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Eliza Acton

Eliza Acton (17 April 1799 – 13 February 1859) was an English food writer and poet who produced one of Britain's first cookery books aimed at the domestic reader, Modern Cookery for Private Families. The book introduced the now-universal practice of listing ingredients and giving suggested cooking times for each recipe. It included the first recipes in English for Brussels sprouts and for spaghetti. It also contains the first recipe for what Acton called "Christmas pudding"; the dish was normally called plum pudding, recipes for which had appeared previously, although Acton was the first to put the name and recipe together.

Acton was born in 1799 in Sussex. She was raised in Suffolk where she ran a girls' boarding school before spending time in France. On her return to England in 1826 she published a collection of poetry and released her cookery book in 1845, aimed at middle class families. Written in an engaging prose, the book was well received by reviewers. It was reprinted within the year and several editions followed until 1918, when Longman, the book's publisher, took the decision not to reprint. In 1857 Acton published The English Bread-Book for Domestic Use, a more academic and studious work than Modern Cookery. The work consisted of a history of bread-making in England, a study of European methods of baking and numerous recipes.

In the later years of its publication, Modern Cookery was eclipsed by the success of Isabella Beeton's bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861), which included several recipes plagiarised from Acton's work. Although Modern Cookery was not reprinted in full until 1994, the book has been admired by English cooks in the second part of the 20th century, and influenced many of them, including Elizabeth David, Jane Grigson, Delia Smith and Rick Stein.

Early life
Eliza Acton was born on 17 April 1799 in Battle, Sussex, and was baptised at her local parish church on 5 June. She was the eldest of six sisters and three brothers born to John Acton, a brewer, and his wife Elizabeth,  Mercer. By 1800 the family had moved to Ipswich, Suffolk, where they lived in a house adjoining the St. Peter's Brewery, where John took employment running Trotman, Halliday & Studd, the company that owned the brewery. In 1811 Trotman died, and John was offered the opportunity to become the junior partner in the firm; he accepted and the business was renamed Studd, Halliday and Acton. Sheila Hardy, in her biography of Eliza, considers it likely that John would have borrowed heavily to buy himself into the business.

In 1817 Acton, with a Miss Nicolson—about whom no further information is known—opened a "boarding school for young ladies" in Claydon, just outside Ipswich. In 1819 Acton left the school and opened another in September with her sisters, this time at nearby Great Bealings; the school moved 3 mi to Woodbridge in 1822 and had probably closed by 1825.

Early in her life Acton spent some time in France—either in Paris or the south of the country—but it is not known when she left England; Hardy considers it likely that she travelled in 1823. The food historian Elizabeth Ray, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, states that Acton travelled abroad for the good of her health, because she had a weak constitution. It is possible that she was pregnant when she left for Paris and that she went abroad to give birth to an illegitimate daughter. The food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish theorise that Acton's child was raised by Sarah, Eliza's sister. The two observe that "there is no evidence for this, other than family tradition". Hardy dismisses the theory, stating that Acton did not have a sister called Sarah, let alone one who was married (none of Acton's sisters were married); she also observes that she has found no baptismal or census record that would account for a child of the right age. While in France Acton had an unhappy relationship with a French army officer; it is possible there was an engagement, but if so it was broken off. She returned to England, probably in 1826.

Poet
Acton had been writing poetry since at least 1822, as she wrote that year on the bottom of one of her poems. She wrote at least one while in France, "On Approaching Paris", which she dated 1826. When she returned to England, she arranged for a collection to be published by Longman. As was the practice for publishers at the time, Acton had to provide the names of subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy—who were listed inside the work; nearly all came from Suffolk. 328 copies were printed in October 1826 and a reprint was needed within a month. She subsequently wrote some longer poems, including "The Chronicles of Castel Framlingham", which was printed in the Sudbury Chronicle in 1838, and "The Voice of the North", which was written in 1842 on the occasion of Queen Victoria's first visit to Scotland. Other poems were published in a local periodical, the Sudbury Pocket Book.

In 1827 John Acton was declared bankrupt, and the company in which he was a partner was dissolved; one of his business partners was involved in the claim against him. The Commissioner of Bankruptcy ordered John to surrender himself to the Office of the Commissioners to disclose his wealth, but he fled to France. In his absence his family moved into Bordyke House, in Tonbridge, Kent, where Elizabeth Acton, Eliza's mother, turned the large building into a boarding house for upper class guests, particularly for those who wanted to visit Royal Tunbridge Wells and enjoy the spa facilities there. It is likely that Elizabeth left Bordyke House around 1841, although her daughter remained in residence.

Cookery writer
At some point—Hardy considers 1835; Aylett and Ordish consider 1837—Acton sent a further set of poems to Longman for publishing. The company reportedly declined the poems, and suggested that she write a cookery book instead; Hardy considers the story apocryphal. By her own account, Acton took ten years to develop her cookery book, which was published in January 1845 under the title Modern Cookery in all its Branches. The work was aimed at the English middle classes; in the preface she wrote:

"The details of domestic economy, in particular, are no longer sneered at as beneath the attention of the educated and accomplished; and the truly refined, intelligent, and high-minded women of England have ceased, in these days of comparative good sense, to consider their acquaintance with such details as inconsistent with their dignity or injurious to their attractions."

Modern Cookery consists of mainly English recipes, although Acton labelled several of them "French". A chapter covers curries (and potted meats), and gives recipes for Eastern "chatneys" (chutney), treating them as a naturalised Anglo-Indian dish, rather than of solely Indian origin, according to the professor of English literature Susan Zlotnick. The book contains the first recipe for brussels sprouts, and the first use in an English cookery book of the word spaghetti—which she spelled . It also contains the first recipe for what Acton called "Christmas pudding"; the dish was normally called plum pudding, recipes for which had appeared previously, although Acton was the first to put the name and recipe together.

Acton's layout for each recipe was for the description of the cooking process followed by a list of ingredients and the total cooking time required for the preparation of the dish. With the inclusion of timings and ingredients, Modern Cookery differed from other cookery books, and was a development of Acton's own. Acton wrote that each recipe had been cooked and "proved beneath our own roof and under our own personal inspection". The food historian Sarah Freeman describes the cooking instructions Acton produced as being written "so conscientiously, and with such gastronomic sensitivity, that ... [Modern Cookery] was as much a work of art on food as it was functional".

The reviews for Modern Cookery were positive, and the critic from The Morning Post considered it "unquestionably the most valuable compendium of the art that has yet been published". The review in The Spectator stated that the order of the book was "very natural", while "the methods are clearly described, and seem founded on chemical principles"; the reviewer for the Kentish Gazette also commended the clarity of the instructions, and the inclusion of ingredients and timings. The unnamed critic for The Atlas described the layout for the recipes to be "excellent" and, in a positive review in The Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, praise was given to "the intelligibility of the instructions which are given", which contrasted with other cookery books.

A second edition of Modern Cookery was released in May 1845, containing corrections and updates; Longmans also released this version in the US, through the Philadelphia company of Lea & Blanchard. The book sold well, and in June 1845 Longmans sent Acton £67 11s 2d as her share of the profits. In subsequent years she earned £162 in 1846 and £189 in 1847, when she was being paid half the profits; in 1849 she dropped to quarter of the profits and received £83.

Some time after Modern Cookery was published, Acton moved from Tonbridge to Hampstead, north west London. She became the cookery correspondent for the weekly magazines The Ladies' Companion and Household Words, and began writing research for a book on nourishment for the ill, Invalid Cookery. She interrupted her research to write a new edition of Modern Cookery. This was published in 1855, and renamed as Modern Cookery for Private Families, the name by which it is best known. This version contains an additional chapter named "Foreign and Jewish Cookery"; the Jewish recipes are from Ashkenazi cuisine.

Such was the success of Acton's first editions of the book, it was increasingly copied by other cookery writers. In the preface to the 1855 edition, Acton wrote of "the unscrupulous manner in which large portions of my volume have been appropriated by contemporary authors, without the slightest acknowledgement of the source from which they have been derived". She was in increasingly poor health during the 1850s and wrote in her preface that she was "suffering at present too severe a penalty for ... over-exertion"; this toil, she continued, was "so completely at variance with all the previous habits of my life, and ... so injurious in its effects".

