text:
Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans

Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans (30 September 1751 - 18 July 1832) was a French naval architect and engineer. He was the inventor of the first steamboat, leading to the first industrial revolution by launching a new dynamic on the waters of the globe.

Career
In 1773, Jouffroy d'Abbans met with the Perier brothers and studied in their workshop the Pompe à feu (Fire pump), which had been used as a motive force for the hydraulic machine developed by Chaillot, in order to apply it to ship propulsion.

In 1776, Jouffroy d'Abbans developed a 13-meter steamship, the Palmipède, in which the engine moved oars equipped with rotating blades. The ship sailed on the Doubs in June and July 1776.

In 1783, he made a paddle steamer named the Pyroscaphe ply on the Saône. However, the Académie des Sciences prohibited him from using his invention in Paris, and instead nominated Périer, one of de Jouffroy d'Abbans' opponents whose previous attempts had failed, to inspect the project. Further misfortunes due to the French Revolution hindered his progress. His claim was acknowledged by Arago and in 1840 by the French Academy. Jouffroy published Les bateaux à vapeur and wrote for the academy Mémoires sur les pompes à feu. Impoverished, he retired to the Hôtel des Invalides and died there of cholera.

In 1803, more than 20 years after d'Abbans' inaugural trip, Robert Fulton would succeed in sailing a steamship of his conception on the Seine.

Personal life
Claude-François-Dorothée Jouffroy d'Abbans was born on September 30, 1751, in the Roches-Bettaincourt commune in Grand-Est, France. He died in Paris on July 18, 1832.


text: Category:Knights Templar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Knights Templar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jewish supremacism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:03, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jewish supremacism
First, there's no reason to believe that this is a genuine topic; as the article stands, at least, it's a personal essay. Secondly, it seems to be in part an attempt to circumvent the VfD deletion of "Jewish ethnocentrism". Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:41, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. As soon as I'd placed this article on VfD, the creator  moved the contents to "Jewish supremacy", and made the VfDed page a redirect.  I've returned matters to their original state. His other edits have all been concerned with this topic, all immediately revertable, some vandalistic. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. I moved the contents to "Jewish supremacy", which was an already existing entry, with practically the same content. I decided that there was no need for duplicate entries. My supposed "vandalistic" edits, were merely the deletion of links that did not apply to the subject.
 * However, removing the VfD notice from Jewish supremacism is indeed vandalism. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

*Keep This article should not be deleted. The Jewish Defense League is a good example of Jewish supremacy.--Gramaic 08:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Presumably neologism coined for propaganda purposes. --Ian Pitchford 16:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. YAFN. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You 19:20, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. original research, someone's opinion. mikka (t) 19:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as Orignial Research. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 19:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - this gets a lot of googles (7,000 odd)- mainly relating to anti-semitic literature peddling the old hateful 'World Jewish Conspiracy' theories. I'm wondering whether this 'theory' is notable in such circles. If it is, then perhaps it should be kept - but its origins in those circles needs clearly stated. No vote for now (I don't see any original research here). --Doc (?) 19:59, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The text begins: "Jewish supremacism is the variety of ...". If you don't see a problem here, then try read more about difference between POV and fact. If one wants an article about a " 'theory' in some circles", the text should start, e.g., "Jewish supremacism is the term used in to describe what they perceive as...". In any case, the article gives no reputable sources, hence original research. It does not matter that the term is all over google. It is not the job of wikipedian do describe something. His job is to report what is already described. mikka (t) 22:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I grant you all of the above, the article (if it had been kept) would need drastic clean-up. My question was about the subject matter itself not its awful presentation. --Doc (?) 22:31, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Kurgan5000yearsbc 21:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)Kurgan5000yearsbc20:02, 11 Jun 2005
 * This user has made three edits: two in February 2005 (voting to keep "Jewish ethnocentrism") and this one. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. -- BD2412 talk 21:33, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Comment This has been speedied by User:AndyL as 'neo-nazi propaganda'. Perhaps it should have been deleted (that seemed to be the emerging consensus) - but it seems to me a strange reason to speedy. POV is normally best adressed by 'clean-up' --Doc (?) 22:36, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. That isn't in the list of speedy criteria. I'll restore and we'll continue with discussion.  The term seems to be one used by David Duke; he wrote a book Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question.  If I voted on this (I'm not voting, as it happens) I'd have to say keep and cleanup to describe the use of the term by neo-nazis like Duke. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 03:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * POV is not a speedy deletion criterion, but vandalism and recreation of deleted material is. Unless rewritten: delete, candidate for speedy deletion. - Mike Rosoft 07:33, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It's clearly not vandalism. It could qualify for speedy if the same material was originally deleted according to WP:DP.  Do you have a reference for an instance of such policy-led deletion in this case? If so I would support a properly labelled speedy. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with Tony Sidaway for the most part on this one, but I just dont see one term used by David Duke to be notable to merit its own page. At best, merge with the David Duke page? -CunningLinguist 12:31, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As it stands, the article is no more notable than an article on "Bob supremacism" would be (that being the belief among a subset of people named Bob that they are superior to those with other names).  If the article were rewritten to actually discuss the topic beyond slapping two words together and defining the result, I could understand it remaining.  Perhaps the people who have voted to keep this article might take a crack at editing this before deletion and creating a NPOV article that achieves this.  --Dachannien 16:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Unsubstantiated and probably just agitprop. — RJH 16:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - See no reason to delete. We have Black supremacy and White supremacy.. The Jews are another race in which there lies a pocket of supremicists, it's no big deal to have an article on it.  The phrase God's Chosen People sticks out for me right now. The article as it  stands clearly needs to be expanded though. --Irishpunktom\talk 00:08, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: A) Jews are not a "race." B) You don't know what "chosenness" means if you make that kind of a statememnt.  --Leifern 17:19, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Changed my mind. I agreed with Leifern's comment above.--Gramaic 07:40, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This is libel, the JDL has no such views Kuratowski's Ghost 14:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no significant group that believes "the jewish race is superior and should rule over other races".  Even the Jewish Defense League does not say this.--Pharos 09:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. RK 17:58, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: True enough, however a staggering number of antisemites believe "chosenness" means just exactly that.  Tomer TALK  04:34, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research, obvious attempt to circumvent VfD on previously deleted Jewish ethnocentrism. Jayjg (talk)  04:03, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this content without hesitation. If it really gets that many google hits tho, perhaps this should really be a #REDIRECT to Jews as a chosen people.  Tomer TALK  04:30, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am not sure that there could not be a legitimate article on this topic. However, the current article is simply tautological. If someone can cite examples of actual Jewish supremacists, I would reconsider. However, my suspicion is that this is merely an anti-Semitic claim of the existence of an entirely imaginary ideology. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:48, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research, no refs. --Viriditas  | Talk 04:51, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because it looks like a Neo-Nazi inversion of their own own anti-Semitic hallucinations. IZAK 05:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is complicated. There is such a concept as "Jewish supremacy" - the idea that Jews believe themselves to be superior to other races. However, I've never heard of anyone other than anti-Zionist conspiracy theorists say that Jews wish to rule the world (and those folks tend to think that such domination has already been achieved). I highly doubt that even the minority of ethnocentric Jews who think they're better than everyone else want to rule over anything besides Israel. The world is, after all, rather a mess,and sternly believing that you're God's chosen for the next world makes this one seem unimportant by comparison. I'd say there should be an article on the peculiar nature of Jewish ethnocentrism, but the suggestion that Jews want to dominate other groups is hokum, so delete what's here now and start from scratch. -- BD2412 talk 06:15, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Comment. We don't need to delete, then.  Just rewrite the article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 12:13, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * D-E-L-E-T-E. POV fork. JFW | T@lk  07:00, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. Indrian 08:01, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Per BD2412's convoluted logic. Jewish ethnocentrism covers the topic well. There's room for improvement, but this article isn't it. -Willmcw 08:32, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - what Mel said. --Mrfixter 08:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -anti semitic garbage. Also, some people who have made incredibly ignorant statements should first brush up on the subject before proposing to keep this bad excuse for an article.(Guy Montag 09:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete - Used by almost no one except David Dukeites. --FCYTravis 09:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Troll. Mikeage 09:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I've made too many comments on this type of issue. My opinion is clear. Evolver of Borg 20:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the alleged phenomenon is notable as such, substantiating evidence needs to be forthcoming. El_C 11:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Original research, and no evidence of Jewish supremacy (at least not in the same context as of White supremacy). Legitimate discussion of the Chosen People belief is covered in Jews as a chosen people. This article is unnecessary, and inherently POV. Impi 12:37, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Refers to an alleged phenomenon not attested in any legitimate source and appears to have been invented expressly for the purpose of misleading people into believing that such a phenomonon exists. Kuratowski's Ghost 14:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - How many attempts have there been now to make an encyclopedia entry out of a canard?  --Leifern 17:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - A classic example of POV-pushing. gidonb  00:38, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Strong sense of déja vu here. SlimVirgin (talk) 02:43, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Almog 03:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this Nazi filth. Neutralitytalk 03:50, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and replace with redirect to Psychological projection Gzuckier 04:38, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Gzuckier.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:08, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Nahum 10:12, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for the reasons given above by others. -- uriber 17:04, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:83.109.133.98

title: User talk:83.109.133.98


text:
Talk:Battle Mountain, Nevada

Opening comment
Please stop Deleting FACTS!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.10.240.1 (talk) 22:49, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

History

Battle Mountain has an interesting history. It is one of the few "trailer park" towns in the United States. It was never settled as a town, instead was created at a railroad siding for the convenience of the gold mines in the area. When the railroad was built, the siding called "Battle Mountain" was used as the main loading and unloading for ore from the local mines. A general store called "Lemaires" and a hotel were built on the site. Eventually, a brothel was built on the site, and as the mines would close down, people, instead of building a new house at a new mine site, would put their house on logs, or move it onto a specially built wagon, and move it to the Battle Mountain siding site near the store and hotel. Because of the height of the house (being on the logs or on a wagon, they would slide the house onto a cement and block pad raised to the level of the house.

