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Halifax Public Gardens

The Halifax Public Gardens are Victorian-era public gardens formally established in 1867, the year of Canadian Confederation. The gardens are located in the Halifax, Nova Scotia on the Halifax Peninsula near the popular shopping district of Spring Garden Road and opposite Victoria Park. The gardens were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1984.

Gardens

The Public Gardens encompass 16 acres and are bounded by Spring Garden Road, South Park Street, Summer Street and Sackville Street. They are open annually from approximately May 1 until November 1. The landscaping style is Victorian formal and provides a popular setting for wedding and prom photos. In addition to statues and extensive flower beds, there are three fountains, two stone bridges, three ponds (one large and two small), and a small concession building (located in the original Horticultural Hall). The gardens also feature a bandstand that is used for free public concerts on Sunday afternoons during the summer. There are celebrations in the gardens every year on Canada Day (July 1) and Natal Day (the first Monday in August).

In the past, many people enjoyed feeding the ducks who make the gardens their home, although it is now prohibited.

History
The Halifax Public Gardens was established in 1874 by the amalgamation of two older gardens, the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society Garden (laid out in 1837) and an adjacent public park (opened in 1866). In 1872, Richard Power was hired as the park's superintendent. He introduced an axially symmetrical plan which governs the overall design of the site. Over the years, he oversaw the introduction of the bandstand (designed by architect Henry Busch), fountains, statues, and wrought iron gates as well as establishing the bedding out of annuals in highly designed carpet beds, redesigned Griffin's Pond and introduced water fowl.

The gardens were designated a National Historic Site in 1984, and a Municipally Registered Property under the Heritage Property Act in 1991.

The Public Gardens were badly damaged by Hurricane Juan in 2003; many trees were destroyed. The gardens reopened on Canada Day, 2004 after a restoration aided in part by $1 million which was raised during a radio telethon. Fortunately, a number of old trees survived the hurricane, including an American elm that dates back to the 1860s.

Sometime during the night of July 25 and 26, 2022, an unknown person or group used a hatchet or axe to strategically hack away bark from each of approximately 30 historic trees, a technique called girdling that eventually kills the tree; gardens staff stated the vandals "knew exactly what they were doing". The vandalised trees range in age from 50 to 200 years. On the night of September 15, 2022, the exterior of an historic building in the gardens was damaged in an apparent arson.

Monuments and commemorations
There are various plaques throughout the Gardens commemorating historic military figures and operations during the Victorian era and early twentieth century. There is a commemorative plaque for the Halifax Provisional Battalion (1785) which served in the North-West Rebellion. The wrought-iron gates were erected as a tribute to the Halifax Provisional Battalion. In 1898 a plaque was created for Nova Scotian Clonard Keating of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment who died in Nigeria prior to the Second Boer War. There is also a statue of a soldier from the Canadian Mounted Rifles (renamed the Royal Canadian Dragoons) who fought in the Second Boer War by renowned sculptor Hamilton MacCarthy (who also created South African War Memorial (Halifax) and the sculpture to Harold Lothrop Borden in Canning, Nova Scotia). A tree was also planted in memory of the first Canadian casualty of the Boer War, Charles Carroll Wood. There is also a bridge that commemorates Nova Scotian Francis Joseph Fitzgerald of the Royal North-West Mounted Police who died in the "Lost Patrol".

There are two plaques to prominent members of the Temperance movement of the 1930s. One such plaque is for a flowerbed dedicated to renowned suffragist Frances Willard by the local Woman's Christian Temperance Union on the centennial of her birth (1939). Willard was instrumental in passing the 18th and 19th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The 19th Amendment permitted women to vote in the U.S., and the 18th forbade the use of alcoholic beverage. Willard was the president of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union for 19 years (1879–1897). Another plaque is to mark a tree than was planted for renowned temperance crusader John Bartholomew Gough by the Sons of Temperance and the Rosebud Band of Hope, the latter group being the children's wing of the Sons of Temperance Society (1936). Gough wrote about visiting Halifax:

 * I continued there for more than a week, delivering nine lectures. I had an opportunity of addressing the famous 42nd Regiment of Foot, then stationed at Halifax. An English paper stated, three years after, that "many of the men were all the better for it."

In 1887 (the same year that the Bandstand was built), the estate of chief justice Sir William Young, donated three statues from Roman mythology and six urns from his own garden, to the Halifax Public Gardens. Ceres, the Roman goddess representing agriculture and fertility; Flora the goddess of flowers and spring, and Diana the goddess of the woodland and wild animals, all reside along the Petit Allée. The six urns were placed around the Bandstand within the ‘floating beds’. Griffin Pond, on which floats a model of the Titanic, is named after a young Irishman Lawrence Griffin. Griffin was charged with murder and the legal proceedings took seven months. Under the authority of the Lt. Governor James Kempt, Griffin was wrongfully convicted and hanged for murder on October 24, 1821, on the east side of the pond.

title: Halifax Public Gardens


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Talk:List of Williams College people

Veterans of Long War
Veterans of long war: obviously, these people are great Americans. But I think Williams veterans should be on a new page. Basically, if you include them there is no reason not to include any Williams alum who ever served in the military in any capacity -- they are notable, but not notable in their field because they are no more or less distinguished than any other Eph serving in the military. You could just as easily put every Eph doctor on this list. Hence, I'd say this should be on a separate page.

 * Please leave a date for these comments. Although I am responsive to having a separate page for this (indeeed, there might be a need for several separate pages), there does not seem to be enough demand/interest for this as of yet. Note, also, the criteria for having a separate page in Wikipedia (notability) is not the same as for inclusion on a page like this. I think that Ephs serving in the Long War deserve special listing. If you want to make a listing of all Eph veterans (or all Eph doctors), feel free to do so. David.Kane 12:53, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

The current plan is to reserve this list for service personnel who have served in Iraq/Afghanistan and other combat zones. This would include, say, Navy physicians assigned to carriers in the Gulf but not those serving only state-side. I think that the military has precise rules on this (helping to determine combat pay, campaign ribbons and the like) but I do not know what they are. So, for example, I do not think that Adrian Rossi '95 belongs on this list. (Correct me if I am wrong!) David.Kane 12:58, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

I made those edits. It wasn't clear to me that you intended to include only those who served in a combat zone. There are some rules that specify one's eligibility for combat pay which would probably be the clearest line to draw, although I'll note that service members who spend even one day in the zone earn the distinction. This protects those unfortunate enough to be injured and evacuated immediately on arrival, but also leads to (hopefully apocryphal) stories about senior personnel planning trips to arrive a day or two before the end of the month and leave a day or two into the next to get two months of combat pay (and tax free pay). I might argue that even those not serving in a combat zone are performing a valuable service and deserve recognition, but I certainly see your point. I suppose it goes to intent: do you intend to publizice the number of Ephs who have served in uniform, or only those who have served in combat? Perhaps a separate list, or better still a list of everyone with an indicator of those who have been in combat. I'll leave it up to you and not take offence at any changes you might make. Erik White 13:36 30MAY2007 UTC

 * The goal of this listing is not Ephs in uniform but Ephs in uniform who have served in combat zones during the Long War. We are, obviously, not going to be doing full scale investigations on this. Let's just list any Eph who we think has been in a combat zone. David.Kane 20:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * OK. I took off the people that I don't know for certain fit this category. ERik White 08:32 2 Jun 2007 UTC

