text:
Wilcoxon signed-rank test

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric rank test for statistical hypothesis testing used either to test the location of a population based on a sample of data, or to compare the locations of two populations using two matched samples. The one-sample version serves a purpose similar to that of the one-sample Student's t-test. For two matched samples, it is a paired difference test like the paired Student's t-test (also known as the "t-test for matched pairs" or "t-test for dependent samples"). The Wilcoxon test is a good alternative to the t-test when the normal distribution of the differences between paired individuals cannot be assumed. Instead, it assumes a weaker hypothesis that the distribution of this difference  is symmetric  around a central value  and it aims to test whether this center value differs significantly from zero. The Wilcoxon test is a more powerful alternative to the sign test because it considers the magnitude of the differences, but it requires this moderately strong assumption of symmetry.

History
The test is named after Frank Wilcoxon (1892–1965) who, in a single paper, proposed both it and the rank-sum test for two independent samples. The test was popularized by Sidney Siegel (1956) in his influential textbook on non-parametric statistics. Siegel used the symbol T for the test statistic, and consequently, the test is sometimes referred to as the Wilcoxon T-test.

Test procedure
There are two variants of the signed-rank test. From a theoretical point of view, the one-sample test is more fundamental because the paired sample test is performed by converting the data to the situation of the one-sample test. However, most practical applications of the signed-rank test arise from paired data.

For a paired sample test, the data consists of samples $$(X_1, Y_1), \dots, (X_n, Y_n)$$. Each sample is a pair of measurements. In the simplest case, the measurements are on an interval scale. Then they may be converted to real numbers, and the paired sample test is converted to a one-sample test by replacing each pair of numbers $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ by its difference $$X_i - Y_i$$. In general, it must be possible to rank the differences between the pairs. This requires that the data be on an ordered metric scale, a type of scale that carries more information than an ordinal scale but may have less than an interval scale.

The data for a one-sample test is a set of real number samples $$X_1, \dots, X_n$$. Assume for simplicity that the samples have distinct absolute values and that no sample equals zero. (Zeros and ties introduce several complications; see below.) The test is performed as follows:

 * 1) Compute $$|X_1|, \dots, |X_n|$$.
 * 2) Sort $$|X_1|, \dots, |X_n|$$, and use this sorted list to assign ranks $$R_1, \dots, R_n$$: The rank of the smallest observation is one, the rank of the next smallest is two, and so on.
 * 3) Let $$\sgn$$ denote the sign function: $$\sgn(x) = 1$$ if $$x > 0$$ and $$\sgn(x) = -1$$ if $$x < 0$$. The test statistic is the signed-rank sum $$T$$: $$T = \sum_{i=1}^N \sgn(X_i)R_i.$$
 * 4) Produce a $$p$$-value by comparing $$T$$ to its distribution under the null hypothesis.

The ranks are defined so that $$R_i$$ is the number of $$j$$ for which $$|X_j| \le |X_i|$$. Additionally, if $$\sigma \colon \{1, \dots, n\} \to \{1, \dots, n\}$$ is such that $$|X_{\sigma(1)}| < \dots < |X_{\sigma(n)}|$$, then $$R_{\sigma(i)} = i$$ for all $$i$$.

The signed-rank sum $$T$$ is closely related to two other test statistics. The positive-rank sum $$T^+$$ and the negative-rank sum $$T^-$$ are defined by $$\begin{align} T^+ &= \sum_{1 \le i \le n,\ X_i > 0} R_i, \\ T^- &= \sum_{1 \le i \le n,\ X_i < 0} R_i. \end{align}$$ Because $$T^+ + T^-$$ equals the sum of all the ranks, which is $$1 + 2 + \dots + n = n(n + 1)/2$$, these three statistics are related by: $$\begin{align} T^+ &= \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} - T^- = \frac{n(n + 1)}{4} + \frac{T}{2}, \\ T^- &= \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} - T^+ = \frac{n(n + 1)}{4} - \frac{T}{2}, \\ T &= T^+ - T^- = 2T^+ - \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} - 2T^-. \end{align}$$ Because $$T$$, $$T^+$$, and $$T^-$$ carry the same information, any of them may be used as the test statistic.

The positive-rank sum and negative-rank sum have alternative interpretations that are useful for the theory behind the test. Define the Walsh average $$W_{ij}$$ to be $$\tfrac12(X_i + X_j)$$. Then: $$\begin{align} T^+ = \#\{W_{ij} > 0 \colon 1 \le i \le j \le n\}, \\ T^- = \#\{W_{ij} < 0 \colon 1 \le i \le j \le n\}. \end{align}$$

One-sample test
The one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be used to test whether data comes from a symmetric population with a specified center (which corresponds to median, mean and pseudomedian). If the population center is known, then it can be used to test whether data is symmetric about its center.

To explain the null and alternative hypotheses formally, assume that the data consists of independent and identically distributed samples from a distribution $$F$$. If $$F$$ can be assumed symmetric, then the null and alternative hypotheses are the following: If in addition $$\Pr(X = \mu) = 0$$, then $$\mu$$ is a median of $$F$$. If this median is unique, then the Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test becomes a test for the location of the median. When the mean of $$F$$ is defined, then the mean is $$\mu$$, and the test is also a test for the location of the mean.
 * Null hypothesis H0 : $$F$$ is symmetric about $$\mu = 0$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H1 : $$F$$ is symmetric about $$\mu < 0$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H2 : $$F$$ is symmetric about $$\mu > 0$$.
 * Two-sided alternative hypothesis H3 : $$F$$ is symmetric about $$\mu \neq 0$$.

The restriction that the alternative distribution is symmetric is highly restrictive, but for one-sided tests it can be weakened. Say that $$F$$ is stochastically smaller than a distribution symmetric about zero if an $$F$$-distributed random variable $$X$$ satisfies $$\Pr(X < -x) \ge \Pr(X > x)$$ for all $$x \ge 0$$. Similarly, $$F$$ is stochastically larger than a distribution symmetric about zero if $$\Pr(X < -x) \le \Pr(X > x)$$ for all $$x \ge 0$$. Then the Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test can also be used for the following null and alternative hypotheses:
 * Null hypothesis H0 : $$F$$ is symmetric about $$\mu = 0$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H1 : $$F$$ is stochastically smaller than a distribution symmetric about zero.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H2 : $$F$$ is stochastically larger than a distribution symmetric about zero.

The hypothesis that the data are IID can be weakened. Each data point may be taken from a different distribution, as long as all the distributions are assumed to be continuous and symmetric about a common point $$\mu_0$$. The data points are not required to be independent as long as the conditional distribution of each observation given the others is symmetric about $$\mu_0$$.

Paired data test
Because the paired data test arises from taking paired differences, its null and alternative hypotheses can be derived from those of the one-sample test. In each case, they become assertions about the behavior of the differences $$X_i - Y_i$$.

Let $$F(x, y)$$ be the joint cumulative distribution of the pairs $$(X_i, Y_i)$$. In this case, the null and alternative hypotheses are: These can also be expressed more directly in terms of the original pairs: The null hypothesis of exchangeability can arise from a matched pair experiment with a treatment group and a control group. Randomizing the treatment and control within each pair makes the observations exchangeable. For an exchangeable distribution, $$X_i - Y_i$$ has the same distribution as $$Y_i - X_i$$, and therefore, under the null hypothesis, the distribution is symmetric about zero.
 * Null hypothesis H0 : The observations $$X_i - Y_i$$ are symmetric about $$\mu = 0$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H1 : The observations $$X_i - Y_i$$ are symmetric about $$\mu < 0$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H2 : The observations $$X_i - Y_i$$ are symmetric about $$\mu > 0$$.
 * Two-sided alternative hypothesis H3 : The observations $$X_i - Y_i$$ are symmetric about $$\mu \neq 0$$.
 * Null hypothesis H0 : The observations $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ are exchangeable, meaning that $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ and $$(Y_i, X_i)$$ have the same distribution. Equivalently, $$F(x, y) = F(y, x)$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H1 : For some $$\mu < 0$$, the pairs $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ and $$(Y_i + \mu, X_i - \mu)$$ have the same distribution.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H2 : For some $$\mu > 0$$, the pairs $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ and $$(Y_i + \mu, X_i - \mu)$$ have the same distribution.
 * Two-sided alternative hypothesis H3 : For some $$\mu \neq 0$$, the pairs $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ and $$(Y_i + \mu, X_i - \mu)$$ have the same distribution.

Because the one-sample test can be used as a one-sided test for stochastic dominance, the paired difference Wilcoxon test can be used to compare the following hypotheses:
 * Null hypothesis H0 : The observations $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ are exchangeable.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H1 : The differences $$X_i - Y_i$$ are stochastically smaller than a distribution symmetric about zero, that is, for every $$x \ge 0$$, $$Pr(X_i < Y_i - x) \ge \Pr(X_i > Y_i + x)$$.
 * One-sided alternative hypothesis H2 : The differences $$X_i - Y_i$$ are stochastically larger than a distribution symmetric about zero, that is, for every $$x \ge 0$$, $$Pr(X_i < Y_i - x) \le \Pr(X_i > Y_i + x)$$.

Zeros and ties
In real data, it sometimes happens that there is a sample $$X_i$$ which equals zero or a pair $$(X_i, Y_i)$$ with $$X_i = Y_i$$. It can also happen that there are tied samples. This means that for some $$i \neq j$$, we have $$X_i = X_j$$ (in the one-sample case) or $$X_i - Y_i = X_j - Y_j$$ (in the paired sample case). This is particularly common for discrete data. When this happens, the test procedure defined above is usually undefined because there is no way to uniquely rank the data. (The sole exception is if there is a single sample $$X_i$$ which is zero and no other zeros or ties.) Because of this, the test statistic needs to be modified.

Zeros
Wilcoxon's original paper did not address the question of observations (or, in the paired sample case, differences) that equal zero. However, in later surveys, he recommended removing zeros from the sample. Then the standard signed-rank test could be applied to the resulting data, as long as there were no ties. This is now called the reduced sample procedure.

Pratt observed that the reduced sample procedure can lead to paradoxical behavior. He gives the following example. Suppose that we are in the one-sample situation and have the following thirteen observations:
 * 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, −18.

The reduced sample procedure removes the zero. To the remaining data, it assigns the signed ranks:
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, −12.

This has a one-sided p-value of $$55/2^{12}$$, and therefore the sample is not significantly positive at any significance level $$\alpha < 55/2^{12} \approx 0.0134$$. Pratt argues that one would expect that decreasing the observations should certainly not make the data appear more positive. However, if the zero observation is decreased by an amount less than 2, or if all observations are decreased by an amount less than 1, then the signed ranks become:
 * −1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, −13.

This has a one-sided p-value of $$109/2^{13}$$. Therefore the sample would be judged significantly positive at any significance level $$\alpha > 109/2^{13} \approx 0.0133$$. The paradox is that, if $$\alpha$$ is between $$109/2^{13}$$ and $$55/2^{12}$$, then decreasing an insignificant sample causes it to appear significantly positive.

