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Graeme McDowell

Graeme McDowell MBE (born 30 July 1979) is a professional golfer from Northern Ireland. He has a total of eleven tournament victories on the European Tour, and four on the PGA Tour, including one major championship, the 2010 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach. In 2022, he joined LIV Golf. McDowell has also represented Ireland at the World Cup and he has been a member of the European Ryder Cup team on four occasions. He has appeared in the top-10 in the Official World Golf Ranking, with a highest ranking position of 4th (January to March 2011).

Early life
McDowell was born in Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, and played with Rathmore Golf Club since he was eight or nine years old. His uncle, Uel Loughery, coached him there when he was younger. At the age of 14, McDowell played senior cup for Rathmore. In his teens, he attended Coleraine Academical Institution. He then studied engineering at Queen's University in Belfast, then transferred to the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where he played college golf through the spring of 2002. As a senior with the Blazers in 2002, McDowell won six of twelve college events and the Haskins Award, given to the outstanding collegiate golfer in the United States. He was a member of the Great Britain and Ireland team which retained the Walker Cup in 2001 at Sea Island, Georgia.

Professional career
McDowell turned professional in 2002, and won that season's Volvo Scandinavian Masters, which was only his fourth start on the European Tour. That win led to McDowell being given honorary life membership at the Royal Portrush Golf Club. He did not win in his second season, but in 2004 he claimed the Telecom Italia Open and finished sixth on the European Tour's Order of Merit. In 2005, he divided his time between the European and U.S. PGA Tours. McDowell was not yet a full member of the PGA Tour, but his top-50 placing in the Official World Golf Ranking ensured that he received invitations to play in many events in the United States.

McDowell managed two top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour, including a tie for second place at the Bay Hill Invitational, which enabled him to earn enough money to become fully exempt on the PGA Tour in 2006. He failed, however, to finish in the top-150 in the 2006 PGA Tour money list, and decided to return to the European Tour for 2007. In 2008, McDowell returned to the winner's enclosure by winning first the Ballantine's Championship in South Korea, and then the Barclays Scottish Open. He played in the 2008 Ryder Cup, earning 2.5 points for the European team and finished the season ranked fifth on the Order of Merit.

2010
In June 2010, McDowell won the Celtic Manor Wales Open by three shots. This was his fifth European win.

2010 U.S. Open win
In June 2010, McDowell won the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, becoming the first Northern Irishman to accomplish the feat, and the first European U.S. Open winner since Tony Jacklin in 1970. McDowell was also the first player from the United Kingdom to win a major championship since Paul Lawrie won The Open Championship in 1999, and the first Northern Irishman to win a major since Fred Daly won the 1947 Open Championship. McDowell was only the second European to win the U.S. Open since 1925. He rose to number 13 in the world rankings, then a career high, and became the eighth European in the top 15. McDowell embraced his father, Kenny, on Father's Day, and almost immediately called fellow golfer Rory McIlroy to joke about a possible partnership in the 2010 Ryder Cup. He celebrated with a large crowd, including fellow golfer Pádraig Harrington, in the United States.

There were celebrations in his native Portrush as well when news of McDowell's win broke, with "the mother of all parties" planned to get underway in the town. The "famous win" set off "a brand new life" for McDowell, according to The Guardian's golf correspondent, Lawrence Donegan. The Daily Telegraph's Mark Reason opined: "The previous three tournaments in the United States have been won by Lee Westwood, Justin Rose [both English] and now McDowell. It's an unprecedented surge and America must feel like it is being invaded". McDowell's manager, Conor Ridge, accepted bookings for American TV shows, such as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, as well as a cameo role in Entourage. Shortly after winning the U.S. Open, McDowell joined the PGA Tour and earned a five-year exemption for winning a major.

2010 Ryder Cup win
On Monday, 4 October 2010, McDowell was charged with putting to win on the 17th green of the 2010 Ryder Cup at Celtic Manor. His was the last match of the 12 player singles, with his opponent being Hunter Mahan, to win the tournament 14.5/13.5 for Europe, and it was his 5-foot putt that was conceded to give victory to Europe.

Rest of 2010
McDowell finished the 2010 season with another win at the Andalucía Valderrama Masters and was second behind Martin Kaymer in the 2010 Race to Dubai standings. On 5 December 2010, McDowell beat Tiger Woods in a playoff to win the 2010 Chevron World Challenge. McDowell and Kaymer shared the European Tour Golfer of the Year award. At the end of 2010, McDowell was ranked 6th in the world.

2011
McDowell had a solid but unspectacular season in 2011 where he did not record a win on either of the main tours. He finished third on four occasions, three on the European Tour and once on the PGA Tour. McDowell finished the year 16th on the European Tour's Race to Dubai, his year consisting of 17 out of 18 cuts made and five top-10 finishes.

In May 2011, McDowell was in contention to win the PGA Tour's flagship event, The Players Championship, but shot a final round 79 to end his chances. He earned over a million dollars on the PGA Tour but could only finish the year 73rd in the FedEx Cup standings.

2012
McDowell opened up the year with a third-place finish at the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship on the European Tour in January. He finished two strokes behind winner Robert Rock. In March 2012, McDowell recorded his joint best finish on the PGA Tour outside of his U.S. Open win, when he finished as runner-up, five strokes behind Tiger Woods at the Arnold Palmer Invitational. This was the second time McDowell had been a runner-up on the PGA Tour. Two weeks later, McDowell had his best performance at The Masters, when he finished in a tie for 12th. He shot a final round of 68 to jump up inside the top 15. McDowell was runner up in May 2012 at the Volvo World Match Play Championship at the Finca Cortesin Golf Club, losing the final 1 down to Belgium's Nicolas Colsaerts. In a tight match, McDowell was never more than 2 down but was never in front in the match either. After the match he admitted that the better player won and that he played poorly, shooting five over for the round. Previously in the knockout stages, McDowell had beaten Richard Finch 3&2, Sergio García on the 19th hole and Rafa Cabrera-Bello 2 up.

In June 2012, the U.S. Open returned to California, when it was held at the Olympic Club in San Francisco, less than 100 miles from Pebble Beach, the site of McDowell's 2010 U.S. Open victory. Again he was in contention after rounds of 69-72-68 on the first three days had positioned him at one under for the championship. McDowell was tied for the lead going into the final day with Jim Furyk, both playing in the final group on Sunday. The second time in three years that McDowell had featured in the final group of the U.S. Open. Despite a disappointing front nine, where he found himself four over, he made several birdies on the back nine, including one on the 17th hole to trail by one shot with one hole to play. After a good drive and approach to the green, he was faced with a 25-foot putt to tie the lead and force a playoff, but narrowly missed it to the left and had to settle for a par. This led to McDowell finishing in a tie for second place with Michael Thompson, one stroke behind the champion, Webb Simpson. The following month, at the 2012 Open Championship at Royal Lytham & St Annes, McDowell was in contention on Sunday for the second consecutive major. He had shot rounds of 67-69-67 during the first three days to be at seven under par and trail leader Adam Scott by four strokes in second place with Brandt Snedeker. McDowell played in the final group on Sunday for the second consecutive major championship and third time overall, alongside Scott. He had a disappointing round of 75 (+5) and was never in contention for the championship all afternoon. His challenge was ended at the par five 11th, when he snap hooked his second shot into the trees left and had to take a penalty drop, costing him a bogey. He finished the championship in a tie for 5th with fellow European Luke Donald. It was however his best ever placing at The Open Championship. In December, he won the World Challenge, beating Keegan Bradley by three shots.

2013
McDowell started the season on the PGA Tour at the Northern Trust Open, where he shot 73–72 to miss the cut. He played the following week at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and reached the quarter-finals. It was his best ever showing at the tournament, beating Pádraig Harrington 2-up, Alex Norén in 20 holes and Shane Lowry 3&2, before losing 1-down to Jason Day in the quarter-finals.

McDowell played in The Honda Classic the week after and recorded his second consecutive top-10 with a T-9 finish. The next week he played in the final group with Tiger Woods in the WGC-Cadillac Championship and finished in a T-3 position. He missed the cut in the Masters Tournament by one stroke, bogeying the last hole. The next week he played the RBC Heritage. In the final round in stormy weather, he posted a two-under-par 69. He entered a playoff with fellow U.S. Open champion Webb Simpson. Simpson bogeyed the first hole and McDowell parred to win his first regular PGA Tour event and his first tour win since 2010.

The win moved him into 8th in the world rankings. In the 2013 Volvo World Match Play Championship, he defeated Thongchai Jaidee, 2 & 1, to win. The win moved him to the top of the Race to Dubai and 7th in the world. He missed the cut in the European Tour's flagship event, the BMW PGA Championship. In the 2013 U.S. Open he missed the cut; the event he had won in 2010. This was the first time that he had ever missed the cut in that event. In July 2013, he won the Alstom Open de France, shooting a final round of 67 to finish four shots ahead of Richard Sterne.

2014
In 2014, McDowell continued to play on both the European Tour and PGA Tour. In the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship he made comebacks including winning the 18th in each of his first 3 matches before losing to eventual runner up Victor Dubuisson in the quarter finals.

McDowell followed this up with a top-10 finish at the second World Golf Championship of the season at the Cadillac Championship, before missing the cut at the first major of the year at the Masters.

McDowell made the cut at the U.S. Open and came close to a maiden national open win at the Irish Open where he finished in a tie for 6th.

In his next event, Alstom Open de France, he recorded his only win of the season, defending the title he won in 2013 despite going into the final round 8 shots behind Kevin Stadler.

Following this McDowell continued his good form at the Open Championship with a top-10 finish, and further top-10 finishes in his next two events at the RBC Canadian Open and the Bridgestone Invitational.

At the PGA Championship, McDowell made the cut finishing in a tie of 46th, subsequently competing in the FedEx Cup Playoffs, however he failed to progress to the year end Tour Championship finishing outside the top-30 in 56th place.

