text:
Geography of Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. is located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States at 38.895°N, -77.03639°W, the coordinates of the Zero Milestone, on The Ellipse. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a geographical area of 68.3 sqmi, 61.4 sqmi of which is land, and the remaining 6.9 sqmi (10.16%) of which is water. The Anacostia River and the smaller Rock Creek flow into the Potomac River in Washington.

Washington, D.C. is surrounded by Northern Virginia on its southwest side and Maryland on its southeast, northeast, and northwest sides; it interrupts those states' shared border, which is the south shore of the Potomac River both upstream and downstream from the city. The portion of the Potomac River that passes Washington, D.C. is virtually entirely within the city's border, as Washington, D.C. extends to the south bank. The city contains the remaining federal district, which was formerly part of those two adjacent states before they respectively ceded it for the national capital in the 1790s. The land ceded from Virginia was returned by Congress in 1847, so what remains of the modern District was all once part of Maryland.

Topography and geology
The topography of Washington, D.C. is highly similar to the physical geography of much of Maryland. The city has three significant natural flowing bodies of water: the Potomac River and two tributaries, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek. The confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia forms the historic peninsula known as Arsenal Point. The District also includes the Washington Channel, which flows into the junction of the Anacostia and Potomac rivers. There are also three artificial reservoirs: Dalecarlia Reservoir, which crosses over the northwest border of the District from Maryland, McMillan Reservoir near Howard University, and Georgetown Reservoir upstream of Georgetown. A fourth, minor reservoir is at Fort Reno in Tenleytown.

Washington, D.C. is situated in a topographic bowl. The bottom of the bowl, where the White House and United States Capitol are located, is in the floodplain of the junction of the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers. Extending out from the floodplain is a series of rising river terraces. These high ridges nearly surround the city. The highest of these terraces is 200 feet above sea level and is fronted by an escarpment that is very prominent along the east side of the Anacostia River. Steep-sided ravines and small streams cut through the upper terrace east of the Anacostia River at frequent intervals. Examples of these stream valleys can be found at Forts Dupont and Stanton.

Washington, D.C. is located on the fall line, the border of two considerably different geological terrains or provinces; the hard rock of the Piedmont Plateau to the north and west and the soft sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain to the east. The Piedmont Plateau is located north and west of the city. Deeply cut valleys and prominent ridges characterize this area.

The highest point in Washington, D.C. is 410 feet (125 m) above sea level at Reno Reservoir in Tenleytown. The lowest point is sea level, which occurs along all of the Anacostia shore and all of the Potomac shore except the uppermost 100 meters (the Little Falls-Chain Bridge area). The sea level in the Tidal Basin rose eleven feet during Hurricane Isabel on September 18, 2003. The geographic center of Washington, D.C. is on the site of the Organization of American States headquarters. The U.S. Capitol marks the intersection of the city's four administrative quadrants.

Other prominent geographical features of Washington, D.C., include Theodore Roosevelt Island, Columbia Island, the Three Sisters, and Hains Point.

Some areas, especially around the National Mall and parts of Foggy Bottom, were marshes or parts of the river that have been filled in.

Natural history
During the 18th century, significant portions of the region were forested, with species including rabbits, turkey, pheasants, woodcocks, turtles, and quail, as well as numerous bird species including mockingbirds, bluebirds, hummingbirds, and orioles. Other indigenous species include black snake, garter snake, rattlesnake, copperhead, bullfrog and other types of frogs, ground squirrels, flying squirrels, skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, beavers, deer, wolves, and bears. Snipes and various types of ducks inhabited swampy areas, as well as soruses.

Native tree species include willow, birch, cedar, and oak. Other plant species found along the Potomac during the early 19th century include yellow jessamine, prickly pear cactus, white horehound, sweet fennel, wild cherries, and wild strawberries. The large percentage of parkland contributes to a high urban tree canopy coverage of 35%.

In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson called the Potomac River a "national disgrace" and used the river to illustrate the need for the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966. The river is now home to a vibrant warm-water fishery and naturally reproducing bald eagles have returned to its banks. Despite its intensely urbanized landscape, the District of Columbia is a center for research on urban wildlife management, invasive species management, urban stream restoration, and the aquatic ecology of urban streams. The National Park Service's Center For Urban Ecology is a regional source of expertise and applied science for the region.

Earthquakes
Earthquake activity in the District of Columbia is low. No earthquakes have been centered within the District, nor are there any faults. However, it has felt earthquakes centered in Virginia, Maryland, and other surrounding states and large earthquakes in Canada and New England.

The District felt the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, and according to old records, residents were "badly frightened". In March 1828, President John Quincy Adams felt a "violent" earthquake in the White House and wrote it in his journal. The 1886 Charleston earthquake (magnitude 6.6 to 7.3) was felt in DC. The strongest earthquake in Virginia happened in 1897 and was felt in the District. An earthquake in 1925 in Canada, estimated about magnitude 7, was felt over 2 million square miles. Another 6.2 earthquake in 1935 caused damage in New York and shook residents from Maine to Wisconsin.

The 2011 Virginia earthquake was felt in Washington and caused damage to landmarks and monuments such as the Washington Monument and the Washington National Cathedral.

Climate
Washington, D.C., is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), exhibiting four distinct seasons. Its climate is typical of the mid-Atlantic states. The District is located in USDA plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown, and zone 7b elsewhere in the city, indicating a temperate climate. As implied in the previous sentence, the downtown area exhibits an urban heat island (UHI) build-up that can especially exacerbate the sultriness of summer nights.

 * Winter sees generally cold temperatures, and the daily average temperature in January is 37.5 °F. Rarely lows will be into the teens °F (−7 °C or below), and temperatures below 10 °F are rare, and the last 0 °F-or-colder reading at Reagan National occurred on January 19, 1994. In terms of highs, January alone sees 50 °F+ highs on 8.6 days, while 9 days per season stay at or below freezing.

 * Spring is typically dry, sunny, and begins in March. At Reagan National, the last freeze on average occurs on March 27. Due to the rapid warming, pollen is also problematic during this time of year. Serious heat and humidity begin in late April to early May, although a drier heat is possible earlier. The first 90 °F+ high of the year on average falls on May 17.
 * Summer is hot and humid, with July averaging 79.8 °F. Nighttime conditions stay warm and are often humid, falling into the low 70s °F (21–23 °C). Dew points average from 62.4 to 66.3 °F from June to August as well, indicating moderate discomfort. There are more than 35 days of 90 °F or higher temperatures, yet 100 °F temperatures do not occur every year. In recent years, due partly to increased UHI build-up, daily minima of 80 °F have become evermore common.

 * Autumn is similar to spring in temperature, with crisp mornings, and is a reasonably long transition, with the last 90 °F+ high of the year on average falling on September 10, and the first freeze at Reagan National occurring on November 18.
 * Precipitation is generous and well-distributed throughout the year (though February is noticeably drier), falling on 8 to 11 days per month, averaging 39.74 in. Annual precipitation has ranged from 21.66 to 66.28 in in 1930 and 2018, respectively. The wettest month on record was September 1934, with 17.45 in of rain, while the driest month was October 1963 with trace amounts. The most rain in a calendar day was 6.39 in on August 23, 1933.
 * Snowfall falls mostly in small accumulations, totaling an average 15.4 in per season, occurring mostly in January and February, with some accumulation in December and March, but rarely November or April; on average there are 12.1 days per season with a snow depth of 1 in or more. The strongest wintertime storms are usually "nor'easters", which typically feature high winds and heavy rains, occasionally in the form of a 'blizzard', while Alberta clippers are generally fast-moving and bring accumulations of under 4 in. The Knickerbocker Storm produced both the heaviest fall in a single storm, at 28 in and also the greatest 24-hour total of 21 in; with an aggregate 56.1 in, the snowiest season was 2009–10; the most snow in one month was 35.2 in in February 1899. The seasons with the least snow were 1972–73 and 1997–98 at 0.1 in each. The earliest and latest dates for measurable (≥0.1 in) snowfall are October 10, 1979, and April 28, 1898, respectively. The suburbs to the north and west, due to a variety of factors (including inland location, elevation, and reduced UHI), typically receive more snowfall, with seasonal averages generally above 19 in. Freezing rain is also possible during the winter months; the location of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream to the east often causes the rain-snow line to be located in the region, and ice storms are more likely in January and February.
 * During late summer and early fall, hurricanes, or their remnants, occasionally track through the area. However, they have often weakened when doing so, partly due to the city's inland location. Flooding of the Potomac River, however, caused by a combination of high tide, storm surge, and runoff, has been known to cause extensive property damage in Georgetown.

