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History of patent law

The history of patents and patent law is generally considered to have started with the Venetian Statute of 1474.

Early precedents
There is some evidence that some form of patent rights was recognized in Ancient Greece. In 500 BCE, in the Greek city of Sybaris (located in what is now southern Italy), "encouragement was held out to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury, the profits arising from which were secured to the inventor by patent for the space of a year." Athenaeus, writing in the third century CE, cites Phylarchus in saying that in Sybaris exclusive rights were granted for one year to creators of unique culinary dishes.

In England, grants in the form of letters patent were issued by the sovereign to inventors who petitioned and were approved: a grant of 1331 to John Kempe and his company is the earliest authenticated instance of a royal grant made with the avowed purpose of instructing the English in a new industry. These letters patent provided the recipient with a monopoly to produce particular goods or provide particular services. Another early example of such letters patent was a grant by Henry VI in 1449 to John of Utynam, a Flemish man, for a twenty-year monopoly for his invention.

The first extant Italian patent was awarded by the Republic of Venice in 1416 for a device for turning wool into felt. Soon thereafter, the Republic of Florence granted a patent to Filippo Brunelleschi in 1421. Specifically, the well-known Florentine architect received a three-year patent for a barge with hoisting gear, that carried marble along the Arno River.

Development of the modern patent system
Patents were systematically granted in Venice as of 1450, where they issued a decree by which new and inventive devices had to be communicated to the Republic in order to obtain legal protection against potential infringers. The period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making. As Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries.

King Henry II of France introduced the concept of publishing the description of an invention in a patent in 1555. The first patent "specification" was to inventor Abel Foullon for "Usaige & Description de l'holmetre", (a type of rangefinder.) Publication was delayed until after the patent expired in 1561. Patents were granted by the monarchy and by other institutions like the "Maison du Roi" and the Parlement of Paris. The novelty of the invention was examined by the French Academy of Sciences. Digests were published irregularly starting in 1729 with delays of up to 60 years. Examinations were generally done in secret with no requirement to publish a description of the invention. Actual use of the invention was deemed adequate disclosure to the public.

The English patent system evolved from its early medieval origins into the first modern patent system that recognised intellectual property in order to stimulate invention; this was the crucial legal foundation upon which the Industrial Revolution could emerge and flourish.

By the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually grant letters patent for monopolies to favoured persons (or people who were prepared to pay for them). Blackstone (same reference) also explains how "letters patent" (Latin literae patentes, "letters that lie open") were so called because the seal hung from the foot of the document: they were addressed "To all to whom these presents shall come" and could be read without breaking the seal, as opposed to "letters close", addressed to a particular person who had to break the seal to read them.

This power was used to raise money for the Crown, and was widely abused, as the Crown granted patents in respect of all sorts of common goods (salt, for example). Consequently, the Court began to limit the circumstances in which they could be granted. After public outcry, James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies and declare that they were only to be used for "projects of new invention". This was incorporated into the 1624 Statute of Monopolies in which Parliament restricted the Crown's power explicitly so that the King could only issue letters patent to the inventors or introducers of original inventions for a fixed number of years. It also voided all existing monopolies and dispensations with the exception of:
 * ...the sole working or making of any manner of new manufactures within this realm to the true and first inventor and inventors of such manufactures which others at the time of making such letters patent and grants shall not use...

The Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere.

Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a slow process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Patenting medicines was particular popular in the mid-eighteenth century and then declined. Legal battles around the 1796 patent taken out by James Watt for his steam engine, established the principles that patents could be issued for improvements of an already existing machine and that ideas or principles without specific practical application could also legally be patented.

This legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand and Australia. In the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colony's legislature. In 1641, Samuel Winslow was granted the first patent in North America by the Massachusetts General Court for a new process for making salt.

Towards the end of the 18th century, and influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of intellectual property right, rather than simply the obtaining of economic privilege. A negative aspect of the patent law also emerged in this period - the abuse of patent privilege to monopolise the market and prevent improvement from other inventors. A notable example of this was the behaviour of Boulton & Watt in hounding their competitors such as Richard Trevithick through the courts, and preventing their improvements to the steam engine from being realised until their patent expired.

Consolidation
The modern French patent system was created during the Revolution in 1791. Patents were granted without examination since inventor's right was considered as a natural one. Patent costs were very high (from 500 to 1500 francs). Importation patents protected new devices coming from foreign countries. The patent law was revised in 1844 - patent cost was lowered and importation patents were abolished. The revision saw the introduction of the Breveté SGDG, which excluded any guarantees that the patented item would actually satisfy its specification.

The Patent and Copyright Clause of the United States Constitution was proposed in 1787 by James Madison and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. In Federalist No. 43, Madison wrote, "The utility of the clause will scarcely be questioned. The copyright of authors has been solemnly adjudged, in Great Britain, to be a right of common law. The right to useful inventions seems with equal reason to belong to the inventors.  The public good fully coincides in both cases with the claims of the individuals."

The first Patent Act of the U.S. Congress was passed on April 10, 1790, titled "An Act to promote the progress of useful Arts." The first patent was granted on July 31, 1790 to Samuel Hopkins for a method of producing potash (potassium carbonate).

The earliest law required that a working model of each invention be submitted with the application. Patent applications were examined to determine if an inventor was entitled to the grant of a patent. The requirement for a working model was eventually dropped. In 1793, the law was revised so that patents were granted automatically upon submission of the description. A separate Patent Office was created in 1802.

The patent laws were again revised in 1836, and the examination of patent applications was reinstituted. In 1870 Congress passed a law which mainly reorganized and reenacted existing law, but also made some important changes, such as giving the commissioner of patents the authority to draft rules and regulations for the Patent Office.

Criticism
Under the influence of the ascendant economic philosophy of free trade economics in England, the patent law began to be criticised in the 1850s as obstructing research and benefiting the few at the expense of public good. The campaign against patenting expanded to target copyright too and, in the judgment of historian Adrian Johns, "remains to this day the strongest [campaign] ever undertaken against intellectual property", coming close to abolishing patents.

Its most prominent activists - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, William Robert Grove, William Armstrong and Robert A. MacFie - were inventors and entrepreneurs, and it was also supported by radical laissez-faire economists (The Economist published anti-patent views), law scholars, scientists (who were concerned that patents were obstructing research) and manufacturers. Johns summarizes some of their main arguments as follows:
 * [Patents] projected an artificial idol of the single inventor, radically denigrated the role of the intellectual commons, and blocked a path to this commons for other citizens — citizens who were all, on this account, potential inventors too. [...] Patentees were the equivalent of squatters on public land — or better, of uncouth market traders who planted their barrows in the middle of the highway and barred the way of the people.

Similar debates took place during that time in other European countries such as France, Prussia, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Based on the criticism of patents as state-granted monopolies inconsistent with free trade, the Netherlands abolished patents in 1869 (having established them in 1817), and did not reintroduce them until 1912. In Switzerland, criticism of patents delayed the introduction of patent laws until 1907.

In England, despite much public debate, the system was not abolished - it was reformed with the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852. This simplified procedure for obtaining patents, reduced fees and created one office for the entire United Kingdom, instead of different systems for England and Wales and Scotland. In France as well, a similar controversy erupted in the 1860s and reforms were made.

There is also criticism regarding the prevalent gender gap in patents. Although historical laws that precluded women from obtaining patents are no longer in force, the number of women patent holders is still significantly disproportionate in comparison to their male counterparts.

title: History of patent law


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Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko

Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko (Єдність Олександра Омельченка), prior to 2020 Unity (Єдність) is a political party in Ukraine created in 1999 as a protest party. The party was led by the former mayor of Kyiv Oleksandr Omelchenko although in early 2008, he temporally halted his party membership in favor of a membership of Our Ukraine-Peoples Self Defence. Omelchenko died on November 25, 2021.

Prior to the 2020 Kyiv local election the party changed its name to its current name. In this election the party was the third most popular party of Kyiv, winning 14 seats.

History
The party (then called) Unity supported Yevhen Marchuk in the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election. Marchuk took only the 5th place out of 13, while gaining 8.13% of the vote in the first round.

In 2001 a parliamentary faction called "Unity" was formed in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament), which included 21 MPs.

Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2002
At the 2002 legislative elections, it was part of an alliance (also called Unity) that won 1.1% of the popular vote and 4 out of 450 seats.

