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Talk:Dead (musician)

Suicide note discussion page claims that the note was much longer.

Untitled
I am changing the time 'do himself in' to commit suicide as it is a coloquial term that is innapropriate in an encyclopedia.
 * I believe he also included the lyrics to "Life Eternal" with his suicide note. If I can find the reference to this I will include it

I like how he used to smell the dead raven! Mmmm Hmmm! Does anyone else know of any strange things "Dead" used to do? This could somewhat enrich the artical.

Edit: He did include the lyrics to "Life Eternal" in the suicide note. One of the band's members (I don't rembmber which one, but I think Necrobutcher) confirmed that in an interview for the Swedish metal book "Blod Eld Död". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonvar (talk • contribs) 15:52, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I doubt that to be true, since I know the early phase pretty well, only heard of that rumour once, and none of the other members seems to have mentioned this (Euronymous should have if it was true); so, if you find that book, write something like “In an interview for the Swedish book Blod eld död, Necrobutcher stated that Dead’s suicide note included the lyrics to Life Eternal”, followed by a footnote. --217 /83 14:23, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Inner Circle reference
For one, the very existence of the so-called Inner Circle has been has been dismissed by many members of the black metal scene as a media invention. In any event, if there was an 'Inner Circle' I seriously doubt Dead was part of it as he committed suicide well before most of the infamous events that took place during the early 90's in Norway occurred.

 * This discussion, I feel, should be brought up at the discussion page on Black Metal Inner Circle. That page claims that not only did the Inner Circle exist, but Dead was a part of it. The part (you?) removed didn't have any references, so it's perhaps best to cut it for now. However, to solve the debate, we should get reliable sources on whether the Inner Circle existed or not. Right now, Black Metal Inner Circle references two books:

 * * Baddeley, Gavin (1999). Lucifer Rising: Sin, Devil Worship and Rock and Roll
 * * Moynihan, Micheal and Didrik Soderlind (1998). Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground

 * These both (apparently) support the idea that an Inner Circle did exist. If this view is to be disputed, then sources more concrete than 'many members of the black metal scene' should be dug up. In any case, I think efforts should be focused on the Inner Circle article and then, if consensus is reached, rewrite the Inner Circle parts of individual artists. Tritec 20:13, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Good job whoever put the box on this page, I tried to do it myself put couldn't as I don't know how to. And yeah it is quite interesting that he smelt dead ravens on stage! Imagine what it smelt like! - Ryan

 * How could Euronymous have found him 4 days before he died? someone should recheck that source and see if it is supposed to be april 18th instead of 8th. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.217.187 (talk) 02:38, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Article Picture
Is that really the best picture for the page? Arthulian (talk) 23:42, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Assuming you were speaking of the suicide photo from Dawn of the Black Hearts, I have the same question. Why is a postmortem photo being used for the man's biography page, when there are plenty of live photos of Ohlin? This seems akin to using an image of Kennedy's head being shot open as the main photograph for his page. Place the "Dawn of the Black Hearts" picture within the article if you want, but it just seems a bit much to have this be the only picture of Ohlin. Taurnufuin (talk) 20:45, 13 July 2008 (EST)

 * Probably because it is easily the most famous picture of him. And given who he was, it seems the most fitting- it wouldn't make much sense to have some happy-happy picture of a guy who did what he did.  But that's just a guess.  Mønster av Arktisk Vinter Kvelden (talk) 08:50, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, right, but there's still plenty of other pictures of him in concert and in corpse paint (and cutting himself whilst doing so, if you feel the need to get graphic), of him doing what he did while he was alive - the things, that is, that give any cause to remember him. Taurnufuin (talk 14:31, 12 August 2008 (EST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.228.167.186 (talk)

 * I removed the picture. I of course, understand and respect the fact that he very likely wouldn't have taken issue with it, but it's not necessary for a main picture for a biography article on an encylopedia, and hence inappropriate for the casual observer. Dark Prime (talk) 16:06, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

I have a very good picture of Dead that I think would be good for this page, though it does have some blood in it. It's of dead staring at the camera sideways, with his hands up, with his corpse paint (better than in new picture, I think), with blood running down his arm (from self-mutilation). I think that showing a darker-looking, more violent and metal picture of Dead would be more suiting. Does anyone object? TheBlackMages (talk) 00:53, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, as long as it meets the fair use critera, feel free to upload it. Perhaps you could upload a decent picture of Euronymous too? Thanks in advance.  ~Asarlaí  02:05, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

De Mysteriis
I am not questioniong that he wrote lyrics for De Mysteriis. I am questioning the (unsourced) claim that he wrote the majority of the lyrics to De Mysteriis. I have no particular axe to grind, it's just currently unsourced and therefore sloppy. Feel free to stick back in with a reliable source. Blackmetalbaz (talk) 03:01, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Would the liner notes be enough? That's what the CD booklet says, he wrote the lyrics to every song except the title track, which was the work of Attila. Mønster av Arktisk Vinter Kvelden (talk) 23:57, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Which edition of De Mysteriis says that? My copy (the one released by Century Black) has no such information. (User:Taurnufuin) 15:35, 11 January 2008 (EST)

 * Seems that they got the liner notes wrong - see the De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas talk page for more info. Temple-of-Monkeys (talk) 10:06, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Skogskyrkogården
This page's got it all backwards. He is buried at Österhaninge kyrkogård, but he was cremated in Skogskrematoriet (which is at Skogskyrkogården). I've been to his grave myself, so I know that he is buried at Österhaninge kyrkogård. I'm changing it now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knoken (talk • contribs) 16:12, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Roadrunner Records ranking
I don't think it is necessary to refer to a random ranking by an unrelated major label in the page description. Am I the only one unhappy about this? If the information is in some way relevant, please tell me in which. Eelfroth (talk) 20:09, 2 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I don’t consider it to be relevant either, but would rather wait for a third opinion. --217 /83 20:44, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Per "Dead" Ohlin
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Per "Dead" Ohlin's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "sam": From Black metal:  From Early Norwegian black metal scene:

Reference named "murdermusic": From Early Norwegian black metal scene:  From Murder Music: A History of Black Metal:  From Euronymous:  From Black metal:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 19:52, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅. ~Asarlaí 21:14, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Per "Dead" Ohlin
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Per "Dead" Ohlin's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "soundsofdeath":

From Euronymous: Sounds of Death magazine (1998): Hellhammer interview

From De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas: Dan Zimmer: Interview with Hellhammer taken from Sounds Of Death Magazine.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 07:30, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Personality
I think that he might suffer from oppressed type of Self-defeating personality disorder. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GiovanniAnton (talk • contribs) 11:18, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

Too difficult to give long-distance diagnose. Anyway his state of mind severely was aggravated by Oystein, who obviuously had a pathological absence of empathy. And greed for money and "fame" (if one an call it fame in that tiny group of BM fans...). Very interesting though, that the mental disorder of Oystein is not really analysed. Sure because the "bad nazi" killed him. Victim of nazi - always saint and beyond criticisms.

Corpse picture
There seems to be some offense taken to the image of his corpse shown on the article presented in the form of the Dawn of the Black Hearts cover art. I don't see anything wrong with it, the image is of a real dead body, yes, but it's a very iconic image. I reverted another uyser trying to remove it already. Just leaving my thoughts here on the matter because I find that it illustrates a good portion of the article significantly. Second Skin (talk) 17:20, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Someone else is now removing claiming it violates WP:NFCC, well this is wrong because first of all, assuming copyright for a bootleg album cover simply does not exist, and it also has significant illustration for the content of the article due to high historical importance. I really hope this answers question why the image should stay. Second Skin (talk) 23:17, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:38, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Per "Dead" Ohlin (cropped from MayhemClassic.jpg).jpg

title: Talk:Dead (musician)


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Barney Stanley

Russell "Barney" Stanley (June 1, 1893 – May 16, 1971) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played for the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) and the Calgary Tigers, Regina Capitals and Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). He was the second head coach of the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He won the Stanley Cup with the Millionaires in 1915 and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Playing career
Stanley was born in Paisley, Ontario, the son of a dairy farmer. He moved west to Medicine Hat, Alberta at 17 to play hockey before settling in Edmonton. He joined the Edmonton Maritimers in 1911–12, then spent the next three seasons as both a player and coach for the Edmonton Dominions and Albertas, all of the Alberta Senior Hockey League. Stanley turned professional in 1915, joining the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA. Stanley scored seven goals in his first five regular season contests with Vancouver, of which his first professional goal, in his first game, was assisted by Cyclone Taylor. He won the Stanley Cup with the Millionaires in 1915 as they defeated the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League for the Canadian championship. Stanley scored four goals in the third and deciding game of the series.