The "Long War" is a propagandistic term advanced by the Bush administration and its allies to glorify its various activities in the name of an unending "War on Terror" or "War on Terrorism." I have no disagreement with the commemoration of Williams people who have lost their lives in these operations. But please let's find a better, less tendentious name for these controversial ventures. I have suggested "Post-9/11 U.S. military operations."StN (talk) 04:09, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I changed the title of this subsection to the NPOV "Veterans of U.S. military operations in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks." If this is not what was meant, please come up with another neutral, descriptive term.  Do not use The "Long War," since as reference to the relevant Wikipedia article indicates, it is a contentious designation.StN (talk) 19:55, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * First we discuss, then we reach consensus, then we change it. So, I have put it back until we reach consensus. Your suggestions is, first, too long. Second, all war names have point of view issues. You think that the people in Vietnam refer to the "Vietnam War"? How would we label a section with Williams veterans of the Vietnam War to avoid the problem? Perhaps the "Veterans of U.S. military operations in response to incidents in the Golf of Tonkin"? That is, obviously, ridiculous. "Long War" is not my favorite terminology and if you have a similarly concise and widely used term, please suggest it. I could imagine "Global War on Terror" but would you really prefer that? David.Kane (talk) 22:03, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your patronizing formulation of the "rule of change" is not that of Wikipedia. Your subsection title is not neutral, as the Wikipedia entry on the Long War makes clear. My title is not ideal, but it has the virtue of being merely descriptive.  It in no way diminishes the phenomenon.  In a case like this, the noncontentious descriptor is preferable to the contentious one, even if the contentious one was posted first.  The "Vietnam War" analogy is disingenuous.StN (talk) 02:19, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Why is my Vietnam War analogy disingenuous? What wars are called is an extremely contentious topic. The Vietnam War is just one example. Moreover, your proposal is not descriptive of what the list captures. (If you wanted to start a different list of alumni with that title, that would be fine.) In particular, this list will include (and, depending on how you look at it, does already include) Ephs who have served in military action that one would be hard-pressed to define as a "response" to 9-11. Moreover, assume that Obama is elected president. He might still order at least a few military actions as part of the Long War. Is it your claim that he is doing so in "response" to 9/11? Will the same be true 10 years from now? All this activity is in "response" to 9/11? Such a description is, at least, a POV-ish as the phase The Long War. Again, if you wanted to change it to "Global War on Terror" or some similar US Government-approved phrasing, I could see the case for that. But 13 word titles, as you suggest, are too verbose. Would you object to "Global War on Terror"? David.Kane (talk) 13:31, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have lodged a dispute of the use of the term "Long War" in this section. See the Wikipedia article on this designation and on the neutrality policy.StN (talk) 18:11, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I, and I think the others who hang out here, are not that familiar with Wikipedia policy. Where did you lodge "a dispute?" What are the stages in dispute resolution? Links are welcome. David.Kane (talk) 13:31, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Lodging a dispute is done by inserting the NPOV tag, as I have done. Its use is described here: NPOV dispute.  I actually did this at exactly the same time you posted your last comment, so I had not seen it.  "Vietnam War" is descriptive of a war that took place in Vietnam.  You could come up with reasons why the Vietnamese would describe it differently, but it is not an ideological formulation.   "The Long War" is certainly not neutral, nor is "Global War on Terror."  I don't really think that "U.S. Government-approved" is a good criterion for neutrality. Verbosity is preferable to ideology in a section title.  Would you accept "Veterans of post-'9/11' U.S. military operations"?  This would include the "Obama" case.  Perhaps the whole category is too ambiguous to be legitimate.  Why this group of veterans and not those of the Spanish-American War, or the Contra War?StN (talk) 16:55, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Apologies for the delay in responding. First, I like "Veterans of post-'9/11' U.S. military operations" better than the previous suggestion. So, progress is still possible. Second, the argument about why this category rather than others is, of course, a non-starter. If you want those categories (and I do), then create them yourself. Just because we do not (yet) chronicle the veterans of all wars does not mean that we can't chronicle the veterans of this one. Third, I can't understand how you can object to the US government's naming choice. It is what it is. Perhaps another way to frame the issue is with regard to the specific campaign awards that all these Ephs have won. Alas, I am not an expert on these things. Is this the right medal? If so, then I guess the section title could be "Winners of the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal." That would certainly be as objective and neutral as one could hope for. But I like this less than "Veterans of The Long War" "Veterans of the Global War on Terror," both because it is longer and it is more confusing. Most readers won't know that these medals are not for special valor but just go to everyone who served in theater. David.Kane (talk) 19:20, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I changed it to "Veterans of post-'9/11' U.S. military campaigns," since this seems acceptable to both of us and it justified removing the NPOV tag. If there are still improvements to be made we can discuss them later.  In my view, which I think is shared by many people, the whole "Global War on Terrorism" rubric is non-neutral.  Terrorism is a tactic used by all sides.  How would you react to "Veterans of campaign for U.S. hegemony in the Middle East"?  This is arguably more neutral than "Global War on Terrorism?StN (talk) 21:11, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No. This change is not acceptable to me. I have changed it back. Come up with a proposal that addresses my concerns. Not all "Veterans of post-'9/11' U.S. military campaigns" are on this list, by design. Do not change anything until we reach consensus. David.Kane (talk) 19:00, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed resolution
"Winners of the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal," if it is indeed something the U.S. Government awards to someone, or even to all service people, is acceptable to me. Unlike the "Global War on Terror" it would represent something real, rather than a politically-induced state of mind and its controversial sequelae. I actually think it is questionable to list veterans under "Williams College People." If all wars were included, there would be thousands listed, and if institutions like the University of Michigan or the State of California had similar lists it would run into the tens or hundreds of thousands.StN (talk) 20:55, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Why is it "questionable to list veterans under "Williams College People"?" It is a category of Williams graduate, no better or worse than, say, academics. If you think that other colleges should have such a list, then add it to those entries. I have now looked closely at this topic, and the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal is the wrong medal (my mistake for suggesting it), because it is awarded to all military personnel. Instead, we want the union of those who have won the Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal or the Iraq Campaign Medal or the Afghanistan Campaign Medal. You really think it makes sense to have a section entitled "Winners of the Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal or the Iraq Campaign Medal or the Afghanistan Campaign Medal"? I think that is a ridiculous section title, but it is accurate and NPOV. So, if you want to change it to that, go ahead and organize a vote on this talk page between that and "Veterans of The Long War". I will, of course, abide by the results. I still believe that "Veterans of The Long War" is NPOV enough, given it superior brevity. But let the community decide. David.Kane (talk) 02:56, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know which of the Williams veterans listed won which medal, or even if all those listed won at least one of them. Coming up with a title that covers all the above medals and not those from other periods and wars opens up the question again of what to name the current collection of campaigns.  If you want to call the section "Awardees of medals for U.S. military service in the 21st century" or "Veterans of U.S. military campaigns of the 21st century," those would be fine with me. Please suggest something neutral that you would accept.  I have already come up with several candidate titles that you agree are neutral but nonetheless don't like.  The onus should not be entirely on me.  Concerning a vote, anyone who wants to can chime in on this issue.  No one has yet objected to the NPOV tag.  No one took umbrage at my edits except for yourself.  We can leave it as is for a while or choose one of my NPOV suggestions, and see if anyone else cares.StN (talk) 03:49, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I have finally had occasion to study this further. If you read the Long War article, you will see that there is no claim that this is not a perfectly good NPOV name. There are plenty of critics of the policies of the US government, of course, but no one denies that the government can use terms like The Long War or the Global War on Terror as it sees fit. Given that this terminology is not something that I just made up, it is perfectly fine to use it as a section name in Wikipedia article, especially as, in this case, there is no simple, objective name that captures the same concept. (If the section just contained veterans of Iraq, then something like "Veterans of the Iraq War" would be better. But, as I have explained, several of these Ephs served outside of Iraq and Afghanistan. If you wanted to add an explanation of the meaning to the section, something like "All these graduates have won the Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal or the Iraq Campaign Medal or the Afghanistan Campaign Medal or, in some cases, multiple medals" that would be fine. But the section of the title needs to be short and descriptive. If you want to discuss this further, please respond. If you want to invoke the various dispute resolutions available in Wikipedia, you are free to do that as well. David.Kane (talk) 14:17, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Leaving the Long War in place is no resolution. The U.S. Government can call it whatever it wants.  This does not make it a neutral designation.  It also doesn't matter whether you made it up or not.  When the definitional paragraph of an article indicates that the term is considered (significantly widely, or it would not be in the lead paragraph) to be propagandistic, then its descriptive use as a section title is by definition not NPOV.  Maybe you can go to that article and get general assent remove the indication of controversy from the lead paragraph, but I doubt it.  If what was listed were veterans of World War IV that would not be neutral either, even though I didn't make that designation up.StN (talk) 00:36, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this was different when you wrote the above, but there is nothing in "definitional paragraph" --- I assume you mean the first paragraph of the Long War article to suggest that it is "propagandistic." If, come January, a different US administration uses a new name for the conflict, I will be happy enough to switch. David.Kane (talk) 17:28, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No, it was not different when I wrote it. The lead paragraph of the Long War article states, of the designation, "It has been criticized as a justification for perpetual war."  This sure looks like the term, as used, is controversial.  It really makes no difference what a future U.S. administration calls it.  Why not call it the Tenth Crusade as some have done?StN (talk) 19:52, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Just because a term has been criticized and just because it is controversial does not mean that using it as a title heading is NPOV. Consider the article on the Vietnam War. Some prefer the name "Resistance War against the Americans to Save the Nation." So, although it is true that the term Long War is criticized, that is not reason enough to claim that its usage here is NPOV. But, again, my question is, what section title would you propose, given all the facts discussed above. Note, again, that you declined to invoke any sort of dispute resolution mechanism when I made that suggestion 6 months ago. David.Kane (talk) 15:21, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

User:David.Kane: Please consult the Wikipedia rules on resolving POV disputes. Specifically, you don't settle them by just saying they are settled.StN (talk) 06:11, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Which rules are you referring to exactly? Please provide a link. How do you propose to resolve the dispute? I do not think that a single user like you can insist that a POV tag be maintained just because he feels like it. David.Kane (talk) 15:13, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Here is one informal means, suggested when the dispute involves just two editors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Third_opinion. I have given several reasons above why the Long War is not a neutral designation.  The article about it even says it is a disputed term.  Our choices right now are to use your term with a neutrality dispute tag, a descriptor on the other side of the political spectrum like the Tenth Crusade, also presumably with a neutrality dispute tag, or a neutral designation such as one I suggested previously, "Veterans of Post-9/11 U.S. Military Campaigns."  You have not argued that the latter is non-neutral.  Why do you insist on using a section title that I and many others consider to be non-neutral?StN (talk) 03:08, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that we are making progress and I would be happy to use the Third Opinion mechanism. But, before we do that, you and I should agree about what are reasonable options. In particular, your choice of is not reasonable because it is not accurate. There are several Post-9/11 Military Campaigns which are excluded from this list by design. See here for a list of all post 9/11 US campaigns. Any Williams veteran of the military action in, say, Haiti, is not included in this list. (If you want to make such a list, feel free to.) So, the title needs to be an accurate description of the veterans it includes. I can think of several options: "Veterans of the Long War", "Veterans of the War on (Terror or Terrorism or Global War on Terror", or "Winners of Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal or the Iraq Campaign Medal or the Afghanistan Campaign Medal or, in some cases, multiple medals." I prefer the first. The last is the most accurate but also the most unwieldy. Are you willing to let a third party select from just these choices or do you want to add some others? Once we agree on a list, we can pass this along to a third party and I will abide by whatever they think best. David.Kane (talk) 17:00, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * None of your choices is acceptable to me as written, though I would go along with listing each medal category separately and repeating names of the winners if relevant. In my view, linking those particular awards together into a single category and excluding other contemporary medals is to endorse a neo-conservative view of contemporary geopolitics.  I don't expect you to agree with this, but it needs to be on the record.  Please note also that soliciting a Third Opinion is not equivalent to entering into binding arbitration.  It is just a mechanism to try to gain a consensus.  If it does not work, there are other mechanisms available, including bringing in a Wikipedia Administrator to render an opinion on the neutrality of any proposed designation.StN (talk) 21:30, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, make some proposals yourself, proposals that give an accurate title. (We are not debating whether the section itself is permitted. That is settled. The only issue is what the title of the section should be.) No term is perfectly neutral, no organization is perfectly neutral, so we do the best we can. I do not have the data on which Ephs have won each medal, so that option would have a title with all medals listed. And, by the way, what is up with your politics? No one is "excluding other contemporary medals." If you know Ephs that have won other medals, then create that section. Anyway, I guess the next step is for you to make some proposals and to select the dispute procedure you would like to use.David.Kane (talk) 04:04, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Quantity vs. quality
What a long list of people who went to Williams. Have you (the collective "you") considered writing articles (even stubs) about these people?

