text:
Thulla

Thulla (Thulla Christina Wamberg; born 6 September 1963) is a Danish folk/pop and jazz singer.

Autodidact in music, words, images and sound, mainly influenced, as she states, by Tom Waits, Leonard Cohen, Marilyn Monroe and Björk. She had several great Jazz musicians from Denmark in her bands, the Thulla's Organic Orchestra (Ben Besiakov, (p), Dan Hemmer (ho), Hugo Rasmussen (b), Frands Rifbjerg (d), Lisbeth Diers (perc), and 2005 the Thullabandulla Band (Dan Hemmer (keys), Guffi Pallesen (b), Rune Harder Olesen (perc). The songs are mainly her own compositions and lyrics, mixed with international standards. Her newest band Thulla's Merry-go-round (2017), count Marie Louise Schmidt (Vox Continental, harmonica, keys), Eva Malling (bass) and on the album: Poul Achton (dr). Live on drums/perc: Jesper Uno.

Thulla was born in Copenhagen, and has a bachelor of Danish Literature from KUA, 1990. She received the National Arts Foundation's 2-year music-grant in 2000, and has also received a grant from the State Art Foundation. She toured all over Denmark with "Thulla's Organic Orchestra" as well as "Thullabandulla Band", and performed at Beijings Jazz Festival 2008. Participated in portraits on DR2, DR1, TV2 and Channel 4. She Composed the soundtrack for Greenland scientist John Andersen's "Around Greenland", 2009.

Contributed as a singer and composer to other projects, including Universal Funk - Later Black Lillies. Chiefeditor of the Composers' Association DJBFA's member magazine KOMPOST 2008-2012.

Thulla's first album was released in 1999. Her records are sold in Denmark as in Germany, Japan and Portugal.

Albums

 * Thulla. StarHouse 1999
 * The Spirit of Yesterday. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2001
 * Double up, please. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2002
 * Evergreen Machine. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2003
 * The Spirit of Yesterday. Cope Records (LeiCom)
 * Thullabandulla Band: Life is a Car. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2005
 * Retro Sisters & Schwanzen Sänger Knaben. Focus Recording. Thulla C. Wamberg, Ninna Milner Juel & Schwanzen Sänger Knaben. 2007
 * Bleu: Blue City. Cope Records Thulla & Alain Apaloo. 2008
 * The Spirit of Ice (QvintusArt) 2009
 * 7 Shortcuts to Change (LifeChangingListening Thulla & cellist Halina Wigocka Wamberg. 2010)
 * Thulla's Merry-go-round: Colony Collapse Disorder (MusikGalaxen 2017)

Singles

 * Twilight Mood Thulla/Ninna Milner, 2003
 * Make Music not War jazzmusicians pro peace, 2003 - with Thulla and Povl Dissing
 * Thulla vs Pörder & Hinkola Rebellious Angel, 2004

Books
• The Evil Stepmother - Myth or Reality. Fischer & Schou, 1996

Theater
Composer/sounddesigner/actor at the following performances by author and dramatist Michael Svennevig:

• Ørkenshow. Teatret ved Sorte Hest, 2008

• HEGN. About a Refugee's Life and Dreams in Denmark. Teatret ved Sorte Hest, 2008

• The Silence spoke. Apostel Kirke, Vesterbro. 2009

• Handle me Life. Apostel Kirke, Vesterbro. 2011

• Festival of Theater, Træstubben, Vesterbro Naturværksted. 2014

• With Stine Bitsch-Larsen / Festival of Stories & Life Stories, Bethania Home, Frederiksberg. 2016

• Mainartist together with Mika Filborne through the festival Coffee - Yes please! in 3 districts of Copenhagen

• Composer/sound designer at My School Yard, Teatret Riddersalen, Frederiksberg in cooperation with Nyelandsvejens skole.

Trailers
Dreams & Visions, 2013

With'n without Jewelry, 2016

SwanWings, 2016

Coffee, Yes Please! 2017

About writer Stig Dalager, 2017

title: Thulla


text:
Libocedrus

Libocedrus is a genus of five species of coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to New Zealand and New Caledonia. The genus is closely related to the South American genera Pilgerodendron and Austrocedrus, and the New Guinean genus Papuacedrus, both of which are included within Libocedrus by some botanists. These genera are rather similar to the Northern Hemisphere genera Calocedrus and Thuja: in earlier days, what is now Calocedrus was sometimes included in Libocedrus. They are much less closely related, as recently confirmed (Gadek et al. 2000). The generic name means "teardrop cedar", apparently referring to drops of resin.

The leaves are scale-like, 3–7 mm long, in apparent whorls of four (actually opposite decussate pairs, but not evenly spaced apart, instead with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced). The cones are 8–20 mm long, and have just 2 pairs of moderately thin, erect scales, each scale with a distinct spine 3–7 mm long on the outer face, and bearing two winged seeds on the inner face.

Species
The species recognized in the genus are:

The two New Zealand species, known individually by their Māori names kawaka (Libocedrus plumosa) and pāhautea (Libocedrus bidwillii), are sometimes called New Zealand cedars. No common names have been recorded for the three New Caledonian species.

Uses
The wood of Libocedrus is soft, moderately decay-resistant, and with a spicy-resinous fragrance. The two New Zealand species are also grown as ornamental plants.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Libocedrus


text:
Talk:Anti-Flag

American Maxist
Is there a reason that someone placed Anti-Flag under the category of American Marxist? Is there documented proof somewhere that the band represents marxist views? 108.2.124.115 (talk) 00:54, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Merchandising and socialism

 * Perhaps the largest criticism of Anti-Flag is that while they claim to have far left-wing ideals, perhaps akin to socialism, they are happy to sell their merchandise and records at a price. It's a tad hypocritical, when they've aimed songs at money greedy corperations previously, yet they have no qualms with making money themselves.

Anti-Flag is the only major-label band I know that sells its albums and T-shirts for $10 at their concerts. This contrasts strongly with the prices at most concerts, where sleazy merchandisers charge more, knowing that fans will be so excited about the concert that they'll pay inflated prices. Sylvar 17:32, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * How is that practice sleazy though? You're exploting a hole in people's reasoning? More power to you. Rational consumers will wait until later to buy something. It's the same as any convenience store or supermarket with magazines and such near the cash register, they're exploiting impulse buyers. 74.78.98.109 (talk) 22:42, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

critique
'In 2005 Anti-Flag announced that their new album will be released early 2006 under RCA Records. The band said that they want their music to be heard. RCA is owned by Sony BMG, one of the largest corporations in the world. Many fans find this decision hypocritical due to Anti-Flag's previously overt anti-capitalist lyrics.'

Yes while it can be said that Anti-flag signing to this lable is hypocritical, some punk bands like The Sex Pistols argue that they are not afraid to break into the mainstream ie; appearing on Top of the Pops, signing to a major lable, because it is the best way to get their ideas into the mainstream, which considering that punk is a potential pollitical idealolgy is important within pollitics and gaining movement for the punk scene.--Snowy Mcintosh 20:28, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That (among other things) is why the sex pistols are an aweful band. I don't think the sex pistols had any kind of ideology beyond reactionary nihilism. The fact of the matter is, anti-flag has not only signed on to mainstream labels but also toned down their lyrics and music over the years to more mainstream levels. They went from "kill the rich" to "power to the peaceful". They went from "...and they still had the nerve to ask who I was voting for" to supporting punkvoter. Their old stuff was good, but over the years they clearly sold out.
 * If you want to spread an idea, do it by engaging the general public in a decentralized manner, don't think a few catchy slogans played on the radio will make a huge difference.The Ungovernable Force 01:51, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * They've always been political infants, and the fact they even sell CDs (as opposed to giving them away) is hypocrisy. Signing to a major record label is ridiculous in terms of their supposed beliefs.  GreatGatsby 19:34, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, if you have enough money to obtain, make and then give away cd's without starving to death, then yes. I don't think there is anything wrong with selling cd's, but it should by DIY and no more than a few bucks a pop to cover expenses. Profiting off of revolutionary ideas is clearly selling out. I guess the best way to do revolutionary cd distro would be to shoplift tons of blank cd's for burning, but that is kinda risky. The Ungovernable Force 04:26, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hardly hypocritical. You can work within the capitalist system while attacking it.
 * True. Look at Chumbawamba. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 09:14, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No, signing to RCA is hypocritical after taking an anti-capitalist stance. The difference between Anti-Flag on a major label and the Sex Pistols on a major label is tht the Pistols never took an anti-capitalist stance or released an album about being on an indie label (Underground Network). Also, I agree with .The Ungovernable Force somewhat, because I think that worldwide change starts with individuals, not musicians. I think that an indie label can better promote real change than major labels because I think people who listen to music on indei labels, especially punk, tend to care more about the ideas, as opposed to the typical mainstream listener, who usually is only looking for a catchy beat to dance to. So the indie labels get to the listeners and the listeners carry it out into the world. Also, if some people believe that a major label can better promote ideas than an indie label, maybe it's true. But, Anti-Flag have featured their songs on several video game soundtracks. If anyone thinks THAT isn't profiteering, i strongly disagree.--User:Mitchbradt

If "many fans find this hypocritical" or anything like that is going to be in there, it better be cited. It's a completely speculative statement otherwise, despite the theoritical basis for any accusations of hypocrisy anyone might have. And it'd be nice if someone could phrase it without using weasel words. Cheeser1 03:04, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

biased
This article needs to be changed to a non biased pov. It seems the author has just put his opinions down in place of an actual article.

