perturbative vacuum inside a volume of space called a bag. Outside this bag is the real QCD vacuum, whose effect is taken into account through the difference between energy density of the true QCD vacuum and the perturbative vacuum (bag constant $B$) and boundary conditions imposed on the quark wave functions and the gluon field. The hadron spectrum is obtained by solving the Dirac equation for quarks and the Yang–Mills equations for gluons. The wave functions of the quarks satisfy the boundary conditions of a fermion in an infinitely deep potential well of scalar type with respect to the Lorentz group. The boundary conditions for the gluon field are those of the dual color superconductor. The role of such a superconductor is attributed to the physical vacuum of QCD. Bag models strictly prohibit the existence of open color (free quarks, free gluons, etc.) and lead in particular to string models of hadrons.

The chiral bag model couples the axial vector current $\overline{ψ}γ_{5}γ_{μ}ψ$ of the quarks at the bag boundary to a pionic field outside of the bag. In the most common formulation, the chiral bag model basically replaces the interior of the skyrmion with the bag of quarks. Very curiously, most physical properties of the nucleon become mostly insensitive to the bag radius. Prototypically, the baryon number of the chiral bag remains an integer, independent of bag radius: the exterior baryon number is identified with the topological winding number density of the Skyrme soliton, while the interior baryon number consists of the valence quarks (totaling to one) plus the spectral asymmetry of the quark eigenstates in the bag. The spectral asymmetry is just the vacuum expectation value $⟨\overline{ψ}γ_{0}ψ⟩$ summed over all of the quark eigenstates in the bag. Other values, such as the total mass and the axial coupling constant $g_{A}$, are not precisely invariant like the baryon number, but are mostly insensitive to the bag radius, as long as the bag radius is kept below the nucleon diameter. Because the quarks are treated as free quarks inside the bag, the radius-independence in a sense validates the idea of asymptotic freedom.

Instanton ensemble
Another view states that BPST-like instantons play an important role in the vacuum structure of QCD. These instantons were discovered in 1975 by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Markovich Polyakov, Albert S. Schwarz and Yu. S. Tyupkin as topologically stable solutions to the Yang-Mills field equations. They represent tunneling transitions from one vacuum state to another. These instantons are indeed found in lattice calculations. The first computations performed with instantons used the dilute gas approximation. The results obtained did not solve the infrared problem of QCD, making many physicists turn away from instanton physics. Later, though, an instanton liquid model was proposed, turning out to be more promising an approach.

The dilute instanton gas model departs from the supposition that the QCD vacuum consists of a gas of BPST-like instantons. Although only the solutions with one or few instantons (or anti-instantons) are known exactly, a dilute gas of instantons and anti-instantons can be approximated by considering a superposition of one-instanton solutions at great distances from one another. Gerard 't Hooft calculated the effective action for such an ensemble, and he found an infrared divergence for big instantons, meaning that an infinite amount of infinitely big instantons would populate the vacuum.

Later, an instanton liquid model was studied. This model starts from the assumption that an ensemble of instantons cannot be described by a mere sum of separate instantons. Various models have been proposed, introducing interactions between instantons or using variational methods (like the "valley approximation") endeavoring to approximate the exact multi-instanton solution as closely as possible. Many phenomenological successes have been reached. Whether an instanton liquid can explain confinement in 3+1 dimensional QCD is not known, but many physicists think that it is unlikely.

Center vortex picture
A more recent picture of the QCD vacuum is one in which center vortices play an important role. These vortices are topological defects carrying a center element as charge. These vortices are usually studied using lattice simulations, and it has been found that the behavior of the vortices is closely linked with the confinement–deconfinement phase transition: in the confinement phase vortices percolate and fill the spacetime volume, in the deconfinement phase they are much suppressed. Also it has been shown that the string tension vanished upon removal of center vortices from the simulations, hinting at an important role for center vortices.

title: QCD vacuum


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Talk:Geurie crossing loop collision

Where?
Where is Geurie? Where did this accident occur? slambo 10:45, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geurie crossing loop collision


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Isotopes/sbarchive

Week of May 9, 2005

 * Monday

 * Project officially begins today.
 * Thursday

 * Individual isotope page infobox and color scheme is now standardized.
 * Navigational menu, isotope box image, and isotope of element infobox now have to be standardized.

Week of Apr 11, 2005

 * Friday

 * Testing out various templates.
 * Ordered book of Nuclides from Lockheed Martin.