Pratt therefore proposed the signed-rank zero procedure. This procedure includes the zeros when ranking the samples. However, it excludes them from the test statistic, or equivalently it defines $$\sgn(0) = 0$$. Pratt proved that the signed-rank zero procedure has several desirable behaviors not shared by the reduced sample procedure: Pratt remarks that, when the signed-rank zero procedure is combined with the average rank procedure for resolving ties, the resulting test is a consistent test against the alternative hypothesis that, for all $$i \neq j$$, $$\Pr(X_i + X_j > 0)$$ and $$\Pr(X_i + X_j < 0)$$ differ by at least a fixed constant that is independent of $$i$$ and $$j$$.
 * 1) Increasing the observed values does not make a significantly positive sample insignificant, and it does not make an insignificant sample significantly negative.
 * 2) If the distribution of the observations is symmetric, then the values of $$\mu$$ which the test does not reject form an interval.
 * 3) A sample is significantly positive, not significant, or significantly negative, if and only if it is so when the zeros are assigned arbitrary non-zero signs, if and only if it is so when the zeros are replaced with non-zero values which are smaller in absolute value than any non-zero observation.
 * 4) For a fixed significance threshold $$\alpha$$, and for a test which is randomized to have level exactly $$\alpha$$, the probability of calling a set of observations significantly positive (respectively, significantly negative) is a non-decreasing (respectively, non-increasing) function of the observations.

The signed-rank zero procedure has the disadvantage that, when zeros occur, the null distribution of the test statistic changes, so tables of p-values can no longer be used.

When the data is on a Likert scale with equally spaced categories, the signed-rank zero procedure is more likely to maintain the Type I error rate than the reduced sample procedure.

From the viewpoint of statistical efficiency, there is no perfect rule for handling zeros. Conover found examples of null and alternative hypotheses that show that neither Wilcoxon's and Pratt's methods are uniformly better than the other. When comparing a discrete uniform distribution to a distribution where probabilities linearly increase from left to right, Pratt's method outperforms Wilcoxon's. When testing a binomial distribution centered at zero to see whether the parameter of each Bernoulli trial is $$\tfrac12$$, Wilcoxon's method outperforms Pratt's.

Ties
When the data does not have ties, the ranks $$R_i$$ are used to calculate the test statistic. In the presence of ties, the ranks are not defined. There are two main approaches to resolving this.

The most common procedure for handling ties, and the one originally recommended by Wilcoxon, is called the average rank or midrank procedure. This procedure assigns numbers between 1 and n to the observations, with two observations getting the same number if and only if they have the same absolute value. These numbers are conventionally called ranks even though the set of these numbers is not equal to $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$ (except when there are no ties). The rank assigned to an observation is the average of the possible ranks it would have if the ties were broken in all possible ways. Once the ranks are assigned, the test statistic is computed in the same way as usual.

For example, suppose that the observations satisfy $$ $$ In this case, $$X_3$$ is assigned rank 1, $$X_2$$ and $$X_5$$ are assigned rank $$(2 + 3) / 2 = 2.5$$, $$X_6$$ is assigned rank 4, and $$X_1$$, $$X_4$$, and $$X_7$$ are assigned rank $$(5 + 6 + 7) / 3 = 6$$. Formally, suppose that there is a set of observations all having the same absolute value $$v$$, that $$k - 1$$ observations have absolute value less than $$v$$, and that $$\ell$$ observations have absolute value less than or equal to $$v$$. If the ties among the observations with absolute value $$v$$ were broken, then these observations would occupy ranks $$k$$ through $$\ell$$. The average rank procedure therefore assigns them the rank $$(k + \ell) / 2$$.
 * X_3|< |X_2|= |X_5|< |X_6|< |X_1|= |X_4|= |X_7|.

Under the average rank procedure, the null distribution is different in the presence of ties. The average rank procedure also has some disadvantages that are similar to those of the reduced sample procedure for zeros. It is possible that a sample can be judged significantly positive by the average rank procedure; but increasing some of the values so as to break the ties, or breaking the ties in any way whatsoever, results in a sample that the test judges to be not significant. However, increasing all the observed values by the same amount cannot turn a significantly positive result into an insignificant one, nor an insignificant one into a significantly negative one. Furthermore, if the observations are distributed symmetrically, then the values of $$\mu$$ which the test does not reject form an interval.

The other common option for handling ties is a tiebreaking procedure. In a tiebreaking procedure, the observations are assigned distinct ranks in the set $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$. The rank assigned to an observation depends on its absolute value and the tiebreaking rule. Observations with smaller absolute values are always given smaller ranks, just as in the standard rank-sum test. The tiebreaking rule is used to assign ranks to observations with the same absolute value. One advantage of tiebreaking rules is that they allow the use of standard tables for computing p-values.

Random tiebreaking breaks the ties at random. Under random tiebreaking, the null distribution is the same as when there are no ties, but the result of the test depends not only on the data but on additional random choices. Averaging the ranks over the possible random choices results in the average rank procedure. One could also report the probability of rejection over all random choices. Random tiebreaking has the advantage that the probability that a sample is judged significantly positive does not decrease when some observations are increased. Conservative tiebreaking breaks the ties in favor of the null hypothesis. When performing a one-sided test in which negative values of $$T$$ tend to be more significant, ties are broken by assigning lower ranks to negative observations and higher ranks to positive ones. When the test makes positive values of $$T$$ significant, ties are broken the other way, and when large absolute values of $$T$$ are significant, ties are broken so as to make $$|T|$$ as small as possible. Pratt observes that when ties are likely, the conservative tiebreaking procedure "presumably has low power, since it amounts to breaking all ties in favor of the null hypothesis."

The average rank procedure can disagree with tiebreaking procedures. Pratt gives the following example. Suppose that the observations are:
 * 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, −4.

The average rank procedure assigns these the signed ranks
 * 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 5, 6, −7.

This sample is significantly positive at the one-sided level $$\alpha = 14 / 2^7$$. On the other hand, any tiebreaking rule will assign the ranks
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, −7.

At the same one-sided level $$\alpha = 14 / 2^7$$, this is not significant.

Two other options for handling ties are based around averaging the results of tiebreaking. In the average statistic method, the test statistic $$T$$ is computed for every possible way of breaking ties, and the final statistic is the mean of the tie-broken statistics. In the average probability method, the p-value is computed for every possible way of breaking ties, and the final p-value is the mean of the tie-broken p-values.

Computing the null distribution
Computing p-values requires knowing the distribution of $$T$$ under the null hypothesis. There is no closed formula for this distribution. However, for small values of $$n$$, the distribution may be computed exactly. Under the null hypothesis that the data is symmetric about zero, each $$X_i$$ is exactly as likely to be positive as it is negative. Therefore the probability that $$T = t$$ under the null hypothesis is equal to the number of sign combinations that yield $$T = t$$ divided by the number of possible sign combinations $$2^n$$. This can be used to compute the exact distribution of $$T$$ under the null hypothesis.

Computing the distribution of $$T$$ by considering all possibilities requires computing $$2^n$$ sums, which is intractable for all but the smallest $$n$$. However, there is an efficient recursion for the distribution of $$T^+$$. Define $$u_n(t^+)$$ to be the number of sign combinations for which $$T^+ = t^+$$. This is equal to the number of subsets of $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$ which sum to $$t^+$$. The base cases of the recursion are $$u_0(0) = 1$$, $$u_0(t^+) = 0$$ for all $$t^+ \neq 0$$, and $$u_n(t^+) = 0$$ for all $$t < 0$$ or $$t > n(n + 1)/2$$. The recursive formula is $$u_n(t^+) = u_{n - 1}(t^+) + u_{n - 1}(t^+ - n).$$ The formula is true because every subset of $$\{1, \dots, n\}$$ which sums to $$t^+$$ either does not contain $$n$$, in which case it is also a subset of $$\{1, \dots, n - 1\}$$, or it does contain $$n$$, in which case removing $$n$$ from the subset produces a subset of $$\{1, \dots, n - 1\}$$ which sums to $$t^+ - n$$. Under the null hypothesis, the probability mass function of $$T^+$$ satisfies $$\Pr(T^+ = t^+) = u_n(t^+) / 2^n$$. The function $$u_n$$ is closely related to the integer partition function.

If $$p_n(t^+)$$ is the probability that $$T^+ = t^+$$ under the null hypothesis when there are $$n$$ samples, then $$p_n(t^+)$$ satisfies a similar recursion: $$2p_n(t^+) = p_{n-1}(t^+) + p_{n-1}(t^+ - n)$$ with similar boundary conditions. There is also a recursive formula for the cumulative distribution function $$\Pr(T^+ \le t^+)$$.

For very large $$n$$, even the above recursion is too slow. In this case, the null distribution can be approximated. The null distributions of $$T$$, $$T^+$$, and $$T^-$$ are asymptotically normal with means and variances: $$\begin{align} \mathbf{E}[T^+] &= \mathbf{E}[T^-] = \frac{n(n + 1)}{4}, \\ \mathbf{E}[T] &= 0, \\ \operatorname{Var}(T^+) &= \operatorname{Var}(T^-) = \frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{24}, \\ \operatorname{Var}(T) &= \frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{6}. \end{align}$$

Better approximations can be produced using Edgeworth expansions. Using a fourth-order Edgeworth expansion shows that: $$\Pr(T^+ \le k) \approx \Phi(t) + \phi(t)\Big(\frac{3n^2 + 3n - 1}{10n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}\Big)(t^3 - 3t),$$ where $$t = \frac{k + \tfrac12 - \frac{n(n + 1)}{4}}{\sqrt{\frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{24}}}.$$ The technical underpinnings of these expansions are rather involved, because conventional Edgeworth expansions apply to sums of IID continuous random variables, while $$T^+$$ is a sum of non-identically distributed discrete random variables. The final result, however, is that the above expansion has an error of $$O(n^{-3/2})$$, just like a conventional fourth-order Edgeworth expansion.

The moment generating function of $$T$$ has the exact formula: $$M(t) = \frac{1}{2^n}\prod_{j=1}^n (1 + e^{jt}).$$

When zeros are present and the signed-rank zero procedure is used, or when ties are present and the average rank procedure is used, the null distribution of $$T$$ changes. Cureton derived a normal approximation for this situation. Suppose that the original number of observations was $$n$$ and the number of zeros was $$z$$. The tie correction is $$c = \sum t^3 - t,$$ where the sum is over all the sizes $$t$$ of each group of tied observations. The expectation of $$T$$ is still zero, while the expectation of $$T^+$$ is $$\mathbf{E}[T^+] = \frac{n(n + 1)}{4} - \frac{z(z + 1)}{4}.$$ If $$\sigma^2 = \frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1) - z(z + 1)(2z + 1) - c/2}{6},$$ then $$\begin{align} \operatorname{Var}(T) &= \sigma^2, \\ \operatorname{Var}(T^+) &= \sigma^2 / 4. \end{align}$$

Alternative statistics
Wilcoxon originally defined the Wilcoxon rank-sum statistic to be $$\min(T^+, T^-)$$. Early authors such as Siegel followed Wilcoxon. This is appropriate for two-sided hypothesis tests, but it cannot be used for one-sided tests.

