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Mithymna

Mithymna (Μήθυμνα, also sometimes spelled Methymna) is a town and former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality of West Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. Before 1919, its official name was Μόλυβος - Molyvos; that name dates back to the end of the Byzantine Era, but is still in common use today.

Geography

It is located NE of Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of Mytilene.

The town (pop. 1,399 at 2011 census) is on the northern part of the island, just some 6 km north of the popular beach town of Petra. One of the most noticeable features of the town is the old Genoese fortress on the hill in the middle of the town. The town's agora is located on the uphill road to the fortress and is popular among tourists, with many historic shops, cafés and restaurants.

The municipal unit of Míthymna stretches eastward from the town along the northern part of the island; it is the island's smallest municipal unit in land area at 50.166 km². Its population was 2,255 at the 2011 census. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Árgennos (pop. 240) and Sykaminéa (207).

Molyvos Beach is one of the Blue Flag beaches in Lesbos. The shoreline is pebbled, but the seabed consists entirely of soft sand and remains shallow for a considerable distance. The agora and fortress are visible from the beach.

History
As Methymna, the city was once the prosperous second city of Lesbos, with a founding myth that identified an eponymous Methymna (Greek: Μήθυμνα), the daughter of Macar and married to the personification of Lesbos.

Archaic Period

Very little is known about Methymna in the Archaic period. The story of Arion and the dolphin, which involves the Corinthian tyrant Periander and is evidently set at the turn of the 7th century BCE, suggests that Methymna was already a prominent city with far-reaching contacts across the Greek world at this period. Herodotus tells us that at some point in the Archaic period, Methymna enslaved the city of Arisba on Lesbos: this will have greatly increased the territory of Methymna, as well as giving it access to the fertile land around the Gulf of Kalloni. We are also told by a local historian, Myrsilus of Methymna, who wrote in the first half of the 3rd century BCE, that Methymna founded the city of Assos which was on the coast of Asia Minor opposite Methymna. However, another local historian, Hellanicus of Lesbos, writing in the mid-5th century BCE, instead simply says Assos was an Aeolian foundation and does not specify a particular city as its founder. This has led some historians to doubt Myrsilus, and instead suggest that this is an example of "local Methymnaean manipulation of the past", although this could equally be true of Hellanicus.

Classical Period
Methymna had a long-standing rivalry with Mytilene, and during the Peloponnesian War it sided with Athens during the Mytilenaean revolt in 428 BCE when all the other cities of Lesbos sided with Mytilene. When the Athenians put down the revolt the following year, only Methymna was spared from having its territory turned into a cleruchy. After 427, Methymna and Chios were the only members of the Delian League to remain self-governing and exempt from tribute, indicating the privileged position Methymna held within the Athenian Empire. Methymna was briefly captured by the Spartans in summer 412, before quickly being retaken by the Athenians: in describing this episode, the historian Thucydides indicates that the Methymnaeans were much more inclined to side with Athens than Sparta. This was likewise the case in 411, when a group of Methymnaeans who were in exile at Cyme in Aeolis attempted to return to Methymna by force, but were rebuffed by the population. When the Spartan commander Kallikratidas besieged Methymna in 406, the city stayed loyal to its Athenian garrison and held out until it was betrayed by several traitors.

Our knowledge of the history of Methymna in the 4th century is limited, but its prominence as a polis is firmly attested by the city's silver and bronze coinage. By at least the 340s BCE, the tyrant Kleommis had expelled the city's democrats and remained in power for the next decade. We do not know what happened to Kleommis after this, although it is likely that he was expelled when the island fell to Philip II's generals Parmenion and Attalus in 336. The political history of the following four years are poorly attested: we know that Lesbos changed hands several times between the Macedonian forces of Alexander the Great and the Persian forces of Memnon of Rhodes, that Memnon captured Methymna in 333 BCE, and that when Alexander's admiral Hegelochus recaptured Methymna in 332 BCE its tyrant was Aristonicus not Kleommis. However, it is not clear whether Aristonicus was made tyrant when the Persians recaptured Methymna in 335, or whether Kleommis was re-installed and Aristonicus only made tyrant in 333. Whatever the case, in 332 Alexander gave Aristonicus over to the newly restored Methymnaean democracy to try, and he was found guilty and put to death by torture.

Hellenistic Period
In c. 295 BCE, Methymna struck silver drachms for King Lysimachus, indicating that the city was part of his kingdom at this time. However, by the 250s BCE at the latest, Methymna had come under the sway of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. During this period, a festival in honour of the Ptolemies, the Ptolemaia, was instituted, and public documents produced by the city were dated by the regnal years of the Ptolemies. Worship of Sarapis, an Egyptian cult patronized by the Ptolemies, was probably introduced to Methymna at this period, and remained an important part of the city's life for several centuries.

In the 2nd century BCE Methymna increasingly pursued a policy of seeking closer ties with the emerging power of Rome. Methymna remained loyal to Rome during the Macedonian Wars, and in 167 BCE it was rewarded when the Romans punished neighbouring Antissa for disloyalty and transferred its territory to Methymna. The territory of Methymna was ravaged by King Prusias II of Bithynia along with several other cities in this region in ca. 156 BCE, but the Romans later compelled Prusias to pay reparations of 100 talents for the damage done. In 129 BCE, an inscription from Methymna shows that the city formed a formal alliance with Rome. A dedication to the Galatian princess Adobogiona (fl. c. 80 - 50 BCE), who was the mistress of Mithridates VI of Pontus, a long-standing enemy of Rome, may indicate a cooling of relations between Methymna or Rome or simply political expediency.

Roman Period
Methymna gained a particular reputation among Romans for viticulture during the Imperial period. Virgil speaks of the vines of Methymna as the best and most numerous on Lesbos, while Ovid invokes them as an example of something which is proverbially numerous and bountiful. The distinctive strong taste of Methymnaean wine is mentioned by Silius Italicus, and Propertius uses this as a point of reference when describing another Greek wine. When Virgil and Silius wished to indicate the exceptional quality of Phalernian wine, Methymnaean wine is among the vintages which they say it surpasses. We also learn from Horace that Methymnaean grapes were equally prized for the excellent vinegar which could be produced from them and which he describes accompanying a sumptuous eel dish. The medical writer Galen, who was a native of nearby Pergamon, considered all the wines of Lesbos to be excellent, but ranked that of Methymna the first in quality, that of Eresos second, and that of Mytilene third. In the novel Daphnis and Chloe, thought to be by the Mytilenaean aristocrat Longus and set in the region of Lesbos between Methymna and Mytilene, the vine harvest is the most important time of the agricultural year, and the Mytilenaean owner of the land in this region times his annual visit to coincide with the end of this harvest when the year's profit can be established.

Byzantine Period

The first attested bishop of Methymna was Christodoros in 520 CE. In 640, Methymna was mentioned in the Ecthesis, pseudographically attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, as an autocephalous archdiocese, and around 1084, it was made a metropolitan see under Alexius I Comnenus. The Fourth Crusade brought Latin control, on the strength of which the Roman Catholic Church maintains a purely titular see of Methymna; there were 40 Roman Catholics in 1908.

In 840 the city was plundered by Cretan Arabs and many of the inhabitants sold into slavery. The fortifications of Methymna were strengthened following this attack, and again at the end of the 11th century, as we learn from a building inscription dating to 1084/5. A few years later in 1089/90 these fortifications helped the inhabitants of Methymna successfully repel an attack by Emir Tzachas of Smyrna. These fortifications again kept Methymna safe when the Genoese Lord of Phokaia, Domenico Cattaneo, seized the rest of Lesbos in 1335, but was unable to take Methymna or the equally well-fortified town of Eresos. Along with the rest of Lesbos, Methymna became a possession of the Gattelusi family in 1355. Methymna repelled an Ottoman invasion force in 1450, but its defences were over-powered in a second invasion in 1458 when the admiral Ismaelos seized the city with a force of 150 ships. Using Methymna as a base, the whole island was gradually brought under Ottoman control by September 1462.

Ottoman Period
As Molova under the Ottoman Empire, the city was a kaza of the sanjak of Metelin in the vilayet of Rhodes.

Modern Period
After the defeat of the Ottomans in the First Balkan War (1912), the Greek navy liberated and incorporated Lesbos in the Greek Kingdom.

Province
The province of Mithymna (Επαρχία Μήθυμνας) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Mithymna, Agia Paraskevi, Eresos-Antissa, Kalloni and Petra. It was abolished in 2006.

Notable people

 * Matriketas, astronomer.
 * Echecratides, Peripatetic philosopher and friend of Aristotle.
 * Myrsilus, local historian and paradoxographer.
 * Hermeias, author of a history of the Sicilian tyrant Dionysus I.
 * Kratinos, cithara player at the court of Alexander the Great.
 * Theolytus, poet and historian.
 * Theoctiste of Lesbos, saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
 * Argyris Eftaliotis, modern Greek poet and translator.
 * Elias Venezis, writer

title: Mithymna


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Tall Stories (band)

Tall Stories is an American hard rock band made up of singer Steve Augeri, who also sang for Tyketto and Journey, guitarist Jack Morer, bass guitarist Kevin Totoian and drummer Tom DeFaria. The band formed in 1988 in New York, United States.

Tall Stories released a self-titled album on August 27, 1991, on Epic Records, and reunited briefly after Augeri's departure from Journey in 2008.

Tall Stories performed at Firefest V on October 26, 2008, in Nottingham, England. Their setlist included songs from their 1991 release, as well as new songs from the album, Skyscraper, which was released on January 23, 2009, via Frontiers Records.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tall Stories (band)


text:
Talk:Everett Turnpike

Federal Aviation Administration at Exit 4
Oh no! Now you've given away the secret again! All the effort they spent changing all of those signs to remove any mention of the FAA so the terrorists couldn't find it will now be wasted!

