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Muiden Castle

Muiden Castle (Dutch: Muiderslot, ) is a castle in the Netherlands, located at the mouth of the Vecht river, some 15 kilometers southeast of Amsterdam, in Muiden, where it flows into what used to be the Zuiderzee. It is one of the better known castles in the Netherlands and featured in many television shows set in the Middle Ages.

Floris V
The history of Muiden Castle begins with Count Floris V who built a stone castle at the mouth of the river in 1280, when he gained command over an area that used to be part of the See of Utrecht. The Vecht river was the trade route to Utrecht, one of the most important trade towns of that age. The castle was used to enforce a toll on the traders. It is a relatively small castle, measuring 32 by 35 metres with brick walls well over 1.5 metres thick. A large moat surrounded the castle.

In 1296, Gerard van Velsen conspired together with Herman van Woerden, Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel, and several others to kidnap Floris V. The count was eventually imprisoned in Muiden Castle. After Floris V attempted to escape, Gerard personally killed the count on the 27th of June 1296 by stabbing him 20 times. The alleged cause of the conflict between the nobles was the rape of Gerard van Velsen's wife by Floris.

In 1297, the castle was conquered by Willem van Mechelen, the Archbishop of Utrecht, and by the year 1300 the castle was demolished.

Fourteenth century
A hundred years later (ca. 1370–1386) the castle was rebuilt on the same spot based on the same plan, by Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, who at that time was also the Count of Holland and Zeeland.

P.C. Hooft
The next owner of the castle shows up in the 16th century, when P.C. Hooft (1581-1647), an author, poet and historian took over sheriff and bailiff duties for the area (Het Gooiland). For 39 years he spent his summers in the castle and invited friends, scholars, poets and painters such as Vondel, Huygens, Bredero and Maria Tesselschade Visscher, over for visits. This group became known as the Muiderkring. He also extended the garden and the plum orchard, while at the same time an outer earthworks defense system was put into place.

18th and 19th century
At the end of the 18th century, the castle was first used as a prison, then abandoned and became derelict. Further neglect caused it to be offered for sale in 1825, with the purpose of it being demolished. Only intervention by King William I prevented this. Another 70 years went by until enough money was gathered to restore the castle to its former glory.

Modern times
Muiden Castle is currently a national museum. The inside of the castle, its rooms and kitchens, was restored to look like they did in the 17th century and several of the rooms now house a collection of arms and armour.

title: Muiden Castle


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Collaborative real-time editor

A collaborative real-time editor is a type of collaborative software or web application which enables real-time collaborative editing, simultaneous editing, or live editing of the same digital document, computer file or cloud-stored data – such as an online spreadsheet, word processing document, database or presentation – at the same time by different users on different computers or mobile devices, with automatic and nearly instantaneous merging of their edits.

Real-time editing performs automatic, periodic, often nearly instantaneous synchronization of edits of all online users as they edit the document on their own device. This is designed to avoid or minimize edit conflicts.

With asynchronous collaborative editing (i.e. non-real-time, delayed or offline), each user must typically manually submit (publish, push or commit), update (refresh, pull, download or sync) and (if any edit conflicts occur) merge their edits. Due to the delayed nature of asynchronous collaborative editing, multiple users can end up editing the same line, word, element, data, row or field resulting in edit conflicts which require manual edit merging or overwriting, requiring the user to choose which edits to use or (depending on the system and setup) automatically overwriting their edits or other people's edits, with or without a warning.

History of key products
The first instance of a collaborative real-time editor was demonstrated by Douglas Engelbart in 1968, in The Mother of All Demos. Widely available implementations of the concept took decades to appear.

A piece of software called Instant Update was released for the classic Mac OS in 1991 from ON Technology. It allowed real-time editing of a single document by multiple users over a LAN and relied on a workgroup server.

Interest in real-time collaborative editing over the internet led to the development of MoonEdit and SubEthaEdit in the 2003-2005 time frame, followed soon after by Gobby.

With the introduction of Ajax technology and the "content editable" function in browsers, web-based collaborative editing in real-time developed as part of the Web 2.0 phenomenon around 2005. In particular, a product called Writely saw explosive user growth and was bought by Google in March 2006 (what became known as Google Docs and later renamed to Google Drive). It provided simultaneous edits on the entirety of a document, though changes from other users were only reflected after the client program polling the server (every half-minute or so). Another early web-based solution was JotSpotLive, in which line-by-line simultaneous editing was available in near-realtime. However, after Google's purchase of parent company JotSpot in November 2006, the site was closed. Google Sites was launched in February 2007 as a refactoring of JotSpot,   but it lacks the multi-user real-time abilities of JotLive. The Synchroedit (rich text) and MobWrite (plain text) projects are two, more recent, open source attempts to fill the gap in real-time browser-based collaborative editing, though still unable to achieve true real-time performance, especially on a large scale architecture.

In 2009, Google started beta testing Google Wave, a real-time collaboration environment which Google hoped would eventually displace email and instant messaging. EtherPad was acquired by Google, which allocated the EtherPad team to work within the Wave project. However, Google announced in August 2010 on its blog that it had decided to stop developing Wave as a standalone project, due to insufficient user adoption. After Google released the abandoned EtherPad source code as open source in December 2009, the community took over its development and produced a complete rewrite named Etherpad lite, which is written entirely in JavaScript and built on top of Node.js. Another notable tools based on operational transformation technology is CKEditor. 2020 has seen a surge of interest in the concept, as Microsoft also recently released its Fluid framework, which relies on a novel Total Order Broadcast technology, as opposed to OT or CRDT. Fluid is currently framework agnostic. Microsoft states that it is not yet ready for production use.

In June 2016, Collabora Productivity released V1.0 of Collabora Online, an open source online office suite using LibreOffice Technology, it can be integrated into any website with a few lines of code. A software development kit exists with sample integration code in several languages Node.js, PHP, Python, ReactJS and .NET, these have API specifications allowing interoperable integrations with customizable user interfaces. With Collabora Online documents remain on the server, each user shares the same document concurrently allowing just one document to be edited in real-time and interactively with no extra lag or latency to see other users’ typing. It avoids the need for locking of paragraphs in text documents. It enables collaborative real-time editing of word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawing and vector graphics.

Recently, real-time collaborative editing has returned to stand-alone text editing applications with extensions for Atom and Visual Studio Code released in 2020.

