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Rajapalayam

Rajapalayam is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the largest municipality in the Virudhunagar district. Rajapalayam is located on the Madurai to Quilon National Highway at a distance of 562 km south of the state capital Chennai. The economy is primarily industrial with several mills for spinning and weaving. The town is known for its mango and the Rajapalayam breed of dogs.

Climate
The climate of the region is of the semi-arid tropical monsoon type. The average temperature range is 20 °C to 37 °C.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Rajapalayam had a population of 130,442 with 1,014 females for every 1,000 males, far above the national average of 929. A total of 11,604 individuals (5,927 males and 5,677 females) were under the age of six. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.51% and 0.09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.87%; the national average was 72.99%. The town has a total of 37,797 households. There are 53,913 workers, comprising 380 cultivators, 3,676 main agricultural labourers, 1,375 in household industries, 45,223 other workers, 3,259 marginal workers, 34 marginal cultivators, 326 marginal agricultural labourers, 286 marginal workers in household industries and 2,613 other marginal workers. According to the religious census of 2011, the population is 94.53% Hindu, 3.48% Muslim, 1.75% Christian, 0.02% Sikh and 0.21% other.

Geography
The mountains of the Western ghats are to the west of the town (12 km from the town), and the Sanjeevi hills are to the east. These moderate the climate, and several water catchment areas in the hills provide water for the town. Water is stored in the 6th mile water reservoir. There are several major lakes around the town, including Kondaneri, Karungulam, Pirandaikulam, and Sengulam. The soil in the area is classified by the government as red loam. The area of the municipality is about 11.36 sq.kms which makes the town the biggest municipality in Virudunagar district.

Industries
The principal industry was initially agriculture. In 1936, Thiru P. A. C. Ramasamy Raja started the first cotton spinning mill, called Rajapalayam Mills Ltd. Later, more textile mills were started. Today, Rajapalayam is a major hub of the textile industry, famous for bandages, woven fabric, nightwear, and other products. The neighboring town of Chatrapatti (Virudhunagar Dist.) is a large player in producing surgical cotton gauze, and nearby Dhalavaipuram and Muhavoor manufacture women's nightwear.

Road
The National Highway NH-744 from Madurai to Kollam passes through the town. State highway SH-41 (Rajapalayam-Sankarankovil-Tirunelveli) links the major parts of the extreme south of Tamil Nadu, including Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Kanyakumari. The road also offers good freight connectivity to Tamil Nadu's second largest seaport, Tuticorin. State highway SH-186 (Rajapalayam-Vembakottai) connects the town to the east part of Virudhunagar district and passes through the fast-growing industrial towns of Chatrapatti and Alangulam.

Bus

Rajapalayam's long-distance bus station, located on Sankarankovil Road, is served by buses from the government of Tamil Nadu's TNSTC (Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation) and private transport companies. Several private and government operated services connect to Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Salem, Tiruppur, Trichy and other major cities.

Rajapalayam old bus station is the boarding point for buses connecting nearby villages. It is also called Old bus stand or Town bus stand. Sankarankovil Mukku road connects the new bus stand.

Rail
The Rajapalayam railway station is in the Southern Railways zone/Madurai division of Indian Railways and falls on the Virudhunagar to Kollam line. The station code is RJPM.

Passenger Trains running daily via Rajapalayam: Below Mail/SF Express services are currently running through Rajapalayam Railway station.

By Air
The nearest international airport is Madurai Airport (~80 km).

Notable people

 * P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1949–1952) and Governor of Orissa (1954–1956)
 * S. Peter Alphonse, Indian National Congress politician elected to Tamil Nadu legislative assembly twice from Tenkasi constituency (1989 and 1991) and once from Kadayanallur constituency (2006)
 * Shiva Ayyadurai
 * Vijay Sethupathi
 * Samuthirakani
 * Vasantha Balan
 * Muthukaalai
 * A.A Subba Raja, Municipal chairman for 6 terms and 1 time MLA
 * N.A.P. ALAGIRI RAJA, Philanthropist, industrialist, 1st elected chairman of Rajapalayam municipality
 * P.S.Kumarasamy Raja, last Chief Minister of Madras Presidency from 6 April 1949 to 26 January 1950, first Chief Minister of Madras State from 26 January 1950 to 10 April 1952 and Governor of Orissa between 1954 till 1956.

title: Rajapalayam


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Gordon Clapp

Gordon Clapp (born September 24, 1948) is an American actor best known for playing Det. Greg Medavoy for all 12 seasons of the television series NYPD Blue, winning an Emmy Award in 1998.

Early life and education
Clapp was born in North Conway, New Hampshire. He graduated from Williams College in 1971. At Williams College, he met frequent collaborators David Strathairn and John Sayles. Clapp also studied at The National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center (Fall 1970).

Career
Clapp has appeared in numerous TV shows such as Check it Out! and Night Court as well as numerous stage plays. His film credits include Return of the Secaucus 7 (1979), Running (1979), Matewan (1987), Eight Men Out (1988, as Chicago White Sox catcher Ray Schalk), Termini Station (1989), The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), Rules of Engagement (2000), Sunshine State (2002), and Flags of Our Fathers (2006) as United States Marine Corps Gen. Holland Smith. He appeared in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Vortex." From 1993 to 2005, Clapp played Detective Greg Medavoy on "NYPD Blue." He won an Emmy for the role.

In 2007, he appeared as Coach Mad Maddox in The Game Plan. On Broadway, he most recently appeared in the revival of David Mamet's Pulitzer Prize-winning play Glengarry Glen Ross, where he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play. He also played Alan Silver in episode Holiday Spirit in Ghost Whisperer (3x10).

In 1995, he played Father Paul in Her Hidden Truth. In 2007 Clapp voiced Horny The Clown in the horror film Drive-Thru. Later that year, Clapp also appeared as Det Dick Walenski in "In Name and Blood," season 3 episode 2 of Criminal Minds. Clapp portrayed a corrupt police officer in a 2008 episode of Cold Case. He played the main antagonist Gen. Peter Randall in the Prototype video game. Clapp plays the father of Ellen (Rose Byrne) in the F/X show Damages.

In 2014, Clapp began playing a recurring role as Chaplain Orlovsky in Chicago Fire.

In 2021 Clapp had a modest but critical role in the acclaimed HBO series Mare of Easttown, playing key witness Pat Ross.

Personal life
Clapp was previously married to actress Deborah Taylor from 1986 to 1999. He married Elisabeth Gordon, whom he met through a mutual friend, on November 5, 2016.

title: Gordon Clapp


text: User talk:80.161.158.116

title: User talk:80.161.158.116


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Ortler Alps

The Ortler Alps (Alpi dell'Ortles ; Ortler-Alpen; Alps da l'Ortler ) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps mountain group in the Central Eastern Alps, in Italy and Switzerland.

Geography
The Ortler Alps are separated from:
 * 1) the Sesvenna Alps in the north by the Ofen Pass and the Val Müstair
 * 2) the Livigno Alps in the southwest by the Passo di Fraéle and the Adda valley (Valtellina)
 * 3) the Adamello-Presanella Alps in the south by the Tonale Pass
 * 4) the Ötztal Alps in the north-east by the upper Adige valley (Vinschgau).

The part west of the Gavia Pass is also called Sobretta-Gavia Group.

The Ortler Alps are drained by the rivers Adda, Oglio, Adige and its tributary Noce.

Peaks
The main peaks of the Ortler Alps are:

Mountain passes
The main mountain passes of the Ortler Alps are:

History
The Ortler Alps were part of the Italian front during World War I. In this area, the Austro-Hungarians and the Italians dug in during a trench war fought at altitudes above 3,000 m (10,000 ft) for most of the war. Some trenches are still visible today, and war relics continue to be found in the area.

title: Ortler Alps


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of tyrants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus - SimonP 20:27, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

