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Talk:Limnic eruption

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mmcca44. Peer reviewers: Catcmckinney.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

First week of the article, comments about changes
Hello revmachine21 and thanks for the latest changes, this science stuff flies way over my head so I'm no good at explaining it to others. I think the article is deeper now. Would be funny to make this "featured article" quality considering the rarity of the phenomenon.

I received a reply from the head of the french scientist team at Lake Nyos. If you read the copyright notice on some of the photos, you'll notice they gave permission to use them. I will ask other members of their team if they are interested in contributing but first I would like to translate this text to french, this way they'll be more likely to contribute to either version. I am billingual (french-english) so I can update both articles once they are done.

Concerning the latest changes (scientific explanations), I think they should be placed carefully as to not overwhelm the readers with technical data in paragraphs that should be more introductive. I feel the intro paragraph has gotten a bit heavy, and some of its more technical terms could be included in a different one. Let me know what you think.Beltz

 * Very interesting that you've gotten the French scientists involved. If at all possible, they would be better suited to writing the scientific content as they are more qualified.  I'm a banker in Tokyo!  I'm a native English speaker so I will work on the English edits.  Point taken about the intro.  I will try to simplify the language.  Since this is a new science, I think we should add a section about the discovery of the phenomena, it was actually rather interesting how they discovered this new thing.  Revmachine21 00:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Simplification complete. Let me know your thoughts.  In order to get this article towards a featured status, we will need to provide references.  Do you know how to do this?  I've done a little research and will start the referencing process. Revmachine21 12:44, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Due to the 2005 Quebec student strike I'm having my final college exams this week instead of about 4 weeks ago, so I'm going to just comment and post ideas here rather than make changes to the article that would require research, for a while. I still have doubts about the introduction and the "causes of limnic eruptions" parts as I feel the "causes" paragraph is simpler and more introductory than the intro itself. Anyway, I'm not sure myself if I really dislike it, but I will propose some changes as soon as I begin working on the article again; soon, I hope! Beltz

List of ideas of what to focus on
I will list things I think might be good to do. Let me know what you think about them, and propose some others as well! Beltz 16:11, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Expanding Lake Kivu
It's a very large lake and there probably is enough data on it on the Internet to double or triple that section's size with useful facts. Random data about the lake would be detrimental to the article, but perhaps putting emphasis on the touristic sites and large population around it would be good. We can also probably give a more detailed explanation of how risky the situation was, due to earthquakes, volcanic activity, etc.

 * I did a lot of research to find future references for the article I was planning. I've put all the information I could find in the External references section.  I think the problem is that this is a very infrequent phenomena, only affecting 2 to 3 known lakes, plus only in Africa.  There is information but not as much as you would expect if the same thing were happening in the US or Europe.  Revmachine21 07:08, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it be good to write things that could interest this encyclopedia's reading audience? For example, if there are thousands of westerners right around the lake, it could add a few lines worth mentionning into the text. Or would this be detrimental to the article to speak about a minority "of interest" in a place where 2 million lives are in danger? (however small the danger is...) Let me know your thoughts. Beltz

 * I added information about the possible limnic eruption occurring at Lake Kivu. My exact addition was,""Two main changes in Lake Kivu's physical state that have brought attention to the possible limnic eruption are the high rates of methane dissociation and the rising surface temperature.[11] Thorough research of historical and present temperature monitoring show that Lake Kivu's surface temperature is increasing by approximately 0.12 °C per decade.[11]" Mmcca44 (talk) 18:46, 15 September 2016 (UTC)Mmcca44

A possible solution: Degassing lakes
There is a ton of info on the french team's website, as well as other sites, on the techniques they use to degas the lake as well as their results. This is the section that lacks the most needed data in my opinion.

 * This would fit nicely under the 'Limnic eruption prevention' section. See sample outline below. Revmachine21 07:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * What effect does degassing these types of lakes have on greenhouse gases and global warming?--Biturica (talk) 18:44, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

The effect should be zero, as the article pretty much states that normally, the degassing happens naturally in minute volumes the few (two?) lakes that seem not to be able to naturally degas themselves simply need assistance. My question is, if the water spout only needs to be primed, and is forceful enough to shoot as high as the picture leads one to believe that is it, can the water volume / force sufficient to power a generator? If so, could these remote locations benefit from this as a natural source of power? Hydroelectric w/o a dam... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.128.84.219 (talk) 20:10, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Facts to verify
Facts to verify: "Sample sediments from the lake were taken by Professor Robert Hecky from the University of Michigan which showed that an event caused living creatures in the lake to go extinct approximately every thousand years and caused vegetation nearby to be swept back into the lake."

Bob Hecky is a professor at the University of Waterloo. Perhaps, this work was done by George Kling from the University of Michigan.

'''This was taken from another wikipedia article. I've heard of his research but I don't know if he concluded that the extinctions happened every thousand years, or if it was an exageration from a wikipedian. It would be good to figure the accurate frequency of the disaster.'''

 * I saw/heard confirmation on this fact (but I think the frequency was 5,000 years) on a BBC TV special, haven't been able to find an internet reference to back up this fact. The BBC special said that geologic record showed periodic lake extinctions and the presence of land vegegation which they implied was caused by lake tsunami pulling plantlife into the lake.Revmachine21 00:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops, I just double checked my entries in the Lake Kivu page that I made right after I saw the BBC show, and the period was 1,000 years.

 * Okay, good then. I based my figure on your article as well.

Improving intro & causes of limnic eruptions
I feel those two have parts that should be swapped with each other... I'll work on this now and see what happens.

 * Why don't we follow the tsunami article outline structure? Here's a sample:  Introduction 1 Causes 2 Characteristics 3 Warnings and prevention 4 Past limnic eruptions (this might a good place to include the information from the section I added below) 4.1 Lake Monoun 4.2 Lake Nyos 5 Lakes at risk for limnic eruptions 5.1 Lake Monoun 5.2 Lake Nyos 5.3 Lake Kivu 5.4 Some Equadorian lake I found... can't remember the name but was included in one of the links I provided... 6 Limnic eruption prevention 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Revmachine21 07:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I like that outline. I have some reservations about the "warnings and prevention" part. I'm not sure it would work well here because unlike a tsunami, earthquake or tornado, there are no warning signs that would not be explained in "Causes" where we explain how they are caused. I suggest we get rid of #3, and rename #6 to something with the words "degassing", as it catches interest and will pertain more to this section's content than just using "Prevention". But sign me up, the layout you proposed sounds very good. Beltz 13:49, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * I did some research on possible causes of limnic eruptions and found a good addition to the article. My exact addition was, "Another possible cause of a limnic eruption is the the gradual development of saturation at certain depths which can trigger the spontaneous development of gas.[4]" Mmcca44 (talk) 18:43, 15 September 2016 (UTC)Mmcca44

Adding reference section, improving "See also" section
Dunno how to do the references, im throwing this here because it probably will need to be done.

 * You can embed references into the body rather than in the 'External links' section like this . Wiki will automatically number them for you.  Edit this section to see how this was accomplished.  Revmachine21 06:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(ok thanks-Beltz)

Translating to french
I'm writing this here because I plan to do it, perhaps next weekend. Beltz 16:11, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Identification of a new phenomena
According to the BBC special I saw, scientists first thought the deaths at both Manoun and Nyos were caused by volcanic outgassing. The appearance of the dead bodies led them to think of sulfur gas. However after evaluating the lakes' temperatures and not finding any evidence of volcanic eruption, they realized that the volcanic hypothesis was not likely. Only after discounting volcanic theories, did they start to begin the identification process for limnic eruptions.

The article should also explain how scientists identified a new type of event separate from a volcanic event. Revmachine21 06:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This would be a great logical first section in the article, after the introduction. This would fit very well before "Causes" (based on your proposed outline from tsunamis).Beltz

reverted changes
hello, I would like to explain the few reverts I did today.

1- Removed link from "suffocation" article, in the first paragraph. I did this one because this link sent to an article on asphixia, which would be more apropriately placed later in the article, where we actually mention "death by asphixia".

2- Removed a link near the end to the "asphixia" article. It was the third link sending to the asphixia article. So as of now, there is still a single link to the asphixia article, in the "Occurences" paragraph. I think it's the most apropriate place to link (rather than linking from suffocates earlier) since the word asphixia is used in its usual context.

3- Removed a link to the "water" article. I dont think a link pertains to our article, as it isnt about reactions to water, or anything chemistry related. It is ecology related, but I dont think linking to "water" is necessary. If you disagree, please revert it back if you want, I dont mind it much, I just felt it was a bit out of place.

4- I think the "soda can" link should be removed. It links to "aluminium can", an article about how the cans are manufactured. The "beverage can" article might be more apropriate but I dont know if it's about carbonated drinks. If there was a "carbonated beverage" article, perhaps a link would work better.

bleh, that's all I had time to do today. I'll finish the french translation later this week. Beltz

Call for Clarification on State of Lake Nyos Victims
The Lake Nyos article claims the victims exhibited not merely skin discoloration, but actual burns. Is this true? If so, could it be because of the temperature of the CO2.. Or does it rather lend credence to the acid theory? Anyway it should be explained, or the claim of burns removed from the Lake Nyos article. Zargulon 14:20, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is a reference Revmachine21 12:33, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I found no mention of "pressure ulcers" in that article. In fact, I've seen it most often claimed that the wounds were, in fact, frostbite from the carbon dioxide. You can find that information here, among other places. Ninja housewife (talk) 22:36, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

When travelling to Cameroon this topic came up in converation with graduates I was with and one person mentioned there was a conspiracy theory around the testing of chemical weapons (allowed) on behalf of other countries. His point of view was

 * two incidents
 * in two areas
 * within a short period of time
 * an extremely uncommon occurance... worldwide and in living memory
 * a 3rd World nation with limited forensic capabilities
 * an area within the country of little political or economic significance
 * and then nothing again for close on 25 years

Simply too many coincidences - as a neutral party with no biase I had to agree. --Andbrew.downes (talk) 05:40, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

"Recently determined"
Could someone make this more specific? Recent as of when? When was it determined that volcanic eruptions were separate events? QmunkE 03:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * 'Scientists recently determined, from investigations into the mass casualties in the 1980s at Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos, that limnic eruptions and volcanic eruptions, although indirectly related, are actually separate types of disaster events.'

 * Recently means 1980's, it says so in the sentence. Revmachine21 12:10, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that's not what the sentence says as it is written - that sentence only states that the mass casualties occurred in the 1980s, it doesn't specifically pinpoint the discoveries with regard to limnic eruptions being separate events. Also, is the 1980s recent? If nobody can clean this up I will rewrite the sentence to conform with a more encyclopedic tone/style. QmunkE 17:41, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

New evidence for historical occurences section
The Biblical plagues of Egypt is the first recorded occurence of limnic eruption (blood water, frogs, boils, CO2 death). Evidence was presented in a recent documentary on the History channel called "Exodus Decoded" by Simcha Jacobovici. It should be noted in the historical section in some way. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_Decoded. rjp2006 Aug 21, 2006

 * I'm not sure that the linked article has strong enough evidence to support a claim of limnic eruption in Exodus. Furthermore, volcanic activity has indirect causal relationship, volcanic activity is not the direct cause of a limnic eruption.  Limnically active lakes are noted for lack of direct lakebed volcanic activity.  A different trigger like landslide, excessive rainfall is noted as more likely triggers.Revmachine21 11:49, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

A possible solution: Degassing lakes
Cleaned up and added some information on the degassing experiments and proposals. If anyone knows what happened to the project reported in New Scientist in Jan 2003, please add to this. 165.222.186.195 11:42, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't have access to New Scientist (maybe you do) but I found the following. Refernece Revmachine21 12:42, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Why not use the syphon to generate electricity and sell that to defray the cost?

"Why not use the syphon to generate electricity and sell that to defray the cost?" Research would be needed but I remeber something of an energy contract from the Rwandan government for the extraction of methane (something like 55 billion cubic meters I think). If the projects were decreasing the kinetic energy of the water through syphoning the amount of water and CO2 being pulled from the bottom would decrease. However slight this would be, as noted on the project site at the University of Michigan's site the CO2 is not currently being pulled out fast enough as is. You do have a point though in that myabe if the costs were deferred then more projects could be put in place.

Merger proposal - merge Limnological catastrophe with Limnic eruption
We have two articles, Limnological catastrophe with Limnic eruption, on the same topic. This resulted from the translation of the Russian article to English with a less than comprehensive reserch on the existing literature. Recommend merging. Comments? Williamborg (Bill) 19:21, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest we merge. They basically cover the same material, and any good points stated in Limnological catastrophe can help improve the current status of Limnic eruption. -- Nish kid 64 01:37, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, Limnic eruption is the better article, unforutnately the Limnic eruption article reads like jibberish. I realize that some points in the later article are better science, but it is impossible to read.  Revmachine21 13:55, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

organic matter
Can organic matter alone cause an eruption? --Gbleem 03:24, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Broken Link
I think an "up to date" version of the broken link about the equadorian lake mentioned above would be. It's a little bit down the page. 65.93.25.29 00:15, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Disaster or Hazard?
Generally, phenomena such as limnic eruptions are initially natural hazards, especially if there are no recorded loss of life afterwards; In addition, I can see plant life benefit from limnic eruptions (see photosynthesis)--IViking (talk) 15:32, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Tadlac Lake in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
I got to this article by running a Google search for the term "lake overturn", which I encountered at http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2008list/06-020605.pdf -- an article which says Tadlac Lake in Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines undergoes an annual lake overturn. The phenomenon they describe, however, apparently impacts only the fish population. I'd like to request a clarification, please. At what point does a lake's sudden release of Carbon Dioxide gas qualify as a 'lake overturn'? If the Tadlac lake events qualify, then the statement 'To date, this phenomenon has been observed only twice' would no longer be true, and I these events should be mentioned in this article as well. On the other hand, this could simply be a misappropriation of the term, so I'd like to seek a clarification before I do any editing. - Alternativity (talk) 13:23, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

The explosion of carbon dioxide (CO2) below the bottom of lakes. Periodic temperature changes on the surface of the reservoir can be cause "water's overturn" in ponds, lakes and reservoirs, as well as in relatively deep bays of rivers, which have little or no have flow and are not exposed to the winds. During the "water's overturn", takes place a complete mixing of the deeper and more superficial layers of water, which radically changes the living conditions of aquatic creatures. Not always, but usually the bottom layers of water have many hydrogen sulfide, CO2 and other toxic gases to fish, resulting from the decomposition of organic bottom sediments. With stirring, hydrogen sulfide, CO2 and other toxic gases from the bottom water layers  distributes throughout the volume of water and can kill fish and other aquatic creatures. Such an "water's overturn" likely takes place in Tadlac Lake. A clarification of your question (that «... this phenomenon has been observed only twice ... at Lake Monoun ... and at Lake Nyos ...») is such -  in these lakes "water's  overturn" was not caused by temperature changes in the waters of lakes, but in these lakes "water's  overturn" was  caused by  the explosion of CO2 below the bottom of lakes. Catastrophes on lake "MONOUN" in 1984 and on lake "NYOS" in 1986 were caused by the instantaneous ejections of the gaseous carbon dioxide from the hard sediment stratums under the lake's bottom, which located at some tens of meters below the lake's bottom. Catastrophes on lake "MONOUN" in 1984 and on lake "NYOS" in 1986 is a rare type of natural disaster, which caused by the explosion of carbon dioxide (CO2) below the bottom of lakes: http://nyos.lv/en/nyos/mehanika-vkljuchenija-spuskovogo-mehanizma-31859 http://nyos.lv/en/nyos/osobennostj-atmosfernyh-osadkovv-okrestnostjah-ozjor-nyos-i-monoun-32225 http://nyos.lv/en/nyos/nios-limnologicheskaja-katastrofa-32235 188.112.170.48 (talk) 17:03, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay. So I guess my question is, are the Tadlac events indeed "lake overturns", and should they thus be represented in this article? If they are not, then should they be called something else (something other than "lake overturns")? Or if they are "lake overturns", but not "limnic explosions", should we thus create a separate page for the more general term "lake overturn"? I'm a bit confused. - Alternativity (talk) 11:08, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * You do not mess up. The confusion takes place at the article. The article puts an equal sign between term «limnic eruption» and between term «lake overturn». Sense of term  «limnic eruption» (which greater than term «lake overturn») in the article  is reduced in favor of term «lake overturn». At Lake Monoun and at Lake Nyos was an explosion of carbon dioxide (CO2) below the bottom of lakes.  An explosion of carbon dioxide (CO2) below the bottom of lakes  creates   the numerous subsequent phenomena, including the mixing ("overturn") of water in lakes. Changing the wording of this article or the creation of two other articles ("lake overturns", "limnic explosions") can eliminate the   confusion in this article.

I wish success in editing of this tangled article. 188.112.170.48 (talk) 14:40, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi, based on a quick read of the RCSE website, what is described there does qualify as a limnic eruption, albeit, a minor one. Based on the large monetary loss in the lake's fishing industry, this also qualifies as a natural disaster even though people did not die.  I definitely support adding the lake to the Limnic Eruption article.  I think there are some nuances to this lake's eruption mechanism that deviate from Nyos and Monoun (is there volcanic activity nearby? seems no? What is the trigger?  Seems like change in ambient temperature?  this isn't the case in the African lakes) Revmachine21 (talk) 05:34, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Subject of the article: Limnic Eruption-a rare type of natural disaster in which carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from deep lake water, suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans.According http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2008list/06-020605.pdf,  in Tadlac Lake, during the  overturn, at surface-water arises "...deficit in the supply of dissolved oxygen (DO ) ... " (" ... fish kill period where the DO was less than 3 mg / L.. "). This phenomenon is not a disaster in which carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from deep lake water, suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans.Therefore Tadlac Lake is not the subject  of this article  "Limnic Eruption".

188.112.170.48 (talk) 22:10, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Limnic eruption. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110721170105/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/geonews/archive/9606.pdf to http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/geonews/archive/9606.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:31, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

More recent academic article published
At some point, a Wikipedian ought update this page with more recent academic information. Found a great resource. Bookmarking here for later work.

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/killer_lakes/killer_lakes.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.56.155.94 (talk) 05:41, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:38, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Lake nyos.jpg

title: Talk:Limnic eruption


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El-Ghad Party

The el-Ghad Party (حزب الغد Ḥizb el-Ghad, ; "The Tomorrow Party") is an active political party in Egypt that was granted license in October 2004. El-Ghad is a centrist liberal secular political party pressing for widening the scope of political participation and for a peaceful rotation of power.

The official El-Ghad Party, headed by Moussa Moustafa Moussa, was running the 2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election as an independent list. The split faction Ghad El-Thawra Party, headed by Ayman Nour, was part of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party-led Democratic Alliance for Egypt.

Background
Ayman Nour left the New Wafd Party in 2001. He was named the first secretary of the party in October that year. The party was legalized in 2004. After facing president Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 Egyptian presidential election, Nour was sentenced to five years in jail on forgery charges.

In 2005, just before Nour being sentenced, the El-Ghad party split in two factions. One was headed by Moussa Moustafa Moussa, the other by Nour's (now former) wife Gameela Ismail. Legal battle ensued between both factions, both claiming legitimacy and simultaneously using the party name and insignia. The final court ruling in May 2011 was in favor of Moussa. Ayman Nour hence filed for a new party, Ghad El-Thawra Party or "Revolution's Tomorrow Party", which was approved on 9 October 2011.

The removal of Nour from the party leadership by Moussa, and the latter's election to the Egyptian Upper House, have been seen as compliances with the Hosni Mubarak regime.

Platform
The party platform calls for:
 * Political and economic reform.
 * Paying a special care for the handicapped.
 * Combating drug addiction.
 * Solving the water crisis.

Name confusion
Ayman Nour has been tightly associated with both the El-Ghad name and party, even being accused of internal monopoly by other party members. Since both Nour and Moussa factions were using (and still are) the same name and insignia (ex: Ghad El-Thawra website ), it was often difficult to tell them apart. For instance, Liberal International listed El-Ghad, specifying its leader as Ayman Nour, as an observer member. Many poll and media outlets used the term "El-Ghad" without specifying which party or faction they are referring to, although they often meant the Ayman Nour Ghad El-Thawra faction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: El-Ghad Party


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kyle Rodgers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Eugene van der Pijll 18:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kyle Rodgers
15 year old amateur hockey player in California. No significant achievements. Looks like vanity to me. Xcali 17:44, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity--Sophitus 18:08, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity UkPaolo 18:57, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. - Etacar11 00:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:25, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity -CunningLinguist 06:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Megan1967 09:59, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Kateness
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:69.2.151.111

title: User talk:69.2.151.111


text:
User talk:Iceblink

Wachowski Brothers
Hi, you've uploaded that image:, can you tell me, how did you find it is relased under Public Domain (as the description claims)? I just want to use it on Polish wiki, but can't do that without beeing sure it's not copyrighted. Marcin Otorowski 17:47, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I really wouldn't worry too much about copyright violation, this was a photo by a fan from the san diego comic conference 2004, submitted to comicon.com, worst case, someone will ask us to remove it :-)

He said "public domain" in the description but licensed it under the GFDL. Therefore it's free, but not still under a copyright. Does that satisfy the Polish wiki? Hbdragon88 23:55, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iceblink


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-30/Wikimedia Board election

The timetable of the election for two members of the Wikimedia Board of Trustees has been pushed back again, but everything finally seems to be in place for the process to start 7 June.

Angela and Anthere were elected in June 2004 for a one-year term as community representatives on the Board. At the time, Angela was designated as Volunteer User Representative and Anthere as Contributing Member Representative, but this distinction will not be maintained. There will still be two representatives, who will be elected for two-year terms this time around.

The date originally set for candidates to start declaring was 21 May, which was then pushed back to last Saturday, 28 May. This came and went with no indication of the election opening, and the published information still indicated that candidates were not to declare themselves yet. Some confusion also resulted on Tuesday after Aphaia posted a joke election announcement to the Foundation mailing list, indicating that the election officials were going to fire Jimmy Wales.

Because the Wikimedia Foundation bylaws specifically provide for two election inspectors, it was decided to officially designate Danny and Datrio to these positions. Aphaia and BjarteSorensen will still serve as Assistant Election Officials, with Tim Starling as Election Technical Officer.

In related news, the Board is thinking about modifying the bylaws, since they refer to concepts (such as distinctions between paid and unpaid members) that do not exist in practice. Angela has created a new draft of the bylaws for consideration.

Also this week: Official positions — Time article — Rock rat — Election — Features — Vandal fighting — Substubs, templates — Trophy — T.R.O.L.L.


text: Category:Firearm stubs

title: Category:Firearm stubs


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Go for Broke! (1951 film)

Go For Broke! is a 1951 black-and-white war film directed by Robert Pirosh, produced by Dore Schary and starring Van Johnson and six veterans of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. The film co-stars Henry Nakamura, Warner Anderson, and Don Haggerty in its large cast.

The film dramatizes the real-life story of the 442nd, which was composed of Nisei (second-generation Americans born of Japanese parents) soldiers.

Fighting in the European theater during World War II, this unit became the most heavily decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of the United States military, as well as one of the units with the highest casualty rates. This film is a Hollywood rarity for its era in that it features Asian Americans in a positive light, highlighting the wartime efforts of Japanese Americans on behalf of their country even while that same country confined their families in camps.

As with his earlier film script for Battleground, in which Van Johnson also starred, writer-director Robert Pirosh focuses on the average squad member, mixing humor with pathos, while accurately detailing equipment and tactics used by American infantry in World War II. The contrast of reality versus public relations, the hardships of field life on the line, and the reality of high casualty rates are accurately portrayed with a minimum of heroics.

In 1979, the film entered the public domain in the United States because Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer failed to renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.

Plot
In 1943 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the newly commissioned Lt. Michael Grayson reports for duty to train the 442nd, a unit established on the US mainland and composed of Nisei. His expectation was to return to the U.S. 36th Infantry Division, a Texas National Guard unit, which he had served as an enlisted soldier. He has to come to terms with a group of people that he sees as Japanese, the enemy, rather than Americans. Grayson runs his platoon rather insisting on strict observance of military regulations.

He learns that "Go For Broke" is a pidgin phrase used in Hawaii meaning to gamble everything, to "shoot the works"—to risk "going broke" or bankruptcy. Grayson comes to learn the meaning of the frequently exclaimed Baka tare, which, loosely translates to mean "very stupid."

There is only one brief discussion of the internment camps from which some of the men have come, but throughout the film there are references to the camps. There are also a few brief references to the distinctions between the Nisei from Hawaii and the mainland. When the islanders who formed 2/3 of the outfit and the mainlanders first met in Camp Shelby, their very different cultures and expectations were bound to clash. The Hawaiians, products of the plantation system, enjoyed a sense of group solidarity—even, as the largest minority group in the islands, a sense of ethnic superiority. The mainlanders, by contrast, were used to life as a tiny and—after the 'relocation' -- legally oppressed minority. While Buta-heads (the phrase later devolved to "Buddha-Heads") are a key part of the Hawaiian economy and Hawaiian society, Katonks were largely distrusted and disliked by their neighbors.

Arriving in Italy, the unit is joined by the 100th Battalion, a Nisei unit formed in Hawaii before the 442nd. The troops of the 100th are seasoned veterans and the new arrivals look to them for advice. On the march to the front lines, Grayson gets left behind when fraternizing with a signorina, but he is not found by the colonel because his platoon has covered for him during an inspection of their positions.

By the actions by the 442nd in Italy and France, Grayson finds reason to replace his bigotry with respect toward them. His transfer to the 36th, as a liaison—over his objections—comes through when the 442nd is attached to the 36th. As he has misjudged the Nisei, they have misjudged him. The Nisei learn that he has defended them against bigotry, even getting into a fistfight with an old friend from the 36th had insulted them.

The 36th is surrounded by the German army and the "Buddha-heads'" rescue "them". On their return home, they are the awarded the distinction of the eighth Presidential Unit Citation.

Cast

 * Van Johnson as Lt. Michael Grayson
 * Lane Nakano‡ as Sam
 * George Miki‡ as Chick
 * Akira Fukunaga‡ as Frank
 * Ken K. Okamoto‡ as Kaz
 * Henry Oyasato‡ as Takashi Ohhara
 * Harry Hamada‡ as Masami
 * Henry Nakamura as Tommy Kamakura
 * Warner Anderson as Col. Charles W. Pence
 * Don Haggerty as Sgt. Wilson I. Culley
 * Gianna Maria Canale as Rosina
 * Dan Riss as Capt. Solari
 * John Banner as a German officer
 * Jerry Fujikawa as Communications Sergeant (uncredited)
 * Richard Anderson as Lieutenant (uncredited)
 * Hugh Beaumont as Chaplain (uncredited)
 * Frank Wilcox as HQ General (uncredited)
 * Mario Siletti as Italian Farmer (uncredited)
 * Edward Earle as General at Dress Parade (uncredited)
 * Ann Codee as Pianist (uncredited)
 * ‡These actors were actual veterans of the 442nd.

The film includes archive footage of General Mark Clark and President Harry Truman presenting the unit citation.

Reception
According to MGM records, the film made $2,531,000 in the US and Canada and $806,000 overseas, resulting in a profit of $761,000.

Honors
The screenplay by Robert Pirosh was nominated for an Academy Award in 1951.

Additional sources

 * Wu, Ellen D. (2014). The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Invention of the Model Minority. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691168029, pp. 88ff.
 * Barsam, Richard Meran. (1992). Nonfiction Film : a Critical History. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-31124-5; ISBN 978-0-253-20706-7; OCLC 24107769
 * Takemoto, Kenneth Kaname. (2006). Nisei Memories: My Parents Talk About the War Years. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98585-5; OCLC 260074492
 * Sterner, C. Dougals. (2008). Go For Broke : the Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Historical Press. ISBN 978-0-9796896-1-1; OCLC 141855086
 * Yenne, Bill. (2007). Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-35464-0 OCLC 122261832
 * Steidl, Franz. (1997). "Lost Battalions: Going for Broke in the Vosges, Autumn 1944." Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-622-7, ISBN 978-0-89141-727-9; OCLC 36170542

title: Go for Broke! (1951 film)