You have fifteen business people listed, but only one has an article. You have nine museum creators: none have an article, even a link. Seven "ambassadors, diplomats, and bureaucrats": one article. Twenty-two "legislature" people, four articles. Fourteen writers, five articles. Aren't these people worthy of articles? Minimally, I assume you have their name, alma mater, year of graduation (hence their approximate birthyear), and something important they did or do. If they're minimally famous, I would imagine you can get more information via the web, and can therefore put in some external links. If they're alive, link to their homepage or something.

Maybe it's just me, but it seems like the list of Amherst alumni has a lot more blue in it -- percentagewise, anyhow -- than the list of Williams alumni. Go ahead -- kick some Amherst butt. Recruit authors on EphBlog. It worked last time.

-Rjyanco 19:05, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What can I say, Rjyanco? I'm good at what I do! - Loweeel 03:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

re: prominent people, this is obviously subjective, but why is Ayers included among academics? An associate professor at a middle-range school hardly qualifies as "prominent"; if it did, we'd be including probably 1000 Eph alums who are similarly qualified. Shouldn't prominent academics be limited to college presidents and well-known tenured profs who have made widely-regarded contributions to their field?

Jeez, there are 8 Williams alums at Western Kentucky University alone! KenThomas (talk) 02:48, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Please keep the lists alphabetized by surname! Thanks - Loweeel 23:42, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Concerning the "Actors, artists and cinema" section, I heard a rumor around campus that a current student is/was an actor in the adult industry. Anyone know about this? Graymornings 01:54, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Thomas Vitale
Where would Thomas Vitale fit into this list? DrWho42 18:05, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Chaps ...
I don't think a losing candidate for a lieutenant governorship counts as a prominent alum. If that did, this page could have a few hundred losing gubenatorial and congressional candidates I'm sure. Hence the deletion ...

 * Sign your comments. 1) I disagree that there are a "few hundred" such alum. 2) However many there are, this page should include them. Although people like Chap may not be prominent enough to have their own Wikipedia page, anyone with repeated newspaper mentions is prominent enough for this list. David.Kane 02:50, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Walter Kaufmann Class?
I believe the entry for Walter Kaufmann likely reflects an incorrect graduation date. Kaufmann's main entry reflects that he matriculated Williams in 1939 and spent 15 months in WWII, facts compatible with my knowledge of the Record;  and that he attended Harvard Divinity from '45-'47. Unless he attended a post-Gymnasium course in Germany prior to Williams (not to my knowledge, and unlikely-- especially before 18),  a graduation date of '41 seems early. Can anyone provide a clarifying source. (P.S.: most of the material on this page is unsourced Original Research,  and therefore never happened). KenThomas (talk) 02:48, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Williams College people


text:
Harvard–Radcliffe Science Fiction Association

The Harvard–Radcliffe Science Fiction Association (HRSFA) is the undergraduate science fiction association at Harvard University. Founded in 1986, its purpose is to promote science fiction (and fantasy) and aid in activity of those interested in the genre. HRSFA also co-sponsors the annual Ig Nobel awards and organizes Vericon, an annual science fiction convention; and it intermittently publishes Fusion, a speculative-fiction literary magazine. Other events held by HRSFA include the Wyld Hunt, Going of the Hour, and Masquerade Ball. It is sometimes cited as an example of a social organization whose parties and events do not focus upon drinking, and has gained attention for this role as Harvard tries to move towards greater social opportunities for its students. Its alumni network, HRSFANS, organizes reunion events and provides grants to enable undergraduate members to accept internships in the speculative fiction publishing industry.

Notable alumni

 * Nate Ackerman, 2004 Olympic wrestler
 * Darcy Burner, executive director of the American Progressive Caucus Policy Foundation
 * Michael A. Burstein, Campbell Award–winning science fiction writer
 * Marie Brennan, fantasy novelist
 * Susan Groppi, Editor-in-chief of Strange Horizons
 * Ada Palmer, historian and novelist


text:
The 40-Year-Old Virgin

The 40-Year-Old Virgin is a 2005 American romantic comedy film directed by Judd Apatow (in his feature directorial debut), who produced the film with Clayton Townsend and Shauna Robertson. It features Steve Carell as the titular 40-year-old virgin Andy, an employee at an electronics store. Paul Rudd, Romany Malco, and Seth Rogen play co-workers who resolve to help him lose his virginity, and Catherine Keener stars as Andy's love interest, Trish.

Watching Carell's performance in Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004) inspired Apatow to cast him in the lead role for the film, and they wrote The 40-Year-Old Virgin together. It was based on a sketch Carell created with The Second City where a man aged 40 hides a secret. Filming took place in Los Angeles and San Fernando Valley, California, from January to April 2005.

The film was released theatrically in the United States on August 19, 2005, through Universal Pictures, and grossed over $177 million worldwide on a $26 million budget. Critical reviews were generally positive, with praise for Carell's performance and the film's well-meaning yet bawdy humor, which was a point of contention by some conservative commentators as well. He won accolades from the Golden Schmoes Awards and MTV Movie & TV Awards for this role while Keener received awards from the Boston Society of Film Critics and Los Angeles Film Critics Association. The 40-Year-Old Virgin was named by the American Film Institute one of 2005's Top 10 Films.

Plot
Andy Stitzer is a shy 40-year-old introvert who works as a stock supervisor at electronics store Smart Tech. He gave up trying to have sex after various failed attempts and lives alone in an apartment with a collection of action figures and video games. When a conversation at a poker game with his co-workers David, Jay, and Cal turns to past sexual exploits, they learn that he secretly is still a virgin.

Andy is mortified upon discovering the next day that everyone else at work has learned about the secret, including their boss Paula, who is attracted to him and later privately offers to take his virginity. He almost quits work in humiliation before David consoles him and recommends trying again to have sex. David, Jay, and Cal become determined to help Andy achieve this. They all give differing advice on how to interact with women.

David invites him to join them for a speed dating event and unsuccessfully tries to reconnect with his ex-girlfriend Amy there. Jay drags Andy to various social events, books a painful chest waxing appointment, and sets him up with a prostitute, which all end with embarrassing results. Cal advises Andy to simply be confident and ask women questions instead of talking about himself. He practices this on a bookstore clerk named Beth, who quickly becomes intrigued by him. David gives Andy his pornography collection, encouraging him to masturbate.

Andy eventually gets a date with a customer named Trish Piedmont. At the end of their first date, they almost have sex but are interrupted by her teenage daughter Marla. Trish suggests they postpone having sex, and Andy enthusiastically agrees; they decide to abstain until their twentieth date. Their relationship flourishes over the following weeks. She encourages Andy's dream of starting a business and helps fund it by selling his collectibles. After Marla argues with Trish over wanting birth control, Andy takes her to a group information session at a sexual health clinic, where she is mocked for being a virgin. Andy admits his own virginity to defend her, earning him Marla's respect.

Meanwhile, David suffers an emotional breakdown at work over his obsession with Amy and takes a vow of celibacy, which leads to Paula giving his sales duties to Andy for the day and later promoting him to floor manager due to his high sales quota. As Cal takes on Andy's previous role, he hires a woman named Bernadette to work at the store, hoping to match her with David, so he can move on from Amy. After Jay's girlfriend Jill breaks up with him due to his infidelity, he concedes to Andy that sex can ruin a relationship. Following a reconciliation with Jill, Jay later invites Andy and the others to a nightclub to celebrate her pregnancy.

Trish tries to initiate sex with Andy on their twentieth date and becomes upset when he resists. They argue, and Andy leaves to meet his friends at a nightclub. He gets drunk and leaves with Beth to have sex at her apartment. Cal gets David and Bernadette to hook up, while Marla convinces Trish to reconcile with Andy. At Beth's, Andy sobers up and decides to leave without having sex, just as his friends arrive and encourage him to go back to Trish.

Andy returns to his apartment to find Trish waiting for him. She has found David's porn collection; he tries to explain, but she flees in alarm and disgust, fearing Andy may be a sexual deviant. While pursuing her on his bike, Andy collides with her car, flying through the side of a billboard truck. She rushes to his side, and Andy finally confesses that he is a virgin. Trish is relieved and accepting, and they profess their love for each other. They eventually marry in a lavish ceremony with everyone in attendance, having generated roughly $500,000 from the sales of his action figures to pay for it, before having sex for the first time. The film ends with a musical sequence where all the characters sing and dance to "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In".

Cast
Other cast members include Kat Dennings as Marla Piedmont, Mindy Kaling as Amy, Gerry Bednob as Mooj, Marika Domińczyk as Bernadette, Shelley Malil as Haziz, Mo Collins as Gina, Kimberly Page, Gillian Vigman, and Siena Goines as women attending the speed dating event, Nancy Walls as the health clinic counselor, Cedric Yarbrough, David Koechner, and Jeff Kahn as fathers attending the health clinic, Loren Berman, Nick Lashaway, and Julian Foster as boys attending the health clinic, Chelsea Smith as Julia, Erica Vittina Phillips as Jill, Jonah Hill as a customer at Trish's store, Jordan Masterson as Mark, Jazzmun as a prostitute, Miki Mia as the waxing lady, Denise Meyerson as Robin, Michael Bierman as a 16-year-old version of Andy, Lee Weaver as Joe, Kevin Hart, Wayne Federman, Ron Marasco, and Joseph T. Mastrolia as Smart Tech customers, Kate Luyben as a woman who purchases videotapes, Stormy Daniels as a porn star, Shannon Bradley, Brianna Brown, Elizabeth Carey, Elizabeth DeCicco, Hilary Shepard, and Barret Swatek as bar girls, Carla Gallo as a girl who sucks on toes, Laura Bottrell as a college girl, Joseph Nunez as a man who buffs floors, Charlie Hartsock as the speed dating MC, Gloria Helena Jones as Sara, Marisa Guterman as a girl wearing braces, Matthew McKane as a motorist, Miyoko Shimosawa as a waitress, Rose Abdoo, Steve Bannos, and Brooke Hamlin as restaurant customers, Marilyn Dodds Frank as a woman who buys a television, and Loudon Wainwright III as a priest.

