text:
User talk:Watergirl713

Welcome!
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Watergirl713


text:
Dausprungas

Dausprungas (also Dovsprunk in Ruthenian sources, died before 1238) was the older brother of Mindaugas, the first King of Lithuania. Dausprungas is mentioned in the peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia in 1219 among the 21 early dukes of Lithuania as one of the five elder dukes, the other four being Živinbudas, Daujotas, Mindaugas and Viligaila (Daujotas' brother). Since Dausprungas is the only known brother of Mindaugas, Mindaugas' nephews Edivydas and Tautvilas are presumed to be his sons. If that is true, then Dausprungas is father-in-law of Daniel of Halych and he was also married to Vykintas' sister. Because it is known that Mindaugas used to kill his relatives to gain power and because Dausprungas is not mentioned in any other sources, some imply that he was killed by Mindaugas, but others rebut since his sons still ruled their lands in 1248.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dausprungas


text:
User talk:Sanjaykumar jain

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sanjaykumar jain


text:
James Mawdsley

James Rupert Russell Mawdsley is a traditionalist Catholic priest who before seminary was a prisoner of conscience in Burma. He is a dual citizen of the United Kingdom and Australia.

Early life
Mawdsley was born in 1973. His parents are David and Diana, and he has three siblings. He gave up his study at Bristol University, and while backpacking met Burmese refugees who engaged his interest in the plight of ethnic minorities in Burma.

He married Elizabeth in January 2005. They honeymooned in Rome, where their union was blessed by Pope John Paul II. The Catholic church subsequently issued a declaration of nullity.

Burmese activism and imprisonment
Mawdsley took up teaching English at a Burmese refugee camp, and became further involved when government forces burnt down the school. He was arrested three times for his involvement, and deported three times. The second arrest was in May 1998, for handing out stickers and playing songs for the pro democracy movement. On arrest, he was tortured for fifteen hours, and sentenced to five years imprisonment, which was suspended after 98 days.

He was rearrested a third time in September 1999, for illegal entry and sedition, and was sentenced to seventeen years in jail. His imprisonment was held to be arbitrary by the U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention in 2000. This time, he spent 415 days in solitary confinement, before his release in October 2000, after pressure was exerted by the United Kingdom Foreign Office on the authorities in Myanmar.

External activism and politics
Mawdsley's memoir of his experiences in Burma, The Heart Must Break: The Fight for Democracy and Truth in Burma, was published in 2001; in the United States, the book was titled The Iron Road: A Stand for Truth and Democracy in Burma.

In February 2003, Mawdsley co authored New Ground, a pamphlet advocating foreign policy based around freedom, dignity and the rule of law. This document has helped give rise to the Conservative Party Human Rights Commission, founded in October 2005. At the 2004 European Parliament Election, Mawdsley was a candidate on the Conservative Party list for the North West England. However, he was placed ninth on the list, so was not one of the three Conservatives who won a seat.

In February 2005, he was selected as the prospective parliamentary candidate for the constituency of Hyndburn, due to the previous candidate deciding not to stand, overseeing unsuccessful campaigns in 1997 and 2001. In the 2005 General Election, which took place in May 2005, he lost to sitting MP Greg Pope by 5,587 votes. Ken Hargreaves supported his bid into becoming the next MP for Hyndburn. His wife suffered an ectopic pregnancy on the eve of the General Election.

Priesthood
From 2016 to 2022, Mawdsley was a Catholic priest of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), having studied to become a priest at the FSSP seminary at Wigratzbad in Germany. He was ordained to the priesthood on 2 July 2016, and was assistant priest at St Mary's Church, Warrington in Cheshire, England through October 2017. From November 2017 through August 2018, Mawdsley was assigned to the FSSP apostolate in Reading, Berkshire, where he served the Latin Mass centres of Bedford and Chesham Bois. In September 2018, Mawdsley was assigned to the FSSP apostolate in Vienna, Austria. From October 2020 until April 2021, Mawdsley was assigned to the FSSP apostolate in Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany.

In response to Pope Francis' promulgation of his motu proprio Traditionis custodes on 16 July 2021 restricting the use of the traditional Mass and the 18 December 2021 clarification on its implementation released by Bishop Arthur Roche, prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Mawdsley informed his superiors in the FSSP of his intention to leave the Fraternity in order to be able to speak out against the motu proprio without fear of reprisal from Church authorities. After being suspended a divinis by FSSP leadership for, by his own admission, 'illegitimate absence' from his assigned duties, Mawdsley formally broke with the order in January 2022; shortly thereafter, he released a video on YouTube publicly castigating Francis and the Church hierarchy for their 'intention to eradicate the traditional liturgy.'

Publications

 * Adam's Deep Sleep: The Passion of Jesus Christ Prefigured in the Old Testament, New Old, 2022.
 * Crushing satan's head: The Virgin Mary's Victory over the Antichrist Foretold in the Old Testament, New Old, 2022.
 * Crucifixion to Creation: Roots of the Traditional Mass Traced back to Paradise, New Old, 2023.
 * If You Believed Moses (Vol 1): The Conversion of the Jews Promised in the Old Testament, New Old, 2023.
 * If You Believed Moses (Vol 2): The Conversion of the Jews as the Close of History, New Old, 2023 (available on Lulu).

title: James Mawdsley


text: Category:Mass media in Brazil

title: Category:Mass media in Brazil


text:
FABRAP

FABRAP, or Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal, was an architectural firm founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1958. They specialized in sports stadiums, and developed the headquarters for several major Atlanta businesses.

History
In 1948 James H. "Bill" Finch and Miller Barnes, two Georgia Institute of Technology graduates, joined to form architectural firm Finch and Barnes. Caraker Paschal, also a Georgia Tech graduate, became a partner in 1957 to form Finch Barnes and Paschal. In 1958 Cecil Alexander and Bernard "Rocky" Rothschild joined the firm to create FABRAP. FABRAP embraced the International style popular at the time.

FABRAP partnered with Heery and Heery, another major Atlanta architecture firm, in 1965 to develop the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. Following the quick completion of this stadium, the partnership gained a large business in developing sports facilities, including the $45 million Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1970. FABRAP was hired and partnered with other firms to develop the headquarters for First National Bank in 1966, Coca-Cola in 1979, and Southern Bell in 1982.

In 1984 FABRAP merged with Atlanta engineering firm Rosser White Hobbs Davidson McClellan Kelly to form Rosser Fabrap International. In 1993 the firm was renamed Rosser International.

title: FABRAP


text:
List of longest-running American television series

This is a list of the longest-running United States television series, ordered by number of years the show has been aired. This list includes only first-run series originating in North America and available throughout the United States via national broadcast networks, U.S. cable networks, or syndication. Series continuations (with name changes and/or changes in network) are noted. Series broadcast within the U.S. but produced in other countries, such as Coronation Street (63 years) and Doctor Who (60 years) are not included (see: List of longest-running British television programmes).


text: Category:Mass media in Peru

title: Category:Mass media in Peru


text:
Sinus Concordiae

Sinus Concordiae (Latin sinus concordiae "Bay of Harmony") is a bay (sinus) on the Moon that lies along the eastern edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis. Along its northern border is an area called the Palus Somni, while the southern border is an area of irregular terrain that contains the ruined crater Da Vinci. The selenographic coordinates of this bay are 10.8° N, 43.2° E, and it has an overall diameter of 142 km.

title: Sinus Concordiae


text:
Talk:Mango (Saturday Night Live)

LGBT?
Is there an LGBT-related category that should be applied here? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 15:19, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the suggestion, and your helpful contributions. Added one. Right cite (talk) 15:59, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , I'm torn. The article text suggests the character is "not gay" but also there's some context here which suggests inclusion of some category... --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 16:05, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * He shares attractions or entices or attempts to seduce those of all sexes and persuasions, more like pansexuality. Right cite (talk) 16:07, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mango (Saturday Night Live)


text:
AWA World Women's Championship

The AWA World Women's Championship was the women's professional wrestling title in the American Wrestling Association (AWA) from 1961 until 1990.

title: AWA World Women's Championship


text:
User talk:Brumburger

Nick Boulevard RfC
FYI, Nick B. seems to have used all the IPs in the range 195.92.67.65 - 78, plus 195.92.67.208 - 209. I've commented on the talk pages to indicate this; you will also find warnings to him about his behaviour on many of them (not all apply to him, of course, but many are for Birmingham-related articles). Andy Mabbett 14:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And 81.76.10.16. Andy Mabbett 20:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And 80.225.160.32 Andy Mabbett 28 June 2005 23:27 (UTC)
 * The difficulty being, then, that the address block (195.92.67.0 - 195.92.67.255) is the Energis UK backbone. I don't know how specific the sub-blocks get, but some of my edits before I signed up came out as 195.92.67.70, and I'm logging on via Wanadoo from Devon. All a good argument for banning anonymous access. RayGirvan 00:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd noticed that, and assumed it was Wanadoo (the numbers show up as the Planet Online webcache when you look them up, Planet being the ancestor of Freeserve and Wanadoo). It is usually pretty obvious which edits are by Nick, though.  Look at the last paragraph of this addition to the GEC article, for example.  A huge block of copyvio, a little irrelevant snippet about the Soho Engineering Works, and a date of March of this year (he's claiming now that all the copyright problems stem from when he was new here about a year ago).  It's amazing how he has time to post huge rambling paragraphs of self-justification but is frequently "too busy" to type in three words to log on, and rather suspicious that (as far as I can tell) all the copyright violations have been made when he hasn't been logged on.  --Brumburger 05:51, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Andy Mabbett, you have way too much time on your hands, creating different names just to formulate (in your mind) more powerful methods of attack against my username just out of a personal vendetta, there are many crimes in this world, people suffering of terrible illnesses etc, etc and YOU put ALL this energy into TRACKING MY EVERY MOVE HERE, wherever I turn you are editing or deleting, I don't mind that but THIS??? WHAT ARE YOU DOING? Nick Boulevard 22:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That leaves much of the GEC article a blatant copyvio of Marconi's Everything Electrical piece. RayGirvan 18:30, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that Andy Mabbett is possibly all of or in some way connected to these users. Nick Boulevard 22:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

