text:
Chaoui people

The Chaoui people or Shawyia (الشاوية, ) are a Berber ethnic group native to the Aurès region in northeastern Algeria which spans Batna and Khenchla, Oum El Bouaghi provinces located in and surrounded by the Aurès Mountains.

They also live in the Algerian provinces of Tébessa, Constantine, Setif and other parts of eastern Algeria. They call themselves Išawiyen/Icawiyen (pronounced ) and speak the Shawiya language. They are the second largest Tell Atlas Berber-speaking ethnicity, alongside the Kabyles and Chenouas.

Etymology
The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram. According to de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata Berbers.

History
Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples, forming a base of resistance against the Roman Empire, the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire and Arabs.

The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been Madghacen, the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.

After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle.

Language
The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language (Berber: Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (Berber: Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, and the north part of Biskra. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria.

Culture and art
Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc.

Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh.

The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals.

The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film La Maison jaune.

title: Chaoui people


text:
Clare Bradley

Clare Bradley is a former gardener for the British children's television programme Blue Peter. She also regularly took part in various Blue Peter team performances such as the Blue Peter pantomime.

She has also written books including "The Young Gardener" and "Fun with Gardening: 50 Great Projects Kids Can Plant Themselves".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clare Bradley


text:
John Inglis, Lord Glencorse

Rt Hon John Inglis, Lord Glencorse FRSE DCL LLD (21 August 1810 – 20 August 1891) was a Scottish politician and judge. He was Lord President of the Court of Session (1867–1891).

Life
The youngest son of Maria Moxham Passmore and Rev John Inglis DD (1761–1834), minister of Old Greyfriars Kirk, Inglis was born on 21 August 1810 at 43 George Square in Edinburgh. He attended the High School in Edinburgh. He then studied law at the University of Glasgow from whence he went to Balliol College, Oxford. He graduated with a BA in 1834 and an MA in 1836.

He was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1835, and in 1852 he was made Solicitor General for Scotland in Lord Derby's first ministry, three months later becoming Lord Advocate, a post he held from May to December of that year. In the summer of 1857, he famously served as counsel for Madeleine Smith, a Glasgow socialite who was the defendant in a sensational murder trial. Smith was freed with a verdict of "not proven".

In March 1858 he resumed this office in Lord Derby's second administration, being returned to the House of Commons as member for Stamford. Again his tenure was brief, leaving office in July 1858. He was responsible for the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858, and in the same year he was elevated to the bench as Lord Justice Clerk, with the judicial title Lord Glencorse. In 1867 he was made Lord Justice General of Scotland and Lord President of the Court of Session. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1859, and awarded a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by the University of Oxford in 1859.

Outside his judicial duties he was responsible for much useful public work, particularly in the department of higher education. In 1869 he was elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh against Gladstone, having already been Rector of the University of Aberdeen in 1857–1860 and Rector of the University of Glasgow in 1865.

He was President of Scottish Texts Society and published Historical Study of Law 1863.

His Edinburgh address in later life was 30 Abercromby Place in Edinburgh's New Town.

He died at Loganbank, a villa in Glencorse south of Edinburgh on 20 August 1891, the day before his 81st birthday. He is buried in his family vault in New Calton Cemetery.

Family
In 1842 he married Isabella Mary Wood (1820–1855), daughter of Alexander Wood, Lord Wood FRSE (1788–1864), a judge and one of his senior colleagues. They had two sons, John David Inglis (1843–1861) and Harry Herbert Inglis (1848–1907).

He employed Rev Robert Keith Dick Horne as private tutor to his children. Horne was later minister of Corstorphine Old Parish Church in west Edinburgh.

Memorials
A memorial to Lord Glencorse (in the Jacobean style) stands in the south-east corner of St Giles Cathedral on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, above the stairway from the church to the crypt, near the entrance to the Thistle Chapel.

A bust of Lord Glencorse, sculpted by Charles McBride, is held by the University of Edinburgh.

Notable cases

 * In 1857 Inglis defended Madeleine Smith in a sensational murder trial.
 * In 1865 Inglis presided over the case of the poisoner, Edward William Pritchard, the last person to be publicly hanged in Glasgow.

title: John Inglis, Lord Glencorse


text: User talk:62.25.109.194

title: User talk:62.25.109.194


text:
Shilha people

The Shilha people (ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ, الشلوح), or Schleuh or Ishelhien, are a Berber subgroup primarily inhabiting the Anti-Atlas, High Atlas, Sous valley, and Soussi coastal regions of Morocco.

Overview
The Shilha people traditionally call themselves ishelhien. This endonym is rendered as les Chleuh in French. The Ishelhien are also known as Shluh and Schlöh. Among Arabic speakers, Chleuh serves as an appellation for Berbers generally, although Imazighen is the proper Berber self-name for Berbers as a whole.

The Shilha people live mainly in Morocco's southern Atlantic coast, the High Atlas Mountains, the Anti Atlas mountains, and the Sous Valley. They are of Berber origin, which also includes other ethnic subgroups such as the Tuareg, Rif, Kabyle, and Shawia. The Shilha people are a part of Morocco's Berber-speaking community, and the southernmost residing Berber population.

History
In antiquity, Berbers traded with the Phoenicians and Carthaginians in commercial entrepots and colonies along the northwestern littoral. They established the ancient kingdom of Mauretania, which fell under Roman rule in 33 CE, before eventually being reunited under Berber sovereignty. During the 7th century, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate invaded the Berber and Byzantine strongholds in the Northwest Africa, seizing Carthage in 698 AD. Although the Umayyads nominally controlled Morocco over the following years, their rule was tenuous due to Berber resistance. Shortly in 739 AD, Umayyad Arabs were defeated by the Berbers at the battle of Nobles and Bagdoura. Morocco remained under the rule of Berber kingdoms such as Barghawata and Midrar... etc. In 789 AD, with the approval of the locals, a former Umayyad courtier established the Idrisid dynasty that ruled in Fez. It lasted until 970 AD, as various petty states vied for control over the ensuing centuries. After 1053, Morocco was ruled by a succession of Muslim dynasties founded by Berber tribes. Among these were the Almoravid dynasty (1053–1147) who spread Islam in Morocco, the Almohad dynasty (1147–1275), and the Marinid dynasty (1213–1524). In 1668, a sharifan family from the east assumed control and established the incumbent Alawite dynasty.

The French and Spanish colonial empires partitioned Morocco in 1904, and the southern part of the territory was declared a French protectorate in 1912. Arabization remained an official state policy under both the colonial and succeeding post-independence governments. With the spread of the Berber Spring in Algeria to Berber territory during the 1980s, the Berbers sought to reaffirm their Berber roots.

Society
The Ishelhien mainly live in Morocco's Atlas Mountains and Sous Valley. Traditionally, they are farmers who also keep herds. Some are semi-nomadic, growing crops during the season when water is available, and moving with their herds during the dry season.

The Ishelhien communities in the southwestern mountains of Morocco cooperated with each other in terms of providing reciprocal grazing rights as seasons changed, as well as during periods of war. These alliances were re-affirmed by annual festive gatherings, where one Shilha community would invite nearby and distant Shilha communities.

Language
The Ishelhien speak Tashelhit, a Berber language. It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Their language is sometimes referred to as Sous-Berber.

As of 2014, there were around 4.7 million Shilha speakers, constituting 14.1% of the Moroccan population.

Tashelhit differs considerably from some other Berber languages, such as those spoken by the Tuareg.

Naming
Shilha speakers usually refer to their language as, (in Tifinagh script: );. This name is morphologically a feminine noun, derived from masculine "male speaker of Shilha".

The origin of the names Aclḥiy and Taclḥiyt is still unknown. The first appearance of this name in a western printed source is found in Mármol's Descripcion general de Affrica (1573, part I, book I, chapter XXXIII):

"...y entre los Numidas, y Getulos dela parte occidental de Affrica se habla Berberisco cerrado, y alli llaman esta lengua, Xilha, y Tamazegt, q̃ son nõbres muy antiguos." "'...and among the Numidians and Getulians of the western part of Afri-ca, they speak Berber with marked local features, and there they call this language Xilha [ʃilħa] and Tamazegt [tamaziɣt], which are very old names.'"

Now it is used as an endonym among Shilha speakers. Some people and sources say that it is exonymic in origin, as the nominal stem šlḥ goes back to the Arabic noun "bandit" (plural ). But this meaning is only present in the eastern dialects of Arabic; it does not exist in Maghreb dialects, and this is the weakness of this thesis. Also, the majority of those who tried to search for the etymology of the word used foreign-language dictionaries, rather it was supposed to search for the relevant language first. This is mainly due to the fact that the proponents of this hypothesis were not Shilha speakers.

There are a lot of attempts to explain this name based on the language of Tachelhit. The most logical one of them is by the writer Mohammed Akdim, who emphasized in one of his contributions, that the name Shluh, in fact, is the original name given by the original inhabitants of Morocco, Masmouda in the High Atlas and the possessions of Marrakesh, Souss and the Anti-Atlas On themselves. In Shilha, the verb means "to settle down, reside and live", which indicates that the name  means "settled and settled residents or settled residents". He also added that there is no meaning and no use in resorting to searching for the significance of the word and  in other languages, which is not crippling. As for going to its interpretation and explanation in the Arabic language, this is the height of linguistic prejudice in the right of the Amazigh.

