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Moose Johnson

Thomas Ernest "Moose" Johnson (February 26, 1886 – March 25, 1963), also known as Ernie Johnson, was a Canadian ice hockey player whose professional career spanned from 1905 to 1931. He was a member of four Stanley Cup winning teams between 1905 and 1910 with the Montreal Wanderers of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) and later the National Hockey Association (NHA). He moved west, and switched from left wing to defence, in 1911 to join the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). He spent the following decade playing with the New Westminster Royals, Portland Rosebuds and Victoria Aristocrats where he was named a PCHA first-team all-star eight times and played in the 1916 Stanley Cup Finals with Portland.

Johnson later played minor professional hockey in California, Minnesota and Oregon before retiring at the age of 45. Johnson was known for using perhaps the longest stick in the game's history, giving him a 99 in reach. Johnson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1952.

Montreal Hockey Club and Montreal Wanderers
Johnson's playing career began in 1902 in the Montreal City Hockey League where he would, at times, play with his junior, intermediate and senior teams all in the same weekend. He moved on to the Canadian Amateur Hockey League in 1903 and played two seasons with the Montreal Hockey Club, scoring 9 goals in 11 games in that time. He then moved on to join the Montreal Wanderers of the newly formed Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association in 1905, and finished tenth in league scoring with 12 goals. The Wanderers tied with Ottawa HC for the best record in the league with 9–1 records, necessitating a playoff to determine the league champion. Johnson scored a goal in the first game of the two-game, total goal series as Montreal won 9–1 on home ice. Ottawa came back to lead the second game 9–1, and tie the series, but two late goals by Montreal's Lester Patrick gave Montreal the victory, 12–10 on aggregate, to win both the ECAHA championship, and the Stanley Cup as Canada's national amateur champions.

The ECAHA turned professional in 1906–07, and the Wanderers signed Johnson to a contract. Along with teammates Jack Marshall, Hod Stuart, Frank Glass and Riley Hern, Johnson became the first professional player ever allowed to compete for the Stanley Cup as the Wanderers defended a challenge by the New Glasgow Cubs of the Maritime Hockey League prior to the ECAHA season's start. The Wanderers lost a second challenge for the Cup, this time by the Kenora Thistles in January 1907 but finished the ECAHA season with a perfect 10–0 record to earn the right to challenge Kenora to a return matchup in March. Johnson improved to 15 goals in 10 games during the season, and was named to the second all-star team on left wing. He scored five more goals in the six games played over three Stanley Cup challenges, including two in the final game of the second series against Kenora to help the Wanderers regain control of the Cup.

Johnson was again named to the second all-star team on left wing in 1907–08. His offence fell in the ECAHA season, as he recorded nine goals in 10 games for the ECAHA champion Wanderers, but he added 11 goals in five Stanley Cup challenge games as the Wanderers successfully defended their title on three occasions. Johnson was an offensive star in the challenges, scoring four goals on one game against the Ottawa Victorias in a January 1908 challenge, and again scoring four in a game against the Winnipeg Maple Leafs in a March 1908 challenge. He ended the season by scoring the game-winning goal in a single game challenge by the Toronto Professionals just days after Montreal had defeated Winnipeg. He scored one goal as Montreal again defended the Stanley Cup against the Edmonton Eskimos in a challenge that preceded the 1908–08 ECAHA season, and added ten more during the campaign, but Montreal lost the league title to Ottawa, and with it control of the Stanley Cup.

In 1909–10, the Wanderers jumped to the newly formed National Hockey Association (NHA). Johnson scored seven goals during the season to help the Wanderers win the inaugural league championship, and consequently re-capture the Stanley Cup from Ottawa. The victory marked the fourth time Johnson and the Wanderers had won the trophy since 1905. Johnson completed his second NHA season in 1910–11, scoring six goals and recording 60 penalty minutes in 16 games.

Johnson grew up in the same neighbourhood of Pointe-Saint-Charles in Montreal as fellow Wanderers player Frank "Pud" Glass. The two were inseparable companions off the ice and also teamed well together on the ice. Johnson and Glass played together on the 1902–03 Montreal St. Lawrence team in the Montreal City Hockey League before rejoining in the 1906 season on the Montreal Wanderers. At the onset of the 1905–06 season Brooklyn Skating Club manager Tom Howard tried to acquire both Johnson and Glass to his club, but the AAHL rules committee ruled the Canadians ineligible to play with the American club on counts of professionalism.

New Westminster, Portland and Victoria
When Lester and Frank Patrick formed the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1911, they sought to lure the NHA's top stars out west. Johnson, by then considered one of the game's best players, was among the players who jumped at the higher salaries the Patricks were offering. Johnson was placed on the New Westminster Royals, and switched positions from left wing to cover-point (defence). He remained a star on offence, scoring nine goals in 14 games, and was named to the PCHA's first all-star team, as New Westminster won the inaugural PCHA championship. Prior to the 1912–13 season, and despite being branded an "outlaw" by the NHA, Johnson appeared ready to return to the Wanderers as he signed a new contract with the eastern team. However, he previously signed a contract with the Royals, and ultimately chose to remain with New Westminster.

Johnson was again named to the all-star team that season, then played a third year in New Westminster in 1913–14 though he missed a month of the season after suffering a deep laceration on his leg during a game. Following the season, he moved to Portland, Oregon when the Royals transferred south to become the Portland Rosebuds. He again made the all-star team in 1915, the first of five consecutive seasons in which he did so. Johnson again faced contract issues prior to the 1915–16 NHA season when he refused to sign Portland's offer, demanding better terms. He eventually signed with Portland, and was reported to have turned down lucrative offers to return to the NHA.

The Rosebuds won the PCHA championship that season, and in doing so became the first American team to compete for the Stanley Cup. For Johnson, it marked his first in a Stanley Cup Finals in six years, and was not without controversy. The Rosebuds faced the NHA's Montreal Canadiens, and the entire series was played in Montreal. As a consequence of his jumping to the PCHA in 1911, Montreal Wanderers owner Sam Lichtenhein had won a judgement against Johnson for $2,000 for breach of contract, but it was not enforceable unless he returned to the jurisdiction of Quebec's courts. When it became known that Lichtenhein would gain Johnson's salary for playing in the series, Johnson contemplated refusing to play. He decided to play in the series anyway, and scored one goal in the five-game series. The Canadiens won the best-of-five series 3–2.

Lester Patrick, managing the Spokane Canaries, thought he had an agreement to secure Johnson's playing rights for the 1916–17 season. Portland had come to verbal agreement with Patrick that they would do so if he would relinquish claims on four players Portland sought to sign. When it was determined that some of those players would not report to Portland, the Rosebuds refused to relinquish Johnson, leading Patrick to claim he had been "double crossed". Remaining with the Rosebuds, Johnson posted a career-high 21 points in 1916–17.

When the Rosebuds relocated to Victoria, British Columbia to become the Victoria Aristocrats, Johnson moved north with the team. His offence had declined since 1917, as he scored only five, six and five points in the following three seasons, and no goals in that third season of 1919–20. He improved to five goals and seven points in 1920–21, and was named a first-team all-star for the eighth time. However, when his play was met with jeers from the home fans in the 1921–22 season, Johnson felt it was time to retire.

Johnson returned to hockey in 1926 with the Los Angeles Palais-de-Glace when he played a couple of games in the Commercial Hockey League before spending the winter of 1926–27 with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Hockey Association. He again returned to the game in 1928–29 with the Portland Buckaroos of the Pacific Coast Hockey League, then played two seasons in the California Hockey League between 1929 and 1931 with the Hollywood Millionaires and then the San Francisco Tigers before retiring for good at the age of 45. Johnson was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1952.

Playing style
Johnson was one of the most dominant rushing defensemen of the late-1900s and 1910s. Drawing frequent comparisons to Cyclone Taylor – as Brad Park would to Bobby Orr sixty years later – Johnson was noted for his long, smooth skating stride which allowed him to cover a large amount of ice very quickly and contribute to the attack. He was a consistent scoring threat from the back end through his whole career; in his rookie and sophomore seasons with the Wanderers, he was among the top ten goal scorers in the league, and scored eleven goals over five challenge games during the successful 1908 post-season.

Johnson's offensive upside was such that his coaches would occasionally play him on the left wing, as against the Kenora Thistles in a 1907 challenge match. Si Griffis, playing for the Thistles at the time, claimed that it was Johnson's play which determined the Wanderers' victory. In six playoff games that year, Johnson scored five goals.

Although he sometimes drew complaints about his inconsistent checking through the first half-decade of his career, Johnson was able to effectively use his speed to break up plays and transition the puck. Nevertheless, Johnson was able to round out his defensive game by the midpoint of his career, and became infamous for his use of the poke check. Combined with his 5'11" height and 31-inch wingspan, Johnson's use of abnormally long sticks gave him a reach of anywhere from 81 to 99 inches. In this way, he was able to check nine feet of ice at any given time. One of the very few players who could do so at the time, Johnson was as capable skating backwards as he was going forwards. His favourite defensive tactic was to face an oncoming puck carrier head on, skating backwards whilst continuously jabbing and poking at the puck.

Johnson's poke check could also be used to force turnovers and generate offensive rushes. Combining good breakaway speed with positional awareness, Johnson would charge an oncoming attacker, use his poke check to strip the player of the puck, bank it off the sideboards and race after it. While on the attack himself, he would often deliberately make as if he were dumping the puck in. Instead, when thirty feet from the opposing net, he would deliberately fire the puck along the boards so that it rimmed around behind the opponent's goalie; however, rather than chase after it, he would subsequently cut across the slot and pick up the puck as it came out the other side.

Johnson was the first hockey player to earn the nickname "Moose", and became infamous for his rough style of play – though he was rarely known to be dirty, as contemporaries Sprague Cleghorn and Billy Coutu were. He was the frequent source of injuries on whichever team he played for – while playing for the Portland Rosebuds in 1915, he had his jaw broken, two ribs fractured, two stitches each in his right leg and left ankle, a flattened shin bone and a badly bruised thigh. The prior season with New Westminster, he received seventeen stitches in one shin after it was laid open to the bone by an opposing player's skate, and had his eye loosened in its socket from an especially violent body check. Nevertheless, in tribute to his toughness, Johnson missed only one game in those two seasons.

During the 1917–18 season, Johnson's final one in Portland, he collided with Vancouver Millionaires defenseman Si Griffis when the two teams met in Vancouver on January 14 and suffered torn ligaments to his shoulder. Despite the serious injury Johnson continued playing the game, and he also played the following game between the two teams in Portland two days later on January 16 before finally collapsing.

