text:
SS France

SS France may refer to:
 * SS France (1854), a French steamship chartered by the French Government during the Crimean War
 * SS France (1896), a French liner sunk in 1915
 * SS France (1912), a French liner scrapped in 1936, and is the only French ship to be one of the four-funnel liners
 * SS France (1960), a French liner; later renamed SS Norway; scrapped in 2008.

title: SS France


text:
Slingshot 57

Slingshot 57 was a Christian rock band from Lincoln, Illinois, United States, which was formed in 1999. They played 450 shows in 23 states. The name was inspired by the Biblical story of David and Goliath and Psalm 57.

History
Slingshot 57 originated from Lincoln Christian College and gained a following in central Illinois. They received heavy national radio airplay in 2001-02 with their single "Everyday". They recorded two full length albums, performed with several major label acts, and had songs played on three consecutive seasons of MTV's The Real World. The band toured nationally with CIY Believe Conferences (also original band) and played festivals, state fairs and teen conventions, from bars to churches, parties to high school auditoriums.

In 2003, four of the members left to pursue other ministries. Kirk Bolen went to St. Charles, Missouri, to become a worship minister. Ross Drennan went to Springfield to become a children's minister. Matt Harris is now in Colorado as a campus minister. Gabe Rutledge is a Bible teacher in Springfield. A new line-up included Nash Bruce (guitar, vocals), Neill Nation (guitar), Paul Stewart (bass guitar) and Nick McNeely (drums, vocals).

In June 2005, McNeely left the band, with Nation following in April 2006; both joined the rock band Bastian. After they left Daniel Bishop was recruited to play drums, Tim Wilson was added as the band's new bass guitarist and Stewart moved to rhythm guitar.

Slingshot 57 played their final show on November 17, 2007, in Mahomet, Illinois, with the bands The Switch and Dear Future.

Woods is the founder of a non-profit discipleship movement called The Brave Way Home.

Members

 * Ben Woods (1999-2007)
 * Kirk Bolen (1999-2003)
 * Ross Drennan (1999-2003)
 * Matt Harris (1999-2003)
 * Gabe Rutledge (1999-2003)
 * Neill Nation (2003-2006)
 * Nick McNeely (2003-2006)
 * Nash Bruce (2003-2007)
 * Gregory (Paul) Stewart (2003-2007)
 * Tim Wilson (2006-2007)
 * Daniel Bishop (2006-2007)

Discography

 * 5 Smooth Stones (2000)
 * Stay the Course (2002)
 * Slingshot 57 EP (2004)
 * The Evidence (2007) (released on iTunes)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Slingshot 57


text:
User:Rekleov

Greetings and salutations.

This is my page.

Thank you for visiting.

><> -Rekleov 19:50, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Rekleov


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Choda

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:59, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Choda
Dicdef of obscene slang term has already been transwiki'd, but has not outgrown its original content. As it's already been moved to wiktionary, I suggest deletion jglc | t | c 13:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  ral  315  13:15, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator's reasoning. Sarg 14:16, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For a similar discussion, see Votes for deletion/Chode. Uncle G 16:45, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: Transwiki'd dictdef. (Fatter than it is long?  Is this possible?  If possible, is it common?  Wouldn't this be nearly a deformity?)  Geogre 17:53, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You HAD to make us think about it, right? :) Sarg 17:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - a slang word used in many north Indian languages like Hindi and Bangla. This word does not deserve a page.--Bhadani 18:03, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete foreign slang dicdef. JamesBurns 23:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Choda


text:
Nuytsia

Nuytsia floribunda is a hemiparasitic tree found in Western Australia. The species is known locally as moodjar and, more recently, the Christmas tree or Western Australian Christmas tree. The display of intensely bright flowers during the austral summer coincides with the Christmas season.

Description
The habit of the species may be a tree, up to 10 metres high, or as a lower shrub form. The rough bark is grey-brown. Flowers are a vivid yellow-orange, appearing sometime between October and January. The inflorescence on each flowering stem may be up to one metre in length.

It is a root hemiparasite, is photosynthetic and mainly obtains water and mineral nutrients from its hosts. The haustoria arising from the roots of Nuytsia attach themselves to roots of many nearby plants and draw water and therefore nutrients from them. Almost all species are susceptible to attack; haustoria have even been found attached to underground cables. In natural settings Nuytsia withdraws relatively little from each individual host, but is attached to so many other plants that the benefit to this hemiparasitic tree is likely to be considerable. Roots and rhizomes extend out and may sucker to form new branches that give the appearance of a grove of trees. A network of fine and fragile roots arise from these larger underground parts, forming haustoria where they meet the roots of other species. These roots or rhizomes can be up to 150 metres (492 feet) in length; the most extensive of any known plant.

The width is up to 1.2 metres in diameter, composed of multiple layers of wood and bark that allow the tree to withstand fire. An unusual characteristic of the seedlings is the four to six cotyledons rather than two.

Taxonomy
Recognised in its earliest descriptions as a species of the Loranthaceae, a family almost entirely represented by epiphytes (mistletoes) allied in the Santalales order. The current treatment of Nuytsia floribunda is as a monotypic genus, Nuytsia. This species was seen as a sister taxon to Atkinsonia ligustrina (Loranthaceae) in its description as Nuytsia ligustrina by Allan Cunningham in 1817.

The first description was published by Jacques Labillardière in Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen (1805) as Loranthus floribundus, the specific epithet describing the profuse flowers he had observed at Esperance. The botanist Robert Brown published a remark on the species in 1831, giving a new genus name without a formal description. A description was published by George Don using Brown's name Nuytsia, an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts.

The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. For thousands of years, the moojar (moodja) tree's striking yellow and orange flowers have been a warning sign for Minang-Noongar people that fire and flames are coming. It flowers during the Noongar season of birak. The regional name of "Christmas tree" has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the "fire-tree", given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term "cabbage tree", a reference to its fragile, white and spongy branches that can be snapped off as easily as the stalks of the European vegetable, cabbage.

Distribution and habitat
Nuytsia floribunda is well known in Southwest Australia, especially due to the appearance of abundant flowers in summer, which is a spectacular display. Although Nuytsia seeds germinate readily and seedlings are easy to grow for a year or two, cultivation of the species to maturity is regarded as difficult, with little success outside its native habitat. It appears on a variety of soil types throughout Southwest Australia, the distribution of the species extends to the east of the Esperance Plain and to the north on the Geraldton Sandplains. (Distribution records: The Australian Virtual Herbarium.)

The species was once common across the Swan Coastal Plain, now mostly cleared around Perth with changes in land use since colonisation.

Uses
The Nyungar people made use of the species during the season Kambarang, around October to early December, obtaining bark to make shields. The gum that exudes from the wound can be collected later, it is sweet and eaten raw. Flowers from the moodjar tree are traditionally used to make a sweet mead-like beverage during birak. Moodjar (or Muja) is regarded as a protected tree by the Nyungar peoples of Southwest Australia, the species is noted as being incorporated into rituals and having a conservation status that forbids their destruction. The plant is venerated by some who learn that it should not be sat beneath or its flowers, leaves or branches touched or taken. The sugary gum is consumed in modest quantities, and children are warned of overindulgence with the story of a monstrous, invulnerable and inescapable nocturnal being whose cry of 'Nhervalong' could be heard as it collects the gum on which it subsists. Seasonal use by other groups of the roots is also known, Ethel Hassell at Jerramungup was invited to taste some being harvested by a group of women, reporting the taste of the flesh beneath an easily removed skin as sweet, brittle and somewhat watery.

The wood of the tree was noted as commercially useless, and that cultivation and transplanting difficult or impractical for gardens or landscaping by the state's conservator Charles Lane Poole (1921), deeming the showy display of flowers to be its only desirable quality. Poole also notes the 'gum' that is exuded from the tree may be useful. The artist Marianne North featured the tree in an illustration titled 'Study of the West Australian Flame-tree or Fire-tree’ (c. 1880), now held at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and recorded her effusive impressions, "I shall never forget one plain we came to, entirely surrounded by the nuytsia or mistletoe trees, in a full blaze of bloom. It looked like a bush-fire without smoke. The trees are, many of them, as big as average oaks in our hedgerows at home, …" The early settler George Fletcher Moore described this parasitic tree as another "anomaly in this land of contradictions".

A journal of systematic botany, Nuytsia, published by the Western Australian Herbarium, is named for this tree.

The Annals of Natural History (1842) reported a specimen being grown at a government garden in 1841, and the attempt to raise the few seeds it produced; the correspondence is printed as from "H. Bidwell … of Sidney [sic]".

Ecology
The flowers produce large amounts of pollen and nectar that is consumed by insects.

The parasitic relationship of Nuytsia floribunda with host species was poorly understood until an investigation by the botanist D. A. Herbert was presented to the Royal Society of Western Australia, contradicting the assumption that proximity to other trees such as banksia and jarrah was a requirement. Herbert discovered the extended network of filaments that embrace the roots of many other plant species, explaining the persistence of trees conserved in agricultural land cleared for introduced crops.

There are various lists of both native and introduced host species that are vulnerable to attack, however evidence suggests Nuytsia is capable of parasitising an extraordinarily wide range of taxa with only a single published account of a species that appeared immune (Adenanthos cygnorum). The generalised nature of the mode of host root attachment presumably allows parasitism to occur on just about anything within reach.

Nuytsia floribunda was once common and well known on the coastal plain around Perth, often remaining in remnant bushland and gardens, becoming more scarce as the extent and density of urban development increased.

title: Nuytsia


text:
User:Sqkvii

Born in Utrecht, The Netherlands 01/10/82. Lived in US, UK, Germany, Japan, India, and The Netherlands. I'm a Modern Mahayana Buddhist, an Internationalist, third way, currently staying in Seattle Washington, US until summer '05.

