text:
Talk:House of Golitsyn

Old talk
I think there's enough here to separate out some separate biographies. Vasily in particular has quite a number of inbound links. -- Cyrius|✎ 09:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

governors of Pihkova from this family

 * Miihkali Antreinpoika Golitsin was governor of Pihkova in the 1680s 82.181.234.211 (talk) 19:50, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

I have added the information about Father Alexander Golitzin's recent elevation to Bishop of Toledo and the Bulgarian Diocese in the Orthodox Church in America. I did not add a new citation for this because it is already covered by the citation which covers the rest of his biographical information. I have never edited Wikipedia before and am not sure what ll the protocol is, so I am just putting this here to let everyone know what I added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.92.245.2 (talk) 08:31, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 16 February 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Tempted at first to relist in view of no comments, but it has been relisted once already, no opposition, and the undisambiguated name Golitsyn is a DAB, so I'm assessing it as valid consensus to move as proposed. Andrewa (talk) 15:44, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Galitzine → House of Golitsyn – Golitsyn is correct and common, and it is a noble house. --Relisted. — Amakuru (talk) 13:04, 24 February 2015 (UTC) Wikimandia (talk) 06:27, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Support as nominator - The family name in Russian is Golitsyn (Голицын). There's no A, there's no Z, there's no E at the end: it's not "Galitzine" by any measure, which is a French transliteration that should carry no weight on English Wikipedia. This spelling is not the English common name - see 2009 English-language memoir Memoirs of a Survivor: The Golitsyn Family in Stalin's Russia as well as many Golitsyn articles on here already. Certainly, the family member who went to France or Italy and established a notable career as a fashion designer should retain her name as Galitzine, etc. But there is no reason for the whole article to be called "Galitzine". Additionally, since it's about the noble house and not just a prominent family, it would be nice to have "House of" in the title. Even the Wikicommons section is "House of Golitsyn" — Wikimandia (talk) 06:27, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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You are missing a famous Galitzine.
Nicholas Galitzine, a british actor is a descendant of the Golitsyn family, someone should add him to the list. 2A01:C22:ADFF:7500:74C4:B710:E145:DE49 (talk) 06:58, 22 June 2022 (UTC)
 * He is already mentioned.Taksen (talk) 10:41, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Golitsyn


text:
Amezketa

Amezketa (Spanish Amézqueta) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Autonomous Community, in the North of Spain. It is located at the foot of Txindoki.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amezketa


text:
Talk:Cheikh Anta Diop University

Should the French terms be bolded? ~ Dpr 09:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Advertisement-like
This article is read like an advertisement! Could someone please flag and/or change it? --84.146.200.200 18:53, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree whole heartedly. The bias in this article ain't no secret.

Reads like a description of a university/institution. Assuming that these problems have been addressed, I'm removing the warning tags. Please add specific concerns here if there are more problems.T L Miles (talk) 05:43, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

I cut out the lengthy advertisements recently and neglected to remove the tags. The article prior to 19 Dec 2007 was clearly written by someone affiliated with the university and promoting the American study abroad program it hosts. I removed the irrelevant majority of the article and reorganized the rest.

Aside from grammar, usage, etc., however, I have not actually altered the remaining content as the university's website is in French, which I do not understand. Considering the heavy bias and poor English in the original, I would expect that the article is not entirely accurate. While I made stylistic corrections, there were places throughout where the intended meaning was unclear. It would be nice if a French speaker could look over this. -- 71.146.89.17 (talk) 07:03, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I checked the content against both the university website (I read French), and some other international orgs. I know it sounds a bit lauditiry, but it really is one of the most prestigious universities in Africa (and THE most in Francophone West Africa). I'm going to remove the inaccuracy tag, but please put it back if you continue to have concerns. Adding specifics here will help us address them. Thanks for your care in doing this: wikipedia needs such careful editors!. T L Miles (talk) 14:49, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Violence
I have included information about violent incidents in this university talk page as well, in order to ensure that they are kept in place and edited as appropriate. Violence The university has had a number of notable incidents of violence. A Senegalese LGBT organization noted in 2016 that ten cases of homophobic mob violence had occurred at the university since 2012[9]. One of these, following a riot at the university, resulted in the death of the student who was suspected to be gay [10]. The riot followed an attempt to apprehend the student, who had sought refugee in the university's bank and security office[11] Separately, self-immolations and clashes between students and police have been reported after students unsuccessfully demanded scholarships or challenged grading schemes.Greeneditor491 (talk) 06:25, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheikh Anta Diop University


text:
Theophanes the Greek

Theophanes the Greek (Феофан Грек; ; c. 1340 – c. 1410) was a Byzantine Greek artist and one of the greatest icon painters of Muscovite Russia, who influenced the 15th-century painting style of the Novgorod school and the subsequent Moscow school. He was noted as the teacher and mentor of the great Andrei Rublev.

Life and work
Theophanes was from the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. After studying art and philosophy at the University of Constantinople, he moved to Novgorod in 1370, and in 1395 to Moscow. His style is considered unsurpassed in expression achieved by almost mono-colored painting. Some of his contemporaries observed that he appeared to be "painting with a broom", in reference to the bold, broad execution in some of his finest frescos (see St. Makarios of Egypt), which are unique in the larger Byzantine tradition. Theophanes was described by the Muscovites as "learned in philosophy", a reflection on his broad education and erudition. A hint of this might be gathered from his panel icon of the Transfiguration of Jesus, where the arresting geometry and brilliance of the figure of Christ is balanced against the ordered disarray of the earthbound Apostles, strewn about doll-like in the uncreated Light of Mount Tabor. The balance of mathematical harmony in line and shape, wed to a master's use of an earthtone palette and precious gold leaf, evokes a spirituality that is immensely powerful, and speaks to the genius of this relatively unknown painter. According to a contemporary source Theophanes was also famous as a manuscript illuminator.

Frescos
Theophanes decorated in fresco the walls and ceilings of many churches including:
 * the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilin Street in Novgorod (1378)
 * the church of Nativity of Mary (1395) of the Moscow Kremlin together with Semen Chernij)
 * Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (1399)
 * The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Moscow Kremlin (1405)

Icons
Although he created panel icons, works attributed to Theophanes have become a topic of intense academic debate based on historical evidence. Prior to this debate, he was traditionally considered the author of famous panel icons, notably:
 * Our Lady of the Don (1380?)
 * Dormition of the Virgin Mary (1392)
 * The Virgin Mary and John the Baptist from the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin (1405?)
 * The Transfiguration (1408)

title: Theophanes the Greek


text:
Roy Gardner (businessman)

Sir Roy Alan Gardner (born 20 August 1945) is a British businessman. He is a former director of English football clubs Manchester United and Plymouth Argyle. While at Manchester United, he was involved in the sale of the club to American businessman Malcolm Glazer before resigning in protest at the sale. His time as chairman of Plymouth Argyle resulted in the club entering administration with debts of over £17 million and accusations of financial mismanagement.

Early life and education
Born in Brentford, he was the eldest son of a carpenter, Roy Thomas Gardner, and his wife Iris Joan (née Paine) and was brought up in Middlesex and Surrey in humble surroundings. He initially wanted to be a professional footballer, and supported Manchester United from the age of 8. He went to Strode's School (a grammar school, which became Strode's College in 1975) in Surrey. In the holidays he worked at Wall's.

BAC and GEC
Gardner started his career at the British Aircraft Corporation through their accounting apprentice scheme, working in the Commercial Aircraft Division from 1963 to 1975. He joined the Marconi Company Ltd in 1975. From 1979 to 1985, he was Group Finance Director of the Marconi Space and Defence part of the company. From January 1986 he was the Finance Director of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC plc). He became managing director of STC Communication Systems. Nortel took over STC in 1991 and he became chief operating officer of Northern Telecom Europe. He then became managing director of GEC Marconi Ltd, succeeding Arnold Weinstock from 1992 to 1994.

Centrica
Gardner joined British Gas in November 1994 as executive director, finance and was involved in splitting the company into two parts. He was the chief executive of Centrica plc from February 1997 (when it first formed when British Gas demerged) until October 2005. Under his leadership, Centrica bought the AA. He was replaced by Sam Laidlaw. During his time with Centrica, he was listed in the Harvard Business Review's Best-Performing CEOs in the World.

Non-executive roles
In 2001, Gardner was appointed as chairman by Mainstream Renewable Power, the privately held renewable energy development company with wind projects in England, Scotland, Germany and South Africa. In July 2006, Gardner became non-executive chairman of Compass Group plc, the British multinational contract food service, cleaning, property management and support services company. He retired from this role in 2014. He has also been non-executive chairman of Connaught plc, the FTSE 250 support services company. He was chairman of Enserve, the infrastructure services company in the UK, operating in the electricity, water and analytics sectors, from its inception in 2010 until 2014.

In 2014, he joined the board of William Hill as senior independent non-executive director, serving as a member of the Audit and Risk, Remuneration, Nomination and Corporate Responsibility Committees. In 2015, Gardner became chairman of Serco, the British outsourcing company which operates public and private transport and traffic control, aviation, military weapons, detention centres, prisons and schools. In May 2020 it was announced that Gardner would step down from his role as Serco chairman and a search for his replacement had begun. He was a director at Willis Towers Watson until January 2016 and is currently a Senior Adviser to Credit Suisse, providing counsel to clients in a variety of sectors including energy, utilities, industrials and leisure and services.

Other roles
Sir Roy is the chairman of the advisory board of the Energy Futures Lab at Imperial College London. He has chaired the Apprenticeship Ambassadors Network and is a Fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Royal Society of Arts. He is a companion of the Chartered Management Institute.

In June 2007 he became President of the Energy Institute. In 2008, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Thames Valley University. The same year he was named 27th Most Powerful Executive in the retail industry by The Telegraph. Gardner is also a Fellow of the City and Guilds Institute and a governor at St Albans School.

Charitable activities
Gardner raised £80,000 climbing Mount Kilimanjaro for the Carers Association, of which he was president. He has also been a council member of the Prince's Youth Business Trust and chairman of the Employers' Federation on Disability as well as a Trustee of the Development Trust for the Disabled. He is also on the board of the Combat Stress charity, the Veterans mental health charity.

Manchester United
Gardner became a director of Manchester United in December 1999. He was appointed as non-executive chairman of Manchester United plc in November 2001, taking over from Sir Roland Smith on 31 March 2002. In April 2005, he and the Manchester United board issued a statement recommending against the proposed buyout by Malcolm Glazer and his family, saying the "proposed capital structure […] still contains more leverage [debt] than the board would consider prudent"; however, they were forced to issue a contrary statement a month later, once the Glazers had acquired enough shares to constitute a majority stake in the club. Gardner resigned as chairman in June 2005, shortly after the Glazer takeover, as did his fellow non-executive directors Jim O'Neill and Ian Mutch. In 2010, Gardner reiterated his criticism of the method the Glazers used to purchase Manchester United, describing it as not "a sustainable model".

Plymouth Argyle
In July 2009, Gardner and business partner Keith Todd secured ownership of 13 percent of Championship team Plymouth Argyle as part of a consortium of international and local businesses which took over the club. He stated that it was the consortium's ambition to see Argyle promoted to the English Premier League within five years and focused on the club's bid to host the World Cup finals in 2018. Gardner also stated that he wished to "develop a better understanding of the club's precise needs, plan to progressively increase the budget for new players, in particular as we grow the commercial income of the club".

During Gardner's chairmanship, the football club was issued with a number of winding up orders over unpaid taxes and debts. It entered a repayment strategy, involving the sale of players Reda Johnson and Craig Noone. In March 2010, the club announced that Home Park was to be transferred to the holding company owned by Gardner, Todd and Yasuaki Kagami. Gardner stated that no money would go directly to the club and that the £7.5 million received would be used to pay off the club's debts. This included the money owed to directors. Gardner, Todd and their co-investors spent more than £3m in an attempt to save the club. Gardner himself almost trebled his stake. Kagami said the directors were “fighting tooth and nail to make sure the club does not go into administration.” Gardner resigned as chairman on 27 December 2010 and the club entered administration shortly afterwards. The club formally exited administration on 31 October 2011 but only after Plymouth City Council agreed to re-purchase the stadium and other land belonging to the club was sold to local entrepreneur James Brent. The club was close to being liquidated after 125 years of history whilst staff had been without pay for almost a year.

Honours
He was knighted in the 2002 Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to the gas and electricity industries.

News items

 * Guardian May 2003
 * Telegraph September 2002
 * Independent June 1999

title: Roy Gardner (businessman)


text: User talk:85.74.59.154

title: User talk:85.74.59.154


text: User talk:85.74.8.44

title: User talk:85.74.8.44


text: User talk:85.74.58.188

title: User talk:85.74.58.188


text: User talk:85.74.8.121

title: User talk:85.74.8.121


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List of parliamentary constituencies in Somerset

The county of Somerset is currently divided into 7 parliamentary constituencies, which are all county constituencies.

2024 boundary changes
The 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies recommended changes to the contituencies of Somerset which came into effect at the 2024 general election. Due to changes to the legislation requiring stricter equality in the size of the electorates of constituencies, Somerset was longer treated as a distinct entity as previously, but was combined with Avon and Devon as a sub-region of the South West Region, resulting in significant change to the existing pattern of constituencies. In Somerset, only the constituency of Yeovil retained its name with relatively minor changes. The boundary changes created the cross-county boundary constituencies of Frome and East Somerset, Wells and the Mendips, and Tiverton and Minehead.

The boundary commission recommended the following seats within Somerset:

Containing electoral wards from Mendip

 * Frome and East Somerset (part)1
 * Glastonbury and Somerton (part)
 * Wells and Mendip Hills (part)2

Containing electoral wards from Sedgemoor

 * Bridgwater
 * Wells and Mendip Hills (part)2

Containing electoral wards from Somerset West and Taunton

 * Taunton and Wellington
 * Tiverton and Minehead (part)3

Containing electoral wards from South Somerset

 * Glastonbury and Somerton (part)
 * Yeovil

1Also contains electoral wards in the District of Bath and North East Somerset

2Also contains electoral wards in the District of North Somerset

3Also contains electoral wards in the Devon District of Mid Devon

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Somerset in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
Note that before 1983 Somerset was analysed under its Ceremonial definition (including the southern part of what became analysed at boundary reviews as Avon, see Avon's list of seats). 1pre-1979: Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987: SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

2024 onwards (7 MPs, including constituencies that cover parts of Devon and Avon)
1partly in Avon 2partly in Devon


text:
User talk:Prawaln

Prawal Narayan
As you guessed it, this is the name of a wikipedia user like you all. many people ask me what is the meaning of your name ? Let me break it down to you. The word prawal means coral. It is a sea creature. Living, though many feel its just a stone. They are just too beautiful and to tell you the truth my father kept it my name as it is a very uncomman name. The word Narayan means lord Vishnu. According to the Hindu mythology Lord Vishnu is one of the trinity Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. The three most powerful gods of the Universe. I have a lot of varied interests: Haptics, music, economics, etc.

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title: User talk:Prawaln


text: User talk:24.3.149.174

title: User talk:24.3.149.174


text:
Inanga

Inanga may refer to

 * Common galaxias or inanga, a species of freshwater fish
 * Dwarf inanga or Galaxias gracilis, a species of freshwater fish
 * Inanga (instrument), a type of string instrument in Africa

title: Inanga


text:
Iraj Mirza

Prince Iraj Mirza (Persian: ایرج میرزا, literally Prince Iraj; October 1874 – 14 March 1926), titled Jalāl-ol-Mamālek (Persian: جلال‌الممالک), was a prominent Iranian poet. He was the son of Prince Gholam-Hossein Mirza. Iraj Mirza was known for his modern poetry, which often critiqued traditional customs. In addition to his original works, he translated literary pieces from French into Persian.

Early life
Iraj Mirza was born in October 1874 in Tabriz, located in northwestern Iran. He was a great-grandson of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, the second shah of the Qajar dynasty (reigned 1797–1834). His father, Prince Gholam-Hossein Mirza, was the son of Prince Malek Iraj Mirza, who was himself a son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar.

Gholam-Hossein Mirza served as the poet laureate, or official court poet, for Mozaffar al-Din Mirza in Tabriz, since traditionally, all Crown Princes during the Qajar era resided in Tabriz. Mozaffar al-Din Mirza, later known as Mozaffar al-Din Shah, the Crown Prince of Iran at the time, was the son of Nasser-al-Din Shah, the fourth shah of the Qajar dynasty (reigned 1848–1896).

Although some sources suggest that Iraj was privately educated, reliable evidence indicates that he attended a branch of the Dārolfonoon (House of Sciences and Techniques) in Tabriz. By the age of 15, Iraj was fluent in Persian, French, Arabic, and Azerbaijani. He was also skilled in the art of calligraphy, with his handwriting being regarded as highly artistic. Iraj Mirza remains recognized as one of Iran's renowned calligraphers.

Marriage and offices
In 1890, at the age of 16, Iraj Mirza married. By the age of 19, both his father and his wife had passed away. Following his father's death, Iraj assumed the position of court poet for Mozaffar al-Din Mirza. At 22, when Mozaffar al-Din Mirza ascended to the throne in 1896 and became Mozaffar al-Din Shah, Iraj was given the title Head of Poets (Sadr o-Shoʻarā) (Persian: سردار الشعراء) and later received the title Jalāl ol-Mamālek.

A few years later, Iraj left the royal court and joined the Tabriz office of Ali Khan Amin al-Dowleh, the governor of Iranian Azarbaijan. During this period, he learned French and became familiar with Russian. In 1905, when Amin al-Dowleh was sent to Tehran, Iraj accompanied him and became involved in the Persian Constitutional Revolution. In 1907, Ahmad Ghavam (Qavam os-Saltaneh), a governmental authority, was assigned to Europe, and Iraj joined him. Two years later, Iraj returned to Tehran and began working as a staff member in the Office of Official Compositions (Dār ol-ʻenshā, Persian: دار الانشاء).

In 1915, Iraj's first son, Ja'afar Gholi Mirza, committed suicide due to psychological problems. In 1917, Iraj joined the newly established Ministry of Culture, and three years later, he transferred to the Ministry of Finance and Revenue. From 1920 to 1925, he served as a Revenue Officer in Mashhad, the capital city of Khorasan Province (now Razavi Khorasan), in northeastern Iran.

At the age of 51, Iraj returned to Tehran, where he died of a heart attack on March 14, 1926.

Poems
Iraj is considered one of the famous contemporary poets of Iran and also as the first Iranian master of colloquial poetry. In his verses, he uses words from everyday speech. The origin of this tendency has come to be identified with his name. Through Iraj, poetic language was enriched with many colloquial words and expressions. His simple poetic language is also famous for its witticism and satire.

During Qajar era, Iraj was influenced by the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–1911) and by the changing circumstances in the country. This fact is manifested in the particular style of poetry that he created. Modern and imported concepts, combined with what were obtained from his own thoughts, form the framework of his style. He criticizes the social conditions of the country, and the striking originality in his use of metaphor when addressing diverse social problems has been admirable by his critics.

His style is rich in the art of simile. His striking sarcasm, pungent and fanged words are pointed at the dishonest clergy, businessmen, merchants and statesmen. In addition to those colloquial poems, Iraj also composed elegies to praise Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, Hassan Ali Khan Garroosy (also known as Amir Nezam Garroosy, the governor of Iranian Azarbaijan (now East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan) and Kermanshah during Qajar era), and many other Qajar personalities. His praise never shaded into flattery. Iraj also composed very nice massnawi and qat'aa on the raising and education of children, maternal affection, love and romance.

He was an enlightened and innovative poet, and tended towards European thought.

Despite his famous technical skills, he sometimes used similar cases of rhyme, which is considered by some poetry researchers to be an intentional rejection of strict traditional poetical rules. Although Iraj was one of the pioneers of the innovative movement in Persian poetry, he never thought of abandoning the rules of classical poetry. Some scholars believe that because of the time in which he lived, his depth of literary knowledge and his familiarity with French and other foreign languages, he could also have been one of the masters of free verse if he had wanted to.

He is particularly famous for his pederastic and satirical poetry.

Among many poems that Iraj composed, his well-known poems include Satan (Persian: Eblis; ابلیس), Mother (Persian: Mādar; مادر), A Letter to the Iranian poet, Aref Ghazvini (Persian: Ārefnāme; عارفنامه), Woman's Picture (Persian: Tasvir-e Zan; تصویر زن), Story of the Veil or Hijab (Persian: Hejāb; حجاب) and the Story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (Persian: Dāstan-e Zohre o Manučehr; داستان زهره و منوچهر), which is based on William Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis.

In Mother, the poet describes a child's affection for his/her mother and how the mother nurtures the child from birth onwards. The words Iraj uses are exquisitely descriptive and lovely not only in its original Persian but even in translated versions.

The Story of Zohreh and Manouchehr is one of his famous poetic works. Here Iraj tells the story based on the Greek myth of Venus and Adonis. In this poem, Zohreh leaves the gods and comes to Earth, where she is overcome by the pleasing charm of Manouchehr in his armor. He rejects her advances, while Zohreh attempts her first seduction. She goes to great pains to explain the beauty of lovemaking, and she finally goes her own way as she returns to the gods.

On December 8, 2004, the last Iranian movies launched in France was The Story of Zohreh and Manouchehr directed by Mitra Farahani. The film had already participated in the Berlin film festival and several other international events and attracted many viewers.

Iraj believed that the status of Iranian women at his time was reminiscent of the Dark Ages. Iraj could not bear to see that life was intolerable, unbearable and miserable for the courageous and valorous women of Iran. That was why he composed the very powerful and memorable pieces of women's daily lives in his poems.

Tomb
His tomb is in Zahir-od-dowleh cemetery between Darband and Tajrish located in Shemiran, north of Tehran.

Works

 * Diwan (collection of poems)
 * Masnavi of Zohreh-o Manuchehr (not completed)
 * Masnavi of Aref-nameh
 * Iraj Literary Works
 * Romeo and Juliet (Translation from French)

title: Iraj Mirza


text: User talk:81.57.158.21

title: User talk:81.57.158.21


text: User talk:82.94.15.107

title: User talk:82.94.15.107


text:
Talk:Cordyline australis

Name in United Kingdom
Why revert my edit regarding the Torbay palm? You will find that the most common name for this plant in the UK is Torbay palm, and very few have ever heard of the NZ cabbage tree. --Apathetic 09:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have reverted to your edit. It does appear to be known as the Torbay palm. Alan Liefting 09:36, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've lived in Britain and been deeply interested in trees all my life, and had never heard of this usage before I saw it posted here. It most definitely isn't the commonest name (all the UK tree books call it Cabbage Tree), and most definitely isn't used throughout the UK. At best, it is a very local mis-naming by a small number of poorly educated people who don't know the difference between Agavaceae and Arecaceae. If it is going to be listed as a UK common name, then 'That Spiky Thing' should also be listed as a common name, it is used far more often. - MPF 10:24, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In Cornwall it is called the Cornish palm; it looks as if Torbay palm is what they call it in Devon.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 03:20, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Lots of people refer to them as "palm trees" in the UK, I never knew their true name till I went to New Zealand a few years back. But you dont see them here in the Midlands anymore, they were all killed in December 2010 when the average temperature was below freezing for the whole month. Ten years ago there were lots of mature ones after a succesion of unusually mild winters, but they are not truly hardy in all the UK. Now they are only found near the coasts, at least away from the southernmost parts. Walshie79 (talk) 16:26, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

Renaming
This has been moved from 'Cabbage Tree' to 'Cabbage Tree (Cordyline australis)' to 'Cordyline australis' over the last year, and it seems to me that 'Cabbage Tree' is by far the most commonly used name and the correct title for the article. Opinions? Ziggurat 22:30, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Cabbage tree is a disambiguation page between three different plants commonly called this. It would not be appropriate to move the article to Cabbage Tree (currently a redirect to the dab page), or to appropriate the name entirely for this species. I think leaving it with the scientific name is fine.-gadfium 00:59, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, interesting. I see your point, and I certainly don't want to introduce a NZ-centric bias, but it seems that the current title of this article uses a highly uncommon and (to the general reader) unrecognisable name, and this is the only name that will appear in categories. It's a classic precision vs. common name conflict, so perhaps an alternative solution would be moving it to Cabbage Tree (New Zealand)? A quick check of ghits indicates 241,000 for "Cabbage Tree" Zealand and 63,800 for "Cordyline australis". Ziggurat 01:25, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem with Cabbage Tree (New Zealand).-gadfium 01:30, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Generally, where there's any problem with the english name, the page is best placed at the scientific name, rather than a cumbersome bracketed title. Actually, there's a strong move to have all plants at scientific names, because so many common names have multiple uses, and so many species have multiple common names. I propose moving this page back to the scientific name - MPF 00:03, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't feel that the bracketing is cumbersome, but regardless in this instance it seems like a bad choice to have the scientific name only, when such a name would be unrecognisable to the general reader, especially with regards to things like the efficacity of categories. As much as I prefer the scientific outlook, it seems that using a specialist term is biasing the title towards scientific definitions over cultural and sociological ones, and that runs against Wikipedia aiming to be a general encyclopedia (similar to the points made here). Excuse me if I moved this too soon (no objections were raised in the last three days), but if it is moved back I think these points need to be addressed. Is there a relevant policy discussion or conclusion on this topic? Ziggurat 00:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Move proposal

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Kahuroa (talk) 18:35, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Cabbage tree (New Zealand) → Cordyline australis — I think this article belongs at Cordyline australis. This is not the only cabbage tree in New Zealand - it is just one of five Cordyline species which use "Cabbage tree" as part of their common name, more if you count the non-native ones. The other New Zealand cabbage trees are all under the scientific names. Kahuroa (talk) 01:24, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. Cabbage Tree (New Zealand) is ambiguous. Melburnian (talk) 01:48, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. Yes, of course. It has long been consensus that ambiguous common names are not disambiguated but abandoned in favour of the scientific name. Hesperian 02:02, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per arguments. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  07:05, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support as per above.  Schwede 66  07:19, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support without doubt. The cultivars are all sold as Cordyline australis in the various garden centres and I believe that people generally expect it to be called by the scientific name. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:47, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Rewrite and expansion
Just letting you know that I am doing a rewrite and expansion of this article, and am just about ready to copy it over.Kahuroa (talk) 09:49, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Nice work! Have you considered nominating it for "Did you know..."? --Avenue (talk) 08:47, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Hadn't thought about that actually, but sounds like a plan. Cheers. Kahuroa (talk) 12:46, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This should definitely go to WP:GAN too, if not WP:FAC - great work! 131.111.30.21 (talk) 14:16, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Cheers, I've just nominated it at GAN Kahuroa (talk) 20:34, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Wo! It's a GA!!Kahuroa (talk) 18:59, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Before FAC...
Okay. I think the article is looking pretty good. I checked Web of Science and the following came up - see if anything interesting to add is in any. I might be reduplicating ones already checked. Casliber (talk · contribs) 05:57, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Title: In vitro culture of Cordyline australis (G. Forst) Endl. Author(s): Warchol M, Dubert F, Kusibab T Source: ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA SERIES BOTANICA  Volume: 51   Pages: 71-71   Supplement: Suppl. 1  Published: 2009 Times Cited: 0 2. Title: Isolation and characterization of water-soluble prebiotic compounds from Australian and New Zealand plants Author(s): Vidanarachchi JK, Iji PA, Mikkelsen LL, et al. Source: CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS  Volume: 77   Issue: 3   Pages: 670-676   Published: JUL 11 2009 Times Cited: 2 3. Title: A Morphological and Molecular Investigation of Cordyline Hybrids and Cultivars Author(s): Armitage JD, Clarkson JJ Conference Information: 5th International Symposium on the Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants, OCT 15-19, 2007 Wageningen, NETHERLANDS Source: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE TAXONOMY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS Book Series: ACTA HORTICULTURAE   Issue: 799   Pages: 89-95   Published: 2008 Times Cited: 0 4. Title: Potential of direct seeding for establishing native plants into pastoral land in New Zealand Author(s): Douglas GB, Dodd MB, Power IL Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY  Volume: 31   Issue: 2   Pages: 143-153   Published: 2007 Times Cited: 1 5. Title: Large scale commercial micropropagation in Mexico. The experience of Agromod, SA de CV Author(s): Mastache LCN Conference Information: 2nd International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants, NOV 22-26, 2004 Mayan Riviera, MEXICO Source: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants Book Series: ACTA HORTICULTURAE   Issue: 748   Pages: 91-94   Published: 2007 Times Cited: 0 6. Title: Rhytidiella hebes sp nov from the subantarctic Auckland Islands Author(s): Johnston PR Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 45   Issue: 1   Pages: 151-153   Published: MAR 2007 Times Cited: 0 7. Title: Antioxidant activities of extracts from traditional Maori food plants Author(s): Gould KS, Thodey K, Philpott M, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 44   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-4   Published: MAR 2006 Times Cited: 0 8. Title: Genotypic variation of the flowering phenology of Cordyline australis (Laxmanniaceae) grown at three locations in New Zealand Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE, Parkes S, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 44   Issue: 1   Pages: 23-39   Published: MAR 2006 Times Cited: 2 9. Title: Modern pollen-vegetation relationships along transects on the Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, northern New Zealand Author(s): Deng YB, Horrocks M, Ogden J, et al. Source: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY  Volume: 33   Issue: 4   Pages: 592-608   Published: APR 2006 Times Cited: 5 10. Title: Below-ground morphology of Cordyline australis (New Zealand cabbage tree) and its suitability for river bank stabilisation Author(s): Czernin A, Phillips C Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 43   Issue: 4   Pages: 851-864   Published: DEC 2005 Times Cited: 1 11. Title: Consequences of soil compaction for seedling establishment: Implications for natural regeneration and restoration Author(s): Bassett IE, Simcock RC, Mitchell ND Source: AUSTRAL ECOLOGY  Volume: 30   Issue: 8   Pages: 827-833   Published: DEC 2005 Times Cited: 10 12. Title: Vascular flora of Norfolk Island: some additions and taxonomic notes Author(s): de Lange PJ, Gardner RO, Sykes WR, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 43   Issue: 2   Pages: 563-596   Published: JUN 2005 Times Cited: 9 13. Title: Ethriobotanical study of growth of Phormium varieties used for traditional Maori weaving Author(s): Harris W, Scheele SM, Brown CE, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 43   Issue: 1   Pages: 83-118   Published: MAR 2005 Times Cited: 14 14. Title: Genotypic variation of dead leaf retention by Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) populations and influence on trunk surface temperatures Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE, Parkes SL, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 42   Issue: 5   Pages: 833-845   Published: DEC 2004 Times Cited: 1 15. Title: The vegetation sequence at Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand Author(s): Deng Y, Ogden J, Horrocks M, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 42   Issue: 4   Pages: 565-588   Published: SEP 2004 Times Cited: 5 16. Title: Genotypic variation of height growth and trunk diameter of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) grown at three locations in New Zealand Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE, Parkes S, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 41   Issue: 4   Pages: 637-653   Published: DEC 2003 Times Cited: 4 17. Title: Potential functional foods in the traditional Maori diet Author(s): Cambie RC, Ferguson LR Conference Information: Conference on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutagens and Anticarcinogens - Molecular Mechanisms and Chempreventive Potential, OCT 17-19, 2001 SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA Source: MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS  Volume: 523   Special Issue: Sp. Iss. SI  Pages: 109-117   Published: FEB-MAR 2003 Times Cited: 26 18. Title: Genotypic variation of leaf characteristics of wild populations of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) in New Zealand Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE Conference Information: Symposium on New Zealand Seeds, NOV 29, 2001 LINCOLN UNIV, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 40   Issue: 3   Pages: 457-472   Published: SEP 2002 Times Cited: 5 19. Title: Ornamental attributes of the natural variants of Cordyline australis Author(s): Harris W Conference Information: 20th International EUCARPIA Symposium - Section Ornamentals, JUL 03-06, 2001 MELLE, BELGIUM Source: PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTIETH INTERNATIONAL EUCARPIA SYMPOSIUM, SECTION ORNAMENTALS: STRATEGIES FOR NEW ORNAMENTALS Book Series: ACTA HORTICULTURAE   Issue: 552   Pages: 185-193   Published: 2001 Times Cited: 1 20. Title: Structure of fructans from excised leaves of New Zealand flax Author(s): Sims IM, Cairns AJ, Furneaux RH Source: PHYTOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 57   Issue: 5   Pages: 661-668   Published: JUL 2001 Times Cited: 12 21. Title: Variation in response to cold damage by populations of Cordyline australis and of some other species of Cordyline (Lomandraceae) Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE, Smallfield B Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 39   Issue: 1   Pages: 147-159   Published: MAR 2001 Times Cited: 8 22. Title: Association of "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense" with sudden decline of cabbage tree in New Zealand Author(s): Andersen MT, Beever RE, Sutherland PW, et al. Source: PLANT DISEASE  Volume: 85   Issue: 5   Pages: 462-469   Published: MAY 2001 Times Cited: 21 23. Title: Genotypic variation of seedlings of wild populations of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) in New Zealand Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 38   Issue: 4   Pages: 597-608   Published: DEC 2000 Times Cited: 2 24. Title: Phenotypic variation of leaves and stems of wild stands of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) Author(s): Harris W, Beever RE, Heenan PB Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 36   Issue: 4   Pages: 593-604   Published: DEC 1998 Times Cited: 9 25. Title: Planthopper transmission of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma Author(s): Liefting LW, Beever RE, Winks CJ, et al. Source: AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY  Volume: 26   Issue: 3   Pages: 148-154   Published: 1997 Times Cited: 21 26. Title: Sudden decline of cabbage tree (Cordyline australis): Search for the cause Author(s): Beever RE, Forster RLS, ReesGeorge J, et al. Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY  Volume: 20   Issue: 1   Pages: 53-68   Published: 1996 Times Cited: 11 27. Title: Self-incompatibility in Cordyline australis (Asteliaceae) Author(s): Beever RE, Parkes SL Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 34   Issue: 1   Pages: 135-137   Published: MAR 1996 Times Cited: 9 28. Title: GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF THE SEEDS OF THE NEW-ZEALAND SPECIES ARISTOTELIA-SERRATA, COPROSMA-ROBUSTA, CORDYLINE-AUSTRALIS, MYRTUS-OBCORDATA, AND SCHEFFLERA-DIGITATA Author(s): BURROWS CJ Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 33   Issue: 2   Pages: 257-264   Published: JUN 1995 Times Cited: 16 29. Title: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF CORDYLINE-AUSTRALIS (ASPHODELACEAE) AS A CROP FOR FRUCTOSE PRODUCTION Author(s): HARRIS W, MANN JD Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CROP AND HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  Volume: 22   Issue: 4   Pages: 439-451   Published: 1994 Times Cited: 5 30. Title: MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS AS HOSTS FOR AGROBACTERIUM Author(s): CONNER AJ, DOMMISSE EM Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES  Volume: 153   Issue: 4   Pages: 550-555   Published: DEC 1992 Times Cited: 6 31. Title: A REMNANT NEW-ZEALAND CARR Author(s): SYKES MT, WILSON JB, LEE WG, et al. Source: JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE  Volume: 2   Issue: 2   Pages: 209-216   Published: APR 1991 Times Cited: 4 32. Title: SUDDEN DECLINE OF CABBAGE TREES (CORDYLINE-AUSTRALIS) IN NEW-ZEALAND Author(s): REESGEORGE J, ROBERTSON GI, HAWTHORNE BT Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 28   Issue: 3   Pages: 363-366   Published: 1990 Times Cited: 10 33. Title: A study of the glucofructofuranan from the New Zealand cabbage tree Cordyline austrulis Author(s): Brasch DJ, Fankhauser BL, McDonald AG Source: CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH  Volume: 180   Issue: 2   Pages: 315-324   Published: SEP 1988 Times Cited: 12 34. Title: AUSTRALIGENIN, A NEW STEROIDAL SAPOGENIN FROM CORDYLINE-AUSTRALIS FRUITS Author(s): BLUNDEN G, SITTON D, BEACH SJ, et al. Source: JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS  Volume: 47   Issue: 2   Pages: 266-269   Published: 1984 Times Cited: 6 35. Title: CONSTITUENTS OF STEAM VOLATILE OIL FROM FLOWER OF CORDYLINE-AUSTRALIS HOOK FIL Author(s): KAMEOKA H, WANG CP Source: JOURNAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN  Volume: 51   Issue: 4   Pages: 189-194   Published: 1977 Times Cited: 1

