text:
Antonio Lauro

Antonio Lauro (August 3, 1917 – April 18, 1986) was a Venezuelan musician, considered to be one of the foremost South American composers for the guitar in the 20th century.

Biography
Antonio Lauro was born in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. His father Antonio Lauro Ventura, an Italian immigrant, was a barber who could sing and play the guitar so he taught his son what he could, but died when Antonio was still a child. After the family moved to Caracas, Lauro pursued formal musical study (piano, composition) at the Academia de Música y Declamación, where the composer Vicente Emilio Sojo (1887–1974) was one of his teachers. A 1932 concert performed in Caracas by Agustín Barrios, the Paraguayan guitarist and composer, so much impressed the young Lauro (already an accomplished folk guitarist) that he was persuaded to abandon piano and violin in favor of the guitar. From 1933, Lauro studied with Raúl Borges (1888–1967), and was introduced to the classical guitar repertoire. In the next decade, Borges' pupils would also include Rodrigo Riera, José Rafael Cisneros, and Alirio Díaz. These colleagues, especially Díaz, were later responsible for unveiling Lauro's works to an international audience, introducing these unheard works to, among others, Andrés Segovia, Leo Brouwer and John Williams.

Like many South Americans of his generation, Lauro was a fervent cultural nationalist, determined to rescue and celebrate his nation's musical heritage. As a member of the Trio Cantores del Trópico in 1935–1943 (Lauro sang bass and played both guitar and cuatro), he toured nearby countries to introduce them to Venezuelan music. Lauro was particularly attracted to the myriad colonial parlour valses venezolanos (Venezuelan waltzes) created in the previous century by accomplished national composers such as Ramón Delgado Palacios (1867–1902). Unfailingly melodic and characterized by a distinctive syncopation (created by a hemiola in which two measures of 3/4 become a single measure of 3/2), such music was precisely the sort of folkloric raw material which Smetana, Bartók or Granados had elevated to the category of national art in Europe.

A concert whose programme consisted entirely of such valses venezolanos (Venezuelan waltzes) by the distinguished Venezuelan pianist Evencio Castellanos (1914–1984) convinced Lauro that the guitar, too, should have comparable pieces in its repertory. Among his first efforts in this genre were the pieces later known as Tatiana, Andreína, and Natalia, composed sometime between 1938 and 1940; their instant popularity inspired still others. In addition to his guitar pieces, Lauro composed dozens of works for orchestra, choir, piano and voice; many of which remain unpublished. He occasionally experimented with modern compositional techniques, but most of his guitar music remains essentially on the Calle Real or "main street," an expression used by musicians of Lauro's generation to refer to a straight and direct route, without distracting harmonic detours.

In 1948, the military junta of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez imprisoned Lauro for his principled belief in democracy. Lauro later shrugged off the experience, telling his friends that prison was a normal part of life for the Venezuelan man of his generation. He had continued composing even in prison, and after his release immediately returned to performing with a pioneering professional classical guitar trio, the freshly formed Trio Raúl Borges. In the following decades Lauro's compositions were published, recorded and performed throughout the world, and his contributions to his nation's musical life were recognized and acknowledged. Lauro was appointed professor of guitar at several distinguished schools including the Juan José Landaeta Conservatory, and was named president of the Venezuela Symphony Orchestra where he played the horn. In spite of his modest insistence that he was a composer rather than a performer, he was persuaded by his friends to embark upon a solo concert tour, which began in Venezuela and culminated in a triumphant 1980 performance at London's Wigmore Hall. Shortly before his death at Caracas in 1986, he was presented with the Premio Nacional de Música, his country's highest artistic award.

Popular works

 * Seis por derecho: Joropo
 * María Carolina
 * El Marabino
 * Natalia
 * Suite Venezolana
 * Angostura
 * Maria Luisa
 * Nelly
 * 4 Valses venezolanos
 *  Mañanita Caraqueña
 * El Negrito
 * Triptico

Legacy
The works of Antonio Lauro have long been very popular with guitarists worldwide, yet there have been few recordings devoted exclusively to him. However, several recordings by Adam Holzman, John Williams (guitarist) and David Russell have been issued. John Williams is quoted as having referred to Antonio Lauro as being the "Strauss of the guitar". Another recording worth mentioning, "A Tribute to Antonio Lauro" by Thomas Cronin (guitarist), recorded initially for Irish National Radio on the RTE label, gained great appeal with Venezuelans worldwide.

Additionally, Lauro's masterpieces have been the core of studies, workshops and Masters in universities all around the World.

Recordings by Lauro

 * Antonio Lauro y sus mejores intérpretes (Nelly Carvajal Producciones)
 * Lauro interpreta a Lauro (Nelly Carvajal Producciones)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Antonio Lauro


text:
New Brunswick electoral redistribution

Unlike most other provinces and the federal government, the province of New Brunswick until very recently had no statutory mechanism for electoral district redistribution. Thus, redistributions were not predictable and occurred only when consensus in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick demanded it. Throughout most of New Brunswick's early history redistribution was a result of the addition of new counties, upon which the districts were based, which expanded from seven in 1785 to fifteen in 1874.

Starting in 2005-2006, electoral distributions were undertaken under statutory requirements first immediately thereafter and initially after every decennial Canadian census starting in 2011, however the Act was later amendment to hold them after every two general elections.

List of electoral redistributions

 * 1785 New Brunswick electoral distribution
 * 1795 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1824 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1826 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1827 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1834 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1838 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1842 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1845 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1846 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1874 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1891 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1895 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1912 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1924 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1926 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1946 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1967 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1973 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 1994 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 2006 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 2013 New Brunswick electoral redistribution
 * 2021 New Brunswick electoral redistribution

1784-1995
From the founding of New Brunswick until 1995, no electoral district crossed a county line. All districts through this time period can be traced back to one of New Brunswick's original 8 counties. From the 1973 redistribution until the abolishment of these districts at the 1995 election, all districts had 1 member.

title: New Brunswick electoral redistribution


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Zocky

Zocky
final (27/2/0) ended 05:00 8 June 2005 (UTC)

I've been around since October 2002 (with some pauses due to lack of internet access and/or abundance of real-life work). I never really needed sysop privileges until I noticed that the main page templates got protected. I've been bugging sysops on IRC to change the selection of anniversaries to make it more geographically distributed, but I should probably be doing it myself. The single-click vandal revert button would also come handy.

Zocky 03:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

PS: I don't intend to comment on any votes or respond to any comments on this RFA. I believe that editors can read and understand other people's comments without my help. I will, of course, answer any direct questions.

Support
 * 1) I found this statement from him on his talk page: "People are generally more likely to change their mind if you let them do it in their own time." That piece of wisdom alone is deserving of adminship. --Michael Snow 05:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Of course. El_C 06:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support Great user. Sjakkalle 06:17, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support without hesitation. (as much as we have often disagreed). Ambi 06:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support.-gadfium 08:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support, valuable contributor and organizer. Radiant_* 11:25, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support - Guettarda 13:44, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. James F. (talk) 16:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. Hedley 02:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Totally :) --Dejan Cabrilo 03:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. Jonathunder 18:03, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * 12) Support Warofdreams 09:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support --Duk 16:07, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support. -- Silversmith Hewwo 20:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  23:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:36, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Ditto. Grutness...  wha?  01:39, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. --Kbdank71 15:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Strong support: If anyone thinks that we need an inclusionist for "balance" or something, this is the vote. Zocky and I disagree profoundly about when and how often things should be deleted, but Zocky works within policy, works to actually get compromises (and not just to flood a vote), and he has never sworn that the matter is settled because he has made up his mind.  He represents good writing, good ethical behavior, and an even temperament.  I've been urging him to go RfA for ages and would have nominated him, had I known he would agree. Geogre 23:51, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support, what Geogre said, and a self-nom too!--Bishonen | talk 01:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support. JYolkowski // talk 21:32, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support. Mike H 03:03, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support.-JCarriker 06:57, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Cool. JuntungWu 15:35, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Andre ( talk ) 22:59, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support. Kelly Martin 19:25, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support. Fair-minded and a good editor. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:01, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oppose Neutral
 * 1) Oppose Does not meet my admin criterion. If you disagree and think that you do and would like me to reconsider, please leave a note on my userpage, jguk 19:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Anglius 03:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I don't do or intend to do RC patrol, but I regularly check my huge watchlist for vandals and edits that need improvement, as well as contributions of problematic IPs to see if they need to be reverted elsewhere. I also do random page improvements, but I don't need any special privileges for that.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I wrote or rewrote some articles, mainly about ex-Yugoslav matters, most notably (if I may say so myself) Assassination in Sarajevo, 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia and Hey, Slavs. I helped stop the ancient edit war on Oder/Odra and some others. I was one of the people who proposed the same principle for categorizing pages (see User:Zocky/Bottom-up categorization). I proposed the template namespace (see Message substitution). I painstakingly calculated and typed in the appropriate sizes of flag thumbnails on Gallery of national flags. I reverted the vandal who said that "Margaret Thatcher was the first undead person to become the prime minister of UK". I never nominated Betsy Windsor on RfD, for which I apologize.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A.I don't think I've been in any conflicts. I've been involved in several disagreements about article contents; most were solved by evidence one of the sides provided. I've also been included in some (sometimes heated) debates about internal workings of the community, but I believe it was all conducted civilly.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Zocky


text:
User talk:Johnvid

Hello John. I'm afraid that I'm not really involved with that particular article, and I won't be able to speak for whoever removed it. I will try my best to give you some insight on your issue, but the best place to go is the article's talk page.