Week of Apr 04, 2005

 * Saturday

 * Still awaiting confirmation from Lockheed Martin.
 * Debate on color scheme is underway.
 * New team members are joining up.
 * Tuesday

 * Decided to include metastates (Nuclear isomers) in the data and tables.
 * Waiting for Lockheed Martin to respond.
 * Ordered Chart of Nuclides from Lockheed Martin Distribution. Should arrive in a few weeks.
 * Monday

 * Looking for team members to join up and help out with this project. I may go recruiting some time next week.
 * Currently requesting Lockheed Martin via email correspondence to grant permission to use their nuclide data under some type of shared license.
 * Working on finishing hydrogen to use as example for voting and critique.


text: User talk:194.72.105.222

title: User talk:194.72.105.222


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Bonaventure, Quebec

Bonaventure is a town on the Gaspé Peninsula in the Bonaventure Regional County Municipality of Quebec. It is located on Baie des Chaleurs near the mouth of the Bonaventure River. The town is situated on Route 132 between Saint-Siméon and New Carlisle.

The Quebec Acadian Museum (Musée Acadien du Québec) is located in the town.

The town was named after the Italian saint Bonaventure.

History
The first permanent European settlement of Bonaventure was in 1760 by Acadian refugees who had successfully avoided the expulsion of Acadians that had begun in 1755. Some of these early settlers were present at the Battle of Restigouche in July 1760, where a mixed force of French navy aided by Acadians were defeated by the Royal Navy. Many of today's Bonaventure residents are of Acadian descent.

Prior to permanent settlement, the Bonaventure harbour had often been visited by Europeans and was the location of temporary camps and posts for many years before.

At the time of settlement, Bonaventure was located in lands possessed by France, but in 1763, after the Treaty of Paris, all of New France was ceded to Britain, and Bonaventure became part of British colony of the Province of Quebec. Later, some of the lands already settled by the Acadians were granted to anglophones, although after decades of petitioning the Quebec government, some of the Acadian settlers were able to gain title to the lands they occupied. However, even as late as 1891, more than half of the homesteaders in this region had no legal title to the lands they lived on.

Bonaventure was raided by Americans during the War of Independence.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bonaventure had a population of $2,733$ living in $1,318$ of its $1,404$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,706$. With a land area of 104.5 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Mother tongue language (2021)

title: Bonaventure, Quebec


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Talk:Quicksand

Category
Hi

I've reinstated the granular materials category for quicksand. From a granular materials perspective, quicksand is qualitatively different from regular sand.

I reckon that quicksand is sufficiently conceptually distinct from sand to justify its inclusion in the category. Besides, a user browsing through the category might wish to see quicksand there.

best wishes

Robinh 10:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Geotechnical Definition
I'm a Civil Engineer and deal with soil mechanics regularly. My understanding of quick sand matches Focht3's statements very close. When I have some time I'm going try and dig up sources, and create a section for the geotechnical definition. The article now is not useful to a student in a soils mechanics class from the perspective of technical detail and data. This usefulness is my judge of the value of soils related articles. Zath42 (talk) 22:42, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Hello, everyone. I'm having difficulty with the main premise of many of the statements made on this topic.

My background is geotechnical engineering, not geology - so I spend a lot of time looking at soil mechanics and groundwater movement. From a geotechnical engineering perspective, quicksand isn't a distinct material. In general, it's a combination of fine sands, silts and an upward flow of groundwater. The quick condition occurs when the upward force of the water equals the buoyant weight of the soil particles. Sand boils can occur when the upward flow of water exceeds the velocity needed to form a "quick" condition. There's absolutely no reason to believe that this condition primarily occurs in thin layers, either. In fact, this condition is more likely to form where the soils - and groundwater upflows - are more than 10 feet deep. It's a basic geometry problem - groundwater flow needs to be primarily upward.

Since clays act as a binder, even a small percentage of clay would tend to impart too much strength to the soil. So quicksands would contain very little, if any, clay. And while I have no doubt that a high salt content could create a "hydrogel"-type condition, this is weak ground, not quicksand. Again, if the surface is still, then you have stepped off into very weak ground - probably a silt or organic "mud", not clay. If a hard bottom is encountered within a few feet, then you have a perched groundwater on top of an aquitard - a low permeability clay, clay-shale or similar material. The near-surface soils are probably a mixture of silts, fine sands and some organics. They are saturated, and weak.

In my view, a great many conditions are attributed to "quicksand" when the real cause of the condition is beyond the knowledge or experience of the viewer. These other conditions are very interesting, but they don't belong under this heading.

