text:
Surface forces apparatus

The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) is a scientific instrument which measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and retracted using multiple beam interferometry to monitor surface separation and directly measure contact area and observe any surface deformations occurring in the contact zone. One surface is held by a cantilevered spring, and the deflection of the spring is used to calculate the force being exerted. The technique was pioneered by David Tabor and R.H.S. Winterton in the late 1960s at Cambridge University. By the mid-1970s, J.N. Israelachvili had adapted the original design to operate in liquids, notably aqueous solutions, while at the Australian National University, and further advanced the technique to support friction and electro-chemical surface studies while at the University of California Santa Barbara.

Operation
A Surface Force Apparatus uses piezoelectric positioning elements (in addition to conventional motors for coarse adjustments), and senses the distance between the surfaces using optical interferometry. Using these sensitive elements, the device can resolve distances to within 0.1 nanometer, and forces at the 10−8 N level. This extremely sensitive technique can be used to measure electrostatic forces, elusive van der Waals forces, and even hydration or solvation forces. SFA is in some ways similar to using an atomic force microscope to measure interaction between a tip (or molecule adsorbed onto the tip) and a surface. The SFA, however, is more ideally suited to measuring surface-surface interactions, can measure much longer-range forces more accurately, and is well-suited to situations where long relaxation times play a role (ordering, high-viscosity, corrosion). The SFA technique is quite demanding, nevertheless, labs worldwide have adopted the technique as part of their surface science research instrumentation.

In the SFA, method two smooth cylindrically curved surfaces whose cylindrical axes are positioned at 90° to each other are made to approach each other in a direction normal to the axes. The distance between the surfaces at the point of closest approach varies between a few micrometers to a few nanometers depending on the apparatus. When the two curved cylinders have the same radius of curvature, R, this so-called 'crossed cylinders' geometry is mathematically equivalent to the interaction between a flat surface and a sphere of radius R. Using the crossed cylinder geometry makes alignment much easier, enables testing of many different surface regions for better statistics, and also enables angle-dependent measurements to be taken. A typical setup involves R = 1 cm. Position measurements are typically made using multiple beam interferometry (MBI). The transparent surfaces of the perpendicular cylinders, usually mica, are backed with a highly reflective material usually silver before being mounted to the glass cylinders. When a white-light source is shined normal to the perpendicular cylinders the light will reflect back and forth until it is transmitted at where the surfaces are closest. These rays create an interference pattern, known as fringes of equal chromatic order (FECO), which can be observed by microscope. Distance between the two surfaces can be determined by analyzing these patterns. Mica is used because it is extremely flat, easy to work with, and optically transparent. Any other material or molecule of interest can be coated or adsorbed onto the mica layer.

The jump method
In the jump method, the top cylinder is mounted to a pair of cantilever springs, while the bottom cylinder is brought up towards the top cylinder. While the bottom cylinder approaches the top, there comes a point when they will "jump" into contact with each other. The measurements, in this case, are based on the distance from which they jump and the spring constant. These measurements are usually between surfaces 1.25 nm and 20 nm apart.

The resonance method
The jump method is difficult to execute mainly due to unaccounted vibrations entering the instrument. To overcome this, researchers developed the resonance method which measured surface forces at larger distances, 10 nm to 130 nm. In this case, the bottom cylinder is oscillated at a known frequency, while the frequency of the top cylinder is measured using a piezoelectric bimorph strain gauge. To minimize the dampening due to the surrounding substance, these measurements were originally done in a vacuum.

Solvent mode
Early experiments measured the force between mica surfaces in air or vacuum. The technique has been extended, however, to enable an arbitrary vapor or solvent to be introduced between the two surfaces. In this way, interactions in various media can be carefully probed, and the dielectric constant of the gap between the surfaces can be tuned. Moreover, use of water as a solvent enables the measurement of interactions between biological molecules (such as lipids in biological membranes or proteins) in their native environment. In a solvent environment, SFA can even measure the oscillatory solvation and structural forces arising from the packing of individual layers of solvent molecules. It can also measure the electrostatic 'double layer' forces between charged surfaces in an aqueous medium with electrolyte.

Dynamic mode
The SFA has more recently been extended to perform dynamic measurements, thereby determining viscous and viscoelastic properties of fluids, frictional and tribological properties of surfaces, and the time-dependent interaction between biological structures.

Theory
The force measurements of the SFA are based primarily on Hooke's Law,

$$F = kx$$

where F is the restoring force of a spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring.

Using a cantilevered spring, the lower surface is brought towards the top surface using a fine micrometer or piezotube. The force between the two surfaces is measured by

$$\Delta F(x)=k(\Delta x_{applied}-\Delta x_{measured})$$

where $\Delta x_{applied}$ is the change in displacement applied by the micrometer and $$\Delta x_{measured}$$ is the change displacement measured by interferometry.

The spring constants can range anywhere from $$30\times10^5 \frac{N}{m}$$ to $$5\times10^5 \frac{N}{m}$$. When measuring higher forces, a spring with a higher spring constant would be used.

title: Surface forces apparatus


text:
Talk:Metagame

Comments with no heading
There is a new game studies paper which investigates the emic usages of the term metagame. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2282338.2282346&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE. Perhaps worth involving. 128.250.26.20 (talk) 03:57, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Just thought i'd let you guys know that edited away two cases of "Hydro is a homosexual", on the odd chance that it was not spam after all (permission to delete this message granted, being my first ever wiki edit, it's probably formatted wrong anyway)213.35.175.182 (talk) 19:02, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Clarification:

It seems like wild misuse of the term 'metagame' has led to the creation of this wiki article. Metagame should describe something specific that isn't already defined. The primary definition listed is the definition of 'strategy.' Metagame should be about OUTSIDE elements... not simply gameplay.

Example (proper): A runner in a race gets a full night's sleep and eats a healthy meal before a race. This helps him place better in the race. The runner is using a STRATEGY that falls ENTIRELY OUTSIDE of the race itself.

Example (improper): While participating in a race, a runner tricks the other runners into taking a longer route. This helps him place better in the race. The runner is using a STRATEGY that falls ENTIRELY WITHIN the race itself.

Assuming no one has any contention with this usage, someone should change the article. The sooner, the better. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Justins21 (talk • contribs) 15:17, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

If you want something about RPS, add it. I cleaned up the section about Magic the Gathering. The section on meta-gaming versus metagaming was both pointless and false (the term meta comes from metagame) and I removed the notion about making plays that are objectively inferior since it's also untrue. 32.97.110.64 (talk) 18:46, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

How can this article not mention anything about Rock_Paper_Scissors? RPS is the quintessential metagame; the only way to win is if you have an idea of what your opponent will do next. --99.141.89.235 (talk) 14:01, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I think this article is kinda metarded. If you dunno what I mean, maybe I should write an opaque and awkward article for "metarded." Lemme know. --Nick 22:10, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

This _really_ could do with a simpler definition for people. At the moment, its just very difficult to comprehend, and could do with being explained better. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by CalPaterson (talk • contribs) 16:16, 27 May 2005 (UTC).

