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Mitsubishi Pajero

The Mitsubishi Pajero (三菱・パジェロ) is a full-size SUV (sport utility vehicle) manufactured and marketed globally by Mitsubishi over four generations — introduced in 1981 and discontinued in 2021.

The Pajero nameplate derives from Leopardus pajeros, the Pampas cat. Mitsubishi marketed the SUV as the Montero in North America, Spain, and Latin America (except for Brazil and Jamaica) due to the term "pajero" being derogatory (meaning "wanker") in Spanish. In the United Kingdom, it was known as the Shogun, named after the Japanese word for "General." The model was discontinued in North America in 2006.

The Pajero, Montero, and Shogun names were used on other, mechanically unrelated models, such as the Pajero Mini kei car, the Pajero Junior and Pajero iO/Pinin mini SUV s, and the Triton-based Pajero/Montero/Shogun Sport mid-size SUV s. The Pajero is one of four models by Mitsubishi (the others being the Triton, Pajero Sport and the Pajero iO) that share Mitsubishi's heavy-duty, off-road-oriented Super-Select four-wheel-drive system as opposed to their light-duty Mitsubishi S-AWC all-wheel-drive system.

The Pajero has generated more than 3.3 million sales in its 40-year run. The name lives with the smaller Pajero Sport, which is based on the Mitsubishi Triton/L200/Strada pickup. Despite the similarity in name, the Pajero Sport shares none of the original Pajero's underpinnings and is smaller in overall size. Pajero was selected as Historic Car by the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame in November, 2023.

History
The Pajero's history traces to 1934 with the Mitsubishi PX33 prototype commissioned for the Japanese Government. Mitsubishi presented the first Pajero prototype at the Tokyo Motor Show in November 1973 then Pajero II prototype followed in 1978, five years later. The first production version of the Pajero lineage was debuted at the 1981 Tokyo Motor Show before sales officially began in 1982. The Pajero was initially marketed as a luxury, yet rugged and capable competitor to the Land Rover Range Rover or Toyota Land Cruiser of the time.

Dakar Rally
A Mitsubishi Pajero, driven by Andrew Cowan, finished the 1983 Paris–Alger–Dakar as the winner in class, with another teammate George Debussy coming second in class and 14th overall after covering more than 11,000 km, beginning the Pajero's Dakar Rally legacy.

Mitsubishi competed primarily in the Modified Production Class (T2) category though Mitsubishi also ran in the Super-Production category (Highly modified production vehicles with engine tuning and chassis modifications allowed), as well as the T3 category which were fully-custom non-production vehicles referred to as 'prototypes' by Dakar class criteria. Contrary to popular belief, T2 vehicles are almost identical to those sold to the public. According to the latest criteria, T2 class vehicles must be production models and modifications follow a highly regulated and primarily safety-oriented preparation to ensure they do not deviate from the road-going versions too significantly. As such, modifications primarily only include roll cages, bucket seats, harnesses, navigation equipment and extended fuel tanks. Earlier Paris-Dakar regulations were less strict however and allowed more significant modifications that spawned entrants such as the 1995 Pajero Proto with a wider track, highly tuned engine and custom body.

Mitsubishi dominated with multiple first, second and third place podium finishes across the T2 and T3 categories beginning in 1983 until their final wins in 2007. Their overall record was 12 total overall wins (1st place) in the "Cars Class" and 150 stage wins (the second best being Peugeot with only 78 stage wins in comparison). Mitsubishi earned the title of ‘Most Dakar Rally Wins by A Manufacturer’ from the Guinness World Records.

Given their competition in the T2 class, vehicles were required by entry regulations to be almost identical to road-going versions, using the same chassis and engine. However, in the late 90s Mitsubishi intended to create a vehicle with the sole intention of winning the T2 class. Adding independent rear suspension to the Generation 2 design - something not found on road versions (this formed the basis of their later Generation 3 and 4 suspensions) as well as a modified 6G74 engine, this new revision resulted in immense performance advantages. In order to compete in the T2 category, Mitsubishi was required to produce road-going versions of their new design which resulted in the Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution, a rare road-going variant of their late 1990s Generation 2 Dakar platform. Only 2,693 units were produced and are now seen as a collector's item. From 2000 and the introduction of the Generation 3, Mitsubishi's regular series production was more than enough for T2 entry as there were no significant differences to the Dakar platforms until 2002.

From 2002 onwards and new rule changes allowing full-prototype vehicles without requiring any sort of homologation, Mitsubishi began their 'Evolution' entries code-named MR10 through MR14. These vehicles featured exclusive designs and engines engineered specifically for the Paris-Dakar and never intended for the general public, such as the 6G7 Di-D quad-turbo diesel and a 4.0L V6 petrol, both based on an overbored and stroked 6G75 MIVEC.

In 2017, Cristina Gutiérrez debuted her international rally career as the first Spanish woman to compete the Dakar rally, in her modified short wheelbase Mitsubishi Pajero finishing in 44th place.

First generation (L040; NA, NB, NC, ND, NE, NF, NG; 1982)
The first generation made its debut at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 1981, and was launched in May 1982, officially replacing the Mitsubishi Jeep Delivery Wagon. Initially, it was a three-door, short-wheelbase model available with a metal or canvas top and three different engines options, although more were gradually added, ending with a 3.0-litre V6 on top of the range.

 * 2.0-litre 4-cylinder petrol (2000/2.0)
 * 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbocharged petrol (2000/2.0 Turbo)
 * 2.6-litre 4-cylinder petrol (2600/2.6)
 * 2.3-litre naturally aspirated diesel (2300 D/2.3 D)
 * 2.3-litre turbocharged diesel (2300 TD/2.3 TD)
 * 2.5-litre turbocharged diesel (2500 TD/2.5 TD)
 * 3.0-litre V6 SOHC petrol (3000/3.0)

It included features which were unusual for a four-wheel-drive vehicle: a turbocharged diesel engine, a front double wishbone suspension with torsion bar springs, power steering and suspension seats.

In January 1983, only a year following its launch, mildly-tuned production Pajeros entered the world of motor sport.

In February 1983, Mitsubishi introduced a long-wheelbase, five-door model, available with a choice of two different engines; a 2.0-litre turbocharged petrol (badged as "2.0 Turbo" and "2000 Turbo" in some markets) and a 2.3-litre turbocharged diesel. It also came in Standard, Semi-High Roof and High Roof body styles. Outside of Japan there was also the 2.6-liter petrol four, which produced 103 PS in European trim.

The long-wheelbase model increased seating capacity to seven, with available third row seats, which could be folded to the sides for additional trunk space or combined with second row seats to form a bed.

In 1984, the Pajero received turbo diesel engines with higher power/torque ratings, whilst the long-wheelbase models received standard four-wheel disc brakes and four-way adjustable shock absorbers as standard equipment later in 1985.

A flagship model was introduced in 1987 with the badge 'Exceed', with two-tone paint, 15-inch alloy wheels, light brown interior, two-stage front heated seats, adjustable suspension seats, rear-air conditioning, remote locking and unlocking tailgate, wool plaid seat and door trim, leather headrests, a three-spoke steering wheel and a sound system with radio/cassette. JDM Super Exceed models featured additional amber spotlights, a steel bullbar, an enhanced audio system and other Japanese market-specific additions such as illuminated corner positioning poles. In 1987, a version of the Pajero/Montero was rebadged by Dodge as the Raider, which ran through 1989.

In 1988, a 3.0-litre SOHC V6 engine was made available across the range, alongside a 2.5-litre turbo diesel engine, with the first intercooler fitted to a 4x4. The long-wheelbase models received a coil link suspension system for better ride comfort and off-road ability.

The 1988 and onward model was available with a 3-door body for a short wheelbase (SWB) or a 5-door body for a long-wheelbase (LWB). Engines included a 2.6 L I4 with 82 kW, a 3.0 L V6 with EFI and 104 kW and a turbocharged 2.5 L OHC diesel I4 with 62 kW or an intercooled 70 kW. Part-time four-wheel drive was standard on all models.

The first generation platform was later built under license by Hyundai Precision Products as the Hyundai Galloper from 1991 to 2003, and exported to Europe for a brief time starting in 1997. When it was first introduced, the appearance was nearly indistinguishable from the first-generation Pajero. For the revised Galloper introduced in 1997, the Galloper's body was restyled to appear similar to the second generation Pajeros, but the chassis was the same, using the first generation Pajero mechanicals.

Australia
The NA series was released to Australia during January 1983 in short- (SWB) and long-wheelbase (LWB) three-door wagon formats, with the 2.6-litre petrol or 2.3-litre turbo diesel, both mated to a five-speed KM145 manual transmission. Brakes were ventilated front discs and rear drums. The five-door, high-roof LWB model was introduced in May 1984 with the same powertrain options. The five-door offered a luxury Superwagon trim and also had a shorter final drive than the SWB models, to make up for the increased weight.

The NB of November 1984 included a revised grille, deleted the LWB three-door body style and the diesel engine for the remaining SWB three-door. Mitsubishi Australia released the NC series in November 1985, introducing optional power steering, while the long-wheelbase five-door switched to a low-roofed design.

A KM148 automatic gearbox became optional on the petrol Superwagon for the October 1986 ND update, while the 2.5-litre turbo diesel replaced the old 2.3-litre unit. For the October 1987 NE series, the Japanese 2.6-litre petrol was replaced with the Australian-made Astron II version. Brake dimensions were also increased across the range.

The NE three-door Sports and five-door Superwagon added a limited slip differential, front bumper overriders, spare wheel cover, side pin striping, 16-inch chrome wheels, and optional two-tone paint over the base cars. The most expensive models also received an inclinometer, volt meter, oil pressure gauge, stereo cassette player, remote fuel filler release, suspension driver's seat, carpeting, and tweed and velour cloth trim (over tweed cloth and vinyl).

September 1988's NF facelift saw the introduction of a 3.0-litre V6 engine in the top-line Superwagon, delivering 105 kW and 228 Nm via a five-speed V5MT1 manual or four-speed KM148 automatic. Suspension became a three-link coil spring design at the rear. Rear disc brakes were fitted to the V6 only.

The final NG refresh from September 1989 to April 1991 was a minor trim and equipment readjustment. The KM148 automatic transmission was replaced by the V4AW2 with lockup. High-end NG models (i.e. not the base Commercial trim) now received chrome, truck-style side mirrors. An intercooler was also added to the 2.5-litre turbo diesel models in 1990.

