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Ivor Grattan-Guinness

Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a historian of mathematics and logic.

Life
Grattan-Guinness was born in Bakewell, England; his father was a mathematics teacher and educational administrator. He gained his bachelor degree as a Mathematics Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and an MSc (Econ) in Mathematical Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics in 1966. He gained both the doctorate (PhD) in 1969, and higher doctorate (D.Sc.) in 1978, in the History of Science at the University of London. He was Emeritus Professor of the History of Mathematics and Logic at Middlesex University, and a Visiting Research Associate at the London School of Economics.

He was awarded the Kenneth O. May Medal for services to the History of Mathematics by the International Commission on the History of Mathematics (ICHM) on 31 July 2009, at Budapest, on the occasion of the 23rd International Congress for the History of Science. In 2010, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Bertrand Russell Society.

Grattan-Guinness spent much of his career at Middlesex University. He was a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, and a member of the International Academy of the History of Science.

From 1974 to 1981, Grattan-Guinness was editor of the history of science journal Annals of Science. In 1979 he founded the journal History and Philosophy of Logic, and edited it until 1992. He was an associate editor of Historia Mathematica for twenty years from its inception in 1974, and again from 1996.

He also acted as advisory editor to the editions of the writings of C.S. Peirce and Bertrand Russell, and to several other journals and book series. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Commission on the History of Mathematics from 1977 to 1993.

Grattan-Guinness gave over 570 invited lectures to organisations and societies, or to conferences and congresses, in over 20 countries around the world. These lectures include tours undertaken in Australia, New Zealand, Italy, South Africa and Portugal.

From 1986 to 1988, Grattan-Guinness was the President of the British Society for the History of Mathematics, and for 1992 the Vice-President. In 1991, he was elected an effective member of the Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences. He was the Associate Editor for mathematicians and statisticians for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

Grattan-Guinness took an interest in the phenomenon of coincidence and has written on it for the Society for Psychical Research. He claimed to have a recurrent affinity with one particular number, namely the square of 15 (225), even recounting one occasion when a car was in front of him with the number plate IGG225, i.e. his very initials and that number. He died of heart failure on 12 December 2014, aged 73, survived by his wife Enid Grattan-Guinness.

The personal papers of Grattan-Guinness are preserved at the Archives of American Mathematics. His offprint collection is held by the American Institute of Mathematics.

Work
The work of Grattan-Guinness touched on all historical periods, but he specialised in the development of the calculus and mathematical analysis, and their applications to mechanics and mathematical physics, and in the rise of set theory and mathematical logic. He was especially interested in characterising how past thinkers, far removed from us in time, view their findings differently from the way we see them now (for example, Euclid). He has emphasised the importance of ignorance as an epistemological notion in this task. He did extensive research with original sources both published and unpublished, thanks to his reading and spoken knowledge of the main European languages.

Books written

 * 1970. The Development of the Foundations of Mathematical Analysis from Euler to Riemann. MIT Press.  ISBN 0262070340
 * 1972. Joseph Fourier, 1768–1830 (In collaboration with J.R. Ravetz). MIT Press. ISBN 0262070413
 * 1977. Dear Russell—Dear Jourdain: a Commentary on Russell's Logic, Based on His Correspondence with Philip Jourdain. Duckworth. ISBN 0231044607
 * 1980. From the Calculus to Set Theory, 1630–1910: An Introductory History (with chapters written by H. J. M. Bos et al.). Duckworth. ISBN 0715612956
 * 1982. Psychical Research: A Guide to Its History, Principles & Practices - in celebration of 100 years of the Society for Psychical Research, Aquarian Press, ISBN 0-85030-316-8.
 * 1990. Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840 in 3 Vols. Birkhauser. ISBN 0817622403
 * 1997. The Rainbow of Mathematics: A History of the Mathematical Sciences. Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686179-9 (pbk). W. W. Norton and Company (1999). ISBN 978-0-393-04650-2 (hbk), ISBN 0-393-32030-8 (pbk).
 * 2000. (Reprint) From the Calculus to Set Theory 1630–1910: An Introductory History (ed. by I. Grattan-Guiness with chapters written by H. J. M. Bos, R. Bunn, J. W. Dauben, I. Grattan-Guinness, T. W. Hawkins, & K. Møller Pederson). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07082-2.
 * 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots, 1870–1940: Logics, Set Theories, and the Foundations of Mathematics from Cantor through Russell to Gödel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05858-X. Bibliography.  (For research on this book he held a Leverhulme Fellowship from 1995 to 1997.)
 * 2009 Routes of Learning: Highways, Pathways, and Byways in the History of Mathematics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-9248-1.

Editions

 * W.H. and G.C. Young, The theory of sets of points, 2nd edition (ed. with R.C.H. Tanner; 1972, New York: Chelsea). [Introduction and appendix.]
 * E.L. Post, "The modern paradoxes", History and philosophy of logic, 11 (1990), 85–91.
 * Philip E. B. Jourdain, Selected essays on the history of set theory and logics (1906–1918), (1991, Bologna: CLUEB), xlii + 352 pages. [Introduction and indexes.]
 * George Boole, Selected manuscripts on logic and its philosophy (ed. with G. Bornet, 1997, Basel: Birkhäuser), lxvi + 236 pages.[Part Introduction and editorial material.]
 * Grattan-Guinness' The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940 is a sweeping study of the rise of mathematical logic during that critical period. The central theme of the book is the rise of logicism, thanks to the efforts of Frege, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred Whitehead, and its demise due to Gödel and indifference. Whole chapters are devoted to the emergence of algebraic logic in the 19th century UK, Cantor and the emergence of set theory, the emergence of mathematical logic in Germany told in a way that downplays Frege's importance, and to Peano and his followers. There follow four chapters devoted to the ideas of the young Bertrand Russell, the writing of both The Principles of Mathematics and Principia Mathematica, and to the mixed reception the ideas and methods encountered over the period 1910–40. The book touches on the rise of model theory as well as proof theory, and on the emergence of American research on the foundation of mathematics, especially in the hands of E. H. Moore and his students, of the postulate theorists, and of Quine. While Polish logic is often mentioned, it is not covered systematically. Finally, the book is a contribution to the history of philosophy as well as of mathematics.

Books edited

 * 2003. Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences, 2 vols. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7396-7
 * 2005. Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50871-6

Articles

 * 1975. "Mathematical Bibliography for W. H. and G. C. Young." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1975, pp. 43-58.
 * 1978. "How Bertrand Russell Discovered His Paradox." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 1978, pp. 127-137.
 * 1989. "The Earliest Contribution to Location Theory? Spatio-economic Equilibrium with Lamé and Clapeyron, 1829." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, Vol. 31, No. 3, July 1986, pp. 195-220.
 * 1990. "The Varieties of Mechanics by 1800." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 17, No. 4, November 1990, pp. 313-338.
 * 1992. "A Note on The Educational Times and Mathematical Questions" Historia Mathematica, Vol. 19, No. 1, February 1992, pp. 76-78.
 * 1994. "Contributing to the Educational Times: Letters to W.J.C. Miller." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 21, No. 2, May 1994, pp. 204-205.
 * 1996. "Mozart 18, Beethoven 32: Hidden Shadows of Integers in Classical Music", pages 29 to 48 in History of Mathematics: States of the Art, edited by Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts, Eberhard Knobloch and Hans Wussing, Academic Press ISBN 0-12-204055-4
 * 1996. "Numbers, Magnitudes, Ratios, and Proportions in Euclid's Elements: How Did He Handle Them?" Historia Mathematica, Vol. 23, No. 4, November 1996, pp. 355-375.
 * 2000. "Christianity and Mathematics: Kinds of Link and the Rare Occurrences after 1750." Physis: Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza XXXVII. Nuova Serie. Fasc. 2. 2000: 467–500.
 * 2001. "Manifestations of Mathematics in and around the Christianities: Some Examples and Issues." Historia Scientiarum 11-1. July 2001: 48–84.
 * 2002. A Sideways Look at Hilbert's Twenty-Three Problems of 1900, Notices of the American Mathematical Society 47: 752–57.
 * 2002. "Algebras, Projective Geometry, Mathematical Logic, and Constructing the World: Intersections in the Philosophy of Mathematics of A. N. Whitehead." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 29, No. 4, November 2002, pp. 427-462.
 * 2004. "The Mathematics of the Past: Distinguishing Its History From Our Heritage." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 31, No. 2, May 2004, pp. 163-185.
 * 2008. "Foundations of Mathematics and Logicism," in Michel Weber and Will Desmond (eds.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag: 97-104. Cf. Michel Weber, « Ivor Grattan-Guinness, "Algebras, Projective Geometry, Mathematical Logic, and Constructing the World. Intersections in the Philosophy of Mathematics of A.N. Whitehead", Historia Mathematica 29, N° 4, 2002, pp. 427-462 », Zentralblatt MATH, European Mathematical Society, Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe & Springer-Verlag, 1046.00003.
 * 2014. "From Anomaly to Fundament: Louis Poinsot's Theories of the Couple in Mechanics." Historia Mathematica, Vol. 41, No. 1, February 2014, pp. 82-102.

title: Ivor Grattan-Guinness


text:
User:Ollie Awake

Ollie
Ollie's not my real name, but I think it suits me better.

