text:
Talk:Symbolic link

Permissions Information
The question of the effects of read, write and execute permissions as seen by the user of the materials accessed via the symlink, and the user of the same materials accessed directly needs to be addressed. Questions such as "If I write protect the symlink, does that write protect the content at the target of the symlink, even if the target is actually writable if accessed directly?" will be on some visitor's minds. Such as mine. :) Fyngyrz (talk) 16:30, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

History Request
As this is Wikipedia article and not a how to, I came here looking for the history of symbolic links. While there is some talk about their use in minis (thank you), I would value more detail on the history, development and theory. But please, do not degenerate into which OS intended it first contest. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4898:80E0:EE43:0:0:0:2 (talk) 16:06, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The ITS 1.5 Reference Manual from 1969 says there were symbolic links. The 1.4 manual from 1968 does not. Lars Brinkhoff (talk) 13:40, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The Multics paper "A General-Purpose File System For Secondary Storage" from 1965 describes symbolic links. Note that Multics wasn't operational until 1967. Lars Brinkhoff (talk) 13:45, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

Misleading Vista/Win7 Comments
The article currently states: "Vista has a limit of 31 symbolic links in a single path."

This implies that a directory can only contain 31 symbolic links (e.g. ,  , etc.). According to Microsoft's documentation, "[t]here is a maximum of 31 reparse points (and therefore symbolic links) allowed in a particular path." A "reparse point" is essentially a symbolic link or directory junction. As such, Windows 7 and Vista are limited to a chain of 31 symbolic links or junctions.

I believe the above quotation should be replaced with the following line:

"Windows 7 and Vista support a maximum of 31 reparse points (and therefore symbolic links) for a given path."

--216.148.0.72 (talk) 01:05, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

No Eleete Language
please use simple language to describe the problem. there is no need to use many foreign words. wikipedia aims to be understood by everyone not just a 'choosen few'. it would be perfect if you would use no technical english even for tech articles.

--212.202.37.226 17:10, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)jan girke

Vista and symlinks
On another note, It seems that vista does not have true support for symlinks: http://slashdot.org/articles/06/11/19/018256.shtml Perhaps this should be corrected in the article.

 * You're right: Vista does not have 'true support for symlinks'. Vista can't even connect to a native Unix file system at all!
 * What Vista has is support for Symbolic Links, implemented as a component of NTFS. Sadly, Unix systems which connect to NTFS file systems don't have true support for NTFS Symbolic Links, because they don't understand the symbols.
 * Yes Symbolic Links are a component of NTFS. Yes, you have to load all of the current version of NTFS to get this feature. Yes, the NTFS Symbolic Link components only come with Vista. No, you don't need a new version of NTFS: NTFS allows you to add features.
 * And finally, Yes these symbolic links allow you to have different file and user permissions for each symbolic link. Nifty feature, yes?
 * Note: Windows 2000 had Windows SFU, which had NFS and symlinks 218.214.18.240 (talk) 06:02, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Clean-up
The following sections have been removed:

 * Symbolic links can be remapped to allow locations of files to be addressed in a consistent manner, even though the physical location of the file may vary.

I don't think this is true. Symbolic links are immutable (they cannot be changed), however they can be removed and then a new symbolic link can be created in their place.

 * Using the 'ls -l' command, which is standard on these systems, a symbolically linked file might look something like this:
 * lrwxrwxrwx   1 jbailey  users         4 2003-02-07 16:49 link -> file
 * The 'l' in the first column is a hint that this file is a symbolic link. The information at the furthest right indicates that this file is called 'link', and that when you access it, you will see the contents of 'file'.
 * The 'l' in the first column is a hint that this file is a symbolic link. The information at the furthest right indicates that this file is called 'link', and that when you access it, you will see the contents of 'file'.
 * The 'l' in the first column is a hint that this file is a symbolic link. The information at the furthest right indicates that this file is called 'link', and that when you access it, you will see the contents of 'file'.

This doesn't belong in this article.

 * Symbolic links to directories can be dangerous for unaware programs working with directory trees. At best they can cause endless looping as well as pathname buffer overflows leading to crashes or dangerous malfunctions. At worst, deleting a directory tree will lead to the content of the symlinked directories being deleted as well. Unix tries to protect against this behavior to some extent by disallowing to destroy a directory symlink using the remove-directory (rmdir) system call, hence symlink-unaware programs will generally fail after trying to delete the first such link.

This may be a valid point, but I question its pertinence. At the very least, it should be reworded. Unix-like systems take no such precaution: 'rmdir' operates on the directory entry and ignores its contents. Directory trees cannot usually be deleted in a single action, either. A program must recurse through the tree, deleting all of the files in a directory, then removing the directory itself.—Kbolino 01:55, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Windows supporting Symbolic Links
I just learnt that Windows 2000 (and above) does support symbolic links but is not well-documented. I was researching a problem with missing files and read this article - http://shell-shocked.org/article.php?id=284 - which is fairly descriptive about how Windows works with Symbolic links. gv —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Guhanv (talk • contribs) 12:34, 26 April 2007 (UTC).
 * No, Windows 2000 does not support symbolic links (except as shortcuts and mount points). NTFS 3, which is the default file system of Windows 2000, provides generic support for symbolic links, but Windows 2000 has no way to create or follow them. As the reference points out, you can use shortcuts or mount points "like" symbolic links. Or you can add support for symbolic links to Windows 2000, because Windows 2000 uses an extensible file system and an extensible command shell. But the same was also true of DOS 3.1 (david) 218.214.18.240 11:10, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, Windows 2000 does support symlink-type functionality, but for directories only, not files; see NTFS Junction point. Windows Vista implements proper symbolic links for all types of file, including across network shares; see NTFS symbolic link.  All this is now in the article.  And no, the same was not "true  for DOS 3.1" (assuming you mean WIndows 3.1, which used DOS 6 or thereabouts): this functionality is all implemented using NTFS reparse points, of which FAT had no equivalent; WIndows 3.1 did not support NTFS.  -- simxp (talk) 18:24, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Right, Windows 2000 does support 'symlink-type' functionality, rather than symlinks. Windows 2000 also, like DOS 3.1, has an extensible file system that allows you to add features like symlinks, which has been done in Vista. DOS 2.2 had a replaceable file system, but DOS 3.1 added significantly to the operating system capability, making it possible to implement symlinks without replacing the whole file system.218.214.18.240 (talk) 04:40, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * By the way, Windows supports variable shortcuts using environment variables. I haven't seen anybody using this with Symbolic Links, but that also looks possible, linking through a GUID and the registry.218.214.18.240 (talk) 04:46, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Similar Concepts
The link to "binding" is broken

Windows, Symlinks & killing the dead horse
Windows does NOT support symlinks. Symlinks is defined below the OS layer and is part of the file system and is NOT a type of file. Please stop comparing shortcuts to Symlinks. Lets also stop trying to predict what will be in future shaky releases of Windows as their track record is not good.

