text:
User talk:Theshibboleth

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SaltyPig 06:04, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
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Talk:English plural
I'd advise you not to 'correct' people's spelling or grammar outside of articles. It's a good way to irritate people, and some could get really upset if you keep doing it. Just a friendly suggestion. :-) -- Damezi 21:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

LA Wiki
See WikiCities: http://losangeles.wikicities.com/ Blank Verse  ∅  08:06, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

photos
Thanks for your contributions of photographs. Nicely done. -Willmcw 19:02, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Jimbo Wales to Attend San Diego Meetup on October 18 2005
Hello, Jimbo Wales will be in San Diego to attend OOPSLA and has agreed to come by and visit with the San Diego wikipedians. If you are interested, you will find more info on my talk page. Johntex\talk 00:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

User talk:204.108.96.10

204.108.96.10
re: your comment at user talk: 204.108.96.10. Most of the problem edits and the resulting temporary blocks are the result of the edits by a single editor who usually edits from that IP (and a few other LAUSD IPs) during the morning hours, and then uses his Wikipedia user account or edits anonymously from the ISP o1.com during the afternoons. From the edits, it is someone very interested in radio and TV stations, and he may have a learning or behavioral difficulty such as OCD or Asperger's. I'd really like to get some help with this individual, just to help him become a productive editor, but I also don't want to get him in any sort of trouble. Do you think you would be able to help, and could you tell me a little more about the computer associated with that IP (is it in a computer lab or library, for example)? Blank Verse  ∅ 08:02, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately it looks like that IP is a proxy for ALL of LAUSD because an edit from that IP later in the same day came from an administrator at the Van Nuys Community Adult School. My problem editor who has edited from the same IP is, I am pretty sure, somewhere in East Los Angeles. It looks like I may have to go through the system administrators and try to bring them up to speed on what the Wikipedia is all about, plus the explain the consequences of having problem editors (i.e. regular temporary blocks of the IP), unless you might have some connection to LAUSD.net, or can try to find some help from your end. I do have a name and birth year plus a little more biographical information, which should help. Blank Verse  ∅  14:45, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Because the problem editor edits from several IPs from LAUSD, plus dial-up IPs from o1.net and also from his own Wikipedia user account (user:Ronald20), doing a watch on the IPs is pretty useless. It is best just to put a bunch of Southern California radio and TV stations (LA, San Diego, and even the Palm Springs area) on your watchlist, and then trace his most recent edits after you see that he has been editing. I have a page where I've been tracking the editor at User:BlankVerse/RonaldWatch. Old info in on the discussion page, and then the info on his more recent edits is on the main page.

 * The IP that you edited from (204.108.96.10), does seem to get a fairly large number of Wikipedia edits (with about half the edits being minor vandalism), so you still might want to keep a watch on the IP. The IP block for LAUSD.net is 204.108.64.0 - 204.108.127.255. If you look at this page, you can see all of the other LAUSD IPs in that IP block that have also had various warnings and temporary blocks.

 * One thing that I haven't done yet is look at the rDNS (reverse DNS) of the various LAUSD IPs to see if there is any pattern to the naming of the IPs that get the most edits from LAUSD. The rRDNS for 204.108.96.10, for example, is la-ce3.lausd.net. Blank Verse  ∅  18:53, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Making maps
See Maps. Also, if you see that someone has created some maps that you like (e.g. the map at Los Angeles, California), then check to see who created the map and ask them for help. Blank Verse  ∅ 19:08, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Ian Punnet
Hey dude. It was accually the Coast to Coast AM article, the last time it appeared was in the "Revision as of 13:02, 4 May 2005". --Schalicto 03:21, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Your RfA
Hi. I'd recommend that you answer all of the questions at the bottom of your RfA, and work a little more on the answers you've already given. Your edit count is pretty low, and the answers to your questions are going to have to be pretty dazzling or a lot of people are likely to oppose your nomination. It'd be especially helpful if you can give some examples of times that you've used good judgment in the face of some sticky problem. Best of luck. —Cleared as filed. 07:38, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

reply
Hi, I'm not sure what you mean by linking RSS feed and RSS (protocol) directly to RSS (file format) as they are already redirecting to that article. Martin 15:49, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * My bot has done all the main namespace ones. thanks Martin 14:40, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Page move
Hey, I saw your comments on Talk:Los Angeles, California and thought you might be interested to know I've put in a formal request for it to be moved to Los Angeles. I think I've listed the arguments in favor, but feel free to add to or refute them and weigh in. Thanks. Jibbajabba 07:49, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Ongoing wars: Great job!
Hi Shibboleth,

I'm glad someone picked up the bits and pieces I threw into this article and made them into something that looks really great. Must have been a hell of work. Thanks for the great job!

I wonder, should we include into the page also the wars that are over but technically going on, the article once ([]) listed WWII, Chinese Civil War and Korean War. They're all not quite that over, like, tensions still subsist respectively between Russia - Japan (perhaps less than in the other two cases), China-Taiwan and North-South Korea (in the latter cases it is quite violent tensions that keep cropping up in the news.

But perhaps this would be for "global tensions", which however, would be a list where no bounds can be found.

Regards,--Robin.rueth 17:40, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging
Greetings. From the description and use of Image:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard.jpg, it appears you intended this image to be freely available. I took the liberty of applying a tag to the image. If that's not what you intended, my apologies, and please amend the tag. Regards, Dethomas 06:32, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging
Greetings again. From the description and use of Image:Unkownsong.ogg, it appears you intended this media to be freely available.

I took the liberty of applying a tag. If that's not what you intended, my apologies, and please amend the tag. Regards, Dethomas 02:10, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for adding the to Christmas it slipped my mind! (UKPhoenix79 23:58, 16 February 2006 (UTC))

Nietzsche comment
Hi, I've taken the liberty of moving your comment on Nietzshe from the censorship talk page to the eugenics talk page (diffs:, ). Feel free to revert if the move was in error. --Muchness 10:15, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Another LA-area Wikipedia meetup?
There is a proposal for a 3rd LA-area meetup at Philippe's on Saturday, 24 June 2006. If you are interested in another meetup, please visit the proposal and comment on the date and location. Blank Verse 08:47, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

AFD
Help save Articles for deletion/List of relationships with age disparity

Foodborne illness
In regards to a comment you made almost a year ago to foodborne illness and the response, that is pretty much accurate. Any person can report a case of foodborne illness to their local health department, and in some circumstances, any hospital can report a case of foodborne illness that they treated to their local health department for review. In and of itself, the term foodborne illness and foodborne illness outbreak are different - illness can occur in any case or person, an outbreak occurs when two or more people get the same type of illness in the same timeframe from the same restaurant. Outbreaks generally get more attention than illness reports since they involve more people eating from the same source - but all in all, it's pretty common to get a minor foodborne illness, even from your own kitchen if you don't follow the proper sanitation and food preparation procedures. Even having your refrigerator set too high or leaving your groceries in the car too long can lead to temperature abuse, which can lead to illness in some cases. CQJ 02:15, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Elvis Presley Article
Hi. I saw that you removed my reference to the visit by Japanese Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi, to Graceland. Personally, I think it's a fairly cool piece of trivia given that Koizumi is rather fanatical about Presley and the fact that we mention the visit on Koizuimi's own article. Just wanted to let you know why I added it back in so you didn't think I was doing some random edits! Lochdale 01:58, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Your solution looks good to me. Made one slight change.  I hope you stick around this article.  As you might have seen on my Talk Page, it's a very contentious article with one particular user pushing a very strong agenda.  Thanks.  Lochdale 04:57, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Move of table of explosive detonation velocities
This is really not a Wikipedia "list" article; those are collections of similar things. This really is a table of data, about a list of things sure, but it's not just a list. We don't have many such tables, but it really isn't a list. It should go back to the old name... Georgewilliamherbert 02:41, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Beagle
Beagle is not the "...default desktop search tool for Ubuntu as of Edgy Eft". I am running Edgy myself, and beagle is not installed by default. I have removed this statement from the Beagle (software) article. Anyway, the Ubuntu article is now at Ubuntu (Linux distribution), not Ubuntu (Linux) bruce89 13:30, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

