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Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles

Some Wikipedians have formed a WikiProject to better organize the completion of articles found in other encyclopedias but missing from the English Wikipedia. This is important because to be the most comprehensive encyclopedia on the planet, Wikipedia ought to contain articles on topics that other encyclopedias contain! This is also a good way to counter systemic bias in coverage. Sign up here!

(See also Requested articles and WikiProject Intertranswiki, a project which very much overlaps with this one.)

Project goals
Although the English Wikipedia is the largest encyclopedia in existence, this does not mean it covers every topic covered by other encyclopedias. The main goal of this project is to ensure that Wikipedia has a corresponding article for every article in every other general purpose encyclopedia available, including alternative language Wikipedias! Since the main goals are very close to completion, secondary lists from outside sources have been added to the project as secondary goals. The main goals of the project should still remain the main focus.

Progress and status
This is an ongoing project with over 290 members contributing to 40+ subprojects (as of mid-2014). While difficult to know the exact contribution the project and its predecessors have made, a conservative estimate of 15,000 articles and 30,000 redirects have been created by its members and other contributors. Over 200,000 links have been verified and removed so far, about 300 links per day. A detailed overview of the progress is available.

Instructions
Your aim is to remove a red-link entry from one of the lists by making a new article or by redirecting it to an existing article. For detailed instructions, see below: Guidelines.

Places

 * Spotlight

Subprojects

 * Distributed indexing — to give us access to the several scanned encyclopedias which do not have editable-text lists of entries.

Guidelines
Your aim is to be able to delete a red-link entry from the lists by redirecting it to an existing article or making a new article. First, pick an entry.

Find a matching article

 * Find a WP article that's clearly on the same topic as the article from the external source. Make sure the two articles are really about the same thing. If you have any doubt, you can consult online or print encyclopedias to see what they tend to talk about, but remember you are probably reading copyrighted text.
 * Click on the red link in one of these lists, and use the resulting edit page to create a WP redirect. Do so even if the differences between the article names seem trivial (such as differences in capitalization, diacritics, or punctuation), if it seems plausible that someone would search for the other title to find that article. A redirect costs nothing, and it may be useful to a reader some day.
 * Other tips:
 * You may need to create a disambiguation page. For example (not a real example), suppose the external source has an article titled "J. Brown" that is about the WP subject John Brown, and WP also has a James Brown article, or you think that maybe it should one day. You would create a "J. Brown" disambiguation page.
 * Does the WP article contain the target information as a subset, and is the subset obvious to the reader? If so, redirect to the WP article. If the subset is not obvious, you may want to write a short article, using the new title, and in it refer directly to the larger WP article. It's not a stub because you aren't looking for it to be expanded; it is more like a disambiguation with only one target.
 * For biographies, there are lots of ways to write someone's name, and you may not know what form of the name WP is using. One useful trick is search the target name using the WP search (or a site-limited Google search), as the searches allow for variations in special characters, hyphen use, capitalisation and order of names. Another trick is to look at birth/death categories, such as Category:1816 births. Look around the category for possible alternate spellings. In practice, death years are more reliable than birth years, particularly before 1800, but both tend to be unreliable before 1500. If you know basic information about the person - that they were president of a country, for example - try looking to see if they appear in any relevant articles, or on lists of office-holders. Finally, for help on how to write biographies, see WikiProject Biography.
 * Redirects exist to help people find articles. If you can't imagine anyone ever searching for that title, consider not creating the redirect. For example, many paper encyclopedias often use "Y, X of" as a title format, but this is to keep related topics together in a medium that doesn't have a search box (a physical book); people looking for an article on units of time would not search for time, units of (but they might search for time unit or time units).

 * Reminder: To redirect a page to another; add this message and nothing else:
 *  #REDIRECT Target page , where Target page is the one to be redirected to.

Write a new article
If there isn't an appropriate WP article, create one.
 * Remember the WP copyright rules. You may have just consulted another encyclopedia as part of your search for the matching WP article; don't let that dictate what you write.
 * Use the WP naming conventions. They may differ from other sources in capitalization and in many cases of personal names. If the correct title has diacritics, they should be used.
 * If you have chosen a title different from the target title, create a redirect or disambiguation page to the new page, as described above. Even if the only difference between the target title and the new article's title is capitalization, create a redirect. Create other redirects to represent reasonable variations on capitalization, punctuation, and diacritics. Redirects are good.
 * You may be able to use material from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica directly since it is old enough that it is in the public domain. Be aware that the world has changed a lot in a century, and 1911EB is not so useful for science, ethnography or geography. A great deal more is known from archeology about topics from the ancient world and the middle ages. Interpretations of almost everything in history and literature and the arts and and philosophy and religion have changed. Most of the social sciences was unknown or just beginning to be known. You may want to place   at the top of the article if you are unsure what is outdated. On the other hand, comparison of 1911 and contemporary descriptions of, say, 18th-century French dramatists shows that the 1911 versions are often more informative (but also more old-fashioned in their critical approach) than the versions in modern encyclopedias.  A great deal in even the most static fields has been written in the last 10 years, and more recent people who have studies the different subjects needs to be discussed. Expect a very strong bias towards the British empire, the male sex, and western Europe, and great ignorance of the role of non-European peoples..
 * And beware: some online versions of the 1911 Britannica are derived from uncorrected optical scans of the printed books, with claimed copyrighted additions mixed in with the original text. In addition, the scanning process is particularly bad at picking up diacritics, so do check spellings of non-English words against other sources. In particular, Greek text is completely mangled into meaningless junk, and non-European names will be differently transcribed.

 * If the article you create is a stub (a short article), please give it the correct stub tag. After all, there is no point in making articles if they are never going to reach a high standard!
 * If the same title appears more than once in one of the lists, it's because there are two topics with the same name. To match the coverage, you'll create two new articles (stubs at least) and link them with a disambiguation page.

Pruning the lists
You can remove your new article from one of the lists, although it doesn't matter if you don't. Several Wikipedians regularly prune the lists. If you do remove any articles, be careful and double-check your editing; it is too easy to delete the wrong line, and it is unlikely that anyone will check your work. Also check the article itself, to make sure that it is not a copyright violation or that it doesn't redirect to the wrong topic. For instance, Yaka redirected to a sci-fi character, so there was no possibility of redirecting to the ethnic group Yaka. Remember our goal is to create articles and content so be careful when creating (and checking) redirects to make sure that they are to the same subject. They should not be "smudged" into something related, just for the sake of knocking another one off the list. Your contributions in all forms are welcome.

If you have done a significant number of deletions, update the count and the "% done".

Tips

 * 1) Remember to stick to Wikipedia naming conventions!
 * 2) Check for alternative capitalization and diacritics.
 * 3) Chinese and Korean use different spellings in Britannica. For Chinese, the main article should use the pinyin spelling, which is the Wikipedia convention; for Korean, use Revised Romanization of Korean. Create a redirect from other variants.
 * 4) Cyrillic languages also use various spellings. Check them, and possible patronymics (or lack thereof).
 * 5) If you look up an article, see if the facts concur. You may even be able to add facts to the Wiki article. Check the birthdates too. Wikipedia may be wrong, but so may the other sources. This is a good way to fact-check basic facts. Check for middle names and initials as well.
 * 6) If the English Wikipedia doesn't have an article, it does not mean that other languages don't. For non-English names and places, you can search in the "home" Wikipedia for the person or topic in question. For proper names which don't need translating, you can check the Global Wikipedia Search to find articles in other languages.  Mark it down or, better yet, see if you can find someone to translate it. An automatic translator can be used to get a sense of the article, but care is needed; editing an automatic translation often results in awkward English prose.
 * 7) See if you can come up with other ways to classify the articles, so that people with particular interests can find something to write about. For instance, you might want to make a Wikipedia:List of missing biology articles, or a list of cities in China that we need.
 * 8) Don't be afraid to ask someone to help by contributing an article in their particular area of interest. That is how we got Restoration literature, which was missing for a very long time. Muslim League is another example of that.
 * 9) One of us often tries to get at least one article on the requested article list on Recent Changes.
 * 10) A good place to look for redirects is here. They have all the towns in the U.S. and England. Be careful though--Wikipedia is still missing articles for townships in many states. If they list something as a slang term, you can likely remove it from the list, or possibly include it in Wiktionary.
 * 11) Once you have created an article/redirect, leave an edit summary pointing to this project. This is important as it tells reviewers why the article/redirect was made and gains this project some visibility. Suggested edit summary:

Participants
Sign in on the Missing encyclopedic articles participants page.

Completed goals
Note: There might be cases when glancing through the completed projects that certain articles seem to have been left out or not created (e.g. Towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants). Contact the person who last edited the project page or added the "complete" banner on the page to find out for the reasoning of why certain articles were not completed or were left out. Accidental omissions could also be a possibility.

 * Canadian politicians July 15, 2014
 * Canadian provincial politicians December 20, 2012
 * American governors July 17, 2012
 * Dictionary of Australian Biography June 6, 2012
 * Australian politicians (init. 373)   April 4, 2012
 * List of encyclopedia topics X Music (init. 161)   February 7, 2012
 * General×Hotlist (init. 977)  February 25, 2011
 * Notable companies November 12, 2010
 * List of thinkers on education 23 August, 2010
 * English Lit Biographical Dictionary 22 April, 2010
 * Online Book Initiative biographies 23 April, 2009
 * Notable films March 12, 2009
 * 1919 Bartlett's Quotations November 30, 2008
 * Towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants July 15, 2008
 * Gardening for the Million June 20, 2007
 * Top list March 30, 2007
 * Britannica's Black History biographies March 20, 2007
 * 1911 Britannica topics Feb 27, 2006
 * 1911×Catholic Feb 10, 2006
 * 2004×Encarta Jan 4, 2006
 * 1911×Music Dec 19, 2005
 * 1911×List of encyc. topics Nov 24, 2005
 * Nuttall Encyclopedia topics Nov 10, 2005
 * 1911×2004 Oct 23, 2005
 * 1911×Hotlist topics Oct 20, 2005
 * Gutenberg authors×misc. ~ Oct 15, 2005
 * 1911×Biographies ~Sep 15, 2005
 * Missing articles in 1911 and Nuttall Aug 9, 2005
 * Missing articles in 1911 and 2004 and Nuttall Jul 28, 2005

Useful article-writing resources

 * WikiProject Resource Exchange
 * Public domain resources
 * Your local library

Tools

 * Missing Encyclopedic Articles - toolserver page which reports articles with many inter-language links that lack a corresponding article in a given language.

Other WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Intertranswiki
 * Requested articles
 * Category:Wikipedia red link lists
 * Category:Wikipedia missing topics
 * Most-wanted articles
 * Most-missed articles 2008 list, 244 remaining
 * Articles requested for more than a year
 * One featured article per quarter
 * Templates with red links
 * Today's articles for improvement
 * Vital articles/Level/5
 * WikiProject Red Link Recovery
 * Status of FOLDOC import

External watchlist

 * Wikiproject Watchlist - WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles


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Talk:Sonny Corleone

Sonny and Vito
I hid this sentence:

 * Vito always blamed himself for this, as the boy saw his father murder a rival at the age of 11.

See Talk:Vito Corleone. -- Toytoy 10:06, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Date of Death
I read on the Wikipedia article for the Shot Heard 'Round the World that Sonny was listening to the broadcast of this baseball game just before he was gunned down. If so, wouldn't his date of death be October 3, 1951 (the date this very famous home run was hit) instead of the 1946 date that is given in this article? Gujuguy 23:51, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

It is very clear that Sonny was killed before 1950, the year mentioned in Godfather II for the murders of the various heads of the other families.Jrm2007 10:53, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Is this true???
He cheated on his wife because his penis was too big? I really don't buy that, I think this is complete nonsense, unless anyone can prove otherwise I'm removing this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.138.62.221 (talk) 19:21, 10 January 2007 (UTC).

Date of Birth
The correct date of birth (according to the novel) is probably 1910. This can be safely assumed because Tom Hagen and Sonny are the same age (maybe give or take a year) and in the beginning of the novel, it is stated that Tom is 35 years old in 1945 meaning he was born in 1910.

...

REPLY: Yeah, you're correct on taking the facts from the opening chapters of the novel and doing the math. Problem is, Puzo got careless and the novel contradicts itself. In Chapter 14 (Vito's rise to power), it says that these events happened in this order:

(a) The death of Vito Corleone's nemesis, Salvatore Maranzano, on Dec. 31, 1933. This was followed by some interval during which the Maranzano organization was incorporated into the Corleone Family.

(b) An armed robbery committed by sixteen-year-old Sonny. When Vito furiously confronted him about it, Sonny responded that he saw Vito kill Fanucci. Vito, believing that "every man has but one destiny" -- and that Sonny's destiny was set when he witnessed that murder -- put Sonny to work as his bodyguard/driver, where Sonny could watch him close up and learn how to be a Don.

(c) Sonny's assumption of command of a "regime" in 1935 after Vito was incapacitated in an attempted assassination. Sonny showed a genius for city warfare, "made his bones," and earned a reputation for ruthlessness.

The novel doesn't explicitly state, but does strongly imply, that the interval between (a) and (b) was fairly short, whereas the interval between (b) and (c) was considerably longer, so the robbery was probably in 1934. Still, no matter how you cut it, the robbery by sixteen-year-old Sonny had to have been in either '34 or '35, which means Sonny's year of birth had to have been 1917, 1918, or 1919.

But as you said, the early part of the novel establishes just as "definitively" that Tom is 35 in 1945, and that Tom and Sonny are the same age +/- a year. And to make things even more confusing, the family tree given in the extras section of The Godfather DVD set gives Sonny's dates as 1916 - 1948 and Tom's as 1910 - "197?" (And to add yet another layer of confusion, Mark Winegardner's novels, _The Godfather Returns_ and _The Godfather's Revenge_ -- which were authorized by the Puzo estate and so must be at least given respectful consideration by "canon-fanatics" -- put Tom's death in the early 1960s.)

So I guess it comes down to either picking a date and not worrying too much about it ... or looking for "second Sonnys" hiding behind the fence next to the grassy knoll ... ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.217.163.193 (talk) 22:05, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Santino corleone 2.jpg
Image:Santino corleone 2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:10, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sonny Corleone


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Expo (magazine)

Expo is a Swedish anti-racist magazine started in 1995 by Stieg Larsson. It is issued by the non-profit Expo Foundation (Stiftelsen Expo). The magazine, issued four times a year, contains investigative journalism focused on nationalist, racist, anti-democratic, antisemitic, and far-right movements and organisations. It also publishes articles and podcasts on the Internet on a more regular basis. The people responsible for Expo make no connections with specific organisations or political parties, but work together with individuals and organisations that share Expo's platform. The chairman of the Expo Foundation is Charles Westin.

The magazine is headquartered in Stockholm.

History
Stieg Larsson, the author of the Millennium series of novels, was Expo's co-founder and editor-in-chief from 1995 until his death in 2004. Larsson's political and journalistic background in far-left political activism including in Kommunistiska Arbetareförbundet (Communist Workers' League), and Internationalen, led him to found the Expo Foundation, similar to the British Searchlight Foundation, with the aim of "studying and mapping anti-democratic, right-wing extremist and racist tendencies in society".

Expo became widely known in Sweden in June 1996 following a string of threats and attacks directed against companies printing and selling the magazine, and organisations supporting it. The words "Inget stöd till kommunist-Expo" (No support for communist Expo) were painted on the wall of the Moderate Party headquarters. In response, leading tabloid newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen printed and distributed the June 1996 issue as a free supplement, with a circulation of around 800,000 copies.

Financial pressures in 1998 forced the people responsible for Expo to cease publication of the magazine and replace it with a newsletter. In 1999, Expo was restarted as a part of the magazine Svartvitt. When Svartvitt shut down in 2003, Expo returned to publication as an independent magazine.

The foundation's chairman of the board since 2023 is Anne Ramberg. The editor-in-chief of Expo is Anna Fröjd (since 2019), while Daniel Poohl is CEO and publisher (ansvarig utgivare). In 2014 the circulation of the magazine was 3,500 copies.

On 4 May 2016, the Expo photographer David Lagerlöf took an image of Tess Asplund, 42, with her fist raised against the leadership of the Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM) in Borlänge, central Sweden. This went viral in the country and was widely reprinted in the international press.

title: Expo (magazine)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Human body disposal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 07:07, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Human body disposal
No potential to become encyclopedic and, uh, WP:NOT a how-to. FCYTravis 10:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The original version should certainly be trashed, as it is simply trolling drivel. However, there is probably an article to be written on this topic, since people's bodies generally have to be disposed of after they die: there is probably room for a top-level article over burial, cremation, mummification, Towers of Silence, and so forth, if it does not already exist. -- Karada 11:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now completely rewritten the article from scratch. Please let me know what you think. I believe its now reasonable to keep this article. -- Karada 11:40, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (awesome rewrite), but move to Disposal of human corpses - human body disposal brings to mind the garbage disposal in my sink, and in any event a body can still be alive when disposed of. -- BD2412 talk 13:45, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Keep --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 15:17, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now. DS1953 19:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. That's a great rewrite, no doubt about it. That said, I think a move per BD2412 wouldn't be amiss. -- Captain Disdain 20:39, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * More than reasonable to keep this article. Well done User:Karada. Double Blue  (Talk) 20:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with possible redirect. Well done Karada. Capitalistroadster 03:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep excellent rewrite. Fifelfoo 04:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep excellent rewrite. JamesBurns 04:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Great job on the rewrite!  Agree with BD2412 on renaming the article.  --Dachannien 15:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Sexual partner

Sexual partners are people who engage in sexual activity together. The sexual partners may be in a committed relationship, either on an exclusive basis or not, or engage in the sexual activity on a casual basis. They may be on intimate terms (in which case they are often referred to as "lovers") or anonymous, as in the case of sex with a stranger, a one-night stand, or a prostitute. A person can be another person's sexual partner even if the sexual activity is illegal, socially taboo, or otherwise in breach of a trust or commitment. A person may have more than one sexual partner at any one time, either as polyamory, polygamy or in contravention of convention.

As such, the term sexual partner can be applied to both consenting and non-consenting sexual relationships. Some people who maintain logs of their sexual activity have adopted the practice of listing partners they both did and did not consent to sex with, but with the non-consenting partners annotated differently in some way to note the act of rape.

A sexual partner may or may not have equal power during a sexual activity; such sexual "roles" (which can sometimes be determined by personality type but can also be determined by a conscious choice by the individual to "assume" a particular "role") typically fall under various dominance/submission (D/s) categories.

Terminology
Generally, a sexual partner is one with whom one engages in a sexual activity on a regular or ongoing basis.

An ex-sexual partner is a person with whom the other partner does not intend to engage in any further sexual activity, while a prospective sexual partner is one with whom the person has not previously engaged in any sexual activity, but desires to do so.

title: Sexual partner


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Natural History (magazine)

Natural History is a natural history magazine published in the United States. The stated mission of the magazine is to promote public understanding and appreciation of nature and science.

History
Founded in 1900 by the American Museum of Natural History, Natural History was first titled The American Museum Journal. In 2002, the magazine was purchased from the Museum by a new company, headed at the time by Charles Harris. As of 2013 the magazine is published in North Carolina by Howard Richman. There are 10 issues published annually.

Since its founding, Natural History has chronicled the major expeditions and research findings by curators at the American Museum of Natural History and at other natural history museums and science centers. Stephen Jay Gould's column, "This View of Life," was a regular feature of the magazine from 1974 until he retired the column in 2001. Other regular columnists and contributing authors current or past include Marston Bates, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Jared Diamond, Richard Dawkins, Norman D. Newell, Roger Welsch, and Thomas Nicholson.

title: Natural History (magazine)


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Phrae

Phrae (แพร่; ) is a town (thesaban mueang) and capital of Phrae Province and Mueang Phrae district. It is located in Northern Thailand on the east bank of the Yom river, 555 km north of Bangkok by road.

The town occupies tambon Nai Wiang of Mueang Phrae District and has an area of nine km2 with a population of 15,316 (2019). The town is known for its rich history, textile industry and temple architecture, as well as offering a blend of both Isan and Lan Na culture and cruisine.

The town was first established in 1371. During the late 1800s, Phrae served as a major center for the teak trade, with numerous foreign companies operating around the town. Before centralization reforms by King Chulalongkorn were untertakened, Phrae served as the capital of the Kingdom of Phrae and the seat of the royal family of Phrae. In 1902, the town served as the center for the Shan-led Ngiao rebellion, which aimed to overthrow Central Thai rule over Lan Na before being crushed. Central Thai authority over Phrae was reestablished on 16 August 1902.

History
Phrae was constructed during the Sukhothai period. One of the earliest temples to be constructed in Phrae was Wat Phra That Cho Hae around 1336-1338 during the Sukhothai period. During the 1500s, the town served as an outpost controlled by the Kingdom of Lan Na.

1800s and early 1900s
During the 1800s, the Northern Thailand experienced economic growth through the teak industry. Due to Phrae's location to numerous teak forests, the town become home to several foreign residences and companies that operated teak farms nearby, such as the East Asiatic company and the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. The East Asiatic company began logging in 1897 until it expired in 1936; while the Bombay Burmah was granted in 1889 a logging concession. Increased foreign presence of companies later led to an influx of foreign residences from different nations such as the United Kingdom, United States and Denmark. It also led to an influx of Christians and Christian missionaries, such as the American Presbyterian mission.

The last chao luang (king) of Phrae, Piriya Thepwong, ascended the throne upon his father's death on 5 April 1889. In 1891, the former treasurer of Phrae constructed the Wichai Racha Residence, which would act as a safehouse during the Ngiao rebellion and World War II. In 1892, Khum Chao Luang was constructed as the royal residence of the chao luang. In 1897, Chinese architects from Guangzhou constructed a pink-white mansion made from teak which served as a wedding present for the king of Phrae to his stepdaughter. Also in the same year, in line with Chulalongkorn centralization reforms, Bangkok appointed Phraya Chaiboon (Thongyuu Suwanbat) as the governor.

Ngiao Rebellion
On 25 July 1902, a group of Shan miners who previously ambushed Siamese police and soldiers, stormed the police station in Phrae led by Sala Po Chai and Phaka Mong. The rioters, now numbering around 300, stormed the governor's residence and forced the chao luang to aid the rebellion. They then went about killing ethnic Central Thai residences, including the governor Thongyuu. From 25 July to 16 August, the town remained under Shan control. However, military defeat to the Siamese army led to mass disorganization and anarchy in the town after the death of their leaders. On August 5, Harold Lyle, the British vice-consul in Nan, moved into the former governor's residence in an attempt to restore order. He however delayed the Siamese and Danish armies from entering the town in fear that a massacre of local and foreign residences would occur. Finally on August 16, Pichai provincial police reclaimed the town before the main Siamese army led by Surasak Montri arrived on August 20. For his involvement in the rebellion, the chao luang went into exile in Luang Prabang and the Kingdom of Phrae was ended.

Modern History
During World War II after the Japanese invasion of Thailand and Thailand siding with the Japanese, members of the Free Thai movement operated in Phrae and used the Wichai Racha Residence as a safehouse.

Following the 2014 coup, the National Council for Peace and Order ceased all duties of Mayor Chokchai Phanomkwan on 25 June 2015. Prime-minister Prayut Chan-o-cha reinstated Chokchai's duties on 28 August 2020. Chokchai Phanomkwan was removed as mayor of Phrae due to corruption in delaying hotel taxes and parking fee collection on 25 January 2022.

Geography
Phrae lies on the Yom River, at an elevation of 159 m. The town is mostly built on the east side of the river, but some outlying parts are built on the west side of the river and are connected to the main part by bridges. There are hills both to the east and west of the town; the Phlueng Range to the east are higher, reaching about 800 m above sea level, whereas the Phi Pan Nam Range to the west are about 500 m above sea level.

At Phae Muang Phi, a few kilometres north of Phrae, there is an impressive landscape of mushroom rocks and distinctive pillars shaped by natural erosive action.

Demography
In 2005, Phrae had a population of 17,971. In 2019, it declined to 15,316 with females making up 53.4% of the population.

Climate
Phrae has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 37.6 °C. The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Culture
Phrae is home to many notable Buddhist temples, including Wat Phrathat Cho Hae, Wat Pongsunan (Temple of the Tortoise), Wat Chorm Sawan, Khum Chao Luang, and Wat Phra That Cho Hae.

The latter is on a hill, nine km away from the town center. During the 1800s, two teak bungalows were built by Christians in place of churches and are still present in the town.

Transportation
The main road through Phrae is Route 101, which begins in Nan to the north, passes through Phrae, and leads to Sawankhalok, Sukhothai, and finally Kamphaeng Phet. The town is served by Phrae Airport, a small airport in Mueang Mo, on the east side of town. It handles only domestic flights from and to Don Mueang (DMK) by Nok Air.

title: Phrae


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Jong

Jong may refer to:

Surname

 * Chung (Korean surname), spelled Jong in North Korea
 * Zhong (surname), spelled Jong in the Gwoyeu Romatzyh system
 * Common Dutch surname "de Jong"; see
 * De Jong
 * De Jonge
 * De Jongh
 * Erica Jong (born 1942), American author

Given name

 * Jong Uichico, Filipino professional basketball head coach
 * Kim Jong (table tennis) (born 1989), North Korean table tennis player

Locations

 * Jong, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Jong, Norway, a district in the municipality of Bærum, Norway
 * Jong River, a river in Sierra Leone
 * Pulau Jong, Singapore island

Other

 * Mala Mala Jong, a fictional character from the animated series Xiaolin Showdown
 * Muk Yan Jong, a martial arts dummy
 * Javanese jong, a type of ancient sailing ship
 * Dutch for "young", e.g.
 * JONG (political party)
 * Jong Ajax
 * Jong Vlaanderen
 * Jong Zuid Afrika

title: Jong


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Peking (ship)

Peking is a steel-hulled four-masted barque. A so-called Flying P-Liner of the German company F. Laeisz, it was one of the last generation of cargo-carrying iron-hulled sailing ships used in the nitrate trade and wheat trade around Cape Horn.

Nitrate trade
Peking was launched in February 1911 and left Hamburg for her maiden voyage to Valparaiso in May of the same year. After the outbreak of World War I she was interned at Valparaiso and remained in Chile for the duration of the war. Awarded to the Kingdom of Italy as war reparations, she was sold back to her original owners, the Laeisz brothers, in January 1923. She remained in the nitrate trade until traffic through the Panama Canal proved quicker and more economical.

Arethusa II
In 1932, she was sold for £6,250 to Shaftesbury Homes. She was first towed to Greenhithe, renamed Arethusa II and moored alongside the existing Arethusa I. In July 1933, she was moved to a new permanent mooring off Upnor on the River Medway, where she served as a children's home and training school. She was officially "opened" by Prince George on 25 July 1933. During World War II she served in the Royal Navy as HMS Pekin.

Museum ship in New York
Arethusa II was retired in 1974 and sold to Jack Aron as Peking, for the South Street Seaport Museum in New York City, where she remained for the next four decades. However, the Seaport NYC did not see Peking as part of its long-term operational plans, and was planning to send the vessel to the scrap yard. A 2012 offer to return the ship to Hamburg, where she was originally built, as a gift from the city of New York, was contingent upon raising an endowment in Germany to ensure the preservation of the vessel.

Return to Germany
In November 2015 the Maritim Foundation purchased the ship for US$100. Peking is intended to become part of the German Port Museum (Deutsches Hafenmuseum) at Schuppen 52 in Hamburg for which €120 million of federal funds would be provided. She was taken to Caddell Drydock, Staten Island, on 7 September 2016, to spend the winter. On 14 July 2017 she was loaded on the deck of the semi-submersible heavy-lift ship Combi Dock III for transport across the Atlantic, at a cost of some €1 million, arriving at Brunsbüttel on 30 July 2017.

Refurbishment in Germany
On 2 August 2017 she was transferred to Peters Werft, located at Wewelsfleth, for a three-year refurbishment at a cost of €38 million. The restoration included review of rigging, double floor steel plates, dismounting and remount of all masts, docking in dry dock, renewal of the steel structure, removal of the cement that filled the lower 3+1/2 m of the hull, painting, woodwork and overall refurbishment. The ship twice spent about two years in dry dock. Peking was refloated on 7 September 2018 with a primer-painted hull. Teak was reinstalled on deck. The ship was transferred on 7 September 2020 to the German Port Museum.

In popular culture

 * "Around the Wild Cape Horn" from Ralph McTell's album Somewhere Down the Road is about Peking.
 * Tom Lewis's song "Peking" on the album Mixed Cargo is about Peking.
 * The ship was the setting for the 1965 Margaret Rutherford film Murder Ahoy as "HMS Battledore".
 * The ship is mentioned in Eltons John biography as place of after gig party where Elton met John Lennon

title: Peking (ship)


text: Category:Minor orders

title: Category:Minor orders


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Talk:Mary Poovey

Untitled
I have now several times included the "Scientist stub"-tag. I have done so for this reason. Mary Poovey is a professor at the NYU's Faculty of Arts and Science. As such, she is active in the academic field of humanities and arts. The humanities are, according to the article, "generally considered to be, along with the social sciences and the natural sciences, one of three major components of the liberal arts and sciences." According to the list of academic disciplines, its academic status is not debated. Therefore I see no reason to question the scientific status of Mary Poovey's field of play, and I therefore don't see why a "Scientist stub"-tag shouldn't be included. According to Wikipedia itself, Mary Poovey is a scientist. Aecis 10:11, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC) PS. I have now included the "Academic bio stub"-tag instead of the "Scientist stub"-tag. I hope my right honourable co-editors can agree with that. Aecis 10:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mary Poovey is, yes, an academic in the field of the humanities. And you could also say that humanities are included in "liberal arts and sciences" (although the latter term is a bit ambiguous). The problem in your reasoning is that "liberal arts and sciences" is not the same thing as "science." Notice the "and"?