Other examples
Real-time collaborative editing can occur online in web applications such as Microsoft Office on the web (formerly Office Online) – which supports online (web-based) simultaneous editing (which Microsoft refers to as "Co-Authoring") of Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint and other Microsoft Office documents stored on Office.com, OneDrive or SharePoint cloud storage – or Google Docs and other Google Workspace productivity (office suite) apps – for online collaborative editing of word processing and other documents stored in Google Drive. Real-time collaborative editing can also occur in hybrid manner, such as with Power Sheet BI for Excel, in offline, web-based, and online collaborative editing in desktop software as well as web-based and mobile apps, which can be synchronized automatically with instant access to version history. 2020 has seen a resurgence of interest in embedding these applications into secure web applications, particularly for business use-cases, with Microsoft and Vaadin taking the lead with specialized real-time collaboration backends that handle the complexities of real-time synchronous data sharing, which developers can utilize through APIs. Mozilla released in 2013 the javascript library TogetherJS, which adds real-time collaborative editing to any web application via a messaging system and optionally an operational transform algorithm for forms synchronization.

Vaadin Ltd., the vendor of the Vaadin platform, released V1.0 of their Collaboration Engine In October 2020, with the premise of allowing developers to rapidly build real-time collaboration and editing features in to any web application with Java backends using a few lines of codes (for specific use-cases through their, still limited, high-level APIs). This feature currently supports Java, although the vendor notes that a TypeScript-based API is also incoming, in line with the Vaadin platform's recent ongoing expansion into also enabling TypeScript-based UI building in the future through its upcoming Fusion framework.

Technical challenges
The complexity of real-time collaborative editing solutions stems from communication latency. In theory, if communication were instantaneous, then creating a real-time collaborative editor would be no more difficult than creating a single-user editor, because a document could be edited using an algorithm similar to the following:

 * 1) Request an 'edit document' token from the server
 * 2) Wait until the server says it's our turn to edit the document
 * 3) Tell the server how to edit the document
 * 4) Release the 'edit document' token

However, the speed of communication is limited by network latency. This creates a fundamental dilemma: users need their own edits incorporated into the document instantly, but if they are incorporated instantly, then because of communication latency, their edits must necessarily be inserted into different versions of the document.

An example illustrates this problem. Suppose Bob and Alice start with a document containing the word Mary. Bob deletes 'M', then inserts 'H', to change the word into Hary. Alice, before she receives either edit from Bob, deletes 'r', then deletes 'a', to change it into My. Both Bob and Alice will then receive edits that were applied to versions of the document that never existed on their own machines.

Thus, the challenge of real-time collaborative editing is to figure out exactly how to apply edits from remote users, which were originally created in versions of the document that never existed locally, and which may conflict with the user's own local edits.

The most sophisticated solutions solve this problem in a way that does not require a server, does not use locking (all users can freely edit all parts of a document at the same time), and supports any number of users (limited only by the resources of the computers). UNA and SubEthaEdit are examples of two programs that take this approach.

While these sophisticated approaches enable the best user experience, a basic collaborative editor can also be created in a client–server model. In a client–server scenario, one of the editor instances is assigned the role of collaboration server when the document is opened. This server ensures that other editors are kept in sync by determining network latency and acting as a time synchronization server. The server receives timestamped notifications of changes made to the document by other users. It determines how those changes should affect its local copy, and broadcasts its changes to the collaboration pool. In some models, the changes are not reflected on a client until an official response is returned from the server, even if those changes were made locally.

This approach, while significantly less powerful, allows for basic collaboration at a relatively low cost. This makes it preferable in situations where processing resources are limited. NetSketch is an example of a program that uses this model.

In the past, Microsoft and IBM have worked to add collaboration facilities to their existing architectures. Although marketed as real-time collaboration, these 'workspace' approaches require either document locking (so only one person can edit it at a time), or 'reconciliation' of conflicting changes, which is generally found by users to be unsatisfactory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Collaborative real-time editor


text: User talk:86.131.29.242

title: User talk:86.131.29.242


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Fergus Montgomery

Sir William Fergus Montgomery (25 November 1927 – 19 March 2013) was a British Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for three separate periods totalling 34 years, each time representing a different constituency.

Early life
Born in South Shields, County Durham, Montgomery was educated at Jarrow Grammar School and Bede College at the University of Durham, and became a teacher in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1950. From 1950 to 1958, he was a councillor on Hebburn Urban District Council. From 1957 to 1958, he was the national chairman of the Young Conservatives, having been vice-chairman from 1954 to 1957.

Parliamentary career
Having unsuccessfully contested the safe Labour seat of Consett in 1955, he was first elected to the House of Commons for Newcastle upon Tyne East at the 1959 general election with a narrow majority of just 98 votes. He is the only Conservative MP to have ever represented Newcastle East. Montgomery narrowly lost the seat to the Labour Party in 1964. He returned to Parliament at a 1967 by-election for Brierley Hill.

Boundary changes which took effect from the February 1974 general election abolished the Brierley Hill constituency. Having unsuccessfully sought selection for South West Staffordshire, Montgomery was selected for the new Dudley West constituency, which partially replaced his old constituency. However, he was unsuccessful, losing the election to Colin Phipps of the Labour Party.

His absence from Parliament was short-lived. The former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Anthony Barber, stood down at the October 1974 general election and Montgomery was selected to contest the constituency of Altrincham and Sale. He was duly elected, and then held the seat until he retired at the 1997 general election.

He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Margaret Thatcher during her tenure as Secretary of State for Education and when she was Leader of the Opposition.

Family
He married Joyce Riddle, a teacher, cricketer and Conservative local councillor. They had no children. Lady Montgomery was deputy lieutenant and high sheriff of Greater Manchester.

title: Fergus Montgomery


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Talk:Biocompatibility

Untitled
Maybe since there are at least two definitions of biocompatibility this article should have a disambiguationarticle? //BedrupsBaneman

Merger
I would say do NOT merge the articles on biocompatibility and biocompatible material. For three reasons: 1. There are no biocompatible materials. See biocompatibility. So the article biocompatible material should be deleted or renamed. 2. The scope of an article on materials to be used for biomedical devices (biomaterials) is quite a lot as it is. 3. They (biomaterial and biocompatility) have their own specific meaning. Benkeboy 11:34, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Introduction/definition
This article begins with an definition, then refutes it without citing sources, with what seems to me to be a personal agenda. I have added tags which I feel are appropriate in this case. Unfortunatly I do not have enough knowledge in this subject to re-write it. For example "The critique againts this definition..." has no context as to who critiques it. If it is totally disputed by the scientific community, don't put that definition in. If only a handfull disagree with it, the dispute should not be presented as fact. The introduction should state the widly accepted definition of biocompatability, and if that definition is disputed, such a critique should go in the body of the article. In fact, I'll move it there now.
 * Now I have expanded the introduction to make the context a bit more clear. I have also added in-text links to external sources, as well as added reference and comments on a new article by Williams, 2008. The in-text referencing provided by wikipedia sucks (in-text and actual list of reference is completely independent... think about that for a second ... ) so I prefer to use (name, year) since it is much easier to edit and would more often not lead to mistakes! Benkeboy (talk) 20:59, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Ambiguity - The article should make clear that the terms "biocompatibility", "biocompatible material" and their derivatives are ambiguous, not only in the scientific community but in the general population as well. It should be clearly stated that there are not "biocompatible" materials, and that "biocompatibility" does not exist as it is something only showed in the clinical setting and there is not a proper definition for it - what is an appropriate cell response? are we talking about cell toxicity? if so, how do you definite toxicity and how do you measure it? does an appropriate cell response refers to a positive or to a negative interaction? if so, what type of interaction is it? are we refering to an increase in cell proliferation or cell viability, to a reduction in inflammation or to a lack of a foreign body response?... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.227.23.58 (talk) 21:10, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

What?
This article talks quite a bit, but doesn't seem to be saying very much. It is badly in need of a subject-matter expert that has the ability to rewrite it in a manner that is targeted at the general populace. As it is now, it's a slice of a debate between members of the same profession. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.10.209.142 (talk) 12:28, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I started tidying this up, but I gave up when I realised that it really only had one source. While I am in the biological sciences, this is not my field so i marked it as needing expansion Ethidium (talk) 16:09, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Who is Professor Williams? His credentials certifying him as the authority on the definition of "biocompatibility" are never clarified.209.76.214.200 (talk) 21:27, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. This article definitely needs more sources, rather than simply choosing one source and fêting that person as "an authority" Ethidium (talk) 16:14, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Definition Revision
I am a student at NJIT and I was assigned to revise a Wikipedia article either by revising a definition or revising a section. I decided to revise this definition since there are multiple definitions that can cause some confusion. Also I am capable of revising this definition because I am currently studying to become a biomedical engineer and I feel what I have learned throughout my 3 years in college will aid in my revision. I will use credible and reliable sources to back my revision of biocompatibility. I am looking for permission from the Wikipedia community and Dr. James Lipuma to apply my changes.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Biocompatibility. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050206100618/http://www.esb2005.it:80/satellite.html to http://www.esb2005.it/satellite.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:04, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biocompatibility


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Franz Jägerstätter

Franz Jägerstätter, (also spelled Jaegerstaetter in English; born Franz Huber, 20 May 1907 – 9 August 1943) was an Austrian farmer and conscientious objector during World War II. Jägerstätter was sentenced to death and executed for his refusal to fight for Nazi Germany. He is venerated as a martyr and has been beatified by the Catholic Church.

Life

Jägerstätter was born in Sankt Radegund, Upper Austria, a small village between Salzburg and Braunau am Inn where nearly everyone was Catholic. He was the child of Rosalia Huber, a chambermaid, and Franz Bachmeier, a farmer. As his parents could not afford a marriage, Franz was first cared for by his grandmother, Elisabeth Huber, who had a reputation as an exceptionally devout woman. His biological father was killed in World War I in 1915, when Franz was seven or eight years old. In 1917, his mother married Heinrich Jägerstätter. As the marriage didn't result in children of Jägerstätter's own, he adopted his wife's son and gave over the farm to him after Franz married in 1936.

As a boy, Franz was a better than average student and an avid reader, apparently leaving school after his 14th birthday, as permitted by law. His fellow villagers remembered the Franz of early manhood fondly as "a jolly, robust, fun-loving, hot-blooded, 'he-man' type", intelligent and "bull-headed", who tended to be "ahead of the crowd" in his interests and to wish to be the first to try something new; he was the first in his village to own a motorcycle. While he regularly went to Mass, there was little to foreshadow the devotion he was known for in later years, and he once embarrassed the pastor of the village by asking him about the possibility that the Virgin Mary had other children after Jesus. In 1922, he participated in the local Passion play, acting as one of the soldiers who cast lots for the seamless robe of Christ.

The young Franz was also remembered as a good fighter. On one occasion, he spent several days in jail as a consequence of a fight with members of the Heimwehr provoked by the attention paid by members of the group to local girls. In August 1933, an illegitimate daughter, Hildegard, was born to Jägerstätter and a local farm maidservant, Theresia Auer. Although some friends expressed doubts about Jägerstätter's paternity of the girl, he voluntarily paid money for her support and visited her often. Perhaps due to circumstances related to the girl's conception, Jägerstätter apparently underwent an "exile" around this time during which he was obliged to leave Sankt Radegund for several years, working in the iron mines of Eisenerz. In the social democratic working class environment he first experienced a crisis of meaning, but returned to his homeland as a deeply pious person.

In the mid-1930s, Jägerstätter made a turn towards morality and piety that most of his neighbours recalled as "so sudden that people just couldn't understand it", "almost as if he had been possessed by a higher power", although others described it as more gradual. In 1934, Jägerstätter intended to enter a monastery, but the parish priest advised him against it.

On Maundy Thursday (9 April) of 1936, he married Franziska Schwaninger (4 March 1913 – 16 March 2013), a deeply religious woman. After the wedding liturgy, the couple went on a pilgrimage to Rome, where they received a blessing from Pope Pius XI. Most members of the community attributed Jägerstätter's conversion to his wife's influence or the sight of the pope, but other evidence indicates that his choice of a wife and decision to travel to Rome may have rather been influenced by a conversion that had already taken place; one friend recalled that he observed Jägerstätter had already become much more pious when he returned from the iron mines in late 1934 or 1935. The marriage resulted in three daughters: Rosalia (b. 1 September 1937), Maria (b. 4 September 1938), and Aloisia (b. 5 May 1940).