Johnson missed three weeks and seven games resting his wrenched shoulder but was back again on February 8 against the Vancouver Millionaires, Portland winning the home contest 8 goals to 4 and Johnson playing with his shoulder strapped in a leather case.

To his supporters, Johnson's proneness to injury was a result of his physical style of play and the retaliation that came with it, and he was often touted as a relatively clean player. Notwithstanding, his detractors pointed to a few notable incidents as evidence of his being overbearing, such as when he was involved in a brawl with Frank Patrick of the Vancouver Millionaires while drunk on the ice after a losing effort:

"...The climax was reached when Johnson and Patrick came together in the second period, a scrap being started immediately. Previous to this Johnson had checked Patrick across the face...the men came together and it took practically all members of both teams and the referee to pry them apart...The big fellow had made himself disagreeable throughout the game, hacking, checking and doing everything possible to hurt the Vancouver [players]. Not satisfied with this, he had to trip the referee...Johnson then picked his quarrel with Frank Patrick and they came to blows. They rolled over the ice locked in each other's arms and it took quite a bunch of husky fellows to pry them apart."

Johnson accumulated eight seasons where his penalty totals were triple or quadruple the number of games played.

Johnson's gritty play, however, complemented his offensive prowess exceptionally well. He was named to the ECAHA Second All-Star team in 1908, and the PCHA First All-Star Team in 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1921.

In 1937, Arthur Mann wrote in The Washington Evening Star, "Nobody ever knew how Moose Johnson got so tough, but tough he was. He had taken up hockey after losing three fingers on his right hand in a railroad accident — he had been a train brakeman. At the age of forty-four, Moose went back to railroading. The ice game had been a pleasantly rough interlude through life."

Off the ice
Johnson was born in the neighbourhood of Pointe-Saint-Charles in Montreal, Quebec on February 26, 1886. As a 14-year-old in 1900, he suffered an accident in which he survived a 2,300 volt electrical shock, but the incident resulted in the loss of two fingers on his right hand. Upon moving to the pacific coast, Johnson took on a job working for the Union Pacific Railroad, working with the railway during the summers in between hockey seasons. He settled in Portland when his career ended and worked full-time as a brakeman for Union Pacific until he retired to White Rock, British Columbia in 1954. He suffered a stroke in 1961, and died two years later at the age of 77.

title: Moose Johnson


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Erigeron bonariensis

Erigeron bonariensis is a species in the family Asteraceae, found throughout the tropics and subtropics as a pioneer plant; its precise origin is unknown, but most likely it stems from Central America or South America. It has become naturalized in many other regions, including North America, Europe and Australia.

Common names of E. bonariensis include flax-leaf fleabane, wavy-leaf fleabane, Argentine fleabane, hairy horseweed, asthma weed and hairy fleabane.

Description
Erigeron bonariensis grows up to 75 cm in height and its leaves are covered with stiff hairs, including long hairs near the apex of the bracts. Its flower heads have white ray florets and yellow disc florets. It can easily be confused with Erigeron canadensis, which grows taller, and E. sumatrensis.

It flowers in August and continues fruiting until the first frosts. It is instantly recognisable by its blue-green foliage, very narrow, undulate stem-leaves, and purple-tipped involucral bracts. It reproduces only by seed, which are easily blown and spread by wind.

Distribution and habitat
Erigeron bonariensis is found throughout the tropics and subtropics as a pioneer plant; its precise origin is unknown, but most likely it stems from Central America or South America. It has become naturalized in many other regions, including North America, Europe and Australia.

E. bonariensis is a rare alien in southeastern England, found along walls and in cracks in pavements and concrete driveways. It is widespread throughout Australia, where it thrives on roadsides, fallows, pastures, gardens, lawns, footpaths, parks, riparian vegetation, forest and wetland perimeters, waste dumps and disturbed grounds.

Dry Summer Form

 * The following are bright dry summer 1st-year forms; in contrast to shady damp winter forms that follow.

Winter, Damp, Shady, Biennial Forms

 * Showing diffusely branched or strangled appearances with small flower heads

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erigeron bonariensis


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User talk:Hinklethedink

Please sign your posts with 4 tildes or ~ and also do not remove commments from talk pages. Thank you. Job E  6   15:58, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not remove comments like here, , and , and also do not remove information without discussing it. Signing your posts instead of just typing "Hinklethedink" sign posts with 4 tildes or ~ . It automatically brings your name and the timestamp up.  Job  E  6  [[Image:Peru flag large.png|20px]] 18:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nonsense on talk pages does not need to generally be removed unless its like blanking pages or editing peoples comments so that they appear completely different. Happy editing. Job  E  6  [[Image:Peru flag large.png|20px]] 18:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

My Chemical Romance
Please discuss your changes at Talk:My Chemical Romance for a reason why you keep removing Life on the Murder Scene on the article. -- Mike Garcia | talk 22:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop remvoing Life on the Murder Scene and the sentence about it on the My Chemical Romance article. If you continue this one more time, I will report you. Please just stop it! -- Mike Garcia | talk 20:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hinklethedink


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Driving Lessons

Driving Lessons is a 2006 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Jeremy Brock. The plot focuses on the relationship between a shy teenaged boy and an ageing eccentric actress.

Plot
Seventeen-year-old Ben Marshall is the sensitive son of complacent Robert, a vicar obsessed with ornithology, and domineering Laura, who performs numerous charitable acts while ignoring her family's emotional needs, such as forcing Ben to deliver meals on wheels despite his having no car. Despite her strong religious beliefs, she is having in an affair with Peter, a young curate portraying Jesus Christ in the church pageant she is directing.

Laura refuses to allow Ben to have a mobile phone or hang around people his own age, and uses his driving lessons to be ferried around for her affair with Peter. Miserable, Ben writes poems for Sarah, a girl he knows from church. He reads her his most recent "Sarah Poem", but she rejects him.

At his mother's urging, Ben seeks summer employment to pay for the upkeep of Mr. Fincham, a mental patient Laura has adopted. Ben responds to an ad placed by Dame Evie Walton, an alcoholic, classically trained actress; reduced to a role on a daytime soap opera when her career began to fade, she has not worked since. In search of a companion to assist her in the house and drive her to various appointments, Evie immediately takes to Ben and offers him the position.

When Laura refuses to allow Ben to take a camping trip with Evie, she suggests they take a drive in the country instead, then "swallows" the car key when they find an idyllic spot for a campsite. In the morning, she announces Ben must drive her to the Edinburgh International Book Festival, where she has been invited to read poetry. Their road trip provides an epiphany for Ben, who has his first sexual experience with Bryony, one of the young women organizing the event. He learns the importance of accepting responsibility and honouring commitments, and finds the inner strength to stand up for himself.

Returning home, Ben is interrogated by Laura, who believes Evie has "corrupted" him. Evie comes to visit, but is rebuffed by Laura. Ben discovers this, and in a fit of rebellion walks offstage during the pageant, riding his bike to Evie's house where the two friends reconcile.

Evie arrives at the Pageant and, "portraying" the part of God, whips the crowd into a religious frenzy, allowing Ben to join her in the car park. Laura chases the pair and tries to weaponise the Bible once more, but Ben finally tells her to go away. Laura is run over by Mr. Fincham, whose mental state has steadily declined. When Ben visits her at hospital, she tells him her near-death experience has made her a prophet, and that God says she must divorce Robert and run off with Peter, whom the Bishop has fired; Peter takes Laura to Cornwall to convalesce. Ben storms off, and runs into Sarah, who prattles in a condescending tone that the affair was God's will. Finally speaking his mind, Ben tells Sarah to "fuck off". On Evie's advice, Ben buys a tent and moves into the backyard. Robert tries to speaks to him, but Ben shouts that Robert, not Laura, should have asked for divorce. His father reveals that he did, explaining that he loved his wife and had tried to be faithful even when she was not. Finally free from Laura's brand of Christian fanaticism, Ben and his father reconnect.

Ben visits Evie to tell her he is moving to Edinburgh to attend university and study English. Evie is pleased, though saddened Ben will no longer be working for her. He reads her a last poem expressing his gratitude for her friendship, for which Evie compliments him. Ben promises to visit her whenever he is home from college.

The film closes as Ben, finally free, walks through the park on his way home to start packing for Edinburgh.

Cast

 * Julie Walters as Evie Walton
 * Rupert Grint as Ben Marshall
 * Laura Linney as Laura Marshall
 * Nicholas Farrell as Robert Marshall
 * Michelle Duncan as Bryony
 * Tamsin Egerton as Sarah
 * Oliver Milburn as Peter
 * Jim Norton as Mr. Fincham

This is the fourth time that Julie Walters and Rupert Grint have worked together on a film; the first three times were in the Harry Potter film franchise where Grint played Ron Weasley and Walters his mother Molly.

Production
In Driving Lessons: Behind the Scenes, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, screenwriter/director Jeremy Brock reveals he was still making changes to his script during the rehearsal period, some five years after he completed his first draft. Although the film is not intended to be autobiographical, he was inspired to write it by his teen experience working one summer for Peggy Ashcroft.

It took six weeks to film the movie in the summer of 2005 and according to director Jeremy Brock the budget of the film was so small that it would not be enough for the catering in Harry Potter.

The film was shot on location in the Tottenham, Hampstead and Parliament Hill areas of London, at locations including the Parliament Hill Lido and the nearby Holly Lodge Estate. Other locations included Edinburgh and Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire.

The soundtrack includes songs performed by Salsa Celtica, Sufjan Stevens, Nick Drake, Richard Thompson, Ben Folds, and Ginny Clee.

The distributors were Tartan Films for the UK, Sony Pictures Classics for USA, Gateno Films in Peru, Cathay-Keris Films in Singapore, and Sunfilm Entertainment in Germany.

The film premiered at the Dublin Film Festival and was shown at the Tribeca Film Festival, the Cannes Film Market, the Moscow Film Festival, and the Edinburgh Film Festival before going into limited release in the UK on 6 September 2006.

The other film festivals that the film premiered in were Festival of Rio, Dinard Festival of British Cinema, Rome Film Fest, Austin Film Festival, Festival Internacional de Cinema de Brasília, Gijón International Film Festival, 18th International Film Festival Emden-Norderney, Jerusalem Film Festival, Galway Film Festival, Seaward 15th Chichester Film Festival, and Film by the Sea Film Festival.