Production
The 40-Year-Old Virgin was Judd Apatow's directorial debut. While serving as a producer for the 2004 film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, he got the idea to have a film with Carell in the lead role after watching his performance in that, thinking "It would be great to see a Steve Carell movie". Apatow later asked him whether he had any movie ideas, and both men wrote The 40-Year-Old Virgin together after the latter expressed desires to make something about a virgin who was aged 40, basing it off a sketch Carell created while performing with the improv comedy troupe The Second City. Carell did many versions of the sketch, trying out different scenarios where the 40-year-old man is hiding a "big secret." Apatow had difficulty coming up with the ending for the film. Garry Shandling suggested it was important to show that Andy was having better sex because he was in love, and instead of directly showing the sex they decided to have Andy sing and have a musical number.

Apatow started casting the film early in the development process and tailored its script to the strengths of the actors. He also produced it for Apatow Productions along with Clayton Townsend and Shauna Robertson. Catherine Keener was the first choice for the female lead. Apatow specifically cast Stormy Daniels because he wanted "someone who's really, really comfortable" doing nude scenes that were required for the film's plot. A large portion of the dialogue in The 40-Year-Old Virgin was improvised. Keener stated in 2010 that Apatow "never really would even say cut" and instead would say "reload" when burning through film due to the improvisation, calling the experience "hysterically funny". She also mentioned "you had to kind of lose sense of being self-conscious on that movie because it was sort of an all-in in terms of throwing a joke out or even the writer would sit behind the monitors behind the curtain". The production used over a million feet of film, a milestone reached on the last day of filming and celebrated with free champagne from Technicolor SA.

Filming for The 40-Year-Old Virgin started on January 17, 2005, and wrapped on April 1, 2005. The movie was shot in parts of California, including Studio City, Los Angeles, and San Fernando Valley's Ventura Boulevard. Lyle Workman composed the film's score while Jack N. Green and Brent White respectively served as its cinematographer and editor. Production was halted by Universal Pictures after the first week, due to concerns that the physical appearance of Carell's character resembled that of a serial killer, and that the early footage was not funny. Paul Rudd was criticized for being overweight and the studio was unhappy with how Apatow treated the project like an independent film. Apatow initially had a supporting role in mind for Jason Segel that Universal refused to allow. Because of the accidental deaths of fish used in The 40-Year-Old Virgin, the American Humane Association withheld its "no animals were harmed..." disclaimer.

Seven test screenings were held for the film prior to entering theaters, with each costing approximately $10,000. It was initially considered "uncomfortably dirty, and not all that funny" before Apatow reduced the amount of pornography shown. Malco once pleaded for him to cut his scenes, fearing what would happen following its release and insisting: "My mom is an ordained minister, bro, cut me out of the movie, please. I'm serious." This request was declined because Apatow found Malco funny. He was surprised to find out his mother ended up taking "all of her church friends to see it, multiple times", and stated The 40-Year-Old Virgin "changed my career" by leading to more subsequent job offers without prior auditions. Jay was initially conceived as "a preppy, fraternity boy" before Malco's audition prompted him to be reworked into a "streetwise, trash-talking womanizer". He liked how the character "actually learns his own life lessons along with Andy" and called him the main character's "sexual antithesis".

Carell's chest was genuinely waxed for the film, with five cameras set up to capture the scene, which was done in one take. He insisted on having an actual wax, telling Apatow: "It won't be as funny if it's mocked up or if it's special effect. You have to see that this is really happening." Malco began to feel sick while watching the waxing and ran away from the set. According to Miki Mia, it took three or four hours to shoot the scene, and she requested that some of the chest hair be trimmed in advance to reduce Carell's pain. Mia noted that only "a tiny bit" was removed "so that it'll look great on camera". His chest was never fully waxed during the filming, and he shaved off all the hair after three weeks. After Carell blurted out Kelly Clarkson's name during the wax, Clarkson told Rogen in 2021 that it would be "literally the one thing people know me from" regardless of anything else she did. Rogen explained he came up with this idea while seeing her on television as he was compiling a list of "clean jokes" and "dirty jokes" to use in the scene.

Release
On August 19, 2005, The 40-Year-Old Virgin first premiered in theaters within the United States. The film opened atop the North American box office, grossing $21,422,815 during the opening weekend, and stayed at number one the following weekend. It grossed a total of $109,449,237 in this market, and $67,929,408 internationally, for a total of $177,378,645 against a budget of $26 million. The film was 25th in global gross, and 19th in the United States that year. It was released in the United Kingdom on September 2, 2005, and topped the nation's box office that weekend. Later that month, the film premiered in Germany, Greece, New Zealand, and Russia with respective openings of $2,195,972, $202,400, $144,666, and $443,428. Elsewhere, it opened with $66,277 in Argentina, $1,608,724 within Australia, $5,451 from Bulgaria, $25,200 in the Czech Republic, $29,884 within Lebanon, $310,280 from the Netherlands, $119,930 in Norway, $133,509 within Poland, $9,091 from Slovakia, $87,535 in South Africa, and $157,386 within Turkey. Upon being distributed in Spain, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand, The 40-Year-Old Virgin also had first-weekend grosses of $874,373, $240,882, $78,099, and $72,800 respectively within these markets.

On December 11, 2005, a version of the film that runs for 133 minutes was released onto DVD under the banner "unrated", which is 17 minutes longer than what was shown in theaters. This additional footage consists of more nudity, Andy asking Viagra for help on how to get rid of an erection, another scene featuring a "bad encounter" from his younger days, fantasies of a porn star, and Jay having "a lot more amusing racial banter" with Mooj. A 2008 Blu-ray distribution includes the same extended cut along with its theatrical version. For the 100th Anniversary of Universal Pictures, both editions were re-released onto DVD on January 10, 2012. This version also had a similar banner of "unrated".

Initial critical response
With an approval rating of 84% at the end of 2005, Rotten Tomatoes ranked The 40-Year-Old Virgin as the year's "Best Reviewed Comedy" and added it "proves that Steve Carell has the comedic chops to carry a movie and provide a good share of laughs." Ebert and Roeper gave the film a "two thumbs up" rating. Roger Ebert said, "I was surprised by how funny, how sweet, and how wise the movie really is" and "the more you think about it, the better The 40-Year-Old Virgin gets." The pair gave minor criticisms, with Ebert describing "the way she (Catherine Keener as 'Trish') empathizes with Andy" as "almost too sweet to be funny" and Richard Roeper saying that the film was too long, and at times extremely frustrating. Roeper later chose the movie as the tenth best of 2005.

The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin felt Carell made "a surprisingly graceful transition to a leading-man role" following his performance in Anchorman, and said both of them worked well due to the "chemistry and comic chops" of their casts. He concluded by praising Carell for instilling "a good deal of complexity and sophistication into his affectionate characterization" and believed it compensated for a perceived lack of humor in the romance. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the movie an A−, saying that Carell portrays Andy "in the most surprising way possible: as a credible human being." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film a "charmingly bent comedy," adding that Carell was an essential component for "making this film work as well as it does."

Emanuel Levy gave the film a B+ grade, calling it an R-rated comedy superior to Wedding Crashers that has "a generous heart and a sweet, almost naive center" in spite of the profane language used. While Brian Lowry of Variety believed The 40-Year-Old Virgin was slightly too long and "indulges in some juvenile excesses", he also felt it often provoked laughs even when "sophomorically homophobic." Rating the movie $3 1/2$ stars, The Baltimore Sun critic Chris Kaltenbach opened with "People see the name of this movie and get defensive. What's wrong with being a virgin? they ask. Absolutely nothing, and that's part of the point of The 40-Year-Old Virgin, probably the most sweet-spirited sex comedy ever made. It's pretty funny, too." He went on to call the lead character "endearing" and "a marvelous comic invention".

Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post is critical of the film, but praised Carell for his performance. She wrote Andy remaining "steadfastly chaste and genuinely humane" was its most surprising aspect and described him as a character "of old-fashioned decency in a movie that otherwise flouts it at every turn." It was condemned by Harry Forbes of Catholic News Service as "relentlessly vulgar and frequently offensive", and by political columnist Cal Thomas for being an example of societal decline in regard to "self-control or what was once known as purity."

Retrospective commentary
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 188 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Steve Carell's first star turn scores big with a tender treatment of its titular underdog, using raunchy but realistically funny comedy to connect with adult audiences." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

For the film's tenth anniversary, Erik Abriss from Complex and Josh Wigler of MTV News both wrote pieces asserting it remained enjoyable. The former called this "the best romantic comedy of the 2000s" as well as "the most influential" for shifting "the comedic zeitgeist from inane to intellectual, from screwball to sensitive, from hyper-masculine to hilariously honest" while the latter compiled a list of reasons it "Still Cracks You Up 10 Years Later", with the first being how the film "marked the beginning of a modern comedy age". Writing for The Atlantic on the same day, Megan Garber felt The 40-Year-Old Virgin "holds up" and might have become better over time. She wrote that the movie "launched (almost) a thousand bromantic comedies", put Apatow "on the mainstream map", and made him a "Hollywood king (and, much more interestingly, queen)-maker". Garber added it raises questions on how people become adults and established how "whatever makes an adult now, it isn't, in general, the thing that has defined adulthood for so much of human history: the having of sex." Chris Serico of Today said this "has continued to resonate among comedy fans, and served as a breakthrough movie for its director, Judd Apatow, and his co-writer/star, Steve Carell" a decade after being released. He went onto praise Carell's performance and stated it "took his career and the movie to the next level".