Stanley was a Second Team All-Star with the Millionaires in 1918 and remained with the team until the end of the 1919–20 season. He then fought to regain his amateur status so that he could take on the role of player-coach with the Edmonton Eskimos of Alberta's Big-4 League. He left the Eskimos after one year to join the Calgary Tigers and in 1921 once again turned professional as the Tigers joined the newly formed Western Canada Hockey League. He scored 26 goals in 24 games for the Tigers in 1921–22 and was named a league all-star on right wing. His rights were sold to the Regina Capitals following the season where he served as player-coach and was again named the right wing all-star. After two seasons in Regina, he returned to the Eskimos for two more. As player-coach for the Eskimos, Stanley led the team to the top record in the league in 1925–26.

Following the collapse of the WCHL in 1926, Stanley purchased the Eskimos and brought them into the newly formed Prairie Hockey League. Before the season began, however, he sold the team and joined the Winnipeg Maroons. He purchased an ownership stake in the franchise, and signed on as a defenceman and coach for the American Hockey Association team.

Stanley was hired by the Chicago Black Hawks to be their manager and head coach for the 1927–28 NHL season. He managed the club for only 23 games as the team replaced him following a 4–17–2 start to the season, but not before appearing in one regular season contest as a player with the team. Stanley returned to the AHA, playing his final season of hockey with the Minneapolis Millers before retiring in 1929. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Personal life
Stanley and his wife Muriel Frances (née Sparling) had four children: son Don and daughters Isobel, Dorothy and Frances. Following the death of his first wife in 1951, Stanley married Margaret (Greta) Muir. He had three brothers and a sister. His son was also a hockey player and was a member of Canada's 1950 World Championship team while his nephew Allan Stanley is also a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Following his arrival in Edmonton, Stanley became involved in the dairy industry. He first joined the Edmonton City Dairy in 1913, and remained with the firm for 11 years while he remained an active hockey player. He purchased a share in a dairy farm in 1924, and joined the Northern Alberta Dairy Pool as an assistant manager in 1929 following the conclusion of his playing career. In 1944 he became the general manager of the pool. He held the position until his retirement in 1961.

Remaining active in hockey, Stanley coached the Edmonton Poolers junior team between 1929 and 1933, with Art Potter as his team's manager. He was a member of the hockey committee of the Edmonton Exhibition Association when the Flyers won the Allan Cup national senior championship in 1948. Stanley also designed one of the sport's first hockey helmets, presented to the NHL's board of governors without interest after Chicago's Dick Irvin suffered a fractured skull during a game. A proponent of youth involvement in sport, Stanley served two years as president of Edmonton's junior baseball league, and was also president of the Edmonton and District Hockey Association into the 1940s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barney Stanley


text:
Inguinal ligament

The inguinal ligament, also known as Poupart's ligament or groin ligament, is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop.

Structure
The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac crest of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh.

There is some dispute over the attachments.

Structures that pass deep to the inguinal ligament include:
 * Psoas major, iliacus, pectineus
 * Femoral nerve, artery, and vein
 * Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
 * Lymphatics

Function
The ligament serves to contain soft tissues as they course anteriorly from the trunk to the lower extremity. This structure demarcates the superior border of the femoral triangle. It demarcates the inferior border of the inguinal triangle.

The midpoint of the inguinal ligament, halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, is the landmark for the femoral nerve. The mid-inguinal point, halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis, is the landmark for the femoral artery. The external iliac arteries pass the inguinal ligament posteriorly and inferiorly.

History
It is also referred to as Poupart's ligament, because François Poupart gave it relevance in relation to hernial repair, calling it "the suspender of the abdomen" ("le suspenseur de l'abdomen"). It is sometimes termed the Fallopian ligament. Colles' ligament is the reflex ligament and not the inguinal ligament.

title: Inguinal ligament


text:
Category:Battles of the Scottish Civil War

This is a category for battles fought in the Scottish Civil War of 1644-45 - Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms


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Elizabeth Blackwell

Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 1821 – 31 May 1910) was an Anglo-American physician, notable as the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council for the United Kingdom. Blackwell played an important role in both the United States and the United Kingdom as a social reformer, and was a pioneer in promoting education for women in medicine. Her contributions remain celebrated with the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, awarded annually to a woman who has made a significant contribution to the promotion of women in medicine.

Blackwell was not initially interested in a career in medicine. She became a schoolteacher in order to support her family. This occupation was seen as suitable for women during the 1800s; however, she soon found it unsuitable for her. Blackwell's interest in medicine was sparked after a friend fell ill and remarked that, had a female doctor cared for her, she might not have suffered so much. Blackwell began applying to medical schools and immediately began to endure the prejudice against her sex that would persist throughout her career. She was rejected from each medical school she applied to, except Geneva Medical College in New York, in which the male students voted in favor of Blackwell's acceptance, albeit as a joke. Thus, in 1847, Blackwell became the first woman to attend medical school in the United States.

Blackwell's inaugural thesis on typhoid fever, published in 1849 in the Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review, shortly after she graduated, was the first medical article published by a female student from the United States. It portrayed a strong sense of empathy and sensitivity to human suffering, as well as strong advocacy for economic and social justice. This perspective was deemed by the medical community as feminine.

Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister Emily Blackwell in 1857, and began giving lectures to female audiences on the importance of educating girls. She played a significant role during the American Civil War by organizing nurses, and the Infirmary developed a medical school program for women, providing substantial work with patients (clinical education). Returning to England, she helped found the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874.

Early life
Elizabeth was born on 3 February 1821, in Bristol, England, to Samuel Blackwell, who was a sugar refiner, and his wife Hannah (Lane) Blackwell. She had two older siblings, Anna and Marian, and would eventually have six younger siblings: Samuel (married Antoinette Brown), Henry (married Lucy Stone), Emily (second woman in the U.S. to get a medical degree), Sarah Ellen (a writer), John and George. She also had four maiden aunts: Barbara, Ann, Lucy, and Mary, who also lived with them.

In 1832, the Blackwell family emigrated from Bristol, England, to New York because Samuel Blackwell had lost their most profitable sugar refinery in a fire. In New York, Elizabeth's father became active in abolitionist work. Therefore, their dinnertime discussions often surrounded issues such as women's rights, slavery, and child labor. These liberal discussions reflected Hannah and Samuel's attitudes toward child rearing. For example, rather than beating the children for bad behavior, Barbara Blackwell recorded their trespasses in a black book. If the offenses accumulated, the children would be exiled to the attic during dinner. Samuel Blackwell was similarly liberal in his attitude towards the education of his children. Samuel Blackwell was a Congregationalist and exerted a strong influence over the religious and academic education of his children. He believed that each child, including his girls, should be given the opportunity for unlimited development of their talents and gifts. This perspective was rare during that time, as most people believed that the woman's place was in the home or as a schoolteacher. Blackwell had not only a governess, but private tutors to supplement her intellectual development. As a result, she was rather socially isolated from all but her family as she grew up.

The family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio a few years later. When Blackwell was 17, her father died, leaving the family with little money.

Early adulthood
The Blackwells' financial situation was unfortunate. Pressed by financial need, the sisters Anna, Marian and Elizabeth started a school, The Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, which provided instruction in most, if not all, subjects and charged for tuition and room and board. The school was not innovative in its education methods, but provided a source of income for the Blackwell sisters. Blackwell was less active in her abolitionism during these years, likely due to her responsibilities running the academy.

In December 1838, Blackwell converted to Episcopalianism, probably due to her sister Anna's influence, becoming an active member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. However, William Henry Channing's arrival in 1839 to Cincinnati changed her mind. Channing, a charismatic Unitarian minister, introduced the ideas of transcendentalism to Blackwell, who started attending the Unitarian Church. A conservative backlash from the Cincinnati community ensued, and as a result, the academy lost many pupils and was abandoned in 1842. Blackwell began teaching private pupils.

Channing's arrival renewed Blackwell's interests in education and reform. She worked at intellectual self-improvement: studying art, attending various lectures, writing short stories and attending various religious services in many denominations (Quaker, Millerite, Jewish). In the early 1840s, she began to articulate thoughts about women's rights in her diaries and letters and participated in the Harrison political campaign of 1840.