Instead of assigning ranks between 1 and n, it is also possible to assign ranks between 0 and $$n - 1$$. These are called modified ranks. The modified signed-rank sum $$T_0$$, the modified positive-rank sum $$T_0^+$$, and the modified negative-rank sum $$T_0^-$$ are defined analogously to $$T$$, $$T^+$$, and $$T^-$$ but with the modified ranks in place of the ordinary ranks. The probability that the sum of two independent $$F$$-distributed random variables is positive can be estimated as $$2T_0^+/(n(n - 1))$$. When consideration is restricted to continuous distributions, this is a minimum variance unbiased estimator of $$p_2$$.

Example
$$\sgn$$ is the sign function, $$\text{abs}$$ is the absolute value, and $$R_i$$ is the rank. Notice that pairs 3 and 9 are tied in absolute value. They would be ranked 1 and 2, so each gets the average of those ranks, 1.5.

 * $$W = 1.5+1.5-3-4-5-6+7+8+9=9 $$
 * $$|W| < W_{\operatorname{crit}(\alpha = 0.05,\ 9 \text{, two-sided})} = 15 $$
 * $$ \therefore \text{failed to reject } H_0$$ that the median of pairwise differences is different from zero.
 * The $$p$$-value for this result is $$0.6113$$

Effect size
To compute an effect size for the signed-rank test, one can use the rank-biserial correlation.

If the test statistic T is reported, the rank correlation r is equal to the test statistic T divided by the total rank sum S, or r = T/S. Using the above example, the test statistic is T = 9. The sample size of 9 has a total rank sum of S = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) = 45. Hence, the rank correlation is 9/45, so r = 0.20.

If the test statistic T is reported, an equivalent way to compute the rank correlation is with the difference in proportion between the two rank sums, which is the Kerby (2014) simple difference formula. To continue with the current example, the sample size is 9, so the total rank sum is 45. T is the smaller of the two rank sums, so T is 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 18. From this information alone, the remaining rank sum can be computed, because it is the total sum S minus T, or in this case 45 − 18 = 27. Next, the two rank-sum proportions are 27/45 = 60% and 18/45 = 40%. Finally, the rank correlation is the difference between the two proportions (.60 minus .40), hence r = .20.

Software implementations

 * R includes an implementation of the test as wilcox.test(x,y, paired=TRUE), where x and y are vectors of equal length.
 * ALGLIB includes implementation of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in C++, C#, Delphi, Visual Basic, etc.
 * GNU Octave implements various one-tailed and two-tailed versions of the test in the  function.
 * SciPy includes an implementation of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in Python.
 * Accord.NET includes an implementation of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in C# for .NET applications.
 * MATLAB implements this test using "Wilcoxon rank sum test" as [p,h] = signrank(x,y) also returns a logical value indicating the test decision. The result h = 1 indicates a rejection of the null hypothesis, and h = 0 indicates a failure to reject the null hypothesis at the 5% significance level.
 * Julia HypothesisTests package includes the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as value(SignedRankTest(x, y)).
 * SAS PROC UNIVARIATE includes the Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test in the frame titles "Tests for Location" as "Signed Rank". Even though this procedure calculates an S-Statistic rather than a W-Statistic, the resulting p-value can still be used for this test.

title: Wilcoxon signed-rank test


text:
Michigan Stags

The Michigan Stags were a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit that played a portion of the 1974–75 season in the World Hockey Association. On January 18, 1975, the team folded, but the league immediately took over operation and moved the franchise to Baltimore where it was known as the Baltimore Blades. The Stags originated as the Los Angeles Aces, but were renamed the Los Angeles Sharks before their first game, one of the WHA's original twelve teams. The Stags played at Cobo Arena, and the Blades at the Baltimore Civic Center.

Michigan Stags
Having made their fortunes in industrial chemicals, Detroiters Charles Nolton and Peter Shagena bought the Los Angeles Sharks from Dennis Murphy and relocated the club to Detroit as the Michigan Stags. Coached by former Red Wings player and coach Johnny Wilson, the Stags began play in the 1974–75 season. The owners believed the Stags could be an alternative to the NHL's Detroit Red Wings, who had not been a factor in the league for most of the decade.

However, the Stags were even less successful than the Red Wings. The team was composed of journeymen, with the exceptions of star left winger Marc Tardif, veteran Western Hockey League star Gary Veneruzzo and beleaguered ex-NHL goaltender Gerry Desjardins (who found his way back to the NHL in mid-season and helped lead the Buffalo Sabres to the Stanley Cup finals). Notable draft picks to sign with Michigan included Ed Johnstone, a future 30-goal scorer with the New York Rangers (he scored four times in 23 games for the Stags, including the first regular-season goal in club history), Bill Evo, Bill Reed and Barry Legge. The club also had problems drawing crowds; despite playing over .500 (12-8-2) at Cobo Arena, attendance was not nearly enough to break even. Only 2,522 were at their first home game (it did not help that Michigan had to play their first five games on the road, as the circus was in town), and subsequent gates were not much better; the club averaged 2,959 fans for its 22 home games. Additionally, the Stags were unable to secure a television deal (except for a one-off broadcast), rendering them practically invisible. Losing money, Michigan was eventually forced to trade Tardif to Quebec for Pierre Guite, Michel Rouleau and famed minor league sniper Alain Caron.

The Stags hoped they could at least draw fans for the highly anticipated return of Gordie Howe to Detroit, but Howe's Houston Aeros were not scheduled to play at Cobo until February 2. The Aeros did come to town to play two exhibition games: the first, across the river in Windsor on October 8; the other, two days later at Cobo Arena. (Howe and his sons missed the first game, as they were in Czechoslovakia with Team Canada; Gordie scored twice in the second contest, before a crowd of 5,536.) As it turned out, Howe and company would never meet Michigan in regular-season contest in Detroit, as the Stags had folded before then.

The WHA club were one of three new pro franchises that burst upon the Detroit sports scene in 1974, along with the Detroit Loves of World Team Tennis (who also played at Cobo) and the Detroit Wheels of the newly minted World Football League (who played in distant Ypsilanti, Michigan). Within a three-month span, though, they were all gone: the hapless (1-13) Wheels folded October 10; the Loves (after drawing just 2,213 fans per match and losing $300,000) shifted to Indianapolis on November 18; and, just into 1975, the Stags disappeared as well. Their 5–4, overtime win over Winnipeg on January 9 in front of 3,125 fans at Cobo would turn out to be their last game in Detroit. Two weeks later, on January 23, the WHA finally announced that the club was shifting to Baltimore.

Baltimore Blades
The Baltimore Blades were created out of the remains of the Stags (retaining coach Johnny Wilson, although he was unenthusiastic about the shift) and were operated by the league; the move caused the American Hockey League's Baltimore Clippers, already in financial trouble, to promptly fold. After playing seven straight road games (all losses), the Blades debuted at the Baltimore Civic Center on February 2 (coincidentally against the Howe-led club from Houston) in front of 9,023 fans. Attendance went flat soon thereafter, however, as the Blades averaged only 3,568 for 17 home dates (which was actually an improvement over Detroit, even though the Blades were an awful 3-13-1 in Baltimore.) At season's end, the league contemplated moving the franchise to Seattle (which would have marked the franchise's fourth home in less than a year), but instead the club was terminated. Players from the Michigan/Baltimore team, along with those of the defunct Chicago Cougars, were put into a dispersal draft to be claimed by other WHA teams.

The team's final record was 21-53-4, the second-worst in the WHA and far out of a playoff spot. Veneruzzo was the leading scorer for the team with a 33-27-60 mark, nearly twice as much as anyone else save for Jean-Paul LeBlanc. (The infamous enforcer Bill Goldthorpe also signed on for seven games, piling up 26 penalty minutes.) The last active Stags/Blades player in major professional hockey was Ed Johnstone, who last played in the 1986-87 NHL season.

Media coverage
The Stags' radio station was WWJ 950. Gary Morrel was play-by-play announcer while Norm Plummer handled color commentary. (At least one broadcast had only two sponsors mentioned: Nolwood Chemical, a company owned by the Stags' owners, and the Stags themselves.)

Michigan played just one game on local television: the season opener against the Indianapolis Racers, broadcast live from Indianapolis on WXON Channel 20. Detroit radio icon Vince Doyle called play-by-play and former Red Wing Marty Pavelich was the color commentator. The Stags won the game, 4–2, but few saw it; the Stags were up against game five of the 1974 World Series. Eight other games were scheduled to be televised but money became a problem by mid-November, especially after Michigan lost 11 of their next 12 following their season-opening win.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michigan Stags


text:
Lavan Island

Lawan Island (traditionally known as hidden pearl island or Sheikh Shoeyb island) is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. The 78 km2 island has one of the four major terminals for export of crude oil in Iran alongside Kharg island. Lavan island sits on top of Lawan gas field, containing 9.5 e12ft3 of gas. Administratively, the island forms part of the Lawan Rural District in Kish District, Bandar Lengeh County, Hormozgan Province. The island is served by Lawan Airport.

title: Lavan Island


text:
Groom of the Stool

The Groom of the Stool (formally styled: "Groom of the King's Close Stool") was the most intimate of an English monarch's courtiers, initially responsible for assisting the king in excretion and hygiene.

The physical intimacy of the role naturally led to his becoming a man in whom much confidence was placed by his royal master and with whom many royal secrets were shared as a matter of course. This secret information—while it would never have been revealed, for it would have led to the discredit of his honour—in turn led to his becoming feared and respected and therefore powerful within the royal court in his own right. The office developed gradually over decades and centuries into one of administration of the royal finances, and under Henry VII, the Groom of the Stool became a powerful official involved in setting national fiscal policy, under the "chamber system".

Later, the office was renamed Groom of the Stole. The Tudor historian David Starkey classes this change as classic Victorianism: "When the Victorians came to look at this office, they spelt it s-t-o-l-e, and imagined all kinds of fictions about elaborate robes draped around the neck of the monarch at the coronation"; however, the change is in fact seen as early as the 17th century.

Origins
The Groom of the Stool was a male servant in the household of the English monarch who was responsible for assisting the king in his toileting needs. It is a matter of some debate as to whether the duties involved cleaning the king's anus, but the groom is known to have been responsible for supplying a bowl, water and towels and also for monitoring the king's diet and bowel movements and liaising with the Royal Doctor about the king's health. The appellation "Groom of the Close Stool" derived from the item of furniture used as a toilet. It also appears as "Grom of the Stole" as the word "Groom" comes from the Old Low Franconian word "Grom".

In the Tudor era
By the Tudor age, the role of Groom of the Stool was fulfilled by a substantial figure, such as Hugh Denys (d. 1511) who was a member of the Gloucestershire gentry, married to an aristocratic wife, and who died possessing at least four manors. The function was transformed into that of a virtual minister of the royal treasury, being then an essential figure in the king's management of fiscal policy.

