text:
Index of meteorology articles

This is a list of meteorology topics. The terms relate to meteorology, the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. (see also: List of meteorological phenomena)

A

 * advection
 * aeroacoustics
 * aerobiology
 * aerography (meteorology)
 * aerology
 * air parcel (in meteorology)
 * air quality index (AQI)
 * airshed (in meteorology)
 * American Geophysical Union (AGU)
 * American Meteorological Society (AMS)
 * anabatic wind
 * anemometer
 * annular hurricane
 * anticyclone (in meteorology)
 * apparent wind
 * Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
 * Atlantic hurricane season
 * atmometer
 * atmosphere
 * Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)
 * Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
 * (atmospheric boundary layer [ABL]) planetary boundary layer (PBL)
 * atmospheric chemistry
 * atmospheric circulation
 * atmospheric convection
 * atmospheric dispersion modeling
 * atmospheric electricity
 * atmospheric icing
 * atmospheric physics
 * atmospheric pressure
 * atmospheric sciences
 * atmospheric stratification
 * atmospheric thermodynamics
 * atmospheric window (see under Threats)

B

 * baller lightning
 * balloon (aircraft)
 * baroclinity
 * barotropity
 * barometer ("to measure atmospheric pressure")
 * berg wind
 * biometeorology
 * blizzard
 * bomb (meteorology)
 * buoyancy
 * Bureau of Meteorology (in Australia)

C

 * Canada Weather Extremes
 * Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC)
 * Cape Verde-type hurricane
 * capping inversion (in meteorology) (see "severe thunderstorms" in paragraph 5)
 * carbon cycle
 * carbon fixation
 * carbon flux
 * carbon monoxide (see under Atmospheric presence)
 * ceiling balloon ("to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level")
 * ceilometer ("to determine the height of a cloud base")
 * celestial coordinate system
 * celestial equator
 * celestial horizon (rational horizon)
 * celestial navigation (astronavigation)
 * celestial pole
 * Celsius
 * Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) (in Oklahoma in the US)
 * Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change (based in Arizona in the US)
 * (Central America Hurricane of 1857: see) SS Central America (Ship of Gold)
 * Central Florida Tornado of February 2007
 * Certified Consulting Meteorologist
 * chaos theory (see "butterfly effect" under Chaotic dynamics)
 * (Chapman cycle: see) ozone-oxygen cycle
 * chemtrail theory
 * Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX)
 * chinook wind (see "inversion smog" under Chinooks and health)
 * Henry Helm Clayton
 * clear-air turbulence (CAT)
 * climate
 * climate change
 * Climate Diagnostics Center (in the US)
 * climate engineering
 * (climate forcing: see) radiative forcing
 * Climate Group
 * climate house
 * climate model
 * climate modeller
 * Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) (in the US)
 * Climate Outreach and Information Network (COIN) (British charity)
 * (climate parameters, forcings and feedbacks: see) parametrization (climate)
 * Climate Prediction Center (CPC)
 * (climate science: see) climatology
 * climate sensitivity
 * (climate simulation: see) climate model
 * climate surprise
 * (climate techno-fix: see) climate engineering
 * (climate theory: see) Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (see "climate theory" in paragraph 3 under Political views)
 * (climate variability: see) climate change
 * (climate warming: see) global warming
 * (climate weapon: see) Weather modification (see under In the military)
 * climateprediction.net (CPDN) (distributed computing project)
 * climatic determinism (equatorial paradox) (see also environmental determinism)
 * Climatic Regions of India
 * Climatic Research Unit (at the University of East Anglia in the UK)
 * (climatic zone: see) clime
 * climatology
 * clime (climatic zone)
 * Clinton Foundation (see under Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI))
 * cloud
 * cloud albedo ("a measure of the reflectivity of a cloud")
 * cloud base ("the lowest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud")
 * cloud chamber (Wilson chamber) ("for detecting ... ionizing radiation")
 * cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs) (see under Phytoplankton role)
 * cloud cover
 * cloud feedback
 * cloud forcing (see "greenhouse effect" in paragraph 2)
 * cloud forest
 * (cloud formation: see) nephology
 * cloud physics
 * cloud seeding
 * cloud street
 * cloud suck
 * cloudburst (see "destruction" in paragraph 2 and see "Mumbai" in paragraph 3)
 * CloudSat ("a NASA environmental satellite")
 * coefficient of haze (in meteorology)
 * cold-core low
 * cold weather boot
 * cold weather rule (cold weather law) (for public utility companies)
 * (coldest place on earth: see) climate of Antarctica (see under Temperature)
 * coldest temperature achieved on Earth
 * Colorado low
 * Community Climate System Model
 * continental climate
 * contrail
 * controlled airspace
 * controlled atmosphere (for agricultural storage)
 * convection (see under Atmospheric convection)
 * convective available potential energy (CAPE) (in meteorology)
 * convective condensation level (CCL)
 * convective inhibition (CIN)
 * convective instability
 * convective temperature (Tc)
 * Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications (CIASTA)
 * Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
 * Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR)
 * Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research (CICAR)
 * Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS)
 * Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER)
 * Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
 * Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS)
 * Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)
 * Cooperative Institute for Precipitation Systems (CIPS)
 * Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
 * Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA)
 * corona (meteorology)
 * COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate)
 * Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT)
 * Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) ("to investigate the cosmic background radiation" etc.)
 * cosmic microwave background experiments
 * cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) (CMBR) (CBR) (MBR)
 * cosmic noise
 * cosmic ray (see under Lightning)
 * Cosmochemical Periodic Table of the Elements in the Solar System
 * cosmochemistry
 * cumulonimbus cloud (see under Effects)
 * (cumulonimbus with mammatus: see) mammatus cloud
 * (cumulonimbus with pileus: see) pileus (meteorology)
 * cumulus castellanus cloud
 * cumulus cloud
 * cumulus congestus cloud
 * cumulus humilis cloud
 * cumulus mediocris cloud
 * (cup anemometer: see) anemometer (see under Cup anemometers)
 * current solar income
 * cyclogenesis
 * cyclone
 * cyclone furnace (a type of coal combustor)
 * (cyclone preparedness: see) hurricane preparedness
 * cyclonic separation (method of removing particles from an air or gas stream)

D

 * D region (in the atmosphere)
 * Darrieus wind turbine
 * dawn
 * dBZ (meteorology)
 * degree (temperature)
 * deicing
 * dendroclimatology ("extracting past climate information from information in trees")
 * density altitude
 * Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ)
 * deposition (physics)
 * (depression [meteorology]: see) low pressure area
 * derecho (see also List of derecho events)
 * dew
 * dew point (dewpoint, Td)
 * dew point depression
 * disdrometer
 * downwelling
 * drizzle
 * drought
 * dry-bulb temperature
 * dry line (dew point line)
 * dry punch
 * dry season
 * dusk

E

 * Earth's atmosphere
 * Earth's magnetic field
 * Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL)
 * economics of global warming
 * Emagram
 * effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans (see also Hurricane Katrina effects by region)
 * effect of sun angle on climate
 * Enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale)
 * eolian processes
 * equator (see under Equatorial seasons and climate)
 * equilibrium level (EL)
 * equivalent potential temperaturбe
 * equivalent temperature
 * European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
 * European Climate Change Programme (ECCP)
 * European emission standards (for motor vehicles)
 * European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL)
 * European windstorm
 * evaporation
 * evaporative cooler
 * evaporative cooling
 * evaporite (a mineral sediment resulting from evaporation of saline water)
 * evapotranspiration (ET) (sum of evaporation and plant transpiration)
 * exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (exhaust gas recycling)
 * exosphere (layer of atmosphere)
 * extratropical cyclone (mid-latitude cyclone)
 * extreme weather
 * extremes on Earth

F

 * fire whirl
 * firestorm
 * fog
 * forensic meteorology
 * free convective layer (FCL)
 * freezing rain
 * (front [meteorology]: see) surface weather analysis
 * frontogenesis
 * frontolysis
 * frost
 * frost creep (frost heave)
 * frost flowers (frost castles) (ice castles) (ice ribbons) (ice blossoms)
 * frost heaving (frost heave)
 * frost law
 * frost line
 * (frost point: see) dew point (dewpoint)
 * frostbite
 * Fujita scale (F scale) (for measuring tornadoes)
 * fulgurite
 * (full lunar eclipse: see) lunar eclipse
 * full-spectrum light
 * funnel cloud (related to a tornado)

G

 * galactic cosmic ray (GCR)
 * gale
 * gale warning
 * Galileo thermometer (Galilean thermometer)
 * Galveston, Texas (see under Hurricane of 1900 and recovery)
 * Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (in the US)
 * gas balloon (see under History)
 * gas flare (flare stack)
 * (gas warfare: see) chemical warfare
 * Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)
 * glossary of climate change
 * glossary of environmental science
 * glossary of tornado terms
 * glossary of tropical cyclone terms
 * glossary of wildfire terms
 * gustnado

Ge-Gk

 * geomagnetic storm
 * (geomagnetism: see) Earth's magnetic field
 * geospatial technology (Spatial Information Technology)
 * Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) (a program of the US)
 * geostatistics
 * geostrophic wind
 * Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
 * Global Forecast System (GFS)
 * global warming
 * greenhouse effect
 * greenhouse gas (GHG)
 * growing degree day (GDD)
 * growing season
 * gust front

H

 * hail
 * halo (optical phenomenon)
 * haze
 * heat
 * (heat budget: see) radiation budget
 * (heat equator: see) thermal equator
 * (heat lightning: see) lightning
 * heat wave
 * heating degree day (HDD)
 * (Heaviside layer) Kennelly–Heaviside layer (E region) (in the atmosphere)
 * Heavy snow warning
 * heliostat
 * High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)
 * high pressure area
 * High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector
 * high-altitude airship (HAA)
 * hodograph
 * humid continental climate
 * humid subtropical climate
 * (humidex) heat index (HI)
 * humidity
 * HurriQuake nail (for resisting hurricanes and earthquakes)
 * (hydrologic cycle) water cycle
 * hydrological phenomenon
 * hydrology
 * hydrosphere
 * hygrometer (different from hydrometer)
 * hypercane ("hypothetical class of hurricane")

