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The Eternal Jew (film)

The Eternal Jew is a 1940 antisemitic Nazi propaganda film, presented as a documentary. The film's initial German title was Der ewige Jude, the German term for the character of the "Wandering Jew" in medieval folklore. The film was directed by Fritz Hippler at the insistence of Nazi Germany's Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels.

With a screenplay credited to Eberhard Taubert and narrated by Harry Giese, the film consists of feature and documentary footage combined with materials filmed shortly after the Nazi occupation of Poland. At this time, Poland's Jewish population was about three million, roughly ten percent of the total population.

Background

Hitler and Goebbels believed that film was a vital tool for molding public opinion. The Nazis first established a film department in 1930 and Goebbels had taken a personal interest in the use of film to promote the Nazi philosophy and agenda. Soon after the Nazi takeover, Goebbels insisted in speeches that the role of the German cinema was to serve as the "vanguard of the Nazi military".

The Goebbels film appears to have been intended as a virulently antisemitic version of the British film The Wandering Jew, which argued that Jews were victims of relentless persecution throughout history. Saul Friedländer suggests that Goebbels' intent was to counter three films: Jew Süss, The House of Rothschild, and The Wandering Jew. These three films, all released in 1933–34, showed that Jews were persecuted throughout history; the Goebbels films presented the opposite message.

In 1937, a special wing of the Propaganda Ministry put on an art exhibition in Munich titled Der ewige Jude. It followed this up with the publication of a book of the same title, consisting of 265 photographs, each with a derogatory caption asserting the degeneracy of the Jewish race.

In November 1938, Goebbels made a series of attacks against the Jews in the German media that were a factor leading to the pogrom known as Kristallnacht. Despite the emotional satisfaction afforded the Nazis by carrying out their antisemitism with direct violence, Kristallnacht was considered by Hitler to have been a political disaster both within Germany and internationally. Not only did the brutality indirectly caused by Goebbels evoke harsh criticism internationally, the mixed reaction in the German media showed a lack of broad-based support among Germans for antisemitic violence.

Hitler expressed his frustration and anger at the mixed response from the German media and insisted that, instead of openly calling for violence against the Jews as Goebbels had in instigating the pogrom, Nazi propaganda should "elucidate events of foreign policy" in such a way that the German people themselves would call for violence against the Jews.

In response to Hitler's harsh reprimand, Goebbels launched a campaign to promote the antisemitic views of the Nazis to the German populace. He ordered each film studio to make an antisemitic film. In the case of The Eternal Jew, Goebbels conceived of a film that would communicate to the German people the same antisemitic message that had been the theme of the 1937 Munich exhibition. Hitler preferred films such as The Eternal Jew which presented the Nazi antisemitic agenda openly and directly; however Goebbels disliked the crudeness of such straightforward approaches, preferring the much more subtle approach of couching antisemitic messages in an engaging story with popular appeal. The film Jud Süß is an example of Goebbels' preferred approach.

Production
Although Goebbels did not generally take an active role in the production of particular films, he elected to do so in the case of major propaganda films such as The Eternal Jew. The film was in production for over a year. Throughout the end of 1939 and the beginning of 1940, Goebbels devoted "constant attention" to the production of what he referred to as "the Jew film". As early as 1938, Goebbels had wanted to have a film crew travel to Poland to shoot the ghetto scenes; however, he was unable to gain permission from the Polish government. In October and November 1939, almost immediately after the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, he instructed Hippler to send camera crews to Łódź, Warsaw, Kraków and Lublin to shoot footage of Polish Jews.

The footage that Hippler shot in the Jewish ghettos of those cities in German-occupied Poland was the only footage shot specifically for the purpose of the film. At the beginning of the film, animated text informs the audience that this "documentary footage" shows Jews in their original state "before they put on the mask of civilized Europeans." In the Nazi press, Hippler expanded on this claim, asserting that his filming techniques captured Jews "in an unprejudiced manner, real to life as they live and as they react in their own surroundings."

