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Tamil cuisine

Tamil cuisine is a culinary style of Tamil people originating in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and neighboring Sri Lanka. Meats, along with rice, legumes, and lentils, are popular. Dairy products and tamarind are used to provide sour flavors. On special occasions, traditional Tamil dishes are served in a traditional manner, using banana leaves in place of utensils. After eating, the banana leaves are then used as a secondary food for cattle. A typical breakfast meal consists of idli or dosa with chutney. Lunch includes rice, sambar, curd, kuzhambu, and rasam.

Typical meals
Saappadu (typical meal), along with other Tamil dishes are served on a banana leaf vaazhai illai, which adds flavor. Coffee and tea are the staple drinks. Payasam, a popular dessert, is usually eaten at the end of the meal.

"Virundhu" refers to the core elements of Tamil cuisine offered to the guests on special occasions such as festivals and marriage ceremony. Rice staples, tomato rice, Paruppu, sambar, rasam, kuzhambu, poriyal and koottu are added with buttermilk or curd to prepare pachadi. Dry and fresh fruits or vegetables are also used to prepare traditional cuisine. They serve salt, pickles, vada, payasam and appalam. After the meal, a banana and a betel leaf (paan) with areca nuts and limestone paste are served to promote digestion. Before eating traditional cuisine, people clean the banana leaf with water. It is used as a large dining table sheet to serve food for guests and family members on which the food items are placed. Rice is served on one part of the banana leaf (towards the eater), whereas poriyal, appalam and other items are served on the other part of the leaf.

Regional cuisine
Each area where Tamils have lived has developed its own distinct variant of the common dishes. The four divisions of ancient Tamilakam prepare their unique Tamil cuisine.

Chola Nadu
The cuisine of the Chola Nadu region specializes in several dishes such as sevai and other varieties associated with different sauces like chutney. The most common dishes are from Chidambaram. Kumbakonam is famous for its filter coffee. The Thanjavur region is one of the prominent producers of rice-based dishes like puliyodharai, sambar sadham, vegetable rice and podi sadham. Millet dishes like kutharai vali dosai are also prepared. Freshwater fish from the area of Thiruchirapalli are famous for their unique taste.

Pandiya Nadu
The Chettinad region and its adjoining areas such as Karaikudi are famous for its typical spicy cuisine also known as chettinad cuisine. Dishes like idiyappam, uthappam, paniyaram as well as meat dishes are common in this region. The Madurai region has its own unique dishes such as Muttaiparotta, Paruthipal, Karidosai, Jasmine Idli, Irameen Kuzhambu and it is the place of origin of the milk dessert Jigarthanda. Non vegetarian dishes from Thirunelveli,Madurai and its adjoining areas are one of the most renowned among the South Indians. The Virudhunagar region is famous for the Coin Parotta. Unlike the traditional way of preparation, Coin Parotta is generally deep fried in oil and served with mutton gravy.

Kongu Nadu
Kongu Nadu cuisine was originally prepared in rural areas. Oputtu, Sandahai and Kola urundai are few among the main dishes. Many dishes in Kongu Nadu are coconut- and onion-based, as the region has an abundant supply of coconut, onions and groundnuts. Thengai paal jaggery, Ulundu Kali, Kachayam, Arisimparupu sadam, Kelvaragu Puttumavu, Arisi Puttumavu, Paniyaram, Kelvaragu Pakoda, Thengai barbi, Kadalai urundai, Ellu urundai and Pori urundai are among other dishes prepared by Tamil people. Most people living in the region usually consume mutton, chicken, freshwater fishes and quail as the region is landlocked. Arisimparupu sadam is a unique dish. Most common oils are sesame and groundnut oil. Coconut oil is used for main cooking and as well as seasoning in certain Kongu Nadu dishes.

Tondaimandalam
The cuisine of this regions shares similarities with Telugu cuisine due to geographic proximity. Hot and spicy vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are prepared. Idli, dosai, bhajji, koottu, murukku, vada curry and chicken 65 are common dishes in this region.

Tamil culinary words in English

 * "Curry" comes from the Tamil word kari.
 * The Tamil phrase milagu thanneer refers to "pepper soup", literally pepper water or mulligatawny
 * "Congee" is derived from the Tamil word kanji.
 * "Mango" came to English via Portuguese, which got it from the Tamil maankai.

Dishes
Rice is the staple food of most Tamil people. It is generally eaten during lunch and sometimes dinner. Soru (Tamil word for 'rice') is served along with other food items such as sambar, poriyal, rasam, kootu, Keerai and curd.

Main dishes

 * Idli is a steamed rice-cake prepared with fermented batter or rice and black gram. It is usually served with different kinds of traditional dishes such as chutney, sambhar or vadacurry.
 * Dosa is prepared from a fermented batter and black gram with a small quantity of sambar or chutney. Several varieties like saada dosai, kal dosai, muttai dosai, neer dosai, rava dosai, raagi dosai and paasi paruppu dosai are prominently available in Tamil Nadu.
 * Vadai is a crispy donut shaped spicy dish usually served along with idlis.
 * Pongal is a traditional cuisine where rice is cooked in a paaṉai with water and milk. The word (pongal) directly translates to the action of boiling over the container due to the starch.
 * Upma or Uppumavu is a dish of thick porridge from dry-roasted semolina or coarse rice flour. The different names for the dish derive from the combinations of the word uppu, meaning salt in Tamil and mavu meaning ground grain meal in Tamil.
 * Paniyaram is a dumpling shaped dish made using dosa batter.
 * Appam is prepared with a fermented batter of rice and black gram mixture. Appam generally has thin corners with a soft and thick center. It is soaked in coconut milk before serving.
 * Uthappam is a dosa-based dish that is slightly thick, fluffy, and soft. It can be made from regular idli/dosai batter.
 * Puttu is a steamed, layered, cylindrical cake made from flour or rice.
 * Kozhakkattai is a steamed sweet dumpling made with rice flour.
 * Sevai or idiyappam are rice noodles usually in steamed rice cakes. It is sometimes served soaked in coconut milk.
 * Adai is prepared with a mixture of lentils like raagi. It contains fiber and calcium. It is used as a recipe by the Tamil people.

Side dishes

 * Sambar is a lentil-based vegetable stew or chowder made with tamarind, broth, freshly grounded spices, vegetables and lentils.
 * Chutney varieties consumed by the people are coconut chutney, onion chutney, tomato chutney, coriander chutney, kara chutney, garlic chutney, malaatai chutney puli chutney.
 * Vada curry is a classic dish that is also famous among Chennai people.
 * Thovaiyal is a wet ground paste that contains several ingredients.
 * Sambal is condiment mostly accompanied for rice, string hoppers and hoppers in Tamil parts of Sri Lanka.
 * Sodhi is a coconut milk based dish best made for hoppers and string hoppers in Tamil parts of Sri Lanka and Tirunelveli of Tamil Nadu.

Drinks

 * Kaapi is the most popular beverage. Its preparation is generally done with gourmet coffee beans. The preparation of filter coffee is a ritual. Sometimes chicory is added to enhance the aroma. Hot milk with sugar and a small quantity of decoction is then served in a tumbler set, a traditional coffee cup.
 * Koozh is also known as Conjee or (rice conjee) is made with different lentils like raagi.
 * Sharbat is a drink made from fruits or petal flowers.
 * Paanakam is a drink made from lemon juice or tamarind water, jaggery, dried ginger and cardamom.

Main dishes

 * Plain rice

Rice varieties

 * Thakkali Sadham – Tomato rice, Tomato coconut milk rice
 * Sambar Sadham – Rice cooked with lentils, vegetables with a glaze of tamarind juice
 * Thengai Sadham – Coconut rice
 * Milagu Sadham – Pepper rice
 * Paruppu Sadham – Lentil rice
 * Karuvepillai Sadham – Curry leaves rice
 * Thayir Sadham – Curd rice
 * Nei Sadham – Ghee rice
 * Urulai Sadham – Potato rice
 * Muttaikos Sadham – Cabbage rice
 * Kudaimilagai Sadham – Capsicum rice
 * Kootansoru – Mixed vegetable rice
 * Kothamalli Pudina Sadham – Coriander and mint rice
 * Manga Sadham – Mango rice
 * Thatta payaru arisi paruppu Sadham – Cow pea and lentil rice
 * Vetrilai poondu Sadham – Betel leaves rice with garlic
 * Vaṟutta arici – Fried rice
 * Brinji Soru
 * Elumichai soru (lemon rice) – A seasoning of onions, tomatoes, curry leaf, red chilly, salt and lemon juice made with rice
 * Ghee pongal
 * Sweet pongal
 * Kalkandu pongal
 * Puli pongal – Tamarind pongal
 * Thinai pongal – Foxtail millet pongal recipes
 * Puliyodarai, is a popular Tamil dish that is a mixture of fried tamarind paste and cooked rice. Fried tamarind paste with sesame oil, asofoetida, fenugreek powder, chilly, groundnuts, chickpea, black gram, mustard seeds, coriander seeds, cumin seeds, 'curry leaves, turmeric powder, jaggery and salt.
 * Biryani such as mutton, chicken and veg briyani

Sambar varieties

 * Ventaikkāi sambar
 * Potato, tomato and carrot sambar
 * Carrot and beans sambar
 * Arachuvitta sambar
 * Sambar for idly/dosa/pongal
 * Mango Sambar
 * Mixed Vegetable Sambar
 * Vendhaya Keerai sambar
 * Brinjal Sambar
 * Onion Arachu vitta Sambar
 * Drumstick Sambar Iyer style (without onions)
 * Pasi Paruppu Sambar (tiffin sambar)
 * No Onion No garlic Carrot Sambar
 * Keerai Thandu Sambar
 * Mor Sambar/Curd Sambar

Rasam Varieties

 * Lemon rasam
 * Paruppu rasam (tomato rasam)
 * Cumin rasam
 * Garlic rasam
 * Kollu Rasam (horse gram rasam)
 * Pepper rasam
 * Pineapple rasam
 * Tomato rasam
 * Neem flower (Veppam Poo) rasam
 * Kandathippili (long Pepper (plant) rasam
 * Mint rasam
 * Beetroot tomato rasam
 * Mutton elumbu rasam/Mutton bone rasam