My interests are varied but Science, Math, Culture, History, and Music are most appealing.

title: User:Sqkvii


text:
Talk:Spectrum News 1 North Carolina

This article was nominated for deletion on June 1, 2005, and the consensus was to keep. For discussion, see Votes for deletion/News 14 Carolina. sjorford →•← 13:15, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Add new logo
Logo used on the article is outdated. It incorrectly uses the 2016 logo, which was phased out in 2017 when SN rebranded and went flat. It also fails to reflect the modern branding "Spectrum News 1," as the 2016 logo does not include the "1" in the logo, since it wasn't part of the branding. We should replace the logo with the following image, which is the official logo, seen on the SN1 NC website:

Jkrosado (talk) 14:44, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

TWW pranking
Why isn't there anything about the TWW incident on here? It was notable and covered in numerous online, print, and tv media at the time, and lots of stuff still exists online... – ɜɿøɾɪɹℲ ( тɐʟк • ¢ ʘ и†ʀ¡ β s ) 21:29, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Check the history. I got *to* this article from the TWW article, which claimed there should be more here. Maybe it got whitewashed by a corporate editor? Zaphraud (talk) 02:39, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Not a surprise really, not one of there best moments; but it did teach them a lesson about letting anyone call in for closings. We should probably check the page from time to time make sure someone from TWC doesn't erase it again.  --WashuOtaku (talk) 03:15, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I have re-added the content from a previous revision as it's referred to in the TWW article for more information. --Sauzer (talk) 00:15, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I re-added the content again. One self-important clownboat may consider it "irrelevant" and "minor", but TWC still considers it significant and wanted to find some way to press charges against TWW users over the stunt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acidqueen5426 (talk • contribs) 02:29, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spectrum News 1 North Carolina


text: Category:Geography of Gabon

title: Category:Geography of Gabon


text:
Bonython Park

Bonython Park is a 17-hectare park in the north-west Park Lands of the South Australian capital of Adelaide. The park was opened in 1962 and named in honour of prominent South Australian politician and journalist, Sir John Langdon Bonython. It is situated on the north-western side of the River Torrens, bordered by Port Road. It is on the opposite side of the river to a golf course, and adjacent to the old Adelaide Gaol and the Police Barracks.

Bonython Park forms part of what is known as Park 27, and since the dual naming initiative by Adelaide City Council in the early 2000s, Park 27 is also known as Tulya Wardli. There are sites straddling this park and Park 1/ Pirltawardli of some significance to the Kaurna people, since various "native locations" were established on the sites dating from 1837, when the first settlers arrived and the establishment of a Christian mission in the following year.

History
There is some evidence to suggest that there was a billabong on the site, used as a fishing spot for the Kaurna people prior to European settlement. Following the arrival of European settlers from 1837, right through to 1914, it was used as a watering place for cattle.

The site of Bonython Park was the first area occupied by Europeans, from January to March 1837. The migrants camped in tents and wooden huts in two camps, called Buffalo and Coromandel, after two of the ships of the First Fleet of South Australia.

After 1837, the so-called “Native Location” was established for local Kaurna people. Bromley’s Camp, the first of these, was established in April 1837 by Captain Walter Bromley, the second interim Protector of Aborigines, on land that is now part of Bonython Park. In reality, it was little more than a rations distribution point. In August 1837, William Wyatt became the next Protector, and created a more permanent settlement south of the river.

In October 1838 two German missionaries, Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann (and later Samuel Klose) arrived, setting themselves up at what became known as the "Old Location", studying the Kaurna language and teaching in that language. This was the first mission in South Australia. In 1839 the Native Location was moved again, across to the north side of the river, on what is now part of the Par 3 golf course. This was called the Pirltawardli (now the second name for Park 1 of the Park Lands), which means "possum place", also known as the "Aboriginal Location".

In December 1840 a school opened, supported by Governor George Gawler, but the site was dismantled in 1845, on the orders of Governor George Grey, who thought it best to take the children away from their parents, and a new "Native School" run by the government, which taught only in English, was established near what is now Kintore Avenue. (The Native School closed in 1851, with the remaining children were taken to Poonindie Mission at Port Lincoln on the Eyre Peninsula.

A few people continued to camp near the house of Klose, the only remaining missionary, at the site known as Pirltawardli. In 1846 the government build some brick sheds in part of this area, and also across the river behind the new Adelaide Gaol. One was for the "Murray tribe", who had moved to the area, and a smaller number of sheds for what was left of the "Adelaide tribe".

Pirltawardli, just across the river and straddling Parks 1 and 27, is still of great significance to Kaurna people, as well as non-Indigenous South Australians. Nearly all of the recorded language and early written records of Kaurna culture stem from this place, documented by the missionaries, who also shared their views on race relations in the new colony. On 26 May 2000 a plaque was erected there commemorating its place in Adelaide’s history.

Description
Bonython Park, part of Park 27/Tudla Wardli, has many points of interest and recreation within and nearby.

The park hosts or has hosted several major events including the Schützenfest (a German shooting festival), the former Skyshow fireworks display, and various music festivals including Soundwave, Stereosonic and the Big Day Out. It is also the location of various visiting circuses, including Cirque du Soleil.

The Bonython Park Adventure Playspace, a kiosk), a model boat pond, open kick/play fields, a junior playground and multi-barbecue stations are available for the public.

The "Magic Forest & Native Bee N Bee Project" is a grove of mixed eucalyptus trees planted in 1997 by the Children’s Peaceful Environment Foundation in conjunction with the Council. It includes a native bee hotel.

The Roma Mitchell Garden, tended by prisoners until the closure of the gaol, has since the 1990s been maintained by the Catholic Order of Malta.

title: Bonython Park


text:
HM Courts Service

Her Majesty's Courts Service (HMCS) was an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) and was responsible for the administration of the civil, family and criminal courts in England and Wales.

It was created by the amalgamation of the Magistrates' Courts Service and the Court Service as a result of the Unified Courts Administration Programme. It came into being on 1 April 2005, bringing together the Magistrates' Courts Service and the Courts Service into a single organisation. On 1 April 2011 it merged with the Tribunals Service to form Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service (from 8 September 2022 His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service).

HMCS structure
Her Majesty's Courts Service carried out the administration and support for the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Crown Court, the magistrates' courts, the county courts and the Probate Service in England and Wales.

When established court services were administered by seven regions responsible for 42 local areas. In 2007 this structure was re-organised by reducing the number of areas to 24. The areas are managed by area directors, responsible for the delivery of local services. They work in partnership with courts boards to ensure that the Agency is focussed on its customers and is meeting local needs.

Unified Courts Administration Programme
The Government White Paper "Justice for all", published in 2002, recommended that a single agency should be developed to support the delivery of justice in all courts in England and Wales, instead of the magistrates' courts and the Court Service being administered separately.

The Courts Act 2003 created the legal framework required to make the changes. The focus of the programme was to devise a system which would offer improved and consistent services to court users by providing:

 * A single national agency solely responsible for the delivery of court services with improved and more consistent level of service to court users
 * More resources available to support the delivery of justice
 * Greater flexibility in the use of court buildings.

On 31 March 2005, responsibility for the 42 existing magistrates' courts committees and Court Service passed to Her Majesty’s Courts Service.

title: HM Courts Service


text:
Oak Woods Cemetery

Oak Woods Cemetery is a large lawn cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. Located at 1035 E. 67th Street, in the Greater Grand Crossing area of Chicago's South Side. Established on February 12, 1853, it covers 183 acres.

Oak Woods is the final resting place of several famous Americans including Harold Washington, Ida B. Wells, Jesse Owens, and Enrico Fermi. It is also the setting for a mass grave and memorial for Confederate prisoners of war from Camp Douglas, called the Confederate Mound.

History
Oak Woods Cemetery was chartered on February 12, 1853. It was designed by landscape architect Adolph Strauch who created a ‘landscape-lawn cemetery’ on the 183 acres emphasizing grade changes with curving streets and well-planned drainage creating a uniform composition which was free of fences. The first burials took place in 1860.

After the American Civil War (1861–1865), several thousand Confederate soldiers, prisoners who died at Camp Douglas, were reburied here. According to a plaque on the site, soldiers were buried in "concentric trenches". A monument and marker, which former Kentucky lieutenant governor John C. Underwood helped construct, probably inflates the number of soldiers buried as 6,000, but lists the names of more than 4,000. Another, smaller memorial commemorates the Union soldiers who died at Camp Douglas, often from contagious diseases. The bodies from Camp Douglas had originally been buried at Camp Douglas and the City Cemetery, which was closed and removed during expansion of Lincoln Park and urban renewal following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The bodies were exhumed and re-interred together in a mass grave, which came to be known as Confederate Mound, reputedly the largest documented mass grave in the Western Hemisphere.

In response to the establishment of the Confederate memorial, in 1896, Thomas D. Lowther, a pre-war resident of the South, erected near it an abolitionist monument. The abolition monument is a large black marble cenotaph to pre-war southerners, "unknown heroric men", "martyrs" who had opposed slavery and disunion. Near the beginning of the war, Lowther had been forced to flee his home in Florida because of his anti-slavery and pro-Union stance.

The cemetery contains the graves of many prominent African Americans, including Chicago's first African-American mayor, Harold Washington. Journalist and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells, Olympic sports hero Jesse Owens, business and publishing magnate John H. Johnson, Gospel music pioneer Thomas A. Dorsey and Gospel music star Albertina Walker are also buried in the cemetery.

The cemetery is also the final resting place of 45 victims of the Iroquois Theatre fire, in which more than 600 people died.

Famous nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi has his final resting place here, as do several other faculty members of the University of Chicago. The cemetery also has a section for U.S. veterans of several wars, and a separately-maintained Jewish section.

Notable burials
In 2022, the Hyde Park Historical Society created an interactive directory application for monuments at the cemetery.
 * Donald N. Aldrich (1917–1947), naval aviator and ace
 * Dorothy Hansine Andersen (1901–1963) physician, medical researcher who identified cystic fibrosis
 * Cap Anson (1852–1922), Major League Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Frank Bacon (1864–1922), actor and playwright
 * Ferdinand Lee Barnett (1852–1936), lawyer and civil rights activist. Spouse of Ida B. Wells.
 * Adolphus C. Bartlett (1844–1922), businessman, philanthropist
 * Gary Becker (1930–2014), economist, Nobel Prize winner
 * Arthur M. Brazier (1921–2010), activist, pastor
 * Woodnut S. Burr (1861–1952), ardent worker for Women's suffrage in the United States
 * Frank Butler (1872–1899), pitcher and outfielder in pre-Negro leagues baseball
 * Otis Clay (1942–2016), blues and soul singer
 * Clarence H. Cobbs (1908–1979), founder of the First Church of Deliverance
 * James "Big Jim" Colosimo (1878–1920), boss of the Chicago Outfit
 * Henry Chandler Cowles (1869–1939), professor of botany at University of Chicago, pioneer American ecologist, conservationist
 * William Craig (1855–1902), first Secret Service agent to die on duty
 * Charles S. Deneen (1863–1940), 23rd Governor of Illinois
 * Thomas A. Dorsey (1899–1993), composer, the "father of Gospel music"
 * Walter Eckersall (1886–1930), all-American quarterback and sportswriter
 * Mircea Eliade (1907–1986), Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago
 * Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), physicist, Nobel Prize winner, creator of the first nuclear reactor
 * Henry Blake Fuller (1857–1929), writer, author of early work in gay literature, Bertram Cope's Year
 * Norman Golb (1928–2020), historian
 * Nancy Green (1834–1923), storyteller, cook, activist, and the first woman to portray Aunt Jemima
 * Jake Guzik (1886–1956), gangster and bookkeeper for Al Capone; aka "Greasy Thumb"
 * John Marshall Hamilton (1847–1905), 18th Governor of Illinois
 * William Draper Harkins (1873–1951), nuclear chemist
 * Monroe Heath (1827–1894), mayor of Chicago
 * John Christen Johansen (1876–1964), portraitist and landscape painter
 * Charles Johnson (1909–2006), pitcher and outfielder for the Chicago American Giants of the Negro leagues
 * Eunice W. Johnson (1916–2010), business magnate and spouse of John H. Johnson
 * John H. Johnson (1918–2005), founder and publisher of Ebony and Jet magazines, spouse of Eunice W. Johnson
 * Kenesaw Mountain Landis (1866–1944), Hall of Fame, First Commissioner of Baseball
 * Richard Loeb (1905–1936), crime figure – cremated here, ashes returned to family
 * Alexander Alexandrowitsch Maximow (1874–1928), Russian-American physician-scientist, pathologist, histologist