Atlant 12:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Central Turnpike

 * Central Turnpike was merged into this article a while back. To see what Central Turnpike (including its history), you can go to Talk:Everett Turnpike/Pre-merge history of Central Turnpike.--Commander Keane 06:00, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Route 3
Does the edit I made about where route three breaks off from the turnpike need a source? I know it from driving on it almost every day so I am a primary source.--Thomas Kane Nov. 8 2006 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.187.143.118 (talk) 07:20, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

E-ZPass
I edited the toll information in the exit list to show that the E-ZPass discounts are just for New Hampshire-issued E-ZPasses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.190.166.162 (talk) 20:35, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Everett Turnpike


text:
Talk:Van Mildert College, Durham

Request for Comment
This page has been listed on Requests_for_comment. A brief, neutral summary follows:

 * Some of information in the article is parochial and concern has been expressed about how relevant this is in the encylopaedia.
 * An advocate of keeping the text states that the decision should, perhaps, be left to those who know the institution, and believes that as long as the core facts are in the article, there is no harm in having other, more "light-hearted" text.

Tompagenet 12:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Notability
This article is expanding at a great rate, which is good; but contributors probably need to consider which content is appropriate for an encyclopedia. I think large parts of the sections "'Mildert' Traditions", "Mildert Galaxy Football Club" and "Van Mildert Bus Society (VMBS)" are probably things that most Wikipedians would not consider sufficiently notable for inclusion in a general-interest encyclopedia. This is just a friendly alert, really - because I know a lot of editors would just come in and delete all three sections, so if you don't want this to happen the article needs editing and cutting down to only include what is really notable about Mildert. TSP 12:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Can I suggest some external input into this article is sought through Requests_for_comment - clearly we (TSP and myself, and the anonymous IP user) have different opinions, which is fine, but it might help for us to reach a consensus about what should remain in this article - what is encylopaedic. Tompagenet 9 July 2005 12:23 (UTC)

 * Okay - I've put it on Requests_for_comment Tompagenet 12:50, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As a Mildert alumnus (1997-2001), son of a Mildert alumnus, nephew of another Mildert alumnus, and current Durham postgraduate student (albeit techinally a member of a different college - Ustinov), I've never heard of the 'Kazoo' ritual, let alone witnessed it. It seems it was probably something only 5 people were involved in, and is of no encyclopaedic value whatsoever. I actually think that such silliness, if it did occur, is in marked contrast to my experience of the Mildert spirit - which was mainly about avoiding acting like a public schoolboy and inventing stupid traditions, (unlike several other Durham colleges, Hatfield springs to mind) and a lot about acting as a normal human being! Spute 23:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * To play devil's advocate for a moment, the Kazoo does appear in the JCR Constitution, which claims it's been there at least 4 years. TSP 08:27, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, so maybe it did happen, and it was a sort of JCR committee in joke i missed out on, but it's hardly worth an encyclopedia entry!! 12:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The Kazoo is a well-known Mildert tradition that certainly involves more than five people. I should know - I've done a Kazoo and witnessed probably about twenty others over the last two years. My Kazoo was relatively poorly attended (with only a few dozen people there) compared to others held after formals or bops in which the entire foyer area is filled with people. I'd be happy to add photographic evidence to Wikipedia to demonstrate the popularity of the Kazoo.--RPC 17:57, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I can confirm that I saw the Kazoo performed many, many times during my time at Mildert (1997-2000), and the reasons for it were described to me in essentially the same (but vaguer) terms as the article. It is a, frankly, surreal tradition, and if for no other reason than that I would keep it in.  MrTrev 00:54, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Re: Mildebeast - I presume this is a reference to the fact that in Oxford they call members of St Hilda's college 'Hildebeests', (further propogating Durham's reputation as a place full of Oxbridge rejects/wannabes). I fail to see how a nickname for a couple of (possibly deceased) fish can be considered worthy of an encyclopedia! Should be removed, can there be any argument? Spute 23:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I find it unlikely that the majority of Mildert students are aware of the Oxford term (I'd never heard it) - surely it's far more likely that both are independent inventions from the common word "wildebeest"?

 * I must confess that I have heard of the Mildebeast, having gone to Durham but not Mildert (unlike the 'Kazoo', 'Mildert Galaxy', 'Van Mildert Bus Society', Mildert bops, and Mildert's "reputation for student participation and liberalism", all of which had escaped my attention until I read this article); it seems a fairly commonly-recounted legend. It might be worth a brief mention as a legend - perhaps half a sentence in a slightly expanded section about the lake?  TSP 08:04, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well there's enough Durham students with friends, siblings who made it into Oxford rather than being rejected (!), i'm sure that's a likely origin of the term.

 * The usages don't seem to be very similar... if they were linked, what would be to say that the Durham usage didn't kick off the Oxford one? Personally I'd say that these seem like entirely independent inventions of not-very-complicated wordplay (just as a google for 'Hildebeest' will show that many different people have independently invented the term to apply to many different people and groups - the most common use actually seems to be to refer to Hillary Clinton).  TSP 13:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with you though, a brief mention 'the lake is home to many ducks and a few fish, sometimes referred to by students as Mildebeests' would be more than enough. It's hardly a tradition, is it? Spute 12:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the legend of the milderbeast/mildebeest is a more diffuse one - it's not related to the fish so much as to the general idea that something horrid lurks in the depths of the lake; but yes, something along those lines. TSP 13:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The tradition is, as you have said, that something terrible lurks in the lake. I heard many different stories about vile items or creatures in the lake when at Mildert, including from college staff and tutors.  I think it is worthwhile keeping a mention in, mainly as the lake is a focal point of the college, and the rumours about it are often taken as a source of pride - in my time it was the suggestion the Biology department used it as an example of bacteria surviving in extreme and harsh environments.  MrTrev 00:54, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I went there in 1990-1993 and have absolutely no recollection of ever hearing about a Mildebeest. The ducks were always very randy, and paddling across the lake in a blowup dingy was fun (if smelly), but no Mildebeest as far as I was concerned.  Larkim (talk) 15:45, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

On a more general note, it's true there are a few sections of this article that aren't worthy of being in the encyclopedia. However, the edits that have been made by people who have only a passing connection to Van Mildert College (ie they have been University of Durham students in the past) have largely been way off the mark in terms of what is and isn't notable. TSP demonstrates that different things are notable to different people in his observation that the Mildebeast is the only one of the traditions that he was aware of. For me, it was the only one which I had not heard of prior to reading the Wikipedia article. I suppose in that sense the article is pretty good, since it's taught me something I did not previously know. Perhaps those who haven't heard of other traditions should read the article and learn about them, rather than claiming that they don't exist or aren't relevant.--RPC 17:58, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Notability
I can't really see what's wrong with most of it. As long as the traditional encyclopaedic stuff (history etc.) is included, I don't see the problem with also providing more light-hearted information that will be of interest to anybody connected to the college, past, present or future.

 * Oh, I don't have a problem with light-heartedness. But Wikipedia is explicitly not written for people connected with the college - Mildert and Mildert JCR both have web pages for the benefit of people connected with the college.  Wikipedia should include the things about Mildert that an international audience would consider to be of interest.  Pretty much everything in the first section of the page, for example, is the sort of thing people in general might seek to find out about the college from an encyclopedia; whereas a vague tendency of members of the college to drink a particular not-very-unusual alcoholic drink (not actually something I'd noticed any of the times I've been there) probably isn't something most people outside the college would find interesting.

I think, perhaps, the decision as to what's relevant for an encyclopedia page about Van Mildert College should be left to those of us with a knowledge of the institution.

 * But the people who are closest to the subject are not necessarily those who have the best idea of what is notable about it (Wikipedia guidelines say: "In order to prevent prolonged disputes about the significance, factual accuracy, and neutrality of material on subjects in which you are personally involved, it is often a good idea to wait until others lay the groundwork before creating or heavily expanding such articles."). The current section on bops is an example: I'm sure Mildert bops are a particularly significant part of college life to those who live there.  On the other hand, all Durham colleges (and colleges and halls at other universities) have bops on not-dissimilar lines, so the fact that Mildert has bops isn't a particularly notable thing about Mildert to an outsider; deserving of a sentence, perhaps.  Ultimately no Wikipedia page belongs to anyone - the decision on what belongs here is in the hands of the community.  Please do keep adding, but pages need to be assessed by people with some distance from the subject, not just by those with a close affiliation to it, so don't be too surprised if someone comes in and significantly edits these sections. TSP 02:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Involvement
Do we have any evidence to suggest that the statement "the level of student involvement in the running of the college is quite probably higher than any other Doxbridge college." is true - I've never been struck by Van Mildert as being anything particularly unusual in terms of student involvement, but has it been widely said in the past, or do Student Experience Surveys suggest that it's true? Tompagenet 20:19, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * According to the latest Who's Who, there are around 270 positions (not including another 30 positions occupied by members of Team Bar) currently occupied in Van Mildert JCR, which is a bloody high percentage of the 1080 JCR members living in and out of Mildert, even when you consider that some members hold more than one position. The attendance of Mildert's (entirely voluntary) JCR meetings, usually well over 10% of the JCR, is certainly higher than many comparable colleges, some of whom have compulsory meetings.

 * Clearly, someone coming from a DSU perspective is unlikely to see this level of involvement due to the simple fact that the strength of Mildert's JCR means that very few JCR members are actively involved in DSU.