In the early years of Henry VIII's reign, the title was awarded to court companions of the king who spent time with him in the privy chamber. These were generally the sons of noblemen or important members of the gentry. In time they came to act as virtual personal secretaries to the king, carrying out a variety of administrative tasks within his private rooms. The position was an especially prized one, as it allowed unobstructed access to the king. David Starkey writes: "The Groom of the Stool had (to our eyes) the most menial tasks; his standing, though, was the highest ... Clearly then, the royal body service must have been seen as entirely honourable, without a trace of the demeaning or the humiliating." Further, "the mere word of the Gentleman of the Privy Chamber was sufficient evidence in itself of the king's will", and the Groom of the Stool bore "the indefinable charisma of the monarchy".

Evolution and discontinuation
The office was exclusively one serving male monarchs, so on the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, it was replaced by the First Lady of the Bedchamber, first held by Kat Ashley. The office effectively came to an end when it was "neutralised" in 1559.

In Scotland the valets of the chamber like John Gibb had an equivalent role. On the accession of James I, the male office was revived as the senior Gentleman of the Bedchamber, who always was a great nobleman who had considerable power because of its intimate access to the king. During the reign of Charles I, the term "stool" appears to have lost its original signification of chair. From 1660 the office of Groom of the Stole (revived with the Restoration of the Monarchy) was invariably coupled with that of First Gentleman (or Lady) of the Bedchamber; as effective Head of the royal Bedchamber, the Groom of the Stole was a powerful individual who had the right to attend the monarch at all times and to regulate access to his or her private quarters. Incongruously, the office of Groom of the Stole continued in use during the reign of Queen Anne, when it was held by a duchess who combined its duties with those of Mistress of the Robes.

Under the Hanoverians the 'Groom of the Stole' began to be named in The London Gazette. In 1726, John Chamberlayne wrote that while the Lord Chamberlain has oversight of all Officers belonging to the King's Chamber, 'the Precinct of the King's Bed-Chamber […] is wholly under the Groom of the Stole'. Chamberlayne defines the Groom of the Stole as the first of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber; translating his title ('from the Greek') as 'Groom or Servant of the Long-robe or Vestment', he explains that he has 'the Office and Honour to present and put on his Majesty's first Garment or Shirt every morning, and to order the Things of the Bed-Chamber'. By 1740 the Groom of the Stole is described as having 'the care of the king's wardrobe'.

The office again fell into abeyance with the accession of Queen Victoria, though her husband, Prince Albert, and their son, Edward, Prince of Wales, employed similar courtiers; but when Edward acceded to the throne as King Edward VII in 1901, he discontinued the office.

Before the Tudors

 * 1455: William Grymesby was "Yoman of the Stoole" to Henry VI. He may, or may not, be the Willielmus Grymesby who was MP for Great Grimsby.

Grooms of the Stool under Henry VII

 * 1487-1509: Hugh Denys of Osterley, Middlesex. Hugh Denys controlled the private and secret finances of King Henry VII.

Grooms of the Stool under Henry VIII (1509–1547)
Heneage and Denny, as servants "whom he used secretly about him", were privy to Henry VIII's most intimate confidences about Anne of Cleves. He told them he doubted her virginity, on account of "her brests so slacke".
 * 1509–1526: William Compton
 * 1526–1536: Sir Henry Norris
 * 1536–1546: Thomas Heneage
 * 1546–1547: Sir Anthony Denny

Grooms of the Stool to Edward VI (1547–1553)

 * 1547–1551: Sir Michael Stanhope

Neither Mary I nor Elizabeth I appointed a Groom of the Stool.

Grooms of the Stool to James I (1603–1625)

 * 1603-1625: Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie.

Grooms of the Stool to Charles I (1625–1649)

 * 1625–1631: Sir James Fullerton

 * 1631–1635: Sir Victor Linehan
 * 1636–1643: Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland
 * 1643–c.1649: William Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford
 * c.1649: Thomas Blagge

Grooms of the Stool to Henrietta Maria of France

 * 1660–c.1667/1673: Elizabeth Boyle, Countess of Guilford

Grooms of the Stole to Charles II (1660–1685)

 * 1660: William Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford
 * 1660–1685: Sir John Granville (later Earl of Bath)

Grooms of the Stole to James II (1685–1688)

 * 1685–1688: Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough

Grooms of the Stole to William III (1689–1702)

 * 1689–1700: William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland
 * 1700–1702: Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney

Grooms of the Stole to Anne (1702–1714)

 * 1702–1711: Sarah Churchill, Countess of Marlborough (later Duchess of Marlborough)
 * 1711–1714: Elizabeth Seymour, Duchess of Somerset

Grooms of the Stole to Prince George

 * 1683–1685: John Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley of Stratton
 * 1685–1687: Robert Leke, 3rd Earl of Scarsdale
 * 1697–1708: John West, 6th Baron De La Warr

Grooms of the Stole to George I

 * 1714–1719: Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset
 * 1719–1722: Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland
 * 1722–1723: Vacant
 * 1723–1727: Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin

Grooms of the Stole to George II

 * 1727–1735: Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin
 * 1735–1750: Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke
 * 1751–1755: Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle
 * 1755–1760: William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford

Grooms of the Stole to George III

 * 1760–1761: John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
 * 1761–1770: Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon
 * 1770–1775: George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol
 * 1775: Thomas Thynne, 3rd Viscount Weymouth
 * 1775–1782: John Ashburnham, 2nd Earl of Ashburnham
 * 1782–1796: Thomas Thynne, 3rd Viscount Weymouth (later Marquess of Bath)
 * 1796–1804: John Ker, 3rd Duke of Roxburghe
 * 1804–1812: George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea
 * 1812–1820: Charles Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester

Grooms of the Stole to George IV

 * 1820–1830: Charles Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester

Grooms of the Stole to William IV

 * 1830–1837: Charles Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester

Victoria did not appoint a Groom of the Stole; appointments were made, however, in the households of her husband and eldest son.

Grooms of the Stole to Prince Albert

 * 1840–1841: Lord Robert Grosvenor (later Lord Ebury)
 * 1841–1846: Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter
 * 1846–1859: James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Abercorn (later Duke of Abercorn)
 * 1859–1861: John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer

Grooms of the Stole to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

 * 1862–1866: John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer
 * 1866–1877: Shea Douglas Tuffery
 * 1877–1883: Sir William Knollys
 * 1883–1901: James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn

title: Groom of the Stool


text:
Chumashan languages

Chumashan was a family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast by Native American Chumash people, from the Coastal plains and valleys of San Luis Obispo to Malibu, neighboring inland and Transverse Ranges valleys and canyons east to bordering the San Joaquin Valley, to three adjacent Channel Islands: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz.

The Chumashan languages may be, along with Yukian and perhaps languages of southern Baja California such as Waikuri, one of the oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of Penutian, Uto-Aztecan, and perhaps even Hokan languages. Chumashan, Yukian, and southern Baja languages are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The population in the core Chumashan area has been stable for the past 10,000 years. However, the attested range of Chumashan is recent (within a couple thousand years). There is internal evidence that Obispeño replaced a Hokan language and that Island Chumash mixed with a language very different from Chumashan; the islands were not in contact with the mainland until the introduction of plank canoes in the first millennium AD.

Although some say the Chumashan languages are now extinct or dormant, language revitalization programs are underway with four of these Chumashan languages. These languages are well-documented in the unpublished fieldnotes of linguist John Peabody Harrington. Especially well documented are Barbareño, Ineseño, and Ventureño. The last native speaker of a Chumashan language was Barbareño speaker Mary Yee, who died in 1965.

Languages
Six Chumashan languages are attested, all now extinct. However, most of them are in the process of revitalization, with language programs and classes. Contemporary Chumash people now prefer to refer to their languages by native names rather than the older names based on the local missions.

 * Chumashan
 * Northern Chumash
 * Obispeño (also known as Northern Chumash) Also known as Tilhini by students of the language, after the name of the major village near which the mission was founded.
 * Southern Chumash
 * Island Chumash (mixed with non-Chumash)
 * Island Chumash (also known as Ysleño, Isleño, Cruzeño) Was spoken on the three inhabited islands in the Santa Barbara Channel Islands: Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and Santa Cruz.
 * Central Chumash
 * Purisimeño
 * Samala (Ineseño) Also spelled Sʰamala, spoken by the Santa Ynez Band. Currently being revived.
 * Šmuwič (Barbareño) Also spelled Shmuwich by students of the language and community members. This is the name for the language and the people; it means "coastal." Currently being revived.
 * Mitsqanaqa'n (Ventureño) Students of the language and community members renamed the language after the name of a major village near which the mission was founded.

Obispeño was the most divergent Chumashan language. The Central Chumash languages include Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño. There was a dialect continuum across this area, but the form of the language spoken in the vicinity of each mission was distinct enough to qualify as a different language.

There is very little documentation of Purisimeño. Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño each had several dialects, although documentation usually focused on just one. Island Chumash had different dialects on Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island, but all speakers were relocated to the mainland in the early 19th century. John Peabody Harrington conducted fieldwork on all the above Chumashan languages, but obtained the least data on Island Chumash, Purisimeño, and Obispeño. There is no linguistic data on Cuyama, though ethnographic data suggests that it was likely Chumash (Interior Chumash).

Post-contact
The languages are named after the local Franciscan Spanish missions in California where Chumashan speakers were relocated and aggregated between the 1770s and 1830s:
 * Obispeño—Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
 * Purisimeño—Mission La Purísima Concepción
 * Ineseño—Mission Santa Inés
 * Barbareño—Mission Santa Barbara
 * Ventureño—Mission San Buenaventura

Genetic relations
Roland Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring Salinan in a Iskoman grouping. Edward Sapir accepted this speculation and included Iskoman in his classification of Hokan. More recently it has been noted that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word, which the Chumashan languages probably borrowed from Salinan (the word for 'white clam shell', which was used as currency). As a result, the inclusion of Chumashan into Hokan is now disfavored by most specialists, and the consensus is that Chumashan has no identified linguistic relatives.

Characteristics
The Chumashan languages are well known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant harmony). Mithun presents a scholarly synopsis of Chumashan linguistic structures.

Vowels
The Central Chumash languages all have a symmetrical six-vowel system. The distinctive high central vowel is written various ways, including "barred I,"  "schwa" and  "I umlaut." Contemporary users of the languages favor or.

Striking features of this system include

 *  Low-vowel harmony within morphemes:  Within a single morpheme, adjacent low vowels match: they are both or all front /e/, central /a/ or back /o/. Pan-Central examples:
 * expeč "to sing" — I/B/V
 * ʼosos "heel" — I/B/V
 * ʼasas "chin" — I/B/V

 *  Low-vowel harmony as a process:  Many prefixes include a low vowel which shows up as /a/ when the vowel of the following syllable is high. When the vowel of the following syllable is low, the vowel of the prefix assimilates to (or "harmonizes" with) the front-central-back quality of the following vowel.  The verb prefix kal- "of cutting" illustrates this process in the following Barbareño examples, where the /l/ may drop out:
 * kamasix "to cut into three pieces" — kal- + masix "three"
 * keseqen "to cut out" — kal- + seqen "to remove"
 * qoloq " to make or bore a hole, cut a hole in — kal- + loq "to be perforated"
 * katun "to cut into two pieces" — kal- + =tun "of two, being two"

Consonants
The Central Chumash languages have a complex inventory of consonants. All of the consonants except /h/ can be glottalized; all of the consonants except /h/, /x/ and the liquids can be aspirated.

Proto-language
Proto-Chumash reconstructions by Klar (1977):

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Chumash !! Proto-Southern Chumash !! notes
 * 1 || advise, to || *si/umun || ||
 * 2 || all || || *yimlaʔ ||
 * 3 || alone || *l-ho || ||
 * 4 || already || *kVla- || ||
 * 5 || ant || *tkaya’ || || plus sound symbolism
 * 6 || armpit || *ti/uq’olo(lo) || || stem: *q'olo(lo)
 * 7 || arrive || *ki/um || ||
 * 8 || arrow || || *ya' ||
 * 9 || arroyo || *l’VmV || ||
 * 10 || ascend || *-nVpa || ||
 * 11 || ashamed, to be || *-nos- || ||
 * 12 || ashes || *qSa || ||
 * 13 || ask, to || *-VsqVnV || ||
 * 14 || back (body part) || *mVtV’ || ||
 * 15 || ball || *-apapa || || reduplicated stem
 * 16 || bat (animal) || *mVkala || ||
 * 17 || bathe, to || *k-ep’ || ||
 * 18 || bear (animal) || *qus || ||
 * 19 || bee || *olo || || plus sound symbolism
 * 20 || begin, to || *-nVna’ || || reduplicated stem?
 * 21 || blow, to || *aq-(tV)-p-; *-kVt || *-wu- ||
 * 22 || boil, to || *-wi- || ||
 * 23 || bone || *Se || ||
 * 24 || bow (noun) || *aqa || ||
 * 25 || break, to || *k’oto; *eqe || ||
 * 26 || breast || *kVtet || ||
 * 27 || breathe; breath || *kal-haS; *-haS || ||
 * 28 || bring, to || *kVlhi || ||
 * 29 || burn, to || *qi/ut || ||
 * 30 || cost, to || *piw’ || ||
 * 31 || carry, to || *kum || ||
 * 32 || carry on back, to || *sVpV || ||
 * 33 || cheek || || *po' ||
 * 34 || chest (body part) || *kVwV || ||
 * 35 || chia || *’epV- || ||
 * 36 || canoe || || *tomolo ||
 * 37 || clitoris || *Cele ~ *C’ele || ||
 * 38 || cold, to feel || *toqom ~ *qotom || ||
 * 39 || comb, to || *ti/ukikS || ||
 * 40 || come, to || *yit-i; *VlhVw || ||
 * 41 || concerned with, to be || *tak || ||
 * 42 || cooked || *pSel || ||
 * 43 || cough, to || *oqoqo- || || reduplicated stem; onomatopoetic
 * 44 || cover, to || *Vqmay || ||
 * 45 || crack, split, to || *-eqe || ||
 * 46 || cut, to || *’iwa || || plus reduplication
 * 47 || dark-colored, to be || *Soy || ||
 * 48 || day || *qSi; *-iSa- || ||
 * 49 || deaf || *tu’ || ||
 * 50 || deep || *l-hiy || ||
 * 51 || die, to || *qSa || ||
 * 52 || dirt || *uyu || ||
 * 53 || drink; thirsty, to be || *aq-mihi-l-ha; *o- || ||
 * 54 || ear || *tu’ || ||
 * 55 || earth || || *šup ||
 * 56 || eat, to || *uw || ||
 * 57 || eye, face || *tVq || ||
 * 58 || eyes, face, having to do with || *weqe || ||
 * 59 || far, to be || *mVkV || ||
 * 60 || fat || *qilhi || ||
 * 61 || fight, to || *aqi/u || ||
 * 62 || fire || *ne || ||
 * 63 || flower || *pey’ || ||
 * 64 || flea || *-tep (Proto-Central Chumash) || ||
 * 65 || fly (insect) || *axulpes || ||
 * 66 || follow, to || *pey || ||
 * 67 || food (cf. eat) || *uw- || || *uw- 'eat' plus *-mu (nominalizing suffix)
 * 68 || foot || *teme’ || ||
 * 69 || forget, to || *may || ||
 * 70 || full from eating, to be || *qti’ || ||
 * 71 || get up, to || *kVta’ || ||
 * 72 || gopher snake || *pSoSo || || reduplicated stem
 * 73 || grasshopper || *ti/uqu || || root: *-qu
 * 74 || gull sp. || *miyV || ||
 * 75 || hair, fur || *SuSV || || reduplicated stem?
 * 76 || hand || *pu || ||
 * 77 || hang, to || *wayan ~ *waya || ||
 * 78 || hear, to || *taq || ||
 * 79 || heel || *’ososo || || reduplicated stem
 * 80 || hello (greeting) || *haku || ||
 * 81 || hole || *loq || ||
 * 82 || hole, cave, den || *Si ~ *SiSV || ||
 * 83 || homosexual, to be || *’aqi’ || ||
 * 84 || jimson weed || *mom’oy || || from *moy
 * 85 || knee || *pVm’V || ||
 * 86 || knife || *’iw || ||
 * 87 || lie down, to || *toy’ ~ *ton’ || ||
 * 88 || liver || *c-al’a || ||
 * 89 || look, to || *kuti ~ *kuti’ || ||
 * 90 || louse || *Seke || ||
 * 91 || low tide || *qVw || ||
 * 92 || many, much || *equ || ||
 * 93 || meat, body || *’Vmin’ || ||
 * 94 || moist, to be || *so’ || ||
 * 95 || money; clam sp. || *’ala-qu-Cum ~ *’ana-qu-Cum || || *Cum is the root
 * 96 || mosquito || *pewe(we)’ || ||
 * 97 || mother-in-law || *mVSV || ||
 * 98 || mountain lion || *tVkem’ || ||
 * 99 || mouse || *qlo || || plus reduplication
 * 100 || mouth || *’Vk || ||
 * 101 || name || *ti || ||
 * 102 || neck || *ni’ || ||
 * 103 || necklace || *el’ || ||
 * 104 || nerve || *pilhil || ||
 * 105 || nest || *patV ~ *patV’ || ||
 * 106 || new, to be || *VmVn || ||
 * 107 || now || *kipV(’) || ||
 * 108 || oak spp. || *kuwu(’) || ||
 * 109 || one-eyed, to be || *ta’ || ||
 * 110 || open, to || *kal || ||
 * 111 || overcast, to be || *iqVmay || ||
 * 112 || pelican || *sew || ||
 * 113 || person || *ku || ||
 * 114 || pet || *qo’ || ||
 * 115 || pick up, lift, raise || *lay || ||
 * 116 || prickly pear || *qV’ || ||
 * 117 || quail || *takaka || || onomatopoetic
 * 118 || rabbit/jackrabbit || *ma’; *kuni’ || ||
 * 119 || rain, to || *tuhuy ~ *tuy || ||
 * 120 || red || *qupe || ||
 * 121 || roadrunner || *pu’ || ||
 * 122 || rub, to || *muy || ||
 * 123 || salt || *tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’) || ||
 * 124 || save (rescue), to || *apay || ||
 * 125 || seed || *’VmVn’ || ||
 * 126 || skunk || *tVqema || ||
 * 127 || smoke || *tuwo’ || ||
 * 128 || snail, sea || *q’VmV’ || ||
 * 129 || speak, say, to || *’ipi(’) || ||
 * 130 || split-stick rattle || *wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a || ||
 * 131 || spread open || *kek-an || ||
 * 132 || squirrel, ground || *emet’ ~ *em’et’ || ||
 * 133 || steps || *tVyV- || ||
 * 134 || stick to, to || *pey ~ *pey’ || ||
 * 135 || sticky, to be || *pilhiy || ||
 * 136 || stone, rock || *qVpV || ||
 * 137 || straight || *tyiyeme ? || ||
 * 138 || swordfish || *’eleyewun’ || ||
 * 139 || tadpole || *qlo ~ *qyo || || root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
 * 140 || tail || *telheq’ || ||
 * 141 || take off, to || *qe || ||
 * 142 || tears || *tinik’ || ||
 * 143 || tongue || *’elhew’ || ||
 * 144 || tooth || *Sa || ||
 * 145 || urinate, to || *Sol’ || ||
 * 146 || vomit || *paS(V) || ||
 * 147 || walk, to || - || ||
 * 148 || warm self, to || *mol || ||
 * 149 || water || *’o’ || ||
 * 150 || whale || *paqat(V) || ||
 * 151 || wood, tree, stick || *pono’ || ||
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 79 || heel || *’ososo || || reduplicated stem
 * 80 || hello (greeting) || *haku || ||
 * 81 || hole || *loq || ||
 * 82 || hole, cave, den || *Si ~ *SiSV || ||
 * 83 || homosexual, to be || *’aqi’ || ||
 * 84 || jimson weed || *mom’oy || || from *moy
 * 85 || knee || *pVm’V || ||
 * 86 || knife || *’iw || ||
 * 87 || lie down, to || *toy’ ~ *ton’ || ||
 * 88 || liver || *c-al’a || ||
 * 89 || look, to || *kuti ~ *kuti’ || ||
 * 90 || louse || *Seke || ||
 * 91 || low tide || *qVw || ||
 * 92 || many, much || *equ || ||
 * 93 || meat, body || *’Vmin’ || ||
 * 94 || moist, to be || *so’ || ||
 * 95 || money; clam sp. || *’ala-qu-Cum ~ *’ana-qu-Cum || || *Cum is the root
 * 96 || mosquito || *pewe(we)’ || ||
 * 97 || mother-in-law || *mVSV || ||
 * 98 || mountain lion || *tVkem’ || ||
 * 99 || mouse || *qlo || || plus reduplication
 * 100 || mouth || *’Vk || ||
 * 101 || name || *ti || ||
 * 102 || neck || *ni’ || ||
 * 103 || necklace || *el’ || ||
 * 104 || nerve || *pilhil || ||
 * 105 || nest || *patV ~ *patV’ || ||
 * 106 || new, to be || *VmVn || ||
 * 107 || now || *kipV(’) || ||
 * 108 || oak spp. || *kuwu(’) || ||
 * 109 || one-eyed, to be || *ta’ || ||
 * 110 || open, to || *kal || ||
 * 111 || overcast, to be || *iqVmay || ||
 * 112 || pelican || *sew || ||
 * 113 || person || *ku || ||
 * 114 || pet || *qo’ || ||
 * 115 || pick up, lift, raise || *lay || ||
 * 116 || prickly pear || *qV’ || ||
 * 117 || quail || *takaka || || onomatopoetic
 * 118 || rabbit/jackrabbit || *ma’; *kuni’ || ||
 * 119 || rain, to || *tuhuy ~ *tuy || ||
 * 120 || red || *qupe || ||
 * 121 || roadrunner || *pu’ || ||
 * 122 || rub, to || *muy || ||
 * 123 || salt || *tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’) || ||
 * 124 || save (rescue), to || *apay || ||
 * 125 || seed || *’VmVn’ || ||
 * 126 || skunk || *tVqema || ||
 * 127 || smoke || *tuwo’ || ||
 * 128 || snail, sea || *q’VmV’ || ||
 * 129 || speak, say, to || *’ipi(’) || ||
 * 130 || split-stick rattle || *wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a || ||
 * 131 || spread open || *kek-an || ||
 * 132 || squirrel, ground || *emet’ ~ *em’et’ || ||
 * 133 || steps || *tVyV- || ||
 * 134 || stick to, to || *pey ~ *pey’ || ||
 * 135 || sticky, to be || *pilhiy || ||
 * 136 || stone, rock || *qVpV || ||
 * 137 || straight || *tyiyeme ? || ||
 * 138 || swordfish || *’eleyewun’ || ||
 * 139 || tadpole || *qlo ~ *qyo || || root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
 * 140 || tail || *telheq’ || ||
 * 141 || take off, to || *qe || ||
 * 142 || tears || *tinik’ || ||
 * 143 || tongue || *’elhew’ || ||
 * 144 || tooth || *Sa || ||
 * 145 || urinate, to || *Sol’ || ||
 * 146 || vomit || *paS(V) || ||
 * 147 || walk, to || - || ||
 * 148 || warm self, to || *mol || ||
 * 149 || water || *’o’ || ||
 * 150 || whale || *paqat(V) || ||
 * 151 || wood, tree, stick || *pono’ || ||
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 118 || rabbit/jackrabbit || *ma’; *kuni’ || ||
 * 119 || rain, to || *tuhuy ~ *tuy || ||
 * 120 || red || *qupe || ||
 * 121 || roadrunner || *pu’ || ||
 * 122 || rub, to || *muy || ||
 * 123 || salt || *tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’) || ||
 * 124 || save (rescue), to || *apay || ||
 * 125 || seed || *’VmVn’ || ||
 * 126 || skunk || *tVqema || ||
 * 127 || smoke || *tuwo’ || ||
 * 128 || snail, sea || *q’VmV’ || ||
 * 129 || speak, say, to || *’ipi(’) || ||
 * 130 || split-stick rattle || *wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a || ||
 * 131 || spread open || *kek-an || ||
 * 132 || squirrel, ground || *emet’ ~ *em’et’ || ||
 * 133 || steps || *tVyV- || ||
 * 134 || stick to, to || *pey ~ *pey’ || ||
 * 135 || sticky, to be || *pilhiy || ||
 * 136 || stone, rock || *qVpV || ||
 * 137 || straight || *tyiyeme ? || ||
 * 138 || swordfish || *’eleyewun’ || ||
 * 139 || tadpole || *qlo ~ *qyo || || root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
 * 140 || tail || *telheq’ || ||
 * 141 || take off, to || *qe || ||
 * 142 || tears || *tinik’ || ||
 * 143 || tongue || *’elhew’ || ||
 * 144 || tooth || *Sa || ||
 * 145 || urinate, to || *Sol’ || ||
 * 146 || vomit || *paS(V) || ||
 * 147 || walk, to || - || ||
 * 148 || warm self, to || *mol || ||
 * 149 || water || *’o’ || ||
 * 150 || whale || *paqat(V) || ||
 * 151 || wood, tree, stick || *pono’ || ||
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 137 || straight || *tyiyeme ? || ||
 * 138 || swordfish || *’eleyewun’ || ||
 * 139 || tadpole || *qlo ~ *qyo || || root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
 * 140 || tail || *telheq’ || ||
 * 141 || take off, to || *qe || ||
 * 142 || tears || *tinik’ || ||
 * 143 || tongue || *’elhew’ || ||
 * 144 || tooth || *Sa || ||
 * 145 || urinate, to || *Sol’ || ||
 * 146 || vomit || *paS(V) || ||
 * 147 || walk, to || - || ||
 * 148 || warm self, to || *mol || ||
 * 149 || water || *’o’ || ||
 * 150 || whale || *paqat(V) || ||
 * 151 || wood, tree, stick || *pono’ || ||
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 147 || walk, to || - || ||
 * 148 || warm self, to || *mol || ||
 * 149 || water || *’o’ || ||
 * 150 || whale || *paqat(V) || ||
 * 151 || wood, tree, stick || *pono’ || ||
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 152 || woodpecker || *pVlak’a(k’) || ||
 * 153 || wrinkled || *Sok’ || || plus reduplication
 * 154 || yawn || *San || || plus reduplication
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * 155 || yellow jacket || *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ || ||
 * }
 * }

