text:
Honey (disambiguation)

Honey is a sweet, edible fluid produced by bees.

Honey or Honeys may also refer to:

United States

 * Honey Lake, California
 * Honey Branch, a tributary of the Stony Brook in New Jersey
 * Honey Creek (Pennsylvania)
 * Honey Hill, South Carolina, site of the American Civil War Battle of Honey Hill
 * Honey Creek (Texas), a number of streams (and other entities)

Elsewhere

 * Honey, Puebla, a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla
 * Mount Honey, Campbell Island, New Zealand

People

 * Honey (surname)
 * Honey Bruce (1927–2005), American stripper and showgirl
 * Honey Craven (1904–2003), American equestrian, ringmaster and horse show manager
 * Honey Irani (born 1950), Indian film actress and screenwriter
 * Honey Lantree, drummer of the English beat/pop group The Honeycombs
 * Honey Mahogany (born 1983), American drag performer
 * Honey Piazza (born 1952), American blues piano player
 * Honey Rose (born 1991), Indian film actress
 * Honey Singh (born 1983), Indian rapper, singer, music producer and actor

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Honey (magazine), a British women's magazine published 1960–1986
 * Honey, a U.S. women's magazine founded by Harris Publications in 1999
 * Honey So Sweet (Japanese title "Honey"), a 2012 manga series by Amu Meguro
 * Honey (TV channel), African lifestyle channel
 * The Honeys (play), by Roald Dahl
 * "Honey" (Fear the Walking Dead), an episode of the television series Fear the Walking Dead
 * "Honey Honey", an episode of the second season of the animated television series Plonsters
 * "Honey Honey", an episode of the second season of the animated television series Plonsters

Characters

 * Honey (Camp Lazlo), a character from the animated television series Camp Lazlo
 * Honey, the girlfriend of the Warner Bros. cartoon character Bosko
 * Honey, a playable character in the video game Fighting Vipers
 * Mitsukuni Haninozuka, a character nicknamed Honey from the manga and anime series Ouran High School Host Club
 * Honey, a character in the anime series Space Dandy
 * Honey, a character from Bluey
 * Honey Bunny, associated with Bugs Bunny
 * Honey Buttowski, a character from Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
 * Cure Honey, alias of Yuko Omori from HappinessCharge PreCure!
 * Honey Huan, in the comic strip Doonesbury
 * Honey Kisaragi, the title character of the anime and manga Cutie Honey
 * Honey Mitchell, in the soap opera EastEnders
 * Honey Ryder, in the James Bond film Dr. No
 * Honey West, in novels and a television series
 * Honey the Cat, a character from the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise; see Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics)
 * Honey Wilkes, the sister of Ashley Wilkes in the novel Gone with the Wind and film

Films

 * Honey (1930 film), an American comedy film
 * Honey (1981 film), an Italian sex comedy film starring Clio Goldsmith
 * Honey (2003 film), an American dance film starring Jessica Alba
 * Honey (2010 film), a Turkish drama film directed by Semih Kaplanoğlu

Groups

 * Honey (band), a late 1990s and early 2000s Christian ambient rock and alt/pop rock band
 * The Honeys, an American surf rock girl group formed in 1963

Albums

 * Honey (Andy Williams album), 1968
 * Honey (Bobby Goldsboro album), 1968
 * Honey (Chara album), 2008
 * Honey (Jimmy McGriff album), 1968
 * Honey (Kara album), 2009
 * Honey (Katy B album), 2016
 * Honey (Ohio Players album), 1975
 * Honey (Open Hand album), 2010
 * Honey (Robert Palmer album), 1994
 * Honey (Robyn album), 2018
 * Honey (Scandal album), 2018
 * Honey (Sonny James album), 1958
 * Honey: Music from & Inspired by the Motion Picture, the soundtrack to the 2003 film Honey
 * Honey (Brother Sundance EP), 2017
 * Honey (Lay EP), 2019
 * Honeys (album), by Pissed Jeans, 2013