Agreed. While the history behind the term is fascinating, it is unclear. Some dates might clear it up. Also it lacks a concise definition like "playing with the rules instead of playing the game." I'd take a whack at it, but from the existing entry it looks like this is a deeper topic than I was aware of. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.165.249.186 (talk • contribs) 05:26, 11 September 2005 (UTC).
 * "Playing with the rules instead of playing the game" is NOT metagaming. A "rules lawyer" (someone who obsesses about the rules or tries to exploit loopholes) is still playing the game. Metagaming is about doing something *beyond* the rules as written. The andf (talk) 23:16, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

I've added some additional information to the general explanation, though I don't have the historical knowledge to add any dates. I also added a definition for "metagaming" as it's used in CCG/CMG tournaments. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Parakkum (talk • contribs) 20:52, 8 June 2006 (UTC).

Hm...I was under the impression that in competitive gaming, "metagame" can also refer to the highest level at which the game is currently played? For example, let's say in a fighting game, there are two characters, A and B. A is easier to learn, but B has more potential. So for beginners, A is better than B, but in the metagame, B is better than A.
 * In response to the above edit -- yes, that is true. Its a definition commonly used in reference to SSBM. -- The M.P. 03:23, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That seems a really simplistic definition of metagame since that seems to be largely part of the primary game mechanics. It's often the case in fighting games that there are easier to use characters and harder to use characters with more potential.  How is that considered beyond the normal gameplay mechanic?

64.233.51.146 21:20, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Move
move. -- Kjkolb 05:58, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

As I said on RM, the parenthesised section in title is unnecessary and against WP:MOS. Move Percy Snoodle 12:25, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Move per nom; this is the primary topic so no disambiguation is necessary. --Muchness 12:29, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per above plus faulty capitaliz/sation. David Kernow 15:19, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

contradiction
This article begins by defining metagaming as things done outside of the intended rules of the game, but several of the examples and much of the body text in the article define metagaming as simply advanced strategy within the intended rules of a game. Ideally, someone should find a reliable source on what metagaming is, cite it, and rewrite the article to match it. In the worst case, this article should be nominated for deletion as original research until someone can find a clear definition. Luvcraft 15:00, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem is, with terms like these, they are simply terms emerged into (relatively) common usage by the gaming community. There will be no "official source" with a definition save for one maybe discussed here and reach a common consensus of. Nor will there be one single definition for this term, as it is too broadly used for various different situations. The issue here is not finding one definition, rather, it's to rewrite a more general introduction and break down each individual common usages. Allan Lee 16:10, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * This is very much a postmodernist idea (come to think, anything with the word "meta-" in it is bound to have some element of postmodernism in it, unless it's referring to metastasis). It's very difficult, as a result, to define it without getting it wrong or something.Brokenwit 07:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see the contradictions: what are they explicitly ? --195.137.93.171 02:58, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

A few clairifications??
Definations and opinions I am adding are more to the RP and RPG sphere of the defination, I do hope it aids to in clairifying at least part of the contradiction. It is based strictly on administrative works and ovservations within various enviroments.

In the RP enviroments there are many factors that would constitue "meta-gaming". In its most basic form it would be "the useage of information, knowledge or skills that would not be normally known to the character in question to gain advantage over another character, situation/scenaro." This does include willingly useing information. Say, planning to meet up with a foe to give other players a show of a battle, useing biographies to know a players past AS a player and so forth.

This would extend into spotting an in game exploit or farming areas for items of experience in the eyes of many. To me these are different factors that I address from a different angle as an administrator and not metagaming per-say.

The part of the article covering this sphere seems to be pretty close to the mark.

Korbin Deathstalker 23:00, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Maybe a comparison to cheating would be helpful? It seems like the word "cheat" should at least show up in the article once. (After all, isn't that what metagaming is? "Transcending the rules" That's a heck of a rationalization! ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ebyrob (talk • contribs) 15:34, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

Strategy
In my opinion, this article is confusing to many people because it co-incides with their definition of "strategy". Aren't most strategies a form of metagaming? Also, in any game that does not force the rules upon you (as a computer game would), but requires you to know the rules (for example, a card game), you are "metagaming" when you play, no? [edited for clarity]

69.65.232.61 (talk) 06:56, 17 January 2008 (UTC) Metagame refers to the use of outside knowledge to create your strategy. For example, if you know someone always uses rock in RPS and therefore you always use paper,you are making use of the meta game. But you can also form a strategy w/o such outside knowledge. Rules of the game are within the game too obviously.

The key in understanding metagaming is the contrast between the set of rules inclusive to the game and any set of rules exclusive of the game. If you are the #2 chess player in the world and cannot seem to win any matches against the #1 chess player in the world but you know the #1 chess player is diabetic - you might slip sugar into his coffee or tea. If the sugar causes some kind of less than optimal play state in the #1 chess player to the point of where the #1 player resigns or looses then the #2 chess player can be said to have won through metagaming. The #2 player did not win through ANY strategy relating to chess but through a strategy related to blood sugar and his opponents pancreatic disability. The set of rules in this example that are exclusive of the game of chess are something like Diabetics must carefully monitor their intake of sugar and offset that with healthy eating and/or medicine OR loose mental focus, etc.

Misuse of Auxillary Game Mechanics
How would one reference the use of in-game elements such as pop-up chat boxes or other mechanics, that are still in-game, but would alter the outcome of a play? I will cite two examples from the MMO EVE Online. I think these instances would fall under the category of metagaming because it involves the use of an in-game function outside the scope of the given game world.
 * 1.) One could normally not shoot another neutral player in "empire" space without having his ship destroyed by "CONCORD" as a penalty. However, if the player (typically a griefer) were to invite the victim to a fleet and the request is accepted, the griefer could attack without penalty.  This would be (is) considered "abuse of a game mechanic."
 * 2.) While engaging in one-on-one PvP, Player A repeatedly sends chat requests to Player B, resulting in numerous chat request pop-ups appearing on Player B's screen. This poses a significant distraction to Player B, and gives Player A an unfair advantage.

Stovetopcookies (talk) 05:37, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Achievements and Trophies
XBOX 360 and Playstation 3 have an achievement system and a trophy system respectively. This introduces a meta element to the game play as in addtion to the completion of the game being played users compete in the meta game which is to get as many gamer points as possible across all games.