McDowell qualified to represent Europe at the 2014 Ryder Cup narrowly edging Stephen Gallacher for the final place based on Official World Golf Ranking points.

At the Ryder Cup, he formed a successful partnership with former opponent Victor Dubuisson with comfortable wins the afternoon foursomes on Friday and Saturday. In the lead match of the Sunday singles, McDowell recovered from being 3 down to Jordan Spieth to win 2&1. With these wins Europe won the Ryder Cup.

McDowell subsequently competed in the Race to Dubai Final Series events on the European Tour including a tie for third in the HSBC Champions. McDowell finished 14th in the Race to Dubai rankings on the European Tour in 2014.

2015
McDowell endured one of his worst years as a professional during the 2015 season. In fifteen events on the PGA Tour, McDowell made only eight cuts, with just one top five finish, coming in his first tournament of the year.

In this tournament, the WGC-HSBC Champions, he held the 18, 36 and 54 hole leads and began Sunday with a one stroke lead. He shot a final round of 73 and missed a birdie putt on the final hole, which would have earned him a place in the playoff. He finished the 2015 season at 160th in the FedEx Cup standings and was the first time he had missed out on qualifying for the playoffs since 2010.

In November 2015, McDowell won his third PGA Tour title at the OHL Classic at Mayakoba. He prevailed in a sudden death playoff over Jason Bohn and Russell Knox during a Monday finish to the tournament. He won with a birdie on the first extra hole after his five iron approach grazed the edge of the cup and left him with three-foot birdie putt. Knox then could only up and down for par, whilst Bohn missed an 18-foot birdie putt to extend the playoff. McDowell said afterwards that the win came at the end of a real grind in what was one of his worst calendar years as a professional.

2016
In the 2015–16 PGA Tour season, McDowell won $2,596,170 and finished 27th in the season-long FedEx Cup race.

2017
In the 2016–17 PGA Tour season, McDowell only had 4 top 10 finishes and finished 136th in the FedEx Cup.

2018
In the 2017–18 PGA Tour season, McDowell struggled again and only won $581,024 and finished 144th in the FedEx Cup. This left him with limited status on the PGA Tour for the 2018–19 season.

European Ryder Cup captain Thomas Bjørn named McDowell as a vice-captain for the European team at the 2018 Ryder Cup. In September 2018, Europe defeated the U.S. team 17½ points to 10½ at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France.

2019
On 31 March 2019, McDowell won his fourth PGA Tour title at the Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship in the Dominican Republic.

On 9 June 2019, McDowell finished tied for 8th at the RBC Canadian Open and therefore qualified for the 2019 Open Championship, which was played at his home course Royal Portrush Golf Club in Northern Ireland.

2020
On 2 February 2020, McDowell won the Saudi International with a score of 12 under par. The victory marked his first title on the European Tour since 2014 and also improved his world ranking from 104 to 47.

2022
On 31 May 2022, McDowell was named in the field for the first LIV Golf Invitational Series event at Centurion, near London. He resigned his membership of the PGA Tour shortly before the start of play.

2023
McDowell played in all fourteen events as part of the 2023 LIV Golf League as part of Cleeks GC alongside Martin Kaymer, Bernd Wiesberger, and Richard Bland. He also played in seven events on the Asian Tour during the year. At the end of the LIV season, McDowell ranked 42nd in the individual standings. His contract expired and he was not offered a contract extension by his team. His best finish in the 2023 LIV Golf season was a 12th place finish at Trump National Golf Club Bedminster. On 28 November 2023, McDowell signed with Smash GC for the 2024 LIV Golf League.

Personal
McDowell comes from a mixed Catholic/Protestant family background, but was himself raised a Protestant. As he won the U.S. Open in 2010 he was living in a "bachelor pad" penthouse apartment in Portrush and was building a home in Lake Nona, Florida, United States. McDowell hired interior designer Kristin Stape to work on his Lake Nona house: subsequently the pair began dating and were engaged in October 2012. The couple married in a small ceremony in the Bahamas in September 2013. Kristin gave birth to the couple's first child, a girl, in August 2014. She has a child from a previous relationship.

When quizzed on whether he'd represent Britain or Ireland at future Olympic events, McDowell stated: "I’m not bothered who I play for. I’ll be honoured to represent Britain or Ireland or both. I’m proud to play golf for Europe." On the subject of his nationality, he added: "Yes, I sit on the fence but why not? There’s no right or wrong answer. I’m always going to upset someone so why not sit on the fence?" In the run up to the 2016 Olympics, when golf was reintroduced, Rory McIlroy (representing Ireland) withdrew from the tournament, leaving McDowell with the possibility of representing Ireland as their next highest ranked player. However, McDowell ruled out this possibility by opting to not play in the Olympics. He often travels and practises with Rory McIlroy and Pádraig Harrington.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to golf.

In January 2011 McDowell was photographed by Kevin Abosch for "The Face of Ireland" project.

McDowell is a devoted Manchester United fan. In the buildup to the 2011 Masters Tournament he skipped the annual par-3 contest in order to watch a UEFA Champions League clash between United and Chelsea.

In June 2011, McDowell received an honorary doctorate (D.Sc) from the University of Ulster for his services to golf. He received his honorary degree from the University's Chancellor, the actor James Nesbitt on its Coleraine campus and in his speech to graduates, urged them to set their goals high in their careers and trust their intuition.

McDowell is also partner in owning a restaurant, Nona Blue, that he opened outside of his neighborhood Lake Nona Golf & Country Club. Nona Blue is considered a "Modern Tavern."

Amateur wins

 * 1996 Ulster Boys Championship
 * 1999 Irish Youths Championship
 * 2000 Irish Amateur Close Championship, Irish Youths Championship, World Universities Championship, South of Ireland Championship

PGA Tour wins (4)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–0)

European Tour wins (11)
 * Note: The 2004 Telecom Italia Open was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the Korean Tour

European Tour playoff record (2–1)

Asian Tour wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the European Tour and the Korean Tour

Asian Tour playoff record (1–0)

Other wins (2)
Other playoff record (1–0)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut

"T" = tied

NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (2008 Open Championship – 2009 PGA)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2012 U.S. Open – 2012 Open Championship)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place C = Cancelled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Results in World Golf Championships
Results not in chronological order before 2015. 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic

{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} WD = Withdrew

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play

NT = no tournament

"T" = tied

Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * European Boys' Team Championship (representing Ireland): 1997
 * European Youths' Team Championship (representing Ireland): 2000
 * Palmer Cup: (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2000 (winners), 2001
 * European Amateur Team Championship (representing Ireland): 2001
 * Walker Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2001 (winners)

Professional
 * Seve Trophy: (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2005 (winners), 2009 (winners)
 * Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2006 (winners)
 * Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 2008, 2010 (winners), 2012 (winners), 2014 (winners)
 * Record: 15 matches, 9 points (60% Point Percentage)
 * All Formats (W–L–H): 8–5–2 = 9 pts
 * Singles: 3–1–0 = 3 pts
 * Foursomes: 4–2–2 = 5 pts
 * Fourballs: 1–2–0 = 1 pt
 * World Cup (representing Ireland): 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2016
 * EurAsia Cup (representing Europe): 2014

title: Graeme McDowell


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Blind Pilots

"Blind Pilots" is the second and final single to be taken from The Cooper Temple Clause's second album, Kick Up the Fire, and Let the Flames Break Loose.

Track listing

 * CD
 * 1) "Blind Pilots" (album version)
 * 2) "Derelict"
 * 3) "I Want You to Think I Could Be"

DVD Audio (1), DVD Video (2-3)
 * DVD

 * 1) "Blind Pilots" (album version)
 * 2) 18 minute making of Blind Pilots video feature
 * 3) Director's cut of Blind Pilots video

 * 7"
 * 1) "Blind Pilots" (album version)
 * 2) "Habit of a Lifetime"

 * Japanese EP
 * 1) "Bllind Pilots" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Derelict"
 * 3) "Habit of a Lifetime"
 * 4) "Did You Miss Me?" (live at Shepherd's Bush Empire on 22 November 2003)
 * 5) "Written Apology" (live at Shepherd's Bush Empire on 22 November 2003)

 * German / International CD (Morning Records | 82876583882)
 * 1) "Blind Pilots" (album version) – 4:01
 * 2) "Habit of a Lifetime" – 3:30
 * 3) "Derelict" – 4:17
 * 4) "I Want You to Think I Could Be" – 6:26
 * 5) "Blind Pilots (video, director's cut)" – 4:03
 * 6) "Blind Pilots (making of the video)" – 18:02

Music video
The music video for "Blind Pilots" features Michael Fassbender in the role of a man who, engaged to his fiancée, goes out with friends for drinking and partying throughout the night, but unbeknownst to him, his girlfriend placed a talisman on a neckchain around his neck before he left. As he imbibes more alcohol with his friends, he begins turning into a satyr and his temperament leads him to become more harsh and isolated towards his friends until he leaves them for another club, where he completely turns into a satyr. He then gives into greater temptation around the female dancers at the strip club, but eventually experiences a more painful transformation as he rushes out, this time turning into a goat by the end of the video. The video is directed by Scott Lyon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blind Pilots


text:
Bujan

Bujan is a village and a former municipality in the Kukës County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Tropojë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,550. It is part of the Highlands of Gjakova, an ethnographic region of Albanian and Kosovo, and is known for hosting the 1943 Bujan Conference.

Bujan is part of Krasniqe tribal territory.

Etymology
According to Eqrem Çabej, the etymology of the village derives from a term referring to a "pond with a lot of water", but due to the location of the village, the etymology may have to do with the Albanian term bujë.

Notable people

 * Mic Sokoli, People's Hero of Albania
 * Tahir Sinani (1964-2001), Albanian KLA and NLA fighter
 * Binak Alia (1805-1890), leader of the Revolt of 1845, participant in the League of Prizren
 * Sokol Rama, leader of the Revolt of 1845

title: Bujan


text: User talk:62.254.32.18

title: User talk:62.254.32.18


text: Category:Mass media in Yemen

title: Category:Mass media in Yemen


text: Talk:La Bigne

title: Talk:La Bigne


text:
Status inconsistency

Status inconsistency is a situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on their social status. For example, a teacher may have a positive societal image (respect, prestige) which increases their status but may earn little money, which simultaneously decreases their status.

