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Talk:Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

Better description of Orthogonal in this context
This article does a pretty poor job of explaining the orthogonality condition in OFDM. it says

"Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being: all the carrier signals are orthogonal to each other."

This makes little sense, because the concept of all FDM is that different carriers are orthogonal, and for this reason you can put different data on different carriers. In TDM/TDMA, you use orthogonal time slots; In FDM/FDMA you use orthogonal frequency slots; in CDM/CDMA you use orthogonal Spreading codes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.216.151.126 (talk) 18:41, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

I think what is important is that the subcarriers are orthogonal over a symbol period, which is by design.

A proof that the described channel spacing gives orthogonality would be helpful. 86.141.10.180 (talk) 20:18, 4 July 2017 (UTC)HG

OFDMA
OFDMA links here. Should they be merged?--Gbleem 21:36, 14 December 2005 (UTC) NO! OFDMA is a multiple access scheme which relies on OFDM.

Doppler: "(...) sender or the receiver is moving at a high speed (...)"
I removed this sentence from the text. I am not 100% sure, but is seems very unlikely to me that normal speeds (car, train, plane, etc) would affect this, especially when we talk about frequencies around 5 GHz. I wrote a small thesis about OFDM in uni and I cannot recall any major issued with moving receivers/senders. Please correct me if anyone has more accurate information. --83.109.152.151 22:12, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, at least according to recent tests by Digita in Finland, mobile use at speeds of "over 200 km/h" is no problem for Flash-OFDM operating at 450 MHz. --80.222.254.10 16:01, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'm removing that statement for now. R6144 01:52, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As the Doppler frequency offset is proporcional to the carrier frequency, the offset would be different for every subcarrier thus causing loss of orthogonality Danielcohn 03:20, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I put the sentence back since it is a problem in for example DVB-T, but I added that "Several techniques for ICI suppression are suggested, but they may increase the receiver complexity substantially." I have seen several papers on very complex equalizers for this purpose. Are there a simpler method? Can the sample rate be adopted, based on the pilot carriers?Someone said that modern DVB-T receivers are less sensitive to doppler. Howcome? Mange01 10:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem comes from the combination of Multipath and Doppler. Consider the simple case of travelling into the direction of a steady transmitter. This slightly increases the frequency observed by the receiver. If at the same time there is a reflection of the tranmitted signal coming from the back of the driver, than the frequency shifts to a slightly lower frequency. So one tone results into two simultanious tones received. This corrupts the orthogonality and so the carrier breaks through to all the other carriers and thus introduces distortions. This is THE failure mechanism. The closer the intercarrier spacing the higher the distortions. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 161.85.127.152 (talk) 14:47, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Thnx for a helpful comment. User:Oli Filth has now incorporated it into the text. HOwever, in modern OFDM based systems such as DVB-H, the dopper shift does not seem to be a problem. It would be interesting to know which ICI cancellation algorithm that is used in practice. Mange01 23:00, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The robustness against multipath can be improved by extending the guard interval duration. Usually the length of OFDM symbol will be scaled too to keep the guard overhead relatively the same. The carrier-spacing is then reciprocal with the symbol duration (1/T) and thus becomes smaller by better multi-path robustness. However the Doppler robustness will decrease at the same time, so there is a trade-off between multi-path and doppler robustness. In DVB-T they just forgot to define one intermediate intercarrier spacing. This gap appeared to be a good compromise between doppler and multi-path robustness. So they included that carrier spacing in the DVB-H standard. (PS: I'm the same writer as talk:161.85.127.152)

Reorganization - and GA nomination
This is a very understandable article and I'd love to see it promoted to good article. I did not pass it this time because:

 * The lead is too short.
 * The article has structural/formatting problems.

Some suggestions on how to improve the article's structure/formatting:

 * The "Digital radio and television" heading has no content beneath it and should be removed.
 * The table dominates the "Wireless LAN" section.
 * The "OFDM feature abstract" is a list not a section consider making it an inset for the "Characteristics" section.
 * The "Ideal encoder" and "Mathematical Description" (should be "Mathematical description") sections should probably come before "Usage".
 * The "History" section seems tacked on, maybe it could also be made an inset.

Examples of how to do insets are available in the Columbine high school massacre article. Please renominate once the above problems are fixed.

Cedars 00:09, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have restructured the text by removing overlapping text; moving the list of key features (which I divided into advantages and disadvantages) to the top; moving the list of applications to the top and adding a numerical example in blockquote; and dividing the section "Characteristics and principles of operation" into sub-sections.

 * I have clearified why OFDM is considered a modulation scheme as opposed to a MA scheme, and added references to OFDMA and MC-CDMA. I have also corrected som incorrect statements, for example that OFDM would be sensitive to time synchronization errors.

 * (Someone else has addressed most of Cedars suggestions, except using insets.) Mange01 12:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Multipath resistance only when coded?
Why does the article claim that multipath resistance exists only when combining OFDM with coding schemes? Multipath resistance is added by the fact that OFDM allows using longer symbols and therefore decreasing inefficiency caused by GI.Danielcohn 01:35, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

OFDM uses a cyclic prefix guard interval to convert a frequency-selective channel to a set of frequency-nonselective fading channels. As a consequence, intersymbol interference is avoided. The thing is, however, OFDM does not have frequency diversity. With coding, OFDM achieves diversity and performs well in multipath. ---sct

"Ideal encoder" section
I believe that the Ideal encoder section is in severe need of revision. I'll make these changes at some point in the near future; just wondering if anyone had any thoughts before I do.

Scrambling
Firstly, I don't think that it's necessary to include scrambling (shown as multiplication by $$(-1)^k$$ in the diagram) in a hypothetical "ideal" encoder. Secondly, it is shown as occurring in the time-domain, which is completely incorrect (see section 17.3.2.1 in the 802.11a spec, for instance). Thirdly, the reason given, "in order to have a null mean value", is also incorrect.

Inter-symbol interference
In the second paragraph, orthogonality of the sub-carriers results in zero inter-carrier interference, not zero inter-symbol interference, and only in the case when a cyclic prefix is used, which is not mentioned or illustrated.

Diagram
The blocks marked "ROM" are clearly meant to represent constellation mapping, but what does "ROM" stand for?

In my opinion, it would be better to replace the "impulse generator" and $$H_t(f)$$ blocks with "DAC".

It's also debatable whether illustrating frequency-domain zero-padding is necessary for an "ideal" encoder.

Oli Filth 17:47, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * All fixed. Oli Filth 13:50, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Why does the "Transmitter" diagram show the IFFT block having only two outputs? Better start from the beginning again. Correct me if I'm wrong. My thoughts are --- a set of complex numbers (which could also be considered as a set of 'vectors', where each complex number can represent a 'vector', and each individual vector could be a single QAM 'symbol') is presented at the input to the IFFT. N complex numbers in parallel presented to the input of the IFFT. Even though the input to the IFFT is N complex values in parallel, we can imagine that set of numbers represent a made-up (ad-hoc) discrete frequency spectrum. A fabricated spectral picture. If we have N discrete spectral components, then the first component is expected to be the DC component, at zero frequency -- so basically the complex number for the DC value should be 0+j0 at DC (or for f = 0 Hz) because we don't want any DC component. The remainder of the components (ie. 'N - 1' of them) will be spaced evenly apart. The actual frequency spacing will later be determined by the parallel to sequential output of the IFFT system [ie. recall FFT takes N points of time-domain signal and converts to N points in frequency domain, with constant frequency spacing equal to (1/time_gap)/N or (1/sampling_period)/N or sampling_frequency/N (between components), so the time sequence spacing in the discrete time-domain will determine frequency spacing in the discrete frequency domain, and we will have full control of the time sequence spacing]. Perhaps the very first complex number (which we might purposely make to represent the DC component of our fabricated spectrum) should be zero, while the remaining 'N-1' complex-valued components should all have the same non-zero complex value (for redundancy and transmission reliability purposes. which means the set of N elements into the IFFT could be [X(0) X(1) X(2) X(3) ...... X(N-1)], with X(0) equal to zero, while X(1) = X(2) = X(3) = ..... X(N-1). X(0) is purposely set to be zero, this is to set the DC component of our ad-hoc spectrum to be zero. The rest of the components X(1), X(2) etc could all be the same complex value, which basically means that each of our non-DC fabricated spectral components are all "replicas" for purposes of redundancy. That is, if we were to transmit a time-domain equivalent of this 'spectrum', and the communications channel doesn't allow some of our spectral components to get through, then it is not a problem because we know that the same information will come through the other frequency 'channels'. So, back to the IFFT process. For N inputs to the IFFT, there should be N outputs (instead of just two outputs). The "Transmitter" diagram is currently showing just two outputs, because somebody decided to skip some important information. It should be N parallel outputs from the IFFT. And if there is meant to be N outputs for the IFFT, then what do we do with these N individual outputs? Each of these N individual outputs is typically a complex number, right? So, we then need to treat these N complex values as a complex time-domain sequence. This base-band time-domain sequence is the base-band OFDM signal sequence (in discrete time form). It's a sequence of complex numbers, which is all good and nice inside a computer. But what if we want to transmit and receive the complex number data is the fastest way possible? One way of transmitting complex numbers is by individually using the 'real part' and 'imaginary part' to modulate orthogonal carrier signals --- eg. cos(wt) carrier and sin(wt) carrier. The modulated carriers might be r(t).cos(wt) and i(t).sin(wt), where r(t) and i(t) are the real and imaginary analog values. The SUM of the two modulated carriers r(t).cos(wt) + i(t).sin(wt) is a real-valued time-domain signal (not complex signal), and it is an OFDM signal that we can transmit through a wire, or even wirelessly if the carriers cos(wt) and sin(wt) have a suitable frequency, noting that both carriers have identical frequency but are out of phase by 90 degrees. I'm really thinking that if somebody is going to explain this IFFT method of generating OFDM, then they should take a few extra steps to explain the method properly, otherwise it confuses everybody. If somebody going to teach somebody something on Wiki (or anywhere for that matter), then teach it without putting in cryptic or confusing diagrams etc. Make important areas clear for everybody to have a chance to understand. KorgBoy (talk) 08:53, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

Image Effects
The up and down mixing described would give rise to images, is OFDM actually symetrical about it's base carrier (this is implied by the article but not explicitly stated) or is it purely above the carrier (effectively SSB, and so requiring image rejection mixers and so on? Scruffy brit 12:15, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The up-mixing does not give rise to images (assuming a perfect mixer). OFDM is not (in general) symmetrical around its centre frequency, although it may appear that way on a spectrum analyser (as each sub-carrier generally has an identical power spectrum).