Acton had been disappointed that she had not been able to add as much information into the 1855 edition about bread-making as she wanted to, but decided, despite her health, that she would take on the subject in a new work, The English Bread-Book for Domestic Use. Published in May 1857, this was not a recipe book along the same lines as Modern Cookery, but is described by Hardy as "a serious, scientific study ... much darker in tone than her previous work". It consists of a history of bread-making in England, improvements made to the bread-making process in Europe, an examination of the ingredients used and recipes of different types of bread. Acton also included information about the adulteration of bread by flour millers and bakers of the time, which included the addition of alum and what she called "other deleterious substances". The food writer Elizabeth Ray observes that the book was less successful than Modern Cookery, and was not reprinted until 1990.

Acton, who suffered from poor health for much of her life, died at home on 13 February 1859, at the age of 59. She was buried four days later at St John-at-Hampstead church, London.

Poems
Lee Christine O'Brien, in her examination of 19th-century women's poetry, considers that Acton "participated in a poetic field the richness of which eclipsed her own output". O'Brien sees humour and humanity in some of Acton's poetry. Aylett and Ordish class Acton's poetry as being written in a romantic style; they consider the work to be "accomplished rather than inspired", although it is also "derivative and often banal" and clichéd. Hardy identifies themes repeated through Acton's poems of the praise of nature and a pleasure in twilight; most of them were on the theme of unrequited love and several may relate to her feelings towards her possible former fiancée. Hardy also sees in the poems an "almost masculine intensity and depth of feeling". O'Brien sees humour in some of Acton's poetry, and cites "Come To My Grave"—a work about "a mildly acerbic and witty potential revenant, musing on revenge"—as a parody of a love lyric with Gothic romantic overtones.

Come to my grave when I am gone, And bend a moment there alone; It will not cost thee much of pain To trample on my heart again– Or, if it would, for ever stay Far distant from my mouldering clay: I would not wound thy breast to prove E'en its most deep, 'remorse of love.' The grave should be a shrine of peace Where all unkindly feelings cease;– Though thou wilt calmly gaze on mine I would not live the hour to see, Which doom'd my glance to rest on thine:– That moment's bitter agony Would bid the very life-blood start Back, and congeal around my heart!–

Cookery
O'Brien sees that, through the high quality of Acton's prose, Modern Cookery is a unique cultural document. As the food writer Elizabeth David writes,

"[Acton's] ... book was the final expression ... of pre-Industrial England's taste in food and attitude to cookery. The dishes she describes and the ingredients which went into them would have been familiar to Jane Austen and Lord Byron, to Fanny Burney and Tobias Smollett."

Many of the dishes Acton describes belong, according to David, to the 18th century and, with increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the 19th century, the staple foods described were already being replaced. David cites the example of Bird's Custard Powder, launched in 1840, as an example of the radical changes being introduced to cooking. Acton adopted some of the changes in food science into the 1855 re-write of the book, including the developments of Justus von Liebig—the developer of the Oxo brand beef stock cube—and William Gregory, Liebig's pupil and translator.

Acton, in her preface to Modern Cookery, writes that her "first and best attention has been bestowed on ... what are usually termed plain English dishes" for her recipes, and Christopher Driver, the journalist and food critic, considers the book "as English as ... [its] eighteenth-century predecessors". Elizabeth Ray observes that while Acton "is basically a very English cook", many of the recipes are labelled as French dishes, and foreign food is given its own chapter. These are recipes from the cuisines of India, Syria, Turkey, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Mauritius, Switzerland and the West Indies. Acton was willing to learn from foreign food cultures, and wrote "Without adopting blindly foreign modes in anything merely because they are foreign, surely we should be wise to learn from other nations". Similarly, The English Bread Book was focused on British bread and, in her preface, Acton wrote "Bread is a first necessity of life to the great mass of the English people; being in part the food of all—the chief food of many—and almost the sole food of many more." She devotes a whole chapter to the approach to bread and bread-making in France, Germany and Belgium, and the book contains recipes for German pumpernickel, French baguettes, Italian polenta bread, Turkish rolls and Indian breads.

The food historian Bob Ashley identifies that the strongest theme in Modern Cookery is economy in food, although this is also tempered by Acton's advice to reject dubious ingredients. In her preface to the book, Acton writes that "It may be safely averred that good cookery is the best and truest economy, turning to full account every wholesome article of food, and converting into palatable meals what the ignorant either render uneatable or throw away in disdain". She provides a recipe for "Elegant Economist's Pudding", which uses left-over Christmas pudding; when giving a recipe for "Superlative Hare Soup", she also provides one for "A Less Expensive Hare Soup". The social historian John Burnet observes that although the dishes were supposedly aimed at middle-class families of modest income, the book contains recipes that include truffles in champagne, soles in cream and a pie of venison and hare.

The food writer Alan Davidson considers Modern Cookery to be "among the most elegantly written (and practical) cookery books ever published". Nicola Humble, in her book on the history of British cookery books, writes that Acton provides "the quirky, confident perspective of the expert" in text that is "alive with adjectives and opinions ... the prose enthuses and evokes". In 1968 Elizabeth David wrote that Acton's recipes were both illuminating and decisive. Examining a 100-word paragraph in Modern Cookery for instructions on beating egg whites for a sponge cake, David considers it superior to an eight-page piece on the same topic in the 1927 work La bonne cuisine de Madame E. Saint-Ange.

There is humour in Acton's work, particularly when reporting on a recipe going wrong. Her recipe for Publisher's Pudding, which contains cognac, macaroons, cream and almonds, "can scarcely be made too rich", while the Poor Author's Pudding is made with milk, bread, eggs and sugar, and is a more simple dish. Similarly, in her recipe for Superior Pine-Apple Marmalade, she writes that if the mixture is placed onto a direct heat it "will often convert what would otherwise be excellent preserve, into a strange sort of compound, for which it is difficult to find a name".

Legacy
Modern Cookery remained in print until 1918, when its popularity waned in the face of competition from other books and Longmans took the decision not to republish. Acton's works remained out of print until 1968 when a selection of her recipes was collected into The Best of Eliza Acton, edited by Elizabeth Ray and including an introduction by Elizabeth David. Modern Cookery was not reprinted in full until 1994, although The English Bread Book was reprinted in 1990.

In 1857, when Isabella Beeton began writing the cookery column for The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, many of the recipes were plagiarised from Modern Cookery. In 1861 Isabella's husband, Samuel, published Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, which also contained several of Acton's recipes. Isabella Beeton's biographer Kathryn Hughes gives as examples one third of Beeton's soup dishes and a quarter of her fish recipes, which are all taken from Acton. In her works, Isabella Beeton partly followed the new layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas Modern Cookery provides the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management list the timings and components before the cooking process.

The food historian Bee Wilson considers many modern cookery writers to be indebted to Acton and her work. Elizabeth David wrote in 1977 that The English Bread Book was a major influence on and source for her own English Bread and Yeast Cookery, and that she owes Acton a debt for it; David also describes Modern Cookery as "the greatest cookery book in our language". The cook Delia Smith is of a similar opinion, and describes Acton as "the best cookery writer in the English language". The cookery writer Jane Grigson was influenced by Acton, particularly when she wrote English Food (1974), while the chef Rick Stein included her "Soles Stewed in Cream" in his cookery book Seafood Lovers' Guide (2000).

title: Eliza Acton


text:
Talk:Sverre of Norway

Comment by Haukurth
Sverris saga is the name of the book in the language in which it was composed. It's also probably the most common way to refer to it in English. A quick Google check gives me the following results:

 * 151 English pages for "Sverris saga"
 * 24 English pages for "Sverres saga"
 * 14 English pages for "Sverrir's saga"
 * 12 English pages for "Sverre's saga"

According to the much disputed Naming conventions (use English):

"If you are talking about a person, country, town, movie or book, use the most commonly used English version of the name..."

Did anyone else see that an AIDS article was showing up when you clicked on the continue link from the main page?

Personally I tend to prefer the most pedantically correct version, even if some other versions are frequently used in English. But in this happy case it seems to me that the form I'd like to use anyhow is the most frequently used in English. Granted, a Google test isn't perfect, especially when the results are so few, but a ratio of more than 10-to-1 seems to be a good clue.