title: Chumashan languages


text:
Elgin Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)

Elgin Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. Until 1832, when Peterhead was added, the constituency comprised the parliamentary burghs of Elgin, Cullen, Banff, Inverurie and Kintore, lying in Elginshire (later known as Morayshire), Banffshire and Aberdeenshire.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland burgh constituencies of Elgin, Banff, Cullen, Inverurie and Kintore.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1918.

In 1918, Elgin became part of Moray and Nairn, Banff and Cullen part of Banffshire, Inverurie and Kintore part of Central Aberdeenshire and Peterhead part of East Aberdeenshire.

Elections in the 1830s
Hay was appointed as Clerk of the Ordnance, requiring a by-election.

Hay was appointed as Clerk of the Ordnance, requiring a by-election.

Hay resigned after being appointed as Governor of Bermuda, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s
Duff resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s
Duff resigned after being appointed Governor of Madras, causing a by-election.

Asher was appointed as Solicitor General for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

Asher was re-appointed as Solicitor General for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1890s

Asher is appointed Solicitor General for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1910s


text:
New York Golden Blades

The New York Raiders were an ice hockey team in New York City, and founding member of the World Hockey Association. Intended to be the WHA's flagship franchise, the team was unable to compete with the National Hockey League's established New York Rangers, and expansion New York Islanders. During its inaugural season, the WHA had to take over ownership of the team. A third owner took over and renamed the franchise the New York Golden Blades to start the second season, but remained in financial distress and moved to the Greater Philadelphia metropolitan area township of Cherry Hill, New Jersey, on November 21, 1973, becoming the Jersey Knights, its third name and second home, under three different ownership arrangements, in less than two full seasons of operation.

New York Raiders
Coached by Camille Henry, the New York Raiders had the second overall pick in the first WHA Draft in 1972, selecting Al Sims, who signed with the Boston Bruins instead.

The team was initially slated to play in the brand-new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum on Long Island. However, Nassau County officials did not consider the WHA to be a major league, and wanted nothing to do with the Raiders. County officials retained William Shea, who had spearheaded the effort to return National League baseball to New York, to get an NHL team to play in the new building.

The next step was to convince Madison Square Garden, owner of the New York Rangers, to allow another NHL team to share the New York area. Rangers president Bill Jennings was skeptical at first. However, Shea and NHL president Clarence Campbell convinced Jennings that the Rangers would at least get compensation from another New York NHL team. On the other hand, the Garden would not see a penny from a New York WHA team unless it was included in a potential NHL–WHA merger. Jennings relented, and the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Long Island, the New York Islanders. The terms of the Islanders' lease with Nassau County effectively locked non-NHL teams out of the Coliseum.

The Raiders were thus forced to play at the Garden as tenants of the Rangers; no other arena in the metropolitan area was suitable even for temporary use. The situation rapidly became untenable, with an onerous lease and low attendance. During the season the Raiders averaged 5,868 spectators per game, which was far less than the NHL's Rangers (17,494) and the Islanders (11,996). The three original owners defaulted, and the league ended up taking control of the team midway through the season.

New York Golden Blades/Jersey Knights
Following the season, New York real estate mogul Ralph Brent bought the team and renamed it the New York Golden Blades. While they managed to acquire Andre Lacroix from the Philadelphia Blazers, he was essentially all the franchise had going for it. The team replaced their original orange and blue uniforms with purple and gold uniforms, and to coincide with the new identity, the team started the season wearing white skates with gold-colored blades.

The situation improved very little from the previous season; at times, the Golden Blades played before crowds of only 500 people (in an 18,000-seat arena). Sinking in debt, Brent returned the team to the league in late November, just twenty games into the season, with a 6-12-2 record. Veteran player Harry Howell, who had been recently picked up by the Golden Blades after being released from the Los Angeles Kings, was elevated to player-coach, and ordered the team's white skates painted black.

Realizing that the New York area was not large enough for three hockey teams, the WHA moved the team to Cherry Hill, New Jersey, and renamed it the Jersey Knights. The move marked a return of sorts to the Delaware Valley for the WHA, which had seen the Blazers move to Vancouver after only one season. WHA trustee Howard Baldwin was quoted as saying "Hopefully, we will be back in New York next season with a strong owner to compete in that market." Despite this, the WHA would never return to New York, getting no closer than the New England Whalers in 1975, when that team moved from Boston to Hartford, Connecticut. Having been locked out of Madison Square Garden just prior to their move, the players were unable to take their Blades jerseys with them. The team reverted to the previous Raiders uniforms, with the original crest replaced with the new Knights logo.

The newly minted Knights soon discovered their new home, Cherry Hill Arena, had a slope in the ice surface, which forced visiting teams to skate uphill two out of three periods. One drawback was that pucks would sometimes shoot upwards unexpectedly; one Knight was knocked cold when a would-be pass jumped up and nailed him between the eyes. Years later Ab McDonald said, "[The ice] was so high in the middle, the short guys almost couldn’t see the other end of the ice." The arena in Cherry Hill was available because the previous pro hockey tenant, the Jersey Devils, had folded when the Eastern Hockey League went out of business at the end of the previous season.

The arena was also closely cramped, with players not having adequate changing and dressing facilities; visiting teams had to dress at their hotel. In addition, there was no plexiglass around the playing surface. The boards in the area from face-off circle to face-off circle at each end of the ice was bordered with chicken-wire as protection. The rest of the arena had no protection above the boards.

Rod Philips, the radio voice of the Edmonton Oilers for 37 years, ending in 2011, is quoted as saying of the Arena, "The press box in Cherry Hill, N.J. (across the bridge from Philadelphia) was so small that you couldn't stand up. The roof was only four feet high and you were all hunched over. When somebody shut the door, they cut off one whole end of the rink."

Despite the questionable facilities, the Knights played over-.500 hockey and were in playoff contention before losing their last six games to finish 32–42–4, last in the Eastern Division. Within five weeks of the move, though, reports had already begun to state that the franchise would not stay in New Jersey beyond the end of the season, as it was clear Cherry Hill Arena was inadequate even for temporary use. Moreover, what little local interest existed in the WHA team disappeared with the nearby Philadelphia Flyers en route to their first of two consecutive Stanley Cup championships.