 * Cheers, that'll keep me busy for a while. Some of these look interesting, so I will take some time to check them out. Thanks for the reorg of the lead - much better, tho I might just shift the sentence about the fruit being a food source for birds to after the bit about the "characteristic part of the NZ landscape" Kahuroa (talk) 06:40, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Cold hardiness
Cordyline australis is hardy from USDA 8-11. It grows just fine in Northern Europe, Great Britain, Norway in USDA 8-9. These countries do not have USDA 10 zones. It also grows in Northen Italy and Istria ( usda 8b ) just fine. Many old Cordyline australis trees there. So that reference about Cordyline australis hardiness only in USDA 10-11 is very wrong and far from reality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.143.25.104 (talk) 01:59, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cordyline australis


text:
Talk:Leslie speaker

Smiths : How Soon Is Now?
IMO, another very popular use of the Leslie Speaker was in The Smiths song How Soon Is Now? during the song opening and throughout the song. This is a prototypical example for some college music classes. If I find a reference for this then I'll add that to the Notable Users section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jtmoon (talk • contribs) 18:42, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The Hammond/Leslie "marriage" became a standard in the Gospel music beggining in the forties. Many African-American churches adopted this arrangement as a compliment to piano, as it gave a a good approximation of far more expensive pipe organs. Often the system constitsed of a Hammond B3 or C3 with the Hammond PR40 tone cabinet nd a Leslie 122RV, placed above the choir loft so thattherotqtiong Leslie would have its effect greatly enhanced the effect for a very impressive sound.
 * Many jazz and blues musicians polished their arts in such churches. 108.227.225.226 (talk) 06:32, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

"Because the Leslie is a sound modification device in its own right, ...."
Forgive the dullness of those of us who don't find that clear, but how has that property of the device stimulated efforts at simulation? --Jerzy ("Simulates-a-state-of-being-stimulated") [NO SURNAME]•t 00:28, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you talking about? Grab a Hammond and Leslie, stand in the middle of the room, get one person to play a note and listen. Or read the citations that talk about it in the body, particularly Scott Faragher's excellent Hammond / Leslie book. Or play File:LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg. For a practical example, Santana uses lots of slow / fast Leslie switching, while Made in Japan has no Leslie at all, but has the Hammond going through a Marshall Stack. You should be able to easily hear the difference. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  11:29, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

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Speaker animation
The animation is slightly inaccurate in it's depiction of the Leslie speaker function, in that the animation depicts both the horn (treble) rotors and the woofer drum (bass) rotors rotating in the same direction, while the Wikipedia entry for the similar Sharma speaker notes that in a Leslie, these two components rotate in opposite directions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.48.177.164 (talk • contribs)

Other musical applications
I think it's worth mentioning its importance in Gospel music, especially that of the African-American churches... Many famous jazz and blues singers began their careers by either playing through or singing with a Hammond B3 or C3. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.227.225.226 (talk) 06:09, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Possessive plural for company names?
In the first section of this article, I see "Hammond were not interested". The reference is to the electric organ mfg. company.

This is the first time I've encountered this anywhere. Does using "were" in this context comply Wiki style? 74.198.131.130 (talk) 09:24, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Probably just a UK/US thing. Given that it's about a US company/product/inventor, "was" should probably prevail (AIUI it specifically refers to Mr Hammond anyway) but as I'm English I'm biased in favour of the UK, er, flavour. --Vometia (talk) 08:38, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

 * That's probably a mistake, as a British editor, I probably did that. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  14:29, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leslie speaker


text:
ED50

ED50 ("European Datum 1950", EPSG:4230 ) is a geodetic datum which was defined after World War II for the international connection of geodetic networks.

Background
Some of the important battles of World War II were fought on the borders of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, and the mapping of these countries had incompatible latitude and longitude positioning. During the war the German Military Survey (Reichsamt Kriegskarten und Vermessungswesen), under the command of Lieutenant General Gerlach Hemmerich, began a systematic mapping of the areas under the control of the German Military, a large part of Europe. The allies were also concerned about the state of mapping in Europe, and in 1944 the US Army Map Service set up an intelligence team to collect mapping and surveying information from the Germans as the allied armies moved through Europe after the Normandy landings. The group, known as Houghteam after Major Floyd W. Hough, collected much material. Their greatest success was in April 1945. They found a large cache of material in Saalfeld, Thuringia, which proved to be the entire geodetic archives of the German Army. The shipment, 75 truckloads in all, was transferred to Bamberg, and then to Washington for evaluation.

Shortly after this, the team captured the personnel of the Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, the State Surveying Service, in Friedrichroda, also in Thuringia. This group had been working on the integration of the mapping of the occupied territories with that of Germany, under Professor Erwin Gigas, a geodesist with an international reputation. They were directed to continue this work, in Bamberg in the US zone of occupation, as part of the US-led effort to develop a single adjusted triangulation for Central Europe. This was completed in 1947. The work was then extended to cover much of Western Europe which was completed in 1950, and became ED50.

The European triangulation was originally classified military information. It was declassified in the 1960s, and became the basis for the definition of international boundaries in the North Sea. It was, and still is, used in much of Western Europe apart from Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland, which have their own datums.

It used the International Ellipsoid of 1924 ("Hayford-Ellipsoid" of 1909) (radius of the Earth's equator 6378.388 km, flattening 1/297, both exact). That spheroid was an early attempt to model the whole Earth and was widely used around the world until the 1980s when GRS 80 and WGS 84 were established.

Many national coordinate systems of Gauss–Krüger are defined by ED50 and oriented by means of geodetic astronomy. Up to now it has been used in databases of gravity fields, cadastre, small surveying networks in Europe and America, and by some developing countries with no modern baselines. ED50 was also part of the fundamentals of the NATO coordinates (Gauss–Krüger and UTM) up to the 1980s.

The geodetic datum of ED50 was centred at the Helmertturm on the Telegrafenberg in Potsdam, (then East) Germany; the intent was to encourage cooperation with the socialist states during the Cold War, which failed. The adjustments for later versions of the datum (ED77, ED79) used the Munich Frauenkirche as starting point.

Datum shift between ED50 and WGS 84
The longitude and latitude lines on the two datums are the same in the Archangel region of north-west Russia. As one moves westwards across Europe, the longitude lines on ED50 gradually become further west than their WGS 84 equivalents, and are around 100 metres west in Spain and Portugal. Moving southwards, the latitude lines on ED50 gradually become further south than the WGS 84 lines, and are around 100 m south in the Mediterranean Sea.

This means that if the lines are further west, the longitude value of any given point becomes more easterly. Similarly, if the lines are south, the values become northerly. This is due to the fact that the International Ellipsoid is larger than the GRS 80/WGS 84 ellipsoid, so a given north-south distance will cover more latitude on the new ellipsoid, and a given east-west distance will cover more longitude.

The datum shift for the Universal Transverse Mercator grid is different. The eastings vary between 0 m in Eastern Europe and 100 m in the far west of the continent, roughly similar to the longitude shift, but the northings are about 200 m different across Europe, with the ED50 UTM northing lines south of the WGS 84 UTM northing lines. UTM northings are measured from the Equator; distance from the equator to latitude 50 degrees is 112 m more on the International than on the WGS 84 spheroid.

title: ED50


text:
The Disorderly Room

The Disorderly Room is a musical comedy sketch written by the actor and writer Eric Blore during the First World War. It was first performed at the Victoria Palace Theatre, London, in 1919 and starred Blore, Stanley Holloway, Tom Walls, Leslie Henson and Jack Buchanan. The sketch consists of supposed military disciplinary proceedings put to the tunes of popular songs of the day.

The sketch was taken up by the comedian Tommy Handley, who performed it, in the words of his biographer, "on every music-hall stage in the country". He performed it at the Royal Command Performance at the London Coliseum in 1924, which was broadcast by the BBC. Handley subsequently performed in the sketch on eight occasions on radio, and four times on television, between 1926 and 1939. With an unnamed supporting cast he recorded the sketch for the Zonophone label in 1927. The recording has been reissued on LP and CD.

title: The Disorderly Room


text: Talk:Drafting (aerodynamics)

title: Talk:Drafting (aerodynamics)


text:
Communal apartment

Communal apartments (коммунальная квартира, colloquial: kommunalka) are apartments in which several unrelated persons or families live in isolated living rooms and share common areas such a kitchen, shower, and toilet. They generally lack privacy. Up until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all communal apartments were state-owned public housing. With the start of privatization in Russia, such apartments started to gain ownership, often parts of it being privatized by different persons, which often led to litigations and abuse.

Communal apartments became widespread in the Soviet Union following the October Revolution of 1917. The term communal apartments is a term that emerged specifically during the Soviet Union. The concept of communal apartments grew in Russia and the Soviet Union as a response to a housing crisis in urban areas; authorities presented them as the product of the "new collective vision of the future."

Several families typically shared a communal apartment and common areas. Each family typically had only one room, which usually served as a living room, dining room, and bedroom for the entire family at the same time. All the residents of the building shared the use of the hallways, kitchen (commonly known as the "communal kitchen"), bathroom and (rarely) telephone. The communal apartment became the predominant form of housing in the Soviet Union for generations, and examples still exist in "the most fashionable central districts of large Russian cities", such as Saint Petersburg.

Most communal apartments were replaced after the death of Joseph Stalin with Khrushchevkas, in which each family had their own private apartment. This was then followed by Brezhnevkas which were built taller, had larger apartments, and came with heretofore unavailable amenities such as elevators, interior bathrooms, garbage disposals and central heating systems. Today in Russia, Soviet-style apartment blocks are still built and are termed "Novostroika"; they are often painted colorfully and have all modern amenities.

Communal living continues to exist in other countries today, such as several students living as roommates in a rented shared apartment.

A distinct characteristic of Soviet kommunalkas is that the scarcity of housing and obligatory residence registration (propiska) made it virtually impossible for residents to part ways in case of conflict.

History
The first communal apartments appeared in the early 18th century, when rental lodging was partitioned by the landlords into "corners", often walk-through tiny dwellings. From the mid-19th century the number of such apartments had drastically increased. Usually they consisted of units with three to six rooms. In the 20th century, the Soviet Union undertook "intensive industrialization and urbanization", shifting from eighty percent of the population living in rural villages and towns at the time of the Revolution, to nearly the same percentage living in cities by the 1990s. People were driven from the countryside by poverty and harsh collectivization, and pulled to the city by the industrialization of the economy. This exodus put enormous pressure on existing urban housing accommodations. Communal apartments were one answer to the housing crisis, and many considered them a step up from the alternatives of housing communes, hostels, and barracks. Vladimir Lenin conceived the communal apartment and drafted a plan to "expropriate and resettle private apartments" shortly after the October Revolution. His plan inspired many architects to begin communal housing projects, to create a "revolutionary topography." The communal apartment was revolutionary by "uniting different social groups in one physical space." Furthermore, housing belonged to the government and families were allotted an extremely small number of square meters each. At these time a peculiar procedure was introduced called "compaction" (ru:Уплотнение): housing norms were introduced, and if an apartment was "underpopulated", other people were assigned to live there.

After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev's regime "embarked upon a mass housing campaign", to eliminate the persistent housing shortages, and create private apartments for urban residents. This campaign was a response to popular demand for "better living conditions, single-family housing, and greater privacy"; Khrushchev believed that granting the people private apartments would give them greater enthusiasm for the communist system in place and that improving people's attitudes and living conditions would lead to a healthier and more productive workforce. However, the new apartments were built quickly, with an emphasis on quantity over quality, and in underdeveloped neighborhoods, with poor systems of public transportation, making daily life harder for workers. These apartment blocks quickly became called "khrushchyoba", a cross between Khrushchev's name and the Russian term for slums.

Layout
Space in communal apartments was divided into common spaces and private rooms "mathematically or bureaucratically", with little to no attention paid to the physical space of the existing structures. Most apartments were partitioned in a dysfunctional manner, creating "strange spaces, long corridors, and so-called black entrances through labyrinthine inner courtyards." Entire families lived in a single overcrowded room, with little hope of changing their situation. Residents were meant to share the kitchen, bathroom and corridors amongst themselves, but even these spaces could be divided. For example, each family might have their own kitchen table, gas burner, doorbell, and even light switch, preferring to walk down the hall to use their light switch to turn on the bathroom lights rather than using a closer switch belonging to another resident. Furthermore, the hallways were often poorly lit, because each family had control of one of the lights hanging in the corridor, and would only turn it on for their own benefit. Though communal apartments were relatively small, residents had to wait at times to use the bathroom or kitchen sink. The kitchen was the primary place the residents interacted with one another and scheduled shared responsibilities. Wary of theft, residents rarely left groceries in the kitchen unless they put locks on the kitchen cabinets. However, they often stored their toiletries in the kitchen as opposed to the bathroom, because other residents could more easily use things left unattended in the bathroom. Laundry was left to dry in both the kitchen and the bathroom.

Dynamics
The communal apartment was the only living accommodation in the Soviet Union where the residents had "no particular reason to be living together." Other forms of communal living were based around type of work or other commonalities, but the communal apartment residents were placed together at random, as a result of the distribution of scarce living space by a governing body. These residents had little commitment to communal living or to each other. In spite of the haphazard nature of their cohabitation, residents had to navigate communal living, which required shared responsibilities and reliance on one another. Duty schedules were posted in the kitchen or corridors, typically assigning one family to be "on duty" at any given moment. The family on duty would be responsible for cleaning the common spaces by sweeping and mopping the kitchen every few days, cleaning the bathroom and taking out the trash. The length of time a family was scheduled to work usually depended on the size of the family, and the rotation followed the order of the rooms in the apartment. Communal living posed unique challenges. One author tells of an incident when a drunk neighbor passed out on the floor in front of the entrance to their room and urinated, to the horror of her mother, who was entertaining foreign guests when the "little yellow stream slowly made its way through the door of the room." She relates this incident to the experience of communal living, "both intimate and public, with a mixture of ease and fear in the presence of foreigners and neighbors." Tenants in communal apartments are "like family in some respects and like strangers in others." Neighbors were forced to interact with each other, and they knew nearly everything about each other, their schedules and daily routines, profession, habits, relationships and opinions, prohibiting any sense of privacy in the communal apartment.

