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Howard Clark (golfer)

Howard Keith Clark (born 26 August 1954) is an English professional golfer who played on the European Tour for many years and had his most successful period in the mid-1980s.

Early life and amateur career
Clark was born in Leeds, England. He learned the game from his father, who was a scratch amateur. He won the 1971 Boys Amateur Championship and played for Great Britain & Ireland in the 1973 Walker Cup.

Professional career
Clark turned professional in 1973 and joined the European Tour in 1974. His first professional tournament win came in the 1975 Greater Manchester Open. In 1976 he won the T.P.D. Under-25 Championship and his first win on the European Tour was two years later at the 1978 Portuguese Open. Clark's final tally of European Tour wins was eleven, including pairs of wins in four consecutive seasons from 1984 to 1987. He also won the individual title at the World Cup of Golf in 1985. His best placing on the Order of Merit was third, which he achieved in both 1984 and 1986. His form fell away in the early 1990s but revived for a time in the middle of that decade, and he made the top twenty on the Order of Merit in 1994 and 1995. His last season on the tour was 1999 and he subsequently worked as an on-course commentator for BBC Sport before moving to Sky Sports.

Clark played in the Ryder Cup six times and was on three winning European teams and also the 1989 team which tied the match and retained the Cup.

Amateur wins

 * 1971 Boys Amateur Championship

European Tour wins (11)
 * Note: The 1984 Whyte & Mackay PGA Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

European Tour playoff record (1–1)

Other wins (3)

 * 1975 Greater Manchester Open
 * 1976 T.P.D. Under-25 Championship
 * 1985 World Cup (individual title)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (1987 Masters – 1989 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1

Team appearances
Amateur
 * Walker Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1973

Professional
 * Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland/Europe): 1977, 1981, 1985 (winners), 1987 (winners), 1989 (tied, cup retained), 1995 (winners)
 * Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1978 (winners), (representing England) 1984 (winners)
 * World Cup (representing England): 1978, 1984, 1985 (individual winner), 1987
 * Dunhill Cup (representing England): 1985, 1986, 1987 (winners), 1989, 1990, 1994, 1995
 * Nissan Cup (representing Europe): 1985, 1986

title: Howard Clark (golfer)


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User:Lars T.

It's me!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lars T.


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Sidney and Beatrice Webb

Sidney and Beatrice Webb may refer to:

 * Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (1859–1947), English socialist, economist, co-founder of the London School of Economics
 * Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist, economist, co-founder of the London School of Economics, wife of Sidney Webb

title: Sidney and Beatrice Webb


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User:Buddho

(very rarely) active user. Please let me a message if necessary, but poetry is better. You may (even) request work on some article. So awesome !

title: User:Buddho


title: User:Wraith89


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Category:Desiccants

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness.

title: Category:Desiccants


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Jodi Ann Paterson

Jodi Ann Paterson (born July 31, 1975) is an American model, actress and former beauty queen. She competed in the Miss Teen USA competition as Miss Oregon Teen USA in 1994. She is Playboy's Playmate for October 1999, and was named Playmate of the Year (PMOY) in 2000. She has also modeled for Perfect 10. She is married to 1991 CART series champion and current IndyCar team owner Michael Andretti.

Biography
Jodi Ann Paterson was born in Balikpapan, Indonesia, to an American father and an Indonesian mother. She moved to America with her parents during her childhood. Paterson, who attended Thurston High School, won the Miss Oregon Teen USA 1994 title and competed in the Miss Teen USA pageant. The event, which was televised live from Biloxi, Mississippi, was won by Shauna Gambill of California. After high school she attended Oregon State University (OSU), graduating in 1997. OSU was featured in both her October 1999 Playboy issue and Playmate of the Year Video Edition.

According to her PMOY video, she is the first Playmate of the Year to have a college degree.

She was selected to deliver opinions on VH1's The Greatest: 100 Hottest Hotties, along with Playmates the Dahm triplets.

The band Zebrahead wrote a song called "Playmate of the Year". Paterson is featured in the video, and the issue announcing her selection is delivered to the band's lead singer at the end. The music video is featured as a bonus segment of the Playboy 2001 Video Playmate Calendar which has Paterson on the cover. Paterson is also on the cover of Zebrahead’s album of the same name. The song was also featured in Dude, Where's My Car?, in which Paterson also had a small role as a man-eating giantess.

Paterson married auto racer Michael Andretti on October 7, 2006, in Napa, California.

title: Jodi Ann Paterson


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Talk:Sega Rally Championship

Vandels
Can strange people stop editing SEGA pages, lying about what consoles the games are released on? I see this a lot and it's more odd than annoying. Things such as saying it's on game collections and XBLA when it isn't. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.162.60.6 (talk) 16:08, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

10 years
10 years championship? what's that? --Abdull 20:59, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * More like, where's that? --  the     GREAT     Gavini   18:33, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

The 10year championship was in the PC version of Sega Rally 2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.111.69.233 (talk) 14:06, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Stratos issue
I can't seem to see any of the info on the Lancia Stratos. Please consider adding Stratos into the article (topic).--ROT9 (talk) 03:48, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Game Over
"Another unique point about this game is the Game Over screen." - Please clarify in how far! I don't see any particularity. Thanks. Hippo99 (talk) 16:22, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Dubious
The header for this article contains this quote: "The unique selling point of Sega Rally was the ability to drive on different surfaces (including asphalt, gravel and mud), with different friction properties, with the car's handling changing accordingly. As the first racing game to incorporate this feature, Sega Rally is considered to be one of the milestones in the evolution of the racing game genre." The citation is attributed to Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2009, page 103. I think that it is false to claim that Sega Rally Championship is the first video game to alter a vehicle's handling on different terrain. As far back as 1977, the game "Indy 500" for the Atari 2600 featured levels with icy roads, and the handling of the car changed to simulate driving in icy conditions. A more recent example (and still before Sega Rally Championship) is "Over Top for the Neo Geo. I'm sure that many more examples of this gameplay mechanic can be found.  I think this particular passage should be removed, even though it is cited. 66.18.219.221 (talk) 03:36, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Support the removal - and in fact reading it further, the claim of "cooperative gameplay" is false as well, and needs removing. Although I'm tempted to simply zap them right now, I'll wait for other comments.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 10:01, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * This article is full of errors! The stratos could be played on the arcade version by gear shifting 1-2-3-4 at the vehicle selection screen, as any fule kno.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 10:03, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

 * After looking into it, "Over Top" was released after "Sega Rally Championship", so that's not a valid example. But I'm sure many more can be found - that was just the most obvious that came to mind. 66.18.219.221 (talk) 14:50, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

U could prolly write something like "The first 3d racing game whit the ability to drive on different surfaces" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.179.211.131 (talk) 01:07, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I suspect the issue is not that the Guinness World Records is wrong, but that either you or the editor who added the info misunderstood what the source is saying. Does the handling actually change when you drive on icy roads in Indy 500, or do you simply lose control of the vehicle when you hit an icy patch, which is how most racing games of the time handled ice?--Martin IIIa (talk) 12:33, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Sega Rally Championship. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Question/query
There was no PS2 version release of this. Correct?Andwan0 (talk) 21:00, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

 * This page suggests that there was? Chaheel Riens (talk) 21:10, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Add a section about the Japan exclusive expanded version Sega Rally Championship Plus
I don't know if anyone is gonna see this but I am surprised that there is no mention of the expanded Plus version that was exlsuive to Japan aside from being mentioned in the release date box but that is the only mention. So I am asking if we should mention it in the development or release section? NakhlaMan (talk) 01:44, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sega Rally Championship


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C-flat major

C-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C♭, consisting of the pitches C♭, D♭, E♭, F♭, G♭, A♭, and B♭. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor). Its parallel minor, C-flat minor, is usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it impractical to use. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps.

The C-flat major scale is:

C-flat major is the only major or minor key, other than theoretical keys, which has "flat" or "sharp" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument).