I

 * ice
 * Ice Accretion Indicator
 * ice age
 * ice storm
 * Ice Storm Warning
 * illuminance
 * impact winter
 * impluvium
 * in situ (see under Earth and atmospheric sciences)
 * incidental radiator
 * India Meteorological Department
 * Indian summer
 * infrared (IR) radiation (see under Meteorology)
 * insolation
 * instrument meteorological conditions (IMG)
 * instrumental temperature record
 * intentional radiator
 * International Meteorological Organization (IMO)
 * International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
 * International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)
 * inversion
 * Invest (meteorology)
 * ion wind (ion wind) (coronal wind)
 * ionosonde (chirpsounder)
 * ionosphere
 * ionospheric reflection
 * ionospheric sounding
 * iron cycle
 * irradiance
 * irradiation
 * isobar
 * isochore (in a thermodynamic diagram)
 * isodrosotherm
 * isogon (meteorology)
 * (isogram) contour line (level set) (isarithm)
 * isohel
 * isohume
 * isohyet
 * isohypse (in topography)
 * isotherm

K

 * katabatic wind

L

 * Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)
 * lake effect snow (a snowsquall)
 * (lake surge: see) storm surge
 * land hemisphere
 * land lighthouse
 * landspout
 * lapse rate
 * Lemon technique
 * lenticular cloud
 * level of free convection (LFC)
 * life zone
 * lifted condensation level (LCL)
 * lifted index (LI)
 * lightning
 * lightning detection
 * lightning prediction system
 * lightning rod (lightning protector) (lightning finial)
 * lightning safety
 * (lightning storm) thunderstorm (T-storm) (electrical storm)
 * lightvessel (lightship)
 * line echo wave pattern (LEWP)
 * line source ("a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation")
 * (list of all-time high and low temperatures by state: see) U.S. state temperature extremes
 * list of basic earth science topics
 * list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
 * list of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
 * list of cloud types
 * list of coastal weather stations of the United Kingdom
 * list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
 * list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
 * list of Earth observation satellites
 * list of lighthouses and lightvessels
 * list of meteorological phenomena
 * list of most polluting power stations
 * list of named tropical cyclones
 * list of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
 * List of derecho events
 * list of power outages
 * list of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
 * list of Solar Cycles (list of sunspot cycles)
 * list of tornado-related deaths at schools
 * list of weather instruments
 * list of weather records
 * Little Ice Age (LIA)
 * Local storm report
 * low pressure area (see same for "low-pressure cell")
 * (lowest elevations: see) list of places on land with elevations below sea level
 * (luminous pollution) light pollution (photopollution)
 * lunar phase

M

 * Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)
 * magnetic storm (geomagnetic storm)
 * magnetopause
 * magnetosheath
 * magnetosphere
 * marine west coast climate (maritime climate) (oceanic climate)
 * Mars Climate Orbiter
 * Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (Martian Radiation Experiment) (MARIE)
 * maximum parcel level (MPL)
 * maximum sustained wind
 * Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M)
 * mean radiant temperature (MRT)
 * Mediterranean climate
 * medium Earth orbit (MEO) (intermediate circular orbit) (ICO)
 * megathermal (macrothermal)
 * melting
 * mercury (element) (see "Clean Air Act" under United States)
 * mercury-in-glass thermometer
 * mesopause
 * mesoscale convective complex (MCC)
 * mesoscale convective system (MCS)
 * mesoscale convective vortex (MCV)
 * mesoscale meteorology
 * mesocyclone
 * mesohigh
 * mesolow
 * mesonet
 * mesosphere
 * mesothermal (in climatology)
 * mesovortex
 * Met Office (previously Meteorological Office) (the UK's national weather service)
 * meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
 * Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC)
 * meteorology
 * metrology
 * Miami Tornado (of May 12, 1997)
 * Miami tornadoes of 2003
 * microclimate
 * microscale meteorology
 * Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006
 * middle latitudes
 * midnight
 * millimeter cloud radar (millimeter wave cloud radar) (MMCR)
 * misoscale meteorology
 * mist
 * mixed layer
 * mixing ratio
 * moisture
 * molecular-scale temperature
 * moonlight

N

 * NASA Clean Air Study
 * NASA Earth Observatory
 * NASA World Wind (virtual globe)
 * National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (in the US)
 * National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (in the US)
 * National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (in the US)
 * National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (in the US)
 * National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) (in the US)
 * (National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service: see) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US)
 * National Geomagnetism Program (in the US)
 * National Hurricane Center (NHC) (in the US)
 * National Map (in the US)
 * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US)
 * (National Severe Storms Forecast Center [NSSFC]: renamed) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) (in the US)
 * National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) (in the US)
 * National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (in the US)
 * National Solar Observatory (in the US)
 * National Weather Association (NWA) (in the US)
 * National Weather Center (NWC) (in the US)
 * National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region (at 10:11 a.m., August 28, 2005)
 * National Weather Service (NWS)
 * nautical almanac
 * nephology
 * nephoscope
 * night sky
 * nimbus cloud
 * nitrogen cycle
 * (nitrogen pollution: see) eutrophication (see under Atmospheric deposition)
 * NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (NWR) (of the US)
 * noctilucent cloud
 * North Atlantic tropical cyclone
 * North Pole
 * numerical weather prediction

O

 * observational astronomy (see "light pollution" in places)
 * observatory (see also list of observatories)
 * ocean heat content (OHC)
 * Ocean Prediction Center (OHC)
 * occultation
 * oceanic climate
 * Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
 * 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
 * orographic lift
 * outflow boundary
 * oxygen
 * oxygen cycle
 * ozone
 * ozone depletion
 * ozone depletion potential (ODP)
 * ozone layer (ozonosphere layer)
 * ozone-oxygen cycle

P

 * Pacific decadal oscillation
 * paleoclimatology
 * paleomagnetism
 * paleotempestology
 * parts-per notation
 * photovore
 * planetary boundary layer (PBL)
 * pluvial lake
 * pneumonia front
 * polar circle
 * polar climate
 * polar easterlies
 * polar high
 * polar ice cap
 * (polar light: see) aurora (astronomy)
 * polar low
 * (polar mesospheric cloud) noctilucent cloud
 * polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE)
 * polar night
 * polar region
 * (polar reversal) magnetic polarity reversal
 * polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) (nacreous cloud)
 * polar vortex
 * Polarization (waves) (see under Polarization effects in everyday life)
 * pole shift theory
 * positive streamer
 * post-glacial rebound
 * potential evaporation
 * potential temperature
 * precipitation
 * pressure gradient
 * pressure gradient force (PGF)
 * pyrocumulus

Q

 * Quantitative precipitation estimation
 * Quantitative precipitation forecast
 * Quasi-geostrophic equations

R

 * radiance
 * radiant barrier
 * radiant energy
 * radiation
 * radiation budget
 * radiation hormesis
 * radiation poisoning (radiation sickness)
 * radiative cooling
 * radiative forcing
 * radiological weapon (radiological dispersion device [RDD])
 * radiosonde
 * radius of outermost closed isobar
 * rain
 * rain fade (fading of signal by rain or snow)
 * rain gauge
 * rain sensor
 * rain shadow
 * rainbow
 * rainforest
 * rarefaction
 * RealClimate (commentary site on climate science)
 * RealSky (digital photographic sky atlas)
 * relative humidity
 * relative pressure
 * (relief precipitation: see) orographic lift
 * research balloon
 * resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector) (RTD)
 * rime (frost)

S

 * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
 * satellite temperature measurements
 * (Sea Islands Hurricane) 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane
 * sea level
 * (sea level pressure) atmospheric pressure
 * sea surface temperature (SST)
 * severe weather
 * severe weather terminology (United States)
 * Skew-T log-P diagram
 * sky
 * skyglow
 * smoke
 * snow
 * Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
 * solar azimuth angle
 * solar cell
 * solar collector
 * solar constant
 * solar cycle
 * solar eclipse
 * solar flare (see under Hazards)
 * solar furnace
 * solar greenhouse (technical)
 * solar heating
 * solar maximum
 * Solar Maximum Mission
 * solar minimum
 * solar mirror
 * solar proton event
 * solar radiation (solar irradiance)
 * (solar storm) geomagnetic storm
 * solar thermal collector
 * solar thermal energy
 * solar updraft tower
 * solar variation
 * solar wind
 * solarium
 * space geostrategy (astrostrategy) (geostrategy in space)
 * Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)
 * space weather
 * (specific humidity: see) humidity (see under Specific Humidity)
 * squall
 * squall line
 * (standard atmospheric pressure) atmospheric pressure (standard atmosphere)
 * standard conditions for temperature and pressure
 * storm
 * storm cellar
 * storm chasing
 * storm drain (storm sewer) (stormwater drain)
 * storm-scale
 * storm surge
 * storm tide
 * storm track
 * storm warning (see same for "storm watch")
 * storm scale
 * stormwater
 * stratopause
 * stratosphere
 * Stüve diagram
 * subarctic
 * subarctic climate
 * subtropical cyclone (see same for "subtropical depression" and for "subtropical storm")
 * subtropics (see same for "subtropical" and for "subtropical climate")
 * sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID)
 * sudden stratospheric warming
 * sun
 * sun dog (sundog) (parhelion)
 * sunlight
 * sunshower
 * sunspot (see under "Significant events")
 * supercell
 * surface temperature inversion
 * surface weather analysis
 * surface weather observation
 * synoptic scale meteorology

T

 * teleconnection
 * temperature
 * temperature extremes
 * (temperature inversion) inversion (meteorology)
 * temperature record
 * temperature record of the past 1000 years
 * tephigram
 * The Weather Channel (TWC)
 * The Weather Network
 * thermal equator
 * thermodynamic temperature
 * thermometer
 * thunder
 * thundersnow
 * thunderstorm (electrical storm)
 * TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)
 * TOR
 * tornado
 * tornado climatology
 * tornado intensity
 * tornado warning
 * tornado watch
 * tornado emergency
 * tornadogenesis
 * torr (symbol: Torr) (millimetre of mercury) (mmHg)
 * Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
 * tropical climate
 * tropical cyclogenesis
 * tropical cyclone (tropical storm) (typhoon) (hurricane)
 * Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA)
 * tropical cyclone observation
 * tropical cyclone prediction model
 * tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
 * tropical cyclone scales
 * Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program (TOGA)
 * tropical rain belt
 * Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
 * Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (in Indonesia)
 * (Tropical Research Institute) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) (in Panama)
 * Tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT)
 * tropical wave (African easterly wave)
 * tropopause
 * troposphere
 * Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)
 * tropospheric ozone
 * tsunami
 * Tsunami PTSD Center (Tsunami Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Center)
 * tsunami warning system
 * typical meteorological year