I have frequently heard achievment whoring (which involves purchasing a game with the sole purpose of getting the maximum achievements out of it) referred to as metagaming. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.144.200 (talk) 14:21, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Yeah its because Bungie called the 'halo metagame' which was the campaign scoring feature. see http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=12828 and http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=h3campaign

also for further usage, http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/214260/designing-the-meta-game/

its all RE: this sense of a linkage between instances of gameplay rather than a higher strategy (which encompasses gamer profiles on xbox, steam, origin ect)

tbh this should feature on the page as it represents emic usage of the term. I'd argue its probably false usage, but whatever, not our place

Could use some pruning
This article contains many examples and illustrations of metagaming, but not much discussion of them. It also suffers from the very broad range of activity covered by metagaming: from picking a DOTA team; through optimising a role-playing character build; to researching the habits of future chess opponents; and even politics! I wonder if, rather than a long list of examples, it might be better to have sections for computer, role-playing and conventional games and move selected examples to the discussion of each? Servalo (talk) 14:42, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Added Kate the mochii (talk) 05:24, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

whoever wrote this is wrong
Note: whoever wrote this is wrong. Metagaming does not “transcend beyond the boundaries” it uses the most optimal and efficient methods within the boundaries of the game.

Etymology ???
Etymology (/ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/)[1] is the study of the history of words.[1] By extension, the etymology of a word means its origin and development throughout history.

So there is section named Etymology but it's not pointing to the greek word 'meta' ? I suggest two changes:

1. Rename the section since its content is rather something else. 2. Include the pointer to 'meta' anyway for completeness and to carry the explanation.

But whatever - calling the section 'Etymology' and not providing any ... well. JB. --92.193.233.158 (talk) 17:59, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Added Kate the mochii (talk) 05:23, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Metagaming (role-playing games) into Metagame
Article is largely WP:OR. What little is sourced can easily be merged to the broader article without compromising it. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 07:28, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. The recent AFD shone a light on this whole area, and it needs a good cleaning. If it grows big enough we can split again. The history will be preserved in a merge/redirect. —siroχo 09:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support.  Only Metagaming (role-playing games) is sourced; the examples section appears to be entirely OR. While Metagame itself needs work, merging the sourced role-playing info would help that article. Sariel Xilo (talk) 16:07, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment: Upon reviewing the 3 sources more closely (see below), my view is that we have 1 strong source (Raiding the Temple of Wisdom), 1 source which narrowly discusses it (Forum-Based Role Playing Games) & 1 source which is just a passing mention (Edwards on The Forge). Per  below, it may nor may not meet WP:GNG; I think that depends on if we view forum-based role playing games as a subset of TTRPGs or its own standalone thing. I still think it is a WP:REDUNDANT article (1 sourced paragraph in the article) & that there isn't enough content for it to be forked from the larger Metagaming article. Sariel Xilo (talk) 17:09, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Note: Kate the mochii was blocked in July 2023 for abusing multiple accounts. Please see: Sockpuppet investigations/Petit Bébé Sariel Xilo (talk) 05:39, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose https://www.dungeonsolvers.com/what-is-metagaming-and-how-do-you-avoid-it/ https://tabletopbuilds.com/metagaming/ https://rollforfantasy.com/guides/meta-gaming.php
 * This is more than enough to presume the notability of the topic "metagaming in tabletop RPGs" and more than enough to write an article on the subject.
 * Relevant essay: WP:BEFORE.
 * Kate the mochii (talk) 03:30, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am skeptical that a Wikipedia article can be constructed based on those three WP:SELFPUBLISHED sources. I see what looks like 2 reliable sources in that article, and another self-published source. While based on the two good sources (I would need to investigate them) we may technically meet WP:GNG, I think it serves the encyclopedia better to employ a bit of WP:TNT and write up a good article here, which can be split as necessary in the future. —siroχo 03:56, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree with that these 3 sources above appear to be self-published blogs (Dungeon Solvers at least has an "about" section but can't find anything about Tabletop Builds & Roll for Fantasy appears to be mostly randomized tables & other tools for running games).
 * I don't recall much about either. I assume I used google book previews to access them and saw something about metagaming when looking for something else (if I notice something could be useful from a source, I tend to try to update multiple articles at once). I don't have access to these books right now so I can't tell you how detailed either source was on the topic. The third source in the article is by Ron Edwards (game designer) & was originally published on The Forge (roleplaying game website) which was an influential gaming website in its time (so it may meet WP:SELFPUB: "Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established subject-matter expert..."). I would appreciate another editor reviewing those 3 sources. Sariel Xilo (talk) 04:44, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Sources about "metagaming in TTRPGs" are readily available on Google Scholar. Kate the mochii (talk) 05:04, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It would be awesome if you could provide three of those sources (see also WP:BURDEN). Sariel Xilo (talk) 05:25, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Nah Kate the mochii (talk) 05:37, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C35&q=Metagaming+ttrpg&btnG= Kate the mochii (talk) 05:41, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:BEFORE instructs you to look at all the sources (yes even those not in the article) before participating in a discussion like this. Kate the mochii (talk) 05:44, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * First paragraph of WP:V also Kate the mochii (talk) 05:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I specifically suggested keeping the section I added secondary sources to in 2021 by merging it. Additionally, I did a quick review of the 3 sources you provided above which are all WP:SELFPUBLISHED. And I flagged that the secondary sources I added could use a review to determine whether or not metagaming was simply a passing mention or something examined in depth as I don't have access right now. Also, this discussion really falls under WP:MERGEREASON because it isn't an AfD.
 * WP:BURDEN states: The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material. If you say "sources exist", it is up to you to provide them. Sariel Xilo (talk) 06:00, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * "If you say "sources exist", it is up to you to provide them."

 * This is irrelevant since I provided a Google link which lists way more than three.
 * https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C35&q=Metagaming+ttrpg&btnG=
 * "Challenging" a topic when hordes of sources are available on Google forces other editors to trememdously waste their own time. It gives an ultimatum to avoid the "merge" (deletion) of an article that they might potentially contribute in the future. I am not saying this for me or this article in particular.

Kate the mochii (talk) 06:13, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * WP:BEFORE, which you mentioned at the top of this thread, applies solely to Articles for Deletion nominations, not merge discussions. Articles that have reliable sources can still be merged if there is a sufficient WP:OVERLAP, which can be argued in this instance since the merge target is a broad concept article and this is a smaller facet of it. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 06:22, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "WP:BEFORE, which you mentioned at the top of this thread, applies solely to Articles for Deletion nominations, not merge discussions. Articles that have reliable sources can still be merged if there is a sufficient WP:OVERLAP, which can be argued in this instance since the merge target is a broad concept article and this is a smaller facet of it."