And by the way, there's no such thing as "super-saturated" when one deals with soil.

Focht3 (talk) 00:29, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I forgot: the business about quicksand being a non-Newtonian fluid is amusing, but it's utter nonsense.

Focht3 (talk) 00:34, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Quicksand dangers
It is not to humans. It is to horses, and 4x4s. Horses can sink to their bellies and a 4x4 to its axles. Then you have a problem.

 * Horses sink only to their bellies? Humans can, if the stuff is not extremely thick, sink to their armpits, thus engulfing 90 percent of a person's body. Seems to me that a 4x4 could sink until it touches bottom or much thicker material. Seems to me that some animals may have a sufficiently high body density and would be 100 percent engulfed. GBC 00:16, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Verified Deaths?
a friend brought up the following link that talks about deaths from quicksand. Unmuseum article referring multiple deaths. after googling the name, i came across some odd link and a more official sounding account, but the ones from the '60s involving individuals ... how can i put it ... make me raise an eyebrow? considering how benign Mythbusters made it sound, is there any way any of those can be verified? Plonk420 07:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * For one thing, don't believe everything you see on Mythbusters. Their methods are entertaining, but not exactly scientific (I'm often a bit appauled by some of the generalisations they make from conducting one experiment). However, in their episode about quicksand, they were only really trying to address Hollywood's typical portrayall of quicksand, in which a person steadily gets sucked underground and the more they struggle, the worse it gets. Deaths from becoming partly stuck in quicksand or mud, then drowning with an incoming tide, or dying from exhaustion and exposure are probably not that uncommon. --

The claim that quicksand doesn't kill is nonsense - It is rare for someone to literally drown in quicksand, in the way seen in movies, but quicksand will tend to hold a victim hard and fast -  which is a problem somewhere like Morecambe because quicksand is most active on coastal estuaries where rivers flow into the sea. The tide coming in will tend to liquefy more sand. This is why quicksand moves. It is not always safe to take the same path through it twice. Quicksand kills by holding victims until the sea claims them, or through hypothermia, when the victim is trapped   in the cold mud, and exhausted by struggling to get free. Liquefaction can also turn solid sand to quicksand in Earthquakes. This is especially dangerous where land has been reclaimed from the sea and buildings raised on coastal landfill, as happened in San Francisco in 1906. Even today, with more quakes there being imminent, the same building policy is used. If and when a big quake strikes,  thousands could be killed by quicksands swallowing skyscraper foundations.

 * So, any references for people killed after being trapped in quicksand? I have seen, walked on, and taken samples of quicksand, and find it completely unbelievable that a person could actually get stuck in it. I think people are confusing quicksand with deep mud. Quicksand is hard and easy to walk on, it needs to be agitated vigorously to liquefy, and then it is still very dense, denser than water, and far more slow-flowing. Constructions are in danger from it because it may shift, but humans? Not so much. This article seems little more than folklore.213.114.237.26 (talk) 09:55, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

How could you sink in quicksand? If it's denser than water, then you would float with at least your head above ground. Dying is quicksand sounds like something that could only happen in a Gilligan's Island episode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:DA8:D800:279:6D85:8C77:52F3:E2C6 (talk) 04:23, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Function of salt in quicksand
Findings about the crucial role of salt in quicksand published in September 2005 in Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7059/full/437635a.html

Cleaned up some slightly incorrect statements about the nature of quicksand and provided a more detailed explanation of the "trapping" mechanism.

The paragraph that was deleted / heavily modified follows below, just in case someone does not approve of my updates:

Quicksand is loose, water-logged soil that yields easily to weight or pressure. It can be formed when sand, silt, clay, or other grainy soil is saturated or supersaturated by water flowing from below ground (such as from an underground spring) with enough pressure to separate and suspend the grains. The undisturbed sand often is or appears to be solid until some shock or sudden increase in pressure, such as a person stepping on it, causes it to liquify and lose its friction.