U

 * U.S. state temperature extremes
 * ultraviolet
 * United States temperature extremes
 * urban heat island (UHI)
 * UV index

V

 * vapor pressure
 * virtual temperature
 * vorticity

W

 * waterspout
 * water vapor
 * weather
 * weather forecasting
 * weather front
 * weather lore
 * Weather Modification Operations and Research Board (US)
 * Weather Prediction Center (WPC)
 * weather radar
 * weather satellite
 * wet-bulb potential temperature
 * wet-bulb temperature
 * wind
 * wind chill
 * wind direction
 * wind gradient
 * wind profiler
 * wind shear
 * wind speed
 * windcatcher
 * Windscale fire
 * winter storm
 * Winter Storm Warning
 * Winter Weather Advisory
 * World Asthma Day
 * World Climate Change Conference, Moscow
 * World Climate Conference
 * World Climate Programme
 * World Climate Report
 * World Climate Research Programme
 * World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
 * World Solar Challenge

Z

 * Zonal wavenumber

Fenomen meteorològic de:Portal:Wetter und Klima/Themenliste Glossaire de la météorologie Fenomena meteorologi Weer en klimaat van A tot Z Vêrfenomen

title: Index of meteorology articles


text:
Simon Sheppard

Simon Sheppard may refer to:

 * Simon Sheppard (writer), American writer of gay erotica
 * Simon Sheppard (activist) (born 1957), British far-right activist
 * Simon Sheppard (footballer) (born 1973), former goalkeeper

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simon Sheppard


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kuhlenschmidt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:37, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Kuhlenschmidt
Vanity/commercial/orphan page. MH 08:33, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising.   — J I P | Talk 08:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising. I only get around 300 google hits, suggesting that this is not a highly influential gallery, and since it is not the job of Wikipedia to create note and influence, an article is not warranted at this time. Average Earthman 09:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/ad. --Etacar11 20:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:List of fiction set in Chicago

Comment
Does anyone have an opinion where the role-playing game sourcebook Bug City should go, if in here? It's set within the world of Shadowrun, a future-era semi-fantasy world, however, it's not a novel. It's more like a giant backstory to the premise of what is going on in Chicago at the time.BrianL03 08:34, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Also, I need assistance in creating a re-direct for the Tom Dowd interwiki link. Currently, it is directing it to a different Dowd, and I need it to at least direct to a non-existant "Tom Dowd" page. If anyone can help out there, I'd appreciate it. Tried searching through help and tutorial, but couldn't find articles.BrianL03 08:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Deletion?
Editors may be interested in Articles for deletion/List of television shows set in Connecticut. Kappa 07:05, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

I just would like to add lacks at least one movie. "Batman Begins" was also set in Chicago.

 * Batman Begins was partly filmed in Chicago; it was set in Gotham City.Mhking 21:44, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

I think that Batman Begins should be deleted. It doesn't take place in Chicago. Same with Spider-Man 2; it was filmed in Chicago, but took place elsewhere.--Radaar 23:14, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Roseanne
I deleted the reference to Roasanne being set in a "fictional suburb of Chicago". According to tv.com, episode 20 revealed that the show takes place in Fulton County (approx. 200 mi. from Chicago).

The Blues Brothers
I changed the link for The Blues Brothers to point to The Blues Brothers (film)

Batman Begins
Should be Added the entire movie was flimed in Chicago. And the movie is BASED off Chicago. Chicago's crime rate is much higher and there is much more corruption in the city.

 * No, the LOOK of the fictional city of Gotham was designed with Chicago as a major influence. this does NOT make Gotham=Chicago. This has been mentioned at the pages of your other similar Gotham=Chicago edits, and on your talk page. thank you.ThuranX 06:01, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

It Should still be added...75.3.117.184 15:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

It should only be added if it is set in Chicago, which it isn't, it is set in the fictional town of Gotham City. "Gotham" is of course a nickname for New York City, which was the major influence behind Gotham in the comics (Gotham, pronounced "Goat-um" and meaning "Goat-Home" ("homestead where goats are kept") was of course a town in England famous for the "wise-men"...this is the origin of the name). You could just as easily say that Gotham is New York but it isn't as New York doesn't have the Joker, Penguin and Batman running around. Some parts of those films (Batman Begins and The Dark Knight) were filmed in London and other parts of England (such as Wayne Manor, Arkham and others), does that mean it was partially set in England? No, they were just filming locations. Just as New Zealand was used as the location for The Lord of The Rings film adaptations but we don't say The Lord of The Rings is set in New Zealand. Sigurd Dragon Slayer (talk) 14:17, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The List of video games set in Chicago page is labled as an orphan. As Chicago does not seem to require as many separate fiction lists as Media of New York City, perhaps the video game list should be merged into this page. Wangry 04:27, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Spider-Man 2
I don't remember the film being partially set in Chicago. I think it was entirely set in New York. Was there a scene where characters are in Chicago? Or was Chicago just the filming location? --Gccwang (talk) 05:29, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

A Catskill Eagle
I don't know if this qualifies: Chapters 25 and 26  of Robert Parker's A Catskill Eagle take place in Chicago, with specific mention of streets etc. 37.99.48.133 (talk) 03:44, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

List of fiction set in Chicago
I think it should be organized like New York City’s movie list because of the dates in which the films are categorized and not in alphabetical order. Oliveoil8 (talk) 01:47, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

Mr. Dooley
The bar-tender Mr. Dooley 'lived' in Chicago in the material written by Dunne, according to the featured article in today's Wikipedia.Kdammers (talk) 17:02, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

ToC
This article needs a table of contents with internal links so readers can quickly get to the section they are interested in. 164.47.179.32 (talk) 164.47.179.32 (talk) 18:55, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Big Boy
I recently added "Big Boy," but eh Wikipedia article about the book it is in calls the book a collection of essays. Having just read the piece, I think it is a short story, but .... 164.47.179.32 (talk) 19:09, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

More novels
The edit function is frozen for me, so here are some additional novels for someone to add: Barbara Nickless: At First Light and Dark of Night Kdammers (talk) 16:36, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Stone Kiss
Most of STone Kiss by Faye Kellerman is set in New York, it also has action in Chicago. Should it be added?2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:E0AC:97C5:1895:F483 (talk) 03:11, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of fiction set in Chicago


text:
Simon Sheppard (writer)

Simon Sheppard (1948 – February 12, 2021) was a writer of gay erotica and a sex-advice columnist from San Francisco. He is the author of many books of gay sex writing, including Man on Man: The Best of Simon Sheppard, Sodomy!, Jockboys, Kinkorama: Dispatches From the Front Lines of Perversion, In Deep, and Sex Parties 101. He was also the editor of Homosex: 60 Years of Gay Erotica, winner of the 2007 Lambda Literary Award for LGBT erotica; the anthology Leathermen; and is the coeditor of the anthologies Rough Stuff and Roughed Up.

Sheppard's work is wide-ranging, often combining history, philosophy, and culture — high and low — with hardcore sex. His first book, Hotter Than Hell and Other Stories, won the Erotic Authors Association Award for Best Collection of the Year, and the title story of In Deep was shortlisted for the Rauxa Prize for Erotic Fiction. His work has also appeared in over 300 anthologies and magazines, including many editions of Best Gay Erotica and The Best American Erotica. He wrote the syndicated column "Sex Talk," and the online columns "Perv" and "Notes of a Cranky Old Fag." The online serial "The Dirty Boys' Club," which he wrote for OutPersonals, was published as a novel in 2012.

He also co-curated and co-hosted, with Carol Queen and Lori Selke, the San Francisco performance series Perverts Put Out! founded by publisher Bill Brent. Sheppard was openly gay and kinky, and was active in the queer artistic, political and AIDS-activist communities. With his husband William, he lived for years in San Francisco, where San Francisco magazine dubbed him "our erotica king."

Sheppard died of kidney cancer on February 12, 2021, aged 72 in San Francisco, California.

title: Simon Sheppard (writer)


text:
User talk:RINI SIRAIT

COMMUNICATION CODE  WORDS FOR  LETTERS

A    ALFA B    BRAVO C    CHARLIE

D    DELTA E    ECHO F    FOXTROT

G    GOLF H    HOTEL I    INDIA

J    JULIETT K    KILO L    LIMA

M    MIKE N    NOVEMBER O    OSCAR

P    PAPA Q    QUEBECK R    ROMEO

S    SIERRA T    TANGGO U    UNIFORM

V    VICTOR W    WISKEY X    X-RAY

Y    YANKEE Z    ZULU

title: User talk:RINI SIRAIT


text:
User talk:JamesTheJust

Hi James,

Following you recent edits on Talk:Alexander the Great, can I ask you to reread Wikipedia's policy on No personal attacks. -- Solipsist 08:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JamesTheJust


text:
Talk:Yea

W
Fire yea

Italic 2601:441:8080:5580:59F5:5C80:7324:97E0 (talk) 03:16, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yea


text:
Talk:Tang (drink mix)

History
Is there any more info on why NASA used Tang, for how long, etc? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nick Precision (talk • contribs) 03:43, June 6, 2005

I added all the historical information I know about Tang. Both the quote from the (an) engineer working for NASA and its relation to the GEMINI project. The sources were cited from NASA's spin off website and the History channel. I also sent NASA an email asking about the historical accuracy, and they did not respond yet. They probably think I am a space cadet! Steven Viemeister - rtisbute 02:23, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

methadone?
tang + methadone? got a link? i wish to read that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.170.226.182 (talk • contribs) 11:13, June 29, 2005

containers and packaging
Can anyone comment on the changes in the packaging and containers since its begining? I miss the classic stuff =) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.219.200.234 (talk • contribs) 01:32, September 25, 2005

origin of name
I'd like to know how they chose the name.

Maya —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.210.158.149 (talk • contribs) 17:36, January 29, 2006

perhaps after the fish called a tang - it is very brightly colored

it's tangy

In Chinese, Tang means sugar or sweet/sweets.

