text:
User talk:Rudyh01

Welcome!
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:07, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rudy: I'm so sorry, in my haste to 'welcome' you I added the note to your _user_ page and not your talk page -- I've blanked my error. Apologies! Zero sharp 18:00, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi Rudy, I'm really glad to see that you're a wikipedia contributor. I've used your sites as resources in the creation of the Kalachakra page, and also with Kings of Shambhala. Thank you very much for providing those wonderful assets to the dharma community. On the latter page, we could use your help with a chronology questions being discussed on talk, if you have a minute. Sylvain1972 13:47, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Taranatha
After I write my replacement version of the Taranatha article, perhaps you could take a look at it. I don't plan to write more than about two paragraphs, maybe three tops, so it will be in need of expansion. I'll get around to it in about the next week or so. - Nat Krause(Talk!) 20:10, 21 April 2006 (UTC) - PS: Or you can write it yourself if you prefer.

Tara
Hi Rudy,

Please don't make changes such as you made to the Tara (Buddhist) article minor. Minor changes are spelling, grammar and punctuation changes. Marking changes such as you made minor makes it appear that you are trying to avoid review by other editors. -Ekajati 23:06, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Hey there
Welcome to WP, Rudy.. You know me from elsewhere (I am anonymous here), but it's good to see you! A friend of mine saw you at Amaravati this year - did you have a good time? (20040302)

Hi
Sorry for my belated response to your comments a couple weeks ago. You say, "I'm not very skilled with the Wikipedia, just trying to edit some stuff I see which is incorrect", but, of course, editing stuff that is incorrect is exactly what Wikipedia is here for, so have at it. The Taranatha article is off to a sketchy start thanks to some additional volunteers; way better than it was a couple weeks ago at least. I'm genuinely sorry that the Geir Smith situation was allowed to simmer for so long before being dealt with. Eventually, it will all get sorted out but it's really a shame that his material on articles like Taranatha was allowed to stand for so long. I suspect other editors ran across those pages and, not knowing much of anythign about Tibetan Buddhism, decided not to get involved but to go put out other fires elsewhere. That, plus we try to go a long way towards assuming that new editors are well-intentioned and can eventually become productive colleagues. - Nat Krause(Talk!) 20:20, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Shugden
Hi Rudhy. Could you please be so kind to take time to check a short discussion and give your opinion there. In the Shugden article I put a paragraph on NKT/GKG's view to make it more understandable. Robertect removed it and I can not really agree on that removal (see: ) We came to no conclusion and are seraching for a neutral editor to mediate the discussion or listen to his view. See "removal of first paragraph" at the Shugden Talk Page. Thank you very much, --Kt66 17:09, 21 July 2006 (UTC) Rudhy i am jousting with a gang of NKTers on the Shugden cotroversy page after a number of people have complained-cant we just get rid of this article? It demeans wikipedia when it is used as a propagand atool-u can ans on the DSC discussion page94.192.139.167 (talk) 15:26, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Geshe Michael Roach
Dear Rudhy, after observing for a long time the efforts at the site of Geshe Michael Roach either to repress critic or to have biased critics (I am not free of such faults too), I felt the urge to use selfsources of Geshe Michael so that the critics can be put in the article without endless discussions. It would be nice if you can have a look and improve or comment it. (It maybe possible my last edit is reverted once more, so please look in the history too. I wish to avoid provoking an edit war but see also not much hope to avoid it.) Please look also to the link of the controversies if it is against WP rules, Thanks a lot, --Kt66 19:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your kind reply. --Kt66 21:35, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Michael Roach
Rudy, please check the talk page, as this has already been discussed there. I am not opposed to critical links that meet WP:EL and WP:LIVING. But I am opposed to links to anonymous critical websites where the creators of the websites do not identify themselves. That violates the requirements for reliable sources (WP:RS) and such dubious sources simply cannot be used for living persons. (P.S. saw your note on Hanuman Das's talk page. Replying b/c I believe I was the first one to remove that link and that H.D. is simply supporting my removal of it based on WP:LIVING. His arguments are under "Diamond Cutter Website" in the talk page. I was offline during that discussion and didn't participate, but originally removed the link for the reasons H.D. spells out quite well...) Ekajati (yakity-yak) 17:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ehh, well, if you want to reject every anonymous editor on Wikipedia who cites proper sources, I'm nut sure how much we would have left here... rudy 11:46, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You misunderstand. The site being linked to is created by a group of anonymous people. I fully support Ekajati in that I do not believe anonymous critical sites are permitted by the pertinant WP policies. If the site being linked clearly identified the names of its editors, there would be no problem. It doesn't, so precisely whose opinion is being cited? —Hanuman Das 13:06, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, but they do cite their sources! What I mean is that "Hanuman Das", "Ekajati" or "rudy" is just as anonymus as their website. I thought the main issue is to have tracable sources, so when I as virtually anonymous "rudy" make a statement, it's source should be mentioned, and that is what they do as far as I can see it? rudy 21:54, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Categories
Please do not add the categories Category:Buddhist teachers and Category:Tibetan Buddhist teachers to artcles in Category:Lamas. These are nested categories and an article should be only in the most specific one and not in the supercategories of that category. Thanks. Ekajati (yakity-yak) 20:07, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, it is organized pretty well. There is no problem putting people in multiple categories at the same level, such as both Category:Lama and Category:Tulku and/or Category:Terton. Not all Lamas are Tulkus and vice versa. The only restriction is that once the correct categories are chosen, the article does not also get put in supercategories of those categories. Ekajati (yakity-yak) 15:11, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, if I'm looking for a Tibetan teacher, I would not intuitively be looking in Lamas, Tulkus or Tertons... Furthermore, the use of the term Lama has become a habit for westerners in some of the Tibetan traditions as well - typicaly when people have done the 3-year retreat within the Kagyu. In short, I don't really see the sense of separating lamas, tulkus and tertons, but perhaps it's only me... rudy 22:06, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * They are different categories. Not all lamas are tulkus, not all tulkus are lamas. Only Nyimgma are likely to be tertons, and they are quite rare... Those categories already existed, and were brought together under Tibetan Buddhist teachers to make them easier to find. No all teachers are lamas. Some are Geshes, some are monks & nuns, but not Lamas. A Lama is a very specific thing. Ekajati (yakity-yak) 22:11, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You're quick! Sorry, but then you don't know the meaning of the word Lama: it is the same as Guru; spiritual teacher. A lama is merely defined by 'having pupils'; so virtually all teachers are lamas, and nearly all Geshes? Being ordained has nothing to do with the title of lama. A lama is certainly not a very specific thing!rudy 22:20, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Not true. I've had discussions about this with others on WP. For example, I misidentified a particular Geshe as a Lama, and was told that the was not. Apparently there are various requirements for the title: one must either be a tulku, or a holder of a (i think it was) heart lineage. Lamas have to have completed a three-year retreat, and there are probably other requirements. Ekajati (yakity-yak) 22:24, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that several traditions define this differently! So in practice, it can even a be confusing term among Tibetans I suppose. I know for a fact from the Gelugpas that 'having students' is the definition. I also know that in (some) of the Kagyu traditions, someone is automatically given the title lama, when one has done the 3-year retreat. That is why several (sane) westerners call themselves lama. rudy 22:35, 25 October 2006 (UTC) I'll try to double-check this with the Geshe here at the center. rudy 22:38, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, a preliminary summary as I understood it from the Geshe here: Lama is used as translation from the Sanskrit Guru. However, it is a bit ambiguous -even within the Gelug tradition- when someone would be called a lama. Usually reserved for Rinpoches, but as this is a somewhat ambiguous term as well, this may not help too much. In the Kargyu tradition, everyone who completes a 3-year retreat is also called a lama, but it obviously says little about the teaching capability of a person. So, how would you want to define lama? Gets pretty confusing... Another thing with the current categories is where to put eg. Geshes (who are seen as qualified teachers in the Gelug) in the categories? Merely a handful of western Buddhist teachers can be considered to have a similar level of Buddhist education, but others are also listed under Buddhist teachers? Perhaps we should categorise them according the tradition they are in, but that is a bit weird too... I don't pretend to have an easy answer to this :-( rudy 21:12, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's easy to add a category for Geshes... I will do so and moving one Geshe into the category. Feel free to move more into it... Ekajati (yakity-yak) 17:11, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Geshe Sopa}}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from. As a copyright violation, appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia. — K e  akealani  18:47, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Gimme a break, I'm working on this, and in the middle of editing the information...rudy 18:49, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Keakealani is right, you can't start by cutting and pasting a copyrighted text. That makes the whole article invalid and requires deletion. You have to start with your own words... There can't be a copyvio version anywhere in the history... Ekajati (yakity-yak) 19:03, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please give me half an hour; is this a terrorist action or what? I accidentally hit the button save page while I was working on it. rudy 19:20, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not that big a deal. Work on your version offline while waiting for the copyvio to be deleted, then start the article again with your non-copyvio version... Ekajati (yakity-yak) 19:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Alternately, you can set up a personal sandbox such as User:Rudyh01/sandbox and work on your article there. Just be careful, though, because it's true that you can't have a copyvio ever, so make sure you only cite but don't copy-paste.  Let me know if you need help. — K  e  akealani  22:16, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Question
In the following sentence (from the Kalki page), you recently changed the word “Maitreya” into “Manjushri”: “The 25th Kalki as an emanation of Manjushri who brings about world-wide spiritual change.” Does the book that you cite actually mention Manjushri? Because I have always heard this as being the Maitreya Buddha. It would be weird for Manjushri to bring about world-wide enlightenment when Maitreya is the “next batter up” in terms of Buddhist prophecy. (!Mi luchador nombre es amoladora de la carne y traigo el dolor! 18:28, 10 November 2006 (UTC))
 * Hi, these are two entirely separate predictions. The Kalachakra Tantra very much is a system within itself, with a prediction of a spiritual kind of war a few centuries from now. As far as I know, such a prediction is nowhere else to be found in Buddhism. On the other hand (accepted by just about all Buddhist traditions), the historical Buddha predicted that Maitreya Buddha will come to bring Buddhism back to earth when it is completely forgotten. This last prediction is probably to be seen in millions of years from now. (For example, it is said that this will happen after the human lifespan has gone to something like 80,000 years and then is reduced to 10 years.) That is also why I took out the phrase about worldwide enlightenment and turned it into spiritual change; this is mentioned in the Kalachkara tantra. The 'book I cite' is the Kalachakra tantra. rudy 21:02, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct. I read on one page sometime after posting this question that Maitreya was not associated with the Kalachakra. I've written articles on the Kalki Purana; Kali (Demon), who is the nemesis of Kalki; and Koka and Vikoka, the generals of Kali. I love learning of new things. (Ghostexorcist 19:58, 1 December 2006 (UTC))