The alliance consisted of:

 * Unity
 * Social Democratic Union (Social-Demokratyčnyj Sojuz)
 * Young Ukraine (Moloda Ukrajina)
 * Ukrainian Party of Justice – Union of Veterans, Handicapped, Chornobilians, Afghans (Ukrajins'ka Partija Spravedlivosti – Sojuz Veteraniv, Invalidiv, Čornobil'civ, Afganciv)

Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2006
During the 2006 parliamentary elections the party was part of an electoral alliance led by Yevhen Marchuk (Electoral Bloc "Yevhen Marchuk – "Unity") which didn't make it into parliament winning only 0.06% of the votes.

The alliance consisted of:

 * Unity
 * Party of Freedom
 * Party "Solidarity of Women of Ukraine"

Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007
The party did not run during the 2007 elections but advised its voters to vote for Forward, Ukraine! or Peoples Self-defence.

Since 2010, transformation into a local party
In the 2010 local elections Unity won 22 representatives in the Vinnytsia Oblast Council (regional parliaments of Vinnytsia Oblast).

During the 2014 Kyiv local election Unity won 3.3% of the votes and 2 seats in the Kyiv City Council; including a seat for Omelchenko. 15 deputies of the party were elected to the Kyiv City Council in the 2015 Kyiv local election. In other Ukrainian city councils across the country Unity gained 28 seats in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections.

In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Unity nominated three candidates, all in constituencies located in Kyiv. None won a parliamentary seat. Omelchenko took the 5th place in his constituency, gaining a little more than 8%.

Prior to the 2020 Kyiv local election the party changed its name to Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko. In this election the party won 14 seats, and took third place. Omelchenko again was a member of the Kyiv City Council, until he died on November 25, 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko


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Gerald Thomas

Gerald Thomas (10 December 1920 – 9 November 1993) was an English film director, best known for the long-running Carry On series of British film comedies.

Biography
Born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, Thomas was educated in Bristol and London, and was training in medicine when World War II began. He served four years in the British Army during the war, and upon his return to civilian life thought it too late to continue his medical studies.

He began his movie career at Denham Studios, eventually becoming an assistant film editor beginning with Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948). His editing work included many films directed by his older brother, Ralph Thomas. His own directorial debut was the short film Circus Friends (1956), produced by the Children's Film Foundation. His first feature was the thriller Time Lock the following year.

Beginning with the farcical military comedy Carry On Sergeant (1958), Thomas directed all 30 films in the Carry On series of British comedies, produced by Peter Rogers, ending with Carry On Emmannuelle (1978) and the belated Carry On Columbus (1992). Additionally, he directed the framing sequences of the compilation film That's Carry On! (1977). Other works as director include the comedy Please Turn Over (1959) and a drama of post-war Austria, The Second Victory (1986).

Personal life
Thomas was married, and the couple had three daughters. He died at home of a heart attack. Thomas's nephew is the film producer Jeremy Thomas. He is commemorated with a green plaque on The Avenues, Kingston upon Hull.

Films directed

 * Circus Friends (1956)
 * Time Lock (1957)
 * The Vicious Circle (1957)
 * The Duke Wore Jeans (1958)
 * Carry On Sergeant (1958)
 * Chain of Events (1958)
 * The Solitary Child (1958)
 * Please Turn Over (1959)
 * Carry On Nurse (1959)
 * Carry On Teacher (1959)
 * Watch Your Stern (1960)
 * No Kidding (1960)
 * Carry On Constable (1960)
 * Carry On Regardless (1961)
 * Raising the Wind (1961)
 * The Iron Maiden (1962)
 * Twice Round the Daffodils (1962)
 * Carry On Cruising (1962)
 * Nurse on Wheels (1963)
 * Carry On Cabby (1963)
 * Carry On Jack (1963)
 * Carry On Spying (1964)
 * Carry On Cleo (1964)
 * The Big Job (1965)
 * Carry On Cowboy (1966)
 * Carry On Screaming (1966)
 * Don't Lose Your Head (1966)
 * Follow That Camel (1967)
 * Carry On Doctor (1968)
 * Carry On... Up the Khyber (1968)
 * Carry On Camping (1969)
 * Carry On Again Doctor (1969)
 * Carry On Up the Jungle (1970)
 * Carry On Loving (1970)
 * Carry On Henry (1971)
 * Carry On at Your Convenience (1971)
 * Bless This House (1972)
 * Carry On Matron (1972)
 * Carry On Abroad (1972)
 * Carry On Girls (1973)
 * Carry On Dick (1974)
 * Carry On Behind (1975)
 * Carry On England (1976)
 * Carry On Emmannuelle (1978)
 * The Second Victory (1987)
 * Carry On Columbus (1992)

title: Gerald Thomas


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Category:Computational chemistry software

de:Kategorie:Computerchemie


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The Tsar's Bride

The Tsar's Bride (Царская невеста) is an historical verse drama in four acts by Lev Mei from 1849. Fifty years later Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov used the play as the basis for his opera of the same name. As with Mei's other Russian historical drama, The Maid of Pskov (1859), this play is set in the time of Ivan the Terrible.

title: The Tsar's Bride


text: User talk:131.55.121.15

title: User talk:131.55.121.15


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Grip strength

Grip strength is the force applied by the hand to pull on or suspend from objects and is a specific part of hand strength. Optimum-sized objects permit the hand to wrap around a cylindrical shape with a diameter from one to three inches. Stair rails are an example of where shape and diameter are critical for proper grip in case of a fall. Other grip strengths that have been studied are the hammer and other hand tools. In applications of grip strength, the wrist must be in a neutral position to avoid developing cumulative trauma disorders.

Grip strength is a general term also used to refer to the physical strength of an animal and, for athletes, to the muscular power and force that can be generated with the hands. In athletics, grip strength is critical for rock climbers and is an important factor in strongman competitions and weight lifting. Grip strength training is also a major feature in martial arts and can be useful in various professions where people must work with their hands.

Types of grip
The human hand can be used to grip objects in several different positions. These different positions require different types of grip strength which are typically quantified based on the way the hand is being used.

The crush grip is what is most commonly thought of as "grip". It involves a handshake-type grip, where the object being gripped rests firmly against the palm and all fingers. A strong crush grip is useful in bone-crushing handshakes, or for breaking objects with pressure.

In a pinch grip, the fingers are on one side of an object, and the thumb is on the other. Typically, an object lifted in a pinch grip does not touch the palm. This is generally considered a weaker grip position. The pinch grip is used when grabbing something like a weight plate or lifting a sheet of plywood by the top edge.

A support grip typically involves holding something, such as the handle of a bucket, for a long time. This type of strength is epitomized by the Farmer's walk competitive event, where the bucket is filled with sand or water, and carried over a long distance. A great deal of muscular endurance is necessary to have a good carrying grip.

Normative data
There has been extensive medical and ergonomic research looking at grip strength, which has found that 95% of men have a grip strength greater than 90% of women. Averages also exist for different types of grip in different positions. Grip strength increases or decreases depending on the arm position at which the grip strength is being measured. A person's grip strength usually results in having the strongest grip strength when their arm is extended at 90° before their body, as opposed to the other extreme arm positions, rested at one's side or held straight up above one's head. Grip strength is not optimal if one's arm is extended backwards beyond the resting position at the body's sides. It can be concluded that grip strength is affected via the different arm muscles and their ability to contract.

In medicine
Grip strength is often used in medicine as a specific type of hand strength. The purpose of this testing is diverse, including to diagnose diseases, to evaluate and compare treatments, to document progression of muscle strength, and to provide feedback during the rehabilitation process as a measure indicating the level of hand function. For example, it is used to indicate changes in hand strength after hand surgery or after a rehabilitation program. By asking subjects to maintain a maximum contraction for longer periods, it can be used as a measure of fatigue. It is also able to predict a decline in function in old age. The World Health Organization has identified Grip Strength as an indicator of vitality for aging populations. Since the above-mentioned grips involve the action of a large number of different joints and muscle groups, grip strength is not always very sensitive to measure individual muscle groups in medicine. For this purpose, dynamometers have been developed that provide more specific information on individual muscles in the hand such as the Rotterdam Intrinsic Hand Myometer (RIHM). In medicine, doctors sometimes use grip strength to test a patient's mentality, as grip strength directly correlates to mental state. Grip strength is also used to measure the degree of rehabilitation from injuries; all other things being equal, it will vary with general condition. Additionally, grip strength can be used to determine a patient's physical stability. Measuring this in intervals allows a doctor to determine if a patient is making progress or if different methods need to be used. There is a direct correlation between grip strength of older people and their overall body strength. This correlation helps doctors with treating the elderly a lot, because it allows doctors to see how well an elderly person is functioning. Relative handgrip strength, handgrip measure divided by body mass index (BMI), affects the future onset of diabetes and prediabetes. A stronger handgrip is linked with less diabetes cases. Strengthening the grip strength helps players recover from sport injuries such as tennis elbow.