I will correct the main article, as less time should be devoted to OSes that do NOT suppport symlinks. --Kibbled bits 21:16, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * So can we expect to see a new article from you, titled "symlinks"?
 * This article is titled Symbolic Links, not symlinks. Windows Vista does support Symbolic Links, as well as Hard Links. NTFS is an extensible file system, and supports Symbolic Links when the necessary components are in place, as they are in Windows Vista.
 * Furthermore, Windows Explorer has always supported Symbolic Links, which are shortcuts, which are not symlinks. Windows Explorer is a command shell, so only command shell extensions (or environments like uwin) are able to use the command shell Symbolic Links. Windows Vista introduces a Symbolic Link implemented as part of the file system, so that any file system client is able to use the Symbolic Link.
 * Also, the new text is poor: even if it was correct, the focus is on what Windows cannot do, rather than on Symbolic Links 150.101.166.15 06:31, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * So just to be absolutely clear, what do you mean by "any file system client is able to use..."? What I want to know is, if I use this vista symbolic link, will every single program, no matter how old or poorly written or what circumstances it is running under, see that symbolic link as whatever it's linking to, or not?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.10.140.61 (talk) 19:46, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * With Vista's symbolic links, yes. With NTFS Junction points, yes.  With NTFS Hard links, yes. With Windows Shortcuts, no.  Clear? -- simxp (talk) 10:22, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Can someone knowledgeable create a comparison of Windows shortcuts to symbolic links? Functionally for me at least there is no difference since they just get me to a long filename from a shorter filename on the desktop (and also start menu in windows) without typing forever or clicking through nested folders. 129.31.71.161 09:37, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Sigh. Junctions are *one implementation* of soft-links, that only work for directories. I believe they were actually (at least partially) a side effect of code for the Object Manager component (which gives access to every device, global mutex, file, registry entry, etc...) implemented for Terminal Services (remote login). Shortcuts are just files that Explorer and the ShellExecute function interpret. Vista added *real* soft and hard links to NTFS (not the object manager), added mklink, and taught all their file programs about them (including Explorer). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.197.41.54 (talk) 02:33, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Note, a form of junction (JOIN) existed even in DOS... Hard links were already in NTFS, for POSIX; Vista added management capability...Shortcuts are slow soft links, but there is no OS or FS support for programs (environments like uwin have to build their own support)...Functionally Windows shortcuts are the same as symbolic links to a user, but not to a user program...the distinction is important to anyone who uses a program (even Word or Excel) in Windows...Windows SFU supported symbolic links on NFS file systems... 218.214.18.240 (talk) 05:55, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Cygwin symlinks
The statement that "Cygwin ... creates Windows shortcuts (.lnk files)" seems to be incorrect or outdated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.94.50.9 (talk) 15:46, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Doctors?
"The misuse of soft links can be a cause extreme irritation in many subjects. Doctors report a significant increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and elevated vocal ranges. Persons with a history of heart conditions should refrain from the use of softlinks without first consulting with their physician."

What does this have to do with softlinks? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.197.165.133 (talk) 06:55, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

White Knight Through the Looking Glass
So can anyone decisively explain the differences between filenames, shortcuts, hard and symbolic links, and the data they represent? —Nahum Reduta 05:10, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

What's it good for?
Why was the concept of symbolic links invented when there is already the concept of hard links? --Abdull (talk) 18:49, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hard link -- simxp (talk) 11:36, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

relative path
Note that Windows Shortcuts may contain a relative path, or an incomplete path. I don't want to see a full explanation of Windows Shortcuts here, just to avoid subtle technical errors.218.214.18.240 (talk) 05:25, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

DEC mini-computer OSs & Symbolic Links
In the intro it is claimed that symbolic links were already present in 1978 in mini computer OSs from DEC. I knew one of them (RT-11) quite well and it did not have symbolic links on the file system level. The latest versions of RT-11 knew something like command aliases, but no symbolic links.

I never used the other mini computer OS RSTS (also created by DEC), but according to the RSTS page it was similar to RT-11.

I think the claim should be modified.

Treutwein (talk) 09:35, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Windows shortcuts maintain their connection even when the target is moved
''Windows shortcuts maintain their connection even when the target is moved, unlike symbolic links. Windows XP will search for a broken link's target before offering to delete it.'' This isn't "shortcuts maintaining their connection", this is Windows attempting to repair them on an ad-hoc basis. Do newer versions of Windows do something more advanced? From the first sentence it sounds like Windows is keeping track of what shortcuts refer to a file, and then update these shortcuts when a file is moved. This is clearly not XP's behavior. Should be reworded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.237.142.20 (talk) 04:47, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, how does it look now? Fleet Command (talk) 16:00, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Distributed Link Tracking is maintained by Link Tracking Database in Active Directory on a Windows Domain Server. The Tracking Database can contain entries for non-domain computers, but you need to have the Domain Server for the Active Directory to contain the Link Database.  Shortcuts are OLE links (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc768201.aspx), so the DLT service and client track links within OLE documents (Word etc) as well as shell shortcuts.

 * The Win98 workstation that I have attempts to locate targets for broken shortcuts when you click on them. So does the Win 2K workstation I am using. Both Win2K and Win98 do a file-system scan if they can't locate the target in the absolute or relative path.

 * You may see in MS documentation statements like "Windows 7 attempts to update shortcuts" or you may see it listed in a list of Windows 7 features. That is a characteristic of MS documentation: MS documentation of current features does not document past features. You must not assume that such statements make any statement about previous versions.

 * I can't find the KB article for Win95 (Q128932 "How Windows 95 Resolves Shortcut Links"), but here is something about WinNT: "The default shortcut resolution method is to resolve the link to the original location of the file (the "absolute" path) before looking at another path of where that file may or may not exist (the secondary or "relative" path)." http://support.microsoft.com/kb/158682 Those are both specifically about network shortcuts, but the mechanisim is the same.

 * OLE was implemented in Win32 on Win 3.x, however DLT seems to be limited to NFS file systems, starting with Win 2K (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457112.aspx). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 07:37, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

OS/2 has POSIX-like support for symlinks; Shadows are unrelated
OS/2 does indeed support symlinks (not hardlinks) via extended attributes. These work on HPFS and JFS volumes, though I am not sure of FAT volumes, as EAs are stored differently. The reading and proper interpretation of such symlink data is dependent upon the application, however. Linux applications, ported using GCC, for the most part understand symlinks perfectly well.