Although Hippler advertised the film as being a factual documentary consisting of pictures of real Jews with nothing faked or simulated, his claims were complete falsehoods. In reality, the film was an exercise in manipulation for the purposes of propaganda. In shooting his footage, Hippler did in fact simulate scenes and use actors who were performing under duress and without knowledge of how the footage would be employed. For example, in order to get shots of Jewish worship services, Hippler and Goebbels assembled the congregation of the Vilker synagogue and ordered them to wear the tallithim and tefillin and to hold a full-scale service. When the Germans ordered the Torah reader to read from the Torah, he started by saying on camera "Today is Tuesday" signalling that his reading of the Torah was coerced since it was not customary to read the Torah on Tuesdays.

Aside from the footage shot in Poland, the rest of the film consisted of stills and archival footage from feature films (such as 1931's M and 1934's The House of Rothschild, the latter being a Hollywood production) often without permission, that the film presented as if they were documentary footage.

Format and structure
The movie was produced in a documentary format and, like other Hippler films, relied heavily on narration.

The film can be roughly divided into four thematic areas:
 * Recordings from Polish ghettos
 * Enumeration and evaluation of numerous political, cultural and social values in the international arena of Jewish origin
 * Jewish religious ceremonies, religious instruction, worship, ritual slaughter
 * Adolf Hitler's Reichstag speech, parading SA troops

Themes
Richard Barsam writes the film's "essential contrast is between myths and stereotypes of Jews and the Nazi ideal of a 'master race,' between the alleged inferiority of the Jews and the superiority of the Germans." According to Stephen Fritz, Goebbels' intent was to create a film that would serve as "both a demonstration of the parasitical nature of the Jews and a justification for drastic measures against them." Maria Tatar writes that the Nazis were able to use Hippler's film to "position the victims of their genocidal project as dangerous aggressors who had to be exterminated." Similarly, Barsam describes the film as arguing that "Jews are criminals;... they have no soul;... they are different in every way;... killing them is not a crime, but a necessity—just as killing rats is a necessity to preserve health and cleanliness."

Unser Wille und Weg (Our Will and Way), a Nazi Party monthly publication aimed at propagandists, provides a rationale for why The Eternal Jew was made. The author of the essay "The Film of a 2000-Year Rat Migration," who remains anonymous, believes the film shows "a full picture of Jewry" and provides "the best treatment of this parasitic race." The author connects the Jews' migration from the Middle East to Egypt and their following of German colonists to rats traveling as a group, who "even then displayed the same criminal traits that they still displayed". The film is complimented for "its portrayal of the Jews' vulgar methods and the brutality and all-devouring hatred they exhibit when they reach their goal and control finance." The slaughtering method causes the author to question the "so-called Jewish religion", as grinning butchers do their work. In closing, the author states the film will be a valuable tool in the struggle to break the Jews' "power over us. We are the initiators of the fight against world Jewry, which now directs its hate, its brutal greed and destructive will toward us. We must win this battle for ourselves, for Europe, for the world."

Jews as an uncivilized and parasitic people

Richard Taylor describes the basic tenet of the film as arguing that "the Jew is an oriental barbarian who has insinuated himself cleverly into European society, and now exploits it parasitically." This point is emphasized throughout the film, starting from the very opening lines of the film's commentary:

The "civilized" Jews that we know in Germany give us only an incomplete picture of their racial character. This film shows genuine shots of the Polish ghettos. It shows the Jews as they really are, before they conceal themselves behind the mask of the civilized European.