What I'm interested in
First and foremost, I'm a language geek. My bookshelf is mostly made up of dictionaries, grammars, and textbooks on linguistics. Right now, I'm writing an entry on the Yaqui language (be gentle, it's a work in progress).

I'm also interested in religious philosophy, especially ascetic and monastic practices from around the world. On the same note, I'm pretty interested in the voluntary simplicity movement, and ideas like it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ollie Awake


text:
Paul Bishop (police officer)

Paul Bishop is an author and a detective in the Los Angeles Police Department retiring with the rank of Detective III. He is a published novelist and has produced episodic television and feature film scripts. As a nationally recognized interrogator, Paul also co-starred with his professional partner, bestselling author and prosecutor, Mary Hanlon-Stone, as the regular interrogators and driving force behind the ABC reality show Take The Money and Run from producers Bertram Van Munster and Jerry Bruckheimer.

Calico Jack Walker/Tina Tamiko

 * Hot Pursuit (Previous title: Citadel Run – 1988; e-Book 2011)
 * Deep Water (Previous title: Sand Against the Tide – 1990; e-Book 2011)

Ian Chapel

 * Penalty Shot (Previous title: Chapel of the Ravens – 1991; e-Book 2011)

Fey Croaker

 * Croaker: Kill Me Again (1994; e-Book 2011)
 * Croaker: Twice Dead (1996; e-Book 2011 called "Grave Sins")
 * Croaker: Tequila Mockingbird (1997; e-Book 2011)
 * Croaker: Chalk Whispers (2000; e-Book 2011)
 * Croaker: Pattern Of Behavior and Other Stories (2005; e-Book 2011) (The title story in this collection and a second short story both feature Croaker)

Other Novels

 * Shroud Of Vengeance (1987)
 * Running Wylde – Short Stories (e-Book 2011)
 * Suspicious Minds (Paperback / e-Book 2011)
 * Felony Fists (as Jack Tunney) (Paperback / e-Book 2011)
 * Swamp Walloper (as Jack Tunney) (Paperback / e-Book 2013)
 * Three Punch Combo (Paperback / e-book 2014)
 * Lie Catchers (Paperback / e-Book 2015)

Non-Fiction

 * 52 Weeks—52 Western Novels
 * 52 Weeks—52 Western Movies
 * 52 Weeks—52 Western TV Shows

title: Paul Bishop (police officer)


text:
Carl Medjani

Carl Medjani (كارل مجاني; born 15 May 1985) is a professional footballer who plays as a central defender or defensive midfielder for Olympique Salaise Rhodia. He spent most of his career in France, his country of birth, while representing the Algeria national team at international level.

Liverpool
After spending his youth development years at Saint-Étienne he was signed by Liverpool's manager Gérard Houllier in August 2003. Liverpool beat off stiff competition from Premiership rivals Arsenal, Manchester United and German giants Bayern Munich to secure his services. In an interview with L'Équipe, Medjani revealed he left Saint-Étienne because he was willing to stay if given an opportunity with the first team but his request was turned down by Manager Frédéric Antonetti.

Medjani then struggled to break in Liverpool first team so he was sent on loan to Lorient for the whole 2004–05 season by new Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez, where he made 25 appearances. Despite impressing in the Toulon under-20 tournament in summer 2005, Benítez deemed it necessary for him to gain more experience and so he spent 2005–06 on loan at Metz.

Lorient
At the start of the 2006–07 season, he rejoined Lorient, this time on a permanent basis.

Ajaccio
In the 2007–08 season, Medjani moved down to Ligue 2 joining Ajaccio for the remainder of the season. The 2008–09 season earned Medjani a permanent move with the club on a three-year deal. He soon made an immediate impact when he scored his first goal in the second round of Coupe de la Ligue during Ajaccio's 4–2 loss against Montpellier. On 20 February 2009, Medjani came on as a substitute in the second half and 18 minutes into the game, he was sent off, along with Brahim Ferradj in the same minute, as Ajaccio drew 1–1 with Brest. Medjani scored his first league goal of the season during Ajaccio's 3–1 defeat to Strasbourg.

Following the 2009–10 season and the World Cup, Medjani was linked with Ligue 2 side Nantes. Ajaccio finished as runners-up in Ligue 2 resulting in their promotion to Ligue 1. Medjani signed a two-year contract extension until 2013. In the 2011–12 season, Medjani continued to be in the first team, either playing in centre back and defensive midfield. Medjani scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against Paris Saint-Germain on 16 October 2011. On 10 December 2012, Medjani made a mistake in the final minutes, allowing Daniel Niculae to score in a 2–2 draw against Nancy, in a match which could have ended Ajaccio thirteen games without winning. In April, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Saint-Étienne.

Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Medjani expressed his desire to leave the club. In December, Medjani started to wear the captain's armband.

Monaco
In January 2013, just prior to the closing of the transfer window, Medjani joined Monaco on a three-and-a-half-year contract from Ajaccio.

Following Monaco promotion, Medjani was told by Manager Claudio Ranieri that his first team appearances would be limited following the club's spending spree.

Loan spells
In July 2013, Medjani was sent out on loan to Olympiacos from Monaco until 1 January 2014, with the option of a permanent move. After six months with few appearances at Olympiacos, he returned to his parent club.

Upon his return to France, Monaco then loaned him out to Valenciennes till the end of 2013–14 season.

Following his loan spell at Valenciennes, his time at Monaco came to an end despite having two years of his contract left.

Trabzonspor
After leaving Monaco, Medjani was linked with a move to Trabzonspor and Cagliari Calcio before joining Trabzonspor on a three-year contract. He scored his first goal for the club in the play-off round of the Europa League as Trabzonspor beat Rostov 2–0 in the first leg.

Levante and Leganés
On 30 January 2016, La Liga side Levante UD have signed Medjani until the end of the season, with an option to extend the contract for another season. On 25 July, after suffering relegation, he signed a one-year contract with CD Leganés also in the main category.

On 9 January 2017, Medjani rescinded with Lega and signed with Trabzonspor again.

International career
Medjani has an Algerian father and a French mother, and was eligible for both national teams. Medjani captained the France U21 team in the Toulon Tournament of 2006.

However, being of Algerian origin, he made the switch to represent Algeria in international competitions and was called up by Rabah Saâdane to the Algeria national team's preliminary squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, before going on to make the full tournament squad.

On 10 December 2012, it was announced that Medjani was selected in the 40-man provisional squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Medjani survived the cuts, firstly to the 24-man list announced on 18 December 2012, and then to the final squad of twenty-three.

Having won 25 caps by this point, Medjani made his second FIFA World Cup squad by winning a place in the Algerian cohort for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. A year and ten appearances later, Medjani joined the Algeria team at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.

Personal life
While growing up, Medjani revered boxer Muhammad Ali.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Medjani goal.

title: Carl Medjani


text:
Ceiling effect (statistics)

The "ceiling effect" is one type of scale attenuation effect; the other scale attenuation effect is the "floor effect". The ceiling effect is observed when an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, or the level above which variance in an independent variable is no longer measurable. The specific application varies slightly in differentiating between two areas of use for this term: pharmacological or statistical. An example of use in the first area, a ceiling effect in treatment, is pain relief by some kinds of analgesic drugs, which have no further effect on pain above a particular dosage level (see also: ceiling effect in pharmacology). An example of use in the second area, a ceiling effect in data-gathering, is a survey that groups all respondents into income categories, not distinguishing incomes of respondents above the highest level measured in the survey instrument. The maximum income level able to be reported creates a "ceiling" that results in measurement inaccuracy, as the dependent variable range is not inclusive of the true values above that point. The ceiling effect can occur any time a measure involves a set range in which a normal distribution predicts multiple scores at or above the maximum value for the dependent variable.

Data-gathering
A ceiling effect in data-gathering, when variance in a dependent variable is not measured or estimated above a certain level, is a commonly encountered practical issue in gathering data in many scientific disciplines. Such an effect is often the result of constraints on data-gathering instruments. When a ceiling effect occurs in data-gathering, there is a bunching of scores at the upper level reported by an instrument.

Response bias constraints
Response bias occurs commonly in research regarding issues that may have ethical bases or are generally perceived as having negative connotations. Participants may fail to respond to a measure appropriately based on whether they believe the accurate response is viewed negatively. A population survey about lifestyle variables influencing health outcomes might include a question about smoking habits. To guard against the possibility that a respondent who is a heavy smoker might decline to give an accurate response about smoking, the highest level of smoking asked about in the survey instrument might be "two packs a day or more". This results in a ceiling effect in that persons who smoke three packs or more a day are not distinguished from persons who smoke exactly two packs. A population survey about income similarly might have a highest response level of "$100,000 per year or more", rather than including higher income ranges, as respondents might decline to answer at all if the survey questions identify their income too specifically. This too results in a ceiling effect, not distinguishing persons who have an income of $500,000 per year or higher from those whose income is exactly $100,000 per year. The role of response bias in causing ceiling effects is clearly seen through the example of survey respondents believing the desirable response to be the maximum reportable value, resulting in a clustering of data points. The attempted prevention of response bias, in the case of the smoking habit survey, leads to ceiling effects through the basic design of the measure.

