text:
Talk:Lazio

Untitled
Hello everyone, I had an idea to add the cuisine, sports, and outdoor activities in Lazio. What do you all think? It's for a school project. Saddison1 (talk) 12:54, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

Suspect statement in History

 * It is believed that Latium is the orginal people of the aryan race, a perfect society of beutiful and intelligent people which now populate Punjab. This can be infered based on the similar beard sizes between men of Punjab and Latium. Latium was also where the theory of geographic luck was originated, as Jared Diamond was inspired by the wisdom of the reigning Santia family, that has ruled Latium for over 600 years.

Who put this Mein Kampf nonsense here? I'm removing it for lack of reference (if not taste). If the author really wants it back in, then they should state a good reason for it on this page.

External link
I removed since, as can be seen, it's a small and very inferior site: a single page, in fact, the purpose of which is to draw people to "I.V. Tours".
 * Lazio Roma for English-speaking travelers

I replaced it by the best site available. The five provinces maintain excellent sites as well, with at least some pages in English; and there are several dozen small sites in English much better than the above. If a site in English is absolutely required, my own site is a possibility, but (unlike the case for Umbria) I'm not suggesting it: despite its 600 pages, it doesn't provide sufficiently broad coverage of the entire region. Bill 23:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Someone came back a few days later and tried to put it back. That page is still thoroughly sub-par, and not about the Lazio either, just a small page about Rome with a few links; a page that spells "Colloseum", too.... Bill 09:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Remember that Wikipedia is supposed to be informational, not an adverisement platform for the internet. In general I would be suspicious of any link to a site that is trying to sell something as versus offering information on the subject. The exception being the official authorized establishment (ie. a link to the actual Louvre museum for the article on the Louvre). Sorry, Vian- I'm sure your daughter's site is grand, but it's inappropriate to link it to an article on Latium. -anon 5/11/2006

Rebuttal to Bill Thayer
Bill, I am the "someone" who added links to ItalianVisits.com on the various Italian Regional sites - and I don't think I was commiting "link spam" or engaged in vandalism when I did so. ItalianVisits.com is a serious endeavour being undertaken by my daughter, Jesse Andrews, who for the past 2 years has been living in Praia A Mare, in the northwest region of Calabria. My other daughter, Arianna, is attending university at the University for Foreigners in Perugia, and also contributes to the ItalianVisits website when she can.

If you look at the section on Calabria, you will see how much work and effort has been put into cataloguing towns and villages that are virtually unknown to English-speaking people, whether they are travelers or tourists, or people who have a curiousity about the area. You will note, I hope, the abundance of wonderful photographs that compliment the text, and present our viewers with images that otherwise would not be available. Incidentally, you should also note the link to Wikipedia resources whereever and whenever there is material on Wikidpedia about a region, town or other locale. We are as committed to Wikipedia as you are.

Jesse has created a vessel into which more information is being added every day. I just spent 15 days in Umbria, for instance, and added pages for Perugia, Assisi, Spello, Bevagna, Gubbio and the Regional Park at Colfiorito. Other contributors, like Katherine Lavallee, have added information about other towns in Tuscany. Such contributions are solicited eagerly so that we can fatten the content on the site.

ItalianVisits.com is hardly a come-on for selling tour packages, although we are trying to attract people to "unknown" parts of Italy, and in so doing, get some business to those out of the way places for local restauranteurs, hoteliers, and others in the travel business. If you are aware of what is going on in Italy now, you will understand that the economy is depressed, owing largely to various difficulties it has and is facing as it tries to integrate with the EU, and as it attempts to compete in a global economy. So, having information for travelers can not be the sine qua non of "link spam". If you look at all the external links listed in the Umbria section of Wikipedia, a number of them are active promoters of travel to the Region. Even in the Sardegna section where you posted identical comments to the comments you made here there is a link to a site called ActivSardegna which promotes travel. Should all of these be removed? And if so, by whom and under what (hopefully) reasonably well-defined policy?

You can coin or use phrases like "link spam", and "cyber vandalism", or other terms of denigration, but I think you, and others who "worry" about Wikipedia, should be careful not to sit on Wikipedia with a holier than thou attitude, deleting other people's contributions, unless a more thorough investigation is done into the content, and sometimes into the motives and objectives of their creators. Many people spend a lot of time, money and energy trying to do good without much reward beyond the satisfactions it provides. This effort to "do good" is manifest on your site Bill, at least, so far as I can see, and I commend you for it.

I'm a bit more than a little chagrined about what you have done Bill, and about how you have characterized ItalianVisits, but I hope we can discuss this if you think I am making an untenable argument in favour of allowing us to post links to the IV website, without fear of having them removed by the over-zealous.

Regards Vian Andrews Vancouver, BC July 28, 2005

Latins vs. Romans
I am very confused by the statement "Rome granted all Latins Roman citizenship after the Social War in 90 BC." I thought that the Latins were the ancestors of the Romans. ‡  Jarlaxle   00:30, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

It even says in this very article, "The name of the region also survives in the tribal designation of the ancient population of Latins, from whom the Romans originated." ‡  Jarlaxle   00:34, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Not to worry, the statement is correct. It's much as if the US were to grant Canadians, Australians and even Britishers US citizenship. The Brits are the "ancestors", so to speak, of the Americans, but the Americans could do this. Bill 00:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah. Thanks for clarifying that.   ‡   Jarlaxle   00:56, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Castro
Should Castro be included in the list of notable cities of Latium ? -- PFHLai 06:57, 2005 August 28 (UTC)
 * Probably not. What happens — see Umbria — is that little by little, every place that someone thinks is notable gets added, and you have a big list inside the article. Castro is really very small and though "notable" for archaeological discoveries, so is just about every other place in the Lazio. . . . Bill 10:06, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I thought the list was too long, too. Thanks for your insights, Bill. -- PFHLai 10:24, 2005 August 28 (UTC)

spelling
This is my first time here...not sure how to comment about spelling of "inhabitted"....in History of Latium...it should be "inhabited." minor correction needed....but worthy of notice I think. Meliora 17:25, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

shouldn't this article be called Lazio?
As far as I know, the name of this region is Lazio in modern Italian, and there's no good reason to prefer its Latin name. While this article is stubby, it looks like it's intended to cover the history of the region to the present day. --Akhilleus (talk) 04:16, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes it should, for starters there's the fact that this article is on the Regione Lazio - the Italian administrative unit and not simply the geographical area, and the Regione has never been called Latium. Secondly even going by the rather silly (IMO) 'Common Usage' rule that Wikipedia uses (resulting in an article on the Czech Republic instead of simply Czechia) it should still be Lazio. I have never, ever, ever heard it referred to as 'Latium' except in a _purely_ historical fashion, i.e. if the speaker is talking about Roman or pre-Roman history. Or should we maybe start calling Basilicata, Lucania again? Or move Calabria back to Salento? Seek100 02:30, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is called lazio so i don't understand what you want changed.--Pendotigers 09:19, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That's because it was moved after those comments were made. Skinsmoke (talk) 14:14, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Related: "often known in English as Latium" this is a bizarre statement to include in the introductory paragraph. More bizarre is the citation; a yahoo sports article that erroneously mentions Latium once. Firstly, this article is for the Lazio region, not the historical geographical 'region' Latium (for which there is already an article on). Secondly, the administrative region is never referred to as Latium in English. The only people who do this are the misinformed (perhaps like the reporter of the cited article). This needs to be removed promptly. LegionXVI (talk) 01:19, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

Requested move
Move (and split). Close call, but after reviewing the discussion (6/4) and briefly the article, the article focuses on modern region. If split (which I welcome), redirect Latium should be replaced with historical contents.Duja 13:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Latium → Lazio – "Lazio" is the modern Italian name for the region; "Latium" is Latin, and hasn't been in common use for a long time. "Lazio" currently redirects to "Latium", so admin assistance is needed. --Akhilleus (talk) 15:19, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

 * Support I have been to Rome many times, and all the Italians clearly refer to it as Lazio in usage and in writing, there is even a football team with that name.. Baristarim 15:50, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.-- Hús  ö  nd  18:36, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. I had no idea that this article wasn't at Lazio. --Stemonitis 14:51, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose as Latium is also the English name. FairHair 22:45, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, I have never seen the modern-day Italian region referred to in English as Latium. Compare the reasonable number of Google results for Lazio region in the websites of two English newspapers ( or ) with searches on the same sites for Latium region - in one case no results, in the other one coincidental one . Palmiro | Talk 15:21, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose, I agree with this guy. Latium is the english name. Raja Lon Flattery 19:17, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:UE. -  AjaxSmack    07:48, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support on the basis that, while both words are awkward in English to those of us without a sound education in the classics or modern languages (and therefore WP:UE can’t easily be interpreted), Lazio seems to have become by far the most common usage for the contemporary Italian region: in addition to Palmiro’s citations check out http://news.bbc.com, the 1960s Everyman Encyclopedia, and the English language pages of http://regione.lazio.it and http://ansa.it. —Ian Spackman 10:24, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose Gryffindor  17:11, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support I see most English references using the name Lazio now (yes, maybe even due to the name of the football team). A redirect from Latium should be fine. Taalo 23:29, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments --Akhilleus (talk) 15:19, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Re: FairHair's comment above--"Latium" is sometimes used in English, but "Lazio" is also used, and is more common. For instance, the Lonely Planet and Let's Go travel guides call the region "Lazio". --Akhilleus (talk) 23:26, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have just voted for Lazio, but I would be entirely happy with Latium if I were pointed to sufficient usage of the term to refer to the region in modern English. So far there are no citations in favour of Latium. (What I prefer and what you prefer—at least until there a good few thousand of us voting on each side—is of major unimportance!) —Ian Spackman 10:31, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Ian Spackman. There's also a certain lack of clarity in the article itself; the introduction refers entirely to the modern Italian region, while there is a history section referring entirely to the classical area. I'm not sure myself whether these are really the same thing, and perhaps that's another issue that needs to be sorted out - do we really need two articles rather than one here? Specialists in Classical history and Italian political history are welcome to give their views... Palmiro | Talk 19:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Latium is the name of the ancient region populated by the Latins. Lazio is the name of the regione of modern Italy. The article should be split, they are not even geographically the same. —Centrx→talk • 04:59, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I support a split. Centrx overstates things a bit, but is basically correct--the ancient area called Latium is not the same as the modern regione Lazio, and separate articles would be best. I'm a bit uncertain at what date the Latium article should stop and the Lazio article should begin; I suppose the modern administrative region comes into being in 1871, and before that, articles like Papal States and Kingdom of Italy apply. --Akhilleus (talk) 05:18, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I also support a split. However I would expect that the Lazio article should cover the pre-history and history of the territory up to the present, at least in outline. Obviously with links to exended coverage in other articles, including the one on Latium. —Ian Spackman 20:21, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Two more links supporting Lazio:
 * Category:Lazio
 * A list of Italian regions from the website of the British Embassy in Rome
 * —Ian Spackman 20:21, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If the article is split into Latium and Lazio, what is the procedure? I think that Latium should be moved to Lazio, and then a new Latium should be created to handle the ancient history, etc., but I don't know how splits are usually done. --Akhilleus (talk) 02:53, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I support a split; there is lots to talk about in ancient history of Latium; there is lots of geography and modern history in Lazio. Carlossuarez46 00:40, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikifying

 * I don't understand what needs wikifyingPendotigers 09:22, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Mhh... about blanking and reverting
I've reverted a blanking of this page by an anon IP that looked like vandalism. If that is not the case please let me know and blank it again. --Legion fi 07:55, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Unecessary requests for citation
Someone put citation requests on some elemental information at the level of "Massachusetts is a state." We don't need a citation to tell us Massachusetts is a state and we don't need one to tell us the Latins were named from living in Latium. But, in case you did not know that, there is a blue link to the Latins! That article explains or should explain that the Latini lived in Latium and had a mythical king Latinus. Moreover, the connection between Lazio and Latium does not need a citation either. In case you did not know that and were confused, as well might happen in the case of children or if your education was terminated in grade school, or if you missed out on school and learned to read on your own later, the blue link to Latium serves as a reference. We do not need to give a special reference to these connections made in the linked articles, as this information is or should have been elementary knowledge. So, I'm taking them out, after verifying the blue links go where they should. There will be a slight rewording of those sentences to make the points.Dave (talk) 09:51, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

The statistics
The previous source was ISTAT in Italian. I do not know why you would choose Italian as there is an English version, so I put the English version in. Moreover, that agency updates those figures practically on a month-to-month basis. So, I put in the last available as of this date. And, I do believe the box goes way beyond ISTAT. All I see in ISTAT is a distinction between citizens and foreign residents. This breaking population down by nationality, that is an American idea. And Romanian - why Romanian? Is someone concerned about Romanians in Lazio? We shouldn't be. The Italians do what the Italians do and apparently that does not concern ISTAT at all. And there is no source on that one, so I'm changing it to verifiable information under the headings "Citizens" and "Foreign residents." If you Italian WP editors have issues with that come up with some reliable figures and references, but don't involve us in your issues. Over here the ethnic reporting status is hopeless so no one bothers with it. Some job applications still want to know if you belong to the Caucasian Race. All such requests used to be and ought to be a violation of civil rights. However a subsequent law forces companies to gather data for the census so we have this contradictory situation. I'm waiting for someone to take it to the Supreme Court but no one seems to have the money. Caucasian Race? Shades of the Civil War, Henri Breasted and Carleton Coon. Get back, you shades. I think purgatory for them is located under the Caucasus mountains (joke). In any case let's stick to the figures of the national Italian agencies and not go winging it. However, ISTAT is not sure about the numbers of foreign residents. The last update doubles the previous estimate for the same date, January 1 2009. I got no choice but to use the latest, which indicate there are a lot of foreigners in Lazio, probably in Rome, but you can go to the site to find out. I see no point in singling out Romanians; you would expect such an important city cuturally to have contingents from just about the whole world. If I were going to single out foreigners here I would look for the number of Italians ... (another joke). Of course, here they are only Americans with Italian names, and there are too many to count, I do believe.Dave (talk) 14:38, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Location
This box seems extraneous and in the way. Since it was invented the box you see at the side was invented, which gives a map of the location of Lazio. If you have the map, why do you need the location box? Not only that but the coordinates are a locator also: you click on those and you get quite a variety of detailed maps and photos. The location box does not really fit anywhere and is the wrong size for a banner. Its general inutility is underscored by the fact that no other article linked to the location box has the location box. I had it at the bottom, which is the only place it might fit without disrupting the continuity of the article - you can't just stick things in snywhere - but someone moved it back in the center. So with your permission I'm inclined to take out this obsolete template not used anywhere else. We have boxes and banners a'plenty, as well as maps, no need to clutter the place up with duplicated information arranged confusingly in a template that no longer fits. Thanks.Dave (talk) 01:00, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Date
According to Italian wiki, Lazio the administrative region was formed only after 1948. Before that probably was the circondari  system. Matthew hk (talk) 14:14, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:29, 17 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of Emilia-Romagna.svg

title: Talk:Lazio


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taryn Vidic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:50, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Taryn Vidic
Strong delete if not speedy, non-notable. I think it's written by the same user who brought us Chris labosky, Steve Ullinger, and Gabe Wawrin. Plus, Wikipedia is not a place to announce who your crush is... rather POV, I'd say. --Idont Havaname 23:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete kiddie vanity. --Etacar11 00:09, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Official number one delete. Vanity, not notable. -- BD2412 talk 02:18, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * But "she has over 500 collectibles memorabilia of Linkin Park". mmk, vanity DELETE <> Who ? ¿ ?  06:46, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Madd4Max 12:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
The Night Watchman (1938 film)

The Night Watchman is a 1938 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. The short was released on November 19, 1938.

This short is the first film directed by Chuck Jones after he was promoted from an animator.

Plot
A feline watchman gets sick, so his kitten son is enlisted to watch the kitchen. When the gangland-style rats find out that he is the one on duty, they try to take over.

Home media
The Night Watchman is available with original titles restored on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4 Disc 4 DVD set.

Voice cast

 * Mel Blanc as Hoodlum Rats, Thomas Cat, Thomas's father
 * Margaret Hill-Talbot as Thomas Cat
 * The Paul Taylor Group as the singing rat quartet

title: The Night Watchman (1938 film)


text:
Polarity item

In linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.

In English
As examples of polarity items, consider the English lexical items somewhat and at all, as used in the following sentences:
 * 1) I liked the film somewhat.
 * 2) I didn't like the film at all.
 * 3) *I liked the film at all.
 * 4) *I didn't like the film somewhat.

As can be seen, somewhat is licensed by the affirmative environment of sentence (1), but it is forbidden (anti-licensed) by the negative environment of sentence (4). It can therefore be considered to be a positive polarity item (PPI). On the other hand, at all is licensed by the negative environment of sentence (2), but anti-licensed by the positive environment of sentence (3), and is therefore considered a negative polarity item (NPI).

Because standard English does not have negative concord, that is, double negatives are not used to intensify each other, the language makes frequent use of certain NPIs that correspond in meaning to negative items, and can be used in the environment of another negative. For example, anywhere is an NPI corresponding to the negative nowhere, as used in the following sentences: Note that double-negative constructions like I was not going nowhere take on an opposing meaning in formal usage, but that this is not necessarily the case in colloquial contexts and in various lects, which parallels other languages which have negative concord. Anywhere, like most of the other NPIs listed below, is also used in other senses where it is not an NPI, as in I would go anywhere with you.
 * 1) I was going nowhere. (the negative nowhere is used when not preceded by another negative)
 * 2) I was not going anywhere. (the NPI anywhere is used in the environment of the preceding negative not)
 * nobody/no one – anybody/anyone
 * nothing – anything
 * no/none – any
 * never – ever
 * nowhere – anywhere
 * no longer/no more – any longer/any more

See also, and.

Determination of licensing contexts
The actual set of contexts that license particular polarity items is not as easily defined as a simple distinction between affirmative and negative sentences. Baker noted that double negation may provide an acceptable context for positive polarity items:

 * I can't believe you don't fancy her somewhat.

 * John doesn't have any potatoes
 * *John has any potatoes.

However, licensing contexts can take many forms besides simple negation/affirmation. To complicate matters, polarity items appear to be highly idiosyncratic, each with its own set of licensing contexts.

Early discussion of polarity items can be found in the work of Otto Jespersen and Edward Klima. Much of the research on polarity items has centered around the question of what creates a negative context. In the late 1970s, William Ladusaw (building on work by Gilles Fauconnier) discovered that most English NPIs are licensed in downward entailing environments. This is known as the Fauconnier–Ladusaw hypothesis. A downward entailing environment, however, is not a necessary condition for an NPI to be licensed—they may be licensed by some non-monotone (and thus not downward entailing) contexts, like "exactly N," as well.
 * *Some people have ever been on the moon.
 * Exactly three people have ever been on the moon.

Nor is a downward entailing environment a sufficient condition for all negative polarity items, as first pointed out by Zwarts (1981) for Dutch "ook maar."