Haukurth 12:24, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Sverre, även Sverre prest (pejorativt), kung av Norge 1177-1202. Född på Färöarna. Påstod sig vara utomäktenskaplig son till den norske kungen Sigurd Munn, vilket han ska ha fått veta först i vuxen ålder av sin mor. Reste till Norge under det uppror mot kung Magnus Erlingsson som Birkebeinarna startat 1174 och började arbeta för att överta tronen. Sverre sökte stöd i Sverige hos Birger brosa som dock uppges ha misstänkt att han var en bedragare och avvisade honom. Birger som tidigare aktivt stött upprorsledaren Eystein Meyla accepterade dock senare Sverre som den nye birkebeinarledaren. Redan 1177 utsågs Sverre till Norges kung av sina anhängare, även om han i praktiken endast blev kung över Tröndelag. Efter ett antal mindre strider vann Sverres styrkor mycket överraskande en stor seger över kung Magnus Erlingssons betydligt större här på Kalvskinnet vid Nidaros 1179. Norges verklige härskare vid denna tid jarlen Erling skakke - kung Magnus far - stupade i slaget och Magnus själv flydde. Inbördeskriget fortsatte i flera år med osäker utgång tills kung Magnus stupade i slaget vid Fimreite 1184

Sverre vaks opp på Kyrkjubø på Færøyane. Han må ha hatt særskilde evner, for Roe, biskopen der på øyane, sette han i prestelære. Som vaksen skal han ha fått høyra av mor si at han var son av kong Sigurd II Munn. Korleis det no var med den saka, så gav det legitimitet til eit meir storlåtent prosjekt enn ei karriere innan kyrkja hadde vore. Sverre tok kontakt med den leiande opprørsflokken i landet, Birkebeinane, som sto utan hovding etter at Øystein Øysteinsson Møyla fall i Slaget på Re. Dei tok han til hovding og han viste seg raskt som ein taktisk dyktig herførar. Han klarte på kort tid å få seg sjøl hylla som konge på Øyratinget, men det tok fleire år før kongsmakta var endeleg sikra.

Sverres liv är i sina huvuddrag känt genom politiska propagandaskrifter, framför allt de starkt tendentiösa Baglersagorna. Neutrala historiska fakta är mycket svåra att vaska fram. Man vet inte ens om Sverre verkligen var son till Sigurd Munn eller inte.

Please use English on talk pages in this wikipedia if you wish to encourage debate. Deb 08:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have got an impression that Deb willingly uses other languages, even such she does not have command over. Thus, this is, for Deb, a good opportunity to get acquainted with other languages. 217.140.193.123 07:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Seems to be a text dump from the Norwegian and Swedish wikis Fornadan (t) 14:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Helping with Copyediting
Don't mind me... Let me know if I mangle a meaning or something. Very interesting. I don't know a whole lot about the subject.

Roodog2k 19:16, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Just go along, this is just the kind of help I've been looking for. It's very helpfull to hear what the general reader consider unclear. Your only problematic edit so far have been in the section which now read:

''According to the saga, Sverre was born in 1151 to Gunnhild and her husband Unås, a comb maker from the Faeroes. When Sverre was five, the family moved to the Faeroes where Sverre was raised in the household of Unås’ brother Roe, bishop on the Faeroes. It was here that Sverre studied for the priesthood and was ordained. Sverre, however, was not suited for a priestly life. The saga states that he had several dreams which he interpreted as a sign that he was destined for greater things. Further, in 1175, his mother revealed that Sverre was really the son of king Sigurd Munn. In the following year, Sverre travelled to Norway to seek his destiny.''

This is a bit tricky. The saga states that when Sverre was born, Gunnhild and Unås were married, but Sverre can't be the son of both Unås and Sigurd. But how to formulate this while sticking to NPOV? Fornadan (t) 20:09, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you just did so perfectly! I wasn't sure if the fact in question was found in The Saga itself OR if its The Saga that calls the fact into question. Roodog2k 14:34, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Sverre's Paternity
You said it so well above "The saga states that when Sverre was born, Gunnhild and Unås were married, but Sverre can't be the son of both Unås and Sigurd." that I pasted it into the document. I do not think there is a POV issue here, since its supported with other facts.

BTW, those last edits were mine. I didn;t realize I had been logged-out.

Roodog2k 15:43, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

There is something confusing. The current text says "According to Canon law, however, candidates had to be at least 30 years old to be eligible, which places Sverre’s birth no later than 1145." Eligible for what? My first thought: "to be king". My second thought: "to be a priest". What was meant? Zaslav 22:20, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * To be a priest. Fornadan (t) 22:26, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Heklungene
Is there any backing to this articles etymology to the word "Heklungene"? Sverris saga states the origin of the word being that king Magnus and his men found an old coat (norse: hekla) with silver hidden in it. Sverre's men heard this story and invented the word to imply that Magnus had been reduced to living off the inheritance of an old beggar. --Tokle 21:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The argument that the name 'Heklungene' is related to the habit of monks, pertaining to the alledged close relationship with the church is ridiculous. To the contrary, King Sverre and the Birkebeiner party were at odds with the churc (cf. the interdict put upon Norway during the reign of King Sverre).

Nice Image
I like the image! Very sweet. Roodog2k 02:13, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Page move
I've moved this page from Sverre I of Norway to Sverre of Norway since there has been only one Norwegian king with that name and it's unlikely that there will ever be a Sverre II. Now to get rid of the double redirects. Fornadan (t) 11:16, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

A message from the George Psalmanazar International Appreciation Society
Hate to be a killjoy but: ''Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy (1956). A royal impostor: King Sverre of Norway, London: Oxford University Press''. (Barend 15:36, 31 January 2006 (UTC))

End of civil wars period
With regard to the sentence: "The civil wars period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1217," which also appears in many articles about other Norwegian kings of the period: I disagree with the designation of the year 1217 as the end of the civil wars period. The civil wars dragged on throughout the 1220s, even though the birkebeiner and bagler were finally reconciled in 1217. I have also seen 1230 as an end date for the civil wars period, but more commonly 1240, when the final rebellion against Håkon Håkonsson was put down. In my recent change to the article on Håkon Håkonsson I have change the end year from 1217 to 1240. Does anyone have strong feelings for keeping the year 1217 in this article? Barend 12:48, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Bergenhus - Sverresborg
I see you disagree on my changing the name Bergenshus to Sverresborg. Bergenshus is definitely wrong, as the correct spelling is Bergenhus. Apart from the fact that the name Bergenhus wasn't introduced until sometime around 1600, and is here an anachronism, the only form of fortification that existed in the 1190s was what is now called Sverresborg, which is separate from present Bergenhus fortress. A reference in English is here: http://www.bergen.kommune.no/info/world_heritage_city.html. If you can read Norwegian, there are several other references on the web, just google Sverresborg +Bergenhus. (Barend 13:49, 14 November 2005 (UTC))

 * Didn't know that there is also a Sverresborg in Bergen. The proper way to do this is probably to have Sverresborg, Bergen and Sverresborg, Trondheim and then have disambiguation page at Sverresborg Fornadan (t) 14:15, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

A Prince is Born
Lovely! We may finally have Sverre II of Norway in 50 years or so :) - Dhkbk 21:40, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Only if Ingrid Alexandra dies young without children Fornadan (t) 23:29, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, sorry. Had my line-to-the-throne mixed up. - Dhkbk 07:45, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

On veracity of Sverre's claim to royal blood.
I would add a reference to my last edit, refuting the canon law-argument against Sverre, but I am not quite sure how. So I put the reference here: Magnús Stefánsson: "Kong Sverres alder og prestevigsel", in Historisk tidsskrift, bd. 85, p. 279-288 (Oslo, 2006). Magnús lists the age at which successive bishops on Iceland became priests:Þorlákr Þórhallsson, 27/28 years old in 1150/51; Guðmundr Arason, 23 y (1185); Ísleifr Gizurarson, 20 y (1026); Gizurr Ísleifsson, <24 y (<1066), Árni Þorláksson, 27 y (1264). In one case, in 926, a five-year-old boy was consecrated bishop of Rheims. Admittedly, this is a couple of centuries before Sverre. Magnús also goes on to list prominent historians who agree with his view that the canon law-argument against Sverre is defunct, and chides Claus Krag for having ignored it in his recent book on Sverre.--Barend 15:58, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sverre of Norway


text: Category:Polish people stubs

title: Category:Polish people stubs


text:
Puerto Francisco de Orellana

Puerto Francisco de Orellana, also known as El Coca , is the capital of province of Orellana in eastern Ecuador. The city is located in the Amazon Rainforest at the confluence of the Coca River and the Napo River (the smaller Payamino River also merges into the Napo in the city). It has a population of 51,281 as of 2022. It is visited by tourists traveling into the rainforest and is served by the Francisco de Orellana Airport.