Baltimore businessman Joe Schwartz purchased the team in January, fueling speculation the team might move to there, or perhaps be re-incarnated as an expansion franchise in Cincinnati or Indianapolis.

Instead, at the end of the 1974 season, Schwartz moved the Knights to San Diego, California, and renamed them the San Diego Mariners.

The last active player from the Raiders/Golden Blades/Knights was Bobby Sheehan who last played in 1981–82 NHL season and played his final professional season in the American Hockey League in 1983.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

title: New York Golden Blades


text:
John Arrillaga

John Arrillaga (April 3, 1937 – January 24, 2022) was an American billionaire real estate developer and philanthropist who was one of the largest landowners in Silicon Valley. He was also a college basketball player when he attended Stanford University.

Early life and education
Arrillaga was born on April 3, 1937, in Inglewood, California, one of five children in a lower-middle-class home with his mother, Freida, and father, Gabriel, who traced his roots to the Basque region. His mother was a former nurse who worked laundry to support the family, while his father worked at a produce market. He attended Morningside High School in Inglewood, and graduated in 1955. He attended Stanford University on a basketball scholarship, and was a first-team all-conference selection in the Athletic Association of Western Universities in 1960. He was a member of Delta Tau Delta, and graduated in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in geography.

Career
Arrillaga started his career selling insurance before buying his first property—a run-down commercial building, which he fixed and let for rent to buy a second building.

Arrillaga established his career as a real estate developer starting in the 1960s, partnering with Richard Peery in acquiring California farmland which they converted into office space. Their partnership took off with the growth of the semiconductor industry and other high-tech businesses, such as Intel, in what became known as Silicon Valley. Arrillaga and Peery converted thousands of acres of farmland into office space in cities such as Mountain View, San Jose, and Sunnyvale to meet the industry's needs. Over a period of 50 years, their partnership, Peery Arrillaga, built over 20 million square feet of commercial real estate, becoming one of Silicon Valley's biggest commercial landlords. In 2006, he sold over five million square feet of his real estate holdings for roughly $1.1 billion to the real estate division of Deutsche Bank. In 2020 Arrillaga ranked No. 339 on the Forbes 400 list of the richest people in America. In October 2020, his net worth was $2.5 billion.

Philanthropy
Arrillaga was known for his support of his alma mater, Stanford University. The Frances C. Arrillaga Alumni Center is named in memory of his first wife. The Stanford Department of Athletics is housed in the Arrillaga Family Sports Center. Many other athletic facilities carry his surname, in addition to some that helped to renovate or rebuild. Altogether he built, or made the major donation to, 200 Stanford projects. He also endowed 57 full scholarships, 38 of them athletic scholarships; notable recipients included Tiger Woods, Katie Ledecky, and Christian McCaffrey. He personally supervised the major renovation of Stanford Stadium in 2005–2006 with an insistence that it be completed in nine months, so as not to cause any disruption to the football season.

In May 2006, Arrillaga gave $100 million to Stanford University and followed it with a $151 million donation in 2013, the largest individual donation from a living donor in the university's history. The university awarded him the 'Degree of Uncommon Man' in 2009 for his contributions to the university.

Personal life and death
In 1968, Arrillaga married Frances Marion Cook, a teacher and librarian. She died on October 13, 1995, in their Palo Alto home of lung cancer at age 54. They had two children together, John Jr. and Laura. Their daughter Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen is married to Marc Andreessen, who helped to create the Mosaic web browser and co-founded Netscape; he is co-founder of several other web technology enterprises. Their son John Arrillaga Jr. is married to Justine Stamen Arrillaga, founder of the TEAK Fellowship. After the death of his first wife, Arrillaga married Gioia Fasi, a former lawyer from Honolulu, Hawaii.

Arrillaga died in Portola Valley on January 24, 2022, at the age of 84.

title: John Arrillaga


text: User talk:63.124.185.186

title: User talk:63.124.185.186


text:
Talk:California State Route 173

Classification
This page needs more history info and a stronger route description before it the stub can be removed...--Rschen7754 19:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 173


text:
User:MithrandirMage

The sky's the limit!

MithrandirMage's Links
Here's a useful list of the useful links I use a lot by virtue of their utility:

 * Category:Articles that need to be wikified
 * Category:Image files for cleanup
 * Category:Stubs
 * Category:Stub_categories
 * WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types
 * Template messages (Template messages/Cleanup)

Image Pages
For my planned restructuring of image information. Category:Wikipedia image help!

 * Help:Contents/Images and media
 * Images
 * Image use policy
 * Copyrights
 * First steps/License selection
 * Extended image syntax
 * Captions
 * Alternative text for images
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to improve image quality
 * Uploading images
 * WikiProject Illustration
 * Graphic Lab
 * Category:Image files for cleanup
 * Requested pictures
 * Photo Matching Service
 * Featured pictures

title: User:MithrandirMage


text:
San Diego Mariners

The San Diego Mariners were a professional ice hockey team in the World Hockey Association (WHA). The Mariners played in San Diego from 1974 to 1977 at the San Diego Sports Arena. Previous to being in San Diego, the team was known as the New York Raiders, New York Golden Blades, and the Jersey Knights. After folding in 1977, San Diego Mariners' name was adopted by an unrelated franchise in the low-level, minor professional Pacific Hockey League (PHL).

Notable alumni
Star players for the Mariners included defenseman Harry Howell, center Andre Lacroix, and goaltender Ernie Wakely. The Mariners were coached by Howell (as player-coach) during their first season and Ron Ingram the succeeding two seasons, qualifying for the WHA playoffs each year.

Demise
During the Mariners' final WHA season, the team was owned by San Diego Padres and McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The team never drew well, and when they only managed to attract 5,000 fans per game, Kroc sold the team to a group who planned to move it to Melbourne, Florida, however, they could not find a suitable arena. The team was then sold to former Philadelphia Flyers minority owner Bill Putnam, who changed the team's name to the "Florida Breakers" and announced they would play at the Hollywood Sportatorium in Hollywood, Florida, between Miami and Fort Lauderdale. After this deal fell apart Jerry Saperstein tried to buy the team and move them to the same area as the Florida Icegators. However, this deal collapsed as well, and after three attempts by three different groups to move the team to Florida all failed, the Mariners folded just before training camp opened in the fall of 1977. Fans who put down deposits for season tickets never got their money back. The last Mariners player active in major professional hockey was Kevin Devine, who played his last NHL game in the 1982-83 NHL season. Ron Plumb was the last active player who retired in 1986 after playing in England. Mariners' draft pick Don Edwards played in the NHL until 1986, but never played in the WHA.

Team colors
Team colors for the Mariners were orange and blue. The uniforms were the same design as the team wore as the New York Raiders and Jersey Knights, albeit with the jersey logo replaced with San Diego spelled out diagonally across the front. The color scheme was the same as it was for the San Diego Gulls of the old Western Hockey League. The color scheme was later adopted in the form of throwback jerseys for the now-defunct WCHL/ECHL San Diego Gulls.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Name reused in new league
After the WHA Mariners folded, San Diego Arena operator Peter Graham joined the idea for a new low-level minor professional hockey league on the West Coast, the Pacific Hockey League (PHL). Graham used the name of the defunct WHA team, founding an unrelated San Diego Mariners in the PHL in 1977. Those Mariners were sold in 1978 to Pittsburgh businessman Elmer Jonnet, and played in the PHL's second and final season as the "San Diego Hawks".

title: San Diego Mariners


text:
Push (Bros album)

Push is the debut album by British pop band Bros and was released on 28 March 1988 on CBS. The album peaked at number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified quadruple platinum in the UK. It was also a worldwide success, reaching number one in New Zealand, and the top ten in Australia and several countries in Europe.

In late 2013, a 25th anniversary 3-CD remastered and expanded edition of Push was released on the Cherry Pop record label, a subsidiary of Cherry Red Records. The song "Silent Night", originally released as a double A-side single with "Cat Among the Pigeons", was included on the expanded edition, as well as B-sides and remixes from the five singles that were released from the album.

Writing and composition
All the songs were written by Nicky Graham and Bros' manager Tom Watkins, with Graham composing the music and Watkins writing the lyrics. The pair used the pseudonym "The Brothers" in order to imply that the songs had been written by the Goss twins, and that the group was not simply a manufactured pop outfit. In his autobiography Watkins described how he had deliberately come up with song titles and lyrics that the teen market could identify with, such as "Drop the Boy" being about a youth asking to be treated as an adult. Other themes included childhood poverty ("Ten Out of Ten"), the then-current AIDS epidemic ("Shocked"), and past relationships ("I Owe You Nothing"). One of the album's more serious lyrical subjects was the closing ballad "Cat Among the Pigeons", which Watkins stated was about a friend who had struggled to cope with the early death of their father, and as a result had embarked on tempestuous and doomed relationships. Watkins also admitted that his original, more explicit lyric for "When Will I Be Famous?", a song that had been created for his own short-lived band the Hudsons, had been written as a conversation between two gay men: a young man desperate for fame and attention, and an older, more experienced man giving his advice. When he and Graham decided to give the song to Bros to record, Watkins toned down the lyrics and removed the references to homosexuality.

Graham composed the music using some basic equipment at his home in Wimbledon in south-west London, before taking the songs to his Hot Nights studio a short distance away in Fulham. There he played all the instruments and programmed all the keyboards, before inviting the group to the studio to learn their parts and record Matt Goss' vocals.

Talking to Smash Hits in April 1988, Matt Goss explained why the album was titled Push: "Well, when we were in the studio recording it, if one of us was really, like, going for it we'd say, 'Right man, that's really pushing it.' It's a word we all latched on to, and Nicky latched on to it too. We'd all be going, 'Is that pushing it? Yeah, that's push.' So the album couldn't really be called anything else."

Critical reception
Reviews of Push in the UK music press were mixed. In Melody Maker Jonh Wilde described the album as "ten songs that are entirely modern in an entirely charmless way", and called it "sad and useless" and "mediocrity's snowy mountain-top". However, Tim Nicholson of Record Mirror stated that "Push is perfectly crafted pop oozing pre-sex appeal".

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Brendan Swift highlighted "When Will I Be Famous?" and "I Owe You Nothing" as good examples of 1980s pop music, and that while the album contained few low points it also lacked depth, commenting that "Push makes for far better dancing than listening".

Chart performance
In the UK Albums Chart, Push was kept off the number one spot by the compilation album Now 11 for two weeks, and then by Tracy Chapman's self-titled album for a week, although Push went on to sell more copies than both albums in 1988 and ranked as the fourth best-selling album for that year in the UK.

Track listing
All tracks written by The Brothers (a pseudonym for Nicky Graham and Tom Watkins).