Following this commentary, the film provides a succession of scenes in which Jews are portrayed as an uncivilized, parasitic people with low social standing. The images were mostly shot on site in the Warsaw Ghetto and other Polish ghettos, showing subjects who were deliberately chosen to be poorly dressed and dirty and who had partially toothless grins. The locations shown are dirty and infested by vermin. Robert Reimer asserts that a central theme of the film is the assertion that "Jews have always lived in the ghettos and in fact they choose to live this way." According to Reimer, the film asserts that ghettos are "ordinary [and] normal" aspects of Jewish life. Reimer charges that what the film is actually showing is not the normal life of Polish Jewry but rather the "effect of the Nazi administration and the disruption of the lives of millions of Polish Jews." Erik Barnouw describes the Warsaw Ghetto after the Nazi conquest as a place where "hundreds of thousands of Jews were herded by the Nazi conquerors into pockets of indescribable misery." He describes footage shot there as showing "half-starved, unshaven creatures caught in pathetic acts of barter – a pair of socks for a scrap of food." It is scenes such as these that the film presents as showing Jews "in their natural state."

The film utilizes a montage that juxtaposes these images of ghetto Jews with images of rats to draw an analogy between the migration of Jews from Eastern Europe and the migration of rats. For example, one of the shots shows a pack of rats emerging from a sewer, followed by a shot of a crowd of Jews in a bustling street of the Łódź Ghetto. Close-ups of those in the crowd reveal sickly, malformed facial features. The narrator states that, as rats are the vermin of the animal kingdom, Jews are the vermin of the human race and similarly spread disease and corruption. Unlike rats, however, the narrator continues, Jews have the uncanny ability to change their appearance and blend into their "human hosts." A scene depicts four bearded men in traditional religious Jewish clothing, then shows them shaved and in modern business suits, while the narrator explains that only a "trained eye" can distinguish their Jewish features.

"Where rats appear, they bring ruin by destroying mankind's goods and foodstuffs. In this way, they spread disease, plague, leprosy, typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and so on. They are cunning, cowardly and cruel and are found mostly in large packs. Among the animals, they represent the rudiment of an insidious, underground destruction – just like the Jews among human beings."

The film also claims that:

"[Jewish people] need other people because they need the goods with which to carry on business. The things that are valued by the creative Aryan peoples have been reduced by the Jew to the level of a mere piece of merchandise, which he buys and sells but cannot produce himself. He leaves production to the labourers and peasants of the people upon whom he has imposed his presence. The Jews are a race without farmers and without manual labourers, a race of parasites."

According to Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany: "By showing the way in which Jews allegedly insinuate themselves from small-scale to large-scale operations by preying on others, the film returns to its original image of the Jew concealing himself 'behind the mask of the civilised European'. [...] According to the film, the Jew presents an insidious, because concealed, threat, and one that is growing and must be brought under control. The message of this part of the commentary is that Jews will always be Jews, and that the 'civilised European' Jew is only a guise for a new and more dangerous forms of parasitic exploitation."

Changing outward appearances
The film also claims that the Jewish people ... "...change their outward appearances when they leave their Polish nests and go out into the rich world. [...] When he appears without them, then it is only the keen-eyed amongst us who recognise his racial origins. [...] It is true that their fathers and grandfathers still lived in ghettoes, but there is no trace left now in their external appearance. Here in the second and third generation, the Aryanisation has reached its zenith. [...] And people lacking in intuition allow themselves to be deceived by this mimicry and regard them as being in truth their equals. Therein lies the dreadful danger, for even these 'civilised' Jews remain foreign bodies in the organism of their hosts, no matter how much their outward appearance may correspond to that of their hosts."

Economic impact
The film claims:

"At the beginning of the twentieth century, Jews sit at the junction of the world financial markets. They are an international power. Only one percent of the world's population, with the help of their capital they terrorize the world stock exchanges, world opinion, and world politics."

The movie blamed Jews for inflation and unemployment in Germany. It charged that they had crept into all professions through usury, racketeering and crimes against German assets.

"Out of a thousand workers in Berlin, only two were Jews. For the start of 1933, out of one hundred prosecutors in Berlin 15 were Jews. Out of a hundred judges were 23 Jews. Out of a hundred lawyers 49 Jews. 52 Jews out of a hundred doctors. And out of every hundred of businessmen 60 Jews. The average wealth of Germans was 810 marks each. The average wealth of each Jew amounted to 10,000 marks."

The evidence for these assertions is unstated in the film. The occupational information is found in Germany's June 1933 census, which proves the claims made in the movie to be greatly exaggerated.

In 1933, 5,600 Jewish doctors and 3,030 Jewish lawyers were practicing in Germany, corresponding to 11 percent of doctors and 16 percent of lawyers. Still, an exceptionally large number of successful lawsuits over equal citizenship and rights had been filed in the Weimar Republic, most of them by Jewish lawyers. The Nuremberg Laws specifically forbade German judges from citing any precedents by Jewish jurists and cut off Jewish doctors from reimbursement under public health care insurance.

In contrast, during the economic crisis between the end of World War I and the implementation of the Nuremberg Laws, Jews were disproportionately likely to be laid off from the labor market, to the point that 1 out of every 4 Jews had been laid off by 1935. The original set of layoffs also had the effect of concentrating Jewish employment during this period into the professional and self-employed sectors, while post-1933 delicensing and other Nuremberg legislation gradually pushed Jews completely out of professional occupations and into positions such as street peddlers.

The reference to average wealth probably used the wealth of the Jewish Rothschild family as the basis for its calculation. The Rothschild banking family is still believed to have had the largest private fortune in the world during the 19th century, as well as the largest fortune in modern world history. Although the Creditanstalt debts were assumed in part by the Austrian branch of the Rothschild family, its bankruptcy was later used by Hitler as an example of how the Jews were responsible for all the economic and social troubles of Germany and the world.

The movie goes on to assert that: "The most common expressions in the jargon of international gangsters and criminals stem from Hebrew and Yiddish words." According to the movie, Jews are likewise disproportionately plentiful in organized crime, where they represent 82% of international crime organizations, and 98% of international prostitution. This Jewish influence is seen as well in the international language used by criminals (see also Rotwelsch). The evidence for these blatant assertions is nowhere produced. Insofar as "organized crime" represents lawbreaking other than that forced by the Nuremberg Laws, it has not been corroborated by subsequent research.

The film also claims that the Jewish people have some kind of "genetic predisposition towards barter and haggling", saying that "[Jewish people] rush into trade" because it is fitting "with their character and inclination", and that "For the Jew, there is but one object of value – money. How he earns it is a matter of complete indifference to him." It also accuses Jews of passing corruption on to their children by religious means, saying that:

"These children see no ideals before them like our own. The egoism of the individual is not used in the service of higher common goals. On the contrary, Jewish racial morality claims, in contrast to Aryan morality, that the unrestrained egoism of each Jew is a divine law. His religion makes a duty out of treachery and usury."

Jews as abnormal and depraved
In a long sequence of images, the film provides examples to illustrate its claims that Aryan/European culture had been corrupted by Jews.

This sequence includes footage of notable figures who had earned Adolf Hitler's wrath, such as physicist and Nobel laureate Albert Einstein and Spartacist uprising leader Rosa Luxemburg (erroneously named as one and the same person as anarchist Emma Goldman) as representatives of so-called "international Jewry". Einstein's image was juxtaposed with a series of images about the supposed Jewish control of the pornography industry. Einstein was characterized as "the relativity Jew, who masks his hatred of Germany behind his obscure pseudo-sciences".

Other film clips presented Jewish (or supposedly Jewish) actors from the Weimar era such as Curt Bois, Fritz Kortner, Peter Lorre, and Ernst Lubitsch. Charlie Chaplin was also included in this sequence and inaccurately identified as Jewish, possibly as a consequence of his role as the Jewish barber in The Great Dictator.

