text:
Talk:Rajōmon

Suggestion of moving the article
The name of the gate was Rajomon(羅城門), not Rashomon(羅生門). Akutagara wrote a novel "Rashomon", and Kurosawa directed a film of the novel. The character 城 means castle(or city), and 生 means life. Akutagawa may have changed the character to express life and death. The article is about the gate itself, so I suggest to move the article to Rajomon.--Mochi 19:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 城門 is pronounced じょうもん(jōmon), but I'm not sure 羅城門 was definitely always らじょうもん(rajōmon). Google hits are split, and the 2005 manga Otogi Zōshi by Narumi Seto, which is set in the Heian period, definitely has furigana らしょうもん(rashōmon) for 羅城門 on page 49 and other pages. There may have been a pronunciation change sometime in history; it may have to do with the dakuten (and its associate voiced sounds) not being part of the phonology or writing system back then. pfahlstrom 00:10, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Why is this included in Mythical/Sacred Locations of Japanese Mythology?
The article doesn't make any mention of Japanese mythology other than citing an obscure legend. Either the place of this gate in hte mythology should be expressed, or it should be removed from the Japanese Mythology series. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 58.0.124.130 (talk • contribs).

Image
The image on jaWiki is a much better shot showing the entire pole and the fence, and it's under GFDL, though it's not on commons so I recommend copying it over here. freshofftheufo ΓΛĿЌ  04:29, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * By all means do. My old photo is ready to be retired. Fg2 04:58, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I just added the second photo. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihon joe 20:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Rashōmon vs. Rajōmon
After further study, I believe this article should be at Rajōmon. The Japanese article uses "Rajōmon" exclusively. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihon joe 20:59, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree Fg2 09:55, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Correct or not, Rashōmon is the most common pronounciation used in English, not unlike Godzilla instead of Gojira.  A note should be made of the pronounciation, but the title should be kept as it is. MightyAtom 04:39, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * "Godzilla" is the official Japanese romanization of his name. It is not the same thing. ww elvenscout742 (talk) 07:30, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * That's the most common pronunciation of the Kurosawa film and perhaps the Akutagawa novel (although English has no macron). The gate itself is not so widely known that English matters. So I still favor the "j" for the gate. Fg2 10:30, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Even Kyoto's official site calls the gate "Rajomon" in English). ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk  to Nihon joe 17:42, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well my Japanese wife says that the most common pronounciation is Rashōmon...I just asked her. :P I think most people looking this up would know the term Rashōmon from the book and movie.  I am not opposed to moving it, so long as there is a re-direct for misplaced searches. MightyAtom 11:32, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Another well-known Japanese movie, though not as well-known as the Kurosawa film, uses Rajomon. elvenscout742 (talk) 03:43, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * So far I am not convinced about a Rajomon, because I think the term Rashomon is by far more widely known. Gryffindor  16:51, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, Rashomon is more widely known by far as a name for the film, not as a name for the gate. But this discussion is not about the film; it's about the gate. The gate is pretty much unknown in English. Arguments about widespread pronunciations of the name of the film aren't particularly relevant. Fg2 20:41, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems likely many people, in and out of Japan, will have first heard of the gate through the film (or story).--Cúchullain t/ c 21:38, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. And the link from the articles on the film and the short story to the article on the gate, at the proper spelling for the gate, will make it easy for them to find out about the gate. It's unlikely that readers will look for the gate first, so we don't have to worry about them being unable to find the gate when we locate the article at the correct spelling. (Also, redirects will make it even easier.) The articles on the film and the short story won't be moved, so they'll remain easy to find. Fg2 06:51, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What are the Japanese calling it now? - check japanese brochures, websites

More about Rajōmon (羅城門)
Neither Nara nor Kyoto were walled cities in the sense that we in the West today usually think of a fortified, defensible metropolis. Nor were there castles built in these cities. "Castle gate" would therefore seem to me to be a poor translation. An alternate meaning for "jōmon" is "city gate" which fits very well. The Rajōmon gate served more of a ceremonial function than anything else.

"Raseimon" (羅生門) is an impossible reading for this compound word.

Oldbubblehead 00:17, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move Rashōmon → Rajōmon, no consensus for second move. Additionally make Rashōmon a redirect to Rashomon. Salix (talk): 21:26, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

– The actual name of the gate is Rajōmon, and Rashōmon principally refers to either the Akutagawa story or the Kurosawa film. This page should be moved to the historically accurate name, and Rashomon should be moved to Rashōmon, as per Japanese Wikipedia (ja:羅城門, ja:羅生門). (As an aside, shouldn't the disambiguation page have used standard Hepburn from the beginning, and have been called Rashōmon (disambiguation)?) elvenscout742 (talk) 02:10, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Rashōmon → Rajōmon
 * Rashomon → Rashōmon
 * Support on 1; neutral on 2  - given that ja.wp gives らじょうもん, first is open and shut. Rashomon is only a disamb page and although the Japanese items under disamb are clearly Rashōmon, there's a Taiwan pop album and pseudo psychology Rashomon effect which aren't. Neutral. In ictu oculi (talk) 03:55, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I see your point, although given the relative minority of the two items you mention and the fact that they both clearly derive from the Rashōmon, I still think the title of the main disambig page should have a macron. However, this raises the issue that if this page is moved, Rashōmon will immediately become a redirect to that page. Would you say the shō spelling should redirect to the disambig page, then? elvenscout742 (talk) 06:54, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * change to Support 2 as well - Okay now I see your point. In reality the argument that it is "only a disamb page" cuts both ways, since the redirect is automatic, so might as well do it by Hepburn and JapMOS, it is after all a spelling change that was generated in 1420s by the original Rashōmon (Noh play). Every spelling on the disamb derives from the Noh play ultimately, might actually be helpful to be consistent. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:33, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose the second. I see no point in moving a disambiguation page from the simplest form. Since there are non-Japanese entries on it, moving it would bias the disambiguation page, and need to create a second disambiguation page at the current disambiguation page's name, because the new name would not be appropriate for those entries. -- 76.65.128.43 (talk) 07:11, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * No, my concern is that not moving it biases the disambiguation page. Regardless of who uses it, the word itself is Japanese, and the majority of its usages are specifically Japanese anyway. We can't have the disambig page spell it both ways in the title, but having no macron in the general title is a violation of WP:MOSJ. elvenscout742 (talk) 07:27, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Moving it biases the disambiguation page. The current spelling is used for the Japanese entries anyways in the world at large, while the proposed spelling is not used for the non-Japanese ones in the world at large. -- 76.65.128.43 (talk) 11:23, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The title having a macron or not doesn't create bias one way or the other, but Wikipedia policy is to use Hepburn for Japanese words unless there is a reason not to. The only "real" Rashōmon, and the obviously primary topic, is the gate. The only other two that are remotely similar in importance are the short story and the film, both Japanese works of fiction that don't have "English names" per se. Either spelling does not perfectly match every item on the list, but the "core" word is Japanese and should be romanized as we do. Your suggestion would mean that the romanization of the title of the page doesn't match that of the gate or the story. elvenscout742 (talk) 13:18, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It is a disambiguation page, there is no reason for it to match the macron forms, there are many different romanizations for Japanese. Using the plain form follows the non-Japanese uses, and many appearances of the Japanese uses in the world at large. Whatever the "primary topic" is doesn't matter since it is a disambiguation page. Which ever is most important doesn't matter, since it is a disambiguation page. Those things only affect the ordering on the page. The disambiguation page spelling should be the more generalized form to encompass the forms needed to appear on the page, the more specialized the spelling of the disambiguation page, the more you throw out (to the "see also" section; or creating a second disambiguation page for other uses that don't match the usage defined in the title); -- 76.65.128.43 (talk) 01:22, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Primary or no, the "non-Japanese" uses are extremely obscure by comparison, and are all derivative from the Japanese uses. Additionally, you are failing to see the point that the title does not need to directly match every item on the list, especially when the only difference is whether we use a macron or not. Either way we are not being accurate to some of the items on the list, but moving the page works with MOSJ (this is a Japan-related disambig page we are talking about) and matches the majority of the items on the list more accurately. elvenscout742 (talk) 01:49, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It is a disambiguation page, not a WPJapan article, it should follow disambiguation page guidelines. -- 76.65.128.43 (talk) 01:45, 20 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It is covered by WikiProject Japan, as are all other Japan-related Disambiguation pages. Therefore, MOSJ applies, and the arguments that you brought elsewhere rather than continue them here still don't work. The list of individually non-notable plays with "Rashomon"/"Rashōmon" in the title and the quasi-psychology reference to the Kurosawa film don't really outweigh the other 8,000,000 items on the list that are unambiguously pronounced Rashōmon. (As an aside, if half the plays in the list of plays do not have a macron, and so the title of that page doesn't have a macron, it still hasn't been established whether a disambig page that lists that list should or shouldn't have the macron.) elvenscout742 (talk) 13:26, 22 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Not ever article entry is covered under MOSJAPAN, and the guideline with the most specificity is that for disambiguation pages. It is clearly not only covering topics that are covered by MOSJAPAN. You accepted the same reasoning at Talk:Saito, another disambiguation page you tried to move. -- 76.65.128.43 (talk) 06:25, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * There are no items on the list that do not derive in some way (2 links or less) from the gate and the Noh play, or in some more direct way (1 link) from the short story or the film. All of them are Japanese words, and can (should) be spelled with a macron. At Saito, at the time I accepted the reasoning, both of the two items were Japanese as well, but one of those two items could not be spelled with a macron (西都/さいと). This was the result of a coincidence that an obscure enough Japanese place name is romanized in a similar manner to a Japanese surname, but the two are in no way related. You will never find a single use of the word "rashomon" that isn't ultimately a variant romanization of 羅生門 (らしょうもん). elvenscout742 (talk) 01:06, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Support 1, Neutral 2 Oppose 2 - As far as I am able to understand, the correct name is "rajo-mon" and this article was put in rasho-mon due to some kind of confusion between some fictional works and the actual place. But, at the moment the article text is a complete mess, with both "rasho-mon" and "rajo-mon" versions of the name, and the referencing of the article is a bit weak looking. Before proposing the move, it would have been smart to beef up the references, including for the name of the place, and convert all the "rasho-mon" into "rajo-mon". Also I don't know what the point of having a disambiguation page with/without a macron. Either way is OK, e.g. Shozo Makino. JoshuSasori (talk) 08:42, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Change vote to oppose per points brought up on Wikiproject Japan talk page. JoshuSasori (talk) 10:21, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The gate's name has apparently had a number of pronunciations (かな表記) and spellings (漢字表記), as I point out in the section below. The best-known pronunciation/spelling in modern Japan and outside Japan is Rashomon or Rashōmon (羅生門), thanks primarily to Akutagawa's story in the former case and Kurosawa's film in the latter, but this doesn't match the "official" name currently used by ... what I imagine is the Kyoto City Culture and Tourism Board, or something ... which is Rajomon or Rajōmon (羅城門). However, since the sh spelling is only known through the derivative works, and the current primary name for the actual gate is Rajōmon, this page should be moved. elvenscout742 (talk) 13:25, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * And with regard to the referencing: moving the page is easier in the short term, especially with open-shut cases like this where a good case was made for moving the article six years ago and then just forgotten about. I may work on cleaning up this page a bit later. elvenscout742 (talk) 04:10, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Support on 1 and 2 per nominator and MoS ja. Oda Mari (talk) 09:10, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. When you google, every result on the first two pages refers to the Kurosawa film. So that subject should be the primary topic. The gate's claim to fame, such as it is, is as an inspiration for the film. So it should be Rashomon Gate. I didn't find anyone else using the spelling "Rajōmon," which appears to be completely original. The DAB should be Rashomon (disambiguation). A DAB title is not expected to be the accurate name any subject, and leaving off the diacritics makes it typeable and easier to use. "Per Japanese Wikipedia"?? Do they even use marcons on Japanese Wiki? Or am I missing something? Update: I am changing my vote to Rajomon Gate (no macron) in light of this source. As for the DAB, the title should not contain diacritics, per WP:DABNAME. Kauffner (talk) 04:04, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I oppose "Rajomon gate". It's tautology and other mon articles do not use such title. See Category:Gates in Japan. Oda Mari (talk) 07:51, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