Range-of-instrument constraints
The range of data that can be gathered by a particular instrument may be constrained by inherent limits in the instrument's design. Often design of a particular instrument involves trade-offs between ceiling effects and floor effects. If a dependent variable measured on a nominal scale does not have response categories that appropriately cover the upper end of the sample's distribution, the maximum value response will have to include all values above the end of the scale. This will result in a ceiling effect due to the grouping of respondents into the single maximum category, which prevents an accurate representation of the deviation beyond that point. This issue occurs in many types of surveys that use pre-determined bracket-style responses. When many subjects have scores on a variable at the upper limit of what an instrument reports, data analysis provides inaccurate information because some actual variation in the data is not reflected in the scores obtained from that instrument.

"A ceiling effect is said to occur when a high proportion of subjects in a study have maximum scores on the observed variable. This makes discrimination among subjects among the top end of the scale impossible. For example, an examination paper may lead to, say, 50% of the students scoring 100%. While such a paper may serve as a useful threshold test, it does not allow ranking of the top performers. For this reason, examination of test results for a possible ceiling effect, and the converse floor effect, is often built into the validation of instruments such as those used for measuring quality of life."

In such a case, the ceiling effect keeps the instrument from noting a measurement or estimate higher than some limit not related to the phenomenon being observed, but rather related to the design of the instrument. A crude example would be measuring the heights of trees with a ruler only 20 meters in length, if it is apparent on the basis of other evidence that there are trees much taller than 20 meters. Using the 20-meter ruler as the sole means of measuring trees would impose a ceiling on gathering data about tree height. Ceiling effects and floor effects both limit the range of data reported by the instrument, reducing variability in the gathered data. Limited variability in the data gathered on one variable may reduce the power of statistics on correlations between that variable and another variable.

College admission tests
In the various countries that use admission tests as the main element or an important element for determining eligibility for college or university study, the data gathered relates to the differing levels of performance of applicants on the tests. When a college admission test has a maximum possible score that can be attained without perfect performance on the test's item content, the test's scoring scale has a ceiling effect. Moreover, if the test's item content is easy for many test-takers, the test may not reflect actual differences in performance (as would be detected with other instruments) among test-takers at the high end of the test performance range. Mathematics tests used for college admission in the United States and similar tests used for university admission in Britain illustrate both phenomena.

Cognitive psychology
In cognitive psychology, mental processes such as problem solving and memorization are studied experimentally by using operational definitions that allow for clear measurements. A common measurement of interest is the time taken to respond to a given stimulus. In studying this variable, a ceiling may be the lowest possible number (the fewest milliseconds to a response), rather than the highest value, as is the usual interpretation of "ceiling". In response time studies, it may appear that a ceiling had occurred in the measurements due to an apparent clustering around some minimum amount of time (such as the fastest time recorded in an experiment). However, this clustering could actually represent a natural physiological limit of response time, rather than an artifact of the stopwatch sensitivity (which of course would be a ceiling effect). Further statistical study, and scientific judgment, can resolve whether or not the observations are due to a ceiling or are the truth of the matter.

IQ testing
Some authors on gifted education write about ceiling effects in IQ testing having negative consequences on individuals. Those authors sometimes claim such ceilings produce systematic underestimation of the IQs of intellectually gifted people. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish carefully two different ways the term "ceiling" is used in writings about IQ testing.

The ceilings of IQ subtests are imposed by their ranges of progressively more difficult items. An IQ test with a wide range of progressively more difficult questions will have a higher ceiling than one with a narrow range and few difficult items. Ceiling effects result in an inability, first, to distinguish among the gifted (whether moderately gifted, profoundly gifted, etc.), and second, results in the erroneous classification of some gifted people as above average, but not gifted.

Suppose that an IQ test has three subtests: vocabulary, arithmetic, and picture analogies. The scores on each of the subtests are normalized (see standard score) and then added together to produce a composite IQ score. Now suppose that Joe obtains the maximum score of 20 on the arithmetic test, but gets 10 out of 20 on the vocabulary and analogies tests. Is it fair to say that Joe's total score of 20+10+10, or 40, represents his total ability? The answer is no, because Joe achieved the maximum possible score of 20 on the arithmetic test. Had the arithmetic test included additional, more difficult items, Joe might have gotten 30 points on that subtest, producing a "true" score of 30+10+10 or 50. Compare Joe's performance with that of Jim, who scored 15+15+15 = 45, without running into any subtest ceilings. In the original formulation of the test, Jim did better than Joe (45 versus 40), whereas it is Joe who actually should have gotten the higher "total" intelligence score than Jim (score of 50 for Joe versus 45 for Jim) using a reformulated test that includes more difficult arithmetic items.

Writings on gifted education bring up two reasons for supposing that some IQ scores are underestimates of a test-taker's intelligence:
 * 1) they tend to perform all subtests better than less talented people;
 * 2) they tend to do much better on some subtests than others, raising the inter-subtest variability and chance that a ceiling will be encountered.

Statistical analysis
Ceiling effects on measurement compromise scientific truth and understanding through a number of related statistical aberrations.

First, ceilings impair the ability of investigators to determine the central tendency of the data. When a ceiling effect relates to data gathered on a dependent variable, failure to recognize that ceiling effect may "lead to the mistaken conclusion that the independent variable has no effect." For mathematical reasons beyond the scope of this article (see analysis of variance), this inhibited variance reduces the sensitivity of scientific experiments designed to determine if the average of one group is significantly different from the average of another group. For example, a treatment given to one group may produce an effect, but the effect may escape detection because the mean of the treated group won't look different enough from the mean of the untreated group.

Thus "ceiling effects are a complex of matters and their avoidance a matter of careful evaluation of a range of issues."

Prevention
Because ceiling effects prevent accurate interpretation of data, it is important to attempt preventing the effects from occurring or using the presence of the effects to adjust the instrument and procedures that were used. Researchers may try to prevent ceiling effects from occurring using a number of methods. The first of which is choosing a previously validated measure by reviewing past research. If no validated measures exist, pilot testing may be conducted using the proposed methods. Pilot testing, or conducting a pilot experiment, involves a small-scale trial of instruments and procedures prior to the actual experiment, allowing for the recognition that adjustments should be made for the most efficient and accurate data collection. If researchers are using a design that is not previously validated, a combination of surveys, involving that originally-proposed and another supported by past literature, may be used to assess for the presence of ceiling effects. If any research, especially the pilot study, shows a ceiling effect, efforts should be made to adjust the instrument so that the effect may be mitigated and informative research can be conducted.

title: Ceiling effect (statistics)


text:
Talk:Rodrigo Gral

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title: Talk:Rodrigo Gral


text:
Talk:Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles

A few more sources
http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=10703 - article on the Laurel Canyon Market http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1216/is_n3_v194/ai_17046848 - "canyon living" from Sunset Magazine
 * edited by 66.81.22.147 at 19:17, 8 June 2005 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.175.40.182 (talk)

Stan Laurel
Does anybody know, whether this canyon is named after Stan Laurel? -- 80.129.58.251 13:07, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't imagine that it would have been. More likely, it was named after the California bay laurel, a native tree which grows in canyons. -Will Beback 21:11, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanx. That seems to be plausible. I translated the article into german and was wondering about the name. -- de:Benutzer:ReqEngineer -- 80.129.54.190 11:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

A local realtor and her musician husband stated that Stan Laurel did have a house on the southeast corner of Riverside Drive and Laurel Canyon Blvd in what is considered Valley Village and the road is named after him. It was a large property extending to the 101 and several blocks to the east. It is now occupied by Gelsons Supermarket, and several commercial and residential business. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:7C4A:34F0:2051:95A3:E093:AFC6 (talk) 08:24, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Heinlein quote

 * Americans are considered crazy anywhere in the world. They will usually concede a basis for the accusation but point to California as the focus of the infection.  Californians stoutly maintain that their bad reputation is derived solely from the acts of the inhabitants of Los Angeles County.  Angelenos will, when pressed, admit the charge but explain hastily, "It's Hollywood.  It's not our fault-we didn't ask for it; Hollywood just grew."  The people in Hollywood don't care; they glory in it.  If you are interested they will drive you up Laurel Canyon "--where we keep the violent cases."  The Canyonites--the brown-legged women, the trunks-clad men constantly busy building and rebuilding their slap-happy unfinished houses--regard with faint contempt the dull creatures who live down in the flats, and treasure in their hearts the secret knowledge that they, and only they, know how to live.  Lookout Mountain Avenue is the name of a side canyon which twists up from Laurel Canyon.  The other Canyonites don't like to have it mentioned; after all, one must draw the line somewhere! -- "—And He Built a Crooked House—" AnonMoos 18:53, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Literary References
Is the "Literary References" section really necessary? Whoever wrote it even states in the section that the one literary reference mentioned isn't even really about Laurel Canyon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Martylunsford (talk • contribs) 01:58, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

David Byrne?
David Byrne lived in New York city, in the 80s-early 90s, and currently lives in Florida. Does he have a second home in Laurel Canyon? If so, can anyone verify where his home is, in Laurel Canyon?

