text:
List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions

The list of WCW World Heavyweight Champions is a chronological list of wrestlers that have held the WCW World Heavyweight Championship by ring name.

The WCW World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship and its lineage began when Ted Turner purchased Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), which used the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) alliance name. Turner's organization was renamed World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and split from the NWA in 1991.

The WCW World Heavyweight Championship is the original world title of WCW and it remained as such until March 2001, when WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now known as WWE) and the championship was defended as the WCW Championship as part of the Invasion storyline, with the WCW initials being dropped from the title's name in November 2001. In December 2001, the renamed World Championship was unified with the WWF Championship to create the Undisputed WWF Championship.

The championship was generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. There have been a total of 22 recognized champions who have had a combined 62 official reigns, with Ric Flair holding the most at eight (but WWE does not recognize the title being vacated after the 1994 Spring Stampede match, although WCW did recognize this). At 51, Flair was also the oldest champion when he won it in May 2000, while The Giant was the youngest when he won it in October 1995 at 23. The longest reigning champion was Hulk Hogan, who held the title for 469 days, which is the only reign to exceed one year (365 days). The shortest reigning champion was Chris Jericho, who held the title for approximately 13 and a half minutes, since he unified the title with the WWF Championship at Vengeance.

title: List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions


text:
Made of Stone

"Made of Stone" is a single from The Stone Roses' eponymous debut album.

The band made their debut on national British TV by performing this song on the BBC's The Late Show in September 1989. A minute into the song, the power went out, prompting lead singer Ian Brown to walk off stage, cursing the venue.

The song has seen use in the 1997 American film Heaven or Vegas, and in the PSP 2005 videogame World Tour Soccer.

The B-side of "Made of Stone", "Going Down", references Jackson Pollock's No. 5, 1948. Pollock's paintings influenced the cover art that guitarist John Squire made for the single and the album. The 12" vinyl and CD's B-side "Guernica" is a reversed mix of the title track with John Squire overdubbing guitar parts and Ian Brown singing the phonetically reversed lyrics of "Made of Stone" over the top of the original vocal creating a new droning vocal which produces occasional snippets of words. The vocal effect gives the impression that the "lyrics" of "Guernica" are unrelated to those of "Made of Stone", however, when played in reverse the resemblance can be heard.

1989 release
7-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE 2) catalogue number in black
 * 1) "Made of Stone" (4:11)
 * 2) "Going Down" (2:46)

12-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE T 2) catalogue number in black
 * 1) "Made of Stone" (4:11)
 * 2) "Going Down" (2:46)
 * 3) "Guernica" (4:23)

1990 reissue
7-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE 2) catalogue number in blue
 * 1) "Made of Stone" (4:11)
 * 2) "Going Down" (2:46)

12-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE T 2), cassette (Silvertone ORE C 2), CD (Silvertone ORE CD 2) catalogue number in blue on 12-inch vinyl
 * 1) "Made of Stone" (4:11)
 * 2) "Going Down" (2:46)
 * 3) "Guernica" (4:23)

The song has entered the UK singles charts on six separate occasions (1989, 1990, 1996, 2009, 2017 and 2022), with a peak placing of No. 11.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Made of Stone


text:
Normal Heights, San Diego

Normal Heights is a neighborhood of the mid-city region of San Diego, California.

History
The "Normal" part of "Normal Heights" refers to the State Normal School (teachers college), the predecessor to San Diego State University; the normal school was located in the adjacent University Heights neighborhood and founded in 1899. The former State Normal School building now serves as the Eugene Brucker Education Center, the central office for the San Diego Unified School District.

At the time of the founding of San Diego, the area that is now Normal Heights was largely covered with brush and populated only by rabbits. Later it had a few farms, but development was limited by lack of water. Speculators became interested in the area during the San Diego land boom of the 1880s, and several land development companies were actively working in the area by the 1900s. Around 1905 a reservoir was built in University Heights; partly, as a result, the number of buildings in Normal Heights increased from one in January 1906 to 43 in December of the same year. The community was officially founded in 1906, when a syndicate led by D. C. Collier and George M. Hawley filed a subdivision map with the county. At that time it was an independent community, not part of the city of San Diego. It became one of San Diego's first "streetcar suburbs" with the development of an electric trolley route along Adams Avenue, part of the San Diego Electric Railway system. A trolley barn was built in Normal Heights in 1913; the Adams Avenue Operating Division was established in 1915.

A group of residents organized the Normal Heights Improvement Association in 1911, establishing a county public library and other improvements. Normal Heights Central School was established in 1912. The county began paving the roads and establishing gutters and sidewalks in 1913. A commercial business district developed in the 1920s, centered on Adams Avenue between 37th Street (now Felton Street) and 38th Street (now 34th Street); the area is now considered a potential historic district, referred to as the Carteri Center after local resident Benjamin J. Carteri, who spurred business and residential development in the 1920s. The community was annexed to the city of San Diego in 1925.

In June 1985 a wildfire burned into Normal Heights from the Mission Valley slope just north of the community. The blaze damaged or destroyed "expensive bluff-top buildings with views of the valley and Mission Bay" as well as "modest bungalows built when the Normal Heights community was first started in 1906." The fire destroyed 69 homes. Later that year Normal Heights was a finalist for the title of All America City; the designation was based in part on neighborhood support for the victims of the fire, as well as a neighborhood campaign for a city park and density-decreasing community plan.

Geography
Normal Heights is centrally located in the city of San Diego, on a mesa just south of Mission Valley. Its borders are defined by Interstate 805 to the west, Interstate 8 to the north, State Route 15 to the east, and El Cajon Boulevard to the south.

A notable building in the community is a bungalow court on Adams Avenue designed by Louis L. Gill, originally named El Sueño and now known as Santa Rosa Court. Another is a Carmelite monastery on Hawley Blvd. designed by Frank L. Hope, Sr. Located behind A P Trey 5

Demographics
A 2001 study found the neighborhood to have a median age of 31 and an ethnic breakdown of 53% white, 25% Hispanic, 13% African American, and 9% Asian American. Normal Heights was reported by the San Diego Union-Tribune to be the only neighborhood to perfectly reflect the ethnic diversity of San Diego.

Culture
Like other urban mesa neighborhoods north of Balboa Park, Normal Heights has a high rate of pedestrian activity. The stretch of Adams Avenue between Texas Street on the west and Ohio Street on the east is sometimes referred to as Antique Row, due to its numerous antique stores. A landmark neon sign over Adams Avenue at Felton Street identifies the neighborhood.

Annual events
Several important neighborhood events take place in Normal Heights. The Adams Avenue Street Fair, Southern California's largest free music festival, is typically held the last weekend in September. Adams Avenue Unplugged, formerly the Adams Avenue Roots Festival, another free music festival, is held the last weekend of April. Another large Art Around Adams is a local community art event where unique and talented artists showcase their work inside and outside businesses and spaces along Adams Avenue.

Community organizations
The Normal Heights Community Planning Group (NHCPG) advises the city on neighborhood land-use issues, particularly local historical properties, zoning, traffic-calming, and neighborhood facilities such as parks and libraries. The Normal Heights Recreation Council advises the city on local park and recreation issue. The Adams Avenue Business Association operates the local business improvement district and sponsors major local festivals. Other community groups include the Normal Heights Community Association, the Normal Heights Cultural Council, the Normal Heights Community Development Corp., and the Friends of Normal Heights Canyons.

Education
The community contains three public elementary schools, Adams Elementary School and Normal Heights Elementary School, run by the San Diego Unified School District, and the public charter school San Diego Global Vision Academy. The neighborhood also houses St. Didacus Catholic School.

Government
Normal Heights is a Mid-City Community and is part of City Council District 9, currently represented by Sean Elo-Rivera. The area is covered under the City of San Diego's Mid-City Communities Plan and is a part of the Mid-City Public Facilities Financing Plan.

title: Normal Heights, San Diego


text:
J-Wave

J-Wave is a commercial radio station based in Tokyo, Japan, broadcasting on 81.3 FM from the Tokyo Skytree to the Tokyo area. J-Wave airs mostly music, including J-pop, C-pop and Western music, covering a wide range of formats. The station is considered the most popular among FM broadcasts in Tokyo, and has surprised the radio broadcast industry by gaining a higher popularity rate than an AM station (JOQR) in a survey conducted in June 2008. J-Wave was founded in October 1988 with the callsign of JOAV-FM. It is a member station of the Japan FM League (JFL) commercial radio network.

Features
J-WAVE's slogan is "The Best Music on the Planet." The DJs are known as "navigators" (ナビゲーター). The music format can be considered a Japanese equivalent of the Western concept of Top 40 or CHR radio.

Hundreds of different jingles separate programs from commercials; they are generally played at the same decibel level and are variations on a single melody. J-Wave has been broadcast via satellite since 1994 and some of its programs also air on some community radio stations in Japan.

History
On December 10, 1987, J-WAVE was incorporated and started test broadcasts in the FM band on 81.3 MHz on August 1, 1988. On October 1 of that year at 5:00 a.m., it started transmission from Tokyo Tower. J-Wave was the 27th FM radio station nationwide to launch at that time, and the second in Tokyo. The name ”J-WAVE” originally derived from a record shop WAVE in Roppongi, which also belonged to "Saison Group". While other radio stations focused more on presentation, J-WAVE adopted a "more music less talk" format. The station had a large fanbase because of its unusual programming style, playing music non-stop except for jingles and breaks for news, traffic and weather. The law in Japan at that time stipulated that programming had to be maximum 80% music, and minimum 20% talk and continuity. J-WAVE coined the term "J-pop", which is only vaguely defined but led to the eventual mirror term, K-pop.