 * Little Brother Montgomery (1906–1985), blues piano player and singer
 * S. Grace Nicholes (1870–1922), social reformer
 * Jesse Owens (1913–1980), Olympic track and field champion
 * Fred Rice Jr. (1926–2011), first African-American Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department
 * Eugene Sawyer (1934–2008), second African-American Mayor of Chicago (1987–1989)
 * J. Young Scammon (1812–1890), attorney, banker, newspaper publisher
 * Maud Slye (1879–1954), University of Chicago pathologist
 * Roebuck "Pops" Staples (1915–2000), Gospel singer
 * Willie Stokes (1937–1986), Chicago mobster
 * William Hale Thompson (1869–1944), mayor of Chicago
 * June Travis (1914–2008), film actress
 * Herbert J. Tweedie (1864–1906), golf course architect
 * Bill Veeck (1914–1986), Major League Baseball owner – cremated here, ashes returned to family
 * Albertina Walker (1929–2010), singer, songwriter, "Queen of Gospel"
 * Harold Washington (1922–1987), lawyer, politician, first African American Mayor of Chicago
 * Ida B. Wells (1862–1931), social reformer, civil rights activist. Spouse of Ferdinand Lee Barnett.
 * Junior Wells (1934–1998), blues musician
 * Ben Wilson (1967–1984), Chicago Simeon H.S., 1984–85 #1 ranked high school basketball player in America
 * James Hutchinson Woodworth (1804–1869), Mayor of Chicago
 * Otto Young (1844–1907), "Merchant Millionaire" of Chicago and Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

title: Oak Woods Cemetery


text:
User talk:SLLevy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! KHM03 13:20, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:SLLevy


title: User:Bug42


text:
Guibourtia

Guibourtia is a flowering plant genus in the family Fabaceae, also known by the common names as Rhodesian copalwood, African Rosewood, amazique, bubinga, kevazingo, and ovangkol.

Description
Guibourtia contains 16 species that are native to tropical regions of Africa (13 species) and South America (3 species). They occur in swampy or periodically inundated forests, as well as near rivers or at lakeshores.

The trees grow to 40–50 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 1–2 m, often with a heavily buttressed trunk.

Species

 * Africa
 * Guibourtia arnoldiana (De Wild. & T.Durand) J.Léonard – benge, benzi, bubinga, essingang, kevazingo, m'penze, mbenge, mutenye, olive walnut, ovang, waka
 * Guibourtia carrissoana (M.A.Exell) J.Léonard – African rosewood
 * Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J.Léonard – African rosewood, false mopane, Rhodesian copal wood
 * Guibourtia conjugata (Bolle) J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia copallifera Benn.
 * Guibourtia demeusei (Harms) J.Léonard – African rosewood, akume, Bubinga, ebana, essingang, kevazingo, kewazingo, okweni, ovang, waka
 * Guibourtia dinklagei (Harms) J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia ehie (A.Chev.) J.Léonard – amazakoue, amazoué, anokye, black hyedua, ehie, hyedua, hyeduanini, ovangkol, shedua
 * Guibourtia leonensis J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia pellegriniana J.Léonard – akume, bubinga, essingang, kevazingo, kevazingu, ovang, waka
 * Guibourtia schliebenii (Harms) J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia sousae J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J.Léonard – akume, bindinga, bubinga, essingang, kevazingo, ovang, waka
 * South America
 * Guibourtia chodatiana (Hassl.) J.Léonard (sometimes included in G. hymenaefolia ) – Tiete rosewood, Patagonian cherry, sirari
 * Guibourtia confertiflora (Benth.) J.Léonard
 * Guibourtia hymenaefolia (Moric.) J.Léonard – Tiete rosewood, Patagonian cherry, sirari

Uses
The genus is used as tropical hardwood timber and is traded under the common names Bubinga, African rosewood, Amazoue, Amazique, Aevazingo, and Avangkol.

The timber is also used for inlays and in the manufacture of high-end furniture (especially by contemporary Arts and Crafts artists), on high-end woodworking tools such as the front knobs and rear handles of smooth planes, knife handles and medium-end tobacco pipes.

The timber is often used by luthiers for harps and other instruments, such as bass guitars, because of its mellow and well-rounded sound and the various range of grain patterns. Warwick Bass and Ibanez are known to use bubinga and ovangkol. It has been used in drum shells as well. Drum companies such as Tama offer various high-end drum kits with plies of Bubinga in the shells. Crafter also uses Bubinga on some instruments. Bubinga is also used in both acoustic and electric guitars for its figure and hardness.

Species of Guibourtia also produce Congo copal.

title: Guibourtia


text:
HMS Belleisle (1795)

Lion was a Téméraire-class ship of the line 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the French Navy, which later served in the Royal Navy. She was named Lion on 23 April 1790 and built at Rochefort from August 1791 until June 1794. She was renamed Marat on 28 September 1793 (7 months before being launched) and then Formidable on 25 May 1795, with the changing fortunes of the French Revolution.

She took part in the action of 6 November 1794, managing to rake HMS Alexander (1778).

Capture in the Battle of Groix
Fighting under captain Linois on 23 June 1795 at the Battle of Groix, she was captured by HMS Barfleur (1768) near the French port of Lorient. She was taken into service in the Royal Navy, but because the Navy already had a HMS Formidable (1777), she was renamed Belleisle, apparently in the mistaken belief that she had been captured off Belle Île, rather than the Île de Groix.

Battle of Trafalgar 1805
Captained by William Hargood, she was the second ship in the British lee column at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and as such was engaged by the Franco-Spanish ships FRENCH SHIP Achille, FRENCH SHIP Aigle, FRENCH SHIP Neptune, FRENCH SHIP Fougueux, SPANISH SHIP Santa Ana, SPANISH SHIP Monarca and SPANISH SHIP San Juan Nepomuceno. She was soon completely dismasted (the only British ship which suffered that fate), unable to manœuvre and largely unable to fight, as her sails blinded her batteries, but kept flying her flag for 45 minutes until the British ships behind her in the column came to her rescue. With 33 dead and 93 wounded, she was then towed to Gibraltar after the battle by the frigate HMS Naiad (1797).

Danish West Indies 1807
Following the concern in Britain that neutral Denmark was entering an alliance with Napoleon, the Belleisle sailed as the flagship of Rear-Admiral Alexander Cochrane, who commanded the squadron of ships that was sent to occupy the Danish West Indies. The squadron, which included HMS Prince George (1772), HMS Northumberland (1798), HMS Canada (1765), HMS Ramillies (1785) and HMS Cerberus (1794), captured Telemaco, Carvalho, and Master on 17 April 1807. The actual occupation of the Danish West Indies did not occur until December, after receipt of news of the second battle of Copenhagen.

Channel Fleet
From 1811 she was in Portsmouth harbour, and in 1814 the decision was taken to have her broken up.

title: HMS Belleisle (1795)


text: Category:Irish rugby league players

title: Category:Irish rugby league players


text:
HMS Minotaur (1793)

HMS Minotaur was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy launched on 6 November 1793 at Woolwich. She was named after the mythological bull-headed monster of Crete. She fought in three major battles – Nile, Trafalgar, and Copenhagen (1807) – before she was wrecked, with heavy loss of life, in December 1810.

Career
On 26 September 1795 Minotaur and HMS Porcupine (1777) recaptured Walsingham Packet. The French corvette brig Insolent, of 18 guns and 90 men, had captured Walsingham Packet, which was sailing from Falmouth to Lisbon, on 13 September. Insolent narrowly escaped being herself captured at the recapture of Walsingham Packet, getting into Lorient as the British ships came into range.

Minotaur fought at the battle of the Nile in 1798, engaging the Aquilon with HMS Theseus and forcing her surrender. In the battle Minotaur lost 23 men dead and 64 wounded.

After the French surrendered Rome on 29 September 1799, Captain Thomas Louis had his barge crew row him up the Tiber River where he raised the Union Jack over the Capitol.

In May 1800, Minotaur served as the flagship of Vice-Admiral Lord Keith at the siege of Genoa. The naval squadron consisted of Minotaur, HMS Phoenix (1783), HMS Mondovi (1798), HMS Entreprenante (1799), and the tender Victoire.

On 28 April, the squadron captured the Proteus, off Genoa.

On 8 January 1801 HMS Penelope (1798) captured the French bombard St. Roche, which was carrying wine, liqueurs, ironware, Delfth cloth, and various other merchandise, from Marseilles to Alexandria. HMS Swiftsure (1787), HMS Tigre (1795), Minotaur, HMS Northumberland (1798), HMS Florentina (1800), and the schooner Malta, were in sight and shared in the proceeds of the capture.

She was present at the landings in Aboukir Bay during the invasion of Egypt in 1801 where she lost a total of three men killed, and six wounded. Because Minotaur served in the navy's Egyptian campaign (8 March to 8 September 1801), her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal that the Admiralty authorised in 1850 to all surviving claimants.

On 28 May 1803 Minotaur, in company with HMS Thunderer (1783), and later joined by HMS Albion (1802), captured the French frigate Franchise. Franchise was 33 days out of Port-au-Prince, and was pierced for twenty-eight 12-pounder guns on her main deck and sixteen 9-pounders on her quarterdeck and forecastle, ten of which were in her hold. She had a crew of 187 men under the command of Captain Jurien.

Minotaur was present at the surrender of the French garrison at Civitavecchia on 21 September 1804. She shared the prize money for the capture of the town and fortress with HMS Culloden (1776), HMS Mutine (1797), Transfer, and the bomb vessel HMS Perseus (1776). The British also captured the French polacca Il Reconniscento.

