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Personal load carrying equipment

Personal load carrying equipment (PLCE) is one of several tactical webbing systems of the British Armed Forces. Dependent upon the year of design, and the decade of introduction, the webbing system was named and is commonly referred to as the 85 Pattern, the 90 Pattern or the 95 Pattern webbing.

The basic configuration consists of a belt, a shoulder harness and a number of pouches. Associated with the PLCE webbing system is a series of other similar load carrying equipment, individual items and rucksacks that are produced of the same materials and which are compatible.

Purpose
The purpose of the PLCE webbing system is to retain the means by which a soldier may operate for 48 hours or conduct a mission-specific task. Items and components may include a variety of munitions and weapon ancillaries, a three-fold entrenching tool, a bayonet, food and water (including a means to heat water and prepare food), Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing and communications equipment. Soldiers often carry other personal items such as waterproof clothing and spare socks.

History
The PLCE webbing system replaced the 58 Pattern webbing, which was Olive drab/Olive green (OD/OG) in colour and made of canvas. This system, after having been introduced to the forces in 1960 and considered long obsolete by 1980, was still part of the standard-issue equipment of the British Armed Forces during the Falklands War in 1982.

To address the common issues with canvas materials, such as shrinking and accelerated degradation in damp climates, arctic conditions, or prolonged exposure to wet terrain, military load-bearing systems—beyond those used by the British Armed Forces—have been redesigned to include or be made from newer and more durable synthetic materials.

During the Vietnam War, the United States Armed Forces had introduced and serviced the M-1967 Modernized Load-Carrying Equipment (MLCE) in 1968 and later the All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE) in 1974. Both systems had incorporated non-decomposing synthetic fabrics and were produced of highly durable nylon.

Following this influential lead and reconsidering the progression and renewal of military load bearing systems around the world, Britain developed 72 Pattern webbing, which mainly consisted of two ammunition pouches, to be worn on the front and a field pack, to be worn on the back, made of Polyurethane-coated nylon and Butyl rubber. This system was never generally issued but was a Troop Trials Equipment.

The National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee) of the German Democratic Republic designed and introduced the Uniformtrageversuch 85–90 (UTV 85–90), resembling, with the exception of the clothing system, a modified duplicate of the British Type 58 Pattern webbing, inheriting very similar features in appearance and function. The shoulder harness was of identical design, the belt had featured the use of identical buckles and 58 Pattern C-hooks had been incorporated in all components. Complementary items, such as pouches, had been changed in design and size, to meet Warsaw Pact requirements. The webbing system and components were produced of more robust Nylon and featured the Strichtarn camouflage pattern. Whilst this late improvement was observed by the British Armed Forces and being found to be an affront, especially against the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), no further considerations have been made, as the testing of prototypic PLCE equipment was already underway.

85 Pattern
Developments resumed with the progression of the firearms development and introduction of the SA80 family of British small arms. Trials of experimental PLCE webbing and Combat Body Armour (CBA) were conducted with selected units in 1984 and 1985. Being very similar to the first standard issue PLCE webbing system, it used snaps of proprietary design for closure on all pouches.

90 Pattern
Seven years after the Falklands War, the first standard issue PLCE webbing was introduced in 1989 as the 90 Pattern webbing and was Olive (OD/OG) in colour.

The original components used Type 58 Pattern C-hooks for the belt attachment, and angled D-rings for the shoulder harness attachment on the ammunition pouches. There were separate left and right pouches. The first utility pouches in production had additional belt attachments for high mounting, similar to the ammunition pouches of the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment or 44 Pattern. Later produced PLCE webbing of the 90 Pattern incorporates ambidextrous yoke fittings and the standard PLCE webbing belt attachments (see below).

The PLCE webbing system was also adopted by the Danish Defence Forces (Forsvaret) in the M84 camouflage pattern and by the Defence Forces of Ireland (Óglaigh na hÉireann) in Olive drab. The Permanent and Reserve Defence Forces now employ the Integrated Protection and Load Carrying System (IPLCS).

Many other countries still issue or have issued similar load bearing systems. By way of example, in its year of introduction to the forces, the United States Armed Forces have adopted the Individual Integrated Fighting System (IIFS).

The newest variant of the PLCE webbing system, of the 90 Pattern, has been in production since 1992 and has the Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) camouflage pattern of the partially obsolete Combat Soldier 95 ("Soldier 95") clothing system. The official name remained unchanged.

95 Pattern
With the introduction of the Combat Soldier 95 (CS95 or "Soldier 95") clothing system in 1995, the common misconception arose that a complete revision of the 90 Pattern PLCE webbing system was taking place. The clothing system underwent final development and entered troop trials in between 1992 and 1995. Garments were manufactured for the trials, yet the PLCE webbing system issued, officially remained of the 90 Pattern.

Due to confusion, or for the sake of convenience, individual components of the webbing system, were by 1995, unofficially named, described and specified as the Type 95 Pattern webbing, as having been widely understood to be part of the Combat Soldier 95 clothing system. No official name change had taken place. The only array of PLCE components that could be considered of the unofficial 95 Pattern, are those components produced during or after that year.

Construction
The PLCE webbing system is produced from double-layered 1,000 Denier internally rubberised Cordura Nylon, a long lasting and hard wearing fabric. Olive webbing of the same material ("1000 D") is being incorporated, along with a variety of hard wearing plastic fasteners (ITW Nexus), Hook and loop fasteners (Velcro) and anti-magnetic press stud fasteners ("Pull the Dot").

The pouches are opened and closed with Spanish Tab fasteners, they can be closed in two ways, quick release or secure. Small sections of Velcro, sewn on the inside of the lids of the pouches and the top front section of the pouches, allow for easy and effortless fastening. Added silencer strips allow them to be covered when not needed.

A standard ammunition pouch as issued ("Pouch, Ammunition, Universal, DPM, IRR") has two pockets; single pocket versions ("Pouch, Ammunition (Other Arms), DPM, IRR") are available for those not required to carry as much ammunition. Pouches designated to hold ammunition initially contained a dividing strip to hold two magazines in separate compartments and eliminate rattle. Some soldiers, especially infantry soldiers, often removed these dividing strips to make it easier to insert and remove magazines. They also found that three magazines would then fit comfortably and without excessive noise, giving a total capacity of twelve magazines per person in a standard fighting configuration. Later issue ammunition pouches were manufactured without dividers, as eight magazines was not thought to be sufficient for sustained firefights. Without dividers, each pouch can alternatively contain one grenade.

Infrared reflective (IRR) coating and dyes are incorporated in all fabric and webbing of the PLCE webbing system, which replicates the near-infrared reflectance of natural foliage. For example, green foliage is highly reflective to near-infrared light and thus appears white when viewed through IR optics (or bright green through night vision). The IRR camouflage pattern therefore works correctly when viewed through infrared night vision optics just as it does in visible light. Non-IRR fabric would appear as a solid colour dependent on its reflectance and the camouflage pattern would be lost.

Order of dress
The Infantry Trials and Development Unit (ITDU), based in Warminster, conducted trials with the PLCE webbing system. It had decided for the system to be fit for purpose, and divided the system into three orders of dress: The Assault Order consists of the essentials needed to conduct a military task in the theatre of war. Ammunition, the water bottle, the entrenching tool, the bayonet, the helmet, and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) protective clothing (stowed in one of the detachable side pouches of the rucksack) is to be carried on operations and patrols of only short duration. The Combat Order is the Assault Order in addition to the means of stowage for rations and personal equipment, that enable the British soldier to live and fight for a period of 24 hours. The second side pouch of the rucksack is now carried. In practice, the patrol packs are used by many units and individual soldiers instead of the side pouches, as they are to be found larger in size and more convenient. The Marching Order is the Combat Order in addition to the carrying of the rucksack (Bergen) and is the fighting load required for operations of up to the duration of two weeks, without means of resupply, except for ammunition, rations and water. The complete Bergen (with side pouches attached) is being carried.
 * Assault Order.
 * Combat Order.
 * Marching Order.

Configuration
The initial basis of the PLCE webbing system is the belt; it features two D-rings at the back to attach to the shoulder harness, and many rows of narrow vertical slots sewn into the fabric. Two or more front pouches (ammunition or utility) attach to the belt; these have belt loops and feature T-Bar plastic tab attachments to provide more stability and security when connected to the belt. Every major component of the PLCE webbing system features two T-Bar plastic tab attachments.

The six-point shoulder harness attaches to the two D-rings on the belt and the two A-rings on each front pouch chosen. This benefits the distribution of weight and allows for a more comfortable carry, than provided with the use of a four-point shoulder harness. Pouches that are to be worn on the back (field pack, utility, water bottle, respirator, wire cutter, entrenching tool) attach to the belt using the same loop and tab system.

The detachable side pouches of a Bergen (Pouch, Side, Rucksack, DPM, IRR) can be attached to the dedicated shoulder harness (Yoke, Pouch Side, Rucksack, DPM, IRR) to construct a day-sack.

Scaling
In 1997, the Defence Clothing and Textile Agency had decided that the issue of 1990 Pattern (Infantry)-type PLCE to individual soldiers was to be scaled as follows:
 * 01. 1x Carrier, Entrenching Tool.
 * 02. 2x Pouch Side, Rucksack.
 * 03. 1x Carrier, Water Canteen.
 * 04. 2x Pouch, Ammunition, Universal.
 * 05. 1x Pouch, Utility.
 * 06. 1x Haversack, Respirator.
 * 07. 1x Yoke, Main.
 * 08. 1x Yoke, Pouch Side, Rucksack.
 * 09. 2x Strap, Pouch Side, Yoke.
 * 10. 1x Belt, Waist (of appropriate size).
 * 11. 2x Strap, Utility, O/D, IRR.
 * 12. 1x Bayonet, Frog, DPM, IRR.
 * 13. 1x Rucksack (Infantry) (of appropriate size).
 * 14. 1x Bag, Insertion, Rucksack.
 * 15. 2x Bag, Insertion, Pouch, Side, Rucksack.
 * 16. 1x Bag, Transparent, PLCE, Rucksack.
 * 17. 2x Bag, Transparent, PLCE, Pouch, Side, Rucksack.