 * The down-mixing does indeed give rise to an image at $$2 f_c$$, hence the need for a low-pass filter after the mixing operation. This is shown in the diagram and explained in the article text.  Oli Filth 12:42, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, "Symetrical" wasn't the right term;-) But a OFDM signal does have modulation results on both sides of the carrier? Scruffy brit 11:05, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, in general. But this isn't due to mixing images.  It's because the baseband OFDM spectrum straddles DC.  Oli Filth 11:38, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Flash-OFDM 450MHZ Data Network
In 9th October 2006, Finland has licenced the 450MHz band to an operator for building a nation-wide Flash-ODSM data network. Press release in Finnish:. Could this be added to the main article?
 * I think Flash-OFDM deserves a separate article. Mange01 (talk) 06:53, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion: OFDM standard comparison table
I suggest a table that summarizes the most crucial features of common OFDM systems. I have made a similar table for two broadcasting systems in the publication http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/49/20698/00957306.pdf?arnumber=957306.

Examples of features are:
 * Standard name.
 * Ratified year.
 * Frequency band [GHz].
 * Channel bandwidth [MHz].
 * Number of subcarriers.
 * Subcarrier spacing [kHz].
 * Net bit rate [Mbps].
 * Link spectrum efficiency [bit/s/Hz].
 * Symbol length [s].
 * Guard interval [s].
 * Subcarriermodulation scheme.
 * Inner FEC.
 * Outer FEC (if any).
 * Sub-carrier adaptive transmission (if any). Yes/no.
 * Multiple access scheme (if any). Example: OFDMA uplink.
 * Maximum travelling speed.
 * Time interleaving depth [ms] (if larger than the symbol).
 * Requied carrier-to-interference ratio (for AWGN without fading). Example: 5dB for BER 10^-5.

Mange01 13:11, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Failed GA
This is a very promising article, but it is let down by an extreme scarcity of citations, and by a number of lists that would read better if converted to prose. Once these improvements have been made, please feel free to renominate the article. MLilburne 20:20, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge with DAB really a good idea?
It has been suggested for a while that DAB COFDM section should be merged into the OFDM article, but none of us commented on the suggestion. Now it is accomplished, but I'm not sure that it was such a good idea.

Anyway, some of the merged text is overlapping with the old OFDM text, or is generic, not specific for DAB, and should therefor be removed or moved up in the article.

Secondly, Wikipedia now warns that the article has become longer than 30kB. Is that a recommended maximum length?

Should every application of OFDM be described as detailed as DAB in this article? In case the article should be extended with something, I would prefer more illustrations, and a comparison table summarizing the features of several systems.

Whats your vote? Should the merge be reverted?

Mange01 23:37, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I completely agree; the verbatim insertion of the text from the DAB article completely disrupted this article, introduced a lot of repetition and redundancy, and also brought over a lot of the errors that were present in the DAB article. I have removed this addition, and have pasted the inserted text here; I'm not going to attempt to re-edit the DAB article; it's a complete mess; I'll leave that for someone else to sort out! Oli Filth

Modulation
The modulation used in DAB is Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM). According to this acronym the three properties of COFDM are: 'C' for coding; 'O' for orthogonal modulation and 'FDM' for frequency division multiplexing. These are described here.

Coding
Coding refers to convolutional coding and means that the original data carried over the multiplex is deliberately manipulated by splitting it into small blocks and adding some intelligently designed redundant information to each, thus generating a data 'overhead'. The overhead bits added to each block are determined according to rules applied to the true data content of the block. After demodulation at the receiver the digital signal processor examines both the actually received data and overhead bits and regenerates what it believes to be the original data based on a set of statistical rules known as an algorithm. The regenerated data may include a number of data bit corrections. The algorithm used in DAB is known as a Viterbi algorithm, and is an example of a maximum likelihood algorithm. This works by maintaining a history of demodulated bit sequences, building up a view of their probabilities and then using these to finally select either a 0 or 1 for the bit under consideration. This type of coding is also known as an example of forward error correction (FEC).

To some extent the types of errors most likely to be present with DAB can be mathematically predicted and therefore corrected for. The addition of FEC requires extra information to be transmitted at the same time as the original traffic data and therefore requires an increased channel capacity, needing extra bandwidth, compared to if it had been uncoded. DAB carries different 'strengths' of FEC, a stronger one being used for the control of critical features in the receiver.

Orthogonal
Orthogonal is the mathematical term applied to two RF sinusoidal signals when their phase relationship is precisely 90 degrees. Alternatively they may be said to be in 'quadrature'. In DAB the sub-carrier frequency spacing is chosen to be the reciprocal of the active symbol period. Under this condition the DAB modulation results in successive sub-carriers having a quadrature relationship with each other. The frequency spectra components of one modulated sub-carrier will therefore integrate to zero at the corresponding components from both of the adjacent sub-carriers. This has two advantages: (a) the modulated sub-carrier spectra will efficiently occupy the allocated bandwidth with a degree of controlled overlapping and (b) simple I-Q demodulation to zero intermediate frequency (zero-IF) can be used in the receiver without needing the costly hardware overhead of many bandpass filters to extract the sub-carriers.

Frequency division multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is the process where two or more basic information channel bandwidths or basebands are shifted in frequency and added to others to form an aggregate wider bandwidth containing the information from all of the constituent basebands. To avoid mutual interference, their bandwidths would normally require shifting (translating) in frequency and no two translated basebands would occupy any part of the same frequency spectrum. In the context of DAB, FDM refers to the manner in which the modulated sub-carriers are assembled across the allocated frequency range.

Modulation type
DAB uses a digital modulation type known as differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), which is an incoherent modulation scheme. DQPSK differs from the more common quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) in that the modulated carrier phase for the current symbol being detected depends on its phase relative to that phase detected for the previous one. In QPSK it is just the absolute phase of the modulated carrier that determines the associated symbol. A differential modulation scheme can be more resillient to the typical fading scenarios of DAB. The modulation scheme also incorporates a form of Gray coding in that only one bit changes on moving from one symbol state to an adjacent one. For a constant phase progression, the consecutive set of symbols are represented by the bit pairs 00, 01, 11 and 10.

Time interleaving
DAB uses data buffering which enables the data symbols to be transmitted over the RF path in a different time-order than they were generated the audio source (studio). At the receiver they are re-assembled and returned to the original time-order before conversion back to analog signals to feed the receiver audio output. This process is called time interleaving. Typical multipath interference experienced in a moving vehicle is regular over time so an intelligent choice of time interleaving to some degree 'averages' out the resulting error bursts over time. This data buffering and other processing contributes to a delay, typically of a few seconds, between the studio source and the receiver. This is much longer than the equivalent delay for am FM broadcast channel which would typically be a fraction of a second. For most broadcasts such a delay would be unimportant but it does mean that, for example, real-time reference signals for setting clocks such as those re-broadcast by the BBC on DAB from their national FM service are actually quite inaccurate.

Frequency interleaving
DAB also uses frequency interleaving, a similar technique to time interleaving but applied to the sub-carriers centre frequencies in the RF spectrum instead. The data stream from the studio is deliberately not modulated serially onto sub-carriers across the frequency range, but instead in a more random way. Multipath and other forms of selective fading generally affect a relatively narrow part of the RF multiplex bandwidth at any one time so frequency interleaving would tend to average out 'bursts' of errors resulting from these.

This is some good stuff
This is some good text! Put it back! -143.215.155.26 (talk) 05:17, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

DMT vs OFDM
On a somewhat related topic, i question whether the redirect to OFDM from DMT (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discrete_multitone_modulation&diff=next&oldid=10618564 ) is optimum. Certainly DMT and OFDM share many characteristics, but the common use of the DMT term in wireline, as well as in the standards reference in ANSI T1.413 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_T1.413_Issue_2 suggest they should remain distinct topics. Particularly as there are non-trivial differences between the two techniques, that also in fact form some of the basis of T1.413 - such as the Cioffi/Amati patented bit loading / tone swapping algorithm which allows better throughput in copper specific interference such as the ISI found in bridged taps. Because in copper the noise is stationary and the channel is time invariant, DMT is much better able to adapt to the communication medium than OFDM would. In any case, this may not be the best place to discuss the validity of a redirect, but because it does involve technical details relevant to this article, I felt to introduce the idea for comments here first. Duedilly 23:47, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * To add some further detail to the consideration of differences between OFDM and DMT (and whether DMT should redirect to OFDM), here are more distinction points:
 * DMT is a real-valued baseband multiplex s(n), whereas OFDM is a complex-valued baseband multiplex s(n);
 * DMT has the channel known at the transmitter, whereas with OFDM, the channel is unknown at the transmitter;
 * DMT is used in wireline communications (lowpass channel), whereas OFDM is used in wireless communications (passband channel)
 * (from http://www.ist-muse.eu/Documents/AutumnSchool2006/track2/Track2%20ofdmnutshell_print.pdf )
 * Duedilly 19:48, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There is nothing about OFDM which precludes it from being baseband, wireline, or pre-equalised/rate-adaptive. It would be a bit like trying to state that 802.11a is distinct from OFDM because it uses PRBS-based scrambling, or that DVB is distinct from OFDM because it uses scattered pilots.  IMHO, "DMT" really just describes a particular implementation, which just so happens to be baseband, wireless and pre-equalised and rate-adpative.   Oli Filth 22:09, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * DMT is discussed in the section "Adaptive transmission", as well as in the ADSL section. I would like to encourage to you elaborate on the bit loading/tone swapping algorithm there. A VDSL section should also be created. A separate DMT article would not be a good idea. Mange01 07:37, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Oli and Mange. I notice there is an entry for ITU_G.992.1 and wonder why DMT would not more likely redirect to that? (or even to an ANSI T1E1.413 entry, which predates and was the basis for the adopted ITU standard).  I think your idea though to further clarify the ADSL section is good, though obviously not all ADSL is FDM - technologies like CAP and DWMT and other DFT implemented filter bank modulation schemes, (both perfect, and particularly the imperfect, due to frequency overlap with low cross-channel interference which are decidedly NOT like PO-FDM) have a rightful place of discussion near DMT - which would likely not be appropriate in this entry.  I agree that these may all have evolved from a common ancestor and have filled different niches, but am not yet convinced of the value of reducing them to a single OFDM entry.  I am traveling soon, but will look forward to discussing specifics and considering the best approach for further elucidation of these topics, and will also look to get some feedback from Cioffi and others involved in ANSI DSL standards to help.  We might also consider adding discussion of  expected "multicarrier" CDMA implementations of OFDM using spread spectrum. Duedilly 19:43, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If found Discrete Multi-Tone page (an orphan page), should this be merged to this page, or at least redirect? I'm no expert on this field. Memming 22:04, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Sub-carrier
What is meant with a sub-carrier in OFDM and what is its difference compared to a normal carrier? --Abdull 10:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