List of tyrants
This is inherently POV - a 'list of tyrants in antiquity' might just work - but not this (see its talk too) --Doc (?) 21:37, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This should not be a candidate for deletion under this criteria of NPOV, I refer you to Deletion policy "Article is biased or has lots of POV" --  lots of POV List on Pages needing attention. It does not fill any of the criteria for deletion under the section Deletion policy. If you think it does then you should have given that as you reason for listing it here --Philip Baird Shearer 18:09, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * An article that is listed for deletion as "irredeemibly" or "inherently" POV doesn't have mere bias or POV problems—the allegation is that its very subject matter and defined scope is founded upon POV (not an NPOV reporting of notable POVs, mind you) and can't be extricated from it. An article that is incapable of being made NPOV is clearly unencyclopedic and therefore deletable.  I believe it would also qualify as original research, because the content then entirely depends upon how an editor has subjectively chosen to theorize or interpret information.  See List of movies that have been cited as being among the worst ever made for a way out of this—that list functions as a report of rankings by notable judgments/standards.  The delete votes here obviously do not believe this list is capable of being rescued in such a manner.  Postdlf 17:22, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said on the Talk:List of tyrants
 * I have created this list to move the modern POV out of the definitions of Tyrant and Tyrannicide and to create a list of ancient Tyrants. To be listed here they ought to meet the definition of Tyrant as defined on the Tyrant page.
 * If the list is too subjective then it better that it is in a separate list than in the two other articles "Tyrant" and "Tyrannicide". If you vote to delete this list you simply vote to reinstate the POV into the definition page which IMHO is worse. The list which appears in this article was in the Tyrant page and I removed them from there. There was also a list with even more POV in Tyrannicide which I edited down but has been reverted. Go have a look and then decide if having one POV list broken out of the two definition articles is better than having them embedded directly in the definition articles. A similar tactic has been used in many articles for example military occupation and List of military occupations, Torture and Uses of torture in recent times  --Philip Baird Shearer 22:53, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Agreed, too subjective. El_C 22:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The objection seems to be to the term tyrant, rather than the persons listed in the article. Who more aptly could be included as a modern tyrant? Does Doc contend that there are no modern tyrants? As I have quoted elsewhere: "It's good to have an open mind, but it shouldn't be so open that everything falls out."  Too Old 23:20, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with Doc; this article is inherently POV. One person's tyrant is another person's great leader.  --Xcali 23:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, we can't even call those people dictators on their own articles. Unless we want to leave it to only the Greeks who were officially called tyrants, get rid of it.  RickK 23:57, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I agree with RickK. Falphin 00:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I change my vote to neutral I don't like this article but User:Phillip Baird Shearer has a point. I'm really undecided right now, I might change my vote again once I make up my mind. Falphin 18:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I change my vote to Keep because I can across this List of purported cults and so why not have List of purported tyrants? Falphin 19:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, about as POV as you can get, who decides who's a tyrant and who's not? Columbia 00:22, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleteyou could make it NPOV but it would be more trouble than it's worth
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jats (talk • contribs)
 * Please look at the above this user's contributions, and then consider if this vote should contribute to the consensus. Philip Baird Shearer 17:10, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge back to Tyrant, and redirect list of tyrants to that page. --Idont Havaname 07:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral for now. Why do we have to have a list of "Tyrants"? Why not a list of "leaders" (or something more specific that ties them all together and isn't POV) and then you can point out all the (factual) nasty things about them on their individual articles.  That way no-one can fight over who should and shouldn't be on the list. -- Silversmith  Hewwo 19:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is to remove the POV from the other two articles "Tyrant" and "Tyrannicide" which can then remain clean definitions with the POV restricted to List of Tyrants. For example at the moment the list of people on whom Tyrannicide was committed includes King Louis XVI of France and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Two autocrats who are not normally defined as tyrants. If one can argue on the Tyrannicide page that unless the victim appears in the list of Tyrants then they can not be a victim of Tyrannicide  it will help keep POV out of that article. If the definition of tyrant is changed on the Tyrant page to mean only true Tyrants as defined in classical literature, then all the better because the list would cease to have any POV. But leaving aside the NPOV issue of the of list of modern tyrants for a moment,  a list of classical tyrants would in itself be interesting and useful, as I am sure that like me most people do not know who they all were. Philip Baird Shearer 19:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A list of Classical tyrants could be fine, and interesting, but I don't think we should ever include modern people. It's just way too subjective. -- Silversmith Hewwo 21:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * But this is something to be decided long term by the contributors of the page not by a small number of people who happen to be voting on the issue now. Also it does not address the issue of removing POV from the other two pages. Philip Baird Shearer 10:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. POV.  Kaibabsquirrel 05:55, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Irredeemibly POV, which means that the article is necessarily unencyclopedic, and arguably original research.  Postdlf 17:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I just added a bunch of ancient Greek tyrants, for whom the label is not necessarily pejorative, since it was just a title. If it needs to be moved to "ancient tyrants" or something, so be it, but I thought I would point out that there is a large list there now. Adam Bishop 18:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Delete. Inherently POV.  I would, however, support a List of classical tyrants or a List of tyrants in antiquity. --Carnildo 18:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Classifying people into tyrants/non-tyrants will always be controversial, but if the general opinion among scholars of our time is that someone is a tyrant, he or she should be listed here. The list itself is a valuable encyclopedic entry. I may not agree with the inclusion of each and every person on that list, but I do recognize the fact that all of them are commonly accepted to be tyrants, which is the only thing that matters in a collaborative work such as Wikipedia. Please join me in keeping and expanding this list. OwenX 13:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Conti|✉ 23:54, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't agree that this is unsalvageable POV. -Mysidia 08:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Philip Baird Shearer 08:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Irredeemably POV. Ambi 08:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Further the list can be defined not to include modern Tyrants if that is what the editors of the list wish to do. But it should not be a candidate for Deletion just because it is only a couple of days old and contains an unbalanced POV. Philip Baird Shearer 18:09, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'd be willing to support retention if, and only if, this was renamed to a list of clasical tyrants - or tyrants in antiquity or simmilar. The tyranicide argument doesn't work as it is also POV. Most political assasins have considered their victims as tyrants or oppressors. --Doc (?) 21:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless someone is defined as a tyrant then their death by another's hand can not be a tyranicide no matter what the thoughts of the assasin is, so a list of tyrants also helps to police tyranicides Philip Baird Shearer 10:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Doc you have not answered the question of under which catagory for deletion you have placed this request here.
 * "inherently POV" is not given as a reason to delete a page Deletion policy.
 * The title is not "inherently POV", it depends what is placed in the list. A title like "The Tyrant Hitler" is "inherently POV". The people who contribute to the page can decide if the page should or should not contain a list of "modern tyrants" as well as those in the classical period. Do you not see that you are trying to force your POV on others by using this deletion mechanism? Philip Baird Shearer 10:03, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There are some (a minority for sure, but they probably exist) who would consider Hitler a great leader and a savior rather than a tyrant. There's a difference between an article that currently has POV problems and one that will always have POV problems. The policies you site are not the end-all-be-all of the way things work around here. Deletions occur by consensus, not necessarily what is written down. Past consensus has typically been to delete articles that are inherently or blatantly POV. I think that is an accurate description for this article. My vote remains unchanged: delete. Don't take it personally. This is about the article, not about you. --Xcali 14:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is difference between an article name, which has NPOV the title and one which does not. "List of Tyrants" is neutral in a way that "The Tyrant Churchill" is not.
 * Explain how a title such as List of Tyrants will always have POV problems. It depends on how the introduction defines Tyrant. The introdution could define the a tyrant by using the Ancient Greek definintion or what ever. See List of military occupations as an example of how the definition can be a guide for the creation of a list.
 * If "list of Tyrants" is inherently POV why is the title "Tyrant" not? By the logic being expressed by some here, it should be moved to "classical tyranny".
 * What is the point of having policy guidelines for "votes for deletion" if people do not abide by them? Philip Baird Shearer 17:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * An article on ?tyranny? can discuss various definitions and concepts of tyranny - the concepts will be POV but an NPOV reporting of them is possible (just like definitions of Socialism, Christianity etc). A ?List of tyrants?, however, must per se apply one of those POV definitions - the selection is thus 'inherently POV'. You suggest the introduction can define tyrant - but that introduction will be POV itself - it will result in a dispute and there will be no 'neutral' ground to decide it.
 * 1) The guidelines are guidelines - and an attempt to record community consensus. If you look back on the debates in VfD, you will find that there is a consensus that 'inherently POV' is grounds for deletion. --Doc (?) 17:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If they are only guide lines they why does it state at the top of the template in bold: This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.? If it is policy which part of the policy are you following by proposing this page for deletion? Philip Baird Shearer 13:40, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The part that states: Is not suitable for Wikipedia. Consensus for/against deletion (or alternatives) will determine whether it is/isn't (~). El_C 13:58, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletion policy says "Is not suitable for Wikipedia (see WP:NOT)" Which part of WP:NOT does this deletion come under?
 * PLEASE DO NOT ACTION ANY DECISION ON THIS PAGE UNTIL IT IS AGREED THAT THIS REQUEST FOR DELETION HAS FOLLOWED THE POLICY AS STATED ON THE "Votes for deletion" PAGE.
 * --Philip Baird Shearer 09:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * At the moment I would say that it increasingly falls under WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A SOAPBOX, Philip Baird Shearer. WP:NOT is in parentheses and it most certainly dosen't say that 'suitability' is limited to its provisions. Again, consensus will determine whether this article is "suitable for wikipedia." This is policy, and I urge you to desist from these senseless procedural circularities. El_C 09:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In what way is "List of Tyrants" anything to do with a soapbox? If you are refering to what I have written here, I have asked a reasonable question and your answer is that there are no policy guidelines to follow other than whatever is placed on "Votes for deletion" and votes which take place. In which case why have a Policy statment on the template? If the policy guidelines are not being followed why have them at all? Philip Baird Shearer 09:39, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the bolding and CAPS seemed a bit of an overstatement, is what I mean. And, no, what I am saying that consensus can play a loose role in the realm of suitability, beyond perhaps all the provisions of WP:NOT, fitting 'precisely' for every subject. In this case, Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base seems to be fairly applicable, but my point is that so do other policies mentioned in WP:NOT, such as: WP:NPOV, WP:NOR, etc. El_C 09:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As I said above the title "is neutral in a way that "The Tyrant Churchill" is not". A list of tyrants is no more "Origial Research" than many other lists (please see my comments on list under Wikipedia talk:No original research). So I disagree with you. The title is not related to any of the subsections in "Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base" nor was that the reason that Doc gave as his reason for posting this request. He wrote "This is inherently POV" which is covered in the Policy "Procedure for deletion" under "Problems that don't require deletion"->"Article is biased or has lots of POV" with a solution of "List on Pages needing attention." The policy does not advocate deletion. So This request should be withdrawn as it does not following policy. What is the forum for putting requests to delete "votes for deletion" pages? No action should be taken on this request to delete until it is agreed that it is within policy --Philip Baird Shearer 20:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Prove me wrong by gathering the consensus to dismiss the VfD on those grounds. Otherwise, it stands & will be followed through. El_C 00:32, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Where should this consensus be gathered? If the request does not follow policy, why should it stand as it is? Philip Baird Shearer 17:02, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Does anyone know where does one post a request to have a page like this one removed as it has not followed the policy guidelines for RfD? Philip Baird Shearer 09:55, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * further remarks I have serious doubts about the very possibility of a NPOV in many cases.  See my remarks on the article's talk page. Too Old 17:18, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