The standard-issue accoutrement today, dependent upon the branch of service, was changed to the capacity of two front pouches (Pouch, Ammunition, Universal, DPM, IRR) instead of one. To this, privately purchased water bottle or utility pouches and hip pads are often added. The entrenching tool pouch (Carrier, Entrenching Tool Case, DPM, IRR) is sometimes used as an alternative water bottle pouch.

Multi Terrain Pattern (MTP) PLCE is replacing all Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) PLCE as the core issued webbing equipment for the British Armed Forces, this program started in 2015.

Components
The following example of individual components, are all current issue items of the British Armed Forces, however many Commercial variants are available.
 * Webbing:
 * Yoke, Main, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1560]
 * Belt, Waist, Small, OD, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1563]
 * Strap, Utility, OD, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1566]
 * Strap, Waist, O/A. [NSN 8465-99-730-2314] (OD)
 * Pad, Hip Protection, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-869-0392]
 * Pouch, Ammunition, Universal, DPM, IRR. [8465-99-132-1557]
 * Pouch, Ammunition (Other Arms), DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-5367]
 * Pouch, Utility, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1558]
 * Pouch, Radio, DPM, IRR, N.I. [NSN 8465-99-978-7651]
 * Haversack, Respirator, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1559]
 * Carrier, Water Canteen, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1556]
 * Carrier, Entrenching Tool Case, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1554]
 * Frog, Bayonet, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1567]
 * Frog, Bayonet, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-011-2306] (OD)
 * Sheath, Jungle Knife, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-341-8350]
 * Sheath, Machete, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-495-9250]
 * Holster, Pistol (Other Arms), DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-5365]
 * Holster, O/A, R/H, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-306-0049]
 * Harness, Holster, Other Arms, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-5366]
 * Bag, Ammunition. [NSN 8465-99-679-8281] (Manufactured to hold 200 rounds of ammunition for the FN Minimi light machine gun.)
 * Yoke, Pouch Side, Rucksack, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1561]
 * Ancillaries:
 * Plain Other Arms Scabbard for Bayonet (fits inside frog)
 * SA80 Infantry Scabbard for Bayonet with Sharpening Stone and Saw/Wire Cutters (fits inside frog)
 * Auxiliaries:
 * Harness Panel, Drop Leg, Desert DPM. [NSN 8465-99-562-6399]
 * Holster, Pistol, L/H. [NSN 1095-99-869-2071] (BLK)
 * Water Bottle Pouch. [NSN 8415-99-461-4942] (DDPM)
 * Pouch, Knife/Torch. [NSN 8415-99-461-4936] (DDPM)
 * Individual Hydration System. [NSN 8465-99-842-7034] (DPM) (Camelbak Products, LLC)
 * Individual Hydration System. [NSN 8465-99-687-2284] (DDPM) (Camelbak Products, LLC)
 * Field Pack. [NSN 4240-99-800-9601] (DDPM)
 * Field Pack. [NSN 8465-99-434-6734] (MTP)
 * Tactical Equipment:
 * Chest Webbing, DPM, IRR, N.I. [NSN 8465-99-978-7650] (Chest Rig with three ammunition pouches, two utility pouches and a map pocket.)
 * Pouch, Rifle Grenade, G.S., DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-616-7708] (Now technically obsolete, with the adoption of the SA80 with UGL.)
 * Bandolier, G.P., DPM, IRR. [NSN 1305-99-701-8285]
 * Underslung Grenade Launcher (UGL) Bandolier. [NSN 1310-99-246-1848]
 * 11 Round 40mm Grenade, Bandolier, Woodland DPM. [NSN 1305-99-371-1332] (BCB International Limited)
 * Waistcoat, Mans, General Purpose Ops. [NSN 8405-99-527-1800] (All Arms Waistcoat with two ammunition pouches, four utility pouches, two general purpose pouches and two pockets.)
 * Medical Equipment:
 * Pack Medical, Battlefield Ambulance, DPM, IRR. [NSN 6545-99-131-3964]
 * Pouch Medical, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-4567] (First-Aid Trauma Pack)
 * Pouch Medical, Side Rucksack, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-130-9326]
 * Rucksacks:
 * Patrol Pack, 30 Litre, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-869-3875]
 * Rucksack and Frame, (INF) Long Convoluted Back, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-9220] (Bergen) (Rucksack, Infantry, or All Arms in later manufacture.) (100 Litres)
 * Rucksack and Frame, (INF) Short Convoluted Back, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-9221] (Bergen)
 * Pouch, Side, Rucksack, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-132-1555]
 * Rucksack and Frame, (INF) Long Convoluted Back, MTP, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-361-7307] (Bergen)
 * Rucksack, Radio Carrier, DPM, IRR. [NSN 5820-99-869-211] (Allows comfortable carry of Model 320, 350, 351, 352 and Cougar radios.)
 * Rucksack, Other Arms, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8465-99-978-5364] (A smaller Bergen with holdall-style carrying handles and pack-away shoulder straps, designed to be carried in vehicles.)
 * Field Pack, Air Support Back, DPM, IRR. [NSN 8485-99-380-6492] (Large rucksack with 6 external pouches on the rear, and provision for an extra side pouch to be attached across the top. This item has been issued to some SF, Pathfinder and STA Patrol Troops of the British Armed Forces.)

Assault vest
A new standard-issue piece of equipment (Waistcoat, Mans, General Purpose Ops.) that was designed for carrying essential items on a more secure platform than the original webbing system.

This consists of a typical waistcoat design, fastened with three ITW Nexus clips. Two triple ammunition pouches are situated on the left hand side of the coat, along with a utility pouch, small utility pouch and a zippered pocket with an internal holster. The right side is similar but with three large utility pouches, along with a small utility pouch and again a zippered pocket with notepad holder. All pouches open and close with ITW Nexus clips as well as having storm seals.

The vest is adjusted through four ladderlock fasteners and webbing, the shoulders are adjustable with Velcro material. The concept is to gain a secure load carrying system that fits over body armour comfortably. There are various types of this vest depending upon the year of manufacture. The originals are as described above but newer models have loops on the left side for the bayonet frog, clips for a large hydration pouch, name patches on the left side, and a small utility pouch. Most recently, the Spanish tab fasteners are being incorporated again, instead of the ITW Nexus clips.

The standard-issue assault vest, depending on the operational requirements, is available in either the Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) camouflage pattern, or the Desert DPM (DDPM) camouflage pattern. Commercial variants are available in multiple colours, such as Black, Green, or the American Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) camouflage pattern.

Criticism
The main criticism of the PLCE webbing system amongst members of the British Armed Forces is that the belt is prone to slipping. Some soldiers opt to change the plastic buckle for a Roll-Pin type, whereby the belt is threaded and tightened each time it is put on.

Future
In 2015, VIRTUS, the Personal Protective Equipment and Load Carriage System, began being issued to high readiness units.

Due to the introduction and constant improvement of protective equipment, such as the Osprey Body Armour (OBA), the PLCE webbing system is incompatible so Osprey Mk 4 has a MOLLE belt and under armour Yoke to allow Osprey pouches to be used as belt equipment.

After the first introduction in 1989, PLCE in its current MTP form is still Britain's core issue webbing equipment which is compatible with ECBA armour and Mk 6 and 7 helmet, with Osprey issued to non-deployed infantry, leaving Virtus issued to deployed Infantry Commando and Parachute Units.

Most other nations are developing, or have developed more modular load bearing systems, such as the Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) which is being widely employed by most branches of the United States Armed Forces. Following this major improvement, the Pouch Attachment Ladder System (PALS) had been incorporated into the Osprey Body Armour (OBA) platform, which is currently being issued to British troops on operations world-wide.

Users

 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: As the Oppakningssystem M/96.
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait: digital desert version -PLCE assault vest
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom

title: Personal load carrying equipment


text:
Talk:HeLa

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 October 2021 and 15 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tespat.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 January 2020 and 14 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sebawmm24, Angela432. Peer reviewers: Jc181maple, A.Hausker.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:10, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

incoherency
is the kariotype stable or not? 2 opposing citations: 1) "Researchers have also noted how stable these aberrant karyotypes can be" 2) "the notorious instability of HeLa's karyotype" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.216.121.9 (talk) 17:32, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Error in lead paragraph?
The lead says the cells "were taken without her knowledge or consent by researcher George Gey...", which I don't think is accurate. I believe that the cells were taken from her tumor by the surgical team that operated on her, not Dr. Gey, and the samples afterwards given to Dr. Gey, who was the researcher doing work at Johns Hopkins. The wording seems to imply the he himself took the samples from her, possibly even surreptitiously.

Later in the Origin section, it says the "cells were propagated by" Dr. Gey, which is more correct, but still leaves the actual origin rather vague.

I think the lead paragraph should be corrected to be more clear about this. Or if that would make the lead too long, put more detailed info in the Origin section. T bonham (talk) 04:08, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I've verified it on and shall correct it. Thanks, cmɢʟee⎆τaʟκ 11:36, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

What does this sentence even mean?
"it is estimated that HeLa cells, at one point, contaminated millions of dollars worth of biological research."

