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Talk:Gronings dialect

Grunnengs
Is it appropriate to have this under the name Grunnengs which would be the native name ? Gronings is a word from the Dutch language, which is not the dialect of this encyclopedia. Sarcelles 06:55, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what the correct name is in English. In Dutch, it's Gronings, and in Low Saxon and Gronings itself, it's Grunnengs. What you could do is create a new article Grunnengs which is a #REDIRECT to Gronings and use the template in the #REDIRECT page. Ae-a 19:46, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I suggest to move it to the Gronings name. The current name is a bit strange. Sarcelles 02:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think some examples should be added in to see how Gronings can be seen as a intermediate dialect between Low German and Dutch. It can be and is defined as both as it is stated in the Dutch wikipedia as well. --Lucius1976 11:52, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Then I'd rather say that this article should be Groningish or Groningan Language. 82.73.149.109 (talk) 21:08, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * We can't just make up names as we please. In works written in English, the Dutch name Gronings is the one most commonly used, so I'm moving the article back to Gronings. I can't find evidence that the name "Groningan Low Saxon" or even "Groningen Low Saxon" is ever used outside of Wikipedia. +Angr 07:52, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * 'Grunnegs' is the name for the language in... Grunnegs. English has no agreed practice as Grunnegs is practically never discussed in English-language environments. Defaulting to the name used in the national language - Dutch 'Gronings' in this case - is the age-old cop-out contributing to the emaciation and enduring invisibility of regional languages. Preferring the Dutch form because the native form looks 'funny' (due to its unfamiliarity, perhaps?) does not convince me. Further arguments here. I suggest naming the article 'Grunnegs'. Ni'jluuseger (talk) 18:37, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * And "Deutsch" is the name for German in German. But we don't use languages' own names for themselves at English Wikipedia, we use the name most commonly used in English, which in this case is "Gronings". —Angr (talk) 08:26, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

 * -Angr, your comparison with the word "German" is not justified, in my opinion. The word "German" is a well known word in English, and thus should be used instead of "Deutsch" obviously. But the words "Gronings"/"Grunnegs" are not well known words in English. If you check the online dictionaries Google Translate, Babelfish, Dictionary.com, Dictionary.cambridge.org, Merriam-Webster online, Oxford English Dictionary, you will have trouble translating the words Grunnegs(Low Saxon)/Gronings(Dutch) to English. So that word does not have an adequate translation from Low Saxon or Dutch to English.
 * The second part of your reasoning is also not right: "correctness" is not a matter of most frequently used. The "truth" is not democratic. Following your reasoning, if Wikipedia would have existed a couple of centuries ago, you would have reverted someone adding an article about Copernicus theories about the earth rotating, iso the earth being the centre of the universe and the sun revolving around it, because the latter was the most commonly accepted theory. Another example, in Dutch there are two ways to spell the word for 'present': cadeau and kado. The correct way to spell it, is the former, as prescribed by the Taalunie, the organisation that determines the official spelling. But, a quick Google search learns that the word kado is used almost four times as often on Dutch websites. My point here is that you will probably find the word Gronings more often than Grunnegs on English websites, because it does not have an established translation in English, and authors looking for a translation will find more occurences of the word Gronings than Grunnegs, simply because the number of Dutch speakers is larger, but that does not make it correct.
 * Another argument for using the word Grunnegs instead of Gronings may be consistency in Wikimedia projects: there already is a Grunnegs on Wikisource.
 * To conclude: I am strongly in favour of using Grunnegs, being the native word for it, Gronings would be a 'Dutchification'. If Grunnegs is unacceptable, Groningish or Groningan Language as suggested above would be my second choice. Droadnaegel (talk) 23:24, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth. Five centuries ago there would have been very few reliable sources asserting that the Earth rotated around the Sun, and Copernicus's ideas about the layout of the solar system would have been considered a fringe view, so yes, if Wikipedia had existed in Copernicus's lifetime it's unlikely that it would have given much if any space to his theories. It's true that the term Gronings isn't as well established in English as the word German is, but if you check Google Books, for example (the most convenient way of seeing how commonly terms are used in published, edited writing), you'll see that on the rare occasions that Gronings is discussed in English, it's far more often called Gronings than Grunnegs, Groningish, Groningan or anything else. We have to follow what the sources say, not what we consider to be politically correct, and we cannot make up our own terms. —Angr (talk) 09:23, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I saw an old English map once in which Groningen was reffered to as "Groningue". Perhaps the word Groningan was derrived from "Groninguan"or something like that.... Gerard von Hebel (talk) 10:02, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Unmotivated tag
As far as I can see, there is no contradiction whatsoever between the content of this article and that of nl:Nederlandse dialecten, let alone a serious one. Who is responsible for this tag and on what grounds could it have been assigned? I am very curious to hear which reservations on whose side there possibly could be here. It looks like some unexplicable mystery. -- Ad43 (talk) 15:12, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

The maps
The Frisian speaking area in the Southwest of the Province is rather exaggerated. As it stands it would encompass big parts of the Leek and Marum municipalities, including Marum itself! In reality there are only two or three small villages near the border in which Frisian is spoken as a native language. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 09:56, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The map is still rather at fault when it comes to the situation concerning Frisian in the Southwestern Westerkwartier as I indicated about three years ago. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 20:43, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Official status
I don't think Gronings or Low-Saxon (whatever that may mean) have an official status yet, as claimed in the infobox. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 09:59, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Mistake in translation of "Luu" in the "Linguistic distance from Standard Dutch"
I think that there is an error in the translation of the word "employees". When translated in Groningen we would not translate this to a simple "luu". "Luu" originally translates as: "Lieden" or "Lui(den)" in Dutch. In the expample below it would be better to use the word: "waarkluu". It would cover the sort of people much better. (Erwin Greven from Stadskanaal, prov. Groningen)

Gronings: Doe hest n hail ìnde luu dij scheuvellopen kinnen, pronounced: [du‿ɛst‿n̩ haɪ̯l‿ɪndə ly daɪ̯‿sxøːvəloʊ̯ʔm̩ kɪnn̩] Dutch: Jij hebt heel veel werknemers die kunnen schaatsen, pronounced: [jɛi ɦɛpt ɦeːl veːl ʋɛrkneːmərs di kɵnə(n) sxaːtsə(n)] English: You have a lot of employees who can ice skate — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erwin Greven (talk • contribs) 14:03, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I would say that Erwin is right. 'Warkluu' would be better. Or even better: adapt the translation to resp. 'heleboel mensen' and 'a lot of people' since 'employees' does not make sense anyway, and 'doe hest' also translates to 'there are'. 94.214.180.92 (talk) 19:39, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

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The phonology section
You can't indiscriminately revert editors without addressing the edit summaries, while putting things like "do not debate" in the edit summaries yourself. Yes, we will debate this and I expect you to reply. You don't WP:OWN the article and the phonology section isn't yours. I know a thing or two about Dutch and the regional dialects spoken in the Netherlands and therefore I have a right to challenge your edits (and vice versa, as you know).

Can you give me a link to De taal van Westerwolde: Patronen en structuren in een Gronings dialect? Is it available to read for free?

Let's go through the issues I have with the Phonology section:

 * Why on earth do you keep calling nasal vowels? These are nasal stop consonants. This is a strong cue that you revert my edits indiscriminately while ignoring the edit summaries. That's a no-no.
 * In what context are they devoiced and preglottalized? Isn't that the effect of the preceding (which, by the way, are aspirated?) Please provide an exact quote from the source.
 * What is the source for the table of monophthongs? The open vowels are definitely wrong as they're fully front (especially the short one!) The long close vowels could be correct, but I have a hunch that belongs to the close-mid series, as in Dutch.
 * Please tell me what exactly the source says about diphthongs. There's no way Gronings contrasts with . Kbb2 (ex. Mr KEBAB) (talk) 09:45, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Also it seems highly improbable that "[w]ord-final nasal vowels can be either devoiced as, or pre-glottal as ". The sample sentence Doe hest n hail ìnde luu dij scheuvellopen kinnen is transcribed as , so it is obviously the plosive that is realized as  before the nasal that is homorganic due to perseverative assimilation. And note that none of the diphthongs of that transcription is listed in the table of diphthongs. — If " is a allophone of " (as opposed to ?), are they in free variation? — If " only occurs in word-medial position" how come that it also occurs "in word-initial position" where "it is always pronounced as "? (Besides,  is not the same as .)
 * This article has multiple other issues. For example, it informs readers of the following: “Some linguists classify Gronings to North Low Saxon, to which also East Frisian belongs. Both related dialects are characterized by an East Frisian influence.” So East Frisian is characterized by an East Frisian influence. Users are not informed that there is a difference between the East Frisian language and East Frisian Low Saxon, so they can understand what might be meant here. Something similar applies to the distinction between the West Frisian language and West Frisian Dutch when only "West Frisian" is mentioned. — I found more issues, but this discussion is about phonology. Love —LiliCharlie (talk) 11:39, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Per (according to which we can at least fix the monophthong table, which is unsourced here):
 * and are diphthongized to  and  (I guess the same is true of : ). Naturally, this implies special allophones before :.
 * is an open vowel, the rounded back counterpart of   which is open front like.
 * is phonemically close-mid, as in Standard Dutch because it is the "closed O" that occurs before nasals in Standard Dutch. Presumably, and  are also close-mid as far as phonemic classification goes.
 * are aspirated; is also affricated:.
 * is dropped in the word-final position before consonants, presumably without turning into . Dutch WP says that Waardoor hoor jij dat woord maar niet? corresponds to something like  in Gronings, but I don't know whether this is a proper dialect translation of the Dutch sentence.
 * The ending is phonetically a syllabic nasal that's homorganic with the preceding sound consonant.
 * Per The Phonetics of English and Dutch (2003), which describes some aspects of both Groningen Standard Dutch and Gronings:
 * is front
 * are diphthongized to, except before where they're realized as  or perhaps
 * is phonetically a syllabic nasal that's homorganic with the preceding sound consonant.
 * is dropped in East Groningen.
 * Someone who can read Dutch fluently should check Reker (1999), listed in the further reading section. I think the author says that is front and that  is long (rather than short as in Standard Dutch), but that article probably features more information.
 * Last but not least: Gronings isn't a uniform dialect. There are regional differences in the pronunciation of vowels (and consonants too) and we should list them. Kbb2 (ex. Mr KEBAB) (talk) 15:10, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * 1. Reker (1999:25–36) doesn't treat phonology, except for a rough orthography-based sketch of how some Johan Huizinga (1872–1945) presumably pronounced the word humanisme on page 34. The author then observes that it is improbable any present-day speaker uses such a pronunciation, but he doesn't say what has changed.
 * 2. Right, Gronings is not a uniform dialect at all, see nl:Gronings-Oost-Friese dialecten for an enumeration of its principal varieties. Love —LiliCharlie (talk) 16:10, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

