text:
Talk:Universal Media Disc

Capacity
The article states that the maximum capacity of the UMD is 1.8 Gigabytes, however, there are UMD games that take up more than 1,800,000,000 bytes. For instance, Splinter Cell: Essentials is a little over 1.81GB. So is it possible that a dual layer UMD's capacity is actually 1.8 gibibytes? Or is the capacity something else?--Subversive Sound (talk) 18:07, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1.8 GB is not precisely 1,800,000,000 bytes, it is 1,932,735,283 byes. Just as 1 KB is not 1000 bytes, it is 1024 bytes. --OuroborosCobra (talk) 01:49, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Subversive Sound is aware of this difference, which is why he linked to the relevant articles in his post. As explained in the Gigabytes article, there is a disparity between the SI meaning of GB (1,000,000,000 bytes) and the actual computer usage (1,073,741,824 bytes), which is why some people propose the Gibibyte distinction.131.107.204.126 (talk) 18:50, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

UMD vs. DVD
I think some comparison with DVD is in order since there are some people who say UMD is the replacement for the DVD. For one thing, I have yet to see a UMD with bonus features, which have long been acknowledged as a major selling point for DVD. But before I add such a statement I should ask - is it correct to say that UMD's don't have bonus features? I've never seen one but that doesn't mean they aren't out there. Has anyone seen a UMD with deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes features, trailers, etc.? 23skidoo 03:49, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * UMDs do have Special Features just like DVDs do. The Japanese version of Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children for example has MORE special features than the dvd does.  This is most likely just so that people will have a reason to buy the UMD though, and it's not that common.  UMD beats DVD at least in portability too. A dvd alone is larger than a psp, and standalone UMD players in the future could be smaller than the psp currently is.  Liquidtenmillion 21:48, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh please...DVDs are clearly more winner than UMDs. Yes, DVDs are larger, but you can play them anywhere.  Just bring a portable DVD player along.  And then you can play it on your TV as well.  For UMDs, you have to rebuy the same movie that will more than likely have less content (8GB > 2GB).  It can only be played on one device (at least for now) and won't look very good on a large screen (DVDs will look pretty goood on any screen).  DVDs are clearly better - anything with a bigger storage capactiy is better. - Hbdragon88 05:28, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * While UMD has begun to lose support in the industry, and therefore can perhaps be said to be "less winner" than regular DVD, you've got your numbers wrong. Current standard DVD can support 4.7 GB at, IIRC, single layer (which, IIRC, double that at a dual layer), whereas UMD has a stated 1.8 GB storage capacity. Therefore your 8 > 2 is in no way accurate as a numerical comparision between the two; it should read 4.7 > 1.8.

 * Perhaps it would help if you check the UMD article and the DVD article before making comments? The vast majority of video DVDs are dual layer which is 8.5 GB (not 2x4.7 GB). I know little about UMD videos but I assume the majority are dual layer i.e. 1.8 GB. So the 8.5 GB to 1.8 GB comparison is completely valid. However capacity is not everything. According to this article UMD uses H.264 for the video and a Sony proprietry codec for the audio. Most users find that H.264 is able to achieve the same effective quality with a much lower bitrate then MPEG2 (it's even better then MPEG4 ASP btw which is more or less what XviD is). I know little about the Sony propriety audio codec but from a quick look at the wiki article, it looks like it's probably better at a low bitrate then MPEG1 layer 2 (although IMHO MPEG4 AAC would have made more sense but this is Sony I suppose). Therefore, despite the lower capacity, I expect 1.8 GB UMDs could in fact include the same content as a DVDs without much noticeable loss in quality. However the highly propriety nature of UMD and the fact that Sony didn't include any video output option for the PSP means that this is unlikely to be achieve. Stupid things like using a CCD camera to catch the PSP's screen is not going to result in quality loss. Also, since the very great vast majority of people would be watching their movies on PSP, I would suspect most companies would release their UMDs with a video resolution of 480x272 (assuming 720x576/480 is even a legatimate res for UMDs). Therefore, although I suspect UMDs could theoretically store the same content as a DVD with nearly as good if not just as good (if not better) quality then DVDs, I doubt that this can be achieve at the moment. Nil Einne 16:13, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Also, larger storage capacity is not the only aspect to a storage medium, and therefore, having more of it does not automatically equal "better", as many might consider the other aspects of a storage medium to be of equal or greater importance than just the capacity for data storage, and "better" is a matter of opinion. Not that I as yet prefer either HD DVD or Blu-Ray, but quite a few have complained about what they've heard of the DRM to be allegedly featured on Blu-Ray, as well as the delicacy that having such huge storage capacity on such a small area is said by many to produce (though this may or may not be reduced or eliminated by the extra layer of coating which will be available for Blu-Ray thanks to TDK's efforts). For some, durability and lack of a system such as the DRM one on Blu-Ray might be considered contributing factors as to their opinion of it, for better or for worse. Personally, I would prefer at least a slightly higher storage capacity, but there ARE other things to consider.

Side note: most UMDs have fewer, if any, extras than the standard DVD release precisely because they have less than half the storage capacity; ie less room for extras, especially ones that take up a lot of room, such as audio commentaries or long featurettes. However, the pricing of UMDs hasn't apparently kept in very good line with the percieved value; they cost the same or more as DVDs, yet can only be played on the PSP (as opposed to DVD's having many players available, including portable ones, and DVD drives in computers including laptops) and due to the smaller storage capacity, don't usually have the same amount of extra features. This has lead so many consumers to keep buying the DVDs over the UMDs that most of the companies that originally supported it and produced titles for it are backing out of it; it's just not making enough money for them anymore to justify keeping producing them. Current DVD format is also much more entrenched; anything percieved as inferior or too limiting in comparision, isn't going to make out all that well in comparison either. Heck, there are already a lot of people clearly reluctant to buy into HD DVD or Blu-Ray, even WITH backwards-compatibility stated as a feature for both, and those formats would have enough room to feature the same or more features, instead of fewer and, as I said, come out as backwards-compatible with regular DVDs, including some that may eventually be available that work for regular DVD players even WITH HD DVD capabiltiies available as well for those that have the right players (and possibly Blu-Ray, I'm not sure if they've announced that as well, though I wouldn't doubt it). Something about a third layer that holds regular DVD data... Runa27  4.235.60.139 08:42, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

About the funny-looking cases...
Can you take the UMD's out of those cases, or are they inserted into the PSP in the cases? Scott Gall 03:26, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Go in the cases, I believe. 02:21, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * They're inserted into the PSP in the case, and it cannot be removed.

 * It "Could" be. I've heard of people splitting their UMD Cases into 2 pieces and have no way of replacing the UMD case. They can break by the 2 pieces that hold it into one piece, and it doesn't have to happen on purpose.--Ideal4real 03:58, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I've done it before quite easily. It's in 2 halves and can be broken open and reassembled. Also, it doesn't matter if you break the plastic on the back, that's just to protect it from fingerprints. I broke off most of that plastic and it still worked. It's like a little CD but in a case. You do need to keep it in the case though. If you put just the little disk in after taking it out of the case it could damage the PSP's interior. FinalWish 05:04, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Replacement UMD caddies are available from a few places, for individuals who have cracked theirs. 66.167.50.115 02:27, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If you split just the top half and sorta bend the two pieces apart, you can actually take the little disc out and perhaps replace it with another.

PSPs and TV broadcast formats
The statement (about the BBC UMDs) "Curiously these are labeled as Region 0 NTSC although the programmes were originally made in PAL." which I removed from the article seems to imply something inaccurate. The TV format of the original programing is not relevant to what format a video program is stored on DVD, VCD, etc. PAL can be converted to NTSC thus it would not be that curious. I have yet to locate a clear information as to whether a PSP unit will only play UMDs in the tv format being used in the country it was sold in. If someone can clarify this I think this info should be added to the article. --Cab88 13:56, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't think that the broadcast formats of these shows comes into play when they're converted to UMD. Unlike TV systems (which vary from country to country) all PSPs run a common format, I believe that all content, regardless of if it originated as PAL, SECAM or NTSC data, is converted to this common format. Also, keep in mind that the vast majority of both motion pictures and television shows are still shot on 35mm film at 24 FPS, the conversion to PAL, SECAM or NTSC is done after shooting, so for encoding onto UMD disc, the developers probably simply go back to the source material (these days, probably a HDD that's had the data written into it via telecine transfer) and start the UMD encoding work from there.

 * Generally, a programme source is referred to as "PAL" if it runs at 25fps, and "NTSC" if it runs at 30. While this might be strictly incorrect when referring to digital sources, the concept (and the resulting TV picture quality) is well-known and a valid use of the terms. The removed sentence makes perfect sense to me - the programmes were originated in (or for) a 625/50 video format, but the UMB recording comes out as 525/60 (this corresponds with the 720x480 resolution). So it would appear that UMD is an NTSC-only format. G7mzh (talk) 20:00, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

licensing and blank disks
"However, there has been recent profit from licensing fees."