Overview
The city is named for Francisco de Orellana, who explored the confluence of the Coca River and the Napo River. It is believed that he set sail from the current location of the town eventually making his way into the Amazon River seeing the "Amazon" or tribes in which the women also fought. Eventually Francisco de Orellana made it to the Atlantic. He made a second expedition leaving but died on the Amazon delta unable to find a way through.

Government
The new mayor of the town was Antonio Vera in 2019 to replace Anita Rivas who had served since 2005.

Climate
Puerto Francisco de Orellano has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round.

title: Puerto Francisco de Orellana


text: Template:Poland-bio-stub

title: Template:Poland-bio-stub


text:
Category:Pioneers of rail transport

The people listed here were all pioneers in the development of various forms of rail transport.

title: Category:Pioneers of rail transport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Innovism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 22:46, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Innovism
Some political one-man movement, it seems. The article lacks references that could establish notability. It might be, but I have a hard time finding anything that shows it is. Rl 12:27, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. --W(t) 00:58, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 04:22, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Treasury Bill

Rufus of England, popularly nicknamed Treasury Bill, was a cat who served as Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom under prime minister Ramsay MacDonald.

Treasury Bill was described as a ginger cat and a "a renowned ratcatcher". His nickname was created among Cabinet members and house staff.

Whilst technically the first cat to serve in this role, he was never officially given the title and only served for less than a year, meaning his successor − Peter − is often considered the first chief mouser.

Treasury Bill served during MacDonald's first term as prime minister in 1924 and returned in 1929 when MacDonald became prime minister for the second time. According to the Sunday Mail, he was apparently still on duty in 1930.

title: Treasury Bill


text:
Talk:Mukawa Cho

There is another article Mukawa, Hokkaido. --211.4.128.92 12:29, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mukawa Cho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Religiousness and intelligence