That's the dilemma if we want to contest sourced content which may look odd/dubious to us upon first inspection, and we cannot access the source to verify the material. Assuming good faith and always open for surprises, I would boil it down to two collegial questions to : –Austronesier (talk) 16:27, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * What's the original wording for the passage: "Word-final nasal vowels can be either devoiced as [m̥, n̥, ŋ̊], or pre-glottal as [ʔm, ʔn, ʔŋ]"?
 * Are there examples of words which contain /ɑɪ/ and /ɑi/?

@User:Kbb2 okay so to answer all of your questions, I want to first start off with saying that I did not obtain the source De taal van Westerwolde: Patronen en structuren in een Gronings dialect for free. I found it located in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands), and then, I requested them to do a page scan within the book. The book itself is all in Dutch, but it does help when it is slightly translated if possible. Also, the Gronings language is not a Dutch dialect (unless you are talking about the Dutch language dialect spoken in the Groningen region), it is simply a dialect continuum of the Low Saxon dialects of Low German. And yes, that was a careless mistake on my part to say "nasal vowels", because obviously that is not true. But you are incorrect when calling the plain stop consonants aspirated. Now I don't know for sure, maybe in some cases of Gronings or Dutch Low Saxon, the stops could be aspirated, but for the most part they are either voiceless or voiced. Now about the vowels, both the monophthongs and the dipthongs were cited from that same source. And yes, it does display a short back vowel of for. You may actually be right about the vowels being close-mid, as in Dutch. They are listed as "half high" in the book, so I would agree with your take on them being close-mid. It does (believe it or not) say something about being an allophone of. is also listed as an allophone as well. Fdom5997 (talk) 02:35, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you still help us out with an explaination from the source in what kind of environment word-final nasals appear "devoiced as [m̥, n̥, ŋ̊], syllabic as [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩], or pre-glottal as [ʔm, ʔn, ʔŋ]"? –Austronesier (talk) 18:05, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Look at my final question, which remained unanswered. Thank you for translating this silence into action. –Austronesier (talk) 14:57, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about the devoiced/voiceless allophones, but the syllabic ones appear in the same environments as in German and Danish. The glottal stop has nothing to do with the nasals, it's an allophone of (not sure about the last one tho). This isn't unique to Gronings, it's a feature of many if not all Low Saxon dialects. Sol505000 (talk) 09:22, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know. I do nasal release with both voiced and voiceless medial stops, and I am conditioned to hear [ʔm̩, ʔn̩, ʔŋ̩] as my [pm̩, tn̩, kŋ̩]. Like you, I am still curious about the environment for devoiced nasals. –Austronesier (talk) 12:20, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gronings dialect


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President of Vanuatu

The president of Vanuatu (Président du Vanuatu) is the head of state of Vanuatu. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils.

The president's role is mostly ceremonial. The Constitution grants the president the ability to appoint the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Vanuatu, and three other justices.

In case of vacancy, the speaker of the Parliament will be the acting president of Vanuatu.

From 1906 to 1980 the resident commissioners of the New Hebrides were British and French colonial officials. From 1887 to 1906 the New Hebrides was led by Anglo-French joint naval commissioners.

The current president is Nikenike Vurobaravu, since 23 July 2022.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: President of Vanuatu


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Giant cowbird

The giant cowbird (Molothrus oryzivorus) is a large passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It breeds from southern Mexico south to northern Argentina, and on Trinidad and Tobago. It may have relatively recently colonised the latter island. It is a brood parasite and lays its eggs in the nests of other birds.

Taxonomy
The giant cowbird was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the orioles in the genus Oriolus and coined the binomial name Oriolus oryzivorus. Gmelin based his account on the "rice bird" from Cayenne that had been described in 1782 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. The specific epithet is from Latin oryza meaning "rice" and -vorus meaning "eating". The giant cowbird is now one of six cowbirds placed in the genus Molothrus that was introduced in 1832 by William Swainson.

Two subspecies are recognised:
 * M. o. impacifus (Peters, JL, 1929) – east Mexico to west Panama
 * M. o. oryzivorus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – central Panama to Peru, Bolivia and north Argentina

Distribution and habitat
It is associated with open woodland and cultivation with large trees, but is also the only cowbird that is found in deep forest.

Description
The male giant cowbird is 34 cm long, weighs 174 - 242 g and is iridescent black, with a long tail, long bill, small head, and a neck ruff which is expanded in display. The female is smaller, averaging 29 cm in length and weighing 144 - 167 g. The female is less iridescent than the male, and the absence of the neck ruff makes her look less small-headed. Juvenile males are similar to the adult male, but browner, and with a pale, not black, bill.

It is a quiet bird, particularly for an icterid, but the male has an unpleasant screeched whistle, shweeaa-tpic-tpic. The call is a sharp chek-chik. They are also very adept mimics.

Breeding
Like other cowbirds, it is a brood parasite, laying its eggs in the nests of oropendolas and caciques. The eggs are of two types, either whitish and unspotted, or pale blue or green with dark spots and blotches. The host's eggs and chicks are not destroyed. Their icterid hosts breed colonially, and defend their nests vigorously, so even a large, bold and aggressive species like the giant cowbird has to cover an extensive territory to find sufficient egg-laying opportunities. Several giant cowbird eggs may be laid in one host nest.

Food and feeding
This gregarious bird feeds mainly on insects, and some seeds, including rice, and forages on the ground or in trees. It also searches for fruit, nectar, and arthropods along lakes and rivers, and in banana plantations and corn. It rarely perches on cattle, unlike some of its relatives, but in Brazil it will ride on capybaras as it removes ticks and/or horse flies.

title: Giant cowbird


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The Simpsons: Bart's House of Weirdness

The Simpsons: Bart's House of Weirdness is a platform video game published by Konami on January 1, 1992 for MS-DOS. Developed by Distinctive Software, it is based on the Simpsons franchise and features many aspects from the series. In the game, the player controls Bart as he escapes from the Simpsons' house after being grounded by his parents. On his adventures throughout town, Bart is equipped with various weapons that are used to fend off enemies and animals. Bart's House of Weirdness does not have a wide fan base because it was only released for DOS, but the early reviews of the game were positive, at least in terms of graphics and sound.

Plot and gameplay
Bart's House of Weirdness is an action-adventure platform game that uses single-screen movement. The plot sees Bart grounded to his room by his parents Homer and Marge after having pulled one too many pranks. With nothing to do, he quickly gets bored and escapes from the home. He travels around town, and eventually heads to an amusement park where he has to save Krusty the Clown from his archenemy Sideshow Bob.

The game has six levels and a final battle. The player controls Bart as he helps his sister Maggie recover her ball, explores the basement and attic of the Simpsons' home, sneaks out to the movie theater and the Springfield Mall, and has a dream in which he is inserted into the Itchy & Scratchy universe. During these levels, Bart fights dust bunnies, spiders (in the attic), ghosts (in the basement), space mutants (at the movie theater), and Itchy and Scratchy (in the dream world).

Bart is able to utilize a variety of weapons in the game, including a burp gun, a slingshot, spray paint, and water balloons. The player controls these weapons with either a keyboard or a joystick. The joystick control has two modes: one for shooting and one for jumping. Whenever the player misses one of the creatures and they are able to hit Bart, the life bar, called the "Cool-O-Meter", drops. In order to regain Bart's coolness, the player must find a cool item that he can use. When the player has completed all levels, Bart goes to the Krustyland amusement park to save Krusty from Bob.

Development and release
Bart's House of Weirdness was developed by Distinctive Software and published by Konami. It was announced by Konami at the June 1991 International Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. The game was released in 1992 solely for the DOS platform, and was available for both Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) and Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), but not Video Graphics Array (VGA). Writers for UGO Networks have commented that the fact that Bart's House of Weirdness was released exclusively for DOS "more than likely tells why its critical acclaim is zilch and fan support non-existent. It's surprising it got such a limited release, seeing it was published by Konami, who usually have no problem distributing games on a variety of platforms." Similarly, a 1UP.com editor wrote that the game is "mostly- [sic]unknown (there's not even a single video of it on YouTube)" and that it "deserves a little more coverage, if only to acknowledge its existence".

Reception
The game was reviewed in 1992 in issue 179 of Dragon magazine by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in the column "The Role of Computers". The reviewers gave the game five out of five stars, and commented that "Without a doubt, Bart's House of Weirdness is one of the best arcade games we’ve played. It also happens to be one of Konami’s best products!" They added that "With superb Roland sound (the TV show theme and opening animations are quite good) and smooth animation, our only wish is that Konami would consider releasing this fine arcade delight with full VGA support sometime in the future. If you like Bart and really enjoy arcade games, you have to get this one." William Burrill of Toronto Star commented that "the graphics in House of Weirdness are sharp and colorful, and look much like the television show. Music from the real show is also included, along with digitized samples of Bart's rather whining voice." Computer Gaming World liked the graphics' resemblance to the TV show, and concluded that "House of Weirdness stands up as well as any 'Super-Maroid' arcade game".

