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Wüsthof

WÜSTHOF (also known as Wüsthof Dreizackwerk (German) and Wüsthof Trident (English); sometimes spelled Wusthof or Wuesthof) is a knife-maker based in Solingen, Germany. Family owned for seven generations, the company's main products are mid-priced to high-end kitchen knives for domestic and professional use. WÜSTHOF is one of the leading manufacturers of chef's knives.

WÜSTHOF's Classic and Grand Prix series have been recognized as top-rated knife series by Consumer Reports.

WÜSTHOF knives are only made in Solingen, Germany, where around 400 of the company's 480 employees work. WÜSTHOF's trademark is a trident in a circle. The brand is sold in over 80 countries worldwide. In North America, traditionally the largest market for WÜSTHOF products, the company operates two local distribution subsidiaries.

History
Johann Abraham Wüsthof's Solingen "Shears factory, steel and iron works" is first mentioned in local records in 1814. The factory, one of many of its kind at the time, operated out of a so-called 'Kotten', a small grinding workshop with water-driven grindstones. In the early years, Wüsthof worked on commission for larger firms and did not yet have its own trademark. Johann Abraham's son, Eduard Wüsthof, introduced pocket knives as a second mainstay product in 1836. The 1869 company directory listed the firm's purpose as "Factory and warehouse for all kinds of forged shears, pocket and penknives, daggers, table knives and forks, bread, vegetable, butcher knives, etc." Eduard's sons, Robert and Eduard, moved the company to the premises the headquarters occupy today, and built a steam engine-powered factory that began production around 1880. In 1881, Robert Wüsthof took a selection of shears and pocket knives to New York and established the company's first trade relationship with the USA.

In 1895, the trident was registered with the Imperial Patent Office in Berlin as the company's trademark. Brand recognition rose as Wüsthof showcased at industrial and commercial exhibitions both at home and abroad, such as the 1902 Düsseldorf exhibition; production increased and further diversified, with facilities for nickel-plating and separate divisions for razor blades, scissors and cutlery. The 1904 Wüsthof catalogue shows, amongst other wares, 1125 different models of pocket knives on 48 pages. In the 1930s, knife production was switched to stainless steel.

Although Solingen was heavily destroyed towards the end of World War II, the WÜSTHOF plant remained mostly intact, and production was resumed soon after the war ended. However, the firm's outdated equipment and reliance on manual labour proved to be a liability; in the 1970s, WÜSTHOF replaced the old factory building with new facilities with partially-automated production lines, removing pocket knives, shears and cutlery from its product range and concentrating on knives for professional and home use. In 1986, the first robot was installed in the WÜSTHOF factory.

In 1987, Wusthof-Trident of America, Inc. was founded to serve the company's most important export market. Its sister company, Wusthof-Trident of Canada, was established in 2012. In 2023, WÜSTHOF UK was established.

In 2002 and 2014 the second and third production facilities, located in Lindgesfeld (the Solingen business park), came into operation, and in 2019, WÜSTHOF opened its first branded store, also in Solingen.

Company overview
WÜSTHOF knives have been made in Solingen by the family-owned operation since 1814. The company is currently headed by cousins Harald Wüsthof and Viola Wüsthof. It operates three production facilities and an R&D department in the "City of Blades", where all WÜSTHOF knives are designed and manufactured.

The company's international distribution network comprises over 80 countries; around 80% of WÜSTHOF's revenues are generated outside Germany. In the US and Canada, distribution is coordinated by the subsidiaries Wusthof Trident of America Inc. (WUSA), headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut, and Wusthof Trident of Canada (WCAN), located in Ottawa.

WÜSTHOF regularly exhibits at international trade fairs such as Maison et Objet (Paris), Ambiente (Frankfurt), International Home + Housewares Show (Chicago) or Spring Fair (Birmingham).

Production
The WÜSTHOF production facilities in Solingen are highly automated, with more than 100 robots performing many steps in the knife-making process, while specific tasks such as the finishing of the edges and surfaces, and the final honing of the blade, are still completed manually.

Most WÜSTHOF knives are precision-forged, except for the laser-cut (stamped) Gourmet, Silverpoint and Urban Farmer series. Forged and stamped knives differ in the steps employed to manufacture the knife blanks: the basic shape and the integral bolster of forged blades are precision forged in a die at 2200 °F (1200 °C) and then hardened at 1920 °F (1050 °C), while stamped blanks are laser-cut from a stainless steel plate. WÜSTHOF forged knives have more than 54 steps in their manufacturing process; stamped WÜSTHOF knives have over 40. For blade sharpening, WÜSTHOF employs its proprietary automated PEtec procedure ("Precision Edge technology"): the optimum tilt of the blade during the automated sharpening process is computed based on individual laser measurements of each blade, thus ensuring consistent results. German-style knives are sharpened to an angle of 14 degrees per side; Japanese-style knives are sharpened to an angle of 10 degrees per side.

Steel
All WÜSTHOF knives, except for the Silverpoint series (made with steel grade X46Cr13), have the formula "X50CrMoV15" etched into their blade, signifying that the single block of corrosion resistant steel alloy it is made from contains 0.5% carbon, 15% chromium and unspecified smaller amounts of molybdenum and vanadium. X50CrMoV15 is the German DIN standard name of the alloy, with material number (W-Nr standard) 1.4116.

Knife series

 * Classic – forged, full-length bolster, full tang, finished with traditional, triple-riveted polyoxymethylene black handle; some newer additions with half-bolster; with around 70 different items, the series offers almost the entire range of Wüsthof blade forms and sizes (chef's knives, Santoku, Nakiri and Chai Dao Asian-style knives, peeling, paring, boning, trimming and carving knives, tomato knives, bread knives, utility knives, palette knives, sausage and cheese knives, fillet knives, butcher knives and steak knives)
 * Classic Ikon – forged, half-bolster, full tang, second ("double") bolster on butt, with curved ergonomic handle (almost identical to Ikon line), finished with triple-riveted black polyoxymethylene (also used in Classic line)
 * Classic Ikon Crème  - Classic Ikon featuring white handles
 * Ikon – forged, half-bolster, full tang, second ("double") bolster on butt, with triple-riveted curved ergonomic handle finished with African blackwood
 * Grand Prix II – forged, full-length bolster, full tang with rivet-free ergonomic polypropylene black handle concealing tang
 * Epicure – forged, full tang, slightly wider blade shapes with full- or half-bolster for some models, rounded, two-riveted handle of a composite material combining resin and cellulose fibre
 * Crafter - forged, full tang, full- or half-bolster, handle of smoked oak, fixed to tang with three brass rivets
 * Gourmet – stamped, no bolster, full tang, finished with triple-riveted polyoxymethylene black handle; series comprises over 40 different items
 * Silverpoint – stamped, no bolster, finished with ergonomic, non-riveted polypropylene black handle concealing tang
 * Urban Farmer – stamped, beechwood handle, non-slip bolster of thermoplastic rubber; the series features, among other models, a curved harvesting knife and a machete

