text:
Talk:Blackfoot language

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tnicoleb.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sharon1013, Sbelyk.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DanniiYarbro. Peer reviewers: Mnransdellgreen, Grovercleveland17.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:55, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Verb inflection and noun number
I am interested in adding subsections on inflection of intransitive verbs and noun number to the Morphology and syntax section. Here are my proposed edits:

Noun number
Nouns are inflected with suffixes to be singular or plural, depending on their grammatical gender classifications (animate or inanimate).

Inflection of intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs in Blackfoot are inflected with prefixes and/or suffixes to distinguish person.

Two first-person plurals exist in Blackfoot: ‘we’ including the addressee, and ‘we’ excluding the addressee (i.e. “us and you” and “us but not you”)

Blackfoot distinguishes between second-person plural and singular.

Drjudgy (talk) 18:50, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

I want to display ᓱᖽᐧᖿ
How do I display the characters for ᓱᖽᐧᖿ?

ICE77 -- 81.104.129.226 20:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It displays them just fine for me. It must be that my browser is set up to read the glyphs in the UCAS UniCode range, as I have fonts in that range. CJLippert (talk) 19:22, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Taivo, what did you not understand about the pronunciation indications I added? Hyacinth (talk) 20:36, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Simple, [ts] does not occur in the word 'snake' and is not the sound a snake makes and [ts:] does not occur in the word 'eagle' and is not the sound an eagle makes. If you want to bring some wording onto this page for discussion, then do so and we will make better wording, but IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet and THAT tells us how it is pronounced, not some animal noise which changes from language to language.  Look at other language articles--none of them (or virtually none of them) have "pronunciation aids" to "clarify" the International Phonetic Alphabet.  That's the point of the IPA, you don't NEED "clarification" with it.  (Taivo (talk) 01:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC))
 * Is this article intended only for linguists? Is this article restricted to providing information only from the perspective of linguistics? Hyacinth (talk) 20:11, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It is Wikipedia practice to present all pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The IPA is 100% clear in what it means.  Even non-linguistic articles use the IPA for pronunciation (see the article on "Chaps", for example).  Even in this case, the symbol [ts] is crystal clear even if one does not specifically know the IPA--a "t" followed by an "s".  If you are concerned about "nonlinguists", then are you also going to explain "typologically polysynthetic"?  It seems that needs more nonlinguistic explanation than [ts].  (Taivo (talk) 21:59, 30 April 2008 (UTC))

Phonology
Are we sure we want the geminates listed as separate phonemes in the table? Typically phonological inventories in published studies don't do this. Also, some theories posit that short and long stops are not separate phonemes in the same sense as, e.g., /p/ and /t/ are separate phonemes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnDillinger43 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Other issues: do we want to include common phonological changes in Blackfoot? I would be glad to supplement the current information with material from Frantz (1991), but first I wanted to make sure people wouldn't view it as unnecessary clutter.JohnDillinger43 03:57, 4 January 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnDillinger43 (talk • contribs)

Discuss Major (Especially Controversial) Edits Here First
A huge rewrite of this article was just posted by a nonlinguist whose POV is clearly nonlinguistic and ill-informed. If you have things to contribute to a positive discussion of issues in this article, then discuss them here, but unreferenced and inaccurate linguistic statements will be reverted. (Taivo (talk) 06:25, 5 December 2008 (UTC))
 * Well, I wouldn't call it unreferenced ill-informed statements, since if you bothered to read the editor's rewrite, most of the information had been cited, and included information on phonology, morphology, syntax; information that's not very detailed on the present-state article. I can't say anything for the history/ecology sections, since I decided they were too long to read for me, but the biggest problems I could see were a) the removal of all of the current article's information, format, and sources; b) the suspicious addition of large amounts of text; and c) the lack of formatting. If those issues can be addressed, along with confirmation that the information is not copied and not copyrighted from somewhere else, then it's workable. - Io Katai (talk) 06:35, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It's sad when good information must be deleted along with questionable. I agree that it is suspicious when so much of the original text is removed, especially text that was properly referenced and non-controversial.  Especially problematic was the new author's assertion that Blackfoot was somehow not universally accepted as a member of the universally accepted Algic (Algonkian-Wiyot-Yurok) language family.  The "controversy" over Algic's genetic status was resolved over 50 years ago and there is no longer any controversy concerning it among linguists.  The "reference" that the new author used to imply that Algic was controversial is 100% supportive of the Algic family as a valid genetic unit.  Lyle Campbell is one of the most conservative Americanists when it comes to linking languages together into language families and he finds nothing whatsoever controversial about Algic. (Taivo (talk) 07:09, 5 December 2008 (UTC))

I'd like to see some information about Blackfoot syllable structure added to the "Sounds" section (which I think should be retitled "Phonology" and expanded significantly). However, I'm pretty much the only one who's published on the issue, so I don't know if it would be appropriate for me to post a bunch of information and cite my own work. I'd appreciate some input, and if anyone wants to take on the task, my M.A. thesis would probably be a good source to cite for syllable structure information: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~rdenzerk/The%20Distribution%20of%20s%20in%20Blackfoot.pdf. It contains some more controversial proposals, but also a lot of basic information that I think would be appropriate to include. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnDillinger43 (talk • contribs) 23:39, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Whorf linguist
this sentence refers to other linguists disputing him. It's not Greek. He's a linguist. Edit as appropriate, but don't delete because of your personal belief that he was not a linguist. Cite published sources. 69.226.102.187 (talk) 05:14, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Your rude comments aside, the only thing that is relevant here on the BLACKFOOT page is a reference to Whorf's calling Blackfoot oligosynthetic. Place that here and put the rest in the article on Whorf.  (Taivo (talk) 05:18, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * To reiterate. It doesn't matter if you are an IP or Whorf worshiper.  The only thing that is relevant to this article is the Blackfoot language.  Put the reference to where Whorf called Blackfoot oligosynthetic and a reference to someone who rejected it.  Doesn't matter whether Whorf was an anthropologist or a linguist or a shoe salesman, he published the comment and that's the only thing about it that is relevant here. (Taivo (talk) 05:24, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * I've been very clear on what to put here for a good article. Whorf's personal history is irrelevant to the article, a reference to where he called Blackfoot oligosynthetic is relevant.  (Taivo (talk) 05:28, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * Notice that no other individual researcher on this page has their personal history splashed on the page. Compare this with other language articles and you will also see that the personal histories of the scholars are very rarely listed.  Whorf's life isn't relevant here.  (Taivo (talk) 05:30, 28 March 2009 (UTC))

Personal histories of scholars where they disagree prominently enough to warrant a mention in an article on a topic matter.

69.226.102.187 (talk) 05:37, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict) IMHO a quick mention of who Whorf was is not "irrelevant." Part of what constitutes a reliable source is the credibility of the author.  This is why what Labov says about AAVE is more relevant than what Cosby says.  That said, we can reasonably shorten it to "a specialist in Native American languages" without losing meaning.
 * The issue right now is that we've only got the beginning of what seems to be an interesting academic conversation about oligosynthetic languages. If we could add more from the people disagreeing ("later linguists" is a bit weasely) as well as evidence from either side, we'd get some good stuff for both this article and for our Oligosynthetic language article.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  05:40, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * (ec) Whorf was a specialist on Native American languages, true, but not on Blackfoot. He was just peripherally interested in Blackfoot.  His area of specialization was in the American Southwest and Mesoamerica.  If this was an article on Hopi, then he was a major player.  But this article doesn't even mention the main researcher who really is a specialist on Blackfoot--Donald Frantz.  Why don't you talk about him in this article.  Whorf's interest in Blackfoot was just in passing and he was never a specialist on the language or on any Algonquian language for that matter.  He worked on an entirely different set of languages, so to feature him here is like featuring Henry Ford in a discussion of the airplane and not talking about the Wright Brothers.  (Taivo (talk) 05:44, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * That's another issue we can address, then, with added material on the matter. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  05:47, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

See my comment on your discussion page which says the same thing. I can only go by the guidelines in the article as it is now written. IP editors often meet with extreme hostility towards their edits on Wikipedia, as happened in this case. I thought it safe to go with the flow of the existing article and start there. I give you dudes your article back and apologize for stepping on fragile egos by not realizing how tender the ground underfoot was. 69.226.102.187 (talk) 05:50, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * (ec) Aeusoes, I asked the anonymous IP to reference Whorf's quote about oligosynthetic, but he hasn't. Yes, that reference would be relevant as well as a reference from the majority who oppose that point of view.  I'm not a specialist in Algonquian, so I'm not as familiar with that literature (especially with discredited points of view in Algonquian).  But as I mentioned, Whorf is an important person in a general discussion of Native American linguistics, but he is only a very peripheral part of the history of Blackfoot linguistics, and is certainly not a major player in that history.  Uhlenbeck and Frantz are far more important figures in the study of this language.  If anyone deserves special treatment in this article, it is them and not Whorf, who really just mentioned Blackfoot more or less in passing.  (Taivo (talk) 05:51, 28 March 2009 (UTC))

 * IP, I have no problem with IP edits. What I have a problem with is that you were not reading my comments about which comments and references were relevant for this article and which were not.  If you have a reference for the oligosynthetic comment then that should definitely be here.  But the comment about Whorf when he only mentioned Blackfoot peripherally and then ignore Frantz and Uhlenbeck was inappropriate.  (Taivo (talk) 05:54, 28 March 2009 (UTC))

I did read your comments. Here is a link to them.

Here is the quote from you, "Whorf wasn't a linguist, but an anthropologist in the last years of his life. Most of his linguistic research was done while he was a fire prevention engineer.)"

Please note that in your first hostile reversion you do not mention "oligosynthetic" at all. I referenced precisely what you commented upon. I even included the specific reference that discusses him being a fire prevention engineer. 69.226.102.187 (talk) 05:57, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * My comments on this Talk Page are very specifically about the relevance of Whorf's qualifications to the Blackfoot language. Whorf could have been a shoe salesman for all it matters because he was not a specialist on Blackfoot so his discredited comment about oligosynthetic requires no reference to his personal history.  (Taivo (talk) 06:03, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * Just because someone is a specialist on one or more Native American languages does not make them a specialist on all Native American languages. Whorf was an expert on Hopi and several other languages of the American Southwest and Mesoamerica, not on any of the Algonquian languages or other language families of the Plains and Northwest.  (Taivo (talk) 06:07, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * I gotta say, Taivo, you're coming off pretty bitey here. You're basically arguing that we shouldn't give a few words more about Whorf because not enough is given about Frantz.  I get what you're saying regarding his specific qualifications regarding Blackfoot, but if his claim is worthy enough to include here, then it's not too troublesome in the early editing stages of incorportating this debate to mention that he's a linguist.
 * We could even say "Benjamin Whorf, a specialist in Native American languages, suggested that Blackfoot might be an oligosynthetic language, though later linguists, such as Donald Frantz, have discredited this hypothesis." I can think of better ways to word this that incorporate sourcing, but this seems good enough for now. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  06:56, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * That sentence really doesn't hinge on Whorf other than the fact that he said Blackfoot was oligosynthetic. Read other language articles that have similar statements and you will see things such as "Y calls X language a Z while A calls Y language a B".  Unless the personal qualifications hinge on something like "A, B, and C call D language an E, while F, widely considered to be the foremost specialist on D, calls it a G".  Here the weight of F as the foremost specialist is important in balancing the apparent weight of A, B, and C.  With the Whorf statement, since he was not a specialist on Blackfoot, there is no weight to be placed on his side of the issue by a personal comment about him.  Even your "compromise" sentence, Aeusoes, puts too much weight on Whorf.  It implies that because he was a specialist in Native American languages he was somehow specially qualified to comment on Blackfoot.  He wasn't.  He was a specialist in Uto-Aztecan (and neighboring) languages which are as different from Algonquian languages typologically as English is from Dravidian.  The wikilink to his name should be more than sufficient in this article.  Indeed, Donald Frantz is the acknowledged authority on Blackfoot, but he doesn't even have a Wikipedia page devoted to him.  Putting Whorf's wikilinked name in the same sentence with Frantz's unlinked name already implies some special status for Whorf without adding to the impression by putting irrelevant qualifications behind his name here.  Sure, in the article on Hopi praise his work, but not here in Blackfoot.  (Taivo (talk) 07:15, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * How about something like this: "It has been suggested that Blackfoot might be an oligosynthetic language(Whorf reference), though later linguists have rejected this hypothesis (other reference)." I don't think the individual scholars working in the field need to be mentioned here, just their ideas.  -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 09:17, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with that at all. I don't even have a problem with "Whorf suggested that X", but I do oppose any further emphasis on Whorf himself.  (Taivo (talk) 12:10, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * Kraftlos's suggestion is pretty close to what I was thinking as an alternative that incorporates sourcing. But do we have a source where Whorf makes that assertion?  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  16:40, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That statement has been there a long time, I think (since before the current "in-line referencing" cult was born). I don't know the Blackfoot literature well enough to know where it came from.  (Taivo (talk) 17:04, 28 March 2009 (UTC))
 * "In line referencing cult?" I think this page would be more useful if it were about the article, rather than an opportunistic outlet for continuing to throw potshots (please look up the word, Taivo) at me.
 * However, I will explain myself once more, in response to this latest cheap shot, to see if the focus of the page can be redirected to the article.
 * I repeat what I have said above and on Taivo's discussion page. I included the in-line references about Whorf, because Taivo deleted them, according to his words, due to his claim that Whorf is not a linguist.  Whorf is a linguist.  And, I could only go by the what Taivo claimed were his original reasons for deleting my edit of this article, that Taivo doubted Whorf was a linguist-see article history and my link above to Taivo's original deletion of my edit.  I was surprised to find Taivo claiming to be a linguist, and arguing Whorf is not one, so I included sufficient inline references to satisfy a self-proclaimed academic and self-proclaimed possessor of an IQ of 165 that Whorf was considered by many linguists, in print, to be a linguist.  If this had been an edit by a writer who simply questioned that Whorf was a linguist, one source might have done.  However, it was not an edit by just any editor, but an edit by someone who claimed to be a linguist, and others, I assumed, might be more inclined to support removing my edit, because Taivo claims to be a linguist.
 * Again, I repeat my comments that the sentence hinges upon Whorf, as it makes his comment primary, and the disagreement secondary. While I might disagree with the emphasis of the sentence I was warned about deleting things from Wikipedia, because editors tend to be very possessive about their articles.  I thought a clarification directed to the primary focus of the sentence would help before expanding the sentence and the idea from current and past research by specialists in the area.  I was instead told, by Taivo, to focus on Whorf not being a linguist.  This became the new focus of editing.  This new focus is directed by an established editor who says he is a linguist.
 * Now, it is clear that Taivo is not willing to move on to discussing the article, unless this includes allowing him to continue with the cheap shots at me. I thought with a new day moving forward on the article might be possible, and I could contribute details to an interesting area of the article rather than being forced to defend myself personally even more than I already have had to do.
 * Usually encyclopedia articles are written by authors with not just knowledge but with keen interest in a topic. I consider the Blackfoot language to be far more interesting than I am.  This is not the case for other authors whose editing privileges trump mine, and I cannot change that.  I apologize for editing and for adding references to Wikipedia and have learned my place.  --69.226.102.187 (talk) 19:29, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Anon, it's best that you move forward than fixate on any perceived slights directed at you. I think it's clear that you've convinced him Whorf was a linguist.  Do you know where it was that Whorf made this claim?  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  20:14, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Anon, since you're new to Wikipedia, I will ignore your personal attacks or your defensiveness. My comment about "in-line referencing" cult was not about you at all.  In the "old days" when I started editing Wikipedia, in-line references were not required for every statement of fact.  Aeusoes understood that reference was to the historical direction of Wikipedia, not about you.  The sentence isn't about Whorf, it's about "oligosynthetic" applied to Blackfoot and the conclusion by the real Blackfoot specialists that it does not apply.  Whorf's qualifications as a specialist in the Uto-Aztecan languages of the Southwestern U.S. does not give him special status here.  Do you have the reference to his claim that Blackfoot was oligosynthetic?  (Taivo (talk) 22:52, 28 March 2009 (UTC))

Turn radio station section into its own article?
Someone with a little more time may wish to do this. Djembayz (talk) 01:24, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Page name
This page was recently moved from Blackfoot language to Siksiká. It may be appropriate to use the indigenous name rather than the English colonialist one. I take no strong position on that, though I imagine some editors do. However, Siksika (without diacritic) currently redirects to Siksika Nation, a specific first-nation community in Canada. There is a link to "Blackfoot language" (which redirects to this article) in the text, but no hatnote or other aid to people who may be looking specifically for the language.

The titles Blackfoot people and Blackfoot Confederacy both redirect to Niitsítapi, the broader ethnic/national group.

Usual Wikipedia practice is to have two titles with names such as French people and French language, or Igbo people and Igbo language. If that solution is not appropriate for these entities, then some combination of redirects, hatnotes, and other disambiguation should be worked out so that readers can find the appropriate articles with a minimum of difficulty. Cheers, Cnilep (talk) 03:29, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

 * There are three branches of the Blackfeet nation, not just Siksika. Need to move the language back.  Montanabw (talk) 08:30, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I have restored all the moves to their original locations, further moves needs to be discussed. Montanabw (talk) 08:37, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

 * You guys notice Iron Confederacy move?--Moxy (talk) 01:30, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up.  Montanabw (talk) 02:01, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

In Wonder Woman film
Is this the language of Chief Napi? הראש (talk) 21:17, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

language naming inconsistencies
I am not here to advocate for anything except consistency.