When German troops moved into Austria in March 1938, Jägerstätter rejected the offered position as Radegund mayor. He was the only person in the village to vote against the Anschluss in the plebiscite of 10 April; nevertheless, the local authorities suppressed his dissent and announced unanimous approval. He was dismayed to witness many Catholics in his town supporting the Nazis, writing, "I believe there could scarcely be a sadder hour for the true Christian faith in our country". Although he was not involved with any political organization and underwent a brief period of military training, he remained openly anti-Nazi. He avoided any contact with the NSDAP, nor did he seek the help of local representatives to avoid being drafted into the Wehrmacht.

On 8 December 1940, the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, he joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. In summer 1940, the local parish priest, Josef Karobath (1898-1983), offered him to work as a sacristan, as Jägerstätter daily attended mass anyway. He was therefore deferred from military service four times.

Drafted for the first time on 17 June 1940, Jägerstätter, aged 33, was again conscripted into the German Wehrmacht in October and completed his training at the Enns garrison. He refused to take the Hitler oath, but could return home in 1941 under an exemption as a farmer.

Faced with his experiences in military service, the suppression of the church, as well as reports on the Nazi T4 euthanasia program, he began to examine the morality of the war. In order to discuss it with his spiritual directors, Jägerstätter drew up a list of questions about the justification of the war. A central one was how much obedience a good Christian owes to the state authorities when they demand things that conflict with the teachings of the Gospel. He even went to Linz to discuss this with his bishop, Josephus Calasanz Fließer, but emerged from the conversation saddened that the episcopate seemed afraid to confront the issues.

Arrest and death
After many delays, Jägerstätter was again called to active duty in February 1943. By this time, he had three daughters with his wife, the eldest not quite six. He maintained his position against fighting for Nazi Germany and, upon entering into the Wehrmacht garrison in Enns on the evening of 1 March, declared on 2 March his conscientious objection. His offer to carry out non-violent services was ignored. He was immediately arrested, repeatedly interrogated, and placed in custody, first at the Linz remand prison, then from 4 May at Tegel Prison in Berlin. From the prison he wrote: "Is it not more Christian to offer oneself as a victim right away rather than first have to murder others who certainly have a right to live and want to live — just to prolong one’s own life a little while?"

Accused of Wehrkraftzersetzung ("undermining military morale"), Jägerstätter was sentenced to death "and loss of military dignity and civil rights" in a military trial at the Reichskriegsgericht in Charlottenburg on 6 July 1943. His wife and his parish priest visited him a few days later in jail and tried to talk him into serving, but did not succeed. When Jägerstatter was told of the fate of the Austrian Pallottine father Franz Reinisch, who had been executed for his refusal to take the Hitler oath, his conscience was calmed. Jägerstätter expressed that it would be better for his four daughters to see their father as a martyr rather than as a Nazi collaborator.

He was deported to Brandenburg-Görden Prison on 9 August, where he was executed by guillotine that afternoon, at age 36. Minutes before his execution, he was given the option to sign a document to save his life and declined, abjuring any complicity with the Nazi regime. Jägerstätter's last recorded words before his death were, "I am completely bound in inner union with the Lord".

Jägerstätters's remains were cremated in the city of Brandenburg. Austrian school sisters who worked there were able to take possession of the urn and bring it to Upper Austria after the end of the war. In 1946, the urn was buried at the Sankt Radegund cemetery.

Legacy and beatification
Jägerstätter was criticized by his countrymen, especially by those who had served in the military, for failing in his duty as a husband and father. The municipality of Sankt Radegund at first refused to put his name on the local war memorial and a pension for his widow was not approved until 1950.

Jägerstätter's fate was not well known until 1964, when US sociologist Gordon Zahn published his biography, In Solitary Witness: The Life and Death of Franz Jägerstätter. Thomas Merton, Trappist monk and peace activist, included a chapter about Jägerstätter in his book Faith and Violence of 1968. A 1971 film treatment of his life made for Austrian television, Verweigerung ("The Refusal") (originally titled Der Fall Jägerstätter), by director Axel Corti, starred Kurt Weinzierl. A bronze plaque with his quotation about conscientious objection was dedicated at the Pacifist Memorial in Sherborn, Massachusetts, in 1994. His case was a topic of the annual Braunauer Zeitgeschichte-Tage conference in 1995. The death sentence was nullified by the Landgericht Berlin on 7 May 1997. A Stolperstein for Jägerstätter in Sankt Radegund was laid in 2006.

The beatification process was opened in 1994. In June 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued an apostolic exhortation declaring Jägerstätter a martyr. The Austrian bishops had described Jägerstätter as a "shining example in dark times". On 26 October 2007, Jägerstätter was beatified in a ceremony held by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Linz. His feast day is the day of his baptism, 21 May. In 2016, Jägerstätter's relics were embedded in the altar of the parish church of St. Radegund, and he is regarded co-patron of this church, which makes his feast day a solemnity.

The documentary Franz Jaegerstaetter: A Man of Conscience was released in 2011. A film about Jägerstätter, A Hidden Life, written and directed by Terrence Malick, premiered in May 2019 at the 72nd Cannes Film Festival, and was given a general release in the US on 13 December 2019. The film is inspired by the book Franz Jägerstätter: Letters and Writings from Prison, edited by biographer Erna Putz, with Malick acquiring its adaptation rights for the production.

title: Franz Jägerstätter


text:
Chasman–Green lattice

The Chasman–Green lattice, also known as a double bend achromat lattice (DBA lattice), is a special periodic arrangement of magnets designed by Renate Chasman and George Kenneth Green of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the mid-1970s for synchrotrons. This lattice provides optimized bending and focusing of electrons in storage rings designed for synchrotron light sources. An electron storage ring constructed with a Chasman–Green lattice has the important property that the circulating electron beams have very low emittance, which results in the emission of synchrotron light of exceptional brightness. For this reason it is the lattice of choice for most of the premier synchrotron light source facilities worldwide.