Also, maybe the "liquefaction in quicksand" section of the Soil liquefaction entry should be updated.

much love and many blessings =)

Iamthepattern 12:50, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Given the new information about how quicksand works, what changes in terms of the methods of how to rescue a person caught in it, and what are the methods that a lone individual would use to extract himself? GBC 22:39, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

While salt may make quicksand less stable, quicksand may be found along the banks of rivers, at the base of dams, and over springs where fresh water flows up through the soil. There are many examples of freshwater quicksands. The description of quicksand should not be limited to salt water. Naaman Brown 18:17, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Quicksand in 80s movies
It says in the article "It is unclear why so many television shows and movies from the 1980s depicted quicksand as such a threat. There are no reported deaths from quicksand inhalation." Why only from the 80s? There are loads of other depictions from other years. Also, There are no reported deaths from quicksand inhalation. Well probably not because it would act like a 1iquid and drown them. Think outside the box 13:14, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Not just movies in the 80s, the new Indiana Jones movie has quicksand (I mean the new one that just came out, ... crystal skulls ...) JayKeaton (talk) 12:31, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

"inhalation" clearly refers to drowning, which does not happen with quicksand; one merely becomes trapped and exposed to the elements is the point being put across. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.232.201.157 (talk) 18:13, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

The main danger is being trapped and exposed to the elements in quicksands located on riverbanks, at the base of earthen dams, in abandoned rock quarries, in swamps, etc. Quicksand does not act as in the B-movies of the 1940s or 1950s in which people get "sucked" under the surface: since quicksand is thicker than water, one can float higher in quicksand than one would in water. However, in bays in England and Alaska, people have drowned by becoming trapped in quicksands activated by incoming tides, being unable to escape as the tide comes in and rises over their heads. The danger in those bays is that without the flow of water, the sands may be solid between tides, but become quick as water flows through the sand as the tide goes in or out of the bay. Naaman Brown (talk) 13:11, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Surviving Quicksand
What's a good strategy to maximize one's chances of survival? Is it better to give up one's breath early to make use of the dead-man's float or is it better to save one's breath and float on one's back? --Thelazyleo (talk) 18:38, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

This isn't directly related to falling into quicksand and getting out but, is it rue that you can run across quicksand (so you get across before decrease in viscosity)?

Swimming in quicksand
I bet you could escape by swimming in quicksand to it's shoreline, you just have to treat it like a slimy, adhesive swimming pool.

Alkali bogs
A 1950s article in Scientific American about quicksand also mentions a variation called an alkali bog, prevalent in the western United States. This version of quicksand does not involve any water, rather, salt seeps produce a condition -- which may also occur on inclines -- similar to quicksand, but with the consistency of soft soap. It is possible to identify it by whitish marks on otherwise normal-coloured sand. Although the article states that an individual must move far faster to escape, and that such bogs are littered with the bones of animals that did not "move fast enough", it does not state whether the density of an alkali bog is low enough to engulf a human being. I do have photocopies of the entire article, but I do not know at this time where I have it stored. GBC (talk) 09:22, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Questions & Answers
Well I am a 5th grader and would like to know if quicksand is considered a landform. I wish to ask this and would like someone to answer it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.108.89.65 (talk) 20:31, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, this page is for discussing improvements to the article. A good place to ask questions is Reference desk/Science.  I am sure they will help you there.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  20:30, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Diagram
Hi everyone, i'd like to insert this diagram in the page, if you think it could prove useful. --Mabb88 (talk) 18:33, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Quicksand


text:
Coral Gold Cup

/Ladbrokes Trophy

 * }

The Coral Gold Cup is a Premier Handicap National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of about 3 miles and 2 furlongs (3 miles, 1 furlong and 214 yards, or 5,225 metres), and during its running there are twenty-one fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late November or early December.

History
The event was established in 1957 as the Hennessy Cognac Gold Cup, and it was initially staged at Cheltenham. The winner of the inaugural running, Mandarin, was owned by Peggy Hennessy, a member of the family which founded Hennessy, the race's sponsoring company. It was transferred to Newbury in 1960, and it was won by Mandarin for a second time in 1961. The race's second running was won by Taxidermist, ridden by the amateur rider John Lawrence, later Lord Oaksey, who was the breeder and part-owner of the 2011 winner, Carruthers.

The race's association with Hennessy continued until the 60th running, in 2016, and was British racing's longest-running commercial sponsorship at the time. The record was previously held by the Whitbread Gold Cup, which was first run seven months before the "Hennessy", and which was sponsored by Whitbread until 2001. Ladbrokes were announced as the new sponsor in February 2017 and the race was run as the Ladbrokes Trophy until 2021. In 2022 Coral replaced Ladbrokes as the title sponsor and the race took its present title.

The race has been won by nine horses that have also won the Cheltenham Gold Cup. The most recent of these is Native River, the winner of the latter race in 2018.

Many Clouds became the first horse to win both the Hennessy Gold Cup and the Grand National, in 2014 and 2015 respectively.

