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Pugad Baboy

Pugad Baboy (literally, "swine's nest" in Tagalog) is a comic strip created by Filipino cartoonist Apolonio "Pol" Medina, Jr. The strip is about a Manila community of mostly obese people – "fat as pigs" (baboy is Tagalog for pig).

It started appearing in the Philippine Daily Inquirer on May 18, 1988, and was published exclusively in the Inquirer line of newspapers (Broadsheet Inquirer and its free concise sister tabloid called Inquirer Libre and tabloids Bandera and Tumbok.) Its popularity has spawned numerous compilations, a live-action television series, and merchandise such as T-shirts and figurines.

The strip not only showcases domestic life; occasionally, it features adventure, drama, and pure spoof sequences. More often, the strip mirrors the general sentiment of the Filipino people on relevant topics such as corruption in the government as well as Filipino pop culture. In this respect, the strip has been likened to Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury. Sometimes, political satire is woven into some ordinary strips and adventure stories.

History
Medina conceived the strip while working under contract in Iraq in 1986. On May 18, 1988, he pitched his strips to the Philippine Daily Inquirer. His strip, named after a friend's piggery in Bulacan, was accepted on the spot.

Medina originally spelled "Pugad Baboy" with a hyphen in the strip itself, though not in the title.

For many years, the strip was exclusively a black-and-white daily. A full-color Sunday strip in the same paper debuted on October 3, 2004. The full-colored strips ended their run sometime in 2009. Before the tabloid Inquirer Libre debuted, the strip appeared exclusively in the Inquirer broadsheet.

In a strip published in September 2006, Medina commented on online life substituting for physical contact. He mentioned Wikipedia as one of the alternatives to library visits, the other being Google.

The Inquirer decided to discontinue carrying Pugad Baboy in its comics section beginning June 5, 2013, after a strip for the June 4 edition reportedly lambasted hypocrisy among Christians against homosexuals when certain sectarian schools condone such students among their ranks. The newspaper later clarified that the cartoonist was not actually fired and the strip would just be suspended from publication until an internal investigation had been carried out. However, Medina officially resigned from the paper on June 7, 2013. Online news website Rappler later hired him, with the strip being published as a webcomic on the site starting June 17, 2013. The new version offers readers alternative punchlines with the respective voting options.

Its final strip on Rappler, depicting a portal, appeared on March 1, 2018. The strip returned to print media with its first appearance in the Philippine Star and its sister publications, Pilipino Star Ngayon and Pang-Masa, on March 5, 2018.

The Sungcals
The Sungcal family reflects aspects of traditional and stereotypical families, with a housewife and an overseas contract worker as members, with a domestic helper to supplement. "Sungkal" is a Tagalog word for the term "digging a hole with a (pig's) snout".

 * Dagul (Adagulfo Sungcal Jr.), often referred to with the title Mang (Mister) – i.e. Mang Dagul – The patriarch of the family. He works as a chef in a five-star hotel where he specializes in unorthodox dishes. He is often shown at home, usually voicing out on the state of affairs in the Philippines. He is also highly xenophobic. Over the years, he studies different martial arts like karate, arnis and aikido (like Medina), and he also dabbles in tennis and golf. He calls his wife "Honeycured." "Dagul" is Filipino slang for someone or something big. At the end of The Returnee story arc, the Tangaras lend Dagul money so he can quit his job and start his own small restaurant in his house's front yard.
 * Debbie (Debra Anne Sungcal) – The matriarch of the family, a loving traditional housewife and mother. Her recurring traits include a love for bargain shopping, indecision regarding actual purchases (sometimes on purpose), and complaining about decisions she lets Dagul make (much to Dagul's annoyance and regret). Also, she extremely highly dislikes any honest opinion Dagul gives her about her figure and/or clothes she wears or tries on – to the point of throwing him out of the house, despite her demanding honest opinions in the first place. She is also the constant victim of disgusting table conversations between her husband, Polgas and sometimes with Utoy. She calls her husband "Sweet Ham."
 * Kules (Hercules Sungcal) – The eldest son, a building engineer in Saudi Arabia. When not working, he reads letters from pen pals, goes on blind dates (usually with funny consequences), hangs out with his friend 'Adre (short for compadre; see below), or thinks about the events back in the Philippines. Much like Kules, Medina was formerly a contract worker in Saudi Arabia. The origin of his name is often mistaken to be that of the legendary Greek hero of the same name, when in fact, he is named after the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft. After marrying Mandana, Kules resigned from his overseas job and returned to Pugad Baboy for good, sporting longer hair.
 * Tiny (Cristina Sungcal) – The teenage daughter. Her name is not only an obvious misnomer, but also a testament to her vanity and denial regarding her size. She asserts herself as sexy and repeatedly insists that her waistline is 28 inches (the last time this was true was when she was 9 or 10 years old). She does commit herself to diets that often end in failure. Her cooking leaves much to be desired by her family, and is sometimes inedible (in one strip, she naively uses papaya soap in place of the fruit). She studies in the University of Santo Tomas, where Medina graduated in 1983 with a degree in architecture. There, she takes up mass communication, a course the university does not actually offer. She is currently being courted by Brando, whose name is always mistaken by Bab and Dagul, and Tiny correcting them all the time. But in the beginning she allowed herself to be courted by Bab, and this happened only for a short period of time. She also is a cosplaying enthusiast.
 * Utoy (Adagulfo Sungcal III) – The youngest son. Intelligent and musically talented (playing the saxophone), he behaves much like other children his age. Medina initially depicted him as a clueless infant, but he later aged him to about eight years old probably to give a child's insight on current events (eight is also the age of most of the child characters in this strip). Despite his youth, he claims Jolen as his girlfriend. In a "Boy Scout" story arc, Medina gives him an absurdly versatile Swiss Army Knife (apart from the usual tools, his knife comes equipped with such things as a refrigerator, a Nintendo video game console complete with television, and an all-terrain vehicle). The tool returns in Pugad Baboy 25 with a mini-sniper rifle that fires foam pellets.
 * Mandana (Mandana Ahmadi-Sungcal) – Kules' wife, and a spy of Iranian origin. Known as the "most hated by the Muslims who give Islam a bad name," Mandana amassed a huge amount of fortune from collecting bounties of famous terrorists. Among her modus operandi is to convince wives of terrorists to betray them and become her informant. How and when she fell in love with Kules is unknown, but she ordered her partner Amir to offer Kules dowries to marry her. When a group of Islamists kidnapped Kules and ordered Mandana to bomb the US Embassy in exchange for her fiancé's life, she did not hesitate and obliged. She was assumed killed in action - Kules shot her to save the Embassy, though the boat she was piloting still destroyed it. However, it was later revealed that she faked her death in order to deceive the Muslim extremists on her trail, and that what Kules shot was a dummy. It was heavily implied that non-terrorist casualties in the Embassy destruction were faked also in order to throw off the Muslim extremists. She re-emerged and reunited with Kules after five years, marrying in a civil ceremony in Tagaytay. She can finally speak Tagalog fluently, as seen in the March 21, 2016, strip here and as of January 25, 2018 here, she's pregnant with her and Kules' first child. She gave birth to a girl, while Kules was away.
 * Zara (Lazara Armaiti Sungcal) – Kules and Mandana's infant daughter. She took a lot from her Iranian heritage and her mother's temperament. She never once cried since her birth, something that Mandana claimed she got from her while admitting that her first time crying was when she shot her father who forcefully arranged her to marry an old man.

Polgas
Polgas (derived from the Spanish and Tagalog pulgas for "flea") is the Sungcals' anthropomorphic family dog. Notable for his human characteristics such as speech, optional bipedalism, use of clothing and general behavior, he is called ang asong hindi (the dog who isn't) in material outside the strip proper because of his human characteristics. He acts as an extra member of the Sungcals and is his master Dagul's drinking buddy. However, he still behaves like a typical dog when he chooses to, though usually when he takes a bite out of people or leaks on them, most often Dagul.

Polgas was initially a normal dog which walked on all fours, albeit one who wore shirts and undershirts like Dagul. Medina eventually gave him the ability to talk, followed by other human characteristics like a more humanlike physique. Originally, Brosia, a former ventriloquist, supplied Polgas's voice, but Medina was so dissatisfied with the idea that he abandoned it completely. Medina later explained in a 1995 spin-off graphic novel entitled Pirata that Polgas developed human characteristics due to his master's exotic version of bibingka (rice cake) and exposure to radiation emitted by television sets. Apparently, the combination had a teratogenic effect on him, somewhat similar to the mutation of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

Medina eventually developed the character into a "man (dog) of action", humorously saving the human characters from danger during story arcs, and later a full-fledged action hero involved with more serious activities. Polgas became a deep penetration agent of a fictional military division called the Organized Canine Bureau (OCB). This organization spoofs the TV series Wiseguy, which features a fictional branch of the FBI called the Organized Crime Bureau, responsible for the protagonist Vinnie Terranova's activities.