CTEA / opposition references
Hi,

I added a note to the CTEA talk page explaining my confusion regarding your "weasel" comment. I'm all in favor of references, but I'm a little unclear at the way you're using the reference indicators in this article -- one after virtually every sentence in the one paragraph, and none in other paragraphs in the opposition or support sections. I'm just curious about the disparity in your request. (Although obviously the article needs a lot of work including references.) -- LQ 13:46, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * ...thanks for getting back to me; that makes sense. In fact I haven't really touched that article because it would be a major project. But I agree it needs a fair amount of work, not least of which is references. --LQ 23:20, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

LA satelite image - cleanup request
Hi, I'm looking at Image:Riverslosangeles.jpg satellite image of L.A. You tagged it for cleanup, suggesting that the file format (jpg) isn't right. What would you suggest instead? Please reply in the image discussion page. manu3d 01:49, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi again, thanks for your reply. You state that it should be PNG because it has text in it. Unless you know something that I do not (which is very possible), the text doesn't really matter. What matters is that most of the picture is a (satellite) photo, which is correctly encoded as JPG as it is the best format for most photographic images. A PNG could be useful if most of the image was text or graphics. JPG indeed tends to blur text, potentially making it unreadable. But when I resaved this picture with a proper compression setting I made sure to keep the text sharp. Was this your concern? manu3d 20:38, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean, you are thinking the image might be coming from a software such as [Nasa World Wind]. Well, it might very well be! Anyway, what I'm seeing are definitely satellite photos, which are best handled via JPG compression as with any photographic image. I'd recommend removing the cleanup tag, but it was worth to put it because it gave me the chance to look it up and reduce the file size by 75%, which is a good thing: the previous version of the image was unnecessarily uncompressed. Is this ok for you? manu3d 23:57, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Nibbler's Shadow in Futurama "Space Pilot 3000".png)
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Blank US Map.svg
Hi. I was wondering if you would mind dual-licensing Blank US Map.svg with a cc-by-sa license as well. The reson for why I'm asking is that GFDL and cc aren't totally compatible so a combination of your map and a cc map is technically impossible. Many thanks./Lokal_Profil 06:03, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Maitreya in Nairobi.JPG
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Replaceable fair use Image:Maitreya in Nairobi.JPG
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Swiss Miss Logo.png
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 08:13, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Exposé blob.png
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 21:52, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Blank US Map.svg again
Hi. I know I've asked before but since I got no reply I figured I should try again. I was wondering if you would mind dual-licensing Blank US Map.svg with a cc-by-sa license as well. The reson for why I'm asking is that GFDL and cc aren't totally compatible so a combination of your map and a cc licensed map wouldn't be allowed. Many thanks./Lokal_Profil 12:59, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Still no reply. Might I ask if you have a specific opposition to dual-licensing the image? /Lokal_Profil 12:58, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

June 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, talk pages are meant to be a record of a discussion; deleting or editing legitimate comments is considered bad practice, even if you meant well. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 13:16, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Editing other's comments
I can understand trying to protect someone from their own stupidity, but even if we deleted their IP address from the comment, if the FBI happens across that comment, it's a simple matter of looking through the history and finding their IP address. Also, if you have a especially thorough or bad-tempered person who is looking through and sees that another editor attempted to cover up the IP address, it may lead to unneccessary questioning. This may seem a bit over the top, but I've seen scenarios that are similar pan out. Someone who is in the wrong place at the wrong time trying to cover for the wrong person is the one who gets accused.

However, here's the policy from Talk Page Guidelines:

Others' comments
It is not necessary to bring talk pages to publishing standards, so there is no need to correct typing errors, grammar, etc. It tends to irritate the users whose comments you are correcting. Do not strike out the comments of other editors without their permission.

Never edit someone's words to change their meaning. Editing others' comments is sometimes allowed, but you should exercise caution in doing so. Some examples of appropriately editing others' comments:
 * If you have their permission
 * Removing prohibited material such as libel and personal details
 * Deleting material not relevant to improving the article (per the above subsection ).
 * Removing personal attacks and incivility. This is controversial, and many editors do not feel it is acceptable; please read WP:ATTACK and WP:CIVIL before removing anything.
 * Unsigned comments: You are allowed to append unsigned or one of its variants to the end of someone's comment if they have failed to sign it. The form is USER NAME OR IP, which results in —The preceding unsigned comment was added by USER NAME OR IP (talk • contribs).
 * Interruptions: In some cases, it is OK to interrupt a long contribution, either with a short comment (as a reply to a minor point) or with a heading (if the contribution introduces a new topic). In that case, add " Heading added to (reason) by ~ "). In such cases, please add USER NAME OR IP before the interruption.
 * When a long comment has formatting errors, rendering it difficult to read. In this case, restrict the edits to formatting changes only and preserve the content as much as possible. Generally, page formatting can be fixed as well (i.e. to move a new comment from the top of a page to the bottom and adding a header to the comment).
 * On your own user talk page, you may remove others' comments, although archiving is generally preferred.
 * If a signature violates the guidelines for signatures.
 * In the past it was standard practice to refactor talk pages, although this practice has fallen somewhat into disuse.
 * If a thread has veered off its original subject, it may be desirable to split threads, especially if the new topic is deemed to merit extensive discussion. When part of a discussion is made into its own thread, the new thread should include an opening sentence or paragraph explaining the reason for the move and containing a link to the original thread.  As well, a note should be placed at the location the discussion was moved from, with a link to the new thread.  It is also important that the format of the existing discussion remains essentially the same.  Simple cutting and pasting will not always ensure that this happens; a bit of reformatting may be necessary.  When splitting a thread, always preview how your changes appear and check to see whether the flow of the thread remains the same as it was previously (i.e. that all replies are in the correct places.)  Splitting a thread should not in any way alter the meaning of any comments therein; hence the need for links, proper formatting, and an explanation.

Own comments
It is best to avoid changing your own comments. Other users may have already quoted you with a diff (see above) or have otherwise responded to your statement. Therefore, use "Show preview" and think about how your amended statement may look to others before you save it.

Altering a comment after it has been replied to robs the reply of its original context. It can also be confusing. Before you change, consider taking one of the following steps:
 * Contact the person(s) who replied (through their talk page) and ask if it is okay to delete or change your text.
 * use strike-through or a place-holder to show the comment has been altered.
 * Strike-through is typed like this and ends up like this.
 * A placeholder is a phrase such as "[Thoughtless and stupid comment removed by the author.]". This will ensure that your fellow editors' irritated responses still make sense. In turn, they may then wish to replace their reply with something like, "[Irritated response to deleted comment removed. Apology accepted.]"
 * Please do not apply strike-through to other editors' comments without permission.