 * Nearly all lists are shit. They are all too often POV -- for the reason stated by Doc glasgow (they apply one definition out of many possible). One person's tyrant is also another's benevolent prince. The big problem with pages like this is that they are sinkholes for shitstirring and editwarring. If I added George W. Bush, someone would take him off. If someone else added Fidel, I'd take him off. But I daresay we could each find someone somewhere who calls both a "tyrant". However, the problem is with the modern guys. Greek tyrants, I think, are not something we're liable to squabble over. There's a case for moving to List of classical Greek tyrants or something similar and editing out the modern stuff. Banning a page title just to avoid the POV pushing doesn't strike me as a great solution. But if it's that or this page, delete it has to be. Grace Note 08:28, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Graceful phraseology, Grace Note, but you could have said not worthwhile. El_C 00:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As I wrote on the talk page and mentioned higher up this page "I have created this list to move the modern POV out of the definitions of Tyrant and Tyrannicide and to create a list of ancient Tyrants. To be listed here they ought to meet the definition of Tyrant as defined on the Tyrant page.". All the modern tyrants appeared as a list in Tyrant. The list in Tyrannicide has been restored since I chopped it and includes Louis XVI of France. It is better to have the POV in one "sinkhole" than in the defining articls. Also the list now contains many people who were classical tyrants, so only one small section at the end will have POV if the editors of the page define tyrant to include modern ones. I think this is better than the solution proposed by those who whish to delete this page. Philip Baird Shearer 08:49, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. As long as the list of "tyrants" have citations then there is no way a list like this is "inherently POV". This type of issue has come several times before and I wish people would stop making the same mistake over and over and over. Pcb21| Pete 12:40, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Question - I don't think I understand your remark Pete, what type of citation would neutrally verify that some one was a tyrant? If I can find a few cites calling Bush or Blair tyrants, can I add those names? If this was a list of 'leaders who have been described as tyrants', then fair enough (although most leaders have been at some point). But the lable tyrant is just far too subjective. What criteria would we agree on? --Doc (?) 13:31, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How about using the definition(s) given on the Tyrant page and altering that if it throws up too many matches with which you disagree? The other way to do it is to find definitions from respectable organisations/publications like people have done for the Definitions of terrorism article Philip Baird Shearer 17:02, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Pseudo-keep as list of Classical tyrants per Silversmith. Listing "modern tyrants" is inherently POV.--Pharos 23:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but cut out the hnadful fo modern ones and turn this into a list of classical tyrants per Silversmith. - SimonP 20:27, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User:Maluminas

Anomymous Contributions
I have some contributions made under an anonymous IP address: Special:Contributions/70.48.83.20. Only minor edits on the Nintendo article: corrected a typo, added a missing reference to the GameBoy Micro in the company description, updated the number of GameBoy Sytems in the Intro (from "five" to "six", because i added the Micro) and added a stat about the number of games sold in the same paragraph.

title: User:Maluminas


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Samuel Krafsur

Samuel Simon Krafsur (January 10, 1913 – June 1983) was a Boston-born journalist who worked for the Soviet news agency TASS during World War II. He was also known as Bill Krafsur.

Biography
Krafsur was mentioned in the Venona intercepts under the codename IDE. He was used by the NKVD during the war as a source of information and for recruiting journalists as informants and agents, and is referred to in the NSA archives as a "KGB agent".

In the 1930s Krafsur joined the Communist Party of America. He attended Northeastern University for a year. He lived at 68 Phillips Street in Boston before going to Spain to fight with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade during the Spanish Civil War, where he was wounded in 1937.

In 1938 Krafsur was a member of the editorial staff of "The Volunteers for Liberty" a newspaper which was an, "organ of the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade" organization out of 125 West 45 Street in New York City. In April 1938 he was in charge of finding veterans to tell their war stories to be made into radio plays written by Irwin Shaw.

He began working for TASS in 1941 after being recruited by the Soviet agent Vladimir Pravdin. He became the assistant to the manager Laurence Todd at the Washington sub-bureau. Krafsur was considered an important asset to the NKVD because of the many contacts he had with other newsmen. He was the deputy TASS bureau chief in Washington, D.C., and the FBI spent a lot of time and effort trying to identify who he was under his codename IDE.

In May 1944, he was described in a NKVD cable from New York to Moscow as, "absolutely devoted to the USSR." He provided at least twenty leads of people for possible recruitment including Joseph Berger, a personal aide to the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and I. F. Stone.

In 1949, Laurence Todd was relieved of his managing duties and instead given the title of senior correspondent. In this same year Krafsur left TASS and was later called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities where he chose not to cooperate. Later he worked in a toy store.

In the early 1960s he married the ex-wife of the secretary-treasurer of the Mine, Mill, and Smelters Union. He died, at the age of seventy, in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1983 under the name "Samuel Krafsur".

Note

 * National Security Agency Archives, National Cryptological Museum, Custodian of documents for the Army Signals Intelligence Corp

title: Samuel Krafsur


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael A. Joyce

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 20:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Michael A. Joyce
Notable only as a town councilor NatusRoma 21:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not sufficiently notable. Jacob1207 01:29, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * weellllll... god's gift to man. Must be notable then, especially for his plumbing consultancy. Not. :-) Doesn't appear too notable. Delete — RJH 20:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Member of the governing body of a town of over 100,000 people, and elected at-large by a constituency of the same size. -- Seth Ilys 01:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Seth Ilys, verifiable information like this should not be wasted. Kappa 21:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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John Tait (American football)

John Bernard Tait (born January 26, 1975) is a former American football offensive tackle, who played for both the Kansas City Chiefs and the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected with the 14th overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs out of Brigham Young University (BYU) and played for the Chiefs for five years. He also played for the Chicago Bears.

Early years
He is a 1993 graduate of McClintock High School in Tempe, Arizona.

At Brigham Young University, Tait started 38 games during his three-year college career. Tait was an All-America pick his final season and earned first-team All-WAC honors as a sophomore and a junior. Eligible for a fifth year of college action after redshirting as a true freshman in 1993, Tait declared for the draft. He served as the captain for the BYU offense and started all 13 games at left tackle as a junior. He was a first-team All-WAC choice, earned first-team All-America honors from Football News (1998), was named National Offensive Lineman-of-the-Year by The Sports Network and received a freshman All-America nod from The Sporting News.

Kansas City Chiefs
Regarded as the No. 1 offensive tackle available in the 1999 NFL Draft, Tait was selected 14th overall by the Chiefs. Sports Illustrated described him as "a pure left tackle" with "no real physical weaknesses".

As a rookie in Kansas City, Tait held out during the negotiation of his first contract. There was a meeting between Tait, his two agents and Chiefs general manager Carl Peterson, wherein Tait and his agents left. Shortly afterward Tait signed an offer sheet for five years.

In a 2002 game against the Cleveland Browns Tait was involved in an unusual play that helped his team win the game 40 to 39. With only a few seconds remaining and trailing by 2 points, Quarterback Trent Green was attempting to throw a Hail Mary pass but was flushed out of the passing pocket, with the game on the line and opposition players having grabbed him Green desperately lobbed the ball backwards where Tait happened to be standing. Tait caught the ball and proceeded to make a 36 yard rush upfield before being forced out of bounds. Ordinarily this would have been the end of the game but Dwayne Rudd had thrown his helmet off in a premature celebration, a defensive penalty that extended the game by one untimed down. Tait's run combined with the penalty yardage enabled Morten Andersen to attempt and make a 30 yard field goal for the win.

At the end of Tait's contract with the Chiefs the team put a transition tag on him. This gave the Chiefs a right of first refusal over an offer from other team but ultimately ended with Tait leaving the team.

Chicago Bears
Tait signed with the Chicago Bears in 2004. His contract was for six years and $34 million. On February 21, 2009, Tait announced his retirement.

title: John Tait (American football)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jennifer Robinson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 20:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Jennifer Robinson
Another town councilor, nothing more NatusRoma 21:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not sufficiently notable. Jacob1207 01:29, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — NSN. — RJH 20:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Member of the governing body of a town of over 100,000 people. Elected out of a district of over 20,000 people. -- Seth Ilys 01:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Seth Ilys, important to over 5,000 people thus passing WP:BIO. Kappa 21:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Aulavik National Park

Aulavik National Park ; from the Inuvialuktun for "place where people travel") is a national park located on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is known for its access to the Thomsen River, one of the most northerly navigable rivers in North America. The park is a fly-in park, and protects approximately 12274 km2 of Arctic Lowlands at the northern end of the island. The most practical way to visit the park is to charter a plane, and currently the park has four landing sites. Aulavik is considered a polar desert and often experiences high winds. Precipitation for the park is approximately 300 mm per year. In the southern regions of the park a sparsely vegetated upland plateau reaches a height of 450 m above sea level.