Kuzhambu (Curry) varieties

 * Thatta payiru kathirikkai kozhambu/Cow beans Brinjal curry
 * Murunga keerai kozhambu/Drumstick leaves curry
 * Pidukkam paruppu kozhambu/Shelled field beans curry
 * Kaalan kozhambu/Mushroom curry
 * Vendhaya kozhambu/Fenugreek seeds curry
 * Mochai kozhambu/Field beans curry
 * Pattani kuzhambu/Dry peas curry
 * Ennai kathrikkai kozhambu/Oily eggplant spicy curry
 * Vendaikkaai kaara kozhambu/Ladies finger spicy curry
 * Kathrikkai kaara kozhambu/Brinjal spicy curry
 * Mulai payaru kozhambu/Moong sprouts curry
 * Ulli theeyal/Onion theeyal curry
 * Kadalai theeyal/Channa theeyal curry
 * Murungakkai theeyal/Drumstick theeyal curry
 * Mochai theeyal/Field beans theeyal curry
 * Poondu theeyal/Garlic theeyal curry
 * Peerkangaai paal kozhambu/Ridgegourd curry
 * Kollu kozhambu/Horse gram curry
 * Keera kadaisal/Spinach smash curry
 * Avarakkai paruppu kuzhambu/Broad beans lentil curry
 * Milagai mandi/Green chilli curry
 * Kaaramani puli kozhambu/Black eyed tamarind curry
 * Urundai kozhambu/Lentil dumplings curry
 * Murungakkai puli kozhambu/Drumstick tamarind curry
 * Poondu kozhambu/Garlic tamarind curry
 * Poosani paruppu kootu/Pumpkin lentil curry
 * Vatha kozhambu/Turkey berry, black night shade curry
 * Soya kozhambu/Soya curry
 * Sakkarai valli kizhangu kozhambu/Sweet potato curry
 * Pavakkaai pitla/Bittergourd curry
 * Pavakkaai puli kozhambu/Bitter gourd tamarind curry
 * Jeeraga kozhambu/Jeera seeds curry
 * Milagu kozhambu/Pepper corns curry
 * Karunai kizhangu kozhambu/Yam curry

Poriyal/stir-fry varieties

 * Parangikkaai ellu poriyal/Pumpkin fry curry with sesame seeds
 * Arasanikaai poriyal/Yellow pumpkin fry
 * Sorakkaai verkaadalai poriyal/Calabash peanuts fry
 * Kizhangu pottalam/Madurai potato fry masala
 * Senai kizhangu poriyal/Yam roast in banana leaves
 * Urulai milagu varuval/Potato pepper fry
 * Senai chops/Yam chops
 * Vengaaya thalai poriyal/Spring onion fry
 * Murungakeerai poriyal/Drumstick leaves fry
 * Urulai podimaas/Potato podimas
 * Ennai kathrikkaai masala/Stuffed small eggplant oily masala
 * Chinna vengaayam poriyal/Shallots fry
 * Kaaramani poriyal/Yard long beans fry
 * Carrot beans thovaran/Carrot beans in coconut masala fry
 * Vendhaya keerai kadalai poriyal/Methi leaves channa fry
 * Cheppankizhangu varuval/Arbi fry
 * Chettinad urulai poriyal/Chettinad spicy potato fry
 * Chettinad urulai pattani poriyal/Chettinad spicy potato peas fry
 * Agathi keerai poriyal/Agathi keerai fry
 * Avarakkai poriyal/Broad beans coconut fry
 * Kovakkai poriyal/Ivy gourd fry
 * Carrot kose poriyal/Carrot cabbage fry
 * Kaalan milagu varuval/Mushroom pepper fry
 * Vendakkaai poriyal/Ladiesfinger fry
 * Beetroot poriyal/Beetroot coconut fry
 * Chow chow poriyal/Chayote squash fry
 * Vaazhakkai podimas/Raw banana fry
 * Peerkangaai poriyal/Ridgegourd fry
 * Mullangi poriyal/Raddish fry
 * Maravalli kizhangu poriyal/Tapioca stir fry
 * Thanneer muttaan kizhangu poriyal/Asparagus fry
 * Pudalangaai poriyal/Snake gourd fry
 * Payaru thovaran/Green gram fry
 * Pappaalikkai poriyal/Raw papaya fry
 * Vendhaya keerai poriyal/Fenugreek leaves fry
 * Kudaimilagaai milagu poriyal/Capsicum pepper fry
 * Cauliflower milagu pirattal/Cauliflower pepper fry

Kootu/stew varieties

 * Vaazhaipoo kootu/Plantain flower stew
 * Vendakkai kootu/Ladiesfinger stew
 * Murungakeerai paruppu usili/Drumstick leaves lentil stew
 * Paruppu beans usili/Beans and lentils stew
 * Kootaviyal/Aviyal cooked with all country veggies
 * Keerai mandi/Chettinad spinach stew
 * Sorakkaai kootu/Bottle gourd stew
 * Vaazhai thandu kootu/Plantain stem curd stew
 * Keerai paruppu poondu kootu/Spinach lentil garlic stew
 * Mulakeerai kootu/Amarnath leaves lentil stew
 * Pudalangai kootu/Snake gourd stew
 * Kothavarangaai kootu/Cluster beans stew
 * Poosanikkai kootu/Yellow pumpkin lentil stew
 * Manathakkaali keera kootu/Black night shade leaves lentil stew
 * Chow chow kootu/Chayote squash stew
 * Thakkali kaai kootu/Green tomato lentil stew
 * Kathrikkai rasavaangi/Eggplant lentil stew
 * Mor keerai kootu/Buttermilk spinach stew
 * Muttaikose kootu/Cabbage lentil stew
 * Pachai payaru kootu/Moong bean stew
 * Poosanikaai mor kootu/Ash gourd curd stew
 * senai kizhangu kootu/Elephant yam stew
 * Kadamba kootu/Mixed vegetable stew
 * Noolkol kootu/Kohlrabi stew
 * Tirunelveli Sodhi
 * Murungakkai kootu/Drumstick lentil stew
 * Avarakkaai kootu/Broadbeans lentil stew
 * Kathrikka kootu/Brinjal stew
 * Sutta kathirkkai Gotsu/Burnt Brinjal stew
 * Parangikkaai paal kootu/Pumpkin stew in coconut milk
 * Pappaalikkaai kootu/Raw pappaya stew
 * Palakkaai kootu/Raw Jackfruit stew
 * Vallaarai keerai kootu/Brahmi booti stew

Chicken varieties

 * Arachivitta kozhi curry/Chicken in spicy thick coconut gravy
 * Varuthu aracha kozhi curry/Chicken in spicy fried and ground coconut gravy
 * Kozhi milagu varuval/Chicken pepper fry
 * Kozhi vellai kuruma/Chicken in white gravy
 * Chicken 65
 * Chicken pakora
 * Chicken sukka
 * Chicken ghee roast
 * Kozhi milagu masala/Chicken pepper masala
 * Naatu Kozhi kuzhambu/Country chicken curry
 * Naatu kozhi rasam/Chicken soup
 * Chicken Chinthamani
 * Kozhi pachai curry/Chicken coriander and mint curry
 * Pallipaalayam chicken fry
 * Chicken Kola urundai kozhambu/Chicken dumplings curry
 * Madras kozhi kozhambu/Madras chicken curry
 * Chicken Chettinad
 * Seeraga samba chicken biryani/Chicken biryani cooked with Seeraga samba rice
 * Ambur chicken biryani
 * Thalapakkatti chicken biryani
 * Chicken 65 biryani
 * Kovai biriyani

Mutton varieties

 * Aatukkal paaya/Mutton trotters stew
 * Nenju elumbu soup/Mutton rib bones soup
 * Mutton kuzhambu/curry
 * Mutton korma in thick coconut gravy
 * Mutton in fried ground coconut gravy
 * Mutton elumbu rasam/Mutton bone soup
 * Nalli elumbu masala/Goat Bone marrow masala
 * Mutton curry dosa
 * Ratha poriyal/Goat blood fry
 * Mutton Sukka
 * Mutton milagu varuval/Mutton pepper fry
 * Mutton Kola urundai kozhambu/Muttom dumplings curry
 * Kongunaadu vella mutton biryani/Kongunaad White mutton biryani
 * Seeraga samba mutton biryani/Mutton biryani cooked with Seeraga samba rice
 * Ambur Mutton biryani
 * Thalapakkatti Mutton biryani

Seafood varieties

 * Meen puli muzham/Fish in thick coconut tamarind gravy
 * Meen karutha curry/Fish black curry[in fried coconut, shallots, garlic, dried ginger, peppercorns, coriander seeds, red chillies, oregano and other spices]
 * Thengai paal meen curry/Fish in spicy coconut milk gravy.
 * Sura puttu/Fishpittu
 * Iraal masala/Prawn spicy masala
 * Iraal milagu varuval/ Spicy prawn pepper fry
 * Coconut fish fry
 * Nethili meen curry/White bait/anchovies curry
 * Nethili meen varuval/Spicy deep fried anchovies
 * Prawn ghee roast
 * Fish briyani
 * Prawn briyani
 * Meen maanga curry/ Fish mango curry
 * Spicy chettinad prawn masala
 * Fish curry in ginger and coconut milk
 * Spicy Vanjaram fry/Spicy salmon fry
 * Chettinad fish curry
 * Nandu masala/Crab curry
 * Nandu omelette/Crab omelette
 * Nandu rasam/Crab soup
 * Chippi appam – an appetizer made with curried rice flour and oysters. This is a favorite among the Muslim population in the Kanyakumari District.

Egg varieties

 * Muttai thokku/Egg masala
 * Muttai aviayal/Egg aviyal
 * Muttai milagu varuval/Egg pepper fry
 * Chettinad spicy egg curry
 * Muttai paniyaaram/Egg Paniyaaram
 * Odachi oothina muttai curry/ Egg poached curry
 * Muttai kalakki/Egg Kalakki
 * Muttai korma
 * Egg in thick coconut milk gravy
 * Egg in spicy coconut and tamarind gravy
 * Udachu vitta Mutta Kaara Kuzhambu
 * Mutta kuzhambu

Sweet dishes

 * Arisi thengai payasam/Rice coconut pudding
 * Pasiparuppu paaysam/Moong dhal pudding
 * Kadalai paruppu paayasam/channa dhal pudding
 * Aval paayasam/Puffed rice pudding
 * Khasa khasa paayasam/Poppy seeds pudding
 * Vazhai pazha paayasam/Banana pudding
 * Adai Paayasam/Cooked rice flakes pudding
 * Paal Paayasam/Milk pudding
 * Thengai Paayasam/Coconut pudding
 * Pala pazha Paayasam/Jackfruit pudding
 * Mampazha paayasam/Mango pudding
 * Javvarisi paaysam/Tapioca sago pudding
 * Samba godhumai paayasam/Cracked wheat pudding
 * Semiya paayasam/Vermicelli pudding
 * Thinai paaysam/Foxtail millet pudding
 * Carrot paayasam/Carrot pudding
 * Badam paayasam/Badam pudding
 * Rice paayasam/Rice pudding
 * Sorakkai paayasam/Calabash pudding
 * Elaneer paaysam/Tender coconut pudding
 * Brown rice kheer
 * Sweet potato kheer
 * Apple kheer
 * Thengai bholi/Coconut bholi
 * Paasi paruppu bholi
 * Then mittai/Honey comb sweet
 * Ingi marappa/Ginger fudge
 * Pori urundai/Puffed rice jaggery balls
 * Kadalai mittai/Peanut jaggery balls
 * Maalaadu
 * Paasi paruppu laddu
 * Ravalaadu/Rava sweet balls
 * Thinai laddu/Fox millet sweet balls
 * Godhumai laddu/Wheat sweet balls
 * Kezhvaragu nilakadalai laddu
 * Ellurundai/Black sesame seeds sweet balls
 * Vella elluruandai/White sesame seeds sweet balls
 * Coconut laddu/Coconut sweet balls
 * Aval laddu/Poha sweet balls
 * Sweet somas
 * Suyyam
 * Kadharppam
 * Mangaadi/Sweet mango in jaggery stew
 * Sakkapalathirattu/Jack fruit in jaggery stew
 * Thirattu paal/Paalguva
 * Palambali/Kongunaadu style rice pudding
 * Apppam
 * Nei appam
 * Unni appam
 * Ammini appam
 * Adhirasam
 * Aravanai
 * Paal kozhukattai
 * Pazham Paniyaram
 * Sakkarai kozhukattai
 * Sakkarai Pongal/Sweet pongal
 * Aval pongal
 * Kalkandu pongal/Sugar candy pongal
 * Sweet seedai
 * Puttamudhu
 * Mundhiri Kothu
 * Akkaravadisal
 * Jangiri
 * Rava Kesari
 * Pineapple kesari
 * Mango kesari
 * Aval kesari
 * Halwa varieties – thirunelveli halwa, ashoka halwa, jackfruit halwa, wheat halwa, pineapple Halwa.