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept, but needs cleanup - SimonP 23:49, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Religiousness and intelligence
This article is a piece of patent nonsense. It could also be a disruption of Wikipedia to make a point. I don't think religion and intelligence are connected either way, nor should they be in an encyclopedia, so it's non-encyclopedic. --EuropracBHIT 12:29, 28 May 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete: This is not science... This is culture in the USA only. The paper suggest causal effects, that are unprovable.
 * While we're at it, lets delete everything in social science. You cant prove causal effects in any question in social science, unless there's a significant time delay.Hornplease 05:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Has been the subject of many scientific papers. Science should not be censored. Ultramarine 13:20, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that large parts of the article, including the data, is regularly deleted so check the history för an uncensored version. Ultramarine 21:15, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. It doesn't qualify as patent nonsense. It's cited.  Various studies have shown that the more educated one is, the less likely one is to believe in the supernatural.  In addition, the more educated in science one is, the less likely, and within science particularly biology.  Now, I think one should recognise that education and intelligence are two different things, but nevertheless there is scope for an article. Dunc|☺ 13:23, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you support renaming the article to Religiousness and education? Christopher Parham (talk) 15:31, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Keep. The source the author provides looks respectable enough, and he claims that he quotes studies featured in Nature and Scientific American, so I have difficulty believing that this is a piece of patent nonsense, even if you personally disagree with the findings.  While the tone could certainly be made more diplomatic, a valid correlation between these two important elements of society is encyclopediac, in my opinion, especially when one considers the prominance of both religion and intelligence in encyclopedias individually.  Finally, with regards to the possibility of disruption of Wikipedia--my feelings are that we should embrace these challenges, not ignore them.  --Frostyservant 13:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, for above reasons. I'd like to see the article fleshed out. --DAD 13:33, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Inherently POV, plus this is an unwieldly topic. It is, of course, simply amazing to me that Thomas Aquinas, Augustine of Hippo, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Liebnitz, Bernard Spinoza, Soren Kierkegaard, C. S. Lewis, and hundreds of thousands of others were not intelligent.  Phenomenal research!  We have no business carrying articles based on cruddy methodologies and prejudicial results.  All this does is create and carry forth a war. Geogre 14:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Logical fallacy alert: correlation does not imply 100% correlation. PlatypeanArchcow 15:37, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Methodical fallacy alert: the dead guys you listed are from at least 100 years back. The studies cited in this article pertain to a social group at present, and a narrow one for that matter. Karol 16:30, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is interesting enough, it's not patent nonsense; statistical correlation doesn't constitute an absolute rule. But it's not encyclopedic either. There are some things Wikipedia is not, and it is "not an indiscriminate collection of items of information". This subject could be material for an essay, but not an encyclopedia article. Who on earth would come here looking for an article on "Religiousness and intelligence" anyway? Eixo 14:49, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You never know when some Ted Turner type will make some statement linking the two. Then we'll have something to link to.Hornplease 05:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(talk) 15:36, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Keep though there should be more of statistics worldwide, not just US related ones. The explanation part should be removed as there's no chance to be objective. Pavel Vozenilek 15:19, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The explanations part is what MAKES the article objective by providing some context to the data. For instance, would you support a Race and intelligence article in which say, college graduation statistics were provided for different races with no information about potential biases caused by different levels of wealth, etc? Christopher Parham
 * Agree with Christopherparham. As long as each explanation is presented as a theory, it is acceptable.Hornplease 05:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, unfortunately, this explanation part is hopelessly POV - that is the bit that goes from today's US scientists to a sweeping generalization. It is this introduction that is a "logical" as "The Bell Curve" was. -- AlexR 14:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move/Redirect to Religiousness and education, or another more appropriate title. The current title (and especially the lead sentence of the article) is asking for trouble; the lead is deeply POV and the title is somewhat so. Christopher Parham (talk) 15:30, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Delete for the reasons given by Eixo and Geogre. Furthermore, the content and title are seriously POV, while both the papers referenced are by the same two authors- Edward Larson, in the History Dept at the University of Georgia and Larry Witham, a journalist. It seems more like a pet theory rather than accepted research conclusions. --G Rutter 16:02, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as inherently POV. Capitalistroadster 16:15, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as this should be qualified as original research. Reason: the studies cited here report a correlation between level of education (not intelligence) and religious standpoints. They were made within a narrow group of people (both geographically and historically), however, and extrapolating such data to any wider context lacks justification. My opinion: this correlation among the american scientific community may be the byproduct of deeply rooted realism and reductionism. Karol 16:30, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep has anyone even bothered to look at the external link which is a list of scholarly references that describe studies associating educational attainment, IQ, income, and scentific discipline with religiosity. Thus, it is not original research; and moreover it cannot simply be renamed as religiousness and education, but the term religiosity may be prefered -- religiosity and intelligence. --Rikurzhen 16:52, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: interesting stuff, well written article, good citations, certainly not nonsense… but I cannot convince myself that this belongs in the encyclopaedia. It cannot ever be made NPOV without becoming original research, and just seems, well, inappropriate, dammit. (by which I mean 'not a fit topic for an encyclopaedia', not 'too naughty to discuss') Naturenet 19:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Taboo should not be a justification for deletion. --Rikurzhen 19:48, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - reasons already stated. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. A worthy topic and not inherently POV.  Needs more consideration of differing points of view. Kaibabsquirrel 19:59, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. In response to what has been stated above, let me just say that: 1) a scientific question by definition can't be "inherently POV", because it deals with the reality, and in reality the answer is either true or false, 2) the article doesn't claim causation (i.e. that high IQ causes less religiousness), only correlation, and reasonably backs it with references. Still, I must add that I'd rather see it merged someplace... GregorB 20:14, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * This brings us to the essence of this dispute: should we have articles solely about correlations, aside from the question wether and how well they are documented? (I think everyone agrees that this article states correlation, and not causation). So, let's ask ourselves if we should have articles on other equally intensively studied, but perhaps not as popular correlations, such as Aggresiveness and obesity, Annual income and emotional quotient, and my personal favorite, Mental illness and time spent online. Karol 20:50, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is in fact a very good point... My personal hunch is that religiousness is negatively affected chiefly by education, not intelligence, and that the well-known high correlation between the two obscures that fact. Still, we don't know the answer yet, and the mere correlation is fair game for an article if it's important enough, and I think this one is. GregorB 12:11, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * If there is credible research on a subject, why not have an article on it? --Rikurzhen 22:42, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV, junk, unsafeable, since the article does not even remotely come close to contraining what the title advertises; it would even be lousy if it were titled "religiousness and education" since it only talk about a very small part of the educated people in the word; namely, todays US scientists. One would probably even get vastly different results when checking other societies, or other fields of education, and as already pointed out above, let's not even mention different times. -- AlexR 20:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * we wouldn't delete an article about (for example) infanticide because that practice is limited in time and place --Rikurzhen 22:42, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, but we would not let an article stand, either, that would claim that widespread infanticide is unlimited in time and/or place. Furthermore, false analogy - infanticide is a fact that stands on its own, this article is about a correlation, and the degree if that correlation is the question here.--AlexR 14:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is clear that this article is about a real thing: an area of intelligence research that has shown a correlation between variables (though the studies and their results are debatable, similarly to race and intelligence). Beckwith's article presented 43 studies from this area that supported the correlation.  This discussion is not about the degree of the correlation.  Such a discussion would have to be based on a review of this area of intelligence research and these studies, not a review of a week-old stub.  Has anyone here done this research before claiming the article will never be legitimate?--Nectarflowed T 00:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand if possible to cover other societies, fields of education, and different times. Kappa 20:58, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unsalvageable. It makes me blush to even imagine looking up this ridiculous topic in Encyclopedia Britannica. Should we have Red hair and fiery temperament, too? Bishonen | talk 22:36, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * as compared to having an article on Autofellatio? --Rikurzhen 22:44, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you can find scientific, peer-reviewed papers outlining a correlation between red hair and fiery temperament then by all means make the article. The article in question has these papers. — Asbestos | Talk  17:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Religion, or some such similar article. Or, if you simply must keep, then at least wikify. Hermione1980 23:20, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Needs work and possibly retitling, but the subject is certainly worth an article. Keep. --W(t) 01:00, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Neutral point of view, anyone? Delete.--Slowking Man 01:09, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Keep it if there is indeed studies being done on this topic. --ShaunMacPherson 01:11, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Inherently POV, and likely unsalvagable. No note of studies which disprove the theory.  Also, if consensus is to keep, I suggest a better title is found (religiousness?). --Xcali 01:16, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, worthy topic for inclusion. I can't see it being original research since it has been covered in other scientific journals. Megan1967 04:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. At the moment the article is pretty badly POV, and I've put a tag on it. But I don't think it's unsalvageable. It just needs to be NPOVed and nurtured carefully. --Angr/undefined 05:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article's title is a lie compared to its contents: the studied groups are scientists and scientists as a group are not the same as intelligent people as a group.  If someone wants to create an article that explores the religious beliefs of scientists, do it -- that would be interesting and encyclopedic.  To pretend that studying scientists tells you about religiousness and intelligence is neither scientific nor intelligent. Quale 07:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, highly interesting topic. The nomination itself is invalid, as it does not rely on the usual criteria for deletion, but on personal disagreement with the research presented in the article. If the article is POV, or criticism of that research is not propertly addressed, this can be resolved by improving the article. VfD is not the place to solve POV problems. Martg76 08:05, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The nomination was flawed, insofar as this is clearly not nonsense. The topic is highly contentious (I am religious by nature), but it can be salvaged by presenting a NPOV.  Certainly, scientists have long studied the question -- the matter is of central concern to psychologist William James for one. Xoloz 19:36, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This isnt nonsense. It needs to be cleaned up and made a bit more NPOV but it is highly notable and has the capability of greatly expanding -CunningLinguist 23:09, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep interesting and not original research. JamesBurns 11:34, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Researchness and delete. Radiant_* 11:35, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Breeding ground for POV and original research. WebLuis 13:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Definitely needs rephrasing and re-analysis of cited research. Unfortunately science is not as diplomatic as we would like it to be, so I understand the controversy generated by this article. However, if this has basis in fact (and, though I am very religious, I have observed this in life as well) it should be re-written and left online. Perhaps studies/statistics from Mensa or the Triple Nine Society could corroborate the findings put forth in this article? (Previous unsigned vote by User:24.179.81.187. Hermione1980 19:20, 30 May 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete Because religiosity has been too narrowly defined. Evolutionists exhibit a highly religious faith in evolution. 222.152.132.86 21:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC) (Sock puppet)
 * Keep, interesting, factual, referenced.-gadfium 06:44, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Maybe it needs some work, but on the whole i'd say we should keep the article.--M. Alexander 15:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This article, as it stands, is incredibly biased and lacking in balancing data (big bang theorists becoming thiests) If there are persons will to salvage, KEEP, if not, DELETE as per Deletion Policy: Article is disruptive.--Tznkai 16:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The article doesnt lack balancing data, I suspect the studies it cites do.Hornplease 05:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, it isn't very good, but it has merit. See Race and intelligence to see how it should end up... (very well cited) --Gmaxwell 05:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep; The subject matter is controversial, perhaps, but I can certify that studies of this nature are common among economists and social scientists. However, most studies concentrate on more objectively quantifiable identifiers, such as education. There may be no link between education and intelligence, and whether or not there is is not the subject of the article, which concentrates on the undisputed statistical fact that there is a correlation between levels of education and overt religiosity. (Theists do not satisfy the 'overt religiosity' thing, I suspect.) The article is not POV as it stands, but the title may be. Unusual situation. Maybe change to "Religiosity and Education/Intelligence" and keep.Hornplease 05:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - while the article isn't the best example of a Wikipedia article, its content is fairly good and the issue it is raising is scientific. Let's not censor science just to please the religious fundamentalists. Ronline 11:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Uhm, you might want to take notice of the fact that not everybody who voted for delete, for whatever reason, is a religious fundamentalist. I know I am not, and the same goes probably for the majority of those who voted "delete". The question may or may not be scientific, but unless there are works to be cited that actually deal with the subject (and not "religiousness and 'hard science' academics in the USA at the beginning of the 21st century") the article is not only an invitation for edit wars, it is also probably original research. -- AlexR 12:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-read the article; in its early days it was the victim of massive deletions of content, but that has settled down now. You'll find many studies that directly correlate religosity with IQ, SAT, etc. --Rikurzhen 14:37, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Still very US-centric, and the term "religiousness" seems to be quite problematic, too - as it could cover everything from a belief in a god or some "higher plane" with not particular effect on a person's life or work, to a reborn bible-thumper. SAT, btw, also does not quite measure "intelligence", the latter being subject to quite a few controvercies itself. -- AlexR 14:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This area of intelligence research is mostly conducted in the US because religion, like race, is a bigger deal in the US than in other developed countries, as the article points out. Race and intelligence is, similarly, also pretty US-centric. This does not delegitimize these areas of intelligence research.
 * The studies clearly define their measurements of religiousness. Races can also be difficult to define, but that doesn't mean researchers should throw up their hands and give up.  SAT tests do test cognitive ability and are correlated with IQ scores.  Controversiality is not grounds for exclusion.  Most of these issues are discussed in the race and intelligence article.  --Nectarflowed T 00:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave intent and origin of opinion out of this, its unnecessary. I'm been accused of herecy more often than fundamentalism, and I am quite tempted to vote delete based on disruptiveness. A correlation between religious belief and education is intresting, but hardly indicative of inteligence. This isn't hard science, this is social science at best.--Tznkai 14:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * correlations are never conclusive, just suggestive. It might make you uncomfortable, but that is indeed social science works. Its not a good idea to ignore the social sciences altogether. `Hornplease 16:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm studying to be a social scientist, so I know the limitations, and the due dilligence that you need to make the statements this article was suggesting. It needs a lot of work--Tznkai 16:46, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The article is describing a well-researched scientific study, and has the relevent citations. The article describes a correlation and nothing more. Open to changing the title if necessary ("intelligence" should not be replaced with "education" since the article correlates more than that, but unsure if "religiousness" is the correct term). — Asbestos | Talk  17:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The origin of the "intelligence and" part of the title is probably to follow in the pattern of many other articles with similar titles: race and intelligence, sex and intelligence, brain size and intelligence, etc. I checked out "religiousness" and although its usage is less common than religiosity, I've found it in the titles of several papers. --Rikurzhen 18:20, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. POV fork nonsense. Ambi 07:24, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * POV Cleanup - This has to be some sort of trick to see who votes differently on this and Race and intelligence. The article misinterprets its sources - the Nature and Science articles only show correlation between occupation and religiousness, while the Terman study only deals with those with IQ >140.  I am skeptical that there are no views presented in opposition - surely they exist if the topic is notable.  The Opinions and Interpretations sections should be deleted as POV.  michael 08:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I think this is the key: I am skeptical that there are no views presented in opposition - surely they exist if the topic is notable. There has been a huge debate on Race and intelligence, for years, and it's produced a notable literature. This just isn't at the same level. You will find that even now the article is essentially single-sourced: a mere paraphrase of the external link provided; and the citations are from that link's bibliography. Demi T/C 17:32, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * As suggested before, at least move to Religiousness and education, a more accurate title. Beyond that, it's not inherently PoV - it's just reporting the published studies - and it's obviously not patent nonsense or original research. Dan100 10:59, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * What do you call "Religiousness and education" a more accurate title? If you read the article, you'll see that it discusses a lot more than education. — Asbestos | Talk  13:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Axon 11:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. I voted for a strong keep on race and intelligence, but this is far too POV, and it doesn't look salvageable. --Idont Havaname 22:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep GregorB made my points for me. FeloniousMonk 02:34, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep & no need to rename. For all the users with little experience with science who are voting delete, the article is very clearly about much more than education, and, besides, education and IQ are correlated. Also, the stats about scientists vs. the public are relevant, as, yes, there is a correlation between occupation and IQ, and scientists are at the top of that scale.

