text:
Lithium acetate

Lithium acetate (CH3COOLi) is a salt of lithium and acetic acid. It is often abbreviated as LiOAc.

Uses
Lithium acetate is used in the laboratory as buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA. It has a lower electrical conductivity and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TAE buffer (5-30V/cm as compared to 5-10V/cm). At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time. Downstream applications, such as isolation of DNA from a gel slice or Southern blot analysis, work as expected when using lithium acetate gels.

Lithium boric acid or sodium boric acid are usually preferable to lithium acetate or TAE when analyzing smaller fragments of DNA (less than 500 bp) due to the higher resolution of borate-based buffers in this size range as compared to acetate buffers.

Lithium acetate is also used to permeabilize the cell wall of yeast for use in DNA transformation. It is believed that the beneficial effect of LiOAc is caused by its chaotropic effect; denaturing DNA, RNA and proteins.

title: Lithium acetate


text:
Talk:On the Heavens

Untitled
"de mundo-on the cosmos" (pages: Bekker 391-401) is the title of another work in the Corpus Aristotelicum (a spurious one). It's not the same as "de caelo-on the heavens" (pages: Bekker 268-313)

 * I have made this fix. Thanks for the catch. By the way, since it seems you've got a reference with Bekker numbers in them, if you have a chance, could you update that page? I added in all the ones I could find, but I can't find a comprehensive list of them anywhere. --Arcadian 17:28, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

in the last days I've added as many numbers as I could, now the major titles are all in (do we need the numbers to "on the colours"? :) ) Anyway, the Greek Canon on www.tlg.uci.edu supplies page numbers for most of Aristotle's works (and all other Greek authors, in case). That's where I found them.

On my last edit, I couldn't mention the theory of the multiple circles, but that's a minor topic... if anyone's willing to, see Metaphysics book XII... If someone would correct the English...

Not written by Aristotle?

I believe this work is "traditionally attributed to Aristotle but generally considered a pseudepigraphic work." See URL.

Bos, A. P. Supplementary Notes on the "De mundo" in Hermes (1991), pp. 312-332 Published by: Franz Steiner Verlag Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4476828 Sawyer207 (talk) 07:27, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Possible additions to the article This article is accurate but could use further development. I believe the aether mentioned would be quintessence. A section showing Aristotelian physic's impact on future scientists could be interesting. For example, the various astronomers that modeled their universe geocentric due to Aristotelian thought. The time frame that the book was influential would be an interesting fact to include. Stev6675 (talk) 05:41, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Critiques
Hey I just wanted to let you know that I reviewed your section for this article in connection with our assignment for HSCI 3103. I thought it was very informative, and it flowed very well with the rest of the article. Your grammar use was very good and I did not see anything that needed to be changed. I would add a picture when you get the chance. Other than that, great job.King0979 (talk) 17:03, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Commentaries
A list of commentaries should eventually be compiled. One was Thomas Bungay's. — Llywelyn II   23:51, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:On the Heavens


text:
Geosmin

Geosmin is an irregular sesquiterpenoid, produced from the universal sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate (also known as farnesyl diphosphate), in a two-step Mg(2+)-dependent reaction. Geosmin, along with the irregular monoterpene 2-methylisoborneol, together account for the majority of biologically-caused taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water worldwide. Geosmin has a distinct earthy or musty odor, which most people can easily smell. The geosmin odor detection threshold in humans is very low, ranging from 0.006 to 0.01 micrograms per liter in water. Geosmin is also responsible for the earthy taste of beetroots and a contributor to the strong scent (petrichor) that occurs in the air when rain falls after a spell of dry weather or when soil is disturbed.

In chemical terms, geosmin is a bicyclic alcohol with formula C12H22O, a derivative of decalin. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek words (γεω-), meaning "earth", and , meaning "smell". The word was coined in 1965 by the American biochemist Nancy N. Gerber (1929–1985) and the French-American biologist Hubert A. Lechevalier (1926–2015).

Production
Geosmin is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce geosmin include Anabaena, Phormidium, and Planktothrix, while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces geosmin is Streptomyces. Communities whose water supplies depend on surface water can periodically experience episodes of unpleasant-tasting water when a sharp drop in the population of these bacteria releases geosmin into the local water supply. Under acidic conditions, geosmin decomposes into odorless substances.

In 2006, geosmin was biosynthesized by a bifunctional Streptomyces coelicolor enzyme. A single enzyme, geosmin synthase, converts farnesyl diphosphate to geosmin in a two-step reaction.

Not all blue-green algae produce geosmin. Identification of species that might produce geosmin is traditionally done through microscopic identification of algae as geosmin producers, a technique that is labor-intensive and requires specialized knowledge. Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled identification of a geosmin synthase gene, geoA, which is present in cyanobacterial species that produce geosmin, but is not present in other cyanobacterial species. Amplification of this gene from water samples using real-time PCR may permit predictions of taste and odor events caused by cyanobacteria in fresh water.

Effects
The human olfactory system is extremely sensitive to geosmin and is able to detect it at concentrations as low as anywhere from 0.4 parts per billion to 5 parts per trillion.

Geosmin is responsible for the muddy smell in many commercially important freshwater fish such as carp, catfish, and tilapia. Geosmin combines with 2-methylisoborneol, which concentrates in the fatty skin and dark muscle tissues. It breaks down in acid conditions; hence, vinegar and other acidic ingredients are used in fish recipes to reduce the muddy flavor. Taste and odor compounds including geosmin lead to an unpleasant taste of drinking water which is perceived by consumers as an indication of poor water quality.

This compound is reported to be an issue for saltwater fish farmed in recirculating aquaculture systems, such as Atlantic salmon, but there are also studies that show that the presence in seawater is significantly lower than that found in freshwater which is why many people consider freshwater fish to taste muddy compared to marine fish. These systems rely on biological filtration using cultured microbial communities to process the nitrogenous waste from the fish (ammonia) into less harmful compounds (nitrite and nitrate) that can be tolerated at higher concentrations. However, geosmin-producing bacteria can also grow in these systems, and often require fish to be transferred to an additional "finishing" or "purge" system where they are not fed for several days prior to harvest to remove off-flavor compounds and empty the intestinal tract. This process is also known as depuration.

Geosmin remediation in drinking water
According to municipal water treatment facilities, geosmin cannot be removed from water using standard treatment processes. Treating for geosmin requires additional treatment, which may not be available to all municipal water suppliers. Activated carbon filters may be able to help somewhat, but few studies have been completed to address this issue.

title: Geosmin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bingo the clowno

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Bingo the clowno
falsh animation of no note, delete --nixie 13:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: A web animation; gets about 3900 google hits, approx. 10% of the total for "Badger Badger Badger". Notable? Meelar (talk) 13:52, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Never heard of it, but 3900 is a good number. Does this make it encyclopaedic? Jasonglchu 15:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: did you look at any of the Google results? Most of them are nonsensical word dumps in casino sites. "Bingo the anything-o" fills these pages.—Wahoofive (talk) 17:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In light of this, Delete. jglc | t | c 18:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the correction. Should have looked closer, but I figured the nonsensical wording would be unique. Meelar (talk) 18:54, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Tobycat 04:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 07:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. carmeld1 06:16, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Heo Hwang-ok

Untitled
In the notes to this article it says that Ha and Mintz suggest that Heo's geographical origin is uncertain and she may actually have been from Ayuthia in Thailand. From which work by Ha and Mintz is this taken? If we're talking about the kingdom of Ayutthaya in Thailand and not Ayodhya, India, we have a major historical problem. Heo is said to have come to today's Korean peninsula in 48 AD; the writing of the Samguk Sagi was completed in 1145; but the Ayutthaya kingdom was not founded until 1350. How then could the reference to Ayuta/Ayuthia/Ayodhya in a 12th-century account actually have been referring to 14th-century Ayutthaya? Why did Ha & Mintz suggest Ayutthaya specifically?