Minotaur, under Captain Charles John Moore Mansfield, participated in the Battle of Trafalgar. There she was instrumental in capturing the Spanish ship Neptuno, although Neptuno's crew recaptured her in the storm that followed the battle.

Minotaur was towards the rear of Nelson's wing of his fleet at Trafalgar. Mansfield pledged to his assembled crew that he would stick to any ship he engaged "till either she strikes or sinks – or I sink". Late in the battle he deliberately placed Minotaur between the damaged Victory and an attacking French ship; he was later awarded a sword and gold medal for his gallantry. Both are now in the National Maritime Museum.

In 1807 Minotaur served as the flagship of Rear-Admiral William Essington at the Battle of Copenhagen.

Then on 25 July, during the Anglo-Russian War, 17 boats from a British squadron under the command of Captain Charles Pater, consisting of Minotaur, HMS Princess Caroline (1807), HMS Cerberus (1794) and HMS Prometheus (1807), attacked a flotilla of four Russian gunboats and a brig off Aspö Head near Fredrickshamn in the Grand Duchy of Finland, Russia (present-day Hamina, Finland). Captain Forrest of Prometheus commanded the boats and succeeded in capturing gunboats Nos. 62, 65, and 66, and the transport brig No. 11. The action was sanguinary in that the British lost 19 men killed and 51 wounded, and the Russians lost 28 men killed and 59 wounded. Minotaur alone lost eight men killed and had 30 wounded, of whom four died of their wounds on the next day or so. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "25 July Boat Service 1809" to surviving claimants from the action. Cerberus then moved to the Mediterranean in 1810.

Shipwreck
Whilst sailing from Gothenburg to Britain, under the command of John Barrett, Minotaur in darkness and heavy weather struck the Haak Bank, or Razende Bol, on the Texel off the Netherlands, then part of the First French Empire, in the evening of 22 December 1810, after becoming separated from her consorts, HMS HMS Plantagenet (1801) and Loire. Minotaur got stuck in the sand, rolled on her side and quickly made water. It was decided to cut all the masts to lighten the ship; this destroyed some of the boats. By the early morning, the ship had nevertheless sunk deeper, flooding the forecastle. Waves pounded the hull. Around 08:00, the hull split asunder. The crew, taking refuge on the poop deck, tried to evacuate on a remaining launch and two yauls. Thirty-two men escaped on a yaul. When they reached the Dutch coast, this inspired another eighty-five to use the launch; they too reached the shore. Captain Barrett, together with about a hundred men, then tried to escape with the remaining yaul but it was swamped and all drowned. Around 14:00, the Minotaur turned completely, drowning the remaining crew. The 110 of her crew that had taken to her boats informed the Dutch authorities of the disaster. Another twenty survivors were rescued by a pilot vessel. The authorities placed the survivors under custody and refused to dispatch more rescue vessels until the following morning. The rescue party found however that apart from four men who had reached shore by clinging to wreckage, no survivors remained on the vessel or in the surrounding water. The death toll therefore was between 370 and 570 men. All survivors were taken to France as prisoners of war. Three and a half years later, when the prisoners were released, the customary court martial decided that the deceased pilots were to blame for steering the ship into an unsafe position, having misjudged their location by over 60 miles because of the weather. Some of the survivors, including Lieutenant Snell, criticized the Dutch authorities for their failure to despatch rescue boats sooner. Snell stated "The launch which had brought on shore eighty-five men, was of the smallest description of 74 launches, with one gunwale entirely broken in, and without a rudder. This will better prove than anything I can say how easy it would have been for the Dutch admiral in the Texel to have saved, or to have shown some wish to have saved, the remaining part of the crew". Reports from the Dutch chief officer of the marine district of the North coast indicated that the Dutch had sent two boats out to examine the wreck site on the morning of 23 December, but the wind and the seas prevented them from approaching. Maritime historian William Stephen Gilly concluded in 1850 that "There is not the slightest doubt but that, had the Dutch sent assistance, the greater part of the ship's company would have been saved".

Legacy
The famed landscape painter J. M. W. Turner depicted the sinking, though the subject was not originally the Minotaur, but a generic merchant ship. Turner had been producing sketches in preparation for the painting as early as 1805, but by the time he had completed the painting in 1810, the recent wreck of Minotaur was a subject of much discussion. He named the painting to capitalise on this public interest.

The shipwreck of Minotaur remains the largest ever, in terms of loss of life, on the Dutch coast, with the possible exception of the loss of HMS Hero (1803) on 24/25 December 1811, on the same location. The tragic event, and the British accusations, made the Dutch realise that, despite the notoriously dangerous shoals in their waters, they lacked specialised equipment to save the crews of wrecked ships. In response on 11 November 1824, for the area of the Texel the Koninklijke Noord-Hollandsche Redding-Maatschappij was founded, the first Dutch sea-rescue organisation.

Master's mate Stephen Hilton brought home the Union Jack from Minotaur at Trafalgar as a souvenir, along with an Austrian flag from a captured Spanish ship. His descendants presented the flags to St Mary's Church in Kent in 1930, where they hung until 2011 when the church sold them to the National Maritime Museum for a reported sum of £175,000. After conservation work the flag was put on display in October 2015 in the National Maritime Museum to mark Trafalgar Day. It has lost its right-hand edge, and an oblong section that may have been cut away as a souvenir, but was in surprisingly good condition. After cleaning and gently ironing out 200 years’ worth of creases and crumples, it gained several centimetres, and now measures an imposing 233 cm × 310 cm.

title: HMS Minotaur (1793)


text:
AnoNet

anoNet is a decentralized friend-to-friend network built using VPNs and software BGP routers. anoNet works by making it difficult to learn the identities of others on the network allowing them to anonymously host IPv4 and IPv6 services. One of the primary goals of anoNet is to protect its participants' rights of speech and expression.

Motivation
Implementing an anonymous network on a service by service basis has its drawbacks, and it is debatable if such work should be built at the application level. A simpler approach could be to design an IPv4/IPv6 network where its participants enjoyed strong anonymity. Doing so allows the use of any number of applications and services already written and available on the internet at large.

IPv4 networks do not preclude anonymity by design; it is only necessary to decouple the identity of the owner of an IP address from the address itself. Commercial internet connectivity and its need of billing records makes this impossible, but private IPv4 networks do not share that requirement. Assuming that a router administrator on such a metanet knows only information about the adjacent routers, standard routing protocols can take care of finding the proper path for a packet to take to reach its destination. All destinations further than one hop can for most people's threat models be considered anonymous. This is because only your immediate peers know your IP. Anyone not directly connected to you only knows you by an IP in the 21.0.0.0/8 range, and that IP is not necessarily tied to any identifiable information.

anoNet is pseudonymous
Everyone can build a profile of an anoNet IP address: what kind of documents it publishes or requests, in which language, about which countries or towns, etc. If this IP ever publishes a document that can lead to its owner's identity, then all other documents ever published or requested can be tied to this identity. Unlike some other Friend to Friend (F2F) programs, there is no automatic forwarding in anoNet that hides the IP of a node from all nodes that are not directly connected to it.

However, all existing F2F programs can be used inside anoNet, making it harder to detect that someone uses one of these F2F programs (only a VPN connection can be seen from the outside, but traffic analysis remain possible).

Architecture
Since running fiber to distant hosts is prohibitively costly for the volunteer nature of such a network, the network uses off-the-shelf VPN software for both router to router, and router to user links. This offers other advantages as well, such as invulnerability to external eavesdropping and the lack of need for unusual software which might give notice to those interested in who is participating.

To avoid addressing conflict with the internet itself, anoNet initially used the IP range 1.0.0.0/8. This was to avoid conflicting with internal networks such as 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16, as well as assigned Internet ranges. In January 2010 IANA allocated 1.0.0.0/8 to APNIC. In March 2017 anoNet changed the network to use the 21.0.0.0/8 subnetwork, which is assigned to the United States Department of Defense but is not currently in use on the internet.

The network itself is not arranged in any regular, repeating pattern of routers, although redundant (>1) links are desired. This serves to make it more decentralized, reduces choke points, and the use of BGP allows for redundancy.

Suitable VPN choices are available, if not numerous. Any robust IPsec package is acceptable, such as FreeS/WAN or Greenbow. Non-IPsec solutions also exist, such as OpenVPN and SSH tunneling. There is no requirement for a homogeneous network; each link could in fact use a different VPN daemon.

How it works
It is impossible on the Internet to communicate with another host without knowing its IP address. Thus, the anoNet realizes that you will be known to your peer, along with the subnet mask used for communicating with them. A routing protocol, BGP, allows any node to advertise any routes they like, and this seemingly chaotic method is what provides users with anonymity. Once a node advertises a new route, it is hard for anyone else to determine if it is a route to another machine in another country via VPN, or just a dummy interface on that users machine.

It is possible that certain analysis could be used to determine if the subnet was remote (as in another country), or local (as in either a dummy interface, or a machine connected via Ethernet.) These include TCP timestamps, ping times, OS identification, user agents, and traffic analysis. Most of these are mitigable through action on the users' part.

Scaling
There are 65536 ASNs available in BGP v4. Long before anoNet reaches that number of routers the network will have to be split into OSPF clouds, or switched to a completely different routing protocol or alter the BGP protocol to use a 32bit integer for ASNs, like the rest of the Internet will do, since 32-bit AS numbers now are standardised.

There are also only 65536 /24 subnets in the 21.0.0.0/8 subnet. This would be easier to overcome by adding a new unused /8 subnet if there were any.

Security concerns
Since there is no identifiable information tied to a user of anoNet, one might assume that the network would drop into complete chaos. Unlike other anonymous networks, on anoNet if a particular router or user is causing a problem it is easy to block them with a firewall. In the event that they are affecting the entire network, their peers would drop their tunnel.

With the chaotic nature of random addressing, it is not necessary to hide link IP addresses. These are already known. If however, a user wants to run services, or participate in discussions anonymously, they can advertise a new route, and bind their services or clients to the new IP addresses.

title: AnoNet


text:
Altavas

Altavas, officially the Municipality of Altavas (Aklanon: Banwa it Altavas; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Altavas; Bayan ng Altavas), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,639 people.

Geography
Altavas is 41 km from the provincial capital of Kalibo and 45 km from Roxas City.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 109.05 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Altavas is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Altavas had a population of 25,639. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Aklanon is the main dialect of Altavas while Hiligaynon is also spoken and understood by the residents. Capiznon, on the other hand, is also used due to its border with Capiz.