Discontinued series

 * Emerilware – stamped, no bolster, full tang (3/4 tang on knives shorter that 5 inches), finished with traditional, triple-riveted polypropylene black handle; evolved into Gourmet
 * Emerilware (v2) – stamped, no bolster, finished with ergonomic, non-riveted polypropylene black handle concealing tang; evolved into Silverpoint
 * Emeril Pro – forged with full-length bolster and full-length tang and finished with triple-rivet traditional micarta handle
 * Grand Prix – forged, full-length bolster, full tang, finished with black rivet-free traditional polypropylene handle concealing tang
 * Grand Prix II Colour – forged, full-length bolster, full tang with rivet-free ergonomic polypropylene handle concealing tang; available in four colors to aid in food preparation safety by preventing cross-contamination (i.e., blue = fish, yellow = poultry, green = vegetables, red = meat)
 * Le Cordon Bleu – forged, half-bolster, full tang, finished with traditional triple-riveted polyoxymethylene black handle; advertised 30% weight reduction versus Classic line, made in partnership with Le Cordon Bleu culinary school
 * Pro – stamped, no bolster, partial tang, finished with dual-grip polypropylene black handle; intended for professional kitchens that do not require chefs to bring their own knives
 * Pro Colour – stamped, no bolster, partial tang, finished with dual-grip polypropylene black handle; intended for professional kitchens that do not require chefs to bring their own knives; available in four colors to aid in food preparation safety by preventing cross-contamination (i.e., blue = fish, yellow = poultry, green = vegetables, red = meat)
 * XLine – forged, 'X' design bolster, full tang, second ("double") bolster on butt, finished with transparent ceramic coating on blade, triple-riveted transition black handle
 * Culinar – all-steel forged knife, full bolster, full tang, fitted with stainless steel handle shells

Knife sharpening
Wüsthof offers a variety of products for honing and sharpening knives. The product range comprises honing steels in various lengths with handle designs to match some of the knife series, steel sharpeners coated with industrial diamonds, sharpeners with a ceramic shaft, whetstones and ceramic knife-sharpeners with pre-set angles.

Knife storage and cutting bases
For knife storage, Wüsthof sells knife blocks, magnetic holders and organisers for use in drawers, as well as hard and soft cases, roll-up bags and blade guards for transport. The company also offers cutting bases made from wood and thermoplastic polyurethane.

Awards and top-rated series
Both the Classic and Grand Prix lines were the top rated knives in a test of knives by Consumer Reports in November 2005, and are consistently given high ratings by Cook's Illustrated magazine. The 16 cm Chef's knife from the Classic series has been voted best chef's knife in 2019 by Ideal Home magazine.

Wüsthof has received several Housewares Design Awards in the cutlery category. The 12 cm Asian Utility Knife (2018), the 18 cm Ultimate Everyday Knife (2017), the 23 cm Double Serrated Bread Knife (2014) and the 29 cm Panini Knife (2008), all from the Classic series, were each rated best in category in the respective years.

Professional users
Wüsthof is an official partner of and supplier to the German (Verband der Köche Deutschlands) and Japanese (All Japan Chefs Association) Chefs Associations. In this capacity, it acts as a supplier to the national chef teams of both countries.

Wüsthof collaborates with famous chefs worldwide, including Martha Stewart (Classic range), Gordon Ramsay (Classic Ikon range), Jamie Oliver (both Classic and Ikon), James Martin (Culinar), Michael Cox, and Emeril Lagasse (Emeril), who endorse and use Wüsthof knives.

title: Wüsthof


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Category:Images of Texas

For requested images of Texas, see Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Texas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Images of Texas


text:
SS-11

SS-11 may refer to:

 * SS.11, a French anti-tank missile
 * SS-11 Sego, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile
 * Raketenjagdpanzer SS-11, a German tank destroyer
 * Freedom Lite SS-11 Skywatch, an ultralight aircraft
 * USS B-2 (SS-11), a submarine of the United States Navy

title: SS-11


text:
Wikipedia talk:Template index/File namespace

Image copyright tags
This page should be merge with Image_copyright_tags. They both contain a slightly different amount of tags, but most are duplicates. Why should we maintain two different versions of this page? This is why it needs to be merged. --michael180 21:38, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Image copyright tags contains descriptions about when to use a given template. This one contains just a list and rendering of each template. They seem to me to serve different purposes. --Fastfission 16:24, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

CSD
Can someone take this page off of CAT:CSD? I am not sure how to do it. Maybe someone could subst the templates and take the category out that way.--Adam (talk) 13:21, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I found out how to do it.--Adam [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px| ]] [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px|  ]](talk) 19:46, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Red Links
Please redirect the red links of the 2nd template from the top regarding orphans to the Wikipedia:Dummy Link. Thanks, I don't know how to do it.

68.148.165.213 11:58, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Category:Candidates for speedy deletion
This page is showing up on that catergory again. Is there a way to remove this page from showing up there? —Whomp t/c  16:36, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Book title page?
In the case of a hardcover book that did not have any cover image, could the book cover tag be applied to an image of a book's title page? Or is something else needed for that? Шизомби 16:11, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Obsolete/Superseded/Vector Version available
This page contains templates used in marking images for cleanup (e.g. Template:ShouldBeSVG, Template:BadJPEG, etc.) but not those templates used after these cleanup functions have been performed:

 * Template:Vector version available
 * Template:Obsolete
 * Template:SupersededSVG
 * ...and others

I recommend adding them for the sake of completeness. MithrandirMage 15:53, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:38, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

What a mess
This page needs serious clean-up. Mostly the changes need to be made directly to the templates... too bad I'm not an admin. Rocket000 10:40, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Informing users not to remove deletion notices from images
Is there a template I can use on a user's talk page to inform them of the guidelines around removing deletion notices on images? I can't find one. Thanks.  ChimpanzeeUK  - User | Talk | Contribs 08:29, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The templates Uw-delete1, Uw-delete2, Uw-delete3, and Uw-delete4 seem to be the accepted templates for this particular problem. Kelly  hi! 13:15, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'm surprised there isn't one specifically for this. I'm by no means a wikiveteran but it seems to be quite a common problem. Is there a place to go to suggest new templates?  ChimpanzeeUK  - User | Talk | Contribs 13:44, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem! WP:UW would probably be a good place to start. Kelly  hi! 14:06, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Where is the Rename Suggested Tag?

 * The tag, which is a general cleanup notice for images/other objects that need to be renamed, seems to be missing from this page. Is this just an oversight or is that template unofficial/listed somewhere else? Chazchaz101 (talk) 05:47, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. Currently redirects to rename media, which someone added. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:38, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Inline templates
Are there any inline image maintenance templates that can be placed beside the caption text in the article? For example, something along the lines of image may be inaccurate? -- œ ™ 19:46, 5 June 2009 (UTC)


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Amalgamated Press

The Amalgamated Press (AP) was a British newspaper and magazine publishing company founded by journalist and entrepreneur Alfred Harmsworth (1865–1922) in 1901, gathering his many publishing ventures together under one banner. At one point the largest publishing company in the world, AP employed writers such as Arthur Mee, John Alexander Hammerton, Edwy Searles Brooks, and Charles Hamilton. Its subsidiary, the Educational Book Company, published The Harmsworth Self-Educator, The Children's Encyclopædia, and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia. The company's newspapers included the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, The Evening News, The Observer, and The Times. At its height, AP published over 70 magazines and operated three large printing works and paper mills in South London.

Harmsworth Brothers Ltd
In 1888 Alfred Harmsworth and his younger brother Harold (1868–1940) started Harmsworth Brothers, with Alfred acting as publisher and Harold handling the finances. The first thing they did was found a paper called Answers to Correspondents, which was modeled after another popular paper called Tit-Bits (published by George Newnes). Harmsworth entered the comic magazine market in 1890 with Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips; The comic Wonder, launched in 1892, was part of a long string of connected titles which stretched from 1892 to 1953, known by a variety of additional names, including Funny Wonder and Jester.

Also in 1890, Harmsworth began publishing periodicals to challenge and compete with the penny dreadfuls popular among British youth. Priced at one half-penny, Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than the competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge the pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. AP's Halfpenny Marvel, launched in 1893, was soon followed by a number of other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as The Union Jack (1894–1933) and Pluck (also started in 1894), and the serialized boys' story papers The Boys' Friend (1895). At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against.

