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Sioux Falls Storm

The Sioux Falls Storm are a professional indoor football team based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The Storm joined the original Indoor Football League as an expansion team in 1999 as the Sioux Falls Cobras, and first took the field for the 2000 season. They currently participate in another iteration of the Indoor Football League; prior to that, the Storm were in United Indoor Football (UIF), where they won all four of the league's championship games. In the newer IFL, the Storm have won seven of the eleven championships in the league as of 2019.

They play their home games at Denny Sanford Premier Center. In mid-April 2014, the team announced that the 2014 season would be its last at the aging Sioux Falls Arena (also known as the Storm Shelter), originally constructed in 1961. In 2015, the Storm followed the Sioux Falls Stampede of the United States Hockey League to the newly constructed Denny Sanford Premier Center.

History
The Storm were founded as an expansion team in the original Indoor Football League in 1999 as the Sioux Falls Cobras. In their inaugural 2000 season, they won their first game defeating the Sioux City Attack 44–30. They went 8–6 on the season and finished fourth in the Southern Division. After one season, they became members of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL) and changed their name to the Storm. The Storm hosted the 2004 NIFL championship game against the Lexington Horsemen in the Storm Shelter in front of a sellout crowd. The Horsemen won the championship game, but the Storm defeated the Horsemen a year later in the second round of the 2005 UIF playoffs in Lexington.

The Sioux Falls Storm were charter members of United Indoor Football (UIF) in 2005 and were the first UIF champions with a win over the Sioux City Bandits, 40–38 at Sioux City. Sioux Falls won its second consecutive UIF championship in 2006 at their home ground, the Arena, defeating the Lexington Horseman 72–64 on July 29, 2006. Quarterback Terrance Bryant was named United Bowl II MVP after throwing eight touchdowns in the match. Defensive end Nate Fluit recorded 16.5 sacks in 2005 and 15.5 in 2006.

Sioux Falls became one of the few teams in indoor football history to post a shutout, beating the Peoria Rough Riders 71–0 on June 3, 2006.

On Saturday, August 4, 2007, the Storm defeated the Lexington Horsemen for the second United Bowl in a row, 62 to 59. With 19 seconds left to go in the game Storm quarterback Terrance Bryant threw up a prayer, and though protested by the small crowd of Horsemen fans, it was ruled a touchdown pass. With three seconds left in the game, and with the help of a frantic fan going for the game ball, the Horsemen gained 15 yards for a chance to kick a field goal and tie the game, but the kick was missed by Horsemen kicker Collin Barber.

On March 29, 2008, the Storm lost to the Omaha Beef 34–18, ending their historic 40-game winning streak and giving them their first loss since July 15, 2005. They went on to win their fourth United Bowl later that season against the Bloomington Extreme.

On April 25, 2009, after switching to the Indoor Football League, the Storm were found in violation of the IFL's rule of not complying with regulations related to workers compensation coverage. As punishment, the team's first five wins of the 2009 season were forfeited; this resulted in a 6–8 season, the first losing season in team history. The other three losses all came to the Billings Outlaws. In 2010, the Storm rebounded to reach the United Bowl before losing 43–34 to the Outlaws.

After a tornado dubbed the Father's Day Tornado hit Billings' Rimrock Auto Arena on June 20, 2010, causing major damage, the Outlaws franchise folded, and their star quarterback Chris Dixon signed with the Storm. Led by Dixon, Sioux Falls scored an astounding 1022 points on the 2011 regular season, with 70 or more points in 10 games and opening with a 105–71 win over the Kent Predators in Kent, Washington. Only twice did the Storm fall short of 50 points and both were against the Omaha Beef, who handed them a 41–37 loss in the regular season finale after Sioux Falls had started 13–0. The two teams met in the next game, which was the playoff opener. The Storm won it, 52–39, then beat Green Bay 52–12 to return to the United Bowl. Although they tied their lowest scoring game of the season, Sioux Falls rolled over the Tri-Cities Fever 37–10 to earn the league championship after a two-year hiatus and also win its first IFL title. Dixon and the Storm dominated again in 2012, this time with a perfect 14–0 record and 941 points in the regular season. On April 14, the Storm beat the Allen Wranglers, then featuring former NFL standout receiver Terrell Owens, 52–45 on the road in Allen, Texas. Dixon threw his 500th career touchdown pass, when he hit James Terry with a 42-yard pass during a May 19 game against the Blizzard. Sioux Falls defeated the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks 79–21 in the playoff opener, then again beat Green Bay in the semifinal and Tri-Cities (this time winning 59–32) in the United Bowl.

Dixon then left, attempting to make it with the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League. Sioux Falls did not suffer greatly in 2013 as Storm legend Terrance Bryant returned to play quarterback. Following a 10–4 season, the Storm again prevailed in the playoffs and defeated the Nebraska Danger by a close 43–40 score for the title. Bryant then retired again, as on January 6, 2014, it was announced that Dixon would be returning to the Storm, citing his desire to graduate from Augustana College and be close to his family. Dixon did not disappoint, leading the Storm to their eighth title in 2014. The Storm again defeated Nebraska in the United Bowl by a 63–46 score. The Sioux Falls Storm completed its era at the Sioux Falls Arena with a 112–14 home record including 82-3 from 2006 to 2014.

In 2015, the Storm's first season at the Denny Sanford Premier Center was very successful, completing another undefeated season at 16-0 overall, and was capped off with winning their ninth league championship by a score of 62–27 over the Danger.

In 2016, the Storm continued their dominance. But lost their first game since the 2014 season as they lost at the Cedar Rapids Titans, 60–57. But despite that setback, they capped off another successful season with a win over the newly minted Spokane Empire, 55–34, to capture their tenth championship overall and their sixth IFL Championship and sixth in a row. They returned to the championship game in 2017, but lost for the first time since the 2010 season to the Arizona Rattlers.

Prior to the 2018 season, the Storm announced they would join Champions Indoor Football (CIF) on August 30, 2017, in order to have smaller travel budget and reignite rivalries with the nearby Sioux City Bandits and Omaha Beef. However, after the IFL's offseason meetings, the Storm re-joined the IFL on October 4.

Head coaches
* Records do not reflect the five forfeits due to insurance violations in 2009. Also see: List of National Football League head coaches with 200 wins

Records vs. opponent

 * * win forfeited to a loss for insurance violation

2001
2001 National Indoor Football League Season Summary

2002
2002 National Indoor Football League Season Summary

2003
2003 National Indoor Football League Season Summary

2004
2004 National Indoor Football League Season Summary

2005
2005 United Indoor Football Season Summary

2006
2006 United Indoor Football Season Summary

2007
2007 United Indoor Football Season Summary

2008
2008 United Indoor Football Season Summary

2009
2009 Indoor Football League Season Summary

 * Forfeited due to insurance violation

2010–2018

 * 2010 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2011 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2012 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2013 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2014 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2015 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2016 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2017 Sioux Falls Storm season
 * 2018 Sioux Falls Storm season