A 2018 article from Detroit Free Press contributor Julie Hinds noted that The 40-Year-Old Virgin was "Michigan's favorite romantic comedy", and called that ranking "a fine choice" when "Carell's character has a heart of gold" and "eventually lands in a solid, committed relationship". 15 years after the film's premiere, NME writer Beth Webb praised its use of "a mature virgin" for a protagonist who does not feel sex-starved. She called that aspect "a milestone" for "cinema's muddled relationship with virginity, in which women have since taken control of their virtue on screen, while men remain largely underrepresented" and declared the movie as a whole to be "a milestone for sex-positive cinema".

title: The 40-Year-Old Virgin


text:
Mac Fhirbhisigh

MacFirbis (Mac Fhirbhisigh), also known as Forbes, was the surname of a family of Irish hereditary historians based for much of their known history at Lecan, Tireragh (now Lackan, Kilglass parish, County Sligo). They claimed descent from Dathí (d.418?/428?), said to be one of the last pagan Kings of Connacht, and were thus one of the many families who sprang from the Uí Fiachrach dynasty. The progenitors of the MacFirbis family descend from Amhailgadh, whose brothers included Fiachra Ealg (ancestor of O'Dowd) and Eocha Breac (ancestor of O'Shaughnessy).

History
Based initially at Cong, the family may have been erenaghs prior to becoming historians and genealogists to the Ui Fiachrach Muaidhe (branch of the Uí Fiachrach based in north Connacht) and several other patrons. While this was their main function, they also appear to have served as poets and brehons to their patrons, possibly even musicians.

Among the earliest known members of the family were Amhlaoibh Mór mac Fir Bhisigh (died 1138), Domhnall na Sgoile Mac Fir Bhisigh (fl.c. 1250) and Gilla Isa Mac Fir Bisigh, who died in 1301.

In the late medieval era the most well known was Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fhirbhisigh fl. 1390–1418. The Mac Fhirbhisigh, long after moving to Lecan (Lacken), Tireragh, built Lacken Castle (Castle Forbes, 54.242°N, -9.072°W), now ruined, in Kilglass parish in 1560. Here they kept a school of poetry and history. They lost possession of the castle before 1625.

Fear Dorcha MacFhirbhisigh (fl.c. 1600?) was noted as well-travelled in Scotland, showing how far afield members of the clan would venture in practising their art. Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh (fl.c.1640-January 1671) compiled Leabhar na nGenealach, a massive compilation of Irish genealogies.

title: Mac Fhirbhisigh


text:
Talk:Culture industry

Untitled
This is a collision of the contents of this original page and a page entitled "Cultural industry" which addressed the same topic. As a first step towards producing a merged page, I have completely recast the opening material and segued into a moderately coherent rump of the original material. Feel free to pitch in and both simply the concepts and distill down the length.

For the record, the old page "Cultural industry" now has a proposed different use and could also use your TLC. -David91 19:06, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have now completed a review of the material relevant to Culture Industry. I have moved the residual rump to "Reverse Psychology" as a first step in redistributing the overlong and mixed topic material to more suitable venues. -David91 11:04, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have moved the element on astrology to the Astrology pages. -David91 05:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Enjoyment
Critics of the theory say that the products of mass culture would not be popular if people did not enjoy them

Why is this a critique of the theory of the culture industry? Who has denied that people enjoy pop music or Hollywood movies? Adorno might call this enjoyment superficial or escapist, but he would not deny the obvious fact that it can only be succesful by enjoying its audience. I suggest a reformulation or removal of that "critique" --Sangild 15:41, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If the function of the culture industry is to produce popular content, this raises the issue of cause and effect. Adorno posits that the popularity of the content is exploited to achieve the effect of passivity in the audience for political purposes. But an equally valid explanation is that, in a capitalist system, the drive to produce popular material satisfies purely commercial aims. As it stands, I see no problem with the spirit of the wording. David91 16:17, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Cultural industries?
I'm not an expert here, but I'm trying to make links to Bernard Miège. His article says he proposed an alternative to Adorno and Horkheimer's thesis which has been influential, known as Cultural industries, although that article seems to be unrelated. If anybody is knowledgeable enough, this should be mentioned here. Rigadoun (talk) 16:38, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Original research?
The article states that the work was written in the early 1940s. Yet the article contains an analysis of the 1970 movie Patton. No references for that analysis is provided, so the analysis appears to be original research. --Zahzuhzaz (talk) 19:33, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

 * This appears to be the source . Not sure how relevant it is to the article. 220.235.252.149 (talk) 04:58, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture industry


text:
Talk:E. F. Schumacher

External links modified
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Many years
"Schumacher wrote on economics for London's The Times and became one of the paper's chief editorial writers. At this post he was assigned the somewhat uncomfortable task of compiling information for the obituary of John Maynard Keynes many years before the event of his death" How many years? Keynes died in 1946. The article gives the impression that Schumacher joined The Times after WWII, but maybe not? Where are the dates? 86.179.78.64 (talk) 21:23, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:E. F. Schumacher


text:
Frank Nuovo

Frank Nuovo (born 1961), an Italian American, has been a mobile phone industrial designer and a former Vice President and Chief of Design at Nokia.

Education
Nuovo graduated with a bachelor of science in industrial design from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena in 1986.

Career
Nuovo started his professional industrial design career in 1986, working with Charles Pelly's Designworks. Early projects ranged from furniture to medical instruments and from consumer electronics and transportation interiors to complex air traffic and automated control systems workstation designs. Nuovo's affiliation with Nokia began in 1989 through consultancy while working at Designworks/USA in Agoura. In 1995 he began working for Nokia full-time and he set up Nokia's first dedicated industrial design and styling group center in Los Angeles, California. Over the next decade (1995 to 2006), Nuovo led the creation of Nokia's first global design team, which, during his administration, included additional design centers in Finland and England and also included remote design teams in Denmark, China, Japan, Germany and the USA.

In late 2005, Nuovo began planning to leave his position at Nokia in order to focus on Vertu. Upon his departure from Nokia in April 2006, he maintained a role as Principal Designer at Vertu with a concentration on developing the Vertu brand and product portfolio until his departure from Vertu in 2012.

Personal life
Nuovo opened his own design studio in Southern California called Design Studio Nuovo, which he operates with his designer wife and business partner, Trina Nuovo.

title: Frank Nuovo


text:
Gordon F. Henderson

Gordon Fripp Henderson, (April 17, 1912 – August 17, 1993) was a Canadian intellectual property lawyer who joined the law firm Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP in 1937, and later became its chairman. He was known for his advocacy on intellectual property matters as well as his involvement in intellectual property organizations throughout his career. Henderson's contribution to the development of Canadian and international jurisprudence is described as one of the most significant in Canadian legal history.

Henderson appeared in a reported 400 cases including 90 cases before the Supreme Court of Canada and worked right until his death in 1993. He founded the Intellectual Property Institute of Canada, the Canadian Patent Reporter, and was the president of the Canadian Bar Association.

He was involved in many organizations outside of the law. He took part in, and founded, multiple cable and radio companies in Ottawa and served on countless boards. He was the chancellor of the University of Ottawa and was instrumental in the foundation of SOCAN as its lawyer and later as chairman.

Henderson was a philanthropist and civic leader in Ottawa having lent his support to many causes. For his decades of service he received the 1988 B'nai B'rith Award of Merit and a Companionship within the Order of Canada.

Personal life and education
Henderson was born in Ottawa, Ontario, on April 17, 1912. His father was a well known defense lawyer in Ottawa, Gordon Smith Henderson, and his mother was Charlotte Stratton. Henderson was an only child and grew up in fairly affluent surroundings. His grandfather, William Henderson, came from Scotland, and eventually moved to Victoria to become a provincial Government architect. His uncle, Stuart Alexander Henderson, was described as the best criminal lawyer of his time in the country. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1934 and graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1937. In 1942 he married Joan Parkins, and they had three children together: Joanne, Gordon, and Robert. Henderson passed away on August 17, 1993, in Ottawa.

Advocacy
Upon his call to the bar in 1937, Henderson joined the firm of Henderson & Herridge (which later became Gowling Lafleur Henderson). Within 3 years, and before the age of 28, Henderson had appeared successfully on two separate occasions at the Supreme Court of Canada. Throughout his career, Henderson developed a reputation for litigation in all areas of law, especially in intellectual property. Former Ontario Superior Court Justice Roydon Kealey referred to Henderson as "one of three top lawyers in Canada. He was a legend, a prodigious worker, and more or less a genius." Ian Scott, former Attorney General of Ontario, called him "the best all-round lawyer the profession has produced since the War." He was known as a "lawyer's lawyer" by the Ottawa community, and by his colleagues as "a gentlemen, a character, and Canada's most respected lawyer". By the time of his death, Henderson appeared as counsel in nearly 400 reported cases, including 90 before the Supreme Court of Canada. Henderson never retired.

In the 1940s he was the first to have home movies screened as evidence in a Canadian court. Later, in the same decade, Henderson convinced a judge to permit a tape recording into evidence, which was another first.

Henderson was twice offered a judgeship. On the first occasion, early in his career, he was asked to be in on the trial division of the Ontario High Court. He rejected the offer because he thought at his age he would not be effective on the bench. The second offer came in 1972 from John Turner who asked Henderson to accept an appointment to the Ontario court of appeal. He initially accepted but eventually decided against it.

Professional associations
Henderson was also an active participant in professional associations both within and outside the legal community. He was heavily involved in the Intellectual Property Institute of Canada. Henderson was the president of the Patent Institute of Canada and was the president of the Canadian Bar Association from 1979 to 1980. He founded the Canadian Bar Foundation during his presidency. He was also involved with the International Bar Association as a member of the council of the business law section. Henderson helped found the Canadian Law Information Council and served as it chairman.