Advocates of the concept propose that status inconsistency has consequences for social action that cannot be predicted from the so-called "vertical" dimensions of status alone. (In statistical terms, it is an interaction effect). Introduced by Gerhard Lenski in the 1950s, the concept has remained controversial with limited empirical verification. One unresolved question is whether people who are judged by sociologists to be status inconsistent actually feel they are somehow under-rewarded or over-rewarded. Blocker and Riedesel (1978) employed more than the usual statistical controls and found evidence of neither a correlation between "objective" and "subjective" status inconsistency, nor of effects of either on hypothesized behavior that was independent of the vertical dimensions of status.

General description
All societies have some basis for social stratification, and industrial societies are characterized by multiple dimensions to which some vertical hierarchy may be imputed. The notion of status inconsistency is simple: it is defined as occupying different vertical positions in two or more hierarchies. The complexity and dynamism of modern societies results in both social mobility, and the presence of people and social roles in these inconsistent or mixed status positions. Sociologists investigate issues of status inconsistency in order to better understand status systems and stratification, and because some sociologists believe that positions of status inconsistency might have strong effects on people's behavior. In this line of reasoning people may react to an inconsistent status position as problematic, and thus may change their behavior, their patterns of sociation, or otherwise act to resolve the inconsistent position. During the last fifty years social researchers have investigated and debated evidence about how, where, why, and to what extent status inconsistency affects social action.

Most attention has been given to inconsistency between material status and prestige or respect, arising from education, occupation, or ethnicity. Geschwender (1967), among others, suggests that the balance of investments (e.g. education) versus rewards (e.g. income) is at the heart of any actual effects of apparent status inconsistency.

Theory and its development
Max Weber articulated three major dimensions of stratification in his discussion of class, power, and status. This multifaceted framework provides the background concepts for discussing status inconsistency. Status Inconsistency theories predict that people whose status is inconsistent, or higher on one dimension than one another, will be more frustrated and dissatisfied than people with consistent statuses. Gerhard Lenski was a major proponent of this theory. He argues that if people are ranked higher in one dimension than another, then they are going to emphasize their higher rank. Since others may focus instead on the former's lower rank, the situation may generate conflict.

Lenski originally predicted that people suffering from Status Inconsistency will favor political actions and parties directed against higher status groups. Lenski continues by stating that Status Inconsistency can be used to further explain the phenomenon of why status groups made up of wealthy minorities will tend to be liberal instead of the presumed conservative. In the 1950s and 1960s, American Jews provided a strong anecdotal example: Politically liberal, better educated and more affluent than average, they were still subjected to discrimination in subtle and not-so-subtle ways.

Outstanding issues
While well-known, the concept of status inconsistency is not without its challengers and unresolved questions.
 * Can status inconsistency be reliably measured independent of the constituent vertical dimensions of stratification?
 * Can the hypothesized social psychological mechanism (e.g. feeling of being under-rewarded) for the effects of status inconsistency be validated?
 * Can consistent empirical effects be found at all outside the narrow spectrum of American politics?

title: Status inconsistency


text:
Talk:Running backstay

can admonistrator move the article'running backstay' to catagory 'sail vessel'please.

title: Talk:Running backstay


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Virgilius Maro Grammaticus

Virgilius Maro Grammaticus (Virgile de Toulouse, fl. c. 7th century), known in English as Virgil the Grammarian or Virgil of Toulouse, is the author of two early medieval grammatical texts known as the Epitomae and the Epistolae.

Biographical
It is unknown exactly when or where he was active: in the eleventh and twelfth centuries he was known to Abbo of Fleury and others as Virgil of Toulouse, and subsequent scholars have tried to attribute him to Spain, the Basque Country and Gaul. Apparent traces of Hebrew have also prompted suggestions that he may have been Jewish. Supposed knowledge of some Old Irish vocabulary and verse has led to the most recent attribution to Ireland, and there is good evidence that his writings were well known to early medieval Irish scholars. However, the Irish evidence is not watertight, and Virgil's origins remain undetermined.

However, Virgil can be dated with some confidence to the seventh century: he knew some parts of the Etymologiae by Isidore of Seville finished around 636; and was quoted before 709/10 by Aldhelm of Malmesbury. Quotations from Virgil in certain Irish computistical texts may place him in the first half of the seventh century, specifically before 658.

Writings
His writings survive in around twenty manuscripts or fragments, dating from the eighth to the eleventh century. The three principal manuscripts (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale Latinus 13026; Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale, 426; and Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale IV.A.34) on which modern editions have been based were all written in early ninth-century France. In most manuscripts of Virgil also contain other grammatical and schoolroom texts. As a rule, the Epitomae travelled separately from the Epistolae, which are much more poorly represented in the surviving manuscripts: just one manuscript contains the entire text (Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale IV.A.34), and comparison with other fragments suggests its testimony may not always be trustworthy.

Virgil wrote at least two surviving works, the Epitomae and Epistolae. The number of books in both groups – 12 and 8 (though the last surviving Epitoma may have been numbered 15, implying there were once three more books now lost) – compares to the number of books in Donatus Ars Maior and Ars Minor. He displays knowledge of authors such as Isidore of Seville, Virgil and Aelius Donatus, but never quotes them by name. Instead one finds in his works a plethora of obscure and unlikely-sounding authorities mentioned nowhere else and quotations attributed to well-known authors which cannot be identified in their writings. Thus there are Varro, Cato (there are several people and writings called Cato from before Virgil's day, and which source he used is uncertain. The best-known in his time may have been the Distichs of Cato, often called simply Cato), three Virgils, three Vulcans, Aeneas and Origenes, and also Sufphonias, Galbungus, Sagillus, Blastus, Gurgilius, Balapsidius, Ninus – the list can be expanded. Some of these names are clear fabrications, often displaying considerable knowledge of classical and patristic literature.

Although written in a similar style to late antique grammatical texts and incorporating some genuine grammatical material, there is much baffling and outlandish material contained in Virgil's writings: he discusses twelve kinds of Latin, of which only one is in regular use, and attributes much of his lore to grammarians up to a thousand years old, who debate questions such as the vocative of ego and write texts such as De laudibus indefunctorum (In praise of the undead). Often these grammatical authorities form the centre of anecdotes: Aeneas is often referred to as Virgil's teacher; an elderly Spanish grammarian visits Virgil in the dead of night; and others wage war with thousands of men over grammatical definitions. The oddity of Virgil's texts extends beyond ignorance or even parody, and it has been argued that his peculiar fabrications are a veiled plea for diversity and variety. However, a great deal remains uncertain about Virgil, his origins and his real purpose in writing.

title: Virgilius Maro Grammaticus


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Wee Chong Jin

Wee Chong Jin (28 September 1915 – 5 June 2005) was a Malayan-born Singaporean judge who served as chief justice of Singapore between 1963 and 1990.

Born in Penang, Malaysia, he was the first Asian lawyer to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore. Having served as the chief justice of Singapore for 27 years, Wee was the longest-serving chief justice in the Commonwealth.

He was being appointed as chief justice of Singapore by former president of Singapore, Yusof Ishak.

Early life
Wee was born in Penang to parents Wee Gim Puay and Lim Paik Yew. He received his early education at the Penang Free School, and read law at St John's College, Cambridge. He was called to Bar at the Middle Temple in November 1938, and was admitted as an Advocate and Solicitor of Straits Settlements in 1940 upon returning to Penang.

Legal career
Wee practised law in Malaysia and Singapore from 1940 to 1957, with the firm Wee Swee Teow and Co.

Judicial career
Wee became the first Asian lawyer to be appointed to the position of a judge at the Supreme Court of Singapore on 15 August 1957, and subsequently appointed Chief Justice of Singapore on 5 January 1963. His appointment as Chief Justice marked the end of the century-old tradition of appointing British Chief Justices – the last of whom was Sir Alan Rose – for Singapore. Wee remained in the position for 27 years, making him the longest-serving chief justice not only in Singapore, but also in the Commonwealth.

Other roles
Wee also served as the first chairman of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights from 1973 and remained at its helm for 18 years. Wee assumed the post of the acting President of Singapore for two days when Devan Nair stepped down as President. Wee Chong Jin had also stepped in when Singapore's heads of state were either away or indisposed. He had stood in for Yusof Ishak when he was Yang di-Pertuan Negara and also for President Benjamin Sheares. He was the first president of the Singapore Academy of Law in 1988. In August 1991, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In April 1992, Wee was made an Honorary Member and Fellow of the Singapore Academy of Law for life – the highest honour made to a person by the Academy. He served as a legal consultant of the Supreme Court of Singapore after his retirement on 27 September 1990, and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2004.

Personal life
Wee was also known for his love for sports, as he was an outstanding cricketer for Cambridge University in 1937 and a keen golfer serving as President of the Singapore Golf Association from 1962 to 2002.

Wee died on 5 June 2005 of complications from lung and brain cancer. A funeral was held at the Catholic Church of St. Ignatius at King's Road in Bukit Timah before his body was cremated at the Mandai Crematorium. Wee is survived by his wife, Cecilia Henderson, three sons, Laurence, John and Patrick, and one daughter, Veronica, and his grandchildren, Laura, Nicole, David and Michael.

Honour of Malaysia

 * : Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) – Tan Sri (1965)

title: Wee Chong Jin


text:
Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger

The Boeing XPBB-1 Sea Ranger (Boeing 344) was a prototype twin-engined flying boat patrol bomber built for the United States Navy. The order for this aircraft was canceled, to free production capacity to build the Boeing B-29, and only a single prototype was completed.

Development
Well before the United States entered World War II, the Navy started a program to develop a long-range flying boat, able to cover the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean. The Model 344 design offered by Boeing was chosen, and a contract for 57 aircraft was awarded on 29 June 1940. The designation given to the type was PBB for Patrol Bomber, Boeing, the first aircraft of the PB category built by Boeing for the Navy. Nevertheless, Boeing did have important experience in the construction of large flying boats, having produced the successful Boeing 314 airliner. To build the large PBB, Boeing started construction of a new lakeside factory in Renton, Washington, that was owned by the US Navy. However, the prototype was constructed mostly in Seattle, and was moved to Renton only for completion.

To achieve the desired long range, the PBB became a fairly large aircraft, with a wingspan of 139 feet $8 1/2$ inches (42.59 m) and a crew of ten. Despite its size, it was powered by just two Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone radial engines, driving three-bladed Curtiss Electric propellers. It was the largest twin-engined flying boat flown during World War II. For a flying boat, the PBB was aerodynamically clean, with a cantilever wing set high on the fuselage. The planing bottom had a single step, and the non-retractable outrigger floats were attached to streamlined, cantilever struts. The lower hull was divided with seven watertight compartments, and a short upper deck provided seating for the cockpit crew. The wing of the PBB was constructed in a center section and two outer panels. The center section carried the engine nacelles and contained the internal bomb bays, as well as fuel and oil tanks. The outer wing panels contained main and auxiliary, integral fuel tanks.

The defensive armament of the PBB consisted of five powered turrets, equipped with Browning .50 M2 machine guns. They were installed in the nose, in the tail, on the upper fuselage just aft of the trailing edge of the wing, and in two waist positions at the rear fuselage. Except for the waist guns, the turrets had two guns each. Offensive armament could consist of up to 20,000 lb of bombs in internal bomb bays in the wing center section (five bays on each side) or of two Mk.13 or Mk.15 torpedoes slung under the wing center section.

The 1710 US gallon auxiliary outer and 1565 US gallon inner fuel tanks were intended to be used only in an overload condition, in which the PBB would use catapult-assisted takeoff to achieve a theoretical range of 11000 mi. The normal range using the main fuel tanks was 4245 mi. In March 1941 the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics asked the Naval Aircraft Factory for a catapult able to launch a PBB-1. The NAF duly prepared a design for a Mark VII catapult that would be able to launch a fifty-ton PBB-1 at a speed of 130 miles per hour. The catapult would be installed so that the flying boat could be lifted onto it with a large crane or hydraulic jacks. However, in the summer of 1942, while development of the Mk.VII catapult was still ongoing, the Navy cancelled the project because it considered JATO assistance at takeoff more practical.

The prototype, designated XPBB-1, made its first flight on 9 July 1942 from Lake Washington. The aircraft handled very well and was considered technically successful. However, already in 1942 the PBB program had been cancelled: The need for a long-range flying boat had been reduced by the ability of land planes such as the Consolidated PB4Y to fly long-range missions over the ocean, and construction of a small number of PBB-1s would have a negative impact on the production rate of the B-29. The Navy allowed the Army to use the Renton factory for the production of B-29 bombers, in return for the use of another factory in Kansas.

The single XPBB-1 was handed over to the US Navy, and was used in trials programs until 1947, when it was finally retired. Despite suggestions that more aircraft might be built, perhaps by another factory, it remained the single example of the type, and was accordingly nicknamed "Lone Ranger".

title: Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Felipe Raposo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:40, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Felipe Raposo
19-year old film student, dreams of making it big. Not notable (yet). Delete. -- BD2412 talk 14:39, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Delete He may be "up and coming," but he isn't here yet.  --Xcali 16:37, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Keep dreaming, someone will write about you when you are famous. --Etacar11 20:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Template talk:Sri Aurobindo

Untitled
Wow — nice job, Alan. I like the colors. I'm going to have to check out some of these articles. --goethean ॐ 14:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Deleting mention of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet, Aeon Center for Cosmology and Aeon Group:
Why does someone keep editing off mention of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet as an important disciple of Sri Aurobindo. She has written perhaps more than any of the others mentioned on the topic of Sri Aurobindo and the Supramental yoga. Just because one does not agree with her yoga and its conclusions, does not give anyone the right to consistently delete her from mention as an important disciple on this template ... or the right to deny any mention of Aeon Center of Cosmology as a community of students of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother, who also happen to recognize the contributions of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet ... as well as the mention of Aeon Group as a international forum of students of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother, who also happen to recognize the contributions of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet ... Whoever is making these deletions, please refrain from trying to monopolize this template based on your own preferences regarding the matter ... which you seem to have been doing for quite some time now. If it continues I will have to lodge a complaint to the wiki board. You have no valid basis for editing Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet or Aeon Group off the template. A NON PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW (wikipedia policy) demands that one does not edit out true and valid information based on one's own dogma. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.14.18 (talk) 21:56, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Sri Aurobindo


text:
Pasterka

Pasterka is a midnight mass celebrated by Roman Catholics during Christmas between December 24 and 25 across Poland. A close translation of the name would be the "Shepherds' Mass" (literally: 'that which belongs to the shepherds' in Polish), in reference to the Biblical shepherds, who were visited by an angel and told of the birth of Christ. During the Pasterka Mass, Polish people sing traditional kolędy, Christmas carols (from the Roman calendae) in the spirit of joy.

Celebrations
Although Pasterka mass is closely associated with the specific time in Christian liturgy, it is not the actual hour of the night that predicates its meaning. According to Polish ordinance of the Eucharist, the Pasterka is defined only by the type of prayer and biblical texts used during Christmas celebrations. It can be held more than once on December 24, in more than one location by the parish priest; at the church and at a nearby chapel. Often, there are two (or even three) Pasterkas celebrated next to each other – earlier ones for the families with children, then at 9 and 10 p.m. for the youth, and a final one at 12:00 midnight, for the adults.

The participation in the Birth of Christ celebrations is obligatory for all practicing Catholics. They have the option of attending any one of the evening masses or even more than one. Priests may refer to all of them as Pasterka, even though formally they are called Wigilia masses by the episcopate as opposed to the grand mass at midnight. The exact hour of the birth of Christ is not written in the canonical gospels, which allows for choosing the ideal time for ritual prayer on that occasion. On Christmas Eve (December 24) and on Christmas Day, the masses can be celebrated from three different liturgical texts, each suited to a specific sacrament of the Eucharist. In the early hours, the worshippers can attend the Advent waiting mass, which does not excuse them from participating in the Nativity mass for the Birth of Christ later on.

There are no masses in the late afternoon on December 24, which is the time for Wigilia, the traditional supper at family homes. The first evening mass of the Christmas Eve (after the Wigilia) is celebrated around 4 p.m. or later before 8 p.m. followed by the 10 p.m. mass and the one-hour-long grand Midnight Mass, which begins at 12. Music for the Midnight Mass begins as soon as the doors open at 11:00 pm. The Blessing of the Crib can take place before, or after the homilies, when the priests open the Szopka nativity scenes set up by the main altar. Traditionally, the service concludes with an Apostolic Blessing. The next day masses are interchangeable according to scripture, allowing for flexibility in choosing the religious services by individual parishioners. The Christmas Day begins with the early morning mass followed by daytime masses.

Pasterka is a Catholic mass specific to the Birth of Christ celebrations in Poland. Participation in Pasterka is synonymous with Christmas. Many practicing Catholics visit the Church twice on that occasion and are encouraged by the priest to do so.

title: Pasterka


text:
Promises, Promises (The Cooper Temple Clause song)

"Promises, Promises" is the first single to be taken from The Cooper Temple Clause's second album, Kick Up the Fire, and Let the Flames Break Loose. It reached number nineteen on the UK Singles Chart and has been featured on the 2004 video games, WRC 4 and FIFA Football 2004. The song's main riff is based on the guitar line of Sonic Youth's "Drunken Butterfly" from their 1992 album Dirty.

Track listings

 * CD
 * 1) "Promises, Promises"
 * 2) "On. Off. On."
 * 3) "I Know"

 * DVD
 * 1) "Promises, Promises"
 * 2) "Resident Writer"
 * 3) "Promises, Promises" (video)
 * 4) "Making of video"

 * 7" vinyl
 * 1) "Promises, Promises"
 * 2) "Our Eyes Are Bright"

 * Japanese EP
 * 1) "Promises, Promises"
 * 2) "On. Off. On."
 * 3) "Resident Writer"
 * 4) "Our Eyes Are Bright"
 * 5) "Before the Moor"
 * 6) "I Want You to Think I Could Be"

 * International CD
 * 1) "Promises, Promises"
 * 2) "On. Off. On."
 * 3) "I Know"
 * 4) "Resident Writer"


text:
User:Aethralis

I'm not active here any more. I still do some minor edits or reverts to articles that I have some interest in. But not often.

Wikipedia is a mandala of sand. You write something, take pride in it, even start to enown and appropriate the result and then somebody comes and changes or even deletes it. This is a good exercise.

title: User:Aethralis


text: Category:Mass media in Egypt

title: Category:Mass media in Egypt


text:
Sinus Amoris

Sinus Amoris (Latin sinus amōris "Bay of Love") extends northward from the northeast end of the Mare Tranquillitatis. It is located at selenographic coordinates 19.9° N, 37.3° E, and lies within a diameter of 190 km. To the north of the bay are the jumbled Montes Taurus peaks.

Near the southern end of the bay where it outlets into the Mare Tranquillitatis lies the crater Theophrastus. Along the western side is the flooded crater Maraldi and Mons Maraldi. Bordering the east side of the bay are the craters Carmichael and Hill. There are some low ridges in the central part of the bay, but otherwise it is relatively featureless.

At the southern egress where the bay joins the mare lies Mons Esam, a minor rise that lies among several small lunar domes.

title: Sinus Amoris


text: Category:Mass media in Mexico

title: Category:Mass media in Mexico


text:
The World Is Flat

The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century is a 2005 book by American political commentator Thomas L. Friedman. It analyzes globalization in the early 21st century, suggesting that the world has a level playing field where countries, companies, and individuals need to remain competitive in a global market. It won the inaugural Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award in 2005.

Summary
In The World Is Flat, Friedman recounts a journey to Bangalore, India, when he realized that globalization has changed core economic concepts. In his opinion, this flattening is a product of the convergence of the personal computer with fiber optic microcable and the rise of work flow software. Friedman termed the period Globalization 3.0, thereby differentiating it from the previous, Globalization 1.0, during which countries and governments were the main protagonists, and Globalization 2.0, during which multinational companies led the way in driving global integration.

Friedman recounts examples of companies based in India and China that according to him, by providing labor ranging from that of typists and call center operators to accountants and computer programmers, have become integral parts of complex global supply chains; such companies are Dell, AOL, and Microsoft. Friedman's capitalist peace theory called Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention is discussed in the book's penultimate chapter.

Ten flatteners
Friedman defines ten "flatteners" which he sees as leveling the global playing field:
 * 1) Collapse of the Berlin Wall – 11/9/89: Friedman called the flattener "When the walls came down, and the windows came up". The event not only symbolized the end of the Cold War but also allowed people from the other side of the wall to join the economic mainstream. "11/9/89" is a discussion about the Berlin Wall's coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows-powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and connect to one another. At that point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: the IBM PC, Windows, a graphical interface for word processing, dial-up modems, a standardized tool for communication, and a global phone network.
 * 2) Netscape – 8/9/95: Netscape went public at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by "early adopters and geeks" to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world.
 * 3) Workflow software: This is Friedman's catch-all for the standards and technologies that allowed work to flow. It is the ability of machines to talk to other machines with no humans involved. Friedman believes the first three forces have become a "crude foundation of a whole new global platform for collaboration". This is complemented by the emergence of software protocols (SMTP – simple mail transfer protocol, and HTML – the language that enabled anyone to design and publish documents that could be transmitted to and read on any computer anywhere). The emergence of such software is the "Genesis moment of the flat world" and means "that people can work with other people on more stuff than ever before". This created a global platform for multiple forms of collaboration, on which the next six flatteners depend.
 * 4) Uploading: Uploading involves communities that upload and collaborate on online projects. Examples are open source software, blogs, and Wikipedia. Friedman considers the phenomenon "the most disruptive force of all" and also talks about how this gives individuals the possibility to replace news and the traditional music industry, because of individuals possibility of blogging and podcasting.
 * 5) Outsourcing: Friedman argues that outsourcing has enabled companies to split service and manufacturing activities into components that can be subcontracted and performed in the most efficient, most cost-effective way. This process became easier with the mass distribution of fiber-optic cable during the introduction of the World Wide Web.
 * 6) Offshoring: This is the internal relocation of a company's manufacturing or other processes to a foreign land to take advantage of less costly operations there. China's entrance into the World Trade Organization allowed for greater competition on the playing field. Now such countries as Malaysia, Mexico, and Brazil must compete against China and one another to have businesses offshore to them.
 * 7) Supply-chaining: Friedman compares the modern retail supply chain to a river and describes Wal-Mart as the best example of a company that uses technology to streamline item sales, distribution, and shipping.
 * 8) Insourcing: Friedman uses UPS as a prime example for insourcing, whereby the company's employees perform services – beyond shipping – for another company. For example, UPS repairs Toshiba computers on behalf of Toshiba. The work is done at the UPS hub by UPS employees.
 * 9) Informing: Google and other search engines and Wikipedia are the prime examples. "Never before in the history of the planet have so many people – on their own – had the ability to find so much information about so many things and about so many other people", writes Friedman. He states that the growth of search engines is tremendous; for example, Friedman states, Google is "now processing roughly one billion searches per day, up from 150 million just three years ago".
 * 10) "The Steroids": The steroids are wireless, Voice over IP (VoIP), and file sharing, and are used on personal digital devices like mobile phones, iPods, and personal digital assistants; on instant messaging; and on VoIP phones. Digital, mobile, personal, and virtual as well as all analog content and processes (from entertainment to photography, to word processing) can be digitized and therefore shaped, manipulated, and transmitted; and these processes can be done at high speed with total ease; mobile can be done anywhere and anytime by anyone, and can be done to anyone.

Proposed remedies
Friedman believes that to fight the quiet crisis of a flattening world, the US workforce should keep updating its work skills. Making the workforce more adaptable, Friedman argues, will keep it more employable. He also suggests that the government make it easier for people to switch jobs by making retirement benefits and health insurance less dependent on one's employer and by providing insurance that would partly cover a possible drop in income when changing jobs. Friedman also believes there should be more inspiration for youth to become scientists, engineers, and mathematicians because of a decrease in the percentage of those professionals who are American.

Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention
The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention, also known as simply the Dell Theory, is a capitalist peace theory and an updated version of Friedman's previous "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention". According to Friedman:

"The Dell Theory stipulates: No two countries that are both part of a major global supply chain, like Dell's, will ever fight a war against each other as long as they are both part of the same global supply chain."

That is, as long as corporations have major supply chain operations in countries other than that corporation's home country, those countries will never engage in armed conflicts. This is because of the economic interdependence between nations that arises when a large corporation (such as Dell) has supply chain operations in multiple global locations and when developing nations (in which supply chain operations commonly take place) are reluctant to give up their newfound wealth.

In his previous book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Friedman argued that no two nations with a McDonald's franchise had ever gone to war with one another; this was known as the Golden Arches theory. Later, Friedman upgraded that theory into the "Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention" by saying that people or nations do not just want to have a better standard of living as symbolized by a McDonald's franchise in their downtown but also want to have that lump of the labor sector that is created by globalization. That is, developing nations do not want to risk the trust of the multinational companies that venture into their markets and include them in the global supply chain.

Thomas Friedman also warns that the Dell theory should not be interpreted as a guarantee that nations that are deeply involved in global supply chains will not go to war with each other. It means, rather, that the governments of those nations and their citizens will have very heavy economic costs to consider as they contemplate the possibility of war. Such costs include long-term loss of the country's profitable participation in the global supply chain.

This theory relates with how conflict prevention occurred between India and Pakistan in their 2001–2002 nuclear standoff, wherein India was at risk of losing its global partners. The relationship between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan was also cited as an example of that theory: both countries have strong supply relations with each other.

Critical reception
The World Is Flat received generally favorable reviews.The Washington Post called the book an "engrossing tour" and an "enthralling read".

An opposing viewpoint was found in a 2007 Foreign Policy magazine article in which economist Pankaj Ghemawat argued that 90% of the world's phone calls, Web traffic, and investments are local, suggesting that Friedman has grossly exaggerated the significance of the trends he describes: "Despite talk of a new, wired world where information, ideas, money, and people can move around the planet faster than ever before, just a fraction of what we consider globalization actually exists."

Some critics have pointed out that the book is written from an American perspective. Friedman's work history has been mostly with The New York Times, and that may have influenced the way the book was written – some would have preferred a book written in a more "inclusive voice".

Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz has been critical of Friedman's book:"Friedman is right that there have been dramatic changes in the global economy, in the global landscape; in some directions, the world is much flatter than it has ever been, with those in various parts of the world being more connected than they have ever been, but the world is not flat ... Not only is the world not flat: in many ways, it has been getting less flat."

Richard Florida expresses similar views in his 2005 Atlantic article "The World Is Spiky".

John Gray, formerly a School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science, wrote another critical review of Friedman's book called "The World Is Round". In it, Gray confirms Friedman's assertion that globalization is making the world more interconnected and, in some parts, richer but disputes the notion that globalization makes the world more peaceful or freer. Gray also declares, "least of all does it make it flat".

Editions

 * . The original jacket illustration, reproducing the painting I Told You So by Ed Miracle, depicting a sailing ship falling off the edge of the world, was changed during the print run due to copyright issues. These issues were settled in March 2006.

title: The World Is Flat


text:
Minnesota State Highway 47

Minnesota State Highway 47 (MN 47) is a 126.872 mi highway in east–central Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with Central Avenue (State Highway 65) in Minneapolis and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 169 in Aitkin.

For part of its route (8 miles), it runs together with U.S. Highway 10 in Coon Rapids and Anoka. The two routes are concurrent from Foley Boulevard in Coon Rapids to Ferry Street (US 169) in Anoka.

Highway 47 also runs together with State Highway 18 for 9 miles in Mille Lacs and Aitkin counties around the northeast side of Mille Lacs Lake.

Route description
State Highway 47 serves as a north–south route between Minneapolis, Fridley, Coon Rapids, Anoka, Ramsey, St. Francis, Ogilvie, Isle, and Aitkin in east–central Minnesota.

State Highway 47 begins at the intersection of Central Avenue (State Highway 65) and University Avenue in northeast Minneapolis. Highway 47 is signed locally as University Avenue in northeast Minneapolis. The route remains University Avenue NE through Columbia Heights and Fridley to its junction with Highways 10 and 610 at the Coon Rapids / Blaine boundary line.

The route is built as a divided highway north of its junction with 32nd Avenue NE / St. Anthony Parkway in Minneapolis. Highway 47 continues as a divided highway on its independent segment through Columbia Heights and Fridley. The route has an interchange with Interstate 694 in Fridley and another interchange with Highways 10 and 610 at the Coon Rapids / Blaine boundary line. Highway 47 joins the Highway 10 freeway at this point. Highways 10 and 47 run concurrent for 8 miles through Coon Rapids and Anoka.

Highway 47 leaves Highway 10 at its junction with Ferry Street in the city of Anoka. Highway 47 continues independently again northbound through the cities of Anoka and Ramsey as St. Francis Boulevard. The route continues north through the Anoka County communities of Nowthen and St. Francis.

The route enters Isanti County and passes through Bradford, Pine Brook, and Dalbo. Highway 47 has a junction with State Highway 95 at Pine Brook. Highway 47 enters Kanabec County and continues north to Ogilvie, where it has a junction with State Highway 23.

Highway 47 enters Mille Lacs County and joins State Highway 27 briefly to Isle at the southeast corner of Mille Lacs Lake. Father Hennepin State Park is located one mile west of the junction of Highway 47 and Highway 27 at Isle. The park entrance is located on Highway 27.