Traditional snacks

 * Murukku
 * Seedai
 * Bajji
 * varieties of Mixture
 * Kara Sev
 * Pakoda
 * bonda
 * types of vadai (ulundhu, Kara, aamai)
 * Thattu vadai/nippetu'
 * Boondhi
 * .Kara pori
 * aval pori

Pickles

 * Elumichanga oorkaai/Lemon pickle
 * Poondu oorkaai/Garlic pickle
 * Ingi oorkaai/Ginger pickle
 * Thakkali oorkaai/Tomato pickle
 * Vengaaya oorkaai/Onion pickle
 * Mangaa oorkaai/Mango pickle
 * Nellikaai oorkaai/Gooseberry pickle
 * Naarthangaai oorkaai/Citron pickle
 * Carrot oorkaai
 * Milaga oorkaai – Green Chilly pickle
 * Red Chilli pickle
 * Sun dried tomato pickle
 * Maavadu
 * Mor Milgai/Sun dried big chillies
 * Puli ingi/ Ginger tamarind pickle

Podi varieties/chutney powder
These are the dry chutney powder varieties to be mixed with cooked plain rice and ghee.

 * Paruppu podi/Lentil chutney powder
 * Poondu podi/Garlic chutney powder
 * Idly milagu podi/ Idly chutney powder as a side dish for idly and dosas
 * karuveppilai podi/Curry leaves chutney powder
 * Milagu podi/Pepper chutney powder
 * Ellu podi/Sesame seeds chutney powder
 * Kollu podi/Horse gram chutney powder
 * Nilakadalai podi/Groundnut chutney powder
 * Kothamalli podi/Coriander chutney powder
 * Mint chutney powder
 * Raw banana chutney powder for infants and toddlers

title: Tamil cuisine


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Fairyland (band)

Fairyland is a French symphonic power metal band, created by songwriters Philippe Giordana and Willdric Lievin in 1998.

After going through several line-up changes in the 2000s, the band turned into a one-man musical project, when Giordana parted ways with the rest of the band in 2007. He subsequently released Score to a New Beginning in 2009 as Fairyland, with guest musicians and singers. In 2015 however, Fairyland became a band once again with a full line-up, including Lievin, returning for the first time since 2004.

Biography
The band was created in 1998 as "Fantasia" by keyboardist Philippe Giordana together with bassist/drummer Willdric Lievin. The two musicians shared the same passion for epic and symphonic heavy metal. Following the release of their first demo, Tribute to Universe, their basic metal style began evolving into something more fantastic and symphonic, as in Realm of Wonders. Through various metal contacts, Fantasia enlisted guitarist Anthony Parker (Heavenly) and soon gave up looking for a label to enter Wizard Studio in February 2002. During the recordings of their debut, the band began looking for a vocalist and they found Elisa C. Martin, already known for her work with the successful Spanish power metal band Dark Moor. Around that time, the band's name was changed to "Fairyland". With their first full-length complete, they signed on with Denmark-based Intromental Management, and shortly thereafter secured a recording contract with the French label N.T.S. (now Replica Records).

Of Wars in Osyrhia was released in April 2003. The response from media and fans enabled the band to tour with Sonata Arctica in France, as well as to perform in the Sweden Rock Festival in 2003. Internal band problems led to both Willdric Lievin and Elisa C. Martin leaving the band. The band continued on without them to finish the recordings for the new concept album The Fall of an Empire, again composed by Philippe Giordana and Anthony Parker, who had gathered a new line-up composed of vocalist Max Leclerqc (formerly of Magic Kingdom), drummer Pierre-Emmanuel "Piwee" Desfray, and bassist Thomas "Tom" Cesario. The unreleased album soon caught the attention of the Austrian-based label Napalm Records, who signed the band and released The Fall of an Empire in the fall of 2006, along with a re-release of Of Wars in Osyrhia. A European tour with Kamelot and Leaves' Eyes soon followed. Shortly after the tour that followed the album, Philippe and the rest of the band parted ways. As the sole composer of Fairyland material, finding a new line-up would not pose much of a problem for Philippe Giordana. Yet after working on the new material, he decided to take a completely different approach by enlisting instead the services of guest musicians for his latest release. The album Score to a New Beginning was completed in 2009, keeping the same musical style of its predecessors.

In 2015, Fairyland became a full band once again, with Giordana being rejoined by Fairyland co-creator Willdric Lievin, who had left the band in 2004, and by new members Francesco Cavalieri, Jean-Baptiste Pol, and Sylvain Cohen. The group immediately went on to work on their next album. On May 31, 2016, the first song from the album, "Heralds Of The Green Lands", was released on YouTube. In February 2018, they revealed the tracklist for their next album, Osyrhianta, another concept album that will serve as a prequel to their original trilogy. On March 31, 2019, the band confirmed that the album was fully recorded and mastered, and would be released around November 2019. However on September 29, they stated that the band "had to rearrange release dates with regards to parallel releases", and would instead release Osyrhianta in early 2020. It eventually came out on 22 May.

Philippe Giordana, keyboardist and main composer of the band, died on October 21, 2022.

On March 6, 2023, Archie Caine was announced as the band’s new lead singer.

Current members

 * Willdric Lievin - guitars, drums (1998-2003; guest: 2009), bass, backing vocals (2003, 2015-present)
 * Sylvain Cohen - guitars (2015-present)
 * Jean-Baptiste Pol - drums (2015-present)
 * Archie Caine - lead vocals (2023-present)
 * Gideon Ricardo - keyboards (2024-present)

Former members

 * Philippe Giordana - keyboards, backing vocals (1998-2022, died in 2022), acoustic guitars (2007-2022)
 * Thomas Caesar - bass (1998-2003, 2005-2007), guitars (2003)
 * Elisa C. Martin - lead vocals (2003)
 * Anthony Parker - guitars (1998-2007)
 * Max Leclerq - lead vocals (2004-2007)
 * Pierre-Emmanuel Desfray - drums (2004-2008)
 * Francesco Cavalieri - lead vocals (2015-2020)

Discography

 * Realm of Wonders (2000, demo)
 * Of Wars in Osyrhia (2003)
 * The Fall of an Empire (2006)
 * Score to a New Beginning (2009)
 * Osyrhianta (2020)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fairyland (band)


text:
Talk:Marshall, Minnesota

I don't believe that saying Marshall's Legion Park is the most wonderful place in the world is fact or a very good opion, I don't even think it is relelvant.

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title: Talk:Marshall, Minnesota


text:
Live at the Witch Trials

Live at the Witch Trials is the debut studio album by the Fall. It was released on 16 March 1979 through record label Step-Forward. It is not, despite its title, a live album and was recorded in a studio in a single day and mixed by producer Bob Sargeant.

Production and content
The album was recorded at Camden Sound Suite on 15 December 1978 and mixed by producer Bob Sargeant on the 16th. The group had been booked into the studio for five days but Mark E. Smith had fallen ill and cancelled the first three days.

Some of the songs date from earlier incarnations of the group and feature writing credits from former members Tony Friel and Una Baines. Lyrical subject matter includes a tirade against the music industry ("Music Scene"), low-quality jobs ("Industrial Estate") and drugs ("No Xmas for John Quays", "Like to Blow", "Frightened", "Underground Medecin"). "Frightened" was described by Dave McCullough in Sounds as "a breathtaking, ominously culminating monster of a song". "Rebellious Jukebox" was described by Pitchfork as "one of the first self-aware Fall anthems", with the title viewed as "[summing] up The Fall's stance against prevailing trends".

Release
Live at the Witch Trials was released on 16 March 1979 through record label Step-Forward. The U.S. release of the album featured different artwork and removed "Mother-Sister!" and "Industrial Estate", replacing them with "Various Times", the B-side of the group's second single, "It's the New Thing". All subsequent editions have followed the original UK track listing.

No singles were taken from the album, a practice that would be commonplace for the group until 1986. By the time that the album was released, drummer Karl Burns had left the band and guitarist Martin Bramah also quit shortly afterward to form Blue Orchids, leaving Mark E. Smith as the sole remaining founding member.

The album was available in its original form through the late 1980s, reissued on vinyl, cassette and CD by I.R.S. Records in 1989 (with the title misspelled Live at the Witch Trails on the disc). In 1997, Smith's own Cog Sinister label issued a CD edition that was poorly mastered from a below-standard vinyl copy. In conjunction with Voiceprint, Cog Sinister reissued the album in 2002 as Live at the Witch Trials +, which was claimed to have been remastered but was, in fact, simply a clone of the I.R.S. disc with the group's first two singles added, "Bingo-Master's Break-Out!" and "It's the New Thing". In 2004, Castle Music released a two-disc CD "Expanded Deluxe Edition" of the album, mastered from the original tapes and with a vastly expanded track listing. However, the Castle Music reissue used a vinyl source for the three "Bingo-Master's Break-Out!" EP tracks, as the original tapes have been lost.

The album was reissued on vinyl in 2016 on the Superior Viaduct label, and again in 2019 by Cherry Red Records as part of its Fall Sound Archive series. Cherry Red also released a three-disc CD edition with the same bonus tracks as had appeared on the 2004 Castle Music edition.

Reception
Live at the Witch Trials was met with a very positive reception from critics upon its release. Record Mirror's Chris Westwood described the album as "a rugged, concerned, attuned, rebellious jukebox", while Sounds reviewer Dave McCullough called it "an album of staggeringly rich, mature music, inner questioning hand in hand with rock and roll at its fiercest, its finest, its most honest, rock and roll at its naked, most stimulating prime." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice said he initially found it "too tuneless and crude", but later "played it in tandem with Public Image Ltd. one night and for a few bars could hardly tell the difference", concluding that "in this icky pop moment we could use some ugly rebellion." Allan Jones of Melody Maker was less impressed, being especially negative about the group's then-rhythm section of Marc Riley and Karl Burns.

In a retrospective review, Tiny Mix Tapes praised Live at the Witch Trials as a "fully-formed, instant-classic debut album". Trouser Press said that it showed the band "at once leaning towards punk's directness and charging headlong into poetic pretension". Pitchfork's Jason Heller stated that the album established the Fall as a musically "far more wobbly and toxic" band than their post-punk contemporaries. AllMusic critic Ned Raggett wrote: "That the first Fall album... would not only not sound very punk at all but would be a downright pleasant listen seems perfectly in keeping with Mark E. Smith's endlessly contrary mind." In 2018, Billboard ranked Live at the Witch Trials as the sixth-best Fall album; in an accompanying essay, Geeta Dayal wrote that "there were more ideas on this album than there are in some other bands' entire discographies."