Tang as a global brand
Tang is extremely popular in Latin America, Southeast Asia and in other parts of the world. Tang, along with Boca, Oreo, Maxwell House, Milka, Toblerone, Nabisco, Oscar Mayer and Kraft, are being established by Kraft Foods as global brands, even though some of them are global brands alrealdy. Tang is building up in third world countries where juice powder is cheap and it is a major source of certain vitamins and minerals for folk in those countries. Even though Crystal Light leads in the U.S., Tang is number one in the world. - Obin 3391 14:58, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

The Tang monkey
Does anyone remember that Tang monkey in the commercials? I kinda liked him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr. Kool (talk • contribs) 14:54, February 5, 2006

Actually, i just saw the Tang Monkey in the packaging. That's cute! - Obin 3391 14:01, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure it's an orangutan (orangutang), not a monkey. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.97.118 (talk) 19:29, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

On Kraft's "Tang History" page, it says "With an orangutan as it’s “spokescharacter,” Tang is relaunched with a bold new advertising campaign" in 1995. Not sure if this has a place in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.97.118 (talk) 20:22, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

State drink
What is the source of the information about Tang being the state drink of Hawaii? With a quick google search I only found Wikipedia mirrors and sites using Wikipedia as their source. No doubt state legislatures have declared many stranger things, but it seems curious to me that a specific brand name product would be made a state beverage unless it is the particular product of that state. -- Infrogmation 16:33, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems to have been added to the list of state drinks in this edit by an anon whose only other editing was blatant vandalism. Unless some reliable confirmation can be found, I suggest this bit of "trivia" be removed. -- Infrogmation 16:41, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed it pending some sort of confirmation. -- Infrogmation 21:24, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Actually...
Tang was actually developed by the folks at Sunkist, Horton Swisher and Manley Cole to name two. It was originally called Perma-Stable, probably because of its long shelf life - appropriate for fallout shelters, a big concern in the 50s. Sunkist turned around and sold it to General Foods, who marketed under the Tang name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.111.39.2 (talk • contribs) 11:24, September 13, 2006

about new tang
I am regular user of tang Mango flavored it was really very good dring as it was different to taste from any other mango drink.but recently introduced NEW TASTE mango flavore is really very bad so please do make note of this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.150.202.68 (talk • contribs) 04:42, October 9, 2006

That is an opinion. Unless a reputable source -- like a major newspaper -- publishes some sort of fact-checked article about how 90% of Tang's customers say it is very bad, or something of that type, then it remains an opinion. Encyclopedias do not usually have opinions in them. Cheers. 90.178.52.11 (talk) 15:25, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Cultural References
I don't have details to make a proper reference, but I remember Tang being frequently mentioned on The Chris Isaak Show. Does anyone have a satisfactory source to include that in this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilhelm meis (talk • contribs) 14:24, January 9, 2007
 * I am also sure it has been used in The Simpsons, but I cannot for the life of me remember a specific quote/episode.

Methadone and Tang
I changed the methadone and tang section to be about Philadelphia as I found some sources for that (I'm sure Canada and most big cities did the same, and I think still do). The sources were not easily accesisble (university library archives), so I transcribed them and put them on http://folk.ntnu.no/vidarhol/tang.txt if someone wants to write a bit more about it.

Koala man 19:35, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

New Tang
I came here after noticing that Tang now uses artificial sweeteners. The package is very deceptive since it does not state this anywhere except the ingredients section, which must be intentional. I am guessing a lot of people would not buy if they knew up front, and I wonder if many people even look at the ingredients list (all the way down a block of fine print) to see what has changed.

The article mentions the new formula, but something needs to be said about the way it was changed. This is like the "New Coke" fiasco without the marketing promotion. An American icon has been changed and they did it on the sly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.146.118 (talk • contribs) 07:31, May 10, 2007

 * What sort of changes did you have in mind? Feel free to make them (or suggest them here), I'll watch and do any necessary editing after the fact.  I was more concerned when Tang disappeared from the shelves of my grocery store than the addition of artificial sweeteners.  Making mention of the first use (presumably?) of artificial sweeteners in non-sugar free tang makes sense, as long as it is phrased in a neutral point of view. --GargoyleMT 17:27, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Exactly! I bought a containter of Tang recently and then discovered its mediocre flavor due to the artificial sweeteners I was not expecting it to have. Also the article says "a new version of Tang". Do they still make the classic Tang too or is it gone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.97.118 (talk) 19:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

38 Flavors
Can anyone give a citation for that number? It would be good to include a comprehensive list of all present (and perhaps past) Tang flavors. I know of about a dozen in Brazil but can't seem to find a full list anywhere on the internet.Tvindy 03:19, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I, too, would like to see a list of the flavors, and particularly the general regions where they can be found. I have only ever seen Orange Tang; I found several flavors online while hunting for info about the new Sucralose version (sneaky! I hope they take a hint and put up a WARNING label), but the site that purports to locate stores that stock them can't find anything within 25 miles of my zip code (near Everett, Washington).  Do I have to buy them online?  Are they available to people in, say, New York?  I think this would be useful information for this page.  Also it would be a cultural eye-opener to see which flavors are available only outside the U.S., e.g., do they have cactus-flavored drink or hot-peppers-flavored drink or something? Kilyle (talk) 23:07, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Here in Brazil I have seen Tang in the following flavors: pineapple, passionfruit, cashew, strawberry, lime, orange, grape, guava, mango, peach, and tangerine. Also, for a brief period, there were flavor combinations (like mango-pineapple), but I think those have been discontinued. Tvindy (talk)

 * I remember Grape Tang from when I was a kid (early-mid 1970s.) It tasted great but left a weird residue in your mouth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.139.209 (talk) 03:43, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

 * In Florida and Georgia Strawberry/banana and strawberry/black(or blue)berry were on the shelves until recently. They were vastly superior to orange tang. 72.144.2.245 (talk) 16:56, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Two more Brazilian flavors are cajá and graviola. Here is a news article that mentions them: Here are pics of some other flavors:   Tvindy (talk) 17:40, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 14:07, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Availability
The article says that Grape flavour Tang has not been available in the US for some decades, but (happily enough), I found it for sale on Amazon.com! Check it out: http://www.amazon.com/Tang-Drink-Grape-24-Ounce-Canisters/dp/B001FA1KQC. [User talk:JulesVerne|talk]]) 08:34, 24 April 2009 (BST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by JulesVerne (talk • contribs)

 * I've removed the reference from the lead of the article; I'd suggest that it would be better in the History section, with a reference of some sort beyond the Amazon link - Amazon's not a great source. Tony Fox (arf!) 04:20, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Ingredients?
The 'overview' mentions some of the ingredients, but the list is mostly nutritional information. I came to the page hoping to find a description of what the powdery mixture actually contains (it is not sold in this country) maybe someone could add that? Also possibly a brief description of the manafacturing process? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.115.69.192 (talk) 23:55, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

New formulation?
Article may need an update.

Bought a jar of orange Tang this week (Sept 2009, in USA). This jar contains 20 oz which makes 6 quarts. Previous jar contained 12.3 oz which made 8 quarts. New instructions call for using 2 tablespoons (not teaspoons as on previous jar) to make one 8-ounce serving.

The following ingredients were on ingredient list on previous jar, but are not on ingredient list on new jar (taken out of new formula):

Fructose; Orange Juice solids; VITAMIN E ACETATE; NIACINAMIDE; VITAMIN B6; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2); BETA CAROTENE; SUCRALOSE; ACESULFAME; POTASSIUM AND NEOTAME (SWEETENERS)

The following ingredients are on ingredient list on new jar, but were not on ingredient list on old jar (added to new formula):

Sodium acid pyrophosphate; Artificial flavor

TaxAcc0untant (talk) 00:27, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Yeah, this is kind of odd. My understanding of this situation is this: The company made a new, artificially sweetened Tang, and for some reason at the same time completely dumped the old version so that we couldn't find it anywhere for sale. My family dropped Tang like a hot rock. Then, a few months ago, my mom spotted the old giant cannister in a store somewhere, and noted that it did not have artificial sweeteners, but just sugar. So we've been buying it for several months now, one giant thing at a time. It's 4 lbs. 8 ounces of Tang and we go through it in a couple weeks.

Anyawy, I am thrilled to have it available again, because I thought Tang was lost to us forever. We do not drink artificial sweeteners in our house; they taste horrible and we are unsure as to their safety over the long haul. And from looking online, we learned that we weren't the only ones who were ready to riot over the loss of sugar-Tang. But I'm glad it's back; I would like to know specific information about why it went away, why it's back, and whether it's sticking around, if any of that is available. Kilyle (talk) 09:00, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

I was solely drinking Tang until they went back to their old formula. I don't care about the sugar either way, but why should I bother drinking it now that it has lost most of its nutrients? Tang will never get a solid foothold in the US as long as Kraft keeps jerking its customers around. If they provided a tasty vitamin enriched drink to us like they did the rest of the world, they would be great. Everyone I had try the mixed berry tang, that was shortly available, loved it. They could have won back their market with it. 98.77.84.214 (talk) 05:34, 22 November 2009 (UTC) usemasper

Vandalisaton On Revision as of 05:14, 3 May 2016
Since When Did Aldrin Says He Likess Tang? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.125.171 (talk) 22:23, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

Poon tang? Really?
The first sentence in the article seems unnecessary: "Tang is a fruit-flavored drink, and should not be confused with poon-tang." I'd simply change it, but changing things on Wikipedia seems to make you people angry every time. --2602:30A:2EA5:D9A0:21B:63FF:FE16:E923 (talk) 18:02, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Ever tasted poon-tang? Reminds me of canned tuna broth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:CE:C003:F600:954E:E9A9:8797:952C (talk) 05:05, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Nutrition Info
This article needs information on the nutritional value of Tang. Bod (talk) 02:30, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

120 calories
Unit "calorie" has double meaning. I propose to use "kilocalories", "kcal" or "Calories" (capital C). 93.125.107.51 (talk) 20:02, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tang (drink mix)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adele Kupchella

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS; therefore, merging. -- Jonel | Speak 07:57, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Adele Kupchella
I don't believe she is really that notable.. --Hooperbloob 08:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This nomination was not completed (step 3 missing), I have completed this nowRJFJR 18:21, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, maybe she'll run for office someday or something, but right now she's just a cancer-surviving college president's wife, which is great but not very notable. StopTheFiling 18:04, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for same reasons as above. Deus Ex 18:31, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. There's a fact or two worth saving in Charles Kupchella, the article about her husband -- which is the only article that links to this one. -- llywrch 19:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete redirect. Mr Bound 23:03, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Charles Kupchella. JamesBurns 23:35, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:Cheakytrev

How many people beleave that myra hindley is dead, There were no pictures of this evil bitch released to calm disbeleavers and on top of all this we know she is in the republic of Ireland, Its about time the goverment told the truth.

title: User talk:Cheakytrev


text:
Badlands (Badlands album)

Badlands is the debut studio album by the band of the same name. This album features Ray Gillen and Eric Singer, who previously played together in Black Sabbath. This album also features guitarist Jake E. Lee and bassist Greg Chaisson. Singer later played on Chaisson's solo album It's About Time. The album had sold 400,000 copies by 1990, according to Chaisson, in a Hit Parader interview from that year. It was also ranked No. 35 in Rolling Stone's list of 50 Greatest Hair Metal Albums of All Time.