External links are meant to be a quick way for people to find out more information on a topic, and visit relevent organizations, etc. It's of utmost importance that these links are accessible to our users— in fact, even sites that require registration are often discouraged, as they are an annoyance.

You should probably not be adding links to your own site. If what you're selling is that good, then somebody else will come across it and add it. However, I've only ever seen a couple links on Wikipedia that require you to buy something to appreciate the purpose of the site. Wikipedia is meant to be an encyclopedia, and our goal is to help people learn more about a given subject. Nobody makes money here, and Wikipedia shouldn't be used as a means of profit.

I took a look at your site, and it looks like the entire website is devoted to selling that DVD. Please correct me if I'm wrong. Like I said before, people should be able to click on a link and see what they want without buying a product. I'm sure that the majority of people would visit the site expecting to find something that they can learn from, but then become discouraged when they find out that they have to pay for it.

I haven't downloaded the video (it's quite large), but maybe if you added a link to the video samples that were linked to on your page, it could be helpful. It is a very large download, so please make a note of that if you do so.

Like I said, I haven't seen the video samples, so it may or may not be appropriate for the article- you'll have to judge that. If you're uncomfortable with doing so, then it'd be nice if you left a message on Talk:Liverpool, and let somebody else deal with it. I do, however, see one problem right off the bat: the aforementioned video will effectively exclude all dial-up users due to its enormous size.

I apologize if I haven't been of much help, but I'm really not at all involved with that article. If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to contact me. You may also leave a message on the article's talk page.

Warm regards,

Frazzydee|✍ 02:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Liverpoolskyline780.jpg

The file File:Liverpoolskyline780.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image from uploader's semi-commercial website. Image is unlikely to have encyclopedic use in the future because of the artistic framing."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  17:23, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnvid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wtci

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wtci

 * Delete dicdef, already transwikied. Revolución 02:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's a common abbvr: del. humblefool® 03:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gren 13:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete qitaana 01:22, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wtci


text:
User:CaptainAmerica

Hello.

title: User:CaptainAmerica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chad Bench

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chad Bench
Not notable. Andrew pmk 02:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I deleted this article just as the VFD notice was being put on it. I still think that it qualifies as a speedy for patent nonsense and vandalism. Academic Challenger 02:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt m

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:42, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Matt m
Not notable. Andrew pmk 02:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete i'd say it was vanity, but the year of birth is circa. Nateji77 12:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete attack page, related to the deleted Oxo (person). Mgm|(talk) 16:08, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. --Etacar11 23:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep important figure in heavy metal circles.
 * Vote made by 217.205.243.160 (talk · contributions)
 * Delete attack page. JamesBurns 10:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt m


text:
Baia de Aramă

Baia de Aramă is a small Romanian town located in Mehedinți County, in the historical region of Oltenia, with a population of 4,478 as of 2021. Eight villages are administered by the town: Bratilovu, Brebina, Dealu Mare, Mărășești, Negoești, Pistrița, Stănești, and Titerlești.

The river Brebina runs through the town. Some Dacian ruins can be found in the town, as well as the 17th century Baia de Aramă Monastery. The name of the town means "copper mine", suggesting that Baia de Aramă was once a strong copper mining town. However, over the years, many of the mines in the town have closed, leaving roughly half the town unemployed.

Natives

 * Doru Popescu (1949–2023), footballer
 * Ipolit Strâmbu (1871–1934), painter

title: Baia de Aramă


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Weisner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:42, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Weisner

 * Delete advertising. Revolución 02:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weisner is also the last name of a guy I went to school with who had the same birthday as me, whose younger sister got me grounded one time. delete Lachatdelarue (talk) 03:01, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not surprisingly, that anecdote is just as informative as the article. "weisner doorknobs" yields only 10 Googles, but "weiser doorknobs", which Google helpfully suggested, yields 167. This might be a misspelling; Abstain pending further research, but I'm guessing this needn't be kept. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  03:14, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Medium-sized companies are notable. (Just expand it to include a couple of more sentences.) JBurnham 14:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Content-free article. --Carnildo 21:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Medium-sized companies are not by default notable.  RickK 23:08, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. qitaana 16:30, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Weisner


text:
Talk:Endgame (play)

Talk
 doubt prevents the character in Hamlet's revised version of The Mousetrap from taking decisive action. What is "Hamlet's revised version of The Mousetrap"? Mark1 02:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Mousetrap is the play that Hamlet has the players put on, his revised version includes the speech designed to oust Claudius as his Old Denmark's killer Evil Angry Cat 13:51, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you're right - gasp! Unfortunately, I don't feel that I'm able to produce an adequate production history of the play. Perhaps you can. In any case, I think that it is helpful for the play to have some kind of production history listed, historically significant productions, of course, and just as importantly from my view point, recent productions in the North America, demonstrating the continuing relevance of the play. By the way, I have no connection with the Torn Space Theatre company production, except for having seen the play and enjoyed their vivid realization of Beckett's creation. 22:40 23 March 2007

It has also been theorized that Hamm is an actual person who on his death bed is imagining this gloomy reality due to the onset of death. As plausible a theory as this is, there is no proof from the author, his past, or his acquaintances to support it.

Is there a shred of textual evidence to lean on to prove this? If not, I think it should definitely go.

copyright?
Is this work still covered under copyright, and, if so, isn't there a wikipedia policy against linking to full online text of a copyrighted work?--Vidkun (talk) 16:13, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It certainly is copyright, and you don't mess with the Beckett estate. Not sure about the second question, but it doesn't sound ethical. Cop 663 (talk) 01:34, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

What does this need to improve to a C class article? - User Phaeton23

It IS NOT CERTAINLY under copyright protection in the USA. This was first published pre-autorenewal era (57)and went into the Public Domain in the United States due to lack of renewal 66.195.42.6 (talk) 01:13, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Summary?
A summary is missing. Does anyone feel up to writing one? One, maybe two paragraphs would be enough. 188.220.45.209 (talk) 22:12, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Image removed
The image was removed as a copyright violation. Whoever uploaded it went so far as to claim it was his original work, and he was giving it a CC license. Big no-no.

Wikipedia rules are stricter than fair use, by the way. What is permitted is an identifying cover image for books on their page. First editions are strongly preferred: since this has "historical" cachet. Presumably theater productions can rely on posters, but they are certainly much more difficult to find!

Moreover, the image file cannot be uploaded to Wikicommons, as this one had been. It can be uploaded to Wikipedia with an accompanying explanation. See here for what the French and US first editions look like.

Also, the image cannot be recycled for the template. I would recommend someone in New York take a free image of the Samuel Beckett Theatre, with his name clearly visible!

PS, I could probably add a summary in a few days (heck, pretty much any Beckett work). I've been busy the past two months with Joseph McElroy and Michael Brodsky and I expect to stay busy, and I have some other severely underrepresented authors in mind to work on.Choor monster (talk) 22:58, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

Plot summary?
There are a couple of old comments above, highlighting the lack of a plot summary - but no progress. If someone familiar with the work could add this, it would be a great benefit to those of us who haven't seen it. ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 13:40, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

“You remain”
Someone added the I admit impressive interpretation that when Hamm says “You remain” he is addressing the rag that he has promptly draped over his face.

This is valid, yet in no way standard or unequivocal.

I strongly prefer my own interpretation, which I find stronger in thematic force, and with lines up very neatly with other elements of the play - that Hamm is addressing the audience directly.

So, whoever wrote that (or someone else), please consider rephrasing it as a possible interpretation rather than a definite one.

Thanks. 2A02:3032:400:DD35:8063:F5B5:F751:75C6 (talk) 21:11, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

Difficulty sourcing the Bloom quote(s)
If anyone has any ideas/leads on tracking down the source(s) of the Harold Bloom quotes at the top of the article ("'I know of no other work of its reverberatory power,' but stated that he could not handle reading it in old age for its harrowing, bare bone existentialism"), I'd be greatly appreciative.

The direct quote cites an article that provides no further source, and was unfortunately written a few months after the quote was added to this page, so I worry this is might be circular reporting of a quote that might not actually exist. And the second, summarized quotation turns up even less. It was originally added by an IP editor, so we can't backtrack the info that way, and the author of the article doesn't have a public email address that I could find, just a twitter, so I tweeted at him, but I think I'm probably unlikely to get a response.

