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Talk:Ormskirk

Famous people
Should Barry Cowan be listed in famous people as he certainly is not famous. - Galloglass 2.04.06
 * I think Barry Cowan is famous for taking Pete Sampras to five sets at Wimbledon, and he now commentates for Sky TV. I'd be interested to find out whether there's any truth in the story about him playing at Aughton Tennis Club at the bottom of Winifred Lane when he was a youngster. Shauny (talk) 22:37, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * By all means if you can find the references that meet WP:BIO then he should be added. - Gallo glass  22:53, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Can anyone find any evidence that Andrew Summers DID play on the slayer album? Its not mentioned on the slayer page. - Andy GI 16.01.06

Incomplete sentence in the article
In 1286 when the monks at nearby Burscough Priory were granted a Royal Charter by Edward I of England to hold a weekly outdoor market. Today the market is held twice a week on Thursdays and Saturdays.

The first sentence is incomplete. I'm surprised this has not been spotted yet; the page seems to have been up for two months.

No, I am not volunteering. I live in Chicago and am not familiar with Ormskirk's history from 1286; I only looked up the entry out of curiosity because a friend lives there. Happy now, Chicago? - cwhiteley 08.08.2006

 * Neat point, thank you. I have fixed it. BlueValour 17:35, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Ridge
Part of Ormskirk may lie on a ridge but parts certainly are not and are lower than parts of Aughton. The fact that the Parish Church is on a ridge does not mean you can generalise - County Road, for example, is much lower. I suggest just leave it out or refer to an authoritative source that /all/ of Ormskirk is on a distinct ridge. BlueValour 01:54, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Amen Galloglass 01:58, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Post Town
I'm 99% sure that Ormskirk is a post town. Certainly the Royal Mail address lookup returns ORMSKIRK as the line before the postcode - L39 is just the postcode district and doesn't make Liverpool its post town. Similarly Bootle is also a post town. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MikeNolan (talk • contribs) 15:52, 11 April 2007 (UTC).

Ormskirk School
the article states that it was formed from the merger of Cross Hall and Ormskirk Grammar. Before (ie in the 1970's and before ) Cross hall was known as Wigan Road Secondary Modern School. Apparently the main building of Wigan Road school was the workhouse before it was a school —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gornystege (talk • contribs) 12:37, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ormskirk Workhouse was actually on the site of the original Ormskirk Hospital, 300 yards nearer the centre of town and on the opposite side of the road, adjoining the rope works behind what is still the Ropers Arms. What was Cross Hall High school has always a school since its creation. - Gallo glass  15:00, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Stephen Warnock
Started his football at Ormskirk West End FC (see West End website) before being signed for Liverpool academy. He returned to the club for prize giving recently. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gornystege (talk • contribs) 12:45, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

'Ormy'
In my view this reference is not adequate. The fact that some school children chanted 'Ormy' on one occasion does not justify the statement that "In modern day local parlance, the name is frequently shortened to 'Ormy'." TerriersFan (talk) 16:04, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. This shortening is common dialect around Liverpool. It might have a source, but the Daily Mail isn't a reliable source and even if "notable", it's relentlessly trivial and unimportant. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:41, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113913/http://www.westlancsdc.gov.uk/system_pages/data_pages/categories_home/azclubs/community_groups_and/ormskirk_community_partnership.aspx to http://www.westlancsdc.gov.uk/system_pages/data_pages/categories_home/azclubs/community_groups_and/ormskirk_community_partnership.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080824002306/http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/location/index.htm to http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/location/index.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090628160052/http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Ormskirk%2FOrmskirk.shtml to http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Ormskirk%2FOrmskirk.shtml

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title: Talk:Ormskirk


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User:Lilbrocool

An old user name but it's stuck with me through the years.

"I'm a 27 year old power plant operator from Las Vegas, NV" There. Now I have my game-show introduction done.

Any other information must be requested by filling out the proper forms in triplicate, submitting for edit, having them lost, found, and then incinerated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lilbrocool


text: Category:Microsoft operating systems

title: Category:Microsoft operating systems


text:
Geodetic astronomy

Geodetic astronomy or astronomical geodesy (astro-geodesy) is the application of astronomical methods into geodetic networks and other technical projects of geodesy.

Applications
The most important applications are:
 * Establishment of geodetic datum systems (e.g. ED50) or at expeditions
 * apparent places of stars, and their proper motions
 * precise astronomical navigation
 * astro-geodetic geoid determination
 * modelling the rock densities of the topography and of geological layers in the subsurface
 * Monitoring of the Earth rotation and polar wandering
 * Contribution to the time system of physics and geosciences

Measuring techniques
Important measuring techniques are:
 * Latitude determination and longitude determination, by theodolites, tacheometers, astrolabes or zenith cameras
 * time and star positions by observation of star transits, e.g. by meridian circles (visual, photographic or CCD)
 * Azimuth determination
 * for the exact orientation of geodetic networks
 * for mutual transformations between terrestrial and space methods
 * for improved accuracy by means of "Laplace points" at special fixed points
 * Vertical deflection determination and their use
 * in geoid determination
 * in mathematical reduction of very precise networks
 * for geophysical and geological purposes (see above)
 * Modern spatial methods
 * VLBI with radio sources (quasars)
 * Astrometry of stars by scanning satellites like Hipparcos or the future Gaia.

The accuracy of these methods depends on the instrument and its spectral wavelength, the measuring or scanning method, the time amount (versus economy), the atmospheric situation, the stability of the surface resp. the satellite, on mechanical and temperature effects to the instrument, on the experience and skill of the observer, and on the accuracy of the physical-mathematical models.

Therefore, the accuracy reaches from 60" (navigation, ~1 mile) to 0,001" and better (a few cm; satellites, VLBI), e.g.:
 * angles (vertical deflections and azimuths) ±1" up to 0,1"
 * geoid determination & height systems ca. 5 cm up to 0,2 cm
 * astronomical lat/long and star positions ±1" up to 0,01"
 * HIPPARCOS star positions ±0,001"
 * VLBI quasar positions and Earth's rotation poles 0,001 to 0,0001" (cm...mm)

Astrogeodetic leveling is a local geoid determination method based on vertical deflection measurements. Given a starting value at one point, determining the geoid undulations for an area becomes a matter for simple integration of vertical deflection, as it represents the horizontal spatial gradient of the geoid undulation.

title: Geodetic astronomy


text:
User:Grubber

Grubber received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, with minors in German and Computer Science from the University of Wyoming. He is currently pursuing his Ph.S. in Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin under the support of a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

Disambiguation pages
I am involved in theWikiProject Disambiguation to make the look of disambiguation pages more uniform and consistent; the appropriate reference articles are found at Disambiguation and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). The changes I am most likely to make are:
 * The topic is the first word in the line and should usually retain any parenthetical parts of its title
 * Only the actual disambiguated article should be wikilinked. No other word should be wikilinked!
 * Parentheses in the title should be shown
 * Complete sentences should be avoided, and therefore no final punctuation is required
 * Lists should be organized and sorted in a logical manner (see the style page for more suggestions)

Wikiproject membership
I am a member of the following WikiProjects:
 * WikiProject Disambiguation, dedicated to uniform and consistent dab pages
 * WikiProject Vienna, improving the English-language info on Vienna
 * Disambiguation pages with links, fixing ambiguous links to dab pages
 * Working to fix the links to German and British dab pages
 * WikiProject Mathematics
 * German-English translation requests

Wishlist
More substantial articles I want to do:
 * 2005-06-28 List of Scotch Distilleries from de: - bring over the Scotch articles from the German (done)
 * 2005-07-01 Put together some sub-pages for variations on 500 (card game). I'm not sure if they belong in sub-pages, but keeping them in sub-pages will make it easier for people to find variation-specific regulations.
 * 2005-07-01 "Translate" pages into simple English.
 * 2005-07-15 Network coding, a combination of network flow and information theory (no longer needed)
 * 2005-07-26 List of graduate school fellowships
 * 2005-08-01 Fix up Moment (mathematics) to be more readable (no longer needed)
 * 2006-02-08 Clean up Field extension (2006-02-11 done!)
 * 2006-02-20 Fix up Closed set (done 2006-04-12!)
 * 2006-08-12 Clean up Markov process, this article needs lots of work
 * 2007-02-19 Binary erasure channel, Binary symmetric channel, Blackwell channel, etc - Expand stubs
 * 2007-03-09 Law of total expectation -- needs work
 * 2007-04-09 Parity-check matrix -- needs expanding
 * 2007-04-19 Intermediate value theorem -- add algebraic version in real closed fields
 * 2007-04-27 Fix the Group theory vs Group (mathematics) articles

Multi-wiki aliases

 * I am also de:Benutzer:Grubber, where I use my powers for good in the German world as well.
 * I am also simple:User:Grubber, where I haven't done much yet, but hope to soon!

de:Benutzer:Grubber simple:User:Grubber

title: User:Grubber


text:
Martin Naughton (businessman)

Martin Naughton (born 2 May 1939), an Irish-British billionaire businessman and engineer. He is the founder of GlenDimplex, a company specializing in electrical appliances

Early life
Naughton is an alumnus of De La Salle College Dundalk, where he funds an annual scholarship programme. He is a donor to a number of educational institutions, notably Trinity College Dublin and the University of Notre Dame.

Career
Naughton founded Glen Electric in August 1973 with a small manufacturing facility employing just ten people in Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland. In 1977, Dimplex, the leading brand in the UK electrical heating market was acquired by Glen Electrics forming the Glen Dimplex Group. The company set out acquiring further businesses across the UK, with Morphy Richards, the market leader in small domestic appliances in 1985 followed by Blanella, a manufacturer of electric blankets and Burco Dean Appliances, a manufacturer of products for the catering industry, all in the same year. The 1990s saw the company forge its powers of acquisition and strategic business thinking to acquire further businesses across Europe and beyond. An engineer by profession, Naughton has overseen his company to become the world's largest manufacturer in domestic heating appliances. His company has plants in the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and North America. His business has more than 8000 staff and 22 manufacturing facilities with annual sales of around $1.6 billion. Naughton's stake in the company is worth around £273 million with other investments including an art collection, property in Dublin and shares in the Merrion Hotel Group and the Sunday Tribune newspaper.

Naughton was involved in negotiating cross-border trade and promotion and support of businesses during the Northern Ireland conflict.

Honours
In 1995, Trinity College Dublin awarded him an honorary doctorate.

In 2016, Naughton was awarded the French Légion d'Honneur.

In 2017, Dublin City University awarded him an honorary doctorate.

Personal life
He is married, with three children, and lives in County Meath. In 2016, his son Fergal Naughton took over as CEO of GlenDimplex.

In 2016, Naughton and his wife Carmel were named philanthropists of the year by the Community Foundation for Ireland.

In May 2018, Business for Peace Foundation gave Naughton a Business for Peace Award in recognition of his efforts in promoting the private sector’s contribution to peace and environmental sustainability.

In November 2018, he was named as the Outstanding Contribution to Business Award winner at the Irish Post Awards 2018.

Naughton lives at Stackallan House, County Meath which he purchased from Margaret Heffernan.

title: Martin Naughton (businessman)


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Eldon Square Shopping Centre

Eldon Square (stylised as EldonSq.) is a shopping centre in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It opened in 1976 and was built on the site of Old Eldon Square, a famous part of Georgian Newcastle designed by John Dobson in about 1824. This redevelopment, which left only the eastern terrace standing, has been criticised, with one writer calling it "the greatest single example of architectural vandalism in Britain since the war".

When the centre opened it was the largest city-centre shopping centre in the UK. In 2013 it was rebranded as Intu Eldon Square. In 2020, the centre returned to its original name following the collapse of Intu.

The site
The shopping centre occupies an area close to the old town wall, which followed the course of Blackett Street. This means the modern shopping centre is built on either side of where the wall once stood. From a map drawn by Charles Hutton in 1770, it appears that the ancient wall would have run parallel with the south side of Blackett street. This is the northernmost wall of the southern portion of the shopping centre.

As the city would have grown within its town walls, just south of the north wall was the Nunn's Garden. This is around the location of the now demolished Green Market. The Nunn's Garden was bordered by High Friar Chare, a street running almost in-line with 'High Friars way' in the present shopping centre. Wards in this area were named after the towers which guarded the ancient town walls. The wards occupying the south portion of the shopping centre would have been 'Andrew Tower ward' site of Newgate multi-storey car park (now demolished) and Eldon Leisure. 'Fickett Tower ward', is below where Eldon Leisure is located in the present megastructure, and 'Bertram Momboucher Tower ward' is located where the now demolished Eldon food courts and Newgate car park once stood.

North of the town walls Charles Hutton's 1770 map shows a bowling green on the site of the present day Marks & Spencer, John Lewis part of the megastructure and Prudhoe Street car park. The area presently occupied by the Northumberland Street entrance to the centre and Fenwicks were in 1770 market vegetable gardens. That would have been south of the bowling green.

In 1824 John Dobson was commissioned by Richard Grainger to produce designs for Old Eldon Square. The design involved terraces facing a central square: the terraces were faced with finely cut ashlar.

Post-1960s redevelopment, demolitions, and architectural redesign
During the 1960s the leader of the city council T. Dan Smith, set the groundwork for a new shopping centre. He intended to use the famous Danish architect Arne Jacobsen; however this fell through.

Old Eldon Square was nonetheless controversially redeveloped in the mid 1970s, with Christopher Booker writing in 1978 that it was "perhaps the greatest single example of architectural vandalism in Britain since the war. Until ten years ago this most handsome piece of old Newcastle, with its blackened, post-classical frontages survived intact. Today only one side remains, the rest dominated by the astonishingly brutal shopping centre put up by Capital and Counties, turning its brick backside on the world in the most aggressive way, in order to lure Novocastrians into the softly-lit womb of the air-conditioned shopping malls within."

The first phase of Eldon Square Shopping Centre opened on 4 March 1976, with a second phase opening in September, and an official opening ceremony in 1977 carried out by Queen Elizabeth II during her Silver Jubilee. At the time it was the largest indoor shopping centre in the country.

Some of the shopping malls were named after elements of local culture; notably Chevy Chase was named after the medieval Northumbrian Ballad of Chevy Chase, and Douglas Way was named after the Scottish Earl of Douglas who takes a prominent role in the ballad. The Fenwick department store established an access from the centre into their store and Bainbridge's, part of the John Lewis Partnership, moved into the centre at the time.

The opening of the MetroCentre in nearby Gateshead during 1986 provided competition for Eldon Square.

In 1989 a new shopping centre, Eldon Garden, opened to the north of Eldon Square. Although separately owned and managed, there is an entrance to Eldon Garden's main shopping arcade from Eldon Square.

The Green Market, which was situated in the southern part of the centre, closed in January 2007 for relocation and the site was demolished later in the year along with a car park as part of redevelopment works. The new Eldon Square bus station opened in March 2007, allowing the existing bus station to be converted into shops.

The site of the former Green Market was used to make way for Eldon Square South, later known as St Andrew's Way, a new mall with a Debenhams department store as the anchor tenant.

The centre was rebranded as Intu Eldon Square in April 2013, following the renaming of Capital Shopping Centres Group as Intu Properties.

Around the same time as the rebrand, the centre underwent an extensive refurbishment at a cost of £22 million. The upgrade works included new ceilings and a new entrance at Northumberland Street.

The Eldon Leisure centre above the malls was refurbished in July 2015.

The next phase of the redevelopment was the creation of a new dining quarter in the old Sidgate and High Friars malls called Grey's Quarter. Work commenced in summer 2015 with the first restaurant to open being George's Great British Kitchen in October 2016.

On 26 June 2020, the majority owner and manager of Eldon Square, Intu, went into administration. On 9 October, MAPP took over the management of the shopping centre. Ownership of the centre remains with one of the Intu companies, Intu Debenture plc (60%), and Newcastle City Council (40%).

In 2023, the Eldon Garden shopping centre was put up for sale priced at £4.95m. The sale was due to most of the internal retail units being left empty and the centre generating "essentially zero" net income for its London-based owners.

Notable stores
Anchor Tenants:
 * Debenhams (closed in May 2021 when Debenhams ceased trading)
 * John Lewis
 * Next

Eldon Square also has main entrances to:
 * Marks & Spencer, one of the most profitable Marks & Spencer stores outside London, with the most profitable food hall in the company.
 * Fenwick, flagship store and headquarters of the up-market chain. One of the largest department stores in the UK.

title: Eldon Square Shopping Centre


text: User talk:212.132.0.12

title: User talk:212.132.0.12


text:
Bridei I

Bridei son of Maelchon (died c. 586) was King of the Picts from 554 to 584. Sources are vague or contradictory regarding him, but it is believed that his court was near Loch Ness and that he may have been a Christian. Several contemporaries also claimed the title "King of the Picts". He died in the mid-580s, possibly in battle, and was succeeded by Gartnait son of Domelch.

Historical sources
Bridei son of Maelchon was King of the Picts until his death around A.D. 584–586. Other forms of his name include Brude son of Melcho and, in Irish sources, Bruide son of Maelchú and Bruidhe son of Maelchon. He was first mentioned in the Irish annals from 558 to 560, where the Annals of Ulster report "the migration before Máelchú's son, King Bruide". An earlier entry, reporting the death of "Bruide son of Máelchú" in the Annals of Ulster for 505 is presumed to be an error. The Ulster annalist does not say who fled, but the later Annals of Tigernach refers to "the flight of the Scots before Bruide son of Máelchú" in 558. This uncertainty has provoked considerable speculation; in one version the Annals of Ulster is said to associate this with the death of Gabrán mac Domangairt.

Personal life
Bridei is suggested to have been the son of Maelgwn Gwynedd by John Morris in his The Age of Arthur, where he is referred to in passing as "... Bridei, son of Maelgwn, the mighty king of north Wales, ...". Though the book has been a commercial success, it is disparaged by historians as an unreliable source of "misleading and misguided" information.

Bridei's death was reported in the 580s, perhaps in battle against Pictish rivals in Circinn, an area thought to correspond with the Mearns. The lists of kings in the Pictish Chronicle agree that Bridei was followed by Gartnait son of Domelch (Garnait II).

Political life
Bridei appears in Adomnán's Life of Saint Columba as a contemporary and as one of the chief kings in Scotland. Adomnán's account of Bridei is problematic as it does not mention whether Bridei was already a Christian, and if not, whether Columba converted him. The archaeological discoveries at Portmahomack, showing that there was a monastic community there from around 550, provide some support for the idea that Bridei was either already a Christian, at least in name, or was converted by Columba.

Bridei was not the only "king of the Picts" during his lifetime. The death of Galam Cennalath — called "Cennalath, king of the Picts" — is recorded in 580 in the Annals of Ulster, four years before Bridei's death. In addition, Adomnán mentions the presence of the "under-king of Orkney" at Bridei's court. The Annals of Ulster report two expeditions to Orkney during Bridei's reign, in 580 and 581.

The location of the court of Bridei's kingdom is not certain. Adomnán's account states that after leaving the royal court, Columba came to the River Ness and that the court was located atop a steep rock. Accordingly, it has been suggested that Bridei's chief residence was at Craig Phadrig, which is to the west of the modern city of Inverness and overlooks the Beauly Firth. Excavation at Craig Phadrig has shown that its ramparts were in a poor state of repair during Bridei's time, however, and it is, therefore, unlikely to have been a royal fortress during the period. Bridei's kingdom may also have corresponded with what would later become Fortriu.

Popular culture
Juliet Marillier's trilogy The Bridei Chronicles is written as a combination of history, fiction, and informed guesswork regarding this king's rise to power and rule. Her novels also describe events in the life of Bridei III.

title: Bridei I


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Greek diaspora

[[File:Map of the Greek Diaspora in the World.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Countries with significant Greek population and descendants

{{Legend|#000000|Greece}} {{Legend|#0d2a63|+ 1,000,000}} {{Legend|#1859a0|+ 100,000}} {{Legend|#2175d8|+ 10,000}} {{Legend|#92c0f2|+ 1,000}}]] The Greek diaspora, also known as Omogenia (Ομογένεια), are the communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus.

Such places historically (dating to the ancient period) include, Albania, North Macedonia, southern Russia, Ukraine, Asia Minor and Pontus (in today's Turkey), Georgia, Egypt, Sudan, southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia"), Sicily, Cargèse and Marseille in France.

The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration (mostly since the 19th century) outside of the traditional areas; such as in Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, Brazil and others.

The Greek diaspora population is estimated at 5 million, which when added to the population of Greece (approximately 10 million), it gives a total worldwide Greek population of approximately 15 million.

Overview
The Greek diaspora is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. Examples of its influence range from the role played by Greek expatriates in the emergence of the Renaissance, through liberation and nationalist movements involved in the fall of the Ottoman Empire, to commercial developments such as the commissioning of the world's first supertankers by shipping magnates Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.

Antiquity

In Archaic Greece, the trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia"), northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, West Asia, and Northwest India.

Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait. Seleucia, Antioch and Alexandria were among the largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times. Greeks spread across the Roman Empire, and in the eastern territories the Greek language (rather than Latin) became the lingua franca. The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity.

Middle Ages
In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea, maintaining their identity among local populations as traders, officials, and settlers. Soon afterwards, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science (which, in turn, contributed to Byzantine science).

Fall of Byzantium and exodus to Italy
After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul) and found refuge in Italy. They brought ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West, contributing to the Renaissance. Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence, and Rome.

Fall of the Empire of Trebizond and exodus to Russia and Georgia
Between the fall of the Empire of Trebizond to the Ottomans in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War in 1828–29, thousands of Pontic Greeks migrated (or fled) from the Pontic Alps and eastern Anatolia to Georgia and other southern regions of the Russian Empire, and (later) the Russian province of Kars in the South Caucasus. Many Pontic Greeks fled their homelands in Pontus and northeastern Anatolia and settled in these areas to avoid Ottoman reprisals after supporting the Russian invasions of eastern Anatolia in the Russo-Turkish Wars from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Others resettled in search of new opportunities in trade, mining, farming, the church, the military, and the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire.

Ottoman Empire
Greeks spread through many provinces of the Ottoman Empire and took major roles in its economic life, particularly the Phanariots (wealthy Greek merchants who claimed noble Byzantine descent during the second half of the 16th century). The Phanariots helped administer the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century; some settled in present-day Romania, influencing its political and cultural life. Other Greeks settled outside the southern Balkans, moving north in service to the Orthodox Church or as a result of population transfers and massacres by Ottoman authorities after Greek rebellions against Ottoman rule or suspected Greek collaboration with Russia in the Russo-Turkish wars fought between 1774 and 1878. Greek Macedonia was most affected by the population upheavals, where the large, indigenous Ottoman Muslim population (often including those of Greek-convert descent) could form local militias to harass and exact revenge on the Greek-speaking Christian Orthodox population; this often forced the inhabitants of rural districts, particularly in the more vulnerable lowland areas, to abandon their homes.

A larger-scale movement of Greek-speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after the short-lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828–29 Russo-Turkish War. An estimated one-fifth of Pontic Greeks left their homeland in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia in 1829 as refugees, following the Tsarist army as it withdrew back into Russian territory (since many had collaborated with—or fought in—the Russian army against the Muslim Ottomans to regain territory for Christian Orthodoxy). The Pontic Greek refugees who settled in Georgia and the southern Caucasus assimilated with preexisting Caucasus Greek communities. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol, but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army.

In 1788, Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed Moscopole. This predominantly ethnic Aromanian settlement historically had an important Greek influence. This is why some members of the Aromanian diaspora that settled in places such as Vienna in Austria have been considered as Greeks and part of a Greek diaspora as well.

19th century
During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia, Epirus, and Thrace. Greek merchant families had contacts in other countries; during the disturbances, many set up home bases around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno, Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odesa and St. Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded (typically textiles and grain). Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church. As markets changed, some families became shippers (financed through the local Greek community, with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers). The diaspora expanded across the Levant, North Africa, India and the US. Many leaders of the Greek struggle for liberation from Ottoman Macedonia and other parts of the southern Balkans with large Greek populations still under Ottoman rule had links to the Greek trading and business families who funded the Greek liberation struggle against the Ottomans and the creation of a Greater Greece.

The terrible devastation of the island of Chios in the 1822 massacre caused a great dispersion of the islanders, leading to the creation of a specific Chian diaspora.

After the Treaty of Constantinople, the political situation stabilised; some displaced families returned to the newly independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Financial assistance from overseas was channeled through these family ties, providing for institutions such as the National Library and sending relief after natural disasters.

20th century
During the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic and political reasons; this resulted in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina, The United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Georgia, Italy, Armenia, Russia, Chile, Mexico and South Africa, especially after World War II (1939–45), the Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974.

After World War I, most Pontian and Anatolian Greeks living in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) were victims of Muslim Turkish intolerance for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. More than 3.5 million Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians were killed in the regimes of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal, from 1914 to 1923. Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and the Russian Empire (later the USSR) was also a major destination.

After the Greek Civil War, many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet-dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). Hungary founded a village (Beloiannisz) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jägerndorf). Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live in the country. Although many immigrants later returned to Greece, these countries still have a number of first- and second-generation Greeks who maintain their traditions.

With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, Greeks of the diaspora immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centers of Athens, Thessaloniki, and Cyprus; many came from Georgia.

Pontic Greeks are Greek-speaking communities originating in the Black Sea region, particularly from the Trebizond region, the Pontic Alps, eastern Anatolia, Georgia, and the former Russian south-Caucasus Kars Oblast. After 1919–23, most of these Pontic Greek and Caucasus Greek communities resettled in Greek Macedonia or joined other Greek communities in southern Russia and Ukraine.

Greek nationality
Anyone who is ethnically Greek and born outside Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization if they can prove that a parent or grandparent was a Greek national. The Greek ancestor's birth and marriage certificates and the applicant's birth certificate are required, along with birth certificates for all intervening generations between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship.

Greek citizenship is acquired by birth by all persons born in Greece who do not acquire a foreign citizenship and all persons born to at least one parent who is a registered Greek citizen. People born out of wedlock to a father who is a Greek citizen and a mother who is a non-Greek automatically gain Greek citizenship if the father recognizes them as his child before they turn 18.

Present day
Centers of the Greek diaspora are New York City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Munich, London, Melbourne, Wellington, Sydney, Auckland, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Culiacán, Mexico City, and Buenos Aires.

The SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad has compiled several studies on the Greek diaspora. The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus is uncertain. Available census figures indicate about three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus, but the SAE estimates about seven million worldwide. The Greek diaspora defends Greek interests, particularly in the US. Assimilation and loss of the Greek language influence the definition of the Greek diaspora. To learn more about how factors such as intermarriage and assimilation influence self-identification among young Greeks in the diaspora, and to help clarify the estimates of Greeks in the diaspora, the Next Generation Initiative began an academically supervised research study in 2008.

United States
The United States has the largest ethnically-Greek population outside Greece. According to the US Department of State, the Greek-American community numbers about three million and the vast majority are third- or fourth-generation immigrants. According to the World Council of Churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has a membership of 600,000 in the US and Canada who are still Greek Orthodox; however, many Greeks in both countries have adopted other religions or become secular. The 2010 census recorded about 130,000 Greek Americans, although members of the community dispute its accuracy.

Canada
Most Greek Canadians live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. The 2016 census reported that 271,405 Canadians were Greek by ancestry and 16,715 people were born in Greece.

Chile
Greek immigration to Chile began during the 16th century from the island of Crete. Cretan Greeks settled in the Antofagasta Region in the mid-16th century and spread to other locations, such as the Greek colony in Santiago and the cities of San Diego, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas.

Australia
Australia has one of the world's largest Greek communities. Greek immigration to Australia began during the 19th century, increasing significantly in the 1950s and 1960s. According to the 2016 census, there were 397,431 Greeks and Greek Cypriots (by ancestry) living in Australia and 93,740 Greeks born in Greece or Cyprus. According to Greeks around the Globe, Greek Australians number about 700,000. The majority of Greeks in Australia (over 90 percent) are Greek Orthodox and many attend church weekly. According to the SBS, Greeks in Australia have a higher level of church attendance than Greeks in Greece. There are minorities of Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses and Pentecostals. Currently, there are 152 Greek Orthodox churches in Australia, most under jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. In addition, there are 8 monasteries as well as schools, theological colleges and aged care centres.

Brazil
About 50,000 Greeks immigrated to Brazil from Greece and Cyprus, with 20,000 in the city of Sao Paulo. Brazil has a sizable community of Antiochean Greeks (known as Melkites), Orthodox, Catholics, and Jews. According to the Catholic Church, the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Melkite Greek), the Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis S. Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum had a 2016 membership of 46,600. The World Council of Churches estimates that the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch has a membership of 90,000 in Latin America, the majority of whom live in Brazil.

Israel
About 250 Non-Jewish Greeks immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine for the service of the Greek-Orthodox church in the country between 1850 and 1920, mostly residing in Jerusalem and Nazareth City. About 1,500-2,500 Ethnic Greeks Today, few were able to obtain Greek Citizenship largely due to the refusal of recognition from Greece.

Mexico
Greeks started to immigrate to Mexico in the late 1800s from mainland and especially the Greek islands and Cyprus. While there was an individual immigration to Mexico, the Mexican government looked to start olive production in the Pacific Coast so thousands were taken to the state of Sinaloa where the Greeks found fortunes in the tomato production instead. Today there are tens of thousands of Greek-Mexicans living primarily in Culiacán, Veracruz, and Mexico City as well as surrounding areas and other cities.

Notable Greeks of the diaspora
Notable people of the Greek diaspora (including those of Greek ancestry):

 * Spiro Agnew
 * Achilles Alferaki
 * Sofia Adamson
 * Nikos Aliagas
 * Leo Allatius
 * Braith Anasta
 * Constantine Andreou
 * The Andrews Sisters
 * Harry Agganis
 * Criss Angel
 * Steve Angello
 * Jennifer Aniston
 * John Aniston
 * E. M. Antoniadi
 * George Averoff
 * Kostas Axelos
 * Marco Basaiti
 * Dave Bautista
 * Antonis Benakis
 * Emmanouil Benakis
 * George Bizos
 * Charles Denis Bourbaki
 * Nick Calathes
 * Maria Callas
 * Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi
 * Toma Caragiu
 * Ion Luca Caragiale
 * Constantin Carathéodory
 * John Cassavetes
 * Cornelius Castoriadis
 * Constantine Cavafy
 * Kim Cesarion
 * Jorgo Chatzimarkakis
 * Chris Chelios
 * André Chénier
 * Joseph Chénier
 * Kelly Clarkson
 * Mad Clip
 * Constantine II of Greece
 * Michael Constantine
 * George Coulouris
 * Georges Corraface
 * George P. Cosmatos
 * Jamie Dimon
 * Jacques Damala
 * Mickey Dee
 * Michael Dertouzos
 * Michael Dukakis
 * Nikolaus Dumba
 * Katerine Duska
 * Chris Diamantopoulos
 * Olympia Dukakis
 * Tina Fey
 * Patricia Field
 * Thomas Flanginis
 * Mario Frangoulis
 * Juan de Fuca
 * Christos Gage
 * Nicholas Gage
 * Zach Galifianakis
 * Nick Galis
 * Costa-Gavras
 * Elias Gyftopoulos
 * George of Trebizond
 * Nick Giannopoulos
 * Alexi Giannoulias
 * El Greco
 * Nick Gravenites
 * Bret Hart
 * Stavros Halkias
 * Lafcadio Hearn
 * José Holebas
 * Arianna Huffington
 * John Iliopoulos
 * Isidore of Kiev
 * Sir Alec Issigonis
 * Hugh Jackman
 * Theodor Kallifatides
 * Andreas Kalvos
 * George Kambosos Jr
 * Melina Kanakaredes
 * Tina Kandelaki
 * Ioannis Kapodistrias
 * Alex Kapranos
 * Herbert von Karajan
 * Andreas Katsulas
 * Elia Kazan
 * Frank Klopas
 * Vladimir Kokkinaki
 * Thanasi Kokkinakis
 * Lampros Kontogiannis
 * Adamantios Korais
 * Elias Koteas
 * Jannis Kounellis
 * Nick Kyrgios
 * Jim Londos
 * Alexi Lalas
 * Vicky Leandros
 * Tommy Lee
 * Francisco Leontaritis
 * Marina Diamandis
 * Demetri Martin
 * Maximus the Greek
 * Maria Menounos
 * Enrique Metinides
 * George Michael
 * Bartolomé Mitre
 * Jean Moréas
 * Nana Mouskouri
 * Marcus Musurus
 * Nicholas Negroponte
 * John Negroponte
 * Johnny Otis
 * Alexandros Pallis
 * Georgios Papanikolaou
 * Stass Paraskos
 * Alexander Payne
 * George Peponis
 * Mark Philippoussis
 * Joseph Pilates
 * Leontius Pilatus
 * Basil Poledouris
 * Nicos Poulantzas
 * Ange Postecoglou
 * Alex Proyas
 * Théodore Ralli
 * Angelique Rockas
 * Michel Emmanuel Rodocanachi
 * Athina Onassis Roussel
 * Demis Roussos
 * Pete Sampras
 * Viktor Sarianidi
 * Telly Savalas
 * Joseph Sifakis
 * Marina Sirtis
 * Nikolaos Skoufas
 * Spyros Skouras
 * Olympia Snowe
 * Queen Sophia of Spain
 * Stefania Liberakakis
 * Jose Manuel Estela Stilianopoulos
 * Dimitri Soudas
 * John Stamos
 * Theodoros Stamos
 * Dino Stamatopoulos
 * George Stephanopoulos
 * Cat Stevens
 * Demetrio Stratos
 * Trish Stratus
 * Patrick Tatopoulos
 * Amanda Georgiadi Tenfjord
 * Theophanes the Greek
 * Jake Tsakalidis
 * Athanasios Tsakalov
 * Paul Tsongas
 * Emmanuel Tzanes
 * Panayis Athanase Vagliano
 * Vangelis
 * Obdulio Varela
 * Nia Vardalos
 * Ioannis Varvakis
 * John Varvatos
 * Laert Vasili
 * Antonio Vassilacchi
 * Gregory Vlastos
 * Emmanuil Xanthos
 * Iannis Xenakis
 * Yanni
 * Milo Yiannopoulos
 * Fyodor Yurchikhin
 * Betty White
 * Rita Wilson
 * Billy Zane
 * Frank Zappa
 * Evangelos Zappas
 * Konstantinos Zappas
 * Christian Zervos
 * Giorgio Tsoukalos
 * Demetrio B. Lakas
 * Elli AvrRam

title: Greek diaspora


text:
USS Arethusa (IX-135)

USS Arethusa (IX-135) began life as Gargoyle—a tanker built in 1921 at Oakland, Calif., by the Moore Shipbuilding Co. and was renamed Arethusa by the Navy and designated IX-135 on 3 November 1943; acquired by the Navy on 23 March 1944 from the War Shipping Administration on a bareboat basis for use as a mobile floating storage tanker; and placed in commission on that same day at Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands.

Arethusa remained at Majuro through early June providing fuel to various ships of the Fleet. She got underway on 8 June and proceeded to Eniwetok, where she resumed her fueling operations. The tanker sailed on 19 August for the Admiralty Islands, reached Manus on 28 August, and once again dispensed fuel to Allied ships. The tanker headed for the Philippines on 12 October to support Fleet units about to begin the reconquest of that archipelago. She reached Leyte Gulf on 20 October and commenced fueling operations.

Arethusa shaped a course back to Manus in early January 1945 and operated there through 5 May, when she got underway for the Western Caroline Islands. The vessel reached Ulithi four days later and resumed fueling services. The ship weighed anchor once again on 22 June and set a course for Kerama Retto in the Ryukyus. She was stationed at Okinawa when the Japanese surrendered in mid-August 1945 and continued operations at that island until mid-December.

Arethusa then moved to Subic Bay, Philippines. She provided fuel to fleet ships at that port through 3 March 1946, when the vessel got underway for home. She reached Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 28 March and remained there for a short period of voyage repairs. The ship left Hawaiian waters on 5 April and steamed into San Francisco Bay on 15 April. She was decommissioned at San Francisco on 16 May 1946 and returned to the War Shipping Administration on that same day. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 5 June 1946. The vessel was sold to Kaiser Co., Inc., on 8 December 1947, and was subsequently scrapped.

Arethusa won two battle stars for her World War II service.

title: USS Arethusa (IX-135)


text:
Andrew Jarecki

Andrew Jarecki (born March 24, 1963) is an American filmmaker, musician, and entrepreneur. He is best known for the Emmy-winning documentary series The Jinx. He is also known for the documentary film Capturing the Friedmans, which won eighteen international prizes including the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival and the New York Film Critics Circle award, and was nominated for an Academy Award. He also co-founded Moviefone and created the KnowMe iOS platform.

Career
Jarecki graduated from Princeton University in 1985. He is the co-founder and CEO of Moviefone, which provides film schedules over the Internet and telephone and was sold to AOL in 1999. With producer J. J. Abrams, Jarecki co-wrote the theme song to Felicity, "New Version of You", in 2000.

Jarecki's 2003 documentary about a family, Capturing the Friedmans, his first feature, began as an offshoot from a short film he was making about birthday party clowns, which was titled Just a Clown and released in 2004. Jarecki went on to direct the narrative feature All Good Things starring Ryan Gosling, Kirsten Dunst, and Frank Langella. The film, inspired by the life of millionaire Robert Durst and the unsolved disappearance of his wife Kathie, was released in 2010. Along with filmmaking partner Marc Smerling, Jarecki also produced the 2010 documentary film Catfish, and co-produced and directed the documentary series The Jinx, which aired on HBO in 2015. Jarecki plays the drums and sings backing vocals on Bikini Robot Army's single "Joe Strummer's House".

Jarecki directed the 2018 Netflix comedy series Bumping Mics with Jeff Ross & Dave Attell.

Personal life
Jarecki is the son of financier-philanthropist Henry Jarecki, the brother of documentary filmmaker Eugene Jarecki, finance executive Thomas A. Jarecki and the half-brother of filmmaker Nicholas Jarecki. Andrew lives in New York City with his wife, Nancy Jarecki, and their 3 kids.

title: Andrew Jarecki


text:
Oeceoclades decaryana

Oeceoclades decaryana is a terrestrial orchid species of the genus Oeceoclades that is native throughout southern and southeastern Africa. It can be found growing in Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It was first described by the French botanist Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie in 1935 as a species in the genus Eulophia. He later transferred this species to the genus Lissochilus in 1941, followed by another transfer to the genus Eulophidium in 1957 by the English botanist V.S. Summerhayes in 1957. When Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor revised the genus Oeceoclades in 1976, they transferred this species to the expanded Oeceoclades.

title: Oeceoclades decaryana


text:
Alegria, Cebu

Alegria, officially the Municipality of Alegria (Lungsod sa Alegria; ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,620 people.

Alegria is one of the eight municipalities comprising the 7th Congressional District Cebu Province. It is 131 km from Cebu City.

It is home of the first onshore oil field in the Philippines, the Alegria Oil Field.

History
Timeline:
 * Pre-1850: Native tribe; then a Spanish-era barrio called Tuburan after the spring (tubod) located at sitio Tubig (Santa Rosa) in the poblacion.
 * 31 January 1850: Leaders of Tuburan ask Governor of Cebu to support their petition for civil separation from mother town (matriz) Malabuyoc.
 * 4 February: Malabuyoc leaders send letter of support for said petition. Tuburan had a church made of tabique de pampango, a convent and tribunal of light materials, two rubble watchtowers and 410½ tributos (
 * 15 February: Petition goes to the Civil Administrator and Commanding General of the Visayas then sent to Superior Government in Manila.
 * 31 March: Assessor General recommends approval of said petition.
 * 3 April: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippine Islands (Antonio María Blanco) approves establishment of Tuburan as a town.
 * 24 August: Governor of Cebu recommends changing the town's name to avoid confusing it with similarly named barrios in Balamban and Bogo.
 * 25 September: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippines (Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía) issues order changing the town's name to Alegria.

Establishment of parish:
 * 9 August 1854: The Padre Cura of Malabuyoc, Lucas Clavesillas de la Soledad recommends to the Bishop of Cebu (Romualdo Jimeno Ballesteros, O.P.) the creation of Alegria as a parish.
 * 17 September: Governor of Cebu proposes separating barrio Guiuanon (Madridejos) from Badian and adding it to Alegria to form a new parish territory.
 * 31 October: Bishop of Cebu supports creation of said territory.
 * 10 November: Bishop informs Governor of Cebu that Badian does not object to creation of a new parish and separation of Guiuanon.
 * 21 February 1856: Petition for said separation and the creation of new parish territory received by the Minister of Royal Treasury in Manila.
 * 27 February: Governor of Cebu asks the Captain and Governor-General to create said parish.
 * 3 July: the town of Alegria created as a parish. Tributes: 781 (Poblacion - 521½, Guiuanon - 259½)

 * 13 March 1857: Parish of Alegria Canonically erected. Titular St. Francis Xavier Feast 3 Dec.

Geography
Alegria is bordered to the north by the town of Badian, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east are the towns of Dalaguete and Alcoy, and to the south is the town of Malabuyoc.

Barangays
Alegria is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy
The formal extraction of oil and gas reserves from the Alegria Oil Field Polyard-3 Well in Barangay Montpeller would generate numerous job opportunities and income for residents, neighboring towns and the entire Cebu province.

Extracted oil will be sold to power plants at US$70 per barrel with a current production of 200 to 300 barrels per day, as told by Country Manager Edgar Benedict Cutiongco of China International Mining and Petroleum Company Inc. (CIMP), the service contractor of the oil extraction project. The Municipal government will receive an 18% income share coming from the 60% allotted to the National Government, while 14% will go to Barangay Montpeller and 8% to the Provincial Government.

Tourism
The municipality of Alegria launched the Kawayan Festival on 2 December 2006, in time for the annual town fiesta. Local contingents paraded the streets, and locally produced kawayan (bamboo) products were on display. Kawayan Festival has been part of the fiesta celebration in honor of Saint Francis Xavier since then.

There is also a plan to develop Alegria as the "Organic Vegetable Basket" in Cebu and in the Visayas region by its mayor, Verna Magallon.

Education
The public schools in the town of Alegria are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:

 * Alangasil Elementary School — Sitio Alangasil, Madridejos
 * Alegria Central Elementary School — Poblacion
 * Anislag Primary School — Sitio Anislag, Guadalupe
 * Balha-an Elementary School — Sitio Balha-an, Madridejos
 * Cagay-an Primary School — Sitio Cagay-an, Lepanto
 * Cambunoc Elementary School — Sitio Cambunoc, Santa Filomena
 * Cangcalape Primary School — Sitio Cangcalape, Compostela
 * Compostela Elementary School — Compostela
 * Dugyan Primary School — Sitio Dugyan, Valencia
 * Guadalupe Elementary School — Guadalupe
 * Inghoy Elementary School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia
 * Legaspi Elementary School — Legaspi
 * Lepanto Elementary School — Lepanto
 * Libo Elementary School — Sitio Libo, Lepanto
 * Lingatong Primary School — Sitio Lingatong, Guadalupe
 * Madridejos Elementary School — Madridejos
 * Mayana Elementary School — Sitio Mayana, Guadalupe
 * Montpeller Elementary School — Montpeller
 * Santa Filomena Elementary School — Santa Filomena
 * Valencia Elementary School — Valencia

High schools:
 * Inghoy National High School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia
 * Madridejos National High School — Madridejos
 * Montpeller National High School — Montpeller
 * Santa Filomena National High School — Santa Filomena

Private schools:
 * Saint Peter Academy — Poblacion
 * St. Francis School of Alegria — Poblacion

title: Alegria, Cebu


text:
Aloguinsan

Aloguinsan, officially the Municipality of Aloguinsan (Lungsod sa Aloguinsan; ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 34,466 people.

By road it is 90 km southwest of Cebu City.

History
Aloguinsan was formerly a barrio of Pinamungajan. It was created a town by the Royal Decree of the Kingdom of Spain in 1886.

Bulwarte, a historic landmark, still stands as mute testimony to the courage of the early inhabitants of Aloguinsan. Because of the frequent Moro attacks, the natives, under the supervision of the Spaniards, constructed a watchtower on top of a hill at the mouth of a river. From this vantage point, they could see incoming Moro vintas.

One night (a full moon and favorable winds), the Muslim invaders approached the village. With old people, women, and children safe behind the hills, the men began firing their cannons and did not stop until the pirates had been annihilated. It was the end of Moro assaults.

The historic hill of Villona between the barrios of Olango and Cawasan was also the site of a battle between the American forces and Filipino revolutionaries. The rebels under the leadership of Anastacio de la Cruz encountered the forces of Lt. Walker on Holy Thursday, April 1903. Lt. Walker and a number of his men were killed. The following day, Good Friday, Lt. McCoy took over the command of the American troops and outfought the Pulahanes (the rebels were so called because of their red headbands) who were defeated.

The courage and patriotism of the Aloguinsan were again tested in World War II. Cebuano guerillas resisted Japanese invaders, and joined Allied and Filipino troops of the 3rd, 8th, 82nd and 83rd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army.

Geography
Aloguinsan is bordered to the north by the town of Pinamungajan, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is the city of Carcar, and to the south is the town of Barili.

Barangays
Aloguinsan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Festival
Every June, they celebrate the famous "Kinsan Festival", named after the Dotted Grouper (Epinephelus epistictus), known locally as Kinsan, that is usually abundant in months of May to July. The town fiesta is celebrated every 2nd Sunday of June. Interestingly, the saint is sometimes depicted in religious iconography as holding a fish.

Only Aloguinsan has a titular parish of Saint Raphael the Archangel in the entire Metropolitan Archdiocese of the Most Holy Name of Jesus.

Tourism

 * Bojo River
 * Hermit's Cove
 * Hidden Beach

Education
The public schools in the town of Aloguinsan are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:
 * Aloguinsan Central Elementary School — Poblacion
 * Angilan Elementary School — Angilan
 * Bogo Elementary School — Sitio Bogo, Kawasan
 * Bojo Elementary School — Bojo
 * Calape Primary School — Sitio Calape, Kawasan
 * Cawasan Elementary School — Cawasan
 * Kandingan Elementary School — Kandingan
 * Kantabogon Elementary School — Kantabogon
 * Olango Elementary School — Olango
 * Punay Elementary School — Punay
 * Saksak Elementary School — Saksak
 * Sto. Rosario Elementary School — Rosario
 * Zaragosa Elementary School — Zaragosa

High schools:
 * Aloguinsan National High School — Poblacion
 * Angilan National High School — Angilan
 * Rosario National High School — Rosario

Integrated schools:
 * Bonbon Integrated School — Bonbon
 * Esperanza Integrated School — Esperanza
 * Tampaan Integrated School — Tampa-an
 * Tuyokon Integrated School — Toyokon

Notable personalities

 * Jojo Tangkay - A professional basketball player notably played in PBL then PBA's Welcoat Dragons.

title: Aloguinsan


text:
Argao

Argao, officially the Municipality of Argao (Lungsod sa Argao; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 78,187 people.

Geography
The municipality of Argao is located in the southeast of the province of Cebu, 67 km from Cebu City.

Argao is bordered to the north by the municipality of Sibonga, to the west are the municipalities of Ronda, Alcantara and Moalboal, to the east is the Cebu Strait, and to the south is the municipality of Dalaguete.

Barangays
Argao is politically subdivided into 45 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Tourism
The economy of the town of Argao heavily revolves around farming, baking, and tourism. Argao is renowned in Cebu as the "Torta Capital of the Province" because of its local delicacy, the Torta, a Cebuano tart that is inspired from the Spanish tart, but differs in its recipe by using tubâ or palm wine as the rising agent instead of the usual yeast. There are three Cebuano baking towns, the others are Liloan and Santander.

The La Torta Festival, which replaced the Pitlagong Festival in 2011, is the municipality's local food festival in honor of St Michael the Archangel, the patron saint of Argao. La Torta Festival happens every 28–29 September to celebrate Argao's Tart Economy and the torta as an Argaoanon delicacy, as well as cultural heritage from the Spanish period, which includes the tradition of making the torta.

Argao is also a producer of Cebuano tsokolate (chocolate). Much of the cocoa production originates from Argao. The raw cacao, once harvested, is molded, while melted, into disk-shaped tablets called tablea. These are often used in sikwate, a Cebuano version of hot chocolate. The production of chocolate in Argao is said to have been pre-colonial. Maria Cacao, a goddess of the Lantoy Mountain, is said to have been the giver of the cacao tree to the natives of Argao, according to legend. It is said that she and her husband Mangao reside in a cave in that area, surrounded by cacao trees.

Argao is, additionally, a producer of vinegar in the province. When the tubâ ferments or when it is aged too long, it becomes sour. It eventually turns into vinegar which is used as sauce or as component for a sauce in main courses. The palm vinegar is referred to as sukang tubâ. It is often accompanied with spices such as garlic and chili peppers and usually comes by the bottle.

Education
The public schools in the town of Argao are administered by two school districts under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:

 * Alambijud Elementary School — Alambijud
 * Anajao Elementary School — Anajao
 * Apo Elementary School — Apo
 * Argao I Central Elementary School — N. Bacalso Avenue, Poblacion
 * Bala-as Elementary School — Bala-as
 * Balisong-Casay Elementary School — Balisong
 * Banahao Elementary School — Sitio Banahao, Talaga
 * Binlod Elementary School — Binlod
 * Bogo Elementary School — Bogo
 * Bug-ot Elementary School — Bug-ot
 * Bulasa Elementary School — Bulasa
 * Butong Elementary School — Butong
 * Calagasan Elementary School — Calagasan
 * Canbantug Elementary School — Canbantug
 * Canbanua Elementary School — Dr. T.S. Kintanar Street, Canbanua
 * Candolonon Primary School — Sitio Candolonon, Balisong
 * Cansuje Elementary School — Cansuje
 * Catang Primary School — Catang
 * Colawin Elementary School — Colawin
 * Conalum Elementary School — Conalum
 * Dalas-ag Primary School — Sitio Dalas-ag, Balisong
 * Guiwanon Elementary School — Guiwanon
 * Gutlang Elementary School — Gutlang
 * Jampang Elementary School — Jampang
 * Jomgao Elementary School — Jomgao
 * Langtad Elementary School — Langtad
 * Langub Elementary School — Langub
 * Lapay Elementary School — Lapay
 * Lengigon Elementary School — Lengigon
 * Linut-od Elementary School — Linut-od
 * Mabasa Elementary School — Mabasa
 * Malacorong Primary School — Sitio Malacorong, Usmad
 * Malalag Elementary School — Sitio Malalag, Ubaub
 * Mandilikit Elementary School — Mandilikit
 * Mompeller Elementary School — Mompeller
 * Nug-as Elementary School — Sitio Nug-as, Cansuje
 * Rrcy Elementary School — Sitio Candabong, Binlod
 * Sua Elementary School — Sua
 * Sumaguan Elementary School — Sumaguan
 * Tabayag Elementary School — Tabayag
 * Talaga Elementary School — Talaga
 * Talaytay Elementary School — Talaytay
 * Tiguib Elementary School — Tiguib
 * Tulang Elementary School — Tulang
 * Tulic Elementary School — Isidro Kintanar Street, Tulic
 * Usmad Elementary School — Usmad

High schools:
 * Argao National High School — San Miguel Street, Canbanua
 * Bulasa National High School — Bulasa
 * Calagasan National High School — Calagasan
 * Cansuje National High School — Cansuje
 * Colawin National High School — Colawin
 * Mandilikit National High School — Mandilikit
 * Talaga National High School — Talaga
 * Usmad National High School — Usmad

Integrated schools:
 * Taloot Integrated School — Taloot

Notable personalities

 * Cerge Remonde - former Press Secretary
 * Francisco Remotigue - former Governor of Cebu
 * Hilario Davide Jr. - former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

title: Argao


text:
Edmund Dalbor

Edmund Dalbor (30 October 1869 – 13 February 1926) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań, thus Primate of Poland, from 1915 until his death. Dalbor was elevated to the cardinalate in 1919.

Biography
Edmund Dalbor was born in Ostrów Wielkopolski to Władysław and Katarzyna (née Rutkowska) Dalbor. Confirmed on 7 November 1889, he was educated at the Men's Grammar School in Ostrow, the University of Münster, and the seminary of Gniezno and Poznań before traveling to Rome in 1892 to further his studies.

Whilst in Rome, Dalbor was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Lucido Parocchi on 25 February 1893. He obtained his doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Gregorian University on 6 July 1894, and became a parochial vicar in Poznań upon returning to Poland. After serving as vicar of the archcathedral and director of the chancery, Dalbor went to Gniezno, where he was a professor at its seminary and penitentiary of its cathedral. He became a canon theologian of the cathedral chapter of Poznań in 1901, also serving as confessor and chaplain of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Elizabeth. He was raised to the rank of vicar general of Poznań in 1909 and Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 23 November 1914.

On 30 June 1915, Dalbor was appointed Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań by Pope Benedict XV; as Archbishop, he was also the spiritual leader of the Church in Poland. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 21 September from Felix Cardinal von Hartmann, with Bishops Adolf Bertram and Wilhelm Kloske serving as co-consecrators.

Benedict XV created him Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina in the consistory of 15 December 1919. Dalbor later participated in the papal conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI.

In 1926, Dalbor established the Polish Catholic Mission in Belgium.

The Cardinal died in Poznań, at age 56. He is buried in the cathedral of Gniezno.

title: Edmund Dalbor


text:
Simon Goddard

Simon Goddard (born Cardiff, 21 December 1971) is a British author and music journalist.

Early life
Goddard was born in Wales and later moved to Scotland. Though a writer by profession, Goddard originally went to art school in Carlisle, then Hull, and briefly considered a career in visual media.

Career
In 1995 Goddard directed his one and only pop promo for Edwyn Collins, the subject of one of his future books, Simply Thrilled. He started freelance writing the following year and eventually found regular work as a music journalist in London.

Goddard's first two books, Songs That Saved Your Life and Mozipedia, established his initial reputation in the ‘00s as an authority on the Smiths and their lead singer Morrissey. The latter was voted Book Of The Year by readers of Mojo magazine and has since been published in America by Plume, and in Brazil by Leya. Since 2010 Goddard's writing style and choice of subjects has greatly diversified, including the first biography of Postcard Records (Simply Thrilled, 2014), a picaresque homage to the Rolling Stones (Rollaresque, 2015), and 2018’s novelistic The Comeback telling the story of Elvis Presley and his 1968 Comeback Special. The latter made both Q and Mojo magazines' Music Books Of The Year lists.

In 2020 Goddard began his Bowie Odyssey series with Omnibus Press, chronicling the life of David Bowie against the cultural and social history of the 1970s, year-by-year. The first, Bowie Odyssey 70, was a Sunday Times Music Book Of The Year. The fourth in the series, Bowie Odyssey 73, was a 2023 Mojo Book Of The Year.

As a freelance journalist, Goddard's work has appeared in Uncut, Mojo, Record Collector and newspapers including The Guardian and The Mail On Sunday. In 2006 he joined Q magazine where he remained a Contributing Editor until it ceased publication in July 2020. Goddard has also supplied the accompanying essays to rock photographer Tom Sheehan's collection The Cure: Pictures Of You (a 2022 Rough Trade Book Of The Year) and written sleevenotes for reissues and boxsets by Orange Juice, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Nico, Soft Cell, and James.

The Bowie Odyssey series

 * 1) Bowie Odyssey 70 (2020)
 * 2) Bowie Odyssey 71 (2021)
 * 3) Bowie Odyssey 72 (2022)
 * 4) Bowie Odyssey 73 (2023)
 * 5) Bowie Odyssey 74 (2024)

All of the above published in the UK by Omnibus Press. Books 1-3 published in Germany by Hannibal Verlag.

title: Simon Goddard


text:
Asturias, Cebu

Asturias, officially the Municipality of Asturias (Lungsod sa Asturias; ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,397 people.

History
The original name of Asturias is Naghalin, perhaps from the word lalin, native Cebuano term for settlers coming from far places. Other authorities say that "Naghalin" is a mispronunciation of the Cebuano word naghaling which means "making fire" as preparation for cooking. This assertion is supported by the old name of an adjacent municipality, "Bagacawa" (now known as Tuburan), which means "fiery cauldron" from the Cebuano baga (ember) and kawa (cauldron).

The first occupants of Asturias came from other places and neighboring islands such as Negros and Bohol. At first, one part of Naghalin was part of Tuburan and the other part of Balamban. Over time, the population of Naghalin increased because of immigration and natural population growth. Eventually the inhabitants petitioned Spain to grant them their own local government. This petition was granted in the late 19th century by Spain, thereby creating the pueblo (region) of Asturias. This event was witnessed by the arrival in 1888 of the alférez, Antonio Alonso, uncle of José Rizal.

Geography
Asturias is bordered to the north by the town of Tuburan, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is the city of Danao, and to the south is the town of Balamban. It is 56 km from Cebu City.

Barangays
Asturias is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

There are 7 barangays which located in coastal and 20 are inland.

title: Asturias, Cebu


text:
Badian, Cebu

Badian, officially the Municipality of Badian (Lungsod sa Badian; ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 43,735 people.

Badian is one of the eight municipalities comprising the 7th Congressional District Cebu Province. It is 113 km from Cebu City.

Geography
Badian is bordered to the north by the town of Moalboal, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is the town of Dalaguete, and to the south is the town of Alegria.

Barangays
Badian is politically subdivided into 29 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Poblacion
The main barangay of Badian is the Poblacion, located in the center of the town. It is the only urban barangay, and the most populous of Badian. It contains the hospital and the marketplace where most of the trading takes place. Many vendors from all over town trade here particularly at weekends.

Poblacion is where the local high school is located. Badian National High School (BNHS) is one of two high schools in Badian. This is also the larger of the two and many students come from neighboring towns to study here. The lower educational facility in Badian is the Badian Central Elementary School where all the younger children go to school.

Poblacion is also the location of the church of Santiago Apostle, whose feast day is celebrated each 25 July. Held together with the feast of Santiago Apostle is the Banig Festival, the town's flagship festival, celebrating the town's bed making industry.

Tourism

The Kawasan Falls, a three-layered waterfall, is one of the popular tourist destinations in the province. Canyoning tours are offered upstream of the Kawasan Falls, where the Matutinao river flows through a secluded canyon. There is also the Badian mountain range and the popular trekking destination of Osmeña Peak.

The town's jurisdiction includes Zaragosa or Badian Island, where there is a white sandy private beach and which from there snorkeling and diving activities can be arranged. Nearby Pescador Island, Moalboal offers corals and marine life for divers.

Other tourist attractions of Badian include:
 * Cebu International Golf and Resort in Lambug (the only 18hole, par72 course golf course in the town)
 * the manicured gardens of Terra Manna beach and camping resort
 * Grandeur Beach Resort located in Lambug Beach
 * crab hunting in the mangroves.
 * Toong Spring Nature Park - On April 15, 2024, second placer, Badian, as Central Visayas lone winner, was awarded P20 million by the Department of Tourism's Tourism Champions Challenge, for the development of Toong Spring Nature Park in Barangay Poblacion. The tourist attraction is a biodiversity and nature conservation showcasing a butterfly garden, rock wall, Toong spring and walking paths among others.

The town is also hailed as Cebu's "Banig Capital" due to the town's prime product, the "Banig", a woven mat made from Pandanus. The townsfolk are masters of the craft of Banig weaving as much of their skill and prowess in mat weaving was inherited by from forefathers. Because of the booming local economy in matt weaving, the town initiated a major religious-cultural endeavor that was meant to promote the Banigs of Badian. This endeavor came to be recognized as the "Banig Festival", a religious festival in honor of the town's patron saint, St. James the Great, which was also meant to be a major tourism endeavor to promote the mat and the town. The dancers in the participating festival contingents put on stylized and intricately cut and woven costumes made from Banig.