Can we rewrite this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.158.66.191 (talk) 00:51, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

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Recent changes to date formats
A recent series of edits changed the long-standing date format of this article from Month Day(date), Year to Day(date) Month, Year, so from February 14, 2018 to 14 February, 2018. This would seem to be against the WP:MOSNUM Manual of Style guideline of keeping previously-existing/long-standing date formats (plus the fact that Mrs. Lacks was American and the most common US format is Month Day(date), Year). Thoughts, reactions, here please. Thanks, Shearonink (talk) 06:29, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The article says that HeLa is pronounced, but I've always only heard it as. Looking through the edits, it seems like it used to be but was changed at some point without a source. Does anyone have a source for this or can anyone confirm one of these pronunciations? Kalexchu (talk) 03:05, 24 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I have never heard it pronounced as anything other than HEEluh (or something close to that). I think the IP was apparently trying to be oh-so-funny & clever, saying that the pronunciation was "HEYLah" - like the "Hey ya" song by Andre3000. I've changed it back to the correct pronunciation, thanks for catching the problem. Shearonink (talk) 03:27, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

Changes
Hi there, I'm a student editor at JHU editing this article for a final project. My partner and I made some changes to the article shown on Wikipedia. To save time, I'll detail some of the things we've changed so far: shortened the intro, added a controversy section to reflect the bioethical issue produced by HeLa, reorganized the use in research section by field. I also plan to reorganize the photos in the article to be more spread out (specifically the ones at the bottom of the article) to get a better image distribution. Thanks for your time! Sebawmm24 (talk) 01:50, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:HeLa


text:
Joondalup

Joondalup  is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, approximately 26 km north of Perth's central business district. It contains the central business district of the regional City of Joondalup and acts as the primary urban centre of Perth's outer northern suburbs.

History
During the latter part of the 1960s, the Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority developed the Corridor Plan for Perth which was published and adopted in 1970. The plan called for the creation of five "sub-regional" retail centres (Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, Armadale and Rockingham) which would form the commercial and economic focus of each "node", and take the retail burden away from the CBD. The Corridor Plan was not endorsed by Parliament until 1973.

In order to grow both the five "sub-regional" retail centres and these off-corridor regional shopping centres, a Retail Shopping Policy was developed by MRPA in 1976, and a Perth Metropolitan Region Retail Structure Plan was put in place to regulate the industry. This Plan was amended as new centres were required. A review of the Corridor Plan in 1987 found that the sub-regional centres had failed to adequately compete against the regional shopping centres in the middle-distance suburbs.

Most of the land in the area remained largely undeveloped until the 1960s, and Joondalup started to become the "city of the north" towards the late 1980s to the early 1990s when houses and businesses were established in the area. Joondalup is the key regional hub for the north of Perth, a status confirmed by the Western Australian State Government's new Directions 2031 strategy which names Joondalup town centre as one of two Primary Centres for the Perth metropolitan area.

The city is named after Lake Joondalup. The name Joondalup is a Noongar word, first recorded in 1837 and possibly meaning either "place of whiteness or glistening", or "place of a creature that can only move backwards".

Geography
Joondalup is bounded by Burns Beach Road to the north, Mitchell Freeway to the west, Eddystone and Lakeside Drive to the south and Lake Joondalup to the east. Grand Boulevard and Joondalup Drive run through the centre of the suburb. Most of Joondalup consists of commercial and residential zones, although a suburban area exists between Moore Drive and Burns Beach Road near Currambine train station, and some small residential estates have been built along Lakeside Drive. The Yellagonga Regional Park and a small bushland corridor near the TAFE and university campuses are located in the east and south.

Demographics
In the 2016 census, there were 9,090 people in Joondalup. 46.4% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 15.3%, New Zealand 3.8%, South Africa 3.3%, Scotland 2.1% and India 2.0%. 73.5% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.0%, Arabic 1.9% and Afrikaans 1.3%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 34.5%, Catholic 17.6% and Anglican 13.4%. The median age of the suburb was 34.

Governance and law
Joondalup falls under the local government of the City of Joondalup and is represented by two councillors from the North Ward. The current councillors are Kerry Hollywood and Tom McLean. The council chambers for the City of Joondalup are located in Joondalup's central business district. The complex includes Joondalup Library, which serves as the central library and local history centre for both the City of Joondalup and the City of Wanneroo local authorities. The Joondalup offices of the Australian Electoral Commission are located in the CBD. At state parliament level, Joondalup is represented in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly by a member from Joondalup electoral district. The current member is Emily Hamilton. In the Australian federal parliament, the suburb is part of the Division of Moore and is currently represented by Ian Goodenough.

The Western Australia Police Force has a police station based in Joondalup. The WA Magistrates Court has a metropolitan court based in Joondalup that deals with both criminal offences and civil claims for debt or damages and non-offences.

Retail
Joondalup's central business district, centred on Grand Boulevard, is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments. Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City is located adjacent to the Joondalup railway station and backs onto Grand Boulevard.

Events and festivals
Joondalup is home to the Joondalup Festival, an annual event that takes place in the CBD featuring markets, music, fashion, street arts, fairground rides and street parades. The festival is free-of-charge and attracts people from all over the Perth metropolitan area. Kaleidoscope Festival has also been held in the city since 2016, featuring various art and light installations. The festival attracted over 50,000 people in its inaugural year.

Parks and beaches
The city has a number of parks including Central Park and Neil Hawkins Park in the Yellagonga Regional Park. The Neil Hawkins Park is home to many parrots (including the Australian ringneck), cockatoos and kangaroos. The park is located alongside Lake Joondalup and wetlands which stretches out between Burns Beach Road to the north and Ocean Reef Road to the south. These wetlands provide refuge for migratory birds. Joondalup's coastal front consists of Burns Beach in the north and Beaumaris Beach in Ocean Reef, running onto the Ocean Reef Boat Harbour in the south.

Sports
Joondalup is home to ECU Joondalup SC, Joondalup United FC and Sorrento FC who play in the National Premier Leagues which is Australia's second tier association football league. Sorrento FC is one of Joondalup's most successful clubs and their derbies with ECU Joondalup are always eagerly anticipated.

Arena Joondalup, (also known commercially as HBF Arena) located northwest of Lakeside Shopping Centre, is the home venue of West Perth Football Club and Wanneroo Basketball Association. The Arena also hosts music events and festivals during the year, as well as the Home and Lifestyle Expo, an annual exhibition held in late March to early April.

Furthermore, in the early 1990s with the addition of the Western Reds to the National Rugby League, the Joondalup Giants was established playing home games from Admiral Park in WARL completion.

Education
The Joondalup suburb is a major location for tertiary education in the northern suburbs and is known as the Joondalup Learning Precinct. The North Metropolitan TAFE has a campus in Joondalup providing state government education to meet the demands of students wanting to enter the workforce with up-to-date, industry-specific, practical skills. It was previously called the West Coast Institute of Training. Edith Cowan University has a major campus based in the suburb. It offers graduate and post graduate degrees on the campus that also includes, libraries, guilds, commercial shops, sporting facilities, and student housing. Situated in the same Joondalup Learning Precinct as ECU and the TAFE campuses is the West Australian Police Academy. The Western Australia Police's training academy was moved from Maylands to Joondalup and was officially opened on 15 February 2002. The suburb also contains Joondalup Primary School and Lake Joondalup Baptist College.

Health
Joondalup contains a major public hospital, Joondalup Health Campus, which serves as the main health facility for most of Perth's northern suburbs, as far north as Two Rocks. It is often cited as one of the busiest, if not the busiest hospital in Australia due to it being the only major public hospital in the northern suburbs of Perth. Joondalup Private Hospital is also incorporated into the public Health Campus, and both facilities are owned and operated by Ramsay Health Care.

Utilities
The Joondalup region's primary potable water supply comes from the nearby Gnangara Mound. The water is treated at the Wanneroo Groundwater Treatment Plant and, as in most of Western Australia, is managed by the Water Corporation.

Road transport
The suburb of Joondalup has three interchanges to the State Route 2, Mitchell Freeway on Hodges Drive, Shenton Avenue and Burns Beach Road. The other major route through the suburb is State Route 85, Joondalup Drive which leads to the Tonkin Highway and when completed, the Brand Highway and Great Northern Highway.

Public transport
The Joondalup train station and bus interchange is located next to and connected to Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City. The railway line diverges off the alignment in the median of the Mitchell Freeway to serve the station. The interchange is connected to the Transperth train network linking the area to the Perth CBD - a 25-minute journey - and to Butler railway station the terminus of the line. For a few months in early 1993, Joondalup was the terminus of the railway, and is part of the Joondalup Line.

There are two types of bus services in the suburb. A free service, the Central Area Transit (routes 10 (Red) and 11 (Blue)), travel a circular route around Joondalup's central area, including Joondalup Health Campus, Edith Cowan University, North Metropolitan TAFE and Joondalup CBD. Route 13 (Yellow CAT) also operates during the ECU school term in the evenings Monday to Thursday, serving exclusive stops on the campus.

The rest of the suburb is serviced by normal, fare-paying services departing from the Joondalup Railway Station. Routes 390, 391, 467, 468, 471, 473 and 474 operate along Grand Boulevard through the centre of Joondalup. Routes 467 and 468 travel down Joondalup Drive with a stop at Brienz Drive, routes 390 and 391 travel along Candlewood Boulevard, and routes 473 and 474 travel along Blue Mountain Drive, all serving the housing area in the north part of the suburb.

title: Joondalup


text:
Brancaster

Brancaster is a village and civil parish on the north coast of the English county of Norfolk. The civil parish of Brancaster comprises Brancaster itself, together with Brancaster Staithe and Burnham Deepdale. The three villages form a more or less continuous settlement along the A149 at the edge of the Brancaster Manor marshland and the Scolt Head Island National Nature Reserve. The villages are located about 3 mi west of Burnham Market, 22 mi north of the town of King's Lynn and 31 mi north-west of the city of Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 8.27 mi2 and in the 2011 census had a population of 797 in 406 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. In 2016, Janet Lake, the clerk to Brancaster Parish Council, reached 50 years of service in the post.