Single season
As of the end of the 2022 season
 * Pass Attempts: Ryan Aulenbacher, 401 (2002 – 14 games)
 * Completions: Chris Dixon, 268 (2012 – 14 games)
 * Passing Yards: Chris Dixon, 3,321 (2012 – 14 games)
 * Passing Touchdowns: Chris Dixon, 74 (2011 – 14 games)
 * Carries: Sean Treasure, 201 (2009 – 14 games)
 * Rushing Yards: Sean Treasure, 812 (2009 – 14 games)
 * Rushing Touchdowns: Marques Smith, 32 (2007 – 15 games)
 * Receptions: James Terry, 94 (2010 – 14 games)
 * Receiving Yards: Carl Sims, 1,108 (2012 – 14 games)
 * Receiving Touchdowns: Clinton Solomon, 27 (2012 – 14 games)
 * Kick Return Yards: James Jones, 1,350 (2005 – 16 games)
 * Kick Return Touchdowns: Korey Williams, 5 (2016 – 16 games)
 * Missed Field Goal Return Yards: Shannon Poppinga, 237 (2008 – 14 games)
 * Missed Field Goal Return Touchdowns: Shannon Poppinga, 2 (2008 – 14 games)
 * Field Goal Percentage (Minimum: 20 Attempts): Miles Bergner, 64.7% (2018 – 14 games)
 * PAT Percentage (Minimum: 30 Attempts): Parker Douglass, 95.7% (2011 – 14 games)
 * Total Yards: James Jones, 2,198 (2005 – 16 games)
 * Total Touchdowns: Korey Williams, 34 (2016 – 16 games)
 * Field Goals: Parker Douglass, 27 (2013 – 14 games)
 * PATs: Parker Douglass, 134 (2011 – 14 games)
 * Total Points: Korey Williams, 204 (2016 – 16 games)
 * Tackles: Tyler Knight, 140.5 (2016 – 16 games)
 * Tackles for Loss: Brandon Peguese, 25.5 (2016 – 16 games)
 * Sacks: Nate Fluit, 18.0 (2006 – 15 games)
 * Interceptions: Shannon Poppinga, 10 (2005 – 16 games)
 * Pass Breakups: Bobby Perkins, 20 (2002 – 14 games)
 * Blocked Kicks: Nate Fluit, 10 (2006 – 15 games)

Career records
As of the end of the 2023 season and does not include the postseason
 * Pass Attempts: Terrance Bryant, 2,268
 * Completions: Terrance Bryant, 1,491
 * Passing Yards: Terrance Bryant, 15,011
 * Passing Touchdowns: Terrance Bryant, 280
 * Carries: Lorenzo Brown, 1,036
 * Rushing Yards: Lorenzo Brown, 4,118
 * Rushing Touchdowns: Lorenzo Brown, 154
 * Receptions: James Terry, 607
 * Reception Yards: James Terry, 6,601
 * Reception Touchdowns: James Terry, 145
 * Total Yards: James Terry, 8,417
 * Field Goals: Adam Hicks, 131
 * FG % (Minimum: 20 Attempts): Miles Bergner, 66.0%
 * PATs: Parker Douglass, 584
 * PAT % (Minimum: 35 Attempts): Sawyer Petre, 90.1%
 * Kick Return Yards: James Jones, 2,469
 * Kick Return Touchdowns: Korey Williams, 9
 * Missed Field Goal Return Yards: Shannon Poppinga, 416
 * Missed Field Goal Return Touchdowns: Shannon Poppinga, 3
 * Total Touchdowns: Lorenzo Brown, 173
 * Total Points: Lorenzo Brown, 1,042
 * Tackles: Mark Blackburn, 715.5
 * Tackles for Loss: Rachman Crable, 73.0
 * Sacks: Cory Johnsen, 64.5
 * Interceptions: Shannon Poppinga, 46
 * Interception Touchdowns: Shannon Poppinga, 6
 * Pass Breakups: Shannon Poppinga, 109
 * Forced Fumbles: Rachman Crable/Cory Johnsen/Tyler Knight, 10
 * Blocked Kicks: Tyler Knight, 24

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sioux Falls Storm


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David Anderson

David Anderson may refer to:

In academia or science

 * David Anderson (academic) (born 1952), American college professor
 * David Anderson (engineer) (1880–1953), Scottish civil engineer and lawyer
 * David Anderson, 2nd Viscount Waverley (1911–1990), British peer and physician
 * David F. Anderson (born 1978), professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison
 * David G. Anderson (born 1949), American archaeologist
 * David J. Anderson (born 1956), American neuroscientist
 * David P. Anderson (born 1955), scientist at University of California, Berkeley, director of SETI@home and BOINC
 * David Stirling Anderson (1895–1981), Scottish engineer and educationalist
 * David J. Anderson, engineer who developed the Kanban method

In arts, entertainment or media

 * David Anderson (animator) (1952–2015), director of animated films
 * David LeRoy Anderson, American make-up artist
 * David Onri Anderson (born 1993), American painter, musician and curator
 * David Anderson (artist) (?–1847), Scottish painter
 * David Anderson (media executive), managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 * David Anderson (Mass Effect), fictional character from Mass Effect: Revelation by Drew Karpyshyn

In business

 * David Munro Anderson (born 1937), British businessman
 * David W. Anderson, entrepreneur and founder of Famous Dave's restaurants and former head of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Education

In politics, government, or military

 * David Anderson (Australian politician) (1865–1936), New South Wales politician
 * David Anderson (British Army officer) (1821–1909), general and Governor of Sandhurst
 * David Anderson (British Columbia politician) (born 1937), Canadian Liberal politician and former cabinet member
 * David Anderson (British politician) (born 1953), British Labour politician
 * David Anderson (judge) (1916–1995), Scottish advocate and politician
 * David Anderson (Manx politician) (born 1954), current Minister of Transport and former Education Minister of the Isle of Man
 * David Anderson (Saskatchewan politician) (born 1957), Canadian Conservative politician
 * David Anderson (South Dakota politician) (born 1956), member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
 * David Anderson, Baron Anderson of Ipswich (born 1961), British barrister
 * David Anderson, Lord St Vigeans (1862–1948), Scottish lawyer and judge, Chairman of the Scottish Land Court 1918–34
 * David L. Anderson (attorney), United States Attorney for the Northern District of California
 * David Murray Anderson (1874–1936), sometime Governor of Newfoundland and New South Wales
 * David V. Anderson (1899–1979), Vermont politician

In religion

 * David Anderson (American bishop), American Anglican (ACNA) bishop
 * David Anderson (bishop of Rupert's Land) (1814–1885), English-born Canadian Anglican bishop

In sports

 * David Anderson (American football) (born 1983), American football wide receiver
 * David Anderson (boxer) (born 1965), British Olympic boxer
 * David Anderson (cricketer) (1940–2005), Australian cricketer
 * David Anderson (high jumper) (born 1965), Australian former high jumper
 * David Anderson (ice hockey) (born 1962), Canadian former professional ice hockey player
 * David Anderson (rower) (born 1932), Australian Olympic rower
 * David Anderson Jr. (1867–1919), Scottish golfer
 * David Anderson Sr. (1847–1912), Scottish golfer
 * David Anderson (rugby league) (born 1969), Australian rugby league player

Other

 * David L. Anderson (outlaw) (1862–1918), a.k.a. Billy Wilson, American outlaw
 * David Nathaniel Anderson (born c. 1972), one of the assailants of the 2019 Jersey City shooting

title: David Anderson


text:
Kentucky Horsemen

The Kentucky Horsemen (known as the Lexington Horsemen from 2003 to 2009) was an indoor football team based in Lexington, Kentucky. The team played its home games at Rupp Arena. The organization began as a 2003 expansion member of the National Indoor Football League, where they were successful. Following the 2004 season, where they defeated the Sioux Falls Storm to win Indoor Bowl IV, the Horsemen and other NIFL teams joined the new United Indoor Football (UIF) as a charter member, where they made the playoffs. They lost to the Sioux Falls Storm. They made the playoffs again in 2006 and advanced to United Bowl II where they lost to the Sioux Falls Storm. From 2008 to 2009, the Horsemen played in the AF2. The team announced intentions to compete in the new Arena Football League following the dissolution of the AF2, but instead ceased operations in October 2009.