The film debut on 8 September 2006 in the United States in cities Los Angeles and New York. It later moved on to other big cities in the United States throughout the rest of the year. The film also premiered in Italy and Thailand in December 2006. In 2007 the film was released in other countries such as Canada, Portugal, Brazil, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, and Singapore.

The film was released on 3 July 2007 on DVD in the United States.

Box office
The film earned $239,962 in the US and $990,633 in other markets for a total worldwide box office of $1,230,595.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 48% rating based on 75 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2. The critical consensus states that "Though it has charm, Driving Lessons is a middling offering in the genre where the youngster coming of age meets a quirky senior who teaches valuable lessons about life." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of a 100, based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Jason Clark of Slant Magazine gave the film a half star out of 4 while IGN gave it 4 out of 5 stars, suggesting an 8 out of 10 score.

Stephen Holden of The New York Times said the film "belongs to that hardy niche of British comedies designed as star vehicles for distinguished actresses (preferably Dames) of a certain age whose assignment is to win awards by devouring the scenery." He added, "The screwball ageing diva genre isn't the only formula guiding this stubbornly old-fashioned movie. Driving Lessons belongs to the silly feel-good mode of The Full Monty, Calendar Girls, Billy Elliot, Kinky Boots and dozens of other celebrations of Britons defying convention to become 'free,' whatever that means. Since any connections between Driving Lessons and the real world are tangential at best, it's a faux liberation: the easiest kind."

Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle observed, "With the aid of a charmingly offbeat story and a jolly good dialect coach, the stars leave you thinking, well done. Their spirited performances help cover up glaring holes in the plot. Whenever Driving Lessons threatens to get off course, Walters . . . steers it in her direction. She doesn't so much steal the movie as borrow it for extended periods and return it with the motor purring."

Gene Seymour of Newsday said, "Everybody in Driving Lessons is working very hard to show how affecting and touching their movie can be. The collective effort invested in this ragged mongrel of a coming-of-age story may con even the most jaded moviegoer into thinking there's something profound being put forth. Forewarned, you may find it sweet enough to fill an empty afternoon . . . Driving Lessons follows the well-worn path laid down by other, better movies while making strained, ludicrous things happen toward the end."

Ronnie Scheib of Variety said, "The forceful [performances] of the two main divas manage to more or less blast away the moral bulwarks of this otherwise conventional coming-of-age story. The fanatic gleam in Linney's eyes as she oh-so-sweetly lays down the law is matched only by the spectacle of her shuddering attempts to control her fury when thwarted. Walters chews up scenery in grand manner, nicely teetering between drunken helplessness and zesty hedonism. Grint, maintaining puppy-dog altruism, holds his own in the matriarchal maelstrom, redheadedly adorable to the end."

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated the film three out of five stars and commented, "The movie looks like a lot of other things: Driving Miss Daisy, Harold and Maude, Billy Elliot, Acorn Antiques. It doesn't quite develop its own identity. And it's somehow inevitable that Dame Evie's hilarious swearing and opinionating fade away as sentimentality takes over. But it's a great turn from Julie Walters, and a likable film."

Accolades
At the 28th Moscow International Film Festival, Julie Walters won the Silver St. George for Best Actress and Jeremy Brock was awarded the Special Jury Prize. Walters was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

title: Driving Lessons


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Pedro Astacio

Pedro Julio Astacio (born November 28, 1968) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He has played for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1992–1997), Colorado Rockies (1997–2001), Houston Astros (2001), New York Mets (2002–2003), Boston Red Sox (2004), Texas Rangers (2005), the San Diego Padres (2005) and the Washington Nationals (2006). In 2007, Astacio signed a contract with the Nationals' Triple-A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers, but they released him in May.

Biography
Astacio made national news when he tossed a shutout and fanned 10 in his major-league debut. Through 2021, he was the last pitcher to do this on his debut, and the first since Luis Tiant in 1964.

He proceeded to record four shutouts in just 11 starts as a midseason call-up for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1992. Since 1992, no pitcher has had four shutouts in his rookie season.

Astacio held the record for the most career strikeouts by a member of the Colorado Rockies for nearly 10 years, recording 749 strikeouts between 1997 and 2001. The record was broken by Ubaldo Jimenez in 2011. As of the 2021 season, he stands fifth on the Rockies' career list behind Jorge de la Rosa, Jon Gray, German Marquez and Ubaldo Jimenez.

He was also a member of the 2004 Boston Red Sox team that won the team's first World Series since 1918, although he did not play in the 2004 postseason.

title: Pedro Astacio


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The Life and Times of Juniper Lee

The Life and Times of Juniper Lee is an American animated television series created by former MTV reality star Judd Winick for Cartoon Network and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It premiered on May 30, 2005, on Cartoon Network and ended its run on April 9, 2007.

On April 11, 2017, it was added to Boomerang's streaming app in the United States, making it one of its few series that never aired on the Boomerang channel in the US.

Premise
The series centers on the life of a preteen girl named Juniper Lee, who lives in Orchid Bay City. Based on Winick's adopted hometown of San Francisco, California, the city is a hub for magical activity and is filled with various monsters and demons, both good and evil. The magic and human worlds have been separated by an invisible mystical shield, known as "the Veil", which prevents ordinary humans from seeing any magic-related events or the creatures related to them. Juniper has recently been made the new Te Xuan Ze, the protector of the balance between the human and magical worlds.

To accomplish Juniper's task, she has been magically enhanced, making her far stronger and faster than ordinary humans; her abilities include superhuman strength, speed, agility and reflexes. She can also use several different types of spells to assist her. Maintaining the balance often interferes with her personal life, including her schoolwork and her social life, but she always manages to keep everything flowing.

Inspiration
Winick has stated that Juniper Lee was inspired by both The Simpsons and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. However, Juniper does follow in the footsteps of Buffy, as stated in the quote below:

Main

 * Juniper "June" Kim Lee (voiced by Lara Jill Miller) is the protagonist of the series. Juniper is a feisty 11-year-old Chinese-American human girl who lives in Orchid Bay City and is the current Te Xuan Ze. Juniper is relatively uneducated in the world of magic, mostly relying on brute force, a real talent for insults and the advice of her paternal grandmother, Ah-Mah and her enchanted dog, Monroe to defeat her foes. She has long black hair and after she inherits the powers of the Te Xuan Ze, a lock of hair on the left side changes to white from root to end (Juniper's grandmother, Jasmine, the former Te Xuan Ze has the same stripe in her hair) and Juniper later dyes this reddish-pink. The juniper flower symbolizes protection, referring to Juniper's role as the Te Xuan Ze, protecting others. She wishes to go to astronaut camp, but cannot because she can't leave Orchid Bay City while she is the Te Xuan Ze until another member of her family is chosen. She is also hoping for a breathtaking romance with her close friend Marcus Conner.
 * Jasmine Lee (voiced by Amy Hill) - Jasmine Lee or "Ah-Mah" as Juniper calls her, is Juniper's paternal grandmother, and the previous Te Xuan Ze. Many in the magical world consider her to be the greatest Te Xuan Ze ever. Calm and deliberate in most respects but crude and tough when she needs to be, the 69-year-old gives June advice on dealing with the magical community and their expectations of her, and assists her when she is in serious trouble. As of the "Monster Con" episode, Ah-Mah was shown to still possess a significant amount of magically-enhanced speed and strength, though her stamina and durability are severely diminished (in comparison to her granddaughter who has superhuman strength) to the point of being unable to stand unassisted after two to three minutes of combat (this is because of her old age). This supports her assertion in the first episode - that it was no longer her place to act as Te Xuan Ze - and is pragmatic, in the sense that it prevents June from shirking her responsibilities. In "Little Big Mah", she claims that she knows about 26 different styles of hand-to-hand combat and that she hasn't been to China for 40 years (as Roxanne: "I haven't been to China in 40 years! Uh, I mean weeks. For weeks"). Younger Jasmine is depicted with a purple streak in her hair, instead of the usual magenta Te Xuan Ze streak.
 * Ray Ray Lee (voiced by Kath Soucie) is Juniper's hyperactive, dimwitted 8-year-old little brother. Like Juniper, Ray Ray can see through the magic barrier, though this is not a naturally occurring ability. In the episodes after "Star Quality", he is occasionally seen watching monster TV. When Juniper first gained her powers, a group of demons attempted to drain her powers. Ray Ray unwittingly intervened, causing some of her powers to transfer to him, as seen in "Adventures in Babysitting". Whether or not he'll gain other powers similar to hers remains to be seen, as Ah-Mah has implied that he may over time. He is hyperactive and careless, and often gets himself into trouble when dealing with the magic world. Ray Ray is often over-eager in regards to the magic world, finding every single event involving it, no matter how bad or ominous, to be "cooool". A recurring joke about him is that asks if he has ever run out of energy, where someone would say, "but there's always a first time". He also has a sibling rivalry relationship with Juniper, although it is often seen that he cares for her deeply. Since episode "Feets too big", he has a crush on Lila, the Sasquatch. In the episodes after "O Brother, What Art Thou?", Ray Ray is a homunculus, his mind having been transferred to an artificial body after accidentally mutating his original body into a massive dinosaur by ingesting the growth potion that was supposed to make a giant grow back to his proper size. In "Meet the Parent", Monroe states that Ray Ray has a bladder control problem, though this has never been confirmed, save in "The World According to LARP" when Juniper said that he wet his pants on the jungle gym once, and again in "Dream Date" where he has trouble making it to the bathroom after drinking punch. Since he is very young still, it is probable he will outgrow these tendencies. In "Te Xuan Me", where after Juniper was erased from knowledge he took up being the Te Xuan Ze and being particularly skilled at his position, even earning Monroe's praise. But after everything was set back to normal, Ray Ray started to study in magic spells as a way to help his sister in future battles.
 * Monroe Connery Boyd Carlyle McGregor Scott V (Monroe for short, voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is an enchanted pug of Scottish origin. He is quite educated in the world of magic, having been alive for several centuries and assisting each Te Xuan Ze for nearly that entire time. Despite his knowledge, Juniper makes him her pet dog, due to his lack of grasping hands or opposable thumbs (according to Ray Ray, he uses this as an excuse for everything). Monroe has been magically enhanced, allowing him to be understood by those who can see through the magic barrier. Anyone else listening to him will only hear barking. He is also lactose intolerant.
 * Dennis Lee (voiced by Alexander Polinsky) is Juniper's grumpy, cynical 15-year-old elder brother who does not take June or Ray Ray seriously and usually calls them names. He loves manga and video games, and does not like anyone touching his stuff. In "Not in my Backyard", it is revealed that Dennis never gives June a turn on his video games (he says if monkeys fly out of his butt, she will have a turn, which will never happen). Also, when he saw that Ray Ray got one of his comics books, he didn't like it at all. In "The World According to L.A.R.P.", he had been known to take stuff out of June's room, which annoys her. In "Sealed With a Fist", Dennis learns that his sister is the current Te Xuan Ze and has grown to trust June after they work together with Boomfist and the heroic team of H.A.T.E. (Heroes Against Terrible Evildoers) to defeat the villainous team of L.O.V.E. (League of Villainous Evildoers). After that, he starts helping Juniper and Ray Ray on occasion.
 * Jody Irwin (voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey) is Juniper's best friend and usually the happiest of the group. She tries her best to cheer the group, even in the most ridiculous of ways. June tries her best not to disappoint Jody, but, being Te Xuan Ze, she ends up doing so, but Jody forgives her.
 * Ophelia Ramírez (voiced by Candi Milo) is one of Juniper's friends. She is a gothic, grumpy, cynical emo girl with pinkish-purple colored hair and Latino descendancy. She doesn't like a lot of stuff (including girly things) and especially hates Roger (in fact, at some nights, Ophelia has nightmares about her dating Roger). When she is in charge, she wants everything done perfectly and usually has Roger doing something ridiculous.
 * Roger Radcliffe (voiced by Tara Strong) is one of Juniper's friends and the school's class clown, he has unpredictable tendencies and he constantly asks Ophelia to go on a date, which she refuses. He has been known to imitate really famous people or songs in the most crude and ridiculous of ways, as in "Enter Sandman", when he was doing arm farts to New World Symphony No. 9 and in "It's the Great Pumpkin, Juniper Lee" where he was dressed up as a combination of a werewolf, a robot and Abraham Lincoln. His family is eventually revealed to be wealthy, but he has never even come close to becoming spoiled, due to his cheerful personality.