I have digital copies of Bloom's Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot (2008), and Samuel Beckett (Bloom's Modern Critical Views) (2010), and so did a quick ctrl+F for keywords (reverb, barebones, bare bones), but came up empty. I'm unsure of where to look next, and how long to look before removing the quotes. Any and all thoughts welcome Librarian of Sand (talk) 21:08, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I think I found the origin of the (turns out not-so-)direct quote! On page 503 of Bloom's The Western Canon (1995) he writes-
 * "It is difficult to find an equal to Beckett among the best dramatists of our Chaotic Age: Brecht, Pirandello, Ionesco, Garcia Lorca, Shaw. They have no Endgame; to find a drama of its reverberatory power, you have to return to Ibsen. [....] I cannot think of any other twentieth-century work of literature composed as late as 1957 that is nearly as original an achievement as Endgame, nor has there been anything since to challenge such originality. Beckett may have forsworn "mastery" as not being possible after Joyce and Proust, but Endgame reaches it. After he turned fifty, in 1956, Beckett had five extraordinary years of creativity, a span that starts with Endgame and includes Krapp's Last Tape and How It Is, which with Endgame set a new standard that even he never quite touched again."
 * I'll take a swing at rewriting the Bloom section of the lede a little later when I have more time, since it seems the claim that he called Endgame the greatest prose drama of the 20th century is also not quite accurate. Still no luck on the idea that he couldn't bear to read it in his old age, but I'm not giving up yet. Librarian of Sand (talk) 20:36, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright, I corrected the quote, added the source, and removed the unsourced quote (which I'm still looking for, but I'm growing less hopeful about, additional pairs of eyes still very much appreciated). I went back and forth whether to introduce the context of the quote as -
 * "saying of other dramatists of the time that "They have no Endgame; to find..." or
 * "saying that "[Other dramatists of the time] have no Endgame; to find..."
 * Obviously I went with the latter, but don't feel strongly about it. Let me know if there's a better way! Librarian of Sand (talk) 06:34, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Analysis
I've removed the analysis section which is unsourced, and potentially OR. No criticism of its accuracy or erudition, but we need sources for things like that. All the best: Rich Farmbrough 19:59, 16 May 2024 (UTC).

title: Talk:Endgame (play)


text:
File:Colorcircle.png

Psychophysical color circle

title: File:Colorcircle.png


text:
Alatheus and Saphrax

Alatheus and Saphrax were Greuthungi chieftains who served as co-regents for Vithericus, son and heir of the Gothic king Vithimiris.

Alatheus
Alatheus ( 376–387) was a chieftain of the Greuthungi. He fought during the Hunnish invasion of 376, engaged in war with Rome from 376 to 383, and incursions into the Balkans in 387. He is most famous for his participation at the Battle of Adrianople in 378.

After the death of the Gothic King Vithimiris while fighting against the Huns in 376, Alatheus became, with Saphrax, co-regent and guardian of Vithericus, infant son of Vithimiris. He helped in the leadership of the great Gothic migration before the Hun onslaught, he crossed the Danube while Rome was busy with Thervingi refugees in that year. He soon allied himself with the Thervingi leaders Fritigern and Alavivus against Rome. Alatheus eluded the Romans and rampaged through Thrace and Moesia in 377–378. He marched to Fritigern's aid against Emperor Valens at the battle of Adrianople in 378, in which Valens was killed when Alatheus' forces were victorious. He continued to raid Thrace and northern Greece, but was defeated by Theodosius the Great's general Promotus, and he settled on the north side of the Danube. He appeared on its banks again in 386, with the intention of invading the Roman provinces again. His forces were, however, repulsed, and Alatheus was slain.

Saphrax
Saphrax (died c. 400) was a Greuthungi chieftain, who led the tribe along with Alatheus. Both names appear to have been Alanic; they may have been Sarmatian/Alan. After the death of the King Vithimiris while fighting against the Huns in 376, Alatheus and Saphrax became regents and guardians of Vithericus, infant son of Vithimiris. He and Alatheus commanded the Greuthungi, while Fritigern commanded the Thervingi, numbering an army of 10,000 (according to contemporary Ammianus Marcellinus) in the Battle of Adrianople in 378 against the Roman Empire. It is theorized that Saphrax led a Hun-Alan contingent. Ending in defeat for Rome, many of their followers rampaged through the Eastern Empire until they were settled years after by Theodosius treaties in Pannonia Prima. Remnants were recruited into the Roman army.

In Popular Culture
A fictionalized account of Saphrax and Altheaus' deeds is featured heavily in the final episode of the animated series The Venture Bros.

title: Alatheus and Saphrax


text: User talk:69.174.117.26

title: User talk:69.174.117.26


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wavetail

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wavetail

 * Delete nonsense. Revolución 02:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nateji77 12:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, nonsense. Can't make heads or tails of it. :) Mgm|(talk) 16:10, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete One line/sentence articles contributed by only one anonymous IP address should be able to be deleted without a discussion taking place, IMHO. --Rebroad 16:13, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:72.254.140.100

title: User talk:72.254.140.100


text:
Guest

Guest or The Guest may refer to:

 * A person who is given hospitality
 * Guest (surname), people with the surname Guest
 * USS Guest (DD-472), U.S. Navy Fletcher-class destroyer 1942–1946
 * Guest appearance, guest actor, guest star, etc.
 * Guest comic, issue of a comic strip that is created by a different person (or people) than usual
 * Guest host (or guest presenter), host, usually of a talk show, that substitutes for the regular host
 * Guest operating system, operating system installed on a virtual machine
 * Guest ranch (or dude ranch), type of ranch oriented towards visitors or tourism
 * Guest statute, statute in tort law
 * Guest worker, person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a citizen

Music, literature, and film

 * "The Guest" (short story), 1957 short story by Albert Camus
 * Guest (album), 1994 album by Critters Buggin
 * The Guest (album), 2002 album by Phantom Planet
 * The Guest (TV series), 2018 South Korean television series
 * The Guest (2014 American film), American thriller film directed by Adam Wingard
 * The Guest (2014 Chilean film), Chilean drama film directed by Mauricio López Fernández
 * The Guest (2016 film), Chinese thriller film
 * The Guest (2017 film), Nigerian film
 * The Guest (2018 film), Italian film
 * The Guest (2019 film), Burmese film
 * Guest (2020 film), British short film directed by Finn Callan
 * The Guest: Aleppo to Istanbul, 2017 Turkish-Jordanian film starring Saba Mubarak

Astronomy

 * 4325 Guest, main-belt asteroid
 * Guest (lunar crater), lunar impact crater
 * Guest (Plutonian crater)
 * Guest star (astronomy), ancient Chinese astronomical term for novae and supernovae

Places

 * Guest, Alabama
 * Guest Island in the Ross Sea off Antarctica; part of the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand
 * Guest Peninsula, in the northwest part of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica
 * Guest River, Virginia, USA

title: Guest


text:
Talk:Anne Bonny

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2021 and 21 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Stark.ni.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 05:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Comment from 68.3.42.145
Again, the beginning two paragraphs are essentially correct. As for the final paragraph, there are no “official records” of any kind in regard to Anne Bonny, save a trial transcript from Jamaica. Her name is mentioned in a few letters from the Royal Governor Woodes Rogers of the Bahamas, and in a mostly fictional work entitled “A General History of the Pirates.” The reader will notice in nearly all “biographies” of Anne Bonny that supporting documentation of facts is rarely provided. But rather, assertions of authenticity are made in reference of such documents, without the writer actually providing them, save modern reference works that in themselves provide no historical documentation of factual evidence. -- Originally posted to article by at 02:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

no mention of her having lived in Dundee in earlier life?

--24.206.5.177 (talk) 21:29, 25 March 2013 (UTC)== Annie Bonny got Pregnant!! ==

To characterize Defoe's "A General History" as a "mostly fictional work" is an inaccurate assessement. The vast majority of Defoe's accounts in the GH have been proven generally accurate by subsequent research. Given the absence of official records and correspondence regarding Bonny, any information above and beyond that which has been provided by Defoe should be regarded with suspicion.