- metonyme

-

 * I think it was a mistake.--D-Boy 17:26, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * They noted it, but didn't say it was it. Removed because the citation is inaccurate as is the book that cites it which embellishes with things like she sailed on a stone boat, which is not what the text says. (Can't figure out what pasa stones are) and confuses Gimhae Heo with Yongchon Heo and so on... That disqualifies the second link. I have the Samguk Yusa in front of me which says no such thing. --Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 03:10, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * There are several editions/recensions of the text. Also, the earliest surviving edition of the text is from 1512. Even those who consider Il-yelon as the main compiler accept that the text was modified by others, several years after his death. utcursch | talk 05:09, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Mintz's text does not argue that it's in Thailand though... which makes the citation inaccurate. The exact text says, "I am Princess of Ayuta (in India)"<-- this is a citation in the text.... Then at the END of the paragraph it says, "It is interesting to note that the city of Aythia was at one time the capital of the Kingdom of Thailand." But the text itself argues for India being the origin. It just makes an "interesting note" which is not the same as arguing it. The citation is getting removed, again. And Ilyeon was the original compiler, but we don't cite people who come after people as the originators either who modify it to please themselves. So the second source is invalid if it's citing something that does not exist in the text. For all intensive purposes, the original text is considered lost/destroyed, so Ilyeon's version is the only one we have.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 00:10, 29 March 2015 (UTC)--76.170.124.98 (talk) 00:06, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I think Mintz's meaning Ayothaya (Ayodhya) a capital of Lavo Kingdom sometime said Lavo-Ayothaya (450–1388), later Lavo became to the Ayutthaya Kingdom. --แอนเดอร์สัน (talk) 17:33, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

 * He might, but both that city and the Kingdom existed AFTER (42 CE) (By 450, Gaya was starting to decline.) and an interesting note does not make for an argument. All of the other references added in were flat out wrong and lead back to the Grafton Mintz translation, an older one, which makes those references invalid. You need independent resources with citations that don't lead back and prove that what was said in the second hand resource was a misreading of the original text, or at least to an earlier version.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 12:46, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

WTF??
How the hell did an Indian girl travel all the way to Korea by boat in 48CE? Also, an Indian girl having a dream of a Korean guy :O shock.. lol.. I am just kidding. But this entire story seems like a figment of imagination. --74.140.120.11 08:51, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Stranger things have happened. Humans are fickle in understanding past history.  India was known to the Romans at the time, the Greeks before them had managed to conquer large portions of it.  So, how is it hard to imagine that Korea, a nation of similar distance in the other direction, would be out of reach of India?  Plus, DNA evidence from her grave seems to link her to India.  I think that's pretty cool.  I suppose it would be offensive to Korean culture to study her skeletal structure (especially her facial structure) for similarities to Indian skeletons from the same time.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Some user86 (talk • contribs) 15:40, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Why do so many people talk about DNA to support their argument? All human beings have similar DNA with each other and simply citing "Oh they have similar DNA" does not substantiate the claim that Heo Hwang Ok came from India. I'm pretty sure that Heo Hwang Ok did not come from India. However, I'll just leave as it is for the diplomacy with India. B2V22BHARAT (talk) 04:37, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 18:07, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Citation removals
The soldier citation was removed because it was a third level citation. First of all, the soldier refers to Grafton Mintz's copy, but then we don't get references for his other claims. And then I went to search for who he did actually refer, and it's a 1965 article, which is severely out of date. And wikipedia has rules against out of date references, which in turn refers to an earlier copy of the Grafton Mintz translation, which is a third level citation and has to be thrown out. The other assertions are not supported in the 1965 book...

The one from Mark is flat out wrong and read the original, which, BTW, references the Grafton Mintz copy of the Samguk Yusa. So it has to be thrown out.

So let's review... a third level citation that leads back to the original text is called a circular citation and since the information referenced is flat out wrong without further citations, we can't take it. It's like the telephone game.

And the other guy just refers to the whole thing wrong.

In order to get a citation in, you need a citation that is INDEPENDENT of any of the other references. The BBC one passes muster because it's referring to archaeological work. So unless you can find something that refers to something else that doesn't lead back to the Grafton Mintz's Samguk Yusa or the Samguk Yusa, it's going to be deleted.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 12:42, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

Mark Peterson is wrong. He's not credible. Throw him out.
Here is a sampling from Page 19 that's flat out wrong. He's not a reliable source.
 * An interesting foundation myth of Kaya also survives. According to this myth the first king oof Kaya was named Suro, with the surname Kim. He married a maiden who sailed into the harbor of Kaya (present-day Kimhae) on a boat made of stone. She is credited with bringing Buddhism to Kaya. She was from the royal family of a Kingdom called Ayuta, a Southeast Asian Kingdom that had adopted Buddhism. (Ayuta is the Korean transcription for what was the ancient Thai Kingdom of Ayodhya.) King Suro and his queen had numerous sons, and they all took their father’s surname of Kim. Feeling sorry that his wife’s line was lost forever, he had his second son take the queen’s surname, Ho. Their descendants are numerous in Korea today. Because the Yangcheon Heo and Kimhae Kim have the same ancestor...

It's not Yangcheon Heo. It's Gimhae Heo. Gimhae Heo and Gimhae Kim are the same line. Yangcheon Heo is a different line. Yangcheon is a different location and progenitor, in case you don't know how clan seats work. (Reference Voices of Foreign Brides, Page 30.)

The Samguk Yusa says, that it's red sails on a boat *carrying pasa stones* It's not a boat made of stone. (Samguk Yusa, original)

He's referencing the Samguk Yusa, which is Grafton Mintz. He's soooo mistaken about the reading of the original text it has to be thrown out as unreliable. If you look at the Grafton-Mintz text, they *never* conflate the Thailand with the Indian city. He read that part wrong. And if you doubt that, look up in the talk, the complete passage is typed out.

He's also wrong about the second son. It's never mentioned which son takes the surname, and it's mentioned by Korean scholars to be TWO sons, not just one. The King didn't make that choice either, which is a load of fiction. Because in the Samguk Yusa it doesn't explain why beyond the fact that the Queen was really, really good for the King, it's other texts dug up by other scholars that has that info, from a Buddhist monastery, which shows up in Voices of Foreign Brides, though some of that work is also spotty in places.

He's so starkly wrong, he needs to be thrown out. That many factual errors in a paragraph shows he didn't do his research. It's third hand... and that makes it not reliable and shows what a horrible scholar he is.

Mark Peterson is also a white foreign scholar referencing Grafton Mintz's translation, but failing to read it correctly. Why add someone who can't read his references right? Whereas the Korean government with the erection of the stone near Saryu have categorically accepted India as the defacto place, totally making Peterson unreliable.

Please do not re-add it. It's a wrong reference.

--198.188.210.37 (talk) 20:03, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

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City
In the origins section- the content does not prove the city/country location of Heo Hwang Ok. This needs to be contested and the right way to put it is as follows:- "The exact birth place or Heo Hwang Ok's country of origin is obscure. Currently, the information is Contradictory and hence it is uncertain."