The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F on July 20, 1930, and August 6, 1918, while the lowest recorded temperature was -15 °F on February 11, 1899, right before the Great Blizzard of 1899. The extreme low daily high temperature was 4 °F, occurring one day before the all-time minimum, while the extreme high daily low temperature was 84 °F on July 23–24, 2011 and July 16, 1983. Monthly mean temperatures have ranged from 23.7 °F in January 1918 to 84.5 °F in July 2011, while the corresponding range for the annual mean is 52.2 °F in 1904 to 61.5 °F in 2012.
 * Sunshine is adequate, totaling 2,529 hours per year. However, bright sunshine is more likely to occur less than 50% of the time from November through February.
 * Temperature extremes are as follows:

City plan
Washington, D.C. was created to serve as the national capital from its inception. The Residence Act of 1790 required that the capital's territory would be located along the Potomac River within an area that Maryland and Virginia would cede to the federal government. However, it permitted the nation's first president, George Washington, to select the territory's precise location. President Washington then chose for the territory a square whose sides were 10 mi in length and whose corners were directly north, east, south, and west of its center. The area of the square contained the existing towns of Georgetown and Alexandria, as well as two small villages, Hamburgh in the Foggy Bottom area and Carrollsburg near the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers.

The Residence Act had granted the president the authority to locate the federal capital's territory only as far south and east as the mouth of the Anacostia River in Maryland. However, President Washington wanted to expand the territory's area southward so that its boundaries could encompass the town of Alexandria. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve President Washington's selected site, which included the portion of the territory that Virginia would cede.

The location of the capital had many natural advantages: the Potomac was navigable up to the territory, allowing for boat traffic; the established ports at Alexandria and Georgetown could provide an important economic base for a major city; and the territory's inland location was close to the Northwest Territory. During 1791–1792, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants, including Benjamin Banneker, surveyed the boundary between the federal territory and the states of Virginia and Maryland, placing marker stones at every mile point. Many of the stones are still standing.

A new federal city, named in 1791 as the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia, was then laid out in a largely undeveloped area at the center of the 100 square-mile federal territory. This city, which Pierre (Peter) L'Enfant designed, was bounded to the north by Boundary Street (now Florida Avenue) at the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, to the southeast by the Anacostia River, to the southwest by the Potomac River and to the west by Rock Creek. Although L'Enfant designed the city's original layout in 1791, surveyor Andrew Ellicott revised it in 1792 (see Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.). The remainder of the territory was designated as Washington County (on the Maryland side of the Potomac) and Alexandria County (on the Virginia side).

Alexandria
The land from Virginia was eventually returned to the state in 1846, effective 1847. This land in Virginia makes up the modern area of Arlington County and the old part of Alexandria, Virginia, both of which are Washington, D.C. suburbs. Arlington National Cemetery and The Pentagon are both located in Arlington, though the Pentagon has a Washington DC mailing address. Between 1790 and 1846, Alexandria was referred to as Alexandria, D.C.

Georgetown
Georgetown was originally part of Maryland and was the only significant population in the area that would become part of Washington, D.C. when the federal city was first created but which remained an independent city then referred to as Georgetown, D.C., until 1871 when it was merged with Washington City and Washington County, completing the process of Washington and the District of Columbia occupying the same geographic borders.

McMillan plan
The monumental core of the city includes the National Mall and many key federal buildings, monuments, and museums, including the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, and the National Air and Space Museum. Its layout is based on that proposed by the McMillan Commission report in 1901.

Building heights
To preserve the grandeur of the National Mall, the White House, the Capitol, and various other key locations, the entire city is subject to strict building height limits. This limitation was placed in effect just before the 20th century when government officials realized that structural steel "skyscrapers" could overwhelm the city. In 1899, Congress enacted a height limit for the District prohibiting private buildings from rising more than 130 feet. Contrary to popular belief, no law has ever restricted buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or Washington Monument.

A revised height law in 1910 did away with that fixed maximum. The newer legislation, still in effect today, states that no new building may be more than 20 feet taller than the width of the street in front of it. The current law is codified as D.C. CODE ANN. § 6-601.05. Thus, Washington has a relatively modest skyline in comparison to the majority of American cities. However, the District is ringed by high-rise buildings in many nearby suburbs like Arlington, Silver Spring, and Bethesda.

Neighborhoods
Washington, D.C. is divided into eight wards and 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) within these wards. The total number of named neighborhoods is 127. The ANCs serve to advise the Washington, D.C. city council on neighborhood matters. The council is required by law to give their opinions great weight, though what that means is up to the Council to decide. Since 2000, the demographics of many neighborhoods have changed markedly.

Adjacent communities
The District of Columbia is bordered by various cities, towns, villages, and unincorporated CDPs in Maryland and Virginia. Following is a list of those adjacent communities.

 * Bethesda, Maryland
 * Brookmont, Maryland
 * Capitol Heights, Maryland
 * Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland
 * Chevy Chase Village, Maryland
 * Chillum, Maryland
 * Colmar Manor, Maryland
 * Coral Hills, Maryland
 * Cottage City, Maryland
 * Fairmount Heights, Maryland
 * Glassmanor, Maryland

 * Hillcrest Heights, Maryland
 * Mount Rainier, Maryland
 * Seat Pleasant, Maryland
 * Silver Hill, Maryland
 * Silver Spring, Maryland
 * Suitland, Maryland
 * Takoma Park, Maryland
 * Alexandria, Virginia
 * Arlington, Virginia
 * McLean, Virginia (touches Washington, D.C., at one corner only)

In addition to the places named above, there are other small unincorporated parts of Prince George's County, Maryland, which also border Washington, D.C.

title: Geography of Washington, D.C.


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Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland

The Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (German: Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union, EDU; French: Union Démocratique Fédérale, UDF; Italian: Unione Democratica Federale, UDF; Romansch: Uniun Democrata Federala, UDF) is a national-conservative political party in Switzerland. Its ideology is politically conservative, Protestant fundamentalist, and right-wing populist. It is similar to the Christian right in the United States, and its top goals were to promote "biblical values" and oppose other cultures and values.

Founded in 1975, the party's current president is Daniel Frischknecht which succeeded the long serving Hans Moser (politician) (2001-2020) in 2020. The EDU is a minor political party that polls around 1% of the vote and holds one seat in the Swiss National Council as of 2019.

History
The EDU was founded in 1975 as a split of the Republican Movement and the Nationale Aktion. The EDU maintains that it split from the Evangelical People's Party.

At the beginning of its existence, the EDU's platform was strongly influenced by the ideology of Otto Strasser, revolutionary nationalism and solidarism. Despite being nationalistic and patriotic, the party supported socialist economic policies as opposed to capitalism or communism. In the early 1980s, the EDU underwent an ideological shift, with fundamentalist Christianity and the Bible becoming the most important parts of its ideology. It promoted socially conservative policies. At the same time, the EDU adopted right-wing populist positions on issues such as immigration, integration into supranational unions, and Islam. It adopted strongly pro-Israel views.

In the 1970s and 1980s, support of the EDU grew particularly with conservative free-church groups, both traditional and newly established. The language of the EDU was influenced during this time by a directive and on the basis of interest in dispensationalism from an eschatological tone.

In 1991, the EDU entered the Swiss National Council with one seat, and in 2003, it gained a second seat. Despite remaining a small, fringe party, it grew from having section in nine cantons in 1991 to twenty-three in 2003. The EDU had its greatest electoral success in the Canton of Bern and became relatively strong in the canton. In addition, its party newspaper, the EDU Standpunkt, had a circulation of between 31,000 and 45,000 and even up to 500,000 during national elections. The party created a French newspaper with a circulation of about 10,000. The EDU sponsored several referendums, attempting to block socially liberal legislation, but its attempts were unsuccessful.

which claims: "The source of these Christian values are the Bible and the Christian tradition. These sources are in itself not a political program. These sources call us to serve the people of Europe...". The EDU is no longer listed as being a member of the ECPM.

The EDU received 1.3% of the popular vote in the 2007 elections, and retained one of its two seats in the Swiss National Council, held by Andreas Brönnimann, who represented the canton of Bern.

However, in the 2011 elections, the party lost its seat in the Swiss National Council, even though it still received the same percentage of the popular vote. In the 2019 elections the party won one seat in the Swiss National Council, regaining representation.

Ideology
The EDU is a politically conservative, Protestant fundamentalist, and right-wing populist party. It is similar to the Christian right in the United States, and its top goals were to promote "biblical values" and oppose other cultures and values. The party has also been described as "ultra-conservative."

The EDU sees itself as a Christian party and uses the Bible as the guideline for its policies. On questions concerning the environment, the EDU stands rather center-left, however with family, social, and educational policy, the EDU takes a conservative stance. The EDU want a debt-free state.

The EDU has close connections to free churches.