Recent Maitreya Edit
Your edit was not wrong, but neither was the material deleted. From your user page, it looks like you know a great deal about Buddhism. I have read some very Hindu-influenced Buddhism material that describes all of the heavens within the Vedic universe and it mentions the Tushita paradise as being one of the lowest heavens in the "Realm of Desire". I will look it up and expand the deleted sections so others will be able to understand it better. I will also cite my sources for others to check for accuracy. But I won’t do this until I have time later.(Ghostexorcist 19:15, 1 December 2006 (UTC))
 * No sweat! But it is really important to refer to genuine Buddhist materials when wrting stuff on Buddhism, there are loads of intentional and unintentional misinterpretations around, and please don't cite unreliable websites... rudy 22:04, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand what you mean. It's genuine stuff though. The Hindu paradise of the 33 gods is in the lower heavens, where as the Buddhist paradises are in the higher realms of formlessness (I can't remember the actual wording right now). All of these heavens span from the mid point of Mt. Meru/Sumeru to it's summit and well beyond.(Ghostexorcist 13:08, 3 December 2006 (UTC))

I looked some things up and these realms are known as the "Threefold realms". They consist of the Realm of Desire (of which Mara's paradise is the 6th and highest), the Realm of Form and the Realm of formlessness.(Ghostexorcist 21:44, 3 December 2006 (UTC))
 * Eh, yes, so what's new? And what is the relevance here?rudy 21:53, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Amithaba article
Hi Nat, could you please be so kind to check the mentioned article from the point of view of Tibetan Buddhism, especially the Tibetan name in the head. And also the articles Five Dhyani Buddhas - especially the table there on the different aspects and Amitayus. Thanks a lot. --Kt66 22:29, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Vajrayana and intoxicant use
You might want to be aware that that material was merged from an article which has been nominated for deletion: Articles for deletion/Intoxicant use in Tantric Buddhism. I agree with you that it should not be included in Vajrayana, as it appears to be original research. A Ramachandran 17:27, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Tibetan naming conventions
By the way,

How's your Tibetan? Perhaps you would be interested to comment on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Tibetan). We're working toward developing a set of guidelines for use on Wikipedia.—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 01:51, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry Nat, my Tibetan barely goes beyond tashi deleg, and I wouldn't know how to write it :-( All I know that Wylie is the only widely accepted translitteration if you mean that. rudy 21:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Thonmi Sambhota
I just read your question about the origin of the alphabet. Thonmi's name first appears in historical documents in around the 12th century if memory serves. Writing was probably introduced in 650 and the script probably wasnt invented but simply borrrowed. Some sanskrit alphabets looked much more like the Tibetan alphabet than Devanagri does now. In fact the Devanagari we all know and love is largely a product of printing in 19th century British India. If you are interested in the myth of Thonmi try Roy Andrew Miller's 'Prolegomenon to the first two tibetan grammatical treatises' published in the 90s by Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhismuskunde or something like that. Tibetologist 10:19, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you!rudy 22:04, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Songtsän Gampo
The information I removed was false. The source cited was Dujom Rinpoche's Nyingma School translated by Kapstein. It is a chos 'byung not a work of modern historiography. All of the falsehoods I removed I have discussed in detail on the history of Tibet talk page or the Songtsän Gampo talk page before. I do not have the time to repeat myself. The only contemporary documents are the Tang Annals, and the Old Tibetan Annals, they make no mention of a nepalese wife etc. An enormous cycle of popular legends has grown up around this figure, but they do not deserve to be treated as biographical fact, e.g. that he died by merging into a statute. All such stories are from hundreds of years after his death. Actually, Kapstein has been one of the foremost researchers of this material, and if you read his research in addition to his translations I think you will find he also thinks there was no Nepalese wife and he didnt die by merging with a statue. Tibetologist 09:21, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the detailed info, I still believed in the 'commonly believed fairy-tale' then :-) rudy 22:06, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Sunyata
Saying that something doesn't exist absolutely is the same as saying it has no essence. Maybe the section can be reworked, I just objected to removing it wholesale. I'll work on it later. Arrow740 20:31, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I haven't read a great number of texts about it yet, but I think the Rangtongpas have it right. Arrow740 00:21, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well things are really not that simple; I'm sure a Shentongpa master would take less then five minutes to destroy your view :-) Perhaps there is not even a 'wrong' or 'right' here, just a matter of viewpoint. I like the Jain example of a group of blind men who investigate an elephant by touching it, and they come up with very different descriptions, depending on whether they touch a leg, the tail or the trunk. I truly believe all the different philosophical schools are not there in the first place to tell us which is right, but to make us think and churn about how it could be :-) rudy 21:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * My view is just that one should not attach to any speculative views. Arrow740 22:57, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Recent addition of Nichiren to Template:Buddhism
Hi Rudy - I was wondering if you might have a viewpoint on the recent inclusion of Nichiren on Template:Buddhism (being discussed under Template_talk:Buddhism). I'm soliciting feedback from regular, on-going WP contributors such as yourself, Nat_Krause and Sacca. Am I overreacting to this recent addition? Do you have a take on this? Thanks for any guidance or insight. I wish you well, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 11:39, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Rudy! I appreciate your weighing in and hope you are doing well, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 11:58, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Three Types of Buddha
Hi Rudy - just wanted to thank you for your recent note on Talk:Buddhism. I know it's not WP's reason for being, but I'm always delighted when you and others stretch my knowledge and appreciation. Thanks again, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 23:27, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Bodhicitta
Hi Rhudy, I corrected some points in that article, please have a look on it. Regrads, --Kt66 21:06, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Phurba & Singing bowl: Vajra & Ghanta
Thank you very much for your query on my talk page. I recommend you peruse the Internet Archive, with a little grace you may come upon a suite of recordings of direct, immediate translations/renderings in English of Tibetan texts sung and entoned by a chantmaster. I first came upon this cache after I performed a search with Rongzompa's full name in Wylie and alighted upon a veritable (and venerable) Naga's cache of cintamani. Mantrayana is the way of "secret mantra" and includes entwined lineagues of what are often in the English scholarly tradition (of group constructions) discussed separately, that is: the Ancient School, Bonpo, certain Ngagpa lineages and individuals and consists of specific Mahasiddha, etc. There are no true synonyms, this is true in English as in every other language. Though in general tantric buddhist discourse Vajrayana and Mantrayana may be employed synonymously to no ill effect, they most definetly are not congruent. I am not THAT privy to the deep traditions of the New Translation Schools, apart from Sakyapa. If you read Ashtamangala and look at the Precious Umbrella section that makes reference to the origin of that symbol/tool being the sacred mushroom, if you wish to deepen your understanding of ethnopharmacology and psychoactive Traditional Tibetan medicine, read the text cited. Moreover, regarding the substitutive polyvalent equivalences read Twilight Language and Lama Anagarika Govinda.