Camel Trophy
The Camel Trophy was a vehicle-oriented competition that was held annually between 1980 and 2000, and it was best known for its use of Land Rover vehicles over challenging terrain. The event took its name from its main sponsor, the Camel cigarette brand. The first event was originally intended as a one-off publicity stunt for Camel tobacco. This came about after six Germans had the idea of driving the notoriously tough Transamazonica Highway in Brazil; 1600 km of dusty, rutted, broken dirt road with several treacherous river crossings through the Amazon.

Though little information is available online, Mitsubishi entered several long wheelbase, first generation Pajeros in the Camel Trophy and even created a limited "Camel Trophy Edition" to commemorate the event and their participation. Interestingly the limited edition versions were short wheelbase whereas the actual competing vehicles were long wheelbase due to the need to carry large amounts of equipment. The competing and Camel Trophy Edition vehicles both featured 2.5L turbo diesel 4D56 engines with a 5 speed manual transmission.

Some of the special accessories these vehicles came with are the now iconic mustard yellow body and wheel paint, Camel Trophy logo on the driver and passenger doors, floor mats, seats and spare tyre cover, PTO winch, a recovery kit with shovel, black powder-coated roof rack and a special bush knife. Only 150 of this edition were ever made, though several enthusiasts have created replicas using their own SWB Pajeros from the time with spare parts that were still available from OEM part stockists. Currently many of these parts can still be found in dealer inventories, including the highly desirable PTO winch.

Original Camel Trophy editions can be identified by a yellow and black plaque inside the vehicle and a special chassis code (VNTX5).

Second generation (V20- / NH, NJ, NK, NL; 1991)
Mitsubishi redesigned the Pajeros for a second generation, which debuted in January 1991, although exports did not commence until later in the year. Just about everything was now new and further enhanced. A new, larger body was available in four different versions; Metal Top, Canvas Top Convertible (short wheelbase), Semi High Roof Wagon and High Roof Wagon (long wheelbase). The short wheelbase models were stretched by 70 mm and the long-wheelbase models by 30 mm.

The available engines included a 3.0-litre 12-valve SOHC V6 (6G72) with ECI-Multi electronic fuel injection and a 2.5-litre turbocharged diesel engine (4D56T) with an intercooler. The 4D56T used a top-mounted intercooler with an innovative method of providing airflow. Using two hidden scoops at the top of the grille, these guided air through two ducts in the bonnet that merged into one above the intercooler. The high location and solid bonnet (no scoop or grille) protected the intercooler better than a more exposed location, while also keeping the piping short, resulting in less boost lag. While enhancing durability, this method of airflow is less efficient than a standard top-mounted scoop as the air that flowed through these channels was warmed by rising engine heat. This design was replaced by a standard top-mounted intercooler scoop in later 4M40 models.

The second generation also saw the introduction of Super Select 4WD (SS4) [known as Active Trac 4WD in some markets], Multi-Mode ABS and electronic shock absorbers which were firsts on Japanese four-wheel drives. SS4 was ground-breaking in the sense that it combined the advantages of part-time and full-time four-wheel drive with four available options: 2H (high-range rear-wheel drive), 4H (high-range full-time four-wheel drive), 4HLc (high-range four-wheel drive with locked centre differential) and 4LLc (low-range four-wheel drive with locked centre differential). Another advantage of this second generation system is that it gave the driver the ability to switch between two-wheel drive and full-time four-wheel drive at speeds up to 80 km/h (49 mph), whereas the first generation Pajero which used a traditional 4WD system had to be stationary to switch from rear-wheel drive to four-wheel drive (but not from four-wheel drive back to rear-wheel drive). In addition to the SS4, a pneumatic locking differential was included as a factory option. The transfer case is required to be in 4HLc or 4LLc to engage the rear locking differential. Multi-mode ABS, on the other hand, was equally innovative. This meant ABS would be fully functional in all modes of SS4, as braking with a locked centre differential requires completely different braking parameters. Additionally, vehicles were fitted with load proportioning valves which used spring loaded levers on the differential that compressed when payload was increased, subsequently automatically providing more braking force when the vehicle was heavily laden. The new electronic shock absorber was also factory option with three settings: S (Soft), M (Medium), and H (Hard). This allowed the driver to change ride quality and handling depending on road conditions via a switch on centre console.

Depending on the market, some Pajeros came equipped with an optional "Winter Package" that included dual batteries, heated front seats, heated door mirrors and a rear cabin heater. JDM (Japanese Domestic Market) versions of the Pajero came fitted with chrome front and rear bumpers while export models typically featured powdercoated blue-grey bumpers with embedded brake and indicator lights on the rear.

In July 1993, two new power plants were introduced; a 3.5-litre 24-valve DOHC with ECI-Multi and a 2.8-litre turbocharged diesel with an intercooler. A new, larger transmission and transfer case was also part of the upgrade.

In 1996 the 3.0 V6 engine was revised, staying SOHC but changing to 24 valves. At the same time the ignition system was upgraded from the old distributor system to solid state coil packs. Power increased to 177 hp. The 2.4 L engine was introduced as a smaller power plant; available only in the SWB with revised minor interior and exterior. The Pajero Evolution was introduced in October 1997, which was developed in specifically to meet homologation requirements for the Paris – Dakar Rally's T2 Class, which a minimum volume of production vehicles to be produced on which the rally car would be based on. The Pajero Evolution was designed from the ground up as a dedicated rally vehicle. It came standard with a 3.5-litre 24-valve DOHC V6 with Mitsubishi Innovative Valve Timing and Electronic Lift Control (MIVEC). A new, dual plenum variable intake helped increase power and a new, long-travel independent rear suspension made the ride even smoother. This fully independent suspension design set the underpinnings for what would be implemented in the third generation Pajero.

In 1998, vehicles destined for General Export and the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council countries) received a facelift. Wider fenders, new headlights, grille, bumper, fog lights and sidesteps were all part of the redesign. The wide fenders are often called "blister flare fenders". Driver and front-passenger SRS airbags were made standard on models equipped with the 3.5-litre DOHC V6 engine, whilst still remaining optional on GLS models with the 3.0-litre SOHC V6. 1080 of these units were also assembled in Iran by Bahman Khodro Group before being taken off production. An upgraded interior wood trim was made available on 3.0-litre GLS and 3.5-litre models. A leather-wrapped or leather and wood trim steering wheel was also made available, alongside an upgraded suspension and steering system. The 3.0-litre 12-valve SOHC engine was now available with a 24-valve configuration. Models without wide fenders remained as base models (GLX), available with a 2.4-litre 16-valve DOHC engine, producing 147 hp. The 3.0-litre 12-valve engine was optional on these GLX models, and remained the base engine on the GLS.

The second generation was introduced on 22 January 1991 and manufactured until 1999. It retained the two body styles, but design was rounder and more city-friendly than the previous bulky model. The 3.0 L V6 petrol engine was retained, now available with a 24-valve head, capable of 136 kW, while the 2.5 turbodiesel's power was slightly increased to 73 kW. In 1993, the Pajero was slightly restyled, and larger engines were introduced, a 3.5 L V6 with 153 kW and a 2.8 L SOHC turbodiesel rated at 92 kW. These versions introduced Mitsubishi's Super Select four-wheel-drive system (known as Active-Trac in the United States), with an electronic transfer shift that could split power between both axles without the need to stop the car. It worked at speeds up to 100 km/h.

The first generation Pajero was also marketed as the Hyundai Galloper in Korea, Europe and GCC Countries, while the second generation was in production elsewhere.

This model Pajero remained in production in India till 2012 as the Pajero SFX; the latest generation is sold as the Montero. It is also produced in Colombia from Complete Knock Down parts (CKD) till 2012, with a 2.4l 16 valve SOHC (130 PS) or 3.0l 12 valve V6 (148 PS), both engines are available as a three-door hard top, the five-door wagon only with the 3.0-litre V6.

In the Philippines, MMPC introduced it in 1995 as the Pajero Fieldmaster. There were 2 engines available; the 2.5L 4D56 TD inline-four engine or the bigger 2.8L 4M40 diesel engine both paired to a standard 5-speed manual or Mitsubishi's 5-speed automatic transmission with part-time or full-time 4WD system (a 4x2 variant was also available). It featured keyless entry, leather upholstery, rear air vents, central locking, roof rails, 2DIN 6CD audio changer among other features. By 1999, Mitsubishi axed the "4x4" variant of the Pajero.

In 2003, the Pajero received minor upgrades including redesigned headlights, grille & taillights, new color options, new wheel designs, power adjustable seats, expandable sun visors & wood trim. It is still powered by the 2.8L SOHC engine mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. Local production of the second-generation Pajeros in the Philippines ended in 2008.

In Venezuela, the second generation was manufactured from 1992 to 1995 under the name of Mitsubishi Montero, it was available in long and short wheel base. From 1996 to 2009 its name was changed to Mitsubishi Montero Dakar, it was only available in short wheel base with 6G72 engine and manual five-speed transmission.

In China, the second generation Pajero remains popular as it was involved in early joint ventures from the 1990s. Companies include Guangtong Motors, Jincheng Motors, Jinhui Motors, Sanjiu Motors, Sanxing Motors, Shanlu Motors and Wanli Motors.

Chinese car manufacturer Shanlu Motors made their version of the Pajero known as the CJY 6421D and was produced from 1997 to 2001 and came standard with the 4G64 engine. Beijing Automobile Works followed suit and produced their version known as the BJ2032 Tornado from 2002 to 2004. The BJ2032 came standard with a 2.2-litre engine sourced from General Motors paired to a 5 speed manual gearbox. The Tornado is 4880 millimetres long, 1830 millimetres wide, 1800 millimetres high and utilizes a 2750 millimetre wheelbase.

The second generation Pajero was discontinued in 1999 (with the exceptions mentioned under Production), and replaced by a new-generation Pajero. After ending production, the second generation Pajero gained unwanted attention in 2002 when TLC member Left Eye was killed in a car crash involving a second generation Mitsubishi Pajero, on a highway in La Ceiba, Honduras. She was the only fatality in the crash. A camera man was filming from the front passenger's seat, and his camera was destroyed on impact.