There are language naming inconsistencies between this article, categories, templates and MediaWiki: Of the above, we can do nothing about MediaWiki. For the others, we can standardize on one of 'Siksika' or 'Blackfoot' and modify the templates, categories, and article as necessary.
 * Wikipedia has the article Blackfoot language (with redirects from Blackfoot (language), ISO 639:bla, Siksika language, Siksiká, and Siksiká ᓱᖽᐧᖿ). There has been previous discussion regarding the article name; see (see.
 * categorized in
 * the en.wiki article identifies an ISO 639-3 language code:  in the info box
 * ISO 639-2 refers to the language name 'Siksika' (the English name) and 'blackfoot' (lower case; the French name)
 * ISO 639-3 refers to the language name 'Siksika'
 * IANA language-subtag-registry file refers to the language name 'Siksika'
 * MediaWiki language support returns the name 'Siksika'
 * templates:
 * → (deprecated; to be replaced with  – see TfD)
 * categorizes to – calls
 * categorizes to
 * → (replaces )
 * categorizes to
 * → text (has a tool tip that reads: 'Siksika language text')
 * categorizes to
 * → text
 * categorizes to Category:Articles containing Siksika-language text
 * the cs1|2 template suite using bla, Siksika, or Blackfoot:
 * categorized in
 * categorized in Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)
 * categorized in
 * categorized in
 * categorized in Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)
 * categorized in
 * categorized in
 * categorized in
 * ,, , , and all rely on Module:Lang
 * if 'Siksika' is the preferred language name, no action is required
 * if 'Blackfoot' is the preferred language name, Module:lang/data is modified to override IANA / ISO 639 code-to-name definitions
 * the cs1|2 template suite relies on the MediaWiki language name table. However, cs1|2 is capable of overriding MediaWiki code-to-name definitions
 * if 'Siksika' is the preferred language name, no action is required
 * if 'Blackfoot' is the preferred language name, Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration is modified to override the MediaWiki code-to-name definition

Consistency matters. Article name should match category names should match template renderings. So the question is: —Trappist the monk (talk) 15:58, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * which language name: 'Siksika' or 'Blackfoot'?
 * Weak preference for Blackfoot since that seems to be more inclusive towards the non Siksika tribes speaking this language. Since it's difficult to know if they're refering to the first nation or the language it's dificult to know what's the more common name, but while looking there seemed to be a preference for Blackfoot. --Trialpears (talk) 13:28, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

A month on, and there having been no further comment:
 * Blackfoot is the chosen name.

—Trappist the monk (talk) 15:19, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposal for redaction and/or corrections
As a non-Blackfoot-specialist but apt reader of linguistic texts, I suspect certain distinct parts may need improving.
 * 1) in the Word order section: are independent noun phrases or rather independent pronouns typically dropped (prodrop) due to the extensive person inflection?
 * 2) ibidem: would the sentence "There is an ordering restriction if the Distinct Third Person (DTP) attached pronoun /-aawa/ is used in which the subject independent noun phrase must occur before the verb." be (grammatically) improved without changing its intended meaning if it were changed to: "If the Distinct Third Person (DTP) attached pronoun /-aawa/ is used, there is an ordering restriction by which the subject independent noun phrase must occur before the verb."?; at first reading, the wording and structure of the original sentence made me wonder whether the occurrence of the independent noun phrase would be inside the attached pronoun.

Language endangerment
Hello fellow Wikipedians!

I'm going to be working on this article as part of a course I'm taking on endangered Indigenous languages. I'm going to mostly be working in the revitalization efforts section. Please feel free to keep an eye on my edits and leave any comments or concerns should they arise! Sbelyk (talk) 23:26, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

Endangerment status is reported inconsistently in this article. The UNESCO source currently says "Definitely Endangered", but the article has "Severely Endangered" and a couple of other descriptions in various places.

I don't know if these are due to talking about different contexts, or because Blackfoot has become less endangered over the past few years.

I'll try to resolve these questions in the next two weeks, before I make any edits. If anyone else has insight or suggestions, please pitch in!

TimothyMills (talk) 19:19, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Checking the UNESCO info for Siksika just now: current status is "Definitely endangered".
 * TimothyMills (talk) 16:04, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Mention in section 1, paragraph 4 says "severely endangered". The corresponding link (reference 12) is broken. I think the text should be changed to "definitely endangered", and the reference changed to the one I linked a moment ago: https://en.wal.unesco.org/search?keys=siksika
 * TimothyMills (talk) 16:06, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I have made this edit in the article. TimothyMills (talk) 16:51, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * In the "Vitality" section, "According to the UNESCO Factor 1: Intergenerational Transmission, Blackfoot is classified under severely endangered." This suggests a subsidiary criterion. So maybe its endangered status is different depending on what factor you examine, and only when taken together do they add up to the above "Definitely endangered" status. The link there (reference 49) is broken, but I'll see if I can fix it, and identify whether that source supports the claim.
 * TimothyMills (talk) 16:13, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The reference linked in the Vitality section is Arienne M. Dwyer's chapter "Tools and techniques for endangered-language assessment and revitalization", in the book Minority Language in Today's Global Society (pages 201-226). I'm able to view it in Google Books. The relevant content is on page 204. But that isn't what we want for a Wikipedia reference. That reference describes factors in evaluating endangerment, but does not give information about Blackfoot. For the claim on this page to be valid, it would need to be connected to a source that identifies Blackfoot as being "used mostly by the grandparental generation and up".
 * TimothyMills (talk) 16:26, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I fixed the link by removing a "." at the end, and the original reference was fixed. On reflection, it looks like this reference is sound - the status for this particular criterion is not the same as the status of the language overall (considering all criteria). TimothyMills (talk) 16:50, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The only other apparent inconsistency that I find is at the end of the 2nd paragraph of the article, where it says "Blackfoot language has been declining in the number of native speakers and is classified as either a threatened or endangered language." The source cited here does back up that description. I think adding "... depending on the source" at the end of that sentence would work, because the link is to an aggregation site that lists various different assessments of the Blackfoot language. This extra wording would, I think, make it clear that this statement doesn't actually contradict the statement about the UNESCO rating two paragraphs down.
 * I'm making that edit now, because I feel that it is a minor clarification rather than a substantial edit or reframing of content.
 * TimothyMills (talk) 16:29, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @TimothyMills محمد 196.150.140.114 (talk) 09:42, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ANTH473 INLG480 Living Languages
— Assignment last updated by Emmawiddifield (talk) 19:05, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

History
Is it just me, or does the history section seem more like a history of the Blackfoot people and less like a history of the Blackfoot language? —Kmsiever (talk) 15:51, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * That does seem valid. There is a lot of overlap between language, culture, and people, so I'd say this is better than nothing. Is there a good source out there for the history of the language?
 * TimothyMills (talk) 18:55, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blackfoot language


text:
Sheng Long

Sheng Long is a character hoax related to the Street Fighter series, created by Electronic Gaming Monthly as an April Fools' prank in 1992. Conceived by editor Ken Williams due to a mistranslation suggesting the existence of a character named Sheng Long in the Capcom fighting game Street Fighter II, the publication released an article describing a method to fight the character in the game. Despite intending it to be an obvious joke, many players took it seriously, and other publications reprinted the details as fact without verifying its legitimacy causing the Sheng Long hoax to spread worldwide. As a result, the magazine later acknowledged it was indeed a hoax, though revisited the concept for a similar joke in 1997. Claiming Sheng Long would appear in Street Fighter III, they provided a backstory for the character and an appearance designed by editor Mike Vallas. Despite the article trailing off and being incomplete, it resulted in confusion between the North American and Japanese branches of Capcom, with the former calling the latter to ask why they had not been informed about the character.

As a character and a hoax, Sheng Long has been described as one of the most famous and well-known legends related to video gaming by publications such as GameDaily and GameSpot. Several publications have attributed the creation of Street Fighter character Akuma, who was added to Super Street Fighter II Turbo as a secret boss with several similarities to the original joke. Fan appeal for the character affected later Capcom titles, with public requests for the inclusion of Sheng Long in an actual video game leading to the consideration of his inclusion in the Street Fighter: The Movie video game and the appearance of the character Gouken as both a secret boss and playable character in Street Fighter IV. Capcom has also added in-game achievements referencing Sheng Long in Street Fighter II re-releases, and for the 25th anniversary of the hoax temporarily posted artwork and a profile for the character on their website, this time designed by Shigenori "Kiki" Kiwata. This version of the character was later reused for his appearance as a non-player character in the World Tour mode of Street Fighter 6, acting as a high-difficulty optional boss.

Origin
The name Sheng Long comes from a mistranslated portion of the name of a special move performed by the series' main character, Ryu; the characters shō ryū (昇龍, rising dragon) from Shōryūken (昇龍拳), Ryu's flying uppercut, are shēng lóng in Chinese pinyin. This was carried into one of Ryu's quotes to defeated opponents in the English localization of the 1991 arcade game Street Fighter II, changing the Japanese quote "If you cannot overcome the Shoryuken, you cannot win!" (昇龍拳を破らぬ限り、お前に勝ち目はない！) to "You must defeat Sheng Long to stand a chance." As a result, players were given the impression that Ryu was referring to a person instead of the attack.

The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) port of Street Fighter II, released shortly after the April Fools' prank, changed the translation to "You must defeat my Dragon Punch to stand a chance." However, the English instruction manual for the SNES Street Fighter II referred to "Master Sheng Long" as Ryu and Ken's teacher. Instruction manuals for later ports to the SNES and Sega Mega Drive consoles replaced all references to Sheng Long by referring to Ryu and Ken as disciples of the "Shotokan school of karate". Sheng Long would later make an appearance in the 1993 Malibu Comics as Ryu and Ken's master, where he is poisoned by an evil clone of Ryu created by the comic's villain. A character named Gouken was later introduced in Masaomi Kanzaki's 1993 Street Fighter II manga as Ryu and Ken's sensei and was adapted into the series' backstory in Super Street Fighter II Turbo.

Original April Fools' article
The mistranslation spawned rumors about the existence of a Sheng Long character in the game, and players sent letters to video game publications attempting to confirm the character's existence. Electronic Gaming Monthly editor Ken Williams, who was an avid Street Fighter II player, also took an interest in the rumor, feeling there had to be some secrets in the game due to his experiences with the first Street Fighter arcade game. Wanting to try the office's newly acquired Adobe Photoshop software, he modified screenshots of the game to "create" a "secret boss" by combining sprites from different characters, using it as a way to let off steam due to the stresses of work. Pleased with the results he invited the other writers over, who enjoyed the humor and encouraged Williams to create a second screenshot of the character, with Ray Price suggesting to give the character a flaming fist version of Ryu's "Shoryuken" special attack. Unsure what to do with the screenshots at this point, and with their April issue approaching, they invited founding editor Steve Harris over and proposed using the images for an April Fools' Day prank article. Harris took one look and responded "Make it happen."

As a result, in the April 1992 issue of the video game magazine, a method was "revealed" to reach Sheng Long in the arcade game. The article claimed that the character could be found if a player using Ryu did not let the character suffer any damage during the entire game. Upon reaching the final match against the game's boss M. Bison, the player had to avoid hitting Bison and being hit by him until the time limit expired, thus ending the round in a draw. After repeating this for ten consecutive rounds Sheng Long would then appear out of nowhere and throw Bison off of the edge screen and out of the way. The game's on-screen timer would then stop at 99 seconds, resulting in a "fight to the death" between Ryu and Sheng Long. As a character Sheng Long was stated to feature the special moves of all the fighters, such as Chun-Li's "Spinning Bird Kick" and Sagat's "Tiger Shot", but inflict more damage. In addition, the character was supposedly faster than any other fighter in the game, negating the pause between projectile attacks. Other attacks mentioned included an air-based throw attack and the aforementioned "Shoryuken" covered in flames to represent his greater power. The "ridiculous requirements" to encounter Sheng Long were intended to help cue readers in that the article was indeed a joke, however the felt they needed more to make that clear. Editor Martin Alessi suggested adding an "Honorable Mention" to "W.A. Stokins" ("waste tokens") of "Fuldigen, HA" ("fooled again, ha"). Williams felt that nobody would fall for the joke without being incredibly gullible.

However, people did indeed try to find the character, with arcade owners sending complaints to the magazine that their machines were being broken: large amounts of quarters were being deposited by players, causing them to eventually get stuck. The magazine also received a large volume of hate mail by players themselves, who were complaining that the requirements were impossible. Rival publication GamePro also received letters from players asking to verify the authenticity of Sheng Long, much to the chagrin of their editor Dan Amrich. Compounding matters, publications from Europe, Hong Kong and other countries reprinted the trick without verifying it or asking Electronic Gaming Monthly's permission causing the hoax to spread worldwide. A Hong Kong manhua based on Street Fighter II by Jademan Comics even altered their story to include the character in response. Capcom's North America branch also for a time changed their introductory message for their corporate line to address the hoax, instructing anyone calling about Sheng Long to call Electronic Gaming Monthly's offices instead. Though Williams was unconcerned with the reaction due to only being known at the publication as "Sushi-X", the other writers were, and in their December issue of that year revealed that it was a hoax and stated surprise at the worldwide coverage the joke received.

April Fools' 1997
During the development of Street Fighter III, fans discussed the prospect of the character's inclusion in the new title. By this point in time Capcom had introduced the backstory character Gouken, who had been killed by his brother Akuma, a playable character added to later iterations of Street Fighter II. Taking advantage of this, Electronic Gaming Monthly perpetuated the hoax again in 1997 by claiming that Sheng Long was in the game, and provided character artwork depicting his appearance alongside new screenshots which were all photoshopped works by editor Mike Vallas. Unlike the first article, they did not finish their explanation of how to reach him, ending the article with "To reach him, you will need at least six perfects and..." Additionally, the words "April Fools" were spelled out in the first letter of the first ten sentences of the article.

The character's design was expanded on greatly in the article; Sheng Long was now stated to be the American localization name for the character Gouken. His profile listed in the article paralleled Gouken's, but instead of Akuma killing him he was knocked into a raging river. The result gave him a scar over his eye, and a desire to get revenge on his brother. To this end, he revived several "killing techniques" of his fighting style, which included an air version of Akuma's red "Hadouken" projectile attack that knocked his opponent down, a ground high-low projectile that could be used on the ground, an unblockable "Denjin-Shinryuu-Ken" super attack that would shock the opponent, an air rapid "Hadouken" super attack akin to a move used by Ibuki, and a third super attack intended to be a stronger version of Akuma's "Shun Goku Satsu". In a later issue, the staff reported that despite this being the second Sheng Long joke, it was convincing enough that Capcom of America called the company's headquarters in Japan asking why they had not been told that the character was in the game.

Legacy
Sheng Long is cited as an influential factor for the Street Fighter series, earning mention in articles such as GameDaily's "Top 20 Street Fighter Characters of All Time" list, in which the character placed nineteenth despite not being an actual character. IGN placed it second on their list of the "Top Ten Gaming April Fools' Pranks", noting it as having the biggest impact of all of Electronic Gaming Monthly's April Fools jokes. UGO.com named it one of video gaming's greatest urban legends, noting its impact upon the series' success. Capcom community manager Seth Killian described the hoax as "a part of gaming history", comparing him to the Konami Code. However, Tom Coulter of GamesRadar+ listed it as one of the video game legends he never wanted to hear about again, stating that while it was a good prank at first, it had gone from "sly wink to the fans" to "Borat t-shirt."

The rumor is often credited with inspiring the creation of Akuma, a character who debuted as a hidden final boss in Super Street Fighter II Turbo, due to their similarities, although Capcom has never confirmed nor denied this. As in the hoax, the process of fighting Akuma would require certain achievements met during the game, with Akuma interrupting the final match of the game between the player and M. Bison. "The similarity was nodded at in the high-definition remake of Super Street Fighter II Turbo, in which an Xbox 360 Achievement titled "Sheng Long is in Another Castle" could be earned for defeating Akuma in the game's arcade mode. Despite the lack of direct confirmation from Capcom, the staff of Electronic Gaming Monthly felt the character was added in response to the hoax, with Williams stating that they were "flabergasted that something we did had an impact on the industry like that."

Street Fighter: The Movie
Sheng Long is mentioned four times in the 1995 arcade game Street Fighter: The Movie in the endings for Ryu, Ken, and Akuma. In each, he is stated as the master of Ryu and Ken and Akuma's brother, but never stated as dead. Despite the repeated mention, Sheng Long does not appear in the game. On January 30, 2007, the game's designer, Alan Noon, appeared on Shoryuken.com's forum and discussed aspects of the game cut during development, among them a playable Sheng Long character.

According to Noon, talk had circulated about adding extra characters that were not in the film. As the Sheng Long hoax and Akuma's debut in Super Street Fighter II Turbo were fairly recent at the time, the designers asked for Capcom's permission to add both characters into the game. Capcom approved the addition of Akuma, but denied the inclusion of Sheng Long. However, Capcom later unexpectedly approved the addition of Sheng Long. Noon designed Sheng Long's appearance for the title, giving him black gi pants and a long, green, padded/quilted, sleeveless Gi style top which was tied off with a black beltmandarin style, long white braided hair, Fu Manchu moustache, a thick black ribbon over his eyes due to being blinded by Akuma and one hand taking the form of a dragon's claw, described as a result of his power being so advanced, that he began to physically manifest dragon like attributes. Capcom approved the design and Luis Mangubat, an artist from the development team (who would later work at Midway Games), posed as Sheng Long. However, the character was left unfinished because of time constraints.

Street Fighter IV
In an interview in the January 2008 Issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly, Street Fighter IV producer Yoshinori Ono stated "Let's just say that [jokes] that your magazine have reported in the past might find their way into the game as fan service." Executive editor Shane Bettenhausen took this to mean the appearance of Sheng Long in Street Fighter IV, though added that if the character did appear in the game, it would be Gouken. When asked in a later interview by 1UP.com regarding the possibility of Sheng Long's appearance in the title, Ono replied "Are you coming to the Tokyo Game Show? How about you ask me that question again then." Capcom later revealed Gouken as a character in Street Fighter IV, with Ono stating in an interview with Play magazine that his inclusion in the title was in response to fans requesting Sheng Long's presence in the game.

On the first of April 2008, Capcom announced Sheng Long as a "secret, unlock-able character" in their Japanese development blog for Street Fighter IV and later posted in their official US blog accompanied with a silhouette of the character. The post took the tone of a Capcom representative trying to announce a character without giving away too many details, hinting that "Sheng Long is Ryu's..." then holding back and saying to wait for an official character announcement. In a similar fashion to the original joke, the post lists the method to unlock him as requiring the player to win every round as Ryu without taking any damage whatsoever and then perform his "Shoryuken" move during the final boss fight. Reception to the joke the third time was negative and included criticism from 1UP.com. The following day, the Japanese website confirmed that it was indeed a joke and explained the origin of Sheng Long while adding "Sheng-Long is still now and always will be, truly a character of legend."

Street Fighter 6
In March 2017, 25 years after the original hoax was published, Capcom gave Sheng Long a joke profile in the Shadaloo Combat Research Institute part of their Capcom Fighters Network website, which showcased artwork and profiles for every character related to the Street Fighter series. Satirizing the Sheng Long rumor, it states that he became a living legend, appears after consecutive draw games, his moves are impossible to counterattack and always register as counter hits and that anyone that sees him will die after 24 hours. Drawn by Shigenori "kiki" Kiwata, the artwork resembles his appearance in Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Street Fighter III April Fools article, except instead of long hair and a beard this version sports a long mohawk and a mustache forked upwards, while his biography stated he stands 6' 1" (185 cm) tall. A small note at the bottom of the page stated it would be deleted after 48 hours, and shortly after it was completely removed.

Sheng Long appears as a non-playable character in the "World Tour" mode of Street Fighter 6 whom players fight atop the SiRN building at night after completing the game. Using Ryu's fighting style, he has been described as one of the mode's hardest opponents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sheng Long


text:
User:Acyso

Euler's identity
$$e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0$$

Gaussian integral
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^2}\mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{\pi}$$

Schrödinger's equation
$$\hat H \Psi = i\hbar \dot\Psi$$

Riemann hypothesis
$$\zeta(\alpha + i\beta) = 0 \ \mathrm{and}\ \beta = 0 \to \alpha = \frac{1}{2}$$

title: User:Acyso


text:
Criminalization

Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is "the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through societal institutions including schools, the family, and the criminal justice system.

The problems
There has been some uncertainty as to the nature and extent of the contribution to be made by the victims of crime. But, as Garkawe (2001) indicates, the relationship between victimology and criminology has become problematic. The concern is that, within the dialectic of Right Realism and Left Realism, a focus on the victim promotes rights selectively for certain victims, and advocates the assumption that some victim rights are more important than competing rights or values in society. For example, an Islamic feminist might seek consistency of treatment for women as victims and, therefore, demand the decriminalization of abortion, adultery, and seduction (Zina is a Hudud offense in sharia law), and the criminalization of domestic violence and sexual harassment.

In formal academically published theory, the real ruling class of a society reaches a temporary view on whether certain acts or behavior are harmful or criminal. Historically this one theory will be modified by scientific, medical evidence, by political change, and the criminal justice system may or may not treat those matters as crimes.

Conversely, when local politics determines that it is no longer a crime, they may be decriminalized. For example, Recommendation No. R (95) 12 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the management of criminal justice, advocates that crime policies such as decriminalization, depenalisation or diversion, and mediation should be adopted wherever possible. But the law and order debate between right and left politicians is often superficial and unscientific, formulating policies based on their appeal to an uninformed electorate rather than properly conducted research.

Principles
Several principles may underpin decisions about criminalization. These include the de minimis principle, that of the minimum criminalization. Under this principle, the general harm principle fails to consider the possibility of other sanctions and the effectiveness of criminalization as a chosen option. Those other sanctions include civil courts, laws of tort and regulation. Having criminal remedies in place is seen as a "last resort" since such actions often infringe personal liberties – incarceration, for example, prevents the freedom of movement. In this sense, law making that places a greater emphasis on human rights. Most crimes of direct actions (murder, rape, assault, for example) are generally not affected by such a stance, but it does require greater justification in less clear cases.

The policy of "social defense" can be seen as an opposing view. It argues that criminalization is used against "any form of activity which threatens good order or is thought reprehensible". The minimization principle may unwittingly prevent the adaptation of the law to new situations. In general, worldwide policy makers have created a myriad of smaller offences, in contradiction to the minimization principle and more in keeping with the social defence.

Harm
Leading criminal law philosophers, such as Dennis Baker and Joel Feinberg have argued that conduct should only be criminalized when it is fair to do so. In particular, such theorists assert that objective reasons are needed to demonstrate that it is fair to criminalize conduct in any given case. The commonly cited objective justification for invoking the criminal law is harmful to others, but it cannot deal with all situations. For example, people are not necessarily harmed by public nudity. Feinberg suggests that offence to others also provides an objective reason for invoking the criminal law, but it clearly does not as offence is determined according to conventional morality. Prostitution is another grey area, as some countries allow it in different forms, and it is hard to say whether or not it specifically harms the public in general. One argument may be that prostitution perpetuates the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and therefore harms the public which partakes in the act of prostitution. However, the legalization of prostitution would change the way it is regulated, and law enforcement could find a way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted disease, thus eliminating the health issue and the question of the morality of the profession would be weakened.

People experience a range of physical and social injuries in different contexts which will vary according to the level of economic and political development of their country. Some will be injured out of poverty and malnutrition, others by violence which might stem from a major conflict such as war or from the personal violence in a robbery. The environment may be damaged by pollution, there may be hazards at work. Many of these sources of injury will be ignored while the state may delegate powers of control to a number of different agencies within an international framework where supranational agencies and human rights organisations may offer assistance in responding to the causes of those injuries.

Moral approaches and autonomy
The extent to which behaviours considered morally wrong in a given jurisdiction should be criminalized is controversial. Lying or breaking promises are not in general criminalised, for example. Patrick Devlin believed that moral behaviour was essential in maintaining the cohesion of a state, and so lawmakers should be entitled to criminalise immoral behaviour. However, opponents of this approach typically suggest use of a harm principle only and that immorality is not a reason in itself since outcomes of such activity can be used to come to a conclusion alone. Devlin's argument uses the disgust of the general public as a definition of morality; however, issues involving prejudice have shown this to be flawed and opponents push for a much stricter definition if this approach is to be used. Devlin suggested a jury to give an indication of immoral behaviour. As well as prejudice, views were likely to vary widely on issues such as homosexuality, contraception and other matters, particularly those influenced by religion. Agreement would be hard to find. Other opposition has been from liberal groups which favour approaches which maximise individual rights. A moral basis for criminalization would be paternalistic, thereby contrasting with personal autonomy. The European Convention of Human Rights, in the most part supporting individual rights from government interferences, still includes a provision for interference "for the protection of health and morals" such as legally requiring seat belts to be worn (in some jurisdictions) are hard to justify if an individualistic approach is taken, since, if public health provision is ignored, little harm is caused to others.

Joseph Raz argues that the state cannot and should not enforce morality; rather, any attempt to limit individual autonomy should be done only to limit harm. Certain moral ideals may be justifiable if they extend autonomy. If the immoral conduct of others impinges on someone else's autonomy, then that can be legislated against. There are some groups for whom the principle of autonomy is weakened: those under an age of majority and those people who are impaired by, for example, a mental disorder. In general, these people are protected from activities with significant consequences, if they are not in a position to make reasoned decisions themselves. This may involve the criminalization of under-age drinking, smoking, gambling and sexual activities. Such criminalization is rarely challenged.

In British law, a distinction between public and private acts was made in the Wolfenden report, which examined sexual activities (particularly homosexuality and prostitution). Some acts would effectively become legal within private settings, but illegal in public settings. The justification for this was the concept of shock or offensive to the public. Such a line was favoured by Joel Feinberg, who argued that it was a good reason in support of legislation if it effectively prevented "serious offence" to persons other than the actor. Philosophers such as Feinberg struggle to quantify the ideology behind the illegality of acts which in another setting would be acceptable (that acts themselves not causing harm, for example), for example nudity. Since such acts publicly are made illegal on the basis of shock, then whether to criminalise depends on a shifting body of public opinion, which varies from place to place and from time to time. The concept of "insult" rather than "offensive" may be more specific.

Omission
Common law does not often find an actor liable for omission – failing to do something required by the law. Where this has applied it has typically been in industrial regulation, in matters of social security or some personal regulated activity such as driving (for example, in the case of a hit and run). These form conditions placed upon operating in a particular manner and are thus understood in that context. There are few general duties in common law jurisdictions, although these do include the responsibility of a parent to safeguard their children, to a landowner to prevent offences being carried out there, and to someone creating a dangerous situation to attempt to limit that danger. Proponents of limited liability for omissions suggest that the wording for such a law would be vague, possibly involving "reasonable" care or action, and so would be hard to enforce. This would give prosecutors wide discretion, which may be opposed to justice. Morally, omission is viewed by many as a far lesser problem than act; compared to murder, allowing someone to die is seen as much smaller. A requirement to spend one's time and energy helping others would seem to contradict the autonomy many other laws aim to provide the individual with.

Opponents point out these arguments fail to consider the harm that such omissions may cause, in contradiction to the harm principle many legal systems start out with. Life and physical integrity are often the highest priorities of a legal system. Difficulties in definition are in common with many other areas, theorists such as Feinburg point out. A non-burdensome rescue is likely to be less valuable than freedom of action. Limited liability is considered as article 223 of the French Penal Code, which criminalises: "(1) a person who voluntarily neglects to prevent a serious crime of offense against that person, if that crime could be prevented without personal risk or risk to others; and (2) a person who voluntarily neglects to give, to a person in peril, assistance which could be rendered without personal risk or risk to others." This is common with several other European jurisdictions. Whilst open to the criticisms of vagueness and prosecutor discretion, it has not been seen as overly oppressive.

Procedure
When a state debates whether to respond to a source of injury by criminalising the behaviour that produces it, there are no pre-set criteria to apply in formulating social policy. There is no ontological reality to crime. The criminal justice system responds to a substantial number of events that do not produce significant hardship to individual citizens. Moreover, events which do cause serious injuries and perhaps should be dealt with as crimes, e.g. situations of corporate manslaughter, are either ignored or dealt with as civil matters.

The criminalization process defines and classifies behaviour. It broadcasts the laws so that no-one may have the excuse of ignorance, and disposes of those who will not obey. There are now more criminal laws and they are penetrating deeper into the social structures of modern societies. Crime control has become an industry, yet it remains ineffective in providing protection to all its citizens from harm. Such as it is, the process is made up of three components:
 * 1) Creation of a social order. This is both a socio-economic process, a "...fundamental ordering of social relations so that those things necessary for social survival can be produced and distributed in some predictable fashion" and an ideological process so that there can be a "...development of values, beliefs, and ideas related to the concrete tasks of production and distribution."(p. 6). Thus, society must develop the apparatus of law creation, law enforcement and punishment and the system must be acceptable to the majority of those who live in the community. If the laws do not match the general mores, their enforcement will be a source of friction and disharmony. Conformity to the social order must, for the most part, be self-enforced.
 * 2) For the times when self-enforcement fails, society must create a legal order. This part of the process sees the centralisation of power within the institutions of the political state. Some states justified the criminalization process as demonstrating their concerns about safety and security, the policy of control, policing, criminal justice, and penal practice. The modern state is decentralising and privatising its functions. This is changing the character and content of the remaining institutions of the state which must now work co-operatively with other for-profit agencies.
 * 3) The political order must realign so that the remaining political entities such as legislatures and judges set agreed targets for state control and then produce actual outputs of the legal order, i.e. of people defined as criminal and processed through that system.

Ontological basis of crime
Put in the most simple terms, ontology deals with or establishes the clear grounds for being. (Heidegger, Martin, Being and Time, introduction, referencing Plato's Parmenides.) In some of the traditional schools, such as those of the post-1688 English or Americans (many of the writings of the American Founding Fathers, but especially The Federalist) and their Dutch predecessors (see Kossmann, E. H. Political Thought in the Dutch Republic, 2004) ontology proper is deemed beyond the scope of legal thought, in accord with the modern distinction between society and state (which some consider based in the distinction the Romans made between themselves and their Italian allies, the socii, but not given the theoretical articulation we recognize today until emphasized by Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan. See state.) However, some classical theorists, such as Aristotle, in his Politics and Metaphysics, and to a lesser degree in his Topics, suggest that the distinction is at least problematic. One need consider no further than the claim that man is a political animal to see this is so.

As a political animal, man has come to see himself as possessed of rights, whether these are the Rights of Englishmen of old, or the universal human rights advocated vigorously toward establishment today through the matrix of commercialism. At least in the today dominant American model, deprivation of right amounts to injury (consider especially Justice Stevens dissenting opinion in Castle Rock v. Gonzales), and injury—so goes the prevailing theory—amounts, when coupled with requisite intent, in most cases, to crime, when it does not admit of civil redress. Thus, again in simple terms, and to the extent that human beings are indeed political beings, crime does seem to have an ontological basis. (For one approach to the question of criminal ontology, see "Understanding Crime and Social Control in Market Economies: Looking Back and Moving Forward" by Robert Bohm in Jeffrey Ian Ross, ed. Cutting the Edge: Current Perspectives in Radical/Critical Criminology and Criminal Justice. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1998.) This, further, seems to hold if ontology itself is divided into political and trans- or supra- or meta- political ontology—i.e., what once was the realm of Christian theology. It does not matter whether that theology is Christian or belonging to some other apolitical belief. The point is that one may, with some justice, argue persuasively that being is divided. This need not, however, force the question of meta-political crimes. Our purposes here, in this article, are limited to the political. For the question in general see Ontology.

Baker argues that only objective harms and other objective bad consequences (or actions in the case of inchoate and endangerment offenses) are prima facie criminalizable. By other bad consequences Baker means privacy violations and conduct that does not necessarily result in tangible harm, but does result in unwanted consequences. Baker argues that the privacy violations that result from being forced to receive unwanted obscene information in public places (exhibitionism) would amount to a sufficient bad consequence for the purposes of invoking the criminal law, but argues that proportionate punishment means that such conduct should only be punished with fines rather than jail terms.

title: Criminalization


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caco

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with Haiti. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:34, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Caco

 * Merge. Can't tell what this page is supposed to be.--Ian Pitchford 21:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) - Changed vote to merge with Haiti --Ian Pitchford 14:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, unless there's a better name for it. You might try a cleanup-context tag in cases like this. Kappa 16:12, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Haiti, which already contains this information. —Wahoofive (talk) 17:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see it in Haiti. Kappa 23:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and ''redirect to Haiti, is mentioned in the article withour context so this would be useful there --nixie 01:47, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Haiti then delete. JamesBurns 07:33, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caco


text:
Donna Denizé

Donna Denizé is an American poet and award-winning teacher at St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. who is Chairwoman of the English Department. She has contributed widely to journals and magazines with essays and poetry, written books of collections of poetry, participated in development of professional training programs for teachers as well as programs for students of multiple public schools. Some of her work has appeared in anthologies and magazines and she has contributed to some Corporation for Public Broadcasting print and video media.

Background
Denizé is an American of Haitian descent, and a native of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Denizé has lived in the Washington D.C. area since 1978.

Denizé holds an undergraduate degree from Stonehill College, where she was a student of Poet Laureate Robert Hayden, and an M.A. from Howard University in Renaissance Drama. She has received grants from the Bread Loaf School of English (using the accommodation of Lincoln College at the University of Oxford), Johns Hopkins Summer Writing Program, the Humanities Council of Washington, DC, and the Folger Shakespeare Library. In 1981 she participated in the World Order Magazine Commemorative Issue to Robert Hayden.

Appointments, honors, invited contributions
In 1980 she served through appointment by Governor Charles Robb to The Virginia State Advisory Board on Vocational Education. In 2003, she was awarded by Williams College the George Olmsted, Jr., Class of 1924 Prize for Excellence in Secondary School Teaching, and in 2004, she was appointed to the Board of Trustees of American Shakespeare Center, a national destination and resource for audiences, actors, students, scholars, and educators, based at the Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton, Virginia. She currently teaches literature at St. Albans School, where she teaches Shakespeare, American literature, and freshman English,  serves as chair of the Faculty Diversity Committee and faculty advisor of the school's literary magazine and during the summer teaches in the Washington National Cathedral's summer program called Cathedral Scholars, an outreach program of academic enrichment which serves students from 15 different D.C. public schools. She is a recipient of the Distinguished Teacher Award from the White House Presidential Scholars Program.

Denizé has been invited/appointed to numerous workshops, panel discussions, readings and other responsibilities at:
 * Howard University
 * Corcoran Museum of Art
 * The Library of Congress
 * WPFW The Poet and The Poem, hosted by Grace Cavalieri
 * Martin Luther King, Jr. Library
 * One of eight invited teacher's for Annenberg/CPB Channel's eight part mini-series, In Search of the Novel doing a lesson plan on Great Expectations.
 * Denizé is also the Baháʼí Chaplain for American University, a position she has held since at least 2008.

Poetry and publications
Denizé's poetry has appeared in the book Hungry As We Are. Denizé published a selection of poems titled The Lover's Voice in 1997 (Hickory House Press) and Broken Like Job ISBN 0-915380-60-9 in 2005 (The Word Works). She has also been a contributor to scholarly books and journals, including Shakespeare Set Free (ISBN 0743288505), Innisfree Journal of Poetry, Gargoyle Magazine's Gargoyle 49 CD, and Orison. She has published essays like 'Use of Color in Selected Shakespearean Works' in Folger Shakespeare Library and 'A Scholar's Journey: Reflections on W.E.B. DuBois and the Power of Education' in Teacher's Digest, an educational magazine from The Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Denizé has also contributed to programs of National Council of Teachers of English, National Endowment for the Humanities, Mobil Masterpiece Theatre, the Annenberg Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution.

title: Donna Denizé


text:
Microtubule-associated protein

In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that interact with the microtubules of the cellular cytoskeleton. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell.

Function
MAPs bind to the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules to regulate their stability. A large variety of MAPs have been identified in many different cell types, and they have been found to carry out a wide range of functions. These include both stabilizing and destabilizing microtubules, guiding microtubules towards specific cellular locations, cross-linking microtubules and mediating the interactions of microtubules with other proteins in the cell.

Within the cell, MAPs bind directly to the tubulin dimers of microtubules. This binding can occur with either polymerized or depolymerized tubulin, and in most cases leads to the stabilization of microtubule structure, further encouraging polymerization. Usually, it is the C-terminal domain of the MAP that interacts with tubulin, while the N-terminal domain can bind with cellular vesicles, intermediate filaments or other microtubules. MAP-microtubule binding is regulated through MAP phosphorylation. This is accomplished through the function of the microtubule-affinity-regulating-kinase (MARK) protein. Phosphorylation of the MAP by the MARK causes the MAP to detach from any bound microtubules. This detachment is usually associated with a destabilization of the microtubule causing it to fall apart. In this way the stabilization of microtubules by MAPs is regulated within the cell through phosphorylation.

Types
MAPs have been divided into several different categories and sub-categories. There are "structural" MAPs which bind along the microtubules and "+TIP" MAPs which bind to the growing end of the microtubules. Structural MAPs have been divided into MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, and Tau families. +TIP MAPs are motor proteins such as kinesin, dyneins, and other MAPs.

MAP1 (Type I MAPs)
MAP1a (MAP1A) and MAP1b (MAP1B) are the two major members of the MAP1 family. These two proteins are high molecular weight. They bind to microtubules through charge interactions, a different mechanism to many other MAPs. While the C termini of these MAPs bind the microtubules, the N termini bind other parts of the cytoskeleton or the plasma membrane to control spacing of the microtubule within the cell. Members of the MAP1 family are found in the axons and dendrites of nerve cells.

Another member of this family is MAP1S, which has a low molecular-weight. MAP1S has been found to regulate cell division and cell death

MAP2 (Type 2)
The MAP2 family is involved in the development of neurons, mostly present during early stages of axon formation then disappear later. However they exist in mature dendrites as well. Different forms of MAP2s are formed by different post-translational modifications of the mRNA.

MAP4
MAP4 was previously not thought to exist in neuronal tissue however the MAP-SP has been found in certain mammalian brain tissue. MAP4 is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells.

Tau Protein (Type 2)
Mainly associated with abnormalities that result in neurodegenerative diseases. Tau proteins stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell. The function of tau has been linked to the neurological condition Alzheimer's disease. In the nervous tissue of Alzheimer's patients, tau forms abnormal aggregates. This aggregated tau is often severely modified, most commonly through hyperphosphorylation. As described above, phosphorylation of MAPs causes them to detach from microtubules. Thus, the hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to massive detachment, which in turn greatly reduces the stability of microtubules in nerve cells.[9] This increase in microtubule instability may be one of the main causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Type II MAPs (MAP2 and Tau)
Type II MAPs are found exclusively in nerve cells in mammals. These are the most well studied MAPs—MAP2 and tau (MAPT)—which participate in determining the structure of different parts of nerve cells, with MAP2 being found mostly in dendrites and tau in the axon. These proteins have a conserved C-terminal microtubule-binding domain and variable N-terminal domains projecting outwards, probably interacting with other proteins. MAP2 and tau stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Both MAP2 and tau have been shown to stabilize microtubules by binding to the outer surface of the microtubule protofilaments. A single study has suggested that MAP2 and tau bind on the inner microtubule surface on the same site in tubulin monomers as the drug Taxol, which is used in treating cancer, but this study has not been confirmed. MAP2 binds in a cooperative manner, with many MAP2 proteins binding a single microtubule to promote stabilization. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell.

The function of tau has been linked to the neurological condition Alzheimer's disease. In the nervous tissue of Alzheimer's patients, tau forms abnormal aggregates. This aggregated tau is often severely modified, most commonly through hyperphosphorylation. As described above, phosphorylation of MAPs causes them to detach from microtubules. Thus, the hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to massive detachment, which in turn greatly reduces the stability of microtubules in nerve cells. This increase in microtubule instability may be one of the main causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

In contrast to the MAPs described above, MAP4 (MAP4) is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells. Like MAP2 and tau, MAP4 is responsible for stabilization of microtubules. MAP4 has also been linked to the process of cell division.

Other MAPs and Naming Issues
Besides the classic MAP groups, novel MAPs have been identified that bind the length of the microtubules. These include STOP (also known as MAP6), and ensconsin (also known as MAP7).

In addition, plus end tracking proteins, which bind to the very tip of growing microtubules, have also been identified. These include EB1, EB2, EB3, p150Glued, Dynamitin, Lis1, CLIP170, CLIP115, CLASP1, and CLASP2.

Another MAP whose function has been investigated during cell division is known as XMAP215 (the "X" stands for Xenopus). XMAP215 has generally been linked to microtubule stabilization. During mitosis the dynamic instability of microtubules has been observed to rise approximately tenfold. This is partly due to phosphorylation of XMAP215, which makes catastrophes (rapid depolymerization of microtubules) more likely. In this way the phosphorylation of MAPs plays a role in mitosis.

There are many other proteins which affect microtubule behavior, such as catastrophin, which destabilizes microtubules, katanin, which severs them, and a number of motor proteins that transport vesicles along them. Certain motor proteins were originally designated as MAPs before it was found that they utilized ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo. In general, all these proteins are not considered "MAPs" because they do not bind directly to tubulin monomers, a defining characteristic of MAPs. MAPs bind directly to microtubules to stabilize or destabilize them and link them to various cellular components including other microtubules.

title: Microtubule-associated protein


text:
Coinsins

Coinsins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Coinsins is first mentioned in 1212 as Quinsins. In 1296 it was mentioned as Cuynsins.

Geography
Coinsins has an area,, of 2.9 km2. Of this area, 2.06 km2 or 70.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.44 km2 or 15.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4 km2 or 13.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.04 km2 or 1.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.7% of the area Out of the forested land, 12.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 48.5% is used for growing crops and 7.9% is pastures, while 14.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Nyon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Coinsins became part of the new district of Nyon.

The municipality is located in the hills above Nyon.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, on a Bend Or a Lizard Vert.

Demographics
Coinsins has a population of. , 21.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 8.4%. It has changed at a rate of 3.8% due to migration and at a rate of 5.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (288 or 78.3%), with English being second most common (27 or 7.3%) and German being third (23 or 6.3%). There are 10 people who speak Italian.

The age distribution,, in Coinsins is; 52 children or 13.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 48 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 40 people or 10.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 58 people or 14.7% are between 30 and 39, 65 people or 16.5% are between 40 and 49, and 48 people or 12.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 48 people or 12.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 23 people or 5.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 13 people or 3.3% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 147 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 194 married individuals, 16 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 140 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 35 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 145 households that answered this question, 24.1% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 43 married couples without children, 55 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 60 single family homes (or 62.5% of the total) out of a total of 96 inhabited buildings. There were 19 multi-family buildings (19.8%), along with 12 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (12.5%) and 5 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.2%).

, a total of 134 apartments (85.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 20 apartments (12.8%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.55% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.84%), the LPS Party (17.34%) and the Green Party (14.2%). In the federal election, a total of 113 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.1%.

Economy
, Coinsins had an unemployment rate of 2.9%. , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 92 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 11 businesses in this sector. 84 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 215 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.7% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 174. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 12, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 87 of which 60 or (69.0%) were in manufacturing and 27 (31.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 75. In the tertiary sector; 44 or 58.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 19 or 25.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 7 or 9.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry,.

, there were 129 workers who commuted into the municipality and 162 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 14.0% of the workforce coming into Coinsins are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 12.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.2% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 120 or 32.6% were Roman Catholic, while 165 or 44.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 20 individuals (or about 5.43% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 (or about 0.54% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist. 55 (or about 14.95% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 2.17% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Coinsins about 152 or (41.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 75 or (20.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 75 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.0% were Swiss men, 24.0% were Swiss women, 24.0% were non-Swiss men and 8.0% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 46 students in the Coinsins school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 1,249 children of which 563 children (45.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 32 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 13 students in those schools. There was also 1 student who was home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there was one student in Coinsins who came from another municipality, while 55 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Coinsins


text:
Charleston Farmhouse

Charleston, in East Sussex, is a property associated with the Bloomsbury group, that is open to the public. It was the country home of Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant and is an example of their decorative style within a domestic context, representing the fruition of more than sixty years of artistic creativity. In addition to the house and artists' garden, Charleston hosts a year-round programme of Bloomsbury and contemporary exhibitions in a suite of galleries designed by Jamie Fobert Architects which opened in September 2018. Two restored barns are home to The Threshing Barn café and The Hay Barn where events and workshops are held throughout the year. The Outer Studio at Charleston hosts a permanent display of Bell and Grant's Famous Women Dinner Service, and there is also a shop selling Bloomsbury-inspired art, homeware fabrics, fashion, books and stationery.

Charleston hosts a number of special events throughout the year, most notably the Charleston Festival, which each May invites artists, writers, thinkers and changemakers to discuss the best in art, literature, ideas and politics, past and present, just as the Bloomsbury group did around the Charleston dining table. The house is located in the village of Firle, in the Lewes District of East Sussex, England.

History
In 1916 the artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant moved to Sussex with their unconventional household when Grant, under the terms of his exemption from military service, was employed at a nearby farm together with David Garnett. Over the following half-century Charleston became the country meeting place for the group of artists, writers and intellectuals known as Bloomsbury. Garnett, Clive Bell and Maynard Keynes lived at Charleston for considerable periods; Virginia and Leonard Woolf, E. M. Forster, Lytton Strachey and Roger Fry were frequent visitors. Inspired by Italian fresco painting and the Post-Impressionists, the artists decorated the walls, doors and furniture at Charleston. The walled garden was redesigned in a style reminiscent of southern Europe, with mosaics, box hedges, gravel pathways and ponds, but with a touch of Bloomsbury humour in the placing of the statuary.

"'It's most lovely, very solid and simple, with ... perfectly flat windows and wonderful tiled roofs. The pond is most beautiful, with a willow at one side and a stone or flint wall edging it all round the garden part, and a little lawn sloping down to it, with formal bushes on it.' — Vanessa Bell"

The rooms on show form a complete example of the decorative art of the Bloomsbury artists: murals, painted furniture, ceramics, objects from the Omega Workshops, paintings and textiles. The collection includes work by Auguste Renoir, Picasso, Derain, Matthew Smith, Sickert, Stephen Tomlin (1901–1937) and Eugène Delacroix.

Garden
Charleston's walled garden was created by Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant to designs by Roger Fry. Together they transformed vegetable plots and hen runs, essential to the household during the First World War, into a quintessential planted garden mixing Mediterranean influences with cottage garden planting. In the 1920s a grid of gravel paths gave structure to beds of plants chosen by Grant and Bell for their intense colour and silver foliage. These became the subject of many still lifes over their long residence at Charleston. Dora Carrington wrote of the garden, "Never, never have I seen quite such a wonderful place! ... What excellent things there will be to paint in that garden with the pond and buildings." Part of the garden's sense of luxuriance and surprise comes from the variety of sculpture it contains. Classical forms sit side by side with life-size works by Quentin Bell, mosaic pavements and tile edged pools. The orchard offers shade from the sun and the pond a focus for tranquil contemplation. Above all this was a summer garden for playing and painting, an enchanted retreat from London life. As Vanessa Bell wrote in 1936: "The house seems full of young people in very high spirits, laughing a great deal at their own jokes ... lying about in the garden which is simply a dithering blaze of flowers and butterflies and apples."

Charleston Trust
The Charleston Trust is a charity set up in 1980 to restore and maintain the home of the Bloomsbury Group artists for the benefit of the public. The unique collection at Charleston is illustrative of the art and lifestyle of the influential Bloomsbury Group and has been on show to the public since 1986. Charleston attracts visitors from the local community as well as the rest of the UK and abroad.

In the financial year ending 31 December 2020 the Trust's income was £2,078,352, including £722,303 from five government grants. Expenditure was £612,000 in cost of raising funds, and £683,520 on charitable activities.

Covid-19, emergency appeal, and funding
The COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in 2020 initially had a devastating financial impact on Charleston, which ordinarily receives no public funding, and relies on income through ticket sales and spend in its shop and café. Charleston received £89,293 from the government's Getting Building Fund in November 2020, and £240,542 in July 2021 for a new cycle path and to resurface the access road. This gave rise to criticism, as the access road is reported to be privately owned by the eighth Viscount Gage, who was a Conservative member of the House of Lords until its 1999 reform, and his wife Alexandra Gage, Viscountess Gage.

Charleston closed to the public during the early part of the pandemic, and the charity launched an Emergency Appeal to raise funds. The Farmhouse was open at the end of 2021 following a Historic England grant.

title: Charleston Farmhouse


text:
Talk:Electronic toll collection

Use for Parking
Aren't many of these technologies also used as an easy way of billing customers at parking lots and parking meters? Some text on that would be nice. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 169.237.165.40 (talk • contribs) 22:01, 5 June 2005 (UTC)

Technical Origin
The initial version is described in the summary as a move from Toll road (which is mostly true) but the initial 'graph of the initial revision of the article is largely preserved there as the third 'graph in Toll road, and here in the lead 'graph.

In writing the original version that 'graph, i relied on my misunderstanding of IFF as the aircraft technology. I have recently learned that (despite the similarities) the IFF systems of US tanks were specifically adapted to serve recent years' surge of ETC systems. Thus i am changing "aircraft" to "military" in both places. --Jerzy•t 21:19, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Misplaced ETC material
The original move of material from what has become Toll road to this talk page's article failed to make the lk to here a "Main article" lk, and material suited to this article has continued to accumulate in the other. The ideal time to retrofit such a lk is in the same edit that moves the misplaced material from there. I'm doing neither at this time, in the hope that someone more willing to work extensively on the article will do a better job of integrating the moved material than i eventually will, if it stays at it is too long. --Jerzy•t 21:19, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Toll Collection Systems
There is an inconsistency with this section, namely for Australia. Notice that for each of the other countries the collection systems themselves are mentioned. For Australia, the motorways and freeways are mentioned. The systems include E-Way, E-Tag etc... not the "M4 Motorway". If someone has a complete list of Australian electronic toll collection systems, it would be something to look at updating. Ozzah 12:00, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've created a stub on e-TAG - Transurban came up with it for CityLink in Melbourne, and it has since spread to Sydney after Transurban brought out some roads there. e-TAG appears to called 'Roam' interstate. I'm not sure what systems Sydney and Brisbane used before that. Wongm 01:59, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've corrected information that suggested that the E-Tag only worked in Sydney. 58.105.35.196 (talk) 09:00, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

I believe the reference to the fact that Portugal only implemented this system in 1995 is wrong and should be updated. Via Verde (literally "Green Lane") is an electronic toll collection system used in Portugal since 1991, and extended to every toll in every freeway/motorway and bridge in the country since 1995. Therefore it has been in place well before 1195 as claimed on the article. Due to the widespread use of the Via Verde, it is now being expanded to other areas outside toll fee collecting. Many carparks and some service stations now use it. This system is fully integrated, which means one tag works everywhere. Andresilvacampos (talk) 14:09, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Merging separate ETC system articles together
We have 55 articles in Category:Electronic toll collection, more than half of which are ETC programs, such as E-ZPass or Via Verde. Many of them are filled with cruft, such as tolls on specific roads, monthly fees, who to contact to get a box, how you get discounted tolls, etc. But the premise behind ETC is the same: you get a box/card, you put it in your car, you drive around, and you pay at a different time. I don't think we need nearly 30 articles describing how you get a box/card, put it your car, drive around, and pay at a different time. But, I'm not sure how to remedy this. Aside from needing references, this article is decent as it is today. Could we simply redirect every ETC program article here? Merge them all into a list? By-country lists? –Fredddie™ 04:53, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
 * If we were to do a list, I say we do it by-country. Larger systems, such as E-ZPass, should be allowed an exception to have their own articles.  Dough 48  72  04:58, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
 * E-ZPass could have I-Pass (the Illinois variation) and I-Zoom (the former Indiana variation) merged into it because they are brand names specific to the two states for systems that are interoperable. Other systems could possibly be merged into their toll authority/agency articles.  Imzadi 1979  →   18:59, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
 * My first thought is to merge every specific ETC program into a list in the ETC article. Those systems that have more than one paragraphs of unique information, such as E-ZPass, can retain their own articles. However, perhaps we should do a survey of the articles in the category first. We might find it better to separate the technology and specific applications of that technology. That separation would involve creating a List of electronic toll collection programs to house the programs and maintain the information about the technology, standard procedures, etc., in the Electronic toll collection article. If a particular program has more than two paragraphs of non-unique information, like E-ZPass, it can retain its own article.  V C  23:50, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Electronic toll collection. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090620054529/http://www.illinoistollway.com:80/portal/page?_pageid=133,1392898&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL to http://www.illinoistollway.com/portal/page?_pageid=133,1392898&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090701072724/http://www.illinoistollway.com:80/portal/page?_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_pageid=133,2008701 to http://www.illinoistollway.com/portal/page?_pageid=133,2008701&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:15, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Electronic toll collection. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080309210332/http://www.progress-project.org:80/Progress/rome.html to http://www.progress-project.org/Progress/rome.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120306095431/http://www.cva.gov.mt/ to http://www.cva.gov.mt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080724114417/http://www.transalt.org/campaigns/sensible/congestion/ to http://www.transalt.org/campaigns/sensible/congestion/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:16, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronic toll collection