The villages name means 'Roman site of Branodunum', where the original Romano-British name may be preserved in the first element. The name is from British bran(n)o, 'crow/raven' possibly used as a personal name, and duno-, 'fortification'. Alternatively, perhaps, 'broomy Roman site'.

St Mary's Church at Burnham Deepdale is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk; it also has a carved Norman font.

Geography and geology
A petrified forest can be seen on the foreshore near Brancaster at low tide. It is about three-quarters of a mile west of the golf clubhouse and consists of material similar to compacted peat or brown coal (lignite). Remains also wash ashore after storms and can be found along the high tide line. The material resembles black rubber but can be broken easily to reveal plant remains inside.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward had a population at the 2011 Census of 1,293.

Branodunum – Roman settlement
There was a Roman fort and settlement here named Branodunum to the east of the modern village. The Saxon Shore fort (and the related civilian settlement, much of which was destroyed during the construction of a locally opposed housing development in the 1970s) is visible only as grass-covered mounds and remains mainly unexcavated.

Shipwreck on the beach
The wreck that used to be visible at low tide but has now been almost completely covered by the westerly drifting sand was the 1021grt coaster SS Vina which was used for target practice by the RAF before accidentally sinking in 1944. The Vina was built at Leith by Ramage & Ferguson in 1894 and was registered at Grangemouth. She was a coast-hugging general cargo ship which would have worked the crossings between the east coast of England and through to the Baltic states.

As she neared the end of her useful seagoing life in 1940, Vina was requisitioned as a naval vessel for wartime use as a blockship, carrying a crew of 12. With Great Yarmouth being a strategic port on the east coast, the ultimate fate for the ship would have been to have had her hold filled with concrete and explosives and she would have been sunk at the harbour mouth, blocking entry in the event of a Nazi invasion. Once this threat passed, she was taken out of blockship service and towed up the east coast towards Brancaster where she was used as a target for the RAF before the planned invasion of Normandy in 1944.

Originally anchored further out to sea on the Titchwell side as a target for cannon shell trials, she dragged her anchor on 20 August 1944, in a north-westerly gale and ran ashore. Numerous efforts have been made to remove the wreck from the sandbank as the ship is not only a danger to navigation but also attracts holiday makers who walk out to the vessel's remains at low tide. Various parts have been removed and, in 1968, her bronze propeller was blown off by salvagers and floated across the harbour channel. Removal efforts have long been abandoned as uneconomic.

Lives have been lost due to attempts to reach the Vina as it is on the far side of a fast-flowing tidal harbour channel. Local lifeboats and RAF rescue helicopters have been pressed into service on many occasions. A warning sign on the wreck advises anyone reaching it to return to the beach immediately.

National Trust and the beach
The beach area and some of the marshes are managed by the National Trust.

Royal West Norfolk Golf Club
The village is home to the Royal West Norfolk Golf Club., it was founded in 1892, its design being from Holcombe Ingleby. In 2014 it was listed as the 47th best golf course in the UK and Ireland by Golf Monthly magazine.

Space programme
In the 1950s and '60s, Brancaster was considered as a possible location for the launching site for the British space programme. This idea was expanded to include the village becoming the base for a facility that could be used by a spaceplane to undertake secret flights over the USSR. Development would have meant that the village would probably have been razed and the villagers rehoused.

The eventual installation of oil rigs in the North Sea saw the idea shelved, as the risk, however slight, of atmospheric re-entry material hitting the rigs, was too great.

War memorial
Brancaster's war memorial is located in St Mary the Virgin's Churchyard and is a stone Celtic cross. It lists the following names for the First World War:
 * Captain Charles Simms-Reeve (1885–1915), 2nd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * Petty-Officer Herbert W. Harrell (1878–1914), HMS Cressy
 * Staff-Sergeant Robert E. Loynes (1882–1918), 258th (Siege) Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
 * Chief-Stoker P. Isaac Winterborne (1878–1917), HMS Vanguard
 * Lance-Corporal Albert J. West (1893–1916), 8th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * Lance-Corporal Bede Guthrie (1896–1917), 1/5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 * Lance-Corporal Charles R. Raven (1889–1917), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Lance-Corporal Charles W. Ranson (1893–1918), 1st Battalion, Welsh Guards
 * Private Ernest Petchey (1887–1917), 7th Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment
 * Private Thomas W. Youngs (1892–1917), 7th Battalion, Border Regiment
 * Private John W. Nudds (d.1917), 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * Private Herbert R. Martin (1881–1916), 12th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * Private Andrew M. King (d.1917), 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment
 * Private Herbert Woodbine (d.1918), 14th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 * Private Russel Southerland (1896–1917), 120th Company, Machine Gun Corps
 * Private John H. Britton (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Walter W. Fiddaman (1896–1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Albert E. Pitcher (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Samuel Proudfoot (1892–1917), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private William J. Billing (d.1916), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Herbert Youngs (1895–1915), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Charles W. B. Matsell (d.1917), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private William J. Skipper (d.1916), 7th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
 * Private Percy Williamson (d.1918), 11th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
 * David Fernie
 * George Lake
 * Charles Purer
 * John Ramsay
 * Cyril Thompson-Large

And, the following for the Second World War:
 * Captain A. J. Julian Cory-Wright (1917–1944), 181st (Field) Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * Flying-Officer Anthony D. H. Hawley (1923–1943), Royal Air Force
 * Lieutenant Johnathan F. Cory-Wright (d.1945), Scots Guards
 * Lieutenant David Gilliat (1922–1944), Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry
 * Aircraftwoman-Second Class Phyllis M. Duffield (d.1942), Women's Auxiliary Air Force
 * Lance-Bombardier Herbert E. Sutherland (1914–1943), Leicestershire Yeomanry, Royal Artillery

And, the following for the Berlin Blockade:
 * John Sharp, DFC

Notable people

 * John Brancastre (died 1218), churchman and administrator, was Vicar of Brancaster and was probably born in the village.
 * John Weatherhead (1775–1797), Royal Navy officer, was born here, son of a Rector
 * Captain Sir William Bolton (1777–1830), Royal Navy officer, grew up at Brancaster, where his father was Rector.
 * Herbert Reeve (1868–1956), Rector of Brancaster 1924 to 1945
 * Felicity Tree (1894–1978), socialite daughter of Herbert Beerbohm Tree, lived at Brancaster

title: Brancaster


text:
Talk:Ronald Mallett

How far has he proceed?
How far has he proceed to build the thing?
 * I second the request. What's the current status of his project? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.67.35.214 (talk) 16:09, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 87.074%. - 82.16.12.184 (talk) 12:26, 4 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.226.212.91 (talk)
 * It's been nearly four years since the Discovery channel special on his project. What's going on with it?173.58.53.212 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:56, 15 January 2011 (UTC).
 * Another two years and nothing. Is Ron Mallet still involved with this project?173.58.96.84 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:44, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

How Many Ts!?!
Wait a second! I wrote the article, but I'm not sure: Is his last name spelled with one or two Ts? I just noticed that I had it both ways!! I think it's one T. I'm going to check on that, but if you do it before I do, then that's good, too. Steveo2 I wish someone would mention his interview on Coast to Coast with Art Bell.

 * Two Ts according to his homepage. I fixed the image caption. Rl 11:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * One T according to the cover of his book (just read, hence reading this page), but I guess a web page is more accurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.193.120 (talk) 17:30, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Good grief, the man's an academic. Check Google Scholar for his published papers. The only time you find it with one "t" is when he is referenced by someone who is not Ronald Malle tt. JohndanR (talk) 14:29, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Vandal
How can you report 69.248.78.78 for vandalism?

Age Information
The age information on the page is not mathematically correct. Since the info is also uncited, We should work toward finding citations for the claims about the year of his father's death, the year he earned his Ph.D. and definitely cite his motivation for working on time travel. As far as I'm concerned, The info should probably be removed until it can be properly substantiated according to WP:BLP. I will tackle this unless someone else has good reason why it should remain.Pihanki 02:58, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

No, it's proof he will succeed, and that he's come back already and fiddled with the order of events. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.145.109.212 (talk) 20:52, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

No Photo
A photo of the man should be there.there is on avaailable on the site listed on the page.
 * A photo has been added. The photo was provided by himself by my request. Also the date of birth was incorrect according to Ronald L Mallett in his email message sent to me. I corrected the date of birth--Senthi (talk) 02:48, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

Historical Credits/References?
I don't feel qualified to update the article, but for those maintaining this article, I think it should also mention G%C3%B6del_metric, as everyone seems to stand on the shoulders of giants and this 1949 discovery seems, by far, to be the earliest solution of GR producing CTC's. Kurt Gödel was Einstein's commute buddy at Princeton (walking), and contributed this discovery to an entry on Einstein in a volume on the 20th Century's Greatest Philosophers. This is detailed in: "A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Godel and Einstein" by Palle Yourgrau.

