text:
Access Database Engine

The Access Database Engine (also Office Access Connectivity Engine or ACE and formerly Microsoft Jet Database Engine, Microsoft JET Engine or simply Jet) is a database engine on which several Microsoft products have been built. The first version of Jet was developed in 1992, consisting of three modules which could be used to manipulate a database.

JET stands for Joint Engine Technology. Microsoft Access and Visual Basic use or have used Jet as their underlying database engine. However, it has been superseded for general use, first by Microsoft Desktop Engine (MSDE), then later by SQL Server Express. For larger database needs, Jet databases can be upgraded (or, in Microsoft parlance, "up-sized") to Microsoft's flagship SQL Server database product.

A five billion record MS Jet (Red) database with compression and encryption turned on requires about one terabyte of disk storage space. It comprises typically hundreds of *.mdb files.

Architecture
Jet, being part of a relational database management system (RDBMS), allows the manipulation of relational databases. It offers a single interface that other software can use to access Microsoft databases and provides support for security, referential integrity, transaction processing, indexing, record and page locking, and data replication. In later versions, the engine has been extended to run SQL queries, store character data in Unicode format, create database views and allow bi-directional replication with Microsoft SQL Server.

There are three modules to Jet: One is the Native Jet ISAM Driver, a dynamic link library (DLL) that can directly manipulate Microsoft Access database files (MDB) using a (random access) file system API. Another one of the modules contains the ISAM Drivers, DLLs that allow access to a variety of Indexed Sequential Access Method ISAM databases, among them xBase, Paradox, Btrieve and FoxPro, depending on the version of Jet. The final module is the Data Access Objects (DAO) DLL. DAO provides an API that allows programmers to access JET databases using any programming language.

Locking
Jet allows multiple users to access the database concurrently. To prevent that data from being corrupted or invalidated when multiple users try to edit the same record or page of the database, Jet employs a locking policy. Any single user can modify only those database records (that is, items in the database) to which the user has applied a lock, which gives exclusive access to the record until the lock is released. In Jet versions before version 4, a page locking model is used, and in Jet 4, a record locking model is employed. Microsoft databases are organized into data "pages", which are fixed-length (2 kB before Jet 4, 4 kB in Jet 4) data structures. Data is stored in "records" of variable length that may take up less or more than one page. The page locking model works by locking the pages, instead of individual records, which though less resource-intensive also means that when a user locks one record, all other records on the same page are collaterally locked. As a result, no other user can access the collaterally locked records, even though no user is accessing them and there is no need for them to be locked. In Jet 4, the record locking model eliminates collateral locks, so that every record that is not in use is available.

There are two mechanisms that Microsoft uses for locking: pessimistic locking, and optimistic locking. With pessimistic locking, the record or page is locked immediately when the lock is requested, while with optimistic locking, the locking is delayed until the edited record is saved. Conflicts are less likely to occur with optimistic locking, since the record is locked only for a short period of time. However, with optimistic locking one cannot be certain that the update will succeed because another user could lock the record first. With pessimistic locking, the update is guaranteed to succeed once the lock is obtained. Other users must wait until the lock is released in order to make their changes. Lock conflicts, which either require the user to wait, or cause the request to fail (usually after a timeout) are more common with pessimistic locking.

Transaction processing
Jet supports transaction processing for database systems that have this capability (ODBC systems have one-level transaction processing, while several ISAM systems like Paradox do not support transaction processing). A transaction is a series of operations performed on a database that must be done together — this is known as atomicity and is one of the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability), concepts considered to be the key transaction processing features of a database management system. For transaction processing to work (until Jet 3.0), the programmer needed to begin the transaction manually, perform the operations needed to be performed in the transaction, and then commit (save) the transaction. Until the transaction is committed, changes are made only in memory and not actually written to disk. Transactions have a number of advantages over independent database updates. One of the main advantages is that transactions can be abandoned if a problem occurs during the transaction. This is called rolling back the transaction, or just rollback, and it restores the state of the database records to precisely the state before the transaction began. Transactions also permit the state of the database to remain consistent if a system failure occurs in the middle of a sequence of updates required to be atomic. There is no chance that only some of the updates will end up written to the database; either all will succeed, or the changes will be discarded when the database system restarts. With ODBC's in-memory policy, transactions also allow for many updates to a record to occur entirely within memory, with only one expensive disk write at the end.

Implicit transactions were supported in Jet 3.0. These are transactions that are started automatically after the last transaction was committed to the database. Implicit transactions in Jet occurred when an SQL DML statement was issued. However, it was found that this had a negative performance impact in 32-bit Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98), so in Jet 3.5 Microsoft removed implicit transactions when SQL DML statements were made.

Data integrity
Jet enforces entity integrity and referential integrity. Jet will by default prevent any change to a record that breaks referential integrity, but Jet databases can instead use propagation constraints (cascading updates and cascading deletes) to maintain referential integrity.

Jet also supports "business rules" (also known as "constraints"), or rules that apply to any column to enforce what data might be placed into the table or column. For example, a rule might be applied that does not allow a date to be entered into a date_logged column that is earlier than the current date and time, or a rule might be applied that forces people to enter a positive value into a numeric only field.

Security
Access to Jet databases is done on a per user-level. The user information is kept in a separate system database, and access is controlled on each object in the system (for instance by table or by query). In Jet 4, Microsoft implemented functionality that allows database administrators to set security via the SQL commands CREATE, ADD, ALTER, DROP USER and DROP GROUP. These commands are a subset of ANSI SQL 92 standard, and they also apply to the GRANT/REVOKE commands. When Jet 2 was released, security could also be set programmatically through DAO.

Queries
Queries are the mechanisms that Jet uses to retrieve data from the database. They can be defined in Microsoft QBE (Query By Example), through the Microsoft Access SQL Window or through Access Basic's Data Access Objects (DAO) language. These are then converted to a SQL SELECT statement. The query is then compiled — this involves parsing the query (involves syntax checking and determining the columns to query in the database table), then converting into an internal Jet query object format, which is then tokenized and organized into a tree-like structure. In Jet 3.0 onward these are then optimized using the Microsoft Rushmore query optimization technology. The query is then executed and the results passed back to the application or user who requested the data.

Jet passes the data retrieved for the query in a dynaset. This is a set of data that is linked dynamically back to the database. Instead of having the query result stored in a temporary table, where the data cannot be updated directly by the user, the dynaset allows the user to view and update the data contained in the dynaset. Thus, if a university lecturer queries all students who received a distinction in their assignment and finds an error in that student's record, the user would only need to update the data in the dynaset, which would automatically update the student's database record without the need for the user to send a specific update query after storing the query results in a temporary table.

History
Jet originally started in 1992 as an underlying data access technology that came from a Microsoft internal database product development project, code-named Cirrus. Cirrus was developed from a pre-release version of Visual Basic code and was used as the database engine of Microsoft Access. Tony Goodhew, who worked for Microsoft at the time, says "It would be reasonably accurate to say that up until that stage Jet was more the name of the team that was assigned to work on the DB engine modules of Access rather than a component team. For VB [Visual Basic] 3.0 they basically had to tear it out of Access and graft it onto VB. That's why they've had all those Jet/ODBC problems in VB 3.0." Jet became more componentized when Access 2.0 was released because the Access ODBC developers used parts of the Jet code to produce the ODBC driver. A retrofit was provided that allowed Visual Basic 3.0 users to use the updated Jet issued in Access 2.0.

Jet 2.0 was released as several dynamic linked libraries (DLL's) that were utilized by application software, such as Microsoft's Access database. DLL's in Windows are "libraries" of common code that can be used by more than one application—by keeping code that more than one application uses under a common library which each of these applications can use independently code maintenance is reduced and the functionality of applications increases, with less development effort. Jet 2.0 comprised three DLL's: the Jet DLL, the Data Access Objects (DAO) DLL and several external ISAM DLL's. The Jet DLL determined what sort of database it was accessing, and how to perform what was requested of it. If the data source was an MDB file (a Microsoft Access format) then it would directly read and write the data to the file. If the data source was external, then it would call on the correct ODBC driver to perform its request. The DAO DLL was a component that programmers could use to interface with the Jet engine, and was mainly used by Visual Basic and Access Basic programmers. The ISAM DLL's were a set of modules that allowed Jet to access three ISAM based databases: xBase, Paradox and Btrieve. Jet 2.0 was replaced with Jet 2.1, which used the same database structure but different locking strategies, making it incompatible with Jet 2.0.

Jet 3.0 included many enhancements, including a new index structure that reduced storage size and the time that was taken to create indices that were highly duplicated, the removal of read locks on index pages, a new mechanism for page reuse, a new compacting method for which compacting the database resulted in the indices being stored in a clustered-index format, a new page allocation mechanism to improve Jet's read-ahead capabilities, improved delete operations that sped up processing, multi-threading (three threads were used to perform read ahead, write behind, and cache maintenance), implicit transactions (users did not have to instruct the engine to start manually and commit transactions to the database), a new sort engine, long values (such as memos or binary data types) were stored in separate tables, and dynamic buffering (whereby Jet's cache was dynamically allocated at start up and had no limit and which changed from a first in, first out (FIFO) buffer replacement policy to a least recently used (LRU) buffer replacement policy). Jet 3.0 also allowed for database replication. Jet 3.0 was replaced by Jet 3.5, which uses the same database structure, but different locking strategies, making it incompatible with Jet 3.0.

Jet 4.0 gained numerous additional features and enhancements.

 * Unicode character storage support, along with an NT sorting method that was also implemented in the Windows 95 version;
 * Changes to data types to be more like SQL Server's (LongText or Memo; Binary; LongBinary; Date/Time; Real; Float4; IEEESingle; Double; Byte or Tinyint; Integer or Integer synonyms Smallint, Integer2, and Short; LongInteger or LongInteger synonyms Int, Integer, and Counter; Currency or Money; Boolean and GUID); a new decimal data type
 * Memo fields could now be indexed
 * Compressible data types
 * SQL enhancements to make Jet conform more closely to ANSI SQL-92
 * Finer grained security; views support; procedure support
 * Invocation and termination (committing or rolling back) of transactions
 * Enhanced table creation and modification
 * Referential integrity support
 * Connection control (connected users remain connected, but once disconnected they cannot reconnect, and new connections cannot be made. This is useful for database administrators to gain control of the database)
 * A user list, which allows administrators to determine who is connected to the database
 * Record-level locking (previous versions only supported page-locking)
 * Bi-directional replication with MS SQL Server.

Microsoft Access versions from Access 2000 to Access 2010 included an "Upsizing Wizard" which could "upsize" (upgrade) a Jet database to "an equivalent database on SQL Server with the same table structure, data, and many other attributes of the original database". Reports, queries, macros and security were not handled by this tool, meaning that some manual modifications might have been needed if the application was heavily reliant on these Jet features.

A standalone version of the Jet 4 database engine was a component of Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC), and was included in every version of Windows from Windows 2000 on. The Jet database engine was only 32-bit and did not run natively under 64-bit versions of Windows. This meant that native 64-bit applications (such as the 64-bit versions of SQL Server) could not access data stored in MDB files through ODBC, OLE DB, or any other means, except through intermediate 32-bit software (running in WoW64) that acted as a proxy for the 64-bit client.

With version 2007 onward, Access includes an Office-specific version of Jet, initially called the Office Access Connectivity Engine (ACE), but which is now called the Access Database Engine (However MS-Access consultants and VBA developers who specialize in MS-Access are more likely to refer to it as "the ACE Database Engine"). This engine was backward-compatible with previous versions of the Jet engine, so it could read and write (.mdb) files from earlier Access versions. It introduced a new default file format, (.accdb), that brought several improvements to Access, including complex data types such as multi-value fields, the attachment data type and history tracking in memo fields. It also brought security changes and encryption improvements and enabled integration with Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 and Microsoft Office Outlook 2007. It can be obtained separately.

The engine in Microsoft Access 2010 discontinued support for Access 1.0, Access 2.0, Lotus 1-2-3 and Paradox files. A 64-bit version of Access 2010 and its ACE Driver/Provider was introduced, which in essence provides a 64-bit version of Jet. The driver is not part of the Windows operating system, but is available as a redistributable.

The engine in Microsoft Access 2013 discontinued support for Access 95, Access 97 and xBase files, and it also discontinued support for replication.

Version 1608 of Microsoft Access 2016 restored support for xBase files, and Version 1703 introduced a Large Number data type.

From a data access technology standpoint, Jet is considered a deprecated technology by Microsoft, but Microsoft continues to support ACE as part of Microsoft Access.

Compatibility
Microsoft provides the JET drivers for Microsoft Windows only and third party software support for JET databases is almost exclusively found on Windows. However, there are open source projects that enable working with JET databases on other platforms including Linux. Notably, MDB Tools and its much extended Java port named Jackcess as well as UCanAccess.

title: Access Database Engine


text:
Talk:Atlas (moon)

Comment
The adjectival form of Atlas is Atlantean (at'-lan-tee'-un), per the OED. kwami 08:26, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

Rotation
The article says it is synchronous. Is this known or assumed? Deuar 21:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Mass
According to Spitale et al., THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 132:692-710, 2006 August, the GM product for Atlas is $$0.44\pm 0.04~{\rm km}^3{\rm s}^{-2}{\times}10^{-3}$$, quite different from the previous estimate. I think that gives the mass I put into the article, but someone might check (I'm just a mathematician). It probably means that values like the escape velocity and surface gravity are wrong too, but I didn't change them. Btw, Spitale et al. give updated parameters for most of the minor Saturnian moons. McKay 05:15, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Great! I've added the reference in the article, and updated calculations. Deuar 19:01, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Spoken Wikipedia recording
I've just uploaded an audio recording of the article. Please let me know if I've mispronounced anything. :-) --Mangst (talk) 01:52, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Atlas (moon). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111213152218/http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03500/03539.html to http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03500/03539.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070609074757/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov:80/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Atlas to http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Atlas
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060830142335/http://www.planetary.org:80/explore/topics/saturn/atlas.html to http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/saturn/atlas.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041031221550/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Atlas&Display=Facts to http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Atlas&Display=Facts

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Feature naming
Circular ridge around Atlas can be named Uranos dorsum (from Greek Ουρανός — sky, since Atlas holding the sky). --Jugydmort (talk) 19:17, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Shepard Moon in lead
I see in the infobox for Atlas that it is classified as the "outer shepherd moon of ring A", should this information be added into the lead paragraph? I think this information is notable enough to merit inclusion in the lead paragraph. MaximusEditor (talk) 20:43, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Atlas (moon)


text:
Clematis recta

Clematis recta, the erect clematis or ground virginsbower, is a species of Clematis unusual in that it is a free-standing shrub rather than a climbing plant. Growing usually on the margins of woodland areas, it is native to Eastern, Southern and Central Europe.

title: Clematis recta


text:
Seeder

A seeder is a stamp-type leatherworking tool used in leather carving. It is predominantly used in floral designs to represent the seeds in the center of a flower, hence the name. Similar to other stamp-type tools, it is held vertically over the leather and struck with a wooden or rawhide mallet to create an impression in the surface of the leather. The seeder creates a small circular impression, often similar to an asterisk with a hole in the center.

title: Seeder


text:
User:Gdr/Nomialbot/Report 2005-05-27

This a list of articles with taxoboxes using wiki table markup instead of templates. Don't use this list as a basis for work, because many of these were converted automatically. Work on User:Gdr/Nomialbot/Report 2005-05-30 instead!