 * I agree and disagree, here. DeFoe's book is certainly a compendium and compilation; it mimics a work of non-fiction very effectively.  Parts of it follow newspaper accounts closely.  However, other parts describe people and events that have been invented by the author.  (DeFoe invented several characters, events, and details for thematic or narrative effect.)  Our problem as present-day readers is that it wasn't 18th century literary practice to explain to the reader that a text was a mixture of reportage and invention.  Manuel Schonhorn's extensive scholarly  introduction to the 1999 Dover Press edition is essential reading.  (This was originally published in 1972; Schonhorn updated the introduction and bibliography for the Dover edition of 1999.) --Galliaz 10:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Establishing Facts in an Encyclopedia Entry
One other important thing: I also think there's a big problem with the way the recent History Channel documentary is being used as a source to substantiate information in the entry. I believe the entry should actually list who actually provided the information that's cited from the documentary: did the "talking head" from the documentary provide a source for their information, or were they speculating on camera? Have they written an article or book that we can cite in the entry? Most importantly, could a researcher check the speaker's sources in order to independently verify what they have said? --Galliaz 13:01, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't believe a History Channel documentary is even cited at all. If the statements made there are well-founded, then they're probably repeating something in published sources, which ought to be cited instead.  But I don't think the History Channel documentaries, in themselves, have high enough of a reputation to earn citation in an encyclopedia.  In fact, I think they're awful, and routinely sacrifice accuracy to entertainment.    But that's my opinion.  71.129.81.136 19:40, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * But History Channel rarely, if ever, actually cites its sources. The trail of information stops at them. While anything on History Channel is likely to be well researched, without them citing their sources, they cannot be cited by Wikipedia. Citing History Channel about pirates holds the same scholarly weight as citing someone who says "I'm 400 years old. I am my source." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.254.163.150 (talk) 10:35, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Who complained to the governor?
Section "Marriage and Later Affair With a Pirate" says "He complained to the governor...". Who complained - Rackham or James Bonny ? Why would he complain to the Governor ? Jay 01:54, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems rather odd to me that either James Bonny or Jack Rackham would complain, as both were likely members of the Brethren of the Coast. A pirate complaining to a governor is just as likely to get captured as the pirate they're complaining about. 24.254.163.150 (talk) 10:56, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Clear in the current version of the article. James complained to charge a case of adultery. James worked as an informant to the governor, and Rackham had the King's pardon, so no question of getting captured. Jay (talk) 03:24, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

"Pyrates" does not say any of that.
Captain Charles Johnson's work, A General History of the Pyrates, needs to be reread. He never says that Anne Bonny walked in on Mary Read while dressing. He says that Bonny was attracted to Read, assuming Read to be a man, and therefore Bonny told Read that she was a woman. Read knew immediately why Bonny was telling her this and so knew that her own secret could not be kept. Therefore, Read then told Bonny that she herself was also a woman. This is how the two women told their secrets to each other. However, Calico Jack was upset by the close relationship between his lover, Bonny, and Read, whom he still assumed to be a man. So, Bonny told Jack that Read was indeed a woman in order to quell his jealousy.

Bonny, known to be a man, was attracted to Read, also known to be man. So, Bonny tells Read that Bonny is a woman, hoping to attract Read, still thought of as a man, into an affair. Read knows that an affair is not possible since she is also a woman and tells Bonny this. They then began a friendship as co-conspiritors. Then, in order to defend her friendship with Read to Rackham, Bonny tells Rackham the truth about Read.

It's confusing but actually clearly laid out in Pyrates.

--Bt1159 19:12, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, this needs to be explained in the text of the article because the text as is with Bonny and Read and she and she is about as clear as mud. Smokesignal11 (talk) 11:57, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Added her to Disappeared People
I added Anne Bonny to “Disappeared People” because she disappeared from all record with no traces. So she belongs to Category of Disappeared People. I added her awhile back to this category but someone deleted it for no reason. --James 01:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Year of death
A recent edit added Anne Bonny's year and place of death with a source. But how is it known what year she died if she was supposed to have disappeared? Something is amiss, either with the article or the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. — blobglob talk 22:39, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * After doing some searching, I've found a few sites referring to the 1782 date and South Carolina as where she died. However, they all seem to have things similar to "some records imply", and so on, without saying anything about what these records were. The article needs to be adjusted somehow, as it's not good to have information about her death following straight after describing her disappearance with nothing in-between. Perhaps the year/place of death should be removed unless a reliable source about the rest of her life is found? — blobglob talk 23:34, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The ODNB says: "... Bonny and Read were tried by the same court on 28 November and were also found guilty and condemned to death. However, they revealed that they were both pregnant and were reprieved. Mary Read died in gaol and was buried on 28 April 1721. Evidence provided by the descendants of Anne Bonny suggests that her father managed to secure her release from gaol and bring her back to Charles Town, South Carolina, where she gave birth to Rackam's second child. On 21 December 1721 she married a local man, Joseph Burleigh, and they had eight children. She died in South Carolina, a respectable woman, at the age of eighty-four and was buried on 25 April 1782. "
 * The sources are given as --- C. Johnson, A general history of the robberies and murders of the most notorious pyrates (1724) · The tryals of Captain John Rackam and other pirates, PRO, CO 137/14 [transcript of trial printed in Jamaica by Robert Baldwin, 1721] · The Boston Gazette (10–17 Dec 1720) · D. Cordingly, Life among the pirates: the romance and the reality (1995) · M. Rediker, ‘Liberty beneath the Jolly Roger’, Iron men, wooden women, gender and seafaring in the Atlantic world, 1700–1920, ed. M. Creighton and L. Norling (1996), 1–33  --- which does not explain the source of the marriage and burial dates, unless we are to assume that these are publicly accessible records in S. Carolina.  "Evidence provided by the descendants" is also a telling phrase, since there is no note in ODNB for checking this ??is it in Cordingly or Rediker?? --mervyn 13:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm. If there is a sort of weaselly line like "evidence provided by descendants" in there, even if there is a citation, why is the death date being given as fact?Staszu13 (talk) 23:52, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

I have just removed the source because it wasn't pointing to the relevant clause, and I don't have access to it to understand what exactly it says and where. Someone should fix this regarding the death date. —Ynhockey (Talk) 12:39, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Naked before the court?
"He complained to the governor, who brought her before the court, naked, and sentenced her to be flogged and to return to her legal husband. Anne Bonny and Rackham instead eloped."

Wait. What? Really? Was this a typical practice for adulterous women? 74.78.98.109 (talk) 00:40, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Anne bonny qestions
Anne bonny Qestions —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.67.207 (talk) 21:20, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Anne bonny qestions                              1. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.67.207 (talk) 21:23, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Mary Read Inconsistency
In this article it says Anne Bonny's and Mary Read's genders were known from the start. However, in Read's article it clearly states several times that she was dressed as a man. Anne never dressed as a man, but Mary very much did. Sailorknightwing (talk) 01:17, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Their genders were known (to Gov Rogers and the other pirates) from the start, but they did dress as men while on board. Vincent pearse (talk) 13:12, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

There is no question as to whether or not Anne Bonny dressed as a man. She did. If she didn't, there would have been no awkward moment between Read and Bonny. Also (and I'm quoting from The Life of Anne Bonny chapter in the second edition of A General History of the Pyrates) "...so that she consented to elope from him, and go to Sea with Rackam in Men's Cloaths". So I'd like to contest the assertion that "Bonny did not disguise herself as a man aboard the Revenge as is often claimed." Blind Donkey (talk) 06:12, 21 March 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blind Donkey (talk • contribs) 05:56, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

Bonny's Frustration with Rackham
I added the following comment on the talk page for "Calico Jack" Rackham. It really should have been here, I suppose. -- What happened to one of the most colorful vignettes in the pirate canon - that of the quick-tempered Bonny's becoming so incensed with the inebriated (or hung-over) Rackham and his male crew and guests for cravenly leaving the defense of the vessel to her and Mary Read, that she emptied two pistols blindly into the hold where they had fled? (This, during the action against Barnet). Is this just an unverified romanticisation? If so, it's a real shame. D.Helber (talk) 14:55, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It was Mary Read, not Bonny, who fired her pistols into the hold, killing one fellow pirate and wounding others, according to Charles Johnson's General History of the Pyrates (pgs 161-62 of the original 1724 edition). I don't know if the story appears in the trial transcript, though I'm told the transcript mostly agrees with Johnson's version.

 * Of course, Bonny was frustrated with Rackham, as demonstrated by her caustic comment to him after the trial that "if he had fought like a Man, he need not have been hang'd like a Dog." Pirate Dan (talk) 18:57, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

here is all wrong —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.133.178 (talk) 14:05, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

A Tattered Flag
This movie has a citation -needed note. There is a trailer, with text underneath at http://jmaucoin.com/trailer-a-tattered-flag/. Is that acceptable?211.225.33.104 (talk) 02:25, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

Any older sources?
After reading this: https://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/4ie4sz/anne_bonny_the_female_pirate_how_a_1960s_fiction/ i wonder if there are any sources from before 1960. 87.152.162.27 (talk) 15:39, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pirate
Is it real? Oscar's peace (talk) 13:49, 28 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Yes, subject of this article was a pirate, as provided sources state. Anton.bersh (talk) 19:28, 17 February 2022 (UTC)

Date of birth
I know nothing about Anne Bonny, but couldn't help but notice you have listed her date of birth at the top of the article as 8 March 1697, and then subsequently stated "Bonny was born in Ireland around 1700", and "Bonny's birthdate is speculated to be around 1700." Can I suggest you remove the incorrect information, whichever it may be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.5.48.138 (talk) 12:20, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * 1697, if true, is "around 1700." Dgndenver (talk) 15:32, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The honest truth is that we don't really know when she was born. That date of birth changes rather wildly from 1697 to 1701.  There is no mention of age in her trial transcript or newspaper articles in 1720 or 1721, even General History of the Pyrates doesn't really give an age.  Personally I would just say her birth is unknown, its a cop out but its the most honest statement. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 05:14, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Edit war regarding thewayofthepirates.com
Hello IP 50.27.241.96, you seem to be involved in a slow edit war with regarding one statement in lead:
 * Before meeting Jack she was unofficially married to a fellow female pirate.