--Irshgrl500 06:05, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Byrne and his girlfriend Adelle Lutz, ..., divide their time between homes in New York's SoHo district and L.A.'s Laurel Canyon.
 * HEADING INTO THE HEARTLAND; [Home Edition] RICHARD CROMELIN. Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext). Los Angeles, Calif.: Oct 26, 1986. pg. 58
 * Will that do?   Will Beback    talk    06:10, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Harbor City, Los Angeles, California which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:31, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Interested editors can also comment at Talk:Los Angeles Purplebackpack89  (Notes Taken)  (Locker) 22:39, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Notable residents section
Does anyone agree that the "notable residents" section should be cut down to only verifiable residents? All of these are probably rumors, and even if they're true, I doubt there will be any public sources verifying this data. The only semi-reliable source that lists out residence is this about.com article. Thoughts? -- Dan Leveille TALK 01:34, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd just as soon see the entire list gone. — alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 19:12, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually I suspect many of these names could be sourced with some effort, using books such as the cited Canyon of Dreams and assorted news and magazine sources.  The list in its current state does have a tinge of the ridiculous about it, but Laurel Canyon's history of creatives and celebs is one of its most distinctive and often-mentioned features, so I'd suggest that we try to keep and improve some of this.--Arxiloxos (talk) 20:46, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed that many of them are probably sourceable. Rather than a list, though, I'd prefer to see the paragraph in the History section that deals with the subject expanded a little bit.  A list of every famous person who's ever lived in the canyon doesn't tell the reader much about the canyon.  But famous people who lived there and helped give the canyon the role it plays in the culture of Los Angeles are relevant.  That's why I think it'd be better to remove the list and work with the sources to build out the paragraph, possibly even breaking it off into a separate section. — alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 20:54, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Why no mention of John Mayall? 89.187.79.36 (talk) 15:17, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Just because no one's written it yet. You can do it, you know.  Please feel free to ask if you need help with sourcing or anything else.  If you're nervous about putting it into the article you can try out things in your sandbox or on this talk page first to get advice from other editors.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 15:35, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

Pictures
64.175.40.182 (talk) 08:49, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4545785
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4787875
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4790727
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4795980
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4883422
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4896690
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5023852
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5207604
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5410142
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5460859
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5484170
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5541776
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5575421
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5579073
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5587214
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5589914
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5591753
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5595223
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5596604
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5699302
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5706329
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5708049
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6121726
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6144978
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6184840
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6189043
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6196588
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6240722
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6341284
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6354555
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6455033
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6548668
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6680112
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=6996603
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7028378
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7088048
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7128654
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7209505
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7217205
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7312190
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7419523
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7451278
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7474474
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7660937
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7680512
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7717490
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=7804651
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=8011471
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=126117
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=126180
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=128040
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=142650
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=170279
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=199205
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=215900
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=72609
 * http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=93987

laurel-canyon-part-1..16 dave-mcgowan
64.175.40.182 (talk) 09:16, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/laurel-canyon-part-1/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/laurel-canyon-part-2/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/04/laurel-canyon-part-3/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/laurel-canyon-part-4/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/06/laurel-canyon-part-5/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/07/laurel-canyon-part-6/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/07/laurel-canyon-part-7/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/08/laurel-canyon-part-8/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/laurel-canyon-part-9/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/laurel-canyon-part-10/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/laurel-canyon-part-11/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/laurel-canyon-part-12/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/laurel-canyon-part-13/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/laurel-canyon-part-14/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/laurel-canyon-part-15/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/laurel-canyon-part-16/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/dave-mcgowan-author-of-the-laurel-canyon-series/a/
 * https://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/01/15/laurel-canyon-residents-and-deaths-wikipedia/

pinterest smog ---> find sources
64.175.40.182 (talk) 13:00, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/495325658986997487/
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/201254677070709135/
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/201254677070646283/
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/55732114108831846/
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/217298750741473866/
 * https://www.pinterest.com/pin/201254677070709057/
 * https://calisphere.org/item/9ea37b30e1561d1a77566e4eebaf6eb4/
 * http://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2013/07/02/crosby-stills-nash-young-photo-landmarks-tour-autism-speaks/
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=q3hYNLGUI7MC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=Mountain+Inn+Laurel+Canyon
 * https://legaciesofla.com/2049-stanley-hills-bungalowland-laurel-canyon/ Bungalow Land in Laurel Canyon
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=tpJbvWUsnTIC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Bungalow+Inn+Laurel+Canyon
 * https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ylwqzORVxlgJ:laurelcanyonassoc.com/EarlyHist.htmls
 * http://waterandpower.org/museum/Early_City_Views%20%281900%20-%201925%29_4_of_8.html
 * https://ladailymirror.com/2014/10/06/mary-mallory-hollywood-heights-lookout-mountain-inn-promotes-real-estate/

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130826061537/http://www.canyon-news.com/artman2/publish/Musically_Speaking_43/Little_Laurel_Canyon_House_.php to http://www.canyon-news.com/artman2/publish/Musically_Speaking_43/Little_Laurel_Canyon_House_.php

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To add to article
To add to this article: the population. And also a good map. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 18:27, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Link to porn site
First link under Laurel_Canyon,_Los_Angeles links to a porn site. Anyone know how to fix? --MGA73 (talk) 16:29, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * For now Special:Diff/1024895025. --MGA73 (talk) 16:41, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter A Barnard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:57, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Peter A Barnard
non relevant- vandalism-i put a speedy delete but it was removed Melaen 19:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, although I do believe your speedy delete was properly removed. There is some discussion at  Deletion policy/Reducing VfD load to hasten the deletion process on some articles, but vanity is not vandalism and under the current procedures cannot be speedied. DS1953 19:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with all deliberate speed. -- BD2412 talk 19:28, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Delete and support Speedy as either attack page, nonsense, or vandalism. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 19:37, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ASAP; I would question the rectitude of the speedy delete removal, as this page seems to be not vanity, but rather an attack page. jglc | t | c 20:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/joke. --Etacar11 22:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete personal attack. JamesBurns 07:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The very first version of the aticle included the word "twat". This is vandalism/attack/kids with nothing better to do who keep vandalising this VfD page. func (talk) 17:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 18:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Reverted a blank by 172.201.209.78. Am adding this to my watchpage and will revert if I find any further vandalism. jglc | t | c 18:47, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:North Sea flood of 1953

A lot of Guilders
I'd say 895 Million guilder is a lot of money, period. back then or now (if we still had guilder of course) YggdrasilsRoot 19:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed it. Tomer TALK 23:53, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

What part of Holland?
The section on "The Groenendijk" first refers to "northern Holland", then "Holland", then "South Holland", then "Holland" again. Which is correct?
 * I have no idea. All I had to work with when I did the copyediting was what it said in the article.  I wasn't even sure if it meant "Holland" the provinces, or "Holland", the still fairly common English name for the whole country (i.e., the Netherlands).  Tomer TALK  23:53, September 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Its really confusing, but the official name of Holland is the Netherlands. There are 2 provinces that have the name Holland, South-Holland and North-Holland. South-Holland was under direct threat in the "The Groenedijk" section, North-Holland in a lesser degree. I might go and fix it, but I'm too tired atm.Niels Brons 23:16, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

I changed the section and gave it a more "appealing" title. Nobody is interested in the Groenendijk. The heading "A disaster prevented" is more interesting. I also cleared the list with inundations, trying to make it more understandable for non-Dutch readers (Allthough I doubt if all Dutch people will know were the mentioned villages and towns are).Blue Henk 17:05, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

UK biased?
Is it me, or this article is UK-biased? I'm not English nor Dutch... After reading the article I understand that the flood was more important in the Netherlands in every aspect, but the facts concerning the Netherlands are presented always after those concerning the UK.

Well, indeed, there exists a List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom but not a List of natural disasters in the Netherlands nor List of natural disasters by country. The same can be said about List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll and List of Netherlands disasters by death toll... --euyyn 23:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

I'd agree, but only because this is the English language Wikipedia. I haven't checked, but I'd guess the reverse is true of the Dutch language version of this article. 81.77.17.131 19:28, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm willing to reverse that order, so the information more relevant to the flood, the Netherlands' effects, are presented first. Anybody disagrees? --euyyn 01:32, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Completely agree with new order - it's always bugged me that the UK stuff came first (and I'm British). English-language Wikipedia means "Wikipedia written in the English language", not "Wikipedia that thinks England is more important". JackyR | Talk 22:55, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In all fairness, the order probably represented the chronological order of events, as the storm surges work their way anti-clockwise around the North Sea basin, migrating down the east coast of England to Belgium then across to the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Lacunae (talk) 20:12, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

I doubt it, the spelling Dike indicates US English
I've corrected dike to the dyke - the standard UK and Dutch usage, dike is a US transliteration.

The article ends with a comment about more flooding being likely due to rising sea levels due to "climate change". Apart from the general point that so-called climate change is now being challenged as a theory, there is no evidence that sea levels are rising at any other than the natural rate of increase of the last hundred years.

 * They might care to dispute that in Tuvalu [] 87.81.230.195 (talk) 05:21, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Even if we ignore the documented climate change and measured rise in sea level, the North Sea coastline is falling. During the last Ice Age Britain was covered in thick heavy glaciers. As the ice retreated Northwards, North Britain (ie. Scotland) was depressed by the weight of the ice and Britain pivoted about the English Midlands like a Seesaw raising South East England. Since the ice has gone Scotland is bouncing back whilst South East England is descending and taking the North Sea with it. OrewaTel (talk) 10:44, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Movies
About ten years ago I saw a movie about the flood of 1953, set in Holland. It was black and white and had to have some original footage. It was about two little children, wicked stepmother etc, surviving the flood, and ending up in a hospital ship. I can't find any reference anywhere to this movie. I know of a man who volunteered in helping with the rescue teams during the events of 1953 and would love to see this movie. Anyone can help? Add to the list of movie references? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.104.54.153 (talk) 16:54, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

The pop culture references are a little weird in general, that scifi bok about a flood caused by molten icecaps goes in a global warming context, not here... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.224.252.10 (talk) 12:11, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Vandalism or incompetence?
Someone has mentioned "Mississippi", "New Orleans" etc. in the second paragraph, even though it has no relevance to the subject and isn't even in English sentences. I suspect vandalism, but could someone with pertinent knowledge please have a look and rewrite where necessary? Thanks. Harfarhs (talk) 17:17, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Lede needs tidy up or rewrite
Can I second the comment above - that the lede seems to be somewhat unintelligible. If there is something of value there maybe it could be moved to elsewhere in the article - maybe something for someone with some knowledge of the field. Cheers. Stevebritgimp (talk) 14:19, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I've taken out the confusing section from the lede which was added relatively recently, it'll still be in the history but I'll also paste it here (see below) for reference. If it's relevant it can then easily be incorporated back into the main article but I really doubt it's relevant to the lede section. MorganaFiolett (talk) 12:38, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Cut content:

It is usually the failure of levee and subsidence, degradation by use, collapse of part of sea berm, beach scour and defence barriers that lead to slip and slump wash, flows and inundation; much of the land was below the level of tide and the same events happened in the Boscastle landslide and the Lynton and Lynmouth 1952, Severn levee over spill 1972 December, Mississippi 1993, New Orleans, as opposed to a flood incident in Mozambique in 2000, in which the area was somewhat protected by its long river coast. In the North Sea Flood, the highland and plain formed floods could not drain out as a result of such negative conditions, given that it only requires a slight over spill to gradually flood a basin.

Dutch translation
I've changed the Dutch translation from "Watersnoodramp" to "Watersnood". On the Dutch Talk page for this article, it has been argued that "nood" and "ramp" mean the same thing. According to the leading Dutch dictionary (Van Dale) "watersnoodramp" is a proper word and it is in fact frequently used, even in the Dutch version of this article. However, the title of the Dutch article is "Watersnood van 1953". I'll make a note there to see what the deal is.Meridwyn (talk) 00:56, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not an improvement. Current usage is "watersnoodramp". The older word makes me think of a song about Zaltbommel. /Pieter Kuiper (talk) 01:06, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Current usage in your area, maybe. In any case, I'm going by the title of the Dutch article, which uses Watersnood. Meridwyn (talk) 12:15, 31 January 2012 (UTC) EDIT: forgot to sign in.
 * Speaking with a Dutch co-worker, while "nood" and "ramp" mean pretty much the same thing (a bit like the difference between "calamity" and "disaster" in English), "De Watersnoodramp" commonly refers to this one event. It is burned into the memories of the older generation and often remembered on 1 February each year.  Astronaut (talk) 14:31, 31 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Just want to chip in and say that "nood" and "ramp" do not mean the same thing. "Nood" means "distress", "ramp" means "disaster". The term "watersnoodramp" could be argued to be a pleonasm (as a distaster obviously always involves distress), but "Watersnoodramp" is frequently used and a good way to distinguish the events of 1953 from other floods which might more generically be termed "watersnood" (unless one of couse consitently says "de Watersnood van 1953"). Tom (talk) 11:46, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

The lead is misleading
The first sentence makes it sound like this was a nature disaster, but after the flood it was concluded that the disaster was caused by human factors. We chose to live in areas below sea level and we chose to live there protected only by dykes that were too low, too feeble, and too ill-maintained. This was precisely why the Delta Plan was started. We could and probably should have chosen to do any of a number of things before the flood. For example, we could have abandoned areas where it was no longer possible to pay for dyke maintenance in the aftermath of the Second World War. Or we could have maintained the dykes anyway, sacrificing some post-war economic development. Or we could have set up rescue plans and the like to mitigate the effects of a disaster if it should occur. The issue was known before the disaster, but nothing was done about it. At the very least we should have been honest about the situation, but we chose to stick our heads in the sand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.201.88.231 (talk) 19:43, 1 February 2018 (UTC)

 * It is possible to argue that all disasters are man-made. (It is the fault of tsunami victims that they chose to live near a coast that was only 5000km from an earthquake zone etc.) In this case, more attention could have been paid to repairing and reinforcing dykes but this was 1953. It was only 8 years since the area had been devastated by war (including deliberate destruction of dykes by retreating German forces) and there were far more urgent things to do rather than preparing for a 1 in 500 year event. It is difficult in 2018 to understand the low-tech impoverished Europe of 1953. OrewaTel (talk) 01:21, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

 * A man-made disaster? In many places the dykes held but were simply overtopped. Why? Because it was spring tide and the storm surge prevented the tide to go out after that, making low tide just as high as high tide. And then the new high tide came in. Neglect of the dykes was a contributory factor but that was a known issue. The government was aware of the situation and the first proposals were made in 1942 by Johan van Veen. But the extensive war damage delayed action until it was too late. The Banner  talk 08:51, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Earlier events
The effects on the North Sea coasts are the best known, but they weren't the first of the 1953 storm. All on 31 January 1953:
 * 1) Michael Griffith (trawler). Sank. 13 dead. (See List of shipwrecks in 1953).
 * 2) MV Princess Victoria. Sank. 133 dead.
 * 3) There may have been at least one other sinking with loss of life off the west coast of Britain on 31 January.

IMO this article should (a) include that information and (b) be retitled to Great Storm of 1953.

A Timewatch video, not an official upload so not WP:RS – YouTube link. Narky Blert (talk) 00:31, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should split the article in one about the storm and one about the flooding?
 * No, sorry, I strongly oppose your proposal. It is the flooding around the North Sea that made the storm infamous. 85% of all deaths were land based. Of the victims at sea, maybe 170/180 perished outside the North Sea, less then half.
 * Most of the major coastal protection projects are at or near the shore of the North Sea. The Banner talk 01:08, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

The Guava
The fishing vessel the Guava sailed from Lowestoft on January 30th 1953 and perished in the great flood. Its last message picked up on 31st January saying they were going to dodge the storm. All 11 hands onboard perished with the ship 188.31.114.197 (talk) 18:16, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Sea flood of 1953


text:
Robert Bunda

Robert "Bobby" Bunda (born April 25, 1947) is a former Democratic member of the Hawaii Senate, representing the 22nd District from 1994 through 2010, when he resigned his position in an unsuccessful bid for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii. Previously he was a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1983 through 1994.

He is the first Filipino American to attain the presidency of any state legislature in the United States.

He attended Ludwigsburg American High School in Stuttgart, Germany, Leilehua High School, Texas Wesleyan College (now Texas Wesleyan University) where he earned his Bachelor of Science in 1974, and the University of Dallas for his graduate studies.

The 2009 Achievement Award for Public Affairs was conferred to Bunda by Filipinas Magazine. The magazine, self-described as "the Magazine for Filipinos Worldwide" named Bunda as among the "brightest lights" of the Filipino community. Bunda announced on October 13, 2009, that he had entered the 2010 race for Lieutenant Governor for the State of Hawaiʻi. Bunda subsequently lost the election to former state legislator and state party chairman Brian Schatz.

title: Robert Bunda


text:
My Religion

My Religion may refer to:

Books

 * What I Believe (Tolstoy), an 1884 book by Leo Tolstoy, first published in English as My Religion 1885
 * My Religion (Keller book), a 1927 book by Helen Keller, republished as Light in My Darkness 2000

Music

 * My Religion (album), an album by Norwegian band TNT
 * "My Religion", a 2004 song by Ryan Starr
 * "Mi Religión" ("My Religion"), a single by Yandel

title: My Religion


text:
Talk:Cycloalkane

Cycloparaffins
From info on diesel fuel, I know cycloparaffins can have more than one ring. I couldn't find much info on cycloparaffins, and Wikipedia had nothing, so I redirected that name here. I assume many of them are solid at room temperature in pure form as paraffins are, but obviously in diesel fuel solution they are not. I couldn't find a source of information on them, I'm looking for melting and boiling points and trends in those for each of the components in diesel fuel. Any info on the mono bi and tri cycloalkanes would be great. Thanks - Taxman Talk 19:19, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Eclipsing of hydrogen, puckering of the ring
The text mentions those two phenomena, without giving any explanation about them. Albmont 14:16, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Definition
The definition says that a cycloalkane can only have sex with hippos while hydrogen is attached to the rings; this would exclude, say, methylcyclohexane from being a cycloalkane. Is this the correct definition? Also, the formula CnH2n is only valid for cycloalkanes with just one ring, the general formula would be CnH2(n-g+1) where g is the topological genus. Albmont (talk) 18:50, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I rewrote much of the introductory section to improve the flawed definintion and general formula. H Padleckas (talk) 08:12, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Saturated?
Are s saturated, because they are only bonded by single bonds, or unsaturated, because if one of the carbon bonds was broken, you could attach two more hydrogen atoms? --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 00:14, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Cycloalkanes are saturated. When determining whether bonds can be broken to add two more hydrogen atoms, the breaking of single bonds (as in cycloalkanes) does not count.  H Padleckas (talk) 06:43, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Toxicity
Would it be appropriate to add a section on any known toxicity of these compounds, since they are used in hand-cleaning and de-greasing products? JPFitzmaurice (talk) 13:07, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Is this Ring (chemistry) redirection to this Cycloalkane article good enough to reflect knowledge ?
Cyclic siloxane, borazine, hexachlorophosphazene, borazine are examples of inorganic rings that has entered the discussion of inorganic contents in aromaticity; so this collection of chemical compounds shall have its own article, that I recommend be created using the Ring (chemistry) redirect and includes wiki-links to cycloalkane, aromaticity. - Mountainninja (talk) 15:22, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Cyclononane Boiling Point
I believe it should be 169° not 69° as listed. Just a typo. OsamaBinLogin (talk) 18:35, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cycloalkane


text:
How to Make a Monster (2001 film)

How to Make a Monster is a 2001 film starring Steven Culp and Clea DuVall. It is the third release in the Creature Features series of film remakes produced by Stan Winston. Julie Strain made a cameo appearance in the film as herself. How to Make a Monster debuted on October 14, 2001, on Cinemax. In 2005, it was nominated for a Hollywood Makeup Artist Award and Hair Stylist Guild Award.

Plot
Following a disastrous video game test, Clayton Software fires the development team and replaces them with weapons expert Hardcore, game artificial intelligence designer Sol, and sound effects creator Bug. Company CEO Faye Clayton promises $1 million to whoever makes the scariest game, sparking a rivalry amongst the trio. Three weeks later, the programmers try out their game and computer network-integrated motion capture suit with help from company intern Laura Wheeler. However, lightning strikes the building, causing a blackout and wiping their data. Knowing someone has to stay overnight to monitor the backup, the four use the game to decide. Ultimately, Sol is chosen to stay behind.

After he inserts his new AI chip into the company mainframe, the suit activates and kills Sol. The following morning, Hardcore and Bug find Sol's body merged to the suit and the backup CD gone. The former attempts to review the security camera's footage, but is attacked by the suit, which decapitates him so it can take his body and weapons to better resemble one of the game's monsters. Upon learning of what happened, Bug theorizes the lightning strike, Sol's chip, and Hardcore's system rewrite caused the suit to believe the real world is part of the game. To stop the monster, Bug, Laura, and Clayton businessman Peter Drummond try to shut down the computer and wipe the game's data. However, the security system malfunctions, trapping them inside. The monster attacks Bug, but he exposes a gas line and uses his lighter to ignite the gas, killing himself and the monster. Nonetheless, it returns to the mo-cap suit and attacks Drummond, but Laura saves him by fighting the in-game monster. She tries to beat the game, but becomes frustrated and hysterical until Drummond suggests she use a virtual reality headset, promising to stay with her while she fights. In the midst of playing though, she realizes he left her before the real world monster returns. She escapes to the kitchen, where she finds Hardcore's PDA contains footage of Drummond stealing the backup CD. She later finds and confronts Drummond at gunpoint. After he mocks her, she shoots him in the knee and allows the monster to kill him before luring it to a fish tank to electrocute it.

Sometime later, a jaded, world weary Laura turns in the final version of the game and demands the bonus for herself, which she uses to become the new CEO of Clayton Software, renaming it Wheeler Software.

Cast

 * Steven Culp as Peter S. Drummond, a hardened businessman at Clayton Software. He is revealed to have stolen the copy of the evil monster for the game.
 * Clea DuVall as Laura Wheeler, the kind, 24-year-old intern of Clayton Software. Eventually, Laura kills the monster and becomes a ruthless CEO.
 * Tyler Mane as 'Hardcore', the muscular developer who is responsible for designing the game's weapons for motion capture sessions.
 * Jason Marsden as 'Bug', the developer who creates the sound and music for the game.
 * Karim Prince as Sol, the developer who programs the game's artificial intelligence.
 * Julie Strain as herself. Strain makes a cameo appearance in the film when she arrives for a motion-capture session.
 * James Sullivan as The Monster, who is brought to life through a motion capture suit as a result of a lightning strike.
 * Colleen Camp as Faye Clayton, the head of the computer software company Clayton Software.
 * Danny Masterson as Jeremy, the abusive rapist boyfriend of Laura Wheeler.

DVD release
How to Make a Monster was released on DVD on June 11, 2002. The film is presented in anamorphic widescreen and its audio is presented in 5.1 surround sound in both English and French. Extra features include a "making-of" featurette, photo galleries of drawings and behind-the-scenes images, and theatrical trailers for other Columbia TriStar horror films. The DVD also includes DVD-ROM content for personal computers.

Reception
Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote, "Huang's film intermittently qualifies as an intriguing experiment, but it quickly runs out of ideas and energy." Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide rated it 2/4 stars and wrote, "One in a series of made-for-cable, in-name-only remakes of cheesy cult classics, this sci-fi horror picture is tailor-made for people who hate video games." Beyond Hollywood wrote that the film's budget limitations and technological ignorance make it "at best silly, and at worst pure crap". Adam Tyner of DVD Talk rated it 2/5 stars and concluded, "It's not an awful movie, after all...just a decidedly lackluster one."

title: How to Make a Monster (2001 film)


text:
Exostosis

An exostosis, also known as a bone spur, is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone. Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitatingly severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion. It is most commonly found in places like the ribs, where small bone growths form, but sometimes larger growths can grow on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders, elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull.

Exostoses are sometimes shaped like spurs, such as calcaneal spurs.

Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic.

They normally form on the bones of joints, and can grow upwards. For example, if an extra bone formed on the ankle, it might grow up to the shin.

When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with osteochondroma. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal.

Osteophytes
Osteophytes are bone spurs that develop on the margins of joints secondary to external stimuli such as osteoarthritis. However, these are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way.

Fossil record
Evidence for exostosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, Albertosaurus sarcophagus, Allosaurus fragilis, Gorgosaurus libratus, and Poekilopleuron bucklandii.

Hereditary multiple exostoses
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals. Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) at about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. Genu valgum (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations.

Types

 * Buccal exostosis
 * Footballer's ankle (exotosis of the ankle bone)
 * Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)
 * Subungual exostosis
 * Surfer's ear (exostosis of the ear canal)
 * Torus mandibularis
 * Torus palatinus
 * Calcaneal spur (heel spur)

title: Exostosis


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Scrag

Scrag can refer to:

 * Global Rocket 1, given the NATO reporting name SS-X-10 Scrag
 * A monster, also referred to as a "wizard", in the 1996 computer game Quake
 * A type of aquatic troll in Dungeons & Dragons
 * A derogatory term for a girl or woman, especially in Australia
 * Scrag end, a cut of lamb taken from the neck
 * To play fight or rough and tumble between adult and child
 * To kill by hanging or strangling, nearly synonymous with 'lynch'

title: Scrag


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User talk:Niteowlneils/Archive4

[20041220-20041231]

Annotated article
The annotated article is a good idea. When it's done, it should be linked from the Tutorial, but probably also from How to edit a page and possibly elsewhere. You might consider making it an independent page (i.e. Annotated article rather than a Tutorial subpage. Another thing to consider is whether you want to use a specific version link for the non-annotated article, so that it'll always match the annotated article even if the original gets heavy editing. Isomorphic 19:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hooray for Hollywood
Salve, Niteowlneils! Thanks for your work on the Variety disambig page. I had cited the newspaper in my articles before but only last week did I ever click to see where the link went when I wrote Life As We Know It (currently on WP:PR). I also see you did some updating of the links in my Dawson's Creek article. What did you think of the substance of the article? Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 17:00, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

My revert on Talk:Patricia Heaton
Sorry for reverting you without mention. I was trying to avoid that person, for I assume it is all one guy, from questioning why his old username had appeared behind my writing; clearly I'd been vandalising his posts again. Was a little preoccupied at the time, so sorry about not coming here and explaining. Thanks for that anyway - I forgot to include that name. violet/riga (t) 20:05, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

VfD link
Oops, thanks for fixing that. --fvw *  01:37, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:43, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia Seattle Meeting
Hi! I saw that you may extend your stay in Seattle for the Wikipedia meeting.

I invite you: Feel free to stay at my apartment, for any duration you may need. I see that you lived in Seattle before, so you probably know about how the bus system works. But if you need any help, I and my girlfriend know it well, and can help.

I really like meeting wikipedians, and have no problem with your stay.

Just e-mail me (lion at speakeasy dot or, or lionkimbro at gmail dot com,) and let me know at least 3 days in advance.

-- User:LionKimbro

another FAC candidate
When you have a chance, would you please review, critique, and do your thing with this article? Featured article candidates/Battle of Hampton Roads/archive1. I didn't create this one, but I have worked on it and several related linked articles. Thanks, Vaoverland 03:27, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

ETP-TV
ETP-TV and WSJK-TV are the same station, you realise.

Battle of Hampton Roads
The Battle of Hampton Roads is now a featured article. Thanks for your support. Vaoverland 23:10, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

Tag and bag?
Hello. I was wondering why you tagged Rachael Yamagata for Speedy instead of deleting it yourself. Are you voluntarily holding yourself to a standard that isn't a policy yet? SWAdair | Talk 04:40, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, only one of the CSD criteria lends itself to an interpretation allowing speedy deletion of copyvio. The only way copyvio could be considered a CSD is if it is in (wow, five two-letter words in a row) fact blanked by the author.  In that case, it could qualify as a CSD#2, a test page.  I stretched it a bit.  SWAdair | Talk  07:42, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to disagree here (not to mention butting in to your conversation, sorry about that); Blanked pages are not test pages, at least not if there was meaningful content previously. I'd definately support adding "blanked by originator within 2 hours of creation" to the list of CSD criteria though, but as it stands it definately isn't. As for tagging stuff for another admin to check out, it's a laudable idea but sadly there are some admins who'll just throw out anything with a speedy deletion template on it. Perhaps it would be better to stick a cleanup template on them, that generally gets things sorted out pretty quickly too. --fvw *  17:48, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)
 * FWIW, the first time I tried the 'tag it for a second opinion' method, the article was deleted by Angela--hardly the sort to just throw out anything with a tag. In this case, cleanup wasn't an option I considered--the only other course that seemed fitting was to tag it with {copyvio}, but doing that to a blank page seemed weird, boardering on wrong. I definately think the CSD docs should be modernized to reflect the current reality, but I'm certainly not going to censure or admonish an admin that seems to be acting based on the spirit of speedy deletion, regardless of how exactly I think it fits the letter as it currently stands. Niteowlneils 18:08, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Normally I'd agree with you, but as it stands I think certain admins have gotten too lax in this, which is causing perfectly good stubs to be speedy deleted (see the current VfU for one example of this which happens to have been caught); An update of the CSD will help against this I think, but it also needs to be clear that "because I think it should be deleted" or "because it will be deleted in VfD anyway" are not sufficient grounds for speedying. --fvw *  18:50, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)

Dawson's Creek
Salve, Niteowlneils! Thanks so very much for your praise of my Dawson's Creek article. I am very grateful. I've posted the article at WP:FAC and so far only two comments, both regarding my lists of information, have been posted. I wonder if you would be willing to post your favorable view of the article there? Thanks again. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 18:06, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

British nationalism
This topic deserves an article, and I'm unconvinced that British National Front does it justice. Of course I thought it was good enough, at least for a minute ;) 23:10, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * My reply is @ User_talk:Sam_Spade. Cheers, 12:28, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Niteowlneils/Archive4


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Sodium oxide

Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2O. It is used in ceramics and glasses. It is a white solid but the compound is rarely encountered. Instead "sodium oxide" is used to describe components of various materials such as glasses and fertilizers which contain oxides that include sodium and other elements. Sodium oxide is a component.

Structure
The structure of sodium oxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Most alkali metal oxides M2O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure. In this motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in CaF2, with sodium ions tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to 8 sodium ions.

Preparation
Sodium oxide is produced by the reaction of sodium with sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, or sodium nitrite:
 * 2 NaOH + 2 Na → 2 Na2O + H2

To the extent that NaOH is contaminated with water, correspondingly greater amounts of sodium are employed. Excess sodium is distilled from the crude product.

A second method involves heating a mixture of sodium azide and sodium nitrate:
 * 5 NaN3 + NaNO3 → 3 Na2O + 8 N2

Burning sodium in air produces a mixture of Na2O and sodium peroxide (Na2O2).

A third much less known method involves heating sodium metal with iron(III) oxide (rust):

 * 6 Na + Fe2O3 → 3 Na2O + 2 Fe

the reaction should be done in an inert atmosphere to avoid the reaction of sodium with the air instead.

Glassmaking
Glasses are often described in terms of their sodium oxide content although they do not really contain Na2O. Furthermore, such glasses are not made from sodium oxide, but the equivalent of Na2O is added in the form of "soda" (sodium carbonate), which loses carbon dioxide at high temperatures:
 * Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2
 * Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3
 * Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2

A typical manufactured glass contains around 15% sodium oxide, 70% silica (silicon dioxide), and 9% lime (calcium oxide). The sodium carbonate "soda" serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica mixture melts. Such soda-lime glass has a much lower melting temperature than pure silica and has slightly higher elasticity. These changes arise because the Na2[SiO2]_{x}[SiO3]-based material is somewhat more flexible.

Reactions
Sodium oxide reacts readily and irreversibly with water to give sodium hydroxide:
 * Na2O + H2O → 2 NaOH

Because of this reaction, sodium oxide is sometimes referred to as the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide (more archaically, "anhydride of caustic soda").

title: Sodium oxide


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Saddler

Saddler or Saddlers may refer to:

 * The occupation of making saddles
 * Kentucky saddler, a breed of horse
 * SS-7 Saddler, an intercontinental ballistic missile
 * Osmund Saddler, character in Resident Evil 4
 * Saddlers, a town in Saint John Capesterre Parish, Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * "The Saddlers", a nickname for Walsall Football Club, based in Walsall, West Midlands

People

 * Dan Saddler (born 1961), American politician
 * Donald Saddler (1918–2014), American choreographer and dancer
 * Ron Saddler, Australian rugby league footballer
 * Sandy Saddler (1926–2001), American boxer

title: Saddler


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/9 June 2005

The Hubble Space Telescope has provided many spectacular images of planetary nebulae, revealing hitherto unexpected structure and detail in these remnants of medium and low mass stars. The Saturn Nebula was nicknamed by Lord Rosse in the 1840s due to a supposed resemblance in his telescope to the planet Saturn.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/9 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/10 June 2005

The Sombrero Galaxy (M104), has a prominent lane of dust giving it a supposed resemblance to a sombrero hat. It has a very prominent bulge, making it an Sa-type galaxy in Edwin Hubble’s galaxy classification scheme.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/10 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/11 June 2005

George Abell is well known for compiling a catalogue of galaxy clusters but also catalogued planetary nebulae with low surface brightnesses. Abell 39 is extremely spherical in shape, although a mystery for astronomers is that the central star does not lie exactly at the centre of the sphere, but is displaced by about 0.1 light years.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/11 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/12 June 2005

Spiral galaxy NGC 3982 has numerous spiral arms filled with bright stars, blue star clusters, and dark dust lanes. It lies about 68 million light years from Earth and can be seen with a small telescope in the constellation of Ursa Major.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/12 June 2005


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Calvin Say

Calvin K.Y. Say (born February 1, 1952) is an American politician and former Speaker of the Hawaii House of Representatives. Say currently serves as a member of the Honolulu City Council, representing Honolulu's 5th District. He was sworn in as a member of the council in January 2021, taking the seat formerly occupied by Ann Kobayashi, who retired due to the council's term limits. After being worn in, Say was appointed chairperson of the council's budget committee.

Prior to his election to the City Council, Say was a Democratic member of the Hawaii State House of Representatives, representing the 20th District from 1976 to 2020. He served as Speaker of the House for 13 years until 2013, when he was replaced by Joseph M. Souki (who was himself a former Speaker). He attended Saint Louis High School and received a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

title: Calvin Say


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/13 June 2005

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field was the result of a million seconds of exposure time on the Hubble Space Telescope. It combined data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer, and revealed over 10,000 galaxies in a patch of sky about 3 arcminutes in diameter, some of which are among the most distant objects known.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/13 June 2005


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Sodium peroxide

Sodium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2O2. This yellowish solid is the product of sodium ignited in excess oxygen. It is a strong base. This metal peroxide exists in several hydrates and peroxyhydrates including Na2O2·2H2O2·4H2O, Na2O2·2H2O, Na2O2·2H2O2, and Na2O2·8H2O. The octahydrate, which is simple to prepare, is white, in contrast to the anhydrous material.

Properties
Sodium peroxide crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry. Upon heating, the hexagonal form undergoes a transition into a phase of unknown symmetry at 512 °C. With further heating above the 657 °C boiling point, the compound decomposes to Na2O, releasing O2.
 * 2 Na2O2 →   2 Na2O   +   O2

Preparation
Commercially, sodium peroxide is produced from the elements in a two-stage process. First sodium is oxidized to sodium oxide:
 * 4Na + O2  ->  2 Na2O

Subsequently, this oxide is treated with more oxygen:
 * 2 Na2O + O2  ->  2 Na2O2

It may also be produced by passing ozone gas over solid sodium iodide inside a platinum or palladium tube. The ozone oxidizes the sodium to form sodium peroxide. The iodine can be sublimed by mild heating. The platinum or palladium catalyzes the reaction and is not attacked by the sodium peroxide.

The octahydrate can be produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide.

Uses
Sodium peroxide hydrolyzes to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide according to the reaction
 * Na2O2 + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2O2

Sodium peroxide was used to bleach wood pulp for the production of paper and textiles. Presently it is mainly used for specialized laboratory operations, e.g., the extraction of minerals from various ores. Sodium peroxide may go by the commercial names of Solozone and Flocool. In chemistry preparations, sodium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as an oxygen source by reacting it with carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sodium carbonate:
 * Na2O2 + CO2 → Na2CO3 + $1/2$ O2
 * Na2O2 + H2O + 2 CO2 → 2 NaHCO3 + $1/2$ O2

It is thus particularly useful in scuba gear, submarines, etc. Lithium peroxide and potassium superoxide have similar uses.

Sodium peroxide was once used on a large scale for the production of sodium perborate, but alternative routes to that cleaning agent have been developed.

title: Sodium peroxide


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rain (short story)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was delete. FCYTravis 5 July 2005 21:56 (UTC)

Rain (short story)
Tagged on Jun 8 but not listed on VfD. No vote--Nabla 19:23, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * Delete, or move to Wikibooks if a fiction spot exist or whatever. Simply unencyclopedic!  Antares33712 19:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move? Wally 05:38, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a W. Somerset Maugham story, which may or may not be in the public domain by now. Transwiki if we know it isn't a copyvio, Speedy if it is. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  19:40, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource. --Sn0wflake 21:47, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic, possible copyvio. JamesBurns 03:37, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Stories belong in wikisource if they're not a copyvio. - Mgm|(talk) 08:21, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Picture/14 June 2005

Centaurus A is named because it is the strongest source of radio waves in the constellation of Centaurus. It is the closest active galaxy to our own, and its intense radio emission can be seen extending in giant lobes from the centre of the galaxy in this combined optical and radio image.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/14 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/15 June 2005

Bearing a remarkable resemblance to a horse's head, the Horsehead Nebula is one of the best known dark nebulae, although it is very difficult to see except in quite large telescopes. The emission nebula against which it is silhouetted is part of a giant cloud of hydrogen gas, which also includes the Orion Nebula, the Flaming Tree Nebula and Barnard's Loop.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/15 June 2005


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Sodium superoxide

Sodium superoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula NaO2. This yellow-orange solid is a salt of the superoxide anion. It is an intermediate in the oxidation of sodium by oxygen.

Preparation
NaO2 is prepared by treating sodium peroxide with oxygen at high pressures:
 * Na2O2 +  O2  →  2 NaO2

It can also be prepared by careful oxygenation of a solution of sodium in ammonia:
 * Na(in NH3) + O2 → NaO2

It is also produced, along with sodium peroxide, when sodium is stored under inappropriate conditions (e.g. in dirty or partially halogenated solvents).

Properties
The product is paramagnetic, as expected for a salt of the anion. It hydrolyses readily to give a mixture of sodium hydroxide, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. It crystallizes in the NaCl motif.

title: Sodium superoxide


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/16 June 2005

Comet Hale–Bopp broke many records when it appeared in 1995, some two years before its perihelion date. It lay beyond the orbit of Jupiter when it was found, a record distance for a cometary discovery. It became a great comet during April and May 1997, being brighter than apparent magnitude 0 for eight weeks, and was visible to the naked eye for 18 months – twice as long as any previously observed comet.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/16 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/17 June 2005

The galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is one of the most distant ever observed. It is only visible from Earth due to the effects of gravitational lensing caused by a galaxy cluster at a smaller distance along the line of sight. It is believed to lie at a distance of 13.2 billion light years, meaning we are seeing it as it was just 500 million years after the Big Bang.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/17 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/18 June 2005

The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae, but is not easy to see in small telescopes due to its very low surface brightness. Hubble Space Telescope images reveal a large number of comet-like knots with 'tails' hundreds of millions of miles long, swept out by a stellar wind from the dying star at the centre of the nebula.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/18 June 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/19 June 2005

The Pleiades are one of the most famous open clusters, and have been known since ancient times. They are prominent to the naked eye, and long exposure photographs reveal delicate wisps of reflection nebulosity around the stars. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows one of the brightest patches of nebulosity, near the star Merope.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/19 June 2005


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lik-sang.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was: nomination withdrawn, with no delete votes. Kappa 07:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lik-sang.com
Lik-sang.com is very short article about "website that sells video game accessories" and doesn't feel notable or informative. There are also pure ad pages for products SmartJoy and Super SmartJoy, linked from here and from nowhere else. Pavel Vozenilek 19:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the site is notable please close the VFD. The article looks bit thin for such a known and used site, though. Pavel Vozenilek 02:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, highly notable in its field. Kappa 23:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep it is very notable plus half a million google hits too Yuckfoo 23:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep very big imported games site (probably the biggest actually) definitely has some notability attached. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 02:15, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Picture/20 June 2005

The Eagle Nebula is a star-forming region about 7,000 light years away from Earth. This Hubble Space Telescope image, dubbed The Pillars Of Creation, reveals the dark clouds of gas inside which new stars are being born.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/20 June 2005


text:
New Hampshire Route 120

New Hampshire Route 120 is a 26.928 mi secondary north–south state highway in Sullivan and Grafton counties in the upper Connecticut River Valley region of New Hampshire. Its southern terminus is at New Hampshire Route 11 and New Hampshire Route 103 in Claremont. Its northern terminus is at New Hampshire Route 10 in Hanover.

Route description
NH 120 begins in downtown Claremont on the Sugar River at NH 11 / NH 103. The initial stretch of the highway is on North Street but then it turns onto Hanover Street and heads north, passing through the towns of Cornish and Plainfield with no major junctions. NH 120 enters Lebanon and proceeds directly into the heart of the city, where it meets (and briefly overlaps) U.S. Route 4 at a large roundabout. NH 120 turns north again, interchanging with Interstate 89 / NH 10, and continues out of town. NH 120 then crosses into Hanover and proceeds northwest into the center of town where it terminates at NH 10 near Dartmouth College.

NH 120 is cosigned with NH 10 on North Park Street in Hanover to terminate at Lyme Road/College Street, but this does not appear to be part of the official routing.

title: New Hampshire Route 120


text:
Talk:Sacrifice bunt

Moneyball
How does this fit under "Moneyball" when this has been a part of the game for a long, long time, and the ability to lay down a good bunt is something that's been looked for in a player for at least a hundred years now? --UsaSatsui 19:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Some of the moneyball/Sabermatic aprroach to baseball strategy relies on less sacrafice bunting, and more on run creation. Bunting is actually overrated in terms of scoring runs and winning games. --Nick Dillinger 03:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

This part isn't true:
"The manager will usually signal the runners to advance as soon as the pitcher winds up."

Rather, most of the time runners wait until the ball is put in play before advancing. Rarely do you see a pitch-out foil a sacrifice bunt. The only time runners advance at windup is on the squeeze play. -- ejc3, 10/7/05

Also, this part contradicts the plate appearance page, which says Sacrifice Hits (which this article properly equates to Sacrifice Bunts) are counted as a plate appearance. It's possible this is confusion resulting from the fact where Sac Hits (unlike Sac Flies) are not included in the denominator of On Base Percentage even though they are a plate appearance.

"A successful sacrifice bunt does not count as an at bat and, unlike a sacrifice fly, also does not count as a plate appearance," — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.226.147.130 (talk) 18:26, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Opening sentence
Does anyone else have a problem with the opening sentence? Aren't there other sacrifice hits (I'm not talking sacrifice flies ... those are different) that are not bunts? For example, if there is a runner on second with no outs ...... a grounder to second which gives the second baseman only a play at first could be classified as a sacrifice, yes? No?TeganX7 03:33, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's true that the goal is to move the runner over by "sacrificing" yourself, but if the batter swings and grounds out, it is not an official sacrifice by rule.Neonblak (talk) 09:00, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

unanimous support for move.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 18:03, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Sacrifice hit → Sacrifice bunt — "Sacrifice bunt" is:

 * more common (over 1.5 million hits on google to less than 500,000 for "sacrifice hit", and in my experience as a baseball fan I have never heard the term "sacrifice hit" used—not that that counts for anything by itself :)),
 * more accurate (a sacrifice, by nature, cannot be a hit, and for the purposes of this article the only kind of hit ball that can be a sacrifice is a bunt), and
 * more official (rule 10 of the official ML rules regarding scorekeeping uses the term "sacrifice bunt" in all but one incidence describing this play).

I can see no reason for this article to be under the title "sacrifice hit" instead of "sacrifice bunt". — Pmr2011 (talk) 17:44, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support as proposer. Pmr2011 (talk) 17:45, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support as proposer. Alaney2k (talk) 00:39, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I thought I was the proposer...;) Pmr2011 (talk) 02:07, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Support reasons are pretty obvious.  Black  ngold29   02:25, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support Official MLB rule book says "sacrifice bunt". — X96lee15 (talk) 02:06, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, comment left below. Neonblak (talk) 03:02, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, comment below Ex nihil (talk) 00:29, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * I have heard of plenty of hits, but I did not know what a bunt is. (Presumably it means a bunt (baseball).) Many Wikipedia readers are British and know very little about baseball. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:43, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I am an English Brit. and I don't know what a bunt is either but I would hate to see the language dumbed down just to suit the baseball incognoscenti. Keep it as bunt please it make Wikipefdia more informative and interesting, otherwise we are going to have knock the language in the cricket article for six. Ex nihil (talk) 00:28, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * You could name it Sacrifice bunt (baseball), but since there is no other Sacrifice bunt, the (baseball) is unnecessary. Alaney2k (talk) 00:41, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It does refer to bunt (baseball), and as Alaney said, "Sacrifice bunt" is a baseball-only term (much like "batsman" or "wicket-keeper in cricket), so the (baseball) qualifier is unnecessary, but I'd have no problem adding it if most people think it would be clearer.

One other comment/reason for move: "Sacrifice bunt" is less likely to be confused with "Sacrifice fly," which could also be a type of "sacrifice hit." Pmr2011 (talk) 02:11, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * ESPN.com's stats call sac bunts, sac hits, then have sac fly as a separate category. Presumably (this is just my guess), that the SH for sacrifice hit is used instead of SB for sac bunt to avoid confusion with the SB for stolen bases.  So, this move seems natural to me.Neonblak (talk) 03:01, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sacrifice bunt