People who work in the humanities generally cannot be considered scientists (although I'm willing to appreciate there might be a few exceptions if they do multidisciplinary stuff). I didn't make the rule, so I won't try to justify it... but it probably has something to do with the humanties' qualitative approach, as well as its focus on meaning rather than objective facts.

Anyone else agree that this page ought to be recommended for deletion? Very few of Mary Poovey's contemporaries are listed on wikipedia--i.e., important literary critics--and even then I'd contest the terms of her importance in relation to the general public sphere. There's a pretty big drop-off in visibility between her and, say, Bloom or Greenblatt.

title: Talk:Mary Poovey


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Scotti (surname)

Scotti is a surname of Italian origin. Notable persons with that surname include:
 * Andrea Scotti (born 1931), Italian film and television actor
 * Andrés Scotti (born 1975), Uruguayan football (soccer) player
 * Antonio Scotti (1866–1936), Italian operatic baritone
 * Ben Scotti (born 1937), American football (American football) player
 * Carlo Scotti (born 1904), Italian boxer
 * Diego Scotti (born 1977), Uruguayan football (soccer) player
 * Francesco Scotti (born 1983), Italian footballer
 * Friedrich von Scotti (1889-1969), general of Nazi Germany during World War II
 * Gianbernardino Scotti (died 1568), Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
 * Gian Giacomo Gallarati Scotti (1886-1983), Italian politician, 5th podestà of Milan
 * Giovanni Scotti (1911-1992), Italian ice hockey player
 * Gottardo Scotti (1447-1481), Italian painter of the Renaissance period
 * James V. Scotti (born 1960), American astronomer
 * Lemmo Rossi-Scotti, count (1848-1926), Italian late-Romantic painter, mainly of battle scenes
 * Luigi Scotti (born 1932), Italian judge and minister of justice
 * Mike Scotti, former U.S. Marine and author
 * Mikhail Scotti (1812–1861), Russian painter
 * Nick Scotti (born 1966), American actor and singer
 * Ottavio Scotti (1904-1975), Italian art director
 * Pasquale Scotti (born 1958), Italian criminal and boss of the Camorra
 * Piero Scotti (1909–1976), Italian racing driver
 * Ranuccio Scotti Douglas (1597-1659), Bishop of Borgo San Donnino, Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland and France
 * Roger Scotti (1925–2001), French football player
 * Tino Scotti (1905–1984), Italian actor
 * Tommaso Scotti (died 1556), Italian bishop of Terni
 * Tony Scotti (born 1939), American actor and producer
 * Umberto Scotti (fl. 1885–1904), one of the first players of Italian side A.C. Milan
 * Vincenzo Scotti (born 1933), Italian politician and government minister
 * Vito Scotti (1918–1996), American actor

title: Scotti (surname)


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Marcus Antonius (disambiguation)

Several ancient Roman males with the family name Antonius had Marcus as their first name (praenomen). The most famous of these is Mark Antony (ca. 83–30 BC), the close associate of Julius Caesar and lover of Cleopatra.

Others who might be referred to as Marcus Antonius (or a similar name) include:

People in ancient Rome and Italy

 * Marcus Antonius (orator) (143–87 BC), Roman consul in 99 BC, known as "the Orator"
 * Marcus Antonius Creticus (died 72–71 BC), Praetor in 74 BC, father of the famous Mark Antony
 * Marcus Antonius Antyllus (47–30 BC), eldest son of Mark Antony
 * Marcus Antonius Gnipho ( 1st century BC), grammarian and teacher of rhetoric of Gaulish origin
 * Marcus Antonius Felix, Roman procurator of Iudaea Province 52–58
 * Marcus Antonius Primus, Roman general under Nero's reign until at least Domitian's
 * Gordian I, born Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus, later called Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (159–238), Roman emperor for one month in 238 with his son Gordian II
 * Gordian II, born Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus, later called Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (192–238), Roman emperor for one month in 238 with his father Gordian I
 * Gordian III, born Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius, later called Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Augustus (225–244), Roman emperor from 238 to 244, grandson of Gordian I and nephew of Gordian II
 * Marcus Antonius Coccius Sabellicus (1436–1506), scholar and historian from Venice, Italy
 * Marcus Antonius Antimachus (c. 1473–1552), Greek teacher and translator born in Mantua, Italy

People from other countries

 * Marco Antonio de Dominis (1560–1624), Dalmatian ecclesiastic, Catholic archbishop, adjudged heretic of the Catholic Faith
 * Markos Antonios Katsaitis (1717–1787), Greek scholar, geographer and lawyer

title: Marcus Antonius (disambiguation)


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LMS Garratt

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Garratt was a class of Garratt steam locomotive designed for heavy freight. A total of 33 were built from 1927, making them the most numerous class of Garratt in Britain.

Overview
After Grouping, the LMS initially continued the Midland Railway's "small engine policy" of hauling trains using two or three locomotives of moderate power coupled together. This led to most of the Toton (Nottinghamshire)-Brent (London) coal trains being double-headed by 0-6-0 locomotives. It was realised that double heading was uneconomical so a Garratt locomotive, designed by Fowler, was ordered from Beyer, Peacock and Company to haul 1,450 long tons at 25 mph. However, the LMS Derby design office insisted on, amongst other changes, the fitting of their standard axleboxes to the design. These axleboxes were barely adequate for the LMS Fowler Class 4F locomotives, on which they frequently overheated, and as the Garratts were much larger, they were a major weakness on the LMS Garratts. They were also always heavy on coal and maintenance. Tester's work shows that this may have been due to poor selection of oil and whitemetal rather than intrinsic design issues. Sixsmith reports that the boiler was a design for a Somerset and Dorset 2-8-0, further reducing coal efficiency, and that the steam injectors were also much shorter than recommended.

Three locomotives were built in April 1927 and were fitted with vacuum braking attachments, and the remaining 30 were built in the period August to November 1930. All were built with straight sided bunkers but from 1931 all except the first two of the 1927 trio were fitted with revolving coal bunkers. These were conical in shape and were revolved and oscillated by means of a small 2-cylinder steam engine. The revolving bunkers reduced coal dust from entering the cab and the oscillation facility made them self-trimming, but Sixsmith reports they were still unpopular to drive bunker-first due to dust, and that covers were unsuccessful.

The 1927 trio were numbered 4997–4999, and the 1930 batch from 4967 to 4996. They were later renumbered 7967–7999 in the same order to make way for the new Black 5’s. British Railways added 40000 to their numbers.

The roundhouses at Toton MPD had to have extra length Garratt roads to accommodate them. Mostly used for heavy coal trains, they later found other uses as well, and Sixsmith includes photographs of them at York, Gloucester, and Birmingham. Others were allocated to Wellingborough (depot code 45A where 15 locomotives were located in the 1950s) and Hasland near Chesterfield. Trains for Manchester were generally routed along the Hope Valley Line and the Garratts normally came off their trains at the Gowhole freight sidings just west of Chinley. A few would work the Ambergate to Pye Bridge Line using the north curve at Ambergate, but only as far as Rowsley, where the train would be split. This was normal for goods trains because of the danger of couplings breaking on the climb to Peak Forest. In addition, although they had ample tractive effort to climb the gradient, in the days before goods wagon trains had continuous brakes there were problems on the way down into Chinley. On an early attempt, the loco was inspected at Heaton Mersey and it was found that all of its brake blocks had melted.

The single photograph recording a rake of 20 passenger coaches pulled by an LMS Garratt (No. 4999 - photo from the Frank Carrier archive) came from an unsuccessful trial of a Derby-St. Pancras run that had to be terminated at Leicester due to a hot axlebox. There is no evidence that they were used on the very similar Notts-Stonebridge Park coal run that used LMS's new-in-1929 40-ton braked coal waggons (58 tons gross).

The summary of Sixsmith's review of them is that they were very successful in the 1927/8 trial, and the class then lasted 25 years, averaging 25,000 miles/year. However, the design did not age well, especially under wartime lack of maintenance, causing generally poor later opinions. This implies they were too good to scrap, but not good enough to replicate. They were replaced by BR Standard 9F locomotives, which were designed to haul 900 long tons at 35 mph.

Withdrawal
The class was withdrawn between June 1955 and April 1958. None survived into preservation.

Models
The Rosebud Kitmaster company produced an unpowered polystyrene injection moulded 00 scale model, which went on sale in March 1961. In late 1962, the Kitmaster brand was sold by its parent company (Rosebud Dolls) to Airfix, who transferred the moulding tools to their own factory; they re-introduced some of the former Kitmaster range, but the Garratt model was not among them. The moulding tools for this locomotive were scrapped in 1982. Heljan was commissioned by Hattons of Liverpool to produce a model in OO gauge which became the manufacturer's first UK outline OO gauge steam locomotive model.

title: LMS Garratt


text: User talk:68.8.35.157

title: User talk:68.8.35.157


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Cohort analysis

Cohort analysis is a kind of behavioral analytics that breaks the data in a data set into related groups before analysis. These groups, or cohorts, usually share common characteristics or experiences within a defined time-span. Cohort analysis allows a company to "see patterns clearly across the life-cycle of a customer (or user), rather than slicing across all customers blindly without accounting for the natural cycle that a customer undergoes." By seeing these patterns of time, a company can adapt and tailor its service to those specific cohorts. While cohort analysis is sometimes associated with a cohort study, they are different and should not be viewed as one and the same. Cohort analysis is specifically the analysis of cohorts in regards to big data and business analytics, while in cohort study, data is broken down into similar groups.

Examples
The goal of business analytics is to analyze and present actionable information. Large, undifferentiated datasets may include a variety of user types and time periods. Cohort analysis analyzes the users of each cohort separately. In cohort analysis, "each new group [cohort] provides the opportunity to start with a fresh set of users," allowing the company to look at only the data that is relevant to the current query and act on it.