The park has the highest concentration of muskoxen on earth, with estimates of 68,000 to 80,000 animals on the island, approximately 20% of which are thought to reside in the park. It is also home to the endangered Peary caribou as well as the more common barren-ground caribou. Ptarmigan and ravens are considered the only year-round birds in the park, although 43 different species make seasonal use of the area. The park is completely treeless. It has 150 species of flowering plants. Arctic foxes, brown and northern collared lemmings, Arctic hares and wolves roam the rugged terrain. Marine mammals along the north coast include polar bears, ringed seals, bearded seals, beluga whales and bowhead whales. Birds of prey in the park include snowy owls, rough-legged hawks, gyrfalcons, and peregrine falcons, who feed on the lemmings.

Prior to the arrival of the Thule culture in southern Banks Island there were some Pre-Dorset culture people living in what is now the Aulavik National Park. Due to the cooling climate brought on by the Little Ice Age Banks Island was most likely deserted until the arrival of the Inuvialuit in the 17th century.

Aulavik National Park has two major bays, Castel Bay and Mercy Bay, and lies south of the McClure Strait. Captain Robert McClure, spent two winters in Mercy Bay on HMS Investigator, while searching for the missing John Franklin's lost expedition between 1850 and 1853. McClure's team abandoned their ship in Mercy Bay and hiked across the sea-ice of the strait to board another ship, HMS Resolute. Nangmagvik Lake is located within this national park.

The Mercy Bay area was visited by the Copper Inuit of Victoria Island to salvage materials left by McClure's party. They also hunted the caribou and muskox in the area as evidenced by the large number of food caches. In the 20th century the area was popular with Inuvialuit due to the large numbers of foxes. Until the fur trade went into decline, fox trapping provided a source of income for people from as far away as the Mackenzie Delta and the North Slope of Alaska. This influx of people led to the establishment of Sachs Harbour, the only community on the island.

title: Aulavik National Park


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OSM

OSM may refer to:

Software and websites

 * OpenStreetMap, an open source project to develop free geographic data
 * OpenStreetMap Foundation, a British non-profit foundation
 * OsmAnd, a map and navigational application for Android and iOS based on data from OpenStreetMap
 * Open Service Mesh, a free and open source cloud native service mesh

Organizations

 * Austrian Student Mission (Österreichische Studentenmission)
 * Office of Surface Mining, a branch of the US Department of the Interior
 * OSM TV, a Bosnian commercial television channel
 * Montreal Symphony Orchestra (Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal), a Canadian symphony orchestra

Science

 * Oncostatin M, a protein
 * Osmole (unit), a unit of osmotic concentration
 * Osmotic avoidance abnormal protein, for example OSM-9

Transportation

 * Honda OSM, a 2008 Japanese concept sports car
 * Mosul International Airport, Iraq, IATA airport code
 * OS-M, a series of space launch rockets from OneSpace

Other uses

 * Operational Service Medal (disambiguation), multiple campaign medals
 * Order of the Secret Monitor, an appendant order of Freemasonry
 * O.S.M., the post-nominal letters used by members of the Servite Order

title: OSM


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England women's national football team

The England women's national football team, nicknamed the Lionesses, has been governed by the Football Association (FA) since 1993, having been previously administered by the Women's Football Association (WFA). England played its first international match in November 1972 against Scotland. Although most national football teams represent a sovereign state, England is permitted by FIFA statutes, as a member of the United Kingdom's Home Nations, to maintain a national side that competes in all major tournaments, with the exception of the Women's Olympic Football Tournament.

England have qualified for the FIFA Women's World Cup six times, reaching the quarter-finals in 1995, 2007 and 2011, finishing fourth in 2019, third in 2015 and as runners-up in 2023. Since 2019, England, as the highest-ranked Home Nation, have been able to qualify an Olympic team on behalf of Great Britain; other British players may be selected in the event of qualification.

They reached the final of the UEFA Women's Championship in 1984 and 2009, and won in 2022, marking the first time since 1966 that any England senior football team had won a major championship. England have also competed in the UEFA Women's Nations League since the inaugural 2023–24 season.

Early years
The success of the men's national football team at the 1966 FIFA World Cup led to an upsurge of interest in football from women within England. The Women's Football Association (WFA) was established in 1969 as an attempt to organise the women's game. That same year, Harry Batt formed an independent English team that competed in the Fédération Internationale Européenne de Football Féminine (FIEFF) European Cup. Batt's team also participated in two FIEFF World Cups held in Italy (1970) and Mexico (1971).

Following a UEFA recommendation in 1972 for national associations to incorporate the women's game, the Football Association (FA) later that year rescinded its ban on women playing on English Football League grounds. Shortly after, Eric Worthington was tasked by the WFA to assemble an official women's national team. England competed in its first international match against Scotland in Greenock on 18 November 1972, 100 years to the month after the first men's international. The team overturned a two-goal deficit to defeat their northern opponents 3–2, with Sylvia Gore scoring England's first international goal. Pat Firth scored a hat-trick in an international against Scotland in 1973 among the 8–0 scoreline. Tom Tranter replaced Worthington as long term manager of the women's national football team and remained in that position for the next six years.

1979–1993: Progress under Reagan
Martin Reagan was appointed to replace Tranter in 1979. England reached the final of the inaugural European Competition for Women's Football, in 1984, after beating Denmark 3–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals. Despite resolute defending, including a spectacular goal line clearance from captain Carol Thomas, the England team lost the first away leg 1–0 against Sweden, after a header from Pia Sundhage, but won the second home leg by the same margin, with a goal from Linda Curl. England lost the subsequent penalty shootout 4–3. Theresa Wiseman saved Helen Johansson's penalty but both Curl and Lorraine Hanson had their spot kicks saved by Elisabeth Leidinge.

At the 1987 European Competition for Women's Football, England again reached the semi-finals but lost 3–2 after extra time against holders Sweden, in a repeat of the previous final. The team settled for fourth, after losing the third place play-off against Italy 2–1. Reagan was sacked after England's 6–1 quarter-final loss against Germany at UEFA Women's Euro 1991, which left them unable to qualify for the inaugural FIFA Women's World Cup. John Bilton was appointed as head coach in 1991 after Barrie Williams's brief tenure.

1993–1998: FA involvement
In 1993, the FA took over the running of women's football in England from the WFA, replacing Bilton with Ted Copeland as national team manager. England managed to qualify for UEFA Women's Euro 1995, having previously missed out on the last three editions, but were beaten 6–2 on aggregate over two legs against Germany. Reaching the European semi-finals granted England a place at the World Cup for the first time. The team advanced from the group stage of the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup in Sweden, but lost out again to Germany 3–0 in the quarter-finals.

1998–2013: Development under Powell
Hope Powell became the team's first full-time head coach in June 1998, succeeding her former coach Copeland. The European Championship expanded in 1997 to eight teams and moved from a biennial event to a quadrennial one. England qualified via the play-offs for the 2001 competition held in Germany, despite recording their biggest loss (away against Norway 8–0) during qualification, but did not advance past the group stage. England automatically qualified as hosts in 2005, but again did not make it to the semi-finals.

Qualification for the World Cup changed for the 1999 edition. European qualifiers were introduced, so that teams no longer needed to rely on advancing to the latter stages of the European Championship. England qualified unbeaten for the 2007 World Cup in China, winning Group 5 in the European qualifiers and recording their biggest win (away against Hungary, 13–0) in the process, ending a 12-year hiatus from the competition. After coming second in their group, they advanced into the quarter-finals to face the United States but lost 3–0.

In May 2009, central contracts were implemented to help players focus on full-time training without having to fit it around full-time employment. Three months later, at the European Championships in Finland, England marked their return to the recently expanded 12-team competition by reaching the final for the first time in 25 years. They advanced from Group C to the quarter-finals by virtue of being the top third-placed team, beating both the hosts and the Netherlands in the knockout stage on the way to the final. There they lost 6–2 to reigning champions Germany.

England reached their third World Cup in 2011, having won Group 5 and their play-off 5–2 over two legs against Switzerland. In Germany, they topped Group B – ahead of eventual winners Japan. England were paired with France in the quarter-finals, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw. England had taken the lead with Jill Scott's chip, only to have Élise Bussaglia equalise with two minutes remaining. After extra time ended in stalemate, they lost the ensuing penalty shootout 4–3. Karen Bardsley had saved Camille Abily's initial penalty but misses by Claire Rafferty and Faye White sent England out of the competition.

Powell left the role in August 2013 after a poor showing at the UEFA Women's Euro 2013, with England bowing out after the group stage.

2013–2017: Sampson era
Welshman Mark Sampson succeeded Powell as England manager. England qualified for their third successive World Cup in August 2014 with a game to spare, winning all ten matches and topping Group 6. England played their first international match at the new Wembley Stadium, home to the men's national team, in a friendly against the reigning European champions Germany on 23 November 2014. England had not played Germany since their heavy defeat in the European Championship final five years earlier. They lost the match 3–0, marking the 20th attempt at which England had failed to record an official win over Germany.