What did they license? Are other companies making blank media? --Gbleem 07:22, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It's in the sense of "LICENSED BY NINTENDO". As with other video game consoles and handhelds that use the lockout chip business model, "licenses" cover the right to use Sony patents and Sony trade secrets to author a given title for the PSP and to use Sony manufacturing facilities to press said title in UMDs. --Damian Yerrick (☎) 20:49, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

PRX
What does this mean? Can someone update the entry with this information? --Da-rb 27 January 2006

Its the PSP version of a .EXE file, essentially its the executable file - it stands for Psp Relocatable Executable. Paulie 16:18, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

It's more of a plug-in file like the .dll files on PCs. The .PBP is more of a .exe executable file, on the PSP. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.216.132.33 (talk) 13:40, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

UMD movie comments
Can someone cite a source for the comment (in the section about UMD movies) that the format is a bomb "...just like Blue-Ray"? I question this comment because 1. The format's name is spelled BLU-RAY and I doubt a publication would reprint the quote without checking spelling and 2. The BLU-RAY format hasn't gone on sale yet, so it's obnoxious to refer to the format as being a "bomb". Maybe the quotee meant Betamax? There's also almost no commentary on the quality of UMD movies or their quality Vs. DVD, maybe someone can add some info?

Just to point something out, it's not BLU-RAY either, it's Blu-ray. TJ Spyke 21:47, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Video format(s)?
Is it my imagination or is this article devoid of info regarding the video format(s) supported (and at what resolution(s))? The reason I ask is, I was following a thread on Slashdot recently where someone claimed UMD video discs were 720x480, but the PSP was downsizing the video to 480x272. Anyway, I'll try and research this later, but would welcome some info if there's details in another article. =) —Locke Cole • t • c 06:17, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This is in fact true. I have found two seperate references, both directly quoting Sony representatives. PSP Vault say, mentioning software developed by Sony called "UMD Composer", that "Sony stated that most UMD-Video titles currently on the market are recorded in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC with a resolution of 720 x 480." Official confirmation can be found in this file UMD Video Authoring under 'Stream File Overview'. The second reference is from an article by PC World. They quote a Sony representative, Chatani Masa, who says that "The movies are stored on the discs at a resolution of 720 pixels by 480 pixels."

 * Before the release of the PSP-2000, there was a lot of confusion as to why UMDs were encoded at this resolution, as we all know the PSP screen itself is 480 x 272 pixels. The release of the PSP 2000 with TV-Out capabilities explains why Sony did this. Many people incorrectly assume UMDs are encoded at the same resolution as the PSP screen, and therefore that the UMDs themselves are more like VHS quality when viewed on a TV, when in fact they are DVD quality. This needs to be cleared up within this article and perhaps added to the PSP Slim & Lite article also. Slave2Placebo 20:33, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Re: "when in fact they are DVD quality". To be specific, NTSC, usually 16:9 anamorphic, although 4:3 full frame is also supported.  Be warned that many UMD videos will only have been QC'd on the PSP screen, and encoding artefacts may appear when playing back at full resolution!  81.86.49.118 (talk) 12:29, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

NPOV?
this seems bias towards sony. mostly in the use of the phrase "illegal copies of games and movies" --24.17.24.203 13:33, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Technically, it is illegal to copy games. It is not illegal, however, to copy movies.  The law states that you can copy any movie once.  You can choose to copy it onto any storage of space that you choose to.  If you don't want to copy it onto disc, then that's your choice.  You can choose to copy it onto your PSP, CD, DVD, or anything.  Hell, if you wanted to, you could copy it onto a floppy.  As long as you don't copy it and resell it it's legal.
 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gogochar (talk • contribs) on 04:50, 21 July 2006.
 * Do you need heart medication? If you do, please take it before you read further. My revelation is going to blow your mind! Okay taken your heart medication? Well check out this link Image:World-map-2004-cia-factbook-large-2m.jpg. Believe it or not, there is a world outside the United States. Indeed most of the world is outside the United States!!! I do hope you took your medication since I don't want to be responsible to your death due to the shock of this discovery... P.S. After going through the history I found out you are User:Gogochar who was born in 1988 so I guess you don't need heart medication. After you've gotten over the shock of this recent discovery, how about reading Sign your posts on talk pages? Think about it, if you sign your posts, people would know who you are so our reponses could be more appropriate... OMFG, l33t and all that, I know! BTW, if anyone is thinking of pointing me to Civility, don't bother I've read it and understand it. And BTW, I've read No personal attacks as well and don't consider this a personal attack. Nil Einne 16:18, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite due to new PSP
it says that it is impossible to play back on a normal television. this will change because of the new video output feature of the redesigned PSP. on a side note, anybody know where to get little britain on UMD in canada? 64.26.148.3 01:41, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

UMD aka MiniDisc 2.0
How can it not be seen that the UMD is a descendant of the MiniDisc, and that it is just essentially just a dvd version of the CD MiniDisc. Sure it doesn't have the sliding guard, but it is the 2.0 version if anything of the MiniDisc's case. The MiniDisc had flimsy plastic protection just like UMD's and the Discs both held side to side look and measure the same (almost like holding up a regular cd up against a regular dvd). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.228.116.112 (talk) 22:07, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Being a minidisc reader owner and having quite some of them i have to agree ! We might need a citation though.. T-oliveira (talk) 01:50, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

HTML problems?
All the edit links show up in the wrong place on Firefox in Windows XP not sure how to fix this.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.246.233 (talk) 16:25, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This is a consequence of how the float attribute in CSS works. There's no good way to fix it.  Λύκος  19:46, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This is still a problem, and I haven't seen it on any other article. I don't have the expertise to know how to fix it... Any ideas? --Woodgreener (talk) 17:33, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Any proof that BattleZone is really region locked?
I've been searching the internet looking for proof that it's true that BattleZone is really region locked, but I can't find any. Does anyone have proof or know by first-hand experience? It seems really strange that only 1 PSP game on the planet is region locked. --- Akadewboy (talk) 00:42, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't find anything either on previous searches that i made about this game.. sounds like baloney to me. T-oliveira (talk) 01:51, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

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Mais jogos
Guilherme Henrique De Sousa Lourenco 186.233.45.22 (talk) 13:28, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal Media Disc


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Talk:History of Boston

Ponzi had his office in Boston

Long before infamous fraudster Bernie Madoff, there was "Charles Ponzi, a dapper, five-foot-two-inch rogue who in 1920 raked in an estimated $15 million in eight months by persuading tens of thousands of Bostonians that he had unlocked the secret to easy wealth. Ponzi's meteoric success at swindling was so remarkable that his name became attached to the method he employed," the "Ponzi scheme." "Charles named his concern the Securities Exchange Company" on 27 School Street in Boston, Massachusetts.

Identical to Boston article
From what I can tell, this article is exactly identical to the history section of the Boston, Massachusetts article. Should this be deleted as a pointless copy of another article, or will somebody step in and expand this article so that it offers something that the Boston article cannot? --Sophitus 01:36, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * This was moved from the Boston article, and the history section of the Boston article was greatly condensed. It was too long. I did this per the request of some of the people objecting to the Boston, Massachusetts article becoming a featured article. I should have been more explicit about this, but it was late, I was in a rush, and I wanted to get it done.
 * Let me know if you have any problems.--AaronS 12:33, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clearing this up; and thanks for not getting offended - Cheers--Sophitus 13:53, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Roxbury dates
The Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts and West Roxbury, Massachusetts articles disagree on when Roxbury was divided. -- Beland 22:25, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Maps
What we really need is a single consolidated color map showing the which parts of the city were landfilled at which times, overlaid on the current streets. This would be much nicer than having a series of ad hoc maps comparing different periods. There was an exhibition at the Boston Public Library a few years ago that had excellent maps; I think one of them may have done just that. -- Beland 19:58, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

In fact, such a map does exist at the City Maps archive, and I own a copy. It's very helpful, and the fellow there said that William Manchester was in there every day while working on Back Bay (which focuses on a "buried treasure" with a curse, whose location/context shifts from swamp to church basement over the centuries) to study it and others like it.

I would guess that it might be possible to get permission from the city to use that map; haven't been over in a while but could remember to ask next time I'm there.

In direct answer, it's possible to generalize about the chronology to some degree. The main areas of landfill to be attended to can be classified in three ways:

a) The deliberate infilling of the Mill Pond (Causeway Street in the North End is the literal remnant of the "causy" or causeway that spanned it, and there is now a millstone located along the refurbished area near Haymarket (almost near) where the Mill race ran). The back alley behind the Union Oyster House/Yankee Publications complex is the true millrace, as far as I can tell; I'm sorry that when they started clearing that area, they took down the interpretive marker that explained it. That land is said (in Whitehead, I think) to have come from Beacon Hill, which was lowered by quite a bit to its present height, and a new beacon set up when it was completed.

b) The more casual or ongoing inflling of the docks along the eastern shore of the city. Called "wharving out and filling in" this process made extended shorelines and infilled land areas all along the margins, especially in the North End, around Fort Hill/Batterymarch, and in the Fort Point Channel area. The city map referred to above makes this very clear--the red "added" areas run very close to the edges of the old wharves and some areas--Long Wharf, Union Wharf, Russian Wharf, and Rowe's--retain their names as well.

c) The very deliberate, sustained infilling of the Back Bay (and, in Cambridge, the Ox Swamp, Magazine Beach/swamp, and Ship Swamp) in the mid-to-late 19th c. An interesting result of this campaign is the fact that each block (alphabetical from Arlington to Hereford) was filled in (using land brought by train from the Needham Heights area) about every 10 years. The older, formerly "downtown" Boston churches began moving to the new, more popular (and larger) lots as the land was available, paralleling the population shift westward. The churches built on these lots, from Arlington Street on, thus reflect changing architectural fashions and serve as a useful chronological record of styles from the 1850s, when the project began, to the 1890s.

