text:
User talk:24.125.136.245

Proposed deletion of Ch'p

The article Ch'p has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The fictional character does not meet the general notability guideline and, without reception and significance in reliable secondary sources independent of the subject, the topic of the article is not suitable for Wikipedia as a stand-alone article since it falls into WP:IINFO.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jfgslo (talk) 02:29, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Mogo

The article Mogo has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The fictional character does not meet the general notability guideline and, without reception and significance in reliable secondary sources independent of the subject, the topic of the article is not suitable for Wikipedia as a stand-alone article since it falls into WP:IINFO.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jfgslo (talk) 03:05, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Mogo

The article Mogo has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:17, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Mogo for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mogo is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mogo until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:47, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Université Notre Dame des Ombres

The article Université Notre Dame des Ombres has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:55, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.125.136.245


text: User talk:205.193.38.39

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:205.193.38.39


text: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July


text:
Talk:Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)

Needs cleanup
Something tells me that this article could use a major clean-up... should be deleted or seriously cleaned up. The topics stop at 1941 so even the title is inaccurate.
 * I think that maybe this was created using an online translator, which would explain most of the grammar issues. It will take a lot of work to clean up this article. (Nikkimaria)
 * I've removed the "copy edit" flag and replaced it with "Cleanup-rewrite" and "incoherent". This article needs a lot more than a copy edit.  In its current state, it is impossible to determine what it's trying to say, which means a copy editor cannot "make it mean what it says and say what it means." // ⌘macwhiz (talk) 01:35, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

I've been trying to clean up the article. The early part wasn't too difficult, but I got hung up in the period after 1931, when it becomes really incoherent. As you say, obviously somebody's been trying to translate Japanese directly and failing. I rewrote a couple of paragraphs into fairly coherent English, but I may have misunderstood what the author was trying to say. Wallace McDonald (talk) 06:37, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I would suggest a title that is easier to understand immediately. Something like "Empire of Japan: Internal Politics, 1914 to 1944" — Preceding unsigned comment added by RNLockwood (talk • contribs) 19:46, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Someone who knows this period of Japanese history and speaks English is a first language, please clean it up. Lafharris (talk) 21:44, 28 December 2020 (UTC)


text: User talk:65.141.16.106

title: User talk:65.141.16.106


text:
Talk:Advanced Jedi starfighter

was the jedi interceptor used by the clone army, or just the Jedi's??? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.35.168.60 (talk • contribs).
 * Commonsense would say just the Jedi, seeing as how the clones had their own fighters.--Kross 19:42, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Jedi Interceptor is used exclusive to the Jedi... [Star Wars Databank] Axel Driken
 * Common sense would also say that putting nearly 200 of these fighters as a standard compliment on a Star Destroyer is either indicative of a wider pilot group, or an extremely poor use of space. Especially considering how thinly the Jedi were spread at the end of the war.
 * "The standard fighter complement of a Venator-class Star Destroyer included 192 Eta-2 interceptors." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 204.76.128.217 (talk • contribs).
 * The above statement can be found at Star Wars Databank Axel Driken 18:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Suggesting a merge
I've found another article called Jedi interceptor, which is describing the same fighter... I was wondering if it's a good idea to merge the two... I really like the content in this page, but I think Jedi Interceptor is a better name for it. Any comments? Axel Driken

Hm. This sounds like a good suggestion. It would make more sense. -HunterKiller360 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 4.245.75.239 (talk • contribs).

title: Talk:Advanced Jedi starfighter


text: File:SFDL viewliner in 1957.jpg

title: File:SFDL viewliner in 1957.jpg


text:
Talk:Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-Auzam

Muhammad Thakurufaanu
The three Utheemu brothers built the greatest Maldivian ship ever crafted- the Kalhuoffummi and got Dandehelu to captain the ship. They three brothers landed on different island every night, fought the Portuguese and set sail into the ocean before daybreak. They reached the capital island Malé on the night before the day fixed by the Portuguese garrison of Adiri Adiri for the forcible conversion of the inhabitants to Christianity, on the penalty of death for non-compliance. The Utheemu brothers along with other Maldivians who were determined to die for their country and faith, slew the whole Portuguese garrison and gained independence for the country from its invaders. Adri Adri was killed by a musket shot of Muhammad Thakurufaanu himself.

Perhaps, we could use a little bit of NPOV on this ? N3m6 19:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
If I were to submit phrasing like this to my editor, she'd shout expletives. This needs to be NPOV'ed. I've put up an npov tag up top; I'll do some homework and slash this puppy into shape... maybe ;) D.valued 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
You know, I do imagine that some homework need to be done on the FACTUAL ACCURACY of the article as well. I mean, how many of us really know whether or not the story of Muhammad Thakurufaan was a historical fact? Where's the evidence? Is there any? I mean, in revising this article: I think that this is a matter that needs to be taken into consideration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.156.6.54 (talk • contribs)

File:Tomb_of_mohamed_thakurufaan_male.jpg may be deleted
I have tagged File:Tomb_of_mohamed_thakurufaan_male.jpg, which is in use in this article for deletion because it does not have a copyright tag. If a copyright tag is not added within seven days the image will be deleted. -- Chris  07:07, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Environmentalist?
Where does it mention that he was an environmentalist in any sources? Dhoru 21 (talk・contribs) 12:46, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-Auzam


text:
User:Magen~enwiki

Wayne Wing was born in 1969, in Virginia. I served honorablly in the US Navy for over 11 years.

Entered the civilian workforce after the birth of his second child, decided that the Navy live wasn't great for raising two young boys.

General area of interest: Computers, Military, and Business administration.

Special:Contributions/Magen

 * Network Communications Analyst Moorestown, NJ Moorestown, New Jersey

title: User:Magen~enwiki


text:
Talk:Performance Rating

Isn't the title of this article redundant? If PR means "Performance Rating", then the title of this article is "Performance Rating rating."
 * I agree, and I took the liberty of moving the page, and correcting the lines saying "PR rating". Hope everybody agrees with this...--Vittau (talk) 07:23, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

It would seem that there are a lot of assumptions made about the consumer, particularly concerning these statements: ...Intel advertised the Pentium 4 using clock speed to distinguish between the performances of their different processor models. Consumers quickly adopted this system because comparing quantitative clock speeds was much easier to do than comparing qualitative microprocessor features.

I don't think that this began in 2000, and even if it was particularly noticeable then, it certainly wasn't a "new" system; I was comparing clock speeds in 1995, when I had a 133Mhz Pentium and then my grandma got a 166Mhz Pentium. 134.250.72.173 18:40, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

This article suffers from acute myopia and narrow-mindedness
You can measure the "Performance Rating" of tennis players, golfers, baseball pitchers, ballerinas, sailboat skippers and crews, sailboats, boxers, thoroughbred horses, bottle-filling machinery, fighter jets, pig farms, car salesmen, Formula I teams, wall painters, astronauts, brokers, prostitutes, chemical plants, Whiskey distilleries ....and even of beauty pageant contestants. To reduce the term to the narrow-minded meaning invented by AMD is preposterous, or worse yet, ridiculous. --AVM (talk) 22:33, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * So write a general article, or a DAB and articles on other meanings, and move this one to Performance Rating (computing). The article is about one specific type of rating because that is the one that has an agreed-upon meaning that is used with some frequency, and is thus the one that people found to be worth writing about.  —  Aluvus  t/c 23:05, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What you are asking is to embark on a complex task involving Mathematics, Statistics, Industrial Engineering, Cost Accounting and general Sports savvy, among many other fields. That would require the efforts of an inter-disciplinary team, working hard for several days. Sorry, I politely decline: I have neither the time nor the qualifications. In the specific sense concerning your suggested name Performance Rating (computing), you are quite right --the article would have to involve or apply to quite a wide spectrum of computing machinery, far beyond AMD's minuscule scope. About the existing article having "an agreed-upon meaning", I respectfully disagree. Hence, that meaning is not fully "agreed upon". [Pardon me, what's a "DAB", a disambiguation page?] --Regards, AVM (talk) 00:27, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * A single competent person could write a general description of what a "performance rating" is in the course of an afternoon. You yourself could probably have already done it by now.  There is no real reason to have a deep examination of every possible sort of performance rating.  It is perhaps worthwhile to have an article briefly describing the general concept of a performance rating (a long-ish stub, really), one on the AMD PR system, and articles on any other meanings of note.  Or it might be best to simply move this article to some other title (until a year ago it was at the somewhat redundant PR rating) and call it a day.

 * If you, who seem so unhappy with the status quo, are unwilling to implement a solution, it is doubtful that anyone else will. Your complaint about this article is a common and solvable one, but only gets solved if someone that cares does something about it or at least suggests a realistic solution.  Having an article that describes every form of performance rating ever used by anyone for any purpose is... not realistic.

 * I think you have misinterpreted my statement about "agreed-upon" meaning, unless you seriously dispute that what is described in this article is the Performance Rating system used by AMD. And DAB is a common-on-Wikipedia (though non-obvious) abbreviation for disambiguation, yes. —  Aluvus  t/c 02:02, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

P-rating on BIOS POST screens
As part of its marketing, AMD even made sure that motherboard manufacturers conspicuously showed the PR number of the microprocessor in the motherboards' POST and not include the processors' clock speeds anywhere except within the BIOS.