Should include the followup in the Wash. Post Magazine: Below the Beltway January 6, 2002 www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/18/AR2007121800704.html Tahrlis (talk) 04:59, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

HPV Races
there are several videos of the HPV races at Battle Mountain on YouTube. Here is one .--Billymac00 (talk) 05:56, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Does anyone else think the HPV race paragraph(s) could do with a rewrite? The second one reads like a press release, and not a very good one at that. Mr Larrington (talk) 12:37, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

National Recognition Error
It's a small error, but under the Nation Recognition section the wrong it's is being used. It should be its NOT it is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.61.20.2 (talk) 17:12, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Battle Mountain, Nevada


text:
Never the Twain

Never the Twain is a British sitcom that ran for eleven series from 7 September 1981 to 9 October 1991. The series starred Windsor Davies (previously known for It Ain't Half Hot, Mum) and Donald Sinden as rival antique dealers, and also co-starred Robin Kermode (later replaced by Christopher Morris), Julia Watson (later replaced by Tracy Kneale), Honor Blackman, Teddy Turner, Derek Deadman, Maria Charles and Zara Nutley.

The series was created by Johnnie Mortimer, and was the only sitcom he ever created without his usual writing partner, Brian Cooke. Mortimer wrote the entirety of the first two series, one episode of the seventh, and five out of six episodes of the eighth, with the rest mainly written by John Kane and Vince Powell (who wrote the whole of the last three series). It was made by Thames Television for the ITV network. Since its run ended, it has been repeated a few times, including on UK Gold, Forces TV, and as of July 2023 on ITV3 in their pre-9.00am comedy slot. The title is taken from the Rudyard Kipling poem The Ballad of East and West. The show's theme tune was composed by Jack Trombey, and the track was entitled Domino.

Plot

Oliver Smallbridge, played by Windsor Davies, and Simon Peel, played by Donald Sinden, are antiques dealers who are also bitter enemies (after a falling-out having been business partners) and next-door neighbours, both in their homes and shops. They are engaged in a continuous game of one-upmanship, so both of them are shocked when they find out that their respective children (Smallbridge's daughter Lyn – played by Watson and later Kneale – and Peel's son David – played by Kermode and later Morris) are in love and want to marry as soon as possible. The fathers are forced to reluctantly accept the relationship and marriage, which takes place at the end of the first series.

It is the impending marriage of Lyn and David and the early days of their marriage, alongside Oliver and Simon battling over the affection of middle-class widow Veronica Barton (played by Blackman), that provides the basis for the first two series (both written entirely by Mortimer). The third series features a failed attempt by Simon and Oliver to try to renew their business partnership.

After the third series, Lyn and David move to Vancouver in Canada, leaving the daily goings-on at Simon and Oliver's shops and in their private lives as the main themes of the show. Other notable characters in the series are Simon's butler Banks (played by Turner), a replacement for a foreign au pair that Simon had requested; Ringo (played by Deadman), Oliver's idiotic assistant in his shop; and Mrs. Sadler (played by Charles), Oliver's clumsy cleaner, who has an annoying tendency to accidentally break things. Banks and Mrs. Sadler's amorous relationship provides humorous material in these series, with both of them marrying and leaving the show at the end of the seventh series. The fourth to seventh series were written by a group of writers, Powell and Me and My Girl co-creator Kane being the most prominent.

In the eighth series (mostly written again by Mortimer), Lyn and David return from Canada with their son (and Oliver's and Simon's grandson) Martin, who provides a new platform on which Simon and Oliver can develop their long-standing rivalry, fighting over who is the better grandfather. However, at the end of that series, Lyn, David, and Martin move to a new flat in Friern Barnet.

Simon and Oliver's daily personal and business lives are the primary focus of the final three series (all written in their entirety by Powell). In these series, another character (who had already made two appearances in series 4 and 7) begins to appear regularly: Simon's Aunt Eleanor (played by Nutley, who had also appeared in Vince Powell's earlier sitcom Mind Your Language), moves near Oliver and Simon.

Also, appearing in some episodes of the series were Donald Sinden's sons Marc and Jeremy, while his wife Diana appeared in the last-ever episode.

Home releases
The complete first series was released on DVD in June 2001 by Clear Vision, and no other series were released. It was announced that a different company would release a DVD featuring the first two series, which was eventually released in September 2010.

An 11-disc complete series set, through Network, was released on 21 October 2019.

In Australia (Region 4), Via Vision Entertainment released The Complete Series in an 11-disc box set on 6 January 2021.

Locations
The outside filming location for the two antique shops in the early series was a double-fronted restaurant on The Green in the village of Claygate in Surrey, just six miles to the south of Thames Television’s Teddington Studios. They then used some shops at 10-12 Queen's Road, Hersham, Surrey. The churches used for the weddings were St Andrew's Church, Ham, Surrey and St Andrew's Church, Cobham, Surrey. The houses used in the early series were on Burtenshaw Road, Thames Ditton, Surrey. One of these has since been demolished and another house built on the plot. Later houses on Brook Farm Road and Oak Road, Cobham were used.

Repeats
Beginning in early 2006, ITV3 began showing repeats beginning with series one in a late afternoon timeslot with other classic ITV comedy series such as Rising Damp and On the Buses. From late January 2019, coincidentally a short time after the announcement of Windsor Davies's death, Forces TV started broadcasting the show as double bills from the very start. As of July 2023 the show has started being repeated again on ITV3 in their pre 9.00am comedy slot.

Interviews

 * The Bill Podcast: Jon Iles (2017)

title: Never the Twain


text:
River Till, Northumberland

The River Till is a river of north-eastern Northumberland. It is a tributary of the River Tweed, of which it is the only major tributary to flow wholly in England. Upstream of the locality of Bewick Bridge, 8.5 km to the southeast of Wooler the river is known as the River Breamish. It rises on Comb Fell in the Cheviot Hills.

Its tributaries include Wooler Water, which originates in the Cheviots, and the River Glen in Glendale. It meets the Tweed a mile to the west of Twizell Bridge, 4 km downstream of Coldstream. According to local folklore:

 * Tweed said to Till
 * "What gars ye rin sae stil?"
 * Says Till to Tweed,
 * "Though ye rin wi' speed
 * And I rin slaw
 * Whar ye droon yin man
 * I droon twa"''

Recent environmental projects have included an attempt to conserve the native brown trout.

title: River Till, Northumberland


text:
File talk:Lumina tag 2.jpg

Speedy Delete because of obvious privacy issues of publishing actual in use license plates Spotteddogsdotorg 14:48, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Keep currently in use under the Railfan and Vanity plate section. TVSRR 02:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Correction on the above that I said was on the Vanity plate section, just in use under the railfan section and this plate is showing the current in-use tag for the state of Georgia. Please keep this plate as an example for now. TVSRR 00:19, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:Lumina tag 2.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Herner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was ambiguous.

I am calling this as a "delete" in deference to the fairly well established precedent that articles about names are really dictionary entries, not encyclopedia articles. As Uncle G points out below, the exceptions are disambiguation pages, not articles about the name. Since this page only lists a single person (who by the way does not yet have an article), it does not qualify as a disambiguation page. I have elected not to transwiki the article to Wiktionary because there is not enough content to convince me that they would accept it. (The content would be "Herner is a german originated family name.")

This delete decision is made without prejudice if either 1) the article is re-created in Wiktionary as an article about the name or 2) the content is used to create a properly-named stub about the one person listed as an example (that content being "Janos Herner is the creator of the TimeWheel, the monument of time erected in Hungary, Europe.").

I am electing not to create the stub on Mr Herner merely because I can find no evidence that he would meet the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies but that is a personal decision, not a concensus VfD decision. Rossami (talk) 21:14, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Herner
This is not an article, at most it might be a (sub-)stub. Adam78 14:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep can be developed, if I am not mistaken, there are articles on other names. You 19:19, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually they are name disambiguations (such as Bush or Remington). Rarely, they are on people commonly known solely by a single name (such as Rasputin or Houdini).  This is not the case here.  The actual subject of this article, Janos Herner (more properly János Herner, it seems), is not commonly known as "Herner". Rename and Delete redirect. Uncle G 02:49, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Herner


text:
User talk:Xiaogou

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log, or Wikipedians/Singapore if you are a Singaporean or stay in Singapore.
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * And lastly, please sign off with Four tides.

Mr Tan 14:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xiaogou


text:
User:Casey J. Morris

fr:Utilisateur:Casey J. Morris es:Usuario:Casey J. Morris

I'm mostly interested in language.

title: User:Casey J. Morris


text:
Contarini

The Contarini is one of the founding families of Venice and one of the oldest families of the Italian Nobility. In total eight Doges to the Republic of Venice emerged from this family,  as well as 44 Procurators of San Marco,  numerous ambassadors, diplomats and other notables. Among the ruling families of the republic, they held the most seats in the Great Council of Venice from the period before the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio when Councillors were elected annually to the end of the republic in 1797. The Contarini claimed to be of Roman origin through their patrilineal descendance of the Aurelii Cottae, a branch of the Roman family Aurelia, and traditionally trace their lineage back to Gaius Aurelius Cotta, consul of the Roman Republic in 252 BC and 248 BC.

Family
The House of Contarini is one of the twelve founding families of the Venetian Republic, the apostolic families, and were and remain through extended family consanguinity present in the Veneto's population, represented in over twenty auxiliary and cadet noble branches that include ranks currently among European sovereign, royal and aristocratic descendants.

853 AD marks the first officially verified documentation of the Contarini in the Republic of Venice, with Andrea Contarini named in the testament of Orso Partecipazio, son of Giovanni I Participazio. According to manuscripts in the Biblioteca Marciana and the family archives the Contarini claim direct descent of the Roman gens Aurelii Cottae through Publius Aurelius Cotta, son of Marcus Aurelius Cotta (consul in 74 BC and maternal uncle of Julius Caesar), who transferred his family to Padua. His grandson, Lucius Aurelius Cotta was elected prefect of the Reno; the area around the Reno near Bologna. His first and second son and his male grandchildren continued in this position and added the cognomen Reno, becoming Cotta Reno or Cottareno. The last person to register Cottareno was Marcus Aurelius Cottareno in Padua in 290 AD and subsequently the family name was written as Contareno, or Contarini in Venetian (both the Latin and Venetian denomination of the family name have been used interchangeably since). In 338 AD Marcus Aurelius Contareno (or Marco Aurelio Contarini in Venetian), prefect of Concordia under Constantine I, was the first Contarini to permanently move his residence to the Venetian area. In 425 another Marcus Aurelius Contarini took part in the third Consular Triumvirate of Rialto, following the invasions of the Goths under Alaric I, who from 402 pillaged the rich provinces of Istria and Venetia and sacked Rome in 410. From the outset the affairs of the early exiles in the islands of the Venetian lagoon were managed by Roman Consuls elected at Padua, including the Contarini. Following the invasion by the Huns of Attila in 452 and the destruction of the large Roman cities of Padua and Aquileia, the islands became a more permanent refuge for the swelling number of exiles. In 466 the exiles decided upon a form of self-government through the annual election of Tribunes, who ultimately in 539 came under Byzantine rule through the Exarch of Ravenna, forming a loose association of islands with its capital in Eraclea. According to tradition, in 697 under the guidance of the Patriarch of Grado, twelve Tribunes ruling the Byzantine district of Venice elected the first Doge in Eraclea, forming the independent Republic of Venice. One of these Tribunes was Marcus Aurelius Contarini. Twentieth century studies, however, cast doubt on the historicity of the first Doge Paolo Luccio Anafesto and his successor Doge Marcello Tegalliano, suggesting that only following the murder of the Byzantine viceroy Paul Exarch of Ravenna, did the inhabitants of the islands chose their first Doge, Orso Ipato from Eraclea. Whoever was historically the first, the Contarini family has since the earliest Venetian chronicles been associated with the birth of the Republic and election of the first Doge. They formed part of the 'duodecim nobiliorum proles Venetiarum' (or the 'twelve noblest families of Venice') and the 12 apostolic families, the oldest of the 247 patrician families in the Great Council following the Serrata of 1297. As the first inhabitants in the lagoon came from what were provinces of Rome in the 5th century, the Rialto initially being governed by a Consular Triumvirate elected at Padua and subsequently by Tribunes who were elected from among the most prominent members in their former Roman communes, it is not uncommon among the oldest Venetian patrician families to find Roman ancestry (e.g. Quirini descended from gens Sulpicii Quirini, Marcello descended from gens Claudii Marcelli), families who often kept their praenomina traditions and preserved their genealogy. The older branch Aurelli Cottae of the gens Aurelia came to prominence with the election of Gaius Aurelius Cotta as consul in 252 BC and again in 248 BC during the First Punic War and by the time Publius Aurelius Cotta moved to Padua four of his patrilineal ancestors, including his father, had achieved consulship in the Roman Republic.

In the Republic of Venice in 1043 Domenico I was elected and became the first Doge in the family Contarini. By 1797, when the last Doge was forced to abdicate, the family had produced eight Doges of their own - the greatest number of Doges in one family. The Contarini count as well 44 Procurators of San Marco, the second most prestigious life appointment after that of the Doge, plus various important ambassadors, diplomats, cardinals and navy commanders among them (in the famous Battle of Lepanto no less than 6 ships were commanded by Contarini). The Republic, in one form or another, lasted as a functioning independent state for over 1100 years until Napoleon's march into Venice sounded its demise. Like Carthage, Athens and Rome, Venice overcame a territorial disadvantage, grew into a great city, and from a great city became a great empire. The power of Carthage was chiefly maritime, that of Athens chiefly military; but Rome and Venice obtained supremacy both by sea and land. Marvellously in advance of her contemporaries in all her institutions and ideas. The Contarini led the Venetian Republic forward through ever changing ages and commensurate with ample changes in trade, technology, trade, science, religion, art, banking and finance as well as in diplomacy and war.

Andrea Palladio, who was employed by the Contarini and their relatives, designed several of the most outstanding neo-classical structures in the Veneto's environs. Importantly, his works satisfied his clients, which, full-circle, he had helped to create. Many such works are found to have often favored a minimalist, if neo-classical, dialog among their design elements. A passion for purity of line, scale and proportion were fundamental to and codified in Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura, detailing vital points of design interest for architecture and decoration enthusiasts and professionals, and remains used by architecture students even today.

Surviving branch in Sicily
A branch remains in Sicily today. With the arrival of Alvise Contarini in Syracuse at the invitation of Martin I of Sicily this branch of the family was established in Sicily in 1394, the year in which Alvise married Cesarea Modica of Baron Pietro di Modica. Alvise Contarini was given the fiefdoms of San Giacomo Belmineo and Solarino as part of the dowry. In 1406 he was elected mayor of Syracuse, followed by numerous other communal, ministerial and military official positions for his descendants in the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Italy after the Risorgimento. In Sicily the family carries the title Duke Duke of Castrofilippo.

Notable members

 * Marco Aurelio Contarini, Roman consul elected at Padua, took part in the third Consular Triumvirate of Rialto, from 425 to 426
 * Aurelio Contarini, son of Marco Aurelio, moved to the Venetian Lagoons following invasion of Attila and became Tribune of Rialto in 453
 * Marco Aurelio Contarini, one of 12 Tribunes who elected the first Doge in 697 at the initiation of the Patriarch of Grado
 * Luigi Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 864
 * Antonio Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 865
 * Contarino Contarini, Tribune of Choggia in 880
 * Marco Contarini, son of Teodosio, Procurator of San Marco in 899
 * Marino Contarini (d. 953), Patriarch of Grado in 919
 * Giovanni Contarini, Ambassador to Pope John XII in 959
 * Marco Contarini, son of Giovanni, Procurator of San Marco in 991
 * Domenico Contarini (d. 1074), Bishop of Olivolo or Rialto from 1044 to 1074
 * Domenico I Contarini (d. 1071), 30th Doge of Venice from 1043 to 1071
 * Domenico Contarini, son of Giovanni, Bishop of Venice from 1070 to 1091
 * Enrico Contarini (d. 1108), Bishop of Castello from 1074 to 1108
 * Marco Contarini (d. 1149), son of Giovanni, Procurator of San Marco in 1143
 * Bertucci Contarini, captain in the fleet of doge Enrico Dandolo, conquering Zadar in 1202 and Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade
 * Jacopo Contarini (1194–1280), 47th Doge of Venice from 1275 to 1280
 * Marino Contarini (d. 1293), Procurator of San Marco in 1286
 * Nicolo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1299
 * Alberto Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1300
 * Nicolo Contarini (d. 1331), Procurator of San Marco in 1326
 * Elisabetta Contarini, wife of Doge Francesco Dandolo, dogaressa of Venice from 1328 to 1339
 * Stefano Contarini (d. 1352), Procurator of San Marco in 1347
 * Zaccaria Contarini, diplomat and Bailo of Constantinople in 1349
 * Maffio Contarini, Governor (Provvedittore) of Albania in 1355
 * Andrea Contarini (d. 1382), 60th Doge of Venice from 1368 to 1382
 * Antonio Contarini (d. 1386), Bishop of Adria from 1384 to 1386
 * Lorenzo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1377
 * Andrea Contarini (d. 1443), Ambassador in Rome to Pope Gregory XII in 1406, the first Venetian Pope
 * Girolamo Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1408
 * Antonio Contarini (d. 1441), Governor of Zadar and played an important role in regaining control of Zadar in 1409 from Hungary
 * Alvise Contarini, Mayor of Syracuse in 1406
 * Luigi (Lodovico) Contarini, senator of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1414
 * Andrea Contarini, executed in 1430 by hanging between the two red pillars of the Palazzo Ducale following his failed assassination attempt on Doge Francesco Foscari
 * Marino Contarini (d. 1455), Bishop of Kotor in 1430, Bishop of Treviso in 1453
 * Stefano Contarini, diplomat and Procurator of San Marco in 1441
 * Federico Contarini, diplomat and Procurator of San Marco in 1445
 * Nadalino Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1459
 * Leonardo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1449
 * Bartolomeo Contarini (15th century), Governor of the Duchy of Athens on behalf of Francesco I Acciaioli
 * Ambrogio Contarini (1429–1499), Ambassador to Sultan of Persia Uzun Hasan from 1473 to 1476
 * Maffio Contarini (d. 1460), Patriarch of Venice from 1456 to 1460
 * Andrea Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1463
 * Scipione Contarini, Bishop of Torcello from 1471 to 1485
 * Giovanni Matteo Contarini, Governor of Albania in 1466
 * Contarina Contarini, wife of Doge Nicolò Marcello, dogaressa of Venice from 1473 to 1474
 * Francesco Contarini, Governor of Albania in 1475
 * Federico Contarini, Provveditore of the Venetian Navy in 1482
 * Gasparo Contarini (1483–1542), diplomat and Bishop of Belluno from 1536 to 1542
 * Bertucci Contarini (d. 1490), Procurator of San Marco in 1485
 * Girolamo Contarini, Provveditori of the Venetian Navy in 1495
 * Pietro Contarini (d. 1495), Venetian governor of Naxos
 * Giovanni Matteo Contarini (d. 1507), cartographer who designed the 1506 Contarini–Rosselli map
 * Zaccaria Contarini, Ambassador to King Charles VIII of France in 1491
 * Lodovico Contarini, Patriarch of Venice in 1508
 * Antonio Contarini (d. 1524), Patriarch of Venice from 1508 to 1524
 * Bartolomeo Contarini, Ambassador to Ottoman Sultan Selim I in 1517
 * Carlo Contarini, Ambassador to Archduke Ferdinand I in 1523
 * Bernardo Contarini, Bailo of Nafplio in 1524
 * Giovanni Contarini, Provveditori of the Venetian Navy in 1528
 * Luigi Contarini, Bailo of Nafplio in 1531
 * Paolo and Francesco Contarini, patricians who commissioned the Villa Contarini in Piazzola sul Brenta in 1546
 * Giacomo Contarini (1536–1595), Venetian patron and collector of mathematical instruments
 * Pietro Contarini (1591–1563), Bishop of Paphos in 1557
 * Giulio Contarini (d. 1580), Procurator of San Marco in 1537
 * Marc' Antonio Contarini, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from 1529 to 1533, Ambassador in Rome to Pope Paul III in 1538
 * Alessandro Contarini (d. 1553), Procurator of San Marco in 1538
 * Tomasso Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1541, Procurator of San Marco in 1557
 * Giulio Contarini, Bishop of Belluno from 1542 to 1575
 * Pietro Francesco Contarini, Patriarch of Venice from in 1554
 * Tomasso Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1558
 * Tomasso Contarini, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1535 and Procurator of San Marco in 1543
 * Francesco Contarini, Ambassador to Pope Paul IV in 1555, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Procurator of San Marco in 1556
 * Giovanni Contarini (1549–1605), painter of the Venetian School
 * Francesco Contarini, Bishop of Paphos in 1562, Bishop of Cyprus in 1570
 * Luigi Contarini (d. 1579), Ambassador to the Duke of Ferrara in 1569, Ambassador to King Charles IX of France in 1577
 * Federico Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1570
 * Leonardo Contarini, Ambassador in Germany in 1571
 * Girolamo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1571
 * Cecilia Contarini, wife of Doge Sebastiano Venier, admiral of the fleet at the Battle of Lepanto, dogaressa of Venice from 1577 to 1578
 * Tomaso Contarini (d. 1617), Governor of Vicenza in 1589, later Ambassador to the Dutch Republic, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Ambassador to Pope Paul V
 * Zaccaria Contarini, Ambassador to Pope Gregory XIV in 1590, Ambassador to Pope Clement VIII in 1596, Procurator of San Marco in 1599
 * Giovanni Paolo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1594
 * Tommaso Contarini, Archbishop of Candia from 1597 to 1604
 * Girolamo Contarini, Bishop of Capo d'Istria from 1600 to 1619
 * Bernardo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1602
 * Piero Contarini, Ambassador to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy in 1606
 * Tomaso Contarini, Ambassador to Pope Paul V in 1612
 * Piero Contarini, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in 1606, Ambassador to Pope Paul V, Ambassador to King James I of England in 1617
 * Simone Contarini, Bailo of Constantinople in 1608, Ambassador to King Louis XIII of France in 1617, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1619, Procurator of San Marco in 1620, Ambassador to King Philip IV of Spain in 1621, Ambassador to Sultan Mustafa I in 1622, Ambassador to King Louis XIII of France in 1625
 * Gasparo Contarini, Ambassador to the Dutch Republic in 1608
 * Alvise Contarini, Ambassador to Pope Paul V in 1613
 * Francesco Contarini (1556–1624), 95th Doge of Venice from 1623 to 1624
 * Angelo Contarini (d. 1657), Ambassador to King Charles I of England in 1625, Ambassador to Pope Urban VIII in 1629, Ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III in 1637, Ambassador to Louis XIII of France in 1638, Ambassador to Pope Urban VIII in 1640, Procurator of San Marco in 1642, Ambassador to Pope Urban VIII in 1642, Ambassador to Pope Innocent X in 1646
 * Alvise Contarini (1597–1651), Ambassador to King Charles I of England in 1627, Ambassador to King Louis XIII of France, Ambassador to Pope Urban VIII in 1632, Bailo of Constantinople in 1636, mediator in Congress of Munster from 1641 until signing of Peace of Westphalia in 1648
 * Nicolò Contarini (1553–1631), 97th Doge of Venice from 1630 to 1631
 * Giorgio Contarini, Governor of Vicenza in 1638
 * Andrea Contarini, son of Doge Carlo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1645, Ambassador to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1649, Ambassador to Pope Clement IX in 1667 and to Pope Clement X in 1670
 * Tomaso Contarini, Provveditore of Dalmatia in 1647
 * Angelo Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1649
 * Giulio Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1651
 * Francesco Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1651
 * Vicenzo Contarini, Ambassador to England (Council of State) in 1653
 * Giacomo Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1653
 * Carlo Contarini (1580–1656), 100th Doge of Venice from 1655 to 1656
 * Girolamo Contarini, Captain of galleon in 1657, Provveditore of Dalmatia and Albania in 1667
 * Domenico II Contarini (1585–1675), 104th Doge of Venice from 1659 to 1675
 * Marco Contarini (d. 1689), Procurator of San Marco in 1662
 * Carlo Contarini, Ambassador to King Charles II of Spain
 * Alvise Contarini (1601–1684), 106th Doge of Venice from 1676 to 1684
 * Domenico Contarini, Ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
 * Carlo Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1685
 * Pietro Contarini, Procurator of San Marco in 1701
 * Girolamo Contarini, Provveditore of Corfu in 1701
 * Luigi Contarini, Procurator of San Marco 1703
 * Antonio Contarini, Governor of Verona in 1713
 * Polissena Contarini da Mula, wife of Doge Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo, dogaressa of Venice from 1771 to 1778
 * Count Nicolò Bertolucci Contarini (1780–1849), naturalist
 * Luigi Filippo Contarini (1841–1908), mayor of Agrigento and senator for life, Kingdom of Sicily

title: Contarini


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Augustus Wollaston Franks

Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks (20 March 1826 – 21 May 1897) was a British antiquarian and museum administrator. Franks was described by Marjorie Caygill, historian of the British Museum, as "arguably the most important collector in the history of the British Museum, and one of the greatest collectors of his age."

Early life
Born at Geneva, he was elder son of Captain Frederick Franks, R.N., and of Frederica Anne, daughter of Sir John Saunders Sebright. His godfather was William Hyde Wollaston, a friend of his mother. His early years were spent mainly in Rome and Geneva. In September 1839 he went to Eton College, where he remained until 1843.

Franks then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge. As undergraduate he began his collection of brass rubbings, ultimately given to the Society of Antiquaries; was one of the founders of the Cambridge Architectural Society and an early member of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society; and was also one of the four student members of the Ray Club. On leaving Cambridge in 1849 Franks devoted his energies to the Royal Archæological Institute, then newly established, and laid the foundations of his knowledge of ancient and medieval art, in arranging its collections for annual congresses. In 1850 he was secretary of the first exhibition of medieval art held in the rooms of the Society of Arts.

At the British Museum
In 1851, Franks was appointed assistant in the Department of Antiquities of the British Museum. The post was newly founded, and the brief was to develop a collection of "British antiquities". Franks in a 45-year career at the Museum went on to launch five distinct departments. David M. Wilson writes that "In many respects Franks was the second founder of the British Museum".

Administrator
At the British Museum, and as director of the Society of Antiquaries of London, an appointment he received in 1858, he made himself the leading authority in England on medieval antiquities of all descriptions, upon porcelain, glass, artefacts of anthropological interest, and works of art later than the Classical period.

In 1866, British and medieval antiquities, together with the ethnographic collections, were formed into a separate department under his superintendence, as Keeper of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography. The Christy collection of ethnography in Victoria Street, London, was also under his care before its incorporation into the British Museum collections. He became vice-president and ultimately president of the Society of Antiquaries; and in 1878 he declined the principal librarianship (then the title of the executive head of the British Museum).

Franks was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1895.

Franks retired on his seventieth birthday in 1896.

Acquisitions
In 1855 Franks was responsible for acquiring for the museum the finest items from the collection of Ralph Bernal, the Liberal politician and collector, including the outstanding Lothair Crystal. In 1892 he succeeded in raising the £8,000 needed to buy the Royal Gold Cup; "to Franks this was his greatest acquisition, and the one of which he was most proud". He had temporarily had to fund the purchase with £5,000 of his own money.

Towards the end of his career, he wrote: "I think I may fairly say that I have created the department of which I am now Keeper, and at a very moderate cost to the country. When I was appointed to the Museum in 1851 the scanty collections out of which the department has grown occupied a length of 154 feet of wall cases, and 3 or 4 table cases. The collections now occupy 2250 feet in length of wall cases, 90 table cases and 31 upright cases, to say nothing of the numerous objects placed over the cases or on walls."

Franks used personal influence on behalf of the Museum to help in the acquisition of collections. This he applied in the cases of Felix Slade, John Henderson, Lady Fellows for the collection of Sir Charles Fellows, William Burges and Octavius Morgan.

Personal collecting
Franks had a substantial personal fortune, which he used to build up some remarkable personal collections in parallel with his museum work on acquisitions. Though this activity was as an independent collector, it was of benefit also to the holdings of the British Museum, either in the short or longer term. It was largely devoted to the collection of ceramics and precious objects of medieval art; it also included many items from the Oxus Treasure, and Franks built up that side of his collection through dealers in India and by purchase from Alexander Cunningham.

Franks was also an authority on classical art, especially Roman remains in Britain. He set up an exhibition of his Asian ceramics, mainly porcelain, at the Bethnal Green Museum in 1876. He collected netsuke and tsuba from Japan, finger rings and drinking vessels. He was interested too in bookplates and playing-cards, of both of which he formed important collections; the friendship of John Warren, 3rd Baron de Tabley led him to bookplates, and he completed the reference work of Charlotte Elizabeth Schreiber on playing cards.

Franks' great-grandmother, Sarah Knight, was a cousin of Richard Payne Knight, another wealthy bachelor benefactor of the British Museum. Augustus blamed his obsessive collecting on his genes. In a manuscript account of his life, which was discovered in 1983, Franks began, "Collecting is a hereditary disease, and I fear incurable."