Each period of the Chasman–Green lattice contains a focusing quadrupole magnet symmetrically located between a pair of identical dipole magnets, which transports incident electrons through a bending arc to an exit path that is independent of the electron energy.

title: Chasman–Green lattice


text:
Talk:Louis Spohr

Improper emphasis on unimportant details of Spohr's career
It seems to me that this article succumbs to the common problem on wikipedia of lots of things being fleshed out in great detail about Spohr's career as a composer (which frankly has very little to do with why Spohr is an important musical figure, as is apparent from the fact that you almost never hear anything of his performed in the concert hall), when the actual things that Spohr are important for are buried in the article with one or two lines of mention. I think it's impossible to overstate how phenomenally important it was that Spohr invented modern orchestra conducting. Like, seriously, that's one of the most towering things a person can do, and yet it's only mentioned buried in the header and then once again WAY far down. The same thing applies to the whole inventing the chinrest thing. Also, he had a pretty long lasting influence on how violin performance was taught, although that's probably less worth writing about in depth. Which do you guys seriously think is more worth informing a reader who wants to find out about Louis Spohr's influence on music, his mediocre composition career, or the fact that he revolutionized the way orchestras are run and also invented a tool that is now equipped on literally every violin made? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.29.205.180 (talk) 05:44, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

First name
The composer was christened Ludewig but was (and is) known as Louis also in Germany. Publishers of sheet music (to be sold worldwide) always printed titles and composer's first names in French (also Louis van Beethoven etc.); Spohr therefore generally used this name form for easier recognition. In southern and western Germany there was a general fashion of choosing French versions for nicknames, like Schorsch, Schang, Schambes (= Jean-Baptiste). The name Louis/Lui later lost prestige and was/is used as a synonym for pimp. --94.218.179.128 (talk) 11:00, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Can you please provide a reliable reference for all this 38.73.253.217 (talk) 04:48, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

Greatest concerto?
I would like to know what are considered the greatest of Spohr's Violin Concertos - I love #5 and think that it is most worthwhile and would like to investigate others. Any comments are appreciated.

Violin Concerto No. 8 in A Minor was selected to share the stage with Paganini's No. 1 in D, for an album called "Paganini-Spohr: Violin Concertos", released just this month (Oct. 2006) and sold on iTunes. Those two concertos are the only concertos on the album. The artists are Eije Oue and Hilary Hahn. Hilary Hahn being the virtuoso that she is, No. 8 must have some extra significance.

 * All twelve of Spohr's violin concertos have been recorded, but No. 8 has multiple recordings going back to Jascha Heifetz. Spohr subtitled it "in moda d'una scena cantata" but the influence of opera arias on the cantabile melodic line in Romantic writing for stringed instruments would lead us to "original research" and be hooted down. It partly accounts for the particular popularity of this concerto, however. --Wetman 23:52, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. The article is B-class, but is missing some types of content usually in composer biographies; read the details on the comments page. Questions or comments can be left here or on my talk page.  Magic ♪piano 22:46, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Useful link: The full list of Spohr's violin concertos --Enok (talk) 21:33, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Peacock terms
This article has lots of unsubstantiated value judgements about the greatness of Spohr's work. "His orchestral writings and chamber works were once considered on a par with Mozart’s." ... "he ranks as a historic figure in the development of German music drama whose greatest triumph"... Faust is described as his "best" opera. Some more references, coupled with a more detached tone, would help make the article more encylopaedic. See Template:Peacock term 13:16, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I am going to remove those terms now, and sometime this week read the latest edition of the New Grove to get a more balanced view of Spohr's works/citations. 98.67.179.25 (talk) 14:17, 28 June 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan
 * P.S. - I enjoy a great deal of this composer's work, so Spohr-ninja-assassins, please take note this is to ensure a good article per policy and not a negative comment on the man. Like Raff, the public has over the past couple of decades revived his music, and that's a good thing. HammerFilmFan (talk) 21:11, 29 June 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan
 * I've not listened to the composers works, but I have contributed to the article in minor ways. The most recent edits went beyond removal of peacock phrases and consisted of the replacement of overtly positive terms with unsubstantiated value judgements about how awful a composer Spohr was. I've removed these until the people making them can come up with proper substantiation.Graham1973 (talk) 14:06, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The democrats have cut the town library's budget (they have the New Grove, and other such) so they have new hours - closed at 5 pm - so I'll have to go in the morning tomorrow (it's not worth a drive clear over to the University library.) Americans, vote Obama out for this ... this ... effrontery of my person!  :-))))  22:51, 30 June 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan  — Preceding unsigned comment added by HammerFilmFan (talk • contribs)

"... outside Germany"
In today's Germany too, Spohr is primarily known as Louis Spohr. The wrong form Ludwig (instead of Ludewig) occurs only in elder secondary literature from the 19th and early 20th century. But it is generally accepted that Spohr always signed as "Louis" and that his contemporaries used this forename alike. --Hagels (talk) 16:59, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

unnecessary for this article --
These lines are too detailed for what is supposed to be an encyclopedic entry:

"There he met the 18-year-old harpist Dorette Scheidler, daughter of one of the court singers, and fell in love with her. To court her,  he composed a Sonata in C minor for violin and harp, thus affording the chance to rehearse with her. He gained permission from   Dorette's mother to drive the girl to the premiere performance in a carriage, but could not bring himself to declare his love.   After the performance, on the drive home, he felt emboldened, and proposed, saying "Shall we thus play together for life?"   She consented with tears."

A simple statement of who he married and when, with the note of how the sonata came into being, will suffice - any objection on removing this? HammerFilmFan (talk) 22:30, 1 July 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan

 * going once ...  HammerFilmFan (talk) 17:45, 2 July 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan

 * I've no objections to a change. I'm currently trying to find a good source on his string quartets other than Marco Polo (Naxos) liner notesGraham1973 (talk) 02:24, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Done - sure wish I had one of the more detailed biographies at hand to properly cite these passages. HammerFilmFan (talk) 14:41, 3 July 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan

Can someone fix the Table of Contents on the Talk Page?
It flashes up for a second but then vanishes again. Thanks. HammerFilmFan (talk) 22:41, 1 July 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan

Life section is almost totally devoid of citations ...
There is only one footnote among many paragraphs. Looking thru the history, it seems that many Anons have added here and there but Editors MDCollins, Kanx1976, HIS33407district61, FeanorStar7, and Beannaithe are at least (hopefully) still around to add footnotes to this section where they contributed? I don't have access to the biographical books - I've been to the library today and have the latest edition of the New Grove entry on Spohr, and the article in the International Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians 11th edition - but can't correlate every line from these, nor would I want to edit what is most probably verifiable information from the references noted if they could simply be properly attributed. Any hope on you guys coming back and "finishing the job"? I'll note this on the user pages of the above. HammerFilmFan (talk) 23:05, 1 July 2011 (UTC) HammerFilmFan

Teacher?
The current version of this article says Spohr was taught by Franz Ignaz Beck (and links to his article). I'm in the middle of researching a violin known as the "Eck", owned by Franz Eck (1744/1774? - 1804) who is known as Spohr's teacher. He doesn't have a Wikipedia article but there's a note on him here (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0oJ70ZPs4gC&pg=PA407&lpg=PA407&dq=franz+eck+1717+stradivari&source=bl&ots=-I3V09651o&sig=PEZJrDNkb9XsgJ4Bxubkp7Tim8k&hl=en&ei=SlalTomhD5KU8gPD9pzrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false). Also, n.b. Beck's article doesn't mention teaching Spohr.