Maybe this is true for AMD-chipsets, but not for other Athlon XP compatible chipsets. I know that many Socket A Motherboards with chipsets form VIA or NVIDIA show both at POST, although some (e.g. the Epox 8RDA+ I once had) even show an estimated higher P-rating in addition to the clock speed if you overclock the CPU. --MrBurns (talk) 22:12, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Performance Rating. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110610015431/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25426C_WP_FINAL.pdf to http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25426C_WP_FINAL.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:03, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge of True Performance Index into Performance Rating
One small paragraph is not enough for an article. Can easily fit in "Performance Rating". -- Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 21:28, 2 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 19:11, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Performance Rating


text:
Talk:Aquathlon

Future Olympic sport?
Is there any information if aquathlon will become Olympic discipline in the near future?

 * Hmmm... think I vaguely recall possible rumours of that in the past, but at best it is wishfull thinking. Because the powers that be in the olympics ideally want to cut back on the number of athletes at the olympics. Very sadly I believe cycling has lost the kilo. (and the womens 500m too, I believe)

 * However they are held at the same time each year (roughly, normally the weekend before) as the (now just the age group sadly, because the pro's have been split off) triathlon world chapms. So this provides a degree of support for it at the top level. Mathmo 09:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

"...far more common than triathlons in some places"
Is this true? If so, where? Can someone cite a source for this statement?

--Tiger Marc 18:11, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree, I think that statement should be removed so I will do it. Jtaylor1024 03:07, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I disagree, probably overly stated it there. But it is still in a certain sense true. In auckland (which I shall point out is the biggest city of one of the best countries in the entire world in triathlon) during the summer there is an aquathlon every single week while there is only one triathlon series which has a race once or twice every month or so.

Am going down to wellington for the UniGames, and they don't have a triathlon on the event schedule. However, they do have an aquathlon. Mathmo 09:14, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

"Aquathlon competitive field generally overlaps with that of triathlon."
I'm not sure what this means. Is this referring to professional triathletes? Do most professional triathletes compete as aquathletes as well?

--Tiger Marc 21:51, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Due to the fact that on a global scale aquathlons are not as popular as triathlons you will find that commonly triathletes have not done an aquathlon, however what I stated is the reverse of aquathletes will have done triathlons. And that is generally true. Mathmo 09:17, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A long time has passed, no futher comments. So I'll probably remove the disputed tag soon. Mathmo 20:32, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Sometimes called an aquathon
Got to strongly disagree on the way that is worded too. Surely even a simply google search will tell you that aquathlon is used more often by an entire ORDER OF MAGNITUDE! Plus a quick skim through the first page of results from each does seem to show that the pages for aquathlon tend to be refering to itu and usta (and other high end events) races while the same can't be said about aquathon. Mathmo 09:32, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Sources for "underwater wrestling"?
Never have heard of this other definition of aquathlon before, but then again it might exist. Would help if references could be provided? Does sound rather dangerous, isn't there a very high risk of drowning from it? Hmm... must investigate. Mathmo Talk 16:04, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * A while has past, but no more results are turning up. In fact the google search turns up only one hit. Mathmo Talk 12:44, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * And it is not even related whatsoever to what this is about. Mathmo Talk 12:45, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * CMAS uses aquathlon to describe underwater wrestling at this page: http://www.cmas.org/aquathlon - it seems we need disambiguation. --RexxS (talk) 20:58, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi RexxS - added Aquathlon (underwater wrestling) to the 'not to be confused' tag Cowdy001 (talk) 23:25, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aquathlon


text:
Median income

The median income is the income amount that divides a population into two groups, half having an income above that amount, and half having an income below that amount. It may differ from the mean (or average) income. Both of these are ways of understanding income distribution.

Median income can be calculated by household income, by personal income, or for specific demographic groups.

The measurement of income from individuals and households, which is necessary to produce statistics such as the median, can pose challenges and yield results inconsistent with aggregate national accounts data. For example, an academic study on the Census income data claims that when correcting for underreporting, U.S. median gross household income was 15% higher in 2010 (table 3).

Median equivalised income
Household incomes are sometimes adjusted by a factor that takes into account household size (and possibly composition). In that case, the adjusted, or "equivalised," income is assigned to each member of the household before statistics such as the median are computed at the individual level.

The following table represents data from OECD's "median disposable income per person" metric; disposable income deducts from gross income the value of taxes on income and wealth paid and of contributions paid by households to public social security schemes. The figures are equivalised by dividing income by the square root of household size. As OECD displays median disposable incomes in each country's respective currency, the values were converted here using PPP conversion factors for private consumption from the same source, accounting for each country's cost of living in the year that the disposable median income was recorded. Data are in United States dollars at current prices and current purchasing power parity for private consumption for the reference year.

title: Median income


text:
Edin Pehlić

Edin Pehlić (born January 13, 1984) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian former footballer.

Club career
Pehlić has played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and FBK Kaunas in the Lithuanian First Division. He joined in the spring of 2008 on loan to MTZ-RIPO Minsk of Belarus and returned in Winter 2009 to FBK Kaunas. On 6 January 2011 signed with his former club FK Sarajevo. After one year with Sarajevo, signed on 22 January 2012 for League rival Velez Mostar.

Personal life
Edin and his wife Aida have a son named Mak (born 2008).

title: Edin Pehlić


text:
Joint and several liability

Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be:

 * jointly liable, or
 * severally liable, or
 * jointly and severally liable.

Joint liability
If parties have joint liability, then they are each liable up to the full amount of the relevant obligation. So if a married couple takes a loan from a bank, the loan agreement will normally provide that they are to be "jointly liable" for the full amount. If one party dies, disappears, or is declared bankrupt, the other individual remains fully liable. Accordingly, the bank may sue all living co-promisors for the full amount.

However, in suing, the creditor has only one cause of action; i.e., the creditor can sue for each debt only once. If, for example, there are three partners, and the creditor sues all of them for the outstanding loan amount and one of them pays the liability, the creditor cannot recover further amounts from the partners who did not contribute to the liability.

Several liability
The converse is several or proportionate liability, where the parties are liable for only their respective obligations. A common example of several liability is in syndicated loan agreements, which will normally provide that each bank is severally liable for its own part of the loan. If one bank fails to advance its agreed part of the loan to the borrower, then the borrower can sue only that bank, and the other banks in the syndicate have no liability.

Joint and several liability
Under joint and several liability or all sums, a claimant may pursue an obligation against any one party as if they were jointly liable and it becomes the responsibility of the defendants to sort out their respective proportions of liability and payment. This means that if the claimant pursues one defendant and receives payment, that defendant must then pursue the other obligors for a contribution to their share of the liability.

Joint and several liability is most relevant in tort claims, whereby a plaintiff may recover all the damages from any of the defendants regardless of their individual share of the liability. The rule is often applied in negligence cases, though it is sometimes invoked in other areas of law.

In the United States, 46 of the 50 states have a rule of joint and several liability, although in response to tort reform efforts, some have limited the applicability of the rule. About two dozen have reformed the rule, with several (Alaska, Arizona, Kansas, Utah, Vermont, Oklahoma, and Wyoming) abolishing it. In some instances it is abolished except where the defendants "act in concert".

Variations
Some jurisdictions in the USA have imposed limits on joint and several liability, but without completely abolishing that doctrine. For example,
 * In Ohio only defendants who are responsible for more than 50% of the tortious conduct can be held jointly and severally liable for economic losses. A defendant who bears responsibility for an injury but whose tortious conduct was less than 50% is only responsible for his or her share of the plaintiff's economic loss. Non-economic losses (such as pain and suffering or loss of companionship) can only be assigned proportionately.
 * California allows joint and several liability but only for economic damages.
 * Hawaii allows joint and several liability for all economic losses but only for non-economic losses when the underlying tort is intentional, related to environmental pollution or selected other classes.

Examples
If Ann is struck by a car driven by Bob, who was served alcohol in Charlotte's bar (and the state has dramshop laws), then both Bob and Charlotte's bar may be held jointly liable for Ann's injuries. If the jury determines Ann should be awarded $10 million and that Bob was 90% at fault and Charlotte's bar 10% at fault:
 * Under several or proportionate liability, Bob would have to pay $9 million (90% of $10 million) and Charlotte's bar would have to pay $1 million (10% of $10 million). If Bob does not have any money and is uninsured, Ann will only recover whatever sum(s) Charlotte's bar and/or her insurance provider are able to pay - up to the limit of any liability insurance policy Charlotte may have (plus her own ability to pay, if any) or $1 million, whichever is less.
 * Under joint liability, Ann may recover the full damages from either of the defendants. If Ann sued Charlotte's bar alone, Charlotte's bar would be liable for the full $10 million despite only being 10% at fault for the injury. If Charlotte's bar had an insurance policy with a liability limit of less than $10 million, the bar would remain liable for any amount over and above the policy limit. Charlotte would have to join Bob as defendant in Ann's suit against her.
 * Under joint and several liability, if Charlotte's bar paid the full award of damages, Charlotte's bar could pursue a separate contribution action against Bob for $9 million. Regardless of the outcome of a contribution action, Charlotte's bar would remain liable to Ann for the full $10 million.

