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Ed Mitchell

Edward Frederick Mitchell (born 1953) is a British former television presenter, business journalist and newsreader, best known for his work with ITN. Mitchell was educated at Worthing High School for Boys and Durham University. He also worked for Reuters, BBC News, Channel 4 News, European Business Channel, Asia Business News, European Business News and CNBC Europe in the 1990s until he was made redundant from CNBC in 2000.

In 2007, newspapers revealed that he had become homeless and was sleeping rough on Hove seafront.

On 20 November 2007, he filed for bankruptcy.

In January 2008, an ITV documentary, Saving Ed Mitchell, was shown about his struggle with huge credit card debts, alcoholism and homelessness. The end of the documentary, presented by his ITN colleague Carol Barnes, showed him being given an opportunity to return to presenting if he attended the Priory clinic for rehabilitation. He has successfully continued to abstain from drinking since then. He is the author of the best-selling book, From Headlines to Hard Times, which was published by Blake Publishing in January 2009. He made enough money from the book's sales to eventually move into a flat in Shoreham-by-Sea. A revised and updated paperback was published in 2010.

In November 2014, Mitchell began presenting a daily programme for a new financial radio station, Share Radio, in London.

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List of parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex

The county of West Sussex is divided into 8 parliamentary constituencies - 2 borough constituencies and 6 county constituencies.

Used from 1950 to 1974

 * Arundel and Shoreham
 * Chichester
 * Horsham
 * Worthing

Used from 1974 to 1983

 * Arundel
 * Chichester
 * Horsham and Crawley
 * Shoreham
 * Worthing

Used from 1983 to 1997

 * Arundel
 * Chichester
 * Crawley
 * Horsham
 * Mid Sussex
 * Shoreham
 * Worthing

The Local Government Act 1972 moved the District of Mid Sussex into West Sussex from East Sussex. This change was put into effect in the Parliamentary constituency boundaries for the 1983 boundary changes.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to retain the existing 8 constituencies in West Sussex, with minor changes to realign constituency boundaries with those of current local government wards, and to reduce the electoral disparity between constituencies.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that West Sussex be combined with East Sussex as a sub-region of the South East Region, resulting in the creation of a new cross-county boundary constituency named East Grinstead and Uckfield.

The following constituencies are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from Adur

 * East Worthing and Shoreham (part)

Containing electoral wards from Arun

 * Arundel and South Downs (part)
 * Bognor Regis and Littlehampton
 * Chichester (part)
 * Worthing West (part)

Containing electoral wards from Chichester

 * Arundel and South Downs (part)
 * Chichester (part)

Containing electoral wards from Crawley

 * Crawley

Containing electoral wards from Horsham

 * Arundel and South Downs (part)

 * Horsham

Containing electoral wards from Mid Sussex

 * East Grinstead and Uckfield (also contains parts of Lewes and Wealden Districts in East Sussex)
 * Mid Sussex

Containing electoral wards from Worthing

 * East Worthing and Shoreham (part)
 * Worthing West (part)

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising West Sussex in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

The Local Government Act 1972 moved the District of Mid Sussex into West Sussex from East Sussex. This change was put into effect in the Parliamentary constituency boundaries for the 1983 boundary changes.

Since 1885 only two MPs have won elections who were not members of the Conservative Party: one Liberal MP in 1923 and one Labour MP in 1997, 2001 and 2005.

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Andrew Gowers

Andrew Gowers (born 1957) was appointed editor of the Financial Times in October 2001. He resigned from this post in November 2005 citing "strategic differences". In March 2012 he was appointed Director of External Relations at the Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME).

Education
Gowers was educated at the Trinity School of John Whitgift, an independent school for boys in Shirley in the London Borough of Croydon, followed by Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Gowers Review of Intellectual Property
On Friday, 2 December 2005, he was commissioned by Gordon Brown to lead an independent review of intellectual property rights in the UK, known as the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property. Amongst other things, this review was set up to consider the implications of extending the copyright on sound recordings in the UK.

Lehman Brothers
In June 2006 Gowers joined Lehman Brothers in London as head of corporate communications, and stayed until the late 2008 collapse of the firm — one of the key events of the global financial crisis of 2008. In December 2008, The Times published his account of this period, in which he describes Lehman CEO Richard Fuld as "almost unbearably intense" and "insulated from the day-to-day realities of the firm".

BP
In Autumn 2009, Gowers joined BP as head of media relations, replacing his predecessor Roddy Kennedy. He was responsible for handling the oil company's media response to the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil disaster. He resigned from the position at the end of 2010.

Personal life
Gowers is married and has two children.

title: Andrew Gowers


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ISOLDE

The ISOLDE (Isotope Separator On Line DEvice) Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, is an on-line isotope separator facility located at the centre of the CERN accelerator complex on the Franco-Swiss border. Created in 1964, the ISOLDE facility started delivering radioactive ion beams (RIBs) to users in 1967. Originally located at the Synchro-Cyclotron (SC) accelerator (CERN's first ever particle accelerator), the facility has been upgraded several times most notably in 1992 when the whole facility was moved to be connected to CERN's ProtonSynchroton Booster (PSB). ISOLDE is currently the longest-running facility in operation at CERN, with continuous developments of the facility and its experiments keeping ISOLDE at the forefront of science with RIBs. ISOLDE benefits a wide range of physics communities with applications covering nuclear, atomic, molecular and solid-state physics, but also biophysics and astrophysics, as well as high-precision experiments looking for physics beyond the Standard Model. The facility is operated by the ISOLDE Collaboration, comprising CERN and sixteen (mostly) European countries. As of 2019, close to 1,000 experimentalists around the world (including all continents) are coming to ISOLDE to perform typically 50 different experiments per year.

Radioactive nuclei are produced at ISOLDE by shooting a high-energy (1.4GeV) beam of protons delivered by CERN's PSB accelerator on a 20 cm thick target. Several target materials are used depending on the desired final isotopes that are requested by the experimentalists. The interaction of the proton beam with the target material produces radioactive species through spallation, fragmentation and fission reactions. They are subsequently extracted from the bulk of the target material through thermal diffusion processes by heating the target to about 2,000 °C.

The cocktail of produced isotopes is ultimately filtered using one of ISOLDE's two magnetic dipole mass separators to yield the desired isobar of interest. The time required for the extraction process to occur is dictated by the nature of the desired isotope and/or that of the target material and places a lower limit on the half-life of isotopes which can be produced by this method, and is typically of the order of a few milliseconds. For an additional separation, the Resonance Ionisation Laser Ion Source (RILIS) uses lasers to ionise a particular element, which separates the radioisotopes by their atomic number. Once extracted, the isotopes are directed either to one of several low-energy nuclear physics experiments or an isotope-harvesting area. A major upgrade of the REX post-accelerator to the HIE-ISOLDE (High Intensity and Energy Upgrade) superconducting linac completed construction in 2018, allowing for the re-acceleration of radioisotopes to higher energies than previously achievable.

Background
Most atomic nuclei contain protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the chemical element the nucleus belongs to. Different isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, but contain the same number of protons. For example, isotopes of carbon include carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14, which contain 6, 7, 8 neutrons respectively, but all contain 6 protons. Each isotope of an element has a different nuclear energy state, and may have different stability.

A nuclide is a more general term than isotope, and refers to atoms that have any particular number of protons and neutrons. Stable nuclides are not radioactive and do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay, so are more usually found in nature. Whereas unstable (i.e. radioactive) nuclides are not found in nature, unless there is a recent source of them, because they are shorter lived, and will spontaneously decay, in one or more steps, to more stable nuclides. For example carbon-14 is unstable but is found in nature. Scientists use accelerators and nuclear reactors to produce radioactive nuclides. As a general trend, and among other factors, the neutron–proton ratio of a nuclide determines its stability. The value of this ratio for stable nuclides generally increases for larger nuclei with more protons and neutrons. Many unstable nuclides have neutron-proton ratios beyond the zone of stability. The time required to lose half of a quantity of a given nuclide through radioactive decays, the half-life, is a measure of how stable an isotope is.

Nuclides can be visually represented on a table (Segré chart or table of nuclides) where the proton number is plotted against the neutron number.

History

In 1950, two Danish physicists Otto Kofoed-Hansen and Karl-Ove Nielsen discovered a new technique for producing radioisotopes which enabled production of isotopes with shorter half-lives than earlier methods. The Copenhagen experiment they carried out included a simplified version of the same elements used in modern on-line experiments. Ten years later, in Vienna, at a symposium about separating radioisotopes, plans for an ‘on-line’ isotope separator were published. Using these plans, CERN's Nuclear Chemistry Group (NCG) built a prototype on-line mass separator coupled to target and ion source, which was bombarded by a 600 MeV proton beam delivered by CERN's the Synchro-Cyclotron. The test was a success and showed that the SC was an ideal machine for on-line rare isotope production. The plan for an electromagnetic isotope separator was developed during 1963–4 by European nuclear physicists and, in late 1964, their proposal was accepted by the CERN Director-General and the ISOLDE project began. The "Finance Committee" for the project set up originally with five members, then extended to twelve to include two members per 'country' (including CERN). As the term "Finance Committee" had other connotations, it was decided 'until a better name was found' to call the project ISOLDE and the committee the ISOLDE Committee. In 1965, as the underground hall at CERN was being excavated, the isotope separator for ISOLDE was being constructed in Aarhus. In May 1966, the SC shut down for some major modifications. One of these modifications was the construction of a new tunnel to send proton beams to a future underground hall that would be dedicated to ISOLDE. Separator construction made good progress in 1966, along with the appointing of Arve Kjelberg as the first ISOLDE coordinator, and the underground hall was finished in 1967. On 16 October 1967, the first proton beams interacted with the target and the first experiments were successful in proving that the technique worked as expected. In 1969, the first paper was published with studies of various short-lived isotopes.