Further infilling in Roxbury (at the Neck, in particular) and in the Fens, partly in tandem with Olmstead's Emerald Necklace project (of open public parks running the length of the city), were also important, but I believe were of a more stop-and-go character. Some have been nearly obliterated in the overbuilding of roadways (in the Fens) and later housing developments (in Roxbury). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.34.104.12 (talk) 15:51, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Also, the whole thing about the relationships bewtween Winthrop and the Johnsons goes on much too long. It was barely significant, as far as I've ever known, in the development of the town overall, so its length here is out of proportion to its value. If a separate entry on Winthrop's legal activities were created (he did have some interesting ones overall) that might be a place for it, but it seems out of place here.

On the other hand, the issues over hogs and the problems they created running free (especially for Keynes, the founder of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery, and hog-reeve under Winthrop at the time) are a telling index of social status and community relationships...and those did concern everyone! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.34.104.12 (talk) 15:57, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Earthquake
for those who know how to fix citation errors, here's the link to the Earthquake of 1755. Does not mention what it was on the Richter scale though. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1755_11_18.php
 * I added it. Thank you! - Jeeny Talk 03:11, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Brahmins
I wonder if the below quote is acurate: "The Irish were held as an underclass by the Boston Brahmins, because the Brahmins were of English descent and Protestant, and the Irish were from Ireland and Catholic"

Whilst a large proportion of the Brahmins where of English decent, I would have thought the term British would have been accurate. A number of the families (The Forbes) where Scottish and the Cabot family where from Jersey in the British Channel Islands. Also I would imagine the ingrained Protestant versus Catholic distrust would have been a greater influence then the nationality. Since the Brahmins seem to be made up of families from traditional Protestant countries i.e. Scotland, England and Germany.

What is other opinions on this? 75.195.14.0 (talk) 16:40, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Winthrop/Johnson Relationship Section
I agree with the earlier poster who said, "Also, the whole thing about the relationships bewtween Winthrop and the Johnsons goes on much too long. It was barely significant, as far as I've ever known, in the development of the town overall, so its length here is out of proportion to its value..." In addition, there is a reference to "the earlier 968 conquest of southern England." What could that possibly be referring to? I've never heard of anything like a "conquest" happening in England in 968 - nor can I find any reference to anything like that in any of the sources I've checked. Dtm323 (talk) 17:23, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree with both. I am a genealogist. Genealogy can be fun for the researcher. It is often irrelevant in an encyclopedia once it gets back a generation or two. Do the math: First generation back = 1, 2nd =2 parents, 3=4 gparents, 4=8, 5=16, 6=32, 7=64, etc. Mentioning an ancestor that might have contributed 1 out of 1024 genes seems simply silly. It also presumes no children fathered by someone else and no adoptions which sometimes aren't mentioned in the records. Note that "inconvenient" relatives are usually dropped from the record. The whole business is irrelevant to this article which is supposed to be about Boston not Johnson. Student7 (talk) 13:21, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Island annexation
Many of the islands in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area are now part of Boston; annexation dates should be added to the expansion timeline. -- Beland (talk) 06:55, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

In the boonies for awhile
The text is correct, on one hand. And very WP:TOPIC-oriented, which I appreciate. I don't want to change either. On the other hand, the text needs to make clear, IMO, that Cape Cod was a Pilgrim colony and more or less flourishing before this. They rightly considered Boston as being in the boonies/frontier for some years to come! Hard to believe. Admittedly with Puritans pouring in, this view probably did not prevail for very long. Student7 (talk) 21:07, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I added a mention of the nearby Plymouth Colony; "boonies" is a bit subjective. The entirety of British North America was probably considered a backwater in the 1600s. -- Beland (talk) 00:35, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Firsts, and more history
I think this article ought to have, or at least it would be nice to add a new item in the See also references at bottom pointing to a separate page for, a list of Boston firsts.

By extension, this article is not comprehensive, and requires introduction of many more topics in Boston's long history.

In the 19th century, Boston was on the shortest possible list of the most important cities in the United States. Entry 'Boston' in the index for Stephen Puleo's book, A City So Grand, 2010, shows, for example, that on a national level, Boston had the first: arboretum, electric public transport (in a major city), employee credit union, use of ether as an anesthetic, municipal water supply (one of the first), training school for nurses, municipal public library, subway, underwater transportation tunnel, telephone exchange (and invention of telephone), X-ray, etc. And in the world: first electric fire-alarm system, largest and busiest railroad terminal, etc.

But search for any of these items in this article, and they're no-shows. Not even the word municipal appears substantively in the article.

Providing a list of firsts will have another benefit: It will encourage comprehensive coverage herein.

--Jim Luedke Jimlue (talk) 20:11, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * good idea. Why not make a new section on "municipal leadership". Rjensen (talk) 20:22, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Urban renewal and rearrangement
Comparing this 1852 map with the modern street grid, you can see there have been major street realignments in Park Square, Bay Village, and the western Theatre District, including Tremont Street. The article Bay Village, Boston mentions some raising of streets when the Back Bay and South End were filled in, and some rearrangement at unspecified times. I just learned about the urban renewal (read: bulldozing) in the New York Streets district of the South End in the 1950s. I'm wondering if the changes on the other side of the Pike were due to urban renewal, organic growth, or what. It would be interesting to know when some of the old streets disappeared. I think some of the rebuilding around Park Plaza happened in the 1980s, but I haven't been able to track anything concrete down yet. -- Beland (talk) 00:31, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, here is a 1973 report on urban renewal of Park Plaza, and here is a blog entry with some interesting leads. -- Beland (talk) 01:00, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Urban expansion should have its own article
Due to the scale of Boston's growth and the manner in which it went from being a small hamlet on an isthmus to a major world city, the way this happened should be in it's own article.

The new article is not about the narrative of the city's history (like this one). It should be concerned with the physical efforts in making a city. For instance, which areas developed first, and why? Was there even a development model? What material were used, land fill, infill from quarrying etc? Was it all done by hand or did advent of steam assist the efforts of the city planners/developers? A precedent has already been set for this type of article because there is already one for New York city's expansion.

I just think because this was such a massive undertaking, and a largely unexplored area (like it's almost taken for granted) there is enough material to make a new article. And one that goes way beyond just the simple historical narrative of the city of Boston.86.181.165.174 (talk) 10:44, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * There is currently no history in the article Greater Boston. It could go there until it is big enough for it's own article.
 * Having said that, overlap with other histories should be avoided, where possible. It may well be a summary with pointers to "main" articles of Boston itself and surrounding communities. Student7 (talk) 15:35, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Boston
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 15:38, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

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20th century - No mention of the great depression???
EDITORS: This should be included: "John C. Hull first Securities Director of Massachusetts (1930-36), on behalf of the Boston Stock Exchange in response to October 1929, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. He was helpful in the passing of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with his war on "unlisted securities".  Hull gave testimony to the US Senate (Sen. Duncan Upshaw Fletcher) for work on the Pecora Commission." Thank you. Theonomad (talk) 22:46, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I was unable to find any mention of this in the source cited. What page is it on? Magnolia677 (talk) 23:01, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

 * 3,4 .pdf; 1071-72 congressional record Theonomad (talk) 23:13, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The source cited is a letter written by John C. Hull (a primary source); almost none of what he wrote in the letter supports your edit. Magnolia677 (talk) 23:33, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * A) Why not mention the depression on "The history of Boston" page? B) Yes, I know it was a letter. It was entered into the congressional record and the Pecora Commission ultimate findings on unlisted securities and became law under Securities Exchange Act of 1934  C) I prefer someone else to edit this because I think your not operating in Wikipedia's best interests by letting your animosity for me color your judgement.  You are wild with a little of power Magnolia677.  Theonomad (talk) 00:41, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Your edit is not supported by the source cited, which makes it unsourced content. Please do not add unsourced content.  Moreover, User:Wham2001 made this excellent comment at Talk:Boston, where you added the same information. Magnolia677 (talk) 16:56, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * ,User:Wham2001 - Events in history cannot, will not change. I can deconstruct the "20th century" on this page too.  Porter Motors was only in business for 1 year, Molasses Flood and Sacco and Vanzetti were thieves.  Again, what world wide calamity happened in 1929?Theonomad (talk) 17:22, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Boston


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lucie Famo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 03:41, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Lucie Famo
Vanity? 0 hits on Google. Has only painted 100 paintings.Delete. Philthecow 01:36, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete --Xcali 01:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think 100 paintings is a particularly low number... still, should be deleted as unverifiable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:20, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess my point was that for an amateur seeking notability, it's a low number. Were she an amateur with 10,000 paintings, she'd be showing up on this list soon enough. But with 100, no such luck. Philthecow 13:37, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're entitled to your opinion, of course, but 10,000 paintings? That's incredibly high, almost ludicrously so.  Picasso is generally known as the most prolific famous painter, and he produced about 13,000 paintings over an 80-year career.  Jan Vermeer, the best-known painter of his era, has 34 paintings attributed to him.  So, 10,000 paintings is an extraordinary feat which maybe .001% of painters ever reach... I'd say it's similar to 50 movies for a director, 30 albums for a band, 100 books for a writer, etc. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:33, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * *wry smile* Ten thousand perhaps a bit of an overstatement. I just meant that ludicrously prolific amateurs (see Howard Finster, with 46,000) are much more likely to be worthy of an article than average sorts. Philthecow 13:28, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:07 May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Doesn't seem false, a hundred paintings is definately notable, and it's hard for her to create a vanity page about herself if she's dead.  Almafeta 03:34, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Unverifiable. Since it's a new article, how about putting a clean-up or verify/cite sources tag on it. Double Blue  (Talk) 03:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. An artist with 100 paintings and 213 sketches might be notable if this person made a signigicant contribution to the world of art. But there are no third party references to verify this... Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If she doesn't get any Google hits, she isn't notable enough. --Idont Havaname 05:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 05:56, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. If what's currently written in the article is true, then it might merit inclusion, but the lack of Google hits means the info isn't verifiable and that the artist wasn't notable. Brenton 06:18, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Google is interesting but it is not the be all and end all of deciding what is encyclopedic. My problem with this article is it is unverifiable. Double Blue  (Talk) 14:36, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hell, I've painted nearly twice that many paintings (and they're in collections in four countries), but I don't consider myself notable enough for an article. Note too that this article has previously been speedy deleted. Content was the same, but indicated that the artist was still alive. Four days ago. Grutness...  wha?  01:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * comment I don't know whether this article is verifiable or not. The fact that it has been rewritten following a speedy delete with basic facts changed does not speak well for it. I want to comment on the idea that Google is the arbiter of notability. Google, as a reflection of the content of the WWW has some very serious biases toward recent events, curious events, and internet-related events. An enormous number of notable things have happened with minimal notice on Google. It's a very useful and readily available tool, but not the end of the line. Dystopos 20:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Java sparrow

Untitled
I saw one of these at a bird feeder in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 2001... most likely an escapee. -- brian0918 ™  01:37, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Domestication
Are these guys considered domesticated? If so, please add a note to that effect somewhere in the article. (the Domesticated Animals list has, to solve a dispute, decided to only grant "true" domesticated status to things that have the word "domestic" or "domesticated" in their article) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tamtrible (talk • contribs) 06:27, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

The pied ones are considered domesticated, and I think that this may apply to some of the other non-wild colorations. The wild, natural coloration is not domesticated. The behavior is quite different, even without any sort of specific training, and it's been discussed on a UK Java sparrow website, but I cannot find the reference at the moment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.56.186.222 (talk) 05:07, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

"Molecular studies indicate..."
"Molecular phylogeny indicates that this species may have originated in India and dispersed to Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats from there."

This line and the reference it cites has been placed on many articles about estrildid finches but suggests a fundamental misunderstanding that is misleading readers. The clade of estrildid finches *as a whole* first evolved in India and dispersed, hundreds of thousands or more probably several millions of years ago. The specific species such as this one *did not* originate in India and disperse. Their ancestors did.

Jawa birds bio
thus bird is from Indonesia and they like to eat rice 2400:ADC5:138:2500:8C38:D2F4:D803:F1E9 (talk) 05:08, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Java sparrow


text:
Kuwai

Kuwai (クワイ) is a Japanese plant whose underground stem (rhizome) is edible. It is a cultivar of Sagittaria trifolia. It has different common names in different regions of Japan. The underground stems of this neighboring species are also eaten in China.

Kuwai and Chinese cígū (慈姑) are different cultivars, but both are treated as kuwai in Japan and cígū in China. The etymology of the Japanese name kuwai is uncertain.

Classification
Kuwai is a cultivar of Sagittaria trifolia. Its scientific name is Sagittaria trifolia L. 'Caerulea.' However, it is sometimes treated the same as another cultivar or as the same as Sagittaria trifolia. On the contrary, some scholars have assumed it to be Sagittaria sagittifolia without acknowledging Sagittaria trifolia.

The cultivar Sagittaria trifolia was created in China. For this reason, the origin of kuwai is considered to be China. It is cultivated as a vegetable only in China and Japan. In Japan, it has been actively cultivated since the Edo period.

Chinese kuwai is white,, and its underground stem is larger than the Japanese one. This underground stem is also edible in China. It is cultivated only in Japan, but it is called shiro(white)-kuwai to distinguish it from Japanese kuwai. In contrast, Japanese kuwai is sometimes called ao kuwai to distinguish it from Chinese kuwai. In Japan, the scientific name of the white kuwai is often given as Sagittaria trifolia L. 'Sinensis', while the same species is known as Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala in China.

In Japan, three varieties of kuwai are grown: the blue-violet ao kuwai, the pale blue shiro kuwai, and the small Suita kuwai. All are grown in paddy fields.

 * Ao kuwai
 * This is the most common variety grown in Japan. Its grass is relatively short, and its leaves are medium-sized and green. Its tuber is oblong, and its outer skin is blue. Among the ao kuwai strains, the one with a flat bottom of the tuber is called Shinden kuwai, and the slightly waist-high, round-bellied strain is called Kyo kuwai. The underground stem weighs 6 g.

 * Shiro kuwai
 * This variety is widely grown in China and is rarely seen in Japan. It is a tall plant with large, light green leaves. The tuber is white in color, round and spherical, and its flesh is tougher than that of ao kuwai and has a crunchy texture. Its taste is light and bitter. It is used as an ingredient in Chinese cuisine. The weight of the underground stem is 28g.

 * Suita kuwai
 * The closest wild variety of kuwai to Omodaka, with smaller tubers but denser flesh and less bitterness, and said to have a good taste. It is also said to be a strain of Omodaka The botanist Tomitaro Makino gave it the scientific name as a variety of omodaka, which was cultivated in Japan apart from the introduced lineage. The weight of the underground stem is 4 g.

Distribution
As mentioned above, the distribution of kuwai varies greatly depending on how it is classified. If we consider it Sagittaria sagittifolia, it is widely distributed in Asia, Europe, the Americas, and other regions of the world, from temperate to tropical across the globe. The wild species Sagittaria trifolia is believed to be native to Southeast Asia. The cultivated variety kuwai was created in China. For this reason, the origin of kuwai is China. The areas where it is cultivated as a vegetable are limited to China and Japan. In Japan, it has been actively cultivated since the Edo period.

Plant forms

Ao kuwai, a typical Japanese kuwai, is a monocotyledonous perennial aquatic plant, growing to about 110 - 125 centimeters (cm) in height. The leaves are 30 cm long, arrowhead-shaped without notches, and the leaf blade has a spongy interior. Stolon arise from each node of the stem and grow up to 60 – 80 cm long. Nodes are also found on the creeping stem, from which two or three secondary creeping stems arise. Tubers are attached to the tips of the rhizome, which are larger than those of the original omodaka species. The tuber is bluish with horizontal nodules and is surrounded by thin scales with a 5 – 6 cm long apical bud at the tip. The flowers are dioecious. It produces conical inflorescences with white-petaled flowers. Fruiting is almost non-existent after flowering.

Growth

Kuwai is cultivated in paddy fields. Germination of kuwai occurs around early July, when planting takes place, at a germination temperature of 13 °C to 15 °C or higher. The growth of kuwai can be divided into two phases: the vegetative growth phase (July–August), from germination to leaf number increase, and the reproductive growth phase (late August to mid-November), from creeping stem development to tuber enlargement. The optimum temperature for growth during the vegetative growth phase is 20 °C to 30 °C, but the rate of increase in leaf number is temperature-dependent and is accelerated by high temperature conditions. Creeping during the vegetative growth period occurs after 14 to 15 true leaves have developed, followed by the development of one creeping stem for every leaf blade. After the creeping stems have elongated, they form tubers encased in two bracts, which begin to enlarge when daylight hours are shortened and the plant is exposed to low temperatures of around 15 °C. Although the stolons die when exposed to frost, tuber enlargement takes place below the water surface until late fall.

Cultivation
It is essential that the field be flooded during the growing season, and good water availability is a necessary condition for cultivation. Semi-wet fields with peat or fine-grained gleysol are suitable, while andosol or sandy soils will reduce yields. Weather conditions should be warm throughout the entire period, and the more significant the daily temperature difference during the tuber growth period, the better and fuller tubers can be produced. In Japan, the best areas for cultivation are south of the southern Kantō region.

Kuwai is planted using tubers that have been harvested and refrigerated the previous year but are removed from the refrigerator one week before planting and acclimated to the open air so that they are not exposed to direct sunlight and do not dry out. Kuwai fields are plowed in April, and two weeks before planting in late June or July, the fields are watered, and the tuber roots are planted after the fields have been padded by raking. Two weeks later, leaves similar to omodaka appear, and the stem and leaves grow vigorously from around late July through September. During this growth period, the rhizomes become fuller and of uniform size through fertilization, which involves moderately thinning the stems and leaves, and cutting some of the underground stems. Water management is also essential, and water is kept at a shallow depth of 5 cm immediately after planting and in the fall, and at a slightly shallower depth of 6 to 9 cm in the summer during the growing season, so as not to run out of water. When temperatures drop in late fall and the leaves become frostbitten, tuberous root enlargement ceases and it is time to harvest.

The harvesting method is similar to that of lotus root, using water pressure from a power pump to dig up the rhizomes in the mud below the surface of the water and separate the rhizomes that come to the surface from the stems to avoid damaging the shoots. Alternatively, the water is dropped. The above-ground parts are harvested, leaving the field flooded once until harvesting, and the rhizomes are dug up after the water is wholly dropped when harvesting. Seed balls, which are reserved for planting the following year, are stored in vaults in underground pits or refrigerator storage.

Diseases and pests are known to affect significantly yield, including red blight by Fusarium species, leaf blight by Marssonina species in the mid-season, and aphids from September onward. Immediately after planting, the crop may be subjected to feeding damage by the duckweed. Although there are few problems with continuous cropping, continuous cropping in fields where red blight has occurred is discouraged.

Producing area
The two main production areas in Japan are Hiroshima and Saitama prefectures, which account for more than 80% of the market. The most significant production volume in Japan is in Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture, where it spread in the early Showa period as a post-crop of igusa, and became a local specialty around 1955. Because it is grown in time for the New Year when demand is high, shipments peak from late November to December. There has been little differentiation in crop types, with some cultivating earlier planting (September–October shipments.)

 * Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture - The second largest producer after Fukuyama City.
 * Kyoto Prefecture - It is selected as Kyoyasai.
 * Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture - Certified as a Kaga vegetable.
 * Hakui, Ishikawa, Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Tozawa, Yamagata Prefecture
 * Kadoma, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture
 * Suita, Osaka Prefecture - Suit-kuwai. The Suita area, a low marshy area along the Yodo River, had many muddy paddies, and small kuwai was a specialty of the area. Until the Meiji Restoration, it was offered to the Imperial Court. After World War II, however, the urbanization of the Suita area led to a decrease in the number of farmers growing it, and for a time, it was on the verge of extinction.

Usage

In Japan, since "signs of growth" (目が出る) and "seed sprouts" (芽が出る) are pronounced the same (me-ga-deru,) it is considered a good-luck item. Therefore, it is customary to make nimono and eat it at Osechi (New Year's dishes), etc.

The season as a foodstuff is from November to April. Good quality sprouts are considered high market value if they grow into a beautiful shape and are shiny all over. The buds are cut diagonally at the tip and left. The bottom of the tuber is thinly sliced and trimmed, then peeled, exposed to water, and cooked after the lye is removed. The tuber has a characteristic bitter taste due to its oxalic acid content, so it is best to boil it once in rice water to remove it. It has a slightly sweet and bitter taste similar to that of chestnuts and lily bulb. It is usually boiled in a broth to enjoy its tender texture. It is also used in deep-fried and nabemono. Processed products include kuwai chips and kuwai shōchū (shochu made from kuwai.)

History
In China, there is a record of it in the  Mingyi bielu (名醫別錄) written by Tao Hongjing in the 5th century, and its Chinese name is cí gū  (慈姑, The pronunciation on the left is modern and differs from that of the 5th century.)

The date of arrival of kuwai in Japan is unknown, but it is believed to have existed in Japan in the Nara period of the 8th century. The Man'yōshū, Japan's oldest poetry collection composed around 780, contains a poem
 * While picking egu in a stream in Yamada village for Emperor, my sleeves got wet from the melting snow. (君がため山田の沢にゑぐ摘むと雪消の水にの袖濡れぬ)

Egu is thought by some to be kuwai. Some say they are Japanese parsley.

In old Japanese literature, kuwai is often written as a translation of the Chinese word cí gū  (慈姑) or written as today's kuroguwai Eleocharis kuroguwai. It may also refer to the original species, omodaka (Sagittaria trifolia.) Scholars are therefore divided in their interpretations of whether the description in these books is the kuwai of today. The following is an interpretation often presented as a standard theory but may not be a description of kuwai.

In the Honzo Wamyo (本草和名, Japanese name for medicinal herbs) compiled in 918, there is a reference to omodaka (於毛多加.) In another place, it is described as Kurokuwai (久呂久和為.)

On the other hand, Wamyō Ruijushō, compiled around 938, mentions kuwai (久和井.)

Production and use flourished during the Edo period (1603-1867), and the main production areas are thought to be Kyoto, Osaka, and the Edo area, but little is known about the actual situation.

Yamato Honzo (1709, 大和本草) has a section on "Raven potato(烏芋) -kurokuwai(クロクワイ)." The kurokuwai in this book appears to refer to kuwai, not today's kurokuwai, based on the characteristics of the leaf shape.

In Setsuyo Gundan (摂陽群談, 1701), there is a description of "sukitakuwai, it is grown in the paddy fields of Suita Village and sold in the market. It is small in size but tastes delicious."

Kaibara Ekken clearly distinguishes between 慈姑=kuwai and 烏芋kurokuwai, in his book Nabu (菜譜, 1704.) From the description, they seem to be the same as today's kuwai and kurokuwai. There is a description that Suita kuwai is smaller and tastier than common kuwai.

It served as a relief crop during the Great Tenmei famine (1782-1788.)

Goki-nai sanbutsu zue (五畿内産物図絵, 1813) also depict Suitakuwai as an illustration.

Ōta Nanpo (太田南畝, 1749-1823,) who traveled to Osaka during the Edo period, read the following poem;
 * My memories of Osaka are of hamo boning, surinagashi (ground soup), suitakuwai, and Tennoji turnips.

During the Meiji era, Kyoto, Osaka, Saitama, Tokyo, Ibaraki, and Chiba were the main production areas in Japan.

During the Pacific War, kuwai cultivation became one of the controlled items during the war and was suppressed.

Although cultivation was revived after the war, the area cultivated shrank from the prewar level as urbanization progressed and the number of rice paddies in urban areas decreased. Since then, it has been gradually reducing.

title: Kuwai


text:
Talk:Coat

Rewrite
I did a complete rewrite of this page.

Deleted this text:

 * Confusingly, what was once called a coat is now commonly referred to as a jacket, as in a dinner jacket, although the original meaning is still used in tailoring—to mean the upper part of a suit, for example.

 * - What is now commonly called a coat—an outer layer of clothing such as a trench coat—is, in tailoring terms, correctly called an overcoat, since it is worn over the coat.

 * - A coat or rug is also a covering for domesticated animals; see, for example, dog coat.

In general:
 * Split human clothing and animal clothing on the disambig page, and linked to coat (dog) directly from there
 * Added history, external links and references, categories "clothing" and "fashion", lists of types of coats and jackets with links and definitions

Still needs:
 * Images!
 * More types of coats and jackets

PKM 01:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for fixing the link to Basque! PKM 17:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Help!
I'm not certain if this is the right place, but someone who knows is bound to edit this entry at some point; hopefull they'll read the description, too. What does "double-breasted" mean? I can think of many possible defs myself, but most of them rely on the less savory parts of my mind.

 * Double-breasted in clothing means having two fronts that overlap, usually with two parallel rows of buttons, to retain warmth where the garment closes in front, or to make the chest appear fuller when that is the fashion. - PKM 03:20, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * - PKM 03:20, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Coats and jackets are different: why mix them up in one article?
A coat is an outerwear garment. Nothing is worn over it. For formal clothing (the sort of thing you would wear with a suit) it is traditionally about knee length, although in recent decades shorter coats are also being worn. While a coat is primarily the kind of tailored garment you would wear with a suit, it is also sometimes used to refer to more informal outerwear such as an anorak that is below hip-length.

A jacket can be worn with outerwear. It is never more than about hip length. To me, a jacket means the top half of a suit, a blazer, or a sports jacket. Less commonly, a jacket might also be used to refer informally to a for example blouson style jacket that is around waist length that is worn as outerwear with only a shirt or pullover beneath.

I'm very confused why a norfolk jacket should be in an article about coats! You could wear an overcoat or raincoat over a a Norfolk jacket, so its not a coat! You wouldnt wear a coat over a coat.

Perhaps this has something to do with differences between British and American usage; perhaps also that Americans dress less formally than european adults so perhaps our vocabulary is more specific in this area.

I would suggest this article needs two experts in the british and american clothing industries to sort out the confusion. 62.253.52.193 17:00, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As a very late response, I can say with some certainty that this distinction is not as you imagine it. Evening coats, morning coats, and frock coats are all examples of coats that are not outerwear. Unfortunately, I'm afraid I can't give an authoritative explanation of the difference, as I have, in fact, no understanding of it whatsoever. --William Ager 03:26, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The things is, in common everyday usage, most of us distinguish coats and jackets. But the top half of a suit is always a "coat" to a tailor, as is a "sports coat" (though not a "dinner jacket"...).  Every day usage and usage by professionals in the clothing trades is different, and if anything the categories of "coat" and "jacket" overlap (and there are slightly different usages between the US and UK as well, I believe). - PKM 07:55, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Don't merge the two articles --Bushido Brown 23:11, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

You know, it's a funny thing, but I don't know any British or American Clothing experts... Sincerely, Captain Vimes 01:55, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

I have noticed it was said that "in common everyday usage, most of us distinguish coats and jackets". Well, I can personally vouch that least 50% of my friends get mixed about it! I am not claiming there is no difference, but I'm just saying clarifications are needed. Especially if you remember the Eng. Wikipedia is used by non-English speakers, too... Rattner2 (talk) 23:47, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Removing photo
I am removing this photo from the article uploaded by User:Allyn. The photo does not add to a reader's understanding of the subject. It is a poor quality photo that the user took of himself, in which he is modelling garments he designs and sells on his personal website, in contradiction of Conflict_of_interest. In addition, the photo is not encyclopedic. Although being an unusual design, is not enough to justify inclusion in an encycolpedia article - otherwise everyone that makes their own clothes could justify adding their work to articles. See Notability.

No distinction between coat and jacket?
Currently this entry sports the following line:

"For modern clothing, the distinction between coat and jacket is not maintainable."

I understand that there is a great deal of overlap in usage. But even leaving aside specific, consistent usages of the terms for coat and jacket (sport coat, bomber jacket), there are general uses that are consistent. In women's clothing, for example, outerwear garments are generally referred to as coats, not overcoats, at least in the US; and a long, heavy one would always be called a coat, not a jacket. Likewise, I would never think of referring to a lightweight women's jacket as a coat.

Surely others have had this conversation on a fall morning: "Should I take my coat?" "It's not that cold—a jacket should be fine."