More explanation of the cyclic prefix purpose
I was wondering about this, won't it be nice if we also show that the cyclic prefix serves to make the effect of the channel become circular convolution for the OFDM symbol? Then, we mention that circular convolution becomes just multiplication when the DFT is taken.

Something like The OFDM symbol $$[d_0, d_1, \ldots d_{N_c - 1}]^T$$ is prefixed with the $$L - 1$$ length cyclic prefix and becomes $$[d_{N_c - L + 1}, d_{N_c - L + 2} \ldots d_{N_c - 2}, d_{N_c - 1}, d_0, d_1, \ldots d_{N_c - 1}]^T$$. Then, after convolution with the channel, which happens as

$$y[m] = \sum_{l = 0}^L h_l x[m - l] \quad 0 \le m \le N_c$$

which is circular convolution, as $$x[m - k]$$ becomes $$x[(m - k) \mod N_c]$$. So, taking the DFT, we get:

$$Y[k] = H[k]\cdot X[k]$$.

Of course, the noise etc. has to be accounted for. Note that another thign one could mention is that the distribution of the noise, if it is isotropic complex Gaussian, remains identical under the DFT operation.

Just my suggestions to make it more clear... Kumar Appaiah 12:32, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I suggest that some of this stuff would be well worth putting in the Cyclic prefix article, which is essentially just a stub right now. I keep meaning to flesh that article out myself, but I never get round to it.  I don't think we want any more maths in the OFDM article, as it's already overly-long.  Oli Filth 13:05, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Oli, thanks for the suggestion. I am heading to Cylic prefix to make a start! Kumar Appaiah 14:24, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Overview
I think a critical clarification needed in the summary at the start of the article is that the difference between OFDM and FDM is that with OFDM we're simultaneously transmitting on all the sub-channel frequencies, whereas FDM transmits on each frequency sequentially. Ceri Reid68.200.109.154 17:24, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * FDM tramsits simultaneously on all frequencies as well (otherwise it would be TDM!). Oli Filth 18:18, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, the orthoganal part allows much closer spacing without the guardband that would be needed between conventional channels on different frequencies (such as on FM radio), without the interference being destructive. --Lindosland (talk) 16:52, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

OFDM Chipset
Can any one help of the best chipset available in the market for Baseband OFDM chipset that could be used in an OFDM modem for not that high data bit rate?, the RF part not necessary for building the OFDM modem only baseband part. Thanks Matalal 13:17, 4 April 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Matalal (talk • contribs) 10:19, 4 April 2007 (UTC).

More Images!!!
Hi, the article is good, but it is sometimes harder to perceive things for the person not already in WiFi field.

A good drawing explaining guard interval and cyclic prefix would not be obsolete, for sure. Also one explaining orthogonality. Keep up the good work! -- Mtodorov 69 08:28, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Overlap between "Example of applications" and "Usage"
Section 1, "Example of applications", was originally part of the ingress, as a summary of the "Usage" section. Someone perhaps found the ingress too long, and moved it into a separate section, but now we have two sections with overlapping content.

What is the solution to the problem?

Mange01 18:44, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Changes to article lead
I've mostly reverted today's additions to the article lead, for the following reasons:

 * 1) "OFDM is a modern method of modulation ..." - Define "modern"! OFDM has been around since the 60s.
 * 2) "... adopted primarily for digital radio television broadcasting ..." - Somewhat misleading. WiFi, WiMax, ADSL, DAB all use OFDM as well.
 * 3) "It is analogous to the AM and FM systems of modulation used for analogue radio and television broadcasting ..." - I know what you're getting at, but in light of the point above, is meaningless.
 * 4) "Typically each bit in each stream lasts for around a millisecond ..." - This is only true for 8K DVB, and only if we're talking about symbols, not bits.

The example is highly relevant, since, as I understand it, a key benefit of OFDM has been the possibility of operating all transmitters across a country on one set of frequencies. 50 miles is a typical distance between such transmitters, and hence 1ms was a design criterion for such applications used in deciding on the number of carriers. This issue is something the non-engineer can readily appreciate the value of. What is transmitted on a carrier is surely 'bits' in the basic sense of 'binary digits' ie on-off representation. I don't see a need to complicate things with symbols, when the average person is familiar with bits.--Lindosland (talk) 20:56, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * 1) "... when the many adjacent frequencies interfere with each other, they do so in a way that is not destructive ..." - Again, I know what you're getting at. However, it's not that they're not destructive, it's that they don't "interfere" at all!

However, I've retained a mention of SFNs. Oli Filth(talk) 19:32, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with the revert. The important thing is 'in simple terms' which qualifies what follows. The analogy with FM and AM is entirely appropriate for the average reader (who usually cannot destinguish AM from Medium wave). By all means improve what I wrote, but I think it was a good attempt, which I made because of a call for a 'simple explanation' at the DVB-T article talk page. A simple explanation can never be the whole truth, but is still needed on Wikipedia, especially for a subject as obscure to most people as this one, which they might come across when reading about digital TV. --Lindosland (talk) 20:08, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've reverted but with changes in line with your comments. I really think the lead, as it stood, was pitched at a much too technical level. I welcome the highly technical, but the lead should contain something for the non-engineer too, and this is actually a topic very relevant to non-engineers who are curious about modern developments in broadcasting etc. --Lindosland (talk) 20:24, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I would further point out that this article failed to meet 'good article criteria'. One of these is that, 'The lead should be capable of standing alone as a concise overview of the article, establishing context, summarizing the most important points, explaining why the subject is interesting or notable.' A lead that fails to mention the relevance of OFDM in terms of DAB DTV and Wi-Fi is surely failing badly, considering that these are THE major developments of the last decade that almost everyone is aware of. --Lindosland (talk) 21:04, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the fact that articles should be tractable by the non-specialist, so I'll have a go at working on your updated changes! I'll summarise the rationale for my revisions here:

 * I've worked the material into the existing paragraphs, as the article lead is not the place to have discrete "simple" and "more in-depth" versions which overlap in scope. Instead, it should serve as a "single-threaded" summary to the article, which should all be readable in one chunk!
 * Merge the "OFDM is a method of modulation that is proving well suited ..." and "analogous with AM..." sentences with the existing usage sentence ("OFDM has developed into a popular scheme ...") to eliminate redundancy, and rewrite to avoid singling-out TV as particularly prominent. I've removed the specific standard names to avoid acronym overload, and because they're listed in the very next section of the article.
 * Remove the "OFDM works by splitting the wide-band digital signal..." sentence, as this was redundant (see the first paragraph of the existing lead).
 * Move the discussion of non-interfering sub-carriers into the first paragraph, where it seemed to fit more closely with the existing material.
 * Remove the 8K DVB-specific values, as they're too specific, and either way, are unnecessary for describing the principle in the lead. Disclaiming this with "Typically (by way of example only, as in broadcast TV and Radio)" wasn't making this any clearer.  Replaced with a more concise discussion of SFNs at the end of the existing paragraph.  Note also that there are several numerical examples we could put in the lead, like the examples at OFDM and OFDM, which are arguably more important than SFN (as these were the original reasons that OFDM became attractive).  But we don't, for the sake of clarity and brevity (the whole point of a summary!).

 * I hope that you'll mostly agree with my revision of your additions; if not, let's carry on the discussion here. Regards, Oli Filth(talk) 21:35, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your contributions Lindosland. However, I support Oli's revert. Some of these details might be discussed later in the article. The OFDM article is a quite well-written article, but the ingress is still a little bit long and should be more focused on the key issues rather than extended. I therefor suggest that the following is removed from the ingress: "several applications traditionally served by single-carrier methods such as AM, FM, QAM or PSK. These include". It might be moved down in the article. Mange01 (talk) 21:57, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello. The lead as it stands is now a combination of Lindosland's additions, and my revisions of these changes.  The particular sentence you've quoted is my re-working of Lindosland's version, but I'm happy for it to be removed, as the lead is indeed somewhat lengthy.  I do think that some mention of "digital TV", "wireless networking" should be retained in the lead, though.  Oli Filth(talk) 22:02, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks, I'm reasonably happy with what you have done, though I still think a comparison with AM and FM in the intro would help as these are terms that have been absorbed into popular culture, while 'modulation' means nothing to many people. --Lindosland (talk) 21:59, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

New changes to the article lead and structure
In the changes made 23 February 2008 to the article, the paragraph which explains the primary advantages of OFDM was moved down from the article lead into a separate section. I reverted those changes for the following reasons: Mange01 (talk) 17:43, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It does not make sense to both have a section on "Advantages" and "Summary of advantages", which are highly overlapping with each other. Both are summaries of certain issues discussed in the "Characteristics..." section.
 * I suggest that major changes to the article lead and structure should be discussed at the talk page. There has already been a discussion on this talk page, where we have tried to agree on a compromise regarding short lead. Is it desirable to make it even shorter? Perhaps it is possible, but I would prefer a discussion first.