Education
The public schools in the town of Badian are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:

 * Alawijao Primary School — Alawijao
 * Badian Central Elementary School — Poblacion
 * Banhigan Elementary School — Banhigan
 * Basak Elementary School — Basak
 * Basangpangpang Elementary School — Sitio Basangpangpang, Candiis
 * Basiao Elementary School — Basiao
 * Bato Elementary School — Bato
 * Bugas Elementary School — Bugas
 * Calangcang Elementary School — Calangcang
 * Candiis Elementary School — Candiis
 * Dagatan Elementary School — Dagatan
 * Lambug Elementary School — Lambug
 * Malabago Elementary School — Malabago
 * Malhiao Elementary School — Malhiao
 * Manduyong Elementary School — Manduyong
 * Matutinao Elementary School — Matutinao
 * Patong Elementary School — Patong
 * Sanlagan Elementary School — Sanlagan
 * Santicon Elementary School — Santicon
 * Sohoton Elementary School — Sohoton
 * Talayong Elementary School — Talayong
 * Taytay Elementary School — Taytay
 * Tigbao Elementary School — Tigbao
 * Tubod Elementary School — Tubod

High schools:
 * Badian National High School — Poblacion
 * Manduyong National High School — Manduyong
 * Sanlagan National High School (formerly Badian NHS - Sanlagan Extension) — Sanlagan
 * Tubod National High School — Tubod

Integrated schools:
 * Zaragosa Integrated School — Zaragosa

Private schools:
 * Saint James Academy — Poblacion

title: Badian, Cebu


text:
Balamban

Balamban, officially the Municipality of Balamban (Lungsod sa Balamban; Banwa sang Balamban; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 95,136 people.

Mount Manunggal in Barangay Magsaysay (formerly Sunog), is the site of the plane crash on March 17, 1957 in which President Ramon Magsaysay and 17 of his presidential staff and news correspondents were killed.

History
Balamban became a town "pueblo" in 1745. A Spanish document attests that the community was recognized as a town during Spanish colonial period. The first administrator was Ciriaco Gutierrez, a Spanish captain.

Cityhood
House Bill No. 1574, filed by Representative Pablo John Garcia (Cebu–3rd) on July 8, 2019, proposed the conversion of the municipality of Balamban into a component city in the province of Cebu. However, the bill remained pending for the rest of the 18th Congress.

In the following 19th Congress, Garcia filed another bill, House Bill No. 1018, on July 5, 2022, seeking the municipality's conversion into a city.

Geography
Balamban is bordered to the north by the town of Asturias, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is Cebu City, and to the south is the City of Toledo. It is 49 km from Cebu City.

Barangays
Balamban is politically subdivided into 28 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy
Balamban has industries that mainly focuses on shipbuilding for multinational corporations. The biggest economic driver in Balamban is the West Cebu Estate (WCE), a 540 ha mixed-use development in Balamban. It is owned and managed by AboitizLand and is anchored by a 283 ha industrial park, a Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)-registered economic zone tagged as the "Shipbuilding Capital of the Philippines". It hosts 11 locators from medium to heavy industries and employs 14,000 skilled workers.

Located in WCE in Barangay Buanoy is Tsuneishi Heavy Industries (Cebu), Inc. (THICI). It builds merchant ships of up to 180,000 deadweight tons using the same high quality shipbuilding technologies and standards as those in Tsuneishi Japan. Also located in WCE in Barangay Arpili is Austal Philippines Pty. Ltd. which caters to market demands for high speed ferries, workboats, fast crew transfer boats, other commercial vessels and defense vessels.

Other locators include Aboitiz Construction, Air Liquide, Linde, Balamban Enerzone, Mactan Rock Industries, Inc. Tsuneishi Holdings, Tsuneishi Technical Services (Phils.), Inc., K & A Metal Industries, Inc. Shillon Global Construction, Inc., Advanced Catamaran Composites and Cebu Marine Industry, Inc.

There are two shopping malls in the municipality, the Gaisano Town Center Balamban and Gaisano Grand Balamban.

A number of banks and financial institutions are operating in Balamban. These include Metrobank, RCBC, Landbank, City Savings Bank, BDO Network Bank and Rizal MicroBank.

The Transcentral Highway (TCH) is a national road running through the mountains between Balamban and Cebu City and connects the two localities. It is popular by road trippers, bikers, and riders for its scenery, cold climate, restaurants, and cafes.

Despite its classification as a 1st class municipality, infrastructure is not that well-developed; as of 2018 its poverty incidence percentage is at 18.90 which was a bit higher than the Philippine national average of 16.70.

title: Balamban


text:
Koara

The Koara people, more recently spelt Kuwarra, are an Aboriginal Australian people living in the Kuwarra Western Desert region of Western Australia. In its fullest extent it would constitute portions of land in the Pilbara, Mid West, and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia.

Most of the present-day Kuwarra may be found in Meekatharra, Cue and Wiluna areas, which are in the Mid West region.

Country
Norman Tindale calculated that the Koara tribal lands embraced roughly 18,100 mi2, extending westwards from Mount Morgans and Leonora west to Mount Ida, taking in the areas of Lake Barlee, and Sandstone, and its northwestern boundary was west of Sandstone. The northern limits ran to Gidgee, Mount Sir Samuel and Lake Darlot. The eastern frontier lay around Mount Zephyr. Their western lands were contiguous with those of the Watjarri and Badimaya, and on the east and northeast by those of the traditional Ngaanyatjarra, Martu people and Mantjiltjarra.

History of contact
Estimates of the pre-contact Kuwarra population range from 250 to several hundred. By 1980, aboriginals with Kuwarra descent numbered a mere 60 people. The dispersion and detribalization of aboriginal tribes in this area followed in the wake of three successive waves of immigration, beginning with the Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie gold rushes, and concluding with the discovery of uranium deposits and the development of Laverton and Agnew, in the 1960s and 70s.

The indigenous people living in and around the Yeelirrie district had their continuity and transmission of cultural across generations severely compromised by the government practice of seizing their half-caste children to be raised elsewhere, so that the latter would 'grow up' unaffected by their traditional identities. One technique devised by people like the Kuwarra who had half-caste children in their family camps was to rub the offspring with charcoal ash from burnt sandalwood, to make them pass as of pure tribal descent. At times, if a pastoralist vouchsafed that they worked on his property, they could escape the meshes of the round-up law. Such forced removals persisted down to the late 1970s.

Those who managed to find employment on pastoral stations were often taken on as indentured labourers and were paid a pittance. A law was passed forbidding any white, other than station owners, to approach groups of aboriginals at a distance under five chains(100 metres. To escape bondage under such conditions, some endeavoured, when WW2 broke out, to enlist in the army, but pastoralists could overturn this by arguing they were needed on the property. Their nomadic movements were drastically disrupted, again, when a 1940 law ruled that no native person could cross over below the 20th parallel of latitude unless he could obtain a signed medical certificate and written permission from the government minister.

Kuwarra could, like other Westralian aboriginals, obtain citizenship according to a law passed in 1944, which was on the books until its repeal in 1971. However, obtaining such citizenship carried with it a provision, that the new 'Australian' ex-aboriginal person solemnly undertake to no longer associate with aboriginals, with the sole exception of members of their immediate families.

Alternative names

 * Go:ara, Goara
 * Guwara
 * ''Konindja (exonym used by eastern tribes)
 * Konindjara
 * Waula ("northerners" for the Waljen)

title: Koara


text: Category:Microsoft development tools

title: Category:Microsoft development tools


text:
Circuit-level gateway

A application level gateway is a type of firewall.

Application level work at the session layer of the OSI model, or as a "shim-layer" between the application layer and the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack. They monitor TCP handshaking between packets to determine whether a requested session is legitimate. Information passed to a remote computer through a circuit-level gateway appears to have originated from the gateway. Firewall traffic is cleaned based on particular session rules and may be controlled to acknowledged computers only. Circuit-level firewalls conceal the details of the protected network from the external traffic, which is helpful for interdicting access to impostors. Circuit-level gateways are relatively inexpensive and have the advantage of hiding information about the private network they protect. However, they do not filter individual packets.

title: Circuit-level gateway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Santiago Martínez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:10, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Santiago Martínez
This was listed on Speedy Delete as a Vanity article however I dont think thats a valid Speedy Delete criteria, so I have brought it here CunningLinguist 11:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Just a student promoting himself. 34 google hits, Balseiro's students' center
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 20:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Yes. Vanity. -- Captain Disdain 23:15, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Boljoon

Boljoon, officially the Municipality of Boljoon (Lungsod sa Boljoon; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,525 people.

Geography
Boljo-on, as locally called, has a total land area of 117.00 km2. It is 103 km from Cebu City.

Boljoon is bordered to the north by the town of Alcoy, to the west are the towns of Malabuyoc, to the east is the Cebu Strait, and to the south is the town of Oslob.

Barangays
Boljoon is politically subdivided into 11 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. Among its barangays, 7 are coastal while the rest are landlocked.

Boljoon Church

The Archdiocesan Shrine of Patrocinio de Maria Santisima shows old and intricate carvings and bas-reliefs. It is in a pseudo-baroque rococo style. It has a main nave, a transcript, and twenty-eight pillars which support the walls. The walls are as thick as the pillars which are 2 m thick and made of mortar and lime.

Boljoon became a visita of Carcar founded according to some authors in 1599. It became an independent vicariate on October 31, 1690, and on April 5, 1692, Fr. Nicolas de la Cuadra was appointed as prior. Because of the lack of priests, the church was turned over to the Jesuits on September 27, 1737, following the recommendation of the intermediate chapter of 1732. In the year 1747, the General of the Augustinians Order proposed the recovery of the parishes left off in the Visayas.

Boljoon's earlier building had been destroyed in a raid in 1782, and its pastor Fr. Ambrosio Otero started rebuilding the following year. The work was continued by Fr. Manuel Cordero in 1794 but when Fr. Julian arrived, the work was not yet completed. He decided to build a blockhouse 120 x on which artillery was mounted, and he enclosed the church perimeter with a wall. He finally completed the church. The church and the adjoining convento were restored by Fr. Leandro Moran (1920–1948) the last Augustinian friar to be assigned to Boljoon.

In 1999 the National Historical Institute declared it a National Historical Landmark. The following year, the National Museum declared it as a National Cultural Treasure. The then Nuestra Señora de Patrocinio Parish Church withstood the 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 2013 which affected Bohol and Cebu.

The Boljoon Church is currently in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension). A proposal has been suggested by scholars to make a separate UNESCO inclusion for the Old Centre of Boljoon which includes the Boljoon Church. The same would be made for other churches listed in UNESCO's tentative sites, where each town plaza and surrounding heritage buildings would be added. No government agency has yet to take action on the proposal. The Venerated Marian Image enshrined was Granted a Decree of Canonical Coronation by Pope Francis. The Coronation Rites was held on April 23, 2022

Discovery of 16th-century artefacts
In 2009, Japanese and Filipino archaeologists from the Sumitomo Foundation-funded Boljoon Archaeological Project conducted by the University of San Carlos with the National Museum of the Philippines, discovered ancient Japanese pottery that has been to believed to been in existence since the early 18th century. The ancient Japanese pottery that was discovered there, has proven that there was activity of trading activity between Japan and Cebu Island Philippines going back to the 16th century.

In February 2008, archaeologists discovered 26 human remains (with china plates on top of heads) and 16th-century artefacts beneath the parvis of Boljoon Church.

Education
The public schools in the town of Boljoon are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:
 * Arbor Elementary School — Arbor
 * Baclayan Elementary School — Baclayan
 * Becerril Elementary School — Upper Becerril
 * Boljoon Central Elementary School — N. Bacalso Avenue, Poblacion
 * Caipilan Elementary School — Sitio Danao, Lower Becerril
 * El Pardo Elementary School — El Pardo
 * Granada Elementary School — Granada
 * Lunop Elementary School — Lunop
 * Nangka Elementary School — Nangka
 * Pondohan Elementary School — Sitio Pondohan, Upper Becerril

High schools:
 * Boljoon National High School — N. Bacalso Avenue, Lower Becerril
 * El Pardo National High School — El Pardo
 * Lunop National High School — Lunop

Integrated schools:
 * San Antonio Integrated School — San Antonio

title: Boljoon


text:
Borbon, Cebu

Borbon, officially the Municipality of Borbon (Lungsod sa Borbon; ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 38,187 people.

History
According to the Panublion publication, Borbon was established as a parish on 15 September 1862 and had San Sebastian as its patron saint. Today St. Sebastian's fiesta is celebrated every 20 January. Borbon was formerly a visita or an extension community of the town of Sogod. That is why many of the first settlers of Borbon were families whose roots can be traced back to relatives in Sogod.

In addition, describes the Borbon church made of wood and tabique resting on a base of mortar, dimensions 22+1/2 x.  The church was thatched with grass. The original church is believed to have been one of the oldest churches in Cebu prior to its demolition after World War II.

The town was said to have been named after the Bourbon royal family, or a misinterpretation of the Cebuano term "Bonbon" which means pebbly sand, but the generally accepted history of its name is of legend.

Geography
Borbon is bordered on the north by the town of Tabogon, to the west by the town of Tabuelan, on the east by the Camotes Sea, and on the south by the town of Sogod.

Silmugi River
Silmugi River is an eco-tourism site in northern Cebu. Located between the barangays of Poblacion and Cadaruhan, the river stretches for about 12 km between barangays Vito and Suba. It is where the rainwater from the many mountain barangays cascades and discharges into the sea.

The river played a big part during Borbon's formation as a town because in the past the river was known to be so big and wide that many boats traveled it.

Barangays
Borbon is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy
Source of livelihood:
 * Farming- this source of livelihood generally dominates in Borbon. It includes crop,livestock,forest,rented out land, agriculture, farm machinery, vegetable and fodder.
 * Fishing

Silmugi Festival

 * Silmugi Festival is a celebration to honor the patron saint, St. Sebastian the Martyr . The highlight of this event is the street dancing which involves a traditional prayer for a bountiful harvest and various barangays take part.
 * "Silmugi" is an old name of the town of Borbon during the Pre-Spanish period which was named after the enchanting and enthralling river which was served as the nearest route for devout Catholics attending mass in Saint Sebastian Parish. The river has also become the main gateway for locals who lived in the hillsides of Borbon to conduct their business trade with coastal barangays surrounding it.
 * The festival was eventually replaced by the Tuba Festival, which highlights more on the Toddy industry of the town. This change of name and focus was a move aimed at boosting the local economy of Coconut Toddy, known locally as "Tuba", in the town by endorsing it as a local cuisine and tourist attraction. Despite these changes, much of the celebration hasn't been greatly altered since the original festival of the town.

Education
Schools:
 * Bongoyan Elementary School
 * Don Emilio Osmena Memorial School
 * Cajel Elementary School
 * Campusong Elementary School
 * Bongdo Elementary School
 * Laaw Elementary School
 * Cadaruhan Elementary School
 * Don Gregorio Antigua Elementary School
 * Doña Mary R. Osmeña Memorial Elementary School
 * Dona Milagros Osmena Elementary School
 * Tabunan National High School
 * Cebu Technical University-Tabogon Campus

title: Borbon, Cebu


text:
Carmen, Cebu

Carmen, officially the Municipality of Carmen (Dakbayan sa Carmen; ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 57,897 people.

The town fiesta is celebrated every 28 August in honor of St. Augustine of Hippo.

History
The town of Carmen was formerly known as Bugho, it became a municipality on June 16, 1851, through the efforts of Facundo Buot. The first municipal president was Fabio Buot when the first elections was held by the Americans in 1899.

Geography
Carmen is bordered on the north by the town of Catmon, to the west by the town of Tuburan, on the east by the Camotes Sea, and on the south by the City of Danao. It is 41 km from Cebu City.

Barangays
Carmen is politically subdivided into 21 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy
Mandaue City-based Shemberg Marketing Corporation, the world's number one supplier of refined carrageenan since 2005, owns and operates the Shemberg Biotech Corporation located in Barangay Cogon West.

The famous 7D mango product manufacturer FPD Foods International Inc. has one of its branches located at Dawis Norte, Carmen, Cebu.

Metro, a stand-alone supermarket opens branch in Carmen, Cebu. Located at the heart of the town's commercial area near the town's public market.

A famous exporter of home decors and furniture maker Yoshio Home Decors also provides employment in the town as well as additional revenue for the local government.

Carmen is also known for its homegrown signature product sinamay, made of abaca. Sinamay industry in carmen is one of kind that we can be proud of. Thus, making the town as "The sinamay capital of Cebu". These sinamay products are passionately weaved by the locals with such high quality standard.

Tourism
Carmen is home to the Cebu Safari and Adventure Park, an adventure and safari park, located in the municipality's barangay Corte. The park opened in 2018 and is a popular tourist destination not just for Carmen, but for Cebu as a whole.

Before Sinulog started in Cebu City in 1980, the town of Carmen had already dancing the beat and rhythm similar to that of the Sinulog way back in 1974. It was started by Fr. Jose Motus, the parish priest, and then-mayor Benyong Villamor, and patterned it from his hometown's festival, the Ati-Atihan of Kalibo, Aklan. During its launching it was named Ati-Atihan sa Carmen, but renamed Sinulog sa Carmen the following year. From then on, the Sinulog sa Carmen is held in every second Sunday of January, just a week before the Sinulog Grand Parade in Cebu City. Participating contingents dance their way around the municipality to honor the Santo Niño. However, given the popularity of the latter, the date was moved to the Sunday following the feast, bringing it in line with the Dinagyang Festival of Iloilo.

Notable personalities

 * Mariano Jesus Cuenco - former Senator and the fourth Senate President.
 * Jose Maria Cuenco - the first Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Jaro.
 * Reed Juntilla - former PBA player.

title: Carmen, Cebu


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Euston Road School

The Euston Road School is a term applied to a group of English painters, active either as staff or students at the School of Drawing and Painting in London between 1937 and 1939. The School opened in October 1937 at premises in Fitzroy Street before moving to 314/316 Euston Road in February 1938. The School was founded by William Coldstream, Victor Pasmore and Claude Rogers. Graham Bell was a substantial theoretical influence on these teachers and Rodrigo Moynihan was also closely associated with the School. Students at the school included Lawrence Gowing, Tom Carr, Peter Lanyon, Vivien John and Thelma Hulbert. The writer Adrian Stokes and the poet Stephen Spender attended drawing classes. Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant were among visiting teachers to the School. The emphasis was on acute representational painting based on observation. The School emphasised naturalism and realism, in contrast to the various schools of avant-garde art then prevalent. Many of the members were on the political left, and naturalism was seen as an attempt to make art more relevant and understandable to non-specialists and members of the public. To this end, Bell and Coldstream spent three weeks in working-class lodgings in Bolton, Lancashire in April 1938 painting cityscapes showing local factories. The resulting paintings were not highly regarded locally in Bolton. Later in 1938, the Euston Road artists contributed to the Fifteen paintings of London exhibition held at the Storran Gallery. In an attempt to engage the wider public, private invitations were sent to everyone named Brown, in the Post Office telephone directory.

The School closed at the start of the Second World War, as its members joined the Armed Forces, worked as war artists or, in the case of Pasmore, were imprisoned for being a conscientious objector. A small exhibition, Members of the Euston Road group was held at the Ashmolean Museum in 1942. In 1945 Pasmore, Coldstream, Rogers and Gowing were all teaching at the Camberwell School of Art and two further exhibitions followed, The Euston Road School and others at the Wakefield Art Gallery in 1948 and a group retrospective organised by the Arts Council which toured Britain throughout 1948 and 1949. By the end of 1949 the artists had embarked on separate projects, with Coldstream leaving Camberwell for the Slade School of Art.

title: Euston Road School


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Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/June 9/More

19th century

 * 1881 – The Canada Central Railway is merged into the Canadian Pacific Railway.
 * 1883 – The first commercial electric railway line begins operation in Chicago.

20th century

 * 1959 – The Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad, an interurban railway serving Chicago's western suburbs, ceases freight operations, thus bringing an end to all of the railroad's operations.

21st century

 * 2005 – Service is restored on the Alaska Railroad after the Moody Tunnel was closed for three days due to damage when a large forklift loaded on a southbound train struck one of the tunnel's timber supports, causing a partial collapse of the tunnel.
 * 2005 – FreightCar America's (formerly Johnstown America Corporation) first new railroad car built at the company's Roanoke, Virginia, plant is delivered to Norfolk Southern. The car delivered was a coal hopper car, which is typical of the majority of cars that will be built there; the Norfolk plant was once owned by Norfolk Southern.

Births

 * 1781 – George Stephenson, English steam locomotive builder (died 1848).

title: Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/June 9/More