To dismiss these distinctions is to do a disservice to anyone seeking such information. Because this keeps coming up over and over, here and on the jacket page, I would really like to see a definitive stance taken.

Songsmyth (talk) 15:44, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * You're right, this is a tough one, in that it is not clear how we should use terms 'technically' and 'correctly' in an encyclopaedia compared to 'loose', verbal use. I had a few thoughts in mind when I wrote that sentence, which with hindsight did not really come out very well, and I probably should have started the discussion myself.  Firstly, there is the traditional and solid position that all jackets are tail-less undercoats, all of which are coats.  Secondly, there are differences in use, but it is hard to categorise.  In the US I understand that jacket and coat are sometimes used in the opposite sense to here in the UK (e.g. 'jacket and tie' vs. 'coat and tie', or whether to use 'coat' or 'jacket' to mean 'overcoat).  What I was trying to say was that no consistent, non-geographically specific distinction can be made on contemporary clothes.
 * I think we should keep some of the three articles in question (coat, over~, jacket) separate, since we want to avoid mammoth list articles whenever we can logically split them up; certainly the over/under-coat distinction is worth maintaining, but how we split up modern stuff (i.e. any article of clothing emerging post-war) is really nontrivial. I had been rather ignoring the jacket article, which is a bit of a tip, with life jacket indiscriminately mixed with pyjamas and blazers.  Were we to only have an encyclopaedia about the stuff I am interested in (dress coats, suits, etc.) then the problem goes away, but this is obviously not possible.
 * I propose therefore that we merge jacket and coat, explaining traditional use and distinctions, while giving just a few examples of the diversity of modern use; we make a separate list article where we can validly just place anything without worrying about sorting it. This might satisfy people, since no-one really wants a long list cluttering up an important page like 'jacket', and moving it gets rid of the contention over which page to put it on.
 * —Kan8eDie (talk) 16:17, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

British usage
In British usage:

Jacket: Never more than hip length. More formal types would be the top half of a suit, a blazer, a dinner jacket or a sports jacket. Informal types include denim jackets, biker jackets, etc.

Coat: Traditionally about knee length but can be shorter. Almost invariably an outermost garment, often worn over a jacket. Examples would be overcoat, raincoat, trench coat, duffle coat, anorak. Typically heavier for winter but can be lightweight for indoors (e.g. lab coat [often worn over a jacket but a lab coat is not a jacket itself because it is too long]).

Much of the difference is distinguished by their use as layers (a coat may be worn over a jacket but a jacket would never be worn over a coat) and reflected in their length (a denim coat would be long; a denim jacket would be short). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tors newton (talk • contribs) 00:52, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

"there are slightly different usages between the US and UK as well, I believe" - PKM

I think PKM has understated what is actually a big difference. Americans often use the term "coat" to refer to a garment that we in the UK would invariably refer to as a "jacket". For instance, the expression here is "jacket and tie" (the phrase "coat and tie" would raise a strange mental image of a man wearing an overcoat with a tie – and little else!).

"But the top half of a suit is always a "coat" to a tailor" - PKM

Not to a British tailor! This is always referred to as a "jacket" in the UK. And there is no such thing as a "sports coat" in the UK either (or at least not in the sense meant by Americans); this garment is referred to as a "sports jacket" here.

(I certainly don't mean to offend PKM! I think she has very usefully highlighted a difference in language between the USA and the UK.)

I think 62.253.52.193 has succinctly summed up the British understanding. Do NOT merge coats and jackets. It does not require an expert in fashion to know that the two terms are entirely different in British usage. Tors newton (talk) 21:35, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

if you think the only difference between coat and jacket is length that that will be not actually.trench coat are different.they can be short also.Big difference can be noticed.The jacket have chain system where coat have button system to make both open edgeto come closer.A belt can be used for a tie purpose but that basically used for fashion purpose.If still not clear you might be get clear concept from here.Cardigans are also can be derived by chain or buttons (some have chain and some have buttons)but for coat jacket thats the main difference.

Coat question
What kind of coat was the one Victor Creed wore in X-Men Origins: Wolverine? Josh (talk) 07:07, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 11 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move. (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   10:30, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

– The article of clothing gets around 7-8 times the amount of views as the animal fur, making it the clear primary topic for this word, as the article most people want to navigate to. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 07:43, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Coat (clothing) → Coat
 * Coat → Coat (disambiguation)
 * Support. Clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:48, 13 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support the view count difference is substantial and this is not a modern invention so WP:Recentism is not a factor.--69.157.252.96 (talk) 00:05, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Coat


text:
User talk:Jeff.galezo

Boa.jpeg
Hi, Jeff.galezo! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have fun editing with us.

I'm afraid there seems to be a bit of a problem with your contribution to the BoA page. The image appears to be the copyrighted cover of a BoA album. As you may know, we can't use copyrighted images on Wikipedia unless the copyright holder specifically releases them to us under the GFDL. I've listed the image at Copyright problems. If you believe it is not a copyright violation, please reply there. Thanks! -- Visviva 01:39, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeff.galezo


text:
Palisades Interstate Park Commission

The Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIPC) was formed in 1900 by Governors Theodore Roosevelt of New York and Foster Voorhees of New Jersey in response to the quarrying operations along the Palisades Cliffs of New Jersey. The Palisades, a National Natural Landmark that are also called the New Jersey Palisades or the Hudson River Palisades, are a line of steep cliffs along the west side of the lower Hudson River in Northeastern New Jersey and Southeastern New York in the United States. After its formation, the PIPC quickly moved to acquire the lands at the base of the Palisades to stop quarrying operations in both New York and New Jersey. The commission consists of ten commissioners, five appointed by each governor, and was ratified by an Act of Congress in 1937 when its interstate compact was approved. Today, the Commission owns and operates more than 125,000 acres of public parkland in New York and New Jersey including 21 state parks, 8 historic sites, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway. These parks are visited by more than 7 million people annually.

History
In the late 1800s, quarry operations dotted the base of the Palisades Cliffs along the western shore of the Hudson River. These quarry operations sought the durable diabase rock that forms the Palisades to fuel the construction boom in nearby New York City. However, many of the residents of the area, including J.P. Morgan, saw the quarrying as a destruction of a valuable natural feature. There were many efforts to save the Palisades Cliffs, but the one that took root was led by the New Jersey State Federation of Women's Clubs. This group of influential women gathered together to lobby then Governors Theodore Roosevelt and Foster Voorhees to save the cliffs. Their work culminated in the creation of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, which was given the power to condemn and/or purchase land in order to protect the Palisades and create a public park.

Under the leadership of George W. Perkins, the Commission began to purchase, condemn, and shut down quarry operations along the base of the cliffs. The Commission worked quickly, preserving the land along the Hudson River between Fort Lee and the NY border. They then moved into New York State to Tallman Mountain, where quarrying was also taking place. Within a decade, the quarries were mostly closed down and the Palisades Interstate Park was opened.

At the same time, the Commission was working to expand public open space in Rockland and Orange Counties, NY. At Bear Mountain, a gift of 10,000 acres and $1,000,000 by Mary W. Harriman led to the establishing of Bear Mountain and Harriman State Parks. Today, Bear Mountain receives over 2 million annual visitors and Harriman is the second largest state park in New York. These parks, and their development, served as models for the National Park System, are the location of the first established section of the Appalachian Trail, and host some of the first nature trails and environmental education programs in the nation.

Upon the creation of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) in 1970, the Palisades Interstate Park Commission was given the authority to manage the Palisades Region of NY State Parks. Today, PIPC and OPRHP jointly manage the 125,000 acres of parkland in this region, which includes all state parklands in Rockland, Orange, Ulster, and Sullivan Counties, New York. The Palisades Interstate Park was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The designated area includes the Palisades Park in New Jersey, the Palisades Park in New York State, and the Tallman Mountain State Park in New York State.

Major Welch
In 1913, George Perkins hired Major William A. Welch as assistant engineer. He would later become Chief Engineer, working to implement Perkins' plans for the park and, upon Perkins' death in 1920, became the General Manager of the Palisades Interstate Park system. He held this position until his death in 1940.

Under Welch's leadership, the Palisades Interstate Park grew exponentially, incorporating lands into what is now Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks as well as at Blauvelt, Tallman Mountain, Nyack Beach, High Tor, and other parks in Rockland and Orange Counties.

When work started on the park there were no models or precedents for an endeavor of its nature and scope. Welch organized a massive reforestation program, managed ten thousand Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps workers, built twenty-three new lakes, 100 mile of scenic drives and one hundred and three children's camps, where 65,000 urban children enjoyed the outdoors each summer. He helped found the Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference, which later became the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference, and he served as chairman of the Appalachian Trail Conference.

Palisades Interstate Parkway
In 1933–34, the first thoughts of a Palisades Interstate Parkway were developed by engineer and environmentalist William A. Welch, who was general manager and chief engineer of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. The plan was to build a parkway to connect the New Jersey Palisades with the state parks along the Hudson River in Rockland and Orange counties. Welch would soon garner the support of John D. Rockefeller, who donated 700 acres (2.8 km2) of land along the New Jersey Palisades overlooking the Hudson River in 1933. With this favorable momentum for the new route, the proposed route was accepted as a Civil Works Administration project under Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition. However, the New Jersey Highway Commission did not support construction, so the idea of a parkway was put on hold.