Around 1995, J-WAVE hired new personalities in an attempt to rejuvenate itself. Its term "J-POP" became synonymous with commercially palatable Japanese music from across the spectrum, except for traditional Japanese music. Specials started to air around this time, and the station took steps to attract a listener base desirable for higher ad revenues.

On October 1, 2003, J-WAVE moved its head office to the 33rd floor of the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower in Minato, Tokyo. On April 23, 2012, J-WAVE moved its transmitting station at Tokyo Tower to the Tokyo Sky Tree with new transmission power of 7 kilowatts with an ERP of 57 kilowatts. Before the move, the transmission power was 10 kilowatts with an ERP of 44 kilowatts.

Navigators (DJs)
Popular Navigators with "obis", or daily shows, on J-Wave (1988–1993) include:
 * Jon Kabira
 * Carole Hisasue
 * Chris Peppler
 * Cara Jones
 * Barry White
 * Mike Rogers (producer)

Tokio Hot 100
J-WAVE publishes the Tokyo Hot 100 singles chart which is compiled from Billboard Japan data: data for each music streaming service, download data, number of video views, CD sales data, number of tweets on Twitter. These should not be confused with the Japanese single charts, Oricon, which has its own national airplay charts.

There is also a TV version shown on MTV Japan.

Others

 * Saude Saudade

Song of the year (Slam Jam)

 * 1988: U2 — "Desire"
 * 1989: Prince — "Batdance"
 * 1990: Madonna — "Vogue"
 * 1991: Stevie B — "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
 * 1992: Shanice — "I Love Your Smile"
 * 1993: Mariah Carey — "Dreamlover"
 * 1994: Big Mountain — "Baby I Love Your Way"
 * 1995: Diana King — "Shy Guy"
 * 1996: Eric Clapton — "Change the World"
 * 1997: Jamiroquai — "Cosmic Girl"
 * 1998: Celine Dion — "My Heart Will Go On"
 * 1999: Jamiroquai — "Canned Heat"
 * 2000: Madonna — "Music"
 * 2001: Janet Jackson — "All for You"
 * 2002: Underworld — "Two Months Off"
 * 2003: Beyoncé Knowles featuring Jay-Z — "Crazy in Love"
 * 2004: Avril Lavigne — "Don't Tell Me"
 * 2005: Def Tech — "My Way"
 * 2006: Sharlene — "Sweeta Sweeta"
 * 2007: Beyoncé — "Irreplaceable"
 * 2008: Leona Lewis - "Bleeding Love"

title: J-Wave


text:
Tumbes Province

Tumbes is a province in Peru, located in the region of the same name. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the north, the Zarumilla Province on the east, the Piura Region and Ecuador on the south and the Contralmirante Villar Province on the west. Its capital is Tumbes, which is also the regional capital.

Boundaries

 * North: Pacific Ocean
 * East: Zarumilla Province
 * South: Piura Region and Ecuador
 * West: Contralmirante Villar Province

Political division
The province is divided into six districts (distritos, singular: distrito):
 * Tumbes
 * Corrales
 * La Cruz
 * Pampas de Hospital
 * San Jacinto
 * San Juan de la Virgen

title: Tumbes Province


text:
Tim Lambesis

Timothy Peter Lambesis (born November 21, 1980) is an American musician and producer, best known as the founding member, lead vocalist, and the sole continuous member of the metalcore band As I Lay Dying. He also has a solo/side thrash metal project in tribute to actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austrian Death Machine, in which he performed all the instruments. He also formed a death metal band called Pyrithion and was the former guitar player for Society's Finest and Point of Recognition.

Lambesis was a judge for the 8th and 10th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

Lambesis was arrested in 2013 after attempting to hire an undercover police officer to murder his wife. He pled guilty in 2014 and was sentenced to serve six years in prison. Lambesis was released on parole in December 2016.

Since his release, he has reunited the band As I Lay Dying with his former members and released an album, Shaped by Fire.

Early life
Lambesis grew up in Southern California and was voted "Most Like Jesus" by classmates when he attended Santa Fe Christian School in Solana Beach, California as a teen. He attended Liberty University for a time and majored in religious studies.

Career
Lambesis started his musical career while he was still in high school, playing bass in the first few bands he was in. He and Matt Carlson (drums) formed the band Against the Mark, where Lambesis would become the band's vocalist. The two would get a full band together, including bassist Jon Jameson. The band changed their name to Life Once Lost, but only for a short time, until they entered an indefinite hiatus. Lambesis left in 2000 to join Society's Finest, but only for a brief time, as they did not have plans to tour. Lambesis returned to California to restart Life Once Lost, but with a whole new lineup. The band discovered A Life Once Lost, which caused the band to change their name to As I Lay Dying. Lambesis hired Jordan Mancino, former drummer of Edge of Mortality, and Evan White. In 2001, Lambesis and Mancino joined Point of Recognition and recorded on the album Day of Defeat in 2002. The two quit soon after to further pursue As I Lay Dying.

Over the years, the band went through many lineup changes. Lambesis and Mancino were the only remaining original members and constant members until 2003, when 19-year-old guitarist Phil Sgrosso joined the band. The next year, in 2004, the band hired Nick Hipa as the band's lead guitarist. Hipa was playing previously with Evelynn, a band that was signed to Pluto Records, As I Lay Dying's former label. Bassist Clint Norris was, most likely, the band's most consistent bassist until his departure in 2007 and the introduction of Josh Gilbert. The five of them recorded and released An Ocean Between Us, including "Nothing Left", which was Grammy-nominated for "Best Metal Performance". In 2008, Lambesis and Destroy the Runner vocalist Chad Ackerman formed Austrian Death Machine, a parody metal band based around Arnold Schwarzenegger. The two recorded two releases, Total Brutal and A Very Brutal Christmas the same year. The next year saw the release of Double Brutal.

The band wrote and recorded The Powerless Rise, which was released in 2010 to much critical acclaim. In 2011, Austrian Death Machine released Jingle All the Way. Lambesis would release three albums over the next three years; Awakened with As I Lay Dying (2012), The Burden of Sorrow by Pyrithion, a side project with members of Allegaeon and The Famine (2013), and Triple Brutal with Austrian Death Machine (2014). In 2014, all of Lambesis' projects went on hiatus, due to his criminal acts.

In 2017, Lambesis resurrected As I Lay Dying, initially rumoured with all new members. After consolidation with the old members, the band reunited in form of the old lineup. On June 7, 2018, the band released a new single, "My Own Grave". On April 12, 2019, As I Lay Dying released another single, "Redefined", and on September 20, 2019, the band released their seventh studio album, Shaped by Fire. In 2021 he announced that he and guitarist Joey Alarcon of Wolves at the Gates are working on a new side project, Born Through Fire. The debut album "Purify and Refine" was released in 2023.

Personal life
Lambesis is a bodybuilder and started his own YouTube fitness channel. He is also heavily tattooed. His tattoos include a "rocking Jesus," and cyborg Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Koi fish swimming upstream, which represents a quest for meaning and fulfillment, Hebrew writing, a cross, Jesus Christ in clouds, and his largest (completely covering his back), a samurai fighting a tiger, which represents the battle between reason and instinct.

Lambesis married Meggan Murphy in June 2004. They have two daughters and a son, all adopted from Ethiopia.

Lambesis has previously stated on multiple occasions that he is a Christian. During an August 2010 radio interview on The Full Armor of God Broadcast, Lambesis said "I can only really write about what I'm passionate about in life, so naturally my faith, my belief in the teachings of Jesus and his resurrection come across in our lyrics." He was described as a "follower of Jesus" once more.

Starting in 2012, Lambesis has made several statements indicating a change in his religious beliefs: in a post on his personal Tumblr page explaining some of the lyrics from the As I Lay Dying album Awakened (released September 2012), Lambesis stated that his studies of theology had led him to the conclusion that "tradition and truth are often at odds with each other". While he noted that he "didn't hate all religious belief" and was "still inspired by the words of [Jesus]", he was finding it "very difficult for to outline exactly who it is that's worth siding with", and was increasingly regarding "the god of tradition and ritual that I grew up with as less and less of a probable truth". He also quoted the book Pagan Christianity by George Barna and Frank Viola, noting that both "Protestant and Catholic denominations have poisonous roots".

In August 2012, Lambesis sent an email to his wife, Meggan Murphy-Lambesis, while on tour with As I Lay Dying in which he stated he no longer loved her, had engaged in an extramarital affair, and "no longer believed in God". They separated the same month. She filed papers in San Diego Superior Court one month later in September 2012 seeking a dissolution of their marriage, according to an online court database. In divorce papers, Meggan stated that Lambesis was obsessed with bodybuilding, spending "endless hours at the gym", and was wasting "thousands of dollars on tattoos". She also alleged that he had become "dangerously distracted" while watching their children, including falling asleep while they played in their pool, and had taken two last-minute trips to Florida to see an extramarital girlfriend. When not on tour, Lambesis lived in Del Mar, California. Murphy and their children live in Encinitas.

Solicitation of murder
On May 7, 2013, Lambesis was arrested in Oceanside, California, for attempting to hire a hitman to murder his estranged wife Meggan Murphy,  and, according to the San Diego County Sheriff's Department, was charged with soliciting "an undercover detective to kill his wife." Lambesis approached someone at a gym and asked if he knew anyone who would kill his wife. Lambesis met with the undercover agent posing as a hitman, code name "Red", according to Deputy District Attorney Claudia Grasso. "Red" asked Lambesis if he wanted his wife of eight years gone, and Lambesis replied, "Yes, that's what I want." He then gave [the] undercover agent an envelope containing US$1,000 for expenses, pictures of his wife, her address, the code to get through a gate, and the date on which to kill her. Lambesis had directed the detective he believed to be a hitman to kill his wife while he was with his children so he would have an alibi. He agreed to pay $20,000 for the hit.