 * Anyone here claiming they can conclude this area of scientific research lacks sufficient data or that the article is an original argument should look at the 43 studies referenced in Burnham Beckwith's article, "The Effect of Intelligence on Religious Faith," Free Inquiry Magazine, Spring 1986. It isn't available online, but is available by back-order, and a summary of 30 of the referenced studies does appear on a number of sites.

 * Also, keep in mind the article is currently only 11 days old. Any delete votes claiming the area of scientific research is an original argument, non-notable, or "inherently POV" should be based on a thorough review of the area of scientific research, not on an incomplete article that's only just beginning.

 * Regarding the question of is this area of research non-encyclopedic, Frostyservant points out above that that is a difficult argument to make when religion and intelligence are both very encyclopedic topics. Also, how could this topic be non-encylopedic when race and intelligence is very encyclopedic?--Nectarflowed T 05:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Some studies do not make a finding. --pippo2001 07:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The article under discussion does not claim this open area of intelligence research has produced an undebatable finding. It presents studies that have produced evidence in an important area (see Importance, which is what Encyclopedic redirects to).  I don't think anyone here is intentionally saying this area of intelligence research is unimportant.  Race and intelligence is likewise an open area of intelligence research, one in which many elements are far from being settled.--Nectarflowed T 10:12, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Not too good now but has the potential to grow into something as good as Race and intelligence. Nickptar 18:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Let's say no to censorship. -- Toytoy 18:29, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just because an article is currently POV is no reason to delete it. It needs editing, not deletion. Daekharel 15:40, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article could stand improvement, but the topic is one that has been the subject of legitimate study. *Dan* 19:45, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Mukawa, Hokkaido

There is another article Mukawa Cho. --211.4.128.92 12:31, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mukawa, Hokkaido


text:
Coca River

The Coca River is a river in eastern Ecuador. It is a tributary of the Napo River. The two rivers join in the city of Puerto Francisco de Orellana. The Payamino River also merges into the Napo River in the city, but at a point about 1.5 km upstream from the Coca–Napo confluence.

Over several months, from June 2019 to February 2020, a large sinkhole formed just upstream of the famous waterfall, San Rafael Falls, the tallest in Ecuador. Due to the sinkhole, the river rerouted itself on February 2, 2020, undercutting the lava dam and triggering major retrogressive erosion. The erosion continues to migrate upstream, eating into the riverbed and valley walls, and can potentially threaten the country’s largest hydroelectric dam 10 kilometers upstream the present erosion front.

title: Coca River


text:
Common footman

The common footman (Manulea lurideola) is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Johann Leopold Theodor Friedrich Zincken in 1817. It is distributed throughout Europe and east through the Palearctic to Lake Baikal.

This species has a wingspan of 31–38 mm. The forewings are grey with a yellowish-buff streak along the costa. The hindwings are a uniform cream colour. Like other footmen, it rests with its wings wrapped around its body. (The common name footman comes from a supposed resemblance to the uniform of a footman.)

Technical description and variation
Wingspan 31–38 mm. Forewing broadened towards the outer margin, bright glossy lead grey with broad, regular, light yellow costal band, somewhat dulled at the apex, and pure yellow fringes; hindwing, head and neck and anal tuft of male ivory yellow. Beneath, the forewing is only suffused with sooty grey at the base and on the disc, so that a broad outer border is pale yellow. Hindwing pale yellow with a slightly dark costal margin.

Biology
This moth flies at night in July and August and is attracted to light and nectar-rich flowers.

Larva dark lilac grey with black dorsal line and black head, bearing black and yellow hairs; subdorsal lines black, stigma-line orange. It usually feeds on various lichens including Parmelia, although it has also been recorded feeding on buckthorn and oak. The species overwinters as a larva, hibernating, until the end of May. Pupa reddish brown and glossy. According to Schmidt the larvae prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks, but (Seitz) "I often beat the moths out of the lower branches of high, solitary larches in the Alpine valleys; locally very common, especially in the mountains".

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Common footman


text:
Piazza del Duomo, Milan

Piazza del Duomo ("Cathedral Square") is the main piazza (city square) of Milan, Italy. It is named after, and dominated by, Milan Cathedral (the Duomo). The piazza marks the center of the city, both in a geographic sense and because of its importance from an artistic, cultural, and social point of view. Rectangular in shape, with an overall area of 17,000 m2 (about 183,000 sq ft), the piazza includes some of the most important buildings of Milan (and Italy in general), as well some of the most prestigious commercial activities, and it is by far the foremost tourist attraction of the city.

While the piazza was originally created in the 14th century and has been gradually developing ever since (along with the Duomo, which took about six centuries to complete), its overall plan, in its current form, is largely due to architect Giuseppe Mengoni, and dates to the second half of the 19th century. The monumental buildings that mark its sides, with the main exception of the Duomo itself and the Royal Palace, were introduced by Mengoni's design; the most notable of Mengoni's addition to the piazza is the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II arcade.

History

The origins of Piazza del Duomo can be traced back to the vision of Azzone Visconti (lord of Milan from 1329 to 1339). In 1330, Azzone ordered the demolition of the taverns that circled the two central churches of Milan of the time, the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore and the Basilica of Santa Tecla, to create a market square, called "Piazza dell'Arengo", which is the first incarnation of what is now Piazza del Duomo. The piazza was named after the arengario (also known as the "broletto"), i.e., the seat of the local government. None of the original buildings of Piazza dell'Arengario has survived.

Azzone's successor Gian Galeazzo Visconti further enlarged the piazza, ordering the demolition of the bishop's house (in 1385) and the baptistery San Giovanni alle Fonti (in 1387). In the following decades, nevertheless, the piazza did not develop much, but one of the two basilicae, Santa Maria Maggiore, was demolished, as the works for the construction of the Duomo had begun. In 1458, Pope Pius II granted Francesco Sforza and the Veneranda fabbrica del Duomo di Milano (the company that was responsible for the construction of the Duomo) the authorization to demolish Santa Tecla to create a larger square that would fit the Duomo's majesty. Somewhat preposterously, the basilica was partially rebuilt in the following years, to be demolished again in the mid-16th century.

The next major modification of the piazza occurred in the second half of the 18th century, when architect Giuseppe Piermarini thoroughly redesigned the former arengario into the modern Royal Palace; a side effect of Piermarini's design was that of creating another smaller piazza, adjacent to Piazza del Duomo, and thus actually enlarging the open space area. In the 19th century, architect Giulio Beccaria was hired by Ferdinand I of Austria to redesign the piazza again. Beccaria's main contribution to the urban planning of the area was the construction of the palace that thereafter would serve as the headquarters of the Fabbrica del Duomo, located to the south-east of the cathedral.

A major twist in the piazza's evolution came about after the Second Italian War of Independence (1859). In 1860, the government of the city proclaimed the intention to radically redesign the piazza and to create a new major avenue to celebrate King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Several architectural design competitions followed, whereby the plan of the new piazza gradually took place. The restructuring was eventually commissioned to architect Giuseppe Mengoni, and the works began in 1865. From 1865 to 1873, based on Mengoni's design, the piazza was first enlarged (an entire neighborhood, the "Rebecchino", was demolished for this purpose, as well as the popular porticated building called Coperto dei Figini) and then acquired most of its modern landmarks, including the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II arcade (built in 1864–1867) and the two "Palazzi dei Portici" ("Portico Palaces") that mark its southern and northern boundaries.