Blessings in blood: Raktarasa

B9 hummingbird hovering (talk • contribs) 15:50, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for voting at Talk:Buddha
Hi Rudy - just a belated thank you for your much-valued vote at Talk:Buddha. I hope you are doing well, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 14:51, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Rudy! I just wanted to check in with you about the lastest development regarding the newly renamed article Buddha (general).  It turns out that a few people have voiced their concern at Talk:Buddha_(general) that the suffix "(general)" has a militaristic sense to it and while, of course, in our minds this is not true at all, I can now appreciate how this might be true for the uninformed WP reader.  So, I'm inclined to go with a possible new push for a re-vote on the naming of the Buddha (general) article.  Would you oppose such a re-vote?  If you have thoughts about this, I'd value hearing them (perhaps at Talk:Buddha_(general) ??).  Whether or not you have the time or interest to respond to this, I hope you are happy and healthy and thank you once again for all of your terrific work! Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 07:58, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Larry, well, some people want to see ghosts (or generals) everywhere I suppose, isn't this simply the 'general' use of the word in Wikipedia? :-) rudy (talk) 14:21, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Rudy - thanks for the reply. (Sorry I didn't see your response earlier -- I'll watch your page for the near future.)  You raise a point that definitely interests me.  Would you know, perhaps, if there are other "_(general)" pages on WP?  (If so, sorry for my obvious ignorance and I'd sincerely appreciate any pointers.)  Or perhaps you're more simply stating that the most common use of the word "general" is in the sense of "generic"?  Either way, as always, thanks so much for any additional information!  With metta, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 13:36, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Rudy! Thanks for the follow-up. I hope you are doing great!  Best wishes, Larry Rosenfeld (talk) 02:50, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Larry and I gathered many more facts on talk:Buddha (general), and we feel it is time to vote again. Please take a look at the page and let us know what you think. — Sebastian 05:17, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
I've protected the article, but just putting tags will not protect the articles from vandalism - only adminstrators can protect articles. (the previous protection was expired on October 21, 2007). If you want an article to be protected please file a request at Request for page protection and if it has enough vandalism activity it will be protected by an administrator. The protection was mainly for the October 30 vandalism that was heavy, so it was a border-line case, but it is semi-protected for two weeks. Thanks.-- JForget 01:44, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you, I didn't know this!rudy 15:25, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Substantial edits at the Dorje Shugden article
Dear editor I like to draw your attention to that specific article, Dorje Shugden, which was substantially changed by a group of three new editors, without any discussion on the talk page. Rather one of the new editor revealed: "Many of these changes were discussed between at least three of the editors." which must have happened outside of WP, because there is no discussion on the talk page or their WP-accounts. One of the new editors claimed: "You seem to be the only person who accepted this article as it was. If you check you will see that the changes made make this article more neutral and unbiased then it was before previous edits." If I check I see the article omitted different POV's, deleted verified passages, included passages from anonymous websites and turned the article to a more bias Pro-Shugden POV. I'd like to ask you to check that and to give your opinion or to collaborate if there is a need for improving the article, so that we can have an unbiased, neutral, well-informed article which fairly presents all POV's. Thank you very much, --Kt66 (talk) 19:30, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

July 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from. When removing text, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the text has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Channel ®   23:42, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed propaganda-junk that should not be in an encyclopedia in the first place.rudy (talk) 23:49, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Please do not add content without citing reliable sources. Before making potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. If you are familiar with Citing sources please take this opportunity to add references to the article. Contact me if you need assistance adding references. Channel ®   23:57, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The original content was unsourced and not NPOV, so should not have been there in the first place. You Chjinese puppets are trying to re-write history. Please get lost. And I did mention it on the discussion page, you didn't!rudy (talk) 23:59, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I've got nothing to do with China (or Tibet), get real. If you can reliably source your info, fine. If you got concensus on the Talkpage, fine. But you haven't, so I reverted your edits. Simple as that. "Mentioning it" is not the same as reaching concensus with the other editors of the article. And check WP:CIVIL, please. Channel ®    00:02, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The material is completely misleading, perhaps you should get real. When were you last in Tibet?rudy (talk) 00:09, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to blank out or delete portions of page content, templates or other materials from Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Channel ®   00:06, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * So why should you not be blocked for 'protecting' unsourced and misleading material?rudy (talk) 00:08, 12 July 2008 (UTC) When were you last in Tibet?rudy (talk) 00:10, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * And after WP:CIVIL, check out WP:ATTACK. Channel ®    00:18, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Is that all you can say to defend material that is not NPOV and unsourced? Just for your information, these actions merely enable the Chinese to rewrite history. By the way, you are the one threatening with blockage, so who is aggressive here? I am just trying to remove misleading materials. rudy (talk) 00:24, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Dorje Shugden
An article that you have been involved in editing, Dorje Shugden, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Dorje Shugden. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice?

AfD nomination of New Kadampa Tradition
An article that you have been involved in editing, New Kadampa Tradition, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/New Kadampa Tradition (2nd nomination). Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice?

Links
The links you have been adding, to your personal website, run afoul of a few of the things that according to WP:EL, you should not link. Mitsube (talk) 02:06, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, I have not now added these links, just changed them from buddhism.kalachakranet.org to viewonbuddhism.org as I want to change the URL of the website. As also including links to redirects is bad practice, so I wanted to avoid this. rudy (talk) 21:03, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Trijang Rinpoche
Hi Rudy. I noticed this quotation on your personal website (that you mention on your user page):

"In general the teaching of the Buddha is very vast and profound, it is not so simple as to grasp it in one time. If we had to summarise the complete teaching of Buddha we would see that all is included in two main points, that is: cause no harm to any sentient beings, always try to benefit all sentient beings; or, if we are not able to benefit others we should at least avoid all harmful thoughts and actions. Buddha Himself summarised in a few lines the essence of His teachings: abandon all harming actions and all negative actions, practice all positive actions completely and control your own mind. This is the teaching of Buddha." His Holiness Trijang Dorje Chang

Would you be kind enough to let me know where you found this? Thanks. (Truthbody (talk) 18:04, 5 April 2009 (UTC))

Truthbody
Hello, I see you have noticed the edit warring by Truthbody also. Now he just committed a violation of the 3 revert rule on the Vajrayana article. How to report that? 23:32, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

The never-ending story about Shugden
Hi Rudy, you wrote:

"Hi, I'm just starting another attempt to stop the NKT people from 'taking over' the Wikipedia with their continuous edit-war to promote the Shugden practice. If you agree, please leave a note at Administrators noticeboard. rudy (talk) 13:24, 4 April 2009 (UTC)"

Good luck with this Rudy, but please don't wear yourself out. The NKT has innumerable devoted members with nothing better to do than promote the views of their infallible Geshe and their enlightened protector ~ and to "correct" anything which might cast the merest shadow of a doubt on either. Unfortunately the more you argue with these people the more attention they get and they (and their damsi spirit) seem to feed off this. You also give these guys an opportunity to very publicly demonstrate to their fellow cult members just how devoted (or possessed?) they are. I really wonder if it is worth the effort. Take care. With all good wishes Chris Fynn (talk) 14:26, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you Rudy, I am somewhat inactive. When I just looked on the article, I feel, it's just aweful. Again the NKT editors removed 3rd party WP:RS, e.g. Prof. Mills, and quote now a Swiss "Weltwoche" with a very onesided and less differentiated article (you can read it youself its in German...) or they include Xinhua News Agency in the intro-section of the article with a quote the Dalai Lama may have never ever said... there is no trial for working out a proper article at all. Personally I have the feeling to give up. I invested too much time into this and at the end the NKT truth team/s and NKT devotees spin it again as they wish. They are numberless people and I expereinced them to be quite fundamentalistic, I think there is no commmon ground to be found. One could enforce a mediated article and then block it, for that enterprise I would give my time.

So, only solution I see would be:
 * Arbitration - To impose a solution upon the editors of the article. This can determine what kind of content or sources are acceptable.

For this it would be fine to win Chris Fynn and / or User:Nat Krause and / or User:20040302 otherwise it is senseless to debate with 5-6 NKT editors, because they just block...

Personally I am thinking to retire from WP again. It is so much wasted work, I think User:CFynn is right in what he says. However, for a Arbitration and then a block of the article when there are at least some common sense people for the imposing of the solution, I would invest some work again...

best wishes, and thank you at least for having an eye on this, at least the article/s should be marked as non-neutral if they are biased or use strange sources. --Kt66 (talk) 01:45, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * PS: I decided to retire, its a fruitless case. see Wikipedia: Dorje Shugden’s Enlightened Lineage or How to Make ‘History' --Kt66 (talk) 14:23, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

You might like to have a look at Religious persecution. Peter jackson (talk) 17:20, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * How is this going? Can I be of any help?  YellowMonkey  ( cricket calendar poll! ) 05:53, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * me too, would help. Andi 3ö (talk) 00:30, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Rudy, please see NKT talk page-help!Yonteng (talk) 20:09, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

JUST placed something on NKT talk re the DS articleYonteng (talk) 21:02, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

POV Template on DS article
Just to let you know I've placed a POV template on the Dorje Shugden article as it lacks prevalence of a perspective in found in high-quality reliable sources. Full explination on the talk page of the article. The template may not remain long as Truthsayer62 already removed it once today. (BTW might Truthsayer62 be a sock puppet of TruthBody?)