Records
Most successful horse (2 wins):
 * Mandarin – 1957, 1961
 * Arkle – 1964, 1965
 * Denman – 2007, 2009

Leading jockey (3 wins):
 * Willie Robinson – Mandarin (1961), Mill House (1963), Man of the West (1968)
 * Tom Scudamore - Madison du Berlais (2008), Sizing Tennessee (2018), Cloth Cap (2020)

Leading trainer (7 wins):
 * Fulke Walwyn – Mandarin (1957, 1961), Taxidermist (1958), Mill House (1963), Man of the West (1968), Charlie Potheen (1972), Diamond Edge (1981)

Winners

 * Weights given in stones and pounds

title: Coral Gold Cup


text:
Post-normal science

Post-normal science (PNS) was developed in the 1990s by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz. It is a problem-solving strategy appropriate when "facts [are] uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent", conditions often present in policy-relevant research. In those situations, PNS recommends suspending temporarily the traditional scientific ideal of truth, concentrating on quality as assessed by internal and extended peer communities.

PNS can be considered as complementing the styles of analysis based on risk and cost-benefit analysis prevailing at that time and integrating concepts of a new critical science developed in previous works by the same authors. PNS is not a new scientific method following Aristotle and Bacon, a new paradigm in the Kuhnian sense, or an attempt to reach a new ‘normal’. It is instead, a set of insights to guide actionable and robust knowledge production for policy decision making and action in challenges like pandemics, ecosystems collapse, biodiversity loss and, in general, sustainability transitions.

Context
According to its proponents Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, the name "post-normal science" echoes the seminal work on modern science by Thomas Kuhn. For Carrozza PNS can be "framed in terms of a call for the ‘democratization of expertise’", and as a "reaction against long-term trends of ‘scientization’ of politics—the tendency towards assigning to experts a critical role in policymaking while marginalizing laypeople". For Mike Hulme (2007), writing on The Guardian, climate change seems to fall into the category of issues which are best dealt with in the context of PNS and notes that “Disputes in post-normal science focus as often on the process of science - who gets funded, who evaluates quality, who has the ear of policy - as on the facts of science”.

From the ecological perspective post-normal science can be situated in the context of 'crisis disciplines' – a term coined by the conservation biologist Michael E. Soulé to indicate approaches addressing fears, emerging in the seventies, that the world was on the verge of ecological collapse. In this respect Michael Egan defines PNS as a 'survival science'. More recently PNS has been defined as a movement of ‘informed critical resistance, reform and the making of futures’.

Moving from PNS Ziauddin Sardar developed the concept of Postnormal Times (PNT). Sardar was the editor of FUTURES when it published the article ‘Science for the post-normal age’ presently the most cited paper of the journal. A recent review of academic literature conducted on the Web of Science and encompassing the topics of Futures studies, Foresight, Forecasting and Anticipation Practice identifies the same paper as "the all-time publication that received the highest number of citations".

Content
"At birth Post-normal science was conceived as an inclusive set of robust insights more than as an exclusive fully structured theory or field of practice". Some of the ideas underpinning PNS can already be found in a work published in 1983 and entitled "Three types of risk assessment: a methodological analysis" This and subsequent works   show that PNS concentrates on few aspects of the complex relation between science and policy: the communication of uncertainty, the assessment of quality, and the justification and practice of the extended peer communities.

Coming to the PNS diagram (figure above) the horizontal axis represents ‘Systems Uncertainties’ and the vertical one ‘Decision Stakes’. The three quadrants identify Applied Science, Professional Consultancy, and Post-Normal Science. Different standards of quality and styles of analysis are appropriate to different regions in the diagram, i.e. post-normal science does not claim relevance and cogency on all of science's application but only on those defined by the PNS's mantram with a fourfold challenge: ‘facts uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent’. For applied research science's own peer quality control system will suffice (or so was assumed at the moment PNS was formulated in the early nineties), while professional consultancy was considered appropriate for these settings which cannot be ‘peer-reviewed’, and where the skills and the tacit knowledge of a practitioner are needed at the forefront, e.g. in a surgery room, or in a house on fire. Here a surgeon or a firefighter takes a difficult technical decision based on her or his training and appreciation of the situation (the Greek concept of ‘Metis’ as discussed by J. C. Scott. )

Complexity
There are important linkages between PNS and complexity science, e.g. system ecology (C. S. Holling) and hierarchy theory (Arthur Koestler). In PNS, complexity is respected through its recognition of a multiplicity of legitimate perspectives on any issue; this is close to the meaning espoused by Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist). Reflexivity is realised through the extension of accepted ‘facts’ beyond the supposedly objective productions of traditional research. Also, the new participants in the process are not treated as passive learners at the feet of the experts, being coercively convinced through scientific demonstration. Rather, they will form an ‘extended peer community’, sharing the work of quality assurance of the scientific inputs to the process, and arriving at a resolution of issues through debate and dialogue. The necessity to embrace complexity in a post-normal perspective to understand and face zoonoses is argumented by David Waltner-Toews.