Tactless
This page is a slap in the fact to Dr. Mallet. Half of it objects to his work. Put more info about his work and start a new page for the objections. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Radicalcentrist1990 (talk • contribs) 04:24, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

How is it a slap in the "face" of Dr. Mallet? He is supposed to be a scientist, so he can deal with objections to his work, as that goes with the territory of being a scientist. No new page has to be added. In fact, the objections page should be expanded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tardyon (talk • contribs) 21:45, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

It's not a slap, if his theories are bordering on quackary. Everything he propose(s/d) is not based on reality and has been disproven by other physicists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.214.153.89 (talk) 22:17, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

I agree with the OP. The article is clearly full of POV and not encyclopedic. 91.49.228.143 (talk) 02:44, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

What can light do for time travel, versus a weapon?
I cannot see, from the article's description of his work, without more article details, how it is that things can be made to go back in time, as Mallett's work is described in his appearances on YouTube clips of Discovery Channel / TLC shows. Conventional energy fields, can only accelerate matter, up to speeds approaching the speed of light, which causes their time to lorentzian "contract" to slower rates. No? Particle accelerators, for example, use electromagnetic waves in the radio regieme to only accelerate particles upto speeds all slower than light, and so they "tick" slower at the relativistic speeds. Like muons that normally last microseconds, but can last many times longer when nearing the speed of light, before decaying. Matter-energy-space configurations can only affect matter-energy-space configurations into slower time frames of reference, all below the speed of light, or at the speed of light for photons related to the matter-energy-space configurations. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 18:47, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

The only thing I can see coming from this research, as it is supericially described, is as a weapons platform, from the university research. The entire set of experiment descriptions seem to rely on a high intensity loop or line of light, created by either slowing light down with high synthetic refraction indexes, or "optical circulation cylinders", or even strong gravitational fields like a black hole. These would not allow time travel into the past, as far as I can discern, but such "optical superconductor / supercapacitor" could allow the storage of some amount of light for later release. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 18:47, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

I ran across the idea of optical superconductors back in 1996, and wonder where it is currently, myself. What are the current potentials for making optical (near-/virtual-/actual-)superconductors? That is, what is the potential for making a material field capable of concentrating and holding a line, ring, or sphere of light, with virtually zero loss of light, and also have an extremely high capacity for light storage density? It would definitiely require a transparent material that doesn't scatter light, have a graded index of refraction to accumulate light from some light source outside of the field into a spatial light attractor pattern, with possible coherent radiation during the nonlinear accumulation and photon redirection into the photon attractor path, and linear (not nonlinear optics) in the core, or even general photon-quantized properties to remain photo path storage stable, as the density of the light being stored increases. Fiber optics seem to allow a weak form of this, but the energy stored dissipates in microseconds, as heat, for even the most transparent of fiber optics, in a loop. A good optical superconductor, if possible, would asymptotically coalece light onto a single path, and store the light on that circulating path for hours or days, to have some level of utility as a weapon or energy storage device. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 21:55, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Such a structure would potentially allow vast amounts of light energy to be stored with very little loss, and can produce a non-radioactive method of releasing vast amounts of stored energy, potentially far exceeding all chemical energy release methods and nuclear energy release methods, depending on the denisty of light achieveable in the optical superconducting structure. As such, a "photon torpedo" of sorts could be achieved with an optical superconductor light capture structure. Depending on the deisgn, it could be *very* light weight to energy capacity ratio, compared to some energy release modes like chemical bonds, and could have a very directed to isotropic radiation pattern of vaporization by design, and release no radioactive materials. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 21:55, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

If light cannot be converged onto a fixed cycle with graded refraction index optics, then a stimulated emmission mode could be placed on the path, and excited in order to create a standing wave laser attractor on the path for photons that are stimulated on the optical superconducting axis ring. A self contained laser with no output, that accumulates standing waves of energy on the optical cyclic axis / or a spherical membrane for a sphere design. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 23:45, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

A remote, but plausible method I can envision, that does presumably exist as a method, is to use a small black hole to create an optical superconducting analog. Imagine dropping micro mirrors and light pulses, or energized molecules designed to radiate light tangentially into the event horizon, in order to pump light energy into the photon sphere of light around the black hole. One could store some finite amount of megawatt hours of light energy, within the photon sphere for some finite amount of orbital time, depending on how carefully the light can be pumped into the long light orbit period "saddle-point-zone" of the balck hole photon sphere. But the orbits of light around a very-small black hole might be too small and so critically unstable according to some mathematical views. But if achieveable theoretically, once pumped full of light energy, one could drop into the "charged photon torpedo" a large amount of reflecting materials en-masse, into the the black hole, in order to scatter or direct the light in the temporary photon sphere back out, in a giant blast of energy. For a simple isotropic scattering infalling material, some signifigant portion of the stored orbiting photon sphere of light can presumably be scattered back outwards. If the black hole is magnetic, and can be contained in a magnetic control shell, then the energized black hole can be just one theoretical method to deliver massive amounts of pure energy to a target (as well as the black hole core). LoneRubberDragon (talk) 00:04, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole#Ergosphere

http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-05/6-05.htm

http://www.gothosenterprises.com/black_holes/static_black_holes.html

I've also heard of experiments slowing light down to a crawl, with synthetic near infinite index of refraction analogues. If capable of being saturated with enormous amounts of light energy trapped in a column, when the column's capacity to slow light is turned off, or disintegrated, all of that light energy would be released in one blast, also. If it is an experiment, however, that has only a limited capability to store light before going nonlinear and incapable of trapping intense light, then it would not serve well as a time delay compression optical "superconductor". LoneRubberDragon (talk) 00:04, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

But if a large volume could be made to slow light to 17 [m/s], as Lene Hau has achieved for a beam of light, compared to 299,792,458 [m/s], then in a 1 [m] block of this apparatus, which is a 3.3 [nsec] of vacuum light path time, could store 17.6 million times more light than a vacuum, or 58 [msec] of light. One could pump 17.6 million 3.3 [nsec] high-energy pulses of laser light into the apparatus, for 58 [msec], turn the field off, or otherwise disrupt it, and release all 17.6 million light pulses, with great devestation. If light could be slowed a million times more than that, it gives one time to charge it with even more light, at a more lesiurely rate, over an hour, and still have 15 hours left to transport the apparatus before "activation". But time travel? Really! LoneRubberDragon (talk) 19:06, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Definitely a neat "Star Wars" project, closer to the photon torpedos of Star Trek. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 19:12, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lene_Hau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative#Directed-energy_weapon_.28DEW.29_programs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative#Chemical_laser

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_High_Energy_Laser

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_torpedo#Photon_torpedoes

A very weak amorphous structured crude analog version of this, would be an ideal black body crystaline material, that can be heated to tens of thousands of degrees without breaking its bonds, storing the energy in electron resonances. It could be transported to another location, where the crystal is broken, releasing heat and the potential photonic energy from the disturbance of the resonant structure. However, it is not traditionally optical effects, as it relies on absorbtion and reradiation of kinetic energies, and some light energy, to store energy in molecular chained time delays as "slowed light". And as a black body, it would generally cool very quickly through surface radiation. An ideal optical superconductor structure, full of light energy, would appear virtually black from the outside, even though it's internal state is closer to millions of degrees in/of light (and not kinetic) energy storage. The ideal black body would only have tens of thousands of degrees in/of light/kinetic energy storage, and a normal black body like charcoal or stone, would only have a few thousand degrees in/of light/kinetic energy storage. And being non-optical to a great extent, the black bodies, in general, would be predominantly kinetic energy thermal energy stores. As such, size makes the black body energy store scale up, like the sun, where a "photon" from the core can be said to take millions of years to escape the sun through diffusion through the mass. Definitely not superconducting, optically speaking, or even index of refraction slowed light, but absorbtion-reemission time-delay storage. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 21:55, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_light

way over my head
Too much for my small brain to take in. But I would say whoever gets a time machine working would be infinitely powerful. So govs around the world must be or must have been beavering away on this for some time. It makes sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.193.29.27 (talk) 22:35, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Dangers
The sun goes estimated 240 km/sec and the earth rotates around constantly around the sun,wich also has enourmous distances. The math behind this is enormous. Anyone ever inventing a time machine should make it capable of traveling and landing from space to earth. The speed it takes could break the machine apart. The risc is even when a time machine would be possible, the space between this time and the other is enormous. The time machine and the route it takes could break apart, even when a small timegap would be possible the small timegap to only give a message could break because of the huge distance,considering it would be constantly stretching out over time.

If the machine would be possible and turned on, any future traveler to now would only allow 1 traveler at the beginning and stepping in and out of the machine at the same time would cause danger like 1000 of the same person going in or out of the time machine at once, therefore every time the time machine would be on , the time needs to be noted,to allow only 1 future traveler or message trough in time. For example I go in the door and out the door at the same time would be a bad idea,and I would probably get stuck in time. Also the problem how to control this time machine, going to the exact time you want,for example that the time machine works but brings you instead of 1 year further/back 10 year. Going into the time and going back would be like going to 2 places in the same line example: collission with self, so would need build new time machine to go back,or needing to avoid this somehow.

--85.151.35.218 (talk) 12:12, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

The Core
Hi, had some ideas that might enable time travel on a limited (ms) scale proportional to the path delay relevant to high frequency trading. I have emailed Mallett and others but as yet no reply. As this has national security implications I hope that it helps that my intentions are benign and the physics are far more relevant as is determining the existence of something in the Earth's core which up until now has had no direct evidence. Also working on a larger scale experiment but am keeping this quiet for now until I get this physics paper compiled. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.3.100.25 (talk) 07:18, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Hi, my English is not good.I'm sorry if this is causing you trouble. But I really want to get Mallett's email to talk to him a few things, now he is my only hope. If you read the message please give me Mallett's email or how can I get it, please.I sincerely thank you in advance... MO16105 (talk) 11:23, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
Hello Ronald I was just wondering how far you can go back in time? The reason for that is I want to save my marriage and that would be the only thing I can do is to go back in time and save it from the start. If you respond that would be awesome!