The route continues northbound around the east side of Mille Lacs Lake. Highway 47 has a junction with State Highway 18 in northeast Mille Lacs County. The route runs together with Highway 18 for 9 miles around the northeast side of the lake; continuing north to Malmo at the northeast corner of the lake.

Highway 47 continues independently for 21 miles between Malmo and the city of Aitkin. The route is also known as 4th Street SE in Aitkin. The northern terminus of Highway 47 is at its intersection with U.S. Highway 169 (Minnesota Avenue) in the city of Aitkin. At the southern terminus of Highway 47 in northeast Minneapolis, "University Avenue" further extends itself into Saint Paul (as Ramsey County Road 34), ending at Lafayette Road. This section of "University Avenue" passes by landmarks such as the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota State Capitol.

History
State Highway 47 was established in 1963.

Highway 47 was originally an extension of State Highway 56; which ran from southern Minnesota to Hampton; and then was concurrent with U.S. Highway 52 into downtown Saint Paul; then along University Avenue in both Saint Paul and Minneapolis. In 1963, State Highway 56 was terminated in downtown St. Paul and the section from Minneapolis north to Aitkin was renumbered State Highway 47.

Highway 47 was paved at the time it was created. Its predecessor was unpaved north of Anoka in 1940. By 1953, only the northerly section near Aitkin was still unpaved. It was completely paved by 1960.

The section of Highway 47 in Columbia Heights and Fridley was built as a divided highway by 1970.

title: Minnesota State Highway 47


text:
Sinus Asperitatis

Sinus Asperitatis (Latin sinus asperitātis "Bay of Roughness") is an area of lunar mare that extends southward from the Mare Tranquillitatis until it joins the Mare Nectaris to the southeast. It is bordered along the western and eastern sides by continental regions of irregular terrain. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 3.8° S, 27.4° E, and it has a diameter of 206 km.

In the northern part of this mare is the small crater Torricelli. At the southern end is the prominent crater pair of Theophilus and Cyrillus. On the border between Sinus Asperitatis and the Mare Nectaris is the crater Mädler.

title: Sinus Asperitatis


text:
Talk:Project Alpha (hoax)

Steve Shaw?
Wikipedia's Steve Shaw was born in 1975 - he was six years old when Project Alpha was in its hot phase. --Hob Gadling 14:46, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Different Steve. This one most often goes by his stage name Banachek. -- Krash 13:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Banachek was born in 1960 in England and apparently first started posing as a psychic in high school (Trinity High School, Washington, PA) in 1977. He did metal bending as well as mentalist tricks at that time, which led to coverage in his school paper (The Hiller, October 13, 1977) and in the local Washington, PA newspaper a year and a few months later (the Observer-Reporter, January 4, 1979). Lippard (talk) 21:08, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Removal of "ignored as bunk"
I removed this line from the end of the Project Alpha wiki: "and the field [of parapsychology] is generally ignored as bunk by many." This seems obviously biased and representative of a POV. -Redxela Sinnak 16:41, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * That seems to be a factual statement to me. Don't many people ignore parapsychology as bunk? Bubba73 (talk), 03:33, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Neutral?

 * Randi decided to finally end the project, and announced the entire affair in Discover magazine—at that time a fairly in-depth magazine. The resulting crash of the parapsychology field was immediate and deep; many of the researchers who tried to get in on the feeding frenzy after the August meeting were now burned in the process. One went so far as to claim that the boys really did have psychic powers, and that they were now lying about being magicians! Although the McDonnell Lab was by this time running considerably better experiments, the bad press was so widespread it was shut down

That's not neutral language. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:46, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that it needs to be rephrased. Bubba73 (talk), 17:42, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The use of "feeding frenzy" and the exclamation point may a little "colorful," but I don't see anything that doesn't fit a neutral viewpoint (in so far as there's such a thing as a neutral viewpoint). KarlBunker 12:40, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That's basically what I meant - tone it down a little. Bubba73 (talk), 05:16, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Point taken. I've rephrased "feeding frenzy" and removed the exclamation point. KarlBunker 13:57, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Dead Link

 * External articles
 * *The Project Alpha Experiment, Part one and part two. Skeptical Inquirer. Summer and Fall, 1983.

This link is dead, because that site is beeing updated, it needs to be reviewed when the site is back up and running. --Topstar 00:23, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The article is now located at http://www.banachek.org/nonflash/project_alpha.htm. Morganite 17:44, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Colloquial language
"The Project Alpha hoax was clearly a successful experiment in demonstrating the flawed methodology of at least some PSI investigators. It also had the effect of casting a chill over the entire field. Many other experiments were killed off in the aftermath of the Alpha debacle."

Nothing really wrong here, but when you say "killed off", do you really mean it? Again not a criticism, I actually want to know.--MyNameIsNeo 20:35, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That was pretty "rough & ready" language, and also makes a statement not supported by Randi's article. I rewrote it. KarlBunker 21:57, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, back after a long time. This is an interesting point, because if you were around at the time (I entered U just after these events) you would know this was the case. Every university I visited (three) prior to starting school had some sort of paraphyscology lab, recently closed. I know this wasn't entirely due to Alpha, perhaps even not at all (the 70s were ending), but certainly the field became "tainted" as a result of the project. Now getting a ref for this is essentially impossible. I know of no study called "number of parapsychology labs in operation before and after project alpha" and doubt that one exists, in any diluted form either. Yet I'm sure many other readers of my age remember the same events taking place. So what to do, leave out this important event because there's no ref and likely never will be? Seems like a shame. Maury 02:37, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * How about newspapers of the time? Didn't they publish related articles? If there aren't any references, I doubt the notability of the events. Surely at least closing of the departments were reported somewhere? -- Coffee2theorems | Talk 23:59, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

"Bad Vibes" from cameraman
The excuse that the observant cameraman was giving "bad vibes" seems to contradict what one of the young men said in this video. Does anyone have sources for the claims currently in the article? Perhaps did they use the "bad vibes" excuse at a different point in time than the time the guy was talking about in this video? 138.89.122.55 07:49, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The (para)quote in question comes from the Skeptical Eye article from Discover, at least as I remembered it at the time. You're right, it does seem to be at odds with the description in the video, as does the description of a hole being cut (as opposed to the bell jar not actually being a bell jar). Consider both to be highly suspect. Maury 22:20, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

True, the "bad vibes" line is inaccurate. The fact was that the cameraman was good, so I had to get him out from behind the camera and get a lesser skilled cameraman in his place. To get him as the subject, and therefore part of the success moving forward hanged him from a potential detractor to an ally. (Oh, and it let me get away with the trick as well!) (Michael Edwards) —Preceding unsigned comment added by D3almakr9 (talk • contribs) 02:33, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Analysis, NPOV and sources
While very interesting this article includes a lot of value judgements and analysis within the main text and especially in the the Aftermath section. All value judgements and statements of what the incident meant in a greater context require sourced commentators. I'm going to slowly go through and make my changes. If anyone objects, please use this talk section.Ashmoo 04:13, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see any problem with what you've done so far. Bubba73 (talk), 05:44, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I chopped this text from the Aftermath section as it seems to be pure opinion, unsourced and not attributed to any commentator.
 * It might seem that the whole affair can be written off as a couple of magicians fooling some well-meaning but gullible scientists. This would not be entirely accurate, however, nor reflect the serious issues underlying these events, the key ones being:

 * That some scientists were strongly motivated to obtain positive results in PSI experiments, with the result that poorly designed experiments and inappropriately favorable interpretations were made without due critical review.
 * That sleight of hand and other deliberate deception to fake PSI powers were not being sufficiently taken into account when planning scientific tests.

Many of the experiments seemed to go out of their way to allow for some sort of "way out" and thereby guarantee a positive result. Certainly the completely uncontrolled picture viewing experiments falls into this category, but it would seem that deliberately cutting holes into "sealed containers" does too. The experimenters appear to be either under the influence of an extreme case of self-delusion, or entirely aware of what was going on and unwilling to admit it.
 * Ashmoo 01:11, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Onesidedness
I find the article quite biased in that it only presents Mr. Randi and the skeptics' point of view. I intend to make some modifications to include the version of the actual researchers that were involved and maybe some comments from the parapsychology community's point of view. Fischflosse (talk) 23:22, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * While it is true that this article formerly presented only Mr. Randi's view of the events, or at least the version from Skeptical Inquirer (or Discover), I'm not sure the "other side of the story" changes matters much. Having read "Science Versus Showmanship" several times now, I'm convinced it re-enforces Randi's version of the events.
 * It's important to remember what Randi was attempting to illustrate in PA. In Randi's view, the PK world was filled with "true believers" who willfully ignore any failure, or even direct evidence for fraud, and claim they are too smart to be hoodwinked (a claim "Science" notes and dismisses). When these events are encountered, they are explained away as unimportant, ignored, or even presented as successful demonstrations of "something else". It's not as if PA was an isolated event; the PK world has a history stretching back well over a century, and that history is filled with examples of poor experimental design, unrepeatable events, magicians hoodwinking the researchers, and more than one example of outright scientific fraud. It was Randi's aim to expose the fact that more recent experiments were not of higher quality than the earlier ones.
 * So to start with, let's examine what "Science" has to say on the first count: that the researchers were "true believers" that would be predisposed to see successes. Well in this case the evidence is pretty clear, the article states in no uncertain terms that both Phillips and Shafer were previously convinced that PK was real, and even that the PK being exhibited by Shaw and Edwards was real -- it states this in those terms, with no interpretation required, at the bottom of page 349. In the case of Shafer; "He was convinced of the existence of the phenomenon and believed that he possessed a personal style that could elicit macro-PK". This is an astonishing statement in many ways. But in any case, it seems that Randi and "Science" agree here.
 * On the second count: that researchers ignore failed events and/or interpret just about anything as positive. Again, "Science" very much agrees with Randi's account. It notes, for instance, that when Phillips introduced better videotaping, the "successes" ended. But did he interpret this as possible evidence for failure of PK? No. As the article notes Phillips assumed it was his own presence that was causing the problem. It then states that this pattern of wishful thinking continued under Shafer; Phillips told Shafer he was convinced the kids were "for real", and Shafer "in the absence of obvious evidence for fraud" simply trusted the results. Even when presented with painfully obvious evidence of slight-of-hand, the case of the bent spoons for instance, Phillips simply ignored the implications. This is precisely what Randi was complaining about.
 * Where "Science" and Randi/Edwards/Shaw's accounts differ is the significance of these events. "Science" repeatedly claims that the sloppy experimental procedure was because they were simply conducting "exploratory" experiments, not "formal" ones. No direct claim for this is ever stated, it's simply left as an unsupported assumption. Evidence to the contrary is obvious enough; it was this set of experiments that was demonstrated at the August 1981 Convention. Furthermore, their explanation of why these were not formal experiments is that these would be expensive. The difference between "exploratory" and "formal" in the fuse blowing experiment, for instance was "don't let them touch the fuses".
 * To use this this paper, as it has been, to suggest that Randi's (AND Edwards' AND Shaw's) versions of the events are in need of "correction" toward some other unbiased viewpoint seems unwarranted. In terms of statement of fact, the two accounts are more than broadly similar, and in many cases very much in agreement on the specifics too. What differs is interpretation, and to me at least, "Science"'s bevy of excuses are as odious as they are amusing. To take these as statements of fact, as the recent edits do, is highly questionable.
 * Maury Markowitz (talk) 21:13, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

The Truzzi articles offer another viewpoint--e.g., that the PA community wasn't impressed by the initial tests, that Phillips tightened controls after criticisms from fellow parapsychologists (for which Randi named him a "straight spoon" award recipient), and the only two psi researchers to publish anything positive about Shaw and Edwards weren't parapsychologists. Lippard (talk) 17:52, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Project Beta
I think there should be some sort of link to Project Beta. This gives an example of James Randi's little known service to the parapsychology community following the success of project Alpha.

In 1982, when I (Stanley Krippner) was president of the PA, James Randi appeared on a panel of magicians that the program chair had arranged for the annual convention. The PA Council had just passed a resolution that put the Association on record that its members were advised to consult magicians when dealing with presumptive macro-PK phenomena. During the convention, held in Montclair, New Jersey, Randi invited John Beloff and me to dinner at his nearby home. During dinner, we discussed the PA resolution, and John described a young "metal bender" he and his team were investigating in Scotland. Randi agreed to develop a device in which a thin metal rod could be placed. However, if the device were opened or tampered with, a chemical would change color and reveal the deceit. Later, John gave the device to the young man, who claimed that he could only bend metal in the privacy of his home. When the device was returned, the metal was bent, the sealing wax was intact, but the chemical had changed color. John concluded that the wax had been melted, the metal had been bent by ordinary means, and the device had been resealed with the same wax. When Randi heard about this, he proclaimed that his "Project Beta" had been successful. Unlike "Project Alpha," in which Randi's confederates infiltrated a parapsychological laboratory as research participants, "Project Beta" simply required that Randi's advice be requested by a prominent parapsychologist. John Beloff was as prominent as they come. Kazuba (talk) 01:46, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Very interesting, Kazuba !. Reading it after 7 years. Zezen (talk) 12:21, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

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CIA memo
The article states that the CIA accused Randi of "gross distortions" in an internal memo.

Accused by the CIA in a help internal to the CIA – that doesn't make sense to me. Rather, a member of the CIA accused Randi. I'll adjust the wording.

Checking the memo, it was "PREPARED BY (REDACTED)" and it's not clear that it expresses the view of the CIA rather than the view of the author of the memo. PREPAR BY (REDACTED)".ED Chriswaterguy talk 22:26, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Project Alpha (hoax)


text:
The Immortals (Pierce series)

The Immortals quartet, by Tamora Pierce, is the story of Veralidaine Sarrasri (known as Daine), an orphan with an unusual talent: she can speak with animals.

Books

 * 1) Wild Magic
 * 2) Wolf-Speaker
 * 3) Emperor Mage
 * 4) The Realms of the Gods

Brief summary
The orphan Daine applies for a job that takes her and her trusty pony Cloud from her birthcountry of Galla to the kingdom of Tortall. Here she finds a new life and a new family, and learns that she has the magical ability known as "Wild Magic", which enables her to speak to animals, heal them, and take their shape as well as bend them to her will. She makes friends with a lineup of characters and creatures, including the black-robe mage Numair Salmalin, a young dragon named Skysong (nicknamed Kitten), the legendary Lioness, Alanna of Trebond, King Jonathan, and Queen Thayet of Tortall.

Main

 * Veralidaine "Daine" Sarrasri: The main character of the quartet, she is a young woman possessing "wild magic," and has the power to speak to, heal, and shapeshift into animals. Born in the village of Snowsdale in Galla, her father is Weiryn, a minor god of the hunt who fell in love with Daine's mother, Sarra. Despite her original fear of her wild magic overpowering her, she learns to control her power. She is shown to hate Stormwings, magical creatures who prey on fear and warfare, in the first books, but later changes her mind when she realizes that Stormwings are simply what they are. She even develops a tentative friendship with a Stormwing named Rikash. Daine (along with other characters of the series) also appears briefly in the Protector of the Small and Daughter of the Lioness series.
 * Numair Salmalin: A brown skinned, very tall, very powerful mage with the ability to shape shift. He is one of the seven "black-robe" mages in the world, and though is usually mild-mannered and awkward, can be extremely emotional at times. This is shown when he turns a mage gone bad (a former friend at school named Tristan Staghorn) into a tree after he, (Tristan) tries to hurt Daine. In "Emperor Mage," he is hinted to have been Emperor Ozorne's friend once, but they are now enemies. He is Daine's teacher and eventual love interest; they are married shortly before the events of Trickster's Choice and have two children, Rikash and Sarralyn.
 * Onua Chamtong: A trader and horse mistress for the Queen's Riders. She hires Daine as her assistant in Wild Magic. It is revealed that she was physically abused by her husband and left for dead before joining the Riders. She has a very affectionate dog, Tahoi (meaning "ox") and possesses the Gift and some Wild Magic. A friend of Numair and Alanna, Onua is gifted with the ability to hide things with her magic. She uses the bow well.
 * Ozorne: Emperor of Carthak, until the end of Emperor Mage, when he is tricked into turning into a Stormwing. He is ruthless and loves power, though he is shown as having a soft side for birds and other animals, especially immortals. He and Numair do not get along and he is said to have banished his old friend before. An extremely powerful mage, Ozorne made the mistake of believing himself invincible.
 * Kaddar: The prince of Carthak, becoming emperor at the end of Emperor Mage. Friend of Daine because he was her guide during her visit to Carthak. Though at first he acts a bit stiff, he is really kind at heart and finally defies his uncle while simultaneously saving his life from the enraged Daine, who had shape-shifted into a hyena.

Immortals

 * Skysong (nicknamed Kitten): A baby dragon whose mother died in the battle at Pirate's Swoop in Wild Magic. Skysong was initially dead in the womb before Daine inadvertently healed her mother, and afterwards Daine becomes her guardian for the rest of the series. It is shown that despite her love for Daine, Skysong needed "discipline" from her own kind and that she would later return to the dragon's home in the Divine Realms. She is shown to be highly advanced and can whistle locks open, sense invisibility spells, and detect magic used for spying.
 * Tkaa: A basilisk who found Daine in Dunlath and became a friend. He also appears as an envoy to the Copper Isles in Daughter of the Lioness and as the teacher of the immortals class in Protector of the Small. His first encounter with Numair showed his power. Though he meant him no harm, he threw magic at Numair and he turned him into a rock as self-defense. He broke out of the rock in a few minutes, paused, and asked if Tkaa would do it again so he could see if he could break out of the rock a second time. He refused, but the two became good friends. Tkaa is said to have skin like solid gray drops which darken and lighten in patterns across his skin.
 * Rikash Moonsword: A Stormwing introduced during Wolf-Speaker, who eventually becomes Daine's friend and ally. Daine is shown to have named her son Rikash in Trickster's Queen. He is always insulting and teasing her, but shows rare kindnesses, like awkwardly comforting her when she believed Numair was dead. In Wolf-Speaker, he is shown to have a soft spot for Maura of Dunlath, his ward.
 * Barzha Razorwing: A Stormwing queen, who, with her consort Hebekah, is imprisoned by Ozorne in Carthak. They are released at the end of Emperor Mage and become Daine's allies. Daine accidentally informs Rikash of their whereabouts, startling the Stormwing because he and his kind were told that they had been killed in a fair fight.

Animals

 * Cloud: A pony that Daine has had since before the series started. She is quite stubborn, but is very loyal to Daine. It was partly through her ability to speak with Cloud that Daine learned of her wild magic. She refers to Numair as "Stork Man". Cloud's mind was changed after repeatedly biting Daine and getting some of Daine's wild magic inadvertently transferred into her, and she can reason and think like a human. It is revealed that she can transfer her energy to Daine, as shown at the end of Wild Magic, so the girl could kill the Stormwing Queen, Zhaneh Bitterclaws.
 * Tahoi: A large dog (his name means "ox") that works with Onua and Daine on the trails with the horses, he saved Onua's life when her husband had beaten her and left her for dead. He is a "one woman dog," but takes to Daine anyway. He is an expert at guarding the ponies and avoiding being kicked by them.
 * Zekoi: A pygmy marmoset that Daine befriends after saving it from crocodiles in the River Zekoi during the events in Emperor Mage. He is said to have a family back in the wild and has a fascination with keys. After he was captured, he learned more about keys, and then vowed to always have keys from then on. He later frees Daine from Ozorne's prison with a set of his favorite objects.

Others

 * Sarra Beneksri: Daine's mother, who is killed in the events preceding Wild Magic. It is discovered as the series progresses that she has become The Green Lady, a minor goddess of women and childbirth, and was married to Weiryn. She was a midwife before she was killed, and possessed the Gift.
 * Weiryn: Daine's father, and a minor god of the hunt. He is mostly human in appearance, though with a pair of antlers. Resigned to the fact that Daine, his child, won't eat game, (she eats game through the first and second book) Weiryn nevertheless provides her with a beautiful bow and a magical staff for Numair to aid them on their journey in The Realms of the Gods.

title: The Immortals (Pierce series)


text:
List of joint winners of the Hugo and Nebula awards

This is a list of the works that have won both the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, given annually to works of science fiction or fantasy literature. The Hugo Awards are voted on by science-fiction fans at the World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon); the Nebula Awards—given by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA)—began in 1966, making that the first year joint winners were possible.

The categories are defined by number of words, as follows: Hugo awards are denoted by the year the award is presented, while Nebulas are denoted by the year of publication. This means that the years of the awards will be different for any given work. Prior to 2009 there was an additional complication with works being eligible for the Nebula for more than a single calendar year. For recent awards, only one date is shown below.
 * Novel: >39,999 words
 * Novella: 17,500 - 39,999 words
 * Novelette: 7,500 - 17,499 words
 * Short story: <7,500 words

Novel

 * 1966/1965 Novel: Dune by Frank Herbert
 * 1970/1969 Novel: The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * 1971/1970 Novel: Ringworld by Larry Niven
 * 1973/1972 Novel: The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov
 * 1974/1973 Novel: Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke
 * 1975/1974 Novel: The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * 1976/1975 Novel: The Forever War by Joe Haldeman
 * 1978/1977 Novel: Gateway by Frederik Pohl
 * 1979/1978 Novel: Dreamsnake by Vonda McIntyre
 * 1980/1979 Novel: The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke
 * 1984/1983 Novel: Startide Rising by David Brin
 * 1985/1984 Novel: Neuromancer by William Gibson
 * 1986/1985 Novel: Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card
 * 1987/1986 Novel: Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card
 * 1993/1992 Novel: Doomsday Book by Connie Willis
 * 1999/1998 Novel: Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman
 * 2003/2002 Novel: American Gods by Neil Gaiman
 * 2005/2004 Novel: Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold
 * 2008 Novel: The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon
 * 2010 Novel: The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi
 * 2011 Novel: Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis
 * 2012 Novel: Among Others by Jo Walton
 * 2014 Novel: Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie
 * 2018 Novel: The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin
 * 2019 Novel: The Calculating Stars, by Mary Robinette Kowal
 * 2021 Novel: Network Effect, by Martha Wells

Novella

 * 1971/1970 Novella: Ill Met in Lankhmar by Fritz Leiber
 * 1976/1975 Novella: Home Is the Hangman by Roger Zelazny
 * 1977/1976 Novella: Houston, Houston, Do You Read? by James Tiptree, Jr.
 * 1978/1977 Novella: Stardance by Spider and Jeanne Robinson
 * 1979/1978 Novella: The Persistence of Vision by John Varley
 * 1980/1979 Novella: Enemy Mine by Barry B. Longyear
 * 1982/1981 Novella: The Saturn Game by Poul Anderson
 * 1985/1984 Novella: Press Enter by John Varley
 * 1989/1988 Novella: The Last of the Winnebagos by Connie Willis
 * 1990/1989 Novella: The Mountains of Mourning by Lois McMaster Bujold
 * 1991/1990 Novella: The Hemingway Hoax by Joe Haldeman
 * 1992/1991 Novella: Beggars in Spain by Nancy Kress
 * 1995/1994 Novella: Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge by Mike Resnick
 * 2002/2001 Novella: The Ultimate Earth by Jack Williamson
 * 2003 Novella: Coraline by Neil Gaiman
 * 2012 Novella: The Man Who Bridged the Mist by Kij Johnson
 * 2016 Novella: Binti by Nnedi Okorafor
 * 2017 Novella: Every Heart a Doorway by Seanan McGuire
 * 2018 Novella: All Systems Red by Martha Wells
 * 2020 Novella: This Is How You Lose the Time War, by Amal El-Mohtar and Max Gladstone

Novelette

 * 1968/1967 Novelette: "Gonna Roll the Bones" by Fritz Leiber
 * 1973/1972 Novelette: "Goat Song" by Poul Anderson
 * 1977/1976 Novelette: "The Bicentennial Man" by Isaac Asimov
 * 1980/1979 Novelette: "Sandkings" by George R. R. Martin
 * 1983/1982 Novelette: "Fire Watch" by Connie Willis
 * 1984/1983 Novelette: "Blood Music" by Greg Bear
 * 1985/1984 Novelette: "Bloodchild" by Octavia E. Butler
 * 1989/1988 Novelette: "Schrödinger's Kitten" by George Alec Effinger
 * 1994/1993 Novelette: "Georgia On My Mind" by Charles Sheffield
 * 1995/1994 Novelette: "The Martian Child" by David Gerrold
 * 2003/2002 Novelette: "Hell Is the Absence of God" by Ted Chiang
 * 2006/2005 Novelette: "The Faery Handbag" by Kelly Link
 * 2007/2006 Novelette: "Two Hearts" by Peter S. Beagle
 * 2008 Novelette: "The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate" by Ted Chiang
 * 2021 Novelette: "Two Truths and a Lie" by Sarah Pinsker

Short Story

 * 1966/1965 Short Fiction/Short Story: ""Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman" by Harlan Ellison
 * 1976/1975 Short Story: "Catch that Zeppelin!" by Fritz Leiber
 * 1978/1977 Short Story: "Jeffty Is Five" by Harlan Ellison
 * 1981/1980 Short Story: "Grotto of the Dancing Deer" by Clifford D. Simak
 * 1987/1986 Short Story: "Tangents" by Greg Bear
 * 1991/1990 Short Story: "Bears Discover Fire" by Terry Bisson
 * 1993/1992 Short Story: "Even the Queen" by Connie Willis
 * 2012 Short Story: "The Paper Menagerie" by Ken Liu
 * 2017 Short Story: "Seasons of Glass and Iron" by Amal El-Mohtar
 * 2018 Short Story: "Welcome to Your Authentic Indian Experience™" by Rebecca Roanhorse
 * 2022 Short Story: "Where Oaken Hearts Do Gather" by Sarah Pinsker
 * 2023 Short Story: "Rabbit Test" by Samantha Mills

Dramatic Presentation, Long Form

 * 1974/1975 Dramatic Presentation/Script: Sleeper by Woody Allen
 * 1975/1976 Dramatic Presentation/Script: Young Frankenstein, written by Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder, directed by Brooks
 * 1978/1978 Dramatic Presentation/Script: Star Wars by George Lucas
 * 2000/2001 Dramatic Presentation/Script: Galaxy Quest by David Howard and Robert Gordon
 * 2001/2002 Dramatic Presentation/Script: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by James Schamus, Kuo Jung Tsai and Hui-Ling Wang
 * 2002/2003 Dramatic Presentation/Script: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, written and directed by Peter Jackson
 * 2003/2004 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Script: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, written and directed by Peter Jackson
 * 2004/2005 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Script: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, written and directed by Peter Jackson
 * 2006/2006 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Script: Serenity, written and directed by Joss Whedon
 * 2007/2008 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Script: Pan's Labyrinth, written and directed by Guillermo del Toro
 * 2009/2009 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Script: WALL-E, written by Andrew Stanton and Jim Reardon, directed by Stanton, story by Stanton and Pete Docter
 * 2011/2010 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Inception, written and directed by Christopher Nolan
 * 2014/2013 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Gravity, written by Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón, directed by Alfonso Cuarón
 * 2015/2014 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Guardians of the Galaxy, written by James Gunn and Nicole Perlman, directed by James Gunn
 * 2017/2016 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Arrival, written by Eric Heisserer, directed by Denis Villeneuve, original story by Ted Chiang
 * 2019/2018 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, written by Rodney Rothman, Phil Lord, directed by Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey and Rodney Rothman
 * 2023/2022 Dramatic Presentation, Long Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Everything Everywhere All at Once, written and directed by Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert

Dramatic Presentation, Short Form

 * 2012/2011 Dramatic Presentation, Short Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: Doctor Who: "The Doctor's Wife" written by Neil Gaiman, directed by Richard Clark
 * 2021 Dramatic Presentation, Short Form/Outstanding Dramatic Presentation: The Good Place: "Whenever You're Ready" written and directed by Michael Schur

Young Adult fiction
The Lodestar Award is presented at the Hugo Award ceremony at the Worldcon, although it is not itself a Hugo Award.
 * 2019 Lodestar Award/Andre Norton Award: Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi
 * 2021 Lodestar Award/Andre Norton Award: A Wizard's Guide to Defensive Baking by Ursula Vernon (as T. Kingfisher)

Multiple Categories

 * 1967/1966 Novelette/Novella: The Last Castle by Jack Vance
 * 1972/1971 Novella/Novelette: The Queen of Air and Darkness by Poul Anderson
 * 1970/1969 Short Story/Novelette: Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones by Samuel R. Delany
 * 1971/1970 Short Story/Novelette: Slow Sculpture by Theodore Sturgeon
 * 2021 Video Game/Game Writing: Hades

Related

 * In 1960, Daniel Keyes won a Hugo for his short story "Flowers for Algernon"; he then expanded it into a novel which won the Nebula for Best Novel in 1966.
 * In 2020, the TV series Good Omens, written by Neil Gaiman and directed by Douglas Mackinnon, won a Hugo for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form, while the episode "Hard Times" won a Nebula for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation.


text: User talk:193.65.105.175

title: User talk:193.65.105.175


text:
Patriarch Filaret

Patriarch Filaret may refer to:
 * Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov) (1553–1633) of Moscow and all Rus
 * Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko) (1929-) of Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Kiev Patriarchy, former Metropolitan of Kiev & All Ukraine of Russian Orthodox Church

title: Patriarch Filaret