He was also the founding editor of the Canadian Patent Reporter (CPR) (which he started in 1941). The CPR was one of the first continuous case reporters for Canadian intellectual property law decisions, and remains a leading reporter today. For most of its existence, Henderson wrote virtually every headnote and comment in the publication.

Henderson was a part time lecturer at the University of Ottawa. In his later years, Henderson served on the Board of Governors of the University of Ottawa, and from 1991 until his death in 1993, he was Chancellor of the university.

He was the first honorary chairperson for REACH Canada (1981), an organization that assists people with disabilities in getting legal help.

Henderson was the founding chairman of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute Advisory board. In 1982 Henderson chaired the Ottawa Civic Hospital Frank Sinatra/Rich Little Gala dinner which raised 750,000 dollars for charity.

He was a part owner of the Ottawa Rough Riders from 1967 to 1969, during which the team won 2 Grey cup championships in 1968 and 1969. He was a trustee of the Schenley Awards.

Henderson was Honorary Consul to Liberia in Canada, a position that brought diplomatic privileges.

Cable and radio
Henderson went into the cable business just as it was starting and was very successful. He Co-Founded Ottawa Cablevision In 1965 and served as chairman. He was elected president of CKOY limited, now CIWW (CityNews Ottawa), and was a part owner in CKOY as well as in Ottawa Cablevision. In 1980, Henderson joined the board of directors at Selkirk Communications. His cable and radio holdings were eventually sold to Maclean-Hunter (now Rogers).

Notable Court Cases
Tennessee Eastman Co v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents): Henderson represented the appellant (Tennessee Eastman Co) and lost.

Capital City V. CRTC: Henderson acted on behalf of the appellants (Capital City). The court held that the content on both cable and broadcast television was within the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. Henderson lost this case. (1978)

Johnson (S.C.) and Son, Ltd. et al. v. Marketing International Ltd. (1980)

St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Ottawa (1982)

R. v. Eldorado Nuclear Ltd.; R. v. Uranium Canada Ltd.: Henderson represented the appellant (Uranium Canada). Henderson argued that as a crown company, Uranium Canada could not be prosecuted, and he won. (1983)

Operation Dismantle v. R: Henderson represented the appellant (Operation Dismantle) and lost.

International Woodworkers of America, Local 2-69 v. Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd: Henderson acted on behalf of the respondent (Ontario Labour Relations Board) and won.

Music Industry
Henderson was instrumental in the formation of SOCAN, a major Canadian copyright collective, as its lawyer and later as chairman. Henderson was in charge of the Performing Rights Organization of Canada (PROCAN), which merged with the Composers, Authors, and Publishers Association of Canada (CAPAC) to create SOCAN in 1990. BMI's president Edward M. Cramer credits the initiative for the merger to himself and Gordon Henderson. Today SOCAN represents over 175,000 people in the music industry.

The Gordon F. Henderson/SOCAN Copyright Competition was named in his honour in 1990 and annually has offered a prize of $2000 to a Canadian law student, or lawyer in their first year of articling, for an essay on the subject of copyright relating to music

At the time of his death, Henderson was a member of the Senate of the Stratford Festival. He was the chairman of the board of the Ottawa Congress Centre.

Legacy
Henderson was a philanthropist, humanitarian and civic leader in his native Ottawa, having founded or lent his support to numerous causes. He was the founder of the Community Foundation of Ottawa and the Ottawa School Breakfasts Program. His decades of service to the University of Ottawa Heart Institute Foundation were recognized by the establishment of the Gordon F. Henderson Chair in Leadership to be held by the CEO of the institute. The University of Ottawa recognized Henderson's leadership through an endowment supporting the Gordon F. Henderson Chair in Human Rights.

In September 2019, the county of Carleton Law Association (CCLA) announced that their library would bear the name of The Gordon F. Henderson Library. Alongside this, since 1992, the CCLA has given out The Gordon F. Henderson award to legal community members who have made a significant contribution to the community through charitable services. Past winners include Lawrence Greenspon and Warren Creates. The Gordon Henderson postdoctoral fellowship was established at the University of Ottawa in his name. The fellowship is offered to a researcher with an innovative and promising research project which aligns with the mandate of the Human Rights Research and Education Centre (HRREC) at the University of Ottawa.

Henderson was featured in David Ricardo Williams book Just Lawyers Seven Portraits. He was also in the book Learned Friends A Tribute to Fifty Remarkable Ontario Advocates, 1950–2000.

Honorific eponyms

 * 🇨🇦 Gordon F. Henderson Award (CCLA)
 * 🇨🇦 Gordon F. Henderson/SOCAN Copyright Award

 * Gordon F. Henderson Postdoctoral Fellowship
 * Gordon F. Henderson Chair in Human Rights
 * Ottawa Heart Institute Gordon F. Henderson Chair in Leadership

 * Gordon F. Henderson Law Library

Books

 * Copyright and Confidential Information Law in Canada. Carswell 1994.
 * Patent Law of Canada. Carswell 1994.
 * Intellectual Property: Litigation Legislation and Education: A Study of the Canadian Intellectual Property and Litigation System. Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada 1991.
 * Trade-Marks Law of Canada. Carswell 1993.
 * Canadian patent reporter: Third series. Canada Law Book Co 1985-1999

title: Gordon F. Henderson


text:
Ludwig (crater)

Ludwig is a small lunar impact crater that is located just beyond the eastern limb of the Moon, placing it on the far side from the Earth. It lies just to the east of the much larger crater Hirayama, and to the north of Ganskiy.

The rim of this crater is worn, and is somewhat lower in the northern half. The inner walls are uneven slopes that lead down to the interior floor. Three small craters lie on the floor, with a joined pair located to the north of the midpoint and the other along the southwest inner wall. The floor is otherwise relatively level and featureless.

title: Ludwig (crater)


text:
Relativistic mechanics

In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non-quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, classical mechanics is extended correctly to particles traveling at high velocities and energies, and provides a consistent inclusion of electromagnetism with the mechanics of particles. This was not possible in Galilean relativity, where it would be permitted for particles and light to travel at any speed, including faster than light. The foundations of relativistic mechanics are the postulates of special relativity and general relativity. The unification of SR with quantum mechanics is relativistic quantum mechanics, while attempts for that of GR is quantum gravity, an unsolved problem in physics.

As with classical mechanics, the subject can be divided into "kinematics"; the description of motion by specifying positions, velocities and accelerations, and "dynamics"; a full description by considering energies, momenta, and angular momenta and their conservation laws, and forces acting on particles or exerted by particles. There is however a subtlety; what appears to be "moving" and what is "at rest"—which is termed by "statics" in classical mechanics—depends on the relative motion of observers who measure in frames of reference.

Although some definitions and concepts from classical mechanics do carry over to SR, such as force as the time derivative of momentum (Newton's second law), the work done by a particle as the line integral of force exerted on the particle along a path, and power as the time derivative of work done, there are a number of significant modifications to the remaining definitions and formulae. SR states that motion is relative and the laws of physics are the same for all experimenters irrespective of their inertial reference frames. In addition to modifying notions of space and time, SR forces one to reconsider the concepts of mass, momentum, and energy all of which are important constructs in Newtonian mechanics. SR shows that these concepts are all different aspects of the same physical quantity in much the same way that it shows space and time to be interrelated. Consequently, another modification is the concept of the center of mass of a system, which is straightforward to define in classical mechanics but much less obvious in relativity – see relativistic center of mass for details.

The equations become more complicated in the more familiar three-dimensional vector calculus formalism, due to the nonlinearity in the Lorentz factor, which accurately accounts for relativistic velocity dependence and the speed limit of all particles and fields. However, they have a simpler and elegant form in four-dimensional spacetime, which includes flat Minkowski space (SR) and curved spacetime (GR), because three-dimensional vectors derived from space and scalars derived from time can be collected into four vectors, or four-dimensional tensors. However, the six component angular momentum tensor is sometimes called a bivector because in the 3D viewpoint it is two vectors (one of these, the conventional angular momentum, being an axial vector).

Relativistic kinematics
The relativistic four-velocity, that is the four-vector representing velocity in relativity, is defined as follows:

 * $$\boldsymbol{\mathbf{U}} = \frac{d \boldsymbol{\mathbf{X}}}{d \tau} = \left(\frac{c dt}{d\tau}, \frac{d\mathbf{x}}{d\tau} \right)$$

In the above, $${\tau}$$ is the proper time of the path through spacetime, called the world-line, followed by the object velocity the above represents, and

 * $$\boldsymbol{\mathbf{X}} = (ct, \mathbf{x} )$$

is the four-position; the coordinates of an event. Due to time dilation, the proper time is the time between two events in a frame of reference where they take place at the same location. The proper time is related to coordinate time t by:

 * $$\frac{d \tau}{d t} = \frac{1}{\gamma(\mathbf{v})}$$

where $${\gamma}(\mathbf{v})$$ is the Lorentz factor:

 * $$\gamma(\mathbf{v}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}/c^2}}\,\rightleftharpoons\,\gamma(v) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (v/c)^2}}.$$

(either version may be quoted) so it follows:

 * $$\boldsymbol{\mathbf{U}} = \gamma(\mathbf{v}) (c, \mathbf{v})$$

The first three terms, excepting the factor of $${\gamma(\mathbf{v})}$$, is the velocity as seen by the observer in their own reference frame. The $${\gamma(\mathbf{v})}$$ is determined by the velocity $$\mathbf{v}$$ between the observer's reference frame and the object's frame, which is the frame in which its proper time is measured. This quantity is invariant under Lorentz transformation, so to check to see what an observer in a different reference frame sees, one simply multiplies the velocity four-vector by the Lorentz transformation matrix between the two reference frames.