Sincerely Bradley — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pandabearr56 (talk • contribs) 06:02, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

Don’t look back once cracked u have the access to go back and change the things like u do 184.146.125.40 (talk) 08:07, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Time machine
When you will give us time mach@ 106.51.119.124 (talk) 13:29, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

 * New section means 106.51.119.124 (talk) 13:48, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

When you will give time travel machine
@ 106.51.119.124 (talk) 13:45, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

New section
Add a section break. Select where you want a new section to begin. Go to Layout > Breaks. The types of section breaks are highlighted on the Layout tab. 106.51.119.124 (talk) 14:02, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronald Mallett


text:
Konz

Konz (Contionacum) is a city in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Saar and Moselle, approx. 8 km southwest of Trier.

Konz is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Konz. The following villages are part of the municipality Konz:
 * Canet
 * Filzen
 * Hamm
 * Karthaus
 * Könen
 * Krettnach
 * Kommlingen
 * Niedermennig
 * Oberemmel
 * Obermennig
 * Roscheid
 * Windah

History
From 18 July 1946 until 6 June 1947 Konz, in its then municipal boundary, formed part of the Saar Protectorate.

Population
As of February 2024, the general population is 19,142.

Museums

 * Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum

title: Konz


text:
Talk:Languedoc-Roussillon

NOT VERIFIED - it is quite probable that the French government will not allow this
This part of the following sentence in this article is an opinion. And an the Wikipedia is not a place to express opinions, specially politics. It should be taken out.--Friviere 11:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Actually, Catalan nationalists in Roussillon would like the Pyrénées-Orientales département to secede from Languedoc-Roussillon and become a région in its own right, which they wish to name "Catalunya Nord" (i.e. "North Catalonia"), but it is quite probable that the French government will not allow this.

 * The part of sentence you are highlighting is not personal opinion. It is a well known fact that the French government is not in favor of local autonomist movements, be it in the Basque country, in Roussillon, or in Brittany. Hardouin 14:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This does not change anything it's an opinion, and the Wikipedia is not a Cristall Ball: Individual scheduled or expected future events should only be included if the event is notable and almost certain to take place. If preparation for the event is not already in progress, speculation about it must be well documented. Unless this can be well documented, it should be changed.--Paco ✉ 08:40, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Map
I have removed the map, which seems to be published by Catalan nationalists. In the 8th century, there was not such a thing as a "Catalan-Aragonese kingdom". The unified kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia did not appear until 1162 with King Alfonso II of Aragon. What the map shows, in reality, is the rump Visigoth kingdom after the Arabs had conquered most of the Spanish peninsula. Within years, this rump Visigoth kingdom was also conquered by the Arabs, so the map only represents the situation in the Spanish peninsula for a few years around 714-719. This is not very informative, unless of course the author of the map wants to present history in a Catalan nationalistic perspective. Hardouin 14:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What was then? Catalan-Aragonese_Confederation

How can the first Count of Barcelona come in the year 801? --Friviere 17:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you read dates?? The map you put is in the 710s. That's many centuries before the Kingdom of Aragon. As for the counts of Barcelona in the early 800s, they were counts of the Frankish Empire. They were not independent back then. In fact what is now Catalonia was called then the Spanish March, and it was part of the Frankish Empire, and later France. It is only in the 12th century that the ties with France were severed. Hardouin 19:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Question
Hi I'm the webmaster for an external website that this article used to link to. Someone mentioned to me that the link had been removed with the comment that it is "commercial spam" - but it's clearly not commercial spam - its not even commercial (see for yourself here). I've taken the liberty of putting the link back. Q1. Is that OK for me to add links to my own site? Q2 Why would anyone want to delete the link on a false premise like this - is it just random vandalism? 66.43.120.115 20:44, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I wasn't the one who removed it; I'm just commenting in answer to your question.
 * Q1. No, it's bad practice on Wikipedia to add links to your own site.
 * Q2. I don't think it was vandalism. I have seen this link before and wondered about it. I looked at the site, and, purely personally, I considered it to be interesting AND commercial, so I left the link in: but I can understand why someone else might have decided it was just commercial.
 * Because it's a borderline case, I think if some other named editor (not you) added the link to your site, and if the link stated that the site has some advertising but also a lot of handy information for visitors (which is true), then the link might survive. A link that sort-of-implies-by-not-denying that this is an official Languedoc site, and added by an anonymous user who might be (and in fact is!) the webmaster, is likely to go on being removed. Andrew Dalby 08:51, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, can I suggest you get yourself a user name - it helps a lot. Second it looks like a good link to me. I'm not aware of any better websites on this topic - including official sites. Third, I can't really see that it could be classified as commercial, but that's just my opinion (did I miss something ?). as Andrew says, if the concensus is that it's a good link then it will survive. Fourth, I did a bit of digging and discovered something that might be of interest to you, which suggests that the reasons for removing the link might might not be altogether altruistic. If you look here 84.4.152.52's history you'll see that the same user has been methodically removing links from Wiki pages to this Languedoc website. Oddly, he didn't remove the link from the "languedoc" article - that was done by Alexgregbiba who has also been methodically removing links to Languedoc related pages (see the Languedoc Talk page and Alexgregiba's history. There seems to a suggestion that Alexgregbiba runs a commercial website, but I'm still not sure what his/her motive is unless he regards you as a competitor, but even then it's not obvious what he wants to achieve. In the circumstances, I think it's a bit unfair that he can remove dozens of links posted by different people over several years, but you can't put them back. Andrew - any ideas how to handle this?  Is there any way of checking whether 84.4.152.52 and Alexgregbiba are the same person? Even if they are, have they done anything wrong in Wiki terms? Nostick 18:14, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Nostick, I hadn't noticed the history. How interesting: I agree, now, that the removal of these links might be bordering on vandalism. But the trouble is that the adding of them is also frowned on: one isn't supposed to add one's own site. As for the identity of those two users, that is not normally possible even for an administrator to verify. Anyway, I'm not an administrator and it might be better to ask one.

 * For what it's worth, my suggestion is this. 66.43.120.115 should (as Nostick says above) get a username, preferably make some useful additions to the text of Languedoc related articles (not difficult, many are quite stubby) and also add the link again, to pages where it is really relevant, making it clear (as I said above) what kind of site it is. I quite agree with Nostick that the site is a useful one. I will now myself put the link back on the Languedoc-Roussillon page. Andrew Dalby 21:24, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Meanwhile it has reappeared! Yes, if we look back through the history of just this page, we see that there's quite a lot of back-and-forth adding and removal of links, not all of it altruistic. Given the way Wikipedia works, I doubt that it can be prevented altogether. Andrew Dalby 21:38, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I am (or was) 66.43.120.115, now with a user name. Many thanks for your help and suggestions - I'll be happy to contribute, but feel I should mention that quite a lot of the existing Wikipedia material, especially on Languedoc towns and cities, is already lifted from my website! Sorry, just wanted to get that off my chest. Anyway, thanks again, By the way, how do I contact an administrator?, Regards Jay McDee 16:40, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I quite see why you might want to contact one! I suggest you have a look at Resolving disputes. The first paragraph looks very sensible -- whether it continues like that I don't know ...
 * You can, of course, legitimately remove from an article anything that is really plagiarised. And, if that and further information can still be found on your site, what a good reason for making sure the link is there! All the best Andrew Dalby 22:35, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Andrew, Once again, many thanks for your help. Jay McDee 16:43, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

definition of "Pays"

 * Many catalanists are reverting this article because of what-they-call anticalanism on my part. Their revertions are not even taking care of the small contributions made by others. just to named some of the changes they are including:

 * -Santiago Boffil is described as catalan. --> Well, as far as I'm concerned, he is Spanish, with an Spanish Passport.
 * -Languedoc-Roussillon is a collection of culturally Catalan pays. --> Well, I invite them to take a look at the map in France and see the extension of the map.
 * -(in Catalonia, on the other side of the border, a pays is known as a comarca). --> That is surely right, but Languedoc-Roussillon is french territory, then "pays" has a french description by its own and that's the one to be refered. See Pays (France)
 * -And finally the obsession to call the Senyera the catalan flag! "stripes of Catalonia for Roussillon" --> In this same manner I could call the Flag of Barcelona the Flag of England, right? For this reason, I'm changing to previous version " cross of Languedoc as well as the Flag of Roussillon"

Maurice27 16:25, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Tech Issue: edit buttons are formatted incorrectly
The edit buttons for each section are all bunched together low on the page. Why is that? How do we fix it? I suppose it might be related to the right margin factbox and pictures taking up so much space, but that doesn't make sense. Can somebody who is proficient in formatting fix that? --mroconnell 14:20, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Proposed Merger

 * ''See Talk:Languedoc wine for discussion.

I wrote up a section on wine since it's such an important aspect of life in the Languedoc-Roussillon, but then I found a section on Languedoc wine which I spiffed up and I don't know if it should be merged or left alone or what. Any ideas? Maybe we could talk on the Languedoc wine page since this one is already pretty cluttered. --mroconnell 14:10, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I would recommend holding off on the proposed Merger till after the Wine Improvement Drive is completed. See how well the Wine Project members can do with this puppy. :) AgneCheese/Wine 07:55, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Sounds like a good plan. I'd love for the article to stand on its own legs. :-)--mroconnell 14:15, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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Incorrect web address
The article contains a link to "Languedoc-Rousillon Tourist Board Official Tourism Committee Website for the Region (in English)" However, the link points to http://www.sunfrance.net/UK which (despite its name) is in French.

I did find what seems to be the English version. It is (see OOPS below). At the bottom of the page it says, "COMITÉ RÉGIONAL DU TOURISME DU LANGUEDOC-ROUSSILLON - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED" which is the same notice as the current site.