I have not actually tried to fix the article itself since I'm quite sure any edits made to bring the article in line with the perspective in found in high-quality reliable sources would undoubtadly be reverted or changed by Shugden devotees who consider nearly all such academic sources as biased just because they don't agree with the NKT perspective.

Chris Fynn (talk) 18:13, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Vesak
A meaningful Vesak to you my friend.  YellowMonkey  ( cricket calendar poll! ) 05:53, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problems with Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche
Hello. Concerning your contribution, Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche, please note that Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images obtained from other web sites or printed material, without the permission of the author(s). This article or image appears to be a direct copy from http://kalachakranet.org/kirti_tsenshab_rinpoche.html. As a copyright violation, Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA) then you should do one of the following:

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Thank you, I am the webmaster and writer of 90% of the text f www.kalachakranet.org, including this text...

Vajrayana
Please provide citations when you make such an addition to an article. I've tagged it for now, but will remove it if it remains uncited. Yworo (talk) 15:05, 28 June 2010 (UTC) --- Ehh, yes, so only quotations are true? This is merely common knowledge to practitioners of Buddhist tantra. rudy (talk) 15:14, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not common knowledge for the general reader, which is who an encyclopedia is written for. See our verifiability policy. Yworo (talk) 15:17, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

True, and ironically, that is exactly what I am trying to refer to; tantric practice is not intended for the general public or mere scholars. I will try to look for references rudy (talk) 15:55, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Dear Yworo: is a logical conclusion an opinion?rudy (talk) 21:36, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's called original research. A Wikipedia editor cannot draw a logical conclusion. He must cite a source which draws the conclusion. Yworo (talk) 03:51, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting, so I cannot say that 1 plus 1 is 2 in Wikipedia unless I quote myself saying that? Perhaps you are trying to be a bit over/zealous here? Of course that is just an opinion, no insult intended, just surprise. rudy (talk) 22:16, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Shugden sect
Hi Rudhy, in case you work on the Western Shugden Society and Dorje Shugden Controversy articles the following might be interesting for you:
 * The final point he makes is that the Dalai Lama is often accused by the pro-Shugden side as suppressing freedom of religion. “This accusation makes no sense,” states Dr Hill. “The Dalai Lama is not head of any state; he has no military or police at his command; he has no political jurisdiction over which he can exercise suppression.” “Some members of the Gelug sect left the authority of the Dalai Lama in order to follow what they see as a purer form of religion. These people may not be very popular in other parts of the Gelug sect, but their human rights have not been violated nor their freedoms suppressed; even if some people did want to suppress or silence the pro-Shugen side, they simply have no means of doing so,” Dr Hill concludes.
 * http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/distance-from-dalai-lama-protests-among-differing-opinions/

There is also a statement by the German Buddhist Monastic Association: http://buddhistische-ordensgemeinschaft.de/dbo_statement-shugden-protests-Dalai-Lama.htm –Kt66 (talk) 21:08, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Alexander Berzin (scholar)
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Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! Ronz (talk) 20:49, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rudyh01


text:
Category:Images of Arizona

This category is for images related to the state of Arizona, USA.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Images of Arizona


text:
Special Edna

Special Edna is the seventh episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 5, 2003. In the episode, Edna Krabappel begins to lose faith in her relationship with Principal Skinner and becomes depressed. Bart, wanting to raise her spirits, decides to nominate her for the Teacher of the Year Award. Edna and the Simpsons are flown to Orlando, Florida, for the event.

Plot
Edna Krabappel tells her students to write a paper on World War I, due in three weeks. After class, Edna and Principal Skinner's apple picking date is cancelled when Skinner's mother, Agnes, interrupts. Bart continuously gets distracted from writing his paper by pranks and other activities, and at the end of the three weeks, he still has not started the assignment. The day before the date of submission, he asks Grampa for help, relying on his recount of World War I. Edna rejects Bart's paper for using six pages of ads as filler and tells him that he will have to do it correctly after school. As Bart finishes the assignment after school, supervised by Edna herself, he observes Skinner cancel a movie date with Edna when Agnes calls. Bart consoles Edna, and she reluctantly accepts his offer to accompany her to a documentary at the movie theater.

At home, Lisa suggests that Bart nominate Edna for the Teacher of the Year Award. When Edna is informed of her Teacher of the Year nomination, she thanks Bart at the ensuing press conference. Skinner is about to congratulate Edna when Agnes calls again. Bart informs his family that, as nominator, he and his family are going to Orlando, Florida.

At Springfield Elementary, Skinner is despondent at the thought that Edna could leave the school. Groundskeeper Willie lends Skinner his sports car so he can go to Orlando, where he surprises Edna with a kiss under the fireworks display. They are interrupted by Agnes, whom Skinner brought along, much to Edna's ire. During preparation for the awards ceremony, Skinner is shocked when he hears that the winner receives enough money to be able to retire. He requests Bart to help him sabotage Edna's chances of winning, though he has to resort to blackmail after Bart initially refuses. At the ceremony, each finalist must ask their nominating student a question. When Bart is asked what Edna would like to teach the world, he pretends to be illiterate, until Skinner tells the truth. Skinner asks Edna to marry him, and she agrees. Edna loses the award to Julio Estudiante, but looks forward to marrying Skinner.

Production
"Special Edna" was written by Dennis Snee and directed by Bob Anderson as part of the fourteenth season of The Simpsons (2002–03). The EFCOT Center that is featured in the episode is a parody of Epcot, a theme park in the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando. American musician Little Richard guest starred in the episode as himself.

Release
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 5, 2003. It was viewed in approximately 9.0 million households that night. With a Nielsen rating of 8.5, the episode finished 18th in the ratings for the week of December 30, 2002 – January 5, 2003. It was the second highest-rated broadcast on Fox that week, following an NFC post-game show.

On December 6, 2011, "Special Edna" was released on Blu-ray and DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Fourteenth Season. Staff members Al Jean, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, Tom Gammill, Matt Warburton, Bob Anderson, Mike B. Anderson, and David Silverman, as well as cast member Nancy Cartwright, participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode were also included in the box set.

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented: "I’ve liked episodes that focus on Krapappel, but on the other hand, her relationship with Skinner has always been a bit of a dud. Those two factors cancel each other out to leave this as an average show, though the mockery of EPCOT scores some points. I think the real EPCOT is pretty fun, actually, but the program delivers some amusing pokes at it."

"Special Edna" was named the best episode of the fourteenth season of The Simpsons by IGN writers Robert Canning, Eric Goldman, Dan Iverson, and Brian Zoromski. They commented: "First and foremost, this episode, as the title implies, is a nice spotlight on poor, overworked, underpaid Mrs. Krabappel. Krabappel's relationship with Principal Skinner takes center stage [...] But there's a ton more to this episode, including Grampa's story about serving as a four year old in World War I; Milhouse showing up with his uncle to give Bart a ride in a Blackhawk Helicopter; and a trip to a very thinly veiled parody of Disney World's EPCOT Center [...] that is filled with spot on parodies like the World of Tomorrow ride, which is a horribly dated 1960s take on the far future of the year 1984."

Cultural references
The episode title is a take on the shortened form of "special education". EFCOT Center is a parody of EPCOT Center. When Bart informs his family about his pity date with Krabappel, Lisa mockingly asks "What happened to the Bart Simpson who put the mothballs in the beef stew?", a reference to lyrics from the 1990 Simpsons rap "Do the Bartman". The "Ride of Broken Dreams" is a mockery of the Enron scandal on its rise and fall into bankruptcy.

title: Special Edna


text:
Microstrip

Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as "substrate". Microstrip lines are used to convey microwave-frequency signals.

Typical realisation technologies are printed circuit board (PCB), alumina coated with a dielectric layer or sometimes silicon or some other similar technologies. Microwave components such as antennas, couplers, filters, power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip, with the entire device existing as the pattern of metallization on the substrate. Microstrip is thus much less expensive than traditional waveguide technology, as well as being far lighter and more compact. Microstrip was developed by ITT laboratories as a competitor to stripline (first published by Grieg and Engelmann in the December 1952 IRE proceedings ).

The disadvantages of microstrip compared with waveguide are the generally lower power handling capacity, and higher losses. Also, unlike waveguide, microstrip is typically not enclosed, and is therefore susceptible to cross-talk and unintentional radiation.

For lowest cost, microstrip devices may be built on an ordinary FR-4 (standard PCB) substrate. However it is often found that the dielectric losses in FR4 are too high at microwave frequencies, and that the dielectric constant is not sufficiently tightly controlled. For these reasons, an alumina substrate is commonly used. From monolithic integration perspective microstrips with integrated circuit/monolithic microwave integrated circuit technologies might be feasible however their performance might be limited by the dielectric layer(s) and conductor thickness available.