Mengoni's work, in any case, was not hitchless. The company that was responsible for the works, City of Milan Improvements Company of London, eventually experienced financial problems, so that the government of Milan had to take charge. Part of the area of the Galleria was sold to private owners, with the obligation to complete the works according to Mengoni's design. In 1875, when the two Portico Palaces were finally completed, new funding problems endangered the realization of the two triumph arches that were included in the design; Mengoni eventually decided to fund the construction himself. When Mengoni died in 1877, only one of the arches, the one at the entrance of the Galleria, was completed; the construction of second arch was abandoned. Mengoni actually died in Piazza del Duomo, falling from a scaffolding while he was supervising the works.

In 1896, the statue of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy was inaugurated in the centre of the piazza. This marked the completion of the restructuring initiated by the city authorities in 1860.

The last major change to the piazza occurred during the Fascist era, when the Arengario was built in the place where Mengoni had planned to create a second triumph arch, opposite across the square to the Galleria. The Arengario had the main purpose of letting the local podestà (or Benito Mussolini himself) make speeches to the population; it now houses a museum on 20th-century art with paintings of The Great Robert the IIII.

It will host the closing ceremony of the 2026 Winter Paralympics.

Buildings and Monuments in and around Piazza

 * Duomo di Milano (Milan Cathedral)
 * Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
 * Palazzo dell'Arengario
 * Palazzo Carminati
 * Palazzo dei Portici Settentrionali
 * Palazzo dei Portici Meridionali
 * Royal Palace of Milan
 * Monument to King Victor Emmanuel II

title: Piazza del Duomo, Milan


text:
Talk:Patience sorting

Complexity
The upper bound on the algorithm can't possibly be true! How can it be a comparison sort, and have less than O(n log n)? It's not possible! gkhan 12:34, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the O(n log n) limit. The algorithm as described seems to have complexity O(n * m), where m is the length of the longest ordered subsequence.  I'm not sure what the expected value of m is, but its worst-case is clearly n (if the array is already sorted), making the algorithm O(n^2).   I'm not sure how the van Emde Boas tree fits in.

 * I asked a question about this on comp.programming where I got a satisfactory explanation gkhan 19:47, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good call. By that argument, the worst case on gathering is O(n log n).  One would think that the complexity to deal would be the same, but in fact you can simply keep track of the largest element seen so far, making sorted input O(n). Bovlb 02:42, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

 * The van Emde Boas based implementation makes asumptions about the keys range so it is not a comparison sort. Lets talk of arbitrary values and true comparison sorts. Using binary search to build the piles gives a O(n log n) algorithm. For gathering, the wikibooks implementation is not really efficient since it consist of an inteleaving of all the piles (the number of piles can be $$O(n)$$) and this can cost $$O(n^2) $$comparisons (take $$k, k - 1, \ldots, 2, 1, k + 1, k + 2, \ldots, 2k$$ as initial list).  A better implementation can use and preserve the fact that the top of piles are ordered. We can surely do that by insertion of the first pile in the ordered list of piles with respect to the top values ordering, however this will also cost $$O(n^2)$$. Of course, to gather one can forget the structure and apply a $$O(n \log n)$$ sort at this point, but this can't be called a patience sort. PierreBoudes 15:07, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think thats exactly the point. Why generating piles and then use a Priority queue like in the Java implementation? You could just use a Priority queue in the first place and don't use the piles. It's like I invent a new sort algorithm named reverseSort: reverse the Input and then use a priority queue. And it just needs $$O(n \log n)$$ time, wow! Popelmaus (talk) 16:03, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Removed from article
(To play with a regular 52-card deck, some ordering needs to be imposed, arranging the cards within a suit and imposing some order on the suits).'

Tautology. If you play with a regular 52-ccard deck, the ordering is already done for you. Project2501a 13:16, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I feel that some context introduction is needed; when one is describing a card game, it only makes sense to explain how to play with the regular cards. Even the article [1] doesn't snub the idea of explaining it to the regular card players:
 * To play with real cards, one needs to linearly order the 52 cards, e.g., by putting suits in the bridge-bidding order $$\clubs\diamonds\hearts\spades$$. This mindless form of solitaire is then quite playable, perhaps while watching television.
 * [1], p.3
 * BACbKA 17:25, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Implementation code in C++
Since there seems to be no free software implementation of the patience sorting available, I finally got to posting one myself, in C++. Currently no veb-trees are implemented, as well as no back-pointer-based sorting recovery, but it's what I myself use for a quick check of what the longest increasing subsequence length in a set is. Comes with some other C++ utilities you might like. --BACbKA 13:34, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks to User:Egkauston, who pasted a java implementation, I decided to proceed in a more fundamental way and created a patience sorting page on the wikibooks. The java code has been moved over there, and I have pasted excerpts from the above C++ code as well. See the wikibooks link in the article. --BACbKA 23:52, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I fixed the C++ code because it used a static function in an empty class. I understand why it's necessary in Java but it is not in C++ : you can use "global" function. Other than that, I was thinking that this function could be adapted in a STL Algorithm stype by using iterators only instead of a vector but it depends on if the algorithm requires random access to elements. That said, it's only an example so it might not be necessary to do that (and maybe make it less obvious to non-C++ programmers ) Anyway I didn't touch the inside of the code. 213.39.33.80 (talk) 12:31, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

bazaar
I wonder if the fact that bazaar uses patience sort is notable enough in general (if it were, why isn't it on the bazaar article)? If it's notable in the context of the "Patience sorting" article, maybe we should create a new section detailing usage examples in known programs? if yes, what to call it? The reason I am asking is that, currently, I find the bazaar link in the "See also" section a bit sticking out of the general flow of the article, and have no trivial way in mind to smoothen it back. --BACbKA 07:46, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I followed the citation and found no information regarding Bazaar using the Patience sorting algorithm. --Edsc86 12:20, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

 * It was there, but as an open wiki, revctrl.org is not a reliable source. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 13:18, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

WTF?
A whole section devoted to a card game, but no real description of the problem? And why C++ for implementation instead of pseudo-code or some more concise language? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.181.12.52 (talk) 14:02, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. There is too much explicit code for this article. It should be refactored into pseudocode. Resyst (talk) 16:11, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patience sorting


text: File:Ulver-kveldssanger.jpg

title: File:Ulver-kveldssanger.jpg


text:
Kveldssanger

Kveldssanger (translated as "Twilight Songs") is the second studio album by Norwegian band Ulver, issued in March 1996 via Head Not Found. The album was recorded at Endless Lydstudio, Oslo, Norway in the summer and autumn of 1995, with Kristian Romsøe as engineer and co-producer.

Background
For Kveldssanger, the second part of what has become known as Ulver's "Black Metal Trilogie", the band expanded upon the quiet, folk-influenced acoustic elements present in their debut album, Bergtatt. Incorporating classical guitars, cello and choral chamber chants overlaid with subtle orchestral landscapes - eschewing any black metal elements - the album was a drastic contrast to Bergtatt and other black metal albums of the time, whilst still retaining a level of atmospheric and folklore-themed lyrics. Vocalist Kristoffer Rygg has since remarked that Kveldssanger was an "immature attempt at making a classical album", yet he felt the content was strong when his age and that of the other band members at the time was taken into account. At the time of its release the album was praised for its atmosphere, evoking a feeling of "quiet, eerie solitude".

Reflecting on Kveldssanger with Rob Hughes for Unrestrained Magazine in 2007, Rygg commented, "I was just the singer, but I partook in the composition as well. I made some of the riffs, but I can't play the guitar very well. A lot of those songs were developed in the studio with basically a riff and a click track and layering the guitars. When a second theme came on top of the first theme we could kind of drop the first theme and develop on the second theme, and that's how we pieced the whole thing together. So it was, in a way, experimental. It was following its own natural logic, so to speak. We really didn't have a lot composed before we went into the studio, so already then we were using the studio as an instrument — as we still do — even though we had a more limited palette. And of course we had a different set of influences, or a narrower set of influences."

Critical reception
AllMusic writer William York commented, “This style was hinted at during some of the acoustic interludes on their previous album, Bergtatt, but here it has been more fully developed into actual songs with thoughtful, though sparse, arrangements. On some of the songs, Garm's vocals are heavily overdubbed to create a choir-like effect. He continues, "Listening to Kveldssanger, it is hard to picture this album being made by a group still in their teens, let alone by one whose next album would yield the savage black metal of Nattens madrigal. Kveldssanger stands as a bold and successful effort, one that helped certify Ulver's reputation as one of the leading black metal bands, even if it ironically doesn't involve any actual metal."