The section pertaining to OS/2 as it now stands is completely irrelevant, as WPS shadows are not symlinks of any sort, as they have nothing to do with the filesystem whatsoever, and are only understood by the WPS. I suggest removing this mention entirely or at least referencing it in the context of WPS constructs. I am happy to provide language to re-work the OS/2 section. LewisR (talk) 23:11, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

"File or directory" is redundant
A directory is a special type of file, so the many references to "file or directory" and variations thereof could be replaced by simply "file" for brevity. l0b0 (talk) 10:44, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

"Overview" section doesn't exclusively treat Windows
The Overview sub-section is not exclusively about Windows, so it should be moved out of the Microsoft Windows section. l0b0 (talk) 11:24, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symbolic link


text: Category:Subdivisions of Argentina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Subdivisions of Argentina


text:
Pachypodium habitats

Pachypodium habitats consist of isolated, specialized, micro–environmental niches, generally xeric, rocky, frost-free areas within parts of western Madagascar and southern Africa. Pachypodium species are often indifferent to the regional ecological, biotic zone of vegetation, a fact which explains some of Pachypodium morphology and architecture. The large scale vegetation zones are in some cases irrelevant to the micro-environments of Pachypodium, in the sense that the xeric niches may be embedded in larger mesic biomes.

Most Pachypodium are rupicolous species occur on rocky outcrops, steep hills, and on inselbergs or kopjes, land or rocky masses which have resisted erosion and stand isolated in level or gently sloping terrain, sometimes above a forest canopy. Rocky outcrops, steep hills, and inselbergs create microclimate conditions that may be different from the general climate of a region.

The habitats of Pachypodium are thought of as arid ecological, even when they occur in pre-humid zonobiomes, because the taxon's topographic position and microclimate conditions differ significantly from the context of the greater ecological conditions within the landscape. The pre-humid zonobiomes are humid zones of regional biotic community characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and prevailing climate, such as forests or mountains. On these ecological islands the flora significantly differs from the greater surrounding zones of vegetation, where a smaller immediate area under the influence of a micro-environmental condition is defined. In larger areas of vegetation, the isolation of these plants in these "arid islands" become very conspicuous during prolonged periods without rain.

Environmental conditions
The plants on outcrops, steep hills, and inselbergs are subjected to fluctuating moisture, high winds, and extremes in temperatures. This exposure occurs because, in the case or outcrops and inselbergs, all plants typically are growing in fissures that often have shallow soil and are exposed within the landscape. Pachypodium typically grows in frost-free areas with the exception of P. bispinosum and P. succulentum. The latter two species can sustain winter temperatures reaching into -10 °C).

The regions where Pachypodium biotypes exist are (a) situated between sea-level and 2000 meters and (b) are defined by the effects of temperatures. Without exception, all Pachypodium share in a preference for sunny, xeric habitats. Their exclusion from humid forests is almost entirely the case except where "inselbergs" surge above the humid, forest canopy: an example of Pachypodium response to micro-environments than larger vegetative types.

Only plants with special adaptations to extreme drought can survive exposed rocky habitats. Plants with special morphological adaptations produce offspring that can bear the intensity of these arid, xeric, exposed micro-environments. Pachypodium employs two mechanisms to adapt to these conditions: In some instances, the pachycaule trunks are geophytic and exist underground, as is the case for P. bispinosum and P. succulentum.
 * Spinescence: The presence of spines that collect moisture in fogs and dews and point downward so that moisture falls to the ground at the base of the plants.
 * Pachycaule trunks: The use of an abnormally thickened trunk or stem of various shapes to store water in times of drought.

Soils and rooting characteristics
On outcrops and inselbergs, Pachypodium species root in the clefts, fissures, and crevices of these rocky formations. The non-succulent roots penetrate deeply into the accumulated soil and humus in these crevices. On these geological formations, cracks in the rocks will fill quickly with water that can penetrate quite deeply. Under these conditions, there is very little evaporation so that almost all the collected water remains. Therefore, rocky substrates provide moisture in the habitat, so long as there is not appreciable runoff from the rock surfaces and there is plenty of accumulated fine soil in the cracks, which, in turn, retains water. In these conditions, Pachypodium can store enough water in their trunks to easily withstand a dry period of five or more months.

Inselbergs are quite common in Angola extending into Namibia, Zimbabwe, and western Madagascar. Inselbergs have been demonstrated to support a plant community dramatically different from their surroundings (Rapanarivo, 1999a). What little is known about seed dispersal of Pachypodium supports a scattering effect confined to sets of outcrops and inselberg landscapes. Pachypodium seed dispersal is carried out by wind, suggesting the scattering target as outcrops and inselbergs. Yet, according to Rapanarivo et al., this type of dispersal might not be the best method for the genus. The Rapanarivo study suggested, instead, that seedlings tended to emerge around "mother" plants that presumably have been well-established, rather than on distant outcrops or inselbergs. Evidence for this conclusion is found in the occurrence of P. densiflorum from Kandreho to Zazafotsy where seeds have dropped in between inselbergs and outcrops. Other examples include P. eburneum, P. windsorii, P. inopinatum, and P. decaryi where in all cases seed distribution is restricted; because the wind does not always carry seeds very far from the host plant.

The substrate plays a critical role in the creation of micro-environmental "arid islands." It has been recorded, for instance, that vegetation on rocks exposed to the sun may reach temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F), an almost lethal exposure. A black colored rocky substrate tends to be the hottest in these micro-environments. Yet, even sandstone is not immune to this thermal condition as it, too, can reach 60 °C (140 °F) by day. This factor in the micro-environmental conditions of Pachypodium causes many plants to occupy fissures on these rocks where soil and humus has collected.

Other substrates encountered by Pachypodium include: (in Madagascar) Mesozoic limestone, granite, gneiss, sandstone, quartzite, sand, schist, Tertiary calcareous, sandy loam, basalt, and sandy soil; And (in continental southern Southern Africa) quartzite, sandstone, clay, gravel, sandy soil, dolomite, granite schist, basalt, limestone, rhyolite, sand and stone, and dolerite.

A substrate of variable depth sand with laterite hosts a number of Pachypodium, such as P. rutenbergainum, P. bispinosum, P. geayi, P. lamerei, P. namaquanum, P. rosulatum, P. saundersii, and P. succulentum. Laterite is a red residual soil in tropical and subtropical regions that is leached of soluble minerals, aluminum hydroxides and silica, but still contains concentrations of iron oxides and iron hydroxides.

Sand can readily store water because of its high percolation rate. Very deep sand bodies present yet another issue: seepage. If water accumulates within deeper impermeable substrate, Pachypodium can gain a footing in the sandy soil type. Yet in a sense both shallow and deep sand substrates have water available to Pachypodium. With shallow sand substrates, Pachypodium grow on sand dunes close to the sea. Examples include P. geayi near Tuléar, Madagascar and northwest and western coastal regions for P. rutenbergianum. Often in shallow sandy areas, the water table is high so that Pachypodium send out long roots systems.