Microstrip lines are also used in high-speed digital PCB designs, where signals need to be routed from one part of the assembly to another with minimal distortion, and avoiding high cross-talk and radiation.

Microstrip is one of many forms of planar transmission line, others include stripline and coplanar waveguide, and it is possible to integrate all of these on the same substrate.

A differential microstrip—a balanced signal pair of microstrip lines—is often used for high-speed signals such as DDR2 SDRAM clocks, USB Hi-Speed data lines, PCI Express data lines, LVDS data lines, etc., often all on the same PCB. Most PCB design tools support such differential pairs.

Inhomogeneity
The electromagnetic wave carried by a microstrip line exists partly in the dielectric substrate, and partly in the air above it. In general, the dielectric constant of the substrate will be different (and greater) than that of the air, so that the wave is travelling in an inhomogeneous medium. In consequence, the propagation velocity is somewhere between the speed of radio waves in the substrate, and the speed of radio waves in air. This behaviour is commonly described by stating the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip; this being the dielectric constant of an equivalent homogeneous medium (i.e., one resulting in the same propagation velocity).

Further consequences of an inhomogeneous medium include:

 * The line will not support a true TEM wave; at non-zero frequencies, both the E and H fields will have longitudinal components (a hybrid mode). The longitudinal components are small however, and so the dominant mode is referred to as quasi-TEM.
 * The line is dispersive. With increasing frequency, the effective dielectric constant gradually climbs towards that of the substrate, so that the phase velocity gradually decreases. This is true even with a non-dispersive substrate material (the substrate dielectric constant will usually fall with increasing frequency).
 * The characteristic impedance of the line changes slightly with frequency (again, even with a non-dispersive substrate material). The characteristic impedance of non-TEM modes is not uniquely defined, and depending on the precise definition used, the impedance of microstrip either rises, falls, or falls then rises with increasing frequency. The low-frequency limit of the characteristic impedance is referred to as the quasi-static characteristic impedance, and is the same for all definitions of characteristic impedance.
 * The wave impedance varies over the cross-section of the line.
 * Microstrip lines radiate and discontinuity elements such as stubs and posts, which would be pure reactances in stripline, have a small resistive component due to the radiation from them.

Characteristic impedance
A closed-form approximate expression for the quasi-static characteristic impedance of a microstrip line was developed by Wheeler:

 * $$Z_\textrm{microstrip} = \frac{Z_{0}}{2 \pi \sqrt{2 (1 + \varepsilon_{r})}} \mathrm{ln}\left( 1 + \frac{4 h}{w_\textrm{eff}} \left( \frac{14 + 8/\varepsilon_{r}}{11} \frac{4 h}{w_\textrm{eff}} + \sqrt{\left( \frac{14 + 8/\varepsilon_{r}}{11} \frac{4 h}{w_\textrm{eff}}\right)^{2} + \pi^{2} \frac{1 + 1/\varepsilon_{r}}{2}}\right)\right),$$

where $w_{eff}$ is the effective width, which is the actual width of the strip, plus a correction to account for the non-zero thickness of the metallization:

 * $$w_\textrm{eff} = w + t \frac{1 + 1/\varepsilon_{r}}{2 \pi} \ln\left( \frac{4 e}{\sqrt{\left(\frac{t}{h}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{\pi} \frac{1}{w/t + 11/10}\right)^2}}\right).$$

Here $Z_{0}$ is the impedance of free space, $ε_{r}$ is the relative permittivity of substrate, $w$ is the width of the strip, $h$ is the thickness ("height") of substrate, and $t$ is the thickness of the strip metallization.

This formula is asymptotic to an exact solution in three different cases:

 * $w ≫ h$, any $ε_{r}$ (parallel plate transmission line),
 * $w ≪ h$, $ε_{r} = 1$ (wire above a ground-plane), and

It is claimed that for most other cases, the error in impedance is less than 1%, and is always less than 2%. By covering all aspect-ratios in one formula, Wheeler 1977 improves on Wheeler 1965 which gives one formula for $w ≪ h$ and another for $ε_{r} ≫ 1$ (thus introducing a discontinuity in the result at $w/h > 3.3$).

Curiously, Harold Wheeler disliked both the terms 'microstrip' and 'characteristic impedance', and avoided using them in his papers.

A number of other approximate formulae for the characteristic impedance have been advanced by other authors. However, most of these are applicable to only a limited range of aspect-ratios, or else cover the entire range piecewise.

In particular, the set of equations proposed by Hammerstad, who modifies on Wheeler, are perhaps the most often cited:

Z_\textrm{microstrip} = \begin{cases} \dfrac{Z_0}{2 \pi \sqrt{\varepsilon_\textrm{eff}}} \ln\left( 8 \dfrac{h}{w} + \dfrac{w}{4h} \right), & \text{when }\dfrac{w}{h} \leq 1 \\ \dfrac{Z_0}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_\textrm{eff}} \left[ \frac{w}{h} + 1.393 + 0.667 \ln\left( \frac{w}{h} + 1.444 \right) \right] }, & \text{when }\dfrac{w}{h} \geq 1 \end{cases} $$

where $w/h ≤ 3.3$ is the effective dielectric constant, approximated as:

\varepsilon_\textrm{eff} = \frac{ \varepsilon_\textrm{r} + 1}{2} + \frac{ \varepsilon_\textrm{r} - 1}{2} \left( \frac{1}{ \sqrt{1 + 12 (h/w)} } \right). $$

Bends
In order to build a complete circuit in microstrip, it is often necessary for the path of a strip to turn through a large angle. An abrupt 90° bend in a microstrip will cause a significant portion of the signal on the strip to be reflected back towards its source, with only part of the signal transmitted on around the bend. One means of effecting a low-reflection bend, is to curve the path of the strip in an arc of radius at least 3 times the strip-width. However, a far more common technique, and one which consumes a smaller area of substrate, is to use a mitred bend.

To a first approximation, an abrupt un-mitred bend behaves as a shunt capacitance placed between the ground plane and the bend in the strip. Mitring the bend reduces the area of metallization, and so removes the excess capacitance. The percentage mitre is the cut-away fraction of the diagonal between the inner and outer corners of the un-mitred bend.

The optimum mitre for a wide range of microstrip geometries has been determined experimentally by Douville and James. They find that a good fit for the optimum percentage mitre is given by

 * $$M = 100 \frac{x}{d} \% = (52 + 65 e^{-(27/20)(w/h)}) \%$$

subject to $w/h = 3.3$ and with the substrate dielectric constant $ε_{eff}$. This formula is entirely independent of $100x/d$. The actual range of parameters for which Douville and James present evidence is $w/h ≥ 0.25$ and $ε_{r} ≤ 25$. They report a VSWR of better than 1.1 (i.e., a return loss better than −26 dB) for any percentage mitre within 4% (of the original $ε_{r}$) of that given by the formula. At the minimum $0.25 ≤ w/h ≤ 2.75$ of 0.25, the percentage mitre is 98.4%, so that the strip is very nearly cut through.

For both the curved and mitred bends, the electrical length is somewhat shorter than the physical path-length of the strip.

title: Microstrip


text:
Coronation Crown of George IV

The Coronation Crown of George IV is an elaborate coronation crown made specially for George IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1821.

Design
At 40 cm (16 in) tall and decorated with 12,314 diamonds, it was said to make him look like a "gorgeous bird of the east". The innovative gold and silver frame, created by Philip Liebart of Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, had been designed to be almost invisible underneath the diamonds. A plan to remove the traditional fleurs-de-lis and introduce the rose, thistle and shamrock, the floral emblems of England, Scotland and Ireland, was abandoned following objections by the College of Heralds. As a general rule, the maintenance caps in British crowns are made of crimson or purple velvet, but this crown differed in having a dark blue cap.

Fate
Because of the postponement of George IV's coronation due to the trial of his wife, Queen Caroline, the final bill for the hiring of the stones came to £24,425. After his coronation, the king was reluctant to part with his new crown, and lobbied the government to buy it outright so he could use it for the annual State Opening of Parliament, but it was too expensive. The crown was dismantled in 1823.

George purchased a bronze life-sized model of his crown for £38, on which the inscription reads: "Cast of the Rich Imperial Diamond Crown with which His Most Sacred Majesty King George IV was crowned on 19 July 1821".

Emptied of its jewels and discarded by the royal family, the crown was loaned to the Museum of London by the Amherst family from 1933 until 1985. It was purchased by Asprey in 1987 and later acquired by Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei, who presented it to the United Kingdom. It was valued at £376,000 in 1995 for the purposes of an application to export the crown to the United States. The application was withdrawn during a review by the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art.

