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Gqeberha

Gqeberha, formerly known as Port Elizabeth, and colloquially referred to as P.E., is a major seaport and the most populous city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is the seat of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa's second-smallest metropolitan municipality by area. It is the sixth-most populous city in South Africa  and is the cultural, economic and financial hub of the Eastern Cape.

Port Elizabeth was founded in 1820 by Sir Rufane Donkin, who was the governor of the Cape at the time. He named it after his wife, Elizabeth, who had died in India. The Donkin Memorial in the CBD of the city bears testament to this. It was established by the government of the Cape Colony when 4,000 British colonists settled in Algoa Bay to strengthen the border region between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa. It is nicknamed "The Friendly City" or "The Windy City". In 2019, the Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee recommended that Port Elizabeth be renamed Gqeberha, after the Xhosa and Southern Khoe name for the Baakens River that flows through the city. The city's name change was officially gazetted on 23 February 2021, although the new name remains poorly used locally as of 2023.

Located on the western portion of Algoa Bay along the southeastern coast of South Africa, the city lies 770km east of Cape Town. It is east of the Garden Route and faces the Indian Ocean. It covers 251 square kilometers of the Nelson Mandela Bay metropolitan area, and is administered by South Africa's sixth-largest metropolitan municipality. The city's warm oceanic climate ranks it among the top cities in the world for pleasant year-round weather. The city is known for many blue-flag beaches along the city's urban coastline; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage. It is a gateway city for the Eastern Cape's adventure, outdoor and African big five game safari tourism.

Etymology
In 1820, the rising seaport of Algoa Bay was named "Port Elizabeth" in memory of Elizabeth Frances née Markham, the wife of Sir Rufane Shaw Donkin, acting Governor of the Cape Colony. Colonists also called the settlement "The Bay". The settlement is also known by Xhosa speakers as "iBhayi" or "eBhayi", a Xhosa adaptation of the Afrikaans name "die Baai", meaning "the bay".

Gqeberha, the city's official name since 23 February 2021, is a Xhosa word occasionally used to refer to the Baakens river, which flows through the city.

Prehistory
Cave sites in the area, such as Albany, Wilton and Howieson's Poort, have given their names to various archaeological cultures. The Howieson's Poort site has been of particular interest to interpretations about the origins of fully modern human behaviour. Dating to 65,000 to 62,000years ago, it has yielded extremely old evidence for bow-and-arrow hunting and shell-bead jewellery. Earlier and Middle Stone Age lithic material has been found in the Sundays River Valley, while at the important site of Amanzi Springs, 40km north of the Port Elizabeth near Addo, Earlier Stone Age artefacts are found in situ with well-preserved plant and faunal remains within spring sediments (Deacon, 1970). There is Later Stone Age archaeological material preserved in caves and rock shelters, such as Melkhoutboom Cave, in the Cape Fold Mountain Belt surrounding Port Elizabeth (see Deacon and Deacon, 1963; Deacon, 1976; Binneman, 1997) and large numbers of coastal shell middens have been reported at Humewood, St Georges Strand and the Coega River Mouth (Rudner, 1968). Most recently, Binneman and Webley (1997) reported thirteen shell middens and stone tool scatters about 500m east of the Coega River mouth in the archaeological assessment carried out for the development of maritime infrastructure for the Port of Ngqura. Importantly, some of this archaeological material was recorded in secondary context in the gravels from older river terraces along the banks of the Coega River.

Early history
Hunters and gatherers ancestral to the San first settled the area around what is now called Algoa Bay at least 10,000 years ago. Around 2,000 years ago, they were gradually assimilated by agriculturalist populations ancestral to the Xhosa people.

British settlement
The first Europeans to visit the area sailed with the Portuguese explorers Bartholomeu Dias, who landed on St Croix Island in Algoa Bay in 1488, and Vasco da Gama, who noted the nearby Bird Island in 1497. For centuries, the area appeared on European navigation charts marked simply as "a landing place with fresh water".

The area later became part of the Cape Colony. This area had a turbulent history between the settlement by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 and the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

In 1799, at the time of the first British occupation of the Colony during the Napoleonic Wars, British troops built a stone fort named Fort Frederick after the Duke of York. This fort, aiming to deter a possible landing of French troops, was constructed to oversee the site of what later became Port Elizabeth. The fort is now preserved as a monument.

From 1814 to 1821, the Strandfontein farm to the south of the Baakens River was owned by Piet Retief. He later became a Voortrekker leader and was murdered in 1837 by Zulu king Dingane during negotiations about land. An estimated 500 men, woman and children of his party were massacred. Frederik Korsten, after whom the suburb of Korsten is named, owned the Strandfontein farm after Retief. This area was later developed as Summerstrand, a beachfront suburb.

In 1820, a party of 4,000 British settlers arrived by sea, encouraged by the government of the Cape Colony to form a settlement to strengthen the border region between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa people. At this time the seaport town was founded by Sir Rufane Shaw Donkin, the Acting Governor of the Cape Colony (in office from 1820 to 1821). Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Port Elizabeth in the early 1830s. Roberts noted that Port Elizabeth in the 1820s had "contained four houses, and now it has upward of one hundred houses, and its residents are rated at above twelve hundred persons".

The British garrison of Port Elizabeth saw the arrival of a further 500 settlers in 1825, one of whom was Rev Francis McClelland, who in the same year was appointed Colonial Chaplain. The Roman Catholic Church established the Apostolic Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District in the city in 1847.

Port Elizabeth was granted the status of an autonomous municipality in 1861.

Cape Colony Prime Minister John Molteno had formed the Cape Government Railways in 1872. Completion of the railway to Kimberley in 1873 was a major stimulus to trade and a rapid increase in population in the town. With the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior over the following years, the harbour of Port Elizabeth became the focus for serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland. The rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway construction, caused Port Elizabeth to be nicknamed "the Liverpool of South Africa", after the major British port. The town expanded as a diverse community, comprising Xhosa as well as European, Cape Malay, and other immigrants.

During the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, the port served as an important transit-point for British soldiers, horses, and materials headed by railway to the front. No armed conflict took place within the city, but it felt the effects of the war with the arrival of many refugees who moved into the city. These included Boer women and children, whom the British interned in a concentration camp.

After the war, the British erected a monument to military horses that died during the war. "The unveiling of the monument commemorating the services of the horses which perished during the Anglo Boer War, 1899–1902, took place on Saturday afternoon, 11 February 1905, with the Mayor, Mr A Fettes, performing the ceremony."

Apartheid era
Under apartheid, the South African government established legal racial segregation and started programs to separate communities physically as well as by classification and custom. The forced relocation under the auspices of the Group Areas Act of the non-white population from mixed areas began in 1962, causing various townships to be built for their use. Classification was sometimes arbitrary, and as in many other localities throughout the country, many citizens appearing to have mixed ancestry were at times subject to re-classification, which often had intrusive sociopolitical results. The non-white tenants of South End, and land owners in Fairview were forcibly relocated from 1965 through to 1975, as these areas were valued as prime real estate. The city-planning was viewed as the prototypical apartheid city.

As black South Africans organized to try to achieve civil rights and social justice, government repression increased. In 1977 Steve Biko, the black anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in Port Elizabeth before being taken to Pretoria, where he died. Other notable deaths in the city during this time included those of The Cradock Four, and of George Botha, a high-school teacher.

1952 Defiance Campaign
In 1952 the African National Congress and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) called all South Africans to stand up against the apartheid government's unjust laws directed at the black African, Indian and coloured population. On 6 April, while most white South Africans celebrated the tercentenary of Jan van Riebeeck's arrival at the Cape in 1652, the ANC and SAIC called on black South Africans to observe the day as "A National Day of Pledge and Prayer". 15 000 people attended in Johannesburg, 10 000 in Cape Town, 10 000 in Durban and 20 000 in Port Elizabeth. The meeting in Port Elizabeth was led by Professor Z. K. Matthews and by Raymond Mhlaba.

On 25 July 1952, a day before the official start of the Defiance Campaign, 30 volunteers led by Raymond Mhlaba gathered at the New Brighton Civic Centre and prayed throughout the night. At 5am on 26 July, they left the Civic Centre and walked towards the New Brighton Railway Station. In Raymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda, Mhlaba recalled:

"I led the very first group and we entered the 'Europeans Only' section of the New Brighton station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party (group) was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole of South Africa. Little did we know that we were making history."

Mhlaba became the first man to be arrested during the campaign, while Florence Matomela was the first woman. 2 007 people were arrested in Port Elizabeth during the Defiance Campaign included Oom Gov (Govan Mbeki) and Vuyisile Mini. Other volunteers who emerged as key role players during the campaign included Nosipho Dastile, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Lilian Diedricks and Veronica Sobukwe.

1985 Consumer Boycotts
After the formation of the ANC-affiliated United Democratic Front in 1983, political consciousness in black townships grew. With numerous protests across the country and the massacre in Langa township near Uitenhage, police presence had increased in South African townships. In the townships, black South Africans demanded the integration of public institutions, the removal of troops from black townships, and the end of workplace discrimination. To launch an effective campaign to cripple the white-owned institutions of Port Elizabeth and to undermine the legitimacy of apartheid, several women suggested the idea of a consumer boycott to the Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation (PEBCO) in May 1985. The economic boycott began on 15 July 1985, and received massive support in townships around Port Elizabeth. By September 1985, white business-owners became desperate and called on the government to meet the demands of black South Africans. In November the boycott was still hurting white businesses in Port Elizabeth greatly. The white South African government reached an agreement with PEBCO which stated that the boycott would halt until March 1986 if business owners arranged for the release of black leaders.