Where water is in a deep, sandy substrate, Pachypodium grow on sand over laterite red soil. Laterite is relative impermeable and thus traps water. Provided that the sand is not too deep, a water source is available to P. rosulatum and P. rutenbergianum near Antsohihy and Ankarafantsika, Madagascar. In Anjajavy Forest and other sites within the Madagascar dry deciduous forests Pachypodium thrive growing above the limestone tsingy.

Substrate
Pachypodium grows in various types of substrates. In some cases, some species inhabit only one substrate. Pachypodium ambongense, P. decaryi, and P. windsorii grow exclusively on calcareous rocks. P. brevicaule and P eburneum are contained to quartzite. Other cases demonstrate that species can grow in multiple substrates. P. cactipes, P. densiflorum, and P. horombense dwell mainly on gneiss and granite. P. rutenbergianum grows in various substrates, but particularly on sand and laterite. Sand provides a substrate for P. geayi and P. rosulatum. In African, P. namaquanum can grow on three substrates: granite, quartzite, and sand. The other species likewise can be found on myriad, various substrates: limestone, granite, gneiss, sandstone, quartzite, sand, schist, tert calcareous, sandy soils, basalt, and sandy loam in Madagascar. In Africa, the substrate ranges from: quartzite, sandstone, clay, gravel, sandy soil, dolomite, granite, schist, basalt, limestone, rhyolite, and dolerite. The more adaptable the taxon is to substrate seems to be indication of how specialized the species is within its habitat in the landscape and climate.

Soil chemistry
Rapanarivo et al. sampled only half of the sites in Madagascar for pH level reading. The results show no significant difference in the soil type pH Level recorded in literature.

Pachypodium have a pH range from strictly acid soils with a pH Level of 3.5 to 5 to neutral to Alkaline soils at a pH level of 7 to 8. Species growing on gneiss, granite, and quartzite adapt to acidic soils. Species preferring a pH level of 3.5 to 5 are Pachypodium brevicaule, P. cactipes, P. densiflorum, P. eburneum, and P. rosulatum. The species growing on calcareous, limestone, for instance, adapt to a basic substrate. Species growing in acid to almost basic soil that have a pH level between 4.5 to 7 are P. lamerei and P. rutenbergainum. P. meridionale grows in neutral soils. And, some species tolerate both acidic and basic soil conditions. P. sofiense can be found in either soil condition. (For species that grow in only one type of soil pH condition maintaining that "simulacrum" of acidity or alkalinity is crucial to success in cultivation.)

Within the "arid islands" or micro-environments, the difference between vegetative type, acidity and immediate acidity of the surrounding biotopes of Pachypodium seem to be a significant factor in defining habitat type.

Soil pH
Rapanarivo et al. measured the pH levels for the soil in half the sites of Pachypodium endemic to Madagascar. The pH ranges approximately from 3.5 to 7. Strictly acid soils that had a pH level of 3.5 to 5 were preferred by Pachypodium brevicaule, P. cactiples, P. densiflorum, P.eburneum, and P. rosulatum. The next level, acid to basic soils, with a pH between 4.5 and 7 were suitable for P. lamerei and P. rutenbergianum. On soils with a neutral pH level of 7, P. meridionale inhabit. P. sofiense grows on calcareous soils but also in acid soils with a pH level of 4. P. lealii grows on outcrops of granite in fairly fertile, acid soil.

Altitude
In the mainland African continent, Pachypodium are known to inhabit areas from sea level for the species P. bispinosum to 1600 meters for P. lealii. In Madagascar, the range is roughly the same with P. cactiples, P. geayi, and P. rutenbergainum inhabiting at sea level to P. brevicaule reaching an altitude of 1900 meters, virtually the uppermost limit for the genus.

Temperature
Average annual temperature regimes vary approximately 13 °C (55 °F) for Pachypodium brevicaule, P. densiflorum, and P. eburneum to 26.7 °C (81 °F) for the species P. decaryi, P. rutenbergainum, and P. windsorii. In continental southern Africa, the extreme temperatures range from -10 °C (14 °F) for P. succulentum locations to as much as 45 °C (113 °F) for P. bispinosum, P. lealii, and P. namaquanum. In winter time, snow remains a possibility for Africa's south-eastern Mountain Grassland. Importantly the African species of Pachypodium live in habitats with a heat regime resembling greater amplitudes than those of Madagascar. There, in the central part where most species come from, frost occasionally occurs. One station there has recorded a temperature of -2.6 °C (27 °F) whereas another has recorded a low of -6.3 °C (21 °F). In the sub–arid regions of Madagascar, the maximum temperature recorded can climb up to 40 °C (104°).

Precipitation
Annually in the southern part of the African continent the rainfall varies from 75 mm (2.95 inches) for the Pachypodium namaquanum to 800 mm (31.50 inches) for P. saundersii. The west coast of South Africa and Namibia receives annually less than 100 mm (3.94 inches) but the fog coming off the Atlantic Ocean plays a significant role in maintaining plant diversity. Madagascar, on the other hand, can receive precipitation from 344 mm (13.54 inches) annually for the regional habitats of P. geayi, P. lamerei, and P. meridionale to 1985 mm (78.15 inches) for P. baronii, P rosulatum, and P. rutenbergianum. These lower values of precipitation apply to the spiny desert and Madagascar dry deciduous forests while the higher rainfall regimes apply to the (eastern) lowland rainforests. There is little commonality in precipitation regimes for Pachypodium. Therefore, a precipitation regime for a species of Pachypodium depends upon a habitat's location relative to the influences of the Atlantic and India Oceans and the various mountain ranges and open expanses of southern continental Africa and the island of Madagascar. One common thread holds true for the genus: all Pachypodium are succulent plants making use of their trunks and their spines to inhabit dry, xeric climates.

Number of dry months
Pachypodium represent the dry flora of continental Africa and Madagascar. The genus grows in areas where there are significant periods of dry months. This dry period can vary from 5 months for Pachypodium brevicaule to 10 or more months for P. cactipes, P. geayi, P. lamerei, and P. meridionale. It would seem likely that the Atlantic and India Oceans pay a big role in the creation of weather conducive to rainfall. The effect of mountains might also affect the localized conditions of the climate for Pachypodium.

Evolution of Pachypodium
There are no fossil records of Pachypodium, a fact that does exclude analysis to determine common ancestry and current relationships between taxa. Yet certain conclusions can be drawn from the geology of the landscape itself to the past natural history of Pachypodium. Geological history demonstrates that Pachypodium and other genera like Aloe, Euphorbia, Cissus, Sesamothamnus, Kalanchoe, and Adansonia existed before the separation of Madagascar from continental Southern Africa. Pachypodium and these other genera, for instance, are represented on both Madagascar and the mainland, suggesting that their populations were once continuous within the landscape before the Gondwanaland continental separation about 66 million years ago in the Cretaceous period.