At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada, England lost their opening group game to France but won their remaining group games against Mexico and Colombia, easing through to the last 16 to play 1995 champions Norway. A 2–1 win set up a meeting with hosts Canada in the quarter-finals. Despite facing not only a strong Canadian team but a capacity partisan crowd at BC Place in Vancouver, England progressed to the semifinals of the Women's World Cup for the first time in their history with another 2–1 win, which also marked the first semifinal appearance by any England senior team since the men reached the last four of the 1990 World Cup in Italy. Playing reigning World Cup holders Japan in the semi-finals, England conceded a penalty kick, which Aya Miyama converted past Karen Bardsley. Japan then conceded a penalty as Yuki Ogimi clipped Steph Houghton and Fara Williams slotted it past Ayumi Kaihori to level the game. However, in the last minute of the game, Laura Bassett scored an own goal to send Japan through to the final. England eventually finished in third place by beating Germany 1–0 after extra time after a Williams penalty, their first time beating their archrivals in the women's game. It marked the best finish for any England senior team since the men's team famously won the 1966 World Cup as hosts.

England qualified for the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands and won all three of their group games at the tournament. England beat France 1–0 in the quarter-finals before meeting hosts and eventual champions, the Netherlands. In the semi-finals, England conceded three goals without reply and were knocked out of the tournament.

In September 2017, Sampson was sacked from his role as manager by the FA after evidence of "inappropriate and unacceptable" behaviour was uncovered during his tenure at Bristol Academy. The FA in January 2019 agreed to pay a "significant" financial settlement to Sampson, on the week his claim for unfair dismissal was due to be heard in court. He was replaced by Phil Neville, who had played at Manchester United – including in their 1999 treble winning season – and Everton and been capped by the England men but had never before held a high-profile managing job.

2018–2021: Neville era
After being appointed manager, Neville's first games in charge were at the 2018 SheBelieves Cup. In their first game, England defeated France 4–1, then drew 2–2 against Germany. They went into the final game against the United States with the opportunity to win the tournament, but lost 1–0. Second place was the highest England had finished at the SheBelieves Cup.

England continued with World Cup qualification in 2018. On 6 April they drew 0–0 against Wales. After the qualifying games in June, England and Wales were guaranteed the first two spots in qualifying Group 1, and England's 3–0 win against Wales in August 2018 saw them clinch the group and qualify for the World Cup finals.

In the 2019 SheBelieves Cup, England won the tournament for the first time after winning their first match 2–1 against Brazil, drawing 2–2 with the United States and defeating Japan 3–0.

In the 2019 Women's World Cup in France, England won group D, beating local rivals Scotland and archrival Argentina to qualify for the knockout phase, before beating Japan. England beat both Cameroon and then Norway 3–0 to advance to the semifinal against United States in Lyon – the team's third straight major tournament semifinal. However, similar to the previous two tournaments, England once again failed to make the final, losing 2–1. Alex Morgan scored the winner after Ellen White had equalised following Christen Press' opening goal, while White had an equaliser ruled out by VAR and Houghton had a penalty saved by Alyssa Naeher. The team finished in fourth after losing the third place play-off to Sweden 2–1.

In March 2019 Winsford was chosen for the site of the £70m Cheshire FA Centre of Excellence, which will be the new home of the England Women's Football Team. It will also act as a training base for European teams playing in Liverpool and Manchester. The development was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020. In October 2020 the Prime Minister Boris Johnson gave his support for the development to go ahead; planning applications are expected to be submitted to Cheshire West and Chester Council in spring 2021 with a possible opening date of 2023. The site is being designed to revolutionise women's football in England.

In the wake of the World Cup exit, England's form dropped as the team struggled in a series of friendlies to end the year including a 2–1 defeat by Germany at Wembley Stadium on 9 November 2019. The game set a new record attendance for an England women's match at 77,768, becoming the second-biggest crowd for a women's game on English soil after the 2012 Olympic final which was watched by 80,203 at the same venue. The poor run continued into 2020 as England failed to defend their title at the 2020 SheBelieves Cup in March. Losses to the United States and Spain made it seven defeats in 11 games, the team's worst stretch since 2003, mounting further pressure on Neville, who admitted he was personally responsible for England's "unacceptable" form amid increased media scrutiny. In April 2020, Neville announced he would step down as manager when his contract expired in July 2021. Originally his tenure would have extended to England's hosting of UEFA Women's Euro 2021, but the tournament was postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

An FA budget restructure at the end of 2020 saw the women's team become independent from the men's team for the first time, allowing more strategic freedom. In January 2021, Neville elected to resign early in order to take up the managerial position at Inter Miami, the Major League Soccer club founded by previous England men's captain David Beckham. As it had already been agreed that incumbent Netherlands manager Sarina Wiegman would be appointed to the role from September 2021, Hege Riise was named caretaker manager until then. Riise oversaw a 6–0 friendly win over Northern Ireland in her first game in charge.

From 2021: Wiegman era
On 14 August 2020, the FA announced it had reached a four-year deal with Netherlands manager Sarina Wiegman, who agreed to take over the team from September 2021, becoming the first non-British permanent manager. Entering as England began their 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification, Wiegman wanted the team to be ruthless, beginning a streak of large winning goal margins in both competitive and friendly matches, including a "humiliating" defeat of the Netherlands. On 30 November 2021, during qualification for the 2023 World Cup, Ellen White became England's all-time record goals scorer (overtaking Kelly Smith), during a 20–0 win over Latvia, in which she scored a hat-trick. The game was a multi-record breaking game as three other players scored a hat-trick (Mead, Hemp (scored 4), and Russo), marking the first time four players had scored a hat-trick in a senior England women's game. The game was also the largest victory for either the women's or men's senior England sides, surpassing the women's team's 2005 13–0 win against Hungary and the men's 1882 13–0 win against Ireland.

England were drawn into Group A of Women's Euro 2022 as hosts and won each of the group stage matches: 1–0 against Austria at Old Trafford in Manchester; 8–0 against Norway at the Falmer Stadium in Brighton and Hove (a new European Championship record score); and 5–0 against Northern Ireland at St Mary's Stadium in Southampton. In the quarter-final, England recovered from being a goal behind against Spain to win 2–1 in extra time at the Falmer Stadium. In the semi-final at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, they defeated Sweden 4–0, the highlight of this match being a goal scored by Alessia Russo with an "instinctive backheel" that was later nominated for the FIFA Puskás Award.

On 31 July, England defeated Germany 2–1 in extra time in the Women's Euro 2022 Final at Wembley, with Chloe Kelly's 110th-minute close-range goal from a corner being the decider after goals in normal time by Ella Toone for England and Lina Magull for Germany. It was the team's first-ever major trophy and was the first major international championship won by an England team (women's or men's) since 1966. The final was watched by a crowd of 87,192, a record for either the women's or men's European Championship.

Soon after Euro 2022, the England players wrote an open letter to Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss, the candidates in the ongoing Conservative Party leadership election, in which they declared their "legacy and goal was to inspire a nation". They saw their victory "as only the beginning". The letter pointed out that only 63% of British girls could play football in school PE lessons and concluded: "We – the 23 members of the England Senior Women's EURO Squad – ask you to make it a priority to invest in girls' football in schools, so that every girl has the choice".

With a further series of wins and draws including a friendly win against the United States at Wembley and qualifying for the 2023 Women's World Cup, the team ended 2022 having gone unbeaten for the calendar year. In December at BBC Sports Personality of the Year, Mead became the first female footballer to win the Sports Personality of the Year Award, with the team as a whole winning the Team of the Year Award and Wiegman winning the Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award. At The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022, held in February 2023, Mary Earps won the Best Women's Goalkeeper award; Wiegman won the Best Women's Coach award; and Mead, Williamson, Lucy Bronze and Keira Walsh were named to the World XI.

As European champions, England contested the 2023 Women's Finalissima against South American champions Brazil in April 2023, which they won on penalties. The team then suffered their first defeat under Wiegman days later, losing to Australia, to end a 30-match unbeaten run. Following the Euro win and a series of high-profile wins in the months afterward, the England squad was reported to newly carry the aura of top teams that reflects winning confidence.

At the 2023 World Cup, the Lionesses won their group, winning all three matches. England subsequently defeated Nigeria, Colombia and Australia in the knockout stages to reach their first World Cup final, where they lost 1–0 to Spain.

Nickname
The England women's national football team is widely nicknamed the Lionesses. The moniker was developed in-house by The Football Association's digital marketing department as a way of increasing the visibility and reach of the women's team to a dedicated women's football audience and community, particularly on social media. It was first used as a hashtag in June 2012 when the men's team was competing in UEFA Euro 2012 at the same time the women's team was playing a crucial UEFA Women's Euro 2013 qualifier against Netherlands in a bid to help differentiate the coverage and allow people to follow the women's team more easily without getting lost in conversation about the men which was using the same generic #ThreeLions branding at the time. The name started to be used organically by fans and media outlets before The Football Association adopted it as an official brand identity, including with commercial and licensing partners, ahead of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

The name was also used in an updated version of the popular English anthem "Three Lions" during England's ultimately successful Women's Euro 2022 run, which Fara Williams, Rachel Yankey, Faye White, Rachel Brown-Finnis and Anita Asante performed along with Chelcee Grimes and original artists Lightning Seeds and David Baddiel (with another original artist, Frank Skinner, in attendance). Baddiel, Skinner and the Lightning Seeds later also not only referenced the team and their Women's Euro 2022 championship in "Three Lions (It's Coming Home for Christmas)", a remake for the men's World Cup in Qatar that November and December, but also included footage of the players interrupting Wiegman's post-Euro final press conference singing the chorus and appearances from Bethany England and Jess Carter.