Extended peer community
In PNS extended peer communities are spaces where perspectives, values, styles of knowing and power differentials are expressed in a context of inequalities and conflict. Resolutions, compromises and knowledge co-production are contingent and not necessarily achievable.

Applications
Beside its dominating influence in the literature on 'futures', PNS is considered to have influenced the ecological ‘conservation versus preservation debate’, especially via its reading by American pragmatist Bryan G. Norton. According to Jozef Keulartz the PNS concept of "extended peer community" influenced how Norton's developed his 'convergence hypothesis'. The hypothesis posits that ecologists of different orientation will converge once they start thinking 'as a mountain', or as a planet. For Norton this will be achieved via deliberative democracy, which will pragmatically overcome the black and white divide between conservationists and preservationists. More recently it has been argued that conservation science, embedded as it is in a multi-layered governance structures of policy-makers, practitioners, and stakeholders, is itself an 'extended peer community', and as a result conservation has always been ‘post-normal’.

Other authors attribute to PNS the role of having stimulated the take up of transdisciplinary methodological frameworks, reliant on the social constructivist perspective embedded in PNS.

Post-normal science is intended as applicable to most instances where the use of evidence is contested due to different norms and values. Typical instances are in the use of evidence based policy and in evaluation.

As summarized in a recent work "the ideas and concepts of post normal science bring about the emergence of new problem solving strategies in which the role of science is appreciated in its full context of the complexity and the uncertainty of natural systems and the relevance of human commitments and values."

For Peter Gluckman (2014), chief science advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, post-normal science approaches are today appropriate for a host of problems including "eradication of exogenous pests […], offshore oil prospecting, legalization of recreational psychotropic drugs, water quality, family violence, obesity, teenage morbidity and suicide, the ageing population, the prioritization of early-childhood education, reduction of agricultural greenhouse gases, and balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability".

Recent reviews of the history and evolution of PNS, its definitions, conceptualizations, and uses can be found in Turnpenny et al., 2010, and in The Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics (Nature and Society). There has been recently an increased reference to post-normal science, e.g. in Nature    and related journals.

Criticism
A criticism of post-normal science is offered by Weingart (1997) for whom post-normal science does not introduce a new epistemology but retraces earlier debates linked to the so-called "finalization thesis". For Jörg Friedrichs – comparing the issues of climate change and peak energy – an extension of the peer community has taken place in the climate science community, transforming climate scientists into ‘stealth advocates’, while scientists working on energy security – without PNS, would still maintain their credentials of neutrality and objectivity. Another criticism is that the extended peer community's use undermines the scientific method's use of empiricism and that its goal would be better addressed by providing greater science education.

The crisis of science
It has been argued that post-normal science scholars have been prescient in anticipating the present crisis in science's quality control and reproducibility. A group of scholars of post-normal science orientation has published in 2016 a volume on the topic, discussing inter alia what this community perceive as the root causes of the present science's crisis.

Quantitative approaches
Among the quantitative styles of analysis which make reference to post-normal science one can mention NUSAP for numerical information, sensitivity auditing for indicators and mathematical modelling, Quantitative storytelling for exploring multiple frames in a quantitative analysis, and MUSIASEM in the field of social metabolism. A work where these approaches are suggested for sustainability is in.

Mathematical modelling
In relation to mathematical modelling post-normal science suggests a participatory approach, whereby ‘models to predict and control the future’ are replaced by ‘models to map our ignorance about the future’, in the process exploring and revealing the metaphors embedded in the model. PNS is also known for its definition of garbage in, garbage out (GIGO): in modelling GIGO occurs when the uncertainties in the inputs must be suppressed, lest the outputs become completely indeterminate.

COVID-19
On 25 March 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of scholars of post-normal orientation published on the blog section of the STEPS Centre (for Social, Technological and Environmental Pathways to Sustainability) at the University of Sussex. The piece argues that the COVID-19 emergency has all the elements of a post-normal science context, and notes that "this pandemic offers society an occasion to open a fresh discussion on whether we now need to learn how to do science in a different way".