Leopaard (Liebao) variants
The most well known rebadged variants of the Pajero sold in China were built by GAC Changfeng since 1995. The first known model was produced from 2002 to 2014 and marketed under the name Liebao Heijinggang (猎豹奇兵-黑金刚 Leopaard Black King Kong, whereas 猎豹 can be translated to 'cheetah' instead of 'leopard') for the 2002 model year. The Heijinggang was available with four engines, the 2.2-litre 4RB3 based on the 2RZ-FE engine from Toyota, the popular 2.4-litre 4G64 engine and 6G72 V6 from both Mitsubishi and a 2.5-litre turbo diesel. All engines were paired to a 5 speed manual gearbox. The 4 speed automatic was only available on the 2002 Heijinggang with the V6 engine. Throughout its production run, pricing ranged between 109,800 and 302,800 yuan (15,930 and US$43,930).

The sister model, known as the Qibing/6481, was produced from 2009 until 2014. The 2.2-litre 4RB3 was the only engine available paired to a 5-speed manual gearbox. Two models were available priced at 99,800 and 124,800 yuan (14,480 and US$18,100).

Third generation (V60-, V70- / NM, NP; 1999-2006)
Designed in house, the third generation Pajero debuted in the Japanese domestic market in 1999, and in other markets in late 2000 as a 2001 model — and in the Philippines and other developing nations in 2003.

The third generation was redesigned with a lower, wider stance and unibody (monocoque) construction with integrated ladder frame chassis for increased torsional rigidity and drastically improved cabin strength when compared to typical body-on-frame (ladder frame) designs. This was in part due to Mitsubishi's RISE reinforcement system which resulted in a chassis and body combination that exhibited impressive structural integrity in rollover accidents and was completely unaffected by severe chassis loading as would typically experienced during off-road recoveries. The fuel tank was relocated between the front and rear axles to improve weight distribution and improve ground clearance. This generation featured a fold and tumble, reclining second row 60/40 split seat and a stowable / removable third row seat.

The Super Select 4 (SS4) system was also further refined: bevel gears were replaced with planetary gears. This meant the front-to-rear torque setting ranged from 33:67, with the ability to adjust to 50:50 depending on surface conditions. The system was also made fully electronic, meaning the vehicle didn't have to be in gear to switch between drive modes. After all the upgrades, the system was renamed to Super Select 4WD II (SS4-II).

Alongside rack and pinion steering (as opposed to the recirculating ball system on previous generations), the Pajero also offered a choice of three transmissions; a five speed manual, a four speed INVECS-II automatic and a five speed INVECS-II tiptronic.

An all-new 3.8 litre SOHC 24-valve V6 powerplant was also introduced on this generation. This engine used an Electronic Throttle Valve (ETV).

The third generation was introduced on 2 August 1999 and was scheduled to be replaced by the Autumn of 2006. It received a minor facelift in 2003. The 3.0 L engine's power was increased to 130 kW, and the 3.5 L engine was given petrol direct injection, increasing power to 162 kW in the Japanese market (export versions kept the standard EFI engine, now with 149 kW. The 2.8 L Diesel was retained only for developing markets, and was replaced by a new 16-valve direct injection engine, with 3.2 L and 120 kW. For efficiency, diesel versions saw the intercooler moved to a front-mounted position as opposed to the previous top-mounted position.

In the North American market, the 3.5 L engine was replaced for 2003 by a more powerful 3.8 L unit, with 160 kW. This engine was later made available to export markets such as South America, Australia and New Zealand, whilst it replaced the GDI V6 in the Japanese lineup in 2005. The short wheelbase model was not marketed in North America, where the Montero was the only SUV in Mitsubishi's lineup with standard four-wheel drive as opposed to all-wheel-drive. The Montero was discontinued in the US market after the 2006 model year.

This generation Pajero was released for the Chinese market in 2004 and continued production until 2011. Engine choices consisted of the 3- and 3.8-litre V6s which were paired with the 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic gearbox for the smaller units and only a 5-speed automatic available on the larger engine. The trim levels were known as GL, GLS and GLX.

Fourth generation (V80-, V90- / NS, NT, NW, NX; 2006-2022)
The fourth generation debuted at the Paris Motor Show on 30 September 2006 with the series code "NS". It revised interior and exterior styling, dual-stage front airbags, as well as new side-impact and curtain airbags. The chassis was a slightly revised monocoque with Mitsubishi's RISE technology as featured in the previous generation.

The Super-Select 4WD II system was retained, with an improved Active Stability & Traction Control (ASTC) system and electronic brakeforce distribution with 8.7 in of ground clearance and a 700mm wading depth — as well as more extensive skid plating, a carbon-fibre-wrapped rear driveshaft and aluminium bonnet to reduce weight. All models feature a dedicated space and mounting points behind the main battery for the addition of a second battery for harsh winter environments and electric winch usage. The fourth generation retained the fully-independent suspension as the previous generation, with revisions to the rear axle assembly for strength and reliability off-road as well as 17" alloy wheels on GLS trim. Brakes were upgraded to larger 332mm front rotors on LWB versions. SWB versions retained the 289mm rotors from the previous generation until later in production. Exceed models featured additional rear air-conditioning with its own rear-mounted compressor for independent control. All models up to and including NX were available with a choice of automatic or manual transmissions depending on the market, except in Exceed and Super Exceed where automatic was the only option.

Engines were upgraded with the 3.2 L diesel gaining Common Rail technology, a DPF for cleaner emissions and producing 125 kW. The 3.8 L V6 gained MIVEC variable valve timing to boost power to 184 kW using the factory recommended 95 RON. Both engines met Euro IV emissions standards. The 3.0 L V6 was retained for the Japanese and GCC markets. In Indonesia, this model was only marketed in Super Exceed trim.

SWB models came standard with 5 seats with 7 seats in the LWB version. 5 seats were permanent with an additional folding 3rd row bench seat in the cargo bay that could swing out from a dedicated underfloor compartment and lock into place. All seats came with full 3-point retracting seatbelts including the cargo bay seats. The second row of seats featured a 60:40 split. This second row could have the seatbacks folded down, from there the seats could be tumbled forward independently from one another and lock in the folded and forward positions. In the forwardmost, stowed position, this offered a fully-flat cargo area. Storage capacity with the seats in their normal position is 849 L (VDA). With the seats folded and tumbled forward, the total storage volume increases to 1,790 L.

From 2009 a new series was introduced; "NT", the 3.0L V6 engine was dropped in the GCC markets, and was replaced by a 3.5L V6 engine, rated for 141 kW and 306 Nm torque. Further revisions to the 3.2 L Turbo Diesel in the 2011 model year saw the power and torque increased to 147 kW and 441 Nm respectively, though the addition of a variable geometry turbo among other changes. Both engines met Euro V emissions standards. The 3.8 L petrol engine remained at 184 kW and 329 Nm (using 95 RON fuel). There is also a panel van version available in markets where such a model can be registered at a lower tax rate. Vehicles also received a rear locking differential as standard and towing was increased to 3,000 kg braked with 180 kg of ball weight. Interestingly, in some markets such as Ireland and Germany, the Pajero received an increased braked towing capacity of 3500 kg up to a 12% grade with a 150 kg ball weight. Backwards compatible with all models from 2007 onwards, it utilised a heavy-duty towbar from German manufacturer MVG GmbH that is only available through authorised Mitsubishi dealerships. The automatic transmission was also upgraded by way of the Aisin-Warner A750F (the same as is used in certain Toyota Tundra, Lexus LX 470 and other heavy-duty / full-size Toyota models) while using Mitsubishi's own INVECS-II transmission programming. Interiors were changed slightly, with upper plastic trim panels moving from a light grey, to a warm beige colour. In certain markets a full beige interior was offered with beige seats and beige lower trim panels. Exceed models gained an 860 watt, 12-speaker, Rockford Acoustic Design sound system with 5.1 surround sound and a 10" DVC subwoofer.

For the 2010 model year the Pajero gained a subwoofer in certain lower spec models as well as a new grille. In the Australian market, a 'Platinum' grade was offered with a reversing camera, fog lamps, a rear deflector and special badging and floor mats as well as Mitsubishi's Multi Communication System (MMCS) with satellite navigation and Bluetooth.

For 2012, the Pajero model was minimally restyled and given an improved monocoque body and suspension for reduced NVH among other benefits, with the series designation "NW". Interior dashboard and instrument lighting was changed to red for better night vision. GLX and up received an electrochromic auto-dimming mirror as standard. Mitsubishi also removed the swirl flaps from the intake manifold to further improve reliability under the heavy carbonisation environment of modern direct injection engines with EGR.

For the 2015 model year the Pajero received an updated front fascia with a revised grille, LED daytime running lights and a new spare tire cover under the series "NX". This series is the most recent, and the last to be produced. The automatic transmission was available on all trim levels, with manual only being offered in lower-tier vehicles. Early NX models came with no diesel particulate filter. From 2017 onwards a DPF was standard, along with a 4 kW peak power reduction as a result, while torque remained the same.

The interior was revised to include piano black and metallic trim, or wood grain (depending on the market) for the Exceed and Super Exceed and additional sound deadening material as well as a newly styled subwoofer housing. Other standard features on Exceed models and above included rain-sensing wipers, an electrochromic auto-dimming rear-view mirror, factory-fitted side-steps, motorised pop-out headlight washers, factory-fitted discrete alarm, rear dust deflector/spoiler, sliding and tilting solar-glass sunroof, rear air-conditioning with its own compressor and settings, mirror-mounted indicators and puddle lights, heated side mirrors (activated via the rear demister switch) a rally-style rear fog running-light, aluminium pedals, a new "Smartlink" capacitive touch screen entertainment unit with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, a revised sound system with new spatial sound options, 8-way adjustable heated front seats, a reversing camera, sonar reversing sensors, LED daytime running lights, HID auto-levelling headlights, auto-dimming high-beams, and warm-white halogen fog lights.

The engines were carried over and include the 3.0 L 6G72 V6, the 3.5 L 6G74 V6, the 3.8 L 6G75 MIVEC V6, the 2.8 L four-cylinder turbo diesel 4M40, and the 3.2 L 4M41 common rail four-cylinder turbo diesel.

The Pajero was discontinued in the Japanese market in August 2019 with the release of a "Final Edition" model, which was limited to 700 units. Production for international markets where demand remained high such as Australia, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America (among others) continued for some time, however production has now fully ceased as of March 2021, with the last vehicles (Final Edition) to roll off the production line being delivered as MY2022 vehicles.