Critical reception
Kirk Blows, reviewer of British music newspaper Music Week, named LP as "accomplished and worthy debut" and praised its diversity. Billboard called this record "a collection of well-crafted tunes that should jump out of the radio and sound great live."

Personnel

 * Badlands
 * Ray Gillen – lead vocals, harmonica
 * Jake E. Lee – guitars, mandolin, sitar, keyboards
 * Greg Chaisson – bass
 * Eric Singer – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Taso Karras – tambourine, maracas
 * Bob Kinkel – keyboards programming

 * Production
 * Paul O'Neill – producer
 * James A. Ball – engineer, mixing
 * Chuck Cavanaugh, Glen Marchese, Joe Henehan, John Mathias, Teddy Trewhella – additional engineering
 * Dave Parla, Deek Venarchick – assistant engineers
 * David Thoener – mixing
 * Jack Skinner – mastering at Europadisk, New York

title: Badlands (Badlands album)


text:
Downtown Core

The Downtown Core is the historical and downtown centre of the city-state of Singapore and the main commercial area in Singapore excluding reclaimed lands with many integrated resorts such as the Marina Bay Sands, one of the most expensive buildings in the world, with a luxurious standalone casino at Bayfront Avenue. There are many skyscrapers in Raffles Place, Tanjong Pagar and Marina Bay CBD with a height limit of 280m. It is one of the eleven planning areas located within the most urbanised Central Area, forming the latter's dense urban core. It is bounded by Rochor to the north, Kallang to the northeast, Marina East and Marina South to the east, Straits View to the southeast, Bukit Merah to the south, as well as Outram, Museum and Singapore River to the west.

As the financial Heart of Singapore, the Downtown Core houses the headquarters and offices of numerous corporations, as well as the Singapore Exchange. The area is also home to many governmental institutions, notably the seat of Parliament and the Supreme Court of Singapore.

Singapore's modern history began in this area, when Stamford Raffles and representatives of the British East India Company landed along the banks of the Singapore River to set up a free port in Southeast Asia. As the old harbour grew along the mouth of the river bank, the city naturally expanded around it, creating what is now the Central Area.

The name "Downtown Core" remains relatively unheard of and the term Central Business District (CBD) is commonly used in conversation instead. However, the area known as the CBD actually comprises a smaller area within the Downtown Core itself, taking up the south-western and western portions of the planning area, consisting largely of many skyscrapers. It is made up of eight subzones, Anson, Cecil, Clifford Pier, Maxwell, Phillip, Raffles Place and Tanjong Pagar and Marina Centre. The core of the CBD has since extended well beyond its boundaries and the term is even often at times used to refer to the Central Area as a whole.

History

As a fledgling colony, the area which is now known as the Downtown Core was the financial, administrative and commercial centre of the colony. In 1823, Singapore was reorganised according to the Raffles Plan of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles, which specified elements like the Commercial Square (now Raffles Place) and the European Town as well as various other commercial and administrative entities located between them. This area later became the Downtown Core.

title: Downtown Core


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Humberside

Humberside was abolished in 1996 both as a county council and a ceremonial county, but the name Humberside continues to be used unofficially in subsequent boundary reviews as presented by the Boundary Commission for England to describe the area covered by the former county for the purpose of the rules which strongly deter cross-council constituencies (spanning more than one local authority within its area). The area covers the four unitary authorities of East Riding of Yorkshire, Kingston upon Hull, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire The constituency boundaries used up to the 2005 United Kingdom general election were drawn up when it was a county. The area is divided into 10 parliamentary constituencies – 4 borough constituencies and 6 county constituencies.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to retain the 10 constituencies covering the former county of Humberside for the 2010 election, making minor changes to realign constituency boundaries with the boundaries of current local government wards.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that Humberside be combined with South Yorkshire as a sub-region of the Yorkshire and the Humber Region, resulting in the creation of a new cross-county boundary constituency named Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme. Five current constituencies would be abolished (Brigg and Goole, Cleethorpes, East Yorkshire, Great Grimsby, and Haltemprice and Howden) and replaced by four new seats wholly within the area (Bridlington and The Wolds, Brigg and Immingham, Goole and Pocklington, and Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes). In addition, as a result of boundary changes, Kingston upon Hull North, and Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle would be renamed Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham, and Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice respectively.

The following constituencies are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from East Riding of Yorkshire

 * Beverley and Holderness
 * Bridlington and The Wolds
 * Goole and Pocklington
 * Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham (part)
 * Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice (part)

Containing electoral wards from Kingston upon Hull

 * Kingston upon Hull East
 * Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham (part)
 * Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice (part)

Containing electoral wards from North East Lincolnshire

 * Brigg and Immingham (part)

 * Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes

Containing electoral wards from North Lincolnshire

 * Brigg and Immingham (part)

 * Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme CC (part also in the South Yorkshire metropolitan borough of Doncaster)
 * Scunthorpe CC

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Humberside in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
Data given here is for the East Riding of Yorkshire before 1983. A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.


text:
Rough Cutt

Rough Cutt is an American glam metal band from Los Angeles that released two studio albums on Warner Bros. Records in the mid-1980s. Rough Cutt never achieved the commercial success enjoyed by many other Los Angeles bands of that time but various members went on to success in other groups, including Jake E. Lee with Ozzy Osbourne, Amir Derakh with Orgy, Paul Shortino with Quiet Riot, and Craig Goldy and Claude Schnell with Dio.

The current lineup of Rough Cutt, which debuted in November 2019 at the Bossanova Ballroom in Portland, Oregon, is drummer Dave Alford, first guitarist Chris Hager, second guitarist Darren Housholder (Shrapnel Records recording artist, Love/Hate, War & Peace), bassist Jeff Buehner (The Loyal Order), and lead vocalist Steven St. James (Motown Records, Kagny & The Dirty Rats).

History
The first Rough Cutt lineup featured vocalist Paul Shortino, drummer Dave Alford, guitarist Jake E. Lee, keyboardist Claude Schnell, and bassist Joey Cristofanilli. Both Lee and Alford had also previously been in another Los Angeles band, Ratt. Both Schnell and Cristofanilli had previously been in the band Magic.

Two other former Ratt members and bandmates in Sarge, guitarist Chris Hager and bassist Matt Thorne a.k.a. Matt Thorr (who replaced Cristofanilli) would also soon join Rough Cutt. After his departure, Cristofanilli temporarily joined Ratt himself, later joining forces with members of the band Sin who went on to release the album Made In Heaven under the name Jag Wire in 1985.

Lee left Rough Cutt in 1982, auditioned for, and was hired briefly by the band Dio, and then replaced the deceased Randy Rhoads as Ozzy Osbourne's guitarist. Lee in turn was replaced by Craig Goldy, formerly of the San Diego band Vengeance. Ronnie James Dio greatly influenced the development of the band. Dio's wife Wendy Dio was the group's manager, and Dio himself helped write one of the band's songs. Rough Cutt contributed two tracks, "A Little Kindness" and "Used & Abused", both produced by Dio and featuring Jake E Lee on guitar, to the compilation album L.A's Hottest Unsigned Bands, issued in 1983. Another Dio-produced track, "Try A Little Harder", with Goldy on guitar featured on the KLOS 95 1/2: Rock to Riches compilation, along with another Wendy Dio project NuHaven, released later on in 1983. Goldy soon left the band, and went on to play in Giuffria, and later in Dio's band. Goldy was replaced by Amir Derakh, another San Diego band alumnus.

With the lineup solidified with Shortino, Alford, Derakh, Hager, and Thorne, Rough Cutt was signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1984. The band gained national exposure when they appeared on the 'Rock Palace' TV show performing the songs "Crank It Up", "Dreamin' Again", "Street Gang Livin'", and "Try A Little Harder." Hosted by comedian Howie Mandel, the recording took place on January 1, 1984, at the Hollywood Palace, now the Avalon Hollywood. Rough Cutt also made their way to Europe showcasing at London's famed Marquee Club on April 13, 1984, and playing a badly promoted show at the Fabrik in Hamburg, Germany, both well in advance of recording their first studio album.

After waiting around for a year to work with producer Ted Templeman, who had signed the band to Warner Bros. but was busy with David Lee Roth, Eric Clapton and Aerosmith at the time, Rough Cutt decided to record their debut album, Rough Cutt (1985), with Tom Allom instead. The band toured extensively in the United States as an opening act supporting Krokus on their The Blitz tour, alongside Accept, followed by an extensive trek with Dio on their Sacred Heart tour, which lasted from August through December 1985. Rough Cutt were also part of the Super Rock '85 festival bill on August 10, 1985, at Odaiba-Undohiroba in Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan, sharing the stage with headliners Dio, Foreigner, Mama's Boys, Sting, and Japanese act, Earthshaker. The show was commemorated with a VHS release titled Super Rock In Japan '85; Rough Cutt was featured with four songs from their debut album, "Black Widow", "Take Her", "Dreamin' Again", and "Piece of My Heart."