Supporting

 * Marcus Conner (voiced by Phil LaMarr) - Along with being handsome and popular, Marcus Conner is one cool African-American boy. Juniper has a big crush on him, although she won't admit it. Despite being part of the in-crowd, Marcus is friends with everyone and often looks out for Juniper. He never gets caught up in his popularity and is always laid-back. As we see in "Enter Sandman", it was Juniper's dream to marry Marcus, after getting advice from Ah-Mah saying she had to fall asleep in order to go into the dream realm without being a visitor. His last name is first mentioned in "Meet the Parent".
 * Michael and Barbara Lee (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui and Candi Milo) - Michael Lee and his wife, Barbara are the parents of Juniper, Ray Ray and Dennis. Michael is Jasmine's only child and was supposed to wind up being the Te Xuan Ze after Ah-Mah, but the trait skipped him and ended up with Juniper instead. Michael works with Mr. Radcliffe, his occupation is unknown. His wife, Barbara is a kind and caring mother. But she will not tolerate academic problems. Like her husband, she can't see magic or enchanted beings. She loves her children and will discipline them occasionally. One example is in "Monster in My Backyard" when she said; ''Oh and if Ray Ray blows up another potato in the microwave, he is grounded until he is 30.
 * Ms. Jill Gomez (voiced by Candi Milo) is a Mexican-American teacher at Juniper's school. While it's never shown, Ray Ray mentions in the episode "The World According to L.A.R.P." that he once accidentally turned her into a rhinoceros, he still thinks she was happier that way.
 * William (voiced by Martin Jarvis) is Monroe's father, who previously served as the assistant to the Te Xuan Ze and constantly teases Monroe about his weight. Although being a dog, he has a short beard. He seems more proud of his Scottish ancestry than Monroe, as he is seen wearing a kilt and tam o'shanter.
 * Melissa O'Malley (voiced by Tara Strong) is Juniper's Irish-American school diva rival who is jealous of June because she has a boyfriend (Marcus) and she doesn't which is why she plans on breaking June and Marcus apart so that she can steal Marcus from June. She is accompanied by two unnamed girls who help her with her plans against June and her friends.
 * Cletus and Gus (voiced by Jeff Bennett and Dee Bradley Baker) are two recurring monsters, and friends of Juniper and Ray Ray.
 * Lila (voiced by Tara Strong) is a Sasquatch. She is significantly more intelligent than other Sasquatch. She likes movies. Ray Ray is also seen to have a crush on her (even when she was hairy). In "Make Me Up Before You Go-Go", Lila claims herself to be an herbivore, although she was shown to have fangs when she got angry at Jody's sister Rachel. She helped June find her and Roger's parents (whom were captured by a lost Sasquatch named Charlie Paulsen) as well as helping her defeat a Brown Back Mountain Troll and returning a mountain lion's cubs to their mother. Later on, Monroe uses an Exfoliax Charm to remove most of her excess hair so that she could pass for human. She enrolls at Juniper's school to learn more about humans. She has super strength and reflexes on a par with Juniper's, and knows a ton about surviving and grooming skills in the woods. As a cover-up to Juniper's friends, Lila claims that her parents were forest rangers. For some unknown reason, she is completely absent after "Make Me Up Before You Go-Go" only to return in the final episode. She may be based on Roxie, another Sasquatch disguised as a human from Judd Winick's comic book series Adventures of Barry Ween, Boy Genius; this along with many similar incidences between the two when trying to adapt to human life, most noticeably trying to carry a mountain of books in their bag.

Inspiration
Winick has stated that Juniper Lee was inspired by both The Simpsons and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. However, Juniper does follow in the footsteps of Buffy, as stated in the quote below:

Comics
Stories based on the series were featured in issues of Cartoon Network Action Pack.

title: The Life and Times of Juniper Lee


text:
Talk:Cold-stimulus headache

Unencyclopedic name
I'm very sorry that I did not see the discussion which led to this move to an odd and pedantic name for this article. I expect it to be called an "Ice-cream headache." My Gramps said that if I ate his home-made ice cream too fast I would get an ice cream headache, and he was right. I have never heard of a scientist going around and applying "cold stimuli" to victims' heads to produce "cold stimuli headaches." This is an embarrassment to the project. More people have suffered this pain from rapid eating of ice cream than from some application of other "cold stimuli." A "Cold pressor test" is an experiment of having someone put his hand into icewater, but it hurts the hand, not the head. This is a pseudo-scientific name. I agree that "brain freeze" is inappropriate since only cooling of the brain is required for the effect, without any actual freezing. An actual frozen brain would be fatal. Edison (talk) 02:52, 15 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the earlier discussion was clouded with arguments based solely on personal anecdotes of having heard or used brain freeze or ice-cream headache in casual conversation. I think ultimately the right choice was made; we base articles on published, reliable sources, not editors' personal beliefs or experiences. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 04:22, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

 * ...and, yet, from just a cursory glance at the titles of the first five sources cited, 4 of them have "ice cream headache" in their titles, and the fifth (the British medical journal)'s title uses "ice cream evoked headaches." I don't know if these sources have all been in the time since this discussion happened, or what all went down, but I must say i agree with Edison here.. the technical medical diagnostic term notwithstanding, articles should also be titled according to what they're most commonly known as..which appears tho be ice cream headache Firejuggler86 (talk) 23:38, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

Unknown cause
So the general consensus is that the cause it unknown.

Just some anecdotal evidence : I disagree with the theories that say it is caused by the cooling of the roof of the mouth. If I swallow an ice cube quickly, I still get brain freeze about a minute later but my mouth is not unusually cold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EwanKerr (talk • contribs) 12:38, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I speak with zero medical/anatomical/metabolic authority, but i think that your anectodal experience is not irreconcilable with the roof of the mouth hypothesis, because the entire process involves some deep-reaching nerves & blood vessel responses, etc...meseemeth all of that could easily take up to a minute to take effect, even after the cold source is gone from the contact site Firejuggler86 (talk) 03:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

"Sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia"
"Sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia" is not the medical/scientific term for this phenomenon. It is not even a medical or scientific term for anything. There is a reason that one gets no search results on PubMed for "sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia" (see here), and that is that it's not a medical term at all, but merely a medical-sounding term. "Ganglioneuralgia" is a pseudo-medical nonsense word (which also gives no search results on PubMed, see here). For some reason, editors keep adding this with no WP:MEDRS to back it up. This should stop. TompaDompa (talk) 19:10, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I see a bunch of hits on Google Scholar for the term. Not sure how reliable any of the sources are, but the Journal of Sports Sciences  and Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports are put out by large mainstream publishers. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:05, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Google Scholar is unfortunately not particularly good when it comes to WP:MEDRS. The fact that what you've found is two sports science journals for a neurological condition should set off some alarms. Basically, this term is the "ucipital mapilary" of its time, only with more traction from laypeople. The fact that it is apparently a fairly common misconception that this is a real medical/scientific term is perhaps worthy of mention in this article, but we would of course need to source that properly as well. For what it's worth, the earliest use I've been able to locate is from 1982. I suppose we could try to contact Stephen Fried and ask where he got it from, but I doubt he would remember. TompaDompa (talk) 22:57, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, it’s still commonly used in numerous sources (such as healthline). Furthermore, “sphenopalatine” can refer to certain blood vessels/nerves in the head, “ganglio” may refer to “lymph node”, and “neuralgia” can refer to nerve inflammation. In my opinion, a good medical term would be “sphenopalatine neuralgia”. Also, English is subjective. All words - even “ganglioneuralgia” - were made up, and if a word becomes common enough to warrant its own definition, it shouldn’t be excluded for being artificial. With that being said, I also agree that the word should at least be mentioned, whether it’s controversial past be contextualized or not. TheXug (talk) 02:47, 24 April 2022 (UTC)
 * As always, we're limited to what we can properly source. What we want to say is that it is commonly but incorrectly claimed that this is the medical/scientific term for the phenomenon. That's true, but we don't have the sources we would need to make such a statement. So we're stuck not mentioning it, because we would be misleading our readers if we mentioned the term without explaining that it is in fact not the medical/scientific term. TompaDompa (talk) 12:37, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Synthetic cooling agents also cause the reflex
Synthetic agents such as WS-3 and WS-23 commonly used in e-liquids for vaping cause the sensation of brain freeze. I can't find relevant research on the matter, but the effect is anecdotally widely known among vapers who use liquids or disposables containing such agents. 2A00:C281:1113:B601:2078:605F:4F92:8DB8 (talk) 20:31, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Very few papers allude to this, such as this one about peppermint oil. It seems this subject is not well understood or researched. 84.110.114.45 (talk) 08:40, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

The Term Brain Freeze was used before 1991
Episode of Roseanne from February 1990 where she says "Oh, ice cream headache - brain freeze, huh?" https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0688813/characters/nm0001683 So I dont know where the 1991 date came from 2601:3C5:8200:97E0:89DF:30EE:E270:7118 (talk) 02:39, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * You may be right, but an IMDB sitcom transcript isn't the sort of evidence you want to rely on when you're on Wikipedia... Sergecross73   msg me  13:16, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * thanks, you can watch the actual episode if you dont believe me . She 100% does say it. 1991 should be removed since it is false information of the year of origin on wikipedia. It existed prior to 1991. 2601:3C5:8200:97E0:280D:94E8:6E13:74C2 (talk) 23:11, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cold-stimulus headache


text:
Duke Keats

Gordon Blanchard "Duke, Iron Duke" Keats (March 1, 1895 – January 16, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association (NHA), Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) and the Boston Bruins, Detroit Cougars and Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1915 and 1929. He was most famous for his time in the WCHL where he was named a First-Team All-Star by the league in each of its five seasons of existence. He won the league championship and appeared in the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals with the Eskimos.