In February 2024, when each of the London Overground lines were given names, the line from Watford Junction to Euston that includes Wembley Central was christened the Lioness Line in the team's honour.

Media coverage and promotion
The 2019 media campaign in announcing the World Cup squad was part of a broad marketing ambition to make the players into more recognisable stars to promote the team, the competition, and women's football. Using celebrities with connections to the players to make social media facing announcements, the marketing agency received praise for the campaign, which successfully increased social media engagement.

A documentary film, The Lionesses: How Football Came Home, was produced about the 2022 Euro win and released later that year. It has been reported that the team's campaign at the 2023 World Cup will also be given a documentary.

England matches at selected international tournaments are currently broadcast by ITV Sport (excluding Euro and World Cup finals) and BBC (major finals). Previously, the Euro and World Cup finals were broadcast by Channel 4 (Euro 2017 only) and Eurosport.

World Cup teams
In 2015, the World Cup squad won the BT Sport Action Woman Awards Team of the Year award.

In 2019, the World Cup squad won the GQ Men of the Year Inspiration Award.

2022 Euro team
The 23-player squad and coach Sarina Wiegman who won the 2022 Euro, the women's team's first major international title, received several honours that year, including:

 * Freedom of the City of London (as individuals)
 * Pride of Britain Awards (2022): Inspiration Award
 * BT Sport Action Woman Awards: Team of the Year
 * Northwest Football Awards: Billy Seymour Impact Award
 * Manchester City of Champions Awards: Hall of Fame induction
 * Just A Ball Game? LGBT+ inclusion and visibility award
 * Sports Journalists' Association Awards: Team of the Year
 * BBC Sports Personality of the Year (2022): Team of the Year Award
 * Laureus World Sports Awards: Team of the Year nomination

Results and fixtures
This list includes match results from the past 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
 * All times are listed in GMT except where noted.

 * Legend

Players
Caps, goals, and recent players may be outdated or incorrect, as the FA does not maintain a database of historical statistics.

Current squad
The following 27 players were named to the squad for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying matches against the Republic of Ireland on 12 July and Sweden on 16 July 2024 respectively, including one player named to a standby list. Originally, 28 players including 4 on standby were named to the squad, which also covered the matches against France on 31 May and 4 June respectively.

Lotte Wubben-Moy, Niamh Charles, Kayla Rendell and Lauren James withdrew from the squad for the games against France due to injury. Maya Le Tissier and Jessica Naz were promoted from the standby list in Charles' and James' places respectively, while Lucy Thomas was named to the standby list in place of Rendell. Mary Earps withdrew from the squad after the first game due to injury, with Thomas being promoted from the standby list in her place. Anna Moorhouse received her first call up and was added to the squad on 1 July. Charles and Earps returned to the squad for the July matches.

Caps and goals are correct as of match played 16 July 2024 against Sweden.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the England squad within the last 12 months.

 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * RET = Retired from international football
 * PRE = Preliminary squad
 * MED = Withdrew on medical grounds
 * REHAB = Player is in post injury rehab
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury or medical issue

Team captains
Since 1972, there have been eleven permanent captains and twenty-seven known captains.
 * Bold indicates current captain
 * Italics indicates still-active players
 * indicates player was captain for matches under the Women's Football Association

Most capped players
Bold names denote a player still playing or available for selection.

Top goalscorers
Bold names denote a player still playing or available for selection.

Carol Thomas was the first player to reach 50 caps in 1985, before retiring from representative football later that year, having amassed 56 caps. Fara Williams holds the record for England appearances, having played 172 times since 2001. She overtook previous record holder Rachel Yankey in August 2014, in a friendly against Sweden. Yankey had passed Gillian Coultard's 119 record England women caps in September 2012, in a European qualifying match against Croatia, and Peter Shilton's 125 record England international caps in June 2013, in a friendly against Japan.

Ellen White has scored the most goals for England, with 52. She surpassed Kelly Smith's record on 30 November 2021, scoring a hat-trick against Latvia during a UEFA qualifier for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup where England won 20–0, the Lionesses' biggest-ever competitive win.

Attendance

 * In England only

FIFA World Cup

England have qualified for the FIFA Women's World Cup six times (1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023) and failed to qualify for three competitions (1991, 1999, 2003). The England team reached the quarter-finals on three occasions; losing out to Germany in 1995, the United States in 2007 and France on penalties in 2011. In 2015, however, England earned the bronze medal for the first time, under Mark Sampson, by beating Germany in the third place play-off. The team finished in fourth place in 2019 after losing to Sweden in the third place play-off. In 2023, the team achieved their best result, as runners-up to Spain in the final.

 * Champions  Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

 * Correct as of 20 August 2023

Olympic Games
England does not directly participate in football at the Summer Olympics, as the country does not have its own National Olympic Committee (NOC). Since England falls under the jurisdiction of the British Olympic Association, remit for an Olympic football team requires support from all four Home Nation associations: the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW) and the Irish Football Association (IFA), as well as the English Football Association (FA). In women's football, members of the England team played for the Great Britain women's Olympic football team at both London 2012 (having been granted automatic qualification as the host nation) and Tokyo 2020.

With the other Home Nations associations reluctant to give up autonomy in men's football, no agreement could be reached before the qualifying events for Rio 2016, though the women's team would have qualified based on England's results. In 2019, ahead of the qualifying event for Tokyo 2020, an agreement was reached for the women's team that allowed for England, as the highest-ranked Home Nation, to qualify an Olympic team on behalf of Great Britain, which they achieved.

For Paris 2024, England was again selected to attempt to qualify via the 2023–24 Women's Nations League on behalf of Great Britain, but did not achieve this.

UEFA European Championship

England first entered the UEFA Women's Championship in the inaugural 1984 edition, and were runners-up that year and again in 2009. They won the tournament for the first time in 2022. The team have reached the semi-finals on three other occasions (1987, 1995, 2017), but failed to make it out of the group stage in three other editions (2001, 2005, 2013). England did not qualify in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997.

 * Champions  Runners-up   Third place/Semi-finalists   Fourth place   Hosted tournament

Correct as of 16 July 2024

UEFA Nations League
England have competed in the UEFA Women's Nations League since its inaugural season in 2023–24, when they narrowly missed out on qualification to the 2024 Finals after finishing behind Netherlands on goal difference.

 * Champions  Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

 * Correct as of 16 July 2024

Major

 * FIFA Women's World Cup
 * Runners-up: 2023
 * Third place: 2015
 * UEFA Women's Championship
 * Champions: 2022
 * Runners-up: 1984, 2009
 * Women's Finalissima
 * Champions: 2023

Minor

 * Pony Home Championship
 * Champions: 1976
 * Mundialito
 * Champions: 1985, 1988
 * Cyprus Cup
 * Champions: 2009, 2013, 2015
 * SheBelieves Cup
 * Champions: 2019
 * Arnold Clark Cup
 * Champions: 2022, 2023

title: England women's national football team


text:
Roger Price (humorist)

Roger Price (March 6, 1918 – October 31, 1990) was an American humorist, author and publisher, who created Droodles in the 1950s, followed by his collaborations with Leonard B. Stern on the Mad Libs series. Price and Stern became partners with Larry Sloan in the publishing firm Price Stern Sloan.

Biography
Price was born in Charleston, West Virginia, and grew up in the mining town of Widen, West Virginia. He graduated from Greenbrier Military School in 1934, then attended the University of Michigan (1934–1936) and the American Academy of Art in Chicago (1936–1938).

During the 1940s, he wrote for The Bob Hope Show and worked with Hope on a newspaper humor column. On Broadway he performed in Arthur Klein's musical revue Tickets, Please! (1950), and he contributed sketch material to Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1952. Price hosted the television panel show How To (1951), and he was a panelist on other game shows of the early 1950s: Who's There? What Happened? That Reminds Me, The Name's the Same and What's My Line?

Droodles
In 1953, Price invented Droodles, a syndicated feature which he described as "a borkley-looking sort of drawing that doesn't make any sense until you know the correct title." When Simon & Schuster published Price's Droodles in 1953, the book launched a Droodle craze that was fueled by a series of ads in college newspapers offering cash prizes for Droodles created by college students. In 1954, Price hosted a Droodles television game show with panelists Marc Connelly, Denise Lor and Carl Reiner. More Droodles were gathered in follow-up books, The Rich Sardine (1954) and Oodles of Droodles (1955). Over the years, many of the drawings (minus the author's droll commentary) have been reprinted in collections such as Classic Droodles. One of Price's original Droodles serves as the cover art for Frank Zappa's 1982 album Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch. Price's other captions for that drawing include "Mother pyramid feeding her baby."

In 2000, after Stern and Sloan launched another publishing company, Tallfellow Press, they acquired the rights to Droodles and reissued it as Droodles: The Classic Collection.