Veteran producer Jack Douglas of Aerosmith fame guided the band's follow-up effort Wants You! (1986). Rough Cutt joined Dio on the last date of their Sacred Heart tour at the R.C. Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico on October 10, 1986, and once again made their way to Japan. While in Japan, Shortino made the decision to leave the band due to internal differences about what direction their music should take, Rough Cutt's manager Wendy Dio introduced Shortino to Quiet Riot and engineered a deal for him to step in as their new lead singer in place of Kevin DuBrow who had been fired. Shortino was briefly replaced by Parramore McCarty of Warrior before Rough Cutt called it quits. Derakh, Thorne and Alford re-grouped with singer Danny Simon and guitarist Michael Raphael to form Jailhouse, releasing a live EP, Alive in a Mad World, in 1989; while Hager would team up with Jeff Warner of Black 'N Blue in Woop & the Count. Thorne was also briefly a member of L.A. Rocks, renamed Eyes once vocalist James Christian entered the fray, while Derakh found major success with self-proclaimed death pop band Orgy in the late 1990s.

In 1996, DeRock Records released Rough Cutt Live which contained three new studio cuts, "House of Pain", "Prowler", and "Peyote", as bonus tracks. The same label would also issue a full-length studio album by Rough Cutt offshoot Jailhouse in 1998, with all five songs from the 1989 Alive in a Mad World EP added as bonus tracks.

Shortino reformed Rough Cutt in 2000 with an all-new lineup that included former Aerosmith guitarist Jimmy Crespo, keyboardist James 'J.T.' Garrett, Shortino's former Quiet Riot bandmate bassist Sean McNabb, and Magnitude 9 drummer John Homan. The band announced the release of an EP, titled Sneak Peek, in 2000 but it was canceled and expanded into a full-length-album instead. Sacred Place was released in 2002 under the name Paul Shortino's The Cutt on Shortino's own MusicWorks Entertainment label and featured additional contributions by guitarists Brad Gillis, Carlos Cavazo, Howard Leese, and Dave Whiston as well as bassists Chuck Wright and Jason Boyleston.

The classic Warner Bros. era lineup of Rough Cutt reformed for a one-off reunion show in October 2002 at the Viper Room in Hollywood with Shortino, Alford, Derakh, Hager, and Thorne performing together once again.

In late 2005, Wounded Bird Records re-issued both Rough Cutt Warner Bros. studio albums as a two-for-one single disc, Rough Cutt/Rough Cutt Wants You. British label Rock Candy re-issued remastered versions of both albums in 2016, complete with 16-page full color booklets, 3500 word essays about the making of the album with new band member interviews, and enhanced artwork.

In 2008, Deadline Records issued the double disc Anthology consisting of pre- and post-Warner Bros. era demos and a live set recorded in Syracuse, New York in 1985. In October 2019, 10 songs from the Fiddler's Studio Sessions portion of the Anthology were released as The Fiddler Sessions '84 on limited edition red vinyl, with only 300 copies made.

In 2016, the classic lineup of Shortino, Alford, Derakh, Hager, and Thorne reunited again. They played on the Monsters of Rock cruise in 2018.

2019 saw Shortino singing and playing lead guitar for Carlos Cavazo's Rough Riot and Alford and Hager began auditioning to complete the Rough Cutt lineup. During this time they signed on with David Adkins and Integrity Music Management. After hiring vocalist Steven St. James, whom Hager had previously played with in Sarge in his pre-Rough Cutt days, the band added Buehner and then Housholder. After three rehearsals, the new Rough Cutt played its first live show as a band opening for L.A. Guns featuring Tracii Guns and Phil Lewis in Portland, Oregon at the Bossanova Ballroom on Black Friday, November 29, 2019. Rough Cutt closed its 10-song set by playing "You Wanna Be A Star," a song written by Hager, St. James, and Alford. According to Alford in an interview after the performance, the song aired on an episode of the 1980s television series Fame, and has not been played live by Rough Cutt since the 1980s when arena audiences of the time failed to appreciate it.

Rough Cutt is currently writing and recording new music and is in negotiations with an unnamed record label.

Former Rough Cutt bassist Matt Thorne most recently played rhythm guitar with the band Platinum Overdose whose debut album, Murder In High Heels, was released on the Demon Doll label in August 2019.

Mk. 1 (1982–1983)

 * Paul Shortino: lead vocals
 * Jake E. Lee: guitar
 * Claude Schnell: keyboards
 * Joey Cristofanilli: bass
 * Dave Alford: drums, backing vocals

Mk. 2 (1983–1984)

 * Paul Shortino: lead vocals
 * Craig Goldy: guitar
 * Chris Hager: guitar
 * Matt Thorr: bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Alford: drums, backing vocals

Mk. 3 (1984–1987) (2016–2019)

 * Paul Shortino: lead vocals
 * Amir Derakh: guitar, synthesizers
 * Chris Hager: guitar
 * Matt Thorr: bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Alford: drums, backing vocals

Mk. 4 (1987)

 * Parramore McCarty: Lead vocals
 * Amir Derakh: Guitar
 * Chris Hager: Guitar
 * Matt Thorr: Bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Alford: drums, backing vocals

Mk. 5 (2019)

 * Dave Alford: drums
 * Chris Hager: guitar
 * Steven St. James: lead vocals
 * Jeff Buehner: bass
 * Darren Housholder: guitar

Mk. 6 (2021)

 * Paul Shortino: lead vocals
 * Amir Derakh: guitar, synthesizers
 * Matt Thorne: bass
 * Carlos Cavazo: guest guitar solos on three tracks

Studio albums

 * Rough Cutt (1985)
 * Wants You! (1986)
 * Rough Cutt 3 (2021)

Live albums

 * Rough Cutt Live (1996)

Compilation albums

 * Anthology (2008)
 * The Fiddler Sessions '84 (2019)

Guest appearances

 * "A Little Kindness", "Used & Abused" (from the compilation album, LA's Hottest Unsigned Rock Bands) (1983)
 * "Try a Little Harder" (from the compilation album, KLOS 95 1/2: Rock to Riches) (1983)
 * Super Rock '85 in Japan VHS (1985)

title: Rough Cutt


text:
Talk:Solar Tower Buronga

The article World's_tallest_structures says the Solar Tower Buronga is in NSW. The present article says construction will start in Mildura.

Mildura is in Victoria, albeit right on the border with NSW. Buronga is in NSW.

There is clearly something wrong here.

 * The EnviroMission website says Buronga in Wentworth Shire. Early proposals were to build it near Cullulleraine in Victoria, I think. Hence the confusion. --ScottDavis 15:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Worlds first
The Solar One plant referred to in Heliostat works on a totally different principal - the solar panels concentrate the sunlight on a collector which heats water to generate power. The Buronga plant, if built, will use hot air to turn the turbines mounted in the tower. --Dagdaireland 11 August 2005

See Heliostat which has a discussion about another solar power plant that also claims to be the first and one that has been in operation for many years. Vegaswikian 23:42, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Merge Proposal

 * I  oppose accept merging Solar Tower and Solar Tower Buronga. The former is about the general technology and design, the latter is about a single proposed construction. The merge would be like merging Suspension bridge with Golden Gate Bridge, for example. However, the Development section of Solar Tower could perhaps be merged or moved into this article. --Scott Davis Talk 11:15, 29 January 2006 (UTC). Conversations below have convinced me. --Scott Davis Talk 00:22, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * These two pages are both about the very same structure; it like having two articles, one about Golden Gate Bridge and another one about Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco). There is already a third article about solar chimneys in which the generic concept is discussed. JDH 14:08, 29 January 2006
 * No - continuing the analogy, solar chimney is more like bridge. The analogy does not work perfectly, as there are lots of suspension bridges already built, but no solar chimneys yet, other than one prototype. I believe all three articles should exist, but that the info in them could be better distributed. --Scott Davis Talk 14:39, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * And why do you think it is necessary to have *two* articles about *one* single structure that EnviroMission wants to build somewhere in the outback of Australia but that hasn't even been built yet? If there were *two* of those, then perhaps it would be appropriate to have *two* articles, but not now.

 * Support the merge. Solar Tower is a registered name (cf solar tower), and Solar Tower Buronga a proposal to use the technology it describes. Considering the speculative nature of the whole thing, it's generous to have an article on this organisation at all IMO, rather than just merging it all to solar chimney. But merge these two, and then it may be worth trying to remove the promotional material from the results. See also energy towers and solar power tower. Andrewa 20:00, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Support for the same reasons as Andrewa. I think the name of the merged article should be Solar Tower Buronga to avoid confusion with the solar tower article. I'll add a directional merge tag, if someone disagrees, please feel free to change it and don't let it stop you from otherwise supporting the merge. -- Kjkolb 10:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Celcius 08:20, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

5 articles? That sounds wrong...
 * Solar chimney - Passive solar energy for local ventilation
 * Solar Tower - The concept of solar towers (advanced chimneys)
 * Solar Tower Buronga - A specific solar tower
 * Energy towers - Watercooled air drives turbines
 * Solar power tower - wtf?

Here's my suggestion. Delete Solar power tower - it's basically a disambiguation page with a horrible name. Energy towers is a theoretical project and does IMHO not need a separate article - it can easily be a paragraph in Solar Tower along with Solar Tower Buronga. Make Energy towers a disambiguation page for the whole thing and keep Solar chimney as it is a separate concept altogether. Celcius 08:20, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that solar power tower should be deleted. I think that it should be made into an article about the first entry. It's the best name people have come up with for the heliostats pointed at a large central receiver design (Solar One, Solar Two, Solar Tres and Sandia's plant). I agree, solar chimney should stay as it is. Solar Tower and Solar Tower Buronga should be merged. Energy Tower should be deleted unless proof of its notability can be given, a merge, as you suggested, might be acceptable. After the merge(s), a disambiguation page for solar power tower (after it is made into an article), solar tower and Solar Tower Buronga might be good idea. -- Kjkolb 08:42, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok - I missed the Solar One article... that would make you right. I just looked it over again and Solar Tower already contains most of both Energy towers and Solar Tower Buronga - so it's pretty much just a matter of deleting them. That leaves us with Solar chimney, Solar Tower and Solar power tower with Solar One to be merged into Solar power tower in due time. We badly need a disambiguation page - Solar tower (lowercase "t") - confuses the matter even more. Does anyone disagree? :) Celcius 09:59, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Why delete? Why not just redirect? Or is that what you mean? Andrewa 16:38, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes - redirect. Gardar Rurak 04:31, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok - I believe this has been up for discussion long enough and there seems to be consensus so I'm going ahead with the mergers. I'm creating a dismabig page as well. Feel free to poke me if something goes awry :) Gardar Rurak 19:30, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solar Tower Buronga


text:
SIGCSE

SIGCSE is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Computer Science Education (CSE), which provides a forum for educators to discuss issues related to the development, implementation, and/or evaluation of computing programs, curricula, and courses, as well as syllabi, laboratories, and other elements of teaching and pedagogy. SIGCSE is also the colloquial name for the SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, which is the largest of the four conferences organized by SIGCSE.