And new section called-Research needs to be included:- Many historians believe that Heo Hwang Ok actually came from Ayutha kingdom (present name is kanyakumari) in Tamil Nadu state of India. The name 'Ayutha' was the state/province of Tamil country name, 2000 years ago. Vignesh kumar cb (talk) 18:20, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

 * That claim needs a reliable source. utcursch | talk 21:02, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

The validity of Heo Hwang Ok's origin(from India)
First of all, I must say that this topic is sensitive topic since Kim and Lee(which accounts for about 40% of the total population in South Korea) are involved. Hence, people should not just see the South Korean reference, but also Indian reference as well to assess the South Korea's argument. Moreover, Heo Hwang Ok is utilized as a diplomatic tool between South Korea and India nowadays, so this hampers my neutrality on this issue. Sincerely, B2V22BHARAT (talk) 04:54, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Suriratna
Does anyone know when/where was the term "Suriratna" used to describe Heo Hwang-ok? It's obviously not a Korean name. I suspect it was coined by a modern writer attempting to find her origins in India, but can't find any source. utcursch | talk 15:20, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't have a reference for this but I can tell you the meaning of the sanskrit root words. Surya = sun ; Ratna = jewel stone. So suriratna = sun jewel stone or yellow precious stone or yellow jade in this case. Sanskrit based languages are/were spoken in north India (such as orissa), Thailand & Indonesia
 * J mareeswaran (talk) 15:30, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * after further digging around, I find that yellow sapphire is common in both Sri Lanka & Thailand. So maybe the princess was from east coast of Thailand?
 * J mareeswaran (talk) 16:19, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I found a 2014 book reference to Suriratna. Does that count Heo, U., & Roehrig, T. (2014). South Korea and India: Opportunities and obstacles. In South Korea's Rise: Economic Development, Power, and Foreign Relations (pp. 128-146). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511998355.008
 * J mareeswaran (talk) 07:29, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * no mention of Suriratna in this 2009 post. Intriguing
 * J mareeswaran (talk) 07:45, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I know that there are several 21st century sources mention this name -- I want to know the original source for it. I don't think Samguk Yusa mentions this, so who coined it? utcursch | talk 08:28, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * can't find any reference to Suriratna in the 1997 translated edition of Samguk yusa J mareeswaran (talk) 09:31, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * this korean blog from 2007 is the first mention of her "Indian" name Suriratna. I will add a Citation Required to the main article to get better referentiable sources.
 * an art of living (artofliving.org/in-en/culture/amazing-india/the-echoes-of-rama-around-the-world) blog from 2010 also has a reference to Suriratna J mareeswaran (talk) 10:13, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * In 2013, an Indian govt document mentions Suriratna, thus making it official. J mareeswaran (talk) 10:21, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 August 2021
Her name was Seembavalam, she was tamil princess from Pandiya dynasty 111.92.42.61 (talk) 13:16, 18 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:22, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

Suriratna Queen heo
Is Korean has Indian blood Dipika singh 07 (talk) 09:21, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 September 2021
Actually the content contains lots of false statements and after lots and lots of research I found at the princess is from Tamil Nadu and not North India side. For example look at the culture the word similarities, the respect manners, even traditional snacks and foods are same in South Korea and Tamil Nadu. And if you translate heo hwang ok it means coral which literally means seembavalam which is proved to be the Tamil Nadu princess name. So please let me change people may having/knowing the wrong things. Also look at years when ayodhya is named also before two thousand years it is ayodha in Tamil Nadu. Snowiesticy (talk) 12:34, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

That's the truth NOTICE IT Snowiesticy (talk) 12:35, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:42, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 October 2021
2409:4072:6109:6F24:7049:6D7:A837:FDDB (talk) 07:39, 1 October 2021 (UTC) The princess heo Hwang ok came from kanyakumari (ancient name is Ayuta) in tamilnadu
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:05, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

She is tamil princeness
It's not ayotha from uttar pradesh it's from aytha dynasty in Tamil Nadu present known as kanyakumari she is Tamil princeness 2409:4072:290:A64A:2E11:B63C:7EBE:150C (talk) 17:45, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

yes because in her statue the is two fish on her left and right side which is pandiya flag symbole - twin fish (statue of Heo Hwang-ok from India. It is located in the park right next to King Suro's tomb) Vettyvelan (talk) 07:56, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Sempavalam tamil princess
The reference we get is from Korean work Samguk Yusa, written by a buddhist monk Ilyon in 13th century in chinese language , in which he mentions about a 16 yr old Princess Sempavalam (Heo Hwang-ok) who got married at the year 48CE to the first King Suro of Geumgwan Gaya and became the first queen of korean kingdom of Geumgwan Gaya , after her dream in search of her pair that drove her to travel from Ayi kingdom(Tamilnadu) to Korea.

According to Samguk Yusa the legend queen Heo Hwank Ok, the name also mean Sem Pavalam in Korean language (industry for Coral ornaments was found only in ancient Tamil Nadu at that time). Heo was said to be the princess, who came from the "Ayuta Kingdom".

Ayuta Kingdom here refers to Ayi kingdom that was a vassal to Pandyan Empire of ancient Tamilagam, this can be substantiated with the fact that Princess Sempavalam carried with her the symbol of Pandyas ie) twin fish and Thirisoolam. Mother worship known as “Ayai” existed in ancient tamilagam , and one of the philanthropist of last sangam was known as “Aai” , all these factors proves her link with the Pandyan Kingdom.

Some wrongly connect Ayuta kingdom with Ayodhya. The ancient name of Ayodhya was “Saketa” at the time when the Samguk Yusa was written in 13th century, therefore it doesn’t refer to Ayodhya.

Korean culture have many similarities with Tamils, they call their mother and father as ‘Amma’ and ‘Appa’ just like tamils. Marriage between kids of paternal Aunt and maternal uncle (Murai Pen, Payyan(Concubitant)) like that of tamils is being followed in Korea. Tamil language has more close similarity with the Korean, words such as Pudhu , Puthiya , Pul Vettu , Theru , Naal , Appaada , Achchacho, Nee Inge Baa , Uyaram called in korean as uram etc. Similar to tamils, Pearl diving is popular in Korean tradition too. Koreans too celebrate pongal festival as Chusuk. Pickles are famous there too in korea.

While Madurai Pandyas had single fish as their symbol, whereas Korkai Pandyas had twin fish as their symbol. Samguk Yusa mentions heo belong to “Kaara” Community that actually denotes the sea faring karaiyar community of Tamilnadu and Eelam, pali people used to call them as Kaarava , and koreans used to call them as Kaaya , that might have derived from the tamil word “Kaayal”. All these factors proves the fact that Heo (Sempavalam) must be from Tamilagam, she has no links with Uttarpradesh in any context , it is not even a sea/port city.

According to research historian Orissa Balu, Korean language and culture is intertwined with Tamil language and culture, Koreans are largely rice eaters and their paddy cultivation was said to have taught to them by tamils. The old method of thatched houses found in korea looks very similar in style with that of the tamils.

Hope, a Memorial being built in Pothiya hills or in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu (Ayi/Aai Kingdom) for the Queen Sempavalam (Heo Hwank Ok) to commemorate and to establish her Tamil roots. 117.248.1.112 (talk) 15:06, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Heo Hwang-ok was a Tamilan
Heo Hwang-ok was Tamil pandian princess from Ay kingdom. The proof is you can see many similarities between Tamil language and Korean language. There is no sea or ocean near the ayodhya then how can she was travelled to Korea?. Use your brain to think about that. Pandian kingdom had fish symbol in their flag, even fish symbol found in Korea. We both have food similarities also. We both call our parents amma appa. Sanskrit do not have any influence in Korean language then how can you tell that seembavalam queen was a Sanskrit. No proofs you have. Needed much more investigations in this matter. You people are wanted to hide our Tamil history but that won't happen anymore. Soon the truth will come out. Tamil Wikipedians open your eyes and investigate this. 49.205.87.49 (talk) 12:40, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Heo-hwang ok
Kim-suriratna is the name of the queen who went to Korea from ayodhya it is actually a historic part of southern India as language of Korea is similar to Tamil language which is also a language spoken in southern India and Hindi is mainly spoken in northern India Saifalhmd (talk) 07:40, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Origins
The legend of Heo is found in Garakguk-gi (the Record of Garak Kingdom) which is currently lost, but referenced within the Samguk Yusa. According to the legend, Heo was a princess of Ayodhya in India. StellaMc2020 (talk) 05:31, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Aidan9382 (talk) 09:25, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

Ayodhya
As the saying goes Ayodhya is named after King Ayudh.He was the founder of this city and hence came the name Ayodhya. It is mentioned in the ancient Hindu scriptures that King Ayudh was one of the forefathers of Lord Rama. The same ragvanshi kul had the great king Raja HarishChandra.

Ayuta and Ayudh have similar pronunciation, possibly Ayuta kingdom in Samguk Yusa was recorded after the name of Ayodhya founder. 2001:FB1:B7:BE6F:9044:977A:C866:2393 (talk) 13:26, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There is no specific evidence/accounts that indicate that her origins are of Ayodhya. It is pure speculation.
 * Her origins are still deemed unknown by majority of the historians. Thus it will remain as a single entry as one of her (many) possible origins alongside places like Thailand. Kolossoni (talk) 22:57, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thailand's city wasn't in existence in the time of the writing of the Samguk Yusa (See top of page) By that time, Gaya NO LONGER EXISTED HEO HWANG OK WAS DEAD, and it was a note made by Grafton Mintz, but the full note wasn't transcribed. Buddhism wasn't really in play by the 1st century CE which was Ilyon's focus in making the Samguk Yusa--which is why it's worth reading the sources in question.
 * In the 1st century CE, Buddhism was only in Northern India and hadn't really spread south yet. It was only spread to Thailand and China at a much later date, which is why it's notable that Ilyon was making notes about the possible spread to Korea at an earlier date.
 * I'd argue, therefore, that it makes no sense to back the Thailand theory. The city does not exist in Heo Hwang Ok's time and by the time it did, she was dead. She can't leave from a city where it does not exist. It's like the South Indian theory--Buddhism has not spread yet, it makes no sense. It's basic historical dates. KimYunmi (talk) 16:40, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Princess kim of Korea
Princess kim of Korea 2A04:CEC0:1176:6567:0:57:4E8C:F201 (talk) 20:09, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Doubts over Suriratna
I have serious doubts over the name "Suriratna" because the original source, doesn't list her Indian name and the sources that say that is her name don't give their source for where they got the name. In addition, the major archaeologist that went to India couldn't find such records. It's not in Samguk Yusa. In order to add it, we need the historical text or source where they got it, instead of it being pulled from the air.

Also, saying this as a Korean, often Korean archaeology can be erratic where they make jump assumptions, so we should examine the source rather than taking it at face value.

There was a comic book that claimed her name was "sri ratna" but that's not a reliable source. Where is the historical source of the name? Nowhere, then it is in serious doubts since it was made up in 2015! 2015! So no, you can't claim iit's in the Samguk Yusa, when it's not. You can't retcon with a comic book made in 2015! They are doing it to promote his work, but it doesn't mean it's correct. Sri, btw, is an honorific in Hindi as well. The fact it morphed as it did is another indication people should be wary.--KimYunmi (talk) 16:35, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm adding here, Ratna is a Hindi name, but Hindi as a language didn't exist until much later in history. The name would have to be in Sanskrit for it to count. But the fact that the person who made the comic skipped this fact should put the name into serious doubts.--KimYunmi (talk) 19:49, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2024
kindgom - kingdom 2603:8000:D300:3650:E98B:8B8B:798A:E997 (talk) 00:23, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 01:02, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heo Hwang-ok


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Duli Yang Maha Mulia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 00:31, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Duli Yang Maha Mulia
Not in English, and probably not an article
 * Abstain for now . Judging from What links here, this is the lyrics for the state anthem for the state of Selangor in Malaysia, which suggests some notability.  I'd suggest putting it on Pages needing translation, and returning here (with a signing account) if no Malay speaker steps up to the plate and fleshes out the article.  Smerdis of Tlön 18:37, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep valid stub, confirmed stub. Smerdis of Tlön 18:04, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's the lyrics to a song, it should be transwikied to Wikisource (if there are no copyright problems) or deleted. --Carnildo 23:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wikipedia is not a lyrics database. JamesBurns 07:22, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if translated, assuming Duli Yang Maha Mulia is indeed the title for the anthem of Selangor. The lyrics themselves should go to wikisource, but state anthems deserve articles. -- Jonel 19:22, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Just flat out "keep" from me as it is now. -- Jonel 15:33, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There's nothing here but the lyrics. Are you proposing to keep an empty article? --Carnildo 20:55, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A stub essentially saying that is the state anthem of Selangor would be fine until someone put in more information. I don't want to convert it into that until I'm sure it's accurate though. -- Jonel 02:19, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * FWIW, the lyrics given are seven brief lines. If it can be confirmed that this is indeed the state anthem, these are the lyrics, and someone includes some sort of brief writeup about the song, I'm not sure that the Malay lyrics couldn't be kept here, or that it's extended source material that should go to Wikisource.  I also don't see any realistic copyright issues.  Smerdis of Tlön 04:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It is common practice to include the lyrics of national anthems on Wikipedia: see Category:National anthems. That said, this page is particularly weak. It still should have gone to Pages needing translation into English before being listed here. Physchim62 09:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Context and English translation now added. Our colleagues at ms: have verified that this is the state anthem of Selangor. Physchim62 07:39, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is the state anthem of Selangor, Malaysia. Yosri 10:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Kappa 21:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Harold Stranger

Innes Harold Stranger KC MP (21 June 1879 – 28 July 1936) was a British Barrister and Liberal politician who was briefly Member of Parliament for the Newbury constituency.

Family and education
Stranger was born in Islington a son of Innes Thomas Stranger of Worthing. He was educated privately and read law. In 1907 he married Milly Norah Tunbridge, daughter of J.B. Tunbridge JP of Hythe, in Elham, Kent. In 1909 he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple. His daughter, Yvonne Stranger, also a Barrister (called 1933), married William Charles Osman Hill in 1947.

Political career
In the 1922 general election Stranger unsuccessfully fought the Newbury seat for the Liberal Party. In 1923 he was elected to the seat in the general election of 1923 with a majority of just 41 votes over his Conservative opponent in a two-party contest. In Parliament he allied with the left of the Liberal Party. In October 1924 with 12 other Liberal MPs, he refused to join the majority of the party in voting for a motion which the Labour government had declared a motion of no confidence and backed the government instead. However this rebellion was not sufficient to save it. In 1924 in the ensuing general election, Labour decided to run a candidate against him and he lost the seat back to the Conservative opponent whom he had beaten in 1923. Up to 1929 he continued as prospective Liberal candidate for Newbury but did not contest the general election of that year.

Professional career
In 1901 Stranger started work in the city. From 1909 he practiced as a Barrister in the commercial and Admiralty Courts. In February 1933 he became a King's Counsel. In January 1936 he was appointed Recorder of Sunderland, a part-time Judgeship.

Travel
Stranger travelled in America and the Near East on which subject he had written. While on an overseas trip in 1930 he was flying from Johannesburg to Victoria Falls when the aircraft developed difficulties and had to land in a jungle clearing.

Death
In July 1936, aged 57, he died of a sudden heart attack while at work.

title: Harold Stranger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Stronach

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge. Golbez 00:30, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Stronach
Does not meet the criteria for biographies, delete --nixie 13:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: full text is "Andrew Stronach is the only son of Frank Stronach, the Canadian auto parts magnate. While Andrew has only spent short amounts of time in the family auto part business, he shares his father's passion for horse breeding. He is recognized as one of the keenest analysts of horse bloodlines." Meelar (talk) 13:50, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Put information into Frank Stronach and/or Belinda Stronach and delete. DJ Clayworth 13:58, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Frank Stronach (the redirect won't hurt). -- BD2412 talk 15:32, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * delete. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 04:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not inherently notable. JamesBurns 07:21, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, merge with Frank Stronach if/when he deserves his own article. --YUL89YYZ 13:13, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above. -GrantNeufeld 13:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable by himself. From Frank Stronach: He is married to Elfriede Sallmutter, also from Austria originally, and has two children: Belinda and Andrew. This little mention is the most that Andrew Stronach needs. Oh, and I'll probably remove the red links to Elfriede Sallmutter and Andrew Stronach from this sentence if Andrew gets deleted. --Deathphoenix 19:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Frank Stronach and redirect. - Ar 14:58, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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World of Twist

World of Twist were an English indie pop band, formed in Sheffield in 1985.

History
The original line-up of the band consisted of James Fry (vocals), Andrew Hobson (bass guitar), Gordon King (guitar), Tony Ogden (drums), Rory Conolly (saxophone), Nick Phillips (organ) and Andy Robbins (synthesiser). This version soon disintegrated, and some years later a new line-up emerged, this time based in Manchester.

A short lived 1986 version of World of Twist featured Gordon King (vocalist and co-songwriter), Tony Ogden (co-songwriter), Andy Hobson (Bass, Keyboards), Neil Drabble (visuals).

The 1989 version of World Of Twist featured Ogden (now vocalist and co-songwriter), King (guitar and co-songwriter), and Hobson (synthesisers) joined by Alan Frost (visual effects, synthesisers), Julia aka M.C. Shells (swirls and sea noises) and Angela Reilly (visual effects). Nick Sanderson (drums) joined some time later.

A demo tape (featuring "The Storm", "Blackpool Tower Suite", "The Spring", and "She's a Rainbow") released in early 1990 drew attention to the band, and a recording contract with Circa Records followed. The record label issued the singles "The Storm" (produced by Clif Brigden) that same year with "Sons of the Stage" also (produced by Clif Brigden) and "Sweets" following in 1991. A cover of The Rolling Stones' "She's a Rainbow", originally issued as the B-side of "The Storm", was reissued with new dance mixes by Fluke in 1992. The original B-side version had been one of the last tracks produced by Martin Hannett, who died in 1991.

The band's live show and Radio 1 sessions for John Peel and Mark Goodier, and the first two Clif Brigden produced singles raised expectations, but their debut album, Quality Street (1991), met with little critical or commercial acclaim.

While World of Twist never toured in North America, "Sons of the Stage" was an indie/club hit in Toronto and New York. Oasis considered naming themselves after the song, and it was later covered by Oasis's successor group Beady Eye, as a B-side to their debut single, "Bring the Light".

Work began on a follow-up album and there were plans for further touring, but problems emerged when Ogden decided that he no longer wanted to sing. This, coupled with creative differences within the band, contributed to the demise of the group in 1992.

Gordon King, James Fry and Nick Sanderson went on to form Earl Brutus in 1993 with Rob Marche (formerly of Joboxers and Subway Sect) and Stuart Boreman. King, Fry and Boreman would later form The Pre New in 2010. Some of those involved are now working as Quatermass 3 as of 2020.

Tony Ogden died on 26 July 2006, in Bramhall, Stockport ,Greater Manchester, on the verge of a return to the music industry with Bubblegum Secret Pop Explosion. He was 44. Few details on his death have been released.

Quality Street was reissued with bonus tracks on CD and heavyweight vinyl by British independent record label 3 Loop Music in 2013.

Album

 * Quality Street (Circa, 1991) - UK No. 50

Singles

 * "The Storm" (Circa, 1990) - UK No. 42
 * "Sons of the Stage" (Circa, 1991) - UK No. 47
 * "Sweets" (Circa, 1991) - UK No. 58
 * "She's a Rainbow (remixes)" (Circa, 1992) - UK No. 62
 * "The Sausage" (Caff Records, 1992, demo recordings from 1985)

title: World of Twist


text:
A Game of Thrones (role-playing game)

A Game of Thrones is a role-playing game produced by Guardians of Order based on the A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series by George R. R. Martin.

Description
The game is designed to be usable with two RPG systems: the d20 System and the Tri-Stat dX system. Two editions were made: a serial-numbered edition limited to 2500 copies, ISBN 1-58846-941-7; and a standard edition, ISBN 1-58846-942-5. The limited edition is faux-leather bound with silver gilt pages and includes rules for both systems, and includes an interview with Martin. The standard edition contains only the d20 system rules. The book was created by Guardians of Order and released by Sword & Sorcery, a subsidiary of White Wolf Games.

Reception
The A Game of Thrones RPG (AGOT RPG) was nominated for several ENnie Awards and won 2006 awards for: Best Production (Silver), Best Game (Silver), and Best d20/OGL Product (Silver).

History
On 28 July 2006, Martin announced that he had received word from the head of Guardians of Order that the company was folding and that no further releases for the setting would take place. Martin expressed hope that the game may be salvaged by another company, though he also said that he was experiencing difficulty in trying to recover his intellectual property rights.

On 7 March 2007 Martin wrote that he had regained control of his intellectual property rights and was "all square" with Guardians of Order. As part of their settlement, Mr. Martin received all remaining stock of the limited edition version of the RPG. No further information regarding the settlement was revealed, nor the status of other creditors' claims on the property.

On 24 April 2007, it was on Martin's website that Green Ronin was producing a new line of A Song of Ice and Fire RPG products, unrelated to the earlier Guardians of Order effort. The Green Ronin game, titled A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying (SIFRP), went on sale on 10 March 2009: it uses a custom game system and does not contain rules from either the d20 or Tri-Stat dX systems.

Issue 307 of Dragon magazine featured D20 content related to ASOIAF, including stats for Tyrion Lannister, Sandor Clegane and other prominent characters; adventure hooks; and a brother of the Night's Watch prestige class.

title: A Game of Thrones (role-playing game)


text:
Caracazo

The Caracazo is the name given to the wave of protests, riots and looting that started on 27 February 1989 in the Venezuelan city of Guarenas, spreading to Caracas and surrounding towns following austerity measures from President Carlos Andrés Pérez. The weeklong clashes resulted in the deaths of hundreds, thousands by some accounts, mostly at the hands of security forces and the military. The riots and the protests began mainly in response to the government's economic reforms and the resulting increase in the price of gasoline and transportation

Etymology
The term "Caracazo", stems from the city's name, Caracas, and "-azo", which stems from another historic event, the Bogotazo, was a massive riot in Bogotá, recognized as having a crucial role in Colombia's history. "Caracazo" is technically defined as the "Caracas smash" or "the big one in Caracas" based on Spanish dialect.

Background
During the presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez from 1973 to 1979, the political elite in Venezuela believed that the nation faced a near-unlimited supply of cashflow due to high oil prices at the time and his administration racked on large amounts of debt. A fall in oil prices in the mid-1980s caused an economic crisis to take hold in Venezuela, and the country had accrued significant levels of debt. Nevertheless, the administration of President Jaime Lusinchi was able to restructure the country's debt repayments and offset an economic crisis but allow for the continuation of the government's policies of social spending and state-sponsored subsidies.

Lusinchi's political party, the Democratic Action, was able to remain in power following the 1988 election, which saw Carlos Andrés Pérez return for his second tenure as president. Pérez based his campaign in his legacy of abundance during his first presidential period, creating perceptions of being a populist leader as he promised that Venezuela would continue to modernize even though it was facing economic difficulties. During his campaign, he heavily rejected liberalization policies, describing the International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff as "genocide workers in the pay of economic totalitarianism" and its policies as a "bomb that only kills people." Receiving 53% of the vote, Pérez demanded that Latin American debt be devalued by fifty percent and said that the region was a victim of international exploitation during celebrations after his inauguration.

At the time his election, Venezuela's international reserves were at $300 million USD ($ million USD in 2022), its national debt stood at $34 billion USD ($ billion USD in 2022) and the poverty rate was at 70%. Pérez reversed from his campaign rhetoric condemning the IMF and decided to respond to the debt, public spending, economic restrictions and rentier state by liberalizing the economy upon taking office on 2 February 1989. He announced on 16 February a technocratic cabinet and a group of shock therapy economic policies recommended by the IMF to fix macroeconomic imbalances known as El Gran Viraje (The Great Turn), called by detractors as El Paquetazo Económico (The Economic Package). Among the austerity reforms unveiled were the reduction of fuel subsidies and the increase of public transportation fares by thirty percent. He also took measures to decentralize and modernize the Venezuelan political system by the direct election of state governors, who had previously been appointed by the president. The most controversial part of the economic reform package was the reduction of the gasoline subsidies, which had long maintained domestic gasoline prices far beneath international levels and even the production costs. Pérez's package was rejected by all political parties, including his own, though he ignored their declinations.

On the weekend of 25–26 February 1989, gasoline prices rose 100 per cent and the fuel price increase in turn needed an increase in public transportation fares of 30 per cent officially, and more in practice as some carriers refused to limit their prices to the official rate. The increase was supposed to be implemented on 1 March 1989, but bus drivers decided to apply the price rise on 27 February, a day before payday in Venezuela.

27 February
In the days prior to more intense protests, student demonstrations against neoliberalism began in Mérida and later spread to Caracas, where other social groups then began to protest against Pérez's policies. Larger protests and rioting began on the morning of 27 February 1989 in Guarenas, a town in Miranda state about 30 km east of Caracas, due to the increase in public transportation prices. A lack of timely intervention by authorities, as the rank and file of the Caracas Metropolitan Police were on a labour strike, led the protests and rioting quickly spread to the capital and other towns across the country.

Protests in the Lara state also started with students demonstrating against the increase of student fares and continued with public transport users in general. With no apparent authority presence or action, the crowd turned violent, the protest spread and turned into looting throughout the city. At midday Lara's governor called for the National Guard to disperse protests in Barquisimeto due to the president's presence, resulting with limited demonstrations in the area. Pérez flew to Barquisimeto for a meeting of the Venezuelan Executives Association. According to Pérez's executive secretary, Ignacio Betancourt, he dismissed the warnings from ministers and other officials throughout the day. After being shown footage of lootings and demonstrations, Pérez dismissed it saying that events happened at noon and that the situation had calmed down. While meeting with the business executives, Pérez told his audience, "There is nothing to be alarmed about (...) We are going to take advantage of the crisis to generate well-being." Pérez ordered to commence Plan Ávila, a military contingency plan in place since the 1960s.

By noon, one delivery truck was reported to have been looted in central Caracas and protesters blocked the Francisco Fajardo Highway, which connected east to west Caracas. Students began to build barricades, which blocked the main thoroughfares in Caracas, and students of the Central University of Venezuela began to organize large protests against Pérez's new policies. Branches, empty bottle crates and other obstacles were placed at each of the highway intersections to block traffic. Lorries thought to be transporting food were stopped by the crowd, the driver was non-violently detained and the cargo was unloaded and distributed, after which the driver was asked to park the vehicle across the carriageway. When the Metropolitan Police arrived later, they said that they had orders to not interfere.

At 1:00 pm, police fired upon an increasingly large and agitated crowd near the Parque Central Complex, killing student Yulimar Reyes, shooting her in the face with a shotgun at point-blank range. 65 civilians were reported dead by 6:00 pm, with no severe casualties reported among authorities.

That afternoon, Interior Affairs Minister Alejandro Izaguirre delivered a televised message in which the government attempted to announce that the situation was under control, but he was unable to conclude his speech, saying "I can't" and going off screen. Through the night, some working class areas participated in parties with alcohol looted earlier in the day, including whisky, champagne and other food supplies.

28 February
Groups of hundreds of protesters began to spread throughout Caracas, writing messages on walls that said "The people are hungry" and "No more deception." There were report of particularly vious attacks on stores owned by foreigners, namely Chinese, Lebanese and Portuguese immigrants, accusing them of hoarding supplies and of being responsible for the shortages. The demonstrations grew into an open revolt where nearly all social groups participated in the rioting. At this time, Central Bank of Venezuela president Pedro Tinoco, Minister of Economy Eglée Iturbe de Blanco and Minister of Planning Miguel Rodríguez were at the IMF headquarters in Washington, D.C. signing a letter of intent to abide by the organization's economic prescriptions.

Despite initial debate within the government over how to manage the situation, a heavy-handed approach was implemented as a state of emergency and martial law were imposed. On February 28, a number of articles of the Constitution were suspended, including Article 60 (right to individual liberty and security), Article 62 (inviolability of the home), Article 66 (freedom of expression), Article 71 (right to gather publicly and privately), and Article 115 (right to peaceful protest). According to army lieutenant Jesús Manuel Zambrano, he received instructions that day, saying "The order was: 'Go and neutralize that looting, how you do it is not my problem, but neutralize it'." Some groups of troops allowed organized thefts to occur, letting people enter shops and take only essential items. In public statements, Pérez spoke of defending the property of the wealthy while making polarized statements that poor individuals protesting–who were the majority in the nation–were "committed to violence" and were "subversives", resulting with the government rationalizing a violent response to demonstrations. Despite the government blaming radical political groups for the rioting, such groups themselves were surprised by the escalation of unrest and some attempted to prevent looting. Middle-class citizens responded to the protests by creating their own self-defense groups while some upper-class fled the situation in private jets due to fears of their property being destroyed.

1 March
In Petare, army troops opened fire on a group of people, killing twenty. Following the crackdown by authorities, gunfights between radical groups and the army began on 1 March, with the former believing that they were responding to armed political repression of their neighborhoods. Ensuing firefights resulted in many bystanders being killed by "bullets from army troops and from sniping protesters". Photojournalist Douglas Blanco questioned the presence of sharpshooters, saying "I was in the parts of El Valle and the 23 de Enero where supposedly there were sharpshooters, but that business sounds strange to me. You can't justify the shape in which those buildings in the 23 de Enero were left with the machine gunning by military and police. Do you have to destroy a building to eliminate a supposed sharpshooter?" Velasco states that gunfights between radical militants and army troops did occur, though that engagements were not equal in intensity. López Maya says that troops who entered 23 de Enero were young, inexperienced soldiers who fired automatic firearms indiscriminately at apartment blocks, killing unarmed residents inside.

2 March
On 2 March, reporter Fabricio Ojeda wrote "In the morning, following the second night of curfew, those who descended from the barrios to go to work tripped over bodies shot up during the curfew." Before curfew, José Calixto Blanco was shot in the face by troops at 2:00pm. That day, President Pérez flew in a helicopter from Miraflores Palace with the protection of a second attack helicopter to observe scenes of the Caracazo and upon his return to the palace, he publicly declared "There's normalcy in the city. I return very satisfied with the flyover I have made. All of the city, all the barrios are in complete normalcy." Reporters noted that he made this statement as gunfire could be heard within the palace from nearby neighborhoods.

3 March
During his first appearance among the foreign press, Pérez described the Caracazo as actions "against the rich" as a result of inequality. Protests in other large cities besides Caracas had largely subsided. At 3:00pm, army reservist Carlos H. Cuñar was shot by troops while leaving the 23 de Enero neighborhood to buy groceries, later dying after he drove himself to a hospital. By nightfall, militants in Zona Central who had been clashing with troops, began to run out of ammunition.

Pérez spoke with U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who offered Pérez a US$450 million emergency loan. Pérez thanked Bush and asked him to support a change in debt policy toward Latin America, saying "I want to tell you if there is no change in [international] debt policy then whatever we may do here may be useless". Pérez told Bush that he had sent him a letter several days earlier and that he would appreciate it if he would read it.

4 March
In the morning, troops entered homes to search for armed individuals. As tensions eased, troops began to sweep through neighborhoods collecting appliances and cash registers and informing citizens that if they provided a certificate of purchase, the items would be returned. Citizens began to be observed in the streets participating in daily life and some businesses reopened. At this time, cemeteries began to grow crowded as individuals gathered to bury their loved ones who were killed earlier in the week.

5 March
The final documented death of the Caracazo was Napoleón Soto Vilera after being shot in the head from by an individual at the Naval Observatory near Sierra Maestra.

Aftermath and consequences
The Pérez government's response was described as a massacre. Members of the National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) were reported to have beaten protesters with baseball bats and pipes while they performed interrogations.

One army lieutenant, Francisco Espinoza Guyón, said of orders received during the Caracazo:

"No one gave me a direct order to shoot to kill, but they did tell us that constitutional rights were suspended and that, if we needed to use our weapons to repress a looting, we were authorized to do so because nothing was going to happen to us. In other words, maybe they didn't explicitly order us to kill, but they did insinuate that if we needed to, it was within the rules of engagement to do so."

The IACHR said that a "disproportionate use of force" was especially used in impoverished areas. Poor areas faced increased violence during the riots, with authorities firing indiscriminately throughout neighborhoods and dragging some individuals out of their homes for summary executions. It was common to see bodies spread throughout the streets for hours during the protests. Estimates from the Comité de Familiares de Víctimas del Caracazo state that 97% people who died during the Caracazo were killed in their homes. In 23 de Enero, heavy repression was reported and bullet holes from the crackdowns were visible decades later in 2014.

The initial official pronouncements stated that 276 people had died, though the Pérez administration attempted to block investigations. Of the deaths, two soldiers and one police officer were reported dead. After hundreds of unmarked graves were found in the following months, many estimates put the number at above 2,000 and up to 5,000. Shortages of coffins were reported and morgues were so overfilled with dead that workers had to explain to family members searching for loved ones that bodies were simply discarded in trash bags. A mass grave was discovered a year later at El Cementerio de Sur where 68 bodies alone were found placed in plastic bags.

During the protests, citizens in poor areas destroyed their own local commercial facilities, with food markets so damaged that their food distribution system was ruined. Rioters destroyed properties indiscriminately, with no motives related to initial protests, and many had to line up at government food distribution centers since markets were destroyed by rioters. Constitutional rights were not completely restored until March 22, and in the interim, there was no official decree or resolution to define how government authority would be exercised in the absence of such rights. Insurance estimates of damage caused during the rioting were $90 million USD ($120 million CAD) in 1989, or $ million USD in 2022.

Political instability
The clearest consequence of the Caracazo was political instability. According to Velasco, the Caracazo is "[w]idely held as a turning point in Venezuelan history" and that it "exposed a deep fissure in the social pact between political elites and the electorate established in the wake of the 1958 democratic revolution that ousted Pérez Jiménez." Strønen makes a similar assessment, saying "El Caracazo made it clear that the illusion of a social contract between the poor and the rest of society was irrevocably compromised. From that moment on, the popular sectors become increasingly radicalized, which explains the massive support for the attempted coup led by Chávez."

In February 1990, the army was called to contain similar riots in Puerto La Cruz and Barcelona and again in June, when rising of transportation costs ended in riots in Maracaibo and other cities. The reforms were modified.

Hugo Chávez recognized the Caracazo as the beginning of his Bolivarian Revolution. As part of the government's security forces, members of Chávez's MBR-200 allegedly participated in the crackdown; Chávez himself was sick that day with measles. The MBR-200, which in 1982 had promised to depose the bipartisanship governments, repudiated the Caracazo and accelerated its preparation for a coup d'état against the Perez government. Throughout the 1990s, MBR-200 participated in anti-austerity protests. In 1992, there were two attempted coups in February and November. Pérez was later accused of corruption and removed from the presidency. Chávez, an organiser of one of the coups, was found guilty of sedition and incarcerated, though he was subsequently pardoned by Pérez's successor, Rafael Caldera. MBR-200, Radical Cause and Movement Towards Socialism consolidated their political objectives into the Fifth Republic Movement, with Chávez winning the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election.

Investigations
Shortly after the Caracazo, the Minister of Defense said that 277 individuals were killed. A commission was established in the Venezuelan Congress to investigate the events during the Caracazo and voted for a report that concluded that 277 people were killed as well. The votes included that of José Vicente Rangel, a prominent critic of Carlos Andrés Pérez's government

In 1998, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the government's action and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In 1999, the Court heard the case and found that the government had committed violations of human rights, including extrajudicial killings. The Venezuelan government, by then headed by Chávez, did not contest the findings of the case and accepted full responsibility for the government's actions.

Venezuelan attorney general Luisa Ortega Díaz ordered Pérez's extradition from the United States in 2009 as a result of his government's violent response during the Caracazo.

In August 2009, Defense Minister Italo del Valle Alliegro was charged in relation to the Caracazo. In July 2010, the Supreme Court overturned an appeal court ruling, which had declared the case covered by a statute of limitations.

Analysis
According to writers such as Elizabeth Burgos, Milagros Socorros and Dámaso Jiménez, as well as Carlos Julio Peñaloza (a general at the time of the Caracazo), Cuban agents might have entered Venezuela during Carlos Andrés Pérez's inauguration ceremony, which was attended by Fidel Castro, and may have waited for unrest to occur in Venezuela so they could exacerbate political tensions.

In Current History a month after the rioting, Judith Ewell said that "foreign bankers ... forced on Venezuela the most stringent debt-repayment terms in Latin America." Strønen wrote that Pérez's reforms were the "last straw" for disenchanted groups and that, regarding the Caracazo, "The distance between the governing elites and the impoverished masses had become so wide that the authorities never saw it coming." Lower class citizens were affected by shortages at the time, with many basic good missing from store shelves while people had to wait in lines outside of stores. Economist Héctor Silva Michelena, who had described Venezuela's democracy in the 1970s as an "illusion" based on oil dependency, warned shortly after Pérez's announcement that social conditions for a "grave social explosion" were likely. López Maya writes that Pérez performed "a serious political miscalculation", saying that this is supported by his continuous denial of his policies being responsible for the unrest.

In popular culture
Román Chalbaud's 2005 homonymous film, El Caracazo, features an account of the events.

The Venezuelan rock band La Vida Bohème also sings about the Caracazo.

title: Caracazo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abdul Henderson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and delete. Ingoolemo  talk  04:58, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)

Abdul Henderson
Marine with minor role in Farenheit 9/11, does not meet criteria for biographies. --nixie 13:51, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useful into Fahrenheit 9/11 and delete. — RJH 17:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete per RJH -- StopTheFiling 18:34, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 07:24, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Jersey Wooly

The Jersey Wooly is a breed of domestic rabbit weighing about 3 pounds with a bold head and easy-care wool fur on their body. They are noted for their docile nature, and gentle disposition.

Origins
Bonnie Seeley of High Bridge, New Jersey, introduced the Jersey Wooly at the 1984 American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) Convention in Orlando, Florida. It was recognized by the ARBA in 1988. Today, the Jersey Wooly is one of the most widely-exhibited rabbits at local and national shows in the United States. They are also renowned as highly docile pets.

The Jersey Wooly was developed by crossing the Netherland Dwarf and the French Angora. The result of this cross was a petite rabbit with a wool coat. Early Jersey Woolies still maintained the oblong body shape of the French Angora, made smaller by the influence of the dwarfing gene.

Appearance and personality
A full grown Jersey Wooly weighs 1 - 1.5 kg (2.5 - 3.5 pounds) with 3 lbs being considered ideal. They have a compact body type. The ears are small and erect, standing about 2$1⁄2$ inches long. 3 inch ears are the maximum length allowed for exhibition stock per the ARBA's Standard of Perfection. When showing a Jersey Wooly, people must know that the head and ears have the most points. The head is bold and squarish which led the breed to being affectionately referred to as the "Mug Head." These rabbits are very affectionate and playful and most Jersey Woolys have very friendly personalities. As pets, they range from laid-back lap bunnies to outgoing explorers.

Lifespan
The average life span of a Jersey Wooly can depend on many factors, including genetics and care. It is not uncommon for a Jersey Wooly to live 7-10+ years when properly cared for. There is a common myth that those who have had litters die sooner, but this has not been scientifically proven. Many rabbit breeders have healthy Jersey Woolys who have had multiple litters live just as long as pet Jersey Woolys who have never had babies. It is also believed that neutering and spaying these rabbits will add years to their life span. Without neutering or spaying, rabbits can develop cancer and tumors that are life-threatening. A competent, experienced exotics veterinarian is the best way to minimize surgical complications.

title: Jersey Wooly


text:
User talk:RashBold

Archive 1 (June 2005 - June 2006) Archive 2 (June 2006 - June 2007) Archive 3 (June 2007 - July 2008)

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Maundy Thursday vs Holy Thursday
This point is still being hotly debated. If you're still interested in this matter, you may want to read the current discussion and opine. Thanks and best wishes. --Boston (talk) 04:16, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia article on Marie Lafarge
I am new to this site.

I do not mean offense when I ask my question but I am wondering if Marie Lafarge's name was the inspiration for Charles Dickens when he created his character of Mme Lafarge for "A Tale of Two Cities?"

Have you any ideas on this?

Also, the reason I came upon the article about Marie Lafarge is because I am reading "Unnatural Death" by Dorothy L. Sayers, first published in 1927.

In the story, a reference is made to the Marquise de Brinvilliers. Checking for her history in Wikipedia took me to your article on Marie Lafarge and then to my query.

Best regards,

Clevebookgeek (talk) 19:37, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

I don't think so. Probably just a coincidence.

Asking for semi-protection for Sarah Geronimo article
Dear Mr. Rashbold, May I request for a semi-protection in the article of Sarah Geronimo because of constant vandalism. This is also to avoid unregegistered users to post their POV's in the said page.

Thank You! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shabs09 (talk • contribs) 02:18, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello RashBold! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 04:53, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Julius Babao-Dawud Santos affair -

Clover references
I've been working on expanding and sourcing Richardson Clover. I remain in need of a RS for service as Chief of Staff, Asiatic Fleet. Since this was in your version of the article I wonder if you could indicate your source?Dankarl (talk) 14:14, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

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Orphaned non-free image File:SpaceBattleshipYamato.jpg
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Speedy deletion nomination of Michael H. Allen

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Proposed blackout in protest of RA 10175
Dear ,

Greetings!

As a Filipino Wikipedian, I hope you are aware of the passage of Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on September 12, 2012. Currently, there is a discussion on the Tambayan, the noticeboard for Philippines-related topics, about a proposed blackout of the English Wikipedia in the Philippines in order to protest the passage of RA 10175, similar to the blackout against SOPA and PIPA held earlier this year. I feel that your input on the subject will definitely help in the discussion.

Please feel free to participate in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines, and I hope your input will help the Filipino Wikipedia community determine which is the best course of action against this law. Similarly, we hope to get as much input from as many Wikipedians as possible.

Thank you and maraming salamat po!

Kind regards,

Sky Harbor (talk) 09:40, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:RashBold


text:
Alpinia nutans

Alpinia nutans, the shellflower, or dwarf cardamom, is a Southeast Asian plant of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), and is a medicinal plant used to control hypertension, as diuretic, antifungal, and antiulcer. In Japan it is used as food preservative.

Characteristics
Its flowers have a porcelain look, are shell-like and bloom prolifically on a 30-cm stalk. The flower's single fertile stamen has a massive anther. The globose white stigma of the pistil extends beyond the tip of the anther. The foliage of Alpinia nutans is evergreen in areas that do not have a hard freeze. It has a very distinctive cardamom fragrance when brushed or rubbed, but this is not the plant that produces the spice by that name.

Chemistry
The rhizome oil of Alpinia speciosa contains some fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms, which are less common in nature than fatty acids with even numbers of carbon atoms. The major one is pentadecanoic acid (C-15, 21.9%) and others are tricosylic acid (C-23, 5.7%), tridecylic acid (C-13, 1.9%), undecylic acid (C-11, 3.1%) and pelargonic acid (C-9, 0.1%). Among the fatty acids containing even number of carbon atoms, the main constituents are linolenic acid (C-18:3, 27.4%) and arachidic acid (C-20, 22.4%). The total saturated fatty acids constitute 65.7% and unsaturated 34.3%. Spectroscopic analysis revealed two new compounds of glucoside esters of ferulic acid. It also contains dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain.

Medicinal uses
Alpinia nutans is used in traditional medicine as diuretic, antihypertensive, antifungal, and antiulcer. The plant extract was experimentally shown to induce dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in rats and dogs. However, it was found to have no effect on diuresis. Two new glucoside esters of ferulic acid isolated from the rhizome have higher antioxidant activity than Trolox. Its chemical compound dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain has an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxide, and has an activity similar to that of beta-carotene.

title: Alpinia nutans