On May 9, 2013, Lambesis pled not guilty to a felony charge of solicitation of murder and was ordered held on $3 million bail despite prosecutors deeming Lambesis a "flight risk" and "danger to the public". Lambesis' bandmates, representatives from management and Metal Blade Records, and band attorney Ian Friedman were in attendance at his arraignment. According to the District Attorney of the case, an audio recording of the transaction between Lambesis and the undercover detective exists and was reportedly used at the trial. A readiness conference was set for June 10, 2013, and a preliminary court date was scheduled for July 10, 2013. During the month of his initial arrest, Lambesis pled "not guilty" and his lawyer stated: "His thought processes were devastatingly affected by his steroid use." A new bail hearing was held for Lambesis on May 17, 2013, at which defense attorney Tom Warwick had bail reduced from $3 million to $2 million. Lambesis was released on bail on May 30. Lambesis was ordered to wear a GPS monitor, was subject to strict travel restrictions, and was unable to see or communicate with his wife and three children. As a result, As I Lay Dying's mid-2013 tour with Killswitch Engage was cancelled.

On February 25, 2014, Lambesis changed his plea from "not guilty" to "guilty" and was sentenced to six years in prison on May 16, 2014, and credited with 48 days for time served.

While on house arrest, Lambesis made a lengthy post on his personal blog in which he stated that (due to the ongoing criminal case) he was unable to "explain more about my case or to explicitly state what my current worldview is", but noted that "after my incarceration, I found myself re-evaluating topics that I had previously sworn I would never waste my time looking at again." Lambesis stated that "I grew up in a Christian home and held that belief myself for many years. In the process of sincerely trying to defend that belief in a scholarly way and shortly after finishing my degree, I felt that it was unreasonable to call myself a Christian in light of the evidence. Many As I Lay Dying fans picked up on the not-so-subtle hints at my worldview change in a couple songs on Awakened. It was never really hidden." In June 2014, Lambesis came out as an atheist, claiming that he, along with other members of the band, just kept pretending to be Christian just to sell records, a claim called slanderous and defamatory by then guitarist Nick Hipa. He even recalls feeling awkward when asked for their testimonies and when fans ask to pray with them. According to Lambesis, his renunciation of Christianity made it easier to have an affair. However, since his arrest, the band has released a statement that Lambesis "has spent much of the last year re-evaluating what originally convinced him to abandon belief in God. After much brokenness and repentance he sees things differently, considers himself a follower of Jesus, someone submitted to the will of God, or whatever you want to call it," adding, "That's for him to talk about when he's comfortable and only time will tell if he is sincere."

In 2016, after two years in prison, Lambesis filed a lawsuit against two Southern California detention centers for gross negligence in denying his request for anastrozole, a drug he'd been prescribed to fight the side effects of withdrawal from steroids. The lawsuit alleges that as a result of the failure to provide him with the drug, Lambesis developed breasts and underwent severe emotional distress. His request for punitive damages of $35 million was dismissed in September 2016, but his claims of medical negligence have yet to be tried.

Life after prison
He was released on parole on December 17, 2016. He married Amanda Dubord in April 2017. They divorced in 2020, after which Lambesis married Dany Ciara in 2022.

In December 2020, Lambesis claimed that he had accidentally spilled gasoline on himself while trying to add it to a bonfire. He suffered burns over 25 percent of his body and was hospitalized.

Discography

with As I Lay Dying
 * Beneath the Encasing of Ashes (2001)
 * Frail Words Collapse (2003)
 * Shadows Are Security (2005)
 * A Long March: The First Recordings (compilation, 2006)
 * An Ocean Between Us (2007)
 * The Powerless Rise (2010)
 * Decas (compilation, 2011)
 * Awakened (2012)
 * Shaped by Fire (2019)

as/with Austrian Death Machine
 * Total Brutal (2008)
 * A Very Brutal Christmas (EP, 2008)
 * Double Brutal (2009)
 * Jingle All the Way (EP, 2011)
 * Triple Brutal (2014)
 * Quad Brutal (2024)

as/with Pyrithion with Born Though Fire
 * The Burden of Sorrow (EP, 2013)

 * Purify and Refine (2023)

Guest appearances

 * "After the Fall", from The Beginning of the End (2006) – by Sworn Enemy
 * "Declaration", from Declaration (2008) – by Bleeding Through
 * "God Rocky, Is This Your Face?", from Almost Home (2009) – by Evergreen Terrace
 * "Orphans", from There Will Be Violence (2010) – by Impending Doom
 * "Desire", from Eternal (2010) – by War of Ages
 * "Constance", from Dead Throne (2011) – by The Devil Wears Prada
 * "With a Resounding Voice", from Jasta (2011) – by Jamey Jasta
 * "Oblivion", from Oblivion (2021) - by Ov Sulfur

Credits as record producer

 * As I Lay Dying – Beneath the Encasing of Ashes
 * Sworn Enemy – The Beginning of the End
 * Sworn Enemy – Maniacal
 * Sworn Enemy – Total World Domination
 * Zao – Awake?
 * Impending Doom – The Serpent Servant
 * Impending Doom – There Will Be Violence
 * Chelsea Grin – Desolation of Eden
 * War of Ages – Arise and Conquer
 * War of Ages – Eternal
 * Molotov Solution – The Harbinger
 * Sea of Treachery – Wonderland
 * Carnifex – Until I Feel Nothing
 * Underneath the Gun – Forfeit Misfortunes
 * Wolves at the Gate - Eclipse

title: Tim Lambesis


text:
Category talk:Jewish history stubs

Name
The name "JewHist-stub" is a bit unsettling, despite it being an obvious abbreviated form it could be interpreted as using "Jew" as an adjective ("Jew History"), which seems to be used primarily in anti-Semitic contexts. --Tothebarricades.tk 00:56, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you are being over-sensitive here. I am Jewish and it doesn't bother me, and no-one else seems to have been bothered by it either. IZAK 03:42, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Bio stub?
I'd like to propose Template:Jewish-hist-bio-stub. If we have a consensus, do we still need to go through WP:WSS procedure? ←Humus sapiens ну? 08:18, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Jewish history stubs


text:
Talk:Douglas Engelbart

Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework (1962)
The Reference to Doug Engelbart's 1962 research report Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework, introduced here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart#SRI_and_the_Augmentation_Research_Center, is obsolete and should be corrected. The link to his report should be https://dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html, and a separate link to the most recent archive version of 2-Jun-2022 on Internet Archive https://web.archive.org/web/20220602190201/https://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html - I have recently overhauled the referenced report on dougengelbart.org to correct many errors and ommissions that had been introduced in the original scanning and subsequent rendering to html since 1997(!) MouseSite version. By matching the text back to the original printed archive I have made numerous spelling corrections, instances of enhanced text (underlined for emphasis in the original, now italicized in the digital), adding back in omitted text such as Forward, Abstract, plus a (clickable) detailed Table of Contents, and rescanning images whose original scans had introduced some errors. Yay for Internet Archive, there is now a 2-Jun-2022 archive of the corrected version of the report to link to instead of the archived obsolete version. The desired Reference format is shown in the Wiki article on Intelligence Amplification https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification#References items #2 and #3 which do point to the official version on dougengelbart.org and separately link to the Archived version although as of this date they have yet to update that "Archived" link to the 2-Jun-2022 archive Cengelbart (talk) 17:13, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

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External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Douglas Engelbart. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130905213328/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-03/business/40346997_1_douglas-engelbart-mice-stanford-research-institute to https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-03/business/40346997_1_douglas-engelbart-mice-stanford-research-institute

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:07, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

“Purple Numbers”
The page Purple Numbers redirects here, without any mention of the term in the article. Is this right? Should something be added to the page? YorkshireLad (talk) 12:22, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I found this website that mentions purple numbers and Engelbart . It seems obscure. --Frmorrison (talk) 20:48, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * , - I found this strange, too therefore I have opened a deletion review request to restore the standalone article. After a bit of research I found quite a bit of stuff written about purple numbers on the Web.  « Saper // @talk »  14:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for the ping; I don't have anything to add to your DRV atm but I'll keep an eye on it. :-) YorkshireLad  ✿  (talk) 14:46, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * regardless of the outcome of the DRV, it would be helpful to have a mention of purple numbers on this article: in the short term it would resolve the confusing redirect, and, if undeletion goes through (either through DRV or through draft-then-AfC) it would create a convenient place to create a link to avoid the recreated article being an orphan (one could potentially add a red link, but I think that would be discouraged through WP:REDNO). I tried to add a sentence or two, but the problem I've had is that I can't find any reliable sources talking about this.  (The best I can do is 's link, and that seems to be a personal website, which in any case doesn't quite say that Engelbart invented a concept called "purple numbers".  It says he had a website that had purple numbers on it, and that he came up with a similar concept which that website's owner has implemented.)  Looking at the history of the WP:BLARred article, there are no reliable sources in there either: the only reference is itself another wiki.  Have you had any luck finding sources?  (If we collectively draw a blank, it would seem to suggest the solution is to nominate the redirect at WP:RfD.)  YorkshireLad  ✿  (talk) 00:40, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Christina Engelbart here (Cengelbart (talk)) pinging, , -- appreciate your diligence! I agree Purple Numbers should have its own page, and/or redirect to the NLS (computer system) article and not this bio article.
 * I can confirm that "Purple Numbers" did indeed originate in Doug Engelbart's group in the mid-1990s. Building directly on his NLS/Augment software, under a modest DARPA grant purpose to build a browser-style client UI we called VAT to better demo Augment's key features like fine-grained addressability. I helped spec this UI under this contract, which enabled us finally to add in proportional space fonts and font colorization, text highlighting, scrolling Windows-style file windows, etc. It was my idea to colorize the Augment-supplied address numbers to set them apart visually from the file content. After experimenting for several hours with different colors and intensities, I landed on a shade of orchid purple. You can see the completed UI demonstrated in Augment Demos "2008 Christina" -- showing the very first instance of Purple Numbers. That's Augment software displayed through the VAT client which is doing the colorizing. We very soon incorporated Purple Numbers into our website Bootstrap Institute, as documented here, which persists today. Importantly, today the numbers are flush to the right margin which we wished we could have implemented way back then.
 * Both Peter Yim and Eugene Kim, who were very involved in Doug's 2000 Colloquium at Stanford and subsequent OHS Working Group, definitively documented Purple Numbers at the time:
 * PurpleNumbers, by Peter Yim
 * An Introduction to Purple, by Eugene Kim
 * Both took stabs at implementing Purple Numbers for Wiki browsing. In 2005-2006 Eugene was hired into Doug's HyperScope project, which included Purple Numbers for fine-grained addressability, and co-presented The Augmented Wiki with Doug at subsequent conference. I'm not sure which of us coined the term "Purple Numbers" -- Eugene may recall.
 * Bottom line you/whoever can confidently glean from my writing above plus their two pieces, citing especially their two pieces, to flesh out a Purple Numbers page. (Cengelbart (talk) 22:41, 20 February 2024 (UTC) -- Christina Engelbart, Executive Director, The Doug Engelbart Institute.)
 * ... and/or I publish short History of Purple Numbers at that you can cite. Cengelbart (talk) 15:14, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Problem with Guiding philosophy section
The four points in guiding philosophy were not said by Engelbart. They seem to be a summation of a number of secondary articles that do not cite their sources. I have found a number of people quoting this online as Engelbart's words. The provenance of this sentiment seems to be citing his various talks:

http://www.dougengelbart.org/colloquium/sessions.html http://dougengelbart.org/content/view/161/000/ https://stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/engelbart/engfmst1-ntb.html There are many more out there.

I have been looking but I haven't found him saying these things. To avoid further misquoting it should be made evident that these are a summation and not his specific words. Or the actual source should be cited here rather than secondary articles. This section is not incorrect as far as I can tell, and it sounds like something Engelbart would say. It is rather an abridgment of a summary of his reasoning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.244.213.153 (talk) 17:11, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thierry Bardini in an early chapter of his work describes evolution of Engelbart's ideas extensively, quoting, among others [Engelbart 1996]: "Douglas Engelbart: An Oral History. Four interviews conducted by H. Lowood and J. Adams, edited by T. Bardini. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Libraries. Available on-line at https://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/ssvoral/engelbart/start.html". Archived at http://web.archive.org/web/19990423125248/https://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/ssvoral/engelbart/start.html, it seems to be relocated to https://stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/engelbart/start1.html
 * There is also a much later formulation of his goals (http://web.archive.org/web/20060202024324/http://bootstrap.org/#3 - "Reasons for action"), but we refer here to his thoughts from 1950s (it could be changed of course). « Saper // @talk »  23:35, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

Christina Engelbart here - I think I'm the one who contributed the four bullet points, definitely a summation, paraphrased from his myriad lectures, writings, and interviews. Some good sources for quotes:
 * The Introduction to Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework, D.C. Engelbart 1962 or any of his abridged versions
 * Engelbart Oral Histories (Stanford, Smithsonian, Computer History Museum)
 * The Augmented Knowledge Workshop, D.C. Engelbart, 1986 - his lecture and paper detailing his historic journey from epiphany to R&D, the Demo, and beyond — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cengelbart (talk • contribs) 20:18, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Douglas Engelbart


text:
Words of Institution

The Words of Institution (also called the Words of Consecration) are words echoing those of Jesus himself at his Last Supper that, when consecrating bread and wine, Christian Eucharistic liturgies include in a narrative of that event. Eucharistic scholars sometimes refer to them simply as the verba (Latin for "words").

Almost all existing ancient Christian Churches explicitly include the Words of Institution in their Eucharistic celebrations, and consider them necessary for the validity of the sacrament. This is the practice of the Catholic Church's Latin liturgical rites and Eastern Catholic liturgies, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and all the churches of Oriental Orthodoxy, including the Armenian, the Coptic, the Ethiopian and the Malankara, as well as the Anglican Communion, Lutheran Churches, Methodist Churches and Reformed Churches. The only ancient Eucharistic ritual still in use that does not explicitly contain the Words of Institution is the Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari, used for part of the year by the Assyrian and the Ancient Church of the East. The Chaldean Catholic Church and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, two of the Eastern Catholic Churches, use the same Anaphora, but insert in it the Words of Institution. However, groups authorized by the Catholic Church to review the Qurbana recognized the validity of this Eucharistic celebration in its original form, without explicit mention of the Words of Institution, saying that "the words of Eucharistic Institution are indeed present in the Anaphora of Addai and Mari, not in a coherent narrative way and ad litteram, but rather in a dispersed euchological way, that is, integrated in successive prayers of thanksgiving, praise and intercession."

No formula of Words of Institution in any liturgy is claimed to be an exact reproduction of words that Jesus used, presumably in the Aramaic language, at his Last Supper. The formulas generally combine words from the Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke and the Pauline account in. They may even insert other words, such as the phrase "Mysterium fidei", which for many centuries was found within the Roman Rite's Words of Institution, until that phrase was placed after it in 1970, and has a counterpart in the Syrian liturgy's τὸ μυστήριον τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης ("the mystery of the new covenant").

Early liturgies
There is no consensus among scholars if the Words of Institution were used in the celebrations of the Eucharist during the first two or three centuries or if their use was only sporadic. In her study The Function of the Words of Institution in the Celebration of the Lord's Supper Ros Clarke refers to evidence that suggests that Words of Institution were not used in the celebration during the 2nd century. She says that the evidence from the early church suggests that the words of institution were not then used liturgically, but only catechetically, and so the narrative of the Last Supper was not used in celebrating the Eucharist. What was essential, she says, was the ritual, consisting of the four actions of taking bread, giving thanks, breaking it, and giving it to be eaten, accompanying the actions by saying some words identifying the bread with Jesus' body, and similarly with respect to the cup. Father Robert Taft concludes that, although there were not extant pre-Nicene (325 AD) Eucharistic prayers that contained the Words of Institution, "the eucharistic gifts were consecrated in the eucharistic prayer." Ludwig Ott points to the First Apology of Justin Martyr from c. 155 AD which states "we have been taught, the food over which thanksgiving (Eucharist) has been made by the prayer of the Word which came from Him [Christ] is both flesh and blood of that same incarnate Jesus" and "by words stemming from Him [Christ]". From a Catholic dogmatic viewpoint, Ott's thesis is supported, while Taft's conclusion seemingly contradicts the Council of Trent, which declared the Words of Institution necessary for the confection of the Sacrament.

Roman Rite of the Catholic Church
The Words of Institution of the Roman Rite Mass are here presented in the official English translation of the Roman Missal in the form given in the following italicized text, firstly in the obsolete first and second editions of the Roman Missal, and secondly in as they are translated in the current third edition of the Roman Missal. The distinction here made by bolding is not found in the Missals.

From the time of Peter Lombard on, the prevailing theology of the Catholic Church considered the eight words in bold above to be on their own the necessary and sufficient "sacramental form" of the Eucharist. Pope Eugene IV's Decree for the Armenians, issued after the Council of Florence, declared: "The words of the Savior, by which He instituted this sacrament, are the form of this sacrament; for the priest speaking in the person of Christ effects this sacrament. For by the power of the very words the substance of the bread is changed into the body of Christ, and the substance of the wine into the blood". The Decree did not limit the words to the eight in bold, but was popularly taken to mean that, on their own, they are all that is needed for effecting the sacrament.

The theological opinion about the necessity and sufficiency of pronouncing certain parts of the Words of Institution (the eight words bolded in the English translation given above) is not included in, for instance, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, published in definitive form in 1997. On 17 January 2001 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith declared that the Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari, a probably second-century anaphora in which the Words of Institution are not spoken, "can be considered valid." The Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East issued by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in agreement with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Congregation for the Oriental Churches on 20 July 2001 say that "the words of the institution of the Eucharist are in fact present in the anaphora of Addai and Mari, not in the form of a coherent narration and in a literal way but in a euchological and disseminated manner, that is to say they are integrated in the prayers of thanksgiving, praise and intercession which follow." These prayers in fact speak of "the commemoration of the Body and Blood of your Christ, which we offer to you on the pure and holy altar, as you have taught us in his life-giving Gospel."

It has therefore been argued that it is the prayer as a whole, not some isolated words within it, that is efficacious in the sacrament, and that the Words of Institution that Jesus himself spoke at his Last Supper are consecratory at every Eucharist, whether they are repeated or only implied, in accordance with the teaching of John Chrysostom: "That saying, 'This is my body', once uttered, from that time to the present day, and even until Christ's coming, makes the sacrifice complete at every table in the churches."

While thus accepting as valid the Anaphora of Addai and Mari even when the Words of Institution are not explicitly spoken, the document of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity "warmly invites" an Assyrian priest celebrating the Eucharist when Chaldean Christians are participating to insert the Words of Institution in that circumstance, as permitted by the Assyrian Church itself.

Byzantine Rite Churches
In Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the Words of Institution are the only portion of the Anaphora chanted aloud by the priest:

For the bread: "Take, eat: this is My Body, which is broken for you for the remission of sins."

For the wine: "Drink of it, all of you: this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for you and for many, for the remission of sins."

Orthodox Christians do not interpret the Words of Institution to be the moment the "Gifts" (sacramental bread and wine) are changed into the Body and Blood of Christ. In fact, they do not define a specific moment of change; however, they understand the process to be completed (perfected) at the Epiclesis (the calling-down of the Holy Spirit upon the Gifts) despite some Church Fathers, even eastern ones like Saint John Chrysostom, stating that the Words of Institution "complete" or "bring about" the Sacrament.

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts does not contain the Words of Institution, since it is actually a Vespers service at which the faithful receive from the Reserved Mysteries (Sacrament) which were consecrated the Sunday before (hence the name: "Pre-sanctified").

Protestant denominations
Protestant denominations generally, with the exception of the Anglican Communion and Lutheranism, rely exclusively on the words of Paul as recorded in 1 Corinthians 11:23-26. (ESV):

Protestantism has typically utilized the words of institution as a central part of its Communion service, though precise traditions vary by denomination. The debate over the force and literalness of the words of institution underlies the arguments between a symbolic, memorialist view of the Lord's Supper as found in a variety of Protestant denominations, a sacramental union, as with the Lutheran Churches, and a pneumatic presence, as with the Reformed Churches. Most of the established churches in the Protestant tradition employ a mirroring of Paul's words surrounding the words of institution, while Congregationalist and Baptist churches use the words themselves without the full citation of Paul's wording.

Anglican Communion
The following version of the Words of Institution is found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer commonly used in the Anglican Communion:

"[Who], in the same night that he was betrayed, took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, Take, eat; this is my Body, which is given for you: Do this in remembrance of me. Likewise, after supper, he took the Cup; and, when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of this; for this is my Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for you and for many, for the remission of sins: Do this, as oft as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me."

Lutheran Churches
The Lutheran liturgy differs from that of other Protestants by using a conflation of the four versions of the words of institution. Luther's Small Catechism shows this, "Our Lord Jesus Christ, on the night when he was betrayed, took the bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples and said: Take; eat; this is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me. In the same way he also took the cup after the supper, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them saying, Drink of it, all of you. This cup is the New Testament in my blood, shed for you for the forgiveness of sins. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me."By doing so, they include the phrase "My blood, which is shed for you for the forgiveness of sins..." This reflects Lutheran sacramental theology in which the sacrament is a means of grace and actively forgives sins.

Presbyterian Churches
The following version of the Words of Institution is found in the Book of Common Worship and is used among those in the Presbyterian Church USA:

Methodist Churches
Current trends in Methodist thought would require both the verba and an epiclesis for a Prayer of Thanksgiving, which bridges Western and Eastern thought.

title: Words of Institution


text:
Frail Words Collapse

Frail Words Collapse is the second studio album by American metalcore band As I Lay Dying. The album is their first release on the record label Metal Blade Records. This is also the last album to feature Evan White before his departure from the band shortly after the album's release. Two of the band's signature songs, "94 Hours" and "Forever", appear on the album.

Music videos have been produced for the songs "94 Hours" and "Forever". The album has sold 250,000 copies to date, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

The album gets its name from a lyric of one of the songs on it, "Falling upon Deaf Ears".

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

As I Lay Dying
 * Tim Lambesis – lead vocals, keyboards
 * Evan White – guitars, bass
 * Jordan Mancino – drums

Production
 * Tim Lambesis – production
 * Evan White – production
 * Steve Russell – engineer, mixing
 * Evan White – lead guitar, bass, production
 * Dan de la Isla – assistant engineer, mixing
 * Brad Vance – mastering
 * Brandon O'Connell – pre-production
 * Jacob Bannon – artwork

Additional musicians
 * Dylan Plymale – guitars
 * Tommy Garcia – backing vocals on "94 Hours"
 * Johnny Upton – clean vocals on "Forever"
 * Jarrod – clean vocals on "Distance is Darkness"

title: Frail Words Collapse


text:
Tommy Corcoran

Thomas William Corcoran (January 4, 1869 – June 25, 1960) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from to  for the Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Philadelphia Athletics (1891), Brooklyn Grooms/Brooklyn Bridegrooms (1892–1896), Cincinnati Reds (1897–1906) and the New York Giants (1907). The 5ft 9in Connecticut native occasionally played second base later in his career. He batted and threw right-handed.

Career
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Corcoran gained the nicknames Corky and Tommy the Cork. He was considered a hard-working, supple-handed shortstop. His fielding style was compared with Hall of Famer Bid McPhee.

Corcoran batted .300 in a season just once (1894). He was a barehanded fielder early in his career when gloves were gradually becoming standard equipment, and made the transition to a glove without difficulty. He became adept at going to his right to field ground balls backhanded. Corcoran set a still-standing ML record for shortstops with 14 assists in a nine-inning game. (Lave Cross had 15 assists in a 12-inning game in 1897.) Corcoran finished in the top 10 in the league in at bats seven times.

After starting his Major League career with the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players Association in 1891 and then joining the Philadelphia Athletics in 1892, he started his National League career with the Brooklyn Grooms in 1892. He was traded to the Cincinnati Reds after the 1896 season. He had held out on Brooklyn before the 1896 season and held out again at the beginning of the 1897 season after the trade in order to get an increase on his $10 per day salary. He was sold from Cincinnati to the New York Giants for an undisclosed sum in December 1906.

After being released by the Giants in July 1907, Corcoran played for a few minor league teams in 1907 and 1908, including the Uniontown Coal Barons. While with the Coal Barons he spent some time as interim manager before Billy Lauder took over, and he received offers to manage the Dayton Veterans of the Central League and the Jersey City Skeeters of the Eastern League, both of which he declined.

Over an 18-season career, Corcoran batted .256, with 34 home runs and 1,135 RBIs. He had a total of 387 stolen bases, scored 1,184 runs, and made 2,256 hits in 8,812 career at-bats. He accumulated 2,957 total bases.

Late in his playing career Corcoran stated that baseball had become more of a trade than it was when he began his career, stating that "The compensation for good ball players is better now than when I began playing the game, but the extractions are greater. In the old days baseball was more or less a lark; now it is a business, and our business is to win."

After retiring as a player, Corcoran became an umpire; his umpiring included one season in the short-lived third major circuit, the Federal League.

Corcoran had four sons and a daughter. He died at the age of 91 in Plainfield, Connecticut.

title: Tommy Corcoran


text:
Project Reality

Project Reality is a series of military tactical first-person shooter video game modifications that aim to create a realistic teamwork-based shooter centered around modern warfare and combined arms. The original version, Project Reality: BF2, was released in 2005 for Battlefield 2; this version is still being updated on a regular basis and became a stand-alone game in 2015. Project Reality: ARMA 2, a version developed for Arma 2, was released as a beta in 2011; development was later moved to Arma 3 in 2013, with the project fittingly being rechristened to Project Reality: ARMA 3. In September 2015 it was announced that the Arma project had been suspended.

Squad, a standalone game built on Unreal Engine 4, is a spiritual successor to Project Reality.

Gameplay
Project Reality features five game modes. Two of the most popular game modes are Advance and Secure, and Insurgency.

Advance and Secure involves capturing and holding control points, similar to the Conquest mode of Battlefield 2. However, in Advance and Secure, control points typically must be captured in a certain order, with both teams attacking and defending control points, though some Advance and Secure maps have one team attack and the other defend.

The second most popular game mode, Insurgency, is intended to simulate asymmetrical warfare. The Insurgency game mode involves a conventional forces team searching for and destroying hidden weapon caches while the other team, the insurgents, try to defend them.

The other game modes are Vehicle Warfare and Command and Control. The Vehicle Warfare mode differs by putting full emphasis on heavy vehicles and assets, and restricting the player to one kit role (crewman or pilot). The play style for Vehicle Warfare is otherwise identical to Advance and Secure where players must capture objective points in order. The Command and Control mode removes all control points. The objective instead is focused around player-built fortifications and their single Forward Operating Base (FOB). Players must build and defend their hidden FOB while also searching for the opposing forces' FOB. The mod also features a co-op mode, where human players may play alongside or against computer controlled players. Co-op can also serve as a single-player mode (with bots standing in for teammates).

In contrast to the original system of Battlefield 2, players may not spawn at their squad leader when they die, but must instead spawn at permanent spawn points such as main bases, or at temporary rally points created by the squad leader. Players may also spawn at FOBs which can be constructed if supply crates are delivered to the desired location. When constructed, other fixed defences such as stationary machine guns and various defensive constructs such as barbed wire or foxholes can be placed after the delivery of additional supplies.

The Insurgency game mode diverts slightly from these rules, limiting the insurgent side to spawn at their weapons caches which they must defend, or they lose the ability to spawn. The opposing team can discover the location of these caches by acquiring intelligence about the insurgents, after which an enemy cache will be marked on the conventional forces' map, indicating its position. However, insurgents can still deploy and construct destructible "hideouts" to spawn at, which act in a similar way to the FOBs in conventional game modes. The conventional forces are also able to construct their own FOBs for forward deployment.

Project Reality currently features over 24 factions and over 70 maps, with more of each in development. Factions and maps depict multiple time periods, namely World War II (European eastern and western fronts), the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the War on Terror, and the present day.

Project Reality: ARMA 2
Project Reality: ARMA 2 exists as a standalone modification requiring both Arma 2 and Arma 2: Operation Arrowhead. It remains self-contained, self developing and does not rely on or use externally held add-ons from other sources where at all possible. What that means to the player is that it is a 'one stop shop' as an installation package, with no requirement for additional multiple add on packs.

Project Reality: ARMA 2 v0.1 BETA was released on September 2 which was shortly followed by the release of Project Reality: ARMA 2 v0.15 beta on March 16, 2012. A year later on March 1, 2013 0.16 version was released including two new terrains (maps). With the release came the news of a cease in development with the Arma 2 mod and a movement of efforts towards Arma 3.

Successors
In early 2009 it was revealed through the official Project Reality forums that a standalone successor Project Reality 2 was in pre-production. A license for the C4 Engine has been purchased as of 2010.

An entry for a game called "Project Reality 2 - The Beaten Zone" has been posted to the official Crytek developers community crytek.net, stating that the game would be using the CryEngine 3. Project Reality staff have dismissed the supposed engine change as rumor, and did not acknowledge any connection to the crydev.net posting.

However, new announcements from the Dev Team, made sure that PR2 will be in fact using the CryEngine 3, since most of the people involved in the development of the game on the C4 Engine thought it wasn't so good to work with, and they have chosen the CryEngine 3 as their new engine to work on. There is no set release date for the game. Since 2014 there has been no more word from the team behind the standalone. One of the main developers also mentioned that the game's production had stopped.

On October 10, 2014 a team consisting of current and former Project Reality: BF2 developers announced a new commercial game based on the Project Reality gameplay formula. The new game is named Squad and is built on Unreal Engine 4. The game, as of December 2015, was available on Steam Early Access, and officially released on September 23, 2020. The game was initially funded through a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter.

Reception
IGN and GameSpy have both reviewed Project Reality. IGN's review praised the mod, stating "all BF2 players should download this mod." GameSpy said that "the mother of all realism mods [has] arrive[d] for BF2". PC Zone also reviewed Project Reality, saying that "not only does it make the virtual warfare harsher, Project Reality also adds fantastic new maps, vehicles and weapons to the fray".

title: Project Reality


text:
Ferranti Pegasus

Pegasus was an early British vacuum-tube (valve) computer built by Ferranti, Ltd that pioneered design features to make life easier for both engineers and programmers. Originally it was named the Ferranti Package Computer as its hardware design followed that of the Elliott 401 with modular plug-in packages. Much of the development was the product of three men: W. S. (Bill) Elliott (hardware); Christopher Strachey (software) and Bernard Swann (marketing and customer support). It was Ferranti's most popular valve computer with 38 being sold. The first Pegasus was delivered in 1956 and the last was delivered in 1959. Ferranti received funding for the development from the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC).

At least two Pegasus machines survive, one in The Science Museum, London and one which was displayed in the Science and Industry Museum, Manchester but which has now been removed to the storage in the Science Museum archives at Wroughton. The Pegasus in The Science Museum, London ran its first program in December 1959 and was regularly demonstrated until 2009 when it developed a severe electrical fault. In early 2014, the Science Museum decided to retire it permanently, effectively ending the life of one of the world's oldest working computers. The Pegasus officially held the title of the world's oldest computer until 2012, when the restoration of the Harwell computer was completed at the National Museum of Computing.

Design
In those days it was common for it to be unclear whether a failure was due to the hardware or the program. As a consequence, Christopher Strachey of NRDC, who was himself a brilliant programmer, recommended the following design objectives:
 * 1) The necessity for optimum programming (favoured by Alan Turing) was to be minimised, "because it tended to become a time-wasting intellectual hobby of the programmers".
 * 2) The needs of the programmer were to be a governing factor in selecting the instruction set.
 * 3) It was to be cheap and reliable.

The first objective was only partially met: because both program and the data on which it was to operate had to be in the 128 words of primary storage contained in 8-word nickel delay lines. The rest of the memory was held on a 7936-word magnetic drum, which rotated at 3750 rpm, so it was often necessary to use ingenuity to reduce the number of transfers between the fast store and the drum.

Pegasus had eight accumulators, seven of which could also be used as index registers, the first computer to allow this dual use. Accumulators 6 and 7 were known as p and q and were involved in multiply and divide and some double-length shift instructions. Each word contained 39 bits plus 1 bit for parity checking. Two 19-bit instructions were packed into one word, with the extra bit that could be used to indicate a breakpoint (optional stop), to assist in debugging. In line with Strachey's second objective, it had a relatively generous instruction set for a computer of its time, but there was no explicit hardware provision for handling either characters or floating-point numbers.

The speed of arithmetic operations was about the same as in the Elliott 402 computer, which could add in 204 microseconds and multiply in 3366 microseconds. The Pegasus basic instruction cycle time for add/subtract/move and logical instructions was 128 microseconds. Multiply, divide, justify and shift instructions took a variable time to complete. Transfers to and from the drum were synchronous. The layout of blocks on the drum was interleaved to allow some processing between transfers to/from consecutive blocks. The computer was advertised as weighing 2560 lb.

To what extent Strachey's third objective was reached, depends on how one views a price of £50,000 for Pegasus 1, which did not have magnetic tape drives, line printer or punched card input and output. The modular design with plug-in units of hardware did, however, make it very reliable by the standards of the day, and maintenance was "a doddle of a job". In its second year of use in 1958–9, the Pegasus at King's College (part of Durham University) in Newcastle upon Tyne had a typical reliability in excess of 98%, and 95.4% overall.

Applications
The initial version of Pegasus, Pegasus 1 was intended for scientific and engineering applications. Its input was via 5-hole paper tape with output on tape. The variant for business data processing was called Pegasus 2 and could be equipped with punched cards, magnetic tape and line printer.

In 1956 the first Pegasus was used to calculate the stresses and strains in the tail plane of the Saunders-Roe SR.53; the results were used to check the manufacturers figures; the programmer was Anne Robson. Because of the importance of a computer, it was housed in the drawing room, complete with an Adam's ceiling, of Ferranti's London office in Portland Place.

A Pegasus 1 was installed at Cyber House, Sheffield by Stafford Beer for the use of United Steel. It was the first computer installed for management cybernetics. The Pegasus at Southampton University was used for analysis of ground resonance data for the Saro P.531 helicopter, which eventually entered production as the Westland Scout and Westland Wasp.

In 1957 a Pegasus computer was used to calculate 7480 digits of $\pi$, a record at the time. In 1959 Handley Page Ltd were advertising for experienced Pegasus programmers to join their aviation design team at Cricklewood, London

The University of Leeds had a Pegasus computer, run by Sandy Douglas. This was used, among other things, for a project to process the University's matriculation records.

Other people who worked on the Pegasus included Hugh McGregor Ross and Donald B. Gillies.

title: Ferranti Pegasus


text:
Computer-aided audit tools

Computer-assisted audit tool (CAATs) or computer-assisted audit tools and techniques (CAATTs) is a growing field within the IT audit profession. CAATs is the practice of using computers to automate the IT audit processes. CAATs normally include using basic office productivity software such as spreadsheets, word processors and text editing programs and more advanced software packages involving use statistical analysis and business intelligence tools. But also more dedicated specialized software are available (see below).

CAATs have become synonymous with data analytics in the audit process.

Traditional audit example
The traditional method of auditing allows auditors to build conclusions based upon a limited sample of a population, rather than an examination of all available or a large sample of data.

CAATTs alternative
CAATTs, not CAATs, addresses these problems. CAATTs, as it is commonly used, is the practice of analyzing large volumes of data looking for anomalies. A well-designed CAATTs audit will not be a sample, but rather a complete review of all transactions. Using CAATTs the auditor will extract every transaction the business unit performed during the period reviewed. The auditor will then test that data to determine if there are any problems in the data.

Traditional audit vs CAATTs on specific risks
Another advantage of CAATTs is that it allows auditors to test for specific risks. For example, an insurance company may want to ensure that it doesn't pay any claims after a policy is terminated. Using traditional audit techniques this risk would be very difficult to test. The auditor would "randomly select" a "statistically valid" sample of claims (usually if any of those claims were processed after a policy was terminated). Since the insurance company might process millions of claims the odds that any of those 30–50 "randomly selected" claims occurred after the policy was terminated is extremely unlikely.

Using CAATTs the auditor can select every claim that had a date of service after the policy termination date. The auditor then can determine if any claims were inappropriately paid. If they were, the auditor can then figure out why the controls to prevent this failure. In a real-life audit, the CAATTs auditor noted that several claims had been paid after policies were terminated. Using CAATTs the auditor was able to identify every claim that was paid and the exact dollar amount incorrectly paid by the insurance company. Furthermore, the auditor was able to identify the reason why these claims were paid. The reason why they were paid was because the participant paid their premium. The insurance company, having received a payment, paid the claims. Then after paying the claim the participant's check bounced. When the check bounced, the participant's policy was retrospectively terminated, but the claim was still paid costing the company hundreds of thousands of dollars per year.

Which looks better in an audit report:

"Audit reviewed 50 transactions and noted one transaction that was processed incorrectly"

or

"Audit used CAATTs and tested every transaction over the past year. We noted XXX exceptions wherein the company paid YYY dollars on terminated policies."

However, the CAATTs driven review is limited only to the data saved on files in accordance with a systematic pattern. Much data is never documented this way. In addition saved data often contains deficiencies, is poorly classified, is not easy to get, and it might be hard to become convinced about its integrity. So, for the present CAATTs is a complement to an auditor's tools and techniques. In certain audits, CAATTs can't be used at all. But there are also audits that simply can't be made with due care and efficiently without CAATTs.

Specialized software
In the most general terms, CAATTs can refer to any computer program utilized to improve the audit process. Generally, however, it is used to refer to any data extraction and analysis software. This would include programs such as data analysis and extraction tools, spreadsheets (e.g. Excel), databases (e.g. Access), statistical analysis (e.g. SAS), generalized audit software (e.g. ACL, Arbutus, EAS), business intelligence (e.g. Crystal Reports and Business Objects), etc.

Benefits of audit software include:
 * They are independent of the system being audited and will use a read-only copy of the file to avoid any corruption of an organization’s data.
 * Many audit-specific routines are used such as sampling.
 * Provides documentation of each test performed in the software that can be used as documentation in the auditor’s work papers.

Audit specialized software may perform the following functions:

 * Data queries.
 * Data stratification.
 * Sample extractions.
 * Missing sequence identification.
 * Statistical analysis.
 * Calculations.
 * Duplicate transaction identification.
 * Pivot table creation.
 * Cross tabulation.

CAATs Courses
CAATs are the fundamental tool that is used by the auditors. This tool facilitates them to make search from the irregularities from the given data. With the help of this tool, the auditors and accountants of any firm will be able to provide more analytical results. These tools are used throughout every business environment and also in the industry sectors too. With the help of computer-assisted audit techniques, more forensic accounting with more analysis can be done. It’s really a helpful tool that helps the firm auditor to work in an efficient and productive manner. Working with the CAATs, it is essential for the accountant or the auditor to select the right data, the selection process is very much tricky, and you need to be professional for it. After selecting the right data, import that to the CAATs, now the tool will automatically generate the analytical data. This tool contributes to the efficiency of the auditors. The fundamental course outline include:
 * Computer Auditing Overview
 * Legal and Ethical Issues for Computer Auditors
 * Understanding CAATs
 * Computer Auditing Project Planning
 * Data Access Skill and Knowledge
 * Data Verify Skill and Knowledge
 * Data Analysis Skill and Knowledge
 * Audit Finding Report Skill and Knowledge

CAATs Certification Program
There are several certification programs from various CAATs vendors and professional associations as the following:
 * 1) International Certified CAATs Practitioner (ICCP): established by the International Computer Auditing Education Association (ICAEA).
 * 2)  ACL™ Certified Data Analyst (ACDA): established by ACL Services Ltd.
 * 3)  Certified IDEA Data Analyst (CIDA):  established by CaseWare Analytics.
 * 4)  Jacksoft Certified CAATs Practitioner (JCCP): established by Jacksoft Commerce Automation Ltd.

Other uses of CAATs
In addition to using data analysis software, the auditor uses CAATs throughout the audit for the following activities while performing data analysis:

Creation of electronic work papers
Keeping electronic work papers on a centralized audit file or database will allow the auditor to navigate through current and archived working papers with ease. The database will make it easier for auditors to coordinate current audits and ensure they consider findings from prior or related projects. Additionally, the auditor will be able to electronically standardize audit forms and formats, which can improve both the quality and consistency of the audit working papers.'''

Fraud detection
CAATs provide auditors with tools that can identify unexpected or unexplained patterns in data that may indicate fraud. Whether the CAATs is simple or complex, data analysis provides many benefits in the prevention and detection of fraud.

CAATs can assist the auditor in detecting fraud by performing and creating the following,

Analytical tests
Evaluations of financial information made by studying plausible relationships among both financial and non-financial data to assess whether account balances appear reasonable (AU 329). Examples include ratio, trend, and Benford's Law tests.

Data analysis reports
Reports produced using specific audit commands such as filtering records and joining data files.

Continuous monitoring
Continuous monitoring is an ongoing process for acquiring, analyzing, and reporting on business data to identify and respond to operational business risks. For auditors to ensure a comprehensive approach to acquire, analyze, and report on business data, they must make certain the organization continuously monitors user activity on all computer systems, business transactions and processes, and application controls.

Curb stoning in surveys
Curb stoning is the term for instances where a surveyor completes a survey form by making up data. Because some of the data should conform with Benford's law, this practice can be detected using CAATTs which provide the capability of performing such tests.

Note on the acronyms CAATTs vs CAATs
CAATTs and CAATs are used interchangeably. While CAATs has emerged as the more common spelling, CAATTs is the more precise acronym. The acronym CAATTs solves one of the two problems with defining the acronym. CAATs means:

Computer Aided (or Assisted) Audit Techniques (or Tools and Techniques)

The first "A" and the "T" can have two different meanings depending on who uses the term. By using the term CAATTs, one is clearly incorporating both "Tools" AND "Techniques."

Comparison by analysis features
The following table compares features of specialized computer-aided audit tools. The table has several fields, as follows:
 * 1) Product Name: Product's name; sometime includes edition if a certain edition is targeted.
 * 2) Age analysis: Specifies whether the product supports making age analysis (stratification by date).
 * 3) Benford's law: Specifies whether the product supports finding abnormal distribution of specific digits accordingly to Benford's law.
 * 4) Calculated field: Specifies whether the product supports adding extra calculated fields into the table/file. Usually implies using an expression builder feature to build up expressions for defining the field calculation.
 * 5) Drill-down (Table): Specifies whether the product supports drill-down features by zooming in (filtering) on selected rows in the table.
 * 6) Drill-down (Pivot): Specifies whether the product supports drill-down features through pivot table.
 * 7) Matching: Specifies whether the product supports finding matching items for a specific field in a table/file. For example, this could be used to find duplicate billings of invoices within the sales ledger.
 * 8) Matching (Fuzzy): Specifies whether the product supports finding matching items for a specific field using fuzzy comparison. For instance, values compared are similar but not exactly the same (e.g., using Levenshtein matching).
 * 9) Sample (Random): Specifies whether the product supports selecting a random sample of rows from the table/file (population).
 * 10) Sample (Monetary unit): Specifies whether the product supports selecting a monetary unit sample of rows from the table/field (population). This is also known as dollar-unit sampling (when values are in U.S. currency).
 * 11) Sequence check (Gap): Specifies whether the product supports can find (identify) gabs (in sequences) for a specific field. For example, finding a broken sequence in an invoice number sequence.
 * 12) Sort field: Specifies whether the product supports sorting (indexing) by a specific field (column). Sorting helps identifying blank/empty values or excessive (out-of-band) values.
 * 13) Sort multiple fields: Specifies whether the product supports sorting by multiple fields (columns).
 * 14) Statistics: Specifies whether the product supports calculation and presentation of various statistics on a specific field (e.g., for the values of a numeric field such as a total number of positive numbers, total number negative numbers, average value (balance), etc.)
 * 15) Stratification: Specifies whether the product supports stratification on number (amount) values in specified intervals. Splits the population into strata (intervals) and aggregates (summarizes) values. Can be used to find largest, smallest and average amount transactions (rows).
 * 16) Total row: Specifies whether the products supports displaying a total row for the table/file, e.g. accumulated numerical value.

Comparison by other features

 * 1) Audit log: Specifies whether the product logs activity performed by the user (the auditor) for later reference (e.g., inclusion into audit report).
 * 2) Data graph: Specifies whether the product provides graphs of results.
 * 3) Export (CSV): Specifies whether the product support exporting selected rows to a comma-separated values formatted file. Usually also implies capability to the clipboard (in CSV format) for pasting into applications supporting pasting from CSV files such as Excel.
 * 4) Export (DBF): Specifies whether the product support exporting (saving) selected rows to a dBase Table file.
 * 5) Export (Excel): Specifies whether the product support exporting (saving) selected rows to an Excel file. Usually also implies capability to copy the rows to the clipboard (in some format) for pasting into Excel.

Comparison by data preparation features

 * 1) Append/Merge: Specifies whether the product can combine two tables/files with identical fields into a single table/file. For example, it could be doing a merge of two years of accounts payable tables/files into a single table/file.
 * 2) Import wizard: Specifies whether the product provides an import wizard to assist in importing (interpretation, conversion, formatting) data for analysis.
 * 3) Import (CSV): Specifies whether the product supports import data from a comma-separated values formatted file.
 * 4) Import (DBF): Specifies whether the product supports import data from dBase DBF files.
 * 5) Import (Excel): Specifies whether the product supports import data from Microsoft Excel workbook file. Note that different Excel format versions may apply.
 * 6) Import (SAF-T): Specifies whether the product supports import data from an OECD SAF-T file. As SAF-T is based on XML a more general XML import may cover the feature although direct SAF-T import improves the user experience. Note that different SAF-T format versions may apply.
 * 7) Import (SIE): Specifies whether the product supports import data from a SIE format file.
 * 8) Import (XBRL-GL): Specifies whether the product supports import data from a XBRL GL file. As XBRL-GL is based on XML a more general XML import may cover the feature although direct XBRL-GL import improves the user experience. Note that different XBRL-GL format versions may apply.

title: Computer-aided audit tools


text:
The New Despair

The New Despair is the 1997 debut album by The Gothic Archies.

title: The New Despair


text:
Talk:Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast

Fair use rationale for Image:Outkast-big-boi-and-dre-present.jpg
Image:Outkast-big-boi-and-dre-present.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:31, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:39, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Big Boi and Dre Present...OutKast → Big Boi and Dre Present... OutKast – The typography of the original is no argument for the missing space. A space is the usual situation. A no-space needs arguments, which are missing. -- Maiella (talk) 12:21, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast


text:
Oranda

An oranda is a breed of goldfish characterized by a prominent bubble-like "hood" on the head. The headgrowth or hood (also known as wen or crown) may be a prominent growth on the top of the head (cranial region) or may encase the entire face except the mouth.