Duke Keats was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

Playing career
Keats was born in Montreal, Quebec, and at a young age moved with his family to North Bay, Ontario, where he was given his nickname of "Duke" at the age of six. He joined the Cobalt Mining League at the age of 14, and three years later was being paid $75 a week to star in the league. He joined the NHA's Toronto Blueshirts in 1915 and finished fifth in league scoring that year. After playing part of a second season with Toronto in 1916–17, he enlisted in June 1916 in the Canadian military as a member of the 228th Battalion as part of the First World War. The 228th had played in the NHA during 1916–17, but as Keats was still a member of the Blueshirts his superiors saw that he was unavailable for any games. He left for the United Kingdom on February 19, 1917. Overseas the 228th was reconstituted into the 6th Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops. On January 10, 1918, Keats was sentenced to 14 days' field punishment for drunkenness, but otherwise had no noteworthy events during his time in the war, and by March 1919 he was back in Canada.

Keats settled in Edmonton, Alberta after the war and joined the Edmonton Eskimos of the Big-4 League in 1919, leading the league in scoring in both 1919–20 and 1920–21. Officially an amateur league, there were rumours that Keats and several other players were secretly being paid a professional salary to play in the Big-4. The team officially turned professional when it helped form the WCHL in 1921 with Keats as the league's greatest star. He played for the Eskimos in all five seasons of the league's existence and was named a First-Team All-Star at centre in each. One of the most gifted offensive players of his time, legend has it that he once collected a puck in his own zone and scored a goal after skating the length of the ice surface backwards.

Keats led the Eskimos in scoring in 1921–22, recording 31 goals and 24 assists in 25 games, to lead the Eskimos to the top record in the league and the WCHL final where they lost to the Regina Capitals. The Eskimos again finished with the league's top record in 1922–23, and again faced the Regina Capitals in the final. The Eskimos avenged the previous season as Keats scored the championship winning goal in overtime of the second game. Keats and the Eskimos went on to lose the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals to the Ottawa Senators.

Facing financial ruin, the Eskimos sold the rights to Keats and six other players to the Boston Bruins for $50,000 in 1926. He played half of the 1926–27 NHL season in Boston before he was traded to the Detroit Cougars, along with Archie Briden, in exchange for Frank Fredrickson and Harry Meeking. Keats began the following season in Detroit but was suspended early in the season after swinging his stick at a spectator in Chicago who was heckling him. He missed three weeks of play as a result. The day after his reinstatement, the Cougars sent him to the Chicago Black Hawks for Gord Fraser and $5,000 cash.

After three games with Chicago in 1928–29, he left the team and helped organize the Tulsa Oilers of the American Hockey Association (AHA), and was the league's top scorer that season. He played parts of two more seasons in Tulsa before taking a season off in 1931–32. Keats returned to Edmonton in 1932 as a player, coach and owner of a reformed Eskimos team. He played two seasons before retiring as a player. Keats went on to coach several teams in the Canadian prairies and briefly worked for the Black Hawks before settling in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1947, where he worked for the government and served as president of the Victoria Commercial Hockey League. He died on January 16, 1972, and is buried in Royal Oak Burial Park in Victoria.

Keats was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958, and into the Edmonton Sports Hall of Fame in 1964.

Playing style

Duke Keats, whilst first making his way into the hockey circuit in the Cobalt Mines Hockey League in Northeastern Ontario in the early to mid 1910s, started out his playing career as a defenceman, but he would later switch to forward where he would find himself on the centre ice position.

Montreal Canadiens head coach and former player Dick Irvin, in a 1952 Dink Carroll column in the Montreal Gazette, claimed that Keats was the best playmaker he had ever seen, besting out Boston Bruins centre forward Bill Cowley. Irvin, who had played against Keats in the WCHL in the early 1920s, claimed that Keats was slow on his skates but that he was so strong at holding onto the puck, and such a great stickhandler, that he could wait out until his wingers were in the right position to receive his passes, and then put it right on one of their stick blades.

Outside of his puck-handling skills Keats was also known to have a temper on the ice, which sometimes left him in trouble with league authorities. In a game between Detroit Cougars and Chicago Black Hawks in November 1927, Keats swung his stick against a heckling spectator and almost struck famous ballroom dancer Irene Castle, then wife of Chicago Black Hawks owner Major Frederic McLaughlin. He was suspended following the incident and missed three weeks of play as a result. When Keats was reinstated Frederic McLaughlin traded for him to have him on his Black Hawks team.

title: Duke Keats


text:
Chubut River

The Chubut River (Río Chubut, Afon Camwy) is located in the Patagonia region of southern Argentina. Its name comes from the Tehuelche word chupat, which means "transparent". The Argentine Chubut Province, through which the river flows, is named after it. Welsh settlers called the river "Afon Camwy", meaning "twisting river".

The river is generally shallow and its water flow can vary from 4 to 400 m3/s between drought and flood. Average discharge is about 60 m3/s.

Flooding made the lands beside the river fertile and important for agriculture. The river has great importance for the agricultural and general economy of the province. There were several attempts to create dams near the two townships of Rawson and Gaiman. The Chubut River has a very rare characteristic being higher than the land around it which is mostly arid. Wheat farming was the chief crop and mainstay of the agricultural and commercial resources of Patagonia. At this time the settlers were struggling with finance as they were using sterling, which was in very short supply.

Wheat and barley became a more readily available material to trade with. The control of water for irrigation became even more important to newly arriving settlers who were allocated parcels of land or "chacras" issued by the Argentine government in the lower part of the valley. In 1882, following a very bad harvest in 1881, a scheme of irrigation ditches from a new canal would ensure consistent watering of crops and deal with the vagaries of the flow of the Chubut. This was key to the survival of the whole Chubut valley.

The construction of the canal and irrigation system was overseen by a young Welshman, E. J. Williams. His meticulous planning created a detailed system of ditches and channels according to an agreed size and fee structure with the settlers. These landowners dug the channels themselves with simple tools.

The river is also a popular trout fishing destination.

Course
The river flows eastwards for approximately 800 km, from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean, emptying at Engaño Bay near Rawson. The main arm of the Chubut originates in Carreras, Río Negro Province, and its basin covers a large area of the western Andean foothills between Bariloche and Esquel. It is also fed by the Chico River. The many branches join some distance before the small town of Piedra Parada, where the terrain becomes the flat plain characteristic of Argentinian Patagonia. It flows east and passes by the town of Paso del Sapo, where it turns southeast through relatively unpopulated central Chubut. It meets Highway 25 and turns east once again.

Hydroelectric power
A 255 m long concrete dam blocks the river some 120 km west of Trelew. This dam, named after paleontologist Florentino Ameghino, was designed in 1943 by engineer Antonio Domingo Pronsato; work started on 19 April 1963. The artificial lake covers 70 km2. The plant, which uses a 56 m high waterfall with a flow of 150 m3/s and three turbines, provides energy to Pico Truncado, Caleta Olivia, Comodoro Rivadavia, and the lower Chubut Valley.

History
In the 19th century, Welsh settlers arrived in Chubut and established the colony Y Wladfa (Spanish:Colonia Gales) in the valley of the Chubut river. Today, the Welsh language and Welsh tea houses are common in several towns, many of which have Welsh names. Dolavon and Trelew are examples of Welsh towns.

There are historical records of floods in the valley each year in the 1865–1884 period except 1866 and 1873, and then in 1899, 1901, 1902, 1904, 1923, 1932, 1939, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1958. Flooding in the 1884–1901 period devastated most of all the town of Gaiman but also Rawson. As consequence Trelew that lied in a more protected position grew in importance.

Flooding was averted in 1893 by the construction of flood defenses. The Florentino Ameghino Dam has since its inauguration in 1963 regulated the flow of the river in the lower Chubut valley. The floods of 1899 and 1901 had a particularly strong impact on the nascent urban settlements. After the dam construction there were floods, many of them caused directly by local rains, in 1964, 1968, 1976, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2017.

title: Chubut River


text:
Santa Brígida, Las Palmas

Santa Brígida is a municipality in the northeastern part of the island of Gran Canaria in the Province of Las Palmas of the Canary Islands. Its population is 18,791 (2013), and the area is 23.81 km2. It borders Las Palmas to the west and is part of its urban area.

Sites of interest

 * Bandama Caldera (The Caldera de Bandama Natural Monument), part of the Tafira Protected Landscape. This volcanic caldera reaches 569 m above sea level at the highest point on its rim, Pico de Bandama, and is about 1000 m wide and 200 m deep. The steep walk to the bottom of the caldera takes about half an hour. Volcanic ash of different hues is in great abundance, and there are some interesting botanic species of Canary Islands origin.
 * Archaeological sites in Santa Brígida. In the valley of La Angostura and Las Meleguinas one can find numerous traces of Aboriginal Canarians that have prompted the declaration of the area as a Cultural, as groups of caves carved into rock, silos or sidewalks. In the archaeological site of El Tope, discovered on 16 July 1988, where you can see remnants that suggest the existence of an aboriginal burial mound, as well as ceramics, pottery and curious pintaderas. It has been discovered Libyan-Berber inscriptions and some vessels (which are now in the Museo Canario).  Also in the same area in the wall of the volcano is the Cueva de Los Frailes, a set of 37 caves discovered in 1933.

Panorama
Santa Brígida Santa Brígida Santa Brígida

title: Santa Brígida, Las Palmas


text:
User talk:Gemberling

Talk away.

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia.

title: User talk:Gemberling


text:
Joel Gretsch

Joel Gretsch is an American actor. His credits include The 4400 (2004-2007), Taken (2002), V (2009-2011), Friends (1995), Saved by the Bell: The New Class (1994), JAG (1999), Silk Stalkings, CSI: Miami, CSI: NY, Burn Notice, NCIS, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Journeyman, The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), Minority Report (2002), The Emperor's Club (2002), National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007), The Vampire Diaries (2016-2017), and All Rise (2020).

Early life
Gretsch was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, and grew up in Albany, Minnesota, the son of Russ and Barb. He has a sister, Jane, and a brother, Steve. Gretsch was raised Roman Catholic.

Career
Gretsch studied acting at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis before moving to Los Angeles in 1989. His stage work includes roles in Molière's Tartuffe and John Patrick Shanley's Danny and the Deep Blue Sea.

He started his television work in the early 1990s, appearing in episodes of Married... with Children, Melrose Place, Friends and Saved by the Bell: The New Class. Since then he has appeared in episodes of JAG, Silk Stalkings, CSI: Miami, CSI: NY, Burn Notice, and NCIS. In 2006, he played a wealthy advertising executive and husband of a supermodel on an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent. In 2007, had two guest appearances playing the father of protagonist Dan Vasser on NBC's Journeyman.

Gretsch has also had supporting roles in a number of films including playing Bobby Jones in The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), Minority Report (2002), The Emperor's Club (2002) and National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007).

In 2008, Gretsch had a recurring role as Pete Raynor, Lindsay Boxer's love interest, on the television series Women's Murder Club.

Some of his notable roles include Tom Baldwin on the USA Network series The 4400 in which he starred alongside actress Jacqueline McKenzie, and as Owen Crawford in Steven Spielberg's 2002 science fiction miniseries Taken. Gretsch reunited with Scott Peters (creator of The 4400) on his remake of V. Gretsch played priest and resistance fighter Father Jack Landry in the series.

In 2009, he guest starred in the Diablo Cody created Emmy Award nominated Showtime Comedy-Drama The United States of Tara.

Personal life
Gretsch has been married to actress Melanie Shatner since September 5, 1999. They have two daughters: Kaya (b. 2002), and Willow (b. 2005).

title: Joel Gretsch


text:
Stipa tenacissima

Stipa tenacissima (esparto, esparto grass, halfah grass, alfa grass, or needle grass) is a perennial grass of northwestern Africa and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula.

Distribution
Stipa tenacissima is an endemic species of the Western–Central Mediterranean countries. It grows in France (including Corsica), Spain (including the Balearic Islands), Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. It grows in dry, rocky and base rich soils, forming a steppe-like grassland. It has been managed by people for centuries.

Uses
Stipa tenacissima produces a fiber product called esparto which is used for crafts, such as cords, basketry, and espadrilles as well as for making paper.

title: Stipa tenacissima


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List of military occupations of Latvia

Latvia has been occupied by military forces from other nations from time to time. Military occupations of Latvia have included:
 * Livonian Crusade (13th century)
 * Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
 * Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany (1941–1945)
 * Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
 * Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (21 July 1940 – 21 August 1991)

title: List of military occupations of Latvia


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Petty Harbour Generating Station

The Petty Harbour Hydro Electric Generating Station is a hydroelectric generating station in Petty Harbour–Maddox Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador. It was constructed in 1898 and it was the first hydroelectric generating station in Newfoundland. It was built by the St. John's Street Railway Company, a company established by Robert Reid. Operation commenced on 19 April 1900.

In 1920 Reid renamed the company the St. John's Light and Power Company. On 7 February 1921, an avalanche destroyed 23 m of the wooden penstock that carried water from the dam to the generating station, cutting off all electrical power to St. John's for almost five days. Then, in 1924, the plant changed ownership to the Royal Securities Corporation of Montreal, where they began extensive reconstruction of the plant and watershed area.

On 1 May 1978, the plant was entered in the Canadian Engineering Heritage Record as a model reflecting progressive adaptation to emerging technology, and remains today as one of the few plants of its type still in active service.

General Information
Location: Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador Owner: Newfoundland Power Capacity: 5.3 MW Average Yearly Output: 18 gigawatt-hours Head: 57.9 metres Average Streamflow: 5.6 cms On-Line: 1900 Original Design: G.H. Massey, A.C. Rice Original Construction: Reid Newfoundland Company

Turbines
Unit 1: (installed in 1902) Inward-flow Girard type (impulse turbine) 1.4 MW Manufactured by Stillwell, Bierce & Smith Vaille Co. Replaced in 1912 with Horizontal Francis turbine 1.57 MW Manufactured by Voith

Unit 2: (installed in 1900) Victor type (early Francis turbine) 1.4 MW Manufactured by Stillwell, Bierce & Smith Vaille Co. Replaced in 1908 with Horizontal Francis 1.57 MW Manufactured by Voith

Unit 3: (installed in 1926) Horizontal Francis 2.05 MW Manufactured by Armstrong Whitworth

Generators
Unit 2 (installed in 1900): 3-phase, 60 Hertz, 550 volts Manufactured by Westinghouse Replaced in 1926 with 3-phase, 60 Hertz, 2,300 volts Manufactured by General Electric Unit 1 (installed in 1902): 3-phase, 60 Hertz, 550 volts Manufactured by Westinghouse Rewound in 1926 to 2,300 volts Unit 3 (installed in 1926): 3-phase, 60 Hertz, 2,300 volts Manufactured by General Electric

Powerhouse
48.8 metres long by 7.3 metres wide by 4.9 metres high Masonry construction

Penstock
Original: 1,057 metres long, 2.4-meter by 2.4-meter cross-section wooden flume 112.2 metres long, 2.4-meter by 2.4-meter cross-section rock tunnel 115.2 metres long, 2-meter-diameter steel penstock Replacements: 1926: 975-metre-long, 2.3-meter-diameter wood stave penstock 1953: Steel penstock (surge tank riser) replaced with 2.3-metre-diameter steel pipe 1999: Lower 740.7 metres of penstock replaced with 2.3-metre-diameter steel pipe 2021: Remainder of penstock replaced with 2.3-metre-diameter steel pipe Intake Structure: Concrete with steel gate and lift (integral to forebay dam)

Forebay
In 1900, rockfill with timber facing. Replaced in 1926 with concrete gravity. Steel anchors added in 1992. 9.1-meter maximum height.

Bay Bulls Big Pond
Zoned earthfill (rebuilt 1998–1999) Concrete outlet conduit

Cochrane Pond
Earthfill with concrete overflow spillway and timber crib outlet.

Tailrace
Unlined canal excavated in rock 137 metres long

title: Petty Harbour Generating Station


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Merlangius

Merlangius merlangus, commonly known as whiting or merling, is an important food fish in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the northern Mediterranean, western Baltic, and Black Sea. In Anglophonic countries outside the Whiting's natural range, the name "whiting" has been applied to various other species of fish.

Description
Merlangius merlangus has three dorsal fins with a total of 30 to 40 soft rays and two anal fins with 30 to 35 soft rays. The body is long and the head small and a chin barbel, if present, is very small. This fish can reach a maximum length of about 70 cm. The colour may be yellowish-brown, greenish or dark blue, the flanks yellowish grey or white and the belly silvery. There is a distinctive black blotch near the base of each pectoral fin.

Distribution and habitat
Whiting are native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Their range extends from the southeastern Barents Sea and Iceland to Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Portugal, the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and parts of the Mediterranean Sea. They occur on sand, mud and gravel seabeds at depths down to about 100 m.

In 2014, their conservation status was classified at vulnerable in the Baltic Sea.

Uses
Until the late 20th century, Whiting was a cheap fish, regarded as food for the poor or for pets. The general decline in fish stocks means it is now more highly valued. The other fish that have been given the name Whiting are mostly also edible fish. Several species of the drum, or croaker, family (Sciaenidae) are also called Whiting, among them the northern kingfish (Menticirrhus saxatilis). Whiting was used as a fringe plot point and mise-en-scène in the acclaimed crime drama television series The Wire.

Parasites
Whiting and related other Gadidae species are plagued by parasites. These include the cod worm (Lernaeocera branchialis), a copepod crustacean that clings to the gills or the fish and metamorphoses into a plump, sinusoidal, wormlike body, with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear.

title: Merlangius


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Göksu

The Göksu River (Göksu Nehri), known in antiquity as the Calycadnus and in the Middle Ages as the Saleph, is a river on the Taşeli Plateau in southern Turkey. Its two sources arise in the Taurus Mountains—the northern in the Geyik Mountains and the southern in the Haydar Mountains—and meet south of Mut. The combined stream then flows south to the Göksu Delta in the Mediterranean Sea near Silifke.

Names
Göksu is Turkish for "Sky Water". It is also known as the Geuk Su. It was known to the ancient Greeks as the Kalýkadnos (Καλύκαδνος), latinized as the Calycadnus. It was known in the Middle Ages as the Saleph.

Course
The river is 260 km long and empties into the Mediterranean Sea 16 km southeast of Silifke (in Mersin province). The Göksu Delta, including Akgöl Lake and Paradeniz Lagoon, is one of the most important breeding areas in the Near East; over 300 bird species have been observed. Among others, flamingos, herons, bee-eaters, kingfishers, gulls, nightingales and warblers breed here. The endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) lays eggs here.

Due to demand for summer vacation apartments by the locals, and since necessary precautions are not taken and public attention is minimal in this part of Turkey, the ecosystem around Akgöl Lake and Paradeniz Lagoon is in heavy danger.

History
The Ionian Greek colony of Holmi was founded near the mouth of the Calycadnus but suffered from piracy and raiders. Seleucia, the modern Silifke, was founded at a more defensible position a little further up the river by Seleucus I Nicator and was an important regional center for centuries, particularly noted as a center of early Christianity. The Romans bridged the river at Seleucia in 77 AD.

In 1190, while on the Third Crusade, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowned in the river, then known as the Saleph and located within the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The crusaders had reached Asia Minor in March, where the emperor continued his campaign to the Holy Land. Having plundered the city of Konya and defeated the forces of the Sultanate of Rum at the Battle of Iconium, his forces arrived on the banks of the river on June 10. Several contradictory statements reflect the circumstances of his sudden death, which have not been conclusively established. According to some sources, the emperor was lost in the current when he tried to cross the water near Silifke; other chronicles report he wished to cool down from the heat of the day and suffered a heart attack while taking a bath. The mortal remains were preserved according to the Mos Teutonicus process and transferred to Tarsus, Antioch and Tyre by his followers. Once without a leader, his crusader army dispersed; the remnants later joined the Siege of Acre. A monument in Barbarossa's honor was erected on the road from Silifke to Mut.

title: Göksu


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User:Classically Quirky

this User Page is currently under construction. Stay tuned.

Classically Quirky 02:12, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Classically Quirky


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Kadoorie Agricultural High School

Kadoorie Agricultural High School, sometimes spelled "Kadouri" or "Kaduri", is an agricultural school and youth village in Israel situated next to Mount Tabor in the Lower Galilee, two kilometers north of Kfar Tavor. Founded in 1933, it had a population of in.

History
Kadoorie is one of two agricultural schools founded during the British Mandate of Palestine. In his will, the British Jewish philanthropist, Sir Ellis Kadoorie donated one million British pounds to be invested in the development of Palestine. Herbert Samuel established a committee to determine how to use the money. Two agricultural schools named after Kadoorie were built with these funds, one for Arabs and one for Jews. The Khodori Institute in Tulkarm was founded in 1930, and the Kadoorie agricultural school, near Kfar Tavor, was founded in 1933. The Kadoorie agricultural school was reputed to be one of the best schools during the British Mandate period.

The main educational goal was to prepare students for advanced studies in Europe. The first principal was Shalom Tzemach, who led the "honour code examinations" (exams without the attendance of teachers) and concentrated in the subjects of agriculture and security. The second principal was Nathan Fiat, who served as principal from 1937 to 1959 - the legendary principal that became a model to his students.

The school's nickname during that period was "the monastery", due to the place being so secluded and attendance restricted to boys. During the period of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War many of the school's students and graduates fought in the Palmach brigades and were an honorable part of its chain of the command. Many of the graduates of Kadoorie school took active part in agricultural settlement throughout the country.

Today
In 1975, the school became a regional school, although the boarding school is still active. Today over 1,500 students are enrolled in the school: 200 students from all over Israel in the boarding school, and the rest students of the Lower Galilee area. In addition, the school operates a training farm and a technological college.

Notable alumni

 * Yitzhak Rabin (1922–1995), Israeli Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
 * Yigal Allon (1918–1980), politician, commander of the Palmach, and IDF general
 * Haim Gouri (born 1923), poet, novelist, journalist, and documentary filmmaker
 * Eli Yatzpan (born 1965), television host and comedian
 * Karl Linn (1923–2005)
 * Hananya Naftali (born 1995), pro-Israel social media influencer

title: Kadoorie Agricultural High School


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Talk:Bagheera

Historical oversight
There are many indications pointing to the fact that, Bagheera as a character is very similar to Najib ad-Dawlah. Fjgdh5 (talk) 21:44, 13 April 2019 (UTC)\Fjgdh5 (talk)\\~

Bagheera
Bagheera is also the name of Kate's pet lion in John Brunner's The Shockwave Rider

In Hindi, leopard is "bagh", so Bagheera is supposedly female from the beginning.

That 'Other Uses' section at the bottom should be a disambiguation page... --65.13.33.65 20:17, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * in russian translated book Bagheera is female; it is sort of error, but her character is very popular. in USSR cartoon Mowgly her voice is L. Kasatkina, and she is so womanly) --85.140.196.52 (talk) 21:39, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * so is in Poland. When I saw Disney's movie, I was so confused and I thought they had changed the sex of the panther for the story purposes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.254.130.179 (talk) 08:23, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Female Bagheera in some Italian Disney comics?
Mentioned in Media potrayals: "In some Disney comics drawn in Italy, Bagheera is depicted as a female non-anthropomorphic animal movie star, loosely based on her animated movie appearance. Originally all black, she has white body parts. She enjoys signing autographs to her fans and eating pistachio-flavored pet food, being vegetarian." It is true that Italian writers and artists made Bagheera a female in these italian stories? I'm trying to find these stories on INDUCKS and I found nothing about this female version of Bagheera. --Nectaria 12:53, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bagheera Spider
Bagheera's name was also given to a species of jumping spider from the Americas, one of which is herbivorous.184.186.4.209 (talk) 03:31, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:16, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
 * MaugliStamp (Bagheera).jpg

title: Talk:Bagheera


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Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest

Slovenia has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 29 times since its debut in, having hosted a qualification round (Kvalifikacija za Millstreet) in Ljubljana for seven countries due to the influx of new nations wishing to join the contest. The Slovenian participant broadcaster in the contest is Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTVSLO).

Having only missed the event twice in and  due to the relegation rule after a poor average score in the 1990s, Slovenia's best result is seventh position achieved on two occasions; in  with "Prisluhni mi" performed by Darja Švajger and in  with "Energy" by Nuša Derenda. Since the introduction of the semi-finals in, Slovenia has qualified for the final on eight occasions. As of, Slovenia has not made it to the top ten since their seventh place finish in 2001, only making it to the thirteenth position in and.

Participation
Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTVSLO) is a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 1 January 1993, thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest since then. It has participated in the contest representing Slovenia since its that same year.

Before its independence in 1991, Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia. Six n entrants in the Eurovision Song Contest came from the former SR Slovenia (,, , , , and ). The contest was broadcast in the socialist republic by the Yugoslav Radio Television's (JRT) affiliate RTV Ljubljana.

Early participation
After the fall of Communism across Europe in the early 1990s and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia, newly independent Slovenia was one of seven countries that had emerged from the Eastern Bloc wishing to join the Eurovision Song Contest. Due to the influx of new countries wishing to participate, the EBU introduced a pre-qualifying round for countries that had either never participated in the contest at all, or in the case of former republics of Yugoslavia, had not previously competed as nations in their own right. This was, however, merely a 'sticking-plaster' measure that was plainly not a sustainable solution for future years, as it would not be seen as remotely equitable. But in the meantime, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Estonia, and Slovenia were left to battle it out in a qualification round. The EBU selected RTVSLO to host the event in Ljubljana. Held on 3 April 1993 at the RTVSLO studios, Slovenia was one of three countries to qualify, finishing in first place with "Tih deževen dan" performed by 1X Band. The band were previously selected to represent Slovenia through RTVSLO's national selection Slovenski izbor za Pesem Evrovizije 1993.

Slovenia's debut at Eurovision fared reasonably poorly finishing in a mere 22nd place with just 9 points. Due to the poor result, Slovenia was relegated from the 1994 contest and had to wait until 1995 to enter again. For their return in 1995, RTVSLO organised the same national selection process as 1993 to determine their entry. Slovenski izbor za Pesem Evrovizije 1995 resulted in the selection of Darja Švajger with "Prisluhni mi". Švajger achieved Slovenia's best result to date at the contest, reaching an impressive seventh place including ten points from Greece and the United Kingdom. In 1996, RTVSLO introduced its long-running national final Evrovizijska Melodija (EMA). This selection process was used every year until the country was relegated for a second time in due to a poor average score. Slovenia returned in 2001, using the EMA format again. 2001 marked the second time Slovenia achieved seventh place with Nuša Derenda and "Energy". This remains the country's most recent top ten result to date.

2004–2010
In 2004, the EBU introduced a semi-final round in order to control the number of countries entering the contest every year. Due to not placing in the top ten the previous year, Slovenia was forced to compete in the semi-final round for the 2004 contest. After winning the national final EMA 2004, the country was represented by the duo Platin with the song "Stay Forever". The performance proved to be disastrous with Slovenia only receiving five points placing 21st out of 22, hence failing to qualify for the final. The following two years also saw Slovenia absent from the Eurovision final, with Omar Naber and Anžej Dežan both failing to qualify for the final. By 2007, Slovenia was one of only five countries that had not made an appearance in the final since 2003. EMA 2007 resulted in the victory of Alenka Gotar with her operatic pop song "Cvet z juga". This became the first ever Slovene entry to qualify for the Eurovision final, placing seventh in the semi-final with 140 points. In Slovenia's first Eurovision final appearance since 2003, Alenka Gotar reached a respectable fifteenth place with 66 points. In the three following years, Rebeka Dremelj, Quartissimo feat. Martina Majerle and Ansambel Žlindra and Kalamari all failed to qualify for the final, with the latter only receiving six points in the 2010 semi-final.

2011–2013
2011 saw a change in Slovenia's luck at the Eurovision Song Contest, qualifying for the final for the first time since 2007. Following her victory at the Slovene national final EMA 2011, Maja Keuc represented the nation with "No One". Participating in the second semi-final, Maja fared extremely well, placing first with the juries with 146 points and seventh in the public televote with 68 points. This meant that Slovenia qualified to the final in an impressive third place. In the final, Maja achieved the country's best result since, placing thirteenth with 96 points. It was later revealed that the juries placed Slovenia in fourth place with 160 points, while the public placed the entry 22nd with 39 points. Maja's song remains a fan favourite today, with the Slovenian public voting it as the nation's best ever Eurovision entry in a 2020 poll.

Due to the success in 2011, RTVSLO introduced a large scale national final for the 2012 contest in Baku, Azerbaijan. Misija Evrovizija was a five month long selection process that took place between August 2011 and January 2012, which resulted in the selection of two singers to advance to Misija EMA 2012 (phase two of the selection). Ultimately, Eva Boto was selected to represent the country with "Verjamem". Boto failed to qualify for the final, finishing in 17th place only ahead of Slovakia. RTVSLO confirmed Slovenia's participation in the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest on 15 December 2012 after speculation that a withdrawal was being considered. The Slovenian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest has traditionally been selected through EMA, which has been produced with variable formats. For 2013, the broadcaster opted to forego the use of this national final in order to internally select the Slovenian entry due to time constraints and reduced funding. RTVSLO selected Slovene-American singer Hannah Mancini with "Straight into Love". The entry finished in last place in the first semi-final with just 8 points, marking the first time that Slovenia has finished in last place in a Eurovision event.

2014–2022
For 2014, RTVSLO confirmed that they would organise EMA 2014 after being the last country to confirm participation despite more speculations over a potential withdrawal. The winner of the eighteenth edition of EMA was Tinkara Kovač with "Round and Round". Kovač reached the final marking Slovenia's first final appearance since 2011. The country finished in 25th place with 9 points (8 from Montenegro and 1 from Macedonia). For the 2015 contest, Slovenia was represented by Maraaya with "Here for You". The duo qualified for the final in 5th place, including twelve points from Azerbaijan and Montenegro. In the final, Slovenia finished in 14th position with 39 points - the country's best result since 2011. Following the contest, "Here for You" went on to enter the 'Top 50 Charts' in Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, Finland and Belgium.

For the following two years, Slovenia was absent from the final with ManuElla and Omar Naber failing to qualify. However, in both 2018 and 2019 Slovenia qualified for the final twice in a row once again. Lea Sirk reached 22nd with "Hvala, ne!" and Zala Kralj & Gašper Šantl achieved fifteenth place with 105 points - the most points ever scored by Slovenia in a Eurovision final. The successful result in 2019 provoked RTVSLO to expand their national final format. In 2020, EMA FREŠ was introduced as a pre-selection for the main EMA competition. The selection gives new and upcoming Slovenian artists a chance to promote themselves and fight for a place in EMA. Having won EMA 2020, Ana Soklič was due to represent Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with "Voda". However, after the contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, RTVSLO internally selected her to represent Slovenia in 2021 with "Amen". She failed to qualify for the final, finishing in 13th place with 44 points.

On 8 October 2021, RTVSLO confirmed that both EMA FREŠ and EMA would return for the Slovenian selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, with a revamped format from the first edition. On 19 February 2022, after a three month long process, it was determined that LPS would represent Slovenia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy. At the contest, LPS finished last with 15 points and failed to qualify from the first semi-final, lengthening Slovenia's absence from the final. It was later revealed that the band finished last in their semi-final, marking Slovenia's worst result at the contest in ten years.

2023–2024: New delegation
Following the poor result in 2022, RTVSLO considered withdrawing from the Eurovision Song Contest in 2023. However, after discussions with the Music Commission of the Programme Council, the broadcaster opted against a withdrawal, and confirmed its participation in the 2023 contest, to be held in Liverpool, on 15 September 2022. After the poor result in 2022, RTVSLO decided to change both the selection format for the Slovenian entry, deciding to internally choose their act for only the third time and introducing Maša Kljun as the country's new head of delegation. On 8 December 2022, RTVSLO revealed that they had selected Joker Out to represent Slovenia in Liverpool, with their song "Carpe Diem" released on 4 February 2023, during a special presentation show 'Misija Liverpool' that celebrated 30 years of Slovenian participation in the Eurovision Song Contest. At the contest, Slovenia qualified for the final for the first time since 2019, finishing in fifth place in the second semi-final. In the final, Slovenia placed 21st with 78 points.

Following the highest viewing figures for the contest recorded by RTVSLO since 2015, the broadcaster confirmed Slovenia's participation in the upcoming 2024 contest on 14 September 2023, later announcing that a brand new national final Misija Malmö ("Mission Malmö") would be introduced as their selection method for the contest; however, the broadcaster ultimately cancelled the format, opting for an internal selection. Raiven was ultimately selected and represented Slovenia in 2024 with the song "Veronika". She qualified for the final, marking a second consecutive qualification for the country, ultimately placing twenty-third in the final. On 9 March 2024, Mario Galunič, editor at RTVSLO, drafted a document envisaging a plan to return selecting the Slovene entries for the contest through the national final EMA from 2025 until 2028.

Participation overview
Prior to Yugoslavia's dissolution, artists from the Slovene federal unit represented in, , , , , and.

Heads of delegation
Each participating broadcaster in the Eurovision Song Contest assigns a head of delegation as the EBU's contact person and the leader of their delegation at the event. The delegation, whose size can greatly vary, includes a head of press, the performers, songwriters, composers, and backing vocalists, among others.

Jury members
A five-member jury panel consisting of music industry professionals is made up for every participating country for the semi-finals and final of the Eurovision Song Contest, ranking all entries except for their own country's contribution. The juries' votes constitute 50% of the overall result in the Eurovision grand final alongside televoting. This was previously the case in the semi-finals as well until the 2023 contest, when the juries were dropped in favour of 100% public voting. The jury panel does still judge semi-final performances in the case of any issues with public televoting. The modern incarnation of jury voting was introduced beginning with the.

Hostings
Slovenia has never hosted the Eurovision Song Contest, while the European Broadcasting Union did select RTVSLO to host the qualification round for the 1993 contest in Ljubljana.

Conductors
Between 1993 and 1998, Slovenia sent a native conductor to the contest every year the country took part until the orchestra was dropped by the EBU in 1999.

Commentators and spokespersons
For the show's broadcast on RTVSLO, various commentators have provided commentary on the contest in the Slovene language. At the Eurovision Song Contest after all points are calculated, the presenters of the show call upon each voting country to invite each respective spokesperson to announce the results of their vote on-screen. RTVSLO has also arranged radio broadcasts of the contest, featuring the respective semi-final that Slovenia is competing in and the grand final. RTVSLO has also organised a live broadcast of the final on its 4D platform with simultaneous television commentary. For the 2023 contest, Žana E. Čeh provided online commentary.

From until, SR Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia and JRT's affiliate RTV Ljubljana broadcast the contest with Slovenian commentary.

title: Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest


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Miss Texas

The Miss Texas competition was founded in 1937 as a scholarship contest for young women. The winner represents Texas in the Miss America pageant; three winners have gone on to be crowned Miss America (but none since 1975).

To become Miss Texas, a contestant must first win a local competition. A young woman may compete at the local and state level more than once, but may only compete in the national Miss America competition one time. Hundreds of women participate each year in the local pageants, culminating in the selection of local finalists who compete for the Miss Texas title each July. The state pageant was held in Fort Worth for 36 years before relocating to the University of Texas at Arlington's Texas Hall in 2009. In 2012, the pageant moved to the Allen Event Center in suburban Collin County. In 2014 the Miss Texas pageant began being held at the Eisemann Center for Performing Arts in Richardson, Texas.

In 2010, Miss Texas celebrated its 75th anniversary, and Randy Pruett wrote a book, A Dream as Big as Texas, to document the stories of the 75 women that were crowned Miss Texas.

Annette Addo-Yobo of Southlake was crowned Miss Texas 2024 on June 29, 2024 at Eisemann Center in Richardson, Texas. She is the first immigrant-born and Ghanaian woman to win the title. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2025 at the 97th Miss America pageant.

Results summary
The following is a visual summary of the past results of Miss Texas titleholders at the national Miss America pageants/competitions. The year in parentheses indicates the year of the national competition during which a placement and/or award was garnered, not the year attached to the contestant's state title.

Placements

 * Miss Americas: Jo-Carroll Dennison (1942), Phyllis George (1971), Shirley Cothran (1975)
 * 1st runners-up: Moselle Ransome (1927), Alice Emerick (1937), Shilah Phillips (2007), Ellie Breaux (2023)
 * 2nd runners-up: Penny Lee Rudd (1963), Carmen McCollum (1977), Jonna Fitzgerald (1986), Averie Bishop (2022)
 * 3rd runners-up: Linda Loftis (1962), Sharon McCauley (1965), Mae Beth Cormany (1973), Suzanne Lawrence (1991)
 * 4th runners-up: Sheri Ryman (1982), Tamara Hext (1985), Yanci Yarbrough (2000), Margana Wood (2018)
 * Top 7: Caroline Carothers (2017)
 * Top 8: Molly Hazlett (2008)
 * Top 10: Mary Nell Hendricks (1959), Susan Logan (1967), Judy Mallett (1974), Mary Ellen Richardson (1976), Lori Smith (1978), Sandi Miller (1979), Terri Eoff (1981), Dana Rogers (1984), Stephany Samone (1987), Rita Jo Thompson (1988), Leah Kay Lyle (1990), Rhonda Morrison (1992), Arian Archer (1995), Michelle Martinez (1997), Tara Watson (2001), Mary Lisa Dalzell (2003), Jamie Story (2005), Morgan Matlock (2006), Kristen Blair (2010), Kendall Morris (2012), DaNae Couch (2013), Ivana Hall (2014), Shannon Sanderford (2016), Mallory Fuller (2021)
 * Top 12: Ashley Melnick (2011)
 * Top 13: Polly Below (1945)
 * Top 15: Rosebud Blondell (1926), Patricia Allen Green (1936), Charmayne Smith (1939), Chandler Foreman (2019/2020)
 * Top 16: Margaret Sommers (1951), Monique Evans (2015)
 * Top 20: Stacy James (2002)

Preliminary awards

 * Preliminary Evening Gown: Ellie Breaux (2024)
 * Preliminary Interview: Mary Lisa Dalzell (2003)
 * Preliminary Lifestyle and Fitness: Jo-Carroll Dennison (1942), Phyllis George (1971), Shirley Cothran (1975), Carmen McCollum (1977), Tamara Hext (1985), Molly Hazlett (2008), Kendall Morris (2012), Margana Wood (2018)
 * Preliminary Social Impact Pitch: Mallory Fuller (2022)
 * Preliminary Talent: Jo-Carroll Dennison (1942), Linda Loftis (1962), Carmen McCollum (1977), Sheri Ryman (1982), Jonna Fitzgerald (1986), Stephany Samone (1987), Suzanne Lawrence (1991), Shilah Phillips (2007)

Non-finalist awards

 * Non-finalist Interview: BaShara Chandler (1994)
 * Non-finalist Talent: Marilyn Turner (1960), Mary Cage Moore (1961), Gloria Gilbert (1983), Sunni Cranfill (2004), Madison Fuller (2019)

Other awards

 * Equity & Justice Finalists: Averie Bishop (2023)
 * Miss Congeniality: Joyce Courrege (1944), Luna McClain (1947), Rebecca Robinson (2009)
 * Louanne Gamba Instrumental Award: Kendall Morris (2012)
 * Quality of Life Award Winners: Suzanne Lawrence (1991)
 * Women in Business Winners: Averie Bishop (2023)
 * Women Who Brand Winners: Averie Bishop (2023)

Winners
Declared as winner

Ended as a runner-up

Ended as a finalist or semi-finalist

In popular culture

 * In the long-running television series Dallas, the character Sue Ellen Ewing had purportedly won the title of Miss Texas in 1967, long before the events of the show took place (1978–91).

 * The song "Almost" by the band Bowling for Soup features the line, "I almost dropped out of school at fourteen where I almost made out with the Homecoming Queen, who almost went on to be Miss Texas, but lost to a slut with much bigger breasts."

title: Miss Texas