More abuse
See and the original comment on that page. Andy Mabbett 21:07, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * OK you are over stepping the mark now, I am seriously concerned at your stalking nature, you are trying to trace my IP address???, what right do you have to do that, what next? I am going to bring this to others attention if you continue. Nick Boulevard 22:30, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gun quarter
Thanks for pointing that out, there were so many talks, redirects and stuff I lost track of what I had and hadn't deleted.--nixie 10:50, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Calm
Thank you for your temperate comment on the RFC. It is this kind of reasoned response that was my wish. I am convinced that Nick can learn the local conventions here and so become a great asset.—Theo (Talk) 14:36, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Letting things go
Brumberger: Please would you disregard any accusations or criticisms that Nick may level against you, however unfair. If we could all focus on the articles instead of the editors we can all spend more time building the encyclopedia.—Theo (Talk) 19:11, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Theo, this is not possible. I am mailing you my reasons, but to put it simply you're asking me to allow Nick to break Wikipedia policy and guidelines with impunity.  All I have ever asked is that he sticks to the rules and focuses on articles rather than editors.  He doesn't seem to be able to do either, yet.  --Brumburger 20:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Very much seconded. See User_talk:Raygirvan. RayGirvan 00:20, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Having received an email with clarification from Theo, while I still stick by the statement above, I have a better understanding of his reasons for this request. I am willing to work with anyone (Nick Boulevard included) who conforms to Wikipedia policies and guidelines, but I not going to allow personal abuse or gross breaches of acceptable conduct to go unchallenged. --Brumburger 08:46, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Having just seen this, I'm afraid any toleration or flexibility is out of the question. Wikipedia has lost a professional journalist who contributed a great deal of solid factual material and spent a lot of time explaining good practice to others, because of someone who has spent much of his time here breaking policies and antagonising others with no corrective action being taken. I am going to take this to arbitration as soon as I find the time. --Brumburger 09:33, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Brumburger, sorry if I have upset you in any way, I am prepared to forget the past and move on. I can assure you that if ever I have used mickey-taking or mockery as a weapon against you in the past it was most definately not meant with malice (I should know shouldn't I). We all have in common the enthusiasm to contribute really professional work to Wikipedia so lets capitalise on that fact. Theo has just been promoted here and he has been extremely tolerant and fair to all of us here, I think that we now owe it to him to at least try and start afresh, I am willing to have a go, and you?. Sorry for any offence caused in the past. Regards Nick. Nick Boulevard 16:52, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Too little, too late. --Brumburger 17:00, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well thats up to you isn't it really, I'm certainly not grovelling here, since you appeared here you have never had a nice thing to say about me, and sided with another user whom I have a history of conflict with and yet even after all this I am willing to forget it... move on for the sake of wikipedia, life is short to hold grudges and bitterness is a great way to allow all the bad things iside you to fester and thrive so let it go, I don't quite understand your lack of compassion here but anyway it's your choice.. obviously, have a nice weekend. Nick Boulevard 17:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proto/ Theo
Please see User_talk:TheoClarke which discusses coments referring to you. Andy Mabbett 5 July 2005 14:23 (UTC)

Driving Ray Girvan Away
I had time for Ray Girvan, and it's a shame he's gone - but note that User:172 was driven away by Mabbett not Boulevard. Both users have behaved inappropriately at points and both have caused highly capable editors to give up on the project. Leonig Mig 8 July 2005 09:53 (UTC)
 * Your cliam is a bare-faced lie. Andy Mabbett 8 July 2005 18:04 (UTC)
 * My claim is backed by evidence . Leonig Mig 12:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only does the page you cite not provide any evidence to back your bare- faced lie; the evidence that it is a lie is easily found. Andy Mabbett 13:53, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * When you've been on the internet as long as me you'll realise people always come back. You also learn that even the most backward of trolls gets the message eventually. Leonig Mig 14:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL.. I did not drive away Ray Girvan, Ray drove himself away, I welcome him back anyday (unless he's already here) provided he refrains from his spiteful personal abuse. By the way, I'm sure that Ray and Brumburger are different people now, couldn't help but notice that after a long campagne of daily edits by Brumburger he/she unusually ceased all edits for over two weeks immediately the day after Ray Girvan resigned from wikipedia, Ray Girvans account is dead whilst Brumburger picked up where he left off on the 7th of July for just two edits both relating to me :). Andy Mabbett continues his relentless edits, mostly pertaining to the London Bombings. By the way Leon, your doing some great work here, same as G-man etcNick Boulevard 23:34, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you. Please fell free to e-mail me. Andy Mabbett 11:07, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do so. Also, see . Andy Mabbett 22:18, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

You might want to
... see this. Andy Mabbett 23:56, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brumburger


text: Category:Mass media in Chile

title: Category:Mass media in Chile


text:
Bob Ferguson (golfer)

Robert Ferguson (c. 1846 – 19 May 1915) was a Scottish professional golfer who was one of the top players from the mid-1860s into the 1880s. He won a hat-trick of consecutive titles at The Open Championship in 1880, 1881 and 1882.

In addition to the three Open Championship wins, he posted top-10 finishes seven times.

Early life
Ferguson was born in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland, circa 1846.

Golf career
In addition to his three Open Championship titles, Ferguson was especially noted for his putting, not only on the green but off. He specialized in "run up" shots with his putter—the so-called "Musselburgh iron"—from well off the green. He is one of only four men who have won The Open three years in a row. The prize for his first win was £7.

Ferguson's home town of Musselburgh was one of the three venues in the Open Championship rotation. He started caddying there at the age of eight, and played his first competition at Leith when he was 18. He was a tall man, and was known as a long driver. He sometimes partnered with fellow Musselburgh top player Willie Park Sr., a four-time Open champion, in stakes matches, facing opponents such as the father-and-son team of Old Tom Morris and Young Tom Morris, of St. Andrews, between the mid-1860s and mid-1870s. Both of the Morrises were four-time Open champions. He also faced Young Tom Morris in singles play during this era. His playing career was cut short by a bout of typhoid, and he became the custodian of the Links at Musselburgh.

Death and legacy
Ferguson died in Musselburgh on 19 May 1915.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NT = No tournament "T" indicates a tie for a place
 * Note: Ferguson played only in The Open Championship.

title: Bob Ferguson (golfer)


text:
Talk:Aveling and Porter

Move Proposal
Shouldn't this article be moved to Aveling & Porter? -- Arwel 14:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) It should, but I made a typo and don't have permissions to move it...

 * Done, then. I see Strood also now links there. I'll just fix Fred's article... -- Arwel 21:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have placed a few fact tags. I haven't the ref books at hand myself just local knowledge.Glad to talk.

ClemRutter (talk) 18:43, 11 May 2008 (UTC)b

Companies based in
Have added the Categories for Lincolnshire as Aveling-Barford redirects here and was successor company to A&P, who moved to Grantham following collapse of AGE group.

Aveling-Barford could do with own article writing, I have started one here on the tractor wiki but its not up to wikipedia QA standard yet - BulldozerD11 (talk) 17:32, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a common problem. Often, company histories are merged into a single article, meaning that the correct categories cannot be applied. For example, someone reverted my (cat) addition of Seddon-Atkinson as a steam road vehicle manufacturer: they had a valid point, as S-A were not themselves, but the article also covered the pre-merger Atkinson who were well-known for their steam vehicles! That article also needs a split (and there are plenty more -- just the small matter of time!)
 * EdJogg (talk) 10:36, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for comment Ed, I think articles in general need a reasonable size of say 1 page (screen) or taking up a disproportionate part of a successor companies article to justify splitting. But others take a very narrow veiw on scope. Some are hard to decide whether they are a bio or a co article. I started the tractor wiki to take info that is not suitable for Wikipedia, especially list type info and more general related as the structure is looser. There is sections on the steam manufactures as well on there (based on Wikipedia articles if i could find one, as why reinvent the wheel)(all credited to source). there is a lot more on wikipedia than i originally thought, its just poorly indexed / linked at times. the intention is to add verifiable info back to wikipedia and create new articles (with refs) when substantial enough to avoid AfD.

 * Categorising of articles is an issue, as other than lots of list pages its the best way to group them. But a lot of articles are only catalogued under niche sectors, I'm going round cataloguing a lot of companies to areas and adding to projects as I track them down, as it helps to bring to a wider audience, via casual sightings. Is a UK Companies WikiProject for old engineering companies an Idea ? -BulldozerD11 (talk) 11:46, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There may well be scope for a project or taskforce, but you need more than a couple of participants to make it work. (And I'm already over the limit of what I can do in my time available to WP.) I think I've seen some kind of 'businesses'-related project added to some of the traction engine or steam loco manufacturer pages, but I can't remember which off-hand. Wasn't a UK-specific one though. In the meantime I suggest you keep doing your advertising as you described.
 * Thanks for the tip-off about the tractors wiki. I'll add a link from the traction engine page so I can find it again when I want. I'm sure there will be some useful sources I can pinch from there in the future!
 * And please keep up with the indexing/linking, it all helps; in particular, please keep your eye out for candidates for Category:Steam road vehicle manufacturing companies!
 * EdJogg (talk) 12:44, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The Aveling-Barford article was (effectively) created on 15 Aug 2011. Links to Lincolnshire have now been removed. -- EdJogg (talk) 20:39, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Porter Family
Thanks Martin of Sheffield (talk) 12:16, 27 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Does anyone have any biographical notes on Richard Thomas Porter?
 * Does anyone know if Rosita Marion Porter who married Thomas Lake Porter Aveling was related to Richard Porter?  It seems a bit co-incidental otherwise, but I have no references to hand.

Steam sappers as locomotives
Yeatman starts by saying: "The story of the Lodge Hill & Upnor Railway begins in 1873 when a Manning Wardle 1ft 6in gauge locomotive named BURGOYNE was sent to the Royal Engineers at Upnor to assist in the construction of a light railway, which was to be known as the Chattenden & Upnor Railway. Some of the line must have been laid to 4ft 8½in gauge as we hear that six Aveling & Porter engines of 2−2−0 design were also supplied. These 5−ton "Steam Sappers" had two sets of wheels, one for road work and a flanged set for use on rails".

Yeatman's editor however notes: "The author is certain that there were six, and thinks there could possibly have been nine, ‘Steam Sappers’ in use on the railway. One such machine, STEAM SAPPER No.5, is featured elsewhere in this issue, and we can be reasonably certain that this locomotive did work on rails at Chattenden. Messrs. Aveling & Barford state, however: "We were not under the impression that the Steam Sapper was intended as a road-rail conversion machine. It was specially designed as a traction engine for Military Service. They were light machines specially constructed so that the weight did not exceed that of the heaviest siege gun and so ensured that pontoon bridges were not overloaded." The Club records show that there were six Aveling and Porter locomotives in the area at this time, although they are thought to have been at Chatham Dockyard. These, and the six Steam Sappers, are listed above but we have no evidence that any (other than STEAM SAPPER No.5) were used here".

Mullett states: "STEAM SAPPER No.5, however, seems to have been something of an exception. It was no. 830 of 1872 for the School of Military Engineering at Brompton (now known as Old Brompton), Gillingham, Kent, and from our illustration it appears to have been supplied as a convertible road to rail locomotive. The flywheel was 4' 6" in diameter, and the axles - 6' 4" long with a diameter of 4⅜" - were fitted with compensating gear and gunmetal axleboxes on both sides. The winding cone was keyed to the crankshaft which had a diameter of 2⅞". Double steam domes were fitted, and the wrought iron chimney had a cast iron base.

"This little engine, of 6 nominal horsepower, in common with most others of its class, was fitted with a single road speed and was put in or out of gear by sliding a pinion along the crankshaft and holding it in the required position by means of a leather strap buckled round the shaft. In its rail form a wooden beam seems to be inserted longitudinally beneath the boiler and ending in a simple buffer - and in our illustration the steering gear still seems to be connected! It should perhaps be mentioned that in the case of the engine at the Oxford Show a patent slip eccentric was used and link motion dispensed with, but in those examples the writer has been lucky enough to see - including the one preserved in the Science Museum at South Kensington and STEAM SAPPER No.5 - conventional link motion was used. The four slide bars, big ball governors, short smokebox and Salter safety valves are all very typical of the Aveling of this period.

"Messrs. Aveling-Barford Ltd., who have very kindly checked their records for me, seem unaware that any "Steam Sappers" were built other than as road machines, and it would be interesting to know why this one was so turned out".

According to Nowers the five engines ordered in 1872 were as the result of a trial of Sapper 2 which drove from Chatham to Blanford for manoeuvers during which it drove a pump for water supply. Nowers does state that number 9 was fitted with flanged wheels for a trial as a result of which number 12 was supplied with a set. However some tests were arried out on the Chatendon & Upnor line in 1874 according to a report by the then Commandant SME. The table in appendix I of Nowers only mentions number 5 as being "illustrated with flanged railway wheels". A picture of number 4 at the works (page 11) clearly shows road wheels.

In passing it should be noted that there is frequent use of the word "train" to describe several road wagons coupled to each other for example a "seige train" or a "balloon train". These are not railway trains.

I think therefore that the situation was:
 * Number 5 was fitted with railway wheels for at least part of its life.
 * Number 9 was so fitted for a trial.
 * Number 12 was convertable.

Therefore I will shortly modify the table of locomotives accordingly. In the short term I'll leave the original information commented out in case anyone disputes this and can point to better evidence. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:38, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Commented out information removed as per the above. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 23:21, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Claims of size.
”Use with caution" - the author has a number of books all on the Medway area which were published before self-piblishing was easy. Multiple copes held by multiple libraries (inc LCC and BL). I think you’ve just demonstrated why this should not be asserted in the lede, as a simple fact: “books all on the Medway area”. Library shelves are filled with works which excel on local detail, but sometimes look a little parochial on broader perspective. I don’t doubt that something of the kind may be true, but without detail quantifying and qualifying it, it is too broad a claim to be plunked down in the lede. Qwirkle (talk) 18:43, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * First, let me correct my spelling errors: for "self-piblishing" read "self-publishing" and for "LCC" read "LoC" (Library of Congress). I've just run a quick search and come up with the following URLs.  Some of them may be derrived from WP, so use with caution, but others are clearly not (particularly Grace's Guide).

 * https://100objectskent.co.uk/object/aveling-porter-steam-roller/
 * https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/54335f322162f10f8458f9f5
 * https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Aveling_and_Porter
 * 70% of the British Empire market and exporting to the USA at that time would be indicative of the claim. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 21:03, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * the first cite claims A&P were the largest “manufacturers of traction engines and road rollers in the country”. Note that claim is for Britain...or even England, come to think of it, and that it rolls in traction engines as well. (The cite also makes some disputable claims about A&P in popular culture.) The second cite is almost certainly wikicircular. Grace’s supports only that A&P produced about 3/4 of -domestic- demand at certain times, as far as I can see. Qwirkle (talk) 21:42, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * As I said, those URLs were simply the ones off the first page of a search. Fascinating as this discussion is the original point is that deleting invoking the self publishing as grounds for deletion is pushing caution too far.  If you glance at the line below Preston (1977), you will see that Preston (1987) was not self-published.  These are not random tweets, blogs or other electronic media but properly printed and bound books.  Since it is a UK publication, I assume that the LoC purchased it rather than having it dumped on them, but that's a guess.  As the statement is properly cited you need to find a better source rather than a knee-jerk reaction to anything self-published. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 22:31, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Neither are Preston’s books widely disseminated works aimed at, and delivered to, a global audience, a far more important consideration than the state of their binding. These are not sources to justify such broad claims...and, indeed, the reader can’t even be readily sure that they made them, exactly. Qwirkle (talk) 22:57, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * They are on sale on Amazon ( admittedly in the US, but they'd probably ship it anywhere) and available in libraries in the UK, Germany, Australia and across the US . Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:04, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Can I invite you to stay over for a few nights with me in Rochester- so you can do a site visit. You could visit the local history section at Rochester Library and Baggins Bookshop where Godfrey would be happy to sell you a few rare titles. A visit would allow a visit the Library at Chatham Historic Dockyard too. But more importantly, you could walk 100m to the Medway Archives and find all of Prestons books in the reference section- ClemRutter (talk) 17:11, 8 February 2020 (UTC) of ME2 3HB
 * Given that my objections are based on the dangers of parochialism, how would the fact that a Rochester library, a Rochester museum, another museum nearby next town over address this? I’m sure a search in Buffalo or Springfield could easily show the same result, with a different firm, of course, in the lead. Qwirkle (talk) 17:40, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not sure where Springfield is, but from Buffalo the nearest library copies are in Rochester (NY, not Kent), London (Ontario), Binghamton NY, Princeton NJ and Washington DC. That's the first page, I can't be bothered to go further.  Your initial comment was about self-publishing, now it is "parochialism"; what next NIH? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 17:58, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The words “Buffalo” and “Springfield” have no implications to you in this context? ‘Nuff said. Qwirkle (talk) 18:29, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh dear. I was hoping that it was where you lived.  I really hoped you weren't meaning that you don't believe anywhere in the world could possibly outproduce the US at any time in history.  If that's the case then this conversation is going nowhere.  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 20:22, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Globalization
Aveling and Porter were a British company who predominantly sold to the UK. What global perspective are you expecting. And that tag is not mentioned nor justified on the talk page.

No, A&P were also an exporter, unless you define the Raj et al as part of the UK. They exported to the US, and were a large part of the early history in North America before local manufacturers expanded. What they were not is a company that made 70 percent of the world market. While You can find cites that make this sort of claim, they fail the giggle test. The dominant North American firm, Buffalo-Springfield (and its predecessors) alone made about as many steamrollers. Qwirkle (talk) 02:30, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * You missed the word "predominantly" in what I wrote. I never claimed they did not export outside the UK, so your argument is a strawman. I've update the claim you marked as "dubious" to make it accurate. The sources do not fail some sort of 'giggle test", whatever that might be. They are accurately cited in the article. The Mirror Cracked (talk) 02:57, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * A “giggle test”. Even has its own wikistub. Adding a cherrypicked cite off a tendentious search, and one which stovepipes into another...no, really that is two which stovepipe into a third, is unlikely to improve the accuracy of anything. “Accurately cited” =/= “accurate.” Qwirkle (talk) 04:23, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Is globalization Mainly irrelevant to this article.?
Were the article not making world-wide claims,, that might be a valid point.Qwirkle (talk) 21:16, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with your statement "This article seems too dependent on localized sources" but the information in the globalization box is largely irrelevant. Certainly too irrelevant to be put at the head of the article. (Maybe placed at the end might be more suitable?) --Roly (talk) 21:33, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Better still, as a steam-conscious kind of fellow, would you have any cites handy that might address this from a less parochial viewpoint? Qwirkle (talk) 21:54, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No, I don't; sorry. --Roly (talk) 22:06, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aveling and Porter


text:
Nolidae

Nolidae is a family of moths with about 1,700 described species worldwide. They are mostly small with dull coloration, the main distinguishing feature being a silk cocoon with a vertical exit slit. The group is sometimes known as tuft moths, after the tufts of raised scales on the forewings of two subfamilies, Nolinae and Collomeninae. The larvae also tend to have muted colors and tufts of short hairs.

Formerly, this group was included in the Noctuidae.

Subfamilies

 * Chloephorinae
 * Collomeninae
 * Eligminae
 * Nolinae
 * Risobinae

Monotypic subfamilies

 * Afridinae – Afrida
 * Bleninae – Blenina
 * Diphtherinae – Diphthera (monotypic genus)
 * Eariadinae – Earias
 * Westermanniinae – Westermannia

Genera incertae sedis
The following genera have yet to be assigned to a subfamily: • Aiteta

• Aquis

• Ariola

• Ballatha

• Barasa

• Beana

• Cacyparis

• Carea

• Chandica

• Churia

• Didiguides

• Diplolopha

• Elesma

• Kerala

• Lasiolopha

• Leocyma

• Lophothripa

• Maurilia

• Meganola

• Microzada

• Motya

• Nanaguna

• Ophiosema

• Paracrama

• Plotheia

• Selepa

title: Nolidae


text:
Ace of Base discography

This is the discography of Swedish pop group Ace of Base. The group is the third best-selling group from Sweden after ABBA and Roxette with an estimated 50 million records sold worldwide. This is a list with all of their albums and singles released, along with highest chart positions reached in major territories. Extended chart information, artwork and track listings can be found on individual pages. To date, they have released five studio albums and 28 singles.

Music videos
This is a list of official music videos for Ace of Base singles and when they were released.

title: Ace of Base discography


text:
Talk:Etrigan the Demon

Gay kissing Batman and others
Don´t you think we should mention that Etrigan menaged do defeat important DC characters like Wonder Woman and Batman, plus kissing both of them? He kissed Batman on detective comics circa 88 or 89, and there was later a flashback of the scene in a later story where both he and Batman are sent to hell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.51.194.134 (talk) 18:32, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure if I would qualify that as a kiss. A kiss is a sign of love, friendship, intimacy, etc ... All positive things. Etrigan is known for none of that. Whatever he does serves his needs, often in cruel, inspeakable ways. So don't interpret that as a kiss, or even a gay kiss. Consider this: a demon mouth that shoots fire would have worse breath than a cigarette smoker. Ugh!

AlGorup 15:47, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

In fact, the Blue Beetle made a very similar comment about Etrigan on a recent JLI story —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.29.82.43 (talk) 18:59, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Etrigan as a gay character? As well as enemy of Batman?
As far as i know, Etrigan attacked Batman in serveral ocasions. Once manipulated by the Joker, in another trying to kill Green Arrow. In his recent series by Byrne. I also remember that during the later 80s he beat Batman to a pulp and later gave him a gay kiss. I swear I´m not lying, this happened in a story (I believe it took place on Detective Comics) by Alan Grant.

I think the Demon has a 1/2 brother called Scape Goat. I 'll have to look up his birthname. He also had a son that his was forced to destroy.

Additionally, he does have a mother, too. A anthopomorphic serpant, but a mother, none-the-less.

No mention of the philosopher's stone in the entry, either.

when he tried to kill the Green Arrow, I think he only attacked Batman because Batman was trying to stop him. That was in Green Arrow: Quiver by Kevin Smith. I really doubt Etrigan is an enemy of Batman (at least not in that comic).

Etrigan/Jason Blood split
Since Etrigan & Jason Blood are separate entities with their own histories, should we describe their history in this light?

 * Yes. Sometimes they were written as one character in different states, sometimes as two characters bonded. This page makes their history clear.

As I recall, Jason Blood in the original series was simply the human guise of Etrigan who had lost all memory of his true identity. R.G. (talk) 20:41, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Etrigan's powers
Etrigan's power list sidebar gives no mention of his travel abilities. However, under his prose listing, it lists him as having the ability to fly. As I've always understood it, Etrigan travels with super-leaping rather than flight. Has he ever been shown to actually fly while on Earth? He may have done so at some point in Hell, though I don't think he has while incarnated on this plane.

I agree with you. I've never seen him fly. Rather, he leaps quite a bit with no regard on the surfaces he damages when he lands. But I don't have a complete collection of Demon comics, either.

I suppose under modes of transportation, we can list that yellow car of his. It burns the very air it flys upon and consumes demon(s) as fuel.

AlGorup 14:47, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Yellow car? Is that a recent development in Blood of the Demon? I don't believe I've seen such a mode of transportation, though I've read only the first two or three issues of his current series.

--ManiacClown 06:17, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Last series. He drove it primarily in Hell. You can see a picture of it at: http://www.milehighcomics.com/cgi-bin/backissue.cgi?action=enlarge&issue=23731529558%2031

AlGorup 15:50, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Title
According to WP:COMIC's naming policy, I believe this article should be located at Demon (comics). -leigh (φθόγγος) 02:13, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Arkum Asylum:Living Hell
He had a pretty big role in Arkum worth mentioning?--134.220.3.14 22:39, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Confirmation of Etrigans' Appearance in G.I. Combat
Brodahisou 06:49, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Can anyone confirm that Etrigan actually did appear in an issue of G.I. Combat? This is currently listed on the Etrigan The Demon wikipedia page;  Etrigan also appeared in one issue of the DC comic G.I. Combat, which features a WWII Haunted Tank possessed by the spirit of Civil War Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart.

I can find no evidence that he ever did. The crew of The Haunted Tank and General J.E.B. Stuart appeared in The Demon V3 46-48 (April-June 1994) and no reference was ever made of them meeting before. Could the person who added the above statement be incorrect and be getting their wires crossed? If Etrigan did appear in an issue of G.I. Combat can someone please confirm what issue. Thank you in advance for your assistance.

Other Versions
Why would Etrigan's appreances in Hitman be considered 'other versions'? Hitman is in D.C. continuity. Lots42 10:53, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:28, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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rhyme

 * Had I but world enough and time
 * I'd rewrite this whole article in rhyme.
 * Sophie means wisdom (talk) 08:52, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Lets keep things accurate
Someone is placing false information and references on this page, stating that Etrigan and Jason Blood are "in a romantic relationship".

Can we not lie on Wikipedia, thanks. 81.97.198.108 (talk) 01:59, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:22, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Etrigan and Jason Blood from The Demon Hell Is Earth 04.jpg

title: Talk:Etrigan the Demon


text:
Sabina Park

Sabina Park is a cricket ground and the home of the Kingston Cricket Club, and is the only Test cricket ground in Kingston, Jamaica.

History
Sabina Park was originally a Pen (urban residence and adjoining land of a wealthy merchant, shopkeeper or professional), part of which was eventually sold to the Kingston Cricket Club for their grounds. The entire Estate was 30 acres. The Great House at Sabina Park Pen was named Rosemount.

Sabina Park Pen
Higman and Hudson state that the name is a "transfer name", i.e., a name copied from somewhere else, in this case "the region around Rome" of Magliano Sabina.

Shalman Scott, writing in the Jamaica Observer, claims that: ""

Known ownership of Sabina Park Pen includes:

Sabina Park Cricket Ground
From 1880, Sabina Park was rented by Kingston Cricket Club from Mrs. Blakely, the then owner, for an annual fee of £27. This arrangement continued until 27 November 1890 when it was purchased for £750.

Sabina Park became a Test cricket ground in 1930 when it hosted the visiting MCC team for the fourth and final Test in the West Indies' first home series.

The picturesque ground is perhaps one of the most significant in Test cricket history recording the first triple century in the game with England's Andy Sandham's 325 versus the West Indies in the 1930 game. The 365 not out by Sir Garfield Sobers which stood as a Test record for over 36 years is also regaled, as is Lawrence Rowe's world record on debut 214 (equalled by India's Yashasvi Jaiswal who made that same score not out against England) and 100 not out against the visiting New Zealand in 1972.

Sabina Park was the venue for the abandoned test in 1998 involving the touring England team. The test was abandoned after less than an hour's play due to the pitch being deemed unfit for play.

Prior to Independence Park opening in 1962, it would also host the Jamaica national football team.

Facilities
The members pavilion lies square of the wicket on the west side.

The Blue Mountains form a backdrop to the north, facing the George Headley Stand, with Kingston Harbour to the south. This view is currently blocked by the Northern Stand, built as part of the ground's redevelopment for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

The George Headley stand which dominates the south end is currently the only stand in the ground named after anyone, and has a capacity of just over 6,000. The Eastern Stands has given way to a "Party Stand" replacing the popular "Mound" stand. The general capacity of Jamaicans for excess is aptly demonstrated in the construction of the huge five-level concrete stand which hosts the outside broadcast facilities, players facilities as well as a fleet of upscale private boxes.

In terms of size, Sabina Park is still relatively small. It can fit a 400-metre running track comfortably on its perimeter, but little else, and with its refurbishing, the capacity has increased to 20,000.

With the commissioning of floodlights in August 2014, Sabina Park became the last of the international grounds in the Caribbean to have this facility. The ground is now capable of hosting day/night matches and this is especially useful for the Caribbean Premier League where the Jamaica Tallawahs play their home games.

A mural featuring 19 famous Jamaican cricketers was constructed outside the ground in 2021.

title: Sabina Park


text:
Talk:Ward Bond

Untitled
I did some research and Bond was born in Benkelman, Nebraska not Denver, Colorado. See this website: http://www.surfnetinc.com/chuck/villains.htm and here http://backwhen.com/whereare.asp?WhereID=39 it states he was born in Nebraska but grew up in Colorado. maltmomma 14:57, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Both of the links cited above seem to be dead now. Eddie Blick (talk) 00:02, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

Wikiproject Texas and WikiProject College football???
Just curious, but why is Ward Bond being considered for these projects? Because he attended a football game in Dallas and died there? Seems very tenuous to me. But as I say, just curious. Monkeyzpop (talk) 02:43, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like he played college football for USC; I also fail to see the connection to Texas, though. I'm removing it. -Bryanrutherford0 (talk) 18:33, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

right wing
Wikipedia uses pejorative descriptions of conservative people or groups. You allow them to be described as right wing, but I have not read similar descriptions of groups of obvious left wing people or organizations. You have done this in the article on Ward Bond and another on the so-called peace symbol. This is why so many do not take this site seriously. Bias under the banner of presenting history and "facts" is not acceptable. [user: Peskytruth] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Notleftist (talk • contribs) 16:42, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * There is nothing pejorative about the terms "left wing" and "right wing" in political discussions. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics.  They are terms for indicating political leaning, not derogatory statements. Monkeyzpop (talk) 19:48, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Added a Movie
I added Hitler-Dead or Alive to his movie credits, but it shows in red, even though there's a Wikipedia page for the film. It also shows in red here; I tried it with and without the hyphen. It's a hyphenated title on both this and the IMDb sites, so I imagine that's the correct spelling.

"Ward Bond." An odd name; wonder why he never Hollywood-ized it?--76.212.159.122 (talk) 00:07, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The issue was the WP article has spaces around the hyphen. It's Hitler – Dead or Alive. --Marc Kupper|talk 20:36, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism
There should be some mention of Bond's very vocal anti-Semitism. It was detailed in Scott Eyman's recent biography of John Wayne. (109.150.55.191 (talk) 13:19, 27 December 2016 (UTC))

title: Talk:Ward Bond


text:
Sinus Honoris

Sinus Honoris (Latin sinus honōris "Bay of Honour") is located along the western edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis located on the surface of the near side of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 11.7° N, 17.9° E. It has a diameter of 112 km.

Sinus Honoris has a wide mouth and is bordered by uneven terrain to the north and southwest. Where the bay joins the mare, rille systems extend to the north and south. The northern system is designated Rimae Maclear, after the crater Maclear just to the east of the bay. At the southern end of the bay entrance is the Rimae Sosigenes, named for the crater Sosigenes to the south. At the west end of the bay is a finger of mare surface that extends to the northwest for almost 100 km.

title: Sinus Honoris


text:
Zell, Zürich

Zell is a municipality in the district of Winterthur in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Geography
Zell has an area of 13 km2. Of this area, 43.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 12.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.3%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). housing and buildings made up 9.1% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (3.8%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 1.7% of the area. , 12.2% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.

Zell is situated in the upper Töss Valley. In Zell-Rikon is a Tibetan monastery, the Tibet Institute Rikon. The municipality also includes the hamlet of Kollbrunn.

Demographics
Zell has a population (as of ) of. , 17.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. the gender distribution of the population was 50.3% male and 49.7% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.5%. Most of the population speaks German  (87.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.8%) and Albanian being third ( 1.8%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (17%), the CSP (14.1%) and the Green Party (8.3%).

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.3%. In Zell about 70% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 1874 households in Zell.

Zell has an unemployment rate of 3.02%. , there were 134 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 35 businesses involved in this sector. 397 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 47 businesses in this sector. 680 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 141 businesses in this sector. 52.3% of the working population were employed full-time, and 47.7% were employed part-time.

there were 1138 Catholics and 2306 Protestants in Zell. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the, 54.3% were some type of Protestant, with 49.3% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 5% belonging to other Protestant churches. 22.3% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 0% were Muslim, 6.5% belonged to another religion (not listed), 3.1% did not give a religion, and 9.6% were atheist or agnostic.

Transportation
Zell lies on the Tösstalbahn railway that links Winterthur and Rüti ZH, and the stations of Rämismühle-Zell, Rikon and Kollbrunn are all within the municipality. All three stations are served by lines S11 and S26 of the Zürich S-Bahn.

title: Zell, Zürich


text:
Toploader

Toploader are an English rock band from Eastbourne, East Sussex, formed in 1997, with over two million album sales and several top 20 hits both home and abroad. Their debut album, Onka's Big Moka, sold over one million units and peaked in the top 5 of the UK Albums Chart, where it remained for six months. It earned them four nominations at the 2001 Brit Awards. They are recognised most of all for their cover of King Harvest's US hit "Dancing in the Moonlight" written by Sherman Kelly, which became a global hit for the band. Their second album, Magic Hotel, reached number 3 in the UK Albums Chart. The band reunited in 2009; they continue to tour and record music.

Formation and early start (1997–1998)
Named after a joint-rolling technique, Toploader's live career began playing with Coldplay and Muse in small venues across the UK. They later went on to support the likes of Paul Weller, Noel Gallagher, Tom Jones, Robbie Williams and Simple Minds. On 20 July 2000 they backed Bon Jovi at the original Wembley Stadium, becoming the last British band to play there before it was demolished and redeveloped.

Commercial success (1999–2001)
By 1998, Toploader had been picked up by S2 Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music, and signed a six-album deal. On 7 May 1999, the band made their first live TV performance on TFI Friday, hosted by Chris Evans. Later that same year their debut album, Onka's Big Moka, was released on 11 November and became a huge hit. It was produced by Dave Eringa, a long time collaborator of the Manic Street Preachers. It debuted at number five in the UK Albums Chart, until it settled at number four. "Dancing in the Moonlight" was the top single off the album, eventually reaching number seven in the UK Singles Chart, while "Achilles Heel" managed to get to number eight. They received four nominations at the Brit Awards, though did not win any of them. On 24 June 2000, Toploader played at the Glastonbury Festival, as part of the Saturday line-up.

Break-up (2002–2003)
In 2002, they released a second album, Magic Hotel. It was poorly received by critics and failed to match the success of the first. They struggled with a backlash from the UK music press and their single, "Time of My Life", could only make it into the Top 20. Because of the negative reception and the album not meeting the same success as the first, they were dropped by S2. Not long after that, the band broke up in 2003. Julian Deane retired as a musician and in 2007 he founded Raygun Music, a Brighton based management company, that serves both as a record label and publisher.

Reforming and later work (2009–present)
Six years later, Toploader reformed and signed a one-album deal with Underdogs Music for their third album, which was released in June 2011. The album's title was Only Human, and the first single from it, "Never Stop Wondering", was released on 14 March 2011. Another single, "A Balance to All Things" (featuring a remix from Ash Howes), followed on 20 June 2011.

The present band line-up contains three of the five original members: Joseph Washbourn, Dan Hipgrave and Rob Green, with touring and session-member Patrick Greenberg (a former touring-bassist with Clean Bandit).

On 28 April 2012, they performed at the University of Gloucestershire Student Union Summerball. They also performed at Aberystwyth University's May Ball on 11 May 2012. In May 2012, they played at Lakefest festival. They also played at the Tiree Music Festival in July 2012. During 2012 the band agreed to act as patrons for a UK-based children's charity called 'Time Is Precious'. In November 2012 they performed a gig in Frome, Somerset with all proceeds going to the charity, which helps ill children and their families.

In 2013, Toploader released a new single "Turn It Around", co-written with Eg White and produced by Andrew Green, as part of a four-song EP. In the summer of 2013 they headlined the LeeStock Music Festival in Suffolk and the AmpRocks Festival in Bedfordshire.

On 12 May 2017, Toploader's fourth album, Seeing Stars was released on Big Lake Music, a sub-label of India Media Group; "Roll with the Punches" was chosen as the lead single. The album was crowdfunded using an online direct-to-fan music platform called PledgeMusic. One year before the album's release, Matt Knight left the band.

Jordan Smith from The Xcerts has occasionally performed live with Toploader, but is not a full-time member.

Toploader appeared on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on 18 March 2023 as part of the "Sing-a-long Live" segment, where they performed "Dancing in the Moonlight". The band performed at the 2023 Conservative Party conference in Manchester on 3 October 2023 and the 2023 Labour Party Conference in Liverpool on 11 October.

Members
Current members
 * Joseph Washbourn – lead vocals, keyboards, organ, piano, acoustic guitar (1997–2003, 2009–present)
 * Dan Hipgrave – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1997–2003, 2009–present)
 * Rob Green – drums, percussion (1997–2003, 2009–present)

Former members
 * Matt Knight – bass, backing vocals (1997–2003, 2009–2016)
 * Julian Deane – rhythm and lead guitars, backing vocals (1997–2003)

Touring and session members
 * Patrick Greenberg – bass, backing vocals (2016–present)

Awards and nominations

 * Brit Awards

 * rowspan="5" | 2001 || rowspan="2" | "Dancing in the Moonlight" || British Single of the Year ||
 * British Video of the Year ||
 * rowspan="3" | Toploader || British Group ||
 * British Breakthrough Act ||
 * rowspan="3" | Toploader || British Group ||
 * British Breakthrough Act ||
 * British Breakthrough Act ||
 * British Breakthrough Act ||

title: Toploader


text:
Battle of Christmas Island

The Battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II. Assisted by a mutiny of soldiers of the British Indian Army against their British officers, Imperial Japanese Army troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any land-based resistance. The United States Navy submarine USS Seawolf (SS-197) caused severe damage to the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Naka during the landings.

Background
At the time, Christmas Island was a British possession under administrative control of the Straits Settlement, situated 161 nmi south of Java. It was a good control post for the east Indian Ocean and it was an important source of phosphates, which were needed by Japanese industry. Since 1900, the island had been mined for its phosphate, and at the time of the battle there was a large labour force, consisting of 1,000 Chinese and Malays working under the supervision of a small group of British overseers. In addition, there were about 100 women and 200 children on the island.

After the occupation of Java, Japanese Imperial General Headquarters issued orders for "Operation X" (the invasion and occupation of Christmas Island) on 14 March 1942. Rear Admiral Shōji Nishimura was assigned to command the Second Southern Expeditionary Fleet's occupation force, with the light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Naka as his flagship. The fleet also consisted of the light cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Nagara and JAPANESE CRUISER Natori, and destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Minegumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Natsugumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Amatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Satsuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Minazuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Fumizuki and JAPANESE DESTROYER Nagatsuki, oiler Akebono Maru and transports Kimishima Maru and Kumagawa Maru, with 850 men of the 21st and 24th special base forces and the 102nd Construction Unit.

Opposing this invasion force was a single 6 in gun that had been built in 1900 and had been mounted on Christmas Island in 1940. The British garrison—a detachment of the Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery—numbered 32 troops. It was led by a British officer, Captain L. W. T. Williams. Williams' force consisted of an Indian officer, Subadar Muzaffar Khan; 27 Punjabi Indian gunners and non-commissioned officers (NCOs); and four British enlisted men.

A group of Punjabi troops, apparently believing Japanese propaganda concerning the liberation of India from British rule, and probably acting with the tacit support of some or all of the local Sikh police officers, mutinied. On 11 March, they shot and killed Williams and the four British enlisted men – Sergeants Giles and Cross and Gunners Thurgood and Tate – and tossed their bodies into the sea. They then locked up the district officer and the few other European inhabitants of the island pending an execution that apparently was thwarted by the Japanese occupation.

Battle
At dawn on 31 March 1942, a dozen Japanese bombers launched the attack, destroying the radio station. The mutineers signalled their intention to surrender, raising a white flag before the 850-man landing force had come ashore. The Japanese expeditionary corps was able to disembark at Flying Fish Cove without opposition.

At 09:49 the same morning, the US Navy submarine USS Seawolf (SS-197) fired four torpedoes at the Naka; all missed. Seawolf attacked again at 06:50 the following morning, firing three torpedoes at Natori, missing again. That evening, with her final two torpedoes, from 1100 yd, Seawolf managed to hit Naka on her starboard side, near her No. 1 boiler. The damage was severe enough that Naka had to be towed back to Singapore by Natori, and eventually was forced to return to Japan for a year of repairs. Following the hit, the other Japanese vessels depth charged the US submarine for over nine hours but it escaped.

Natori returned to Christmas Island and withdrew all elements of the occupation force, with the exception of a 20-man garrison detachment, to Banten Bay, Indonesia, on 3 April 1942. The Japanese gained phosphate rock which was loaded on the transport ships.

Aftermath
Following the occupation, the Japanese garrison attempted to put the Chinese and Malays to work, although many escaped further inland to live off the land. The mutineers also became labourers, being employed to clean storage bins. Production was only very limited after the occupation and after the 17 November 1942 sinking of the Nissei Maru by the submarine USS Searaven while unloading at the wharf, phosphate production was halted altogether. Over 60 percent of the island's population, including the European prisoners, were relocated to Java by December 1943. After the war, Christmas Island was reoccupied by the UK in mid-October 1945.

In the post war period, seven Punjabi mutineers were traced and court-martialled in Singapore. The first six to be identified and tried were convicted on 13 March 1947. Five were sentenced to death, and one was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and discharge with ignominy. King George VI confirmed the death sentences on 13 August 1947. British rule in India ended shortly afterward, with India gaining independence and Pakistan being created before the executions could be carried out, and thus diplomatic issues had to be taken into account. In October 1947, a seventh mutineer was identified. He was also court-martialled and sentenced to death. An eighth soldier was identified as a participant in the mutiny but was never caught. On 8 December 1947, the death sentences were commuted to penal servitude for life after the governments of India and Pakistan made representations. After further arguments between the UK and Pakistan over where the sentences should be served, with the British demanding they serve nine years, the six prisoners were transferred to Pakistan in June 1955, after which the British government ended its interest in the case.

title: Battle of Christmas Island


text:
Talk:Pope Cornelius

Untitled
Novatian fled Rome, but his followers organized into a sect considered heretical by the rest of Christianity. What sect was that? I think a little illumination on the subject might help things. --Mitsukai 14:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Added link to Novatianism; hope this helps. User:FeanorStar7

Helps much. Thanks. --Mitsukai 00:32, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

POV Strictly Catholic?
Since this is part of the Saints section, is this page's POV strictly Catholic? From the strict historical point of view, the term Pope (Popa) was not used until 380 A.D. Before this there were just Bishops, some more self-agrandizing than others. So it is a little difficult to reconcile this with the blanket declaration at the top of the page giving Cornelius's election dates. I believe it is more correct to leave out the term pope. From the Council of Nicaea in 325, we can see quite clearly that the bishops were quite concerned with maintaining their independence and did not even want to have to recognize priests ordained by other bishops.

Deleted external links
The editor who deleted external links at this article has made similar deletions at many other articles, including links to on-line text of many Early Christian writers. Discussion of this behavior, which would have been routinely reverted as vandalism if it were from an anonymous IP, may be found at Talk:Papias. --Wetman 18:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Date of birth?
Does anyone know where and when Cornelius was born? Considering this page is about a person, this would be useful.

72.66.95.249 18:08, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Moses
There is a mention of Moses who was the leading candidate for Pope. Can we link that? Is there a fuller name? RJFJR (talk) 18:41, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pope Cornelius


text:
Talk:Mare Tranquillitatis

Bays of Mare Tranquillitatis
Since they are essentially appendages to this maria, I added in the four attached bays on this page rather than making them separate pages. — RJH 15:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spelling
Should it be referred to as "Sea of Tranquility" or "Sea of Tranquillity"? The former is used in the article, while on the Main Page—whence I came to this article—I encountered the latter. Merriam-Webster Online lists "tranquillity" as its main entry and "tranquility" as a variant. Google Fight shows a pretty even match between the two. --timc | Talk 16:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The single 'l' is an Americanism (according to Chambers). All the other '-ility' nouns (that I can think of) come from adjectives ending in '-le' (usually '-ble' or '-ile'). Most Americans shorten the pronunciation of '-ile' words (so, for instance, the film title Hostel would be seen as a pun). Hence, 'tranquil' is lumped in with 'hostile' etc., and thus 'tranquillity' is lumped in with 'hostility' etc. – and the double 'l' is overlooked. Grant 11:24, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Diagram?
Would it not be extremely informative for the average reader to include a diagram of where exactly the Sea of Tranquility is on the moon from an earth view? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.192.112.144  (talk • contribs)  ) 23:06, August 9, 2008 (UTC)

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Quick Update to "In the Arts" Section
I quickly updated this section with Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, the 2018 album and single from Arctic Monkeys. The name is an obvious reference to the Sea of Tranquility. AMCG16 (talk) 19:29, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

Labelled Map points to wrong mare for Sea of Islands
The article uses a graphic that appears on many WP pages, Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labelled. However, the Mare Insularum lies in the dark area between the bright craters Copernicus and Kepler. If an editor has access to the original so that single blue line could be redrawn, instead of someone recreating the entire image, that'd be great. See the article or the image is and here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis#/media/File:Moon_names.svg Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host  (talk) 20:53, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * This an easy fix for editors at WP:GL/I and c:COM:GL/ILL. Please explain the problem to either of the two workshops I linked to and cite your source, and someone will fix it. Easy peasy! Don't worry about how it should be done. Just tell them what you need changed and why. --- Coffee  and crumbs  06:32, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Thanks! I've requested the fix here. Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 01:11, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mare Tranquillitatis


text:
Talk:Warm-blooded

Problems with citations
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-warm-blooded-and-cold-blooded-animals.htm this article seems to to say slightly otherwise than the title above, but is also a citation... I do not know how valid the source is, though, so i havent added it. Im leaving the link here so others could potentialy use it.

85.24.42.113 (talk) 08:34, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Incorrect terminology
the term 'warm-blooded', is scientifically out of date, and where possible should be removed from the article, i study biology as a HSC subject, and it is strictly stated in the syllabus that the term warm-blooded should not be used as it is incorrect, and does not correctly identify the type of system a nominated animal possesses, any arguments? p(Spicypeanut 11:11, 8 November 2007 (UTC))

Hiya Spicypeanut,

You are of course correct that "warm-blooded" is not a scientific term. It is however the best known and most widely used term in the English language. By placing the article here we make it easy for beginners, youngsters, and persons with no formal background to come and start the process of learning about thermoregulation. If we start out with something obscure like "poikilothermic" only people who already know about the subject will be able to find it. Precision is good, but in this situation accessibility is important too.Ken McE (talk) 02:43, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * This "most widely used term" problem can be easily resolved by a disambiguation page ("Warm-blooded could mean:") I recently overhauled cold-blooded in this fashion. I plan to do the same here. StevePrutz (talk) 20:40, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

misplaced info?
i think the "temperature control in cold blooded animals" should be moved to the cold blooded article, and possibly be replaced with temperature control in warm blooded animals" which SHOULD just be a link to homeostasis if not thermoregulation

6pm(in aus atleast) july 24th 2007

Reasons for requesting rewrite
Hopefully someone with more zoological knowledge than I possess can definitively edit this... Thanks! --postglock 15:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The first two sections seem to repeat each other and need to be merged. The 2nd person perspective is probably not encyclopedic, although others may disagree.
 * 2) The third section (In between cold and warm blooded) should probably be moved to a separate page accessible by both this page and the cold-blooded page
 * 3) The title should probably be modified, as should the title of cold-blooded. See Talk:Cold-blooded.
 * 4) Not sure what people think should be done about the warm vs cold-blooded sections in both articles... merge? keep separate???

Rewritten
Hopefully this page and the cold blooded page will better complement one another now. Jura 08:33, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, it seems there's always the temptation to throw in the mix the terms "homeotherm" and "endotherm" as equivalents, which they aren't! "Homeotherm" refers to an organism capable of maintaining an internal temperature more or less constant independently from the environmental conditions whereas as "endotherm" organism is simply one that has an internal source of heat production. Although generally an endotherm is simultaneously a homeotherm, the two terms *are not* equivalent and so they should be kept in separate sections. The same is true for "poikilotherm" and "ectotherm".

C. L. Furlong --85.242.200.80 11:47, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Archaic
Warm blooded may not be the scientifically preferred descriptor but it is the most common term in normal usage. Archaic seems a very odd choice of words. Needs changing I think Alci12

 * It certainly seems odd that the page should be listed under its "archaic" name rather than something more formal with a redirect at warm-blooded. --ToobMug 10:54, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

I took the "Archaic" remark to mean someone disapproved of it but did not quite want to move and redo the entire article. They are of course correct that it is the common or "low" English word and persons with advanced training in the field would avoid it as being quaint and imprecise. Ken McE (talk) 00:19, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge
I was actually coming to recommend the same thing as postglock.

The entries for cold and warm blooded repeat themselves a lot, and i think it would be very helpful to write them together, especially considering, according to the entry on cold blooded, "Most creatures fit more in line with a graded spectrum from one extreme (cold-blooded) to another (warm-blooded)"

Remove redirect
Please please please, can the redirect be removed from Homeothermy to Warm-blooded? As has been noted, these terms are not synonomous. Also, I assume there is a redirect from Heterothermy to Cold-blooded? If so, that will need to be eliminated as well. Thanks. Tomwithanh 05:50, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Homoiothermy
The term homoiothermy redirects to this article, but there is no mention of the term anywhere in the body of the article. Either the term should be written into the article, or the redirect should be changed or eliminated. This becomes a bit more significant today because Archaeopteryx is today's featured article on the front page, and the article brief uses and links the word homoiothermy. —Stormraven (talk · contribs) 12:41, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

in winter many small birds lose one third of their body weight overnight.
this is in the article, and I'm looking for a reference or citation. I've never tried finding a citation for a nature article. Is this even true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.41.151.165 (talk) 18:04, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

I cannot find SCHOLARLY citations for this, although there are many amateur birding sites that repeat this fact without ciation, such as this one: http://www.birding.uk.com/fact-file/gardens/top-ten-winter-garden-birds/ 05:58, 28 June 2009 (UTC) damn tildes!! 05:59, 28 June 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prophet121 (talk • contribs)

The sited page does not support the claim. Page refers to male emu weight loss while incubating. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anorderofmagnitude (talk • contribs) 07:16, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposed split
The "proposed split" banner has been on the article since 6 Feb 2009, and no-one's responded. I'm removing it. --Philcha (talk) 05:55, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

What about mammals that can't self-regulate?
Should this article include something about mammals like mole-rats that need to stay warm but do not have mechanisms to self-regulate? Musanim (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:58, 16 June 2009 (UTC).

Homeothermic VS warm blooded poikilothermic vs cold blooded
Surely warmblooded means burning calories specifically in order to keep the body temperature stable, whilst homeothermic means keeping the body temperature stable, but does not specify how it's kept stable.

Wheras cold-blooded means /not/ burning calories specifically to reglate temperature, but this does not mean the animal is ectothermic - they may produce heat by other means or they could not need to regulate their temperature becuase they are gigantothermic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.2.150.199 (talk) 18:17, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Complete restructuring commences
I've noticed that people as early as 2006 have commented on this, but this is a mess. Warm-blooded is colloquial term that incorporates some aspects of homeothermy and some aspects of endothermy. I'm going to begin a process in which endotherm, ectotherm, homeotherm, and poikilotherm all have their own pages and this will probably be deleted. Lepidoptera (talk) 21:49, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Okay, I think I'm going to leave this pretty much as is. Most of the information in this article has now been moved to homeotherm and endotherm. Lepidoptera (talk) 04:18, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

'three species of fish, the opah, tuna, and mackerel sharks homeotherms ????
Regarding: the only known homeotherms are the mammals, the birds and three species of fish, the opah, tuna, and mackerel sharks; Where is the evidence for this statement?

The Research article states the Opah is endothermic not homeothermic http://www.sciencemag.org/content/348/6236/786

per http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/14/meet-the-comical-opah-the-only-truly-warm-blooded-fish/ "A small number of them(fish) can warm specific parts of their bodies. Swordfish, marlins, and sailfish, can temporarily heat their eyes and brains, sharpening their vision when pursuing prey. Tuna and some sharks, including the mako and great white, can do the same with their swimming muscles, going into turbo mode when they need to. But none of these animals can heat their entire bodies. Their hearts and other vital organs stay at ambient temperature, so while they can hunt in deep, cold waters, they must regularly return to the surface to warm their innards." Jcardazzi (talk) 00:17, 20 May 2015 (UTC)jcardazzi

Selective advantages?
The article seems very thin on the evolutionary reasons why mammals and birds are warm-blooded, which (as it happens) is what I came to the article to find out. It cites a recent theory that warm-bloodedness protects against fungal infection, but that is speculative, and it doesn't explain why it is worth while for mammals and birds to pay the massive cost (in extra nutritional requirements), but not for reptiles, amphibian, etc. Presumably there *is* some large advantage, as mammals and birds outcompete reptiles and amphibia in most environments, with hot deserts maybe the only exception. Even in the sea, mammals are the top predators, though fish presumably have much greater total biomass. I guess that the ability to be active in a wide range of temperatures must be a large part of the answer, but I was hoping to see some discussion and references on the issue.109.149.2.91 (talk) 21:50, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

"Hot Blooded" leads directly here, there's no way to search for the song
Searching in Wikipedia for "Hot Blooded" brings one directly here via a redirect page.

There is also a song titled "Hot Blooded" by the band Foreigner, but there is no way to search for it directly. The song does have a page, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Blooded. (I found it by going through the band's page, which has a link.)

There ought to be a way for people to search for and get to the song's page directly, given that this really is the name of the song.

But this kind of navigation and redirect and adding of pages is beyond my editing capabilities. Nor should I make that kind of decision -- I'm not sure how it *should* be.

By the way, the song's page does have the proper "About" links at the top:

I would suggest either (1) the search term takes people directly to the song's page, where users can redirect themselves from the top, or (2) this, the biological term's page, should give users a capability of clicking to the song's page. It's obviously up to the editors which is more in keeping with Wikipedia's rules.

(One last quirk. If one types "Hot blooded" into the search bar, the drop-down list of results includes "Hot blooded" which brings one here, and "Hot Blooded" which brings one to the song.  That's a little subtle.  Maybe the song link should say "Hot Blooded (song)"?

Magnabonzo (talk) 20:34, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warm-blooded


text:
Brewster SB2A Buccaneer

The Brewster SB2A Buccaneer is a single-engined mid-wing monoplane scout bomber aircraft built by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation for the United States Navy between 1942 and 1944. It was also supplied to the Royal Air Force (RAF), United States Army Air Forces, and United States Marine Corps. The Buccaneer was overweight and lacked maneuverability, and has been described as a "classic failure." While designed as a scout bomber, none saw combat, although a number found use in noncombat roles.

The SB2A was developed for the US Navy, and also ordered in large quantities by the Dutch, French, and British Governments. The Dutch order was later taken over by the US Navy and the French order by Britain. An Australian order was cancelled before any of the types were delivered. The Buccaneer was underpowered and poorly constructed, and all of its operators considered it to be unsuitable for combat. SB2As were used as target tugs by the RAF and US Navy, trainers by the USMC, and "hacks" by the USAAF. Many of the completed aircraft were scrapped without entering service. The type is considered by historians to have been among the worst of World War II. The Brewster Corporation itself went out of business in 1946.

Design and development
In early 1939 the United States Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics launched a program to develop larger scout/bombers to operate from the Navy's aircraft carriers. In April that year the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation was selected to build a prototype of its Model 340 design to meet this requirement; this aircraft was to be designated the XSB2A-1.

The XSB2A-1's design was heavily based on the earlier Brewster SBA scout-bomber. It shared the single-engined, mid-winged monoplane layout of the earlier aircraft, but was larger and had a more powerful engine. The XSB2A-1 was powered by a single Wright R-2600 engine which drove a three-bladed propeller. It was armed with two forward-firing 0.50-inch calibre machine guns in the fuselage and two 0.30 machine guns in each wing. The type was initially intended to have an enclosed gun turret and could carry up to 1000 lb of bombs in an internal bomb bay.

The first XSB2A-1 prototype commenced flying trials on 17 June 1941. The results of this testing and changing requirements led to significant changes to the design. These included the airframe being lengthened by 1 foot and two inches, the turret being replaced by a flexible mount in the rear of the cockpit for a pair of 0.30 machine guns, the addition of armour and self-sealing fuel tanks, and changes to the design of the fins and canopy. The combined effect of these changes resulted in the aircraft's weight increasing by almost 3000 lb, which greatly reduced its speed, weapons load, and flying range.

In its final form, the SB2A weighed 9924 lb empty and had a maximum take-off weight of 14289 lb. It had a maximum speed of 274 mph, a cruising speed of 161 mph, and a maximum range of 1675 mi. The airframe was not well designed, and could be easily damaged. The SB2A was manned by a crew of two: a pilot and airman who served as both an observer and a gunner.

Production
The French Government placed an order for 250 SB2As. Following the fall of France this order was taken over by the British Government, which subsequently ordered a further 500 during 1940; in British service the type was designated the Brewster Bermuda. The Dutch Government also ordered 162 SB2As before the German conquest of the country in May 1940. The Australian Government ordered 243 Bermudas for the Royal Australian Air Force in mid-1940. In December 1940 the US Navy placed an order for 140 SB2As.

Deliveries of the SB2A were greatly delayed. When the French Government placed its order it expected to begin receiving the type from April 1941, after Brewster completed the production of its Brewster F2A Buffalo fighters. However, Brewster experienced difficulties in completing the Buffalos and commencing work on the SB2A. After the British Government requested substantial modifications to the SB2A in early 1941, Brewster formally advised that it would be unable to start deliveries of the type as had been planned earlier. These delays led the Australian Government to cancel its order of Bermudas in October 1941 in favour of purchasing 297 Vultee Vengeances. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Government appropriated 192 of the aircraft which had been ordered by the British in January 1942; these aircraft were to be operated by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF).

Serious problems within Brewster also contributed to delays. The company was badly run, and its workforce was poorly trained and frequently took strike action. After Brewster missed deadlines to deliver aircraft to the US Navy, it was taken over by the Navy in April 1942. Production continued to be slow, however, and many of the completed SB2As suffered from defects.

Operational history
Deliveries of Brewster Bermudas to the British Royal Air Force commenced in July 1942. The RAF judged that the type was unsuitable for combat, and most of the Bermudas delivered to the service were converted to target tugs. Five of the aircraft were transferred to the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy for assessment – four as dive bombers and one as a target towing tug.

The USAAF received 108 Bermudas, which it designated the A-34. The type was considered unsuitable even for training purposes and was used only as "hacks". As the aircraft broke down they were either abandoned or used as targets for artillery training. The A-34s were withdrawn from service in 1944.

Deliveries to the US Navy took place during 1943 and 1944. The service received 80 SB2A-2s and 60 SB2A-3s; the latter variant was fitted with folding wings and an arrester hook to enable them to operate from aircraft carriers. The US Navy also regarded the SB2A as unsuitable for combat and training purposes, and mainly used its aircraft as target tugs and for ground maintenance training.

The Netherlands ordered 162 examples meant to serve in the KNIL; however, the Dutch East Indies were overrun by the Japanese before a single one could be delivered. These aircraft were instead assigned by the US Navy to the United States Marine Corps, and delivered with Dutch markings in the cockpits. Designated the SB2A-4, the Marines used some of these aircraft to establish their first night fighter squadron VMF(N)-531.

Due to the poor performance of the SB2A, many of the completed aircraft were scrapped by the RAF and US Navy without having been flown operationally. The US Navy cancelled its remaining order of the type in 1943. A total of 771 SB2As were eventually completed.

The Truman Committee stated that the SB2A "turned in a miserable performance."

Historians regard the SB2A as a failure. David Donald has labelled it "one of the worst aircraft of World War II". Similarly, the Pima Air & Space Museum's website states that the type was "perhaps the least successful Allied aircraft of World War II". The National Naval Aviation Museum's website also notes that "overweight, underpowered, and lacking maneuverability, the Brewster SB2A Buccaneer was a classic failure".

Variants

 * XSB2A-1 Buccaneer
 * Prototype, one built (Bu1632, 01005).

 * SB2A-2
 * Initial production, revised armament – non-folding wings. 80 built (Bu00803/00882).

 * SB2A-3
 * Fitted with folding wings and arrestor hook for carrier operations. 60 built (Bu00883/00942).

 * SB2A-4
 * Aircraft built for Netherlands and requisitioned for the US Navy. 162 built (Bu29214/29375).

 * A-34 Bermuda
 * Designation for Lend Lease production for United Kingdom

 * Bermuda Mk.1
 * Model 340-14 production for United Kingdom. Powered gun mounting replaced by flexible gun mounting. Only 468 of 750 ordered were delivered.

Operators

 * Royal Air Force
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * United States Navy
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Marine Corps

Surviving aircraft

 * RAF s/n FF860 – National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. It is displayed as a US Navy SB2A Buccaneer.
 * s/n unknown – in storage at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

title: Brewster SB2A Buccaneer


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AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship

The AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship was a title in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the American Wrestling Association. It was primarily defended in the Omaha, Nebraska area and was a title for mid-level wrestlers.

title: AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship


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Caesium iodide

Caesium iodide or cesium iodide (chemical formula CsI) is the ionic compound of caesium and iodine. It is often used as the input phosphor of an X-ray image intensifier tube found in fluoroscopy equipment. Caesium iodide photocathodes are highly efficient at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths.

Synthesis and structure
Bulk caesium iodide crystals have the cubic CsCl crystal structure, but the structure type of nanometer-thin CsI films depends on the substrate material – it is CsCl for mica and NaCl for LiF, NaBr and NaCl substrates.

Caesium iodide atomic chains can be grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes. In such chains I atoms appear brighter than Cs atoms in electron micrographs despite having a smaller mass. This difference was explained by the charge difference between Cs atoms (positive), inner nanotube walls (negative) and I atoms (negative). As a result, Cs atoms are attracted to the walls and vibrate more strongly than I atoms, which are pushed toward the nanotube axis.

Applications
An important application of caesium iodide crystals, which are scintillators, is electromagnetic calorimetry in experimental particle physics. Pure CsI is a fast and dense scintillating material with relatively low light yield that increases significantly with cooling. It shows two main emission components: one in the near ultraviolet region at the wavelength of 310 nm and one at 460 nm. The drawbacks of CsI are a high temperature gradient and a slight hygroscopicity.

Caesium iodide is used as a beamsplitter in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. It has a wider transmission range than the more common potassium bromide beamsplitters, working range into the far infrared. However, optical-quality CsI crystals are very soft and hard to cleave or polish. They should also be coated (typically with germanium) and stored in a desiccator, to minimize interaction with atmospheric water vapors.

In addition to image intensifier input phosphors, caesium iodide is often also used in medicine as the scintillating material in flat panel x-ray detectors.

title: Caesium iodide