Elementary schools

 * Altavas Elementary School
 * Cabangila Elementary School
 * Cabugao Elementary School
 * Catmon Elementary School
 * Dalipdip Primary School
 * Dina-ut Primary School
 * Eahog Primary School
 * Echelon Development School
 * Ginictan Elementary School
 * Guisi Elementary School
 * Hongoton Primary School
 * Linayasan Elementary School
 * Lumaynay Elementary School
 * Lumaynay Elementary School (Sangay Annex)
 * Lupo Elementary School
 * Odiong Elementary School
 * Quinasayan Primary School
 * Sapa Primary School
 * Talon Elementary School
 * Tibiao Elementary School

Secondary schools

 * Altavas National School
 * Altavas National School (Lupo Extension)
 * Justicia Morales - Young Memorial National High School
 * Linayasan National High School

College

 * Altavas College

title: Altavas


text:
Balete, Aklan

Balete, officially the Municipality of Balete (Aklanon: Banwa it Balete; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Balete; Bayan ng Balete), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 30,090 people.

Geography
Balete is 21 km from Kalibo, the provincial capital.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 118.93 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Balete is politically subdivided into 10 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Fulgencio was formerly known as Morthon.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Balete had a population of 30,090. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Landmarks

 * Agtawagon Hill - located at the south-eastern portion of Barangay Morales, about 7 km away from the town center. During the Philippine Revolution, the hill was the last line of defense of the Filipino patriots during the Spanish-Filipino conflict. The same hill had served as camp for Filipino guerrillas during Japanese occupation during the Second World War. Foxholes had been built on the summit of the hill overlooking potential enemy movement.

Secondary
Private sector schools:
 * Balete Academy, Barangay Polacion

Public High schools:
 * Calizo National High School, Barangay Calizo
 * Cortes Integrated School, Barangay Cortes
 * Fr. Julian C. Rago National High School, Barangay Feliciano
 * Jose Borromeo Legaspi Memorial National High School, Barangay Aranas
 * Jose F. Meñez Memorial National High School, Barangay Feliciano
 * Balete Integrated School

Colleges

 * Balete Community College

Notable personalities

 * Jonha Richman - businesswoman and philanthropist
 * Gabrielle Calizo-Quimpo - politician

title: Balete, Aklan


text:
Banga, Aklan

Banga, officially the Municipality of Banga (Aklanon: Banwa it Banga; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Banga; Bayan ng Banga), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 40,318 people.

Banga is the site of the Aklan State University.

History

The history of Banga dates back to the 15th century upon arrival in Panay Island of the ten datus from Borneo. While some skeptics considered this information a legend, still, Banganhons believed that Datu Manduyog ruled over the place with his seat of government located in Bakan, the ancient name of Banga. The site was at the foot of the Manduyog Hill that was named after Datu Manduyog. Being a legitimate successor to Datu Dangandanan who ruled what was called Akean in the late 1390s, Datu Manduyog became the ruler of Akean in 1437 and made Bakan the capital of Akean.

Another version of Banga's history from Panublion cited that Banga's ancient site was the present location of the Municipality of Malinao. In 1792 the town site was transferred across the Aklan River at the foot of Manduyog Hill. Several prominent families decided to remain in the “old town” which became a barrio and named Malinao after a placid tributary of the Aklan River.

The families of Bernabe Teodosio, Diego Eulalio Teodosio, Esteban Masigon and the Muntuyas established a settlement in 1676 in what is now Sitio Opong-opong of Barrio Cupang. However, these families moved to a higher ground due to its closeness to the Aklan River that overflowed annually. In 1781 they settled in sitio Agbueakan in Barrio Tabayon.

Due to the clayish soil conditions of the sitio, they again decided to resettle in 1783 in what is now the location of Banga poblacion. They named the place Banga after the Banga palm trees that were in abundance. Because of their growing families they had to cut down most of the trees to give way to their layout plans to establish a town close to their farmlands for residential purposes.

American sovereignty over the country started on August 13, 1898. With the natives resisting foreign domination, a revolutionary association was organized. Hostilities between the natives and the Americans began but did not take long since the natives were ill-equipped.

The American hostilities ended upon the signing on March 29, 1901, of the “Pas de Aklan”, a historical document in the Aklan Section of the Province of Capiz. The signing was done at the present municipal park at the corner of Rizal and San Jose Streets.

From January 1, 1904, to December 31, 1911, Banga was merged with Numancia and Lezo to form an “arabal” of the Municipality of Kalibo. Through the efforts of Don Baltazar Teodosio, Banga was separated from Kalibo on January 1, 1912.

A year after, Francisco Lachica was elected the first Municipal President. The following were the leaders of the town from 1912 to 1945:

1912 − 1913    Baltazar Teodosio 1913 − 1916    Francisco Lachica 1916 − 1919    Jacinto Repiedad 1919 − 1925    Edecio Venturanza 1925 − 1931    Baltazar Teodosio 1931 − 1937    Pedro Recto 1937 − 1943    Lorenzo Duran 1943 − 1945    Ereneo Ocutanim

On April 17, 1942, at 2:00 o’clock in the morning, the Japanese Imperial Forces landed at Culasi, Capiz. An hour later the 5th Capiz Cadre at Libas, Banga, Aklan (now Camp Jizmundo) was burned down by the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). Six hours later the Banga Rural High School, Banga Elementary School Building and Home Economics Building were likewise burned. About 95% of all the permanent structures in the Municipality of Banga were burned down both by the USAFFE and the Filipino guerrillas to prevent the Japanese Forces from occupying the buildings.

There was a surprising and infamous incident in Banga during the Japanese occupation. Civilians were massacred at 10:00 o’clock on October 21, 1942, at the junction of Rizal and Mabini Streets - now the Rotunda - and at the national road fronting the 5th Capiz Cadre at Libas, Banga. It was in these two places where civilians, who merely desired to please and welcome the Japanese forces, were ordered to squat and haplessly massacred. About 70 persons were killed. The Japanese soldiers conducted a further four-day operation killing about 200 more in order to paralyze the increasing guerrilla activities.

On March 18, 1945, after the landing of the American Liberation Forces in Panay, the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit appointed Dr. Boanerjes Venturanza as the first Municipal Mayor. The first elected Mayor after the Liberation was Mr. Jose Urquiola. He served from 1945 to 1951 and was succeeded by the following:

1951 − 1959    Atty. Vicente Teodosio 1959 − 1963    Dr. Napoleon Macahilig 1963 − 1971    Atty. Tomas Raz 1971 − 1986    Atty. Sergio Rigodon 1986 − 1995    Mr. Jose Urquiola, Jr. 1995 − 2004     Dr. Stevens Fuentes 2004 − 2007    Atty. Jeremy Fuentes 2007 − 2013    Mr. Antonio Maming 2013 − present Ms. Linda Maming

Geography
Banga is 9 km from Kalibo, the provincial capital.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 84.53 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Banga is politically subdivided into 30 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Banga had a population of 40,318. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

List of former local chief executives
The following headed the town from the American Period until the present under two different titles. On 18 March 1945, after the landing of the American Liberation Forces and Philippine Commonwealth troops in Panay, the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit appointed Dr. Boanerjes Venturanza as the first Municipal Mayor.

Municipal presidents:
 * 1899–uncertain — Francisco Lachica
 * 1904–1911 — None (town merged with Kalibo)
 * 1912–1913 — Baltazar Teodosio
 * 1913–1916 — Francisco Lachica
 * 1916–1919 — Jacinto Repiedad
 * 1919–1925 — Edecio Venturanza
 * 1925–1931 — Baltazar Teodosio
 * 1931–1937 — Pedro Recto
 * 1937–1943 — Lorenzo Duran
 * 1943–1945 — Ereneo Icotanim

Mayors:
 * 1945 — Dr. Boanerjes Venturanza (appointed)
 * 1945–1951 — José Urquiola
 * 1951–1959 — Atty. Vicente Teodosio
 * 1959–1963 — Dr. Napoleon Macahilig
 * 1963–1971 — Atty. Tomas Raz
 * 1971–1986 — Atty. Sergio Rigodon
 * 1986–1995 — José Urquiola, Jr.
 * 1995–2004 — Dr. Stevens Fuentes
 * 2004–2007 — Atty. Jeremy Fuentes
 * 2007–2013 — Antonio Maming
 * 2013–Present — Erlinda Maming

Attractions
At the religious sanctuary of Manduyog Hill, an annual pilgrimage is conducted on Good Friday. Devotees practise the 14 Stations of the Cross, pray the rosary, and light candles at each stop while climbing towards the peak where a 40m cross, sometimes lighted, is visible from due north to Kalibo and the nearby sea.

title: Banga, Aklan


text:
Batan, Aklan

Batan, officially the Municipality of Batan (Aklanon: Banwa it Batan; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Batan; Bayan ng Batan), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,484 people.

Pre-Hispanic Period
Batan was believed to be the seat of the government of Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw III, the promulgator of the Code of Kalantiaw in 1433. The code is a collection of 17 laws said to have been used during the time of the Datu before the coming of the Spaniards. The Code of Kalantiaw was later proven to be a fraud.

Spanish Colonial Era
Batan is one of the oldest towns founded in Aklan. Batan was formerly an encomienda of Miguel Rodriguez in 1591. The parish in Batan was established by the Augustinians in 1601 under the patronage of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception. Batan was first incorporated into Aclan or Aklan (now Kalibo) in 1603 and in 1789 it became an independent municipality. In 1903, Batan was again incorporated to the new town of New Washington and became independent again in 1931.

Independent Philippines
In 1957, the Kalantiaw National Shrine marker was erected by the Philippine Historical and Cultural Society to honor the significance of Datu Kalantiaw where it displays a copy of the “original manuscript” of the Code. It was built on a former school building near the municipal seaport which houses the town's historical mementos and antiques, including the original manuscript of the code which the Spaniards obtained from an old chief and translated. In 2004 however, after years of investigation and historical findings, the National Historical Institute concluded that the Code of Kalantiaw was fake and a hoax. Remnants of the Kalantiaw National Shrine marker still remain in Batan, Aklan and the site area was renovated as a park for tourists and locals.