I hope this helps. I don't think that removing an IP address because of a potentionally self-incriminating comment is covered, though. I did see the comment, and it could be removed as it has nothing to do with improving the article, however. That would be acceptable by these guidelines. ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 09:21, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't think that the comment was entirely truthful, as I seriously doubt that anyone would be stupid enough to mention that their version is illegal or that they would even take the time to type that they just happen to have an "illegal cam version". Now, they might just be that stupid or careless, and then (in my opinion) I think they deserve whatever they get. Cheers! ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 09:28, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it's just a matter of always being prepared, in case of a long discussion with more than one person. Or even, in the rare case, of an anonymous editor who actually needs help and it makes it easy to post on their talk page.  As for the legality or ethnics of posting one's IP address, I really don't have a clue.  There might be a better way that doesn't expose the IP address to the whole community, but would still be unique.  At the same time, though, it's a simple matter of creating an account to hide one's IP address.  Most of the anonymous posters either know this or don't care.  New users probably don't know about it or the editors who don't take the time to log in, but I think posting the IP address is Wikipedia's way of urging people to create accounts. ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 07:43, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The only difficult thing would be creating an idenitifcation system that wouldn't be too easily deciphered, but easy enough to be able to use a formula to create. Since there are a possible of 4 097 152 081 combinations of IP addresses, it definately would have to be carefully crafted. Maybe this should be proposed to an admin or someone higher. ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 08:49, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like you've already have a few replies. ~QuasiAbstract {talk/contrib} 13:51, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject: Power in international relations
Hey, as a member of WikiProject Power in international relations, I'd like to invite you to come back and work on the project. There's still a lot of work to be done and we'd all appreciate your contributions. Please come back. --Hobie (talk) 02:43, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sorting Out the Dirty Laundry
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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Magioladitis (talk) 00:13, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Request for Comment at Drudge Report
Since you are someone with an opinion on this, I'd welcome your comments on this issue. Thanks. ► RATEL ◄ 01:43, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Art
First off, I apologize for the spam. You are receiving this message because you have indicated that you are in Southern California or interested in Southern California topics (either via category or WikiProject, or I happen to know personally).

I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

If you don't like art, why not come just to meet your fellow Wikipedians. Apparently, we haven't had a meetup in this area since June 2006!

If you are interested in attending, please add your name to Wikipedia Loves Art. Please make a note if you are traveling to the area (train or plane) and need transportation, which can probably be arranged via carpool, but we need time to coordinate. Lodging is as of right now out of scope, but we could discuss that if enough people are interested.

Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 00:33, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Pearpc running mac os x on ubuntu.png
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File permission problem with File:Email to ian punnett.PNG
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Orphaned non-free image File:Dup.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Dup.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Theshibboleth! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:35, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Madeline Haase -

Proposed deletion of Nation of Aztlán

The article Nation of Aztlán has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * It isn't clear this organization exists; beside the ADL and Wikipedia, it is mentioned almost exclusively on white nationalist websites. See Talk page under "Deletion" and "Original research" for more information.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 20:12, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

derivative work
I made a derivative work of your blank US map. (File:Regional Ambassadors Map.png). I was wondering if you would give me permission to release it under the Free Art License? I normally license anything I make under CC BY-SA and the FAL. cheers --In actu (talk) 19:46, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

San Diego Comic-Con International meetup discussion
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/SDCC1. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 14:53, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for June 10
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Wikipedia Meetup
You are invited to "Come Edit Wikipedia!" at the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, July 27th, 2013. There will be coffee, cookies, and good times! -- Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 04:27, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Meetup
Help build the Wikipedia community in Southern California at "Come Edit Wikipedia!" presented by the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, August 31st, 2013 from 1-5pm. Drop in for some lively editing and conversation! Plus, it's a library, so there are plenty of sources. --Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 03:15, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

This Thursday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center in LA on October 15! (drop-in any time, 10am-4pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:26, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic
It's the 7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic! Sunday, September 30, 11:00-4:00 PM Pan Pacific Park, 7600 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90036 Hang out. Consume crowd-sourced BBQ! Bask in the glory of late September in Los Angeles (and the glory of our new user group, Wikimedians of Los Angeles). RSVP (and volunteer) here. We hope to see you there! JSFarman (talk) 02:50, 9 September 2018 (UTC) Join our Facebook group, or follow us on Twitter! To opt out of future mailings about LA meetups, please remove your name from this list.

Invitation to attend a Southern California Regional mini Unconference
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Southern California Wiknic & Bonfire invitation

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''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theshibboleth


text: Category:Bridges in Bedfordshire

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Bridges in Bedfordshire


text:
Eilot

Eilot (אֵילוֹת) is the southernmost kibbutz in Israel. It is located in the Aravah Valley, near the border with Jordan. Eilot is less than a kilometer north of Eilat, and just over 3 kilometers north of the Red Sea. It falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Eilot Regional Council. In it had a population of.

It is noted for its date orchard, though vegetables, other fruits, fishing and tourism are major industries.

Etymology
The origin of the name of the settlement is in the biblical city of Eilat, near Ezion-Geber, also called "Eilot". It was seen also in the I Kings 9:26: "And King Solomon made a navy of ships in Ezion-Geber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom." (9:26).

The Eloth mentioned in the verse is likely close to the present-day location of Kibbutz Eilot.

In July 14, 1962, it was agreed by a majority of votes to determine the new name for the kibbutz.

History
Kibbutz Eilot was begun by a group of 15 young people who descended to Eilat on June 16, 1955, on the advice of Yitzhak Tabenkin, who believed that kibbutzim should be established throughout Israel. The descent to Eilat was contrary to the views held by the government and the Jewish Agency at that time. The members settled in the three huts of Umm Rashresh, on the shore of the Red Sea, and engaged in agriculture in preparation for the establishment of a permanent settlement.

In 1959, it was decided to establish the permanent location of the kibbutz in Nahal Roded, on the site of a former Arab village and where fertile lands were found. It began with the construction of buildings and members of the kibbutz moved to the site at the end of 1962.

The official Aliyah ceremony took place in December 1962, the kibbutz then numbering 60 people, half of whom were members of the kibbutz and the other half reinforcements sent by the United Kibbutz Movement. They were allocated 700 dunams for agricultural cultivation, of which 300 dunams began to grow dates, vegetables and fruits. There was also an industrial laundry which served the Eilat hotels, ships docked at the port of Eilat and nearby Kibbutz Yotvata. The kibbutz also had a commercial fishing operation for a time, and set up a dairy farm and chicken runs. They also established a factory for the production of transformers.

Today tourism is also a major industry.

title: Eilot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryan Metric Time

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:04, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Ryan Metric Time
Almost google hit free, no notability, probable vanity Alai 06:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * WTF meter pegged, delete. --FCYTravis 06:12, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or add to BJAODN. Either way, kill it. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:12, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. 6 unique Google hits, mostly irrelevant. Not funny enough for BJAODN. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  06:15, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete in a microChoi. --Xcali 06:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, pure vanity. Not in wide use and non-encyclopedic. Mgm|(talk) 10:19, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity nonsense. Spotteddogsdotorg 14:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A reinvention of decimal time that apparently has yet to be taken up by anyone other than its inventor. Delete. Uncle G 15:32, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Delete obvious vanity! Melvis 16:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If I come up with my own time system I am not gonna post it up here. ConeyCyclone 17:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax or non-notable. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 03:25, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * CommentThis shouldn't be posted to WP:BJAODN. Not that funny. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 03:25, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:05, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:Nightscream

"Seriously, anyone who puts protecting new editors and retaining terrible content above upholding ethical and legal commitments to integrity, accuracy, and protection of a person's reputation is quite simply a massive idiot." – Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales

"Greatest misconception about Wikipedia: We aren't democratic. Our readers edit the entries, but we’re actually quite snobby. The core community appreciates when someone is knowledgeable, and thinks some people are idiots and shouldn’t be writing." – Jimmy Wales; The New York Times, November 18, 2007

"In the real world people who kick over the office furniture and delete all their coworkers' data get fired. In Wikipedia we shower them with the attention they crave, sending an implicit 'up yours' to all the constructive users whose time they have wasted." – Wikipedia editor on the creation of the Troll Support Network. Copied from Dan Murphy's talk page

Welcome to my user page. I'm a male from New Jersey. If you wish to speak with me, please leave a message at the bottom of my talk page.