During the 1940s, Rockefeller renewed the push for a parkway along the New Jersey Palisades, and teamed with ultimate PIP planner, Robert Moses, to establish and design the parkway. The plan originally was to have the PIP stretch from the Garden State Parkway, along the Hudson River, to the George Washington Bridge, and then north along its present-day route ending at the Bear Mountain Bridge. This southern extension was never built, but construction began on the current PIP in New York on April 1, 1947. Construction on the New Jersey portion began about one year later. Construction was delayed twice due to material shortages, but that did not stop the PIP from being opened in stages during the 1940s and 1950s. The route was completed in New Jersey in 1957, and on August 28, 1958, the final piece of the PIP was completed between exits 5 and 9 in southern Rockland County.

Henry Hudson Drive
Henry Hudson Drive is a small scenic roadway in Bergen County, New Jersey that runs for 8 mi along the western side of the Hudson River from Edgewater, New Jersey to Alpine, New Jersey. The road is located at the bottom of the Palisades Cliffs close to the river. Built and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, it is a predecessor to the Palisades Interstate Parkway, located to the west of it, and while it has been very much superseded by the Parkway, the Drive is still open and used as a scenic road for New York City, Yonkers, and Washington Heights across the river. The Drive connects many picnic areas and docks to the main roads, and it also goes under the George Washington Bridge, the only road in New Jersey to do so.

Current scope
The park system has been expanded over the years to include nineteen state parks and nine historic sites, covering over 100000 acre along more than 20 mile of Hudson River shoreline and beyond. The commission also oversees and operates the Palisades Interstate Parkway, built between 1947 and 1958. The commission also owns four additional parkways that traverse its parks, although two are partially or wholly maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation, while the rest are both owned and maintained by PIPC.

The Palisades Interstate Park in New Jersey is about 12 miles long and half a mile wide at its widest point, the average width of the facility is about 575 yards wide. It covers an area of 2,500 acres (3.9 sq.mi.). The park contains uplands, cliffs and the Hudson River shorefront. PIP has more than 30 miles of hiking and ski trails.

State parks
• Bear Mountain State Park, NY

• Blauvelt State Park, NY

• Bristol Beach State Park, NY

• Franny Reese State Park, NY

• Goosepond Mountain State Park, NY

• Harriman State Park, NY

• Haverstraw Beach State Park, NY

• High Tor State Park, NY

• Highland Lakes State Park, NY

• Hook Mountain State Park, NY

• Lake Superior State Park, NY

• Minnewaska State Park Preserve, NY

• Nyack Beach State Park, NY

• Palisades Interstate Park, NJ

• Rockland Lake State Park, NY

• Schunnemunk State Park, NY

• Sterling Forest State Park, NY

• Storm King State Park, NY

• Tallman Mountain State Park, NY

Historic sites
• Blackledge-Kearney House, NJ

• Fort Lee Historic Park, NJ

• Fort Montgomery State Historic Site, NY

• Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site, NY

• New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site, NY

• Senate House State Historic Site, NY

• Stony Point Battlefield State Historic Site, NY

• National Purple Heart Hall of Honor, NY

• Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site, NY

Parkways
•

• (ownership)

•

• (partial ownership)

•

Other sources

 * Myles, William J., Harriman Trails, A Guide and History, The New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, New York, N.Y., 1999.

title: Palisades Interstate Park Commission


text: User talk:69.47.26.137

title: User talk:69.47.26.137


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-30/Free software trophy

In regards to Ryo's comment "Many people often forget that, backing Wikimedia Foundation's projects, lies MediaWiki, an amazing piece of software. Today developers's efforts were recognized.", I would like to point out that a successful piece of software is one which is not noticed because it's so damn good :-) I'd also like to congratulate all our hardworking developers who are always behind the scenes making this whole amazing project tick! - Ta bu shi da yu 01:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/2004 election maps.PNG

2004 election maps.PNG
The top right image failed to gain consensus on FPC a while back. This new image helps to clear up some of the issues people had, by comparing the standard image with other maps; the result is informative, thought-provoking, and just a tad striking. (I would prefer if people unfamiliar with the meaning of the top left image didn't vote, considering the image's target audience, but it's entirely your choice.) Credits are complex, so I recommend you see the image's page. Illustrates Red state vs. blue state divide. - Deltabeignet 01:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - Deltabeignet 01:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - It's not used in any article and although I supported it the first time around I think we need to wait more time between nominations. Also, there is too much white space for my liking. BrokenSegue 02:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It may have been a little too soon (although I maintain it is NOT my fault that it was removed from Red state vs. blue state divide.) On the other question, what would you prefer I do with the white space? Deltabeignet 18:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally I liked the original from before without the group. In the past (I think) we have promoted a group of pictures supporting one another (the smoke trails). Instead of a group picture (which ended up lowering the final resolution. Promoting two together would be nice. Perhaps if we explained the meaning of the original to the brits and aussies they'd be more likely to support it. This link is Broken 19:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI, the image was reuploaded to the Wikimedia Commons, compressed, and the file extention was lower cased by me. The new location of the image is at Image:United_States_2004_election_maps.png. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Neutralitytalk 02:08, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Combining all three maps provides an interesting outlook on the results. Circeus 18:00, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment unless this is added to an article it can't be promoted This link is Broken 06:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've re-added it to Red state vs. blue state divide. Deltabeignet 02:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Even if this image was used in an article or not listed for deletion, I find it just plain boring. -Lommer | talk 22:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. -- Silversmith Hewwo 09:13, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

+3 / -3 -- Solipsist 07:35, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment this picture is currently listed at Images_and_media_for_deletion, listed by the original uploader (and the guy who is supporting this nomination). Zscout370 (Sound Off) 22:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Lowry Hill Tunnel

The Lowry Hill Tunnel is a tunnel 1,496 ft in length accommodating the Interstate 94 (I-94) freeway near downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota that was completed in late 1971. It is placed at a near-right-angle turn in the highway, forcing the three lanes of traffic in each direction to slow down. The advised speed is 40 mph.

Although constructed as a tunnel through rock, the surface a few yards above is covered with roadways. The tunnel functions as if it were the underpass under a 0.25 mi bridge which carries Hennepin Avenue, Lyndale Avenue, and various ramps over I-94.

Opened in November 1971, this tunnel was built with $31 million to help fix the congestion of 30,000 vehicles a day. Today, the Lowry Hill Tunnel sees an average of 175,000 vehicles pass through it each day, 54% more than the Lincoln Tunnel that connects New Jersey to Manhattan. The tunnel originally opened with two lanes in each direction, but the shoulders have since been replaced with third lanes due to demand. Despite massive increases in traffic, especially since the construction of I-394 in the 1990s and population growth of over 1 million people in the metropolitan area, the tunnel cannot be widened as it sits between the footings and basements of St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis) and Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church to the east and the Walker Art Center to the west.

title: Lowry Hill Tunnel


text:
Beau's lines

Beau's lines are deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail or the toenail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate.

This condition of the nail was named by a French physician, Joseph Honoré Simon Beau (1806–1865), who first described it in 1846.

Signs and symptoms
Beau's lines are horizontal, going across the nailline, and should not be confused with vertical ridges going from the bottom (cuticle) of the nail out to the fingertip. These vertical lines are usually a natural consequence of aging and are harmless.

Beau's lines should also be distinguished from Muehrcke's lines of the fingernails. While Beau's lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges; they affect the underlying nail bed, and not the nail itself. Beau's lines should also be distinguished from Mees' lines of the fingernails, which are areas of discoloration in the nail plate.

As the nail grows out, the ridge in the nail can be seen to move upwards until it reaches the fingertip. When it reaches this point the fingertips can become sore for a few days as the nail bed is exposed by the misshapen nail.

Causes
There are several causes of Beau's lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix. This may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area. Some other reasons for these lines include trauma, coronary occlusion, hypocalcaemia, and skin disease. They may be a sign of systemic disease, or may also be caused by an illness of the body, as well as drugs used in chemotherapy, or malnutrition. Beau's lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with Kawasaki disease. Conditions also associated with Beau's lines include uncontrolled diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, as well as illnesses associated with a high fever, such as scarlet fever, measles, mumps and pneumonia. Beau's lines can also be a sign of zinc deficiency. A researcher found Beau's lines in the fingernails of two of six divers following a deep saturation dive to a pressure equal to 305 m of sea water, and in six of six divers following a similar dive to 335 m. They have also been seen in Ötzi the Iceman.

Human nails grow at a rate which varies with many factors: age, the specific digit, as well as nutrition. However, typically in healthy populations fingernails grow at about 0.1 mm/day and toenails at about 0.05 mm/day.

title: Beau's lines


text:
Los Angeles (X album)

Los Angeles is the debut studio album by American rock band X, released on April 26, 1980, by Slash Records. It was produced by ex-Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek and includes a cover of the 1967 Doors song "Soul Kitchen".

Los Angeles placed at No. 16 in The Village Voice's 1980 Pazz & Jop critics' poll. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 286 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

In 1988, Slash issued Los Angeles and Wild Gift jointly on a single CD. It was reissued by Rhino Records in 2001 with five bonus tracks.

Critical reception
Los Angeles was reviewed very positively from its first release. Ken Tucker wrote in Rolling Stone that it "is a powerful, upsetting work that concludes with a confrontation of the band's own rampaging bitterness and confusion." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that their outlook and songs "make a smart argument for a desperately stupid scene." AllMusic's retrospective review concluded that the album "is considered by many to be one of punk's all-time finest recordings, and with good reason."