2014 reissue

 * Notes
 * Disc 1 tracks 20-21: live at the Electric Circus, Manchester, October 1977
 * Disc 2 tracks 1-4: John Peel Session, 15 June 1978
 * Disc 2 tracks 5-8: John Peel Session, 6 December 1978
 * Disc 2 tracks 9-20: live at Mr. Pickwick's, Liverpool, 22 August 1978; previously released as the 2001 album Liverpool 78.

2019 reissue
The first disc contains the eleven tracks from the original album. Disc 2 and 3 include the same bonus tracks, in the same order, as the 2004 reissue.

 * Disc 2 – Singles/Rehearsals/Live/Sessions
 * 1) "Bingo-Master"
 * 2) "Psycho Mafia"
 * 3) "Repetition"
 * 4) "It's the New Thing"
 * 5) "Various Times"
 * 6) "Dresden Dolls" (Rehearsal)
 * 7) "Psycho Mafia" (Rehearsal)
 * 8) "Industrial Estate" (Rehearsal)
 * 9) "Stepping Out" (Live)
 * 10) "Last Orders" (Live)
 * 11) "Rebellious Jukebox" (BBC Session)
 * 12) "Mother-Sister!" (BBC Session)
 * 13) "Industrial Estate" (BBC Session)
 * 14) "Futures and Pasts" (BBC Session)
 * 15) "Put Away" (BBC Session)
 * 16) "Mess of My" (BBC Session)
 * 17) "No Xmas for John Key" (BBC Session)
 * 18) "Like to Blow" (BBC Session)

 * Disc 3 – Mr. Pickwick's, Liverpool '78
 * 1) "Like to Blow" (Live)
 * 2) "Stepping Out" (Live)
 * 3) "Two Steps Back" (Live)
 * 4) "Mess of My" (Live)
 * 5) "It's the New Thing" (Live)
 * 6) "Various Times" (Live)
 * 7) "Bingo-Master" (Live)
 * 8) "Frightened" (Live)
 * 9) "Industrial Estate" (Live)
 * 10) "Psycho Mafia" (Live)
 * 11) "Music Scene" (Live)
 * 12) "Mother-Sister!" (Live)

Personnel

 * The Fall

 * Mark E. Smith – vocals, guitar ("Live at the Witch Trials"), tapes ("Music Scene")
 * Martin Bramah – guitar, backing vocals, arrangements, production
 * Marc Riley – bass guitar, production
 * Karl Burns – drums, production
 * Yvonne Pawlett – keyboards, production

The voice calling the time on "Music Scene" ("six minutes!", "six forty!") is the group's driver, the son of the actor Peter Adamson, who had played Len Fairclough in Coronation Street.

 * Technical

 * Bob Sargeant – production
 * Alvin Clark – engineer
 * John Wriothesley – front-cover artwork
 * Graham Rhodes – sleeve photography
 * Steve Lyons – sleeve photography

title: Live at the Witch Trials


text:
User:Ctac

Name: Stas Kozlovsky City: Moscow

'''Acad. degree:''' Ph.D (Psychology)

Work: Associate Professor of the Department of Psychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov's Moscow State University. Also I'm Administrator at Russian Wikipedia and executive director of Wikimedia Russia.

E-mail: stas@wikimedia.ru

ru:user:Ctac

title: User:Ctac


text:
Burgundy (color)

Burgundy is a dirty red.

The color burgundy takes its name from the Burgundy wine in France. When referring to the color, "burgundy" is not usually capitalized.

The color burgundy is similar to Bordeaux (Web color code #4C1C24), Merlot (#73343A), Berry (#A01641), and Redberry (#701f28). Burgundy is made of 50% red, 0% green, and 13% blue. The CMYK percentages are 0% cyan, 100% magenta, 75% yellow, 50% black.

The first recorded use of "burgundy" as a color name in English was in 1881.

Vivid burgundy
In cosmetology, a brighter tone of burgundy called vivid burgundy is used for coloring hair.

Old burgundy
The color old burgundy is a dark tone of burgundy. The first recorded use of old burgundy as a color name in English was in 1926.

title: Burgundy (color)


text:
User talk:Soniamiller

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome!
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Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Susan Campbell Bartoletti -

Proposed deletion of Lisa Rowe Fraustino

The article Lisa Rowe Fraustino has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not a notable author. Page not been referenced in many years (I've just tried to but can't find significant coverage) - Only links to authors own pages. None of books notable, no significant awards or recognition."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ツStacey (talk) 19:42, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soniamiller


text:
Klamath

Klamath may refer to:

Ethnic groups

 * Klamath people, a Native American people of California and Oregon
 * Klamath Tribes, a federally recognized group of tribes in Oregon
 * Klamath language, spoken by the Klamath people

Places in the United States

 * False Klamath, California, a coastal area along U.S. Route 101
 * Fort Klamath, a former military outpost in Oregon
 * Fort Klamath, Oregon, a present-day unincorporated community near the former fort
 * Klamath, California, a census-designated place
 * Klamath, California, former name of Johnsons, California
 * Klamath Basin, the region in Oregon and California drained by the Klamath River
 * Klamath County, California
 * Klamath County, Oregon
 * Klamath Mountains, in California and Oregon
 * Klamath National Forest
 * Klamath River, in Oregon and California

Science and technology

 * Klamath (microprocessor), a variant of the Pentium II microprocessor
 * Klamath, a ferryboat that operated on San Francisco Bay
 * Klamath (steamboat), a steamboat that operated on Lower Klamath Lake in the early 20th century
 * USS Klamath, a U.S. Navy steamer

Other uses

 * Klamath Hardwoods, now Columbia Forest Products, an American hardwood manufacturer
 * Klamath (album), a 2009 album by American musician Mark Eitzel

title: Klamath


text: Category:Nedor Comics superheroes

title: Category:Nedor Comics superheroes


text:
Panagyurishte

Panagyurishte (Панагюрище, also transliterated Panagjurište, ) is a town in Pazardzhik Province, Southern Bulgaria, situated in a small valley in the Sredna Gora mountains. It is 91 km east of Sofia, 43 km north of Pazardzhik. The town is the administrative center of the homonymous Panagyurishte Municipality. Panagyurishte is an important industrial and economic center, the hub of the Bulgarian optical industry and a major copper extraction and processing site. According to the 2021 census, it had a population of 15,275. Panagyurishte is a town of significant historical importance, being the center of the 1876 April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire. The renown Thracian Panagyurishte Treasure was found near the town.

Geography
The town is located in a mountainous area. It lies in the Sredna Gora mountain range. To the north of it, near Panagyurski kolonii, is Mount Bratia (1519 m). The Luda Yana river flows through the town, which joins with its other part after the village of Popintsi to form the Luda Yana River. The railway station is the last station on the Plovdiv-Panagyurishte railway line. Through the town passes the second class II-37 road, which connects the town of Dospat in the Rhodope Mountains through Zlatitsa Pass in the Balkan Mountains with the main road A2 - Hemus motorway (at the village of Dzhurovo, Pravets Municipality). Panagyurishte is the administrative centre of the municipality, which includes 9 other settlements. Neighbouring settlements are: the resort settlement Panagyurski kolonii (15 km to the north), the village of Oborishte (10 km to the west), the village of Banya (11 km first to the south and then to the west), the village of Bata (8 km to the south) and the town of Strelcha (12 km to the east).

History
There are dozens of Thracian mounds in the vicinity of the town. In one of them - the mound "Mramor", a burial of a Thracian chieftain was discovered. Not far from it, in 1949, the now world-famous Panagyurishte Treasure was discovered, dating back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC. It is made of pure gold and weighs 6,164 kg. Copies of the nine unique vessels are exhibited in the Historical Museum in the town, while the originals are in museums around the world and in Bulgaria.

The convenient location, the nature and the favourable climate of the area attracted people to this region in the Middle Ages. The ruins of the Bulgarian fortresses of Krasen and Dushkovchenin have been preserved.

The foundation of Panagyurishte is associated with the dramatic times after the Ottoman invasion. The name comes from "panagyur" - (from Greek: πανηγυρι, fair), as on the banks of the Luda Yana In those years there was a small fair. Later, the market moved to the place where the town of Pazardzhik is now located.

In the Middle Ages there was a settlement near the modern town, near the fortress of Krasen some 6 km south of the current location. In the course of the Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars large part the population was killed and the rest had to move to a new location. The survivors called themselves levents due to their bravery in the struggle with the invaders. When the Turks seized the village of Asenevtsi near Sliven which guarded the road to the capital of the Bulgarian Empire Tarnovo, its population moved to Panagyurishte. Another wave of Bulgarian refugees came in the 15th century after rebellions in Macedonia (Debar, Prilep, Kostur and others). Even today the population uses language which is characteristic for both eastern and western Bulgarian dialects and the town is in the so-called Yat border. It was also known as "Otlukköy" during Ottoman rule.

At the beginning of the XIX century. Panagyurishte reached a significant economic and cultural peak. A number of crafts related to the well-developed cattle breeding developed here. Goldsmithing, which later made the town famous for the Panagyurishte School of Gold. More than 2,500 craftsmen, calves and apprentices worked in the various trades. In the courtyard of the Historical Museum, there are reenactments of these traditional crafts. According to testimonies of American missionaries who visited the town in 1861, it had 12,500 Bulgarian inhabitants who maintained a large school.

The economic and spiritual upsurge helped the idea of national liberation to be accepted in Panagyurishte. In the autumn of 1870, Vasil Levski founded a revolutionary committee here, and the meeting was held in the house of Ivan Duhovnikov, preserved to this day in the courtyard of the Historical Museum. Panagyurishte is primarily known for being the center of the April Uprising against the Ottoman rule in Bulgaria in 1876. On 14 April 1876, the first Bulgarian Great National Assembly was held in the historical locality of Oborishte. It was capital of the Fourth Revolutionary District which was the main center of the rebellion. The uprising was bloodily suppressed after 10 days of declared freedom, and the town was burnt down and almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman Turks. Lady Strangford arrived from Britain later that year with relief for the people of Bulgaria following the massacres that followed the April Uprising. She built a hospital at Batak and eventually other hospitals were built at Radilovo, Panagiurishte, Karlovo, Petrich and Perushtitsa.

At the end of the 19th century, the foundations of carpet weaving, a Persian type, were laid in the town. In the 20th century, the artisan nature of the work was gradually replaced by factory industry.

In March 1923 near Panagyurishte there was a big flood after the river Luda Yana flowed and flooded the surrounding area.

After the 1950s the town experienced an economic boom. Textile industry, ore mining, high technologies in opto-mechanical and electronic instrumentation were developed. In the 1990s, the introduction of the market economy unleashed the initiative and entrepreneurship of тхе citizens. There are over 2000 registered private companies and trading companies. Education in the town is constantly developing. Cultural activity is concentrated in the Videlina Community Centre, the Memorial House Theatre and the Historical Museum, and numerous monuments.