Geography
Batan is 49 km from the provincial capital of Kalibo and 51 km from Roxas City.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 79.22 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Batan is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Batan had a population of 33,484. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Government
As of the May 2022 Philippine National and Local Elections, with 23,831 registered voters, Batan's local government unit is led by:

•	Mayor - Mike Ramos (NUP)

•	Vice Mayor - Bodjyk Demeterio (LAKAS)

The members of the Sangguniang Bayan (Councilors) of the Lone District Batan are:

1.	William Bautista Jr. (LAKAS)

2.	Dr. Rina Ghaga Sarceno (NUP)

3.	Nilo Bong Penalba (NUP)

4.	Kap Nonong Jacinto (NUP)

5.	Joy Ramos (LAKAS)

6.	Adam Mamay (NUP)

7.	Liezl Panado (LAKAS)

8.	Davdav Sucgang (PDPLBN)

Tourism

 * Tinago Lake or locally known as Tinagong Dagat, is located between the town (near Brgys. Magpag-ong, Ipil and Tabon) and Altavas. It is an 8 km long and 4 km wide "hidden sea" from Batan's bay by two islands. Fringed with mangroves and thick undergrowth, it has a rocky beach and it is one of the town's rich fishing grounds. It is also ideal for speed boating and water skiing. It is also one of the sources of fresh oysters in Batan.
 * Ob-Ob Hill – The 200 m high and rocky Ob-Ob Hill is located east of Poblacion, Batan in barangay Songcolan and it has a sweeping view of the Sibuyan Sea, fish ponds and rice fields. At the foot of the hill is a beach ideal for underwater cave diving, scuba diving, fishing, and water sports. It is also one of the rich fishing grounds in Batan.
 * Kalantiaw Shrine Marker is a historical marker named after Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw III, the third chief of Panay, who is said to have instituted the Code of Kalantiaw in Batan in 1433.
 * Mambuquiao Marine Protected Area and Fish Sanctuary is a coral reef turned into a fish sanctuary. Locally called pito, it has the highest live coral cover in Salian Bay. It is ideal for boating, swimming, snorkeling, and scuba diving.
 * Macawiwili Mountains is located in Barangay Lalab.
 * Puting Bato is a protected wildlife area located in Barangay Angas.
 * Pandan Hills is a verdant hill in Barangay Bay-ang overlooking the Sibuyan Sea. It is dubbed as Batan, Aklan's version of Batanes' Marlboro Hills.
 * Old Spanish relics from the Spanish colonization period such as the Spanish cannon, Spanish distilleries and old Spanish cemeteries with brick facades can still be seen in Batan, Aklan.
 * Aroma Beach Resort is located in Barangay Napti. It features a saltwater pool.
 * Borabucay Beach Resort is located in Barangay Songcolan. It is the favorite hangout place of Batangnons and Capiznons.
 * Waterfront Beach Resort is located in Barangay Songcolan. It is one of the newest resorts in Batan that is just beside the Borabucay resort.
 * Mambu Rise Beach Resort is located in Barangay Mambuquiao. It is a lifestyle resort and features live bands during weekends.
 * Paradwys Beach Resort is located in Barangay Napti.
 * Casa Del Mar is located in Barangay Ambolong.
 * RainForest Botanical Garden is located in Barangay Ambolong. It is an event place that features vegetables, herbal plants, fruit-bearing trees, and flowering plants.
 * The Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception in Poblacion, Batan. It is considered as one of the oldest churches in Aklan. The church celebrated its quadri-centennial (400 years) of parish existence in 2002.
 * Punta, Magpag-ong is a refreshing place to go because it features a sweeping view of the sea. Perfect for those who want to relax and enjoy with its floating BALSA and meditate with nature.
 * Batan Municipal Seaport is a port located in Poblacion and considered the oldest in the province of Aklan. It is L-type and made up of concrete materials having a total length of 130 meters. It can accommodate inter-island shipping. The port is the shortest route entry and exit from Batan to the capital town of Kalibo via Dumaguit. A ferry boat service is available every 15 minutes, with a travel time of 4–5 minutes.
 * San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila Parish Church is a parish church in Barangay Camaligan dedicated to San Ruiz de Manila, the first Filipino Martyr and Saint, at the time of his beautification and canonization by Pope John Paul II at Vatican City formal religious ceremonies in Manila, Philippines.
 * Camanci Falls is a waterfall that attributes to the natural scenery of Brgy. Camanci and features freshness among the wilderness.

Batan still has pristine beaches, abundant marine life, seafood (Batan is known for its crabs, lobsters, and shrimps), coconut products, grain produce, root crops, fruits, and large forests. If you're lucky, you can find or dig local edible clams called 'kagaykay' that can be found along Batan's shorelines especially in Brgy. Songcolan, Brgy. Mandong, Brgy. Napti, and Brgy. Mambuquiao.

Batan is also known for a special puto cake or steamed rice cake in several different flavors such as cheese and buko. It is a filling and ideal snack because it is about 6-8 inches in diameter, big enough to fill the stomachs of a small group. An advanced reservation is needed to taste this local delicacy that is unique to Brgy. Mandong in Batan.

Local Festivals

 * Santo Niñohan or Ati-Ati and Malakara Festival (in honor of the Holy Child) is celebrated every third Saturday and Sunday of January. This festival is very similar to the well-known Ati-Atihan of Kalibo, Aklan. Its difference from Kalibo's Ati-Atihan is that participants are required to use native and indigenous materials as the main components of their costumes and props.
 * Immaculate Conception, Batan's Municipal and Religious Fiesta, is celebrated every December 8. It is a weeklong celebration composed of various activities like street parades, foodfest, dance competition, basketball tournament, drum & lyre competition, boat race, marathon, a showcase of local products from each barangay, consecrated mass & flower offering at Kalantiaw Shrine, Lakambini ni Kalantiaw beauty pageant, merrymaking and a concert at the local playground or park performed by DJs, dance groups and OPM bands or artists like Rocksteddy, Hale, Siakol, Brownman Revival and Arnel Pineda.
 * Juez De Cuchillo is always held every October 19 to commemorate the capture and beheading of 79 innocent Batangnon civilians on October 19, 1943, by the Japanese Imperial Army. A program, re-enactment, and flower offering are held at the site where the victims were beheaded and slaughtered by the Japanese soldiers. A marker was erected by local officials and relatives of the victims for their remembrance.

Elementary

 * Batan Elementary School
 * Batan Learning Center
 * Bay-ang Elementary School
 * Nicolas R. Delgado Elementary School
 * Cabugao Elementary School
 * Caiyang Elementary School
 * Camaligan Elementary School
 * Camanci Elementary School
 * I Learn Child Center – Batan
 * Ipil Elementary School
 * Lalab Elementary School
 * Lupit Elementary School
 * Magubahay Elementary School
 * Mambuquiao Elementary School
 * Mandong Integrated School
 * Man-up Elementary School
 * Napti Elementary School
 * Palay Elementary School
 * Songcolan Elementary School
 * Tabon Elementary School
 * Talangban Elementary School

Secondary

 * Angas Integrated School
 * Batan Academy (A National School)
 * Batan Academy (A National School) – Lalab Extension
 * Bay-ang – Magpag-ong National High School
 * Camaligan National High School
 * Camanci National High School
 * Ipil Integrated School
 * Kalantiaw Institute (KI)
 * Napti Integrated School
 * Rizal J. Rodriguez Sr. National High School
 * Tabon Integrated School
 * Mandong Integrated School

Tertiary

 * Batan Integrated College of Technology (formerly BCC or Batan Community College)

title: Batan, Aklan


text:
Buruanga

Buruanga, officially the Municipality of Buruanga (Aklanon: Banwa it Buruanga; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Buruanga; Bayan ng Buruanga), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. It is the farthest town of Aklan from its provincial capital. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 19,357 people.

History
The name Buruanga came from the word Busuanga meaning "eruption" or "swell". Frequently harassed by inundations from the river, the early residents constructed earthen dams which were subsequently washed away. The people named the river "Busuanga," which later became the name of the Municipality. When the Spaniards arrived, they renamed Busuanga to Buruanga, or perhaps the change was purely a clerical error. The present municipality of Malay, including Boracay, was once a part of Buruanga. On June 15, 1949, the enactment of Republic Act 391 separated Malay from Buruanga to become an independent municipality.

It was hit severely by typhoon Seniang on 9–10 December 2006, with much destruction and damage of homes and infrastructure.

Geography
Buruanga is located at the western tip of Panay Island. It is a coastal town bounded on the north by Malay; south by Libertad, Antique; and west by the Cuyo East Pass of the Sulu Sea. It is 81 km from the provincial capital Kalibo and 165 km from San Jose de Buenavista.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 88.50 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Climate
There is one prevailing type of climate identified as Type I, two pronounced seasons which are dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year. This is also true in all municipalities of Western Aklan such as Malay (excluding Boracay Island) and Nabas, as well as the Western portion of the municipalities bounding Antique.

In these areas, including Buruanga, the wettest month is August with rainfall averaging 625 mm and the driest is March with rainfall of only about 150 mm. The average temperature if the area is 27.9 C with an average humidity of 77.8%. The wet season coincides with the planting of rice while offshore fishing is in full gear during the dry season. Typhoons and strong winds rarely occur, and if it ever occurs, it coincides with the wet season. The humid north-western monsoon arrives in the area by June causing an increase in rainfall which reaches its peak in the month of August.

Barangays
Buruanga is administratively subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Buruanga had a population of 19,357. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Tourism
Despite its proximity to Boracay, one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Philippines, Buruanga sees very few tourists. Various scenic spots such as caves, waterfalls, beaches, hills, and mountain parks are found throughout the area such as the Hinugtan White Beach, Batason (Ariel's) Point, Langka Beach, Nasog Beach, Tuburan Baybay Beach, Tigis Beach/Falls, and Pagatpat Mangrove Park.

Flora and fauna
The upland barangay of Tag-Osip contains a portion of the Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park which is contained within the municipalities of Buruanga, Malay, and Nabas in Aklan Province and Libertad and Pandan in Antique. The park is home to many important plant and animal species such as the Visayan leopard cat, the blue-necked parrot, the Visayan hornbill, and the roughneck monitor lizard.

In 2011, several researchers from the United States Peace Corps conducted various biological assessments along the Buruanga coastline. It was found that Buruanga hosts 4 different species of mangroves including large tracts of nypa found in the barangays of Alegria, Balusbos, Poblacion, and Santander. Other species including pagatpat, bakawan, and piyapi are concentrated in Pagatpat Mangrove Park in barangay Panilongan with a few trees in spotted areas in barangay Santander. Buruanga also is home to 5 different species of seagrass identified including Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii.

title: Buruanga


text:
Ibajay

Ibajay, officially known as the Municipality of Ibajay (Aklanon: Banwa it Ibajay; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Ibajay; Bayan ng Ibajay), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. During the creation of Aklan Province in 1956, Ibajay was its biggest municipality in terms of population. According to the 2020 census, Ibajay has a population of 52,365 people, making it the third most populated town in Aklan.