Does anyone have any expert knowledge that might shed some light on this possible misunderstanding? iPhil (talk) 12:25, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't have expert knowledge, but I know a man who does. Clive Brown's article on Spohr in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol 4, p.479, says "After a period of study with the Mannheim violinist Franz Eck, Spohr rapidly gained recognition as an outstanding violinist."  My 1970s "Everyman's dictionary of music" gives Eck's dates as 1774 (Mannheim) to 1804 (Stuttgart) and says that he was a pupil of his brother Johann Friedrich Eck (1766-c. 1809).  [Franz] "played in the court band at Munich as a youth, then travelled much and took Spohr to Russia with him as his pupil."  It looks to me as if the 1774 birth date date is correct, otherwise he'd have been 22 when his brother was born and died at 60 when his brother was 38.  I suggest that you replace F I Beck with Franz Eck in the Spohr article. Hope this helps. --GuillaumeTell 15:39, 24 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Adding a link to Brown's biography of Spohr which looks like a clincher. --GuillaumeTell 15:53, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation of surname?
It might be helpful to provide guidance on the pronunciation of Spohr. (I've always pronounced it "Schpor" but I'm not certain if that is how it was pronounced by Spohr.) Tetsuo (talk) 05:01, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:30, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Louis Spohr


text:
User talk:Random Wikipedian

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I noticed you had a blank talk page, so I decided to welcome you. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~ .Howabout1 14:35, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
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title: User talk:Random Wikipedian


text:
File:Skyclad wayward.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth (1991), the debut album by folk metal band Skyclad.

Fair use in Folk metal
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only a small portion of the overall product and serves as an easily identifiable part of a larger entity.
 * 2) The copy of the image is low-resolution and will not produce high-quality copies of the art for illegal duplication. The quality is high enough to clearly present the image and to place the subject represented by the image in a good light.
 * 3) The use of the image will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to gain commercially from the work.
 * 4) It illustrates educational articles about the subject represented by the image.
 * 5) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of topics in the article.
 * 6) It adds significantly to the article because it illustrates the first album representative of the genre as discussed in the accompanying text.

Fair use in The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the image could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) It is a low resolution image.
 * 5) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Skyclad wayward.jpg


text:
Carnew executions

The Carnew executions refer to the summary execution of 28 prisoners being held as suspected United Irishmen by yeomanry troops from the Carnew garrison stationed in the barracks of Carnew Castle, County Wicklow, Ireland on 25 May 1798.

Background
The Society of United Irishmen having failed to advance its aims of Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform by political means, instigated a rebellion against British rule in Ireland. The rebellion took place in May 1798, but the only significant uprisings outside of the province of Ulster occurred in counties Wicklow and Wexford, both south of County Dublin. The rebels were met with a swift response from the Dublin Castle administration and the bulk of the rebellion was suppressed within a year.

Executions
By the morning of the 25 May, news of the long-expected outbreak of the 1798 rebellion in neighbouring County Kildare and of military losses in the battles of Ballymore-Eustace, Naas, and Prosperous had reached the garrison in Carnew, who decided to take preventative measures by assembling the rebel suspects in detention. The suspects were marched from Carnew Castle to the local handball alley and executed by firing squad (consisting of yeomanry soldiers) as a warning to the local populace.

title: Carnew executions


text:
Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) is an international research institute and Europe's leading center for radio astronomy at millimeter wavelengths. Its mission is to explore the universe, study its origins and its evolution with two of the most advanced radio facilities in the world:
 * The NOEMA observatory (NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array), an array of currently eleven 15-meter antennas located in the French Alps on the Plateau de Bure at more than 2550 meters above sea level. NOEMA is the most powerful millimeter observatory of the Northern Hemisphere.
 * The IRAM 30-meter telescope, located at 2850 meters altitude on Pico Veleta in the Spanish Sierra Nevada (Andalucia, Spain). The telescope is the world's premier single-dish facility for astronomical research in the millimeter wavelength range.

Both sites are at high altitude to reduce the absorption by water vapour in Earth's atmosphere.

The telescopes are supported by the IRAM offices and laboratories in Granada and Grenoble, respectively. The IRAM headquarters are on the campus of Université Grenoble Alpes near Grenoble. More than 120 scientists, engineers, technicians and administrative personnel work for the IRAM organization. The institute's laboratories cover the complete field of high frequency technology. IRAM staff develop cutting edge technology for the IRAM facilities and to the benefit of the international astronomical community.

Facilities and research
The principal activity of IRAM is the study of mostly cold matter (interstellar molecular gas and cosmic dust) in the Solar System, in our Milky Way, and other galaxies out to cosmological distances in order to determine their composition, physical parameters and history. Compared to optical astronomy, which is sensitive to the hot universe (stars are generally a few thousand degrees Celsius), radiotelescopes that operate in the millimeter wavebands, such as NOEMA or the IRAM 30-meter telescope, probe the cold universe (around -250 degrees Celsius). They are able to see the formation of the first galaxies in the universe, to observe super-giant black holes at the center of galaxies, to analyze the chemical evolution and dynamics of nearby galaxies, to detect organic molecules and possible key elements of life and to investigate the formation of stars and the appearance of planetary systems.

IRAM's facilities have done pioneering work and made a large number of astronomical discoveries. NOEMA has observed the most distant galaxy known to date. Together with the IRAM 30-meter telescope it made the first complete and detailed radio images of nearby galaxies and their gas. NOEMA also obtained the first image of a gas disk surrounding a double star system (Dutrey al. 1994 ). Its antennas captured for the first time a cavity in one of these disks, a major hint for the existence of a planetary object orbiting the new star and absorbing matter on its trajectory (GG tau, Piétu et al. 2011 ). The IRAM facilities have discovered one third of the interstellar molecules known to date (published ApJ, 2018, Brett A. McGuire ).

Both IRAM observatories are part of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a global array of radio telescopes. In 2017, IRAM participated in the observations that lead to the publication of the first ever image of a black hole.