Population
Panagyurishte had a fast-growing population across the years, mainly during the Communist era, where its highest peak was 22,011, recorded in 1985. After the democratic changes, the population promptly emigrated to other parts.

Religion
The population believes in mainly Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy being predominant, as are most of the churches. There is also one Evangelical church in the town. Muslims are not largely represented among the population, since during the Ottoman rule, the city was forbidden to them. This was due to two facts: during the time of the Janissary, the town was obliged to pay the Devshirme, which gave it the privilege of not being inhabited by Turks. Later, the Bulgarian population had to guard the passes through the Middle Forest, which gave the same privilege.

Economy
After the Second World War Panagyurishte was transformed into a large industrial center. The Asarel Medet copper extracting and processing plant is the largest single employer in the municipality with over 1,200 direct employees and also the biggest one in the Balkans. Annually it extracts and processes over 13 million tons of copper ore and produces 200 thousand tons of copper concentrate sold worldwide, including to the Pirdop copper smelter and refinery in Pirdop north of Panagyurishte.

The town is the hub of the Bulgarian optical industry with two main companies — Opticoelectron (650 employees) and Optix (600 employees), operating production facilities in the town and in neighbouring Strelcha and Popintsi. They and manufacture a wide range of military and civilian procducts, such as optical sights; thermal imaging devices; night vision goggles, scopes and systems; surveillance cameras; infrared lenses, etc. Another company in the field, Micro-View Endoskopie Optik J.S.C., was founded in 2002 as a private Bulgarian-German joint stock company and specializes in the production of optical components for endoscopic equipment with applications in medicine and technology. There are two big textile plants: "Ryton" (880 employees) and "Bultex" (680 employees). There is also a plastics factory, "Bunay" with some 190 workers and a number of smaller enterprises.

Transport
There are roads leading to the north (Panagyurski kolonii), south (Popintsi), west (Oborishte) and east (Strelcha). The main road is the second class II-37 road in direction north–south, leading to Zlatitsa to the north and Pazardzhik to the south. Panagyurishte has bus connections to Sofia, Plovdiv and Pazardzhik, as well as nearby villages. The town is served by the Bulgarian State Railways as the terminus of railway line No. 81 Plovdiv–Panagyurishte.

Education and healthcare
The two largest schools are the elementary "Prof. Marin Drinov" with more than 1,100 pupils and secondary "Nesho Bonchev". Other large schools include the Optical Technikal School, Mining Technical School, "20th April" elementary school, "Sv. sv. Cyril and Metodius" elementary school and others.

A large regional hospital is located in the southernmost outskirts of the town on the western banks of the Luda Yana river. There is also a large polyclinic in the center as well as numerous private doctor and dentist cabinets.

Municipality
The town is a center of the Panagyurishte municipality which includes 9 villages: Popintsi, Oborishte, Banya, Bata, Elshitsa, Levski, Panagyurski kolonii, Poibrene and Srebrinovo, as well as the town itself.

Tourism
Panagyurishte is overshadowed in tourism by nearby Koprivshtitsa, which has a much larger collection of conserved Bulgarian Revival style houses because they paid off their city to the Ottomans instead of fighting. Like Koprivshtitsa, Panagyurishte has a picturesque location in the Sredna Gora mountains, and is one of the towns associated with the historic April Uprising in 1876. The town also gained fame for the Panagyurishte golden treasure discovered there in 1949 and the Apriltsi National Memorial Complex erected in 1976 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the April Uprising. It is situated on the historic hill above the town known as Manyovo Bardo. It is also near the mineral water spas of Banya, and recreational facilities in Panagyurski kolonii.

House-Museum of Rayna Knyaginya
In the courtyard of the house, an inscription preserved there states that the Middle Gothic asymmetrical house was made in 1673 and its first owners were Taso and Miho. After 200 years, Rayna Knyaginya was born in the house on 18 January 1856. She is known for her sewing of flag of the April Uprising of 1876.

The house was opened as a museum on 3 May 1950 and during 1979-1981, the house had major restorations carried out. The first floor includes a documentary for the life of Rayna Knyagina. The second includes the example of the environment where she lived. In 1992, the heirs of Rayna Knyagina gifted the house to the Panagyurishte Municipality. It is now preserved as a monument of national importance and culture.

Panagyurishte History Museum
The history museum was created on 20 January 1951 and was approved by the Collegium of the Committee on Culture and Art on 27 December 1966. It includes over 6000 volumes of scientific literature and a depository organized in a separate building.

The exposition of the museum includes documents and objects from the 19th century, also preserved archaelogical finds from excavations of the lands near Panagyurishte. The gold treasure is also kept in the museum. The history museum complex includes the houses of Petar Dudekov, Ivan Tutev and Marin Drinov.

House-museum Petar Dudekov
The house of Dudekov was created in the period 1853-1856 and was owned by the merchant of the same name, who was then murdered by the Ottomans. It was a Plovdiv type of house with symmetrical planning. Its interior is rich with vast amounts of decoration. By that period, the interior was considered luxury. Many elders, women and children took refuge in the house after the town was invaded by the Bashi-bazouk. The house is restored during the years of 1990-1996 and it is considered an architectural monument from the Bulgarian renaissance. Lady Strangford developed her charitable mission here in the autumn of 1876.

House-museum Ivan Tutev
The house of Ivan Tutev was built in the period 1873-1874. The owner was a local craftsman, merchant and revolutionary Ivan Doychev Tutev. The original building was constructed in the 17th century which was burnt down after the Kirdzhalis attacks of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The house was painted by Markov Galabov and in 1947, it was donated to the municipality for it to be a museum. In 1950, the first partial restoration was made, then a second one in 1975-1976. In the period 1988-1991, a third and final major restoration of the house was carried out. It is now a monument of culture.

House-museum Marin Drinov
The house of Marin Drinov was created in the 1830s and was owned by the Drinov family. They were described as examples for the struggles for national liberation, cultural uplift and restoration of the Bulgarian state. Vasil Levski and Georgi Benkovski took shelter in the house between 1 and 2 February 1876. In 2008, it was opened as a museum which included ethnographic exhibitions.

Church of St. George
The church was built in the period 1856-1860, when the economy was rising in the town. During its construction period, many citizens from the upper neighbourhoods in Panagyurishte were supporting it financially. The most generous of all was Pencho Hadzhilukov, later died in the April Uprising. The masters of the church were Nikola German and Gancho Trifonov, from the small village of Smolsko. The technicians were from Constantinople. The church's iconostasis and its carved decoration was made by the Debar Art School. It was consecrated in 1860.

During the April Uprising, Ottoman artillery shelled the church, burning everything and leaving only the walls. After liberation, many people gathered to reconstruct the church and a new iconostasis was made by woodcarving masters from Struga. Two bell towers were erected in 1882, with one serving was the town clock.

Church of St. Bogoroditsa
The church was built in the period 1818-1823, replacing the old church of St. Todor, since it couldn't accommodate its population. The new one, had masters building it from Bansko and its carved wooden decoration from the Debar Art School. In 1834, the church was damaged, but later fixed. During the April Uprising, the church suffered severe damage, when it was burnt and most of the iconostasis was destroyed. After liberation, thanks to masters from Bratsigovo and carvers from Struga, the church was rebuilt in 1878-1880.

The church's architecture consists of a three-aisled pseudo-basilica, an apse and narthex. The roof has a semi-cylindrical vaulted roof. Also there is a bell tower in the corner of the churchyard.

Apriltsi Memorial Complex
The Apriltsi Memorial Complex which commemorates the April Uprising dominates the sky-line of the town and can be seen from almost every neighbourhood. It was built on the top of a hill just above the central square and includes several granite compositions which encircle the main figure. It can be reached from the center by numerous stairs.

There are several places of interest in the vicinity of the town. The resort village Panagyurski kolonii, literally "the colony of Panagyurishte" is located at 15 km north of the town. It is very popular with the local population, as many of the citizens have summer houses there. There is a ski run and dense beech forests rich in different species of berries and mushrooms. At 6 km to the east is the famous Oborishte locality where the plan of the April uprising was discussed and accepted by delegates from all over the province. Today there is a monument there which is popular tourist attraction.

Panagyurishte treasure
One frosty morning on 8 December 1949 three brothers – Pavel, Petko and Michail Deikovi – worked together in the region of "Merul" tile factory near Panagyurishte. At about ten o’clock in the morning, while processing a new layer of clay, they came across unusual glossy objects. With all of its magnificence a fabulous set of vessels glittered in front of the workers. When finally unearthed, it was found to consist of a phial and eight rhytons, one shaped like an amphora and the others like heads of women or animals. Dated to the turn of the fourth and third century BC, the find was sensational, not only for its weight in gold — over 6.146 kg of pure gold, but also for the originality of its forms. It is now a world-famous Thracian treasure and one of the most valuable possessions of the National Historical Museum.

Notable people
Notable natives include historian and philologist Marin Drinov (1838–1906), writer and literary critic Nesho Bonchev (1839–1878) and revolutionary Rayna Knyaginya (1856–1917). In 1893 the Bulgarian writer Elin Pelin was enrolled in a school in Panagyurishte.

 * Atanas Shopov (1855 - 1922) - Bulgarian writer and diplomat
 * Velko Koroleev (1798 - 1903) - Bulgarian educator, book publisher
 * Georgi Bradistilov, professor (1904 - 1977) - mathematician
 * Georgi Geshanov (1872 - 1907), Bulgarian revolutionary of the All-Russian Revolutionary Army
 * Georgi Kukureshkov (1867 - ?) - Bulgarian military, colonel
 * Georgi Shopov (1880 - 1932) - Tolstoyist, refused military service, corresponded with Leo Tolstoy
 * Damascene of Veleška (Dimitar Dipchev) (1817 - 1878) - Bulgarian clergyman, the first exarch metropolitan of Veleška
 * Delcho Ilchev (1885 - 1925) - entomologist
 * Delcho Lulchev (1935 - 1985) - civil engineer
 * Doncho Chuparinov (1894 - 1925) - Bulgarian revolutionary, member of IMRO
 * Emanuil Dzhudzhev (1835 - 1908) - Bulgarian teacher, public figure, revolutionary and clergyman
 * Yoncho Berberov (1873 - 1953) - Bulgarian military man, entrepreneur
 * Bishop Kyrill (Yonchev) (1920 - 2007) - Archbishop of the Orthodox Church in America's Diocese of Western Pennsylvania and Bulgarian Diocese.
 * Kiril Petrov Perfanov (1890 - 1979) - documentary film director and screenwriter, actor
 * Kraycho Samohodov - flag bearer of Benkovski's Chetata
 * Luka Ivanov (1867 - 1906) - Bulgarian soldier and revolutionary, Voivode of VOMOR
 * Lachezar Dimitrov Tsotzorkov (1945 - 2017) - industrialist, patriot and philanthropist
 * Marin Drinov (1838 - 1906) - Renaissance scholar and statesman, first president of the Bulgarian Literary Society (BAS)
 * Nesho Bonchev (1839 - 1878) - Renaissance scholar, the first Bulgarian literary critic and pedagogue
 * Nikola Belopitov (1901 - 1972) - Bulgarian engineer, inventor and businessman
 * Orcho Voivoda (1829 - 1911) - centurion of the April Uprising
 * Pavel Bobekov (1852 - 1877) - Chairman of the Provisional Government and a thousandaire during the April Uprising
 * Pavel Deliradev (1879 - 1957) - Bulgarian revolutionary of the All-Union Revolutionary Army
 * Paraskeva Dzhukelova (1970 - ) - Bulgarian drama and film actress
 * Petko Koychev (1888 - 1907) - Bulgarian revolutionary, member of VMORO, who died in the Battle of Nozhot
 * Petar Karapetrov (1843 - 1905) - Bulgarian revivalist, book publisher and historian
 * Rayna Knyaginya (1856 - 1917) - Bulgarian teacher and revolutionary
 * Sava Radulov (1817 - 1887) - Bulgarian Revivalist and clergyman
 * Stefan Atanasov, Bulgarian revolutionary of the All-Union Revolutionary Army, a comrade of Vasil Pachadzhiev
 * Stoichko Angelov (1888 - ?), Bulgarian revolutionary of the All-Russian Revolutionary Forces, a lieutenant of Nikola Dosev
 * Stoyu Bradistilov (1863 - 1930) - Bulgarian military leader, lieutenant general
 * Stoyan Tsvetkov (1930 - 2007) - Bulgarian agronomist, breeder-geneticist, doctor of agricultural sciences
 * Yanko Pavlov (1888 - 1974) - Sculptor
 * Damaskin Veleshki (Dimitar Ivanov Dinchev) (1817–1878) - Bulgarian churchman
 * Carla María de la Soledad Royo-Villanova y Urrestarazu, princess of Panagyurishte, Comité de honor de fundacionarsnova, wife of Prince Kubrat