I've single-handedly written four articles that have been achieved Good Article status, which is the second-highest quality status that can be bestowed upon a Wikipedia article, after Featured Article:
 * Spider-Man (Miles Morales) Achieved Good Article status June 9, 2012
 * Saga (comic book) Created by me. Achieved Good Article status January 15, 2013
 * Union City High School Achieved Good Article status February 10, 2014
 * Arthur Adams Achieved Good Article status July 1, 2014

My Contributions
These are the areas of interest in which I’ve created or contributed to the largest numbers of articles.

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Union City, New Jersey
 * List of people from Union City, New Jersey
 * Union City High School (This article, which I've written almost entirely myself, was given Good Article status on February 10, 2014.)

 * Brian P. Stack
 * Otis Davis
 * Joe Jeanette
 * Erick Morillo
 * Otto Messmer
 * Norman Cousins
 * Frederick Reines
 * Pietro Di Donato
 * Celia Cruz
 * Boulevard East
 * Galaxy Towers
 * North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue
 * Newport Centre Mall
 * Brielle, New Jersey
 * Manasquan, New Jersey
 * Trump Taj Mahal
 * Bally's Casino

Articles I've created

 * Lucio Fernandez
 * Allison Strong
 * George Alvarez
 * Roosevelt Stadium
 * James E. Buttersworth
 * William Ranney
 * Harmon Meadow Plaza
 * Mill Creek Mall
 * Hartz Mountain Industries
 * Máxima Alerta

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Michael Shermer
 * James Randi
 * Allison DuBois
 * The Skeptics Society
 * Junior Skeptic
 * extra-sensory perception
 * Rupert Sheldrake
 * MythBusters
 * AIDS denialism
 * Death of Eliza Jane Scovill
 * 9/11 conspiracy theories
 * zombie
 * tetrodotoxin
 * Louisiana Science Education Act
 * WikiProject Skepticism/List

Articles I've created

 * An Honest Liar
 * Skeptic (U.S. magazine)
 * Skeptical Inquirer
 * Jon Lung

Articles I've created

 * Simone Bianchi
 * Nelson DeCastro
 * Rafael Albuquerque
 * J.K. Woodward
 * Rick Leonardi
 * Dave Johnson (comics)
 * Patrick Gleason (artist)
 * Sam Viviano
 * Robert Risko
 * ChrisCross
 * Angel Medina (artist)
 * Gordon Purcell
 * Tom Grindberg
 * Stel
 * Green Man (comics)
 * Isamot Kol
 * Soranik Natu
 * Equus
 * Detroit Steel
 * Claypool Comics
 * speedster (comics)
 * Saga (comic book) (This article, which I created and wrote almost entirely myself, was given Good Article status on January 15, 2013.)
 * List of Saga story arcs
 * List of Saga characters
 * Jupiter's Legacy
 * List of Jupiter's Legacy story arcs
 * The Illegitimates
 * Fear Itself (comics)
 * Blood & Water
 * Green Lantern Corps: Recharge
 * Green Lantern: Rebirth
 * Green Lantern Versus Aliens
 * Spider-Man: With Great Power
 * The Dark Tower: The Long Road Home
 * The Dark Tower: Treachery
 * Serenity: Better Days
 * Ghost Machine (company)

Articles I've heavily edited

 * penciler
 * caricature
 * Art Adams (I wrote or re-wrote most of this article, which achieved Good Article status on July 1, 2012.)
 * Peter David
 * Brian K. Vaughan
 * Jim Lee
 * Frank Cho
 * Jeff Smith
 * Geoff Johns
 * Brian Michael Bendis
 * Mark Millar
 * Joe Quesada
 * Jay Faerber
 * Axel Alonso
 * Mike Diana
 * Judd Winick
 * Craig Thompson
 * Chris Claremont
 * Scott McCloud
 * Gene Ha
 * Rob Liefeld
 * Adi Granov
 * Amanda Conner
 * Carlos Pacheco
 * Chris Samnee (May 4, 2014 expansion)
 * Devin Grayson (May 31, 2015 expansion)
 * Michael Eury (September 2021 expansion)
 * Eddie Brock
 * Iron Man's armor
 * Pepper Potts
 * Mandarin (comics)
 * Sasha Hammer
 * Katma Tui
 * Doctor Sivana
 * Fearsome Five
 * Mammoth (comics)
 * Shimmer (comics)
 * Neutron (DC Comics)
 * Gizmo (comics)
 * Psimon
 * Jinx (comics)
 * Parallax (comics)
 * Emerald Twilight
 * Archer & Armstrong
 * Serenity: Those Left Behind
 * Powers (comics)
 * Habibi
 * Spider-Man (Miles Morales) (I wrote or re-wrote most of this article, which achieved Good Article status on June 9, 2012.)
 * March (comics) (10.25.14 expansion)

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Pawn Stars
 * List of Pawn Stars episodes
 * Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew
 * List of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew episodes
 * Sober House
 * Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew
 * Cake Boss
 * The Surreal Life: Fame Games
 * The Real World
 * The Real World: New York
 * The Real World: Los Angeles
 * The Real World: San Francisco
 * The Real World: San Diego
 * The Real World: Philadelphia
 * Real World/Road Rules Challenge
 * The Real World: Sydney
 * The Real World: San Diego (2011)
 * The Real World: St. Thomas
 * Judd Winick
 * Pedro Zamora
 * Sean Sasser
 * Robert Herjavec

Articles I've created

 * Counting Cars
 * List of Counting Cars episodes
 * Comic Store Heroes
 * Couples Therapy (TV series)
 * List of Couples Therapy episodes
 * Snooki & JWoww
 * List of Snooki & JWoww episodes
 * The Real World: Hollywood
 * The Real World: Brooklyn
 * The Real World: Cancun
 * The Real World: Washington D.C.
 * The Real World: Back to New Orleans
 * Road Rules: All Stars
 * List of The Real World seasons
 * Rachel Campos
 * Pam Ling
 * Jamie Chung
 * Jennifer Gimenez
 * Courtney Stodden

Articles I've created

 * Mackenzie Calhoun
 * Phil Farrand
 * Keith Birdsong
 * Diane Carey
 * John J. Ordover
 * Jerry Oltion
 * Kathy Oltion
 * Dean Wesley Smith
 * Star Trek: New Earth
 * Good Shepherd

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Timeline of Star Trek
 * Benjamin Sisko
 * John Harriman
 * For the Cause (DS9 episode)
 * Ferengi
 * Breen
 * Briar Patch
 * Star Trek: Challenger
 * Star Trek: New Frontier

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Chris Pratt
 * Jessica Alba
 * Jeff Dunham
 * Michelle Rodriguez
 * Ana-Luc&
 * Paula Abdul
 * Corey Clark
 * Roger Ebert
 * Joyce DeWitt
 * Punk&
 * MythBusters
 * Breathe

Articles I've created

 * Tauriel
 * WhoSay
 * The Chris and Paul Show
 * Jack Thomas Smith
 * Brian Stack
 * Ross Matthews
 * "Sarcastaball"
 * Raising the Bar (South Park)
 * "Obama Wins!"
 * "Titties and Dragons"
 * Hoodwinked

 * Steppin' Out magazine

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Todd Beamer (4.14.14 expansion)
 * Mark Bingham
 * Rick Rescorla
 * Bill Biggart
 * Tom Burnett
 * Peter J. Ganci, Jr.
 * Wilson Flagg
 * Orio Palmer
 * Welles Crowther (9.15.12 expansion)
 * Dominick Pezzulo
 * 9/11 conspiracy theories

Articles I've heavily edited

 * Shi Yan Ming
 * Chesley Sullenberger
 * US Airways Flight 1549
 * Luigi Lucioni
 * Kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard
 * Palisades Center

Articles I've created

 * Bulletin (service)
 * Robin Cavendish
 * Vincent Lamberti
 * Ron Raffaelli

My Portrait Photography
Here is a sampling of some of the over 12,000 photos I have uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, many of which have been republished in books, on websites, in public banners, and by organizations including the SyFy Channel, CBS News, MTV, The Hollywood Reporter, The Nation and Forbes.

title: User:Nightscream


text:
File:ST-TNG The Mind's Eye.jpg

Image from Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, The Mind's Eye © 1991 Paramount Pictures, produced by Gene Roddenberry.