Survey: bit/s/Hz, (bit/s)/Hz or bit·s−1·Hz−1 as Spectral efficiency unit?
Please vote at Talk:Eb/N0 on which unit to be used at Wikipedia for measuring Spectral efficiency. For a background discussion, see Talk:Spectral_efficiency and Talk:Eb/N0. Mange01 (talk) 07:21, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Modulation or multiplex?
OFDM is listed under "modulation techniques", while OFDMA is listed under "multiplex techniques".

However, the OFDM article begins with "OFDM ... is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme", which is in my opinion correct, and contrasts with the classification as a modulation technique. Fpoto (talk) 12:55, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The ingress continues: OFDM " is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital modulation method." I don't agree totally with the first part of this sentence. OFDM rather involves or is based on FDM, but it is by definition a modulation scheme, since it includes inverse multiplexing that translates one bit stream into several. See section 3.6 for further arguments:

 * "OFDM in its primary form is considered as a digital modulation technique, and not a multi-user channel access technique, since it is utilized for transferring one bit stream over one communication channel using one sequence of OFDM symbols. However, OFDM can be combined with multiple access using time, frequency or coding separation of the users."

 * The december 2007 version of the ingress was i.m.o. more correct: "OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme, which uses a large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers". I have noticed that the new version of the ingress has caused confusion among my students. The OFDM literature is pretty clear on that OFDM is a modulation scheme, but many non-professionals are confused, since the M in OFDM means multiplexing.

 * You question that OFDMA is mentioned in the multiplexing template. You have a point here. OFDMA is a multiple access scheme rather than a multiplex scheme, at least from the name, but multiplexing and multiple access are related. If several transmitters are sending using different sub-carriers, it is a multiple access scheme, and should be called OFDMA and not OFDM. The downlink case is more complicated. If one transmitter is sending to several receivers using separate sub-carriers, it is multiplexing rather than multiple access, but I would still call it OFDMA since it is based on the same principles, especially if there is an OFDMA uplink backchannel controlled by the same algorithm or protocol. But a agree that the picture is not totally clear. What about ADSL - why do we call it OFDM and not OFDMA?
 * I would not accept OFDM in the multiplexing template, from the above reasons. I would understand if you remove OFDMA from it. Mange01 (talk) 20:42, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I understand your point here. However, I have a couple of reservations about describing OFDM primarily as a "modulation method":

 * the underlying modulation used (QPSK, QAM16, etc.), i.e. what we traditionally understand "modulation" to mean, is not part of the definition of OFDM.
 * The argument that OFDM "includes inverse multiplexing" is really a matter of perspective. What it's really doing is mapping incoming bits to physical symbols, and so has more in common with techniques such as interleaving and traditional multiplexing.  The only difference is that here, the physical symbols occupy a two-dimensional space (time+frequency), rather than just one-dimensional.  Oli Filth(talk) 17:59, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup of article needed
Sections seem to be out of order or jumbled up somehow. --KJRehberg (talk) 21:16, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Flash-OFDM / F-OFDM section reads like an advertisement
Removed text that celebrated the virtues of Flash-OFDM to the point of reading like a cheap advertorial. I'm not at all sure the section should stay at all as it completely fails to explain just what sets this ``flash'' thing apart from the rest, beyond expanding the acronym. 85.178.66.163 (talk) 23:44, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

I further trimmed it down, rewrote in past tense a little, updated it with some sources, and removed inline links. It still seems notable, but of historical interest now that other standards seem to be battling it out. W Nowicki (talk) 21:26, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Idealized system model and constellation mapping
Can someone tell me what constellation mapping does with the incoming bits? If the constellation mapping was QAM, would the constellation mapping convert the incoming bits into a sinusoidal signal, with varying amplitude and phase (this signal would be digital)? Thank you in advance WielkiZielonyMelon (talk) 15:34, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * For example, if 64QAM is used, every 6 bit data will be converted to a complex value by the constellation mapping. For example, 011101 might be converted to 5 - i2, corresponding to a vector with horizontal value 5 and vertical value -2. This is the fourier coefficient for one of the sub-carriers. After the inverse fourier transform, this coefficient will correspond to a cosine wave with amplitude 5, plus a sine wave with amplitude 2, at this specific sub-carrier frequency. Mange01 (talk) 23:09, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Magne01, thank you very much, I have hurried a little and forgot, that the entry of IFFT is in FREQUENCY DOMAIN, and the exit of the IFFT is in TIME DOMAIN. Anyway, thank you for explanation! WielkiZielonyMelon (talk) 10:15, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

DAB, HD Radio, other radio schemes
This article contains too much DAB-specific information that doesn't mesh well with the other information here. The DAB information belongs in an article about DAB technical aspects. If we had this much information about other specific COFDM-based services, this article would be huge and incomprehensible.

Also, none of this DAB-specific information is complemented by discussion of HD Radio (which has as many multiplexes as DAB does now!), DRM, etc.

-143.215.155.26 (talk) 05:20, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Section: Channel coding and interleaving
The last paragraph and sentence states that "...[Turbo codes and LDPC codes] only perform close to the Shannon limit for the AWGN channel ... [therefore] concatenated them with either RS or BCH codes to improve performance further...".

I was under the impression that RS/BCH was concatenated with LDPC/Turbo codes in order to clean up resilient errors from their error floor???

Section: Linear transmitter power amplifier
There are techniques to reduce the PAPR: Active Constellation Extension (ACE), and Tone Reservation.

Could somebody comment on these points? Cheers, Nageh (talk) 12:07, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Move the comparison table to a template that can be embedded in several articles?
Would it be a good idea to move the comparison table to a template, and embed it in the end of articles about each of the compared systems? For example template:ofdm sytem comparison table. The table should be collapsible. Mange01 (talk) 19:08, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

What is the crest factor?
We know it is high, but how high? OFDM is typically 12 dB, what would it be for COFDM? I am surprised this most critical parameter for Tx design is treated so lightly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.99.58.122 (talk) 15:39, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

 * As you requested, I added an equation for calculating the crest factor to the article (with an example value).
 * In theory, if one were to hypothetically one were build a OFDM system without coding, and compare it to a COFDM system using the same subchannel modulation and the same number of non-zeroed subchannels, that hypothetical OFDM system would have exactly same crest factor.
 * In practice, practically all "OFDM" protocols are actually COFDM, so I suspect that "12 dB" value is actually the crest factor of some COFDM system. --DavidCary (talk) 18:07, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Optical OFDM
Press release here on low-cost OOFDM claims it can extend subscriber FTTH capacities by 2000 fold (e.g. 20 Gb/s vice 10 Mb/s) without significant cost increase. Seems like it might be worth some discussionin the article. See or the Beeb for additional details. LeadSongDog come howl!  20:24, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

f-DPSK
Today I'm reading a paper by Martin Hoch ("Comparison of PLC G3 and PRIME".) which mentions "t-DPSK" and "f-DPSK".

I came to this Wikipedia article looking for a better explanation of "f-DPSK" and "t-DPSK". Dear Wikipedia editors, if you know what these things are, please add them to this article. --DavidCary (talk) 18:07, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I know nothing about it... but why to this article (and not DPSK)? Nageh (talk) 12:02, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Good point. Let me repost this question there.
 * I thought this might be relevant to OFDM because I haven't seen either term ever used in any non-OFDM system. --DavidCary (talk) 18:17, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

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Needs Updates Urgently
There is little mention of LTE/4G applications and significance, also new WiFi standards. Not in the table. Much that has happened within last few years, and it is a lot, is missing from discussions. Also in my opinion, DAB topics should have been kept separate, it does not make a good article all jumbled in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.71.23.54 (talk) 19:47, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

OFDM vs COFDM
In a brief review of the article, nowhere do we say where the term COFDM comes from or what it means. We use it, but we don't define it. That's bad. We should fix that. I'm going to add a little note to the first paragraph based on a cite I found. Anyone who wants to improve it should.—chbarts (talk) 08:25, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Caveat

 * This was added to the article by . It looks like it belongs here at least until it can be refined a bit. ~Kvng (talk) 14:03, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

So far in this article, little mention has been made of the importance of "frequency synchronisation" whatever that means. Perhaps it is better to use the term "Coherency". When a (C)OFDM signal is exchanged over a radio frequency channel, approximately 95% of the resources used in the hardware, and therefore in its design, must be devoted to this function, which is not shown on any block diagram depicting the system as a whole. What must be done is the following:

The received data must be converted numerically to the best available approximation of the transmitted data. This is upstream of any error correction or demodulation, it is essentially an analog function which must be applied to the data as it is acquired from the receiver. Without this, the data is meaningless and scrambled.

- First, the start of a frame must be detected, under any reasonable condition of frequency of phase shift.

- Then, the frequency and phase of the transmitted signal must be deduced from analysis of a transmitted reference signal. The received signal is then both corrected for deviation of baseband frequency and phase. It is restored to the form in which it was transmitted.

Only at this point is it possible to proceed with the processing of the data stream as shown in the block diagrams in this article. The processing elements required to do this would, if illustrated at the same level of detail, cover about five pages.

Firstly, the detection of the beginning of a transmission. For the elaboration, downstream, of a phase reference signal, it must be detected within a certain tolerance of time. This is usually specified as a fraction of the guard interval, which, itself, might be short. The requirement is to pass a guarded version of the phase reference symbol on for further processing. The quality of detection of the beginning of a transmission required is subject to debate, but at early stages of development, it is convenient for this to be somewhat more reliable than the data itself, in the sense that data incapable of being decoded should be, nonetheless, received for analysis. Time-frequency analysis of a mixed tone frame reference symbol, possibly at a resolution of as little as a single sample of data, may be required in order to do this. A time-frequency analysis of transform length N requires N parallel channels, at delays of a single sample, of, in practice, FFT analysis.