In 1986, as the deal was approaching its end, the boycotters imposed a deadline of 31 March, stating that the boycott would resume if the initial demands were not met. On 11 March the government unexpectedly banned two leaders, one of whom was Mkuseli Jack. However, on 22 March the ban was lifted by the decision of a Supreme Court Justice on the grounds that the government had given insufficient reasons. Jack ripped up the ban papers, and used the celebration as a way to represent the solidarity that the campaign required. As the demands of the boycotters were not met by 31 March, the boycott was renewed on 1 April. The boycott continued for nine weeks, but on 12 June 1986 another state of emergency was imposed by the National Party government. Security forces searched through the townships, arresting thousands and raiding the offices of black civics, trade unions, the UDF, the South African Council, and churches and also confiscating documents.

Modern history
With the establishment of the Coega Industrial Development Zone (CIDZ), foreign direct and also national-level investment has improved in the greater region of Nelson Mandela Bay. The IDZ, under the stewardship of the Coega Development Corporation (CDC), since inception has managed to attract to investment account in excess of R140-billion into the economy of the Eastern Cape and has enabled the creation of over 45,000 jobs. This is significant for the area and the economy of the Eastern Cape.

In 2001, the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality was formed as an administrative area covering Port Elizabeth, the neighbouring towns of Uitenhage and Despatch and the surrounding agricultural areas. The name honours former President Nelson Mandela. The combined metropolitan area had a population estimated at around 1.3 million in 2006.

2010 FIFA World Cup
Overtaking its next door neighbouring city East London, it became a host city for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium hosted eight World Cup games: South Korea vs Greece, Ivory Coast vs Portugal, Germany vs Serbia; Chile vs Switzerland, and Slovenia vs England in the Group Stage, then Uruguay, South Korea in the Round of 16. A quarter-final between Netherlands, Brazil was hosted, then for the Third Place playoff, Uruguay and Germany were hosted at the stadium. The World Cup was played between 11 June 2010 and 11 July 2010. Spain were the eventual champions.

2013 Africa Cup of Nations
The city was also one of the five that hosted the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. The same stadium that was used in the 2010 World Cup hosted eight games: five matches in Group B—Ghana vs DR Congo, Mali vs Niger, Ghana vs Mali; DR Congo vs Niger, and Ghana vs Niger; one match in Group A—Cape Verde vs Angola, the quarterfinal—Ghana vs Cape Verde, and the third place playoff—Ghana vs Mali. The Africa Cup of Nations took place between 19 January and 10 February 2013. Nigeria were eventual champions.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, the city has an oceanic climate (Cfb), and under the Trewartha climate classification, the city has a subtropical climate. The area lies between the winter rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South Africa's east coast. The climate is very even throughout the year with extreme heat or moderate cold rare.

Biodiversity
The city represents a large percentage of South Africa's biological diversity is a confluence point five of the seven South African biomes, namely the Thicket, Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos and Forest Biomes. A number of municipal nature reserves have been included in, and can be visited along the "Outward Bound Route" of the city. A mosaic of these 5 Biomes could be experienced in these reserves. The outward bound route is an eco-outdoor adventure and sports route incorporating walking and wildlife experiences. The aim of this route is to spread tourism to similar attractions along the route, leading to increased foot traffic and related benefits to these sites.

Architecture
As a British colonial town, it had a strongly British character, and the central area retains that to this day. The colonial City Hall is a national monument. The main public library is an excellent example of Victorian Gothic architecture. Various memorials are situated throughout the city environs, and there are many tours available to familiarise visitors with especially the apartheid era. The city could be considered to be the country's leading centre of Art Deco style architecture due to its European heritage. Many buildings display the intricate stonework, wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are prominently visible in the Central Historical areas of the city. Combinations of Art Nouveau and Colonial styles are seen in residences along Cape Road. The area also boasts a collection of Cape Dutch style architecture as well as the Victorian and Edwardian styles, resulting from the arrival of the 1820 British settlers. Although influenced by Dutch architecture, the Cape Dutch style is unique to South Africa and examples can be seen all over the Eastern and Western Cape.

Hydrology
The city has a long marine coastline on its outskirts, particularly southwards. Beaches like Kings Beach, Hobie Beach, Bluewater Bay, Sardinia Bay (just outside the city near Schoenmakerskop), and the beaches along Marine Drive are abundant. Kings Beach is adjacent to the harbour, and the longshore drift from Cape Recife provides a plentiful supply of sea sand. On the north westerly coastline, the contours tends to be rockier than the area between Cape Recife, and the Port of Ngqura. There are a few rivers, of which the Baakens River is the most prominent. This river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed, especially at low level crossings. North End Lake in North End is the largest natural freshwater body in the city, but has experienced a form of contamination from industry. (It is not recommended to ingest anything from this lake) Also, numerous smaller "lakes" are in the surrounding area, namely Lake Farm.

The Eastern Cape has been experiencing a devastating drought since 2015, and a disaster was declared in the region in October 2019. On 14 June 2022, a virtual special council meeting of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Council approved an emergency intervention plan by the National Department of Water and Sanitation. The plan includes: drilling more boreholes, pumping water from the east of the metropolitan area to the west of the area, and using floatation pumps to extract more water from some reservoirs. The meeting approved the appointment of Tlhologelo Mogoatlhe (a water and sanitation production engineer) as the interim infrastructure and engineering executive director. City officials asked residents to consume no more than 50 L of water per person per day. In mid-June 2022, Luvuyo Bangazi (spokesperson for the municipality's joint operations crisis committee) said that the city was losing about a third of its water because of leaks in pipes, and had a backlog of 3,000 leaks to fix. Joseph Tsatsire (Bay Water Distribution Director) said that Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality repaired 9,719 leaks over a three week period ending in mid-July 2022, leaving a backlog of 712 leaks reported. Though some residents claimed that the taps only work a few hours a day, Bangazi said that water was only shut off when maintenance was being done. Water consumption for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality was as follows:
 * Target: 230 megalitres per day
 * Measured on 17 June 2022: 292 megalitres per day
 * Measured on 19 July 2022: 261 megalitres per day.

Demographics

In the 2011 census, Port Elizabeth was the most populous city in the Eastern Cape. In 2011:
 * Area: 251.03 sqkm
 * Population: 312,392: 1244.44 PD/sqkm
 * Households: 99,794: 397.54 /sqkm

Economy
The economy is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly, manufacturing and export industries, and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment. Foreign direct investments of $19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade. Several Fortune 500 companies are present or have their African operations headquartered in the city.

Trade and industry
Historically, the majority of trade in the region came through Port Elizabeth. In the 1830s, at least five ships regularly transported goods to Europe. It became a free port in 1832. In 1833, about 50 vessels had moved through the port. In 1828, 55,201 pounds, (25038 kg), of goods were imported through the port, increasing by 1832 to 112,845 pounds, (51185 kg), imported in that year. Port Elizabeth exported 41,290 lbs, (18738 kg), in 1828, with a large increase to 86,931 lbs, (39431 kg), goods exported in 1829. Exports included wine, brandy, vinegar, ivory, hides and skins, leather, tallow, butter, soap, wool, ostrich feathers, salted beef, wheat, candles, aloe, barley, and more.

Home of South Africa's motor vehicle industry, the city boasts most vehicle assembly plants, General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, Continental Tyres and many other automotive companies. As of 2018, after GM's exit from South Africa, Isuzu took over their production plant in Struandale. In 2016, Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturer BAIC and South Africa's Industrial Development Corporation announced a R11 billion joint venture for the establishment of a semi knock down vehicle assembly plant in Coega. It is anticipated that the plant will go online in 2020. The FAW also have built a multi-billion rand plant in the region. Most other industries are geared towards the motor vehicle industry, providing parts such as wiring harnesses, catalytic converters, batteries and tyres to the vehicle manufacturers.

The largest economic sectors in Nelson Mandela Bay Metro are manufacturing, finance, community services and transport. Community services, trade and manufacturing sectors are the sectors that create the most employment in the Metro. The city offers a wealth of tourism and recreation opportunity due to its biodiversity, beaches and open spaces. Further still, Nelson Mandela Bay is a preferred region for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, flour, meat, frozen vegetables, soft drinks, chocolates, cheese, yoghurt, ice cream, paper and leather products.

The city is also a major seaport, with the most significant car loading facilities in the southern hemisphere. As part of the ongoing development, a new Industrial Development Zone with expanded port facilities has been built at Coega.

Tourism
Located at the end of the picturesque Garden Route along the Cape coast, the city has beaches in and near it. The most popular swimming beaches include King's Beach and Hobie Beach.

Many local historic attractions are linked by the Donkin Heritage Trail. These include the Campanile (bell tower), built in 1923 to commemorate the arrival of the 1820 Settlers and offering a viewpoint over the city; the city hall (1862); the Donkin Reserve park and monument; and the old stone Fort Frederick itself (1799). The CBD also boasts the towering Eastern Cape post office headquarters.

Route 67 is a walking trail consisting of 67 public artworks, symbolising 67 years which Nelson Mandela dedicated to the freedom of South Africa. The artwork is a celebration of South African culture and history and is scattered along the route as it starts from the Campanile, up the stairs to the Vuysile Mini Market Square and to the large South African flag at the Donkin Reserve. The artworks were created by local Eastern Cape artists.

Other attractions include the gardens at St George's Park, the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum (formerly known as the King George VI Art Gallery), the museum and oceanography room at Humewood, and the new Boardwalk waterfront complex.

The wider area surrounding PE also features game viewing opportunities, including the Addo Elephant National Park, 72 km to the north near the Zuurberg mountain range.

It is also a destination for whale watching with humpback whales sighted between June and August, and again between November and January, southern right whales sighted between July and November, and Bryde's whales sighted all year round.

Property development

Nelson Mandela Bay has experienced a construction boom led by the Baywest Mall and Coega Development Corporation (CDC).

Baywest Mall which opened in May 2015 is the largest shopping centre in the Eastern Cape located on the western outskirts of the city and forms part of the Baywest City. Baywest City is a planned mixed-use development area and is striving to become a major development hub in the city's western suburbs.