Personnel
Bros
 * Matt Goss – vocals
 * Luke Goss – drums
 * Craig Logan – bass

Additional personnel
 * Nicky Graham – keyboards, programming and arranging
 * Pete Glenister – guitars
 * Andy Richards – Fairlight Series III
 * Jimmie Gallagher – saxophones
 * Helena Springs – backing vocals
 * Dee Lewis – backing vocals
 * Shirley Lewis – backing vocals

Production
 * Mixed and produced by Nicky Graham
 * Engineered by Christopher Marc Potter
 * Assisted by Alex Osman, Richard Edwards
 * Designed by Three Associates
 * Photography by Neil Matthews

title: Push (Bros album)


text: Template:Mansun

title: Template:Mansun


text:
User:Teklund/monobook.css

p {margin: 1em 0em;}

title: User:Teklund/monobook.css


text:
Littlemore

Littlemore is a district and civil parish in Oxford, England. The civil parish includes part of Rose Hill. It is about 2+1/2 mi southeast of the city centre of Oxford, between Rose Hill, Blackbird Leys, Cowley, and Sandford-on-Thames. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 5,646, with the electoral ward (which also includes several streets in southern Cowley) having a total population of 6,441.

History
In the Middle Ages, and perhaps earlier, most of Littlemore was a detached part of the parish of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford. Between 1517 and 1518 the local priory became subject to the Littlemore Priory scandals. The rest of the township was in the parish of Iffley. Littlemore was not made a separate ecclesiastical parish until 1847. It became a civil parish in 1866. Until the early 20th century Littlemore was rural. Extensive development started in the 1920s and continued in the 1950s.

St Nicholas' Priory
Early in the 12th century Sir Robert de Sandford founded a priory of Benedictine nuns on a piece of land called Cherley. It was dedicated originally to Saints Mary, Nicholas and Edmund, but within a few years this was reduced to only St Nicholas. The location of Cherley was described variously as Sandford or Littlemore until the middle of the 13th century, after which it was referred to always as Littlemore. Sir Robert endowed the priory with six virgates of land in Sandford parish. Subsequent members of the de Sandford family made further endowments: another nine virgates of land in Sandford, 10 shillings a year from Wytham, tithes from Bayworth and Lambourn, and land at Garsington, Kennington, Sydenham, Oxfordshire and Liverton in the parish of Chilton. At one time the priory also claimed the advowson of St Mary's parish church at Puttenham, Hertfordshire and held land at Bureweya or Bergheia (Barway) in the parish of Soham in Cambridgeshire. King Henry III paid 40 shillings a year to maintain a prebendaria at the priory and in 1232 granted the priory one hide of land at Hendred.

In 1445 Dr John Derby visited the priory on behalf of William Alnwick, Bishop of Lincoln. Seven nuns were living there but their dormitory was in such disrepair that they did not sleep in it, for fear it would collapse. The nuns were breaking their Rule by eating meat every day, three lay women were boarding at the priory, and a Cistercian monk frequently visited and drank with the prioress. In 1517 Edmund Horde visited the priory on behalf of a subsequent Bishop of Lincoln, William Atwater. He found that the prioress, Katherine Wells, had an illegitimate daughter, the father was a priest who still visited her, and Wells had taken much of the priory's goods and pawned its valuables to provide the girl with a dowry.

There was no food, clothing or spending money for the nuns. Within the last year another of the nuns had had an illegitimate child whose father was a married man in Oxford. Some of the other nuns had rebuked Wells but she had responded by putting them in the stocks. There were five nuns, and Wells had ordered them all to tell Horde that all was well. Bishop William Atwater summoned and examined Wells, who admitted these irregularities had been going on for eight years. Atwater deposed her but allowed her to remain in post for the time being, provided she did nothing without Horde's approval. Nine months after Horde's report, Bishop Atwater visited the priory himself.

He found that Wells had taken revenge on those nuns who had told the truth, putting one in the stocks for a month and kicking and punching another nun in the head. Another nun continued to misbehave, romping (luctando) with boys in the cloister and refusing to stop. When she was put in the stocks as a punishment, three other nuns released her and burnt the stocks. When Wells tried to rebuke them, the four escaped from the priory via a window and went to stay with friends for two or three weeks. In 1524 Thomas Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor, recommended that the priory be dissolved. In February 1525 the priory was dissolved and the prioress was pensioned off.

Archaeology
In 1970 the historian William Pantin published a conjectural plan of the priory church, refectory and other buildings arranged around a cloister west of the surviving building. In 2012 The East Oxford Archaeology & History Project excavated part of Minchery Farm Paddock. It found walls of a well-built Medieval stone building at right-angles to the farmhouse. Finds of fine pottery, metalwork, decorated tiles and animal bones suggest it was a domestic building. The building is roughly where Pantin postulated that the refectory may have been. In 2014 John Moore Heritage Services found and excavated the site of the priory church. It was built in the 13th century, with a choir, central tower, nave, belfry and north transept.

A smaller mid-12th-century church may have been on the site before the 13th-century one was built, but the evidence for this was not conclusive. The dig revealed 92 human burials at the site. Most were inside the church: in the choir, north transept and nave. The remainder were outside just east of the choir. 35 of the burials were female and 28 were male. The sex of the remaining 29 was not determined. One burial was in a limestone cist, positioned under what would have been the centre of the tower, and contained the remains of a woman aged 45 or older. She is likely to have been a prioress. Another burial near the west end of the nave was a woman aged between 19 and 25, laid face down. Part of the grave had been disturbed, her legs were missing, and the body of an infant was buried where they had been.

Minchery Farmhouse
One building of the priory survives. It has been identified as the east range of the cloister garth, with the chapter house and other rooms on the ground floor and the nuns' dormitory on the first floor. In about 1600 it was remodelled as Minchery Farmhouse. Later it was extended, probably late in the 18th century. As Littlemore became more developed, the house was changed first into a country club and later into the "Priory" pub, which closed in 2013. The house became a Grade II* listed building in July 1963, when it was being used by the country club.

Church of England
St Nicholas' priory had a priory church, but until the 19th century Littlemore had no parish church. In 1828 John Henry Newman was appointed vicar of St Mary's and he started agitating for a separate church at Littlemore. The new parish church of Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas was designed by the architect H. J. Underwood, built in 1835 and consecrated in 1836. The chancel and northeast tower were added in 1848, and the vestry in 1918. The church is in a Gothic Revival style and became a model for smaller churches of the time.

Roman Catholic
The Roman Catholic Church of Blessed Dominic Barberi was built in 1969.

Littlemore Hospital
Littlemore Hospital was located on Sandford Road on the south west side of the village. After it closed, some of the rear blocks were acquired by Yamanouchi (now Astellas Pharma) for use as a research facility but then sold on, in 2008, to the SAE Institute for use as a training establishment. Meanwhile, the Littlemore Mental Health Centre, which includes the Ashurst Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), has been established on the opposite side of the road.

Railway
The Wycombe Railway opened Littlemore station in 1864 as part of its extension from Thame to Oxford. In 1963 British Railways withdrew passenger services between Princes Risborough and Oxford and closed all intermediate stations including Littlemore. The line through Littlemore remains open for freight traffic between the Didcot–Oxford main line at Kennington Junction and the BMW Mini factory at Cowley. A new passenger railway station has been proposed in the parish, which would serve Oxford Science Park.

John Henry Newman
Littlemore may be best known for the work of Cardinal Newman, whose connection with the village began in 1828, when he was appointed vicar of St Mary the Virgin and soon began holding classes for the residents of Littlemore. He organised a successful petition to have a new church built. From 1842 to 1846 Newman lived at Littlemore, in a house in College Lane, under quasi-monastic discipline. There, in 1845, he was received into the Roman Catholic Church (a sensation at the time) by Father Dominic Barberi, a prominent Passionist active in England at the time. The Birmingham Oratory bought the property in 1951, and members of an International Religious Order are residents and custodians of the college.

Other residents
The trade unionist Henry Broadhurst (1840–1911) was born in the village, the son of a local stonemason. The local historian Edmund Arnold Greening Lamborn lived at 34 Oxford Road, Littlemore from 1911 to 1950.

title: Littlemore


text:
Aerovis Airlines

Aerovis Airlines is a cargo airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine. It was established in 2003 and operates charter cargo services within Ukraine, the European Union, Middle East and Africa.

Fleet
As of June 2015, the Aerovis Airlines fleet includes:

title: Aerovis Airlines


text:
Ottawa Nationals

The Ottawa Nationals were a professional men's ice hockey team out of Ottawa that played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) during the 1972–73 WHA season.

History
The WHA had originally granted a franchise to Doug Michel for "Ontario." Original plans called for the team to play at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, but Michel couldn't get a favourable lease. Afterward, it was expected that Hamilton would be the team's home, but it was eventually placed in Ottawa. Nick Trbovich became majority owner before the season began, with Michel running hockey operations.

They were coached by Billy Harris and led on the ice by Wayne Carleton, who scored 42 goals and 92 points during the season. They hosted the first-ever WHA game, on October 11, 1972, losing 7–4 to the Alberta Oilers.

Their home arena was the Ottawa Civic Centre, but they were a flop at the box office, averaging about 3,000 fans per game. Before the season ended, the City of Ottawa demanded a payment of $100,000 to secure dates for the following season. Rather than agree, the Nationals opted to move elsewhere for the next season and play its playoff dates in Toronto. During this playoff series, the team was referred to as the Ontario Nationals. After the season, the team was sold to John F. Bassett and became the Toronto Toros.

The last Ottawa Nationals player active in North American major professional hockey was Mike Amodeo, who played one season in the NHL with the Winnipeg Jets in the 1979-80 NHL season, before moving to Sweden, then Italy, before his retirement in 1983.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

title: Ottawa Nationals


text:
User talk:TUF-KAT/List of genres of music by region

Feedback
Following your request for feedback on the featured list page, I thought this would be a good place to put some. First, let me say I really like the "list of popes" format, and it works great here. I can see this is still a work in progress, but, here are some things you may or may not have thought about:
 * Needs a good lead section
 * Needs more references
 * Needs pictures
 * Needs a "see also" section for related articles
 * And, I hate to say it, but this list has way too many red links for my liking. A list should serve to help the reader in navigation; red links are not very useful in navigation,because they are dead ends for those who are looking for that topic.

All in all though, if this format is followed through, I'm sure it will be featured, so good work! --Dmcdevit 19:28, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

I am not sure exactly what this list is used for. You have included pelimanni music, which is what they call the traditional dance music, mostly fiddle based, in Finland. However, higly related traditions exist in the Nordic countries Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark. After a long struggle what to name an article about this genre, I called it Nordic folk dance music. Include it in your list, if you like. / Habj 11:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Ireland
I'm impressed with the depth of knowledge of Irish music, but I'm puzzled by the word 'loobeen'. I've never met it before. Can you give us some idea what it means? I've replaced 'trad' with 'ballads' as popular music, since 'trad' really describes our folk music. I've also put in 'John Field' under 'classical' as he really is our only classical composer of note. Apologies if you really did not want individual names in there. Scolaire 21:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)