It is now part of the Royal Collection. It was on public display in the Martin Tower at the Tower of London from 1996-2023, and is now on display in the Tower Jewel House.

title: Coronation Crown of George IV


text:
Bellingham Theatre Guild

The Bellingham Theatre Guild is a community theater located in Bellingham, Washington. Founded in 1929, the guild has been housed in its current location - the old Congregational Church converted for live theater use - since 1944.

Academy Award-winner Hilary Swank spent some of her early years acting at the guild and in the surrounding community.

title: Bellingham Theatre Guild


text:
Talk:Benzothiazole

I know the page is far from complete, but it's my first page so I'm kind of learning as I go along. For this reason, I would appreciate it if it wasn't deleted

title: Talk:Benzothiazole


text:
Şenes Erzik

Şenes Erzik (born 18 September 1942, in Giresun, Turkey) is a retired football administrator. During his career he served as first vice-president of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). He was also a member of the FIFA Council.

Biography
He was educated at Robert College in Istanbul, where he finished high school section and then the college's School of Business Administration and Economics in 1965. He worked in a diverse range of careers for a number of years in fields like banking for the Sınai Yatırım ve Kredi Bank, as a project manager for FAO/UNICEF and is still involved as an executive board member of the Cankurtaran Holding Inc in Turkey. He is fluent in English and French as well as his native Turkish.

He first got involved in football in 1977 when he was brought onto the board of the Turkish Football Federation (TFF). He was elected as the president in 1989, a position he held for eight years until he passed the torch to Haluk Ulusoy. After this he concentrated on his position in UEFA, where he has served since 1990. He has been a UEFA vice president since 1994, member of the FIFA Executive Committee since 1996, and holds a position as the honorary president of the TFF.

He has also had a large hand in Turkey's bids to host the European Championships in 2012, UEFA Champions League Final in 2005 which was awarded to the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul and the UEFA Cup Final in 2009 which was held in Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium.

Erzik is married and has a son.

title: Şenes Erzik


text: Category:Jurassic Park

title: Category:Jurassic Park


text:
Griffin (The Invisible Man)

Jack Griffin, also known as the Invisible Man, is a fictional character who serves both as the main protagonist and the main antagonist of H. G. Wells' 1897 science fiction novel The Invisible Man. In the original work, Griffin is a scientist whose research in optics and experiments into changing the human body's refractive index to that of air results in him becoming invisible. After becoming invisible, he wraps his head in bandages and dons a pair of goggles or glasses in order to enable others to see him. Unable to reverse the invisibility process, he descends into insanity and becomes a criminal.

The character and variations thereof has been featured in various media, including films, television series and merchandise. The most famous non-literary incarnation of Griffin is portrayed by Claude Rains in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, distributed by Universal Pictures. The film spawned a number of sequels that feature different invisible characters. Griffin and the 1933 film have become iconic in popular culture,   particularly in regards to horror fiction. A new film, loosely inspired by the original novella and the original film, again titled The Invisible Man, was released in 2020.

Overview
Griffin is a brilliant research scientist who discovers a formula for making a human being invisible. The formula entails taking opium and another drug, which makes his blood boil, then processing his body in a radiator engine. He succeeds, but he finds himself unable to reverse the process. Unlike the character in the 1933 film, the Griffin of the novel is possibly a psychopath or sociopath even before he makes himself invisible.

In the novel
Griffin is a gifted old medical student with albinism who studies optical density. He believes he is on the verge of a great scientific discovery, but feels uncomfortable working under his professor named Hobbema (whom he calls a "thief of ideas"). To ensure that he gets sole credit for the discovery, he leaves the university and moves to a dingy apartment to continue his experiments alone.

To finance his experiments, Griffin robs his own father, which drives the father to commit suicide (because the money had not even been his own). Working as a recluse in his flat, Griffin invents a formula to bend light and decrease the refractive index of physical objects, making them invisible. He intends from the start to perform the process on the neighbours' cat and then on himself, but is forced to rush his experiments due to persistent intrusion from his landlord, who is suspicious of his activities and considers him to be a vivisectionist. He processes himself to hide from his landlord and sets fire to the building to cover his tracks. He winds up alone, wandering invisible and naked through the streets of London, struggling to survive out in the open, unseen by those around him.

To make himself visible again, Griffin steals some clothes from a dingy backstreet theatre shop, including a trench-coat and hat. He wraps his head in bandages to conceal his invisibility, covering his eyes with large dark goggles. He takes up residence in the "Coach and Horses" Inn in the village of Iping so he can reverse his experiment in a quiet environment. Complications arise with locals unnerved by his appearance, particularly Teddy Henfrey, a clock-jobber who considers him to be a criminal evading persecution, and Mr. Cuss, who first encounters his invisibility. As a result, his progress slows and he has insufficient money to satisfy the innkeeper Mrs. Hall. To pay the bill, Griffin burgles the home of Reverend Bunting. The police pursue him and in a fit of frustrated anger, he reveals his invisibility by throwing off his clothes and escaping.

Now driven insane by his inability to reverse the experiment, Griffin seeks assistance from a tramp named Thomas Marvel. He has Marvel carry money for him, but Marvel runs away with the money. Griffin pursues him to the town of Port Burdock where he runs into his old schoolmate Dr. Kemp. Still bitter and angry towards the rest of humanity, Griffin attempts to convince Kemp to be his visible partner and help him begin a "reign of terror". Kemp, rather than assisting the crazed Invisible Man, alerts Colonel Adye of the Port Burdock police. Furious, Griffin vows to kill Kemp, but is forced to flee.

Kemp rallies the people of Port Burdock, who find and overcome Griffin when he attempts a one-man siege on Kemp's house. Griffin is surrounded and savagely beaten by navvies. His last words are "Mercy! Mercy!", prompting Kemp to call off the mob and administer first aid, though it is too late. Griffin dies, becoming visible again, revealing a brutally battered corpse.

Universal Classic Monsters
In the 1933 film The Invisible Man, Griffin's first name is Jack (the novel never reveals his first name). He was played by Claude Rains.

Jack Griffin works for Dr. Cranley, assisting him in food preservation experiments alongside his friend Dr. Arthur Kemp. Griffin is deeply in love with Cranley's daughter, Flora, and the two plan to marry, but Griffin is poor and thus afraid he has nothing to offer her. He begins experimenting with an obscure and dangerous drug called monocane, hoping his work will make him rich and famous—and a worthwhile husband for Flora. Griffin discovers a combination of monocane and other chemicals that makes a person invisible. Too excited by his discovery to think clearly, Griffin leaves Kemp and the Cranleys to complete the experiment in solitude. He injects himself with the formula over the course of a month and becomes invisible. Only after he is invisible does he realize that he does not know how to reverse the process. Panicking, Griffin goes to the village of Iping and rents a room in the Lion's Head Inn, where he begins searching for a formula to reverse the invisibility. He makes himself appear visible by wrapping his head in bandages and wearing dark goggles. Curious locals, the maddening side effects of monocane, and frustration from multiple failed tests drive Griffin insane. After he assaults Jenny Hall and severely injures her husband Herbert, Griffin is confronted by the police, but sheds his clothing to be invisible and eludes them. He seeks help from Kemp, but the monocane has so affected his mind that he succumbs to megalomania and plans world domination with "invisible armies". He wants to make Kemp his visible partner and assistant. Not even a visit from Flora and her father helps ease Griffin's increasing insanity. He vows to kill Kemp after his old friend alerts Inspector Lane to his whereabouts and despite intensive police protection surrounding Kemp, Griffin eventually makes good on his threats. After killing Kemp by tying him up in his car and sending it over a cliff, he seeks refuge from the cold in a farmer's barn. The farmer summons police, who set fire to the barn. As Griffin flees the burning barn, the Chief of Detectives, who can see his footprints in the snow, shoot at him, the shot passing through both of his lungs. Griffin dies from the gunshot wounds in the hospital. During this, the effects of the monocane begin to wear off and Griffin returns to sanity apologizing for his crimes by saying "I meddled in things that man must leave alone". The invisibility also wears off in death and Griffin's body becomes visible again.

The film portrays Griffin more sympathetically than the novel. The novel's Griffin is callous and cruel from the beginning and only pursues the experiment for wealth and his ego. The movie shows Griffin as an honorable man who is misguided. His insanity is purely a side-effect of the invisibility drug and his motivation for the experiment was a misguided desire to do good for science and mankind, born primarily out of his love for his fiancée.