 * Aaron's Skipper
 * Abaco Island Boa
 * Acalyptratae
 * Achatinidae
 * Adephaga
 * Amanoa
 * Amara
 * Amur Leopard
 * Anguis
 * Anthocharis bambusaram
 * Anthocharis bieti
 * Anthocharis cardamines phoenissa
 * Arctic Tern
 * Arctic White
 * Argilophilus
 * Asian Lady Beetle
 * Australasian Yellow Oriole
 * Barleeidae
 * Barleysnail
 * Barracuda
 * Bibionomorpha
 * Birch Bracket
 * Black Rhinoceros
 * Black Woodpecker
 * Booted Warbler
 * Bumblebee Bat
 * Bursatella
 * Catalina Orangetip
 * Cephalotini
 * Chalcid wasp
 * Chrysomeloidea
 * Cloudless Sulphur
 * Colorado potato beetle
 * Common Blue
 * Common Gull
 * Common Planigale
 * Common Redshank
 * Crawling water beetle
 * Cucujoidea
 * Dasycercus
 * Desert Orangetip
 * Dibbler
 * Dik-dik
 * Dolabrifera
 * Domesticated turkey
 * Dunnart
 * Eastern Orange Tip
 * Eastern Wolf
 * Ermine moth
 * Falcate Orangetip
 * False stag beetle
 * Figbird
 * Firecrest
 * Flathead catfish
 * Florida Scrub Jay
 * Giant muntjac
 * Gonostomatidae
 * Gray Marble
 * Green-striped White
 * Greenish Black-tip
 * Grey Shrike-thrush
 * Gr¸ner's Orange Tip
 * Guanaco
 * Harpalinae
 * Hawaiian honeycreeper
 * Hoopoe
 * Indian muntjac
 * Island Scrub Jay
 * Kakariki
 * Kowari
 * Lady Amherst's Pheasant
 * Large White
 * Latrodectus bishopi
 * Leaf beetle
 * Leaf muntjac
 * Leopard frog
 * Lepidosauria
 * Long-tailed Planigale
 * Lutrochidae
 * Mako Shark
 * Marabou Stork
 * Margined White
 * Mexican Orangetip
 * Monoplacophora
 * Moray eel
 * Morocco Orange Tip
 * Morpho (butterfly)
 * Muntjac
 * Mustard White
 * Myrmicinae
 * Neogastropoda
 * New York weevil
 * Newfoundland White
 * Northern Quoll
 * Olive-backed Oriole
 * Olm
 * Olympia Marble
 * Orange Tip
 * Orthorrhapha
 * Perninae
 * Pied Cormorant
 * Plain Pipit
 * Plain Prinia
 * Provence Orange Tip
 * Ptarmigan
 * Red Admiral
 * Red Goshawk
 * Red Squirrel
 * Reeves's muntjac
 * Reichel's Margined White
 * Remora
 * Rock Partridge
 * Sable
 * Sacoglossa
 * Sara's Orangetip
 * Shanks
 * Silky shark
 * Silvereye
 * Small White
 * Snapping turtle
 * Southern Rocky Mountain Orangetip
 * Southwestern Orangetip
 * Speckled Wood
 * Speckled day gecko
 * Spotted Quoll
 * Stargazer
 * Starry Triggerfish
 * Stella Orangetip
 * Suidae
 * Superb Fairy-wren
 * Tiger beetle
 * Truong Son muntjac
 * Utah Stella Orangetip
 * Varied Triller
 * Warthog
 * Weevil
 * Western Dappled White
 * Western Grebe
 * White Rhinoceros
 * White-eye
 * White-winged Triller
 * Whites (butterfly)
 * Woodcock
 * Wrinkled bark beetle
 * Yellow Tip
 * Zyzzyva

title: User:Gdr/Nomialbot/Report 2005-05-27


text:
IKC

IKC may refer to:

 * Imperial Klingon Cruiser, the ship prefix for Klingon starships in the Star Trek fictional universe
 * Indigenous Knowledge Centre

title: IKC


text:
Religiosity and intelligence

The study of religiosity and intelligence explores the link between religiosity and intelligence or educational level (by country and on the individual level). Religiosity and intelligence are both complex topics that include diverse variables, and the interactions among those variables are not always well understood. For instance, intelligence is often defined differently by different researchers; also, all scores from intelligence tests are only estimates of intelligence, because one cannot achieve concrete measurements of intelligence (as one would of mass or distance) due to the concept’s abstract nature. Religiosity is also complex, in that it involves wide variations of interactions of religious beliefs, practices, behaviors, and affiliations, across a diverse array of cultures.

A meta-analysis and an updated analysis by the same research group have found a measurable negative correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and religiosity. The correlation was suggested to be a result of nonconformity, more cognitive and less intuitive thinking styles among the less religious, and less of a need for religion as a coping mechanism. Another study showed a correlation between national average IQ and levels of atheism in society. However, other studies have questioned these explanations and correlations and have countered that any correlations are due to a complex range of social, economic,  educational and historical factors, which interact with religion and IQ in different ways. Less developed and poorer countries tend to be more religious, perhaps because religions play a more active social, moral and cultural role in those countries.

One study suggests that intuitive thinking may be one out of many sources that affect levels of religiosity and that analytical thinking may be one out of many sources that affect disbelief. However, others who have reviewed studies on analytic thinking and nonbelievers suggest that analytical thinking does not imply better reflection on religious matters or disbelief.

A global study on educational attainment found that Jews, Christians, religiously unaffiliated persons, and Buddhists have, on average, higher levels of education than the global average. Numerous factors affect both educational attainment and religiosity.

Intelligence
The definitions of intelligence are controversial since at least 70 definitions have been found among diverse fields of research. Some groups of psychologists have suggested the following definitions: From "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an op-ed statement in the Wall Street Journal signed by fifty-two researchers (out of 131 total invited to sign). "A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do."

From "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association: "Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions."

Intelligence is a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn. There are several ways to more specifically define intelligence. In some cases, intelligence may include traits such as creativity, personality, character, knowledge, or wisdom. However, some psychologists prefer not to include these traits in the definition of intelligence.

A widely researched index or classification of intelligence among scientists is intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ is a summary index, calculated by testing individuals' abilities in a variety of tasks and producing a composite score to represent overall ability, e.g., Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. It is used to predict educational outcomes and other variables of interest.

Others have attempted to measure intelligence indirectly by looking at individuals' or group's educational attainment, although this risks bias from other demographic factors, such as age, income, gender and cultural background, all of which can affect educational attainment.

Dissatisfaction with traditional IQ tests has led to the development of alternative theories. In 1983, Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which broadens the conventional definition of intelligence, to include logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences. He chose not to include spiritual intelligence amongst his "intelligences" due to the challenge of codifying quantifiable scientific criteria, but suggested an "existential intelligence" as viable.

Religiosity
The term religiosity refers to degrees of religious behaviour, belief, or spirituality. The measurement of religiosity is hampered by the difficulties involved in defining what is meant by the term. Numerous studies have explored the different components of religiosity, with most finding some distinction between religious beliefs/doctrine, religious practice, and spirituality. Studies can measure religious practice by counting attendance at religious services, religious beliefs/doctrine by asking a few doctrinal questions, and spirituality by asking respondents about their sense of oneness with the divine or through detailed standardized measurements. When religiosity is measured, it is important to specify which aspects of religiosity are referred to.

According to Mark Chaves, decades of anthropological, sociological, and psychological research have established that "religious congruence" (the assumption that religious beliefs and values are tightly integrated in an individual's mind or that religious practices and behaviors follow directly from religious beliefs or that religious beliefs are chronologically linear and stable across different contexts) is actually rare. People’s religious ideas are fragmented, loosely connected, and context-dependent, as in all other domains of culture and in life. The beliefs, affiliations, and behaviors of any individual are complex activities that have many sources including culture. As examples of religious incongruence he notes, "Observant Jews may not believe what they say in their Sabbath prayers. Christian ministers may not believe in God. And people who regularly dance for rain don’t do it in the dry season."

Demographic studies often show wide diversity of religious beliefs, belonging, and practices in both religious and non-religious populations. For instance, out of Americans who are not religious and not seeking religion, 68% believe in God, 12% are atheists, and 17% are agnostics; as for self-identification of religiosity, 18% consider themselves religious, 37% consider themselves spiritual but not religious, and 42% consider themselves neither spiritual nor religious, while 21% pray every day and 24% pray once a month. Global studies on religion also show diversity.

Religion and belief in gods are not necessarily synonymous since nontheistic religions exist including within traditions like Hinduism and Christianity. According to anthropologist Jack David Eller, "atheism is quite a common position, even within religion" and that "surprisingly, atheism is not the opposite or lack, let alone the enemy, of religion but is the most common form of religion."

Studies comparing religious belief and IQ
In a 2013 meta-analysis of 63 studies, led by professor Miron Zuckerman, a correlation of -.20 to -.25 between religiosity and IQ was particularly strong when assessing beliefs (which in their view reflects intrinsic religiosity), but the negative effects were less defined when behavioral aspects of religion (such as church-going) were examined. They note limitations on this since viewing intrinsic religiosity as being about religious beliefs represents American Protestantism more than Judaism or Catholicism, both of which see behavior as just as important as religious beliefs. They also noted that the available data did not allow adequate consideration of the role of religion type and of culture in assessing the relationship between religion and intelligence. Most of the studies reviewed were American and 87% of participants in those studies were from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. They noted, "Clearly, the present results are limited to Western societies." The meta-analysis discussed three possible explanations: First, intelligent people are less likely to conform and, thus, are more likely to resist religious dogma, although this theory was contradicted in mostly atheist societies such as the Scandinavian populations, where the religiosity-IQ relationship still existed. Second, intelligent people tend to adopt an analytic (as opposed to intuitive) thinking style, which has been shown to undermine religious beliefs. Third, Intelligent people may have less need for religious beliefs and practices, as some of the functions of religiosity can be given by intelligence instead. Such functions include the presentation of a sense that the world is orderly and predictable, a sense of personal control and self-regulation and a sense of enhancing self-esteem and belongingness.