The film includes two scenes from the Hollywood film The House of Rothschild (1934). The first clip shows Mayer Rothschild, a rich man, hiding money and putting on old, shabby clothes in order to fool a corrupt tax collector. The second shows him speaking to his sons, encouraging them to start an international banking business to take advantage of nations' misfortunes in times of war. The clips were used without permission.

The film's narrator asserts that: "the Jew is instinctively interested in everything abnormal and depraved." To illustrate this point, Hippler included a scene from Fritz Lang's film M in which the child murderer Hans Beckert (played by Peter Lorre) makes an impassioned plea to the "jury" of criminals, begging for his life and disclaiming responsibility for his crimes on account of insanity. Beckert shrieks, "... it burns within me. I must go the way I am driven. Who knows what is going on inside me? How I must – not want, must!" According to Sharon Packer, Hitler used this scene to assert that "Jews transmit inheritable criminality and therefore deserve to die."

Degenerate art
The film proceeds to suggest that pictorial art and music have degenerated under Jewish influence, with many spurious examples given. Degenerate art included works of abstract art as well as those from specific individuals such as George Grosz and Emil Nolde, while degenerate music included jazz and so-called Negermusik, although here the connection to Jewry is unknown.

Jewish religious practice
After showing how Jews have supposedly been responsible for the decline of Western music, science, art, and commerce, the film presents a scene of a cow being slaughtered for meat by a shochet (Jewish ritual slaughterer). The scene is prefaced by a warning similar to the one in Frankenstein, warning the squeamish about what is coming next. This long sequence, lasting several minutes, shows cows and sheep in their death throes as they bleed to death. The producers apparently filmed this scene because of Hitler's opposition to cruelty to animals. He had banned kosher slaughter of animals in Germany and felt that such footage would shock the German public.

This scene was cut from the version intended for young audiences. "'These images are a clear proof of the cruelty of Schächtmethode. They also reveal the character of a race, their blunt brutality hidden under the guise of religious worship. '"

Hitler's Reichstag speech

The film concludes with footage of Hitler's 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech in which he proclaims the well-known statement:

"If international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, the result will not be Bolshevization of the earth and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"

The film ends with images of brownshirted SA troops on parade.

Release and reception
In and of itself, the movie did not have much impact on the German public. The film suffered from being released after Jud Süß, which had been wildly popular, perhaps because the antisemitic message was secondary to an engaging period drama. The actors in Jud Süß were leading German actors of the time. In contrast, Der ewige Jude only original footage was of Jews in the Polish ghetto and animated maps. All the other footage consisted of stills and excerpts from other films.

Thus, unlike Jud Süß, which was a box-office smash success, Der ewige Jude was a commercial flop. David Culbert asserts that it is unlikely that there were more than one million paid admissions compared to over 20 million paid admissions to Jud Süß. The film was more known by word-of-mouth descriptions than from people actually viewing it. Some Germans were quoted as saying "We've already seen enough Jewish filth. We don't need to see any more."

The film was chiefly screened by party supporters and Nazi organizations like the Hitler Youth and the SS. Its themes and content made it a topic of discussion by a wider audience that never saw it. Heinrich Himmler invited to screen it for SS-Einsatzgruppen troops headed for the Eastern Front to carry out the "Final Solution".

Postwar legacy
In 1946, Fritz Hippler was tried for directing Der ewige Jude but was not found guilty. Hippler contended Joseph Goebbels was the true creator of The Eternal Jew with Hitler's close supervision. He claimed that Goebbels gave Hippler credit as a reward "for his excellent work in the newsreel department".

Fritz Hippler was interviewed in the Emmy Award-winning program "The Propaganda Battle" in the PBS series Walk Through the Twentieth Century (1983–1984). In this interview he stated that he regretted being listed as the director of The Eternal Jew because it resulted in being interrogated by the Allies after the war. He thought this was unfair because, in his opinion, he had nothing to do with the killing of Jews. In an interview shown in the ZDF documentary series Holocaust (2000), the 90-year-old Hippler described the film as "the most disgraceful example of antisemitism." The film's narrator, Harry Giese, went on to narrate other films, but he was associated with this film and other films by the Third Reich and he found less work in the Postwar German cinema of the 1950s and 60s.