 * There is no justification for "overlap". Plenty of the sources above like The Forge talk about "metagaming in TTRPGs" specifically, and not about "metagaming" in general with a paragraph on TTRPGs
 * Kate the mochii (talk) 12:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I would hope that as a new editor you could reframe the Verifiability policy on providing sources (ie. WP:BURDEN/WP:PROVEIT link to the Verifiability section on "Responsibility for providing citations") not as "an ultimatum" but instead as an essential part of creating, maintaining & expanding articles. Part of what the WP:THREE essay is highlighting is one way to meet the Verifiability burden is to provide the three best sources out of a list for other editors to review (or in this case, out of all of google scholar). If you want to add or keep a challenged piece of information on Wikipedia, then it is up to you to provide the sources.
 * I'm not a deletionist & have been part of many AfDs where the only way to save an article was to quickly find sources and improve it; saying "sources exist" was not enough - we had to actually do the research & prove it. Finding sources for TTRPGs & games in general can be hard and there was a real push at deleting/merging articles that no longer meet current Wiki standards (the D&D Wiki project has a whole essay on "Where did the articles go?"). I believe that merging is the best case for this topic (per on WP:OVERLAP) as we have a single sourced paragraph (where 4 sentences are sourced) which should replace the unsourced Metagame section. Sariel Xilo (talk) 15:37, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "I would hope that as a new editor you could reframe the Wikipedia:Verifiability policy on providing sources (ie. WP:BURDEN/WP:PROVEIT link to the Verifiability section on "Responsibility for providing citations") not as "an ultimatum" but instead as an essential part of creating, maintaining & expanding articles."

 * WP:BURDEN and WP:PRESERVE are both Policies.
 * It is reasonable to say that two back-to-back (pseudo-)deletion nominations [without having searched for sources beforehand]  is playing the words of WP:BURDEN against the principle of WP:PRESERVE. Kate the mochii (talk) 23:26, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Please assume good faith with other editors. We're all working together to create an encyclopedia. —siroχo 23:45, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree with Siroxo on assuming good faith. I wasn't involved in the aforementioned AfD - I only saw the merge discussion because Metagaming (role-playing games) has been on my watchlist since I added the only 2 RS it has in 2021. It is not uncommon for an AfD to highlight other articles that have issues; similarly, an editor may be reviewing all articles within a topic or category so might propose several AfD/merges/cleanups in a row. This isn't targeted behavior. While it can be annoying to have to WP:PROVEIT a bunch if someone is sweeping a topic you edit, an article should only remain if the sources can withstand being challenged (see above D&D project article after it went through a bunch of AfDs).
 * A merge discussion also isn't a pseudo-deletion. WP:PRESERVE specfically outlines that "instead of removing content from an article or reverting a new contribution, consider [...] merging or moving the content to a more relevant existing article". The sourced material would be retained but moved into the larger topic article. Sariel Xilo (talk) 01:48, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Note: Requested additional input from the following projects: WikiProject Role-playing games, WikiProject Dungeons & Dragons, WikiProject Video games & WikiProject Board and table games. Sariel Xilo (talk) 17:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support - it's the same concept just applied to different mediums. Doesn't require two separate articles to discuss both. Sergecross73   msg me  17:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support it’s the same concept. While there are sources talking about it in either medium specifically, the overlap means it makes much more sense treated together. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 20:27, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Source analysis
Just to keep track of comments on individual sources, I'm starting an analysis on the three sources from Metagaming (role-playing games). Feel free to chime in with your thoughts on any individual source or to add new sources. Sariel Xilo (talk) 15:59, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Dungeons and Dragons and Philosophy: Raiding the Temple of Wisdom book
 * The book is a collection of essays from various academics (here's a review from an academic journal & here's a review from an RPG publisher) and is part of the Popular Culture and Philosophy Series. While I'm limited to a google book preview, two chapters discuss metagaming. Chapter 20: The Gunpowder Crisis by Jason Rose goes in depth on the topic (starting on page 267 with the heading "From Gaming to Metagaming"; other headings include "Metagaming for Players", "Metagaming for DMs", and "Group Metagaming" on pages 271-273). While not every page (265-278) of this chapter was available, I would say from what I could review the entire chapter seems to examine the various facets of metagaming. Chapter 21: To Know My Character Better than He Knows Himself (pages 279-292) by David Aldridge opens by looking at how metagaming is defined in the D&D 3.5 & 4E DMGs before it goes on to talk about how the term "is used in RPG literature and discussion boards". From what I could review, Aldridge goes in depth on the philosophy of character knowledge so metagaming comes up in that context. With these two chapters, I would say the source provides significant coverage on the topic. Sariel Xilo (talk) 16:27, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Forum-Based Role Playing Games as Digital Storytelling book
 * This book is part of McFarland's Studies in Gaming series which states it is a peer-reviewed series; I couldn't find any reviews on this book specfically. It has a section ("Regulating Language and Narrative Through Player Behavior") which starts to outline metagaming behavior on page 66. It goes on to compare metagaming & bleed before discussing how forum moderators can enforce rules on player behavior. This quote from the section conclusion on page 72 is a good example of how the section is approaching metagaming: All three heavily discourage behaviors I discussed earlier—godmodding, powerplay, and metagaming—have a direct effect on the enjoyment of play, as well as on the narratives that emerge from it. Rules that regulate these behaviors are in place to maintain the consistency of the stories [...]. Rules against metagaming ensure that IC and OOC emotions and interactions remain separate from each other. The book itself is narrowly examining fourm role-playing games and not all TTRPGs so metagaming is approached from that POV making it less expansive than the above Raiding the Temple of Wisdom. Sariel Xilo (talk) 16:54, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * GNS and Other Matters of Role-playing Theory Chapter Three: Stance on on The Forge (roleplaying game website)
 * While this source is by Ron Edwards (game designer) (so self-published by an expert), metagaming is passing mention in the chapter: "A Narrativist approach to Stances usually involves keeping Actor Stance confined to limited instances, such that Author and Director Stances may generate a lot of metagame impact on the storyline." So no significant coverage from this source. This source is only used once for a single sentence and is one of three sources for the idea that narrativist games support metagaming. Sariel Xilo (talk) 15:59, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * D&D: Children of Éarte's Best House Rule Is Perfect for Preventing Metagaming https://www.cbr.com/dnd-5e-house-rule-metagaming/
 * SIGCOV: However, the show's most interesting innovation is an easy-to-implement house rule that could help any campaign combat an age-old problem in the tabletop-RPG space: metagaming. and throughout. RELIABLE: No consensus on reliability, thereby leaving discretion to use it to write the section and/or article.
 * Kate the mochii (talk) 22:58, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Five Types of Troublesome Players – and How to Deal With Them https://mythcreants.com/blog/five-types-of-troublesome-players-and-how-to-deal-with-them/.
 * How Metagaming Can Improve Your Campaign https://mythcreants.com/blog/how-metagaming-can-improve-your-campaign/ Those are not self-published (the editing team is visible on the website). So I think that it can be used to write the section and/or article. Kate the mochii (talk) 23:08, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Removing backronym not found in reliable sources
I am removing the description of the backronym "most effective tactics available" from the article, currently sourced with a citation to marketing copy from an online PC retailer. The recent discussion at Articles for deletion/Most effective tactics available resulted in deletion of that article and a consensus that that the term is currently difficult to verify.

The marketing piece currently used in the article is not usable as source at all. The best source found in the AFD was this CBR piece, which explains: ''From professional players to Twitch streamers to casual gamers, League of Legends is engaging, competitive, strategic and, at many times, a strange mix of fun and frustration. Because of this, players have created a system called the Most Effective Tactics Available (META) so gamers, coaches, strategists, viewers and analysts can see which strategies are the most popular or successful.''

As we see, this piece identifies the term as a "system" created for the game League of Legends. Note also that CBR itself is not generally considered a reliable source post-2016 (outside of a narrow few authors not including the author of this piece). I believe representing the term as more widely used constitutes WP:ORIGINALRESEARCH, and using the term in the article gives WP:UNDUE weight to a specific contested-reliability source covering one specific game. —siroχo 11:32, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I have reverted due to the acronym's use being verifiable info. Secondary sources:
 * https://thegamehaus.com/fortnite/fortnite-analysis-the-current-meta/2018/12/27/
 * https://killscreen.com/themeta/proving-grounds-geography-moba-map/
 * I have added those inline citations.
 * Other sources showing notability:
 * https://amp.knowyourmeme.com/memes/meta-slang
 * https://gethypedsports.com/what-does-meta-mean-in-gaming/ Kate the mochii (talk) 12:16, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "consensus that that the term is currently difficult to verify"

 * No WP:Before has been done to verify the acronym, or else, quite obviously, the sources above would've been found by the nominator and opening the AfD for this would be ludicrous.
 * Kate the mochii (talk) 12:27, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Gamehaus appears to be owned by an online sports betting company and has no listed editorial staff.
 * "The meta" source doesn't contain the term at all.
 * WP:KNOWYOURMEME entries are WP:UGC and generally unreliable
 * Get Hyped Sports has no editorial policy or listed staff and the article has no attributed author.
 * Please read though WP:V to get an introduction to how Wikipedia sources information.
 * As other editors have mentioned, WP:BEFORE is a policy for deletion discussions, the nominator did note a WP:BEFORE in their nomination statement, finding evidence to the contrary. Here the policy is WP:BURDEN. And beyond policy and guidelines, I generally recommend taking a critical eye to these sources before relying on them.
 * Given how "controversial" this term is, we need to be extra careful in what sources we choose to use, or else we risk becoming the source we rely on (unfortunately, not at all unheard of in Wikipedia history), see a recent example where a Wikipedia article cited a blog that cited Wikipedia Articles for deletion/American Unitarian Conference.
 * Please, @Kate the mochii, wait for a reliable source. If you want to, search for one by all means, but we must not rely on unreliable sources.
 * —siroχo 12:42, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * See sources below Kate the mochii (talk) 22:33, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As Siroxo stated, the AfD closed as delete. Numerous editors checked and found nothing. Furthermore, this is feeling more and more like WP:BATTLEGROUND. You must be willing to interact with others. Lambasting other editors is not that, especially when it's basic common sense that "meta" derives from "metagame". ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 12:46, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0013/html
 * "In esports, “meta” is an industry term sometimes meaning “most effective tactics available”."

Kate the mochii (talk) 22:23, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "It refers to the generally agreed upon strategy by the gaming community that is considered"
 * https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/meta/ While some claim this meta is an acronym for Most Effective Tactic Available (a folk etymology), it is short for metagaming, using knowledge about the game itself to beat the “game” of mastering that game. Kate the mochii (talk) 22:26, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2021/12/20/there-s-another-meta-marketers-should-be-concerned-with-their-most-effective There’s another ‘meta’ marketers should be concerned with – their ‘most effective tactic available’ Kate the mochii (talk) 22:26, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/what-is-twitchs-tv-meta-and-why-is-it-controversial-1865542/ Twitch has been host to a variety of different ‘metas’ in the past. Essentially, a ‘meta’ is a trend that’s guaranteed to get views, seemingly taken from a term popularized by MMO games that stands for “Most Effective Tactic Available.” Kate the mochii (talk) 22:28, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * https://gamerjournalist.com/best-new-meta-players-to-use-right-now-in-fifa-22/ There is a well-established ‘meta’ in every video game, which outlines a way of winning that has proven to be more effective than others. Some have referred to meta as an acronym that stands for “most effective tactics available.
 * It is used by industry professionals (https://themeta.com/our-story/) and reported by secondary reliable sources and online dictionnaries, so I removed the maintenance tag. Kate the mochii (talk) 22:31, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, the source by Mark A. Rerick and Sandra Elaine Moritz from a De Gruyter journal seems to verify the term: In esports, “meta” is an industry term sometimes meaning “most effective tactics available”. I would suggest relying on this source.
 * I'm not sure on "Gamer Journalist" as a source, as it just hasn't been cited in wikipedia before. We're probably ok including that citation, as we generally assume sources with editorial oversight and no obious COI are relaible until consensus says otherwise.
 * Dexerto is not generally considered reliable, and the drum seems to be a marketing-focused publication and not a good reference for a game-related article, especially given that we have an RS. Themeta.com/our-story is a primary source (the publication describing itself) Leaving those out will strengthen referencing, imo.
 * Hope this source analysis helps.
 * —siroχo 23:20, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "Dexerto is not generally considered reliable"

 * The latest RfC says there is consensus against deprecating it:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_266#RfC%3A_Dexerto
 * One can use discretion to include it in the article. It would be absurd that the topic "most effective tactic available" prevents you from using it, when you in turn can see Dexerto most often used in BLP articles. Kate the mochii (talk) 23:31, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It's pretty rare to deprecate a source, the fact that there was a discussion about deprecating is a sign of how unreliable it is. I'm just suggesting that by including the Dexerto source it slightly weakens the referencing, so better to leave it out now that you have a strong RS (Rerick/Moritz) and a second ok one (Gamer Journalist). —siroχo 23:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Siroxo, Kate the mochii has been blocked as a sockpuppet, and I have deleted the backronym redirect. Please use your own judgment how to deal with the content in this article —Kusma (talk) 22:42, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ping. I might take a few days to let it cool, and see what further consensus develops. Pinging @Zxcvbnm back to this talk page as well who proposed a merge above. —siroχo 23:09, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The blocked user really did a number on the article, as well as filling the talk page up with illogical arguments. Many of the sources they added are unreliable (i.e. "Premium Liquid Cooling Solutions") I am of half a mind to simply roll back the page to its state a week ago before they changed anything and go from there. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 05:15, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with whatever you choose. I will almost certainly help out as we continue to improve it. I will probably just take a couple days away from the topic, but feel free to go ahead whenever you like. —siroχo 06:35, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Lead - unique contents, undue contents
The lead is supposed to be a summary of the article per MOS:LEAD. This article has several entries which, while sourced, are not in the main body of the article, and may be undue to be in the lead anyway (the backronym for meta, for example).

Sourced content currently unique to the lead should be moved to the body, and the lead rewritten to summarize the article contents - this would also tend to reduce the need for sourcing in the lead. (Hohum @ ) 12:46, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * be in the lead anyway (the backronym for meta, for example).
 * This statement is outdated.
 * Given that,
 * The lead is supposed to be a summary of the article per MOS:LEAD.
 * Let's review the structure of the article and the lead together:
 * Metagaming in non-competitive games In casual games, metagaming refers to unstructured play through peripheral game elements, like u...
 * Metagaming (meta) in competitive games In competitive gaming scenes [...] the related term meta and its backron...
 * Metagaming in TTRPG  In tabletop role-playing games, metagaming has been used specifically to describe chara...
 * The lead maps one to one to the outline.
 * Sourced content currently unique to the lead should be moved to the body,
 * That is a good idea and anyone can boldly do it. Kate the mochii (talk) 22:55, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Arbitrary new topic heading
@Zxcvbnm Thanks for your recent work on the merge. I've taken a pass on the article. I tried to remove some of the severely unreliable sources. I also made sure the lead is more verifiable, given that the article may not be (when we get this to a better state we can move the citations out of the lead). I removed some unverifiable claims (I did not add the single RS we had with the passing mention of the backronym for now, I just removed the topic as it was UNDUE in the lead anyways. I'm not opposed to adding it back if DUE weight can be given with the RS). —siroχo 20:23, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Metagame


text:
Talk:Northcott Theatre

[Untitled]
I have checked with Andrew Sinclair at the Northcott Theatres marketing department, and he is happy for this content (which was taken from their website) to appear here. His email is Andrew.Sinclair@exeter.ac.uk

Martin Langmaid EDiT Computers —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.152.48.73 (talk • contribs) 16:16, 27 May 2005

title: Talk:Northcott Theatre


text:
Kosmos Express

Kosmos Express was a rock band from the 1990s. They were represented in both the mainstream and Christian market.

Biography
From early 1997 to mid-1998, Kosmos Express released two critically acclaimed records, Now featuring the hit song “Beautiful” co-produced by Craig Nepp (Save Ferris, The Ventures, Sense Field, Jeffries Fan Club) and Simulcast, featuring the smash-hit song “The Force” produced by Gene Eugene (Aunt Bettys, Starflyer 59) both on Zomba Music Group labels.

Kosmos Express was named after the Paul Weller song "Kosmos" from Weller's self-titled debut solo album. The legendary leader of The Jam was also mentioned in the Kosmos Express song "In My Face" on Simulcast, as well as thanked on the album.

Kosmos Express toured an intense live show; enjoyed airplay of its singles and videos around the world; appeared on television and movie soundtracks and various compilations; received favorable press internationally, including book inclusions; but decided to call it quits in 2000, though the group continues to receive airplay and attention to this day, especially overseas.

Frontman Rob Goraieb went on to lead the rock/pop group, The Get Set, and now writes for TV/film, most recently for shows on NBC Universal and MTV. Guitarist Beau Burchell joined L.A. band Open Hand and co-formed the post-hardcore band Saosin. Burchell is now a music producer, mixer, and engineer. Mark Powell went on to play drums for a variety of groups including the group Liar's Inc (Sony Music) replacing drummer Atom Willard (Rocket from the Crypt, Alkaline Trio).

Goraieb also released a solo record, Apartment 305 (B/R/M Records and Not Lame Recordings). Guests on the record included bassist Dan Schwartz (Sheryl Crow, Susanna Hoffs, Jon Hassell, Brian Eno), and drummer Mark Powell, who played in both Kosmos Express and The Get Set.

Goraieb got his start with Gleaming Spires, the band for the legendary eccentric duo, Sparks, performing on Gleaming Spires' record, Funk For Children (released on the Posh Boy Records/Vodka Label). Gleaming Spires is best known for their hit song, "Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?"

Band members

 * Rob Goraieb: Lead Vocals, Guitar, Songwriter
 * Beau Burchell: Guitar
 * G.J. Torres: Bass, Backing Vocals
 * Mark Powell: Drums, Piano, Percussion

Additional musicians

 * Ron Alayra: Drums, Percussion
 * The Greek: Bass, BGV's
 * Debbi Devore: Vocals
 * Melissa Hasin: Cello
 * Chris Diede: Trombone
 * Biff Vincent: Piano
 * Gene Eugene: Rhodes, Mellotron
 * David Stenske: Viola
 * John Edward Acosta: Cello
 * Terry Scott Taylor: Vocal Production
 * Rob Watson: String Arrangements

Discography

 * Now (1997, Reviews: The Phantom Tollbooth, crossrhythms.co.uk)
 * Simulcast (1998, Reviews: The Phantom Tollbooth, crossrhythms.co.uk, Kevin Baker, Cool Fools)

Compilations:
 * The Buzz (1997)
 * Statements From The Green Planet (featuring the unreleased song, "I Don't Have A Gun" 1997)
 * Apple "Modern Rock For Those With Taste" (1997)
 * Express Your Worship (Survivor Records U.K. 1997)
 * 7-Ball Gas Collection 1 (1997)
 * The Future CCM (1997)
 * Nothing But........Rock (Label: CMC/Canada 1997)
 * Various Sampler, Rock - Release 40 (1997)
 * Heavenly Hits (Zomba Records 1997)
 * Cornerstone '98 Sampler (Madacy Records 1998)
 * Razor Cuts (1998)
 * Transmitter Sampler CD Vol. 1 (1999)
 * Propska One (1999)
 * Power: Songs For The Soul (2002)
 * Radio Christian Hits/Best Of (Madacy Records 2006)
 * Christian Radio Hits Faith and Power (Madacy/EMI 2 CD Set 2009)

Radio Singles

 * Beautiful
 * Little Tree
 * Just Say It
 * Miss America
 * The Force
 * Gone
 * Emotional

Videos

 * Beautiful (1997)
 * The Force (1998)
 * Gone (1998)

Compilations:
 * Jars, Plumb, and Then Some (featuring "Beautiful" 1997)

T.V./Movies
Kosmos Express songs have appeared in:
 * The Moment of Truth 2: Take A Stand (Truth Soul Armor 1997)
 * ESPN Extreme (ESPN 1998)
 * The Climb (World Wide Pictures 2002)
 * Today Show (NBC 2007)

Trivia

 * Rob was signed as a songwriter to the band's label prior to Kosmos being formed. The first record was written before there was a band or even the name Kosmos Express. (Source: Fuel Magazine)
 * Acclaimed Los Angeles group Neve (Portrait/Sony/Columbia) paid to borrow the concept of the Kosmos Express “Gone” video (Director: Michael Peleaux) for the video of their hit song "It's Over Now" (Director: Jeff Gordon). Both group's videos worked well.
 * Crooner/lounge singer, John Jonethis, covered two Kosmos Express songs. He recorded "Love Is Me" and "Little Tree." "Love Is Me" was also included as a bonus track on the Now CD. He did such a good job with them that writer Rob Goraieb said he prefers listening to Jonethis' versions over the Kosmos Express ones.

title: Kosmos Express


text: Category:WikiProject Australia

title: Category:WikiProject Australia


text: Category:Economy of Azerbaijan

title: Category:Economy of Azerbaijan


text:
The Lantern Bearers (Sutcliff novel)

The Lantern Bearers is a historical novel for children by Rosemary Sutcliff, first published by Oxford in 1959 with illustrations by Charles Keeping. Set in Roman Britain during the 5th century, it is the story of a British Roman's life after the final withdrawal of Roman troops (around 410). Sutcliff won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject.

Lantern Bearers is the third of four books sometimes catalogued as the Marcus series (1954 to 1963), inaugurated by The Eagle of the Ninth. At the same time it is the fourth of eight books sometimes called the Eagle of the Ninth series (1954 to 1997). Its themes are more complex than in the first two Marcus books. Issues of loss, estrangement, and loyalty are more complicated, pulling main characters in conflicting directions. Reviewers tend to regard it as appropriate for a slightly older readership than its predecessors. On the other hand, it is "officially a children's book" while its sequel Sword at Sunset is "officially an adult book". According to Sutcliff, "my books are for children of all ages, from nine to ninety." Within the loosely connected Eagle of the Ninth series, The Lantern Bearers is first of the specifically "Arthurian" works. In the sequel, beginning three days later, the viewpoint shifts from Aquila to Arthur.

Title
The title is from a remark by one of the characters, Eugenus the Physician, "We are the lantern bearers, my friend; for us to keep something burning, to carry what light we can forward into the darkness and the wind." The effort to maintain what the protagonists see as the light of civilisation against Saxon barbarians is central to the plot of the book.

Summary
The story is set during the turbulent years following the withdrawal of the Romans from Britain. The land is reeling under the onslaught of Saxon raiders, the Pict War and a slave revolt. Vortigern, the British-Celtic chieftain, has invited Hengest the Saxon and his tribe to fight the Picts, and relies on Roman soldiers to hold the Saxons in check. Rome is increasingly under threat from the barbarian hordes surrounding it on all sides and cannot afford to deal with the problems of a distant province.

18-year-old Aquila, descendant of Marcus Flavius Aquila, is a decurion of Roman cavalry, serving in the Auxiliary legion at Rutupiae. The story begins when Aquila is home on leave at the family farm in the Downs, with his blind father Flavian, younger sister Flavia and trusted servants who have served his family for years. The few remaining Romans, including Aquila's father Flavian, look upon Ambrosius Aurelianus, the descendant of a Welsh princess and a Roman soldier, as the last hope of Britain. Aquila is hastily recalled to Rutupiae where he is informed that all Roman troops will be withdrawing from Britain in three days on orders from Rome. Caught by surprise, Aquila struggles between loyalty to his duty and attachment with his homeland. At the last minute, he decides that he belongs to Britain and not Rome and so deserts the army. As the last of the legions sail away, he lights the beacon at Rutupiae for the last time.

He returns home, only to have the farm attacked by a raiding party of Saxons two days later. In the skirmish, Aquila kills the leader of the band but is soon overpowered by the many assailants. He is forced to watch while a blond giant carries away Flavia forcibly. The raiders kill everyone else on the farm and burn down everything. Aquila is left tied to a tree for the wolves as revenge for killing the Saxon.

The Saxons are followed by a band of Jutish raiders, who find Aquila and take him to Jutland. Aquila spends nearly three years as a slave, during which time he learns that the Saxons who murdered his family and destroyed his home were no chance band of raiders but sent there by Hengest as revenge on Flavian and others who had dared to write to Consul Aetius in Rome pleading for help against Vortigern and the Saxons. Flavian had been betrayed by a bird-catcher who used to carry messages between the Roman plotters. Often tormented by visions of his sister screaming for help, Aquila bides his time for the day he can return, find his sister and take revenge on the bird-catcher.

Bad harvests force the Jutes to accept Hengest's invitation to settle in Britain. Aquila sails with them and returns to Britain only to find Rutupiae forsaken and devastated. With the Romans gone and Vortigern too powerless to resist, Hengest has free run of the land. Aquila is plotting his escape from the Saxon camp when he chances upon Flavia, who is now married to the man who abducted her and has a year-old child by him. She helps him escape but refuses to come with him, telling him that she cannot leave her husband and child. Devastated by her apparent betrayal, Aquila leaves alone and bitter.

He stumbles upon a cheerful bee-keeping monk, Brother Ninnias, who lives by himself in a forest, the lone survivor of a Saxon raid upon his abbey. Brother Ninnias cuts away the thrall-ring around Aquila's neck and gives him food and shelter. During his stay with the monk, Aquila learns that the bird-catcher had betrayed his father only after being tortured by the Saxons and had died soon after. Denied his revenge as well as his sister, Aquila realises he no longer has a purpose in life. Brother Ninnias advises him to take up his father Flavian's cause and offer his service to the Prince of Britain, Ambrosius Aurelianius.

Aquila travels to Dynas Ffaraon, Ambrosius's stronghold in the Welsh mountains and is soon accepted into the prince's Inner Companions. But past hurt and bitterness makes him wary of people and he soon begins to be called 'Lone Wolf'. Ambrosius tries to unite the people of Britain – Celts and Romans alike – to fight the Saxons. He tells Aquila to marry one of the two daughters of Cradoc, a Celtic chieftain whose life Ambrosius had once saved during battle, as an alliance to unite the two peoples and Aquila chooses younger spirited Ness over the beautiful elder sister, Rhyanidd. At first Aquila is quite indifferent to Ness and she resents him for taking her away from her home and her people. As years pass by, Aquila learns to let go of his hurt and open up to others, especially after the birth of his son who he names Flavian in his father's memory.

In the years of skirmishes, uneasy truce and battles that follow, Ambrosius finally scores a decisive victory over the Saxons with the help of Artos (Arthur), his nephew, and Aquila. During the fight, Aquila sees a young dark-haired boy resembling his sister. He tries to dismiss it as his imagination but comes upon the boy lying unconscious on the road and realises that it is indeed Flavia's son. With Brother Ninnias' help, he tends to the boy's injuries, hides him from British soldiers and sends him back to his mother with a message for her. Later Aquila publicly confesses his deed to Ambrosius on the night of the banquet celebrating Ambrosius' ascension as the High King of Britain. Ambrosius listens to the whole story and forgives him. Aquila finally feels free and content even though he knows that the respite he and his people have found is only temporary and they cannot hold off the invaders from Britain forever.

Background
The novel is set in Britain at the beginning of the Early Middle Ages when the once-dominant Roman empire was declining and tribes from the east began migrating into West Europe. The author uses this time period for a realistic retelling of the mythical tale of King Arthur. The next book in the series, Sword at Sunset, continues the same story.

Arthur's supposed uncle, Ambrosius Aurelianus is seen as a remnant of the old Roman ways trying to defend his homeland against what seems to be an unstoppable invasion of foreign barbarians. The book presents several other historical-mythical figures such as Hengist and Horsa, the Saxon chiefs who invade England and Vortigern, king of Britons. Brother Ninnias could be a version of the monk Nennius, who is traditionally considered to have authored Historia Brittonum.

Several aspects of the time period are treated sympathetically. The story juxtaposes several opposing points of view such as the resentment of the Romano-Britannic people who are being invaded by what they see as personifications of evil and darkness, and the desperate need of the continental tribes who face poor harvests and starvation in their own lands.

title: The Lantern Bearers (Sutcliff novel)


text: Category:Economy of Turkey

title: Category:Economy of Turkey


text:
Talk:Kosmos Express

Other Bands
I removed extraneous info on The Get Set--it would go well on a page for that band, but it out-of-place here.--Velvet elvis81 04:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Don't VfD
For those who'd consider taking this to a VfD: despite the lack of content at this point, this actually a notable band, as opposed to the self-promoting garage bands we often see creating pages for themselves. I don't have time now to expand it, but I'll check back later to see if anyone else has. Xcali 16:19, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kosmos Express


text:
Size zero

Size zero or size 0 is a women's clothing size in the US catalog sizes system. Size 0 and 00 were invented due to increasing body sizes and therefore the changing of clothing sizes over time (referred to as vanity sizing or size inflation), which has caused the adoption of lower numbers. For example, a 2011 size 0 is equivalent to a 2001 size 2, and is larger than a 1970 size 6 or 1958 size 8. Modern size 0 clothing, depending on brand and style, fits measurements of chest-stomach-hips from 30-22-32 inches (76-56-81 cm) to 33-25-35 inches (84-64-89 cm). Size 00 can be anywhere from 0.5 to 2 inches (1 to 5 cm) smaller than size 0. Size zero often refers to thin people (especially women and adolescent girls), or trends associated with them.

Criticism
The use of size 0 in advertisements and products of the clothing industry has been met with some media attention. In July 2009, Katie Green won a competition to represent Wonderbra. They referred her to the Premier Model Management agency for representation. Green reported that "one of the guys from the PR agency from Wonderbra" insisted that she lose weight, that it wasn't normal for models to be a (UK) size 8. "Unless I could drop down to that weight, they wouldn't be willing to get me more work." Green at first complied, but then quit the agency. She then, with Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik, launched a campaign titled "Say No to Size Zero". They began a petition drive with the goal to put an end to size zero and underweight models on the catwalk or working in the fashion industry. They set a goal to obtain 20,000 signatures and plan to present it to the UK Prime Minister and Parliament. They are campaigning for legislation that would require regular health checkups for all models before undertaking any assignments.

Movement against size zero

After the death of Luisel Ramos from anorexia in August, 2006, Madrid Fashion Week banned size-zero models the following month, and the Milan fashion show took the same action shortly afterward, banning models with a body mass index (BMI) of 18 or below. As a result, five models were banned from taking part.

As of 2007, the British Fashion Council promoted the creation of a task force to establish guidelines for the fashion industry. They also urged fashion designers to use healthy models. In September 2019, Victoria Beckham received criticism on social media over thin models who appeared "ill" in her Fall fashion show. In 2015 she had "vowed that her agents were in touch with the agents of all the models she uses in an effort to make sure that the women are healthy". Representatives for Beckham did not respond to Fox News’s request for comment.

Italian fashion labels Prada, Versace and Armani have agreed to ban size-zero models from their catwalks. Under the new self-regulation code drawn up in Italy by the government and designers, all models in future shows will be "full-bodied", and larger sizes will be introduced at shows. Fashion designer Giorgio Armani has given support to the effort to eliminate ultra-thin models. "The time has now come for clarity. We all need to work together against anorexia."

France banned size-zero models by law stipulating that models needed a doctor’s note attesting to their health in regards to their age, weight and body shape. The new charter brought forth by the iconic fashion companies take the 2015 legislation further, committing their brands to banning models who are smaller than size 34 for women and 44 for men (for reference, a French size 34 is roughly equivalent to a size 0 in the US). Paris fashion week has also banned size-zero models from their catwalks. Kering and LVMH, parent company of brands like Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent and Givenchy have created a new charter that bans the hiring of excessively thin models. The CEO of Kering, Francois-Henri Pinault spoke of the decision, “We hope to inspire the entire industry to follow suit, thus making a real difference in the working conditions of fashion models industry-wide."

Israel banned underweight models in March 2012. Their law stipulates that women and men hired as models must be certified by a physician as having a body mass index (BMI) of no less than 18.5. The legislation also requires the inclusion of an informational note in adverts using photos manipulated to make models look thinner. There were divergent views on the ban within the Israeli fashion industry. One modelling agent, who had helped promote the bill, suggested that the fall in typical dress sizes for models in the preceding 15–20 years amounted to "the difference between death and life". However, another described the law as "arbitrary" and "not appropriate for every model".

title: Size zero