In 2009, eighteen years after Bart's House of Weirdness was released, 1UP.com editor Bob Mackey reviewed the game in 1UP's official Retro Gaming Blog. He praised the game for its graphics, but was critical of the gameplay. Mackey wrote that "the graphics are far more impressive than any other Simpsons title at the time, outside of the arcade brawler. In fact, the graphics alone were responsible for my childlike [...] excitement over House of Weirdness; [...] they're pretty lush — even if they're not entirely faithful to the show. Bart's PC translation might be just a little off-model, but it's a gigantic leap over his duck-like visage seen on the NES." He added, however, that the game "is completely unintuitive, your goals aren't made clear, it's never certain if you're doing the right thing, and you're often locked into screens with no apparent way out but death." Mackey also criticized the levels' structure that "seems more randomly- [sic]generated than anything" and the fact that the "big, beautiful" sprites sometimes do not move well.

title: The Simpsons: Bart's House of Weirdness


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John Lenders

John Lenders (born 1 October 1958) is an Australian politician. He represented the Southern Metropolitan Region in the Victorian Legislative Council. He was most notably the Minister for Education in the Bracks Government and Treasurer of Victoria in the Brumby Government.

He was appointed Treasurer in August 2007 following the appointment of Premier John Brumby and was succeeded on 3 December 2010 after the election of the Baillieu Government. Lenders also served as the Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council during the tenure of the Labor Government.

He was the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Council from 2010 to 2014 and held a number of shadow ministries.

Lenders retired at the 2014 Victorian state election.

Prior positions
Lenders entered parliament in September 1999, as the MLA for Dandenong North. During this period, he served as the Parliamentary Secretary for Treasury and Finance.

He was then elected, in the subsequent 2002 election, MLC for Waverley. As Minister for Industrial Relations, in 2002 he championed the Federal Awards (Uniform System) Bill, which sought to provide Federal award employment protection to Victoria's non-award covered workers, which was passed by Parliament in 2003.

Lenders was also made Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister for Finance in 2002 - portfolios he occupied until 2005 and 2006 respectively. In January, 2005, he was made Minister for Major Projects, Minister for WorkCover and the TAC which he occupied until December 2006.

Lenders was elected as MLC for Southern Metropolitan Region in November 2006. In December of the same year, he was promoted to Minister for Education. On 3 August 2007 Lenders was again promoted to Treasurer, following the resignation of Premier Steve Bracks.

Prior to his election to the Victorian State Parliament in 1999, he was Assistant State Secretary 1988 and later State Secretary and Campaign Director of the Victorian ALP in 1994. During this time, he was also a member of the National Executive and Campaign Committee.

Family
Lenders is the son of dairy farmers from Gippsland, and is married with three children. He grew up in regional Victoria, before moving to Melbourne for tertiary education.

Education
Lenders attended Drouin East Primary School in 1963. He then moved to St Joseph's Primary School in Trafalgar until graduation in 1969.

Lenders studied education at Rusden Teachers College after graduating from Trafalgar High School; before going on to study law at Monash University

Memberships
Lenders is a member of the Labor Party and has previously served as its State Secretary and campaign director.

Lenders is also a member of the Australian Services Union; Bicycle Victoria; and is a fellow of the Williamson Community Leadership Program.

In September 2010 Lenders was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia in recognition of his commitment to reform of the Victorian Legislative Council, which he oversaw in the lead-up to and following the Labor Government's re-election in 2002.

title: John Lenders


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Nayakan

Nayakan is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language epic crime drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. Produced by Muktha Srinivasan, the film stars Kamal Haasan, Saranya (in her feature debut) and Karthika in lead roles, with Janagaraj, Vijayan, M. V. Vasudeva Rao, Delhi Ganesh, Nizhalgal Ravi, Nassar and Tara in supporting roles. It revolves around the gradual transformation of Velu Naicker (Haasan) from an ordinary slum dweller to a highly respected don.

Nayakan is loosely based on the life of the Bombay underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar and the American film The Godfather (1972). Ratnam was initially approached to remake the Hindi film Pagla Kahin Ka (1970) for Srinivasan and Haasan, but refused. He instead suggested two other stories, one of which impressed Haasan and became Nayakan. Cinematography was handled by P. C. Sreeram, and editing by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan. Filming began in late 1986, taking place primarily in Madras and to a lesser extent, Bombay.

Nayakan was released on 21 October 1987, Diwali day. It became a critical and commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres. Haasan's performance earned him the National Film Award for Best Actor. The film also earned the National Awards for Best Cinematography (Sreeram) and Best Art Direction (Thota Tharani). Nayakan was India's official submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 60th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. It was included in Time list of the "All-Time 100 Best Films" and News18's "100 greatest Indian films of all time". The film was remade in Hindi as Dayavan (1988).

Plot
An anti-government union leader's son Sakthivel "Velu" is arrested by the police to find his whereabouts. They trick Velu into believing them as his well-wishers and release him. When Velu meets his father, the police kill the latter. Feeling betrayed, Sakthivel stabs the police inspector and runs away to Bombay, where he is raised by Hussain, a kind-hearted smuggler living in the Dharavi slums. One day, when Hussain is ill, a young Velu decides to carry out the smuggling activity on behalf of Hussain. His demand for a bigger commission from the smugglers enrages them, and they involve Inspector Kelkar to arrest Hussain and kill him in jail. When they close the case as suicide, Velu is enraged knowing the truth and murders Kelkar. He later takes care of Kelkar's family which consists of his wife and a mentally challenged son Ajit. Kelkar's wife knew that her husband's immorality resulted in his death.

Velu meets Neela, a schoolgirl forced into prostitution, who has interests to pursue her education. Her innocence and courage impress Velu, and he eventually marries her. They have two children: Surya and Charumathi. Velu's power and command gradually increases in Dharavi as he voices out in support of local people which gains him huge popularity among the masses. His rival smugglers try to murder Velu in an attack, but Neela is killed instead. After avenging Neela's death, Velu sends his children to Madras to safeguard them.

Years pass by, Velu's power further increases in Bombay and is fondly called Velu Naicker by everyone. Surya and Charumathi return to Bombay as adults after education. Surya follows Velu's footsteps, a fact that he is initially hesitant of, and later learns to accept. But when Surya is killed trying to flee the police in a botched mission, Charumathi blames Velu for the deaths of Neela and Surya. She decides to leave Bombay citing that she wants to get away from her father and his violent ways. Charumathi disowns her father and leaves his home. Few years pass by and a new ACP, Patil is deputed in Bombay to eliminate gangsters; his first target is Velu. He collects all the evidence needed for the arrest of Velu. When Velu comes to meet Patil, he learns that Charumathi is married to him and they have a son. Patil too learns that his wife is Velu's daughter and suspects that she might help her father to flee from the police.

Velu absconds and his allies are arrested. He decides to surrender to the police to save them from undergoing torture in the police station. Through Charumathi, Velu sets up his surrender. Patil is shocked due to the lack of proper evidence against Velu as none comes forward from the public as a witness against the crimes committed by him. Patil meets Kelkar's widow and the now grown-up Ajit and requests to disclose the truth behind her husband's death in the court. She refuses and defends Velu's acts. But Ajit is shocked after learning the truth. Velu is produced in the court and is exonerated due to lack of valid and strong evidence. He is overcome with emotion when he meets his young grandson (Charumathi's son) Shaktivel. Velu steps out of the court amid a big cheer from his supporters, until Ajit shoots him to avenge his father's death; Velu dies on the spot.

Development
In the mid-1980s, Muktha Srinivasan narrated a story inspired by the American film The Godfather (1972) to Sivaji Ganesan who agreed to act in the film. Amala and Kamal Haasan were also confirmed to act. However Ananthu, then an associate of Haasan, felt that it would be a Ganesan-focused film and not a Haasan film. The project was dropped. Haasan later told Srinivasan about the-then upcoming director Mani Ratnam. Ratnam had previously wanted to cast Haasan as the protagonist in his directorial debut, Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983), but the collaboration could not materialise then as Haasan was committed to Raja Paarvai (1981) at that time.

Srinivasan came to Ratnam's house and gave him an envelope, which contained a cassette of the Hindi film Pagla Kahin Ka (1970). Ratnam, after watching the film, met Haasan and rejected the offer to remake the film. After Haasan asked him the kind of film he preferred to make, Ratnam suggested two stories: one was in the action genre similar to Dirty Harry (1971) and Beverly Hills Cop (1984), while the other was based on the life of the Bombay underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar; the latter was finalised. Ratnam had earlier narrated this story, when it was only an idea, to producer R. C. Prakash, but it was not picked up then. Cinematography for Nayakan was handled by P. C. Sreeram, and editing by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan.

Casting
In September 1986, Haasan gave his schedule dates for the film to Srinivasan, and was paid ₹17.5 lakh (US$145,583 in 1987) for playing Velu. Ratnam wanted Haasan to have as realistic a look as possible. He preferred Haasan in traditional Hindu attire. Haasan was initially hesitant regarding his look and wanted to sport a beard similar to that of his old-aged look in Sagara Sangamam (1983), as he felt it would not give away his jaw line, which would reveal that the character was portrayed by a younger person. Ratnam, in turn, did not want Haasan to sport a look similar to Sagara Sangamam or any of his other previous films. Haasan ultimately sported dentures to provide some weight around his jaw for Velu's old-age look.

Neela, the wife of Velu, was played by Saranya, who made her debut in the film. The character was created by Srinivasan to reduce the violent content and help the film cater to family audiences. Ratnam wanted a "new face" to portray Neela as he felt only then the character would have the required zest and gusto. Saranya sent her photograph to Ratnam to audition for the role. She was later cast after a successful screen test. Saranya's father was against her being cast, but she and her mother managed to convince him. Though Ratnam has stated that Saranya was "the first and only person we saw for the role", Debashree Roy claimed that she was approached, but refused as she considered that speaking in Tamil would be difficult for her.

According to Suhasini, Ratnam considered her for the role of Velu's daughter Charumati; however, the role ultimately went to Karthika. Ratnam believes that Nassar was suggested to him by Haasan, when Raghuvaran was being considered for the role of the assistant commissioner Patil. Nassar shot for six days and initially believed there was nothing special in his role. He later admitted his surprise of the reach of his character post-release. Although Tara was then known mainly for playing leading roles, she accepted the supporting role of Velu's sister Shakila. She later recalled, "I didn't know what to accept and what to reject. I just grabbed whatever was offered irrespective of the character. That was a mistake." Raja Krishnamoorthy (later known as Kitty), then the General Manager at Royal Enfield, quit to portray Velu's father, with Nayakan being his debut film. Haasan wanted Tinnu Anand for the role of Ajit, the son of Inspector Kelkar (Pradeep Shakthi). Anand was reluctant since he wanted to focus on his career as a director, but after Haasan insisted, Anand accepted.

Filming
Ratnam initially planned to complete the shooting in 60 days and 70 rolls of film. The initial budget was ₹60 lakh (US$500,000 in 1987), but time and cost overruns increased the budget to beyond ₹1 crore (US$830,000 in 1987). According to Srinivasan, principal photography commenced in November 1986 and the first schedule lasted for 10 days, but the scenes shot during this period were scrapped because Haasan disliked them, prompting script rewrites and causing shooting to be delayed; the rewritten script had more violence, and scenes taken from The Godfather and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). According to Ratnam, a three-day test shoot involving Haasan, unknown to Srinivasan, was done in December 1986 as the script was not yet complete. While the shots taken did not make the final cut, they helped to get the technical aspects of the film on the right track.

Ratnam said the first "real schedule" of Nayakan began in January 1987. 15 days of shooting took place in the slum areas of Dharavi. Using photographs taken there, the art director Thota Tharani created a set at Venus Studios in Madras. Thousands of junior artists were hired to recreate the atmosphere of the slum areas. Additionally, pigeons were brought for the same. Haasan helped in the make-up for the other actors in the film and asked Janagaraj and Delhi Ganesh to cut their hair so as to make their characters Selvam and Iyer in their old age scenes look convincing. One scene involved Velu telling Iyer, "Udamba paathukonga" and Ganesh spontaneously said "Naa poraen. Naa irundhu enna panna poraen. Nee nalla irukkanum, Naickerae" ; an impressed Haasan told Ratnam to retain the improvised dialogue. Haasan used attar perfume for the female cast.

Ratnam had marked around ₹12 lakh (US$100,000 in 1987) for the film's action sequences. To make the sequences slick and entertaining, cinematographer and stunt sequence director Jim Allen, who was known for his work stunt sequences in Sholay (1975) was chosen. But after three days, he was removed from the film as he charged ₹200,000 per day (US$16,000 in 1987) and Srinivasan could not afford the money. Haasan brought his own gun, sparing Ratnam the usage of a prop. In the scene where Haasan chases Kelkar, he uses his own bottle of sugar glass, which he had brought from the United States. The remaining portions were shot at Bombay (now Mumbai), including the portions involving Velu's childhood life in the city. The scene featuring Neela studying for her mathematics examination was suggested by Srinivasan. Velu's childhood portions before he moves to Bombay were canned in Old Mahabalipuram Road for one and a half days. This was also the last part of the principal photography.

The song "Naan Sirithal Deepavali" was shot at the spot where the Taj Club House is located today. The old building previously located at that spot was called the "Indian Express Building" by film industrialists as it was adjacent to the Old office of Indian Express. Thota Tharani converted the building's exterior into a brothel and used the opposite end of the building for Velu's house location. Nayakan was notable for using frame-within-the-frame technique of filmmaking. Ratnam and Haasan met Mudaliar in person, when Ratnam asked Mudaliar how he would foresee his own death; Mudaliar replied that it would be in a public riot amidst much panic and tension, this inspired the film's climax.

Post-production
When the film was completed and the first print was ready, it was three hours long. Although Ratnam and Haasan wanted Srinivasan to release the film uncut, he felt audiences would never see the entire film due to its length, so he requested Lenin to remove the scenes which he felt were unnecessary. The result, according to Srinivasan, "gave life to the movie, along with the theme music Thenpandi seemayilae."

Themes
Haasan, Ratnam and Srinivasan have acknowledged to Nayakan being inspired by The Godfather in various scenes. These include Velu's killing of the Reddy brothers, the murder of Velu's son Surya, and Velu crying at Surya's corpse. One scene in the film involves Velu and Selvam tying their illicit cargo to large bags of salt attached to rubber inner tubes which they then dump into the sea; the cargo sinks from the weight of the salt, but when the salt dissolves the cargo bobs to the surface, by which time they have passed the customs officers. This was described by Lalitha Gopalan in her 2002 book Cinema of Interruptions as an homage to Once Upon a Time in America, a view that was shared by S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu.

According to historian S. Theodore Baskaran, the film "tends to glorify violence and portrays the anti-social, smuggler-king in an approving and sympathetic way, modelling him on Robin Hood." Lalitha Gopalan notes that the film "attempts faithfully to re-create a historical period by carefully managing different aspects of the mise en scène. More than any other detail in the mise en scène, automobiles – different models of cars, jeeps, and vans – indicate the passage of time within the diegesis." According to a New Straits Times article, the film does not extol crime or violence; rather it narrates the story of a tragic character who rises from slums to untold riches and unbridled power. Ratnam has stated that the question asked by Velu's grandson, whether he is good or bad, "puts across the moral dilemma of the man in a nutshell".

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, this being his 400th film soundtrack. Pulamaipithan wrote the lyrics for all the songs except "Nila Adhu Vanathumele", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote. Ilaiyaraaja composed the film score using ancient instruments, for the film. The song "Andhi Mazhai Megam" is set in the Carnatic raga Natabhairavi. "Nee Oru Kaadhal Sangeetham", set in the Hindustani raga Desh, is featured on both sides of the original LP record as the second track. The theme song "Thenpandi Cheemayile" plays for most of the film. "Nila Adhu Vanathumele", set in the Carnatic Keeravani raga, was the original tune intended for "Thenpandi Cheemayile".

Release
Nayakan was released on 21 October 1987, Diwali day. The Censor Board at Madras initially refused to permit the release of the film, as it was based on a living person. When Srinivasan appealed to the revising committee at Bombay, they said that they would permit the release of the film he produced a letter stating that it was not based on Mudaliar's life. Through writer Mathioli Shanmugam, Srinivasan met Mudaliar, who gave him a letter, after which the censor appellate board at Bombay permitted the release of the film. G. Venkateswaran of GV Films bought the rights of the film after Srinivasan distributed the film; Venkateswaran also received a producer's credit. It was dubbed into Telugu as Nayakudu and into Hindi as Velu Nayakan. Despite the Hindi dub, it was later remade in Hindi as Dayavan (1988). In 2015, Nayakan was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.

Box office
Nayakan became a major success in many states. The film completed 214 days run in Tamil Nadu and completed 100 days in both Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The film ran for 25 weeks at Madras' Anand Theatre, 105 days at Grelan, 105 days at Udhayam, 175 days at Madurai Minipriya, 100 days at Salem, 85 days at Trichy's Kalaiyarangam, 100 days at Jupiter, 105 days at Coimbatore's Archana, 100 days at Bombay's Dinora and 224 at Bangalore's Pallavi. The Telugu dubbed version Nayakadu also completed 100 days of theatrical run.

Critical reception
Nayakan received critical acclaim. On 23 October 1987, N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express said, "[Nayakan] is a rare Tamil film. Sensitivity is its hallmark. Authenticity is its lifebreath. It has the stamp of nativity. It has class. Yet, it is not an Art film. It could be a watershed in Tamil cinema; an artistically made film that could make money as well." On 1 November, Ananda Vikatan stated that Haasan underplayed his role well and demonstrated his histrionics as a godfather in the film well, adding that the film stood out for its sets, taking, colour, richness and international quality camera work. The magazine gave the film one of its highest marks of 60. Jayamanmadhan of Kalki lauded the film, saying it could be watched more than once. A 1988 review published in Bombay: The City Magazine described Haasan as having given a "powerhouse performance". Writing for India Today in 1989, Madhu Jain believed Nayakan deserved "a permanent place in the Indian cinema pantheon" after watching it at the 12th International Film Festival in Delhi.

Accolades
The film was India's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1988 at the 60th Academy Awards; however, it was not shortlisted among the final nominees.

Legacy
Nayakan became a "landmark" of popular Indian cinema. As a part of its legacy, the film has been acclaimed for being a box-office success whilst being a critical success. English journalist Phil Hardy stated in his 1997 book The BFI Companion to Crime, "From the films that followed in the wake of The Godfather, the most interesting is Mani Rathnam's Nayakan (1987) starring [Kamal Haasan] in a fictional version of the Bombay gangster Varadarajan Mudaliar's life." In 2005, the magazine TIME included Nayakan in its list of "All-Time 100 Best Films". After the film was selected by TIME as one of the best, insiders of the magazine spoke about Ratnam's work in the film, saying "Ratnam has no such difficulty blending melodrama and music, violence and comedy, realism and delirium, into a two-and-a-half-hour demonstration that, when a gangster's miseries are mounting, the most natural solution is to sing in the rain." The tagline given to the film by TIME was "A terrific gangster epic in the Godfather style."

The film was also ranked 82nd in The Moving Arts Film Journal list of greatest films of all time. Nayakan was also included in NDTV's list "India's 20 greatest films" at no 13. In April 2013, on the centenary of Indian cinema, News18 included the film in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". When questioned by Baradwaj Rangan if he would make a sequel to Nayakan, Ratnam said, "Never. When you finish a film, you're glad to be rid of it. You're happy you don't have to go back to that script again. Been there, done that."

In popular culture
The scenes and dialogues from the film have been parodied in various films, including Dumm Dumm Dumm (2001), and Chellamae (2004). When stand-up comedian and television anchor Bosskey launched a quirky play titled Dada in October 2005, he named the cast after famous characters in Tamil films. Accordingly, Anniyan (one of Vikram's character in the film), Badshah (Rajinikanth in Baashha) and Velu Naicker (Haasan's role in Nayakan) play the central characters of a family of brothers. Similarly, in the 2013 comedy film Onbadhule Guru, in which the characters were named after popular protagonists of Tamil cinema, a member of the supporting cast was christened Velu Naicker. According to the Telugu newspaper Eenadu, Rajinikanth, after being impressed with Nayakan, requested Ratnam to write a similar script, but the project never materialised; its similarities with Pa. Ranjith's script for Kabali (2016) made him accept to star in the latter film. The famous line in the film, "Neenga Nallavara Kettavara?" (Are you good or bad?) was used in "The Punch Song", a song from the film, Aaha Kalyanam (2014). Delhi Ganesh reprises his role as Iyer in the 2022 film Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu.

Controversy
In October 2012, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of Nayakan, Haasan published an article in The Hindu, titled "Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance", in which he recounted the making of the film. In the article, he described Srinivasan as stingy and being unhappy about shooting the film in Bombay, adding that films "were a business" for him and he "wasn't interested in films as art". In response, Srinivasan accused Haasan of defaming him, and wrote an article titled "Living in past glory", his rejoinder to Haasan's article, in which he accused Haasan of "distorting the facts" and "undermining the contributions made by everyone." He also accused Haasan of interfering with the original screenplay by Ratnam to include sequences copied from The Godfather and Once Upon a Time in America. Srinivasan, however, concluded by writing that he was not against Haasan taking credit for the film's success, as long as it was not at his expense.

title: Nayakan


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User:AustinZ

AustinZ. Student at Dartmouth College, class of 2010.

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title: User:AustinZ


text:
The Crimson Idol

The Crimson Idol is the fifth studio album by heavy metal band W.A.S.P., released in June 1992 through Capitol Records, their last album for the label. It was the first album by W.A.S.P. since the band's temporary breakup in 1990; this was because vocalist and rhythm guitarist Blackie Lawless had intended to release The Crimson Idol as a solo album, until he decided to release it as a W.A.S.P. album. The album charted within the top 40 in five countries. The Crimson Idol is a rock opera, telling the story of the rise and fall of a fictional rock star named Jonathan Steel.

A remastered edition was reissued in 1998, containing a bonus disc of B-sides and live material from 1992. In 2018, Napalm Records released a re-recording of the album, along with a DVD of the film that was originally to accompany the album, under the title of ReIdolized (The Soundtrack to The Crimson Idol).

Overview
Taking nearly three years to complete, The Crimson Idol was originally recorded as a Blackie Lawless solo album, but bandleader Lawless bowed to fan pressure and released it under the W.A.S.P. name.

Unusually, the album's tour, named The Crimson Idol Tour, took place fifteen years after its release to mark its fifteenth anniversary, commencing on October 26, 2007 at the Principal Club Theater in Thessaloniki, Greece. A film recorded for the album was also shown in public for the first time, which was played along with the band as they performed their tracks to it in synch. The shows marked the first time that the album has been played from start to finish by the band since its recording. "Mephisto Waltz", the seventh track from The Headless Children (1989), served as the show's opener, followed by "The Titanic Overture", the first track from The Crimson Idol. All shows had a long encore section ranging from 2–6 songs, containing W.A.S.P. classics as well as "Take Me Up" from their 2007 album Dominator.

A re-recorded version of the entire The Crimson Idol album was announced on January 23, 2017. Details and the cover art of the re-recorded album, entitled ReIdolized: The Soundtrack to the Crimson Idol, were released on November 17, 2017. The 2-CD album itself was released on February 2, 2018.

In 2017, W.A.S.P. played the whole album again on tour to mark the 25th anniversary of its release. The tour, dubbed Re-Idolized: The 25th Anniversary of the Crimson Idol, took place from September through November 2017 in Europe. All shows had a short encore, usually about four or five songs, as well as a few of their classics and the title track from their 2015 album Golgotha.

Concept
The story of The Crimson Idol revolves around a teenager named Jonathan. He is the son of William and Elizabeth Steel, and brother of Michael Steel. Michael is the favored son of his parents, and Jonathan is a complete failure in their eyes. After Michael is killed in a car accident by a drunk driver, Jonathan runs away from home and starts to wander the streets, becoming addicted to drugs and alcohol. While walking past a music store, he sees a guitar and desires to become a rock star. He breaks the display window with a bottle of booze, thus beginning his journey into acclaimed excess.

Jonathan plays the stolen crimson-colored guitar as often as he can in order to obtain money to record an album. He then meets a man named "Chainsaw" Charlie, the president of a major record label. Charlie promises to make Jonathan a star, and introduces him to Alex Rodman, who will become his manager. Jonathan goes on to achieve his ambition of becoming a rock star, but finds out that life is not as glamorous as it seems. Despite now having fame and fortune, he still longs for the one thing he always wanted, that being the love and acceptance of his parents.

One night before a concert, Jonathan calls his parents in an attempt to reconcile their differences and heal the emotional wounds between them. According to the story, "less than fifty words were spoken"; the last four were "we have no son". Realizing that he will never be accepted by his parents, Jonathan decides to commit suicide. During the aforementioned concert, he removes the strings from his guitar, shapes them into a noose and hangs himself.

The overall concept is explained in the 1998 bonus track, "The Story of Jonathan (Prologue to the Crimson Idol)".

List of characters

 * Jonathan Aaron Steel
 * Michael Steel, Jonathan's late brother
 * Elizabeth Steel, Jonathan's mother
 * William "Red" Steel, Jonathan's father
 * The Mirror
 * "Chainsaw" Charlie
 * Alex Rodman
 * The Gypsy
 * Doctor Rockter
 * The King of Mercy

Critical reception
The German magazine Rock Hard declared The Crimson Idol Album of the Month in June 1992 and the reviewer wrote that it maintained the same "power, roughness, melodic fullness and epic breadth" of its predecessors, with songs "not always at the world-class level, but damn close."

In a modern review for AllMusic Greg Prato described The Crimson Idol as "essentially a Blackie Lawless solo album" and indicated "The Invisible Boy", "Chainsaw Charlie (Murders in the New Morgue)" and "I Am One" as highlights. In his review for The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal, Martin Popoff called The Crimson Idol an "unenjoyable, even hurtful failure in the concept album department", lacking "the creative resonance the painstaking process" of making it "should have nurtured".

The Crimson Idol

 * Blackie Lawless – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboard, bass
 * Bob Kulick – lead guitar
 * Frankie Banali – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Doug Aldrich – lead guitar (on "Arena of Pleasure"; uncredited)
 * Stet Howland – drums

 * Production
 * Blackie Lawless – producer, arrangement
 * Mikey Davis – engineer, mixing
 * Ross Robinson – assistant engineer
 * Ian Cooper – mastering
 * John Kosh – art director and cover art

Reidolized: The Soundtrack to The Crimson Idol (2018)

 * Blackie Lawless – vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar, arrangement, executive producer
 * Doug Blair – lead guitar, background vocals
 * Mike Duda – bass guitar
 * Mike Dupke – drums
 * Frankie Banali – drums (on "The Peace")

 * Production
 * Benji Howell – producer
 * Mark Zavon – engineer
 * Logan Mader – mixing
 * Ralph Ziman – director
 * John Kosh – album cover designer and art director

title: The Crimson Idol


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The Simpsons: Bart vs. The Juggernauts

The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Juggernauts is an action video game released in 1992 for the Game Boy. It was developed by Imagineering and published by Acclaim. The plot stars Bart from The Simpsons in a game show based on American Gladiators, in which he has to compete in challenges to earn money. Critics gave The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Juggernauts average reviews.

Plot and gameplay
In The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Juggernauts, the player controls cartoon character Bart Simpson from the animated television series The Simpsons. He is participating in a weekly game show called Juggernauts USA, based on the television program American Gladiators, in which he has to run through obstacle courses, battle huge muscle-bound "juggernauts", and do various other challenges. There are a total of seven challenges that change from week to week. To make it onto the next week's episode of Juggernauts USA and avoid being eliminated, Bart must collect a certain amount of money from the challenges.

Each of the four levels of The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Juggernauts are made up of an episode of the game show Juggernauts USA. Every challenge is based on a character from The Simpsons. For example, there is one challenge in which Bart has to run an obstacle course in Apu's Kwik-E-Mart store. Another one is Dr. Marvin Monroe's "Hop, Skip and Fry", in which Bart jumps on a floor of tiles that randomly shifts from being safe to electrifying. The others include basketball, skateboarding, a juggernaut fighting match, and a match of shoving at Moe's Tavern. The characters Kent Brockman and Marvin Monroe are the game show's commentators; after the completion of a challenge they comment on Bart's performance.

Development and release
The game was developed by Imagineering and published by Acclaim. It was released in 1992 for the handheld console Game Boy.

Reception
The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Juggernauts received average reviews from critics. UGO Networks commented that the game is "actually a pretty original idea with some decent gameplay and mix of genres — easily one of the better Simpsons Game Boy adventures," concluding that "it was all right; nothing stellar, but good enough." Matt Williamson of Rocky Mountain News gave it a B− grade, commenting: "a hysterical sendup of the American Gladiators. Nice action sequences."

In 2009, 1UP.com editor Bob Mackey reviewed the game in 1UP's official Retro Gaming Blog. He wrote that "Some of the events—out of seven total—are actually pretty entertaining; Dr. Marvin Monroe's Hop, Skip and Fry [...] could actually be updated for a more fleshed-out Xbox Live Arcade game. But the fighting-based mini-games throw a wrench in the works by leaving too much entirely up to chance and the limited controls of the Game Boy [...]. In what may be one of its few saving graces, Juggernauts unexpectedly captures a little of the Simpsons' written humor with its post-game commentary by Kent Brockman and Dr. Marvin Monroe. I wasn't exactly crying with laughter, but I actually got a few chuckles out of Monroe's psychobabble overanalysis of Bart's performance."

title: The Simpsons: Bart vs. The Juggernauts


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User:Dita~enwiki

weq per mu kAN nje fjal shqip edhe qetu

title: User:Dita~enwiki


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Lou Reed (album)

Lou Reed is the debut solo studio album by American rock musician Lou Reed, released in May 1972 by RCA Records, two years after he left the Velvet Underground. It was produced by Richard Robinson and Reed and features London session musicians as Reed's backing band, two of whom, Rick Wakeman and Steve Howe, were from the British progressive rock band Yes. Wakeman recalled that during the recording sessions, "the lights had to be out so nobody could see." The album was recorded at Morgan Studios in London, between December 1971 and January 1972.

With increasing interest in the Velvet Underground, Reed's debut album was highly anticipated, but was a commercial and critical disappointment, reaching only No. 189 on the Billboard 200. It comprises eight new recordings of then-unreleased Velvet Underground songs, and two new songs, "Going Down" and "Berlin" (the latter was re-recorded by Reed as the title track for his 1973 album Berlin).

In 1976, when asked what he thought of the album in retrospect, Reed stated, "It's got some of the best songs I ever wrote, but the production sucks."

Critical reception
The Commercial Appeal wrote that the album "contains some of the frenzy for which his former band was noted, but most of the music is toned down into a more standard rock mold." The Buffalo News determined that Reed's "blunt, almost over-simplified lyrics and the pre-Clapton guitar sound melt into a peculiarly satisfying experience."

The Rolling Stone Album Guide noted the "genteel art-rock treatment" of the songs written during Reed's Velvet Underground years.

Cross-reference
Eight tracks from Lou Reed were, at one point, originally performed by the Velvet Underground. These recordings have been released on various compilations and live albums, which have been catalogued below.

Tour
On the album's tour, which lasted two legs between June 9 and November 2, 1972, Reed was backed by the Tots. The Tots featured no shared personnel with the album and consisted of Vinny Laporta and Eddie Reynolds on guitar, Bobby Resigno on bass guitar, and Scottie Clark on drums. This backing group would also play on the Transformer tour and perform on the live album American Poet (2001).

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the Lou Reed liner notes.

Musicians
 * Lou Reed – vocals; guitar
 * Caleb Quaye – electric and acoustic guitars; piano
 * Steve Howe – electric guitar
 * Paul Keogh – electric and acoustic guitars
 * Rick Wakeman – piano
 * Les Hurdle – bass guitar
 * Brian Odgers – bass guitar
 * Clem Cattini – percussion
 * Kay Garner – harmony vocals
 * Helene Francois – harmony vocals

Production and artwork
 * Richard Robinson – producer
 * Lou Reed – producer
 * Mike Bobak – engineer
 * Tom Adams – cover art
 * Ronn Campisi – photography

title: Lou Reed (album)


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Talk:Bethesda, Maryland

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mp4545a. Peer reviewers: Jencogan.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:39, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Trail monument edits
"President Harry S Truman presided over the dedication of the Bethesda monument, on April 19, 1929" Meaning he presided over this in 1929 before he became president, or when he was president, in a different year? Or since Truman was not POTUS in 1929; this needs to be fixed.

Bethesda Presbyterian or Bethesda Meeting House
I've heard from a few people (including the previous montgomery county historian) that Bethesda got it's name from the Bethesda meeting house, not Bethesda Presbyterian. Does anyone have the story behind the claim?
 * BMH was the church of BP until 1926 when the congregation moved to its present building at Wilson Ln & Clarendon Rd... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 140.139.35.250 (talk) 20:21, 29 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Someone should change the link that sends one to a Bethesda Presbyterian in South Carolina.Rawkcuf (talk) 20:14, 19 February 2008 (UTC)Bitherwack.
 * Since there is no corresponding article to the church in Bethesda, Maryland, I removed the wikilink and corrected some grammar.  --Sand Squid (talk) 03:27, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Panoramic photo
Is that panoramic photo taken from the top of the Air Rights buiding?

 * Not quite. It's from the roof of the Residence Inn hotel one block north.
 * The Photo is great, but it really destroys the look of the page, can it be cropped or resized or anything? 66.119.27.235 18:12, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Landmarks
Is it worth mentioning companies, ie the Discovery Channel, which used to be in Bethesda, but have moved? --Cgmusselman 06:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Population Information
I would be interested to know where Moreau36 got his population information. To my knowledge Bethesda's population has grown over the past 40 years, not shrunk. - BIG BROTHER

It's very hard to tell exactly the Population of Bethesda because, first of all, because it's unincorporated (lack of municipal boundaries). The only source of the historical population for the community is from the U.S. Census Bureau's program for unincorporated communities called Census Designated Places, which dates back to the 1950 census. The tricky thing about unincorporated CDP's is that the boundaries set by the Census are not "grandfathered" in and thus, are subjected to dramatic change from one Census year to another with the change of the settlement pattern. Bethesda and Potomac are good examples. You can also check out the bureau's website at http://www.census.gov for more statsical information about Bethesda. Hope this will answer your concern :) Moreau36

It would appear that the 1980 census and the 2000 census both considerably ensmallened the Bethesda CDP. I assume that the 1980 census split off Potomac. What did the 2000 census split off? john k 01:38, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I know that the a new CDP of Friendship Heights, Maryland (pop. 4,512) was one that split from Bethesda in 2000 and I think a small area in the southeastern part ,near Silver Spring, was lost and it didn't belong to any (census) place.

Speaking of Silver Spring, it slightly gained population in 2000, but lost a significant amount of territory to two newly formed CDPs of Kemp Mill and Forest Glen. The huge drop between 1990 and 2000 sort of surprised me a bit considering that Bethesda lost less than 25% of the census territory between 1990 and 2000. Moreau36

The obvious self-promotion of Bethesda by real estate agents and residents is getting a bit deep. This needs to be toned down, or at least balanced by mention of the increasing crime and traffic and Bethesda.

History
I'm pretty sure the information about the village of Bethesda in Wales is false. There is a town named Bethesda in Wales-see Bethesda, Gwynedd-but it is not in Pembrokeshire. Also, Montgomery Road is more likely named after the Revolutionary War general, not Montgomeryshire. If a credible source for this information doesn't surface by Tuesday, January 23rd, 2006, I will have to remove said information. Thank you. Mmace91 05:58, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Not sure of the context but the better known Bethesda in Wales is the one near Narberth (Narberth, Dyfed SA67, UK). Just came across this Bethesda(Maryland) as I noticed Bethesda Softworks are responsible for Fallout3. Alunwyn (talk) 17:51, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Real Estate Info
The outer rim of Bethesda is known for older houses that still hold a strong value in today’s residential market. Even with the great “bubble burst” in 2006, Bethesda real estate seems to be holding strong. As of November 2, homes are for sale in Bethesda alone for an average price of $994,900, a price change up from October +7.6% This section does not sound NPOV and it needs citations. --Highnumber (talk) 20:18, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Education section
I think it's ridiculous that the Walter Johnson newspaper award is listed on this page. If Whitman and BCC listed all of their awards on here, the article would be a mile long. 12.160.202.66 (talk) 04:04, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Why haven't such schools as the Washington Episcopal School and the Washington Waldorf School been listed under private schools? I would add them, except that I am a newbie and don't know how to save an edit. Moreover, I think some research needs to be done to (1) make sure other private schools have not been omitted and (2) provide links to websites for the schools, where appropriate. ElElCarlJ (talk) 03:10, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

2008 Water Main Break
Someone added a section mentioning today's water main break. It's certainly a big water main break, but should this be a permanent addition to the Bethesda article? Thefellswooper (talk) 17:32, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It seems a bit silly. I just removed the completely unjustified JFK assassination conspiracy text. Unless anyone objects, I'll come back and remove the water main break text as well in a few days.  While it happened in Bethesda, it had little to no lasting effect on it that would make it qualify as "History". ShadowRangerRIT (talk) 20:28, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree, if anything the jFK mention would be better situated with the assassination article as part of the time line, just incidental that Bethesda has any roll in it.--Boothy443 | trácht ar 20:45, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed the main break as well. If anyone objects, please give your reasons here. ShadowRangerRIT (talk) 20:57, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

JFK Assassination
I redeleted the section containing lots of innuendo on the aftermath of the JFK assassination. If you want it in the JFK Assassination article, feel free to include it there (though I suspect other editors may prefer you to source your material). The fact (which I'll assume is correct for the moment) that his autopsy was conducted at the Naval Medical Center is of no relevance to Bethesda's history. Not because it didn't happen, but because it didn't affect the development of Bethesda in any way. People didn't move to Bethesda because of it, no new development was occasioned by it, and no one from Bethesda (who is not JFK obsessed) cares about it or thinks about it, even if they lived there at the time it happened. As another example, let's take the case of the Beltway Sniper. Let's say we are aware of the town where he acquired his guns, though he didn't shoot anyone there, and he left soon after (this is hypothetical, so don't nitpick irrelevant details). Do you think the information on where the guns were acquired belongs in the article on Town X, or in the article on the shootings? The same rationale applies here. Lots of things happen in lots of towns, but unless it affects the course of the town's development, it doesn't belong in the town's history section. ShadowRangerRIT (talk) 03:54, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * While I agree that the lengthy section should be removed, there should still be at least some mention of the event (at least a sentence). Lincoln reading the Gettysburg Address at Gettysburg had virtually no impact on the development of the small town, but is still a very important part of its history.007bond (talk) 05:43, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Gettysburg was an integral part of the Civil War, and was affected greatly by it. The battle did incredible damage to the town, and was a turning point in the war, thus it was *chosen* to be the host of the speech (Edit: Apparently the speech was given at the dedication of a cemetery there, which literally affects the development of the town).  The Naval Medical Center in Bethesda is where all Presidents go for their physicals and other medical work.  It's the home of the Surgeon General.  *Not* being treated or autopsied in the Naval Medical Center would be noteworthy.  In addition, Gettysburg regularly advertises, in monuments, plaques, etc., both the battle and the speech.  When people go to Gettysburg, they are going there for those elements of its history (or the nearby ski slope ;-) ).  Last I checked, Bethesda doesn't have signs pointing to the JFK autopsy room, and people don't schedule vacations to "see where JFK's autopsy was done." ShadowRangerRIT (talk) 12:10, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Downtown Bethesda
Previous edition: "The area commonly known as "Downtown Bethesda" is centered at the intersection of Bethesda Avenue and Woodmont Avenue. A second commercial area and restaurant district, known as the Woodmont Triangle, is bordered by Old Georgetown Road (Maryland Route 187), Woodmont and Rugby Avenues."

This is incorrect, probably written by a real estate agent. "Downtown Bethesda" is centered on the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue, Old Georgetown Road. "Bethesda Row", centered on Bethesda Avenue and Woodmont Avenue, is a major focal point of downtown Bethesda, as is the Woodmont Triangle, but it is certainly NOT the "center".

Just Below 39 (talk) 02:34, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Notable people
I removed Clayton Emery from the notable people section because there is no Wikopedia article for him so he does not notmeet guideine fr notable people. I listed his information below in the event another editor creates a Wikopedia article for him. "Clayton Emery - " Thank you--BuzyBody (talk) 04:38, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Bethesda: article selection

the additions to the Bethesda article will focus on adding information on demographics, housing, restaurants, culture, business and culture. There will be more information on local attractions and history of Bethesda. Overall the goal is to increase the comprehensive overview with specifics about Bethesda and adding some more relevant information.

bibliography: http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Magazine/November-December-2009/The-Beginning-of-Bethesda/

https://www.bethesda.org/bethesda/facts-figures

http://dc.about.com/od/touristattractions/ss/Things-to-Do-in-Bethesda-MD.htm

http://www.glenechopark.org/

http://www.bethesda.org/

http://www.cctrail.org/

http://dc.eater.com/maps/bethesda-heat-map — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mp4545a (talk • contribs) 09:49, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Walter Reed security issue?
I just replaced a suspect old ext-lk entry, with the inline comment
 * The former link  Rdrs to a *non-secure* site with
 * https://www.bethesda.med.navy.mil/
 * as URL! See talk page

and the new link
 * Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

(pointing instead to http://www.wrnmmc.capmed.mil/SitePages/home.aspx). --Jerzy•t 00:02, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Bethesda, Maryland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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First paragraph in reverse order
Has it been vandalized? The ending sentences are reversed. 168.197.234.36 (talk) 20:24, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:23, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Wildwood Shopping Center in Bethesda in the late 1960s.jpg

Please help me voice my voice
Okay 141.136.12.87 (talk) 18:38, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bethesda, Maryland


text:
Natalia (given name)

Natalia is a female given name with the original Late Latin meaning of "Christmas Day" (cf. Latin natale domini).

It is currently used in this form in Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek (spelled Ναταλία), Russian, Ukrainian (spelled Nataliia), Bulgarian and Polish. Other forms and spellings include Natalie/Nathalie (Dutch, English, French, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, and Icelandic), Natálie (Czech), Natália/Nathália (Portuguese, Slovak and Hungarian), Natalya/Nataliya (Наталья/Наталия), Nataliya/Natalya (Наталія/Наталя), Natallia (Наталля), Natālija (Latvian), Natalija (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Lithuanian, and Macedonian), Natàlia (Catalan) and ნატალია (Georgian).

In Russian, a common diminutive is Natasha (Наташа).

Variants and derived forms of given name Natalia

 * Nathalie: English, French, Dutch, German, Slovak, Scandinavian languages, Romanian, Finnish, Luxembourgish, Hungarian, Corsican, Czech, Catalan, Malagasy, Slovenian, Spanish, Latin, Estonian
 * Nathaly : Spanish, English
 * Nataly : English, Spanish
 * Natalia, Nathalie, Natasha, Natasya : Indonesian
 * Natalyne : English
 * Nataline : English, French, Scandinavian languages, Catalan, Corsican, Italian, Hungarian, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Latin, Romanian, Estonian, Czech, Finnish, Slavic languages
 * Natalis : Latin

Notable people

 * Natalia Anciso (born 1985), American Chicana-Tejana contemporary artist and educator
 * Natalia Avelon (born 1980), Polish-German actress and singer
 * Natalia Barbu (born 1979), Moldovan singer
 * Natalia Bardo (born 1988), Russian actress, singer and TV host
 * Natalia (Belgian singer) (born 1980), Belgian singer
 * Natalia Bessmertnova (1941–2008), Russian ballet dancer

 * Natália Blahová (born 1974), Slovak politician
 * Natalia Chatzigiannidou (born 1979), Greek footballer
 * Natalia Damini, Brazilian singer
 * Natália Dubovcová (born 1990), Slovak beach volleyball player
 * Natalia Dyer (born 1995), American actress
 * Natalia Germanou (born 1965), Greek songwriter, entertainer and journalist
 * Natália Germáni (born 1993), Slovak actress
 * Natalia Gheorghiu (1914–2001), Soviet Moldovan pediatric surgeon
 * Natalia Gherman (born 1969), Moldovan politician
 * Natalia Ghilascu (born 1980), Moldovan journalist
 * Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), Italian writer
 * Natalia Goncharova (1881–1962), Russian avant-garde artist
 * Natália Grausová (born 1953), Slovak physician and politician
 * Natalia Gudina (born 1977), Ukrainian-born Israeli figure skater
 * Natalia Hadjiloizou (born 1979), Cypriot swimmer
 * Natalia Kills (born 1986), English singer and actress
 * Natalia Komarova (born 1971), Russian-American applied mathematician
 * Natalia Kuchinskaya (born 1949), Soviet Olympic gymnast
 * Natalia Kucirkova (born 1985), Slovak academic
 * Natalia Kukulska (born 1976), Polish singer
 * Natalia Kusendova, Canadian politician
 * Natalia Lafourcade (born 1984), Mexican singer-songwriter
 * Natália Lage (born 1978), Brazilian actress
 * Natalia Lashchenova (born 1973), Soviet Olympic gymnast
 * Natalia Lesz (born 1981), Polish singer
 * Natalia Livingston (born 1976), American actress
 * Natalia Luis-Bassa (born 1966), Venezuelan orchestral conductor
 * Natalia Makarova (born 1940), Russian prima ballerina and choreographer
 * Nataliia Mandryk (born 1988), Ukrainian Paralympic wheelchair fencer
 * Natalia Mashina (born 1997), Russian footballer
 * Natália Milanová (born 1982), Slovakian politician
 * Natalia Mohylevska (born 1975), Ukrainian singer
 * Natalia Navarro (born 1987), Colombian beauty pageant titleholder
 * Natalia Negru (1882–1962), Romanian poet and prose writer
 * Natalia Oreiro (born 1977), Uruguayan singer and actress
 * Natalia Osipova (born 1986), Russian ballerina
 * Natalia Paruz, musical saw player
 * Natália Pereira (born 1989), Brazilian volleyball player
 * Natalia Pervaiz (born 1995), Pakistani cricketer
 * Natalia Podolskaya (born 1982), Belarusian singer
 * Natalia Poklonskaya (born 1980), Ukrainian-born Russian lawyer, politician and diplomat
 * Natasha Poly (born 1985), Russian model
 * Natalia Roubina (born 1984), Cypriot swimmer
 * Natali (singer) (born 1974), Russian singer
 * Natalia (Spanish singer) (born 1982), Spanish singer
 * Natalia Sedova (1882–1962), Russian marxist
 * Natalia Shelikhova (1762-1810), Russian businesswoman
 * Natalia Sokol (born 1980), Russian activist
 * Natalia Șoșeva (born 1964), Moldovan pharmaceutical executive and politician
 * Natalia Tena (born 1984), British actress
 * Natalia Valevska (born 1981), Ukrainian singer and songwriter
 * Natalia Valevskaya (fashion designer) Russian Haute Couture fashion designer and art historian
 * Natalia Verbeke (born 1975), Argentine-Spanish actress
 * Natalia Vodianova (born 1982), Russian model
 * Natalia Yurchenko (born 1965), Soviet artistic gymnast

Fictional characters

 * Natalia, the protagonist of The Time of the Doves by Mercè Rodoreda
 * Natalia Arlovskaya, the given name for the national personification of Belarus from the anime series Hetalia: Axis Powers
 * Natalia Arron in the young adult novel Three Dark Crowns by Kendare Blake
 * Natalia Boa Vista in CSI: Miami
 * Natalia Dragomiroff in Agatha Christie's novel Murder on the Orient Express
 * Natalia Kaminski in the light novel and anime Fate/Zero
 * Natalia Kowalski, character in the video game Lego City Undercover
 * Natalia Luzu Kimlasca Lanvaldear in the video game Tales of the Abyss
 * Natalia Romanova in the Marvel universe, alias Natasha Romanoff and Black Widow
 * Natalia "Natasha" Rostova in War and Peace
 * Natalia Shulmenski in Laurie Halse Anderson's novel Prom
 * Natalia Alexander in the Mexican teen drama Control Z
 * Natalia "Talia", the fiancée of Mischa Bachinski from the musical Ride the Cyclone
 * Natalia "Naty" Vidal in the Disney Channel Latin America series Violetta

title: Natalia (given name)


text:
Universal binary

The universal binary format is a format for executable files that run natively on either PowerPC or Intel-manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 or ARM64-based Macintosh computers. The format originated on NeXTStep as "Multi-Architecture Binaries", and the concept is more generally known as a fat binary, as seen on Power Macintosh.

With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, and before that, since the move to 64-bit architectures in general, some software publishers such as Mozilla have used the term "universal" to refer to a fat binary that includes builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism that is used to select between the PowerPC or Intel builds of an application is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or Intel architectures.

Apple, however, continued to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to universal binaries. Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should) bundle separate builds for all architectures.

Universal binaries were introduced into Mac OS at the 2005 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and x86 versions of a compiled application. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary.

Starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in Mac OS X 10.6 or newer will only run on Intel-based Macs and therefore does not require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with OS X Lion, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends on new features in OS X 10.7 or newer will only run on 64-bit processors and therefore does not require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries. Fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have backward compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X running on older hardware.

The new Universal 2 binary format was introduced at the 2020 Worldwide Developers Conference. Universal 2 allows applications to run on both Intel x86-64-based and ARM64-based Macintosh computers, to enable the transition to Apple silicon.

Motivation
There are two general alternative solutions. The first is to simply provide two separate binaries, one compiled for the x86 architecture and one for the PowerPC architecture. However, this can be confusing to software users unfamiliar with the difference between the two, although the confusion can be remedied through improved documentation, or the use of hybrid CDs. The other alternative is to rely on emulation of one architecture by a system running the other architecture. This approach results in lower performance, and is generally regarded an interim solution to be used only until universal binaries or specifically compiled binaries are available as with Rosetta.

Universal binaries are larger than single-platform binaries, because multiple copies of the compiled code must be stored. However, because some non-executable resources are shared by the two architectures, the size of the resulting universal binary can be, and usually is, smaller than the combined sizes of two individual binaries. They also do not require extra RAM because only one of those two copies is loaded for execution.

History
The concept of a universal binary originated with "Multi-Architecture Binaries" in NeXTSTEP, the main architectural foundation of Mac OS X. NeXTSTEP supports universal binaries so that one executable image can run on multiple architectures, including Motorola's m68k, Intel's x86, Sun Microsystems's SPARC, and Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC. NeXTSTEP and macOS use Mach-O archive as the binary format underlying the universal binary.

Apple previously used a similar technique during the transition from 68k processors to PowerPC in the mid-1990s. These dual-platform executables are called fat binaries, referring to their larger file size.

Apple's Xcode 2.1 supports the creation of these files, a new feature in that release. A simple application developed with processor-independence in mind might require very few changes to compile as a universal binary, but a complex application designed to take advantage of architecture-specific features might require substantial modification. Applications originally built using other development tools might require additional modification. These reasons have been given for the delay between the introduction of Intel-based Macintosh computers and the availability of third-party applications in universal binary format. Apple's delivery of Intel-based computers several months ahead of their previously announced schedule is another factor in this gap.

Apple's Xcode 2.4 takes the concept of universal binaries even further, by allowing four-architecture binaries to be created (32- and 64-bit for both Intel and PowerPC), therefore allowing a single executable to take full advantage of the CPU capabilities of any Mac OS X machine.

Universal applications
Many software developers have provided universal binary updates for their products since the 2005 WWDC. As of December 2008, Apple's website listed more than 7,500 Universal applications.

On April 16, 2007, Adobe Systems announced the release of Adobe Creative Suite 3, the first version of the application suite in the Universal Binary format.

From 2006 to 2010, many Mac OS X applications were ported to Universal Binary format, including QuarkXPress, Apple's own Final Cut Studio, Adobe Creative Suite, Microsoft Office 2008, and Shockwave Player with version 11 - after that time most were made Intel-only apps. Non-Universal 32-bit PowerPC programs will run on Intel Macs running Mac OS X 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6 (in most cases), but with non-optimal performance, since they must be translated on-the-fly by Rosetta; they will not run on Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and later as Rosetta is no longer part of the OS.

iOS
Apple has used the same binary format as Universal Binaries for iOS applications by default on multiple occasions of architectural co-existence: around 2010 during the armv6-armv7-armv7s transition and around 2016 during the armv7-arm64 transition. The App Store automatically thins the binaries. No trade names were derived for this practice, as it is only a concern of the developer.

Universal 2
On June 22, 2020, Apple announced a two-year permanent transition from Intel x86-64-based processors to ARM64-based Apple silicon beginning with macOS Big Sur in late 2020. To aid in this transition, a new Universal 2 binary was introduced to enable applications to be run on either x86-64-based processors or ARM64-based processors.

Tools
The main tool for handling (creating or splitting) universal binaries is the lipo command found in Xcode. The file command on macOS and several other Unix-like systems can identify Mach-O universal binaries and report architecture support. Snow Leopard's System Profiler provides this information on the Applications tab.

title: Universal binary


text:
Talk:Sengkang New Town

Uh...it appears that Sengkang New Town redirects to this page. However, I feel they should be separate, especially considering that Ang Mo Kio New Town and Ang Mo Kio are two separate entities, and we want to avoid confusion and redundancy. Also, check out the Wikipedia articles about the MRT, we have a lot of predocumented information already, so it'd help if you'd wikify such links. Also, Sengkang isn't merely a town, or a housing estate or a neighbourhood, seeing how it has its own urban development classification under the specification of the Urban Redevelopment Authority. Hence this article needs to be written in a new direction, good material so far, but its not merely just a housing estate! -- Natalinasmpf 07:09, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) --

Thanks for your comments!

I acknowledge that Sengkang, as a urban planning area (UPA), is different in concept from Sengkang New Town, comprising only the HDB residential estate. A check with URA's planning boundaries reveals that the Sengkang UPA covers the entire Sengkang New Town (including Buangkok) and parts of the rural areas to the west of Jalan Kayu (on which there will be little, if any, housing development in the long term) and a small strip of land to the east of Sungei Serangoon.

I see your point of keeping separate the concepts of Sengkang, as a UPA, and Sengkang New Town, the purely HDB town component. Seeing that the original information on Sengkang New Town wanting, my original objective has been to redefine this article so that it can be as definitive as possible, if ever possible. Of course, I have not made the differentiation between Sengkang and Sengkang New Town precisely clear, which you have already done so in the introduction.

Your assistance and suggestions to further improve this article are greatly appreciated.

-- Sengkang 15:21, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--

Suggestion to merge this article with Sengkang because they are pretty much the same thing. A bit confusing with the New Town alias, considered expanding Sengkang instead.

Fernvale 16:08, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sengkang New Town


text: User talk:70.110.99.235

title: User talk:70.110.99.235


text:
1932 Chilean general election

General elections were held in Chile on 30 October 1932. Arturo Alessandri of the Liberal Party was elected president, whilst the Conservative Party and Radical Party emerged as the largest parties in the Chamber of Deputies.

Background
The election took place roughly a year after the previous election, but political and economic instability caused by the Great Depression which hit a low in mid-1932, only made the situation worse. President Montero had to resign shortly after a mutiny led by Marmaduque Grove, who headed the Socialist Republic of Chile until being overthrown by former ally Carlos Dávila who would also be overthrown, this time by Bartolome Blanche. After his downfall, Abraham Oyanedel became head of state. The return of Alessandri became so highly awaited that he won the election in a landslide ending a turbulent and bitter year for the country, being considered today as the worst one in Chilean history.

Electoral system
The presidential election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates that received the most votes.

Aftermath
Following the elections, three of the independent candidates elected to the Chamber of Deputies joined the Communist Party.

title: 1932 Chilean general election


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Gall/Museum of vandalism/Exhibit 5

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:45, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

User:Scott Gall/Museum of vandalism/Exhibit 5
nazi-page --141.53.194.251 07:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep this. I don't think stuff should be "stolen" from "museums." I'm a good girl. Besides, can you actually read German or did you just recognise the word Hitler? [[User:NazismIsntCool|NazismIsntCool/sig

Nazism  isn't   cool ]] 3 July 2005 09:48 (UTC)
 * Keep. Same reasons as NazismIsntCool. I'm the curator of this museum, so don't go planning thefts. It's illegal to steal from museums. Scott Gall July 3, 2005 09:50 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's not stealing because we're using a wiki. I think the page is a bit over the top. 218.101.117.25 3 July 2005 09:57 (UTC)
 * Keep. A museum is just there for showing stuff. That's what the museums in London have - a lot of stuff just for show. I wouldn't steal from them, would I? Barely There 4 July 2005 09:52 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm not a Nazi, but this stuff is not there to entertain or raise suspicion - it's just for show. Besides, it's illegal to steal from museums in Kazakhstan. HellRaiser 4 July 2005 09:54 (UTC)
 * Keep. Petru is right - this stuff is just for show. It's to show people how bad vandals can get. Jesus Lover 4 July 2005 09:57 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's his userpage, he should be able to put whatever the hell he wants on it. Isn't that the point of userpages? Cyclone49 04:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, almost whatever you want... there are limits though but this doesn't really cross the line. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions
 * Speedy keep its in his "Museum of Vandalism" so its just to show what VANDALS are doing. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 04:58, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Scott Gall has his anti-vandalism page, but not to glorify vandalism! Peter Ellis 05:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Who cares what goes on in User space, anyway? Documenting the range of vandalism possibilities is what allows this stuff to be boring, old news.  If we Delete it, then we allow it to be original again by repeating it.  Eric 08:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Emphatic Keep james gibbon  12:18, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as a record of vandalism, although there's no need to be zany about it. Binadot 21:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No reason to get worked up about, but I'd say this is an entirely inappropriate use of userspace. Scott Gall has already stated on his page that he'll move it to Wikicities, I think that's a lot better. From his main museum page I infer that he's doing this to prove he'll make a good admin; I'm not convinced that it actually proves such. Radiant_ >|< 12:33, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep becuase it is in userspace Yuckfoo 21:49, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. You DO know Scott Gall isn't actually promoting that message, right?  Almafeta 02:50, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.