Other Universal incarnations

 * The Invisible Man Returns (1940): Vincent Price stars as Sir Geoffrey Radcliffe / Invisible Man. Radcliffe tries to clear himself of a murder charge and receives the serum from Jack Griffin's brother Frank and later escapes from his execution to his friend and worker Ben Jenkins's house and lives there for a while, reuniting with his lost love Helen Manson as well. However, cops arrive at the place causing Geoffrey to escape and later meet Frank again at his coal mining factory where he overhears former night watchman-now-superintendent Willie Spears threaten to shut Frank's laboratory down. Geoffrey realises that Spears helped in killing his brother and goes and starts interrogating him by turning off his car engine and beating him to the point where Willie finally tells him who did the murder before falling unconscious. Geoffrey then realises that his cousin Richard Cobb was the killer and later goes to his house and threatens him in front of Helen, Richard calls the cops however and they try to catch Radcliffe however he manages to quickly escape and then goes back to Helen and Frank and soon starts to go mad, causing Frank to lock him up before the police arrive, in the commotion, Geoffrey escapes from Frank as well and the next morning, threatens to kill Cobb with a revolver and walks him to Willie Spears's house, it is also revealed that Geoffrey hanged Spears but the latter is still alive to tell Geoffrey that Cobb murdered Michael. Richard kills Willie and escapes from Radcliffe who chases him to the coal mining factory, where Helen and Frank are also at, the 2 formers fight on top of a coal train track on a wagon with Geoffrey defeating Cobb before getting shot by Police Inspector Sampson from down below whilst the wagon crashes downwards, Radcliffe is injured and taken to the hospital whilst Richard finally tells to Frank, Helen and Sampson that he killed Geoffrey's brother before dying. Geoffrey is expected to die but one of the workers donates his blood to Frank who uses it to revive, heal and revert Radcliffe back to human form, ending with Geoffrey being alive and probably marrying and living happily ever after with Helen as Frank smilingly watches on.
 * The Invisible Woman (1940): Virginia Bruce stars as Kitty Carroll / Invisible Woman. A comedic installment in the franchise, Carroll, a fashion model, becomes invisible after being subject to experimentation by Professor Gibbs using his new invisibility machine on her, it is also revealed that alcohol makes her invisible. Kitty first uses her invisibility to get revenge on her sadistic and mean boss Growley before returning to Gibbs's lab and later going with him to a cottage in the woods to meet Richard Russell, Gibbs's sort-of-landlord who pays for his lab and wants to kick him out along with his long-suffering butler George. Richard finally witnesses invisible Kitty and the 2 form an attraction to each other, Kitty becomes visible again but Richard is knocked out and Kitty and Gibbs are kidnapped by gangster Blackie Cole and his henchmen. Cole wants to become invisible like Carroll and plans to use it to immigrate to U.S. from the Mexican border, he threatens Gibbs to replicate his invisibility machine and tests it onto 1 of his henchmen, however when it doesn't work, he kicks the man out and threatens to kill Gibbs and Kitty. Meanwhile, the former henchman goes to Richard and George and informs them where Kitty and the professor are, the 3 arrive there just in time for Kitty to drink alcohol, turn invisible and beat up the gangsters along with Richard, using a machine gun along the way, she finally gets Blackie in the end as she electrocutes his whole body, injuring and probably killing him as well. A year or so later, Kitty, now visible again, is married to Richard and looks at her and his newborn baby along with Gibbs and George, the baby however turns invisible causing everybody to panic hilariously and Gibbs to laugh. There is no direct link to the previous films or Wells's novel in this movie.
 * Invisible Agent (1942): Jon Hall stars as Frank Griffin Jr. / Frank Raymond / Invisible Man. Raymond is the grandson of original Invisible Man, but heroically uses the formula on himself to help the Allies during WWII after the Pearl Harbor Attack and after a bunch of Axis Powers spies led by Conrad Stauffer and Baron Ikito attack the antiques shop he works at. Frank goes to Nazi Germany by becoming invisible, meets Allied Russian Agent Maria Sorenson and from there, gets the files needed for the Allies, gets kidnapped by the Japanese however the Nazis arrive and fight with the Japanese, Frank escapes with Sorenson meanwhile as Ikito kills Stauffer and then himself. Frank and Maria then escape, bombing Nazi planes along the way, Nazi Officer Karl Heiser tries to kill them but is gunned down by Nazi soldiers for escaping the jail he was put in. Frank and Maria then crash but are rescued by Allied soldiers and the next morning, Frank wakes up in the hospital and is revealed to be visible again to Maria's shock and happiness even though she wants to know how and when.
 * The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944): Jon Hall stars as Robert Griffin / Invisible Man. Griffin is a madman who seeks revenge on those who have wronged him, and becomes invisible upon experimentation by Eccentric Scientist Dr. Peter Drury and uses it to get revenge on his former friends and business partners turned enemies, Sir Jasper and Lady Irene Herrick, badly scaring Irene and convincing Jasper to let him marry his and Irene's daughter, Julie Herrick. However, Griffin realises that Julie is to be married to reporter Mark Foster and when he starts to not lose his invisibility, goes back to Drury's house and forces the doctor to transfer his blood to him, causing Drury to die. Griffin, now human again, then lights the house on fire as Mark arrives and tries to kill the latter because then he can marry Julie, Mark survives however and Dr. Drury's pet dog Brutus escapes the house and starts to follow Robert to get revenge on him for killing his master. Robert then arrives at the Herrick household where he runs into his old friend and coal mine worker Herbert Higgins, now a blackmailer, Robert tells Herbert to distract the people in the house and Brutus whilst he slowly starts turning invisible again. Mark investigates and invisible Robert knocks him out and tries to transfer his blood to him. Meanwhile outside, Higgins tries his best to distract Sir Basil, Jasper's friend, a police officer and Brutus however fails, causing them and Herbert to go into the basement and witness Robert almost kill Foster. Griffin tries to attack them however is pinned down and mauled to death by Brutus whilst the cop and Basil rescue Mark, ending with Mark and Julie reuniting, Basil explaining Griffin's case, Brutus staying at the Herrick House and Higgins realising the errors of his blackmailing ways.
 * Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948): Vincent Price reprises his role in a cameo appearance at the end of the film where he is revealed to also be an exhibit for Mr. McDougal's House of Horrors and where he sits on a boat secretly next to Chick (Abbott) and Wilbur (Costello) and later frightens them by making his presence be welcome, causing the 2 to jump of the boat and swim their way to the nearest shore.
 * Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951): Arthur Franz stars as Tommy Nelson / Invisible Man. Nelson, a middleweight boxer, is framed for the murder of his manager. As he tries to clear himself of the crime, he gets the invisibility serum from a former colleague of Jack Griffin's, he then teams up with detectives Bud and Lou, shenanigans ensue and it all wraps up with Nelson killing the real murderers and at the end, being cured of invisibility by Lou donating his blood to him. Claude Rains appears in a still-photograph, reprising his role as John "Jack" Griffin.

Reboot
Johnny Depp was to portray the Invisible Man as part of Universal's Dark Universe, a shared cinematic universe based on the classic Universal Monsters. It was uncertain if the character would be Dr. Griffin or a very different character. But on November 8, 2017, producers Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt.

In January 2019, Universal announced that the plan moving forward was to focus on filmmaker-driven films, and less of an interconnection in the Dark Universe. Ultimately, Elisabeth Moss was given a starring role in the film as Cecilia Kass, while Oliver Jackson-Cohen and Michael Dorman were respectively cast as Adrian and Tom Griffin. The Invisible Man re-entered development, written and directed by Leigh Whannell and produced by Jason Blum. Johnny Depp still had option to star in the lead role, though all parties ultimately passed. The Invisible Man was released on February 28, 2020, receiving positive reviews. In this version, Adrian Griffin is a wealthy scientist and pioneer in the field of optics who fakes his death and becomes invisible to torment his ex-girlfriend Cecilia, whom he constantly abused. Unlike the novel and 1933 film, the invisibility is achieved through a suit fixed with hundreds of micro-cameras instead of an invisibility formula. When Adrian's brother Tom was found in the invisibility suit, Adrian used him as a scapegoat, claiming to Cecilia that Tom was holding him prisoner. In an attempt to get Adrian to confess, she meets him at his house to discuss her pregnancy while James listens in on a wire. Adrian insists that he had actually been kidnapped, claiming that his experience has changed his outlook on life and their relationship. Cecilia departs to use the restroom. Moments later, the room's security camera captures Adrian seemingly committing suicide by slicing his throat. Cecilia emerges from the bathroom and "frantically" calls the police. Off-camera, she taunts him to reveal that she had retrieved the earlier-hidden second invisibility suit to kill Adrian, and a horrified Adrian then dies, realizing that Cecilia has won and he has ultimately lost. When Detective James Lanier arrives and asks what happened, she confirms what the camera saw. He spots the invisibility suit in her bag, but accepts her story and allows her to leave.

Mad Monster Party? and Mad Mad Mad Monsters
The Invisible Man appears in Mad Monster Party? voiced by Allen Swift, performing an impression of Claude Rains. This depiction of the Invisible Man is shown to wear a fez, dark glasses, and a purple dressing gown. He is among the monsters invited by Baron Boris von Frankenstein to attend his meeting at his castle on the Isle of Evil in the Caribbean Sea. A pie thrown into his face reveals that he has an enormous nose and is extremely ugly.