Honour
Panagyurishte Nunatak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Panagyurishte.

title: Panagyurishte


text:
A. J. Watson

Abraham Jacob Watson (May 8, 1924 – May 12, 2014) was an American race car builder and chief mechanic. Competing from 1949 through 1984 in the Indianapolis 500, he won the race six times as a car builder. Rodger Ward won 18 races driving Watson cars.

Early life
Watson was born in Mansfield, Ohio. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War, training as a B-17 navigator. He would not see deployment before the war's end.

Motorsports career
Resettling in southern California, Watson came to Indianapolis in 1948 but missed the race. He returned the following year with a home-built car that failed to qualify. For the next 11 years, his cars not only qualified but were leaders in many years.

From 1955 to 1958, Watson was associated with the John Zink team, and from 1959 on with Bob Wilke. Watson's first win as a car builder came in 1956 when Pat Flaherty drove the John Zink entry to victory in that year's Indianapolis 500. Watson had won the previous year as a crew chief for Bob Sweikert. Watson's cars dominated the race through 1964. Although he continued entering cars for another two decades, he was never able to regain the commanding position of his heyday.

In 1964, with many teams following Lotus's example and moving to rear-engined "funny cars", Watson built a pair of vehicles based on Rolla Vollstedt's successful car. These worked reasonably well, but could not reproduce the success Watson had with his front-engined "roadsters". He built monocoque rear-engined cars in 1966 and 1967 with ever-decreasing success.

From 1969 until 1977, Watson ran Eagles and then built a small series of highly derivative new "Watson" cars in 1977, 1978 and again in 1982 based on Lightning and March designs before retiring. He was frequently listed on the Indianapolis 500 entry sheet as the "race strategist" for PDM Racing, though his role with the team was largely honorary.

Personal life
For many years, Watson and his family would spend the racing season in Indiana, and the off-season in California. Eventually the family located to Speedway, Indiana permanently.

Watson died in Indianapolis, Indiana on May 12, 2014.

Awards and honors

 * He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1993.
 * He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1996.

title: A. J. Watson


text:
Richard Chwedyk

Richard Chwedyk (born 1955) is an American science fiction author. In 2003, he won the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novella for his story "Brontë's Egg."

Chwedyk's first published story was "Getting Along with Larga," which was the first winner of the ISFiC Writer's contest in 1986. In 1988, he won the contest again with his story "A Man Makes a Machine," which went on to be published as Chwedyk's first professional sale in Amazing Stories in November, 1990.

In addition to writing fiction, Chwedyk has also published a number of poems and has coordinated poetry slams in Chicago, where he makes his home.

In 2000, Chwedyk oversaw the writer's workshop at Chicon 2000, the Worldcon, and has overseen several other writers workshops at science fiction conventions over the years, often running the workshop at Windycon.

Richard Chwedyk is married to Chicago poet, Pamela Miller Chwedyk.

In 2009, he donated his archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

Short fiction

 * Stories

 * "Auteur theory" F&SF 95/1 [564] (Jul 1998)

 * Saurs stories
 * "Brontë's Egg" F&SF, August 2002
 * "In Tibor's Cardboard Castle" F&SF, October/November, 2004
 * "Orfy" F&SF, September/October, 2010
 * "The Man Who Put the Bomp" F&SF, March/April, 2017

Poetry

 * "A few kind words for A E van Vogt" (2002). Published in Tales of the Unanticipated 23 (2002) and in Year's Best SF 8
 * "Rich and Pam Go to Fermilab and Later See a Dead Man", Strange Horizons, 17 March 2003

title: Richard Chwedyk


text:
Mason bee

Mason bee is a name now commonly used for species of bees in the genus Osmia, of the family Megachilidae. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other "masonry" products in constructing their nests, which are made in naturally occurring gaps such as between cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. When available, some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects.

Species of the genus include the orchard mason bee O. lignaria, the blueberry bee O. ribifloris, the hornfaced bee O. cornifrons, and the red mason bee O. bicornis. The former two are native to the Americas, the third to eastern Asia, and the latter to the European continent, although O. lignaria and O. cornifrons have been moved from their native ranges for commercial purposes. Over 300 species are found across the Northern Hemisphere. Most occur in temperate habitats within the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, and are active from spring through late summer.

Osmia species are frequently metallic green or blue, although many are blackish and at least one rust-red. Most have black ventral scopae which are difficult to notice unless laden with pollen. They have arolia between their claws, unlike Megachile or Anthidium species.

Historically, the term mason bee has also been used to refer to bees from a number of other genera under Megachilidae such as Chalicodoma, most notably in "The Mason-Bees" by Jean-Henri Fabre and his translator Alexander Teixeira de Mattos in 1914.

Life cycle
Unlike honey bees (Apis) or bumblebees (Bombus), Osmia species are solitary; every female is fertile and makes her own nest, and no worker bees for these species exist.

When the bees emerge from their cocoons, the males exit first. The males typically remain near the nests waiting for the females, and some are known to actively extract females from their cocoons. When the females emerge, they mate with one or several males. The males soon die, and within a few days the females begin provisioning their nests.

Osmia females typically nest in narrow gaps and naturally occurring tubular cavities. Commonly, this means in hollow twigs but can be in abandoned nests of wood-boring beetles or carpenter bees, in snail shells, under bark, or in other small protected cavities. They do not excavate their own nests. The material used for the cell can be clay, mud, grit, or chewed plant tissue. The palearctic species O. avosetta is one of a few species known for lining their nest burrows with flower petals. A female might inspect several potential nests before settling in.

Within a few days of mating, the female has selected a nest site and has begun to visit flowers to gather pollen and nectar for her nests; many trips are needed to complete a pollen/nectar provision mass. Once a provision mass is complete, the bee backs into the hole and lays an egg on top of the mass. Then, she creates a partition of "mud", which doubles as the back of the next cell. The process continues until she has filled the cavity. Female eggs are laid in the back of the nest and male eggs toward the front.

Once a bee has finished with a nest, she plugs the entrance to the tube, and then may seek out another nest location.

Within weeks of hatching, the larva has probably consumed all of its provisions and begins spinning a cocoon around itself and enters the pupal stage, and the adult matures either in the fall or winter, hibernating inside its insulatory cocoon. Most Osmia species are found in places where the temperature drops below 0 C for long durations and they are well-adapted to cold winters; chilling seems to be a requirement for maturation. Some species of mason bees are semi-voltine, meaning that they have a two-year maturation cycle, with a full year (plus) spent as a larva.

Anatomy and morphology
Osmia share a basic anatomy with all bees and most insects; the main functional regions being the head, thorax, and abdomen. On the head, Osmia have three small ocelli, two large compound eyes, antennae, and a mouth. On the thorax, Osmia have six legs and four wings. The abdomen of females contains a scopa for pollen-collecting, absent in males. Although the scopa is usually located on the legs in most bees, it lies underneath the abdomen for Osmia and other genera in the family Megachilidae.

Pollination
Osmia can pollinate very efficiently, which is largely attributed to their anatomy and behavior. Unlike most other bee species that collect pollen from their hind legs, female Osmia and other bees in the family Megachilidae use pollen-collecting hairs from their abdominal scopa. When Osmia transfer pollen to flowers, dry pollen falls from the scopa onto the flower's stigma, facilitating pollination at nearly every visit. Osmia typically pollinate early spring flowers in the family Rosaceae, and will even forage under poor weather conditions.

Some farmers currently manage populations of Osmia to facilitate efficient pollination on their farms. However, using non-native Osmia species as managed pollinators has ignited the spread of disease, introducing invasive bee species that increase competition for native bees. In some areas, native Osmia species are in decline as of 2020; practices to minimize the impact of non-native pollinators on wild species include prioritizing the use of native bee species, raising local bee populations, and enforcing parasite/disease screening.

Management
Solitary bees produce neither honey nor beeswax. They are immune from acarine and Varroa mites, but have their own unique parasites, pests, and diseases. The nesting habits of many Osmia species lend themselves to easy cultivation, and a number of Osmia species are commercially propagated in different parts of the world to improve pollination in fruit and nut production. Commercial pollinators include O. lignaria, O. bicornis, O. cornuta, O. cornifrons, O. ribifloris, and O. californica. They are used both as an alternative to and as an augmentation for European honey bees. Mason bees used for orchard and other agricultural applications are all readily attracted to nesting holes – reeds, paper tubes, nesting trays, or drilled blocks of wood; in their dormant season, they can be transported as intact nests (tubes, blocks, etc.) or as loose cocoons. As is characteristic of solitary bees, Osmia species are very docile and rarely sting when handled (only under distress such as when wet or squeezed); their sting is small and not painful, and their stinger is unbarbed.

title: Mason bee


text:
John Beveridge

John Beveridge may refer to:
 * John Lourie Beveridge (1824–1910), governor of Illinois
 * John Beveridge (cricketer) (1909–1971), South African cricketer
 * John Beveridge (mayor) (1848–1916), New South Wales businessman and mayor
 * John Beveridge (rower) (1936–2016), English rower
 * Jack Beveridge (1907–1986), Australian rules footballer

title: John Beveridge


text:
Talk:Argolis

Untitled
This excludes the two independent communes of Alea (code: 0401, postal code: 205 00) and Achladokampos (code: 0405, postal code: 210 57)

Page was getting crowded and layout was messy
I'll restore the above when I figure out how to better integrate it (I think we need a different table format). --Jpbrenna 18:29, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Argolis


text:
Dusty Mangum

Dustin Ross Mangum (born May 5, 1983) is a former placekicker for the University of Texas at Austin's college football team (The Texas Longhorns) from 2001 to 2004. Mangum, who began his college football career as a walk-on, is best known for capping UT's 2004–2005 season with a 37-yard game-winning field goal as time expired in the 2005 Rose Bowl versus No. 13 University of Michigan. The tipped kick that went in allowed Texas to finish its season as one of the top 5 teams in the nation.

After the game, according to The Daily Texan, President George W. Bush called UT football coach Mack Brown to congratulate him on the win, and to make sure he knew that he watched the entire game, right down to Mangum's last kick.

According to news reports, just before Mangum's kick, Brown told the senior "You're the luckiest human being in the world because your last kick at Texas will win the Rose Bowl." The kick made him an instant state celebrity — he appeared on radio and television programs, was honored by the Mesquite Independent School District, where he is from, and has appeared at autograph signings at Texas bookstores.

Mangum was also on hand at a celebration in the state capitol, along with UT officials, when the Texas Senate passed a resolution honoring the Texas football team for its Rose Bowl win.

Mangum achieved numerous other honors during his time at Texas, though he was not selected in the 2005 NFL Draft. Although Mangum was no longer with the Longhorns for their 2005 championship season, his last-second kick foreshadowed the Longhorns second trip to Pasadena, where a sprint by Vince Young into the end-zone in the final minute of play gave Texas back-to-back Rose Bowl wins.

Accomplishments

 * Ranks third on UT's all-time scoring list with 358 points (first among kickers)
 * Ended his senior season as the nation's fourth-leading active career scorer
 * Set a UT record with 121 consecutive made PATs (previous: 57, Kris Stockton, 1998–99) and also holds the second place record with 67 straight
 * Recorded two of the top 10 scoring seasons on UT record
 * Twice named the Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week
 * Two-time honorable mention All-Big 12 Conference pick
 * Earned UT's Frank Denius Special Teams Player of the Week eight times
 * Hit a 37-yard game-winning FG as time expired to win the Rose Bowl versus No. 13 Michigan – only the fourth time in UT history that a game has been decided as time expired
 * Scored a Longhorns freshman-record 102 points (54-of-55 PATs/16-of-23 FGs) in 2001
 * Set eight UT freshman records and was an honorable mention All-Big 12 selection

Media quotes

 * With one kick off his right foot, Dusty Mangum had settled once and for all the debate over whether Texas deserved to be in the Rose Bowl. (International Herald Tribune—Sports)

Outside of football
Mangum enjoys singing and providing support for student government rallies.

title: Dusty Mangum


text: Category:Rifles of the United States

title: Category:Rifles of the United States


text:
I Got Rhythm

"I Got Rhythm" is a piece composed by George Gershwin with lyrics by Ira Gershwin and published in 1930, which became a jazz standard. Its chord progression, known as the "rhythm changes", is the foundation for many other popular jazz tunes such as Charlie Parker's and Dizzy Gillespie's bebop standard "Anthropology (Thrivin' on a Riff)".

Composition
The song came from the musical Girl Crazy, which also includes two other hit songs, "Embraceable You" and "But Not for Me", and has been sung by many jazz singers since. It was originally written as a slow song for Treasure Girl (1928) and found another, faster setting in Girl Crazy. Ethel Merman sang the song in the original Broadway production and Broadway lore holds that George Gershwin, after seeing her opening reviews, warned her never to take a singing lesson.

The piece was originally penned in the key of D♭ major. The song melody uses four notes of the five-note pentatonic scale, first rising, then falling. A rhythmic interest in the song is that the tune keeps behind the main pulse, with the three "I got..." phrases syncopated, appearing one beat behind in the first bar, while the fourth phase "Who could..." rushes in to the song. The song's chorus is in a 34-bar AABA form. Its chord progression (although often reduced to a standard 32-bar structure for the sake of improvised solos) is known as the "rhythm changes" and is the foundation for many other popular jazz tunes. The song was used as the theme in Gershwin's last concert piece for piano and orchestra, Variations on "I Got Rhythm", written in 1934. The song has become symbolic of the Gershwins, of swing and of the 1920s.

As usual, George Gershwin wrote the melody first and gave it to Ira to set, but Ira found it an unusually hard melody for which to compose lyrics. He experimented for two weeks with the rhyme scheme he felt the music called for — sets of triple rhymes — but found that the heavy rhyming "seemed at best to give a pleasant and jingly Mother Goose quality to a tune which should throw its weight around more". Finally, he began to experiment with leaving most of the lines unrhymed. "This approach felt stronger," he wrote, "and I finally arrived at the present refrain, with only 'more-door' and 'mind him-find him' the rhymes." He added that this approach "was a bit daring for me who usually depended on rhyme insurance".

Ira also wrote that, although the phrase "Who could ask for anything more?" is repeated four times in the song, he decided not to make it the title because "somehow the first line of the refrain sounded more arresting and provocative".

Disputed authorship
The four-note opening riff bears a striking resemblance to the opening melody of the third movement of William Grant Still's Symphony No. 1, "Afro-American." In the 1920s, Still played in the pit orchestra for Shuffle Along, and speculated that Gershwin may have borrowed the melody from his improvisations in the pit, which were later used in his own symphony.

In 1987 Still's daughter, Judith Anne Still, wrote in a letter that Gershwin stole the song from her father.
 * ''... my father said that Gershwin came to the Negro shows in Harlem to get his inspiration, stealing melodies wholesale from starving minority composers and then passing them off as his own. "I Got Rhythm" was my father's creation, according to Eubie Blake.

History
An instrumental arrangement for piano and orchestra appears in the 1945 Hollywood Victory Caravan.

The song is featured in the 1951 musical film An American in Paris. Gene Kelly sang the song and tap-danced, while French-speaking children whom he had just taught a few words of English shouted the words "I got" each time they appeared in the lyrics. This version finished at #32 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

The song appears in the fifth episode of the third season of Amazon Prime’s streaming series The Boys. While watching the 1943 version of Girl Crazy, The Female (Karen Fukuhara) daydreams about performing “I Got Rhythm” as a Broadway-style song-and-dance number with Frenchie (Tomer Capone). Fukuhara performed her own vocals for the scene.

It is also featured in the film Mr. Holland's Opus, during a scene in which students are trying out for a Gershwin revue, and in the movie My Girl, during a dinner scene in which the grandmother sings it, oblivious of the other characters.

An extensive list of notable singers have recorded this song. The most popular versions are those of The Happenings (#3 on the US charts in 1967 ), Judy Garland, Ethel Merman, Ella Fitzgerald and, more recently, Jodi Benson.

The song immediately became a jazz standard with recordings occurring already the year of publication. One of the first in jazz style is by Loring “Red” Nichols and his Orchestra on Brunswick (4957) recorded 23 October 1930. Many songs use its chord progression, such as Duke Ellington's "Cotton Tail". Charlie Parker alone based many songs on its chord progression, such as "Moose the Mooche". Gary Larson referenced the song in the Far Side.

In 1939, I Got Rhythm was arranged and orchestrated by Bruce Chase for a premiere performance by the Kansas Philharmonic, now the Kansas City Symphony.

A version of the song set to a disco beat was recorded by Ethel Merman for her Ethel Merman Disco Album in 1979.

In 1992, the show Crazy for You featured the song sung by Jodi Benson.

Another version of the song was arranged for solo guitar by Ton Van Bergeyk. It appears on the album Black and Tan Fantasy. Mike Oldfield and Wendy Roberts performed a version on Oldfield's Platinum album.

The song was satirized in an episode of The Muppet Show where Rowlf and Fozzie attempt to perform it but Fozzie is unable to keep in tempo. To compensate, Rowlf has him change the lyrics to "I don't got rhythm".

The song has appeared in several film versions of Girl Crazy:
 * Girl Crazy (1932), performed by Kitty Kelly
 * Girl Crazy (1943), performed by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney with Six Hits and a Miss, The Music Maids and Tommy Dorsey with his Orchestra
 * When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965), performed by Harve Presnell and Connie Francis

Other recordings

 * George Gershwin – 1931
 * Louis Armstrong – 1931
 * Casa Loma Orchestra – 1933
 * Duke Ellington
 * Jimmy Dorsey and his Orchestra – 1937
 * Benny Goodman – 1938
 * Metronome All Stars (Count Basie, Benny Carter, Benny Goodman) – 1942
 * Esquire All Stars (Louis Armstrong, Roy Eldridge, Art Tatum) – 1944
 * Jazz at the Philharmonic (Coleman Hawkins, Charlie Parker, Lester Young) – 1946
 * Willie "The Lion" Smith – 1949
 * The Happenings – Psycle (1967)
 * Bing Crosby included the song in his 1976 album At My Time of Life.
 * Ethel Merman – including a disco version for The Ethel Merman Disco Album (1979)
 * Mike Oldfield (with Wendy Roberts) arranged the song as a ballad - Platinum (1979)
 * Stephane Grappelli and McCoy Tyner – One on One (1990)
 * Thelonious Monk
 * Red Nichols
 * Charlie Parker
 * Hiromi's Sonicbloom – Beyond Standard (2008)
 * The Puppini Sisters – Hollywood (2011)
 * Ethel Waters
 * Tony Glausi - My Favorite Tunes (2020)

title: I Got Rhythm


text:
Lexus GX

The Lexus GX (レクサス・GX) is a mid/full-size luxury SUV sold in North American and Eurasian markets by Lexus, a luxury division of Toyota. The GX is based on the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, from which it derives its off-road capability.

Lexus introduced the first generation, known as the GX 470 in 2002, and subsequently became the third SUV to enter the Lexus lineup. A full-time four-wheel drive system is standard with low-range gearing. The 4.7-liter V8 engine in the GX 470 was the same as used on the larger LX 470. The firm next introduced the second-generation model in 2009, badged GX 460 to reflect the switch to a 4.6-liter V8 engine. Lexus later released a lower displacement GX 400 in 2012 for the Chinese market, with a 4.0-liter V6 engine. The third-generation model introduced in 2023 uses the GX 550 moniker with a twin-turbocharged 3.4-liter V6 engine and GX 550h with a turbocharged hybrid electric 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine.

, the GX is positioned between the larger LX or TX and the smaller RX. Though it is thought the GX has always been larger than the RX, from 2015 to 2022, the RX is slightly longer and slightly wider than the GX and therefore the GX was considered smaller. All GX production has occurred at the Tahara plant in Japan, alongside the Land Cruiser Prado and the export-minded Toyota 4Runner.

Some countries classify the GX as a full-size vehicle (e.g., Australia ), while some classify it as a mid-size vehicle (e.g., US  ), depending on local regulations.

First generation (J120; 2002)
Lexus introduced the GX 470 at the North American International Auto Show in January 2002 as a 2003 model, with sales commencing in November 2002. The GX development program began in 1999 following the J120 Toyota Land Cruiser Prado in 1997, with design work by Shoichi Fujiyoshi concluding in the first half of 2000. The suspension shared its layout with the Toyota 4Runner equipped with the rear air suspension, while adding Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) and Downhill Assist Control (DAC). AVS could adjust damper firmness continuously while DAC modulated descents down slopes. Power came from a 4.7-liter, 32-valve, four-cam 2UZ-FE V8 engine originally rated at 235 hp at 4,800 rpm and 320 lbft of torque at 3,400 rpm. Towing capacity was rated at 5000 lb for the 2003 model year. Midway through the 2004 model year, the GX received an upgraded towing capacity of 6500 lb with the addition of a much stronger frame-bolted tubular hitch. Ground clearance measured 8.3 in, with an approach angle of 30° and a departure angle of 29° raised (25° normal). The GX 470 carried a.