The main focus of SIGCSE is higher education, and discussions include improving computer science education at high school level and below. The membership level has held steady at around 3300 members for several years. the chair of SIGCSE is Alison Clear for July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2025.

Conferences
SIGCSE has four large annual conferences:

 * 1) The SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education is held in North America with an average annual attendance of approximately 1600 in recent years. The most recent conference was held March 15 through March 19, 2023 in Toronto, Canada.
 * 2) The annual conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE). The next ITiCSE will be held July 8 - July 10, hosted by the University of Università degli Studi di Milano in Milan, Italy. This conference is attended by about 200-300 and is mainly held in Europe, but has also been held in countries outside of Europe ((Israel - 2012), and (Peru - 2016)).
 * 3) The International Computing Education Research (ICER) conference. This conference has about 70 attendees and is held in the United States every other year. On the alternate years it rotates between Europe and Australasia. The 2023 conference was held in Chicago, Illinois. The 2024 conference will be held in Melbourne, Australia.
 * 4) The ACM Global Computing Education (CompEd) conference. This conference will be held at locations outside of the typical North American and European locations. The first conference was held in Chengdu, China between the 17th and 19 May 2019. The second was held in Hyderabad, India, from December 7 to December 9, 2023. The third is planned to be held in Botswana in 2025. It is planned for CompEd to be held every other year.

Newsletter/Bulletin
The SIGCSE Bulletin is an newsletter published once a quarter, started in 1969. Today, it is published electronically.

Awards
SIGCSE has two main awards that are given out annually.

 * 1)  The Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education is given annually since 1981.
 * 2) The SIGCSE Lifetime Service to Computer Science Education has been awarded annually since 1997.

SIGCSE Board
The current SIGCSE Board for July 1, 2022 – June 30, 2025 is:

 * Alison Clear, Chair
 * Brett A. Becker, Vice-Chair
 * Jill Denner, Treasurer
 * Dan Garcia, Secretary
 * Rodrigo Duran, at-large member
 * Yolanda A. Rankin, at-large member
 * Judy Sheard, at-large member
 * Adrienne Decker, past chair

SIGCSE Chairs over the years:

 * Adrienne Decker, 2019-2022
 * Amber Settle, 2016–19
 * Susan H. Rodger, 2013–16
 * Renee McCauley, 2010-2013
 * Barbara Boucher Owens, 2007–10
 * Henry Walker, 2001-2007
 * Bruce Klein, 1997-01
 * , 1993–97
 * Nell B. Dale, 1991–93

title: SIGCSE


text:
Twinkle (singer)

Lynn Annette Ripley (15 July 1948 – 21 May 2015), better known by the stage name Twinkle, was an English singer-songwriter. She had chart success in the 1960s with her songs "Terry" and "Golden Lights".

Early life
Born in Surbiton, Surrey, into a well-to-do family, Ripley was known to her family as Twinkle. She attended Queen's Gate School with Camilla Shand, later Queen Consort of the United Kingdom, and was the aunt of actress Fay Ripley.

Career
Twinkle owed her rapid entry into the recording studio at the age of 16 to her then-boyfriend Dec Cluskey, of the popular vocal group The Bachelors, who was introduced to her by her sister, music journalist Dawn James, and who passed on to his manager a demo that Twinkle's father played to him. Her song Terry was a teenage tragedy song about the death of a boyfriend in a motorcycle crash. Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page and Bobby Graham were among the session musicians who played on the recording, which conjured up a dark mood with its doleful backing vocals, spooky organ, 12-string guitar and slow, emphatic rhythm arranged by Phil Coulter. The theme was of a common type for the era: it bore some similarities to the Shangri-Las' slightly earlier "Leader of the Pack" (1964), but the record caused a furore, accusations of bad taste leading to a ban from the BBC.

The follow-up, Golden Lights, was also written by Twinkle, with a B-side again by producer Tommy Scott. By then Cluskey was her ex-boyfriend: Twinkle dated Peter Noone in 1965. The lyric expresses disillusionment with the pop business: her EP track "A Lonely Singing Doll", the English-language version of France Gall's 1965 winning Eurovision Song Contest song for Luxembourg, "Poupée de cire, poupée de son", originally written by Serge Gainsbourg, returned to a theme similar to "Golden Lights". "Johnny" continued to explore dangerous territory, this time that of a childhood friend who becomes a criminal, but it seems the pressure to produce "another Terry" led her producers to pass over her own material, for "Tommy", a song written for Reparata and the Delrons and "The End of the World" a tune composed for Skeeter Davis. Twinkle made few live appearances but performed Terry at the annual New Musical Express hit concerts. After recording six singles for Decca Records she "retired" at the age of eighteen in 1966.

In 1969 she recorded a self-written single, the Tamla Motown-styled "Micky", backed by "Darby and Joan", both produced by Mike d'Abo for the Instant label. The single vanished, unpublicised. In the ensuing years, unsigned and working in music for advertising, she recorded a suite of songs inspired by her relationship with "Micky", the actor/model Michael Hannah, who was killed in an air-crash in 1974. These remained unreleased until they were included on CD compilations. Her later recordings appeared under the name Twinkle Ripley. She recorded a 1975 single, "Smoochie" with her father, Sidney Ripley as "Bill & Coo".

In the 1980s "Golden Lights" was covered by The Smiths and appeared on their compilation albums The World Won't Listen and Louder Than Bombs while in 1983 Cindy & The Saffrons covered "Terry". "Terry" was also covered by Mandy Smith in 1987, but her highly publicised version was pulled from release after negative feedback. It was later issued on a special edition of her album, Mandy.

Photographic publicity portraits of Twinkle taken in the mid-1960s are exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery.

Personal life
In 1972, she married actor-model Graham Rogers, who starred in Milk Tray chocolate adverts. They had two children, Michael and Amber.

Death
On 21 May 2015, Twinkle died at 66 on the Isle of Wight, after a five-year battle with cancer.

Singles

 * for Decca Records
 * "Terry" (Twinkle) b/w "The Boy of My Dreams" (Tommy Scott) (1964) UK No. 4
 * "Golden Lights" (Twinkle) b/w "Ain't Nobody Home but Me" (Tommy Scott) (1965) UK No. 21
 * "Tommy" (Chip Taylor,Ted Daryll) b/w "So Sad" (Tommy Scott) (1965)
 * "Poor Old Johnny" (Twinkle) b/w "I Need Your Hand in Mine" (Tommy Scott) (1965)
 * "The End of the World" (Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee) b/w "Take Me to the Dance" (Tommy Scott) (1965)
 * "What Am I Doing Here with You?" (P. F. Sloan, Steve Barri) b/w "Now I Have You" (Tommy Scott) (1966)

 * for Instant Records
 * "Micky" (Twinkle) b/w "Darby and Joan" (Twinkle) (1969)

 * for Bradleys Records, as Twinkle Ripley
 * "Days" (Twinkle Ripley) b/w "Caroline" (Twinkle Ripley) (1974)

 * for Bradleys Records, as duo Bill & Coo
 * "Smoochie" (Jim Jim) b/w "I Always Love You" (Jim Jim) (1975)

 * for EMI Records, as Twinkle
 * "I'm a Believer" (Neil Diamond) b/w "For Sale" (Twinkle Ripley and Simon Darlow) (1982)

EP

 * Lonely Singing Doll (Decca, DFE 8621, May 1965) "A Lonely Singing Doll" (Serge Gainsbourg, Tommy Scott, Bill Martin), "Unhappy Boy" (Twinkle), "Ain't Nobody Home But Me" (Tommy Scott) and "Golden Lights" (Twinkle)

Compilations

 * Golden Lights (1993)
 * Golden Lights:Special Edition (2001)
 * Michael Hannah: The Lost Years (2003)
 * Girl in a Million: The Complete Recordings (2019)

title: Twinkle (singer)


text:
Pavitra (disciple)

Pavitra (January 16, 1894 – May 16, 1969) (from the Sanskrit word for "pure") was one of the very early disciples of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. The name was one of Srimati Radharani's 1000 names.

Early life
He was born Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. In 1914, he graduated from the Ècole Polytechnique with a degree in Engineering. He served in the army in World War I as an artillery officer, and after the war worked as a junior engineer in Paris, at the Ministry of transport and communication.

Quest
He was interested in occultism, and in 1920 departed for Japan to study Zen Buddhism. In 1924, he left Japan and spend time with tantric lamas in monasteries in North China and Mongolia.

In 1925 Saint-Hilaire came to India and met Sri Aurobindo and The Mother in Pondicherry, where he was accepted as a sadhak, and Sri Aurobindo gave him the name Pavitra meaning "Pure". In 1951 The Mother appointed him director of the newly founded Sri Aurobindo International University Centre. He served in this position for 18 years, as well as being general secretary of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, until his death in 1969.

Death
The Mother reports in Agenda of May 1969 that Pavitra left his body in a yogic way and merged with her.

According to Satprem (see note to "On Pavitra and Pavitra's Death"), Pavitra left memoirs of his conversations with Sri Aurobindo and Mother in 1925 and 1926, large parts of which were destroyed (almost a third of Pavitra's notebooks) by his closest collaborator, with the pretext that it would be "better left unsaid". What was left was published as Conversations avec Pavitra.

Partial bibliography

 * L'évolution future de l'Humanité a compilation of texts by Sri Aurobindo (1962)
 * The Message of Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, (1954)
 * Conversations avec Pavitra. Paris: "Fayard". Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. Pondicherry, 1972

title: Pavitra (disciple)


text:
Henry Young (disambiguation)

Henry Young (1803–1870) was a Governor of South Australia and of Tasmania.