In 1844, with the help of her sister Anna, Blackwell procured a teaching job that paid $1,000 (~$ in ) per year in Henderson, Kentucky. Although she was pleased with her class, she found the accommodations and schoolhouse lacking. What disturbed her most was that this was her first real encounter with the realities of slavery. "Kind as the people were to me personally, the sense of justice was continually outraged; and at the end of the first term of engagement I resigned the situation." She returned to Cincinnati half a year later.

Pursuit of medical education
Once again, through her sister Anna, Blackwell procured a job, this time teaching music at an academy in Asheville, North Carolina, with the goal of saving the $3,000 necessary for her medical school expenses. In Asheville, Blackwell lodged with the respected Reverend John Dickson, who had been a physician before he became a clergyman. Dickson approved of Blackwell's career aspirations and allowed her to use the medical books in his library to study. During this time, Blackwell soothed her own doubts about her choice and her loneliness with deep religious contemplation. She also renewed her antislavery interests, starting a slave Sunday school that was ultimately unsuccessful.

Dickson's school closed down soon after opening, and Blackwell moved to the residence of Reverend Dickson's brother, Samuel Henry Dickson, a prominent Charleston physician. In 1846, she began teaching at a boarding school in Charleston run by a Mrs. Du Pré. With the help of Samuel Dickson's brother, Blackwell inquired into the possibility of medical study via letters, with no favorable responses. In 1847, Blackwell left Charleston for Philadelphia and New York, with the aim of personally investigating the opportunities for medical study. Blackwell's greatest wish was to be accepted into a Philadelphia medical school.

"My mind is fully made up. I have not the slightest hesitation on the subject; the thorough study of medicine, I am quite resolved to go through with. The horrors and disgusts I have no doubt of vanquishing. I have overcome stronger distastes than any that now remain, and feel fully equal to the contest. As to the opinion of people, I don't care one straw personally; though I take so much pains, as a matter of policy, to propitiate it, and shall always strive to do so; for I see continually how the highest good is eclipsed by the violent or disagreeable forms which contain it."

Upon reaching Philadelphia, Blackwell boarded with William Elder and studied anatomy privately with Jonathan M. Allen as she attempted to enroll in any medical school in Philadelphia. She was met with resistance almost everywhere. Most physicians recommended that she either go to Paris to study or take up a disguise as a man to study medicine. The main reasons offered for her rejection were that (1) she was a woman and therefore intellectually inferior, and (2) she might actually prove equal to the task, prove to be competition, and that she could not expect them to "furnish [her] with a stick to break our heads with." Out of desperation, she applied to twelve "country schools."

Medical education in the United States
In October 1847, Blackwell was accepted to Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York. The dean and faculty, usually responsible for evaluating an applicant for matriculation, initially were unable to make a decision due to Blackwell's gender. They put the issue up to a vote by the 150 male students of the class with the stipulation that if one student objected, Blackwell would be turned away. The young men voted unanimously to accept her, whilst simultaneously treating her application as a joke. While at school, Blackwell was looked upon as an oddity by the townspeople of Geneva. She also rejected suitors and friends, preferring to isolate herself. In the summer between her two terms at Geneva, she returned to Philadelphia, stayed with Elder, and applied for medical positions in the area to gain clinical experience. The Guardians of the Poor, the city commission that ran Blockley Almshouse, granted her permission to work there, albeit not without some struggle. Blackwell slowly gained acceptance at Blockley, although some young resident physicians still refused to assist her in diagnosing and treating her patients. During her time there, Blackwell gained valuable clinical experience, but was appalled by the syphilitic ward and the condition of typhus patients. Her graduating thesis at Geneva Medical College was on the topic of typhus. The conclusion of this thesis linked physical health with socio-moral stability – a link that foreshadows her later reform work.

On 23 January 1849, Blackwell became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. The local press reported her graduation favorably, and when the dean, Charles Lee, conferred her degree, he stood up and bowed to her.

Medical education in Europe
In April 1849, Blackwell decided to continue her studies in Europe. She visited a few hospitals in Britain and then went to Paris. In Europe, she was rejected by many hospitals because of her sex. In June, Blackwell enrolled at La Maternité; a "lying-in" hospital, under the condition that she would be treated as a student midwife, not a physician. She made the acquaintance of Hippolyte Blot, a young resident physician at La Maternité. She gained much medical experience through his mentoring and training. By the end of the year, Paul Dubois, the foremost obstetrician in his day, had voiced his opinion that she would make the best obstetrician in the United States, male or female.

On 4 November 1849, when Blackwell was treating an infant with ophthalmia neonatorum, she accidentally squirted some contaminated fluid into her own eye and contracted the infection. She lost sight in her left eye, requiring its surgical extraction and leaving her without hope of becoming a surgeon. After a period of recovery, she enrolled at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London in 1850. She regularly attended James Paget's lectures. She made a positive impression there, although she did meet opposition when she tried to observe the wards.

Feeling that the prejudice against women in medicine was not as strong in the United States, Blackwell returned to New York City in 1851 with the hope of establishing her own practice.

Medical career in the United States
In the United States, Blackwell faced sexism, but received support from some media publications, including the New-York Tribune. Her practice floundered at first, a situation some historians attribute to false accusations that all women doctors were abortion care providers. In 1852, Blackwell began delivering lectures and published The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls, her first work, a volume about the physical and mental development of girls that concerned itself with the preparation of young women for motherhood. In 1853, Blackwell established a small dispensary near Tompkins Square. She also began mentoring Marie Zakrzewska, a Polish woman pursuing a medical education, serving as her preceptor in her pre-medical studies. In 1857, Marie Zakrzewska, along with Blackwell and her sister Emily, who had also obtained a medical degree, expanded Blackwell's original dispensary into the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. Women served on the board of trustees, on the executive committee and as attending physicians. The institution accepted both in- and outpatients and served as a nurse's training facility. The patient load doubled in the second year.

Civil War efforts
When the American Civil War broke out, the Blackwell sisters aided in nursing efforts on the side of the Union Army. Blackwell sympathized heavily with the North due to her abolitionist roots, and even said she would have left the country if the North had compromised on the subject of slavery. However, Blackwell did meet with some resistance on the part of the male-dominated United States Sanitary Commission (USSC). The male physicians refused to help with the nurse education plan if it involved the Blackwells. In response to the USSC, Blackwell organized with the Woman's Central Relief Association (WCRA). The WCRA worked against the problem of uncoordinated benevolence, but ultimately was absorbed by the USSC. Still, the New York Infirmary managed to work with Dorothea Dix to train nurses for the Union effort.

Medical career at home and abroad
Blackwell made several trips to Britain to raise funds and to try to establish a parallel infirmary project there. In 1858, due to a clause in the Medical Act of 1858 that recognised doctors with foreign degrees practicing in Britain before 1858, she became the first woman to have her name entered on the General Medical Council's medical register (1 January 1859). She also became a mentor to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson during this time. By 1866, nearly 7,000 patients were being treated per year at the New York Infirmary, and Blackwell was needed back in the United States. The parallel project collapsed, but in 1868, a medical college for women adjunct to the infirmary was established. It incorporated Blackwell's innovative ideas about medical education – a four-year training period with much more extensive clinical training than previously required.

At this point, a rift occurred between Emily and Elizabeth Blackwell. Both were headstrong, and a conflict over the management of the infirmary and medical college ensued. Elizabeth, feeling slightly alienated by the United States women's medical movement, left for Britain to try to establish medical education for women there. In July 1869, she sailed for Britain.

In 1874, Blackwell established a women's medical school in London with Sophia Jex-Blake, who had been a student at the New York Infirmary years earlier. Blackwell had doubts about Jex-Blake and thought that she was dangerous, belligerent, and tactless. Nonetheless, Blackwell became deeply involved with the school, and it opened in 1874 as the London School of Medicine for Women, with the primary goal of preparing women for the licensing exam of Apothecaries Hall. Blackwell vehemently opposed the use of vivisections in the laboratory of the school.

After the establishment of the school, Blackwell lost much of her authority to Jex-Blake and was elected as a lecturer in midwifery. She resigned this position in 1877, officially retiring from her medical career.

While Blackwell viewed medicine as a means for social and moral reform, her student Mary Putnam Jacobi focused on curing disease. At a deeper level of disagreement, Blackwell felt that women would succeed in medicine because of their humane female values, but Jacobi believed that women should participate as the equals of men in all medical specialties.

Time in Europe – social and moral reform

After moving to Britain in 1869, Blackwell diversified her interests, and was active both in social reform and authorship. She co-founded the National Health Society in 1871. She may have perceived herself as a wealthy gentlewoman who had the leisure to dabble in reform and in intellectual activities, being financially supported by the income from her American investments. Her friend, Barbara Bodichon helped introduce Blackwell into her circles. She traveled across Europe many times during these years, in England, France, Wales, Switzerland and Italy.

