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Fairfield railway station, Sydney

Fairfield railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Old Main South line, serving the Sydney suburb of Fairfield. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Inner West & Leppington and T5 Cumberland line services. It was designed and built by NSW Government Railways from 1856 to 1891. It is also known as Fairfield Railway Station group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
After completion of the initial rail line from Sydney to Parramatta, work soon proceeded on the Main South line from Granville Junction to Goulburn. The first section from Granville to Liverpool was constructed quickly over easy terrain and was opened on 26 September 1856. Fairfield was opened with this section and was the only intermediate station at that time. Campbelltown was reached in 1858, that section opening on 17 May 1858. The line was duplicated in 1891. This line was constructed as a rural railway and had no suburban purpose until well into the twentieth century. Its stations served what were then rural settlements and only later were adapted as commuter stations. In 1924, the Main South line was diverted onto a more direct route via Regents Park. The existing line through Fairfield was renamed the Old Main South Line.

The present Down (east) platform is the original and the station master's residence built in 1856 (at the north end) is the oldest building still in existence in the NSW railways system and probably Australia. It was built a year after the railway opened to Parramatta. The second building built (1860) shows a change in attitude towards railway construction under John Whitton with an emphasis on passenger traffic and is one of a group of six buildings from that period with Branxton, Parramatta, St Mary's, Penrith and Picton. The third building represents a standard duplication building of the 1890s including a sympathetic extension in the 1930s, and again shows changes in railway use and design. The footbridge dating from 1918 ties the group together and is a good example of the style associated with a good group of buildings.

The station was upgraded and given lifts in 2003.

Trackplan
The points to the north of the station can be used to terminate southbound trains on platform 2 during trackwork or if there is an incident on the line. As this is a fairly rare occurrence, the signals around Fairfield are all automatic double colour light signals. Track circuits are used to determine the location of trains and automatically set signals appropriately. Both Sydenham and Granville signal boxes can monitor the status of trains in this area, but cannot control signals or points. If trains need to terminate, a local signal box on platform 1 can be used to control the points and signals.

Description
The complex comprises a former type 1 Office/Station Master's Residence, located on Platform 2, erected in 1856; a type 4 platform building, located on Platform 1, erected c. 1891; and a type 3 platform building, located on Platform 2, erected c. 1860. Other structures include a footbridge, erected in 1918 and revised in c. 1990; platforms 1 and 2, completed c. 1856 and c. 1918 respectively; canopies, completed in 1990 and 1999; the Vine Street Footbridge, completed in 1965; and the jib crane, with an unknown completion date.

Fairfield Railway Station is accessed from The Crescent to the north. The Bus Interchange stands in front of the station between The Crescent and the station buildings. At some stage pre-1990 a covered shopping arcade was constructed immediately to the north-west of the station. The station is also accessed from the south from Dale Street. Flanking the station on both sides to the south are car parking areas. Across Dale Street is the Fairfield RSL complex.
 * Context

External: Brick building, dating from 1856, originating as a square plan form with a gable roof. The roof has timber bargeboards and finials and the two original chimneys remain with corbel detailing to the top. The corrugated metal roofing material and guttering has been recently replaced. In the 1930s the building was extended in brick (along the platform to the west) to include two extra rooms and there is a further corrugated metal sheet clad extension to the west for a laundry. The detailing of the windows to these extensions is inappropriate in the context of the 1856 building. The concave veranda awning which flanks the building on the north and east elevations has recently been painted in a striped colour scheme (post 1980s). This awning is a timber-framed structure supported on the original timber posts and beams. There are original framing members as well; and some of the purlins are bowing in the centre. To the rear of the building, the veranda to the original building is enclosed by brick walls to either end. The awnings to the rear have shallow pitched roofs, and the entire extent of the western additions, and a section to the original building, have now been enclosed to become interior spaces. There is also an intrusive timber trellis across the open part of the veranda at the eastern end of the building. The open veranda has a timber deck. A covered area, which is fenced off to the platform, links this building and the platform building. The building remained in use as a residence until the 1970s.
 * Former office/Station Master's Residence Platform 2 (1865)

Alterations to the 1856 building include: corrugated metal sheet clad extension to the west for a laundry; enclosing of the south-west veranda and improved sanitary facilities in 1941; a full height picket fence in front of the veranda posts to the platform elevation, enclosing of rear veranda to 1856 building; security doors and window bars installed; air-conditioning units fixed through original windows. The building has recently been repainted.

External: The original building took the form of a rectangular brick building, with a rendered plinth, with three rooms (booking office, general waiting room and ladies waiting room), with a relatively steep gable roof which features decorative timber bargeboards and finials and has small ventilation openings; this section of the building was linked to a further room (originally the men's toilet) to the western end which was orientated 90 degrees to the rest of the building, and maintains the same detailing, but has a raised ridge vent. The link (which housed the ladies toilets) also originally had a gable roof, but with a much lower ridge height, giving the sense of it being a deferential element. The original chimneys to the eastern section of the building still remain intact.
 * Platform building Platform 1 (1891)

The windows are mostly the original timber framed sash windows with segmental arch heads with rendered detailing, and rendered and painted window sills resting on cement bracket mouldings. The extensions to the building follow the same detail, but with a simpler sill detail. Modifications such as Perspex secondary glazing and air-conditioning units and standard ticket windows have been installed within the original openings. One opening on the north elevation has been bricked up and there are some "blind" openings to the entrance way and to the western building on the north elevation. Some of the windows have been reglazed with wire mesh glass. The doors are mostly new, either solid or panelled, and there are security flyscreen doors fitted to the station master's office. A door way opening on the western elevation of the building (opposite the stair) has been bricked up. The building and all the awnings and canopies, have all been recently re-roofed with corrugated steel and new guttering. The building has been recently repainted.

The main part of the building, to the east, has a typical shallow pitched awning supported on cast iron columns, with Corinthian capitals and decorative cast iron brackets. The awning had a timber boarded valance to the east and west ends and a timber fascia to the platform edge. A new addition to accommodate a parcels office and signal room was constructed to the eastern end of the building. This addition had sensitive detailing and reused displaced elements of the original building such as the finial to the gable. This addition significantly altered the original roof structure. Documentary evidence shows that the parcels office addition also had a cantilevered awning over the platform, constructed in steel sections, which was replaced as a part of the 1990s works with a steel framed canopy supported on modern steel posts, the design of which is based on the 1890s original awning. This 1990s canopy structure extended around the entire platform building, except where the original awning remains and is described further on. The 1990s upgrade also saw major changes to the building form, by the removal of the link building, which was replaced with an open area with brick arched openings, with head details to match the original doors and windows. The other major alteration at this time was the large openings to the north and west elevation of the parcels office (to the Crescent) and the installation of new aluminium framed doors and windows, in order that the space could be used as a travel centre. More recently as part of the access upgrade an accessible toilet (from the platform) and new staff toilet was constructed in the south-east corner of the former parcels office.

Internal: The building has been modified internally over time to suit changing operational requirements; however a good degree of original fabric remains intact, particularly in what is now the booking office, which features pressed metal ceilings with ceiling roses and original cornices, and chimney breast with staff mould detailing. The doors and window architraves are mostly intact, and some of the windows with security bars to the inside. Standard ticket windows have been installed in the booking office. The former signal box room is now used as a CCTV monitoring room and is fitted out accordingly. To the eastern end there are new partition walls which are a remnant of the works to the former parcels office and new walls to the accessible toilet and new staff toilet. The parcels office and former travel centre are currently used for storage.

External: A rectangular form brick building with a hipped roof form. The corrugated metal roofing material and guttering has been recently replaced. The original eaves fascia remains with new guttering and rainwater goods. The two original chimneys remain with corbel detailing to the top. The windows typically are double hung timber sashes with rendered lintels and sills. The doors are original timber panelled doors with bolection mouldings and have arched brick heads.
 * Platform building Platform 2 (c. 1860)

The original building consisted of 3 rooms with a small toilet annex, with a flat roof, to the south-west corner. At some stage (between 1916 and 1931 according to documentary evidence) the building was extended with a flat roof structure to the west. This space is currently used as the booking office. Also added to the south was a lean-to workshop, which is a timber-framed structure clad in weatherboards. The date of this extension is not known but this section of the building has detailing which is contemporary to construction dating from 1930 to 1950. The windows have security bars fitted to all the windows and doors along the southern elevation.

A new concourse building, constructed in brick with a hipped roof to match the existing roof profile, was built to the west of the original building c.1990; this structure provides a covered entrance to the station (and ticket window) from this side. This building has a mini-orb ceiling and a paved ground surface. The 1860s building has a timber framed awning to the platform elevation. The awning is supported by timber posts (recently replaced) with a shallow roof pitch, the soffit is the underside of the corrugated steel roofing which is supported on intermediate purlins. The building has recently been repainted.

Internal: The current booking office has a modern fitout, including standard ticket window installation. The buildings also includes a former ladies room (western end) and a kitchen fitout with new floor coverings, ceilings and cornices. There are original windows and doors with original architraves. There are toilet and washroom facilities in the annex to the south which have a modern fitout. There is a heater fixture installed with the modified fireplace opening.

The central room has original timber floors and plaster walls with staff mouldings on either side of the chimney breast. The ceiling has been replaced and there are no cornices. There are numerous services and conduits fixed to the walls. This room is used for storage. The former parcels & booking office (eastern end) has original timber floors and plaster walls with staff mouldings on either side of the chimney breast and new skirtings. The ceiling has been replaced. There are original windows and doors with original architraves. There is a new partition wall which contains electrical equipment. This room is used for storage. The lean to at the back has fibre cement sheeting to the walls and ceilings with timber floors and the original doors and windows intact. This room is also used for storage.

The original 1918 footbridge still remains. The footbridge is a riveted steel "Warren Truss" footbridge, which features angle iron trestles and channel iron stair stringers with compressed fibre cement decking. The footbridge was covered as part of a station upgrade c.1990. The surface of the footbridge was replaced recently with a tiled finish and the sides have been enclosed with frameless glass panels. The treads to the stairs have been replaced with precast concrete and a new tubular stainless steel handrail has been installed. The original iron risers are still visible.
 * Footbridge (1918)

The 2003 access upgrade included the installation of lift enclosures on both platforms which are located to the west of the footbridge and connected by a simple link.

Platform 1 (Up) is a wayside platform and is concrete faced with an asphalt surface; Platform 2 (Down) is a wayside platform and is brick faced with an asphalt surface. The surface to both platforms was recently replaced as part of the 2003 access upgrade project. Tactile ground surface indicators run along the edge of the platforms and at the foot of the ramps and stairs.
 * Platforms

Platform 1: New canopy structures (c.1990) with transverse gable (with timber trellis detail) facing the platform. A steel skillion (1999) roofed canopy also covers the ramp access to the western end. A new canopy (c.1990) to the eastern end (in front of the Parcel Office extension) is constructed in steel to a detail loosely based on the existing awning to the heritage building.
 * Canopies

Platform 2: New canopy structure (c.1990) abutting existing awning with timber framing supported on timber posts with transverse gable (with timber trellis detail) facing the platform. All the canopies are clad in corrugated steel. The canopy cover continues up and over the stair and footbridge, with similar gable detailing to landings and to the north and south elevation of the footbridge.

The Crescent Entrance: New canopy structure (c.1990) abutting existing awning with timber framing supported on timber posts with transverse gable (with timber trellis detail) facing the street. The canopy cover continues up and over the stairs and footbridge, and returns along the platform edge. All the canopies are clad in corrugated steel.

There is also a hipped roof shelter in front of the booking office and several canopies, to the same detail as above, over the waiting areas of the bus interchange.

Dale Street Entrance: New canopy structure supported on steel posts and timber roof framing and corrugated steel to the roof. The canopy has a gable detail to match 1990s structures. A steel skillion (1999) roofed canopy also covers the ramp access to the western end.

Simple structure constructed from standard steel sections on concrete foundations with a precast concrete deck and steel balustrade. The footbridge appears to be unchanged based on original documentation.
 * Vine Street Footbridge

Existing documentation shows a goods shed (no longer extant) located to the north of the station with a single track located adjacent to where the present crane is located. This is a standard 2 tonne iron jib crane built by the Morris Brothers in Sydney. The crane, which sits on a brick and tile base, is no longer used but remains as an ornamental element set within a garden bed.
 * Jib crane

Based on the surviving documentation and the evidence on site it is unlikely there would be any potential archaeological remains at Fairfield Railway Station.

Condition
The former office/Station Master's residence building on Platform 2, despite some inappropriate additions and modifications, is in good condition (based on external analysis), and as the oldest surviving station building in NSW, has a high level of integrity. The 1880s platform building is relatively intact and despite additions and refurbishment, as well as operational changes, is representative of its historic form and has a high level of integrity. The 1860s platform building is very intact and despite additions and refurbishment, as well as operational changes, is representative of its historic form and has a high level of integrity. The introduction of the canopies over the stairs and the footbridge, and the construction of the lift enclosures have decreased the integrity of the 1918 structure. The condition of the fabric and the addition of these contemporary structures mean that the stairs and footbridge have reduced integrity. The platforms have been extended since they were originally constructed, and the surface has been replaced. The Vine Street footbridge is in its original condition and despite its being a later structure, as it is intact maintains a moderate level of integrity. The jib crane is not in use, but the fabric is in good condition. The crane has a high level of integrity despite losing some of its context with the removal of the goods yard.

Modifications and dates

 * 1878New booking office, ladies waiting room and parcels office opened
 * 1879Platform lengthened
 * 1891Line duplicated and additional platform with building built
 * 1918Pedestrian footbridge erected
 * 1919Platforms lengthened
 * 1929Railway electrified
 * c. 1944Parcels office extension to Platform 1 Building
 * 1965Vine Street footbridge erected
 * 1990Canopies constructed (extended in 1999) stairs and footbridge covered; Major alterations to platform buildings
 * 2003Access upgrade works, including lift enclosures on both platforms

Transport links
All buses depart from the Fairfield Interchange.

Transdev NSW:
 * 904: to Liverpool station Stand E
 * 905: to Bankstown station Stand D
 * 906: to Parramatta station Stand E
 * S4 Shopper Service to Chester Hill Stand D

Transit Systems:
 * 800: to Blacktown station Stand A
 * 802: Parramatta station to Liverpool station - Stand C to Liverpool - Stand I to Parramatta
 * 804: Parramatta station to Liverpool station - Stand C to Liverpool - Stand I to Parramatta
 * 808: to Liverpool station Stand C
 * 812: to Blacktown station Stand B
 * 813: to Bonnyrigg Stand B
 * 814: to Blacktown station Stand B
 * 817: to Cabramatta station Stand A

Fairfield station is served by two NightRide routes:
 * N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station
 * N60: to Town Hall station

Heritage listing
As at 25 October 2010, Fairfield Railway Station has State significance as one of the earliest railway stations established during the first phase of NSW railway construction in the 1850s. Opened in 1856 the station was one of only two stations at the time of line construction, the other being Liverpool, on the section of the Main South Line constructed between Granville and Liverpool. It is also historically significant as the existing 1850s former station master's residence is the oldest surviving railway building in NSW and possibly Australia. The building is also rare within the Sydney Metropolitan area being one of only three known examples and, along with the 1860s and 1890s platform building, it is able to demonstrate the development of the railways from its early phase of operations through to the 1890s duplications of the lines. The various changes to the station demonstrate its evolution from a rural railway station to a suburban service and reflect the growth and change of the local area. The 1918 footbridge is a common type of structure found at suburban railway stations and together with the platform buildings and former station master's residence it forms a recognisable landmark in the local area.

Fairfield railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Fairfield Railway Station is historically significant at the state level as one of the earliest railway stations established during the first phase of NSW railway construction in the 1850s. Opened in 1856 the station was one of only two stations, the other being Liverpool, on the section of the Main South Line constructed between Granville and Liverpool.

The station is also historically significant at the state level as the existing 1850s former station master's residence is the oldest surviving station building in NSW and possibly Australia and along with the 1860s "Second Class Station Building" and the 1890s "Third Class Station Building" it is able to demonstrate the development of the railways from its early phase of operations through the 1890s duplications of the lines. The various changes to the station demonstrate its evolution from a rural railway station to a suburban service and reflect the growth and change of the local area.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Fairfield Railway Station Group has State significance with its 1850s combined residence/office building which along with sympathetic additions to its west retains characteristic features of this type of station building namely gabled roof, the two rooms width of the original residence section of the building and veranda awnings supported by timber posts. The '1860s "Second Class Station Building" despite extensions to its south and west retains typical features, namely the original symmetrical section of the building and its hipped roof with chimneys. Similarly the 1890s "Third Class Station Building" despite additions and alterations has most of its architectural features and details intact including the varied roof forms, the awning supported on original cast iron posts with Corinthian capitals and decorative cast iron brackets. The footbridge with stairs leading down the platforms, has been recently covered and its surfaces recently tiled. However its superstructure, consisting of a riveted steel "Warren Truss" with angle iron trestles and channel iron stair stringers and compressed fibre cement decking, is original 1910s fabric and is typical of such footbridges within the suburban network. The station with its platform buildings, station building and footbridge collectively forms a recognisable landmark in the local area.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The combined residence/office building is a relatively rare railway structure, with only three extant examples in the metropolitan network, the other two being at Riverstone and Emu Plains.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The Second Class platform building at Fairfield Railway Station has been altered considerably in terms of extensions to its south and west and new fitouts to its interiors but as it retains considerable amount of original fabric internally and externally and it has characteristic features of its this type of building and is a representative example. The "Third Class" platform building at Fairfield Railway Station, despite alterations and the additions has remained largely intact externally and is therefore representative of this class of railway buildings. Although the footbridge has been altered it retains the characteristic superstructure of footbridges and is representative of standard footbridge design.

title: Fairfield railway station, Sydney


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Talk:Predator (disambiguation)

The words "a predator" can mean many different things. This page will help sort out the different subjects in a clean, centrally located way.

Sidney Cooke entry
I'm removing the entry on Sidney Cooke for the second time. Nothing in his article or the references I looked at indicates that he is commonly known as simply "predator" or "the predator". The BBC News article refers to him as "the predatory paedophile", but this is clearly a distinct term and does not merit an entry on the Predator disambiguation page. Please see WP:PTM for further guidelines. If there are reliable sources which show he is widely known as just "predator" then please add the information to his article. And in the future please be a little slower to label good edits as vandalism. Nick Number (talk) 23:00, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Predator (disambiguation)


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Canley Vale railway station

Canley Vale railway station is located on the Main South line, serving the Sydney suburb of Canley Vale. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Inner West & Leppington Line and T5 Cumberland line services.

History
Canley Vale station opened in April 1878. Canley Vale station is included in the NSW Governments Station Accessibility Upgrade Program which will see lifts built onto the current footbridge, toilets, an upgraded station entrance and improvements to CCTV, wayfinding and lighting. The upgrade to Canley Vale was complete in November 2021 and included new lifts and a kiss-and-ride feature.

Transport links
Transit Systems operates one bus route via Canley Vale station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 817: Cabramatta station and Fairfield station

Canley Vale station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station

title: Canley Vale railway station


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Cheikh Anta Diop University

Cheikh Anta Diop University (Université Cheikh Anta Diop or UCAD), also known as the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese physicist, historian and anthropologist Cheikh Anta Diop and has an enrollment of over 60,000.

History
Cheikh Anta Diop University predates Senegalese independence and grew out of several French institutions set up by the colonial administration. In 1918, the French created the "école africaine de médecine" (African medical school), mostly to serve white and Métis students but also open to the small educated elite of the four free towns of Senegal with nominal French citizenship. In 1936, under the Popular Front government in France, Dakar became home to the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), an institute for the study of African culture.

In 1950s, with decolonisation already looming, the French administration expanded these schools, added science faculties, and combined the schools into the "Institut des Hautes Etudes de Dakar". In 1957, a new campus was constructed as the 18th French Public University, attached to the University of Paris and the University of Bordeaux. This became the University of Dakar the largest and most prestigious university in French West Africa. In 1987, its name was changed to honor the Senegalese philosopher and anthropologist, Cheikh Anta Diop.

Enrollment growth
At independence in 1960, enrollment was 1,018 students, only 39% Senegalese, with most of the rest from other former French colonies. By 1976, this number grew to 8,014.

In the 1970s, a time of state financial crisis, funding to higher education was cut, and international agencies stepped in over the next decade. Most of this funding, though, went to meet the needs of primary schools. In the 1990s and 2000s there was a huge boom in Senegalese primary and secondary education, much of it funded through international projects. In 1984 around 50% of Senegalese children received primary education and by 2004 more than 90% did.

In the mid-1980s around 20% of World Bank funding to Senegalese education went to higher education, but this figure dropped to 7% by the mid-1990s. With these projects came severe World Bank restrictions, dramatically cutting domestic funding available to university programs. As students who have benefited from primary and secondary education age, Cheikh Anta Diop University has had its already stretched resources stretched further. Nine thousand Senegalese students received a Baccalaureate degree in 2000, while total registration shot above 40,000, for a campus built with only 5,000 dorm rooms.

Despite these pressures Cheikh Anta Diop University maintains a reputation as one of Africa's most prestigious institutions. Most of the post-independence generation of Senegalese leaders are graduates of the university, and its alumni teach in universities around the world.

Academics
The education system follows the French pattern, with oral and/or written final exams administered at the end of the year. All courses at the university are taught in French, except those in language departments other than French.

Schools and institutes
UCAD offers courses of study in Humanities, Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, Finance, Accounting, and Law. The university awards the following degrees: B.A., B.S., Ph.D., and D.M.A.

The School of Medicine includes departments of Pharmacy, Research, and Surgery. The university also encompasses the Institute of Sciences of the Environment (ISE) and the Institute of Sciences of Earth (ISE).

The Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), founded in 1936, remains one of the world centers of African Studies. The IFAN Museum of African Arts' Musée d'Art africain, attached to IFAN, displays and conserves a world-renowned collection of African arts.

The Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar) at CADU is the regulatory body for the Wolof language.

Language studies are divided into the following disciplines: Philosophy, Sociology, History, Geography, Letters, Arabic, Russian, Languages and Civilizations, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Latin, German and Linguistics.

The university oversees a language school: Institut de Français pour Etrangers (IFE). The IFE specializes in French language studies aimed at foreign students in preparation for regular courses taught in French.

Foreign programs
UCAD hosts a number of foreign study abroad programs, including ones administered by Wells College, Indiana University, and the University of Oregon in the United States and numerous European universities. Participants in the program typically take a required course in Introductory Wolof and a French language (if applicable) course through the IFE in addition to regular university courses taught in French.

A division of the university offers courses for foreign students in Senegalese and African studies, including African literature, history, politics, philosophy, and sociology.

CADU is a member of the Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World.

Special requirements
For foreign students, UCAD requires a minimum age of 18 to enroll in studies in Pharmacy and a minimum age of 22 to enroll in studies relating to oral surgery.

Student life
UCAD has a diverse student body drawn from many countries including Senegal, Chad, Burkina-Faso, Ivory Coast, France, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, the United States, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Rwanda, Cameroon, Belgium, and the United Kingdom.

As with a number of other African universities, UCAD occasionally experiences student strikes protesting government or university policies, most notable of which occurred during the 1993 presidential election.

With over 60,000 students and only 5,000 dormitory rooms, most students from outside Dakar must look for other accommodations. Many students live in the Cité Aline Sitoe Diatta, near the university campus, and those who can't afford Dakar's often high rents often share rooms.

Violence
The university has had a number of notable incidents of violence. A Senegalese LGBT organization noted in 2016 that ten cases of homophobic mob violence had occurred at the university since 2012. One of these, following a riot at the university, resulted in the death of the student who was suspected to be gay. The riot followed an attempt to apprehend the student, who had sought refuge in the university's bank and security office. Separately, self-immolations and clashes between students and police have been reported after students unsuccessfully demanded scholarships or challenged grading schemes.

Notable instructors

 * Abdoulaye Bathily, former government minister and President candidate, Professor of History.
 * Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Senegalese philosopher, former Vice-dean of the College of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy.
 * Souleymane Mboup, microbiologist, leader of team that discovered HIV-2, and leads the Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory at le Dantec Hospital.
 * Amsatou Sow Sidibé, Senegalese lawyer and presidential candidate
 * Khady Sylla, Senegalese novelist
 * Louis-Vincent Thomas, French sociologist, anthropologist, ethnologist, former professor.
 * Abdoulaye Wade, former President of Senegal, former dean of the law and economics faculty.

Notable students

 * Simeon Aké, former Ivorian Foreign Minister and UN Ambassador.
 * Barthélémy Attisso, guitarist and lawyer.
 * Sangaré Niamoto Ba, Minister of Mali
 * Sékou Ba, former Burkina Faso Minister of Animal Resources
 * Sokhna Benga, Senegalese novelist and poet
 * Emmanuel Bombande, cofounder and executive director of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding, Chair of the Board of the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict
 * Yayi Boni, President of Benin.
 * Ousmane Camara, former Senegalese Chief Justice.
 * Awa Marie Coll-Seck, former Senegalese Minister of Health.
 * Mbaye Diagne, Senegalese Army officer and a United Nations military observer credited with saving many lives during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
 * Souleymane Bachir Diagne (Philosophy), professor at Columbia University.
 * Salif Diallo, Master of Law, Burkinabé political leader.
 * Cheick Sidi Diarra, United Nations Special Adviser on Africa and High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (OSAA/OHRLLS).
 * Ousmane Tanor Dieng:, International Relations, Law; first Secretary of the Socialist Party of Senegal, vice-president of the Socialist International.
 * Abdou Diouf, 2nd President of Senegal
 * Mamadou Diouf, historian of Cayor, former CADU professor, and director of African Studies at Columbia University.
 * Adebayo Faleti, Nigerian Poet, Writer and Actor.
 * Ibrahima Fall (politician): former Foreign Minister and professor of Law
 * Teguest Guerma, Medical Post-Doctorate, Associate Director of the HIV/AIDS Department, of the World Health Organisation.
 * Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, President of Mali
 * Souleymane Mboup, microbiologist and leader of team that discovered HIV-2
 * Molly Melching, Human rights activist.
 * Kanidoua Naboho, Doctor of Medicine, Burkinabé political leader.
 * Doudou Ndoye, Senegalese politician (Law)
 * Erin Pizzey, activist and founder of world's first domestic violence shelter.
 * Jean Pliya, Beninois playwright and short story writer.
 * Théodore-Adrien Sarr, Archbishop of Dakar, licentiate in Greek & Latin.
 * Talla Sylla, Senegalese politician, leader of APJ
 * Soham El Wardini, mayor of Dakar (first female to be mayor post-independence)
 * Marie Khemesse Ngom Ndiaye, doctor and health minister

Honorary degrees

 * Nelson Mandela: Honorary Doctorate conferred, 30 June 1992

Official Web links

 * UCAD history page
 * UCAD-EBAD Campus Guide, Library school at EBAD.
 * Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar et la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines.
 * École Inter-États des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaire de Dakar (site officiel)
 * École Inter-États des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaire de Dakar (site officiel)

title: Cheikh Anta Diop University


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McCombs School of Business

The McCombs School of Business (McCombs School or McCombs) is a business school at The University of Texas at Austin, a public research university in Austin, Texas. In addition to the main campus in Downtown Austin, McCombs offers classes outside Central Texas in Dallas, and Houston. The McCombs School of Business offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs for their average 13,000 students each year, adding to its 98,648 member alumni base from a variety of business fields. In addition to traditional classroom degree programs, McCombs is home to 14 collaborative research centers, the international business plan competition: Venture Labs Investment Competition (formerly known as "MOOT Corp"), and executive education programs.

McCombs is also the oldest public business school in Texas.

History
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) was founded in 1883, and the university's School of Business Administration was established a few decades later in 1922. The school quickly grew, establishing a Master in Professional Accounting program in 1948 and offering its first executive education programs in 1955.

Effects of the 1990s technology boom and dot-com bubble were palpable in Austin, leaving the nickname "Silicon Hills" on the city. One McCombs School program that has capitalized on this is the Venture Labs Investment Competition, is the oldest operating inter-business school new-venture competition in the world. Begun in 1984, it has been dubbed the "Super Bowl of world business plan competitions." Also opportunistic was the creation of the school's first Management Information Systems degree in 1990. The MBA Investment Fund, LLC was also founded in 1994, becoming the first legally constituted investment fund run by Master of Business Administration (MBA) students and proving quite successful, with a 17.5 percent annual return to date. Additionally, in 1995 the college became the first to require students have an e-mail address.

On May 11, 2000, an auto dealership owner Red McCombs announced a $50 million donation to UT Austin. In his honor, the College of Business Administration and the Graduate School of Business were merged under the newly created Red McCombs School of Business.

In June 2007, AT&T pledged $25 million to the McCombs School towards the construction of the Executive Education and Conference Center. As part of the financial contribution, the center, which opened August 2008, will be named the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center for the next 25 years.

Facilities

The McCombs School of Business is located in the heart of the University of Texas at Austin campus. The majority of the McCombs School is housed in a three-building complex called the George Kozmetsky Center for Business Education, named after philanthropist and former College of Business Administration dean, George Kozmetsky, at the intersection of 21st and Speedway Streets. The McCombs School is bordered by Waggener Hall (the former home of the College of Business Administration) to the North, Gregory Gymnasium, and E. P. Schoch Building (one of the last overseen by campus master planner Paul Cret) to the East and is adjacent to Perry–Castañeda Library to the south.

The Business-Economics Building (now the College of Business Administration Building), opened in January 1962. It was the largest classroom structure on campus when it was built and housed the first escalator on campus. Today, it is home to the undergraduate programs at the McCombs School and the Bureau of Business Research. The building faces Speedway Street and unlike the majority of surrounding Mediterranean Revival Style architecture structures, most of the building is faced with brick.

In March 1976, Graduate School of Business Building opened next to the existing building facing 21st Street. Since its inception, the addition to the College of Business Administration Building houses the separate graduate MBA program. The addition was constructed in a rhombus shape to protect a grove of trees on the north side of the building.

Located on the southwest corner of the UT campus, the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center is a multi-function complex and hotel. The facility has multiple sized classrooms and breakout rooms, a 300-seat amphitheater, ballroom, three restaurants, and 297 hotel rooms. The center hosts all of the executive education programs for the McCombs School, including the Texas Executive Education and evening MBA programs. It is the first building to be built to the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED Silver certification standards on campus.

A statue titled "The Family Group" by sculptor, and former UT College of Fine Arts professor, Charles Umlauf sits in the middle of McCombs Plaza at the southern entrance of the GSB Building.

In August 2012, the University of Texas System Board of Regents approved a proposal for a new $155 million, 458,000-square-foot Graduate Business Education Center to serve MBA, M.S, and upper level undergraduate courses. Located across from the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center, the new state-of-the-art building opened March 2018. This facility is called Robert B. Rowling Hall. Rowling Hall was completed in early 2018 and features five above ground floors and six below ground floors for parking. The building was designed by Jacobs and Ennead Architects.

Academics
McCombs is made up of a total of 6,548 students (Fall 2018): 4,752 undergraduates, 1,702 postgraduate, and 94 doctoral students. An additional 6,450 undergraduates take coursework through the Texas Business Foundations Program (Texas BFP), described below, for a total enrollment of 12,998. All undergraduates classes are at the main campus in Austin while almost a fifth of postgraduate student classes are held outside of Central Texas in Dallas, Houston, and Mexico City.

In addition to traditional graduation routes, McCombs offers a five-year program where students earn their BBA and Master in Professional Accounting (MPA) degrees concurrently. The Texas BFP offers non-business majors the opportunity to grasp the fundamentals of business operations and minor in business while pursuing any undergraduate program at the University of Texas at Austin. Students in the Business Foundations Program take seven business courses (two lower-division and five upper-division) in addition to their existing undergraduate course work. Students who complete the program are capable of integrating their minor into their future career.

Admissions
In Fall 2018, out of the 8,034 freshman applicants, 1,835 were admitted to the undergraduate program. Unlike most colleges & schools at the University of Texas at Austin and the university itself, McCombs does not accept spring or summer applications. Prospective students must apply for admission only during the fall semester. Both undergraduate and postgraduate applicants have similar admissions requirements. Applicants are evaluated holistically based on letters of recommendation, essays, transcripts, and a resume. MBA applicants however are encouraged to have at least two years of full-time work experience and are required to take the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). For Fall 2018, the McCombs school received just over 2,000 applications for the Full-Time MBA program whose class size is 284.

Organization
The McCombs School of Business awards the degrees of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master in Professional Accounting (MPA), Masters of Science in Marketing (MSM), Master of Science in Business Analytics (MSBA), Master of Science in Finance (MSF), Master of Science in Information Technology and Management (MSITM), Master of Science in Technology Commercialization (MSTC), Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD), as well as certificates upon completion of non-degreed Executive Education programs. Programs awarding doctoral degrees at the McCombs School of Business are divided in five academic departments, Accounting, Finance, Information, Risk, and Operations Management (IROM), Management, and Marketing. A sixth department, Business, Government and Society, was created in 2010 and does not award a doctoral degree.

Canfield Business Honors Program (Canfield BHP)
Admission is based on high school class rank along with extracurricular activities, and is typically only offered to students in the top 2% of their graduating class. Canfield BHP courses are taught by some of the McCombs School's most experienced faculty. Emphasis is placed on class discussion and presentations, case study analysis, and the research of actual business decisions. Enrollment in Canfield BHP classes is restricted to students in the program, and has small class sizes (generally 30-45 students). Canfield BHP also has a sophomore transfer application for first-year students that want to transfer into the Canfield Business Honors Program the following year.

Research
McCombs is home to over a dozen collaborative research centers focused on various business and investment sectors. Research centers are part of the academic departments and research information within that department according to the center's specialty.

Alumni
Graduates from McCombs receive competitive salaries and are solicited by some of the best companies in the world. Furthermore, McCombs has continued to maintain a very high job placement for its graduates due to the booming Texas economy and job market. Top recruiters at McCombs historically include PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Deloitte, KPMG, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, JP Morgan Chase, Credit Suisse, Dell, Citigroup, Boston Consulting Group, Microsoft, Chevron, and BP.

Alumni of the business school include:
 * Benchmark venture capitalist Bill Gurley '93
 * Texas Governor Greg Abbott '81
 * Southwest Airlines CEO Gary C. Kelly '74
 * Heinz CEO William R. Johnson '74
 * Former Texas Rangers owner Thomas O. Hicks '68
 * ConocoPhillips CEO James Mulva (BBA) '68 & (MBA) '69
 * National Oilwell Varco CEO Clay C. Williams
 * Donald Evans '73, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce
 * Kovid Gupta '10, author
 * The school's namesake, Red McCombs, also attended the business school, going on to co-found Clear Channel Communications and co-own the San Antonio Spurs, the Denver Nuggets, and the Minnesota Vikings.

Faculty
As of the 2015–2016 school year, the McCombs School employs 192 full-time equivalent faculty. Lillian Mills succeeded Jay Hartzell as dean on an interim basis in April 2020, and held the position permanently from June 2021.

List of deans

 * Spurgeon Bell (1922–1925)
 * E. Karl McGinnis (1925–1926)
 * J. Anderson Fitzgerald (1926–1950)
 * William Spriegel (1950–1958)
 * John Arch White (1958–1966)
 * George Kozmetsky (1966–1982)
 * William H. Cunningham (1983–1985)
 * Robert Witt (1985–1994)
 * Robert May (1995–2002)
 * George Gau (2002–2008)
 * Thomas W. Gilligan (2008–2015)
 * Laura Starks (2015–2016)
 * Jay Hartzell (2016–2020)
 * Lillian Mills (since 2020)

List

title: McCombs School of Business


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Keats House

Keats House is a writer's house museum in what was once the home of the Romantic poet John Keats. It is in Keats Grove, Hampstead, toward the edge of inner north London. Maps before about 1915 show the road with one of its earlier names, John Street; the road has also been known as Albion Grove. The building was originally a pair of semi-detached houses known as "Wentworth Place". John Keats lodged in one of them with his friend Charles Brown from December 1818 to May 1820, and then in the other half of the house with the Brawne family from August to September 1820. These were perhaps Keats's most productive years. According to Brown, "Ode to a Nightingale" was written under a plum tree in the garden.

While living in the house, Keats fell in love with and became engaged to Fanny Brawne, who lived with her family in the adjacent house. Keats became increasingly ill with tuberculosis and was advised to move to a warmer climate. He left London in 1820 and died, unmarried, in Italy the following year.

The house is a Grade I listed building.

History of the house

The house was built during 1814–15 and was probably completed between November 1815 and February 1816. The house was one of the first to be built in the area known as the Lower Heath Quarter.

By October 1816, Charles Wentworth Dilke and his friend Charles Brown had moved in. Other members of the Dilke family occupied two other adjacent houses. John Keats began visiting the house in 1817 after he had been introduced to Dilke by John Hamilton Reynolds, who was part of Leigh Hunt's circle of friends. In December 1818, after Keats's brother Tom died of tuberculosis, Brown invited Keats to "keep house" with him. Keats paid £5 per month ( prices) and half the liquor bill.

Dilke and his family left on 3 April 1819 and let the house, probably furnished, to Mrs Brawne, a widow, and her family, who had briefly occupied Brown's half of the house when Keats and Brown were on their walking tour of Scotland.

Brown transferred his part of Wentworth Place to Dilke's father on 18 June 1822 and left for Italy in the same year.

After Keats's 1821 death, his sister Fanny became friends with Fanny Brawne. Fanny Keats and her husband Valentin Llanos occupied what had been Brown's half of the house from 1828 until 1831. Mrs Brawne died in December 1829 from an accident. By March 1830, the Brawnes had left their part.

There were several notable occupants of the house during the 19th century: the painter and illustrator Henry Courtney Selous (1835–1838); Eliza Chester (1838–1848), a retired actress, once a favourite of George IV, who converted the house into one dwelling and added a dining room and conservatory; the piano manufacturer Charles Cadby (1858–1865); the physiologist Dr William Sharpey (1867–1875); and finally Reverend George Currey, Master of Charterhouse (1876). A Royal Society of Arts plaque was added in 1896 to commemorate Keats.

The house was in nearly continuous occupation until the 20th century, when it was threatened with demolition. The house was saved by subscription and opened to the public as the Keats Memorial House on 9 May 1925.

In July and August 2009, the museum once again hosted Keats in Hampstead, a performance piece about Keats's life in Hampstead, his poetry, prose and his love for Fanny Brawne.

Museum
The building next door, within the grounds of the house, occupies the space where the kitchen garden and outhouses were; it was also the site of a later coach house. It was opened on 16 July 1931 as the 'Keats Museum and Branch Library', housing both a public library and a room to display artifacts from the Keats House collection. Some of these artifacts were donated by Charles Armitage Brown's descendants in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the town to which Charles Brown emigrated in the last year of his life. The Heath Branch Public Library closed in March 2012. The building, which is part of the Keats House Trust administered by the City of London Corporation, reopened in April 2012 as "Ten Keats Grove". A volunteer-run library currently occupies part of the space in the building.

Artifacts on display in the house include the engagement ring Keats offered to Fanny Brawne and a copy of Keats's death mask. The museum runs regular poetry and literary events, and offers a range of educational facilities. In December 2006 it was announced that the house was to benefit from a restoration programme partly financed by a £424,000 Heritage Lottery Fund grant. Keats House was closed on 1 November 2007 and reopened on Friday, 24 July 2009, some six months after the projected re-opening.

To support the work of the house and to contribute to its upkeep, the Keats Foundation was established as a Trust in November 2010.

Garden: the Mulberry tree
The tree is a Common or Black Mulberry and believed to date from the 17th century. Mulberry trees have been cultivated in England since at least the early 16th century but are not native to Great Britain. As there were other fruit trees in the grounds of Keats House, the mulberry tree may have been part of an orchard. If the tree is as old as it is thought to be, then John Keats would have seen it, although he did not mention it in his writings. Keats did mention a white mulberry tree once in a July 1818 letter to his friend John Hamilton Reynolds.

Location
The house is on the south side of Keats Grove between St John's Church on Downshire Hill and South End Road in Hampstead, London NW3 2RR. The nearest stations are Hampstead Heath railway station on London Overground, and Belsize Park and Hampstead tube stations both on the Northern line, Edgware branch. From central London, red bus route 24 terminates at South End Green, Hampstead, close to the house and marked as 275 at the bottom right of the area map.

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References

title: Keats House


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Ladue Horton Watkins High School

Ladue Horton Watkins High School is a public high school in Ladue, Missouri, United States, that is administered by the Ladue School District. Its namesake, Horton Watkins, was vice president of the International Shoe Company and died in 1949. The family of Horton Watkins donated the 28 acre tract of land on South Warson Road to the school for the high school site as a memorial.

Demographics
The racial/ethnic breakdown of the 1,271 students enrolled for the 2012–2013 school year was:

 * White - 63.6%
 * Black - 17.6%
 * Asian/Pacific Islander - 10.1%
 * Hispanic - 4.5%
 * Multiracial - 3.9%
 * American Indian/Alaskan Native - 0.3%

The male/female ratio for 2012-13 was:
 * Male - 48%
 * Female - 52%

In addition, 12.2% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.

Activities
For the 2011–12 school year, the school offered 26 activities approved by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA): baseball, boys and girls basketball, cheerleading, boys and girls cross country, dance team, field hockey, football, boys golf, girls lacrosse, orchestra, band and vocal music, scholar bowl, boys and girls soccer, girls softball, speech and debate, boys' and girls' swimming and diving, boys' and girls' tennis, boys and girls track and field, girls volleyball, water polo, and wrestling. In addition to its MSHSAA activities, the school offers students an opportunity to participate in a variety of other school-sponsored clubs.

The Ladue Rams have won several state championships:
 * Football: 2018
 * Boys' golf: 1960, 1970
 * Scholar Bowl: 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2021
 * Boys' swimming and diving: 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
 * Girls swimming and diving: 1976, 2019
 * Boys tennis: 1962, 1985, 1995, 2022
 * Girls Tennis: 1978, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2009, 2022
 * Boys track and field: 2003
 * Girls track and field: 2005, 2009
 * Boys Ice hockey: 1994, 2012 (Founder's Cup), 2021 (Wickenheiser Cup)
 * Water Polo: 1973
 * Boys Ice hockey: 1994, 2012 (Founder's Cup), 2021 (Wickenheiser Cup)
 * Water Polo: 1973

In 2013 Ladue's Scholar Bowl team won the National Scholastics Championship.

Student activities:

 * The Carnivore Club
 * The Ladue Video Gaming Club: Founder - Atlee Solomon '09
 * Students Helping Children
 * De-Stress and Wellness Club
 * Student Council
 * Debate
 * Crescendo
 * Picture Perfect Photography Club
 * Model UN
 * Mock Trial
 * Gay-Straight Alliance
 * Journalism
 * Science Olympiad
 * DECA
 * Ladue Hunger Outreach Project (HOP)
 * Ladue Students Against Cancer (LSAC)
 * Athletes for Athletes
 * Big Brothers Big Sisters
 * Blue crew
 * Mu Alpha Theta (ΜΑΘ)
 * Teens Against Child Trafficking
 * Worldquest
 * Knowledge Masters
 * Teach Elders Electronics (TEE)
 * Juggling Club
 * Young Democrats Club
 * Young Republicans Club
 * Football
 * Girls and boys swimming
 * Water polo
 * Softball
 * Poms
 * Wrestling
 * Soccer
 * Tennis
 * Basketball
 * Cheerleading
 * Golf
 * Lacrosse
 * Field Hockey
 * Volleyball
 * Ladue Hockey
 * Baseball
 * Track
 * Cross Country
 * Strolling Strings
 * Science National Honor Society (SNHS)
 * Wiffle Ball
 * Pep Band
 * Orchestra
 * Percussion Ensemble
 * Student Coalition of Supporters of the USO
 * Animal Rights Club
 * Swimming
 * Ladue Film Club
 * FIRST Robotics
 * The Ladudes (male a cappella)
 * Viva Voce (female a cappella)
 * Chess Club

Notable alumni

 * John H. "Todd" Armstrong '56 - actor, star of Jason and the Argonauts
 * Paul William Bucha - '61 - Medal of Honor recipient, US Army, Captain, Vietnam
 * Jehu Chesson '12 - football player for the Michigan Wolverines and the Kansas City Chiefs
 * Jack Fox '15 - Pro-Bowl punter for the Detroit Lions
 * Frances Ginsberg '73 - opera soprano
 * Duane Hawthorne '95 - football player
 * Marty Hogan '76 - racquetball player
 * Willy Holtzman '69 - Award-winning playwright & Screenwriter
 * Tal Kopan '05 - journalist
 * Karyn Kusama '86 - film director
 * Dorothea Lasky '96 - poet
 * Jim McKelvey '83 - co-founder of Square, Inc.
 * Joel Meyers '72 - sportscaster
 * Eric Nenninger '97 - actor
 * Elissa L. Newport '65 - scientist
 * Jean Passanante '71 - television screenwriter
 * Andy Russell '59 - football player
 * Becky Sauerbrunn '03 - soccer player, U.S. Women's National Team
 * Jeff Smith '92 - politician
 * Ben C. Solomon '06 - Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
 * Kevin Spirtas, '80 - actor
 * Todd Susman ‘65 - actor
 * Courtney Van Buren '98 - football player
 * Justin Willman '98 - actor, magician and entertainer
 * Stuart Kornfeld '54 - professor of glycobiology

title: Ladue Horton Watkins High School


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PZC

PZC may refer to:

 * Point of zero charge, a concept relating to the phenomenon of adsorption in physical chemistry
 * Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant, a Dutch newspaper for the region of Zeeland
 * Providence Zen Center, the international headquarters for the Kwan Um School of Zen
 * PZ Cussons, a manufacturer of personal healthcare products and consumer goods

title: PZC


text:
Talk:Japanese saw

Pull-cut explanation
Can someone please succinctly explain why cutting on the pull stroke would inherently allow a saw "to have thinner blades that cut more efficiently and leave a narrower kerf". I understand it intuitively, I think, but a clear explanation in words would help this article, I think. --Ds13 02:34, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Push-saws require a thick blade to remain rigid. Otherwise, the blade would flex wildly as the craftman pushed on the handle, instead of cutting.  A pull-saw, on the other hand, is under tension rather than compression during cutting.  Therefore there's no stiffness requirement, and the blade can be much thinner. --216.194.55.187 19:00, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a great explanation there now, thanks! Crystal clear.  Of course, pull-saws now sound so superior in the article that it begs the question...  "What's the downside to a pull-saw?"  (The article only really makes the push-saw sound inferior, but I suspect that a well-designed push-saw would allow for more force to be applied to cutting because of the nature of human muscles and a typical cutting stance.  Or is it all really downside?)  --Ds13 19:00, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I wondered that myself. I've had a miter pull saw and a regular Japanese saw. The miter saw was too weak for the application, and I broke teeth and the cuts would curve within the slot in the miter box. The japanese saw is awesome for it's jobs: neatly trimming, especially if you want to cut a piece of wood flush with the item it sticks out from. But if I were just cutting a piece of 2x4, a push crosscut saw will work faster. I think because you need to push the teeth down against the wood while you make the cutting stroke, and you can do this better pushing than pulling. Also, I think while pushing you can make a fast "punch", while trying to pull (or jerk), your motion is just inherently more gradual. I think that was my problem with the miter saw, it would tend to bend a bit and get bound in the wood on the return stroke, so I'd try to push it roughly through, and teeth would break off. So final tally: japanese pullsaw good, miter-cut pullsaw bad, crosscut push saw faster, but messier. This is all original research, so not suitible for inclusion in the Wiki article. Now if someone were to quote me... Tafinucane 19:57, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The fact of the matter is that not all saws are created equal, ds13... hence the rapidly rising popularity of pullsaws in Western woodworking. Like Tafinucane has observed, though, there are different applications to all tools. And Tafinucane: there are official studies that explain results very similar to yours. Perhaps we can find them? Erk|Talk -- I like traffic lights -- 06:22, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Distinctions from western (thick, push-cut) saws
So here's a growing list of distinctions I think would be good and encyclopedic to add to the article, when notable sources can be found for them.

This site may not be notable enough to use as a reference, but mentions: Horses for courses, so I'm not suggesting these as advantages or disadvantages, but it would be helpful for a reader coming to this article wondering why or why not to use a Japanese saw. --Ds13 18:21, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * a pull stroke does not easily permit putting one's body weight behind a stroke
 * thin blades without spine reinforcement (typical of some Japanese saws) may make starting a straight cut more difficult, especially on hardwood
 * sawdust ends up on the other side of the wood from you with a push-cut saw
 * when played as a musical instrument (important for some), a thick-bladed push-cut saw gives a deeper tone
 * pistol-grip handles (not typical on Japanese saws) may be more comfortable for some

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title: Talk:Japanese saw


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Floyd Lawson

Floyd Lawson (Floyd the Barber) is a fictional character on the American sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. Floyd was primarily portrayed by actor Howard McNear.

Character overview
Floyd the Barber was the slow-paced, somewhat absent-minded barber in the series' fictional town of Mayberry. He was born and raised in Mayberry, having descended from one of the town's original settlers, Daniel Lawson. He was a founding member of the town band, served as secretary of the Downtown Businessman's Club, and is a member of The Regal Order of the Golden Door to Good Fellowship.

Floyd has one son, Norman, with his wife, Melba. Other family members mentioned throughout the run of the show include niece Virginia Lee. Floyd's nephew, Warren Ferguson, served as town deputy for a time. Lamar Tuttle is also mentioned as Floyd's cousin.

Floyd is first introduced in the first-season episode "Stranger in Town" and is played by actor Walter Baldwin. Baldwin established the running gag of Floyd's inability to trim sideburns evenly, which continued throughout the run of the series. Baldwin portrayed Floyd for just one episode, and the character otherwise differed from the later version, with most of the jokes stemming from the bespectacled Floyd's barely being able to see. From January, 1961 on, the role was played by Howard McNear, the actor most commonly associated with the role.

Over the first few seasons, the importance of Floyd the Barber to the series increased. Slowly, McNear changed his delivery of dialogue for Floyd from fast-paced to slower and slower as time went on. Floyd also became involved more in the plots of the various episodes as the show progressed.

In early 1963, midway through the third season, Howard McNear suffered a serious stroke. He was left with limited use of his arms and legs, especially his left arm, which rarely moved. The producers of the series and Andy Griffith wanted McNear to return as Floyd when his health permitted it, and after about a year, McNear was talked into coming back, despite his initial reluctance. The series had a special chair constructed that McNear was able to sit in most of the time while on the set, as the stroke had left him only able to stand for short periods of time. Accordingly, the Floyd character then began to appear regularly again on the series towards the end of season four.

The last appearance of Floyd the Barber on The Andy Griffith Show was in the final episode of the seventh season. Howard McNear's health worsened and he was not able to return to the series for season eight, and he died less than a year later. To try to fill in his loss on the series, a new character named Emmett Clark (a fix-it man) was brought in. As announced on the series, Floyd had retired because he had earned enough money. Emmett (played by veteran character actor Paul Hartman) moved his fix-it shop from his home into Floyd's old barber shop location.

Inconsistencies
In Howard McNear's first appearance as Floyd, "Mayberry Goes Hollywood," the character is referred to as Floyd Colby and the barbershop was called "Colby's Tonsorial Parlor". Later Floyd's surname was established to be "Lawson."

Early in the series, Floyd has a son and a wife, although in at least one episode ("Floyd the Gay Deceiver"), he says he is a widower.

In television
Over the years, "Floyd the barber" has been used in a variety of television programming. Some examples include the following:

 * In an episode of St. Elsewhere guest-starring Griffith cast member Jack Dodson, the characters make reference to the hospital's barber also named Floyd.
 * On NBC's sitcom 30 Rock, Liz Lemon's recurring boyfriend, a recovering alcoholic, is named Floyd de Barber and played by Saturday Night Live cast member Jason Sudeikis.
 * The FX series Sons of Anarchy featured a barber by the name of Floyd, first showing up in season one.
 * In the Animaniacs episode "Dough Dough Boys/Boot Camping/General Boo-Regard", Wakko gets his hair cut by Floyd during boot camp.
 * He appears in the intro of Freakazoid!, where he is seen cutting Freakazoid's hair with a tiny lawnmower.
 * In the English dub of Digimon: The Movie, Matt and T.K. go to a barber shop, where the barber is addressed as "Floyd". In the closing credits, other characters in the barber shop are credited as "Andy," "Barney", and "Aunt Bea".
 * In the fourth-season episode of Arrested Development entitled "Smashed", during the "haircut meeting", Ron Howard refers to his barber as Floyd, remarking that he calls all of his barbers "Floyd". Howard was a fellow castmate in The Andy Griffith Show.

In music

 * The Nirvana song, Floyd the Barber, from their debut studio album Bleach, imagines Kurt Cobain visiting the character's barber shop.

The "real life" Floyd
With the popularity of The Andy Griffith Show, interest in the influence of Mount Airy, NC as the inspiration for Mayberry grew. Russell Hiatt, a barber at Mt. Airy's City Barber Shop claimed to have cut Andy Griffith's hair, although this is disputed by Griffith. City Barber Shop was established in 1929, and Hiatt began working there in 1946. In 1989, the name was changed to "Floyd's City Barber Shop". Whether Hiatt actually cut Griffith's hair when the actor had yet to become famous is uncertain. Hiatt was only two years older than Griffith, so he would have had to have cut his hair before Griffith moved away from Mt. Airy to attend college in the late 1940s. Griffith and Hiatt would both have been teenagers at that time.

title: Floyd Lawson


text:
Talk:Dynastic order

wikified
I just wikified the article, adding a bunch of links. I also did some quick fact checking to see see if the work was correct and also tried to see if it was a copywrited entry, finding that the article was both correct and at the very least not taken verbatim from something google can find.

Jacob 03:02, 3 April 2006 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacob (User_talk:Jrideout • contribs)

Russian order of St. John
For anonymous. Russian order of St. John is not dynastic, because is not bestoved by Head of House on her own right (is not her property). Dynastic orders of Romanov House are St. Stanislaus, St. Anna,St. George and St. Catherine, but St. John is not. Please, first read some books, as World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, before make some spurious and amateurish statements. Yopie 04:07, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

More Dynastic Orders
There are many more dynastic orders not currently listed. I would like to work with a fellow Wikipedian on this topic. Please contact me.

Prof. Carl Edwin Lindgren (celindgren@panola.com)

Royalhistorian (talk) 05:42, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Dear professor, I will be happy to assist you. Yopie 19:43, 7 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yopie (talk • contribs)

Rename to a shorter alternative
I suggest "House order" but "Dynastic order" is at least where the page should be. "House order", to get away from the British-centrism. 118.90.25.253 (talk) 13:05, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Name is OK, we not need shorter. --Yopie 14:16, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Examples in intro
Don't house orders appoint members based on the authority of the controlling house? That is, that they are/used to be of sovereign rank at the time of the order's creation? 118.90.35.155 (talk) 11:06, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

--193.40.110.66 (talk) 12:21, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Commonwealth realms orders
Why does this article state that the Orders of the Garter, and Merit and the Royal Victorian Order are dynastic orders when there is nothing that suggests that they belong to the "patrimony of a dynasty". That they are in the monarch's own gift does not make them dynastic. If the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle were dynastic they would have descended with the Jacobite succession and could not have been conferred by later British monarchs. The statutes of the Order of the Garter have atleast in the past stated that the "Kings of England, shall be forever more Sovereigns of the said most noble order", not the head of a dynasty, so obviously it is not a dynastic order. Björn Knutson (talk) 18:40, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Interesting point. The definition of "Dynastic Order" as used in the article is somewhat problematic.  Strictly speaking, only a few of the orders on the list are deemed to belong to a dynasty rather than a sovereign.  The Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau being the clearest example.  Otherwise, in the case of the orders granted by reigning monarchs, the term is used to describe orders that are deemed to be in the personal gift of the monarch (i.e. they are awarded without the advice of the elected political leaders of the state) and/or which are given out for services to the monarch and the royal family whether than as a reward for merit or services to the nation.  With regard to other orders, "Dynastic Order" is being used to describe those orders that the former monarch and/or his heir continue to award after losing the throne.  The rationale for the continued award of orders by exiles families varies from case to case.  It is claimed that the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George, for example, was created by papal authority and that the Pope granted the grandmastership to the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies independently of the crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies so that the order and the rights of the grandmaster survive the end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies because of the Pope's authority.  It is questionable whether the situation of the Constantinian Order is best described as the "patrimony of a dynasty" instead of as a religious order of knights with an hereditary grandmaster.  In contrast, the Romanian Order of Carol I looks like a state merit order which former King Michael continued to award under a government-in-exile theory on the basis that his deposition was unlawful.  Somehow the Order of Carol I was transformed into the private property of King Michael by right of his status as a former monarch.  Now Michael claims the right to revise the order of succession and pass his status as dynastic head onto his daughter and then his grandson.  Presumably, the Romanian royal orders will pass to the future heads of the Romanian royal family. Ultimately, the problem begins with the fact that in the Middle Ages monarchs actually owned the state so there was no separation between that which belonged to the monarch as sovereign, that which belonged to his dynasty, and that which belonged to the state.  (To look at it another way, a medieval English monarch would not comprehend how Windsor Castle could be deemed property held by the Queen in trust for the nation while Sandringham House is considered Elizabeth II's private property.)  Since ex-monarchs and their families rarely survived their deposition for long, there was little need for medieval minds to consider the rights of former royal families.  Johnwilliammiller (talk) 07:36, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The Order of the Garter was awarded on the advice of the Prime Minister until 1946 and the Order of the Thistle until 1947. Those facts raise the question of whether the Garter and the Thistle would still be "dynastic" orders if the Prime Minister was still advising the monarch on the awards. Of course, what one prime minister does another can undo so that the potential exists for a future prime minister to take back control of the Garter and the Thistle.  Before someone argues that the Garter and Thistle would still be dynastic even if the Queen only awarded them on ministerial advice please remember that the main difference between the orders classed as dynastic (Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of Merit, and Royal Victorian Order) and the other orders award by or in the name of the Queen is whetehr they are in the Queen's personal gift or awarded on the advice of the political leads. Johnwilliammiller (talk) 07:55, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Problem with the Opening Paragraph
As of 27 November 2012, the first two sentence read "A dynastic order of knighthood is an order belonging to the heraldic patrimony of a dynasty, often held by ancient right. These differ from military, religious, and orders of merit belonging to a particular state, having been instituted to reward personal services rendered to a sovereign, dynasty, or an ancient family of princely rank." Hyginus Eugene Cardinale's "Orders of Knighthood, Awards, and the Holy See" contains the following "Dynastic Orders of Knighthood are a category of Orders belonging to the heraldic patrimony of a dynasty, often held by ancient right. These differ from the early military and religious Orders and from the later Orders of Merit belonging to a particular State, having been instituted to reward personal services rendered to a dynasty or an ancient Family of princely rank." As the opening of this article is virtually identical to Cardinale's (without citation), I am rewriting the opening paragraph. Johnwilliammiller (talk) 06:23, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

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Requested move 16 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Fuortu (talk) 16:18, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Dynastic order of knighthood → Dynastic order of chivalry – For WP:Consistency as per International Commission on Orders of Chivalry and more, and in line with order of merit. Of course possibly dynastic chivalric order, dynastic knightly order and dynastic order of knighthood should be kept indicated as common other names in the lead section or under the terminology section. See also: Talk:Order_(honour). Chicbyaccident (talk) 12:05, 16 November 2016 (UTC) --Relisting. — Music1201  talk  16:02, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support: per WP:PRECISE, technically not all orders of chivalry confer the status of knight upon an appointee. For example, only the two highest of the five grades which constitute the Royal Victorian Order entitle the appointee to use the title Sir/Dame. Ebonelm (talk) 21:37, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 6 December 2016

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The result of the move request was: MOVED. KSF T C 16:10, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Dynastic order of chivalry → Dynastic order – WHile the above move was an improvement, after closer investigation, this article is not merely about dynastic orders of chivalry but rather about dynastic orders in general, including both dynastic orders of chivalry and orders of merit. On a further note, definition and overview of chivalric orders is more suitably collected at order of chivalry. Thus this article should most probably, in accordance also with the category Category:Dynastic orders, be renamed as proposed. See also article names in other languages, which well corresponds with this proposal. Chicbyaccident (talk) 16:55, 6 December 2016 (UTC) --Relisting. RGloucester  — ☎ 17:56, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 21 May 2019

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The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) Steel1943  (talk) 20:45, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Dynastic order → Dynastic decoration – If "decoration" (or equivalent term) can be said to include orders. Compare equivalent discussion on Talk:State order. PPEMES (talk) 13:46, 21 May 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. qedk (t 桜 c) 14:12, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Dynastic orders are awards like the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Golden Fleece: high honours granted as a mark of esteem by a head of state. Decorations are awards like the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross and the Purple Heart, usually for a specific act deemed worthy of recognition. Opera hat (talk) 18:09, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose as above. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:01, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

, Confused. Please see Template:Phaleristics for an overview illustration. Do you see the section "Fount of honour"? Doesn't this regard not only orders, but medals in general? Isn't that why article State decoration is called like that? So why shouldn't there be any Dynastic decoration? PPEMES (talk) 21:50, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Because this is the common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:41, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Yet, when there is no other article for the subject as a whole. Don't we need that then? PPEMES (talk) 12:49, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

Keeping list to those with Wiki articles
I am trying to keep the list of orders to just those with a Wiki article. Otherwise, everyone will try to post their orders (legit or otherwise) to this list. If the order you want to add is important enough to be added, then it should have its own Wiki article.  Kimon talk 13:25, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynastic order


text: User talk:59.92.135.248

title: User talk:59.92.135.248


text:
Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi

Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi was an authoritative Persian physician who lived before the 18th century and was from Shiraz. All that is known of this figure is that he is cited as an authority by ‘Ali ibn Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman who composed a versified Persian medical compendium titled Jawahir al-maqal, a copy of which is preserved at The National Library of Medicine.

Since ‘Ali ibn Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman died possibly in 1700, then we can conclude that Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi lived sometime before that date.

title: Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fantastic Four (movie)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. — Xezbeth 15:10, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Fantastic Four (movie)
There are two different movies, each of which has their own article. I don't see why we need a disambig to differentiate between them, nor should we redirect this to either movie article since both are valid. So I suggest we delete it. feitclub 06:26, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If you delete it, someone will just recreate it again because they likely won't know that there were two Fantastic Four movies, and so won't know to look under Fantastic Four (2005 film).  However, I think there is good reason to just redirect Fantastic Four (movie) to the 2005 version, and then include a see also at the very top to link to the unreleased one.  No need to treat them equally.  Postdlf 06:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm also fine with redirecting to Fantastic Four (disambiguation). Postdlf 16:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It doesn't do any harm. Deletion is pointless. CalJW 06:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs rewriting but it seems useful as it is. Poli 07:14, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. --Angr/undefined 07:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Fantastic Four (2005 film) into its own section. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 08:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge both the 1994 and 2005 films into this space per The Punisher (movie) and redirect their old articles here. Nateji77 08:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly normal disambiguation page.  —RaD Man (talk) 08:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful disambiguation. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC) Redirect per Uncle G is better since this was a duplicate. Otherwise this would have been perfectly valid. Sjakkalle  (Check!)  06:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful page. Capitalistroadster 11:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I point out to all of the above editors talking about disambiguation the existence of Fantastic Four (disambiguation). There is no need to have two of them.  The only reason for the existence of this page is that it is where Fantastic Four (2005 film) used to be.  The redirect that was left behind was, bizarrely, turned into a disambiguation between two of the things that Fantastic Four (disambiguation) already disambiguates between.  There is nothing to merge.  The various hypotheses and rumours about why the first film was never released are already mentioned, without citing sources of course (heaven forfend!), at Fantastic Four (1994 movie).  Redirect to Fantastic Four (disambiguation), if you really think that people are likely to re-create this article (which doesn't seem that likely to me — Editors will go to Fantastic Four and thence to Fantastic Four (disambiguation) and thus find the existing articles.). Delete otherwise, as per the comment of the article's creator on its talk page. Uncle G 11:54, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Fantastic Four (disambiguation) as per above 23skidoo 12:22, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As usual, Uncle G explains it perfectly. Delete Radiant_ >|< 14:27, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a Redirect to the existing disambiguation page. Since "________ (movie)" is a common method of distinguishing movies from their other-media counterparts, it can be expected that this will be typed in now and then.  Redirects are cheap.  -- Un focused 15:31, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Uncle G. -- Jonel 16:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Uncle G. —Wahoofive (talk) 18:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect seems ok to me Yuckfoo 21:14, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 02:32, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Category talk:Spelling alphabets

"not phonetic"
this below is pasted from talk page:

The term "phonetic alphabet" refers to two different kinds of alphabets: one, the kind used for transcribing phonetics; the other, used to distinguish symbols of an alphabet in speech by representing them with unique words. The latter is the kind you call a "spelling alphabet", but those alphabets are also referred to as "phonetic alphabets". I wish you had been less hasty in declaring "not phonetic" and changing the category tag, especially since the new category should have been Category:Spelling alphabets, with the 's'. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * hi. thank you for your comment & concern. you can change my edits if you would like. i didnt mean to be "hasty". i am sorry to upset you.

 * i felt that grouping these systems together with true alphbetic phonetic notational systems is misleading, as these "spelling" systems dont have much to do with the study of linguistic sounds. so, the term is a misnomer. but, this terminology is apparently widespread in the realm of general knowledge.

 * so, you could rename the category to other things like Phonetic alphabet (spelling) or put Spelling alphabet under the Phonetic alphabet category. i see listed in 2 of the articles the term radiotelephony spelling alphabet, and in the Phonetic alphabet article, term radio alphabet. these could be rename options. or you could think of a better name.

 * i dont know about naming conventions. so, you are telling me that categories should be named with plural nouns while articles should be named with singular nouns?

 * peace — ishwar  (SPEAK)  23:34, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Spelling alphabets


text:
Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs

This category lists past and present members of the Canadian House of Commons who were or are associated with the Conservative Party of Canada.

Note that this category should only be applied to people who sat as members of the current (post-2003) party. Members of Parliament who represented the pre-1942 Conservative Party should be filed at Category:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs.


text:
Brooks High School (Launceston, Tasmania)

Brooks High School is a government co-educational comprehensive junior secondary school located in, a northern suburb of , Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1948, the school caters for approximately 500 students from Years 7 to 10. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.

In 2019 student enrolments were 436. The school principal is Louise Fisher.

The school services the Launceston northern suburbs of Invermay, Mayfield, Mowbray, Newnham, Ravenswood and Rocherlea.

History
Brooks High School opened in 1948. The school originally centred on a large blue gum tree, where it held assemblies. In 1990, the University of Tasmania incorporated these grounds and the school moved to its present site in Rocherlea. The present site resembles the original grounds; both feature large open spaces and separate buildings.

In 1995, the school established the No Dole Program. The program's success led other Australian high schools to found similar programs. Speakers at the Program have included former prime minister John Howard, former education minister Brendan Nelson, former Labor Party Leader Kim Beazley, Hawthorn footballer Dermott Brereton, late motor racing driver Peter Brock, and former Australian cricket captain Ricky Ponting. Ponting also attended the school.

Notable alumni

 * Daniel Geale – boxer
 * Ricky Ponting – cricketer
 * Charles Wooley – journalist


text:
User:Lou-Dawg

Lou-Dawg (Lseelba in many forums)

Places I browse:

Shoryuken - The premiere fighting game forum

ArcadeControls - resources and marketplace for arcade sticks, MAME, etc.

Ebay - too much fun to buy and sell stuff

title: User:Lou-Dawg


text:
User talk:171.21.80.126

April 2016
Hello, I'm Chesnaught555. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Sagarika Ghose— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Ches (talk) (contribs) 15:19, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
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Nomination of Manugistics for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Manugistics is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Manugistics until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. BD2412 T 23:39, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:171.21.80.126