At this point, the reference signal can be streamed to a function which calculates the channel impulse response. This compares the received reference symbol with delayed versions of itself to determine time and frequency offsets. These can then be applied to the buffered, received payload following the phase reference signal to restore it to the form in which it was transmitted. This requires further parallel FFT channels together with significant numerical elaboration of their contents.

As stated, coherency reconstruction, together with the buffering needed to accommodate its latency, is a significant element of any OFDM transceiver, and I would advise caution if budgeting hardware resources to the implementation of such a device.


text:
Chandler–Gilbert Community College

Chandler–Gilbert Community College (CGCC) is a public community college with multiple locations in Maricopa County, Arizona. It is part of the Maricopa County Community College District. In fall 2018, 14,728 students were enrolled at the college.

History
CGCC was founded in 1985 as an extension of Mesa Community College. It was later independently accredited in 1992.

Presidents

 * Arnette Scott Ward (1985–2002)
 * Maria Hesse (2002–2009)
 * Linda Lujan (2009–2015)
 * William Guerriero (2015–2018)
 * Greg Peterson (2018–present)

Campus
The college operates from four locations including the Pecos campus, Williams campus, Sun Lakes center and Communiversity in Queen Creek.

Academics
The college is divided into divisions, which are Aviation and Applied Technology Division, Biological Sciences Division, Business and Computing Studies Division, Communication and Fine Arts Division, Composition, Creative Writing and Literature Division, Modern Languages and Humanities Division, Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, Mathematics Division, Nursing Division, and Health Sciences Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, and Library, Learning Center, and Counseling Division.

Student life
The college athletics teams are nicknamed the Coyotes.

Notable alumni

 * Andre Ethier, professional baseball player
 * Jaron Long, professional baseball player
 * James Pazos, professional baseball player
 * Dennis Sarfate, professional baseball player
 * Eric Young Jr., professional baseball player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chandler–Gilbert Community College


text:
User:Senshuraku

Senshuraku (千秋楽) is the last day of a Grand Sumo Tournament.

&

title: User:Senshuraku


text:
User:Kaiser Killer

Intro
Linguistics undergraduate officially,and the Kennedy Assassination "scholar" in my spare time.

Diller/Fremd Sprache
I speak German and Turkish, and I must say Turkish is my new love in life. Symetrical vowel phonemic inventory, vowel harmony, high degree of affixation, S-O-V word order. En çok iyi.

Self-Advertisement
3 movies I'd take to the grave with me: Dances with Wolves, JFK and Traffic.

Köpeğimi en çok seviyorum.

To be continued...

title: User:Kaiser Killer


text:
Mitchell (film)

Mitchell is a 1975 American action film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen, written by Ian Kennedy Martin, and starring Joe Don Baker as an abrasive police detective. The film was released in the United States on September 10, 1975 by Allied Artists Pictures Corporation.

Very much an anti-hero, Mitchell often ignores the orders of his superiors and demonstrates disdain for by-the-book development work as well as normal social graces. The film co-stars John Saxon and Martin Balsam as the banking criminals Mitchell pursues and Linda Evans and Merlin Olsen in supporting roles as a prostitute and henchman.

The film had a resurgence after being featured in a season 5 episode of the comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000 in 1993.

Plot
A trade union lawyer named Walter Deaney (John Saxon) kills a burglar in his house. Only an unorthodox plainclothes detective named Mitchell (Joe Don Baker) believes that Deaney is guilty of something more than self-defense, but Chief of Police Albert Pallin (Robert Phillips) tells him that Deaney is wanted for "every federal law violation in the book" and is therefore "FBI property."

To keep Mitchell away from Deaney, the Chief orders him to stake out the home of James Arthur Cummins (Martin Balsam), a wealthy man with ties to the mob whose "big scene" is the import and export of stolen merchandise. Mitchell initially is unconcerned with Cummins and focuses primarily on Deaney. But he gets drawn in after Cummins discovers that Salvatore Mistretta (Morgan Paull), cousin of his mafioso benefactor Tony Gallano (Harold J. Stone), is bringing in a shipment of stolen heroin from Mexico without Cummins' approval.

Meanwhile, a high-priced escort named Greta (Linda Evans) shows up at Mitchell's apartment. Mitchell allows her to come in, and after spending two nights with her and arresting her for possession of marijuana, he discovers that Deaney is paying her $1,000 per night to entertain Mitchell. After unsuccessfully trying to bribe Mitchell with Greta's services and an offer of an illicit real estate deal, Deaney decides to work with Cummins to eliminate the annoying cop. Deaney is killed shortly thereafter during an attempt on Mitchell's life.

Cummins refuses to let Mistretta use his port facilities to bring in the shipment, causing Gallano to send thugs to harass him. Cummins decides that the only ally he still has—aside from his faithful butler and bodyguard, Benton (Merlin Olsen)—is Mitchell, because he's no good to the police dead. In exchange for his own freedom, Cummins offers to allow Mitchell to pose as a chauffeur and pick up the shipment, putting him in a position to both confiscate the drugs and arrest Mistretta. However, Cummins double-crosses Mitchell by alerting Mistretta to his real identity. He also double-crosses Mistretta by replacing the heroin with chalk. Mistretta decides to kill Mitchell and dump the body on Cummins' boat.

Mistretta is killed in the subsequent gun battle, allowing Mitchell to go after Cummins, who is attempting to flee the country by sea. Mitchell is dropped onto the boat by helicopter and kills Benton with a gaff hook. Cummins is killed by a close-range shot from an assault rifle after one final attempted double-cross fails, bringing the central plot to a close.

Mitchell returns to his apartment to find Greta awaiting him. Mitchell brushes her off, pointing out that she is no longer being paid to keep him company. Despite this, Greta wishes to spend the night with Mitchell. However, he detects the scent of marijuana on her and the film concludes on what is intended to be a humorous beat, as Mitchell prepares to haul Greta off to jail for a second possession charge.

Alternate version
In 1980, a heavily edited version of the 1975 film was released for broadcast television, in which most of the violence and all of the nudity and profanity were removed. Several scenes in the film were shot twice for this purpose.

 * Greta writes on the windshield of Mitchell's car with lipstick. In the theatrical release the word written on the windshield is "BASTARD" while in the TV version the word is "JERK."
 * In the police station, all sexual references to "lay" in the theatrical release are changed to "sleep with" in the TV version. Additionally, Greta calling Mitchell a "mean bastard" is changed to her sarcastically saying he is a "terrific human being".
 * The sequence during the dinner scene with the phony argument between Cummins and Benton was also shot twice to substitute "goddamn awful butler" with "lousy butler".
 * The scene with Mitchell arguing with a boy was edited with Mitchell saying "Buzz off, kid!" in the TV version instead of "Piss off, kid!" in the theatrical release. His remark, "Go to Hell!", to the boy as he skateboards away was also censored.

Cast

 * Joe Don Baker as Mitchell
 * Martin Balsam as James Arthur Cummings
 * John Saxon as Walter Deaney
 * Linda Evans as Greta
 * Merlin Olsen as Benton
 * Morgan Paull as Salvatore Mistretta
 * Harold J. Stone as Tony Gallano
 * Robert Phillips as Chief Albert Pallin
 * Buck Young as Det. Aldridge
 * Rayford Barnes as Det. Tyzack
 * Todd Bass as Child
 * Jerry Hardin as Desk Sergeant
 * Lilyan MacBride as Rich Lady
 * Robin Narke as Customs Officer (as Rob Narke)
 * Sidney Clute as Rudy Moran
 * Ronald "Duffy" Hambleton as Edmondo Bocca
 * Carole Estes as Prudence Lang
 * Vicki Peters as Helena Jackman (as Vicky Peters)
 * John Ashby as Burgular

Production
The screenplay was written by British writer Ian Kennedy Martin, best known for creating The Sweeney.

Critical reception
Mitchell was generally panned by critics upon its release. In The New York Times, Vincent Canby wrote:

Mitchell, starring Joe Don Baker as a hard-nosed Los Angeles detective named Mitchell, has a lot of over-explicit violence, some gratuitous sex stuff and some rough language, yet it looks like a movie that couldn't wait to get to prime-time television. Perhaps it's a pilot film for a TV series, or maybe it's just a movie that's bad in a style we associate with some of the more mindless small-screen entertainments.

Mitchell spends what seems to be the greater part of the film climbing in and out of automobiles, driving automobiles, chasing other automobiles, parking automobiles, and leaning against the body of automobiles that are temporarily at rest. Once he smashes a hoodlum's hand in the door of an automobile.

The climax, for a giddy change of pace, features a police helicopter in pursuit of a high-speed cabin cruiser. Automobiles sink when driven onto water.

Said the Time Out film guide:

"Baker's the big lumpy cop who won't take no and another assignment for an answer when he's told to lay off the gun-happy lawyer (Saxon) he suspects of cold-blooded murder, and to concentrate on the businessman with the coke connection (Balsam). He realises that in such a sparsely-populated cheapie they just have to be in collusion, as he punches and shoots his way to the final credits accompanied by vocal encouragement from one of those country singers with terminal cancer. Balsam and Saxon contribute no more than their required quota of urbane sneers before being bulldozed into oblivion by the golem hero of this irredeemably routine potboiler."

Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode
On October 23, 1993, the edited-for-television release of Mitchell was featured as an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. The film was trimmed by several minutes to match MST3K's format. This resulted in John Saxon's character, killed by Mitchell in a deleted scene, simply vanishing from the action. The only mention of his disappearance was a voiceover by a radio announcer stating that Saxon's character had died. Tom Servo remarks on this lapse with the question, "Hey, guys, wasn't John Saxon in this movie?" Particularly mocked were Mitchell's alcoholism, slovenliness and uncouth behavior. During the opening credits, Servo and Crow mock the theme song by improvising lyrics about food and Mitchell's weight, briefly referencing the theme song from Shaft.