 * I think when I was at Chad's JCR meeting attendance (which is voluntary) was around 50%... not to deride Mildert's turnout - involvement is trickier to acheive in a larger college - but we do need something to justify a statement like that if it's going to remain in an encyclopedia.
 * Yes, it is hard to assess levels of involvement from outside the college; but that's also the reason why it's not justified to put in a statement like that just because people within the college think involvement levels are high; people within the college will not be able to objectively compare it to other colleges.
 * Incidentally, Mildert is actually currently one of the more involved colleges in DSU, holding 8.5 officer positions (putting it third after Hild Bede and Cuths). TSP 28 June 2005 10:07 (UTC)

Fan-Cruft Material
As has been discussed above, much of the material on this page is simply unencyclopedic. Unless. I have removed the majority of the 'Mildert Traditions' and societies, and think it should be up to contributors to provide verfiable sources and justification for any reintroductions. The other college pages do not include them as they violate Verifiability and Vanity. I am happy to accept that items such as the bands who have played at the summer ball and maybe even the darned kazoo could make an appearance, but am not really convinced Robdurbar 10:14, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Everything on that page that you have just deleted (and I have just put back), with the obvious exception of the Mildebeast which is an urban legend of interest to people researching the college, is verifiable fact.--RPC 12:03, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

I disagree. The college b team and the mildert galaxy football club and who is in it is not notable for an encyclopedia. The baot club is no of no real notablity. The bog sheet is a tradition in every bleeding college and is barely of note; ditto Midlert day and bops.

'A Durham University tradition, which has been taken particularly to heart by Van Mildert College' - this is a blatent POV sentence with no evidence to back it up. The Kazoo ceremony may just be worth a mention, but the style it is written in is very un-encyclopedic.

If this stuff is verifably notable you should provide some sources. Robdurbar 12:53, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I've removed a lot of stuff from here, but kept a few bits that might be seen as being notably different from any other durham, oxford, cambridge, york, lancaster etc. college. Personally, I think most of the other stuff under 'Mildert Traditions' could go too but I don't want to enter into an edit war. Robdurbar 15:21, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Principal/Master
Ick. When did Mildert change from having a Principal to having a Master? MrTrev 12:10, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A couple of weeks ago. RPC 21:05, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed dead link

 * Van Mildert College SCR staff organisation Open2universe 13:34, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

The Mildebeast
I have removed this section since it is unsourced and fails WP:V. Even as a student tradition both sourcing and verifiability is needed. A sourced quote from a local paper /might/ suffice. As it stands it has no place in an encyclopaedis. BlueValour 15:16, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have returned this section as it is appropriate here. This  shows that students at the college still refer to the Mildebeast - another thread refers to a photo of a pike taken when the lake was dredged as part of its refurbishment.
 * Student traditions are by their very nature apocryphal, yet well known amongst the current crop of students. Certainly I can remember dead tree sources referring to the Mildebeast, but as is the nature with student rags, they are long gone.  And a local paper is going to be profoundly uninterested in one tradition amongst many from one college amongst many in one town amongst many that it covers. MrTrev 23:57, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:V and WP:CITE. Even 'legends' must be independently sourced. Please do not continue to insert content that fails these guidelines since this type of unsourced stories brings Wikipedia into disrepure. Please note that WP:V is policy and says "Information on Wikipedia must be reliable and verifiable. Facts, viewpoints, theories, and arguments may only be included in articles if they have already been published by reliable and reputable sources. Articles should cite these sources whenever possible. Any unsourced material may be challenged and removed." BlueValour 01:47, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If sutdent traditions are by their nature aprochyphal, that's exactly why encyclopedia do not discuss them. Perhaps if you could find an old copy of Palatinate that metions it? --Robdurbar 10:21, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Going Co-educational
According to the history page of New College (and my own recollection), Neville's Cross went co-educational as early as 1963. Here's the link: http://www.newcollegedurham.ac.uk/common/school/about/aboutncd/Pages/History.aspx. Though Neville's was primarily a teacher-training college it did admit people to read for undergraduate and postgraduate courses as well. Everyone has forgotten about Neville's because it ceased to exist when it merged with Durham Tech to become New College, but it was co-educational before Van Mildert was. Perhaps a Mildertian might make the change?Kranf (talk) 22:36, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Notable Alumni Sources
I'm beginning the project of seeking sources for the notable alumni. Any I can't find sources for in the next week I intend to delete. I am also unsure of the notability of some of the alumni in the list.

The list as it currently stands is;

George Alagiah [sourced] Ven. Stuart Bain [sourced] John D. Barrow [sourced] Jonathan Edwards [UNsourced] Jesse Honey [UNsourced] Anthony Hughes [sourced] Anthony Johnstone-Burt [UNsourced] Frank Kelly [sourced] John Douglas Maitland [sourced] Baroness Morgan of Huyton [UNsourced] David Walton [UNsourced] Rev. Martin Wharton [UNsourced] John B. Williams [UNsourced] Please help find these sources SPACKlick (talk) 14:29, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Update from a first search

 * Jonathan Edwards - Which source is preferred?
 * https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ceremonies/congregation/edwards_jonathan.pdf.
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8874118/Sports-stars-with-degrees.html?image=8
 * Jesse Honey – Jesse was definitely there when I was, think he started in 1995 and finished 1999. Post Blockbusters, pre-Mastermind, vis-a-vis University Challenge.
 * Anthony Johnstone-Burt – Can find only one source looks like a wiki copy
 * http://newwestminstercollege.ca/vice-admiral-tony-johnstone-burt/
 * Baroness Morgan of Huyton – Cannot verify
 * David Walton – Obituary found
 * https://www.dur.ac.uk/van-mildert.association/news/obituaries/
 * Rev. Martin Wharton – not sure which source to use
 * http://www.churchofengland.org/our-views/the-church-in-parliament/bishops-in-the-house-of-lords/bishop-of-newcastle.aspx
 * https://www.dur.ac.uk/van-mildert.college/about/news/?itemno=11302
 * John B. Williams - Could not verify - well I can.  He used to collect cheques for remixes in the pigeon holes next to Reception.

 * Ok, so a first scan leaves me in no doubts about notability but four candidates for deletion due to lack of sources. I'll add sources for those as I've found them. SPACKlick (talk) 14:49, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Van Mildert College, Durham


text:
Matthew Baillie Begbie

Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie (9 May 1819 – 11 June 1894) was a British lawyer, politician, and judge. In 1858, Begbie became the first Chief Justice of the Crown Colony of British Columbia in colonial times and in the first decades after British Columbia joined Confederation as a province of Canada.

Begbie served as the first Judge of the Supreme Court, Colony of British Columbia 1858 to 1866 and then, in the same capacity in the Supreme Court, the united Colony of British Columbia from 1866 to 1870. He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Colonies from 1870 to 1871 and then served as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the new Province of British Columbia from 1871 until his death on June 11, 1894.

In the years after his death, Begbie came to be known as the Hanging Judge.

Early life and education
The son of an Army Colonel, Begbie was born on a British ship en route to the island of Mauritius, where he lived until he was seven, returning with his parents to Great Britain where he pursued his education. From the age of eleven to seventeen he was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey where he held the school number 328. His brother Thomas Stirling Begbie (329) attended the school at the same time. Begbie received his first degree from Peterhouse at the University of Cambridge, where he studied mathematics and the classics. He was involved in a great number of extracurricular activities, including singing and acting in amateur productions, dining societies, playing chess, rowing, and tennis. After Cambridge, Begbie went on to study law at Lincoln's Inn. He established a successful law practice in London before heading to British Columbia for a new position in government.

Career
Begbie reached Fort Victoria on November 16, 1858, with a commission dated September 2, 1858 granting him "full power and authority to hold Courts of Judicature and to administer Justice, according to the laws now in force or which may hereafter be in force in Our said Colony." He was sworn into office in Fort Langley on November 19, by the Chief Justice of Vancouver Island David Cameron as the new Colony of British Columbia was proclaimed. Given the influx of prospectors and others during Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and the following Cariboo Gold Rush of 1861, Begbie played a crucial role in the establishment of law and order throughout the new colony.

Begbie was made a Knight Bachelor according to the London Gazette of November 19, 1875.

During his years on the bench, Begbie traveled throughout British Columbia, on foot and later on horseback administering justice in sometimes informal circumstances but he is said to have always worn his judicial robes and wig when court was in session.

During his early years, he played a role in government including drafting legislation such as the Aliens Act (1859), the Gold Fields Act (1859), and the Pre-emption Act (1860).

In 1860, Begbie found a white Californian man by the name of William Marshall guilty of assaulting a First Nations man based only on the testimony of First Nations people, the first time this had ever occurred. Begbie learned a number of Indigenous dialects and even conducted trials in those languages without the use of an interpreter. He had great friendships with a number of chiefs and he was clearly sympathetic when it came to trying to impose colonial law on Indigenous people. He recognized the concept of Aboriginal marriage and allowed an oath for truth telling that recognized Aboriginal beliefs. He allowed people of other cultures to swear an oath of truth on an object sacred to them in place of the Bible.

In 1864, Begbie presided over the murder trial of five Tsilhqot'in men who were part of the Chilcotin War. The five were found guilty by juries and sentenced to hang. Begbie did not pass judgment himself but he did pronounce the mandatory sentence as the law required him to do. In 2014, the British Columbia government exonerated the Chilcotin leaders. Premier Christy Clark stated, "We confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot'in chiefs are fully exonerated for any crime or wrongdoing."

He was also an active naturalist. He was known to record observations during his travel, including drawing maps and bridge construction drawings. He sang opera. Begbie was implicated in land dealings at Cottonwood, between Quesnel and Barkerville, but denied any wrongdoing in what became known as the Cottonwood Scandal.

Begbie continued his judicial duties well into his last illness, dying in Victoria, British Columbia on June 11, 1894. The funeral procession marking his death is said to have been unprecedented and intended to mark the passing of a man regarded as British Columbia's first citizen. Begbie was interred at Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia.

