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Talk:Sun Bin

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there is a story about Sun Bin and Game Theory. i hope this is not viewed as website promotion, as the article is purely focused on Sun Bin's story and i believe adds to the content of Sun Bin. http://sun-bin.blogspot.com/2005/06/sun-bin-crippled-strategist.html
 * I removed this below, doesn't belong in the article.--Confuzion 07:02, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Modern Inspiration

 * A blog inspired by the work of Sun Bin applied to current events can be found at Sun-bin.blogspot.

I find this line "he was a member of the Sun family, a family famed for producing military strategists" out of place in this article. Of the Sun clan, the only great military strategists which really stands out are Sun Wu and Sun Bin, yet there are countless other brilliant strategists throughout the history of China with other clan names. This line is more of a generalization than a proveable fact. Master Liang 17:26, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The specific Sun clan was famous during the time for being one that produced military strategists; I don't have the book with me, but they would probably be more accurately known as "the Sun family from BLANK". They had a family tradition of being advisors in that role (Tian Ji also came from this family) - many males from this family went on to become military advisors/strategists in many states; whether or not this clan could really trace its roots to Sun Wu is a different story. This line isn't meant to imply that the Sun family name is one of great military strategists over other Chinese last names. They were famous for producing military strategists, not "great" military strategists, and the line doesn't make any implications on the greatness of the military strategists that the family produced in abundance--Confuzion 19:37, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I noticed you added "local" to that line, which adds clarification. Master Liang 16:47, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

The line "Tian Ji also managed to convince the King to create a rule stating all commands given by Sun Bin had to be obeyed, even though the commands didn't have to be" is very confusing. I would edit it to provide more clarity, but I am unclear as to what is being said. Is the intent of this sentence to communicate that Sun Bin's rank normally implied no military authority, but an exception was made in his particular case? Gabhala 22:16, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

"Sun the Mutilated" and "Sun Tzu II"
They are not accepted in historical circles. For example, a Google search for "Sun the Mutilated" yields only eight unique hits -- two of which were previous versions of the Wikipedia articles on Sun Tzu and Sun Bin. In many ways, "Sun Tzu II" fares worse; as far as I can see, no source outside the book that was cited by  uses the term; all of the Google hits direct to the book -- reviews, bookstore sites, &c.  Further, its direct translation into Chinese -- "孫子二世" -- yields not a single hit that is at all relevant.  Further, the Chinese -- even to this day -- rarely used ordinals in referring to people's descendants, and I'd question (under WP:MOS generally and under WP:MOS-ZH) the propriety of using any epithets that do not have any applicability with regard to the individual in question in the culture in question. It would be like referring to George W. Bush as "George Bush II." --Nlu (talk) 05:17, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Further, to the extent that suggestion was made that "Bin" == "Mutilated" and was the name given after his suffering, the suggestion is unsupported by ancient sources. The Records of the Grand Historian, vol. 65, for example, did not provide any such hints, as it referred to him as Sun Bin before his suffering.  --Nlu (talk) 05:36, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

As you acknowledge this information was in the book that was cited. You are not an authority to supercede a published book; since it is referenced the information should stay. Also, you are close to arguing based on original research which is not sourceable. We are here to contribute information that is supported not delete information that we don't agree with. 206.125.176.3 (talk) 18:01, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Since when are established Chinese historical sources original research? And nothing in Wikipedia's guidelines indicate that we have to accept a single author's epithets for an individual blindly.  These epithets don't make sense.  I'm going to call for an RFC on this.  (I also note that you do not make any attempts to factually refute my assertions above -- particularly the fact that "II" is not accepted usage in Chinese generally, not just in this case.)  --Nlu (talk) 18:58, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

RfC on the inclusion of "Sun the Mutilated" and "Sun Tzu II" as alternative names
Whether "Sun the Mutilated" and "Sun Tzu II" are proper alternative names that should be included in the article.
 * First one might be ok, but the second one is a definite no. Sun Tzu wasn't a king, so there is no regal purpose for the "II", and It's not Sun Bin's name so it is improper to name him "Sun Tzu II" even if he is a descendant and a military stratagist. nat.utoronto 19:18, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thomas Cleary a renound and well respected author published a book called "The Lost Art of War" and attributes the author to be "Sun Tzu II" or Sun Bin. I don't think any Wiki "Contributors" are more of an authority on this then Mr. Clearly.  If anyone thinks they are do speak up and give everyone your credentials. (Info Below) 206.125.176.3 (talk) 18:48, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Sun Tzu II translated by Thomas Cleary (1996). The Lost Art of War. Harper Collins Publisher (Under HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-251361-3. This book by Thomas Cleary is a translation of the sequel to Sun Tzu's classic strategic manual.

 * Cleary may be a published author, but you still have given no authority for the proposition that his terminology is commonly accepted. The evidence is quite the reverse -- that they are not commonly accepted and are unique to him alone.  Unless you have evidence that the scholastic community or the community at large has accepted these terms, they don't belong in the lead paragraph of the article.  I would not mind if it is referred to separately in the text of the article as titles that Cleary used for him.  --Nlu (talk) 16:25, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Clearly, Cleary's title is just intended to stand out, the accepted title is seen elsewhere in pinyin or as Sun Bin's Art of War, never but a few wiki articles as Sunzi II or "The Lost Art of War". Sun the Mutilated doesn't seem any more accepted. 洋金 (talk) 23:46, 5 January 2008 (edited to make sense)

title: Talk:Sun Bin


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Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser

Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser [2004] 1 S.C.R. 902, 2004 SCC 34 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada case on patent rights for biotechnology, between a Canadian canola farmer, Percy Schmeiser, and the agricultural biotechnology company Monsanto. The court heard the question of whether Schmeiser's intentionally growing genetically modified plants constituted "use" of Monsanto's patented genetically modified plant cells. By a 5-4 majority, the court ruled that it did. The Supreme Court also ruled 9-0 that Schmeiser did not have to pay Monsanto their technology use fee, damages or costs, as Schmeiser did not receive any benefit from the technology. The case drew worldwide attention and is widely misunderstood to concern what happens when farmers' fields are accidentally contaminated with patented seed. However, by the time the case went to trial, all claims of accidental contamination had been dropped; the court only considered the GM canola in Schmeiser's fields, which Schmeiser had intentionally concentrated and planted. Schmeiser did not put forward any defence of accidental contamination.

Background
The biotechnology company Monsanto developed and patented a glyphosate-resistant gene for the canola plant which has the effect of producing canola that is resistant to glyphosate. Monsanto marketed the seed as Roundup Ready Canola. Farmers using the system are able to control weed competition using Roundup, while avoiding damage to the Roundup-resistant crops. Users are required to enter into a formal agreement with Monsanto, which specifies that new seed must be purchased every year, the purchase price of which includes a licensing fee to use the patent rights. Roundup Ready Canola was introduced in Canada in 1996, and by 1998, it accounted for 25% of the country's canola area.

Origin of the patented seed in Schmeiser's fields
As established in the original Federal Court trial decision, Percy Schmeiser, a canola breeder and grower in Bruno, Saskatchewan, first discovered Roundup-resistant canola in his crops in 1997. He had used Roundup herbicide to clear weeds around power poles and in ditches adjacent to a public road running beside one of his fields, and noticed that some of the canola which had been sprayed had survived. Schmeiser then performed a test by applying Roundup to an additional 3 acre to 4 acre of the same field. He found that 60% of the canola plants survived. At harvest time, Schmeiser instructed a farmhand to harvest the test field. That seed was stored separately from the rest of the harvest, and used the next year to seed approximately 1,000 acres (4 km2) of canola.

At the time, Roundup Ready canola was in use by several farmers in the area. Schmeiser claimed that he did not plant the initial Roundup Ready canola in 1997, and that his field of custom-bred canola had been accidentally contaminated. While the origin of the plants on Schmeiser's farm in 1997 remains unclear, the trial judge found that with respect to the 1998 crop, "none of the suggested sources [proposed by Schmeiser] could reasonably explain the concentration or extent of Roundup Ready canola of a commercial quality" ultimately present in Schmeiser's 1998 crop.

Dispute
In 1998, Monsanto learned that Schmeiser was growing a Roundup-resistant crop and approached him to sign a license agreement to their patents and to pay a license fee. Schmeiser refused, maintaining that the 1997 contamination was accidental and that he owned the seed he harvested, and he could use the harvested seed as he wished because it was his physical property. Monsanto then sued Schmeiser for patent infringement, filing its case in Canadian federal court on August 6, 1998. Negotiations to settle the matter collapsed on August 10, 1999, leading Schmeiser to file a countersuit against Monsanto for $10 million for libel, trespass, and contaminating his fields.

Patent rights versus property rights
Regarding the question of patent rights and the farmer's right to use seed taken from his fields, Monsanto said that because they hold a patent on the gene, and on canola cells containing the gene, they have a legal right to control its use, including the intentional replanting of seed collected from plants with the gene which grew accidentally. Schmeiser insisted on his "farmer's rights" to do anything he wished with seeds harvested from any plants grown on his field - including plants from seeds that were accidentally sown - and that this tangible property right overrides Monsanto's patent rights.

Canadian law does not mention any such "farmer's rights"; the court held that the farmer's right to save and replant seeds is simply the right of a property owner to use his or her property as he or she wishes, and hence the right to use the seeds is subject to the same legal restrictions on use rights that apply in any case of ownership of property, including restrictions arising from patents in particular. The court wrote: "Thus a farmer whose field contains seed or plants originating from seed spilled into them, or blown as seed, in swaths from a neighbour's land or even growing from germination by pollen carried into his field from elsewhere by insects, birds, or by the wind, may own the seed or plants on his land even if he did not set about to plant them. He does not, however, own the right to the use of the patented gene, or of the seed or plant containing the patented gene or cell."

Publicity
Beginning with the lead-up to the initial Federal Court trial, the case drew widespread public attention and media coverage. The contest was portrayed by some as a classic David-and-Goliath confrontation between small farmer and Monsanto, while others portrayed it as theft of the results of years of research and development. Environmental groups and anti-genetic engineering activists championed Schmeiser's cause and he spoke on the case around the world. Others depicted the case as a contest between a large biotechnology company and an equally large and well funded anti-biotechnology industry and raised concerns that the facts and context of the case was being misrepresented by Schmeiser, environmental groups and anti-genetic engineering activists.

Monsanto v. Schmeiser was portrayed as being part of the process of legally defining the bounds of new biotechnologies, including genetic engineering and ownership of higher lifeforms. The case was frequently connected with that of the so-called Harvard mouse, where in 2002 the Canadian Supreme Court had rejected a patent for a special breed of mouse developed for research by Harvard University. The Canadian Harvard mouse case was a precedent-setting case in Canada with regard to the right to own higher lifeforms, where the Canadian ruling went against findings in the US and Europe, where the Harvard mouse patent was upheld. The Canadian Supreme Court eventually took pains to point out that the Monsanto v Schmeiser case focused on genes in seeds, and not on higher life forms; it was "the first in which the top court of any country has ruled on patent issues involving plants and seed genes."

Initial trial and appeal
The issues of patent infringement and "farmer's rights" were settled, in Monsanto's favour, at the trial before the Federal Court of Canada and upheld at the appeal level before the Federal Court of Appeal. Both courts found that a key element in Mr. Schmeiser's patent infringement in his 1998 crop was that he knew or ought to have known the nature of the glyphosate-resistant seed he saved and planted.

The case was initially tried on June 5, 2000, in the Federal Court of Canada, at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

All claims relating to Roundup Ready canola in Schmeiser's 1997 canola crop were dropped prior to trial and the court only considered the canola in Schmeiser's 1998 fields. Regarding his 1998 crop, Schmeiser did not put forward any defence of accidental contamination. The evidence showed that the level of Roundup Ready canola in Mr. Schmeiser's 1998 fields was 95-98%. Evidence was presented indicating that such a level of purity could not occur by accidental means. On the basis of this the court found that Schmeiser had either known "or ought to have known" that he had planted Roundup Ready canola in 1998. Given this, the question of whether the canola in his fields in 1997 arrived there accidentally was ruled to be irrelevant. Nonetheless, at trial, Monsanto was able to present evidence sufficient to persuade the Court that Roundup Ready canola had probably not appeared in Schmeiser's 1997 field by such accidental means (paragraph 118 ). The court said it was persuaded "on the balance of probabilities" (the standard of proof in civil cases, meaning "more probable than not" i.e. strictly greater than 50% probability) that the Roundup Ready canola in Mr. Schmeiser's 1997 field had not arrived there by any of the accidental means, such as spillage from a truck or pollen travelling on the wind, that Mr. Schmeiser had proposed.

In the public arena, Schmeiser supporters argued that his account still leaves open the possibility that the harvesting and replanting of Roundup Ready canola from the sprayed region was accidental and resulted from a miscommunication between Schmeiser and his farmhand, or from a failure of Schmeiser to have the presence of mind to instruct his farmhand to avoid taking canola seed for replanting from the sprayed region. Supporters of Monsanto argued that an oversight of this nature is not plausible, especially in light of Schmeiser's claims regarding the extent to which he considered Roundup Ready canola undesirable in his fields and the importance he claims to have placed on the continued survival of his own strain of canola, and in light of his having been notified prior to planting his 1998 crop that Monsanto believed he had grown Roundup Ready canola in 1997. Legally, an oversight of this nature is not a defence against patent infringement, and was therefore irrelevant. Patents are civil law, and the presence or absence of "guilty intent" is not a factor in determining patent infringement. On this point, the Federal Court of Appeal noted that accidental genetic contamination of a crop beyond a farmer's control should be an exception to the rule that intent is not an issue in patent disputes.

The Court's ruling concluded:

 * ... on the balance of probabilities, the defendants infringed a number of the claims under the plaintiffs’ Canadian patent number 1,313,830 by planting, in 1998, without leave or licence by the plaintiffs, canola fields with seed saved from the 1997 crop which seed was known, or ought to have been known by the defendants to be Roundup tolerant and when tested was found to contain the gene and cells claimed under the plaintiffs’ patent. By selling the seed harvested in 1998 the defendants further infringed the plaintiffs’ patent."

The case was then heard by the Federal Court of Appeal at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, beginning May 15, 2002. The Federal Court of Appeal upheld the ruling of the trial judge.

The Federal Court of Appeal in particular stressed the importance of the finding that Schmeiser had knowingly used the seed, in their decision to find Schmeiser in infringement of the patent, and noted that in a case of accidental contamination or a case where the farmer knew of the presence of the gene but took no action to increase its prevalence in his crop, a different ruling could be possible (see paragraphs 55-58 of the appeal ruling ). No damages were assessed against Percy Schmeiser, the private individual. Only Mr. Schmeiser's farming corporation, Schmeiser Enterprises Ltd., was held liable, as Mr. Schmeiser had acted in his capacity as director of the corporation.

Leave was requested of the Supreme Court of Canada to hear the case. This was granted in May, 2003, and the appeal hearing began on January 20, 2004. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether Schmeiser's planting and cultivation of genetically modified canola constituted "use" of Monsanto's patented invention of genetically modified canola cells.

Intervening on Schmeiser’s behalf were a consortium of six non-government organizations (Council of Canadians; Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration; Sierra Club; National Farmers Union; Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology; and the International Center for Technology Assessment) and the Attorney General of Ontario.

Arguments
Schmeiser's principal defence at trial was that as he had not applied Roundup herbicide to his canola he had not used the invention. This argument was rejected; the court said that the patent granted for the invention did not specify the use of Roundup as part of the invention, and thus there was no basis for introducing the requirement that Roundup had to be used in order for the invention to be used. That is, a patent prohibits unauthorized use of an invention in any manner, not merely unauthorized use for its intended purpose.

The Court considered the question of whether knowingly (or, where one ought to have known) planting and cultivating genetically modified canola constitutes "use" of Monsanto's patented invention of genetically modified canola cells, even if the crop is not treated with Roundup and the presence of the gene affords no advantage to the farmer. The court ruled in favour of Monsanto, holding that his use of the patented genes and cells was analogous to the use of a machine containing a patented part: "It is no defence to say that the thing actually used was not patented, but only one of its components." (Supreme Court Decision, Paragraph 78 ) The court also held that by planting genetically modified Roundup resistant canola, Schmeiser made use of the "stand-by" or insurance utility of the invention. That is, he left himself the option of using Roundup on the crop should the need arise. This was considered to be analogous to the installation of patented pumps on a ship: even if the pumps are never actually switched on, they are still used by being available for pumping if the need arises.

Judgment
On May 21, 2004, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Monsanto. Schmeiser won a partial victory, where the court held that he did not have to pay Monsanto his profits from his 1998 crop, since the presence of the gene in his crops had not afforded him any advantage and he had made no profits on the crop that were attributable to the invention. The amount of profits at stake was relatively small, C$19,832; however, by not having to pay damages, Schmeiser was also saved from having to pay Monsanto's legal bills, which amounted to several hundred thousand dollars and exceeded his own.

Reasons of the Court
The majority was written by McLachlin C.J. with Major, Binnie, Deschamps and Fish JJ. concurring.

The Court dismissed the argument that "use" of patented cells or genes applied only in the context of their isolated form. Nor does the fact that Schmeiser did not use Roundup herbicide on his crops preclude "use" of the gene. Even though the plants propagate without human intervention the realities of modern agriculture mean there is always human intervention in the growth of plants and thus farming is a method of "use" of plant genes.

The Court ruled that Schmeiser deprived Monsanto of its monopoly on the special canola plant by storing and planting the Roundup Ready canola seeds pursuant to his commercial interests. Thus, Schmeiser is considered to have infringed section 42 of the Patent Act. The Court, however, disagreed with the damages given by the trial judge as there was no profit directly resulting from the invention itself.

In the ruling, the court made it clear that patent infringement was the sole consideration, and concerns related to genetic engineering in agriculture were not within the scope of the case:

 * 93 Inventions in the field of agriculture may give rise to concerns not raised in other fields -- moral concerns about whether it is right to manipulate genes in order to obtain better weed control or higher yields. It is open to Parliament to consider these concerns and amend the Patent Act should it find them persuasive.

 * 94 Our task, however, is to interpret and apply the Patent Act as it stands, in accordance with settled principles. Under the present Act, an invention in the domain of agriculture is as deserving of protection as an invention in the domain of mechanical science. Where Parliament has not seen fit to distinguish between inventions concerning plants and other inventions, neither should the courts.

Dissent
Arbour J., writing for Iacobucci, Bastarache, and LeBel JJ., dissented in part. The reasoning of the dissent closely follows that of the majority in Harvard College v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents) that concluded that though a company can patent products and processes, they cannot patent higher forms of life such as the whole plant itself. That is, "the plant cell claim cannot extend past the point where the genetically modified cell begins to multiply and differentiate into plant tissues, at which point the claim would be for every cell in the plant" (para. 138 ), which would extend the patent too far. The patent can only be for the founder plant and not necessarily its offspring.

Consequences
The courts at all three levels noted that the case of accidental contamination beyond the farmer's control was not under consideration but rather that Mr. Schmeiser's action of having identified, isolated and saved the Roundup-resistant seed placed the case in a different category. The appellate court also discussed a possible intermediate scenario, in which a farmer is aware of contamination of his crop by genetically modified seed, but tolerates its presence and takes no action to increase its abundance in his crop. The court held that whether such a case would constitute patent infringement remains an open question but that it was a question that did not need to be decided in the Schmeiser case.(Paragraph 57 of the Appeals Court Decision )

The ruling did increase the protection available to biotechnology companies in Canada, a situation which had been left open with the Harvard mouse decision, where it was determined that a "higher lifeform", such as an animal, or by extension a plant, cannot be patented. This put Canada at odds with the other G8 countries where the patent had been granted. In Monsanto vs. Schmeiser, it was determined that protection of a patented gene or cell extends to its presence in a whole plant, even while the plant itself, as a higher lifeform, cannot be patented. This majority view, based on the precedent of mechanical devices, was central to the Supreme Court's decision, and put the onus on the Canadian Parliament to make distinctions between machines and lifeforms as it saw fit.

In 2005, a "documentary theatre" production dramatizing the court battle, entitled Seeds, by Annabel Soutar, was staged in Montreal, Quebec. The dialogue was derived entirely verbatim from various archival sources.

The case is widely cited or referenced by the anti-GM community in the context of a fear of a company claiming ownership of a farmer’s crop based on the inadvertent presence of GM pollen grain or seed. "The court record shows, however, that it was not just a few seeds from a passing truck, but that Mr Schmeiser was growing a crop of 95–98% pure Roundup Ready plants, a commercial level of purity far higher than one would expect from inadvertent or accidental presence. The judge could not account for how a few wayward seeds or pollen grains could come to dominate hundreds of acres without Mr Schmeiser’s active participation, saying ‘. . .none of the suggested sources could reasonably explain the concentration or extent of Roundup Ready canola of a commercial quality evident from the results of tests on Schmeiser’s crop’" - in other words, even if the original presence of Monsanto seed on his land in 1997 was inadvertent, the crop in 1998 was entirely purposeful.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser


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Francis E. Warren

Francis Emroy Warren (June 20, 1844 – November 24, 1929) was an American politician of the Republican Party best known for his years in the United States Senate representing Wyoming and being the first Governor of Wyoming. A soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War, he was the last veteran of that conflict to serve in the U.S. Senate.

Early life and military service
Warren was born on June 20, 1844, in Hinsdale, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, the son of Cynthia Estella (Abbott) and Joseph Spencer Warren. He grew up attending common schools and his local Hinsdale Academy.

During the civil war, Warren served in the 49th Massachusetts Infantry as a noncommissioned officer. At the age of nineteen at the siege of Port Hudson, Warren received the Medal of Honor for battlefield gallantry. His entire platoon was destroyed by Confederate bombardment and Warren, taking a serious scalp wound, disabled the artillery. Warren later served as a captain in the Massachusetts Militia.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and Organization: Corporal, Company C, 49th Massachusetts Infantry.

Place and Date: At Port Hudson, La., May 27, 1863.

Entered Service At: Hinsdale, Mass.

Birth: Hinsdale, Mass.

Date Of Issue: September 30, 1893.

Citation:
 * Volunteered in response to a call, and took part in the movement that was made upon the enemy's works under a heavy fire therefrom in advance of the general assault.

Personal life

Francis E. Warren married Helen Smith, a woman from Massachusetts, although all of their married life until his first election to the United States Senate, in 1890, was spent in Wyoming. They had two children, a daughter, Helen Frances, and a son, Frederick Emory. Mrs. Warren was the president of church, literary and charitable societies of Cheyenne, vice-president of the Foundling Hospital, and Daughter of the American Revolution.

Business and politics
Following the civil war, Warren engaged in farming and stock-raising in Massachusetts before moving to Wyoming (then part of the Territory of Dakota) in 1868. Settling in Cheyenne, Warren engaged in real estate, mercantile business, livestock raising and the establishment of Cheyenne's first lighting system, becoming quite wealthy.

Warren's political work included: member, Wyoming Territorial Senate (1873–1874, 1884–1885), serving as senate president; member, Cheyenne City Council (1873–1874); treasurer of Wyoming (1876, 1879, 1882, 1884); and Mayor of Cheyenne (1885).

In February 1885, Warren was appointed Governor of the Territory of Wyoming by President Chester A. Arthur, although he was removed by Democratic President Grover Cleveland in November 1886. He was reappointed by President Benjamin Harrison in April 1889, and served until 1890, when he was elected first Governor of Wyoming (October 11, 1890 – November 24, 1890).

Senate years and death
In November 1890, Warren resigned as governor, having been elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, serving until March 4, 1893. He then resumed his former business pursuits before returning to the Senate (March 4, 1895–November 24, 1929). Warren chaired the following Senate Committees:
 * - Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands
 * - Committee on Claims
 * - Committee on Irrigation
 * - Committee on Military Affairs
 * - Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds
 * - Committee on Agriculture and Forestry
 * - Committee on Appropriations
 * - Committee on Engrossed Bills

Warren died on November 24, 1929, in Washington, D.C. His funeral service was held in the United States Senate chamber. At the time of his death, he had served longer than any other U.S. senator.

Legacy
F. E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne, Wyoming is named after Warren. Additionally, Warren's daughter married then-Captain John J. Pershing in 1905. Several years later, President Theodore Roosevelt promoted Pershing from captain to brigadier general over 900 senior officers. Pershing's wife and three daughters were later killed during a fire at the Presidio in San Francisco. Warren was also the first senator to hire a female staffer and, as appropriations chairman during World War I, he was instrumental in funding the American efforts. Warren and his second wife, Clara LaBarron Morgan, bought the Nagle Warren Mansion in April 1910, and their dining room hosted people such as presidents Teddy Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. This mansion is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1958, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

title: Francis E. Warren


text:
Talk:Jack Huddle

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Hi there, the Jack Huddle Biography text was written by Bjorn Witlox (ilbjorno@hotmail.com) and myself (johanoomen@gmail.com). There's no copyright infringement, as we're happy to share our article and make hyperlinks to other Wikipedia articles. Please upload the original article asap. Concerning the picture, we have been in touch with the son of Jack, and he's just happy to have his fathers picture online. The picture was taken in the 50's to serve as publicity material, the photographer has waived his IPR claims.

Best wishes from Amsterdam!

title: Talk:Jack Huddle


text: File:Bruce cover.jpg

title: File:Bruce cover.jpg


text:
User talk:Darioloz

This is me :-)

title: User talk:Darioloz


text: User talk:81.79.109.67

title: User talk:81.79.109.67


text:
Roger of Lauria

Roger of Lauria (c. 1245 – 17 January 1305), was a Calabrian knight who served the Crown of Aragon as admiral of the Aragonese navy during the War of the Sicilian Vespers. He was probably the most successful and talented naval tactician of the Middle Ages. He is known as Ruggero or Ruggiero di Lauria in Italian and Roger de Llúria in Catalan.

Biography
Roger of Lauria was born at Lauria (or Scalea) in what is now southern Italy, the son of Richard of Lauria, Great Justiciar of the Kingdom of Sicily, and Donna Bella, a nurse of Constance of Sicily. His father had served under King Manfred of Sicily, a Hohenstaufen; when the last member of that family, Conradin of Swabia, was beheaded at Naples in 1268, he and his mother took refuge with other Ghibelline exiles at Barcelona, part of the Crown of Aragon.

Naval Career
Later King Peter III of Aragon, who had married Constance of Hohenstaufen, made him knight together with Corrado Lancia, who was to be a comrade of Roger in many of his enterprises as well as brother-in-law. King Peter arranged a marriage between Roger and Corrado's sister Margherita in 1273. The marriage, Rogers first of two, produced offspring. In 1282, Roger was named commander of the Aragonese fleet, keeping this post under Peter's successors James II and Frederick III.

Roger of Lauria commanded the Aragonese fleet during the campaign to capture Sicily from the Angevins after the Sicilian Vespers revolt in 1282, which made the Aragonese rulers of Sicily. He fought and won six naval galley battles in total. On 8 July 1283, he defeated the Angevins in the Grand Harbour at the Battle of Malta. On 5 June 1284, he defeated the Neapolitan fleet at the Battle of Castellammare and even captured the enemy commander, Charles of Salerno (the future Charles II of Naples).

On 4 September 1285, during the Aragonese Crusade, he defeated the French near Barcelona at the Battle of Les Formigues, which destroyed for a long time the French naval power in the Mediterranean. Within days, he had landed and taken part in the Battle of the Col de Panissars. On 23 June 1287, he again defeated the Angevins near Naples at the Battle of the Counts, despite being outnumbered forty ships to eighty. After this victory, without any authorization from King James, he made a truce with the Neapolitans. Observers noted that this truce probably deprived the Aragonese-Sicilians of the victory also on the mainland.

Lord of Aci
When Frederick III was elected King of Trinacria (Sicily), Roger received the fief of Aci and the annexed castle stripped from the bishops of Catania as rewards for his victories. However, the relationship between the admiral and the young King soon soured; when the former passed to the Angevins, Aci was besieged and captured by Frederick, and Roger took refuge at his summer residence in Castiglione di Sicilia. Again besieged and defeated, he was arrested and brought to Palermo. However, he managed to escape and left Sicily, while all his fiefs were confiscated. Roger then entered the service of Edward I of England to fight against the French. But, in spite of his promises, he returned to Italy, where, on 4 July 1299, he defeated the Sicilians near Sicily at the Battle of Cape Orlando, capturing eighteen enemy galleys.

He had another victory on 14 June 1300, the Battle of Ponza. After the Peace of Caltabellotta, he submitted to Frederick and received a whole pardon. He retreated to Cocentaina in the Kingdom of Valencia, where he died in 1305.

Tactics
Roger was successful in naval warfare because of his skilled naval command and use of tactics. He tried to lure enemy fleets out of defended ports, pretending to retreat and getting them to chase him until they became disorganized, then turning in formation to attack. He had much more control over his captains than his foes did. His crews were made up of specialized troops, instead of the more generic types used by his enemies. His archers and crossbowmen were used initially, while his oarsmen and/or Almogavars (unarmored and highly mobile elite troops armed with two javelins, a lance and a dagger) stayed under cover. When his galleys closed, often from the sides of the enemy galleys (which damaged their oars), these skirmishers were much more agile than the heavily armored knights with swords his enemies often used, especially on the moving deck of a galley at sea. He used trickery to disguise the size of his force. In addition, he sometimes kept some of his galleys hidden, to attack the rear of the enemy after the battle had started.

Namesakes

 * The Regia Marina (Royal Navy) battleship Ruggiero di Lauria, completed in 1888 and stricken in 1909, was named for Roger of Lauria.
 * SPANISH DESTROYER Roger de Lauria was an Oquendo-class destroyer in the Spanish Navy, launched in 1967 and stricken in 1982.
 * The Spanish Navy thought of naming F-102, an Alvaro de Bazán-class air warfare destroyer, the new Roger de Lauria, but finally the ship was christened Almirante Juan de Borbón.
 * The future frigate F-112 of the Armada will be named after him.
 * One of the main paratrooper units of the Spanish army is named after him.

title: Roger of Lauria


text: Category:Provinces of Algeria

title: Category:Provinces of Algeria


text:
Eugene (actress)

Kim Yoo-jin (born March 3, 1981), known professionally as Eugene, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a former member of the girl group S.E.S., which went on to become one of South Korea's best-selling artists. Following the group's disbandment in 2002, she subsequently left SM Entertainment and released two solo studio albums.

As an actress, Eugene has participated in various television dramas and movies, making her acting debut in KBS2 Loving You (2002). Her other notable roles include in Save the Last Dance for Me (2004), Wonderful Life (2005), Bread, Love and Dreams (2010), A Hundred Year Legacy (2013), All About My Mom (2015) and The Penthouse: War in Life (2020–2021).

Early life
Eugene was born in Seoul, South Korea. With the suggestion of her grandfather, who settled down in Guam, her family immigrated to Guam after she finished the first semester of 5th grade elementary school. She attended Agueda I. Johnston Middle School from October 1992 until June 1995, and John F. Kennedy High School from June until September 1996. She returned to Korea with her mother and younger sister to finish high school, and eventually graduated from Korea Kent Foreign School, Seoul in June 1999. At high school, more than 80% of her subjects were A credits. In elementary school, only 23 out of 24 subjects were awarded. In middle school, almost all her subjects were excellent.

S.E.S.
Eugene made her debut with S.E.S. in 1997. S.E.S enjoyed tremendous success, becoming the top-selling K-pop girl group during their era. The group disbanded at the end of 2002 after Bada and Eugene parted ways from SM Entertainment, while Shoo stayed with SM Entertainment until 2006.

On May 28, 2016, Eugene with S.E.S. members Bada and Shoo attended a charity event, Green Heart Bazaar. In October 2016, Eugene along with Bada and Shoo re-formed S.E.S. to celebrate their 20th anniversary since the debut of the group. They started their project of the 20th anniversary debut with released digital single "Love[Story]", a remake of their 1999 single "Love", through SM Entertainment's digital project SM Station on November 28 and its music video released on December 29.

In early December 2016, they aired their ten episode reality show Remember, I'm Your S.E.S., which broadcast through mobile app Oksusu. To accompany their 20th anniversary debut, they held a concert, Remember, the Day, on December 30 and 31 at Sejong University's Daeyang Hall in Seoul.

On January 2, the special album of their 20th anniversary debut Remember was released. The album consists of double lead singles. "Remember" was digitally released on January 1 and "Paradise" was released along with the album on January 2. They held a fanmeet as their last project of 20th anniversary debut called I Will Be There, Waiting For You on March 1, 2017.

Solo career
After S.E.S. disbanded in late 2002, Kim released two solo albums,  ' My True Style'  and '810303' . Her first album sold nearly 65,000 records and had one hit ballad, "The Best" which included bonus tracks, "Jesus loves me", in which she handwritten the lyrics to this special mashup. She had also previously released a single, " Shout to the Lord " in 2001 under a collaborative Christian album "The Gift". Besides releasing solo albums, she also starred in four Korean dramas: Loving You, Save The Last Dance for Me, Wonderful Life, and Love Truly.

Eugene made her theater debut in the musical adaptation of the film Innocent Steps and her film debut in Unstoppable Marriage. After taking on the lead roles in the dramas One Mom and Three Dads, and Creating Destiny, Eugene then starred in the television series King of Baking, Kim Takgu, which was a huge hit and earned "national drama" status.

In 2007 Eugene took over from Lee Hyori as one of the co-hosts of the variety show Happy Together Friends, until the show was overhauled for a third season. After the success of her previous program Eugene's Makeup Diary, cable style network O'live again chose her as the host of new show Get It Beauty which began airing in July 2010.

Eugene has authored two books: Eugene's Beauty Secrets and Eugene's Get It Beauty. She is also the co-president of the clothing brand byMOMO.

In 2012 she became the host of season 3 of MBC's revamped flagship amateur singing competition show The Great Birth. Her next leading role was in the 2013 weekend family drama A Hundred Year Legacy, which reached ratings of over 30 percent. She then starred in two more family dramas, Can We Fall in Love, Again? and All About My Mom.

On December 17, 2018, it was announced that Eugene had signed with INN Company after deciding not to renew her contract with C9 Entertainment.

In 2020, she appeared in TV series The Penthouse: War in Life aired on SBS TV from October 26.

In 2022, Eugene will attend a fan sign event in front of the Lotte World Mall Jamsil store from 7pm on the 12th.

Personal life
On May 11, 2011, Eugene announced she would be married to Ki Tae-young, her leading man in the 2009 TV series Creating Destiny. Their wedding was held at the Seoul Central Church in Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, on July 23, 2011. They were the first couple featured on Super Couple Diary, a reality show filming the daily married life of celebrity couples. Eugene gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Lohee on April 12, 2015. She also gave birth to another girl, Lorin, on August 18, 2018.

After the sinking of the MV Sewol, fans of Eugene began to doubt her belief in the Evangelical Baptist Church of Korea. She explained she is not a believer of the Evangelical Baptist Church, but in the Korean Christianity Baptist Church which separated from the Evangelical Baptist Church 32 years ago.

Books

 * Eugene's Beauty Secrets (2009)
 * Eugene's Get It Beauty (2011)

title: Eugene (actress)


text:
Talk:42 Puzzle

Untitled
If I photograph the original rendering of the puzzle from the hardcover Illustrated Edition, can I submit that as fair use? It's easier to recognize the submitted "solutions" in that full-sized version. --JohnDBuell | Talk 18:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Replaced the prior .jpg of the full puzzle that Morwen tagged as unverified with a photo snapshot of the appropriate pages from the appropriate book. I've released the .jpg/photograph under GFDL, though the puzzle itself still retains a copyright.... --JohnDBuell | Talk 8 July 2005 02:26 (UTC)

 * This picture looks sorta unprofessional, with the crease in it. It's kinda dull looking too. I remember coming here a while ago, and I think the picture was better. Just sayin'199.224.109.28 22:55, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering the original spans two LARGE pages, it's not exactly an easy thing to photograph. --JohnDBuell 02:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Earth as computer
Is the whole universe the computer, or just the earth? 205.217.105.2 17:06, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Earth, according to the various versions of the story, was designed by a massive supercomputer to be an even MORE massive supercomputer, administered by "hyper-intelligent, pan-dimensional" life forms, on Earth, disguised as mice. The purpose was to determine the Question that matches the Ultimate Answer of Life, the Universe and Everything, which the first computer ("Deep Thought", a name IBM pinched later), determined to be 42. --JohnDBuell | Talk 17:16, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rules
How do you actually solve the puzzle? Great background. No idea what the puzzle actually is. --Astronouth7303 00:52, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That was the point. The answer to the puzzle is '42'. But the rules, or the "Question" - those were left unclear, deliberately so. --JohnDBuell | Talk 19:14, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Remake
There is my remake of drawing of 42 Puzzle. You can solve it by selecting different CMYK channels.

So, there is lack of coincidence: There is some dark blue circles on my variant for better reading 42 in cyan channel.

--Vovka 18:42, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

This link is not functioning.

Solution
Using an online bar code generator I discovered that the barcode on the original book pages is 42 in Interleaved 2 of 5 encoding. Not has 4 lines with no thick line beside them, and 2 with. --Morganf | Talk 18:11, 28 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, if the rendition above is correct, one could include 4 thin black lines followed by 2 thick white lines. --Joe Sewell 16:27, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, so the rendition above is not correct. Based on the photograph, though, I can see 4 thin black lines, followed by 2 groups of bars, with the first group having 2 thick bars.  I am way too bored. --Joe Sewell 16:36, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Updated, now correct. --Vovka 18:46, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Since I'm the one who did the photograph...There are four thin lines, a space, a thick line, thin line, thick line, a space, and a thick like thin line. There are nine lines in all. --JohnDBuell 01:57, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Based on the original photo taken from the book this generated image of 42 matches it exactly --Morganf | Talk 4:11, 5 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Any Douglas fan should remember the quote, "no one does jokes in base 13," so why is there a little reference to this system underneath the "six solutions?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.172.30.136 (talk) 06:09, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

DeadLink
I'm not getting a response from http://www.douglasadams.se/stuff/qanda.html. Is this a dead link? Webhat 15:45, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It came up for me at home just now.... --JohnDBuell 15:56, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Last three questions
Has anyone found the last three questions? If there's 10 questions/answers/solutions and there's seven listed on the page, there should be three more to find and list!
 * The longitude on which the earth in the illustration appears to center, much like a standard atlantic map, is -30 degrees (west). -42 degrees (west) would be discernably different.

A silly guess
How about this one more question: Where is 42 in the picture? --Luzi82 08:56, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Spoiler warning
Shouldn't the spoiler warning go at the top of the solutions section rather than at the head of the article? Thryduulf 10:19, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If someone hasn't read any of the series at all, it could spoil plot points for the first couple of books (or the first radio series, the first tv series, etc). It's probably best where it is now. --JohnDBuell 12:31, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

In the spirit of Douglas Adams's love of cricket ...
Here's another "42 puzzle" of a sort:

How many laws govern the game of cricket?

Or maybe it's a joke?
Maybe Douglas Adams now looks down at us and laughs at us-triing to find some meaning in a senseless joke?

Well, he did that a lot when he was still alive. He resented people forming 42 cults and trying to find hidden meanings in his jokes. He used to call such people "A bunch of wankers".

Another Question
How many orange spheres are on each page of the original puzzle? 4 & 2

Same for white spheres (including the barcode).

I wonder how many questions could be generated from this puzzle if we listed them all. Wouldn't it be wonderful if the answer was...

 * The idea of generating new questions is an interesting one, since it liekly will go further than the original puzzle planned. Just by glancing I can see two more.
 * How many columns with white spheres (4) and how many columns without (2)
 * How many rows with ALL solid spheres (top 4) and how many rows with some non-solid coloured (2)
 * --Nemo 04:17, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Potential Solutions
Perhaps we should be a little more cautious when proposing solutions. After all, the answer is 42. Not "4 and 2" or "4 plus 2" or any of that. The six established and accepted solutions (question) lead to a distinct "42" answer. Things like, "What is the product of the number of columns and the number of rows?" is probably not a solution, as it's virtually a duplicate of the first solution, the number of spheres. That said, I want to find more solutions! Sabin4232 (talk) 03:22, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * True - though "42" is commonly written as the number 4, and then the number 2. If they are sequenced as such, then I think it's fair game as a solution. .../Nemo (talk) 00:52, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Letters of the alphabet: M 13 A 1 T 20 H 8 = 42. Chaeo (talk) 02:34, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Significant
'I think that's terribly significant', says Adams about some people taking him too seriously. And then Wiki winds right up and goes after the questions?

Guess what: that's terribly significant too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.50.43.23 (talk) 23:57, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Solution:blue*green
My solution: nr of blue's times nr of green's = 9 times 6 = 42 base 13 (just like in the book). What do you think of it? Spot6224 (talk) 23:49, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

earth orientation
What about the orientation of the earth? The viewpoint is at about 42 degrees west Spot6224 (talk) 23:51, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge
This mini article is really just a broken subsection of the Answer to Life the Universe and Everything article. It could be merged into it with little difficulty.  Serendi pod ous  11:02, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:42 Puzzle


text: User talk:71.112.193.172

title: User talk:71.112.193.172


text:
Ruggiero di Lauria

Ruggiero di Lauria may refer to:

 * Roger of Lauria (ca. 1245-1305), in Italian Ruggiero di Lauria or Ruggero di Lauria, an Italian admiral
 * Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria, an ironclad battleship completed in 1888 and stricken in 1909
 * Ruggiero di Lauria-class ironclad

title: Ruggiero di Lauria


text:
Category:Glass art

Art and techniques using glass.

title: Category:Glass art


text:
Pauline Frederick

Pauline Frederick (born Pauline Beatrice Libbey, August 12, 1883 – September 19, 1938) was an American stage and film actress.

Early life
Frederick was born Pauline Beatrice Libbey (later changed to Libby) in Boston in 1883 (some sources state 1884 or 1885), the only child of Richard O. and Loretta C. Libbey. Her father worked as a yardmaster for the Old Colony Railroad before becoming a salesman. Her parents separated when she was a toddler and Frederick was raised primarily by her mother to whom she remained close for the remainder of her life (her parents divorced around 1897). As a girl, she was fascinated with show business, and determined early to place her goals in the direction of the theater. She studied acting, singing and dancing at Miss Blanchard's Finishing School in Boston where she later graduated.

Her father, however, discouraged her ambitions to be an actress and encouraged her to become an elocution teacher. After pursuing a career as an actress, her father disinherited her (he died in 1922). Due to her father's attitude towards her acting career, Pauline adopted the surname "Frederick" as her stage name. She legally changed her name to Pauline Frederick in 1908.

Career
She made her stage debut at the age of 17 as a chorus girl in the farce The Rogers Brothers at Harvard, but was fired shortly thereafter. She won other small roles on the stage before being discovered by illustrator Harrison Fisher who called her "the purest American beauty." With Fisher's help, she landed more substantial stage roles. Nicknamed "The Girl with the Topaz Eyes", Frederick was cast in the lead roles in the touring productions of The Little Gray Lady and The Girl in White in 1906. She briefly retired from acting after her first marriage in 1909, but returned to the stage in January 1913 in Joseph and His Brethren.

A well-known stage star, Frederick was already in her 30s when she made her film debut in 1915 as Donna Roma in The Eternal City. In March 1927, she received some of her better reviews when she appeared in the play Madame X in London. Frederick was able to make a successful transition to "talkies" in 1929, and was cast as Joan Crawford's mother in This Modern Age (1931). Frederick did not like acting in sound films and returned to Broadway in 1932 in When the Bough Breaks. She would continue the remainder of her career appearing in films and also touring in stage productions in the United States, Europe and Australia.

Personal life
Frederick's personal life was beset with marital and financial problems. Despite having reportedly made $1 million for her work in silent films, Frederick filed for bankruptcy in 1933.

Frederick was married five times. In 1909, she married architect Frank Mills Andrews. Frederick then briefly retired from acting after their daughter Pauline was born in 1910, but returned upon divorcing Andrews in 1913. She married her second husband, playwright Willard Mack, on September 27, 1917. They divorced in August 1920. Her third husband was Dr. Charles A. Rutherford, a physician, whom she married in Santa Ana, California in 1922. Frederick filed for divorce in December 1924. Their divorce was finalized on January 6, 1925.

It was around this time that the then 43-year-old first met the much younger Clark Gable, then a struggling actor, with whom she allegedly had a two-year affair.

Frederick married her fourth husband, millionaire hotel and Interstate News Company owner Hugh Chisholm Leighton on April 20, 1930, in New York City. Leighton had the marriage annulled in December 1930, claiming that he was Frederick's husband "in name only".

Frederick's fifth marriage, in January 1934, was to an ailing United States Army colonel, Joseph A. Marmon, commander of the 16th Infantry Regiment. They remained married until Marmon's death on December 4, 1934.

Death
On January 17, 1936, Frederick underwent emergency surgery on her abdomen. Her health steadily declined, which limited her ability to work. She was dealt another blow when her mother died in 1937.

On September 16, 1938, Frederick suffered an asthma attack. She suffered a second, fatal asthma attack on September 19, 1938, while she was recuperating at her aunt's home in Beverly Hills. According to her wishes, a private funeral was held on September 23, 1938, in Hollywood, after which she was buried at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Pauline Frederick has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.

title: Pauline Frederick


text:
Herlong, California

Herlong is a census-designated place in Lassen County, California. Herlong is located at the extreme eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range in the southeastern region of Honey Lake Valley, 8 mi north of Doyle, at an elevation of 4114 ft. Its population is 237 as of the 2020 census, down from 298 from the 2010 census. Herlong is located in southern Lassen County near the southeast edge of Honey Lake, about 70 mi north of Reno, Nevada, and about 45 mi south of Susanville, the county seat. The community is accessible to U.S. Route 395 via Lassen County Route A25 or Lassen County Route A26.

History
Herlong was developed in 1942 after the attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II, to house civilian workers to support the Sierra Army Depot, one of several ammunition storage facilities located inland in order to be safe from Japanese attack. The site also met the requirement of being a dry and isolated area. The community was named after Captain Henry W. Herlong, the first United States Army ordnance officer to die in World War II. The postal stamps, money orders and equipment bore the spelling "Hurlong", which lasted for about five days; the error was discovered and corrected.

In the 21st century, Sierra Army Depot serves as the Army's End of First Life Center and the CONUS-based Army Prepositioned Stock Site. It continues to provide expeditionary logistics support and long-term sustainment solutions.

Since its beginning, the town has varied in size. Its population peaked at about 5,000 in the 1950s, consisting mostly of civilian employees on the base and their families. As of the 2010 census, the community had 298 people.

Herlong has several churches, including the Bible Baptist Church, Assembly of God, and Southern Baptist. The State Office of Historic Preservation lists 62 historic properties in Herlong on its Historic Properties Data File for Lassen County. This is one of the last counties in California that is still considered to be "open range" land.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Herlong has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Herlong had a population of 298. The population density was 183.0 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Herlong was 187 (62.8%) White, 38 (12.8%) African American, 16 (5.4%) Native American, 1 (0.3%) Asian, 3 (1.0%) Pacific Islander, 9 (3.0%) from other races, and 44 (14.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 46 persons (15.4%).

The Census reported that 293 people (98.3% of the population) lived in households, 5 (1.7%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 116 households, out of which 46 (39.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 32 (27.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 25 (21.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 9 (7.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16 (13.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35 households (30.2%) were made up of individuals, and 5 (4.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53. There were 66 families (56.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.21.

The population was spread out, with 91 people (30.5%) under the age of 18, 22 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 96 people (32.2%) aged 25 to 44, 80 people (26.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 9 people (3.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

There were 139 housing units at an average density of 85.4 /sqmi, of which 0 (0%) were owner-occupied, and 116 (100%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 14.1%. 0 people (0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 293 people (98.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Government
In the state legislature, Herlong is in, and.

Federally, Herlong is in. Texas State Representative John V. Garza and U.S. Representative from Iowa, Mariannette Miller-Meeks were born in Herlong.

title: Herlong, California


text:
Armand Frappier

Armand Frappier (November 26, 1904 – December 17, 1991) was a physician,  microbiologist, and expert on tuberculosis from Quebec, Canada.

Born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, the son of Arthur-Alexis Frappier and Bernadette Codebecq, his mother died in 1923 from tuberculosis. This greatly affected him and he pursued a career devoted to fighting this tueuse de maman (mother killer). In 1924, he received a Bachelor of Arts and, in 1930, he received a medical degree from the Université de Montréal. In 1933, he obtained a Bachelor of Science also from the Université de Montréal.

In 1938, he founded the Institut de microbiologie et d'hygiène de Montréal - following the model of the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the Connaught Laboratories of the University of Toronto (Malissard, 1998; 1999a, 1999b, 2000)- the first French-language school of hygiene in the world, and served as its director for 38 years. It was renamed Institut Armand-Frappier in 1975.

He was instrumental in the fight against tuberculosis in Canada and as one of the first researchers to confirm the safety and usefulness of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.

In 1929, he married Thérèse Ostiguy. They had four children: Lise, Monique, Michèle, and Paul.

Honours

 * He was named Officer of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI, upon the recommendation of the Canadian government.
 * In 1969, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
 * In 1985, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
 * In 1993, the Quebec government created the Prix Armand-Frappier in his honour, given every year to a scientist in recognition of his or her career.
 * He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 * On January 17, 2000, Canada Post honoured him with a stamp entitled, Armand Frappier: Champion Disease Fighter.
 * In 2012, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

title: Armand Frappier


text: Category:Albanian language

title: Category:Albanian language


text: User talk:138.162.128.37

title: User talk:138.162.128.37


text:
User talk:Florka

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

Polish Wikipedians' notice board
Zapraszam.--Witkacy 21:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Image Tagging Image:TaraLipinski.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:LHMovie-BeyondThePrairie2.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:NewLHPromo.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:LH1974TheIngalls.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:MichelleKwanFigureSkatingGame.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:TheXFilesBookSeries1.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:TheXFilesNovel.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:TheXFilesBookSeries2.jpg
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title: User talk:Florka


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Black Butte Blackberry

Black Butte Blackberry
Striking, attractive, and does an excellent job of illustrating Blackberry. I mean, does this leave a shred of doubt in your mind as to what a blackberry is? - Deltabeignet 18:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. Deltabeignet 18:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great colour. Yummy. -- Silversmith  Hewwo 18:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support A curate's egg 19:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support and eat — Chameleon 20:03, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - to get my vote I'd want at least one whole blackberry, not three quarters of one and a quarter of another - Adrian Pingstone 20:34, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Agree with Arpingstone, plus the extremely unsharp foreground is distracting -- Chris 73 Talk 07:36, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Agree with Adrian, the main object is cut off, also this is a far from typical blackberry. 5cm long! That aint a blackberry in my book, that's a small lumpy banana.Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not supposed to a "typical blackberry": it's specifically told it is a cultivar. Circeus 18:07, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Agree we should see a whole one. Maybe even regular blackberries too for comparison. Circeus 18:07, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Photography is nice, but the subject is partial. --Oblivious 21:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, beautiful. Phoenix2 19:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with comments about sharp foreground. Enochlau 08:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Fir0002 23:41, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Nice color, but the composition is distracting. I'd crop off the foreground berry. Alight 20:21, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

6 / 6 / 0 (50.0%)- Mailer Diablo 16:36, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
James McLenaghen

James O. McLenaghen (September 4, 1891 – June 23, 1950) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1927 until his death, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of John Bracken, Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell.

The son of John McLenaghen and Elisabeth McIlquhan, McLenaghen was born in Balderson, Ontario in 1891, where he was educated until 1902; afterwards he went to school in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. He later attained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Manitoba University, and worked as a barrister-of-law, after studying in the office of future Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. McLenaghen was called to the Manitoba bar in 1918. In 1919, he married Catherine Newman.

McLenaghen became active in the Conservative Party of Manitoba, and sought election to the provincial legislature for Kildonan and St. Andrews in the 1927 provincial election. He was successful, defeating Liberal W.H. Gibbs and a candidate aligned with the governing Progressive Party. He was re-elected in the 1932 election, defeating Gibbs (now a candidate of the merged "Liberal-Progressive" alliance) by 39 votes.

McLenaghen was returned by an increased majority in the 1936 provincial election, the first in which the Conservative Party was led by Errick Willis. Four years later, he helped to bring the Conservative Party into a governing alliance with the Liberal-Progressives, along with the smaller Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and Social Credit parties. All parties were given cabinet representation, and McLenaghen was appointed as Minister of Health and Public Welfare on November 4, 1942. The coalition's leader was Premier John Bracken, leader of the Liberal-Progressive Party.

On May 3, 1941, McLenaghen was appointed as the province's Attorney General. He left the Health portfolio on February 11, 1944, but continued to serve as Attorney General of Manitoba until his death. On December 14, 1948, he was also given the title Minister under the Trade Practices Enquiry Act. He also served as Minister of Labour from February 5, 1944 until February 14, 1946.

After joining the coalition government, McLenaghen did not face electoral competition from Liberal-Progressive candidates. He was re-elected in 1941, 1945 Manitoba general election and 1949 over candidates of the CCF, though in 1945 he almost lost the coalition nomination to Frank Simmonds.

McLenaghen was known as a likeable figure, though essentially conservative on policy matters. Like other Attorneys-General in the coalition government, he refused to devote crown resources to prison reform during the 1940s. He was also an influential figure in the Conservative Party, and frequently defended the coalition against other Tories who saw it as detrimental to party interests. His death in 1950 deprived the pro-coalition forces in the party of their most powerful voice, and the Conservatives in fact left the coalition soon after.

title: James McLenaghen


text: User talk:65.40.196.27

title: User talk:65.40.196.27


text:
Kokkina

Kokkina (Κόκκινα, ; Erenköy or Koççina) is a coastal exclave (pene-exclave) of the de facto Northern Cyprus, and a former Turkish Cypriot enclave in Cyprus. It is surrounded by mountainous territory, with the Morphou Bay on its northern flank. Kokkina sits several kilometres west of mainland Northern Cyprus and is a place with symbolic significance to Cypriots, because of the events of August 1964 (cf. Battle of Tillyria). In 1976, all Kokkina inhabitants were transferred to Gialousa (renamed Yeni Erenköy or "New Erenköy" in Turkish) and the enclave has since functioned as a North Cyprus Defence Force military camp for the Turkish forces.

History
The Tylliria/Dillirga region, where Kokkina is situated, had been a place of intense confrontation between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities during the inter-communal struggle of 1963–1964. On 4 April 1964, armed groups originating from both communities had fought over a strategic location overlooking the region's only highway. There had also been several sporadic incidents of gunfire between villages of the region. On 8 April 1964, the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) managed to arrange a ceasefire which was enforced by stationing UNFICYP troops at several critical points.

The government of the Republic of Cyprus viewed Kokkina as a point of insertion for Turkish paramilitaries and weaponry in Cyprus because about 500 Turkish Cypriot volunteers who had been trained and armed in Turkey had landed there. So, on 6 August 1964, elements of the Greek Cypriot National Guard and Hellenic Army units led by General Georgios Grivas attacked the area around Kokkina and surrounded the village forcing its defenders and the civilian population to retreat to a narrow beachhead. The defenders consisted of elements of the Turkish Resistance Organization and a number of the volunteers mentioned above. A heavy artillery barrage (with naval support) of the beachhead followed causing a number of casualties and heavy damage to the village.

The defenders, while completely out-powered and lacking supplies, managed to hold their positions until 8 August when Turkey decided to intervene. The threat of a Turkish military escalation and a resolution of the United Nations Security Council calling for a ceasefire, ended the stand-off. A ceasefire was declared on 9 August 1964 and UNFICYP forces were once again deployed to the area.

Turkey claimed that the aerial attack and threat of further intervention were justified by her right to protect the Turkish Cypriot population under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. The village was heavily damaged by the artillery barrage and UN forces declared it a disaster area and brought in much-needed supplies for the civilians.

Significance
Since December 1963, thousands of Turkish Cypriots became concentrated in enclaves, as a result of the intercommunal fighting (see Cyprus dispute). Kokkina was one of the last port areas under Turkish Cypriot control and a vital supply link with Turkey for the fighters.

In the eyes of the Greek Cypriot authorities, Kokkina was a threat to the nation's security posed by Turkish Cypriot paramilitaries and cutting it off would have severed Turkish armed groups from resupply and reinforcement.

When the Turkish military invaded Cyprus in 1974, Kokkina was a specific objective. The exclave became part of the Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus in 1975, then part of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus when independence was unilaterally declared in November 1983. However, this declaration of independence was condemned as legally invalid by United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 (1983) and has yet to be recognised by any sovereign state except Turkey.

Today
Within the exclave at the village cemetery, there are 13 carefully tended graves of Turkish Cypriots who were killed at the siege at Kokkina. The village itself still carries heavy battle damage. A museum memorialising the defenders and the North Cypriot military (Security Forces Command) is also at the village. Kokkina is the site of annual memorial ceremonies attended by high-ranking dignitaries of both the TRNC and Turkish governments. On Greek Cypriot maps, the village is referred to by its Greek name of Kokkina.

title: Kokkina


text:
User talk:Kathl2en

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

title: User talk:Kathl2en


text:
Szilárd Németh

Szilárd Németh (born 8 August 1977), also known mononymously as Szilárd, is a Hungarian former professional footballer from Slovakia, who played as a striker.

After playing for clubs in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, he spent four-and-a-half seasons at Middlesbrough of the Premier League from 2001 to 2006. After a brief stint at France's RC Strasbourg, he played for Alemannia Aachen in Germany until his retirement in 2010.

Németh was at that time the highest scorer in the history of the Slovakia national team, with 22 goals in 58 matches from 1997 to 2006.

Early career
Németh started his career with Slovan Bratislava before moving to eastern Slovakia to join 1. FC Košice. At both clubs he played well, he moved to giants of the region, Czech team Sparta Prague for record fee 35 million CZK (€1.3 million)

From here he moved back to Slovakia with one of the top teams in the country, Inter Bratislava. He won consecutive Slovak Super Liga titles in 1999–2000 and 2000–01, finishing as top-scorer in both.

Middlesbrough
Amid rumoured interest from Inter Milan, he eventually signed for English side Middlesbrough on 12 April 2001 for £2.1 million on a five-year contract. Earlier that season, he had a trial at their local rivals Sunderland.

Németh scored 23 goals in 117 Premier League appearances for the club. He became known as the Lizard King of Teesside and Slovakian Express for scoring regularly off the bench. Németh was part of Middlesbrough's 2004 League Cup-winning team, despite not making the squad for the final. He also featured as they contested the UEFA Cup in the next two seasons. During his time in the Premier League, he scored in wins over Chelsea, Manchester United, Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur.

The 2005–06 season saw Németh turn down numerous transfer offers, including UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow. He faced competition up-front that season from Yakubu, Mark Viduka, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Massimo Maccarone, leading to his exit in January.

Later career
On 25 January 2006, Németh was sold to French club RC Strasbourg for a 'nominal fee'. Their season ended with relegation from Ligue 1, and he was released.

On 28 August 2006, he agreed to join the German Bundesliga club Alemannia Aachen in a two-year deal. Németh spent most of his first season on the sidelines because of a pulmonary embolism. On 19 May 2008, he signed a contract extension with Aachen until the end of the 2009–10 season. In the winter of 2010–11, he opted to retire from football due to health problems.

International career
Németh scored 22 times in 58 matches for Slovakia between 1997 and 2006. His debut was a 4–0 friendly win against Belarus at the Štadión pod Zoborom in Nitra on 2 February 1997, replacing Róbert Semeník for the final 26 minutes. He scored his first goal on his third cap on 5 February 1997, in a 2–2 draw away against Costa Rica. Németh's last goal came in his 55th international on 1 March 2006, in an away friendly win over France. His last game was on 6 September 2006, in qualification for Euro 2008, a 3–0 home defeat to the Czech Republic. He was the country's highest-scorer until Róbert Vittek broke the record, and is their seventh most-capped player.

Personal life
Németh belongs to the Hungarian minority in Slovakia.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Slovakia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Németh goal.

Honours
Slovan Bratislava
 * Slovak Super Liga: 1994–95, 1995–96
 * Slovak Cup: 1996–97

Inter Bratislava
 * Slovak Super Liga: 1999–2000, 2000–01
 * Slovak Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01

Middlesbrough
 * Football League Cup: 2003–04

Individual
 * Slovak Footballer of the Year: 2000
 * Slovak Super Liga top scorer: 1999–2000, 2000–01

title: Szilárd Németh


text:
Talk:Ferydoon Zandi

Fereydoon Zandi was Team Melli's star in the game against the Republic of Azerbaijan, as he scored a beautiful goal and once hit the opponent's post.

About the game, Zandi commented that the TM needed such a game before facing the North Koreans. The Kaiserslautern playmaker believes TM performed well in the first half and should have scored four goals in that half. However, in his opinion TM did not play as well in the second half and unreasonably pulled back.

Zandi added, that now he is in line with the rest of team and that he will even get better. "As I promised earlier, I dedicate this goal to my mother and father, and will even try to score more goals in the upcoming two games."

he is with kurdish roots!
Ferydoon Zandi,he has kurdish father adn german mother source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-wLIRUQD4w 1.10 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.224.178.58 (talk) 19:28, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Secaucus (album)

Secaucus is the second album by the American rock band The Wrens, released in 1996. Secaucus is named for the city in which it was recorded, Secaucus, New Jersey. The Wrens were signed to major label Grass Records for the album; Grass dropped the band after they refused to be forced into a new contract. The Wrens' follow-up to Secaucus, The Meadowlands, was released seven years later, in 2003.

Critical reception
Spin deemed Secaucus a "Pixies-lovin’ garage-pop grab-bag." Trouser Press wrote: "The album displays the Wrens’ newly impressive range, from the racing shamble of the opening 'Yellow Number Three' and the glammy, vamping 'Built in Girls' to 'I’ll Mind You', which is an ambient, spacey instrumental." Robert Christgau, in The Village Voice, wrote that "the sonic turf is far broader than most indie bands ever dare, and there's a relationship sequence in the middle that lays on the hurt--'I've Made Enough Friends', killer." The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that the album "combines artful '60s pop and razor-sharp, late-'70s new wave."

title: Secaucus (album)