Songs

 * "Honey" (Erykah Badu song), 2007
 * "Honey" (Mariah Carey song), 1997
 * "Honey" (Bobby Goldsboro song), 1968
 * "Honey" (Jay-Z and R. Kelly song), 2002
 * "Honey" (Kehlani song), 2017
 * "Honey" (L'Arc-en-Ciel song), 1998
 * "Honey" (Moby song), 1998
 * "Honey" (Robyn song), 2018
 * "Honey" (Rudy Vallée song), 1945
 * "Honey" (Troye Sivan song), 2023
 * "Honey (Open That Door)", by Ricky Skaggs, 1984
 * "Honey", by America, from the album Your Move
 * "Honey", by Aretha Franklin, from the album Greatest Hits: 1980–1994
 * "Honey", by Bonnie McKee, from the albumTrouble
 * "Honey", by Girls' Generation, from the album Girls' Generation
 * "Honey", by Halsey, from the album If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power
 * "Honey", by The Hush Sound from the album Goodbye Blues
 * "Honey", by Kara, from the Pretty Girl Special Edition EP
 * "Honey", by Kesha, from the album High Road
 * "Honey", by Lovers Electric, from the album Whatever You Want
 * "Honey", by Spacemen 3, from the album Playing with Fire
 * "Honey", by the band System of a Down
 * "Honey", by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, from the album K.G.
 * "Pure/Honey", by Beyoncé, from the album Renaissance

Other uses

 * PayPal Honey, a browser extension that automatically applies coupon codes to purchases. Formerly known as Honey, now a subsidiary of PayPal.
 * Honey, a term of endearment
 * Honey a British nickname for the American WWII M3 Stuart light tank

title: Honey (disambiguation)


text:
Siward, Earl of Northumbria

Siward ( or more recently ) or Sigurd (Sigeweard, Sigurðr digri )  was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname Digri and its Latin translation Grossus ("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of Scandinavian or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, although this is speculative. He emerged as a regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut ("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered most of England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath, rising to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest, he was in control of southern Northumbria, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.

Siward entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He supported Cnut's successors Harthacnut and Edward with vital military aid and counsel, and probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s. There is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s, Siward turned against the Scottish king Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, Waltheof, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward.

Background
Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four monarchs; from Cnut, Harold Harefoot, and Harthacnut, into the early years of Edward the Confessor. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians compare it to the Norman conquest five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several Scandinavian kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who each ruled a shire or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian Robin Fleming, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Leofwine, Earl of Mercia.

Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the Humber and Mersey estuaries, northward to the Firth of Forth, where, passing the western Kingdom of Strathclyde, it met the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King Eadred, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one to the north and one to the south of the River Tees. The former is associated with the stronghold of Bamburgh, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of York. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from Lancashire to Cumberland, formed an older British stronghold and experienced links with and settlement of Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria; British (predominantly in Yorkshire and further North) English and Anglo-Scandinavian(generally restricted to the eastern coasts) regional magnates—thegns, holds and high-reeves—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate Thurbrand, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in Holderness, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh.

Ancestry
Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the Vita Ædwardi Regis, which states that Siward was "[called] Digri in the Danish tongue" (Danica lingua Digara). Legendary material incorporated in the Vita et passio Waldevi comitis (or simply Vita Waldevi), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son Waltheof, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a polar bear, a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore.

Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of Thorgil Sprakling. Siward would then have been first cousin to Earl Ulf, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister Estrith and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics.

The Vita Waldevi provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the Vita, Siward passed through Orkney, killing a dragon there before moving on to Northumbria. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an Oðinn-like old man on a hill, who handed him a raven banner and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England.

Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut
The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the Vita Waldevi offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a Si[ge]ward Minister, "the thegn Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became Earl of Northumbria. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York, in 1033. This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled dux ("earl").

Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor Erik of Hlathir last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian William Kapelle believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve (heahgerefa) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. Richard Fletcher remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner Ealdred son of Uhtred rose to power in the political vacuum.

When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son Harthacnut, and the nobleman Harold Harefoot, as well as Alfred Ætheling and Edward (later, King Edward the Confessor), the exiled sons of Æthelred the Unready. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality".

Siward is found in 1038, as Sywardus Comes ("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds. He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to Fécamp Abbey, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to Abingdon Abbey and to Ælfwine, Bishop of Winchester.

Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdred II of Bamburgh, and granddaughter of Uhtred the Bold. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle asserts that, in 1041 Eadwulf, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the Libellus de Exordio and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadwulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadwulf. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadwulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son Gospatric.

There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadwulf and events further south. For the same year the Chronicle of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of Worcester. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English ætheling Edward. As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on Easter Day, 3 April 1043.

English affairs under Edward the Confessor
Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, marched with King Edward against his mother, Queen Emma, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed Stigand, Bishop of Elmham, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel".

The Norman propagandist and historian, William of Poitiers, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that William, Duke of Normandy (later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to Bishop of Winchester in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, was journeying to Rome for his pallium.

In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however, the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.

There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the shire of Northampton into his control in the 1040s and the shire of Huntingdon in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and Bjorn son of Earl Ulf; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" (comes mediterraneorum), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the Middle Angles of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached.

Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" (on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things (þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges) in Allerdale, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time.

A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with Durham. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the Bishop of Durham, but Æthelric the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the Libellus de Exordio, only returned by bribing Siward. According to the Libellus, the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general.

Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls. He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044, six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) A Dux ("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at Lincoln—between Wulfwig, Bishop of Dorchester, and Earl Leofric, dating to between 1053 and 1055.

Expedition against the Scots
Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against Macbeth, King of Scotland, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, Osbjorn. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the Libellus de Exordio, in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham. Within a year, Macbeth had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadwulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked.

The Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the Annals of Tigernach entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of Crínán of Dunkeld, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.

During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the "Battle of Dunsinane". The tradition that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew of Wyntoun.

The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, recension D:

The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the Annals of Tigernach and more extensively in the Annals of Ulster:

Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.

The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians" a king (Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Macbeth in his favour.

The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king Owain Foel, perhaps by a daughter of Máel Coluim II, King of Scotland.

Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of Strathclyde in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of Glasgow Cathedral as well as early 12th-century claims from the archbishopric of York that Archbishop Cynesige (1051–1060) had consecrated two Bishops of Glasgow.

Death and legacy
The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his Historia Anglorum, relates that when Siward was attacked by dysentery, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the saga devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The Vita Ædwardi Regis states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at Galmanho, a claim confirmed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, John of Worcester, and the Historia Regum.

Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the Vita et Passio Waldevi, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's paternal origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward. The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist Frank Stenton declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.

Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the Domesday Book of 1086 recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, Morcar of Mercia, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the Harrying of the North.

Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England. Siward's Howe, i.e., Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place.

One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the East Midlands before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a saint at Crowland Abbey. Waltheof's daughter married David I, King of the Scots, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs.

Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around Stamford, Lincolnshire, to Peterborough Abbey. Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Siward, Earl of Northumbria


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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Choess (talk) 20:15, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

January 2008
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Dicklyon (talk) 02:33, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

January 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007 was changed by 63.95.64.254 (c) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-01-09T22:32:32+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 22:32, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism to M3 submachine gun
This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Asams10 (talk) 14:51, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Hi, the recent edit you made to Killer Instinct has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks.  Snowolf How can I help? 15:41, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

February 2008
This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 00:42, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

April 2008
Your recent edit to Lucy Liu (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. The edit was identified as adding vandalism, or link spam to the page or having an inappropriate edit summary. If you want to experiment, please use the preview button while editing or consider using the sandbox. If this revert was in error, please contact the bot operator. If you made an edit that removed a large amount of content, try doing smaller edits instead. Thanks! // VoABot II (talk) 13:45, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

May 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Kadima, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Kadima was changed by 63.95.64.254 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-05-28T23:38:18+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 23:38, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

July 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Monster Hunter Freedom 2 has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. IceUnshattered[ t 19:16, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from. When removing text, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the text has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. bluemask (talk) 10:16, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
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Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Michael Quigley (politician) has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. Ndenison talk  17:40, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

September 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Brian Welch has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Miquonranger03 (talk) 21:26, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Felicia has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. –  iride scent  22:58, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Aaron constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. –  iride scent  22:59, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Evan. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Arakunem Talk 23:00, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Kirk Maltby has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Tohd8BohaithuGh1 (talk) 20:29, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

December 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Deepak Chopra, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Deepak Chopra was changed by 63.95.64.254 (u) (t) deleting 21412 characters on 2008-12-01T22:32:22+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 22:32, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Nas has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. -- IRP ☎ 23:13, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Nas constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. -- IRP ☎ 23:16, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