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – C-flat major
 * Supertonic – D-flat minor
 * Mediant – E-flat minor
 * Subdominant – F-flat major
 * Dominant – G-flat major
 * Submediant – A-flat minor
 * Leading-tone – B-flat diminished

Use in harp music
C-flat major is the home key of the harp, with all its pedals in the top position, and it is considered the most resonant key for the instrument. Thus, in Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben, the first cue for the harps is written in C-flat major even though the rest of the orchestra, having previously played in E-flat major, retains a 3-flat key signature and is now playing in B major, marked with the necessary sharps and naturals as accidentals.

This use of C-flat major in harp parts when the rest of the orchestra is playing in B major is not exceptional: it is standard practice in orchestral music written in B major for harp parts to be notated in C-flat major. In Arnold Bax's symphonic poem Tintagel, the key is B major and again the harp part is always notated in C-flat major; but in this case the harp's key signature contains only 6 flats, and the necessary F♭s are notated with accidentals. In Claude Debussy's Sonata for Flute, Viola and Harp, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. Harp parts can also be written in A-flat minor when the rest of the orchestra is notated in G-sharp minor.

Music in C-flat major
Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats. However, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's Contredanse in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, "Chave de Ouro" and "Labirinto" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half (last two themes) of William Bolcom's rag for piano, "Seabiscuits".

There is a brief passage in the first movement, "Evocación", of Iberia by Isaac Albéniz which suggests the key of C-flat minor by adding the necessary three double-flats as accidentals. The surrounding passages are in C-flat major, with a 7-flat key signature. The movement is in sonata form, in the key of A-flat minor, so this places the second theme in the orthodox relative major key (and in the also-orthodox tonic major key of A-flat major when it reappears near the end of the piece).

The slow movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 12 has a principal theme that modulates from A-flat minor to C-flat major, before moving to what would theoretically be C-flat minor, but is notated as B minor (every note in this passage requires an accidental, due to the key signature of seven flats). A few other works by Beethoven have significant passages in C-flat major, although they usually notate this with accidentals in some other key signature, because C-flat major's seven flats make it a difficult key to use; for example:
 * Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 (Choral), mvmt. III: the section containing a prominent horn solo before the final return of a variant of the first theme, back in B-flat major
 * Piano Sonata No. 26 in E-flat major, Op. 81a (Les Adieux): several bars into the slow introduction to the first movement
 * Piano Sonata No. 31 in A-flat major, Op. 110, mvmt. III: the first appearance of the Arioso section is in A-flat minor (despite being notated with only 6, not 7, flats), and this includes a significant modulation to its relative major key of C-flat major
 * Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 73 (Emperor): one of the transitional themes in the first movement's exposition section, between the first and second subjects.

C-flat major is used for Benjamin Britten's Interlude in C-flat major for harp, several of Max Reger's Canons in All Major and Minor Keys (Book 1 Nos. 62 and 63, and Book 2 No. 48), and No. 29 from the Thirty Preludes in All Major and Minor Keys by Christian Heinrich Rinck.

In some scores, the C-flat major key signature in the bass clef is written with the flat for the F on the second line from the top. This can be seen, for example, in the Albéniz example given above: Iberia, 1st movement: "Evocación", about two-thirds of which is in 7 flats, and every bass-clef staff of which shows this variant. This is also seen in the second movement of the Beautiful Danube waltz in the Boosey & Hawkes concert band edition.

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Beaulieu Abbey

Beaulieu Abbey was a Cistercian abbey in Hampshire, England. It was founded in 1203–1204 by King John and (uniquely in Britain) populated by 30 monks sent from the abbey of Cîteaux in France, the mother house of the Cistercian order. The Medieval Latin name of the monastery was Bellus Locus Regis ("The beautiful place of the king"') or monasterium Belli loci Regis. Other spellings of the English name which occur historically are Bewley (16th century) and Beaulie (17th century).

Foundation
The first Abbot of Beaulieu was Hugh, who stood high in the king's favour, often served in important diplomatic missions and was later to become Bishop of Carlisle. The king granted the new abbey a rich endowment, including numerous manors spread across southern England (particularly in Berkshire), land in the New Forest, corn, large amounts of money, building materials, 120 cows, 12 bulls, a golden chalice, and an annual tun of wine. John's son and successor, King Henry III was equally generous to Beaulieu, with the result that the abbey became very wealthy, though it was far from the richest English Cistercian house.

Monks from Beaulieu founded four daughter houses, Netley Abbey in Hampshire (1239), Hailes Abbey in Gloucestershire (1246), Newenham Abbey in Devon (1247) and St Mary Graces Abbey in London (1350).

Buildings
The abbey's buildings were of a scale and magnificence reflecting its status as an important royal foundation. The church was a vast cruciform structure in early gothic style and heavily influenced by French churches of the order, especially those of Cîteaux, Bonport and Clairvaux. The church was 102 m long and had a semi-circular apse with 11 radiating chapels. The building took more than four decades to complete and was finally dedicated in 1246, in the presence of King Henry III and his queen, of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and of many prelates and nobles.

South of the church stood a cloister, ranged around which were the chapter house, refectory, kitchens, storehouse and quarters for the monks, lay brothers and the abbot. A separate infirmary complex lay to the east of the main buildings, connected to them by a passage. The abbey was surrounded by workshops, farm buildings, guesthouses, a mill, and extensive gardens and fishponds. Strongly fortified gatehouses controlled entry to the monastic enclosure, which was defended by a wall. A water gate allowed access to ships in the river.

Exemption and sanctuary
Pope Innocent III constituted Beaulieu an "exempt abbey", meaning that the abbot had to answer to no local bishop but only to the Pope himself. Beaulieu was also invested by the same Pope with special privileges of sanctuary, much stronger than usual and covering not only the abbey itself but all the 23.5 hectare precinct around as included in the original grant made by King John. As Beaulieu was the only abbey in its region with such large and strongly enforced sanctuary rights, it soon became a refuge for fugitives, both ordinary criminals and debtors and also political enemies of the government. Among these latter were Anne Neville, wife of Warwick the Kingmaker, who sought sanctuary after the Battle of Barnet (1471). Twenty-six years later, Perkin Warbeck fled to Beaulieu from the pursuing armies of Henry VII.

Dissolution
In 1535 the abbey's income was assessed in the Valor Ecclesiasticus, Henry VIII's general survey of church finances prior to the expropriation, at £428 gross, £326 net. According to the terms of the first Suppression Act, Henry's initial move in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, this meant that it escaped immediate confiscation, though the clouds were gathering.

The last abbot of Beaulieu was Abbot Thomas Stevens, elected in 1536, who had formerly been abbot of the recently dissolved abbey of Netley, across Southampton Water. Though Beaulieu managed to survive until April 1538, at that point it was finally forced to surrender to the government. Many of the monks were granted pensions, the abbot receiving 100 marks per year. Abbot Thomas ended his days as treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral. He died in 1550.

At the dissolution of the monastery in 1538, the Commissioners for the Dissolution reported to the government that thirty-two sanctuary-men, who were here for debt, felony, or murder, were living in houses in the monastic precincts with their wives and families. When the abbey was dissolved there was some debate about what to do with them, however, in the end it was decided, after pleading by the former abbot and certain government officials, to allow the debtors to live in their houses on the abbey grounds permanently. Pardons were given to some of the criminals too, including one Thomas Jeynes, a murderer.

Country mansion
After Beaulieu fell there was much competition amongst courtiers to gain ownership of the abbey and its valuable estates, but eventually Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, won the struggle and King Henry granted him the abbey itself and 3,441 hectares of the Beaulieu lands.

As soon as he took over, Wriothesley set about building himself a house on the site. He demolished the church, as was common practice but, unusually, instead of converting the buildings around the cloister into a home he chose the great gatehouse as the core of his mansion (compare Wriothesley's other converted monastery at Titchfield Abbey or the conversion of neighbouring Netley Abbey). This survives – much extended – as the modern country house at Beaulieu known as Palace House. Lord Southampton preserved the monks' refectory, which he gave to the people of Beaulieu village to be their parish church, a function it still serves today. The west range of the abbey, known as the Domus, was also saved. The rest of the abbey was allowed to fall into ruin.