I believe the issue here is that the provided source is not reliable. Fortunately, I found a better source we can use: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Bonny. I will edit the article accordingly. Anton.bersh (talk) 19:35, 17 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It is a persistent attempt to add a link to the article along with article text being vandalised. I've restored to the RS link version. Jmccormac (talk) 16:43, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I see. At first I assumed that IP 50.27.241.96 was not malicious and genuinely wanted to clarify the marriage history of Anne Bonny. After the most recent revert it's clear that IP just wants to promote thewayofthepirates.com. I never was in a situation where IP continues reverting even after being invited to a discussion on Talk page. Is there any process to ban a particular site from being used on Wikipedia? Anton.bersh (talk) 18:36, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It to request protection for a page so that only established editors rather can edit it ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy ). Adding a site's URL to the spamlist is very much the nuclear option in that some of bots will automatically remove those links if they are added again. Jmccormac (talk) 19:38, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Date of Capture?
"She was captured alongside Rackham and Mary Read in October 1720" is the stated date of capture in the article on Anne Bonny. However, the one on Mary Read says "[Read], Bonny and Rackham were arrested in November 1720." These are inconsistent- which is correct? I'm creating this new section on both talk pages, as I couldn't determine which one it ought go on. TypistMonkey (talk) 05:06, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

 * It was October 22, 1720 at around ten PM according to the trial transcript for John Rackam, which was November 16th the same year. The Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates, 1721. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 05:33, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

'Modern Interpretations of Anne Bonny
This entire section is confounding and should be removed. It seeks to engage in abstract academic discourse about Anne Bonny. You would expect such a delicate section to be extensively referenced in the name of balance. Instead, it exclusively references a single paper, which is locked behind a paywall. It names a number of concepts (transatlantic subject?) that are not explained presumably anywhere other than in the single reference. Furthermore, this reference does not appear, after some googling, to be of much academic significance (if I am wrong, there should be other sources available on this topic - they are not referenced). Until there is more published discourse surrounding the presented abstract concepts in relation to Anne Bonny, I do not think this section meets the standards of balance required for Wikipedia. Additionally, it is riddled with clumsy language and gramatical errors. Thrdclss (talk) 23:27, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Better sources needed
There's a large number of citations that are coming from iffy websites and travel guides. Some sources like Tony Bartlemes Post and Courier article is being used to say General History of the Pyrates is broadly reliable, which isn't what he said. Citation number is from the Legend of Anne Bonny video which says she was perhaps born in 1690 judging by a parish birth record for an Ann Bonny, not 1700.

There are several good books that have sections about Anne Bonny that should be quoted, the first one is Professor Neil Rennies book, Treasure Neverland: Real and Imagined Pirates from 2013. That book has an entire chapter called Something for the Broads that's primarily on the historiography of Anne Bonny and Mary Read from 1724 to 2004. An earlier chapter went over the primary sources on her, which is mostly a handful of newspaper articles from the Boston Gazette, and the trial transcript of her November 28th trial.

Another important book is Manushag N. Powell's book, British Pirates in Print and Performance from 2015 which mainly focused on the British history of stageplays and piracy, there's an entire chapter about female piracy and Anne Bonny takes center stage.

Both of these books discuss that there is a long history of people quoting each other and creating new myths instead of primary sources. John Carlova was a romance writer and his 1964 book Mistress of the Seas should not be quoted by anyone, yet it was ultimately and a lot of his inventions, such as Bonny escaping prison and moving to the Carolinas, and her parents being named William Cormac and Peg Brennan, stem from Carlova.

Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 05:50, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Year of Birth
Okay judging by the edit history around the date of birth, this is one of the more contentious questions. Well I am sorry to say but there isn't at all even a slight hint in any worthwhile source as to the date Anne Bonny was born. You will usually find it between 1698 and 1702 in a lot of recent books. That date is a complete phantom its coming from nothing, each author changes the month and the year but never cites anything beyond perhaps another author doing the same thing.

Primary sources aren't much use here. The trial transcript for Bonny and Reads trial never says a word about age. The closest is an off hand remark about her carrying gunpowder during pirate actions, which is a job normally referred to as a powder monkey. This is a job usually given to children since they were smaller and harder to shoot at, but has been performed by women and sometimes anyone if there's no other choice. The few newspaper sources ignore any question of age and occasionally even get her name wrong, one called her Sarah Bonny.

She does claim to be pregnant at the end of her trial, this is true. Which theoretically could roughly give an age range between, lets cautiously say 16 to 50 with a more likely age range being in the 20s to 30s range. But that's entirely hypothetical and still leaves a massive gap of time. This is made worse by the possibility the pregnancy was a lie, the last statement in the trial is that an examination will take place. No outcome is written down and those examinations were hardly foolproof, lying about pregnancy to avoid a stronger sentence was so common in London and across Old Bailey records, that this is jokingly noted in Daniel Defoes 1719 book Moll Flanders, published a year before Bonnys trial.

General History of the Pyrates, which I must stress is not remotely reliable especially in the female pirate chapters, doesn't come with an age either. Its intentionally very vague as to what time period its describing when it says she was born in County Cork Ireland. It perhaps claims she was a teenager in the Carolinas, but without a specific timeframe of what year, its worthless, even if it was a true story and its not.

Geneology databases can't give a strong statement either. If one was to go through archives and parish records looking for an Anne Bonny or Ann Bonny, you will find them but most are from Lancashire County England, not Ireland, and primarily in the 1650s. Anne Bonny was definitely not an 80 year old woman so that's an easy discount. The closest example is an Ann Bonny born in London around 1690, but all you get is a baptism record and nothing more. Not a burial record, but we cannot be sure of anything else. Is that her? Impossible to say, sounds like a reasonable date, 30 in 1720 but without any further documentation you can't make wide ranging guesses.