The changes in the Final Edition over the standard model are primarily cosmetic only, and include a hood protector, carpet floor mats, cargo lip cover, and a leather-wrapped owner's manual and service book. Other features include a winter package, rubber cargo liner and the Final Edition badging. Flagship Exceed models add a full leather interior, brushed aluminum pedals, and a sunroof.

2013–2021 (NW–NX models)
Safety was significantly improved in the 2013 and onward models (which includes vehicles produced to present day).

Particularly, Mitsubishi improved on the potential for knee injury noted in the previous test for NS and NT models.

Frontal impact testing showed excellent protection for the passenger all over, with the highest rating 'good' and full marks given for all areas of the dummy. This rating was also given to the driver's head which the testers noted the airbag cushioned very stably. Head, neck and upper leg protection was flawless, receiving the full 4 marks. Chest protection received 3.90 out of the maximum possible 4.00 points. Improved upon from the earlier models was the knee protection noted in the previous test for NS and NT models, with much less chance for injury from dashboard components.

Side pole impact testing was similarly excellent, receiving the full 4 marks across all areas and a subsequent 100% rating. Protection for the head and neck received the highest possible marks of 'good' and 4.00 out the possible 4.00 points.

Pedestrian protection was considered poor. As with most SUVs and 4WDs, pedestrian impacts are generally much worse than with sedans or smaller vehicles due to the higher area of impact on the pedestrian resulting in more head and chest damage than lower-height vehicles.

As an occupant, the Pajero demonstrated great cabin integrity and passenger safety in all main seats with low risk of serious injury in both front and side impacts - of particular note is the solid side pole impact test results. Cabin integrity is in part due to Mitsubishi's RISE monocoque chassis design that provides a markedly stiffer frame and cabin structure over typical body on-frame (ladder-chassis) vehicles. Monocoque / unibody chassis designs typically offer excellent roll over protection as a result, though this was not an officially measured feature of the ANCAP test criteria at the time.

Unlike its sibling the Pajero Sport, the Pajero does not feature any autonomous driving aids such as AEB or LKA which are a compulsory requirement for the 2020-onward ANCAP standards.

2006–2013 (NS–NT models)
The redesigned, 4th Generation Pajero showed a significant focus on enhanced safety and crash performance over the previous generation.

Frontal impact testing showed excellent protection for the passenger all over, with the highest rating 'good' and full marks given. This rating was also given to the driver's head which the testers noted the airbag cushioned very stably. Chest protection was considered adequate. Protection for the knees was considered marginal due to components of the steering column potentially causing damage.

Side protection was rated 'excellent' due to the model's addition of side curtain airbags. A side pole impact test was carried out and the Mitsubishi received full marks in all areas, with protection for the head and chest receiving the highest rating of 'good'.

Pedestrian protection was considered poor. As with most SUVs and 4WDs, pedestrian impacts are generally much worse than with sedans or smaller vehicles due to the higher area of impact on the pedestrian resulting in more head and chest damage than lower-height vehicles.

1999–2006 (NM–NP models)
The 3rd Generation Pajero performed acceptably (for 2004 standards) in the frontal offset crash test, conducted by the IIHS (an NCAP testing partner). The cabin structure retained its shape very well with the cabin showing virtually no deformation. All doors were able to be opened with only moderate effort. The Pajero received 9.88 out of the possible 16.00 points for this test. Protection for the driver's chest received the highest rating, while head protection was one step down, considered 'acceptable' as the steering wheel moved upwards too much, causing the dummy's head to contact the steering wheel and the B-pillar on rebound. The steering column, though releasing from its mounts during the crash, produced a source of injury for the driver's legs and the passenger's knees impacted the glove box. Upper legs of the driver and passenger also showed some stresses while the lower leg was impacted by the clutch pedal for the driver.

The barrier side impact protection (intended to replicate a side-on impact by a vehicle) was not assessed as the seat heights were far higher than the impact height would have been and as such were not regulated to be tested for under ANCAP regulations at the time. However, ANCAP awarded the Pajero 16.00 points for this section noting that vehicles of similar design and size have faired similarly well in these types of crashes. While it was awarded full marks for this section, it is important to note that no test has been carried out so real-world performance may be significantly varied.

Though optional, side pole impact testing was carried out and can be considered a 'worst case' side impact. The 3rd Generation Pajero has side thorax airbags on Exceed models (optional on others), but does not have curtain airbags, and as a result performed poorly in this test receiving 0.00 points for head protection.

Pedestrian impact was not tested and as such the Pajero was awarded no points for this portion of the test.

Head restraints were considered poor in protecting against whiplash.

Use in military
In 1996, Mitsubishi Motors began using Pajero as a basis for their JSDF vehicle Type 73 (Shin), replacing their Jeep-based predecessors (Kyū) in their fleet.

In 2009, the Irish Defence Force placed an order for 320 units of the Generation 4 Pajero NT for use domestically as well as overseas. The vehicles were selected due to their suitability for varied roles likely to be encountered. The fitout included steel wheels, side steps, a bespoke tubular bullbar protecting the radiator and grille with a large HF antenna mounted to it when used in communications roles. Despite their intended military use, they were not fitted with lifted suspension and off-road tyres. The Pajeros that were deployed locally within Ireland, were used for prison transfer and Cash-in-Transit escorts as well as for military driving training courses. These were painted a matte forest green colour and sometimes featured an emergency services light bar. The Pajero was also deployed by the Irish Defence Forces overseas as a light unarmoured patrol vehicle and as a communications vehicle for UN Peacekeeping where it sported the traditional white UN livery. In the peacekeeping role some vehicles featured dual HF antennas with an additional encrypted UHF antenna mounted on a box-style mount on the rearmost pillar.

Around 2011, the Indian Army placed an order for a dozen or so Mitsubishi Pajero to deploy on the Indo Chinese border, along Sikkim.

Global sales figures
Sources: Pajero 4WD 20 Year History (Japanese), Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2008, Facts & Figures 2011, Facts & Figures 2015 Mitsubishi Motors website, Facts & Figures 2018 Mitsubishi Motors website, Facts & Figures 2019 Mitsubishi Motors website

title: Mitsubishi Pajero


text: Category:World War II naval weapons

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:World War II naval weapons


text:
Meso-Melanesian languages

The Meso-Melanesian languages are a linkage of Oceanic languages spoken in the large Melanesian islands of New Ireland and the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea. Bali is one of the most conservative languages.

Composition
The languages group as follows:
 * Willaumez linkage: Bola, Bulu, Meramera, Nakanai
 * Bali–Vitu: Bali (Uneapa), Vitu (Muduapa) [may be a single language]
 * New Ireland – Northwest Solomonic linkage
 * Tungag–Nalik family: Tigak, Tungag, Nalik, Laxudumau, Kara, Tiang
 * Tabar linkage: Madara (Tabar), Lihir, Notsi
 * Madak linkage: Barok, Lavatbura-Lamusong, Madak
 * Tomoip
 * St George linkage
 * Niwer Mil
 * Warwar Feni
 * Fanamaket
 * Sursurunga
 * Konomala
 * Patpatar–Tolai: Patpatar, Lungalunga (Minigir), Tolai (Kuanua)
 * Label–Bilur: Label, Bilur
 * Kandas–Ramoaaina: Kandas,  Ramoaaina
 * Siar
 * Northwest Solomonic linkage

Ethnologue adds Guramalum to the St George linkage.

The Willaumez Peninsula on the north coast of New Britain was evidently the center of dispersal.

Johnston (1982) combines the Willaumez and Bali–Vitu branches into a single Kimbe branch, for which he reconstructs Proto-Kimbe.

Language contact
Lenition in Lamasong, Madak, Barok, Nalik, and Kara may have diffused via influence from Kuot, the only non-Austronesian language spoken on New Ireland (Ross 1994: 566).

title: Meso-Melanesian languages


text:
Talk:Victimless crime

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Burmeine2051.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Pornography
I think fictional pornography should be added, as 3D models, raytracing and transformer image creation are almost completely realistic now, and the fictionality makes it hard to judge the features of the scenes that are of legal-moral interest. As far as I understand, the criminalisation is based on the idea of motivating people to act, so a comparison to murder video games and street racing simulations should be made.

Gambling, Victimless crime in general
Those article really misses the mark in terms of defining and elaborating on what makes a crime victimless. It touches on it, but then gets lost in the weeds talking about specific laws for crimes that are often considered victimless. The elaboration on specific drug laws and sodomy laws doesn't actually enlighten the principle topic any further.

Also, it leaves out a classic example of an often-claimed victimless crime, gambling (and casinos). Not only is this a go to example, it's great for the topic since different communities have variable standards on what is legal vs illegal gambling, eg some communities allow bingo and lottery tickets, but not slots or casinos, even though the prohibition against casinos is usually based on assumptions that are also true of lottery, etc.

The John Stuart Mill part about sovereign self is interesting and is a good starting point for improvement. As well as the Chicago law definition. For example, should prostitution be thought of as victimless if the prostitute has a pimp that is making her or him have sex? This would be rape, essentially, if her consent is forced by her pimp. Point being that this article could dive into how some crimes may appear victimless, but are not. For example, if two people consensually agree to get drunk and play chicken in a public parking lot, this would be wreckless endangerment even if they were both okay with the activity. I'm sure this sort of nuance is explored in philosophy and jurisprudence, and would really improve this article. Crazytonyi (talk) 17:27, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Proposal for renewing the article
Its better to assume that criminal activity is not considered victimless anylonger. Piracy/Copyrights infringement is regarded as a victimless crime though it still has victims to begin with, mainly employed artists and sometimes additionally so, even sparetime artists. Many ISPS do not file blockage of such content and neither so do far too many others on the internet. Consequence to this? Infected serverside leading most likely to infected clientside later on. So even nonwilling people are nowadays illegally persuaded to still opt in for pirating others. Seen this phenomenon on many not IT security akin webpages from even computer magazines. The access tools are found also much on search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo! and Lycos who all do not unindex this sort of a search result. Only Startpage.com blocks this off for good. But ask even Startpage about other crimesrelated stuff and you are failing even here with your proposed zero search results on illegals even here. Very bad to see that rest of illegals is not unindexed even here (selftested, found stuff is all other crimes-stuff other than Piracy and Malware, its only Piracy and Malware seeing the unindexations thereof, rest is still illegally on and remaining even in these search results, damn). 2001:9E8:1218:D601:40EE:C5E4:DC72:2B54 (talk) 11:04, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victimless crime


text:
William Smallwood

William Smallwood (1732 – February 14, 1792) was an American planter, soldier and politician from Charles County, Maryland. He served in the American Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of major general. He was serving as the fourth Governor of Maryland when the state adopted the United States Constitution.