Shortly after the ISOLDE experimental program started, some major improvements for SC were planned. In 1972 the SC shut down to upgrade its beam intensity by changing its radiofrequency system. The SC Improvement Program (SCIP) increased the primary proton beam intensity by about a factor of about 100. To be able to handle this high-intensity ISOLDE facility also needed some modifications to successfully extract the improved beam to ISOLDE. After necessary modifications, the new ISOLDE facility also known as ISOLDE 2 was launched in 1974. Its new target design combined with the increased beam intensity from the SC led to significant enhancements in the number of nuclides produced. However, after some time the external beam current from the SC started to be a limiting factor. The collaboration discussed the possibility of moving the facility to an accelerator that could reach higher current values but decided on building another separator with ultra-modern design, for the facility. The new high-resolution separator, ISOLDE 3, was in full use by the end of the 80s. In 1990 a new ion source RILIS was installed at the facility to selectively and efficiently produce radioactive beams.

The SC was decommissioned in 1990, after having been in operation for more than three decades. As a consequence, the collaboration decided to relocate the ISOLDE facility to the Proton Synchrotron, and place the targets in an external beam from its 1 GeV booster. The construction of the new ISOLDE experimental hall started about three months prior to the decommissioning of the SC. With the relocation also came several upgrades. The most notable being the installation of two new magnetic dipole mass separators. One general-purpose separator with one bending magnet and the other one is a high-resolution separator with two bending magnets. The latter one is a reconstructed version of the ISOLDE 3. The first experiment at the new facility, known as ISOLDE PSB, was performed on 26 June 1992. In May 1995, two industrial robots were installed in the facility to handle the targets and ion sources units without human intervention. To diversify the scientific activities of the facility, a post-accelerator system called REX-ISOLDE (Radioactive beam EXperiments at ISOLDE) was approved in 1995 and inaugurated at the facility in 2001. With this new addition, nuclear reaction experiments which require a high-energy RIB could now be performed at ISOLDE. Additionally, REXTRAP operates as a Penning Trap for the REX-ISOLDE then transfers bunches of ions to REXEBIS, an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), which traps the isotopes produced and further ionises them.

The facility building was extended in 2005 to allow more experiments to be set up. ISCOOL, an ion cooler and buncher, increasing the beam quality for experiments was installed at the facility in 2007. In 2006, the International Advisory Board decided that upgrading ISOLDE hall with a linear post-accelerator design based on superconducting quarter-wave resonators would allow for a full-energy availability, crucially without the reduction of beam quality. The HIE-ISOLDE project was approved in December 2009, and involves an upgrade of the energy range from 3 MeV per nucleon, to 5 MeV, and lastly to 10 MeV per nucleon. The design also incorporated an intensity upgrade to make best use of the delivered proton beams. The upgrade project was split into three different phases, to be completed over a number of years.

In late 2013 the construction of a new facility for medical research called CERN MEDICIS (MEDical Isotopes Collected from ISOLDE) started. Of the incident proton beams used at ISOLDE, only 10% are actually stopped in the targets and achieve their objective, while the remaining 90% are not used. The MEDICIS facility is designed to work with the remaining proton beams that have already passed a first target. The second target produces specific radioisotopes that are delivered to hospitals and research facilities and can be made injectable. In 2013, during the Long Shutdown 1, three ISOLDE buildings were demolished. They've been built again as a new single building with a new control room, a data storage room, three laser laboratories, a biology and materials laboratory, and a room for visitors. Another building extension for the MEDICIS project and several others equipped with electrical, cooling and ventilation systems to be used for the HIE-ISOLDE project in the future were also built. In addition, the robots which were installed for the handling of radioactive targets have been replaced with more modern robots. In 2015, for the first time, a radioactive isotope beam could be accelerated to an energy level of 4.3 MeV per nucleon in the ISOLDE facility thanks to the HIE-ISOLDE upgrades. In late 2017, the CERN-MEDICIS facility produced its first radioisotopes and by the end of 2020 had provided external nine hospitals and research facilities with 41 batches of radioisotopes. Phase 2 of the facility's HIE-ISOLDE upgrade was completed in 2018, which allows ISOLDE to accelerate radioactive beams up to 10 MeV per nucleon.

Facility and concept

The ISOLDE facility contains the Class A laboratories, buildings for the HIE-ISOLDE and MEDICIS projects, and the control rooms located in building 508. Before ISOLDE, the radioactive nuclides were transported from the production are to the laboratory for examination. At ISOLDE, all processes from the production to the measurements are connected and the radioactive material requires no extra transport. Due to this, ISOLDE is referred to as an on-line facility.

At the ISOLDE facility, the main proton beam for reactions comes from the PSB. The incoming proton beam has an energy of 1.4 GeV and its average intensity varies up to 2 μA. The beam enters the facility and is directed towards one of two mass separators: the General Purpose Separator (GPS) and the High Resolution Separator (HRS). The separators have independently run target-ion source systems, delivering 60 keV RIBs. The targets used at ISOLDE allow for the quick production and extraction of radioactive nuclei. Targets consist sometimes of molten metal kept at high temperature (700 °C to 1400 °C), which result in long isotope release times. Heating the target to higher temperatures, typically above 2000 °C, makes for a faster release time. Using a target heavier than the desired isotope, results in production via spallation or fragmentation.

The ion sources, used in combination with the targets at ISOLDE, produce an ion beam of (preferably) one chemical element. There are three types used: surface ion sources, plasma ion sources and laser ion sources. The surface ion sources consist of a metal tube with a high work function heated up to 2400 °C, so that the atom can be ionised. If an atom cannot be surface ionised, the plasma ion source is used. The plasma is produced by an ionised gas mixture and optimised using an additional magnetic field. The laser ion source used at ISOLDE is RILIS.

The GPS is made with a double focusing magnet with a bending radius of 1.5 m and a bending angle of 70°. The resolution of the GPS is approximately 800. The GPS sends beams to an electronic switchyard, allowing three mass separated beams to be simultaneously extracted. The second separator, the HRS, consists of two dipole magnets, with bending radii of 1 m and bending angles of 90° and 60°, and an elaborate ion-optical system. The overall resolution of the HRS has been measured as 7000, which enables it to be used for experiments requiring higher mass resolution values. The GPS switchyard and HRS are connected to a common central beam-line used to provide beam to the various experimental setups located in the ISOLDE facility.

ISCOOL
The ISOLDE COOLer (ISCOOL) is located downstream from the HRS, and extends up to the merging switchyard joining the two mass separator beams. ISCOOL is a general-purpose Radio Frequency Quadrupole Cooler and Buncher (RFQCB), with the purpose of cooling (improving the beam quality) and bunching the RIB from the HRS. Incoming ions collide with the neutral buffer gas, losing their energy, and then are radially confined. The beam is then extracted from ISCOOL.

RILIS
The magnetic mass separators are able to separate isobars by mass number, however they are unable to sort isotopes of the same mass. If an experiment requires a higher degree of chemical purity, it will need the beam to have an additional separation, by proton number. RILIS provides this separation by using step-wise resonance photo-ionisation, involving precisely tuned laser wavelengths matched exactly to a specific element's successive electron transition energies. Ionisation will only occur of the desired element, and the other elements within the ion-source will remain unchanged. This process of laser ionisation takes place in a hot metal cavity to provide the spatial confinement needed for the atomic vapour to be illuminated. A high frequency laser system is needed to ionise the atom before it leaves the cavity. All in all, the ISOLDE facility provides 1300 isotopes from 75 elements in the periodic table.

CERN-MEDICIS

The project CERN-MEDICIS is running to supply radioactive isotopes for medical applications. The proton beams from the PSB preserve 90% of their intensities after hitting a standard target in the facility. The CERN-MEDICIS facility uses the remaining protons on a target that is placed behind the HRS target, in order to produce radioisotopes for medical purposes. The irradiated target is then carried to the MEDICIS building by using an automated conveyer to separator and collect the isotopes of interest.

REX-ISOLDE
The post-accelerator REX-ISOLDE is a combination of different devices used to accelerate radioisotopes to boost their energy to 10 MeV per nucleon, increased from 3 MeV per nucleon due to HIE-ISOLDE upgrades. The incoming RIBs have enough energy to overcome the first potential threshold of the Penning trap, REXTRAP, but within the trap the ions lose energy through collisions with buffer gas atoms. This cools the ions and their movement is dampened by a combination of a radio-frequency (RF) excitation and a buffer gas. The ion bunches are extracted from REXTRAP and injected into REXEBIS. REXEBIS uses a strong magnetic field to focus electrons from an electron gun in order to produce highly charged ions. The ions are confined radially and longitudinally, after which they will undergo stepwise ionisation through electron impact. A mass separator is required to separator the subsequent ions, due to the small intensity after being extracted from EBIS.

The next stage of REX-ISOLDE consists of a normal conducting (room-temperature) linac, where the ions are accelerated by an RFQ. An interdigital H-type (IH) structure uses resonators to boost the beam energy up to its maximum value.