Rest mass and relativistic mass
The mass of an object as measured in its own frame of reference is called its rest mass or invariant mass and is sometimes written $$m_0$$. If an object moves with velocity $$\mathbf{v}$$ in some other reference frame, the quantity $$m=\gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0$$ is often called the object's "relativistic mass" in that frame. Some authors use $$m$$ to denote rest mass, but for the sake of clarity this article will follow the convention of using $$m$$ for relativistic mass and $$m_0$$ for rest mass.

Lev Okun has suggested that the concept of relativistic mass "has no rational justification today" and should no longer be taught. Other physicists, including Wolfgang Rindler and T. R. Sandin, contend that the concept is useful. See mass in special relativity for more information on this debate.

A particle whose rest mass is zero is called massless. Photons and gravitons are thought to be massless, and neutrinos are nearly so.

Relativistic energy and momentum
There are a couple of (equivalent) ways to define momentum and energy in SR. One method uses conservation laws. If these laws are to remain valid in SR they must be true in every possible reference frame. However, if one does some simple thought experiments using the Newtonian definitions of momentum and energy, one sees that these quantities are not conserved in SR. One can rescue the idea of conservation by making some small modifications to the definitions to account for relativistic velocities. It is these new definitions which are taken as the correct ones for momentum and energy in SR.

The four-momentum of an object is straightforward, identical in form to the classical momentum, but replacing 3-vectors with 4-vectors:

 * $$\boldsymbol{\mathbf{P}} = m_0 \boldsymbol{\mathbf{U}} = (E/c, \mathbf{p})$$

The energy and momentum of an object with invariant mass $$m_0$$, moving with velocity $$\mathbf{v}$$ with respect to a given frame of reference, are respectively given by
 * $$\begin{align}

E &= \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 c^2 \\ \mathbf{p} &= \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 \mathbf{v} \end{align} $$

The factor $$\gamma$$ comes from the definition of the four-velocity described above. The appearance of $$\gamma$$ may be stated in an alternative way, which will be explained in the next section.

The kinetic energy, $$K$$, is defined as
 * $$ K = (\gamma - 1) m_0 c^2 = E - m_0 c^2 \,,$$

and the speed as a function of kinetic energy is given by
 * $$ v = c \sqrt{1- \left(\frac{m_0 c^2}{K+m_0 c^2}\right)^2} = \frac {c \sqrt {K (K + 2 m_0 c ^ 2)}} {K + m_0 c^2} = \frac {c \sqrt {(E - m_0 c^2)(E + m_0 c ^ 2)}}{E} = \frac{p c^2}{E} \,.$$

The spatial momentum may be written as $$\mathbf{p} = m \mathbf{v}$$, preserving the form from Newtonian mechanics with relativistic mass substituted for Newtonian mass. However, this substitution fails for some quantities, including force and kinetic energy. Moreover, the relativistic mass is not invariant under Lorentz transformations, while the rest mass is. For this reason, many people prefer to use the rest mass and account for $$\gamma$$ explicitly through the 4-velocity or coordinate time.

A simple relation between energy, momentum, and velocity may be obtained from the definitions of energy and momentum by multiplying the energy by $$\mathbf{v}$$, multiplying the momentum by $$c^2$$, and noting that the two expressions are equal. This yields
 * $$\mathbf{p} c^2 = E \mathbf{v}$$

$$\mathbf{v}$$ may then be eliminated by dividing this equation by $$c$$ and squaring,
 * $$(pc)^2 = E^2 (v/c)^2$$

dividing the definition of energy by $$\gamma$$ and squaring,
 * $$E^2 \left(1 - (v/c)^2\right) = \left(m_0 c^2\right)^2$$

and substituting:
 * $$E^2 - (p c)^2 = \left(m_0 c^2\right)^2$$

This is the relativistic energy–momentum relation.

While the energy $$E$$ and the momentum $$\mathbf{p}$$ depend on the frame of reference in which they are measured, the quantity $$E^2 - (p c)^2$$ is invariant. Its value is $$-c^2$$ times the squared magnitude of the 4-momentum vector.

The invariant mass of a system may be written as
 * $${m_0}_\text{tot} = \frac {\sqrt{E_\text{tot}^2 - (p_\text{tot}c)^2}} {c^2}$$

Due to kinetic energy and binding energy, this quantity is different from the sum of the rest masses of the particles of which the system is composed. Rest mass is not a conserved quantity in special relativity, unlike the situation in Newtonian physics. However, even if an object is changing internally, so long as it does not exchange energy or momentum with its surroundings, its rest mass will not change and can be calculated with the same result in any reference frame.

Mass–energy equivalence
The relativistic energy–momentum equation holds for all particles, even for massless particles for which m0 = 0. In this case:

 * $$E = pc$$

When substituted into Ev = c2p, this gives v = c: massless particles (such as photons) always travel at the speed of light.

Notice that the rest mass of a composite system will generally be slightly different from the sum of the rest masses of its parts since, in its rest frame, their kinetic energy will increase its mass and their (negative) binding energy will decrease its mass. In particular, a hypothetical "box of light" would have rest mass even though made of particles which do not since their momenta would cancel.

Looking at the above formula for invariant mass of a system, one sees that, when a single massive object is at rest (v = 0, p = 0), there is a non-zero mass remaining: m0 = E/c2. The corresponding energy, which is also the total energy when a single particle is at rest, is referred to as "rest energy". In systems of particles which are seen from a moving inertial frame, total energy increases and so does momentum. However, for single particles the rest mass remains constant, and for systems of particles the invariant mass remain constant, because in both cases, the energy and momentum increases subtract from each other, and cancel. Thus, the invariant mass of systems of particles is a calculated constant for all observers, as is the rest mass of single particles.

The mass of systems and conservation of invariant mass
For systems of particles, the energy–momentum equation requires summing the momentum vectors of the particles:

 * $$E^2 - \mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{p} c^2 = m_0^2 c^4$$

The inertial frame in which the momenta of all particles sums to zero is called the center of momentum frame. In this special frame, the relativistic energy–momentum equation has p = 0, and thus gives the invariant mass of the system as merely the total energy of all parts of the system, divided by c2

 * $$m_{0,\,{\rm system}} = \sum_n E_n/c^2$$

This is the invariant mass of any system which is measured in a frame where it has zero total momentum, such as a bottle of hot gas on a scale. In such a system, the mass which the scale weighs is the invariant mass, and it depends on the total energy of the system. It is thus more than the sum of the rest masses of the molecules, but also includes all the totaled energies in the system as well. Like energy and momentum, the invariant mass of isolated systems cannot be changed so long as the system remains totally closed (no mass or energy allowed in or out), because the total relativistic energy of the system remains constant so long as nothing can enter or leave it.

An increase in the energy of such a system which is caused by translating the system to an inertial frame which is not the center of momentum frame, causes an increase in energy and momentum without an increase in invariant mass. E = m0c2, however, applies only to isolated systems in their center-of-momentum frame where momentum sums to zero.

Taking this formula at face value, we see that in relativity, mass is simply energy by another name (and measured in different units). In 1927 Einstein remarked about special relativity, "Under this theory mass is not an unalterable magnitude, but a magnitude dependent on (and, indeed, identical with) the amount of energy."

Closed (isolated) systems
In a "totally-closed" system (i.e., isolated system) the total energy, the total momentum, and hence the total invariant mass are conserved. Einstein's formula for change in mass translates to its simplest ΔE = Δmc2 form, however, only in non-closed systems in which energy is allowed to escape (for example, as heat and light), and thus invariant mass is reduced. Einstein's equation shows that such systems must lose mass, in accordance with the above formula, in proportion to the energy they lose to the surroundings. Conversely, if one can measure the differences in mass between a system before it undergoes a reaction which releases heat and light, and the system after the reaction when heat and light have escaped, one can estimate the amount of energy which escapes the system.

Chemical and nuclear reactions
In both nuclear and chemical reactions, such energy represents the difference in binding energies of electrons in atoms (for chemistry) or between nucleons in nuclei (in atomic reactions). In both cases, the mass difference between reactants and (cooled) products measures the mass of heat and light which will escape the reaction, and thus (using the equation) give the equivalent energy of heat and light which may be emitted if the reaction proceeds.

In chemistry, the mass differences associated with the emitted energy are around 10−9 of the molecular mass. However, in nuclear reactions the energies are so large that they are associated with mass differences, which can be estimated in advance, if the products and reactants have been weighed (atoms can be weighed indirectly by using atomic masses, which are always the same for each nuclide). Thus, Einstein's formula becomes important when one has measured the masses of different atomic nuclei. By looking at the difference in masses, one can predict which nuclei have stored energy that can be released by certain nuclear reactions, providing important information which was useful in the development of nuclear energy and, consequently, the nuclear bomb. Historically, for example, Lise Meitner was able to use the mass differences in nuclei to estimate that there was enough energy available to make nuclear fission a favorable process. The implications of this special form of Einstein's formula have thus made it one of the most famous equations in all of science.

Center of momentum frame
The equation E = m0c2 applies only to isolated systems in their center of momentum frame. It has been popularly misunderstood to mean that mass may be converted to energy, after which the mass disappears. However, popular explanations of the equation as applied to systems include open (non-isolated) systems for which heat and light are allowed to escape, when they otherwise would have contributed to the mass (invariant mass) of the system.

Historically, confusion about mass being "converted" to energy has been aided by confusion between mass and "matter", where matter is defined as fermion particles. In such a definition, electromagnetic radiation and kinetic energy (or heat) are not considered "matter". In some situations, matter may indeed be converted to non-matter forms of energy (see above), but in all these situations, the matter and non-matter forms of energy still retain their original mass.