Today
Although a great deal was destroyed at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, there is still much to see. The layout of the 102-metre-long church can be seen on the lawns. The position of the altar is marked by a cross and flanking trees. The south wall of the nave, where the cloister leant against it, still stands. At each end is a fine processional door between the church and the cloister. The cloister arcades themselves have vanished, but the open space is still enclosed by walls and planted with fragrant herbs. To the east lay the sacristy, the chapter house, the slype or passage to the infirmary, and the monks' day room. Of these the main survival is the façade of the chapter house, with three large Gothic arches. The dormitory that stood above these rooms has vanished, as has most of the reredorter extending east from its southern end. The south range contained the warming room, the refectory (aligned north-south in the Cistercian manner) and the kitchen. The warming room and the kitchen have largely disappeared, but the refectory survives as the parish church. It is a fine 13th century building, with elaborate shafted lancet windows and an intact reader's pulpit, for reading biblical passages at mealtimes. Between the east and south ranges, the lower part of the dormitory staircase can be seen. The west range, now called the Domus, was initially the lay brothers' refectory and dormitory and, later, chambers for important guests once the lay brothers had vanished. It is separated from the main cloister by a 'lane', to segregate the monks from the lay brothers. It now houses an exhibition of monastic life prior to Thomas Wriothesley's takeover. Visitors can view a series of modern embroidered wall hangings made by Belinda, Lady Montagu, depicting scenes from medieval monastic life and the history of the abbey since 1204. Beyond the central claustral buildings, foundations remain of the infirmary. The abbey stood within two walled courtyards, of which much of the precinct walls still stand. The smaller outer gatehouse is still used as such, while the inner gatehouse has been greatly altered for use as Beaulieu Palace House. Although the passage has been blocked up at each end, the tierceron vaulting remains inside. Beaulieu remains in the hands of the descendants of Wriothesley, who still live there.

The Abbey is open to the public as part of the visitor attraction known as "Beaulieu", which includes:

 * Beaulieu Abbey
 * National Motor Museum
 * Beaulieu Palace House
 * World of Top Gear
 * Secret Army Exhibition – an exhibit about the Special Operations Executive training at Beaulieu during World War II
 * Gardens
 * A monorail
 * Rides

The Domus is regularly used for events, dining and corporate hospitality.

Foundation legend
Beaulieu Abbey was the sole religious foundation of King John. The legend of this event, first told in a Kirkstall chartulary, is related by the antiquarian William Dugdale, who incorrectly suggested that "King John being offended with the Cistercian order in England, and the Abbots of that Order coming to him to reconcile themselves, he caused them to be trod under his Horses Feet, for which Action being terrified in a Dream, he built and bestowed the Abby of Beau-lieu in Newforest for 30 monks of that order." The legend was repeated in a later work by the topographer Thomas Cox. Modern re-tellings of the king's "babbling dream" state that he dreamed of being scourged with rods and thongs by the abbots he had commanded be trampled and he awoke to find his body still ached from the blows in his dream. The king is said to have taken great interest in the construction of the abbey and even to have expressed a desire to be entombed beneath the high altar.

Reported hauntings
Beaulieu, according to the official website, is one of the most haunted places in Britain, with reported sightings going back over a hundred years.

The sound of Gregorian chant, considered an omen by local tradition, have been reported by Mrs Elizabeth Varley, daughter of John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, and Michael C. Sedgwick, former curator of the National Motor Museum, amongst others.

Among the many reported sightings of monks (allegedly white and brown clad) in the abbey ruins and in the parish church,  including one by the actress Margaret Rutherford,  is an often repeated tale involving a group of local boys sheltering from a storm in a disused boathouse who see a rowing boat making for the shore.

The eccentric Reverend Robert Frazer Powles, Vicar of Beaulieu (1886–1939), claimed to have gone so far as to converse with ghostly monks whom he knew by name, and even to have celebrated candlelit midnight mass every Christmas Eve for them.

In culture

Beaulieu Abbey is the setting of the opening chapters in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's historical novel The White Company. F. T. Prince's poem "At Beaulieu"', from his 1963 collection, The Doors of Stone, describes the double heart-coffin on display in the Abbey. Prince, who was Professor of English at the University of Southampton from 1957 to 1974, probably visited the site sometime in the late 1950s/early 1960s. Sir John Betjeman's poem "Youth and Age on Beaulieu River" is based on a visit he made to the New Forest. Beaulieu Abbey plays a prominent role in Edward Rutherfurd's novel The Forest.

Burials at the abbey

 * Isabel Marshal
 * Thomas Skevington

title: Beaulieu Abbey


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Boliden

Boliden is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 1,566 inhabitants in 2010. It lies 28,5 kilometers from Skellefteå City.

This is where Boliden AB was founded in early 20th century after the findings in the mine that was called the Boliden mine.

title: Boliden


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Boliden AB

Boliden AB (stylized as New Boliden) is a Swedish multinational metals, mining, and smelting company headquartered in Stockholm. The company produces zinc, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and gold, with operations in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Ireland.

Boliden is linked to a major environmental disaster in Spain and is also accused of threatening human rights defenders following the disposal of toxic waste in Chile.

In 2003, in a major deal, Boliden acquired Outokumpu's mining and smelting assets within zinc and copper. The company name comes from the Boliden mine, some 30 km northwest of the Swedish town of Skellefteå, where gold was found in 1924. It was once Europe's largest and richest gold mine, but has since 1967 been defunct.

In 2020, Boliden Mineral AB became the first company in Sweden to issue a Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation. UN Human Rights experts from OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights at the United Nations) wrote to the managing director of Boliden to convey concerns of alleged ongoing breaches of human rights, including ‘intimidation and threat [against] human rights defenders’.

In August 2021, Boliden joined up with several of the world's other major mining companies and Komatsu to advance zero-emission mining.

In August 2021, Boliden ranked second among mining companies in Bloomberg Intelligence's low-carbon ranking. In 2017, Boliden was rated the world's second most climate-friendly mining firm with regards to carbon dioxide.

Mines
Business Area Mines conducts exploration, mining and milling operations in Sweden, Finland, and Ireland. Its main products are zinc and copper concentrate, with some lead, gold and silver content. The goods produced are sold both to the Group's own smelters and to external customers. Boliden owns and operates Europe's biggest zinc mine at Tara in Ireland. Tara became part of Boliden in early 2004, but production began there in 1977, since when over 60 million tonnes of ore have been mined. Boliden also owns Garpenberg, which is Sweden's oldest mine still in operation. Mining at Garpenberg, or extracting metals from the ground, began as early as 375 bc. The mineral-rich Skellefte field lies within the Boliden Area, where almost 30 mines have been opened since production began in the 1920s and where Boliden currently operates the Renström and Kristineberg underground mines and the Maurliden open pit mine. Boliden also owns and operates the Aitik open pit mine, which is one of Europe's biggest copper mines. Metal grades at Aitik are low, but this is compensated for by high productivity levels and efficient milling processes that also exploit the ore's gold and silver content. An expansion project that will double Aitik's ore production to 36 million tonnes per annum by 2014 began in 2007 and will be completed in 2010.

Smelters
Business Area Smelters refines both metal concentrate and secondary materials to produce base and precious metals at smelters in Sweden, Finland and Norway. The main metals are zinc and copper but the production of lead, gold and silver also makes a substantial contribution to the Business Area's revenues. Other products include sulphuric acid and aluminium fluoride. Boliden owns and operates two zinc and two copper smelters and one lead smelter. The Kokkola zinc smelter in Finland is the second largest in Europe and the fifth largest in the world, and mainly produces an alloy used in the galvanising of thin sheet metal. The Odda zinc smelter, which produces zinc for the steel industry and aluminium fluoride for Norway's aluminium industry, is located on the west coast of Norway. The Rönnskär copper smelter is located in the Swedish town of Skelleftehamn and its main products are copper, zinc clinker, lead and precious metals. The smelter, which produces sulphuric acid as a by-product of its operations, also produces metals from electronic scrap and other secondary materials. The Harjavalta copper smelter, located on the west coast of Finland, produces copper cathodes that are mainly sold to manufacturers of semi-finished goods. Other important products include gold, silver and sulphuric acid. The Bergsöe lead smelter outside Landskrona in southern Sweden extracts lead from scrap car batteries. Bergsöe is one of Europe's four biggest players in the lead recycling industry. Approximately 60 per cent of the plant's lead production is sold to the European battery industry, with the remainder used in the manufacture of roofing sheet.