According to page 97 of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, the cast had heard a rumor that actor Joe Don Baker was very angry at the MST3K treatment of Mitchell, and threatened physical violence on any of the cast or crew, should he ever meet them in person. This did not stop them from later featuring (and happily mocking) another of Baker's films, Final Justice, and hurling even more vicious insults at Baker. Kevin Murphy, who played MST3K's robot commentator Tom Servo, as well as serving as one of the show's writers, later said Baker likely meant it in a joking manner. Nevertheless, MST3K head writer and star Michael J. Nelson stated that he avoided running into Baker when he discovered that they were both staying at the same hotel.

The episode is also notable for its host segment's subplot involving Gypsy, who overhears the Mads plotting to kill their new temp, Mike, and mistakenly thinks they are planning to kill Joel. Working with Mike, Gypsy locates an escape pod and uses it to "save" Joel's life, ending his imprisonment on the Satellite of Love. The Mads then abandon their plan to kill Mike, and instead send him to the SoL to replace Joel.

The episode was chosen by fans to appear in the MST3K 2016 Turkey Day Marathon. The episode finished third in a poll of MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vorel ranked the episode the eighth best in his rankings of the show's first 11 seasons (191 episodes), and Season 11 head writer Elliott Kalan selected Mitchell as his ninth-favorite MST3K episode.

The MST3K version of the film was released on VHS by Rhino Home Video on September 1, 1998 and was reissued on DVD in November 2001 with the theatrical trailer as an extra. On November 26, 2013, Shout! Factory re-released the MST3K version of the film as a bonus feature on their 25th Anniversary Edition DVD boxed set.

It was also the final episode that featured the show's creator Joel Hodgson as the subject of the "experiments". At the end of the episode, Michael J. Nelson steps in to fill his shoes after Joel leaves.

Music
The film's theme song, "Mitchell," was performed by country music singer Hoyt Axton.

title: Mitchell (film)


text:
Samuel of Nehardea

Samuel of Nehardea or Samuel bar Abba, often simply called Samuel (Hebrew: שמואל) and occasionally Mar Samuel, was a Jewish Amora of the first generation; son of Abba bar Abba and head of the Yeshiva at Nehardea, Babylonia. He was a teacher of halakha, judge, physician, and astronomer. He was born about 165 CE at Nehardea, and died there in 254 CE. In the Talmud, Samuel is frequently associated with Abba Arikha ("Rav"), with whom he debated on many issues.

Birth
As in the case of many other great men, a number of legendary stories are connected with his birth.

His father, Abba bar Abba, subsequently known also by the Aramaic language designation Abuh di-Shemu'el ("father of Samuel"), was a silk-merchant. R. Yehuda ben Betheira ordered a silken garment from him, but refused to take it after Abba had procured it, and when the latter asked him the reason of his refusal, R. Yehuda answered, "The commission was only a spoken word, and was not sufficient to make the transaction binding." Abba thereupon said, "Is the word of a sage not a better guarantee than his money?" "You are right," said R. Yehuda; "and because you lay so much stress upon a given word you shall have the good fortune of having a son who shall be like the prophet Samuel, and whose word all Israel will recognize as true." Soon afterward a son was born to Abba, whom he named Samuel.

Youth
Even as a boy Samuel displayed rare ability. His first teacher was an otherwise unknown man, and Samuel, who knew more about a certain legal question than did his teacher, would not submit to ill treatment by him. Then Samuel's father, who was himself a prominent teacher of the Law, recognized as such even by Rav, undertook to instruct the boy. As he seems to have been unequal to this task he sent him to Nisibis to attend the school of the rabbi who had predicted the boy's birth, that he might there acquire a knowledge of the Law. Samuel seems to have remained only a short time at Nisibis. On his return to Nehardea he studied under Levi ben Sisi, who was in Babylonia before the death of Yehuda Ha-Nasi, and who exerted a great influence on Samuel's development. Samuel made such rapid progress and became so proficient in his studies that he soon associated as an equal with his teacher.

Training
Apart from the Bible and the traditional Law, which were usually the only subjects of study of the Jewish youth of that time, Samuel was instructed, probably in his early youth, in other sciences. It is likely that he accompanied his father on the latter's journey to Israel; for after his teacher Levi ben Sisi had gone to Israel there was no one in Babylon with whom he could have studied. According to an account in the Talmud, Samuel is said to have cured R. Yehuda Ha-Nasi of an eye disease. Although Samuel was at that time too young to study directly under R. Yehuda, he studied under the pupils of the patriarch, especially with Hanina bar Hama.

After having acquired a great store of knowledge in the Land of Israel, his studies there including the Mishnah edited by R. Yehuda haNasi as well as the other collections of tradition, Samuel left the Holy Land, probably with his father, and returned to his native city. His reputation as a teacher of the Law having preceded him, many pupils gathered about him. As he was especially well versed in civil law, the exilarch Mar Ukva, who was his pupil, appointed him judge of the bet din at Nehardea, where he was associated with his friend the learned and clever Karna. This court was regarded at that time as the foremost institution of its kind. In Israel, as well as in Babylon, Samuel and Karna were called the "judges of the Diaspora" (dayyanei Golah). Upon the death of Rav Shela, the director of the academy ("resh sidra") of Nehardea, Samuel was appointed to the office, after it had been refused by Rav, who would not accept any post of honor at Nehardea, Samuel's home. The Academy of Nehardea entered upon a brilliant phase of its existence under Samuel's directorate, and, with the academy founded by Rav at Sura, enjoyed a high general reputation.

Precursor of the exilarch
Rav at Sura and Samuel at Nehardea established the intellectual independence of Babylonian Jewry. Young men taking up the study of the Law there were no longer obliged to go to Israel, since they had the foremost teachers at home. Babylon now came to be regarded, in a sense, as a second Holy Land. Samuel taught, "As it is forbidden to migrate from Israel to Babylon, so is it forbidden to migrate from Babylon to other countries". After Rav's death no new director was elected, and Rav's greatest pupil, R. Huna, who became president of the court of Sura, subordinated himself to Samuel in every respect, asking his decision in every difficult religio-legal question.

The Academy of Nehardea was now the only one in Babylon, and its director, Samuel, who survived Rav about ten years, was regarded as the highest authority by the Babylonian Jews. Even Rabbi Yochanan, the most prominent teacher in Israel, and who at first looked upon Samuel merely as a colleague, became so convinced of his greatness, after Samuel had sent him a large number of responsa on important ritual laws, that he exclaimed, "I have a teacher in Babylon".

Samuel was unfortunate in his family life. He had no sons, and his two daughters were captured by soldiers during the war with the Romans. They were taken to Tzippori, in Israel, where they were ransomed by coreligionists, but both died at an early age after having been married successively to a relative. The esteem in which Samuel was held appears from the fact that no one thought of attributing his misfortune to any sin committed by him; it was explained rather as being in consequence of some offense committed in Babylon by R. Hananya, the nephew of R. Yehoshua. After his death, Samuel was glorified in legend.

He was the teacher of Rabbi Yehuda ben Yehezkel. Despite his status, Samuel was never ordained as a Tanna.

Teachings
Samuel amplified and expanded earlier legal theories and originated many new legal maxims. He formulated the important halakhic principle that "the law of the kingdom is [binding] law. This principle made it a religious duty for the Jews to obey the laws of the country. Thus, although the Jews had their own civil courts, Samuel thought that the Persian law should be taken into account and that various Jewish regulations should be modified according to it. Due to his loyalty to the government and his friendship with the Sassanid king, Shapur I, Samuel was called Shabur Malka. Fürst and Rapoport refer, each differently, the name of Aryok, given to Samuel, to his close relations with the Neo-Persians and their king. Older commentators explain this name without reference to such relations.

As a man, Samuel was distinguished for his modesty, gentleness, and unselfishness, being always ready to subordinate his own interests to those of the community. He said: "A man may never exclude himself from the community, but must seek his welfare in that of society". He was known for being very precise with his words. He demanded seemly behavior from every one, saying that any improper conduct was punishable by law. One should help one's fellow man at the first signs of approaching difficulties, so as to prevent them, and not wait until he is in actual distress. In his solicitude for helpless orphans he imposed upon every court the task of acting as father to them, and he declared that a loan taken from an orphan was not canceled in the Sabbatical year, even if no prozbul had been made out for it. He stored his grain until prices had risen, in order to sell it to the poor at the low prices of the harvest-time. In order to save the people from being cheated he ordered the merchants never to take a profit of more than one-sixth of the cost price, and he was ready even to temporarily modify the Law in order to prevent them from selling at a high price goods necessary for the fulfillment of a religious duty. In a certain case also he permitted the infraction of a religious prescription in order to keep people from harm.

Samuel was very modest in his associations with others, openly honoring any one from whom he had gained any knowledge. He never obstinately insisted on his own opinion, but yielded as soon as he was convinced of being in error. He was friendly to all men, and declared: "It is forbidden to deceive any man, be he Jew or pagan". "Before the throne of the Creator there is no difference between Jews and pagans, since there are many noble and virtuous among the latter". He taught that the dignity of womanhood should be respected even in the slave: the slave is given to the master only as a servant, and the master has no right to treat her with condescension or to have marital relations in the presence of the slaves. Once, when a female slave had been taken away from Samuel and he had unexpectedly recovered her by paying a ransom, he felt obliged to liberate her because he had given up hope of recovering her.

Aggadah
Following the example of his teacher Levi ben Sisi, Samuel collected the traditions handed down to him. His collection of baraitot, called "Tanna debei Shemu'el" in the Talmud, was noted for its correctness and trustworthiness, although it was not held in such high esteem as were the collections of R. Hiyya and R. Hoshaiah. Samuel did much to elucidate the Mishnah, both by his textual explanations and by his precise paraphrasing of ambiguous expressions and his references to other traditions. He is chiefly important, however, because of his promulgation of new theories and his independent decisions both in ritual and in civil law. However, in the field of ritual law he was not considered as great an authority as his colleague Rav, and practical questions were always decided according to Rav's views as against those of Samuel. In civil law his authority was the highest in Babylon, and his decisions became law even when contrary to Rav's.