The Hanging Judge
"The Hanging Judge" is a term that has been referred to Begbie, though never in his lifetime.

Legacy
Begbie ruled in 1886 that a law imposing very high licence fees discriminated against Chinese people even though it did not mention them, because laundries at the time were overwhelmingly run by Chinese. Another ruling with a similar logic two years later compelled the city of Victoria to renew the licences of Chinese pawnbrokers.

A Vancouver school, Sir Matthew Begbie Elementary School, was also named in his honour. This was changed to wek̓ʷan̓əs tə syaqʷəm elementary school in 2022.

Mount Begbie, the most prominent mountain seen from Revelstoke, was named in his honor. There are two other Mount Begbies in British Columbia; they are little more than hills although the one in the marshlands south of 100 Mile House has also given its name to the Begbie Summit, the highest point on the Cariboo Highway. There are also two lakes and a creek named for Judge Begbie.

There are several statues located throughout Vancouver, one outside the Law Society of British Columbia and one outside the Law Courts at New Westminster, British Columbia, which was removed in 2019. The statue outside the Law Society of British Columbia will be removed after the findings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

(The family name Begbie originates in south-east Scotland, where it is most common in the Edinburgh and East Lothian areas).

title: Matthew Baillie Begbie


text:
File:Repousse bracelet.jpg

Repoussé bracelet made by Thomas Feeser, ©2005 Hammercreek Studio / Thomas Feeser design.

Image released under the GFDL.

title: File:Repousse bracelet.jpg


text: User talk:12.159.137.194

title: User talk:12.159.137.194


text:
Bearton

Bearton was a small hamlet lying to the north of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England. It was incorporated into Hitchin over a century ago, and now forms part of the Hitchin Bearton ward of North Hertfordshire District Council. In the UK Census 2011 the population of Hitchin Bearton was 8,489.

The name Bearton survives in a number of street names - Bearton Road, Bearton Green, Bearton Avenue and Bearton Close. Bearton Lodge, on the corner of Bedford Road and Bearton Road, dates from the early 19th century. In the First World War, it was used as the guard house for the Royal Engineers Signal Depot Camp. It is now in private ownership.

The ward of Hitchin Bearton elects three councillors to North Hertfordshire District Council. Traditionally it has been a Labour ward, but in the May 2010 district council elections the Liberal Democrats won their first seat in the ward.

Bearton Green was the name of a large area of land to the north of Hitchin. The name survives as a 1930s built residential road. Adjacent to Bearton Green is a playing field known locally as St Michael's, as it was once the playing field of St Michael's College. The college itself was on the site now occupied by Hitchin police station.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Bearton


text:
Fadak

Fadak (فدك) was a village with fertile land in an oasis near Medina. The takeover of Fadak by Muslims in 629 CE was peaceful and a share of it thus belonged to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After Muhammad died in 632, Fadak was confiscated from his daughter Fatima and administered as public property, despite her objections. Fadak later changed hands many times as a fief.

Jewish Khaybar
In the seventh century CE, the Khaybar oasis was inhabited by Jewish tribes who made their living growing date palm trees. The oasis was divided into three regions, namely, al-Natat, al-Shiqq, and al-Katiba, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, lava drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses (or redoubts) containing homes, storehouses, and stables. Each fortress was occupied by a clan and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm groves. To improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or basalt rocks.

Lifetime of Muhammad (629–632)
After the success of Muslims in the Battle of Khaybar in 628, the Jewish inhabitants of Fadak pleaded for a peace treaty in exchange for half of their properties. Unlike Khaybar, Fadak was acquired peacefully. It was thus considered and belonged to Muhammad in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran. There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima (in Medina) when verse 17:26 was revealed, and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive. This is the view of Shia authors, including al-Kulayni and al-Ayyashi. Among Sunnis, al-Suyuti and al-Dhahabi  are of this view, while al-Jurjani  and Ibn Kathir  are uncertain whether the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina. The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family, who were forbidden from receiving general alms.

Confiscation of Fadak
Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his caliphate, Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima, and evicted her agents, there are different views on why he did this, possibly as he had heard from Muhammad that Prophets do not leave inheritance, or as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan (Banu Hashim) who had not yet pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, or perhaps in retaliation for his exclusion by the Banu Hashim from the funeral rites of Muhammad. The confiscation of Fadak by Abu Bakr is the Shia view. In Sunni sources, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of Ibn Hajar al-Haytami and Ibn Sa'd.

Among others, the Sunni al-Baladhuri relates that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named Umm Aiman, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima. By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses. Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima, requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law. Khetia adds here that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case. Shias similarly contend that the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers. By one Shia account, Ali made this point to Abu Bakr, and added that the burden of proof was on Abu Bakr and not Fatima, whose agents administered the land at the time of the dispute. Sajjadi comments here that possession is the decisive factor in determining ownership in Islamic law. The Sunni Sibt ibn al-Jawzi and the Shia al-Tabrisi  relate that Abu Bakr finally agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally Umar, who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr. Other versions of this last account are collected in Sharh nahj al-balagha by the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid.

Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance
Most likely after Abu Bakr had rejected Fatima's claim of ownership, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father. Abu Bakr rejected this too, saying that Muhammad had disinherited his family, personally telling the former that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph. Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the hadith of Muhammad's inheritance. Abu Bakr added that he would administer those properties like Muhammad and that his kin should henceforth rely on general alms, which was forbidden for them in his lifetime because of their status of purity in the Quran. This prohibition is still upheld today by all schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Abu Bakr thus deprived Muhammad's kin also of their Quranic share of the booty (verse 8:41) and (verse 59:7), to which they were previously entitled instead of general alms.

Authenticity
In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist Ibn Sa'd furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous companions of Muhammad, such as Umar, Uthman, and Zubayr. In particular, he includes in these chains some prominent Hashimites, such as Ali and Ibn Abbas, who are both reported to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.

On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis. Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter Aisha, and Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan, though some primary sources have disputed the status of the last one as a companion of Muhammad. Twelvers reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions, claiming also that it contradicts the Quran, where verses 19:6 and 27:16 describe how Zechariah and David both left inheritance. These ostensible contradictions with the Quran have also been noted by some contemporary authors. Nevertheless, Soufi writes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.

Sermon of Fadak
In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the Prophet's Mosque, known as the Sermon of Fadak. Among other sources, this sermon appears in the Sunni Balaghat al-nisa', an anthology of eloquent speeches by Muslim women, though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is mostly rejected by Sunnis. The version of this speech in Balaghat upholds Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad, chastises Abu Bakr for denying Fatima of her inheritance, accuses him of (hadith) fabrication, and adds that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran, in which verse 27:16 describes how Solomon inherited from his father David, and verse 19:6 is about how Zechariah prayed for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of Jacob. Verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance are also quoted in the speech in Balaghat.

Politics
Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them. Because Muhammad had become the owner of Fadak as the leader of the Muslim community, to inherit this property as a prerogative by the Banu Hashim might have implied their authority over the community, which is likely why Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claims. This was the opinion of Jafri, and similar views are voiced by some others, while el-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute. Aslan suggests that Abu Bakr intended to strip the House of Muhammad from its privileged status, weaken its political might, and particularly undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. Aslan also justifies Abu Bakr's efforts as partly rooted in his conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly in the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali. Some contemporary authors have noted the poor relations between the two men.

Caliphates of Umar ((r. 634 – 644)), Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)), and Ali ((r. 656 – 661))
The second caliph Umar expelled the Jewish residents of Fadak who then emigrated to Syria. However, unlike other Jews, the residents of Fadak were compensated by Umar after the valuation of their properties in recognition of their agreement with Muhammad to retain the ownership of half of the Fadak. Umar also altered Abu Bakr's inheritance policy by turning over Muhammad's small estate in Medina to his cousin Ali and his uncle Abbas. Fadak, however, remained under the control of Umar, though it was reportedly administered by Ali and Abbas. The third caliph Uthman also kept Fadak, though it is likely that he did not treat the land as a charitable property anymore but instead awarded it to two of his cousins, namely, Marwan and his brother. Veccia Vaglieri differs here, writing that it was Mu'awiya I ((r. 661 – 680)) who gifted Fadak to Marwan, who in turn gave it to his sons later. Madelung challenges her view, noting that the relationship between Mu'awiya and Marwan was not amicable enough to justify this gift. Mu'awiya indeed temporarily took away Fadak from Marwan during his caliphate.

Ali, the fourth caliph and Muhammad's cousin, does not seem to have touched Fadak. Instead, he is recorded in Nahj al-balagha to have trivialized the matter during his caliphate, "Of course, all that we had in our possession under this sky was Fadak, but a group of people [Abu Bakr's party] felt greedy for it, and the other party [that of Ali] withheld themselves from it. God is, after all, the best arbiter. What shall I do: Fadak or no Fadak, while tomorrow this body is to go into the grave in whose darkness its traces will be destroyed..." A similar statement appears in Ali's letter to Uthman ibn Hunayf, his agent in Basra, in which he complains that Fadak was confiscated because of greed and envy. Alternatively, the Shia Sharif al-Murtaza contends that Ali might have practiced  (religious dissimulation) by upholding the status quo for Fadak.

Umayyad ((r. 661 – 750)) and Abbasid ((r. 750 – 1258)) dynasties
Mu'awiya I, the first Umayyad caliph, gave Fadak to Marwan as a fief and thereafter the estate changed hands numerous times during the Umayyad period. An exception is Umar II ((r. 717 – 720)), who returned Fadak to the descendants of Fatima during his caliphate, as parts of his efforts to address the injustices inflicted upon the Alids. The Umayyad Yazid II ((r. 720 – 724)) later seized Fadak again.