Rationale of fair use
This image is fair use because:
 * 1) The image is of lower resolution and quality than the original video (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this subject.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the show or DVDs in any way.
 * 4) The image is being used for informational purposes only.
 * 5) The image is being used to illustrate the television show in question.

title: File:ST-TNG The Mind's Eye.jpg


text: Category:Sound production

title: Category:Sound production


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Treesleeper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:04, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Treesleeper
No evidence of notability under WP:MUSIC, no aritst direct listing and google shows more hits for treesleeper camp than him... Delete. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:09, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I love the "not affiliated with" message. At any rate, he's a musician, and I'm sure we wish him well, but he is not notable at this point.  Geogre 15:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Its vanity. ConeyCyclone 17:38, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete Define notable. I changed the entry accordingly and its now functional and useful. I included myself because if you type "treesleeper" in google you get two different things and I thought if it was listed in wikipedia that google would find wikipedia high on the list- explaining the difference and what the word "means" easily without a lot of trouble. Treesleeper 2:02, 12 Jun 2005 (CST)
 * Comment: Notable is defined under WP:MUSIC which i wikilinked to above. Also, pending recent edits, it still seems not good enough under Importance as translations of foreign words do not garner an article. My vote remains. Sorry bud, but get some albums out there and i'll be glad to make an article about you. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 22:56, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Wikipedia is not the place to 'aleviate confusion on google (sic)'. The bit about the Bushmen is unverifiable, the bit about the camp is crystal ballish, and the bit about the artist is not notable under WP:MUSIC. -- Jonel 19:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, admitted usage of Wikipedia to game search engines. RickK 22:35, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per RickK --FCYTravis 22:49, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:MUSIC. JamesBurns 04:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:MUSIC. Treesleeper 12:25, 13 Jun 2005 (CST) -maybe someday. :)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
George E. Nixon

George Ewart Nixon (March 9, 1898 – March 17, 1981) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Algoma West in the House of Commons of Canada from 1940 to 1968. He was a member of the Liberal Party.

title: George E. Nixon


text: Category:Sound production technology

title: Category:Sound production technology


text:
Sonja Davies

Sonja Margaret Loveday Davies (née Vile; 11 November 1923 – 12 June 2005) was a New Zealand trade unionist, peace campaigner, and Member of Parliament. On 6 February 1987, Davies was the third appointee to the Order of New Zealand.

Early life
Sonja Vile was born in the Upper Hutt suburb of Wallaceville in 1923. Her mother was Gwladys Ilma Vile, a nurse, and a granddaughter of Job Vile.

Sonja Vile learned of her father's identity, Gerald Dempsey, when she was 20, but never made any contact. She had four different foster homes before her grandparents took her in, and they lived in Oamaru and Woodville. Aged seven, she went back to her mother in Wellington to live with her younger sister and her new step-father. The family moved to Dunedin, then Auckland, and, in 1939, back to Wellington By this time, she also had a younger brother. The speeches by pacifists Ormond Burton and Arch Barrington appealed to her social conscience but caused tension with her parents, and she consequently left home aged 16 supporting herself by work in bookshops.

She married Lindsay Nathan in 1941, and began training as a nurse. She became pregnant after an affair with an American marine and her daughter Penny was born in 1944. Soon afterwards, Sonja was hospitalised for tuberculosis.

Nelson
After divorcing Nathan, she married Charlie Davies in late 1946, who she had known before the war. The following year she was discharged from hospital, and the couple moved to rural Nelson. In 1953 they moved into the city, where she became politically active in a campaign to stop the closure of the railway. She was elected to the Nelson Hospital Board in 1956, and to the Nelson City Council in 1961. In 1963, she was appointed as a justice of the peace. She later returned to Nelson to seek the Labour candidacy for the seat in a 1976 by-election, but was unsuccessful, finishing the second preference to grocer and Nelson City Councillor Mel Courtney.

Involvement in unions
Davies helped to found the Working Women's Council, and in 1974 she became the first female executive of the Federation of Labour.

Member of Parliament
Davies became the Labour MP for Pencarrow in 1987 and served two terms. In November 1990 she was appointed as Labour's spokesperson for Women's Affairs by Labour leader Mike Moore. She retired in 1993 and Trevor Mallard replaced her.

In 1990, Davies received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal, and in 1993 she was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.

Davies died in Wellington in 2005.

Media
Her autobiography, Bread and Roses: Her Story, (ISBN 1-86953-162-0), was turned into a film in 1994. Directed by Gaylene Preston, the film was also called Bread and Roses. A second volume of autobiography, Marching On (ISBN 1-86941-296-6) was published in 1997.
 * Bread and Roses (film, 1994) on IMDb

title: Sonja Davies


text:
File:King Ranch logo.PNG

Summary
Logo of King Ranch, a ranch in Texas.

title: File:King Ranch logo.PNG


text:
User:Kapow

rogue abalone-fishing mobile island fortress

title: User:Kapow


text:
Talk:Fritz Zwicky/to do

 * Add poem about zwicky and dark matter featured in Timothy Ferris's The Whole Shebang

title: Talk:Fritz Zwicky/to do


text: Category:Bridges across the River Great Ouse


text:
Weber number

The Weber number (We) is a dimensionless number in fluid mechanics that is often useful in analysing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids, especially for multiphase flows with strongly curved surfaces. It is named after Moritz Weber (1871–1951). It can be thought of as a measure of the relative importance of the fluid's inertia compared to its surface tension. The quantity is useful in analyzing thin film flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles.

Mathematical expression
The Weber number may be written as:
 * $$\mathrm{We} = \frac{\mbox{Drag Force}}{\mbox{Cohesion Force}}

= \left( \frac{8}{C_\mathrm{D}} \right) \frac{\left( \frac{\rho\,v^2}{2}\,C_\mathrm{D}\pi\frac{l^2}{4} \right)}{ \left(\pi\,l\,\sigma \right)} = \frac{\rho\,v^2\,l}{\sigma}$$

where
 * $$C_\mathrm{D}$$ is the drag coefficient of the body cross-section.
 * $$\rho$$ is the density of the fluid (kg/m3).
 * $$v$$ is its velocity (m/s).
 * $$l$$ is its characteristic length, typically the droplet diameter (m).
 * $$\sigma$$ is the surface tension (N/m).

The modified Weber number,

 * $$\mathrm{We}^*=\frac{\mathrm{We}}{12}$$

equals the ratio of the kinetic energy on impact to the surface energy,

 * $$\mathrm{We}^*=\frac{E_\mathrm{kin}}{E_\mathrm{surf}}$$,

where

 * $$E_\mathrm{kin}=\frac{\pi\rho l^3 v^2}{12}$$

and

 * $$E_\mathrm{surf}=\pi l^2 \sigma$$.

Appearance in the Navier-Stokes equations
The Weber number appears in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations through a free surface boundary condition.