Lee Steadham described the album as "a passionately relayed Norwegian folk excursion, performed entirely on acoustic instruments. Vocals tend towards an obscure hymnal, almost Gregorian warble, though under-utilized, they're richly textured and melodiously delivered, complemented by an amalgamation of layered guitars, flutes, and cellos. There are literally zero modern equivalents to this pensive mood-setting oddity as rarely are such blatantly classical aspirations heard within the blackened subgenre. A somber and skillfully executed alternative to the norm; the entire affair just reeks of class."

Dutch webzine Evening of Flight added, "As said, Ulver's first three albums form a thematic and musical whole, and to be sure, Kveldssanger should not be seen as separate from the other two, both of which are classic albums in their own right. Kveldssanger can be said to have left the biggest mark on dark music since then. It is hard to imagine the music of projects like Vàli, October Falls, Musk Ox, Empyrium, etc. without this milestone. Indeed, many of these musicians would not pretend otherwise. While many have emulated this style however, some quite felicitously I might add, I have yet to hear an album that truly matches Kveldssanger in all its honesty, refinement, and originality."

Personnel

 * Ulver
 * Kristoffer Rygg (credited as Garm) - vocals, producer
 * Håvard Jørgensen - acoustic guitar, producer
 * Erik Olivier Lancelot - drums, percussion, flutes

 * Additional musicians
 * Alf Gaaskjønli - cello

 * Other credits
 * Maria Jaquete - artwork
 * Craig Morris - mastering
 * Kristian Romsøe - mixing
 * Torgrim Novreit - photography
 * Kristian Romsøe - co-producer, technician
 * Tania "Nacht" Stene - cover design

title: Kveldssanger


text: User:Vipul.solanki

title: User:Vipul.solanki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Learn Chinese Easy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 23:51, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Learn Chinese Easy
I don't recall Learn Chinese Easy being an 'Internet phenomenon' where I am, as this claims. This is an insult to Chinese people and to those who work hard to learn Chinese. Also unencyclopaedic and originates from a joke site, also an unfree image. --EuropracBHIT 12:35, 28 May 2005 (UTC).
 * Funny, but I got only 14,700 google hits and I doubt they're all related. Together with a possibly unfree images that would be a delete. Mgm|(talk) 19:05, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke, not notable.  Kaibabsquirrel 19:54, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hadn't they better Learn English easily ? delete. Dunc|☺ 20:05, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - just a joke. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:59, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This gets a Delete vote, easy. Xcali 01:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, prank. Megan1967 04:26, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Engrish delete. Radiant_* 11:35, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Funny-once joke. Delete. Shoaler 12:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington

Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington (1563 – 29 May 1637), designated before his peerage as 'of Drumcarny, Monkland, and Binning', was a Scottish administrator, Lord Advocate, judge, and Lord Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire.

Family
The son of Sir Thomas Hamilton of Priestield, a judge of the Court of Session as Lord Prestonfield, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of James Heriot of Trabroun, Haddingtonshire. His younger brother was Andrew Hamilton, Lord Redhouse.

Thomas was educated in Paris. He became known as Thomas Hamilton of Drumcarny.

Career
He was admitted an Advocate in 1587, a Lord of Session in 1592, appointed Lord Advocate in 1596. On 22 November 1596, James VI ordered him to try Jonet Garvie at an assize for witchcraft. He was Lord Clerk Register from 1612, and in 1616 became Lord President of the Court of Session.

Administrator
He was on very friendly terms with James VI, his legal talents being useful to the king. In July 1593 he was appointed to a council to manage the estates and finances of Anne of Denmark. He was one of the eight men called the Octavians who were appointed to manage the finances of Scotland. Widely regarded as an able administrator, Hamilton was entrusted with a large share in the government of Scotland when James moved to London in 1603.

Anne of Denmark and Prince Henry
Hamilton was present at Stirling Castle on 10 May 1603 when Anne of Denmark argued with Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar and the Master of Mar to gain custody of her son Prince Henry. He wrote an account of the incident. Anne of Denmark, according to Hamilton, told Lady Paisley and her physician Martin Schöner that she had taken "balm water". The Earl of Montrose, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, made efforts to calm the controversy and help set Anne of Denmark on her way to England in June.

Silver mine at Hilderston
In 1606 a promising deposit of silver was found on Hamilton's land at Hilderston near Bathgate. For a time, Hamilton worked the mine, employing the English mining entrepreneur Bevis Bulmer. Hamilton was appointed "Master of Metals" in Scotland in March 1607. Bulmer left the works in August 1608. The dissolution of their partnership was acrimonious. In January 1608 King James decided to claim the mine for himself. Hamilton was compensated for his loss by the King by May 1608, around the time a daughter Anna Hamilton was born, according to a letter from Lady Jane Drummond.

Lord Clerk Register
In 1612 he was appointed Lord Clerk Register to the Privy Council to succeed John Skene. After the death of James VI, the earl resigned his offices, but served Charles I as Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland. Thomas was referred to familiarly by his friends as 'Tam o' the Cowgate', his Edinburgh residence being in that street.

Petition in 1617
King James I came to Scotland in 1617. Anne Ker, the wife of John Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Balmerino, described how her sister, Julian Ker, Lady Binning, presented a petition on behalf of Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset to the King at Holyrood Palace. Hamilton's wife was Somerset's sister. The petitioners, Somerset's Scottish allies, including Hamilton, kneeled in the privy gallery while Lady Binning gave the petition to the king. Hamilton then discussed the petition with the king afterwards, but it did not lead to the release of the earl.

Peerages
On 19 November 1613, he was created a Lord of Parliament as Lord Binning. Further, on 20 March 1619, he was created Earl of Melrose. Upon the death of the first and last Viscount of Haddington (on 28 February 1626), the king agreed to exchange the title of Earl of Melrose to that of Earl of Haddington, with the original precedence and remainder to heirs male bearing the surname and Arms of Hamilton. In 1628 The Earl of Haddington purchased the Tyninghame estate for 200,000 merks.

In 1624, under the title of Thomas Hamilton, Earl of Melrose, he purchased Balgone House south-east of North Berwick.

Personal life
Lord Haddington was married three times and widowed three times. His first marriage was in c. 1588 to Margaret Borthwick (d. Dec 1596), only child of James Borthwick of Newbyres, by whom he had two daughters.

After her death, he married Margaret Foulis (d. 1609) in 1597. She was a daughter of James Foulis of Colinton, and sister of the financier Thomas Foulis. The dowry was 9000 merks. Before her death on 31 May 1609, they were the parents of:

 * Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington (1600–1640), who married Catherine Erskine, daughter of Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar; a covenanter, he was killed at Dunglass Castle in an explosion on 30 August 1640.
 * Sir John Hamilton of Trabroun (1605–1638), who married Marjory Campbell and Lady Katherine Peebles; he dvp.
 * Lady Jean Hamilton (1607–1642), who married John Kennedy, 6th Earl of Cassilis, and had issue, including Lady Margaret Burnet, who married Gilbert Burnet, later Bishop of Salisbury, in c. 1672.

His third marriage was to Julian, Lady Hume ( Ker) on 3 September 1613. She was a daughter of Sir Thomas Ker of Ferniehirst, and widow of Sir Patrick Hume of Polwarth, by whom he had another son:

Lady Haddington died in 1637 and was buried 30 March 1637. Lord Haddington died on 29 May 1637 and was succeeded in his titles by his son, Thomas.
 * Robert Hamilton (1614–1640), who never married; he was killed in the explosion at Dunglass Castle.

Material culture
An inventory of silverware belonging to Thomas Hamilton was made in 1607. Some of the silver was kept in a press in the high hall of one of his houses. His daughter had the key. Other silverware was held by his steward, James Bisset. Hamilton had some silver at Barnbougle Castle and more at the Byres and Preistfield. An inventory was also made in July 1615 of the household furnishing at the Byres.

Hamilton made over furnishings at Tyninghame House to his heir in June 1635. This list included items which he had "brought home", meaning that he had purchased them in London or imported them. There was a new suite of tapestry of eight pieces of the History of David, and a new History of Abraham in six pieces. There were rich hangings of the Story of Jacob and other subjects, with ten other tapestries, eight pieces of old tapestry, and striped and embroidered cloth hangings for walls with a matching window curtain. An inventory of the whole furnishings of Tyningham was made at this time.

title: Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington