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Madelung constant

The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.

Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion–cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.

Formal expression
The Madelung constant allows for the calculation of the electric potential $Vi$ of the ion at position $ri$ due to all other ions of the lattice

 * $$V_i = \frac{e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 } \sum_{j \neq i} \frac{z_j}{r_{ij}}\,\!$$

where $$r_{ij} = |r_i-r_j|$$ is the distance between the $i$th and the $j$th ion. In addition,
 * $1=zj =$ number of charges of the $j$th ion
 * $e =$ the elementary charge, 1.6022 C
 * $4πε0 =$ $1.112 C^{2}/(J⋅m)$; $ε0$ is the permittivity of free space.

If the distances $rij$ are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance $r0$, the potential may be written

 * $$V_i = \frac{e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0 } \sum_{j} \frac{z_j r_0}{r_{ij}} = \frac{e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0 } M_i$$

with $Mi$ being the (dimensionless) Madelung constant of the $i$th ion

 * $$M_i = \sum_{j} \frac{z_j}{r_{ij}/r_0}.$$

Another convention is to base the reference length on the cubic root $w$ of the unit cell volume, which for cubic systems is equal to the lattice constant. Thus, the Madelung constant then reads

 * $$\overline{M}_i = \sum_{j} \frac{z_j}{r_{ij}/w}=M_i \frac{w} {r_0}.$$

The electrostatic energy of the ion at site $ri$ then is the product of its charge with the potential acting at its site
 * $$E_{el,i} = z_ieV_i = \frac{e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0 } z_i M_i.$$

There occur as many Madelung constants $Mi$ in a crystal structure as ions occupy different lattice sites. For example, for the ionic crystal NaCl, there arise two Madelung constants – one for Na and another for Cl. Since both ions, however, occupy lattice sites of the same symmetry they both are of the same magnitude and differ only by sign. The electrical charge of the Na+ and Cl- ion are assumed to be onefold positive and negative, respectively, $zNa = 1$ and $zCl = –1$. The nearest neighbour distance amounts to half the lattice constant of the cubic unit cell $$r_0=\tfrac a 2$$ and the Madelung constants become

 * $$M_\text{Na}=-M_\text{Cl} = {\sum_{j,k,\ell=-\infty}^\infty}\!\!\!\!^\prime \ \ {{(-1)^{j+k+\ell}} \over \sqrt{j^2 + k^2 + \ell^2}}. $$

The prime indicates that the term $$j=k=\ell=0$$ is to be left out. Since this sum is conditionally convergent it is not suitable as definition of Madelung's constant unless the order of summation is also specified. There are two "obvious" methods of summing this series, by expanding cubes or expanding spheres. Although the latter is often found in the literature,

 * $$M = -6 + \frac{12}{\sqrt 2} - \frac{8}{\sqrt 3} + \frac{6}{2} - \frac{24}{\sqrt 5} + \dots$$

it fails to converge, as was shown by Emersleben in 1951. The summation over expanding cubes converges to the correct value, although very slowly. An alternative summation procedure, presented by Borwein, Borwein and Taylor, uses analytic continuation of an absolutely convergent series.

There are many practical methods for calculating Madelung's constant using either direct summation (for example, the Evjen method ) or integral transforms, which are used in the Ewald method. A fast converging formula for the Madelung constant of NaCl is

 * $$12 \, \pi \sum_{m, n \geq 1, \, \mathrm{odd}} \operatorname{sech}^2\left(\frac{\pi}{2}(m^2+n^2)^{1/2}\right)$$

The continuous reduction of $w$ with decreasing coordination number $M$ for the three cubic AB compounds (when accounting for the doubled charges in ZnS) explains the observed propensity of alkali halides to crystallize in the structure with highest $Z$ compatible with their ionic radii. Note also how the fluorite structure being intermediate between the caesium chloride and sphalerite structures is reflected in the Madelung constants.

Generalization
It is assumed for the calculation of Madelung constants that an ion's charge density may be approximated by a point charge. This is allowed, if the electron distribution of the ion is spherically symmetric. In particular cases, however, when the ions reside on lattice site of certain crystallographic point groups, the inclusion of higher order moments, i.e. multipole moments of the charge density might be required. It is shown by electrostatics that the interaction between two point charges only accounts for the first term of a general Taylor series describing the interaction between two charge distributions of arbitrary shape. Accordingly, the Madelung constant only represents the monopole-monopole term.

The electrostatic interaction model of ions in solids has thus been extended to a point multipole concept that also includes higher multipole moments like dipoles, quadrupoles etc. These concepts require the determination of higher order Madelung constants or so-called electrostatic lattice constants. The proper calculation of electrostatic lattice constants has to consider the crystallographic point groups of ionic lattice sites; for instance, dipole moments may only arise on polar lattice sites, i. e. exhibiting a C1, C1h, Cn or Cnv site symmetry (n = 2, 3, 4 or 6). These second order Madelung constants turned out to have significant effects on the lattice energy and other physical properties of heteropolar crystals.

Application to organic salts
The Madelung constant is also a useful quantity in describing the lattice energy of organic salts. Izgorodina and coworkers have described a generalised method (called the EUGEN method) of calculating the Madelung constant for any crystal structure.

title: Madelung constant


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New River Gorge National Park and Preserve

The New River Gorge National Park and Preserve is a unit of the United States National Park Service (NPS) designed to protect and maintain the New River Gorge in southern West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains. Established in 1978 as a national river and redesignated in 2020, the park and preserve stretches for 53 mi from just downstream of Hinton to Hawks Nest State Park near Ansted.

The park is rich in cultural and natural history and offers an abundance of scenic and recreational opportunities. New River Gorge has some of the country's best whitewater rafting, mainly from the Cunard put-in to the Fayette Station take-out, and is also one of the most popular climbing areas on the East Coast. The New River itself originates in North Carolina, flowing north through Virginia into the West Virginia mountains to the Kanawha River which continues to the Ohio River.

History
President Jimmy Carter signed legislation establishing New River Gorge National River on November 10, 1978. As stated in the legislation, the park was established as a unit of the national park system "for the purpose of conserving and interpreting outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values and objects in and around the New River Gorge, and preserving as a free-flowing stream an important segment of the New River in West Virginia for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations."

The New River Gorge National Park and Preserve Designation Act was incorporated into the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, and signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 27, 2020, changing the designation to New River Gorge National Park and Preserve. Less than 10% of the original national river (7,021 acre ) was redesignated as a national park, where hunting is no longer permitted, while the remainder (65,165 acres) is a national preserve with little change.

Geologic features

Flowing water is the creative force shaping the geologic features of the New River Gorge, as the river continues to sculpt the longest and deepest river gorge in the Appalachian Mountains. On display in the gorge, a variety of unique geologic features and processes exemplify the geology of the Appalachian Plateau, including the exposure of over 1000 ft of sandstone and shale, house-sized boulders scattered from rim to river, plant and invertebrate fossils, and steep channel drop-offs. The river has exposed four seams of coal, considered among the best bituminous coal in the world. The smokeless New River coal once fed the boilers of the nation's trains, factories, fleets, and power plants, and its coke fueled the nation's iron furnaces.

Aquatic life
The waters of the New River system contain a mosaic of hydrologic features and aquatic habitats that support a unique aquatic ecosystem and nourish a riparian zone that supports rare plants, animals, and communities. The waters provide a surprising variety and density of riverine hydrologic features and processes unparalleled in the Eastern United States, including pools, backwaters, glides, runs, shoals, riffles, torrents, cascades, chutes, rapids and waterfalls.

The river is a highly productive aquatic ecosystem that includes distinct populations of native fish (many found nowhere else), mussels, crayfish, and a broad array of other aquatic life, including rare amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The riparian zone is the most biologically diverse part of the park, and contains globally rare communities and essential habitat for several rare species. The New River is a dynamic aquatic ecosystem that supports smallmouth bass and other game fish, invertebrates, and aquatic plants.

Diverse flora and fauna
New River Gorge National Park and Preserve lies at the core of a globally significant forest containing the most diverse flora of any river gorge in central and southern Appalachia; it provides essential habitat for endangered mammals and rare birds and amphibians. The park contains habitats of continuous forest, cliff and rimrock, forest seeps and wetlands, mature bottomland forests, abandoned mine portals (providing a refuge for rare species, including bats, amphibians, and the Allegheny woodrat, a species of special concern in West Virginia and in decline throughout the eastern United States). New River Gorge offers shelter to at least 63 species of mammals including the endangered Virginia big-eared and Indiana bats. The river, stream tributaries, and forest provide habitat for 48 known species of amphibians, including the endangered eastern hellbender, black-bellied salamander, and cave salamander.

Diverse populations of birds such as wood warblers, vireos, and thrushes spend part of their lives in the tropics, but depend upon the unfragmented forests of the New River Gorge for breeding. The region is a vital link in the north-south migratory flyway. Each year, thousands of hawks fly across the region during the fall migratory season. The NPS and West Virginia Department of Natural Resources have initiated a multiyear program to restore peregrine falcons to New River Gorge. They soar and dive near the cliffs.

Forty different plant communities containing at least 1,342 species and 54 rare plants have been identified in the gorge.

Human settlements
There are historically significant abandoned places, some in ruins and some stabilized and rehabilitated, where people worked and lived during the late 18th and 19th centuries, supplying the coal from the New River Coalfield, and lumber that helped fuel American industry. Remnants of the park's past, hidden in the forest, tell the stories of earlier life in the Appalachian Mountains. On display are the tangible remains of historic coal mining structures and coke ovens — such as at Nuttallburg Coal Mining Complex and Town Historic District and Kay Moor — and the historic structures and ruins associated with more than 50 company-owned towns.

The New River Gorge region was opened up to the outside world in 1873 with the coming of the railroad. In the park, there are old railroad depots, rail yards, rail grades, steel and timber trestle bridges, railroad equipment, archeological sites and associated towns, like Thurmond, that were developed to support the railroad. The history and archeology associated with the lumbering industry can be seen in the ruins of old towns like Hamlet. Also contributing to the area's cultural history are surviving examples of subsistence farms, former community sites, homesteads, and other places in the park where the ancestors of families long associated with the New River lived and worked.

Recreation

The Lower Gorge of the New River is a premier whitewater rafting location. The rapids, ranging in difficulty from class III to class V, are imposing and forceful, many of them obstructed by large boulders, which necessitate maneuvering in very powerful currents, crosscurrents, and hydraulics. Commercial outfitters conduct trips down the river from April through October. The upper part of the river offers somewhat less challenging class I to III rapids for whitewater canoeing.

New River Gorge National Park and Preserve is one of the most popular rock-climbing areas in the country. Within the park are over 1,400 established rock climbs. The cliffs at "The New" located just below the rim of the gorge are made up of a very hard Nuttall sandstone. The rock is very featured, with an abundance of crack and face routes, and occasional large roofs. Almost all climbs are one pitch long and range from 30 to 120 ft in height. The majority of the routes in the gorge are for advanced climbers in 5.10-5.12 range of the Yosemite decimal system with about an equal number of traditional and sport climbs.

Fishing is one of the most popular activities on the New River. The diversity of fish in its waters makes the New River an excellent warm-water fishery.

The over 50 mi of hiking trails in the park range from easy walks to more challenging hikes. Several trails following old railroad grades are open to bikes. Four primitive camping areas are within the park, all located along the river.

Two year-round visitor centers are located at Sandstone and Canyon Rim.

The annual Bridge Day event on the third Saturday in October sees hundred of people rappelling, ascending, and BASE jumping at the New River Gorge Bridge.

Major features

 * Babcock State Park (adjoining West Virginia state park)
 * Bank of Glen Jean
 * Canyon Rim Visitor Center
 * Fayette Station
 * Grandview
 * Hawks Nest State Park (adjoining West Virginia state park)
 * Kaymoor
 * Nuttallburg Coal Mining Complex and Town Historic District
 * Prince
 * Prince Brothers General Store-Berry Store
 * Sandstone Falls
 * Sandstone Visitor Center
 * Stone Cliff
 * Thurmond, West Virginia
 * Thurmond Depot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing

Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing is a children's novel written by American author Judy Blume and published in 1972. It is the first in the Fudge series and was followed by Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great, Superfudge, Fudge-a-Mania, and Double Fudge (2002). Although Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great features many of the same characters as the series, it does not fit exactly in the continuity of it because, as a spin-off, it only focuses on Peter's classmate (who later becomes his cousin-in-law), Sheila Tubman.

Originally, the book featured illustrations by Roy Doty, but all post-2002 reprints of it have omitted the pictures.

The story focuses on a nine-year-old boy named Peter Warren Hatcher and his relationship with his two-and-a-half-year-old brother, Farley Drexel "Fudge" Hatcher. He hates the sound of his legal name and prefers Fudge for any and all occasions.

Plot
Peter is frustrated with the horrendous behavior demonstrated by Fudge, who frequently goes unpunished. Peter becomes annoyed with Fudge because he often disturbs his pet turtle, Dribble, which he won at his best friend Jimmy Fargo's birthday party. Furthermore, Fudge throws non-stop temper tantrums, goes through a finicky phase of abstaining from eating altogether, emulates Peter's behavior, and throwing tantrums if it is prohibited. Nevertheless, their parents, Warren and Anne, dote on Fudge, to Peter's anger and frustration.

For months, Fudge's antics continue; when Warren invites his client, the president of the Juicy-O company, Howard Yarby, and his wife to stay at their apartment during their holiday in New York, Fudge ends their stay early by frightening Mrs. Yarby and decorating the couple's suitcase with trading stamps. Afterwards, Fudge goes through a period of refusing to eat, which ends after Warren pours a bowl of cereal over Fudge's head. At Central Park, Fudge knocks his front teeth out after catapulting himself off the jungle gym at the playground when he decides to fly. On Fudge's birthday, Anne throws him a birthday party, which proves to be disastrous when Fudge and his playmates misbehave. When Anne takes the boys on a day out, Fudge misbehaves at his dental appointment, Anne's buying her sons new shoes and an outing at a hamburger restaurant. When Peter is assigned a school project on transportation, Fudge vandalizes his visual aids. While Anne is in Boston visiting her sister, Warren is forced to include Fudge in his ad agency's commercial by his new client, the president of the Toddle-Bike company. While taking Fudge and Peter to a movie theater, Fudge takes off when he believes the onscreen bears are real.

As summer approaches, Fudge takes Dribble from his bowl and swallows him, much to his family's horror. He is rushed to the hospital, where Dribble is extracted, to Anne's relief. However, Dribble has died in Fudge's stomach and Peter is devastated over the loss of him; Warren and Anne sympathetically compensate by giving a dog to Peter, who appropriately names it Turtle in memory of Dribble.

Characters
Peter Warren Hatcher – the protagonist of the story, and a smart, assertive, but seemingly naïve 9-year-old boy. Most of the book focuses upon his relationship with Fudge and his family, and the fact that Fudge is the perceived source of all of his troubles. His parents, Warren and Anne, usually seem to let Fudge get away with anything and everything, and though it does appear that Peter's needs and wants are often ignored and overshadowed in favor of Fudge's, this is not always the case.

Peter believes that Warren and Anne show Fudge preferential treatment, especially Anne; he also is frequently frustrated when Fudge gets into his things and tries to become involved in his activities. However, Peter does love him very much and shows concern for him when he is hospitalized (after swallowing Peter's pet turtle, Dribble) and the doctors speculate that they may need to operate on him. Peter is very upset when he learns that Dribble is dead and is furious when he sees Fudge get showered with attention and gifts when he comes home, but then Warren comes home with a dog for Peter for being "a good sport" and to compensate for the loss.

Farley Drexel "Fudge" Hatcher – Peter's younger brother, whom he often resents. At the beginning of the book, Fudge (a nickname for his much-despised legal name, Farley) is 2½ years old, and turns 3 in Chapter 5. He is a very loud, demanding, and mischievous toddler who is prone to violent temper tantrums. He has a very active imagination, and others – including Sheila Tubman and the wife of one of his father's clients – adore him. In the final chapter, he swallows Peter's pet turtle, Dribble, and is hospitalized, but the doctors are able to help him expel him without surgery. Peter often sees him as a pest, but Fudge looks up to Peter, and eventually Peter realizes the bond that they have.

Anne Hatcher – Peter and Fudge's mother and Warren's wife. A caring mother, she shows love and devotion to her family and is very protective of Fudge. Her sometimes-overprotective ways with him sometimes cause problems for Peter; for example, when Fudge jumps off the jungle gym at the playground at Central Park (believing he is a bird that will land safely), she scolds Peter severely, holding him solely responsible for Fudge's injuries and not even listening to his side of the story. She later admits to becoming overly emotional with the aftermath of Fudge's flying experience and taking it out on Peter. When Fudge ruined Peter's school project, Anne spanked him, which surprised even Peter, who was convinced that everyone thought that Fudge could do no wrong, but Anne remarks that Fudge should have known better.

Warren Hatcher – Peter and Fudge's father and Ann's husband. He works at an unnamed advertising agency, whose major clients in Tales are Juicy-O, a fruit drink that the Hatchers find rather unpleasant, and Toddle Bike, a manufacturer of plastic toy tricycles à la the Big Wheel and Green Machine; Fudge is hired for a commercial for the latter product. Although most of Warren's clients are happy with his work and company, he also had his share of failures, such as losing the Juicy-O account. A loving father who wants what is best for his family, he is firmer and more conservative in rearing Peter and Fudge than Anne, particularly with Fudge. For example, when Fudge refused to eat unless he was fed like a dog, Warren was the one to finally lay down the law, that if Fudge didn't eat his food like a human, he would wear it. Unfortunately, Warren lacks in cooking and cleaning skills, and once cooked a disastrous dinner, and Fudge enforced his own "eat it or wear it" rule against him.

Dribble – Peter's pet turtle, which he won at Jimmy Fargo's birthday party. Dribble seems to always be annoyed by Fudge, which led to Fudge swallowing him. Afterwards, Warren gives Peter a dog to try to make up for the loss of him; he names it Turtle in memory of Dribble.

Sheila Tubman – Peter and Jimmy's classmate, who lives with her family in the same apartment building as the Hatchers. Peter is annoyed at the very thought of her, considering her to be a bossy know-it-all who still has cooties. She takes charge of a school project that she, Peter, and Jimmy were assigned to work on together, and though the experience was stressful at times for all, their efforts are rewarded with an "A". She is sometimes allowed to help babysit Fudge, proclaiming that she learned about babysitting from her older sister, Libby, who takes a babysitting class.

James "Jimmy" Fargo – Peter's best friend, at whose birthday party Peter won his pet turtle, Dribble. Peter and Jimmy have a special rock collection in the park and share a dislike for Sheila, which they must put aside when they are assigned to work on a school project together.

Chapters
Chapter 1: The Big Winner
 * Peter wins his pet turtle, Dribble, at his friend Jimmy Fargo's birthday party, and shows him to everyone including Fudge, whom Peter warns not to touch him, and Fudge laughs like crazy.

Chapter 2: Mr. and Mrs. Juicy O
 * Mr. and Mrs. Yarby stay with the Hatchers, and Fudge misbehaves, costing Warren an account in the process.

Chapter 3: The Family Dog
 * Fudge stops eating, and everyone tries to come up with ideas to get his appetite back. After some unorthodox methods, Warren finally lays down the law.

Chapter 4: My Brother the Bird
 * When Peter, Jimmy, and Sheila go to the playground at Central Park to look after Fudge, he jumps off the jungle gym and knocks out his two front teeth. Ann initially blames Peter for the mishap, but later apologizes, claiming no one is to blame.

Chapter 5: The Birthday Bash
 * Fudge has his third birthday party, with some equally troublesome friends, including a boy who eats himself sick, a girl who bites and wets her pants, and another boy who cries all the time.

Chapter 6: Fang Hits Town
 * Fudge misbehaves when he, Peter, and Ann spend Saturday together. He refuses to buy a pair of shoes until Peter wears them, and wreaks havoc at Hamburger Heaven, a diner.

Chapter 7: The Flying Train Committee
 * Peter, Jimmy, and Sheila work on a school project based on Transportation together. Fudge vandalizes their poster, prompting Ann to finally enforce some discipline.

Chapter 8: The T.V. Star
 * Fudge is chosen to ride the Toddle Bike in a commercial, but proves to be high maintenance on set.

Chapter 9: Just Another Rainy Day
 * Peter, Fudge, and Warren head to the movie theater, where Fudge goes missing. Warren later prepares a meal that proves inedible, which Fudge uses against him.

Chapter 10: Dribble!
 * Fudge swallows Dribble, and is hospitalized. Fudge recovers, but Dribble is killed, much to Peter's dismay. In the end, Peter is given ownership of a puppy (which Warren promises will grow too big for Fudge to swallow), and names him Turtle in memory of Dribble.

title: Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Day

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 00:59, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Dave Day
Non-verifiable silliness, it seems to me. –Hajor 00:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete # These are the Daves I know, I know, these are the Daves I know... # Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 00:34, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All google hits come care of Wikipedia mirrors... Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 00:35, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is a joke.--AI 01:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's at least keep it until June 15 so I can finish celebrating... then delete DS1953 01:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's no longer the Year of Al Franken or the day of Dave. Geogre 02:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only hits on the first 20 in google for "Dave Day" June 14 came from this article. Poli 07:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. Mgm|(talk) 09:14, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. "Dave's not here man" JamesBurns 10:24, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified? What are the chances of this being verified?  6,620 Google hits, but most are about Mr. Day or Dave's day. Sonic Mew 12:16, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified as a notable holiday. Matjlav 14:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified and probably made up. --Etacar11 14:47, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The original article written in May stated June 14, so it's strange that it should get nominated today. Jamyskis Whisper, Contribs, Me 14:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. People make up holidays all the time.  Wikipedia has an entry for the "parodic" International Talk Like A Pirate Day, so why not just make a note in the entry that this is completely made up?  It's also been mentioned on other web sites, including this one: http://www.blacktable.com/incoming050613.htm. (Unsigned comment by, user's first and thusfar only contribution.)
 * International Talk Like A Pirate Day makes an effort. This is just a sentence, followed by a list of people called Dave. Sonic Mew 16:28, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Awesome. I can't get my garage band into Wikipedia, so I'll just create My Garage Band's Day on June 22! (Delete unless it can be verified, which it probably can't)  -- Plutor 16:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense. Aecis 17:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I was around to celebrate Dave Day, this may not be a holiday others celebrate as often Foxcek 20:34, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense and apparently unverifiable.--Kross 20:15, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cherish I've been celebrating International Dave's Day for years. It is as verifiable as the events surrounding engineering graduates' Iron Ring Ceremony. Dave6687 21:47, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC) (Comment by, user's first and thusfar only contribution.)
 * Delete - I've heard of International Talk Like A Pirate Day, and despite all the Daves I know, I've never heard of Dave Day. Amusing, nice try, but delete it anyway.  StopTheFiling 22:41, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. None of the "organization" of the International Talk Like A Pirate Day, not to mention the exclusiveness of a dave-only holiday ;) -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 00:44, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

Untitled
Why is he at a name he was only known by for the first three years of his life? He should be at Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, shouldn't he? john k 00:24, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

With all due respect to Gabbe, all of my reference books say that the 2nd Duke of Connaught lived from 1914 to 1943, not 1942. Is there a consensus one way or the other? EgbertW 23:11, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Title
This title suggests that he was "Prince Arthur" whilst Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. I know some sources say that he was never in fact legally deprived of his Royal style, and so was in fact what the title says he was, even though he was never called it during his lifetime, but that's not what the article says. If we're going to take a position here it should at least be a consistent one. Proteus (Talk) 22:48, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Macduff/MacDuff
This site gives the title as Macduff, as does the article on Duke of Fife. I'm amending the D to lower case through the whole article. Opera hat (talk) 23:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Coat of Arms?
Can somebody explain me the logics behind his coat of arms?? It make no sense to me! Mr. D. E. Mophon (talk) 10:09, 23 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Basically he quartered the Royal arms he got from his father with the arms of his mother who was an armorial heiress, that is to say that she was the last to bear those arms since there were no further heirs for them. That gave Alistair the right to quarter them with his paternal arms. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 11:33, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Request Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 00:35, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn → Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn — Only three sources call him Alastair Windsor. More sources leave it out. His cousin changed the house name to Windsor but using it as a surname is only a recent occurrence by his descendants.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 02:45, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Review of the above request move
I have (informally) asked the editor who recently moved this page for a review. I did so for the following two reasons: 1) All articles on this Wikipedia on British Peers include a surname in the article title. That goes for articles on peers and courtesy title holders called Windsor as well. Those members of the House of Windsor that do not have the title of HRH revert to the naming conventions for peers. See also the recent discussion on George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews. Also see these article titles: Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster, Claire Windsor, Countess of Ulster, Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden, Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrews and Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick. For consistency I would think that it therefore should be 'Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn' as well. Also this seems to be the way to name this article per NCROY. 2) I can see hardly any discussion on the talk page in the section where the move was requested. Only a remark by the proposer of the move saying "— Only three sources call him Alastair Windsor . More sources leave it out ". This reasoning shouldn't override Wikipedia policy. Also no one seems to have participated in the discussion further. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 18:55, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I feel Alastair should be an exception. He was Prince for most of his life and hardly if at all used the Windsor surname. And more sources don't use the name. If no one commented in the period that the request was made, it can be assumed no one opposed it..--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 19:03, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, he was a Prince from 1914 to 1917. That's hardly most of his life. As for the fact he didn't use the name Windsor a lot, I doubt any of the peers and courtesy peers called Windsor use it a lot. I just don't see why he in particular should stand out from the others. I don't think there's a very specific reason for random sources to leave out the surname. He's not such a well known entity in today's world that there could have been a specific thought about that. After all, peers often don't use their formal surnames. I know that no one opposed at the time, but it's caught my attention that some move discussions are relisted when participation hasn't been large. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 19:31, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Create another request with the reasons you have stated.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 03:55, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 7 December 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 06:04, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn → Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn – For consistency with the article names of other peers and other peers that have the surname Windsor but are not HRH's. I've used this template because there has been a discussion before, see above. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 20:09, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Aye DBD 23:34, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Was the intent of this proposal to change the spelling of his given name from "Alastair" to "Alistair"? Jenks24 (talk) 13:19, 15 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you User:Jenks24. No, that's just my lousy typing. Apologies for that.... Gerard von Hebel (talk) 17:42, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Support. john k (talk) 20:53, 15 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom, and per WP:NCPEER: "Members of the British peerage, whether hereditary peers or life peers, usually have their articles titled "Personal name, Ordinal (if appropriate) Peerage title", e.g. Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont; Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington; Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston". -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 02:04, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 04:45, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - per nom. Tiggerjay (talk) 05:52, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Death cause
There is a differing account of his death in a book about the Royal Family during World War II (forgot its title and author), in that he was found dead in a (cold) room with a window open having apparently opened it to "be sick" after heavy drinking and that he was "dutifully reported 'Died on active service'. Anyone read it? If he had fallen out of a window, might he have sustained injuries? (The book was borrowed from library so unlikely to find it.) I have added a citation need against the alleged accident, not against the statement his death was due to hypothermia.Cloptonson (talk) 11:18, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Never actually a Prince
According to the National Archives, the King had intended to give Alastair the title of Prince - but various discussions took up so much time that the King changed his mind before he was given the title. So editing is required! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.69.143 (talk) 18:41, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * According to newspapers, etiquette books, and directories (including those listed in the article) he was given the title by descent. Great-grandchildren of the monarch used the style Highness as a matter of custom. It did not require a grant. DrKay (talk) 20:48, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * We need to be careful here. As pointed out at https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/prince_highness.htm, previous great-grandchildren were styled as Highness and princes and so was Alastair originally. Celia Homeford (talk) 09:31, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Hope this is ok - as I feel an outsider on Wikipedia, whatever I do or say, I get criticised or told off! Its mentioned that Alastair "was never actually a Prince" ? If you look at his birth certificate on https://aroyalheraldry.weebly.com/blog/anomalies-part-two Alastair's gender is referred to as "PRINCE" (not male!) and looking through the British News Archive - it is clear that newspapers referred to him as "Prince Alastair of Connaught" whilst a child (pre-1917) - in the newspapers dated September 1914 for his christening - he is reported as PRINCE Alastair... and there are numerous other examples eg: Pall Mall Gazette, pg 4, dated 28 Aug 1914; The Graphic, pg 680, dated 2 Dec 1916 - just for starters. And I agree with the comment "Great-grandchildren of the monarch used the style 'Highness' as a matter of custom. It did not require a grant" - this is true and I dont understand this story of "George V was going to confirm his status" - the whole paragraph "House of Windsor" need amending as there are MANY errors. I would do it myself, but I am never happy amending large paragraphs as I end up in a row with an inflexible unhelpful "Wiki expert" !!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:1D0E:7000:5891:A53:982C:9C31 (talk) 17:35, 19 August 2022 (UTC)
 * As the section is unsourced, I've cut it down. DrKay (talk) 19:38, 19 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
Bait car

A bait car, also called a decoy car, hot car, or trap car, is a vehicle used by law enforcement agencies to capture car thieves or thieves who steal items from cars. The vehicles are modified with audio/video surveillance technology, and can be remotely monitored and controlled. Those set up to catch car thieves may include GPS tracking. A "kill switch" may be installed in the vehicle allowing police to remotely disable the engine and lock all doors, preventing escape. A car set up to catch thieves who steal items from cars may be disabled so that it cannot be started and have specially prepared "bait property".

Overview
The bait car, often filled with valuable items to draw attention to it, is typically parked in a high-auto-theft area. In usual cases, the vehicle is simply left unlocked with the keys in the ignition. If the car is set up to catch car thieves, when the car is stolen officers are immediately alerted, and can monitor the vehicle and send commands to control it such as disabling the engine, locking the doors or honking the horn. Live audio or video streaming devices may be installed allowing law enforcement personnel to determine how many suspects are in the car, what they are planning and if they are armed. If the bait car is set up to catch thieves who steal items from cars, it may be monitored by video from a central location. The bait property, such as a tool kit or gym bag, will also be set up so it can be tracked and monitored.

Bait cars can be used as part of a honey trap, a form of sting operation, in which criminals not known to the police are lured into exposing themselves. Unlike a sting operation that targets a known or suspected criminal, a honey trap establishes a general lure to attract unknown criminals. Bait cars are not considered entrapment because they merely afford criminals the opportunity to steal the car; entrapment constitutes law enforcement persuading or encouraging a person to commit a crime that they would not have committed otherwise.

Australia
Police in Perth started using bait cars in 2015.

Canada
The largest bait car fleet in North America, which employs the Minneapolis model, is operated by the Integrated Municipal Provincial Auto Crime Team (IMPACT), based in Surrey, British Columbia. Surrey was designated the "car theft capital of North America" by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 2002. Their bait car program was launched by the Vancouver Police in 2002 and has contributed to a 55% drop in auto theft since then.

New Zealand
, police in Auckland were "considering" using bait cars.

United Kingdom
In 2002, a bait car program was launched in Essex, inspired by the Minneapolis model.

United States
In 2010, the Anti-Vehicle Crime Association of Minnesota presented an award to the Minneapolis Police for its Bait Vehicle Program, which had been running for twelve years at the time.

In mass media
Bait cars (and the stings they are used in) have been featured in numerous documentary and reality television programs, including COPS, World's Wildest Police Videos, and Jacked: Auto Theft Task Force. They were also the exclusive focus of the TruTV television series Bait Car.

title: Bait car


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United Opposition (Soviet Union)

The United Opposition (Объединённая оппозиция, sometimes translated Joint Opposition) was a group formed in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in early 1926, when the Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky, merged with the New Opposition led by Grigory Zinoviev and his close ally Lev Kamenev, in order to strengthen opposition against the Joseph Stalin-led Centre. The United Opposition demanded, among other things, greater freedom of expression within the Communist Party, the dismantling of the New Economic Policy (NEP), more development of heavy industry, and less bureaucracy. The group was effectively destroyed by Stalin's majority by the end of 1927, having had only limited success.

Background and Formation
To promote party unity, factions within the Bolshevik party were banned at the 10th Party Congress in 1921. Despite the ban, unofficial factions remained, and differing opinions continued to be voiced. The future goals of the United Opposition were expressed by multiple groups throughout the 1920s. In 1923, echoing letters that Trotsky wrote to the Central Committee during the same period, dissident party members released the "Declaration of 46," criticizing growing bureaucratization and censorship within the party. The Platform criticized the leadership structure of the party, where decisions were increasingly dictated from the top, and the influence of workers and average voters was steadily decreased. Despite the efforts of the oppositionists, Trotsky prominent among them, the 13th Party Congress condemned the opposition in May 1924. Both Zinoviev and Kamenev opposed Trotsky at this time.

The positions of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev began to come together in 1925. All three men were against Stalin and Bukharin's theory of "socialism in one country," and were increasingly opposed to the New Economic Policy, with its privileging of the peasantry at the expense of the workers. All of them advocated for more state planning and higher industrial investment. As a natural extension of their oppositional views, Zinoviev and Kamenev both began to support increased dissent within the party and less bureaucratization, much as Trotsky had done since 1923. Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaia, also briefly lent her support to the opposition. However, there was no major organized oppositional bloc. Despite similarities in their policy, Trotsky was not actively working with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1925, and their opposition was not coordinated. Oppositional voices boldly raised against Stalin at the Fourteenth Party Congress were easily voted down.

The grouping was proposed by the Group of 15, a small faction around Vladimir Smirnov which claimed that the Soviet Union was no longer a workers' state. They brought together Trotsky's Left Opposition and Zinoviev's New Opposition (also known as the Opposition of 1925), despite them both having many differences with the Group of 15, particularly over the question of whether the Soviet Union was still a workers' state. Many former supporters of the Workers' Opposition also joined the United Opposition.

The United Opposition
Smirnov's Group of 15 left the United Opposition soon after its formation over increasing differences between themselves and Kamenev and Zinoviev's supporters. The United Opposition quickly started agitating for a more worker-focused party, as opposed to the more peasant-focused policies surrounding the NEP, as well as for greater party democratization. They wanted a greater ability to express dissent within the party and more autonomy for workers' unions. In May 1926, Trotsky, Zinoviev and 82 others signed a declaration denouncing Stalin's leadership. The Central Committee responded two months later with a demand that the United Opposition rescind their calls for new party leadership, which the Opposition duly refused. Their 1926 platform explicitly criticized the lack of democracy and debate permitted in the party, noting that "no resolutions anywhere are ever adopted otherwise than 'unanimously."' In October 1926, Stalin's supporters voted Trotsky out of the Politburo. By October 1926 Kamenev and Zinoviev had also been removed from the Politburo, and Zinoviev lost his position as head of the Comintern. Attempts by the opposition to gain broader support among Soviet citizens failed. Stalin negotiated with leaders of the United Opposition, encouraging them to accept party decisions and renounce factions in exchange for a greater ability to express their views within the party. Bukharin, similarly, invited members of the United Opposition to swear off factions and ask the party for forgiveness. Many members of the United Opposition, accepting the compromise or fearing the consequences of continuing the fight, duly apologized and recommitted themselves against factionalism. Many supporters of Kamenev and Zinoviev's group, as well as most from the Workers Opposition grouping, had left the United Opposition by mid-1927, changing sides under the growing political pressure and espousing support for Stalin.

Despite the threats and promises, much of the United Opposition continued on. In September 1927, their new official platform was released. The platform argued that capitalist influences were seeping into the country through the NEP, criticized Stalin and the Bolshevik's leadership, and bemoaned the lack of free discourse that was allowed within the party, ultimately concluding that the party was straying from true Leninism. The criticism of Stalin had grown from a more general criticism of the party leadership in 1926 to direct attacks on Stalin's abilities and dictatorial tendencies by the end of 1927.

The United Opposition also actively worked to undermine Stalin and influence the general public. Demonstrations were organized, which attracted some minor public support. In November 1927, the United Opposition held a demonstration in Red Square, Moscow, along with Vladimir Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya. Members also illegally distributed Lenin's testament, a suppressed document in which Lenin expressed his distrust of Stalin and his support for Trotsky. Once again, this failed to attract significant support, and the Opposition remained the clear minority within the party. The police began to crack down on the United Opposition, arresting many members. Trotsky and Zinoviev lost much of their remaining influence when they were expelled from the Central Committee. The United Opposition were unable to gain the support of more than a small minority of the Communist Party, and were expelled at the Fifteenth Party Congress in December 1927 after the Congress declared United Opposition views to be incompatible with Communist Party membership.

Aftermath
Trotsky was expelled from the USSR in 1929 and spent the remainder of his life in exile, though he continued to agitate against Stalin, primarily through his writings. Trotsky formed the International Left Opposition with his remaining supporters, and the Group of 15 also continued its opposition to Stalin. Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev later created an anti-Stalin bloc in 1932, which seemed to have been dissolved in early 1933. Supporters of these groups were soon exiled or imprisoned, and by the end of 1941, nearly all former supporters of the United Opposition, whether or not they had repudiated it, had been executed or assassinated on Stalin's orders. Zinoviev and Kamenev would generally remain loyal to Stalin, although Bukharin attempted to ally with them against Stalin in 1929. While Bukharin received no help, Stalin would nevertheless use this meeting as proof of Kamenev and Zinoviev's continued plotting. Zinoviev and Kamenev were both sentenced to death and executed on Stalin's orders in 1936, kicking off the Great Purge. In 1940, Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by a Soviet agent.

title: United Opposition (Soviet Union)


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Study (art)

In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, as visual notes, or as practice. Studies are often used to understand the problems involved in rendering subjects and to plan the elements to be used in finished works, such as light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can have more impact than more-elaborately planned work, due to the fresh insights the artist gains while exploring the subject. The excitement of discovery can give a study vitality. When layers of the work show changes the artist made as more was understood, the viewer shares more of the artist's sense of discovery. Written notes alongside visual images add to the import of the piece as they allow the viewer to share the artist's process of getting to know the subject.

Studies inspired some of the first 20th century conceptual art, where the creative process itself becomes the subject of the piece. Since the process is what is all-important in studies and conceptual art, the viewer may be left with no material object of art.

Studies can be traced back even as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, from which art historians have maintained some of Michelangelo's studies. One in particular, his study for the Libyan Sibyl on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, is based on a male model, though the finished painting is of a woman. Such details help to reveal the thought processes and techniques of many artists.

title: Study (art)


text:
Talk:Double Cola Company

Strangely
"Strangely" is not the adverb I'd have used to introduce Double Cola's popularity in Evansville, Indiana. Indeed, it practically stands to reason: Evansville is adjacent to Kentucky, which is generally considered a Southern state. Evansville is less than five hours away from Double Cola's headquarters in Chattanooga, which makes Chattanooga closer to Evansville than to other southern cities such as Richmond (9 hours), Mobile (6.5 hours), Little Rock (7.5 hours), and Savannah (6 hours). Finally, Double Cola enjoys popularity in other cities that are on the border of the Midwest, such as Dayton, Ohio (itself a mere 6.75 hours away from Chattanooga). SwissCelt 00:26, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Double - Evansville connection
In addition to the geographics, which doesn't explain much since Nashville, Louisville, Birmingham, Atlanta and several other cities larger than Evansville are closer to Double Cola HQ, I believe it is accurate to say that at one point DC was less expensive than Coke,Pepsi or even Royal Crown products. Evansville's economy has always been comprised of predominantly blue collar and agricultural workers, who in many cases would look for a good quality bargain priced soda. Also, DC had a plant in Evansville (on Franklin Street near Fulton Avenue)for many years which would give extra appeal to its products in a town notorious for being independent, generally unacceptant of change and suspicious of 'outsiders.'    E'vl native.

"Strongly acidic" & "strong taste"
Subjective terms unless base reference given, i.e. pH, and comparisons provided. Will "Double Check" - pun intended - on Huntsville, AL mfg.

Double cola products
This is a list of double cola products. Ski, Double Cola, Cherry Ski, and Smooth Double-dry Ginger-ale. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.171.72.245 (talk) 21:59, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Fun Facts
Ski has almost as much acid in it as your belly so bottoms up as much as you want no sickness involved!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.171.72.245 (talk) 22:01, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Article topic - product or company?
Is this article about the product Double Cola or the company? If both are notable the article should be split. NtheP (talk) 13:28, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Double Cola Company


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Barberini Faun

The life-size ancient but much restored marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is now in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus.

History
The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of restorers in Rome, ending with Vincenzo Pacetti. The statue was found in the 1620s in the moat below the Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, which in antiquity had been Hadrian’s Mausoleum. Work on the fortification was undertaken by the Barberini Pope Urban VIII in 1624. The sculpture made its first documented appearance in a receipt for its restoration, 6 June 1628, when it already belonged to the Pope's nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini. When discovered, the statue was heavily damaged; the right leg, parts of both hands, and parts of the head were missing. The historian Procopius recorded that during the siege of Rome in 537 the defenders had hurled down upon the Goths the statues adorning Hadrian's Mausoleum, and Johann Winckelmann speculated that the place of discovery and the statue's condition suggested that it had been such a projectile.

It was traditionally asserted that Cardinal Maffeo Barberini commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to restore the statue, "but there is no evidence for the tradition that Bernini was in any way involved with the statue," Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny observed in 1981, after reviewing the documentation and literature. Restorations, at first in stucco, were remade in 1679 by Giuseppe Giorgetti and Lorenzo Ottoni, who enabled the antique left leg to be reaffixed and provided the elaborate supporting structure that is illustrated in Paolo Alessandro Maffei's Raccolta di statue (1704); in the eighteenth century the right leg was again restored in marble, and once more by Pacetti in 1799. (The sculpture is shown today without the restored hanging left arm.)

These restorations of the Barberini Faun may have enhanced the sexual aspect of the statue. Because of this, the statue has acquired a reputation as an example of erotic art. Nudity in Greek art was nothing new; however, the blatant sexuality of this work makes it most interesting to twentieth-century eyes. His wantonly spread legs focus attention on his genitals. Not all viewers have found the Faun so indecorous: the Barberini Faun was reproduced on a Nymphenburg porcelain service in the 1830s.

The statue was housed in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, until it was sold in 1799 to the sculptor and restorer Vincenzo Pacetti; Pacetti offered it to various English and French clients, including Lucien Bonaparte. The Barberini brought suit to annul the sale and eventually sold the Faun, after much public competition and a ban on its exportation, strongly supported by the antiquarian Carlo Fea and by Antonio Canova— to Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria. Ludwig had planned a special room in the Glyptothek designed by the architect Leo von Klenze before the purchase was even finalized, and it was in place by 1827. The Glyptothek opened in 1830 to house Ludwig's sculpture collection.

Copies
A marble copy was sculpted by Edmé Bouchardon at the French Academy in Rome in 1726 (illustration, right). Cardinal Barberini desired a plaster cast of it to keep with the antique original. Bouchardon's Barberini Faun arrived in France in 1732, greatly admired. In 1775 the duc de Chartres bought it for his elaborate garden plan at Parc Monceau. It is now in the Louvre Museum.

A copy by sculptor Eugène-Louis Lequesne was given to France in 1846. It is now located in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.

A gilded copy is included among many other replicas of classical sculptures that adorn the grand cascade that descends from the back of Peter the Great's summer palace, Peterhof, outside of St. Petersburg, Russia.

title: Barberini Faun


text:
Look What the Rookie Did

Look What the Rookie Did is the debut album by Canadian band Zumpano, released in 1995. The album is available for listening online. Videos were released for the singles "The Party Rages On" and "I Dig You". The Sub Pop CD release of this album (sp277b) features the Hardship Post, and their song "Let There Be Girls" as an unlisted track on the CD.

Production
The album was produced by Kevin Kane. It was recorded about two years prior to its release.

Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "Zumpano is able to fight off the potential for coyness in its polka dot endeavors and ambitious enough to raise the ante with dramatic horns and pedal steel, treating period evocation as an intermediate goal rather than the stylistic finish line." The Washington Post wrote that "the proceedings are sometimes a little arch, but Zumpano and company usually marshal the melodies to keep their concept from flagging." CMJ New Music Monthly thought that "the sound is so perversely incongruous with everything else going on today, and is played with such unabashed garage-band innocence, that it actually sounds fresh, and you just can't help but be charmed."

In a retrospective review, Magnet wrote that the album's "best songs ('The Party Rages On', 'Temptation Summary', 'I Dig You') were on par with the Brill Building breezy-listening pop that inspired them, possessing the sort of pristine, heartfelt, melancholy melodies that were all but banished from the airwaves by 1995." AllMusic wrote that "the freshness of Zumpano's sound, combined with adventurous melodies and rhythms, makes this an essential piece of work." Exclaim! opined that Look What the Rookie Did "combines peerless tunefulness with instrumental complexity (guitars, keyboards, backing vocals and horns all stacked Yurtle high), topped with [Carl] Newman's incomparable, lispy vocals."

Track listing

 * 1) The Party Rages On
 * 2) Oh That Atkinson Girl
 * 3) Rosecrans Boulevard
 * 4) Platinum Is Best Served Cold
 * 5) Evil Black Magic
 * 6) Temptation Summary
 * 7) I Dig You
 * 8) Wraparound Shades
 * 9) Snowflakes and Heartaches
 * 10) Jeez-Louise
 * 11) (She's a) Full-Blooded Sicilian
 * 12) Let There Be Girls - The Hardship Post (Bonus Track)

title: Look What the Rookie Did


text:
Tommyknocker (producer)

Tommaso Marra (born January 20, 1977, in Rome, Italy), best known as Tommyknocker, is a Hardcore producer and DJ.

Career
In 1992, Tommyknocker bought his first set of turntables. Two years later, he discovered hardcore music. When he was captivated by that genre, he entered the underground rave scene by spinning at illegal raves in Rome, and at parties with an atmosphere and sound that very much influenced Tommyknocker as an artist.

The name Tommyknocker appeared for the first time on a flyer in 1995 when Tommyknocker started spinning for Freddy K at clubs and on the radio. He was one of the first DJs to play hardcore in Italian clubs. He became a resident DJ at the Oxygen parties, where he came in contact with Hardcore artists from other countries, specifically the Netherlands, thereby broadening his musical horizons.

In the following years, Tommyknocker continued playing hardcore in Rome, and by 1998, he decided to begin producing music. Tommyknocker was inspired by artists such as Promo, Stunned Guys, PCP, Miro, and Lory D. By 1999, Tommyknocker had released his first EP "The Realm" on Traxtorm Records.

Over the next few years, without having achieved a critical breakthrough hit, Tommyknocker released his hit EP Showtime in 2003, featuring Demolition and Showtime. This release exemplifies why he has gained a reputation in the hardcore scene as a DJ who heavily favors distorted bass and angry vocals. After this release, Tommyknocker moved to Belgium to keep up with incoming bookings in Western Europe. Since then, he has regularly played at major Hardcore events such as Masters of Hardcore, Decibel Outdoor, Raving Nightmare, Defqon.1 Festival, and Q-Base. In 2005, Tommyknocker performed in front of the biggest crowd he had ever played for at the famous Thunderdome festival. To this day, Tommyknocker plays for the crowds all over Europe, including Australia. His next release, "Twisted World", a collaboration done together with The Viper, hit the first position in the Masters Of Hardcore Radio Live top 100 in 2007. By 2009, Tommyknocker released the track "Criminal". The track is influenced by the 1990s hardcore techno, with a message about government corruption that resonated loudly with both fans and fellow producers. As a result, the track received second place in the Masters Of Hardcore Radio Live Top 100.

In 2010, Tommyknocker returned to Rome, where he now currently lives.

title: Tommyknocker (producer)


text:
Alex (footballer, born 1977)

Alexsandro de Souza (born 14 September 1977), commonly known as Alex, is a Brazilian football manager, pundit and retired footballer, who played as an attacking midfielder.

Alex is a former captain of the Brazil national team and Turkish club Fenerbahçe; throughout his career, he also played for Coritiba, Palmeiras, Flamengo and Cruzeiro in Brazil, and Parma in the Italian Serie A. Alex is most prominent for his time at Fenerbahçe where he become the highest-scoring foreign player of all time in the Süper Lig.

Internationally, Alex earned 48 caps and scored 12 goals for Brazil from 1998 to 2005. He was part of their squads at three Copa América tournaments, winning in 1999 and 2004, the latter as captain. He additionally went to the 2000 Olympics and two FIFA Confederations Cups, but never was chosen for the FIFA World Cup.

Early years
Born in Curitiba, Alex first played professionally for his hometown club Coritiba, where he stayed from 1995 until 97, when he was sold to Palmeiras, from São Paulo. He conquered for the Parque Antárctica club a Libertadores da América cup title, in 1999, a Rio-São Paulo cup title in 2000 and a Copa do Brasil title and a Mercosul cup title in 1998. He left Palmeiras and signed with Flamengo, of Rio de Janeiro in 2000.

In 2000, he returned to Palmeiras for a few months and then signed with Cruzeiro, where he stayed until 2002, when he returned to Palmeiras. Alex was sold to Parma of Italy. He returned to Cruzeiro, after playing only friendly matches for the Italian team. Made team captain and wearing jersey number 10, he led his team to winning the Brazilian triple crown (that is the State Championship, the Brasileirão and the Brazilian Cup). Cruzeiro won the Brazilian League (Brasileirão) with a record-breaking 100 points, 13 ahead of the second place, Santos, with more than 100 goals scored in 46 games.

Fenerbahçe
Alex was then sold by Cruzeiro in 2004 for 5 million euro to Fenerbahçe. He became Fenerbahçe captain after the team's captain Ümit Özat's transfer to Köln and vice-captains Tuncay's transfer to Middlesbrough and Rüştü Reçber's transfer to rival Beşiktaş. Alex scored his 100th goal in the Süper Lig for Fenerbahçe on 13 November 2010 against Gaziantepspor when they lost 2–1. At 33 years of age Alex scored a hat-trick against Bucaspor in the first 35 minutes of the game. Fenerbahçe won the match 5–2. His first goal in this game was Fenerbahçe's 3000th goal in the Süper Lig, so his kit and shoes used in the Bucaspor match are now shown in the club's museum. On 9 February 2011, he signed another two-year contract with Fenerbahçe.

On 15 May 2011, he scored five goals, including three penalties and a free-kick, in a 6–0 win against Ankaragücü.

After Fenerbahçe's league title for the year 2010–11, Alex won the golden boot award with 28 goals for the season, nine more than second place Burak Yılmaz. He made his 900th career appearance on 12 September 2011 in the opening match of the Super Lig season, a 1–0 victory against Orduspor. In the Turkish Cup final on 16 May 2012 against Bursaspor, Alex netted Fenerbahçe's fourth and final goal of a 4–0 victory and was named the game's "Man of the Match".

On 15 September 2012, while Alex was still under contract with Fenerbahçe, a fan-funded statue of the player was unveiled in Kadıköy Yoğurtçu park. Alex's last goal for Fenerbahçe came on 20 September in the Europa League, scoring Fenerbahçe's second goal in a 2–2 draw with Marseille. Alex's last appearance for the club came on 29 September, playing the first half of a 2–0 defeat to Kasımpaşa in the Süper Lig. After a rift with coach Aykut Kocaman over the team's system, his contract with Fenerbahçe was terminated on 1 October. With Fenerbahçe he has concluded his impressive career in Turkey with 136 assists and 171 goals in 341 games. He left just five goals shy of matching the club record for league goals with 136 goals, held by former striker Aykut Kocaman.

Coritiba
After he rarely featured for Fenerbahçe throughout the early part of the 2012–13 campaign, managing just five league appearances through October, Alex joined Brazilian side Coritiba on 18 October 2012 for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for his boyhood club on 31 January 2013, playing the full ninety in a 1–0 defeat of J. Malucelli in Campeonato Paranaense play. His first goal for his new club came on 9 February in a 1–1 draw with Arapongas, scoring the equalizing goal three minutes after Wellington Indio's opener in the 47th minute. Alex scored the solitary goal of the game against Londrina on 3 March, starting a run of nine straight matches where the player scored, netting 12 goals. Included in this goal-scoring run was a brace in a 6–0 defeat of Rio Branco on 13 April. Alex finished the Campeonato Paranaense campaign by scoring a brace in Coritiba's 3–1 defeat of Atlético Paranaense on 12 May, securing a 5–3 aggregate win in the final as Coritiba claimed a record 37th state title. In October 2014, Alex announced his retirement from football. His last game was a 3–2 win against Bahia, on 7 December 2014.

International career
Alex made his senior international debut for Brazil on 23 September 1998 in a 1–1 friendly draw with FR Yugoslavia in São Luís, Maranhão, as an 82nd-minute substitute for Denílson in Brazil's first match since defeat in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He scored his first goal in his third appearance, opening a 3–0 win over Latvia in his hometown the following 26 June.

At the 1999 Copa América in Paraguay, Alex scored the decisive goal in a 2–1 group win over Mexico with a 25-yard strike. Brazil won the tournament under manager Vanderlei Luxemburgo, with Alex and Ronaldinho being young replacements for Edílson and Leonardo who were dropped for disciplinary reasons. Days later at the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup in Mexico, he scored twice in a 4–0 opening win over Germany and twice again in an 8–2 semi-final rout of Saudi Arabia, though his team lost the final to the hosts.

Alex also went with the Brazilian Olympic team to the 2000 tournament in Australia, concluding a 3–1 opening win over Slovakia and scoring the only goal of a group win against Japan; quarter-final defeat to Cameroon led to Luxemburgo's resignation. At the 2001 Copa América in Colombia, Alex equalised in a 3–1 group win over Paraguay as the team were again eliminated in a quarter-final shock, this time to Honduras. In qualification for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he scored once to open a 3–1 home win over rivals Argentina. He was not chosen for the final tournament because of fitness issues, which Brazil won under manager Luiz Felipe Scolari, and confessed in his autobiography that he drank heavily to distract himself from the event, while his wife miscarried upon hearing that Ricardinho had been called up as a replacement for the injured Emerson and not her husband.

Alex scored an added-time equaliser at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup in France as Brazil drew 2–2 with Turkey in their final group game in Saint-Étienne, but were eliminated nonetheless. Brazil won the 2004 Copa América in Peru, in which captain Alex scored in a 4–0 quarter-final win against Mexico; he was then overlooked for the 2006 FIFA World Cup as well.

Style of play
A talented and creative playmaker, with an eye for goal, Alex usually played in a free role as an attacking midfielder. Although he lacked significant pace and physical power, and was not particularly hard-working defensively, he was known for his passing, technical skills, control, low centre of gravity, vision, reading of the game, and ability to provide many assists for his teammates, in addition to being capable of scoring himself, in particular from set pieces. In addition to his usual role as a number ten, he was also deployed as a second striker on occasion throughout his career, or even on the left flank.

Managerial career
On 5 April 2021, Alex joined São Paulo after being appointed the head coach of the under-20 team. On 28 October 2022, he left the club.

On 16 November 2022, Alex was appointed head coach of Avaí, freshly relegated from the top tier. He was dismissed the following 3 May.

On 18 May 2024, Alex was appointed Head coach of Antalyaspor, years after, coming back to Türkiye.

Personal life
Alex married Daianne in 2000. The couple have two daughters and one son: Maria Eduarda, born in 2004, Antonia, born in 2006 and Felipe born in 2010. He features prominently in Puma advertising and also has a modeling contract with Armani. Alex's father-in-law is the former president of Coritiba. After his retirement, Alex started to work on ESPN Brasil as a pundit and presenter for interview show Papo Cabeça.

Honours
Palmeiras
 * Copa do Brasil: 1998
 * Copa Mercosur: 1998
 * Copa Libertadores: 1999; runner-up: 2000
 * Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2000
 * Copa dos Campeões: 2000
 * Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1999

Flamengo
 * Campeonato Carioca: 2000
 * Taça Rio: 2000

Cruzeiro
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2003
 * Copa do Brasil: 2003
 * Campeonato Mineiro: 2003, 2004
 * Copa Sul-Minas: 2001, 2002

Fenerbahçe
 * Süper Lig: 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11
 * Turkish Cup: 2011–12
 * Turkish Super Cup: 2007, 2009

Coritiba
 * Campeonato Paranaense: 2013

Brazil U20
 * South American Youth Championship: 1992, 1995

Brazil U23
 * CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 2000

Brazil
 * Copa América: 1999, 2004

Individual
 * Campeonato Paranaense Revelation: 1995
 * Campeonato Paranaense Best Player: 1996
 * Campeonato Paranaense Best Midfielder: 1997
 * Copa Mercosur Best Player: 1998
 * IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer: 1999 (3rd place)
 * South American Team of The Year: 1999, 2003
 * Troféu Telê Santana Best Midfielder: 2002
 * Troféu Telê Santana Star of the Year: 2003
 * Bola de Ouro: 2003
 * Bola de Prata: 2003
 * Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2004
 * Turkish Cup top scorer: 2004–05
 * Footballer of the year in Turkey: 2005, 2010
 * Süper Lig Gol Kralı: 2006–07 (19 goals), 2010–11 (28 goals)
 * UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2007–08 (6 assists)
 * Turkish Cup Best Player: 2011–12

title: Alex (footballer, born 1977)


text:
Talk:Fitzroy

Please stop changing the redirect. We already have an article on this person. RickK 23:58, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

RickK, thanks for letting me know. I found it now. It´s not obvious, though, that the page already exists, since the Fitzroy page automatically redirects to the Victoria page, without giving the second option to look at the Robert FitzRoy page. It would be great to have that option, to link the two pages from the Fitzroy main page. There are probably readers who are searching for Robert FitzRoy, and don´t know his first name, so they do a Fitzroy search and end up with the Victoria page. The only way to run a search and end up directly on the Robert FitzRoy page is to do a search for just that: "Robert FitzRoy."

 * It seems to me that several of the people with this surname are more notable than a suburb of Melbourne, so a disambiguation page is most appropriate here. Gdr 19:33, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fitzroy


text:
ECCO

ECCO Sko A/S is a Danish shoe and leather accessories manufacturer founded in 1963 by Karl Toosbuy, in Bredebro, Denmark. ECCO opened its first retail store in Denmark in 1982. ECCO is family-owned and employs 21,300 people worldwide, with product sales in 101 countries from over 2,250 shops and more than 14,000 sales points.

History
ECCO was established in 1963 by Karl Toosbuy in the small town of Bredebro in southern Denmark. Throughout the 1980s, the company expanded its operations internationally. By 1982, sales reached 1 million pairs of shoes annually. In order to accommodate the increasing demand, additional production was established in Portugal, and under license in Japan and Cyprus. ECCO built its own research and design center, named "Futura", in Denmark in 1996, since 2009 Portugal is the R&D center of ECCO and opened its own beamhouse in Indonesia and tannery in Thailand a few years later. In 1998 the first flagship retail store opened on Oxford Street, in London. By 2000, ECCO owned every step of the production process, from design and leather production to branded retail sales.

Production
ECCO owns tanneries in the Netherlands, Thailand, Indonesia and China. ECCO’s tanneries are among the leading manufacturers of leather to the fashion, sports, and car industries. ECCO has engaged in a research program to reduce the environmental impact of the tanning process. Approximately 98% of ECCO's shoes are produced in its own shoe factories in Portugal, Slovakia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and China, and some under licence in India.

International
ECCO shoes and leather goods are sold in 101 countries. The company has its operations into markets in Asia and in Eastern and Central Europe, Canada, South America, and the United States. Their products are sold through more than 6,250 mono-brand stores, as well as independent retailers and online sales.

Controversies
In 1998, ECCO faced problems with a large quantity of shoes. Due to a production fault involving the composition of sole material – hydrolysis of the molded polyurethane – the soles disintegrated after only one to five years. After discovering the source of the problem, ECCO changed the composition of its sole material.

In 2016 Adidas filed a trademark suit against ECCO in American courts. However, in 2018, Adidas voluntarily dismissed its claims.

In March 2022, ECCO decided to continue its operations in Russia despite the invasion of Ukraine and  heavy sanctions directed towards Russia by Western nations. As a consequence, ECCO lost its 30 year long status as purveyor to the Danish royal family.

title: ECCO


text:
User talk:Jakewater

 * 1) Stop moving major articles to new names without discussing it first—I don't think you'll find too many people will support moving CNN or Dell, Inc. to the new names you chose.
 * 2) Don't create fake user pages; you get one under the name that you have actually registered.
 * 3) Don't edit other people's user pages—it is considered vandalism.
 * 4) Don't add the current events tag to articles that are not actually about current events. Use it conservatively.

Thank you. Postdlf 00:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I just wanted to second Postdlf's comment on the article moves so you don't think it's just one person versus another -- those moves don't serve a greater purpose, and should be avoided. Boisemedia 00:43, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, i would like to apoligize for that, it turned out, that was my cousin who made thoose vandilisms, somehow he managed to find out my password. ill make sure nothing like this happens againWikiJake 01:54, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: User:Fvw
What?? Fvw's most recent activity on Wikipedia was on April 28th, and he blocked only two users in the last four months! — Knowledge Seeker দ 01:07, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can understand that you mixed up months and days, but blocking 50 people in a couple months really isn't unbelievable, especially for very active administrators. Are you saying that there are people whe blocked who were blocked improperly? It looks like a number of the blocks were to block open proxies, which is consistent and encouraged under blocking policy. If you think a block was made in error, definitely bring it up. There are policies for when blocking is warranted and if someone was blocked improperly, I'm sure Fvw or another administrator would be happy to remove the block. However, blocking a large number of accounts is not a criterion for being blocked. — Knowledge Seeker দ 21:08, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The short answer is no. When blocking someone, a block length is also specified. It can be any time: usually starting out at 24 hours, but it can also be infinite or indefinite which means the block will never expire (unless someone removes the block). See the block log for some examples. Anonymous users will not be blocked indefinitely, but accounts may be under certain circumstances—by Arbitratrion Committee ruling, for inappropriate user names, or for accounts that do nothing but vandalism, for instance. If someone is blocked, his IP address will also be "autoblocked". This expires after a day. Blocks only apply to the specific project, so if one is blocked on en:, one can still edit other-language Wikipedias like, as well as sister projects like or . Finally, I realize that Wikipedia is not censored, but I'd still appreciate it you would stick to polite language. It is your choice, of course. If you have any other questions, I'd be happy to answer them. And if you find an instance of User:Fvw (or any other administtrator) misusing his administrative powers, be sure to bring it up. I don't think you'll find one, though. Thanks! — Knowledge Seeker দ 23:11, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Habonim
I went to a Hashomer Hatzair camp about twenty years ago or so. AndyL 21:36, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Drini
Hey there, if you want to leave someone a message you should do it on their talk page and not their user page. What is it you're confused about, perhaps I can help? the wub  "?!"  22:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, maybe it's confusing that my new signature has only a phone for the talk link. So I'll add a big link on my user page -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 23:12, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Deleting species articles
Hi! I noticed that you nominated African cherry orange for deletion because it was a stub. Ignoring the question of whether or not being a stub is criteria for deletion, I think you'll find that any known species of plant can be expanded out to an article; I think it would be odd for an encyclopedia to not try to have an article on every known animals and plant. It just takes a while to turn them all into articles! If you find one that you think could use more data, Google for its binomial name ("Citrosis schweinfurthii" for this one) and you'll pretty much always find enough to at least turn it into a proper stub. — mendel ☎ 03:23, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about having nominated it, though. It has to go through the process now but it looks to be a clear keep, so after a few days the nomination will close and the AfD header will come off the article then. — mendel ☎ 03:47, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

The Bob deletion page
Let me explain something to you. The Bob frankly is not notable enough for inclusion, and although I'm not going to second-guess the admins, I think it more likely than not that the article will be deleted, and in short order unless it's relisted to garner more discussion. (Even if we discount, as some do, non-notability as a reason for deletion, there are no sources here and probably never will be. There must be sources; WP:NOR is policy. As proof of its existence you linked to a Blue Man Group page! I may as well "invent" an instrument called the "Oom Pah Horn" and link to Tuba to "prove" it exists!) Although I don't know him, I think JJay probably believes this as well, and in an effort to find some context where your contribution might be somehow preserved selected the only venue where this instrument is at all well-known and voted to merge the article there. In other words, he was trying to be nice to you. And then you go and alienate him by calling his vote "idiotic". This was not the wisest course of action, as the result ought to demonstrate.

And please don't vote more than once on VfD pages. If you want to change your vote, strikethrough  your old vote and type in the new one at the same bullet point. Don't ever set down the same vote twice; that will just annoy people. TCC (talk) (contribs) 03:37, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Page protection
You can't protect a page simply by placing the template on it. It's something an admin has to do. TCC (talk) (contribs) 21:44, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

I know that, im not stupid, i just did that cause i wanted to trick n00bs into not vandilizing my paged.--Jakewater 21:45, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well OK, but no one was vandalizing your page in the first place. The last time anyone but you edited it was over a month ago, and that was when someone removed another template you were misusing. (That kind of thing annoys people around here, moot at this point because you removed it yourself. Or at least someone removed it; I had assumed it was you logged out. It may have been some other annoyed user though.) There's no reason to solve a problem you're not actually having. TCC (talk) (contribs) 21:51, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Your Draft C vote isn't in the voting section
If you want your vote counted, you probably should put it in the voting section. Just thought you might want to know. --Go for it! 06:16, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Re: IP edits
Thanks for letting me know, Jake. I see the notice now and will try to remember not to revert edits by your IP address. However, you should not expect everyone doing RC patrol to read user pages for a list of accounts that are "approved" to edit it, especially if the edits look like vandalism. I'd encourage you to be logged in while editing, especially if you wish to edit your user page. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:51, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Never
I never would have expected YOU would be a vandal, Sam.

Caruso Middle School Reply
I think I figured out how to talk back. I went to wilmot Jr high (When it was called that back then) and I went to DHS for 2 yrs...then I moved to Maryland. I would have graduated DHS in 1990.

Inappropriate message in Camp Tavor
I removed your insertion: -- IMPORTANT: The current opening paragraphs reflect community consensus after a long, extensive discussion. Any semantic modification should be proposed in the talk page. DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT ASKING FIRST. This is against Wikipedia policy. Anyone can edit an article. There is no evidence of discussion or consensus on the talk page. -THB 15:29, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

re: Show Choir creation
Look, I made a mistake. You don't have to be a jerk about it. That's just about what I'd expect from you though. Seriously buddy, you need to mature up if you want to survive here. Stop being so high and mighty. -AtionSong 01:28, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

"I didn't swear or anything!" Then next line, you're screaming hell, and I'm the one who's way too sensitive? Look, I said is was a mistake, can't you just back down? And are you like stalking my talk page or something? I left my first comment like 2 minutes ago, and already you're screaming at me and trying to start a fight. Like I said buddy, you need to get off your little high horse and learn how to cope, okay? -AtionSong 01:34, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

I don't need to apologize for anything. You're the one who's making such a big deal out of all of this. It's just what I'd expect from somebody like you - you rub people's errors in their faces, get all indignant, and then try to blame them about it. There's seriously something wrong with you. -AtionSong 01:42, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Oh, so sorry that I didn't keep my "nasty little comments" to myself. I feel so terrible! If I had known that they were going to make you cry I never would have said them! Really, I just died a little on the inside. Please, turn off those tears. I'm so sorry that I made this happen. -AtionSong 02:02, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Oh, a little psychologist now, are we? I'm done. This conversation is over. -AtionSong —The preceding  signed but undated.

Dude, I said I was done, why do you need to keep stalking me? -AtionSong 15:58, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Quixotic plea
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Wikipediholism test. Thanks. —  06:30, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

Movie: crash listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Movie: crash. Since you had some involvement with the Movie: crash redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 18:02, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jakewater


text:
Arbor

Arbor(s) or Arbour(s) may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Arbor (installation), a 2013 public artwork in Indianapolis, Indiana, US
 * Arbor, a counterweight-carrying device found in theater fly systems
 * The Arbor, a 1980 play by Andrea Dunbar; also the title of a 2010 film about Dunbar
 * The Arbor, a 1930 play by Hermann Ungar
 * The Arbors, a 1960s pop group

Companies

 * Arbor Drugs, a defunct American drug store chain based in Troy, Michigan
 * Arbor Networks, an American software company
 * Arbors Records, an American jazz record label

Horticulture

 * Arbor (garden), a structure of trees, shrubs or vines forming a shaded space; pergola
 * Grove (nature), a small group of trees

Places

 * Arbor, Missouri, US
 * Arbor, Nebraska, US
 * Arbor, Texas, or Arbor Grove, US

Other uses

 * Arbor (tool) or mandrel
 * Arbour (surname)
 * Arbor, the central post of a fishing reel to which fishing line is attached
 * Arbor knot, a knot commonly used to attach fishing line to a fishing reel

title: Arbor