For a fluid of constant density $$\rho$$ and dynamic viscosity $$\mu$$, at the free surface interface there is a balance between the normal stress and the curvature force associated with the surface tension:

 * $$\widehat{\bf n} \cdot \mathbb{T} \cdot \widehat{\bf n} = \sigma \left( \nabla \cdot \widehat{\bf n} \right) $$

Where $$\widehat{\bf n}$$ is the unit normal vector to the surface, $$ \mathbb{T} $$ is the Cauchy stress tensor, and $$\nabla\cdot$$ is the divergence operator. The Cauchy stress tensor for an incompressible fluid takes the form:

 * $$\mathbb{T} = -pI + \mu\left[ \nabla {\bf v} + (\nabla {\bf v})^{T} \right] $$

Introducing the dynamic pressure $$ p_{d} = p - \rho {\bf g} \cdot {\bf x} $$ and, assuming high Reynolds number flow, it is possible to nondimensionalize the variables with the scalings:

 * $$p_{d} = \rho V^{2}p_{d}', \quad \nabla = L^{-1}\nabla', \quad {\bf g} = g{\bf g}', \quad {\bf x} = L{\bf x}', \quad {\bf v} = V{\bf v}' $$

The free surface boundary condition in nondimensionalized variables is then:

 * $$-p_{d}' + {1\over{\text{Fr}^{2}}}z' + {1 \over{\text{Re}}} \widehat{\bf n} \cdot \left[ \nabla'{\bf v}' + (\nabla'{\bf v}')^{T} \right] \cdot \widehat{\bf n} = {1\over{\text{We}}} \left( \nabla' \cdot \widehat{\bf n} \right) $$

Where $$\text{Fr}$$ is the Froude number, $$\text{Re}$$ is the Reynolds number, and $$\text{We}$$ is the Weber number. The influence of the Weber number can then be quantified relative to gravitational and viscous forces.

Applications
One application of the Weber number is the study of heat pipes. When the momentum flux in the vapor core of the heat pipe is high, there is a possibility that the shear stress exerted on the liquid in the wick can be large enough to entrain droplets into the vapor flow. The Weber number is the dimensionless parameter that determines the onset of this phenomenon called the entrainment limit (Weber number greater than or equal to 1). In this case the Weber number is defined as the ratio of the momentum in the vapor layer divided by the surface tension force restraining the liquid, where the characteristic length is the surface pore size.

title: Weber number


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Only child

An only child is a person with no siblings, by birth or adoption.

Children who have half-siblings, step-siblings, or have never met their siblings, either living at the same house or at a different house—especially those who were born considerably later—may have a similar family environment to only-children, as may children who have much younger siblings from both of the same parents (generally, ten or more years).

Overview
Throughout history, only-children were relatively uncommon. From around the middle of the 20th century, birth rates and average family sizes fell sharply for a number of reasons, including perceived concerns about human overpopulation and more women having their first child later in life due to birth control and women in the workforce. The proportion of families in the United States with only-children increased during the Great Depression but fell during the Post–World War II baby boom. After the Korean War ended in 1953, the South Korean government suggested citizens each have one or two children to boost economic prosperity, which resulted in significantly reduced birth rates and a larger number of only-children in the country.

From 1980 to 2015, the one-child policy in the People's Republic of China restricted most parents to having only one child, although it was subject to local relaxations and individual circumstances (for instance, when twins were conceived).

Families may have an only child for a variety of reasons, including: personal preference, family planning, financial and emotional or physical health issues, desire to travel, stress in the family, educational advantages, late marriage, stability, focus, time constraints, fears over pregnancy, advanced age, illegitimate birth, infertility, divorce, and death of a sibling or parent. The premature death of one parent also contributed to a small percentage of marriages producing just one child until around the mid-20th century, not to mention the then-rare occurrence of divorce.

Only-children are sometimes said to be more likely to develop precocious interests (from spending more time with adults) and to feel lonely. Sometimes they compensate for the aloneness by developing a stronger relationship with themselves or developing an active fantasy life that includes imaginary friends. Children whose siblings are much older than them sometimes report feeling like an only child.

Stereotypes
In Western countries, only-children can be the subject of a stereotype that equates them with "spoiled brats". G. Stanley Hall was one of the first commentators to give only-children a bad reputation when he referred to their situation as "a disease in itself". Even today, only-children are commonly stereotyped as "spoiled, selfish, and bratty". While many only-children receive a lot of attention and resources for their development, it is not clear that, as a class, they are overindulged or differ significantly from children with siblings. Susan Newman, a social psychologist at Rutgers University and the author of Parenting an Only Child, says that this is a myth. "People articulate that only children are spoiled, they're aggressive, they're bossy, they're lonely, they're maladjusted", she said. "There have been hundreds and hundreds of research studies that show that only children are no different from their peers." However, differences have been found. Research involving teacher ratings of U.S. children's social and interpersonal skills has scored only-children lower in self-control and interpersonal skills. While a later study failed to find evidence that this continued through middle and high school, a further study showed that deficits persisted until at least the fifth grade. Overall, most findings do not support the negative view of only-children, though there are differences.

In China, perceived behavioral problems in only-children have been called the Little Emperor Syndrome, and the lack of siblings has been blamed for a number of social ills such as materialism and crime. However, recent studies do not support these claims, and show no significant differences in personality between only-children and children in larger families. The one-child policy, which ended in 2015, was speculated to be the underlying cause of forced abortions, female infanticide, underreporting of female births, and has been suggested as a possible cause behind China's increasing number of crimes and gender imbalance.

The popular media often posit that it is more difficult for only-children to cooperate in a conventional family environment, as they have no competitors for the attention of their parents and other relatives. It is suggested that confusion arises about the norms of ages and roles and that a similar effect exists in understanding during relationships with other peers and youth, all throughout life. Furthermore, it is believed that many feel that their parents place extra pressure and expectations on the only child, and that often, only-children are perfectionists. Only-children are noted to have a tendency to mature faster. Some psychologists believe in the “only child syndrome," though there is very little evidence to back it up. “Only child syndrome” is the idea that in adulthood, those who have had no siblings are more likely to have less developed social skills and antisocial tendencies that have carried on from childhood.

Scientific research
A 1987 quantitative review of 141 studies on 16 different personality traits failed to support the opinion, held by theorists including Alfred Adler, that only-children are more likely to be maladjusted due to pampering. The study found no evidence of any greater prevalence of maladjustment in only-children. The only statistically significant difference discovered was that only-children possessed a higher achievement motivation, which Denise Polit and Toni Falbo attributed to their greater share of parental resources, expectations, and scrutiny exposing them to a greater degree of reward, and greater likelihood of punishment for falling short. A second analysis by the authors revealed that only-children, children with only one sibling, and first-borns in general score higher on tests of verbal ability than later-borns and children with multiple siblings.

A large (n=8,689) study found no evidence for the idea that only children are more narcissistic than children with siblings.

Toni Falbo & Denise Polit, in their research of only children, gathered 115 studies to address information and evidence for personality, intelligence, adaptability, and relationships with peers and their parents. According to their findings, only-children surpassed all others in each category except for children who were in similar circumstances to them, such as first borns. One of their biggest findings was that the parent-child relationship was positively stronger compared to those children with siblings. Due to this relationship being significantly present in an only child's life, it correlated to developmental outcomes, showing that only-children were not at a developmental disadvantage.

According to the Resource Dilution Model, parental resources (e.g. time to read to the child) are important in development. Because these resources are finite, children with many siblings are thought to receive fewer resources. However, the Confluence Model suggests there is an opposing effect from the benefits to the non-youngest children of tutoring younger siblings, though being tutored does not make up the reduced share of parental resources. This provides one explanation for the poorer performance on tests of ability of only-children compared to first-borns, commonly seen in the literature, though explanations such as the increased and earlier likelihood of experiencing parental separation or loss for last-born and only children have also been suggested, as this may be the cause of their very status.

In his book Maybe One, the environmental campaigner Bill McKibben argues in favor of a voluntary one-child policy on the grounds of climate change and overpopulation. He reassures the reader with a narrative constructed from interviews with researchers and writers on only-children, combined with snippets from the research literature, that this would not be harmful to child development. He argues that most cultural stereotypes are false, that there are not many differences between only-children and other children, and where there are differences, they are favorable to the only child.