Licensing contexts across languages include the scope of n-words (negative particles, negative quantifiers), the antecedent of conditionals, questions, the restrictor of universal quantifiers, non-affirmative verbs (doubt), adversative predicates (be surprised), negative conjunctions (without), comparatives and superlatives, too-phrases, negative predicates (unlikely), some subjunctive complements, some disjunctions, imperatives, and others (finally, only). Given this wide range of mostly non-downward entailing environments, the Fauconnier-Ladusaw Hypothesis has gradually been replaced in favor of theories based on the notion of nonveridicality (proposed by Zwarts and Giannakidou).

Different NPIs may be licensed by different expressions. Thus, while the NPI anything is licensed by the downward entailing expression at most two of the visitors, the idiomatic NPI not lift a finger (known as a minimizer) is not licensed by the same expression.

 * At most two of the visitors had seen anything.
 * *At most two of the visitors lifted a finger to help.

While NPIs have been discovered in many languages, their distribution is subject to substantial cross-linguistic variation; this aspect of NPIs is currently the subject of ongoing research in cross-linguistic semantics.

title: Polarity item


text:
Apollodorus of Pergamon

Apollodorus (Ἀπολλόδωρος) of Pergamon was a rhetorician of ancient Greece who was the author of a school of rhetoric called after him Apollodoreios Hairesis (Ἀπολλοδωρειος αἵρεσις), which was subsequently opposed by the school established by Theodorus of Gadara (Θεοδώρειος αἵρεσις).

In his advanced age Apollodorus taught rhetoric at Apollonia, and here the young future Roman emperor Augustus was one of his pupils and became his friend. The geographer Strabo ascribes to him scientific works (τέχνας) on rhetoric, but Quintilian on the authority of Apollodorus himself declares only one of the works ascribed to him as genuine, and this he calls Ars (τέχνη) edita ad Matium, in which the author treated on oratory only insofar as speaking in the courts of justice was concerned.

Apollodorus himself wrote little, and his whole theory could be gathered only from the works of his disciples, Gaius Valgius and Atticus. Lucian states that Apollodorus died at the age of eighty-two.

title: Apollodorus of Pergamon


text: Talk:Lincoln Kirstein

title: Talk:Lincoln Kirstein


text:
Sileby railway station

Sileby railway station serves the industrial village of Sileby in Leicestershire, England. The station is located on the Midland Main Line, 106 mi north of London St Pancras.

History
The original station was built in 1840 for the Midland Counties Railway, which in 1844 joined the North Midland Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway to form the Midland Railway.

The line cut the village in two connecting the halves with a substantial stone bridge.

There were complaints from local residents about the facilities provided at the station. In 1897 the parish council were petitioning the company for improvements, but the Midland Railway company were resistant. By 1910 the council raised a petition to the company to resolve 5 issues This time the council were more successful as early in 1912 they received a letter from the Railway Company confirming the improvements which would be made.
 * The dangerous level crossing, stating the several accidents had been narrowly avoided.
 * The need of better accommodation for vehicular traffic. The number of vehicles using the station had increased and blocking of the road, especially by milk carts, was a danger as well as an inconvenience
 * The want of a comfortable waiting room on the up platform. There was only an open shelter with no provision for a fire in cold weather.
 * The lowness of the platforms, which were thought to be the cause of a passenger suffering a fractured ankle when alighting from a train.
 * The need for an entrance from Brook Street.
 * Access from King Street to the up-platform without passengers having to cross the running lines.
 * Improved vehicular access to the station
 * The additional waiting room
 * Raising and lengthening the platforms
 * Footpath access from Brook Street.

The platform structures were of timber and very little remains after closure in 1968 apart from the station house.

It reopened on 27 May 1994 as part of phase one of the Ivanhoe Line.

Station masters

 * William F. Jacques until 1861
 * Benjamin Preston 1861 - 1874
 * W. Mee 1874 - 1876
 * Eli Crofts 1876 - 1888
 * William J. Martin 1888 - 1892
 * Walter George Fudge 1892 - 1898 (formerly station master at Wixford, afterwards station master at Wigston Magna)
 * Henry Dring 1898 - 1907
 * Thomas William Bloore 1907 - 1915
 * Edward Arnold ca. 1920 (afterwards station master at Whittington Moor)
 * Arthur Fourt 1922 - ???? (formerly station master at Borrowash)
 * J.W. Flint 1937 - ????

Facilities
The station is unstaffed and facilities are limited although there is a self-service ticket machine for ticket purchases and shelters on both platforms.

Step-free access is not available to either of the platforms at the station.

Services
All services at Sileby are operated by East Midlands Railway using Class 158 and 170 DMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to Leicester
 * 1 tph to Lincoln via Nottingham of which 1 tp2h continues to Grimsby Town

Fast trains on the Midland Main Line pass by the station but do not stop.

The station is closed on Sundays.

title: Sileby railway station


text:
Talk:Tzenkethi

For a June 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Tzenkethi

Evidently a Star Trek topic. Article might be better off started from scratch.Atomiktoaster 23:24, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tzenkethi


text:
Nguyen Van Nghi

Nguyễn Văn Nghị (11 January 1909 in Hanoi – 17 December 1999 in Marseille) was a Vietnamese-French physician who was prominent among those credited with bringing Chinese medicine to the West

Biography
Born in Hanoi, French Indochina (present-day Vietnam), Nghi was educated in Vietnam, China, and France. Completing his medical degree from the Montpellier University, he began a combined Eastern and Western medical practice in 1940.

In 1954 he devoted his practice entirely to acupuncture based on the classical texts: Huangdi Neijing (Suwen, Lingshu) and the Nan Jing. He was a doctor, author, teacher and scholar of the classic texts of Chinese Medicine (acupuncture-moxibustion). Much of his life's work revolved around translating and adding his own commentary to an unmolested Tang dynasty copy of the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic) from an ancient script into the French language.

He was insistent that Western medicine and Chinese Medicine were not separate scientific pursuits, but that there was One Medicine.

It would appear likely that some of this account is legend rather than history. The commentary referred to as that of 'Ma Yuan Tai (Ma Shi)' would most likely be Ma Xuan Tai (c.1580). The commentary attributed to Zhang Yan Yin (Zhang Shi)' would most likely be Zhang An Yin (Zhang Zhi Cong) (1619–1674). These dates would be consistent with the transmission of Chinese medicine to Vietnam in the 1700s.

Nghi began to collaborate with Albert Chamfrault and M. Ung Kan Sam. The beginning of this school can be attributed to George Soulié de Morant, who is the founder of the French school of acupuncture. By 1966, Chamfrault had become President of the French Acupuncture Association, and had succeeded in gathering all the physician acupuncturists - followers of De la Fuÿe, Niboyet and others under the same umbrella (The National Confederation of Medical Acupuncturists, founded in 1969. Chamfrault died in 1969 and Dr. Van Nghi inherited his mantle.

Nghi's brother was director of the Institute of Traditional Medicine in Hanoi, and through him, Van Nghi had access to the North Vietnamese teaching text Trung Y Hoc (Studies of Chinese Medicine) and teaching materials from Beijing and Nanjing which explain the strong TCM flavor of much of his (especially later) writing. His contributions were incorporated into the syllabus of the British College of Acupuncture by Keith Lamont, Royston Low and colleagues.

Death
He died on 17 December 1999, aged 90, in Marseille, France.

Works

 * Pathogénie et pathologie energétique en médecine Chinoise: Traitement par acupuncture et massages. Marseille. 1977, p. 27 (in French)
 * Pathogenese und Pathologie der Energetik in der Chinesischen Medizin. Band 1 & Band 2. Uelzen, MLV, 1974 (in German)
 * Pathogenese und Pathologie der Energetik in der Chinesischen Medizin (Behandlung durch Akupunktur und Massage). Band 1 & Band 2. Uelzen, MLV, zweite auflage, 1977 (in German)
 * Патогенез и патология энергетики в китайской медицине. // Pathogenese und Pathologie der Energetik in der Chinesischen Medizin. Band 1 & Band 2. Contents (in Russian)
 * Патогенез и патология энергетики в китайской медицине. Глава 3. Пять движений и Шесть энергий. // Pathogenese und pathologie der energetic in der chinesischen medizin (behandlung durch Akupunktur und Massage) — Band 1, 1977; Kapitel 3, SS. pp. 45–63. Перевёл с немецкого Михаил Смирнов (1984), редактор и автор примечаний А. Н. Ахметсафин (in Russian)
 * Патогенез заболеваний. Диагностика и лечение методами традиционной китайской медицины: иглоукалывание, массаж, прижигание. Тома 1, 2. [Перевод с китайского]. Редактор и переводчик Салдаев П. В. — МП «Вен-Мер», фирма «Эврика», Новосибирск, 1992. — 584 с. — ISBN 5-87608-001-2 (in Russian)
 * Albert Chamfrault, Nguyen Van Nghi. L' Energétique Humaine en Médecine Chinoise. (Traité de médecine chinoise: d'après les textes chinois anciens et modernes. Tome VI). Angoulême, Editions Chamfrault, Imprimerie de la Charente, 1969, 1981 [Réédition], p. 463 (in French)
 * Albert Chamfrault, Nguyen Van Nghi. Atlas Anatomique. Imprimerie de la Charente, Angoulême, 1969, p. 73 (in French)
 * Nguyen Van Nghi, Tran Viet Dzung, Christine Recours Nguyen. Art et Pratique de l'Acupuncture et de la Moxibustion. Selon Zhen Jiu Da Cheng de Yang Chi Chou.
 * Tome I. — Edition N.V.N. (Nguyen Van Nghi), Marseille, 1982. — 307 pages.
 * Tome II. — Editions N.V.N. (Nguyen Van Nghi), Marseille, 1984. — 400 pages.
 * Tome III. — Editions N.V.N. (Nguyen Van Nghi), Marseille, 1989. — 489 pages.

 * Indefinite publishings
 * Théorie et pratique de l'analgésie par acupuncture (out of print) co-authors Dr Mai Van Dong, Dr Uld. Lanza
 * Médecine traditionnelle chinoise, pathogenie et pathologie co-author Dr. Christine Recours Nguyen
 * Semiologie et thérapeutique en médecine énergétique orientale Semeotica e terapia nelle medecina energetica orientale (italiano)
 * Pharmacologie en médecine orientale co-author Dr Mai Van Dong

 * Translations and Exegesis of Ancient Texts:
 * «The Suwen» Huangdi Neijing Suwen :   Tome 1  Tome 2  Tome 3 co-author Dr Nguyen Patrick  Tome 4 co-author Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen
 * «Le Dacheng» : co-authors Dr Tran Viet Dzung, Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen Art et pratique de l’Acupuncture et de la moxibustion (selon Zhen Jiu Da Cheng)   Tome 1  Tome 2  Tome 3
 * «The Shangan Lun» : co-author Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen Maladies évolutives des 3 Yin et des 3 Yang (selon Shanghan Lun de Zhang Zhongjing)
 * «The Maijing» : co-authors Dr Bui Van Tho, Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen Mai Jing, classique des pouls de Wang Shu He (210-285 ap. J-C)
 * «The Lingshu» : co-authors Dr Tran Viet Dzung, Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen
 * «Huangdi Neijing Lingshu»   Tome 1  Tome 2  Tome 3
 * «The Nanjing» : co-authors Dr Tran Viet Dzung, Dr Ch. Recours Nguyen

title: Nguyen Van Nghi


text:
Barrow-upon-Soar railway station

Barrow-upon-Soar railway station (formerly known as Barrow and Barrow-upon-Soar and Quorn) serves the large village of Barrow-upon-Soar in Leicestershire, England. The station is located on the Midland Main Line between Leicester and Loughborough, 108 mi north of St Pancras.

History
The first station at Barrow was opened in 1840 by the Midland Counties Railway, which shortly joined the North Midland Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway to form the Midland Railway.

It was originally known simply as Barrow, but became Barrow-upon-Soar in 1871. When Quorn and Woodhouse was opened by the rival Great Central Railway on the opposite (western) side of Quorn, it became Barrow-upon-Soar and Quorn in 1899. Neither station, in fact, was ideally located for Quorn, being about equidistant from its centre.

Barrow was the only station on the line to retain much of its original MCR architecture. However, it was completely demolished following its closure in 1968.

A new station was opened slightly to the southeast of the original site on 27 May 1994, as part of phase one of the Ivanhoe Line.

In August 2016, a road bridge by the station partially collapsed during maintenance work, severely disrupting train services.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed and facilities are limited although there is a self-service ticket machine for ticket purchases as well as shelters and modern help points on both platforms. Bicycle storage is also available at the station.

Step-free access is not available to either of the platforms at the station.

Services
All services at Barrow-upon-Soar are operated by East Midlands Railway using class 158 and class 170 DMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to Leicester
 * 1 tph to Lincoln via Nottingham of which 1 tp2h continues to Grimsby Town

Fast trains on the Midland Main Line pass by the station but do not stop.

The station is closed on Sundays.

title: Barrow-upon-Soar railway station


text:
Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet

Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, is one of the four main campuses of Oslo University Hospital in Oslo, Norway. It was an independent hospital, Rigshospitalet, later spelled Rikshospitalet ("The National Hospital"), from 1826 to 2009, when it merged with other university hospitals in Oslo.

It is a highly specialized university hospital with special assignments in research and the development of new methods of treatment. Rikshospitalet is a part of Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, and is affiliated with the University of Oslo.

About 60% of the patients admitted to Rikshospitalet are referred from other hospitals in Norway for more specialized investigations and treatment. In Norway, Rikshospitalet plays an important part with expert knowledge of the treatment of rare and complicated disorders. Rikshospitalet covers the whole country in various fields, including organ and bone marrow transplants, advanced neurosurgery, and treatment of children with congenital malformations. Rikshospitalet is also responsible for health care to the Norwegian royal family.

Rikshospitalet had 585 beds as of 2005. It is renowned for its architecture. Rikshospitalet merged in 2005 with the Norwegian Radium Hospital to create Rikshospitalet–Radiumhospitalet. The English form of the name was The University Hospital Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet. Later (in October 2007) the notation was changed to "Rikshospitalet HF" (Rikshospitalet University Hospital HF) and that name now covers what used to be 12 different governmental hospitals (Rikshospitalet, Radiumhospitalet, Geilomo, Strålesatelitt ved Sykehuset Innlandet, Hjertesenteret i Oslo, Epilepsisenteret SSE, Spesialsykehuset for rehabilitering i Stavern, Voksentoppen, Spesialsykehuset for rehabilitering i Kristiansand, Nordagutu opptreningssenter og kvinneklinikken Føderiket), each with their own specialities and now under the same "branding".

The hospital is the last stop on the Ullevål Hageby Line of the Oslo Tramway. Rikshospitalet Station is served by lines 17 and 18. Oslo Heliport, Rikshospitalet consists of a 20.55 m diameter helipad 20 m from the emergency department.

History
It was previously located between Ullevålsveien and Pilestredet—roads in Oslo.

1 April 1944, a radio station of The Resistance, located in the loft of Women's Clinic, was raided on 1 April 1944. (Knut Haugland shot four, and escaped. )

It moved to its current location in 1999.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Godo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:49, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Godo
Non-notable 1337 speak. Delete. --Sn0wflake 23:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. JamesBurns 05:24, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete should have just been listed on internet slang instead, so maybe merge. Who ? ¿ ?  06:34, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete into internet slang. Alphax τεχ 16:46, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Godo


text:
Val Anderson

Val Anderson (1929–2006) was a politician in British Columbia, Canada. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 1991 general election, as a candidate of the BC Liberal Party, and reelected in 1996 and 2001. He had been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1986 provincial election in the riding of Vancouver East.

In his youth, Anderson was a member of the Saskatchewan Older Boys' Parliament (now the Saskatchewan Youth Parliament).

He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Saskatchewan and a Bachelor of Divinity from St. Andrew's College. He has a Master of Theology degree from Princeton Theological Seminary and has completed two years on a doctoral program at Boston School of Theology.

Prior to serving as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), Anderson was a minister in the United Church of Canada and a former professor at the Vancouver School of Theology. He was coordinator and editor of Canadian Multi Faith Action.

Anderson was active in community work. He was the founding chair of the Vancouver Food Bank and the Pacific Youth and Family Addiction Service Society. He received the Good Neighbour Award in 1990, along with honors from the Social Justice Foundation of BC.

When first elected, Anderson served as the Deputy Critic for Social Services. He served on the Government Caucus Committee on Communities & Safety, the Legislative Select Standing Committees on Aboriginal Affairs and Health, and the Multicultural Committee. He had previously served as a member of the Legislative Select Standing Committee on Parliamentary Reform, Ethical Conduct.

Anderson died on 30 March 2006 after a long battle with bowel cancer.

title: Val Anderson


text:
Symbolic dynamics

In mathematics, symbolic dynamics is the practice of modeling a topological or smooth dynamical system by a discrete space consisting of infinite sequences of abstract symbols, each of which corresponds to a state of the system, with the dynamics (evolution) given by the shift operator. Formally, a Markov partition is used to provide a finite cover for the smooth system; each set of the cover is associated with a single symbol, and the sequences of symbols result as a trajectory of the system moves from one covering set to another.

History
The idea goes back to Jacques Hadamard's 1898 paper on the geodesics on surfaces of negative curvature. It was applied by Marston Morse in 1921 to the construction of a nonperiodic recurrent geodesic. Related work was done by Emil Artin in 1924 (for the system now called Artin billiard), Pekka Myrberg, Paul Koebe, Jakob Nielsen, G. A. Hedlund.

The first formal treatment was developed by Morse and Hedlund in their 1938 paper. George Birkhoff, Norman Levinson and the pair Mary Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood have applied similar methods to qualitative analysis of nonautonomous second order differential equations.

Claude Shannon used symbolic sequences and shifts of finite type in his 1948 paper A mathematical theory of communication that gave birth to information theory.

During the late 1960s the method of symbolic dynamics was developed to hyperbolic toral automorphisms by Roy Adler and Benjamin Weiss, and to Anosov diffeomorphisms by Yakov Sinai who used the symbolic model to construct Gibbs measures. In the early 1970s the theory was extended to Anosov flows by Marina Ratner, and to Axiom A diffeomorphisms and flows by Rufus Bowen.

A spectacular application of the methods of symbolic dynamics is Sharkovskii's theorem about periodic orbits of a continuous map of an interval into itself (1964).

Examples
Concepts such as heteroclinic orbits and homoclinic orbits have a particularly simple representation in symbolic dynamics.

Itinerary
Itinerary of point with respect to the partition is a sequence of symbols. It describes dynamic of the point.

Applications
Symbolic dynamics originated as a method to study general dynamical systems; now its techniques and ideas have found significant applications in data storage and transmission, linear algebra, the motions of the planets and many other areas. The distinct feature in symbolic dynamics is that time is measured in discrete intervals. So at each time interval the system is in a particular state. Each state is associated with a symbol and the evolution of the system is described by an infinite sequence of symbols—represented effectively as strings. If the system states are not inherently discrete, then the state vector must be discretized, so as to get a coarse-grained description of the system.

title: Symbolic dynamics


text:
Subshift of finite type

In mathematics, subshifts of finite type are used to model dynamical systems, and in particular are the objects of study in symbolic dynamics and ergodic theory. They also describe the set of all possible sequences executed by a finite state machine. The most widely studied shift spaces are the subshifts of finite type.

Motivating examples
A (one-sided) shift of finite type is the set of all sequences, infinite on one end only, that can be made up of the letters $$A, B, C$$, like $$AAA\cdots, ABAB\cdots, \dots$$. A (two-sided) shift of finite type is similar, but consists of sequences that are infinite on both ends.

A subshift can be defined by a directed graph on these letters, such as the graph $$A \to B \to C \to A$$. It consists of sequences whose transitions between consecutive letters are only those allowed by the graph. For this example, the subshift consists of only three one-sided sequences: $$ABCABC\cdots, BCABCA\cdots, CABCAB\cdots$$. Similarly, the two-sided subshift described by this graph consists of only three two-sided sequences.

Other directed graphs on the same letters produce other subshifts. For example, adding another arrow $$A\to C$$ to the graph produces a subshift that, instead of containing three sequences, contains an uncountably infinite number of sequences.

Markov and non-Markov measures
Given a Markov transition matrix and an invariant distribution on the states, we can impose a probability measure on the set of subshifts. For example, consider the Markov chain given on the left on the states $$A, B_1, B_2 $$, with invariant distribution $$\pi = (2/7, 4/7, 1/7)   $$. If we "forget" the distinction between $$B_1, B_2$$, we project this space of subshifts on $$A, B_1, B_2 $$ into another space of subshifts on $$A, B  $$, and this projection also projects the probability measure down to a probability measure on the subshifts on $$A, B  $$.

The curious thing is that the probability measure on the subshifts on $$A, B $$ is not created by a Markov chain on $$A, B  $$, not even multiple orders. Intuitively, this is because if one observes a long sequence of $$B^n$$, then one would become increasingly sure that the $$Pr(A | B^n) \to \frac 23  $$, meaning that the observable part of the system can be affected by something infinitely in the past.

Conversely, there exists a space of subshifts on 6 symbols, projected to subshifts on 2 symbols, such that any Markov measure on the smaller subshift has a preimage measure that is not Markov of any order (Example 2.6 ).

Definition
Let $V$ be a finite set of $n$ symbols (alphabet). Let $X$ denote the set $V^\Z$ of all bi-infinite sequences of elements of $V$ together with the shift operator $T$. We endow $V$ with the discrete topology and $X$ with the product topology. A symbolic flow or subshift is a closed $T$-invariant subset $Y$ of $X$ and the associated language $L_{Y}$ is the set of finite subsequences of $Y$.

Now let $A$ be an $n × n$ adjacency matrix with entries in ${0, 1}.$ Using these elements we construct a directed graph $G = (V, E)$ with $V$ the set of vertices and $E$ the set of edges containing the directed edge $x → y$ in $E$ if and only if $Ax, y = 1$. Let $Y$ be the set of all infinite admissible sequences of edges, where by admissible it is meant that the sequence is a walk of the graph, and the sequence can be either one-sided or two-sided infinite. Let $T$ be the left shift operator on such sequences; it plays the role of the time-evolution operator of the dynamical system. A subshift of finite type is then defined as a pair $(Y, T)$ obtained in this way. If the sequence extends to infinity in only one direction, it is called a one-sided subshift of finite type, and if it is bilateral, it is called a two-sided subshift of finite type.

Formally, one may define the sequences of edges as

 * $$\Sigma_{A}^{+} = \left\{ (x_0,x_1,\ldots):

x_j \in V, A_{x_{j}x_{j+1}}=1, j \in \N \right\}.$$

This is the space of all sequences of symbols such that the symbol $p$ can be followed by the symbol $q$ only if the $(p, q)$-th entry of the matrix $A$ is 1. The space of all bi-infinite sequences is defined analogously:

 * $$\Sigma_{A} = \left\{ (\ldots, x_{-1},x_0,x_1,\ldots):

x_j \in V, A_{x_{j}x_{j+1}}=1, j\in\mathbb{Z} \right\}.$$

The shift operator $T$ maps a sequence in the one- or two-sided shift to another by shifting all symbols to the left, i.e.

 * $$\displaystyle(T(x))_{j}=x_{j+1}.$$

Clearly this map is only invertible in the case of the two-sided shift.

A subshift of finite type is called transitive if $G$ is strongly connected: there is a sequence of edges from any one vertex to any other vertex. It is precisely transitive subshifts of finite type which correspond to dynamical systems with orbits that are dense.

An important special case is the full $n$-shift: it has a graph with an edge that connects every vertex to every other vertex; that is, all of the entries of the adjacency matrix are 1. The full $n$-shift corresponds to the Bernoulli scheme without the measure.

Terminology
By convention, the term shift is understood to refer to the full $n$-shift. A subshift is then any subspace of the full shift that is shift-invariant (that is, a subspace that is invariant under the action of the shift operator), non-empty, and closed for the product topology defined below. Some subshifts can be characterized by a transition matrix, as above; such subshifts are then called subshifts of finite type. Often, subshifts of finite type are called simply shifts of finite type. Subshifts of finite type are also sometimes called topological Markov shifts.

Examples
Many chaotic dynamical systems are isomorphic to subshifts of finite type; examples include systems with transverse homoclinic connections, diffeomorphisms of closed manifolds with a positive metric entropy, the Prouhet–Thue–Morse system, the Chacon system (this is the first system shown to be weakly mixing but not strongly mixing), Sturmian systems and Toeplitz systems.

Generalizations
A sofic system is an image of a subshift of finite type where different edges of the transition graph may be mapped to the same symbol. For example, if one only watches the output from a hidden Markov chain, then the output appears to be a sofic system. It may be regarded as the set of labellings of paths through an automaton: a subshift of finite type then corresponds to an automaton which is deterministic. Such systems correspond to regular languages.

Context-free systems are defined analogously, and are generated by phrase structure grammars.

A renewal system is defined to be the set of all infinite concatenations of some fixed finite collection of finite words.

Subshifts of finite type are identical to free (non-interacting) one-dimensional Potts models ($n$-letter generalizations of Ising models), with certain nearest-neighbor configurations excluded. Interacting Ising models are defined as subshifts together with a continuous function of the configuration space (continuous with respect to the product topology, defined below); the partition function and Hamiltonian are explicitly expressible in terms of this function.

Subshifts may be quantized in a certain way, leading to the idea of the quantum finite automata.

Topology
A subshift has a natural topology, derived from the product topology on $V^\Z,$ where

 * $$V^\Z= \prod_{n \in \Z} V = \{ x=(\ldots,x_{-1},x_0,x_1,\ldots) :

x_k \in V \; \forall k \in \Z \}$$

and $V$ is given the discrete topology. A basis for the topology of $V^\Z,$ which induces the topology of the subshift, is the family of cylinder sets

 * $$C_t[a_0, \ldots, a_s]= \{x \in V^\Z :

x_t = a_0, \ldots ,x_{t+s} = a_s \}$$

The cylinder sets are clopen sets in $V^\Z.$ Every open set in $V^\Z$ is a countable union of cylinder sets. Every open set in the subshift is the intersection of an open set of $V^\Z$ with the subshift. With respect to this topology, the shift $T$ is a homeomorphism; that is, with respect to this topology, it is continuous with continuous inverse.

The space $V^\Z$ is homeomorphic to a Cantor set.

Metric
A variety of different metrics can be defined on a shift space. One can define a metric on a shift space by considering two points to be "close" if they have many initial symbols in common; this is the $p$-adic metric. In fact, both the one- and two-sided shift spaces are compact metric spaces.

Measure
A subshift of finite type may be endowed with any one of several different measures, thus leading to a measure-preserving dynamical system. A common object of study is the Markov measure, which is an extension of a Markov chain to the topology of the shift.

A Markov chain is a pair $(P, π)$ consisting of the transition matrix, an $n × n$ matrix $P = (pij)$ for which all $pij ≥ 0$ and

 * $$\sum_{j=1}^np_{ij}=1$$

for all $i$. The stationary probability vector $π = (πi)$ has all $πi ≥ 0$, $\sum \pi_i = 1$ and has

 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n \pi_i p_{ij}= \pi_j.$$

A Markov chain, as defined above, is said to be compatible with the shift of finite type if $pij = 0$ whenever $Aij = 0$. The Markov measure of a cylinder set may then be defined by

 * $$\mu(C_t[a_0,\ldots,a_s]) = \pi_{a_0} p_{a_0,a_1} \cdots p_{a_{s-1}, a_s}$$

The Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy with relation to the Markov measure is

 * $$s_\mu = -\sum_{i=1}^n \pi_i \sum_{j=1}^n p_{ij} \log p_{ij}$$

Zeta function
The Artin–Mazur zeta function is defined as the formal power series

 * $$\zeta(z)=\exp\left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty \Bigl| \textrm{Fix} (T^n) \Bigr| \frac {z^n}{n}\right),$$

where $Fix(T^{ n})$ is the set of fixed points of the $n$-fold shift. It has a product formula

 * $$\zeta(z) = \prod_\gamma \left(1-z^{|\gamma|} \right)^{-1} \ $$

where $γ$ runs over the closed orbits. For subshifts of finite type, the zeta function is a rational function of $z$:

 * $$\zeta(z) = (\det(I-zA))^{-1} \ . $$

title: Subshift of finite type


text:
Talk:Kilobit

Discussion about centralization took place at Talk:Binary prefix.

1000 or 1024
How can a kilobit be 1000 _OR_ 1024 bits?

 * See binary prefix - Omegatron 00:45, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

I just added a more meaningful byte value conversion, as that's something people would likely be looking for....

upper vs lower case
The article states that using lower-case 'b' for bits and upper-case 'B' for bytes is unchallenged. It should be noted that it can depend entirely upon context and while this seperation is the most common, lower-case 'b' also often means bytes, and older technical manuals sometimes upper-case 'B' means bits. Carewolf 09:09, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

kbit is incorrect?
"abbreviated kb, sometimes also (incorrectly) kbit" yet the unit of choice for this article is kbit ie. "kbit/s" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.152.115.183 (talk) 22:43, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

"bit" is the SI symbol for bit. So, it's definitely "kbit" under metric system rules. However, "kbit" is not an abbreviation, all abbreviations are forbidden in metric system - it's a symbol (or prefix + unit symbol, actually) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.97.252 (talk) 09:10, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

--

Yes, kb = kbit but their useage was frowned upon as non-standard. A bit like putting "BTW" in the middle of a formal business letter, you just don't do it. "Kb" meant bits and programming in assembly or for cryptology, and knowing the difference was required.

ie) To oversimplify for todays PC's: 8 bits make 1 Byte, therefore pressing 1 key on a keyboard produces a character that is 1 Byte in size.

The KB/Kb confusion occurred back when people made some mistakes typing computer books. And before the 1990's people often used: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter Plus there are mentally lazy people and incompent software companies which wouldn't take the time to learn that KB = KiloBytes and Kb = Kilobits.

The differences between Binary vs Microsoft/soft bytes (as they were once termed) was only importent before the 1990's. On odd occasions KBB indicated Binary KiloBytes, but was a programming shorthand that wasn't a widely adopted standard, instead Binary KB was considered more acceptable.

The usage of soft bytes is like asking someone the time, if their watch says 9:08 they may say nine o'clock, ten after nine, or quarter after nine.

As a result, I'd hazard guess that the average person just sees the Kb, KB, kB, KiB discussions as meaningless drivel by PC resellers and zombie-bean-counters.

After decades of KB, Kb usage, I can't say I'll bother to learn use kB/kb/KiB/kib/Kib/kIB. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.231.89.232 (talk) 14:18, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

"Kb" as a possible abbreviation, vs. "kb"
Other technology definition sources include the possibility of Kb for "kilobit," where here there is only "kb." The kilobyte page notes both KB and kB, as does this page. However, this page does not seem to accept the possibility of "Kb." Was this intentional? Can Kb be included as an option?

One of those sources: http://www.angelfire.com/ny3/diGi8tech/KGlossary.html

kilo-

A prefix indicating 1000 in the metric system. Because computing is based on powers of 2, in this context kilo usually means 2(to the tenth), or 1024. To differentiate between these two uses, a lowercase k is used to indicate 1000 (as in kHz), and an uppercase K to indicate 1024(as in KB).

kilobit

Abbreviated Kb or Kbit. 1024 bits(binary digits).

Robigus (talk) 19:15, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Clarification
This definitely needs clarification.

For most of the first half of computer usage KB was a kilobit=1024 bits. It had nothing to do with some flowery definition of numbers, but is directly related to binary. 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024

It is simple enough: A processing bus uses a number of bits, because it is binary the possibilities are 0->2x-1; in other words, an 8 bit computer can count up to 128 numbers, giving 0->127. It impacts directly on things such as ip addresses, 0->255 x4, which I think most of the public are familiar with to some degree. The whole history of that is not written here.

If a computer could use decimal, then we would be fine to suddenly change everything to 1 KB=1000. IMO it is unfortunate that the distinction is not being shown correctly, and must be made somewhere.

Indeed, the whole issue of this only arose when manufacturers and internet providers tried to con people into thinking they were getting true 1 KByte, when it was 1 kbit, and hard-drives/disks were advertised at the larger size than the byte size. If someone buys a 1TB hard drive, formats it, and wonders why it is smaller than it should be, this page will definitely not help them understand that it is because of this issue. Computers still count in 2x and so the kilobit standard is defacto 1024 Chaosdruid (talk) 04:36, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

 * 1 kb (1 kilobit) has always been 1024 bits, ever since we first used the term from the 1950s onward. It has nothing to do with the SI system of physics. Just because some people are confused, you can't just change the meaning of a word that has been used for over half a century. It would render all computerbooks written up until some 10 years ago invalid. 84.26.190.3 (talk) 08:30, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable source to back up your claim that 'kilobit' was used with a binary meaning in the 1950s? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 09:34, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kilobit


text: Category:Subdivisions of Egypt

title: Category:Subdivisions of Egypt


text:
Talk:Ain't It Cool News

NPOV
Just wondering why my changes on Harry-related controversies were backed out with a "NPOV" comment. I have nothing against Harry personally, but he is quite a controversial figure, and I provided facts and sources for everything I wrote. I'd prefer to see more info be added, or even have it reprased, rather than simply having my material deleted. The reason I added the material in the first place was that I came to this page to check out the controversy, and found only a slight, unreferenced mention, and I wanted to add the results of my own research into it.

--Misterwindupbird 23:34, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The link to the coming attractions article remains, so the material is still there for anyone who follows the link. the addition of the removed text pushed the article too much into "anti-AICN" territory, so to keep balance (i.e. NPOV) it was removed. Niz 11:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I added some of the material back in, and tried to keep it short and neutral. I think we need to address some of the factual, documented sources of controversy in addition to, or instead of, the rumours. Citing unsourced rumours without any evidence smacks of innuendo, and it's what lead me to try to add factual info in the first place. Also, labelling CA a "rival" site sounds kind of dismissive to me (and it's not strictly true). --Misterwindupbird 16:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * changed "rival" to "another movie" (should be mentioned so readers are aware its POV)... i suggest a separate section called "controversies" or something to discuss the various allegations in more detail, but please also include AICN's defenses also. Niz 17:13, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"It is widely read by powerful Hollywood players as well as the general public." Is it really read by "Powerful Hollyood players" anymore? I mean, who are we kidding here. You don't see stuff like this in the descriptions of Rotten Tomatoes, or other movie based sites. It sounds like a pointless claim to me, because it can't really be proven and it has no place in an article that is supposed to be neutral. The part about the general public is really not needed either as any site on the web can claim this, so it isn't much of a statement. Vaginsh 14:57, 13 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, the external links you added do not comply with our guidelines for external links. Wikipedia is not a mere directory of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page before reinserting it. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia.

There is anecdotal evidence from the site's moderators that Hollywood players do read the site, but there is definite evidence that at least one, namely Bruce Willis reads the site and participates in the talkbacks: http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Guardian/0,,2096613,00.html Can we include this? ConorHession 17:32, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

NPOV Issues
I removed the external links until there can be some verifiable sources on the "Controversy" section. Add refs and I will add them back --Nick Catalano contrib talk 17:10, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Talkbacks and Forum
Took that section out because there is nothing relevant about the site having userfeed back or forums. You can't swing a dead cat on the internet without having these things and they are not focused upon on other site descriptions. The text I removed seemed to serve no purpose other than to pad out the article. There was nothing special, interesting, or insightful about the information I deleted. Vaginsh (talk) 10:18, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Notability
The notability of this subject has not been established. Could someone please explain why this web site is notable? --Kraftlos (talk) 19:48, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Do not remove the notability tags from this page. You may remove the notability tags after you have established notability with reliable third-party sources, otherwise the tag must remain on the page.  I've been asking since august what makes this site notable and not one person has stepped up to the task.  As I said in my edit, Popularity ≠ Notability.  --Kraftlos (talk) 21:12, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Just because your Asperger's encrusted cumstain of a life doesn't deem it not notable doesn't mean it ain't! - Quint —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.146.9.129 (talk) 16:57, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

The site is nationally recognized by various print and television media. A television series was even in the works at one point. When laypeople think of internet movie sites, AICN is usually what they are thinking of. I'll be happy to provide links to articles and publications that discuss the web site, but obviously that will take some time. RS (talk) 04:52, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

After some research and consideration, I find it advisable to make this article a stub which allows for future expansion. I think AICN is notable enough to warrant some mention in Wikipedia, certainly as notable if not more notable than some other film web sites currently with entries, but I will agree that there is currently not enough content on the AICN page to warrant anything beyond stub status. I will try to firm up the page a bit over the next few weeks, but I do not predict being able (or frankly willing) to bring this entry up to full article status. I am going to go ahead and make the article a stub which should appease anyone who questioned the article's validity in the first place. It will give opportunity to people to add to the page in the future but also provide relevant information to anyone researching what AICN is and its connection to Harry Knowles (and others). RS (talk) 07:40, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

AICN Contributors?
Just thought it might be worthwhile to list contributors to the site, with a possible bio for each. People like Massawyrm, Capone, The Kidd, and others. I've come here looking for information on some (like Massawyrm) as to why they no longer write for AICN. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.87.56.109 (talk) 09:25, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

The Kickstarter discussion
The site has launched an appeal for $100,000 US to have a TV show. The thread discussing this appeal has topped 15,500 comments, many of them detailing the history of AICN, the personalities, the discussions (Talkbacks), and Knowles' business practices. It's pretty vitriolic but worth reviewing. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/63591 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.172.230 (talk) 22:58, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Harry Knowles
This article has a whole lot of information about the allegations against Harry Knowles, but this is supposed to be an encyclopaedia article about the website Ain't It Cool News. The allegations against Knowles are only relevant to the website in so far as they resulted in the loss of various contributors and the further decline in the site. The allegations are already covered and in much more detail in the article Harry Knowles, it would be better if there was a whole lot less of it in this article. If anyone disagrees then please comment, or if you agree please go ahead and trim back the unnecessary details. If no one else does it I'll come back around to this eventually and trim the section myself. -- 109.78.204.175 (talk) 03:06, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added a link to
 * which I think is an improvement. The redundant duplication can be trimmed later.
 * The referencing style in the section is unclear, there seem to be a few things that should be removed because they aren't properly sourced. That's all for now though. -- 109.78.204.175 (talk) 03:23, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * In case anyone might have any comments I had planned to wait and leave it for days or weeks and come back to it later, but I changed my mind and decided to just get on with it. I summarized the section down to 3 paragraphs. Maybe it could be summarized even further but I think this cuts out a lot of details that do not relate specifically to the website Ain't It Cool News which is what this article is supposed to be about. -- 109.79.173.253 (talk) 22:38, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ain't It Cool News


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jonahball

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:24, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Jonahball
Seems to be about this guy's back yard sport. Only one google hit. Atomiktoaster 23:35, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. And the image this google hit links to seems to refer to squash instead of a game with bases. Doesn't seem to have had the time to be played on even a local level. Mgm|(talk) 19:51, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hasn't this already been deleted once? Speedy --Xcali 20:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn except to Jonah. --Etacar11 20:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Glenn Fabry

Glenn Fabry (born 24 March 1961) is a British comics artist known for his detailed, realistic work in both ink and painted colour.

Career
Glenn Fabry's career began in 1985, drawing Slaine for 2000 AD, with writer Pat Mills. He also worked with Mills on the newspaper strip Scatha in 1987. Painted work followed in Crisis, Revolver and Deadline. In 1991 he took over painting the covers of Hellblazer, then written by Garth Ennis.

He has continued his association with Ennis, painting the covers for his Vertigo series Preacher, and drawing Ennis-written stories in The Authority and Thor. In 2003 he drew a story in Neil Gaiman's Sandman anthology Endless Nights, and in 2005 worked on the comics adaptation of Gaiman's TV series/novel Neverwhere with writer Mike Carey.

Recent projects include providing the art for the Vertigo title Greatest Hits, written by David Tischman.

Personal life
In 2018, Fabry announced that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. It was found to be a misdiagnosis in December 2018, and was confirmed to be tuberculosis, which he reported in January 2019 was in remission.

Awards

 * 1995: Won the "Best Cover Artist" Eisner Award, for Hellblazer

Comics

 * Sláine (with Pat Mills):
 * "Time Killer" (in 2000 AD #411–412, 419–421, 427–428, 431, 1985)
 * "Tomb of Terror" (in 2000 AD #447–448, 458–460, 1985–1986)
 * "The Devil's Banquet" (in 1986 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special)
 * "Slaine the King" (in 2000 AD #500–508 & 517–519, 1986–1987)
 * "The Killing Field" (with Angela Kincaid, in 2000 AD No. 582, 1988)
 * "Slaine the King" (in 2000 AD #589–591, 1988)
 * "Slaine the High King" (in 1992 2000 AD Yearbook, 1991)
 * "Demon Killer" (in 2000 AD #852–859, 1993)
 * Tharg's Future Shocks: "Plastic Surgeon" (with Chris Smith, in 2000 AD No. 576, 1988)
 * Judge Dredd:
 * "The Sage" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD No. 577, 1988)
 * "The Power of the Gods" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD No. 600, 1988)
 * "Talkback" (with Garth Ennis, in 2000 AD No. 740, 1991)
 * Bricktop (art and script, with co-author Chris Smith, in A1 series 1 #1-6a, 1989–1992)
 * "A Day in the Life" (with Igor Goldkind, in Crisis No. 39, 1990)
 * "Loveboy loves Lovegirl" (with Brett Ewins, in Deadline, 1990)
 * "Waltz" (with Ian Salmon, in Revolver No. 3, 1990)
 * "Prisoner of Justice" (with Alan Mitchell, in Crisis No. 52, 1990)
 * "The One I Love" (with Garth Ennis, in Revolver Romance Special, 1991)
 * "Along for the Ride" (with Igor Goldkind, in A1 series 2 No. 1, 1992)
 * Batman/Judge Dredd: Die Laughing #1 (pages 1–46, with John Wagner/Alan Grant, DC Comics/Fleetway, 1998)
 * Global Frequency #2: "Big Wheel" (pencils, with Warren Ellis and inks by Liam Sharp, Wildstorm, 2001)
 * Daredevil/Bullseye: The Target (with Kevin Smith, Marvel Comics, 2002)
 * The Authority: Kev (with Garth Ennis, Wildstorm, tpb, 2005 ISBN 1-4012-0614-X) collects:
 * "Kev" (one-shot, 2002)
 * "More Kev" (4-issue mini-series, 2004)
 * Destruction: On The Peninsula (with Neil Gaiman, in The Sandman: Endless Nights, 2003)
 * Thor: Vikings (with Garth Ennis, Marvel Comics, 2003)
 * Neverwhere (with Mike Carey, DC/Vertigo, 2005)
 * Midnighter No. 6 (with Garth Ennis, Wildstorm, 2007)
 * Greatest Hits (with David Tischman, 6-issue limited series, Vertigo, November 2008 – April 2009)

Covers

 * Preacher #1–66 (plus 5 specials and a 4-issue miniseries)
 * Outlaw Nation
 * Transmetropolitan #50–54
 * The Dead: Kingdom of Flies (covers, with Alan Grant and Simon Bisley, Berserker Comics, 2008–2009)
 * Hellblazer #52–83, 129–133, 144–145, 239–242, Hellblazer Special #1, Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge #1–5
 * Jacked #1–6
 * Vertigo Jam #1
 * Marvel Knights: Double Shot #2

Other work

 * Magic: The Gathering as of the Ravnica: City of Guilds expansion.
 * SLA Industries Cover of Hogshead Publishing edition
 * Lost For Words Cover of Mach One LP (released 1984)
 * An Ancient Lie Cover of Mach One CD (released 2002)
 * Six of One Cover of Mach One Cassette Album (released 1983)
 * Half a Dozen of the Other Cover of Janysium Cassette Album (released 1983)
 * Official Art for Brighton Wok: The Legend of Ganja Boxing Film (released 2008)
 * Cover art for Kill Shakespeare: The Board Game
 * Cover art for Sláine (video game) (released 1987)
 * Cover art for Speedball 2: Brutal Deluxe (released 1990)
 * Cover art for Captain America and The Avengers (SNES version) (released 1993)
 * Cover art for The Incredible Hulk (video game) (released 1994)
 * Cover art for Marvel Super Heroes: War of the Gems (released 1996)
 * Cover art for Damage Incorporated (released 1997)
 * Art of Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura (released 2001)
 * Cover art for Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive (North American version) (released 2001)
 * Cover art for Dungeons & Dragons: Heroes (released 2003)

Books

 * Muscles in Motion: Figure Book Drawing for the Comic Book Artist (144 pages, Watson-Guptill, ISBN 0-8230-3145-4)

General references

 * Glenn Fabry at 2000 AD online

title: Glenn Fabry


text:
Harvest (disambiguation)

Harvest is the process of gathering mature crops from the fields.

Harvest may also refer to:

Agriculture

 * Harvest (wine), the harvesting of wine grapes
 * Harvest festival, an annual celebration occurring around the time of the harvest

Cities

 * Harvest, Alabama

Film

 * Harvest (1936 film), an Austrian film
 * Harvest (1937 film), a French film
 * Harvest (1967 film), a 1967 documentary film
 * The Harvest (1953 film), a 1963 Chinese film
 * The Harvest (1993 film), a thriller directed by David Marconi
 * The Harvest (soundtrack), the 1993 film's soundtrack
 * The Harvest (2010 film), a 2010 feature documentary film about children migrant workers
 * The Harvest (2013 film), a horror-thriller film by John McNaughton

Literature

 * Harvest (Crace novel), a novel by Jim Crace nominated for the 2013 Man Booker Prize
 * Harvest: Contemporary Mormon Poems (1989)
 * Harvest, a 1996 medical thriller novel by Tess Gerritsen
 * Harvest, a 1995 novel by New Zealand author Ian Middleton
 * Harvest, a 1990 novel by Belva Plain
 * Harvest, a 1950 novel by Galina Nikolaeva
 * Harvest, a 1920 novel by Mary Augusta Ward
 * The Harvest (Wilson novel), (1992) by author Robert Charles Wilson
 * Harvest (Neopagan magazine), published from 1980 to 1992
 * Second Harvest (novel), a 1930 novel by Jean Giono first published in English as Harvest

Music

 * Harvest (band), a Christian band active from 1977 to 1995
 * Harvest Records, a Progressive rock record label owned by EMI

Albums

 * Harvest (Dragon Ash album), 2003
 * Harvest (Neil Young album), 1972
 * Harvest (Richard Davis album)
 * Harvest (Shizuka Kudo album), 1989
 * Harvest (Tokio album), 2006
 * Harvest, a 2007 album by Naglfar
 * The Harvest (Alove for Enemies album), 2005
 * The Harvest (Boondox album), 2006
 * The Harvest (Tribal Seeds album), 2009
 * The Harvest, album by Qwel & Maker, 2004

Songs

 * "Harvest" (Neil Young song), 1972 title track from the album of the same name
 * "Harvest", from the 2001 album Blackwater Park by Opeth
 * "Harvest", from the 1997 album In This Room by the 3rd and the Mortal
 * "Harvest: Concerto for Trombone", a concerto by American John Mackey (composer)

Television

 * "The Harvest" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a 1997 episode of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * "Harvest" (CSI), a 2004 episode of the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * "Harvest" (Numbers), a 2006 episode of the television series Numbers
 * "Harvest" (The Americans), a 2018 episode of the television series The Americans

Video games

 * The Harvest, a 2010 video game by Luma Arcade and published by Microsoft Games Studios
 * Harvest: Massive Encounter, a 2008 indie video game by Oxeye Game Studio

Other

 * Harvest (play), by Manjula Padmanabhan
 * Harvest, a painting by Vincent van Gogh; see Wheat Fields (Van Gogh series)
 * The Harvest (Charles-Francois Daubigny), an 1851 painting by Charles-François Daubigny
 * The Harvest (audio drama), a 2004 Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the television series Doctor Who

Science and technology

 * Harvest project, a web cache research project
 * Harvest (software), time tracking and invoicing software
 * CA Harvest Software Change Manager, originally named CCC/Harvest, a CA software product
 * Email-address harvesting, obtaining lists of e-mail addresses for purposes usually grouped as spam
 * Energy harvesting, the use of captured ambient energy to power small devices
 * IBM 7950 Harvest, a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer
 * Organ procurement, also referred to as "organ harvesting", the collection of viable organs from dead or dying donors for organ transplantation
 * Web scraping, also referred to as "web harvesting", a focused form of a web crawler search

Organizations

 * Harvest Crusades
 * Harvest Christian Fellowship

title: Harvest (disambiguation)


text:
Downward entailing

In linguistic semantics, a downward entailing (DE) propositional operator is one that constrains the meaning of an expression to a lower number or degree than would be possible without the expression. For example, "not," "nobody," "few people," "at most two boys." Conversely, an upward-entailing operator constrains the meaning of an expression to a higher number or degree, for example "more than one." A context that is neither downward nor upward entailing is non-monotone, such as "exactly five."

A downward-entailing operator reverses the relation of semantic strength among expressions. An expression like "run fast" is semantically stronger than the expression "run" since "John ran fast" entails "John ran," but not conversely. But a downward-entailing context reverses this strength; for example, the proposition "At most two boys ran" entails that "At most two boys ran fast" but not the other way around.

An upward-entailing operator preserves the relation of semantic strength among a set of expressions; for example "more than three ran fast" entails "more than three ran" but not the other way around.

Ladusaw (1980) proposed that downward entailment is the property that licenses polarity items. Indeed, "Nobody saw anything" is downward entailing and admits the negative polarity item anything, while *"I saw anything" is unacceptable (the upward-entailing context does not license such a polarity item). This approach explains many but not all typical cases of polarity item sensitivity. Subsequent attempts to describe the behavior of polarity items rely on a broader notion of nonveridicality.

Strawson-DE
Downward entailment does not explain the licensing of any in certain contexts such as with only:

 * Only John ate any vegetables for breakfast.

This is not a downward-entailing context because the above proposition does not entail “Only John ate kale for breakfast” (John may have eaten spinach, for example).

Von Fintel (1999) claims that although only does not exhibit the classical DE pattern, it can be shown to be DE in a special way. He defines a notion of Strawson-DE for expressions that come with presuppositions. The reasoning scheme is as follows:

 * 1) P → Q
 * 2)  only John  (P) is defined.
 * 3)  only John  (Q) is true.
 * 4) Therefore,  only John  (P) is true.

Here, (2) is the intended presupposition. For example:

 * 1) Kale is a vegetable.
 * 2) Somebody ate kale for breakfast.
 * 3) Only John ate any vegetables for breakfast.
 * 4) Therefore, only John ate kale for breakfast.

Hence only is a Strawson-DE and therefore licenses any.

Giannakidou (2002) argues that Strawson-DE allows not just the presupposition of the evaluated sentence but just any arbitrary proposition to count as relevant. This results in over-generalization that validates the use if any in contexts where it is, in fact, ungrammatical, such as clefts, preposed exhaustive focus, and each/both:

 * * It was John who talked to anybody.
 * * John talked to anybody.
 * * Each student who saw anything reported to the Dean.
 * * Both students who saw anything reported to the Dean.

title: Downward entailing


text: Category:Railway tunnels

title: Category:Railway tunnels


text:
Carbon print

A carbon print is a photographic print with an image consisting of pigmented gelatin, rather than of silver or other metallic particles suspended in a uniform layer of gelatin, as in typical black-and-white prints, or of chromogenic dyes, as in typical photographic color prints. In the original version of the printing process, carbon tissue (a temporary support sheet coated with a layer of gelatin mixed with a pigment—originally carbon black, from which the name derives) is bathed in a potassium dichromate sensitizing solution, dried, then exposed to strong ultraviolet light through a photographic negative, hardening the gelatin in proportion to the amount of light reaching it. The tissue is then developed by treatment with warm water, which dissolves the unhardened gelatin. The resulting pigment image is physically transferred to a final support surface, either directly or indirectly. In an important early 20th century variation of the process, known as carbro (carbon-bromide) printing, contact with a conventional silver bromide paper print, rather than exposure to light, was used to selectively harden the gelatin. A wide variety of colored pigments can be used instead of carbon black.

The process can produce images of very high quality which are exceptionally resistant to fading and other deterioration. It was developed in the mid-19th century in response to concerns about the fading of early types of silver-based black-and-white prints, which was already becoming apparent within a relatively few years of their introduction.

The most recent development in the process was made by the American photographer Charles Berger in 1993 with the introduction of a non-toxic sensitizer that presented none of the health and safety hazards of the toxic (now EU-restricted) dichromate sensitizer.

Carbon tissue
Carbon tissue, a layer of unsensitized pigmented gelatin on a thin paper support sheet, was introduced by British physicist and chemist Joseph Swan in 1864. Marketing began in 1866. Initially, his ready-made tissues were sold in only three colors: black, sepia and purple-brown. Eventually, a wide array of hues became available. Carbon tissue was a stock item in Europe and the US well into the 20th century, but by the 1950s carbon printing was very rare and supplies for it became an exotic specialty item. Some companies produced small quantities of carbon tissue and transfer papers for monochrome and three-color work until around 1990.

Overview and history of carbon printing
The carbon process, initially a black-and-white process using lampblack (carbon black), was invented by Alphonse Poitevin in 1855. The process was later adapted to color, through the use of pigments, by Louis Ducos du Hauron in 1868. Carbon printing remained commercially popular through the first half of the 20th century. It was replaced over time by the dye-transfer process, chromogenic, dye-bleach (or dye destruction, i.e. Cibachrome) and, now, digital printing processes. The efficiencies gained through these more modern automated processes relegated carbon printing to the commercial backwaters in the latter half of the 20th century. It is now only found in the darkrooms of the rare enthusiast and a few exotic labs.

Carbon printing is based on the fact that gelatin, when sensitized to light by a dichromate, is hardened and made insoluble in water when exposed to ultraviolet light. Because of the comparative insensitivity of the material, sunlight or another strong source of UV light is normally used to minimize the required exposure time. To make a full-color print, three negatives photographed through red, green and blue filters are printed on dichromate-sensitized sheets of pigmented gelatin (traditionally called "carbon tissue" regardless of the pigment incorporated) containing, respectively, cyan, magenta and yellow pigments. They are developed in warm water, which dissolves the unhardened gelatin, leaving a colored relief image that is thickest where it received the strongest exposure. The three images are then transferred, one at a time, onto a final support such as a heavy sheet of smooth gelatin-sized paper. Usually, the yellow image is transferred first, then the magenta image is applied on top of it, great care being taken to superimpose it in exact register, and then the cyan image is similarly applied. A fourth black pigment "key" layer is sometimes added, as in mechanical printing processes, to improve edge definition and mask any spurious color cast in the dark areas of the image, but it is not a traditional component.

The resulting finished print, whether composed of several layers and in full color or having only a single monochrome layer, exhibits a very slight bas-relief effect and a variation of texture on its surface, both distinctive characteristics of a carbon print. The process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Each color carbon print requires three, or four, round trips in the darkroom to create the finished print. An individual, using existing pigmented sheets and separations, can prepare, print and process enough material, 60 sheets including the support, to produce about twelve 20" x 24" four-color prints in a 40-hour work week. However, this investment of time and effort can create prints of outstanding visual quality and proven archival permanence.

The carbon process can be used to produce: Any combination of layers, in any color, is possible to achieve whatever ends the printer desires. There are two primary techniques used in carbon printing: single transfer and double transfer. This has to do with the negatives (separations) being right- or wrong-reading and the image "flopping" during the transfer process.
 * Monochrome prints, usually black-and-white, but they may be sepia, cyan or any other preferred color.
 * Duochrome (duotone) prints, an effect many printers are familiar with, using complementary or associated colors to their best effect.
 * Trichrome prints, traditional full-color prints made by layering YMC (yellow, magenta and cyan) pigment sheets.
 * Quadrachrome prints, essentially full-color trichrome prints with an added black K (key) layer to increase density and mask any spurious color in dark areas.

Because the carbon printing process uses pigments instead of dyes, it is capable of producing a far more archivally stable (permanent) print than any of the other color processes. Good examples of the color stability of pigments can be found in the paintings of the great masters, the true colors of which, in many cases, have survived all these centuries. A more contemporary example of the color stability of pigments is found in the paints used on automobiles today, which must survive intense daily exposure to very harsh lighting, under extreme conditions. The useful life of many (but not all) pigment formulations has been projected out to be several centuries and beyond (perhaps millennia, if cave paintings of Lascaux, the wall paintings in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings and the frescoes of Pompeii are relevant examples), often being limited only to the useful life of the particular support used. Additionally, the use of pigment also produces a wider color gamut than any of the other color processes, allowing for a greater range and subtlety of color reproduction.

Though carbon printing always has been, and remains, a labor-intensive, time-consuming and technologically demanding process, there are still those that prefer the high aesthetic of its remarkable beauty and longevity over all other processes.

Chronological History of Carbon (Pigment) Printing

Artists known for carbon prints

 * Calvin Grier (The Wet Print)
 * Julia Margaret Cameron
 * Rudolf Koppitz
 * Nickolas Muray (carbro process)
 * Rene Pauli
 * Franck RONDOT Diazidostilbene (DAS) Carbon prints

title: Carbon print