March 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Choudenshi Bioman, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Choudenshi Bioman was changed by 63.95.64.254 (u) (t) deleting 17285 characters on 2009-03-17T02:17:33+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 02:17, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

April 2009
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to The Story of the Three Bears. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Age Happens (talk) 09:06, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

May 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from. When removing text, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the text has been restored, as you can see from the. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.Andy Dingley (talk) 15:42, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page Large Hadron Collider has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Gök han   ' '' 22:50, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Hadron. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. ThoseStarsBurnLikeDiamonds  stargaze  22:51, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

June 2009
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --Mcr hxc (talk) 02:06, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Gerhard Schøning. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Boracay Bill (talk) 02:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Dodge Ridge Ski Area. Alansohn (talk) 02:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

You have been blocked for a period of 1 month from editing in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for persistent vandalism. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first. J.delanoy gabs adds 02:09, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

August 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page Miss Universe 2009 has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Jeffrey Mall (talk • contribs) - 02:10, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

September 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Sean Kingston (album), did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Sean Kingston (album) was changed by 63.95.64.254 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2009-09-23T02:52:05+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 02:52, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Mesa State College constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to remove content from articles without explanation. Thank you. Alansohn (talk) 04:06, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding content without citing a reliable source, as you did to List of Filipino Americans, is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add references to the article. The person that you added does not meet WP:NN guidelines as set forth by WP:SALAT. If you believe that this is an error, and the person does meet notability please provide a verifiable reliable sourced reference to the readded entry, and the name will be kept on this list. Generally if the person already has their own Wikipedia article they've already passed notability guidelines. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 05:16, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

October 2009
Please do not add unreferenced or poorly referenced information, especially if controversial, to articles or any other page on Wikipedia about living persons. --Drappel (talk) 19:02, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Since this is a shared IP address, and if you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

October 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Markova: Comfort Gay, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Markova: Comfort Gay was changed by 63.95.64.254 (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2009-10-15T17:10:18+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 17:10, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

December 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute to the encyclopedia, but when you add content (particularly if you change facts and figures), as you have to the article Oaxaca, please cite a reliable source for the content you're adding or changing. This helps maintain our policy of verifiability. Take a look at Citing sources for information about how to cite sources and the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. nsaum75 ¡שיחת! 03:53, 18 December 2009 (UTC)
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January 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Marta Larraechea has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Bradjamesbrown (talk) 21:00, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

February 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Magic: The Gathering formats has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you.  Thatguyflint  undefined 05:59, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

March 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page The Dudley & Bob Show has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you.  Ron h jones (Talk) 00:42, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
Your nomination at Articles for Creation was declined, and Wikipedia& was not created. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer, and please feel free to request article creation again once the issues have been addressed. Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia!  fetch  comms  ☛ 22:09, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Tim Duncan has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. --Darkwind (talk) 18:30, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

April 2010
Please stop. Continuing to remove maintenance templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Scarface (1983 film), without resolving the problem that the template refers to may be considered vandalism. Further edits of this type may result in your being blocked from editing Wikipedia. Geeky Randy (talk) 22:41, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

May 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Censored Eleven has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you.  Wikipelli  Talk   16:16, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Please stop introducing jokes into articles, such as those you created at Censored Eleven. Wikipedia is a serious encyclopedia, and contributions of this type are considered vandalism. Continuing to add jokes and other disruptive content into articles may lead to your being blocked from editing. Your edit can be seen here. — MrDolomite • Talk 16:18, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

This is the final warning that you will receive regarding your disruptive edits, such as this edit you made to Censored Eleven. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing without  further notice. Jusdafax  16:29, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

October 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. While everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your contributions, such as your recent edit to Trento, Agusan del Sur, did not appear to be constructive and was automatically reverted by DASHBot.
 * Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism.
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Thanks, DASHBot Anti-Vandalism (talk) 00:18, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

November 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to 1755 Lisbon earthquake has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Skarebo (talk) 09:56, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Horoscope has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you.  WAYNE  OLAJUWON 17:31, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

February 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Tim Duncan has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. the wub "?!"  00:31, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Blue box. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Dawnseeker2000  21:38, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at The Departed, you may be blocked from editing. Dawnseeker2000  21:39, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Blue box.  Ron h jones (Talk) 21:43, 21 February 2011 (UTC)  Ron h jones (Talk) 21:46, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