Most research on only-children has been quantitative and focused on the behavior of only-children and on how others, for example teachers, assess that behavior. Bernice Sorensen, in contrast, used qualitative methods in order to elicit meaning and to discover what only-children themselves understand, feel, or sense about their lives that are lived without siblings. Her research showed that during their life span, only children often become more aware of their only-child status and are very much affected by society's stereotype of the only-child, whether or not the stereotype is true or false. She argues in her book, Only Child Experience and Adulthood, that growing up in a predominantly sibling society affects only-children and that their lack of sibling relationships can have an important effect on both the way they see themselves and others and how they interact with the world.

The latest research by Cameron et al. (2011) controls for endogeneity associated with being only-children. Parents that choose to have only one child could differ systematically in their characteristics from parents who choose to have more than one child. The paper concludes that "those who grew up as only children as a consequence of the [one-child] policy [in China] are found to be less trusting, less trustworthy, less likely to take risks, and less competitive than if they had had siblings. They are also less optimistic, less conscientious, and more prone to neuroticism". Furthermore, according to Professor Cameron, it was found that "greater exposure to other children in childhood – for example, frequent interactions with cousins and/or attending childcare – was not a substitute for having siblings".

In his book Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway provides evidence that birth order influences the development of the "big five personality traits" (also known as the Five Factor Model). Sulloway suggests that firstborns and only-children are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to later-borns. However, his conclusions have been challenged by other researchers, who argue that birth order effects are weak and inconsistent. In one of the largest studies conducted on the effect of birth order on the Big Five, data from a national sample of 9,664 subjects found no association between birth order and scores on the NEO PI-R personality test. Similarly, a large study (n = 8,689) from 2020 did not find any evidence for the hypothesis that only children are more narcissistic than non-only children.

title: Only child


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Great Barford Bridge

The early fifteenth century Great Barford Bridge, sometimes called simply Barford Bridge, spans the River Great Ouse at Great Barford, Bedfordshire. It is an arch bridge with seventeen arches, originally built from limestone and sandstone. The bridge underwent significant changes in the 19th century, with a widening project in 1818 that used wood being superseded in 1874 with the use of brick. It is Grade I listed and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

There is also a Barford Bridge which carries the River Ise over the A43 road between Rushton and Geddington in Northamptonshire.

title: Great Barford Bridge


text:
Norman Hand

Norman Lamont Hand (September 4, 1972 – May 14, 2010) was an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted in the fifth round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He last played with the New York Giants in 2004. He also played with the Seattle Seahawks, the New Orleans Saints, the San Diego Chargers and the Miami Dolphins. With the Saints, Hand was part of a defensive line nicknamed "The Heavy Lunch Bunch", along with fellow 325-pounders Martin Chase and Grady Jackson. Hand was noted for his "Big Wiggle" celebration dance, and in 2000 he was part of the team that won the Saints' first playoff game.

High school career
At Walterboro High School in Walterboro, South Carolina, Hand earned three letters in football, and also played baseball. As a senior, he was an honorable mention All-America selection by Parade and USA Today, and was the South Carolina High School Defensive Lineman of the Year. As a junior tight end, he caught 25 passes for 526 yards (21.04 yards per reception average).

College career
At Itawamba Junior College in Mississippi, he finished his two-year career with 18 sacks, 135 tackles, 33 tackles for loss, four forced fumbles, and three fumble recoveries.

Norman Hand was a two-year starter at the University of Mississippi after transferring from Itawamba Junior College. As a senior, he posted 3.5 sacks, 61 tackles (three for losses), one interception, and one fumble recovery, and was a second-team All-SEC selection.

Death
Hand died on May 14, 2010, from hypertensive heart disease, after collapsing at his house in Walterboro.

title: Norman Hand


text:
Helen Alfredsson

Helen Christine Alfredsson (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open. She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour. In 2019, she won a "senior slam" by winning both of the senior women's major championships.

Amateur career
Alfredsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg. At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team.

She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988. During summertime she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women.

In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland. She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988. At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever. The same year Alfredsson finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain.

She turned professional on 1 January 1989.

Professional career
Alfredsson began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year. The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open. She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament.

She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, Alfredsson nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. Alfredsson entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten.

At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, Alfredsson shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record. Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record. When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women. After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan.

During her career on the LPGA Tour, Alfredsson continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times. She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998.

In 2008, Alfredsson came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years.

She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player eight times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009. She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16. When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year.

While playing golf, Alfredsson has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish. The Financial Times of London once editorialized "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances". Alfredsson said about cursing "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere. But then all of a sudden this little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something. You've been good too long." "

In September 2013, Alfredsson officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour.

After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success. She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship. She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same "senior slam" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018.

Awards, honors
She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour.

In 1986, Alfredsson earned Elite Sign No. 81 by the Swedish Golf Federation, on the basis of national team appearances and national championship performances.

She was awarded the 1990 Swedish Golfer of the Year.

In 1992, she was, by the Swedish Golf Federation, awarded the Golden Club, the highest award for contributions to Swedish golf, as the 14th recipient.

In 1998 Alfredsson was awarded honorary member of the PGA of Sweden.

In 2024, she was inducted into the Swedih Golf Hall of Fame.

Personal life
At young age she practiced ice skating and team handball. Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself. The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome.

In later years Alfredsson has practiced yoga.

During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leonardo Cuéllar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico. The couple later got engaged.

After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months.

In 2005, Alfredsson married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson. Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch. They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together.

She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010.

Amateur wins
Source:
 * 1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship
 * 1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship
 * 1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship
 * 1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship

LPGA Tour wins (7)
LPGA Tour playoff record (1–3)

Ladies European Tour wins (11)
Ladies European Tour playoff record (4–1) ''Note: Alfredsson won The Evian Championship (formerly named the Evian Masters) three times before it was recognized as a major championship on the LPGA Tour in 2013. One of those wins was after the Evian Masters was co-sanctioned with the LPGA Tour in 2000. Alfredsson won the Women's British Open once before it was co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour in 1994 and recognized as a major championship on the LPGA Tour in 2001.''

Note:
 * 1 Co-sanctioned by LPGA Tour and Ladies European Tour

Sources:

LPGA of Japan Tour wins (3)

 * 1991 Daio Paper Elleair Ladies Open
 * 1992 Itoki Classic
 * 1997 Itoen Ladies

ALPG Tour wins (1)

 * 1991 Queensland Open

Other wins (2)

 * 1991 Benson & Hedges Trophy (with Anders Forsbrand)
 * 1992 Sunrise Cup World Team Championship (with Liselotte Neumann)

Results timeline
^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. ^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew T = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1997 Kraft Nabisco Championship – 1999 Kraft Nabisco Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1993 U.S. Open – 1993 du Maurier Classic)

Team appearances
Amateur
 * European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1980, 1981 (winners), 1982, 1983, 1984 (winners), 1986
 * European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1983, 1985, 1987 (winners)
 * Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Sweden): 1986, 1988

Professional
 * Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2007 (non-playing captain), 2009
 * World Cup (representing Sweden): 2007
 * Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2008 (winners)
 * Handa Cup (representing World team): 2012 (tie), 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015

title: Helen Alfredsson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of American Inventors

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:00, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

List of American Inventors
User:Ariele created then incompletely nominated for VfD with this comment on article page: redundancy, there's already a Category by the title "U.S. Inventors". Double Blue (Talk) 06:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with User:Ariele and it's just an unordered list. Double Blue  (Talk) 06:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - and a gold star to Ariele for realizing her own mistake and VFDing her creation herself - if not quite perfectly. --FCYTravis 09:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I'm all for lists, but this one doesn't have any advantages over the category. Mgm|(talk) 10:11, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A redundant list, that is listing renudnantly. Spotteddogsdotorg 14:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there is something like that elsewheres. ConeyCyclone 17:34, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I agree, there is a category already. King of ♥  ♦  ♣ ♠ 17:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. WP:CSD specifically says: "Any page which is requested for deletion by the original author, provided the author reasonably explains that it was created by mistake, and the page was edited only by its author." Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:18, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Green-rumped parrotlet

The green-rumped parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), also known as the green-rumped parakeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae that is found in northeastern South America and the Caribbean island of Trinidad. The green-rumped parrotlet occurs from northern Venezuela eastwards to the lower Amazon in Brazil, Also Suriname and has been introduced to Curaçao, Jamaica and Barbados. It prefers semi-open lowland areas and is also sometimes present in city parks. There are five subspecies.