However, a 2016 re-analysis of the Zuckerman et al study, found that the negative intelligence-religiosity associations were weaker and less generalizable across time, space, samples, measures, and levels of analysis, but still robust. For example, the negative intelligence–religiosity association was insignificant with samples using men, pre-college participants, and taking into account grade point average. When other variables like education and quality of human conditions were taken into account, positive relation between IQ and disbelief in God was reduced. According to Dutton and Van der Linden, the re-analysis had controls that were too strict (life quality index and proximity of countries) and also some of the samples used problematic proxies of religiosity, which took away from the variance in the correlations. As such, the reduction of significance in the negative correlation likely reflected a sample anomaly. They also did observe that the "weak but significant" correlation of -.20 on intelligence and religiosity from the Zuckerman study was also found when comparing intelligence with other variables like education and income.

Researcher Helmuth Nyborg and Richard Lynn, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Ulster, compared belief in God and IQs. Using data from a U.S. study of 6,825 adolescents, the authors found that the average IQ of atheists was 6 points higher than the average IQ of non-atheists. The authors also investigated the link between belief in a god and average national IQs in 137 countries. The authors reported a correlation of 0.60 between atheism rates and level of intelligence, which was determined to be "highly statistically significant". ('Belief in a god' is not identical to 'religiosity.' Some nations have high proportions of people who do not believe in a god, but who may nevertheless be highly religious, following non-theistic belief systems such as Buddhism or Taoism.)

The Lynn et al. paper findings were discussed by Professor Gordon Lynch, from London's Birkbeck College, who expressed concern that the study failed to take into account a complex range of social, economic and historical factors, each of which has been shown to interact with religion and IQ in different ways. Gallup surveys, for example, have found that the world's poorest countries are consistently the most religious, perhaps because religion plays a more functional role (helping people cope) in poorer nations. Even at the scale of the individual, IQ may not directly cause more disbelief in gods. Dr. David Hardman of London Metropolitan University says: "It is very difficult to conduct true experiments that would explicate a causal relationship between IQ and religious belief." He adds that other studies do nevertheless correlate IQ with being willing or able to question beliefs.

In a sample of 2307 adults in the US., IQ was found to negatively correlate with self reports of religious identification, private practice or religion, mindfulness, religious support, and fundamentalism, but not spirituality. The relationships were relatively unchanged after controlling for personality, education, age, and gender, and were typically modest. The study was limited only to Christian denominations.

A critical review of the research on intelligence and religiosity by Sickles et al. observed that conclusions vary widely in the literature because most studies use inconsistent and poor measures for both religiosity and intelligence. Furthermore, they noted intelligence differences seen between people of varying religious beliefs and non-theists is most likely the result of educational differences that are in turn the result of holding fundamentalist religious beliefs rather than the result of innate differences in intelligence between them.

According to Dutton et al. negative correlations on religion may be correlated with autistic spectrum on specialized learning ability since when members of the same ethnic group are compared there are very few differences in IQ in general.

In non-western countries like Korea, where religion is seen differently than in the West, non-religious people had lower mean IQs than religious persons.

Studies examining theistic and atheistic cognitive style
The idea that analytical thinking makes one less likely to be religious is an idea supported by Gervais and Noernzayan's study They observed that intuitive thinking tended to increase intrinsic religiosity, intuitive religious belief and belief in supernatural entities. They also added a causative element, finding that subtly triggering analytic thinking can increase religious disbelief. They concluded that "Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief." While these studies linked religious disbelief to analytical rather than intuitive thinking, they urged caution in the interpretation of these results, noting that they were not judging the relative merits of analytic and intuitive thinking in promoting optimal decision making, or the merits or validity of religiosity as a whole.

Harvard researchers found evidence suggesting that all religious beliefs become more confident when participants are thinking intuitively (atheists and theists each become more convinced). Thus reflective thinking generally tends to create more qualified, doubted belief. Reflective thinking was further correlated with greater changes in beliefs since childhood: these changes were towards atheism for the most reflective participants, and towards greater belief in a god for the most intuitive thinkers. The study controlled for personality differences and cognitive ability, suggesting the differences were due to thinking styles – not simply IQ or raw cognitive ability. An experiment in the study found that participants moved towards greater belief in a god after writing essays about how intuition yielded a right answer or reflection yielded a wrong answer (and conversely, towards atheism if primed to think about either a failure of intuition or success of reflection). The authors say it is all evidence that a relevant factor in religious belief is thinking style. The authors add that, even if intuitive thinking tends to increase belief in a god, "it does not follow that reliance on intuition is always irrational or unjustified."

A 2017 study re-analyzed the relationship between intuitive and analytical thinking and its correlation with supernatural belief among three measurements (Pilgrimage setting, supernatural attribution, brain stimulation) and found no significant correlation.

Reviewing psychological studies on atheists, Miguel Farias noted that studies concluding that analytical thinking leads to lower religious belief "do not imply that atheists are more conscious or reflective of their own beliefs, or that atheism is the outcome of a conscious refutation of previously held religious beliefs" since they too have variant beliefs such as in conspiracy theories of the naturalistic variety. He notes that studies on deconversion indicate that a greater proportion of people who leave religion do so for motivational rather than rational reasons, and the majority of deconversions occur in adolescence and young adulthood when one is emotionally volatile. Furthermore, he notes that atheists are indistinguishable from New Age individuals or Gnostics since there are commonalities such as being individualistic, non-conformist, liberal, and valuing hedonism and sensation.

Concerning the cognitive science studies on atheists, Johnathan Lanman notes that there are implicit and explicit beliefs which vary among individuals. An individual's atheism and theism may be related to the amount of "credibility enhancing displays" (CRED) one experiences in that those who are exposed more to theistic CRED will likely be theist and those who have less exposure to theistic CRED will likely be atheists.

Neurological research on mechanisms of belief and non-belief, using Christians and atheists as subjects, by Harris et al. have shown that the brain networks involved in evaluating the truthfulness of both religious and non religious statements are generally the same regardless of religiosity. However, the activity within these networks differed across the religiosity of statements, with the religious statements activating the insula and anterior cingulate cortex to a greater degree, and the non religious statements activating hippocampal and superior frontal regions to a greater degree. The areas associated with religious statements are generally associated with salient emotional processing, while areas associated with non religious statements are generally associated with memory. The association between the salience network and religious statements is congruent with the cognitive theory proposed by Boyer that the implausibility of religious propositions are offset by their salience. The same neural networks were active in both Christians and atheists even when dealing with "blasphemous statements" to each other's worldviews. Furthermore, it supports the idea that "intuition" and "reason" are not two separate and segregated activities but are intertwined in both theists and atheists.

Studies examining religiosity and emotional intelligence
A small 2004 study by Ellen Paek examined the extent to which religiosity (in which only Christians were surveyed), operationalized as religious orientation and religious behaviour, is related to the controversial idea of emotional intelligence (EI). The study examined the extent to which religious orientation and behavior were related to self-reported EI in 148 church-attending adult Christians. (Non-religious individuals were not part of the study.) The study found that the individuals' self-reported religious orientation was positively correlated with their perceiving themselves to have greater EI. While the number of religious group activities was positively associated with perceived EI, the number of years of church attendance was unrelated. Significant positive correlations were also found between level of religious commitment and perceived EI. Thus, the Christian volunteers were more likely to consider themselves emotionally intelligent if they spent more time in group activities and had more commitment to their beliefs.

Tischler, Biberman and McKeage warn that there is still ambiguity in the above concepts. In their 2002 article, entitled "Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research", they reviewed literature on both EI and various aspect of spirituality. They found that both EI and spirituality appear to lead to similar attitudes, behaviors and skills, and that there often seems to be confusion, intersection and linking between the two constructs.

Recently, Łowicki and Zajenkowski investigated the potential associations between various aspects of religious belief and ability and trait EI. In their first study they found that ability EI was positively correlated with general level of belief in God or a higher power. Their next study, conducted among Polish Christians, replicated the previous result and revealed that both trait and ability EI were negatively related to extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping.

Studies exploring religiosity and educational attainment
The relationship between the level of religiosity and one's level of education has been a philosophical, as well as a scientific and political concern since the second half of the 20th century.

The parameters in this field are slightly different compared to those brought forward above: if the "level of religiosity" remains a concept which is difficult to determine scientifically, on the contrary, the "level of education" is, indeed, easy to compile, official data on this topic being publicly accessible to anyone in most countries.

Different studies available show contrasting conclusions. An analysis of World Values Survey data showed that in most countries, there is no significant relationship between education and religious attendance, with some differences between "Western" countries and former socialist countries, which the authors attribute to historical, political, and economic factors, not intelligence. Other studies have noted a positive relationship.

A 2016 Pew Center global study on religion and education around the world ranked Jews as the most educated (13.4 years of schooling) followed by Christians (9.3 years of schooling). The religiously unaffiliated—a category which includes atheists, agnostics and those who describe their religion as “nothing in particular”—ranked overall as the third most educated religious group (8.8 years of schooling) followed by Buddhists (7.9 years of schooling), Muslims (5.6 years of schooling), and Hindus (5.6 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25-34) group surveyed, Jews averaged 13.8 years of schooling, the unaffiliated group averaged 10.3 years of schooling, Christians averaged 9.9 years of schooling, Buddhists averaged 9.7 years of schooling, Hindus averaged 7.1 years of schooling, and Muslims averaged 6.7 years of schooling. 61% of Jews, 20% of Christians, 16% of the unaffiliated, 12% of Buddhists, 10% of Hindus, and 8% of Muslims have graduate and post-graduate degrees. The study observed that the probability of having a college degree in the U.S. is higher for all religious minorities surveyed (perhaps partly due to selective immigration policies that favor highly skilled applicants), including the unaffiliated group which ranks in the fifth place, being higher than the national average of 39%.

title: Religiosity and intelligence


text:
User:Morris Riedel~enwiki

Morris Riedel (M.Riedel at fz-juelich.de)

Department Grid Computing

Central Institute for Applied Mathematics

Research Centre Jülich GmbH

D-52425 Jülich

Germany

title: User:Morris Riedel~enwiki


text: Category:Packaging

title: Category:Packaging


text:
Talk:Paul Kennedy

Note on cut-and-paste move
This article was created as a cut-and-paste move by User:Pawley from the page that is now Paul Kennedy (disambiguation), though at the time the disambiguation article was named Paul Kennedy and focused exclusively the historian. —Lowellian (talk) 08:36, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Is this Paul Kennedy not the same one that hosts the CBC radio program?
 * No. Bearcat (talk) 20:57, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:28, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Kennedy


text:
Gordon Blair (musician)

Gordon Blair (born 1958 in Belfast), usually known as Gordy Blair, is a Northern Irish musician.

Blair started off his musical career as the bass guitarist for Highway Star, the band that was to become Stiff Little Fingers. In 1976 he joined Belfast punk band Rudi, with whom he stayed for three years. After leaving Rudi, he played for The Outcasts, The Trial, Big Self and Ruefrex, lasting for periods of between a year and three years with each band. Between 1987 and 1997, he spent various periods of time playing bass for Australian group Dave Graney and the Coral Snakes, before finally hanging up his bass to concentrate on a new career in desktop publishing.

title: Gordon Blair (musician)


text:
Talk:Calypso (moon)

Untitled
Per the OED, the adjectival form of Calypso is Calypsonian (kal'-ip-soe'-nee-un), at least in the sense of 'an entertainer who composes and sings calypsos'. (The form expected from the Greek would be Calypsoan (ka-lip'-soe-un).) kwami 08:38, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

diameter
NASA gives two sets of diameters on the same page: 30x16x16 and 34x22x22 km. Maybe someone who has access to reliable info can correct? kwami 09:35, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Rotation
The article says it is synchronous. Is this known or assumed? Deuar 21:30, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Spoken Wikipedia recording
I've just uploaded an audio recording of the article. Please let me know if I've mispronounced anything. :-) --Mangst (talk) 21:13, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

better pic
better pic, w/o the processing artifacts, here. kwami (talk) 10:03, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Calypso (moon)


text:
Talk:John I of Cyprus

Untitled
In my opinion, this shouold be moved to John I of Cyprus. His title of Jerusalem was purely nominal, his father had lost those small lands, and only his next brother regained them. And, had he ruled Acre, still Cyprus would have been his more important kingdom. However, he ruled in Cyprus only. 62.78.125.186 08:39, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 11 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  (t · c)  buidhe  12:37, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

– "John II of Jerusalem" appears to refer exclusively to John II, bishop of Jerusalem. The king is instead called John I of Cyprus. This is not surprising because he was primarily and arguably only really king of Cyprus. At the same time, all search results for "John I of Cyprus" refer to the king rather than the archbishop. Surtsicna (talk) 21:39, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * John II of Jerusalem → John I of Cyprus
 * John I of Cyprus → John I, archbishop of Cyprus
 * Note: John I of Cyprus titles a page with significant content and so is ineligible to be a target "new" title unless it is also proposed to be renamed. This request has been altered to reflect that fact.  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 23:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Support the first, but the second should be John I (archbishop of Cyprus). Srnec (talk) 00:36, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That is fine with me. In fact, I prefer it, though it might not be the standard format. Surtsicna (talk) 08:58, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Support, with John I (archbishop of Cyprus). -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:34, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John I of Cyprus


text:
UNICORE

UNICORE (UNiform Interface to COmputing REsources) is a grid computing technology for resources such as supercomputers or cluster systems and information stored in databases. UNICORE was developed in two projects funded by the German ministry for education and research (BMBF). In European-funded projects UNICORE evolved to a middleware system used at several supercomputer centers. UNICORE served as a basis in other research projects. The UNICORE technology is open source under BSD licence and available at SourceForge.

History
The concept of grid computing was first introduced in the book "The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure" at the end of 1998. By 1997, the development of UNICORE was initiated for German supercomputer centers as an alternative for the Globus Toolkit. The first prototype was developed in the German UNICORE project, while the foundations for the production version were laid in the follow-up project UNICORE Plus, which ended in 2002.

Follow-up European projects extended the functionality and worked towards providing implementations of Open Grid Forum standards. These resulted in the release of UNICORE 6 on 28 August 2007.

Architecture
UNICORE consists of three layers: a user, server, and target system tier. The user tier is represented by various clients. The primary clients are the UNICORE Rich Client, a graphical user interface based on the Eclipse framework, and the UNICORE commandline client (UCC). The clients use SOAP Web services to communicate with the server tier. XML documents are used to transmit platform and site independent descriptions of computational and data related tasks, resource information, and workflow specifications between client and server. The servers are accessible only via the Secure Sockets Layer protocol.

As the single secure entry point to a UNICORE site, the Gateway accepts and authenticates all requests, and forwards them to the target service. A further server, UNICORE/X, is used to access a particular set of Grid resources at a site. UNICORE supports many different system architectures and ensures that organization full control over its resources. UNICORE/X servers may be used to access a supercomputer, a Linux cluster or a single PC. The UNICORE/X server creates concrete target system specific actions from the XML job description (Abstract Job Objects, AJO ) received from the client. Available UNICORE services include job submission and job management, file access, file transfer (both client-server and server-server), storage operations (mkdir, ls, etc.), and workflow submission and management. The target system tier consists of the Target System Interface (TSI), which directly interfaces with the underlying local operating system and resource management system.

Security model
The security within UNICORE relies on the usage of permanent X.509 certificates issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA). These certificates are used to provide a single sign-on in the UNICORE client, i.e. no further password requests are handed to the user. In addition the certificates are used for authentication and authorization, including the mapping of UNICORE user certificates to local accounts, e.g. Unix uid/gid, and for signing XML requests, which are sent over SSL based communication channels across 'insecure' internet links. Using X.509 certificates is one example for the consideration of well-known standards, e.g. released by the Global Grid Forum (GGF), within the UNICORE architecture. For trust delegation, UNICORE uses signed SAML assertions, while local authorisation is controlled by XACML policies.

Licensing
All components of the UNICORE technology are open source software under BSD license and can be downloaded from the SourceForge repository.

UNICORE in research & production
Many European and international research projects base their Grid software implementations on UNICORE, e.g. EUROGRID, GRIP, OpenMolGRID, VIOLA, or the Japanese NaReGI project. These projects extended or are extending the set of core UNICORE functions, including new features specific to their research or project focus. The goals of such projects are not only limited to the computer science community. Other scientific domains such as bioengineering or computational chemistry are also using UNICORE as the basis for their work and research, like in the OpenMolGRID or Chemomentum projects. Within the European DEISA project leading HPC centers in Europe joined to deploy and operate a pervasive, distributed, heterogeneous, multi-tera-scale supercomputing platform. UNICORE was used as the Grid middleware to access the DEISA resources.

UNICORE is deployed in distributed computing infrastructures in Europe (PRACE, the European Grid Infrastructure EGI) and is foreseen to be deployed in the upcoming Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) infrastructure in the United States.

UNICORE is successfully used in production environments, e.g. within the John von Neumann-Institute for Computing (NIC) to access the 294912 core "JUGENE" IBM BlueGene/P supercomputer and the 26304 core "JUROPA" cluster. The users of these resources come from a broad field of scientific domains including e.g. astrophysics, quantum physics, medicine, biology, computational chemistry, and climatology.

title: UNICORE


text:
Stephen Perse Foundation

The Stephen Perse Foundation is a family of private schools in Cambridge and Saffron Walden for students aged 1 to 18.

The Foundation is made up of:

- 3 nurseries (2 in Cambridge and 1 in Saffron Walden, Essex) for ages 1–5.

- 2 Junior Schools (Junior School Rosedale House in Cambridge and Junior School Dame Bradbury's in Saffron Walden, Essex) for ages 5–11.

- 1 Senior School for ages 11–16 (boys joined Year 7 for the first time in September 2017).

- The Stephen Perse Sixth Form, for students aged 16–18.

The school has a strong reputation for academic excellence and a progressive attitude towards learning and social skills, being named the top Independent school in East Anglia by The Sunday Times on their 'Parent Power' list in 2016. In 2018, Cambridge Centre for Sixth Form Studies joined the Stephen Perse Sixth Form. The Foundation is a registered charity under English law.

History
In 1615, the will of Stephen Perse included a bequest of land for the establishment of what was then described as a Grammar Free School, in Cambridge. It became The Perse School and was originally reserved for boys. It developed along separate lines and operates as a separate organization today, providing coeducational education from ages 3 to 18.

In 1881, the complementary but unconnected Perse School for Girls opened, as part of the strong 19th-century movement to educate women. From the Perse School for Girls, the Foundation developed to become the Stephen Perse Foundation in 2007. It opened a co-educational sixth form in 2008. It now provides a complete educational pathway for boys and girls from age 1 to 18.

Writer and cartoonist Ronald Searle drew from the Perse School for Girls and the Cambridgeshire High School for Girls (now Long Road Sixth Form College) as inspiration for his St Trinian's School books (published 1946 to 1952), which portrayed the girls at a boarding school as juvenile delinquents. Searle donated original manuscripts and diaries to the Perse, which are held in the school archive. This material includes a letter, dated 1993, which confirms the link.

Around the turn of the 20th century, the school accepted boys into its kindergarten, including a young John Maynard Keynes.

In September 2013, Dame Bradbury's School in Saffron Walden joined the Foundation, as a non-selective school for boys and girls aged 1–11. At the same time, announcements were made of major development plans to admit boys to Rosedale House (then known as the Junior School) and Senior Schools. Boys started at Rosedale House in Cambridge in September 2014, and at the Senior School in 2017, with classes from Year 5 through to Year 11 being taught in a diamond formation. This combines the academic benefits of single-sex learning with the social advantages of a co-educational environment.

Awards and accolades
In 2013, The Sunday Times named the Foundation the International Baccalaureate (IB) School of the Year for the second time. The paper said: "Students at the Stephen Perse 6th Form College in Cambridge are world-class achievers. Their exceptional academic results this year mean that the school is not only ranked first in Britain but also joint first in the world for the international baccalaureate (IB) diploma."

In November 2014, the school was awarded the title Independent School of the Year 2014 and also "Outstanding Strategic Initiative" by the Independent School Awards, decided by a panel of independent judges, including the Chief Inspector of the Independent Schools Inspectorate, Christine Ryan.

In November 2016, the Foundation was named the Best Independent School in East Anglia by The Sunday Times on its 'Parent Power' list. The list is acknowledged as the 'most authoritative survey' of the county's best schools, according to the newspaper. The Foundation was ranked at number 18 in a list of 2,000 schools around the United Kingdom. The accolade was based on GCSE and A Level results – 97.6% of A Level students achieved A* to B grades and 86.1% of GCSE students achieved A* and A grades. In 2017, The same Parent Power survey ranked the school number 40 in the UK and, in 2018, number 74.

The Foundation was shortlisted for Digital innovation/ed tech school of the year at the TES Schools Awards 2017.

In 2020 the Senior School received the Sunday Times Schools Guide 2021 award for East Anglia Independent Secondary School of the Decade.

Site and facilities
The main school site occupies a city block, three sides bordered by residential streets and the fourth by the University of Cambridge Department of Chemistry. This houses the Stephen Perse Senior School (ages 11–16), with Rosedale House (ages 3–11) occupying a site close by. The Stephen Perse Pre-Prep was established in 2010, after the Foundation purchased the Madingley site on the retirement of the previous owners.

In 2017, the school completed a major building project on the main site. It now offers an indoor sports hall, a rooftop multi-use games area, 10 new classrooms, and flexible learning spaces.

The main site includes a dining room, hall, library, visual arts centre, and a sick bay, with renovations in other classrooms. All classrooms contain interactive whiteboards. There is a class 3 listed gymnasium on site too, as well as ICT rooms, which are available to use before school, after school, and at lunchtimes.

In 2013, the refurbished library and classrooms in Rosedale House were covered by The Guardian newspaper in a feature on inspirational teaching spaces.

The school also contains astroturf playing fields, a fenland nature reserve, and a pavilion.

Pupils
There are currently approximately 800 pupils: 80 in the Pre-Prep, 140 in Rosedale House, and 140 in the Sixth Form; and 450 in the Senior School. Usually there are four classes in years 7 and 8, and five classes in years 9, 10 and 11. In Rosedale House, there are two classes in years 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Each pupil and teacher is part of a house named after a notable contributor to the school, for example, head teachers and people who donated money to the school. The houses are:

 * Cattley
 * Clark
 * Kennett
 * Pollock
 * Rose
 * Street
 * Sutherland

The plans to introduce iPads for educational use in the Senior School started in September 2012. This was extended to the Sixth Form from September 2013.

In 2013 it was announced that the school will be accepting boys for the first time in to Rosedale House in 2014 and then the Senior school in 2017, becoming coeducational.

Curriculum
There is a large range of opportunities for learning at the Stephen Perse. Students learn French from Year 3 and Spanish from year 4, and can choose to learn German, Mandarin Chinese, or Russian from year 9. For GCSE, there are many options available, with students taking 10 or 11 GCSEs. All students take Maths, English Language, and English Literature IGCSEs. In addition to this, students have the option to either chose to take 'triple science' consisting of Biology, Chemistry and Physics GCSEs or to take 'combined science' where the pupils are still educated in all three sciences, but only achieve 2 GCSEs as there is less content to learn overall. Students also must take an IGCSE in French, Spanish, German or Mandarin Chinese. Students then choose up to four options if they take triple science, or five if they take combined science from History, Geography, Religious Studies, German, Mandarin Chinese, Art, Drama, Design and Technology, Music, Latin, and Greek. Critical Thinking is taught as a non-examined course, as is Physical Education. Students can take a short course Physical Education GCSE as an extra-curricular activity.

Recently, a new lesson was introduced in Rosedale House: Thinking Skills. This includes a range of topics from social to political, encouraging sharing points of view through debating, and asking questions about the wider world. It is based around the Philosophy for Children programme (P4C).

The Sixth Form students choose either the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme or A Levels (Music is taught through the Cambridge Pre-U qualification). All students in the Sixth Form take the IB course in Theory of Knowledge. From September 2013, A Level students will also have the opportunity to take an Extended Essay (from the IB) for qualification.

The school has been an International Baccalaureate World School since 2007 and was named the Sunday Times IB School of the year in 2010 and 2013.

In 2013 the school was reported as holding the joint-highest IB results in the world, with a student average score of 42.2 points. In 2018, the average IB points score was 36, as reported in the Sunday Times Parent Power Survey ranking.

The school makes extensive use of technology in the curriculum. It has been featured by BBC News regarding the innovatory use of iTunes U courses.

Sport and the arts
Younger pupils play hockey, netball, rounders and tennis. They also do gymnastics and Athletics, and the school offers a range of sports clubs. When students reach Year 9, they can be instructed in rowing, volleyball, basketball, squash, badminton, cricket, touch rugby, lacrosse and dance. Many Stephen Perse teams compete regionally in hockey, rounders, netball, and tennis and several students compete at National level in their chosen sports. In 2013 there was a hockey tour to South Africa.

Drama is taught throughout the school. Every year group is given the chance to perform in a play, or help backstage or with lighting. Every other year, Years 10-12 put on a musical, which is performed at the Mumford Theatre. Each year in Rosedale House, Year 5s are the main focus of the Christmas Concert, and near the end of the Spring Term, the Year 6s put on a play as well. At the end of every year, the Year 4s also put on a show, accompanied by the other Years in singing.

Students have the chance to try Fine Art, from painting to drawing to sculpting, Textiles, which includes fashion designing and creations with a variety of materials, and Digital Media on the Macs.

There are many orchestras and choirs that students can join. The Singers, a choir open from Year 10, regularly goes on choir tours in Europe, and sometimes sings Evensong at Ely Cathedral. There is also a Senior School Chamber Choir, and a Middle School Chamber Choir, which have around 15 students in each by audition, and the Jazz Singers, Year 7 choir, Middle School Choir, and Year 7 boys choir, which are attendable by all. There is a Christmas carol service, a spring concert and Jazz on a Summer's Evening.

Extracurricular activities
The Stephen Perse Foundation holds the British Council International School Award in recognition of the work the school undertakes with schools in Finland, Hungary, Portugal, Italy, France, Russia, Spain, Germany and Japan.

The school has a speaker programme.

Lord Williams of Oystermouth, Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge and former Archbishop of Canterbury, spoke at the leavers' service in 2013.

Notable alumni

 * Margery Allingham (1904–1966), writer
 * Taqui Altounyan (1917–1992), writer and traveller
 * Anne Atkins, novelist, broadcaster and journalist
 * Anna Bidder (1903–2001), zoologist and co-founder of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge
 * Vicki Butler-Henderson (b. 1972), racing driver and TV presenter
 * Prof Christine Carpenter (b. 1946), historian, Cambridge University
 * Olive Cook (1912–2002), writer and artist
 * Stephanie Cook (b. 1972), modern pentathlete, 2000 Olympic gold medallist
 * Anastasia de Waal, head of family and education at Civitas
 * Christine Hamill (1923–1956), mathematician
 * Jacquetta Hawkes (1910–1996), archaeologist and writer
 * Lucy Hawking (b. 1970), journalist and novelist
 * Miriam Hodgson (1938–2005), editor of children's books
 * Sharon Hunt (b. 1977), equestrian and 2008 Olympic medal-winner
 * Bridget Kendall (b. 1956), BBC diplomatic correspondent
 * Helen King (police officer) (b. 1965), Principal of St Anne's College, Oxford and senior police officer
 * Nicola Lindsay, novelist, broadcaster and actor
 * Sarah Martins da Silva, gynaecologist and scientist
 * E. Jennifer Monaghan, reading educator and historian of literary education
 * Philippa Pearce (1920–2006), children's author
 * Jean Rhys (1890–1979), author, known for Wide Sargasso Sea
 * Angela Rumbold (b. 1932), politician
 * Rosalind Runcie, pianist and wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Phyllis Starkey (b. 1947), MP, biomedical researcher
 * Meriol Trevor (1919–2000), writer
 * Barbara Wootton,(1897–1988) economist, sociologist, Labour politician

Headteachers

 * Miss Street 1881–1909
 * Miss Kennett 1909–1926
 * Miss Cattley 1926–1947
 * Miss Scott 1947–1967
 * Miss Bedson 1967–1979
 * Miss Bateman 1979–1989
 * Miss Smith 1989–2001
 * Miss Kelleher 2001–2020
 * Mr Girvan 2020-

title: Stephen Perse Foundation


text:
Moravian Karst

The Moravian Karst (Moravský kras) is a karst landscape and protected landscape area to the north of Brno in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It encompasses a number of notable geological features, including roughly 1100 caverns and gorges and covers an area of roughly 92 km2.

Currently, five of the cave systems (Punkva Caves (discovered by Karel Absolon), Balcarka Cave, Kateřinská Cave, Výpustek Cave and Sloupsko-šošůvské Caves+Kůlna Cave) are open for public tours; another - Amatérská Cave, Býčí skála Cave or Stránská skála (out of the border) only for science exploration.

This region is also home to one of the most important single geological features in the Czech Republic, the Macocha Abyss, a gorge 138 m deep, which was formed when the ceiling of a cave chamber collapsed. Macocha Abyss is also the place where the Punkva River begins to run underground through the Punkva cave system, and two small pools of water are visible at the surface.

The Moravian Karst is a popular tourist attraction in the local area, and large numbers of tourists visit in the summer months. In addition to caverns, the protected landscape area contains well-marked bicycle trails and hiking paths to explore.

title: Moravian Karst


text:
Khanate of Kokand

The Khanate of Kokand (Khānneshin-e Khoqand, Khoqand Khānliği) was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.

History
The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the Shaybanid emir Shahrukh, of the Ming Tribe of Uzbeks, declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel as his capital in the small town of Kokand, thus starting the Khanate of Kokand. His son, Abdul Kahrim Bey, and grandson, Narbuta Bey, enlarged the citadel, but both were forced to submit as a protectorate, and pay tribute to, the Qing dynasty between 1774 and 1798.

Narbuta Bey’s son Alim was both ruthless and efficient. He hired a mercenary army of Ghalcha highlanders, and conquered the western half of the Fergana Valley, including Khujand and Tashkent. He was assassinated by his brother Umar in 1811. Umar's son, Mohammed Ali (Madali Khan), ascended to the throne in 1822 at the age of 12. During his reign, the Khanate of Kokand reached its greatest territorial extent. The Kokand Khanate also housed the Khojas of Kashgar like Jahangir Khoja. In 1841, the British officer Captain Arthur Conolly failed to persuade the various khanates to put aside their differences, in an attempt to counter the growing penetration of the Russian Empire into the area. In November 1841, Captain Conolly left Kokand for Bukhara in an ill-fated attempt to rescue fellow officer Colonel Charles Stoddart, and both were executed on 24 June 1842 by the order of Emir Nasrullah Khan of Bukhara.

Following this, Madali Khan, who had received Conolly in Kokand, and who had also sought an alliance with Russia, lost the trust of Nasrullah. The Emir, encouraged by the conspiratorial efforts of several influential figures in Kokand (including the commander in chief of its army), invaded the Khanate in 1842. Shortly thereafter he executed Madali Khan, his brother, and Omar Khan's widow, the famed poet Nodira. Madali Khan's cousin, Shir Ali, was installed as the Khan of Kokand in June 1842. Over the next two decades, the khanate was weakened by a bitter civil war, which was further exacerbated by Bukharan and Russian incursions. During this period, the Kyrgyz tribes also broke away, forming the Кыргыз хандыгы under the leadership of Ormon Khan. Shir Ali's son, Khudayar Khan, ruled from 1844 to 1858, from 1862 to 1863, and from 1865 to 1875. In the meantime, Russia was continuing its advance; on 29 June 1865 Tashkent was taken by the Russian troops of General Chernyayev; the loss of Khujand followed in 1867.

Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s best-known son, Yakub Beg, former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then Khan of Kokand, Alimqul, to Kashgar, where the Hui Muslims were in revolt against the Chinese. When Alimqul was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar) throughout the Tarim Basin, which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region.

The now powerless Khudayar Khan spent his energies improving his lavish palace. Western visitors were impressed by the city of 80,000 people, which contained some 600 mosques and 15 madrasahs. Insurrections against Russian rule and Khudayar’s oppressive taxes forced him into exile in 1875. He was succeeded by his son, Nasruddin Khan, whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand by generals Konstantin von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev. The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Oblast of Russian Turkestan.

Rulers of Kokand

Sources:

title: Khanate of Kokand


text:
Dominic West

Dominic Gerard Francis Eagleton West (born 15 October 1969) is an English actor, director and musician. He is best known for playing Jimmy McNulty in HBO's The Wire (2002–2008), Noah Solloway in Showtime's The Affair (2014–2019), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama nomination, Ebenezer Scrooge’s nephew Fred in A Christmas Carol (1999, with Patrick Stewart as Scrooge), and Charles, Prince of Wales, in the Netflix drama The Crown (2022–2023), the latter of which earned him nominations for another Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award.

West made his television debut in 1998 BBC medical drama Out of Hours before appearing in the television films A Christmas Carol (1999), and Nicholas Nickleby (2001). His breakthrough came with the role of Detective Jimmy McNulty in the HBO series The Wire (2002–2008). He then starred in BBC series The Hour (2011–2012) earning a Golden Globe Award nomination. He received a BAFTA Award for his performance as the serial killer Fred West in the ITV drama Appropriate Adult (2011) and a nomination for his portrayal as Richard Burton in BBC Four's Burton & Taylor (2013). He played Jean Valjean in the 2018 BBC miniseries Les Misérables. He has since starred in the Netflix series Stateless (2020), and the Amazon Studios The Pursuit of Love (2021). West is currently playing the role of Dr Chris Cox in the Sky One series Brassic (2019–present).

His film debut came with his portrayal of Henry, Earl of Richmond in Ian McKellen's adaptation of Richard III (1995). He has since appeared in Chicago (2002), Mona Lisa Smile (2003), 300 (2007), Punisher: War Zone (2008), John Carter (2012), Pride (2014), Testament of Youth (2014), Money Monster (2016), Genius (2016), The Square (2017), Tomb Raider (2018), Colette (2018), and Downton Abbey: A New Era (2022).

Early life
Dominic Gerard Francis Eagleton West was born on 15 October 1969 in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He is the sixth of seven siblings (five girls and two boys) born into a family of Irish descent; his maternal grandparents were born in Ireland, while his paternal grandmother was Irish-American. His mother, Pauline Mary (née Cleary), was an actress, and his father, Thomas George Eagleton West, owned a plastics factory. He is the first cousin once removed of American politician Thomas Eagleton. West attended Eton College. He has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian, saying it "is a stigma that is slightly above 'paedophile' in the media in a gallery of infamy", but asked whether he would consider sending his own children there, said "Yes, I would. It's an extraordinary place. [...] It has the facilities and the excellence of teaching and it will find what you're good at and nurture it". Following a gap year during which he spent four months working as a cattle herder in Argentina, he studied English literature at Trinity College Dublin, graduating in 1993, and promoted per tradition to an MA. He graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1995.

Film and television
West's screen appearances include True Blue, Chicago, Richard III, and Mona Lisa Smile. His most notable television role has been starring in The Wire as Baltimore police detective Jimmy McNulty. West was praised for the accuracy of his character's American accent. His debut as a director was while being on The Wire; he directed the episode "Took" (2008). West starred as Lysander in the 1999 film version of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. That same year, he appeared as Fred in A Christmas Carol. In feature films, he portrayed the heavy metal guitarist Kirk Cuddy in the 2001 film Rock Star. West played Fred Casely in the 2002 film Chicago.

In 2006 West played the Spartan politician Theron in 300 and made a guest appearance as an actor in a sketch in The Catherine Tate Show, alongside "Frankie Howerd impressionist". In 2007 he played Detective Poppil in Hannibal Rising. West played the disfigured supervillain Jigsaw in the 2008 film Marvel's Punisher: War Zone. In 2010 he had a role as General Virilus in Neil Marshall's adventure thriller Centurion. West starred in the UK ghost film, The Awakening. West has done other work on TV and radio. He appeared in the role of Oliver Cromwell in the Channel 4 series The Devil's Whore. He also performed as "Dr. West", the opening track on Eminem's 2009 album Relapse, as a doctor discharging Eminem from a rehab facility. West played the part over the phone in January 2009 while Eminem was recording it in a Miami studio.

In December 2009, West starred as Hank in a radio adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's play The Hairy Ape for BBC Radio 3, was a guest presenter on the BBC show Have I Got News for You, and ended the year alongside Joan Rivers and Sarah Jessica Parker with an appearance on Graham Norton's New Year's Eve Show. In 2011, West appeared as a news presenter on the BBC period drama series The Hour. He also played serial killer Fred West (no relation) in the ITV two-part series Appropriate Adult, giving a performance that the serial killer's daughter described as capturing the "evil essence of [Fred West] – his character, his mannerisms, even his gait."

In 2012, West was offered the role of Mance Rayder in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones, but turned it down due to the amount of time he would have to spend away from his family. He played gay activist Jonathan Blake in the 2014 film Pride about the 1984–1985 UK miners' strike. West starred as Noah Solloway on Showtime's series The Affair, which premiered October 2014. The series was renewed for a fifth season in 2018.

In 2018 it was reported that West was represented by Tavistock Wood Management. That year he appeared in Colette as the eponymous writer's husband, Willy. In 2019, West played the role of Jean Valjean in the BBC's adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. Also in 2019, West appeared in Sky One's series Brassic, in the recurring role of Dr. Chris Cox. In October 2020, West entered negotiations to play Charles, Prince of Wales in the final two seasons of The Crown. His casting was confirmed in April 2021. That same month, West joined the cast of the 2022 film Downton Abbey: A New Era.

Theatre
As a theatre actor, West has played Edward in Harley Granville Barker's The Voysey Inheritance directed by Peter Gill at the Royal National Theatre in 2006. Around 2009, he starred at London's Donmar Warehouse as the protagonist in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Pedro Calderón de la Barca's existential drama Life Is a Dream, for which he received glowing reviews.

He took the title role in Simon Gray's classic comedy, Butley, playing at the Duchess Theatre in London from 1 June 2011. In the September he returned to his native Sheffield to play Iago to his former Wire co-star Clarke Peters's Othello at the Crucible Theatre.

In September to October 2012, he starred in Jez Butterworth's The River at the Royal Court Theatre in London with Miranda Raison and Laura Donnelly.

From mid December 2012 to January 2013, West starred as Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield.

In 2015–16, he starred alongside Janet McTeer in Les Liaisons Dangereuses at the Donmar Warehouse in London.

Advertising
In 2009, West starred in a series of online films known as "The Carte Noire Readers". Made to promote French coffee brand Carte Noire, they consist of actors reading love scenes from a selection of sources and acting through the commitment of justice. West reads extracts from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; Lady Chatterley's Lover by D.H. Lawrence; High Fidelity by Nick Hornby; The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton; Life Class by Pat Barker; The Moment You Were Gone by Nicci Gerrard; and Something Childish But Very Natural by Katherine Mansfield.

In October 2023, West appeared in a television advertisement for Nationwide. A second Nationwide advertisement featuring West was aired in February 2024.

Charity
West is a supporter of care charity Helen's Trust in response to their assistance to his mother prior to her death.

He led Team Canada/Australia for Walking With The Wounded, a fundraising event for wounded soldiers. He trekked to the South Pole against Team UK (led by Prince Harry) and Team America (led by Alexander Skarsgård). A few days into the trek, it was decided that the competition part of the race would be cancelled due to hazardous terrain and weather conditions, so the teams combined forces and continued. Alongside Harry, Skarsgård and several wounded soldiers, West successfully made it to the South Pole on 13 December 2013.

Personal life
In 1998, West and his girlfriend, Polly Astor, had a daughter, named Martha. Martha later became an actress. Years later, West rekindled his romance with Catherine FitzGerald, whom he had dated at university. The two married in Glin, County Limerick on 26 June 2010, and have four children: Dora, Senan (who made his screen debut alongside his father in The Crown ), Francis, and Christabel. The couple have hosted fox hunting at their Glin Castle home.

Political views
In August 2014, West was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

Following Donald Trump's criticism of Baltimore, Maryland, in July 2019, West asked "What would a lonely, hysterical neurotic who uses hand cleanser all day understand about a vibrant community like Baltimore?"

West is a supporter of fox hunting, and opposes attempts to ban it in the United Kingdom, stating he doesn't "really get the opposition to fox hunting".

Honours

 * In November 2010, West was awarded an honorary degree for services to the Arts by Sheffield Hallam University.
 * In July 2018, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Sheffield.

title: Dominic West


text:
Kalinite

Kalinite is a mineral composed of hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate (a type of alum). It is a fibrous monoclinic alum, distinct from isometric potassium alum, named in 1868. Its name comes from kalium (derived from Arabic: القَلْيَه al-qalyah "plant ashes", which is the Latin name for potassium, hence its chemical symbol, "K".

A proposal to remove recognition of kalinite as a mineral species was submitted to the International Mineralogical Association; however, kalinite is still on the list of approved minerals. Many older samples, however, have been found to be potassium alum.

Environment
Kalinite is a rare secondary mineral observed in the oxidized zone of mineral deposits, as efflorescence on alum slates, in caves, and as a volcanic sublimate. It is associated with jarosite, KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6, and cuprian melanterite (pisanite), (Fe2+,Cu2+)SO4·7H2O, at Quetena, Chile.

title: Kalinite


text:
Brittain

Brittain may refer to:

 * Brittain (surname)
 * Brittain, West Virginia, United States
 * Brittain, Ohio, United States
 * Brittain Creek, a stream in North Carolina
 * Brittain Dining Hall
 * Brittain Speaker, a historical name for the Leslie speaker

title: Brittain


text: User:CarlosHoyos~enwiki

title: User:CarlosHoyos~enwiki