Henry Young may also refer to:

 * Henry Melvin Young, British World War II squadron leader
 * Henry Esson Young (1862–1939), physician and politician in British Columbia, Canada
 * Henry G. Young (1891-1956), American lawyer and politician
 * Henry Young (footballer) (1873–1923), Australian rules footballer for Geelong
 * Henry Young (major) (1841–1866), Union spy commander during the American Civil War
 * Henry Young (deputy governor), deputy governor of Bombay, 1668–1669

title: Henry Young (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/IB Biology/archive1

IB Biology
I would greatly appreciate any form of comments, critique, or review. Also, I need help in completing this project. Any artists with (or without) knowledge of biology that would be willing to help me draw some of these diagrams? Thanks alot! Akapsycho 09:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the page has been transwiki'd, the note instead looks more like a candidate for a speedy delete. Sorry. Isn't there a review area for wikibooks? — RJH 20:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would think there is somewhere but I'm not exactly sure. Alot of people were complaining that it should be in the books section so I moved it. Akapsycho 05:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You could try posting to the Village Pump and also check out the Wikibooks community portal. Other than that, perhaps there are some forums around the internet where you could try recruiting some help? Perhaps some mailing lists? Dunno. — RJH 16:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Kevin Pope

Kevin Pope may refer to:

 * Kevin Pope (cartoonist) (born 1958), whose work has appeared in MAD Magazine
 * Kevin O. Pope, former NASA archaeologist and founder of Geo Eco Arch Research

title: Kevin Pope


text:
Desprez Opening

The Despréz Opening, also called the Kadas Opening is a chess opening characterised by the opening move:
 * 1.h4

The opening is named after the French player Marcel Despréz. Like a number of other rare openings, 1.h4 has some alternate names such as Anti-Borg Opening, Samurai Opening and Harry's Opening.

As the Despréz Opening is very rare, it is considered an irregular opening and is classified under the A00 code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

Assessment
Like 1.a4, the Ware Opening, 1.h4 does nothing in the fight over and does very little in the way of. The only piece released is the rook, which is usually not developed to h3. In addition, 1.h4 weakens White's. For these reasons, 1.h4 is among the rarest of the twenty possible first moves for White.

Black usually responds by grabbing the center with 1...d5 or 1...e5. A simple and sound development by 1...Nf6 is also possible. The response 1...g6, intending to fianchetto the Black's bishop on g7, is rare, because White can undermine Black's pawn structure with 2.h5, making 1.h4 seem logical.

Grandmaster David Bronstein once remarked that he knew of a Russian player who always opened with 1.h4 and always won. His point was that after 1...e5 2.g3 d5 3.d4 exd4 4.Qxd4 Nc6 5.Qd1 Nf6 6.Nh3! Be7 7.Nf4 0-0 8.Bg2, the f4-knight is well placed, leaving White with a good position. However, Black does not have to be so cooperative.

title: Desprez Opening


text:
User talk:KKvistad

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 09:08, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:KKvistad


text:
Jimmy Bain

James Stewart Bain (19 December 1947 – 23 January 2016) was a Scottish musician, best known for playing bass guitar in the bands Rainbow and Dio. He also worked with Kate Bush and Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott, co-writing on his solo albums.

Early life
Bain was born in Newtonmore, Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, and played in several provincial amateur bands as a young teen. His parents and younger brothers relocated to Vancouver. By this point, he was playing professionally in Street Noise. However, he did join his family for a brief stay in Canada. Before returning to Scotland, getting his band Harlot and then hitting the London music scene, Bain joined Harlot in early 1974, after turning down a job with The Babys.

Early career
Bain was asked to join Rainbow after Ritchie Blackmore had watched him performing at The Marquee in London. He recorded the studio album Rising with them and played on their following world tour. While on the tour, he played on Rainbow's first live album, On Stage. In January 1977, Bain was sacked from the band. He then toured Europe with John Cale.

Wild Horses
In 1978, Bain formed a band called Wild Horses. Jimmy was the lead vocalist, songwriter, as well as bassist for the band, which also included ex-Thin Lizzy guitarist Brian Robertson, drummer Clive Edwards (Pat Travers, Uli Jon Roth's Electric Sun) and guitarist Neil Carter (who went on to UFO and Gary Moore). Wild Horses released two albums on EMI in Europe, Wild Horses (1980) and Stand Your Ground (1981), the latter featuring John Lockton (ex-The Next Band) in place of Carter, before Robertson and Edwards both left in June 1981. Robertson joined Motörhead the following year while Edwards joined former Whitesnake guitarist Bernie Marsden's S.O.S.

Bain regrouped Wild Horses as a five-piece with ex-Lautrec members Reuben Archer (vocals) and Laurence Archer (guitar), and The Next Band's Frank Noon (drums), but they disbanded shortly after. Jimmy then worked with the former Family main-man Roger Chapman, Roy Harper, Gary Moore, and Kate Bush (on 1982's The Dreaming).

Bain co-wrote with his close friend Phil Lynott for the Lizzy man's two solo albums. A keyboard player as well as a bassist, he toured the material playing keyboards with Lynott's band. Their song, "Old Town" was re-recorded by The Corrs in 1999, and became a big hit worldwide.

He was secretly brought in by the German hard rockers Scorpions to play bass guitar on their 1984 album Love at First Sting. The leader of the band, rhythm guitarist Rudolf Schenker, wanted him to join the Scorpions as full-time bassist, but their management wanted to keep the line-up German, so Francis Buchholz was brought back and Bain's bass tracks were said to be deleted.

Dio
In late 1982, Bain linked up again with ex-Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio for the band Dio. A central figure within Dio, Bain co-wrote "Rainbow in the Dark", "Holy Diver" and two additional songs which appear on their 1983 released first album, Holy Diver. Bain co-wrote several other songs for the following albums, The Last in Line (1984), Sacred Heart (1985), Intermission (1986), Dream Evil (1987) and Killing the Dragon (2002).

In the mid-1980s, when the entertainment community became active in drawing attention to world charities, Bain founded Hear 'n Aid, a foundation in which he could involve the rock community to help eliminate world hunger. He also co-wrote the song, "Stars," with Vivian Campbell and Ronnie James Dio, which became the Heavy Rock world's answer to "We Are The World". "Stars" provided a major contribution to the famine relief charity appeal. Bain donated all of his shares of the proceeds to one of his favourite charities, Children of the Night.

In autumn 1989, Bain formed a band with vocalist Mandy Lion called World War III, but after their 1990 eponymous debut album, the band floundered. Bain's solo project The Key utilised a far more melodic and commercial approach. Guitarist on the project was Tracy G, borrowed from Dio's band, who was also the guitarist for World War III. Ronnie James Dio's concept project Magica (2000) saw Bain's return to the Dio lineup, and he played on the albums Magica and Killing the Dragon.

In 2005, Bain again joined forces with former Black Sabbath and Dio drummer, Vinny Appice, for two projects, The Hollywood All Starz and 3 Legged Dogg. While the Hollywood All Starz performed live concerts featuring greatest hits sets of the individual members, (Carlos Cavazo of Quiet Riot was another notable member of the band), 3 Legged Dogg produced a well received album of original material. In an interview with journalist, David Lee Wilson, Bain lamented Appice's eventual choice to leave both these groups so that he could tour with Ronnie James Dio in the Black Sabbath offshoot, Heaven and Hell.

Later career
Bain toured with Hollywood Allstarz, a supergroup featuring a number of 1980s metal stars. The group has included former members of Giuffria, Quiet Riot, and Lynch Mob. The band Last in Line was put together in 2013 comprising Bain, Viv Campbell, Vinny Appice, Claude Schnell and Andrew Freeman. That line-up (excluding singer Freeman) were the original songwriters and performers on the early classic Dio albums, and so intended to play gigs and to perform those songs. Bain was in court-mandated rehabilitation during the recording sessions for their album Heavy Crown with a curfew that ordered that he return daily before 10 p.m.

Personal life
In 1979, Bain married Lady Sophia Crichton-Stuart, daughter of John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute. They had one daughter, Samantha Ella Bain, born in 1981 (for whom Phil Lynott and John Sykes' song "Samantha" was written).

Death
On 23 January 2016, Jimmy Bain died while in his cabin on Def Leppard's "Hysteria on the High Seas" cruise. He was due to perform on the cruise with his group Last In Line the following day. The performance did not go ahead, and band members informed fans on the cruise that he had been battling pneumonia for some time. The cause of death was determined to be lung cancer. Bain had not been diagnosed with cancer and was aware only of his pneumonia. He is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), not far from his bandmate Ronnie James Dio.

With Rainbow

 * Rising (1976)
 * On Stage (1977)
 * Live in Germany (1990, recorded September 1976)

With Mike Montgomery

 * Solo (1976)

With David Kubinec

 * Some Things Never Change (1978)

With Thin Lizzy

 * Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979)

With Phil Lynott

 * Solo in Soho (1980)
 * The Philip Lynott Album (1982)

With Kate Bush

 * The Dreaming (1982)

With Wild Horses

 * Wild Horses (1980)
 * Stand Your Ground (1981)

With Gary Moore

 * Dirty Fingers (1983)

With Dio

 * Holy Diver (1983)
 * The Last in Line (1984)
 * Sacred Heart (1985)
 * Intermission (1986)
 * Dream Evil (1987)
 * Magica (2000)
 * Killing the Dragon (2002)

With World War III

 * World War III (1991)

With 3 Legged Dogg

 * Frozen Summer (2006)

With Last in Line

 * Heavy Crown (2016)

title: Jimmy Bain


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title: User talk:66.52.52.227


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Cross (crown)

A cross is the decoration located at the highest level of a crown on top of the monde. Its usage traditionally symbolised the Christian nature of the monarchy of that country, though not all crowns even in monarchies associated with Christianity used a cross as its top decoration, with some French crowns using other national symbols.

While many early crowns were uncovered circlets (and some European crowns continue to have this form (see e.g. the Danish crown), from the late Middle Ages onward it became traditional to enclose the crown in a head-covering or cap, in part due to the drafty nature of the cathedrals, castles, palaces and halls where crowns were worn. To hide the cap, a series of decorative features were added; the half-arches, meeting at the monde, with the Christian nature of the crown symbolised by the use of 4 crosses pattee and the crown on top of the monde. However, not all such crowns have mondes; those of Bohemia and Hungary have crosses directly on top of them.

A decorative cross is particularly associated with the British Crown Jewels and with Papal Tiaras.

title: Cross (crown)