Early life and education
Smallwood was born in 1732 to planter Bayne Smallwood (1711–1768) and Priscilla Heaberd or Heabeard (c.1715–1784). He had six siblings: Lucy Heaberd Smallwood (c. 1734-1768, married John Truman Stoddert), Elizabeth Smallwood (born c. 1736, married James Leiper), Margaret Smallwood (born c. 1738, married Walter Truman Stoddert), Heaberd Smallwood (c. 1740–1780), Eleanor Smallwood (born c. 1743 married William Grayson) and Priscilla Heaberd Smallwood (c. 1750–1815, married John Courts in 1794). His sister Eleanor and brother Heaberd served with him later in the American Revolutionary War.

His parents sent the boys to England, for their education at Eton. His great-grandfather was James Smallwood, who immigrated in 1664 and became a member of the Maryland Assembly in 1692. James' son Bayne (1685–1709) followed him later in the Assembly. Bayne (1711–1775) and his sister Hester were the great-great-grandchildren of Maryland Governor William Stone; Hester (Smallwood) Smith's daughter-in-law Sarah (Butler) Stone was the grandmother of James Butler Bonham and Milledge Luke Bonham. A first cousin of James and Milledge Bonham was Senator Matthew Butler.

Smallwood served as an officer during the French and Indian War, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War, and was elected to the pre-Revolution colonial-era provincial assembly for the Province of Maryland.

American Revolution
When the American Revolutionary War began, Smallwood was appointed a colonel of the 1st Maryland Regiment in 1776. He led the regiment in the New York and New Jersey campaign.

For their role in the Battle of Brooklyn on August 27, 1776, when the Maryland Regiment heroically covered the hasty retreat of the routed Continental Army, General George Washington promoted Smallwood to brigadier general. Washington bestowed on the regiment a future state nickname, "Old Line State", in reference to the extreme sacrifice of the Maryland 400 to hold the line at the Old Stone House against a vastly superior force of British and Hessian troops while suffering massive casualties, roughly 70 percent of whom were killed in action. Shortly thereafter, Smallwood led what remained of his regiment to fight "alongside soldiers from Connecticut, Delaware, and New York" in the Battle of White Plains, when he was twice wounded but "prevented the destruction of the entire Continental Army".

On December 21, 1777, Smallwood commanded 1,500 Delaware and Maryland troops at the Continental Army Encampment Site on the east side of Brandywine Creek, to prevent occupation of Wilmington by the British and to protect the flour mills on the Brandywine. He continued to serve under George Washington in the Philadelphia campaign, where his regiment again distinguished itself at Germantown. He was then quartered at Foulke House, which was occupied by the family of Sally Wister.

In 1780, he was a part of General Horatio Gates' army that was routed at Camden, South Carolina; his brigade was among the formations that held their ground, garnering Smallwood a promotion to major general. Smallwood's accounts of the battle and criticisms of Gates' behavior before and during the battle may have contributed to the Congressional inquiries into the debacle. Opposed to the hiring and promotion of foreigners, Smallwood objected to working under Baron von Steuben. Smallwood briefly commanded the militia forces of North Carolina in late 1780 and early 1781 before returning to Maryland, staying there for the remainder of the war. He resigned from the Continental Army in 1783 and later that year was elected to serve as the first president of the newly established Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland.

Maryland governor
Smallwood was elected to Congress in 1784, but before he could take his seat, the Legislature chose him to succeed William Paca as Governor of Maryland. He qualified on November 26, 1785, and served the customary three terms, retiring from his gubernatorial office on November 24, 1788. Smallwood had the misfortune of serving as governor during one of the most difficult periods in the history of the nation. Not only were the Articles of Confederation proving inoperable, but the country also found itself in the midst of an economic depression. In spite of the country's unsettled affairs, Smallwood was responsible for several major accomplishments, including convening the state's convention that ratified the United States Constitution, despite strong opposition to the proposed document in the State.

Later years
Smallwood never married. The 1790 United States census reveals that he held 56 slaves and a yearly tobacco crop of 3000 pounds.

When he died in 1792, his estate, known as Mattawoman, including his home the Retreat, passed to his sister Eleanor who married Colonel William Grayson of Virginia. William Truman Stoddert, Smallwood's nephew, was orphaned at age nine and raised by his maternal grandfather, Bayne Smallwood. Stoddert also served in the Maryland Line and was admitted as an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati in Maryland.

Legacy
Local historical signs in Calvert, Maryland, note that General Smallwood occupied the "East Nottingham Friends House" at the intersections of Calvert Road and Brick Meetinghouse Road (near the intersection of 272 and 273) about 6 miles east of Rising Sun, Maryland. During his occupation of the building in 1778, Gen. Smallwood used the building as a hospital. Some of the soldiers who died in the building were buried in the graveyard directly outside. Smallwood frequented the "Cross Keys Inn" (built in 1774), at the time a several-room inn and bar. This building stands as a private residence at the intersection of Calvert Road and Cross Keys Road directly down the hill. His restored plantation home, Smallwood's Retreat, and burial site is located in Smallwood State Park in Marbury, Maryland. Smallwood Church Road leads from the State Park toward Old Durham Church, where he was a vestryman.

Several paintings exist of Smallwood. One hangs in the Old Senate Chamber in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland. The portrait of George Washington resigning his commission inside the Maryland State House in 1783, which hangs in the US Capitol Rotunda, features Smallwood.

The William Smallwood Collection is housed at the Maryland Center for History and Culture.

Honors

 * The Baltimore chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), established in 1907, is called the General William Smallwood Chapter in honor of Smallwood.
 * General Smallwood Middle School in Indian Head, Maryland is named for him.
 * In Anne Arundel County, Maryland, a coastal fortification developed in the late 1890s was named Fort Smallwood in his honor and the location is now known as Fort Smallwood Park. The road running from Fort Smallwood Park through Pasadena, Maryland and into Baltimore is named Fort Smallwood Road.

title: William Smallwood


text:
Ineffective assistance of counsel

In United States law, ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC ) is a claim raised by a convicted criminal defendant asserting that the defendant's legal counsel performed so ineffectively that it deprived the defendant of the constitutional right guaranteed by the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Ineffectiveness claims may only be brought where the defendant had the right to counsel, ordinarily during the critical stages of a prosecution.

Having the "benefit of counsel" or "assistance of counsel" means that the criminal defendant has had a competent attorney representing them. Competence is defined as reasonable professional assistance and is defined in part by prevailing professional norms and standards. To prove they received ineffective assistance, a criminal defendant must show two things:
 * 1) Deficient performance by counsel
 * 2) Resulting prejudice, in that but for the deficient performance,  there is a "reasonable probability" that the result of the proceeding would have differed.

The foregoing test was set forth in Strickland v. Washington (1984). In dissent, Justice Thurgood Marshall objected that the two-prong Strickland test was too permissive of attorney poor performance, and that the prejudice prong, in applying a form of harmless error review, would withhold relief from defendants who did not receive a fair trial, but for whom other evidence existed of their guilt. Scholars have often argued that the poor quality of appointed counsel imperils the right to counsel as guaranteed by Gideon v. Wainwright.

1. Performance
To constitute ineffective counsel, a defendant's attorney's performance must have fallen below "an objective standard of reasonableness." Courts are "highly deferential," indulging a "strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Strickland permits attorneys to make strategic decisions to emphasize one line of defense over another, so long as they are made "after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options." Even incomplete investigations are reasonable to the extent that "reasonable professional judgements support the limitations on investigation."

The performance prong emphasizes that the attorney's performance must have been deficient at the time it was rendered, avoiding "the distorting effects of hindsight." Attorneys therefore cannot be ineffective for failing to anticipate future developments in evidence reliability or future changes in law.

Criminal convictions have been affirmed on appeal even where the defense attorney fell asleep during the prosecutor's cross-examination of the defendant, was heavily intoxicated on alcohol throughout the trial, was in extremely poor health and senile, was mentally ill (and even discussed his delusions in opening argument), or was himself a convicted felon whose sentence included community service in the form of defending accused murderers (despite his lack of experience in such cases).

Nonetheless, the Supreme Court has found notable examples of ineffectiveness. In Rompilla v. Beard, the Supreme Court faulted the defendant's lawyer for not reviewing a file that the attorney knew would be used by the prosecution in the sentencing phase of the trial. In Glover v. United States, a lawyer was held to be ineffective when he failed to object to the judge's miscalculation of the defendant's sentence. In Hinton v. Alabama, the Supreme Court held a lawyer's performance ineffective when he did not request funding for a better ballistics expert, though he was statutorily entitled to do so.

2. Prejudice
The prejudice prong of Strickland requires that the attorney's ineffectiveness resulted in an objectively reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different absent the ineffectiveness. For errors of law, the defendant must also have been "deprived of a substantive or procedural right to which the law entitles him." Serving any length of time in prison longer than a defendant otherwise would have constitutes prejudice.

The Cronic Doctrine
In certain limited circumstances, the defendant need not prove prejudice at all, under the Cronic doctrine. In Cronic, the Supreme Court acknowledged that "affirmative government interference in the representation process" or the lawyer's failure to subject the prosecution's case to "meaningful adversarial testing" could constitute ineffective performance and per se prejudice.

The Cuyler Doctrine
Attorneys may have also been ineffective if they had a conflict of interest that was "inherently prejudicial." Such claims arise under the Cuyler doctrine, which makes prejudice somewhat easier to demonstrate than ordinary Strickland claims. Attorneys may be conflicted when they are simultaneously representing multiple people with potentially adverse interests, previously represented clients who shared confidential information that may now be relevant to the current client's interests, have a personal or financial interest adverse to the client, or are part of a firm or organization that may have interests adverse to a client. Defendants may prevail on a Cuyler claim by showing that an actual conflict existed and that the conflict had an "adverse effect" on the defendant during trial, even if there would not have been a reasonable probability the outcome would have differed.

The McCoy Doctrine
A defendant may also not have to demonstrate prejudice if the attorney made a key decision about the case against the client's wishes, including whether to plead guilty (McCoy v. Louisiana), whether to waive the right to a jury trial, whether to forgo an appeal, or whether the defendant wanted to testify on their own behalf.