Special issues
The journal FUTURES devoted several specials issues to post-normal science.

 * The first was in 1999 and included two editorial pieces, from Jerome Ravetz and Silvio Funtowicz, Post-Normal Science—an insight now maturing, and from Jerome Ravetz: What is Post-Normal Science.
 * The second special issue, edited by Merryl Wyn Davies, was entitled "Post normal times" in 2011. This was a selection of papers from the symposium "Post Normal Science – perspectives & prospectives 26-27th June 2009, Oxford." A summary of the abstracts can be found on the NUSAP net.

 * The third special issue on post-normal science was in 2017. This special issue contains a selection of papers discussed at the University of Bergen's Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities between 2014 and 2016. The issue includes also two extended commentaries on the present crisis in science and the post-fact/post-truth discourse, one from Europe and one from Japan.

Another special issue on post-normal science was published on the journal Science, Technology, & Human Values in May 2011.

title: Post-normal science


text:
Sacred Books of the East

The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious texts, edited by Max Müller and published by the Oxford University Press between 1879 and 1910. It incorporates the essential sacred texts of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and Islam.

All of the books are in the public domain in the United States, and most or all are in the public domain in many other countries. Electronic versions of all 50 volumes are widely available online.

title: Sacred Books of the East


text:
Juan Meza

Juan Meza (born Jesus Fernández, March 18, 1956 – July 20, 2023), also known for his nickname Kid Meza, was a Mexican professional boxer who was world Super Bantamweight champion. Meza was born in Mexicali, Mexico.

Short biography
Juan Meza was born as Jesus Fernández on March 18, 1956. Prior to beginning his career, and for undisclosed reasons, he changed his name officially to Juan Meza.

Meza was a popular fighter among Latin Americans, specially those of Mexican descent who lived in North America. His trainer was the well known boxing personality, Jimmy Montoya.

Juan Meza died on July 20, 2023, at the age of 67.

Professional career
Juan Meza debuted on September 23, 1977, knocking out Elias Rodriguez in three rounds at Tucson.

Meza lost for the first time on his second bout, being beaten on points after four rounds by Valentin Holguin on October 13 in Los Angeles. Six days later, he knocked out Davey White in Las Vegas. Eight days later, he had a rematch with Holguin, over the extremely rare five rounds schedule distance. He avenged his first loss by outpointing Holguin.

On November 3, he scored his first knockout in the first round, defeating Horacio Pintado in Los Angeles. But, in his next fight, on November 18, he lost by a four-round decision to Carlos Ortiz, (not to be confused with the Puerto Rican world champion boxer and Hall of Famer of the same name) in San Diego.

Meza began rising in boxing's ranks when he knocked Ortiz out in the first round on December 16, also at San Diego. He won 29 of his next 31 bouts, earning fame, particularly in the West Coast of the United States.

Meza got his first world championship try, when he faced Wilfredo Gómez in Atlantic City, for the WBC world Super Bantamweight title. Meza lost to Gómez by a sixth-round knockout.

After losing to Gómez, Mesa took off one year from boxing. During this time, Gómez left the championship vacant; to challenge for the WBC's world Featherweight championship, and Jaime Garza won it by knocking out Bobby Berna for the vacant championship.

Meanwhile, Meza returned to boxing on April 26, 1983, knocking out Roberto Castillo in four rounds at Las Vegas.

Meza traveled to Thailand during July of that year, to fight Pongpan Sorphayathai on the 13th. of that month. He beat the Thai fighter by a third-round knockout.

On November 19, he fought Javier Barajas in Las Vegas, beating Barajas by a ten-round decision. The pair had a rematch, on May 16, 1984 in Las Vegas, and Meza won once again, by a ten-round decision. After that, he was ranked as the number one Super Bantamweight challenger once again by the WBC.

On November 3, he was given a second try at the championship when he faced Garza, in Kingston, New York. Meza became the first challenger in boxing history to be dropped in round one, get up and knock the world champion out in the same first round, when he beat Garza to become the WBC world Super Bantamweight champion that day.

On April 19, 1985 he and Julio César Chávez co-starred in an undercard, defending their world championships against Mike Ayala and Ruben Castillo, respectively, at the Inglewood Forum, in Inglewood, California. Both champions retained their titles with sixth-round knockout wins.

On August 18, he and Lupe Pintor squared off in a fight that garnered major interest among Mexican boxing fans. Meza lost his title in Tijuana that night, when Pintor dropped him twice, outpointing him over twelve rounds.