Price and Harvey Kurtzman
Price had four articles in Harvey Kurtzman's Mad in 1955–1956 and later contributed to Kurtzman's 1960s magazine Help!. In the introduction to Mad's first paperback collection, The Mad Reader (Ballantine Books, 1954), he described Kurtzman's appearance: "He is 5 feet 6 inches tall and has a physique that is just barely noticeable and a long expression. In fact, Harvey looks like a beagle who is too polite to mention that someone is standing on his tail. This Beagleishness has certain compensations – he is never ordered off the grass in Central Park and Pretty Girls frequently stop on the street to scratch him behind the ears."

Mad Libs and Price Stern Sloan
The same year the Droodle was born, Price and Stern invented Mad Libs (although the first book in the series was not published until 1958). The title came about when the two were in Sardi's and overheard an actor arguing with his agent. The actor wanted to "ad-lib" an interview, but his agent thought such an approach was "mad".

According to Stern, the concept was hatched accidentally. Stern was scripting an episode for The Honeymooners in 1953 when Price came by. Stern recalled, "I was trying to find the right word to describe the nose of Ralph Kramden's new boss. So I asked Roger for an idea for an adjective and before I could tell him what it was describing, he threw out 'clumsy' and 'naked'. We both started laughing. We sat down and wrote a bunch of stories with blanks in them. That night we took them to a cocktail party and they were a great success ... We were turned down by every publisher in the New York area. Publishers told us it wasn't a book and suggested we approach game manufacturers, but they also rejected us and advised us to talk to publishers. It became a well-worn path."

A Publishers Weekly article described the rise of Mad Libs after the initial 1958 publication: "The duo found a printer and self-published 14,000 copies. Soon thereafter, Ballantine Books founder (and friend) Ian Ballantine agreed to distribute the book on a short-term basis. That first printing did not last long. Stern, then head writer and comedy director for NBC's The Steve Allen Show, suggested to Allen that they use the Mad Libs format to introduce guest stars, with the audience supplying words. Allen agreed, and on the next show he held up Mad Libs as Bob Hope was introduced (audience members described the comedian as 'scintillating' and dubbed his theme song, 'Thanks for the Communists'). Within days, bookstores sold out of Mad Libs. In the early 1960s, Price and Stern partnered with Larry Sloan, an old high school friend of Stern's, to create their own publishing company. Sloan became CEO of Price Stern Sloan and his partners wrote additional Mad Libs titles, gearing them toward children since much of their fan mail was from kids. With multiple titles landing on bestseller lists and the house's acquisition of other popular properties including Wee Sing, Mr. Men and Little Miss and Serendipity, Price Stern Sloan grew to be what Stern terms 'the biggest publisher west of the Mississippi at the time'. In 1993, Stern and Sloan (Price had died three years earlier) sold their company to the Putnam Berkley Group."

Roger Price Gallery and Grump

During the 1960s, Price opened the first New York art gallery devoted solely to cartoons.

In 1965–1967 he published and edited the short-lived humor publication, Grump, which featured such contributors as Isaac Asimov, Christopher Cerf, Derek Robinson, Susan Sands, Jean Shepherd, and cartoonists Don Silverstein and David C. K. McClelland.

He was the co-creator with Stanley Ralph Ross of the short-lived 1977 NBC situation comedy The Kallikaks, and he also wrote for the show.

Personal life and death
Price was married four times; all the marriages ended in divorce. He had two children with his second wife, Bettina Lerfield.

At the time of his death in 1990, Price lived in Studio City, California.

Books
In One Head and Out the Other (Ballantine, 1951), which popularized the catchphrase "I had one grunch, but the eggplant over there." The nonsense non sequitur was immediately adopted by science fiction fandom, appearing occasionally in science fiction fanzines, as noted in Fancyclopedia II (1959). Using the 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon's book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire as a comparison to America's upheaval in the 60's, this satirical book compares Roman decline to America's woes. In Price's In One Head and Out the Other, the "bible of Avoidism", his character Clayton Slope "had a clever trick of saying any conceivable sentence so that it sounded like 'I had one grunch but the eggplant over there.' Fans find the expression useful, too ... "Avoidism: Not originally fannish at all, but a philosophy devised in a rather stomach-turning book, In One Head and Out the Other, this doctrine became confused/associated with the Gandhi-following folk of Eric Frank Russell's "And Then There Were None." It inspired an APA, MYOB and an Avoidist Movement which avoided amounting to anything. Tenets are those implied by the root word. Lee Hoffman explains that three types of avoidism are distinguished:
 * 1) pure
 * 2) applied
 * 3) active (or Activist)

In pure avoiding, one avoids everything except eating, breathing and metabolizing. In applied avoiding, one avoids as many things as possible. (Bus drivers are good at this sort of thing, like avoiding people waiting at bus stops.) Active avoidism isn't true avoidism and is practiced to Publicize the Cause, or as an exercise in Avoiding. Under active avoidism there is the subgroup Counteravoiding; to counteravoid vegetarianism, for instance, one eats meat. Leeh concluded: "A last word on Avoidism: I had one grunch but the eggplant over there."

An annoying Price dissident in In One Head and Out the Other who crops up from time to time to object forlornly to Avoidist doctrine in many of its guises is one Dr. Carl Gassoway, whom Price promptly and heartlessly dismisses every time as a troublemaker; a refreshing Price ingénue who similarly appears and reappears is Miss Patricia Delray. In a key chapter, Price advised mothers to encourage their offspring to adopt Avoidist habits and responses to the tribulations of real life is to have them read, as a nightly bedtime story, his adaptation of Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf (which he first wanted to use in its original form until the composer demanded too many rubles' royalty), namely Milton and the Rhinoceros, in which the latter triumphs by overcoming and eating the former, whose final blunder was to mistake the FIERCE RHINOCEROS!! (as Price instructed the mother to shout loudly at key points in the narrative), when he first came upon the beast, for a Studebaker. Moral: ''Don't go into deep woodses! Or anywhere!''

Droodles (Simon & Schuster, 1953)

I'm for Me First (Ballantine, 1954) is a humor book about Herman Clabbercutt's plan to launch a revolutionary political party known as the "I'm for Me First" Party.

The Rich Sardine (1954) — Droodles collection

Oodles of Droodles (1955) — Droodles collection

J.G., the Upright Ape (1960), which publisher Lyle Stuart claimed was one of his worst-selling books. It was described by Robert Michael Pyle in Orion Afield (Autumn 1998): "By chance, when I was buying Daniel Quinn's book (Ishmael) at Powell's Books in Portland, I first spotted Roger Price's J.G., The Upright Ape. This 1960 novel also employs the device of the gorilla as the protagonist. J.G. is a member of a fictional high-elevation subspecies called the silver gorillas. His search for his abducted mate, Lotus, in America becomes a vehicle for sharp, witty satire of contemporary culture. 'For the first time in his life, J.G. was unhappy. It required great concentration on his part, because it isn't easy to be unhappy when you have such a tiny brain.' Neither author can challenge Schaller's and Fossey's gorilla scholarship, but their fictions point to a conclusion that the researchers might recognize: gorillas—gentle, cooperative, environmentally benign—are in some ways better than humans."

What Not to Name the Baby (Price-Stern, 1960)

The Great Roob Revolution (Random House, 1970)

Partial filmography

 * Mame (1974) – Ralph Divine
 * Mixed Company (1974) – The Doctor
 * The Strongest Man in the World (1975) – Roger
 * At Long Last Love (1975) – Alfred
 * The Day of the Locust (1975) – Guest #3
 * I Wonder Who's Killing Her Now? (1975)
 * Billy Jack Goes to Washington (1977) – Senator
 * Pete's Dragon (1977) – Man with Visor
 * The Cat from Outer Space (1978) – 1st E.R.L. Expert
 * Just You and Me, Kid (1979) – Mailman
 * The Devil and Max Devlin (1981) – Old Man

title: Roger Price (humorist)


text:
Tigard-Tualatin School District

The Tigard-Tualatin School District (23J) is a school district serving part of the suburban Portland metropolitan area in Oregon including all or portions of the cities of Tigard, Tualatin, Durham, and King City, as well as most of the unincorporated communities of Metzger and Bull Mountain.

History
Tigard Elementary School District 23 was established in 1875, while the Tualatin district was started as the Bridgeport district (26J). These districts later merged, as did the Tigard high school district (2J) and the Tualatin high school district (26J).

From its inception until 1992, the district operated only one "senior" high school, Tigard High, which covered grades 10-12. Fowler and Twality Junior High Schools covered grades 7-9. In 1992, a second high school, Tualatin High, was opened, and the district took the opportunity to switch to a middle school system in which the two high schools would cover grades 9-12, the existing junior high schools changed to middle schools covering grades 6-8, and the elementary schools covered grades K-5. A third middle school, Hazelbrook, was also added in 1992.

When Tualatin High opened, new school attendance boundaries were drawn; most students at Twality would attend Tualatin High and most students at Fowler would attend Tigard High. Students living in certain areas were given the option of attending either high school.

Service area
Its boundary includes most of the municipalities of Tigard and Tualatin, all of Durham and King City, the majority of the census-designated places of Bull Mountain and Metzger, and small sections of Lake Oswego and Rivergrove.

Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 170 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 1.3% of students in the district.