As of now the page merely says, born in the late 17th century. That's entirely reasonable guess. Its possible she was born after 1700, a 19 year old female pirate is not impossible. But its probably more likely to be before that date, we just don't know what date. I also wouldn't mind just getting any mention of a birth and saying, known record August 1720-November 1720. We rarely known the exact day a pirate was born, Anne Bonny is not an exception to this. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 15:06, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I think your last sentence is telling. If we don't know in this case either, that should be made plain instead of speculation. Ponsonby100 (talk) 15:19, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is a fair point. I do wish there were more papers on this subject, because most academic papers/books at the moment usually go with the 1698 and 1702 range.  I know Manushag N. Powell has a paper coming out within the next six months entirely about the pregnancy question, but that's the only one to my knowledge.  Honestly the page in general could use A LOT more ambiguity, as it for the most part takes General History's version at face value with a little bit of John Carlovas 1964 romance novel Mistress of the Seas sprinkled in.  How that became a commonly cited source is a real bizarre story and frankly too long to mention in text.  Suffice to say, any mention of the names William Cormac and Peg/Mary Brennan is coming from Carlova and immediately false.  General History merely says the parents were The Attorney and The Maid, no names and that book isn't trustworthy either.   Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 15:25, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Searching for a DOB for Anne Bonny might be futile. There may be a way of verifying her father's background as the legal fraternity tends to keep records and he was, I think, a lawyer. A lot of civil paper records were destroyed during the Irish War of Independence when the Customs House was destroyed in Dublin. If William Cormac practiced law and moved to London and practiced law there, it is possible that there would be some legal records in cases, contracts and other paperwork. Jmccormac (talk) 15:29, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This was already attempted back in 2018. Tony Bartlemes fantastic article The True and False Stories of Anne Bonny looked into any records.  He didn't find any.  He never found any William Cormac in any records of Ireland or London that fit the late 18th century, certainly none that moved to the Carolinas and bought a plantation.  That last one is impossible to scrub from records, it would be around.
 * I know Rebecca Simon in her 2022 book claimed to find records about William Cormac. But, it was a website of people claiming relations to Anne Bonny and there were no citations or actual documentation.
 * Its worth again noting the name William Cormac is from John Carlova's Mistress of the Seas. A soft erotic 1964 novel that claims Anne Bonny lived until the 1780s after being rescued by a big hunky guy.  That last claim somehow got later repeated by Tamara Eastman in 2000 and eventually into David Cordinglys work.  There's more piracy among the literature of Anne Bonny then the real Anne Bonny ever did. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 15:36, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know if Tony Bartlemes visited the Irish national archives (where some legal/court records are preserved). The spelling of some surnames was quite fluid until recently. Bonney was supposed to ahve been born near Kinsale and though the 1659 Census was (It is a 978 page PDF https://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/digital/censusofireland1659/Census%20Of%20Ireland%201659.pdf ) main census with only property owners listed, the principle Irish names are mentioned and there are variants of Cormac in listed in the areas. It should be remembered that the compilers were often illiterate when it came to Irish names and this meant that they recorded variations of the same name. It would not be surprising if Bonney's father had converted to Protestantism (the Penal Laws in Ireland made it a very harsh place for the vast majority of Irish people who were Catholic). Dropping the Mc and the 'k' might have been part of this as Irish Catholics were banned from the legal profession. Jmccormac (talk) 18:10, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * He checked online, which yeah not everything is digitized but you can still get a lot out of it. Spelling is very fluid, as can be seen with the pirate Bonny served under.  Is it John Rackham?  Rackam?  Racum?  Rackum?  Wrexham?  All of those are different spellings from just newspapers and calendar records.  I know Rebecca Simon CLAIMS she looked through the Irish archives, but she doesn't a citation in her book to back up that claim which is very sloppy it was just an ancestry website, not even a good one at that.  It was My Heritage, specifically this link.  There is one claiming its from 1660 but if you have an account and look, there's no documentation being used here, its just someone claiming relations.
 * https://go.skimresources.com/?id=725X1342&isjs=1&jv=15.4.2-stackpath&sref=https%3A%2F%2Fjillianmolenaar.home.blog%2F2023%2F09%2F10%2Fpirate-queens-the-lives-of-anne-bonny-mary-read-by-rebecca-alexandra-simon%2F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myheritage.com%2Fnames%2Fwilliam_cormac&xs=1&xtz=300&xuuid=5896010b1a11cc83a5f9ea69a5d0618c&xcust=8982&xjsf=other_click__auxclick%20%5B2%5D
 * I don't doubt there were people with the surname but nobody matches the one in Carlovas story. I don't mean this harshly, but, there's no point in looking for a William Cormac or a Peg/Mary Brennan.  Like I said, that name is originally from an erotic romance novel of the 1960s that is quoted by I believe the historian Linda De Pew who was in turn quoted by Pamala Jeykell who was quoted by David Cordingly and on and on it goes.  General History gave no names for the parents.  Carlova likely just made up the names because they were good Irish names, that's all.  David Fictum noted as much in his piece on Anne Bonny when he quoted work by Tamara Eastman, who claimed to have Anne Bonny's family bible.  A claim she eventually admitted was a lie.
 * https://csphistorical.com/2016/05/08/anne-bonny-and-mary-read-female-pirates-and-maritime-women-page-one/#_ftn68
 * The entire story in General History itself is clearly fictional. How the hell did an author in 1724 learn about a comical mistake of silver spoons causing a wife to assume a maid was cheating on the husband and then switching spots and finding out the husband is cheating leading to more mishaps with silver spoons?  Also amusingly, General History never said Kinsale, its only written as, County Cork.  We don't even know beyond a shadow of a doubt if Anne Bonny is Irish.  That surname, Bonny, its an English surname that comes from the French word Bon.  Anne was a hyper common given name due to Anne Boleyn and later Queen Anne of England.  In Scotland and to a lesser extent, Bonny and later Bonnie was just a word for pretty.  The depictions of red hair didn't start until 1888 with the cigarette cards.
 * The only things we actually know, for a fact, is that on August 22 1720, two female pirates helped a pirate named Rackam steal a sloop called William from Nassau harbor. The names given were Mary Read and Ann Fulford alias Bonny.  They rob several fishing boats, a couple sloops, and a schooner between the 22 and October 22, when they are captured after an incredibly brief fight with a sloop merchant captain/former privateer named Jonathan Barnet.
 * They are put on trial November 28th, they are found guilty fairly quickly, they both plead the belly. Mary Read dies in late April 1721, Anne Bonny is never mentioned and doesn't appear in any parish record outside of maybe a 1733 burial record.  That's it, everything else is speculation or mythology.  Its actually awe inspiring how little is actually known compared to what is claimed if you look basically anywhere.    Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 18:28, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It is a great story and people have, over the years, imposed their own interpretations on it. A lot of Irish documents of the period are not available online and that's one of the big problems with researching it purely online. There was a lot of emigration from Ireland at the time both to England, Europe and what would become the USA. There are some elements of Grainne Mhaol's (Grace O'Malley) history in the story. It could be the legend becoming fact and that's part of the enduring appeal of the story. Jmccormac (talk) 20:04, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh there's definitely some real life inspiration in the story. I know Mary Read's story sounds a lot like a woman named Christian Cavanaugh, a woman who secretly served during the War of Spanish Succession, and later interpretations are probably playing around with Hannah Snells story a bit.  I don't know if Nathaniel Mist or whoever penned General History was aware of Grace O'Malley, perhaps.  He definitely added stage play theatrics and whatever he felt would make a good story.  General History was above all, about making money, it was never a primary source created to tell history.  Hell, mocking the Hanover Kings was perhaps as much a goal if it was Mist, since he was a hardcore Jacobite.
 * Its all a game of telephone, people like Charles Elm when he wrote Pirates Own Book in 1837, or Philip Gauss in the 1920s, all the way up to Cordingly, Woodard and Simon. By the end, only a fracture is true, because the truth was already tenuous by 1721.
 * I always go back to the ending line from the show Black Sails, a story is true a story isn't true, its true because we make it so. Of course that's not how historians work but that's definitely how popular understanding goes.   Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 20:21, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

Notes, References, and Books.
Okay so I have noticed recently people have just been editing in any book to section of the page just titled BOOKS. First it was romance novel from 2019 about Anne Bonny, now its a 2020 book called The Pavilion which appears to be just a fiction book that includes Anne Bonny.

This needs to change. I am not happy with the state of the reference section in general. There is currently one note, 36 references, and two sub sections for websites and books that are not descript. If you look at a good pirate page like Stede Bonnet, notes get a sub section, references get a sub section, and there's a bibliography not just books and websites. Also its abundantly clear all the books in the bibliography are cited throughout the page. Much of the books in the bibliography section are not cited anywhere, like Rebecca Simons 2022 book Pirate Queens. Its mentioned, but nobody cited it.

I will say again, this page is what I think the Anne Bonny page should try to replicate more. I know in some ways that's impossible since Stede Bonnet is a well recorded pirate, and Anne Bonny has less primary sources then one has fingers on a hand.

Stede Bonnet

Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 06:49, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Pop Culture section
Okay, the pop culture section has been a mess for the longest time, it made up a disproportional amount of the overall page, and some of the examples given were incredibly niche including authors adding there own romance novels for more attention. That being said, having it cut down to about 4 is probably a little too small. I would say Assassins Creed IV and Black Sails are pretty major pop culture depictions of Anne Bonny, she's a major character in both. I know she also appeared a lot in swashbuckling films, Neil Rennie's book Treasure Neverland has a full chapter on just Anne Bonny and Mary Read depictions which can be used as a source. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 20:18, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Humanities 2 1400-present
— Assignment last updated by ATraylorHolmes (talk) 00:35, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

Incomplete citations
There are three citations given in the ref-list as Meltzer (2001), Lorimer (2002), p. 47, Sharp (2002). These seem to be simply incomplete: more bibliographic information is needed. (Also consider for repeated citations of the same works sfn.) Similarly, the citation to Britannica doesn't provide an entry title. Some of the parameters given in templates, eg the following, also seem to be rather wildly misused.

This one here could be re-rendered as, with better bibliographic information.

The trial does not give an age, and calls her a spinster in one instance. This could theoretically give an age range, but proof of her pregnancy is not assured and thus cannot be trusted.

I haven't taken a really long look however. But given that this appeared very quickly I think some further looking might be advisable. Ifly6 (talk) 22:33, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with those suggestions. I've been planning on addressing that for sometime.  Some of those sources like Meltzer or the Britannica citations are not very good and probably ought to be replaced or removed.  Stuff like the trial transcript could be rephrased as you noted. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 22:37, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

Add sub sections for information from General History and a section for primary sources?
At the moment the page is in a very strange spot, with some parts having accurate dates and noting when we don't know for sure, and other parts filled in by information in 1724s General History of the Pyrates. Its not a very reliable source in general and the Anne Bonny/Mary Read chapters are very much a nadir. But they are pretty well woven into the legend of Anne Bonny and hard to really cut out.