The Invisible Man appears in Mad Mad Mad Monsters (a "prequel of sorts" to Mad Monster Party?) voiced again by Allen Swift. This version goes by the name of Claude. He, his invisible wife Nagatha, their invisible son Ghoul, and his invisible dog Goblin are invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding of Frankenstein's Monster and the Monster's Bride at the Transylvania-Astoria Hotel on the midnight of Friday the 13th.

Hotel Transylvania series
In Genndy Tartakovsky's 2012 Sony Pictures Animation film Hotel Transylvania, Griffin the Invisible Man (voiced by David Spade) is one of the supporting character monsters who checks into Hotel Transylvania, and is among Count Dracula's (Adam Sandler) circle of friends. This version is completely invisible and his glasses are the only thing that can be seen in the movie. He is more outwardly, heroic and laid-back than his previous incarnations, which portray him as an aggressive, power-hungry psychopath. In one scene, Dracula makes a disparaging remark about people with red curly hair and Griffin takes offense to this saying that he has red curly hair, which is shown in Hotel Transylvania: Transformania. In the said fourth movie reveal he has been overweighted and balding for years after becoming an invisible mutate.

David Spade reprised his role as Griffin, the Invisible Man, in the 2015 sequel Hotel Transylvania 2. He unsuccessfully tries to make his friends think he has an invisible girlfriend (and finds one in the end).

Spade reprised the role again in the 2018 film Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation.

Spade reprised his role again in Hotel Transylvania: Transformania. When he drinks a punchbowl affected by the Monsterfication Ray, he seemed happy at first of becoming visible and seeing his red hair again, however his joy was short-lived when he is revealed to be balding and overweight, including becoming scared when his friends start panicking at the sight of his naked body.

Radio
John Hurt voiced Griffin in the Big Finish Productions adaptation, released shortly after Hurt's death in 2017.

The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
In Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's comic book series, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Hawley Griffin is depicted as a member of the Victorian-era team of agents for which the series is named. Griffin is given the first name "Hawley" in the title (as a reference to Hawley Crippen), and it is explained that the Invisible Man killed at the end of the book was actually a half-wit albino that Griffin made invisible as a guinea pig, allowing him to escape to Rosa Coote's boarding school, where he rapes at least three women while posing as the Holy Spirit until he is captured by the rest of the League. He is portrayed as a power-hungry psychopath and murderer, as in the novel – at one point, killing a random policeman solely for his uniform and nearly abandoning the rest of the team on Professor Moriarty's cavorite-powered airship. In the second volume, he assaults Mina Murray and betrays his teammates to the Martians, stealing military plans for them so he could rule the Earth with them, and telling them to disable Nemo's submarine by doing something to the water in the Thames, which is why the Red Weed is used. Moore commented that it seemed fitting for Griffin to join the Martians as both hailed from novels by H. G. Wells. He is eventually raped and killed by Mister Hyde, who was able to see him all along as his vision operates in the infrared spectrum, a fact that he had hidden from Griffin.

The Nobody
In Jeff Lemire's The Nobody, a graphic novel retelling of the Wells story, the Invisible Man is named John Griffen. The character goes through a similar episode as the Invisible Man's Griffin does. Both men hide out in an inn in a small town, only to be driven out because of fear and curiosity.

The Invisible Man (2000 TV series)
The Syfy television series The Invisible Man features thief/con man character Darien Fawkes (played by Vincent Ventresca) whose scientist brother worked on the development of a gland that made the subject invisibility by secreting a chemical known as 'quicksilver' throughout the body, the quicksilver bending light to render the subject invisible. Darien's nemesis was Arnaud DeFehrn (played by Joel Bissonnette), although he went by the Swiss-French name Arnaud De Thiel as a cover while working on the gland to sabotage it, DeFehrn's actions giving the gland a 'defect' where a low level of quicksilver seeping into the subject's brain will eventually drive the gland's owner insane without regular access to a specific drug to counter these effects. DeFehrn developed his own version of the gland, but became permanently invisible when it was imperfectly implanted. In attempting to retrieve the gland, he later uses the pseudonym Hawley Griffin (a reference to the League of Extraordinary Gentleman and the original Invisible Man), pretending to be a CIA agent from the South. The series concluded with DeFehrn's gland removed and Darien cured of the risk of quicksilver madness.

The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
In the 2003 film adaptation of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic book series, the Invisible Man who joins the League is not Griffin (due to copyright issues), but Rodney Skinner (played by Tony Curran), a cheerful thief who stole the invisibility formula from the original Invisible Man who was mentioned to be dead. The fact that his skin is invisible is also related to his name of "Skinner". Skin samples of him are taken by Dorian Gray for Professor Moriarty, allowing him to duplicate the invisibility process. Skinner infiltrates Moriarty's base to work out how best to destroy it. During the raid on Moriarty's lair, Moriarty's own unnamed invisible man is shot by Allan Quatermain while threatening Tom Sawyer. At the film's conclusion, the plans are lost through a hole in the ice when Moriarty is shot and Skinner decides to remain with the League, now composed of Captain Nemo, Mina Harker, Henry Jekyll, and Tom Sawyer.

Hollow Man series
In Claudio Fäh's 2006 Destination Films film Hollow Man 2, Michael Griffin (played by Christian Slater) is a soldier upon whom the formula developed by Sebastian Caine five years earlier is applied by the Reisner Institute, as a part of a covertly Department of Defense-funded operation to create the perfect assassin for black ops missions, codenamed "Silent Knight". The film is a stand-alone sequel to the 2000 Columbia Pictures sci-fi horror thriller film Hollow Man, directed by Paul Verhoeven.

title: Griffin (The Invisible Man)


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User:Rebrane/Images

I've uploaded these images.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wiki calendar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus (keep)   — Gwalla | Talk 22:19, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wiki calendar
Looks kind of not very notable. Yes, it has to do with wikis, but not everything wikirelated is notable. --Conti|✉ 22:11, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You 19:06, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable software feature. Wikipedia is a wiki that's an encyclopedia, not an encyclopedia of wikis.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Tight junction

Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens), are multiprotein junctional complexes whose canonical function is to prevent leakage of solutes and water and seals between the epithelial cells. They also play a critical role maintaining the structure and permeability of endothelial cells. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.

Structure
Tight junctions are composed of a branching network of sealing strands, each strand acting independently from the others. Therefore, the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands. Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. There are at least 40 different proteins composing the tight junctions. These proteins consist of both transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins. The three major transmembrane proteins are occludin, claudins, and junction adhesion molecule (JAM) proteins. These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton. In this way, tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Investigation using freeze-fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed.
 * Occludin was the first integral membrane protein to be identified. It has a molecular weight of ~60kDa. It consists of four transmembrane domains and both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the protein are intracellular. It forms two extracellular loops and one intracellular loop. These loops help regulate paracellular permeability. Occludin also plays a key role in cellular structure and barrier function.
 * Claudins were discovered after occludin and are a family of over 27 different members in mammals. They have a molecular weight of ~20kDa. They have a structure similar to that of occludin in that they have four transmembrane domains and similar loop structure. They are understood to be the backbone of tight junctions and play a significant role in the tight junction's ability to seal the paracellular space.
 * Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAM) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They have a molecular weight of ~40 to 48 kDa. Their structure differs from that of the other integral membrane proteins in that they only have one transmembrane domain instead of four. It helps to regulate the paracellular pathway function of tight junctions and is also involved in helping to maintain cell polarity.
 * Angulins were discovered in 2011 by visual screening of proteins which localize at tricellular tight junctions. There are three members of angulins, Angulin-1/LSR, Angulin-2/ILDR1, and Angulin-3/ILDR2. Similar to JAMs, angulins are single-transmembrane proteins. All angulins have one immunoglobulin-like domain in the extracellular region and one PDZ-binding motif at the carboxy-terminus. They are responsible for establishment of tricellular tight junctions and regulate the paracellular barrier function.

Functions
Tight junctions provide endothelial and epithelial cells with barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance.

Tight junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the intercellular space of adjacent cells, so materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. The constrained intracellular pathway exacted by the tight junction barrier system allows precise control over which substances can pass through a particular tissue (e.g. the blood–brain barrier). At the present time, it is still unclear whether the control is active or passive and how these pathways are formed. In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule, a dual pathway model was proposed, consisting of large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the tight junction complex and numerous small circular pores.

Tight junctions also help maintain the apicobasal polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral/basal surfaces, allowing the specialized functions of each surface (for example receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface) to be preserved. This allows polarized transcellular transport and specialized functions of apical and basolateral membranes.

Classification
Epithelia are classed as "tight" or "leaky", depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement:
 * Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells. Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney, and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue. Other examples are the blood-brain barrier and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
 * Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions or have less complex tight junctions. For instance, the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule, a very leaky epithelium, has only two to three junctional strands, and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks.

title: Tight junction


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