High schools

 * Tigard High School
 * Tualatin High School

Middle schools

 * Fowler Middle School
 * Hazelbrook Middle School
 * Twality Middle School

Elementary schools

 * Deer Creek
 * Durham
 * Metzger
 * Alberta Rider
 * James Templeton
 * Charles F. Tigard
 * Tualatin
 * Mary Woodward
 * Byrom
 * Bridgeport
 * Art Rutkin

Alternative schools

 * Tigard-Tualatin Online Academy
 * Creekside Community High School

Partnerships
In the 1980s the district began its relationship with the Portland Japanese School, a weekend Japanese educational program. The Japanese school used Twality Middle School until 1992, when Hazelbrook Middle School opened. The Japanese school is now held at Hazelbrook. Every summer the Japanese school sends some Tigard-Tualatin school employees to Japan so they can study Japanese culture.

title: Tigard-Tualatin School District


text:
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a medical condition involving loss of vision caused by damage to the optic nerve as a result of insufficient blood supply (ischemia). This form of ischemic optic neuropathy is generally categorized as two types: arteritic AION (or AAION), in which the loss of vision is the result of an inflammatory disease of arteries in the head called temporal arteritis, and non-arteritic AION (abbreviated as  NAION, NAAION, or sometimes simply as AION), which is due to non-inflammatory disease of small blood vessels.

Symptoms
NAION typically presents suddenly upon awakening. The affected person notes seeing poorly in one eye. Vision in that eye is obscured by a dark shadow, often involving just the upper or lower half of vision, usually the area closer to the nose. There is no pain. Within approximately six months following the infarct, visual acuity improves by three or more lines of vision on the Snellen Chart (the chart with smaller letters on each lower line) in 42.7% of patients, while in 12.4% of patients, vision worsens by three lines. Opposite eye involvement occurs in approximately 15% to 20% of patients with NAION within 5 years. It is not always devastating as visual acuity may remain only moderately impaired. Furthermore, most cases of NAION involve the loss of a hemifield (either the upper or lower half of the visual field, but not both). A few cases of NAION involve near-total loss of vision.

Risk factors
The mechanism of injury for NAION used to be quite controversial. However, experts in the field have come to a consensus that most cases involve two main risk factors. The first is a predisposition in the form of a type of optic disc shape. The optic disc is where the axons from the retinal ganglion cells collect into the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the bundle of axons that carry the visual signals from the eye to the brain. This optic nerve must penetrate through the wall of the eye, and the hole to accommodate this is usually 20-30% larger than the nerve diameter. In some patients the optic nerve is nearly as large as the opening in the back of the eye, and the optic disc appears "crowded" when seen by ophthalmoscopy. A crowded disc is also referred to as a "disc at risk". While a risk factor, the vast majority of individuals with crowded discs do not experience NAION.

The second major risk factor involves more general cardiovascular risk factors. The most common are diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol levels. While these factors predispose a patient to develop NAION, the most common precipitating factor is marked fall of blood pressure during sleep (nocturnal arterial hypotension)- that is why at least 75% of the patients first discover visual loss first on waking from sleep. When other risk factors for NAION are present, taking blood pressure medications at night should be avoided as this can exacerbate nighttime hypotension. Beta blockers in particular are associated with increased incidence of NAION. These vascular risk factors lead to ischemia (poor blood supply) to a portion of the optic disc. The disc then swells, and in a crowded optic disc, this leads to compression and more ischemia.

Since both eyes tend to have a similar shape, the optometrist or ophthalmologist will look at the good eye to assess the anatomical predisposition. The unaffected eye has a 14.7% risk of NAION within five years.

A number of uncontrolled single case or small number of patient reports have associated NAION with use of oral erectile dysfunction drugs.

Diagnosis
Since arteritic AION is similar in presentation to non-arteritic AION, patients over the age of 50 diagnosed with NAION must be evaluated to exclude AAION (symptoms: painful jaw muscle spasms, scalp tenderness, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, myalgias and loss of appetite); NAION patients over the age of 75 should always be tested.

The distinction between AAION and non-arteritic AION was made to highlight the different etiologies of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. AAION is due to temporal arteritis (also called giant-cell arteritis), an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels (Chapel-Hill-Conference) that occurs especially with advancing age. In contrast, NAION results from the coincidence of cardiovascular risk factors in a patient with "crowded" optic discs. Non-arteritic AION is more common than AAION and usually occurs in slightly younger persons. While only a few cases of NAION result in near total loss of vision, most cases of AAION result in nearly complete vision loss.

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is an isolated white-matter stroke of the optic nerve (ON). NAION is the most common cause of sudden optic nerve-related vision loss, affecting more than 10,000 Americans every year, often bilaterally. No clinically effective treatments exist, largely because little is known about its pathophysiology, and there are few histopathological studies of the acute condition.

An exhaustive review article published in March 2009 described the latest information on arteritic and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, both anterior (A-AION and NA-AION) and posterior (A-PION, NA-PION, and surgical).

Treatment
Once NAION happens, it was thought that there was no accepted treatment to reverse the damage. However, a recent uncontrolled retrospective large study has shown that if patients are treated with large doses of corticosteroid therapy during the early stages of NAION, in eyes with initial visual acuity of 20/70 or worse, seen within 2 weeks of onset, there was visual acuity improvement in 70% in the treated group compared to 41% in the untreated group (odds ratio of improvement: 3.39; 95% CI:1.62, 7.11; p < 0.001). That study and a natural history study on NAION (Ophthalmology 2008;115: 298–305.) showed that visual acuity can improve up to 6 months and not after that. To minimize the risk of further visual loss in the fellow eye or the same eye, it is essential to reduce the risk factors. Common sense dictates trying to control the cardiovascular risk factors for many reasons, including protection from this happening to the second eye. Sudden vision loss should lead to an ophthalmological consultation. If NAION is suspected, then ideally a neuro-ophthalmologist's consultation should be obtained.

A recent Cochrane Review sought to determine the extent of safety and efficacy of optic nerve decompression surgery for NAION, compared to other treatments, or no treatment. The one study included in the review found no improvements in visual acuity among patients who underwent surgery for NAION, and adverse events (pain, double vision) experienced by participants who underwent surgery.

There is much research currently underway looking at ways to protect the nerve (neuroprotection) or even regenerate new fibers within the optic nerve. So far there is no evidence in human studies that the so-called neuroprotectors have any beneficial effect in NAION. However, there is a new current clinical trial for the treatment of NAION in the United States with plans to include sites in India, Israel, Germany and Australia (see NORDICclinicaltrials.com and https://clinicaltrials.gov/). This trial will test the use of a synthetic siRNA that blocks caspase 2, an important enzyme in the apoptosis cycle. In addition to such research, patents have been applied for by Pfizer, The University of Southern California, Otsuka Pharmaceutical and other individual inventors for innovations related to the treatment of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

In recent years, pentoxifylline has emerged as a potential treatment option for NAION and other diseases involving ocular ischemia. Pentoxifylline has been shown to reduce erythrocyte rigidity, resulting in decreased blood viscosity and increased flow velocity. Animal studies have demonstrated that pentoxifylline can inhibit TNF and, in turn, prevent retinal ganglion cell death and axonal degeneration associated with optic neuropathy in a dose-dependent manner. A Cochrane Review on treatments for acute CRAO included one randomized clinical trial involving pentoxifylline, which showed that pentoxifylline use (three 600 mg tablets daily) was associated with improved retinal perfusion, but it was unclear if significant improvements in visual acuity were also observed. Similar findings have been shown using Doppler OCT imaging in patients with NAION, though a study in India reported visual improvement compared to placebo in patients with optic neuropathy. Of note, TNF may be important in the immune response to certain nematode parasitic infections, and so pentoxifylline should be used with caution for those living in areas of parasite infestation; however, it is probably safe to use in otherwise healthy individuals living in urban, temperate environments. Overall, routine use of pentoxifylline in ischemic optic neuropathies was not supported given limited evidence, but the absence of major adverse effects and the absence of other proven therapies suggest a possible therapeutic role for pentoxifylline.

Incidence
It is estimated that the incidence of AION in the US is about 8,000 persons per year.

title: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy


text:
Kidinnu (crater)

Kidinnu is an impact crater on the Moon's far side. It lies to the south of the crater H. G. Wells and to the southeast of Cantor.

This is a somewhat unevenly formed crater with an outer rim that forms a rounded polygon. The inner wall varies in width, with the narrowest stretch along the outward-bulging northeast. There are no craters of note along the rim or within the interior. The interior floor is uneven, with a central ridge that runs to the southern edge.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kidinnu.

title: Kidinnu (crater)


text:
Thomsen River

The Thomsen River, located in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is the northernmost usable river of the country. It is famous for canoeing.

Course
It flows across Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and flows northward through Aulavik National Park before it empties through the Castel Bay into the M'Clure Strait (part of the Viscount Melville Sound of the Arctic Ocean).

Fishing
The Thomsen River on northern Banks Island has been described as the most northerly multi-species river in North America. At least three fish species, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), least cisco (Coregonus sardinella), and ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), reach their known northern limit of distribution in the Thomsen River while the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is a common species. Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) may also occur in upper reaches of the Thomsen and marine fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) are occasionally found in the lower reaches of the river. Approximately one half of the Thomsen River watershed lies within Aulavik National Park.

title: Thomsen River