History
On 10 December 1924, a sensational ore deposit was discovered at Fågelmyran, just over 30 km northwest of Skellefteå. Test drilling revealed what was then Europe's richest ore. The first Boliden ore was extracted in the spring of 1926 at what would become the Boliden mine – a mine that would prove, over the course of several decades, to be Europe's biggest and richest gold mine. The deposit also included copper and large amounts of silver. The town of Boliden quickly grew up around the mine. The leading light in the development of the Boliden company was Oscar Falkman (1877–1961), who was the driving force behind the exploration work that began in the second decade of the 20th century, and which was accelerated due to the metal shortage that arose in the wake of World War I. Falkman continued in the role of Boliden's President until 1941. Boliden AB was also part of the financier Ivar Kreuger's business empire until 1932. The Rönnskär smelter was built to process the Boliden ore, and commenced smelting operations in 1930. The world's longest ore tramway, between Boliden's mine in Kristineberg and Boliden became operational in 1943. The ore tramway was 96 km long and by the time it was shut down, 44 years later, it had transported 12 million tonnes of concentrate. Operations started at the Aitik mine, outside Gällivare, in 1968. This open pit mine would develop, over the years, into one of Europe's biggest copper mines. During its first year of operations, it produced approximately 9,000 tonnes of copper, 160 kg of gold and 7 tonnes of silver.

The company grew during the first few years of the 1970s thanks to a joint venture with the German company, Preussag. This led to the expansion of Boliden's lead smelting and refining capacity, and in 1976, Boliden launched a Kaldo type furnace, for processing metals. 1976 also saw Boliden launch the first flash smelting furnace for lead, applying Kaldo technology, at Rönnskär.

In the mid-1980s, Boliden exported a total of 19,139 tonnes of metallic residues containing high concentrations of arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead, from the Rönnskär smelter to a Chilean company, Promel, for processing. Boliden paid Promel for processing work that was never carried out and the residues were, instead, stored on the outskirts of the city of Arica at a site which was converted to a low-cost residential area in the 1990s on the instructions of the social services. The original export documents had specified that the metallic residues were 'non-toxic' and residents were unaware of the waste's presence or potential for harm. As a result, many people came to harm. In the autumn of 2009, the Chilean government announced that the 7,000 or so residents of the area would be evacuated. The waste was exported before the Basel Convention prohibiting the export of environmentally hazardous waste came into force.

At the end of 1986, the Trelleborg industrial conglomerate acquired a controlling interest in Boliden. The same year also saw Boliden acquire the Spanish company, Apirsa S.L., which extracted zinc from the Aznalcóllar open pit mine, 45 km west of Seville. Trelleborg launched a major restructuring of the Boliden Group in 1996, and the new company, Boliden Limited, was formed in Toronto. Two years later, Boliden Ltd. bought the Canadian company Westmin.

On 25 April 1998, the tailings dam at Apirsa's Los Frailes mine burst and 4.5 million cubic metres of tailings sand drained out into the nearby Guadiamar river, near Doñana National Park, causing the worst environmental disaster in Spain so far. Extensive investigations revealed defects in both the dam's original construction and in subsequent construction projects. The company reacted quickly to the situation and immediately began a comprehensive programme of reclamation work. In 2006, Boliden lost the demand against the companies that built the dam Aznalcóllar. The Spanish Supreme Court also confirmed that Boliden should pay 43,7 million euros to the Spanish government. The recovery costs of Aznalcóllar are estimated to be 240 million euro; Boliden has not assumed any part of these costs.

In 1999, Boliden implemented a restructuring programme at Group level and the Boliden share was listed on the Stockholm stock exchange.

In 2001, Boliden's head office was relocated back to Sweden.

In late 2003, Boliden bought smelters and a mine from the Finnish steel group, Outokumpu, and as a result, the Kokkola and Harjavalta/Pori smelters in Finland and the Odda smelter in Norway became part of Boliden. The purchase also included the Tara zinc mine in Ireland.

In 2020, Boliden Mineral AB became the first company in Sweden to issue a Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation.

History in brief
2021 Boliden was ranked no. 18 out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).

2020 On 2 September, Boliden Mineral AB, represented by the law firm Mannheimer Swartling Advokatbyrå AB, filed a complaint to the Disciplinary Committee of the Swedish Bar Association against lawyers Mr Johan Öberg and Mr Göran Starkebo. The complaint, seeking to make them personally liable for costs incurred by Boliden in defending the ARICA case was considered by the United Nations to be a threat equivalent to the first SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) in Swedish history.

2016 Boliden was ranked as being among the 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic.

2013 796 residents of Arica brought a legal case against Boliden in the Swedish courts

2006 Decision to invest in an expansion of the Aitik mine. Agreement with OM Group Inc (OMG) regarding the refining of nickel concentrate at Harjavalta. Successful exploration resulted in increases to Garpenberg's ore reserves. A new lead section was also opened at Bergsöe.

2005 Kvarnberget is the name given to a new mineralisation discovered in Garpenberg. Decision to invest in expansion of the Harjavalta smelter. Feasibility study of possible expansion of the Aitik mine. Boliden sells its shares in Breakwater Resources and Lundin Mining. First edition of Boliden's in-house magazine, "Boliden Magazine", published.

2000 Harjavalta's nickel operations are sold. Maurliden mine opens. The new Rönnskär complex is inaugurated.

1998 The Spanish Los Frailes mine closes as a result of the tailings dam failure, causing extensive damage in the environment, near Doñana National Park. The Rönnskär +200 expansion – an investment of SEK 1.9 billion – is approved.

1997 Boliden establishes its head office in Toronto. The share is listed on the Toronto and Montreal stock exchanges.

1995 Harjavalta is expanded, increasing copper and nickel production.

1990 The concentrator at Boliden is expanded and modernised. The Outokumpu Group is incorporated, and the zinc smelter becomes known as Outokumpu Zinc Oy and the copper and nickel smelters as Outokumpu Harjavalta Metals Oy.

1988 The Spanish mining company, Apirsa SL, becomes a subsidiary of Boliden.

1987 The Swedish industrial conglomerate, Trelleborg AB, takes a controlling interest in Boliden.

1985 Boliden ceased shipping toxic waste to northern Chile.

1984 Boliden began shipping 19,139 tonnes of toxic waste, containing high concentrations of arsenic, mercury and lead, from its smelter in Sweden, to Arica in northern Chile.

1979 Boliden buys Paul Bergsöe & Son.

1977 Production starts at the Irish zinc mine, Tara.

1970 Production of aluminium fluoride begins at Odda. In Ireland, Tara discovers the big zinc and lead deposit.

1969 Operations begin at the zinc smelter in Kokkola.

1968 Mining operations start at Aitik.

1967 The Boliden mine is closed down. Outokumpu decides to establish its own zinc smelter in Kokkola.

1957 Boliden acquires the Garpenberg mine from Zinkgruvor AB.

1955 The world's deepest railway – between the Långsele and Boliden mines – is completed.

1952 Construction of a sulphuric acid plant at Rönnskär to exploit the sulphur dioxide-bearing chimney gases.

1946 Boliden publishes Sweden's first in-house magazine, "Smältdegeln" [The Melting Pot].

1945 Copper production starts at Harjavalta.

1943 The 96-kilometre ore tramway between Kristineberg and Boliden opens. Tin and lead smelting starts at Bergsöe.

1942 Lead plant built at Rönnskär. Paul Bergsöe & Son AB formed in Landskrona.

1940 Operations start at the Kristineberg mine.

1939 Outokumpu Oy starts extracting zinc concentrate from Outokumpu ore.

1931 The two mining companies – Västerbottens Gruvaktiebolag and Skellefteås Gruvaktiebolag – are merged to form Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag.