November 2011
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Blue Box, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Samuell Lift me up or put me down 05:41, 10 November 2011 (UTC)
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Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Solifugae. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you can write practically anything you want. I dream of horses If you reply here, please leave me a message on my talk page. @ 23:48, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

May 2012
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Andy Dick, you may be blocked from editing. Pinethicket (talk) 20:24, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Nathan Lane, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Pinethicket (talk) 20:28, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Anonymous users from this IP address have been blocked from editing for a period of 1 year for abuse of editing privileges. If you have a registered Wikipedia username, you may log in and continue to edit. Otherwise, once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Jauerbackdude?/dude. 21:09, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Bogalusa High School. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Pinethicket (talk) 10:46, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

July 2013
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Good Times. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Dave Dial (talk) 19:03, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
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August 2013
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at User:Comwizz2/sandbox. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Kiko4564 (talk) 19:09, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

October 2013
Hello, I'm Widr. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Martial law because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, you can use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Widr (talk) 19:10, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Gantz. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Widr (talk) 21:59, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
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December 2013
Hello, I'm Electric Wombat. Your recent edit to the page San Jacinto, Masbate appears to have added incorrect information, so I have removed it for now. If you believe the information was correct, please cite a reliable source or discuss your change on the article's talk page. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Electric Wombat (talk) 00:33, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
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January 2014
Hello, I'm Materialscientist. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Hayley Williams, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Materialscientist (talk) 06:53, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Note for editing Abiogenesis
Since some dimwit here decided to vandalize Wikipedia, have to leave notes for myself to edit from home. Replace the existing ref with this one (http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2010/03/10/free-energy-and-the-meaning-of-life/) where Carroll attributes the quote to Russell and edit the section accordingly. 63.95.64.254 (talk) 19:50, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

June 2015
This is your only warning; if you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did at Seventh-inning stretch, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. RoadWarrior445 (talk) 20:49, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Hi there! Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia.

I noticed your recent edit to Reynolds cancer charities does not have an edit summary. ''I had the courtesy to use an edit summary when changing it. Perhaps you could try the same.''

Edit summary content is visible in:
 * User contributions
 * Recent changes
 * Watchlists
 * Revision differences
 * IRC channels
 * Related changes
 * New pages list and
 * Article editing history

Please use the edit summary to explain your reasoning for the edit, or a summary of what the edit changes. Thanks! DBaK (talk) 21:50, 30 June 2015 (UTC)
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July 2015
Welcome to Wikipedia. At least one of your recent edits, such as the edit you made to Majin Boo , did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at the welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make some test edits, please use the sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page.''The standard for all Dragon Ball articles is to use the more original spellings, not the ones Funimation uses. Accordingly, for this subject, it's Boo, not Buu. That's why the comment you deleted exists: it alerts editors of this standard. You may not unilaterally change it.'' —C.Fred (talk) 16:16, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
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Please do not add unreferenced or poorly referenced information, especially if controversial, to articles or any other page on Wikipedia about living (or recently deceased) persons, as you did to Christopher Langan. Thank you. – Gilliam (talk) 21:19, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
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November 2017
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for reverting your recent experiment with the page Bill Maher. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead, as someone could see your edit before you revert it. Thank you. Binksternet (talk) 17:53, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:63.95.64.254


text:
Calliandra

Calliandra is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, in the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It contains about 140 species that are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.

Description
The genus comprises herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, growing 0.5 - 6 m tall, with bipinnate leaves. The flowers are produced in cylindrical or globose inflorescences and have numerous long slender stamens which give rise to the common names powder-puff, powder puff plant, and fairy duster. These plants flower all year round, but the best blooming is in spring and summer. They can be easily pruned.

Calliandra are often fed on by caterpillars, such as the larvae of statira sulphur (Aphrissa statira). It is available in many vibrant colours such as pink, white, etc.