For isolated systems (closed to all mass and energy exchange), mass never disappears in the center of momentum frame, because energy cannot disappear. Instead, this equation, in context, means only that when any energy is added to, or escapes from, a system in the center-of-momentum frame, the system will be measured as having gained or lost mass, in proportion to energy added or removed. Thus, in theory, if an atomic bomb were placed in a box strong enough to hold its blast, and detonated upon a scale, the mass of this closed system would not change, and the scale would not move. Only when a transparent "window" was opened in the super-strong plasma-filled box, and light and heat were allowed to escape in a beam, and the bomb components to cool, would the system lose the mass associated with the energy of the blast. In a 21 kiloton bomb, for example, about a gram of light and heat is created. If this heat and light were allowed to escape, the remains of the bomb would lose a gram of mass, as it cooled. In this thought-experiment, the light and heat carry away the gram of mass, and would therefore deposit this gram of mass in the objects that absorb them.

Angular momentum
In relativistic mechanics, the time-varying mass moment

 * $$\mathbf{N} = m \left( \mathbf{x} - t \mathbf{v} \right) $$

and orbital 3-angular momentum

 * $$\mathbf{L} = \mathbf{x}\times \mathbf{p}$$

of a point-like particle are combined into a four-dimensional bivector in terms of the 4-position X and the 4-momentum P of the particle:

 * $$\mathbf{M} = \mathbf{X}\wedge\mathbf{P}$$

where ∧ denotes the exterior product. This tensor is additive: the total angular momentum of a system is the sum of the angular momentum tensors for each constituent of the system. So, for an assembly of discrete particles one sums the angular momentum tensors over the particles, or integrates the density of angular momentum over the extent of a continuous mass distribution.

Each of the six components forms a conserved quantity when aggregated with the corresponding components for other objects and fields.

Force
In special relativity, Newton's second law does not hold in the form F = ma, but it does if it is expressed as
 * $$ \mathbf{F} = \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} $$

where p = γ(v)m0v is the momentum as defined above and m0 is the invariant mass. Thus, the force is given by

 * $$\mathbf{F} = \gamma^3 m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_\parallel + \gamma m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_\perp \ \mathrm{where } \ \gamma = \gamma(\mathbf{v})$$

 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"

!Derivation Starting from
 * $$ \mathbf{F} = m_0 \frac{d(\gamma(\mathbf{v}) \, \mathbf{v})}{dt} = m_0 \left( \frac{d \gamma(\mathbf{v})}{dt} \, \mathbf{v} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} \right).$$

Carrying out the derivatives gives

 * $$ \mathbf{F} = \frac{\gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0}{c^2} \left( \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{a} \right) \, \mathbf{v} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0\, \mathbf{a}.$$

If the acceleration is separated into the part parallel to the velocity (a∥) and the part perpendicular to it (a⊥), so that:

 * $$ \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{a}_\parallel + \mathbf{a}_\perp\,,\quad \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a}_\perp = 0 \,,\quad \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a}_\parallel \,, $$

one gets

 * $$ \mathbf{F} = \frac{\gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0}{c^2} \left( \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{a}_\parallel \right) \, \mathbf{v} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0\, (\mathbf{a}_\perp + \mathbf{a}_\parallel ) \, . $$

By construction a∥ and v are parallel, so (v·a∥)v is a vector with magnitude v2a∥ in the direction of v (and hence a∥) which allows the replacement:

 * $$ (\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a}_\parallel) \mathbf{v} = v^2 \mathbf{a}_\parallel $$

then

 * $$\begin{align}

\mathbf{F} & = \frac{\gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0 v^{2}}{c^2} \, \mathbf{a}_{\parallel} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 \, (\mathbf{a}_{\parallel} + \mathbf{a}_{\perp})\\ & = \gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0 \left( \frac{v^2}{c^2} + \frac{1}{\gamma(\mathbf{v})^2} \right) \mathbf{a}_{\parallel} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_{\perp} \\ & = \gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0 \left( \frac{v^{2}}{c^2} + 1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^2} \right) \mathbf{a}_{\parallel} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_{\perp} \\ & = \gamma(\mathbf{v})^3 m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_{\parallel} + \gamma(\mathbf{v}) m_0 \, \mathbf{a}_{\perp} \end{align}\,$$

 * }

Consequently, in some old texts, γ(v)3m0 is referred to as the longitudinal mass, and γ(v)m0 is referred to as the transverse mass, which is numerically the same as the relativistic mass. See mass in special relativity.

If one inverts this to calculate acceleration from force, one gets

 * $$ \mathbf{a} = \frac{1}{m_0 \gamma(\mathbf{v})} \left( \mathbf{F} - \frac{ ( \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{F} ) \mathbf{v} }{c^2} \right) \,.$$

The force described in this section is the classical 3-D force which is not a four-vector. This 3-D force is the appropriate concept of force since it is the force which obeys Newton's third law of motion. It should not be confused with the so-called four-force which is merely the 3-D force in the comoving frame of the object transformed as if it were a four-vector. However, the density of 3-D force (linear momentum transferred per unit four-volume) is a four-vector (density of weight +1) when combined with the negative of the density of power transferred.

Torque
The torque acting on a point-like particle is defined as the derivative of the angular momentum tensor given above with respect to proper time:

 * $$\boldsymbol{\Gamma} = \frac{d \mathbf{M}}{d\tau} = \mathbf{X}\wedge \mathbf{F}$$

or in tensor components:

 * $$\Gamma_{\alpha\beta} = X_\alpha F_\beta - X_\beta F_\alpha $$

where F is the 4d force acting on the particle at the event X. As with angular momentum, torque is additive, so for an extended object one sums or integrates over the distribution of mass.

Kinetic energy
The work-energy theorem says the change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done on the body. In special relativity:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta K = W = [\gamma_1 - \gamma_0] m_0c^2.\end{align}$$

 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"

!Derivation
 * $$\begin{align}
 * $$\begin{align}
 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta K = W &= \int_{\mathbf{x}_0}^{\mathbf{x}_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{x} \\ &= \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \frac{d}{dt}(\gamma m_0 \mathbf{v})\cdot\mathbf{v}dt \\ &= \left. \gamma m_0 \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{v} \right|^{t_1}_{t_0} - \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \gamma m_0\mathbf{v} \cdot \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} dt \\ &= \left. \gamma m_0 v^2 \right|^{t_1}_{t_0} - m_0\int_{v_0}^{v_1} \gamma v\,dv \\ &= m_0 \left( \left. \gamma v^2 \right|^{t_1}_{t_0} - c^2\int_{v_0}^{v_1} \frac{2v/c^2}{2\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}\,dv \right) \\ &= \left. m_0\left(\frac {v^2}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}} + c^2 \sqrt{1-v^2/c^2} \right) \right|^{t_1}_{t_0} \\ &= \left. \frac {m_0c^2}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}} \right|^{t_1}_{t_0} \\ &= \left. {\gamma m_0c^2}\right|^{t_1}_{t_0} \\ &= \gamma_1 m_0c^2 - \gamma_0 m_0c^2.\end{align}$$
 * }

If in the initial state the body was at rest, so v0 = 0 and γ0(v0) = 1, and in the final state it has speed v1 = v, setting γ1(v1) = γ(v), the kinetic energy is then;
 * $$K = [\gamma(v) - 1]m_0 c^2\,,$$

a result that can be directly obtained by subtracting the rest energy m0c2 from the total relativistic energy γ(v)m0c2.

Newtonian limit
The Lorentz factor γ(v) can be expanded into a Taylor series or binomial series for (v/c)2 < 1, obtaining:

 * $$\gamma = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (v/c)^2}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left(\dfrac{v}{c}\right)^{2n}\prod_{k=1}^n \left(\dfrac{2k - 1}{2k}\right) = 1 + \dfrac{1}{2} \left(\dfrac{v}{c}\right)^2 + \dfrac{3}{8} \left(\dfrac{v}{c}\right)^4 + \dfrac{5}{16} \left(\dfrac{v}{c}\right)^6 + \cdots$$

and consequently
 * $$E - m_0 c^2 = \frac{1}{2} m_0 v^2 + \frac{3}{8} \frac{m_0 v^4}{c^2} + \frac{5}{16} \frac{m_0 v^6}{c^4} + \cdots ;$$
 * $$\mathbf{p} = m_0 \mathbf{v} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{m_0 v^2 \mathbf{v}}{c^2} + \frac{3}{8} \frac{m_0 v^4 \mathbf{v}}{c^4} + \frac{5}{16} \frac{m_0 v^6 \mathbf{v}}{c^6} + \cdots .$$

For velocities much smaller than that of light, one can neglect the terms with c2 and higher in the denominator. These formulas then reduce to the standard definitions of Newtonian kinetic energy and momentum. This is as it should be, for special relativity must agree with Newtonian mechanics at low velocities.

title: Relativistic mechanics


text:
U Thong Style

The U Thong Style is one of the definitive styles for Buddha icons which developed in Thailand (Siam) in the southern capital of Ayutthaya. There are three distinct periods for the style, 12th to 13th century, 13th to 14th century and 13th to the 15th century, with some obvious overlap.

Features common to all three types include:
 * Small band between the hairline and forehead
 * Robe draped with a long flap from the left shoulder ending in a straight line
 * Fingers of unequal length
 * Hairstyle is small, somewhat-spiky curls
 * Seated, with the legs folded
 * Simple concave base

History of the style
To retain the greatest spiritual potency, Buddha icons in Thai temples had to resemble as closely as possible an original prototype that tradition erroneously believed had been made during the lifetime of the Buddha. Of the three major efforts by Thai kings to establish an "authentic" canon for the icons, the Sukhothai style was the first, followed by the U Thong and the lion types.

The populace of Southern Thailand, which captured Sukhothai in approximately 1350, was in the 14th century still largely Mon, and the fusion of styles resulted in the more solid, corporeal, and squared-off U Thong image. Although the resulting changes may be seen most readily in the shape of the head, now more square than oval, and the broader, more sober features, there is also an increased heaviness of the body, no longer weightless but firmly seated on the ground.

While the Sukhothai style is characterized by linear emphasis, the U Thong style again shows concern for solidity and modeling. At the same time, the U Thong images are rather stolid and lack the linear excitement and uniquely Thai character of Sukhothai art. U Thong style, like Sukhothai style, is still copied in Thailand.

title: U Thong Style