History
During the 2007 season, the Horsemen finished with an 8–7 regular season record and then advanced through the playoffs to United Bowl III. They faced the undefeated Sioux Falls Storm and lost the game 62–59 after Collin Barber missed the potential game-tying field goal. The game was Head Coach Mike Zuckerman's final game.

The team's official mascot is Spike, a hero-like horseman.

The end, but then a new beginning
On August 22, 2007, Horsemen owner Lennie House announced that the Horsemen had played their final game. He cited poor attendance and lowered revenue, a fate not unusual for UIF teams.

However, on October 16, 2007, House opted to remain in operations by announcing that he changed his mind and the Horsemen would be playing the 2008 season in arenafootball2, where they would have an in-state rivalry ("The War on I-64") with the Louisville Fire. The Horsemen adopted new jerseys that included a slight change in their blue color scheme.

Changes in 2009
The Horsemen saw numerous changes occur after the 2008 season. Most notably, ownership changed hands from the House family to the newly formed non-profit Horsemen Charitable Foundation. The foundation was spearheaded by former Horsemen general manager Brian Boehm in an effort to keep Central Kentucky from losing yet another professional sports team.

The end of the franchise
Just when they were about to play in the new Arena Football League in 2010, the team shut down operations due to financial situations. However, on the team's official website, a newly designed logo is shown with "Don't count us out yet!" underneath, possibly hinting at the team making a comeback.

Season-by-season
Won Atlantic Semi-Final (Houma 70–63) Won Atlantic Conference Championship (Ohio Valley 35–34) Won Indoor Bowl IV (Sioux Falls 59–38) Lost Semifinals (Sioux Falls 62–58) Lost United Bowl II (Sioux Falls 72–64) Won Eastern Championship (Bloomington 67–49) Lost United Bowl III (Sioux Falls 62–59) Lost AC Semifinal (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 82–49)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Lexington Horsemen (NIFL)
 * 2003 || 9 || 6 || 0 || 2nd Atlantic Eastern || Lost Round 1 (Ohio Valley 51–42)
 * 2004 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 1st Atlantic North || Won Round 1 (Atlantic City 54–25)
 * 2003 || 9 || 6 || 0 || 2nd Atlantic Eastern || Lost Round 1 (Ohio Valley 51–42)
 * 2004 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 1st Atlantic North || Won Round 1 (Atlantic City 54–25)
 * 2004 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 1st Atlantic North || Won Round 1 (Atlantic City 54–25)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Lexington Horsemen (UIF)
 * 2005 || 11 || 4 || 0 || 1st South || Won Round 1 (Evansville 55–50)
 * 2005 || 11 || 4 || 0 || 1st South || Won Round 1 (Evansville 55–50)
 * 2005 || 11 || 4 || 0 || 1st South || Won Round 1 (Evansville 55–50)
 * 2006 || 13 || 2 || 0 || 1st East || Won Semifinals (Rock River 47–34)
 * 2006 || 13 || 2 || 0 || 1st East || Won Semifinals (Rock River 47–34)
 * 2007 || 8 || 7 || 0 || 3rd East || Won Round 1 (River City 48–33)
 * 2007 || 8 || 7 || 0 || 3rd East || Won Round 1 (River City 48–33)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Lexington Horsemen (af2)
 * 2008 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 3rd AC Midwest || Lost AC Round 1 (Green Bay 65–37)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Kentucky Horsemen (af2)
 * 2009 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 3rd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (South Georgia 66–63)
 * colspan="6" align="center" | Kentucky Horsemen (af2)
 * 2009 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 3rd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (South Georgia 66–63)
 * 2009 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 3rd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (South Georgia 66–63)
 * 2009 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 3rd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (South Georgia 66–63)
 * Totals || 79 || 42 || 0
 * colspan="2"| (including NIFL, UIF, & AF2 playoffs)
 * }
 * }

Highlights

 * First game
 * On March 29, 2003, the Horsemen played their first game in front of a crowd of 10,004 in Rupp Arena. They lost to the Lake Charles Land Sharks 41–50.
 * Indoor Bowl IV
 * In their second season (2004), the Horsemen beat the Sioux Falls Storm in Sioux Falls 59–38 to win the Indoor Bowl Championship.

 * United Bowl II
 * Under first year QB Eddie Eviston, the Horsemen lost to the undefeated Sioux Falls Storm 64–72 in United Bowl II. The Storm still retain that streak as of July 22, 2007

 * Road to United Bowl III
 * After leaving the team to play for the Cincinnati Jungle Kats of the AF2 quarterback, Eddie Eviston returned to play in a July 22, 2007 playoff game against the River City Rage. They won the game 48-33 and advanced to the Eastern Conference championship with home field advantage.
 * In the same game, running back Rayshawn Askew tied Hall of Fame NFL wide receiver Jerry Rice for most touchdowns by a professional football player with 208. The following week in the eastern conference championship Askew broke the record on a touchdown catch from Eddie Eviston. The Horsemen won and advanced to the United Bowl.

Former head coaches

 * 2003 – Tony Franklin
 * 2004–2005 – Bob Sphire
 * 2006–2007 – Mike Zuckerman
 * 2008–2009 – Mike Harmon
 * 2009 – Tommy Johnson

Notable players

 * Rayshawn Askew-RB
 * Dusty Bonner-QB
 * Eddie Eviston – QB
 * Jason Hunter – LB
 * Antonio Hall-OL/DL
 * Derek Homer-RB
 * Dennis Johnson-OL/DL
 * Anthony "Champ" Kelly-WR/DB
 * J. T. Haskins – DB
 * Craig Yeast – WR/DB
 * Jared Lorenzen – QB
 * Bryan Stallings – OL
 * Shoebox Johnson – K
 * William Mulder – DB
 * Courtney White – DL

title: Kentucky Horsemen


text:
Benjamin Tasker Jr.

Colonel Benjamin Tasker Jr. (February 14, 1720–21 – October 17, 1760) was a politician and slave trader in colonial Maryland, and Mayor of Annapolis from 1754 to 1755. He was the son of Benjamin Tasker Sr., Provincial Governor of Maryland from 1752 to 1753.

Early life
Benjamin Tasker Jr. was born in Maryland in 1720, the son of Ann Bladen and Benjamin Tasker Sr., the Provincial Governor of Maryland from 1752 to 1753.

Career
From September 1742 to December 1755, Benjamin Tasker Jr. was Naval Officer for the port of Annapolis (a position previously held by his father). Tasker was Surveyor General of the Eastern Shore from October 1747 to 1755.

Benjamin Tasker Jr. was appointed by Provincial Governor of Maryland, Horatio Sharpe as Commissioner, to secure the assistance of The Six Nations, having been voted £500 by the Maryland General Assembly for this purpose. This commission resulted in the Confederacy of 1752, a union of colonial interests for defense about a quarter of a century before the United States Declaration of Independence.

He was one of Maryland's delegates to the Albany Congress of 1754, another attempt on the part of the colonists to deal jointly with a common problem. He served on a committee at the Albany congress with Benjamin Franklin which was charged with the task of drawing up a plan for a central government of all the colonies. Ath the adjournment of the congress, the plan adopted was submitted to the various legislatures for approval. While it was rejected, its goals were pursued later at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

In 1752 he helped to organize a lottery to pay for a town clock in Annapolis.

He was dispatched to settle Cresap's War between Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Tasker partnered with his brother-in-law, Christopher Lowndes on the slaving voyage of the Elijah.

Horse racing
An owner of thoroughbred horses, Tasker is noted in horse racing circles for having imported from England the mare "Selima" between 1750 and 1752. Sired by Godolphin Arabian, "Selima" was raced until the end of the 1752 season then was sent to Samuel Ogle's Belair Stud in Collington, Maryland. As a broodmare, "Selima" produced ten foals that would become an important bloodline in American racing with important racing offspring such as "Hanover" and is even the ancestress of George Washington's stallion, "Magnolia." Tasker and Franklin became friends, and when Franklin visited Annapolis in the spring of 1755, he visited Tasker at the Belair Mansion, then being run by Tasker. Tasker died on October 17, 1760, around 40 years of age.

title: Benjamin Tasker Jr.


text:
Talk:Japanese phonology

Moras or Morae
Isn't the plural of mora morae? This article uses "moras" exclusively. Does this need copyediting? GiggyMantis (talk) 17:11, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

 * At least it is consistent. My dictionary says both are acceptable. Equwal (talk) 14:20, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Recent additions: queries
@Urszag, regarding your recent additions, I've got a couple questions.

 * About セロ, any chance that this is less "a unique exception showing adaptation of to " and more a simple matter of spelling pronunciation?  Over in the NKD entry here at Kotobank, this is cited first to 1909, by which point anyone borrowing the term may have gotten it from a text and incorrectly assumed it was English, where a selo pronunciation for the spelling  would be somewhat expected.
 * About り, you added that "For example, Japanese has a suffix, || that contains what calls a "floating mora" that triggers gemination in certain cases (e.g. || +|| >  'a lot of').".  I'm not sure if this is an accurate characterization: the development of   adverbs suggests instead that this may be more a matter of emphasis, where gemination is a common mechanism for this.  For instance, we have pisshari and also pishari, zakkuri and also zakuri, (verb-derived) anmari and also amari, among others, where the geminated versions are often described in monolingual JA references as emphatic forms, such as with a note like〔「ungeminated version」を強めた語〕.  Historically, the non-geminated versions are generally cited earlier than the geminated forms.  Consider also zaburi, cited to 1275 (NKD entry), and zanburi, cited to 1735 (NKD entry).  Apparently zaburi may come from even older saburi, cited to 1221 (NKD entry).
 * Is 十針 citable with a reading of juhhari? I can only find tohari in references, suggesting that this juhhari may be either a dialectal pronunciation, or a relatively recent innovation.
 * Is あふれる citable with a reading of ahureru? I have never seen mention of ふ pronounced as  as opposed to ; the biomechanics of the face and the place of articulation of the  as realized in media-standard Japanese actually makes that difficult.  Perhaps this is just a formatting / notation confusion?  The other words in that short list suggest that these were intended to be romanizations, where ふ would be "fu" in Hepburn romanization, but from context, maybe these were supposed to be  instead?  Otherwise, the "hu" looks strangely out of place here.

Cheers, ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:08, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for asking about these; it's really nice to get feedback regarding the substance of the article!

 * 1) I also personally suspect that セロ could be a spelling pronunciation based on English spelling-to-sound rules, but the two sources cited treat it as an adaptation of [tʃe] (which doesn't seem impossible in light of the better-attested depalatalization of [dʒe] to [(d)ze] in some forms). Given its exceptional nature, it might not be necessary to mention this form in this article; I guess I included it mainly because it makes it harder to say without qualification that [tʃe] is always adapted faithfully (which otherwise seems to be accurate).
 * 2) The part about the 'floating mora' in forms ending in -ri was there before my recent edits: it seems to have been added by User:Aeusoes1 here. I haven't read much about these forms yet, but based on what you say it does sound like the gemination may not be strictly linked to the addition of the suffix. Perhaps our description could be reworded to make it more accurate. As with a number of forms cited as evidence of Japanese phonology, I also wonder how productive the pattern of adding /N/ in this context is. Schourup and Tamori 1992:135 seem to imply that it might not be demonstrably productive when they make a point of saying there are only around 15 total examples of forms with /N/ in this context (citing Hamano 1986:139). Labrune 2012:105 cites other examples of /N/~/Q/ complementary distribution in forms prefixed with bu-.
 * 3) I was also starting to wonder about how frequent the Sino-Japanese readings with /hh/ that Labrune mentions are. Labrune 2012 only mentions them in passing, but cites Lawrence, Wayne P . (1999) 'Ha-gyōon no mae no sokuon - gendaigo ni okeru /Qh/ [Geminate h in modem Japanese], Kokugogaku 199: 16-27" as the source.
 * 4) " ahureru" isn't a phonetic transcription and definitely isn't meant to indicate [hu] as opposed to [ɸu]: "hu" is just how Nasu romanizes ふ here. I suppose that should be standardized to Hepburn style 'fu' to avoid confusion about this.
 * Unrelated to this, I have actually seen some descriptions that state that [hɯ] or something close to it may occur as as realization of ふ, in contrast to the standard description of it as [ɸɯ], but it's been hard for me to find peer-reviewed or printed academic sources that talk about this. Maddieson 2005 compares the Japanese pronunciation to Ewe and finds differences; Watanabe (2009) gives a mostly impressionistic argument; both also cite Uehara & Kiyose 1974's description. I've also seen an acoustic study by Scott Ruddell that suggests the use of [ɸ] in this context is variable ("An acoustic study of the Japanese voiceless bilabial fricative", Scott Ruddell, San Francisco State University) but this seems to have been an undergraduate project, and so I suppose not a suitable reference for this article to use.
 * Another question: when you used, was simply a convenient broad transcription, or did you intentionally use it instead of ? Nardog's recent edit to standardize the phonetic transcriptions in the article reminded me that I feel somewhat conflicted about the practice of using  as a broad transcription of Japanese /u/. While most learner-oriented linguistic material in English seems to use , I think I've seen some use of  as a broad transcription in academic works. I found this presentation by Nogita and Yamane 2018 that argues that /u/ is phonologically accurate and suggests the absence of phonetic rounding might be no more pronounced than for Japanese /o/ or English /ʊ/, which are both commonly transcribed broadly as [o] and [ʊ]: here
 * --Urszag (talk) 02:20, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the reply. 😊
 * Re: ふ possibly pronounced as, that is very interesting. I have subjectively noticed that the Japanese  is somewhat like a blend between stricter definitions of  and , inasmuch as the shape of the face when pronouncing the Japanese  (more on that below) lends itself to this consonantal sound by dint of merely devoicing and increasing the amount of airflow.  No need to change the shape of the lips, etc.  I could well be wrong, not having studied this in any depth, but it seems to me that other instances of , as in the colloquial urban UK English pronunciation of initial  like in thought, involve more compression of the lips to produce a more markedly fricative sound.
 * Re: in my query above, ya, that was me being lazy and just using the keyboard "u".  Another interesting paper, thanks for the link.  I do notice this tidbit in the front matter:
 * The participants read aloud Japanese 5 short vowels (/i, e, a, o, u/) in isolation 12 times...
 * I've noticed before that asking just about anyone to pronounce a specific sound in isolation usually results in a different realization as opposed to how that sound is usually produced in regular speech, so I have to wonder if the protrusion this study noticed in how some speakers say was more an artifact of the rarified pronunciation parameters, rather than anything indicative of how people normally speak.  (Admittedly, I have so far only skimmed the paper, so the authors might address this somewhere.)
 * ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:01, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Westbury and Hashi 1997 do suggest protrusion could be unnaturally emphasized in the laboratory. I think it seems a bit unexpected for speakers to add rounding in this context if the vowel typically has a completely unrounded target.--Urszag (talk) 20:18, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Satooya
Vance (2008: 58ff) backs up his claim of vowel rearticulation with waveforms. A glottal stop/constriction is also a possibility, but I would regard it as a possibility parallel to rearticulation, not a different description of the same phenomenon. Nardog (talk) 19:21, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying, I found it hard to tell whether the different descriptions were supposed to be referring to the same thing or not. In the case where glottal constriction is not involved, the transcription [ˀ] seems pretty inapt, but I guess there isn't any established IPA symbol for rearticulation.--Urszag (talk) 20:18, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Moraic consonants
@Fdom5997, could you clarify what useful information you think I removed in this diff? Since it involved adding separate sections for the moraic nasal and moraic obstruent, some information relevant to only one of these was put in the appropriate section. For example, I did not remove the examples [sanneɴ] 三年, sannen, 'three years' and 三枚, sanmai, 'three sheets' from the article: they remained in the appropriate section for the moraic nasal, along with new examples I added for this sound before other consonants.

When you partially reverted me, you re-added these examples under the section for the moraic obstruent, as well as re-adding the examples [sat̚.tɕi] 察知, satchi, 'inference' and 一歳, issai, 'one year old. So all of those are now listed twice in the article: do you feel that is really necessary? I did remove the phonemic transcriptions from the table, but they remain in the article in the paragraph following the table. You also duplicated the sentence "The phonemic analysis of moraic consonants is disputed."

I did remove one of the old examples, [ip̚.pai] 一杯, ippai, 'one cupful', because the analysis of geminate [pp] is a bit more complicated (as it has limited contrast with singleton [h], some more abstract analyses treat them as somehow belonging to the same phoneme) and it seemed more straightforward and therefore better to use [aka] 垢, aka, 'dirt' and [ak̚ka] 悪化, akka, 'worsening', a minimal pair supplied by Vance, as an example of a geminate plosive. Urszag (talk) 03:29, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Well, if you simply simplified it, then there should not be anything wrong there. But I think you should stop removing information that is already there. If you are going to add info, then go ahead. But you shouldn’t need to keep removing information here. Fdom5997 (talk) 03:35, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I apologize for how these big edits can make it difficult to tell whether information was removed or just rearranged. My goal wasn't to remove information, just to rearrange it into a format that I thought might be more readable. I will make another edit and only remove the portions of the article that I think are currently duplicated (so there should be no loss of information): look it over and see if you agree.--Urszag (talk) 03:39, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese phonology


text:
Vasily Arkhipov

Vasily Aleksandrovich Arkhipov (Василий Александрович Архипов, 30 January 1926 – 19 August 1998) was a senior Soviet Naval officer who prevented a Russian submarine from launching nuclear torpedoes against ships of the United States Navy at a crucial moment in the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. The course of events that would have followed such an action cannot be known, but speculations have been advanced, up to and including global thermonuclear war.

Off the coast of Cuba, US ships had dropped depth charges. The captain of the diesel powered submarine SOVIET SUBMARINE B-59 and the political officer believed that war had started and that they were under attack. Arkhipov, as flotilla chief of staff and executive officer on board the submarine, refused to consent to the use of nuclear weapons in retaliation, a decision which would have required the agreement of all three officers. In 2002, Thomas S. Blanton, then director of the US National Security Archive, credited Arkhipov as "the man who saved the world".

Early life
Arkhipov was born into a Russian peasant family in the town of Staraya Kupavna, near Moscow. He was educated in the Pacific Higher Naval School and participated in the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945, serving aboard a minesweeper. He transferred to the Azerbaijan Higher Naval School and graduated in 1947.

Early career
After graduation in 1947, Arkhipov served in the submarine service aboard boats in the Black Sea, Northern, and Baltic Fleets.

K-19 accident
In July 1961, Arkhipov was appointed deputy commander and therefore executive officer of the new Hotel-class submarine ballistic missile submarine K-19. After a few days of conducting exercises off the south-east coast of Greenland, the submarine developed an extreme leak in its reactor coolant system. This leak led to a failure of the cooling system. Radio communications were also affected, and the crew was unable to make contact with Moscow.

With no backup systems, Captain Nikolai Zateyev ordered the seven members of the engineer crew to come up with a solution to avoid nuclear meltdown. This required the men to work in high radiation levels for extended periods. They eventually came up with a secondary coolant system and were able to prevent a reactor meltdown.

Although they were able to save themselves from a nuclear meltdown, the entire crew, including Arkhipov, were irradiated. All members of the engineer crew and their divisional officer died within a month of the incident from acute radiation syndrome. Over the course of two years, 15 more sailors on the crew died from the after-effects.

Involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis

On 27 October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a group of 11 United States Navy destroyers and the aircraft carrier USS Randolph (CV-15) located the diesel-powered, nuclear-armed Foxtrot-class submarine SOVIET SUBMARINE B-59 near Cuba. (The B-59 was one of four Foxtrot submarines sent by the USSR to the area around Cuba.) Despite being in international waters, the United States Navy started dropping signaling depth charges, which were intended to force the submarine to come to the surface for identification.

By then, there had been no contact from Moscow for a number of days, and although the B-59's crew had been picking up U.S. civilian radio broadcasts earlier on, the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, as it was busy trying to hide from its American pursuers. Those on board did not know whether war had broken out or not. The captain of the submarine, Valentin Grigoryevich Savitsky, decided that a war might already have started and wanted to launch a T-5 nuclear torpedo.

Unlike other Soviet submarines armed with the "special weapon", where only the captain and the political officer were required to authorize a nuclear launch, three officers on board the B-59 were required to authorize the launch because Arkhipov was also the chief of staff of the brigade (not the commander as is often incorrectly reported, who was in fact Captain First Rank Vasili Naumovich Agafonov). The three men were Captain Savitsky, Political Officer Ivan Semyonovich Maslennikov, and Executive Officer Arkhipov. An argument broke out among the three of them, with only Arkhipov against the launch.

Although Arkhipov was only second-in-command of the B-59, he was also the chief of staff of the flotilla. According to author Edward Wilson, the reputation Arkhipov had gained from his courageous conduct in the previous year's K-19 incident played a large role in the debate to launch the torpedo. Arkhipov eventually persuaded Savitsky to surface and await orders from Moscow. His persuasion effectively averted a nuclear war that would probably have ensued if the nuclear weapon had been fired. The batteries of the B-59 ran very low and its air conditioning failed, which caused extreme heat and generated high levels of carbon dioxide inside the submarine. It surfaced amid the U.S. warships pursuing it and made contact with a U.S. destroyer. After discussions with the ship, B-59 was ordered by the Russian fleet to set course back to the Soviet Union.

In 1997, Arkhipov wrote that after surfacing, his submarine was fired on with warning shots by American aircraft: "the plane, flying over the conning tower, 1 to 3 seconds before the start of fire turned on powerful searchlights and blinded the people on the bridge... when [the commander] blinked and blinked his eyes and could see again, it became clear that the plane was firing past and along the boat. And the subsequent similar actions (there were 12 overflights altogether) were not as worrisome any longer."

Aftermath
Immediately upon return to Russia, many crew members were faced with disgrace from their superiors. One admiral told them "It would have been better if you'd gone down with your ship". Olga, Arkhipov's wife, said that "he didn't like talking about it, he felt they hadn't appreciated what they had gone through". Each captain was required to present a report of events during the mission to Marshal Andrei Grechko, who substituted for the ill Soviet defense minister.

Soviet military officials were infuriated with the crew's failure to follow their strict orders of secrecy, but this anger was mitigated when the Collegium learned that diesel-electric submarines had been involved—not, as originally planned, nuclear submarines. The diesel-electric submarines were not so well-suited for long-range voyages in Caribbean waters as the nuclear ones. Researcher Alexander Mozgovoi has written that when Grechko learned about this discrepancy, he "removed his glasses and hit them against the table in fury, breaking them into small pieces and abruptly leaving the room after that".

In 2002, retired Commander Vadim Pavlovich Orlov, a participant in the events, held an interview revealing that the submarines were armed with nuclear torpedoes and that Arkhipov was the reason those weapons had not been fired. Orlov presented the events less dramatically, saying that Captain Savitsky lost his temper, but eventually calmed down.

Robert McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, stated in 2002 that "We came very, very close [to nuclear war], closer than we knew at the time." Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., an advisor for the John F. Kennedy administration and a historian, continued this thought by stating "This was not only the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. It was the most dangerous moment in human history."

Later life and death
Arkhipov continued in Soviet Navy service, commanding submarines and later submarine squadrons. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1975, and became head of the Kirov Naval Academy. Arkhipov was promoted to vice admiral in 1981 and retired in 1988.

He settled in Kupavna (which was incorporated into Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Oblast, in 2004), where he died on 19 August 1998. The radiation to which Arkhipov had been exposed in 1961 may have contributed to his kidney cancer, as it did for the illnesses of many others who served with him in the K-19 accident.

Nikolai Zateyev, the commander of the submarine K-19 at the time of its onboard nuclear accident, died on 28 August 1998. Both Arkhipov and Zateyev were 72 at the time of their deaths.

Personal life
Arkhipov was known to be a shy and humble man. In a 2012, PBS documentary entitled The Man Who Saved the World, his wife, Olga, described him as intelligent, polite, and very calm. Much of what is known about his personality comes from her. According to her, he enjoyed searching for newspapers during their vacations and tried to stay up-to-date with the modern world as much as possible. In this same interview, Olga alluded to her husband's possible superstitious beliefs as well. She recalls walking in on Vasily burning a bundle of their love letters inside their house and that he claimed that keeping the letters would mean "bad luck".

In popular culture
Leon Ockenden portrayed Arkhipov in Season 12 Episode 1 of Secrets of the Dead, entitled "The Man Who Saved the World". It was aired 23 October 2012 on the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 2021 novel Red Traitor by Owen Matthews includes Arkhipov as a major viewpoint character, and is dedicated to him.

The character of Captain Mikhail Polenin, portrayed by Liam Neeson, in the 2002 film K-19: The Widowmaker was closely based on Arkhipov's tenure on Soviet submarine K-19.

The musical group Converge dedicated a composition called "Arkhipov Calm" to Arkhipov in 2017.

Denzel Washington's character in Crimson Tide (1995) is an officer who refused to affirm the launch orders of a submarine captain.

Awards and honors
In recognition of his actions onboard B-59, Arkhipov received the first "Future of Life Award", which was presented posthumously to his family in 2017. Offered by the Future of Life Institute, this award recognizes exceptional measures, often performed despite personal risk and without obvious reward, to safeguard the collective future of humanity.

In 2002, Thomas S. Blanton, the director of the U.S. National Security Archive, said that Arkhipov "saved the world".

Books

 * Martin J. Sherwin: Gambling with Armageddon: Nuclear Roulette from Hiroshima to the Cuban Missile Crisis, New York, Knopf, 2020

title: Vasily Arkhipov


text:
Mr. Big (chocolate bar)

Mr. Big is the largest sized chocolate bar produced by Cadbury in Canada, hence the name. The standard bar is made of a layered vanilla wafer biscuit coated in caramel, peanuts, and rice crisps and covered in a chocolate coating. The bar is the length of two "standard"-sized bars – around 20 centimetres (8 inches) long. Additional varieties include Mr. Chew Big, Mr. Big Fudge, and Mr. Big with Maple.

History
The bar was first produced in Canada by Neilson in 1979. The bar is common in Canada, but is also available in Hungary, Poland, and some areas of the United States.

A Canadian advertising campaign in the 1970s included the tagline "Mr. Big: so big they call him Mister".

The product launched in the U.S. in 1995, and the launch included an advertising campaign with the basketball player Shaquille O'Neal. A miniature Mr. Big chocolate bar is manufactured and marketed for the Halloween season.

In 1996, Neilson sold their candy division, including the rights to make the Mr Big bar, to Cadbury.

Brand name
The Mr. Big brand name was originally owned by Nestlé and licensed by William Neilson (now Cadbury). This created a situation where the trademark of one of Neilson's largest brands was owned by its largest competitor. Neilson then bought the rights to the name Mr. Big for confectionery.

Ice cream
Mr. Big was the only Cadbury chocolate bar to have an ice cream variant made by Nestlé until 2019. It was discontinued in May 2002 in the UK due to poor sales. An ice cream bar version produced by Nestlé is available in Canada, although other Cadbury ice cream products were previously made by Breyers.

title: Mr. Big (chocolate bar)


text:
Subject-matter expert

A subject-matter expert (SME) is a person who has accumulated great knowledge in a particular field or topic and this level of knowledge is demonstrated by the person's degree, licensure, and/or through years of professional experience with the subject. For example, a PhD in chemistry could be easily declared as a SME in chemistry, or a person with a Second Class Radiotelegraph License or equivalent issued by the national licensing body could be considered a SME in radiotelegraphy. A person with a master's degree in electronic engineering could be considered a subject-matter expert in electronics, or a person with many years of experience in machining could be considered a SME in machining.

The term is used when developing materials about a topic (a book, an examination, a manual, etc.), and expertise on the topic is needed by the personnel developing the material. For example, tests are often created by a team of psychometricians and a team of SMEs. The psychometricians understand how to engineer a test while the SMEs understand the actual content of the exam. Books, manuals, and technical documentation are developed by technical writers and instructional designers in conjunctions with SMEs. Technical communicators interview SMEs to extract information and convert it into a form suitable for the audience. SMEs are often required to sign off on the documents or training developed, checking it for technical accuracy. SMEs are also necessary for the development of training materials.

By field
In pharmaceutical and biotechnology areas, ASTM International standard E2500 specifies SMEs for various functions in project and process management. In one project, there will be many SMEs who are experts on air, water, utilities, process machines, process, packaging, storage, distribution and supply chain management. "Subject Matter Experts are defined as those individuals with specific expertise and responsibility in a particular area or field (for example, quality unit, engineering, automation, development, operations). Subject Matter Experts should take the lead role in the verification of manufacturing systems as appropriate within their area of expertise and responsibility." —ASTM E2500 §6.7.1 and §6.7.2.

In engineering and technical fields, a SME is the one who is an authority in the design concept, calculations and performance of a system or process.

In the scientific and academic fields, SMEs are recruited to perform peer reviews and are used as oversight personnel to review reports in the accounting and financial fields.

A lawyer in an administrative agency may be designated an SME if they specialize in a particular field of law, such as tort, intellectual property rights, etc. A law firm may seek out and use a SME as an expert witness.

In electronic discovery environments, the term "SME" labels professionals with expertise using computer-assisted reviewing technology and technology-assisted review (TAR) to perform searches designed to produce precisely refined results that identify groups of data as potentially responsive or nonresponsive to relevant issues. E-discovery SMEs also typically have experience in constructing the search strings used in the search. It also refers to experts used to "train" the TAR systems.

Domain expert (software)
A domain expert is frequently used in expert systems software development, and there the term always refers to the domain other than the software domain. A domain expert is a person with special knowledge or skills in a particular area of endeavour (e.g. an accountant is an expert in the domain of accountancy). The development of accounting software requires knowledge in two different domains: accounting and software. Some of the development workers may be experts in one domain and not the other.

In software engineering environments, the term is used to describe professionals with expertise in the field of application. The term "SME" also has a broader definition in engineering and high tech as one who has the greatest expertise in a technical topic. SMEs are often asked to review, improve, and approve technical work; to guide others; and to teach. According to Six Sigma, a SME "exhibits the highest level of expertise in performing a specialized job, task, or skill of broad definition."

In software development, as in the development of "complex computer systems" (e.g., artificial intelligence, expert systems, control, simulation, or business software), a SME is a person who is knowledgeable about the domain being represented (but often not knowledgeable about the programming technology used to represent it in the system). The SME tells the software developers what needs to be done by the computer system, and how the SME intends to use it. The SME may interact directly with the system, possibly through a simplified interface, or may codify domain knowledge for use by knowledge engineers or ontologists. A SME is also involved in validating the resulting system. SME has formal meaning in certain contexts, such as Capability Maturity Models.

title: Subject-matter expert


text:
Pinwheel calculator

A pinwheel calculator is a class of mechanical calculator described as early as 1685, and popular in the 19th and 20th century, calculating via wheels whose number of teeth were adjustable. These wheels, also called pinwheels, could be set by using a side lever which could expose anywhere from 0 to 9 teeth, and therefore when coupled to a counter they could, at each rotation, add a number from 0 to 9 to the result. By linking these wheels with carry mechanisms a new kind of calculator engine was invented. Turn the wheels one way and one performs an addition, the other way a subtraction.

As part of a redesign of the arithmometer, they reduced by an order of magnitude the cost and the size of mechanical calculators on which one could easily do the four basic operations (add, subtract, multiply and divide).

Pinwheel calculators became extremely popular with the success of Thomas' Arithmometer (manufactured 1850s) and Odhner Arithmometer (manufactured 1890s).

History

In "Machina arithmetica in qua non additio tantum et subtractio sed et multiplicatio nullo, diviso vero paene nullo animi labore peragantur", written in 1685, Leibniz described an arithmetic machine he had invented that was made by linking two separate machines, one to perform additions/subtractions and one for multiplications/divisions. Pascal's calculator was to be used for additions and subtractions (he called it the calculating box of Pascal) and a machine using wheels with movable teeth was to be used for multiplications and divisions. There is no evidence that Leibniz constructed this pinwheel machine, but his Leibniz wheel, which, when coupled to a sliding counting wheel, can mesh with a variable number of teeth, seems to have been his way of implementing a variable number of teeth design.

Giovanni Poleni by 1709 had built a wooden calculating clock calculator that used a pinwheel design; he destroyed it after hearing that Antonius Braun had received 10,000 Guldens for dedicating a pinwheel machine of his own design to the emperor Charles VI of Vienna. Poleni described his machine in his Miscellanea in 1709, but it was also described by Jacob Leupold in his Theatrum Machinarum Generale, ("The General Theory of Machines") which was published in 1727.

Antonius Braun was a native of Swabia; his machine, which he presented to the emperor in 1727, was cylindrical in shape and was made of steel, silver and brass; it was finely decorated and looked like a renaissance table clock. It could perform all four operations. His dedication to the emperor engraved on the top of the machine also reads "..to make easy to ignorant people, addition, subtraction, multiplication and even division".

Lord Stanhope of the United Kingdom designed a pinwheel machine in 1775. It was set in a rectangular box with a handle on the side. He also designed a machine using Leibniz wheels in 1777.

Dr. Didier Roth, a French inventor, patented and built a machine based on that design in 1842.

Izrael Staffel, a polish clockmaker introduced his pinwheel machine in 1845 at an industrial exposition in Warsaw, Poland and won a gold medal in 1851 at The Great Exhibition in London.

Frank S. Baldwin invented a pinwheel calculator in the United States in 1872.

In St. Petersburg, Russia, Wilgott Theophil Odhner invented his arithmometer in 1874 and in 1890 it became the first pinwheel calculator to be mass-manufactured. Its industrial production started in Odhner's workshop: W.T. Odhner, Maschinenfabrik & Metallgiesserei and then moved to the Odhner-Gill factory (фабрика Однера-Гиля) in 1891. Odhner type calculators were more popular in Europe (particularly in Germany) than in the United States.

Grimme, Natalis & Co. bought the rights to Odhner's patents in 1892 and soon after started production in Brunswick, Germany. They sold their machines under the Brunsviga brand name (Brunsviga is the Latin name of the town of Brunswick, just as Braunschweig is its name in German ); they became very successful on their own and were the first of a long line of Odhner clone makers.

In 1924, Felix Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Russian Cheka, initiated the manufacturing of arithmometers. Later they were named arithmometer Feliks and served in the Soviet Union well into the 1970s, popularly known under the name "Iron Feliks".

Operation
"The operation of machines of this type was accomplished by means of pulling levers or knobs to set up the desired number. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division were accomplished by means of revolving drums. For addition they revolved in one direction, and for subtraction the direction was reversed. For multiplication the revolutions were repeated in the same direction as for addition, and for division they were repeated in the same direction as for subtraction. Two sets of dials provided a means of reading totals. In one the accumulation of totals appeared; in the other, there appeared the figure which was added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided." (The Office Appliance Manual, p. 88)

title: Pinwheel calculator


text:
Cadence Bank Arena

Cadence Bank Arena, formerly Tupelo Coliseum, BancorpSouth Center and BancorpSouth Arena is a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena, near downtown Tupelo, Mississippi, named for the locally based Cadence Bank, a large multi-state commercial banking company.

It was the home of the Tupelo FireAnts and Mississippi MudCats arena football and the Tupelo T-Rex ice hockey teams. It was also the home of the Mississippi Hound Dogs of the Ultimate Indoor Football League.

The $16 million, 32,000 sqft facility was built in 1993, and is one of the more modern arenas serving a small market in the mid-south. Its lot was previously occupied by a shopping mall called Downtown Mall. When the mall closed in 1990 the arena was retrofitted from the old building.

The arena also seats 8,000 for sports events, ranging from basketball to rodeos.

Sports

 * WCW Uncensored (1995)
 * WCW Uncensored (1996),
 * WCW Spring Stampede (1997),
 * Gulf South Conference Basketball Tournament (2001-2005)

The arena has also hosted the Harlem Globetrotters on several occasions. One Memphis Pharaohs (Arena Football League) home game was held there in 1996.

Concerts
The arena can be scaled down to 4,500 for theater-style concerts. The arena is also used for trade shows and conventions (33,800 sqft) of exhibit space plus 5,000 sqft of meeting space).
 * Elton John
 * Backstreet Boys
 * Journey
 * Toby Keith
 * Brad Paisley
 * Florida Georgia Line
 * Kenny Chesney
 * Aerosmith
 * Tim McGraw
 * Faith Hill
 * Miranda Lambert
 * Chris Young
 * Lynyrd Skynyrd
 * Miranda Lambert
 * Rae Sremmurd
 * Dwight Yoakum
 * Reba McEntire
 * Carrie Underwood

On November 14, 2008, the arena hosted the Mississippi State Bulldogs club hockey team in a game against the Loyola University New Orleans club in the arena's first venture into ice hockey since the T-Rex left in 2003.

On November 21, 2010, the BancorpSouth Arena hosted a college basketball game featuring the Memphis Tigers and the LSU Tigers.

title: Cadence Bank Arena


text:
Karen R. Hitchcock

Karen R. Hitchcock (February 10, 1943 – July 10, 2019) was an American biologist and university administrator who had leadership positions at an American and a Canadian university. She served as the President of SUNY's University at Albany in Albany, New York, from 1996 until her resignation in 2003. She was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University, in Kingston, Ontario from 2004 until an abrupt resignation in 2008, when she announced her departure in a sudden email to students. After her sudden departure from Queen's University, she returned, with husband Murray Blair, to the Albany, New York, area to live in Vischer Ferry.

Education and early career
Hitchcock was born in 1943 in Williston Park, New York, a suburb of New York City on Long Island, the daughter of Roy Clinton Hitchcock and Ruth Wardell Hitchcock. She attended Mineola High School and went to prom with Robert A. Bauman, Ed.D.

Hitchcock received a B.S. degree in Biology from St. Lawrence University in 1964, and a Ph.D. degree in Anatomy from the University of Rochester in 1969. As a Postdoctoral Fellow, she did work in pulmonary cell biology at The Webb-Waring Institute for Medical Research at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

Hitchcock continued her career at Boston's Tufts University, serving as the George A. Bates Professor of Histology and Chair of the Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology in the Schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences over a course of 15 years. At Tufts, Hitchcock met and, after his divorce, married Murray Blair, her dean at the School of Medicine. From there she moved to the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and then to the University of Illinois at Chicago.

In her early academic career, Hitchcock published in the field of cell and developmental biology. She received the National Science Foundation Professorship for Women in Science and Engineering (1983–84).

University at Albany, SUNY
Hitchcock joined the University at Albany, part of the State University of New York system, in 1991 as Vice President for Academic Affairs. During that time, she brought to fruition the formation of the university's College of Arts and Sciences; oversaw the university's sesquicentennial celebration; implemented a substantial revision of the campus's General Education Program; developed an enrollment management plan across all academic units; created a "Presidential Scholars" program at the undergraduate level and founded the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning.

In 1995, she was named interim President and assumed the Presidency in 1996, Albany's 16th President and the first woman to hold that position in the history of the university.

Under her leadership from 1996 to 2003, the university expanded the possibilities of its educational mission among networks associated with its growing cadre of regional, state, national, and global partners. Recruitment and retention of students added to Albany's reputation as hosting an increasingly diverse student body, while also enhancing its high academic profile. Successful educational initiatives such as "Project Renaissance" added to the university's reputation and attracted steadily increasing numbers of applicants to its undergraduate programs; at the same time, Hitchcock's spearheading of programs in nano-technology and health-related programs expanded not only the university's reputation for excellence, but also its literal footprint.

During the early years of her presidency, Empire Commons was built, Division I athletic programs implemented, and the New York Giants made UAlbany their summer training camp for over ten years. On campus, a new Life Sciences Building and an Art/Sculpture facility improved opportunities for merging research with classroom instruction across a variety of disciplines. Finally, the university's "East Campus" in Rensselaer - now known as the Health Sciences Campus - in conjunction with the state's support for a Center of Excellence in Cancer Genomics and the addition of a campus devoted to the School of Public Health and health-related research and academic programs, led to substantive advancements in biotechnology and biomedical sciences.

Ethics inquiry
In October 2003, the Albany Times Union reported that tensions between Hitchcock and the SUNY Chancellor had crested, leaving her future with the University uncertain. Hitchcock abruptly resigned from her post, citing recent bids for presidencies at the University of Florida and University of Tennessee. Media speculation around those failed candidacies centered on the SUNY Chancellor's wresting of the highly touted Sematech North from Hitchcock's control.

On February 25, 2005, the New York Times reported that Hitchcock faced a state ethics inquiry about allegations that she had offered to deliver a multimillion-dollar non-competitive student housing construction contract to a hand-selected developer. In exchange, the developer had supposedly agreed to provide Hitchcock with an endowed professorship which she would hold exclusively once she was forced out of the presidency. This alleged scheme came about because Hitchcock had reportedly been informed by the then-Chancellor of the SUNY system, Robert King, of her pending termination as President. The endowed chair reportedly would have made up the difference between her salary as president and the salary of a biology professor. The ethics allegations were referred to the New York State Ethics Commission by King, with the support of the SUNY Board of Trustees. But before the Commission could convene their inquiry, the investigation became known to Hitchcock, and she abruptly resigned from SUNY Albany, allegedly to escape liability since the New York Ethics Commission would be unable to take action against someone who is not a state employee. Safely out of reach of the Ethics Commission, Hitchcock, through her lawyer, claimed to have approached George Pataki, then the Governor of the State of New York, asking for the case to be reopened and investigated in order to "clear her name"; the Ethics Commission, in fact, had no authority to investigate her after her resignation. Queen's University had hired lawyers to ensure the university was not defamed, and the Queen's search committee claimed they had been satisfied with Hitchcock's version of the story.

While at SUNY Albany, Hitchcock had also co-hosted a weekly radio show called "The Best of Our Knowledge" on an independent local public radio station (WAMC) founded and run by one of Hitchcock's faculty members at SUNY Albany, Alan S. Chartock. This program was paid for by the SUNY Albany Foundation, using gifts intended for the students and faculty of the university, until Dr. Hitchcock's abrupt departure from that campus. For some time afterward, her participation in the program was paid for by Queen's University. Chartock, a vocal political opponent of then-Governor George Pataki, delivered a number of print and broadcast defenses of Hitchcock, in which Chartock failed to mention his financial reliance on her patronage.

Queen's University
Hitchcock became the Principal of Queen's University in July, 2004. Queen's University is one of Canada's most prominent universities, according to several national and international rankings, such as Maclean's magazine, The Globe and Mail, and The Times Higher Educational Supplement (THES), and Hitchcock was notable both as an American import and as that institution's first female Principal.

At the beginning of her term as Principal, Hitchcock pushed for a major and controversial new infrastructure project, the Queen's Centre. It was to be the largest project undertaken by a Canadian university to that time, encompassing expanded and upgraded sports facilities, a student life centre and a new academic building. The project had a budget of $230 million, and was scheduled to take nearly a decade to complete. Groundbreaking took place two and a half years later, in February, 2007. Within fourteen months, the massive project would be 20% over budget.

Soon after Hitchcock arrived at Queen's University, she began taking extended leaves of absence, ostensibly to tend to her husband, Murray Blair, who by that time required the use of a wheelchair. Despite campus disgruntlement with her absences, Hitchcock applied for a second five-year term as Queen's principal in January, 2008.

Applies for reappointment, then abruptly resigns
Hitchcock came under increasing fire for her lack of leadership and high degree of invisibility in the Queen's community. She was also criticized by donors, alumni, faculty and community leaders for the growing financial crisis surrounding the lavish Queen's Centre project, which was already some $38 million (nearly 20%) over budget only 14 months after it began its 10-year construction.

On March 4, 2008, two months after Hitchcock applied for reappointment, the Assembly of the AMS, the Queen's University undergraduate student government, unanimously passed a motion stating their opposition to her reappointment, forwarding this recommendation to the Queen's University committee studying the matter.

Hitchcock's initial five-year term was slated to end on June 30, 2009. On April 16, 2008, only four months after seeking reappointment and a month after the unanimous rejection by students, Hitchcock suddenly withdrew her request for reappointment in an email to faculty, staff, and students and announced her resignation, to become effective two weeks later, on April 30, 2008, fourteen months before the scheduled end of her term.

In October, 2008, Hitchcock briefly rejoined Queen's University as an unpaid fellow in the university's School of Policy Studies, Centre for the Study of Democracy, which is headed by Thomas Axworthy, before retiring to a farm at Vischer Ferry, New York, north of Albany.

Later life and death
Hitchcock's husband, Murray Blair, subsequently died in February, 2010. She died after a long illness on July 10, 2019, at age 76.

title: Karen R. Hitchcock


text:
User:Noirish

My main goal was to clean up the Film noir pages of Wikipedia, which I found bare when I first started editing. After a few bumpy moments learning how to write correctly for Wiki, I've updated and added many pages.

I'm most proud of pages that I've started that have gone on to become very good (after other people added to them)

They include:

 * Lizabeth Scott
 * Claire Trevor (didn't start that but added greatly to it)
 * and Howard Da Silva

I continue to add movies and actors from the 40's and 50's but I would like to see more people jump in and expand on them.

title: User:Noirish