Ibajay is the birthplace of Col. Alejandro S. Melchor, whose design of the pontoon bridge contributed to the Allied Forces winning World War II.

Under the Spanish "Panay Y Bayjay"
The autonomous barangays that the Spaniards encountered in Cebu could barely provide enough food for their needs. Miguel López de Legazpi had to move his camp, sailing from Cebu to Panay Island in 1569.

Desiring to explore the island for food and spice, Legazpi ordered some of his men to move further on the island until they ran out of bread to eat. Tired and hungry, the Spaniards solicited something to eat from the natives. To their surprise, they were given a container full of brown rice. When the Spaniards asked the natives what kind of rice they passed, they politely replied, "ba-hay," meaning third-class rice. In recognition of the generosity of the natives, they named the place "Panay y bahay"—the p place in Panay where there was, and the Spaniards were given "ba-hay" rice.

The word Ibajay was initially written with the capital letter Y. It was only in 1902 that an American supervising teacher made the change from Ybajay to Ibajay because of the preference for the English alphabet and the difficulty of the Americans in spelling the word.

Spanish authorities' first seat of government was in Boboc-on, Barangay Naile, in the 17th century. The system of government the Spaniards established was the encomienda. They ruled the natives by control of a royal grant from the King of Spain. The King of Spain appointed an encomiendero as the overseer, with the Governadorcillo, Cabeza Mayores and Cabezas de Barangay as subordinates.

In the early part of the Spanish dominion, the barangay was the primary government structure in Ibajay. The Chieftain collected tributes from his sinakupan (people) and turned over the collections to the encomienderos. Later on, however, the barangay government was reorganized again into makeups. Each has to elect a governadorcillo. The governadorcillo was elected by the votes of selected married male natives called principales. The candidate must be recommended and nominated by the community or the encomiendero.

But to the eyes of the natives, the village chief was just an administrative leader. He was not an absolute ruler like the Spaniards imposed. A traditional body of customs and procedures limited the scope of his authority. Although his position had become hereditary, it was initially attained by exhibiting more excellent prowess and valour, traits useful for the community's survival.

Dismayed by the exploitative nature of the government system and their unwillingness to accept the Spanish sovereignty, Chieftains Hangoe, Sandok, and Kabatak fled to the vast mountains of Panay. Still, the Spanish continued their colonization. The natives could not do anything but accept the dictum of the Spaniards to survive and go on with their lives.

The first native to hold public office in Sitio Boboc-on as governadorcillo was Don Francisco Dalisay, elected by the principales in 1673. However, Muslim pirates and bandits from Mindanao often pestered the town. Hence, in 1786, Governor Juan Sabino moved the seat of government to Sitio Maganhup, a vast land between now Barangay Naile and Barangay San Jose. However, the new site proved unsafe from the continued beleaguering of the lawless elements. Furthermore, it was not ideal for the natives because it was far from the farms they cultivated.

Consequently, for the second time in 1792, Governor Jose Garcia transferred the seat of government to Sitio Adiango, now part of Barangay Laguinbanua. However, it only stayed there for 11 years. Captain Josef Flores moved the seat of government again to its present location. By the decree issued by the Governador of the Philippine Islands, watchtowers were fortified along the shorelines to warn and protect against bandits and crooks. A church was also erected.

Revolution and American influence
The Philippine Revolution broke out in the later part of the 19th century. Under the leadership of Gen. Ananias Diokno, the Tagalog Insurrectos defeated and drove away the Spaniards hiding behind the buttress of the Catholic Convent in Poblacion.

The Philippine flag was hoisted at the town square for the first time. In 1879, Don Ciriaco Tirol y Seneres was appointed acting Capitan Municipal until 1898. The following year, under the revolutionary government of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Don Antonio Manikan was elected Capitan Municipal—the position he held until 1901.

In 1902, The Americans reorganized the local government of Ibajay. They changed the designation of the head of the town from Captain Municipal to Municipal President. This year, the city's official name was changed from Ybajay to Ibajay.

The first municipal President elected was Don Valintin Conanan. During his term, a cholera epidemic broke out in the Municipality of Ibajay. It snapped out so many lives. As a contingency, a new cemetery was opened near the Catholic Cemetery. It is now known as the Ibajay Municipal Cemetery.

In the year 1921, Catalino Solidum was appointed Municipal President. He held the position for only a year. Moises T. Solidum replaced him the following year until 1925. Tomas Bautista became the mayor of Ibajay from 1926 to 1928, while Jose S. Conanan from 1937 to 1940.

In 1941, Dr. Jose C. Miraflores became mayor until the outbreak of World War II. Ibajay, at that time, was razed to the ground by the Japanese troops. Many Ibayhanons suffered the painful consequences of the war. Also, the Guerilla Liberation Movement helped the Philippine forces become popular among the locals. Ibayhanon women formed the Ibajay Ladies Auxiliary War Relief Association (LAWRA) to raise funds and morale for the Revolutionary Army. From 1944 to 1945, many Filipino troops of the 6th, 61st and 62nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the 6th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary liberated the town of Ibajay, Aklan and helped Ibayhanon guerrilla groups and defeated Japanese troops at the end of World War II. Moreover, the local city government was established with Guillermo de los Reyes as acting municipal mayor. Moises T. Solidum later on, replaced him until 1946.

Geography

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 158.90 square kilometres (61.35 sq mi), constituting  8.72% of the 1,821.42-square-kilometre- (703.25 sq mi) total area of Aklan.

Ibajay lies in the northwest section of Aklan province on Panay Island. It is bounded on the north by the Sibuyan Sea, east by Tangalan, west by Nabas, and south by Antique.

The distance from Kalibo, the capital of Aklan, is 34 kilometres (21 mi) and takes 45 minutes to one hour by road transport. Its road networks are composed of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of National Road, 32.918 kilometres (20.454 mi) of Provincial Roads, and 75.430 kilometres (46.870 mi) of Barangay Road.

Barangays
Ibajay is politically subdivided into 35 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Ibajay had a population of 52,364. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Ibajay had a total population of 39,643 in the May 2000 census, with a calculated growth rate of 0.03%. The total number of households is 7,918, with an average household size of 5. At the 2010 census, the population had increased to 45,279 persons, a 14.2% increase since 2000.

Economy
Ibajay is classified as a third municipality (based on income). Rice farming is the primary source of income. Coconut produce plays a significant article in export and processing. There are 12 stationary rice mills and 21 roving rice mills for the post-harvest needs of the farmers. There are 25 registered cooperatives, most of which are the Farmer's Multipurpose Cooperatives. Vegetable and livestock production are on a backyard scale. Fishing and fishpond production is done along the nearby coastal barangays. The Ibajay Public Market at the Poblacion is the centre of business and trade. Three barangay markets are located at Barangay Naile, Maloco and San Jose.

Government
Mayors and their dates of office:

 * Gavino C. Solidum (1946–1950)
 * Napoleon Mijares (1952–1956)
 * Maximo S. Masangcay (1957–1959)
 * Francisco Salido (1960–1963)
 * Roberto Q. Garcia (1964–1967)
 * Fidel G. Candari (1968–1971)
 * Florante M. Ascano (1971–1987)
 * Florencio T. Miraflores (1988–1995)
 * Pedro M. Garcia (1995–2001)
 * Roberto M. Garcia Jr. (2001–2007)
 * Ma. Lourdes M. Miraflores (2007–2016)
 * Jose Enrique M. Miraflores (2016–2022)
 * Jose Miguel M. Miraflores (2022–Present)

Utilities
Communication and Postal services are available through the Philippine Postal Corporation, Inc. and the Bureau of Telecommunications. A PLDT, CRUZTELCO, and PANTELCO Public Calling Office provide long-distance and domestic telecommunication needs of the Ibayhanons. The Aklan Cable TV and Kalibo Cable TV provide the cable television services of the town.

The electricity is provided by the Aklan Electric Cooperative, which serves about 3,862 households. Barangay Malindog purchased its generator to provide alternative power to its residents. Barangay Aparicio and Mina-a completed the Micro-Hydro Power Plant projects and are now operational to provide electricity to the residents.

Healthcare
Health services are provided by the Ibajay District Hospital and 11 Barangay Health Stations.

Education
There are 17 Elementary Schools, 14 Primary Schools, 5 National High Schools and Aklan State University (ASU) – Ibajay Campus for tertiary education.

There are also two (2) private secondary schools. One is Ibajay Academy, founded by Procopio Solidum, who was hailed as the "First Filipino poet to publish poems in English" or "First Filipino-English Poet." The other is Melchor Memorial School, founded by Dr Rafael S. Tumbokon in honour of the late Col. Alejandro S. Melchor, Sr.

Notable personalities

 * Col. Alejandro Melchor Sr. (1900-1947) — designed the pontoon bridge contributed to the Allied Forces winning World War II / Secretary of National Defense in President Manuel L. Quezon's Cabinet / Sergio Osmeña's Military Adviser of the war cabinet

title: Ibajay


text:
NSE Indices

NSE Indices Limited (formerly known as India Index Services & Products Limited (IISL)), a subsidiary of the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), provides a variety of indices and index related products and services to Indian capital markets. It is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. NSE Indices Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of NSE Strategic Investment Corporation Limited. The company maintains over 100 equity indices comprising broad-based benchmark indices, sectoral indices, fixed income and customized indices.

There are many investment and risk management products, index funds and exchange traded funds benchmarked to indices developed by NSE Indices Ltd. in India and abroad including derivatives traded on NSE, NSE IFSC Ltd., and SGX.

NSE Indices Ltd. was formed with the objective of providing a variety of indices and index related products and services to capital markets.

Broad-market indices

 * Large-caps
 * Mid-caps
 * Small-caps
 * Micro-caps

title: NSE Indices


text:
Lehmann

Lehmann is a German surname.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 75.3% of all bearers of the surname Lehmann were residents of Germany, 6.6% of the United States, 6.3% of Switzerland, 3.2% of France, 1.7% of Australia and 1.3% of Poland.

In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following states:
 * 1. Brandenburg (1:90)
 * 2. Saxony (1:206)
 * 3. Saxony-Anhalt (1:227)
 * 4. Berlin (1:228)
 * 5. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1:408)
 * 6. Thuringia (1:493)

In Switzerland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following cantons:
 * 1. Bern (1:240)
 * 2. Solothurn (1:342)
 * 3. Fribourg (1:486)
 * 4. Basel-Stadt (1:524)
 * 5. Jura (1:567)
 * 6. Thurgau (1:606)

People

 * Adolf Lehmann, (1863-1937), Canadian chemist who worked in India
 * Alisha Lehmann (born 1999), Swiss Footballer
 * Anna Ilsabe Lehmann, wife of German poet Barthold Heinrich Brockes
 * Beatrix Lehmann (1903–1979), British actress
 * Christina Lehmann (born 1951), German chess master
 * Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (1934–2018), American journalist, editor, critic and novelist
 * Claire Lehmann (born 1985), Australian writer and editor of Quillette
 * Danny Lehmann (born 1985), American baseball coach
 * Darren Lehmann (born 1970), Australian cricket batsman, and Australian national cricket team coach
 * Dirk Lehmann (born 1971), German footballer
 * Else Lehmann (1866–1940), German stage actress
 * Erich Leo Lehmann (1917–2009), American statistician
 * Erik E. Lehmann, (born 1963), German economist
 * Ernst A. Lehmann, (1886–1937), German airship pilot
 * Federico Carlos Lehmann (1914–1974), Colombian ornithologist
 * Frank Lehmann (born 1989), German footballer
 * Frederick William Lehmann (1853–1931), former United States Solicitor General
 * Friedrich Carl Lehmann (1850–1903), German consul to Colombia and botanical collector
 * Geoffrey Lehmann, people of the same name:
 * Geoffrey Lehmann (born 1940), Australian poet
 * Geoffrey D. Lehmann (1904–1994), English-born religious missionary
 * Hans G. Lehmann (born 1939), German photographer
 * Harry Lehmann (1924–1998), German physicist
 * Lehmann–Symanzik–Zimmermann reduction formula
 * Henri Lehmann (1814–1882), German artist
 * Henry Lehmann (1929–2000), American engineer, emigre from Germany
 * Herman Lehmann (1859–1932), American kidnapped by Native-Americans
 * Imogen Oona Lehmann (born 1989), German curler
 * Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist
 * Lehmann discontinuity
 * Issachar Berend Lehmann (1661–1730), German banker
 * Jacob Heinrich Wilhelm Lehmann (1800–1863), German astronomer
 * Lehmann (lunar crater)
 * Jean-Pierre Lehmann (1945–2017), professor of international political economy at IMD and founding director of The Evian Group at IMD
 * Jens Lehmann, people of the same name:
 * Jens Lehmann (born 1969), German football player
 * Jens Lehmann (born 1967), German cyclist and politician
 * Johann Lehmann, people of the same name:
 * Johann Georg Christian Lehmann (1792–1860), German botanist
 * Johann Gottlob Lehmann (1719–1767), German mineralogist and geologist
 * John Lehmann (1907–1987), English poet
 * Jörgen Lehmann (1898–1989), Danish-born Swedish chemist
 * Julius Friedrich Lehmann (1864–1935), promoter of social psychiatry during the Third Reich
 * Justus F. Lehmann (1921–2006), prominent German-American physiatrist
 * Karl Bernhard Lehmann (1858–1940), German microbiologist
 * Karl Lehmann (1936–2018), Bishop of Mainz, Cardinal of the Catholic Church
 * Karl Leo Heinrich Lehmann (1894–1960), German-born American art historian, archeologist, and professor at New York University Institute of Fine Arts.
 * Kevin K. Lehmann (born 1955), American chemist
 * Laura Lehmann (born 1994), Filipino actress, TV host, model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Lilli Lehmann (1848–1929), German soprano and voice coach, sister of Marie
 * Liza Lehmann (1862–1918), English operatic soprano and composer
 * Lotte Lehmann (1888–1976), German singer
 * Marie Lehmann (1851–1931), German soprano and voice teacher, sister of Lilli
 * Marcus Lehmann (1831–1890), German Rabbi and author
 * Michael Lehmann (born 1957), film and television director
 * Olga Lehmann (1912–2001), English artist and film designer
 * Orla Lehmann (1810–1870), Danish statesman
 * Otto Lehmann, people of the same name:
 * Otto Lehmann (1855–1922), German physicist
 * Otto Lehmann (1889–1968), German movie producer
 * Peter Lehmann, people of the same name:
 * Peter Lehmann (1930–2013), Australian vintner
 * Peter Lehmann (born 1950), German author and publisher
 * Rosamond Lehmann (1901–1990), British novelist
 * Rudolph Chambers Lehmann (1856–1929), English writer, politician, humourist, and former editor of Punch magazine; father of Beatrix, Rosamond and John
 * Rudolf Lehmann, (1819–1905), a German-English portraitist and author
 * Stephan Lehmann (born 1963), Swiss football goalkeeper
 * Sven Lehmann (born 1979), German politician
 * Sylvia Lehmann (born 1954), German politician
 * Tommy Lehmann (born 1964), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Willi Lehmann (1884–1942), German police official and spy for the Soviets
 * Winfred P. Lehmann (1916–2007), American linguist

title: Lehmann


text: Category:Papua New Guinean rugby league players


text:
Akina

Akina may refer to:

 * Akina, a character in the 3D-CG Hong Kong donghua TV series Zentrix
 * Mount Akina, name for Mount Haruna in the Initial D series of manga and anime
 * Akina, New Zealand, suburb of Hastings City, in the Hawke's Bay Region of New Zealand's North Island
 * Akina Hiizumi, a character in the Japanese manga series Yozakura Quartet

People

 * Duane Akina (born 1956), defensive backs coach
 * Joseph Apukai Akina (1856–1920), lawyer, politician and minister of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * Akina Pau (born 1974), fencer from Hong Kong, China
 * Akina Shirt (born 1994), First Nations singer known for her performances in the Cree language
 * Yunsi (1680–1726; also Akina), Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty in China

Japan

 * Akina (born 1999), member of the five-person Japanese girl group Faky
 * Akina Minami (born 1989), Japanese gravure idol and tarento
 * Akina Miyazato, member of the five-girl Japanese pop idol group Folder 5
 * Akina Nakamori (born 1965), Japanese singer and actress

title: Akina


text:
Waste (law)

Waste is a term used in property law to describe a cause of action that can be brought in court to address a change in condition of real property brought about by a current tenant that damages or destroys the value of that property. A lawsuit for waste can be brought against a life tenant or lessee of a leasehold estate, either by a current landlord or by the owner of a vested future interest. The holder of an executory interest, however, has no standing to enforce an action for waste, since his future interest is not vested. There are several different kinds of waste under the law.

Voluntary waste
Voluntary waste, (sometimes called affirmative waste) is any change made to the estate that intentionally or negligently causes harm to the estate or depletes its resources, unless this depletion is a continuation of a pre-existing use. Some jurisdictions follow what is called the open mines doctrine, which permits continued excavation from any mine on the property that is already open, but prohibits the opening of new mines. However, the majority of jurisdictions now follow a doctrine that allows any activity necessary to continue the exploitation of a particular resource, if the land has already been used for that purpose.

 * Example: If there is a copper mine on the land, the current tenant can continue the mining operation to the point of extracting all available copper. If there were no such mine there originally, and the lease did not anticipate the mine, excavating property would constitute waste.

Permissive waste
Permissive waste is failure to maintain the estate, either physically or financially. Rather than requiring some bad act on the part of the tenant, this requires the failure to maintain ordinary repairs, pay taxes, or pay interest on the mortgage by the life tenant or the lessee of a leasehold estate.

Ameliorative waste
Ameliorative waste is an improvement to an estate that changes its character even if the change increases the land's value. Under English common law, when ameliorative waste occurs, the interested party can recover from the tenant the cost of restoring the land to its original condition. This is based on traditional common law jurisprudence presuming that the grantor intended the property to be kept in its original condition.

Example
Person A has a present life estate to three acres of land with a beautiful forest and his family's historic home. Person B is willed to inherit the estate after A dies. B loves studying ancestry and hopes to one day live in the historic building on his family's land. Instead, A decides that the land would be more valuable as a nightclub and draws up a business plan to transform the old estate into a new late night hotspot. B can sue A for ameliorative waste and get an injunction preventing the construction of the club. Even if the club is set to make money and the old family house is a valueless wreck in terrible condition, B still has a right to stop A from improving the property.

If A does in fact build the club, then B can sue for the cost of demolishing the new structure and returning the land to its original condition.

In the United States, damages for ameliorative waste are generally not given, especially if the improvement to the property is likely to last a long time. The policy behind this change in common law is to encourage improvements and economic development, even at the cost of historical change.

Exceptions
There is an exception to this doctrine where a long-term tenant makes a change that increases the value of the property in a way that reflects a change in the nature and character of neighboring properties. If a tenant tears down a house and builds a factory on property in an area in which residences have generally been replaced with industry, the tenant will not be liable for waste.

In Melms v. Pabst Brewing Co., 79 N.W. 738 (Wis. 1899), the Pabst Brewing Company's plant encroached on a residential home. The owner of the home wanted to convert the land to commercial use but held an estate limiting the land to residential purposes. The court held that the neighboring properties had sufficiently changed the nature of the area and allowed the estate holder to convert the land despite the existence of potential ameliorative waste.

Equitable waste
Under English law and Australian law, equitable waste is waste that a life tenant has a right to commit at common law but is restrained by a court of equity. This doctrine fits under the broader framework of equity, in which a legal right to do something is not so unrestrained that it is impossible to abuse that right. A life tenant who is granted an estate "without impeachment of waste" (may not be sued for waste) may not commit acts of flagrant destruction inconsistent with the fruitful use of the land. For example, a mansion may not be stripped of its glass, timber or pipes (Vane v Lord barnard), nor may trees of an ornamental value be cut down by the life tenant (Turner v Wright).

Remedies for waste
Where a court finds that a tenant is engaging in waste, there are a number of possible remedies which can be taken:
 * 1) The court may award sufficient money damages to compensate the injured party for the loss resulting from the waste.
 * 2) The court may directly require the party responsible for the waste to restore the property to its original condition.
 * 3) The court may accelerate the passage of title in the land, divesting a tenant or life estate holder of the property and vesting it in the landlord or remainderman.

Kentucky has a particularly harsh remedy for voluntary waste. A person found to have committed voluntary waste without the written permission of the holder of the future interest is forced to pay treble damages to the holder of the future interest, and the person's present interest (whether a life estate or a lease) is automatically terminated.

Missouri has two statutes that prescribe a harsh remedy for waste. There, a person found to have committed voluntary waste without the written permission of the holder of the future interest is forced to pay treble damages. In some cases, the plaintiff has been able to recover treble damages twice--once for voluntary waste and again for wantonly committed waste.

If the plaintiff can show that the defendant is currently engaged in voluntary or permissive waste of the land, the court may enjoin (or stop) the activity; however, courts are reluctant to enjoin ameliorative waste unless the property being destroyed has some unique historic value.

title: Waste (law)


text: Category:Scottish rugby league players

title: Category:Scottish rugby league players