Quantified measures of health status in older adults
As a measure of strength required for older adults to perform heavy tasks (such as carrying 11kg [24lb] objects), minimum grip strength for men was determined to be 28.5kg [62.8lb] and for women 18.5kg [40.8lb]. Six studies correlating grip strength with the six minute walk test determined "slow" to vary between 23.2kg [51.1lb] to 39.0kg [86.0lb] for men, and 15.9kg [35.1lb] to 22.0kg [48.5lb] for women.

In sports
Hand grip is an important, though often overlooked, component of strength in sports. However, the grip strength is most often a secondary or auxiliary function of the sport. Sports in which grip strength are included within the secondary focus include the following: movement-based climbing, calisthenics, gymnastics, pole dancing, horse racing, powerlifting, strongman or arm wrestling; ball-based baseball, gridiron football, rugby, canoe polo, badminton or tennis; and combat sports such as wrestling, judo, brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing or fencing. In sports, hand grip strength is a major factor in a player's strength, determining how easily a ball can be caught or how effectively equipment can be used. Hand grip strength is directly linked to hand-eye coordination: when a person is looking at the thing they are gripping, hand grip strength intensifies because of this synchronization.

Hand grip strength is very important when it comes to sports. Before a player begins playing a hand grip strength test is important for determining a player's workout. Hand grip strength determines a player's readiness for sports. In golf, hand grip strength is used to control the power a golfer hits a golf ball. The angle at which a golfer hits the ball determines how far the ball goes. ... In football, the quarterback uses hand grip strength to throw accurate passers to receivers. The receivers use hand grip strength to catch and maintain control of the football. ... In hockey, hand grip strength is used to angle the shot of the puck, whether they are passing the puck or shooting for a goal. Hand grip strength is essential for the execution of skills in hockey. In martial arts, hand grip strength is a key use in mastering techniques. Hand grip strength determines the success of arm functionality, such as speed and precision.

As a separate discipline
From their beginnings as odd performances at fairs and circuses, grip feats have recently gained acceptance as a sport in their own right, with competitions being held with increasing regularity. Events include one-arm deadlift (rolling thunder), nail bending, the closing of torsion spring hand grippers, v-bar (vertical bar) lifting, and standardized pinch apparatuses. Other common events may include thickbar deadlifts, little big horn (anvil lift), block, blob and hub lifting.

Feats of strength
Although grip strength lends itself to impromptu performances that might feature a unique implement or cater to a particular individual or a small group, performances on standardized, widely available tests carry more weight. One such feat involving world class grip strength is officially closing a No. 3 Captains of Crush Gripper, first accomplished by Richard Sorin in 1991. Card tearing is a traditional feat of grip and lower arm strength that has a rich history. Below are some of the most well known measures of grip strength.

 * Captains of Crush Grippers
 * Rolling Thunder
 * Apollon's Axle deadlift
 * Little Big Horn
 * Plate pinching
 * Block, Blob, Hub
 * Short Steel Bending

Training methods
Grip strength training requires a different type of training regimen than other muscular training. The reasons are primarily based on the interplay of the tendons and muscles and the lack of "down time" or rest that most people's hands get.

It is generally considered that all aspects of the hand must be exercised to produce a healthy and strong hand. Only working on closing grip will cause an imbalance between closing and opening (antagonist) muscles, and can lead to problems such as tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome.

For closing grip

 * Thick bar and Thick Grip work on a two-inch or thicker bar—such as deadlifts, pullups, and the farmers walk—trains the support grip.
 * Grippers train the crushing grip.
 * Plate pinches Place the weight plate on the ground standing upright on its side. Bend down and hold the plate using a pinch grip between your fingers and thumbs only. The plate shouldn't touch the palm of your hand. Straighten up and lift the plate using the pinch grip, up to your chest, and then slowly place it back on the ground.
 * Sledgehammer lever — levering a sledgehammer using the wrists to train fingers and wrists.
 * Plate curls and wrist curls — grabbing a plate and doing wrist curls or regular curls with them with the fingers on the bottom and thumb on top, trains the wrists and fingers and thumb for pinch grip.
 * Blockweights — cut off ends of hex dumbbells that are grasped in a pinch grip fashion from different sides of the blockweight with one end grasped by fingers and other by thumb; trained with either singles, timed holds, or tosses from hand to hand.
 * Hangboard can be used for training the full-crimp grip, half-crimp grip and open hand grip, required in climbing.
 * Short steel bending works the "closing grip" in a unique way. It combines a cylindrical gripping motion of the steel bar with the ulnar deviation of the wrist. This action is then forced into an isometric "hold" of sorts, as the bender attempts to bend the bar using only their two hands.

For opening grip

 * Extensors; these are the muscles that oppose the flexors of the hands and should be trained to achieve a good balance between opposing muscle groups; extensor muscles are key in grip because they must contract aggressively to support finger flexion. Shoving your hand in something like rice and extending it, or placing something such as rocks in a coffee can, putting your hand in there, and extending it to pick up the coffee can, are ways of training your hand extensors.
 * Some grip companies sell high-resistance rubber bands which work the extensor grip. Another option, is a weight based machine; this type of plate loaded machine will not only strengthen your grip but also your forearm strength.
 * As finger flexor/extensors serve a function as wrist flexor/extensors, doing wrist extension exercises (sometimes called "reverse wrist curls") would also stimulate the finger extensor fibers.
 * Doing fist pushups on the backside of the first finger bone would increasingly put pressure on the extensor muscles as weight was shifted from knuckle-end to the further joint. When in a tight fist, the flat of the fingernails can dig into the palm and push the skin down to create a bridge to stabilize the first structure and prevent hyper flexion of the knuckle joints (which can be observed by doing pushups with the entire backside of the fingers flat on the ground, fingers pointing towards the opposite hand).

For stabilization

 * Fingertip pushups would utilize both opening and closing grip muscles to keep the finger from sliding, as well as more focused bone density in the hand, though they are very strenuous and dangerous unless approached progressively.
 * Handstands free from a wall with fingers pointing behind would use gripping stretching to stabilize the hand to prevent the body from falling towards the front, and extensor muscles to prevent the body from falling towards the back.
 * Metal-rod exercises strengthen the grip indirectly but very effectively through strength training using a metal rod or pole.

title: Grip strength


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User:Thorns among our leaves

Introduction
It seems you've stumbled across my Wikipedia userpage. Welcome, visitor! The name's Aly, how do you do? I'm 21 years old, and I'm a fourth-year university student with majors in anthropology and sociology and a minor in women's and gender studies. I've been on Wikipedia since 2005. I've made edits and had convos/debates about various articles around here... Check out my user contributions to see. I've created a few articles, too. I don't do very much on here now that I'm in university, though - too busy. But sometimes I edit my profile because I'm really vain like that.

I'm somewhat active on the internet, mainly on websites involving reviews and music. I'm on Rate Your Music as Aly and Last.FM as poor-de-chirico.

And, for those of you that may be interested, my user name is from the song "Eden," by my one of my favorite bands, 10,000 Maniacs. It's from the album Our Time in Eden and is derived from the first line: "We are the roses in the garden, beauty with thorns among our leaves..."

Happy wiki-ing, all!

- Aly.

I used to have a mahoosive list of crap I like here, but I removed it. I'm doing some house cleaning. More will be up in time, but for now, it has been relegated to the history (and an archive, which can be found here: User: Thorns among our leaves/Archive_of_crap).

Stuff

 * See my concerns regarding the Babel template here: []

Here are my user templates. (Click!)

title: User:Thorns among our leaves


text:
Social Democratic Union (Ukraine)

The Social Democratic Union (Соціал-демократичний Союз) is a political party in Ukraine registered in March 1999.

History
At the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party was part of the Unity alliance. At the 2006 elections the party participated in the "Lazarenko Bloc" (which consisted of Hromada, "Social Democratic Union" and Social Democratic Party of Ukraine) but this bloc was supported by only 76.950 voters, or 0.30%, and therefore did not make it to parliament. But the block did win third place in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast council.

The party did not participate in the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election. The party planned to participate in the elections (again) in an election bloc with Hromada. But because the Central Election Commission of Ukraine refused to register candidates of Hromada as candidates and because Hromada did not notify the Central Election Commission of the right date of its congress, Hromada could not participate in these elections.