When it was first imported from China to Japan it was mistakenly thought to be native to the Netherlands, and was therefore dubbed the "Holland Lionmask", "Dutch Lionhead", and "Netherlands Lion Head" (オランダ獅子頭), from which its English name "oranda" derives.

Description
Due to the fleshy outgrowth on the upper half of its head and sides of its face, the oranda has become one of the most popular goldfish. The headgrowth is described as a "wen" by Chinese aquarists.

The oranda is a metallic or matte scaled goldfish that is similar in appearance to the veiltail. It has a large, long and deep body accompanied by a long quadruple tail. This four-lobed and contracted tail normally spreads out broadly when the oranda stops swimming. The back does not rise up to form a ryukin-like hump.

Orandas are available in a variety of colors, most often orange, red, red-and-white, red-and-black, black, blue, chocolate, bronze, white or silver, black-and-white (panda-colored), red-black-and-white (tricolor), and calico colors.

The headgrowth of young fry may take one to two years to develop. The oranda can reach 20 to 31 cm in length. Sometimes the wen grows enormously, covering the eyes of the goldfish. Due to this, the fish may have only limited eyesight or even become blind. Special care should be given to the wen because it is prone to bacterial infections. The Oranda can tolerate temperatures from 17 to 28 C. More recently blue scale oranda have been developed but these fish are very rare.

Variants

 * The azuma nishiki is an attractive nacreous-colored form of the oranda.
 * The red-cap oranda has a silverish white body with a prominent red headgrowth on the forehead.
 * Chinese breeders have developed telescope eyed orandas, a cross-breeding of the telescope eye and oranda goldfish.
 * The hana fusa or  pompom oranda is a pompom with a dorsal fin and headgrowth like an oranda. It is a cross between the oranda and a dorsal formed pompom.
 * The nagate oranda is a long body oranda developed in Shikoku, south west area of Japan.
 * The Apache oranda is a form of oranda that bears both red and black together. Fish cannot be named Apaches if the blackness only exists on the fin/s.
 * The panda oranda is a variety of oranda that is bi-colored or tri-colored, most identifiable by the black-and-white coloration for which it is named.
 * The Ingot oranda, also known as the Yuan-Bao oranda, is a new Chinese variety of oranda that was crossed from a ryukin with a Ranchu. Its large, short round body has the characteristics of a Ranchu, with its box shaped face containing wen. Its tail is somewhat equal as to the ryukin, though generally short-finned ingots are very popular and widely produced today.
 * The Chakin (チャキン), also named the chocolate oranda, is a colored variant of an oranda. It has brownish scales with a color like that of chocolate. Its actual name means Tea fish or Tea goldfish in Japanese.
 * The Seibungyo (成分魚) or Seibun is a blue oranda, named for its bluish grey silver coloration. The "blue" is combined with both black areas on the outside skin, and black from the inside layers, to form a blue-like sheen.
 * The black oranda is a currently developed color variety that is crossed from the black moor.
 * The jade seal oranda is a type of color pattern that consists of a white, clear cap on its head, while the rest of the body is red or orange.

Special care
Orandas are sensitive to low water temperatures and can be kept with other goldfish. If their wen grows too much, it may hinder vision, so it is advised to keep them with other goldfish with similarly poor vision in order to make sure that they do not starve because of the able-sighted competition. Some aquarists prefer to trim the wen off of the goldfish by using scissors to prevent blindness and dousing with peroxide to prevent damaging essential areas around the face or body. Their wen is also susceptible to injury from rough objects placed in their residence.

title: Oranda


text:
Talk:Battle of Wagram

Paintings
I have a 1902 history book with a b/w reproduction of a painting in it of Napoleon at Wagram, by Horace Vernet. If this article gets longer, and could use another painting, please give me a holler on my talk page, and I'll scan it and post it.--Bcrowell 00:59, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If I'm not mistaken, in David Chandlers book on Napoleon, which I lent out and I therefore don't have on hand, it says that the picture of Napoleon that is featured in this article is him on the second day examining Davout's III corp during the decisive action which would lead to an Imperial French victory. This little tid bit might be worthy of mention, if its correct. Does anyone have their Chandler book to verify this fact? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.114.215.185 (talk) 16:36, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Largest battle in history?
I cut this claim:
 * (indeed it was the largest battle in world history up until that time)

since it's very hard to substantiate this sort of claim. There are a lot of older battles that are claimed to be larger (cf. Battle of Red Cliffs). Of course, the older claims are likely to be exaggerated, but it would take a lot of effort to sort through the many claims and adjust them; so this kind of debate is best moved to its own article. In the case of naval battles, where there were similar claims, a separate page was created to handle the issue; see Largest naval battle in history. Gdr 12:23, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

I'd stay away from that claim like the plague, Leipzig happened 5 years later and was larger by a fair bit. Tirronan 22:22, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Article needs a rewrite
This article is too brief for such a significant battle and also doesn't cite enough sources. I propose to rewrite it over the next few months using, as well as Chandler, Rothenburg and Hollins as sources. Contributions and critique welcome, and when we have it stable, I will put it up for GA review. Tirailleur 11:52, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

I'll add to this as soon as I get a couple of decent books on the subject. The inline citation is totally lacking though I think its a good article. You are right this deserves a far more detailed article but there will be difficulties as with Battle of Waterloo in getting decent sources, from what I remember in my readings on this in the past I half expected Napoleon to walk on water parting the river with a wave of his hand. The truth is often far uglier and much more human. Tirronan 22:20, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Why not try the two books on the 1809 campaign by James R. Arnold? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.66.226.95 (talk) 12:07, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

If I can find them. For now I am using Chandler, Hollins and Rothenberg. Tirailleur 12:23, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

"First"?

 * Wagram was the first battle in which Napoleon failed to score an uncontested victory with relatively few casualties.

This is untrue, isn't it? He had been defeated before, as at Battle of Aspern-Essling. Tempshill (talk) 22:53, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Yes of course. There is also Eylau. 149.142.201.254 (talk) 00:16, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Major rewriting
Hello, I am meaning to rewrite this article, by translating (and enhancing) the extensive article I've co-written in Romanian about the battle. Its main sources are G.E. Rothenberg, A. Pigeard, F.G. Hourtoulle and F. Naulet (for the battle per se), as well as J. Tulard, A. Fierro and A. Palluel-Guillard for the introductory description of the War of the Fifth Coalition and European political context between 1805-1809.

I've carefully read the article in its present form and intend to cover virtually all the info that is available at the moment, in an extensive 140-150k bytes article, that will fully replace the current one. As I see it, the article in its final form could be nominated for FA. Should anyone wish to add further contributions (e.g. Chandler's views), please add them and also add appropriate references. Your suggestions are also welcome and much appreciated. Any images that you might be able to upload about the battle are also invaluable.--Alexandru.demian (talk) 20:11, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Feel free. I am re-looking at Rothenberg on this battle too. 83.244.221.116 (talk) 11:32, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Length
Obviously, a great deal of effort went into this article. However, 20,000 words is too long for an encyclopedia entry about any battle of the Napoleonic Wars, which occurred two centuries ago. This length equates to roughly 80 typescript pages (or approximately 6,000 column-inches of newsprint). An encyclopedia should present a quick, concise ready-reference summary of the main developments, not an exhaustive account of myriad commanders and forces in close combat. IMHO. Sca (talk) 15:27, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

Bernadotte's Actions on 6 July 1809
I believe this article has mischaracterized what happened with Marshal Bernadotte and his IX Corps and is a case of legend having become fact 150 years after the event.

Specifically:

1) The quote about Bernadotte being a bungler, as well as the passage about Napoleon relieving him of command on the road to Raasdorf, is factually incorrect.

2) I have six different sources, all books, that contradict the entry which is based on Naulet's Wagram, 5–6 juillet 1809, Une victoire chèrement acquise,, which is not cited properly, and Chandler's Campaigns of Napoleon. Recollections of Marshal MacDonald, Amazing Career of Bernadotte (1921), Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King (1991), Bernadotte a Biography (1936), Bernadotte (1981), The Art of War of Bernadotte (2013) as well as the The American Cyclopedia entry (1879) on Bernadotte that is the primary source for his wiki page all clearly state that a. Bernadotte was not relieved on the spot, b. The conversation between Napoleon and Bernadotte did not include any mention of bungling, c. Bernadotte was still in command of IX Corps while it was bivouacked at Leopoldsau as of 8 July 1809.

3) In turn, Chandler and other sources make use of Marbot's memoirs as a citation to Bernadotte and Napoleon's conversation. However, Marbot freely says that he was citing Army rumor, rather than fact. I own Marbot's memoirs and it is very clear Marbot could not have been at the meeting between Napoleon and Bernadotte. Anything said between them as reported by him is conjecture.

4) Napoleon helped Bernadotte rally IX Corps, rather than dismiss him, which then held the line while Napoleon unleashed his counter-thrust.

5) Napoleon only accepted Bernadotte's resignation, which he had proffered several times before Wagram on grounds of ill-health, after he learned of Bernadotte's infamous Order of the Day. He accepted and noted the Order of the Day praising the Saxons on 9 July 1809.

6) Marshal MacDonald confirms in his memoirs that Bernadotte was in command of his Corps until at least two days after the Battle, and was dismissed/resigned due to the Order of the Day. Further, he says nothing about Bernadotte being fired on the spot.

title: Talk:Battle of Wagram