Social policy
The EDU rejects equating homosexual and heterosexual marriages and is committed against abortion, euthanasia, and the exploitation of women by sexist advertising. Thus, the EDU calls that abortion should not be financed by public funds and suicide tourism should be prohibited. Also, the EDU is against heroin clinics and calls for a smoking ban in restaurants and bars. The EDU supports traditional families. The EDU is skeptical of the equalization of both genders, saying that is neglecting of children, and believes that the main caregivers of children are ideally the parents. The EDU opposes the criminalization of homophobia.

The EDU sponsored an unsuccessful referendum, held on November 27, 2016, in the Canton of Zürich, that would have defined marriage as only between one man and one woman.

Foreign policy
The EDU is critical of the European Union, the UN, and NATO. As a Eurosceptic party, it is against membership in the EU, however it supports bilateral treaties with it. The EDU views the increased immigration to Switzerland as an integration problem and says that to increase security, adjusting the freedom of movement, the Schengen Agreement, and the Dublin Regulation with the EU is necessary. Also, the EDU is in support for permanent neutrality and is against peace-keeping missions of the Swiss military. The EDU supported the successful Swiss minaret ban, and the successful federal popular initiative "Against mass immigration".

Environmental policy
In environmental policy, the EDU does not see the real problem as in climate change, but rather in the enormous consumption of resources and energy. Thus, the EDU supports a dedicated, time-limited incentive tax on the oil tax for fossil fuels and propellants and calls the replacement of the Climate Cent and the tax (gasoline, etc.). The proceeds of this incentive tax would go to renewable energy sources such as water, wind, and solar energy and would promote energy efficiency. In the long term, the EDU wants to phase out nuclear energy in Switzerland. The EDU supports the expansion of the public transportation system, but only supports the implementation of large projects when funding is secured.

Party presidents

 * 1979–1989: Peter Rüst
 * 1989–1995: Werner Scherrer
 * 1995–2001: Christian Waber
 * 2001–2020: Hans Moser (politician)
 * 2020–present: Daniel Frischknecht

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland


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Upwey, Dorset

Upwey is a suburb of Weymouth in south Dorset, England. The suburb is situated on the B3159 road in the Wey valley. The area was formerly a village until it was absorbed into the Weymouth built-up area. It is located four miles north of the town centre in the outer suburbs. In the Census 2001 the combined population of Upwey and neighbouring Broadwey was 4,349.

The village has a 13th-century parish church, dedicated to Saint Laurence, and a manor house, Upwey Manor, a Grade II* listed building dated to 1639, which was owned by the Gould family. A disc barrow is located above the village on the Ridgeway at map reference. The former United Reformed Church was built in 1880–81 and closed in 1992.

The River Wey rises at the foot of the chalk ridge of the South Dorset Downs, which rise above Upwey to the north, and flows through the village. The source is known as the Upwey wishing well and was a tourist attraction as far back as the Victorian era. There is now a tea room at the site, complete with mature water gardens. In the 18th century a water mill was built on the river, rebuilt in 1802, it featured in Thomas Hardy's The Trumpet Major. The mill is now Grade II* listed. Hardy also wrote a poem "At the Railway Station, Upway", which most likely relates to Upwey station.

Upwey features in Edward Chaney's Genius Friend: G.B. Edwards and The Book of Ebenezer le Page as the place in which Chaney got to know Gerald Edwards and encouraged him to complete his novel. Edwards died in the since-demolished 654 Dorchester Road, Upwey, on 29 December 1976.

Upwey has two public houses. The Old Ship features in Thomas Hardy's Under the Greenwood Tree, while The Royal Standard was once run by an aunt of Thomas Hardy on his father's side.

Upwey lends its name to Upwey, Victoria, in Melbourne, near Belgrave, Victoria.

Politics
Upwey is part of the South Dorset parliamentary constituency.

Upwey is part of the Upwey and Broadwey ward for elections to Dorset Council.

In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 910. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Weymouth, Bincombe and Poxwell.

title: Upwey, Dorset


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title: Template:Afroasiatic-lang-stub


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Talk:Crooner

Elvis Presley? Julius LaRosa?
Could Elvis Presley be considered a crooner? While that was not the style he was originally known for, he did record a large number of songs in that style, and many of the men on the list were heavily influenced by Elvis?

 * In fact the list is bloated, and full of non-crooners. I've pruned a couple of obvious one; I'll go back and cut some more when I have a moment. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 06:10, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What about Julius LaRosa? Just asking. Herostratus 05:21, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Actually, a lot of this list influenced Elvis, specifically Dean Martin not the other way around. --Sicamous 23:26, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Crosby
I've just moved the following (edited) comment from the article:
 * "Bing Crosby was voted "crooner of the century" for the 20 century."

While I don't doubt this in essence, I don't think that we can include it without saying who voted, and in what context. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:39, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Rod Stewart
Rod - a crooner? I don't think so. Leave that to the ones who can sing.
 * many crooners including sinatra were regarded 'cant sing'. the close mic technique covers up vocal imperfections. rod stewart has recast himself as a crooner for the better part of a decade

Amplification
Why were the references to amplification removed? It was critical to the development of the style. 70.174.143.186 13:30, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

¶ Amen to that, crooning was expressly the sort of singing in which a weak or faint voice became theatre-audible via electric amplification. Crooners were essentially singers whose lungs/voices were not powerful enough for opera and other large-theatre venues (or in some cases singers who specialized songs that required a more "intimate" voice). For a while both Rudy Vallee and Ozzie Nelson were claiming to have been "the first crooner". Sussmanbern (talk) 02:59, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Neil Hannon
Could you class Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy (band) as a modern crooner? A.Grace

The 1990s
An anon removed this section, I replaced it. I can't believe there's no 1980s crooners, though.Rich Farmbrough, 21:43 10 September 2006 (GMT).

Morrissey should probably be added. Does Shane MacGowan really belong here? Mike3k 19:55, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Etymology
Anyone know where the word comes from? There seems to be some resemblance to the Dutch kreunen which means to moan, but maybe it's something else? 81.64.40.170 20:53, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

The Carpenters
Were the Carpenters crooners? Karen had a great voice, and Richard made ballads and complicated orchestrations. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by The Obento Musubi (talk • contribs) 06:27, 23 January 2007 (UTC). ¶ By the time of the Carpenters, amplification was ubiquitous for such concerts - but Karen could really belt them out and so I don't think she falls into the crooner category. Sussmanbern (talk) 03:00, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Female Crooners? :))
I think there could be some indeed. Dame Shirley Bassey and also Chaka Khan come to mind, the latter of which mostly because of her 2004 jazz album "Classikhan". -andy 80.129.102.55 12:20, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

What about Judy Garland or Ella Fitzerald? If you look at their discographies, most of their music seems to be derived from "The Great American Songbook" if that is what qualifies one as a crooner. 15.251.169.69 21:29, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Another thought: would the term "torch singer" be the female equivalent of the crooner? I went to the torch song entry and there seems to be an overlap on their list of singers.15.251.169.69 21:31, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * To me, and this seems to be supported by the torch song article, this terms refers in part to a particular type of song, identified by both style and content, and hence a "torch singer" is one who sings this type of song. But crooners can and do sing a wide variety of song content, some of which would be more upbeat in content than a torch song. Wschart (talk) 18:27, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Johnny Hartman
please mention johnny hartman

1990s-2000s section out of control
What is going on with the 1990s-2000s section? It's full of singers whose careers began much much earlier, like Paul Anka. 149.79.35.227 (talk) 14:40, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

To croon - its meaning.
croon /krūn/

v., crooned, croon·ing, croons.

v.intr.

1. To hum or sing softly. 2. To sing popular songs in a soft, sentimental manner. 3. Scots. To roar or bellow.

v.tr.

To sing softly or in a humming way: crooning a lullaby. n.

A soft singing or humming.

[Middle English crounen, from Middle Dutch krōnen, to lament.] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.222.88 (talk) 13:59, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

List of Crooners
List useful to illustrate the crooner. Alexsanderson83 (talk) 07:29, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Unsourced listcruft. There is no (luckily) list like that on Singer-songwriter for instance. Garion96 (talk) 16:39, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I fail to see your reason for the deletion, will look into substantiating that if it is the only problem, else move it in to categorisation. Alexsanderson83 (talk) 08:13, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I fail to see you reason for keeping. Nevertheless, i moved the list to a separate list article with a link to it from this article. That at least cleans up. Garion96 (talk) 13:40, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Yves Montand
Though he sings in French, his style is indisputably crooner. Is it plausible to put him on the list? Akuru (talk) 20:22, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Characterization of crooning
Consider these statements:

1. Crooner is an epithet given to a male singer of a certain style of popular songs, dubbed pop standards. A crooner is a singer of popular ballads and thus a "balladeer".