 * That's ridiculous. The gate is almost unknown outside Japan, and within Japan very few people have seen the film or know about it's connection to the gate. The short story is at least as notable as the film, and the 600-year-old Noh play named for the gate, and numerous other Japanese works dealing with the gate. Please read the other arguments on this page. The Japanese Wikipedia page on the gate uses Rajōmon, as do all two of the three non-Kurosawa sources currently cited in the article, the English version of Kyoto City's homepage. Additionally, if you think that the film is the primary topic, then shouldn't you be in favour of moving this article away from its current title? elvenscout742 (talk) 05:17, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The city gives the name of this subject as "Rashomon" here. I didn't find "Rajōmon" anywhere. Not only that, but none (0!) of the sources used in this article give this spelling. In fact, this page, cited in the article, gives the name as "Rashômon". Kauffner (talk) 06:29, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I find it very difficult to believe that "within Japan very few people have seen the film". Kurosawa is an icon in Japan, and his films are very well known. I think you'd be hard-pressed to find anyone in Japan who hasn't at least heard of the film, let alone seen it. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 07:49, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course I know most Japanese have heard of the film, but few have seen it unless they were alive at the time it was released. Both Kurosawa himself and the film in question (though not Kurosawa's earlier films) are more highly regarded outside Japan than within. The wording of the last part of your comment is odd, though: most Japanese have at least heard of it, but that doesn't mean they have seen it. I'd imagine many people think it's based on the Akutagawa story of the same name; and every Japanese I know has not only heard of the Akutagawa story, but read it as part of their Kokugo curriculum in school. My point was merely that while maybe 1/50 people outside Japan have seen the film, everyone in Japan has read the Akutagawa story, so arguments over the relative notability of the story and the film are completely irrelevant. elvenscout742 (talk) 08:25, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * And that is why on Japanese Wiki ja:羅生門 is a disambig page and Kurosawa's film is at No. 6. elvenscout742 (talk) 08:27, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Whether or not the "Kyoto Travel Guide" is "Official" as it claims (official according to the city? the prefecture?), the official website of the Kyoto City Municipal Government uses "Rajomon" 8 times and "Rashomon" only once or twice, in reference to the title of Kurosawa's film. Additionally, since this is a real location in Japan that has a real name, we can't simply say "Kurosawa's film that has a peripheral connection to the location calls it one thing, so we have to call it that". Therefore, giving the correct romanization of the actual Japanese name should be a priority. (Despite all the references to Akutagawa and Kurosawa on the site 554 is still greater than 504.) elvenscout742 (talk) 07:31, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * With regard to the source you mention that is cited in the article: I already noticed it, and that is why I retracted "all three" and made it "two out of three". All the source proves is that Rashōmon is a variant name for Rajōmon, which should be a given by now. It may even be more common than the official name: but that is not why we give articles their titles. Additionally, the article as it stands now contains a photo of a large stone marker that clearly reads 羅城門 (Rajōmon), and the caption hilariously reads this as Rashōmon. By the way Kauffner, this has come up a few times in our discussions, where you refuse to recognize Japanese sources and/or the logic behind Japanese words, names, etc.: would it be okay to inquire as to whether you actually speak/read Japanese at this point?? elvenscout742 (talk) 07:42, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * @Kauffner. Japanese dictionaries say it's らじょうもん. See 大辞泉 and 大辞林. And this online encyclopedia too. You didn't find "Rajōmon"? Kyoto city says it's らじょうもん. The name of the bus stop is 羅城門/Rajomon. Hepburn romanized transcription of らじょうもん is "Rajōmon". Oda Mari (talk) 07:59, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * There is no need to affirm that the kanji for this subject is in such detail as I have not challenged this. But as the pronunciation of this word is irregular, there is more than one way to romanize it. A city bus map and a photo of a sign aren't much to go by, but I guess they are better than nothing. I suggest the title "Rajomon Gate" to correspond to the sign and to Kurosawa's own account. This subject is all about history and fiction. The "real location" is not notable. It isn't even mentioned in the travel guides, and you can see why if you look at this photo. Kauffner (talk) 06:26, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * No, there isn't more than one reading for 羅城門. It is read Rajōmon. The current title, Rashōmon, is actually written as 羅 生 門 in Japanese. That is another thing that needs to change about this article -- the opening sentence currently contains a blatant error, but it can't be fixed until the page is moved. Anyway, please tell me you are not saying English Wikipedia article titles should be based on the English explanations given in Japanese tourist spots. (We have our own MOS for these kind of things. Also, I wanted to find a ridiculous English explanation or one that read Razyoomon or something, but this should do. If you tell me your e-mail I'll send you some photos of horrific ones, though.) elvenscout742 (talk) 12:35, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Support #1 (Rashōmon → Rajōmon). Per Japanese and English sources, and WP:MOS-JA. Thanks for making the proposal, it makes a lot of sense. ---> Prburley (talk) 12:36, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Ignore #2 (Kurosawa film). This discussion page is for the article about the gate, 羅城門, a geographic feature, and currently, a request to move. The discussion page is not intended for other articles and/or requested moves for those articles. ---> Prburley (talk) 12:36, 20 January 2013 (UTC)
 * No, please see WP:RM. I wanted to move both pages -- this one to a different title, and another one to this title. (The Kurosawa film has nothing to do with either move, since the other is a disambig page.) The double-move request had to be placed on one of the two pages, and I thought this one more appropriate since it needs to be moved first before the other one. elvenscout742 (talk) 08:33, 22 January 2013 (UTC)
 * In any case, this discussion has provided some excellent content to add to the article. Thanks Elvenscout742. ---> Prburley (talk) 20:51, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Wait, Prburley, what do you say to moving the disambig page now that I have clarified that it is not about the Kurosawa film? elvenscout742 (talk) 01:54, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm saying that there's consensus on the proposal(s). Move them, or find an editor who knows how to move them, and close this discussion. End of my input here. Best of luck! ---> Prburley (talk) 15:24, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Support #1 per nom the arguments above. I'm not against #2 but aren't DAB pages often at the nondiacriticized version of they contain both forms?  —  AjaxSmack   02:35, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Consensus?
The move proposal is a now more than 7 days old. Have we reached consensus to move Rashōmon to Rajōmon? We have: (And one oppose from some IP address). ---> Prburley (talk) 20:51, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Four Support Rashōmon → Rajōmon
 * One Oppose Rashōmon → Rajōmon