The communal kitchen was an epicenter of the communal life in the apartment: gossips, lies, defamation, news, dramas, and nasty jokes. Spying was especially prevalent in the communal apartment like nowhere else, because of the extremely close quarters in which people lived and where everyone heard of each other. It was not unusual for a neighbor to look or listen into another resident's room or the common room and to gossip about others. Furthermore, the communal apartment was "a breeding ground of police informants", people were encouraged to denounce their neighbors, and often did so to ensure safety for themselves or to gain their neighbor's room for themselves after they had them evicted or imprisoned. Some individuals chose to get married simply to upgrade to a bigger apartment. One way that families were able to improve their living conditions was to "exchange" their living quarters. If a family was separated by divorce they could trade spaces, for example one could swap out one large space for two smaller units to accommodate a family. As result of all these unsolvable problems, many of the former residents of communal apartments look either fondly or negatively back on their experience in communal living. Nowadays most residents have a negative attitude towards communal apartments.

In popular culture

 * One of the conflicts in the satirical novel Heart of a Dog are the attempts of a house committee to "compactify" professor Preobrazhensky's spacious apartment
 * Compaction (film), a 1918 Soviet silent film
 * In the satirical novel The Little Golden Calf, a kommunalka under the name "Crow's Horde" ("voronya slobodka") is described
 * Ninotchka, a 1939 American comedy film features life in Soviet communalkas
 * The popular catchphrase of Voland about Soviet Muscovites from Bulgakov's Master and Margarita alludes to tough life in kommunalkas: "Люди, как люди.<...>... в общем, напоминают прежних... квартирный вопрос только испортил их..." (Literary translation: "They're people like any other people...<>...In general, reminiscent of the former ones ... only the housing problem has corrupted them.")

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Adriano Sofri

Adriano Sofri (born August 1, 1942, Trieste) is an Italian former far-left politician, a journalist and a writer. He was convicted for ordering the assassination of Milan Police officer Luigi Calabresi in 1972. This was one of the most important murders during the historical period of social turmoil and political violence in Italy known as the "Years of Lead". Spanning from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, they were marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Sofri was the leader of the far-left militant organization called Lotta Continua ("Continuous Struggle"), together with Giorgio Pietrostefani. Sofri spent his sentence between 1997 and 2012. In the meantime, he wrote for various Italian national newspapers, such as Il Foglio, La Repubblica, and Panorama. He is a daily columnist for Il Foglio still nowadays.

Calabresi murder and background
On 12 December 1969, the Piazza Fontana bombing took place in Milan, killing 17 people and wounding 88. Among those arrested and investigated there was the militant anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli. On 15 December 1969, while in police custody, Pinelli fell from a fourth floor window of the police building in Milan. The policemen present in the interrogation room claimed that Pinelli committed suicide, but many leftist circles believed him to have been murdered.

Despite the established fact that Calabresi wasn't even in the room at the moment of Pinelli's death, he became the target of an extensive left-wing media campaign, which accused him of being a manslaughter and lasted years. It was led especially by the newspaper of Lotta Continua (directed by Sofri at the time) and by the left-wing mainstream weekly L'Espresso. Lotta Continua newspaper explicitly wrote that Calabresi had to be "shot dead".

An initial investigation in 1970 ruled Pinelli's death as an accident.

On the morning of 17 May 1972, Luigi Calabresi was shot outside his home while going to work.

Aftermath and effects on public opinion
Between 1971 and 1975, Milan prosecutor conducted a second thorough investigation for manslaughter on the policemen sharing the room with Pinelli. In 1975 he concluded that Pinelli fell down because he had fainted and collapsed on the window parapet, after he had approached the door-window to take some air (he had been kept in custody for two days and he hadn't received a lot food, he had been interrogated for hours in the room, it was an historical building and the parapet of the window was particularly low). The faint hypothesis was the only one consistent with the trajectory and the weight of the body of Pinelli.

16 later in July 1988, Leonardo Marino, an ex-activist of Lotta Continua who said that he was moved by religion and a sense of guilt, turned himself in to the police and confessed of taking part in the assassination of Calabresi. Marino explained that he drove the car while Ovidio Bompressi shot the policeman. He said that the assassination had been decided by Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani, the leaders of Lotta Continua. Sofri was then arrested with the two other partners.

The Piazza Fontana bombing, Giuseppe Pinelli's death, Calabresi's assassination and their subsequent investigations and trials are remembered as some of the most important events during the Years of Lead.

First trial, retrial and European Supreme Court. Escape of Pietrostefani.
On 2 May 1990 in Milan, Sofri was convicted and sentenced to serve 22 years in prison. Pietrostefani and Bompressi also received 22 years, while Marino was sentenced to 11 years due to his collaboration.

In July 1991, the Court of Appeal of Milan upheld the convictions, but these were cancelled the following year by the Supreme Court of Cassation asking for a new proceeding. With a new judgment by another section of the Court of Appeal of Milan, Sofri and the others were acquitted in 1993. Unusually, when the trial arrived for the second time at the Supreme Court, the sentence was canceled again and a third proceeding was requested. It took place and Sofri was convicted with the partners by yet another section of the Court of Appeal of Milan in 1995. Finally, the Supreme Court in its third review confirmed this judgment, ending the trial with a conviction in 1997.

After 2 years of prison, in 1999 Sofri and Pietrostefani asked and obtained by the Supreme Court a temporary suspension of the sentence and a retrial. This is an exceptional measure, quite unusual in the Italian justice system, and it was granted because of the complicated legal path and the high political pressure on the first trial at the time. In the meanwhile, they were released from prison waiting for the hearings; these were held by the Court of Appeal of Venice, the only one accepting to do the procedure at the time. In 2000 the Court celebrated a new trial and sentenced a confirmation of the convictions, later ratified by the Supreme Court. While Sofri accepted the sentence and returned in prison, Pietrostefani had already fled in France. He remained fugitive and never came back to serve its sentence, because French authorities refused to extradite him under the Mitterrand doctrine.

In 2003 the European Court of Human Rights refused yet another appeal made by Sofri and Pietrostefani for another retrial, calling it "inadmissible" and sentencing that their trial had been fair: "the trial inspected [by us] did not deteriorated the rights of the defense" and "did not deteriorated the equity of the proceeding".

Opinion movement for presidential pardon
Throughout all the proceedings there was a large opinion movement in favor of Sofri, made by relevant politicians, intellectuals and artists such as Dario Fo, Erri De Luca, Carlo Ginzburg, Giuliano Ferrara, Gad Lerner, Luigi Ciotti, Walter Veltroni, Piero Fassino, judge Ferdinando Imposimato, Marco Pannella.

At the end of November 2005, Adriano Sofri suffered of Boerhaave syndrome while in prison. He was moved to the hospital and lots of national figures asked the President of the Republic to give him a pardon. However Justice Minister Roberto Castelli refused to do the request to the President. After the defeat of Silvio Berlusconi at the April 2006 election, the new government's Justice Minister Clemente Mastella announced that Sofri could be pardoned. However Sofri refused to make a formal request, saying the request by himself would have been like an admission of guilt. The Justice Minister commented: "The truth is that 34 years after the events Sofri is a very sick person to whom one can offer a spontaneously humane gesture". In the end Sofri did not receive a pardon, but from 2007 he was allowed to serve his sentence under house arrest for medical reasons. The 22-year sentence ended in January 2012.

title: Adriano Sofri


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