Death and legacy
Franks died 21 May 1897, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. Most of the items in his collections became the property of the nation, by bequest at his death, where they had not been donations in his lifetime. Franks purchased over 20,000 important objects for the British Museum's collections.

One of his best known donations was the ninth-century ivory Franks Casket from Northumbria, with its runic inscriptions. It had been dismissed as 'some Ancient carvings in ivory', and turned down by the Museum's Trustees in 1858 when offered to them for 100 guineas. In 1867, Franks gave the casket to the British Museum as a gift.

In the case of the collection of Samuel Rush Meyrick, of arms and armour, Franks failed to persuade George Ward Hunt to purchase it complete for the nation when Augustus W. H. Meyrick put it up for sale around 1871. The Meyrick Collection went to auction and was broken up, but Franks did buy and then donate items such as the Meyrick Helmet.

When the British Museum was considering buying the ceramics collection of Sir Andrew Fountaine and his heirs, which came onto the market in 1884, Franks eased the deal by matching the money required with purchases of his own.

Works
He wrote numerous memoirs on archaeological subjects. His major publications were:

 * ‘Book of Ornamental Glazing Quarries,’ London, 1849.
 * ‘Examples of Ornamental Art in Glass and Enamel,’ 1858.
 * ‘Himyaritic Inscriptions from Southern Arabia,’ 1863.
 * ‘Catalogue of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery,’ 1876 and 1878.
 * ‘Japanese Pottery,’ 1880. 2nd edition, 1906
 * ‘Catalogue of a Collection of Continental Porcelain,’ 1896.

He also edited John Mitchell Kemble's Horæ Ferales (1863); and Edward Hawkins's Medallic Illustrations of British History, 1885. In writing about British Celtic art he introduced the term "Late Celtic period", but its application proved contentious, and was considered somewhat misleading in the European picture of Celtic art.

title: Augustus Wollaston Franks


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Sub-bituminous coal

Sub-bituminous coal is a lower grade of coal that contains 35–45% carbon. The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

Properties
Sub-bituminous coals may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly at the lower end of the range, to bright jet-black, hard, and relatively strong at the upper end. They contain 15-30% inherent moisture by weight and are non-coking (undergo little swelling upon heating). The heat content of sub-bituminous coals range from 8300 to 11,500 BTu/lb or 19.3 to 26.7 MJ/kg. Their relatively low density and high water content renders some types of sub-bituminous coals susceptible to spontaneous combustion if not packed densely during storage in order to exclude free air flow.

Reserves
A major source of sub-bituminous coal in the United States is the Powder River Basin in Wyoming.

Application
Sub-bituminous coals, in the United States, typically have a sulfur content less than 1% by weight, which makes them an attractive choice for power plants to reduce SO2 emissions under the Acid Rain Program.

Sub-bituminous coals release large quantities of greenhouse gases when burned, compared to higher grades of coal.

title: Sub-bituminous coal


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RNZAF Base Woodbourne

RNZAF Base Woodbourne is a base of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, located 8 km west of Blenheim.

Woodbourne was established in 1939 as the base for No. 2 Service Flying Training School (No.2 SFTS). Also located nearby during World War II were the ground training camps of the Delta. In 1942–43, No. 16 Squadron RNZAF and No. 18 Squadron RNZAF Squadrons flying Curtiss P-40 Warhawks used the satellite Fairhall field. In 1945 No.2 SFTS was closed and the Royal New Zealand Air Force Central Flying School and some ground training units, including the Officers' School of Instruction were relocated to Woodbourne. In 1949, The Aircraft Repair Depot RNZAF was relocated from Ohakea, and in 1951 the Boy Entrant School was established at Woodbourne.

Today, Woodbourne is the Air Force's only support base and has no operational squadrons based there. It shares its runways with the Blenheim civil airport, Woodbourne Airport.

The Ground Training Wing was created in 1995 from existing units at Woodbourne and those relocated from Wigram and Hobsonville, and is responsible for the training of recruits (General Service Training School), initial officer training (Command Training School), trade training (except aircrew, medical and photography training) and command training.

Woodbourne was the Air Force's only heavy maintenance facility for the repair of aircraft airframes, engines and avionics systems. This squadron was responsible for reconditioning airframes of RNZAF aircraft. It was known as the Airframe Reconditioning Squadron RNZAF. The unit was commercialised in 1998 and was managed by SAFE Air Ltd. In 2015 SAFE Air Ltd was purchased by Airbus and it continues to maintain military aircraft. SAFE Air Ltd formally relinquished the name and now trades under Airbus Asia Pacific. Airbus is currently finishing the last of the Air Force's C-130 Hercules airframe refurbishments. This will see the most highly houred C-130 Hercules (NZ7002) remain in flying service.

Personnel strength around 800

Units based at Woodbourne

 * RNZAF Police
 * RNZAF Rescue Fire
 * NZDF Physical Training Instructors School
 * RNZAF Security Forces
 * RNZAF Logistics
 * Base Medical
 * Airbus
 * Directorate of Defence Security
 * Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology Aeronautical Engineering programme

title: RNZAF Base Woodbourne


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Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship

The Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship was the major singles title in the Mid-South Wrestling Association from 1979 until the promotion became the Universal Wrestling Federation in 1986. The title was retired then in favor of the UWF Heavyweight Championship. The promotion was originally a member of the National Wrestling Alliance referred to as NWA Tri-State, hence the title was originally the Tri-State version of the NWA North American Heavyweight Championship from 1969 to 1979.


text:
Talk:Tying (commerce)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Michigan State University supported by WikiProject United States Public Policy and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Spring term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:44, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tying (commerce)


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Vojtech Zamarovský

Vojtech Zamarovský (5 October 1919 in Zamarovce – 26 July 2006 in Prague) was a popular Slovak writer of historical non-fiction literature. He also translated from English, German, French and Latin.

After studying law and economics in Bratislava and Prague, Zamarovský moved to Prague and worked in several state offices. From 1956 on he worked only as a writer. His books concentrated on the life of ancient Mediterranean nations. He wrote both in the Slovak and Czech languages. Zamarovský became immensely popular in Czechoslovakia, and his works were also translated abroad.

Zamarovský was a collaborator with the communist secret police StB for more than 20 years. Beginning in 1962, he worked under the code name "Belo". In 1977, he became an intelligence agent and his code name was changed to "Veil".

During his final years, he suffered from Parkinson's disease and spent the last two months of his life in a coma.

Major works
Books (with literal English translations):
 * Bohovia a hrdinovia antických bájí (1969) [Gods and heroes of ancient myths] - a dictionary of ancient Greek and Roman mythology
 * Bohovia a králi starého Egypta (1986) [Gods and kings of ancient Egypt] - history of ancient Egypt
 * Dejiny písané Rímom (1971) [History written by Rome] - history of the Roman Empire
 * Grécky zázrak (1974) [The Greek wonder] - history of ancient Greece
 * Ich veličenstvá pyramídy (1977) [Their Majesties, the pyramids] - on Egyptian pyramids
 * Na počiatku bol Sumer (1966) [At the beginning, there was Sumer] - history of the Sumerians
 * Objavenie Tróje (1962) [The discovery of Troy] - history of archaeological excavations in Troy and an explanation of old Greek epics and mythology
 * Vzkriesenie Olympie (1978) [Resurrection of Olympia] - history of the Olympic Games
 * Za siedmimi divmi sveta (1960) [Quest of the Seven Wonders of the World] - description of ancient monuments and of the corresponding cultures
 * Za tajemstvím říše Chetitů (1961) [Quest of the Mystery of the Empire of the Hittites] - a homage to Bedřich Hrozný, who was the first to decipher Hittite language (therefore the book was written in Czech first)

TV series (13 episodes):
 * Veľké civilizácie staroveku [Great Civilizations of Ancient Times]

title: Vojtech Zamarovský


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Talk:Hawkgirl

Spoiler warning
Spoiler warning, please!

Hawkwoman
Who thinks Hawkwoman should be separated and given her own article? The article appears cluttered with all the various Hawkgirls/women, and separating the two could clean things up. --DrBat 03:51, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm against. Shayera Hol, for instance, used both names. Lesfer 00:33, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the fact that she's Hawkwoman in the comics but Hawkgirl in the cartoons? I don't think that really matters, since its the same character in two different forms of media. Just give the Hawkwomen their own article. --DrBat 17:47, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this article would defnitely be less convoluted if it was split into a Hawkwoman article. Kusonaga 12:00, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I say that Hawkwoman should be given her own article. Her history is not as intertwined with Hawkman/Hawkgirl. Splitting her off would make things easier on the Hawkgirl article. DoctorWorm7 07:49, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've changed my mind. Actually it's a good idea. Will DrBat create the article and transfer Silver Age Shayera Hol, Sharon Parker and Shayera Thal? Lesfer ☎ 22:25, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

I like to suggest that we consider re-merging the Hawkwoman article back into this one. The characters are more alternate versions than different characters. As mentioned by Lesfer above, sometimes the same character has used both hawkgirl and hawkwoman names. Any thoughts? Awkturtle (talk) 22:23, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

I agree with Awkturtle, the name Hawkgirl is used many times by writers when writing about Shayera Thal and Shayera Hol, just look at DC New Talents Showcase in 2016 the character used was Thal but she was named Hawkgirl. We could give Shayera Hol and Shayera Thal topics and add Sharon as an other version of the character. User:DCOlyntho (talk) 00:26, 24 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I dont really agree... shes mentioned on this page already but the Thangarian version usually referred to as Hawkwoman is a different character than the reincarnating egyptian priestess that this article is about. Plus this article is plenty long enough without adding the additional content. Plus there are separate articles for the Cater Hall and Katar Hol versions of Hawkman.Spanneraol (talk) 02:58, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Spanneraol I agree that keeping the article short important. The comparison to the Hawkman pages is a good point too. So how about we copy the format of the Hawkman pages. There's an overarching Hawkman page, and then separate pages for each Katar, Carter, Fel Andar. We could do a similar thing here, keeping a main hawkgirl/woman page with brief overviews of all, and separate pages with the more extensive histories of each.Awkturtle (talk) 07:11, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * That would work for me.. The Golden Age version is currently getting short shrift here while Kendra is dominating the page... separating them would allow that to be rectified a bit... and this page can still show all the different tv versions etc. Spanneraol (talk) 14:15, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Great. So we'll keep the current Hawkgirl page as the overarching one, and then split the Kendra section to a new page. And we can then change the current Hawkwoman page to a Shayera Thal specific page.Awkturtle (talk) 01:36, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've made a start to have separate longer bio pages for Shayera Thal Draft:Hawkwoman_(Shayera_Thal) and Kendra Saunders Draft:Hawkgirl (Kendra Saunders). Awkturtle (talk) 08:17, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I like the idea too, but I think we would come with a lot of work to make it good, we should do just like the Hawkman pages, but then characters like Shiera would have such a small article it wouldn't make sense, since her story is focused on the Golden Age. I think it's best we leave the page as it is, splitting in two would make Hawkgirl confused story even more difficult to understand. Since we already have a Hawkgirl and a Hawkwoman article. And in your draft you included Shiera story in Kendra's page like her role in Rebirth in the preludes of Metal and her role in Brighest Day. (DCOlyntho) (talk) 21:52, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * In my opinion this change shouldn't be done, taking this step would make the character look more confusing. (CarlaSuaréz) (talk) 22:36, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, and will bring many problems and issues just look at the Hawkman articles they all have a lot of issues tagged to them, even though this page is somewhat long it makes it easier for people to understand her story, I also believe Kendra and Shiera is too much linked, it makes sense putting a new article to a Thanagar origin (Hawkwoman) and an Egyptian one (Hawkgirl) put making two articles about characters that have so much connections wouldn't help. (DCOlyntho) (talk) 02:07, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * :I think the Shayera article should just be the current Hawkwoman one cause Shayera Hol and Thal are basically the same person. I think the only real need is to split out Kendra cause she is taking up too much space on the Hawkgirl article.Spanneraol (talk) 02:34, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Leave the Hawkwoman and the Hawkgirl page as it is, just like Hol and Thal Kendra and Shiera have too much history together, splitting them in two would make the articles shallow. The page has more Kendra because she's the one with most appearences, but it doesn't mean Shiera story isn't essencial to understand Kendra's. (CarlaSuaréz) (talk) 09:37, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree with Carla, let's leave the page as it is. (DCOlyntho) (talk) 11:18, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm with Carla too. I believe the split wouldn't help the article. As they both said: leave the page as it is. (DAWNBaileyt) (talk) 12:20, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * So the majority agree that page should stay the same, so I'll be removing the discussion topic added in the Kendra Saunders topic in the article. Is that alright? (CarlaSuaréz) (talk) 13:35, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, looks like majority wants it to stay. Awkturtle (talk) 22:32, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

I see this long discussion about splitting or merging the characters but as someone who knows nothing about either character the Hawkgirl/Hawkwoman/Shayera Hol split is extremely confusing since they all seem to be the same character.

Hawkgirl (animated)
The deed has already been done, but I feel remarks are required on whether the animated series' Shayera Hol deserves a separate page. On one hand, she is a unique adaptation and there is a rich amount of information on her part; on the other hand, she is still Hawkgirl notwithstanding and might be considered no more than a slight variation off the original. Therefore I would like to ask for all your opinions on this issue. Thank you. Initium 16:01, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Do not merge. I think it is too much info on a cartoon character to keep in an article regarding a comic book character. This is why I've created a sub-article. And if you take a look at this article, you'll see Hawkgirl (animated) is still here. —Lesfer (talk/@) 16:43, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge - You bring up a good point. The information should be streamlined before merging it into this article. --Chris Griswold 23:52, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Do not merge. There was no "Hawkgirl (animation)" page, so I changed the merge box to cite Hawkgirl (animated). --Joe Sewell 16:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That was my error. --Chris Griswold 22:31, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * merge --75.4.62.213 13:57, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but only logged users can vote. —Lesfer (talk/@) 15:42, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If it is to be merged, it should be to Hawkwoman. The cartoon character is Shayera Hol. In the comics, that's Hawkwoman, not Hawkgirl. 71.236.33.191 00:01, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, despite the fact this is about an animated version of Shayera Hol, it is mainly about a character called "Hawkgirl". Not *woman* as in the comics. People who eventually may search for the animated version of the character, should be able to find it in the proper article and section: Hawkgirl > Other media —Lesfer (talk/@) 02:18, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Why both articles were merged if majority decided for do not merge? —Lesfer (talk/@) 02:47, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge into Hawkgirl. CovenantD 17:52, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't merge. Actually we have to start thinking more globally all animated bios should be done in the same format, wheter it is as a section in the DCU bio or as independent articles (or sub-articles). I'd prefer the sub-article format, since it'd help to regulate the sisce of all the bios.--T-man, the wise 22:19, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Do not merge - Not that the Hawkworld isn't goofy enough,but the series one is significantly different from most itterations of Hawkgirl/woman. A link from the Other Media section on the main Hawkgirl article (like how it's done for The Flash and Green Lantern) is not a bad idea. It prevents a jumble. -- Ipstenu ( talk | contribs ) 13:44, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * A new vote? Less than a month later? Again: Do not merge. —Lesfer (talk/@) 14:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge - when I condensed and merged it before, all the info fit neatly into this artcle. It's still there, actually. --Chris Griswold 14:52, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you condensed and merged despite the fact majority had decided against it. —Lesfer (talk/@) 14:55, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I realized it and I thought I had apologized, but apparently not. I apologize. --Chris Griswold 15:01, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Once more, with feeling: DO NOT MERGE --Joe Sewell 16:22, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Do. Not.  Merge.D1Puck1T 08:26, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we've had enough of it. —Lesfer (talk/@) 02:26, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

I added a line about the comic book origins or the Zeta Beam, originally a plot device associated with Adam Strange. RB 24.163.208.79 17:59, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Animated Batman's bio
I realized there is no bio of the Animated version of batman, so I started this Batman (animated) as a Sub-article of both the Batman article and the Batman:the animated series article. And I need help whether it ends merged with one of those articles or not, the bio should be developed (I actually started it as a separated article because the editor of the batman article are too tough to accept such projet within the space of the article). I've already set the periods of Animated Batman's life, but due to my work I won't be able to complete the article soon, so I left it as a stub. I need your hands to complete it. Thanks. --T-man, the wise 00:57, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'll totally merge that into the Batman article. So don't write too much. --Chris Griswold 01:34, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, "boss"! --T-man, the wise 03:56, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I prefer the name "Dark Lord Weisenheimer". Regards, Chris Griswold 06:29, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * How about "Dufus"--T-man, the wise 03:19, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I love you, T-Man. Hold my hand and edit Wikipedia by my side. --Chris Griswold 04:23, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

ok, but I'm straight. I had some softspot for captain Jack Sparrow, but that's over, though.--T-man, the wise 04:38, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Need Reference to Shayera Hol Hawkwoman
For much of the Silver Age, Shayera Hol's costumed identity was "Hawkgirl," and was changed to "Hawkwoman" sometime in the 1980s or 1990s. I think that deserves a section in this article.Acsenray 17:23, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Already described in Hawkwoman > Shayera Hol. —Lesfer (talk/@) 17:27, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the Hawkgirl article should have a publication history of the character and brief summaries of all the different characters named Hawkgirl/Hawkwoman with links to two separate articles for the main versions, one for Shiera/Kendra and one for Hawkwoman. All of the other DC characters where multiple characters share the same name use this approach, such as Flash (comics), Green Lantern, and Hawkman. Hawkwoman is not an entirely separate character from Hawkgirl, she was a Silver Age reinterpretation of the Golden Age version and used the name Hawkgirl for two decades. Much of the confusion about this article regarding whether or not the animated Hawkgirl belongs in this article is due to the fact that the Silver Age Hawkgirl is left out of this article entirely. --Trademark123 22:19, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Confusion? There's no confusion at all. Check other media section and you'll find a wikilink to Hawkgirl (animated). The reason all that info is not in here, is due to its length and people's stubborn habit of writing long plot "summaries" -- despite the fact it has already been told Wikipedia is not the place for such thing. —Lesfer (t/c/@) 22:46, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Animated Series Batman (character) sandbox
Batman: The Animated Series/Animated Series Batman (character)

During the creation of of that "late" article I always stated that it was a draft or unproject. It took weeks until Bennon cleverly figured out what I was trying to do was a sandbox (which I didn't know how to do until now). Now everyone can edit it with no time pressure and talk about what to do with the info when i's finally finished. I coul'd have created the sandbox in my own talk page, but I don't want anyone to assume I "OWN" the project. Feel free to erase, add and source stuff to improve it.--T-man, the wise 22:34, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Costumed Superhero
I feel a note should be added about Hawkgirl's significance as the first female costumed hero, but I'm not sure where such an addition would be best placed.
 * Probably best to leave it out because she wasn't--although most of the heroines who predate her are pretty obscure. The best known would be Red Tornado (Ma Hunkel) who appeared in costume in 1940. Shiera first appeared in 1940's Flash Comics#1, but did not appear as Hawkgirl to the following year. She was one of the first female costumed heroes, and easily the best-known of those that predate Wonder Woman.Rockhopper10r 01:54, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hawkgirl's first appearance is All-Star Comics #5 (Jun 1941) which is cited by Wizard as the first female costumed hero.
 * Wizard is mistaken in this instance. Red Tornado (Golden Age) (Ma Hunkel) appeared in costume in All-American Comics #20, dated November 1940. Admittedly, Ma Hunkel wasn't built like Hawkgirl, Wonder Woman or any of the others that followed, but she was female and she in costume before Shiera.Rockhopper10r 00:25, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Recently, I was reading the article for Ma Hunkel on wiki, which stated Ma's costumed adventuring was a parody of superheroes. As a parody could Hawkgirl be considered comic's first serious costumed female superhero? 66.109.248.114 01:24, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Hawkgirl (animated) merger
I've merged the Hawkgirl (animated) article into this article because it was nominated for deletion and the result was to merge it into Hawkgirl. Gman124 22:49, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
The category tag only indicates when Shiera, the GA Hawkgirl, was introduced. Someone should add the dates and issues in which Hawkwoman and Kendra were introduced. 212.179.71.70 06:40, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hawkgirl


text:
The Wrong Box

The Wrong Box is a 1966 British comedy film produced and directed by Bryan Forbes and starring John Mills, Ralph Richardson and an large ensemble cast. The screenplay was by Larry Gelbart and Burt Shevelove, based on the 1889 novel The Wrong Box by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne. It was made by Salamander Film Productions and distributed by Columbia Pictures.

Plot
In the early 19th century, a lawyer explains to a group of young boys that a form of tontine has been organised; £1,000 has been invested for each child (£20,000 in total), but only the last survivor will receive all the capital and earned interest. Sixty-three years later, elderly brothers Masterman and Joseph Finsbury, who live next to each other in Victorian London, are the last surviving members of the tontine.

Masterman is attended by his unpromising medical student grandson Michael Finsbury, and, although Masterman has not talked to his despised brother in many years, he sends Michael next door to summon Joseph to see him. Michael is greeted by Julia, Joseph's niece. They see each other often on the street and secretly admire each other. She explains Joseph is in Bournemouth with her cousins. Meanwhile, Julia's cousins, Morris and John, receive a telegram from Michael in their boarding house in Bournemouth, saying that Masterman is dying.

On the train trip to London, Joseph escapes from his grandson minders, entering a compartment and boring the sole occupant with a diatribe of trivial facts about the history of knitting. Joseph goes to smoke a cigarette, leaving behind his coat, which the occupant, "the Bournemouth Strangler", dons. The train then collides with another one. Morris and John find a mangled body wearing their uncle's coat and assume their uncle is dead. To protect their interest in the tontine, they hide the body in the woods. Morris tells John to crate the body up and post it to London. Meanwhile, Joseph wanders away from the accident scene.

In London, Michael gets a telegram telling him to expect a crate containing a statue. Morris arrives and mistakes the elderly butler, Peacock, for Masterman.

Morris decides to try to hide the body long enough for Masterman to die, and then claim Joseph died of a heart attack upon hearing the news. Morris and John plot to ship the body to Joseph's London home where Julia lives. John sends the body in a large barrel. Joseph makes his way to London on his own and visits his brother. Masterman makes several failed attempts to kill his brother, with Joseph oblivious to the attempts. They separate after quarrelling, and as he leaves the barrel containing the body is being delivered to Masterman's house by mistake, and Joseph hurriedly agrees to sign for the barrel for "Mr Finsbury". Minutes later, the crate containing the statue, also addressed to "Mr Finsbury", which Michael is expecting, is mistakenly delivered to Joseph's house and accepted by Julia who believes it is an expected delivery.

Morris, arriving at Joseph's house, sees a delivery wagon just leaving and assumes that his uncle's body has just been delivered. Morris then goes to Dr. Pratt to try to obtain a blank death certificate. Michael helps the delivery men move the crate into Joseph's house. This stirs the passions of both Julia and Michael and they kiss for the first time. Michael draws back and says they cannot do this because they are cousins; then they discover that they were both adopted orphans, thus unrelated by blood.

Michael discovers the body in the barrel and, after learning of the "altercation" between Masterman and Joseph from Peacock, assumes that his grandfather killed his brother. When Julia arrives with some broth for Masterman, Michael hides the body in a piano. That night, Michael hires "undertakers" to dump the corpse into the Thames, but when they arrive, Masterman has just fallen down the staircase, so they take his unconscious body. Seeing this, Morris gleefully assumes Masterman has died.

Morris and John go to claim the tontine, producing the fake death certificate. The lawyer tells them it is now worth £111,000.

Rescued from the river, Masterman is returned home by the Salvation Army, who assume he drowned himself. Julia orders a fancy coffin for him. Morris orders a cheap coffin to remove the mutilated body, but it is delivered to the wrong house, and Michael sells the piano, unaware the body is still in it. The police become involved when that body is discovered. Masterman sits up as the coffin is being taken away.

The cousins make off with the tontine money in a hearse. Michael and Julia chase Morris and John aboard another hearse. They then encounter a real funeral procession. After a confusing crash, Morris and John realise they have a body instead of the money. The tontine money is about to be buried when they grab it and run off. The box bursts open, and money is blown around the cemetery. Joseph pops up from the open grave just as Masterman arrives. The lawyer arrives to say the tontine has yet to be won. The police detective arrives, and Morris is arrested. They ask who put the body in the piano, as there is a £1000 reward for catching the Bournemouth Strangler. A new argument begins.

Cast

 * John Mills as Masterman Finsbury
 * Ralph Richardson as Joseph Finsbury
 * Michael Caine as Michael Finsbury
 * Peter Cook as Morris Finsbury
 * Dudley Moore as John Finsbury
 * Nanette Newman as Julia Finsbury
 * Peter Sellers as Dr. Pratt
 * Tony Hancock as detective
 * Wilfrid Lawson as Peacock
 * Thorley Walters as Lawyer Patience
 * Cicely Courtneidge as Major Martha
 * Diane Clare as Mercy
 * Gerald Sim as First undertaker
 * Irene Handl as Mrs. Hackett
 * John Le Mesurier as Dr. Slattery
 * Peter Graves as military officer
 * Nicholas Parsons as Alan Frazer Scrope
 * James Villiers as Sydney Whitcombe Sykes
 * Graham Stark as Ian Scott Fife (killed in tontine)
 * Jeremy Lloyd as Brian Allen Harvey
 * Leonard Rossiter as Vyvyan Alistair Montague (killed in tontine)
 * Valentine Dyall as Oliver Pike Harmsworth
 * John Junkin as 1st engine driver
 * Timothy Bateson as official
 * Norman Bird as spiritual
 * Norman Rossington as first hooligan
 * Tutte Lemkow as The Bournemouth Strangler
 * Juliet Mills as woman on train (uncredited)
 * The Temperence Seven as themselves

Production
Pinewood Studios, Iver, Buckinghamshire, was the main production base for the studio sets and many exteriors, with the Victorian London crescent exteriors being shot on Bath's historic Royal Crescent, complete with TV aerials on the roofs. The funeral coach and horse chase was filmed in St James's Square, Bath, and on Englefield Green, Surrey, and surrounding lanes.

Reception
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Anyone with fond recollections of the Stevenson-Osbourne novel would be well advised to be wary of this version of The Wrong Box. Not that it hasn't some very funny moments – thanks mainly to Ralph Richardson's manically boring Uncle Joseph, Peter Sellers as the cat-festooned venal doctor, and Wilfrid Lawson as a wonderfully ancient butler – but they are just moments, buried in a quagmire of damp inventions which destroy a story already quite inventive enough. ...The Wrong Box is a swinging comedy in the contemporary manner. Which means that it is a slapdash affair in which anything goes, irrespective of whether or not it fits ... The thing that is signally lacking in this adaptation is the completely coherent, quietly zany logic which was the original's greatest charm."

Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times, "Perhaps the best of the clowning is the little bit Mr. Sellers does as this drink-sodden, absent-minded skip-jack, fumbling foolishly and a little sadly among his cats. But Mr. Richardson is splendid as a scholarly charlatan, and Mr. Mills and Mr. Lawson are capital as a couple of fuddy-duddy crooks. Sure, the whole nutty business is tumbled together haphazardly in the script that has been written – or maybe scrambled – by Larry Gelbert and Burt Shevelove. Some sections and bits are funnier than others. Some are labored and dull. It is that sort of story, that sort of comedy. But it adds up to a lively lark."

Dennis Schwartz called it a "Mildly amusing silly black comedy."

AllMovie wrote, "By turns wacky and weird, The Wrong Box is a welcome alternative to standard issue film comedies."

In his autobiography What's it All About?, Michael Caine wrote of the movie's reception, that the film "is so British that it met with a gentle success in most places except Britain, where it was a terrible flop. I suppose this was because the film shows us exactly as the world sees us - as eccentric, charming and polite – but the British knew better that they were none of these things, and it embarrassed us."

title: The Wrong Box


text:
Talk:George Jones

Starday 1962
George Jones Sings His Greatest Hits (Starday 1962).. is this an alternative name for one of the other 1962 albums or a separate release? In ictu oculi (talk) 02:08, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

Total Sales?
One might expect to see a total number of records or anything at all about how many records the guy sold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.118.249.4 (talk) 05:47, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Tammy Wynette image caption
The original image caption identified the image as being taken on the set of The Johnny Cash Show in 1977, which is impossible as the series ended in 1971. (And it wouldn't have been "the set" anyway it would have been the Ryman Auditorium.) Wynette did not look like this in 1970 when she did appear so this must have come from another production, perhaps one of Cash's annual Christmas specials? 68.146.52.234 (talk) 17:43, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

Tags in header
This is actually a pretty good article, with the exception of the lede. Seems like rather than promotional terms and marriage failures, Jones' 77 top 10 singles and two Grammy Awards might be more appropriate. The Tammy Wynette duets are probably notable enough for the lede, and perhaps close the section with the "No Show Jones" label. After a decent lede is written, the "references needed" banner could be changed to section banners, or inline. Some sections appear to be fairly well sourced. Anyway, not my genre, nor do I really know the history, but Jones deserves a better article than this. Anybody reading this talk page? 009o9 (talk) 07:23, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

George Jones hated singing "He stopped loving her today", but he was under contract to the song.
He was a great singer. 38.114.97.73 (talk) 14:53, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Article reassessment

 * This article does not even come close to B-class. In fact, there is so much unsourced content, noted in an August 2013 tag, that it is either time for a rewrite or a severe cutting of unsourced content. There has been an original research section tag (Comeback (1980–1990)) since March 2017. There is also a "This section does not cite any sources" tag (April 2023) in the "Influence beyond country music" section. Over seven years of tagging means there would be no "surprise" if the article was trimmed (like cutting down a large tree) back to "start" class. -- Otr500 (talk) 07:05, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Note: The condition of the article was noted in comments in the above "GA?" section over eleven years ago. --  Otr500 (talk) 07:09, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Jones


text:
User talk:IlluSionS667

Me dumb. Yeah, a literal Holocaust denier. lmao — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.38.85.235 (talk) 12:06, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:IlluSionS667


text:
Payam Air

Payam Air is a cargo airline based in Tehran, Iran. It operates cargo services for the Iranian postal, telecom and commercial services. Its main base is Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran.

History
The airline was established in 1996 and is owned by Iran Telecommunications Company (50%) and Islamic Republic of Iran Post Company (50%). It has 245 employees (at March 2007). At present 100% of the Payam is owned by the Islamic Republic of Iran Post company and is completely state owned.

Fleet
The Payam Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2021):

Previously operated
At January 2005 the airline also operated:
 * 2 Ilyushin Il-76TD

title: Payam Air


text:
User talk:Lugo32

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Lachatdelarue (talk) 14:59, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * He's not a newcomer; he's the infamous "ass pus" vandal. --Ixfd64 18:19, 2005 Jun 18 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lugo32


text:
Ingrid (given name)

Ingrid is a feminine given name. It continues the Old Norse name Ingiríðr, which was a short form of Ingfríðr, composed of the theonym  Ing and the element fríðr "beloved; beautiful" common in Germanic feminine given names. The name Ingrid (more rarely in the variant Ingerid, Ingris or Ingfrid; short forms Inga, Inger, Ingri) remains widely given in all of Scandinavia, with the highest frequency in Norway. Norwegian usage peaked in the interbellum period, with more than 2% of newborn girls so named in 1920; popularity declined gradually over the 1930s to 1960s, but picked up again in the late 1970s, peaking above 1.5% in the 1990s.

People

 * Ingerid of Denmark (11th century), Danish princess, Norwegian Queen consort
 * Saint Ingrid of Skänninge (13th century), Swedish Roman Catholic abbess
 * Ingrid of Sweden (1910–2000), Swedish princess, Queen Consort of Denmark
 * Ingrid Alberini (In-Grid, born 1973), Italian singer
 * Ingrid Alexandra (born 2004), Norwegian princess
 * Ingrid Andress, American singer-songwriter
 * Ingrid van Bergen (born 1931), German actress
 * Ingrid Bergman (1915–1982), Swedish actress
 * Íngrid Betancourt (born 1961), Colombian politician
 * Ingrid Bjørnov (born 1963), Norwegian musician
 * Ingrid Bruce (1940–2012), Swedish civil engineer
 * Ingrid Bruckert (born 1952), German field hockey player
 * Ingrid Burley (born 1986), American singer and rapper
 * Ingrid Burman (born 1952), Swedish politician
 * Ingrid Caven (born 1938), German actress
 * Ingrid Ciprian-Matthews, American journalist and television producer
 * Ingrid Chauvin (born 1973), French actress
 * Ingrid Daubechies (born 1954), Belgian physicist and mathematician
 * Ingrid Deltenre (born 1960), Dutch-Swiss manager
 * Ingrid Engen (born 1998), Norwegian international football player
 * Ingrid Fliter (born 1973), Argentinian classical pianist
 * Ingrid Godon (born 1958), Flemish illustrator
 * Ingrid del Carmen Montes González (born 1985), Chemistry Professor and Director-at-large at ACS since 2013
 * Ingrid Guimarães (born 1972), Brazilian actress, comedian
 * Ingrid Hafner (1936–1994), British actress
 * Ingrid Hernandez (born 1988), Colombian race walker
 * Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (1921–2015), Dutch astronomer
 * Ingrid Isotamm (born 1979), Estonian actress
 * Ingrid Janbell (born 1955), Swedish actress, director and lecturer
 * Ingrid Jensen (born 1966), Canadian trumpet player and composer
 * Ingrid Jonker (1933–1965), South African poet
 * Ingrid Kavelaars (born 1971), Canadian actress
 * Ingrid de Kok (born 1951), South African author
 * Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold (born 1996), Norwegian biathlete
 * Ingrid Leijendekker (born 1975), Dutch water polo player
 * Ingrid van Lubek (born 1971), Dutch triathlete
 * Ingrid Lukas (born 1984), Estonian musician
 * Ingrid Luterkort (1910–2011), Swedish actress
 * Ingrid Mattson (born 1963), Canadian activist and scholar
 * Ingrid Michaelson (born 1979), American singer
 * Ingrid Moses-Scatliffe (born 1969), British lawyer politician from the British Virgin Islands
 * Ingrid Nargang (1929–2019), Austrian judge and contemporary historian
 * Ingrid Newkirk (born 1949), American animal rights activist
 * Ingrid Nilsen (born 1989), American video blogger
 * Ingrid Noll (born 1935), German author
 * Ingrid Oliveira (born 1996), Brazilian competitive diver
 * Ingrid Oliver (born 1977) British comedienne
 * Ingrid Park (born 1971), New Zealand television actress
 * Ingrid Paul (born 1964), Dutch speed skater
 * Ingrid Pedersen (1933–2012), Swedish aviator
 * Ingrid Peters (born 1954), German singer
 * Ingrid Pitt (1937–2010), Polish-British actress
 * Ingrid Puusta (born 1990), Estonian windsurfer
 * Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter (12th century), Queen Consort of Norway
 * Ingrid Rimland (1936–2017), American psychologist and author
 * Ingrid Marie Rivera (born 1983), Puerto Rican actress and model
 * Ingrid Rivera Rocafort, Puerto Rican businesswoman
 * Ingrid Rodríguez (born 1991), Ecuadorian footballer
 * Ingrid von Rosen (1930–1995), Swedish diarist, wife of film director Ingmar Bergman
 * Ingrid Rubio (born 1975), Spanish actress
 * Ingrid Rüütel (born 1935), Estonian folklorist and philologist, First Lady of Estonia
 * Ingrid Silva, Brazilian ballet dancer
 * Ingrid Sischy (1952–2015), South African-born American art and fashion editor
 * Ingrid Skop, American ob-gyn and anti-abortion activist
 * Ingrid Steeger (1947–2023), German actress and comedian
 * Ingrid Stengård, Finnish mountain bike orienteer
 * Ingrid Stöckl (born 1969), Austrian alpine skier
 * Ingrid Thulin (1926–2004), Swedish film actress
 * Ingrid Tørlen (born 1979), Norwegian beach volleyball player
 * Ingrid Veninger (born 1968), Canadian actress, writer, director, producer, and film professor
 * Ingrid Visser (born 1966), New Zealand scientist of Dutch parentage
 * Ingrid Visser (1977–2013), Dutch volleyball player
 * Ingrid Gärde Widemar (1912–2009), Swedish lawyer and politician
 * Ingrid Wildi Merino (born 1963), Chilean-born Swiss video artist
 * Ingrid Ylva (13th century), Swedish noblewoman

Fictional characters

 * Ingrid, from television series Once Upon a Time
 * Ingrid, from television series Sesame Street
 * Ingrid, a character from the fighting game series Street Fighter and the video game Capcom Fighting Evolution
 * Ingrid Beauchamp, from novel Witches of East End and television series Witches of East End
 * Ingrid Avellan Cortez, from the Spy Kids film trilogy
 * Ingrid Dracula, from horror drama comedy Young Dracula
 * Ingrid Fletcher, from television series Porridge and Going Straight
 * Ingrid Brandl Galatea, from the video game Fire Emblem: Three Houses
 * Ingrid Giraffe, from the animated television series My Gym Partner's a Monkey
 * Ingrid Navarro, an antagonist from the Mexican telenovela Abismo de pasión
 * Ingrid Third, from the animated television series Fillmore!
 * Ingrid Thorburn, from the black comedy drama Ingrid Goes West

title: Ingrid (given name)


text: User talk:206.172.40.34

title: User talk:206.172.40.34


text:
Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni

Jean-Nicolas Servan, also known as Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni (2 May 1695 – 19 January 1766) was an Italian decorator, architect, scene-painter, firework designer and trompe-l'œil specialist.

He was born in Florence, the son of a French carriage driver.

Career
He was educated as an artist of perspective in Rome and was a pupil of Giovanni Paolo Panini worked in London as a set designer at the recently founded Royal Academy of Music but moved to Paris in 1724, where he became director of decorations (1724 to 1742) at the Paris Opera, at that time situated in the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. He became a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1731. His activity was considerable, whether as a painter or as an inventor of scenic contrivances for fêtes at the marriage of royal personages. He decorated public festivals in England, France, and Portugal.

During the years 1738–1743 and 1754–1758, Servandoni produced a series of successful theatrical productions much in the style of seventeenth-century machine plays, with an emphasis on elaborate changes in décor and special effects, often set to music. Unlike the machine plays of the seventeenth century, Servandoni's productions used pantomime rather than dialog, with a description of the story provided in the program. His productions were typically based on well-known stories from literature and mythology such as the "Spectacle de Pandore" (1739) which told the tale of Prometheus and Pandora or "La forêt enchantée" (1754) which was inspired by Torquato Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered". He died in Paris in the early 1766.

French Works

 * Saint Sulpice, façade.

Belgian Works

 * D'Ursel Castle
 * Mesen Castle
 * Egmont Palace

Author

 * Description abregée de l'eglise Saint Pierre de Rome (Paris, 1738)
 * La Relation de la répresentation de la forêt enchantée sur le théâtre des Tuileries, le 31 mars 1754.

title: Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni