text:
Talk:Mesa (computer graphics)

Where is it used?
Perhaps some information on where its currently used? (IE practical applications of Mesa that exist)
 * Hmm, maybe we should add a section called Adoption. But it would be either very short: "everywhere" and a hell of a long list. User:ScotXW t@lk 20:51, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

Software only?
I'd like to point out that the single item in the Disadvantages section is incorrect. Mesa started as a software renderer, but it is now used as the OpenGL-compatible frontend on many hardware drivers. OpenGL is more than just an interface to the hardware, it's a complex state machine and it would be pointless for every hardware driver/manufacturer to reimplement the "frontend". The DRI drivers use the Mesa code for their libGL and the parts that need software emulation. Even before DRI, there were a few hardware drivers included in the Mesa source e.g The 3dfx Voodoo I/II drivers. IIRC, Brian Paul even wrote most of Mesa with the intent of one day driving hardware, so adding the hardware drivers was relatively simple. Imroy 13:51, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)

Ok, I finally removed the "Disadvantages" section because no-one else had. It only had one item and it was totally false. Apparently 65.26.235.246 didn't even read the Mesa FAQ when he wrote the original:

1.2 Does Mesa support/use graphics hardware?

Yes. Specifically, Mesa serves as the OpenGL core for the open-source XFree86/DRI OpenGL drivers. See the DRI website for more information.

There have been other hardware drivers for Mesa over the years (such as the 3Dfx Glide/Voodoo driver, an old S3 driver, etc) but the DRI drivers are the modern ones. Imroy July 6, 2005 14:27 (UTC)

Mesa is *not* free software
gNewSense had to remove it, Debian also has a running discussion on it: [], [], [], [] bkil (talk) 16:28, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Of course Mesa is Free and open source software (take a look at this page Debian Packages, it is released under the MIT License. The first link you give is 5 years old, and those refers to XFree86.--190.10.167.48 (talk) 17:47, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The worst part of it all is what you just said: this problem has been known for more than 8 years now! If you gave a look at the links, including the final words up to 2008 (and those referenced from there...), you would understand the full issue, and that it has been on the to-do lists for some time. I repeat: gNewSense has removed all of its 3D support just because of this 'minor' issue. Some of the 'infected' source had spread around Xorg (that's why it's been initially filed at the xfree86 package), but gNewSense has more or less successfully isolated the offending parts. GNU GPL software can only be combined with files using so called GNU compatible licenses, which some of the Mesa sources fail to adhere. To my limited legal understandig, this means that Mesa can not be free software. It could be called open source, if the remaining parts did not use the GPL, but to this point, I'm not sure if the package is legal at all! If you feel the issue has been resolved, please post links to the resolution here, I'm putting the fact tag back until then, if you don't mind. Thank you for your feedback, do keep us posted. bkil (talk) 18:12, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Quote from http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html : SGI Free Software License B, version 1.1 The SGI Free Software License B, although its name says “free”, is not a free software License. [...] bkil (talk) 18:12, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Whatever I said, minus the GPL part. So it might end up being a validly licensed open source (but not free software) package. Sorry, but I'm too tired to sort that out at the moment... bkil (talk) 18:29, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

I've received no response from the given editor, and so I've taken the liberty to insert a sentence on the issue. A similarly passive mentality resulted in the problem being "forgotten" for so many years. And by the way, the first link is not from 5 years ago, you would have noticed that if you had given it a few minutes. bkil (talk) 11:31, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Oops... sorry for that issue with 'its.' :) I'll try to pay more attention next time. bkil (talk) 18:16, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Recently the licensing issues have been resolved, therefore the "not free software" note can be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Potatobackwards (talk • contribs) 18:51, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Splendid! Thank you for the information Potatobackwards. :) I can't wait to see 3D in gNewSense again! ;) They say full negotiations with later contributors to the licensed parts could take a month or so. Maybe we could copy the link you've given to the main article, or even one or more of these:, , ... Or perhaps we could wait until things are settled out. bkil (talk) 17:25, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

GLX?
Can someone say a few words about the relations between Mesa 3D and GLX? Thanks, --Abdull (talk) 13:12, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Done, see Mesa (computer graphics).

Title
Is there a reason the title isn't "Mesa 3D"? —danhash (talk) 13:31, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * +1 Doors5678 (talk) 17:10, 13 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It really should be Mesa 3D ScotXW (talk) 11:10, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, the project's name is "Mesa". For some reason, the project's domain name is mesa3d.org, however. I imagine this is due to mesa.org's unavailability. --Chealer (talk) 18:18, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Bad English, fuzzy meaning
Greetings,

This is my first post to any "talk" page so be kind (even if maybe it seems that I am not).

I just felt compelled to note that the final paragraph in the "History" segment of this article really ought to be rewritten by someone who speaks English. OK, sorry. I don't mean to be a wise-ass. It's just that the verbiage in that paragraph, particularly the first sentence of the paragraph, definitely needs work. I started to try to just simply clean up the English usage in that paragraph myself, but then I realized that I could not effectively do so for the simple reasons that (a) I have little or no knowledge of the subject matter in the first place and also (b) I can't even totally puzzle out what exactly the original author was even _trying_ to say in the paragraph in question. (I can't paraphrase or re-write something that's not even entirely comprehensible in the first place.)

So I guess that the original author is/was trying to say that Mesa is composed of pieces (which he calls "components" in one place and "modules" elsewhere in the same paragraph) and that the interfaces between the pieces are generally stable, and that this fact in turn allows the separate pieces to evolve on their own while still inter-operating with the whole.

Basically, it appears that this entire paragraph is only there so that the author could say (in effect, and three separate times in three separate and different ways) that the parts of Mesa can and have evolved separately.

Separate sub-components and stable internal interfaces are not exactly novel concepts, so I'm kind of left wondering why this aspect of Mesa is even worthy of special mention, let alone why it might best appear in a "History" section, of all places.

As I say, I would be happy to take a whack at revising this paragraph myself, but I thought that I should post here first and see what people who know the subject matter better than I do... which is to say everybody... might have to say.

Rfg-ronbaby (talk) 20:53, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

What does ALSA have to do with Mesa?

 * While the fundraising-campains of Mozilla have been very successful, there are only 3.5 people working full-time on the Linux ALSA audio drivers.

I don't think the above is relevant to this article given that ALSA is for sound drivers and nothing to do with graphics. 86.186.132.36 (talk) 11:34, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Video API implementations

 * 1) The storage of motion pictures, aka video, data can requires huge amount of memory, that is storage space.
 * 2) To avoid that, video data is being compressed before it is being stored.
 * 3) Video codec is the denomination for all the compression algorithms, whether lossless or lossy that are intended to compress video data. But see the sloppy and unmaintained comparison of video codecs-article...
 * 4) the algorithm can be available for free or for a fee; Daala is a royalty-free codec.
 * 5) property rights: the development of such compression algorithms costs money, but AFAIK (User:ScotXW), in most countries of the world, neither the copyright nor the patent right covers algorithm. But albeit from highway robbery, the collection of any royalty fee must be based on some property rights, thus some countries adopted something called software patent. So based upon that, the developers (and patent trolls) collect money. Sometimes this fee is only collected from entities en-coding data. Sometimes entities de-coding have to pay as well. Note that, to avoid all of this fuss, a video compression algorithm could be kept secret and only binary implementation on dongled black-boxes could be distributed to encoders and decoders and the braking of the black-box protection could be forbidden by law.
 * 6) Implementation: an algorithm must be implemented into software, and then this software can be executed on a computer. For one algorithm, there can be numerous software implementations. Any software is subject to copyright, Mesa is published under a free and open-source license. There are implementations of video compression algorithms, that are published under a free and open-source license as well. There are projects, which comprise a lot of implementations. To avoid code duplication, most implementations are written as software libraries.
 * 7) Video players: load libraries to decompress the stored data, this decompressed data is output to the screen. Examples: VLC media player, GNOME Videos, etc.
 * 8) Video container is the denomination of all file formats, that are intended to contain compressed video data and other data. Example: Matroska.
 * 9) Implementation: again, for a program (file browser, video player, video editor) to be able to deal with any file, there must be some software implementation for the file format. A video player used this library to load the file and then the other library to decompress the video data...

The en-coding as well as the de-coding of the data, that is the application of the codec, that is the execution of its implementation, cost huge amount of CPU time, thus some of the operation have either been outsourced to the GPU (this can consume huge amounts of electrical current) or implemented into silicon. For example, the Radeon HD 2600 had so much computation power, that AMD decided to omit the UVD core and as a result, viewing a video on such a graphics cards, requires the hardware driver to implement the codec in software and also consumes a lot more electrical current.

Semiconductor intellectual property core for the decoding:
 * Nvidia PureVideo, to be found on Nvidia products
 * Unified Video Decoder, to be found on ATI and AMD products
 * Intel Quick Sync Video, to be found on Intel products
 * CedarX, on Allwinner Technology products
 * Diamond Video Engine, by Tensilica
 * other

Semiconductor intellectual property core for the encoding:
 * AMD Video Codec Engine
 * Intel Quick Sync Video
 * Nvidia ?
 * other

Available APIs for the decoding or the encoding of videos are:
 * Video Acceleration API, designed by Intel
 * VDPAU, designed by Nvidia
 * X-Video Bitstream Acceleration, designed by AMD
 * Distributed Codec Engine, by Texas Instruments

What are these and how do they relate to Mesa, the video compression codec SIP cores and application software? The Video APIs are meant to simplify access of programs to the Video-related parts of the GPUs. There are more then the three mentioned above, but AFAIK only two are relevant for Mesa. A Video API should related to Video player, as the OpenGL API relates to a game engine. It connects the player to the device driver.

 * http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/mesa-dev/2013-October/046943.html OpenMAX state tracker 2013-10-24
 * VDPAU state tracker
 * UVD: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2014-January/051584.html

Crowdfunding
Is it correct that the development of some code was financed by crowdfunding? See http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTQyMTY User:ScotXW t@lk 20:54, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Done: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/improve-opengl-support-for-the-linux-graphics-drivers-mesa

Regarding Mesa 11.0
On the onset of Mesa 11.0's release, this article needs to accommodate more info about Mesa 11.0. Whether it is something unclear on the talk about Mesa or this article, but I think a section about 11.0 should be added, as well as clarification that later versions of OpenGL won't affect all drivers. Vormeph 20:41, 26 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. The third paragraph under Implementations of rendering APIs could be expanded.  It would be too exhaustive to mention all drivers though and it does not belong in the corresponding table.  Now it seems to imply that other drivers actually support OpenGL 4.2. -- Lightkey (talk) 21:13, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Compact version table
I suggest we compact the version table, dropping al minor (.x) releases. They provide no extra information, because the supported OpenGL, EGL, etc versions are equal across the major release. The result would look like this:

What do you think? Lonaowna (talk) 12:14, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. For a detailed history of all released versions I would suggest to add a "Releases" section with a second table ("Version", "Release date" and "New features" columns) like this or this. --JavierCantero (talk) 14:49, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Why does intel have its own entry in the table? It's not as if all (as a matter of fact, any...) the other drivers supported OpenGL 4.2 ( http://mesamatrix.net ).
 * Also in the case of a separate table, I'd suggest adding the state of each driver. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.32.76.52 (talk) 11:43, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Agree with 147.32.76.52 here and replying to JavierCantero's suggestion from the Vulkan section below, I think the current table should also include every minor Mesa version in which support for any of the other APIs changed, not just OpenGL. -- Lightkey (talk) 20:00, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Vulkan
I reverted the change of Vulkan support in Mesa 11.2 as Jason Ekstrand from intel wrote that it will still need a few weeks and will end up in 11.3 at the earliest, since 11.2 will be branched tomorrow and only bugfixes allowed after that.

I question the inclusion of Vulkan in the API table as well, since there will be no shared libraries between drivers like for the other APIs, which means it's up to each driver to implement Vulkan. -- Lightkey (talk) 16:53, 18 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree. Also, that table is for API versions changes, not for Mesa version changes —new rows should only be added when there's a major version of Mesa like 12. --JavierCantero (talk) 18:41, 18 February 2016 (UTC

OpenSWR
New Software Rasterizer for Cluster with much more Performance.

See http://openswr.org and http://openswr.org/perf.html and actual https://mesamatrix.net For more. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.67.31.234 (talk) 11:06, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

New Version 13.0.1
http://mesa3d.org/relnotes/13.0.1.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.90.229.157 (talk) 19:12, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

New Version 13.0.2 available at git
Today available 13.0.2 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.90.229.183 (talk) 19:10, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

13.0.4 available
13.0.4 available — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:C53F:B9E8:85D9:2504:AD1C:1E67 (talk) 15:43, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Overview of support of Hardware for actual Hardware is not here
So a Table with some Mesa versions, OpenGL Version and Hardware line is a nice new Option.

Same for OpenGL ES Version and new Vulkan.

mesa 17.2
see

http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa-172-features&num=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:C53F:B9E8:256F:74C8:49C0:C961 (talk) 23:19, 29 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Intel Mesa i965 History on xdc2017 Teamleader Nasri
See

https://www.x.org/wiki/Events/XDC2017/nasri_mesa.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:C53F:B9E8:D54B:B274:9D38:538C (talk) 18:47, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

End of Bugfix in 17.3 extended to 17.3.9 in calendar
End of Bugfix in 17.3 actual extended to 17.3.9 in calendar Of project — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.90.228.26 (talk) 10:45, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Stable Release is 1*.0.1 and Last preview is 1*.0.0
See Text in 18.0.0 and or 17.0.0 or 17.0.1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:C53F:B9E8:C0BA:6AEB:67C7:BC7D (talk) 17:09, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Next actual stable is 18.3.1 not 18.3.0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.223.153.172 (talk) 22:01, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

New Table of support of different Hardware in Mesa with latest Version possible
Table should be

Hardware firm like Intel Line like Haswell Version Mesa like 18.0 Supported Version OpenGL here 4.5

Same for OpenGL ES and Vulkan and the other api.

1st Source of info about this is https://people.freedesktop.org/~imirkin/glxinfo/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:C53F:B9E8:741C:E0A5:AD9C:3E92 (talk) 10:55, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

And mesamatrix

Is this edit intentional?
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesa_%28computer_graphics%29&diff=prev&oldid=1013404435 It seems to either have some bad typos or be written by someone who mostly speaks german. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.27.77.211 (talk) 09:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Updating Some Very wrong code that is flowing though a server environment.
een looking for a good place to ocument issues within a server whether it be long running source code, or improper use of Apache licensing for wearbles and near by devices. Frm blink ccessibility issues t improper data removal and manpulation. Idealbrocolli (talk) 23:58, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Microsoft Dozen supports OpenGL 4.5 in Mesa 24.0
See

https://www.phoronix.com/news/OpenGL-4.5-D3D12-Mesa

and mesamatrix. 2A02:6D40:34BF:4001:3055:5E84:CA88:68EB (talk) 12:25, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Preview release infobox field screwed up
The infobox field for preview release screwed up. No idea on how to fix. Any help is welcome. NasssaNsertalk 14:26, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Fixed by setting preferred rank to the latest RC. NasssaNsertalk 11:24, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesa (computer graphics)


text:
Sarinda (instrument)

A Sarinda or Saranda is a stringed folk musical instrument from North and Eastern India and Pakistan, similar to the Sarangi, lutes, and the fiddle.

The Sarinda is played with a bow and is crafted from a single wooden block, and features three playable strings, consisting of two steel strings and one made from gut, along with a total of thirty-six sympathetic strings. These strings cascade down a slender waist and traverse an oval-shaped resonating chamber, which is partially adorned with animal skin. It is played while sitting on the ground in a vertical orientation.

History
The Sarinda was first introduced to the Sikhs by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan, who used to play it while performing kirtan.

Regional variations
The Sarangi and Nepali sarangi are similar to the Saranda. The Bodos call it Serja or Serenja. In 2022, it was awarded a Geographical indication (GI) certificate.

Usage
Several ethnic groups of India, e.g. Bauls of Bengal, Punjabi people, the folk artists of Rajasthan, the Bodo of Assam, and the related Twiprasa of Tripura, use the sarinda in their traditional music and dance. It is the sole accompaniment for a soloist or group folk singer(s).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarinda (instrument)


text:
Talk:José M. Hernández

Spelling of first name
José Hernández's name is spelled wrong for the title of the page. His name is José, not Jose. Could a Wiki editor correct this? Thank you. SpaceHistory101 (talk) 16:58, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You are correct. His official NASA bio reads as per your post. I will move the page if possible. Cheers, --Morenooso (talk) 06:24, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Mercian national?
Under the heading NASA Career it says:

"Although not the first Mercian national to go into space, this will occur when the space station requires a new roof and dents removed."

As far as I can tell this is a nonsense phrase and should just be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.0.67.34 (talk) 18:29, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Move of José M. Hernández to Jose Hernandez (astronaut and politician)
This biographical entry contains 17 links to news items about the former astronaut and Congressional candidate. Every one of the items references him as "Jose Hernandez" and none as "José Hernández" or "José M. Hernández". Reference 9 is a link to subject's own Spanish-language tweet, while reference 12 is a link to his English-language tweet, with both Twitter pages listing him as "Jose Hernandez". Most importantly, his own campaign website (reference 13) lists him as "Jose Hernandez" (no accents and no "M."). In fact, there is only one entry which lists him as "José M. Hernández" (the next-to-last "External link": "NASA Biographical Data"), while the last "External link": a non-NASA, privately-created site, "SPACEFACTS: Biographies of U.S. Astronauts", lists him as "Hernández, José Moreno". It should also be noted that even NASA's own announcement of his departure, "Astronaut Jose Hernandez Leaves NASA" (reference 1) references him without the accents and the middle initial. Finally regarding the purportedly "outdated" qualifier "(astronaut)", as we can see from reference 14, "Candidate challenged over 'astronaut' title" and reference 15, "Judge: Jose Hernandez can be 'astronaut' on ballot", the candidate, himself, insists that his description as "astronaut/scientist/engineer" is not outdated and the judge agreed.—Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 03:42, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

He can't be the first person to use Spanish in space
Given the fact that Pedro Duque, a Spanish astronaut, took part in mission STS-95 in 1998, it's very unlikely that "Hernandez became the first person to use the Spanish language in space" in 2009. Maybe that sentence should be re-written to state "Hernández became the first person to use the Spanish language on social media from space". What do you think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acalpixca (talk • contribs) 10:12, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * If you can find evidence or some sort of citations which state that Duque used it, more than happy to alter Hernandez's page. After all, it seems as though logically Duque must have spoken Spanish at some point, but we need verifiable information stating such instead of speculation.  I've reverted the line re: Hernandez's use and have added further sources to corroborate the current claim as it relates to Hernandez. GauchoDude (talk) 15:36, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:José M. Hernández


text:
Yves Lessard

Yves Lessard (born January 2, 1943) is a Canadian politician. From 2001 to 2004, Lessard served as a city councillor in Saint-Basile-le-Grand, Quebec. In the 2004 Canadian federal election he was elected into the House of Commons of Canada as the Bloc Québécois candidate in Chambly—Borduas.

Born in Barville, Quebec, a businessman and union adviser, Lessard was the Bloc critic of Human Resources and Skills Development.

He was defeated in the 2011 election by Matthew Dubé of the New Democratic Party.

Chambly—Borduas
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

title: Yves Lessard


text:
Talk:Black triangle

There is already a Spanish version of the article but I don't know how to add it to the kist of languages on the left. Could you add it for me?
 * YurikBot will add it automatically. --logixoul 22:01, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I added it, rather than waiting for a bot to do so. You can look at the page source, near the bottom, to see the syntax. --Mairi 05:26, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

black triangle
does inverted mean pointing up? by inverted do we mean the nazi badge is inverted so it points up to rebel against acceptance?

 * No, an inverted triangle is one with the apex pointing down. - Nunh-huh 06:45, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

in game development
"Black triangle" is a game industry term for reaching a milestone where the substantial code underpinnings are done but there is little visible result. e.g. The team has completed the full rendering pipeline which may involve thousands of lines of code, but the output of the first test of the pipeline results in nothing more than a single black triangle on the screen.

This is strongly related to "bottom up" design. It is also a common point of contention between developers and publishers, as non-engineers are often unable to understand the significance of a black triangle event. Publishers may become unduly concerned about milestone schedules and risk canceling the project because of a lack of visible output. The developer on the other hand feels frustrated because they are aware that large portions of the game are substantially complete and feel that the publisher is ignoring the significance of the work finished. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14.228.19 (talk) 23:43, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black triangle


text:
Taine Randell

Taine Randell (born 5 November 1974) is a retired New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a versatile loose forward and captained the All Blacks between 1996 and 1999.

In his 61-game tenure as an All Black, Randell played 51 tests, including 22 as captain. He also captained Otago in the National Provincial Championship (NPC) at the age of 19. His All Black debut was versus Italy 'A' at the age of 20, and his test debut versus Fiji, age 22. In his time as an All Black he scored 12 tries for a total of 60 points.

Early career
Randell excelled as a rugby player, cricketer, and student at Lindisfarne College near Hastings and represented the First XV from the age of 14. In 1992 he went to the University of Otago where he completed degrees in law and commerce. He played for the University of Otago, Dunedin Metropolitan Colts and at the age of 17 years 5 months was picked by the Otago Coach Gordon Hunter for Otago in the National Provincial Championship. In 1993 he became the youngest player ever to captain Otago at age 19 years 152 days. In 1994 he moved to the Dunedin Rugby Football Club and was chosen for the New Zealand Colts as Captain. He played for the Otago Highlanders in 1996 in the opening season of the Super 14

Randell played his first game for the All Blacks in 1995 against an Italy A selection.

Randell was 21 when he first captained the All Blacks in South Africa in 1996 in four non-test games and only 23 when he first captained the All Blacks vs England in 1998. Randell was selected as captain to replace Sean Fitzpatrick by new coach John Hart. At the time there was some controversy about this selection as Randell was quite young and inexperienced and it is not clear that he himself wanted to be captain.

In 1999, Randell captaining the Otago Highlanders to an 8–3 regular season record and subsequently to the 1999 Super 12 Final where they lost to the Canterbury Crusaders in a closely fought match 24–19. Randell captained the Highlanders for seven years from 1997 to 2003.

Randell's low moment came during the 1999 Rugby World Cup where he led the team during the defeat to France in the semi-final. Randell left New Zealand to spend a month in Florida in the United States to get away from the negative media spotlight.

After this defeat, Todd Blackadder became captain, although Randell retained his place in the team for 2000–2002.

Later career
When John Mitchell and Robbie Deans took over the coaching of the All Blacks from Wayne Smith and Tony Gilbert in October 2001 Randell was dropped from the All Blacks. He missed all of the 2002 Tri-Nations series, but after his form in the 2002 Super 12 season earned him a recall to captain the All Blacks on the end of the year tour of England, France and Wales. The tour resulted in one win against Wales (his last test as Captain), a draw with France, and a loss to England. During the tour Randell raised his test appearances past 50. He continued to play for the Highlanders, but left New Zealand before the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

On leaving New Zealand, Randell relocated with his family to Central London. He signed with the English Premier League team Saracens Rugby Club in August 2003. He retired at the end of their 2005–2006 season, despite offers from Saracens to return to play for 2006–07.

Post rugby career
Randell pursued a career in finance and was a successful commodity broker in London from mid-2006 through to October 2008. He also became a part owner in the big easy on the Kings Road.

Randell since 2010 became director of the Kahungunu Asset Holding Company, including a stake in the Fiordland Lobster Company, the country's largest exporter of live crayfish, marketed under its KiwiLobster brand.

Personal life
Randell was born in Hastings, New Zealand, and is of Ngāti Kahungunu and Waikato Tainui descent. He is married to Jo Edwards, and they have two sons and a daughter. At the end of 2008, the family returned to Havelock North, New Zealand.

title: Taine Randell


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Talk:Cynicism (philosophy)/Archive 1

separate articles
The modern usage of the term "cynic" is fairly clearly divorced from the ancient philosophical school. They should retain separate articles, since they are very much separate ideas. (anon)

I removed the merger template because the ancient school of philosophy is too different from the current meaning of the word, as also described by anon here. Andries 10:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

""A cynic is one who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing." --Oscar Wilde" should not appear on Cynic (school of philosophy) page as it clearly refers to the modern definition of cynicism, not the philosophical school.

 * I would think that a discussion that bridges to the evolution to the modern usage would be essential in making this a really useful article. When a reader encounters a definition that is 180 degrees removed from the general understanding of the term, that merits some explanation.  Douglas Brown.

POV
The last two paragraphs have a lot of POV. "Cynicism must be regarded"…"its defective psychology, its barren logic, its immature technique"…"two great and necessary truths"…"it is necessary to point out two flaws"…"separate the wheat from the chaff"…"a saner and more comprehensive meaning" and so forth. That's all from 1911 Brittanica, right? Anyway, they should be rewritten.

 * Yet another 1911 Brittanica orphan. Same thing on Potemkin. Needs a rewrite. -- Yossarian [[Image:Soviet Canuckistan Flag.PNG|30px|]] 05:29, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. It still lacks citations for the opinionated phrase "defective psychology, barren logic, and immature technique", though.

cynicism and the will
In the sections 'Antisthenes' and 'Supporters', I found two passages troubling: "The ordinary pleasures of life were for them not merely negligible but positively harmful inasmuch as they interrupted the operation of the will" and "Cynicism emphasizes two principles: [...] the autocracy of the will.". Is it not the case that the concept of the 'will' is derived from Christian doctrine (Augustine, etc.) and that there is no equivalent word in the Greek? If I am not mistaken, it would be quite inappropriate to use the concept of the 'will' in articulating Antisthenes cynicism. EmileNoldeSinclair 00:33, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

values and possessions
I read a greek play... or was it a poem... (I have (obviously) forgotten the name of both the work and its author, otherwise I might have added this to the article) where several dead people are on the ferry to the underworld when it springs a leak. Everybody must throw all their possessions overboard at first, but it's not enough, it gets to be fairly esoteric. The philosopher must throw his wisdom and his large words overboard, the strongman must throw his muscles overboard, the lawmaker his morals, etc. However, the cynic has nothing to throw overboard. The ferryman values this greatly, and gives him the honor of taking away the possessions of the others. It's rather strange. If anyone knows the name of this play/poem/piece, please tell me. I'm sure I (or you) can find something to add to the article... even if it is just an addition to the 'cynics in literature' section — Preceding unsigned comment added by oneoverzero (talk • contribs)

Tells me about the who, not about the what
This is a problem with articles on wikipedia sometimes. They explain who was involved, and who thought what, but don't explain the concept itself. :-/

--Kim Bruning 06:28, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite of this page.
I answered the call to "Clean Up" this page. I'm supposed to document what I've done here. Basically, I rewrote the entire thing from scratch, except, I think, the very first sentence, and I think I adopted a couple of sentences for the "Cynicism in the Roman World" section. I kept the external links, but I did remove a section on Cynicism in Literature, which had nothing to do with ancient Cynicism.

The stuff about Antisthenes which was here before I moved to the Antisthenes page, (but even then, I cut out a middle section, which seemed too opinionated for my liking - like a lot of these Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 articles.)

Anyway, it's hardly perfect, but I hope this page is bit better now. Singinglemon 00:15, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

GA pass
I find that this article meets the Good Article criteria. A few further comments can be found at my review. Shimeru (talk) 03:03, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

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Colorado State Highway 82

State Highway 82 (SH 82) is an 85.3 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado. Its western half provides the principal transportation artery of the Roaring Fork Valley on the Colorado Western Slope, beginning at Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) in Glenwood Springs southeast past Carbondale, Basalt and Aspen. From there it continues up the valley to cross the Continental Divide at Independence Pass. On the Eastern Slope, it follows Lake Creek past some of Colorado's highest mountains to Twin Lakes Reservoir, where it ends at US 24 south of Leadville.

At 12095 ft above sea level, the traverse of Independence Pass is the highest paved crossing of the Continental Divide in North America, and the highest paved through road on Colorado's state highway network. The pass is closed during the winter months, isolating Aspen from the east and making Highway 82 the only way to reach the popular ski resort town by road. A private foundation has worked with the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), which maintains the road, to undo environmental damage to the alpine tundra created when a disused stagecoach route built across the pass during the Colorado Silver Boom of the 1880s became Highway 82 in the early 20th century.

West of Aspen the highway follows the route of an early Colorado Midland Railroad route from the city to Glenwood Springs. Paved during the 1930s, this road has been gradually expanded to four lanes over the course of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The increased traffic resulting from Aspen's economic rebirth as a resort town has required high-occupancy vehicle lanes, bypasses and the replacement of at least one old bridge. More improvements are planned for both Aspen and Glenwood Springs.

Route description
From its western terminus to Aspen, Highway 82 is a four-lane road, frequently divided. As it leaves Aspen, it narrows to two lanes and remains that way to its eastern terminus. Two sets of gates on either side of Independence Pass allow the road to be closed in winter.

Glenwood Springs to Carbondale
Highway 82 begins at Exit 116 from I-70 in Glenwood Springs, just 300 ft east of the Roaring Fork's confluence with the Colorado River. It follows Laurel Street north for one block, then turns east on Sixth Street for another block, after which it turns south on Grand Avenue. From there it crosses both I-70 and the Colorado River on a viaduct past the train station into downtown Glenwood Springs. It continues south through blocks of small-scale dense urban development to 14th Street. Glenwood Springs High School is on the west just past the intersection heralds the end of downtown. For two blocks the land around the road becomes a commercial strip with large parking lots. At Hyland Park on the east just afterwards, the land across the road is devoted to larger houses on larger lots. Strip development resumes on the west side south of 19th Street, two blocks west of Valley View Hospital. At 23rd Street, Highway 82 turns southeast to follow South Glen Avenue, paralleling the adjacent Rio Grande rail trail. Development along the highway becomes predominantly commercial, and south of 27th Street a continuous strip begins on the east side as the valley narrows. After passing Rosebud Cemetery on the west side, Highway 82 turns more to the southeast and draws alongside the Roaring Fork as it reaches the city limits.

Following the river's bend, the road returns to its southern heading as most development focuses around Glenwood Springs Municipal Airport on the opposite bank. At its next easterly turn, the landscape around the road becomes more rural, with farms and golf courses appearing. The terrain remains generally level, at about 6000 ft above sea level.

A mile south of the airport, at a signalized intersection with Old State Route 82, the road divides. Highway 82 turns eastward again, returning to its southerly heading after another mile when Spring Valley Road turns off to the Glenwood Springs campus of Colorado Mountain College in the mountains to the north. A half-mile (1 km) beyond that junction, at the headquarters of the Garfield County Road and Bridge District, the highway begins a long stretch with a southerly heading. After two miles, the road bends to the southeast amidst a valley with occasional subdivisions. Two more miles down the highway, at a rest area, Highway 82 turns east as it enters the city of Carbondale across the river. A mile from the rest area, a traffic signal controls the intersection with State Highway 133, the only other state highway to intersect 82 for its entire length. From Carbondale, Highway 133 leads south to Redstone and McClure Pass along the valley of a tributary of the Roaring Fork, the Crystal River. To the south the 12953 ft Mount Sopris dominates the view.

Carbondale to Aspen
A mile east of Highway 133, the valley floor widens, filled with farms and subdivisions as the road gently trends to the south. 5 mi east of Carbondale, Highway 82 crosses into Eagle County. Subdivisions begin to increase in the surrounding valley and the road soon turns to the south again as it passes a built-up area and then crosses the Roaring Fork. A mile and a half after that Highway 82 crosses the Roaring Fork, and then enters Pitkin County at the small unincorporated community of Emma.

Basalt is one mile due east. The intersection with Basalt Avenue, the main route into that town from Highway 82, has a signal. Between Glenwood Springs and Basalt, Highway 82 climbs 600 ft in elevation. As it alternately tracks southeast and south over the next 16 mi towards Aspen, it begins to climb more noticeably and the valley narrows. Development becomes less dense, with many small ranches located aside the road and along the river. 3 mi south of Basalt, after another crossing of the Roaring Fork, the right lanes in both directions are marked with diamonds indicating they are high-occupancy vehicle lanes during peak hours. The median is soon replaced with a guardrail, then a brief retaining wall where the eastbound roadway is slightly elevated.

The ascent continues near Woody Creek. As Aspen–Pitkin County Airport appears on the west of the road, 3 mi south of Woody Creek, the roadways merge as development around the highway increases.

Beyond the airport, Highway 82 turns due south. It bends to the southeast to cross the new Maroon Creek Bridge, with the original, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, immediately to its south. At this point, with a golf course on the north side, the Aspen city limit begins to follow the road, and by the time it goes through a roundabout and passes the Holden/Marolt Mining and Ranching Museum to the south it is fully in the city of Aspen. Another stream crossing, Castle Creek, brings the highway into the developed portion of the city.

Aspen to Independence Pass
From Basalt, Highway 82 has climbed 1300 ft. It levels out at Aspen, entering the city's residential West End along West Hallam Street. A block east of Castle Creek, it turns south on North Seventh Street; the intersection's southwest corner has been rounded to smooth the traffic flow, leaving a triangular traffic island in the middle of the road. Two blocks further south, at another intersection with a rounded corner, SH 82 turns east to follow West Main Street across Aspen. Five blocks east, at Garmisch Street, it becomes East Main Street. The buildings gradually change from residential to commercial, and at Mill Street Highway 82 passes one of Aspen's major landmarks, the Hotel Jerome, also listed on the National Register. Two blocks further is another listed landmark, the Pitkin County Courthouse, between Galena and Hunter streets.

After the Spring Street intersection another two blocks past the courthouse, Main Street curves to the south, narrowing in the process. It is now a two-lane road. Two blocks to the south, SH 82 turns east again to follow East Cooper Avenue, crossing the Roaring Fork again after another two blocks. The highway curves southward, leaving Aspen three-quarters of a mile (1.1 km) further east.

The valley narrows into a canyon as the road begins to climb again, closely hugging the north wall. 4 mi east of the city, just past Targert Lake Road, it passes the gates where the road is closed in wintertime. Past this point development along the road abates as most of the land alongside the road is part of White River National Forest. On the north side of the road are some of Aspen's more popular climbing cliffs; on the south side are many small parking areas for trailheads, campgrounds, and popular swimming holes along the Roaring Fork like Devil's Punchbowl.

There are several short sections where past rockslides have forced the road to narrow to one lane. Access is controlled via traffic lights. The remaining log cabins and other structures of the ghost town of Independence, also listed on the National Register, are visible in the valley below at 13.5 mi east of Aspen. Shortly afterwards, Highway 82 crosses the Roaring Fork for the last time, a few miles below its source at Independence Lake. The road then turns along the canyon's headwall to the south. After a switchback to the north, it climbs above tree-line and into the high-elevation alpine tundra landscape of Independence Pass, 19 mi from Aspen.

Independence Pass to Twin Lakes
The road levels out to a parking area on the south side. A U.S. Forest Service sign indicates the Continental Divide and gives the elevation as 12095 ft. The Divide also marks the Lake County line. A paved path leads to a scenic overlook with views to Mount Elbert (14440 ft) and La Plata Peak (14336 ft), respectively the highest and fifth-highest peaks in Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. An old road leads south along the ridge to summits to the south. Beyond the pass, the road descends through three more long switchbacks to the floor of the Lake Creek valley. From there it heads south at first but quickly curving to the east. As it assumes that heading it passes the other set of gates, just west of the very small settlement of Everett, near where Lake Creek's North Fork joins the main stream.

From there the road heads east for the next four miles, passing trailheads for both of the fourteeners on either side and other San Isabel National Forest facilities. Just before the creek widens and empties into Twin Lakes Reservoir, the road curves quickly to the south and then heads more to the northeast along the lake shore. A mile past that bend Highway 82 reaches the small community of Twin Lakes, also listed on the National Register as a historic district as an early tourist town.

The highway continues northeast for another mile beyond Twin Lakes and then turns east, with a continuous view of the lakes on the south. Shortly past this turn, the Colorado Trail crosses the road and then runs closely parallel to it along the south side. Forest Service roads go down that direction to access points along the lake. After another mile, Highway 82 turns southeast for its next mile. Below the lakes' outlet, it crosses Lake Creek for the last time and then ends at US 24 18 mi from Independence Pass and just below the confluence of the creek and the Arkansas River. Leadville is 16 mi to the north; in the opposite direction it is 21 mi to Buena Vista.

Independence Pass closures and restrictions
Because of the high altitude of Independence Pass, winter weather there begins well before the season itself starts. The snow falls deep through the season, and remains so throughout the spring. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) therefore closes the gates at both ends of the 24 mi stretch of Highway 82 leading over the pass during those months. Typically it is closed by November 7 or the first significant winter snowfall, if that comes earlier. The pass is usually reopened just before Memorial Day weekend at the end of May after CDOT has cleared the snowpack and repaired the road. Some years when the snowfall has been lighter, the reopening has occurred several weeks earlier.

The narrow roadway, switchbacks, steep 6% grades and steep, sometimes unguarded dropoffs on either approach to the pass have also led CDOT to post 10 mph advisory speeds at the turns. Some types of vehicles are banned from the pass year-round. Oversized and overweight vehicles are prohibited, as well as any vehicle or vehicle combinations longer than 35 ft. As a practical matter this includes tractor trailers, buses and recreational vehicles.

Some truck drivers have used the pass despite the prohibition. They are generally either unaware of the restriction and following routes plotted by their GPS devices, or aware of it and willing to risk the fine for the sake of the time and distance saved. The resulting accidents have forced the closure of the pass. CDOT has put in larger signs advising drivers of the ban and worked with GPS device manufacturers so their software notes the restriction. Aspen officials have suggested the fines be increased as well.

Independence Pass is popular with bicyclists, and since 2011 it has been on the route of the USA Pro Cycling Challenge around Colorado. Racers cross the pass during a 131 mi stage from Gunnison to Aspen. The highway is closed for the race from its western terminus to the end of the stage.

History
Both halves of the road trace their origins to the early days of Aspen's settlement in the 1880s during the Colorado Silver Boom. Prospectors who had missed out on the earlier mining boom that built Leadville began to head west, drawn by reports of vast untapped silver deposits in the Roaring Fork Valley just beyond the Continental Divide. They began crossing what was then known as Hunter Pass, in defiance of an order from Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin not to do so until the federal government had negotiated a peace treaty with the Ute people.

1879–1888: Precursor routes to Aspen
The future eastern half of Highway 82 came first, as a rough path over Independence Pass that soon reached Aspen. A private company improved it into a toll road for stagecoaches, open year-round. The city's rapid growth fostered a race to make the first rail connection, which displaced the toll road as the primary route to Aspen within a decade. Later, the railroad's right-of-way would serve as the basis for the highway.

Stage road over Independence Pass
On July 4, 1879, the settlement of Independence was established just west of the pass, taking its name from the Independence Day holiday, and soon lending it to the pass among other natural features in the area. Independence's gold deposits were quickly opened by miners. By the following year the Twin Lakes and Roaring Fork Toll Company had improved the path through the pass, which followed a route close to Highway 82's present alignment, to the point that horses could make the trip. The company's goal was to continue down the valley and connect to some existing mining camps such as Ashcroft. Miners had preferred to take a longer route there from Leadville, via Cottonwood and Taylor passes to the south. A viable route over Independence Pass would shorten that journey by 40 mi.

Settlement continued to follow the river down the valley. At the confluence with Castle Creek, the valley widened and offered a flood plain conducive to the development of a town. The slopes of the surrounding mountains proved to have the silver deposits the prospectors had anticipated, and very soon the mining camp became a small city, named Aspen after the trees that filled the surrounding forests. It grew rapidly, becoming the seat of the newly created Pitkin County, named after the governor its earliest settlers had disobeyed by coming there.

With more and more people coming to Aspen, a better road from the east was needed. An early investor in the city, B. Clark Wheeler, put up the money needed to improve the path over the pass to a stage road. It opened in November 1881, just as winter was beginning. The tolls, 25 cents for saddle horses and twice that for stages ($0 and $0 in modern dollars respectively) were primarily spent hiring a large crew of men who kept the pass clear in winter with snowshovels. They were able to keep the road through the pass open during its first five winters. In deep enough snow passengers switched to sleighs; in summer, dogs ran in advance to warn oncoming traffic through the pass itself as the stages took the switchbacks at full speed. It usually took a stage 10–25 hours and five changes of horses to reach Aspen from Twin Lakes.

Rail routes from Glenwood Springs
The road over the pass was barely capable of handling the massive amounts of silver ore coming out of Aspen's mines. At first they had to be taken to Leadville by mule train to be smelted. Plants were built in the city soon afterwards, but it was still difficult and expensive to transport the silver obtained. The market was growing in the wake of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the U.S. government to buy the metal on a regular basis.

A railroad link to Aspen was therefore likely to be highly profitable, and two railroads, the Colorado Midland and the Denver & Rio Grande Western, hoped to be the first. In the early 1880s, however, neither seemed able to do so. The Midland was a paper railroad with no money to build anything. The Rio Grande was building, but too quickly, forcing it into receivership. Financially cautious from its recent troubles, it chose not to build to Aspen despite its president's enthusiasm for the project.

New leadership at both companies started the race to Aspen. James John Hagerman joined the Midland in 1885, refreshing the company coffers with his mining fortune. A year later the railroad had laid 250 mi of track from Colorado Springs to Leadville and crossed the Continental Divide via the Hagerman Tunnel, then the world's highest. It got to Glenwood Springs and began working its way up the valley to Aspen.

David Moffat became the Rio Grande's president in 1885 and persuaded the company's other executives to go ahead with the Aspen connection. To overcome the Midland's lead, they built a narrow-gauge line on the north side of the Roaring Fork, today the route of the Rio Grande Trail. Both the gauge and the elimination of the Maroon Creek crossing, which was causing complications for the Midland, saved considerable time, and the Rio Grande managed to bring the first train to Aspen in October 1887. Working through the winter, the Midland finished the Maroon Creek Bridge and got its standard gauge line into Aspen five months later.

1889–1926: Abandonment and reuse as state highway
The opening of the rail connections was a death blow to the stage road. Gold production in Independence had declined sharply after 1884, and many of the town's early settlers had moved down the valley to Aspen. With the corresponding reduction in stage traffic and tolls, the Twin Lakes and Roaring Fork Toll Company could not afford to keep the road clear over the winter of 1886. Two years later, after the railroads began service, the company folded and abandoned the road. Independence itself met the same fate a decade later when its remaining population decamped to Aspen during the severe winter of 1899, leaving its buildings standing as a ghost town (one remaining resident lingered until 1920).

On the other side of Aspen, the railroads initially enjoyed great success. The Rio Grande line was upgraded to standard gauge in 1890, and for the next several years both it and the Midland were at capacity. But when the Panic of 1893 began, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, instantly collapsing the silver market. Many Aspen mines closed, and miners left the city for new boomtowns like Cripple Creek. The ensuing decades saw a steady decline in Aspen's population, a period referred to as the "quiet years" of the city's history. There was still enough mining to keep the railroads busy, but not for long. In 1897 the Midland went bankrupt. It continued operating, and a new company formed under the same name to take over. In 1919 Smuggler Mine, the city's largest and oldest, shut down most of its operations and several others closed. The second Midland again succumbed to bankruptcy; there was no second resurrection. Its tracks and right-of-way, including the bridges, were abandoned.

They soon reverted to state ownership. The Colorado Highway Commission used them to realize plans it had made a decade earlier, when it first designated the future Highway 82 through the Roaring Fork Valley. With the Midland's tracks unused, it now had a graded route that could easily be adapted for highway purposes.

1927–1961: Conversion to highway
Before developing the route west of Aspen, the state turned its attention the other way. In 1927 it rebuilt the old stage road over Independence Pass to Twin Lakes and designated it part of Highway 82, closing it in winters to avoid the maintenance costs. Most of it followed the original route; however in some places it deviated. The largest section of the original remains 3 mi below the pass on the east approach. The foundation of the gatekeeper's house remains, as well as some of the original toll gate.

During the Depression, the state sought to ease unemployment through public works projects as an economic stimulus. It applied this to the new Highway 82. First it converted the Maroon Creek Bridge for automotive traffic by widening it with a timber deck, which was then paved and supported with outriggers. In 1937, 4 mi between Glenwood Springs and Carbondale was paved; the remainder of the road to Aspen was oiled the following year.

It had been the hope that the improvements in the valley's road transportation would benefit the remaining mines. While the ranchers were able to get their products to market faster, the new road would catalyze Aspen's economic revival in an industry that had not existed when the Depression began: recreational downhill skiing. As Highway 82 was being improved, skiing enthusiasts from both the U.S. and Central Europe were cutting trails and building a primitive ski lift on the mountain south of town. The 1940 census recorded an increase in Aspen's population, the first in a half-century.

Further development was halted during the war years afterward, although the Tenth Mountain Division, which trained at nearby Camp Hale, came to appreciate Aspen and its skiing. Many of them came back to Aspen after the war, helping to expand and staff the ski resort. Coincidentally, Walter Paepcke, head of the Container Corporation of America, visited Aspen with his wife Elizabeth in the late 1940s, and found it an ideal place to establish a music festival they were planning. He invested heavily in the city's redevelopment, and people began coming to Aspen again to live, work and play. While the Rio Grande's trains still ran, many new visitors and arrivals preferred to drive.

1962–2000: Expansion
By 1960 the population of Pitkin County had increased by 44 percent, the second-fastest growth rate on the Western Slope. The Aspen Skiing Company built two additional resorts, Buttermilk and Snowmass, to the west, contributing to traffic on the highway. In 1962 the Colorado Department of Highways, began a 12-year project to expand Highway 82 to four lanes between Glenwood Springs and Carbondale. The Maroon Creek Bridge was widened in 1963 to handle its increased traffic.

On the east, the road over Independence Pass was paved in 1967. The Rio Grande discontinued passenger train service to Aspen in 1969. It was soon replaced the next year, when the completion of Interstate 70 through Glenwood Canyon connected the western terminus of Highway 82 to the larger Interstate Highway System.

In the 1980s, it became apparent that four lanes at the western end was not enough. Several safety improvement areas were identified and projects implemented.

In 1988, the Basalt bypass opened and Route 82 was realigned. The old alignment between the eastern and western borders of the town became Colorado State Highway 82 Business (SH 82 Bus.).

At the end of the decade, the Independence Pass Foundation (IPF) was formally incorporated in Aspen. Its founder, environmental activist Bob Lewis, had been organizing efforts to revegetate the slopes alongside Highway 82 going up to the pass, in order to repair damage that had been done the road's construction. In cooperation with the Highway Department, the U.S. Forest Service and the county, the IPF rebuilt a curve along the road near the Weller Lake trailhead that year.

Safety improvements continued in the 1990s. A five-mile (8 km) stretch just west of Aspen was resurfaced in 1991. A special skid-resistant treatment was added to the areas that receive no sun in the winter due to shade from Shale Bluffs. The next year, in 1992, three two-year projects began expanding Highway 82 to four lanes between Carbondale and Basalt, including the new bypass. An old truss bridge near Wingo Junction was replaced in 1995; it was followed over the remainder of the decade by widening most of the remaining sections between Basalt and Aspen. At the Maroon Creek Bridge outside Aspen, a pedestrian bridge was built to the north to take foot traffic off the older bridge in an effort to relieve congestion.

The high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes were designated in 1998. When they opened, they were the first anywhere in a rural area of Colorado. In a departure from the usual practice, the diamonds were painted in the right lanes rather than the left, so that Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (RFTA) buses could get to and from their stops more easily.

East of Aspen, the IPF began holding its annual Ride for the Pass bicycle race fundraiser in 1994. The race has been held almost every year since on the weekend before CDOT opens the pass. It follows a 9.5 mi course from the gate to Independence. Two years after the first one the IPF began the project Lewis had always envisioned for it—restoring the Top Cut, the 1.5 mi section just below the pass on the east, where the environmental damage, especially erosion, had always been most evident.

2000–present: New Bridges
In the new century CDOT began the projects that would complete the four-lane expansion. It took one year to finish the expansion from Aspen Airport Business Center to Buttermilk. Three years later, in 2004, the section in Snowmass Canyon was expanded to four lanes at a cost of $100 million.

Highway 82 was now a four-lane road all the way from Glenwood Springs to Aspen. But that traffic still had to narrow to two lanes to cross the Maroon Creek Bridge at the latter city's western boundary. The old bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985, was functionally obsolete and structurally deficient. Cracks and other damage were forcing temporary closures of the bridge to trucks. Over 100 years old by that point, the oldest bridge in use on a Colorado highway, it could not be expanded any further.

A 1990 CDOT design proposal for a new bridge was dropped after heavy opposition. In 2004 the city of Aspen and the town of Snowmass jointly funded design work for another new bridge. CDOT expedited the planning process for the bridge and work began the next year. Construction of the segmental concrete box-girder replacement was complicated by the need to protect the wetlands below, a problem that was solved by building the bridge from the top down and taking measures to allow the concrete piers to be poured and dried during winter. The new bridge cost $14 million and was opened in the middle of 2008. The old bridge remains in place next to it as a pedestrian walkway and historic landmark. The National Segmental Bridge Institute recognized CDOT and the new bridge with a Bridge Award for Excellence in 2010.

Sometime around 2006, the business route in Basalt was decommissioned and handed over to local control.

The former Grand Avenue Bridge over the Colorado River and I-70 was built in Glenwood Springs as a two-lane bridge with shoulders in 1953. Since then, the shoulders were changed into additional lanes in both directions. By the 2000s, it was carrying more traffic than it did in the past and was also in poor condition just like the Maroon Creek Bridge.

In the 2000s, CDOT began considering plans for a replacement of the Grand Avenue bridge. The major issue was whether a new bridge should be built along the same alignment as the then existing bridge, or instead, curve westward to make a more direct connection to Exit 116. After a public hearing in August 2012, the agency announced that the latter seemed to be overwhelmingly preferred. It remained to decide whether to have a signalized intersection or a roundabout at the intersection of Sixth Street and Laurel Avenue. Eventually, a mix of both options were chosen.

Some residents of Glenwood Springs have argued instead that CDOT should instead build a bypass that avoids downtown completely, as it did in Basalt. They contend that a replacement bridge would add even more traffic to Grand and make downtown less attractive to those who would like to shop there rather than just pass through on the way to destinations up the valley. The bypass, they claim, is more in keeping with the wishes of residents and would cost less. They have lobbied Glenwood Springs' city council to be more active in pressuring CDOT to reconsider the bypass.

The Grand Avenue Bridge functionally opened to the public November 6, 2017. It was the largest construction project completed on the Western Slope of Colorado in the past 25 years.

Future
With the widening of the highway to four lanes between Glenwood Springs and Aspen complete, CDOT has turned its attention to the ends of that corridor.

Entrance to Aspen
By the 21st century, Highway 82 had grown to four lanes. It was easier for traffic to get to Aspen but did not resolve the congestion that developed when it got there. Since the 1970s various plans to alleviate the congestion had been put forth, some involving ballot initiatives decided by the voters of the city and/or county. In 1998 CDOT and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), after considering all the proposals and taking public input, released a Record of Decision. The preferred alternative combined highway and intersection improvements, mass transit and incremental transportation management.

Some of the recommended improvements, such as the roundabout, replacement Maroon Creek Bridge, and improvements to the intersections along Highway 82 between the city and the airport, have been implemented. Right-of-way easements have been acquired for a new two-lane parkway, as authorized by voters, that would cross the Holden/Marolt property via a 400 ft cut and cover tunnel to reconnect to the existing highway at Main and Seventh streets. City voters also authorized light rail for that route.

If built, the light rail would have as its western terminus a maintenance facility across Highway 82 from the airport. It would include a stop at Buttermilk and parallel the highway, using the old Maroon Creek Bridge, until it reached Monarch Street downtown. There it would turn south to its eastern terminus at Rubey Park. If there is not sufficient support or funding for the light rail, it could be built as bus lanes at first.

Proposed transportation management strategies are aimed at keeping traffic into Aspen at the baseline 1993 level through 2015. There are three levels or strategic response: The first would be when that baseline is equaled or slightly exceeded. It would consist of promoting ride sharing and more extensive transit use, among other informational measures. At Level 2, when traffic reaches a few percentage points above that level, more transit service would be added, and parking rates raised slightly to fund the additional buses required to reduce headways. Level 3 would be implemented when traffic levels had exceeded the baseline by 5–10%, and would use more forceful measures such as steeper increases in parking fees, deliberately limiting the number of spaces available, and making some parts of downtown Aspen car-free zones.

title: Colorado State Highway 82


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Berrima Correctional Centre

The Berrima Correctional Centre was an Australian prison, located at Berrima, New South Wales. The Centre was operational between 1839 and 2011 with a number of breaks in between, was re-opened in September 2016 and then permanently closed in 2020. Initially established as Berrima Gaol, the facility closed in 1909 and reopened in 1949 as the Berrima Training Centre. The Centre was the oldest Australian correctional facility in operation. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The old Berrima Gaol was built in 1835–39 of local sandstone at a cost of £5,400. Convicted London joiner and carpenter James Gough (1790–1876) who arrived on the Earl Spencer in 1813 and gained his conditional pardon in 1821, was awarded the construction of Berrima Gaol in partnership with John Richards in 1834; much of the construction work was done by convicts in irons. It initially comprised 34 cells accommodating 66 prisoners. The design was adopted by the Governor, Richard Bourke, from a Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline pamphlet. Conditions at the gaol were harsh; prisoners spent most of their days in cells and the only light was through a small grate set in the door. It was originally designed to hold prisoners from the surrounding areas, but Goulburn Gaol took over this role and Berrima Gaol became a subsidiary prison housing sick and aged convicts from other gaols.

Australia's first serial killer John Lynch was hanged here in 1842. Another of the notable trials held in the nearby Berrima Court House was that of Lucretia Dunkley and her lover Martin Beech. Both were hanged in 1843 for the murder of Dunkley's husband. Dunkley was the only woman hanged at Berrima Gaol.

In 1866 the Gaol was renovated to the standards described by the prison reform movement for a "model prison", enlarging the prison such as to provide separate cells for 110 prisoners. However, Berrima Gaol had solitary confinement cells which measured 8 feet by 5 feet, some smaller, where it was intended that all prisoners spent one year. In 1877 a Royal Commission was held to investigate allegations of cruelty by the prison authorities, but the complaints were not upheld.

In 1898, a residence for the governor (or superintendent) of the jail was built next door to the gaol. In the 1930s it was used as a police station. A house for the deputy superintendent was built on the other side of the gaol.

The gaol was closed in 1909. During World War I the army used Berrima Gaol (in conjunction with an adjacent area, now known as the Berrima Internment Camp Huts Area) as a German-prisoner internment camp. Most of the 329 internees were enemy aliens from shipping companies. There were German officers from Rabaul, German New Guinea (what is now Papua New Guinea) and also officers from the light cruiser SMS Emden.

Between the wars the gaol was opened for public inspection as a place of historic interest. From 1944 to 1949, the whole gaol was rebuilt by prison labour at a cost of 18,000 pounds. Only the entrance and outer walls of old Berrima Gaol were left standing. In 1948 the Berrima Training Centre, a minimum security correctional centre opened at the Berrima Gaol.

Between 1970 and 2001, the Centre was classified as minimum/medium security for male inmates. Most inmates were permitted to work outside of the Centre on the local market gardens managed by Corrective Services NSW. Some detainees were permitted to maintain local parks and gardens and also assist with duties in the community such as fighting fires with the local firefighters.

In 2001 the Centre changed its name to Berrima Correctional Centre and, after one hundred and sixty six years as a men's prison, the Centre became a woman's prison, with a capacity of fifty-nine inmates.

Immediately prior to its closure in 2011, the Centre was an all-female low-to-medium-security prison, and was responsible for the administration of a periodic detention centre and court cells at Wollongong. In the 2011 NSW State Budget, the Government announced that the centre would be closed, which took effect on 4 November 2011.

The Centre was re-opened on 27 September 2016 as part of a statewide initiative to add 1400 beds to the New South Wales prison population. It was expected to house 75 minimum security prisoners.

In 2019, Berrima Correction Centre became the centre of a scandal, as prison officer, Colin Kelleher, was arrested and later found guilty, for having a romantic relationship with inmate, Kim Quach. He was suspended and given a 12 month community corrective order.

Berrima Correctional Centre was permanently closed in 2020 as it was no longer fit-for-purpose and surplus to Corrective Service NSW’s requirements. In 2022, the site was sold to a property developer.

Heritage listing
Berrima Gaol is one of the few remaining compounds dating from pre 1840. It is an early example of the application of model prison layouts. Associated with the development of Berrima, and the adjacent courthouse, the Gaol is significant for its phases of use.

Berrima Correctional Centre was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

title: Berrima Correctional Centre


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jonathan Biro

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:06, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Toowoomba Prison

Toowoomba Gaol is a historic prison site in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.

History of site
The original Toowoomba Gaol opened in 1864. William Murphy (who served in the Crimean War) became first Governor of the Toowoomba Gaol.

Female prisoners were transferred from Central Gaol, Brisbane, to Toowoomba Gaol in 1870. A woman's reformatory with a well-patronised laundry was constructed in 1883-84 by Richard Godsall outside the prison walls and opened in 1869. On 14 Sep 1898 the prison was proclaimed a prison for females only.

The gaol was closed in 1903 after the prisoners were transferred to Boggo Road Gaol and demolition commenced. Some of the hand-made bricks (using clay dug from pits in Queens Park ) from the demolished structure were used to build the Boer Wall Memorial Gateway at the Margaret Street end of East Creek Park near the Mother's Memorial, after being held in storage, as the plaque thereon states.

After the prison closure in 1903, it was reused for several purposes before becoming Rutlands Guest House from 1930 to 1959. It was purchased by the DeMolay Order (DeMolay International) for 6000 pounds in 1960 and renamed DeMolay House.

The whole original site and surrounding modern buildings, including the Repertory Theatre, are the source of many ghost sightings/tales. One of the original "dark cells" is still part of the basement. At night the ghost of a reformatory inmate can be seen in the attic on the first floor of the building. One of the girls was so unhappy with her situation that she committed suicide by hanging herself there.

Historic Plaque
A plaque marking the site of the old Toowoomba Gaol is located at the eastern end of Stirling Street, off Burstow Street, in the Caledonian Estate heritage precinct. The basalt foundations on the site, are all that remain of the Toowoomba Gaol. The foundations supported the red brick wall which confined 52 prisoners in 1869.

Motel
The Park Motor Inn at 88 Margaret Street was built on the northeast part of the old gaol grounds.

Women's Gaol Hospital
The original hospital site for the Women's Gaol at 92 Margaret Street is now the site of the Park House Cafe.

Austral Hall
The Toowoomba poet George Essex Evans was influential in founding The Austral Society, which bought part of the grounds and let a tender to roof part of the prison yard in September 1904. The Austral Hall was built on this site.

After his death in 1909, the Austral Society ceased in 1911, and the building was later demolished, eventually being replaced in part by a townhouse block.

Notorious prisoners
Hangmen were brought up from Brisbane as needed.
 * Goff Lee – a Chinese cook, was hanged for murder in December 1869.
 * Andrew Ritchie – convicted of murder and robbery under arms, was the first to be hanged at the gaol, in August 1864.
 * John (Jacky) Whitton – an Aborigine, was hung for child rape in December 1869.

title: Toowoomba Prison


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The Australian Ballet

The Australian Ballet (TAB) is the largest classical ballet company in Australia. It was founded by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust in 1962, with the English-born dancer, teacher, repetiteur and director Dame Peggy van Praagh as founding artistic director. Today, it is recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies and performs upwards of 150 performances (both in Australia and overseas) a year.

History
The roots of the Australian Ballet can be found in the Borovansky Ballet, a touring repertory company founded in 1940 by the Czech dancer Edouard Borovansky. Borovansky had been a dancer in the touring ballet company of the famous Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova and, after visiting Australia on tour with the Covent Garden Russian Ballet, he decided to remain in Australia, establishing a ballet school in Melbourne in 1939, out of which he developed a performance group which became the Borovansky Ballet. The company was supported and funded by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd from 1944. Following Borovansky's death in 1959, the British dancer and administrator Dame Peggy van Praagh was invited to become artistic director of the company. J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd decided to disband the Borovansky Ballet in 1961.

In 1961, J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust received federal subsidy towards the establishment of a national ballet company. These organisations established the Australian Ballet Foundation to assist with the establishment of a new company, which in 1962 became the Australian Ballet. Peggy van Praagh, who had been kept on a retainer by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd through the intervening year between the disbanding of the Borovansky Ballet and the establishment of the Australian Ballet, was invited to become the founding artistic director of the company. The majority of the dancers employed by the fledgling company were drawn from former members of the Borovansky Ballet. The company was founded with a charter to use Australian choreographers and produce Australian work.

The first performance by the Australian Ballet was Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake, staged at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney on 2 November 1962. The principal dancers in the first season were Kathleen Gorham, Marilyn Jones, Garth Welch, and the Swedish-born Caj Selling (1935–2005 ). Van Praagh also invited the Royal Ballet's Ray Powell to temporarily become the company's first ballet master, with Leon Kellaway (brother of Cecil Kellaway), a former dancer with the Covent Garden Russian Ballet, as the company's first ballet teacher. In later years Sir Robert Helpmann, Marilyn Jones and Maina Gielgud made major contributions as artistic directors of the Australian Ballet.

In 1964, the first fully Australian performance, Helpmann's The Display was performed. In the same year, van Praagh established the Australian Ballet School, which was formed specially to train dancers for the company. Dame Margaret Scott was the founding director of the school, followed by Gailene Stock, Marilyn Rowe, and then Lisa Pavane, all three former company principal artists.

Choreographers including Graeme Murphy, Meryl Tankard, and Natalie Weir rose to prominence at TAB from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Former artistic directors
The company's previous artistic directors were:
 * Dame Peggy van Praagh (1962–74; 1978)
 * Sir Robert Helpmann (1965–76)
 * Anne Woolliams (1976–77)
 * Marilyn Jones (1979–82)
 * Maina Gielgud (1983–96)
 * Ross Stretton (1996–2001)
 * David McAllister (2001-2021)

Description and governance
The Australian Ballet (TAB ) is based in Melbourne; its Southbank headquarters is the Primrose Potter Australian Ballet Centre, named after its long-term supporter Lady (Primrose) Potter. The company tours to mainland state capital cities within Australia, with annual seasons in Melbourne at the State Theatre (accompanied by Orchestra Victoria) and in Sydney at the Sydney Opera House accompanied by the Opera Australia Orchestra. Other venues are the Lyric Theatre at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, and the Adelaide Festival Centre in Adelaide. The company also tours internationally.

The Australian Ballet works in close cooperation with the Australian Ballet School, of which many of the company's dancers are graduates. Giving approximately 200 performances a year, the Australian Ballet claims to be the busiest ballet company in the world. Its artistic vision is "Caring for Tradition, Daring to be Different". Each year, the company also presents an extensive national education and outreach programme.

The company's income is derived from box office sales, along with funding from the Australian, Victorian, and New South Wales governments; corporate sponsors; private donors; and bequests.

People
Since 2021 and the company's artistic director is David Hallberg, who was a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre until 2020.

In December 2022, Lissa Twomey was appointed as Executive Director of the Company. An arts industry leader with extensive experience domestically and internationally in management of top tier performing arts organisations.

The music director and chief conductor of The Australian Ballet appointed in 2022 is Jonathan Lo, replacing Nicolette Fraillon, the world's only woman chief conductor of a ballet company.

Telstra Ballet Dancer Award
The Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards have been made annually since 2003, in support of the aspirations of The Australian Ballet's elite young dancers. It is the biggest prize available specifically to a dancer in Australia, with a cash prize of $20,000 to the winner. The Telstra People's Choice Award is made to the most popular of the nominees in that year, using internet and SMS voting. The winner of the People's Choice receives a cash prize of $5,000.

Notable performances
In 1964, Robert Helpmann's work The Display was the first TAB production in which the music, designer, theme, and choreographer were all Australian; included were Australian rules football, lyrebirds, and a picnic in the bush.

In 1992, Clara, an adaptation of The Nutcracker by choreographer Graeme Murphy, was a significant work, as he turned it into a story about migration to Australia.

In 1997, TAB commissioned Stephen Page, artistic director of Indigenous dance company Bangarra Dance Theatre, to choreograph a piece for dancers from both companies, which resulted in Rites, which was set to Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. For its 60th anniversary in 2023, TAB presented Identity, a double bill commissioned by Hallberg, which premiered in May 2023 at the Sydney Opera House before moving to Arts Centre Melbourne in June. The performance comprises two works: The Hum, composed by Yorta Yorta woman Deborah Cheetham Fraillon and with costumes designed by Taungurung designer Annette Sax (the first Indigenous women to perform these roles in a TAB production), by Wiradjuri choreographer Daniel Riley of ADT; and Paragon, by resident choreographer Alice Topp. While The Hum represents Indigenous dance, Paragon focuses on the history of The Australian Ballet. <!---this is what the website is for; Wikipedia cannot keep up with changes and the list is likely to go out of date

Company
Dancers with The Australian Ballet are:

Principal artists
• Dimity Azoury

• Benedicte Bemet

• Adam Bull

• Joseph Caley

• Brett Chynoweth

• Chengwu Guo

• Amy Harris

• Robyn Hendricks

• Ako Kondo

• Callum Linnane

• Amber Scott

• Sharni Spencer

Senior Artists
• Nathan Brook

• Imogen Chapman

• Jarryd Madden

• Marcus Morelli

• Rina Nemoto

• Jill Ogai

• Christopher Rodgers-Wilson

• Dana Stephensen

• Valerie Tereshchenko

• Jade Wood

Soloists
• Jacqueline Clark

• Isobelle Dashwood

• Ingrid Gow

• Brodie James

• Mason Lovegrove

• Jake Mangakahia

• Luke Marchant

• Lucien Xu

• Yuumi Yamada

Coryphées
• Misha Barkidjija

• Timothy Coleman

• Lisa Craig

• Jasmin Durham

• Rohan Furnell

• Drew Hedditch

• Corey Herbert

• Riley Lapham

• Coco Mathieson

• Amanda McGuigan

• George Murray-Nightingale

• Katherine Sonnekus

• Aya Watanabe

Corps de ballet
• Sara Andrlon

• Karina Arimura

• Mio Bayly

• Henry Berlin

• Harrison Bradley

• Matthew Bradwell

• Daniel Bryne

• Grace Carroll

• Saranja Crowe

• Jacob De Groot

• Hugo Dumapit

• Adam Elmes

• Evie Ferris

• Thomas Gannon

• Benjamin Garrett

• Serena Graham

• Lilla Harvey

• Cameron Holmes

• Alain Juelg

• Larissa Kiyoto-Ward

• Bryce Latham

• Lilly Maskery

• Samara Merrick

• Jett Ramsay

• Joseph Romancewicz

• Amy Ronnfeldt

• Montana Rubin

• Hannah Sergi

• Elijah Trevitt

• Belle Urwin

• Yichuan Wang

• Annabelle Watt

• Maxim Zenin--->

Orchestra Victoria
Following a period of turmoil, Orchestra Victoria became a wholly owned subsidiarity of The Australian Ballet in July 2014

title: The Australian Ballet


text: Talk:Quinnipiac River

title: Talk:Quinnipiac River


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Joseph B. Moore (American educator)

Joseph B. Moore (born 1950) is an American educator and academic administrator. He is past president of Lesley University and was president of Empire State College.

Education and career
Moore earned his B.A. degree in English from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, graduating summa cum laude; he earned an M.A. in English from the University of New Hampshire; and an Ed.D. in Education Administration from the University of Vermont. Moore's early experience includes teaching English in high schools in Vermont and New Hampshire.

He is a member of the Commission on Adult Learning and Educational Credentials of the American Council on Education (ACE), the Committee on International Education of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU), and vice chair of the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (CAEL).

Moore served as provost and vice president for academic affairs at Mansfield University in Pennsylvania. Moore served as director of planning and academic affairs in the Office of the Chancellor of the Vermont State Colleges.

On Monday, February 26, 2007 the trustees of Lesley University announced Moore's unanimous selection as president. He served as president of Lesley for nine years until his retirement on June 30, 2016.

title: Joseph B. Moore (American educator)


text:
Justin Griffith

Justin Montrel Griffith (born July 21, 1980) is an American former fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football at Mississippi State.

Griffith was also a member of the Oakland Raiders, Seattle Seahawks and Houston Texans.

Early life
Justin Montrel Griffith was born on July 21, 1980, in Magee, Mississippi.

Atlanta Falcons
Griffith was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth round (121st overall) of the 2003 NFL draft. He played four seasons with the team before becoming a free agent following the 2006 season.

Oakland Raiders
After playing two seasons for the Oakland Raiders, Griffith was released on February 23, 2009.

Seattle Seahawks
Griffith was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on April 27, 2009. The move reunited him with Seahawks head coach Jim Mora and offensive coordinator Greg Knapp, who were the head coach and offensive coordinator of the Atlanta Falcons during much of Griffith's time with the team.

Griffith was released on October 3, 2009, to make room for Kyle Williams who was signed off the practice squad.

Houston Texans
Griffith was signed by the Houston Texans on June 16, 2010.

Seattle Seahawks
He was a season-long coaching intern with the Seattle Seahawks for the 2011 season.

Oakland Raiders
In February 2012, Griffith returned to the Raiders, this time as an offensive quality control coach.

title: Justin Griffith


text:
Maryborough Correctional Centre

Maryborough Correctional Centre is a prison located at Stein Road, Aldershot, Queensland, Australia, approximately 8 km north-west of Maryborough.

The Maryborough Correctional Centre is a multi-purpose, secure custody facility which accommodates 320 male prisoners in secure accommodation and 180 male prisoners in residential accommodation. It is also a remand and reception centre for offenders from Bundaberg to Gympie.

title: Maryborough Correctional Centre


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Chanderi

Chanderi, is a town of historical importance in Ashoknagar District of the state Madhya Pradesh in India. It is situated at a distance of 127 km from Shivpuri, 37 km from Lalitpur, 55 km from Ashok Nagar and about 46 km from Isagarh. It is surrounded by hills southwest of the Betwa River. Chanderi is surrounded by hills, lakes and forests and is spotted with several monuments of the Bundela Rajputs and Malwa sultans. It is famous for ancient Jain Temples. Its population in 2011 was 33,081.

History
Chanderi is mentioned by the Persian scholar Alberuni in 1030. Ghiyas ud din Balban captured the city in 1251 for Nasiruddin Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi. Sultan Mahmud I Khilji of Malwa captured the city in 1438 after a siege of several months. Rana Sanga of Mewar conquer much of the Malwa along with Chanderi and appointed his vassal Medini Rai a rebellious minister of Sultan Mahmud II of Malwa as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. Medini Rai made Chanderi as capital of his kingdom. In the Battle of Chanderi, the Mughal Emperor Babur captured the fort from Medini Rai and witnessed the macabre Rajput rite of jauhar, in which, faced with certain defeat and in an attempt to escape dishonor in the hands of the enemy, women with children in their arms jumped in a fire pit to commit suicide, which was made for this specific purpose, against the background of vedic hymns recited by the priests. Jauhar was performed during the night and in the morning the men would rub the ashes of their dead women folk on their forehead, don a saffron garment known as kesariya, chew tulsi leaves (in India tulsi leaves are placed in the mouth of a dead body), symbolizing their awareness about impending death and resolve to fight and die with honour. This method of fighting & dying for the cause of retaining honour was called saka. In 1529, Puran Mal was defeated by Babur's forces after he tried to recapture Chanderi.

In 1542 it was captured by Sher Shah Suri and added to the governorship of Shujaat Khan. The Mughal Emperor Akbar made the city a sarkar in the subah of Malwa.

The Bundela Rajputs captured the city in 1586, and it was held by Ram Sab, a son of Raja Madhukar of Orchha. In 1646 Devi Singh Bundela was made ruler of the city, and Chanderi remained in the hands of his family until it was annexed in 1811 by Jean Baptiste Filose for the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior. The city was transferred to the British in 1844. The British lost control of the city during the Revolt of 1857, and the city was recaptured by Hugh Rose on 14 March 1858. Richard Harte Keatinge led the assault, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. The city was transferred back to the Sindhias of Gwalior in 1861, and became part of Isagarh District of Gwalior state.

After India's independence in 1947, Gwalior became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat, which was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956.

Geography
Chanderi is located at 24.72°N, 78.13°W. It has an average elevation of 456 metres (1496 feet).

Demographics
India census, Chanderi had a population of 28,313. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

Access
There is a good roadway network in Chanderi. The town lies at State Highway 20 and National Highway 376 with connections to Ashoknagar, Ishagarh, Lalitpur etc.

There is no railway service in or near Chanderi but necessary administrative measures were adopted in 2014 for a line to be operated by Northern Railways on a Pipraigaon-Chanderi-Lalitpur route.

Jainism at Chanderi
The Chanderi area has been a major center of Jain culture. It was a major center of the Parwar Jain community. There are a number of Jain places nearby- Gurilagiri (7 km), Aamanachar (29 km), Bithala (19 km), Bhamon (16 km), Khandargiri (2 km), Thuvanji (22 km) and Bhiyadant (14 km), and Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (20 km, across the border).

The Jain Bhattarakas of Mula Sangh, Balatkara Gana had a center at Chanderi that flourished for several centuries. The lineage, as constructed by Pt. Phulachandra Shastri is as following:

 * 1) Devendrakirti (see Balatkara Gana), who awarded Singhai title in 1436 CE (see Parwar (Jain))
 * 2) Tribhuvanakirti (anointed in Vikram Samvat 1522),
 * 3) Sasasrakirti
 * 4) Padmanandi
 * 5) Yashahkirti
 * 6) Lalitkirti
 * 7) Dharmakirt
 * 8) Padmakirti (died Vikram Samvat 1717)
 * 9) Sakalakirti
 * 10) Surendrakirti (pratishtha in Vikram Samvat 1746)

A branch of this lineage continued at Sironj.

 * 1) Jagatkirti (pupil of Dharmakirti above)
 * 2) Tribhuvanakirti
 * 3) Narendrakirti
 * 4) Unknown
 * 5) Rajkirti
 * 6) Devendrakirti (pratishtha in samvat 1871)

Jain Temple
List of Jain temples at Chanderi:

 * 1) Shri Choubeesee Bara Mandir : This temple has 2 parts with front part is known as Bara mandir and back part called Choubeesee mandir. As suggested by inscription this temple was built around year 1293(V.S. 1350). This temple was renovated in 13th to 18th century. This temple has 24 idols for 24 Tirthankars and these idols are made by the stones of actual colors as the Tirthankar. All idols are same in dimensions, which is very difficult in real.

 * 1) Shri Parasnath Digamber Jain Purana mandir Jain temple : It is one of the oldest jain temple in chanderi containing idols of Shri Prasnath ji of 7th century.

 * 1) Shri Khandargiri Jain temple : It is one of the most famous religious site in Chanderi. This temple has a 45 feet carved idol of Rishabhnatha. Inscriptions suggest that this statue is over 700 years old. Six caves have been cut out of the hillside. Inside there are a number of religious carvings of Jain saints and decorations carved into the existing hillside. The oldest cave is cave 6 that dates back to 1236.
 * 2) Shri thobonji Jain temple : This temple belongs to 9th century. Moolnayak of this temple is light blue colored idol colossal of Adinath of height 36 feet 8 inches. The other colossal idols in this temple are Bhagwan ParshVanatha of height 13 feet 4 inches and Bhagwan Parshwanath of height 12 feet 6 inches.
 * 3) Shri Chandraprabha digambar Jain temple : This temple is dedicated to Chandraprabha, the 8th tirthankar of Jainism. Oldest inscription date back to year 967 AD.

In popular culture

 * Stree – The 2018 horror-comedy film Stree, Starring Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor about a witch who abducts men at night, is set and shot in the town of Chanderi.
 * Sui Dhaaga – Some parts of this Anushka Sharma and Varun Dhawan starrer film were shot in Chanderi. In this film the weaving setup was from Chanderiyaan Chanderi
 * Gudiya Humari Sabhi Pe Bhari serial shot in Chanderi, starting with Chanderi Bus stand whose named Lalitpur Bus Adda and background of Kila Kothi.
 * Janhit Mein Jaari starring Nushrratt Bharuccha on Zee5 is set in Chanderi with major portions filmed there.

Transport
The nearest airport is Gwalior.

title: Chanderi