I suggest having a section for information taken from General History. Like, instead of Early Life just relying on General History, have, Early Life, and General History's events or something along those lines. Would help lengthen the article, which for probably the most famous female pirate, wouldn't be a bad thing. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 20:07, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree. Initial text in the major sections should be documented and verifiable by period sources. Moving General History and other popular "facts" (from Mistress of the Seas, etc.) to a sub-section is a great idea.TheLastBrunnenG (talk)

Photo
Petition to remove the image of her in the bio box? First, it seems like AI, and secondly, it seems unnecessarily sensual/sexualized, and thirdly, she was from Ireland, so she was probably not Black. This depiction is unhistorical and adds nothing of value to the page. Tttttarleton (talk) 19:38, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oh good lord I thought you were kidding for a second. Oh that's getting removed on the double what the hell. Lady Tyler "Bio" Rodriguez (talk) 19:40, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne Bonny


text:
Talk:List of ways Kenny dies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect List of ways Kenny dies to Kenny McCormick. Lachatdelarue (talk) 14:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Redundant with Kenny McCormick#Ways Kenny dies. Doesn't need it's own article. Lachatdelarue (talk) 02:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Complete list already at character article, useless as a redirect. Postdlf 02:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Kenny McCormick, although there is not really any harm in deleting this. Sjakkalle 06:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - no-one is going to search for this rather than the [Kenny McCormick] article --Doc (?) 08:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL! Merge. Radiant_* 11:17, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was actually looking for this a while back. Redirect to Kenny McCormick#Ways Kenny dies Jamyskis 13:28, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This made me totally crack up, though. The best humour is unintentional humour. PS: I hope I don't die from "monster's eating"! Andrew Lenahan - Starblind 13:39, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I always knew that intestinse were bad for you. Jamyskis 13:53, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Move salvagable content to South Park and then delete. JBurnham 14:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Kenny McCormick where the complete list is located. If I were to search for this using a "list name" this would be what I'd type. Redirecting to South Park won't help the reader find the correct info in the fastest way IMO. Mgm|(talk) 16:15, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and remove from Kenny McCormick, the Kenny McCormick page is getting large. Almafeta 18:53, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh my God, keep and take out of Kenny!!! You bastards!!! -- BD2412 talk 19:35, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * While the Kenny McCormick article is getting too big, this article is way too small. Delete this and split Kenny McCormick. Everything in Kenny McCormick#Ways Kenny dies will be its own article. Nestea 21:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * o Not to mention delete Kenny McCormick#Episodes in which Kenny doesn't die, that's just pointless. Nestea 22:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * For reasons described below, delete. But still, clean up Kenny McCormick and delete Kenny McCormick#Episodes in which Kenny doesn't die. Nestea 01:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * First: Kenny McCormick isn't large. For large, see Roman Empire. Second, the reason that Kenny McCormick is the length that it is is because it's terribly written. For example: Why, since Kenny doesn't appear in any but one episode in season 6, does that article include the individual episode titles of every other episode in season 6, twice? Redirect and by making the escape route of growing another article unavailable to them thereby force the editors of Kenny McCormick, who think that that article is so large, to find some ingenious way of making the article shorter whilst not removing content that is actually connected to Kenny McCormick in some way. I'm sure that one will come to mind soon. Uncle G 22:49, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete as duplication. The Kenny article isn't that long; removing the list of ways he dies pretty much turns it into a stub. 23skidoo 01:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete duplication. JamesBurns 10:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * merge please Yuckfoo 21:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to Kenny McCormick so that another Wikipedian dosen't accidentally start another redundant iteration of ways Kenny dies, not to mention making redirects out of similar names for articles like this to make this list out of. --SuperDude 23:50, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable part of popular culture. Grue  15:53, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete then redirect this duplicates information in the existing article, so is better deleted, but someone might create the article again, so redirect it to avoid that. Mozzerati 18:37, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Redirect back to Kenny McCormick (merge anything that happens to be missing). Kenny McCormick is only 17k--no need to split this off for the forseeable future. Niteowlneils 02:25, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

Hmmm... if this belongs anywhere, doesn't it belong in wikibooks? Citizen Premier 02:38, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Not encyclopedic enough. But... for all we know, some ingenious type is going to write a book about it someday. NB: Shouldn't it read 'List of ways kenny dies in'? Ouro 05:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ways Kenny dies


text: User talk:68.3.42.145

title: User talk:68.3.42.145


text:
Ian Hancock

Ian Francis Hancock (Romani: Yanko le Redžosko; born 29 August 1942) is a linguist, Romani scholar and political advocate. He was born and raised in England and is one of the main contributors in the field of Romani studies.

He is director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at The University of Texas at Austin, where he has been a professor of English, linguistics and Asian studies since 1972. He has represented the Romani people at the United Nations and served as a member of the US Holocaust Memorial Council under President Bill Clinton, who, Hancock claims, has Romani ancestry. He also represented the Romani people at the 1997 Rafto Prize award.

Early life
Hancock was born in London in 1942. His mother, Kitty, is Romanichal; his father, Reginald (Redžo), was part Romungro, the descendant of a Hungarian speaker of North Central Romani named Imre Benczi. He acquired the surname Hancock by Imre's daughter, Maria, who married a member of an English West Country showman family of that name.

In the late 1960s, he became a Romani rights activist after reading reports about anti-Romani discrimination in Britain. In particular, he took up the cause of Romani rights after reading about an incident in which three Romani children were killed in a fire caused by a lamp after police officers, who had arrested their parents, attempted to use a bulldozer to forcibly remove their caravan while they were still inside. In 1971, he graduated with a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of London.

Romani studies
Hancock has published more than 300 books and articles on the Romani people and language (particularly the Vlax dialect). These works analyse the Romani people through not only Romani linguistics but also history, anthropology, and genetics. He has also appeared in the documentary American Gypsy. He is currently writing a book called On Romani Origins and Identity.

Hancock supports some of Ralph Lilley Turner's views on Romani history based on the Romani language. In particular, Hancock agrees that the Dom left India much earlier than the Romani people i.e. before 1000 AD. In fact, he claims that the Indian musicians mentioned in the Shah-Nameh and the atsingani mentioned in The Life of St. George the Anchorite, both of which were previously believed to be ancestors of the Romani people, may have been the ancestors of the Domari people but not of the Romani people. He considers it possible that the Lom split off from the Romani people on reaching Armenia.

Contrary to the popular view that the Romani people are descended from low-caste Indians who brought their occupations to Europe, he argues that the Romani people are descended from Indian prisoners of war of Mahmud of Ghazni. As evidence, he points to the presence of Indic words specifically of military origin and to a Banjara oral legend telling of Rajputs who left India through the Himalayas during the Ghaznavid invasions and never returned.

He also believes that the Romani language originates in a koine language, which he calls "Rajputic," between the many Indian languages spoken by the prisoners of war. He finds it thus similar to several other Indian languages, especially Hindustani.

As for Romani history, he points out a "Pariah syndrome" throughout time and space, culminating in the attempted genocide at the hands of Nazi authorities that was simultaneous to that of the Jews and part of the same "Final Solution of the Jewish and Gypsy Problem" project.

One of Hancock's papers was cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Krymowski, a case interpreting Canada's hate speech laws. The Court concluded that references to "gypsies" can be taken to mean a reference to the Romani people, bringing them within the protection of the Criminal Code provision.

Creole language studies
Hancock is as well known in the field of linguistics, particularly in the area of pidgin and creole languages, as he is in the world of Romani studies and Romani social activism. In addition to his research on the Krio language of Sierra Leone, he has studied the Gullah language, of coastal South Carolina and Georgia in the US, and the Afro-Seminole Creole language, spoken by a community of Black Seminole descendants in Brackettville, Texas, US. Hancock was the first scholar to report Afro-Seminole Creole. He later identified another variety of that language spoken among Black Seminole descendants in the village of El Nacimiento in the Mexican state of Coahuila, where their ancestors had settled in 1850. He maintains that Afro-Seminole Creole and Gullah are closely related languages, as Black Seminoles were descended primarily from Gullah people of the Low Country of South Carolina and Georgia in the US.

Hancock is recognised as one of the founders of the field of pidgin and creole linguistics. He has also done extensive research on the English-based creole languages spoken in West Africa and the West Indies. He is known especially for his views on the historical development of these languages. He maintains that all the English-based pidgins and creoles spoken in the Atlantic basin region, both in West Africa and in the Caribbean, belong to a single language family, which he calls the "English-based Atlantic Creoles." He argues that all of them can be traced back to what he calls Guinea Coast Creole English, which arose along the West African Coast in the 17th and 18th centuries, as a language of commerce in the Atlantic slave trade. He says that Guinea Coast Creole English was spoken in coastal slave trading bases such as James Island, Bunce Island, and Elmina Castle, where the offspring of British slave traders and their African wives used it as their native language.

Hancock says that Guinea Coast Creole English ultimately gave rise to the pidgin and creole languages spoken in West Africa today, such as the Aku language in the Gambia, Sierra Leone Krio, Nigerian Pidgin English and Cameroonian Pidgin English. He also maintains that some of the Africans taken as slaves to the New World already spoke Guinea Coast Creole English in Africa. Their creole speech influenced the development of creole languages spoken today on the American side of the Atlantic, such as Gullah, Afro-Seminole Creole, Bahamian Dialect, Jamaican Creole, Belizean Kriol, Guyanese Creole, and Sranan Tongo in Suriname.