For example, in eCommerce, customers who signed up in the last two weeks and who made a purchase may constitute a cohort. For software, users who signed up after a certain upgrade, or who use certain features of the platform, may constitute a cohort.

An example of cohort analysis of gamers on a certain platform: Expert gamers, cohort 1, will care more about advanced features and lag time compared to new sign-ups, cohort 2. With these two cohorts determined, and the analysis run, the gaming company would be presented with a visual representation of the data specific to the two cohorts. It could then see that a slight lag in load times has been translating into a significant loss of revenue from advanced gamers, while new sign-ups have not even noticed the lag. Had the company simply looked at its overall revenue reports for all customers, it would not have been able to see the differences between these two cohorts. Cohort analysis allows a company to pick up on patterns and trends and make the changes necessary to keep both advanced and new gamers happy.

Deep actionable cohort analytics
"An actionable metric is one that ties specific and repeatable actions to observed results [like user registration, or checkout]. The opposite of actionable metrics are vanity metrics (like web hits or number of downloads) which only serve to document the current state of the product but offer no insight into how we got here or what to do next." Without actionable analytics, information may not have any practical application; the information may simply be a non-actionable vanity metric. While it is useful for a company to know how many people are on their site, that metric is useless on its own. For it to be actionable it needs to relate a "repeatable action to [an] observed result".

Performing cohort analysis
Cohort analysis has four main stages:

 * Determine what question you want to answer. The point of the analysis is to come up with actionable information on which to act in order to improve business, product, user experience, turnover, etc. To ensure that happens, it is important that the right question is asked. In the gaming example above, the company was unsure why they were losing revenue as lag time increased, despite the fact that users were still signing up and playing games.
 * Define the metrics that will be able to help you answer the question. A proper cohort analysis requires the identification of an event, such as a user checking out, and specific properties, like how much the user paid. The gaming example measured a customer's willingness to buy gaming credits based on how much lag time there was on the site.
 * Define the specific cohorts that are relevant. In creating a cohort, one must either analyze all the users and target them or perform attribute contribution in order to find the relevant differences between each of them, ultimately to discover and explain their behavior as a specific cohort. The above example splits users into "basic" and "advanced" users as each group differs in actions, pricing structure sensitivities, and usage levels.
 * Perform the cohort analysis. The analysis above was done using data visualization which allowed the gaming company to realize that their revenues were falling because their higher-paying advanced users were not using the system as the lag time increased. Since the advanced users were such a large portion of the company's revenue, the additional basic user signups were not covering the financial losses from losing the advanced users. In order to fix this, the company improved their lag times and began catering more to their advanced users.
 * Test results. Make sure the results make sense.

title: Cohort analysis


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Some Assembly Required (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Some Assembly Required" is episode two of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on The WB on September 22, 1997. It was written by staff writer Ty King and directed by Bruce Seth Green. The narrative follows the Scooby Gang as they find body parts all over Sunnydale High School. They follow the trail of the clues to find something more gruesome. Meanwhile, Buffy confronts Angel about their relationship, Willow admits that she loves Xander to Buffy and Ms. Calendar and Giles' romance begins to blossom, as she asks him on a date. There's only one problem: their date is interrupted by schoolmate Eric and his sinister plans.

Plot
Buffy is waiting for a vampire to rise when she falls into an open grave. A body was apparently dragged out from it earlier.

The next day, Buffy and Xander catch Giles practicing to ask Jenny Calendar out on a date. (Buffy: "I guess we never realized how much you like that chair." )

Giles hears Buffy's findings at the cemetery and fears someone is raising an army of zombies. Buffy goes to find Willow, who is signing up for the science fair and talking to Chris, the reigning champ. As Buffy approaches, Chris's friend Eric takes pictures of girls passing by.

Willow finds that the girl missing from the open grave, Meredith Todd, died in a car accident. That night, Cordelia is walking to her car when she senses that someone is following her. She hides in a dumpster and when she thinks it is safe to get out, she encounters Angel. He starts to help her out of the garbage when she picks up a girl's hand, and they find other body parts inside the dumpster. The Scoobies return to the library to find a frightened Cordelia clinging to Angel. They decide to abandon Giles's zombie theory and search the lockers of science students. They find an article on Meredith in Chris's locker and a jigsaw of female body parts in Eric's locker.

In a secret lab, Chris and Eric are almost finished assembling a girl's body, except for the head. Eric lines up three candidates: Buffy, Willow and Cordelia. Chris's brother Daryl comes out from the shadows and chooses Cordelia. Daryl was a popular athlete who died in a hiking accident years ago, but he was revived by his brother and promised a stay-at-home companion.

The next day, Giles stumbles as he tries to ask Jenny out, but she ends up asking him to the football game instead. Meanwhile, Buffy and her friends discover that Chris and Eric must actually kill a girl to gain the head they need.

Buffy finds a lab in Chris's house and discovers their target is Cordelia. In the locker room, Cordelia is getting ready when Chris comes up behind her. Eric places a bag over her head, but is fought off by Buffy. After Cordelia leaves, Chris tells Buffy about Daryl. They head back to his house, only to find Daryl gone.

Daryl and Eric have gone to abduct Cordelia from the football game. Daryl drags her away when she's alone under bleachers and takes her to an abandoned building, where Eric plans to behead her. At the game, Chris tells Buffy where to find Eric.

Meanwhile, Willow and Xander crash Giles and Jenny’s date. Chris tells them what happened, while Buffy rushes to the old science lab. In the ensuing fight, a burner is knocked over and starts a fire. Xander arrives with the rest of the gang and gets Cordelia out. As Daryl is about to kill Buffy, Chris stops him. Daryl decides to die beside the unfinished girl's body while everyone else escapes.

Arc significance
Vox notes that the episode is "nothing earth-shaking, but it does see Giles and Jenny on their first date, and it lays some groundwork for Xander and Cordelia's relationship later in the season."

Reception
"Some Assembly Required" had an audience of 3.2 million households.

Vox ranked it at #118 on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list (to mark the 20th anniversary of the show), writing that it's "a solid entry into the goofy/campy/silly stretch of early Buffy."

The episode received mixed reviews. Billie Doux complained about "the lame Frankenstein monster plot": "I've never understood why mad scientists cut the bodies up and sew mismatched pieces together before flipping the switch. Wouldn't they have more luck with reanimating a complete dead body, like Chris did with his brother?" She also praises Charisma Carpenter for "her ability to scream convincingly on cue." Roger Pocock agreed, saying, "The supernatural Hellmouth location is an effective sticking plaster for a lot of otherwise absurd story ideas, but instead the script plays fast and loose with what is even remotely scientifically possible in a way that feels at least a couple of decades behind its time." However, "The trio's twisted expression of the human mating impulse is offered up in stark contrast to some real new relationships, just getting started. The attraction between Buffy and Angel continues to be an effective slow-burn, while Giles agonising over asking Jenny on a date is the highlight of the episode."

Mike Loschiavo called Eric and Chris "the California version of Burke and Hare" and adds, "it was inevitable though; we had to have an episode that was about Frankenstein at some point." Theresa Basile lists it among her "10 Underrated Episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer," saying, "the villain of the week is not totally monstrous but rather sympathetic, even though we condemn his actions. Angel is a complete dork which is how I like him best."


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Singaporean cuisine

Singaporean cuisine is derived from several ethnic groups in Singapore and has developed through centuries of political, economic, and social changes in the cosmopolitan city-state.

Influences include the cuisines of the Malays/Indonesians, the Chinese and the Indians as well as, Peranakan and Western traditions (particularly English and Portuguese-influenced Eurasian, known as Kristang). Influences from neighbouring regions such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand are also present.

In Singapore, food is viewed as crucial to its national identity and a unifying cultural thread. Singaporean literature declares eating a national pastime and food a national obsession. Food is a frequent topic of conversation among Singaporeans. Religious dietary strictures do exist; Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef, and there is also a significant group of vegetarians/vegans. People from different communities often eat together, while being mindful of each other's culture and choosing food that is acceptable for all.

In addition to venues serving traditional Singaporean food, restaurants serving cuisine from a diverse range of countries worldwide are also common in Singapore.

History

Ever since Singapore was established as a British port in 1819, Singaporean cuisine has been influenced by different cultures due to its position as an international shipping port. It is geographically located in between the Pacific and Indian oceans and it has the shape of a peninsula and an island at the same time, where various cultures and trades used to and continue to occur. Singapore's geographical position is surrounded by various Asian countries, hence there is much diversity in food and culture. Indonesia is located to the south, while Thailand, China, the Philippines and Malaysia are located to the north, and India is located to the west.

The culture of Singapore is made up of diverse influences from different continents and countries. Hence, the Singapore cuisine can be said to be culturally enriched. Singaporean cuisine has also been influenced by its colonial history, as it established as a British colony from the early 19th century until the mid-20th century when it became part of Malaysia before becoming independent; Singapore was also occupied by Imperial Japan during the Second World War.

It is believed that certain dishes that are part of Singaporean cuisine today predates the arrival of Raffles in 1819; some of these dishes include laksa, biryani and betel quid. However, it is unknown when these dishes arrived in Singapore, as historical records on them are largely scattered and inaccurate as these dishes were largely made by early Singapore immigrants at home and not served in an establishment. Adaptation of various dishes that were prepared by early Singapore immigrants to suit the ingredients and taste preferences were how some of the dishes were created; some examples of such dishes are fish head curry, kaya toast and Hainanese chicken rice, which are culinary staples in Singaporean cuisine today.

Hawker centres

A large part of Singaporean cuisine revolves around hawker centres, where hawker stalls were first set up around the mid-19th century, and were largely street food stalls selling a large variety of foods These street vendors usually set up stalls by the side of the streets with pushcarts or bicycles and served cheap and fast foods to coolies, office workers and those that did not cook at home. Although the street vendors provided early Singapore immigrants with cheap and fast meals, these stalls were unhygienic, due to the lack of supporting infrastructure such as waste disposal and a steady supply of fresh water, and limited sanitation practices. Starting in the 1960s, the Singapore government began enforcing more rules and regulations for street hawkers, and relocated these vendors to more permanent locations with the construction of wet markets and hawker centres across the country.

Today, when dining out, Singaporeans often eat at hawker centres, coffee shops or food courts rather than restaurants, due to convenience, a wider range of options and affordability. Hawker centres are widespread and offer affordable food. They usually feature dozens of stalls in a single complex, with each stall offering its own speciality dishes. Well-known hawker centres among tourists include Telok Ayer Market, Maxwell Food Center, Lau Pa Sat and Newton Food Centre. Coffee shops are non-air-conditioned versions of food courts and are commonly found island-wide, usually at the bottom of blocks of HDB flats. Hawker centres, or open-air food courts, have come to define Singaporean food culture. Popular markets like Old Airport Road Food Centre in Geylang, Golden Mile Food Centre on Beach Road and Maxwell Road Food Centre in Chinatown offer the best of Chinese, Malaysian and Indian cooking, melded into foods that are uniquely Singaporean. Some well-known Singaporean hawker or kopitiam dishes includes kaya toast, chilli crab, fish head curry, laksa, roti prata and Hainanese chicken rice, which is widely considered to be one of Singapore's national dishes.

In 2016, Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle and Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle became the first two street food locations in the world to be awarded a Michelin star. The former also gained the title of the world's "cheapest Michelin-starred meal".

In 2018, Singapore hawker culture was nominated by Singapore's National Heritage Board (NHB), National Environment Agency and Federation of Merchants' Associations Singapore for inscription into UNESCO's Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The nomination was submitted in March 2019 and approved and inscribed on 16 December 2020. UNESCO described the hawker centre as "‘community dining rooms’ where people from diverse backgrounds gather and share the experience of dining over breakfast, lunch and dinner."

Food culture
A common greeting for many Singaporean comes in the form of the question "Have you eaten?", and its equivalent is in various Chinese languages. It is one way of expressing a greeting to another person. It is also possible to assume that this is how Singaporeans think about meals and food. Since Singapore is a multicultural nation there is a diverse range of people who might have different and restricted diets, such as Muslims and Hindus. Since Singapore is influenced by many different regions, religions, and cultures, there are also many events or anniversaries. During the Lunar New Year, people eat nian gao, which is originally from China, and is traditionally eaten around the Chinese New Year. It is an extension of Malay cuisine but influenced by the Chinese and Indians – not to mention the Arabs, British and other immigrants who have contributed to making Singapore one of the world's most important trading ports.

Singapore food internationally
Singaporean food is a significant cultural attraction for tourists and visitors. Some Singaporean dishes have become internationally known. In 2011, four Singaporean dishes were included in the list of 'World's 50 Most Delicious Foods (Readers' Pick)' – a worldwide online poll by 35,000 people held by CNN International. They are Hainanese chicken rice (13th), chili crab (29th), Katong laksa (44th) and roti prata (45th).

Anthony Bourdain brought international attention to local food available in hawker centres on his show, No Reservations. He featured Tian Tian Chicken Rice and Maxwell Food Centre on the programme. Bourdain also publicly spoke about hoping to feature four Singaporean dishes in his upcoming food hall in New York City.

Gordon Ramsay participated in a 'Hawker Heroes Challenge' held in Singapore in 2013, in which each competitor made three dishes. Ramsay's chili crab was voted the best, but he lost on the other two dishes to Ryan Koh (representing 328 Katong Laksa) and Foo Kui Lian (representing Tian Tian Chicken Rice).

YouTube personality Mike Chen, better known by his username Strictly Dumpling, has created several videos bringing attention to local cuisine on his channel. Over the course of 13 videos he highlighted Singaporean street food, hawker centres, local buffets and restaurants. These videos have a combined view count of over 17 million views.

Singaporean cuisine has been promoted as a tourist attraction by the Singapore Tourism Board. The Singapore Food Festival, held every year in July, is a celebration of Singapore's cuisine. The Overseas Singaporean Unit also organises Singapore Day in major cities around the world as a platform for Singaporeans living abroad. One of Singapore Day's major draws is the local Singaporean hawker food, which is prepared on-site by well-known hawkers specially flown in for the event.

Types of food
Singaporean food can be divided into six types: meat, seafood, rice, noodles, dessert and snacks.

Singapore is especially renowned for its seafood. Chilli crab and black pepper crab are two quintessential dishes that dominate the scene and are greatly recommended to tourists. Another favourite is sambal stingray.

In the meat category, Hainanese chicken rice is the most popular dish. Essentially, it is rice cooked with chicken fat, served with steamed chicken, accompanied with chilli sauce and cucumbers.

Three noodle dishes stand out in Singapore cuisine. "Fried Hokkien mee" comprises fried egg noodles and rice noodles with prawns, sliced pork, fishcake and squid. It is stir-fried with a broth usually made from prawns. "Nyonya laksa" is composed of rice noodles served in a coconut prawn broth. "Char kway teow" is stir-fried rice noodles with prawns, Chinese sausage, bean sprout, lard and cockles.

In the dessert category, tau-suan is one of many types of desserts commonly found in hawker centres around Singapore. Tāu-suàn (split mung bean soup), is a dessert of Teochew origin. It is a sweet and starchy soup made from split mung beans, usually eaten with Youtiao.

In the snack category, kaya toast is the representative dish, primarily due to the use of kaya. "Kaya kopitiams" are a common sight on the island. These affordable coffee shops dish out bread toasts, spread with coconut egg jam and butter, served with coffee and tea as well as two soft boiled eggs.

Chinese-inspired
The dishes that comprise "Singaporean Chinese cuisine" today were originally brought to Singapore by the early southern Chinese immigrants (Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka and Hainanese). They were then adapted to suit the local availability of ingredients, while absorbing influences from Malay, Indian and other cooking traditions.

Most of the names of Chinese-originated Singaporean dishes were derived from languages/dialects of southern China, Hokkien (Min Nan) being the most common. As there was no common system for transliterating these Sinitic languages/dialects into the Latin alphabet, it is common to see different variants on the same name for a single dish. For example, bah kut teh may also be spelt bak kut teh, and char kway tiao may also be spelt char kuay teow.
 * Bak kut teh, pork rib soup made with a variety of Chinese herbs and spices.
 * Beef kway teow, flat rice noodles stir-fried with beef, served dry or with soup.
 * Bak chang, glutinous rice dumplings, usually filled with pork, mushrooms and stewed egg, steamed in bamboo leaves. Although it is Chinese in origin, it is also a favourite in Peranakan cuisine.
 * Bak Chor Mee, egg noodles with minced pork, braised mushroom, pork meatball and other ingredients, served dry or in soup. Usually the flat, tape-like mee pok noodle is used.
 * Ban mian, hand-made flat noodles served with vegetables, minced meat, sliced mushrooms, and an egg in an anchovy-based soup. Noodle variations are common. "Ban mian" refers to flat, long noodles; "mee hoon kuay" refers to flat, rectangular noodles; "you mian"  refers to thin noodles.
 * Chai tow kway, also known as char kway or carrot cake, is a dish of steamed radish/daikon cakes diced and stir-fried with garlic, egg, chopped preserved radish, and sometimes with shrimp. This dish comes in black (fried with sweet dark soy sauce) or white (fried into an omelette) versions, with a chilli paste sometimes added.
 * Char kway teow, thick, flat rice noodles stir-fried in dark soy sauce with shrimp, eggs, beansprouts, fish cake, cockles, green leafy vegetables, Chinese sausage and fried cubes of lard.
 * Char siu, also romanised cha-su, cha siu, cha sio, caa siu and char siew, is barbecued pork in Cantonese cuisine.
 * Chicken noodles is an egg noodle dish with diced chicken meat.
 * Chwee kueh (水粿; chúi-kóe/shuǐ guǒ), a type of steamed rice cake served with preserved radish.
 * Crab bee hoon is a rice vermicelli dish served with whole mud crab. It may be served dry or in soup and sometimes in a claypot.
 * Drunken prawns, prawns cooked with rice wine.
 * Duck rice, braised duck served with rice cooked with yam and shrimp. It can be served simply with white rice and a thick dark sauce, or with braised hard-boiled eggs, preserved salted vegetables, and hard bean curd (tau kua) on the side. Teochew boneless duck rice is a similar, but a more refined dish. The duck is deboned and sliced thinly, allowing the sauces to seep into the meat. Roasted duck rice is also commonly sold.
 * Fish ball noodles, similar to bak chor mee, except that fish balls are used instead of minced pork.
 * Fish soup bee hoon is a Singaporean soup served with sliced fish pieces, green vegetables and bee hoon.
 * Frog Leg porridge is served with frog legs, scallion, ginger and thick black sauce in a claypot with porridge in another claypot.
 * Hae mee, stir-fried prawn noodles cooked in a broth made from prawn heads and pork bones, topped with ingredients such as prawns, sliced pork belly, squid, egg, lard, and served with sambal chili and lime on the side.
 * Hainanese chicken rice is based on the Hainanese dish Wenchang chicken. It is considered Singapore's national dish.
 * Hainanese curry rice is a dish consisting of steamed white rice smothered in a mess of curries and braised gravy.
 * Har cheong gai, chicken wings fried in a batter with fermented shrimp paste.
 * Hokkien mee, egg noodles and rice noodles stir-fried with egg, slices of pork, prawns and squid, and served and garnished with spring onion, lard, sambal chilli and lime (for adding lime juice to the dish).
 * Ham chim peng, a deep-fried bun-like pastry sometimes filled with bean paste.
 * Kaya toast, a traditional breakfast dish. Kaya is a sweet coconut and egg jam which is spread over toasted bread. Combined with a cup of local coffee and a half-boiled egg, this constitutes a typical Singaporean breakfast.
 * Kway chap / kuay chap, a Teochew dish of flat, broad rice sheets in a soup made with dark soy sauce, served with pig offal, braised duck meat, various kinds of beancurd, preserved salted vegetables, and braised hard-boiled eggs.
 * Mee pok, a noodle dish characterised by its flat and yellow appearance, varying in thickness and width.
 * Min chiang kueh, a thick, chewy pancake with a ground peanut and sugar filling. Other variations include grated coconut and red bean paste. This traditional snack also is served in blueberry, cheese and chocolate varieties.
 * Oyster omelette (蠔烙; háolào), a dish of omelette cooked with fresh raw oysters, tapioca starch and eggs.
 * Pig's brain soup, a soup dish comprising pig brain with Chinese herbs.
 * Pig fallopian tubes, a dish comprising stir-fried pig fallopian tubes with vegetables and sambal chilli.
 * Pig's organ soup, a soup-based variant of kuay chap
 * Pig's trotters usually braised in black sauce and vinegar.
 * Popiah, Hokkien/Teochew-style spring roll or rolled crêpe, stuffed with stewed turnip, Chinese sausage, shrimp and lettuce.
 * Shredded chicken noodles, a noodles dish topped with shredded chicken, fish dumpling and mushroom.
 * Sliced fish soup, a soup dish consisting of fish and vegetables.
 * Soon kway, a white vegetable dumpling with black soy sauce.
 * Teochew porridge, a rice porridge dish consumed with a selection of local side dishes.
 * Turtle soup, a soup or stew made from turtle flesh.
 * Vegetarian bee hoon, thin braised rice vermicelli to which a choice of various gluten, vegetable, or beancurd-based delicacies may be added.
 * Yong Tau Foo, a dish that contains a varied selection of food items, including tofu filled with ground meat mixture or fish paste, fish balls, crab sticks, an assortment of vegetables and meat.
 * Youtiao, also called yew char kueh , fried dough crullers similar to those served in other Chinese cuisines around the world.
 * Yam ring, a deep-fried ring of taro filled with stir-fried ingredients

Malay/Indonesian

Situated between Malaysia and Indonesia, Singaporean Malay dishes are influenced by the food of the neighbouring Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and the Riau Islands. Despite absorbing regional influences, it tends to be adapted to local tastes and differs from their counterparts in neighbouring countries. Although Malays, such as the Orang Laut, are native to Singapore, most Malays in Singapore today are descended from native Indonesians or native Malays from present-day Malaysia. Hence, Singaporean Malay cuisine features a unique set of influences, especially from Minang cuisine. Spices and coconut milk are common ingredients, although Chinese ingredients such as taupok (tofu puffs) and tofu (known as tauhu in Malay) have been integrated. Many Chinese and Tamil Muslim adaptations of the following dishes also exist. As almost all Malays are Muslims, pork is not used as it is prohibited in Islam.
 * Acar, pickled vegetables or fruits with dried chilli, peanuts, and spices. Indian and Peranakan versions can also be found.
 * Assam pedas, seafood and vegetables cooked in a sauce consisting of tamarind, coconut milk, chilli, and spices.
 * Ayam penyet, fried chicken dish consisting of fried chicken that is smashed with the pestle against mortar to make it softer and a relatively new culinary phenomenon of Indonesian origin.
 * Bakso, also Ba'so, meatballs served with noodles.
 * Begedil, mashed potato mixture that is fried into patties and eaten together with mee soto.
 * Curry puff, also known as epok-epok, a flaky pastry usually stuffed with curry chicken, potato cubes, and a slice of hard-boiled egg. Sardines are sometimes used in place of chicken.
 * Dendeng paru, a dish of dried beef lung cooked in spices.
 * Goreng pisang, bananas rolled in flour, fried, and eaten as a snack.
 * Gudeg putih, white jackfruit curry.
 * Gulai daun ubi, sweet potato leaves stewed in coconut milk.
 * Keropok, deep fried crackers usually flavoured with shrimp, but sometimes with fish or vegetables.
 * Ketupat, rice cakes steamed in a square-shaped coconut leaf wrapping and usually served with satay.
 * Lemak siput, shellfish cooked in a thick coconut milk-based gravy.
 * Lontong, compressed rice cakes (see ketupat) in a spicy vegetable soup.
 * Nagasari, a rice snack with Indonesian origins.
 * Nasi goreng, steamed rice stir-fried in a wok, often mixed with other ingredients, such as eggs, vegetables and meat.
 * Nasi Padang, a steamed white rice served with an array – sometimes as many as 12, or more – of pre-cooked dishes, the mini banquet usually laid out in small plates.
 * Otak-otak/otah, spicy fish cake grilled in a banana leaf wrapping.
 * Pecel lele, fried catfish served with chilli paste.
 * Rawon, beef soup.
 * Rojak bandung, a variant of Singaporean style rojak.
 * Roti john, an omelette sandwich.
 * Sambal, not a dish in itself, but a common chilli-based accompaniment to most foods.
 * Satay, grilled meat on skewers served with satay sauce (a spicy peanut sauce) and usually eaten with ketupat, cucumber and onions.
 * Sayur lodeh, a mix of vegetables in coconut milk.
 * Soto, a soup dish mainly composed of meat and vegetables.
 * Soto ayam, a spicy chicken soup that features chicken shreds, rice cakes and sometimes begedil.
 * Tumpeng, a cone-shaped rice dish of Javanese origin. It is served with side dishes of vegetables and meat.

Indian
Like other Singaporean ethnic cuisines, Indian Singaporean cuisine has been influenced by multiple cultural groups. Dishes from both North India and South India can be found in Singapore.

 * Appam, a fermented rice pancake.
 * Dosa, rice and lentil pancake. Commonly served as a "masala" version that includes spiced potatoes and is served with different types of sambar.
 * Murtabak, an Indian-Muslim dish originating from the Middle East. It consists of folded dough stuffed with spiced minced meat, onions and egg, and is often served with curry.
 * Naan, an Indian oven-baked flatbread.
 * Putu mayam rice flour string hoppers or noodles served with sugar and coconut usually eaten for breakfast.
 * Roti prata, a local evolution of the Indian paratha. It is a popular dish for breakfast and supper. It is a fried bread pancake that is crispy on the outside and soft on the inside. The dough is flipped to attain the right texture, then cooked quickly on a greased stove and served with curry or sugar. A plethora of modern variations are available, including egg, cheese, chocolate, masala, durian and even ice cream.
 * Soup kambing, a local Tamil-Muslim dish of spiced mutton soup.
 * Soup tulang, a local Tamil-Muslim dish of mutton or beef leg bones stewed in a spice. The bones are broken to allow the marrow to be eaten.
 * Soup tulang merah, is a dish consisting of mutton or beef bones stewed in a sweet and spicy red soup of mutton stock, tomatoes, ginger, chillies and spices. It is considered a Singapore invention
 * Tandoori chicken, chicken marinated in a mixture of spices and yogurt and cooked in a clay oven.
 * Vadai, spicy, deep-fried snacks that are made from dhal, lentils or potato.

 * Satti Sorru:Indian claypot rice

Cross-cultural

A number of dishes, listed below, can be considered as truly hybrid or multi-ethnic food.

 * Ayam buah keluak, a Peranakan dish of chicken stewed with spices and Southeast Asian black nuts (buah keluak).
 * Biryani (Indian variant) or Nasi Briyani (Malay variant), a popular mixed rice dish commonly found in places offering Malay or Indian food.
 * Cereal prawns, stir-fried prawns with sweetened cereal.
 * Laksa lemak, a Peranakan dish of vermicelli noodles and fried bean curd served in a creamy coconut sauce with slices of shrimp, fish, and cockles.
 * Fish head curry, a dish created by Singapore's Malayali (an Indian ethnic group from Kerala) community with some Chinese and Malay influences. The head of a red snapper (ikan merah, literally "red fish") stewed in curry consisting of varying amounts of coconut milk and tamarind juice, along with vegetables (okra and eggplant are common). Usually served with either rice or bread.
 * Kari debal / Devil's curry, a Eurasian Singaporean curry dish with Portuguese and Peranakan influences. Includes chicken, cabbage, sausage, and bacon pieces stewed in a curry sauce.
 * Kari lemak ayam, a Peranakan chicken curry with a coconut milk base
 * Katong Laksa, Singaporean thick rice noodles cut into shorter pieces (bee hoon) in a coconut curry gravy with prawn and egg. Sometimes tau pok (beancurd puffs) or fish cake may be added.
 * Kueh tutu steamed rice flour pastries with a sweet shredded coconut or peanut filling
 * Kueh pie tee, a thin and crispy pastry tart shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly sliced vegetables and prawns.
 * Kway teow goreng, stir-fried flat rice noodles.
 * Mee rebus, egg noodles with a spicy slightly sweet curry-like gravy. The gravy is made from sweet potatoes, curry powder, water, salted soybeans, dried shrimp and peanuts.
 * Mee siam, a dish of thin rice vermicelli.
 * Mee goreng, yellow egg noodles stir fried with ghee, tomato sauce, chilli, eggs, vegetables, and various meats and seafood.
 * Mee soto, a spicy noodle soup dish.
 * Rojak, a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish of Indian origin and with Malay/Indonesian influences.
 * Sambal kangkong, a dish of water spinach (kangkong) fried in sambal.
 * Satay bee hoon, rice noodles served with cuttlefish, fried bean curd puffs, cockles and water spinach in satay sauce.
 * Tauhu goreng, fried bean curd with sweet sauce.
 * "Western Food" in hawker centres where "Singapore-style" chicken chop (topped with black pepper or mushroom sauce), chicken cutlet, pork chop are available. These are usually served with fries/mashed potato, coleslaw and baked beans. This style is often called "Hainanese Western food" due to the fact that it traces its origins to Hainanese immigrants who worked as cooks in the kitchens of Western employers.

Seafood

Singaporeans also enjoy a wide variety of seafood including fish, squid (known as sotong in Malay), stingray, crab, lobster, clams, and oysters.

Popular seafood dishes include:

 * Black pepper crab, hard-shell crabs cooked in a black pepper sauce. Salted egg crab and buttermilk crab are also common
 * Chilli crab, hard-shell crabs cooked in chilli sauce, usually served with man tou, or deep-fried buns
 * Oyster omelette, an oyster omelette mixed with flour and fried, served garnished with coriander
 * Sambal lala, soft-shell clams fried with sambal sauce
 * Sambal stingray/hang hir, smothered in sambal and served on banana leaf, also known as ikan bakar in Malay

Fruit
A wide variety of tropical fruits are available all year round. By far the most well known is the durian, known as the "King of Fruits", which produces a characteristic odour from the creamy yellow custard-like flesh within its spiky green or brown shell. Durians are banned on public transport, elevators, certain hotels, and public buildings because of their strong odour.

Other popular tropical fruits include mangosteen, jackfruit, longan, lychee, rambutan, soursop, pineapple and mango. Some of these fruits also are used as ingredients for other dishes: iced desserts, sweet-and-sour pork, and certain types of salad such as rojak.

Desserts
Singaporean desserts have a varied history. A typical food court or hawker centre dessert stall will usually have a large variety of desserts available, including but not limited to:
 * Bubur cha cha, a dish of pearled sago, sweet potatoes, yams, bananas, black-eyed peas, pandan leaves, sugar, and salt cooked in coconut milk and served hot or cold.
 * Chendol, basic version consist of pandan jelly strips with coconut milk and gula melaka syrup with shaved iced; other ingredients which could be added are red beans, sweet corns, ice cream and even durians.
 * Cheng tng, a light, refreshing soup with longan, barley, agar strips, lotus seeds and a sweet syrup, served either hot or cold. It is analogous to the Cantonese Ching bo leung.
 * Ice kacang, a mound of grated ice on a base consisting of jelly, red beans, corn and attap seeds, topped with various kinds of coloured sugar syrups, palm sugar, rose syrup and evaporated milk.
 * Kuih or kueh, small cakes or coconut milk based desserts that come in a variety of flavours, usually containing fruit such as durian or banana. Pandan is a common flavouring.
 * Kueh laddu are ball-shaped sweets.
 * Kueh lapis is a rich, multi-layered cake-style kueh using a large amount of egg whites and studded with prunes.
 * Kueh modak are rice flour dumplings stuffed with coconut and palm sugar.
 * Lapis sagu is also a popular kueh with layers of alternating colour and a sweet, coconut taste.
 * Orh-nee, a Teochew dish consisting of taro (locally known as "yam") paste, coconut paste and ginkgo nuts.
 * Pulut hitam, a creamy dessert made of black glutinous rice and served with coconut cream.
 * Tau suan, mung beans in jelly, served hot with dough crullers.
 * Tang Yuan, bite-sized glutinous rice balls often filled with black sesame filling and sometimes served in ginger soup.

Ice cream sandwich
Wafer ice cream sandwiches are a popular dish sold by street vendors operating carts on busy street corners. These carts carry a variety of flavours, including but not limited to vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, coffee, sweet corn, coconut, and durian. While some vendors sell their ice cream in cups or cones, as is common in the West, the more popular variant is on slices of bread or between wafers. The ice cream consists of sealed blocks which are sliced to order and then placed on a single slice of over-sized, often multicolored bread. This can be either white bread or a slice of multicolored, slightly sweetened bread (dyed with food colouring and flavoured with pandan leaf extract). A sandwich costs around S$1 but may cost up to S$2 or more in downtown areas and tourist spots.

Drinks and beverages
Popular Singaporean drinks include:
 * Bandung, rose syrup with evaporated milk.
 * Beer in Singapore
 * Chin chow drink, grass jelly made into a sweet beverage.
 * Kopi, the local coffee in Singapore. Singapore's kopi lingo is mixed with various languages.
 * Kopi: Coffee with sugar and condensed milk
 * Kopi-O: Coffee with sugar
 * Kopi-O-Kosong: Coffee without sugar and evaporated milk
 * Kopi-C: Coffee with sugar and evaporated milk
 * Kopi-Peng: Iced coffee with sugar and condensed milk
 * Kopi-Siew-Dai: Coffee with less sugar and condensed milk
 * Kopi-Siew-Siew-Dai: Coffee with little sugar and condensed milk
 * Kopi-Ga-Dai: Coffee with extra sugar and condensed milk
 * Kopi-Gao: Coffee with sugar, condensed milk and extra thick concentrated coffee
 * Kopi-Di-Lo: Coffee with no dilution
 * Kopi-Poh: Coffee with extra dilution
 * Lemon barley drink
 * Water chestnut drink
 * Horlicks, malt milk drink. Variations include the Horlicks Dinosaur, a standard Horlicks drink topped with a scoop of Horlicks powder.
 * Milo, chocolate/malt milk drink. Variations include the Milo Dinosaur, a standard Milo drink topped with a scoop of Milo powder.
 * Sugarcane juice, usually blended to order from fresh sugar cane stalks.
 * Teh tarik, a pulled milk tea, often served hot. Variations include Teh halia tarik, which uses ginger tea instead of black tea.
 * Teh halia tarik, ginger tea with "pulled" milk (tarik)
 * Singapore Sling. While the cocktail was invented in Singapore's Raffles Hotel, and is still served at the hotel's Long Bar, it is not common in most Singaporean bars.

Singaporean dishes uncommon in Singapore

 * Singapore style noodles, an American Chinese dish featuring fried rice vermicelli flavoured with yellow curry powder which can also be commonly found in Hong Kong, is not found in Singapore. The close relative to this dish is fried bee hoon (thin rice noodles).
 * Singapore fried kway tiao, a dish featuring fried thick, flat rice noodles flavoured with dark soy sauce commonly available in some Chinese restaurants in Canada and the United States, is also not a Singaporean dish. The dish most resembling it is char kway teow.

title: Singaporean cuisine


text:
Talk:Michael Corleone

Died Alone
How do you know this? his family could have been in the house all along and he could have just been sitting outside, enjoying the nice weather, how do we know he died all alone?
 * Because that is how his death is portrayed in GF III. We have no other knowledge or detail elsewhere.  -- Gareth Griffith-Jones / The Welsh Buzzard 09:45, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Arrogance
Where's the proof of this arrogance? Panda

Michael is headstrong and willful, arrogantly viewing himself as the sole and only rightful master of his fate. He drops out of college and joins the marines during WWII, against his father's and family's wishes (Vito had won Michael a costly deferral from military service, to which Michael reacts violently, asking why he was not consulted). He calls out a corrupt police lieutenant in front of his subordinates, netting himself a broken jaw, then insists on personally carrying out an assassination of the police officer, as well as the renegade mob boss Sollozzo; this action forces him into hiding in Sicily, and deals a severe blow to his relationship with his fiancé, Kaye. Michael's insistence on dealing by himself with the threat of Hyman Roth alienates him from his lieutenants, causes unnecessary strain on his criminal enterprises, and exposes his family members to unnecessary risks. He arrogantly believes he can avoid an all-out war with his enemies by cozying up to them, and then shooting them one by one in the head when they aren't looking.

Michael treats people around him with arrogant condescension, including his siblings, his wife, and especially his business partners, whom he sees as inferiors. Michael treats his older brother and his foster brother as servants and subordinates; he sends Fredo away to Las Vegas to apprentice under Moe Greene, only to react violently when informed his brother had to be disciplined there (Here I note: the real-life Moe Greene, Ben 'Bugsy' Siegel, was offed not because of his 'bugsy' temper but because he was a bad businessman); he demotes Tom as family consigliere only to berate him later on for wanting to abandon the family; Michael, who romances and marries a Sicilian girl while still engaged to Kaye, humiliates Tom by mentioning and ridiculing Tom's mistress. Michael preaches morality to everyone around him, while engaging in increasingly amoral, Machiavellian, and selfishly self-interested behavior. Dangling a Damoclean sword over clueless Fredo's head, Michael waits until his mother passes away, then has his brother executed. Years later Michael moans and swoons theatrically over this, going so far as to seek absolution for the crime; he seems legitimately surprised by his enemies' capacity to nurse grudges, even as he slowly plots and schemes the destruction of business partners, and even family members, over periods of several years.

Perhaps the worst of Michael's personal excesses is his lack of diplomacy and unwillingness to negotiate. His answer to most of his problems is murder, murder, and murder, usually in that order. Fredo may well be weak, and unsuitable as a mafia boss, but he is never given the chance to redeem himself after the attempted hit on Don Vito in Hell's Kitchen. Minimized by his own father (who views him as weak), Fredo is then marginalized by his brother, who packs him off to Mafia School like a red-headed stepchild, more to get Fredo out of his hair than to actually educate him in the fine science of funny dice. Refusing to be more conciliatory to his underboss Pentangeli, Michael keeps key information from him, setting up the attempted hit by the Rosato brothers that catapults Pentangeli into the role of Federal Informant, and later to the role of blood-flavored bathtub float. Unwilling to even try to negotiate with a bigoted and intransigent US Senator, Michael deliberately offers him nothing, and then blackmails him with the old 'Woke up with a dead prostitute gag'... which is fine unless you're the prostitute (didn't Tom say that was one of Fredo's places? Would that make the prostitute one of his prostitutes?). Unwilling to accept the pain he has caused his wife, he responds to her admittance to having had an abortion by punching her out. Cravenly attempting, decades later, to reconcile with his estranged wife, Michael puts his wife and his two children in the crosshairs of an attempted hit on himself, and then hauls off like a horse with a heart attack when the bullet meant for him finds his daughter instead: 'If only I'd a opened a haberdasher. Too ra loo ra loo!'(scene ends to the tune of 'Intermezzo' from some one-act opera about some guy who thought he could sleep with another guy's wife and nothing would come of it).

What did Roth say in GF2? 'THIS IS THE LIFE WE'VE CHOSEN!' Let's not kid ourselves here... Michael is a man WHO CHOSE HIS OWN FATE. No one was going to tell him otherwise, and no one around him really lived long enough to tell him they told him so. Fredo complained of being passed over, but it was the baby of the family, Michael, who acted against his own family position and dared be his father's Number One Son. Arrogant son-of-a-bitch, he gets everything that comes to him. Etherdave (talk) 21:33, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Michael Corleone