 * Well, I'm still curious about the disambiguation move (2). Consensus on the article (1) was clear from the get-go, since in reality the IP address was clearly only against (2) and didn't say anything about (1). The only Oppose vote for (1) is from a user who doesn't like macrons but supports the move in principle (i.e., thinks the move should be to "Rajomon"). elvenscout742 (talk) 08:09, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Excellent! I'll move this article (Rashōmon → Rajōmon). Then you can take up the discussion of #2 (the Rashomon (film)) on the talk page for that article. ---> Prburley (talk) 16:19, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Requested deletion of Rajomon redirect page in order to rename this page. ---> Prburley (talk) 16:31, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I had to revert you, because the page you nominated for deletion was the macron-less "Rajomon" rather than "Rajōmon". There is no consensus to abandon the macron, as this was unilaterally suggested by the one guy who didn't like the move request because he doesn't like macrons. Also, I heard once (I think it was from In ictu oculi, but I might be wrong) that requesting deletions for redirects in these cases is bad, because it deletes the histories of those pages as well. Best just wait for this to play out. elvenscout742 (talk) 01:37, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * You can't move Rashōmon to Rajōmon... when a page for Rajōmon already exists. Please find someone to move the page properly and close this discussion. It's gone on far past seven days. ---> Prburley (talk) 06:28, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Also, please don't confuse me with the someone who doesn't like macrons or other diacritics. They're a critical part of my work as a librarian. Best of luck! ---> Prburley (talk) 06:28, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Oh of course I didn't mean to imply that you have something against macrons. I was referring to the user who opposes moving this page to Rajōmon. I assume that your tagging Rajomon (no macron) for speedy deletion was just a good faith mistake. This has near-unanimous support, and will almost certainly be done in due time, regardless of how the other proposed move turns out, so there is no need to speedy any redirects in the time being. Additionally, you seem to have misunderstood what the other page is. Rashomon is a disambiguation page listing this article, as well as the article on Akutagawa's famous story, articles on numerous plays, and the Kurosawa film. I'm not sure if anyone else made the same misunderstanding as you and opposed the Rashomon→Rashōmon move because of this, but I have no intention of moving the article on the Kurosawa film. elvenscout742 (talk) 07:09, 28 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Also note there is new Requested Move: Rashomon (film) → Rashomon and Rashomon → Rashomon (disambiguation) at Talk:Rashomon (film) which impacts on option 2 mentioned here.--Salix (talk): 21:59, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

"Name" section
I made this edit just now and my full explanation was too long for the summary. I haven't seen any evidence that the kan-on reading sei was ever more common than jō, so I removed "what is now". I also moved the entire discussion into a new section for the name. The source cited for "Raiseimon" only mentions it in a list of possible variant names, and specifies that it was called this in two literary works (the Uji Dainagon Monogatari and the Yotsugi Monogatari or Eiga Monogatari), and other works have apparently used at least three more different names, most of which appear to just be different kanji for the sounds ra-jō, ra-shō, ra-sei, rai-jō, rai-shō and rai-sei. I'm not sure how important any of these are for the article, but it seems like if we are going to mention the name used in one relatively minor work of Heian literature, we should mention them all.

That's why I thought it was necessary to create a new section.

elvenscout742 (talk) 07:10, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Dimensions
Now, I have only been studying the Rashōmon since today and as such I'm willing to be called wrong about this, but I very much suspect the mentioned dimensions are wrong. Or more precisely, wrongly described. The article states two 'heights'. (106 feet (32 m) wide by 26 feet (7.9 m) high, with a 75-foot (23 m) stone wall) In this context, what does "a 75-foot stone wall" mean? Which "wall" is this? The pieces of wall on either side are clearly not 75-foot high. The 75-foot is probably a better match for the height of the main structure, but then where does the "26 feet high" come in? The only dimension not mentioned is the depth, but I personally can't confirm it to be 26 feet, although it would make sense. I'd rather not change this myself, but at the moment the description is at the very least confusing. OmikronWeapon (talk) 13:50, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rajōmon


text:
User talk:Kwarizmi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 19:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hola
Hola, quien eres?? Vi ke editaste el wikipedia de San Roberto.

200.76.21.147 14:44, 28 February 2007 (UTC) User:Dajavax

Comment
Would you mind weighing in on this debate? --evrik (talk) 15:18, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Ayuda
Hola. Existe un articulo llamado North America (Americas) que habla de la region de Norteamérica (Mexico, Canada y USA), parte del continente Americano. El articulo fue nominado para borrado debido a que en ingles North America se refiere al continente (desde Alaska hasta Panama). Lo nominaron porque dicen que es redundante, pero una cosa es el continente y otra la region. Por favor, lee el articulo y luego vota dando click aquí. Si deseas que se quede el articulo vota por favor "Keep", si deseas que lo borren vota "Delete". Esperamos tu ayuda. No olvides firmar tu voto. Regiopedian 00:20, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

D&D articles for Wikipedia 0.7
Hi there! :)

As someone who's worked on D&D and/or RPG articles before, I'm inviting you to participate in our goal to both improve articles that have been selected to be placed in the next Wikipedia DVD release, as well as nominate more to be selected for this project. Please see the WikiProject D&D talk page for more details. :) BOZ (talk) 19:32, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Europe/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like Germany, Italy, the Benelux countries, Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Slovenia etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. If you would like to see masses of articles being improved for Europe and your specialist country like WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon, sign up today and once the challenge starts a contest can be organized. This is a way we can target every country of Europe, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant and also sign under any country sub challenge on the page that you might contribute to! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 10:03, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kwarizmi


text:
First contact (science fiction)

First contact is a common theme in science fiction about the first meeting between humans and extraterrestrial life, or of any sentient species' first encounter with another one, given they are from different planets or natural satellites. It is closely related to the anthropological idea of first contact.

Popularized by the 1897 book The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, the concept was commonly used throughout the 1950s and 60s, often as an allegory for Soviet infiltration and invasion. The 1960s American television series Star Trek introduced the concept of the "Prime Directive", a regulation intended to limit the negative consequences of first contact.

Although there are a variety of circumstances under which first contact can occur, including indirect detection of alien technology, it is often portrayed as the discovery of the physical presence of an extraterrestrial intelligence. As a plot device, first contact is frequently used to explore a variety of themes.

History
Murray Leinster's 1945 novelette "First Contact" is the best known science fiction story which is specifically devoted to the "first contact" per se, although Leinster used the term in this sense earlier, in his 1935 story "Proxima Centauri".

The idea of humans encountering an extraterrestrial intelligence for the first time dates back to the second century AD, where it is presented in the novel A True Story by Lucian of Samosata. The 1752 novel Le Micromégas by Voltaire depicts a visit of an alien from a planet circling Sirius to the Solar System. Micromegas, being 120,000 royal feet (38.9 km) tall, first arrives at Saturn, where he befriends a Saturnian. They both eventually reach the Earth, where using a magnifying glass, they discern humans, and eventually engage in philosophical disputes with them. While superficially it may be classified as an early example of science fiction, the aliens are used only as a technique to involve outsiders to comment on Western civilization, a trope popular at the times.

Traditionally the origin of the trope of conflict of humans with an alien intelligent species is attributed to The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, in which Martians mount a global invasion of Earth. Still, there are earlier examples, such as the 1888 novel Les Xipéhuz, a classic of French science fiction. It depicts the struggle of prehistoric humans with an apparently intelligent but profoundly alien inorganic life form. However in the latter novel it is unclear whether the Xipéhuz arrived from the outer space or originated on the Earth.

Throughout the 1950s, stories involving first contact were common in the United States, and typically involved conflict. Professor of Communication Victoria O'Donnell writes that these films "presented indirect expressions of anxiety about the possibility of a nuclear holocaust or a Communist invasion of America. These fears were expressed in various guises, such as aliens using mind control, monstrous mutants unleashed by radioactive fallout, radiation's terrible effects on human life, and scientists obsessed with dangerous experiments." Most films of this kind have an optimistic ending. She reviewed four major topics in these films: (1) Extraterrestrial travel, (2) alien invasion and infiltration, (3) mutants, metamorphosis, and resurrection of extinct species, and (4) near annihilation or the end of the Earth.

The 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still was one of the first works to portray first contact as an overall beneficial event. While the character of Klaatu is primarily concerned with preventing conflicts spreading from Earth, the film warns of the dangers of nuclear war. Based on the 1954 serialized novel, the 1956 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers depicts an alien infiltration, with the titular Body Snatchers overtaking the fiction town of Santa Mira. Similarly to The Day the Earth Stood Still, Invasion of the Body Snatchers reflects contemporary fears in the United States, particularly the fear of communist infiltration and takeover.

Childhood's End by Arthur C. Clarke depicts a combination of positive and negative effects from first contact: while utopia is achieved across the planet, humanity becomes stagnant, with Earth under the constant oversight of the Overlords. Stanisław Lem's 1961 novel Solaris depicts communication with an extraterrestrial intelligence as a futile endeavor, a common theme in Lem's works.

The 21st episode of Star Trek, "The Return of the Archons", introduced the Prime Directive, created by producer and screenwriter Gene L. Coon. Since its creation, the Prime Directive has become a staple of the Star Trek franchise, and the concept of a non-interference directive has become common throughout science fiction.

The 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind depicts first contact as a long and laborious process, with communication only being achieved at the end of the film. In Rendezvous with Rama, communication is never achieved.

In 1985, Carl Sagan published the novel Contact. The book deals primarily with the challenges inherent to determining first contact, as well as the potential responses to the discovery of an extraterrestrial intelligence. In 1997, the book was made into a movie.

The 1996 novel The Sparrow starts with the discovery of an artificial radio signal, though it deals mainly with the issue of faith. The Arrival (1996), Independence Day, and Star Trek: First Contact were released in 1996. The Arrival portrays both an indirect first contact through the discovery of a radio signal, as well as an alien infiltration similar to that of Invasion of the Body Snatchers; Independence Day portrays an alien invasion similar in theme and tone to The War of the Worlds; and Star Trek: First Contact portrays first contact as a beneficial and peaceful event that ultimately led to the creation of the United Federation of Planets.

The 1994 video game XCOM: UFO Defense is a strategy game that depicts an alien invasion, although first contact technically occurs prior to the game's start. The Halo and Mass Effect franchises both have novels that detail first contact events. Mass Effect: Andromeda has multiple first contacts, as it takes place in the Andromeda Galaxy.

The Chinese novel The Three-Body Problem, first published in 2006 and translated into English in 2014, presents first contact as being achieved through the reception of a radio signal. The Dark Forest, published in 2008, introduced the dark forest hypothesis based on Thomas Hobbes' description of the "natural condition of mankind", although the underlying concept dates back to "First Contact".

The 2016 film Arrival, based on the 1998 short story "Story of Your Life", depicts a global first contact, with 12 "pods" establishing themselves at various locations on Earth. With regard to first contact, the film focuses primarily on the linguistic challenges inherent in first contact, and the film's plot is driven by the concept of linguistic relativity and the various responses of the governments.