The diversity of Pachypodium in Madagascar, as noted, is the result of accelerated evolution that occurs in xeric climates and dry landscapes. Three factors contribute to the acceleration:
 * In dry climates, the diversity of geology and topology is thought to have a greater effect upon plants than in areas with high rainfall.
 * The broken geological formations of locally xeric landscapes tend to break up populations into smaller groups so that each group can initially interbreed but with time new genotypes, taxa, or species develop.
 * Taxa develop specialized xeromorphoric structures at some architectural level for which the alliance "succulents" are a good example; and where dew and fog dripping spines are another example at the level of an organ.

Therefore, the exceptional micro-endemism (native or confined to a certain habitat) occur in Madagascar as a result of isolation of flora in very different climates, landscapes, or environments at an exceptionally small scale. Pachypodium have proven to be no different. The scale is so small that it is thought that, in some instances, the resolution of speciation of this flora is limited to just a single outcrop of granite, for instance. Efforts at maintaining possible habitats must be weighed with the potential for the economic development of the Malagasy people. Conservation may become a high priority, dependent upon an accurate catalogue of species and equally an understanding of the potential habitats of Pachypodium yet to be discovered in Madagascar.

title: Pachypodium habitats


text:
Robert Boyd, 5th Lord Boyd

Robert Boyd, 5th Lord Boyd (c. 1517 – 3 January 1590) was a Scottish noble and courtier.

Biography
Robert was the only son and heir of Robert, 4th Lord Boyd. He was born about 1517, and first appears in the historical record on 5 May 1534, when he was appointed Bailie and Chamberlain of Kilmarnock in place of his father. On 6 September 1545, he, as son and heir-apparent of Robert Boyd of Kilmarnock, had a charter of the Lordship of Kilmarnock on his father's resignation, with sasine following 22 September. On 10 February 1549, he granted a charterer to Marion Colquhoun, his father's wife, and he himself had a charter of the lands of Auchiutorlie and others on 14 October 1550. In his time was ended the Boyd-Montgomerie feud, which had lasted since 1484.

In 1560, Hew Montgomerie of Hessilheid, was one of the witnesses to the contract between Robert Lord Boyde and Neil Montgomery of Langschaw, at Glasgow.

On 25 August 1563, Hugh Montgomerie, 4th Earl of Eglinton, and Robert, Lord Boyd, entered into a mutual bond of defence, and the same day the former assigned to the latter his right to the office of Bailie of the canon lands of Cunyngham pertaining to the Canons and Chapter of Glasgow. In 1563 the same Hew Montgomerie signing himself Hugo of Hessilheid witnessed an Instrument of Assignation [land deed] by Hugh 3rd Earl of Eglington to Robert Lord Boyde of the bailliary lands of the canon lands in Cunningham.

In 1576, Hew Montgomerie of Hassilheid [Hazelhead] was witness to the marriage of Hugh Montgomery [afterwards the 4th Earl] of Eglington to Gelis Boyde daughter of Robert Lord Boyde. Hugh and Gelis had only one son Hugh Montgomerie 5th Earl of Eglington. The 5th Earl Hugh Montgomery, son of Hugh & Gelis, had no children and left everything to his cousin. In 1582, Hew Montgomerie was witness to the contract of marriage between Robert master of Seaton and Margaret Montgomerie the daughter of Hugh 3rd Earl of Eglington, with issue 6th Earl Alexander Seaton [This cousin was, was man of the hour, son of Margaret Montgomery and Robert master of Seaton.] Another younger son of Robert 5th lord Boyd was Col. David Boyd who went to Northern Ireland. In 1609 Col. David Boyde was a cadet of the house of the Kilmarnock family. On 2 August 1609, Con O'Neil granted to Col. David Boyde the townland of Ballymachaecet [Ballymacarret East Belfast] one parcel of land, without woods, called Stranmore [Stormount] in the parish of Knockcolmkill [Knock Belfast] between the river of Belfast [Lagan] and the river of Strathaream and the townland of Ballymurtery. He had a son called Robert Boyd.

Montgomery Manuscripts
Boyd first appears in Parliament when it met at Edinburgh 29 November 1558, and he was then elected on the Articles.

Boyd supported Lords of the Congregation, in their war with Mary of Guise the Queen-Regent, and was with them at Perth May 1559. In February 1560 he was one of the signatories to the Treaty of Berwick, by which Queen Elizabeth I of England agreed to send a force to assist them in driving out the French, and the following April he joined the English army at the Prestonpans. On the 27 of that month he was one of the Scottish nobles who signed the bond pledging themselves "to set forward the reformation of religion and to expel the French."

Robert Boyd was present at the unsuccessful attack made on Leith on 7 May by the English, and on 10 May signed the document by which the Treaty of Berwick was confirmed. On 16 August 1560 he signed the address to Elizabeth, praying her to marry the James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, and on 27 January 1561 he subscribed the "Book of Discipline of the Kirk". He was also a party to the bond signed at Ayr on 3 September the following year to "maintain and assist the preaching of the Evangel". He took part in the attempt on Edinburgh after the marriage of Queen Mary to Lord Darnley, for which he was cited to appear before the King and Queen on 6 September, and before the Privy Council 29 October. He was declared guilty of lèse majesté on 1 December 1565. Shortly afterwards, on 6 March 1566, he had a pardon from "Henry, King of Scots", and was commanded to repair to Court. Boyd's political attitude now underwent a complete change. He was one of the jury who acquitted Bothwell, 12 April 1567, and 17 May following, two days after the Queen's forced marriage with that nobleman, was made a Privy Councillor. From this time forward he was unceasing in his efforts to obtain the release and restoration of his Queen. Nevertheless he joined Moray's Council, but immediately left it on Mary's escape from Loch-leven, 2 May 1568; he joined her at Hamilton with two of his sons and a considerable force, and fought for her at the battle of Langside, 13 May. After that defeat he retired to Kilmarnock, and on 24 May was ordered by the Council to deliver "the castell, tour, and fortalice of Kilmarnock, and also the tour and fortalice of Law", which he did. He joined in the letter to the Duke of Alva (general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands), asking for his assistance on Mary's behalf, 30 July. In September 1568, Boyd was appointed one of Bishop John Lesley' colleagues for the conference to be held at York, and while there is accused of having "practised to steale away" Mary secretly. He afterwards accompanied the Bishop to London, and was one of the Commissioners for Queen Mary. Lord Boyd was entrusted by Thomas, Duke of Norfolk with a diamond to deliver to Queen Mary at Coventry as a pledge of his affection and fidelity, and in a letter to him, apparently written in December 1569, she says: "I took the diamant from my lord Boyd, which I shall kepe unseene about my neck till I give it agayn to the owner of it and me both". On 4 June 1569 he was appointed by her to treat with her subjects of Scotland anent a reconciliation, and to proceed in an action for a divorce from Bothwell. The Privy Council decided to do nothing, and after reporting the failure of his mission to Mary, Lord Boyd appears to have remained in England for some time, during which the record of his life is very scanty.