Coega located just outside of the city once an industrial development zone (IDZ) has now deemed the status of a special economic zone (SEZ). It also houses the second and the newest port of Nelson Mandela Bay and South Africa, Port of Ngqura. This multi-billion rand project aims to drive local and foreign direct investments in export-oriented industries and position South Africa as the hub for Southern African trade.

Culture
There is only one foreign cultural centre, the Alliance Française of Port Elizabeth, a French language school and a francophone cultural centre.

Sports
It is the location of the St George's Park cricket ground, which holds test cricket matches. St George's Park is the oldest cricket ground in South Africa, and was the venue for the first Test match played outside of Australia or England, between South Africa and England on 12 and 13 March 1889. The Warriors, a franchise cricket team in South Africa, is based in Port Elizabeth, as is the SA20 franchise Sunrisers Eastern Cape. The stadium is also known for its band that entertains fans at the Proteas games.

In December 2011, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium became the new home of the South Africa Sevens, the country's leg of the annual IRB Sevens World Series in rugby sevens. The event had previously been held in three other cities, most recently in George in the Western Cape from 2002 to 2010. As of 2015, is hosted annually in Cape Town, in the Western Cape.

The headquarters of the Southern Spears rugby franchise was in Port Elizabeth. The long-standing Eastern Province Rugby Union, now commonly known as the Eastern Province Elephants, formed the basis of the Spears franchise together with East London's Border Bulldogs. The remnants of the Spears were later reconstituted into the Southern Kings, also based in Port Elizabeth, which joined Super Rugby in 2013. The Southern Kings did not participate in Super Rugby in 2014 or 2015, and returned to Super Rugby in 2016, 2017, but were dropped for economical reasons by SARU. The team now competes in the Guinness Pro14. The Eastern Province Rugby Union play their home matches at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, built for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

The biggest sporting events in the city, is the annual Ironman triathlon and the Herald Cycle tour. The Tuna classic deep-sea fishing competition attracts anglers from all over the world.

There are cricket, rugby union, athletics, association football, field hockey and many other sports facilities. Its coastal location also makes it a base for some watersports.

The city's main football club is Chippa United, they currently use the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium as their home ground. Previous clubs to play in the country's top tier were Bay United, Michau Warriors, Port Elizabeth Blackpool, Hotspur F.C., Port Elizabeth City and Westview Apollon.

The Algoa Bay Yacht Club operates out of the port.

Government
Port Elizabeth had its own municipality from 1843 to 2000. Since then, it has formed part of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, and also serves as the seat for the surrounding Cacadu District Municipality. It has a Magistrate's Court, a local seat of the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court, and a branch of the Labour Court. As a result of the presence of a High Court, several other related organs of state such as a Masters Office and a Director of Public Prosecutions are present in the city. All Government (mostly provincial) departments maintain branches or other offices in the city.

Coat of arms
The Port Elizabeth municipality assumed a coat of arms on 9 January 1878. The design, prepared by Bradbury Wilkinson and Company (of London), was a simplified version of the arms of Sir Rufane Donkin: Gules, on a chevron Argent between two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn stringed in base Or, three buckles Sable;  a chief embattled Argent thereon an elephant statant proper.  The crest was a sailing ship, and the motto In meliora spera.

(In layman's terms: a red shield displaying, from top to bottom, an elephant on a silver horizontal strip whose lower edge is embattled, two gold cinquefoils, a silver chevron bearing three black buckles, and a gold bugle horn.)

Eighty years later, in 1958, the council made slight changes to the arms, and had them granted by the College of Arms. The changes consisted of adding two anchors to the chief of the shield, placing a red mural crown bearing three golden rings below the ship in the crest, and changing the motto to Tu meliora spera. The arms were registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1959, and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1986.

Tertiary education
The Nelson Mandela University was formed by the amalgamation of the University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth Technikon, and the Port Elizabeth campus of Vista University. It is the largest university in the Eastern and Southern Cape, with around 29,000 students in seven faculties spread over seven campuses.

Secondary education
The city has a number of top government-funded and private schools, including Alexander Road High School, Collegiate Girls' High School, Grey High School, Otto du Plessis High School, Pearson High School, Victoria Park High School, Westering High School, Woodridge College, Linkside High School, Andrew Rabie High School, Lawson Brown High School, and Morningside High School. Substance abuse appears to be a prevailing problem in some schools due to a lack of drug prevention training on the part of the educational system.

Roads
Port Elizabeth lies on the N2 road. To the west the road travels the Garden Route to George and Cape Town; to the east, the road runs through the Border Country through Grahamstown, to East London then on to Durban, terminating in Ermelo in Mpumalanga. The R75 connects the city to Despatch, Uitenhage and the Karoo. The major routes within the city are numbered as metropolitan or M routes.

The city's main bus station is in Market Square. The public bus service is run by the Algoa Bus Company. Between 1881 and 1948, there was a Port Elizabeth tramway network, powered initially by horses, and later by electricity.

The city is in the process of building a bus rapid transit system which was intended for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. This has been a massive failure as local taxi associations have prevented the implementation. The city lacks a proper public transport system which has had a negative impact on the poorer residents of the city who are dependent on public transport. Construction of the bus rapid transit network has been suspended due to mismanagement which led to the project missing its May 2010 deadline. Calls for the project, which has left many parts of the city in a permanent state of construction, have been made recently, and it is expected that the government will make a decision on the matter soon.

Railway
Port Elizabeth railway station is served by South Africa's rail network. Local commuter services are operated by Metrorail, while the Shosholoza Meyl long-distance passenger service links PE with Johannesburg via Bloemfontein where it is possible to connect with other long-distance routes.

Air
Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport (IATA airport code PLZ, ICAO airport code FAPE) serves the city for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is the fourth busiest airport in South Africa after O.R. Tambo International Airport, King Shaka International Airport in Durban, and Cape Town International Airport.

International visitors to the city must currently fly to either Johannesburg, Cape Town or Durban, and then take a domestic flight to Port Elizabeth. An upgrade to the terminal building, completed in 2004, created the necessary facilities to handle international flights although none are scheduled as yet.

Sea
The city has a harbour in Algoa Bay, and the construction of an additional international harbour at Coega has supported an increase in the size of the city's industries and the addition of new industries.

Water sources
One of the water sources from which the city gets its water is via a series of canals, tunnels and rain basin transfer schemas that starts in the Free State at Gariep Dam – Transfer Scheme (Additional Documentaries Resource), about 5hours away at 462 km. The water from Gariep Dam is transferred via the Orange-Fish River Project (Tunnel) into the Great Fish River Valley, then again into the Sundays River Valley (Canals and Tunnels Scheme) North-West of the city. Since 1992 the water from the Sundays River Valley has been supplied to the city.

Gariep Dam water is also used for electricity generation by Eskom hydro-electric power station, remotely controlled from Gauteng. Therefore, it must be managed carefully by balancing the supply-and-demand of this water resource usage for its derivatives of electricity generation, irrigation, and municipal drinking water. Other nearby dams include Kouga Dam, Kromme Dam, Groendal Dam, Impofu Dam, and Lourie Dam.

Health care
The city has government-funded and private hospitals, including:

 * Aurora Rehabilitation Hospital
 * Dora Nginza Hospital
 * Elizabeth Donkin Hospital, (State Mental Asylum)
 * Empilweni Hospital
 * Hunterscraig Private Hospital (Private Mental Asylum)
 * Jose Pearson TB Hospital
 * Livingstone Hospital
 * Mercantile Private Hospital
 * Netcare Greenacres Hospital
 * Nightingale Subacute Hospital
 * Oasim Private Hospital
 * Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital
 * St George's Hospital
 * Westways Private Hospital

Radio
The city is served by a few radio stations, namely Algoa FM (regional radio broadcasting to the entire Eastern Cape, Garden Route, and globally via internet) and Umhlobo Wenene FM.

Newspapers
The Herald serves English readers in terms of newspapers, on a daily basis. Die Burger serves the Afrikaans-speaking communities with a well established readership base.

Television
The SABC has a regional office in the city. Bay TV is a free-to-air station established by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality that broadcasts 24-hours a day, seven-days a week. The station focusses on African story-telling and creating platforms for local content creators, and receives funding from local government and corporate donors.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇲🇿 Beira, Mozambique
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg, Sweden
 * 🇺🇸 Jacksonville, United States
 * 🇨🇳 Ningbo, China

title: Gqeberha


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User talk:Bryant.cutler

The view of hero is subjective. Sure, Lain is the one that receives all the spotlights in the series, so that's why she is the protagonist. However, that doesn't mean she is the "hero" of anything. That's subjective. "Protagonist" would suit better, since it'd be a neutral term. Please think about this and reconsider.--Kaonashi 04:47, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What I was trying to show is that Lain is not the simple, plain old "good and evil, black and white" kind of series, where everything is easy to see and interpret. Things are a bit more complicated with this anime, so that's why it's hard to generalize it. If you've seen it, you know what I mean. Now, I'm not sure of what concept you're talking about. If that caption is referring to more than it looks like, I didn't notice. To me, "hero" just sounds like someone who accomplished something essentially "great" and "good". Really, like "someone who saved the world", as corny as it might sound.

So, I don't know if that image should be replaced by something else to illustrate the caption better, or if it's the caption that should be replaced. I gotta say I was pretty happy when I saw that image in the cyberpunk article. I not only enjoy the series, but I also think it's a great example of what the cyberpunk segment is coming up with, nowadays.--Kaonashi 17:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blue Martini Software
I understand your concern about my revert, but it is my belief the original content was fair, informative and complete. But I reverted mostly because it was complete. Your version left out PSO (which many BM customers opt for), how BM is implemented, and what it actually does. In other words, it reduced the article to being basically uninformative. If you have issues with market-speak or pov in the article these can be dealt with without deleting useful information, I think. FeloniousMonk 21:27, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * PS: The article is about the company, not just the software. FeloniousMonk 21:29, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I did include the PSO - which is really just rather expensive Blue Martini consultants. The marketing speak is things like "Decision support managed services" - a couple of buzzwords strung together that doesn't mean anything. I think it should be noted that Blue Martini is a heavy-weight system that doesn't actually support "clienteling" or decent business intelligence out of the box - it's more of a platform on which you can build your own systems. Also, I think it's important that it be noted that it's a wrapper around a WebLogic server. Should you modify the article or should I? -Raskol 19:37, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bryant.cutler


text:
Talk:Space (French band)

Untitled
The title is too long. Ideas: --Smack (talk) 04:47, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (French band)
 * (Electronic band)

 * Yes, I agree. (French band) seems the best bet.

 * Derek R Bullamore 09:41, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Information to correct errors and remove false data.
1. Marouani himself, on his Facebook page, indicated that Monaco is the right city. The easiest way to leave the designation is "French group";

2. The participation of Joe Hammer in the "founding group" is not confirmed. His name officially appears on the second album "Space". In addition to Marouani, only the arranger Roland Romanelli and singer Madeline Bell was indicated as the official member of the group on the Magic Fly album https://www.discogs.com/Space-Magic-Fly/release/1477116

3. The active composition of the group is listed on the group’s page on Facebook https://web.facebook.com/pg/Didier.Marouani.et.spAce/about/?ref=page_internal

4. All albums of the group until 1980 were released under the name "Space". The name "Didier Marouani and SpAce" appeared much later and was not used constantly https://www.discogs.com/artist/5705-Space

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.87.157.130 (talk) 21:49, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

I would add that direct quotes attributed to Marouani in this article are in fact paraphrased. I have read the original French and it is quite different.

Marchino61 (talk) 04:51, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space (French band)


text:
Talk:Gqeberha

Update the Executive Mayor's name
The new Mayor is Gary van Niekerk (NA) 196.45.26.164 (talk) 09:08, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Done Greenman (talk) 10:01, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Mayoral vacancy
Your comments are aggressive and unwelcome. Telling people to "stick to editing stuff you know" because you can't find a proper source will just get you blocked. Experienced editors have tried to help you by pointing you to the guidelines on how to contribute constructively - I suggest you read them, including WP:AGF before making any more edits. You actually seemed to try to follow Toddy1's advice while telling them to stick what they know, but the  improved source you added says, in the very first sentence "possibly leaving the city without a mayor", which is hardly definitive. I'll revert your changes until there's clarity. Greenman (talk) 14:05, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

IPA/English of Gqeberha
Someone please add International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of 'Gqeberha', so that we can know how to pronounce it in English. Ragnarvrollo (talk) 06:02, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Not unless there is an WP:RS showing how English speakers pronounce it, obviously. See also above. Nardog (talk) 17:28, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Collins English Dictionary gives its British English IPA as kɛˈbɛəxə.— MarkH21talk 18:40, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Nardog According to the reference of Collins English Dictionary that you provided, it’s 'kɛˈbɛəxə'. Not 'kɛˈbɛərxə' as you written. There’s no 'r' in the IPA of the reference. Ragnarvrollo (talk) 13:30, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Again see WP:DIAPHONEMIC. You can't link to Help:IPA/English and have /ɛə/ not followed by /r/. That's why  produces . Nardog (talk) 13:36, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Pronunciation Respelling Key
As the pronunciation of 'Gqeberha' is a bit peculiar for English speakers, I believe adding a Pronunciation Respelling Key would be more helpful. Ragnarvrollo (talk) 05:40, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Done. Nardog (talk) 08:16, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Is this (keb-AIR-khə) how Gqeberha pronounced in English? Ragnarvrollo (talk) 15:11, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It is a reiteration of what Collins gives, as is . We don't know whether Collins is purely descriptively documenting how English speakers actually pronounce it, or simply giving an approximation to the Xhosa pronunciation using English sounds. Nardog (talk) 23:07, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Is Gqeberha actually used?
The article states ' The city's name change was officially gazetted on 23 February 2021, although the new name remains poorly used locally as of 2023. '. Then why the name is changed to Gqeberha? Wikipedia policy is to use known names, not per se official names (eg. Turkey vs Türkiye). Uitenhage is a comparable example and is still named Uitenhage. I suggest a name chage to the dominant name: Port Elizabeth. Especially since the majority of the cities population is Afrikaans and English speaking. Wester (talk) 22:28, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The title was changed because sources have largely adopted the name Gqeberha. But thank you for pointing out Uitenhage, will have to examine that one more closely.  nableezy  - 22:32, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I'm confident Gqberha won't be a commonly used name in English just for how illegible it is to the average English speaker. A quick search does seem to show Port Elizabeth as the commonly used name still.  Traumnovelle (talk) 01:33, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * None of these are reliable sources. One is a blog, one is a moving company, and the last is an autogenerated TripAdvisor page that also has a Gqeberha version. — MarkH21talk 02:54, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. And still most English sources use Port Elizabeth. The last wide consensus was on Port Elizabeth. Navarran94 (talk) 01:59, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There was unanimous consensus in the the last move discussion for the rename to Gqeberha due to the English language reliable source usage of the new name since 2022. — MarkH21talk 02:57, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 February 2024
I would like to edit this page because they did not write about public schools they only wrote about private only so I wanted to fix that but I can't because you closed it. 41.114.143.174 (talk) 19:24, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * How did you edit 41.114.143.174 (talk) 19:26, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Nardog (talk) 19:27, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Name changed
Still, most English-speaking sources refer to the city as Port Elizabeth. Gqeberha is illegible in English. Because some RS also mention this new name just because it's the official one doesn't remove the fact that the most used name and found in English sources in English are Port Elizabeth (Google or Google Scholar sources) also notice that 75% of the population of Port Elizabeth are either Afrikaans or English speakers, and virtually most of them still using Port Elizabeth. Navarran94 (talk) 02:04, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There was a requested move, your reverting that undiscussed is wholly out of process and I am restoring the name that consensus was reached for.  nableezy  - 02:07, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The last approved move was Port Elizabeth, which is also the main (by very far) most used name in English.
 * That's why the page could be renamed again. Feel free to do a RfC for a proper consensus if you want to put a word that's illegible in English. Navarran94 (talk) 02:10, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Nope, this is the last discussion on this topic, and it was a consensus for Gqeberha.  nableezy  - 02:11, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The overwhelming majority of reliable sources since 2022 use "Gqeberha" to refer to the place in their own voice. Keep in mind that a raw search will find historical references to the place as well as the many other places and entities named Port Elizabeth. — MarkH21talk 02:14, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * They might use it because it's the official (and also imposed name as far as I can see, I don't know how a Sports and Culture minister of an entire country gives himself the permission to change the name of a city without doing a referendum within the local population of that city), but 3 thirds - 75% of the population are officially identified as Afrikaans and English speakers, and virtually no one of them says anything else than Port Elizabeth.
 * This new word is not even properly legible in English but well, if you say there was a consensus I won't do any other change... thing is that I deal with South African companies and haven't seen one yet from Port Elizabeth signing as based in Qberha but all still say Port Elizabeth, South Africa or Port Elizabeth, ZA. Just to let you know... but I won't make any further moves.
 * If you see on 14th February 2024 this was also mentioned. That locally, very few people use other names that are not Port Elizabeth. The media uses just what's official by the government, but that doesn't make it the most common thoigh. I'm not South African but I agree that I have never heard of another name for Port Elizabeth overseas even once. But as I have said priorly, I won't do further changes. Navarran94 (talk) 02:30, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Name change
Why was the name changed in 2022 but the entire category tree left at Category:Port Elizabeth? This is in addition to many other articles such as Lorraine, Port Elizabeth, Timeline of Port Elizabeth and Metropolitan routes in Port Elizabeth left in place. AusLondonder (talk) 12:09, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Does it make any sense rewriting the town's history to use a name that reliable sources for that history did not use? -- Toddy1 (talk) 12:24, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sure what that's got to do with the categorisation scheme nor with related articles such as one about roads. AusLondonder (talk) 12:27, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

The Apple Express
An editor has deleted the section on the Apple Express as unsourced. I considered restoring it, and adding citations from the article on the Apple Express, but there are significant differences between the deleted section and the Apple Express article. So what is needed is for someone to go through the sources used by Apple Express and see what they really do support. -- Toddy1 (talk) 06:47, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gqeberha


text:
Bernard McEveety

Bernard E. McEveety, Jr. (May 13, 1924 – February 2, 2004) was an American film and television director.

Family
McEveety was born in New Rochelle, New York; his brothers, Vincent McEveety and Joseph McEveety were also Hollywood directors and producers. His nephew is producer Stephen McEveety, who often collaborates with Mel Gibson (The Passion of the Christ).

Career
McEveety worked primarily in TV, but also directed several feature films. He directed The Brotherhood of Satan and Ride Beyond Vengeance, and did second-unit work on another cult horror film, The Return of Dracula. McEveety's huge TV output included 31 episodes of the TV series Combat!. He also directed Jodie Foster in her debut film, Disney's Napoleon and Samantha.

He produced the TV series Cimarron Strip, which he often directed, as well. His Western directing credits include such television series as Rawhide, Gunsmoke, Bonanza, The Virginian, The Big Valley, and Young Maverick, and the miniseries How the West Was Won. His other credits include In the Heat of the Night, Airwolf, Blue Thunder, Knight Rider, Vega$, The Fall Guy, Simon & Simon, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Eight Is Enough, Petrocelli, Three for the Road, The Incredible Hulk, The Dukes of Hazzard, and Charlie's Angels, among others.

Death
McEveety died in Encino, Los Angeles, California, aged 79, of undisclosed natural causes, survived by his wife, children and grandchildren.

title: Bernard McEveety


text:
WKPE-FM

WKPE-FM (103.9 MHz), known as "Cape Country 104", is a country radio station licensed to South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, with its main studio in Hyannis, Massachusetts, shared with WFCC-FM, WQRC, and WOCN-FM. WKPE-FM is locally owned by "Cape Cod Broadcasting" (also known as Sandab Communications).

History
The station signed on on April 5, 1991, under the callsign WVCU, which changed to WATB that June. On May 6, 1994, the station changed calls again to WOCN-FM. From the moment the station signed on, the station aired a soft AC format.

2007 format change
Beginning on September 25, 2007, the station began stunting. Initially, the stunting involved playing one song in a loop. Each day the station added another song to the line up. On the tenth day of the stunt program (October 4, 2007), the songs began disappearing from the rotation. An announcement between songs also began to play, noting how many more days were left (counting down from 8 days) before the new format would be announced on October 12, 2007.

The list of songs played during the stunt were:

"American Pie" by Don McLean, "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone" by Ella Fitzgerald, "Rehab" by Amy Winehouse, "You're A Mean One Mr. Grinch" by Thurl Ravenscroft (the voice of Tony the Tiger), "Thriller" by Michael Jackson, "Wide Open Spaces" by The Dixie Chicks, "Dirty Water" by The Standells, "Gone Country" by Alan Jackson, and "SexyBack" by Justin Timberlake.

On October 12, 2007, the stunting ended. After being absent from Cape Cod radio for more than 15 years, "Cape 104, The Cape's Hit Music Station" was relaunched. This marked the return of Steve Binder (mornings 6 a.m. to Noon) from the original Cape 104 along with Shai Jackson (Noon to 6 p.m.), another Cape Cod radio local. The format initially changed from classic rock to hot AC; however, by the end of 2007, it had evolved into CHR as more mainstream tracks were added.

2008 format change
On November 10, 2008, Cape 104 shifted to Christmas music for the holiday season, renaming themselves "Cape Cod's Christmas Station, Cape 104". On December 26, 2008, Cape 104 flipped to country, rebranding as "Cape Country 104, Today's Best Country And The Legends".

title: WKPE-FM


text:
Bart the Lover

"Bart the Lover" is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 1992. In the episode, Bart, playing a prank on his teacher Edna Krabappel, responds to her personal ad as a man named Woodrow. In the subplot, Ned Flanders asks Homer to curtail his swearing, so Homer starts using a swear jar.

The episode was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Carlos Baeza. Vitti had wanted an episode centered on Edna Krabappel that examined what it was like to have Bart as a student. It was the first episode of the show to feature her in a prominent role. The subplot where Homer tries to clean up his language was written partially in response to the complaints the writers had been getting about the amount of cursing on the show. Woodrow's voice was performed by Harry Shearer, who did an impression of Ricardo Montalbán. The picture Bart sends Edna is of NHL and WHA star Gordie Howe. The writers had originally wanted to use a picture of American football player Johnny Unitas, but were unable to get the rights to use his image.

Plot
Springfield Elementary School teacher Edna Krabappel, feeling increasingly lonely and isolated due to the lack of a male presence in her life, places a personal ad in the newspaper. Meanwhile, a yo-yo craze hits the school after a troupe of performers demonstrates the potential of the toy. Bart breaks the classroom's fishtank with a yo-yo, landing him a month's worth of detention. During a detention session where Edna is not present, Bart rummages through her desk for his yo-yo and discovers her personal ad, ultimately deciding to respond to it as a prank.

Bart sends Edna a romantic letter using the alias "Woodrow" after seeing a portrait of Woodrow Wilson on the classroom wall. Using dialogue from old romance films as well as Homer's old love letters to Marge, Bart tells Edna what she wants to hear, increasing her romantic interest in Woodrow. When Edna asks to meet Woodrow for dinner so they can finally meet, Bart, intending to end the prank, responds by asking her to meet with him at the Gilded Truffle restaurant. Unwilling to keep the date, Bart goes to the movie theater next door to see a movie. On his way there, Bart sees Edna waiting for "Woodrow" and laughs. When the movie ends, Bart returns to the restaurant and feels regretful when he sees Edna crying at her table.

Bart feels worse after being unable to console Edna. Not knowing what to do, he finally tells his family about his prank letters. Lisa suggests "Woodrow" write her a goodbye letter. Together, the family collaborates on a romantic letter for Edna, with "Woodrow" announcing that he must leave but will never forget her. Edna feels better after reading it and invites Bart to spend his last day of detention outside the classroom.

Meanwhile, Marge notices that Santa's Little Helper needs a new dog house. Homer tries to save money by building one himself, but his attempts fail and he curses loudly enough for Todd Flanders to overhear and repeat the curses at dinner. Ned complains to Homer, who criticizes his mustache. Ned promises to shave it off if Homer stops swearing. Homer agrees to Marge's suggestion of putting twenty-five cents for each curse in a swear jar (as her father used the same technique to cure his swearing problem as well). Homer's constant swearing eventually puts enough money in the jar for Marge and Lisa to buy a dog house as well as a six-pack of beer for Homer for his attempts to cut back on swearing.

Production

The script for "Bart the Lover" was written by Jon Vitti, who wanted an episode centered on Mrs. Krabappel that examined what it was like to have Bart as a student. Executive producer Mike Reiss pitched the idea of having Bart answer Mrs. Krabappel's personal ad. It was the first episode of the show to feature Mrs. Krabappel in a prominent role. The subplot where Homer tries to clean up his language was written partially in response to the many complaints the show had been getting about its language. Near the end of the episode, there is a montage where Homer has a series of bad experiences that cause him to curse, although the scene always cuts out before he can be heard swearing. While recording Homer's lines for that sequence, Dan Castellaneta was told to include the cursing. According to Mike Reiss, by coincidence, some eight-year-old children were allowed to visit the studio the day those lines were recorded. Reiss recalls that "their eyes were as big as saucers" after hearing Castellaneta curse. The ending of the episode was largely pitched by James L. Brooks, who wanted a scene where the entire family got together to write Woodrow's final letter to Edna.

The episode was directed by Carlos Baeza. In the background of the classroom, there are several portraits of past United States presidents. These were added for the scene where Bart tries to think of a name for his fictional letter writer, and sees a portrait of Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow's voice was performed by Harry Shearer, who did an impression of Ricardo Montalbán. The picture Bart sends Edna is of NHL and WHA star Gordie Howe. The writers had originally wanted to use a picture of American football player Johnny Unitas, but were unable to get the rights to use his image for free. Howe, their second choice, was suggested by Al Jean, who had been a Detroit Red Wings fan growing up. Howe's wife Colleen convinced him to allow the show to use his image. At the end of the episode, Howe's NHL and WHA statistics are shown because the writers decided to try something different in filling a slight time under-run.

During the opening sequence in which Bart's class watch a film about zinc, a character in the film tries to shoot himself in the head. The Fox censors objected to this, so the producers had to claim that the character was not aiming at his head. For the name of the yo-yo trick that Bart performs for Milhouse, the writers had wanted to use a term that was slang for masturbation. They proposed several names to the censors, and "Plucking the Pickle" was the term they deemed acceptable.

Cultural references
The 1950s educational film at the beginning of the episode is a parody of the old science movies that were often shown in classes when the writers were in school; specifically it was a parody of the 1940s educational short A Case of Spring Fever (later featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000). The Twirl King yo-yo champions are based on groups that companies like Duncan sent to schools to perform tricks. King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew's name appears on a paper Edna Krabappel is grading during detention. Bart sees the fictional movie Ernest Needs a Kidney, featuring Ernest P. Worrell. Mrs. Krabappel flips through an issue of Springfield Magazine, which features an interview with the reclusive J. D. Salinger. Her copy of Playdude features "Updike On the Martini." The episode features a running gag, Reverend Lovejoy's exasperation with Flanders; Helen tells him "Ned Flanders is on the phone" and he says "If this is about that stupid quarter again..." After hanging up he says "Damn Flanders!" Rod and Todd Flanders sing "Bringing in the Sheaves", because the writers liked having them sing "obscure religious songs". Todd watches a show based on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.. Ned asks "Is this all he watches?" Maude says "He used to watch Davey and Goliath, but he thought the idea of a talking dog was blasphemous."

Reception

In its original airing on Fox during February sweeps, the episode had a 12.9 Nielsen rating and was viewed in approximately 11.88 million homes. It finished the week of February 10–16, 1992 ranked 29th, up from the season's average rank of 39th. The Simpsons was the second highest rated show on Fox that week, after Married... with Children. Since airing, the episode has received positive reviews from television critics. It was named the eighth best episode of The Simpsons by Sarah Culp of The Quindecim.

Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict said "Bart the Lover" represents The Simpsons "at its apex as a well tuned talent machine grinding out the good stuff with surprising accuracy and skill". Gibron added that the episode shows that the made-up romance between Mrs. Krabappel and Woodrow "works because it's so painfully true. [...] How the kiss-off to Mrs. Krabappel is created and handled shows that The Simpsons has heart to add to its humor." Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed rated the episode a 5(of 5). He thought the intertwining of the two plots in the episode "works very well, creating a fast paced story. Bart's alias, Woodrow, is a delight to hear in voice-overs and Homer's antics produce many laughs."

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson said "Bart the Lover" stands out as a "very strong episode" because it "steers clear of most potentially sappy material and offers a lively piece. [...] The 'B' story in which Homer tries not to swear also swings and creates some great moments." The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said they "loved" Homer's suggestion for the kiss-off letter from Woodrow: "Dear Baby. Welcome to Dumpsville, population: you. P.S. I am gay." In 2000, the staff of the Star Tribune listed their top ten episodes. "Bart the Lover" was listed at number four.

In the July 26, 2007 issue of Nature, the scientific journal's editorial staff listed an education film seen in the episode among "The Top Ten science moments in The Simpsons", writing: "'Thank goodness I still live in a world of telephones, car batteries, handguns and many things made of zinc,' says Jimmy, a character in an educational film. When confronted with a world without zinc he attempts suicide but fails, as his zinc-free gun cannot work." In 2002, Bill Brioux of The Canadian Press ranked the episode and its use of Gordie Howe as the top reference to Canada on the show. In 2004, ESPN released a list of the Top 100 Simpsons sport moments, ranking Gordie Howe's image in the episode at number 34. Nathan Rabin praised Marcia Wallace's performance: "Edna easily could have been a shrill caricature of a man-hungry shrew but Wallace gets us to care about a woman with precious few redeeming qualities beyond a desperate need to be loved." In 2013, a Wired article written in response to Wallace's's death described "Bart the Lover" as "the best Krabappel (and arguably best Simpsons) episode".

title: Bart the Lover


text:
Alfred Irving Hallowell

Alfred Irving "Pete" Hallowell (1892–1974) was an American anthropologist, archaeologist and businessman.

Early life and education
Hallowell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania receiving his B.S. degree in 1914. It was assumed he would follow a career in business but Hallowell developed interests in sociology and became first a social worker for the Family Society.

Hallowell expanded his interests, taking classes in anthropology. At the University of Pennsylvania, he completed his M.A. in 1920, and his Ph.D. in anthropology in 1924. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere". Hallowell was a student of the anthropologist Frank Speck but whilst studying for his Ph.D., Hallowell travelled to Columbia University to attend the weekly seminar led by Franz Boas - the ideas discussed at which greatly influenced Hallowell's development as an anthropologist.

Career
From 1927 through 1963 Hallowell was a professor of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania - excepting 1944 through 1947 when he taught the subject at Northwestern University. Hallowell played a central role in developing Northwestern's Anthropology department as a major centre in the United States for the study of the discipline.

Hallowell's main field of study was Native Americans including the Abenaki, the Montagnais-Naskapi but particularly the Ojibwe, about whom he wrote nearly forty individual papers, articles, chapters, and one monograph. This output has been described as "one of the most complete recordings of the changing way of life of a hunting-and-gathering population that is available in the ethnographic record".

In his research he utilised anthropological techniques such as ethnography and linguistic studies but also methods drawn from clinical psychology - mainly the Rorschach, or ink-blot, test - to assess the personality structures of Native American populations. Use of such a methodology made Hallowell a controversial figure for many anthropologists.

His students included the anthropologists Melford Spiro, Anthony F. C. Wallace, Raymond D. Fogelson, George W. Stocking, Jr., Regna Darnell, Erika Eichhorn Bourguignon, James W. VanStone and Marie-Françoise Guédon.

After his retirement, his position was filled by the linguistic anthropologist and folklorist Dell Hymes.

Honours
Hallowell received numerous honors and awards. He served as president of the American Anthropological Association (1949), the American Folklore Society (1940-41), and the Society for Projective Techniques.

Hallowell also served as chairman of the Division of Psychology and Anthropology of the National Research Council (1946–49) and was elected a Fellow of both the National Academy of Sciences (1961) and the American Philosophical Society (1963).

He received the Viking Medal for outstanding achievement in anthropology in 1956.

Selected publications

 * Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere (1926)
 * The Role of Conjuring in Saulteaux Society (1942)
 * Culture and Experience (1955)
 * Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior, and World View (1960)
 * Contributions to Anthropology (1976)

title: Alfred Irving Hallowell


text:
Self-service password reset

Self-service password reset (SSPR) is defined as any process or technology that allows users who have either forgotten their password or triggered an intruder lockout to authenticate with an alternate factor, and repair their own problem, without calling the help desk. It is a common feature in identity management software and often bundled in the same software package as a password synchronization capability.

Typically users who have forgotten their password launch a self-service application from an extension to their workstation login prompt, using their own or another user's web browser, or through a telephone call. Users establish their identity, without using their forgotten or disabled password, by answering a series of personal questions, using a hardware authentication token, responding to a notification e-mail or, less often, by providing a biometric sample such as voice recognition. Users can then either specify a new, unlocked password, or ask that a randomly generated one be provided.

Self-service password reset expedites problem resolution for users "after the fact", and thus reduces help desk call volume. It can also be used to ensure that password problems are only resolved after adequate user authentication, eliminating an important weakness of many help desks: social engineering attacks, where an intruder calls the help desk, pretends to be the intended victim user, claims to have forgotten the account password, and asks for a new password.

Multi-factor authentication
Rather than merely asking users to answer security questions, modern password reset systems may also leverage a sequence of authentication steps:
 * Ask users to complete a CAPTCHA, to demonstrate that they are human.
 * Ask users to enter a PIN which is sent to their personal e-mail address or mobile phone.
 * Require use of another technology, such as a one-time-password token.
 * Leverage biometrics, such as a voice print.
 * An authenticator, such as Google Authenticator or an SMS code.

Security of authenticating users purely by asking security questions
Despite the benefits, a self-service password reset that relies solely on answers to personal questions can introduce new vulnerabilities, since the answers to such questions can often be obtained by social engineering, phishing techniques or simple research. While users are frequently reminded never to reveal their password, they are less likely to treat as sensitive the answers to many commonly used security questions, such as pet names, place of birth or favorite movie. Much of this information may be publicly available on some users' personal home pages. Other answers can be elicited by someone pretending to conduct an opinion survey or offering a free dating service. Since many organizations have standard ways of determining login names from real names, an attacker who knows the names of several employees at such an organization can choose one whose security answers are most readily obtained.

This vulnerability is not strictly due to self-service password reset—it often exists in the help desk prior to deployment of automation. Self-service password reset technology is often used to reduce this type of vulnerability, by introducing stronger caller authentication factors than the human-operated help desk had been using prior to deployment of automation.

In September 2008, the Yahoo e-mail account of Governor of Alaska and Vice President of the United States nominee Sarah Palin was accessed without authorization by someone who was able to research answers to two of her security questions, her zip code and date of birth and was able to guess the third, where she met her husband. This incident clearly highlighted that the choice of security questions is very important to prevent social engineering attacks on password systems.

Preference-based authentication
Jakobsson, Stolterman, Wetzel, and Yang proposed to use preferences to authenticate users for password reset. The underlying insights are that preferences are stable over a long period of time, and are not publicly recorded. Their approach includes two phases---setup and authentication. During the setup, a user is asked to select items that they either like or dislike from several categories of items which are dynamically selected from a big candidate set and are presented to the user in a random order. During the authentication phase, users are asked to classify their preferences (like or dislike) for the selected items displayed to them in a random order. Jakobsson, Stolterman, Wetzel, and Yang evaluated the security of their approach by user experiments, user emulations, and attacker simulations.

Email or phone based resets
Many web based systems not using single sign on allow users to send a password reset link to their registered email address or phone number. However, many large social media platforms reveal a part of a user's email address and some of the phone number digits when using the 'forgotten password' function. Often the whole email address can be derived from this hint.

Two-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication is a 'strong authentication' method, as it adds another layer of security to the password reset process. In most cases this consists of Preference Based Authentication plus a second form of physical authentication (using something the user possesses, i.e. Smartcards, USB tokens, etc.). One popular method is through SMS and email. Advanced SSPR software requires the user to provide a mobile phone number or personal e-mail address during setup. In the event of a password reset, a PIN code will be sent to the user's phone or email and they will need to enter this code during the password reset process. Modern technology also allows authentication via voice biometrics using voice recognition technology.

Access to platform for reset
A major problem with self-service password reset inside corporations and similar organizations is enabling users to access the system if they forgot their primary password. Since SSPR systems are typically web-based, users need to launch a web browser to fix the problem, yet cannot log into the workstation until the problem is solved. There are various approaches to addressing this Catch-22, most of which are compromises (e.g., desktop software deployment, domain-wide password reset account, telephone access, visiting a neighbour, continuing to call the help desk, etc.). Some companies have created software which presents a restricted web browser at the login screen with the sole ability to access the password reset page without logging into the system; an example of this is Novell's Client Login Extension technology. Because these technologies effectively give the user access to computer resources, specifically a web browser, to reset passwords without authenticating to the computer, security is a high priority and capabilities are very limited so that the user cannot do more than is expected in this mode.

There are two additional problems related to the one of locked out users:
 * Mobile users, physically away from the corporate network, who forgot their PC's login password.
 * Passwords cached by the operating system or browser, which might continue to be offered to servers after a password change that was initiated on another computer (help desk, password management web server, etc.) and therefore trigger an intruder lockout.

The vouching option
In conjunction with preference-based authentication, self-service password reset procedures could also rely on the network of existing human relations among users. In this scenario, the user who forgot the password asks a colleague for assistance. The "helper" colleague authenticates with the password reset application and vouches for user's identity.

In this scenario, the problem changes from one of authenticating the user who forgot the password to one of understanding which users should have the ability to vouch for which other users.

RBAC Authorization
Though it is important to provide multifactor authentication when SSPR software endpoint faces untrusted networks, there is another important aspect which modern SSPR needs to address. It is Role Base Access Control (RBAC) feature which is responsible for access level provisioning for the users. When doing critical self-service password resets for privileged accounts you may want to allow account unlocks and to restrict password change functionality. The support teams have a responsibility of changing passwords of these accounts. More information and videos on how such portals work in practice can be found under the external links section called SecureMFA SSPR Portal.

title: Self-service password reset


text:
Kōga-ryū

Kōga-ryū (甲賀流, "School of Kōga") is an umbrella term for a set of traditions of ninjutsu that originated from the region of Kōga (now the city Kōka in Shiga Prefecture). The samurai of Kōga-ryū were known as "Kōga-no-mono", and operated as shinobi throughout Japan's turbulent Sengoku period.

History
The beginnings of the Kōga-ryū may be traced to near the end of the Muromachi period. While the district of Kōga, in Ōmi Province, was under the jurisdiction of the Rokkaku clan, it was a kind of autonomous municipality, composed of localized unions called sō (惣). The Kōka confederacy called itself the Kōka-gun Chūsō (甲賀郡中惣, "General Assembly of Kōka District"). All important decisions in the municipality were made by a majority vote from the union representatives. This kind of system was uncommon for the period in question.

At this time, the leaders of the Rokkaku clan, using Kannonji Castle as a base, started to steadily build up military might. They gave little weight to commands from the Ashikaga shogunate and eventually began to ignore the shogunate altogether. In 1487, General Ashikaga Yoshihisa brought with him an army to stamp out this rebellion, and a battle between Ashikaga and the Rokkaku forces ensued. Ashikaga mobilized daimyōs from several provinces against the castle of Kannonji, the seat of the Rokkaku; as a result, Rokkaku Masayori and his son Rokkaku Takayori were forced to flee to the castle of Kōga. The factual accuracy of their escape is debated; it is likely that they gave up the town to avoid a direct confrontation instead.

Ashikaga then moved his base to Anshiyoji of Kurita District and attacked the castle of Kōga. Kōga fell, but the Rokkaku duo escaped again and ordered the Kōga samurai who followed them to mount a heavy resistance against Ashikaga using guerrilla warfare. Exploiting their geographical advantage in the mountains, the Kōga warriors launched a wide range of surprise attacks against Ashikaga's forces and tormented them by using fire and smoke on Ashikaga's camp during the night. The guerrilla warfare prevented a final showdown, until Ashikaga died in battle in 1489, ending the three-year conflict and sparing the lives of the Rokkaku.

The elusive and effective guerrilla warfare used by the Kōga samurai became well known throughout the whole country. As a result of this victory, the local samurai in the 53 families who participated in this battle were called "the 53 families of Kōga".

The last reported Sōke of Kōga-ryū was 14th headmaster Fujita Seiko (1898–1966). In his autobiography Doronron: Saigo no Ninja (どろんろん最後の忍者 "The last ninja", October 1958), Fujita categorically stated that he had not and would not teach anyone ninjutsu, and would not pass on the school.

The Bugei Ryuha Daijiten, a definitive Encyclopedia of martial arts schools, catalog of Koryū Bujutsu (old schools) and Gendai Budō (new schools) of Japanese martial arts (budō) states that no one knows the teachings of this school today. Few today who state a connection to Koga Ryu can show any evidence to refute this claim, and it is in all likelihood that there are no authentic living traditions practiced today.

title: Kōga-ryū


text:
Olds-Didsbury

Olds-Didsbury was a provincial electoral district in central Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1963 to 1997.

It is noteworthy as the location of a famous by-election in 1982, when the separatist Western Canada Concept achieved the first and only electoral victory in the movement's history.

History
The riding was created in 1963 when the Olds and Didsbury districts were merged. Incumbent MLA for Didsbury Robert Clark ran in the new riding for Social Credit, and was easily re-elected. He was appointed to cabinet by premier Ernest Manning in 1966 and re-appointed by Harry Strom.

In the 1971 election, when Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives swept Social Credit out of power, Clark retained Olds-Didsbury by a wide margin. He then served as opposition leader while Social Credit leader Werner Schmidt had no seat in the legislature, and when Schmidt resigned after failing to improve the party's fortunes, Clark won the leadership of the party, continuing as opposition leader. As party leader he won the largest majority in the history of Olds-Didsbury in the 1979 election, but the party failed to make inroads elsewhere. He subsequently resigned as party leader and MLA.

The resulting by-election in Olds-Didsbury shocked the political establishment in Canada, as Gordon Kesler of the separatist Western Canada Concept cruised to a surprise victory, due to anger over the National Energy Program and the patriation of the Constitution of Canada under Pierre Trudeau.

The premier called a snap election for later that year to ensure a quick showdown with Western Canada Concept. Kesler chose to run in Highwood, where he lived, and was defeated by a huge margin. This rendered him the shortest-serving MLA in Alberta history, counting from election to defeat. The Progressive Conservatives also finally captured Olds-Didsbury, where Stephen Stiles nearly doubled previous Progressive Conservative results amid a surge in turnout.

Stiles served only one term as MLA. Progressive Conservative candidate Roy Brassard easily defended Olds-Didsbury for his party, serving three terms. Brassard was appointed to cabinet as Minister for Seniors under Lougheed in 1991, and retired upon the dissolution of the Legislature in 1997. At the same time, Olds-Didsbury was merged with the north part of Three Hills-Airdrie to form Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills.

title: Olds-Didsbury


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Penemue

Penemue (deriv. from Heb. פְּנִימִי, penimi — "the inside") is a watcher in Enochian lore. He is a curer of stupidity in man, mentioned in Bereshith Rabba. As an angel associated with Abraxiel (Abraxas), Penemue was also likely of the order of healing angels called the Labbim.

"The name of the fourth is Penemue: he discovered to the children of men bitterness and sweetness; And pointed out to them every secret of their wisdom. He taught men to understand writing, and the use of ink and paper. Therefore numerous have been those who have gone astray from every period of the world, even to this day. For men were not born for this, thus with pen and with ink to confirm their faith; Since they were not created, except that, like the angels, they might remain righteous and pure. Nor would death, which destroys everything, have effected [sic] them; But by this their knowledge they perish, and by this also its power consumes them."

title: Penemue


text:
Megazostrodon

Megazostrodon is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms belonging to the order Morganucodonta. It is approximately 200 million years old. Two species are known: M. rudnerae from the Early Jurassic of Lesotho and South Africa, and M. chenali from the Late Triassic of France.

Discovery
The type species M. rudnerae was first discovered in 1966 in the Elliot Formation of Lesotho, southern Africa, by palaeontologist and archaeologist Ione Rudner. It was first described by A.W. Crompton and F.A. Jenkins Jr in 1968. The generic name Megazostrodon means, literally, ‘large girdle tooth’ (from the Greek mega-large, zostros-girdle and don-tooth — referring to the large external cingula of the upper molars). The specific name honours Rudner for her discovery.

A second species, M. chenali, was named in 2015 based on remains found in Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, France. It is named after the French palaeontologist Emmanuel Chenal.

Characteristics
Megazostrodon was a small, shrew-like animal between 10 and 12 cm long which probably ate insects and small reptiles. It is thought to have been nocturnal as it had a larger brain than earlier cynodonts and the enlarged areas of its brain were found to be those that process sounds and smells. This was probably in order to avoid being in competition with the reptiles or becoming prey to the dinosaurs.

Although considered a close relative of mammals, it did have some non-mammalian characteristics inherited from its predecessors: the first two vertebrae (atlas and axis) were still unfused as in earlier cynodonts, and it only had three sacral vertebrae instead of the usual mammalian five. An interclavicle is also present, which is still present in monotremes but lost in the line leading to therian mammals.

Evolution
Megazostrodon is the best-known genus of the family Megazostrodontidae, part of the larger group Morganucodonta. The other members of this family that are currently known are Indozostrodon, Dinnetherium, Wareolestes and Brachyzostrodon. The megazostrodontids used to be classified as members of a group of mammals called the triconodonts, which are thought to have evolved from a specific group of cynodonts during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods. However, recent classifications consider the megazostrodontids to be mammaliaforms outside of the stricter grouping of Mammalia proper, while the triconodonts remain within the mammalian crown group.

These early mammaliaforms possessed many traits which made them well-suited for an active lifestyle. They had a heterodont dentition consisting of four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars, as opposed to the uniform (homodont) teeth of most reptiles. This enabled them to chew and therefore process their food more thoroughly than their reptilian cousins. There is evidence that the movement of the mandible allowed a shearing action to chew food. Their skeletons changed so that their limbs were more mobile, being less laterally splayed, and allowing faster forward motion. They had a short ribcage and large lungs, which allowed efficient respiration. Their lower jaw comprised a single bone — the dentary (as opposed to the multiple bones in the jaws of their ancestors, or seven different bones found in reptilian lower jaws). The other bones which once made up the jaw had reduced, and in later mammals would become incorporated into the middle ear, enhancing their hearing.

Probably the most important change in the evolution of the first mammals was that their ancestors, the cynodonts, had become endothermic. This meant that they generated their own body heat, relying on the food they ate to help sustain their body temperature rather than depending on their surrounding environment. This permitted higher, more sustained activity levels during the day than reptiles (reptiles must frequently perform temperature regulation activities such as sun basking and seeking shade). It was probably the key to becoming nocturnal — a major advantage in a world where most predators were active during the day.

 * Phylogeny

Reproduction
Like placentals and possibly Erythrotherium, Megazostrodon is unique among mammaliaforms in lacking epipubic bones. It is likely that Megazostrodon, like the modern monotremes, laid eggs.

title: Megazostrodon


text:
Jim DeRogatis

James Peter DeRogatis (born September 2, 1964) is an American music critic and co-host of Sound Opinions. DeRogatis has written articles for magazines such as Rolling Stone, Spin, Guitar World and Modern Drummer, and for 15 years was the pop music critic for the Chicago Sun-Times.

He joined Columbia College Chicago's English Department as a lecturer in 2010 and is currently an associate professor of instruction teaching Music & Media in Chicago, Reviewing the Arts, Cultural Criticism and the Arts, and Journalism as Literature.

Career
In 1982, while a senior at Hudson Catholic Regional High School in Jersey City, New Jersey, DeRogatis conducted one of the last interviews with rock critic Lester Bangs, two weeks before Bangs's death of a drug overdose. Over a decade later, this encounter would serve as the beginning and inspiration for DeRogatis's Lester Bangs biography Let It Blurt.

Attending on a scholarship, DeRogatis attended New York University majoring in journalism and minoring in sociology. As a junior, DeRogatis began writing for the Hoboken Reporter, first as a music columnist before adding city government to his reporting duties. In 1985, at the start of his senior year, DeRogatis began writing full time for the Jersey Journal, spending two nights a week on news stories and three days on wedding and church announcements.

After living in Minneapolis to manage a friend's band and do freelance music writing, DeRogatis first joined the Chicago Sun-Times in 1992; he left in 1995 to join Rolling Stone magazine, a job that lasted eight months, and was back at the Sun-Times in three years. While at Rolling Stone magazine, he was fired after writing a negative review of Hootie & the Blowfish's album Fairweather Johnson. The review irked Rolling Stone publisher Jann Wenner who had it pulled from publication. DeRogatis's employment with the magazine was terminated after he revealed this incident to the public.

DeRogatis hosts Sound Opinions with fellow music critic Greg Kot. The radio talk show is heard on Chicago Public Radio and nationally syndicated by American Public Media and is available as a podcast. The program is one of the longest running talk radio shows focusing exclusively on rock music with stints on both Chicago's WXRT and an early incarnation on Q101 featuring Bill Wyman from the Chicago Reader in place of Greg Kot. The move to Chicago Public Radio took place on December 3, 2005.

DeRogatis plays drums in the punk rock band Vortis; its most recent album (Spring 2019) is This Machine Kills Fascists on Cavetone Records. He previously played in the bands the Ex-Lion Tamers (Wire cover band), Airlines, Speed the Plough, and The Shotdowns. Vortis has released two albums and a third is due to be released soon.

Ryan Adams
DeRogatis became known also for a scathing review of a Ryan Adams show in Chicago, which prompted Adams to leave a "grumpy" message on DeRogatis's answering machine, in which he blasted DeRogatis for seeming to desire criticizing the artist, not the music. Adams later commented that DeRogatis shouldn't have made the recording public, and that leaving the message in the first place was a mistake since it empowered the critic.

R. Kelly
DeRogatis and Abdon Pallasch reported for the Chicago Sun-Times in December 2000 that court records and interviews alleged that musician R. Kelly had used his position of fame and influence to meet and have sex with underage girls. DeRogatis and Pallasch reported in February 2002 that a videotape had surfaced allegedly featuring Kelly engaging in sex with a 14-year-old girl. As a Sun-Times music critic, DeRogatis had received the videotape and subsequently turned it over to police.

DeRogatis was named as a witness in Kelly's 2008 child pornography trial. The defense lawyers charged that DeRogatis should be charged with child pornography for allegedly making a copy of the tape and showing it to another person after turning the original over to police.

After initially failing to appear for the trial, DeRogatis was ordered by Judge Vincent Gaughan on May 30, 2008, to report to the trial the following day. However, upon questioning by Judge Gaughan outside of the presence of the jury, DeRogatis refused to provide substantive answers, citing his First and Fifth Amendment rights as the basis for his refusal. Judge Gaughan disagreed that as a journalist DeRogatis had a First Amendment basis for refusing to testify, but excused DeRogatis from taking the stand in front of the jury based upon his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself.

On July 17, 2017, DeRogatis reported for BuzzFeed News that Kelly had been accused by three sets of parents of holding their daughters in an "abusive cult". R. Kelly released a song discussing the allegations against him and criticizing DeRogatis in 2018 entitled I Admit.

The result of 19 years of reporting, his latest book, Soulless: The Case Against R. Kelly, was published by Abrams Press on June 4, 2019.

Personal life
DeRogatis was born and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey, in a Catholic family. When he was five, his father, an underwriter for Prudential Insurance Company, died of a heart attack in 1969. After rejecting religion during his freshman year of high school, DeRogatis became an atheist. In 2003, DeRogatis married Carmél Carrillo. He has a daughter, Melody (born circa 1997), from a previous marriage.

title: Jim DeRogatis


text:
Talk:Core rope memory

Words/ft³ or bits/ft³?
> It could store 16 bit words at a density of 36,864 per cubic foot [...]

Hmm, that statement seems a little ambigous to me---see the subject heading. --Wernher 05:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 36,864 – 16-bit words per cubic foot... -- 205.175.225.5 01:31, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Density reported low?
I don't think the density figures are correct; the actual density of the AGC memory was higher. I believe what has happened is that the density is computed as the capacity divided by the volume of the entire AGC, rather than just the volume of the core rope memory or core memory sections. --Brouhaha 20:27, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right, those density figures are WAY off. According to this long pdf (see pages 87 and 91), The 32,728 bits of core magnetic memory were folded to fit inside a 9 cubic inch module, giving a density of density of about 3630 bits per cubic inch (not including required support circuitry etc). The core rope memory has a density, including all support circuitry, connections and packaging, of 1500 bits per cubic inch.
 * Noccy42 (talk) 07:57, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Lines per core incorrect
"In the AGC, up to 64 wires could be passed through a single core."

This is incorrect. I'd say whoever wrote it derived this from the fact that each core caries lines for four words (4 x 16 bit word = 64 wires), however this only accounts for the sense lines, and does not include the inhibit lines, or the set and reset line (yes core rope uses inhibit lines just like core memory).

At this time I cannot say exactly how many wires could be passed through a single core (it depends on the internal diameter of the core, and the gauge of the wire), but I can say that a 256 core rope (which is what I believe the ropes in the AGC were, but have no reference for atm), organized in a word per core structure, with 4 words per core, will have 64 sense wires, 8 inhibit wires (2n cores = n inhibit line) and the set and reset wires, which gives the rope a total of 74 wires, with slightly less than that as a potential maximum to pass through any one core (I haven't figured out (or encountered a detailed source for) the actual wiring pattern for the inhibit lines). Noccy42 (talk) 17:37, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

 * According to this, the core rope memory in the AGC was broken into six modules, each containing 512 cores, with 192 sense lines per core, 4 set / reset lines, and 16 inhibit lines.
 * Noccy42 (talk) 08:04, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Earlier uses?
As I recall, the IBM 360 model 30 used core ROM (for its microcode). If so, that's presumably core rope memory -- which would predate the use in Apollo. Paul Koning (talk) 21:16, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe the IBM used Magnetic core memory RAM, but not Core rope memory ROM. I don't know about the model 30, but here's a pic of ROM from a model 20.

-- aBSuRDiST -T ☺ C- 03:52, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The Electrologica X1 is definitely earlier: first delivered in 1958. I updated the text. Paul Koning (talk) 18:18, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

I think the 360/20 and 360/40 used the above tros assemblies for storing microcode. the 30, 50, and 65 used some variation of capacitor storage. On the 360/30 it was in the form of mylar cards exactly the size of a standard tab card with a metallic strip 60 (I think) columns long printed along each of the 12 rows. Holes were punched in the card to indicate a zero bit. Hold the card against the sensing side of the capacitor and impulse the metal strip and out pops the microcode word(s). Minor changes to the microcode could be accomplished by punching a blank ccros card on an ordinary keypunch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wplinkage (talk • contribs) 02:37, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Description of how it actually works?
A example schematic would be handy. This article barely covers anything more technical than "it used a coil" and it is "ROM" instead of RAM.

Anyone got a picture of a full module broke down? That should make it more than clear to anyone with electronics knowledge how it's made. It might even be clear how to design your own. ;) 24.167.39.41 (talk) 11:56, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, this article is seriously lacking details, or even an accurate description. Assuming I can find some decent references, and some appropriate free use images, I will see if I can't fix that. Thus far the best description of how it actually worked I have found is here
 * Noccy42 (talk) 17:37, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

 * As I understand it the Apollo computer used saturable cores, which were inhibited (saturated) to leave only the core on the desired address active, so in this respect they were more like magnetic amplifiers than transformers. Jasen betts (talk) 22:34, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

I agree: This article doesn't even attempt to explain how Rope RAM actually works Gutta Percha (talk) 22:37, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * it was read-only - the data was programmed by the pattern of wires, so ROM not RAM Jasen betts (talk) 22:34, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

At about this same time, Honeywell used a similar method on the series 400 for controlling cycle flow and generating the necessary transfer functions, what would now be called microcode. However, instead of calling it rope memory they used a more colorful term, the "Snake" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wplinkage (talk • contribs) 01:30, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

+1. How does it work?! Meekohi (talk) 15:04, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

No, it isn't transformers
The statement that rope memory uses the cores simply as transformers is incorrect. I'll work on supplying the correct description. That will also make it clear why I mentioned EL X1 ROM; it differs from AGC rope memory in detail but the fundamental principle -- the use of bistable cores and their state transitions -- applies to both. Paul Koning (talk) 20:45, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

Commercial Uses
Wang used what appears to be the same technology for microcode ROM in their programmable calculators, late 1960's and early 1970's. 2048 fine wires woven through 43 "transformers" to form a 2048 43-bit-word ROM. Different form factor (does not resemble rope), but same technology. Wang 700 and 500 Series, and early Wang 600 Series used this technology. They later switched to mask-programmed semiconductor ROMs.

Durgadas311 (talk) 18:21, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Actually, it's not the same technology. The existing article confuses things and implies it is.  Rope memory uses memory type cores (square loop with hysteresis): in the first half of the read cycle, one core is set to 1 while the others remain at 0, then the second half, that core is reset back to 0, producing the data pulses in the sense wires.  The Wang ROM simply uses the cores as transformers (linear, no hysteresis).  Also, the addressing is different: in core rope, the cores do the decoding (essentially implementing a NOR function) while in the Wang ROM, there is a separate wire per address (linear select).  Paul Koning (talk) 18:33, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Little Old Lady Method
not "Memory" see this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P12r8DKHsak&t=60s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.114.86.209 (talk) 00:04, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Core rope memory