Beginning in 1894, the Harmsworth brothers dove into the newspaper business, first acquiring The Evening News and the Edinburgh Daily Record. Harmsworth founded the Daily Mail in 1896, which was a success, having the world record for daily circulation until Harmsworth's death.

Harmsworth founded the woman's magazine Home Chat (1895–1959) to compete with C. Arthur Pearson's Home Notes.

In 1896, Harmsworth Brothers Ltd was incorporated as a limited company. By this time, combined weekly sales of the company's publications exceeded one million copies, more than any other magazine publisher in the world.

Formation and expansion of Amalgamated Press
In 1901, Harmsworth gathered his many publishing ventures together under the banner of Amalgamated Press.

In 1902, the company opened offices in Manchester, also setting up a system of codes and telegraphs that streamlined the layout and printing process.

Expanding his newspaper empire, Harmsworth initiated the Daily Mirror during 1903, and rescued the financially desperate The Observer and The Times during 1905 and 1908, respectively. During 1908, he also acquired The Sunday Times.

The quality of the AP story papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century. They also proliferated, with AP launching new boys' papers like The Gem (1907–1939) and The Magnet (1908–1940). By the time of the First World War, papers such as Union Jack dominated the market in the UK. Post-World War I story papers launched by AP included The Champion (1922–1955) and The Thriller (1929–1937).

Recognizing the popularity of the story papers with girls, AP editor Reg Eves launched a girl's line, the most notable being School Friend (1919–1929), Schoolgirls' Own (1921–1936), and The Schoolgirl (1922–1923; 1929–1940).

AP's My Magazine was published from 1908 to 1933 with different names; it had articles on science, technology, geography, and current events.

From 1912 Amalgamated Press was based at Fleetway House in Farringdon Street, London.

Amalgamated Press acquired the assets of James Henderson & Sons Ltd in 1920.

AP story papers faced tougher competition in the 1930s with the rise of DC Thomson's line, including The Hotspur (launched in 1933).

Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips continued strongly into the 20th century; other notable pre-War humorous comics titles published by AP included Film Fun (launched in 1920), Radio Fun (1938), and Knockout (1939).

Harmsworth's death; Allied Newspapers; William Berry
Alfred Harmsworth died in 1922, and in 1926 Amalgamated Press was bought by William and Gomer Berry of Allied Newspapers. Shortly after this sale, in 1927, AP acquired and continued publishing a number of Cassell & Co.'s periodicals, including Cassell's Magazine,  The Story-Teller, and Chums.

The Berry brothers dissolved their partnership in 1937, with William Berry (Lord Camrose) retaining Amalgamated Press.

Editor Leonard Matthews (1914–1997), who joined AP in 1939, was a leading figure in the company's comics titles for 20 years, eventually becoming Manager Editor.

The onset of World War II, in the years 1940–1942, brought the merger and cancellation of a number of long-running AP comics titles, including Butterfly and Puck (both launched in 1904),	Jester (launched in 1912), Tiger Tim's Weekly (1919), Sunbeam	(1922), The Joker (1927), Larks (1927), Bubbles (1921), Chicks' Own (1929), and Funny Wonder series 3 (dating back to 1914).

Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose, the eldest son of William Berry, was Vice Chairman of Amalgamated Press from 1942 until the company's sale in 1959.

In May 1949, AP acquired the publisher J. B. Allen, including their comics titles The Comet and Sun, which they continued under the same names. AP launched a number of notable comics in the 1950s, including School Friend (launched in 1950; considered the first girls' comic), Lion (1952), Tiger (1954), and the young children's comics Jack and Jill and Playhour (both 1954).

Another round of mergers and cancellations of long-running AP comics titles occurred in the years 1952–1957, including Illustrated Chips and Comic Cuts (both launched in 1890), Jingles (launched in 1934), Tip Top (launched in 1934), Playbox (launched in 1925), The Rainbow (launched in 1914), and Tiny Tots (launched in 1920).

Acquisition by the Mirror Group/IPC
In 1959, Amalgamated Press was bought by the Mirror Group and renamed Fleetway Publications (after the name of AP's headquarters, Fleetway House). AP titles that were continued by IPC/Fleetway included:

 * Confessions Library (1959 series)
 * Cowboy Picture Library (1950 series; originally known as Cowboy Comics)
 * Famous Romance Library (1956 series)
 * Film Fun (1920 series)
 * Girls' Crystal (1935 series)
 * Knockout (1939 series)
 * Lion (1952 series)
 * Marilyn (1955 series)
 * Playhour (1954 series)
 * Radio Fun (1938 series)
 * Roxy (1958 series)
 * School Friend (1950 series)
 * Super Detective Library (1953 series)
 * Thriller Comics (1951 series)
 * Tiger (1954 series)
 * Top Spot (1958 series)
 * TV Fun (1953 series)
 * Valentine (1957 series)

With the transition to Fleetway, the AP titles The Comet, Sun, and Tiny Tots were all merged into other AP titles: Tiger, Lion, and Playhour, respectively. Radio Fun was continued by Fleetway for a short time and then merged into Buster in 1960. Similarly, TV Fun was renamed TV Fan, continued for a short time, and then was merged into Valentine.

In 1961, the Mirror Group also acquired Odhams Press (which by that point owned Longacre Press and Newnes/Pearson). The group was renamed the International Publishing Corporation in 1963, although the component companies continued to use their own names until 1968 when they were reorganised into the unitary IPC Magazines. The "Fleetway" banner continued to be used for some publications until IPC's comics line was sold under the name Fleetway Publications to Robert Maxwell in 1987.

Of the comics titles IPC acquired from Amalgamated Press, only five survived into the 1970s: Jack and Jill, Lion, Playhour, Tiger, and Valentine; of those five, Jack and Jill, Playhour, and Tiger survived until the mid-1980s.

Rebellion Developments currently owns all comics characters and titles created by IPC's subsidiaries after 1 January 1970, together with 26 specified characters which appeared in Buster; while IPC currently retains its other comics characters and titles, including Sexton Blake, The Steel Claw, and Battler Britton.

Newspapers

 * Daily Mail (founded 1896; acquired by Harold Harmsworth in 1922)
 * Daily Mirror (founded 1903; sold to Harold Harmsworth in 1913)
 * The Evening News (acquired in 1894)
 * Edinburgh Daily Record (founded 1894)
 * The Observer (acquired in 1903; sold in 1911)
 * The Sunday Times (acquired in 1908; sold in 1915)
 * The Times (acquired in 1908; sold in 1922)

Books

 * The Boy's Book of Everyday Science (1937), edited by Charles Ray
 * The Concise Household Encyclopedia (1932–1939) edited by J A Hammerton.
 * Everybody's Enquire Within, edited by Charles Ray, published in 55 weekly instalments from 1937 to 1938.
 * The Great War: The Standard History of the All-Europe Conflict (1914-1919), edited by Wilson and Hammerton
 * Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia (1921/1922)
 * "Wonders" — all edited by Clarence Winchester, and published by Amalgamated Press as weekly instalments, with a book binding service available to keep as two volumes for each series.
 * Railway Wonders of the World, 50 installments (1935–36)
 * Shipping Wonders of the World, 55 installments (1936–37)
 * Wonders of World Engineering, 53 installments (1937–38)
 * Wonders of World Aviation, 40 installments (1938)
 * The World of Wonder: 10,000 Things Every Child Should Know (1933), edited by Charles Ray. Published in two volumes: Vol. One, pages 1 to 732; Vol. Two, pages 733 to 1460. An illustrated compendium of mainly science and technology, with some historical subjects.

Periodicals

 * Cassell's Magazine (1927–1932) — acquired from Cassell & Co., where it originated in 1897; merged into Storyteller
 * The Children's Encyclopædia (1908–1964)
 * The Children's Newspaper (1919–1965)
 * Everybody's Weekly (1950–1959) — acquired from Everybody's Publications Ltd., where it originated in 1913; merged into Odhams' John Bull
 * The Green Magazine (1922–1923)
 * The Harmsworth Red Magazine (1908–1939)
 * The Harmsworth Self-Educator (1905–1907)
 * Home Chat (1895–1959)
 * London Magazine (1898–1933)
 * The Modern Boy (1928–1939)
 * My Magazine (1908–1933)
 * Picture Show (1919–1960)
 * Storyteller (1927–1937) — acquired from Cassell & Co., where it originated in 1907
 * Woman & Home (from 1926)
 * Woman's Weekly (from 1911)
 * The World (1905-1920), a weekly society paper originated in 1874 — acquired from the widow of Edmund Hodgson Yates in 1905
 * The Yellow Magazine (1921–1926)

Story papers

 * The Boys' Friend (1895–1927)
 * The Boys' Herald (1903–1913)
 * The Boy's Realm (1902–1916; 1919–1929)
 * The Champion (1922–1955)
 * Chums (1927–1941) — acquired from Cassell & Co., where it originated in 1892
 * The Gem (1907–1939)
 * Halfpenny Marvel (1893–1922)
 * The Magnet (1908–1940)
 * Pluck (1894–1916; 1922–1924)
 * School Friend (1919–1929)
 * The Schoolgirl (1922–1923; 1929–1940)
 * Schoolgirls' Own (1921–1936)
 * The Thriller (1929–1937)
 * The Triumph (1924–1940)
 * The Union Jack (1894–1933)

title: Amalgamated Press


text:
R-21 (missile)

The R-21 (Р-21; NATO: SS-N-5 'Sark/Serb'; GRAU: 4K55) was a submarine-launched ballistic missile in service with the Soviet Union between 1963 and 1989. It was the first Soviet nuclear missile that could be launched from a submerged submarine, and also had twice the range of earlier missiles. It replaced the R-11FM and R-13 (SS-N-4) on many Golf and Hotel-class submarines, and was in turn superseded by the R-27 (SS-N-6 'Serb') missile carried by Yankee-class submarines.

Development
Development of the R-15 and R-21 was initially assigned to Mikhail Yangel's Yuzhnoye Design Office (OKB-586) on 20 March 1958. The project was transferred to Viktor Makeyev's SKB-385 on 17 March 1959. It was intended for the Golf-class submarines (Project 629B); the complete missile system was called the D-4 weapon complex.

The 4th Research Institute had been conducting trials of underwater missile launch systems since 1955 with modified Scuds but the first successful launch was in 1960 and the first flight of a standard R-21 was in 1962. Over the lifetime of the missile, 193 out of 228 launches were successful.

The R-21 was probably the basis for the design of the North Korean No Dong (Rodong-1) missile.

Design
Unlike Western designs, the R-21 used a cold launch solid rocket to eject the missile from the flooded launch tube before the main motor ignited. This allowed missiles to be launched in a water depth of 40-60 m. The propulsion system used an Inhibited red fuming nitric acid-amine propellants combination, AK-27I/TG-02. The AK-27I oxidizer was a mixture of 73% nitric acid, 27% nitrogen tetroxide, and an iodine inhibitory passivant. The fuel was originally used in the Wasserfall rocket under the name TONKA-250 and consisted of 50% triethylamine and 50% xylidine. This gave the R-21 a range of 1400 km, double that of first-generation sub-launched missiles. The Naval Institute Guide suggests that the range was initially 1300 km, and extended to 1650 km later in the life of the missile. There was a single warhead of approximately 800 kilotons.

Variants

 * R-21 (4K55) - original design
 * R-21A (4K55A) - subsequent modification

There was some confusion about the SS-N-4/5/6 series of missiles in the West, the SS-N-5 is normally given the NATO reporting name 'Sark' like the SS-N-4 first carried by the Golf submarines, but some variants were assigned the name 'Serb' normally used for the SS-N-6. Jane's uses 'Sark'.

Operational history
The missiles replaced first-generation R-11FM and R-13 missiles on some Golf (Project 629) and Hotel (Project 658) class SSBNs, with three missiles per submarine, between 1963 and 1967. They were succeeded from 1967 by Yankee-class submarines carrying 2400 km-range R-27 (SS-N-6 'Serb') missiles. Seven of the eight Hotel I (Project 658) subs were upgraded to Hotel II (Project 658M) standard, which were retired by 1991.

Operators

 * North Korean Navy
 * North Korean Navy

 * Soviet Navy
 * Soviet Navy

title: R-21 (missile)


text:
Talk:Champa

Edit removed
Why Koreanidentity10000 is removing my edit with proper citations by the experts on Dong Yen Chau inscription? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.40.125.61 (talk) 04:00, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry it was MarkH21 who removed the edit, can you please explained the reasons of removing, since I've provided my reasons with proper citations in this section. 119.40.125.61 (talk) 04:18, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

Graham Thurgood in his paper did not mentioned Old Cham in particular for the Dong Yen Chau inscription rather than it stated "In the mid-fourth century, a stone inscription was composed Tra Kieu, partly in Cham and partly in Sanskrit - the earliest historical historical document for any Astronesian language."

Other Champa experts for examples by Coedes and Morrison also did not mention specifically that Old Cham is the language being used by Dong yen Chau inscription but all of them (including Graham Thurgood) are agreeing on one fact though, the fact that the Dong Yen Chau is the oldest record for any Astronesian language and this includes proto-Malay, Old Malay and Malay languages.

Because this article is belong to Southeast Asia and its history it is imperative to trace the root of most popular language in Southeast namely Malay and Indonesian. This is like tracing back the DNA of the people, and the fact that many of the people in northern Malay do have their DNA traced back to Vietnam but why not the language itself? The DNA and language are the two of the most potent tools to traced back the history of any nation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.40.125.61 (talk) 04:14, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm providing the citations sources so you can check their validity and veracity, and all of them specifically mentioned about Dong Yen Chau in their respective papers and books.
 * [1] Graham Thurgood, From ancient Cham to modern dialects: Two housand years of languagec contact and change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, No. 28., Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8248-2131-9
 * [2] G. E. Marrison, The Early Cham Language, and Its Rleationship To Malay, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 48, No. 2 (228) (1975), pp. 52-59
 * [3] G. Coedes, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, 1975, ISBN 0-8248-0368-X
 * I would appreciate if you can revert back to my original edit, thanks. 119.40.122.211 (talk) 04:32, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
Which role is played by the Champa in Cambodia? If I am not mistaken, they form a minority there now. =Mike

Refer to the Cham article to give a breakdown of religous identity in Viet Nam. The Islamic Population website states the current Islamic Cham population to be around 500,000, so that would mean around 555,000 Cham in Cambodia. L-Bit 03:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have removed the incorrect Siri Mara link

_____________________________________________________

In their withdrawal to the south, the Cham came to the Khmer Mekong delta becoming Cochinchina (now South Vietnam). They are now islamic "Cham Bani" distributed in Eastern Cambodia and South Vietnam."Bani" may come from mispronounciation of "Beni", plural of "Ben" for "son of...".The Cham Bani claim to be the "sons of Prophet".I've spent 6 months with them in Chau Doc, An Giang province, border town with Cambodia.

Takima (talk) 16:48, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Kings List?
Is the kings list accurate? I'm getting completely different kings from both the articles in Wikipedia (from the succession boxes) and from several sources. If it isn't accurate, I would remove it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Esnaz (talk • contribs) 21:45, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Proposing split
The History section is getting quite big due to a fair bit of recent expansion (yay!) and could use its own article. Anyone feel like taking this on, or have any suggestions? --dragfyre_ ʞןɐʇ c 21:03, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Foundation of champa
The breaking off of champa from han dynasty ruled central vietnam

http://books.google.com/books?id=3U014Ik_cvAC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://m.eb.com/topic/105118

http://worldvisitguide.com/salle/EP0840.html

http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/cities/da-nang.html

http://www.khmerview.com/History-of-Champa.html

Rajmaan (talk) 04:16, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Abu Hasan and Champa's relations with Song China
An arab named Abu Hasan was sent by Champa as an envoy to Song dynasty China. This shows early muslim presence in Champa.

http://books.google.com/books?id=MBGYb84A7SAC&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&source=bl&ots=NPT7OK-2p1&sig=Ol4RzGSjLpu6wsHC_9S7WydOjQ0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l2LFUPHLM-PV0gGZ9oGYDA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=abu%20hasan%20greek%20rose%20water%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&source=bl&ots=dGvUZ4rGw3&sig=X6ZcZnL3sqAj4Ezopt57JBwjeWw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l2LFUPHLM-PV0gGZ9oGYDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=abu%20hasan%20greek%20rose%20water%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=yaeESYegRXMC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&source=bl&ots=iNUYKUvpjb&sig=gax8I5zL7OEAGOLzhSR3zOa1cR8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l2LFUPHLM-PV0gGZ9oGYDA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=abu%20hasan%20greek%20rose%20water%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yaeESYegRXMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA48&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&ots=iNUYK0Bsqf&sig=qBKL9d2ccEl3hYQrcFIhR2C9bLE#v=onepage&q=abu%20hasan%20greek%20rose%20water%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA191&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=abu%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&pg=PA316&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=abu%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC&pg=PT61&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw

http://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA174&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=abu%20champa&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC&pg=PT61&dq=abu+cham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=42DFUIKREc-K0QGX1YGYDA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA

http://books.google.com/books?id=fj8l8v_yP5oC&pg=PA109&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=abu%20champa&f=false

Page 183

http://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-mLFUK2gL-y50AGX2oCIDQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw

Page 17

http://books.google.com/books?id=8Is7AAAAMAAJ&q=abu+champa&dq=abu+champa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGHFUNi1NKaZ0QHJzIGABQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg

http://books.google.com/books?id=_mtxM6KAYvMC&pg=PA458&dq=abu+cham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=42DFUIKREc-K0QGX1YGYDA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=abu%20cham&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PA86&dq=champa+gunpowder&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sNVKU5bAIOGgsQS9v4DIBw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=champa%20gunpowder&f=false

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360200022000027393

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7451000

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2004/00000047/00000002/art00004

http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/1568520041262305

Rajmaan (talk) 05:01, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Rajmaan (talk) 04:28, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Rajmaan (talk) 18:37, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

the Ming Shi account of Champa
http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps03_003.pdf

Nagari script in Champa article
What is the necessity of nagari script labelled name to be present in this article ac Champa kingdom and their people have nothing to do with Devanagari writing Indians.--Tan Meifen (talk) 08:10, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Final Annexation of Champa to Vietnam, and Cham resistance
http://m.voa-islam.com/news/world-world/2009/07/01/96/history-of-islam-in-vietnam/

http://www.angelfire.com/vt/vietnamesemuslims/hstry.html

Jihad against Vietnam

http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110:the-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45:van-hoa&Itemid=120

http://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.onislam.net/english/health-and-science/news/477317-muslim-region-moves-toward-unesco-recognition.html

http://www.onislam.net/english/health-and-science/news/477427-new-discovery-reveals-champas-rooted-identity.html

http://www.onislam.net/english/health-and-science/news/479645-champas-unesco-recognized-sites-collapse.html

http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/asia/459039-cham-muslims-liberate-not-expatriate.html

http://www.onislam.net/english/culture-and-entertainment/books/426394-islams-journey-into-southeast-asia.html

Rajmaan (talk) 09:00, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Historic
History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars

http://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT592#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc30ytJmwzMC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=TgkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=%22In+the+year+1474+the+censor+Ch'en+Chun+went+to+Champa+with+an+imperial+commission+to+invest+the+king+there,+but+on+his+arrival,+he+found+the+country+occupied+by+Annamese+soldiers,+so+that+he+could+not+enter+it+;+he+then+went+to+Malacca,+with&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SwgkUtiQOO65sQSZ4YHwBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20the%20year%201474%20the%20censor%20Ch'en%20Chun%20went%20to%20Champa%20with%20an%20imperial%20commission%20to%20invest%20the%20king%20there%2C%20but%20on%20his%20arrival%2C%20he%20found%20the%20country%20occupied%20by%20Annamese%20soldiers%2C%20so%20that%20he%20could%20not%20enter%20it%20%3B%20he%20then%20went%20to%20Malacca%2C%20with&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tzh1fQEEFPAC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tzh1fQEEFPAC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2E_5nR0SoXoC&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/76-po-cei-brei-fled-to-cambodia-in-1795-1796-to-find-support

Katip Suma's Jihad against Emperor Minh Mang's invasion of Champa in 1832-1835

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/83-the-uprising-of-jathak-wa-1834-1835

http://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110:the-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45:van-hoa&Itemid=120

"Meanwhile, lack document to record the yourneys of Malay came to Champa by sea. Execpt, the yourney of Tuen Phaow from Kelantan come to Champa by sea to lead a Jihad movement to expel theVietnamese army from the land of Champa"

http://voa-islam.com//news/world-world/2009/07/01/96/history-of-islam-in-vietnam/;

http://www.angelfire.com/vt/vietnamesemuslims/hstry.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=Zw0j_5OauH8C&pg=PT180#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/world-th-gi-i/120-the-champa-history-book-debut-and-a-seminar-on-the-indiginous-people-of-champa

Utsul
http://books.google.com/books?id=tzh1fQEEFPAC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Utsul language is more related to the Chamic Montagnard Jarai and Rhade langauges than it is to mainstream Cham.

http://books.google.com/books?id=yaeESYegRXMC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=abu+hasan+greek+rose+water+champa&source=bl&ots=iNUYKUvpjb&sig=gax8I5zL7OEAGOLzhSR3zOa1cR8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l2LFUPHLM-PV0gGZ9oGYDA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=abu%20hasan%20greek%20rose%20water%20champa&f=false

Page 247

http://books.google.com/books?id=WH0OAAAAYAAJ&q=This+fall+of+the+capital+in+982+accounts+for+the+refugees+mentioned+in+the+Chinese+dynastic+records+of+986+(History+of+the+Song+Dynasty+(960-1279),+which+records+in+986+the+arrival+of+some+Cham+in+Hainan+from&dq=This+fall+of+the+capital+in+982+accounts+for+the+refugees+mentioned+in+the+Chinese+dynastic+records+of+986+(History+of+the+Song+Dynasty+(960-1279),+which+records+in+986+the+arrival+of+some+Cham+in+Hainan+from

Cham history
http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/81-geography-of-historical-champa

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/82-history-of-champa

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/99-historyofchampa

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/105-d-i-chiem-h-i-kh-u-h-i-an-m-t-c-ng-th-qu-c-t-s-m-u-t-th-i-vuong-qu-c-champa

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/128-podharma

http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/141-the-van-kieu-ethnic-minorities-and-pa-kota

Cham genetic history
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036437

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/10/2417.full

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/10/2417.abstract"

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/10/2417.abstract"

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513740

http://books.google.com/books?id=k29xGe8kOa8C&pg=PT996&lpg=PT996&dq=Comparing+the+Chams+with+other+Southeast+Asian+populations+reveals+that+the+Chams+had+a+closer+affinity+with+the+Mon–Khmer+populations+in+MSEA+than+with+the+Austronesian+populations+from+Island+Southeast+Asia+(ISEA&source=bl&ots=LpzZZYjI4G&sig=df_gp5QYpCmzcFtpnmgJEOamvPE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uMIBU_S4NarwyAGcrYDwCQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Comparing%20the%20Chams%20with%20other%20Southeast%20Asian%20populations%20reveals%20that%20the%20Chams%20had%20a%20closer%20affinity%20with%20the%20Mon–Khmer%20populations%20in%20MSEA%20than%20with%20the%20Austronesian%20populations%20from%20Island%20Southeast%20Asia%20(ISEA&f=false

http://www.mitotool.org/lab/pdf/MBE2010%20Peng-Cham%20paper.pdf

http://www.bioon.com/biology/biox/444697.shtml

http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2010-6/201064171613441.htm

http://www.ebiomed.com/viewnews-311.html

http://www.verticalnews.com/premium_newsletters/China-Weekly-News/2010-10-19/9655TI.html

http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Peng+Min-Sheng/Min-Sheng-Peng.html

http://www.biomeddefinition.com/sdx/e10/all/100/affinity+group+continental+population.html

Old photos of Cham people
http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/view/all/who/Hartmann,%20Paul?sort=Date,Orig_call_no,Title

Rajmaan (talk) 05:38, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Vietnamese fears of Cham autonomy over South China sea disputes
Vietnam fears that if the issue of Cham relations to the disputed south China sea islands are brought up, Cham would demand atuonomy from Vietnam since they were violently conquered by the Vietnamese. Vietnam has put more restrictions of Cham culture and customs recently.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa/

Rajmaan (talk) 22:36, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

crossbow technology transfer from China to Champa
Crossbow technology was transferred from the Chinese to Champa, which Champa used in its invasion of the Khmer Empire's Angkor in 1177.

https://books.google.com/books?id=6osQI3ig9UAC&pg=PT42&dq=champa+crossbows+chinese+angkor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7B6rVMrCGsWpNvL9grgG&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=champa%20crossbows%20chinese%20angkor&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=TWc3P0ZqEbAC&pg=PA145&dq=champa+crossbows+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9R6rVP36Mo_igwSzu4TQDA&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=champa%20crossbows%20chinese&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 07:17, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Cham People in Vietnam Today
I have a number of concerns with this section of the article. I have travelled to Vietnam on a number of occasions particularly to the areas where Cham people live, and I have seen no evidence of the Vietnamese Government or anyone else trying to destroy the Cham culture or religion. I have visited a number of Cham monuments and the Cham Museum in Danang and have seen respect shown by the Vietnamese people towards the Cham people. Religious ceremonies are still alive and vibrant, for example those held at the Cham monument Poklong Garai at Thap Cham and regular dance and music performances at the Danang Museum.

Land being taken by the government in Vietnam is not something experienced only by the Cham people, but has caused disputes with a whole range of ethnic groups, including the Kinh (Viet).

There is a recently built structure on the beach front at Nha Trang copying the Cham architecture. Several Railway Station buildings are styled on Cham buildings including Thap Cham itself. There are also several important modern Cham cultural centres again including the one at Thap Cham and the new Cham museum at Phan Rang. These are all supported by the Vietnamese Government and local People's Committees, so the complete opposite of what is stated in the article.

While the writer seems to be basing his/her comments on one reference article, I can't do that, but I do have my eyes and ears. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aussiegrey (talk • contribs) 08:40, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

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Singular kingdom or independent polities?
Why is Champa discussed as a singular kingdom in this article and others, even with a capital, when it was a collection of independent polities? Was there a degree of unity in Champa? How independent were these polities? 49.106.201.36 (talk) 03:14, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Military
We need more information on how strong their military is, and why they lost to Vietnam most of the time and Khmer sometimes. We need to expand on what armor they're wearing and what kinds of weapons they wield like any gunpowder weapons? We also need to expand on the types of warships do they use to combat the Vietnamese and the Khmer. Can anyone provide links to them? Koreanidentity10000 (talk) 20:42, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Champa


text:
World Scientists' Warning to Humanity

The "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity" was a document written in 1992 by Henry W. Kendall and signed by about 1,700 leading scientists. Twenty-five years later, in November 2017, 15,364 scientists signed "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" written by William J. Ripple and seven co-authors calling for, among other things, human population planning, and drastically diminishing per capita consumption of fossil fuels, meat, and other resources. The second notice has more scientist cosigners and formal supporters than any other journal article ever published.

First publication
In late 1992, the late Henry W. Kendall, a former chair of the board of directors of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), wrote the first warning, "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity", which begins: "Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course." A majority of the Nobel Prize laureates in the sciences signed the document; about 1,700 of the world's leading scientists appended their signature.

It was sometimes offered in opposition to the Heidelberg Appeal—also signed by numerous scientists and Nobel laureates earlier in 1992—which begins by criticizing "an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress, and impedes economic and social development." This document was often cited by those who oppose theories relating to climate change.

In contrast, the UCS-led petition contains specific recommendations: "We must, for example, move away from fossil fuels to more benign, inexhaustible energy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water. ...  We must stabilize population."

Second Notice
In November 2017, 15,364 scientists signed "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" written by lead author professor of ecology, William J. Ripple of Oregon State University, along with 7 co-authors calling for, among other things, limiting population growth, and drastically diminishing per capita consumption of fossil fuels, meat, and other resources. The second notice included 9 time-series graphs of key indicators, each correlated to a specific issue mentioned in the original 1992 warning, to show that most environmental issues are continuing to trend in the wrong direction, most with no discernible change in rate. The article included 13 specific steps humanity could take to transition to sustainability.

The second notice has more scientist cosigners and formal supporters than any other journal article ever published. The full warning was published in BioScience and it can still be endorsed on the Scientists Warning website.

2019 warning on climate change and 2021 and 2022 updates
In November 2019, a group of more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries named climate change an "emergency" that would lead to "untold human suffering" if no big shifts in action take place:

We declare clearly and unequivocally that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency. To secure a sustainable future, we must change how we live. [This] entails major transformations in the ways our global society functions and interacts with natural ecosystems. The emergency declaration emphasized that economic growth and population growth "are among the most important drivers of increases in emissions from fossil fuel combustion" and that "we need bold and drastic transformations regarding economic and population policies".

A 2021 update to the 2019 climate emergency declaration focuses on 31 planetary vital signs (including greenhouse gases and temperature, rising sea levels, energy use, ice mass, ocean heat content, Amazon rainforest loss rate, etc), and recent changes to them. Of these, 18 are reaching critical levels. The COVID-19 lockdowns, which reduced transportation and consumption levels, had very little impact on mitigating or reversing these trends. The authors say only profound changes in human behavior can meet these challenges and emphasize the need to move beyond the idea that global heating is a stand alone emergency, and is one facet of the worsening environmental crisis. This necessitates the need for transformational system changes and to focus on the root cause of these crises, the vast human overexploitation of the earth, rather than just addressing symptom relief. They point to six areas where fundamental changes need to be made:

"(1) energy — eliminating fossil fuels and shifting to renewables; (2) short-lived air pollutants — slashing black carbon (soot), methane, and hydrofluorocarbons; (3) nature — restoring and permanently protecting Earth's ecosystems to store and accumulate carbon and restore biodiversity; (4) food — switching to mostly plant-based diets, reducing food waste, and improving cropping practices; (5) economy — moving from indefinite GDP growth and overconsumption by the wealthy to ecological economics and a circular economy, in which prices reflect the full environmental costs of goods and services; and (6) human population — stabilizing and gradually reducing the population by providing voluntary family planning and supporting education and rights for all girls and young women, which has been proven to lower fertility rates."

At the 30th anniversary of the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, a second update to the climate emergency declaration concluded that "We are now at 'code red' on planet Earth".

2022 warning on population
In October 2022, Eileen Crist, William J. Ripple, Paul R. Ehrlich, William E. Rees, and Christopher Wolf all contributed to the Scientists' warning on population, published by Science of the Total Environment as "part of the ongoing series of scientists' warning publications," to address the negative impacts of population size and growth on the climate and biodiversity, which they posit "continues to be ignored, sidestepped, or denied." It calls for two actions that, if heeded, will stop population growth before the end of this century. Firstly, the authors issue a global appeal to all adults to have no more than one child as part of the transformative changes needed to mitigate both climate change and biodiversity loss. Secondly, the warning urges policy-makers to "implement population policies with two key female empowerment components," primarily improving education for young women and girls and providing high-quality family-planning services to all. It emphasizes that "the combination of institutional support to plan one's child-bearing choices and educational attainment, including enhanced opportunity for higher education for women, yields immediate fertility declines." It also posits that a sustainable human population, which according to environmental analysts is "one enjoying a modest, equitable middle-class standard of living on a planet retaining its biodiversity and with climate-related adversities minimized," is between 2 and 4 billion people.

The warning also advocates for combatting poverty, patriarchy and overconsumption by the affluent, and calls for a global wealth tax to be levied primarily against "wealthy nations, industries and people who have benefitted the most from humanity's massive-scale historical and contemporary use of fossil fuels" in order to expand "clean sanitation and water availability, food sovereignty, and electrification via renewables." It stresses that poverty alleviation must include the provision of basic public services, in particular healthcare and education.

title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity


text:
Weston High School

Weston High School is the name of several public and independent secondary schools in Canada and the United States:

 * Weston High School (Connecticut) in Weston, Connecticut
 * Weston High School (Louisiana) in unincorporated Jackson Parish, Louisiana
 * Weston High School (Massachusetts) in Weston, Massachusetts
 * Weston High School (Greenville, Mississippi), in Greenville, Mississippi
 * Weston High School (Arlington, Washington)
 * Weston High School (West Virginia) in Weston, West Virginia
 * Weston High School (Cazenovia, Wisconsin)
 * Weston Collegiate Institute, known as Weston High School from 1871 to 1922 in the neighborhood of Weston, York, Toronto, Ontario
 * Weston High School in Weston, Oregon, merged to form Weston-McEwen High School of the Athena Weston School District in Athena, Oregon

title: Weston High School


text:
Elli Stai

Elli Stai (Έλλη Στάη; born 21 March 1954, Athens) is a Greek journalist and talk show presenter on Greek TV.

Education
She graduated from School of Law, Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens. She also studied Political Sciences in France. For a small period of time she worked as a lawyer.

Career
She started her career as a journalist at the Greek newspapers [Mesimvrini] and [Acropolis], where she had her first front page with the interview of Gianni Agnelli. Her television career started from ERT (Greek Public Television), in the early 1980s. In 1989 she worked for Flash 96 radiostation, as a reporter of European matters in Brussels.

In 1993 she returned to Greece as an anchorwoman at the News Bulletin for SKAI television. In 1996 she presented the talk show Ellispontos at MEGA CHANNEL.

From 1997 until 2006 she worked for STAR TV, where she presented the News Bulletin. From 1999 until 2006 she presented the talk show Me ta matia tis Ellis, and later she was the anchorwoman of the news bulletin of ANT1 TV.

In 2007, she returned to Mega Channel TV, as the anchorwoman of the talk show Elli, as well as a commentator for the news Bulletin. In January 2008, Elli Stai became the anchorwoman of ALPHA TV, for the News Bulletin. In 2009 she returned to Flash 96 radiostation with the radio show Ellispoint at Flash96.

In February 2011 she returned to Public TV [ERT] as an anchorwoman for the News Bulletin, as well as presenting the weekly talk show NETWEEK. ERT1.

title: Elli Stai


text:
Talk:Pitkern

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 September 2021 and 31 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Smkloos.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alexandracross.

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Comments
Is this still a stub? --Taejo 21:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks very much like one. No information on usage, grammar, syntax... It only looks bigger because of the table of examples. Grutness...  wha?  07:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No! It's at least a start, possibly a C!Smuckola (Email) (Talk) 08:18, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Pitkern
Google finds about 30,900 English pages for Pitkern but only 784 English pages for Pitcairnese. Is there any objection to moving this page to Pitkern language? Jonathunder 23:11, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * why not simply Pitkern? Currently it's a redirect, but if you found a friendly admin (like me, for instance) then it could easily be deleted to make way for the article. Grutness...wha?  00:09, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Following Grutness, I moved the page to Pitkern, but if anyone objects, we can discuss it. Jonathunder 03:02, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * (slaps head) I'd forgotten you're an admin. Apologies! :) Grutness...wha?  04:32, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Who made the language up
I know that some may debate that language isnt created but evolved, but who made up a language that would end up being used by only a 100 people who ended up knowing english. Why would they make up another language, it's like me creating a group just to make up a new language. It seems a bit strange to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.103.158.84 (talk) 19:53, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Huh? No-one made the language up. It developed naturally from the English being used by sailors at the time of the mutiny. That's why it has so many elements from Georgie and West Country English - areas that a lot of the sailors would have come from. Those were the basic elements of speech that the mutineers who settled Pitcairn had, and the language has evolved naturally since then. As with 99% of other languages, there's no debate at all that it evolved. The only languages that people "make up" are artificial ones like Esperanto. Grutness...wha?  00:47, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Roman Gauls and Iberians must have been very strange indeed in their behaviour (making up Spanish, French and Portuguese from Latin!) 92.235.178.44 (talk) 14:27, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Phrases in Pitkern
I've added three phrases to the table - "I'm going swimming", "Come on all you kids" and "Lebbe". My wife grew up on Pitcairn as a kid and passed these gems on to me. A comment on "Where are you going?" - given as "About ye gwen?". I'm told that was older Pitkern - by the 1960s, this had evolved into "By ye gwen?". I haven't edited this - would like to see come confirmation - also whether historic or current usage is to be illustrated. Another apparent error: "Ye like-a sum whettles?" The word should be "weckle" - "Ye like-a sum weckle?". That one should be corrected. Ptilinopus (talk) 05:37, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Reasons for being endangered/teaching the language to younger generations
I don't want to unilaterally edit this without some discussion here first, as there are a number of issues involved with the claim that (essentially) "Pitkern is endangered because it's not being taught, but there have been attempts to standardise it". These issues are:
 * 1) Number of speakers: If we take Pitkern and Norfuk as being the same language (I don't have access to the Mühlhäusler text cited, so I can't see what he says, but happy to defer to whatever he does say as he's very smart!), I'd be surprised if we're looking at a number of speakers under 630 these days. I do have another Mühlhäusler text or two lying about somewhere in what I keep claiming to be a well-organised collection of books, and my recollection is that he quotes more than that for Norfuk speakers alone, but we'll leave that for now.
 * 2) Language not being taught to the young: False. At least, false as long as we take the two as the same. Norfolk Island Central School teaches the language to every student in a variety of ways, including a sort of "language camp". Pitkern I can't be so sure about, but there is a book that Meralda Warren has written along with students on the island called Mi base side orn Pitkern ("My Favourite Place on Pitcairn"), which suggests that the school-aged kids there are learning the language whether in or out of school.
 * 3) Not being used in the typical household: Also not so, again as far as Norfuk is concerned. Mühlhäusler indicates that there are even families where the kids are teaching the parents, as well as plenty of households on Norfolk where communication is in the local language. He points out that this sort of thing happens frequently as a response to outside pressures - and the island is currently being pressured from outside. Again, I can't be sure about Pitkern, but it would seem unusual for an island largely isolated from the rest of the world and with its own indigenous language not to be using it almost exclusively, only switching to English when cruise ships turn up.
 * 4) Standardisation of spelling and grammar: In relation to Norfuk, yes. In relation to Pitkern, not so sure. I've spoken (and I know the plural of "anecdote" isn't "data", of course) with Norfolkers who've visited relatives on Pitcairn and been surprised at how their language differs from that of their relatives. Mühlhäusler has also critiqued the "standard" orthographies and pointed out instances where they're neither helpful nor used.

I've marked the paragraph in question as "dubious" for the moment, since I'm pretty sure there's a sensible form of words we can use here. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 06:28, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Some updates, now that I've had most of a day to think about it:

 * Per his report on the matter, pp94-5, Mühlhäusler argues that Norfuk and Pitkern are separate languages. "Those who call Norf'k a dialect signal that its speakers are politically powerless", for example. For that reason, I've removed the mention of Norfuk as a "dialect" in the infobox.
 * Words revolving around food, shelter etc: I see what this phrasing means, but I'm not convinced it makes a lot of sense. Any language will have words "revolving around" the distinctive area that it occupies (even a dialect will - look at the distinctive words used in US English for rock formations in deserts versus the ones I would use as an Australian) or the aspects of its culture that make it distinctive. I've removed it for now, but I'm sure there's a form of words which will work to have it re-included, since the point is valid (a Pitkern speaker talking about an "umn" isn't going to mean what someone living in the suburbs of a large city means by "oven", for example).
 * Language not being taught: As mentioned above, this just isn't the case, so I've removed it.
 * Efforts to standardise: I've tried to separate out the standardisation (which should be with the "s" in the suffix, per MOS, I'll change that shortly) on Norfolk Island and of Norfuk versus whatever standardisation there may have been on Pitcairn and of Pitkern. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 00:10, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Norfuk / Pitkern Wikipedia
Hello,

I suspect that this talk page might be one of the places to get more attention than the Wikipedia itself, but note that I've made a proposal to close Pitkern Wikipedia at Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Pitkern & Norfuk Wikipedia 3. If anyone has any opinions or knowledge on the topic, especially for people who speak the language who are interested in free content, input is appreciated. SnowFire (talk) 01:13, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pitkern


text:
Michael Parkes

Michael Parkes (born October 12, 1944 in Sikeston, Missouri) is an American-born artist living in Spain who is best known for work in the areas of fantasy art and magic realism. He specializes in painting, stone lithography and sculpture. He also creates limited-edition Giclée images.

Biography
Parkes studied graphic art and painting at the University of Kansas. As a student, Parkes was fascinated by various graphic processes, and he later became proficient in the difficult medium of the colour stone lithograph. Many of his recent works have been produced as Aurographics, limited edition giclée prints.

His unique style evolved in isolation, after a period in which he gave up the practice of art altogether and went to India in search of philosophical illumination, a location that he and his wife continue to visit annually.

Early on, he painted in the generally abstract expressionist style common among his teachers. However, he later began to draw and paint in a meticulous style of detailed representation. This style is realistic in principle, but often uses magical subject matter, with imagery drawn from a range of traditions including the cabalistic and the tantric. Strange beasts encounter mysterious winged women, good and evil fight out their eternal conflict. Several of Parkes' works have been used as cover illustrations, including:
 * OMNI (Dec 1980, June 1980, Nov 1981)
 * The Best of Omni Science Fiction, No. 6 (1983)
 * Omni Best Science Fiction One (1992)
 * Omni Best Science Fiction Three (1993)
 * Full Spectrum 5 (1995, 1996)
 * ParaSpheres: Extending Beyond the Spheres of Literary and Genre Fiction: Fabulist and New Wave Fabulist Stories (2006).
 * Karma in Christianity - Charles Pradeep (2011)

A Parkes sculpture, Angel Affair (2004), was the Sep/Oct 2004 cover illustration for the Dutch-language Fine Arts Magazine, which also contained a feature article on one of Parkes' exhibitions in the Netherlands.

Lisa Starry of Scorpius Dance Theater, Phoenix Arizona in 2007 choreographed a contemporary dance presentation based on the works of Parkes. Also in 2007, Parkes was invited to exhibit a painting of his own vision of Venus at an international exhibition of 35 magic realism artists in Denmark.

In 2009, one of Parkes' paintings, The Three Graces, is repeatedly mentioned in Dan Brown's novel The Lost Symbol. Parkes was interviewed for his interpretation of the symbolic use of his art in Brown's book by Daniel Burstein. Milliner Justin Smith has said his design for the horned headpiece worn by actress Angelina Jolie in the 2014 film Maleficent was inspired in part by Michael Parkes lithographs.

Philosophy
Parkes, who has described consciousness as a laboratory to explore the physicality of evolution, finds value in meditation and admires the 19th-century Indian philosopher, Sri Aurobindo.

Awards

 * Association of Science Fiction & Fantasy Artists (ASFA) - Chesley Awards
 * 1994	Best Cover Illustration: Paperback Book	- Omni Best Science Fiction Three (nominee)
 * 2003 Best Product Illustration - "The Court Painter" (nominee)

title: Michael Parkes


text:
User talk:Ikcotyck

Bratsche talk 5 pillars 21:42, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

In Remembrance...
--nat Alo! Salut! Sunt eu, un haiduc?!?! 23:54, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

WP:Hornbook -- a new law-related task force for the J.D. curriculum
Andrew Gradman talk/WP:Hornbook 01:51, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Backpacking project
I see you have self-identified as a backpacker by using the ”This user enjoys backpacking” userbox. I invite you to join the backpacking project. It recently reactivated. There is plenty of good work to do improving the encyclopedia’s coverage of backpacking equipment, organizations, celebrities, books, skills, and trails. The project provides a system to rate articles and prioritize editing efforts. Visit the project’s page, take a look, and please consider joining me in improving the articles and coverage of an activity we both enjoy.

—¿philoserf? (talk) 19:56, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ikcotyck


text:
Talk:Ari Hest

New music video
There is a video for Dead End Driving on Vimeo. Check it out here:  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stagger82 (talk • contribs) 08:08, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

new content
all of the information contained in the new wiki article was scrounged from around the web and/or directly from Ari and/or his managment at starpolish. I wrote all of the information based on articles read and information discovered so there should be no problems with copyright violations. Written permission via email to reproduce all images from the site was given to me for use on wiki. Dytch 13:34, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot 09:37, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

yo bill wats his race yo, like wher he be from man. Its 420 im stoned

External links and sources
The above links may be used as sources but per WP:ELMAYBE they should not be listed as external links.-- — Keithbob • Talk  • 18:30, 3 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Album Review.
 * Album Review.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:13, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141017185129/http://thecelebritycafe.com/feature/interview-ari-hest-04-11-2011 to http://thecelebritycafe.com/feature/interview-ari-hest-04-11-2011

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title: Talk:Ari Hest


text:
Talk:Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign

VP
Was there hhhhany other names on Clinton's short list for VP?--Sina 21:43, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comeback Kid?
Not even a single mention Gang14 23:24, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

More Details Needed
I think that more details are needed in the section related to the nomination contest. I say this with the 2008 candidates' pages as my reference. They are considerably longer. They are massive, whereas this page isn't. Why is there such a drastic difference? SkepticBanner (talk) 04:13, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

POV-check template
I added the template because I feel that statements such as "The candidates in 1992 were considered one of the weakest starting grids the Democrats had ever chosen" need either to be referenced to sources whose authors expressed such an opinion, or else removed. It Is Me Here (talk) 18:26, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
If anybody attempts to modernize this article, campaign logos can be found here for the infobox. --William S. Saturn (talk) 22:18, 5 July 2009 (UTC)