People of Shilha descent

 * Aziz Akhannouch
 * Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi
 * Saadeddine Othmani
 * Saïd Taghmaoui
 * Abdallah ibn Yasin
 * Ibn Tumart
 * Abu Zakariya Yahya
 * Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
 * Faycal Fajr
 * Oudaden
 * Ammouri Mbarek
 * Youssouf Hadji
 * Mustapha Hadji
 * Yunis Abdelhamid
 * Youssef Aït Bennasser
 * Mbark Boussoufa
 * Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine
 * Hassan Kachloul
 * Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder
 * Issam Chebake
 * Walid Azaro
 * Hicham El Majhad
 * Saadia Himi
 * Hassan Arsmouk

title: Shilha people


text: Category:Museums in Berlin

title: Category:Museums in Berlin


text:
Talk:Adolf Galland

'Good Article'?
Why is this listed as a Good Article? It's not a good article. It's overlength, it's bitty, it's so badly written that it often reads as though it's been translated (badly) from a language other than English, and, like so many Wiki bios of Nazi military officers, it carries the stench of hagiography. I've even just had to correct a completely false claim about the reason why Galland lost his temper and stormed off the set of the film Battle of Britain. As everybody knows, and as the cited source states, Galland did not object to 'his' character, Major Falke, giving the Nazi salute to Goering. He objected to the actor Peter Hagen, playing Albert Kesselring -- the actual convicted Nazi war criminal Albert Kesselring (ask any Italian what sort of person Kesselring was, although his Wiki bio of course makes out that he was just fine) -- giving the Nazi salute to Goering. The article as it stood sought to imply that Galland got his way, but he didn't. The scene remains in the film and Galland backed down and did not take his name off the credits. Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:49, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Almost as badly written as your post. The sources are reflected in the article. Everything else is opinion. Dapi89 (talk) 21:45, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * "ask any Italian what sort of person Kesselring was"
 * Being Italian, I would like, if I may, to add a few lines.
 * Please note that I was born after WW2 and that my father was almost killed by a drunk German soldier.
 * "What sort of person he was" is not the question.
 * This is supposed to be an encyclopedia (and I am sorry to say that it falls far short of expectations, but that is another matter). The question is NOT whether Kesselring was "fine" or "evil".
 * That is for the popular press - or for Hollywood.
 * Was Kesselring a skilful general? Yes.
 * Was Kesselring a clever man? Yes. After all he moved from artillery to aviation and then to theatre C-in-C. He learned to fly at the age of 48.
 * Was Kesselring responsible for barbaric reprisals against Italian partisans AND innocent civilians? Yes.
 * Generally speaking, I think we could all benefit from a little more humility. People then were often ignorant, backward, and easily led - as they still are in most countries. Members of the elite often accept dictators because they get money and prestige. As to the riff-raff, they accept dictators because they feel important and feared by other countries. You see what I mean, these days. 2.39.12.239 (talk) 00:55, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

On 15 April 1941, Galland took off with lobster and champagne to celebrate General Theo Osterkamp's birthday at Le Touquet
According this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-nAVhtnHQM) Galland didn't took off with champagne because they would explode in the air. He took lobsters and oysters. Ricardo Ferreira de Oliveira (talk) 18:01, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolf Galland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Howard Kinsley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no action (incomplete nomination and article never existed) --cesarb 16:33, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Howard Kinsley
Incomplete nomination. Abstain. Radiant_* 20:30, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
NSL

NSL may refer to:

Government and politics

 * National Security League, an American preparedness organization
 * National Socialist League, a British pre–World War II Nazi group
 * National Socialist League (United States), a gay neo-Nazi party in the U.S., 1974–1980s
 * National Socialist Legion, an American neo-nazi group
 * National security letter, an administrative subpoena issued by the U.S. government
 * National Security Act (South Korea)
 * Hong Kong national security law

Sports

 * Naša Sinalko Liga, a Serbian basketball league known as the Sinalco League
 * National Soccer League (disambiguation)
 * National Softball League, a British amateur co-ed slow pitch softball league
 * Netball Superleague, a British netball league
 * Northern Super League, a Canadian women's soccer league
 * Nottinghamshire Senior League, an English association football league

Transportation

 * NSL Buses, London, England
 * North South MRT line of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit system

Languages

 * Nepali Sign Language
 * Norwegian Sign Language
 * Nicaraguan Sign Language

Other

 * NSL Services Group, a business group in London, England
 * Nanosphere lithography, a method to produce nanoscopic structures
 * Nintendo Switch Lite
 * Nuziveedu Seeds Limited

title: NSL


text:
Category:Sixth-generation video game consoles

 * Sixth generation of video game consoles — and  generally introduced from 1998 to 2013.


text:
Talk:WCPT (AM)

Untitled
I hate being lied to. WCPT is tape delaying Randi Rhodes to air Ed Schultz. Then they tell us FCC regulations are to blame for not hearing the entire R.R. show. Sounds like a White House briefing. WCPT should have more respect for their listeners than to lie to us.

-- Love Randi, not Ed.

Thanks to whoever created this page! Recently, a progressive discussion group in Chicago discussed that there was this station, WCPT, but that it had no home page. This summary works well. It will be much appreciated.

--A listener in Suburban Chicago.

BTW, WCPT uses a really great sign-off recording of the Star Spangled Banner. It's a military band, perhaps Navy or Marines? I wish someone could post the source of that recording. The arrangement is crisp, ceremonious and bright.

--Another listener in Suburban Chicago.

850 AM has a long history in Crystal Lake. Some of my favorite memories are of listening to Rick Bellairs, who ran a great show called Crossroads on his fathers station back in the '70's. The Crossroads would play almost anything, and was known for playing whole album sides when they came out. Mal Bellairs, who owned and operated WIVS, was also a great on-air presence, along with his wife Jo. I still remember how sad I felt when she passed away- they could count almost every listener as their family. For a brief history of AM 850, strewn within a very interesting story about Mal Bellairs life, including being owner of a home in Ireland, see http://bellairs.org/MAL.html Best wishes to the new operators, and I hope that WCPT prospers!

--Long time resident of Crystal Lake

In a sense, it is "FCC regulations" ...
Because WCPT-AM 850 is a "daytimer". They go off the air at night to "protect" the major users of 850 kHz, primarily KOA Denver, which is easily received in Chicagoland. That really is an FCC regulation.

OTOH, it's much like buying a house next to the train tracks and then complaining about the noise of the trains. If you don't like being a daytimer, apply for a licence on a full-time channel or (more likely these days) buy a station that's full time. --4.19.111.130 19:21, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Help Improve AAR in Chicago
You probably have noticed that Chicago's Air America station, WCPT 850 Progressive Talk has become very hard to listen to. Please write a letter to the Sun-Times' Robert Feder at feder@suntimes.com and discuss the following talking points:

 * Chicago area Air America listeners were excited to hear that we would get an affiliate, but we are disappointed that we can’t hear most of Randi Rhodes, and we can’t hear any of Mike Malloy.

 * WCPT’s signal was only supposed to cover the Northwest suburbs, but the Newsweb Corporation is trying to use it to cover all of Chicago.

 * Newsweb says that they can’t improve the situation, but they have better stations, with lower ratings than WCPT that they could put Air America on.

 * Please include your own problems with WCPT.

Send a letter with these concerns to Robert Feder at feder@suntimes.com. We hope he will publish them, and put pressure on Newsweb to improve Chicago’s Progressive Talk.

Removal of Ratings information
Removed ratings comments about where WCPT stood as proven by the following document:

"Chicago Radio Ratings". Chicago Sun-Times. Jan 11, 2007. FindArticles.com. 25 Jun. 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070111/ai_n17134065

Would like to see that go back up, but not if it is false. Sorry guys and gals.

Again, false ratings info is put into the article. WCPT is not a ratings success, does not have ratings above WIND and WCKG, and does not even appear in the published ratings reports. Check out this report October 17, 2007 Chicago Sun-Times report of Arbitron ratings: http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20071017/ai_n21050027

What's troubling about this false ratings information is that it appears to make liars out of WCPT fans. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.60.239.176 (talk) 13:54, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WCPT.gif
Image:WCPT.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:47, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

WCPT and WAIT (AM) to swap dial positions
Luckily, moves of this type are actually easier than they appear. What can be done on November 26, when the change takes place, is merely swapping infoboxes on each of the articles, as well as making minor changes in the Chicago radio template. Hopefully, this will minimize confusion.--Fightingirish 07:01, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The move has been made. WCPT is 820 and WAIT is 850. I did it a day early just to be done with it.--Fightingirish (talk) 20:28, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:WCPT (AM)


text:
User talk:Erikm

Fernando Pessoa Article
Critical Overview composed by Erik Martin Cedillo

Hi! I just wanted to explain why I removed your byline from the article. Because articles are collaborations and content changes over time, attribution of article content to a single editor isn't appropriate. Credit for your contributions isn't lost, though. It will always be in the history section!

Tobycat 20:33, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Pessoasize.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pessoasize.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 10:49, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erikm


text:
Lake Township, Logan County, Ohio

Lake Township is one of the seventeen townships of Logan County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,774, making it the largest township in Logan County by population.

Geography
Located at the center of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * McArthur Township - north
 * Rushcreek Township - northeast
 * Jefferson Township - east
 * Liberty Township - south
 * Harrison Township - west

Most of the city of Bellefontaine, the county seat of Logan County, is located in Lake Township, occupying all but the northern, southeastern, and southwestern parts of the township.

Name and history
Lake Township was organized in 1818. The township took its name from Silver Lake, which is now located in Harrison Township. Statewide, other Lake Townships are located in Ashland, Stark, and Wood counties.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Transportation
Highways in Lake Township include U.S. Routes 33 and 68, and State Routes 47 and 540.

title: Lake Township, Logan County, Ohio


text:
Little Three

The Little Three is a term started by and used in reference to athletic competition between three private liberal arts colleges in the New England region of the United States: Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, and Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.

The exact origin of the term Little Three is lost to history, but was used by the three colleges in an allusion to the Big Three, coined in the 1880s to describe the three big universities—Harvard, Princeton, and Yale—which dominated football in the Ivy League. Today, the term is used to define Amherst, Wesleyan and Williams as the three prestigious, academically elite original "Little Ivies", crosscutting the Ivy League universities. The earliest known reference appeared in John Hallahan's Football in New England Colleges in 1923: "Williams College again won the championship of the Little Three, which includes Wesleyan and Amherst . . ." Little Three championships are contested in 24 sports throughout the academic year. They first joined as the Triangular League athletic conference in 1899, which lasted only three years before breaking up over an argument concerning the eligibility of college baseball players who received pay during summer league play. In 1910, they formed what is believed to be "America’s oldest, continuous intercollegiate athletic conference without a membership change," which earned another moniker, The Triumvirate.

title: Little Three


text:
SAFA

SAFA may refer to:

 * SAFA (architecture), professional body representing architects in Finland
 * SAFA programme, a European aviation safety program
 * Scottish Amateur Football Association
 * South African Football Association
 * South Asian Federation of Accountants
 * South Australian Football Association, an early name (1877–1906) of the South Australian National Football League
 * Scott's Anti-Foundation Axiom

title: SAFA


text: User talk:66.143.53.222

title: User talk:66.143.53.222


text:
12 × 5

12 × 5 is the second American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in 1964 following the success of their American debut The Rolling Stones (England's Newest Hit Makers). It is an expanded version of the EP Five by Five, which had followed their debut album in the UK.

The five songs on the British EP were fleshed out with seven additional tracks to bring the work to LP length. Among the additional tracks were the UK single-only release "It's All Over Now", a cover of a Bobby Womack song that was the group's first UK number one hit, an alternative version of "Time Is on My Side", which appears in a more familiar form on other albums, and three Jagger/Richards originals.

Composition
The album, like its predecessor, largely features R&B covers. However, it also contains three compositions by the developing Mick Jagger/Keith Richards songwriting team, as well as two group compositions under the pseudonym "Nanker Phelge". 12 × 5 is notable for featuring the first, and less often heard, of the Stones' two versions of Jerry Ragovoy's "Time Is on My Side", with a prominent electronic organ instead of the better-known version's electric guitar.

"I loved everything about this album as a kid," recalled Joe Satriani. "It was those second-generation electric blues players that I loved, but I had no idea where they got that music from. It took my teenage years to discover that."

After sessions in Chicago in June 1964, the Stones' UK label Decca Records released the five-song EP Five by Five. Because EPs were never a lucrative format in the US, London Records – their American distributor at the time – spread its songs across an album, adding seven new recordings to create a release of 12 songs by five musicians, hence the album's title. The rest of the songs were singles "It's All Over Now" and "Time Is on My Side" with their B-sides, plus three that were later included on The Rolling Stones No. 2. Decca would use the same cover (minus the lettering) for the band's second UK album, The Rolling Stones No. 2, in early 1965.

Critical reception
The album was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981).

Remastered version
In August 2002, 12 × 5 was reissued in a new remastered CD and SACD digipak by ABKCO Records. This edition includes stereo versions of "Around and Around", "Confessin' the Blues", "Empty Heart", "It's All Over Now", an extended version of "2120 South Michigan Avenue", and "If You Need Me".

Track listing
Note
 * The 2002 CD edition features an extended version of "2120 South Michigan Avenue", at 3:41. The marked tracks are in true stereo on a rare later issue UK Decca EP and on the ABKCO 2002 CD.

The Rolling Stones

 * Mick Jagger – lead vocals, harmonica, güiro
 * Keith Richards – acoustic and electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Brian Jones – electric and acoustic guitar, harmonica, tambourine, maracas, backing vocals
 * Charlie Watts – drums
 * Bill Wyman – bass guitar, backing vocals, triangle

Additional musicians

 * Ian Stewart – piano, organ

title: 12 × 5


text:
Talk:Blue Moon (1934 song)

Untitled
Is it a copyright violation to quote the lyrics? Or has the copyright expired by now?-- BRG 20:35, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, it is a copyright violation and the lyrics have been removed accordinglyDermot 17:49, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Stevie Wonder
It might be nice to note that Stevie wonder, in his latest album did Blue Moon as one of his songs.

Mud
I think Mud covered it on their album Mud Rock in 1974. Article and track listing needed. T71024 (talk) 09:19, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Origin of the phrase
A blue moon is more specific than "something that happens almost never": it's the second of two full moons that occur in the same calendar month. This happens about once every two and a half years, on average. (See http://www.obliquity.com/astro/bluemoon.html) Haydn01 09:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

A common belief, but originally a blue moon was the third full moon in a season with four full moons. (See http://skytonight.com/observing/objects/moon/3304131.html) Wschart 13:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for this. I think this is worth putting in the article, so I will do so. (I particularly like the fact that the info came from the Maine Almanac, given the Manchester City connection which is mentioned in the article! Haydn01 16:49, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Sources for Record date of Connie Boswell's version: http://settlet.fateback.com/BRN7300.htm http://www.newworldrecords.org/linernotes/80248.pdf

Hollywood Party
It looks like the mentioned movie Hollywood Party with Jean Harlow has never been filmed or released. IMDB only knows of two movies named Hollywood Party, one made in 1934 with Laurel/Hardy and one made in 1937 as a short film. 80.171.18.123 20:44, 6 January 2007 (UTC) nomennescio

Crewe/Man City song
This Man City website is citing a published book stating that it was originally a Crewe Alexandra-song - as it is a second-hand source, I did not link it as a source, but it does indicate that to be true. And that is also what Wikipedia itself says on it's article on Crewe. It is also what this article originally said - it was edited to reflect the opposite without the person citing a source. As such, I was bold and edited it back. Railwayman (talk) 18:14, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

One of the more widely known versions of this song was the one by Sha Na Na, with Bowsers long Bluuuuuuue Mooooooon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.128.238.26 (talk) 15:06, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Conan o brien
During the Writers strike Conan sang blue moon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.150.179 (talk) 22:23, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

"Blue Moon" instrumental played by jazz group in movie Torch Song as scenic bridge
"Blue Moon" is "played" by a jazz group in an apartment setting, as a scenic bridge in the film Torch Song (1953, the Joan Crawford starrer). It is as distinct in its own arrangement as is the Marcels' 1961 doo-wop version. ````rettytetty — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rettytetty (talk • contribs) 16:41, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Blanking IP
I've semi-protected the page due to some persistent unexplained blanking by an IP who seems to dislike Elvis. --jpgordon:==( o ) 22:22, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Massive list
What is the value of this massive and entirely partial list of people who have covered this standard? According to allmusic.com, there are over 4000 covers of this song; what are the criteria for this list? Everybody who does standards does Blue Moon; that's what standards are about. --jpgordon:==( o ) 14:02, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I removed the mentions of covers that did not chart. 76.102.1.129 (talk) 01:17, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I rather think that there is a place, or there should be a place for all covers by notable artists. Part of the songs greatness and near universal appeal is demonstrated by such lists.   4,000 might even get us in the Guinness Book of Records.  This (removing Billie Holiday, for example)  is (opinion) a big step to take and in the words of the Ramones, I'm Against It!  Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 03:19, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

We need (opinion) a better source
if we are going to keep this sentence in the article.
 * "Although Rodgers initially hated this version, he came to like it over time." Carptrash (talk) 15:54, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

This is a very mixed reference
so I removed this section:
 * "According to his widow, Richard Rodgers, the writer of the music for the song, liked The Marcels' arrangement of the piece. "He was always open to completely new sounds," she is reported to have said." "

reading the reference, with is a blog, not always the best reference,does not clarify the issue, so let's just levae it out. Carptrash (talk) 04:28, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

I can find no evidence that Richard Rodgers ever wrote an open letter denouncing The Marcels' version as the Wikipedia article previously stated, or that he took out newspaper ads as the blog given as a source claimed. Nor did the Billboard article referenced in the blog ("The Rodgers Legacy Continues" by Irv Lichtman in the 10 July 1982 issue) say anything about his widow denying the story. The relevant passage reads: "Rodgers' career also passed through vast changes in pop music styles, and some of his songs received what were perceived as novel treatments on records at the time—and they were big hits. ¶ As for Peggy Lee's overdubbed version of Rodgers & Hart's 'Lover' in the '50s, Dorothy Rodgers says, 'Dick thought it was wild and wonderful. He didn't object at all. He was always open to completely new sounds.' She also says Rodgers shared a similar feeling with the Marcels' doo-wop rock version of 'Blue Moon,' a No. 1 record in 1961. ¶ Mrs. Rodgers remembers her husband's comment after hearing Peggy Lee's 'Lover.' He remarked, 'I think it'll spring back to its natural shape after awhile.'" (p. 37) If it is considered desirable to note Rodgers' reaction the Billboard article ought to be an acceptable reference. Sbh (talk) 06:24, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

I have seen the "open letter" or advertisement by Richard Rodgers denouncing the Marcels' version of Blue Moon with my own eyes. I know it actually does exist, but I have not yet been able to locate it again to prove this. Quadibloc (talk) 03:07, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

"covered"
"Over the years, "Blue Moon" has been covered by various artists" instead of "covering" it they should sing it. I don't know when this "covering" business started, but I wish it would go away.75.172.97.17 (talk) 13:53, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Moon (1934 song)


text:
The Long Ryders

The Long Ryders are an American alternative country and Paisley Underground band, principally active between 1982 and 1987, who have periodically regrouped for brief reunions (2004, 2009, 2014, 2016). In 2019 they released a new studio album – their first in 32 years – and played a series of tour dates.

The Long Ryders were originally formed by several American musicians who were each multi-instrumentalists and influenced by Gram Parsons, the Byrds, country music and various punk rock groups. They were named after the Walter Hill film, the Long Riders. The band featured Sid Griffin and Stephen McCarthy on vocals and guitar; Des Brewer on bass (later replaced by Tom Stevens); and Greg Sowders on drums.

Although two members were transplants from the American South, they became a popular Los Angeles rock band, forming in the early 1980s and originally associated with a movement called the Paisley Underground. With a sound reminiscent of Rubber Soul-era Beatles, electric Bob Dylan, Buffalo Springfield and the Flying Burrito Brothers, but with a harder edge, they anticipated the alternative country music of the 1990s by a decade. Their early work contained influences of both punk (largely attributable to devoted record collector Griffin) and old-school country (championed by McCarthy). Former Byrd Gene Clark joined them on their first full-length album, 1984's Native Sons, adding vocals to the song "Ivory Tower". Their initial studio release, the 10-5-60 EP, consisted of Griffin, Brewer, McCarthy, and Sowders. Brewer left after the release of 10-5-60. He was replaced by Tom Stevens, and that line-up remained in place as a recording unit until their eventual demise.

Formation and early days (1981–1982)
The Long Ryders' roots can be traced back to 1960s garage rock revivalist the Unclaimed, who formed in Los Angeles in 1979. After one EP, Kentucky-born guitarist and vocalist Sid Griffin and Kansas-born bassist Barry Shank left the Unclaimed in November 1981 with intentions to form a new band. Griffin: "I had this idea of what would happen if the top of the band, the guitars and the vocals were very West Coast [1960s], punchy and beautiful, but the bass and drums were as aggressive as a punk band. Early rehearsals included Unclaimed drummer Matt Roberts and future Dream Syndicate guitarist Steve Wynn. Drummer Greg Sowders, a native of Los Angeles, had met Griffin through a mutual friend and joined the band in February 1982 after an informal audition. The band rehearsed shortly as a trio before guitarist and vocalist Stephen McCarthy completed the lineup after answering a musicians wanted ad in March. Originally from Virginia, McCarthy had recently moved to Los Angeles and was looking for something "a bit rockier" after playing in country and western bands in New York City and Nashville. They soon settled on the name the Long Ryders, named after the Walter Hill film the Long Riders. The band wrote a letter to actor Stacy Keach, who had starred in and produced the film, asking for his approval to use the name. Keach was "honored" but had suggested a different spelling for legal reasons. The band then decided on the "y" spelling as an homage to the Byrds.

The Long Ryders were initially linked with the neo-psychedelia of Los Angeles' Paisley Underground scene, but McCarthy's arrival soon brought a country element to the band. Griffin: "His Clarence White-style country guitar-playing gave us a direction that nobody else had." Shank left the band in August 1982 to go back to college and was replaced by British expat Des Brewer. Later in the year, the new lineup entered producer Ethan James' Radio Tokyo Studio in Venice, California to record a three-track demo. Two of the tracks, "Still Get By" and "And She Rides", later appeared on the various artists compilation albums The Radio Tokyo Tapes and The Rebel Kind – A Collection of Contemporary Garage and Psychedelic Bands in 1983.

10-5-60 and Native Sons (1983–1984)
In September 1983, PVC Records issued the band's self-funded 10-5-60 EP, which was produced by former Sparks guitarist Earle Mankey at his home studio in California. Griffin was working for PVC's parent label Jem Records, an import and distribution label, who agreed to take on distribution. Griffin: "I got us on the in-house label, and they did it as a favour. ... it did really well, and they couldn't believe it". The EP showed a strong 1960s influence, from garage rock and psychedelia to Byrdsian folk and country rock. It was well received by critics, prompting the band to tour the US. Brewer, who was not committed to touring, left after the EP's release and was replaced by Don McCall, who only lasted 3 months before he was asked to leave. "His playing and my drumming never quite clicked," Sowders explained. Tom Stevens from Indiana became the Long Ryders' new bassist in late December, playing his first gig with the band in January 1984, after recommendations from mutual friends. "I didn’t even have to formally audition," Stevens said. "The Long Ryders had gigs coming up in the San Francisco area and needed someone quickly."

In the spring of 1984, the Long Ryders signed with Los Angeles-based independent record label Frontier Records and recorded their first full length album, Native Sons, at A&M Studios in Los Angeles in early summer. They chose veteran producer Henry Lewy (Joni Mitchell, the Flying Burrito Brothers) to co-produce the album. Musically, the band had toned down the psychedelia, emphasizing country and rock and roll. The album featured former Byrd Gene Clark adding vocals to the song "Ivory Tower". "Gene was someone we all really admired," Sowders said. "He was around in LA, and we all knew him but it was his manager Saul Davis who arranged his participation at the session." Released in October 1984, Native Sons became the number 4 album on the college radio and Indie charts in the US and received positive critical reviews. The band's take on American musical traditions was especially a success with critics in the UK, where the Melody Maker called it "a modern American classic". Upon release in the UK in March 1985, it was distributed by Zippo Records, who also released "I Had a Dream" as a UK-only single. The album and the single reached number 1 and 4 on the UK Indie Chart, respectively.

State of Our Union (1985–1986)
Following the success of Native Sons, the Long Ryders decided to reissue the 10-5-60 EP as a full-length album, retitled 5 by 5 with five new studio tracks. The band entered A&M Studios in February 1985 with engineer and co-producer Paul McKenna and recorded at least six tracks: "Time Keeps Travelling", "The Trip", "Sandwich Man", "As God Is My Witness", the Flamin' Groovies' "I Can’t Hide", and Bob Dylan's "Masters of War". The planned album, however, was abandoned when the band would sign a new record deal and prepare to record their next proper album later in the year. Most of the tracks were later included as bonus tracks on future compilation albums and on reissues of Native Sons and 10-5-60. "I Can’t Hide" was released as a flexi disc in 1986 under the moniker the Spinning Wighats and given away free with the Bob magazine.

After touring the US for much of 1984, the Long Ryders embarked on their first international tour to Europe in March and April 1985. "Upon our arrival in the UK," Stevens said, "we were greeted with sold out shows, amazing crowd receptions, the cover of NME, and literally twelve record companies at our London hotel door after our second London show." Island Records UK signed the band in late spring and the band returned to the US to write and demo new songs. Released in September 1985, their first major label album, State of Our Union, was recorded in England at Chipping Norton Studios and produced by Will Birch, formerly of British bands the Kursaal Flyers and the Records. The album was a success at college and alternative radio stations in the US, but its more prominent rock sound didn't please UK critics as much as Native Sons. State of Our Union reached number 66 on the UK Albums Chart as well as number 2 on the UK Country Chart. The single "Looking for Lewis and Clark" peaked at number 59 on the UK Singles Chart but was never released commercially in the US. The album sold well in the UK, where "Looking for Lewis and Clark" gained the band much wider exposure. State of Our Union quickly became the band's biggest selling album, and the band was soon more popular in Europe than in the US, where they failed to break out of the college radio market.

In spring 1986, the Long Ryders were widely criticized for doing a TV commercial in the US for Miller Beer. Fans, critics and certain areas of the music community were outraged and accused the band of selling out. "The Long Ryders doing the Miller Beer ad killed us in the USA. It killed us stone dead. We went from hot to cold in about three weeks," Griffin said. "The Blasters, Los Lobos and X all did beer commercials too, but only us and the Del Fuegos got ripped for it." The band was not getting much airplay on regular commercial radio stations in the US and hoped that a beer commercial would provide them a much-needed exposure. Also, the band was not making any money touring. "To this day the only money the Long Ryders has ever seen is from that beer commercial," Griffin said in 2016. The band, however, continued to tour, building on their success in Europe. In Spain, they headlined in front of 100,000 people at a Barcelona festival in September 1986 which was broadcast live on national radio. Griffin: "Probably the highest of the high points. Graham Parker and the Shot, Wilson Pickett – they were both opening for us that day. I nearly fainted."

Two-Fisted Tales and break-up (1987)
The Long Ryders had ended 1986 by recording their second Island album, Two-Fisted Tales, in November and December at A&M and Eldorado Studios in Hollywood with producer Ed Stasium (the Ramones, Soul Asylum, the Smithereens, Living Colour). It was mixed in February 1987 at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas and features guest appearances by David Hidalgo of Los Lobos and Debbi and Vicki Peterson of the Bangles. On the album, the Long Ryders moved further away from their country rock origins towards a more college rock direction, but were still rooted in traditional Americana music. The finished album was delivered to Island in March, but the release was delayed for two months. "Tom Waits was selling better than Island expected, U2 were still shifting units, and so we were told to wait", Griffin said. In the two years since the Long Ryders signed with Island, several key employees had left the label's A&R department, and the new team showed little interest in the band and the release of Two-Fisted Tales. In the meantime, the band were offered to open for U2 on the North American leg of their Joshua Tree tour in April and May. But since Two-Fisted Tales was delayed, the Long Ryders declined, hoping to join the U2 tour later on. Griffin: "We never did get to open for U2 at all, not even once. So this was a major opportunity blown, no question about it, and a fairly big regret of mine."

The album was finally released in June and despite its first single, a cover of NRBQ’s "I Want You Bad", getting radio airplay, neither single nor album charted. The lack of commercial success and label support as well as a relentless touring schedule began to take its toll on the band. After a European tour, Stevens left the band to be replaced by the band's guitar tech, Larry Chatman, for a US tour that followed immediately. Griffin: "He went on the road with us and learned while driving across the country and in motel rooms at night. We never had a formal rehearsal." In 2013, Stevens explained his reasons for leaving: "The spring 1987 tour of Europe was a nightmare. Despite a major label "deal," we were broke, and I found myself having to find another source of income so that my growing family could eat and have a roof over their heads. In June 1987, when the other Long Ryders insisted upon doing a U.S. tour that was expected to lose five figures, I announced that I was leaving the band."

In August, McCarthy announced to the band that he would be leaving at the end of the US tour. "It was a dead end," he said in 1988. "I don’t regret a day I played in the Long Ryders, but it was futile. I quit before it got to the point of beating each other on stage." Even though Island offered Griffin and Sowders the opportunity to record a third album for the label, they decided not to continue as the Long Ryders without McCarthy. The band did not officially break up until late 1987.

"Our signing with Island in 1985 worked well for the first few months," Stevens said in 2009. "Then our A&R guy got the axe at year's end [and] the new UK regime hated us. Island U.S. was also fairly useless. ... we never seemed to be a big concern for any of them. Between that and the slow shift that started in 1986 to hair metal, the terrain got so creepy and hard to navigate that it put a strain on us as a band, from which we could not recover."

Post break-up
In 1989, the Long Ryders fan club released the authorized C90 audio cassette compilation Metallic B.O., which contained previously unreleased live recordings and studio outtakes. The tape was subsequently edited down for CD reissue by Overground Records in 1990. Two live albums and two compilation albums were released in the 1990s and 2000s. BBC Radio One Live in Concert (1994) and Three Minute Warnings: the Long Ryders Live in New York City (2003) contain live recordings from 1985 and 1987, while Looking for Lewis and Clark: the Long Ryders Anthology (1998) and The Best of the Long Ryders (2004) collect tracks spanning the band's career from 1983 to 1987, including B-sides, demos and live recordings.

Griffin, who relocated to London, kept busy as a solo artist and bandleader (the Coal Porters, Western Electric ), and as a music journalist and author. Since 1994, he has run his own label, the London-based Prima Records. The label is primarily, but not exclusively, an outlet for Griffin's solo projects, and releases by the Long Ryders and the Coal Porters. He wrote several books, including Gram Parsons: A Music Biography (1985), Million Dollar Bash: Bob Dylan, The Band & the Basement Tapes (2007) and Shelter from the Storm: Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Years (2010). The second volume was reissued in 2014 to coincide with the release of The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete, a six-CD collection to which Griffin contributed liner notes.

McCarthy, after a stint leading his own band, Walker Stories, and appearing on the 1990 multi-artist album True Voices in a duet with Carla Olson on the Tom Jans song "Loving Arms," returned home to Richmond, Virginia; he played in the indie supergroup Gutterball with Steve Wynn and fellow Richmondites Bryan Harvey and Johnny Hott of House of Freaks, and in 2001 began playing with the Jayhawks. Stevens returned to his native Indiana, earned a degree in computer science and released solo albums. Additionally, Sowders, who was briefly married to singer Lucinda Williams, went to work in music publishing. Brewer continued to play the Los Angeles circuit, first accompanying various female singer-songwriters, and then moving on to the old-school country band, the Misbegotten Cowboys. Original bassist Shank holds a PhD in American studies and is a professor at Ohio State University. He is the author of several books, including Dissonant Identities: The Rock 'n' Roll Scene in Austin, Texas (1994), A Token of My Affection: Greeting Cards and American Business Culture (2004), and The Political Force of Musical Beauty (2014).

Reunion (2004–2018)
In 2003, a European booking agent approached the band about putting together a Long Ryders reunion for shows in the UK, Spain and the Netherlands in the summer of 2004, including a performance at the Glastonbury Festival. "I never thought the Long Ryders would play together again.", Griffin said in 2004. "I'd had offers before to tour as 'Sid Griffin and the Long Ryders', a kind of karaoke version of the Long Ryders playing Long Ryders songs ... But this offer was to get all the originals together, so I passed it along. ... I thought if we don’t do it now we [are] never going to do it." A live album entitled State of Our Reunion resulted from the reunion tour. The band played their first live dates in the US in more than 20 years when they played two shows at the EARL in Atlanta, Georgia in January 2009. "Just some crazy guy with money," Griffin said. In January 2014, the Long Ryders played their first show in Los Angeles in 27 years at the one-off Earle Mankey Appreciation Night concert at the Troubadour. A five date Spanish tour followed in December.

In January 2016, Cherry Red Records released a Long Ryders box set, Final Wild Songs, composed of all the material from their three full-length albums, their one EP, various demos and rarities, and a previously unavailable 15-song performance from a Benelux radio appearance in March 1985. Mojo magazine, in its February 2016 issue, gave the collection a lead review, saying, "They unwittingly invented Americana, but seldom receive credit for it. This 4-CD box set puts the record straight." The band subsequently played 12 dates on the Continent and in the UK in April and May, and 4 East Coast dates in the US in November.

In 2017, Griffin, McCarthy, Sowders and Stevens recorded the first new material for the Long Ryders since 1987. McCarthy: "The band played a number of shows in 2016 and we felt it would be worthwhile to try and write/record some new material." McCarthy and Sowders recorded their parts for a few new songs with engineer and co-producer Adrian Olsen at his Montrose Recording studio in Virginia, while Griffin and Stevens recorded remotely from London and Indiana. A single from these recordings, "Bear in the Woods," was released on April 17, 2017 in time for a 4 date Californian tour in late April.

In November 2018, Cherry Red Records released three-CD box set editions of the band's albums State of Our Union and Two-Fisted Tales, also announcing that a new album from the band would be released in 2019 on Cherry Red Records in the UK and Omnivore Recordings in North America.

Psychedelic Country Soul and September November (2019–present)
On February 15, 2019, the Long Ryders released Psychedelic Country Soul, the band's first album of new material in 32 years. The opening track, "Greenville", premiered on the Billboard website. It was well received by critics and reached number 2 on the UK Americana Chart, number 4 on the UK Country Chart, and number 10 on the UK Independent Chart. The LA Times said of the album, "The record sounds fantastic", whilst Mojo wrote, "Psychedelic Country Soul puts them right back at the top of a world they helped create." The album was produced by Ed Stasium and recorded mainly at Dr. Dre's Record One studio in Los Angeles, featuring members of the Bangles on harmony vocals and Dave Pearlman (Dan Fogelberg, Phil Everly, Hoyt Axton ) on pedal steel guitar. The Long Ryders announced a series of tour dates in 2019 to support the album's release. It was the band's most extensive tour since the 1980s with 43 dates in Europe and North America. Sowders, who was unavailable for the October/November dates in Europe, was temporarily replaced by Simon Hancock. Between January 29 and February 3, 2020, the band participated in the Outlaw Country Cruise music festival, a 5-night boat cruise from Miami, Florida to Falmouth, Jamaica with over 30 artists including Lucinda Williams, the Mavericks and Steve Earle and the Dukes.

McCarthy contributed to Carla Olson's 2020 album, Have Harmony, Will Travel 2, where he plays guitar and duets with Olson on "Timber, I'm Falling In Love", originally a No. 1 hit for Patty Loveless on Billboard's Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart in 1989. He also appears on the 2021 various artists album Americana Railroad, duetting with Olson on two tracks. Their first-ever duet album, The Night Comes Falling, was released in November 2022.

On September 4, 2020, the Long Ryders released a new single titled "Down to the Well". The song had been recorded in February 2017 at the same sessions that produced "Bear in the Woods". The download single includes a remix of "If You Want to See Me Cry", originally from Psychedelic Country Soul.

On January 23, 2021, Tom Stevens died suddenly at the age of 64 at his home in Indiana of undisclosed causes. The tribute single "Tom Tom" was released as a download on January 21, 2022. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Long Ryders and producer Ed Stasium recorded the track remotely, sending audio files back and forth between California (Sowders and Stasium), Virginia (McCarthy), and England (Griffin).

The Long Ryders received the International Trailblazers Award from the Americana Music Association UK in January 2022. Nine months later, the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville honored the Long Ryders by including the band in a new exhibition titled “Western Edge: The Roots and Reverberations of Los Angeles Country-Rock.” Lyric sheets for the songs “Looking for Lewis and Clark” and “Gunslinger Man” are on display, as well as band photos, posters, album covers and an interactive listening station where visitors can hear Long Ryders recordings. The exhibition is scheduled to continue to May 2025.

Recording sessions for the band's next studio album took place during summer 2022, followed by a six-date US tour in November. On these dates, the band was augmented by touring bassist Murry Hammond of Old 97's. On December 2, 2022, the band announced the release of their fifth studio album September November on March 10, 2023, released worldwide by Cherry Red. Like its predecessor, it was produced by Ed Stasium at his Kozy Tone Ranch studio in Poway, California, and features contributions from, among others, violinist Kerenza Peacock of the Coal Porters and X's D. J. Bonebrake on vibes. Bass duties on the album were shared by McCarthy and Hammond. The band – still including Hammond – set out on a European tour in May and June 2023, with a second leg planned for October. On September 15, 2023, the band released the three-track download-only Live EP – Copenhagen '23.

Band members
Current members
 * Sid Griffin – vocals, guitar, harmonica, mandolin, autoharp, mandocello, banjo, bugle (1982–1987, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2016–present)
 * Stephen McCarthy – vocals, guitar, acoustic guitar, lap steel guitar, banjo, mandolin, bouzouki, bass, upright bass, keyboards, Mellotron (1982–1987, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2016–present)
 * Greg Sowders – drums, percussion, vibraphone, keyboards, trombone (1982–1987, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2016–present)

Former members
 * Barry Shank – bass (1982)
 * Des Brewer – bass (1982–1983)
 * Tom Stevens – vocals, bass, upright bass, guitar, acoustic guitar, cello (1983–1987, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2016–2021)

Touring musicians
 * Don McCall – bass (1983)
 * Larry Chatman – bass (1987)
 * Simon Hancock – drums (2019)
 * Murry Hammond – bass (2022–present)

Studio albums

 * Native Sons (1984, Frontier)
 * State of Our Union (1985, Island)
 * Two-Fisted Tales (1987, Island)
 * Psychedelic Country Soul  (2019, Cherry Red / Omnivore)
 * September November  (2023, Cherry Red)

Live albums

 * BBC Radio One Live in Concert (1994, Windsong)
 * Three Minute Warnings: the Long Ryders Live in New York City (2003, Prima)
 * State of Our Reunion (2004, Prima)

Compilations

 * Metallic B.O. (1989, R.O.W.Y.C.O.)
 * Looking for Lewis and Clark: the Long Ryders Anthology (1998, Chronicles)
 * The Best of the Long Ryders (2004, Prima)
 * Final Wild Songs (2016, Cherry Red)

Extended plays

 * 10-5-60 (1983, PVC)
 * Live EP – Copenhagen '23 (2023, Cherry Red) (Digital download)

DVDs

 * Rockin' at the Roxy (2002, Classic Pictures Entertainment)
 * State of Our Reunion (2009, Prima)

title: The Long Ryders


text:
Wattie's

Heinz Wattie's Limited (or simply Wattie's) is a New Zealand-based food producer of frozen and packaged fruit, vegetables, sauces, baby food, cooking sauces, dressings and pet foods in the New Zealand market.

History
Founded in 1934 by Sir James Wattie, the company operated in New Zealand under the name of J. Wattie Canneries Limited (later J Wattie Foods Limited and its related companies). In 1980, Wattie Industries and Goodman Fielder purchased shares in each other’s companies that led to a merger in 1987 to create Goodman Fielder Wattie Ltd. In 1992 the Wattie’s group was bought from Goodman Fielder by American-based H. J. Heinz Company for $565 million.

The company employs around 1,900 people, of which approximately 350 are temporary or casual. The company produces its own Wattie's products, some international brands of H. J. Heinz Company, as well as local products under brands like Craig's, Farex, Eta, Oak, Good Taste Company, Greenseas, Earth's Best, Complan, Chef and Champ.

The company has three production centres in New Zealand. Two are located in Hastings, New Zealand, where the company was founded, and over 1,200 product lines are produced there.

In Christchurch, the largest city in the South Island, the company has its third production plant which focuses on producing frozen and dry vegetables.

Products
Wattie's has an extensive product line consisting of thousands of products.

Its baby food products are broken down into five main categories: birth - 4 months, 4 – 6 months, 6 – 7 months, 8 – 9 months and 12 months or older.

Other canned foods include baked beans, spaghetti, soup, preserved fruits such as apricots and pears, sauce bases, animal food, frozen meals and frozen vegetables.

Watties tomato sauce is made in New Zealand, and products carry the label "NZ's Favourite". The television commercials throughout the 1990s used the line "You'll always be a Kiwi, if you love our Wattie's Sauce".

title: Wattie's


text:
Sawhorse

In woodworking, a saw-horse or sawhorse (saw-buck, trestle, buck) is a trestle structure used to support a board or plank for sawing. A pair of sawhorses can support a plank, forming a scaffold. In certain circles, it is also known as a mule and a short sawhorse is known as a pony. The names come from the shape of the frame, which resembles a horse. A sawhorse may also be a rack for supporting logs for sawing, known in the US as a sawbuck.

The sawhorse may be designed to fold for storage. A sawhorse with a wide top is particularly useful to support a board for sawing or as a field workbench, and is more useful as a single, but also more difficult to store.

A sawhorse can also be used as the base for a portable work table by placing a sheet of plywood or even a door across two sawhorses. If the sawhorses are strong enough, the portable table can be used as a platform for tools like a table saw, although with caution if the top is not secured to the sawhorses.

In boatmaking, the curved nature of the cross-beam, designed to support the timbers used for hulls led to the colloquial name of sea-horse, this term, derived from old Norse, entered the Northumbrian dialect, it is thought, through Norwegian settlers as early as the 14th century.

Related devices

 * A sawbuck is the US term for a similar device for working with logs and branches. In the UK and Canada this is also called a sawhorse.
 * Barricades fitted with flashing lights and used to block excavations or road construction or other safety-related purposes. Formerly made of wood, now many have metal structural members or are made wholly of plastic or composite.
 * The A-frame barricade or parade barricade resembles a sawhorse with a brightly painted top rail.
 * The Type I (or II) barricade also known as a waffle-board barricade resembles a sawhorse that can be folded flat. Type I indicates sheeting on top; Type II has sheeting on top and bottom.
 * The Type III barricade has multiple rails supported by two end posts with feet.

History
Modern sawhorses are usually made of dimensional lumber, but the basic form of the sawhorse has remained unchanged for centuries. For example, one of the illustrations in De Re Metallica (1556) contains a drawing of a millwright using a pair of sawhorses to support the beams he is forming. The top of each of these sawhorses appears to be made from a halved log, with legs mortised or dovetailed into place.

Crowd control
A device for crowd control in the 20th century had the shape of a sawhorse made of wood. The legs are similar but rather heavy duty facsimiles of the hobby version of about the same height. The horizontal bar consists of a heavy-duty plank about 14 ft long with printed on it in large letters: Police Line - Do Not Cross. Many cities have chosen to replace this wooden barrier with the French barrier, which is a metal crowd control device.

title: Sawhorse


text: Category:Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II


text:
Nares Strait

Nares Strait (Nares Strædet; Détroit de Nares) is a waterway between Ellesmere Island and Greenland that connects the northern part of Baffin Bay in the Atlantic Ocean with the Lincoln Sea in the Arctic Ocean. From south to north, the strait includes Smith Sound, Kane Basin, Kennedy Channel, Hall Basin and Robeson Channel. Nares Strait has a nearly permanent current from the north, powered by the Beaufort Gyre, making it harder to traverse for ships coming from the south.

In 1964, its name was agreed by the Danish (Stednavneudvalget, now Stednavnenævnet) and Canadian governments. The name derives from the British naval officer George Strong Nares.

The strait and neighbouring waters are usually hazardous for navigation and shipping. Icebergs and pack ice are present year-round; in an extreme example during 1962–64, a 20 km by 10 km ice island drifted southward from the Lincoln Sea through the Nares and Davis Straits to the Labrador Sea. During August, however, it is usually navigable by icebreakers. Prior to 1948, only five vessels were recorded as having successfully navigated north of Kane Basin. In 2009 the ship Arctic Sunrise made the first known June transit into the Arctic Ocean.

Hans Island, a tiny island lying within the strait, had been claimed by both Denmark (on behalf of Greenland) and Canada until an agreement on June 14, 2022, settled the dispute by drawing a border across it. Other islands within the strait are Joe Island, Crozier Island, and the much larger Franklin Island.

Thule People reached the Nares Strait in the early 13th century, where they hunted with and traded with Vikings. Archeological remains of Thule Culture and Viking presence are found on Ruin Island.

title: Nares Strait


text:
Talk:List of Quebec comedians

Untitled
Maybe something should be added in regard to the *type* of humour commonly found in Quebec.

One such thing I have noted (especialy in montreal) were "bilingual puns" whose humour depended on at least a small level of knowledge of english such as the olds "the black nun is coming - la noirceur s'en vient" and "If drink, cup you - Ciboire, tasse-toi". another example is the "mental toughness" speech in the movie Les Boys.

There has also seem to have been a prevalence of sketch based humour as opposed to observational humours within the ranks of the stand-up comedians.

Finaly, although humour can be use for political purposes in many if not most countries, the engagement of some humourist in quebec seem to me to be much greater (when compare to, for example, australia where I reside.) This can be seen with such matters such as the founding of the Parti Rhinoceros, or the implication of Elvis gratton during the 1995 referendum.

Just some food for thoughts --Marc pasquin 20:39, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Quebec comedians


text:
CCE

The initialism CCE may refer to:

Organizations

 * Canadian Cinema Editors
 * Chicago Climate Exchange
 * Coca-Cola Enterprises, a major bottler of Coca-Cola
 * Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann, an organisation in Ireland which is dedicated to the promotion of Irish music, song, dance and language
 * Congregation for Catholic Education, a dicastery of the Roman Curia
 * Co-operative Central Exchange, an American consumer cooperative wholesale distributor
 * Council on Chiropractic Education, an accrediting agency for chiropractic schools, and its international affiliates
 * Creativity, Culture and Education, an organisation created to improve the quality and reach of cultural education

Science

 * Capacitative Calcium Entry
 * Certified Computer Examiner
 * Common Configuration Enumeration
 * Congenital cystic eye, a rare ocular malformation
 * Connected Consumer Electronics, a field related to Machine to Machine (M2M) communication
 * Controlled Combustion Engine
 * Copolymer Composition Equation, another name for the Mayo-Lewis equation
 * Current crowding effect

Education

 * a university department or school of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, e.g. at Queen's University Belfast
 * Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, a system of evaluation introduced by the Central Board of Secondary Education of India
 * Centre for Continuing Education, part of the University of Sydney
 * EDHEC Sailing Cup (Course Croisière EDHEC), a student sailing race on the French Atlantic Coast

Other

 * Camouflage Central-Europe, a French woodland camouflage pattern
 * Certified Culinary Educator ®, an American Culinary Federation (ACF) certification
 * Daytona USA: Championship Circuit Edition, a video game
 * Java.lang.ClassCastException, in Java programming
 * Continuing Criminal Enterprise, a type of criminal organization defined in law in the USA.
 * Cohiba (cigar brand) (Cohiba Corona Especiales), a Cuban cigar
 * Correspondence Chess Expert, a title in correspondence chess

title: CCE


text:
TrueOS

TrueOS (formerly PC-BSD or PCBSD) is a discontinued Unix-like, server-oriented operating system built upon the most recent releases of FreeBSD-CURRENT.

Up to 2018 it aimed to be easy to install by using a graphical installation program, and easy and ready-to-use immediately by providing KDE SC, Lumina, LXDE, MATE, or Xfce as the desktop environment. In June 2018 the developers announced that since TrueOS had become the core OS to provide a basis for other projects, the graphical installer had been removed. Graphical end-user-oriented OSes formerly based on TrueOS were GhostBSD and Trident. TrueOS provided official binary Nvidia and Intel drivers for hardware acceleration and an optional 3D desktop interface through KWin, and Wine is ready-to-use for running Microsoft Windows software. TrueOS was also able to run Linux software in addition to FreeBSD Ports collection and it had its own  package manager. TrueOS supported OpenZFS and the installer offered disk encryption with geli.

Development of TrueOS ended in 2020.

History
TrueOS was founded by FreeBSD professional Kris Moore in early 2005 as PC-BSD. In August 2006 it was voted the most beginner-friendly operating system by OSWeekly.com.

The first beta of the PC-BSD consisted of only a GUI installer to get the user up and running with a FreeBSD 6 system with KDE3 pre-configured. This was a major innovation for the time as anyone wishing to install FreeBSD would have to manually tweak and run through a text installer. Kris Moore's goal was to make FreeBSD easy for everyone to use on the desktop and has since diverged even more in the direction of usability by including additional GUI administration tools and .pbi application installers. PC-BSD's application installer management involved a different approach to installing software than many other Unix-like operating systems, up to and including version 8.2, by means of the pbiDIR website. Instead of using the FreeBSD Ports tree directly (although it remained available), PC-BSD used files with the .pbi filename extension (Push Button Installer) which, when double-clicked, brought up an installation wizard program. An autobuild system tracked the FreeBSD ports collection and generated new .pbi files daily. All software packages and dependencies were installed from inside of the .pbi files into their own self-contained directories in /Programs. This convention was aimed to decrease confusion about where binary programs reside, and to remove the possibility of a package breaking if system libraries are upgraded or changed, and to prevent dependency hell.

On October 10, 2006, PC-BSD was acquired by enterprise hardware provider iXsystems. iXsystems employed Kris Moore as a full-time developer and leader of the project. In November 2007, iXsystems entered into a distribution agreement with Fry's Electronics whereby Fry's Electronics stores nationwide carry boxed copies of PC-BSD version 1.4 (Da Vinci Edition). In January 2008, iXsystems entered into a similar agreement with Micro Center.

On September 1, 2016, the PC-BSD team announced that the name of the operating system would change to TrueOS. Along with the rebranding, the project also became a rolling release distribution, based on the FreeBSD-CURRENT branch.

On November 15, 2016, TrueOS began the transition from FreeBSD's rc.d to OpenRC as the default init system. Apart from Gentoo/Alt, where OpenRC was initially developed, this is the only other major BSD based operating system using OpenRC.

In July 2018, TrueOS announced that they would spin off the desktop edition into a separate project named Project Trident.

Development of TrueOS ended in 2020 and the developers recommended users move to other BSD-based operating systems.

Release history
Since version 7, PC-BSD began following the same numbering system as FreeBSD.

Since version 9.0, the KDE SC, customized to support tighter application integration and the .txz package management system, was no longer the only desktop environment supported by PC-BSD. While manual installation of other desktops such as Xfce and GNOME had been technically possible in earlier releases, none of these were supported in the earlier versions, and major functionality was lost when not using PC-BSD's special build of KDE SC. Starting with version 9.0, PC-BSD added other desktop environments, including GNOME, Xfce, LXDE, and MATE.

PC-BSD used to support both amd64 and i686 architectures. Support for i686 was dropped in version 9.2.

Starting in September 2016 with the rebranding of PC-BSD, TrueOS became a rolling release distribution based on FreeBSD's current branch.

Package management
TrueOS's package manager takes a similar approach to installing software to many other Unix-like operating systems. Instead of using the FreeBSD Ports tree directly (although it remains available), TrueOS uses files with the .txz filename extension packages which contain compiled ports. An autobuild system tracked the FreeBSD ports collection and generated new .txz files daily.

The TrueOS package management system aims to be visually similar to that of major operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS, where applications are installed from a single download link with graphical prompts, while maintaining internally the traditional .txz package management systems that many Unix-like systems use. The TrueOS package manager also takes care of creating categorized links in the KDE menu and on the KDE SC desktop.

Lumina Desktop
In 2014, the PC-BSD project announced its development of a new desktop environment, from scratch, named Lumina. Ken Moore is the main developer of Lumina, which is based on the Qt toolkit.

As of July 2016, Lumina has its own web site.

The desktop environment is not an application development toolkit, and aims to be a graphical interface that only uses plugins for customization.

License
TrueOS was originally licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) because the developers were under the impression that applications using the Qt, which TrueOS uses for its interface development, must be licensed under the GPL or the Q Public License. Upon discovering that there was, in fact, no such restriction, the TrueOS developers later relicensed the code under a BSD-like 3-clause license.

TrueOS and the TrueOS logo are registered trademarks of iXsystems Inc.

Hardware requirements
The New York City *BSD User Group runs a service named dmesgd, which provides user-submitted dmesg information for different computer hardware (laptops, workstations, single-board computers, embedded systems, virtual machines, etc.) capable of running TrueOS.

According to the TrueOS wiki, TrueOS has the following hardware requirements:

Minimum

 * amd64 processor
 * 1 GiB of RAM
 * 20 GiB free hard drive space
 * Network card

Recommended

 * amd64 processor
 * EFI system partition for installation of rEFInd
 * 4 GiB of RAM
 * 30 GiB of free hard drive space on a primary partition for a desktop installation, or 20 GiB for a server installation
 * 50 GiB is recommended for installations with backup services
 * 3D accelerated video card
 * Network card
 * Sound card

UEFI
UEFI support (for amd64 only) has been added to the installer and the boot manager since version 10.1 with the default EFI boot manager to be rEFInd. This includes ACPI detection and setup of Root System Description Pointer (RSDP), eXtended System Descriptor Table (XSDT), and Root System Description Table (RSDT) pass-through values to the kernel. A new installation is needed in order to install UEFI support as it requires the creation of a small FAT partition. The current UEFI does not support secure boot.

title: TrueOS


text:
Crowbar

A crowbar, also called a wrecking bar, pry bar or prybar, pinch-bar, or occasionally a prise bar or prisebar, colloquially gooseneck, or pig bar, or in Britain and Australia a jemmy or jimmy (also called jemmy bar), is a lever consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points, used to force two objects apart or gain mechanical advantage in lifting; often the curved end has a notch for removing nails.

The design can be used as any of the three lever classes. The curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second-class lever.

Designs made from thick flat steel bar are often referred to as utility bars.

Materials and construction
A common hand tool, the crow bar is typically made of medium-carbon steel, possibly hardened on its ends.

Commonly crowbars are forged from long steel stock, either hexagonal or sometimes cylindrical. Alternative designs may be forged with a rounded I-shaped cross-section shaft. Versions using relatively wide flat steel bar are often referred to as "utility" or "flat bars".

Etymology and usage
The accepted etymology identifies the first component of the word crowbar with the bird-name "crow", perhaps due to the crowbar's resemblance to the feet or beak of a crow. The first use of the term is dated back to c. 1400. It was also called simply a crow, or iron crow; William Shakespeare used the latter, as in Romeo and Juliet, Act 5, Scene 2: "Get me an iron crow and bring it straight unto my cell."

In Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe, the protagonist lacks a pickaxe so uses a crowbar instead: "As for the pickaxe, I made use of the iron crows, which were proper enough, though heavy."

Types
Types of crowbar include:
 * Alignment pry bar, also referred to as Sleeve bar
 * Cat’s claw pry bar, more simply known as a cat's paw
 * Digging pry bar
 * Flat pry bar
 * Gooseneck pry bar
 * Heavy-duty pry bar
 * Molding pry bar
 * Rolling head pry bar

title: Crowbar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Angela Jia Kim

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep NSR (talk) 10:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Angela Jia Kim
The situation is similar to the Jiyang Chen which has been recently readded and should also be deleted IMO. --Missmarple 20:42, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The creator blanked it. I vote Delete.  Bart133 (t) 23:19, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Well, it's not blank now, and Angela Jia Kim appears to be a fairly notable pianist -- she released her debut album Dances and Fantasies in 2003 and another one, titled From Vienna To Paris in January, 2005. She has won the 1997 award for Best Interpretation of French Music by the French Piano Institute in Paris, as well as the 1991 grand prize at the Mozart Festival Competition in Illinois, and she's doing a 27 concert tour of in 2004-2005 across the United States. (Or maybe she's finished already, I'm not sure.) She's most certainly notable -- she's an internationally recognized, award-winning pianist, as these links tell us. The article's not in a great shape, sure, but that's a separate issue. I'm kind of baffled -- why would she not be fit for inclusion in Wikipedia? -- Captain Disdain 13:03, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I reorganized the article and wikified it. Reads better now, I think. -- Captain Disdain 13:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. She's not "famous" in the media sense, but is certainly notable.  WBardwin 20:59, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * By your link, do you suggest she be kept in "a strong central tower which forms the heart of a castle"? -- Jonel | Speak 02:40, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Google turns up her website . Gwk 22:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Meets Wikimusic Project guidelines having performed a national concert tour of the US in 2004-05 plus having recorded two albums. Capitalistroadster 23:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Captain Disdain. -- Jonel | Speak 02:40, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it was probably blanked becuase the author was scared and intimidated by missmarple Yuckfoo 18:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep She's known here in China, but maybe add her birthday?Kojangee July 15th, 2005 19:57 Beijing Time

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Crowbar (circuit)

A crowbar circuit is an electrical circuit used for preventing an overvoltage or surge condition of a power supply unit from damaging the circuits attached to the power supply. It operates by putting a short circuit or low resistance path across the voltage output (Vo), like dropping a crowbar across the output terminals of the power supply. Crowbar circuits are frequently implemented using a thyristor, TRIAC, trisil or thyratron as the shorting device. Once triggered, they depend on the current-limiting circuitry of the power supply or, if that fails, the blowing of the line fuse or tripping the circuit breaker.

The name is derived from having the same effect as throwing a crowbar over exposed power supply terminals to short the output.

Example
In the following example crowbar circuit, the LM431 adjustable zener regulator controls the gate of the TRIAC. The resistor divider of R1 and R2 provide the reference voltage for the LM431. The divider is set so that during normal operating conditions, the voltage across R2 is slightly lower than VREF of the LM431. Since this voltage is below the minimum reference voltage of the LM431, it remains off and very little current is conducted through the LM431. If the cathode resistor is sized accordingly, very little voltage will be dropped across it and the TRIAC gate terminal will be essentially at the same potential as MT1, keeping the TRIAC off. If the supply voltage increases, the voltage across R2 will exceed VREF and the LM431 cathode will begin to draw current. The voltage at the gate terminal will be pulled down, exceeding the gate trigger voltage of the TRIAC and latching it on.

Overview
A crowbar circuit is distinct from a clamp in pulling, once triggered, the voltage below the trigger level, usually close to ground voltage. A clamp prevents the voltage from exceeding a preset level. Thus, a crowbar will not automatically return to normal operation when the overvoltage condition is removed; power must be removed entirely to allow the crowbar to return to its neutral state.

An active crowbar is a crowbar that can remove the short circuit when the transient is over thus allowing the device to resume normal operation. Active crowbars use a transistor, gate turn off (GTO) thyristor or forced commutated thyristor instead of a thyristor to short the circuit. Active crowbars are commonly used to protect the frequency converter in the rotor circuit of doubly fed generators against high voltage and current transients caused by the voltage dips in the power network. Thus the generator can ride through the fault and quickly continue the operation even during the voltage dip.

The advantage of a crowbar over a clamp is that the low holding voltage of the crowbar lets it carry higher fault current without dissipating much power (which could otherwise cause overheating). Also, a crowbar is more likely than a clamp to deactivate a device (by blowing a fuse or tripping a breaker), bringing attention to the faulty equipment.

The term is also used as a verb to describe the act of short-circuiting the output of a power supply, or the malfunction of a CMOS circuit -- the PMOS half of a pair lingering in a near on-state when only its corresponding NMOS is supposed to be on (or the NMOS when the PMOS is supposed to be on) -- resulting in a near short-circuit current between supply rails.

Applications
High voltage crowbars are used for HV tube (klystron and IOT) protection.

Many bench top power supplies have a crowbar circuit to protect the connected equipment.

Microwave ovens often use a microswitch that acts as a crowbar circuit in the door latch assembly. This monitor switch will absolutely prevent the magnetron from being energized with the door open by short circuiting the mains supply to the magnetron. Applying power with the monitor switch closed will blow the main fuse and ruin the microswitch.

title: Crowbar (circuit)


text:
Chartering

Chartering may refer to:

 * Air charter
 * Chartering (shipping)

title: Chartering


text: User talk:68.90.162.115

title: User talk:68.90.162.115


text:
Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)

Germania is the name of a painting that was probably created in March 1848. It hung in the St. Paul's Church (Paulskirche) in Frankfurt, Germany. At that time, first the so-called Pre-Parliament and then the Frankfurt National Assembly, the first all-German parliament, met there. The National Assembly was a popular motif of the time, so the Germania painting also became very well-known. After the National Assembly was violently terminated in May 1849, the painting was taken down. In 1867 it was moved to the German National Museum in Nuremberg.

The painting is one of the best-known representations of Germania, a woman who stands for Germany. Such a national allegory also exists in other countries. The motif was often taken up during the time of the emerging German Empire 1848/1849 and later.

Image contents
The early date of completion, at the end of March 1848, could explain the imagery used. At that time, there were still few ideas about the future of Germany and its form of government. Accordingly, the painting is politically restrained and refers neither to the popular movement nor to a crown (of a German emperor). It is clearly less militant than comparable paintings of the revolutionary period, more conservative-moderate and appealing to the unity of the nation.

"'Germania] stands on a stone pedestal high above a shadowy hilly landscape, illuminated in gold by the rising sun of a new age. She wears a red ermine-covered ruler's robe with the double-headed eagle in the breast shield, over it a wide, blue-lined gold brocade cloak. With her left hand she is leaning on a medieval tournament lance from which the black-red-gold flag is flying. The shimmering German tricolour forms the foil for the youthful blond head of Germania crowned with oak leaves. [...] In her right hand Germania holds a raised bare sword and an olive branch. At her feet lies a burst fetlock.' (Rainer Schoch)""'With shattered fetters, holding the black-red-gold flag in her left hand, she embodies the nation's awakening to freedom and self-confidence, and in the motif of the bare sword, but entwined with an olive branch, which Germania holds in her right hand, love of peace is combined with a fortitude that does not yet display the provocative, even militant streak of later Germania images.' (Dieter Hein)"

Painter
The painting is traditionally attributed to Philipp Veit. He had already completed a depiction of Germania in 1836. This earlier Germania, however, is not standing but sitting and appears to be melancholic. It is to be seen as a retrospective reference to the Middle Ages, less as a combative symbol for the present. According to Rainer Schoch, the type and allegorical language of the Paulskirche painting is "obviously" based on Veit's 1836 painting.

Around 1900, various individuals recorded in their memoirs that the Paulskirche painting had been made from a drawing by Veit. According to the son of Eduard von Steinle, a painter friend of Veit's from the Nazarene circle, his father had created the picture for St Paul's Church in a few days. This happened shortly after the election of the Reichsverweser (29 June 1848).

Friedrich Siegmund Jucho was the "custodian of the estate" of the National Assembly and the saviour of the constitutional document. According to him, the picture was "painted by local artists". The pre-parliament, a convention that discussed the election of the actual parliament, had already donated it for the Paulskirche. In fact, the picture can already be seen on a lithograph of the Pre-Parliament (around 1 April). The National Assembly, on the other hand, met for the first time only on 18 May.

Eduard von Steinle and his friends in the artist circle Deutsches Haus painted several Germania pictures in 1848. Perhaps the Paulskirche Germania is based on a design by Steinle that is thought to have been lost. The art historian Rainer Schoch considers a joint production possible in which Veit, Steinle and other artists of the Deutsches Haus were involved. This may have included Karl Ballenberger, by whom a Germania is also known.

Context of presentation
The Paulskirche building was converted into a parliamentary hall during the revolutionary period. The speaker's lectern of the presidium replaced the pulpit. A wall behind the lectern was painted with a double-headed eagle, accompanied by black-red-gold flags.

The image of Germania hung above the lectern, thus obscuring the church organ. It was five metres high and painted on a thin cotton fabric. In perspective, it was aimed at a viewer seated in the visitors' gallery. Two painted oak wreaths could be seen on the sides of the painting.

The members of parliament now saw the painting of Germania at every session. On 28 June 1848, they set up a German imperial government, the Provisional Central Authority. On 28 March 1849 they adopted an imperial constitution.

Later locations
After the suppression of the revolution, the Paulskirche was used again for religious services. At first, no institution seemed to be responsible for the parliamentary inventory, such as the Imperial Library in the Paulskirche. In 1866, the German Confederation was dissolved. The Federal Liquidation Commission handed over the painting of Germania and other objects to the German National Museum (Germanisches Nationalmuseum) in Nuremberg in 1867. The museum displayed the painting once again in September 1870, on the occasion of the victories of the German troops in the Franco-Prussian War.

Copies of the Germania from the Paulskirche are now in several museums. These include the House of History in Bonn and the Memorial to the Freedom Movements in German History in Rastatt.

Symbolism

 * Unfettered Shackle: While shackles are a symbol of restriction or internment, unfettered shackles are a symbol of freedom, independence, or a new beginning. In national personification, this would indicate past control by another power or nation; either Rome historically, or more specifically, the Holy Roman Empire. (See Germany: History). However, this was most likely a symbol of the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte after his Conquest of Europe, of which largely sparked the nationalism that led to the German Revolution of 1848.

 * Colors: Note the prominent black, red and gold flag, which is still in use as the flag of Germany.

Broken chains: being free
 * Brandished Sword: In this figure, the sword is brandished and held upright, in a gesture of leadership and defense, rather than offense or attack. Nobility, justice and truth are represented.

Breastplate with eagle: strength

Crown of oak leaves: heroism

Olive Branch around the sword: willingness to make peace

Tricolour: flag of liberal-nationalists in 1848

Rays of sun from back: beginning of new era


text: Category:Art museums and galleries in Berlin