Medina's OCB was originally formed to combat the pilfering of stray dogs being sold in Metro Manila for their meat. Wisedog's second mission took place in Baguio, where the selling and eating of dog meat is an illegal industry. (See The Baguio Connection). Polgas's original call sign in the OCB was Wisedog (a homage to Wiseguy). Later, he changed his call sign to Dobermaxx after he and some other residents of Pugad Baboy were accidentally sent to and returned from the year 2078. Subsequently, he is sometimes referred to as "Agent Delta" or simply "Delta".

As an agent, Polgas was issued with a prototype garapata (tick) gun, which shoots droplets of tick sweat that causes itching that lasts for six months. Later, he was issued a tiny surveillance robot flea named "Gary" and ballistic arnis sticks. After his first mission, he was issued a customized Porsche 959, the Thunderdog. As a result, from his adventure in 2078, he acquired a technologically advanced garapata gun. Later he also acquired the Thunderpuppy, a Harley Davidson V-Rod motorcycle.

As Wisedog/Dobermaxx, Polgas has fought many foes over the years, ranging from the mundane (drug pushers ) to the fantastic (a lord of supernatural creatures ). His most prominent foe is Atong Damuho (Renate Domingo), erstwhile drug pusher, dognapper, illegal logger and most recently, magic mushroom courier.

He appears in many other guises such as Dr. Sigmund Floyd (a spoof of Sigmund Freud), Pol Torero (World Wrestling Entertainment or WWE's The Undertaker), Amorsolo (a non-existent Ninja Turtle), Aquapol (Aquaman), Growlsbuster (spoofing The Ghostbusters), Darth Paul (spoofing Darth Maul), Polverine (a spoof of Wolverine, an X-Men character) and many others.

The Tangaras
The Tangaras are two siblings from Gingoog City that both share a close relationship with the Sungcals, they are one of Pugad Baboy's few thin, slim residents. Their surname is a play on tanga, a Tagalog word for "stupid".

 * Brosia (Ambrosia Tangara) – The Sungcal family's housemaid. She is brainless, as characterized by her nonsensical remarks and her mesmerization by reading materials in English. Medina eventually elaborated on this trait and said she couldn't afford to advance her studies. She does possess excellent math skills regarding financial issues such as bank accounts, deposits, salary computations, currencies, etc. As said by Dagul in Pugad Baboy 17, "'Pag sa pera nga pala 'di ka tanga no?" ("So, you're not dumb when it comes to money, huh?") She makes up for her general lack of intelligence (or formal schooling) with witty jokes, insults and pranks on the community's various residents. Her most frequent victim is Dagul, whose semi-baldness becomes the butt of her jokes, much to his chagrin. As revealed in The Bourney Ambrosity, there was an attempt by Polgas to recruit Brosia in the OCB, under the codename of "Amrita", but she was unable to absorb any of the physical, linguistic, and technical training, or so they thought; the amnesia inflicted on her in the storyline brings out this myriad of abilities, including dealing with English, but appear to be inaccessible if her original Brosia persona is active.
 *  'Adre  (Cesar "Butch" Tangara) – Brosia's older brother and Kules's best friend and fellow worker in Saudi Arabia. He shares the same interests and sentiments with Kules, sometimes with photos of their penpals. His relation to Brosia was revealed when he went home to the Philippines for a vacation (Kules was also home at the time). Adre is now also resigned from a job in Saudi Arabia following his best friend's wedding and now currently resides back to the Philippines for good.  ' Adre is short for kumpadre or male best friend.

The Sabaybunots
The Sabaybunots reflect a very violent but tolerably quiet household. "Sabay, bunot!" is used by the Philippine military as an oral Tagalog command during martial ceremonies when the drawing of weapons is called for, as in the drawing of officers' swords. It roughly means "draw simultaneously". This may be in homage to Tomas' military background.

 * Tomas, also known as Sarge (M/Sgt. Tomas Sabaybunot) – Representing the Philippine's military branch, he is a master sergeant of the Philippine Air Force. While said to be fearless and often trigger-happy, his "chauvinist pig" lifestyle is ironically neutralized by his dominant wife. He is often reduced to doing inane chores, and any attempt to complain about said chores results in physical battery by his wife, hilariously, to the point of that he considers wartime more peaceful than his domestic life. His name could be a pun on toma, Filipino slang for alcoholic drinks; Tomas does like to drink a lot, as does his cousin Igno. Tomas also likes to spend his "extra time" at disco bars, though this occasionally leads him to having gout. And though he has a large collection of guns, he suffers from a severe fear of needles. At the end of The Returnee story arc, Tomas retired from the military service following his new business, a new coffee plantation and a new military training facility in Cavite. The Tangeres' new farm is right beside his new place. He was stuck in Master Sergeant rank, joking that if he became a pimp to an officer who was unnamed, he will be promoted.
 * Barbie (Barbara Q. Sabaybunot) – Tomas's wife. She frequently orders Tomas around, probably due to his chauvinism, his womanizing, and her extremely feministic views. This difference of opinion often turns into a physical altercation, such as Barbie giving a tiptoeing Tomas her trademarked uppercut whenever he arrives home in the wee hours of the morning drunk and/or smeared with the scent of women's perfume. Her maiden name (Barbie Q.) is a pun on barbecue. In Pugad Baboy 18, her first name was rendered "Barbara-Queen" (possibly after a local barbecue franchise called Grill Queen). She often spends her free time doing physical workouts (lifting weights, etc.). She is also hinted as a born-again Christian, as she holds or attends prayer meetings, and describes Tomas as "born-against," because of his sinful ways. Even in the realm of weapons, Barbie outguns her husband. Tomas is usually portrayed with his service pistol while Barbie often has an Uzi. Recently, Barbie was pregnant and born twin boys, which Tomas wanted to reach out for his friends for names, rejecting Noli's name Carl and Marcus, names made from Karl Marx.
 * Paltik (Paul Thomas Sabaybunot), the couple's eldest son. While his friend Utoy can be described as the "brains", he can be described as the "jester". Quite mischievous in many ways, he often sleeps in class and is clearly much more interested in other areas, such as teasing his buck-toothed teacher, Miss Nobatos, typically comparing her face to that of a horse. He is also fond of bribing and blackmailing his own father, usually in exchange for some pocket money or other favors. His nickname is a Filipino term that means "homemade gun." The Philippine military also uses the term paltik to specifically refer to a handgun. The name is probably used by the cartoonist in reference to Paltik being a smaller version of his father, Tomas, who always likes to carry big guns.
 * Darius and Draven (Darius Gerardo and Draven Bertino Sabaybunot), the couple's infant twin sons. Their first names were derived after the characters from League of Legends courtesy of Paltik while their second names are a nod after Barbie's twin uncles.

Igno
Igno (Benigno Ramos; not to be confused with the Sakdalista movement founder of the same name) – Introduced to the series in 1998 as a bodyguard for Mao's son Jong, Igno is Tomas' cousin and an ex-convict from the actual National Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. He claims he was incarcerated because of a Breach of Contract with his former boss, who employed him as a bodyguard. Possibly due to his being an ex-convict, he is actually more competent in survival skills than his cousin. He specializes in "improvised weapons employment", and even took a part-time job as a bounty hunter at one time in order to earn some cash. He drinks very often, but is afraid of ghosts and the supernatural. In fact, his frequent drinking caused his breath, blood and urine to become highly flammable, especially while drunk. Igno is also extremely tough and invulnerable, able to shrug off most things that, at worst, would have destroyed a normal person's body. His name is a play on ignoramus. At the end of the Returnee, Igno starts his own high-tech greenhouse beside his kubo. During the epilogue chapters of the "Dugo ng Shinobi" Arc, 33 years later, an aged Igno is still seen to be in good health despite his history of maintaining a very dangerous and unhealthy lifestyle.

The Lamouns
Lamon is a Tagalog verb meaning "to eat [food] in great quantities", or more loosely, "pig out", and is commonly used as a label pertaining to one's gluttony. The surname was spelled "Lamon" at first.

 * Bab (Roberto Lamoun) – the resident true-blue hippie who is lazy and unemployed, although he sometimes moonlights as a folk singer and part-time PE teacher at Utoy, Paltik, and Joma's school. He is also unlucky in love, especially with Tiny, who was once his girlfriend for only two seconds. He has applied for and held many jobs over the years, but these never get off the ground. His job undertakings are described as "first-day, last-day" as he is often fired on his first day at work. Bab is usually referred by the rest of the community as a bad example and an occasional drug addict. When a story focuses on his addiction, he is said to be "using" marijuana (though one never actually sees him "using" the drug) and is sometimes seen with several marijuana leaves in his possession. Bab has also gotten himself infected with gonorrhea (shown in a minor arc in Pugad Baboy 19) and other sexually transmitted diseases on occasion. At the end of The Returnee story arc, the Tangeres lend Bab money so he can start his own artisanal bakery.
 * Jolen (Joanne Elena Lamoun) – Bab's much younger sister. She is more intelligent than Bab (or at least more diligent), and is often reminded by their mother never to follow in her brother's footsteps, despite the many realities her brother himself imparts to her. She is also Utoy's girlfriend and often goes out with him, though they are both only eight to nine years old. She has a speech impediment as she pronounces her k's and s's as t's. However, this only manifests itself while she is singing. Jolen or holen is the Filipino term for marbles.
 * Tita Cel (Cecilia Lamoun) – Bab and Jolen's mother. She disapproves of her son and dotes on her daughter. She despises Bab's smoking vice, as this led to the death of her husband (Rodrigo Lamoun, as mentioned in Pugad Baboy XI). She has no qualms in hiding her disappointment of her near-useless son and states it outright, as seen in Pugad Baboy X.
 * Daddy (Rodrigo Lamoun) – Bab and Jolen's late father, and Tita Cel's husband. In one strip, it is mentioned that he died of lung cancer while working as a rabbit farmer in Tagaytay. Hence how he is used as a scare tactic by Tita Cel whenever she catches her son smoking, to no avail. It is also mentioned in one arc by Polgas (posing as Dr. Sigmund Floyd) that Bab's only fear is his father.

The Tangeres

 * Ka Noli (Nolasco M. Tangere) – the resident communist who is a proud member of the New People's Army. While he believes in the merits of communism and calls most of the other residents capitalists, not only does he manage to have drinking sessions with them, but he is also very good friends with them. Tomas, a natural enemy, is his best friend. Ironically, Medina says he and his son enjoy playing Monopoly. As time went on, his espousing of his beliefs occurred less and less frequently to the point of readers being reminded that he is of the NPA only in the most subtle of situations. As such, jokes about his Ilocano heritage and the mountain-based lifestyle that comes of being in the NPA are often cracked at his expense instead. Because of him, Tomas is able to find allies in the NPA whenever the need arises, such as in Retraining, though not always. His name is derived from the title of Noli Me Tangere, the first novel of the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal. Recent strips have shown that Ka Noli and his wife Ka Beza had officially defected from the New People's Army, as of Pugad Baboy: The Returnee 122, updated November 29, 2016, at Rappler.com. They started their own farm beside Tomas' new training facility, specializing in exotic animals. Because they still hold socialist beliefs, they also lend money to other Pugad Baboy residents such as Dagul and Bab, so that their business benefits their neighbors and friends as well.
 * Joma (Jose Maria Tangere) – Ka Noli and Ka Beza's eldest son. While he is aware of his father's beliefs, he hangs out with Utoy and Paltik often and attends the same school they do. He is named after Jose Maria "Joma" Sison, founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
 * Ka Beza (Bezalie Tangere), Ka Noli's wife, who appears to have an "allergic reaction to soldiers," resulting in Tomas being her target practice whenever she's around. Just like her husband Nolasco, she had also defected from the New People's Army (as of Pugad Baboy: The Returnee 122, updated November 29, 2016, at Rappler.com.) Her name "Ka Beza", is a reference to the word Cabeza, which means, "The head of a small town/county or barangay".
 * Melo (Marx Engels Tangere), Ka Noli and Ka Beza's infant son. His name is a reference to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, co-authors of the Communist Manifesto.

The Tangs

 * Mao (Mauricio Tang) – the resident Chinese-Filipino who hails from Fujian Province and owns a sari-sari store (a small retail store) in Pugad Baboy. He often believes in business sense, earning money and he sometimes brandishes a sword on whoever earns his ire, especially those who do not pay their dues. His name is play on ma-utang, which in Tagalog, translates roughly to "one who likes to borrow money."
 * Pao (Paulino Tang) – the resident homosexual and Mao's son. A friend of Tiny, his tastes and attitude are typically gay. This even caused him trouble once when he was mistaken for a pregnant woman by a horde of monsters and he did not want to admit his real gender. His father once expressed disappointment over him as he remarked that Pao has a resemblance to basketball player "Gelli Codiñela." He also owns a beauty parlor and works his way through college at the same time. His name is a play on pa-utang, which, in Tagalog, translates roughly to "Can I borrow some money?". It is mentioned in one arc that he has a brother named "Jong" (Ji Ong) who works in Taiwan.
 * Coleen (Anne Coleen Tang) - Introduced to the strip in January 2013, Coleen is Pao's sister that stayed and studied in China. She is the opposite of Pao in some aspects, being a lesbian and possessing a very athletic body due to her vegetarianism. As evidenced in her exchanges with Father Marty, she's also an atheist. Her full name is a play of the Tagalog Phrase Ang Kulintang, "The Kulintang" (an indigenous musical instrument in Maguindanao, Philippines).
 * Jong (Jong Tang) - Mao's other son and Pao and Coleen's brother. He resides in Taiwan and was introduced during Pugad Baboy 11 when he pays his family in the Philippines a visit. Like his father, he's a clever and cunning businessman.

The Cabalfins

 * Senator Cabalfin (Sen. Usurpo Cabalfin) – the resident member of the Philippine Senate. He is seen more playing children's games and spending people's taxes on his own indulgences rather than doing his job as a legislator. He is created by Medina as a reflection of corrupt government officials. His personal name Usurpo is derived from the word usurp. Cabalfin once served as the prime antagonist in the Conspigracy arc.
 * Madame Cabalfin (Diana Elizabeth Cabalfin), Senator Cabalfin's equally corrupt wife (based on Imelda Marcos).
 * Bong (Enrique Noel Cabalfin), Senator and Madame Cabalfin's son and Sen. Cabalfin's only legitimate child, who is not really part of the inner circle of the other four kids.

Other characters

 * Joboy (Joey Boy Llabe) – the resident mechanic who has a knack for cars and often likes to drive fast (in fact, he is a speed maniac). His last name is the Filipino word for wrench, from the Spanish llave. Formerly the fattest resident of Pugad Baboy but due to acquiring Diabetes, his diet had reduced his weight significantly.
 * Father Marty (Fr. Mario Martinez), the town Priest and Bab's priest-friend, he studied canon law at the Vatican before moving back to Pugad Baboy.
 * Tata Mads (Amado Pascala) – the resident musician who once taught Tiny voice lessons and sometimes comes to Dagul to comment on his awful singing. His name is a play on tamad ("lazy") due to the seemingly easy-going lifestyle of musicians and other people in the field of creative arts; though his appearances in the strip have decreased over the years, he does not appear to be truly lazy.
 * Doc Sebo (Miguel Sebo, MD) – the resident physician who specializes in circumcision, but is generally shown to be weak and incompetent in anything else in his profession. In early strips, he prescribes only one kind of medicine – aspirin. Sebo is Tagalog for congealed fat or solidified lard.
 * Miss Nobatos (Eusebia Nobatos) – Utoy, Paltik, Joma, and Jolen's teacher. She often rages at Paltik for his jokes and actions, particularly when he refers to her as a horse, and takes too many doses of aspirin because of him and any other shenanigans her other students cause. Her name is a play on the Spanish term novatos, meaning "new race horse."
 * Patrolman Durugas (PFC Romeo Durugas) – a police officer who often apprehends drivers mostly for no apparent reason and receives bribes from them. Dagul happens to be one of those disgruntled motorists. He is created by Medina based on the Filipinos' general view on policemen as corrupt. In Tagalog, mandurugas means "one who cheats".

Recurring minor characters
There are also recurring characters in the strip, including:
 * Barbie's mother (unnamed), the stereotypical mother-in-law for Tomas from Parañaque who rues about death and her home city's water problem;
 * Dagul's mother (Brenda), an ironically thin yet overly concerned woman;
 * Boy Bura and Boy Tibar (real names never mentioned), bodyguards of the Cabalfin family;
 * Lucio (last name never mentioned), Sen. Cabalfin's accountant;
 * Attorney Adriano (first name never mentioned), the fiscal;
 * Doctor Rosa, a dentist who scares her patient with a pair of dental pliers whenever she gets agitated or teased by the characters;
 * "Principal Schwarzenegger" (Arnold Palacio), the ugly school principal who is as exasperated as Miss Nobatos when it comes to seeing Paltik in his office;
 * Nadir Hamid Mohammad, Kules's employer and is the subject of many smelly jokes as part of the Filipino stereotypical view that Arabs are foul-smelling;
 * Jacques Vousvoulez, Dagul's French employer and the head chef of the hotel where Dagul works. His name is a French stylization of "bubuli", the Filipino word for skink. It was revealed by Debbie that his wife's name is Fifi;
 * Rosanna (last name not mentioned), a buxom local mestiza, who as part of a running gag, is a frequent victim of coconut thieves (often Bab, Tomas and Igno) but not before being viewed naked by these thieves through her window. Her character and name are based on the sexy Filipina actress, Rosanna Roces;
 * Frostee (a play on the word prostitute, of which she is), the sexy Japayuki (a female Filipino worker in Japan);
 * Mang Igme (full name never mentioned), a fishball vendor who believes that the fishball industry is the solution to the poverty in the Philippines;
 * Brando, Tiny's current boyfriend, being a chef from Malate has unfortunately earned him the ire of the very much paranoid Mang Dagul, who feels the former will replace him as the family's chef. However, Dagul seems to have grown a little more comfortable with him as he no longer seems to hold anything against him sometimes;
 * The Los Kosas Muntinlupas, a trio of fellow ex-inmates and Igno's supposed friends. Wakali who is bald and has a mole on his nose, Lino who is the skinny one, and Don who has a shaved head and moustache. Though they have appeared on previous book covers and have a cameo appearance in Benigno Ramos: Bounty Hunter, they are introduced properly in Pugad Baboy XX;
 * Dado (Dado Galang, M.D.), a practicing veterinarian, Dado's most notable trait is an unusual brand of lycanthropy -a result of his mother's maternal craving for dog meat- which he can control and benefit from outside his werewolf form in terms of his sensory abilities. Originating from Pampanga, he has since moved to Manila and occasionally returns to aid Polgas in other battles, such as in The Bourne Ambrosity; and others.
 * Amir Saeed – Mandana's partner and subordinate. It was revealed by Polgas that he is British-Pakistani. His surname, however, was not revealed.
 * Ms. Winnie Catala – Pugad Baboy Academy Librarian. Only seen in some few strips in various book compilations. Her name was revealed in Pugad Baboy 24, page 2. She despises loud noises and unruly behavior inside the Pugad Baboy Library.
 * Penny - the recent new character of Pugad Baboy and she was introduced to the strip in December 2016, dubbed as a small female person, she was a cashier in Bab's Bakeshop, she's previously worked with Pao in a Beauty Hair Salon, and she's also Bab's secretary, accountant and saleswoman in the bakeshop.
 * Otep – the delivery and errand boy of Bab's Bakeshop. An impatient and short-tempered PWD with Poliomyelitis. He is also sometimes called Osep.
 * Ken – a deaf PWD who works as a waiter for the restaurant of the Sungcals.
 * Alice – Doc. Sebo's Nurse. An outstanding Nurse despite having Down syndrome.
 * Annie – the Head of Charcuterie at the Tangere Family's Farm. Despite being blind, she had a very keen sense of smell and revealed herself to be a psychic.
 * Mr. Severo Morales – the resident bitter old man. He is judgmental and cares a lot of being politically correct. His favorite pastime is visiting popular websites looking for comments that can offend him in order to have an excuse to enter an argument.
 * Nash – Coleen's Dwarf friend. Initially, he was dismissed as a figment of Coleen's imagination until Annie, revealed to have a Third Eye confirmed his existence.
 * Pablo – the local Shinobi and later Samurai vigilante that protects the Pugad Baboy's indigenous settlement, 'Manggahan' from evil elements.

Other minor characters in the strips serve as antagonists to the residents. See: Villains of Pugad Baboy. On the other hand, the Pugad Baboy gang are often aided by friends and acquaintances they meet during these escapades. See each article of the story arcs for info on these allies.

Prominent personalities, both local and foreign, have also made cameo appearances in Pugad Baboy. Among them are presidents Ramos, Estrada, and Arroyo, martial artist Ernesto Presas, politicians Robert Jaworski, Rene Saguisag and Richard Gordon, singer Freddie Aguilar, comedian Leo Martinez, boxer Manny Pacquiao, Pope John Paul II, Mel Gibson, and Michael Jackson.

Medina drew many of the above minor characters for the covers of some compilations, but these did not appear in the selected strips. Some of these appeared either earlier in the comic strip's run (such as Father Marty) while others were just mere extras (such as the Los Kosas Muntinlupas, Igno's former fellow inmates in Bilibid Prison). Many of these were only given official names in "character guide" supplements in compilations (such as the inmates and the school principal, mostly hitherto unnamed). These names are then carried over to future strips.

Stylistic elements
British English words are prevalent in the strip (like -ise words) and Medina uses these kinds of words in his own write-ups.

Age
The characters are typically ageless, and their actual ages are usually vague. The few characters whose present ages are stated are Dagul (48), and the kids (8 or 9). Utoy and 'Adre are the only characters to have visibly aged in the strip through the years, barring flashbacks (Utoy first appeared as a baby; 'Adre has lately lost some of his hair). A "holdover hippie" from the 1960s, Bab nevertheless seems to be only in his twenties or thirties, which would be impossible in real life. In the early-1990s story arc Ang Hiwaga ng Dueñas (published in Pugad Baboy 4) the faith healer Mang Danilo, an old acquaintance, mentions that Bab was teenaged at the time of Woodstock (Bab immediately covers the faith healer's mouth as the word "Woodstock" is mentioned). A series of strips published in Pugad Baboy X (1998) implies that Bab is at least over 28 years old. In the same compilation, Tita Cel mentions that Jolen is 27 years younger than Bab and since the stock age of the Pugad Baboy children is 8–9, Bab is possibly 35–36. The first volume of the Polgas Comics collections has a story called "Class Reunion" illustrated by Jerald Dorado which has Bab attending an elementary class reunion for the 'Batch of 1969' which further enforces this view of his age.

Recurring jokes
One of the strip's running gags is the depiction (or at least the description) of Arabs having very foul body odor. Examples of this running gag are Kules' Saudi friend, which the former calls Lancaster (because the friend smells like the langka or jack fruit), and the stinky concentrated chemical agent PSSI (pawis ng singit ng sundalong Iraqi or Iraqi soldier's jock sweat) mentioned in the story arc The Baguio Connection. This running gag is likely based on the author's personal experience. It is also reasonable, considering that the desert atmosphere in most Arab countries prevents their people from taking daily baths. Other such gags include the monotonous diet of chicken in Saudi Arabia (also likely based on personal experience), Paltik's blatant aversion to the "coming of age" ritual of circumcision, and Polgas and Dagul de-appetizing Debbie on the breakfast table. And stereotyped Iraqis are seen in earlier works.

Authorial presence
Medina usually voices out his takes on events, people and the like through Polgas and Mang Dagul. (Polgas is also recurringly shown as a comic strip artist, like his creator.) According to Medina, the characters he most identifies with are Polgas, Mang Dagul, and Utoy; like him, they wear earrings on their left ears. Medina himself has even appeared once in the strip proper, holding a cartooning workshop in Palawan, though he avoids breaking the fourth wall by not referring to himself as the strip's creator.

Major story arcs
As mentioned earlier in this article, the strip does not showcase domestic life alone as Medina has created story arcs which involve the various characters in adventurous, dramatic or other plotted situations.

There is no standard as how long a story arc may last, since it can run from several weeks to a few months. The story arc is only titled when it is included in a compilation.

This list below contains named story arcs that last at least 15 strips long and which compilation each appears.

 * Bakasyon (15 strips, The Best of Pugad Baboy) - The gang's vacation in La Union is rudely interrupted by Taokoy (mermen).
 * Baboy Scouts (24 strips, Pugad Baboy 3) - The kids go on a camping trip with their Scoutmaster, and are captured by a band of Amazons who want the Scoutmaster to impregnate their queen!
 * Wisedog (17 strips, Pugad Baboy 3) - Polgas, alias Wisedog, investigates a series of pet dog disappearances.
 * The Baguio Connection (51 strips, Pugad Baboy 3) - Kules, Tomas, Noli, Bab, Joboy and Pao, plus Wisedog, investigate ube jam spiked with cannabias sativa in Baguio.
 * Retraining (45 strips, Pugad Baboy 4) - Tomas is sent for retraining, and soon becomes involved in stopping a ring that sells children to gay pedophiles
 * The Malunggay Conflict (30 strips, Pugad Baboy 4) - in Ilocos, the gang must help Ka Kwate fight off the attempted annexation of his land by Ka Damuseyn (parody of the First Gulf War).
 * Ang Hiwaga ng Dueñas (52 strips, Pugad Baboy 4) - the gang's vacation in Dueñas turns into a rescue mission when Pao is mistaken for a pregnant woman, and kidnapped by supernatural beings to use as a human sacrifice.
 * Feminist (34 strips, PB5) - Barbie and Debbie take on Tomas and Dagul in a battle to prove who is the weaker sex.
 * Olympig Games (19 strips, PB5) - the Pugad Baby residents compete in a series of hilarious Olympic-style games featuring traditional Filipino events such as patintero, gagamba (spider) fighting, Tex and holen (marbles).
 * 2078 (45 strips, PB5) - the gang get transported to 2078, learning about the future of the Philippines. Polgas meets Dobermaxx, and helps him fight a gang of drug pushers.
 * Maidnappers (88 strips, PB5) - Tiny's Filipino-American cousin Gwen visits, accompanied by her yaya Gloria. Brosia and Gloria are mistaken for Gwen and kidnapped.
 * The Olongapo Caper (49 strips, Pugad Baboy 6) - Bab and Joboy's trip to Olongapo turns sour when they have to help their new friend Philip save his sister Pinky from a prostitution ring.
 * Oplan Paglalanse (23 strips, Pugad Baboy 7) - the Pugad Baboy kids (Utoy, Paltik and Joma) join Polgas in forming a vigilante group (The Walang Payat Gang) to punish the corrupt police officers preying on the citizens of Pugad Baboy.
 * Alamang Boy (26 strips, Pugad Baboy 7) - the disappearance of Tomas' goat leads to trouble when Senator Cabalfin's son is accused of the crime.
 * Col. Manyakis (35 strips, pugad baboy 8) - the tables are turned when Tomas' new superior, Lieutenant Colonel Violeta Kainam, begins sexually harassing him. Tomas soon has reason to suspect that she is involved in criminal activities.
 * Father Marty (21 strips, Pugad Baboy 9) - Bab's childhood friend Father Marty, a new Catholic priest, returns to Pugad Baboy.
 * Kulto (41 strips, Pugad Baboy 9) - the Walang Payat Gang suspect that Bong Cabalfin has become involved in a doomsday cult
 * James Bab (38 strips, Pugad Baboy X) - Polgas, as Dobermaxx, recruits Bab as a spy (spoof of James Bond). However, James Bab's first mission soon gets him involved in battling a gang of bank robbers.
 * Matrona (23 strips, Pugad Baboy X) - Bab gets the surprise of his life when Girlie, his mom's (Tita Cel's) friend, turns out to be a cougar who hits on him.
 * Apo Hikers (62 strips, Pugad Baboy XI) - the Pugad Baboy gang and Dobermaxx join forces with guide Mel and his bobcat named Bobcat to fight illegal loggers on Mount Apo.
 * Paraiso (54 strips, Pugad Baboy XII) - Dagul, Debbie and Khalid aid Dobermaxx in fighting off illegal fishermen from mainland China in Palawan.
 * Private Investigator! (77 strips, PB the 13th) - Dagul becomes Bardagul Kapote, private investigator. Assisted by sidekick Brossy (Brosia), they try to solve the mystery of a bombing in a mall cinema.
 * Babman (37 strips, Katorse) - Bab becomes Babman, the Pork Knight, as he tries to protect Gothom City from goons tying to scare them off.
 * Aso (88 strips, Kinse!) - Polgas' investigations of a dope farm in Pampanga take a crazy turn when a werewolf gets involved!
 * Benigno Ramos: Bounty Hunter (71 strips, Pugad Baboy Sunday Comics) - Igno is hired by the Ang brothers to catch Rudolf Cruz, but must use his wits to survive when the police try to bring him in alongside Rudolf!
 * Bodyguard (53 strips, Pugad Baboy 21) - Tomas has trouble guarding VIP Cris, the spoiled son of General Caldera.
 * Green Heroine (87 strips, PB 24) - Tiny, as Obesa Vanidosa, Pao and a Korean named Mr. Shin investigate a series of possible terrorist acts.
 * The Bourne Ambrosity (126 strips, 25) - an amnesiac Brosia suddenly gains crazy spy skills in a spoof of The Bourne Identity.
 * Ang Punyal ni Devlino (71 strips, 27) - Polgas, the Walang Payat Gang, Brosia and Coleen join forces to save the other Pugad Baboy residents from the revenge of the supernatural creatures.
 * The Girl from Persia (74 strips, 28) - Kules gets into all sorts of trouble on a vacation home when the Iranian girl he is courting, Mandana, turns out to be involved with terrorists!
 * Mad Mountain Nectar (57 strips, 29) - Dobermaxx investigates when he encounters a honey that boosts people's physical strength!
 * The Returnee (127 strips, XXX) - Tomas goes on the run when a military mission to retrieve a returnee turns sour.
 * Dugo ng Shinobi (115 strips, 31) - Bardagul Kapote, James Bab, and Igno investigate a string of murders that implicate the neighborhood scrap collector, Pablo.

Not included in the list above is Planet of the Dogs, Medina's homage/parody to Planet of the Apes. This story arc (which appeared in Disi-Sais!) is relatively short at only nine strips long. Since that arc, it took Medina three years before he came up with Benigno Ramos: Bounty Hunter, and then another three with Bodyguard.

Books and merchandise
The first compilation of Pugad Baboy comic strips was originally part of a thesis by Frank Aldana, a student of De La Salle University. This compilation became so popular that Medina himself made more. Typically, a new compilation is released near the start of each year. Including Aldana's compilation, there are currently 34 Pugad Baboy compilation books:

 * Pugad Baboy One (originally, The Very Best of Pugad Baboy)
 * The Best of Pugad Baboy (officially, this is the second compilation)
 * Pugad Baboy 3
 * Pugad Baboy 4
 * PB5 (Pugad Baboy 5)
 * Pugad Baboy 6
 * Pugad Baboy 7
 * pugad baboy eight
 * Pugad baboy 9
 * Pugad Baboy X (commemorating the tenth anniversary of the comic strip)
 * Pugad Baboy XI
 * Pugad Baboy XII
 * PB the 13th (Pugad Baboy 13)
 * Katorse (Pugad Baboy 14)
 * Kinse! (Pugad Baboy 15)
 * Disi-Sais! (Pugad Baboy 16)
 * 17 (Pugad Baboy 17)
 * 18 eighteen (Pugad Baboy 18)
 * Pugad Baboy Sunday Comics (first one in full color)
 * Pugad Baboy nineteen
 * Pugad Baboy XX (commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the comic strip)
 * Pugad Baboy 21
 * Pugad Baboy 22
 * Pugad Baboy Sunday Comics 2 (second one in full color)
 * Pugad Baboy 23
 * Pugad Baboy 24
 * 25 (Pugad Baboy 25)
 * Pugad Baboy Sunday Comics 3 (half colored, half not colored. This is the last of the Sunday Comics Series)
 * 26 (Pugad Baboy 26)
 * 27 (Pugad Baboy 27)
 * 28 (Pugad Baboy 28)
 * 29 (Pugad Baboy 29)
 * XXX (Pugad Baboy 30th Anniversary Special)
 * Pugad Baboy 31
 * Pugad Baboy 32
 * Pugad Baboy 33

Medina also made other Pugad Baboy original works:
 * Pugad Baboy: Endangered Species - a coloring book by Pol Medina.
 * Pugad Baboy: Philippine Games - another coloring book by Medina.
 * Pirata – an original graphic novel about Polgas befriending a reformed Muslim pirate named Khalid and their quest for the pirate group to surrender. It was intended to be the first of a graphic novel series called Polgas – Ang Asong Hindi, but was made a stand-alone graphic novel because of the time and effort given to its creation, as well as the seriousness and darkness of its story compared to the hilarity of Pugad Baboy itself.
 * Two Polgas – Ang Asong Hindi books actually appeared, sporting a smaller, regular-sized format than Pirata. Printed in black and white, unlike Pirata, they were produced as a joint effort between Medina and the Alamat Comics Group, an independent comics company. These books were Baboyani (a portmanteau of baboy and bayani, Filipino for "hero") an alternate universe adventure which recasts the characters as rebels in the late-19th century Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule; and Conspigracy, a story that takes place during an excursion in Laguna. Nolan Clemente (who is credited as Medina's inspiration for the character Ka Noli) wrote the scripts for both books. In actuality, Medina only contributed the art for the covers and title pages; the rest of the art was done by other artists. The afterword for the second book teased the production of a third story which would supposedly see the Pugad Baboy characters go into space, but this was never produced. [[Image:Polgaspigurine.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Christmas-themed Polgas P-gurine c. 1995]]
 * Pugad Baboy Adbyenturs featuring an original story called Gayuma, set sometime after Pugad Baboy 5. The story had Bab finally succeed in convincing Tiny to fall in love with him, while also coming up against a familiar foe. The comic was illustrated in full color by artists from Alamat, where Medina was only somewhat involved. The story was written by Eric Santos, who also co-wrote Conspigracy.
 * Polgas comics – a "magazine" of original strips by Medina and other artists which also contained a spoof "horoscope" and some exotic recipes, saw at least two issues.
 * The Blood Of The Shinobi - The very 1st all original English comic book series by Pol Medina, Jr. was launched in 2018.
 * Pugad Baboy Presents: Dagul X Brando: A Cook Book - The very 1st all original Tagalog cook book created also by Pol Medina, Jr. will be launched in 2024

The popularity of Pugad Baboy also spawned some merchandise such as DogStyle Apparel and Polgas P-gurines (a set of figurines depicting Polgas and some Polgas characters). They are currently distributed by Medina's company, Pol Medina Jr. Novelties.

On September 25, 1993, Pugad Baboy was made into a live-action TV show called Rated PB (Pang-Bayan) – Pugad Baboy Sa TV. Directed by Leo Martinez, the show featured Edgar Mortiz (Bab), Giselle Sanchez (Brosia) and Rudy Meyer (Mang Dagul) among the cast. Though the show was live-action, the opening logo featured limited animation. Some of the episodes were based upon earlier plots in the strip, while others followed a skit show format. It was aired on GMA 7 and lasted only two seasons, 15 episodes in all.

In the ninth book, Medina states that he dreams of making a Pugad Baboy cartoon.

Besides Pugad Baboy books, Medina has also published compilations of his editorial cartoons for the Philippine Daily Inquirer, called the Ink and Politics series. The cartoons sometimes feature Pugad Baboy characters. Polgas always appears on covers of these books. Three books have been published as the newspaper stopped hiring him as substitute political cartoonist in around 2006.

Medina includes photos and caricatures of himself in some of the strip's compilations.

Some Pugad Baboy characters can be seen on the ads of Dencio's, a notable restaurant chain in the Philippines. They are also featured as endorsers of Quake Overload Cakes, a line of pastries made by snack company Jack 'N Jill. Animation has been done by another great Pinoy artist, Arnold Arre

title: Pugad Baboy


text:
Egg (band)

Egg were an English progressive rock band formed in July 1968. Remembered for their strange, experimental sound, the band produced three studio albums before disbanding in 1974.

Career
The founder members of Egg were Dave Stewart who played organ, Mont Campbell on bass and vocals, and drummer Clive Brooks. The band was formed of former members of Uriel, the other member of which was guitarist Steve Hillage. After Hillage left Uriel in August 1968, the other three continued as a trio. Having signed a deal with the Middle Earth club's management branch, they were advised to change their name to Egg, allegedly because Uriel "sounded too much like 'urinal'". In mid-1969 the band signed a deal with Decca's 'progressive' music subsidiary Deram and released their debut album in March 1970. While not a commercial success, it was received well enough for the label to finance the recording of a follow-up, but when the time came to release it, the label shelved it until producer Neil Slaven's lobbying finally resulted in The Polite Force coming out in February 1971. Now signed to The Groundhogs' management company, Egg finished the year with an increased touring schedule, but in spite of accumulating enough material for a third album, they were unable to secure another record deal, and split up in July 1972.

In 1974 Stewart, who had signed with Virgin as a member of Hatfield and the North, got a deal for Egg to record their unreleased material, which resulted in the farewell album The Civil Surface. Steve Hillage guested on one piece of the album.

In December 2007, a selection of live recordings from between 1969 and 1972, entitled The Metronomical Society, was released.

Background and song structure
Egg are often regarded as part of the Canterbury scene, a loose movement of progressive and psychedelic musicians, based on Stewart's later membership of Hatfield and the North and National Health, although the band have no geographical connection to Canterbury. Their music can be described as progressive rock with elements of psychedelia and chamber rock (later exemplified by the Rock In Opposition movement). They employed unusual time signatures, as reflected in songs like "Seven Is A Jolly Good Time". They also brought a humorous element to their music. Mont Campbell, the band's main composer, acknowledged the strong influence of Igor Stravinsky, which resulted in multi-part suites such as "Symphony n°2" and "Long Piece n°3".

Arzachel
In mid-1969, to capitalise on the psychedelic rock market, Stewart, Campbell and Brooks contributed to the one-off studio project Arzachel, named after a Moon crater. Also featured in that project was Steve Hillage (on summer holiday from university), who had like the others been a member of the pre-Egg band Uriel. Egg were by that time under contract to Decca, therefore all were credited under pseudonyms.

Also available is a 26,000-word, 60-page companion booklet Copious Notes. Written by Dave Stewart, Mont Campbell and their close friend Antony Vinall, it tells the inside story of Uriel, Egg, Arzachel and the Ottawa Company, from the formation of Uriel in early 1968 to the making of Egg's final album The Civil Surface in 1974. The text includes personal memoirs, anecdotes, short stories, random recollections, social observation, period details, musical analysis and song lyrics, as well as a collection of archive photos taken by Terry Yetton and the musicians.

Singles

 * "Seven Is a Jolly Good Time" / "You Are All Princes" (UK 29 August 1969)

Filmography

 * 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Egg (band)


text:
Martinus Rørbye

Martinus Christian Wesseltoft Rørbye (17 May 1803 – 29 August 1848) was a Danish painter, known both for genre works and landscapes. He was a central figure of the Golden Age of Danish painting during the first half of the 19th century.

The most traveled of the Danish Golden Age painters, he traveled both north to Norway and Sweden and south to Italy, Greece and Constantinople. He was also the first Danish painter to take to painting in Skagen at the northern top of Jutland, almost half a century before the thriving community of Skagen Painters formed and came to fame, through Michael Ancher, Anna Ancher and P.S. Krøyer.

Early life and education
Martinus Rørbye was born in Drammen in Norway on 17 May 1803 to Danish parents Ferdinand Henrik Rørbye and his wife Frederikke Eleonore Catherine de Stockfleth. Martinus was not inclined to schooling, but in 1820 started his studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts at 17 years of age. He studied under Christian August Lorentzen and Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, a strong influence on a generation of artists during the Danish Golden Age. Rørbye was a favorite student of Eckersberg, and they formed a close association. He took to Eckersberg's careful attention to nature and his strivings to capture details realistically. He was also greatly influenced by Lorentzen's use of color.

He won the Academy's small silver medal in 1824, and the large silver medal in 1828. He competed for the gold medal and won a cash prize. In 1829 he won the small gold medal for his painting Christ healing the blind, which remains in the ownership of the Royal Danish Academy. He never won the large gold medal in spite of repeated attempts.

View from the Artist's Window, is a painting by a young Rørbye around 1825, heralding the many travels he would later make with its depiction of a caged bird in an open window, on the border between the safety of his parents' home and the wide, unknown world represented by a berthed ship.

Early career
Rørbye first exhibited his paintings at Charlottenborg in 1824 and would do so almost every year until 1848. His works were modestly priced, and he found sufficient buyers for his pieces. The majority of his works in the 1820s consisted of views from Copenhagen and the island of Zealand, although he also painted a number of portraits including one of Lorentzen, his painting instructor.

Twice, in 1830 and 1832, he traveled to Norway. On the first of these journeys he visited Jutland on the way, a rare destination for painters at that time. On 31 May 1830 he went to Århus on the paddle steamer Dania. Another passenger on the ship was Hans Christian Andersen and the two artists decided to travel together for a while. From Århus they went north, staying at the Rosenholm, Clausholm and Tjele estates. After that, Rørbye parted with Andersen, continuing to the remote and seldom-visited Thy province of  north-western Jutland to visit relatives in Thisted. From his journals it can be concluded that he found the place deeply exotic, making detailed sketches and notes of everything from women's costumes and markets to the scenery. However, he found the landscape unsuitable for painting due to the lack of trees. On 7 July he left Thisted bound for Norway.

In Norway he painted landscapes under the influence of Johan Christian Dahl and Caspar David Friedrich.

Adventurous travels and later career
In 1834 Rørbye received a travel scholarship from the Academy on account of his talents as a portraitist. He traveled by way of the Netherlands and France to Rome, In Paris he met Peter Andreas Heiberg, August Bournonville and the French painter Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.

When he arrived in Rome, he joined the city's thriving Danish artists community which had Bertel Thorvaldsen as its central figure. A Group of Danish Artists in Rome, is a painting depicting the artist in Rome, painted by Constantin Hansen. Rørbye is number two from the left sitting behind Bindesbøll who is lying on the floor with a fez he often wore after their visit to Constantinople. Also appearing in the picture are the painter himself, Marstrand, Küchler, Blunck and Jørgen Sonne, sitting on the table.

In Italy he traveled to Sorrento, the Sabine Mountains, and Sicily. The following year Rørbye traveled to Athens accompanied by the architect Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, one of the compatriots he had met in Rome. From there they continued to Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire, a rare adventure in those days. He sketched prodigiously during his travels.

Return to Denmark
In 1837 he returned home to Copenhagen. His excellent orientalist studies from these exotic locales brought him the Danish public's attention. The Academy, recognizing the excellence of his work during his travels, invited him to apply for membership by submitting a painting. His task was to create a Turkish folk scene. His motif came from a study of a Caravan near Smyrna. It was finished in 1838 and he was unanimously voted into the Academy. His studies from Greece and Turkey continued to serve as the basis for his creative output. In this regard he admired the work of French painter Horace Vernet.

That same year at the Spring Exhibition he received the Exhibition Medal, the first time it had been given out, for a painting of a scene outside the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex, A Turkish notary witnesses a marriage contract. Typical of Rørbye are the rich colours and careful attention to detail.

He married Rose Frederikke Schiøtt on 29 August 1839. His health was not good, however, and that same autumn he traveled again to Italy in the hope of renewing his strength. He painted "Torvet i Amalfi" ("The plaza in Amalfi") during this stay, and it was exhibited in 1842. He returned home in 1841.

He gave private painting lessons to Christen Dalsgaard, and in 1844 became professor at the Academy's school of modelling. His health deteriorated, and he died on 29 August 1848 in Copenhagen, leaving his young wife widowed and with several small children. She exhibited twelve of his paintings, mostly of Italian subjects, in 1849.

Works
He is remembered for his genre paintings, his landscapes and his architectural paintings, as well as for the many sketches he made during his numerous travels. He painted numerous scenes of life in Copenhagen, as well as large compositions showing Italian and Turkish landscapes and scenes of folk life. He painted few portraits.

He was one of the most traveled of the Golden Age painters, and distinguished his artistic production by his interpretations of lands rarely explored at that time for their artistic motifs, as well as for his anecdotal genre paintings depicting the Copenhagen of his day.

Discovering Skagen
Rørbye visited Skagen on three occasions, painting the local fishermen and the North Sea environs. The first time was in 1833, the year before he set out on his travels to the Mediterranean area and almost half a century before the community of Skagen Painters formed in the town and came to fame. He returned to Skagen towards the end of his life, in the summers of 1847 and 1848. His painting of Men of Skagen on a summer evening in fair weather was one of the last he completed. His works appear in a number of Danish art museums, including the Danish National Gallery (Statens Museum for Kunst), the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, and the Hirschsprung Collection.

title: Martinus Rørbye


text:
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title: User talk:Mtajur


text:
Joseph Kinsey Howard

Joseph Kinsey Howard (February 28, 1906 – August 25, 1951) was an American journalist, historian, and writer. He wrote extensively about the history, culture, and economic circumstances of Montana. One of the state's most noted authors of nonfiction, Howard's landmark 1943 book, Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome is a respected account of Montana history that has influenced later generations of historians. Howard also authored numerous other historic and literary works, and was a vocal, articulate and persuasive advocate for a variety of social, economic and environmental reforms. These endeavors earned Howard the posthumous sobriquet, "Montana's Conscience." Howard believed Montana and the rural West provided the "last stand against urban technological tedium" for the individual. He fervently believed that small towns of the sort that predominated in Montana provided a democratic bulwark for society. Howard's writings demonstrate his strong belief in the necessity to identify and preserve a region's cultural heritage. Howard worked first as a newspaper editor on the Great Falls Leader, later for the Montana Study (a statewide community development project), and as a freelance writer. His books, speeches and magazine articles, expressed his ideals of community awareness and identity, encouraging readers to retain an idealistic vision contesting the deadening demands of the modern world.

Biography
Howard was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa, and spent his early childhood years in Lethbridge, Alberta, with his family. In 1919 he moved with his mother to Great Falls, Montana, where he graduated from high school in 1923. Immediately after graduating, Howard landed a job as a reporter for the Great Falls Leader, one of the city's two daily newspapers at the time. He was promoted to news editor at the Leader in 1926, at age 20, a position he held until 1944.

At the Leader, Howard developed a characteristic writing style that was simultaneously straightforward, evocative, and compelling, and within a few years his talent began to receive broader attention. Beginning in the mid-1930s Howard authored numerous nonfiction articles for national publications, including The Nation, Harper's Magazine and others. He was also a stringer covering Montana issues for Time and Life magazines. Many of the essays Howard produced for these periodicals explored the difficulties faced by Montana's Native Americans and other disenfranchised groups; others were exposés of what Howard saw as undue corporate influence in Montana economics and life, particularly by the Anaconda Copper Mining Company.

Though primarily an author of nonfiction, Howard also wrote book reviews for The New York Times and short stories that were published in The Saturday Evening Post, Esquire, and elsewhere.

Howard's first book-length effort was Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome, which was published in 1943. The volume was both a thoughtful history of the state, and an impassioned indictment of the corporate and bureaucratic forces that had heavily influenced much of that history. Among the book's primary targets were Anaconda Copper, which controlled much of the state's economic and political activity at the time, and the Great Northern Railway, which had lured thousands of homesteaders onto Montana land that proved wholly unsuitable for farming. The book also paid particular attention to the inappropriate and inequitable usage of the state's scarce water resources, making an open plea for reform of the system.

Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome proved to be an unquestioned landmark in the state's literary history, drawing significant attention both to Howard and the causes he espoused. The themes of corporate exploitation that Howard so convincingly and eloquently outlined became the primary focus of Montana historians for a generation to come, and became a primary theme in the works of K. Ross Toole, the state's most noted academic historian. Howard's book remains perhaps the most influential and evocative work ever published about Montana's past.

The recognition afforded Howard by the response to Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome helped open the doors to additional writing, research, and advocacy projects. In 1944 Howard resigned his position at the Leader to become a staff member of the Montana Study, a research project largely funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The Study was an examination of life in small-town Montana, with the goal of identifying ways to improve the quality of life in such places and thus helping ensure their preservation. Howard remained with the Study for two years, before resigning in order to return to writing full-time.

Howard's second published volume was Montana Margins: A State Anthology, completed in 1946. The book is a thick collection of short fiction, poetry, and historic narratives, covering the full spectrum of Montana's geography and history. The depth and scope of the book made it a model for later regional anthologies, such as the voluminous 1988 imitation, The Last Best Place: A Montana Anthology.

The remainder of Howard's life was devoted to writing, promoting the arts in Montana, and teaching writers workshops. Aided by the support of Guggenheim Fellowships in 1947 and 1948, he devoted considerable effort to the writing of a history of Métis leader Louis Riel and his resistance movements against the Canadian government. The result of this project was the book Strange Empire: A Narrative of the Northwest, published posthumously in 1952.

Howard died of a heart attack on August 25, 1951, aged 45.

He is still recognized as one of Montana's most talented, influential, and significant authors. His legacy was summed up by Bernard DeVoto in 1952, who wrote, "By the time Howard died, he came closer to being the spokesman of the West than any other writer has ever been."

Principal works

 * Montana: High, Wide and Handsome. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943.
 * Montana Margins: A State Anthology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946.
 * Strange Empire: A Narrative of the Northwest. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1952.

title: Joseph Kinsey Howard


text:
Tour of Duty (TV series)

Tour of Duty is an American military drama television series based on events in the Vietnam War, broadcast on CBS. The series ran for three seasons, from September 24, 1987, to April 28, 1990, for a total of 58 one-hour episodes. The show was created by Steve Duncan and L. Travis Clark and produced by Zev Braun.

The show follows an American infantry platoon on a tour of duty during the Vietnam War. It was the first television series to regularly show Americans in combat in South Vietnam and was one of several similarly themed series to be produced in the wake of the acclaimed Oliver Stone film Platoon (1986).

The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.

Overview
Tour of Duty examined the issues of politics, faith, teamwork, racism, suicide, fragging, terrorism, civilian deaths, sexuality, drug abuse, and how the lives of soldiers and civilians were permanently affected by the Vietnam War.

The first season began in 1987 and followed Bravo company's second platoon located at Camp Ladybird. Second platoon was standard light infantry platoon conducting "search and destroy" missions in Vietnam, under the command of 2nd Lieutenant (1st Lieutenant from the start of season 2) Myron Goldman (Stephen Caffrey) and Staff Sergeant (later Sergeant First Class) Zeke Anderson (Terence Knox). It was filmed on location in Hawaii at Schofield Barracks.

For the second and third seasons, the series was filmed at Indian Dunes/Newhall Orchards and Farms west of Santa Clarita, California between Hwy 126 and the Santa Clara River to reduce filming costs. This area was also used to film China Beach, Baa Baa Black Sheep and many other TV series and movies from the mid-1970's to 1990.

The change of location also led to a change in the show's direction. Beginning in the second season, the platoon was relocated to a base near Saigon, Tan Son Nhut. Production staff interviewed in Vietnam Magazine said this change in premise doomed the series because it shifted from being a realistic chronicle about the life of an average combat infantryman to an action/romantic/drama show. CBS wanted female characters because ABC had premiered China Beach, a Vietnam Army nurses drama, which was aimed directly at attracting more female viewers.

In Tour of Duty's third season, the remaining female character was killed off, and the platoon was transferred to a SOG unit at Camp Barnett, under the command of Colonel Brewster (played by Carl Weathers). The unit conducted covert operations in Vietnam and Cambodia which included a fictional version of the raid on Son Tay Prison. The show was cancelled at the end of this season due to falling ratings.

Guest stars included Lee Majors, James Hong, Mako, Kelly Hu, Angela Bassett, Ving Rhames, Melora Hardin, Everett McGill, Olivia d'Abo, David Alan Grier, Richard Brooks, Malcolm-Jamal Warner, William Sadler, and Michael Madsen.

Characters

 * Notes

Music
The opening theme song was an abbreviated version of The Rolling Stones hit "Paint It Black" that had featured in the end titles of the 1987 Vietnam War film Full Metal Jacket; this was removed for the US DVD release. The closing consisted of an instrumental, synthesized tune with a distinctive Asian sound mixed in with acoustic guitar; it was performed by Joseph Conlan, and was never released for public consumption other than in the series. That music was used as background music for most of the series. On the US DVD release, most of the Vietnam War–era popular songs were replaced by instrumental bits to cover the blank spots of music.

All three seasons that have been released in the United Kingdom feature the complete original soundtrack, including "Paint It Black".

The show was known for its classic American rock soundtrack including Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jimi Hendrix, and Jefferson Airplane. One first-season episode, "USO Down", used "live" versions of "Wooly Bully", and "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" as performed by a USO band, the latter song being used also for ironic comment. The songs in this episode were retained in the DVD soundtracks. But for copyright reasons, the VHS and DVD soundtracks of the majority of episodes were replaced with soundalikes, a move which was widely protested by buyers and resulted in a significantly lower sales volume for the third-season DVD set than for the first two.

In the Netherlands, amongst other European nations, a total number of seven albums were released, containing most of the songs featured on the show. As a result, "Paint It Black" was re-released as a single, again hitting the number 1 position in the Dutch top 40 pop charts in May 1990.

The original soundtrack albums
The Tour of Duty television series soundtrack was released by CBS on Columbia Records as four different compilation albums during 1988 and 1989. The original albums are now out of print. Their track listings are as follows:

Charts

 * Note: The official Australian chart was the Kent Music Report until June 1988, and which time it changed to ARIA.

Compilation soundtrack CDs
In 1992, Sony Music released a compilation CD titled The Best of 'Tour of Duty'. It contains only twenty of the songs featured in the four original Tour of Duty Soundtrack albums.

Home media
In 2004–2005, Sony Pictures released all three seasons for the first time in the US, both as individual season sets and a complete series set. Due to licensing issues, all original music was replaced with sound-alike versions, much to the dismay of fans. These releases, which have also been criticized for having substandard sound and picture quality, have since been discontinued.

In 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the US rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Tour of Duty. In 2014–2015, they re-released all three seasons on DVD, again as individual season sets and a complete series set. These releases have the same poor A/V and replacement music of the Sony issues.

Between 2011 and 2013, Fabulous Films released identical DVDs in the UK and Australia, both as individual season sets and a complete series set. They have improved audio and video quality over the US issues, and retain the complete original soundtrack, including "Paint It, Black". They also contain extras including cast and crew biographies, hundreds of publicity photos and a feature-length, three-part documentary. The latter includes interviews filmed in Los Angeles in July 2011 with key cast members Terence Knox, Joshua D. Maurer, Steve Akahoshi, Tony Becker, Eric Bruskotter, Kevin Conroy, Miguel A. Núñez Jr. and Dan Gauthier, and key production crew members Zev Braun (producer) Bill L. Norton (writer/director), Steve Smith (writer/producer), Steve Duncan (creator) and Paul Sinor (military advisor).

The complete series was also released on DVD in Germany by Koch Media between 2012 and 2014, both as individual season sets and complete series sets. These releases replicate the poor quality, music-replacement and extras-free US DVDs but they do reinstate the original version of "Paint It, Black" in the opening credits.

Awards
The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "Under Siege"), and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.

Emmy Award nominations:
 * 1989: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "I Wish it Could Rain")
 * 1990: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "And Make Death Proud to Take Us")

Eddie Award nominations
 * 1988: Best Edited Episode from a Television Series (for the pilot episode)

title: Tour of Duty (TV series)


text:
Judeo-Marathi

Judeo-Marathi (Marathi: जुदाव मराठी) is a variety of Marathi spoken by the Bene Israel, a Jewish ethnic group in Maharashtra. There is no evidence that Judeo-Marathi substantially differed from other forms of Marathi. However, there are several manuscripts of Jewish texts written in Marathi using Devanagari or Hebrew script. For instance, a Haggadah from 1911 contains Hebrew written in Devanagari, and a prayer book with instructions in Marathi written in the Hebrew script. In 2011, a Marathi-Hebrew text titled Poona Haggadah, was found in Salford. The 137-year-old book, which was used by the Bene-Israel community, was discovered by historian Yaakov Wise.

Currently, the Bene Israel community mainly resides in Israel, but some continue to live in Mumbai.

title: Judeo-Marathi


text: Category:Belgian comics artists

title: Category:Belgian comics artists


text:
Talk:Plug-in hybrid

Google rechargeIT
Perhaps Google's rechargeIT project can be mentioned aswell (see http://www.google.org/recharge/)

"Over 100 mpg"
This is the caption of a Prius photo: The right side car is a Prius + converted by CalCars with a fuel economy of over 100 miles per gallon.

That is nonsense. The car got about 45-55 mpg on gasoline and it probably got abotu 3.5-4.5 mi/kWh (maybe 130 mpgE) on electricity. They obviously do not count the electricity, so I guess my Leaf got "over 100004300004329534850436805695 mpg." 95.49.91.137 (talk) 18:48, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * See miles per gallon equivalent.--Mariordo (talk) 19:03, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the very late response, but as one of the people who built and advised others who build these early Prius PHEV Conversions. I can say they they very well did get over 100 MPGe efficiency, and your Leaf also did in fact get 114MPGe.  So I'm not sure where exactly a claim of "one hundred octillion four septillion three hundred sextillion four quintillion three hundred twenty-nine quadrillion five hundred thirty-four trillion eight hundred fifty billion four hundred thirty-six million eight hundred five thousand six hundred ninety-five" is coming from.  Please forgive me for not being able to resist replying to this nonsensical comment even though that caption and photo appear to no longer be present in the article... --D0li0 (talk) 02:50, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

Proposal to merge Plug-in electric vehicle into Battery electric vehicle
If you are interested please discuss at Talk:Battery_electric_vehicle Chidgk1 (talk) 06:18, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Are there many PHEV lorries?
Or are Scania and Mack the only ones? I am curious if not why not? Because so many lorries where I live are old and dirty. I would prefer lorries to be clean when they drive through our city. If they were PHEV presumably they could only use their ICE outside cities? Chidgk1 (talk) 15:16, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Chidgk1. I don't think so. China is the only the country has developed and has a decent stock of heavy-duty plug-in vehicles, but mostly al fully electric buses, and some plug-in hybrid trucks for garbage collection. To the best of my knowledge the Chinese only exports the buses. Right now I think only the all-electric Tesla Semi is in development. Sure it makes sense to have heavy-duty PHEVs. Cheers.--Mariordo (talk) 17:56, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for quick reply Mariordo. I see there is a Hybrid electric truck article but it is very out of date as is Hybrid_electric_vehicle. It seems that for cars and other light vehicles the question of whether electric, hybrid or hydrogen will dominate in the long run has been answered with "electric". But perhaps for lorries the question is still open? If so I think the economic and environmental aspects of the 3 types should be compared in one of the articles. Having said that I am not going to do it myself - maybe some thoughtful lorry driver will read this and take it on. Chidgk1 (talk) 18:18, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Old references and wrong data
Even though this article has tons of good references, it is easy to point out that some of them are clearly outdated and need update. For instance, there are references to things that will happen by 2015 or that are expected to happen in 2022. These are, of course, studies that were trying to predict the future, but given that this future is already in the past, it would be very useful to see what actually happened in these cases.

Also, the paragraph stating that Nederlands was the first country where PHEV cars appeared at the top of the most sold cars in a month is confusing. In the same paragraph it is said that Nederlands was the second country where this happened, after Norway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Laggarcia (talk • contribs) 01:54, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

 * As an author of this article from over a decade ago, I appreciate the appreciation for old details and that they could benefit from some updates. I completely concur with your observations and wish I could commit more firmly to helping with such edits, perhaps with enough noise of edits I will find myself unable to resist returning to contribute once again. Sigh. --D0li0 (talk) 02:35, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plug-in hybrid