Scientific knowledge
Samuel seems to have possessed a thorough knowledge of the science of medicine as it was known in his day; this is evident from many of his medical maxims and dietetic rules scattered through the Talmud. He energetically opposed the view then current, even in intelligent circles, that most diseases were due to the evil eye, declaring that the source of all disease must be sought in the noxious influence exercised by the air and the climate upon humans. He traced many diseases to lack of cleanliness, and others to disturbances of the regular mode of living. He claimed to possess cures for most diseases, and was especially skillful in treating the eye; he discovered an eye-salve which was known as the "killurin [κολλύριον] of Mar Samuel," although he himself said that bathing the eyes with cold water in the morning and bathing hands and feet with warm water in the evening were better than all the eye-salves in the world. Samuel discovered also a number of the diseases of animals. He sometimes drew the figure of a palm branch as his signature, although perhaps this was used by physicians generally at that time as a sign of their profession.

Samuel had a special affinity for astronomy. From the scattered references in the Talmud it is impossible to determine exactly his proficiency in astronomy; but he knew how to solve many mathematics problems and how to explain many phenomena. He says himself: "Although I am as familiar with the courses of the stars as with the streets of Nehardea, I cannot explain the nature or the movements of the comets". Samuel devoted himself especially to that branch of applied astronomy that deals with calendric science, which he taught to his colleagues and pupils. His studies of the moon enabled him to predict the beginning of the month as it was determined in Israel, and he claimed to be able to remove the necessity of celebrating double holy days in the Diaspora. He also computed a Hebrew calendar for sixty years, which he subsequently sent to R. Yohanan, the head of the Israeli teachers, as a proof of his knowledge. He was called "Yarkhina'ah" or "Yarkhinai" (Hebrew: שמואל ירחינאה; "yerakh" = "month") because of this familiarity with calendric science and this ability to determine independently the beginning of the month. According to Krochmal "Shoḳed," another name given to Samuel, means "astronomer". But Hoffmann's view that "Shoḳed" means "the watchful, diligent one" is more likely correct. This name is said to have been given to Samuel because, despite his medical and astronomic studies, he devoted himself to the study of the Law.

Relations with the Persian court
It was due to Mar Samuel's influence with the Persian king that the Jews were granted many privileges. On one occasion Samuel even made his love for his own people subsidiary to his loyalty to the Persian king and to his strict view of the duties of a citizen; for when the news came that the Persians, on capturing Mazaca, had killed 12,000 Jews who had obstinately opposed them, Samuel refrained from displaying any sorrow. It is worth noting that Samuel formulated the Talmudic dictum that "the law of the state is to be upheld" (דינא דמלכותא דינא).

R' Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog disagrees with that interpretation. First, Samuel intended to demonstrate a Law not his emotions on the subject. Second, Samuel held that the Messianic Era would arrive through natural means. Samuel may have believed that King Shapur I was destined to usher in the 3rd temple era as Cyrus had been before him. Therefore, those Jews who fought on the side of the Roman Emperor Julian were prolonging the exile and not worthy of being mourned.

But he had a great love for his people, and he loyally cherished the memory of the former kingdom of Judah. Once, when one of his contemporaries adorned himself with a crown of olive, Samuel sent him the following message: "The head of a Jew that now wears a crown while Jerusalem lies desolate, deserves to be separated from its trunk". Samuel declared that "There will be no difference between this world and the messianic age, except for [the ending of] subjugation [of Israel] to [foreign] kingdoms".

Quotes

 * Anyone who disqualifies another, does so in the very malady with which he, himself, is plagued!

title: Samuel of Nehardea


text:
Henry Corden

Henry Corden (born Henry Cohen; January 6, 1920 – May 19, 2005) was a Canadian-born American actor, best known for assuming the voice of Fred Flintstone after the death of Alan Reed in 1977. His official debut as Fred's new voice was in a 1965 Hanna-Barbera record, Saving Mr. Flintstone, although he had previously provided the singing voice for Reed in the 1966 theatrical film The Man Called Flintstone and the Hanna-Barbera specials Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966) and Energy: A National Issue (1977). He took over the role as Fred Flintstone full time starting with the syndicated weekday series Fred Flintstone and Friends for which he provided voice-overs on brief bumper clips shown in-between segments.

Early years
Corden was born January 6, 1920, in Montreal to Max and Emma Cohen. His father was a meat curer who had been born in Romania; his mother was originally from Russia. The family moved to the Bronx, New York when Corden was a child and he arrived in Hollywood in the 1940s.

Career
Corden appeared on the stage in Los Angeles, including a 1947 production of The Message. His film career included The System (1952), where he played a near-sighted gangster named Specs. Corden thought it would be the first time in 25 films he could wear his glasses and see while he was acting, but the lenses gave off too much reflection and he had to substitute them for plain glass after one day of shooting.

Corden's obituary in the Tampa Bay Times noted, "With his deep voice, jet-black hair and ethnic looks, Corden was frequently tapped to play heavies in films and on television."[2] He can be seen in such live-action films as The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, The Black Castle, Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion and The Ten Commandments. He also appeared in dozens of TV shows, including Hogan's Heroes (in five episodes), Dragnet, Perry Mason, Peter Gunn, McHale's Navy (in five episodes), Gunsmoke, The Mary Tyler Moore Show and was a regular on The Jerry Lewis Show. Corden also played landlord Henry Babbitt on The Monkees and Mr. Haskell, the owner of an ice cream parlor, in an episode of The Brady Bunch.

Before Reed's death, Corden had been used as Reed's replacement when Fred Flintstone had to sing because Reed could not sing in pitch. Corden gave his voice to a number of Hanna-Barbera productions besides The Flintstones, including The Jetsons, Josie and the Pussycats, The Atom Ant Show, and Paw Rugg on The Hillbilly Bears, The New Tom & Jerry Show and Jonny Quest. Corden also gave voice to the wizard Gemini and Ookla the Mokk in Ruby-Spears Productions' Thundarr the Barbarian as well as the Gorilla General Urko in DePatie-Freleng Enterprises' Return to the Planet of the Apes. He voiced Arnie Barkley, the Archie Bunker-inspired patriarch of DePatie-Freleng's The Barkleys, in 1972.

Personal life
Corden was married four times. His first wife was Thelma Corden, from 1942 to 1969; together they had two children. He and his second wife Shirley W. Cytron were married from 1970 to 1979. After his divorce from Cytron, he married his third wife Charlotte R. Colton Diamond in 1984; they remained married until her death in 1993. Corden's fourth and final marriage was to Angelina Corden in 1995, and they remained married until Corden's death in 2005.

Death
Corden died of emphysema at Sherman Oaks Hospital in Sherman Oaks, California on May 19 2005, at the age of 85. Corden's wife of nine years, Angelina, was with him at the time.

His interment was at San Fernando Mission Cemetery.

Film

 * The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947) as Hendrick
 * Bride of Vengeance (1949) as Scout
 * Wild Weed (1949) as Hugo the club manager
 * Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950) as Ibrim
 * The Asphalt Jungle (1950) as William Dolden
 * Hiawatha (1952) as Ottobang
 * Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953) as Actor in Javanese Costume (uncredited)
 * The Band Wagon (1953) as Orchestra Conductor (uncredited)
 * Phantom of the Rue Morgue (1954) as Detective Mignaud (uncredited)
 * King Richard and the Crusaders (1954) as King Philip of France
 * The Egyptian (1954) as Hittite Officer (uncredited)
 * Jupiter's Darling (1955) as Carthalo
 * Jump Into Hell (1955) as Major Lamblin (uncredited)
 * Lust for Life (1956) as Waiter (uncredited)
 * The Ten Commandments (1956) as Sheik of Sinai
 * The Shadow on the Window (1957) as Louie (uncredited)
 * Cry Tough (1959) as Mr. Fuente (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) as Mate (uncredited)
 * Blueprint for Robbery (1961) as Preacher Doc
 * When the Clock Strikes (1961) as Cady
 * Tammy Tell Me True (1961) as Captain Armand
 * Island of Love (1963) (uncredited)
 * Strange Bedfellows (1965) as Sheik's Interpreter (uncredited)
 * The Family Jewels (1965) as Gasoline Truck Driver (uncredited)
 * McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force (1965) as NKVD deputy
 * Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966, TV Movie) as Fred Flintstone (singing voice)
 * The Man Called Flintstone (1966) as Fred Flintstone (singing voice)
 * Made in Paris (1966) as Bartender (uncredited)
 * The Singing Nun (1966) as Truck Driver (uncredited)
 * Frankie and Johnny (1966) as Gypsy (uncredited)
 * Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title (1966) as Professor Lerowski
 * Hook, Line & Sinker (1969) as Kenyon Hammercher
 * Which Way to the Front? (1970) as Gangster (uncredited)
 * The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie (1972, TV Movie) as Yogi's Ark Lark - Paw Rugg / First Truck Driver
 * C.H.O.M.P.S. (1979) as Monster (dog)
 * Modern Problems (1981) as Dubrovnik
 * Omnisphere (1983) as Neon City: Screen 1 voice (voice)
 * The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible (1986, Video short, episode - Daniel and the Lion's Den)
 * The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones (1987, TV Movie) as Fred Flintstone
 * Beetle Bailey (1989, TV Movie) as Sergeant Snorkel
 * I Yabba-Dabba Do! (1993, TV Movie) as Fred Flintstone
 * Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby (1993, TV Movie) as Fred Flintstone
 * The 10th Annual Television Academy Hall of Fame (1994, TV Movie documentary) as himself
 * A Flintstones Christmas Carol (1994, TV Movie) as Fred Flintstone