Blackwell was most active in social reform from 1880 to 1895, after her retirement from medicine. Blackwell was active in a number of reform movements, mainly moral reform, sexual purity, hygiene and medical education, but also preventive medicine, sanitation, eugenics, family planning, women's rights, associationism, Christian socialism, medical ethics and antivivisection. She switched back and forth between many different reform organisations, trying to maintain a position of power in each. Blackwell had a lofty and unattainable goal: evangelical moral perfection. All of her reform work was along this thread. She even contributed heavily to the founding of two utopian communities: Starnthwaite and Hadleigh in the 1880s.

Blackwell believed that the Christian morality ought to play as large a role as scientific inquiry in medicine and that medical schools ought to instruct students in the subject. She also was antimaterialist and did not believe in vivisections. She did not see the value of inoculation and thought it dangerous. She believed that bacteria were not the only important cause of disease and felt their importance was being exaggerated.

Blackwell campaigned heavily against licentiousness, prostitution and contraceptives, arguing instead for the rhythm method of birth control. She campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Acts, arguing that it was a pseudo-legalisation of prostitution. Her 1878 book Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children argued against the act. Blackwell was conservative in many ways, but believed women to have sexual libidos equal to those of men, and that men and women were equally responsible for controlling their sexual urges. Others of her time believed women to have little if any sexual passion, and placed the responsibility of moral policing squarely on the shoulders of the woman.

The book was controversial, being rejected by 12 publishers, before being printed by Hatchard and Company. The proofs for the original edition were destroyed by a member of the publisher's board and a change of title was required for a new edition to be printed.

Friends and family
Blackwell was well connected, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. She exchanged letters with Lady Byron about women's rights issues and became very close friends with Florence Nightingale, with whom she discussed opening and running a hospital. She remained lifelong friends with Barbara Bodichon and met Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1883. She was close with her family and visited her brothers and sisters whenever she could during her travels.

However, Blackwell had a very strong personality and was often quite acerbic in her criticism of others. Blackwell had an argument with Florence Nightingale after Nightingale returned from the Crimean War. Nightingale wanted Blackwell to turn her focus to training nurses and could not see the legitimacy of training female physicians. After that, Blackwell's comments upon Florence Nightingale's publications were often highly critical. She was also critical of many of the women's reform and hospital organisations in which she played no role, calling some of them "quack auspices". Blackwell also had strained relationships with her sisters Anna and Emily, and with the women physicians she mentored after they established themselves (Marie Zakrzewska, Sophia Jex-Blake and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson). Among women at least, Blackwell was very assertive and found it difficult to play a subordinate role.

Kitty Barry

In 1856, when Blackwell was establishing the New York Infirmary, she adopted Katherine "Kitty" Barry (1848–1936), an Irish orphan from the House of Refuge on Randall's Island. Diary entries at the time indicate that she adopted Barry out of loneliness and a feeling of obligation, as well as out of a utilitarian need for domestic help. Barry was brought up as a half-servant, half-daughter.

Blackwell provided for Barry's education. She even instructed Barry in gymnastics as a trial for the theories outlined in her publication, The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. However, Blackwell never permitted Barry to develop her own interest and made no effort to introduce Barry to young men or women her own age. Barry herself was rather shy, awkward and self-conscious about her partial deafness. Barry followed Blackwell during her many trans-Atlantic moves, during her furious house hunt between 1874 and 1875, during which they moved six times, and finally to Blackwell's final home, Rock House, a small house off of Exmouth Place in Hastings, Sussex, in 1879.

Barry stayed with Blackwell all her life. After Blackwell's death, Barry stayed at Rock House before moving to Kilmun in Argyllshire, Scotland, where Blackwell was buried in the churchyard of St Munn's Parish Church. In 1920, she moved in with the Blackwells and took the Blackwell name. On her deathbed, in 1936, Barry called Blackwell her "true love", and requested that her ashes be buried with those of Elizabeth.

Private life

None of the five Blackwell sisters ever married. Elizabeth thought courtship games were foolish early in her life, and prized her independence. When commenting on a young men trying to court her during her time in Kentucky, she said: "...do not imagine I am going to make myself a whole just at present; the fact is I cannot find my other half here, but only about a sixth, which would not do." During her time at Geneva Medical College, she also rejected advances from a few suitors.

There was one slight controversy, however, in Blackwell's life related to her relationship with Alfred Sachs, a 26-year-old man from Virginia. He was very close with both Kitty Barry and Blackwell, and it was widely believed in 1876 that he was a suitor for Barry, who was 29 at the time. The reality was that Blackwell and Sachs were very close, so much so that Barry felt uncomfortable being around the two of them. Sachs was very interested in Blackwell, then 55 years old. Barry was reportedly in love with Sachs and was mildly jealous of Blackwell. Blackwell thought that Sachs lived a life of dissipation and believed that she could reform him. In fact, the majority of her 1878 publication Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of the Children was based on her conversations with Sachs. Blackwell stopped correspondence with Sachs after the publication of her book.

Last years and death
In her later life, Blackwell was still relatively active. In 1895, she published her autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women. It sold fewer than 500 copies. After this publication, Blackwell gradually retreated from public life and spent more time traveling. She visited the United States in 1906, took her first and last car ride.

In 1907, while holidaying in Kilmun, Scotland, Blackwell fell down a flight of stairs, and was left almost completely mentally and physically disabled. On 31 May 1910, she died at her home in Hastings, Sussex, after suffering a stroke that paralyzed half her body. Her ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Munn's Parish Church, Kilmun, and obituaries honouring her appeared in publications such as The Lancet and The British Medical Journal.

Legacy
The British artist Edith Holden, whose Unitarian family were Blackwell's relatives, was given the middle name "Blackwell" in her honor.

Influence
After Blackwell graduated in 1849, her thesis on typhoid fever was published in the Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review.

In 1857, Blackwell opened the New York Infirmary for Women with her younger sister Emily. At the same time, she gave lectures to women in the United States and England about the importance of educating women and the profession of medicine for women. In the audience at one of her lectures in England, was a woman named Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who later became the first woman doctor in England, in 1865.

In 1874, Blackwell worked together with Florence Nightingale, Sophia Jex-Blake, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Emily Blackwell, and Thomas Henry Huxley to create the first medical school for women in England, London School of Medicine for Women, for which she acted as the Chair of Hygiene.

Blackwell settled in England in the 1870s and continued working on expanding the profession of medicine for women, influencing as many as 476 women to become registered medical professionals in England alone. Up until her death, Blackwell worked in an active practice in Hastings, England, and continued to lecture at the School of Medicine for Women.

Honors
Two institutions honour Elizabeth Blackwell as an alumna:
 * Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the current name of Geneva College, the founding institution of Geneva Medical College.
 * The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, which took over Geneva Medical College in 1871 and was acquired in 1950 by the State University of New York

Since 1949, the American Medical Women's Association has awarded the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal annually to a female physician. Hobart and William Smith Colleges awards an annual Elizabeth Blackwell Award to women who have demonstrated "outstanding service to humankind."

In 1973, Elizabeth Blackwell was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Elizabeth Blackwell.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

On 3 February 2016, National Women Physicians Day was declared a National Holiday championed by Physician Moms Group [www.Mypmg.com] after publishing a study in JAMA exposing that the majority of women physicians report still facing discrimination due to their gender and/or being a mother. The National Holiday pays tribute to Blackwell of the role she has played influencing women physicians in present-day and their strive for equity and equality.

On 3 February 2018, Google honoured her as a doodle in recognition of her 197th birth anniversary.

In May 2018, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former location of the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, which Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell founded. For the event, Jill Platner, a jewelry designer, designed a Blackwell Collection of jewelry inspired by Elizabeth Blackwell.

Hobart and William Smith Colleges erected a statue on their campus honoring Blackwell.

A 2021 book by Janice P. Nimura, The Doctors Blackwell, chronicles the life story of Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell.

Poet Jessy Randall's interest in Blackwell was the original inspiration for what became her 2022 collection of poems about women scientists, Mathematics for Ladies.

Works

 * 1849 The Causes and Treatment of Typhus, or Shipfever (thesis)
 * 1852 The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls (brochure, compilation of lecture series) pub. by George Putnam
 * 1856 An appeal in behalf of the medical education of women
 * 1860 Medicine as a Profession for Women (lecture published by the trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women)
 * 1864 Address on the Medical Education of Women
 * 1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children in Relation to Sex (eight editions, republished as The Moral Education of the Young in Relation to Sex)
 * 1881 "Medicine and Morality" (published in Modern Review)
 * 1887 Purchase of Women: the Great Economic Blunder
 * 1871 The Religion of Health (compilation of lecture series to the Sunday Lecture Society, three editions)
 * 1883 Wrong and Right Methods of Dealing with Social Evil, as shown by English Parliamentary Evidence
 * 1888 On the Decay of Municipal Representative Government – A Chapter of Personal Experience (Moral Reform League)
 * 1890 The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine
 * 1891 Erroneous Method in Medical Education etc. (Women's Printing Society)
 * 1892 Why Hygienic Congresses Fail
 * 1895 Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women – Autobiographical Sketches (Longmans, reprinted New York: Schocken Books, 1977)
 * 1898 Scientific Method in Biology
 * 1902 Essays in Medical Sociology, 2 vols (Ernest Bell)

title: Elizabeth Blackwell


text:
Wikipedia talk:Featured picture candidates/Ivan iss

Yes, I suppose 59.1% is technically less than 60%. Haukurth 12:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If we don't count the anonymous vote then the support is 62% if I'm not mistaken. I don't really care that much one way or the other - I think it's a nice picture, though :) Haukurth 00:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I know, it is a relatively close run case. In fact User:Spangineer was concerned enough to discuss it with me before closing this nomination. However, FPC votes run on consensus which, as long as there are a fair number of good faith votes from established Wikipedians, can roughly be interpreted as a two thirds majority. Typically that would mean I would be looking for twice as many support votes as opposes. In other words even without the anon, I would be hoping to see another two or three support votes before promoting.
 * However, this nomination is a fair bit trickier than average, because personally I would give some weight to the fact that it has been independently nominated twice before - so it must have something that attracts people.
 * On the whole, I would be happier promoting it if some of the repeated objectors could be converted to supports. Several of the objections relate to the issue that the scale of the hurricane is unclear. It could be argued that this isn't so important since a) if you live in a hurricane prone region, you are used to seeing weather forcasts with satellite images such as Image:HurricaneAndrewSequence md.jpg which implicity establishes an idea of the large scale of hurricanes and b) many of us have seen other photographs of portions of the Earth from Low Earth Orbit and have some idea of the field of view with an non-telephoto lens on a camera, which, given the size of the solar panels, I would have thought was the case here. On the other hand you are dealing with scales well outside of normal experience, so the picture is difficult to interpret.
 * The other objections relate to a lack of clarity as to the nature of the subject of the picture - is it of the hurricane, the ISS, or both? In many ways this is harder to address - for some people the mix of subjects is what makes the picture, for others it is what makes it confusing.
 * The anon's vote is not completly irrelevant. Even if we don't count it in the tally, the comment helps show that concerns over the scale confusion are not isolated.
 * On the whole I would say Spangineer made a good call on closing the nomination, and unless some of the objectors wish to change their vote, we should leave the picture as not promoted.... at least until the next nomination.... -- Solipsist 20:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for a good explanation. I completely agree with your comments on the scale. Haukurth 21:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Women's Party (Greenland)

The Women's Party (Arnat Partiiat, Kvindepartiet) was a feminist political party in Greenland inspired by the Icelandic women's movement. It was formed by a group of women in response to the low representation of women in politics. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.4% of the popular vote and no seats. It was dissolved in the spring of 2008.

title: Women's Party (Greenland)


text:
Democrats (Greenland)

The Democrats (Demokraatit ; Demokraterne) is a liberal, unionist political party in Greenland.

The party is skeptical of Greenlandic independence and even further self-governance. It has taken over this position from the Atassut party, which has developed towards favouring more autonomy. Two of the major priorities in its programme are improving educational standards and the housing situation.

History
Established in 2002, the party won five seats in the elections that year. It increased its seat total to seven in the 2005 elections, but was excluded from power by a so-called "Northern Lights Coalition" of Siumut, Inuit Ataqatigiit and Atassut. Its number of seats decreased to four in the 2009 elections; however, it entered a government coalition with Inuit Ataqatigiit and the Association of Candidates, removing the formerly dominant Siumut from power for the first time in its history. In the 2013 elections, the party won only two seats, but gained two more seats at the 2014 elections. In the 2018 elections, the party gained an additional two seats. It shrank to three in the 2021 elections.

title: Democrats (Greenland)


text:
Nanodomain

A nanodomain is a nanometer-sized cluster of proteins found in a cell membrane. They are associated with the signal which occurs when a single calcium ion channel opens on a cell membrane, allowing an influx of calcium ions (Ca$2+$) which extend in a plume a few tens of nanometres from the channel pore. In a nanodomain, the coupling distance, that is, the distance between the calcium-binding proteins which sense the calcium, and the calcium channel, is very small, less than 100 nm, which allows rapid signalling. The formation of a nanodomain signal is virtually instantaneous following the opening of the calcium channel, as calcium ions move rapidly into the cell along a steep concentration gradient. The nanodomain signal collapses just as quickly when the calcium channel closes, as the ions rapidly diffuse away from the pore. Formation of a nanodomain signal requires the influx of only approximately 1000 calcium ions.

Coupling distances greater than 100 nm, mediated by a larger number of channels, are referred to as microdomains. nanodomain

Properties
Nanodomain signals are thought to improve the temporal precision of fast exocytosis of vesicles due to two specific properties:
 * The peak concentration of calcium ions will be reached incredibly quick (within a microsecond) and maintained as long as the channel is open.
 * Closure of the channel leads to a rapid collapse of the domain due to lateral diffusion away from the pore (the site of entry). The lateral diffusion of microdomains additionally depends on the action of fast endogenous buffers (which remove the calcium and transport it away from the active zone).

Single channels are able to cause vesicular release, however, the cooperativity of different calcium channels is synapse-specific. The release driven by a single calcium ion channel minimizes the total calcium ion influx, overlapping domains can provide greater reliability and temporal fidelity.

title: Nanodomain


text:
Hernia repair

Hernia repair is a surgical operation for the correction of a hernia—a bulging of internal organs or tissues through the wall that contains it. It can be of two different types: herniorrhaphy; or hernioplasty. This operation may be performed to correct hernias of the abdomen, groin, diaphragm, brain, or at the site of a previous operation. Hernia repair is often performed as an ambulatory procedure.

Inguinal hernia repair
The first differentiating factor in hernia repair is whether the surgery is done open, or laparoscopically. Open hernia repair is when an incision is made in the skin directly over the hernia. Laparoscopic hernia repair is when minimally invasive cameras and equipment are used and the hernia is repaired with only small incisions adjacent to the hernia. These techniques are similar to the techniques used in laparoscopic gallbladder surgery.

An operation in which the hernia sac is removed without any repair of the inguinal canal is described as a herniotomy. When herniotomy is combined with a reinforced repair of the posterior inguinal canal wall with autogenous (patient's own tissue) or heterogeneous material such as prolene mesh, it is termed hernioplasty as opposed to herniorrhaphy, in which no autogenous or heterogeneous material is used for reinforcement.

Stoppa procedure
The Stoppa procedure is a tension-free type of hernia repair. It is performed by wrapping the lower part of the parietal peritoneum with prosthetic mesh and placing it at a preperitoneal level over Fruchaud's myopectineal orifice. It was first described in 1975 by Rene Stoppa. This operation is also known as "giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac" (GPRVS).

This technique has met particular success in the repair of bilateral hernias, large scrotal hernias, and recurrent or rerecurrent hernias in which conventional repair is difficult and which carries a high morbidity and failure rate. The most recent reported recurrence rate (involving 230 patients with 420 hernias and a maximum of 8 years follow-up) was 0.71%. The totally extra-peritoneal repair (TEP) uses exactly the same principles as the Stoppa repair, except that it is performed laparoscopically.

title: Hernia repair


text:
Jack Stewart (ice hockey)

John Sherratt "Black Jack" Stewart (May 6, 1917 – May 25, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 12 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks. He won two Stanley Cup championships with the Red Wings and was named to the post-season NHL All-Star team on five occasions: three times on the first team and twice on the second. Stewart also played in the first four NHL All-Star Games. After completing his NHL career as captain of the Black Hawks, he went on to coach numerous teams at various levels of hockey.

Stewart was regarded as the hardest hitting defenceman of his time, a reputation that earned him his nickname. His style of play routinely resulted in injuries and scars; he defied expectations by returning to the game after suffering a ruptured disc in his back and later a fractured skull. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964, and is also honoured by the Manitoba Hockey and Sports Halls of Fame.

Playing career
Stewart played junior hockey with the Portage Terriers of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in 1935–36 and 1936–37, where he was discovered by a Winnipeg businessman who suggested that James Norris, owner of the Detroit Red Wings, sign him. He was sent to play his first season of professional hockey for the team's minor league affiliate, the Pittsburgh Hornets of the International-American Hockey League (IAHL). He recorded one assist in 48 games in the 1937–38 season.

Partway through his second season with the Hornets, the Red Wings recalled Stewart as part of a bid to shake up their team which had been struggling. He appeared in 32 games in his NHL rookie season of 1938–39, and immediately established himself as a physical presence. He played in all 48 games for Detroit in 1939–40; his lone goal on the campaign was the first of his career. Stewart and the Red Wings reached the Stanley Cup Finals in both 1941 and 1942, but lost to the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs, respectively. In his fifth season, 1942–43, Stewart was named to the NHL first All-Star team on defence and helped lead the Red Wings to the NHL regular season title. Reaching the Cup Finals for the third consecutive season, Detroit defeated Boston to win the Stanley Cup. Stewart scored one goal, added two assists and had 35 penalty minutes in ten playoff games.

Stewart's NHL career was interrupted by the Second World War in 1943. He remained in Canada, serving as a Leading Aircraftman in the Royal Canadian Air Force and playing hockey for the Montreal RCAF and Winnipeg RCAF teams between 1943 and 1945. Upon his return to the NHL, Stewart was paired up with Bill Quackenbush on the Red Wings defence. He went on to earn four additional all-star selections: he was named to the second team in 1945–46 and 1946–47, and to the first team again in 1947–48 and 1948–49. Additionally, he played in the first four National Hockey League All-Star Games, held between 1947 and 1950. Not known for his offence, Stewart never scored more than five goals in a season, and his career high of 19 points was set in 1947–48. He won his second Stanley Cup with the Red Wings in 1950 as they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of the deciding seventh game.

Following the championship, the Red Wings dealt Stewart to the Chicago Black Hawks as part of a nine-player trade that was, at the time, the largest in NHL history. Stewart, Harry Lumley, Al Dewsbury, Pete Babando and Don Morrison were sent to Chicago in exchange for Metro Prystai, Bob Goldham, Gaye Stewart and Jim Henry. The Black Hawks named Stewart team captain and assistant coach almost immediately.

Stewart missed the majority of the 1950–51 NHL season and his career was believed over after he suffered a serious spinal injury in a December 14, 1950, game against the Toronto Maple Leafs. Doctors diagnosed his injury as a ruptured disc and urged him to retire. He was told following the injury that he was lucky he could still walk without a cane and not to risk further damage on the ice. Instead, Stewart had the disc removed and after completing what Black Hawks' team doctors described as a "most remarkable" recovery, he opted to continue his career and signed with Chicago for the 1951–52 season.

Early in the season, Stewart suffered a minor skull fracture after colliding with teammate Clare Martin, an injury that forced him out of the lineup for several weeks. Stewart spent two weeks in hospital, after which he announced his retirement, but he again shocked observers by returning to the ice. However, by mid February 1952, his injuries led Stewart to ask the Black Hawks for his release so that he could seek a minor league coaching position.

Coaching career
Stewart was considered as coach of the New Westminster Royals of the Pacific Coast Hockey League, but chose to take the reins of the senior A Chatham Maroons in the Ontario Hockey Association. He served as a player-coach, appearing in 45 games for the Maroons in 1952–53, where he scored two goals and 29 points while accumulating 129 penalty minutes. Stewart played the final games of his career in 1953–54, finishing with eight assists in 21 games.

The following seasons saw Stewart move between several teams as head coach. He left the Maroons to guide the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen in 1955–56, then the Windsor Bulldogs for two seasons between 1957 and 1959. At one point in 1957, he was rumoured to become the next coach of the Chicago Black Hawks, a job that went instead to Rudy Pilous. Stewart moved into the professional ranks in 1961, taking over as the coach of Chicago's Eastern Professional Hockey League affiliate, the Sault Thunderbirds. One year later, Stewart moved to the Pittsburgh Hornets, an American Hockey League affiliate of the Detroit Red Wings. After winning only 16 games in 1962–63, Stewart retired after he was dismissed by the Hornets.

Playing style
During his career, Stewart was regarded as one of the hardest bodycheckers in the National Hockey League. He also carried the heaviest stick in the league, explaining that "I don't use it for scoring. I use it for breaking arms". Stewart was known for his large grin when hitting opponents; teammate Ted Lindsay noted "when he had that smile, it was time for the opposition to look out". He led the league with 73 penalty minutes in 1945–46, and in the late 1940s, his rivalry with Milt Schmidt of the Boston Bruins was so intense that their physical interactions occasionally overshadowed the games themselves.

Stewart hated his nickname of "Black Jack", as he believed it made him out to be a dirty player. Hockey Hall of Fame defenceman King Clancy agreed he was not dirty, but stated he was the "roughest son of a gun you'd ever want to meet." Stewart's style of play resulted in numerous injuries; he had dozens of scars and required over 200 stitches to close various cuts during his career. At one point he played a full season with a broken hand using a cast formed to hold his stick.

On the ice, Stewart showed good judgment as a defenceman and rarely took himself out of position to throw a hit. His coach in Detroit, Jack Adams, called Stewart "one of the best blueliners in the game", and claimed he was the best defenceman in Red Wings history. Regarded as a good skater, he was able to clear the puck out of his zone and rarely turned it over to the other team. Clare Martin said he was a "defensive defenceman" and that he "didn't carry the puck too much ... His job was defence and everybody in the league knew it."

A charter member of the Detroit Red Wings Hall of Fame in 1944, Stewart was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964. He is also an honoured member of the Michigan Sports, Manitoba Hockey and Sports Halls of Fame. He was named to the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame's First All-Century Team in 2000.

Personal life
Stewart was born May 6, 1917, in Pilot Mound, Manitoba, where he learned to play hockey on the community's outdoor rinks. He had three sisters. In the off-seasons, he returned to his family farm, work which was said to have given him the strength he displayed in the NHL. An avid sportsman, Stewart was an active curler during his playing career, and played softball in the summer. Though he was regarded on the ice as one of toughest players in the game, he was also quiet. He was known as "Silent Jack" by his teammates, allowing his actions to speak for him.

Upon leaving hockey in 1963, he focused on a career in harness racing. Stewart's father built a track on the family farm and held a horse racing meet each year to entertain the residents of Pilot Mound. He also followed and assisted his father when the elder Stewart acted as a race judge at fairs held in Manitoba. Stewart was actively involved in the sport from the time he retired as a player. He worked as a race timer and held various judging roles during the summers. He was a judge with the Ontario Racing Commission for nearly 30 years where his reputation matched that of his playing days.

Stewart retired to Florida but returned to Michigan to undergo treatment for cancer. He died on May 6, 1983, at his home in Troy following a lengthy battle with the disease. A widower, he was survived by two children, son Barclay and daughter Jaqueline.

In 2010, the new Pilot Mound Arena was named The 'Black Jack Stewart Arena'.

title: Jack Stewart (ice hockey)


text:
File:Scrofula-andre-du-laurens-1609.jpeg

Copperplate engraving by André Du Laurens (1558-1609), an anatomist and Paris court physician, showing King Henry IV of France touching a number of sufferers who are gathered about him in a circle. Legend of the original plate: Des mirabili strumas sanandi vi solis Galliae regibus christianissimis divinitus concessa liber unus. Paris: Apud Marcum Orry, 1609. [xv] 307 (misnumbered 293), [18] pp., fold. Plate. 17.5 Limp vellum.


text:
Talk:Elizabeth Blackwell

Comment
I've removed these two revisions, which consisted only of the addition of vandalism, on the request of the person mentioned in that vandalism:
 * 1) (cur) (last)  00:19, Jun 8, 2005 68.105.118.192 (→References and external links) (timestamp  20050607221806)
 * 2) (cur) (last) 00:18, Jun 8, 2005 68.105.118.192 (→References and external links) (timestamp 20050607221955)

Angela. 12:57, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Elizabeth Blackwell 19-cent Stamp
The Syracuse University Medical Alumnae Association commissioned my father (Joseph S. Kozlowski; 1912-1991) to paint a portrait of Elizabeth Blackewell in the mid-1960s. The portrait hung for some time in the lobby of the Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse. Subsequent to presentation of the portrait to the Med Center the USPS released the 18-cent Blackwell stamp. When we saw the stamp we were appalled. The broach at Blackwell’s neck was precisely the same as the broach in the painting by my father. The broach appeared nowhere in my father's research for the painting; it was an invention specifically for the portrait.