History
IRAM was founded in 1979 and is operated as a French-German-Spanish collaboration. Its partner institutes are the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS, France), the Max Planck Society (MPG, Max Planck Gesellschaft, Germany), and the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN, Spain). Today, the institute is considered a model of scientific multinational cooperation.

Global outreach
IRAM supports the scientific research of more than 5000 astronomers worldwide. The institute maintains close research partnerships with high-profile universities and research organizations in North-America and China as well as with other radio-astronomical facilities including the ALMA observatory in the Southern Hemisphere. In 2016, The University of Michigan Astronomy Department signed into an agreement allowing access to NOEMA. In 2017, the University of Nanjing (China) and the Purple Mountain Observatory (Chinese Academy of Sciences) followed.

IRAM also exports its technical and instrumental know-how. Transnational organizations like the European Space Agency benefit from IRAM's developments for their space missions.


text:
The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth

The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth is the debut album by British folk metal band Skyclad, and is regarded as one of the first folk metal albums, with the track "The Widdershins Jig" in particular pointing the way for the genre. Front cover artwork is by Garry Sharpe-Young.

Track listing

 * All lyrics by Martin Walkyier. All music as noted under "Writer(s)". (Published by Dark Wings.)

Personnel

 * Skyclad
 * Martin Walkyier – vocals
 * Steve Ramsey – lead, rhythm and acoustic guitars
 * Graeme English – electric bass, classical guitar
 * Keith Baxter – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Joe "Guido" Caprani – voice on track 6
 * Dominic Miller – classical guitar lead on track 9
 * Mike Evans – fiddle
 * Rog Patterson – keyboards, piccolo

title: The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth


text: Category:Arizona State University alumni


text:
Talk:Montmorency, Victoria

I noticed when I was writing this article that this suburb is quite unremarkable. Can anyone make it sound interesting???

"Woop Woop" town of the year by the National Woop Woop Federation (NWWF)?" I live in Montmorency - and I did in 1996 too - and this sounds a little dubious. I can't find any reference to this NWWF anywhere but on this page. Where did it come from? Missmelbs (talk) 08:13, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Ta, dubious enough to vanish!! (Crusoe8181 (talk) 10:02, 4 August 2011 (UTC)).

title: Talk:Montmorency, Victoria


text:
Churchill Scholarship

The Churchill Scholarship is awarded by the Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States to graduates of the more than one hundred colleges and universities invited to participate in the Churchill Scholarship Program, for the pursuit of research and study in the physical and natural sciences, mathematics, engineering, for one year at Churchill College at the University of Cambridge.

The scholarship is often considered one of the most prestigious and competitive international fellowships available to American graduate students, alongside the Marshall, Rhodes, Gates Cambridge, Fulbright, and Mitchell scholarships. Each year, up to two students may be endorsed by each of the 110 U.S. institutions invited to participate in the program.

History
In 1958, Churchill College at Cambridge was founded in honor of Sir Winston Churchill with a primary focus on science, engineering and mathematics. Anticipating the final establishment of the college, Churchill met with American friends Lewis W. Douglas, John Loeb Sr., and Carl Gilbert to ask them to create a scholarship for young Americans to study at the college. In 1959, the Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States was established as a nonprofit charitable organization. The Foundation initially made travel grants to Churchill Overseas Fellows, distinguished senior faculty from American colleges and universities who would spend a sabbatical year at the College. Eight of the Churchill Fellows won the Nobel Prize.

In 1963 the Foundation funded the first three Churchill Scholarships for one year of study. Subsequently, the Scholarships funded either one-year programs or three-year doctoral degrees. In order to increase the number of Churchill Scholars, the foundation decided in the early 1980s to support only one-year programs. To this day however, it is not uncommon for Churchill Scholars to obtain alternate funding to support continued doctoral study at the University of Cambridge following the completion of their Scholarship year.

Since 1963, around 602 Churchill Scholarships have been awarded. As of 2016 the Foundation has increased the number of scholarships awarded each year from fourteen to fifteen. The scholarship is worth between $50,000 and $60,000 depending on the exchange rate, covering all university and college fees (i.e., tuition, currently about $25,000) at the University of Cambridge, a living allowance, visa fees, up to $1,500 for travel between the United States and the United Kingdom, and the possibility of an additional $2,000 Special Research Grant.

Eligibility and selection
With an acceptance rate of approximately 6.3%, the Churchill Scholarship is less selective than the Marshall, Rhodes, Gates Cambridge and Mitchell scholarships (acceptance rates 3.3%, 3.7%, 1.6%, and 4% respectively), however, significantly fewer institutions are allowed to nominate candidates for the Churchill Scholarship (presently 110 institutions as compared to at least 240 institutions for the Marshall, over 320 institutions for the Rhodes, and at least 415 institutions for the Mitchell). Furthermore, each institution may nominate only two candidates to the Churchill Scholarship, so the endorsed candidate pool is initially very selective. By comparison, the Marshall scholarship typically receives 915-980 endorsed applicants and the Rhodes scholarship typically receives 850-880 endorsed applicants, and the Mitchell scholarship typically receives 300 endorsed applicants. In contrast to the Gates Cambridge Scholarship, applying to the Churchill, Marshall, Rhodes, or Mitchell scholarships all require the endorsement of an approved U.S. undergraduate institution. As such, the actual acceptance rates for these scholarships are significantly lower than the official acceptance rate of endorsed applicants (e.g., approximately 1.2% for the Rhodes in 2016). Instead of looking for the canonical "well rounded" applicant, the Churchill Scholarship seeks those with "interesting jagged-edges" and is considered one of the most academically challenging scholarships; the average GPA of the applicant pool is 3.8, and the average GPA of the winners is 3.98 (in 2016 all winners had a GPA above 3.95). From 2014-2017, 69% of the winning Churchill Scholars had previously received a Goldwater Scholarship.

Eligibility
Applicants for the Churchill Scholarship must be:
 * A U.S. citizen
 * A senior enrolled at one of the institutions participating in the scholarship program or have graduated within the past year
 * Hold a bachelor's degree or an equivalent, and may not have attained a doctorate

Selection criteria
Applicants are chosen on the basis of: Each participating institution may nominate only two candidates for the Churchill Scholarship, and each sets its own criteria for nomination.
 * Outstanding academic achievement, especially in the chosen major
 * Proven capacity for original, creative research as demonstrated by awards and letters of reference
 * Outstanding personal qualities outside of academic pursuits

Recipients
A complete list of current and past Churchill Scholars is available here.

As of 2021-2022, 82 institutions have had successful nominations, and the number of Churchill Scholars from each school are:

title: Churchill Scholarship


text: Talk:Jinsa of Baekje

title: Talk:Jinsa of Baekje


text:
Blue Orchid

"Blue Orchid" is the first track by the American alternative rock band the White Stripes from their album Get Behind Me Satan, and the first single to be released from the album. The song was released six weeks after it was written. Although it was suspected that Jack White wrote the song about his breakup with Renée Zellweger, he has denied this claim. Lyrically, "Blue Orchid" is about White's longing for classical entertainment industries and the turmoil that the newer industries sent him through.

"Blue Orchid" was released to US rock radio on April 18, 2005. Commercially, the song topped the Canadian Singles Chart in June 2005 and reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom, peaking at number nine on the UK Singles Chart the same month. In the United States, the song reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number seven on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. Elsewhere, the song was a top-twenty hit in Denmark and Norway. The music video, directed by Floria Sigismondi, was ranked number 21 on Yahoo!'s list of the "Top 25 Spookiest Videos" in 2005.

Background
The single comes in three editions, each with different additional tracks. All three covers feature two people dressed up as the White Stripes, but are noticeably different people. The first CD and the 7-inch feature the couple in the same order as Get Behind Me Satan, with "Jack" on the right. The second CD version features "Jack" on the left.

In an NPR interview, Jack White referred to "Blue Orchid" as the song that saved the album. He has denied that the song relates to the ending of his relationship with Renée Zellweger.

Music video
The video for "Blue Orchid" was ranked on Yahoo!'s "Top 25 Spookiest Videos" ranking in 2005, charting at number 21. It features Karen Elson, a model who would marry Jack White soon after the shoot. The video, which was directed by Floria Sigismondi, ends with a horse, its hooves raised in the air, about to stomp on Elson, but just before the hooves land on her, the video quickly goes black, ending.

Track listings
US and UK 7-inch single
 * A. "Blue Orchid"
 * B. "The Nurse"

US maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Blue Orchid"
 * 2) "Who's a Big Baby?"
 * 3) "Though I Hear You Calling, I Will Not Answer"
 * 4) "You've Got Her in Your Pocket" (live)
 * Track 4 was recorded live in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on August 25, 2004.

UK CD1
 * 1) "Blue Orchid"
 * 2) "Though I Hear You Calling, I Will Not Answer"

UK CD2
 * 1) "Blue Orchid"
 * 2) "Who's a Big Baby?"
 * 3) "You've Got Her in Your Pocket" (live)
 * Track 3 was recorded live in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on August 25, 2004.

Covers and remixes
"Blue Orchid" has been remixed by High Contrast on the album Fabric Live 25. It is the first track on the second disc of the album. It features the main guitar riff accompanied by a largely drum and bass inspired backing beat. The vocals from the song, "You took a white orchid, you took a white orchid and turned it blue" are repeated at various points throughout the track.

In popular culture
The song is used as the theme song for the Australian Radio Show Wil & Lehmo on Triple M; it is also used briefly in the trailer for the 2008 documentary It Might Get Loud, in which Jack White features with other musical artists The Edge and Jimmy Page. The song can also be heard in the movie, The Green Hornet, which is directed by Michel Gondry who also directed many other music videos for the White Stripes. Part of the song is also played in the second episode of Forces of Nature, a 2016 science documentary series aired on BBC One. The song was also briefly used in the Hulu miniseries adaption of Looking for Alaska. The song is also used in the intro of the dutch tv-show Draadstaal.

The song is also playable in the music video game Guitar Hero 5.

The song is featured in the trailer for the fifth season of the animated comedy Rick and Morty.

title: Blue Orchid


text: Talk:Jeonji of Baekje

title: Talk:Jeonji of Baekje


text:
Province of Fermo

The province of Fermo (provincia di Fermo) is a province in the Marche region of Italy. It was established in 2004 and became operational in 2009. Its administrative centre and provincial capital is the city of Fermo (population of 37,995 inhabitants). Other major cities include Porto Sant'Elpidio (25,118 inhabitants), Porto San Giorgio (16,201 inhabitants), Sant'Elpidio a Mare (16,838 inhabitants), and Montegranaro (13,358 inhabitants). As of 2017, the province has a population of 174,358 inhabitants and spans an area of 862.77 km2. It contains 40 comuni (: comune).

History
An 1861 report by Minister Minghetti to Prince Eugene of Savoy, Lieutenant of the King, justified merging the small and fragmented provinces of southern Marche into a single large province, a move to overcome the historical border between the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Papal States. The residents of Abruzzo and Cardinal Filippo de Angelis were opposed to this. Despite this, 58% of the population of Fermo voted in favour of merging some smaller provinces, and the province of Ascoli-Fermo was created and became known as Ascoli Piceno.

In 2000, supporters of forming a new province of Fermo exploited a pact between the Lega Nord and Forza Italia who had formed a number of proposals regarding establishing provincial bodies, including one that later led to the foundation of the province of Monza and Brianza. Fabrizio Cesetti was the only signatory of the act forming the province, which was delayed due to the conclusion of the Legislature XIII of Italy. Following this, Law 147/2004 was passed, and the province of Fermo was established in 2004.

Geography
The Province of Fermo is in the Marche region of central Italy, and stretches from the Sibillini Mountains to the Adriatic Sea. Its main geographic feature is the valley of the River Tenna. This river rises in the mountains, enters the province near Servigliano, passes through Grottazzolina and Montegiorgio, and reaches the sea near Sant'Elpidio a Mare and Porto Sant'Elpidio. The River Aso forms the southern border of the province, separating it from the Province of Ascoli Piceno. It rises in the mountains and flows into the Adriatic Sea at Pedaso. To the north of the province lies the Province of Macerata. Footwear and leather goods are produced in the area, and the main agricultural products are cereals, vegetables, grapes, olives and livestock.

The town of Fermo, the capital of the province, is an old town perched on a hill. It has a historic centre, a large piazza and a cathedral dating from 1227 with a Gothic facade. There are also traces of a Roman amphitheatre nearby. The neighbouring municipality of Porto San Giorgio has a castle dating from 1269, which protected the valley that leads to Fermo.

title: Province of Fermo