Early in the Abbasid period, al-Saffah ((r. 750 – 754)) returned Fadak to Fatima's descendants, later to be undone by his successor al-Mansur ((r. 754 – 775)). The Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi ((r. 775 – 785)) again returned Fadak but his son al-Hadi ((r. 775 – 776)) confiscated the property. Later al-Ma'mun ((r. 813 – 833)) yet again returned Fadak and it was taken back by al-Mutawakkil ((r. 847 – 861)), who awarded Fadak to the descendants of Umar. This cycle continued with al-Mu'tadid ((r. 892 – 902)), al-Muktafi ((r. 902 – 908)), and al-Muqtadir ((r. 908 – 932)). Notably, al-Ma'mun issued a decree recognizing Fatima's right to Fadak, arguing that, as Muhammad's daughter, Fatima must have known more about the intentions of Muhammad for Fadak compared to Abu Bakr. Khetia notes that al-Ma'mun thus implicitly criticized Abu Bakr, which did not please the (Sunni) jurists, who likely pressured al-Mutawakkil to later take back Fadak. In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri dismisses the caliph's arguments as weak. As descendants of Fatima and Ali, the Shia Imams viewed Fadak as a symbol of their usurped right of succession after Muhammad and their interpretation of verse 8:41 implied that Fadak should be at their disposal, similar to Muhammad. Jafri supports their interpretation of Fadak as an extension of the succession debate.

Fadak in literature
The dispute over Fadak soon become the subject of legends. Among these is the tale of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid ((r. 786 – 809)), the famed caliph of Arabian Nights, appearing in the sixteenth-century work The Subtleties of People. In this story, Harun is depicted as regretting the oppression of Muhammad's family at the hands of his predecessors. He thus inquired about the boundaries of Fadak from a descendant of Fatima to return it to its rightful owners. The descendant of Fatima cautioned the caliph that Harun would no longer want to relinquish Fadak after learning about its borders. Harun pressed on nevertheless. To his indignation, the caliph was told that the first boundary of Fadak was Aden, the second was Samarkand, the third was the Maghrib, and the fourth was the Armenian Sea, encompassing virtually the entire empire of Harun. According to Virani, the fact that this claim is not pressed nor even cared for signifies that it is the Islamic world that needs Muhammad's family, not the reverse.

title: Fadak


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Anthony Musgrave

Sir Anthony Musgrave (31 August 1828 – 9 October 1888) was a colonial administrator and governor. He died in office as Governor of Queensland in 1888.

Early life
He was born at St John's, Antigua, the third of 11 children of Anthony Musgrave and Mary Harris Sheriff.

After education in Antigua and Great Britain, he was appointed private secretary to Robert James Mackintosh, governor-in-chief of the Leeward Islands in 1854. He was recognised for his "capacity and zeal", and quickly promoted, administering in turn the British West Indies territories of Nevis and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

Musgrave was born to a slaveholding family. His father and uncles, were slaveholders who were compensated for their slaves upon the emancipation of slavery in the 1830s.

British North America
After ten years of colonial service in the Caribbean, Musgrave was appointed governor of Newfoundland in September, 1864. Unlike his previous appointments, Newfoundland had responsible government and an active colonial assembly. He also found a colony in dire economic straits, containing a destitute population. During his tenure, Musgrave dedicated most of energies towards convincing Newfoundland to remedy this by joining the negotiations with other British North American colonies towards union in what would become the Canadian Confederation. In this project, he was allied with the goals of the colonial office. Despite his efforts, and what seemed like imminent success, Musgrave ultimately failed to move the colonial assembly to accepting terms of union. Canada was proclaimed on 1 July 1867—and Newfoundland would not join Confederation for eighty two years. In consultation with the colonial office and the Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, it was agreed that Musgrave should redirect his energies concerning the expansion of the Canadian confederation away from the easternmost colony of British North America, to the westernmost—the Colony of British Columbia, which was recently united with the Colony of Vancouver Island. Following the death of Frederick Seymour, Musgrave took up his new responsibilities as colonial governor in August, 1869. Musgrave found a colony in an administrative and financial mess, with a fractious assembly, long-simmering disputes between the two colonies and their capitals – Victoria and New Westminster—and general frustration with the slow pace of negotiations for the colony to enter confederation. Musgrave proved to be both a capable administrator, and an able placater of the assembly's notoriously contentious members. In less than two years, in July, 1871, British Columbia joined Canada as its sixth province.

Natal
Musgrave did a brief stint as governor of the South African colony of Natal.

South Australia
Musgrave's next posting was to South Australia. This proved to be a substantially less taxing appointment. During his tenure, Musgrave supported the assembly in its plans to borrow a large sum for the purpose of extensive railway construction, the imposition of additional taxation, and the introduction of a considerable number of immigrants into what was still a largely unsettled hinterland.

Jamaica
After three and a half years in the antipodes, Musgrave returned to the Caribbean as governor of Jamaica. He would govern the colony for the next six years, focusing much of his attention on improving its cultural life. Under his administration, the government purchased Jamaica Railway Company and extended the line. Musgrave also initiated the Jamaica Scholarship, and was instrumental in establishing the Institute of Jamaica, dedicated to fostering and encouraging the development of arts, science, and literature. The Musgrave Medal, awarded by the institute for excellence in these fields, was named in his honour in 1897.

Queensland
Musgrave's last appointment was back in Australia, as governor of the colony of Queensland, where he arrived on 7 November 1883 in the Ranelagh. Like South Australia, Queensland enjoyed full responsible government, and Musgrave was more of a spectator of the political scene. He travelled with premier Samuel Griffith to visit the northern parts of the colony including Cooktown, Port Douglas, Cairns, Townsville, Charters Towers, Mourilyan Harbour, Cardwell, and Bowen. During this period, he was faced with responding to the action of the colony's premier, Sir Thomas McIlwraith, in "annexing" New Guinea as part of Queensland – an action repudiated by the colonial office.

Governor Anthony Musgrave was at the point of retiring from the colonial service when he died at his desk in Brisbane on 9 October 1888 from strangulation of the bowel. His funeral was held on 10 October 1888 at St John's Cathedral, after which he was interred in Brisbane's Toowong General Cemetery on the principal slope near to the grave of Governor Blackall, the location being personally selected by premier Thomas McIlwraith.

In May 1939, his grave was reported as unkempt and overgrown with weeds.

Family
He married in 1854 to Christiana Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Sir William Byam of Antigua (she died in 1859). Priot to his tenure in British Columbia, Musgrave married his second wife, Jeanie Lucinda Field (daughter of David Dudley Field) in San Francisco. Their daughter, Joyce, died in South Australia during 1874. According to article in "Air Clues" May 1995, he also had three sons: Arthur David Musgrave b.1874 d.1931 (Served in the Army, ending the war as CRA 52nd Division, retiring as a Brigadier General), Herbert Musgrave DSO RFC and RE, b.11 May 1876 in Adelaide, S.Australia, d.2 June 1918 in German territory and Dudley Field Musgrave b.1873 d.1895 of Typhoid Fever in Bombay (Served in the Royal Navy reaching Lieutenant).

According to www.biographi.ca Sir.Anthony was 3rd of 11 children.

Australia

 * Queensland
 * Port Musgrave, an embayment located on the northwestern tip of the Cape York Peninsula
 * Musgrave Telegraph Station
 * Musgrave Hill, a locality in Southport, Gold Coast
 * Musgrave Road in Brisbane (from Petrie Terrace through Red Hill)
 * The Queensland Government's steam yacht of 1884 was named Lucinda after Lady Musgrave
 * Lucinda, Queensland, is a small town, now bustling sugar terminal, near Ingham, Queensland
 * Lady Musgrave Island, an island located near the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef
 * Lady Musgrave Drive in Mountain Creek, Queensland

 * South Australia
 * The Musgrave Ranges, a mountain range located at the extreme northwestern part of South Australia.
 * Lucindale, a town named after Lady Musgrave in 1877

British Columbia

 * Musgrave Landing is a locality on the southwest coast of Saltspring Island in the Gulf Islands of southwestern British Columbia.
 * The Musgrave Peaks (or Musgrave Range) is a part of the Coast Mountains, located in the Estevan Islands off the north-central coast of British Columbia. Musgrave also helped in the making of British Columbia by assisting in the negotiation in Ottawa.

Jamaica

 * Lady Musgrave Road is a thoroughfare in Kingston, Jamaica named for his wife.
 * Musgrave Market is a market in Port Antonio, Portland, Jamaica.

Newfoundland

 * The town of Muddy Hole was renamed Musgrave Harbour in 1886. It is located on central Newfoundland's Kittiwake Coast.
 * Musgravetown was founded in 1863, and is located on Bonavista Bay in eastern Newfoundland.
 * Mount Musgrave is a 540 m peak of the Long Range Mountains of western Newfoundland.

South Africa

 * The major street Musgrave Road in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, is named after Musgrave. It is the location of the Musgrave Centre mall, named after the road, rather than the former Lieutenant-Governor.

title: Anthony Musgrave


text:
Petra, Lesbos

Petra (Greek: Πέτρα, meaning 'rock') is a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform, it is a municipal unit of the municipality of West Lesbos.

Petra is in northwestern Lesbos and comprises the villages Petra, Skoutaros, Stypsi, Lafionas, and Ypsilometopo, and the settlements Petri and Anaxos. The municipality has a land area of 72.479 km2, and a population of 3,029 at the 2021 census. Its largest towns are Pétra (the municipal seat), Stýpsi, and Skoutáros. The town of Mithymna is approximately 6 km north of Petra.

The region has olive groves and forests with pines, oaks, cypress, and fruit-bearing trees.

title: Petra, Lesbos


text: Template:EMD GPs

title: Template:EMD GPs


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User:InsaneSonikkuFan

About Me
I am a 2nd Year Computer Science Major at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. I am a Brother of the Gamma Tau Chapter of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. I work at Fidelity Investments in Merrimack, NH over the summer. I read Wikipedia a good deal while at work, and I am glad to repair any vandalism or spelling mistakes I find.