Joint and several liability can make a defendant liable for the full amount of damages suffered by a plaintiff even if that defendant bears only slight fault for the injury. For example, if a child is injured due to the negligence of a crossing guard employed by a school district, and a court finds the crossing guard to be 99% at fault for the child's injury and the school district to be only 1% at fault, the school district would be liable to pay 100% of the damages. In contrast, under several liability, if the crossing guard was unable to pay money toward the judgment the most that the injured child could recover would be 1% of the judgment from the school district.

Arguments for and against joint and several liability
Joint and several liability is premised on the theory that the defendants are in the best position to apportion damages amongst themselves. Once liability has been established and damages awarded, the defendants are free to litigate amongst themselves to better divide liability. The plaintiff no longer needs to be involved in the litigation and can avoid the cost of continuing litigation.
 * As each defendant has contributed to a single result, the injury of the plaintiff, although there may be differences in the character or scope of their duties, it may be argued that their joint contribution to the single result prevents any reasonable division of the damages.
 * Although one defendant may end up paying more than that defendant tortfeasor's proportionate share of the damages, it is nonetheless thought that it is better for a culpable defendant to overpay that defendant's share of the damages than for the injured plaintiff to be undercompensated for the injury.

Where a financially wealthy party can be named or joined as a defendant, a plaintiff has a greater chance of recovering damages than when the defendants have very limited economic resources or are financially insolvent, or "judgment proof". Opponents of the principle of joint and several liability argue that its use is unfair to many defendants.
 * Joint and several liability will lead to cases in which a party who has a very small share of the responsibility for a plaintiff's injury may unfairly shoulder the burden of paying all of the damages.
 * When defendants may be held jointly liable, the plaintiff may seek out a defendant with considerable resources ("deep pockets") to add to a case, hoping that the defendant will be found to be even 1% to 2% liable for the injury and thus be obligated to pay the entire judgment.

For example, where an uninsured drunk driver causes an accident that results in injury, the plaintiff may sue an additional defendant, along with the drunk driver, such as suing the state highway department alleging that a highway defect contributed to the accident, hoping that the additional defendant will be found partly responsible.

Microfinance
In trying to achieve its aim of alleviating poverty, microfinance often lends to group of poor, with each member of the group jointly liable. That means that each member is responsible for ensuring that all the other members of the group repay too. If one member fails to repay, the members of the group are also held in default. Joint liability solves the information and enforcement problems associated with credit markets by encouraging screening, monitoring, costly state verification, and contract enforcement.

title: Joint and several liability


text:
Saint-Véran

Saint-Véran (Sent Veran [ˈsã vˈʀã]) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France in the Queyras Regional Natural Park.

Geography
Saint-Véran, located in the French Alps, is the most elevated commune in France and in Western Europe. It is the third highest village in Europe, after Trepalle in Italy and Juf in Switzerland.

The permanent population is around 300 but swells with tourists in both summer and winter. In addition to tourism the main activities are agriculture and woodcraft.

Climate
Saint-Véran has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Véran is 5.3 C. The average annual rainfall is 709.6 mm with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 13.9 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.8 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Véran was 30.7 C on 23 August 1961; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -26.0 C on 10 February 1986.

Name
The village is named after Saint Véran, 6th century Bishop of Cavaillon who in legend drove away a dragon.

The Observatoire de Saint-Véran was constructed nearby by the Observatoire de Paris in the early 1970s.

title: Saint-Véran


text:
Glasschord

The glasschord (French: fortepiano à cordes de verre) is a struck crystallophone resembling the celesta, invented circa 1785 by physicist M. Beyer of Paris. It creates sound by using cloth covered wooden hammers to strike glass tubes laid on a cloth strip, with no dampeners. The instrument has a range of three octaves, in various models from c' to c , f' to f, and g' to g''. The instrument was largely inspired by the glass harmonica created by Benjamin Franklin, and was given the name glasschord by him. On 6 July 1785, Thomas Jefferson that Franklin carried a version of the instrument with him, describing it as a sticcado.

Beyer originally presented the instrument on 19 January 1785, in a presentation at the French Academy of Sciences, while the instrument still was nameless, with the instrument being publicised in the Journal de Paris multiple times through the same year.

Many glasschords were built by Chappell & Co., until around 1815.

The instrument was used in some scores, most notable by Hector Berlioz, who wrote the first version of La Tempête, and Camille Saint-Saëns who used the instrument in L'aquarium.

title: Glasschord


text:
Open matte

Open matte is a filming technique that involves matting out the top and bottom of the film frame in the movie projector (known as a soft matte) for the widescreen theatrical release and then scanning the film without a matte (at Academy ratio) for a full screen home video release. It is roughly equivalent to an uncropped version of the film.

Open matte can be used with non-anamorphic films presented in 2.20:1 or 2.39:1, but it isn't used as often, mainly because it adds too much additional headroom, depending upon how well the framing was protected or for aesthetic purposes. Instead, those films will employ either pan and scan or reframing using either the well-protected areas or the areas of interest. Films shot anamorphically use the entire 35 mm frame (except for the soundtrack area), so they must use pan and scan as a result.

History
The rise of television and home media saw the use of a narrow aspect ratio of 4:3. To avoid letterboxing for broadcast releases, films were therefore reframed and cropped shot by shot to fit appropriately the full screen with the 4:3 aspect, with a process called pan and scan. Hence, only a cropped small portion of the theatrical frame was broadcast.

Many films over the years have used the open matte technique for home video releases and television broadcasts, the most prominent of which include the Back to the Future trilogy, the Jurassic Park trilogy, Schindler's List, Titanic, Top Gun, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, The Fugitive, Silverado and Predator, as well as many films that have been specially formatted for the IMAX expanded aspect ratio of 1.90:1 and 1.43:1. Stanley Kubrick also used this technique for his last three films The Shining (1980), Full Metal Jacket (1987) and Eyes Wide Shut (1999).

Films such as James Cameron's Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Michael Bay's The Rock (1996), and Steven Spielberg's Minority Report (2002), all of which were shot in Super 35 also utilize the open matte technique, but this is mixed with Pan and scan due to the visual effects being rendered in a wider aspect ratio.

Open matte and pan and scan
Pan and scan is an important process to optimise the film presentation for home viewing and television. For HDTV, a combination of zooming and cropping is done to a portion of a frame, usually in accordance to the most important details in a shot. Pan and scan can be done on a Scope (2.40:1) master for a film, or even the Open Matte version.

Open matte helps in the pan and scan process, as there is more image to work with, and use the extra image on the top and bottom to fill a 16:9 display for HDTV broadcasts. Additionally, filmmakers may choose to release the open matte version for a film's "widescreen" home video release, such as with James Cameron's Avatar and the Blu-ray 3D release of Titanic.

Usage
Usually, non-anamorphic 4-perf films are filmed directly on the entire full frame silent aperture gate (1.33:1). When a married print is created, this frame is slightly re-cropped by the frame line and optical soundtrack down to Academy ratio (1.37:1). The movie projector then uses an aperture mask to soft matte the academy frame to the intended aspect ratio (1.85:1 or 1.66:1). When the 4:3 full-screen video master is created, many filmmakers may prefer to use the full Academy frame ("open matte") instead of creating a pan and scan version from within the 1.85 framing. Because the framing is increased vertically in the open matte process, the decision to use it needs to be made prior to shooting, so that the camera operator can frame for 1.85:1 and "protect" for 4:3; otherwise unintended objects such as boom microphones, cables, and light stands may appear in the open matte frame, thus requiring some amount of pan and scan in some or all scenes. Additionally, the un-matted 4:3 version may often throw off an otherwise tightly framed shot and add an inordinate amount of headroom above actors (particularly with 1.85:1), depending upon how well the framing was protected or for aesthetic purposes. With high-definition television now in common usage (with its standardized 16:9 (1.78:1) aspect ratio), the need to reformat 1.85:1 movies for television viewing has virtually evaporated, although television broadcasts still reformat 2.39:1 movies by means of using open matte or pan and scan. For films with wider aspect ratios (2.39:1, for example) the matting bars will appear on the top and bottom of the screen of the broadcast image, thus preserving each director's framing intent.

title: Open matte


text:
John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford

John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford (15 March 1701 – 19 July 1767), styled Lord Carmichael between 1710 and 1737, was a Scottish nobleman and diplomat.

Life
He was son of James Carmichael, 2nd Earl of Hyndford and succeeded to the earldom in 1737. He was a Scottish representative peer from 1739 and sheriff of Lanark from 1739, Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1739 and 1740. He was appointed a Knight of the Thistle in 1742 and a Privy Counsellor in 1750. He was Vice Admiral of Scotland from 1764 to 1767.

He was envoy to Prussia from 1741 to 1742, to Russia from 1744 to 1749 and to Vienna from 1752 to 1764.

Succession
He was succeeded by John Carmichael, the son of his uncle, William Carmichael of Skirling.

title: John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford


text: User talk:81.214.168.42

title: User talk:81.214.168.42


text: User talk:67.165.75.41

title: User talk:67.165.75.41


text:
Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach

Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach (anglicized Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh and Art MacMorrough; 1357 – c. December 1417) was an Irish king who is generally regarded as the most formidable of the later kings of Leinster. He revived not only the royal family's prerogatives, but also their lands and power. During his 42-year reign, he dominated the Anglo-Norman settlers of Leinster. His dominance of the province and its inhabitants, both Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman, was deemed sufficiently detrimental to the colony that Richard II of England spent much of the years 1394 and 1395 sparring with him. While MacMurrough-Kavanagh did eventually submit to Richard, he renounced this fealty on Richard's departure and made much of his kingdom a death trap for any invading English or Anglo-Irish forces. The Crown accordingly dealt with him cautiously and he was granted an amnesty in 1409.

MacMurrough-Kavanagh was married to Anglo-Irish noblewoman Elizabeth le Veel, widow of Sir John Staunton of Clane and the only daughter of Sir Robert le Veel. Through her father, she was the heiress of the Anglo-Norman barony of Norragh. Such an interracial marriage violated the Statutes of Kilkenny and the Crown thus forfeited Elizabeth's lands, which later became one of the causes of her husband's enmity with the English. They had three sons: Donnchadh, King of Leinster; Diarmuid Lamhdearg; and Gerald, Lord of Ferns. Elizabeth's estates later passed to the Wellesley family, who were ancestors of the Duke of Wellington and descendants of her daughter, Elizabeth, by her first husband.

MacMurrough-Kavanagh died soon after Christmas 1417, perhaps in his bed in Ferns, or perhaps was poisoned in New Ross—accounts differ. The 1885 historical novel Art M'Morrough O'Cavanagh, Prince of Leinster: An Historical Romance of the Fourteenth Century by M. L. O'Byrne is a loosely biographical account of his life, written from a nationalist perspective.

The politician Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh (1831–1889) was a descendant of MacMurrough-Kavanagh.

Books

 * Annals of the Four Masters online
 * Francis John Byrne, Irish Kings and High Kings (Dublin, 1973)
 * Emmett O'Byrne, War, Politics and the Irish of Leinster 1156–1606 (Dublin, 2003)

title: Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach


text:
Georgios Roubanis

Georgios Roubanis (Γεωργιος Ρουμπανης; born 31 July 1929) is a Greek pole vaulter. He was born in Tripoli, Greece. He competed at three Olympic Games. He is the elder brother of Aristeidis. He was named the 1956 Greek Athlete of the Year.

At the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, he won a bronze medal in the pole vault, as he scored 4.50 m (Greek record at the time), on 26 November 1956. In order to attend the Melbourne event, Roubanis lost a semester of his studies at UCLA in the United States. He abandoned athletics in 1961. After studying political economics, he got his master's degree in local self-government. He had worked in the US for 5 years as a management consultant, for a movie company. He had also set up an advertising company and a printing plant. In sports, he served as the president of the Panhellenic Association of Calisthenics and founded several other associations.

title: Georgios Roubanis


text:
User:RobotGirl

/myskin.css

title: User:RobotGirl


text:
Steve Borthwick

Stephen William Borthwick (born 12 October 1979) is an English rugby union coach and former player, who is currently the head coach of the England national team. As a player, he played as a lock for Bath and Saracens. At international level, he played for England 57 times from his debut in 2001; he served as captain from 2008 until he was dropped from the side in 2010.

Borthwick was appointed as England's forwards coach in December 2015, a role which he left in mid 2020 to become head coach of Leicester Tigers instead. In December 2022, he was appointed as the England head coach.

Club career
Born in Carlisle, Cumbria, Borthwick was captain of the Hutton Grammar School rugby team, with whom he went on a tour to Australia, and captained to the semi finals of the Daily Mail Cup in 1998.

Bath: 1998–2008
Borthwick joined Bath in 1998 from Preston Grasshoppers, making his debut against Saracens in December 1998. During this time, he was balancing rugby commitments with study, and graduated from the University of Bath in 2003 with a degree in economics with politics.

Borthwick had, arguably, his best season for Bath in 2003–04. A central figure in the absence of many senior players due to the 2003 Rugby World Cup, he set about making his mark on the English Premiership. Bath made the League Final that season, losing to London Wasps. He was one of the three nominees for the Premiership Player of the Year award. In his final game with the club, Borthwick captained Bath to victory in the 2007–08 European Challenge Cup.

In January 2008, Borthwick announced that he would be leaving Bath at the end of the 2007–08 season for Saracens F.C.

Saracens: 2008–2014
Following his switch to Saracens, Borthwick was named co-captain for the 2008–09 season alongside Andy Farrell.

In the 2009–10 season he was named as the captain for Saracens F.C. Injury prevented him from playing for much of the season: he returned for the Premiership final, but not as captain, as Saracens were defeated by Leicester Tigers. However the following season he started as Saracens won their first Premiership title.

On 28 November 2013, Borthwick announced he would be retiring at the end of the 2013-2014 season.

International career
Borthwick first emerged during England's 2000 tour of South Africa. Despite his presence in the line-out, he was not considered heavy enough for international rugby, but later bulked out. A regular choice as the England A team captain, from his debut against Wales A at Wrexham in February 2001, he had already played on the full tour of South Africa the previous summer. Borthwick made his debut for England against France in the 2001 Six Nations. Injury prevented him from being considered for the 2002 trip to Argentina.

He came on as a blood replacement for Ben Kay in the 25–14 win over Australia in Melbourne in June 2003, his sixth cap. A member of England's wider 2003 World Cup squad, he narrowly missed selection to the final 30. He regained his place in the England squad after the 2003 World Cup and despite England's disappointing results, Borthwick was given credit for his solid play.

Borthwick initially failed to make England's squad for the 2005 Autumn internationals, with Gloucester forward Alex Brown seemingly poised for a start instead, but injury ruled Brown out of contention and Borthwick stepped in, playing a significant role against Australia, New Zealand and Samoa.

Borthwick was selected as a member of the England 2007 Rugby World Cup squad. He played in three Group matches, starting against Tonga. He did not participate in the knockout games.

Captaincy
On 10 February 2008 Borthwick was named captain for England's 2008 Six Nations match against Italy in Rome, and on 13 May 2008 he was chosen to captain the full England squad on their 2008 summer tour of New Zealand. In October 2008 he was named as Martin Johnson's first England captain for the 2008 Autumn Internationals. Borthwick came in for a lot of criticism after England's disappointing 2008 Autumn Internationals in which they suffered heavy defeats to New Zealand and South Africa. However Martin Johnson kept faith in him.

In the 2009 Six Nations, Borthwick came under more criticism as England's discipline cost them victories against Ireland and Wales. However, after performing much better against France and Scotland in the last two weeks of the tournament, Borthwick's critics seemed to leave him alone.

End of international career
In January 2010, Borthwick was confirmed as England captain for the 2010 Six Nations. After England's 15–15 draw against Scotland in the 2010 Six Nations, Borthwick aggravated an ongoing knee injury. This meant he was unavailable for selection against France so Tom Palmer was bought in as cover and Lewis Moody was given the captaincy.

Due to injury, Borthwick was not a member of the 2010 England rugby union tour of Australasia. On 1 July 2010, he was dropped from the Elite Player Squad by Martin Johnson.

Coaching career
Borthwick trained as a coach, taking his initial position in-club from 2012 whilst playing with Saracens, and also attending the University of Hertfordshire. From 2012 he was forwards coach alongside Eddie Jones for up to and including the 2015 Rugby World Cup, after which he was confirmed as forwards coach for Bristol Rugby under former Bath colleague Andy Robinson.

On 15 December 2015, he was confirmed as England Forwards coach.

In October 2019, it was reported by BBC Sport that Borthwick's next role would be with Leicester Tigers following the 2019 Rugby World Cup. It was later confirmed he would join the club as head coach for the 2020–21 Premiership Rugby season. Next season, Borthwick led the Tigers to their eleventh Premiership title during the 2021–22 season.

On 19 December 2022, it was announced that Borthwick would take over as head coach of the England men's rugby team, replacing Eddie Jones.

Personal life
Borthwick is married to Beth Borthwick, an Australian. They have two sons together.

title: Steve Borthwick


text: User talk:65.37.136.107

title: User talk:65.37.136.107


text: User talk:216.20.13.166

title: User talk:216.20.13.166


text:
User:RobotGirl/myskin.css

/*
 * Mediawiki 'monobook' style sheet for CSS2-capable browsers.
 * Copyright Gabriel Wicke - http://wikidev.net/
 * License: GPL
 * Loosely based on http://www.positioniseverything.net/ordered-floats.html by Big John
 * and the Plone 2.0 styles, see http://plone.org/ (Alexander Limi,Joe Geldart & Tom Croucher,
 * Michael Zeltner and Geir BÃ¦kholt)
 * All you guys rock :)
 * All you guys rock :)

html, { width: 100%; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

width: 95%; float: right; margin: 0 0 10px -190px; padding: 5px 15px 18px 30px; background: none; }   margin: 60px 0 0 175px; padding: 0em 1em 1.5em 1em; background: white; border: 3px double #378; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; z-index: 0; } /* the left column width is specified in class .portlet */
 * 1) column-content {
 * 1) content {
 * 1) column-one { padding: 165px 0 0 0; height: 1px; }

/* Font size:
 * We take advantage of keyword scaling- browsers won't go below 9px
 * More at http://www.w3.org/2003/07/30-font-size
 * http://style.cleverchimp.com/font_size_intervals/altintervals.html

body { font: x-small sans-serif; background: #EEE6FF url(http://www.puellula.org/Common/wikibkgd.jpg); color: #144; margin: 0; padding: 10px; }

/* scale back up to a sane default */ font-size:127%; width: 100%; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .visualClear { clear: both; }
 * 1) globalWrapper {

/* general styles */

table { font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } a { text-decoration: underline; color: #378; background: transparent; } a:visited { color: #838; } a:active { color: #87A; } a:hover { color: #87A; text-decoration: none; } a.stub { color: #606; } a.new, a.new:visited,
 * 1) p-personal a.new { color:#C03; }
 * 1) p-personal a.new:visited { color:#769; }

img { border: 1px solid #769; padding: 0; margin: 0; vertical-align: middle; }

p { margin: 0.4em 0em 0.5em 0em; line-height: 1.5em; }

p img { margin: 0; }

hr { height: 2px; color: #378; background-color: #769; border: 0; margin: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0; }

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: #658; background: transparent; font-weight: bold; margin: 0 25px 0 0; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; text-decoration: underline; } h1 { font-size: 188%; } h2 { font-size: 150%; } h3, h4, h5, h6 { border-bottom: none; font-weight: bold; } h3 { font-size: 132%; } h4 { font-size: 116%; } h5 { font-size: 100%; } h6 { font-size: 80%; }

ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; list-style-image: url("bullet.gif"); } ol { line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0 0 3.2em; padding:0; list-style-image: none; } li { margin-bottom: 0.1em; } dt { font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; } dl{ margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } dd { line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }

fieldset { border: 1px solid #045; margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; } legend { background: transparent; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 95%; } form { border: none; margin: 5px 25px 5px 5px; padding: 0; }

textarea { border: 2px inset #769; color: #436; background: #EEE6FF; padding: 5px; position: relative; margin: 0; }

input.historysubmit { padding: 0 0.3em 0.3em 0.3em !important; font-size: 94%; cursor: pointer; height: 1.7em !important; margin-left: 1.6em; } input[type="radio"], input[type="checkbox"] { border:none; } select { border: 1px solid #436; color: #255; vertical-align: top; } abbr, acronym, .explain { border-bottom: 1px dotted Black; color: #144; background: transparent; cursor: help; } q { font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; } /* disabled for now blockquote { font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; }*/ code { background-color: #769; } pre { padding: 1em; border: 1px dashed #144; color: #144; background-color: #transparent; line-height: 1.1em; width: auto; overflow: hidden; }

 * 1) bodyContent { background: transparent; }

/*
 * the main content area

font-size: 84%; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0 0 1.4em 1em; color: #769; width: auto; } span.subpages { display: block; }
 * 1) siteSub { display: none; }
 * 2) contentSub {

/* Some space under the headers in the content area */ margin-bottom: 0.3em; } .firstHeading { margin-bottom:0.1em; }
 * 1) bodyContent h1, #bodyContent h2 { margin-bottom:0.6em; }
 * 2) bodyContent h3,
 * 3) bodyContent h4,
 * 4) bodyContent h5 {

/* user notification thing */ .usermessage { background-color: #EEE6FF; border: 1px solid #C03; color: #255; font-weight: bold; margin: 2em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: middle; }   text-align: center; font-size: 95%; padding: 0 0.9em 0 0.9em; } .error { color: #C03; font-size: larger; }   border:1px solid #769; background-color:#EEE6FF; padding:5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; } /* currently unused, intended to be used by a metadata box in the bottom-right corner of the content area */ .documentDescription { /* The summary text describing the document */ font-weight: bold; display: block; margin: 1em 0em; line-height: 1.5em; } .documentByLine { text-align: right; font-size: 90%; clear: both; font-weight: normal; color: #769; }
 * 1) siteNotice {
 * 1) siteNotice p { margin: none; padding: none; }
 * 1) catlinks {

/* emulate center */ .center { width: 100%; text-align: center; }   margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } /* small for tables and similar */ .small, .small * { font-size: 94%; } table.small { font-size: 100% }
 * .center * {

/*
 * content styles

border: 2px dashed #378; background-color:#EEE6FF; padding: 10px; font-size: 95%; float: left; margin: 25px 33px 25px 0; position: relative; z-index: 3; }   margin-top: 0.7em; font-size: 94%; }
 * 1) toc {
 * 1) toc .tocindent { margin-left: 2em; }
 * 2) toc .tocline { margin-bottom: 0px; }
 * 3) toc p { margin: 0 }
 * 4) toc .toctoggle { font-size: 94%; }
 * 5) toc .editsection {

/* images */ div.floatright, table.floatright { clear: right; float: right; margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0.3em; position: relative; border: transparent; } div.floatright p { font-style: italic; } div.floatleft, table.floatleft { float: left; margin: 0.3em 0.5em 0.5em 0; position: relative; border: transparent; } div.floatleft p { font-style: italic; } /* thumbnails */ div.thumb { margin-bottom: 0.5em; positin: relative; z-index: 1; border: none; width: auto; } div.thumb div { border: 2px solid #378; padding: 1px !important; background-color: transparent; font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; margin: 5px; } div.thumb div a img { border:1px solid #769; } div.thumb div div.thumbcaption { border: none; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0.3em 0 0.1em 0; } div.magnify { float: right; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.magnify a, div.magnify img { display: block; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.tright { margin-left: 10px; clear: right; float: right; position: relative; z-index: 3; } div.tleft { float: left; margin-right: 10px; position: relative; z-index: 3; clear: left; } .urlexpansion, .hiddenStructure { display: none; } img.tex { vertical-align: middle; } span.texhtml { font-family: serif; }

/*
 * classes for special content elements like town boxes
 * intended to be referenced directly from the wiki src

/* /* table standards */ table.rimage { float:right; position:relative; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; text-align:center; } .toccolours { border:1px solid #769; background-color:#EEE6FF; padding:5px; font-size: 95%; } div.townBox { position:relative; float:right; background:transparent; margin-left:1em; border: 1px #769; padding:0.3em; width: 200px; overflow: hidden; clear: right; } div.townBox dl { padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0.3em 0; font-size: 96%; } div.townBox dl dt { background: transparent; margin: 0.4em 0 0 0; } div.townBox dl dd { margin: 0.1em 0 0 1.1em; background-color: #EEE6FF; }
 * User styles

/* .special li { line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
 * edit views etc

/* Page history styling */ /* the auto-generated edit comments */ .autocomment { color: 769; } margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0.4em; }   background-color:#EEE6FF; border:1px dashed #769; } /* table.diff { background:transparent; } td.diff-otitle { background:#EEE6FF; } td.diff-ntitle { background:#EEE6FF; } td.diff-addedline { background:#DDD5EE; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-deletedline { background:#DDD5EE; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-context { background:#EEE6FF; font-size: smaller; } span.diffchange { color: #C03; }
 * 1) pagehistory span.user {
 * 1) pagehistory span.minor { font-weight: bold; }
 * 2) pagehistory li { border: 1px solid transparent; }
 * 3) pagehistory li.selected {
 * Diff rendering

/*    background: url(external.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-https { background: url("lock_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 16px; } .link-mailto { background: url("mail_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; }   background: url("news_icon.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-ftp { background: url("file_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-irc { background: url("discussionitem_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } /* disable interwiki styling */ color: #378; background: transparent; padding: 0; } /* this can be used in the content area to switch off special external link styling */ background: none !important; padding: 0; } /*
 * keep the transparentspace in front of the ^=, hides rule from konqueror
 * this is css3, the validator doesn't like it when validating as css2
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="http://"],
 * 2) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="mailto:"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="news://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="ftp://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="irc://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.extiw,
 * 2) bodyContent a.extiw:active {
 * 1) bodyContent a.external { color: #378; }
 * 1) bodyContent .plainlinks a {
 * Structural Elements

/* .portlet { border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; padding: 0; width: 159px; overflow: hidden; } .portlet h4 { font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h5 { background: transparent; padding: .5em 0 0 0.5em; text-transform: lowercase; display: inline; font-size: 105%; height: 1em; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap; margin: 1em 0 0 0; text-decoration: none; } .portlet h6 { background: #DDD5EE; border: 3px groove #9CC; padding: 0em 1em 0em 1em; text-transform: lowercase; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .pBody { margin: 0; font-size: 95%; background: #DDD5EE; border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px solid #378; padding: 3px; } .portlet h1, .portlet h2, .portlet h3, .portlet h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .portlet ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; list-style-image: url("bullet.gif"); font-size:95%; } .portlet li { padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * general portlet styles (elements in the quickbar)

/*
 * Logo properties

z-index: 0; background: url(http://www.puellula.org/Common/wikipic.jpg); position:absolute; /*needed to use z-index */ top: 0; left: 0; height: 0; width: 0; padding: 0 0 154px 154px; overflow: hidden; border: 2px solid #378; margin: 10px; }   display: block; height: 155px; width: 155px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 35% 50% !important; text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-logo {
 * 1) p-logo h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-logo a,
 * 3) p-logo a:hover {

/*
 * the navigation portlet

position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * 1) p-nav {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }       text-align: center; } input.searchButton { margin-top:1px; padding: 0 0.4em !important; font-size: 95%; cursor: pointer; }   border: 1px solid #378; width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 95%; }   padding: 5px; }
 * Search portlet
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {

/*
 * the personal toolbar

width:100%; white-space:nowrap; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 0; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; border: none; background: none; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.2em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

display: none; }
 * 1) p-personal h5 {

padding: 10px; margin: 0; border: none; overflow: visible; background: none; } /* this is the ul contained in the portlet */ border: none; line-height: 2em; color: #045; padding: 0 0 0 0; margin: 0 14px; text-align: center; float: right; text-transform: lowercase; background: none; }
 * 1) p-personal .portlet,
 * 2) p-personal .pBody {
 * 1) p-personal ul {

border: none; display: inline; color: #378; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.2em; background: none; margin-left: 2px; padding: 1px 3px; }   text-decoration: none; color: #378; border: none; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px 10px; margin: 0; background: none; }   text-decoration: underline; }
 * 1) p-personal .pBody li {
 * 1) p-personal .pBody li a {
 * 1) p-personal li a:hover {

/*   position:absolute; top: 50px; left: 225px; margin: 0; white-space:nowrap; width: 76%; line-height: .3em; overflow: visible; background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 3px 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; clear: right; }
 * the page-related actions- page/talk, edit etc
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions {

list-style: none; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #87A; border-bottom: none; border-top: 3px solid #87A; padding: 0 0 .5em 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: auto; background: white; -moz-border-radius-topleft: .5em; -moz-border-radius-topright: .5em; }   border-left: 1px solid #C03; border-right: 1px solid #C03; border-top: 3px solid #C03; color: #C03; padding: 0 0 .5em 0; }   background-color: transparent; color: #378; border: none; padding: 0 .8em .3em 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; z-index: 3; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#ca-watch, li#ca-watch { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * 1) p-cactions .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions ul {
 * 1) p-cactions li {
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {
 * 1) p-cactions .selected a { z-index: 4; }
 * 2) p-cactions .new a { color:#C03; }
 * 3) p-cactions li a:hover {
 * 1) p-cactions h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) p-cactions li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) p-cactions #ca-addsection a {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * the remaining portlets
 * 1) p-tbx,
 * 2) p-lang {
 * 1) p-lang {

 * 1) p-nav, #p-search, #p-lang, #p-tb { float: left; clear: left; margin: 0 0 10px 0 }

/*   background-color: transparent; border-top: 2px solid #769; border-bottom: 2px solid #769; margin: 0.6em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.4em 0em 1.2em 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; clear: both; }   display: inline; margin: 0 1.3em; } /* hide from incapable browsers */ head:first-child+body #footer li { white-space: nowrap; } margin: 0 8px; position: relative; top: -2px; /* Bump it up just a tad */ }   float: right; height: 1%; }   float: left; height: 1%; }
 * footer
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer li {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico, #f-copyrightico {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico {
 * 1) f-copyrightico {

/* js pref toc */ float: left; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; width: 13em; }   background-color:#EEE6FF; border:1px dashed #769; }   display: block; color: #378; }   clear: both; float: left; margin-top: 1em; } div.prefsectiontip { font-size: 95%; margin-top: 1em; } fieldset.operaprefsection { margin-left: 15em }
 * 1) preftoc {
 * 1) preftoc li { border: 1px solid #769; }
 * 2) preftoc li.selected {
 * 1) preftoc a,
 * 2) preftoc a:active {
 * 1) prefcontrol {

/* /* tabs: border on the a, not the div */ border: 1px solid #769; border-bottom: none; } /* footer icons need a fixed width */ overflow-x: auto; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 25px; }
 * IE/Mac fixes, hope to find a validating way to move this
 * to a separate stylesheet. This would work but doesn't validate:
 * @import("IEMacFixes.css");
 * > html #p-cactions li { border:none; }
 * > html #p-cactions li a {
 * > html #p-cactions li.selected a { border-color: #C03; }
 * > html #f-poweredbyico,
 * > html #f-copyrightico { width: 88px; }
 * > html #bodyContent,
 * > html #bodyContent pre {

/* more IE fixes */ /* float/negative margin brokenness */ display: inline; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * html #footer {margin-top: 0;}
 * html #column-content {
 * html div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }
 * 1) pagehistory li.selected { position: relative; }

/* Mac IE 5.0 fix; floated content turns invisible */ float: none; }   position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; }   margin-left: 13.2em; }
 * > html #column-content {
 * > html #column-one {
 * > html #footer {

.printfooter { display: none; }

title: User:RobotGirl/myskin.css


text:
Atlanta annexations and wards

From its incorporation in 1847, the municipal boundaries of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were extended repeatedly from a small area around its railroad station to today's city covering 131.7 mi2.

Prior to 1954, Atlanta was divided into political divisions called wards. The number of wards were increased as the city grew.

1847
City is incorporated — city limits are a 1 mi radius from the zero mile marker of the Western & Atlantic Railroad. City covers 3.14 mi2, 2010.6 acre.

1854
The 1848 charter only specified election of six citywide councilmembers, but on January 9, 1854, an ordinance was adopted that divided the town into five wards and two councilmen from each ward would be elected to coincide with the completion of the first official city hall. The next election with the new rules on January 15, 1855, decided those first Ward bosses who would serve with the short-term mayor, Allison Nelson. The boundaries were as follows:

 * First (yellow): all land west of the W&A Railroad and Whitehall Street. This diverse ward had concentrations of industry and working-class people (such as railroad men) in the northern and western parts but the eastern section was home to some of Atlanta's wealthiest citizens, such as Richard Peters.

 * Second (red): land south of Georgia RR between Whitehall and McDonough. This wealthy section included the bulk of the town's wholesalers, warehouses, grocers and hotels. The residential areas included people like Dr. Joseph Thompson.

 * Third (green): land south of Georgia RR and east of McDonough. This ward included the new city hall, a number of mills along the railroad and the east many large estates including that of Lemuel P. Grant.

 * Fourth (blue): north of Georgia RR and east of Ivy. This ward had two of the roughest sections of town; the red-light district along Decatur Street (including Murrell's Row) and Slabtown but the northern part was home to mostly small farms.

 * Fifth (violet): west of Ivy and north of W&A Railroad. This ward contained the large homes along Peachtree Street and the southern part, Fairlie-Poplar was also largely residential with warehousing along the western part.

1866
On March 12, city limits expand to a one-and-a-half mile radius from Union Depot.

1871

During a huge boom of post-war building, two new wards were added from parts of the First, Fourth and Fifth to reflect the changing look of the city.
 * Sixth Ward (aqua): established October 1871 as the half of the First Ward north of Hunter St (MLK). This division left the wealthy in the First ward and gave the working-class people to the north two councilmen of their own.
 * Seventh Ward (grey): established December 2, 1871, of parts of the Fourth and Fifth. Specifically from the "junction of Houston and Pryor streets, thence through lot nineteen, between blocks three, one and two, five and six, to the city limits; thence northerly along the city limits to Peachtree Street; thence south along Peachtree Street and Pryor Street to the beginning." And the Fourth was extended "from Ivy Street west to Pryor, and from Houston Street south to the railroad, and that Pryor Street shall be the line between the fourth and fifth wards, and Pryor and Peachtree streets between the fifth and seventh wards." This gave the red-light district to the Fourth and created a new Ward of mostly farmers and to the west, fine residences along Ivy and the east side of Peachtree.

1874
A new city charter was approved by Governor Smith on February 28, 1874, which reduced the number of wards back to five and created a bi-cameral council of two councilmen from each ward and a second body of three at-large aldermen was established. Each year one of the aldermen would be up for election and during his last year in office would serve as president of the other body. They acted separately on finances but together for all other business.

The new ward layout was as follows:
 * First Ward (yellow) was bounded by Western & Atlantic Railroad, Foundry St, south around the city limits to modern Peachtree Street
 * Second Ward (red) was bounded by the Georgia Railroad, Whitehall south to city limits then north-east to McDonough (Capital Ave) and up to the railroad
 * Third Ward (green) was bounded by Butler (Jesse Hill Dr) and McDonough Streets south to the city limits north-east to Georgia RR, then west to Butler
 * Fourth Ward (blue) from Pryor and tracks east on Georgia RR to city limits then north west to West Peachtree and south to origin.
 * Fifth Ward (purple) from Pryor and tracks north-east to Peachtree, then West Peachtree to city limits, south-west to Foundry and W&A RR and east to origin

1883

On November 5, 1883, a Sixth Ward (beige) was carved out of the Fourth and Fifth Wards. Its boundaries started at Butler and the GRR (today's Grady Hospital) north to North Ave at Myrtle St, then up Myrtle to the city limit at 3rd St. Follow the arc of the city limit to Williams, south to Cain (International) then James (Church) to Forsyth south to the tracks then east on the tracks to origin. This separated the wealthy Peachtree corridor from the other parts of north Atlanta. (Garrett Vol II, p. 53–54)

1889
Expansion of city limits to one and three-quarters radius from union depot.

1894
When West End was annexed into the city in 1894, it became a new Seventh Ward.

1904
822 acre annexed - the southern part of what is now Midtown was already within the 1889 limits, but in 1904 the city annexes most of the rest of what is now Midtown: this is an area bounded by the 1889 circular city limits on the south, and West Peachtree St. on the west, stretching north up to but not including Ansley Park (roughly 6th to 16th Streets), Piedmont Park, the remainder of Historic Midtown east to what is now the BeltLine. this includes a strip of what is now the Old Fourth Ward between the 1889 limits and the BeltLine.

1905
Further expansion of the city limits was part of a long effort.

In October 1897 Frank P. Rice drove a failed proposal to annex Pittsburgh, Reynoldstown, Bellwood, and what was then called "north Atlanta".

"North Atlanta" was defined at the time roughly as today's Midtown, Georgia Tech, and English Avenue:
 * today's Midtown between Myrtle St. in the Midtown Historic District and Cherry St., now inside the Georgia Tech campus, as far north as 14th St (then called Wilson Ave.)
 * most of what is now the Georgia Tech campus, south of what was then 5th Street
 * the area west of Georgia Tech, south of Jefferson St., as far west as Ashby St. (now Lowery Blvd.), including today's English Avenue neighborhood

In 1902 a special committee made a new proposal to annex those areas as well as "Bonnie Brae", Copenhill, and the "St. Charles Avenue" area (in today's Virginia Highland). By then, "north Atlanta" was being referred to as "Peachtree".

In 1905, the Eighth Ward was added. An act of the Georgia General Assembly was enacted on August 3, 1904, which designated the area from then current city limits (at 6th St and West Peachtree), north to 15th St, then east to Piedmont Ave, then northeast to Southern Railway (basically follow Piedmont to the Ansley Park area), then southwardly along the railway the limits. The act also took part of the Sixth Ward north of North Ave. into the new Eighth Ward.

1909
On January 1, 1909, a Ninth Ward was formed out of just annexed Copenhill, part of Druid Hills, Edgewood, Reynoldstown and East Atlanta. Edgewood alone had had its own city government before the annexation.

Annexations
Annexation of 3510 acre to the north and west:
 * Ansley Park and most of Sherwood Forest
 * Peachtree Street from 15h street north to Palisades Road in southern Buckhead
 * the area that is now the Georgia Tech campus that was not already part of the city, including the Hemphill Avenue neighborhood
 * Bankhead east of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad line
 * Remainder of English Avenue (northern part) that was not already part of the city
 * Washington Park
 * What is now Mozley Park, then called Battle Hill
 * Ashview Heights
 * remainder of today's West End (western part) that was not already part of the city
 * most of Westview

Annexation of 2011 acre including the town of Oakland City and from the previous city limits south to the BeltLine: Adair Park, most of Pittsburgh, southern Summerhill, southern/eastern edges of Grant Park neighborhood.

Annexation of the blocks surrounding Brown Park (now Brownwood Park) in East Atlanta - Moreland east to Stokesland and Glenwood south to the current city limits.

New Tenth Ward
A new Tenth Ward was created. The eastern boundary was McDaniel Street. The southwestern boundary was Whitehall Street to the Central of Georgia Railroad, and from there along the railroad to a point just south of the BeltLine. From there, the boundary ran due west to a prolongation of Holderness Street south of the BeltLine, and from there southwest to the junction of Campbellton and Utoy roads. Then due east along the north boundary of Fort McPherson to the Central of Georgia Railroad. Then south along that railway line to a point between Osborne and Astor avenues, then east to Sylvan Road, then north to the BeltLine, then east to McDaniel Street.

This included:
 * New territory from the annexations including Oakland City
 * Territory from the Second Ward west of McDaniel Street
 * Territory from the Seventh Ward east of the Central of Georgia Railroad

1919
Eleventh Ward created from part of the Ninth Ward (area south of the Georgia railroad line) and from part of the Third Ward. The new ward corresponds to East Atlanta, Ormewood Park, and other adjacent areas.

1922

 * Kirkwood annexed (975 acre)
 * North part of Virginia-Highland and south part of Morningside/Lenox Park annexed (858 acre)
 * Ormewood Park annexed (482 acre)

1923
In June 1923 there was a failed movement to annex College Park, East Point, and Hapeville.

1928

 * East Lake annexed (717 acre) as the 12th ward.
 * Chosewood Park annexed. (626 acre)

1929
A Thirteenth Ward was created as the section of the Ninth Ward north of St. Charles and east of the Belt Line to the west side of Briarcliff and north the corporate limits. (most of today's Virginia-Highland)

1937
On March 14, 1935, the legislature reduced the number of wards from 13 to 6 and the thirty-nine member city council is cut to eighteen members effective January 1, 1937. The wards were combined as such:
 * First: old 2nd & 3rd (south from Central RR to Grant Park)
 * Second: old 11th & 12th (southeast: Ormewood, East Atlanta and East Lake)
 * Third: old 1st, 5th & 6th (northwest from Central RR around to three blocks east of Peachtree)
 * Fourth: old 7th & 10th (from West End to Oakland City)
 * Fifth: old 4th & 8th (from Georgia RR up to Piedmont Park and Ansley west of the Belt Line)
 * Sixth: old 9th & 13th (everything east of the Belt Line and north of Georgia RR: Inman Park, Druid Hills, etc.)

1952
In 1951, after a failed 1947 referendum and two other failed attempts, the state legislature passed a "Plan of Improvement" by which on Jan. 1, 1952, the city annexed 51470 acre in Buckhead, Adams Park, Southwest Atlanta & Lakewood. This was by far the largest expansion in Atlanta's history, tripling the size of the city to 118 mi2 and adding 100,000 residents. This helped spread the burden of providing public services by adding to the base a large group of mostly more affluent residents. The annexation was viewed as a triumph of Mayor Hartsfield.

Atlanta would in the 1970s again try, but without success, to repeat the process by state legislation to annex what is now Sandy Springs to Atlanta.

1953
Annexation of Ben Hill, Greenbriar and other adjacent areas in far southwestern Atlanta.

1954
The ward system is ended. No longer a bicameral body, only a board of six aldermen with a Vice-Mayor serving as president of the board. All positions were elected citywide. (For post-ward setup, see Political structure of Atlanta).

Annexations since 1953
Since 1953, multiple small annexations (and deannexations) to the City of Atlanta have occurred, in two periods: 1954–1979 and 2003-2010. No annexations took place between 1979 and 2003.

Multiple small areas adjacent to southwestern Atlanta were annexed including Midwest Cascade, Cascade Glen, and the Horseshoe Community. Sandtown's 2007 petition for annexation was put on hold.

These annexations added a few thousand residents, and approximately three square miles, including areas mostly in the southwest of the city, but also small parcels in the east and north of the city.

Emory University and Centers for Disease Control annexation
In December 2017, the Atlanta City Council approved an annexation request by Emory University, the Centers for Disease Control, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston Hospital, and other contiguous property owners in the Druid Hills neighborhood of DeKalb County. The annexation was effective January 1, 2018. In June 2017 the university leadership formally petitioned the City of Atlanta to annex it. To comply with the requirement that an annexed area be adjacent to the existing city limits, the university purchased a residence partially within the then-city limits. The city government also entered into a settlement with the DeKalb County government to settle a dispute, paving the way for the annexation.

Due to the taxable revenue involved, there was a dispute over whether the area would remain in the DeKalb County School District or transition to Atlanta Public Schools. In 2016 Emory University made a statement that "Annexation of Emory into the City of Atlanta will not change school districts, since neighboring communities like Druid Hills will still be self-determining regarding annexation." By 2017 the city agreed to include the annexed property in the boundaries of APS, a move decried by the leadership of DeKalb County Schools as it would take taxable property away from that district. In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine. The annexed area ultimately went to APS, and as part of a 2019 settlement Emory would help establish school-based clinics for DeKalb schools. Students in the area will be rezoned to APS effective 2024; they will be zoned to DeKalb schools before then.

title: Atlanta annexations and wards


text:
User:DavidSteimle

Wikipedia Usage Links

 * Image Syntax
 * Manual of Style

title: User:DavidSteimle


text:
Matt Sloan (visual effects)

Matt Sloan is an Australian visual effects supervisor. He was previously a special effects and animatronics technician.

Early life
Sloan grew up on a farm.  He studied geology in university.

Career
Sloan got his start in the film industry as a "runner" and pyrotechnician for the special effects team of Fortress (1992) in 1991.

He began transitioning from special effects to visual effects around 2000.

As the filming for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith were moved to Australia, Sloan filled in for the role of Jedi Master Plo Koon due to financial practicality as he matched the height of the previous actor. He was the lead animatronics foreman for Episode II and was the droid unit technician for ''Episode III. ''

Sloan has worked as a technical director on Avatar (2009), The Avengers (2012), and The Hobbit (film series) for Weta Digital.

In 2013, he moved from Weta to 20th Century Fox, where he worked as a visual effects supervisor on the X-Men (film series) and The Martian (2015).

title: Matt Sloan (visual effects)


text:
Talk:Way of life

The neutrality of this topic should seriously be in question. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.229.157 (talk) 19:46, 10 June 2005 (UTC)

If, as the opening sentence of this article stated, "A way of life is a common term which describes the lifestyle of an entire culture", then I guess this article should redirect to lifestyle. So done. David Kernow 03:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Way of life


text:
18th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 18th Army (German: 18. Armee) was a World War II field army in the German Wehrmacht.

Formed in November 1939 in Military Region (Wehrkreis) VI, the 18th Army was part of the offensive into the Netherlands (Battle of the Netherlands) and Belgium (Battle of Belgium) during Fall Gelb and later moved into France in 1940. The 18th Army was then moved East and participated in Operation Barbarossa in 1941.

The Army was a part of the Army Group North until early 1945, when it was subordinated to Army Group Kurland. In October 1944, the army was encircled by the Red Army offensives and spent the remainder of the war in the Courland Pocket.

History
On 22 July 1940, the 18th Army consisted of XXVI Corps (161st and 271st Infantry Divisions), XXX Corps (76th and 258th Infantry Divisions), Higher Command XXXV (162nd and 292nd Infantry Divisions), III Corps (62nd and 75th Infantry Divisions), XVII Corps (297th and 298th Infantry Divisions) and Higher Command XXXIV (68th and 257th Infantry Divisions), as well as XXXXIV Corps and 291st Infantry Division as reserves and limited authority extended to Panzer Group Guderian with XXXX Corps and XVI Corps.

Commanders
Chiefs of the Generalstab
 * 5 November 1939 – 10 December 1940 Generalmajor Erich Marcks
 * 10 December 1940 – 19 January 1941 Generalmajor Wilhelm Hasse
 * 19 January 1941 – 17 November 1942 Generalmajor Dr. Ing. h.c. Kurt Waeger
 * 24 November 1942 – 1 December 1943 Generalmajor Hans Speth
 * 1 December 1943 – 25 January 1945 Generalmajor Friedrich Foertsch
 * 25 January 1945 – 5 March 1945 Oberst i.G. Wilhelm Hetzel
 * 5 March 1945 – 10(!) May 1945 Generalmajor Ernst Merk

10 May 1940

 * XXVI Army Corps
 * 256th Infantry Division
 * 254th Infantry Division
 * SS "Der Führer" Regiment
 * X Army Corps
 * SS "Adolf Hitler" Regiment
 * 227th Infantry Division
 * 207th Infantry Division
 * 1st Cavalry Division
 * Direct control of Army Headquarters
 * SS "Verfügungstruppe" Division
 * 9th Panzer Division
 * 208th Infantry Division
 * 225th Infantry Division

1 July 1941

 * XXXVIII Army Corps
 * 58th Infantry Division
 * 291st Infantry Division
 * XXVI Army Corps
 * 1st Infantry Division
 * 61st Infantry Division
 * 217th Infantry Division
 * I Army Corps
 * 11th Infantry Division
 * 21st Infantry Division

September 1941

 * L Army Corps
 * LIV Army Corps
 * XXVI Army Corps
 * XXVIII Army Corps
 * I Army Corps

15 July 1944

 * XVIII Army Corps
 * 12th Luftwaffe Division
 * Kampfgruppe Hoefer
 * 21st Infantry Division
 * 30th Infantry Division
 * XXXVIII Army Corps
 * 121st Infantry Division
 * 32nd Infantry Division
 * 21st Luftwaffe Division
 * 83rd Infantry Division
 * L Army Corps
 * 218th Infantry Division
 * 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)
 * 126th Infantry Division
 * 93rd Infantry Division
 * 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)
 * Kampfgruppe Streckenbach
 * Direct control of Army Headquarters
 * Headquarters VI SS Corps
 * 207th Security Division
 * 300th Division zbV (Estonian border guard units)

12 April 1945

 * L Army Corps
 * 11th Infantry Division
 * 290th Infantry Division
 * II Army Corps
 * 563rd Volksgrenadier Division
 * 126th Infantry Division
 * 263rd Infantry Division
 * 87th Infantry Division
 * I Army Corps
 * 225th Infantry Division
 * 132nd Infantry Division
 * X Army Corps
 * 30th Infantry Division
 * 121st Infantry Division
 * Kampfgruppe (Ernst) Gise
 * Direct control of Army Headquarters
 * 52nd Security Division
 * 14th Panzer Division

title: 18th Army (Wehrmacht)


text: User talk:152.163.96.159

title: User talk:152.163.96.159


text:
Ravindra Svarupa Dasa

Ravindra Svarupa Dasa (born William H. Deadwyler, III) is a religious studies scholar and a Hare Krishna religious leader. He was initiated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1971. He has been a member of ISKCON's Governing Body Commission since 1987, Chairman of that Commission's North American GBC Continental Committee, is the president of ISKCON of Philadelphia, and an ISKCON Guru. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University and a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania. He has written extensively on Vaishnava philosophy and used his education to further the discourse of Gaudiya Vaishnava Theology within the context of ISKCON. He is the author of Encounter with the Lord of the Universe: Collected Essays 1978-1983 (Washington, DC: Gita Nagari Press, 1984). He also is featured on Shelter's Attaining the Supreme, where he gives a lecture on a hidden track.

Publications

 * William H. Deadwyler Necessity and the Cosmic Organism: An Examination of Hartshorne's God — Philadelphia: Temple University, 1980. — 526 p.
 * Ravīndra-svarūpa Dāsa Encounter With the Lord of the Universe: Collected Essays, 1978-1983 — Washington, DC: Gita-nagari Press, 1983. — viii, 118 p. — ISBN 0-911233-20-2.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa The Scholarly Tradition in Caitanyite Vaisnavism: India and America // ISKCON Review. — 1985. — Vol. 1. — No. 1. —.
 * William H. Deadwyler The Contribution of Bhagavata-Dharma Toward a 'Scientific Religion' and a 'Religious Science' // T. D. Singh, R. Gomatam Synthesis of Science and Religion — Critical Essays and Dialogues. — San Francisco: Bhaktivedanta Institute, 1987. — pp. 366-380. — ISBN 0-941525-01-5.
 * William H. Deadwyler Patterns in ISKCON's Historical Self-Perception // David G. Bromley, Larry D. Shinn Krishna Consciousness in the West. — Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1989. — pp. 55-75. — ISBN 0-8387-5144-X.
 * William H. Deadwyler The Religions of Others in ISKCON's Eyes // Leonard Swidler, Paul Mojzes Attitudes of Religions and Ideologies Toward the Outsider: The Other. — Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. — ISBN 0-88946-270-4.
 * William H. Deadwyler Saṁpradāya of Śrī Caitanya // Steven J. Rosen Vaiṣṇavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gauḍīya Tradition. — New York: Folk Books, 1992. — pp. 127-140. — ISBN 0-9619763-6-5.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Religion And Religions // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1993. — Vol. 1. — No. 1. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Modern Historical Consciousness: Its Cause and Cure. Part I: The Great Chain // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1994. — Vol. 1. — No. 2. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Modern Historical Consciousness: Its Causes and Cure. Part II: The Breaking of the Chain // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1995. — Vol. 3. — No. 1. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa A response to Daniel Acharuparambil, Hinduism in interreligious Dialogue, ICJ Vol. 4, No. 1 // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1996. — Vol. 4. — No. 2. —.
 * William H. Deadwyler The Devotee and the Deity: Living a Personalistic Theology // J. P. Waghorne, N. Cutler Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. — New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. — pp. 69-87. — ISBN 0-231-10777-3.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa ISKCON and Varṇāśrama-Dharma: A Mission Unfulfilled // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1999. — Vol. 7. — No. 1. — pp. 35-44. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Pillars of Success: The Principles and Practices of Reform in ISKCON // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 1999. — Vol. 7. — No. 2. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Restoring the Authority of the GBC // ISKCON Communications Journal. — 2000. — Vol. 8. — No. 1. —.
 * Ravīndra Svarūpa Dāsa Rādhā, Kṛṣṇa, Caitanya: The Inner Dialectic of the Divine Relativity // The Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies. — Folk Books, 2001. — Т. 10. — № 1. — pp. 5-26.
 * William H. Deadwyler Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON // Edwin F. Bryant, Maria L. Ekstrand The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. — New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. — pp. 149-169. — ISBN 0-231-12256-X.
 * William H. Deadwyler Bringing the Lord's Song to a Strange Land: Srila Prabhupada's Strategy of "Cultural Conquest" and Its Prospects // Graham Dwyer, Richard J. Cole The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change. — London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. — pp. 103–120. — ISBN 1-84511-407-8.

title: Ravindra Svarupa Dasa


text:
Crack dot Com

Crack dot Com was a computer game development company co-founded by ex-id Software programmer Dave Taylor, and Jonathan Clark.

History
Crack dot com started from home with a staff of just four people. Their first completed game, which had Internal Revenue Service agents as the enemies, was never released. The company released only one game, Abuse, an MS-DOS scrolling platform shooter which sold over 80,000 copies worldwide. Based on a public source code release, Abuse was ported to a wide variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows, MacOS, AIX, SGI Irix, Amiga/AmigaOS, and Linux.

Prior to the company's closing in October 1998, they were working on Golgotha, a hybrid of first-person shooter and real-time strategy. Citing publisher interference in the creative design of Abuse, Crack dot com opted not to accept any offers from publishers until the game was completed. The game was never finished and Crack dot com made the source and data for Golgotha (as with Abuse) public domain.

The company experienced a setback on January 13, 1997 when their file server was broken into by way of their web server, and the source code to Golgotha and also the Quake engine they had licensed from id was stolen. This did result in a number of unofficial ports for Quake, including an SVGAlib version for Linux that was later mainlined by id, as well as unauthorized ports to OS/2, Amiga, Java VMs, and Mac OS. The source code for both Quake and Golgotha were later legally released.

title: Crack dot Com