Species
The following is an alphabetical listing of the 149 species in the genus Genus that are accepted by Plants of the World Online

 * Calliandra aeschynomenoides Benth.
 * Calliandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth.
 * Calliandra antioquiae Barneby
 * Calliandra asplenioides (Nees) Benth.
 * Calliandra bahiana Renvoize
 * Calliandra belizensis (Britton & Rose) Standl.
 * Calliandra bella (Mart. ex Spreng.) Benth.
 * Calliandra biflora Tharp
 * Calliandra bifoliolata H.M.Hern. & Ortíz-Rodr.
 * Calliandra bijuga Rose
 * Calliandra blanchetii Benth.
 * Calliandra bombycina Spruce ex Benth.
 * Calliandra brenesii Standl.
 * Calliandra brevicaulis Micheli
 * Calliandra bromelioides E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra caeciliae Harms
 * Calliandra californica Benth.
 * Calliandra calycina Benth.
 * Calliandra carcerea Standl. & Steyerm.
 * Calliandra carrascana Barneby
 * Calliandra chilensis Benth.
 * Calliandra chulumania Barneby
 * Calliandra coccinea Renvoize
 * Calliandra colimae Barneby
 * Calliandra comosa (Sw.) Benth.
 * Calliandra concinna Barneby
 * Calliandra conferta Benth.
 * Calliandra coriacea (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth.
 * Calliandra crassipes Benth.
 * Calliandra cruegeri Griseb.
 * Calliandra cualensis H.M.Hern.
 * Calliandra × cumbucana Renvoize
 * Calliandra debilis Renvoize
 * Calliandra depauperata Benth.
 * Calliandra dolichopoda H.M.Hern.
 * Calliandra duckei Barneby
 * Calliandra dysantha Benth.
 * Calliandra elegans Renvoize
 * Calliandra enervis (Britton) Urb.
 * Calliandra eriophylla Benth.
 * Calliandra erubescens Renvoize
 * Calliandra erythrocephala H.M.Hern. & M.Sousa
 * Calliandra estebanensis H.M.Hern.
 * Calliandra falcata Benth.
 * Calliandra fasciculata Benth.
 * Calliandra feioana Renvoize
 * Calliandra fernandesii Barneby
 * Calliandra foliolosa Benth.
 * Calliandra fuscipila Harms
 * Calliandra ganevii Barneby
 * Calliandra gardneri Benth.
 * Calliandra geraisensis E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra germana Barneby
 * Calliandra glaziovii Taub.
 * Calliandra glomerulata H.Karst.
 * Calliandra glyphoxylon Spruce ex Benth.
 * Calliandra goldmanii Rose ex Barneby
 * Calliandra grandifolia P.H.Allen
 * Calliandra guildingii Benth.
 * Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.
 * Calliandra haematomma (Bertero ex DC.) Benth.
 * Calliandra harrisii (Lindl.) Benth.
 * Calliandra hintonii Barneby
 * Calliandra hirsuta (G.Don) Benth.
 * Calliandra hirsuticaulis Harms
 * Calliandra hirtiflora Benth.
 * Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl.
 * Calliandra humilis Benth.
 * Calliandra hygrophila Mackinder & G.P.Lewis
 * Calliandra hymenaeoides (Rich.) Benth.
 * Calliandra iligna Barneby
 * Calliandra imbricata E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra imperialis Barneby
 * Calliandra involuta Mackinder & G.P.Lewis
 * Calliandra iselyi B.L.Turner
 * Calliandra jariensis Barneby
 * Calliandra juzepczukii Standl.
 * Calliandra laevis Rose
 * Calliandra lanata Benth.
 * Calliandra laxa (Willd.) Benth.
 * Calliandra leptopoda Benth.
 * Calliandra lewisii E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra linearis Benth.
 * Calliandra lintea Barneby
 * Calliandra longipedicellata (McVaugh) Macqueen & H.M.Hern.
 * Calliandra longipes Benth.
 * Calliandra longipinna Benth.
 * Calliandra luetzelburgii Harms
 * Calliandra macqueenii Barneby
 * Calliandra macrocalyx Harms
 * Calliandra magdalenae (Bertero ex DC.) Benth.
 * Calliandra mayana H.M.Hern.
 * Calliandra medellinensis Britton & Rose ex Britton & Killip
 * Calliandra molinae Standl.
 * Calliandra mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth.
 * Calliandra mucugeana Renvoize
 * Calliandra nebulosa Barneby
 * Calliandra oroboensis E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra paganuccii E.R.Souza
 * Calliandra pakaraimensis R.S.Cowan
 * Calliandra palmeri S.Watson
 * Calliandra paniculata C.D.Adams
 * Calliandra parviflora Benth.
 * Calliandra parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Speg.
 * Calliandra paterna Barneby
 * Calliandra pauciflora (A.Rich.) Griseb.
 * Calliandra pedicellata Benth.
 * Calliandra peninsularis Rose
 * Calliandra physocalyx H.M.Hern. & M.Sousa
 * Calliandra pilgeriana Harms
 * Calliandra pilocarpa A.E.Estrada, Rebman & Villarreal
 * Calliandra pittieri Standl.
 * Calliandra pityophila Barneby
 * Calliandra purdiei Benth.
 * Calliandra purpurea (L.) Benth.
 * Calliandra quetzal (Donn.Sm.) Donn.Sm.
 * Calliandra renvoizeana Barneby
 * Calliandra rhodocephala Donn.Sm.
 * Calliandra ricoana H.M.Hern. & R.Duno
 * Calliandra rigida Benth.
 * Calliandra riparia Pittier
 * Calliandra rubescens (M.Martens & Galeotti) Standl.
 * Calliandra samik Barneby
 * Calliandra santosiana Glaz. ex Barneby
 * Calliandra seleri Harms
 * Calliandra selloi (Spreng.) J.F.Macbr.
 * Calliandra semisepulta Barneby
 * Calliandra sesquipedalis McVaugh
 * Calliandra sessilis Benth.
 * Calliandra silvicola Taub.
 * Calliandra sincorana Harms
 * Calliandra spinosa Ducke
 * Calliandra squarrosa Benth.
 * Calliandra staminea (Thunb.) Barneby
 * Calliandra stelligera Barneby
 * Calliandra subspicata Benth.
 * Calliandra surinamensis Benth.
 * Calliandra taxifolia (Kunth) Benth.
 * Calliandra tehuantepecensis (L.Rico & M.Sousa) E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz
 * Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth.
 * Calliandra tolimensis Taub. ex Hieron.
 * Calliandra trinervia Benth.
 * Calliandra tsugoides R.S.Cowan
 * Calliandra tumbeziana J.F.Macbr.
 * Calliandra tweediei Benth.
 * Calliandra ulei Harms
 * Calliandra umbellifera Benth.
 * Calliandra vaupesiana R.S.Cowan
 * Calliandra virgata Benth.
 * Calliandra viscidula Benth.