However, when I try to correct the link, I get a message that says, "The link filter blocked your page save because it detected a blocked external link."

Would appreciate it if someone could clean this up.

OOPS: When I tried to save this page, I got the same error message. The site I'm referring to is: http: // en.sunfrance.com / (Spaces added to bypass filter.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alweiss (talk • contribs) 18:56, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Flag and coat of arms
Hi,

The flag and coat of arms presented here are NOT official flags and coat of arms. Since 2005, the official flag and coat of arms (present for instance in the license plates of cars) is the flag mentioned as "logo". I edited the flag and added "unofficial" to the coat of arms legend since this coat of arms has nothing official. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.209.96.249 (talk) 00:02, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Occitanie
The name Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées has now been superseded and the official name of the enlarged region is Occitanie. The name was decided upon after considerable public consultation. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 17:28, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Languedoc-Roussillon


text:
Definite article reduction

Definite article reduction (DAR), in linguistics, is the use of a vowel-less form of the definite article the in Northern dialects of England English, for example in Yorkshire dialect. DAR is often represented by dialect spelling with an apostrophe: or.

DAR is found in most traditional Northern English varieties and even some North Midlands dialects; however, the dialects of Northumberland, northern County Durham and northern Cumberland are not affected by DAR.

History
DAR has been recorded in textual form since 1673, and the orthographic representations "t'" and "th'" occur in literature (such as in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights) and are frequently encountered in the media. The historical origin is unclear. Links with Middle English te forms of the article remain unproved.

A similar usage of an article with a consonant "t'" can also be found in Modern Dutch and in the West Frisian language off the north Netherlands coast. In these languages, "t" clearly derives from the neuter definite article (Dutch het and West Frisian it) because the Dutch and Frisian masculine and feminine singular as well as plural definite article de cannot become "t").

The family name "Huis in't Feld" exists in Dutch, meaning "house in the field". Claims of that being phonetically similar to DAR remain to be verified experimentally. In Cumbria, a voiceless alveolar plosive (the English t sound) occurs and may have some superficial similarities to realizations in West Frisian and Low German, but the glottal and the glottalised DAR variants that are found elsewhere in the DAR area and across Yorkshire present a very different realisation. Jones (2002: 342) comments that no contact explanation with other varieties of Germanic is required (or could be supported on the basis of available evidence) to explain DAR as the development of DAR involves common cross-linguistic patterns of change (stopping of dental fricatives, change of plosive to glottal) that occur in unrelated languages and so they have a purely phonetic origin.

Phonetics
The phonetic forms of DAR are very varied. The "th'" form suggests a voiceless dental fricative realisation, usually voiceless (as in thin), and is restricted to the western parts of the DAR area (Lancashire and Cheshire). It also occurred widely across northern and central Staffordshire in earlier dialect surveys (Jones 2002). Sporadic forms similar to DAR were reported to occur in localities in Berkshire, Sussex and Essex and also in Aylesham, in Kent, because of the large influx of miners from Northern England to work in the Kent Coalfield. The "t" form suggests a voiceless alveolar plosive  or a voiceless dental plosive realisation, as in tin, but also serves to represent a 'glottal' form. The glottal form is most widely encountered and is typical of the Yorkshire dialect. In southern County Durham, the definite article is traditionally reduced to, as in Cumbrian, but may also be voiced to. Some dialects may show more than one phonetic form, but the conditioning factors for such variation are unknown. It seems that unvarying glottal forms are most widely found now (2005). Variation with a full form the is also common.

Speakers of other forms of English often find it difficult to hear, especially the 'glottal' forms that affect the pitch and duration and voice quality of surrounding words and sounds in subtle ways. This often leads to claims that the article is absent, but this is rarely the case. True absence of the article may occur in the east of the DAR area, in and around Kingston upon Hull.

Instrumental acoustic work in 2007 showed that DAR speakers use very subtle differences in the quality and timing of glottalisation to differentiate between a glottal stop occurring as an allophone of final /t/ in a word like "seat" and a glottal stop occurring as the form of the definite article in otherwise identical sentences (compare "seat sacks" and "see t' sacks"). Speakers of DAR dialects therefore appear to have (put somewhat simplistically) two kinds of glottal stop: one for DAR and one for word-final /t/.

title: Definite article reduction


text:
Pumapard

A pumapard is a hybrid of a cougar and a leopard. Both male cougar with female leopard and male leopard with female cougar pairings have produced offspring. In general, these hybrids have exhibited a tendency to dwarfism.

Characteristics
Whether born to a male cougar mated to a leopardess, or to a male leopard mated to a female cougar, pumapards inherit a form of dwarfism. Those reported grew to only half the size of the parents. They have a long, cougar-like body (proportional to the limbs, but nevertheless shorter than either parent) with short legs. The coat is variously described as sandy, tawny, or grayish with brown, chestnut, or "faded" rosettes.

One is preserved in the Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum at Tring, England, and clearly shows the tendency to dwarfism. This hybrid was exhibited at the Tierpark in Stellingen (Hamburg), Germany. A black and white photograph of the Tring hybrid appeared in Animals of the World (1917) with the caption "This is a photograph from life of a very rare hybrid. That animal's father was a puma, its mother a leopard. It is now dead and it may be seen stuffed in Mr. Rothschild's Museum at Tring."

History
In the late 1890s/early 1900s, two hybrids were born in Chicago, United States, followed two years later by three sets of twin cubs born at a zoo in Hamburg, Germany, from a cougar father and leopard mother. Carl Hagenbeck bred several litters of cougar × leopard hybrids in 1898 at the suggestion of a menagerie owner in Great Britain; this was possibly Lord Rothschild (as one of the hybrids is preserved in his museum) who may have heard of the two hybrid cubs bred in Chicago in 1896 and suggested that Hagenbeck reproduce the pairing.

Hagenbeck's cougar/leopard hybrids may have been inspired by a pair of leopard × cougar hybrid cubs born in Chicago on 24 April 1896 at Tattersall's indoor arena, where Ringling Brothers Circus opened its season: "'Two tiny cubs which look like young leopards were born at Tattersall's where Ringling Brothers circus is housed, yesterday (24 APR [18]96). They are not leopards, however. Their mother is a mountain lion or cougar and their father is a leopard. They take after their father decidedly and are the daintiest little members of the cat family ever born in captivity. They are the only ones of their kind, so far as known, ever born, either within the confines of a cage or anywhere else. These black and yellow youngsters were on exhibition yesterday and were admired by all who saw them. They will probably be on view the rest of the time the circus exhibits in Chicago.'"

Helmut Hemmer reported a similar hybrid. These hybrids had cougar-like long tails and sandy or tawny coats with chestnut leopard-like markings and cougar-like cheek markings. Another was described as resembling a little gray puma with large brown rosettes.

Henry Scherren wrote: "There was, and probably is now, in the Berlin Garden and Indian leopard and puma male hybrid, purchased by Carl Hagenbeck in 1898."

In his Guide, Dr. Heck described it as a little grey puma with large brown rosettes. Another hybrid between the same species, but with a puma for sire and a leopard for dam, was recently at Stellingen; it resembled the female parent in form as may be seen from the reproduction from a photograph taken there.

According to Carl Hagenbeck (1951), a male cougar and female leopard produced a hybrid male cub that was reared by a Fox Terrier bitch at Hagenbeck Tierpark, Hamburg (fostering being normal practice at this time). This male hybrid was intermediate between the cougar and leopard in color and pattern, having faint leopard spots on a cougar-colored background. The body length was much less than either parent, while the tail was long, like the cougar. Hagenbeck bred these hybrids at the suggestion of an unidentified menagerie owner; however, the hybrids were considered dull and uninteresting. Modern geneticists find them more interesting because the leopard and the cougar were not considered to be closely related enough to produce offspring.

H. Petzsch (1956) mentioned that puma/leopard hybrids had been obtained by artificial insemination. H. Hemmer (1966) reported the hybrid between a male Indian leopard (P. p. fusca) and a female puma as being fairly small, with a ground color like that of the puma and having rather faded rosettes.

The hybrids were additionally reported by C. J. Cornish et al. (undated), R. Rörig (1903), T. Haltenorth (1936), and O. Antonius (1951).

Note
Some content of this article is reproduced from, which is licensed under the GFDL.

title: Pumapard


text:
File:Yarmmap.png

Basic plan of Yarm with Railway, A roads, Broads and minor roads marked.

title: File:Yarmmap.png


text:
Manderscheid, Bernkastel-Wittlich

Manderscheid (in Eifel dialect: Maanischd) is a town in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, and also both a climatic spa and a Kneipp spa. Until 1 July 2014, when it became part of the Verbandsgemeinde Wittlich-Land, it was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde Manderscheid.

Location
The town lies in the South Eifel between the rivers Lieser in the east and Kleine Kyll in the west. Northeast of Manderscheid lies the Bleckhausen Juniper Conservation Area, the biggest of its kind in the whole Eifel.

Climate
Yearly precipitation in Manderscheid amounts to 908 mm, which is high, falling into the highest fourth of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 78% of the German Weather Service's weather stations, lower figures are recorded. The driest month is April. The most rainfall comes in December. In that month, precipitation is twice what it is in April. Precipitation varies moderately. At 52% of the weather stations, lower seasonal swings are recorded.

Prehistory and antiquity
The first part of the placename Manderscheid is derived from the Celtic word mantara (pine), the second part from a Celtic word meaning 'forest'. The Manderscheid area was settled from very early times on. Near Schwarzenborn, several Stone Age settlements have been found. It is also known that near Mehren - only some miles away from Manderscheid - so many graves from Hallstatt times with many jewelled objects and tools have been unearthed that archaeologists and historians speak of a “Mehren culture”. Near Wallscheid, graves from Hallstatt and La Tène times have been found, too, and likewise near Laufeld. Near Wallscheid, two iron arrowheads that come from this era and a bronze vessel were found.

More numerous have been the finds from Roman times. Besides the “Villa of Bettenfeld”, which was unearthed in 1863 at the foot of the Mosenberg (mountain), Roman finds come to light in almost every town and village in the surrounding area.

In Dierfeld and Wallscheid, remnants of other such villas have been found, as have graves and urns in Laufeld, Manderscheid, Öfflingen, Pantenburg, Wallscheid, Großlittgen, Oberkail and Karl, as well as the odd coin.

Besides the Viergötterstein (a “four-god stone”, a pedestal on which a Jupiter Column was customarily stood), special attention is earned by two altars from Großlittgen that were found in Pantenburg in 1920. They were dedicated to the god Vovotius and the goddesses Boudina and Alauna and might have belonged to a Gallo-Roman spring sanctum.

This may make it clear that a great many settlements in the surrounding area arose as early as Roman times.

Rarer are finds from Frankish times, as they are almost everywhere.

In Pantenburg a lance, a spear and a shield were found, and in Eckfeld a sword and a ventail.

Despite the dearth of finds from this time, it can be assumed that there was considerably more settlement, and that most of today's population centres arose in that time, as witnessed by places with names ending in —scheid, —feld or —ingen. Thus, Officinus Villa (now Öfflingen) was mentioned in 794 and 895, Manderscheid and Eckiveld (Eckfeld) in 973, and Louvenvelt (Laufeld) in 1161.

Town’s history
Manderscheid, known in the Middle Ages as Manderschiet, had its first documentary mention in 973. From the mid 12th century it belonged to the Archbishop-Electorate of Trier. Elector Balduin granted it town rights in 1332. Manderscheid was the seat of an Electoral-Trier Amt and at the same time also of the counts of Manderscheid. Beginning in 1794, Manderscheid lay under French rule. In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1947, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The building of the former Electoral Kellnerei (a ministerial administrative establishment) today houses the seat of the Manderscheid Verbandsgemeinde administration.

The Luziakirche (“Lucia’s Church”), also known as Luciakapelle (“Lucia’s Chapel”) – presumably the town's first church – stood in the Middle Ages on Manderscheid's northern outskirts. In 1386, Lucia von Manderscheid, Heinrich von Manderscheid's wife, was entombed there. About 1794, the chapel was burnt down by the French. The former location is now forsaken, that is to say, no remnants of the chapel are on hand anymore. Only a street name recalls its existence. From the Luciakapelle comes the image of the Sorrowful Mother, which is today found in Saint Hubert's Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Hubertus). The pietà come from the time about 1600; when it underwent restoration in the 1960s, traces of burning were still in evidence.

On 7 June 1969, the municipality of Niedermanderscheid, until this time self-administering, was amalgamated with Manderscheid. Since 16 January 1998, Manderscheid has been a town.

Town council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Or a fess dancetty gules, the shield ensigned with a crown of the field.

Verbandsgemeinde of Manderscheid
The Verbandsgemeinde of Manderscheid was made up of almost the same individual municipalities as the old County of Manderscheid.

Culture and sightseeing
Well known are Manderscheid's two castles, the Oberburg and the Niederburg. Also interesting to tourists are the gem grinding shop, the local history museum and the Maar Museum (about the Eifel's maars). Manderscheid lies on the river Lieser, which can be followed along the Eifel Club's trail, the Lieserpfad, to Daun or Wittlich. Moreover, the 330 km-long “premium” hiking trail, the Eifelsteig, leads through Manderscheid on its way from Aachen to Trier.

Manderscheider Platt
The traditional local speech is among the Moselle Franconian dialects. Besides some words that are not found in standard High German, there are the following peculiarities:
 * The ch after the vowels e and i such as in Milch does not exist. It is replaced with sch.
 * Some voiced consonants are replaced with their unvoiced counterparts: Blut becomes Ploot, Glaube becomes Klowen.
 * The a is spoken open and broad as in Wääsch and Frääsch.
 * ei is pronounced like ai.
 * The consonant cluster rt is pronounced cht : thus Ort becomes Ocht.

Economy and infrastructure
Until the mid 19th century, the Manderscheider Maß was the name given a standard dry measure in gristmills along the Lieser, Salm and Kleine Kyll (one was equal to 221.15 L). The so-called Malter-Maß was not the same everywhere, but rather varied regionally. The Manderscheider Maß was decreed in a Mühlenordnung (“mill order”) on 20 October 1736 by Prince-Archbishop-Elector Franz-Georg, and was valid for the whole of the Electorate of Trier.

Transport
Manderscheid lies on the Autobahn A 1.

Famous people

 * Michael Siefener (1961–   ), writer and translator, lives in Manderscheid
 * Wolfgang Leonhard (1921–2014), writer, publicist, historian and one of the leading authorities on the former Soviet Union and Communism, lived in Manderscheid

title: Manderscheid, Bernkastel-Wittlich


text:
Croton (plant)

Croton is an extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κρότος (krótos), which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species.

Description
Croton is a diverse and complex taxonomic group of plants ranging from herbs and shrubs to trees. A well-known member of this genus is Croton tiglium, a shrub native to Southeast Asia. It was first mentioned in European literature by Cristóbal Acosta in 1578 as "lignum pavanae". The oil, used in herbal medicine as a violent purgative, is extracted from its seeds. Currently, it is considered unsafe and it is no longer listed in the pharmacopeias of many countries.

Traditional uses
C. tiglium oil has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat severe constipation or heal lesions, and is used as a purgative. Wang Haogu first observed that croton seeds could also be used to treat diarrhea. It is a source of the organic compound phorbol and its tumor-promoting esters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In the Amazon, the red latex from the species C. lechleri, known as sangre de drago (dragon's blood), is used as a "liquid bandage", as well as for other medicinal purposes, by native peoples.

Food uses
Cascarilla (C. eluteria) bark is used to flavour the liquor Campari and Vermouth.

Biofuel uses
In Kenya, Croton nuts, such as those from C. megalocarpus, were found to be a more economical source of biofuel than Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas requires as much as 20,000 litres of water to make a litre of biofuel, while Croton trees grow wild and yield about 35 percent oil. Croton trees are planted as a windbreak in Kenya, and their use as a source of biofuel may benefit rural economies there. As arable land is under population pressure, people have been cutting down the windbreaks to expand farmland. This new use may save the windbreaks, which should help fight desertification.

Ecology
Croton species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Schinia citrinellus, which feeds exclusively on the plant.

Distribution
The genus is pantropical, with some species extending into temperate areas. It is one of the largest and most complex genera of angiosperms in Madagascar, where up to 150 Croton species are endemic.

title: Croton (plant)


text:
Tokutomi Sohō

Tokutomi Sohō (徳富 蘇峰), born Tokutomi Iichirō (徳富 猪一郎), was a Japanese journalist and historian. He advocated commoner Europeanism and Europeanization, established Minyū-sha, and launched the magazines Kokumin no Tomo and the newspaper Kokumin Shimbun. He was the older brother of noted author, Tokutomi Roka.

Biography
Sohō was born in Minamata, Higo Province (now Kumamoto prefecture), into a samurai family just before the Meiji Restoration. He studied Eigaku (study of the English language as a means to acquire Western knowledge, especially after the end of Japan's period of isolation ) at the Kumamoto Yogakko, and later at the Doshisha (subsequently Doshisha University) in Kyoto. He left school without graduating, but later wrote of his gratitude to the school's principal, Joseph Hardy Neesima.

Following a period back in Kumamoto, where he started a local newspaper, Sohō moved to Tokyo. In 1887, he established the Min'yūsha publishing company, which printed Japan's first general news magazine, the Kokumin no Tomo ("The People's Friend") from 1887 to 1898. This magazine was highly influential in the politics of Meiji period Japan. In addition to this news magazine, the Min'yūsha also published a magazine of family issues, Katei Zasshi ("Home Journal", 1892–1898), an English-language version of the Kokumin no Tomo, ("The Far East", 1896–1898), and an influential newspaper, the Kokumin Shinbun (1890–1929).

Sohō was initially a champion of liberal democracy and populism, as he felt that a free, open and democratic social and political order in emulation of the western nations in general, and the United States in particular would enable Japan to modernize and strengthen itself in the shortest possible time. His newspapers and magazines were a thorn in the side of the government during the first administration of Matsukata Masayoshi, criticizing the numerous corruption scandals of the time. However, following the First Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention, his political views moved to the right of the political spectrum. By the second half of the 1890s, he came to be regarded as a conservative champion of the Meiji oligarchy, and was a close confidant of Prime Ministers Yamagata Aritomo and Katsura Tarō. By 1905, the Kokumin Shinbun was regarded as a government mouthpiece, and as such, its offices were targets of protesters during the Hibiya riots.

In 1910, Sohō became head of the Keijō Nippō, one of the major Japanese newspapers in Korea under Japanese rule.

While overseeing these publications as general editor, Sohō contributed some 350 articles, on diverse subjects ranging from international affairs, to history, biography and literature. He also compiled Kinsei Nihon Kokumin shi (近世日本国民史 "A History of Early Modern Japanese People"), which was published in 100 volumes over a period from 1918 to 1952. He was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1943.

Sohō was viewed with suspicion by the American occupation authorities, and was held under arrest during the occupation of Japan from December 1945 to August 1947 as a Class A War Criminal. The charges never came to trial (partly because of his age—he was 82 at the time), and he spent the time under house arrest at his villa in Atami. He continued to live in Atami until his death.

title: Tokutomi Sohō