The party did not participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections.

title: Social Democratic Union (Ukraine)


text:
Talk:P. F. Sloan

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on P. F. Sloan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034801/http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_mamas_papas_california/ to http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_mamas_papas_california/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090421002839/http://blogs.marinij.com/marinhistory/2008/09/fantasy_fair_magic_mountain_mu.html to http://blogs.marinij.com/marinhistory/2008/09/fantasy_fair_magic_mountain_mu.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:55, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Dear Wikipedians,

As part of a Communication Studies class at California State University - Northridge, I have added some content to the P.F. Sloan section for the "Dunhill Records" period. I summarized an extract from his 1968 first meeting with singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb which shows how P.F. Sloan became an inspiration and resource for other young artists. I am a young musician myself and got to know him in the last few years of his life in the Los Angeles area. For this particular posting, I also wanted to make sure that his published memoirs appears under the References. This book, "What's Exactly The Matter With Me?", is full of valuable insights and anecdotes collected by his friend and biographer Steve Feinberg. I hope that this proves useful to those who appreciated the wonderful P.F. Sloan.Tonysinger9 (talk) 01:12, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:P. F. Sloan


text:
Talk:Communication channel

--203.129.193.45 04:50, 21 December 2005 (UTC)--203.129.193.45 04:50, 21 December 2005 (UTC)--203.129.193.45 04:50, 21 December 2005 (UTC)i moved communications channel to here as part of re-structuring the various pages on channels. i would support re-establishing communications channel as its own page (and linking it from this one) if the specific-to-telecom details get fleshed out more. as of now, it seems acceptable to include such information on this general-com page.

Untitled
among other cleanups, i removed this line (which was on channel):

One of possibly millions of often times pointless wavelengths decoded by a television system.

am i wrong to see it as a duplicate meaning? what is 'pointless' implying? it is quite possible i have misunderstood.

my edits here are solely from the basis of cleanup, i am far from an expert. anyone who knows more is strongly encouraged to fix any mistakes, including re-opening communications channel.

also, i guess this article should not be in category:telecommunications stubs since some of it is about non-telecom. am i right about this?

Burgher 20:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've added a definition of Channel from Shokrollahi's "LDPC Codes: An Introduction" (see references). This is the clearest, most concise explanation of a channel I have seen. I've pasted it verbatim, so it will probably need to be worked into the article better. I figured the value and clarity of this definition outweighed any temporary lack of flow. Please be sure to retain the simplicity in any further editing!

I'm currently unclear whether Shokrollahi's definition is restricted to a memoryless channel, or can it be extended by defining each 'alphabet member' to be a sequence of symbols. Anyone care to clarify? Perhaps the definition also requires links to articles explaining 'alphabet' and other technical terms, or a rewrite to eliminate those terms?

[[User:John Dalton|Johal

ton]] 04:48, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

guys plz expalin the meanin ofa channel.. does it to be considered as a range of frequency ...i mean during the radio trnsmission ... Please explain the difference btn elements and chaneels of communication

Article is a misnomer, resulting in confusion
This article fails to distinguish between the many different meanings of "channel" within various subfields of communications. The result is confusion since it is never clear which definition of channel is being used. Is it a radio channel, a television channel, an audio channel, an information theoretic channel, ...? Indeed the article arbitrarily swaps between meanings.

As a first step, I propose that an article Channel (information theory) should be created. "Channel" has a precise meaning in information theory, summarised in Shanon's paper. The new article could describe "channel" as it is understood in information theory. It could talk about channel capacity, with a link to the main article. It could talk about how the theoretical concept of channel in information theory relates to real life. It might then go on to explain the idea of channel modeling (give full details in an article on channel modeling) and simulation. Perhaps list all the various of classes of channel models with links to articles (or keep this for a channel modeling article?). Maybe mention channel coding?

Separate articles could also be created for other uses of the word "channel" in communications.

In time Channel (communications) could become either a disambiguation page or a cursory overview of the various meanings of channel in a communications sense with links to articles. John Dalton (talk) 04:25, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * That might work. But before starting a new article, make sure it's the best way.  An alternative would be to make two major sections in this article, for information theoretic channels and physical channels.  There's already a Channel (broadcasting) that you can offload lots of TV and radio stuff to. Dicklyon (talk) 04:34, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Popular channel models
I am missing an article summarizing particularly popular channel models, including their capacity. Should this be done here? Or in channel capacity? Or some article on its own?

Popular examples: discrete memoryless channels: binary symmetric channel and binary erasure channel, time-continuous analog channel: (Additive White) Gaussian noise channel (AWGN), etc.

Particularly missing: what means discrete vs. analog channel, memoryless channel, symmetric vs. asymmetric channel

Thoughts? Nageh (talk) 22:11, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Great suggestion. The channel model section of this article is perfect for that. Please improve this rather poor article. However, i think equations can be left out of this article. Theoretical information theory should be placed in the end of this article because very few are interested in that, or understand it. Central concepts of a beginners course in computer networks or telecommunications should be mentioned early in this article, for example simplex and duplex channels. Mange01 (talk) 15:35, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. It was more intended as a hint for other people to write about it. ;) I don't feel qualified enough to do it myself, and I'm lacking the references. Hope somebody else picks it up! Nageh (talk) 16:49, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Mange01, I think the recent changes are a step forward! Nageh (talk) 21:22, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Redirect from channel noise
I created a redirect for channel noise to this article, because neither noise (electronics) nor noise (radio) exactly fits. This needs to be better addressed by the current article. Nageh (talk) 13:27, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Hmm. I don't see why noise (telecommunications) (nowadays merged into noise (electronics)) would not fit. What is the difference between channel noise and other forms of noise in telecommunications? Mange01 (talk) 23:02, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * My gripe with dealing with noise in telecommunications within Noise (electronics) is that noise in electronics is more specific than noise in telecommunications, which actually refers to channel noise. For example, in telecommunications, noise can also appear in optical channels, maybe even acoustic channels, and even in higher layers (e.g., buffer overrun in packet routers resulting in erasures). One suggestion was to merge telecommunication aspects of noise into the article noise, but in the end I think it should be a separate article. I still need to think about how this could be done, e.g., through a split of the current article as you suggested. Nageh (talk) 07:52, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Suggested split, disposition
This article has no clear focus and context. Sometimes it is about specific radio channels, sometimes about physical transmission medium, sometimes about theoretical channel models and channel properities in either telecommunications, computer networking or wireless communications, and it is not always clear which of these. A suggestion is to split it into several articles, for example: Mange01 (talk) 23:00, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Radio channel (Currently redirected to radio)
 * Channel model. Channel (communications) could be redirected here.

 * Hm... if we split the article then we should probably outsource aspects of channels which are related to a specific technology, e.g., Radio channel or Channel (radio).
 * Channel (communications) could then discuss channels and channel models from a generic point of view. Redirects to it could be Channel model and Channel noise. Then it could include a section in the end with references to channel types characterized by their technology, including radio channel.

 * But let me try to summarize what we have so far:
 * Channel models, which characterize error properties based on the distinction between analog and digital channels. Interference channel probably goes here as well.
 * Channel types, which characterize the connectivity: point-to-point (unicast/dedicated), point-to-multipoint (multicast, broadcast/shared), multiple-access channel, simplex, half-simplex, duplex channels, back link/return link, forward link, uplink, downlink.
 * Channel types, which specify technological properties of physical channels: fibre channel, radio channel, baseband/passband channel. An introductory section on this may include the distinction between physical, logical, and virtual channels.
 * Channel types, which specify their usage: multiplexed channel.
 * Maybe in the end it's not bad at all having everything on one page. I don't know... let me know what you think. Nageh (talk) 19:54, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * A good start. The above is discussed pretty well in the channel model section and below. But we should not restrict ourself to physical layer and information theory/tele transmission aspects. There are also computer networking aspects, like virtual and logical channels, multiplex channels, etc.

 * The overview is the section that I currently have most problem with. Is it supposed to list a number of application examples, or to serve as disambiguation list to alternative definitions? Could it help if we devide this list into different contexts, for example OSI layers or applications areas?

 * The definitions should clarify the relationship to similar concepts, for example path, connection, link, carrier, signal, bit stream, circuit, message sequence, frequency band, multiplex, ensemble, physical network, subnet, data flow, socket, etc. We need sources for that. Mange01 (talk) 20:47, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The current Overview section can go as an Examples section at the end of the article. Maybe we can start with Channel Characterizations as summarized above? ... Have to think about it.
 * Not sure how you would categorize channels according to OSI layers or application areas.
 * Nageh (talk) 21:53, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

(Unindent) It is not clear to me eather what to do about the overview, and the dispostion. Definitions should be placed early. Examples of interest to a large audience should also be placed early. Very theoretical stuff only of interest in the academic world, such as simulation models, should be placed late.

Layered categorization of channels and their context
This is a first attempt for OSI layer based division of channel types, with the aim of clarifying in what context different channel types can be found. Feel free to further develop the suggestion here at the discussion page.