My interests
Sonic the Hedgehog Astronomy/The Solar System Computer Science

title: User:InsaneSonikkuFan


text:
User talk:RandomUser2010

Nomination of Valknut (software) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Valknut (software) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Valknut (software)& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:18, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:RandomUser2010


text:
Westfield Megabusa

The Westfield Megabusa is a British-made Lotus Seven inspired car with a 1,299 cc motorcycle engine, taken from the Suzuki Hayabusa, and six-speed sequential gearbox. The Megabusa is a road legal track car in at least some European countries.

Extras available

 * Front anti-roll bar
 * Oval wide track front wishbones with cantilever inboard anti-roll bar
 * Rear anti-roll bar
 * Detachable rear arches
 * Rear FW body styling
 * Quick release steering wheel
 * Trimmed racing seats
 * RAC specification roll bar
 * Full FIA roll cage
 * Uprated suspension made by Nitron Racing Shocks
 * Four point 3" race harnesses
 * Limited slip differential
 * Full electrically heated screen
 * Weather tonneau cover
 * Full trim interior
 * Epoxy coated aluminium panels

title: Westfield Megabusa


text:
Bubión

Bubión is a village in Las Alpujarras region of Granada in Spain. It is located at latitude 36° 57' N, longitude 3° 21' W, at 1,350 metres above sea level. Its postal code is 18412. Together with Capileira (to the north) and Pampaneira (to the south) it has become a focus for the tourist trade in La Alpujarra, because of the spectacular location of the three villages on the gorge of the Río Poqueira and below the peaks of the Sierra Nevada. The three villages, with their characteristic Moorish features - narrow, winding streets, flat roofs - have been designated as a Conjunto Histórico Artístico, a region of special artistic and historical importance.

Bubión is thought to have been founded in Roman times, and in any case it certainly antedates the Moorish invasion of the 7th century. Under the Moors, it was under the authority of Ugíjar. In the 16th century, after the fall of Granada to the "Catholic Monarchs", the village participated in the rebellions by the Moors (or "Moriscos" - Moors supposed to have been converted to Christianity). In the second rebellion, which started in December 1568, Bubión was one of the first villages of the Alpujarra to fall to the Catholic forces, after a major battle in the Poqueira valley. Following their defeat in 1571, almost all Moriscos were expelled from the province of Granada. They were partially replaced by Christian settlers from other parts of Spain.

In the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39, Bubión and the other two villages of the Poqueira valley remained under Nationalist control, although Republican forces held the surrounding heights.

The most prominent building is the village church, built in the 16th century and remodelled in the following century. It is a simple structure in the mudéjar style.

In the census of 2001 Bubión's population was given as 610, consisting of 357 "residents" and 253 "non-residents" (i.e. with a home elsewhere). A substantial number of both categories did not hold Spanish nationality, the majority of them coming from other states of the European Union. The village had 170 tourist beds.

The GR 7/E4 European long-distance footpath runs through Bubión. In addition a network of walking trails link the three white villages and the Poqueira Gorge, ascending into the Sierra Nevada and providing an approach to Mulhacén, the highest peak in continental Spain.

Bubión is served by a bus route from the city of Granada through Órgiva, continuing up the Poqueira valley to Capileira; then on through Trevelez and some further villages. There are three buses a day in each direction by Alsina Graells plus an extra bus to Orgiva on market Thursday at 9am. A limited service is available from Motril to Orgiva.

title: Bubión


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Markus Stockhausen

Markus Stockhausen (born 2 May, 1957) is a German trumpeter and composer. His recordings and performances have typically alternated between jazz and chamber or opera music, the latter often in collaboration with his father, composer Karlheinz Stockhausen.

Biography
Born in Cologne, West Germany, he is the son of composer Karlheinz Stockhausen and the pianist and pedagogue Doris Stockhausen. At age four he appeared as "child at play" in his father's theatre piece Originale. He received his first piano lessons at age six, and at age twelve he began to play the trumpet. He attended the music secondary school in Cologne.

Concerts and festival appearances, also for the Goethe Institute, have taken him around the world. In November 2008 he gave the first performance of Freedom Variations, a composition for trumpet and chamber ensemble written by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.

The Markus Stockhausen Group (with Jeroen van Vliet p, Christian Thomé dr, Jörg Brinkmann cello) released on 27 August 2021 the album Tales.

Discography

 * Aparis (ECM, 1990)
 * Cosi Lontano...Quasi Dentro (ECM, 1989)
 * Köln Musik Fantasy (1991)
 * Stockhausen: Michaels Reise (ECM, 1992)
 * Despite the Fire-Fighters' Efforts... (Polygram/ECM/Universal, 1993)
 * New Colours of Piccolo Trumpet (EMI Classics, 1993)
 * Stockhausen: Oberlippentanz; Ave; Tierkreis (Trio-Version) (Stockhausen-Verlag, 1993)
 * Stockhausen: Aries; Klavierstück XIII (Stockhausen-Verlag, 1994)
 * Clown (EMI, 1995)
 * Possible Worlds (CMP, 1995)
 * Cologne Music Fantasy (Largo, 1996)
 * Sol Mestizo (ACT, 1996)
 * Markus Stockhausen Plays Karlheinz Stockhausen (EMI Classics, 1998)
 * Solo I (Aktivraum, 2000)
 * Still Light (MA, 2000)
 * In Deiner Nahe (aka Close to You) (Aktivraum, 2001)
 * Karta (ECM, 2001)
 * Joyosa (Enja, 2002)
 * Lichtblick: Prima, Altrove... (Aktivraum, 2004)
 * Nonduality (Aktivraum, 2004)
 * Thinking About (Aktivraum, 2004)
 * Mozart, La Nuit Jazz 'n' Groove (Nocturne, 2005)
 * Es War Einmal...Instanti Infiniti (Aktivraum, 2007)
 * Streams (Enja, 2007)
 * Abendglühen (Aktivraum, 2008)
 * Electric Treasures: Live in Bonn (Aktivraum, 2008)
 * No Matter (Metastation, 2008)
 * Symbiosis: Werke von Markus Stockhausen für Klarinette und Trompete und Streichorchester (Aktivraum, 2008)
 * Other Presences (Sargasso, 2008)
 * Symphonic Colours (2009)
 * Spaces & Spheres: Intuitive Music (Wergo, 2013)
 * Markus Stockhausen and the Metropole Orkest (Intuition, 2013)
 * Atlas (2015)
 * Alba (ECM/Universal, 2016)
 * Hamdelaneh - Intimate dialogues (with Alireza Mortazavi) (Dark Companion, 2019)
 * Markus Stockhausen Group: Tales (o-tone music, 2021)

As sideman
With Rainer Brüninghaus With Ralph Towner With Lebowski With Gaspare Bernardi
 * Continuum (ECM, 1983)
 * City of Eyes (ECM, 1988)
 * Goodbye My Joy (Lebowski, 2013)
 * Stranger at home (Incipit/Egea, 2018)

title: Markus Stockhausen


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Michele Navarra

Michele Navarra (5 January 1905 – 2 August 1958) was an Italian member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was a qualified physician and headed the Mafia family from the town of Corleone in Sicily. He was known as 'u patri nostru (our father).

Early career
Navarra was born in the Sicilian town of Corleone in a middle class family; his father was a small landowner, a land surveyor and teacher at the local agrarian school. His uncle from his mother’s side, Angelo Gagliano, had been a member of the Fratuzzi, as the local Mafia was known at the time and which consisted mainly of gabellotti, local power brokers that leased large estates from absentee landlords, and subleased plots to peasants at excessive or abusive rates. He was killed in 1930.

Navarra studied at the University of Palermo, first engineering and later medicine, getting his degree in 1929. He served in the Royal Italian Army until 1942, reaching the rank of captain. He became the boss of Corleone in 1943, succeeding Calogero Lo Bue.

Navarra was the old fashioned type of Mafia boss: genteel, well dressed, but ferocious. He did not murder people himself, but delegated the work. From 1944–48, when he took over command of the Mafia in town, there had been 57 murders in Corleone. By skillful manipulation of the Mafia network of mutual aid and graft, he occupied several key positions in the establishment of Corleone, had powerful political connections and enjoyed a high status. He became the official medical adviser to the Ferrovie dello Stato (Italian State Railways), which was offered to him when, in public competition, he was the only candidate.

Rising power
Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in World War II (Operation Husky) in 1943, the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories (AMGOT) granted Navarra the right to collect the military vehicles abandoned by the Italian army. Navarra used these to start a trucking company, which was vital to some of his operations involving the theft of livestock. In 1946 Navarra became the top doctor at the hospital in Corleone after his predecessor, Dr. Nicolosi, was conveniently murdered. A new large modern hospital in Corleone stood empty from 1952 to 1958 and was only put into service after the death of Navarra, the director of the old one.

Navarra used his positions as director of the hospital to increase his power. In Corleone, people still talk of the blind electors of Navarra: On election day hundreds of men and women were struck blind; they pretended to have lost their sight. He issued certificates to the effect that they were blind or short-sighted and therefore had to be assisted in the act of voting in order to enable Navarra’s men to accompany them into the polling booth and check their ballot.

For a while Navarra sympathized with the Sicilian separatist movement, but he soon joined the Christian Democrat party in 1948.

Rizzotto murder
Under the tutelage of Navarra, the young and upcoming Mafioso Luciano Leggio got his start, first in cattle rustling and clandestine butchering, and subsequently as estate guard (campiere), before becoming a lease holder (gabelloto) of the estate at the age of 20, the youngest ever. When Leggio murdered the Socialist trade union leader Placido Rizzotto in March 1948, Navarra made sure to dispose of the only witness, Giuseppe Letizia, an 11-year-old shepherd. His father took the shocked boy to the hospital run by Navarra. The boy talked about the murder but died after an injection. Navarra was blamed by the press for killing the boy and thus eliminating a witness.

Navarra was arrested for his involvement in the murder, but not convicted. He was sent into compulsory internal exile in Gioiosa Ionica, province of Reggio Calabria, for five years. However, thanks to his contacts with friendly politicians, he returned to Corleone in 1949. In Calabria he established close relationships with the charismatic 'Ndrangheta boss Antonio Macrì.

Conflict with Leggio
Meanwhile his former underling Leggio developed his own rackets, independently from Navarra – transport, smuggling stolen cattle and selling the meat on Palermo’s wholesale market. From 1953–1958 Corleone recorded 153 Mafia related murders.

Conflicts of interest between Navarra and Leggio also arose over a plan to dam the Belice river at the Piano della Scala near Corleone. Those who controlled the water supply throughout the neighbourhood of Corleone resented the plan. Springs in Sicily are private property and their exploitation, yielding large profits, is traditionally associated with Mafia power. Navarra represented the vested interests of those opposed to the dam, while Leggio favoured the construction of the dam. He expected to gain a monopoly of haulage work in connection with its construction.

Navarra tried to have Leggio killed in June 1958. Leggio was invited by Navarra to meet him at an estate but instead he found fifteen armed men there. The hitmen hired for the task did a poor job and Leggio escaped with just minor injuries. The event left Leggio and his followers with the knowledge that they were as good as dead if they did not strike back soon.

Death
A few weeks later, on 2 August 1958, Navarra and a fellow doctor (Giovanni Russo, who had nothing to do with criminal activities) were both shot to death on an isolated country road as they drove home in Navarra's Fiat 1100. The car was blocked on the open road by two other vehicles and riddled by submachine-gun bullets. Navarra's funeral took place two day later in San Martino, the main church of Corleone. A few weeks later, on September 6, three men known as friends of Navarra were killed in a raid at Corleone. Reciprocal killings went on until 1963 and Leggio had to disappear having been condemned for the killing of Navarra.

Leggio thus became the boss of the Corleone Mafia. Among Navarra's suspected killers were Bernardo Provenzano and Salvatore "Totò" Riina. Riina became the leading Mafioso in 1974 after Leggio was captured and sentenced to life imprisonment for his murder. His Corleonesi would continue to take over the Sicilian Mafia in the Second Mafia War in the 1980s.

Navarra was the kind of Mafioso who was more interested in power than money. He left his widow a few plots of land and part of a house. The Antimafia Commission remarked that “the small size of his estate shows that Navarra has always aimed at power, rather than at money for its own sake … He often spent more than he brought in, both in his medical activities and in his career as Mafioso.”

title: Michele Navarra


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User talk:RandomUser2010/archive

information
Here you can find all topics which are settled for me, therefore I moved them from my talk page to here.

title: User talk:RandomUser2010/archive


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Brimstone moth

The brimstone moth (Opisthograptis luteolata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It should not be confused with the brimstone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni.

Description
This species is unmistakable within its range, with bright yellow wings marked with small brown patches along the costa of the forewing and a small brown-edged white stigma, also on the forewing. The wingspan is 33–46 mm. "0. luteolata L. The only European species. The name-typical form has on the forewing red-brown costal markings at the base, at the discal mark and triangularly at the apex; faint, irregularly grey antemedian and postmedian lines, interrupted at the veins. Hindwing with dark discal dot and faint grey postmedian line. — aestiva Vorh. & Müll.-Rutz is a smaller, more deeply coloured summer brood form. It seems to be the principal or only form in Tunis. — ab. flavissima Krulik. is almost entirely yellow, only with slight remnants of the costal markings. — ab. albescens Ckll. has the ground colour pure white instead of yellow. Very pale yellow examples have been separated as intermedia Harrison. — ab. niko Chr. is according to. Staudinger an extraordinary aberration with both wings broadly fuscous margined and the basal part of the forewing brownish. Perhaps accidental, as the yellow of this species is highly susceptible to various kinds of chemical action.- provincialis Ob. is a pale, weakly marked form from Provence. — emaculata Graes. lacks the apical patch of the forewing. Prevalent in Central Asia, accidental elsewhere. — mimulina Btlr. has the cell-mark large, the lines strong, the 2 principal lines of the forewing ending in conspicuous red-brown spots on the hindmargin. N. India: Dharmsala etc."

The moth sometimes flies during the day but mainly at night, and is attracted to light.

The larva is brown or green with a "horn" on its back and feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs. Recorded food plants include apple, birch, blackthorn, currant, hawthorn, Prunus, rowan, Amelanchier and willow. The species, due to its complex life cycle, overwinters either as a larva or a pupa.

Life cycle
The species has a complex ecology: sometimes one brood is produced each year but sometimes three broods are produced over a two-year period, with the result that adults can be seen on the wing at any time from April to October.

Distribution
The brimstone is found throughout the Palearctic region and Western Asia.

Early research
The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton, author of The Colours of Animals (1890) described countershading in insects including the caterpillar larvae of the brimstone moth. The American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, generally considered the originator of the theory of countershading, credited Poulton with its partial discovery.

title: Brimstone moth


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Fairy (brand)

Fairy is an international brand, primarily used for washing up liquid and dishwasher detergent, owned by the American multinational consumer products company, Procter & Gamble. The brand originated in the United Kingdom in 1898 and is now used on a number of P&G products in various markets.

It is closely related to the Dawn dishwashing product range sold in the US and to Dreft, Yes and JAR brands used by P&G in various European and international markets.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Fairy Liquid is traditionally green, as mentioned in the well-known advertising jingle "Now hands that do dishes can feel as soft as your face with mild green Fairy Liquid".

P&G use the Fairy brand in many European markets for premium hand and automatic dishwashing products and also for a range of non-bio and sensitive skin focused laundry products in the UK and Ireland.

Fairy Liquid is available in a variety of colour, scent, format and packaging designs which vary somewhat in each market. The original white bottle with red cap used in the United Kingdom and Ireland was replaced with PET bottles.

Fairy soap bars were originally manufactured by Newcastle upon Tyne company Thomas Hedley Co., which was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1927.

50th anniversary
In February 2010, Fairy brought back the original washing-up-liquid bottle (which was used until 2000) to celebrate 50 years of the brand. Nanette Newman, who appeared in the 1980s TV advertisements, returned for a new campaign to promote the launch.

Other products
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Fairy is also a longstanding brand of non-biological laundry detergent, the original soap-based variant being known as Fairy Snow. Fairy Non-Bio has added fabric-conditioner to its product range. Like Fairy dish detergents, its traditional trademark is a walking baby.

Fairy was also a brand of soap in those countries, characteristically green in colour and available both in the form of larger rectangular 155g blocks for laundry and other household purposes and in the smaller rounded 125g size as toilet soap, where it used the same "walking baby" trademark as the laundry powder and was marketed as a pure, mild product. It was suddenly discontinued by the manufacturers in about 2009 to the disapproval of its faithful customer base.

The Fairy brand has expanded further from the soap-based products, and is now also used on automatic dishwashing products, the latest being Fairy Active Bursts. These are pouches of powder and specially formulated washing-up liquid, specifically designed for domestic dishwashers. Other variants have included a power spray for cleaning pots and pans, and a foam/mousse.

International Markets

 * In Egypt, Fairy competes with Henkel's Pril, and takes second place to Pril in market share. It is notable for its aggressive advertising campaign featuring actresses from Egyptian television soap operas emphasizing its strength (which it claims is four times higher than Pril).
 * Fairy is also sold in Germany: in 2000 it was briefly renamed Dawn (the brand used in the North American market), but, after sharply declining sales due to an unfamiliar brand, the Fairy name was revived in 2002.
 * In Sweden and Norway, P&G premium dishwashing products are branded as Yes, as seen on the adjacent picture. It was introduced in 1961 and is by far the biggest-selling detergent in Sweden.
 * In Belgium and the Netherlands the same product range is sold as Dreft. The same name also refers to another brand of detergent also made by Procter & Gamble.
 * In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia similar P&G products are sold as Jar (pronunciation /yar/) and has been available since the 1960s. Its name comes from Janeček (then CEO of the company) and Ranný (the product inventor), but coincidentally it means spring in Czech and Slovakian. The name is synonymous for detergent in Czech Republic and Slovakia.
 * In Saudi Arabia, it has been sold since the 1970s.
 * Fairy products have been sold in Iran since 2005.
 * Fairy dishwashing liquid was introduced in Spain in 1982. In 1991, a television advertising campaign in which two fictional towns, Villarriba and Villabajo, compete for the best paella at their popular fiestas was launched in the country. The campaign, which allowed the brand to go from a discreet 6% to 40% market share in Spain, has been renewed many times over the years, was used in other markets such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Portugal and Greece, and was even the inspiration for a television series titled Villarriba y Villabajo.

title: Fairy (brand)


text: User talk:65.254.3.3

title: User talk:65.254.3.3


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Talk:Shane Bond

Somebody please update!!
This article is (as most of the articles relating to NZ cricket are) of such a poor standard that it makes me want to weep! It's just a poorly written conglomeration of so-called 'facts' with little or no sense of order. I suppose I shall have to take it on myself to clean it up as there don't appear to be any Wikipedians who give a shit about NZ cricket.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frobishero (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Shane Bond


text:
Talk:Dragoon (Final Fantasy)