1930 Operations start at the Rönnskär smelter.

1929 Zinc production begins at Odda.

1925 Västerbottens Gruvaktiebolag and Skellefteå Gruvaktiebolag are formed.

1924 Gold discovered at Fågelmyran in Boliden.

Dumping in Chile
In the mid-1980s, Boliden was involved in a dumping controversy in Chile. According to Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, "Boliden shipped approximately 20,000 tonnes of smelter sludge to the Polygono area in Arica between 1984 and 1985. The waste derived from Boliden's Rönnskär arsenic plant in Sweden and was sold to a Chilean company, Promel, for processing. However, the waste was reportedly left unprocessed and unprotected at the site until 1998. Starting in 1989, housing developments were built nearby, but Chilean authorities concluded in 2009 that the area should be evacuated as it remained contaminated."

The Boliden controversy in Chile stirred debate in the Swedish news in 2013, after 700 Chilean victims suffering from arsenic poisoning filed a lawsuit against Boliden.

In March 2021, Beatriz Balbin, Chief of the Special Procedures Branch of OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights at the United Nations) wrote to the managing director of Boliden to convey alleged ongoing breaches of human rights, including ‘intimidation and threat [against] human rights defenders’.

Letters relating to the case, which dates back to Boliden’s export of 19,139 tonnes of toxic waste containing high concentrations of arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead from Sweden to Chile between 1984 and 1985.

June 2021, a feature documentary film ARICA was released in Swedish cinemas

The Boliden toxic waste scandal was discussed in Swedish parliament where the Minister of Environment, Per Bolund (Green Party) indicated his willingness to discuss assistance to Chile to clean up the affected areas in Arica, saying:

“We have … much sanitation work of our own, on which we are spending lots of resources.

That means that we are developing techniques and solutions and we are of course willing to assist Chile if such aid is asked for.

We have had no such request from Chile.”

Video The quote was immediately referred to in Chilean media and followed by a demand from a senate majority to the president to address Sweden with a request, as Per Bolund had asked for.

Senado exige al Gobierno repatriar residuos tóxicos a Suecia | Crónica

The then Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andres Allamand, announced in public that Sweden would be contacted in the matter.

Chile pedirá al gobierno sueco repatriar desechos tóxicos de basural industrial en Arica (6m13s into the reportage)

On July 4, 2021 SVT screened the documentary ARICA. Two Swedish Green Party MP’s, Maria Gardfjell, vice chair in the parliament’s environmental and agricultural committee, and Amanda Palmstierna, member of the parliament’s EU-committee, made a statement confirming the comments made in June by the Minister of Environment Per Bolund.

Giftskandalen i Arica är hänsynslös

Arica - en svensk giftskandal

See also the Doñana disaster, caused by negligence on the part of Boliden-Apirsa.

In media and popular culture
The Aitik copper mine (a major mine within the company) was featured on a 2007 episode of the Discovery Channel series Really Big Things.

Released in 2014, Swedish director Roy Andersson's film A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence includes a controversial scene which, according to the director, refers to Boliden's involvement in dumping dangerous toxins in the Chilean city Arica in the 1980s. In a review of the film, film critic Jessica Kiang describes the scene: "And in probably the most unsettling and memorable scene, which plays out like a live action Monty Python animation, colonial-era British soldiers pack a huge brass drum outfitted with trumpet horns of varying sizes with chained black slaves. The door is closed, and a fire is lit beneath the drum, which begins to revolve slowly (it is emblazoned with the name of Swedish mining giant Boliden) and to emit a kind of music. All this, it is revealed, is being enacted for the entertainment of a group of elderly rich, champagne-sipping white people in evening wear."

The smelting victims in Arica is also the topic of Toxic Playground, a Swedish documentary by William Johansson and Lars Edman released in 2009.

In 2021, the topical satirical show Svenska Nyheter (Swedish News) included a 12 minute segment about the ARICA case, with a resident of Arica gathering a sample of contaminated soil, putting it in an envelope and mailing it back to Boliden.

Carbon footprint
Boliden reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 897 Kt (-20 /-2.2% y-o-y). There has been a consistent declining trend in reported emissions since 2016.

title: Boliden AB


text:
Municipality of the District of Clare

Clare, officially named the Municipality of the District of Clare, is a district municipality in western Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.

Geography
The Municipality of the District of Clare occupies the western half of Digby County. Most of the municipality's settled areas are located along St. Marys Bay, a sub-basin of the Gulf of Maine.

History
The township was settled in 1768 by Acadian families who had returned to Nova Scotia from exile. Prior to the establishment of Clare the Mi'kmaw knew the area as Wagweiik. The mouth of Salmon River is thought to be a traditional summer settlement of the Mi'kmaw and several artifacts have been found there, as well as at Meteghan, Major's Point and other sites [2]. Place names like Hectanooga, Mitihikan (Meteghan), and Chicaben (Church Point) are found in the area. They also had a principal settlement by River Allen near Cape Sainte-Marie used for fishing and as a canoe route [3]. The Mi'kmaw also used a fishing weir system for catching mackerel and herring that they taught to the new settlers, which they continued to use until well into the 1900s, and fish drying techniques that continue today. They also caught eels, seals, clams, urchins and other sea life, as well as berries, medicinal plants and other coastal resources. As new settlers arrived in the 1760s–1780s, the Mi'kmaw were instrumental in helping the new Acadians survive and become skilled in surviving the harsh winters along the coast. By the 1800s most Mi'kmaw had left the area to live on the Reserve in Bear River, while still returning for fishing, hunting, trade and ceremony throughout the year. It was named "Clare" by then Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Michael Francklin. The name comes from the County Clare in Ireland.

Present day
The municipality is inhabited by many Acadians and their descendants and conducts its business in both English and French, although the official language is English and both languages are used. The only French university in the province of Nova Scotia, Université Sainte-Anne, is located in Church Point (Pointe-de-l'Église / Chicoben) and 47% of the adult population has a postsecondary education. The area hosts the oldest and largest annual Acadian Festival, as well as Nova Scotia's first Gran Fondo cycling event, which was cancelled in 2020 due to COVID-19.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Clare had a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of. With a land area of 851.14 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Communities
• Bangor

• Bear Cove

• Beaver River

• Belliveau Cove

• Briar Lake

• Cape St. Mary's

• Church Point

• Comeauville

• Concession

• Corberrie

• Easton

• Grosses Coques

• Hassett

• Havelock

• Hectanooga

• Lake Doucette

• Little Brook

• Mavillette

• Maxwellton

• Maxwellton Station

• Mayflower

• Meteghan

• Meteghan River

• Meteghan Station

• Moody's Corner

• New Edinburgh

• New Tusket

• Richfield

• Salmon River

• Saulnierville

• Saulnierville Station

• Southville

• St. Alphonse de Clare

• St. Benoni

• St. Bernard

• St. Joseph

• St. Martin de Clare

• Weaver Settlement

• Woodvale

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the district municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the municipal boundary:

 * Highways

 * Trunk Routes

 * Collector Routes:

 * External Routes:
 * None

Culture
Musical groups from the area include:
 * Grand Dérangement
 * Blou
 * Radio Radio
 * BeauPhare
 * DPS
 * Sweet Tuesday
 * Cy

The song M'en allant par Saulnierville Station written by Denis Comeau and recorded by Suroît is a song about the local community of Saulnierville Station.

Musicians from the area include:
 * P'tit Belliveau
 * Arthur Comeau
 * Johnny Comeau
 * Jacobus
 * Marc à Paul à Jos
 * Kenneth Saulnier
 * Micaela Comeau [Just Micci]

Filmmaker:
 * Phil Comeau

title: Municipality of the District of Clare


text:
Reform Movement (disambiguation)

A reform movement is a type of social movement.

Reform Movement may also refer to:

 * Reform Movement (Belgium), a political party
 * Reform Movement (France), a political party
 * Reform Movement (Guatemala), a political party
 * Reform Movement (Ireland - Unionist), an Irish organisation campaigning for Ireland to rejoin the Commonwealth
 * Reform movement in Judaism
 * La Reforma, the Liberal agenda which transformed Mexico
 * The Reform Movement (Upper Canada) 1817–1849
 * Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada) 1830s–1848
 * Reform Party of Canada 1987-2000

title: Reform Movement (disambiguation)


text:
Insatiable (Darren Hayes song)

"Insatiable" is the debut solo single released by Australian singer Darren Hayes, former lead singer of Savage Garden. The song served as the lead single from his debut solo album, Spin (2002). It was serviced to American adult contemporary radio on 7 January 2002 and was issued as a CD single in Australia the following week, on 14 January. The song topped the New Zealand Singles Chart on the week of 21 April 2002, reached number three on the Australian and Danish singles charts, and peaked at number eight on the Swedish and UK charts.

Composition
"Insatiable" is in the key of G minor and is played at a tempo of 144 beats per minute.

Music video
The music video showcases Darren Hayes looking at videos of an Italian starlet that he is infatuated with, the black-and-white filmography in the music video is said to be based off 1960's Italian romances such as La Dolce Vita. The video continues with Hayes showing he has allowed his hair to grow, and has dyed it blonde, which is his natural hair colour.

Hayes said in a HuffPost piece in 2022 that although US label executives were initially enthusiastic about the song itself, after they were shown a rough cut of the video, they feared Hayes appeared "too gay" for American audiences and wanted to "overhaul" his image "so as not to scare off fans".

Track listings
Australian and New Zealand CD single
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version)
 * 2) "Ride" (original demo recording)
 * 3) "Falling at Your Feet" (original demo recording)

Australian and New Zealand CD single – Remixes
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version)
 * 2) "Insatiable" (Calderone club mix)
 * 3) "Insatiable" (Pablo Larosa's Funktified mix)
 * 4) "Insatiable" (Specificus 'Insomniac' mix)
 * 5) "Insatiable" ('dp versus Darren Hayes' mix)
 * 6) "Insatiable" (Specificus 'Let It Go' mix)

European CD single
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version) – 5:10
 * 2) "Falling at Your Feet" (original demo recording) – 4:59

UK CD1
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version) – 5:10
 * 2) "Falling at Your Feet" (original demo recording) – 4:54
 * 3) "Insatiable" (Specificus 'Insomniac' mix) – 6:00
 * 4) "Insatiable" (video)

UK CD2
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version) – 5:10
 * 2) "Ride" (original demo recording) – 4:46
 * 3) "Insatiable" (Calderone radio edit) – 6:30

Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Insatiable" (album version)
 * 2) "Insatiable" (Specificus 'Insomniac' mix)
 * 3) "Falling at Your Feet"

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Spin album booklet.

Studios
 * Recorded and mixed at Wallyworld Studios (Marin County, California)
 * Orchestra recorded at Ocean Way Recording (Los Angeles)
 * Mastered at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine, US)

Personnel

 * Darren Hayes – writing, lead and background vocals, co-production
 * Walter Afanasieff – writing, keyboards, bass, drum and rhythm programming, production, arrangement
 * Bruce Dukov – violin
 * Eve Butler – violin
 * Susan Chatman – violin
 * Charlie Everett – violin
 * Gerry Hilera – violin
 * Norm Hughes – violin
 * Peter Kent – violin
 * Jennifer Munday – violin
 * Bob Peterson – violin
 * Michele Richards – violin
 * Bob Sanov – violin
 * Ed Stein – violin
 * John Wittenberg – violin
 * John Hayhurst – viola
 * Karen Elaine – viola
 * Virginia Frazier – viola
 * Andrew Picken – viola
 * Larry Corbett – cello
 * Suzie Katayama – cello, orchestral contracting
 * Paula Hochhalter – cello
 * Dan Smith – cello
 * John Mitchell – contra-alto clarinet
 * David Campbell – orchestral conducting and arrangement
 * David Reitzas – orchestral engineering
 * Robert Conley – programming, recording (vocals)
 * Nick Thomas – engineering
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering

title: Insatiable (Darren Hayes song)


text:
Hugh Morrison (Manitoba politician)

Hugh Borthwick Morrison (December 16, 1892 –January 9, 1957 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Progressive Conservative from 1936 until the time of his death.

He was born in Kaleida, Manitoba and served as reeve of the Rural Municipality of Pembina from 1935 to 1936. A farmer and auctioneer in private life, Morrison was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1936 provincial election, defeating incumbent Liberal-Progressive Frank W. McIntosh by 351 votes in the constituency of Manitou. He was returned by acclamation in the 1941 election, after the Progressive Conservatives joined the Liberal-Progressives and other parties in a coalition government.

Morrison was again returned by acclamation in the 1945 election, albeit under unusual circumstances: his CCF opponent narrowly missed the deadline to declare his candidacy, and was unable to participate in the vote.

Morrison left the governing coalition in the late 1940s, after Liberal-Progressive Douglas Campbell was chosen as Premier of Manitoba. In the 1949 provincial election, he ran as an anti-coalition Progressive Conservative and defeated a pro-coalition Progressive Conservative by over 1,000 votes. The Progressive Conservatives left the coalition government in 1950, and Morrison rejoined the party caucus. He was easily re-elected over a Liberal-Progressive opponent in the 1953 election.

Morrison died in Morden in 1957, one year before the Progressive Conservatives won a minority government under Dufferin Roblin's leadership. His widow, Carolyne Morrison, served as a Progressive Conservative MLA from 1960 to 1969.

title: Hugh Morrison (Manitoba politician)


text:
Talk:Video game clone

Fair use rationale for Image:Dogsofwar2.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:34, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

This article is extremely biased. Star Ocean is not a clone of Tales, nor is Warcraft a clone of Dune II. True, it actually started out as "Warhammer" but blizzard lost the contract and renamed it and finished the game. By the way, Attack Of The Mutant Camels was not a clone of Defender, it was a clone of Star Wars something or other (the one with the ATAT walkers) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.50.127.93 (talk) 06:52, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Please add Goldeneye (N64) to the list of cloned games. 141.213.247.14 08:12, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

The uninspired Korean MMORPG...
What exactly are the games Mabinogi, CABAL online, and other Korean MMORPGs a clone of? I sometimes label them as Ragnarok clones, although i'm probably VERY INNACURATE. 96.51.77.179 (talk) 01:51, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Cloned video game console be merged into Video game clone. I think that the content in the Cloned video game console article can easily be explained in the context of Video game clone, and the Video game clone article is of a reasonable size in which the merging of Cloned video game console will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. Uzma Gamal (talk) 16:05, 6 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Both articles are relatively small and merging them creates a perfect size. And I think the title is OK too - 'Video game clone' relates to both a video game and a console. --Any replies should keep a copy on my talk >> (talk) 12:16, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Family game be merged into Video game clone. Family game has the same scope as Video game clone, discussing what are more commonly known "Clone consoles", which is covered by the destination article. This is in line with a previous merger into this article of Cloned video game console. As the scope of both articles are much the same, the merging of Family game will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. --Danjewell (talk) 15:05, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I'm not sure, necessarily. First, that article needs sources (I know that such units exist, but I've never heard them termed "family game" before, more typically "X-in-one" type consoles). Second, while we are talking about clones of video game software, the software elements I doubt have any significant influence on their own, it's the fact these hardware units were/are produced that make the units notable; hence it may be better in a hardware console area. --M ASEM (t) 15:09, 9 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Oh wait, we do cover some consoles here. I'd still prefer to see sourcing on the Family game article (to make sure we have the right name, at minimum) before merging into here. --M ASEM (t) 15:12, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Never heard them called "family game" either. The concept itself is notable enough to be covered in console articles, with a short mention about cloned video games here. I'm not sure why this article is covering cloned consoles in such detail, surely console related articles are much more relevant. — HELL KNOWZ  ▎TALK 17:00, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

I just re-redirected "Family game" to "Family-friendly" as that article seems to be much more similar to the various published definitions of "Family game" than this one. For reference, here are some of the definitions I located and their sources: There is also a fair bit of discussion of the topic in various forum threads at BoardGameGeek where the point has been made that all "family games" are "family-friendly", but not all "family friendly" games are "family games". Even so, the two terms seem much more similar than "Family game" and "Video game clone" so I think this re-redirect makes sense. -Thibbs (talk) 16:12, 13 May 2015 (UTC)
 * "A game that is sufficiently accessible and transparent, usually lacking depth, that groups of adults and younger children can play together. There are usually mechanisms of some sort that make it possible for Junior to win occasionally, or for mom and dad to let Junior win without appearing to do so. Many of the traditional games people know, such as Monopoly, Sorry, the Game of Life, and so on, are family games." (Source: Pulsipher, Lewis. Game Design: How to Create Video and Tabletop Games, Start to Finish. McFarland. Pg.249. 2012. ISBN 9780786491056)
 * "A generic term for games with simple rules, short running times, and heavy player interaction" (Source: Innroadsministries.com)
 * "A game designed for you and your family, usually with several games built-in. Its a perfect way to make family time feel special." (Source: johnvenes.co.uk)

Date standardization (if anyone is watching...)
Dates are all over the place on this, and looking through history, the first dates added (several years after the article was started) are YYYY-MM-DD. I would suggest we standardize these to mdy but want to get consensus before running that script. --M asem (t) 16:34, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

Suggestion to add Minecraft clones to this article
Clones of Minecraft are one of, if not the largest example of modern game clones, with thousands of titles attempting to capture Minecraft's success. Please consider this addition, as it's important to understanding of clones in the modern videogame industry. This could be included in the 2012 section of this article. Thank you. CelesteTheArtist (talk) 06:23, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Video game clone


text:
Dewan

Dewan (also known as diwan, sometimes spelled devan or divan) designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A dewan was the head of a state institution of the same name (see Divan). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government.

Etymology
The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, divan "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab.

Council
The word first appears under the Caliphate of Omar I (A.D. 634–644). As the Caliphate state became more complicated, the term was extended over all the government bureaus.

The divan of the Sublime Porte was the council or Cabinet of the state. In the Ottoman Empire, it consisted of the usually (except in the Sultan's presence) presiding Grand Vizier and other viziers, and occasionally the Janissary Ağa.

In 19th-century Romania, the Ad hoc Divan was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule.

In Javanese and related languages (such as Malay and Indonesian), the borrowed word "dewan" is the standard word for council, as in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (or Indonesia's Council of People's Representatives) and Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly of Malaysia), Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives of Malaysia), and Dewan Negara (Senate of Malaysia).

Mughal Empire
During the effective rule of Mughal India, the Dewan served as the chief revenue officer of a province.

Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of self-determination, the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many princely states (especially Muslim, but also many Hindu, including Baroda, Hyderabad, Mysore, Kochi, Travancore — referred to as Dalawa until 1811) became known as a dewan.

Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably:
 * in Beri-Bundelkhand
 * in Dhurwai
 * in Jaso (Jassu) and in Bandhora (which was split from the former c. 1750)
 * in Khilchipur until 1873, then Rai Bahadur
 * in Junagadh, where Shah Nawaz Bhutto was the prime minister of the former princely state.
 * Diwan Sahib or Diwan Bahadur in Garrauli State

Maratha period
As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, Diwan denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix -ji is added as a mark of respect in India. In the major Maratha states of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur (ruled by Bhonsle, but not from the Chhatrapati Shivaji family), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan.

One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha Jamkhandi State. In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the "Sudder Dewanny Adawlut", which applied Hindu law.

Among Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab and Bengal
Dewan, Diwan, Divan, or Deo was the hereditary title borne by the Chief Minister of the Hindu Cooch State in the Bengal region.

Diwan also became a surname of high-caste Hindus or Sikhs in the Punjab region.

Chhattisgarhi Rajput-Brahmins
There is also a community with the surname Diwan found in Chhattisgarh, near the Bilaspur and Janjgir-Champa regions. This is a Brahmin-Rajput community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from Purvanchal in Uttar Pradesh. The males in this community take the title Dhar (e.g., Mohan Dhar Diwan, a high-ranked member of Vishwa Hindu Parishad). They had a fight with the royal family of Ratanpur, defeated the king, and started ruling the Ratanpur estate.

Diwani in British India
After the Battle of Buxar, when Bengal was annexed by the East India Company in 1764, the Mughal Emperor granted the Company the Diwani (the right to collect revenue) in Bengal and Bihar in 1765. The term Diwani thus referred to British (fiscal) suzerainty over parts of India during the early British Raj.

Diwani in French India
In French India, one of its constituent colonies, Yanaon, had Zamindar and Diwan. They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts.
 * Zamindar — Manion Canacaya
 * Diwan — Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou
 * Sovereignty — French Colonial Empire

Nepal
The document dated Bikram Samvat 1833 Bhadra Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that Vamsharaj Pande and Swaroop Singh Karki had carried the title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister) of the Kingdom of Nepal.

title: Dewan


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User:Vitriol~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! drini ☎ 22:24, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

\\o o// \o/  \o\ /o/ \o/

Thanks for the welcome...

This is my sandbox, edit if you want.

About me
I'm from the UK, and 16.

So...
Just adding stuff to check things.

Things I've added
Couple of things before I registered, including a peice on Mary Hardy Reeser, a famous case of spontaneous human combustion.

What does this button do....
Oh. That. Orsm.

Yay for contents
How much wood would a Wood Chuck chuck, if a Wood Chuck would chuck wood?

This much
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Copyrighted material
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Mary Hardy Reeser and Kam Ma, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text borrowed from web sites. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! Eixo 22:10, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Vitriol~enwiki


text:
User:FutureNJGov

Welcome!

Welcome to my little corner here in Wiki-world (Wiki-land? Wiki-ville?).

Barnstars
''I award you this Running Man Barnstar for spectacular work categorizing American football players by team and position. zellin 23:59, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)''

title: User:FutureNJGov


text:
Midtown (band)

Midtown is an American pop-punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey. Midtown was formed in November 1998 by three Rutgers University students, but quickly became a quartet. The group released three full-length studio albums and three extended plays before disbanding in 2005. In early 2014, Midtown reunited to play three shows, the first as a secret show at The Knitting Factory in Brooklyn, and the two remaining at the Skate And Surf Festival. They reunited for more shows in 2022 as openers on My Chemical Romance's reunion tour.

Midtown have cited numerous bands and artists as influences, including the Get Up Kids, the Promise Ring, Lifetime, Jets to Brazil, Kid Dynamite, Lagwagon, Pavement, and Elvis Costello.

History
Midtown was formed in 1998 by Rutgers University students Gabe Saporta (vocals/bass), Rob Hitt (drums), and Tyler Rann (guitar/vocals). The group added Heath Saraceno on guitar/vocals, and used its roots in the New Jersey punk scene to develop a sound that combined elements of pop-punk and punk rock. Midtown began recording shortly after its formation. The band's first EP, The Sacrifice of Life, was released by Pinball Records in 1999, followed by a debut album, Save the World, Lose the Girl, released in early 2000 by the American independent record label Drive-Thru Records. The band was then upstreamed to major label MCA Records for its following album, Living Well Is the Best Revenge (2002).

Midtown's next album, Forget What You Know (2004), was produced while the band was not under contract with a record label and was later picked up by Columbia Records. This was the band's final studio album; they disbanded shortly after its release in 2005. Former frontman Gabe Saporta then became the lead singer of the alternative dance/synthpop band Cobra Starship, which disbanded in November 2015. Former guitarist Heath Saraceno joined the band Senses Fail in 2005 but decided to leave them in 2009 to pursue personal endeavors. Tyler Rann went on to sing for Band of Thieves with some friends but eventually left the music business and now works in the fashion/clothing industry.

Brief reunions
On February 17, 2014, Gabriel Saporta announced that Midtown has reunited and performed at the Skate and Surf Festival. On March 9, 2022, My Chemical Romance announced that Midtown would be a supporting act for the US leg of their reunion tour in fall 2022. As well as doing their own headlining shows for their 2022 Resurrection Tour, along with playing at the 2023 Adjacent beach festival in Atlantic City, New Jersey

Members

 * Gabe Saporta – lead vocals, bass guitar (1998–2005, 2014, 2022-Present)
 * Tyler Rann – vocals, guitars (1998–2005, 2014, 2022-Present)
 * Heath Saraceno – vocals, guitars (1998–2005, 2014, 2022-Present)
 * Rob Hitt – drums, percussion (1998–2005, 2014, 2022-Present)
 * Benjamin Litchman – bass guitar (2023-Present)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Save the World, Lose the Girl (2000)
 * Living Well Is the Best Revenge (2002)
 * Forget What You Know (2004)

EPs
 * The Sacrifice of Life (1999)
 * Donots vs. Midtown Split 7" (2000)
 * Millencolin/Midtown Split (2001)
 * New.Old.Rare. (2002)
 * We’re Too Old To Write New Songs, So Here’s Some Old Songs We Didn’t Write (2023)

Compilation appearances
 * Rock Music: A Tribute to Weezer (2002; "Susanne" by Weezer)
 * Picking Up the Pieces (2003; acoustic version of "Living in Spite")
 * Liberation (Songs to Benefit PETA) (2003; "This House Is Not a Home")
 * Punk Goes Acoustic (2003; acoustic version of "Knew It All Along")
 * Punk Goes 80s (2005; cover of "Your Love" by The Outfield)

Post-Midtown projects

 * Cobra Starship became the new project of Midtown's bassist and lead singer, Gabe Saporta. Their first single, "Bring It (Snakes on a Plane)", was featured on the soundtrack for the movie Snakes on a Plane. Their first album, While the City Sleeps, We Rule the Streets came out October 2006, their second album ¡Viva La Cobra! came out on October 23, 2007, their third album, Hot Mess, came out on August 11, 2009, and their fourth album, Night Shades, came out on August 29, 2011. The band ultimately broke up on November 10, 2015.
 * Heath Saraceno played guitar and shared vocal duties in the New Jersey-based rock band Senses Fail until leaving the band after the 2009 Warped Tour. He and Senses Fail drummer, Dan Trapp, have a side-project called The Jettonnes.
 * Rob Hitt works for Crush Management and also has a record label, I Surrender Records. He shares the label with friend, Ted DiBiase, and has signed I Am The Avalanche, Four Year Strong, Valencia, and Dragonette.
 * Tyler Rann works in the fashion/clothing industry.

title: Midtown (band)


text:
User:Aaaron

blah balh vlahc

title: User:Aaaron


text:
Reform Group (Ireland)

The Reform Group was an organisation based in Dublin that sought to have Ireland rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations.

History
The group was launched in 1998 as The Reform Movement shortly after the successful referendum ratifying the Good Friday Agreement and describing itself as a coalition of "new unionists for the new millennium".

A number of its founders, such as Anne Holliday, had been members of the anti-republican group, New Consensus. At its launch, the group called for:

 * support for the creation of the British–Irish Council as set out in the Good Friday Agreement
 * the extension of full British citizenship rights to those who sought it in Ireland
 * the appointment of a senior official in the Department of the Taoiseach with special responsibility for minority affairs
 * legislative change so that five of the 11 Senators currently nominated by the Taoiseach would be drawn from minority groups in Ireland
 * State support for Ulster Scots speakers
 * increased resources for the Garda Síochána to help it tackle crime and terrorism

The group claims to be a voice for "alternative viewpoints" of "Irishmen and Irishwomen who do not fit in the seamless definition" of nationalist or unionist. It has previously voiced support for citizens of Ireland being given the right to apply for British passports. The group has also expressed views that are critical of the status of the Irish language.

In May 2010, the group launched a book called, Ireland and the Commonwealth: Towards Membership. Speaking at the launch were independent Senator David Norris, writer Mary Kenny and Trinity College professor Robert Martin, all of whom stated their support for Ireland rejoining the Commonwealth. It was described in The Phoenix magazine as a "ridiculous Unionist ginger group".

Logo
At its inception and for some years afterwards, the "badge" or logo of The Reform Group was Saint Patrick's Cross, a white flag with a red saltire. This was a controversial choice of symbol as the authenticity of the symbol as one representing Ireland has often been debated.

title: Reform Group (Ireland)


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Thor's Hammer (band)

Thor's Hammer, or Hljómar, was an Icelandic rock band primarily active in the 1960s. Outside of Iceland, they are known among music collectors for their rare releases on Parlophone, sung in English and recorded in London for export. The most famous of these is the 1966 EP Umbarumbamba, regarded as one of the rarest released records in the world and known to fetch prices into the thousands of dollars when a copy surfaces. Their style can be described as garage rock, fuzz rock, and freakbeat, with noticeable influences from both The Who and The Beatles.

History
Formed in Keflavik in 1963 under the name Hljómar (literally "Chords"), they soon became popular in Iceland at a time when local rock music was a rarity. By the mid-1960s they were recording in London on Parlophone Records for the international market, including the EP Umbarumbamba, now a valuable collector's item. This record was recorded as a tie-in with a movie starring the band also entitled Umbarumbamba, but the film was not a success. From these sessions also came the singles "Once" and "If You Knew". The band even attempted a single entitled "Stay" in the United States on Columbia Records, which was produced by John Simon, known for his work with The Band and Big Brother and the Holding Company's album Cheap Thrills with Janis Joplin.

In 1969 a number of Thor's Hammer members went on to form the prog-flavored band Trúbrot, which recorded four albums until itself splitting in 1973.

Continual interest in the band among collectors of 1960s rock music lead to the 2001 Ace Records compilation album From Keflavik With Love, which collects all of the band's English-language output, including the tracks from Umbarumbamba, "Once", "If You Knew", and "Stay", as well as a number of their Icelandic tracks.

Rúnar Júlíusson died on 5 December 2008 at the age of 63 after going into cardiac arrest.

The group's collected work is featured on the anthology, From Keflavík, With Love, released in 2001 on Big Beat Records.

Band members

 * Rúnar Júlíusson (13 April 1945 – 5 December 2008) – vocals, bass
 * Gunnar Þórðarson – guitar, vocals
 * Erlingur Björnsson (1966–1969) – guitar, vocals
 * Engilbert Jensen – vocals, drums
 * Shady Owens (1968–1969) – vocals
 * Gunnar Jökull Hákonarson (1968) – drums
 * Björgvin Halldórsson (1973–1974) – vocals
 * Birgir Hranfsson (1973–1974) – guitar
 * Pétur Östlund (1966) – drums

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * 1967: Hljómar
 * 1968: Hljómar (a second self-titled album)
 * 1974: 74

 * Compilation albums
 * Fyrsti kossinn - Hljómar í 50 ár

 * Singles and EPs
 * 1965: Fyrsti Kossinn / Bláu Augun Þín
 * 1965: Fjögur Ný Lög (EP)
 * 1968: Hljómar (EP)

title: Thor's Hammer (band)


text: User talk:85.96.150.82

title: User talk:85.96.150.82


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Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

The levator palpebrae superioris (elevating muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the upper eyelid.

Structure
The levator palpebrae superioris originates from inferior surface of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, just above the optic foramen. It broadens and decreases in thickness (becomes thinner) and becomes the levator aponeurosis. This portion inserts on the skin of the upper eyelid, as well as the superior tarsal plate. It is a skeletal muscle. The superior tarsal muscle, a smooth muscle, is attached to the levator palpebrae superioris, and inserts on the superior tarsal plate as well.

Blood supply
The levator palebrae superioris receives its blood supply from branches of the ophthalmic artery, specifically, muscular branches and the supraorbital artery. Blood is drained into the superior ophthalmic vein.

Nerve supply
The levator palpebrae superioris receives motor innervation from the superior division of the oculomotor nerve. The smooth muscle that originates from its undersurface, called the superior tarsal muscle is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic axons from the superior cervical ganglion.

Function
The levator palpebrae superioris elevates the upper eyelid.

Clinical significance
Damage to this muscle or its innervation can cause ptosis, which is drooping of the eyelid. Lesions in CN III can cause ptosis, because without stimulation from the oculomotor nerve the levator palpebrae cannot oppose the force of gravity, and the eyelid droops.

Ptosis can also result from damage to the adjoining superior tarsal muscle or its sympathetic innervation. Such damage to the sympathetic supply occurs in Horner's syndrome and presents as a partial ptosis. It is important to distinguish between these two very different causes of ptosis. This can usually be done clinically without issue, as each type of ptosis is accompanied by other distinct clinical findings.

The ptosis seen in paralysis of the levator palpebrae superioris is usually more pronounced than that seen due to paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle.

title: Levator palpebrae superioris muscle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Underage Sugar Addicts

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:21, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Underage Sugar Addicts
Listed for speedy, I've changed it to a vfd. Non-notable improv group, Only 20 Google hits, many of those to message forums. RickK 22:26, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete     16:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.