The interior came equipped with two rows of seating, while an optional third row allowed up to eight passengers to be carried. However, the folding third row was tight with only 24.9 in of legroom. A Mark Levinson audio system along with a Rear Seat Entertainment System were available as options. A side-opening rear tailgate was standard.

In 2003, for the 2004 model year, the GX 470's transmission was upgraded to a sealed unit with no dipstick. An optional Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) became available as a late-year addition. KDSS freed and adjusted the vehicle's stabilizer bars for greater articulation allowing the wheels to move with less restriction over uneven terrain, and used front and rear hydraulic pressure-sensing valves and larger stabilizer bars to reduce body roll during on-road conditions. Safety upgrades for 2004 included a roll-sensing feature for the side curtain airbags, a tire pressure monitoring system, and an optional rear backup camera system.

In 2004, for the 2005 model year, the GX 470's engine gained 35 hp with the addition of VVT-i for a total of 270 hp. This allowed the SUV to be certified as an Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle II (ULEV II) in the U.S. Other upgrades included an enhanced navigation system, Bluetooth compatibility, and more voice commands. A Sport model joined the lineup, including the Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System and different styling such as smoked bezel headlamps, added chrome trim, and black birdseye maple wood.

In 2005, for the 2006 model year, changes in SAE engine testing procedures resulted in a slight drop in the amount of stated power for the V8 to 263 hp, and Lexus Link telematics was offered in North America. For 2007, the GX 470 was largely unchanged, with upgrades for cabin electronics including a new generation navigation system, auxiliary input jack for devices like an iPod, DVD video playback when parked, and larger optional rear entertainment video screen.

Finally, in 2007, for the 2008 model year, the GX 470 received styling updates, including a dark metallic grille, liquid graphite wheels, added exterior and interior chrome, revised turn signal lights, and added wood and body color options.

The Lexus GX has won various awards including "Four Wheeler of the Year" in 2003 and 2004 from Four Wheeler Magazine, and Automobile Magazine All-Star for 2003 in the Mid-Size Sport-Utility category. J.D. Power and Associates named the GX 470 the highest ranked premium luxury SUV in initial quality in 2005, and Kelley Blue Book gave the GX 470 its Best Resale Value Award in 2006.

Second generation (J150; 2009)
The GX 460 debuted in China at the Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition in November 2009. The redesigned model continued with body-on-frame construction, full-time four-wheel drive, an electronically controlled hi-lo transfer case, and a Torsen center locking differential. The Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) became standard. Power came from a new 4.6-liter 1UR-FE V8 engine producing 301 hp and 329 lbft of torque, mated to a new six-speed automatic transmission. Fuel economy was improved over the prior generation, while maximum towing capacity was 6500 lb. The drag coefficient was reduced to. The rear wiper was hidden under the rear spoiler, and while the tailgate remained side-opening, a flip-up glass panel was added.

The interior added a power-folding, two-passenger third row which folded flat, allowing capacity for up to seven passengers, with the second row sliding or tilting for third-row access. Because the third row was no longer removable and used additional space, cargo capacity declined. A toggle switch replaced the transfer case's floor-mounted shift lever, and the gauge cluster added a steering wheel angle display for off-road situations. Similar to before, a Mark Levinson sound system and two-display Rear Seat Entertainment System (RSES) were optional, while three-zone climate control, semi-aniline leather, and heated second-row seats and steering wheel were new options.

Like its predecessor, Rear Adjustable Height Control (AHC) air suspension was offered on the GX 460 with an Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) system and Hill-start Assist Control (HAC). Additional electronic aids included the LX 570's Crawl Control system, Downhill Assist Control (DAC), and Active Traction Control (A-TRAC). The Torsen differential distributed a variable torque split when left unlocked, including a 40:60 (front: rear) ratio under normal driving conditions, a 30:70 ratio during cornering, and a 50:50 ratio when rear-wheel slippage was detected.

Added safety features included whiplash-reducing active headrests and ten airbags, including front knee airbags and rear side torso airbags. New safety options include a Pre-Collision System, Driver Monitoring System, lane departure warning system, and Lexus Enform with Safety Connect telematics. Optional cameras located at the rear door, rear-view mirror, and passenger-side mirror provided views of the vehicle's sides. Low-beam HID headlamp projectors were offered with an Intelligent High Beam feature which automatically dimmed the high beams depending on traffic conditions and an Adaptive Front lighting System (AFS) that swiveled the headlamps in corners.

On May 28, 2012, Lexus China announced the market launch of the GX 400, which replaces the GX 460 in China. The engine option is now changed to the 4.0-liter 1GR-FE V6 engine that outputs 202 kW combined with a five-speed automatic transmission. Due to the power reduction, it takes 9.8 seconds for the GX 400 to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h. Compared with the outgoing GX 460, most standard equipment on GX 400 remains the same. However, in November 2017, the GX 400 was discontinued in Chinese markets.

On April 13, 2010, Consumer Reports in the United States urged customers not to buy the 2010 model year GX 460, giving it a "Don't buy, Safety Risk" label, its first such vehicle rating since 2001, following the results of a "lift-off oversteer" emergency test. This label was lifted on May 7, 2010. In the high-speed test, the SUV was quickly turned with no pedal input, causing a sideways slide before the vehicle stability control (VSC) initiated a full stop. Consumer Reports said that the VSC acted too slowly, and if a wheel hit a curb or slid off the pavement, a rollover accident could occur. The shared platform Toyota 4Runner passed the test, and while Consumer Reports said it knew of no actual incidents, it recommended a software fix. The same day, vehicle maker Toyota expressed concern, thanked the magazine, and temporarily suspended GX 460 sales. While noting that the SUV met all U.S. federal requirements, on April 16 Toyota confirmed that its testing had duplicated the results.

On April 19, 2010, a voluntary recall of the GX 460 was issued, along with the left-hand-drive Land Cruiser Prado, for a software update to fix the VSC response. With the software update in place, sales resumed on April 29. Vehicle stability control had been criticized by Wheels magazine for slow response speed on such models as the Toyota Kluger (known as the Highlander in North America), while Drive noted that VSC had also been said to intervene too soon. The Wall Street Journal pointed the lack of VSC a decade ago.

In September 2013, the GX received a first facelift with the Lexus spindle grille design, new LED headlamps, and LED daytime running lights standard; LED fog lamps are optional. In the US pricing has been reduced by $4,750.

Yearly changes

 * 2013, for the 2014 model year: Facelift with the spindle grille design, new LED headlamps, and LED daytime running lights; LED fog lamps are optional. In the US the price was reduced by $4,750.
 * 2016, for the 2017 model year: the Lexus GX added second-row captain chairs with the luxury package.
 * 2019, for the 2020 model year: the GX received a second facelift with a redesigned, more angular spindle grille along with new triple-beam LED headlamps. An Off-Road package is also new, which consists of a 360-degree Panoramic View Monitor and Multi-Terrain Monitor with 4 Cameras, a transmission cooler, a fuel-tank protector along with Lexus' own Crawl Control and Multi-Terrain Select. Additionally, the interior gains new trim options, including a Rioja Red interior color, and safety features part of Safety System+ are now standard on all models.
 * 2021, for the 2022 model year: the GX received some minor changes, one of which included a new infotainment system with both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto and a redesigned dashboard. The Black Line Edition cosmetic package was introduced but could not be built with specific luxury features such as the Mark Levinson audio system.
 * 2022, for the 2023 model year: Eminent white pearl was introduced as a new exterior color for the GX460.

Third generation (J250; 2023)
The third generation GX, marketed as GX 550 and GX 550h was revealed in prototype form on 8 June 2023. It has a boxier design than the previous generation and is built on the GA-F platform, shared with the J250 Land Cruiser Prado. This is also the first GX model to be officially sold in Japan and Australia. Production started in November 2023.

The third generation GX is larger than the previous generation, with width increasing by 3.74 in (overtrail by 4.52 in), wheelbase increasing by 2.36 in, and length increasing by 2.75 in.

In the US, the GX 550 will be available in six grades: Premium, Premium+, Luxury, Luxury+, and the newly-added Overtrail and Overtrail+ off-road oriented models. The new Overtrail grade comes with standard 33-inch All-Terrain tires and 18-inch wheels. All models will feature the V35A-FTS 3.4-liter twin-turbocharged V6 which produces 349 hp and 479 lbft of torque. The GX 550 has a towing capacity of up to 8,000 lb. Lexus announced a hybrid powertrain is to come later. The GX 550 comes standard with Lexus Safety System+ 3.0 and Lexus Interface with 14-inch multimedia touchscreen.

Sales
Sales data for the Lexus GX are as follows, sourced from manufacturer yearly data:

title: Lexus GX


text:
Mikseri.net

Mikseri.net is a free Finnish music-sharing service created by Arto Aaltonen with the help of Miikka Koivuniemi. Independent musicians are allowed to upload their work on their accounts from which other users can download their music for free. Registered users can also review other artists' works. Tracks are uploaded to the site in mp3 format. Mikseri.net is much like the late mp3.com, but with the focus of services towards the musician community rather than consumers. Quite a few popular Finnish artists have launched their careers from mikseri.net; @junkmail, MC Pöly, Chorale and Steen1 to name a few.

History
The first official version of Mikseri.net was released in 27.05.2001 after half a year of developing. After the release of the second official version the service started to grow rapidly.

title: Mikseri.net


text:
Peter Moffatt

Peter Moffatt (15 April 1922 – 21 October 2007) was an English television director.

His work includes Crane (1963), Breaking Point, All Creatures Great and Small (1978) and The Gentle Touch (1980). He also directed the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who serials State of Decay (1980), The Visitation (1982), Mawdryn Undead (1983), "The Five Doctors" (1983), The Twin Dilemma (1984) and The Two Doctors (1985).

title: Peter Moffatt


text:
Talk:Four Channel Compact Disc Digital Audio/to do

 * add a diagram or tech doc of subcode channel Q or whatever else appropriately illustrates the flag(s) or format for four channel audio
 * determine if any CDs were ever released in this format


text: Category:Weapons of Malaysia

title: Category:Weapons of Malaysia


text:
Talk:Trillion cubic feet

Begrudgingly made article
I made this article begrudgingly. From one perspective it should be unneccessary, but from another point it may help people understand some commonly used petroleum industry terminology that you commonly see in the news. --Csnewton 18:23, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Where?
According to the article

"Trillion cubic feet, commonly abbreviated as Tcf, is an imperial unit of volume used to express large volumes of gas. The term Tcf is common practice in the oil and gas industry and publications related to this industry to describe the volume of natural gas fields."

My question is "Where is this unit used?" I very much doubt that such a unit would be used in metric countries. If I'm correct then it should be mentioned that the unit is restricted to the US. You might as well call it a "US customary unit" whilst you're at it too.

Jimp 14Sep05

title: Talk:Trillion cubic feet