REX-ISOLDE was originally intended to accelerate light isotopes, but has passed this goal and provided post-accelerated beams of a wider mass range, from 6He up to 224Ra. The post-accelerator has delivered accelerated beams of more than 100 isotopes and 30 elements since its commissioning.

HIE-ISOLDE upgrades
To be able to satisfy the ever-increasing needs of higher quality, intensity, and energy of the production beam is very important for facilities such as ISOLDE. As the latest response to satisfy these needs, HIE-ISOLDE upgrade project is currently ongoing. Due to its phased planning, the upgrade project is being carried out with the least impact on the experiments continuing in the facility. The project included an energy increase for the REX-ISOLDE up to 10 MeV as well as resonator and cooler upgrades, enhancement of the input beam from PSB, improvements on targets, ion sources, and mass separators. Following the completion of the phase two upgrade in 2018 for the HIE-ISOLDE which included installing four high-beta cryomodules, the next and final phase will replace REX structures after the IH-structure (IHS) with two low-beta cryomodules. This will improve the beam quality and allow a continuously variable energy between 0.45 and 10 MeV per nucleon. As a state-of-the-art project, HIE-ISOLDE is expected to expand the research opportunities in ISOLDE facility to the next level. When completed, the upgraded facility will be able to host advanced experiments in fields like nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics.

Experimental setups
ISOLDE contains both temporary and fixed experimental setups. Temporary setups in the ISOLDE facility are there for shorter time periods, and generally focus on detecting specific decay modes of nuclei. The fixed experimental setups have a permanent position at the facility. They include:

COLLAPS

The COLinear LAser SPectroScopy (COLLAPS) experiment has been operating at ISOLDE since the late 1970s and is the oldest active experiment at the facility. COLLAPS studies ground and isomeric state properties of highly-unstable (exotic), short-lived nuclei, including measurements of their spins, electro-magnetic moments and charge radii. The experiment uses the technique of collinear spectroscopy using lasers to access necessary atomic transitions.

CRIS
The Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment uses fast beam collinear laser spectroscopy alongside the technique of resonance ionization to produce results with a high resolution and efficiency. The experiment studies group-state properties of exotic nuclei and produces isomeric beams used for decay studies.

EC-SLI

The Emission Channeling with Short-Lived Isotopes (EC-SLI) experiment uses the emission channelling method to study lattice locations of dopants and impurities in crystals and epitaxial thin films. This is done by introducing short-lived isotope probes into the crystal and measuring the electron intensity affected to determine whether they have been affected by the decay particles emitted.

IDS
The ISOLDE Decay Station (IDS) experiment is a setup that allows different experiment systems to be coupled to the station, using spectroscopy techniques such as fast timing or time-of-flight (ToF). The station, operational since 2014, is used to measure decay properties of a wide range of radioactive isotopes for a variety of applications. Results from the IDS have been useful for astrophysics, as they measured the probability of a particular decay seen in red giant stars.

ISS

The ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer (ISS) experiment uses an ex-MRI magnet to direct RIBs at a light target. Conditions produced by this reaction replicate those present in astrophysical processes, and measuring the properties of the atomic nuclei will also provide a better understanding of nucleon-nucleon interactions in exotic nuclei. The experiment was commissioned in 2021 and finished construction during the Long Shutdown 2.

ISOLTRAP
The ISOLTRAP experiment is a high-precision mass spectrometer that uses the ToF detection technique to measure mass. Since the start of its operation, ISOLTRAP has measured the mass of hundreds of short-lived radioactive nuclei, as well as confirming the existence of doubly magic isotopes. The setup was upgraded in 2011 to include a multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-ToF), allowing the detection of more exotic isotopes.

LUCRECIA

The LUCRECIA experiment is based on a Total Absorption gamma Spectrometer (TAS), which measures the gamma transitions in an unstable parent nucleus. From these measurements, nuclear structure is analysed and used to confirm theoretical models and make stellar predictions.

Miniball
The Miniball experiment is a gamma-ray spectroscopy setup consisting of a high-resolution germanium detector array. The experiment is used to analyse the decays of short-lived nuclei involved in Coulomb excitation and transfer reactions. Results from Miniball at ISOLDE that found evidence of pear-shaped heavy nuclei was named in the Institute of Physics (IoP) "top 10 breakthroughs in physics".

MIRACLS

The Multi Ion Reflection Apparatus for CoLlinear Spectroscopy (MIRACLS) experiment determines properties exotic radioisotopes by measuring their hyperfine structure. MIRACLS uses laser spectrometer on ion bunches trapped in a MR-ToF, to increase the flight path of the ions. Currently, the experiment is being designed and constructed.

SEC
The Scattering Experiments Chamber (SEC) experiment facilitates diversified reaction experiments, and is complimentary to the ISS and Miniball, due to SEC not detecting gamma radiation. The station is used to study low-lying resonances in light atomic nuclei through transfer reactions.

VITO

The Versatile Ion polarisation Technique Online (VITO) experiment is a beamline used to investigate the weak interaction and determine properties of short-lived unstable nuclei. The experiment uses the technique of optical pumping to produce laser-polarised RIBs allowing for versatile studies. There are three independent studies on the VITO beamline including a β-NMR spectroscopy station.

WISArD
The Weak Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay (WISArD) experiment investigates the weak interaction to search for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). The WISArD setup reuses some of the WITCH experiment's infrastructure, as well as its superconducting magnet. The experiment measures the angular correlation between particles emitted by a parent and daughter nucleus to calculate non-SM contributions.

Solid-state physics laboratory
Attached to ISOLDE in building 508, is CERN's solid-state physics laboratory. Solid state physics research (SSP) accounts for 10–15% of the yearly allocation of beam time and uses about 20–25% of the overall number of experiments running at ISOLDE. The laboratory uses the technique of Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) to probe the large quantity of available radioactive elements provided by ISOLDE. This technique has also been used to measure ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties of materials, as well as providing ion beams for other facilities within ISOLDE. Additional methods used for SSP are tracer diffusion, online-Mössbauer spectroscopy (57Mn) and photoluminescence with radioactive nuclei.

Beamline installations
The HIE-ISOLDE project introduced a network of High Energy Beam Transfer (HEBT) beamlines to the ISOLDE facility. The common section beamline, XT00, joins to three bending beamlines (XT01, XT02, XT03) leading to different experiment setups. The three identical beamlines are independent of each other, for example, if the first XT01 dipole magnet is off, the beam will continue to the XT02 and XT03. They all bend the beam by 90 degrees and focus it using two dipole magnets and a doublet-quadrupole. The XT01 beamline leads to Miniball, the XT02 beamline leads to the ISS, and the XT03 beamline leads to movable setups, such as the SEC scattering chamber. Offline 2 was recently installed as a mass separator beamline at ISOLDE, with the purpose of satisfying the increased demands on the original offline facility, Offline 1. The facility includes the beamline enclosed in a Faraday cage as well as a laser laboratory and control station. The offline facility is designed for target test studies, and upgraded to include potential for the production and study of molecular ion beams.

Results and discoveries
Below is the list of some physics activities done at ISOLDE facility.

 * Extension of the table of nuclides by discovering new isotopes

The ISOLDE facility continuously develops the nuclear chart, and was the first to study structural evolution in long chains of noble gas, alkali elements and mercury isotopes.

 * High precision measurements of nuclear masses

The ISOLTRAP experimental setup Is able to make high precision measurements of nuclear masses by using a series of Penning traps. The experiment has been able to measure isotopes with very short half-lives (<100 ms) with a precision of below 10−8. For his work on "key contributions to the masses..." of isotopes at ISOLTRAP, among other work, Heinz-Jürgen Kluge was a recipient of the Lise Meitner Prize in 2006.

 * Discovery of shape staggering in light Hg isotopes

Atomic nuclei are usually spherical, however gradual changes in nuclear shape can occur when the number of neutrons of a given element changes. Research published in 1971 showed that if single neutrons are added to or removed from the nuclei of mercury isotopes, the shape will change to a "rugby ball". Newer studies, from RILIS, show that this shape staggering also occurs with bismuth isotopes.

 * Contributions to island of inversion measurements and potential discovery of new magic numbers

The island of inversion is a region of the chart of nuclides in which isotopes have enhanced stability, compared to the surrounding unstable nuclei. The island is associated with the magic neutron numbers (N = 8, 14, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126), where this breakdown occurs. Various experiments at ISOLDE have determined properties of these island of inversion isotopes, including the first of their kind measurements performed with Miniball on magnesium-32, lying in the island of inversion at N = 20. Furthermore, the ISOLTRAP experiment provided results using calcium-52 to reveal a potential new magic number, 32, which was later disproven by the CRIS experiment.

 * Production of isomeric beams

A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of a nucleus, in which one or more nucleons occupy higher energy levels than in the ground state of the same nucleus. In the mid-2000s, REX-ISOLDE developed a technique to select and post-accelerate isomeric beams to use in nuclear-decay experiments, such as at Miniball.

 * Discovery of beta-delayed multi-particle emission

The first observation of beta-delayed two-neutron emission was made at ISOLDE in 1979, using the isotope lithium-11. Beta-delayed emission occurs for isotopes further away from the line of stability, and involves particle emission after beta decay. Newer studies have been proposed to investigate beta-delayed multi-particle emission of lithium-11 using the IDS.

 * Studies on nuclear resonance systems beyond the drip line and existence of halo structure

The nuclear drip line is the boundary beyond which adding nucleons to a nucleus will result in the immediate decay of a nucleon (nucleon has 'dripped' out of the nucleus). Accelerated RIBs from REX-ISOLDE are used in transfer reactions which allow for studies of nuclear resonance systems beyond the dripline.

Some light nuclei close to the drip line may have a neutron halo structure, due to the tunnelling of loosely bound neutrons outside the nucleus. This proof of the halo structure was made at ISOLDE from a series of experiments analysing the lithium-11 nucleus.

 * First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei

Research conducting using the Miniball experimental setup found evidence of pear-shaped heavy nuclei, in particular radon-220 and radium-224. These results were named in the Institute of Physics (IoP) "top 10 breakthroughs in physics" in 2013, and was featured as the cover of Nature 2013. In 2020, due to the HIE-ISOLDE upgrade, radium-222 was also found to have a "stable pear shape". Laser spectroscopy has been performed on a short-lived radioactive molecule, containing radium, which further studies into could reveal physics beyond the Standard Model due to time-reversal symmetry breaking.

Improvements and future work
Below is a list of improvements needed for the ISOLDE facility, considering both medium and long-term goals. Some of these improvements have been proposed by the EPIC project.

Medium-term

 * Parallel RIBs operation
 * New beam dumps for the two target stations will give a proton beam at higher energy and double intensity
 * Phase 3 upgrade to the HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator to increase energy beyond 10 MeV per nucleon
 * Upgrade of transfer line from the PSB

Long-term

 * Addition of a storage ring with the capabilities to store short-lived isotopes
 * A new HRS with a higher resolving power
 * New ISOLDE building
 * Installation of two extra target stations

title: ISOLDE


text:
Intrepid Aviation

Intrepid Aviation was an aviation museum based in hangar #4 in North Weald Airfield in North Weald, Essex, England. It was founded by David Gilmour of the rock band Pink Floyd, to own and operate his collection of vintage aircraft.

Gilmour's company went on to be a major player in the airshow business staging the Thurrock and North Weald airshows in addition to providing aircraft to perform at airshows around Europe during the 1990s. During this period Brendan Walsh formed the innovative 'Red Stars Race Team' that consisted of 10 Yak 52 Russian aircraft that staged spectacular pylon races at airshows in the UK. The Intrepid Aviation Company also supplied aircraft, pilots studio facilities and consultancy services to the film industry for over 80 productions including Steven Spielberg's Band of Brothers.

Gilmour sold the company after it became more and more commercial and less of a hobby:

"Intrepid Aviation was a way for me to make my hobby pay for itself a little bit, but gradually over a few years Intrepid Aviation became a business because you have to be businesslike about it. Suddenly I found instead of it being a hobby and me enjoying myself, it was a business, and so I sold it. I don't have Intrepid Aviation any more. I just have a nice old biplane that I pop up, wander around the skies in sometimes..."

title: Intrepid Aviation


text:
Mid North

The Mid North is a region of South Australia, north of the Adelaide Plains and south of the Far North and the outback. It is generally accepted to extend from Spencer Gulf east to the Barrier Highway, including the coastal plain, the southern part of the Flinders Ranges, and the northern part of the Mount Lofty Ranges. The Temperate Grassland of South Australia cover most of the area.

History
The main Indigenous group in the area are the Ngadjuri people. During the early colonial era, particularly in the 1850s and 1860s, disputes and conflicts occurred between settlers and the Aboriginal people. The Ngadjuri people now hold native title rights over the area. The extreme south west of the Mid North region is a part of the traditional lands of the Kaurna people.

Agriculture
The area was settled as early as 1840 (South Australia settlement began in 1836) and provided early farming and mining outputs for the fledgling colony. Farming is still significant in the area, particularly wheat, sheep and grapevines. Grapes are grown in the Clare Valley and Southern Flinders Ranges wine regions. Copper was formerly mined at Kapunda and Burra.

Weather districts
For the purposes of weather districts, the Mid North region is divided horizontally into "Flinders" for the northern portion and "Mid North" for the southern portion by the Bureau of Meteorology. In the northern portion forecasts are published for: Hawker, Port Augusta and Ororroo. Towns for which forecasts are published in the southern region are: Port Pirie, Jamestown, Crystal Brook, Clare, Roseworthy and Snowtown.

title: Mid North


text:
Guitar Craft

Guitar Craft (GC) was a series of guitar and personal-development classes, founded and often presented by Robert Fripp, who is best known for his work with the rock band King Crimson. Guitar Craft courses introduced students to new standard tuning and ergonomic playing with the plectrum (pick), often using steel-stringed, acoustic, shallow-body guitars from the Ovation Guitar Company.

By 2011, three thousand students had completed the courses. Students who continue to practise Guitar Craft playing have been called "crafties". Notable crafties include Trey Gunn and the California Guitar Trio (all four of whom, with Fripp, constituted The Robert Fripp String Quintet) and Markus Reuter. Crafties have recorded several albums under the name of "Robert Fripp and the League of Crafty Guitarists", for example.

After 25 years, the Guitar Craft movement transformed its activities into Guitar Circles, which offer introductory courses and performances in Europe and the Americas. Guitar Circles meet in many cities; in particular, The Seattle Guitar Circle meets for practices and performances and also sponsors a school.

Courses

Fripp's Guitar Craft courses were first offered by the American Society for Continuous Education, near the Claymont Court site in Charles Town, West Virginia. Guitar Craft stated that it offers ways to develop relationships with the guitar, music, and oneself.

New standard tuning

GC popularized New Standard Tuning (NST), Fripp's guitar tuning using the notes (C2 G2 D3 A3 E4 G4 low to high). Learning NST enabled guitarists to experience playing the guitar as a beginner, albeit usually a sophisticated beginner. At Guitar Craft seminars and courses, students work exclusively in NST. For new GC students, NST is unfamiliar, and so all students have the same experience of renewing their guitar playing while having difficulty adjusting previous habits.

Guitar Craft courses welcomed students with no previous experience of guitar playing, although most students had been playing for at least two years, so that they had sufficient musculature. Fripp has stated that previous experiences sometimes burdened players with bad habits and inappropriate expectations.

Picking and fretting hands
For the level-one GC course, the curriculum offers seven primary exercises. The first primary exercise for the left hand is followed by the second primary exercise for the right hand, which teaches alternate picking.

Alternate and cross picking
The guitar pick (plectrum) is held between the thumb and the index finger. The thumb is not bent forward at the first digit from the tip. Rather the thumb is brought to the index finger by its lowest joint, which maintains the convexity of the thumb's ball at the base of the hand; a collapsed thumb-ball signals improper technique. The four fingers point towards the elbow. The other three fingers curl inwards in a relaxed position, supporting the index finger, each successively supporting its predecessor. Holding the pick in this manner relaxes the hand, arm, and shoulder, allowing playing without tension. For a single note, the string is struck by only the tip of the triangular GC pick, with the force orthogonal to the string and the pick tangent to the string. The pick-string contact takes place above the sound-hole.

In the fundamental technique, the picking hand is suspended above the strings and moves over the strings without pivoting on the ball of the hand or touching the strings or bridge. Holding the pick in this manner promotes relaxation from the fingers to the back, and it also facilitates the alternate picking of single strings and the cross picking among several strings. Fripp, who is known for his cross-picking, teaches the technique in Guitar Craft. Fripp's cross-picking has influenced many other guitarists, particularly in progressive rock. The fourth primary exercise introduces cross picking.

Fretting hand
For the fretting hand, the technique is close to the left-hand technique of Spanish classical guitar. The thumb is placed in the middle of the back of the neck, not over the back of the neck (to finger bass strings).

Guitars

Fripp recommended that students adopt the Ovation 1867 Legend steel-string guitar, which had a shallow body. "Fripp liked the way the Ovation 1867 fitted against his body, which made it possible for him to assume the right-arm picking position he had developed using electric guitars over the years; on deeper-bodied guitars, the Frippian arm position is impossible without uncomfortable contortions", according to Tamm. While the 1867 Legend is no longer manufactured, it influenced the design of the Guitar Craft Pro Model of Guitar Craft Guitars, which  has been endorsed by Fripp. Besides the Ovation 1867 Legend, other Ovation shallow-body guitars are widely used in Guitar Craft and recommended for use in related performing groups, such as the Guitar Circle of Europe. The Ovation's truss rod can offset the increased tension of the NST strings, protecting the neck from bending.

Personal development

Guitar Craft aimed at personal development, not only through guitar playing and music appreciation, but also through improved living. Students were offered instruction in practices such as relaxed sitting, Tai chi, and the Alexander Technique. These practices are valuable especially for guitarists, who practice for at least an hour daily and therefore benefit from a stable and comfortable posture. While relaxed sitting has been practiced in Hinduism and Buddhism, the GC practice of relaxed sitting is pursued without reference to any religious tradition. Participants are encouraged to think critically and particularly to feel free to decline any practice as they see fit.

Crafty guitarists
Courses take place regularly in Latin America, North America, and Europe. By 2011, three thousand students had completed courses. Students who have completed a GC course and who continue GC practices are called "crafty guitarists" or "crafties". Notable crafties include Trey Gunn and the California Guitar Trio, who joined Fripp in forming the Robert Fripp String Quintet. GC-related Guitar Circles and other ensembles perform in Europe, the USA, Argentina, and Mexico.

League of Crafty Guitarists
GC's official performance ensemble has been The League of Crafty Guitarists. Robert Fripp and the League of Crafty Guitarists has released several albums, via Discipline Global Mobile. The League of Crafty Guitarists has been directed by Hernán Nuñez since 2002; Nuñez, a long-time instructor of GC, is one of the developers of the Guitar Craft Pro Model, whose design has been influenced by that of the Ovation Legend. For organizational logos, Guitar Craft and the League of Crafty Guitarists use a knotwork design, which was inspired by the red knotwork design appearing on later covers of the Discipline album by King Crimson; both designs were made by Steve Ball.

Alumni
The Guitar-Craft experience and the League of Crafty Guitarists trained guitarists who went on to form new bands, such as the California Guitar Trio and Trey Gunn; the California Guitar Trio and Gunn toured with Fripp as The Robert Fripp String Quintet.

Bill Rieflin, the drummer for R.E.M. following Bill Berry's retirement, developed "a musical style that beautifully balances mindfulness and force" through his long association with Guitar Craft; Rieflin stated that "I couldn't possibly describe in any detail the impact this has had in my life; I can say that it was and continues to be significant. Were I to say 'life-changing,' this would be true, but it wouldn't begin to communicate the depth of the experience."

Davide Rossi, violinist with Goldfrapp and Coldplay, regarded Guitar Craft and Karlheinz Stockhausen tutelage as the most important experiences in shaping his musical style

Other alumni of the League of Crafty Guitarists include members of Los Gauchos Alemanes, such as U.S. guitarist Steve Ball; Ball is associated with the Seattle Guitar Circle, along with LCG alumnus Curt Golden. German crafty Markus Reuter went on to play Warr Guitar in Europa String Choir and centrozoon, subsequently designing his own touch guitar and playing in Stick Men and The Crimson ProjeKct in addition to a solo career. The collection A Plague of Crafty Guitarists features the following Guitar-Craft alumni, who were listed in a review by Barry Cleveland: Tobin Buttram, Nigel Gavin, David Pittaway, Geary Street Quartet, Bill Hibbits, Janssen and Jensen, Sur Pacifico, Playmovil, and Santos Luminosos.

Guitar Circle: successor of Guitar Craft
In February 2009, Fripp recommended that Guitar Craft cease to exist on its 25th anniversary in 2010. In March 2010, a 25th Anniversary Course marking the Completion of Guitar Craft was held. In practice, Guitar Craft continues with a focus on Guitar Circles and The Orchestra of Crafty Guitarists. Courses entitled "Introduction to Guitar Circle" continue to be held in the Americas and in Europe. The website of Guitar Craft contains links to related and successor organizations and associations. Guitar Craft inspired the founding of the Seattle Guitar Circle and the Seattle Circle Guitar School in 2010.

title: Guitar Craft


text:
Dominic Lawson

Dominic Ralph Campden Lawson (born 17 December 1956) is a British journalist.

Background
Lawson was born to a Jewish family, the elder son of Conservative politician Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby and his first wife, socialite Vanessa Salmon. He was educated at Eton College, an all-boys independent boarding school, for one year, which he "absolutely hated". He then completed his schooling at Westminster School, also an independent school. He studied history at Christ Church, Oxford. Lawson had three sisters: the TV chef and writer Nigella Lawson; Horatia; and Thomasina (who died of breast cancer in 1993 in her early 30s). Their mother, an heir to the Lyons Corner House empire, died from liver cancer in 1985. Lawson's father was Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1983 and 1989.

He has been married to Rosa Monckton, a Roman Catholic, the daughter of the 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, since 1991. The Lawsons have two daughters (another daughter, Natalia, was stillborn), Domenica Marianna Tertia and Savannah Vanessa Lucia; Domenica, who is a goddaughter of Diana, Princess of Wales was born with Down syndrome.

Career
Lawson joined the BBC as a researcher, and then wrote for the Financial Times. From 1990 until 1995 he was editor of The Spectator magazine, a post his father had occupied from 1966 to 1970. In his capacity as editor of The Spectator he conducted, in June 1990, an interview with the cabinet minister Nicholas Ridley in which Ridley expressed opinions immensely hostile to Germany and the European Community, likening the initiatives of Jacques Delors and others to those of Hitler. Lawson added to the damage caused, by claiming that the opinions expressed by Ridley were shared by the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. Ridley was forced to resign from the cabinet shortly after this incident. Although some senior Tories called for Lawson to be fired, his proprietor, Conrad Black, stood by him. Under Lawson's five-year editorship, the magazine's circulation grew from 30,000 to 50,000.

From 1995 until 2005, Lawson was editor of The Sunday Telegraph. In 2006, he started to write columns for The Independent newspaper and in 2008, he became the main columnist for The Sunday Times. In his article for The Independent dated 2 September 2013, he wrote that it would be his last for that newspaper, although he did not give a reason.

He was a strong chess player and was the author of The Inner Game, on the inside story of the 1993 World Chess Championship. He was also involved in the organisation of the 1983 World Chess championship semi-final. Lawson wrote a monthly chess column in Standpoint. In 2014 he was elected president of the English Chess Federation.

Richard Tomlinson wrote in 2001 that Lawson had worked with the intelligence agency MI6, but Lawson denied being an agent. Boris Johnson, then editor of The Spectator, wrote a pseudonymous article on the subject which Lawson (then editor of The Sunday Telegraph) found "intensely annoying" because of the potential increase in the threat to his newspaper's foreign correspondents. However, in 1998, Lawson acknowledged that articles written in 1994, under a false name with a Sarajevo dateline while he was editor of the Spectator magazine, were "probably" written by an MI6 officer.

In 2016, Lawson attributed the result of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum to the legalisation of same-sex marriage.

In 2023, Lawson wrote an opinionated article on ADHD which many commentators and influencers online called out for it being ableist.

Publications

 * Lawson, Dominic, The Inner Game, Hardinge Simpole Limited, 2008, ISBN 1-84382-137-0
 * Diamond, John, Dawkins, Richard (Foreword), Dominic Lawson (Editor), Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations, Vintage, 2001, ISBN 0-09-942833-4
 * Lawson, Dominic, End Game: Kasparov vs. Short, Harmony, 1994, ISBN 0-517-59810-8

title: Dominic Lawson


text:
Talk:Swinton Lions

Assessed as "Start" standard with "High" importance. A section on amateur RL in the area may be useful, as would some photographs (particularly any from previous eras) and a section on notable players. Tim Fellows 03:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

It says, that the club was formed in 1886, but in 1871... There must be something wrong with those years..
 * Indeed! Just checked their website, and it should be 1866. Grinner 11:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Fund raising
Wikipedia is not a place to raise funds for projects. Thanks. Triage (talk) 15:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Stats
Who updates the stats Abrame123 (talk) 15:25, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swinton Lions


text:
User:Shivanayak

I am Shiva Shankar from Karkala (near Manipal) which belongs to Karnataka state in India. I love photography. Spirituality is my other interest. I am a Software Engineer by profession.

Contact

 * Web: http://www.geocities.com/shivanayak
 * Email: shivanayak AT yahoo.com

My accounts on other Wikiprojects

 * Wikibooks
 * Wiktionary
 * Wikiquotes
 * Meta
 * Wikinews
 * Kannada Wiki
 * WikiCommons

Images uploaded by me.

title: User:Shivanayak


text:
Shore patrol

Shore patrol (SP) are service members who are provided to aid in security for the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, United States Marine Corps, and the British Royal Navy while on shore. They are often temporarily assigned personnel who receive limited training in law enforcement and are commonly armed with a baton. Their primary function is to make certain that Sailors, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen on liberty do not become too rowdy. They will also provide assistance for Department of the Navy and U.S. Coast Guard uniformed personnel in relations with the civilian courts and police.

U.S. Legislation
In accordance with Title 32: National Defense, PART 700—UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS, Subpart I—The Senior Officer Present § 700.922 Shore Patrol: "...the senior officer present shall cause to be established, temporarily or permanently, in charge of an officer, a sufficient patrol of officers, petty officers, and noncommissioned officers to maintain order and suppress any unseemly conduct on the part of any person on liberty."

title: Shore patrol


text:
Sampling frame

In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions.

Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen and Salant and Dillman.

"In many practical situations the frame is a matter of choice to the survey planner, and sometimes a critical one. [...] Some very worthwhile investigations are not undertaken at all because of the lack of an apparent frame; others, because of faulty frames, have ended in a disaster or in cloud of doubt."

A slightly more general concept of sampling frame includes area sampling frames, whose elements have a geographic nature. Area sampling frames can be useful for example in agricultural statistics when a suitable and updated agricultural census is not available. In environmental surveys, area sampling frames may be the only option.

Obtaining and organizing a sampling frame
In the most straightforward cases, such as when dealing with a batch of material from a production run, or using a census, it is possible to identify and measure every single item in the population and to include any one of them in our sample; this is known as direct element sampling. However, in many other cases this is not possible; either because it is cost-prohibitive (reaching every citizen of a country) or impossible (reaching all humans alive).

Having established the frame, there are a number of ways for organizing it to improve efficiency and effectiveness. It's at this stage that the researcher should decide whether the sample is in fact to be the whole population and would therefore be a census.

This list should also facilitate access to the selected sampling units. A frame may also provide additional 'auxiliary information' about its elements; when this information is related to variables or groups of interest, it may be used to improve survey design. While not necessary for simple sampling, a sampling frame used for more advanced sample techniques, such as stratified sampling, may contain additional information (such as demographic information). For instance, an electoral register might include name and sex; this information can be used to ensure that a sample taken from that frame covers all demographic categories of interest. (Sometimes the auxiliary information is less explicit; for instance, a telephone number may provide some information about location.

Sampling frame qualities
An ideal sampling frame will have the following qualities:
 * all units have a logical, numerical identifier
 * all units can be found – their contact information, map location or other relevant information is present
 * the frame is organized in a logical, systematic fashion
 * the frame has additional information about the units that allow the use of more advanced sampling frames
 * every element of the population of interest is present in the frame
 * every element of the population is present only once in the frame
 * no elements from outside the population of interest are present in the frame
 * the data is 'up-to-date'

Types of sampling frames
The most straightforward type of frame is a list of elements of the population (preferably the entire population) with appropriate contact information. For example, in an opinion poll, possible sampling frames include an electoral register or a telephone directory. Other sampling frames can include employment records, school class lists, patient files in a hospital, organizations listed in a thematic database, and so on. On a more practical levels, sampling frames have the form of computer files.

Not all frames explicitly list population elements; some list only 'clusters'. For example, a street map can be used as a frame for a door-to-door survey; although it doesn't show individual houses, we can select streets from the map and then select houses on those streets. This offers some advantages: such a frame would include people who have recently moved and are not yet on the list frames discussed above, and it may be easier to use because it doesn't require storing data for every unit in the population, only for a smaller number of clusters.

Sampling frames problems
The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a question outside the scope of statistical theory demanding the judgment of experts in the particular subject matter being studied. All the above frames omit some people who will vote at the next election and contain some people who will not; some frames will contain multiple records for the same person. People not in the frame have no prospect of being sampled.

Because a cluster-based frame contains less information about the population, it may place constraints on the sample design, possibly requiring the use of less efficient sampling methods and/or making it harder to interpret the resulting data.

Statistical theory tells us about the uncertainties in extrapolating from a sample to the frame. It should be expected that sample frames, will always contain some mistakes. In some cases, this may lead to sampling bias. Such bias should be minimized, and identified, although avoiding it completely in a real world is nearly impossible. One should also not assume that sources which claim to be unbiased and representative are such.

In defining the frame, practical, economic, ethical, and technical issues need to be addressed. The need to obtain timely results may prevent extending the frame far into the future. The difficulties can be extreme when the population and frame are disjoint. This is a particular problem in forecasting where inferences about the future are made from historical data. In fact, in 1703, when Jacob Bernoulli proposed to Gottfried Leibniz the possibility of using historical mortality data to predict the probability of early death of a living man, Gottfried Leibniz recognized the problem in replying:

"Nature has established patterns originating in the return of events but only for the most part. New illnesses flood the human race, so that no matter how many experiments you have done on corpses, you have not thereby imposed a limit on the nature of events so that in the future they could not vary."

Leslie Kish posited four basic problems of sampling frames:
 * 1) Missing elements: Some members of the population are not included in the frame.
 * 2) Foreign elements: The non-members of the population are included in the frame.
 * 3) Duplicate entries: A member of the population is surveyed more than once.
 * 4) Groups or clusters: The frame lists clusters instead of individuals.

Problems like those listed can be identified by the use of pre-survey tests and pilot studies.

title: Sampling frame


text:
Alisa (Russian band)

Alisa (Алиса ) is a Russian hard rock band.

History
Alisa was formed in November 1983 by bassist Svyatoslav Zadery. The band's name originated from Zadery's nickname. The band's lineup was finally completed in 1984, when new vocalist Kostya Kinchev (real name Konstantin Panfilov) and guitarist Petr Samoylov joined. Their debut album Energia was recorded between 1985 and 1986. Energia was released by the state publishing monopoly Melodiya in 1988.

The relations between Alisa's two leaders, Kinchev and Zadery, deteriorated, and Zadery left the band. This occurred just one hour before Alisa was to perform at a concert. Kino bassist Igor Tihomirov was asked to replace Zadery for one concert. Later, Zadery created his own band Nateh! (НАТЕ!). Zadery died on 6 May 2011 due to complications from a stroke at the age of 50.

Alisa had a fan community called the Army of Alisa, known for their rough behaviour at concerts. It led to animosity between the band and Soviet officials. In 1987, the newspaper Smena accused Alisa's leader Kinchev of Nazi propaganda and worshiping Hitler. Kinchev filed a suit for calumny and moral damage compensation.

In 1988, guitarist Igor "Chuma" Chumychkin joined the band. This change was followed by the heavier sound of next two albums, Shabash and For those Who Fell From the Moon. Alisa toured through Europe and Israel together with fellow Russian heavy metal band Aria. The album Black Mark, released in 1994, was dedicated to the memory of Chuma, who committed suicide by jumping from a window.

In the new millennium, with albums such as Seychas Pozdnee Chem Ty Dumaesh (It is Later Than You Think, 2003) and Izgoy (Exile, 2005), Alisa's sound became heavier.

Alisa ranked among the top ten most popular Russian rock bands according to a Romir survey from 2005, and ranked first in the list of the most influential Russian rock groups according to a Komsomolskaya Pravda readers' poll from 2004.

In 2022, the band supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Lyrical themes
Kinchev was baptized in 1992 after a series of concerts in Jerusalem. Although early Alisa lyrics were typical for Russian rock - social protest and rock 'n' roll hype - since the late 1990s their main theme has been ideas of Christianity, as well as Russian patriotism and nationalism.

Kinchev's fairly conservative religious-patriotic shift was viewed unfavourably by some old fans that liked Alisa for their original "rock" message.

Studio albums

 * Recorded with Svyatoslav Zadery on vocals, before Kinchev joined

Current line up

 * Konstantin Kinchev - vocals, additional guitar (1985–present)
 * Petr Samoylov - bass, backing vocals (1986–present), vocals (1983), guitar, backing vocals (1985—1986)
 * Dmitri Parfyonov - keyboards, programming, backing vocals, additional guitar (2000–present)
 * Andrey Vdovichenko - drums (2003–present), ex - N.E.P.
 * Pavel Zelitskiy - guitar (2018–present)
 * Alexander Pyankov — guitar (2019—present)

Former members

 * Boris Borisov - vocals, saxophone (1983)
 * Lyudmila "Teri" Kolot - vocals (1986)
 * Svetoslav "Alisa" Zadery - bass, vocals (1983–1986)
 * Pavel "Pol Khan" Kondratenko - keyboards (1983–1988)
 * Alexander Zhuravlev - saxophone (1987–1988)
 * Igor "Chuma" Chumychkin - guitar (1988–1993)
 * Andrey Korolev - keyboards (1989–1993)
 * Alexander Ponomarev - guitar (1996–1998)
 * Andrey Shatalin - guitar (1983–1985, 1986-1988, 1989-2003)
 * Mikhail Nefedov - drums (1983–2003)
 * Igor Romanov - guitar (2003-2018)
 * Evgeniy Lyovin - guitar (1998-2019)

title: Alisa (Russian band)


text: Template:India-econ-stub

title: Template:India-econ-stub


text:
À rebours

À rebours (translated Against Nature or Against the Grain) is an 1884 novel by the French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans. The narrative centers on a single character: Jean des Esseintes, an eccentric, reclusive, ailing aesthete. The last scion of an aristocratic family, Des Esseintes loathes nineteenth-century bourgeois society and tries to retreat into an ideal artistic world of his own creation. The narrative is almost entirely a catalogue of the neurotic Des Esseintes's aesthetic tastes, musings on literature, painting, and religion, and hyperaesthesic sensory experiences.

À rebours contains many themes that became associated with the Symbolist aesthetic. In doing so, it broke from Naturalism and became the ultimate example of "Decadent" literature, inspiring works such as Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). In his preface for the 1903 publication of the novel, Huysmans wrote that he had the idea to portray a man "soaring upwards into dream, seeking refuge in illusions of extravagant fantasy, living alone, far from his century, among memories of more congenial times, of less base surroundings ... each chapter became the sublimate of a specialism, the refinement of a different art; it became condensed into an essence of jewellery, perfumes, religious and secular literature, of profane music and plain-chant."

Background
À rebours marked a watershed in Huysmans' career. His early works had been Naturalist in style, being realistic depictions of the drudgery and squalor of working- and lower-middle-class life in Paris. However, by the early 1880s, Huysmans regarded this approach to fiction as a dead end. As he wrote in his preface to the 1903 reissue of À rebours:"It was the heyday of Naturalism, but this school, which should have rendered the inestimable service of giving us real characters in precisely described settings, had ended up harping on the same old themes and was treading water. It scarcely admitted—in theory at least—any exceptions to the rule; thus it limited itself to depicting common existence, and struggled, under the pretext of being true to life, to create characters who would be as close as possible to the average run of mankind."Huysmans decided to keep certain features of the Naturalist style, such as its use of minutely documented realistic detail, but apply them instead to a portrait of an exceptional individual: the protagonist Jean des Esseintes. In a letter of November 1882, Huysmans told Émile Zola, the leader of the Naturalist school of fiction, that he was changing his style of writing and had embarked on a "wild and gloomy fantasy". This "fantasy", originally entitled Seul (Alone), was to become À rebours.

The character of Des Esseintes is partly based on Huysmans himself, and the two share many of the same tastes, although Huysmans, on his modest civil-service salary, was hardly able to indulge them to the same extent as his upper-class hero. The writers and dandies Charles Baudelaire and Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly also had some influence, but the most important model was the notorious aristocratic aesthete Robert de Montesquiou, who was also the basis for Baron de Charlus in Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu. Montesquiou's furnishings bear a strong resemblance to those in Des Esseintes's house:"In 1883, to his eternal regret, Montesquiou admitted Stéphane Mallarmé [to his home]. It was late at night when the poet was shown over the house, and the only illumination came from a few scattered candelabra; yet in the flickering light Mallarmé observed that the door-bell was in fact a sacring-bell, that one room was furnished as a monastery cell and another as the cabin of a yacht, and that the third contained a Louis Quinze pulpit, three or four cathedral stalls and a strip of altar railing. He was shown, too, a sled picturesquely placed on a snow-white bearskin, a library of rare books in suitably-coloured bindings and the remains of an unfortunate tortoise whose shell had been coated with gold paint. According to Montesquiou writing many years later in his memoirs, the sight of these marvels left Mallarmé speechless with amazement. 'He went away', records Montesquiou, 'in a state of silent exaltation ... I do not doubt therefore that it was in the most admiring, sympathetic and sincere good faith that he retailed to Huysmans what he had seen during the few moments he spent in Ali Baba's cave.'"

Plot summary
The epigraph is a quotation from Jan van Ruysbroeck ('Ruysbroeck the Admirable'), the fourteenth-century Flemish mystic:"I must rejoice beyond the bounds of time ... though the world may shudder at my joy, and in its coarseness know not what I mean."

Jean des Esseintes is the last member of a powerful and once proud noble family. He has lived an extremely decadent life in Paris, which has left him disgusted with human society. Without telling anyone, he retreats to a house in the countryside, near Fontenay, and decides to spend the rest of his life in intellectual and aesthetic contemplation. In this sense, À rebours recalls Gustave Flaubert's Bouvard et Pécuchet (posthumously published in 1881), in which two Parisian copy-clerks decide to retire to the countryside and end up failing at various scientific and scholarly endeavors.

Huysmans' novel is essentially plotless. The protagonist fills the house with his eclectic art collection, which notably consists of reprints of the paintings of Gustave Moreau (such as Salome Dancing before Herod and L'Apparition), drawings of Odilon Redon, and engravings of Jan Luyken. Throughout his intellectual experiments, Des Esseintes recalls various debauched events and love affairs of his past in Paris. He tries his hand at inventing perfumes and he creates a garden of poisonous tropical flowers. Illustrating his preference for artifice over nature (a characteristic Decadent theme), Des Esseintes chooses real flowers that apparently imitate artificial ones. In one of the book's most surrealistic episodes, he has gemstones set in the shell of a tortoise. The extra weight on the creature's back causes its death. In another episode, he decides to visit London after reading the novels of Charles Dickens. He dines at an English restaurant in Paris while waiting for his train and is delighted by the resemblance of the people to his notions derived from literature. He then cancels his trip and returns home, convinced that only disillusion would await him if he were to follow through with his plans.

Des Esseintes conducts a survey of French and Latin literature, rejecting the works approved by the mainstream critics of his day. He rejects the academically respectable Latin authors of the "Golden Age" such as Virgil and Cicero, preferring later "Silver Age" writers such as Petronius (Des Esseintes praises the decadent Satyricon) and Apuleius (Metamorphoses, commonly known as The Golden Ass) as well as works of early Christian literature, whose style was usually dismissed as the "barbarous" product of the Dark Ages. Among French authors, he shows nothing but contempt for the Romantics but adores the poetry of Baudelaire.

Des Esseintes cares little for classic French authors like Rabelais, Molière, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, preferring the works of Bourdaloue, Bossuet, Nicole, and Pascal. The nineteenth-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, he exclaims, 'alone was in the right' with his philosophy of pessimism, and Des Esseintes connects Schopenhauer's pessimistic outlook with the resignation of The Imitation of Christ, a fifteenth-century Christian devotional work by Thomas à Kempis. Des Esseintes' library includes authors of the nascent Symbolist movement, including Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbière and Stéphane Mallarmé, as well as the decadent fiction of the unorthodox Catholic writers Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam and Barbey d'Aurevilly. Among Catholic literature, Des Esseintes expresses attraction for the work of Ernest Hello.

Eventually, his late nights and idiosyncratic diet take their toll on his health, requiring him to return to Paris or to forfeit his life. In the last lines of the book, he compares his return to human society to that of a non-believer trying to embrace religion.

Reception and influence
Huysmans predicted his novel would be a failure with the public and critics: "It will be the biggest fiasco of the year—but I don't care a damn! It will be something nobody has ever done before, and I shall have said what I want to say..." However, when it appeared in May, 1884, the book created a storm of publicity. Though many critics were scandalised, it appealed to a young generation of aesthetes and writers.

Richard Ellmann describes the effect of the book in his biography of Oscar Wilde:"Whistler rushed to congratulate Huysmans the next day on his 'marvellous' book. Bourget, at that time a close friend of Huysmans as of Wilde, admired it greatly; Paul Valéry called it his 'Bible and his bedside book' and this is what it became for Wilde. He said to the Morning News: 'This last book of Huysmans is one of the best I have ever seen'. It was being reviewed everywhere as the guidebook of decadence. At the very moment that Wilde was falling in with social patterns, he was confronted with a book which even in its title defied them."

It is widely believed that À rebours is the "poisonous French novel" that leads to the downfall of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The book's plot is said to have dominated the action of Dorian, causing him to live an amoral life of sin and hedonism. In Chapter 10, Dorian examines a book sent to him by the hedonistic aristocrat Lord Henry Wotton: "It was the strangest book that he had ever read. It seemed to him that in exquisite raiment, and to the delicate sound of flutes, the sins of the world were passing in dumb show before him ... It was a novel without a plot, and with only one character, being, indeed, simply a psychological study of a certain young Parisian, who spent his life trying to realize in the nineteenth century all the passions and modes of thought that belonged to every century except his own ... The style in which it was written was that curious jewelled style, vivid and obscure at once, full of argot and of archaisms, of technical expressions and of elaborate paraphrases, that characterizes the work of some of the finest artists of the French school of Symbolistes. There were in it metaphors as monstrous as orchids, and as subtle in colour. The life of the senses was described in the terms of mystical philosophy. One hardly knew at times whether one was reading the spiritual ecstasies of some mediaeval saint or the morbid confessions of a modern sinner. It was a poisonous book. The heavy odour of incense seemed to cling about its pages and to trouble the brain. The mere cadence of the sentences, the subtle monotony of their music, so full as it was of complex refrains and movements elaborately repeated, produced in the mind of the lad, as he passed from chapter to chapter, a form of reverie, a malady of dreaming ..."

On the question of Huysmans' novel as an inspiration for the book in Dorian Gray, Ellmann writes:"Wilde does not name the book but at his trial he conceded that it was, or almost, Huysmans's À rebours... To a correspondent he wrote that he had played a 'fantastic variation' upon À rebours and some day must write it down. The references in Dorian Gray to specific chapters are deliberately inaccurate."

À rebours is now considered by some an important step in the formation of "gay literature". À rebours gained notoriety as an exhibit in the trials of Oscar Wilde in 1895. The prosecutor referred to it as a "sodomitical" book. The book appalled Zola, who felt it had dealt a "terrible blow" to Naturalism.

Zola, Huysmans's former mentor, gave the book a lukewarm reception. Huysmans initially tried to placate him by claiming the book was still in the Naturalist style and that Des Esseintes's opinions and tastes were not his own. However, when they met in July, Zola told Huysmans that the book had been a "terrible blow to Naturalism" and accused him of "leading the school astray" and "burning [his] boats with such a book", claiming that "no type of literature was possible in this genre, exhausted by a single volume".

While he slowly drifted away from the Naturalists, Huysmans won new friends among the Symbolist and Catholic writers whose work he had praised in his novel. Stéphane Mallarmé responded with the tribute "Prose pour Des Esseintes", published in La Revue indépendante on January 1, 1885. This famous poem has been described as "perhaps the most enigmatic of Mallarmé's works". The opening stanza gives some of its flavour:"Hyperbole! de ma mémoire Triomphalement ne sais-tu Te lever, aujourd'hui grimoire Dans un livre de fer vêtu... Hyperbole! Can't you arise From memory, and triumph, grow Today a form of conjuration Robed in an iron folio? (Translated by Donald Davie)"

The Catholic writer Léon Bloy praised the novel, describing Huysmans as "formerly a Naturalist, but now an Idealist capable of the most exalted mysticism, and as far removed from the crapulous [gluttonous or drunken] Zola as if all the interplanetary spaces had suddenly accumulated between them." In his review, Barbey d'Aurevilly compared Huysmans to Baudelaire, recalling: "After Les Fleurs du mal I told Baudelaire it only remains for you to choose between the muzzle of the pistol and the foot of the Cross. But will the author of À rebours make the same choice?" His prediction eventually proved true when Huysmans converted to Catholicism in the 1890s.

title: À rebours


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User:Salehara~enwiki

This is Saleh Ara (In Persian: صالح آرا).I studied Agriculture in Iran also i'm blogger. I'm a normal Wikipedian sort of getting addicted to Wikipedia! I love photography you can see my photos on my photoblog ( http://www.8pmdaily.com/ ), also my home page : http://www.salehoffline.com

title: User:Salehara~enwiki


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Øvrebø

Øvrebø is a rural district and village in Vennesla municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located about 25 km north-northwest of the city of Kristiansand. The village of Skarpengland lies about 3 km east of Øvrebø.

The district of Øvrebø covers the central part of Vennesla municipality. Historically, the district of Øvrebø was a separate municipality known as Øvrebø which existed from 1838 until 1865, and then again from 1896 until 1964. In Skarpengland, there is a bank, a post office, several stores, a motor repair shop, and a school. Øvrebø is known for the "Øvrebø ski", found at Mushom and considered for many years to be Norway's oldest preserved ski. It can be seen in the Holmenkollen Ski Museum in Oslo.