The 2021 novel Project Hail Mary depicts an unintended first contact scenario when the protagonist, Ryland Grace, encounters an alien starship while on a scientific mission to Tau Ceti.

Types and themes
Due to the broad definition of first contact, there are a number of variations of the methods that result in first contact and the nature of the subsequent interaction. Variations include: positive vs. negative outcome of the first contact, actual meetings vs. interception of alien messages, etc.

Alien invasion
The idea of an alien invasion is one of the earliest and most common portrayals of a first contact scenario, being popular since The War of the Worlds. During the Cold War, films depicting alien invasions common. The depiction of the aliens tended to reflect the American conception of the Soviet Union at the time, with infiltration stories being a variation of the theme.

Alien artifacts
A Bracewell probe is any form of probe of extraterrestrial origin, and such technology appears in first contact fiction. Initially hypothesized in 1960 by Ronald N. Bracewell, a Bracewell probe is a form of alien artifact that would permit real–time communication. A Big Dumb Object is a common variation of the Bracewell probe, primarily referring to megastructures such as ringworlds, but also relatively smaller objects that are either located on the surface of planets or natural satellites, or transiting through the solar system (such as Rama in Rendezvous with Ramaby Arthur Clarke (1973)). A famous example is the 1968 2001: A Space Odyssey, where mysterious black "Monoliths" enhance the technological progress of humanoids and other civilizations.

A number of stories involve finding an alien spacecraft, either in the space or on a surface of the planet, with various consequences, Rendezvous with Rama being a classic example.

Communication with alien intelligence
Many science fiction stories deal with the issues of communications.

First contact is a recurring theme in the works of Polish writer Stanisław Lem. The majority of his "first contact" stories, including his first published science fiction story, The Man from Mars (1946) and his last work of fiction,  Fiasco (1986), portray the mutual understanding of a human and alien intelligences as ultimately impossible. These works criticize "the myth of cognitive universality".

Message from space
The "first contact" may originate from the detection of an extraterrestrial signal ("message from space"). In broader terms, the presence of an alien civilization may be deduced from a technosignature, which is any of a variety of detectable spectral signatures that indicate the presence or effects of technology. The occasional search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) began with the advent of radio, which was addressed in science fiction as well. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction mentions a 1864 French story "Qu'est-ce qu'ils peuvent bien nous dire?", where humans detect a signal form Mars. Stories of this type became numerous by 1950s. The systematic search for technosignatures began in 1960 with Project Ozma.

Alien languages
Apart from telepathy, languages are the most common form of interpersonal communication with aliens, and many science fiction stories deal with language issues. While various nonlinguistic forms of communication are described as well, such as communication via mathematics, pheromones, etc., the distinction of linguistic vs. non-linguistic, is rather semantic: in the majority of cases all boils down to some form of decoding/encoding of information.

While space operas bypass the issue by either making aliens speak English perfectly, or resorting to an "universal translator", in most hard science fiction humans usually have difficulties in talking to aliens, which may lead to misunderstanding of various level of graveness, even leading to a war.

Jonathan Vos Post analyzed various issues related to understanding alien languages.

Ethics of first contact
Many notable writers have considered how humans are supposed to treat the aliens when we meet them. One idea is that the humans should avoid the interference in the development of alien civilizations. A notable example of this is the Prime Directive of Star Trek, a major part of  its considerable cultural influence. However, the Directive often proves to be unworkable. Over time, the Directive has developed from its clear and straightforward formulation to a loosely defined, aspirational principle. Evolving from a series of bad experiences coming from the "interventionist" approach in early episodes, the Prime Directive was initially presented as an imperative. However, it is often portrayed as neither the primary concern, nor imperative.

In Soviet science fiction there was a popular concept of "progressors", Earth agents working clandestinely in less advanced civilizations for their betterment, following the ideas of Communism (portrayed as already victorious on Earth). The term was introduced in the Noon Universe of the Strugatsky brothers. The Strugatskis' biographer, writing under the pen name Ant Skalandis, considered the concept as a major novelty in social science fiction. In the Strugatskis' later works the powerful organization КОМКОН (COMCON, Commission for Contacts), in charge of progressorship, was tasked with counteracting the work of suspected alien progressors on the Earth. Strugatski's novels related to the subject reject the idea of the "export of revolution". In his report "On serious shortcomings in the publication of science fiction literature", Alexander Yakovlev, a Soviet Communist Party functionary in charge of propaganda, complained that Strugatskis had alleged the futility of the Communist intervention into fascism on an alien planet.

The Day the Earth Stood Still
Based on the 1940 short story "Farewell to the Master", The Day the Earth Stood Still depicts the arrival of a single alien, Klaatu, and a robot, Gort, in a flying saucer, which lands in Washington, D.C. In the film, humanity's response to first contact is hostility, demonstrated both at the beginning when Klaatu is wounded, and when he is killed near the end.

First contact is used as an example of a global issue that is ignored in favor of continuing international competition, with the decision by the United States government to treat Klaatu as a security threat and eventually enact martial law in Washington, D.C. being allegorical for the Second Red Scare.

Contact
Initially conceived of as a film, the 1985 novel Contact, written by American astronomer Carl Sagan, depicts the reception of a radio signal from the star Vega. Two-way communication is achieved with the construction of a Machine, the specifications of which are included in the message. In 1997, a film adaptation was released.

Star Trek
Within the Star Trek franchise, first contact is a central part of the operations of Starfleet. While primarily depicted in the television shows, it has also been in a majority of the movies. The Prime Directive is one of the foundational regulations regarding first contact in Star Trek, and has been portrayed in every television series. Despite its importance, it is frequently violated.

Star Trek: The Original Series
In the original pilot episode for Star Trek, the crew of the USS Enterprise encounters the Talosians, subterranean humanoids with telepathic abilities, when attempting to rescue the survivors of a crash. While the episode wasn't broadcast in its entirety until 1988, it was incorporated into the first-season two-part episode "The Menagerie".

The Prime Directive, also known as Starfleet General Order 1, was introduced in the 21st episode "The Return of the Archons". In–universe, it is intended to prevent unintended negative consequences from first contact with technologically inferior societies, particularly those that lack faster-than-light travel.

Star Trek: The Next Generation
"Encounter at Farpoint", the pilot episode for Star Trek: The Next Generation, depicts Federation first contact with the Q Continuum, although this encounter was only included later in production.

The Prime Directive is the center of multiple episodes in the series, including "Who Watches the Watchers" and "First Contact". In both episodes, Captain Jean-Luc Picard is forced to break the Prime Directive.

Star Trek: First Contact
Released in 1996, Star Trek: First Contact portrays first contact between Humans and Vulcans at the end of the film. This event leads to the formation of the United Federation of Planets.

title: First contact (science fiction)


text:
Talk:Archers of Loaf

Speed Of Cattle
It is not an EP, it is a compilation. EPs would be vs.GOAT, and Vitus Tinnitus Umlaut3 03:43, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup?
I'm just curious as to exactly why this has been added to the list of articles needed to be cleaned up. As an avid Archers fan, I see it as brief but informative, but to me it is accurate.

Maybe the problem is that you're an avid Archers fan. From my perspective, it doesn't read like an encyclopedia entry so much as it reads like a fan letter. Drysarcasm 05:32, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I think it should be cleaned up. Currently, it's very....subjective. I've actually been accumulating interviews and articles for the past couple of months now, and I hope to make the article much more full of information by the end of the summer.

It needs sources. The descriptions of the different albums come across as an original review. I'll keep an eye out for things as well MrDre 04:19, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

I added a few sources and cleaned up the grammar some. I think it looks good enough to take that banner down Sven loreburg 20:14, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

External link suggestion: New interview with Eric Bachmann
As an editor at Crawdaddy!, and to comply with COI guidelines, I am not posting the link to this interview with Eric Bachmann that we just posted to the site. However, I would like to recommend it on its merits, and hope that an editor will find the time to examine the interview and—if he or she sees fit—post it to the external links section. In addition to discussing his recent work as Crooked Fingers and under his own name, he also talks about his time in Archers of Loaf. I appreciate your time. Crawdaddy! Mike harkin (talk) 16:59, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Eric Johnson law school
The link referenced for Eric Johnson studying law points to the myspace page for Spookie (Johnson's music project). There is no mention of law on his profile. I did find a mention of law on another myspace page of his ; however, I doubt even referencing that cuts the wikipedia guidelines mustard as a valid source.Pklala (talk) 23:39, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Icky Mettle "critically well received"
Apologies for making an issue of this but the phrase is always a bit meaningless at the best of times – yes, some albums get generally panned while some fare much better but in fact most are usually released to a mixed critical reaction. Some writers love an album, some don't and some think it's simply OK. What's the critical mass of broadly favourable reviews that allows us to make such a prima facie POV statement in WP's own voice? And there's a more direct problem here. The sources being used and now added to justify retaining the term are: 1) the (undated) Christgau review, which is already now noted in its right; 2) a 10-year retrospective on the album in a student newspaper; and 3) a Rolling Stone review of a reissue of the album nearly 20 years on. Even combined, these do not support a judgment that it "was critically well received", ie at the time of original release, which is what the text claims. And btw I'm not asking for yet more sources/reviews to be researched and footnotes appended to the phrase. I just think we're better off singling out a couple of verifiable accolades and leaving it at that.  N-HH   talk / edits  10:07, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, there's brevity, and there is specificity. The two are at odds. If you want to restrict the number of referred-to reviews, well, a simple Google search will blow that number out of the water. Hard to find a bad review, really. If you want to state that CMJ ranked it fairly high, and that a number of retrospective reviews appreciated it, I suppose that's alright. I'm just not sure what you want. None of it seems like blather, we either quote or paraphrase, yet you call it all fluff. It wasn't an obscure or unknown album - are you trying to relegate it to insignificance? The sources don't support that. --Lexein (talk) 11:55, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * For the page on the album itself, there's more justification for citing a lot of reviews. On this page, as I say, it might be worth highlighting one or two specific ones in passing and leaving it there. But either way, I'm always wary of vague descriptions such as "critically acclaimed". It's simultaneously boastful and uninformative due its subjectivity. I'm not trying to make the album look insignificant – I'm saying we should not be trying to big it up or to relegate it through generalisations of any sort. "In 19XX, Band Y released their first album, which topped the Pitchfork Albums of the Year poll and was voted best debut album of the 1990s by the readers of NME" seems fine to me in this kind of context. Those are the facts without any subjective overlay or analysis. And in fact of course, FWIW, outside of fairly limited circles, it was relatively obscure and unknown. Most people will never have heard of the band or the album and most critics won't have commented on it at all.  N-HH   talk / edits  12:44, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, your last point is telling - the band was well known in indie rock circles, pretty much no doubt about that. But I appreciate and support your bolded-by-me point above, given that one of the sources was CMJ. --Lexein (talk) 13:40, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I see what my last point tells particularly beyond the point it was meant to make or how "given that one of the sources was CMJ" is relevant to the now-bolded point either. Anyway, we haven't really resolved the use of the general judgment "critically acclaimed" even if we both agree on citing a couple of specific accolades.  N-HH   talk / edits
 * . --Lexein (talk) 16:42, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That certainly clarifies everything. What exactly was the point of that response?  N-HH   talk / edits  12:53, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Because my comments in context were crystal-clear and unambiguous. No need for ongoing questioning and misinterpretation. --Lexein (talk) 18:59, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well clearly they weren't, were they? And they're still not. Just because you know what you meant doesn't mean everyone else will. Even if you think the fault for that lies with the other person, you could at least indulge them a little. And if you don't grasp, to take just the first half of your comments, that describing someone's point as "telling" can be read either as saying that it is a valid point or, conversely, that it reveals something negative about their underlying understanding, then no wonder you find communicating difficult.  N-HH   talk / edits  21:04, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You've made no effort to understand anything in context, so now you're just trolling. Read for comprehension, please, and move on. --Lexein (talk) 06:18, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * If you would write for comprehension and act like most reasonable human beings would and actually take two seconds to answer people's polite queries when they have genuinely not understood the points you are trying to make, I might take you and your bizarre accusations of "trolling" seriously. Anyway, as you suggest, in the face of this kind of stubborn obtuseness there's no point sticking with this one, even if we haven't actually resolved the main point I originally raised about the use of the phrase "critically acclaimed".  N-HH   talk / edits  10:22, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Archers of Loaf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100911210443/http://www.ashevillenow.com/arts-entertainment/music-clubs-nightlife/ to http://www.ashevillenow.com/arts-entertainment/music-clubs-nightlife/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071104132537/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1996/oct/10-23-96/arts/arts1.html to http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1996/oct/10-23-96/arts/arts1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011001257/http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile to http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=2159923
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120717082131/http://www.aliasrecords.com/archersofloaf.htm to http://www.aliasrecords.com/archersofloaf.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:48, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Archers of Loaf


text:
Nau Nihal Singh

Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh (9 March 1821 – 5 November 1840) was the third maharaja of the Sikh Empire, ruling from 1839 until his death in 1840. He was the only son of Maharaja Kharak Singh and his consort, Maharani Chand Kaur. He was known as Yuvraj Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh. He was also known as Kunwar Sa (respected young prince). His reign began with the dethronement of his father Maharaja Kharak Singh and ended with his death at the age of 19 on the day of his father's funeral.

Early life
Nau Nihal Singh was born on February 11, 1821, to Yuvraj Kharak Singh and his first wife, Chand Kaur. He was the grandson of Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Maharani Datar Kaur of the Nakai Misl, he grew up very close to his grandparents. His father was the heir of his grandfather- thus making him second in line of succession to the throne of Punjab.

In April 1837 at the age of sixteen he was married to Bibi Nanaki Kaur Atariwala, daughter Sham Singh Attariwala (1790–1846) of the village of Attari in Amritsar district of Punjab. She was the only wife to hold the title of Maharani, she died in 1856. His wedding was planned by his grandmother, Datar Kaur. The occasion was marked by a display of extraordinary splendour and lavishness. He was secondly, married to Sahib Kaur Gilwaliwala, daughter of Sardar Gurdit Singh Gilwaliwala, of Amritsar. She died in 1841 after giving birth to a stillborn son. His third marriage was to Bhadauran Kanwar Sahiba, daughter of a Sardar of Bhadaur. His last wife was Katochan Sahiba, daughter of Mian Rai Singh, of Lambagraon. His last two wives committed Sati in Lahore on 6 November 1840 on his funeral pyre.

Early military campaigns and administration
Like his father, he was brought him up in his family's martial tradition and assigned to a variety of military expeditions. At the age of 13 in 1834 he participated in the Peshawar campaign. He was then appointed to administer the country in the Attock region. The same year, the province of Peshawar was farmed out to him for an annual payment of Rs 12,00,000. In 1835, he suppressed a revolt in the Derajat and Torik.

In 1836, he accompanied his father to the borders of Sindh to confront the Talpurian amirs. He took part in the operations of the Khyber in April 1839, he commanded a Sikh army which proceeded to Peshawar to assist Colonel Wade`s contingent on its march from Punjab to Kabul across the Khyber Pass.

In 1837 he was awarded with Kaukab-i-Iqbal-i-Punjab by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Upon his father's ascension he became the Tikka Kanwar (Crown prince) of Sarkār-ē-Khālsā. Nau Nihal was raised outside the court politics at Lahore however at the age of eighteen, and forced by his father's incapacity he returned to Lahore. He was instructed to govern in the name of his father under the direction of the vizier, Dhian Singh Dogra. When Kharak Singh became gravely ill, the court physician Johann Martin Honigberger noted that despite his father begging him to see him every day, Nau Nihal rarely visited his father.

Death

Nau Nihal was popular with the royal courtiers and the general public, and was seen as a worthy successor to his father during the latter's sickness. After Kharak Singh died on 5 November 1840, Nau Nihal performed his last rites beside the Ravi River in Lahore. After the ceremony, he started returning to the palace via the Hazuri Bagh, where a massive block of stone from a gate fell upon him and two of his companions. One of the companions - Udham Singh (nephew of Dhian Singh)- broke his neck and died on the spot.

According to Alexander Gardner, who was just steps behind Nau Nihal when the incident took place, the prince had sustained only minor injuries during this episode: he was well enough to walk on his own, and agreed to be taken on a stretcher only because of Gardner's insistence. However, when the court physician Johann Martin Honigberger came to attend to Nau Nihal in a tent, he observed that the prince's skull had been crushed, and the bedsheet was covered with blood and brain tissue. Dhian Singh insisted that the prince had suffered these injuries during the alleged accident in Hazuri Bagh. Nau Nihal died hours later, although the courtiers did not make this news public until three days later in an attempt to avoid panic. According to Gardner, five artillery men had carried Nau Nihal from Hazuri Bagh to the tent: two of these men died under mysterious circumstances, two went on leave and never re-joined the service, and one disappeared without explanation. L.H. Griffin in The Punjab Chiefs says, "The only reason for the mystery which shrouded the death-bed of the Prince, was the necessity which Dhyan Singh felt for keeping the fatal news from being generally known until the arrival of Sher Singh. If there had been an organised plot, the Raja would have taken care that Sher Singh should have been present in Lahore at the time of the catastrophe. The absence of Sher Singh proves the innocence of the Raja (Dhian Singh)".

The contemporary English political correspondence, which details even the most insignificant happenings at the Darbar, makes no references to any suspicion entertained in any quarters regarding the Jammu Rajas. It has been asserted that as far as contemporary European writers go, it was their studied policy to denounce the Jammu Rajas, especially Dhian Singh, because of his anti-European attitude which he had consistently maintained throughout his career. On enquiry into the matter of the 'accident', J.M. Honigberger found "more reason to suppose that the partisans of Kurruck Singh and Chet Singh were the authors of this plot against the prince, as he had intended to ask them for an account of their perfidious behaviour during his father's long illness... He (the prince) to order seven of their houses to be closed and inquiries to be made".

Nau Nihal was cremated on 6 November 1840 at the age of 19. His mother Maharani Chand Kaur became the Empress of Sikh Empire assuming the title Malika Muqaddasa (immaculate empress). She was battered to death with wooden spikes by her servents on 11 June 1842.

Succession
After Nau Nihal's death, a court faction proclaimed his uncle Sher Singh as the rightful heir, while another declared his mother Chand Kaur as the ruler. The faction supporting Chand Kaur hoped that Nau Nihal's pregnant wife would give birth to a son. However, the widow gave birth to a stillborn baby six months later, and Sher Singh besieged Lahore with a 70,000-strong army. Ultimately, Chand Kaur agreed to acknowledge Sher Singh's claim to the throne in return for a generous settlement and safe passage, and Sher Singh was crowned on 18 January 1841. A few months later, on 11 June 1842, Chand Kaur's maids killed her by crushing her skull, just like her son had died. While being punished by Prime Minister Dhian Singh, they insisted that they had killed Chand Kaur on Sher Singh's orders.

Nau Nihal Singh had ordered the construction of a bunga (tower) in the complex of Tarn Taran Sahib, one of the Holiest Sikh Shrines in the Majha Region of Punjab Kingdom.

Child adoptions
When Nau Nihal Singh was declared as Maharaja of Sikh Empire, he adopted his cousin's son, Bhagwan Singh from the Kanhaiya Misl.

His second wife, Sahib Kaur was pregnant at the time of his death and posthumously gave birth to their son, Jawahar Singh who was a stillborn. It is alleged that she was poisoned with the motive of terminating her pregnancy. Sohan Lal Suri claimed that Sher Singh gave the wives of Nau Nihal Singh medicines to terminate their pregnancies.

title: Nau Nihal Singh


text:
Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert

Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert (formerly Platinum AIONDS, and before that Trinzic AIONDS, and originally Aion) is an expert system and Business rules engine owned by Computer Associates by 2000.

History

 * The product was created around 1986 as "Aion" by the Aion company. In its initial release Aion was multi-platform and continues to be deliverable to the PC, Unixs, and Mainframe computer's. In addition it ties in seamlessly with a variety of databases including Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and ODBC. Aion was founded by Harry Reinstein, Larry Cohn, Garry Hallee, Scott Grinis, and others.

 * From Scott Grinis's bio:
 * Scott founded Aion, a company that developed expert systems and whose advanced inference engine and object technology were used by financial services and insurance firms to develop risk-scoring and underwriting applications.

 * Harry Reinstein was quoted as saying:
 * “Our biggest competitor was not AICorp, it was COBOL”

 * Trinzic owned AION by 1993. A reference in a 1993 announcement indicates that Trinzic's formation was the result of a merger (paraphased):
 * Trinzic set three development initiatives shortly after its formation from the merger of Aion Corp. and AICorp. The other initiatives -- adding SQL extensions to Aion/DS and evaluating the unbundling of some of that product's object-oriented programming capabilities -- are still active.
 * Writing in 1993 Judith Hodges and Deborah Melewski give the date for the merger:
 * Two rival artificial intelligence software vendors -- AICorp, Inc. and Aion Corp. -- merged in September 1992 to form Trinzic Corp. As part of the merger, redundant jobs were eliminated (20% of the combined work force), leaving a total work force of 245 employees worldwide. The new firm also boasted a combined installed base of more than 1,200 sites representing more than 10,000 software licenses.

 * Although in the merger, technically AICorp bought Aion, as AICorp was a public company and Aion was still private, the reality was that Aion's leadership and technology subsumed AICorp's. Jim Gagnard, the CEO of Aion, became CEO of Trinzic and AICorp's flagship product, KBMS, was discontinued, while the Aion Development System continued to be enhanced and KBMS customers were assisted in converting to AIONDS, under the continued technical leadership of Garry Hallee and Scott Grinis.
 * On August 1, 1994 Trinzic released version 6.4 of AIONDS saying, in part:
 * Trinzic Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., has unveiled The Aion Development System (AionDS) Version 6.4, an upgrade to the company's development environment for building business process automation applications. Version 6.4 provides a visual development environment for Microsoft Windows or OS/2 PM applications using business rules.

 * Trinzic was acquired by PLATINUM Technologies in 1995 which retained at least some of Trinzic's acquisitions
 * Platinum Technologies was acquired by Computer Associates in 1999. CA changed the system's name to CA Aion Business Rules Expert" on or before 2009.
 * It is currently (June 2011) at Release 11 on a wide range of supported platforms.

Applications using Aion
Aion has been used in a variety of industries including Energy, Insurance, Military, Aviation, and Banking. At one point an Aion expert system application written by Covia, LLC existed to do airport gate assignment.

Colossus, a computer program, developed by Computer Sciences Corporation is the insurance industry’s leading expert system for assisting adjusters in the evaluation of bodily injury claims (aka "pain and suffering"). Colossus helps adjusters reduce variance in payouts on similar bodily injury claims through objective use of industry standard rules.

title: Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert


text:
Garage apartment

A garage apartment (also called a coach house, garage suite or in Australia, Fonzie flat ) is an apartment built within the walls of, or on top of, the garage of a house. The garage may be attached or a separate building from the main house, but will have a separate entrance and may or may not have a communicating door to the main house. A garage apartment is one type of "accessory dwelling unit" or ADU, a term used by architects, urban planners and in zoning ordinances to identify apartments smaller than the main dwelling on one lot or parcel of land. Other examples of ADUs include granny flats, English basements, mother-in-law suites, and auxiliary units.

In the U.S., garage apartments are frequently found in older urban areas, either in secondary buildings designed for such purposes (sometimes called 'guest' or 'carriage' houses), or converted into residential units from their original use. ADUs may be regulated by size, occupancy, lot size, core features (such as kitchens or bathrooms), other building codes and parking allotment.

The idea of integrating garage apartments into urban planning is a key aspect of new urbanism, although many jurisdictions in the U.S. prohibit new construction of or occupancy of ADUs except for relatives.

title: Garage apartment


text:
Tom Paciorek

Thomas Marian Paciorek (born November 2, 1946) is an American former outfielder and first baseman who spent 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Los Angeles Dodgers (1970–1975), Atlanta Braves (1976–1978), Seattle Mariners (1978–1981), Chicago White Sox (1982–1985), New York Mets (1985) and Texas Rangers (1986–1987). He appeared twice in the postseason, with the National League (NL) champion Dodgers in 1974 and the American League (AL) West-winning White Sox in 1983.

Following his retirement as an active player, he worked as a color commentator for various MLB clubs, most notably the White Sox, on whose telecasts he was teamed with Ken Harrelson throughout the 1990s. Paciorek was known by the nickname "Wimpy," which was given to him by Tommy Lasorda after a dinner with minor league teammates in which he was the only one to order a hamburger instead of steak.

Collegiate career
After graduating from St. Ladislaus High School in Hamtramck, Michigan, Paciorek played baseball and football for the University of Houston from 1965 to 1968. A defensive back, he was picked by the Miami Dolphins in the ninth round (240th overall) of the 1968 NFL/AFL Draft. In baseball, he was named to the All-Tournament team after the Cougars reached the finals of the 1967 College World Series, and were the national runner-up to Arizona State. Paciorek's number is one of only three to be retired by the Cougars.

Major league career
Paciorek was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the fifth round (89th overall) of the 1968 Major League Baseball draft, one of eight players drafted by the Dodgers that year to reach the majors. A top prospect, he won The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award in 1972 with the Triple-A Albuquerque Dukes.

Paciorek made his major league debut with the Dodgers on September 12, 1970, finishing the game 1-for-4 in an 8–3 loss to the San Francisco Giants. After making the majors full-time, he spent the 1973 through 1975 seasons as a fourth outfielder and pinch hitter. He contributed to the Dodgers' 1974 team that reached the World Series, but struggled during the 1975 season, finishing with a .193 batting average, a single home run, and 5 RBI in 62 games.

On November 17, 1975, Paciorek was traded to the Atlanta Braves as part of a trade for Dusty Baker. He hit .290 with four home runs and 36 RBI in 111 games while playing in a platoon role for Atlanta in 1976. However, he struggled to duplicate those numbers the following year, batting .239 with three home runs and 15 RBI in 72 games. The Braves released Paciorek after spring training in 1978, but re-signed him just a week later. However, after six weeks and only nine at bats (with three hits), the Braves gave him his release a second time in May.

On May 31, 1978, Paciorek signed with the Seattle Mariners, for whom he hit .299 with four home runs and 30 RBI in 70 games.

Following two solid years as a platoon player, Paciorek put together a career season with the Mariners in 1981. Playing full-time for the only time in his career at age 34, Paciorek batted .326 with 14 home runs and 66 RBI in 104 games. His .326 average ranked second in the American League, and he was fourth in the AL in slugging percentage (.509). He earned his only appearance to an All-Star team at the 1981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game and was tenth in the AL MVP race.

After Paciorek requested increased compensation and a three-year contract, the Mariners traded him to the Chicago White Sox for Rod Allen, Todd Cruz and Jim Essian on December 11, 1981. He hit over .300 his first two years with the Sox, and was part of Chicago's division championship team in 1983.

With the White Sox in 1984, Paciorek replaced Ron Kittle in left field in the fourth inning of their game with the Milwaukee Brewers on May 8 – a game which went 25 innings, and was the longest game in major league history, as measured by time on the field. When it ended the following day, Paciorek had amassed five hits in nine at bats, a record for most hits in a game by a non-starting player which still stands.

On July 16, 1985, Paciorek was traded to the New York Mets in exchange for infielder Dave Cochrane. He spent his final two seasons with the Texas Rangers.

Tom was one of three brothers to play in the majors. His younger brother Jim played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1987, while older brother John played one game for the Houston Colt .45s in 1963.

Career statistics
Paciorek played 396 games at first base, 23 games at third base, one game at shortstop, 483 games in left field, 74 games in center field and 281 games in right field. His best position was at first base, recording a .994 fielding percentage.

After baseball
Paciorek served as a broadcaster for several years after retiring as a player, with his most notable stint as the color commentator on White Sox television broadcasts alongside Ken Harrelson, who affectionately called him by his baseball nickname, "Wimpy", on-air. Paciorek broadcast for the White Sox from 1988 to 1999, then called selected games for the Detroit Tigers in 2000 and the Seattle Mariners in 2001 before calling the Atlanta Braves on FSN South from 2002 to 2005. In 2006, he was the color commentator for the Washington Nationals, but his contract was not renewed for 2007. He is fondly remembered amongst Nationals fans for his distinct pronunciation of "Alfonso Soriano," a Nationals outfielder that season: "Eelfahnso Soriaahno".

In 1992, Paciorek was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.

In the spring of 2002, Paciorek told the Detroit Free Press that priest Gerald Shirilla had molested him and three of his four brothers while working as a teacher at St. Ladislaus High School in Hamtramck in the 1960s. "I was molested by him for a period of four years," Paciorek said. "I would refer to them as attacks. I would say there was at least a hundred of them." Paciorek said he didn't tell anyone because no one would have believed him, saying "When you're a kid, and you're not able to articulate, who's going to believe you?" and "The church back then was so powerful, there's nothing that a kid could do."

In 2016, Paciorek was named to the National College Baseball Hall of Fame.

title: Tom Paciorek


text:
Couch grass

Couch grass, as a vernacular common name, may refer to:

 * Cynodon dactylon, known as couch grass in Australia and South Africa, often planted as a turf grass
 * Elymus repens, known as couch grass in the United Kingdom and North America, often considered to be a weed
 * Sporobolus virginicus, a perennial grass native to the southeastern United States that is often used as a lawn grass in warmer climates.
 * Paspalum vaginatum, a perennial grass native to coastal areas in the Americas that is often used as a turf grass in salt-tolerant landscapes.

title: Couch grass


text:
Talk:Gricean maxims

The examples given in the first section are really poor and should be replaced -- some are directly misleading. Liontooth (talk) 05:41, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

"For example: "It's raining" is in violation of quality and quantity of spoken language; however, in context (e.g. when someone has suggested a game of tennis) the reasoning behind this 'fragment' sentence becomes clear." (from the article) I don't see how this is in violation of either maxim (especially quality). If it is raining, there is ample evidence that it is, and obviously you wouldn't believe it to be false. It would be hard to say that the statment provides more information than necessary, as there is nothing to cut out. Assuming that the purpose of the exchange was to inform the other that it is raining, then it definitely provides the required information. 121.44.230.185 (talk) 11:19, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I fixed the examples, and I'm pretty sure everyone will agree they're better than the original ones.70.171.44.214 (talk) 05:27, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

The Gricean maxims are used in some discourse algorithms (e.g. Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in Gerneration of Referring Expressions). In that field of study, the application of Gricean maxims is known to depend heavily on the discussion context, i.e. the speaker's model of the hearer's model of the conversation. Might it be useful to define that discussion context in this article? If not, is there a better article in which to describe it?

(Oops. I forgot to log in.  The above talk entry is mine.) The Rod 19:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It ought to be stressed out that atleast on his article "Logic and Conversation" Grice makes clear that in order for conversational implicature to be possible there has to be some sort of "exploitation" of one of the maxims. Grice's own example is as follows: "Oh quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn't been to prison yet." where the violation is on the maxim of relation. Due to this violation (and if the hearer understands it and the speaker knows that the hearer understands it) hearer knows that something else than what is said is implicated, thus functioning as a basis for conversational implicature.

--88.148.204.180 15:30, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

These maxims are often summed up as : "be brief, be clear be relevant, be truthful" would this be appropriate information to add in? Alastairthegreat (talk) 06:03, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

...

I dare to say that the article sucks. The examples are not good and actually violate one or two of the maxims they are intended to clarify.

In the case of the maxim of clarity, the two VS-examples are even confused. WTF!?

title: Talk:Gricean maxims


text:
G. Wood

George Wood (December 31, 1919 – July 24, 2000) was an American film and television actor, usually billed as G. Wood.

Wood was born in Forrest City, Arkansas. He was one of four actors to appear in both the 1970 film M*A*S*H and the television series M*A*S*H (the other three being Timothy Brown, Corey Fischer and Gary Burghoff). In both the film and the television series, Wood played General Hammond. The character was dropped after the show's first season. He also played the psychiatrist in the film Harold and Maude.

Wood died of congestive heart failure in Macon, Georgia, at the age of 80.

title: G. Wood


text:
Black Mountain Side

"Black Mountain Side" is an instrumental by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, adapted, without credit, from Bert Jansch's original arrangement of the traditional Irish folk song "Down by Blackwaterside". It was recorded in October 1968 at Olympic Studios in London, and is included on the group's 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin.

Composition and recording
"Black Mountain Side" was inspired by a traditional Irish folk song called "Down by Blackwaterside". The guitar arrangement closely follows Bert Jansch's version of that song, recorded for his 1966 album Jack Orion. Al Stewart, who followed Jansch's gigs, taught it to Page, who was a session musician for Stewart's debut album. Page played the instrumental on a borrowed Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar which was tuned to D–A–D–G–A–D, a tuning that he had used for "White Summer". To enhance the Indian character of the song, drummer and sitarist Viram Jasani played tabla on the track.

The overall Eastern-flavour of the structure led writer William S. Burroughs to make a suggestion to Page: "[I] did a joint interview with William Burroughs for Crawdaddy magazine in the early Seventies, and we had a lengthy discussion on the hypnotic power of rock and how it paralleled the music of Arabic cultures. This was an observation Burroughs had after hearing "Black Mountain Side", from our first album. He then encouraged me to go to Morocco and investigate the music first hand, something Robert [Plant] and I eventually did."

Personnel
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:
 * Jimmy Page – acoustic guitar
 * Viram Jasani – tabla

Performances
In concert, "Black Mountain Side" was often performed with "White Summer". A recording from Royal Albert Hall on 9 January 1970 is included on the Led Zeppelin DVD (2003).

title: Black Mountain Side


text:
Wisteria sinensis

Wisteria sinensis, commonly known as the Chinese wisteria, is a species of flowering plant in the pea family, native to China, in the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Yunnan. Growing 20-30 m tall, it is a deciduous vine. It is widely cultivated in temperate regions for its twisting stems and masses of scented flowers in hanging racemes, in spring.

Description
Wisteria sinensis clings to supporting plants or man-made structures by counterclockwise-twining stems. The leaves are shiny, green, pinnately compound, 10–30 cm in length, with 9-13 oblong leaflets that are each 2–6 cm long. The flowers are white, violet, or blue, produced on 15–20 cm racemes before the leaves emerge in spring. The flowers on each raceme open simultaneously before the foliage has expanded, and have a distinctive fragrance similar to that of grapes. Though it has shorter racemes than Wisteria floribunda (Japanese wisteria), it often has a higher quantity of racemes. The fruit is a flattened, brown, velvety, bean-like pod 5–10 cm long with thick disk-like seeds around 1 cm in diameter spaced evenly inside; they mature in summer and crack and twist open to release the seeds; the empty pods often persist until winter. However seed production is often low, and most regenerative growth occurs through layering and suckering.

All parts of the plant contain a glycoside called wisterine which is toxic if ingested and may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, and diarrhea. Wisterias have caused poisoning in children of many countries, producing mild to severe gastroenteritis.

Cultivation and history
Wisteria sinensis was unknown in the west before 1816, when several agents of the East India Company working in China sent cuttings back to England. Over the next several decades the plant became, and remains, one of the quintessential ornamental vines in temperate gardens worldwide. A 200-year-old specimen, growing at Griffin's Brewery in Chiswick, London, is often cited as the UK's oldest living wisteria plant.

It has become an invasive species in some areas of the eastern United States where the climate closely matches that of China.

Wisteria sinensis is most commonly trained along garden walls, along the exterior of buildings, or over a pergola to create avenues of overhanging blossoms during bloom. It may also be trained as a freestanding tree.

Chinese wisteria is more sensitive to cold than American wisteria (Wisteria frutescens) and Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda). Although root hardy to USDA Zone 5 (-20 Fahrenheit), the vine can suffer serious dieback during such cold snaps. Moreover, the frequency of spring frosts in Zones 5 and 6 can kill latent flower buds, so that the plant might only bloom sporadically.

A one-acre (4,000 m2) specimen Sierra Madre Wisteria, located in Sierra Madre, California is recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's largest blossoming plant.

Cultivars
A white-flowering cultivar, Wisteria sinensis 'Alba', was discovered in a garden by botanist Robert Fortune in 1844, from which he took cuttings for the Royal Horticultural Society.

In addition to the white 'Alba', 'Prolific' features the classic purple flowers, but in greater abundance with larger racemes. It also blooms at an earlier age than the traditional cultivar. The variety 'Amethyst' has deeper colored reddish violet flowers that are extremely fragrant. The cultivars 'Prolific', 'Amethyst' and 'Jako' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit

title: Wisteria sinensis


text:
Sejongno

Sejongno, officially Sejong-daero is a street that runs through Jongno-gu in downtown Seoul. It is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon. The street is 600 meters in length, but due to its central location it is of great symbolic importance. It points north to Gwanaksan and Bukhansan (Mountains), and the Joseon Dynasty palace, Gyeongbokgung. It is also of historical significance as the location for royal administrative buildings and features statues of the Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Joseon Dynasty and King Sejong the Great of Joseon.

Characteristic
At the crossroads, stands the statue of the Admiral Yi Sun-sin, the naval war hero of Korea. At the northern end of Sejongno sits Gwanghwamun, the gate at the entrance to Gyeongbokgung. To either side of the street rests the Public Prosecutors Office, Sejong Center, U.S. Embassy, Kyobo Life Insurance, Kyobo Book Centre and Donga Ilbo headquarters.

It was customary for the Korean Marines who are about to graduate their 2 years of service, to congregate in front of Yi's statue and swear allegiance. This was stopped due to creating immense traffic congestions to the 8 lane street of Sejongno.

In 2009, major sections underwent a renovation period of 15-months, which downsized the 600-meter road from 16-lane to 10-lanes of traffic. The project included sections of the road from the front of Gwanghwamun and strenches south from the three-way intersection, along the front of the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts to the Sejong-ro intersection, where the statue of the Admiral Yi Sun-sin stands. The reduction was to construct the Gwanghwamun Plaza, a public open space in the center to the road.

Administration
On 29 November 2009, parts of road were closed to traffic for twelve hours to film lengthy gunfight scenes for Korean Broadcasting System (KBS)'s 2009 spy action television drama series Iris, starring Lee Byung-hun, Kim Tae-hee, Jung Joon-ho, Kim Seung-woo and Kim So-yeon. The five lanes along Gwanghwamun Plaza in front of the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts were closed to traffic from 07:00 to 19:00, while the five lanes on the Kyobo Book Centre side remains open to traffic. This marks the first time the Seoul Metropolitan Government has granted permission to blocked traffic along the Plaza for filming and it is part of Government's plans to promote the city's major tourist attractions; including Cheonggye Stream and Han River.

On 23 September 2012, the Seoul Metropolitan Government started on a trial basis, a 550-m designated section of Sejong-ro as pedestrian-only but permitted for cyclists. The section includes the road from the Gwanghwamun three-way intersection, along Gwanghwamun Plaza in front of the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts to the Sejong-ro intersection.

Major building and visitor attractions

 * Gyeongbokgung
 * Gwanghwamun
 * Central Government Complex
 * Sejong Center for the Performing Arts
 * Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
 * Embassy of the United States in Seoul
 * Ministry of Information and Communication
 * Korea Telecom
 * Kyobo Life Insurance Building, Kyobo Book Centre
 * National Palace Museum of Korea
 * Ilmin Museum of Art
 * The Chosun Ilbo
 * The Dong-a Ilbo

Transportation
Gwanghwamun Station, which is on Subway Line 5, is located at the southern end of Sejong-daero. Gyeongbokgung Station, which is served by Subway Line 3, has entrances near the northern end of Sejong-daero.

title: Sejongno


text:
Clay nail

Used by Sumerians and other Mesopotamian cultures beginning in the third millennium BC, clay nails, also referred to as dedication or foundation pegs, cones, or nails, were cone-shaped nails made of clay, inscribed with cuneiform, baked, and stuck into the mudbrick walls to serve as evidence that the temple or building was the divine property of the god to whom it was dedicated. Versions were also made of metal, including castings with figurative designs, such as the Hurrian foundation pegs (Syria, c. 2300 – c. 2159 BCE).

Additionally, uninscribed clay cones painted in different colors were used by Sumerians to create decorative mosaic patterns on walls and pillars of buildings, which also offered some protection against weathering.

The similar funerary cones of ancient Egypt used the cone base as the major writing surface.

Foundation nail examples
As some of the oldest 'documents' in history, the sponsor, responsible for the construction, or dedication of a work, some of the oldest histories, and/or intrigues are recorded. (Boasting sometimes led to historical inaccuracies, or misstatements of facts.)

King Entemena
King Entemena's nail is a prime example of a clay nail in excellent condition, as well as a detailed story. He was king of Lagash towards the late-middle of the 3rd millennium BC.

King Hammurabi
One of King Hammurabi's clay nails was acquired in March 1938 from an antique dealer. The nail, although fully preserved, is missing almost the entire shaft. The head has a diameter of 187 millimeters. In comparison, the shaft at the base is 110 millimeters in diameter. Both the head and shaft are inscribed with cuneiform writing in Akkadian. There are three columns of text on the head of the nail; the first column on the upper half having dulled over the course of centuries, and the lower half of the third column broken off. The clay nail bears the number A 24645 at the Oriental Institute, the University of Chicago's archaeology museum.

There are two replicas of the clay nail with the same inscription located at the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the Oxford Museum. However, each were transliterated and translated differently. The Philadelphia version is filled with missing text, although the complication was solved with the help of the Chicago version. Simultaneously, the Oxford text gives the Sumerian version. All three clay nails are now preserved in each of their respected locations. They are easily recognized to be from the Hammurabi period due to their distinct style of having a mushroom shape, broad heads, and short shafts.

title: Clay nail


text:
Michael Constantine

Michael Constantine (born Gus Efstratiou (Ευστρατίου); May 22, 1927 – August 31, 2021) was an American actor. He is most widely recognized for his portrayal of Kostas "Gus" Portokalos, the stubborn Greek father of Toula Portokalos (Nia Vardalos), in the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002). For his performance, Constantine won a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Musical or Comedy.

Early in his career, Constantine earned acclaim for his television work, especially as the long-suffering high school principal, Seymour Kaufman, on ABC's comedy-drama, Room 222, for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1970; he was again recognized by the Emmy Awards, as well as the Golden Globe Awards, the following year. After the conclusion of Room 222, Constantine portrayed night court magistrate Matthew J. Sirota on the 1976 sitcom Sirota's Court, receiving his second Golden Globe nomination. Constantine reprised his role as Gus Portokalos in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016).

Early life
Constantine was born Gus Efstratiou in Reading, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Andromache (née Fotiadou) and Theocharis Ioannides Efstratiou (a steel worker), both immigrants from Greece.

Career
He began his career on the New York stage in the mid-1950s as understudy to Paul Muni in Inherit the Wind.

He studied acting with such prominent mentors as Howard Da Silva and played character roles on and off Broadway in his mid-twenties, supplementing his income as a night watchman and shooting-gallery barker. In 1959, he appeared in his first film, The Last Mile (1959). He had a small but memorable supporting role in The Hustler (1961). In 1964 and 1965, Constantine appeared on Perry Mason, first as wannabe private eye Dillard in "The Case of the Blonde Bonanza", and then as Pappy Ryan in "The Case of the Runaway Racer". In 1965, Constantine was cast as the historical John Chisum in the episode "Paid in Full", on the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days. He also appeared in another 1965 Death Valley Days episode "The Great Turkey War". In 1967, he appeared in the first part of "The Judgment", the two-episode conclusion of The Fugitive, starring David Janssen. Constantine played a long-suffering anti-organized-crime agent in Walt Disney's caper film The North Avenue Irregulars (1979), where he appeared alongside Edward Herrmann and Cloris Leachman. He also played an organized crime mobster who worked for Frank Nitti in the television version of The Untouchables. In 1988, he played the estranged father of one of the main characters in Friday the 13th: the Series.

He played Santa Claus in Prancer (1989). In 1993, Constantine appeared in the independent drama Question of Faith, starring Anne Archer and Sam Neill. He played Tadzu Lempke in Stephen King's Thinner (1996). In 2002, he enjoyed an unexpected comeback as the Windex-toting Gus Portokalos in the hit movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding, a role he reprised on the short-lived television series My Big Fat Greek Life, and a sequel film with the original cast, My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, which was released on March 25, 2016.

Personal life
On October 5, 1953, Constantine married actress Julianna McCarthy, whom he met while in the cast of Inherit the Wind. They had two children, Thea Eileen and Brendan Neil. The marriage ended in divorce in 1969, the same year that Constantine began his role on Room 222. He married Kathleen Christopher in 1974 and they divorced in 1980.

Death
Constantine died at his home in Reading, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 2021, at age 94, from natural causes. My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3, which was released two years after his death, was dedicated to his memory.

Television

 * Brenner (1 episode, 1959)
 * Target: The Corruptors! (1 episode), 1961
 * The Untouchables (5 episodes, 1961–1963)
 * The Lloyd Bridges Show (2 episodes, 1962–1963)
 * The Eleventh Hour as Dr. Jamison in episode "And God Created Vanity" (1963)
 * The Dakotas as Marshak in "Trouble at French Creek" (1963)
 * Channing (1 episode, 1963) as Nick in "No Wild Games for Sophie" (1963)
 * Gunsmoke (2 episodes, 1963–1968)
 * The Twilight Zone (1 episode, 1964) as Sheriff Koch in "I Am the Night Color Me Black"
 * Slattery's People (1964) one episode as Hungerford in "Remember The Dark Sins of Youth?"
 * Perry Mason (2 episodes, 1964–1965)
 * The Outer Limits (episode 46 "Counterweight", 1964)
 * My Favorite Martian (TV series) (2 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * Profiles in Courage (2 episodes, 1964)
 * The Virginian (1 episode, 1965)
 * Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea – The Indestructible Man'' (1 episode 1965)
 * The Fugitive (3 episodes, 1965–1967) (Ernie Svoboda, Ben Wyckoff, Arthur Art Howe)
 * I Spy (2 episodes, 1966)
 * 12 O'Clock High (1 episode, 1966)
 * The Road West in episode "To Light a Candle" (series, 1966)
 * The Dick Van Dyke Show (1 episode, 1966)
 * The Jean Arthur Show (2 episodes as Carnella, 1966)
 * Hogan's Heroes (1 episode, 1966) as Heinrich -episode- "It Takes a Thief...Sometimes"
 * Hey Landlord (series, 1966–1967)
 * Combat! (as Jacques Patron, episode "Entombed", 1967)
 * Dundee and the Culhane (1 episode, 1967 series)
 * The Invaders (1 episode, 1968)
 * The Flying Nun (as Juan, episode "Sister Lucky", 1968)
 * Mission: Impossible (1 episode, 1969) (Nikor Janos)
 * Room 222 Series – Seymour Kaufman (1969–1974)
 * Bonanza (as a new settler whose greedy neighbor refuses him piped water for irrigation)
 * The Odd Couple (series, 1970–1975)
 * Mary Tyler Moore (1 episode, 1971)
 * Night Gallery (1970-1973) 1 episode "The Boy Who Predicted Earthquakes".
 * The Streets of San Francisco – Al Davies – in episode "A Wrongful Death" (series, 1973)
 * ‘’Kojak’’ (1 episode, 1974)
 * The Krofft Supershow: Electra Woman and Dyna Girl (4 episodes, 1976) as The Sorcerer
 * Sirota's Court (13 episodes, 1976–1977 series)
 * 79 Park Avenue (miniseries, 1977)
 * Roots: The Next Generations (miniseries, 1979)
 * Quincy, M.E. (4 episodes) (1979 Season 4 Episodes 14 & 15 "Walk Softly Through the Night" Parts 1 and 2) (1981 Dr Arthur Clotti – in season 6, episode 14 "Seldom Silent, Never Heard") ( 1983 Season 8 Episode 3 "Give Me Your Weak")
 * Fantasy Island (1 episode, 1980)
 * Benson 1982 season 4 episodes 1 & 2 as Marvin Musker
 * The Love Boat (2 episodes, 1983)
 * Amanda's (1 episode, 1983)
 * Mama's Family (1 episode, 1983)
 * The Fall Guy (1 episode, 1983)
 * Remington Steele (3 episodes, 1984–1986)
 * Simon & Simon (3 episodes, 1984–1988)
 * Highway to Heaven (1 episode, 1985)
 * Airwolf (1 episode, 1985)
 * MacGyver (2 episodes, 1985–1987) – Inspector Jan Messic
 * Murder, She Wrote (2 episodes, 1985–1988)
 * Magnum, P.I. (1 episode, 1986)
 * Friday the 13th: The Series ("Pipe Dream" 1988)
 * Probe ("Plan 10 From Outer Space", 1988)
 * Law & Order (2 episodes, 1992–1994)
 * Cosby (1 episode, 1997)
 * My Big Fat Greek Life (7 episodes, 2003)
 * Cold Case (1 episode, 2007)

title: Michael Constantine