High/Super Jump Enmity
High and Super Jump only remove enmity from the DRG, they do not transfer it to other party members or the wyvern as is said in the article. Just gonna fix that up.. feba 08:58, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Cid Highwind
It seems that by including Final Fantasy VII's Cid Highwind in our list of Dragon Knight-esque characters that we're setting our bar of entry wayyy too low: Cid wields a spear, but is in no other respects similar to a Dragon Knight. He doesn't look like one, he is never referred to as one, and has none of the Dragon Knight's signature attacks. Edgar (who was removed by the same person who added Cid) is arguably more like a Dragon Knight, because at least he can be equipped with an item that gives him the signature "jump" move. – Seancdaug 13:14, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Y'know, disregard all this. I completely forgot about Cid's limit breaks. Shame on me. – Seancdaug 13:16, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Kain Highwind
Kain Highwind of FFIV isn't just someone who can be 'categorised as a dragon knight type character', he is explicitly an actual Dragon Knight, he is referred to as a Dragon Knight on several occasions in in-game diologue, his character class is explicitly stated as Dragon Knight on the status screen and he wears the same type of outfit as the Dragon Knights of FF3, FF5, FFT and FFTA.
 * True, but the same thing is true of Freya from Final Fantasy IV. The line in question is trying to convey this fact without confusing the class/job system idea, but I guess it's not as effective in that as I'd hoped. I'll rephrase it to see if I can clear it up. – Seancdaug 12:59, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Cyan Garamonde?
I'd like to add Cyan Garamonde to the list of characters possibly inspired by the Dragon Knight job. I realize that he doesn't use spears and is more of a generic Knight than anything else, and also that FFVI doesn't have explicit character classes, but as a character he has some ties to Dragoons. His personality is somewhat in line with that of Freya or Kain--he fits the "aloof Knight" archetype that's obviously followed by Freya and Fratley, questionably followed by Kain (whose susceptibility to mind control tends to set him at odds with his friends in a way that really doesn't fit exactly with the archetype), and arguably followed by Kimahri and Cid (the former is silent, the latter hides beneath his gruff exterior). The thing that really tips it for me, at least, is Empowerer. I know it's silly to base this sort of classification on little more than one skill, but I'd at least like to mention that Cyan is FFVI's entry into that sort of archetype, in the same way that Locke is a Thief, Sabin is a Monk, and Mog is a Dancer, even if they're each not explicitly called such.

Wilson 6500 00:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Dragon Knight in X-2?
Where is a dragon knight playable in X-2? as far as i'm aware, there's no dressphere nor accessory that allows you to jump, or wield a spear.

 * I'm not aware of a Dragoon dressphere either. I'll change it. —  warpedmirror  ( talk ) 18:53, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Merge
As per discussion at the Jobs sub-project of WPFF, this article will be merged into Final Fantasy character classes unless there is convincing argument to be made that it's notable enough for its own article. Most of the information on this page could be merged into the individual games' pages as well as the main character classes article. Please comment here or at the talk page for the project. -RaCha'ar 21:53, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Though I support some of the other ones, I think this one is notable enough to have its own article as so many Final Fantasy characters are classified as Dragon Knights. Geg 00:32, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Geg; while Bard, Beastmaster, and the like should be merged, the Dragon Knight page should stay. It's surely as notable a class as Red and Blue Mages. If anything, this page should be expanded and improved upon. 24.42.246.206 16:18, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * RaCha'ar, could you please remove the merge tag now that we're done the discussion on it? If someone like me removes it, someone will just revert it. 142.167.154.187 13:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Whoops, sorry about that. :) -RaCha'ar 21:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dragoon (Final Fantasy)


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Third rail (politics)

The third rail of a nation's politics is a metaphor for any issue so controversial that it is "charged" and "untouchable" to the extent that any politician or public official who dares to broach the subject will invariably suffer politically. The metaphor comes from the high-voltage third rail in some electric railway systems.

Touching a third rail can result in electrocution, so usage of the metaphor in political situations relates to the risk of "political suicide" that a person would face by raising certain taboo subjects or having points of view that are either censored, shunned or considered highly controversial or offensive to advocate or even mention.

It is most commonly used in North America. Though commonly attributed to Tip O'Neill, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987, it seems to have been coined by O'Neill aide Kirk O'Donnell in 1982 in reference to Social Security.

American examples of usage
A wide range of issues might be claimed detrimental to politicians tackling them, but those below have all been explicitly described using the "third rail" metaphor:

 * Withdrawal of Social Security and Medicare benefits
 * Debate of race issues
 * Antidumping and countervailing duty withdrawal
 * Opposition to abortion for rape victims
 * Resuming the draft
 * National content policy in export finance
 * The role that gifted education plays in modern public school segregation
 * Debate about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and U.S. support for Israel
 * Debate about mass immigration
 * Diverting water from the Great Lakes to the Southwest
 * Guns, including semi-automatic weapons and child safety locks.
 * California's Proposition 13 on property tax
 * The impact of meat consumption on climate change
 * The transfer of Federal lands over to states.

Argentina

 * The Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

Australia

 * Policies to address climate change

Canada

 * Reforming or privatizing public health care
 * Reforming or privatizing the Canada Pension Plan
 * Amending the Constitution of Canada
 * Re-Criminalization of Abortion
 * Abolition of Same-Sex Marriage

Denmark

 * Abolition of Store Bededag as a public holiday.

Germany

 * Introducing a speed limit on Autobahns

India

 * The introduction of income tax for agricultural income
 * Changes to the reservation system

Republic of Ireland

 * Abortion was viewed as a third rail prior to the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which legalised it in 2018
 * The provision of medical cards (which grant free or low-price healthcare to people on low incomes and the chronically ill)

United Kingdom

 * Drug policy
 * Reform of the National Health Service
 * Social care
 * West Lothian question
 * Rejoining the European Union

China

 * Advocating Hong Kong independence

Singapore
The term OB marker ("out of bounds marker", a golf term) is widely used in Singapore for forbidden topics, such as:
 * Corruption
 * The Sedition Act makes it illegal to "promote feelings of ill-will or hostility between different races or classes of the population".

Serbia

 * Recognition of Kosovo's independence

title: Third rail (politics)


text: Template:EMD SDs

title: Template:EMD SDs


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Talk:Haemoglobin

Any info on this spelling? Is it now obsolete? By what authority? i.e. UPAC etc. ? Can any one help? --Dan|(talk) 13:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hemoglobin which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:44, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haemoglobin


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Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro

The coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro consisted of a shield with the Serbian eagle (a white double-headed eagle adopted from the Nemanjić dynasty) and the shield with a quartering the Serbian cross (or cross with firesteels) and the Montenegrin lion of Judah. This emblem had served as the national symbol of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003).

Official status
The coat of arms was officially adopted by the federal parliament in 1993. It replaced the coat of arms of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which had remained as the coat of arms of the newly-established Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. Usage of the arms was discontinued in 2006, after the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Usage as the coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro
The legal acts which reconstituted the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro stipulated that a law was to be passed by the end of 2003 specifying the Union's coat of arms and anthem. Such a law was never brought forward, and unlike with the national flag and state anthem, no notable proposals for a new coat of arms were ever put forward. Thus the State Union continued to use the Yugoslav arms by inertia until its dissolution in June 2006.

Heraldic description
Gules, a Two-headed eagle Argent, en surtout an inescutcheon, quarterly 1 and 4 a lion passant Or (Montenegro) and 2 and 3, a cross between four fire steels Argent. (Serbia)

Origins of coat of arms
The coat of arms was designed after the breakup of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to symbolise the new union consisting only of Serbia and Montenegro. Its design thus features the traditional heraldical elements connected historically with both countries.

Throughout history, the arms of both Montenegro and Serbia have featured a double-headed eagle, usually silver, on a shield, usually red, bearing on their chests usually a red shield, which in Montenegro's case contained a golden lion while in Serbia's a cross with four firesteels, usually silver. Thus the arms of FR Yugoslavia were designed by combining these elements: the eagle is the symbol common to both countries, symbolizing their unity, the lions represent Montenegro and crosses with firesteels, Serbia. The red shield in the middle was divided into 4 parts, although the federation consisted of 2 federal units. This was done with the intention to accommodate any possible further expansion of the federation.

The coat of arms was initially proposed by Dr. A. Palavestra in 1992. The final, adopted version followed the same blason as the original proposal but differed in graphical style.

title: Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro


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List of grand masters of the Knights Templar

The grand master of the Knights Templar was the supreme commander of the holy order, starting with founder Hugues de Payens. Some held the office for life while others resigned life in monasteries or diplomacy. Grand masters often led their knights into battle on the front line and the numerous occupational hazards of battle made some tenures very short.

Each country had its own master, and the masters reported to the grand master. He oversaw all of the operations of the order, including both the military operations in the Holy Land and Eastern Europe, and the financial and business dealings in the order's infrastructure of Western Europe. The grand master controlled the actions of the order but he was expected to act the same way as the rest of the knights. After Pope Innocent II issued the bull Omne datum optimum on behalf of the Templars in 1139, the grand master was obliged to answer only to him.


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Talk:Stevan Šupljikac

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I wrote new article about Stevan Supljikac. User:PANONIAN

Since I didn’t know exact procedure about replacing articles with copyright problems, I replaced this article with new one. I just want to note here that current article is not the one with copyright problems, but completely new article, which replaced the old one. User:PANONIAN

 * The correct procedure is to put it on the Stevan Supljikac/Temp page, and wait for an admin to delete the original page. Unfortunately, there appears to be a substantial backlog in processing copyright violations.  You might like to contact an administrator to ask for action.  As the editor who flagged the copyright violation, I am happy to confirm that the article has been rewritten and I am unaware of any copyright violation in the current version of the text.  I'm not sure about the image, but it appears to be a recent scan of an old photograph. Bovlb 02:05, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stevan Šupljikac