Hancock's views on the connections among the Atlantic creole languages are controversial. The strong similarities among these languages are undeniable, but many linguists prefer to explain the similarities by convergence rather than historical relationships. Other scholars argue that both factors played a role in the formation of the languages. Derek Bickerton and some other linguists subscribe to a theory that attributes creole similarities (which extend to Indian Ocean creoles and Hawaiian Creole) to an innate "bioprogram" for language that emerges under the conditions common to most creole communities.

title: Ian Hancock


text:
Dickey Betts

Forrest Richard Betts (December 12, 1943 – April 18, 2024) was an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, composer and founding member of the Allman Brothers Band. He assumed sole lead guitar duties during the peak of the group's commercial success in the mid-1970s and was the writer and singer on the Allmans' hit single "Ramblin' Man". Betts was inducted with the band into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. He was ranked No. 58 on Rolling Stone ' s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time list in 2003, and No. 61 on the list published in 2011.

Summary
Early in his career, Betts collaborated with Duane Allman, introducing melodic twin guitar harmony and counterpoint which "rewrote the rules for how two rock guitarists can work together, completely scrapping the traditional rhythm/lead roles to stand toe to toe". Following Allman's death in 1971, Betts assumed sole lead guitar duties during the peak of the group's commercial success in the mid-1970s. Betts was the writer and singer on the Allmans' hit single "Ramblin' Man". He also gained renown for composing instrumentals, with one appearing on most of the group's albums, including "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" and "Jessica" (which was later used as the theme to Top Gear).

The band went through a hiatus in the late 1970s, during which time Betts, like many of the other band members, pursued a solo career and side projects under such names as Great Southern and The Dickey Betts Band. The Allman Brothers reformed in 1979, with Dan Toler taking the second guitar role alongside Betts. In 1982, they broke up a second time, during which time Betts formed the group Betts, Hall, Leavell and Trucks, which lasted until 1984. A third reformation occurred in 1989, with Warren Haynes now joining Betts on guitar.

Betts was ousted from the band in 2000 over a conflict regarding his continued drug and alcohol use; he never played with them again, nor would he appear with other former band members for reunions or side projects. With the death of Betts on April 18, 2024, Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson is the last living founding member of the Allman Brothers Band.

He was inducted with the band into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and also won a best rock performance Grammy Award with the band for "Jessica" in 1996. Betts was ranked No. 58 on Rolling Stone ' s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time list in 2003, and No. 61 on the list published in 2011.

Life and career
Betts was born in West Palm Beach on December 12, 1943, and raised in Bradenton, Florida. He grew up in a musical family listening to traditional bluegrass, country music and Western swing. He started playing ukulele at the age of five and, as his hands got bigger, moved on to mandolin, banjo, and guitar. At sixteen, feeling the need for something "a little faster", he played in a series of rock bands on the Florida circuit, up the East Coast and into the Midwest, before forming Second Coming with Berry Oakley in 1967. According to Rick Derringer, the "group called the Jokers" referenced in "Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" was one of Betts' early groups.

Early Allman Brothers Band years
In 1969, Duane Allman, a successful session player, gained a contract with Southern soul impresario Phil Walden, who planned to back a power trio featuring Allman. The ensuing Allman Brothers Band eventually grew to six members, including Duane's brother Gregg, Betts, and Oakley. Duane, who had worked with Eric Clapton, once said, "I'm the famous guitar player, but Dickey is the good one."

After Allman's death in October 1971, Betts became the band's sole guitarist and took on a greater singing and leadership role. In the course of one night's traveling, he practiced slide guitar intensively in order to be able to cover the majority of Duane's parts. He wrote "Jessica" and the Allmans' biggest commercial hit, "Ramblin' Man". "Jessica" was inspired by his daughter of the same name.

Solo career and later work
Betts's first solo album, Highway Call, was released in 1974 and featured fiddle player Vassar Clements. After the Allman Brothers fell apart in 1976, Betts released more albums, starting with Dickey Betts & Great Southern in 1977, which included the song "Bougainvillea", co-written with future Hollywood star Don Johnson. In 1978 he released an album, Atlanta's Burning Down.

The Allman Brothers reformed in 1979 for the album Enlightened Rogues, with two members of Great Southern replacing Allman Brothers members who were unwilling to participate in the reunion: guitar player Dan Toler for pianist Chuck Leavell, and bassist David "Rook" Goldflies for bassist Lamar Williams. Several albums and personnel changes followed, until declining record and concert ticket sales and management problems led the group to disband again in 1982.

Betts formed his own band, Betts, Hall, Leavell and Trucks, where he was co-frontman along with former Wet Willie singer, saxophone, and harmonica player Jimmy Hall. Despite earning good notices, the group was unable to secure a recording contract and disbanded in 1984. Betts returned to his solo career performing live at smaller venues, and released the album Pattern Disruptive in 1989. When a one-off reunion tour was proposed in support of the Allman Brothers' Dreams box set, released in 1989 to commemorate the band's 20th anniversary, Betts's solo band again supplied the Allman Brothers' other guitarist, slide guitarist Warren Haynes. The success of the one-off tour resulted in a permanent reunion, which absorbed Betts's energies for the remainder of the 1990s. This band line-up released three studio albums between 1990 and 1994 and won the praise of the critics. Betts was replaced on numerous Allman Brothers tour dates throughout the mid-to-late 1990s, for what were reported in the media as "personal reasons". While remaining active as a touring band, the Allman Brothers did not release another album of studio material after 1994's Where It All Begins for nine years, until Hittin' the Note in 2003. In 1994, Haynes and Allmans bassist Allen Woody formed Gov't Mule with former Dickey Betts Band drummer Matt Abts as a side project, and left the Allman Brothers for Gov't Mule full-time in 1997. Betts' last show with the Allman Brothers was at the Music Midtown Festival in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 7, 2000.

A breaking point was reached in 2000 when the remaining original Allman Brothers members – Gregg Allman, Butch Trucks, and Jaimoe – suspended Betts (reportedly via fax) before the launch of the band's Summer Campaign Tour. According to Betts, the band told him in the fax to "get clean" (presumably from alcohol and/or drugs). Betts was subsequently ordered out of the band after the dispute went to arbitration.

He was temporarily replaced for the 2000 tour by Jimmy Herring, formerly of the Aquarium Rescue Unit. When Betts filed suit against the other three original Allmans, the separation turned into a permanent divorce. Although they were separated personally and as musical bandmates for over 15 years, Betts and Gregg Allman became reconciled before Allman's death in 2017. Betts re-formed the Dickey Betts Band in 2000 and toured that summer. The band reassumed the name Dickey Betts & Great Southern and added Betts' son Duane (named after Duane Allman) on lead guitar. In 2005, Betts released the DVD Live from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Betts' final album release was Dickey Betts & Great Southern Official Bootleg Vol. 1 (2021), a two-CD live album of performances from the 2000s.

Personal life
Betts married his fifth wife, Donna, in 1989. He had four children: Kimberly, Christy, Jessica, and Duane. Christy is married to Frank Hannon of the band Tesla. Jessica is the namesake of Betts' instrumental. Duane, named for Betts' former bandmate Duane Allman, is also a musician and performed and recorded with his father.

Betts resided briefly in Georgia during the formative years of the Allman Brothers Band. He lived in Florida's Sarasota metropolitan area for most of his life.

Health and death
In August 2018, Betts suffered a mild stroke and had to cancel tour dates with his Dickey Betts Band. He was taken to hospital and was in a critical but stable condition at a Florida hospital, following an accident at his home in Osprey, Florida. On September 20, 2018, he successfully underwent surgery to relieve swelling on his brain. In a statement posted on his website, Betts and his family said the "outpouring of support from all over the world has been overwhelming and amazing. We are so appreciative."

Betts died from cancer and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at his home in Osprey, Florida, on April 18, 2024, at the age of 80.

Discography

 * Highway Call (1974) (as Richard Betts)
 * Dickey Betts & Great Southern (1977) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Atlanta's Burning Down (1978) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Pattern Disruptive (1988) (as Dickey Betts Band)
 * Let's Get Together (2001) (as Dickey Betts Band)
 * The Collectors #1 (2002) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Instant Live: The Odeon – Cleveland, OH 3/09/04 (2004) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Bougainvillea's Call: The Very Best of Dickey Betts 1973–1988 (2006) (as Dickey Betts)
 * The Official Bootleg (2007) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Rockpalast: 30 Years of Southern Rock (1978–2008) (2010) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)
 * Live at the Coffee Pot 1983 (2016) (as Betts, Hall, Leavell and Trucks)
 * Live from the Lone Star Roadhouse (2018) (as Dickey Betts)
 * Ramblin' Man: Live at the St. George Theatre (2019) (as Dickey Betts Band)
 * Official Bootleg Vol.1 (2021) (as Dickey Betts & Great Southern)

title: Dickey Betts


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/V-Mos

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be merged - SimonP 23:24, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

V-Mos

 * Delete or merge with List of Metroid characters. Revolución 02:40, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. Nateji77 12:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. --Zxcvbnm 00:29, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/V-Mos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vatan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vatan

 * Delete dicdef, already transwikied. Revolución 02:41, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Turkish word, not useful as article title. Already transwikified. Delete. Mgm|(talk) 16:11, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 10:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vatan