Formerly placed here

 * Havardia pallens (Benth.) Britton & Rose (as C. pallens Benth. )
 * Viguieranthus alternans (Benth.) Villiers (as C. alternans Benth. and as C. thouarsiana Baill. )
 * Zapoteca caracasana (Jacq.) H.M.Hern. (as C. caracasana (Jacq.) Benth. )
 * Zapoteca formosa subsp. formosa (as C. formosa (Kunth) Benth. and C. marginata Griseb. ex R.O.Williams )
 * Zapoteca formosa subsp. schottii (Torr. & S.Watson) H.M.Hern. (as C. schottii Torr. & S.Watson )
 * Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M.Hern. (as C. portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. )
 * Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M.Hern. (as C. tetragona (Willd.) Benth. )

title: Calliandra


text:
Finishing school (disambiguation)

Finishing school is a type of private school for girls that emphasizes cultural studies and prepares its students especially for social activities.

Finishing school may also refer to:

Films

 * Finishing School (1934 film), American romantic drama directed by George Nichols, Jr.
 * Finishing School (1953 film), Italian romantic comedy directed by Bernard Vorhaus; also known as Luxury Girls; original title Fanciulle di lusso
 * The Finishing School (film), 1969 Spanish horror feature directed by Narciso Ibáñez Serrador

Literature

 * The Finishing School (Spark novel), 2004 novella by Scottish writer Muriel Spark
 * The Finishing School, 1984 novel by American writer Gail Godwin
 * The Finishing School, 2005 book by American writer Dick Couch
 * Finishing School (series), a four-book young adult steampunk series by American writer Gail Carriger

Music

 * The Finishing School, a band/project by musician Sasha Bell of Essex Green and The Ladybug Transistor

Other

 * Finishing school (India), supplementary training school

title: Finishing school (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:132.70.50.117

Nomination of Haunter for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Haunter is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Haunter until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Natg 19 (talk) 21:33, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:132.70.50.117