Taxonomy
The green-rumped parrotlet was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus passerinus. Linnaeus specified the type location as "America", but this was changed to Surinam by Hans von Berlepsch in 1908. The green-rumped parrotlet is now one of nine species placed in the genus Forpus that was introduced in 1858 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The etymology of the genus name is uncertain. The specific epithet passerinus is from Latin and means "sparrow-like".

Five subspecies are recognised:
 * F. p. cyanophanes (Todd, 1915) – north Colombia
 * F. p. viridissimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) – north Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago
 * F. p. passerinus (Linnaeus, 1758) – the Guianas
 * F. p. cyanochlorus (Schlegel, 1864) – Roraima (north Brazil)
 * F. p. deliciosus (Ridgway, 1888) – lower Amazonian Brazil

Description
The green-rumped parrotlet is 12 cm long and weighs 20-28 g. The plumage mainly bright green with duller/grayer napes. The eyes are dark brown and beaks and feet are light peach. Green-rumped parrotlets exhibit sexual dimorphism: males have purplish-blue primaries, secondaries, and coverts, with bright turquoise feathers on the leading edges of their wings; females lack blue but have more yellow-green on the head. Like all parrots, green-rumped parrotlets exhibit zygodactyly, meaning two toes face forward and two face backward. Juveniles look like adults.

The male of subspecies F. p. cyanophanes has more extensive purple-blue markings that form an obvious patch on the closed wing. The male of F. p. viridissimus has darker purple-blue markings on the secondaries. The male of F. p. cyanochlorus has darker purple-blue markings than the nominate species; the female is brighter yellow-green. The male of F. p. deliciosus compared to the nominate has the back and rump that is brighter emerald green that is tinted with pale blue; the primaries and secondaries pale blue with purple-blue near feather shafts. The forehead of the female is more yellow.

Distribution and habitat
Green-rumped parrotlets are found in tropical South America, from the Caribbean regions of Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad south and east to the Guianas and Brazil on the lower Amazon River. It has been introduced in Jamaica, Curaçao, Barbados and Tobago, and was not recorded on Trinidad prior to 1916. Along with the lilac-tailed parrotlet (Touit batavicus), they are the only parrotlet species to occur in the West Indies.

Green-rumped parrotlets are fairly common in open, semi-arid habitat and are found residing in dry scrubland, deciduous woodland, gallery forest, farmland, forest edges, and deforested areas throughout their range. While they are non-migratory, they may wander locally to locate sources of food. They are not found at altitudes greater than 1800 m above sea level.

Conservation
The global population size is not known, but this species has been described as widespread and common. However, there is strong evidence that populations are decreasing, which is likely related to habitat destruction by deforestation. The species has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.

Social
Green-rumped parrotlets are very gregarious and roost communally; they are often seen in flocks of up to 100 individuals.

Green-rumped parrotlets make light, twittering calls. While in flocks, calls are louder and more penetrating. Contact calls, similar to names, are individually distinct and are used for individual mate recognition. Each call varies in duration, frequency, and pitch.

Green-rumped parrotlets have been observed in flocks consisting of combinations of breeding male-female pairs, nonbreeding male-female pairs, male-male pairs, and individual nonbreeding males; the number of each type depends on the season. Extra-pair copulation is relatively uncommon (less than 8% of young are conceived through extra-pair fertilization).

Reproduction
Green-rumped parrotlets form strong pair bonds and rarely switch mates, but typically only breed with the same individual for 1-2 seasons. Widowed parrotlets will often take a new mate, and 48% of the new stepparents adopt the offspring. Stepfather parrotlets in particular nest with their new mates, attaining earlier ages at first breeding than competitors (stepmother-widower pair sample sizes were too small to produce results, at only 15 pairs). Therefore, adoption appears to be sexually selected. However, so is infanticide by stepfathers.

Almost half of wild females attempt a second brood during their breeding season. Green-rumped parrotlets breed during the rainy season (May–November), though each subspecies tends to breed during different months. They typically make their nests in unlined tree cavities, holes found in arboreal termite nests, or in cavities in wooden fence posts. Intense competition over limited nest sites has selected for marauding non-breeding pairs that attempt to usurp occupied nests and evict the abandoned offspring.

The female lays 5-6 small white eggs over a period of 9–16 days. The female usually initiates incubation after the first egg is laid, leading to asynchronous hatching which begins 18–22 days after the start of incubation. Depending on the clutch size, hatching concludes 2–14 days after the first egg hatches. Fledging occurs 29–35 days after hatching, with the clutch fledging over a period of 14 days on average.

The unusual length of the green-rumped parrotlet's nestling period is believed to be caused, or at least influenced, by the low levels of available nutrients and minerals for young found in typical green-rumped parrotlet habitat. Because of the difference in hatching time, not all chicks are the same size when they are young. Research has been done on resource allocation between different chick sizes by green-rumped parrotlet parents. It was shown that male parents tend to feed larger chicks more often, while females are far more likely to feed smaller individuals first because of their begging habits - smaller chicks tend to beg more, while larger chicks are more submissive. This effect has also been observed in other parrot species.

Research has shown that by planning asynchronous hatching, parent parrotlets don't have to spend as much time expending the high levels of energy associated with brooding, but the amount of energy expended does not change.

It has been observed that over the course of mating and raising a brood of chicks, a female green-rumped parrotlet's mass varies greatly. Female individuals gained up to 25% more mass before laying and maintained this mass through incubation until hatching began. The amount of mass lost over the brooding and fledging periods was dependent on the size of the brood. It is believed that this mass change is caused by a combination of brooding starvation, adaptation to a new lifestyle, and sexual activity.

Diet
Green-rumped parrotlets primarily eat seeds from grasses and forbs, as well as flowers, buds, berries, and fruits. They have also been observed to eat the seeds from fruit trees including Annona sp. and guava.

Aviculture
Green-rumped parrotlets are bred in captivity and kept as pets, though they are less common than some other Forpus species. Imports of wild green-rumped parrotlets into the United States are prohibited under the Wild Bird Conservation Act and international trade is limited by other laws, so aviculture is dependent on existing captive populations.

Related books and articles

 * Birds of Venezuela by Hilty, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5

title: Green-rumped parrotlet


text:
Henry Sidney Hamilton

Henry Sidney Hamilton (28 January 1887 – 10 February 1976) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Algoma West in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1940. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was also a former member of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, attaining the rank Lieutenant-Colonel. He died at Plummer Memorial Hospital in Sault Ste. Marie in 1976.

title: Henry Sidney Hamilton


text:
Wikipedia:Former featured articles

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Former featured articles that have been re-promoted
Notes : Articles in bold are articles that have been featured on the Main Page. The Wikipedia Project Pages are anomalies – not actual articles, but pages that were considered "brilliant prose" and were subsequently listed as "featured" when the featured article process began. Autism, Belgium, Chetwynd, British Columbia, Emperor Norton, Execution by elephant, Fermi paradox, Hero of Belarus, Lead(II) nitrate, London congestion charge, Madonna, Olympic Games, Pashtuns, Poetry, and Max Weber were promoted and demoted twice, and are thus listed twice.
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title: Wikipedia:Former featured articles