For the year of its release, Los Angeles placed at No. 16 on the Christgau-organized Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn named it one of the ten best albums released between 1977 and 1987. Subsequently, Los Angeles was ranked No. 24 on Rolling Stone's 1989 list of the 100 best albums of the 1980s, and Pitchfork ranked it 91st on its 2002 list of the decade's top 100 albums. The former also ranked it #286 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003, dropping it to #287 in the 2012 update of the list, and to #320 in the 2020 update. In 2012, Slant Magazine placed Los Angeles at No. 98 on its list of the 100 best albums of the 1980s. The title track was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".

In pop culture

 * The album's title track was featured in the series finale of The Shield.
 * "Los Angeles" has made numerous video game appearances, including the soundtrack to Tony Hawk's Underground 2, as downloadable content in Rock Band, and as a cover version in Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s. In Tony Hawk's Underground 2 as well as Rock Band, the uses of the words "nigger" and "shit" were censored, while the Guitar Hero version used the second verse as the first and second verse. The uncensored version of the song appeared in the next-gen versions of Grand Theft Auto V.
 * "Los Angeles" is mentioned at the very end of Bret Easton Ellis's debut novel, Less than Zero.
 * "Nausea" was performed in the 1981 rockumentary The Decline of Western Civilization, and later in 2008 in the Germs biopic film What We Do Is Secret.
 * In 1994 The X-Files episode "3", "The Unheard Music" was heard in the background during the Club Tepes scene.
 * In 2003, the HBO television series Six Feet Under features main character Nate dancing to “Los Angeles” with his baby daughter in the episode titled "Everyone Leaves". He describes the song as “music that doesn’t suck”.

Personnel
X
 * John Doe – bass, lead vocals
 * Exene – vocals
 * Billy Zoom – guitar
 * D. J. Bonebrake – drums

Additional personnel
 * Ray Manzarek – organ on "Nausea", "The Unheard Music" and "The World's a Mess; It's in My Kiss"; synthesizer on "Sex and Dying in High Society"; production'''

title: Los Angeles (X album)


text: User talk:68.82.147.145

title: User talk:68.82.147.145


text:
Talk:Billy Kersand

Removing claim to invention of Zip Coon in 1865, as it is attested much earlier (1829). --Tabor 01:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Billy Kersand


text:
Jay Gordon (singer)

Jay Gordon (born January 30, 1967) is an American singer. He is best known as the lead singer and original member of the rock band Orgy, which he founded in 1997.

1997–2000
Orgy's first release, 1998's Candyass, would prove to be a huge success and earned a platinum certification in sales, which was primarily fueled by the popularity of their cover of New Order's "Blue Monday", as well as that of their first single, "Stitches". The band would release singles of both during this period, which would contain numerous remixes of the songs, some of which were created by Gordon himself, a trend which would continue to occur throughout all of Orgy's subsequent single releases.

In 2000, Orgy released their second full-length album, Vapor Transmission, which, despite gaining a quite respectable sales performance, did not repeat the wild success of its predecessor.

2000–present
The period following the release of Vapor Transmission proved to be a tumultuous period for the band. Orgy left Elementree and Reprise Records. Drummer Bobby Hewitt left the band in order to join his brother Fab Fernandez in the group Snake River Conspiracy, although he would eventually return. It would be four years between the release of Vapor Transmission and Orgy's third album, 2004's Punk Statik Paranoia.

In 2002, Gordon performed the song "Slept So Long" for the Queen of the Damned soundtrack, due to contractual limitations which restricted composer Jonathan Davis from performing the vocals to his composed songs as they appeared upon the actual soundtrack (although Davis did, in fact, perform all musical tracks within the movie itself). Gordon has also appeared with his band Orgy on other soundtracks such as Zoolander, which featured the previously unreleased song "Faces".

Gordon remixed "Points of Authority", a song by Linkin Park from their album Hybrid Theory, for the latter's remix album Reanimation. This was entitled "Pts.OF.Athrty", which was released as the first and only single of Reanimation, and has achieved moderate success at the Billboard charts.

In 2004, he voiced several characters for the video game Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines.

Around 2004, Gordon would collaborate with Kinya Sawaguchi and members of TEAM Entertainment from Japan to work on an American rock and metal styled image album for the Daisuke Ishiwatari anime styled and rock inspired fighting game Guilty Gear XX. With only a week open, Gordon would serve as the supervisor and mixing engineer at his recording studio in Los Angeles, and hired burgeoning talent throughout L.A.'s rock and roll scene at the time to work on the album. Released on May 19, 2004, in Japan, the album would be known as Guilty Gear XX In L.A. Vocal Edition, remixing select songs with vocal renditions to capture the sound of the SoCal and West Coast American rock and metal scene with Ishiwatari's composition work and Guilty Gear's signature multi genre thrash and metal soundtrack.

In October 2010, members of Orgy collectively brought accusations against Gordon of having "fired the band". In response, Gordon released a public statement denying the claims. Orgy released a new single titled "Wide Awake and Dead" on March 18, 2014, and shot a video for "Wide Awake and Dead" on April 22. Orgy released the first of two EPs in 2015, titled Talk Sick, and an unnamed EP that was released in 2016.

Discography
Orgy
 * Candyass
 * Vapor Transmission
 * Punk Statik Paranoia
 * Talk Sick (EP)

title: Jay Gordon (singer)


text: User talk:70.50.209.54

title: User talk:70.50.209.54


text: User talk:134.115.2.139

title: User talk:134.115.2.139


text:
18 Wheeler (band)

18 Wheeler were a Scottish rock band active in the 1990s, consisting of Sean Jackson (vocals, guitar), David Keenan (guitar, vocals), Alan Hake (bass), and Neil Halliday (drums). Original bassist Chris "Pint Glass" Stewart left before any recordings were made, and was replaced by original drummer Hake.

Keenan left in 1994 to start his own group, the Telstar Ponies and was replaced by guitarist Steven Haddow. In the same year, the band released their first album Twin Action on Creation Records on 25 July, and on 22 May 1995 they released their second album, Formanka.

Their third album, Year Zero, which saw them take a more experimental sample-based approach, was released on 10 March 1997. The remixed single "Stay" was given mainstream radio play and gave them their only UK Top 75 hit single (peaking at No. 59 in March ). They were subsequently dropped by Creation during the recording of what was to be their fourth studio release. Although Alan Hake has stated that Creation Records allowed the band to keep the master tapes to this album, no plans to officially release it have materialised. Hake went on to co-found the Must Destroy record label.

The band were once introduced by Tony Blair at the 1996 Labour Party Conference. The future Prime Minister managed to wrongly introduce them as "Wheeler 18". Their biggest claim to fame, however, is that they were the band Oasis were supporting the night that Oasis were discovered by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow on 31 May 1993.

After a hiatus of several years spent mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, Sean Jackson returned to the music world with the solo album Slots, recorded in 2005. The album, although written in Košice, Eastern Slovakia, and Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, is influenced by traditional British folk, as well as rock music, and was released on PoppyDisc Records in spring 2010. He read English as undergraduate at the University of Glasgow and subsequently obtained a post-graduate diploma in Russian language from the University of Strathclyde.

Line up

 * Sean Jackson: Guitars, Vocals, Bass and Piano
 * Neil Halliday: Percussion, Vocals, Guitars and Synth
 * Alan Hake: Bass, Vocals, Guitars and Moog
 * Steven Haddow: Guitars, Vocals
 * David Keenan: Guitars, Vocals
 * Paul Fyfe: Guitars
 * Chris Stewart: Bass

Studio albums

 * Twin Action (1994, CRECD164)
 * Formanka (1995, CRECD181 & CRECD181L)
 * Year Zero (1997, CRECD192)

Singles and EPs

 * "Nature Girl"
 * "Suncrush"
 * "Kum Back"
 * "The Revealer"
 * "Boddha"
 * "Steel Guitars"
 * "The Hours And The Times"
 * "Crabs"
 * "Prozac Beats"
 * "Stay"
 * "Grease"

title: 18 Wheeler (band)


text:
Rita Barberá

María Rita Barberá Nolla (16 July 1948 – 23 November 2016) was a Spanish politician who was the mayor of Valencia from 1991 until 2015.

Biography and political career
Born in Valencia to a prominent industrial and political family, she was a member of the National Council of the People's Party of Spain and was a Representative in the Valencian regional Parliament (Corts Valencianes). She turned down an offer to become a national deputy at the 2008 Spanish General Election, but her party made her a senator after she lost the 2015 municipal elections. As such, she became answerable only to the Supreme Court, and the ordinary judge in charge of the Taula corruption case could therefore not indict her like the rest of her team.

2016 judicial case and death
On 21 April 2016, this investigating judge therefore requested her indictment for money laundering to the Supreme Court. On 13 September 2016 the Supreme Court opened a formal investigation, usually the step before an indictment, and the People's Party asked her to resign her senate seat. She chose instead to formally leave the party and to become an independent senator, remaining answerable only to the Supreme Court and keeping her senator salary. Until her death, she continued to socialize and vote with the party that she had formally left.

Barberá died in Madrid on 23 November 2016 of a heart attack as a result of hepatic cirrhosis. She was in the process of being investigated for money laundering at the time, and had testified to the Supreme Court only two days prior to her death.

title: Rita Barberá


text:
Tracey Porter

Tracey Porter is an American children's book author. She writes novels targeted towards children aged 9 to 12. Her novel Billy Creekmore was named in Oprah.com's Kids' Reading List, compiled by the American Library Association. She is a middle-school teacher at Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California.

title: Tracey Porter