Television

 * The Life of Riley (1949) - Delivery man
 * Terry and the Pirates *(1952) - Singdee (1952)
 * The Adventures of Superman (1952) - Legbo/William Johnson
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 2 Episode 31: "The Night the World Ended") - Boarder
 * Official Detective (1957) - Reagan
 * Zorro (1958) - León (uncredited)
 * Peter Gunn (1958) - Vladimir
 * Gunsmoke (1958) - Butler
 * Richard Diamond, Private Detective (1958) - Turk Stell
 * Wagon Train (1958–1960) - Tex Hall, Black Feather, Phelan
 * The Detectives (1960) - Roland Potter
 * Have Gun - Will Travel (1960) - Prince Alexei Romanov
 * Bonanza (1961) - Bookie
 * The Real McCoys (1961) - Mr. Ramirez
 * Mister Ed (1961) - The Great Mordini
 * Wagon Train (1961) - Frank
 * Straightaway (1962) – Episode "A Moment in the Sun" – Gabe
 * The Real McCoys (1962) - Pedro
 * Maverick (1962) - Professor Reynard
 * Mister Ed (1963) - Episode "Taller Than She" - The Blacksmith
 * Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre (1963)
 * The New Phil Silvers Show (1964) – Episode "Keep Cool" – Gomez
 * Jonny Quest (1964–65) - Various
 * The Flintstones (1964–66) - Mr. Loudrock, Baron Von Rickenrock, Additional voices
 * The Secret Squirrel Show (1965) - Additional voices
 * I Dream of Jeannie (1965) - Jeannie's Father
 * Rawhide (1965) - General Velasquez
 * Hogan's Heroes (1965) - General Von Kaplow
 * The Atom Ant Show (1965–66) - Paw Rugg
 * Family Affair (1966) - Alam
 * Bewitched (1966) - Muldoon
 * Daniel Boone (1966) - Peter Mornay
 * The John Forsythe Show (1966) - Count Beppo
 * Hogan's Heroes (1966) - Antonovich
 * The Monkees (1966) – Babbit in S1:E2, "Monkee See, Monkee Die"
 * The Monkees (1966) – Babbit in S1:E8, "Don't Look a Gift Horse in the Mouth"
 * The Monkees (1966) – Babbit in S1:E9, "The Chaperone"
 * The Monkees (1967) – Babbit in S1:E27, "Monkee Mother"
 * Fantastic Four (1967) - Attuma, Molecule Man
 * The F.B.I. (1967) - Organ Grinder
 * The Monkees (1967) - Blauner in S2:E10, "The Wild Monkees"
 * It Takes a Thief (1968) - Director
 * Hogan's Heroes (1968) - Blue Baron
 * The Bob Hope Specials (1968–1971)
 * Get Smart (1969) - Big Eddie Little
 * Get Smart (1969) - Mondo
 * The Banana Splits Adventures Hour (1969) - Bez
 * Harlem Globetrotters (1970) - Additional voices (uncredited)
 * Ironside (1970) - Lecturer
 * The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970) - Charlie's voice
 * Hogan's Heroes (1971) - Dr. von Bornemann
 * The Barkleys (1972) - Arnie Barkley
 * The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1972) - Harry
 * The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1972–1973) Redcoat Ghost, Additional voices
 * Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space (1972) - Additional Voices
 * Yogi's Gang (1973) - Paw Rugg, Dr. Bigot
 * Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids (1973) - Additional Voices
 * The Brady Bunch (1973) - Mr. Haskell
 * The Streets of San Francisco (1974) - Weiss
 * These Are the Days (1974) - Additional Voices
 * Return to the Planet of the Apes (1975) -General Urko, Tallyho the Hunter
 * Harry O (1975) - Sidney Hacktel
 * The Tom and Jerry/Grape Ape/Mumbly Show (1975) - Additional voices
 * The Mumbly Cartoon Show (1976–77) - Additional voices
 * Dynomutt, Dog Wonder (1976–77) - Mr. Hyde, Willie the Weasel, The Prophet
 * Energy: A National Issue (1977) - Fred Flintstone (Singing voice)
 * Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels (1977–80) - Additional voices
 * CB Bears (1977) - Bump
 * Fred Flintstone and Friends (1977–78) - Fred Flintstone
 * Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics (1977) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Skatebirds (1977) - Additional Voices
 * A Flintstone Christmas (1977) - Fred Flintstone
 * Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (1978) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Three Robonic Stooges (1978) - Hercules, Pierre LeSly
 * The Flintstones: Little Big League (1978) - Fred Flintstone
 * The New Fantastic Four (1978) - Attuma
 * Challenge of the Super Friends (1978) - Dr. Varga, Brain Creature Leader, Torahna
 * Yogi's Space Race (1978) - Sheriff Muletrain Pettigrew
 * Galaxy Goof-Ups (1978) - Additional voices
 * Buford and the Galloping Ghost (1979) - Sheriff Muletrain Pettigrew
 * The New Fred and Barney Show (1979) - Fred Flintstone
 * Welcome Back, Kotter (1979) - Sidney Fishbein
 * Hollywood Squares (1979) - Guest Appearance
 * The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone (1979) - Fred Flintstone
 * Fred and Barney Meet the Thing (1979) - Fred Flintstone
 * Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo (1979–1980) - Fred Flintstone
 * Mighty Man and Yukk (1979) - Goldteeth, Kragg the Conqueror
 * Fangface and Fangpuss (1979) - episode - The Defiant Casablanca Giant - Abdul the Giant
 * Super Friends (1980) - Additional voices
 * Thundarr the Barbarian (1980–81) - Ookla the Mok
 * The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (1980) - Additional Voices
 * The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980–82) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Flintstones' New Neighbors (1980) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling (1980) - Fred Flintstone, Monkey #2, Turtle #2
 * Spider-Man (1981) - Johann's Father
 * Goldie Gold and Action Jack (1981) - Additional voices
 * The Kwicky Koala Show (1981) - Additional voices
 * The Smurfs (1981) - Additional voices
 * No Man's Valley (1981) - Chief
 * The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show (1981) - Additional voices
 * The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma (1981) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Flintstones: Jogging Fever (1981) - Fred Flintstone
 * Jokebook (1982) - Additional voices
 * Here Comes Garfield (1982) - Hubert
 * Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper (1982) - Fred Flintstone, Policeman, Security Guard #1
 * The Flintstone Funnies (1982–84) - Fred Flintstone
 * Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983) - Additional Voices
 * Mister T (1983) - Additional voices
 * The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show (1983) - Additional voices
 * Strong Kids, Safe Kids (1984) - Fred Flintstone
 * Challenge of the GoBots (1984) - Additional voices
 * Scary Scooby Funnies (1984–85) - Additional voices
 * Galtar and the Golden Lance (1985) - Additional voices
 * The Berenstain Bears Show (1985) - Additional Male voices
 * The Jetsons (1985) - Elroy in Wonderland
 * The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration (1986) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Flintstone Kids (1986–87) - Edna Flintstone, Ed Flintstone
 * The Video Adventures of Clifford the Big Red Dog (1988) - Various voices
 * The Flintstone Kids' "Just Say No" Special (1988) - Ed Flintstone, Edna Flintstone
 * Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989) - Fred Flintstone
 * A Flintstone Family Christmas (1993) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Simpsons (1994) - Fred Flintstone
 * Garfield and Friends (1994) - Various voices
 * The Flintstones: Wacky Inventions (1994) - Fred Flintstone
 * Dino: Stay Out! (1995) - Fred Flintstone
 * The Weird Al Show (1997) - Fred Flintstone

Video games

 * The Flintstones: Bedrock Bowling (2000) - Fred Flintstone

Theme parks

 * The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1990) - Fred Flintstone

title: Henry Corden


text:
Gulch

A gulch is a deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion. It may contain a small stream or dry creek bed and is usually larger in size than a gully. Sudden intense rainfall upstream may produce flash floods in the bed of the gulch.

In eastern Canada, gulch refers to:
 * a narrow deep cove (Newfoundland)
 * a narrow saltwater channel (Nova Scotia)

title: Gulch


text: Category:William Shatner albums

title: Category:William Shatner albums


text: Template:Australia-politician-stub

title: Template:Australia-politician-stub


text:
Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt

Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voiced all characters. This film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject (cartoons), but lost to Walt Disney's Lend a Paw. This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. The short makes several direct references to The Song of Hiawatha, an epic poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Plot
Bugs is reading The Song of Hiawatha out loud to himself and the saga turns real as a pint-sized, Elmer Fudd-like Hiawatha (minus the speech impediment) turns up, paddling his canoe. Hiawatha is looking for a rabbit for his dinner. Hiawatha manages to trick Bugs into thinking he is preparing a hot bath for him. It is actually a cooking pot, which Bugs quickly vacates once Hiawatha casually mentions that he is having rabbit stew for supper.

Reception
The Film Daily called the short a "very funny cartoon", saying, "the result is a howl from start to finish. The serious-minded Indian's efforts to catch the screwball rabbit for stewing purposes makes a lively and comical race. Bugs Bunny gets better and funnier with every screen appearance."

Home media

 * VHS - Bugs Bunny Cartoon Festival Featuring "Little Red Riding Rabbit"
 * DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection
 * DVD - The Maltese Falcon 3-Disc Special Edition
 * Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3.
 * LaserDisc - The Golden Age of Looney Tunes, Volume 2, Side 2

title: Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dunch

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:00, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dunch
Slang neologism. Possibly a dictdef if this were a real word, Google search doesn't support this though. Fazdeconta 11:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Actually "dunch" in English of the North East where I come from is a verb meaning jog or knock.  Bumper stickers can be bought with the warning "Divvent dunch us" (don't crash into me). --Tony Sidaway|Talk 12:26, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Buddy slang, borderline vandalism: I've always called it Lupper. Geogre 15:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Already at Wiktionary, so Delete. -- Infrogmation 15:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. JamesBurns 11:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it is basically a definition and is in the Wiktionary (which I didn't know existed until now) - Liam S. Dunch
 * Delete. dictdef at best. DanKeshet 23:56, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The term is far from being sufficiently well established (if at all!) for it to merit an entry. -- Picapica 22:29, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dunch