Mange01 (talk) 16:38, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Physical layer channels:
 * Physical transmission medium, e.g. wires, point-multipoint medium (broadcasting medium), point-point medium, shared medium (e.g. bus networks, hub networks).
 * Multiplexing channels: time division channels, frequency channels, spread spectrum|code-division multiplex channels
 * Data link layer channels:
 * MAC sublayer: Virtual channels (eg. in ATM).
 * Shared channel access: TDMA channels, FDMA channels, CDMA channels, OFDMA channels.
 * Addressing services: Unicasting, broadcasting, multicasting channels.
 * LLC sublayer: logical links, also known as logical channels
 * Network layer:
 * IP: The channel concept corresponds to a packet flow or a routing path.
 * X.25: Virtual channels.
 * Addressing services: Unicasting, broadcasting, multicasting channels.
 * Transport layer: Statistical multiplexing channels
 * TCP: virtual channels, also known as virtual connections, byte streams, TCP sessions or socket-to-socket connections.
 * UDP: socket-to-socket communication path or packet flow.

 * Don't think a layer based division would be good as a main categorization. Several concepts are intersecting with my above categorization, which I think has a clearer separation, and amongst different layers (e.g., virtual channel, multiplexing, point-to-(multi)point).
 * For example, if you say this is a multiplexing channel you do not refer to a specific layer but rather to a channel implementing the concept of multiplexing. Or if you speak of a virtual channel you mean any channel within a shared medium above the PHY. Note that the latter concept is even present in multimedia files, where you e.g. can have one (or more) audio channels and one video channel. And in stereo audio, you have a left and a right audio channel.
 * So I think, while not as a main classification, it could work as an additional classification in the form of: Channel types corresponding to (OSI) layering concepts.
 * Nageh (talk) 10:25, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay. THis is a suggestion for rough disposition:
 * 1. Section 1 "Overview" can be renamed "definitions and application examples", and overlapping texts should be removed. Definitions form the literature can be added.
 * 2. Section 2 is "Channel types", where the above OSI based division can be merged with your text.
 * 3. Section 3 is "Channel attributes and performance measures". (Alternatively this may be part of the channel model section.)
 * 4. Section 4 is "Mathematical channel models". Basically my text. Two sub-sections: Digital (or binary) channels, and analog channels.
 * Mange01 (talk) 12:27, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communication channel


text:
Haridas Chaudhuri

Haridas Chaudhuri (May 1913 – 1975) was an Indian integral philosopher. He was a correspondent with Sri Aurobindo and the founder of the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).

Early life and career
He was born in May 1913 in Shyamagram in East Bengal (now Bangladesh). He studied at the Scottish Church College and later at the University of Calcutta from where he earned his doctorate in Indian philosophy. He became a professor and later the chair of philosophy at the Krishnagar College, then a constituent college of the University of Calcutta.

California Institute of Integral Studies
In 1951, Chaudhuri was invited by Frederic Spiegelberg of Stanford University to join the staff of the newly formed American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco, having been recommended for that post by Sri Aurobindo during the final year of Aurobindo's life. Other accounts have indicated that Chaudhuri was recommended for the job by K.D. Sethna, an eminent intellectual living at Aurobindo's ashram, based in part on the fact that Chaudhuri was an active devotee of Sri Aurobindo. He accepted the invitation, eager to implement in a Western educational institution the integral approach to education that he had developed as a student of Sri Aurobindo.

Soon after his arrival in San Francisco, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina established the Cultural Integration Fellowship (CIF), from which emerged an educational branch later to become California Institute of Integral Studies. Over the past 30 years, the institute's original emphasis on Asian religions and cultures evolved to include comparative and cross-cultural studies in philosophy, religion, psychology, counseling, cultural anthropology, organizational studies, health studies, and the arts.

In 1987 the Institute established the Chaudhuri Chair in the name of Haridas Chaudhuri. In 2016 this became "The Haridas Chaudhuri Endowed Chair in Indian Philosophy and Culture" and Dr. Debashish Banerji was appointed as the chair holder.

Integral psychology
Chaudhuri was the first to publish in the West on integral psychology, during the 1970s. His version of integral psychology has almost nothing in common with that of Ken Wilber, who has written a book of the same name.

Bahman Shirazi of the California Institute of Integral Studies has defined integral psychology as "a psychological system concerned with exploring and understanding the totality of the human phenomenon....(which) at its breadth, covers the entire body-mind-psyche-spirit spectrum, while at its depth...encompasses the previously explored unconscious and the conscious dimensions of the psyche, as well as the supra-conscious dimension traditionally excluded from psychological inquiry". (Shirazi 2001) In a paper on the subject he reviews Indra Sen's, Chaudhuri's, and Wilber's definitions, as well as developing the ideas of Chaudhuri.

title: Haridas Chaudhuri


text:
Democratic Party of Ukraine

The Democratic Party of Ukraine (Демократична партія України; Demokratychna Partiya Ukrayiny) is a political party in Ukraine registered in 1991. Until 2006 it had a parliamentary representation, but after associating itself with the People's Democratic Party, the Democratic Party disappeared from political arena.

The party did not participate in either the 2012 nor the 2014 parliamentary elections.

History
The Democratic Party of Ukraine is one of the oldest political institutions of Ukraine. The Democratic Party was founded in 1990 by a group of Ukrainian dissidents.

In the 1994 parliamentary election, the party won 2 seats. In the 1998 elections, the party was part of the Electoral bloc NEP with the Party of Economic Revival, the combination won 1,22% of the national vote; the party gained 1 (single-mandate constituency) seat. In a union with the Democratic Union the party gained 4 constituency seats during the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

In the 2006 elections, the party took part in the alliance Block of People's Democratic Parties but this alliance did not overcome the 3% threshold (winning only 0.49% of the votes) and therefore no seats. In the 30 September 2007 elections, the party failed as part of the Ukrainian Regional Asset to win parliamentary representation.

The merger of United Centre with the Democratic Party of Ukraine failed to materialize prior to the first ever congress of United Centre.

In July 2011 the chairman of the Democratic Party of Ukraine Sergey Kozachenko was sentenced to eight years in prison Kyiv District Court of Simferopol on charges of embezzling ₴65 million in credit union's "Southern".

In November 2011 the party formed a faction in the Kyiv City Council of 7 deputies, this while in the previous 2008 Kyiv City Council election the party had not won any seats.

In the 2014 Kyiv City Council election, the party won 2 seats. But in the 2015 Kyiv local election it lost these seats (it scored less than 2% of the vote).

The party did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

title: Democratic Party of Ukraine


text:
User:LordofHavoc

D'Arcy, Stephen C.
Born: 11/17/1970 in Galway, Ireland

Residence: Frankfurt

Occupation: Court admitted IT-expert

Hobbies: American Football, History, Movies, Technology de:user:LordofHavoc ja:利用者:LordofHavoc

title: User:LordofHavoc


text:
Democratic Union (Ukraine)

The Democratic Union (Демократиний союз Demokratyčnyj Sojuz) is a political party in Ukraine registered in June 1999. At the parliamentary elections on 30 March 2002, the party won together with the Democratic Party of Ukraine 0.87%% of the popular vote and 4 (single-mandate constituency) seats out of 450 seats. The party did not take part in further national elections.

title: Democratic Union (Ukraine)


text:
1950 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1950.

Championship final
June 11: Fredrikstad - Fram 1-1

June 18: Fram - Fredrikstad 1-0 (agg. 2-1)

Play-off Preliminary Round
May 29: Solberg - Geithus 0-2

May 31: Odd - Larvik Turn 3-0
 * Start - Stavanger 2-3

June 4: Geithus - Solberg 1-1 (agg. 3-1)
 * Stavanger - Start 3-1 (agg. 6-3)

June 7: Larvik Turn - Odd 2-0 (agg. 2-3)

Play-off Group A
June 11: Stavanger - Brann 2-2
 * Hamar - Lisleby 1-3

June 18: Lisleby - Stavanger 2-0
 * Brann - Hamar 6-0

July 2: Lisleby - Brann 2-3
 * Stavanger - Hamar 5-2

Play-off Group B
June 11: Geithus - Odd 1-2
 * Kristiansund - Kvik 1-0

June 18: Odd - Kristiansund 2-0
 * Kvik - Geithus 5-2

July 2: Odd - Kvik 2-0
 * .Geithus - Kristiansund 1-1

Relegation play-off
Kongsberg - Frigg 1-1

Frigg - Kongsberg 2-0 (agg. 3-1)

Kongsberg relegated.

Promoted to first division
Akademisk, Askim, Baune, Bjørkelangen, Borgen, Bækkelaget, Flint, Hødd, Nordnes, Randaberg, Raufoss, Sportsklubben 31, Steinkjer, Strong, Sørfjell, Tryggkameratene, Tønsberg Turn, Urædd, Vang and Vidar.

title: 1950 in Norwegian football


text:
Nolo (publisher)

Nolo, formerly known as Nolo Press, is a publisher in Berkeley, California, that produces do-it-yourself legal books and software that allows people to handle simple legal matters such as making wills or writing business partnership contracts. Its areas of focus include immigration, family law, employment law, tenant and landlord issues, wills, trusts and intellectual property. Even though Nolo encourages consumers and small business owners to handle their own legal matters when it is reasonably feasible to do so, the company recommends getting professional legal help for disputable or difficult matters.

The company was founded in an attic in 1971 by Ralph Warner (a graduate of UC Berkeley's Boalt School of Law) and family law attorney Ed Sherman. The company's logo shows the scales of justice tilted in favor of the reader, and includes the motto "LAW for ALL."

History
In 1971 Ed Sherman wrote How to Do Your Own Divorce in California. He and Ralph Warner discovered that established publishers wouldn't publish the book because they feared being prosecuted for practicing law without a licence. In response Sherman and Warner created Nolo Press and published it themselves. They then started publishing additional do-it-yourself legal guides under the Nolo Press name.

The Latin word "nolo" in the original company name ("Nolo Press") could be taken to mean "I would prefer not to." Warner and Sherman thought this name was appropriate since they had only started a publishing business themselves after their first do-it-yourself guide was turned down by established publishers.

In 2006, Nolo began publishing a directory of attorneys, which is asserted to operate on the principle that both participating lawyers and consumers are better served by a relatively short list of qualified attorneys under each category (business law, real estate, etc.), with much information for side-by-side comparisons.

In 2006 Nolo retired its unofficial shark mascot on the company's 35th anniversary. Some older Nolo publications had featured the shark wearing a necktie and carrying a briefcase – showing the company's fondness for poking fun at their fellow members of the legal profession. This mascot was often accompanied by the motto "Don't feed the lawyers. Just say Nolo."

In 2011, the company was purchased by Internet Brands, Inc.

Ed Sherman founded his own legal publishing business, Nolo Press Occidental, a separate company from Nolo.

Products and services
Since its inception in the early 1970s, Nolo's primary focus has been publishing self-help legal guides designed to assist anyone in finding plain-language answers to common legal questions. The company is also the creator of Quicken WillMaker software, which allows individuals to create do-it-yourself wills, powers of attorney and other estate planning documents.

Complaints from lawyers
Although the company's products conspicuously recommend the reader to engage a lawyer for difficult or contended matters, the company has nevertheless drawn the ire of some legal organizations.

Publication of Nolo's first book, How to Do Your Own Divorce in California, was condemned by the Sacramento Bar Association, which led to a huge increase in its sales.

In 1997, the Texas Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee (a committee of the Texas Supreme Court) opened investigations on Nolo and similar publishers, inquiring as to whether their publications constituted practicing law without a license. Saying that the investigation was "the first step toward widespread state censorship", Nolo sued, seeking a declaratory judgment that its publications were legal. It was joined in the action by the American Association of Law Libraries and the Texas Library Association. In response, the Texas Legislature enacted HR 1507, which expressly exempted websites and textbooks from accusations of practicing law without a license, providing they "clearly and conspicuously state that the products are not a substitute for the advice of an attorney". In light of this, the court committee dropped its contest of Nolo's suit.

title: Nolo (publisher)


text:
User talk:LordofHavoc

-- Bratsche talk 5 pillars 20:53, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

SuperShadow VfD
Greetings: pawing through the SuperShadow edit history, I noticed you've edited the page in question before. I thought you'd want to know it is now the subject of a Vote for Deletion, at Articles for deletion/SuperShadow. If you want, you could stop in there and cast a vote. --Maru 22:09, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks LordofHavoc 05:08, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Film Music
G'day,

Just letting you know, there is a new WikiProject up and running; WikiProject Film Music.

Alexbonaro 08:21, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Blood+
I have nominated blood+ for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Collectonian (talk) 22:39, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:LordofHavoc


text:
Benjamin Prentiss

Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss (November 23, 1819 – February 8, 1901) was an American soldier and politician. He fought in the Mexican–American War and on the Union side of the American Civil War, rising to the rank of major general. He commanded a division at the Battle of Shiloh, which suffered heavy casualties while defending what became known as the Hornet's Nest from continued Confederate assaults, and he eventually surrendered his division. He was criticized by some for his conduct in that battle. After his exchange, he continued to serve in the army until his resignation in 1863. He spent much of his remaining life practicing as a lawyer and as a politician in the Republican Party.

Early life, marriages and family
Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss was born in Belleville, Virginia. He was a direct descendant of Valentine Prentice, who immigrated from England in 1631. His early childhood was spent in Virginia until his family joined the migration and moved near Hannibal, Missouri. They then moved to Quincy, Illinois, where Prentiss made his home until 1879. He then moved to Missouri.

In his early life, Benjamin Prentiss was a rope-maker and served as an auctioneer. On March 29, 1838, he married Margaret Ann Sodowsky; they had seven children before she died in 1860. In 1862, he married Mary Worthington Whitney, who bore him five more children.

Civil War
Prentiss ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1860. At the beginning of the American Civil War he was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers on May 17, 1861. Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Southeast Missouri in September, Prentiss was sent to northern Missouri.

That August, President Lincoln nominated 34 men for brigadier general's commissions in the volunteer army, which had to be confirmed by the Senate to be made binding. These appointments were apportioned out among the states according to population, and Illinois would get four generals--Grant, Prentiss, Stephen A. Hurlbut, and John A. McClernand (of these four men, only Grant was a West Pointer, the other three being political appointments).

In the middle of September, Major General John C. Fremont, who commanded the Department of Missouri, had sent Prentiss to command in the southeast of the state, temporarily putting Grant out of a job. The latter had been promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 9, back-dated to May 17, the same day Prentiss received his brigadier's commission. Since Grant was still a civilian in Illinois back in May, it was assumed Prentiss outranked him. In fact this wasn't true because army regulations stipulated that if two officers had a commission of the same date, seniority would be determined by previous rank. Prentiss had been a volunteer captain in the Mexican War but Grant had been a regular army captain, thus the latter outranked the former. After this mix-up was corrected, Grant regained his command.

Grant recalls in his Personal Memoirs: "Two or three days after my arrival at Cape Girardeau, word came that General Prentiss was approaching that place (Jackson). I started at once to meet him there and to give him his orders. As I turned the first corner of a street after starting, I saw a column of cavalry passing the next street in front of me. I turned and rode around the block the other way, so as to meet the head of the column. I found there General Prentiss himself, with a large escort. He had halted his troops at Jackson for the night, and had come on himself to Cape Girardeau, leaving orders for his command to follow him in the morning. I gave the General his orders — which stopped him at Jackson-but he was very much aggrieved at being placed under another brigadier-general, particularly as he believed himself to be the senior.

He had been a brigadier, in command at Cairo, while I was mustering officer at Springfield without any rank. But we were nominated at the same time for the United States service, and both our commissions bore date May 17, 1861. By virtue of my former army rank I was, by law, the senior. General Prentiss failed to get orders to his troops to remain at Jackson, and the next morning early they were reported as approaching Cape Girardeau. I then ordered the General very peremptorily to countermarch his command and take it back to Jackson. He obeyed the order, but bade his command adieu when he got them to Jackson, and went to St. Louis and reported himself. This broke up the expedition. But little harm was done, as Jeff. Thompson moved light and had no fixed place for even nominal headquarters. He was as much at home in Arkansas as he was in Missouri and would keep out of the way of a superior force. Prentiss was sent to another part of the State.

General Prentiss made a great mistake on the above occasion, one that he would not have committed later in the war. When I came to know him better, I regretted it much. In consequence of this occurrence he was off duty in the field when the principal campaign at the West was going on, and his juniors received promotion while he was [135] where none could be obtained. He would have been next to myself in rank in the district of south-east Missouri, by virtue of his services in the Mexican war. He was a brave and very earnest soldier. No man in the service was more sincere in his devotion to the cause for which we were battling; none more ready to make sacrifices or risk life in it."

Shiloh
Early in the morning, an officer under his command, Colonel Everett Peabody, sent out a 250-man patrol which made contact with the advancing Confederate army, providing the Union army with critical early warning of the impending attack. Prentiss was initially outraged with Peabody for sending out a patrol without his authorization, but soon realized he was facing an on oncoming attack by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense. His division was the first one attacked at the Battle of Shiloh and suffered greatly during the opening hours of that battle. Brigadier General Prentiss reformed his command with reinforcements under the command General W. H. L. Wallace and put up a spirited fight in the "Hornet's Nest".

Prentiss took full command of the position after Wallace was fatally wounded and eventually surrendered the Hornet's Nest along with 2,200 other Union soldiers. He surrendered his sword to Lt. Colonel Francis Marion Walker of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. After the battle he was considered a hero, having held off the Confederate States Army long enough to allow General Grant to organize a counterattack and win the battle. Grant later played down Prentiss's role in the victory, possibly because of mutual dislike between the two generals. However, Grant said in his memoirs "Prentiss' command was gone as a division, many of its members having been killed, wounded or captured; but it had rendered valiant services before its final dispersal, and had contributed a good share to the defense of Shiloh". Prentiss's own after-action report did not mention the aid of Wallace's troops, and barely made any mention of Peabody, who was also killed in action during the battle.

After being released as part of a prisoner exchange in October of the same year, Prentiss was promoted to major general and served on the court-martial board that convicted Fitz John Porter. His dissenting voice in the final vote damaged his political clout. Prentiss was sent to Arkansas and won the Battle of Helena on July 4, 1863. In 1863, he resigned to tend to his family. Historian Ezra J. Warner speculated that Prentiss felt that he was being shelved after having proved his abilities at Shiloh and Helena.

Post-Civil War career
Prentiss became a lawyer after the war. He was later appointed as postmaster of Bethany, Missouri, by President Benjamin Harrison and was re-appointed by President William McKinley. He was a leader in the Republican Party of Missouri.

He died on February 8, 1901, in Bethany at age 81. He is buried there in Miriam Cemetery, Harrison County, Missouri.

title: Benjamin Prentiss


text:
Extended System Configuration Data

The Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD) is a specification for configuring x86 computers of the ISA PNP era. The specification was developed by Compaq, Intel and Phoenix Technologies. It consists of a method for storing configuration information in nonvolatile BIOS memory and three BIOS functions for working with that data.

The ESCD data may at one time have been stored in the latter portion of the 128 byte extended bank of battery-backed CMOS RAM but eventually it became too large and so was moved to BIOS flash.

It contains information about ISA PnP devices is stored. It is used by the BIOS to allocate resources for devices like expansion cards. The ESCD data is stored using the data serialization format used for EISA. Its data starts with the "ACFG" signature in ASCII. PCI configuration can also be stored in ESCD, using virtual slots. Typical storage usage for ESCD data is 2–4 KB

The BIOS also updates the ESCD each time the hardware configuration changes, after deciding how to re-allocate resources like IRQ and memory mapping ranges. After the ESCD has been updated, the decision need not be made again, which thereafter results in faster startup without conflicts until the next hardware configuration change.

title: Extended System Configuration Data


text:
10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg

The 10th SS Panzer Division "Frundsberg" (10. SS-Panzerdivision "Frundsberg") was a German Waffen-SS armoured division during World War II. The division's first battles were in Ukraine in April 1944. Afterwards, the unit was then transferred to the west, where it fought the Allies in France and at Arnhem. The division was moved to Pomerania, then fought south east of Berlin in the Lusatian area until the end of the war.

History
The division received the honor title "Frundsberg" after the 16th-century German commander Georg von Frundsberg. The division was mainly formed from conscripts. It first saw action at Tarnopol in April 1944 and later took part in the relief of the German troops cut off in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket.

It was then sent to Normandy to counter the Allied landings, where, along with the SS Division Hohenstaufen, it took part in fighting against the Allied Operation Epsom. They spent the rest of July repulsing British attacks against Hill 112 and Hill 113, most notably during Operation Jupiter. After two weeks of fighting in August against the British during Operation Bluecoat and the Americans at Domfront the division was like many other units encircled at Falaise. They were intended to take part in the counterattack conducted by the II. SS-Panzerkorps but due to the confusion and chaos in the pocket the attack broke down. SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment 21 struck towards St. Lambert but got repulsed. After that the planned attack of the Frundsberg was abandoned and they were ordered to break out between St. Lambert and Chambois. The division suffered heavy casualties and retreated into Belgium before being sent to be reconstituted near Arnhem, where it soon fought the Allied airborne troops during Operation Market Garden at Nijmegen, in the Netherlands, when together with the 9th SS Panzer division it constituted the II SS Panzer Corps. The division however suffered heavy losses in the ensuing counter offensive against the Nijmegen salient in early October. After rebuilding, it fought in the Alsace in January 1945. It was then sent to the Eastern Front, where it fought against the Red Army in Pomerania and then Saxony. Encircled in the Halbe Pocket, the division effected a breakout and retreated through Moritzburg, before reaching the area of Teplice in Czechoslovakia, where the division surrendered to the US Army at the end of the war.

Notable personnel
German writer and Nobel laureate Günter Grass was trained as a tank crewman with the SS division at the age of 17 in November 1944. He was wounded in action on 25 April 1945 and captured in a hospital. He did not reveal until 2006 that he had been a member of the Waffen-SS.

Organisation
The organisation structure of this SS formation was as follows:

Area of operations

 * France, (January 1943 – March 1944 on formation)
 * Eastern Front, Southern sector (March – April 1944)
 * Poland, (April – June 1944)
 * France, (June – September 1944)
 * Belgium & the Netherlands, (September – October 1944)
 * West Germany, (October 1944 – February 1945)
 * Northwest Germany, (February – March 1945)
 * East Germany and Czechoslovakia, (March – May 1945)
 * Surrender and disbandment

title: 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg


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User talk:048dbatc

Welcome, 048dbatc, to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automagically add your name and the time after your comments.

To basically understand the principles and rules governing Wikipedia, you should take a look the Five Pillars that underlie all rules here.

Finally, here are some jobs that you can work on in your spare time:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, or would just like to drop me a note, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Bratsche talk 5 pillars 20:55, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Bratsche talk 5 pillars 20:58, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:048dbatc


text:
Northeast State Community College

Northeast State Community College is a public community college based in Blountville, Tennessee. It offers technical education and college transfer programs in Blountville and at teaching sites in Elizabethton, Gray, Johnson City, and Kingsport. The school enrolls more than 6,000 students.

Northeast State offers associate degrees in more than 130 programs of study, which can be transferred to a number of local and regional four-year colleges and universities. The school also offers associate of applied science degrees in more than 30 programs of study. In addition, Northeast State offers academic and technical certificates in more than a dozen areas of study.

History
Northeast State began as Tri-Cities State Area Vocational-Technical School in 1966 under the governance of the State Board for Vocational Education. In 1970, the mission was expanded and the school became a regional center for vocational and technical training. The scope was again expanded in 1978 to include the awarding of both one-year certificates and associate degrees in technology, and the name was changed to Tri-Cities State Technical Institute. Effective on July 1, 1983, Tri-Cities State Tech was placed under the governance of the Tennessee State Board of Regents and became part of the State University and Community College System of Tennessee. On July 1, 1990, a university parallel component was added, and the current name was made official.

Kingsport Academic Village
The Kingsport Academic Village is a 2nd campus located in Kingsport, Tennessee

The Regional Center for Health Professions
In recent years, Northeast State have moved their health profession programs to Kingsport, Tennessee including the college's two-year nursing program.

Kingsport Center for Higher Education
Just before Fall 2009, Northeast State opened the Kingsport Center for Higher Education. The KCHE is a 54000 sqft, $12 million project. This moved their current Kingsport classes to a new up to date building. This also created a distance learning facility for undergraduate and graduate programs from King University, Carson–Newman University, Lincoln Memorial University and University of Tennessee (all are private colleges located in Tennessee, except for University of Tennessee which is a public school).

The Regional Center for Advanced Manufacturing
The Regional Center for Advanced Manufacturing also opened in the Fall of 2009. It provides a training type facility for local business and industries to train employees who work in manufacturing jobs. It is also home to Northeast State's advanced manufacturing degree and certificate program.

Campuses

 * Blountville (Main Campus)
 * Kingsport
 * Elizabethton
 * Johnson City - closed following Spring 2023 semester
 * Bristol – closed following Fall 2017 semester
 * Gray

title: Northeast State Community College


text:
Peter Rogers

Peter Rogers (20 February 1914 – 14 April 2009) was an English film producer. He is best known for his involvement in the making of the Carry On series of films.

Life and career
Rogers began his career as a journalist for his local paper, before graduating to scriptwriting religious informational films. He progressed to film production, working with director Gerald Thomas, the first work being a production for the Children's Film Foundation. Rogers is best known as producer of the Carry On series of British comedy films, beginning with Carry On Sergeant in 1958. There were 31 films in all. Rogers had also been linked with a further instalment, Carry On London, which has been in pre-production for several years, but since his death seems unlikely to be made.

The majority of Rogers' work, including all the Carry On films, were made at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England. His other credits included Appointment with Venus starring David Niven, and Time Lock in which Sean Connery made one of his earliest film appearances.

Rogers' other production ventures include the television series Ivanhoe with Roger Moore and the film adaptation of the long-running sitcom Bless This House with Carry On regular Sid James.

His wife was the film producer Betty Box, responsible for the Doctor series of films. Peter and Betty lived for many years at a large home in Beaconsfield, "Drummers Yard", that had been purchased from the actor Dirk Bogarde.

An authorised biography, Mr Carry On: The Life and Work of Peter Rogers (BBC) by Morris Bright and Robert Ross (author of The Carry On Companion and the Monty Python Encyclopaedia) was published in 2000, with extensive input from Rogers. It attempted to defend him against charges that he exploited the cast of the Carry On films, by paying the lead actors an unchanged £5,000 per film, from the first in 1958 to the penultimate movie in 1978.

Rogers attended the 50th anniversary of the Carry On films held at Pinewood Studios in March 2008. He died on 14 April 2009, having been ill for several months.

title: Peter Rogers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeanwalesa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:22, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Jeanwalesa
Vanity page for student, as near as I can tell. Demi T/C 20:55, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. Exactly the type of obvious vanity that makes no claim of notability that should be speediable. Though I suppose it must be written by someone else, as they are unsure of DOB and even sex. -R. fiend 00:02, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I should note that the article originally appeared in German, and I have done an incompetent translation of it in an effort to find out what it's about. It uses the male pronoun "er" but also talks about participating in women's volleyball (I think), thus the uncertainty over sex. Demi T/C 00:24, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patently unverifiable if not nonsense. Double Blue  (Talk) 01:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ''Speedy delete read the german version, obviously a prank. -83.129.44.245 20:54, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence that the person is of notice. -- Poli 17:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:CPT symmetry

Hermitian Hamiltonian
I thought all Hamiltonian were hermitian. Paranoidhuman (talk) 21:12, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

Antimatter
The following statement is not quite correct:

with all of matter replaced by anti-matter (corresponding to a charge inversion),

Antimatter requires a parity inversion as well, due to the handedness of neutrinos and antineutrinos. --Christopher Thomas 20:56, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't really true; the operation of charge conjugation is simply as stated in the article. Charge conjugation is not a symmetry of the universe exactly because neutrinos and antineutrinos are only observed with one handedness and not the other, but this does not prevent a formal use of a charge-conjugation operation. Yggdrasil 07:30, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * My point is that replacing all matter with antimatter does not perform a C transform, as stated in the article, as it would require changing the spin of converted neutrinos, among other things. The symmetry being discussed is charge inversion; just leave it as stating charge inversion, without the misleading example.--Christopher Thomas 08:23, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

What is the conservation law corresponding to CPT symmetry?
What is the conserved quantity corresponding to CPT symmetry? Isn't it the case that such a quantity must exist by Noether's theorem? If the answer to this question is other than "nothing," please edit the entry accordingly. 132.181.160.42 (talk) 05:13, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

It can be shown that CPT symmetry is equivalent to symmetry under the Lorentz transformation. If you want to know what conserved quantity corresponds to Lorentz symmetry, the answer is in this link. 69.248.139.9 (talk) 19:20, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Noether's theorem only applies to continuous symmetries. CPT is a discrete symmetry, therefore Noether's theorem doesn't apply to it. Previous comment is wrong and confusing. —Keenan Pepper 05:53, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Mirror Image
The statement "The CPT transformation turns our universe into its "mirror image" and vice versa." is not true. Although the CPT symmetry causes the particle and antiparticle to reflect in their inertial frame of reference. Movement of that frame of reference with respect to a local center of mass frame would cause the complementary universe to have some differences when reflected in the "local" center of mass frame of reference. The complementary universe would only be a mirror image if all the particle-antiparticle pairs performed their reflections at the same instant of time and in the same place. 198.203.213.6 (talk) 18:42, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:45, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Greenberg's proof was disputed - what is current opinion
Article says "In 2002 Oscar Greenberg proved that CPT violation implies the breaking of Lorentz symmetry.[6] This implies that any study of CPT violation includes also Lorentz violation. However, Chaichian et al later disputed the validity of Greenberg's result.[7]"(2011) - So (since 2011) do Greenberg and others now accept the 2002 proof was invalid ? - Rod57 (talk) 07:53, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:CPT symmetry


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Timmins Victor M. Power Airport

Timmins Victor M. Power Airport is located 6 NM north-northwest of Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The airport serves both scheduled passenger and cargo flights and general aviation, including air ambulance (MEDEVAC), forest-fire fighting, and flight training.

Timmins Airport was first opened in 1955 following lobbying by the board of the Timmins Chamber of Commerce. On May 31, 2007, the airport was renamed in honour of the city's former mayor Victor M. Power.

Airlines and destinations
Timmins Airport handles approximately 150,000 passengers per year, and acts as a mini hub with flights to many small communities in north-central Ontario while connecting these communities to Toronto in the south.

Other tenants

 * Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources - aerial firefighting unit
 * Ornge - air ambulance
 * Budget Car Rental - kiosk inside terminal
 * Boogys Diner - inside terminal
 * Timmins Ultra-Light School
 * Maintair Aviation Services - ground handling services

Timmins Flight Service Station
Timmins Airport is serviced by a flight service station which also provides Remote Airport Advisory Service (RAAS) for the Moosonee (CYMO) and Muskoka (CYQA) airports.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 9 November 1969, Douglas C-47B CF-AAL of Austin Airways crashed on approach, killing two of the four people on board. The aircraft was operating a domestic flight from Winisk, Ontario.

title: Timmins Victor M. Power Airport


text:
User:Krzyp~enwiki

de:User:krzyp es:User:krzyp fr:User:krzyp pl:User:krzyp Commons:User:krzyp

title: User:Krzyp~enwiki


text:
Talk:Rangoli

Clean-up needed
Someone who has the time, please clean up this article a bit more than what I've tried to do - there's a lot of redundancy and it could be presented a lot better. — flamingspinach | (talk) 20:57, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)

Grammar
This article requires a lot of gramatic correction. maybe you could help. Anirudh Emani (talk) 13:33, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Nearly unreadable as is. Absolutely needs copy-editing. No time for this myself, alas. Ancient Infant (talk) 22:59, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Corrected a number of grammatical errors and redundant portions. A lot of errors still exist. Need to add more citations too. Sukanyasingh

Too many mistakes
The article sounds good but does contain lots of errors, incomplete sentences, bad wordings, etc. I have added few images and will try to get the text and edit when possible. In t correct the article.Thanks.27.61.56.253 (talk) 11:58, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It appears that the text that was added in July 2010 is a translation from the Hindi Wikipedia. The links to the original sources can be found there. Wiki-uk (talk) 15:51, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * You can find a Google translation here. Perhaps this helps. Wiki-uk (talk) 05:49, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I copy edited a bit, but got bogged down because I'm not familiar with the subject. I'm not sure how much a web translation helps--it looks like that's what happened to it in the first place.  What's really needed is for someone knowledgeable about the subject (or any one of the subjects, seems like the article tries to cover a bunch) to try to sort it out. It is an interesting, and attractive, topic, so maybe someone would like to become knowledgeable. All the readability in the world won't make it reliably sourced, of course. Richigi (talk) 15:32, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

There is nothing about the maharashtrian types.... In Maharashtra, rang olio is an everyday thing... They make rangoli at the door everyday. They make rangoli around the plate before every meal.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.201.229.115 (talk) 02:42, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I took a stab at rewording. I did not include the Maharashtran info from IP 117.201... because I could not find any reliable descriptions. Please feel free to revert if you don't like the new wording, but it may be better to rewrite since the original was pretty unreadable. Also, I have no WP:RS for any of that. I simply used the existing (mangled) text and a horrifically-translated extract from the Hindi page to try for readability. Kevin.159.53 (talk) 18:43, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

"Rangoli's most important element is Utswdhermita."
Okay, but what is Utswdhermita? Dlabtot (talk) 23:38, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

English
Write an sentence on Rangoli 2405:204:8505:D4A5:0:0:48E:28AC (talk) 16:19, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Kalamezhuthu
Its related to rangoli and kolam. Big drawing on the floor of a diety with color chalk or spices.

Ed 2607:FEA8:4A2:4100:385D:683D:C8B4:4D38 (talk) 09:09, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rangoli