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Hannibal Rising (film)

Hannibal Rising is a 2007 psychological horror thriller film and the fifth film of the Hannibal Lecter franchise. It is a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001), and Red Dragon (2002). The film is an adaptation of Thomas Harris' 2006 novel of the same name and tells the story of Lecter's evolution from a vengeful Nazi hunter into a cannibalistic serial killer.

The film was directed by Peter Webber from a screenplay by Harris, and stars Gaspard Ulliel as the title character with additional roles played by Gong Li, Rhys Ifans and Dominic West. Filming took place at Barrandov Studios in Prague. It was co-produced by Italy, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, France, and the United States. It was released in France on February 7, 2007, and in Italy, United Kingdom, and the United States on February 9. It was produced by the Dino De Laurentiis Company and theatrical distribution was handled by Momentum Pictures in the U.K., and by The Weinstein Company and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the U.S.. The film received generally negative reviews from critics, though Ulliel's performance as Lecter was praised. It grossed $82.1 million worldwide against a $75 million budget. The film went on to become a hit on home video.

Plot
In 1944, eight-year-old Hannibal Lecter lives in Lecter Castle in Lithuania. The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union turns the Baltic region into part of the bloodiest front line of World War II. Lecter, his younger sister Mischa, and their parents travel to the family's hunting lodge in the woods to elude the advancing German troops. After three years, the Germans are finally driven out of the countries soon to be re-occupied by the Soviet Union. During their retreat, they destroy a Soviet tank that had stopped at the Lecter family's lodge looking for water. The explosion kills everyone but Lecter and Mischa. They survive in the cottage until five Lithuanian men from a Waffen-SS militia, led by Vladis Grutas, storm and loot it. Finding no other food in the bitterly cold Baltic winter, the men look menacingly at Lecter and Mischa.

In 1952, Lithuania is a part of the Soviet Union, and Lecter Castle has been converted into an orphanage, which also houses Hannibal. After dealing violently with a bully, Lecter escapes from the orphanage to Paris to live with his widowed aunt, Lady Murasaki, who teaches him Japanese martial arts including Kenjutsu. While in France, Lecter flourishes as a student. He commits his first murder as a teenager, using a katana sword to behead a local butcher for insulting his aunt. He is suspected of the murder by Inspector Pascal Popil, a French detective who also lost his family in the war. Thanks in part to his aunt's intervention, as she leaves the butcher's head on the gates in front of the station during Lecter's interview, Lecter escapes responsibility for the crime.

Lecter becomes the youngest person to be admitted to medical school in France. He works in Paris, where he is given a job preparing cadavers. One day, Lecter witnesses a condemned war criminal receiving a sodium thiopental injection, allowing him to recall details about his war crimes. Consequently, to recall the names of those responsible for his sister's death, Lecter injects himself with the solution. His subsequent flashback reveals the men who killed Mischa had cannibalized her as well. Lecter returns to Lithuania in search of his sister's remains. He excavates the ruins of the lodge where his family died and upon finding Mischa's remains, he gives her a proper burial. He also unearths the dog-tags of the men who killed his sister. One of them, Enrikas Dortlich, sees him arrive in the country and attempts to kill him but Lecter incapacitates him. After he buries Mischa's remains, Lecter forces Dortlich to reveal the whereabouts of the rest of his gang, then decapitates Dortlich with a horse-drawn pulley. Dortlich's blood splashes on Lecter's face, and he licks it off.

Lecter then visits the restaurant of another one of the soldiers, Petras Kolnas, in Fontainebleau. He finds his young daughter and notices Mischa's bracelet on her and gives her Kolnas's dogtag. Dortlich's murder puts the rest of the group on the alert and because of the similarity to the first murder, places Lecter under renewed suspicion from Popil. Grutas, now a sex trafficker, dispatches a second member of the group, Zigmas Milko, to kill him. Lecter kills Milko, drowning him in embalming chemicals inside his laboratory. Popil then tries to dissuade him from hunting the gang. During a confrontation with Lady Murasaki, she begs him not to get revenge. He refuses, claiming that he made a promise to Mischa. He then attacks Grutas in his home but Grutas is rescued by his bodyguards.

Grutas kidnaps Lady Murasaki and calls Lecter, using her as bait. Lecter recognizes the sounds of Kolnas's birds from his restaurant in the background. Lecter goes there and plays on Kolnas's emotions by threatening his children. Kolnas gives up the location of Grutas's boat but Lecter kills him when Kolnas goes for Lecter's gun. Lecter goes to the houseboat and finds Grutas sexually assaulting Lady Murasaki. In a final confrontation, Grutas claims that Lecter had also consumed his sister in broth fed to him by the soldiers and he was killing them to keep this fact secret. Enraged by the revelation, Lecter eviscerates Grutas by repeatedly carving his sister's initial into his body. Lady Murasaki, finally disturbed by his behavior, flees from him even after he tells her that he loves her. The houseboat is incinerated and Lecter, assumed to be dead, emerges from the woods. He then hunts the last member of the group, Grentz, in Melville, Canada, before settling down in Canada and later the United States.

Cast

 * Gaspard Ulliel as Hannibal Lecter
 * Aaran Thomas as young Hannibal Lecter
 * Gong Li as Lady Murasaki
 * Dominic West as Inspector Pascal Popil
 * Rhys Ifans as Vladis Grutas
 * Helena-Lia Tachovska as Mischa Lecter
 * Kevin McKidd as Petras Kolnas
 * Richard Brake as Enrikas Dortlich
 * Stephen Walters as Zigmas Milko
 * Ivan Marevich as Bronys Grentz
 * Charles Maquignon as Paul Momund
 * Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė as Mrs. Lecter
 * Beata Ben Ammar as Madam Kolnas
 * Pavel Bezdek as Dieter
 * Goran Kostić as Kazys Porvik
 * Robbie Kay as Kolnas's son
 * Denis Ménochet as Chief of Police

Development
The screenplay for Hannibal Rising was written by Thomas Harris, based on his novel of the same name, published in December 2006, two months before the film's release.

Producer Martha De Laurentiis said the idea for the film came up during the international publicity tour for Red Dragon in 2002, when journalists suggested that they should make a film about the young Hannibal. She then approached Harris to write both the new book and the screenplay for the film. Dino De Laurentiis owned the movie rights to the character Hannibal Lecter and wanted to make a new movie. De Laurentiis told Entertainment Weekly in 2006 that he told Harris that if he did not want to write the prequel, he would do it with someone else because De Laurentiis did not want to lose the franchise, and he believed the audience wanted a new movie. At first, Harris refused to write a new book, until De Laurentiis insisted that he would find someone else to write it instead, so Harris told him that he would come up with an idea. Recalling that conversation with De Laurentiis in a 2019 interview for The New York Times, Harris said, "He did have continuation rights to the character and could have done whatever he wanted to. He had a lot of enthusiasm for a movie, and it was contagious, I suppose."

In May 2003, during the Cannes Film Festival, Dino De Laurentiis sold the project to buyers, then titled The Lecter Variation and subtitled as The Story of Young Hannibal Lecter. Universal Pictures was slated to handle the film's international sales. De Laurentiis said that four actors would play Lecter at the ages of 12, 16, 20 and 25.

On 2 November 2004, Variety reported that Peter Webber had been hired to direct the film, and that production was expected to begin in May 2005 for a summer 2006 release.

On 19 May 2005, Variety reported that Bob and Harvey Weinstein's then unnamed new company, that would later become The Weinstein Company, had acquired North American distribution for the film.

The film's working title was Young Hannibal: Behind the Mask. It was produced by Dino De Laurentiis Cinematografica from Italy, and Dino De Laurentiis Company from the United States, and co-produced by France's Carthago Films, United Kingdom's Zephyr Films, and Czech Republic's Etic Films, in association with France's Quinta Communications and UK's Ingenious Film Partners. Dino De Laurentiis, Martha De Laurentiis and Tarak Ben Ammar served as producers. The budget was $75 million. US distribution was handled by MGM and The Weinstein Company, the latter also handled international sales.

Casting
Hugh Dancy, Macaulay Culkin, Dominic Cooper, and Tom Payne auditioned for the role of Hannibal Lecter. Dancy would later play Will Graham on the television series Hannibal (2013–2015).

On 20 February 2005, Chinese actress Gong Li was the first to be announced in the cast. Li almost lost out on the role of Hannibal's Japanese aunt (by marriage) Lady Murasaki, due to scheduling conflicts with Miami Vice (2006). The filming schedule for Hannibal Rising had to be changed in order to keep Li in the film. "It caused all sorts of problems but it was worth the wait. Every minute that she is on screen is a moment of truth and beauty. She's so subtle but so strong. She is an actress who is at the top of her powers," Webber said.

On 2 September 2005, French cinema website AlloCiné reported that French actor Gaspard Ulliel was one of the favorites to play Hannibal Lecter, but that nothing had been signed yet. Ulliel was confirmed in the role on 14 September 2005. Ulliel auditioned for Hannibal Rising after Dino De Laurentiis saw him in the 2004 French film A Very Long Engagement. "I saw the face of this young star and I thought this is it! We met with Gaspard in Paris, Peter did a screen test with him at my house and it was all up there on the screen, his intensity, his look. I remember I said 'Gaspard, you were born to be Hannibal Lecter!'", De Laurentiis said in the film's press kit, and director Peter Webber added: "It comes down to a gut feeling. I watched Gaspard's screen test and I thought, this is the only person that I am compelled to watch for two hours. There's something very special about him. He's got something dark." Ulliel was at a dinner in Paris when he met French producer Tarak Ben Ammar, who talked about this project to him, then he received the screenplay a few days later. The day before his audition, Ulliel watched Silence of the Lambs to observe Anthony Hopkins' acting. Ulliel initially refused the role several times for thinking it was very risky, but after meeting with Webber he changed his mind and accepted the role.

It was rumored that Anthony Hopkins would narrate the film, but it ended up not happening.

For the role of Vladis Grutas, Webber said he was looking at more obvious choices to play "bad guys", until Welsh actor Rhys Ifans came in and surprised him. At the time, Ifans was better known for his comic roles, and Webber said he was intrigued with the idea of casting someone against type. "What convinced me was that he came and he didn't audition. He just blew my socks off. I was really just seeing him because I had met him beforehand, you know, to keep tabs on him, because he might be interesting, but no one else could hold a candle to him, really. He just managed to reach in and find a very dark part of himself and have fun with it as well. He's a great actor, he's a great guy. It was a delight for me to cast him," Webber said.

Webber approached Swedish actor Mikael Persbrandt for the role of a soldier who eats Hannibal's little sister, but Persbrandt had to turn it down due to scheduling conflicts with another film and a play in Sweden. Webber told Persbrandt that if Hannibal Rising was successful, he would be cast for a second film about the young Hannibal.

French actor Denis Ménochet was friends with Ulliel and one day he visited him on the set in Prague and Ulliel gave him a tour of the studios. When Ménochet was about to leave, the film's assistant director stopped him and said that he was going to stay and play a small role in the film as a police officer at the morgue. Ménochet initially believed that he had gotten the role because he had met the director and auditioned for the film, but he later found out that it was Ulliel who supported the idea. Ulliel never told him that. Ménochet said that acting in an international film like Hannibal Rising opened doors for him and gave him the opportunity to meet people and have access to auditions.

Pre-production
Ulliel said he did not want to try to copy or imitate Anthony Hopkins, so he tried to work on his own by reading books and watching other films. He said he knew that the audience would look for similarities between him and Hopkins, so one part of his preparation included observing Hopkins, but just to pick a few details in his performance and then add it to his own character. Ulliel prepared for the role by reading all of the previous three books on Hannibal Lecter written by Thomas Harris. He also read other books about serial killers that were written by criminal profilers. Webber gave Ulliel some DVDs of films which illustrated the atmosphere he wanted in Hannibal Rising, and also made him watch Asian samurai sword films. Webber also sent Ulliel to a medical school in Prague to watch an autopsy class for one day. Webber said he thought Ulliel would be horrified, but he came back telling him he wanted to watch an autopsy again the next day. Ulliel said he watched the autopsies for the last three days of the last week of the class, when the bodies were "completely destroyed" and looked "fake", so it was not scary. Ulliel then asked to go back on the first day of the next class to see the fresh bodies being opened, but it did not happen due to his busy schedule.

Hannibal Rising was Ulliel's second English-language film, but the first one in which he played a lead role. Ulliel had only a month and a half of coaching in English before shooting began, as filming had to be quick to fit in with the time that Gong Li had available. Ulliel said that he did his best, but it was very difficult for him to act in English, and he had trouble with letting himself go and stop thinking about his accent.

For the swordfight scene, Ulliel practiced for a week with a kendo teacher and actress Gong Li.

The producers wanted to arrange a meeting between Ulliel and Anthony Hopkins so they could discuss the role, as Ulliel would play the younger version of the character that was portrayed by Hopkins in the franchise's three previous films, The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001) and Red Dragon (2002), but Hopkins was not available and the meeting never happened.

Filming
Principal photography began in Prague on 10 October 2005. Filming took place at Barrandov Studios in Prague. It was also shot on location in France and Lithuania. Filming wrapped in Prague in early February 2006, after 14 weeks of shooting.

Two items were stolen from the set; a severed rubber head that was used when Hannibal cuts off Dortlich's head, and a rubber penis that was cut off from a full-size replica human body that was used in a scene where Hannibal is working on a body.

Post-production
Webber said that several violent scenes were cut before the film was sent to the ratings board, because the filmmakers thought that it was "a little bit too strong", but that it would probably be revealed in a Director's Cut later on. An unrated version was later made available on DVD.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 148 reviews, with an average rating of 4.10/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Hannibal Rising reduces the horror icon to a collection of dime-store psychological traits." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Michael J. Lee of Radio Free Entertainment wrote, "While the film is obviously missing Lambs' brilliant dynamic between Hopkins and Jodie Foster (and even the chemistry between Hopkins and Edward Norton that the subsequent Red Dragon enjoyed), there are bright spots. In particular, Gaspard Ulliel in the lead role is impressive, suggesting the mannerisms of Hopkins' Lecter while clearly avoiding an outright impersonation. His Lecter is still young and inexperienced, but demonstrates the seed of something sinister--it is easy to see how the character's role as a misguided avenging angel will eventually lead to his fall from grace." Screen International wrote that Ulliel's body language "is genuinely chilling. He has a slight sexiness, as if he's turned on, to his masochistic smile. And the way he turns his face, inflates his cheeks and snarls like Billy Idol is attention-getting. That said, his performance is so mannered and controlled that one wants to open a window after awhile and let in some life," and that Gong Li "is alluring and attractive in her seductively colourful bathrobes, but the love interest between her and the younger Ulliel has an incestuous quality that's decidedly unpleasant."

The film was nominated for, but did not win, two Golden Raspberry Awards. They were for Worst Prequel or Sequel (lost to Daddy Day Camp) and Worst Excuse for a Horror Movie (lost to I Know Who Killed Me).

Box office
The film opened at No. 2 in the United States with $13.4 million from 3,003 theaters, finishing behind Norbit ($33.7 million), which was released during the same week as Hannibal Rising. In its second week of release, Hannibal Rising dropped to No. 7 at the U.S. box office, making $5.5 million, a 58.5% drop from the previous week. It dropped out of the top 10 U.S. grossing films in its third week of release at No. 13 with $1.7 million (a 68.5% drop). After a theatrical release of 91 days, the final total North American domestic gross of the film was $27.7 million, less than the opening weekend gross of both Hannibal (2001) and Red Dragon (2002) ($58 million and $36.5 million, respectively). It grossed a total of $82.1 million worldwide, and it is the 19th highest-grossing film by The Weinstein Company at the worldwide box office.

Home media
The DVD was released in the United States on 29 May 2007, debuted at No. 1 and sold 480,861 units in the opening weekend, generating revenue of $10,574,133. As of May 2024, the film has grossed $24,310,216 from DVD sales alone. Blu-ray sales or DVD rentals are not included.

The DVD extras include an unrated version of the film, audio commentary by director Peter Webber and producer Martha De Laurentiis, five deleted scenes with optional commentary from the director, promo spots, and a 16-minute featurette titled "Hannibal Lecter: The Origin Of Evil", featuring interviews with the cast and crew and behind-the-scenes footage.

title: Hannibal Rising (film)


text:
User talk:Sammich

You have been blocked from editing Wikipeda. If you have anything sensible to contribute you will be able to do so in 24 hours. Repeated racist attacks and vandalism will result in longer blocks or an indefinite ban. --nixie 01:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You have been blocked for the same reason again. If you don't want to make any useful contributions, please leave this website alone. andy 10:17, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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SNPP

SNPP may refer to:

Real

 * Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant
 * Simple Network Paging Protocol
 * Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant
 * Suomi NPP, an American weather satellite in low Earth orbit.

Fictional

 * The Simpsons Archive, domain name snpp.com
 * Springfield Nuclear Power Plant

title: SNPP


text:
June 2005 in sports

{| class="infobox" style="width:18em"

Deaths

 * 28 – Dick Dietz
 * 18 – Syed Mushtaq Ali
 * 7 – Terry Long
 * 2 – Lucio Escoña
 * 1 – George Mikan

Ongoing events

 * 2005 English cricket season
 * 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup
 * 2005 in NASCAR
 * 4 June–9 July: Rugby union: Lions tour of New Zealand
 * 5 June-12 September: Cricket: The Ashes tour
 * 10 June–2 July: Football: World Youth Championship
 * 20 June–3 July: Tennis: Wimbledon
 * }

30 June 2005 (Thursday)

 * Tennis: Rain disrupted the Women's Semi-Final at the Wimbledon Championships. Play didn't start until after 5pm when it should have begun at 1 pm. Despite the delay fans were treated with two superb matches. In a shockingly powerful performance Venus Williams (seeded 14th) beat the reigning champion Maria Sharapova in straight sets, 7–6 (7–2) 6–1. The win was highly unexpected but the match was considered some of the best Tennis from the ladies all season. In Court 1 Lindsay Davenport faced Amélie Mauresmo in an equally highly entertaining match. In the middle of the 3rd set it began to rain and so the match was left at 7–6 6–7 5–3 to Davenport. (BBC Sport)

29 June 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Baseball: Texas Rangers pitcher Kenny Rogers is in trouble with his team and could be in trouble with the law after he shoves two cameramen walking onto the field at Ameriquest Field in Arlington, Texas for a pre-game warm-up before a game against the Los Angeles Angels. One of the cameramen, Larry Rodriguez, filed assault charges against Rogers. Rodriguez was taken to a local hospital, complaining of neck, back, and arm pain. Rogers has refused to talk to local media (Dallas, in this case) this season after a report was released during spring training that said Rogers was having trouble trying to get a contract extension with the Rangers. (Yahoo!)
 * Tennis: In today's Wimbledon men's quarterfinals, defending champion Roger Federer beat Chilean Fernando González in straight sets 7–5 6–2 7–6(2). Andy Roddick also made it through to the final four after beating Sébastien Grosjean in a tough but exhilarating five-set thriller 3–6 6–2 6–1 3–6 6–3. Meanwhile, Australian Lleyton Hewitt saw off Feliciano López in straight sets 7–5 6–4 7–6(2) and finally Thomas Johansson reached his first ever Wimbledon semi-final by seeing off David Nalbandian in straight sets 7–6(5) 6–2 6–2. (BBC Sport)
 * Auto racing:
 * Formula One:
 * The seven teams that use Michelin tires are found guilty on two of five charges brought against them before the World Motor Sport Council for their failure to race in the 2005 United States Grand Prix. Announcement of punishment has been deferred to September 14. (Motorsport.com)
 * The 2006 Formula One season may have a record 20 races, as the FIA releases the preliminary calendar for next year. How the race order will go is yet to be determined, but the Malaysian Grand Prix is presumed to be the season opener, because the usual season opener, the Australian Grand Prix, is being pushed back to April because of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. (FIA press release; calendar is located on the very bottom)

28 June 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Basketball:
 * The 2005 NBA draft takes place in New York City. The Milwaukee Bucks make Andrew Bogut, a center from Australia by way of the University of Utah, the top overall pick. Four players from reigning NCAA champions North Carolina are among the lottery picks (i.e., the first 14 players drafted). (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Auto racing:
 * Formula One:
 * Michelin announces they will reimburse all money to all spectators who attended the 2005 United States Grand Prix in Indianapolis, in which the seven teams that use Michelins refused to take part in over safety issues regarding their tires. Michelin also announces they will offer to buy 20,000 tickets for next year's United States Grand Prix to give to spectators who attended this year's race, trying to help better promote the sport in the United States. How those tickets will be distributed and how much money will be given back is unclear at this time. (CNN.com)
 * The seven teams who refused to race in the recent 2005 United States Grand Prix will face a disciplinary hearing this coming Wednesday. The teams face charges of bringing the sport into disrepute and could be docked constructors' points. (BBC Sport)
 * Tennis: Venus Williams, Maria Sharapova, Lindsay Davenport and Amélie Mauresmo are all in the Wimbledon semi-finals after they saw off stiff competition respectively in today's Quarter Finals. (BBC Sport)
 * Cricket: Rain stopped play six overs into England's run-chase in the NatWest Series match against Australia. Play was stopped a couple of times before that as well, but eventually – with England 37–1 – the match was declared a no-result. England's bowling restricted the Australian score to 261–9. Darren Gough claimed three late wickets among five falling for 30 runs. Andrew Symonds had the top-score with 74, putting on 101 with Mike Hussey (45). (BBC Sport)
 * Rugby union: The British & Irish Lions score the first truly convincing win of their current tour of New Zealand, destroying NPC Division Two team Manawatu 109–6. Wales international Shane Williams equals a Lions record with five tries. (BBC)

26 June 2005 (Sunday)

 * Golf:
 * South Korea's Birdie Kim wins the U.S. Women's Open with an overall score of 3-over, making birdie on the 72nd and final hole to break a tie between her and amateur Morgan Pressel. Annika Sörenstam finishes at 12-over in an 8-way tie for 23rd, ending her hopes of winning the calendar grand slam. Michelle Wie, who had been in a three-way tie for the lead after the third round, balloons to a final-round 82 and finishes level with Sörenstam. (LPGA.com)
 * PGA Tour: Ireland's Pádraig Harrington gets his second PGA Tour win this season, and the second of his career at the Barclays Classic in Rye, New York with a score of 10-under. (PGATOUR.com)
 * Auto racing:
 * NASCAR: Tony Stewart wins the Nextel Cup Series Dodge/SaveMart 350 at the Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, California, passing Ricky Rudd in the closing laps. (NASCAR.com)
 * Champ Car World Series: Paul Tracy defeats A. J. Allmendinger to win the Grand Prix of Cleveland at the Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio. (ChampCarWorldSeries.com)

25 June 2005 (Saturday)

 * Arturo Gatti vs. Floyd Mayweather
 * Gatti's corner stopped the fight following the sixth round. Mayweather was leading on all cards.
 * Rugby union: In the first Test match of the British & Irish Lions tour of New Zealand, the Lions are comprehensively beaten 21–3 in Christchurch by the All Blacks. Lions captain Brian O'Driscoll suffers a dislocated shoulder less than two minutes in, ending his tour, and fellow Lion Richard Hill is also injured. (BBC)

23 June 2005 (Friday)
(Or 24 June 2005 for those in the Eastern Standard Time zone)
 * Basketball: The San Antonio Spurs win their third NBA championship in seven years, defeating the Detroit Pistons 81–74 in the first game 7 in an NBA Finals since 1994. Tim Duncan is named the most valuable player of the series for the third time. Only Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, and Shaquille O'Neal have won three MVPs besides Duncan. Jordan won a record six. (NBA.com)

21 June 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Basketball: The NBA and the NBA Players Association agree to a new collective bargaining agreement, averting a potential lockout. Among the terms of the agreement is an age limit, which will require all American players to be 19 or older on draft day.  (ESPN.com)
 * Cricket: England (391–4, Paul Collingwood 112 not out and 6–31, Andrew Strauss 152) beat Bangladesh (223 all out) by 168 runs, as England set the second highest One-day International score ever, and Collingwood became the first to score a century and take a six-wicket-haul in the same match. BBC

19 June 2005 (Sunday)

 * Football (soccer): In the final of the 2005 UEFA Women's Championship, Germany beat Norway 3–1, to win the title for the fourth successive time. (UEFA.com)
 * Cricket: England (253 for 7, Kevin Pietersen 91 not out) beat Australia (252–9) by 3 wickets to hand Australia their second defeat in two days, and their fourth consecutive loss to England in all competitions. (BBC)
 * Auto racing:
 * Dane Tom Kristensen wins his record seventh race at the 24 Hours of Le Mans for Audi with JJ Lehto and Merco Werner. (ESPN)
 * Formula One: At the start of the United States Grand Prix race in the 2005 season all cars using Michelin tires pull out of the race because of safety concerns. Michael Schumacher wins, Rubens Barrichello finishes second, and Tiago Monteiro finishes third. A happy Monteiro is the only one who sprays champagne on the podium. Some angry fans vent frustration by hurtling bottles and other forms of trash onto the circuit. (BBC)
 * NASCAR Nextel Cup: Greg Biffle takes his fifth win of the year at the Batman Begins 400 at Michigan International Speedway. Biffle has won the last two races at the track. (ESPN)
 * Golf: Michael Campbell of New Zealand wins the 2005 U.S. Open with a score of even par, two strokes ahead of Tiger Woods. (ESPN)

18 June 2005 (Saturday)

 * Cricket: Bangladesh (250 for 5, Mohammad Ashraful 100) beat Australia (249 for 5, Damien Martyn 77) by 5 wickets in one of the biggest upsets in cricket's history.Rediff.com

16 June 2005 (Thursday)

 * Football (soccer): In the second semi-final of the 2005 UEFA Women's Championship, Norway beat Sweden 3–2 after extra time. (UEFA.com) Norway will meet Euro and World Cup title-holders Germany in Sunday's final, to be played at Ewood Park, Blackburn.
 * Cricket: England (192 for 0, Trescothick 100*, Strauss 82*) beat Bangladesh (190, Aftab 51) by ten wickets in the first match of the NatWest Series at the Oval. (Wisden Cricinfo)

14 June 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Athletics – Men's 100 metres – Asafa Powell of Jamaica sets a new world record of 9.77 at the Athens Olympic Stadium. (BBC)
 * Powel shaved one hundredth of a second off Tim Montgomery's record of 9.78 set in Paris in 2002.

13 June 2005 (Monday)

 * NASCAR: The merger between the Sprint Corporation and Nextel means that the Nextel Cup Series will become the Sprint Cup Series in 2007. The name change is expected to be approved within two weeks. (The Tennessean)

12 June 2005 (Sunday)

 * Arena football: The Colorado Crush win ArenaBowl XIX in Las Vegas 51–48 over the Georgia Force. Crush kicker Clay Rush kicks the title-winning field goal with 3 seconds left. (ArenaFootball.com)
 * Auto racing:
 * Formula One: Kimi Räikkönen wins the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal over Michael Schumacher. Both Renaults drop out, and Juan Pablo Montoya is disqualified for failing to heed the red light at the end of pit road as the safety car leads by a long string of cars, a safety car that was brought out after polesitter Jenson Button crashes. (Formula1.com)
 * Nextel Cup: Carl Edwards wins the Pocono 500 in Long Pond, Pennsylvania for his second Nextel Cup win of the season. (NASCAR.com)
 * Football (soccer): Norway join Germany in the semi-finals of the 2005 UEFA Women's Championship following a 5–3 defeat of Italy and Germany's 3–0 win over France. (UEFA.com –Norway-Italy, Germany-France)
 * Golf:
 * Annika Sörenstam becomes the first woman to win the first two majors of the year since 1986, waltzing to a three-shot win at the LPGA Championship in Havre de Grace, Maryland. Second place went to 15-year-old Michelle Wie, who scored the highest finish by an amateur in a major since 1998. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Sergio García wins the Booz Allen Classic on the PGA Tour, this year held at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland. The Classic, the old Kemper Open, is held annually in suburban Washington, D.C.. It is generally held at the TPC (Tournament Players Club) at Avenel in Potomac, Maryland, but Avenel is being renovated. Having the tournament at Congressional, the week before this year's U.S. Open, attracted the best field ever for the event. (AP/Yahoo!)

11 June 2005 (Saturday)

 * Horse racing: Afleet Alex passes Giacomo in the final turn at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, and runs away with the Belmont Stakes, the final jewel of the now meaningless Triple Crown.
 * NFL Europe: The Amsterdam Admirals defeat the Berlin Thunder 27–21 to win World Bowl XIII, held at the LTU Arena in Düsseldorf.
 * Boxing:
 * Former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson quits his fight with little-regarded Kevin McBride after six rounds, giving the large Irishman an unexpected victory. ESPN
 * WBO super lightweight champion Miguel Cotto preserves his undefeated record by defeating Muhammad Abdullaev on a technical knockout in the ninth round. Cotto had earlier been beaten by Abdullaev for the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. ESPN
 * Auto racing: Tomas Scheckter wins the IndyCar Bombardier Learjet 500k at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas.

10 June 2005 (Friday)

 * Football: UEFA grants special dispensation to allow 2005 UEFA Champions League winners Liverpool to enter the 2005–2006 Champions League in the first qualifying round. The position of the other four English entries in the draw for the competition will not be affected. (ESPN Soccernet)

9 June 2005 (Thursday)

 * Football:
 * 2005 UEFA Women's Championship:
 * Italy 0–4 Germany (UEFA.com)
 * France 1–1 Norway (UEFA.com)

8 June 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football:
 * 2006 FIFA World Cup:
 * Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea become the first four nations after the hosts to qualify for next year's World Cup Finals in Germany. Saudi Arabia and South Korea secure the top two positions in Asian Qualifying Group A, and Iran and Japan secure the top two positions in Group B, all with one match to spare. (BBC)
 * Later, Argentina becomes the next team to qualify after defeating archrivals Brazil 3–1 in South America qualifying in Buenos Aires. With the win, Argentina assures itself of finishing no worse than fourth in its group, which guarantees automatic qualification. (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * 2005 UEFA Women's Championship:
 * Denmark 2–1 host England (UEFA.com)
 * Sweden 0–0 Finland (UEFA.com)

7 June 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Golf:
 * LPGA: LPGA commissioner Ty Votaw announces that the women's tour will implement a playoff system in 2006 at the season-ending ADT Championship. The playoff system will consist of 30 players determined by a points system, and two wild cards. The winner of the tournament will win a $1 million prize. (USAToday.com)

6 June 2005 (Monday)

 * Football (soccer):
 * Women's Euro 2005
 * Germany beat Norway 1–0 in the opening match in Group B, while Marinette Pichon scored two goals as France beat Italy by 3–1.
 * Basketball:
 * NBA Playoffs: The defending champion Detroit Pistons earn their second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals with an 88–82 victory over the Miami Heat in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals. They will meet the San Antonio Spurs. Game 1 of the Finals will be on June 9.  (AP/Yahoo!)

5 June 2005 (Sunday)

 * Rugby union:
 * In their North American tour, Wales defeats the USA in East Hartford, Connecticut by a record 77 points to 3, despite two-thirds of their regular team being unavailable through being on the British & Irish Lions team currently touring New Zealand. (BBC)
 * Floorball:
 * Switzerland's women team wins the Women's World Floorball Championship 2005 in Singapore, defeating the team of Finland 4–3 (2–1, 1–1, 1–1). Former world champion Sweden takes the third place.
 * Golf:
 * Bart Bryant wins the PGA Tour's Memorial Tournament with a final score of 16-under par. It's Bryant's second career PGA Tour win. (PGATOUR.com)
 * Tennis:
 * Rafael Nadal beats Mariano Puerta for the men's singles title in the 2005 French Open.
 * Cricket:
 * 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup:
 * Kenya (300-6d & 282-9d) (17pts) drew with Namibia (335-9d & 68–5) (15pts) at Windhoek. Kenya go through to the semi-finals as winners of the African group
 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * Bangladesh Tour, 2nd Test:
 * England (447 for 3 declared, Ian Bell 162*, Marcus Trescothick 151, Graham Thorpe 66*) beat Bangladesh (104, Steve Harmison 5/38, and 316, Aftab Ahmed 82*, Javed Omar 71, Habibul Bashar 63, Matthew Hoggard 5 for 73) by an innings and 27 runs to win the second Test at Riverside, Chester-le-Street. England win the two-Test series 2–0 to cement their ranking as the second-best Test team in the world. Bangladesh remain tenth.
 * Australian Tour of England:
 * The Australian team has landed in England to start their tour of England
 * National League, Division One:
 * The match between Glamorgan (2pts) and Nottinghamshire (2pts) is abandoned without a ball being bowled
 * National League, Division Two:
 * Boxing:
 * Ricky Hatton defeats Kostya Tszyu to become the new IBF Light Welterweight champion of the world at the MEN Arena in Manchester, England. Tszyu was behind on the cards of all three judges when he failed to answer the bell for the 12th, and final, round. (BBC)
 * Football (soccer):
 * Women's Euro 2005
 * Sweden and Denmark battle to a 1–1 draw in the opening match at Bloomfield Road in Blackpool. (BBC)
 * In the day's second match, a competition-record crowd of 29,092 at the City of Manchester Stadium watches England defeat Finland 3–2 in a match in the same group. The Finns came back from 0–2 at half-time to tie the match 2–2 when Laura Kalmari scored with two minutes to go, but England's 17-year-old striker Karen Carney scored the decisive goal in injury time. (BBC)

4 June 2005 (Saturday)

 * Arena Football League:
 * The Georgia Force win the Arena League's National Conference championship game 60–58 over the Orlando Predators. Force quarterback Matt Nagy throws 7 touchdown passes and runs for another. It's the franchise's first trip to the ArenaBowl as the Force, but third overall, as they made two straight trips in 2000 and 2001 as the old version of the Nashville Kats. They lost both times. (USAToday.com)
 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * Bangladesh Tour, 2nd Test:
 * Ian Bell becomes the first Englishman since Les Ames 70 years ago to score 100 runs in a Test match before lunch
 * County Championship, Division One:
 * Sussex (12pts) drew with Glamorgan (8pts)
 * Hampshire (17pts) beat Nottinghamshire (4pts) by 14 runs
 * Surrey (10pts) drew with Warwickshire (8pts)
 * County Championship, Division Two:
 * Derbyshire (11pts) drew with Essex (9pts)
 * Lancashire (7pts) drew with Northamptonshire (7pts)
 * Leicestershire (10pts) drew with Somerset (7pts)
 * Worcestershire (9pts) drew with Durham (9pts)
 * Football (soccer):
 * 2006 World Cup European qualifying
 * Israel come from behind to draw 2–2 with Ireland at Lansdowne Road in a bad-tempered match. Five Israeli players were given yellow cards, as was one Irish player while another Irish player, Andy O'Brien was sent off. (IOL)
 * Tennis:
 * Justine Henin-Hardenne wins her second French Open title in three years, defeating 2000 champion and French citizen Mary Pierce 6–1, 6–1. (AP/ESPN)
 * Rugby union:
 * The British & Irish Lions win the first match of their tour to New Zealand, defeating Bay of Plenty 34–20 in Rotorua. Experienced England back-rower Lawrence Dallaglio suffers a serious ankle injury, ending his tour. (BBC)
 * Major League Baseball:
 * In a pivotal, yet still early-in-the-season game between National League East Division rivals the Florida Marlins and the Washington Nationals, Nationals outfielder Marlon Byrd accidentally railroads second base umpire Joe Brinkman while rushing toward first base ump Bill Miller to argue a call during the top of the seventh inning, a call that came a half-inning earlier. Byrd is ejected seconds before he smashes into Brinkman, who is uninjured. The incident overshadows the Nationals' 7–3 win. (SI.com)

3 June 2005 (Friday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship, Division One:
 * Kent (18pts) beat Gloucestershire (3pts) by 7 wickets. Kent are deducted 8pts for preparing a poor pitch
 * MCC University matches:
 * Cambridge UCCE beat Middlesex by 2 wickets
 * Yorkshire beat Bradford/Leeds UCCE by 5 wickets

2 June 2005 (Thursday)

 * Auto racing: For the second time in a year-and-a-half, NASCAR Busch Series driver Shane Hmiel is suspended for violating NASCAR's substance abuse policy. In September 2003, Hmiel failed a drug test, and was barred indefinitely, with the punishing ultimately lasting five months. Hmeil has since hired a lawyer to combat this. (TheState.com)

1 June 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football:
 * An independent commission charged by the English Premier League with investigating the alleged "tapping up" of Arsenal defender Ashley Cole by Chelsea issues its findings. Cole, Chelsea, and Chelsea manager José Mourinho are all found guilty. Cole is fined £100,000, Mourinho £200,000, and Chelsea £300,000. Chelsea also receive a suspended three-point deduction for 2005–06, which will be assessed if they commit another tapping-up offense in the 2005–06 season. (BBC)
 * Basketball:
 * NBA Playoffs: The San Antonio Spurs defeat the Phoenix Suns 101–95 to clinch the Western Conference finals, four games to one. The Spurs will play in the NBA Finals beginning June 9. (AP/Yahoo!)

title: June 2005 in sports


text:
User:Liyajose

Bold textBold text VANDAE MATHARAM

title: User:Liyajose


text:
1995 Palo Verde, Arizona, derailment

The 1995 Palo Verde derailment took place on October 9, 1995, when Amtrak's Sunset Limited was derailed by saboteurs near Palo Verde, Arizona on Southern Pacific Railroad tracks. Two locomotives, Amtrak GE P32-8BWH #511 leading and EMD F40PHR #398 trailing, and eight of twelve cars derailed, four of them falling 30 feet (9 m) off a trestle bridge into a dry river bed. Mitchell Bates, a sleeping car attendant, was killed. Seventy-eight people were injured, 12 of them seriously and 25 were hospitalized.

Incident
Four typewritten notes, attacking the ATF and the FBI for the 1993 Waco Siege, criticizing local law enforcement, and signed "Sons of the Gestapo", were found near the scene of the wreck, indicating that the train had been sabotaged. All four notes were similar. One of the notes was found by Neal Hallford,  a passenger traveling from Oklahoma to San Diego.

It was found that the rails had been shifted out of position to cause the derailment, but only after they had been connected with wires. This kept the track circuit closed, circumventing safety systems designed to warn locomotive engineers of track problems, and suggested that the saboteurs had a working knowledge of railroads. The attack was likened to the 1939 wreck of the City of San Francisco, in which a similar method killed 24 people.

Following the incident, Amtrak President Thomas Downs told CNN that improved monitoring and security measures have greatly reduced the chances of a similar incident.

The saboteurs were never identified.

After 1996, the Sunset Limited was rerouted to south of Phoenix (approaching no closer than Maricopa) due to the desire of Union Pacific to abandon this stretch of track for its through trains between southern New Mexico and southern California. The section of track, now known as the Roll Industrial Lead of the Phoenix Subdivision, on which the derailment took place is now used as storage track only. It could be reactivated in the future if freight traffic increases.

Media coverage
The cause of this wreck have been explored in a couple of major documentaries, including: Why Trains Crash: Blood on the Tracks, “Investigative Reports: Danger on the Rails” and Derailed: America's Worst Train Wrecks.

It has also been featured on the May 10, 1996, episode of Unsolved Mysteries. and Parcasts’ Conspiracy Theories podcast on Spotify on April 17, 2024.

Investigation
The case remains unsolved. On April 10, 2015, the Phoenix office of the FBI announced a reward of $310,000 for information about the derailment leading to the capture of those responsible. The reward is still outstanding.

title: 1995 Palo Verde, Arizona, derailment


text: Template:Editcount

title: Template:Editcount


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Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)

Mehmed Ali Pasha (November 18, 1827 – September 7, 1878 ) was a Prussian-born Ottoman career officer and marshal. He was the grandfather of the Turkish statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and the great-grandfather of famous poets Nâzım Hikmet and Oktay Rıfat Horozcu and the socialist activist, lawyer, and athlete Mehmet Ali Aybar.

Biography
Mehmed Ali was born as Ludwig Karl Friedrich Detroit (also known as Carl Detroy) in Magdeburg, Prussia. His parents were Carl Friedrich Detroit and Henriette Jeanette Severin. The French family name points to Huguenot ancestry, as a descendant of Protestant refugees from France in the 16th or 17th century. During his teenage years in 1843 he ran away to sea, and traveled to the Ottoman Empire, where he converted to Islam and was circumcised. There, in 1846, Âli Pasha, later Grand Vizier, sent him to a military school. He received a commission in the Ottoman Army in 1853 and fought against Russia in the Crimean War. He was made a brigadier general and Pasha in 1865. In the 1877–1878 war against Russia, Mehmed Ali led the Turkish army in Bulgaria. He was successful in his operations on the Lom river (August–September 1877), but was afterward forced back by his opponents. He failed to effect a junction with Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha, and was superseded by the latter. Later in 1878 he was a participant at the Congress of Berlin.

Death
In August 1878, the Ottoman government selected him to overview the process of the cession of the Plav-Gucia region to Montenegro in compliance to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin. Mehmed Ali Pasha's first task was the pacification of the Albanian League of Prizren, which opposed the border change as part of the areas (Plav-Gucia/Plav-Gusinje) were inhabited by ethnic Albanians. He arrived in Kosovo in late August, attempting to make local Albanians comply with the Berlin Treaty but was blocked from any further movement towards the Ottoman-Montenegrin border by the local committees of the Albanian League. Stationed in Abdullah Pasha Dreni's estate in Gjakova with several Ottoman battalions he was killed on September 6 after a seven-day battle with several thousand Albanians opposing cession of Albanian inhabited lands to European powers.

title: Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)


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Fort Marlborough

Fort Marlborough (Indonesian Benteng Marlborough, also known as Malabero) is a former East India Company fort located in Bengkulu City, Sumatra. It was built between 1713 and 1719 by the East India Company under the leadership of Governor Joseph Collett as a defensive fort for the British East India Company's Residency there. It was one of the strongest British forts in the eastern region, second only to Fort St. George in Madras, India.

Building
The fort is made of bricks 50 to 180 centimeters in thickness. The 2000 Enggano earthquake, which registered 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, and of 2007, with its 3.5-meter tsunami, had no effect on the strongly built fort.

The fort has a rectangular layout, with an arrowhead-shaped bastion on each corner. The entrance to the fort is in the southwest, protected by a ravelin. A dry moat follows the trace of the fort. A wooden bridge spans the ditch that separates the main building from the front building. The southwest side has an arch entrance with a wooden door. The fort encompasses 2.7 hectares, and stands on a site of 4.4 hectares.

History
The British East India Company built the fort between 1713 and 1719. In 1714 Governor Collett obtained permission to build a new fort in Bencoolen. He named the new fort, which he built two miles from an older fort (Fort York), Fort Marlborough.

The fort was built on an artificial hill, and construction, using both convict and local labor, took several years to complete. During that period, the civil officers and the military garrison were divided between the old and the new fort.

In April 1715 Governor Collett sent a copy of the plan of the first Fort Marlborough; the plan showed that the fort was walled with earth ramparts and ditch, with gun platforms on the bastions. The pace of construction was slow.

In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, a French squadron under the command of Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing took the fort and used it as a base to attack and subdue other British settlements on the west coast of Sumatra. Before returning to the Mascarenes, he ransomed the fort back to the British.

At one time, the native people of Bengkulu burned the fort, forcing the inhabitants to flee to Madras. They returned in 1724 after an agreement was reached. In 1793, another attack on the fort occurred, killing one British officer, Robert Hamilton. Another attack happened in 1807, killing a resident, Thomas Parr. Both are commemorated with monuments in Bengkulu City erected by the British colonial government. The monument to Parr is 170 m southeast of the fortress.

The British transferred Bengkulu, then known as Bencoolen, to Dutch control under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which defined British and Dutch spheres of influence. In exchange, the Dutch ceded Malacca to Britain and gave up their designs on the British settlement of Singapore. In 1837, the fort had about 60 Dutch soldiers occupying it. The Japanese occupied the fort during their occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1942–1945). Then, during the Indonesian National Revolution period, the fort housed the headquarters of the Indonesian national police until the Dutch reoccupied the fort. When the Dutch left Indonesia in 1950, the Indonesian Army took over the fort. In 1977, the fort was handed over to the then Department of Education and Culture to be restored and converted into a heritage site.

title: Fort Marlborough


text:
Talk:Metamfepramone

Contradiction
The article currently states that metamfepramone "was never widely marketed", but says it is "is widely used for the treatment of the common cold or hypotonic conditions". Can this apparent contradiction be resolved? -- Ed (Edgar181) 01:52, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hello Edgar, more 30 years ago, Temmler had two products containing metamfepramone, "Cardanat" and "Tempil". Both were sold otc until the early 1980ies, later only with presription (guess why...). --FK1954 (talk) 19:48, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metamfepramone


text:
Talk:Vacuum energy

Energy as a capacity to do work
Surely the concept of vacuum energy is nonsense because a vacuum by itself cannot do work. Yes there are effects like Casimir quantum effects etc but those things are only observed when something is in the vacuum, eg two plates coming close together feel an attraction etc due to uncertainty principles etc. What would be more useful to know is a conversion factor from general relativity. In other words: how much energy is required to compress or stretch space? we know from GR that the sun or massive body will curve space by a certain amount. that would be a lot of energy/mass. But is this always the case? For example what about the Higgs field, that confers mass on objects. But at quantum scales it seems gravitational forces may be higher due to symmetry breaking. For example the formation of mini black holes as a result of beam collisions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.22.239.98 (talk) 03:44, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

Vacuum energy vs. Dark energy
There should be a comparison between vacuum energy and dark energy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mastertek (talk • contribs) 09:15, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

I agree. Dark energy and Vacuum energy are not the same thing. Dark energy is the stuff in the universe that accelerates its expansion. Vacuum energy is the energy that you can't get rid of no matter how empty a region is because if the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. This entire article is about vacuum energy. The one line in the introduction conflating it with dark energy is incorrect. 74.104.16.130 (talk) 01:32, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

2005 edits
I removed ''But this raises the question of why the cosmological constant is many orders of magnitude smaller than even the electroweak scale (much less the GUT or Planck scale) — and if the the cosmological constant is so small, why is it not zero. Observations that the expanding Universe appears to be accelerating seem to support the cosmic inflation theory first proposed by Alan Guth (1981) — in which the nascent Universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion driven by a negative vacuum energy density (positive vacuum pressure).''

-as it seems to have little to do with vacuum energy, and reads like original research, with no references. Dan100 09:35, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

"considers the vacuum ground state not to be completely empty, but to consist of a seething mass of virtual particles and fields"

Perhaps the term 'seething mass' is not ideal here? 'Seething plethora' or just a 'plethora' or something that does not involve the word mass may be more suitable.

Maybe add seething matter, using Einstein's definition of matter.

Merge to Zero-point energy
It seems that much of this article is in fact about Zero-point energy and duplicates the content of that article. I have proposed a merge. Sections about Zero-point energy should be removed and the material merged into Zero-point energy. (I do not know if we will have much more left than a disambiguation page.)

Petri Krohn 02:44, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Zero-point energy for a possible undisclosed conflict of interest in edits by as the pltn13.pacbell.net anon.  These might represent a newbie who didn't realize how this would appear, but the situation bears monitoring. ---CH 08:43, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * , aka the Kansas City library anon, has removed without comment the merge proposal. I have reverted this.  I kept the change from Van der Vaals to Van der Waals. ---CH 00:45, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My post on The ZPE talk page is as follows: "I'm going to assume that this argument is over (as the last message was in April, it's now July) - I'm going to remove the merge tag as the majority of posts disagree with the proposal. Furthermore, it's just plain silly!" ... so be it. Your one true god is David P. A. Hunter, esq. III Talk to me! 09:41, 1 July 2006 (UTC).

Introductory paragraph
As of 6 Jul 2006: The vacuum energy results in existence of most (if not all) fundamental forces - and thus in all effects involving these forces too - and is observed in various experiments (like spontaneous emission of light or gamma radiation, Casimir effect, Van-Der Waals bonds, Lamb shift, etc) and has consequences for the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales.

This doesn't make any sense (gramatically or scientifically):
 * results n existence of  - do you mean "causes" or "is caused by"? I guess the latter.
 * most (if not all) - incredibly woolly for a scientific note. If we assume GUT, then the three observed fundamental forces (gravity, electroweak, strong) are just different aspects of the same force. So just say "all".
 * observed - we don't observe the vacuum energy directly (or we could make it do work and get a free lunch).
 * spontaneous emission of light or gamma radiation - I guess you mean emission of photons from excited atomic states. "Light" to a layman is visible light, so that's a very narrow band of the spectrum. "Gamma" refers to electromagnetic radiation with energy above 10 keV that originates from nuclear processes (ie, not atomic transitions). Just say "spontaneous emission" then you cover everything from microwaves to hard K-shell X-rays.
 * etc - Only use "etc." if it should be obvious to the reader how to continue the list, eg. the fruit salad contained apples, pears, grapes, etc. I don't think the average reader can guess the next experiment on this list, so just use "eg" at the front to indicate that these are just a few examples from many.

Lumping all that together, I'd propose the following rewrite:

''The vaccuum energy arises from the field associated with all fundamental forces. Its effects can be observed in various phenomena (eg, spontaneous emission, Casimir effect, Van der Waals force, Lamb shift) and has consequences for the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales.'' --Oscar Bravo 06:52, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

In a state
Don't know if this is the place to ask, but... I've heard about a scientist who, according to news reports, produced a "below ground state" state in hydrogen. Anybody know more? Trekphiler 20:34, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Extracting of Energy Impossible
The article suggests that extracting energy from the vacuum energy is principally impossible. This is not true as the following quote reveals:

"There is growing interest concerning the possibility of tapping zero-point energy and many claims exist of over unity devices (gadgets yielding a greater output than the required input for operation) driven by zero-point energy. In spite of the dubious nature of these claims (to date no such device has passed a rigorous, objective test), the concept of converting some amount of zero-point energy to usable energy cannot be ruled out in principle. Zero-point energy is not a thermal reservoir, and therefore does not suffer from the thermodynamic injunction against extracting energy from a lower temperature reservoir. ..." http://www.calphysics.org/zpe.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.243.113.250 (talk) 15:59, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, last "perpetual motion" deletion was mine while unsigned. But at least since Tesla you will hardly find perpetual motion claims from these inventors. They do not claim overcoming the law of conservation of energy, but tapping energy from the vacuum as an external source. Using their devices one would have energy free from paying, like someone having a well at home would save his paying for water. Lacerda (talk) 00:55, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

It has been theoretically and practically demonstrated by Prof. Dr. Claus Turtur, that such an energy is indeed usable: http://ostfalia.de/cms/de/pws/turtur/FundE 10.nov.2011 22:59 ECT — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.25.12.214 (talk) 21:58, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

 * So he claims - but to my knowledge, the Physics world has not been set on fire by his 'findings.' HammerFilmFan (talk) 09:25, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

Take two large masses that are isolated far away from the rest of the Universe and orbiting each other at exactly the distance were the decay of their orbits due to Gravitational wave energy is exactly matched by the expansion of the universe driven by dark energy between them. These objects will continue to orbit and radiate energy at a constant level forever until disturbed. Real world energy extracted purely from dark energy. Hcobb (talk) 02:02, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * That is an intriguing thought experiment, but dark energy actually would mess it up. If matter or radiation dominate, the expansion decelerates.  If dark energy dominates, the expansion accelerates.  In either case, the nice equilibrium you want to set up with your two orbiting masses will be ruined.  (Vacuum energy is not the ultimate source of cosmic expansion.)  You only maintain the equilibrium if the expansion is steady, which only can be maintained stably in an empty universe with no vacuum energy nor any other kind of energy (except possibly for spacetime curvature).  In that case, since the total gravitational potential energy of the universe is increasing with the expansion, the energy content of the gravitational radiation would derive from that.50.174.178.168 (talk) 04:27, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Time Quanta
Hang on a second: The net energy of the universe remains zero so long as the particle pairs annihilate each other within Planck time.

I read somewhere that the Planck time is the quantum of time. Something's wrong. If this is true then how can the particle pairs annihilate each other within the Planck time? Please will someone explain.Quaver92 (talk) 13:14, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That the Planck time is a quantum of time is not an accepted theory yet. In fact right now we still have to establish whether such a quantum exists. But you are right, if that theory were to be correct then processes won't be able to happen within that quantum and that will thus answer age old problems such as quantum decoherence. a 05:02, 15 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Apoorv khurasia (talk • contribs)

Vacuum Gravity and Inertial Forces
Open Source Inertia Project: http://www.wiki1.net/groups/pmwiki.php?n=BigCrash.Inertia

If you that gravity around massive objects is a curvature of space accelerating matter toward the massive object, and you accept vacuum energy, then very dense vacuum energy might be expected to generate the same curvature of space accelerating matter toward the dense energy (accelerate elemental particles outward in all directions, felt as resistance to change in motion, see proposed mechanics and math at BigCrash.org > Inertia) --Jtankers (talk) 12:49, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

... Because (astronomical) vacuum gravity force would only act on the smallest particles of matter, possibly quarks, ... seems to indicate that the force may be repulsive with respect to particles/fluctuations that are energy only and only travel at the speed of light. (A fluctuation is strongly pushed by vacuum energy... such a force might require light speed of massless particles. This push force on energy may also push strongly on vibrating strings of energy, possibly folding them into ... every possible bit of empty space. The pull force on matter particles should have the effect of giving the matter particle its size, pulling the quark to the radius that a quark is measured to be, and resisting change in motion, causing inertial forces. --Jtankers (talk) 12:49, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Mass-energy of vitual particles
The calculation of infinite vacuum energy assumes the mass-energy of virtual particles is the same as that of real particles. That seems like an unwarranted assumption, real and virtual particles are not identical, and vacuum has little or no mass. Of course there is the possibility of something cancelling the mass-energy out, which the article mentions. I would add the alternative of the mass-energy of virtual particles being improperly assumed to this and the zero-point energy article, but I do not yet have a source. Perhaps my point is already there, buried in the term renormalization. ~Paul V. Keller 17:46, 15 December 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pvkeller (talk • contribs)

Causality Loops
Is vacuum energy a Causality Loop. It seems like our current Interpretation of it implies that it is. 162.18.76.206 (talk) 21:02, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Conservation of energy and "Free energy machines"
Hi.

I saw this bit:

"The existence of vacuum energy is also sometimes used, outside of mainstream physics, as controversial theoretical justification for the possibility of free energy machines. It has been argued that due to the broken symmetry (in QED), free energy does not violate conservation of energy, since the laws of thermodynamics only apply to equilibrium systems. However, consensus among particle physicists is that this is incorrect and that vacuum energy cannot be harnessed to do usable work. In particular, the second law of thermodynamics is unaffected by the existence of vacuum energy."

However I didn't think "extracting" vacuum energy would break conservation of energy anyway, because the energy is already there and you're just tapping it, whereas breaching conservation of energy would mean literally creating energy out of nothing. If such a tap is not possible it would seem to have to be due to something else preventing the extraction of the energy. 74.45.72.4 (talk) 01:40, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Ansewr:

It is typically claimed that vacuum energy is a minimal possible state of energy. So, you cannot reduce it even lower because no energy state even lower than vacuum energy could ever exist.

Not derived from uncertainty relation
I haven't been taking Field Theory for very long, so someone smarter than me should address this. However, we have been using canonical quantization, and vacuum graphs for some time, and yet we have never mentioned the uncertainty principle. In fact one of my professors said that justifying virtual particles on the basis of the uncertainty principle is bad physics (despite the fact that it is tempting due to its simplicity). 128.252.173.35 (talk) 05:19, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

As I understand it, the uncertainty principle is applied in that a vacuum that is completely empty would have a constant and thus perfectly known set of states, but it shouldn't be possible to know the different states to such precision simultaneously, thus necessitating a constant fluctuation. This certainly is bad physics, since the uncertainty principle isn't about the actual value of a state, but the precision to which one can measure that value; just because measurements can't be precise in the location or speed of a particle does not on its own mean the particle doesn't have a precise location and speed. One thing I want to know is how scientists claim to be able to test this, since the only way to test it is to take measurements on a vacuum, which is not possible without destroying the vacuum state by applying matter or energy. Also, since matter, energy and force are all manifestations of the same thing, the very concept of a "vacuum" is impossible, isn't it? However small, there's always some amount of energy or force at any location, so it isn't really a "vacuum". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.45.169.2 (talk) 12:52, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Casimir effect
The casimir effect actually generates a weak force from the vacuum energy, so it could theoretically be used to "generate" free energy out of vacuum energy, which is contrary to what is now stated in the article. It is only impossible to generate infinte amounts of free energy and build a perpetuum mobile. The description of the whole problem is much better described under Zero-point_energy. It would however proabbaly not be economicall feasible to use the casimir effect for generating free energy, because the density of vacuum energy useable for the casimir effect is very low, but it is possible. --MrBurns (talk) 20:34, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

I'd like to add to this a little. Currently, there are these two sentences in the article: "However, consensus amongst physicists is that this is incorrect and that vacuum energy cannot be harnessed to generate free energy.[5][not in citation given] In particular, the second law of thermodynamics is unaffected by the existence of vacuum energy.[citation needed]" These also appear to be an attempt to argue that free energy does not result from Casimir. However, besides the lack of citation, I'd like to point out that the two sentences don't make sense. The first sentence says that it can't be used to generate free energy. The second says that "in particular" (that is, reinforcing the first sentence) it won't violate entropy. But violation of entropy and violation of conservation of energy are completely different things. Reverend Zapanaz (talk) 21:44, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Discordant scientists
I removed a sentence added by some wag: "; and breakthroughs in physics are not usually achieved by groups of physicists which are in equilibrium, i.e. a "consensus"" Cerowyn (talk) 04:19, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Why did you do THAT? I thought it was a useful insight that physicists ought to keep in mind.  "four tildes" :^)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.181.244 (talk) 09:51, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

energy geometrical engineering and vacuum energy
the energy geometrical engineering of vacuum and vacuum's virtual elements would have the highest impact on a unit and a unit's characters with time (i.e. changes) consideration.--e:Y,?:G 16:14, 6 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E:Y,?:G (talk • contribs)

Vacuum energy should create a vacuum pressure or a universec pressure on a mass (or membrane) --e:Y,?:G 05:19, 7 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E:Y,?:G (talk • contribs)  --e:Y,?:G 05:21, 7 September --e:Y,?:G 05:22, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

I am surprised to find out that The "theater of all physical phenomenas" i.e. the Vacuum, is not studied enough. I think if we understand Vacuum and Vacuum Energy enough we would be able to explain all phenomenas of the physical world. what is the limit where a quanta of energy becomes separated form vacuum and vacuum energy to become mass. Where mass could "role smoothly" on Vacuum surface (vacuum energy 10^107 joules per cubic centimeter would create surface tension). In which instant, surface tension studies would be play an important part in understanding the motion of mass in Vacuum. If we compare the Vacuum energy (in order of 10^107 joules per cc) to the next smallest mass (confirmed, for now)we should be able to draw some important physical conclusions. and if we could find the ratio of the smallest mass known to the vacuum energy and then find similar ratios of the rest of the elementary particles to vacuum energy that would give probably an idea of how matter is created and may be we would be able to draw some important conclusions similar, in nature, to the periodic table. I do not think enough could be said about Vacuum and Vacuum energy.I think gravitational forces origins lays strictly in the vacuum and vacuum energy--e:Y,?:G 05:17, 15 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E:Y,?:G (talk • contribs)

Vacuum and Vacuum energy must be at a "certain" state before it can support, carry electromagnetic waves, and vacuum energy waves reflection off a mass i.e. gravitational forces. or two different states of vacuum and vacuum energy could produce different physical phenomenas: the inability of vacuum and vacuum energy to reflects electromagnetic waves within the event horizon of a black hole to the outside of the black hole event's horizon.--e:Y,?:G 04:46, 16 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E:Y,?:G (talk • contribs)

I would not want to go out of Wikipedia policies

to help me put things into prospective at what volume would matter and vacuum (or vacuum energy) would occupy the same space volume. what I am trying to say if we define physical entities by there energy contents, then my question is at what energy value would matter and vacuum become equal with the same volume.--99.109.130.141 (talk) 03:45, 5 October 2010 (UTC)--e:Y,?:G 03:46, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Big Bang
Doesn't this relate to theories about the big bang? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.98.192.111 (talk) 18:48, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Vacuum, Void or No'thing..
To refer to a "Pure Vacuum","Vacuum", "Void" or "Nothing" as Energetic is ridiculous, may I suggest one refers to NEAR-Vacuum, or at least provide information on this point.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peter J Schoen (talk • contribs) 06:10, 23 April 2011 (UTC) --Peter J Schoen (talk) 06:21, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Not understanding it does not make it "ridiculous". A true vacuum is without excitations, not without fields, else it would be nothing (electromagnetism and gravity would not exist in it).82.248.37.116 (talk) 15:43, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Implications needs clarification
"Quantum theory of the vacuum further stipulates that the pressure of the zero-state vacuum energy is always negative and equal to ρ. Thus, the total of ρ-3p becomes -2ρ: A negative value. This calculation implies a repulsive gravitational field, giving rise to expansion, if indeed the vacuum ground state has non-zero energy."

I'm no physicist, but if vacuum energy pressure is always -ρ, then ρ-3p becomes ρ+3ρ = 4ρ. I would like to see this clarified.

63.240.143.147 (talk) 19:53, 27 September 2011 (UTC)madmax

 * Done. I also changed the "expansion" to refer to "acceleration of expansion". George Dishman (talk) 13:04, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

Unit consistency
The current lead includes a comparison of 10^-15 joules per cubic centimetre (vacuum energy density from upper limit of the cosmological constant) against 10^113 joules per cubic metre (vacuum energy density from QED). That's likely to cause confusion. It'd be nice if the two quantities could be converted into the same units, which would involve multiplying or dividing one of them by a million; but I'm not going to do that myself because I don't know enough of the subject matter to know which units make more sense, or whether it's actually an error and the numbers are really already in the same units but one of them is described incorrectly. 130.179.29.61 (talk) 16:06, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Contradiction with 'Dark Energy' article
In Dark energy, it says that Dark energy makes up 73% of the universe's mass energy, whereas in this article, it says Vacuum energy does and Dark energy is only 23%, can someone either remove or clarify this and add a reference? - 86.42.245.119 (talk) 19:12, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

 * This article should make clear that the links between Vacuum energy, Dark energy and the Accelerating universe are not 100% confirmed, mostly because the math is way off. Hcobb (talk) 20:24, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * "The quantization of a simple harmonic oscillator requires the lowest possible energy, or zero-point energy of such an oscillator to be:

Failed to parse (unknown function\V): {E} =\frac{1}{2}\hbar \V." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.223.102.229 (talk) 19:06, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

Van der Waals
I am having a hard time seeing how van der Waals bonds is related to vacuum energy. Van der Waals forces are forces between molecules in chemistry, in the order of 0.1 J for a pair of molecules (Intermolecular force). Vacuum energy meanwhile is a concept used in astronomy in the order of < 10^-9 J per m^2 (http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/vacuum.html) (m^2 is usually millions of molecules), that influences entirely galaxies only by virtue of the enormous volume involved. The order of magnitude, field of application and lack of sources make it seen unlikely that they are related. And if they are as unrelated as I think, no one will probably publish a source saying they are not: it's not even the same group of people working with them. The reason I did not remove it is is that it has been up since May 1st, 2006 and in over 6 years only SmackBot has questioned it by asking a 'citation needed'... Can we remove it until someone finds a citation that supports it? Mverleg (talk) 19:26, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Edit request
The "upper limit of the cosmological constant" is given as 10-9 Joules or 100 ergs per m3. These are not equivalent. The only reference that I found (probably searching with the wrong terms) is 100x10-6 ergs per cm3 (100 ergs per m3) from a blacklisted site: www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2011/10/04/dark-energy-faq/. Would someone who is familiar with this please resolve this? (btw not coi) Thank you Jim1138 (talk) 18:54, 6 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm getting to this a month later, but I'm now seeing the term as 10-9 Joules or 10-2 ergs, which do appear to be identical values. I'm going to close this on the assumption that the problem has been correctly resolved, but it would be nice if the source used here was more easily verified.  --j⚛e deckertalk 02:07, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Mass Equivalent and Disambiguation
Hi Everyone,

Having studied the subject for some time now, I think the article should be amended for clarity (unfortunately no complete insight):

1: It might be useful to add the mass equivalent of the vacuum energy, which is of the order of 10^96 kg/m³. To put this into perspective, it is about 60 to 70 orders of magnitude higher than a typical stellar black hole. Both values, the energy as well as the mass equivalent, reflect upper limits, derived from the Planck world. So far, there is no physical evidence (observation or experiment) for either value.

2: The vacuum energy is supposed to be effective on the quantum scale, while the dark energy (or cosmological constant) has been derived from observations on cosmic scales. Hence it is questionable to directly relate these energies, bringing forward a "catastrophe" (sometimes just called a cosmic problem) where there is none. I suggest a corresponding disambiguation in the article.

3: As Prof Max Tegmark only recently mentioned (see the World Science U Master Class), it is of vital importance to get some evidence for the constancy of the energy density, predominantly of the dark energy. So far, the dark energy is supposed to have a constant value both per volume and per time, causing the exponential and ongoing expansion of the universe. One proposal has been made, taking gravitational lensing into account. On the other hand, close observation of the galactic voids might be more appropriate; at least, the scales of the largest voids are larger than the proposed scenario and should yield results comparatively easy and sooner.

4: The question on the origin and magnitude of the vacuum energy, however, might remain a problem, which probably will not even be solvable by the LHC, as the detection capability still remains significantly below necessary limits.

Regards K. Cormann Germany 80.136.28.181 (talk) 12:23, 1 December 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.136.28.181 (talk) 12:19, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Light on Mathematics
This is simply to express my appreciation for the discussion of this topic without heavy mathematics. Most of the physics topics in Wikipedia leave me in the dust after the first paragraph. Thanks! JFistere (talk) 20:49, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

Vacuum Energy Measurement Problem
The zero-point energy of the vacuum is cancelled out by the vacuum energy penetrating any measurement apparatus attempting to remove the vacuum pressure. This should make the vacuum catastrophe problem moot and questions about the cosmological constant. It has been calculated that the actual matter inside a hydrogen atom is Percent Full = 4 × 10-13 %. See http://education.jlab.org/qa/how-much-of-an-atom-is-empty-space.html. (Len loker (talk) 22:00, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

Hypothesis, 'accepted hypothesis', or demonstrated fact?
This article (especially the lede) has tones that vacuum energy is an actual, domonstrated 'thing'. I understand that physicists may understand that it is not (if it is indeed is not), but to the layman (to who this article should be accessible, I presume) this may be misleading. Many other physics-related articles have this problem as well (especially when it comes to differentiating between scientific theory, math theory and hypothesis). Just thought I should point this out for someeone better versed in this field than I, cheers.  THE PROMENADER  ✎ ✓ 18:02, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

ETER
As descrived by MAXWELL, Lorentz, Tesla, Poincare,... 2A02:8108:8A80:37D8:153C:CAF6:E4D2:ACA (talk) 20:29, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

TV ENERGY
WHAT IS ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF A TV? WHAT GOES IN?

Hossenfelder's opinion
Regarding the introduction: Sabine Hossenfelder argues in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl_wGRfbc3w (from 05:43 to 07:10) that there is no such thing as a "cosmological constant problem", because quantum theory does not make a prediction regarding the cosmological constant. The sentence "... suggest a much larger value of 10^113 joules per cubic meter" would thus just be plain wrong. Professor Tournesol (talk) 10:05, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

Dark energy
There's a result in the news claiming that vacuum energy is bound up in black holes in ancient galaxies, and that this may explain the missing mass in the universe that has also led to postulation of dark matter. I don't understand this (I hoped this article would help explain) so I'm parking the link here for possible use. 2601:648:8200:990:0:0:0:756C (talk) 04:10, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Warning: References of dubious nature
Only the fifth reference (Jaffe) has scientific relevance. 2A02:A463:2848:0:DDE9:83E5:6364:D9AB (talk) 23:03, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Could you explain a bit more about what you mean? AntiDionysius (talk) 23:07, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Writing about a scientific topic and then refering to commercial sites is the worst thing you can do from a science perspective. But I know, this is only Wikipedia. It really has nothing to do with science. 2A02:A463:2848:0:DDE9:83E5:6364:D9AB (talk) 12:48, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * OK AntiDionysius (talk) 13:10, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vacuum energy


text:
Changi Village

Changi Village is a modern village situated at the northern tip of Changi which is at the eastern end of Singapore. It is the usual connecting point for travellers heading to Pulau Ubin or Malaysia by ferry. Fishermen in the kelongs located in the Serangoon Harbour offshore also use this jetty as a drop off point to come onto mainland. Changi Village also has many resorts and leisure facilities to cater for a weekend getaway for many Singaporeans. The area is classified by Urban Redevelopment Authorities as under the planning area of Changi and in the subzone of Changi Point. It is also classified under District 17 for property indexing.

History
Changi Village has its early beginnings as a kampong village. The place was first redeveloped by the British as a summer house and a getaway location from the city centre of Singapore, in the 1890s, and was prized for its tranquillity and remoteness. The existence of the resorts there today still bear testament to the original redevelopments there. Starting from the 1920s, the British started building up Changi as tension across Asia and Europe started to build in anticipation for war. The infamous old Changi Hospital was also built there as a result. During World War II, the place saw mass mobilisation of Allied troops in anticipation of the possible landing and invasion by the Imperial Japanese troops who landed on the nearby Pulau Ubin. However the manoeuvre by the Japanese was a bluff that drew vital Allied troops from the West of Singapore that eventually was the landing site of the Japanese troops. The area as part of the greater Changi defence also saw action of 3 giant artillery guns, also known as the Johore battery, used in the defence of Singapore. Their use and effectiveness in the defence of Singapore has often been controversial. The Sook Ching massacre took place throughout the war at the neighbouring Changi Beach Park.

After the war, the British rebuilt the area to become both a resort and an accommodation for ANZUK soldiers and their families as they continued to maintain military facilities in the nearby Changi Camp. In the 1970s, after the independence of Singapore, the land around Changi was redeveloped for the construction of the Changi Airport. The HDB started building low-rise flats at Changi Village after the land clearance. Changi Village was then spruced up and amenities like the bus terminal were built. In 1997 the operations of the old Changi Hospital was moved to the new Changi General Hospital at Simei.

The Government of Singapore has pledged in 2005 that they would try to revive the "ghost town". As of 2014 the place is on track to being a hub for recreational activities as resorts and clubs in the area are undergoing refurbishment and tender for leisure and food and beverage operators are being rolled out. Despite the recent redevelopments, Changi Village continues to be relatively laid back compared to the rest of Singapore.

Education
There are currently no public government schools located in Changi Village and there were not known to be any throughout its history. However, the BNP Paribas Campus, the first training institute in the Asia-Pacific region that seeks to train employees in the region, is located in Changi Village.

Singapore Aviation Academy operates here since 1992.

Changi Village Hawker Centre
There is a hawker centre located here and it is right next to the bus and ferry terminals. The hawker center is famous for its nasi lemak stall, where long queues are often seen. Stalls selling delicious wanton (fried fritters) which are recommended by many television programs and companies are also available here. Many residents living in the nearby estates of Pasir Ris, Tampines and Simei drive to Changi Village for drinks in the evening. Many of the coffeeshops are open till past midnight every day. In June 2012, the centre was closed for renovations. It has since reopened and business appears to be going very well, as of August 2014. There is a great variety of food to choose from at the hawker stalls.

Hotels and Resorts
There are many chalets, hotels and resorts in the area namely:
 * Aloha Changi Resorts (which include Fairy Point Bungalows and Chalets)
 * The Bus Collective
 * Changi Beach Club
 * Changi Cove
 * Changi Golf Club
 * Changi Sailing Club
 * Changi Village Hotel
 * Civil Service Club @ Changi
 * Hendon Hotel (Not opened yet)
 * Raintr33 Hotel
 * SAF Holiday Chalet (which include SAF Seaview Resort and Treehouse Villas @ Changi)

There are also a couple of places to stay overnight on the neighbouring Pulau Ubin island namely:
 * Celestial Ubin Beach Resort
 * Various camping sites on the island

Golf
The Changi Golf Course has two separated ranges at the area.

Sea Sports Club
At the east end of Changi Village there is a People's Association Water Venture that offers kayaking courses and rentals. While near the west end there is the Changi Sailing Club that offers sailing courses.

Walkway
There is a walkway to the nearby Changi Beach Park, where many families gather over the weekend for a nice picnic with a view of the nearby islands. There is also a boardwalk that runs along the coastline of Changi Village for visitors to enjoy the scenery.

Others
The Changi Park Connector which runs through the estate connects Changi Beach Park with Pasir Ris Park. At the other end of Changi Beach Park there is the Coastal Park Connector which runs all the way to the East Coast Park.

Places of worship in the area include the Maranatha Bible Presbyterian Church and Sree Ramar Hindu Temple.

The area falls under the jurisdiction of the Bedok Police Division and the 2nd Singapore Civil Defence Force DIV HQ.

Transportation
There are no MRT stations in the near vicinity of the area.

Changi Village Bus Terminal
Changi Village Bus Terminal was opened in 1975 to take over operations from the former smaller road side Changi Point Bus Terminal. It was built over the site of the former Changi Cinema. The bus terminal comprises a small boarding and alighting berth area for bus services that is directly adjacent to the hawker centre. The bus terminal continues to be operated by SBS Transit despite its close location to the areas where Go-Ahead Group bus services operate.

Bus services 2, 29, 59 and 109 operate from the terminal and head towards Kampong Bahru Bus Terminal, Tampines Bus Interchange, Bishan Bus Interchange, and Serangoon Bus Interchange respectively. Service 2 additionally goes to every MRT station on the East West line between Tanah Merah and Bugis. There are more bus services that ply Loyang Avenue which lies directly south of the area, these services are 9, 19 and 89 which originate from the Changi Airfreight Centre.

Changi Point Ferry Terminal
A ferry terminal, named Changi Point Ferry Terminal, is located here. There are small passenger ferries which lead to the north-eastern islands (e.g. Pulau Ubin) and also to some destinations in Johor, Malaysia. The popular bumboat ferry ride to Pulau Ubin costs S$3 each way and takes around 15 minutes. Usually there is a short wait until each bumboat ferry has 12 passengers. Passengers arriving via ferry to this terminal have to undergo security screening of personnel and baggage from whichever location they are arriving from (including Pulau Ubin) for security reasons.

title: Changi Village


text:
County of Wied

The County of Wied was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire located on the river Wied where it meets the Rhine. Wied emerged as a County earlier than many other German states. From 1243–1462, Wied was united with an Isenburgian County as Isenburg-Wied. Wied was partitioned twice: between itself and Wied-Dierdorf in 1631, and between Wied-Neuwied and Wied-Runkel in 1698. The county was incorporated into the Duchy of Nassau in 1806 and into the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Since 1946, its territory has been part of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Via William of Albania, the House of Wied ruled the Principality of Albania in 1914.

Counts of Wied (c. 860–1243)
To Isenburg-Wied (1243–1462)
 * Matfried I (c. 860– ?)
 * Eberhard
 * Matfried II
 * Richwin II
 * Richwin III
 * Richwin IV (1093–1112) with...
 * Matfried III (1093–1129)
 * Burchard (? –1152) with...
 * Siegfried (1129–61) with...
 * Theodoric (1158–89) with...
 * George, in 1217-1218 he was a commander of the German crusaders of the 5th crusade
 * Lothar (? –1243)

Counts of Wied (1462–1698)
Partitioned between Wied-Neuwied and Wied-Runkel
 * Frederick I (1462–87)
 * William III, Count of Mörs (1487–1526) with...
 * John I (1487–1533)
 * Philip (1533–35)
 * John II (1535–81)
 * Herman I (1581–91) with...
 * William IV (1581–1612) with...
 * Herman II (1581–1631)
 * Frederick II (1631–98)

title: County of Wied


text:
Clearwater River

Clearwater River may refer to:

Rivers

 * In Canada
 * Clearwater River (Alberta), a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River in west-central Alberta
 * Clearwater River (British Columbia), a tributary of the Thompson River in British Columbia
 * Clearwater River (Saskatchewan), a tributary of the Athabasca River in northwestern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta
 * Clearwater River (Quebec), in northern Quebec, known also as Rivière à l'Eau Claire in French
 * Clearwater River was the original name given to the Chutine River

 * In New Zealand
 * Clearwater River (New Zealand), in the South Island of New Zealand

 * In the United States
 * Clearwater River (Idaho) in Idaho
 * Clearwater River (Mississippi River tributary) in central Minnesota
 * Clearwater River (Red Lake River) in northwestern Minnesota
 * Clearwater River (Montana) in southwest Montana
 * Clearwater River (Oregon) in Oregon
 * Clearwater River (Queets River) in Washington
 * Clearwater River (White River) in the Clearwater Wilderness of Washington

Other uses

 * Clearwater river (river type), a classification of rivers, used in contrast to white and blackwater rivers
 * Clearwater River Dene Nation, a First Nations group in Saskatchewan
 * Clearwater River Provincial Park, Saskatchewan
 * Clearwater National Forest, along the Clearwater River in Idaho

title: Clearwater River


text:
User:Rancid24af

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Ian(n) Andrew Marten may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects.

title: User:Rancid24af