 * care to elaborate? Fightindaman 06:43, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

The last paragraph is clearly biased. It states "Many fans find this decision hypocritical" was there a survey, is there anything that can back that statement up? It sounds like some pretentious fan boy is upset that his favourite band signed to a major lable. So i am removing the "many fans...." statement, as there is no evidence to back that up. Jacknife737 19:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Anti-Flag's announcment of their deal with RCA includes the statement that "shit talkers will talk shit." Obviously they'd been getting flak for the decision (since rumors had been circulating around the net for some time).  You are correct in saying that "many" is hard to back up, but "some" is not. Fightindaman 01:13, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Relax
Every now and again, people from all walks of life decide that what they are doing has been fruitless to that point and seek to change how they go about their business.

I.E. trying to promote change WORLDWIDE while being on an independent label. Anti-Flag made a calculated gamble to take on people who are going to accuse them of being sellouts in order to reach a larger audience. I'm sure in their minds, having a couple of hardcore fans who already get the message pissed off at them is a small price to pay for getting their point of view and information to the masses. For every "true fan" that is going to be choked by them being on RCA, they may create 100 new fans who all of the sudden realize what a travesty the government of the USA is.

That's my opinion anyway.

World Can't Wait
I removed this because I don't really feel that it's worth our time to post every piece of activism that the band's involved with in the article. The person who added this, by looking at their contribs, clearly has an agenda, and since this hasn't been a particular major thing for the band I don't really see any reason to include it. Also, external links should pertain directly to the subject of the article. Fightindaman 20:03, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Left Wing

 * In what world are the politics of this band "left wing". They are at the most extreme liberal centrist with attempts at shocking lyrics.Tombride 06:49, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Care to explain? Because songs like "Kill the Rich" "We Want an Anarchy" "Free Nation?" "Police State In the USA" don't really sound like centrist views to me. I wish some of them would be, but they aren't. Also, they have claimed to be socialists in the past, and I think that immediately excludes them form the general "Liberal" label. 70.181.139.64 04:39, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I say left-wing. They are fairly reformist though. Maybe use progressive/left-wing as a compromise. And I agree with the idea that they are out for shock value, but I don't think they can be seen as liberal, at least not their old stuff. Old anti-flag was pretty good, now it's just lame. The Ungovernable Force 02:23, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

"Progressive/left-wing" would be fine by me. 70.181.139.64 04:39, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Like I said before. Their politics are liberal with random attempts to appear dangerous or radical through sloganeering in a effort to project an image that sells records to their fan base of pre-teens.  They've also advocated burning down librarys.  So, unless you think that's part of their left wing beliefs...Tombride 17:46, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the sentiment that they are just trying to sell an image, and if you can source that criticism you could (and I would fully support you on this) make the criticism in the article. But it should say that they at least try to seem left-wing/progressive/socialist/whatever we agree on. The Ungovernable Force 22:56, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

When did they advocate burning down libraries? Also, they have referred to themselves as socialists before. I think its just easier to say left-wing rather than try and categorize them. Especially since most of their fans wont agree with you.

P.S. Sorry about reverting your changes without disscussing first. My bad. 70.181.139.64 22:12, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, and I found this on their website

"Question: what is anti-flag's political affiliation?

Answer: The members of Anti-Flag tend to prescribe to progressive, far left leaning political ideology. Anti-Flag have backed a number of political candidates in the past but overall tend not to back specific candidates. " http://www.anti-flag.com/GO50.php?offset=15

So that seems to be their offical word on it. 70.181.139.64 22:19, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Alright. For lack of a better source from me that's going to be how it stays then.Tombride 23:04, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "Progressive" and "far-left" are two totally different things. Progressive is universally applied to liberals (left-of-center), not people on the radical end of the spectrum.  It's like someone trying to say we "prescribe to conservative, fascistic political ideology" in order to make their ideas seem less crazy.  GreatGatsby 19:39, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

why a wing?
in my oponion you are wrong gatsby. SEE POST ABOVE "LEFT WING". i think that AF is trying stop the "left wing" "rightwing" way of thinking. the seem to support more radical ideas but acctuly their retoric sounds a liltle like communism. Razor romance
 * Communism == radical left-wing. You lose. 74.78.98.109 (talk) 22:38, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

criticism
Should it be noted that there is alot of criticism within the punk scene that Anti-Flag doesn't know what they ar talking about, and that most of there lyrics are just meant to be shocking, or just ramble on about how the government is run by "facists"?
 * Maybe, but their ramblings are downloaded and played on radio a lot more that my ramblings. 118.208.143.202 (talk) 18:14, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

What the fuck are you talking about? whoever wrote that statment has two problems with that statment 1 it is not the porpouse of wikipedia to determin if a band "knows what they are talking about" and 2SIGN YOUR FRIGGIN WORK!!! Razor romance 18:17, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

--Criticism from arrogant snots. What do they mean anti-flag doesn't know what they are talking about? Anti-Flag is probably the only political punk band I've run across that backs nearly everything they say up with some form of evidence or at least cites resources. Plenty of punk bands go on about the government being run by fascists but don't back it up. At least anti-flag backs it up. 12.156.166.47 19:53, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * How is a band supposed to back things up? I've never heard 'footnote one!' at the end of a line, and then have them expound that point at the end of the song....sure, I suppose you could cite resources in your CD art, but consider the ratio of the number of people that buy the CD, versus how many people hear the songs? The lyrics are ultimately all that matter. 74.78.98.109 (talk) 22:48, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

-Actually Anti-Flag has essays either band members wrote or that they were fond of posted on their website and in CD booklets. For example, their essays and ramblings section.Vigilarts (talk) 05:37, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Citations in their CD booklets. Just because you've never seen a CD of theirs doesn't mean it doesn't exist. Anyway, a bunch of "haters" doesn't warrant a mention in a Wikipedia article. And please be mature, Wikipedia is not a place to argue opinions99.54.188.176 (talk) 00:37, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Baseless critisisms
"Perhaps the largest criticism of Anti-Flag is that while they claim to have far left-wing ideals, perhaps akin to socialism, they are happy to sell their merchandise and records at a price. They've aimed songs at money greedy corporations previously, yet they have no qualms with making money themselves."

I deleted this because Anti-Flag have never stated that people should not be able to profit from their work.

 * Also, they do give large amounts of money to very important causes. The African Well Fund, for example. I just had to add that.

Singles
There should be a singles section

lebo
haha, if you think mt lebo is affluent... oh boy. upper middle class, sure, but affluent? ha.

 * lol, this person doesn't understand how money works. yeah bro, 80k a year is affluent.  if you swing on over to the demographic section of the lebo page, you'll see the median income for a family is a but a few dollars below that.  must be nice to hang out with so many money-ed peeps, broseph.  must be nice to have no concept of the real income of real americans.  must be nice.

Albums
Someone should put together a Albums section. There's quiet a few.
 * Hey. It's the wikipedia. If you care about it, you do it :) 74.78.98.109 (talk) 22:57, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Sellouts?
I don't really own for blood and empire, so I can't say whether or not they sold out with it. But I do know that The Terror State is a shining example of what a deftly political punk album should be. It cites problems in the world, gives evidence to support these problems, presents the message in an angry yet intelligient manner, manages to have catchy lyrics without being wishy washy, and gives us a little direction as to what to do about the world. It is one of the best punk albums I've picked up in a while and has some of the best lyrics I've ever seen, from any genre of music.

Whoever says anti-flag watered down their lyrics by going from "kill the rich" to "power to the peaceful" is a moron. Either you haven't actually heard the song or you are just a war mongering rebel without a clue. What's wrong with a little pacifism? Must all punks be violent rebels? Can't we have some punks that believe in a little peace and unity?

I also see little problem with switching to a major label or making money off the cds. A poor person can do little to change the world, especially if he is starving. Look at Black Flag for crisakes. They were highly DIY and they practically starved to death their entire careers! On the other hand, signing to a major label allows you to broadcast your views to a wider audience. You can call it hypocritical that they denounce capitalism and then take part in the system, or you can call it ironic that they are seeking the collapse of the system that has latched on to them. To destroy your enemy, get close to him right? As for making money off their junk, even highly DIY bands like Against All Authority and Black Flag charge circa 10 bucks per cd. It's impossible to cover cost of manufacture and feed yourself if you charge less than that! It's not like they live in mansions or drive corvettes or anything! It is especially hard to hand out cds for free or charge small amounts of money if you are trying to circulate your material among a wide audience like Anti-Flag is.

Also, let's be fair. Anti-Flag is anti-corporate, but corporations are a lot larger than a group of musicians making money of their music. Anti-Flag's money is money earned for a job well done, not money stolen, like the giant corporations tend to do, which is what anti-flag speaks out against. Learn the difference between earning and stealing. It's crucial. 208.191.84.241 20:41, 13 December 2006 (UTC)Punk rock extraordinaire
 * Yeah, I don't think they're sellouts either, really. If Justin's words were true, that's the kind of contract I'd like to see all artists getting. 74.78.98.109 (talk) 22:56, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Someone changed the genre... I'm nonplussed
Someone changed Anti-Flag's genre from 'political punk rock' to 'political rock'. This seems more than a little pointless since Anti-Flag's genre isn't even under debate. Maybe labelling a disputed band like AFI that way, but Anti-Flag? I think everyone can pretty much agree that anti-flag is a punk rock band. I reverted it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.191.86.76 (talk) 16:15, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

Once again, I will revert. If someone doesn't know what punk is, they can wiki it and find out.

Ok, further. I can understand saying Anti-Flag are a little more pop-oriented than other punk bands, but to call them pop/punk is childish. They fit none of the musical requirements for pop-punk. The biggest difference between pop-punk and 'true' punk is that pop-punk is 100% non-political. Any band that even begins to approach political issues begins to shed the label pop-punk. As clearly political as anti-flag is to call them pop-punk is just plain stupid. Thus I am removing the pop-punk label under the genre box.

--I think Anti-Flag could definetely be classified as melodic hardcore in addition to being political punk...feedback? - Razorhead

 * "Pop punk" and not "Punk Rock". That's my opinion. --154.20.58.130 (talk) 13:22, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I find it hard to call them pop punk. But then again, I have heard Bad Religion called pop punk. I truly don't see them as melodic hardcore. That would make them Melodic hardcore punk? Because they have varied in the years but still keep the punk attitude and mentality and show the roots in some songs. I think a lot about being punk is an attitude. They fit in. I have heard them called Avant Garde, and I see how those who do have come to that conclusion.--Blckhawk1234 (talk) 16:41, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

revamp
HI guys, I recently saw this article needed a huge revamp. So i decided so set up some sound sample, a new lead, and a references section. If you guys could join in that would be great. Also, the references seem to be unfunctioning. Does someone who knows how to make these refs work step up? It would be immense help. Thanx -- Ṣ ₡ Я Մ Պ Տ ɧ ѱ Ꭶ ☎/∑ 23:16, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Pat Thetic.
Can nobody find any information on him? The other members each have a page, but his redirects back to the band's. Cheers, Crassic! 14:20, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. He definitely needs a page, or else he might cry himself to sleep at night. I don't know enough about Anti-Flag to make a page on him, but someone must...

EDIT:I can't seem to find much info on him with Google. I see why no one's made a page. Hmmmm.... CrayZsaaron 01:01, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Pat has done a few interviews in somewhat recent years that might help someone create a page for him. JennBingman (talk) 15:12, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Genre
I changed streetpunk to political punk because they signed onto a major label so they arent street

 * I don't see how that's a reason to remove that label. See also Chumbawumba=anarcho=signed to a major. --Cheeser1 18:37, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of political punk as a subgenre- punk tends to be political in nature. I am tempted to change it back.Kurasuke 22:47, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * What you've heard of isn't really how we write things on Wikipedia. I've heard of it, it's a label generally applied to such bands (e.g. Dead Kennedys, Bad Religion, etc). See also for an example of use in journalism. --Cheeser1 22:53, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Political punk isn't a genre. Streetpunk is, but Anti-Flag are by no means it. In fact, even "Punk Rock" and "Hardcore Punk" are stretches... I think "Pop Punk" is the only term which accurately describes them. --154.20.58.130 (talk) 13:20, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * To me pop-punk is more blink-182/sum 41/green day/new found glory/simple plan like. I don't think Anti-Flag quite falls into the category that those bands fall into because there stuff seems to have more aggressive vocals, drum beats, and lyrics, though I do have to agree that some of their newer stuff has been more like pop-punk. According to All music guide they fall into the Punk Revival, Hardcore, and O!l styles. Its important to note here that we are discussing subgenres. I think maybe the infobox should be changed to reflect that. As far as other sources I have seen anti-flag listed as everything from Rock & Alternative by AOL to Rock/Pop by some site which was selling the "A new kind of army" CD (looking for the link, just had it up a minute ago.) --Nn123645 (talk) 06:32, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

No introduction.
We should add one, the article looks like a talk page. Zazaban 03:59, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

vegetarians
THREE of the four guys are vegetarians. The article says all four are and I keep editing it but someone changes it back. Look at the citation, christ. I'm going to change it again and if anyone puts it back I kindly ask you to edit it for me.

Daniel willems (talk) 15:27, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

I changed it back to vegan because in many videos about how they are vegan all members are present and talk about it. Intill you can link me to an offical artical it will remain vegan and is not up for discussion —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frid2 (talk • contribs) 08:39, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

New album
Is there really a new album coming from Anti-Flag? There is something about blog reports from Justin Sane suggesting that they will leave RCA and make another album, but I have not seen any proof of that so far.Mattimis (talk) 02:07, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Question
Was Lucy Fester a bassgitarist or a gitarist for the band? The article doesn't really explain that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lubberink (talk • contribs) 15:51, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Lucy played guitar. Justin originally played drums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ks99 (talk • contribs) 16:19, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

house flipping
can we talk about justin gentrifying hipster lawrenceville? man, i hate working class people, too. they get in the way of making money. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.162.177.244 (talk) 17:09, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, if you can get a WP:RS to write about it! Would be very interested in reading more on this topic. Ab e g92 contribs 17:14, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

REAL anti flag genres
Punk rock, hardcore punk — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.255.214.78 (talk) 02:16, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

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All good things must come to an end
Rest In Peace to Anti-Flag 2600:1004:B026:8CDB:5DC8:9E9E:CAA6:AA76 (talk) 23:32, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Concerning to »Dropkick Murphys support«: there was no show in Praque in July 2023, the show with DM was planned on August 21th 2023. bandsintown.com JKowar (talk) 12:40, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

A source for the accusations
Sports Keeda has covered these accusations. Is it reliable enough for inclusion? https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/pop-culture/what-justin-sane-do-allegations-explored-anti-flag-breakup-leaves-fans-distraught 174.251.64.219 (talk) 15:54, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * One of the citations I included mentions the allegations in its headline. (It's the Stereogum article: "Anti-Flag Announce Break Up Following Possible Rape Accusations Against Frontman.") I would really like to add the allegations as an explanation for the breakup - like, in a vague way (like, "The band did not offer an explanation for the breakup, although media outlets speculated it could have been due to allegations of sexual assault leveled against frontman Justin Sane").
 * I'm just always nervous about accidentally perpetrating WP:BLP violations, so I don't know what appropriate wording would look like. But I really do think it's OK to add them at this point, given that reputable music news sites have reported on them. Afddiary (talk) 23:55, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Chris #2 Social Media
Page falsely claims Chris #2 deleted his social media. He didn't, Justin Sane deleted all his social media. 2600:1008:B1AA:58E8:D88B:7705:49DD:3518 (talk) 12:00, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * To my knowledge, Chris #2 deleted his Instagram page; that's what the PunkNews article (which is cited for that information) currently reflects as well. I may have missed it, but I haven't seen any secondary sources reporting that Justin Sane deleted all his social media (even though I know you're right, and that's 100% true). But I don't want to insinuate anything unintentionally accusatory or malicious about Chris #2, so I'll just remove that part. Thanks for bringing that up :) Afddiary (talk) 19:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-Flag


text:
Camino, California

Camino (Spanish for "Path") is a census-designated place in El Dorado County, California, and, per the 2010 census, has a population of 1,750. According to the USGS, it lies at an elevation of 3133 feet (955 m.), but the elevation actually ranges between 3,000 and 3,500 feet. Being well more than half a mile above sea level, it snows several times per year in the community. Nearby cities and towns include Pollock Pines, Placerville, Diamond Springs, El Dorado, Grizzly Flats, Somerset, Coloma, Garden Valley, Cameron Park, Shingle Springs, and Lotus.

Camino is a popular area in the fall for apple picking. As a result, Camino is often incorrectly mistaken as Apple Hill. It is also known for its many Christmas tree farm ranches and the annual Apple Hill Run.

Camino is located about halfway between Sacramento and South Lake Tahoe on U.S. Route 50. Its first post office opened in 1904. The ZIP code is 95709. The Camino community is inside area code 530.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Camino had a population of 1,750. The population density was 777.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Camino was 1,604 (91.7%) White, 7 (0.4%) African American, 14 (0.8%) Native American, 18 (1.0%) Asian, 4 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 55 (3.1%) from other races, and 48 (2.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 197 persons (11.3%).

The Census reported that 1,750 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 723 households, out of which 188 (26.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 390 (53.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 50 (6.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 45 (6.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 50 (6.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 181 households (25.0%) were made up of individuals, and 76 (10.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42. There were 485 families (67.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.90.

The population was spread out, with 370 people (21.1%) under the age of 18, 111 people (6.3%) aged 18 to 24, 329 people (18.8%) aged 25 to 44, 560 people (32.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 380 people (21.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

There were 810 housing units at an average density of 360.0 /sqmi, of which 723 were occupied (514 (71.1%) were owner-occupied and 209 (28.9%) were occupied by renters). The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4%. Owner-occupied units housed 1,235 people (70.6% of the population), while 515 people (29.4%) lived in rental housing units.

Politics
In the state legislature, Camino is in, and.

Federally, Camino is in.

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa"(Mediterranean Climate).

title: Camino, California


text:
Silingi

The Silings or Silingi (Silingae; Σιλίγγαι – ) were a Germanic tribe, part of the larger Vandal group. The Silingi at one point lived in Silesia, and the names Silesia and Silingi may be related.

History
The Silingi are first mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century, who wrote that they had lived south of the Suevic Semnone tribe and north of the Carpathian Mountains, around what now is Silesia:

"Back below the Semnones the Silingae have their seat, [...]; and below the Silingae the Calucones and the Camavi up to Mt. Melibocus, from whom to the east near the Albis river and above them, below Mt. Asciburgius, the Corconti and the Lugi Buri up to the head of the Vistula river."

The tribe of Nahanarvali is speculated by modern scholars to be the same people as the Silingi. Tacitus Germania, 43 mentions the Naharvali as the keepers of sanctuary of the Lugian federation (the grove to twin gods Alcis). Tacitus does not mention the Silingi; however, he places the Naharvali in about the same geographical area in which Ptolemaeus placed the Silingi.

According to some historians, during the reign of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161–180), the Silingi must have been among the Vandals who were reported to have lived in the "Vandal mountains", possibly the Sudetes, which are now is part of the Czech Republic.

Pushed westwards by the Huns around 400, the Vandals crossed the Rhine into Gaul in 406 and the Pyrenees into Iberia in 409. While the other main Vandal group, the Hasdingi, settled in Gallaecia, the Silingi settled in Baetica. In 419, following Roman-sponsored attacks by the Visigoths against the Silingi in 417–18, the remnants of Silingi and the Alans voluntarily subjected to the rule Hasdingian leader Gunderic, who had fled from Gallaecia to Baetica after having been defeated by a Roman-Suebi coalition. After Gunderic's succession by Genseric in 428, the Vandals relocated to North Africa, where they established a kingdom centered at Carthage. The kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

After the migratory movement of the 5th century, any Silingi remaining in Silesia were most likely slowly replaced in the sixth century by an influx of people holding the Prague-Korchak cultures, who are supposed to be new Slavic tribes migrating from the east.

The region of Silesia
According to some historians, the names of Silesia and the Silingi are related. Another hypothesis derives the name of the mountain and river, and hence the region, from the old Polish word "Ślągwa", meaning "humid" or "damp", reflecting the climate of the region.

The name of the territory of Silesia is often assumed to either derive from the river or the mountain now called the Ślęza River or Mount Ślęża. The hill was a religious center of the Silingi, situated south-south-east of modern-day Wrocław (Breslau), although the religious importance of the location dates back to the sun-worshipping people of the Lusatian culture, as early as 1300 B.C.

Legacy
Corps Silingia Breslau (de) is a student organization (Studentenverbindung) that has been operating since 1877, currently (2010) in Cologne, Germany, as Corps Silingia Breslau zu Köln (Silingia Corps Wrocław in Cologne).

title: Silingi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FTMME

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

FTMME
Not an encyclopedia article. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 18:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any useful content with Tengwar. Sarg 18:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Duk 19:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No original research, bad title format. I'm not sure about the copyvio, the author says he grants permission, but how can we be sure he's really the author of the geocities document (which, by the way, has a (c) note, not free) drini ☎ 21:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I believe (IANAL) that it's fine to reserve all rights on one copy and GFDL another copy of one's own work, as long as you don't incorporate later changes to the GFDL version by others into the non-GFDL version. It's just dual-licensing. Of course, it's pretty much impossible to prove that an illegal copy is made of the non-GFDL version instead of a legal copy of the GFDL version, but it allows an author to later release a work previously published with all rights reserved without having to go around changing the copyright notice on old copies.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research, and possibly a copyvio. --Carnildo 22:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. (Possible copyvio as well). Mgm|(talk) 00:56, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: also mistitled. Mgm|(talk) 00:56, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Original research, bad title, essay/proposal.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FTMME


text: Category:Songs with music by Henry Mancini


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaseidramon (Digimon)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. – ugen64 01:16, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kaseidramon (Digimon)
This is not even a "real" Digimon. It's someone's fanmade Digimon, not even an official Digimon. Delete. Shining Celebi 18:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although it could be mentioned in the Digimon article, since the rumour of its existance has generated quite some uproar in the fanbase. Also, note that the exact same text is present in some websites. It could be a copyvio, but I'm not sure. Could someone check? Sarg 18:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Is same as material that was previously on Kaseidramon. Which has now 28 deleted edits (it was recreated 3 times after being deleted and this is the fourth.) I'll speedy it according to policy. Mgm|(talk) 21:07, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Ella Reeve Bloor

Ella Reev "Mother" Bloor (July 8, 1862 – August 10, 1951) was an American labor organizer and long-time activist in the socialist and communist movements. Bloor is best remembered as one of the top-ranking female functionaries in the Communist Party USA.

Early years
Ella Reeve "Mother" Bloor was born Ella Reeve on Staten Island on July 8, 1862, the daughter of Harriet Amanda (née Disbrow) and Charles Reeve. She grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. She was married first to Lucien Bonaparte Ware, then Louis Cohen, and finally Andrew Omholt. Ella married Lucian Ware in February 1882, at ages of 19 and 27, respectively. In the following 10 years, the couple had seven children. However, three died by the age of 3 (Pauline Stites Ware, Charles Reeve Ware, and Lucien Bonaparte Ware, Jr [twin to Harold]), leaving 4 children: Grace, Helen, Harold and Hamilton Disbrow Ware. Her daughter, Helen Ware, was a concert violinist while son, Harold Ware, became an agriculture expert as an activist in the Communist Party of America. One of her other sons was Hamilton D. "Buzz" Ware, an artist and prominent leader in the Village of Arden, Delaware, where she lived for many years. According to her later FBI files, Bloor met with Dr. M.V. Ball of Philadelphia, a student of Marx and Engels, who converted her to socialism. Ella and Lucien divorced in 1896 and the following year, at about age 35, she married Louis Cohen. In the following three years, the couple had two children: Victor Hugo Cohen and Carl M. Cohen. Ella and Louis Cohen likely divorced by 1906. In 1930, at about age 68, Ella married Andrew Omholt.

Early political career
Ella became involved in several reform movements including the prohibitionist Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and women's suffrage. She was the author of two books for children, Three Little Lovers of Nature (1895) and Talks About Authors and Their Work (1899).

In 1897 Ella was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America, a new organization established by her friend Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger — a group which would later emerge as the Social Democratic Party (SDP). She later recalled:

"When I joined the Social Democracy I was living in Brooklyn and I had married for the second time. My husband, Louis Cohen, was a socialist. I was pregnant with the first of the two children of that marriage. The railroad men [Debs supporters] came to my house so I could continue to act as [local] secretary.

"But a new disappointment was in store for me. The Social Democracy, I soon discovered, was a utopian scheme. Debs' plan was to form an ideal colony out West to show by example that socialism could work. From the outset I told the members of my group that this colonization scheme was unsound, not real socialism at all. I stayed with it for a while because of my loyalty to Debs, and because this was the nearest thing I had yet found to a socialist movement.

"Debs set up a paper in Chicago called The Social Democrat. At his request I wrote a children's column for it. The children answered the appeals of Debs and his colonization committee by sending me money. I felt it was unfair to collect money for something that did not yet exist. People were already selling out businesses to join the colony. A national convention was held in Chicago [June 7–11, 1898] and our local sent delegates. Among them was my husband who still felt that anything Debs was in must be all right. I agreed to withhold final judgment until the delegates returned. When they came back and reported that plans to establish the colony would continue, I resigned. I simply could not stay with anything so unscientific.

Shortly after her resignation from the Social Democracy, Ella attended a meeting in New York of the Socialist Labor Party, at which editor of the party newspaper Daniel DeLeon was the speaker: "He was small and slight and prematurely gray, and spoke very deliberately and convincingly.

"The Socialist Labor Party was a revolutionary party in those days and DeLeon, its leader, was a brilliant theoretician and speaker, a courageous fighter against capitalism.... I was impressed with his analysis of the evils of the capitalist system, and of the fallacy of isolated socialist colonies as a way of achieving socialism. I felt that at last here was scientific socialism and joined the SLP.

"Daniel DeLeon and I became friends.... I became very much interested in the New York Labor News Company — the first organization that published revolutionary books and pamphlets in English on a large scale. Its manager was Julien Pierce. Together we proofread the pamphlets translated by DeLeon, often having to reconstruct the English, a greater task than we ever let him know."

Ella was elected to the governing General Executive Board of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (ST&LA), the SLP's trade union affiliate. She was also the ST&LA's organizer for Essex County, New Jersey, and was sent to Philadelphia by the organization in an effort to organize street car workers there.

Ella recounted her growing disaffection with the SLP in her 1940 memoir:

"Gradually the defects of the SLP were brought home to me. I found many workers antagonistic because I was organizing a rival union. The STLA was weakening the AF of L [ American Federation of Labor ] by drawing off its more radical elements and leaving the reactionaries in control, and was itself organized on too narrow and sectarian a basis to accomplish anything. Furthermore, the SLP as a political party had little real influence because DeLeon was against taking part in the immediate struggles of the workers.... I began very early to see the importance of a united trade union movement, and felt that Socialists should work within the AF of L. I felt that DeLeon understood Marx very well abstractly but knew little about the practical needs of the labor movement.

"The last time I talked with DeLeon I told him I was moving to Philadelphia and was willing to accept the secretaryship of the SLP local there, which had been offered me, but I could not go along with their principles wholeheartedly. As a good friend of mine, DeLeon accepted what I said without anger, but would not change his methods."

Soon after her arrival in Philadelphia, a state convention of the SLP decided to leave the party en masse to form a new organization in the nether region between Morris Hillquit's dissident so-called "Kangaroo" faction which broke away in 1899 and DeLeon's hardline SLP. Ella opposed this new organization, which called itself "The Logical Center" and included Lucien Sanial, a former top official in the SLP. Ella had been watching with interest the formation of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1901 and decided to leave her new Pennsylvania comrades to rejoin her friend Gene Debs as a member of his new organization.

In subsequent years, Bloor worked as a trade union organizer and helped during industrial disputes in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, Ohio and New York. She organized strikes across a wide range of industries including miners, hatters, steelworkers, and needle-workers.

In 1905 Bloor helped a fellow member of the Socialist Party of America, Upton Sinclair, gather information on the Chicago stock yards. Ella partnered with colleague Richard Bloor, and the last name stuck, though the pair were never married. Her work and pen-name eventually appeared in Sinclair's best-selling book, The Jungle.

Bloor ran unsuccessfully for political office several times under the Socialist Party of America, including secretary of state for Connecticut in 1908 where she was the first woman to run for state office and Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1918. In 1938 she ran for Governor of Pennsylvania under the American Communist Party.

Communist period
Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, which stemmed from the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. In 1921 and 1922, Bloor attended the second conventions of the Comintern in Moscow. She was also a delegate to the founding convention of the Red International of Labor Unions in July 1921, at which she used the pseudonym "Emmons" and voted on the basis of credentials issued by three locals of the International Association of Machinists. Upon her return from the Soviet Union, Bloor hitchhiked throughout the United States while writing articles for the Daily Worker.

Bloor was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party USA from 1932 to 1948 where she organized tirelessly. During this time, she toured the Midwest, organizing farmers, leading farmers strikes, and giving speeches. Many of these speeches were focused on women's rights, especially suffrage and its connection to their rights as laborers. At the end of 1937 she returned to Russia for three months.

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Bloor became an advocate of American participation in World War II. Later she argued for an early invasion of Europe to create a Second Front.

Death and legacy
Ella Reeve Bloor died on August 10, 1951, in Richlandtown, Pennsylvania. She is buried in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey.

Today, Ella Reeve Bloor is remembered as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history. She gave countless speeches and lectures focusing on topics of women's suffrage and mobilization as workers, often stressing the “direct connection between the ballot and our work." For some, Bloor echoed the voice of working women in the early twentieth century by vocalizing the intersection of socialism and suffrage. She argued that because working women were marginalized by the law as it was, their only form of political power was through protest which frequently proved dangerous and ineffective. She was arrested 36 times during her career. She believed that women needed the right to vote if they hoped to have a say in changing laws and therefore improve their working conditions and lives in general.

Bloor's autobiography, We Are Many, was published in 1940 and served as the basis for the Woody Guthrie song, "1913 Massacre."

Life photographed Bloor's public funeral reception in Harlem. Alice Neel's 1951 painting of her funeral reception, "The Death of Mother Bloor," shows her in front of a line of mourners passing by her bier. It was included in the 2021 Alice Neel retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

Her granddaughter was actress Herta Ware who was married to Will Geer from 1934 to 1954.

Works

 * Children's books
 * Three Little Lovers of Nature. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1895.
 * Talks About Authors and their Work. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1899.

 * Political titles
 * Women in the Soviet Union. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1937.
 * We Are Many: An Autobiography. New York: International Publishers, 1940.

title: Ella Reeve Bloor


text:
Pen-y-Gwryd

Pen-y-Gwryd is a pass at the head of Nantygwryd and Nant Cynnyd rivers close to the foot of Snowdon in Gwynedd, Wales. The area is located at the junction of the A4086 from Capel Curig to Llanberis and Caernarfon and the A498 from Beddgelert and Nant Gwynant about a mile from the head of the Llanberis Pass. It is close to the boundary with Conwy county borough in northern Snowdonia. The famous mountaineering hostelry, Pen-y-Gwryd Hotel, is located in the pass. It is also a mountain rescue post with links to the other rescue posts at Ogwen Cottage and Plas y Brenin.

The Old Miners' Track from the Snowdon copper mines are now part of the modern A4086 road between Pen-y-Gwryd and Pen-y-Pass. It continues northwards beyond Pen-y-Gwryd skirting Glyder Fach to Bwlch Tryfan and Dyffryn Ogwen. From Pen-y-Pass is the "PYG track", one of the many routes leading to the summit of Snowdon, its name is believed be derived from the initials ("P-y-G"). However, older maps show it as the "Pig track", a name derived from Bwlch y Moch (the Pigs' Gap).

Roman camp
During Roman Britain, the Roman Army built a marching camp at the head of Dyffryn Mymbyr at the strategic intersection of three major routes through the Snowdonian mountains. This type of fortified cantonment was the kind built each evening by Roman legionaries when out in the field or on campaign. The camp, which has a rhomboid shape, covers about 4 ha providing accommodation for up to 2000 soldiers and their baggage trains. Its defences included a ditch approximately 5 ft wide and 2 ft deep below the turf-line and an earthwork rampart 8 ft to 9 ft wide. The northern rampart runs through the current location of the Pen-y-Gwryd Hotel.

The camp was probably first built during the Roman General Gnaeus Julius Agricola’s conquest of the Ordovices in the late AD 70's. As it is unusual for temporary camps to survive, its existence suggests it was periodically reoccupied. Although the camp had no permanent garrison or buildings, it may have been a waypoint for Roman units travelling between Deva Victrix (Chester) and Segontium (Caernarfon). The site was first occupied prior to the construction of Caer Llugwy, a c. 90CE Roman auxiliary fort about 5.5 mi to the east in the Afon Llugwy valley.

The site is difficult to observe due to erosion and local land usage as nothing remains except grass and bramble-covered mounds. It was first excavated in 1960 by early surveying courses from Plas-y-Brenin under the auspices of Dr Josephine Flood (née Scarr).

Pen-y-Gwryd Hotel
The Pen-y-Gwryd Hotel was originally a farmhouse dating from 1811. It was converted to wayside inn by a John Roberts from Llanberis, who eventually sold the Inn in 1840 before emigrating to America. A Mrs Hughes, who was the widow of the first landlord (a Joseph Griffith) of the Capel Curig Inn (which became The Royal Hotel, now Plas-y-Brenin), and later the widow of Reverend Robert Hughes of Capel Curig, took over the Inn in 1843.

In 1847 Henry Owen acquired the Inn. He was born in Beddgelert, Caernarvonshire on 2 April 1822, the son of a farmer, Owen Owen. He married Ann Pritchard from the parish of Llanbeblig near Caernarvon. Initially Henry combined his hostelry work with a position of Agent at the nearby Snowdonian copper mine and later with farming. But by 1858, the inn business was sufficiently successful to allow him to purchase the freehold.

During the Owens' tenure running the inn, it became renowned for its status for comfort and hospitality. The original building was considerably extended transforming it from a farmhouse Inn to a well-known and popular hotel. Ann's excellent cookery was apparently to play no small part in the hotel's success. Eventually it became an integral part of the blossoming mountaineering industry that was developing in North Wales. In May 1898 The Climbers Club originated at Pen-y-Gwryd, as it is recorded in its first journal "....its natural birth at Pen-y-Gwryd" and "...its congenial atmosphere...... (The Climbers Club) first struck its roots". The Climbers Club is now based at Helyg on the A5 between Capel Curig and Ogwen Cottage.

In 1870 the Society of Welsh Rabbits (c.1865) was founded with the objective of exploring Snowdonia in winter (and as close to Christmas as possible). Ann Owen said in 1895 that the society had written an article "praising Pen-y-Gwryd as an excellent resort at Christmas". She noted " ....we rarely, if ever, had a guest at Christmas and since then we have hardly been without guests during the period". Henry continued to run the hotel until his death in 1891. Ann then took over the management until her death in 1896.

After the owner of The Royal Hotel, Capel Curig took over, the business saw an indifferent ten years. However, this changed when William Hampton, along with Arthur and Florence Lockwood, took ownership. The hotel and its mountaineering traditions soon picked up again and the building was redeveloped. In the 1920s they created Llyn Lockwood – the small trout lake opposite the hotel. During the Second World War the hotel was taken over by Lake House School from Bexhill-on-Sea.

The subsequent owners have improved the hotel and enhanced its mountaineering links by becoming a Mountain rescue post (the plaque is still attached to the main entrance), whilst maintaining the hotel's history. Guest bedrooms are named after each of Snowdonia's 13 peaks over 3000 ft.

In 2016, the book, The Pen y Gwryd Hotel: Tales from the Smoke Room was published by Gomer Press. (With photography by Nicola Maysmor.) The work features a notable introduction by Jan Morris as well as contributions by: (amongst others) Chris Bonnnington, Peter Hillary, Rebecca Stephens, Jim, Perrin, Joe Brown, Anna Lawford, Ed Webster, Caradoc 'Crag' Jones, Doug Scott, John Disley, H.P.S Ahluwalia, Norbu Tenzing Norgay, Margaret Clennett, Hugh Brasher and Julian Freeman-Attwood as well as William 'Bill' Roache of Coronation Street fame.

Himalayan connections
The hotel's most notable mountaineering link is to the first successful Everest expedition in 1953 and the first successful Kangchenjunga expedition in 1955, when training and testing of oxygen equipment for those expeditions took place at Helyg, near Capel Curig. On the right, at the hotel entrance, there is a Tyrolean-style Stüberl (dining room) with the signatures, written on the ceiling, of the teams that did the first ascent of Everest in 1953 and of the first ascent of Kangchenjunga in 1955 – these include Sir Edmund Hillary, Tenzing Norgay, Sir John Hunt, Charles Evans, George Band, Joe Brown, John Angelo Jackson, Wilfred Noyce, Tony Streather, Tom Mackinnon, Norman Hardie, Neil Mather, John Clegg and others, including Noel Odell from Mallory's 1924 expedition and Chris Bonington of later successes. There are many photographs and exhibits provided by the original team members in the main bar and guest lounge. In the past each year, now every five years, Pen-y-Gwryd hosts the Everest and Kangchenjunga reunions.

Caradog Jones, the first Welshman to conquer Everest, has stated that it was this Welsh connection with the mountain which inspired him.

Other notable visitors include: Charles Kingsley and Henry Kingsley, William Ewart Gladstone (Gladstones), Augustine Birrell, Walter Parry Haskett Smith, Thomas Huxley, Lord Coleridge – past and present (at the time of writing), John Henry Cliffe who wrote Notes and Recollections of an Angler (1860), Andrew Ramsay, George Mallory in 1914, and actor Jack Hawkins during the filming of The Long Arm on location in Snowdonia.

title: Pen-y-Gwryd


text:
Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science, and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, or physical entities. Certain letters, when combined with special formatting, take on special meaning.

Below is an alphabetical list of the letters of the alphabet with some of their uses. The field in which the convention applies is mathematics unless otherwise noted.

Typographical variation
Some common conventions: while extensive are denoted with capital letters.
 * Intensive quantities in physics are usually denoted with minuscules
 * Most symbols are written in italics.
 * Vectors can be denoted in boldface.
 * Sets of numbers are typically bold or blackboard bold.

Aa

 * A represents:
 * the first point of a triangle
 * the digit "10" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 11 or greater
 * the unit ampere for electric current in physics
 * the area of a figure
 * the mass number or nucleon number of an element in chemistry
 * the Helmholtz free energy of a closed thermodynamic system of constant pressure and temperature
 * a vector potential, in electromagnetics it can refer to the magnetic vector potential
 * an Abelian group in abstract algebra
 * the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant
 * atomic weight, denoted by Ar
 * work in classical mechanics
 * the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius Equation
 * electron affinity
 * $$\mathbb{A}$$ represents the algebraic numbers or affine space in algebraic geometry.
 * A blood type
 * A spectral type
 * a represents:
 * the first side of a triangle (opposite point A)
 * the scale factor of the expanding universe in cosmology
 * the acceleration in mechanics equations
 * the first constant in a linear equation
 * a constant in a polynomial
 * the unit are for area (100 m2)
 * the unit prefix atto (10−18)
 * the first term in a sequence or series
 * Reflectance

Bb

 * B represents:
 * the digit "11" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 12 or greater
 * the second point of a triangle
 * a ball (also denoted by ℬ ($$\mathcal{B}$$) or $$\mathbb{B}$$)
 * a basis of a vector space or of a filter (both also denoted by ℬ ($$\mathcal{B}$$))
 * in econometrics and time-series statistics it is often used for the backshift or lag operator, the formal parameter of the lag polynomial
 * the magnetic field, denoted $$\textbf{B}$$ or $$\vec{B}$$
 * B with various subscripts represents several variations of Brun's constant and Betti numbers; it can also be used to mean the Bernoulli numbers.
 * B meson
 * A blood type
 * Boron
 * Buoyancy
 * Bulk modulus
 * Luminance
 * A spectral type
 * b represents:
 * the second side of a triangle (opposite point B)
 * the impact parameter in nuclear scattering
 * the second constant in a linear equation
 * usually with an index, sometimes with an arrow over it, a basis vector
 * a breadth
 * the molality of a solution
 * Bottom quark
 * Barn ($10^{−24}$ cm$^{2}$)

Cc

 * C represents:
 * the third point of a triangle
 * the digit "12" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 13 or greater
 * the unit coulomb of electrical charge
 * capacitance in electrical theory
 * with indices denoting the number of combinations, a binomial coefficient
 * together with a degree symbol (°), the Celsius measurement of temperature = °C
 * the circumference of a circle or other closed curve
 * the complement of a set (lowercase c and the symbol ∁ are also used)
 * an arbitrary category
 * the number concentration *
 * Carbon
 * Heat capacity
 * The C programming language
 * Cunningham correction factor
 * $$\mathbb{C}$$ represents the set of complex numbers.
 * A vertically elongated C with an integer subscript n sometimes denotes the n-th coefficient of a formal power series.
 * c represents:
 * the unit prefix centi (10−2)
 * the amount concentration in chemistry
 * the speed of light in vacuum
 * the third side of a triangle (opposite corner C)
 * Lowercase Fraktur $$\mathfrak{c}$$ denotes the cardinality of the set of real numbers (the "continuum"), or, equivalently, of the power set of natural numbers.
 * the third constant in a linear equation
 * a constant in a polynomial
 * Charm quark
 * Speed of sound
 * Specific heat capacity

Dd

 * D represents
 * the digit "13" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 14 or greater
 * diffusion coefficient or diffusivity in dimensions of [distance2/time]
 * the differential operator in Euler's calculus notation
 * dissociation energy
 * Dimension
 * Deuterium
 * Electric displacement
 * D meson
 * Density
 * d represents
 * the differential operator
 * the unit day of time (86,400 s)
 * the difference in an arithmetic sequence
 * a metric operator/function
 * the diameter of a circle
 * the unit prefix deci (10−1)
 * a thickness
 * a distance
 * Down quark
 * Infinitesimal increment in calculus
 * Density

Ee

 * E represents:
 * the digit "14" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 15 or greater
 * an exponent in decimal numbers. For example, 1.2E3 is 1.2×103 or 1200
 * the set of edges in a graph or matroid
 * the unit prefix exa (1018)
 * energy in physics
 * electric field denoted $$\textbf{E}$$ or $$\vec{E}$$
 * electromotive force (denoted $$\mathcal{E}$$ and measured in volts), refers to voltage
 * an event (as in P(E), which reads "the probability P of event E occurring")
 * in statistics, the expected value of a random variable, sometimes as $$\mathbb{E}$$
 * Ek represents kinetic energy
 * (Arrhenius) activation energy, denoted Ea or EA
 * ionization energy, denoted Ei
 * electron affinity, denoted Eea
 * dissociation energy, denoted Ed
 * e represents:
 * Euler's number, a transcendental number equal to 2.71828182845... which is used as the base for natural logarithms
 * a vector of unit length, especially in the direction of one of the coordinates axes
 * the elementary charge in physics
 * an electron, usually denoted e− to distinguish against a positron e+
 * the eccentricity of a conic section
 * the identity element in a group
 * In a cartesian coordinate system, a unit vector in notations like, or

Ff

 * F represents
 * the digit "15" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 16 or greater
 * the unit farad of electrical capacity
 * the Helmholtz free energy of a closed thermodynamic system of constant pressure and temperature
 * together with a degree symbol (°) represents the Fahrenheit measurement of temperature = °F
 * Fluorine
 * A spectral type
 * F represents
 * force in mechanics equations
 * pFq is a hypergeometric series
 * the probability distribution function in statistics
 * a Fibonacci number
 * an arbitrary functor
 * a field
 * an event space sigma algebra as part of a probability space, often as $$\mathcal{F}$$
 * f represents:
 * the unit prefix femto (10−15)
 * f represents:
 * the generic designation of a function
 * Friction

Gg

 * G represents
 * an arbitrary graph, as in: G(V,E)
 * an arbitrary group
 * the unit prefix giga (109)
 * the Newtonian constant of gravitation
 * the Einstein tensor
 * the Gibbs energy
 * the centroid of a triangle
 * Catalan's constant
 * weight measured in newtons
 * Green's function
 * a spectral type
 * g represents:
 * the generic designation of a second function
 * the acceleration due to gravity on Earth
 * a unit of mass, the gramme
 * Gravitational field, denoted g
 * Metric tensor (general relativity)
 * Gluon

Hh

 * H represents:
 * a Hilbert space
 * the unit henry of magnetic inductance
 * the homology and cohomology functor
 * the enthalpy
 * the (Shannon) entropy of information
 * the orthocenter of a triangle
 * a partial sum of the harmonic series
 * Auxiliary magnetic field, denoted $$\boldsymbol{H}$$
 * Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics
 * Hankel function
 * Heaviside step function
 * Higgs boson
 * Hydrogen
 * Set of quaternions
 * Hat matrix
 * H0 is either the Hubble constant; or the Dimensionless Hubble parameter of (100 h km·s−1·Mpc−1, with h being the associated error.
 * $$\mathbb{H}$$ represents the quaternions (after William Rowan Hamilton).
 * ΔH‡ represents the standard enthalpy of activation in the Eyring equation.
 * ℋ ($$\mathcal{H}$$) represents the Hamiltonian in Hamiltonian mechanics.
 * h represents:
 * the class number in algebraic number theory
 * a small increment in the argument of a function
 * the unit hour for time (3600 s)
 * the Planck constant (6.626 069(57)× 10−34 J·s)
 * the unit prefix hecto (10$2$)
 * the generic designation of a third function
 * the altitude of a triangle
 * a height
 * Spherical Hankel function

Ii

 * I represents:
 * the closed unit interval, which contains all real numbers from 0 to 1, inclusive
 * the identity matrix
 * the Irradiance
 * the moment of inertia
 * intensity in physics, typically the vector field I
 * Luminous intensity, typically Iv
 * the incenter of a triangle
 * the electric current
 * ionization energy, denoted I
 * I represents:
 * the index of an indexed family
 * Iodine

 * i represents:
 * the imaginary unit, a complex number that is the square root of −1
 * Imaginary quaternion unit
 * a subscript to denote the ith term (that is, a general term or index) in a sequence or list
 * the index to the elements of a vector, written as a subscript after the vector name
 * the index to the rows of a matrix, written as the first subscript after the matrix name
 * an index of summation using the sigma notation
 * the unit vector in Cartesian coordinates going in the x-direction, usually bold i

Jj

 * J represents:
 * the unit joule of energy
 * the current density in electromagnetism denoted $$\boldsymbol{J}$$
 * the radiosity in thermal mechanics
 * the moment of inertia
 * Total angular momentum quantum number
 * Bessel function of the first kind
 * Impulse
 * J represents:
 * the scheme of a diagram in category theory
 * j represents:
 * the index to the columns of a matrix, written as the second subscript after the matrix name
 * in electrical engineering, the square root of −1, instead of i
 * in electrical engineering, the principal cube root of 1: $$-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}i \sqrt 3$$
 * the unit vector in Cartesian coordinates going in the y-direction, usually bold j
 * Electrical current density
 * Spherical Bessel function of the first kind
 * Imaginary unit in electrical engineering (where i represents current)
 * Unit vector for the second imaginary dimension in the quaternion number system (bold j)

Kk

 * K represents:
 * the temperature unit kelvin
 * the functors of K-theory
 * an unspecified (real) constant
 * a field in algebra
 * the area of a polygon
 * kinetic energy
 * Kaon
 * Potassium
 * Sectional curvature
 * A spectral type
 * k represents
 * the unit prefix kilo- (103)
 * the Boltzmann constant, often represented as kB to avoid confusion
 * the angular wavenumber of the wave equation, the magnitude of the wave vector k
 * an integer, e.g. a dummy variable in summations, or an index of a matrix
 * an unspecified (real) constant
 * the spring constant of Hooke's law
 * the spacetime curvature from the Friedmann equations in cosmology
 * the rate constant (coefficient)
 * the unit vector in Cartesian coordinates going in the z-direction, usually bold k
 * Unit vector for the third dimension in the quaternion number system (bold k)
 * Unit vector in the z direction

Ll

 * L represents:
 * length, used often in quantum mechanics as the size of an infinite square well
 * angular momentum
 * the unit of volume the litre
 * the radiance
 * the space of all integrable real (or complex) functions
 * the space of linear maps, as in L(E,F) or L(E) = End(E)
 * the likelihood function
 * a formal language
 * the lag operator in statistics
 * a Lucas number
 * the Lagrange function
 * Inductance in electromagnetism (measured in henries)
 * A spectral type
 * l represents:
 * the unit of volume the litre (often avoided due to confusion with the number 1 and uppercase letter I)
 * the length of a side of a rectangle or a cuboid (e.g. V = lwh; A = lw)
 * the last term of a sequence or series (e.g. Sn = n(a+l)/2)
 * the orbital angular momentum quantum number
 * ℒ ($$\mathcal{L}$$) represents:
 * the Lagrangian (sometimes just L)
 * exposure (in particle physics)
 * ℓ represents:
 * Mean free path

Mm

 * M represents:
 * a manifold
 * a metric space
 * a matroid
 * the unit prefix mega- (106)
 * the Madelung constant for crystal structures held by ionic bonding
 * the moment of force
 * Torque when denoted as moment of force
 * molar mass
 * molar mass constant, denoted Mu
 * relative molecular mass, denoted Mr
 * Magnetization vector field M
 * A spectral type
 * m represents:
 * the number of rows in a matrix
 * atomic mass
 * atomic mass constant denoted mu
 * the slope in a linear regression or in any line
 * the mass in mechanics equations
 * the unit metre of length
 * the unit prefix milli (10−3)
 * a median of a triangle
 * the overall order of reaction
 * Magnitude
 * Minute (but the SI abbreviation is "min")
 * Slope
 * Magnetic moment in a magnetization field

Nn

 * N represents
 * the unit newton of force
 * the nine-point center of a triangle
 * Bessel function of the second kind (uncommon)
 * Nitrogen
 * Normal distribution
 * Normal vector
 * N represents
 * the neutron number
 * The number of particles of a thermodynamical system
 * NA represents the Avogadro constant
 * $$\mathbb{N}$$ represents the natural numbers.
 * n represents
 * A neutron, which may be shown as neutron, neutron0 or n
 * the unit prefix nano (10−9)
 * n represents
 * the number of columns in a matrix
 * the "number of" in algebraic equations
 * the number density of particles in a volume
 * the index of the nth term of a sequence or series (e.g. tn = a + (n − 1)d)
 * the principal quantum number
 * the amount of a given substance
 * the number concentration
 * the overall order of reaction
 * Refractive index of a material
 * Spherical Bessel function of the second kind (uncommon)
 * An integer

Oo

 * O represents
 * the order of asymptotic behavior of a function (upper bound); see Big O notation
 * $$(0,0,\ldots,0)$$ — the Origin of the coordinate system in Cartesian coordinates
 * the circumcenter of a triangle or other cyclic polygon, or more generally the center of a circle
 * A blood type
 * Oxygen
 * A spectral type
 * o represents
 * the order of asymptotic behavior of a function (strict upper bound); see Little o notation (also known as "small o notation")
 * the order of an element in a group

Pp

 * P represents:
 * the pressure in physics equations
 * the unit prefix peta (1015)
 * probability in statistics and statistical mechanics
 * an arbitrary point in geometry
 * power, measured in watts
 * Active power in electrical engineering
 * weight measured in newtons
 * Legendre polynomial
 * Phosphorus
 * Polarization
 * $$\mathbb{P}$$ represents
 * the prime numbers
 * Projective space
 * Projection (linear algebra)
 * a probability (as in P(E), which reads "the probability P of event E happening")
 * p represents
 * the unit prefix pico (10−12)
 * a proton, often p+ or $1 1$p
 * the linear momentum in physics equations
 * the perimeter of a triangle or other polygon
 * generalized momentum
 * the pressure in physics equations
 * Sound pressure
 * Electric dipole moment

Qq

 * Q represents:
 * heat energy
 * electroweak charge, denoted QW
 * Reactive power in electrical engineering
 * Volumetric flow rate
 * $$\mathbb{Q}$$ represents the rational numbers
 * q represents:
 * the deceleration parameter in cosmology
 * electric charge of a particle
 * a generalized coordinate
 * Quark

Rr

 * R represents:
 * the Ricci tensor
 * the circumradius of a cyclic polygon such as a triangle
 * an arbitrary relation
 * Riemann curvature tensor
 * Electrical resistance
 * Molar gas constant
 * $$\mathbb{R}$$ represents the set of real numbers and various algebraic structures built upon the set of real numbers, such as $$\mathbb{R}^n$$.
 * r represents:
 * the radius of a circle or sphere
 * radial distance in a polar coordinate system or spherical coordinate system
 * the inradius of a triangle or other tangential polygon
 * the ratio of a geometric series (e.g. arn−1)
 * the separation of two objects, for example in Coulomb's law
 * a position vector
 * the rate of concentration change of B (due to chemical reaction) denoted rB

Ss

 * S represents
 * a sum
 * the unit siemens of electric conductance
 * the unit sphere (with superscript denoting dimension)
 * the scattering matrix
 * entropy
 * action in joule-seconds
 * Apparent power in electrical engineering
 * Area
 * Spin operator
 * Sulfur
 * Symmetric group
 * s represents:
 * an arclength
 * a path length
 * the displacement in mechanics equations
 * the unit second of time
 * a complex variable s = σ + i t in analytic number theory
 * the semiperimeter of a triangle or other polygon
 * Strange quark
 * Specific entropy
 * 𝒮 ($$\mathcal{S}$$) represents a system's action in physics

Tt

 * T represents:
 * the top element of a lattice
 * a tree (a special kind of graph)
 * temperature in physics equations
 * the unit tesla of magnetic flux density
 * the unit prefix tera (1012)
 * the stress–energy tensor
 * tension in physics
 * an arbitrary monad
 * the time it takes for one oscillation
 * kinetic energy
 * Torque
 * A spectral type
 * Tritium
 * Period, the reciprocal of frequency
 * t represents:
 * time in graphs, functions or equations
 * a term in a sequence or series (e.g. tn = tn−1 + 5)
 * the imaginary part of the complex variable s = σ + it in analytic number theory
 * the sample statistic resulting from a Student's t-test
 * the half life of a quantity, denoted as t1⁄2
 * Top quark

Uu

 * U represents:
 * a U-set which is a set of uniqueness
 * a unitary operator
 * in thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system
 * a forgetful functor
 * Potential energy
 * Uranium
 * U(n) represents the unitary group of degree n
 * ∪ represents the union operator
 * u represents:
 * the initial velocity in mechanics equations
 * Up quark

Vv

 * V represents:
 * Vanadium
 * the unit volt of voltage
 * the set of vertices in a graph
 * a vector space
 * potential energy
 * molar volume denoted by Vm
 * v represents
 * the final velocity in mechanics equations
 * frequency, especially when referring to electromagnetic waves
 * a specific volume in classical mechanics
 * the rate of concentration change of B (due to chemical reaction) denoted vB
 * the rate of reaction based on amount concentration denoted v or vc
 * the rate of reaction based on number concentration denoted v or vC

Ww

 * W represents:
 * the unit watt of power
 * work, both mechanical and thermodynamical
 * in thermodynamics, the number of possible quantum states in Boltzmann's entropy formula
 * weight measured in newtons
 * Lambert's W function
 * Tungsten
 * W boson
 * Work function
 * Wiener process
 * w represents:
 * the coordinate on the fourth axis in four-dimensional space
 * work in classical mechanics
 * Width

Xx

 * X represents
 * a random variable
 * a triangle center
 * Ẋ represents
 * the rate of change of quantity X
 * x represents
 * a realized value of a random variable
 * an unknown variable, most often (but not always) from the set of real numbers, while a complex unknown would rather be called z, and an integer by a letter like m from the middle of the alphabet
 * the coordinate on the first or horizontal axis in a Cartesian coordinate system, or the viewport in a graph or window in computer graphics; the abscissa
 * Axis in the direction of travel of an aerospace vehicle (Aircraft principal axes|longitudinal axis]])
 * a mole fraction
 * Variable to be determined in an algebraic equation
 * A vector in linear algebra

Yy

 * Y represents:
 * the unit prefix yotta- (1024)
 * Bessel function of the second kind
 * Yttrium
 * Gross domestic product
 * Y represents:
 * a second random variable
 * y represents:
 * the unit prefix yocto- (10−24)
 * a realized value of a second random variable
 * a second unknown variable
 * the coordinate on the second or vertical axis (backward axis in three dimensions) in a Cartesian coordinate system, or in the viewport of a graph or window in computer graphics; the ordinate
 * The port-starboard axis (transverse axis) of an aerospace vehicle
 * a mole fraction

Zz

 * Z represents:
 * the unit prefix zetta (1021)
 * the atomic number or proton number of an element in chemistry
 * a standardized normal random variable in probability theory and statistics
 * Partition function
 * in meteorology, the radar reflectivity factor
 * Electrical impedance
 * Z boson
 * Compressibility factor
 * $$\mathbb{Z}$$ represents the integers
 * z represents:
 * the unit prefix zepto (10−21)
 * the coordinate on the third or vertical axis in three dimensional space
 * The vertical axis or altitude in an aerospace vehicle
 * the view depth in computer graphics, see also "z-buffering"
 * the argument of a complex function, or any other variable used to represent a complex value
 * in astronomy, wavelength redshift
 * a third unknown variable
 * the collision frequency of A with A is denoted zA(A)
 * the collision frequency factor is denoted zAB


text:
United States Life-Saving Service

The United States Life-Saving Service was a United States government agency that grew out of private and local humanitarian efforts to save the lives of shipwrecked mariners and passengers. It began in 1848 and ultimately merged with the Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard in 1915.

Early years
The concept of assistance to shipwrecked mariners from shore-based stations began with volunteer lifesaving services, spearheaded by the Massachusetts Humane Society. It was recognized that only small boats stood a chance of assisting those close to the beach. A sailing ship trying to help near to the shore stood a good chance of also running aground, especially if there were heavy onshore winds. The Massachusetts Humane Society founded the first lifeboat station at Cohasset, Massachusetts. The stations were small shed-like structures, holding rescue equipment that was to be used by volunteers in case of a wreck. The stations, however, were only near the approaches to busy ports and, thus, large gaps of coastline remained without lifesaving equipment.

Formal federal government involvement in the lifesaving business began on August 14, 1848, with the signing of the Newell Act, which was named for its chief advocate, New Jersey Representative William A. Newell. Under this act, the United States Congress appropriated $10,000 to establish unmanned lifesaving stations along the New Jersey coast south of New York Harbor and to provide "surf boat, rockets, carronades and other necessary apparatus for the better preservation of life and property from shipwreck on the coast of New Jersey". That same year the Massachusetts Humane Society also received funds from Congress for lifesaving stations on the Massachusetts coastline. Between 1848 and 1854 other stations were built and loosely managed. The stations were administered by the United States Revenue Marine (later renamed the United States Revenue Cutter Service). They were run with volunteer crews, much like a volunteer fire department.

In September 1854, a Category 4 hurricane, the Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854, swept through the East Coast of the United States, causing the deaths of many sailors. This storm highlighted the poor condition of the equipment in the lifesaving stations, the poor training of the crews and the need for more stations. Additional funds were appropriated by Congress, including funds to employ a full-time keeper at each station and two superintendents.

Still not officially recognized as a service, the system of stations languished until 1871 when Sumner Increase Kimball was appointed chief of the Treasury Department's Revenue Marine Division. One of his first acts was to send Captain John Faunce of the Revenue Marine Service on an inspection tour of the lifesaving stations. Captain Faunce's report noted that "apparatus was rusty for want of care and some of it ruined."

Kimball convinced Congress to appropriate $200,000 to operate the stations and to allow the Secretary of the Treasury to employ full-time crews for the stations. Kimball instituted six-man boat crews at all stations, built new stations, and drew up regulations with standards of performance for crew members. By 1874, stations were added along the coast of Maine, Cape Cod, the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and Port Aransas, Texas. The next year, more stations were added to serve the Great Lakes and the Houses of Refuge in Florida. In 1878, the network of lifesaving stations were formally organized as a separate agency of the United States Department of the Treasury, called the Life-Saving Service.

Formal structure
The stations of the Service fell into three categories: lifesaving, lifeboat, and houses of refuge. Lifesaving stations were manned by full-time crews during the period when wrecks were most likely. On the East Coast, this was usually from April to November, and was called the "active season." By 1900, the active season had now become year-round. Most stations were in isolated areas and crewmen had to perform open beach launchings. That is, they were required to launch their boats from the beach into the surf. The Regulations of Life-Saving Service of 1899, Article VI, "Actions at Wrecks," Section 252, remained in force after creation of the Coast Guard in 1915, and Section 252 was copied word for word into the new Instructions for United States Coast Guard Stations, 1934 edition. That section gave rise to the rescue crew's unofficial motto, "You have to go out, but you don't have to come back."

Before 1900, there were very few recreational boaters and most assistance cases came from ships engaged in commerce. Nearly all lifeboat stations were located at or near port cities. Here, deep water, combined with piers and other waterfront structures, allowed launching heavy lifeboats directly into the water by marine railways on inclined ramps. In general, lifeboat stations were on the Great Lakes, but some lifesaving stations were in the more isolated areas of the lakes. The active season on the Great Lakes stretched from April to December. An exception was the nation's first rescue center on the inland waterways, the United States Life Saving Station, established in 1881 at the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Kentucky, on the Ohio River.

Houses of refuge made up the third category of Life Saving Service units. These stations were on the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A paid keeper and a small boat were assigned to each house, but the organization did not include active manning and rescue attempts. It was felt that along this stretch of coastline, shipwrecked sailors would not die of exposure to the cold in the winter as in the north. Therefore, only shelters would be needed.

United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps
The U.S. Volunteer Life-Saving Corps were meant to be a supplement to the U.S. Life-Saving Service. In some areas where there were no stations of the Life-Saving Service or the Humane Society, the USVLSC manned lifeboats and provided services on the coast and on inland waters.

Merger to create Coast Guard
On January 28, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the "Act to Create the Coast Guard," merging the Life-Saving Service with the Revenue Cutter Service to create the United States Coast Guard. By the time the act was signed there was a network of more than 270 stations covering the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico Coasts, and the Great Lakes.

title: United States Life-Saving Service