Guilty Pleas
Ineffectiveness claims can be brought by defendants who pled guilty to a plea deal and did so following the bad advice of counsel. Such claims typically arise when the defendant's lawyer fails to inform their client about the "collateral" consequences of their guilty plea. Collateral consequences include the loss of the ability to vote, ineligibility for professional licensure, loss of public benefits eligibility, and immigration consequences. The Supreme Court recognized the last in Padilla v. Kentucky, when it reversed the conviction of a defendant who had been incorrectly advised by this lawyer that a guilty plea would have no immigration consequences (instead, he was slated for deportation). Some other courts, like the Georgia Supreme Court, have held counsel to be ineffective when it fails to advise the defendant of the fact that the sentence would be ineligible for parole. To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, a defendant who accepted a guilty plea must show that, but for the counsel's errors, there would have been a "reasonable probability" that the defendant would have rejected it and gone to trial instead. Ineffective assistance of counsel may also be a ground for voiding a waiver of the right to appeal that a defendant may have signed as part of a plea agreement with prosecutors.

Forgone Plea Deals
Likewise, in Missouri v. Frye, the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant can claim ineffective assistance of counsel if they reject a plea deal that, but for bad advice of counsel, would have otherwise been accepted, maintained by the prosecutor, and accepted by the judge.

On Direct Appeal
Ineffective assistance claims are generally preferred on collateral habeas review rather than direct appeal, so that additional fact-finding can be performed. The failure to raise ineffective assistance on direct appeal does not waive defendants' ability to raise it in habeas review, whether concerning the trial lawyer's performance or the appellate lawyer's performance, because the requirement for effective assistance of counsel applies during the defendant's direct appeal as well.

On Habeas Collateral Review
Ineffective assistance of counsel is often raised in habeas challenges because it indirectly encompasses other claims that might have been brought on direct appeal, but were waived. Thus, a defendant making a constitutional claim for the first time on habeas review would argue that it was not made earlier on direct appeal because the lawyer was then ineffective. On federal habeas review, such claims have to survive two levels of deference: first deference to the attorney's conduct, and then second a federal court's deference to the state court's first habeas review.

title: Ineffective assistance of counsel


text:
Lion taming

Lion taming is the taming and training of lions, either for protection or for use in entertainment, such as the circus. The term often applies to the taming and display of lions and other big cats such as tigers, leopards, jaguars, black panthers, cheetahs, and cougars. People often use lion taming as a metaphor for any dangerous activity. Lion taming occurs in zoos around the world to enable the keepers to carry out medical procedures and feedings.

The Captive Animals Protection Society maintains that animal welfare cannot be guaranteed in circuses.

Notable lion tamers

 * In chronological order

 * George Wombwell (1777–1850), founder of Wombwell's Traveling Menagerie, raised many animals himself, including the first lion bred in captivity in Britain.
 * Isaac A. Van Amburgh (1811–1865), American animal trainer who developed the first trained wild animal act in modern times. He was known for acts of daring, such as placing his head inside the jaws of a wild cat, and became known as “The Lion King.”.
 * Thomas Macarte (c. 1839–1872), killed during a performance in 1872
 * Martini Maccomo (c. 1839–1871), a lion tamer in Victorian Britain
 * Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913), a merchant of wild animals
 * Suresh Biswas (1861–1905), Indian circus performer popular in Europe in the 1880s for taming wild animals
 * Claire Heliot (1866–1953), German woman lion tamer born Klara Haumann (Huth)
 * Tilly Bébé (1879–1932), Austrian lion and polar bear tamer
 * Rose Flanders Bascom (1880–1915), first American female lion tamer
 * Mabel Stark (1889–1968), one of the world's first women tiger tamers
 * Clyde Beatty (1903–1965), one of the pioneers of using a chair in training big cats
 * Irina Bugrimova (1911–2001), the first female lion tamer in Russia
 * Gunther Gebel-Williams (1934–2001), a world-famous animal trainer for the Red Unit with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
 * Ángel Cristo (1943–2010), the most famous lion and tiger tamer in Spain, known for his numerous accidents under lion and tiger attacks. In 1982 he won the Medalla de Oro del Festival Internacional del Circo ('Golden Medal of the Circus International Festival').
 * Martin Lacey, (born 1947), animal trainer, owner of the Great British Circus, trained most of the tigers used in the ESSO TV advertisements in the 1970s.
 * Martin Lacey Jr., (born 1977), son of Martin, an animal trainer and performer with Circus Krone in Munich

title: Lion taming


text:
Portal:Association football/Categories

Football

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Portal:Association football/Categories


text:
User talk:Nikos666

I've reverted your edit to medical torture as per the arbcom ruling against you. Please don't make POV edits, but discuss reasonably on talk pages. Also, don't use sockpuppets. Meelar (talk) 15:19, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nikos666


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Sonne

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Juppiter 13:57, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Scott Sonne
Royal vanity. ;) - Mailer Diablo 15:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Oliver Keenan 15:26, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1988? Kid should go back to being a scriptkiddy. '''delete'.  216.158.31.195 16:46, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. is not an entitlement to add more vanity. jni 16:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If he was reading that well that early, he would have had a better time writing his "symphony's".  Contentless advertisement.  Almafeta 17:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Come on, this is so much a speedy as patent nonsense. sjorford →•← 22:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The original version only made the claim about the toaster strudel invention; borderline patent nonsense, although the current version surely is. We really need a speedy criterion for crap like this. (Delete, speedily if possible.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:58, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. --Etacar11 23:00, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This guy is awesome. He was born in 1988 but wrote a movie that was released in 1977.  Delete.  RickK 04:24, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:57, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Some stupid kid who thinks wikipedia is his own personal plaything Juppiter 01:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Michael Powell (lacrosse)

Wage
What would a star MLL player make in salary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.41.121.165 (talk) 09:01, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michael Powell (lacrosse)


text: Talk:Odolo

title: Talk:Odolo


text:
Portal:Association football/Projects

WikiProject Football is the main project devoted to the creation, maintenance and improvement of Association football articles. Created on June 5, 2005, the project boasted over 300 active members in December 2010. During its existence, participants have brought more than 80 articles and lists to Featured status and support more than 25,000 individual Wikipedia entries (see WikiProject Football Milestones for more statistics).

Owing to the popularity of the sport and the amount of articles created about it on Wikipedia, child projects and task-forces of WikiProject Football were created to focus more narrowly on certain aspects of the game. The English non-league football task force is one of its most successful child projects.

The main project has created an assessment department, manuals of style for articles and acts as the main collaboration point for all Association football topics. Sub-projects and task-forces use these as a central point of information exchange whilst focusing on their narrower fields of interest.

Anyone can participate in writing, editing or discussing articles and anyone can join the family of projects if they are interested.

WikiProject Football

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Portal:Association football/Projects


text:
MCM

MCM may refer to:

Measurements

 * Thousand circular mils or kcmil, the wire gauge is equivalent cross sectional area (500 MCM = 500,000 circular mils)
 * Million cubic metre, the unit of volume

Music

 * Magic Circle Music, a heavy metal record label
 * Magic City Misfits, a roller derby team from Jacksonville, FL
 * Maverick City Music, a contemporary christian group
 * MCM (TV channel), a French music channel
 * Music City Mystique, a Percussion Independent World (PIW) Drumline
 * The Mad Capsule Markets, a Japanese punk-metal band
 * MCM – The Gospel: The Missing Gems of MCM Caveman (1994-2011) (Mark Layman), rapper and former frontman for UK hip-hop group Caveman
 * MCM Records, a French record label established by Jacques and Marcelle Morgantini

Science

 * Medical countermeasure (MCM), products that can protect from the effects of a chemical, biological, or nuclear attack
 * Minichromosome maintenance protein, which forms DNA helicase in eukaryotic species
 * Mobil Composition of Matter or Mobil Crystalline Material, a family of porous silicate-based materials
 * Macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CM), a rare genetic syndrome
 * Methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase, an enzyme
 * the Monte Carlo method

Military

 * MCM pistol, a 25-meter Standard Pistol
 * Mine Counter-measures, defensive techniques against military mines
 * Manual for Courts-Martial, the official guide to the conduct of courts-martial in the United States
 * Marine Corps Marathon, a 26-mile marathon held in Arlington, VA and Washington, DC
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Mine countermeasures ship (MCM)

Technology

 * Micro Computer Machines, an early manufacturer of microcomputers, such as the MCM/70
 * Microsoft Certified Master
 * Mobile content management, software capable of storing and delivering content to mobile devices
 * Multi Carrier Modulation
 * Multi-chip module, a specialized electronic package

Transportation

 * Monaco Heliport's IATA code
 * PABCO Transit, Inc or Morris County Metro, a bus system formerly serving Morris County, New Jersey

Other

 * Maranatha Campus Ministries, a former Christian ministry in the U.S.
 * Mathematical Contest in Modeling, challenges teams of students to clarify, analyze, and propose solutions to open-ended problems
 * M-C-M', Money-Commodity-Money, one of the forms of commodity trade in the theory of Karl Marx
 * MCM London Comic Con, a multi-genre fan convention held in London
 * MCM Worldwide, leather luxury goods brand
 * Melbourne City Mission, a charity in Australia
 * Mid-Century modern, an architectural, interior and product design form
 * Mighty Car Mods, a YouTube show about modifying cars
 * Roman numeral for 1900
 * Montreal Citizens' Movement, a municipal political party in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

title: MCM


text:
Fruit (band)

Fruit were an indie folk rock band from Adelaide, Australia. The group was formed in 1995, and consisted of Mel Watson (lead vocalist, horn player, songwriter), Susie Keynes (lead vocalist, guitarist, songwriter), Sam Lohs (lead vocalist, acoustic guitarist, songwriter), Yanya Boston (drums, percussion), and Brian Ruiz (Bass guitar). In 2003 they won the "Best Live Album" award at the Australian Live Music Awards. Their most recent album was Burn, which was released in June 2005.

Formation and early years
Fruit was originally formed in 1995 by a chance meeting following a request for two groups of three to perform together at a local show in Adelaide:

Group 1: Jenna Bonavita, Mel Watson, Catherine Oates

Group 2: Miranda Bradley, Sam Lohs, Susie Keynes

The six members decided to rehearse together to do an encore performance at the end of their shows. It was later decided that they would combine their talents into one band, which became known as Fruit. All the members had known each other from various bands that they had been part of:

Emerald Sun: Mel Watson, Jenna Bonavita, Daniel Schultze, Yanya Boston

Breathe: Sam Lohs, Adam Budgen (future sound engineer for the band)

Fresh Air: Catherine Oates, Jenna Bonavita, Padma Newsome, Dylan Woolcock, Quentin Grant

Kai's Dilemma: Miranda Bradley, Susie Keynes, Clive Conway, Ashley Shepherd

Fruit's first studio release was the award-winning 1996 self-titled release "Fruit", which was then followed by the much acclaimed "Skin". Their first live album, Shift Live, was released in 1999, which contained songs from their first two albums, as well as previously unreleased songs.

Later years and hiatus
The band returned with their third studio record, Here For Days, in 2001. It was recorded with UK producer Paul Gomersall (who has worked with George Michael, Phil Collins, Echo & the Bunnymen, and Guns N' Roses), climbed to the No. 3 spot in the Australian Independent Charts. Their second live album, Live at the Basement, was released in 2002, and contained a number of new and old songs. The album won the Best Live Album award at the Australian Live Music Awards in 2003.

2005 saw the release of the album Burn. The album was produced by the Grammy nominated David Ivory, and was recorded in Philadelphia. In late 2006 after a Fall tour of the North America the band went on an indefinite hiatus; Susie Keynes has been quoted as saying that Fruit is 'off the road for the time being'. The three head members of the band have ventures into new careers whilst dabbling in music. Susie is now Doctor Susie Keynes MD, Mel, the Director on an Aged Care Day Care Centre on Whidby Island off the coast of Seattle and Sam an accomplished home painter and part-time musician.

List of awards and achievements
Australian Live Music Awards (ALMAs)
 * Best Live Album in Australia
 * 2003 – Fruit "Live at the Basement"
 * 2002 – Fruit "Live at the Basement"
 * Australian Tour Manager of Year
 * 2003 – Sue Arlidge
 * Best Up and Coming Live Act in Australia
 * 2001 – Fruit
 * Best Emerging Act in South Australia
 * 2001 – Fruit
 * Best Live Act in Australia
 * 2001 – Fruit (Nomination)

Queen's Trust Award for Young Australians
 * Mel Watson (for The into One Project)

South Australian Music Awards
 * Most Outstanding Instrumentalist
 * 2003 – Mel Watson
 * 1998 – Mel Watson
 * 1997 – Mel Watson
 * 1996 – Mel Watson
 * 1995 – Mel Watson
 * Most Outstanding Songwriter
 * 2003 – Mel Watson (Nomination)
 * 1997 – Sam Lohs (Nomination)
 * Most Outstanding Vocalist
 * 2003 – Mel Watson (Nomination)
 * 1997 – Susie Keynes (Nomination)
 * Most Outstanding Release
 * 1996 - "Fruit"
 * 1997 - "Skin" (Nomination)
 * Most Outstanding Band
 * 1998 – Fruit
 * Most Outstanding Group or Individual
 * 1996
 * 1997 (Nomination)
 * Most Outstanding S.A. Release
 * 1998 – 'Shift' Live @ the Gov & JJJ, Fruit
 * Achievement Award
 * 1998 – Fruit, for independent touring
 * 1997 – Mel Watson & Bev Luff for The into One Project
 * Most Outstanding Live Engineer
 * 1998 – Adam Budgen
 * Most Outstanding CD Artwork
 * 1998 – Miska Graphics, Rachel Harris & Andy Rasheed Photography for 'Shift'
 * Most Outstanding Guitarist
 * 1998 – Anthony Scott
 * Most Outstanding Bass Player
 * 1997 – Jenna Bonavita
 * 1998 – Anthony Scott
 * Most Outstanding Drummer
 * 1998, 1997 – Catherine Oates
 * Most Outstanding Video
 * 1997 – Mel Watson & Bev Luff for The into One Project

Fruit albums
Fruit – selections from
 * 1) "Mama Mama"
 * 2) "Burn"
 * 3) "Peace"
 * 4) "Skin"
 * 5) "Wait On"
 * 6) "Wind Blows"

Burn (2005)
 * 1) "A Thousand Days" (Lohs)
 * 2) "Latitude" (Keynes)
 * 3) "Jennifer says" (Watson)
 * 4) "No regrets" (Watson)
 * 5) "Almost lost my way" (Keynes)
 * 6) "If only for the sun" (Lohs)
 * 7) "if" (Watson)
 * 8) "Burn" (Watson)
 * 9) "Peace" (Keynes)
 * 10) "Wait on" (Lohs)
 * 11) "In between" (Watson)
 * 12) "Weather girl" (Lohs)
 * 13) "Cherish" (Susie Keynes tribute to Vicki Nottage)
 * 14) "All this time" (Lohs)
 * 15) "One fine day" (Keynes)

Fruit The Trio Album – Live at the Church (2003)
 * 1) "If Only for the Sun" (Lohs)
 * 2) "Alameda" (Watson)
 * 3) "Intro Chat"
 * 4) "Peace" (Keynes)
 * 5) "Weather Girl" (Lohs)
 * 6) "Intro to Narrow
 * 7) "Narrow" (Watson)
 * 8) "The Gift" (Keynes)
 * 9) "Nothing But Blood" (Lohs)
 * 10) "Thankyou Chat"
 * 11) "Love You So" (Watson)
 * 12) "Wind Blows" (Keynes)
 * 13) "Alter Ego" (Lohs)
 * 14) "Shift" (Keynes)
 * 15) "Burn" (Watson)

Live at the Basement (2002)
 * 1) "Wind Blows" (Keynes)
 * 2) "All This Time" (Lohs)
 * 3) "Alameda" (Watson)
 * 4) "Nothing But Blood" (Lohs)
 * 5) "Dreaming" (Keynes)
 * 6) "Mamma Mamma" (Watson)
 * 7) "Island" (Lohs)
 * 8) "Human Condition" (Watson)
 * 9) "Sunsets & Hurricanes" (Watson)
 * 10) "Wild Angel" (Keynes)
 * 11) "Skin" (Lohs)

Here For Days (2001)
 * 1) "Sleeping in the Daytime"
 * 2) "Wind Blows"
 * 3) "Burnt and Crispy"
 * 4) "Romantic Sentimentalist"
 * 5) "Alameda"
 * 6) "Wounded Child"
 * 7) "Yeah Yeah"
 * 8) "Cossip Queen"
 * 9) "6 Thousand, 4 Hundred & 20 Something"
 * 10) "Mamma Mamma"
 * 11) "Wild Angel"
 * 12) "New York Buildings"
 * 13) "Tales And Truth"

U.S. Limited Release Fruit EP (2000)
 * 1) "Company & Crowds"
 * 2) "Nothing Higher"
 * 3) "Shift"
 * 4) "Gossip Queen"
 * 5) "Island"

Shift, Recorded Live
 * 1) "Magic (Live at JJJ)"
 * 2) "Breathe Me"
 * 3) "Alter Ego"
 * 4) "This Life"
 * 5) "Shift (Live at JJJ)"
 * 6) "Nothing but Blood"
 * 7) "The Gift"
 * 8) "Six Thousand, Four Hundred and Twenty Something"
 * 9) "Body Breakdown"
 * 10) "Little Things"
 * 11) "One Bite"
 * 12) "Turning to Blue"
 * 13) "Forever Young"
 * 14) "Time to Go"

Skin (1997)
 * 1) "Body Breakdown"
 * 2) "Little Things"
 * 3) "Game of Love"
 * 4) "One Bite"
 * 5) "Stay"
 * 6) "The Gift"
 * 7) "Skin"
 * 8) "Guardian of Sin"
 * 9) "Cool Desire"
 * 10) "Perpetual Dreaming" (Bonavita)
 * 11) "Time to Go"
 * 12) "Body Breakdown (Remix)"

Fruit (Self-titled, 1996)
 * 1) "Tin Can" (Lohs)
 * 2) "Been There, Done That" (Bradley)
 * 3) "Rings Around Me" (Keynes)
 * 4) "Writing on the Wall" (Bradley)
 * 5) "Luscious" (Lohs/Watson)
 * 6) "Sugar Plum" (Watson)
 * 7) "Dreaming" (Keynes)
 * 8) "Turning To Blue" (Lohs)
 * 9) "Forever Young" (Watson)
 * 10) "Finally" (Watson)

Sam Lohs
We Trip Over Things (2006)
 * 1) "Not a Lullabye"
 * 2) "One Minute"
 * 3) "Radiant"
 * 4) "Skin on Bone"
 * 5) "So Much More"
 * 6) "We Trip Over Things"
 * 7) "Salt"
 * 8) "Weather Girl"
 * 9) "Wait On"

Six Degrees (1998)
 * 1) "Alter Ego"
 * 2) "Violetta"
 * 3) "Starfish Park"
 * 4) "Tiffas Song"
 * 5) "Rush"
 * 6) "All The Lies"
 * 7) "If Only for the Sun"
 * 8) "No Violins"
 * 9) "Brave"
 * 10) "Six Degrees"
 * 11) "Token"

Mel Watson
In Between (2003)
 * 1) "Nineteen Seconds"
 * 2) "In Between"
 * 3) "Sailaway"
 * 4) "Come On"
 * 5) "Jennifer Says"
 * 6) "Love You So"
 * 7) "Observer"
 * 8) "If"
 * 9) "24 7"
 * 10) "Lives for a Lie"
 * 11) "Sunsets And Hurricanes"

Vox Humana (2001)
 * 1) "Horn Addiction"
 * 2) "Family"
 * 3) "Illusion"
 * 4) "Remedy"
 * 5) "Magic – Slow Version"
 * 6) "Where Will We Go"
 * 7) "Space Machine"
 * 8) "Organic"
 * 9) "Narrow"
 * 10) "Wired"
 * 11) "Blind"
 * 12) "Think of Me"

Susie Keynes
Kiss For Her Fears (2002)
 * 1) "These Things"
 * 2) "Sometime"
 * 3) "Inside My Mind"
 * 4) "Kiss For Her Tears"
 * 5) "Bedroom"
 * 6) "Washaway"
 * 7) "Roses"
 * 8) "Ridgeway"
 * 9) "Common Ground"
 * 10) "Round the Bend"
 * 11) "Hilltops"

List of notable tours
Fruit spent ten years solidly touring internationally throughout the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, South America, Asia and New Zealand.

2006
 * FRUIT "Wait On" National Tour
 * Fruit come out from the cold - North American Fall Tour
 * 2006 Northern American Summer

2005
 * Australian Summer Tour
 * US - Canada Fall 2005
 * Burn around Australia
 * 2005 North American "BURN" Release Tour
 * 2005 Australian "BURN" Release Tour
 * 2005 North America Winter Tour

2004
 * 2004 North America Tour
 * 2004 Australia & Germany Release Tour

2003
 * 2003 North America Summer Tour
 * North American Fall Tour

2002
 * 2002 North America Winter Tour
 * North American Summer Tour
 * North American Fall Tour

2001
 * 2001 North America Winter Tour
 * 2001 North America & UK Summer Tour
 * 2001 Australia Tour

2000 and earlier
 * 2000 International Tours - Edinburgh, North America
 * 1999 International Tours - South America, North America, Germany, Edinburgh
 * 1998 International Tours - Edinburgh, North America
 * 1997 International Tours - Canada, Amsterdam

Sponsors
Among Fruit's sponsors are Internode, Marlin & Co, Sonor and PocketMail.

title: Fruit (band)


text:
Plea colloquy

A plea colloquy, in United States criminal procedure, is a conversation between a judge and a criminal defendant who has been sworn under oath, which must occur when the defendant enters a guilty plea in court in order for the plea to be valid. The United States Supreme Court has crafted a doctrine which requires the court to engage in a specific line of inquiry. Because a guilty plea must be made intelligently, knowingly, and voluntarily, the court must advise the defendant of the following things: The court must ask the defendant if he understands each of these points, and must receive a voluntary affirmative response. Many courts use a script of the questions which the judge will ask the defendant and the defense attorney in a specific order. Failure by the court to advise the defendant of any of the above points will supply the grounds for a collateral attack on the plea; if such an attack is successful, the guilty plea will be withdrawn, and the defendant will be given the opportunity to enter a new plea. The court can accept and bind the defendant to a guilty plea, even if the defendant insists that he is innocent, and merely taking the plea to avoid conviction by a jury.
 * 1) The nature of the charge
 * 2) The potential penalties which might result from the plea, including any mandatory minimum sentence
 * 3) The defendant's rights to not plead guilty, and to request a jury trial.

Pursuant to the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a criminal defendant has the right to be represented by an attorney during a plea colloquy; failure of the state to provide an attorney to an indigent defendant during such proceedings is grounds for an appeal. It is possible - but very difficult - for a defendant who is so represented to have a plea thrown out due to ineffective assistance of counsel. The defendant must make a positive showing that but for the erroneous advice of counsel, he would not have chosen to plead guilty.

title: Plea colloquy


text:
Air interface

The air interface, or access mode, is the communication link between the two stations in mobile or wireless communication. The air interface involves both the physical and data link layers (layer 1 and 2) of the OSI model for a connection.

Physical Layer
The physical connection of an air interface is generally radio-based. This is usually a point to point link between an active base station and a mobile station. Technologies like Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access (ODMA) may have flexibility regarding which devices serve in which roles. Some types of wireless connections possess the ability to broadcast or multicast.

Multiple links can be created in limited spectrum through FDMA, TDMA, or SDMA. Some advanced forms of transmission multiplexing combine frequency- and time-division approaches like OFDM or CDMA. In cellular telephone communications, the air interface is the radio-frequency portion of the circuit between the cellular phone set or wireless modem (usually portable or mobile) and the active base station. As a subscriber moves from one cell to another in the system, the active base station changes periodically. Each changeover is known as a handoff.

In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). An antenna focuses the radio waves in a certain direction. Usually, this is called the main direction. Because of that, in other directions less energy will be emitted. The gain of an antenna, in a given direction, is usually referenced to an (hypothetical) isotropic antenna, which emits the radiation evenly strong in all directions. The antenna gain is the power in the strongest direction divided by the power that would be transmitted by an isotropic antenna emitting the same total power. In this case the antenna gain (Gi) is often specified in dBi, or decibels over isotropic. Other reference antennas are also used, especially: •gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), when the reference antenna is a half-wave dipole antenna; •gain relative to a short vertical antenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a linear conductor, much shorter than one quarter of the wavelength.

Data Link Layer
The data link layer in an air interface is often divided farther than the simple Media access control (MAC) and Logical link control (LLC) sublayers found in other OSI terminology. While the MAC sublayer is generally unmodified, the LLC sublayer is subdivided into two or more additional sublayers depending on the standard. Common sublayers include:
 * Radio Link Control
 * Packet Data Convergence Protocol
 * Radio Resource Control

Especially in mobile telecommunication and internet broadband (...) Maximal combined input ratio with respect to signal to noise ratio estimation

 * 1) The signals from each channel are added together
 * 2) The gain of each channel is made proportional to the RMS signal level and inversely proportional to the mean square noise level in that channel.
 * 3) Different proportionality constants are used for each channel.

smart matrix array for combine input signal gain separated them with filters and different types of output multiplexed schemes are used for approach to multiple users for example CDMA, FDMA, WCDMA, TDMA, and ODMA. Such way calls and network services are approach and authenticate to unique subscriber.

core network link protocols

Standards

 * GSM/UMTS
 * various UTRA
 * 5G NR

title: Air interface


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Cox

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:31, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Adam Cox
Nominated for deletion due to ?vanity, ?below the bar of notability. Oliver Keenan 15:23, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur. Delete. 216.158.31.195 16:47, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 17:51, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously. DS1953 19:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. --Etacar11 23:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete personal attack. JamesBurns 04:57, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Definately delete. No question about it. Pufferfish101 22:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Alexander Grantham

Sir Alexander William George Herder Grantham, GCMG (15 March 1899 – 4 October 1978) was a British colonial administrator who governed Hong Kong and Fiji.

Early life, colonial administration career
Grantham was born on 15 March 1899 and was educated at Wellington, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and Pembroke College, Cambridge.

He was gazetted in the 18th Hussars in 1917 and joined the Colonial Administrative Service in Hong Kong in 1922. He was the Deputy Clerk of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for a short period in 1933. In 1934, he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple and attended the Imperial Defence College later that year.

Grantham became Colonial Secretary of Bermuda from 1935 to 1938, and of Jamaica from 1938 to 1941. He then served as Chief Secretary of Nigeria from 1941 to 1944 and as Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific from 1945 to 1947.

Immediately after his tenure as High Commissioner ended, he became Governor of Hong Kong, until 1957. He opposed his predecessor, Sir Mark Young's proposal of expanding social services on the grounds that the local Chinese population cared little about social welfare. Instead, he proposed the election of Unofficial members of the Legislative Council among British subjects only with the Governor holding reserved power to override LegCo decisions.

Legacy of governorship
His tenure marked the beginning of a unitary housing policy by the Hong Kong Government. In December 1953, a fire burned down a large slum area in Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, killing nine and leaving many homeless. It was under Grantham's administration that the government began to build settlement houses for the homeless. From that point on, the government was deeply involved in low-cost public housing programmes that allowed many Hong Kong people who could not afford to own a flat to live in government-owned housing estates at relatively low cost. The housing programme eventually evolved over time to allow people to buy low-cost housing and receive favourable loans to buy their own houses.

Honours

 * Honorary Fellow, Pembroke College, Cambridge
 * Honorary Doctorate of Laws degree, Hong Kong University
 * CMG, 1941
 * KCMG, 1945
 * GCMG, 1951

Personal life
Grantham grew up partly in Tianjin, where his father practised law. Both his father and brother were killed in World War I. His mother then remarried, to Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, and the family moved to Beijing.

Grantham was married twice. His first marriage, in 1925, was to the well-travelled Maurine Samson, daughter of the late Amos Roland Samson and Liberty "Libby" Cole (Neal) of Champaign County, Illinois. The Governor's official yacht, a Hong Kong health clinic, and a locomotive, were named "Lady Maurine" after her. His first wife died in 1970, and Grantham married (Mrs) M.E. Lumley in 1972. He died on 4 October 1978.

Honours

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom :
 * UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.) (1941)
 * UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (K.C.M.G.) - Sir (1945)
 * UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (G.C.M.G.) - Sir (1951)

Places/facilities named after him

 * Grantham Hospital in Aberdeen, Hong Kong
 * Grantham College of Education in Hong Kong
 * Alexander Grantham, a fireboat of the Fire Services Department of the Government of Hong Kong
 * Sir Alexander, an EMD G12 Diesel-electric locomotive No. 51, introduced in Hong Kong in 1955 and on display at the Hong Kong Railway Museum

title: Alexander Grantham


text:
148 (number)

148 (one hundred [and] forty-eight) is the natural number following 147 and before 149.

In mathematics
148 is the second number to be both a heptagonal number and a centered heptagonal number (the first is 1). It is the twelfth member of the Mian–Chowla sequence, the lexicographically smallest sequence of distinct positive integers with distinct pairwise sums.

There are 148 perfect graphs with six vertices, and 148 ways of partitioning four people into subsets, ordering the subsets, and selecting a leader for each subset.

In other fields
In the Book of Nehemiah 7:44 there are 148 singers, sons of Asaph, at the census of men of Israel upon return from exile. This differs from Ezra 2:41, where the number is given as 128.

Dunbar's number is a theoretical cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable interpersonal relationships. Dunbar predicted a "mean group size" of 148, but this is commonly rounded to 150.

title: 148 (number)


text: User talk:80.4.120.251

title: User talk:80.4.120.251


text:
Talk:Nick McCarthy

Comment
4/28/07 - Isn't his full name spelled "Nicolas"? - starrynight06

This article sounds like it came from a celebrity-news mag... "Apparently, McCarthy's little bad habit had resurfaced " "What he didn't realize, though, " etc. // proxide

Shouldn't there be a picture of him? All the other band members have one... 195.195.166.41 08:54, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Mind if i change where he grew up? because he grew up in Munich.

The picture we have of him is kinda old. Does anyone know how to change it?

Shouldn't the Article name be Nick McCarthy and not Nicholas? That's what everyone calls him and that's how he introduces himself.

TY for the new pic

How come we don't have a picture of him again? BK 23rd Feb 07

we need a pic of him!!!

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:27, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

"ward"?
Seeking a citation for the assertion that his wife was formerly his ward. I've never seen or heard this situation referred to anywhere outwith this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.9.143.226 (talk) 01:28, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

Box Codax
There already is an article for Box Codax on WP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.234.103.22 (talk) 22:27, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick McCarthy