Pintor lost his title, in turn, to Samart Payakaroon, who gave Meza a chance to recover the WBC world Super Bantamweight championship on December 10, 1986 in Bangkok. Despite not fighting for more than a year, Meza lasted until the twelfth round with Payakaroon, who proceeded to knock him out in that round.

Meza had two fights in 1987, beating Lenny Valdez in the first round by knockout, and then losing to Javier Marquez by a knockout in round eight on October 30. After his fight with Marquez, he retired for ten years.

On February 14, 1997, he returned to boxing with a knockout victory, beating Esteban Lozoya in four rounds at Mexicali. But, in his next fight, he met fringe contender Wilfredo Negron of Puerto Rico, being knocked out by the Puerto Rican in the first round at Miami. Meza then retired for the second time.

title: Juan Meza


text:
Red Rock, Ontario

Red Rock is a township in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, located in the Thunder Bay District. The community of Red Rock sits on the shore of Lake Superior, just south of where the Nipigon River drains into Nipigon Bay on the north shore of Lake Superior. The population as of 2021 is 895.

The Red Rock Folk Festival, held by the Live From the Rock Folk & Blues Society, is held each year.

History
The Canadian Pacific Railway was built through the area in the 1880s. The first permanent settlers were Finnish homesteaders. Around 1920, its first school was built. That same decade, the Nipigon Highway was built, providing road access to the farming community.

In 1937, construction began on a paper mill, along with a new town site for employee homes and bunkhouses. Also built that same year were the Quebec Lodge for company officials and the Red Rock Inn. But the mill company went bankrupt in 1938, and the project was abandoned.

In 1940, the mill site was bought by the Canadian Government, who converted the bunkhouses into a prisoner-of-war camp, known as Camp "R". It housed German soldiers, merchant seamen, and even German Jews, the first of which arrived in July 1940. Guards and officers lived at the Red Rock Inn or in the few houses that had already been built. In October 1941, all prisoners were transferred to other internment camps and the site was closed.

In 1942, a new pulp and paper company bought the site and construction of a mill began again in 1944. On July 20, 1945, the community was incorporated as the Improvement District of Red Rock. That same year, the mill became operational. The town grew with new stores, a theatre, a public school, two railroad stations, and a church. In the 1950s, the mill changed ownership and expanded, further increasing the town's population. In 1961, the mill became part of the newsprint and container board division of Domtar.

In 1980, the place was incorporated as a township with elected reeve and council. Its first reeve was Douglas McAllen.

In the 1990s, operations and workforce at the mill were reduced, and in 2006, it shut down permanently.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Red Rock had a population of $895$ living in $407$ of its $455$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $895$. With a land area of 62.1 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Economy
Red Rock's main source of employment was a kraft paper mill owned by Norampac. The mill originally consisted of two kraft paper machines but in late 2005 was reduced to running one machine. On August 31, 2006, Norampac announced the indefinite closure of the container board plant. This was due to unfavourable economic conditions such as the rising price of fibre, energy costs and the strengthening Canadian dollar.

In September 2007 Norampac announced the sale of its Red Rock plant to American Logistic Services Inc. A new plywood mill was supposed to be operational by fall 2008, this deadline had been pushed back to spring 2009. The plans were ultimately cancelled however as the plant was torn down and the land was sold to Riversedge Developments in April 2015. There has been talk of constructing a sea port and biomass plant on the land, but it remains unclear whether this will be the case. In 2023, Rock Tech Lithium, BMI Group and Red Rock Indian Band signed a memorandum of understanding with the hopes of building a build a lithium conversion facility and shipping port on the former Norampac site. The site may also include residential and commercial uses.

Notable residents

 * Heather Houston, 1989 Women's World Curling Champion

title: Red Rock, Ontario


text:
Red Rock Folk Festival

Live from the Rock Folk Festival, founded in 2003, is an outdoor multistage music festival located at Pull-a-log Park on the north shore of Lake Superior in Red Rock, Ontario. It takes place annually on the weekend following the civic holiday in August, drawing over 2,000 attendees each year. The festival is hosted by the Live from the Rock Blues & Folk Society but is run entirely by volunteers and supported financially through grants, corporate sponsorships, donations, and ticket sales.

The festival has attracted a number of notable Canadian folk artists, including Connie Kaldor, Ian Tamblyn, Lynn Miles, Matt Andersen, Dala, and The Wooden Sky, among others.

title: Red Rock Folk Festival