2. Crooning is a style that has its roots in the Bel Canto of Italian opera, but with the emphasis on subtle vocal nuances and phrasing found in jazz as opposed to elaborate ornamentation or sheer acoustic volume found in opera houses.

3. Before the advent of the microphone, popular singers, like Al Jolson, had to project to the rear seats of a theater, which made for a very loud vocal style. The microphone made possible the more personal style.

4. Crooning is not so much a style of music as it is a technique in which to sing.

Together they show a certain confusion about the proper characterization of crooning and its origins.

1. Verbose and repetitious. "Songs" is not idiomatic after "style." If the type of popular song is a ballad, then it is pointless to save the specification. Hence: "Crooner is an epithet given to male singers of popular ballads called ' pop standards.'"  But this opening statement is surely too broad: all crooners may be balladeers, but not all balladeers are necessarily crooners.

2. Confused and underdeveloped. "Crooning is a style"--of what? It makes no sense to say that crooning is rooted in bel canto, which can only mean that crooning exhibits features of bel canto, but that it emphasizes features not found in bel canto; what's the point of mentioning bel canto, then? Why oppose styles of vocalization characteristic of jazz to those characteristic, not of bel canto, but of the opera house? "Subtle vocal nuances" is redundant--nuances can't be crude or gross or broad.

3. In the first sentence we suddenly come to suspect that neither bel canto nor jazz has anything whatever to do with the emergence of crooning, since here we are told that microphonic amplification required singers to adjust their style. "Made possible"? One might better say, "required," as it is obvious that no one could tolerate electric amplification of Jolsonesque projection. But why "personal style"? Is there anything "impersonal" about Al Jolson's style?

4. "A technique in which to sing" is verbose; better:  "a style of singing" or "a technique of singing."

I suggest that successive contributors actually think through the logical and thematic integrity of the account.

--Wordwright —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wordwright (talk • contribs) 12:11, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

What crooning is
{Crooning is low pitched, soft singing.}

I think this article is inappropriate - it's mostly personal opinion (of the cited authors). No where does it give a correct answer to the question "what is crooning?" The article should be about vocal technique as practiced by people identified as crooners. I propose to break the redirect by creating an article on crooning with a "see also" to this article. But this article could use heavy improvement. - kosboot (talk) 20:51, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crooner


text: Category:Afroasiatic language stubs

title: Category:Afroasiatic language stubs


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Radioropa Info

Radioropa Info was the name of various German-language privately owned longwave radio stations. They were mainly active in the 1990s, with break in the middle of the decade.

Radioropa was initially only available on satellite. It then began using time on the Radio Wolga longwave service on 261 kHz at the Burg AM transmitter in Burg bei Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt. Radioropa then obtained FM frequencies in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony. When the Soviet army withdrew from the former East Germany in 1994, Radioropa took over 261 kHz completely. Longwave transmission stopped during 1994/1995 because the cost of renting transmission time was too high. After a new contract with Deutsche Telekom was negotiated, Radioropa resumed broadcasting on longwave.

Radioropa Info broadcast news. Later it mainly rebroadcast programmes supplied by other stations. Since listenership on longwave and satellite radio was too low, Radioropa Info applied for FM frequencies at the end of the 1990s. FM licenses were not granted and Radioropa Info went out of business on 31 December 2000.

In 2002, Europe 1 requested permission to use the 261 kHz frequency for a new radio station for motorists and truckers;, this request has not been granted.

title: Radioropa Info


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Doctor Who/sandbox

Welcome to the Doctor Who WikiProject sandbox. Here you can make any Doctor Who related tests.

 This page is here to provide the participants of WikiProject Doctor Who with a list of articles entering the deletion process on Wikipedia. There is no need to edit this page, as it is helpfully updated by a bot every night. If you want to get involved, sign up, or just start editing.


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Coleville, California

Coleville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mono County, California, United States. It is located at an elevation of 5141 ft in the Antelope Valley on the West Walker River. The population was 419 at the 2020 census, down from 495 at the 2010 census.

The ZIP Code is 96107, and the community is inside area codes 442 and 760.

History
The first post office at Coleville was established in 1868. The name honors Cornelius Cole, a United States senator. On June 1, 2007, the Larson fire threatened Coleville while burning 1100 acre and causing US$3,000,000 damage.

Coleville is the hometown of General John Abizaid and the birthplace of trick shooter Lillian Smith.

Geography
Coleville is one of the three northernmost communities in Mono County. It is bordered to the north by Topaz and to the south by Walker. U.S. Route 395 passes through the town, leading north 46 mi to Carson City, Nevada, and southeast 26 mi to Bridgeport, the Mono county seat. According to the Mono County government, Antelope Valley, including Coleville, is expected to see significant population growth.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 19.3 sqmi, all land.

Climate
The region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Coleville has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

Fire protection district
Coleville is served by the Antelope Valley Fire Protection District, founded in 1947 and covering 33 sqmi of the Antelope Valley. The District maintains a 12 acre training facility in Coleville.

Water district
Coleville is served by the Antelope Valley Water District, which was formed in 1961.

Education
Coleville is in the Eastern Sierra Unified School District. An elementary school and a high school (Coleville High School) are located in Coleville.

Due to Coleville's geographic isolation from other California schools, Coleville High competes in the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association along with four other similarly-isolated California schools.

Coleville also has a public library.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Coleville had a population of 495. The population density was 36.0 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Coleville was 386 (78.0%) White, 6 (1.2%) African American, 10 (2.0%) Native American, 8 (1.6%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 62 (12.5%) from other races, and 23 (4.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 110 persons (22.2%).

The Census reported that 495 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 171 households, out of which 90 (52.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 129 (75.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 8 (4.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 4 (2.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6 (3.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 25 households (14.6%) were made up of individuals, and 8 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89. There were 141 families (82.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.23.

The population was spread out, with 167 people (33.7%) under the age of 18, 66 people (13.3%) aged 18 to 24, 170 people (34.3%) aged 25 to 44, 60 people (12.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 32 people (6.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

There were 201 housing units at an average density of 14.6 per square mile (5.6/km$2$), of which 48 (28.1%) were owner-occupied, and 123 (71.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.7%. 107 people (21.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 388 people (78.4%) lived in rental housing units.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Coleville is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Coleville is in.

title: Coleville, California


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Billina

Billina is a fictional character in the classic children's series of Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. She is introduced in Ozma of Oz (1907).

History
In Ozma of Oz, Billina becomes Dorothy Gale's animal companion after she and the girl are on a small ship and are thrown overboard. Dorothy was traveling on an ocean voyage to Australia with her Uncle Henry when a violent storm hit, thus tossing the ship over the waves. The two wash up on the uncharted shores of the enchanted country of Ev in a chicken coop they had taken refuge in. Billina serves in this adventure the role that Dorothy's pet dog Toto served in the first Oz book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).

A spunky, sassy and talkative chicken, Billina was originally named Bill because, she tells Dorothy, "no one could tell whether I was going to be a hen or a rooster". Dorothy insists on changing the hen's name to a feminine form. Billina endures several scares with the Kansas farm girl before they defeat the Nome King as only a hen can since eggs are poisonous to Nomes. At the end of the novel, Billina settles in the Emerald City in the magical Land of Oz.

In The Road to Oz (1909), Billina accompanies Tik-Tok in welcoming Dorothy, Shaggy Man, Button-Bright, and Polychrome to Oz. Billina is later present at Princess Ozma's royal birthday party.

Later books reveal that Billina has hatched many chicks (their father unknown). She names all of them Dorothy after her young friend. Gender confusion reappears, however, and the proud mother discovers that some of those chicks will be "horrid roosters"; she changes the males' names to Daniel.

One of Baum's earliest books described raising Hamburg chickens, and he drew on that expertise in depicting Billina.

Other adaptions
Billina appears in The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) with the credit "The Yellow Hen as Herself". Presumably a real hen was used in this lost film, as a real dog was used for Toto, also credited with playing himself.

In Disney's Return to Oz (1985), Billina is a main character. She is an animatronic puppet performed by Mak Wilson and voiced by Denise Bryer. Like the books, Billina arrived in the Land of Oz with Dorothy Gale. Later on, she hides in Jack Pumpkinhead's head. During the final battle against the Nome King in his monstrous form, Billina unintentionally lays an egg which falls into the Nome King's mouth enough to kill him. When Princess Ozma is crowned, upon being freed from the mirror by Dorothy, Billina elects to remain in the Land of Oz.

Billina appears in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz. She is depicted as a red hen whose clucking can be understood by Scarecrow and is often seen inside Tin Man's chest compartment.

title: Billina


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Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, mixed waste (MW) is a waste type defined as follows; "MW contains both hazardous waste (as defined by RCRA and its amendments) and radioactive waste (as defined by AEA and its amendments). It is jointly regulated by NRC or NRC's Agreement States and EPA or EPA's RCRA Authorized States. The fundamental and most comprehensive statutory definition is found in the Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA) where Section 1004(41) was added to RCRA: "The term 'mixed waste' means waste that contains both hazardous waste and source, special nuclear, or byproduct material subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954."

Mixed waste is much more expensive to manage and dispose of than waste that is solely radioactive. Waste generators can avoid higher charge back costs by eliminating or minimizing the volume of mixed waste generated.

US EPA hazardous waste definition
The EPA defines hazardous waste as the following: A subset of solid wastes that pose substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment and meet any of the following criteria identified 40 CFR 260 and 261:

 * It is specifically listed as a hazardous waste by EPA
 * It exhibits one or more of the characteristics of hazardous waste (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and/or toxicity);
 * It is generated by the treatment of hazardous waste; or is contained in a hazardous waste.

title: Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)


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Alternative List

The Alternative List (AL; Alternative Liste) is a socialist political party in Zürich.

The AL has existed since 1990 as a loose coalition of left-wing activists before becoming a party in 2007, with sections in the city of Zürich and the Limmat Valley. A movement in Winterthur is also associated to the party, and a section in the Horgen District was created in 2013.

The party for a time extended beyond the canton of Zürich, being also active in the cantons of Aargau from 2002 to 2006 and Schaffhausen from 2003 to 2022.

The AL works closely with the Swiss Labour Party, solidaritéS and other leftist parties and organisations. They were involved in the federal party Alternative Left with other left-wing forces from 2010 until its dissolution in 2018.

Representation

 * 6 seats (out of 180) in the Cantonal Council of Zürich
 * 8 seats (out of 125) in the city council of Zürich
 * 2 seats (out of 60) in the city council of Winterthur
 * 1 seat (out of 36) in the city council of Dietikon

Former representation

 * 5 seats (out of 60) in the Cantonal Council of Schaffhausen in 2012
 * 4 seats (ouf of 36) in the city council of Schaffhausen in 2012, 2016, and 2020
 * 1 seat (out of 5, Simon Stocker) in the city government of Schaffhausen in 2012

title: Alternative List


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Solidarity (Switzerland)

Solidarity (solidaritéS) is a socialist and Trotskyist political party, present in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel and Fribourg. The party is a member of the European Anti-Capitalist Left. It was the furthest left party represented in the National Council until losing their only seat in 2023.

History
The party was founded in 1992 in Geneva. In the 1995 federal elections, it received 0.3% of the vote, failing to win a seat. Its vote share increased to 0.5% in the 1999 elections, and a party member running on a list named "Alliance of the Left (Solidarity–Independents)" won a seat in the National Council. The party retained its seat in the 2003 elections, but lost parliamentary representation following the 2007 elections, in which its vote share fell to 0.4%.

The 2011 elections saw the vote share reduced to 0.3%; although its vote share increased to 0.5% in the 2015 elections, the party remained seatless. Running with the Swiss Party of Labour in the 2019 elections, the party once again won a seat in the National Council, with the electoral alliance receiving a vote share of 1.0%.

title: Solidarity (Switzerland)


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Coulterville, California

Coulterville (formerly Maxwell's Creek) is a census-designated place in Mariposa County, California, United States. It is located on Maxwell Creek 20 mi northwest of Mariposa, at an elevation of 1699 ft. Coulterville had a population of 115 at the 2020 census, down from 201 at the 2010 census, when the CDP covered a much greater area. It is a mining town located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The ZIP Code is 95311. The community is inside area code 209.

History
The place was settled in 1850 by George W. Coulter, for whom it is also named. For a time Coulter lived in a tent flying the American flag, prompting local Mexicans to call the place Banderita (Spanish for "small flag"). The Maxwell's Creek post office opened in 1852 and changed its name to Coulterville in 1853. The name "Maxwell" honors George Maxwell, with whom Coulter cast lots to determine the name of the town.

Coulterville is registered as California Historical Landmark #332. A large portion of the downtown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Coulterville Main Street Historic District.

The 1867 Brevet General James F. Rusling inspection report notes that most of the Stockton to Coulterville area was "in almost continuous wheat-fields" May 24–26, 1866.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 0.39 sqmi, down from 3.2 sqmi in 2010.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Coultervillle had a population of 201. The population density was 47.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Coultervillle was 181 (90.0%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 5 (2.5%) Native American, 1 (0.5%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0.0%) from other races, and 14 (7.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20 persons (10.0%).

The Census reported that 201 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 95 households, out of which 19 (20.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 34 (35.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 9 (9.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11 (11.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 8 (8.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (1.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 32 households (33.7%) were made up of individuals, and 11 (11.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12. There were 54 families (56.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.61.

The population was spread out, with 30 people (14.9%) under the age of 18, 15 people (7.5%) aged 18 to 24, 35 people (17.4%) aged 25 to 44, 77 people (38.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 44 people (21.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52.9 years. For every 100 females there were 116.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.8 males.

There were 130 housing units at an average density of 30.8 /sqmi, of which 65 (68.4%) were owner-occupied, and 30 (31.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 11.4%. 134 people (66.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 67 people (33.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Coulterville is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Coulterville is in.

Coulterville, along with its neighboring communities of Greeley Hill and Lake Don Pedro (Mariposa Cnty. portion) comprise County Supervisorial District 3 of the county of Mariposa.

title: Coulterville, California


text: User talk:65.148.148.150

title: User talk:65.148.148.150


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Giza pyramid complex

The Giza pyramid complex (also called the Giza necropolis) in Egypt is home to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, between c. 2600. The site also includes several temples, cemeteries, and the remains of a workers' village.

The site is at the edge of the Western Desert, approximately 9 km west of the Nile River in the city of Giza, and about 13 km southwest of the city centre of Cairo. It forms the northernmost part of the 16,000 ha Pyramid Fields of the Memphis and its Necropolis UNESCO World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1979. The pyramid fields include the Abusir, Saqqara, and Dahshur pyramid complexes, which were all built in the vicinity of Egypt's ancient capital of Memphis. Further Old Kingdom pyramid fields were located at the sites Abu Rawash, Zawyet El Aryan, and Meidum.

The Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are the largest pyramids built in ancient Egypt, and they have historically been common as emblems of Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination. They were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the Ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.

Maadi settlements
The earliest settlement of the Giza plateau predates the pyramid complexes. Four jars from the Maadi culture were found at the foot of the Great Pyramid, likely from a disturbed earlier settlement. Further Maadi settlement near the site was uncovered during work on the Greater Cairo Wastewater Project. Recent reassessment of the radiocarbon dating puts the Maadi culture's eponymous settlement to c. 3800, which is also the likely maximum possible range for the Giza remains.

Pyramids and Sphinx
The Giza pyramid complex consists of the Great Pyramid (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu and constructed c. 2580), the slightly smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinos) a few hundred metres farther south-west. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex. Consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways, and temples. Besides the archaeological structures, the ancient landscape has also been investigated.

Khufu's complex
Khufu's pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; diabase paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway that was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu, which was connected to the pyramid. Of this temple, the basalt pavement is the only thing that remains. The king's pyramid has three smaller queen's pyramids associated with it and three boat pits. The boat pits contained a ship, and the two pits on the south side of the pyramid contained intact ships when excavated. One of these ships, the Khufu ship, has been restored and was originally displayed at the Giza Solar boat museum, then subsequently moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum.

Khufu's pyramid still has a limited number of casing stones at its base. These casing stones were made of fine white limestone quarried at Tura.

Khafre's complex
Khafre's pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, the Sphinx temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple yielded several statues of Khafre. Several were found in a well in the floor of the temple by Mariette in 1860. Others were found during successive excavations by Sieglin (1909–1910), Junker, Reisner, and Hassan. Khafre's complex contained five boat-pits and a subsidiary pyramid with a serdab.

Khafre's pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. Khafre's pyramid retains a prominent display of casing stones at its apex.

Menkaure's complex
Menkaure's pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple once contained several statues of Menkaure. During the 5th Dynasty, a smaller ante-temple was added on to the valley temple. The mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king's pyramid, completed c. 2510 BC, has three subsidiary or queen's pyramids. Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished limestone casing.

Sphinx

The Sphinx dates from the reign of king Khafre. During the New Kingdom, Amenhotep II dedicated a new temple to Hauron-Haremakhet and this structure was added onto by later rulers.

Tomb of Queen Khentkaus I
Khentkaus I was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the Central Field, near the valley temple of Menkaure. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple, and a pyramid town.

Construction
Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. Disagreements arise over the feasibility of the different proposed methods by which the stones were conveyed and placed.

In building the pyramids, the architects might have developed their techniques over time. They would select a site on a relatively flat area of bedrock—not sand—which provided a stable foundation. After carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones, they constructed the pyramids in horizontal levels, one on top of the other.

For the Great Pyramid, most of the stone for the interior seems to have been quarried immediately to the south of the construction site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of white limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo.

To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded over time.

New insights into the closing stages of the Great Pyramid building were provided by the recent find of Wadi el-Jarf papyri, especially the diary of inspector Merer, whose team was assigned to deliver the white limestone from Tura quarries to Giza. The journal was already published, as well as a popular account of the importance of this discovery.

Purpose
The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased pharaohs who ruled Ancient Egypt. A portion of the pharaoh's spirit called his ka was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the "former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead". It is theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the afterlife. The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the king was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife.

Astronomy
The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to the cardinal directions within a small fraction of a degree. According to the disputed Orion correlation theory, the arrangement of the pyramids is a representation of the constellation Orion.

Workers' village
The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project. Along with the methods used to construct the pyramids, there is also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that "the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time." Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid.

The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is located to the southeast of the Khafre and Menkaure complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were dietary staples), a copper workshop, a hospital, and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma associated with accidents on a building site). The metal processed at the site was the so-called arsenical copper. The same material was also identified among the copper artefacts from the "Kromer" site, from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre.

The workers' town appears to date from the middle 4th Dynasty (2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team:

 * The development of this urban complex must have been rapid. All of the construction probably happened in the 35 to 50 years that spanned the reigns of Khafre and Menkaure, builders of the Second and Third Giza Pyramids.

Using pottery shards, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to date the site, the team further concludes:

 * The picture that emerges is that of a planned settlement, some of the world's earliest urban planning, securely dated to the reigns of two Giza pyramid builders: Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).

Radiocarbon data for the Old Kingdom Giza plateau and the workers' settlement were published in 2006, and then re-evaluated in 2011.

Cemeteries
As the pyramids were constructed, the mastabas for lesser royals were constructed around them. Near the pyramid of Khufu, the main cemetery is G 7000, which lies in the East Field located to the east of the main pyramid and next to the Queen's pyramids. These cemeteries around the pyramids were arranged along streets and avenues. Cemetery G 7000 was one of the earliest and contained tombs of wives, sons, and daughters of these 4th Dynasty rulers. On the other side of the pyramid in the West Field, the royals' sons Wepemnofret and Hemiunu were buried in Cemetery G 1200 and Cemetery G 4000, respectively. These cemeteries were further expanded during the 5th and 6th Dynasties.

West Field
The West Field is located to the west of Khufu's pyramid. It is divided into smaller areas such as the cemeteries referred to as the Abu Bakr Excavations (1949–1950, 1950–1951, 1952, and 1953), and several cemeteries named based on the mastaba numbers such as Cemetery G 1000, Cemetery G 1100, etc. The West Field contains Cemetery G1000 – Cemetery G1600, and Cemetery G 1900. Further cemeteries in this field are: Cemeteries G 2000, G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators: Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East, and Steindorff Cemetery.

East Field
The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu. The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty.

Cemetery GIS
This cemetery dates from the time of Menkaure (Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as the 6th Dynasty. Tombs from the time of Menkaure include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef (master of the royal largesse), and an official named Niankhre.

Central Field
The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the 4th Dynasty to the 5th Dynasty or even later.

Tombs dating from the Saite and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was the wife of Pharaoh Amasis II.

South Field
The South Field includes mastabas dating from the 1st Dynasty to 3rd Dynasty as well as later burials. Of the more significant of these early dynastic tombs are one referred to as "Covington's tomb", otherwise known as Mastaba T, and the large Mastaba V which contained artifacts naming the 1st Dynasty pharaoh Djet. Other tombs date from the late Old Kingdom (5th and 6th Dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the Saite period and later.

Tombs of the pyramid builders
In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids, with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in mudbrick tombs with beer and bread to support them in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers, and carpenters were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill.

Shafts
There are multiple burial-shafts and various unfinished shafts and tunnels located in the Giza complex that were discovered and mentioned prominently by Selim Hassan in his report Excavations at Giza 1933–1934. He states: "Very few of the Saitic [referring to the Saite Period] shafts have been thoroughly examined, for the reason that most of them are flooded."

Osiris Shaft
The Osiris Shaft is a narrow burial-shaft leading to three levels for a tomb and below it a flooded area. It was first mentioned by Hassan, and a thorough excavation was conducted by a team led by Hawass in 1999. It was opened to tourists in November 2017.

New Kingdom and Late Period
During the New Kingdom Giza was still an active site. A brick-built chapel was constructed near the Sphinx during the early 18th Dynasty, probably by King Thutmose I. Amenhotep II built a temple dedicated to Hauron-Haremakhet near the Sphinx. As a prince, the future pharaoh Thutmose IV visited the pyramids and the Sphinx; he reported being told in a dream that if he cleared the sand that had built up around the Sphinx, he would be rewarded with kingship. This event is recorded in the Dream Stele, which he had installed between the Sphinx's front legs.

During the early years of his reign, Thutmose IV, together with his wife Queen Nefertari, had stelae erected at Giza.

Pharaoh Tutankhamun had a structure built, which is now referred to as the king's resthouse.

During the 19th Dynasty, Seti I added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son Ramesses II erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun.

During the 21st Dynasty, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the 26th Dynasty, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen Henutsen.

Division of the 1903–1905 excavation of the Giza Necropolis
In 1903, rights to excavate the West Field and Pyramids of the Giza Necropolis were divided by three institutions from Italy, Germany, and the United States of America.

Background
Prior to the division of the Giza Plateau into three institutional concessions in 1903, amateur and private excavations at the Giza Necropolis had been permitted to operate. The work of these amateur archaeologists failed to meet high scientific standards. Montague Ballard, for instance, excavated in the Western Cemetery (with the hesitant permission of the Egyptian Antiquities Service) and neither kept records of his finds nor published them.

Italian, German, and American Concessions at Giza
In 1902, the Egyptian Antiquities Service under Gaston Maspero resolved to issue permits exclusively to authorized individuals representing public institutions. In November of that year, the Service awarded three scholars with concessions on the Giza Necropolis. They were the Italian Ernesto Schiaparelli from the Turin Museum, the German Georg Steindorff from the University of Leipzig who had funding from Wilhelm Pelizaeus, and the American George Reisner from the Hearst Expedition. Within a matter of months, the site had been divided between the concessionaires following a meeting at the Mena House Hotel involving Schiaparelli, Ludwig Borchardt (Steindorff's representative in Egypt), and Reisner.

Division of the West Field
By the turn of the 20th century, the three largest pyramids on the Giza plateau were considered mostly exhausted by previous excavations, so the Western Cemetery and its collection of private mastaba tombs were thought to represent the richest unexcavated part of the plateau. George Reisner's wife, Mary, drew names from a hat to assign three long east-west plots of the necropolis among the Italian, German, and American missions. Schiaparelli was assigned the southernmost strip, Borchardt the center, and Reisner the northernmost.

Division of the Pyramids
Rights to excavate the Pyramids were then also negotiated between Schiaparelli, Borchardt, and Reisner. Schiaparelli gained rights to excavate the Great Pyramid of Khufu along with its three associated queens' pyramids and most of its Eastern Cemetery. Borchardt received Khafre's pyramid, its causeway, the Sphinx, and the Sphinx's associated temples. Reisner claimed Menkaure's pyramid as well as its associated queens' pyramids and pyramid temple, along with a portion of Schiaparelli's Eastern Cemetery. Any future disputes were to be resolved by Inspector James Quibell, as per a letter from Borchardt to Maspero.

Immediate Aftermath
This arrangement lasted until 1905, when, under the supervision of Schiaparelli and Francesco Ballerini, the Italian excavations ceased at Giza. As the Italians were more interested in sites which might yield more papyri, they turned their concession of the southern strip of the Western Cemetery over to the Americans under Reisner.

Modern usage
In 1978, the Grateful Dead played a series of concerts later released as Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978. In 2007, Colombian singer Shakira performed at the complex to a crowd of approximately 100,000 people. The complex was used for the final draw of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2021 World Men's Handball Championship.

Egypt's Minister of Tourism unveiled plans for a 17000000 EUR revamp of the complex by the end of 2021, in order to boost tourism in Egypt as well as make the site more accessible and tourist-friendly. According to Lonely Planet, the refurbishment includes a new visitors' centre, an environmentally-friendly electric bus, a restaurant (the 9 Pyramids Lounge), as well as a cinema, public toilets, site-wide signage, food trucks, photo booths, and free Wi-Fi. The new facility is part of a wider plan to renovate the 4,500 year old site.

title: Giza pyramid complex


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aryeh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:19, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Aryeh
Hebrew dicdef. Delete. Mustafaa 19:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. Thue | talk 20:19, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aryeh


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Alert Airport

Alert Airport is located at Alert, Nunavut, Canada, approximately 830 km south of the true North Pole. It is operated by the Canadian Department of National Defence and is part of Canadian Forces Station Alert. A weather station was established on the site in 1950, and in 1957 construction began on the military facilities which are still in use to this day. It is the northernmost airport in the world, although not used by public scheduled flights.

Facilities
Radar and navigation equipment are trailer units that can be moved around the airport. The airport's fire and rescue operations are supported by a 2012 KME/Fort Garry Fire Truck ARFF. Two bulldozers are used to grade the runway when needed.

Incidents
There have been two crashes involving fatalities at the airfield since it was established.

 * July 31, 1950 – Royal Canadian Air Force Avro Lancaster AG-965 on a re-supply flight crashed, killing all 9 on board (crew members and passengers).
 * October 30, 1991 – "Boxtop 22", a Lockheed C-130 Hercules from CFB Trenton on re-supply mission crashed, killing 5 on board.

title: Alert Airport


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Arviat Airport

Arviat Airport is located at Arviat, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut. Local taxis provide service between the hamlet and the airport for $7.

title: Arviat Airport


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Baker Lake Airport

Baker Lake Airport is located 3 NM southwest of Baker Lake, Nunavut, Canada. It is operated by the government of Nunavut. It has a single gravel runway 4195 x.

Airlines and destinations
Ookpik Aviation operates charter flights.

title: Baker Lake Airport


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User:Dosai/temp

History
Main article: History of Africa

Africa is home to the oldest inhabited territory on earth, with the human race originating from this continent. The Ishango Bone, dated 25,000 years ago, shows tallies in mathematical notation.

Throughout humanity's prehistory, Africa (and all other continents) had no nation states, and were instead inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers. Later, agriculture was used in Egypt along the Nile river. Egypt was one of the earliest nation states ever formed. Other civilizations emerged in Ethiopia, in Nubia (Kush), in the Sahel (Sahelian kingdoms, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire). In the search for the kingdom of Prester John, 14th century European explorers arrived in Africa.

In the millennia before the nineteenth century, indentured servants and slaves could be had for capture by bargaining with local warlords or tribal leaders. This practice was spread across continents. Arabians and Europeans were able to capture millions of Africans, and export them for labour around the world in what became known as the global slave trade, which ceased by law by the nineteenth century in most European countries.

But at the same time that serfdom was ending in Europe, in the early 19th century the European imperial powers staged a massive "scramble for Africa" and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial nation states, leaving only two independent nations (Liberia and Ethiopia). This occupation continued until the conclusion of the Second World War, after which all colonial nation states gradually obtained formal independence.

Today, Africa is home to over 50 independent countries, many of which still have borders drawn during the era of European colonialism.

thoughts
More Pre-European links Start European arrival as new paragraph

title: User:Dosai/temp


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Cambridge Bay Airport

Cambridge Bay Airport is located 1.6 NM southwest of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

History
In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $18 million to pave the runway.

On 14 May 2008 a press release from the then Premier of Nunavut, Paul Okalik, and Member of the Legislative Assembly, Keith Peterson, indicated that over the next three years the runway would be widened and lengthened.

On 6 May 2023, Canadian North operated its last flight into Cambridge Bay Airport with a Boeing 737-200 jet, a combi aircraft equipped for gravel runway operations, as this specific jetliner type was then retired from its fleet with the airline continuing to serve the airport, as of 2023, with ATR 42 turboprop aircraft.

Historical airline jet service
Besides Canadian North, several other airlines operated Boeing 737 jet service, all the 200 series, into the Cambridge Bay Airport in the past. Airlines include Pacific Western Airlines, Northwest Territorial Airways (also known as NWT Air), codesharing with Air Canada, and First Air, purchaser of NWT Air and also codesharing Air Canada.

Accidents

 * On 13 December 2008, a Dornier 228 C-FYEV with 14 people on board operated by Summit Air Charters, was on approach at Cambridge Bay after a flight from Resolute Bay Airport when the aircraft collided with terrain about 1.5 NM short of runway 31. One flight crew member and one passenger received minor injuries.

title: Cambridge Bay Airport


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Cape Dorset Airport

Cape Dorset Airport is located at Kinngait (formerly Cape Dorset), Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut.

Turbo-prop aircraft are used and handled at this airport due to the runway surface and length.

title: Cape Dorset Airport


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Clyde River Airport

Clyde River Airport is located 2.2 NM northeast of Clyde River, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

title: Clyde River Airport


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Coral Harbour Airport

Coral Harbour Airport is located 6 NM northwest of Coral Harbour, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.It has a GRVL runway 5006 x 100 feet.

title: Coral Harbour Airport


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Eureka Aerodrome

Eureka Aerodrome is located at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by Environment Canada.

title: Eureka Aerodrome


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Gjoa Haven Airport

Gjoa Haven Airport is located 1.5 NM northeast of Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

The airport terminal is a single storey building and located next to several trailers. The runway and taxiways are packed gravel or dirt. The runway is not marked and, other than a non-directional beacon (NDB), lacks navigation aids.

title: Gjoa Haven Airport


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Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association

The Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association (ASJA) is the largest and most influential Muslim organisation of Trinidad and Tobago. More than 80% of the Trinidadian Muslim belongs to Anjuman Sunnatul jamaat association. It operates 53 mosques, 7 Primary School and 6 secondary schools. The members of this organization are Sunni Hanafi Muslim.

title: Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association


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Hall Beach Airport

Hall Beach Airport is located at Sanirajak, formerly Hall Beach, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

Airlines and destinations
Canadian Helicopters operates flights as part of the North Warning System.

title: Hall Beach Airport


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Messner

Messner is a surname. It is an occupational name of Austro-Bavarian origin, in which dialect it means sacristan/sexton.

People with the name Messner include:

 * Carrie Messner (born 1977), American long-distance runner
 * Franz Josef Messner (1896–1945), Austrian resistance leader
 * Fritz Messner (1912–1945), German field hockey player
 * Günther Messner (1946–1970), Italian mountaineer
 * Heinrich Messner (1939–2023), Austrian alpine skier and Olympic medalist
 * Johannes Messner (1891–1984), Austrian economist
 * Johnny Messner (1909–1986), American big/swing bandleader
 * Johnny Messner (born 1970), American actor
 * Joseph Messner (1893–1969), Austrian composer
 * Karl Messner (born 1970), American musician
 * Mark Messner (born 1965), American football player
 * Marland Messner (1934–1993), American actor and writer of soap operas
 * Michael Messner (born 1952), American sociologist
 * Mirko Messner (born 1948), Austrian Slavist
 * Pat Messner (born 1954), Canadian water skier
 * Reinhold Messner (born 1944), Italian mountaineer
 * Roe Messner (born 1935), American building contractor
 * Tammy Faye Messner (1942–2007), American evangelist
 * Tony Messner (born 1939), Australian politician
 * Willi Messner (born 1940), German swimmer
 * Wolfgang Messner (born 1971), German Professor of International Management
 * Zbigniew Messner (1929–2014), Polish economist and politician
 * William Messner-Loebs (born 1949), American comic book writer

title: Messner


text: User talk:81.76.94.70

title: User talk:81.76.94.70


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The Cookout

The Cookout is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Lance Rivera, written by Queen Latifah, Shakim Compere and Mikey Martin. The film introduces Quran Pender (credited as "Storm P") as Todd Anderson and stars Ja Rule, Tim Meadows, Jenifer Lewis, Meagan Good, Jonathan Silverman, Farrah Fawcett, Frankie Faison, Eve, Danny Glover, and a special appearance by Latifah. It tells the story of a basketball player who has joined the New Jersey Nets which his parents celebrate with a family cookout at his new home while a former classmate comes up with a devious plot.

This was the last film for both Carl Wright and Farrah Fawcett before their respective deaths in 2007 and 2009. The film was met with mixed reviews.

In 2011, there was a sequel called The Cookout 2.

Plot
Todd Andersen (Quran Pender) has just signed a 5-year/$30 million contract with his hometown basketball team the New Jersey Nets. He purchases many new luxuries for himself and his family including a new house in a well-established, high-class neighborhood called Garden Ridges Estates for him and his gold-digging girlfriend Brittany (Meagan Good).

Keeping with family tradition, Todd and his parents Em and JoJo (Jenifer Lewis and Frankie Faison) decide to host a regular family cookout in his new place. He does not plan for it to clash with an important business meeting for an endorsement deal which his sports agent Wes (Jonathan Silverman) arranges with Stone Mountain Phones representative Miss Peters (Marci Reed).

The meeting is scheduled to take place in the morning while the guests are to arrive in the afternoon. One by one, members of Todd's eccentric family like stoner cousins Willie and Nelson (Jerod Mixon and Jamal Mixon), country cousins Jerome and Jasper (Shawn Andrew and Godfrey), wannabe lawyer Uncle Leroy (Tim Meadows), Todd's grandfather (Carl Wright), cousin Little Dee (Denee Busby) and her kids, and Em's sister Nettie (Rita Owens) alongside her husband Frank (Reg E. Cathey) and pre-med intellectual son Jamal (Kevin Phillps) begin to arrive before the afternoon disrupting his business interview. As Em keeps Brittany busy with a ham-related errand, neighbors Judge Crowley (Danny Glover) and his wife Eileen (Farrah Fawcett) are drawn to the cookout.

Meanwhile, local hood Bling Bling (Ja Rule) is jealous that his former classmate Todd has made it with his basketball contract, especially after being insulted and embarrassed in front of the neighborhood when Todd gave him a nod earlier when out with Jamal. He and his friend Wheezer (Ruperto Vanderpool) plan to get many pairs of sneakers signed by the upcoming star to sell on eBay and become rich. Whilst on their way to Todd's new house, they crash their car due to Wheezer, hitch a ride with a manure salesman (Vincent Pastore), and then try to steal a new Mercedes from a market parking lot, not realizing the car belongs to Brittany. After finding out, they hold her at gunpoint and force her to drive them to Todd's house.

As time goes on, Todd starts to become mainly concerned about his image as his family's antics begin making a poor impression on his neighbors, especially after Garden Ridges' security guard Mildred Smith (Queen Latifah) visits with a list of both their complaints and rules violations committed by his family. Eventually, Todd snaps and yells at everyone to leave.

Soon after, Todd's childhood friend Becky (Eve) arrives. Nettie talks to Em about their rivalry and Jamal not having plans to do basketball like Todd. Em encourages Nettie to be proud of Jamal's accomplishments in life no matter what they are. After a talk with Becky, Todd apologizes to his mother for losing his temper. She forgives him after settling her differences with Nettie and the departure of the non-relatives.

When Bling Bling and Wheezer invade the cookout to get Todd's autograph on the sneakers, the ensuing chaos makes Todd realize how much he needs his family. Bling Bling and Wheezer are defeated by Mildred, Jerome, and Jasper and are arrested by the police.

Todd then breaks up with Brittany after realizing her gold-digging ways and inability to connect with him and his family and starts dating Becky as DJ Enuff performs at the party. Todd is then shocked when Miss Peters, impressed by his family's unconditional love for him and each other, accepts him for the sponsorship deal as she makes out with Wes.

A postscript reveals that Todd scored 26 points in his debut in the New Jersey Mets and he and his fiancé Becky use the car bed he originally slept in during his childhood. Jamal completed med school and broke up with Brittany three times. Little Dee finally got a father figure for her kids and moved in next to Todd. Leroy failed his bar exam for the 16th time and his golf ball conspiracy book White Balls & White Devils was a New Jersey bestseller. Mildred left Garden Ridges and became a cop who gained a record of different tickets written out with the Andersons throwing a cookout in her honor.

Cast

 * Quran "Storm P" Pender as Todd Andersen, a basketball player who joins the New Jersey Nets.
 * Otis Best as Young Todd
 * Ja Rule as Percival "Bling Bling" Ashmokeem, a rival of Todd who used to pick on him when he was a child. When his last name is mispronounced as "Assmackey", Bling Bling corrects it by stating that it's a West African pronunciation.
 * Ali Wright as Young Bling Bling
 * Tim Meadows as Leroy, the uncle of Todd and a wannabe lawyer who has failed his bar exam 15 times.
 * Jenifer Lewis as Emma "Lady Em" Andersen, the mother of Todd.
 * Meagan Good as Brittany, the gold-digging girlfriend of Todd who Lady Em disapproves of.
 * Jonathan Silverman as Wes Riley, Todd's sports agent.
 * Farrah Fawcett as Eileen Crowley, an inhabitant of Garden Ridges Estates and the neighbor of Todd.
 * Frankie Faison as JoJo Andersen, the father of Todd.
 * Eve as Becky Cruz, a childhood friend of Todd.
 * Channelle Nazaire as Young Becky
 * Danny Glover as Halstead Crowley, a judge who is the husband of Mrs. Crowley.
 * Queen Latifah as Mildred Smith, a security guard at Garden Ridges Estates. Her name wasn't revealed until the postscript.
 * Ruperto Vanderpool as Wheezer, the clumsy friend of Bling Bling who used to pick on Todd when he was a child.
 * Rodney Henry as Young Wheezer
 * Vincent Pastore as Poo Salesman, a man who collects and sells horse manure.
 * Roberto Roman as Danny
 * Carl Wright as Grandpa, the unnamed grandfather of Todd who is often seen with a wooden baseball bat.
 * Reg E. Cathey as Frank Washington, the uncle of Todd.
 * Rita Owens as Nettie Washington, the aunt of Todd and sister of Lady Em.
 * Kevin Phillips as Jamal Washington, the son of Frank and Nettie and cousin of Todd who wants to become a doctor instead of a basketball player like Nettie wanted.
 * Gerry Bamman as Jeeves, a butler who Todd gets for his parents.
 * Marci Reed as Miss Peters, the representative of Stone Mountain Phones.
 * Denee Busby as Little Dee, the cousin of Todd who is looking for a father figure for her kids and also disapproves of Brittany.
 * Divine Compere as D.J., the daughter of Little Dee.
 * Hasani Houston as Sonny Ray, the son of Little Dee through a man named Marquis Fontaineau.
 * Julian Douglas and Mehki Clayton-Smith as Little Ray, the two-year-old son of Little Dee.
 * Jerod Mixon as Willie, the pot-smoking cousin of Todd.
 * Jamal Mixon as Nelson, the pot-smoking brother of Willie and the cousin of Todd.
 * Thomas Jane O'Leary as A.C. Charles, a Sports Time reporter who interviews Todd, Lady Em, and JoJo.
 * Wendy Williams as Piers Gabriel, a Sports Time reporter who interviews Todd, Lady Em, and JoJo.
 * Shawn Andrew as Jerome, the country cousin of Todd.
 * Godfrey as Jasper, the country cousin of Todd.
 * Lance Spellerberg as Sven, a master chef from Prague who is hired by Brittany to cook brunch for Miss Peters.
 * Jesse May as Olivier, the assistant of Sven.
 * Peggy Cosgrove as Mrs. Atwater
 * Walter Simpson III as A.J.
 * Wilhelm Lewis as Wayne
 * Antonio Walker as Young Thug
 * Deep Katdare as a clerk who Bling Bling and Wheezy rob.
 * William Stone Mahoney as Commissioner
 * Sandra Mills Scott as Nurse
 * Roxy Noffz as Cookie Girl, a girl scout who is denied entry by the security guard who does buy the cookies from her.
 * Marc Plastrik as the unnamed chief of police who compliments Mildred's heroic actions.
 * Alex Avant as an unnamed police officer who assists in the arrest of Bling Bling and Wheezy.
 * DJ Enuff as himself, he performs at the cookout.
 * Marv Albert as himself, he commentates on the draft picks that Todd is a part of.
 * Elton Brand as himself
 * Mark Cuban as himself, he appears during the draft picks that Todd is a part of.
 * Baron Davis as himself, he appears during the draft picks that Todd is a part of.

Box office
The film opened on 1,303 screens, and opened at #8 in the box office with a gross of $5.1 million. After seven weeks, it ended with a domestic gross of $11.8 million and made $195,051 from foreign countries, for a worldwide total of $12 million against a budget of $16 million, becoming a box-office bomb.

Reception
The film was panned by critics upon release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 5%, based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Good-natured but prepared with an absence of craft, The Cookout is an unappetizing collection of warmed-over jokes." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 15 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".

Sequel
On September 3, 2011, a sequel, The Cookout 2 premiered on BET. Quran Pender, Ja Rule, Frankie Faison, Rita Owens, and Denee Busby were the only cast members to reprise their roles. Despite the title, the plot itself is not about a cookout at all with the cookout occurring earlier in the film. Talk show host Wendy Williams had a brief cameo as reporter Piers Gabriel in the original. In the sequel, she makes a special guest appearance as herself hearing about Todd's experiences in the film on her talk show. Charlie Murphy co-stars in the film as Coach Ashmokeem, the brother of Bling Bling (Rule). The rest of the principal cast consists of Freez Luv, Faizon Love, Big Boi, Jalen Rose, Michael K. Williams, Fat Joe, Jay Pharoah, Vivica A. Fox, and Mike Tyson.

title: The Cookout


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Air Scandic

Air Scandic was an airline from Jersey, Channel Islands, operating charter flights for various UK tour operators, most of which operated out of Manchester Airport.

Fleet
Over the years, Air Scandic operated the following aircraft types:

title: Air Scandic