At this time he stood very high in the estimation of Mary, who desired to retain him, with the Bishop of Ross, permanently about her person. Permsion for this was granted by Elizabeth, 30 March.

Before this permission was received, however, Boyd had returned to Scotland, and was actively engaged in preparing for a general rising in Mary's favour. He was suspected of complicity in the murder of the James, 1st Earl of Moray on 22 January 1570, and was with the Hamiltons at Glasgow 17 February. On the Friday after, 22 February, he and the Archibald, 5th Earl of Argyll met the William, 6th Earl of Morton and the Laird of Lethington at "Dawkethe", and on 16 April he signed the letter from the Duke of Châtellerault to Queen Elizabeth, praying her to come to an agreement with Mary. In June 1570 he is mentioned as being at Kilmarnock and remaining "constantly at the Queen's obedience". In a postscript to Randolph's letter to Sussex, 21 August, he says: "The 'brute' is that Lord Boyd is taken". In September Queen Mary mentions him as one of the nobles from whom two could be chosen to treat on her behalf with Elizabeth, and the Bishop of Ross writes to him, 1 October: "The English will be content to restore the Queen of Scotland to her realm, I take it. But tliat they have the Prince, her son, in their hands". Early in 1571 he appears to have been again in England; on 10 March the Bishop of Ross writes to Burghley: "Morton promised to Boyd before his departure out of Scotland to abstain from all that might hinder the Queen's restitution, and to agree", but he was back at Edinburgh in April, and on 30 May Morton declared to him that the treaty was dissolved.

Boyd attended the meeting of the nobility at Dunblane on 17 July 1571, and is recorded as having endeavoured to bring all to the Queen's side; but on 12 August he, together with the Earls of Argyll, Oassillis, and Eglinton, Econsidering the calamite quhairwith this realme, thair native cuntre, is plagit", and that the Queen was detained in England, came to an agreement with the Earls of Morton and Mar to serve the King.

The Queen had evidently anticipated something of the kind, as on 28 June she had written to de la Motte Fénelon that she was advised that Argyll, Atholl, and Boyd "comme désespérés d'aucuue ayde commancent à se rettirer et regarder qui aura du meilleur".

On 5 September Lord Boyd was a consenting party to the election of the Earl of Mar as Regent, and two days afterwards he was made a Privy Councillor. The same day he signed the admonition to those who held Edinburgh against the King. On 8 September he had a remission under the Great Seal. He was included in the Act of Indemnity of 26 January 1572, and subscribed the Articles of Pacification at Perth on 23 February 1573, by one of which he was appointed one of the judges of the trial of claims for restitution of goods arising out of acts of violence committed during the Civil War; Provost of Glasgow 1574 to 1577, and an Extraordinary Lord of Session 24 October 1573.

On 2 January 1574 Boyd obtained from Morton charters of the offices of Bailiary and Justiciary of the regality of Glasgow for himself and his heirs, having in the previous November forcibly ejected Sir John Stewart. The same year he was appointed a Commissioner for musters in the Bailiary of Cunningham. Boyd lost his seat both at the Council table and on the Bench, but on Morton's appointment as Prime Minister in July he was again appointed a Privy Councillor, and on 25 October had his seat on the Bench restored to him. On the 23rd of the same month he was compelled to surrender the Bailiary of the Regality of Glasgow to the King, as Earl of Lennox On 8 September he was one of the eight noblemen nominated by the King for quieting the troubles "that be thair gude counsale and assistence sa gude and necessar [sic] a work may proceid and be set fordwart, to the plesour of God, his Hienes obedience and the repose and quietnes of the troublit commounwelth".

The next year, he was, on 1 May 1575, appointed one of the commission to pursue and arrest the Lords John and Claude Hamilton, who were charged with the murders of the Regents Moray and Lennox. They, however, made good their escape into England. The commissioners were thanked by Parliament for their services 22 May. Lord Boyd was a party to the conspiracy known as the Raid of Ruthven, but on its collapse he retired to France, from whence he was recalled by a highly complimentary letter from King James, dated 11 February 1586. He was back in Scotland before 21 June, when for the third time he was appointed an Extraordinary Lord of Session, and he was one of the three Scottish commissioners who negotiated the treaty of alliance with England, which was signed 5 July.

On 4 April 1588 he was a commissioner to raise the £100,000 for the expenses connected with the King's marriage. On 4 July that year he resigned his seat on the bench.' In 1589 he was placed on the commission to enforce the statute against the Jesuits, and in October, on the King's leaving for Norway, was constituted one of the Wardens of the Marches, with a seat on the Council. This was his last public appearance, and he died 3 January 1590, aged seventy-two, having for over thirty years played a prominent part in Scottish history. He was buried in the Low Church at Kilmarnock. His will was proved at Edinburgh, 8 June 1590.

G.R Hewitt writing of Robert Boyd in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography wrote: "For over thirty years Boyd had been a conspicuous figure in Scottish affairs. Initially he was both a staunch Marian and an ultra-protestant with anglophile sympathies. Latterly, once Mary's cause was indisputably lost, his religious and political outlook dictated most of his actions. The policies pursued by Morton during his regency were highly sympathetic to a man of Boyd's views, making the 1570s the most successful period of his long career."

Family
Boyd had been careful to pursue the policy commenced by his father in cultivating the support and friendship of his neighbours. Among the Boyd Papers are numerous bonds of manrent. He had, however, broken the old family alliance with the Mures, and a feud continued for several years, till, on 14 September 1589, Lord Boyd paid John Mure of Rowallan 350 marks for the slaughter of his father.

On 24 August 1536 Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss, as lord superior, granted to Robert Boyd and Margaret Colquhoun, daughter and heiress of John [sic] Colquhoun of Glinns, his spouse, a charter of the lands of Glens, in Stirling, and they had, 18 February 1547, a charter under the Great Seal of Balindoran in the same county. He acquired the barony of Portincross and Ardneill from Robert Boyd of that place by contract, 19 April 1572, and had sasine 24 May 1574, following a Crown charter of 11 March of the said lands "formerly belonging to Archibald Boyd". He also had charters of Giflardland, on resignation by Isabella and Margaret Oraufurd, 14 September 1577, and of Bedlay, Molany, etc. 10 February 1582-83.

Lord Boyd married (contract dated 1535 ) his cousin-german, Margaret, daughter and heiress of George (not Sir John) Colquhoun, 4th of Glens, by his wife Margaret Boyd, by which marriage the estates of Glens, Bedlay, Benheath, Stablegreen of Glasgow, and other lands passed to the Boyds. She survived him, and died a widow August 1601, being buried in the Metropolitan Church of Glasgow, where there is a tomb to her beside St. Mungo's well in the south-east of the lower church. By her will, dated 13 May 1601, she appointed Alexander Colquhoun of Colquhoun and Luss her executor. They had issue : — Boyd had besides two natural sons:
 * 1) Thomas, Lord Boyd.
 * 2) Robert of Badenheath or Badinhaith in Stirlingshire. He fought for his Queen at Langside 13 May 1568, for which he had pardon 8 September 1571. On 4 March 1572 he was appointed Keeper of the fortalice of Lochwood, with the pertinents and lands in barony of Glasgow, and had a pass 23 April 1585 from James VI to go to France for three years, "having certain lefull effaires to do within the realm of France, and specialize for visiting of our traist cousing Robert, Lord Boyd". He was appointed tutor to his nephew Hugh Montgomerie, 5th Earl of Eglinton, after the murder of his brother-in-law 18 April 1586. He was one of the lesser Barons summoned to the Convention of Estates at Edinburgh 7 June 1605. He died July 1611. His testament, which was made at his "dwelling-house of Badenheath" 14 July 1611, was confirmed at Glasgow 4 May following. He directed that his "body to be buried in his predecessor's aisle, at the Kirk of Leinze". He married Margaret, Lady Badenheath, daughter of William, and sister and heiress of Robert Boyd, both of Badenheath. She was alive April 1567 and dead by February 1572-73.
 * 3) Margaret, married (contract 7 December 1554 ) to John Cuningham of Cuninghamhead. Her father and grandfather were both parties to the contract.
 * 4) Helen. By a charter of Hugh Montgomerie of Hesilliead 10 January 1560, following on a contract between the said Hugh and Robert, Lord Boyd and Helen Boyd, his daughter, dated at Glasgow 27 December 1559, she had the ten-merk land of Lyandcorse, in the parish of Neilstoun, Renfrewshire, and the twenty-pound lands of Williyard, in the parish of Beith, "in her pure, spotless, and inviolate virginity", to hold all the days of her life.
 * 5) Eqidia or Giles. She was married, as first wife, to Hugh (Montgomerie), Master of Eglintoun, afterwards (3 June 1585) fourth Earl of Eglintoun. The contract wherein she is called Gelis, is dated at Edinburgh, Irvine, and Baidlay 13, 16, and 20 May 1576. They were both under age, the said Hugh being only fourteen, and provision was made for the management of their household and income until he attained the age of seventeen in 1580. She had issue, and died after 1583, and before March 1586.
 * 6) Agnes, married, as second wife, to Sir John Colquhoun of Luss, who can have been a widower only a month or two at most. Being related within the forbidden degrees, a dispensation was granted by John Hamilton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, the Papal Legate, 3 November 1564. He died January 1575. She died at Edinburgh 18 July 1584. Her testament-dative and inventar of goods was given up by her son. Sir Humphrey Colquhoun, and confirmed 18 April 1588.
 * 7) Christian, married (contract 9 January 1571 ) to Sir James Hamilton of Evandale and Libbertoun, son and heir of James Hamilton of Orawfurdjohn, and had issue.
 * 8) Elisabeth, married, before 6 February 1576, to Sir John Cunningham of Drumquhassill, a widower, with issue, who was dead before 5 June 1590.
 * 1) Bishop Andrew Boyd of Argyll.
 * 2) Colonel Daind Boyd of Tourgill. Daind had letters of legitimation under the Great Seal 11 July 1582 and a grant of the lands of Tourgill 8 August 1598. David Boyd of Tourgill, Provost, appears as a witness at Edinburgh 6 November 1613. Daind married Margaret Wallace, Lady Hayning, a widow.

title: Robert Boyd, 5th Lord Boyd


text:
Purex

Purex may refer to:

 * PUREX (plutonium uranium reduction extraction), a reprocessing process for spent nuclear fuel
 * Purex (laundry detergent), a brand of detergent
 * Purex Crystals, a laundry fragrance booster
 * Toilet tissue brand by Kruger Inc.
 * Purex (earwig), a genus of earwig in the subfamily Spongiphorinae

title: Purex


text:
User talk:Osioni

George Russell
Hi, which address is the plaque from? I believe there is more than one plaque relating to him in Dublin. Hohenloh + 11:12, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use File:Royal Munster Fusiliers 01.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Royal Munster Fusiliers 01.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that this media item is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails the first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media item could be found or created that provides substantially the same information or which could be adequately covered with text alone. If you believe this media item is not replaceable, please:

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Getting clarification on your comment on the Rolfing talk page
Hello Osioni, thanks for your comment, I found it interesting and could see several different directions for how it could be interpreted regarding its impact on the article. Just curious, what point were you making? Was this in response to the topic in that section about chiropractic and osteopathic influence? Or was this more to say that the "effectiveness" according to western medicine isn't relevant? (I think there's good evidence in the sources for that.) Also, I am wondering where you found that quote attributed to Schleip. He is listed as the Research Director on the page that you linked to but not as the sole author of the site. I tried googling the quote to see if there was an article by him with that quote but I didn't find one. I was looking in part because Ronz's comment included a section in quotes and I was looking to see if that was part of the same original quote.... but his section doesn't appear in google at all so I think he just threw in the quotes without quoting anything. I'm asking you here because I was to get clear on your comment before addressing his. Thanks!--Karinpower (talk) 22:56, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you Karinpower for the contact. If you click through the Schleip page to the FAQs you will find the text I quoted from. Also have a look at the sources he has. I have an over 30 year involvement with "fringe bodywork methods". One thing that area here in Europe has given up doing is to trying to fulfill the criteria of the "orthodox clinical medical world". It is just fighting windmills. We have nothing to do with the medical world and do not need their approval. I realize that makes it difficult to have an accepted definition in the Wiki. But do you see that none of the thousands of approved Rolfers around the world are in there attempting to define Rolfing? Why, because it is pointless. It will constantly be set upon by those who are hardwired to disapproving of anything outside of their "orthodox clinical medical world". Is very frustrating I know, and I admire the cause you have taken up. In the end some acceptable compromise just needs to be reached. Clients looking for good bodywork to alleviate the impediments they have, will Google and not Wiki for a method. I am not going to spend much time defending Rolfing, I'm too busy otherwise. Rolfing is a reputable high standards form of deep tissue manipulative bodywork. Like most "fringe methods", it helps clients overcome impediments the medical world has no treatment for. Greetings Osioni (talk) 12:52, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification. Yes, I did find the quote on the FAQ page, but again, I don't think those are necessarily Schleip's words. We don't know who wrote the text for the site - it doesn't say. Websites aren't considered good sources for WP, yet there are several strong secondary sources that echo the idea that you bring up, that the purpose of Rolfing is "holistic" (with many different explanations of what that means) rather than targeting to fix or cure medical conditions. It could be useful to include something about this in the "effectiveness" section. I'm editing on a number of alternative medicine pages but for now am focusing on the Rolfing article in part because it was exceptionally light on sources (for a fairly well-established modality) and because the tone is surprisingly negative. I've seen this on several other alt-med articles, and then there are others that need to be strongly edited to create a neutral, encyclopedic tone and better reliance on secondary sources (I have chimed in on several of those). And as I'm doing research on Rolfing, I've found some sources that could benefit other alt med articles. So it's a long process but I think positive change will happen. Please do keep chiming in on the talk page; we do need to hear from a broad range of perspectives. Most of the editors on that page are of the "skeptic" persuasion, and therefore tend to be fairly anti-altmed. Ronz is certainly one of those. But remember, these discussions will only be won by using arguments within the WP culture; it's all about having good logical reasons and support from quality sources. Be well!--Karinpower (talk) 19:39, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Regarding Postural Integration
Hello Osioni, I really want to back up and say that written (mostly printed) sources are the only thing that matters. The fact that I did a bit of googling to see if my impression of the limited scope of PI in the US was correct, and even followed up by contacting someone listed as a US PI trainer to see if trainings were happening in the US, is really not the central point. Let's return to the idea of finding quality written sources. That's really the only leg that we have to stand on with WP. --Karinpower (talk) 23:33, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Following is copy of section you deleted from your Talk page. It first needs to be cleared from the table:

Postural Integration
Hi, I followed up with the PI USA trainer representative about the picture you said was given of PI in that country because I have a relative in the States who earlier in the year told me about positive sessions or treatments he had in this method with a therapist there. So I took the liberty to ask the US trainer of PI there if PI had really faded away, quoting what you said the trainer had said who replied "I have no recollection nor record of communicating with a Karin Power or any Wikipedia representative. I don't know who she's referring to when she says "US trainer." If she did contact me under a fictitous name, I never said "that there isn't much demand in term of students". I could have said that I don't have a training planned at this time. If I don't have a training planned, I don't have to lie about it." The trainer asked me to have you contact her again for clarification. Perhaps you can kindly do this, thank you. Osioni (talk) 12:22, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Hello again, you have just deleted above section where a clarification is asked for because you have made a negative assessment of PI in the US on the Postural Integration Talk page. That is what you need to remove or correct in the first instance. The PI trainer in US whom I contacted and informed of what you put on the PI Talk page asks for a clarification from you. I said I would contact you first, because she wishes to contact you herself here on this page. Deleting it does not eliminate it from WP. I will copy it on to my page and the PI talk page. So please clarify whom you were in contact with. Thank you very much. Osioni (talk) 10:16, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Irish Free State article
It was Field Marshal French who decided the leaders were to be executed. Maxwell only arrived after the Rising had ended to carry out French's orders from London. (PaddyDaly (talk) 14:07, 14 December 2014 (UTC))
 * French selected Maxwell to take over the situation in Dublin, who arrived there after the rebellion had been suppressed by Brig Gen Lowe, French adding that he would not interfere with Maxwell's actions. From Maxwell's page: "Maxwell arrived in Ireland on Friday 28 April as "military governor" with "plenary powers" under Martial law. He set about dealing with the rebellion under his understanding of Martial law. During the week 2–9 May, Maxwell was in sole charge of trials and sentences by "field general court martial", which was trial without defense or jury and in camera. He had 3,400 people arrested, 183 civilians tried, 90 of whom were sentenced to death. Fifteen were shot between 3 and 12 May."
 * I suggest some text to the effect "The Easter Rising of 1916, and in particular the decision of the assigned military commander General Maxwell to execute many of its leaders after courts-martial, generated sympathy for the republican cause in Ireland." French may carry "some" responsibility for Maxwell's actions, but not in the first instance. Osioni (talk) 19:58, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Freudian?
Was it just a Freudian slip that you described the partition of Ireland as a "fail accompli"? ;-) Scolaire (talk) 13:05, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * This wasn't me, by the way. Either the IP was reading your talk page or great minds think alike. Scolaire (talk) 14:31, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Amusingly yes you are right, a nearly alternatively correct slip up, since anon'y corrected unless "fail" is preferable but would need to be defended. At first I thought the statement as such was being questioned, I unfortunately didn't keep the name of the historian I noted it from who wrote "The Northern state was a 'fait accompli' by the time of the treaty negotiations" (the British strategy at the time). Thanks for contacting me. Osioni (talk) 15:12, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Royal Munster Fusiliers Cap Badge
Hi - Congratulations on your excellent work on the Royal Munster Fusiliers article. You will see that I have uploaded a pic of Royal Munster Fusiliers Cap Badge to the article. Are you OK for me to put the cap badge in the infobox (as for other regimental articles) and move the Old Royal Munster Fusiliers (1881-1922) insignia emblem into the history section (probably to where the cap badge is at present)? Best wishes. Dormskirk (talk) 22:35, 18 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your many positive edits and comments. My impression is that your cap badge pic looks well where it now is. Without wishing to oppose your proposal, I find the more colourful "old" RMF insignia matches the phrase "by the shamrock on their caps" in the rhyme below it better. So what best to do? Greetings, Osioni (talk) 18:30, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
 * OK. Fine with me to leave things as they are. Best wishes. Dormskirk (talk) 22:17, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Sorting names with O'
Hi, From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_of_people#Ordering_names_in_a_category, Other exceptions: "Only hyphens, apostrophes and periods/full stops punctuation marks should be kept in sort values. All other punctuation marks should be removed. The only exception is the apostrophe should be removed for names beginning with O'. For example, Eugene O'Neill is sorted {{DEFAULTSORT:ONeill, Eugene} }" Spleodrach (talk) Fine then if that's the case, was new to me. Sorry for doubting you. Then OShee rather than Oshee and ODonnell rather than Odonnell would be preferable. There are quite a few O' Defaultsorts still out there, by the way. Greetings Osioni (talk) 01:30, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Osioni


text:
User:Argyrios Saccopoulos

Started articles Kythnos, Shreveport Rate Case, and New York v. United States. Contributed heavily to articles Installment sale and Cancellation of Debt (COD) Income.

title: User:Argyrios Saccopoulos