Starting in mid-March 1974 there was an exchange of correspondence between myself and James Hanley - then a Congressman from the State of New York and Chairman of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Mr. Hanley contacted the Post Master General at the time, Mr. Ted Klassen. Following some investigation on Mr. Klassen's part I received a letter which reads in part: "The artwork used for this stamp consisted of a photograph. However, we now have determined that this photograph depicts the Elizabeth Blackwell portrait painted by Joseph Kazlowski (sic). ..."

It's my understanding that the rules for attribution for artwork destined for postage stamps were changed and strengthened at the USPS as a result of the incident. I suspect the plagiarism was, in this case, inadvertant.

Just a interesting footnote to history. I’m not sure that it has a place in an article about Elizabeth Blackwell.

Joekoz451 23:18, 15 November 2005 (UTC)]]

Help On Elizabeth Blackwell
WikiWiz I have been doing a report on Elizabeth Blackwell. I just need to find out something. Think you can help? Thank you. I need to know what she did after she graduated from medical college. Thank you! Post down here:

Q: What did Elizabeth Blackwell do after graduating from medical college?

A:

Not the same Elizabeth Blackwell as the 18th-centruy herbal at http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html

What was Elizabeth Blackwell's religious affiliations and/or background?

Birthplace
The History Channel list her birthplace as Hastings, not Bristol as stated in the article. Can anybody produce a robust source of this information? Without one, I'm inclined to change the article to show Hastings as her birthplace. Waggers 12:54, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Check the National Institutes of Health biography: it says that she was from Bristol. Nyttend 03:35, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Error
Typo at the bottom of the biog- publication date 1895 not 1795

Requested move
Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor) → Elizabeth Blackwell — The doctor is far more well known. This is evidenced by the links to the dab page. After fixing most of the links, I realized that pretty much all of them are linking to the doctor. —Brewcrewer 05:29, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support - the major figure of this name. --mervyn 07:32, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

"s" or "z"
On 26 November 2007 IP editor 72.160.116.149 changed all the occurrences of "Elizabeth" to "Elisabeth". All the sources I read use Elizabeth, so I am changing them back to "z" version. --Bejnar (talk) 00:09, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree who spells EliZabeth with an S? 23enflessner (talk) 18:04, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

number of siblings
I think there's an error concerning the number of E B's siblings. In the first section it is stated that she was the 3rd of 9 children (i.e. she had 8 siblings) and that she lost 6 sisters and 2 borthers (i.e. all 8) early. Yet later two adult brothers are referred to. Icuka (talk) 14:00, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree something doesn't add up. This error leapt out at me at a very cursory reading of the article. Dawaegel (talk) 12:46, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

I also agree. It later says that she was not in favor of her sister Anna. 23enflessner (talk) 18:02, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

US Sanitary Commission
This article should mention Blackwell's role in establishing the United States Sanitary Commission. Kaldari (talk) 20:12, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Use of word "abortionist"
DonnaHalper (talk) 22:09, 7 March 2012 (UTC) Under the section "Decision to enter medical school," it says that ... "Abortionists were known as “female physicians”, a name Elizabeth found degrading to what a female physician could potentially achieve." Today, the term "abortionist" is very contested, and is generally associated with the pro-life position, as it seeks to castigate a medical person by referring to only one procedure that the medical person performs. While I am not the word police, before I change it, I wanted to ask whether such usage is historically accurate, and if not, doesn't it violate Wikipedia's NPOV?

I would argue that the usage of the term "abortionist" is not the same as the way in which it is used in the abortion debate today. Blackwell uses the term "abortionist" in her autobiography, referring to the women who actually specialized in performing abortions in the 1800s - and were termed "female physicians" as a euphemism. These women, like Madame Restell, were not medical doctors. In fact, part of the reason Blackwell decided to gain an MD degree was that she wanted to reclaim the term "female physician" from its negative association with abortionists at the time. Redanemone (talk) 22:57, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

citizenship?
nothing said on this in the article. wonder if she shouldn't also be described as an English medical doctor, etc. Mayumashu (talk) 02:01, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

Semiprotect this article?
Would some nice admin like to sprotect this article for awhile or forever? The IP vandalism is constant and clearly isn't ever going to stop. It's not so much a matter of frequency as proportion. S B Harris 01:45, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

material from women in medicine
This content was inserted in the women in medicine article recently. It's a bit over-specific for that article, so I thought I'd bring it over here. Anybody want to take on editing it:
 * Although the first medical school was established in 1767, Elizabeth Blackwell, the first women to be admitted did not attend until 1847. She was told that she might attend if she was disguised in male clothing, a ploy that had been successful for and English women, Dr. Amanda Barry, who spent a life disguised as a man and whose true sex was only revealed after her death in 1865. Blackwell refused such subterfuge, determined to continue "in the light of day and with public sanction" to pursue her career. "The idea of winning a Doctor's degree gradually assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle," wrote Blackwell, who was surprised to find she had an "immense attraction" for just such a fight in spite of an almost constant lack of respect upon hear that Blackwell planned to apply to the Geneva Medical College. The medical students there thought it was a great joke and that spirit held a mock vote in which they agreed unanimously to admit her; they were shocked when she was actually accepted in the school.

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Typhoid Fever Thesis
After reading the article about Elizabeth Blackwell I was curious to know more about her thesis about typhoid fever. Remdog11 (talk) 00:07, 3 October 2019 (UTC)remdog11

title: Talk:Elizabeth Blackwell


text:
Association of Candidates

The Association of Candidates (Kattusseqatigiit) was a conservative political party in Greenland. The party was founded in late autumn 2005, when the chairman Anthon Frederiksen delivered 1,003 signatures to the Home Rule domestic office.

In the parliamentary elections in 2013, the party won 1.1% of the popular vote and no seats in the Greenlandic parliament. and subsequently dissolved. Its founder Anthon Frederiksen later joined Partii Naleraq.

Parliament of Greenland (Inatsiartut)

 * Originally entered into the Greenland Parliament as Independents.

title: Association of Candidates


text: Template:NYNH&H

title: Template:NYNH&H


text:
User:Paletakis

I have been lurking for some time but have actually refrained from contributing as an anon. My interests are primarily in the history of the Balkans and the history of international organizations. I like music, mainly jazz from the 50-ties.

If you want to leave me a message, click here.

title: User:Paletakis


text:
Bruce Stuart

Charles Bruce Stuart (November 30, 1881 – October 28, 1961) was a Canadian amateur and professional ice hockey forward who played for the Quebec Bulldogs, Ottawa Senators, Montreal Wanderers, Portage Lakes Hockey Club, Pittsburgh Victorias and Pittsburgh Professionals from 1899 to 1911. Stuart is considered to be an early version of a power forward, a forward who combines size and physical play with scoring ability, in hockey history. Stuart won the Stanley Cup with both the Ottawa Senators and the Montreal Wanderers.

Personal life
Stuart was born in Ottawa on November 30, 1881, one of five children to Captain William Stuart and Rachel Hodgson Stuart. He had two brothers: Allan Gilbert and William Hodgson (Hod) and two sisters: Jessie Maud and Lottie May. His father had been a lacrosse player of note with the Ottawa Capitals, as well as a curler, and his older brother Hod was also a well-known athlete.

Playing career
Bruce and his older brother Hod played for Ottawa Hockey Club (Senators) in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) in 1899, in their home city of Ottawa. In 1900, they moved to Quebec City for business. They started playing hockey again in 1901, joining the Quebec Bulldogs in the CAHL. He then played professionally with the Pittsburgh Victorias in the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) in 1902–03 and in Houghton, with the Portage Lakes Hockey Club, in the old International Professional Hockey League (IPHL) between 1904 and 1907. With Portage Lakes Hockey Club he won two league titles in 1905–06 & 1906–07 as a teammate of Cyclone Taylor.

Stuart joined the Montreal Wanderers for the 1907–08 season in time to win the Stanley Cup in 1908, and then captained the Ottawa Senators in 1909 to the Stanley Cup.

Bruce Stuart's brother Hod, a defenseman who was considered one of the better hockey players in Canada at the time, died in a diving accident in the Bay of Quinte near Belleville, Ontario, on June 23, 1907, at an age of 28. At the time of the accident, the two brothers had not seen each other for over a year, as they had been playing in different cities. In 1910, when the National Hockey Association (NHA) imposed a salary cap, cutting player's salaries in half, Stuart attempted to form a rival league. The rival league failed to organize, as the Montreal Arena was refused to the players. Stuart returned to captain the Senators to the 1911 Stanley Cup.

Playing style
Bruce Stuart, a centre forward position wise, was a tall player for his era measuring around 6 feet in height, and weighing around 180 pounds. When Stuart replaced Ernie Russell at the centre forward position on the Montreal Wanderers in March 1908, the Ottawa Citizen recognized that while he "is not as tricky a scorer as Russell" he was thought "to be a better man carrying the disc through a defense", and the newspaper also recognized that he still had good shot. He also played occasionally at other forward positions, including rover and left wing.

Stuart employed a physical playing style along with his size, which earned him a fair share of injuries throughout his hockey career. During the 1910 NHA season Stuart suffered a broken left collarbone in game against the Renfrew Creamery Kings on February 12, after a scuffle with Hay Millar and a subsequent collision with Frank Patrick. The injury held him out for the remainder of the 1910 season and significantly weakened the Senators in their quest on defending the Stanley Cup against the Montreal Wanderers. Stuart had also, on different occasions during his hockey career, both of his knees dislocated, three ribs broken, his nose smashed twice, a bone in his right foot splintered, several teeth knocked out and his right hand fractured.

In the local Ottawa newspapers Stuart was often praised for his leadership qualities. During the 1910 season, when he captained the Ottawa Senators in the NHA, the Ottawa Journal claimed him "unanimously conceded to be the greatest hockey general that ever wore skates" and that he had "complete control over his men from the minute the game starts". The newspaper also noted him to be a clutch scorer and claimed that he had "scored more goals, at critical moments, when his team was behind, than any other forward in the game". Even when Stuart represented the Montreal Wanderers, a rivaling club to his hometown Ottawa Senators, in 1907–08, Stuart still claimed he always played hard to win, despite his expressed preference of representing Ottawa that winter.

Post career
Stuart retired from playing after the 1910–11 season. He managed the Bruce Stuart and Co. shoe store he owned in Ottawa until 1952 along with some coaching. The shoe store, located at 275 Bank Street in Ottawa, outside of shoes and boots also sold skates.

After his player career Stuart took to golf and curling for recreation. As a golf player he was a member of the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club. As a curling player he was active with the Ottawa Curling Club, and he donated a trophy to the club for competition.

Despite his age, he attended his induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto in 1961. He died not long after, survived by his wife Irene Stuart (née MacDonald). He was interred at Beechwood Cemetery.

Statistics
Exh. = Exhibition games

Achievements

 * IPHL champion – 1905–06 & 1906–07 (Portage Lakes Hockey Club)
 * Stanley Cup – 1908 (Montreal Wanderers); 1909, 1910 & 1911 (Ottawa Senators)

title: Bruce Stuart


text:
User talk:Paletakis

Click edit to leave me a message.

Hello. I read your comment on the talk page currently known as "Macedonian Slavs" and found it quite reasonable and funny. I would like to point out, however, that the page you edited also contains a poll of particular significance. In essence, the poll asks you whether you prefer that the People X (the majority of the people living in the Republic of Macedonia) are called "Macedonian Slavs" (option 1) or "Macedonians" (option 2) in the article and throughout the Wikipedia. Thank you for your consideration. -- Ivica83 03:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Babel templates
No established colour scheme for the language templates. One other user had come in and changed the colours entirely. See for how the User Level 1 template looked for a day, and  for how Level 2 template looked for a day. I returned to a basic blue scheme while maintaining a slight difference in colors for levels. But no, there is no specific guideline. It's recommended that all colors of specific levels be the same for consistency. ℬ astique ▼ talk 14:11, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ahhh...I just realized you had the infamous "MK" template on your screen. My personal feeling? Wikipedia's recommendations about consistency in graphic style is actually written down (Somewhere below WP:MoS). I do not recommend using different colors for a specific language, especially since the remainder of the languages are in one similar color. Please see my talk page and the Babel talk page for relevant discussion and what led me to returning to a more normalized colour scheme. ℬ astique ▼ talk 14:18, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Paletakis


text:
Gioia Bruno

Gioia Bruno (born Carmen Gioia Bruno June 11, 1963, sometimes professionally credited as just Gioia) is an Italian-born American popular music singer, most noted as a member of the vocal group Exposé. In September 2006, Bruno temporarily stopped touring as a solo artist.

Personal life
Bruno has been married and divorced two times. From her first marriage, to Joseph Pastore, she has a daughter, Brianna Pastore, who was born in 1988. In January 2006, Gioia acknowledged that she is bisexual.

Albums

 * Shelter (Lead Vocals, by the group Wet) 1996
 * Expose This 2004
 *  A GIOIAful Christmas 2013

title: Gioia Bruno


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Faramarz Soleimani

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:12, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Faramarz Soleimani
Very possibly a vanity page, with no link from other pages. Not notable. roozbeh 13:04, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Not noatble article hamidifar
 * Delete vanity. This article also looks suspiciously like a cut-and-paste job. JamesBurns 04:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete badly constructed vanity Adun 06:50, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
John James Cowperthwaite

Sir John James Cowperthwaite, KBE, CMG (25 April 1915 – 21 January 2006), was a British civil servant who served as Financial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1961 to 1971. His introduction of free market economic policies are widely credited with turning postwar Hong Kong into a thriving global financial centre. During Cowperthwaite's tenure as Financial Secretary, real wages in Hong Kong rose by 50% and the portion of the population in acute poverty fell from 50% to 15%.

Early years
Cowperthwaite was born on 25 April 1915 in Edinburgh to John Cowperthwaite, a surveyor of taxes, and Jessie Jarvis. He attended Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh, Scotland, and later studied classics at St Andrews University and Christ's College, Cambridge. In 1940, he returned to St Andrews and gained a first class degree in economics on an accelerated one year degree programme with Professor James Nisbet. He joined the British Colonial Administrative Service as a Hong Kong Cadet in 1941, but during World War II was posted to Sierra Leone instead because of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong
He arrived in Hong Kong in 1945 and was assigned to the Department of Supplies, Trade and Industry. Cowperthwaite built on the economic policies of his predecessors, Arthur Clarke and Geoffrey Follows, promoting free trade, low taxation, budget surpluses, limited state intervention in the economy, a distrust of industrial planning, and sound money. It was a policy mix that drew more on Adam Smith and Gladstone than on Keynes and Attlee. However, Cowperthwaite was a pragmatic civil servant rather than a theoretician and he based his policies on his experience, empirical data and what he believed would work in practice.

He refused to compile GDP statistics arguing that such data was not useful to managing an economy and would lead to officials meddling in the economy. He was once asked what the key thing that poor countries could do to improve their growth. Cowperthwaite replied: "They should abolish the office of national statistics." According to Catherine R. Schenk, Cowperthwaite's policies helped it to develop from one of the poorest places on earth to one of the wealthiest and most prosperous: "Low taxes, lax employment laws, absence of government debt, and free trade are all pillars of the Hong Kong experience of economic development." The Economic Freedom of the World 2015 Report ranks Hong Kong as both the freest economy in the world, a distinction it has held since this index began ranking countries in 1975, and among the most prosperous.

Throughout the 1960s, Cowperthwaite refused to implement free universal primary education, contributing to relatively high illiteracy rates in today's older generation. Compulsory education was only introduced under the governorship of Sir Murray MacLehose the next decade. At a time when Hong Kong's roads were crippled by traffic congestion, Cowperthwaite also steadfastly opposed construction of the Mass Transit Railway, a costly undertaking which was nevertheless built following his retirement. It would later become one of the world's most heavily utilised (and profitable) railways.

In 1960, he was appointed as an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) and, in 1964, a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG). He later became a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1968.

Commentators have credited his management of the economy of Hong Kong as a leading example of how small government encourages growth.

Post–civil service career
After leaving his retirement, he was international adviser to Jardine Fleming, the Hong Kong–based investment bank until 1981. He retired and left Hong Kong for St Andrews, Scotland and became a member of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews.

Personal life and death
He married Sheila Thomson in 1941. They had one son. He died in Scotland on 21 January 2006, aged 90.

title: John James Cowperthwaite


text:
Talk:Mita Hachiman Shrine

Page moved to conform with modified Hepburn romanization as specified in Manual of Style (Japan-related articles). 神社 is jinja (not jinjya) in modified Hepburn.

title: Talk:Mita Hachiman Shrine