Name
The village is named after the old Øvrebø farm (Old Norse: Øfribœr), since the first Øvrebø Church was built there. The first part of the name means "upper" and second part of the name is identical with the word bœr which means "farm" and it is cognate with the Dutch language word "boer" which means "farmer". The name therefore means "the upper farm".

title: Øvrebø


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Hoku

Hoku Ho Clements (born June 10, 1981) is an American singer and actress. She is best known for her 2000 single "Another Dumb Blonde", from the soundtrack and film Snow Day, which peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as the single "Perfect Day", which appeared on the soundtrack of the hit comedy film Legally Blonde and was added to Contemporary hit radio in June 2001.

Early life
Hoku was born Hoku Christian Ho on June 10, 1981, on the island of Oahu (the most populous of the Hawaiian Islands), the daughter of entertainer Don Ho and Patricia Swallie. Her given name, Hoku, is the Hawaiian word for star. Her father was hapa, of Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese, German, and Dutch descent. She has one full sibling, a younger sister named Kaimana, and eight half-siblings. For a time, Clements lived in the affluent Honolulu neighborhood Diamond Head, with Don, Patricia, Kaimana, Don's ex-girlfriend Elizabeth Guevara, and Don and Elizabeth's two daughters.

Hoku frequently performed with her father, who taught her how to write songs, as a child. She was initially unaware of her father's fame, learning from people's reactions after realizing who her father was. "I thought everyone's parents had shows at night," she said. She graduated from La Pietra.

Career
Hoku credits her father for her discovery. "People helped me a lot, because of who my dad was," she said. She caught the attention of songwriter and producer Antonina Armato, who encouraged her to move to Los Angeles to meet with other producers. "She has a pure voice," Armato said. "I don't have to doctor it and use all the tricks of the studio." Hoku was attending Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego, dropping her last name when she moved from Hawaii, when she was offered a $300,000 contract from Geffen Records. Armato assisted Hoku in securing the deal, and Ho insisted that he and his lawyers review it before she signed. "I didn't want her signing something that wasn't good," he said.

Hoku's debut single, "Another Dumb Blonde" (the theme song to the 2000 film Snow Day), was released on January 18, 2000. A day after its music video premiered on MTV, it was the network's tenth most-requested video. The song was a top ten sales hit in the United States and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100, additionally charting at number 47 in New Zealand. Shocked by the single's success, Hoku dropped out of Point Loma Nazarene and began recording her first album Hoku (2000). The album was released on April 18, 2000, by Geffen and Interscope Records and peaked at number 151 on the Billboard 200.

Hoku had planned to work on a second album for Interscope after the March 2001 release of her single "Perfect Day" to radio, a track which appeared on the soundtrack of the hit comedy film Legally Blonde, and served as the film's theme song and was officially added to Contemporary hit radio in June 2001. Struggling to find a niche in the pop music industry, she left the label, disagreeing with them regarding her image and marketing, which she felt clashed with her Pentecostal Christian upbringing. She wrote and funded an EP, Listen Up, which was released on August 1, 2008, through the singer's own Ola Vista Records. She opened for Gwen Stefani's Neal S. Blaisdell Center shows of The Sweet Escape Tour later that month. In March 2018, she decided to return to her music and release an EP titled Called by Name. Unlike her previous works, this is her first Christian EP.

In September 2019, Ho performed at The Mission North Shore Church in Haleʻiwa, Hawaii.

Musical style and artistry
Jason Lynch of People has called bubblegum pop Hoku's speciality. Hoku's AllMusic page lists her musical styles as teen pop and Europop. She has been frequently compared to fellow pop singers Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears,  however, Charlotte Dillon of AllMusic has noted Hoku's distinct style, attributing it to the singer's Christian faith. "It's not very comfortable for me to be a sex symbol, especially because of my faith," Hoku has said. "That's why I enjoy being involved with the younger kids, because they relate to me being the girl next door." In his review of Hoku, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote, "Sure, it's commercial – that's what teen pop is all about – but never once do the record makers decide to push Hoku as a nymphet. Her songs are never sexual the way those of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera surely are." Erlewine also noted that her young-sounding voice made it appropriate that her music was "targeted toward middle-school daydreams and junior-high dances".

Personal life
Hoku became a Christian after first attending church in 1995 and she has said nothing means more to her than music outside of her family and faith. In 1999, shortly after her 18th birthday, she married 22-year-old Jeremy Clements, who she started dating while she was in high school. The couple eloped "for personal reasons", according to Hoku, later saying that she was scared to tell her father because of his harsh attitude towards boys she previously dated and how young she was at the time. Hoku and her husband Jeremy have three children and serve as Arts and Worship Architects at Branches Church in Dana Point, California.

Music videos

 * "Another Dumb Blonde" (2000)
 * "How Do I Feel" (2000)
 * "Perfect Day" (2001)

title: Hoku


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Starting price

In horse racing and greyhound racing, the starting price (SP) is the odds prevailing on a particular entry in the on-course fixed-odds betting market at the time a race begins. The method by which SPs are set for each runner varies in different countries but is generally by consensus of an appointed panel on the basis of their observations of the fluctuation in prices at the racetrack.

For British horseraces governed by the Starting Price Regulatory Commission (SPRC), the starting price is determined as follows: "For each horse in a race the prices on offer by all bookmakers in the sample are ordered into a list from longest to shortest. The list is then divided into two equal halves and the SP is the shortest odds available in the half containing the longest odds. The SP or a longer price will have been offered by at least half the bookmakers in the sample."

The selection of the sample is performed so that the sample size is an even number "wherever practically possible", since otherwise it would not be possible to divide the list into two equal halves. Only bookmakers that generate prices independently are considered, and those within the same ownership group are treated as a single sample. This method is very similar to the calculation of the median of the sampled prices, and the result is referred to as the median by the SPRC.

The principal function of a starting price is to determine returns on those winning bets where fixed odds have not been taken at the time the bet was struck.

Typically, on the day of the race, UK bookmakers offer a choice between placing a bet at SP, or taking a fixed price. When viewing future races, SP may be the only option available.

Some bookmakers offer best odds guaranteed, meaning that if a punter takes fixed odds on a race when the bet is struck and the SP turns out to be better (that is, higher), then if the punter wins, the payout is calculated using the SP. This is aimed at removing hesitancy among punters prompted by fears of taking what might prove to be a poor (that is, low) price before the race.

In the United Kingdom, the stake on an SP bet is returned if the entry is withdrawn before the race starts. For fixed-odds (ante-post) bets, the stake is retained by the bookmaker. Starting price provides a flexible way for punters to place their bets and potentially benefit from improved odds.

title: Starting price


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Hilary Squires

Hilary Gwyn Squires (1933 – 2019) was a South African judge and barrister, who was brought in to preside over the Schabir Shaik fraud and corruption trial in Durban, South Africa, so as not to tie up legal proceedings elsewhere while the trial proceeded.

Career
Squires was born in South Africa in 1933 and was educated at Rhodes Preparatory School near Matopos in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Diocesan College in Cape Town, before attending the University of Cape Town, where he met his wife, Irene Coralie Hopley. He left South Africa in 1956, returning to Southern Rhodesia where he first practised in Bulawayo, then in Salisbury. He was elected to the House of Assembly as an MP for Salisbury Central in December 1971. This was in a by-election, in which he stood unopposed. He was first appointed Minister of Justice, Law and Order by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith, later becoming Minister of Defence and Combined Operation, before being appointed a judge of the High Court. After the Lancaster House Agreement and the fall of the white minority government, Squires returned to South Africa to practise law and was appointed to the bench in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.

Squires was accused by supporters of Schabir Shaik and then-Deputy President Jacob Zuma of being racist, because of his Rhodesian background, and the fact that he was a white judge who served under the apartheid regime. However, the South African Human Rights Commission defended Squires.

He died of heart failure on 22 July 2019.

title: Hilary Squires


text: User talk:24.34.69.56

title: User talk:24.34.69.56


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Legendary Tales

Legendary Tales is the debut studio album by Italian symphonic power metal band Rhapsody. It was released in 1997 on Limb Music. The album is the beginning of the Emerald Sword Saga.

Band members

 * Fabio Lione - vocals
 * Luca Turilli - guitars
 * Alex Staropoli - keyboards
 * Daniele Carbonera - drums

Guest musicians

 * Sascha Paeth - bass, acoustic guitars, mandolin
 * Robert Hunecke - bass
 * Manuel Staropoli - baroque recorder
 * Thomas Rettke, Cinzia Rizzo - backing vocals
 * Thomas Rettke, Robert Hunecke, Miro, Wolfgang Herbst, Rick Rizzo, Fabio Lione, Luca Turilli, Alex Staropoli, Cinzia Rizzo, Tatiana Bloch - Choir of Immortals
 * Anne Schnyder - lead violin
 * Anne Schnyder & Helia Davis - violins
 * Oliver Kopf - viola
 * Paul F. Boehnke - cello
 * Andre Neygenfind - contra bass

Production

 * Produced by Sascha Paeth and Miro
 * Engineered and mixed by Sascha Paeth and Miro at Gate-Studio in Wolfsburg, Germany.
 * Cover art and logo design: Eric Philippe
 * Photography: Karsten Koch, Hannover

title: Legendary Tales