Availability
The public distribution and exhibition of the film is prohibited in Germany. The only exception is for use in college classrooms and other academic purposes; however, exhibitors must have formal education in "media science and the history of the Holocaust", and it can only be screened in a censored version with annotations.

title: The Eternal Jew (film)


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Alicia O'Shea Petersen

Alicia Teresa Jane O'Shea Petersen ( McShane; 2 July 1862 – 22 January 1923) was an Australian suffragist and social reformer. She was both the first woman to stand for the Parliament of Tasmania and the first woman to stand for a Tasmanian seat in the Parliament of Australia.

Early life
Alicia Teresa Jane McShane was born in Tasmania to Hugh and Jane ( Wood) McShane. She became interested in women's and labour rights as a result of her own work in sweatshops. She was also influenced by her cousin, John Earle, who founded the Workers' Political League and became the first Labor Premier of Tasmania in 1909.

Public life
Petersen was the first woman in Tasmania to stand as a political candidate, contesting the federal seat of Denison in 1913 as an independent. In 1922, when women were first eligible to stand for the Tasmanian House of Assembly, she was a political candidate in Denison, again as an independent.

As vice-president of the Women's Health Association, Petersen was instigator of both child welfare work and bush nursing in Tasmania. She was on the executive of the National Council of Women and the Tasmanian council of the Workers' Educational Association until her death.

Personal life
Petersen was twice married. On 28 May 1884, she married widower Patrick Robert O'Shea at St Joseph's Church, Hobart. Following a long illness, he died in March 1886, aged 39. She then married a mining investor named William Petersen at her home, Wilmott Terrace, Hobart on 16 December 1891. He died in 1912.

Petersen died on 22 January 1923 at her home, Wilmott Terrace, 18 Harrington Street, Hobart.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alicia O'Shea Petersen


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Mulgrave railway station

Mulgrave railway station is located on the Richmond line, serving the Sydney suburb of Mulgrave. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western and T5 Cumberland line services.

History
The original Mulgrave station opened on 1 December 1864 coinciding with that of the Richmond line. It was relocated east to its present site in 1912. In 1939, it was converted to an island platform with a passing loop added.

The station and NSW steam locomotive 3024 featured in a 1967 music video by The Seekers.

Platforms and services
Historically, Mulgrave has been served by services operating from Sydney CBD/North Shore, branching off the Western Line at Blacktown. However, after a major timetable change for the Sydney Trains network on 26 November 2017, Cumberland line services started continuing out to Richmond, rather than terminating at Schofields, during the late night, taking over from the Richmond line at these times.

Transport links
Mulgrave station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N71: Richmond station to Town Hall station

title: Mulgrave railway station


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Greg Moore (Australian student politician)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Greg Moore (Australian student politician)
Non-notable, possibly vanity. Doesn't meet criteria for inclusion of biographies. Delete. Neutralitytalk 05:44, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 05:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Person is not notable. Cedars 07:20, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Member of university union boards are not notable unless they achieve notability in some other field.Capitalistroadster 07:29, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as indicated by User:Capitalistroadster and User:Neutrality. --Idont Havaname 19:51, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 00:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Christian love

This is not a legitimate article in its own right, and it's extremely POV, but it can be cleaned up and merged with Christian philosophy or something like that. →Iñgōlemo←  talk 05:45, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

Regarding neutrality
This page claims to be an excursus on the basic tenet of christian theology. It is just opinion, however. A say, once again: potential Vfd material. →Iñgōlemo←  talk 05:46, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

''Much of the article appears to verbatim copies from the Bible. --Chiacomo 05:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)''

I see nothing in this article that provides encyclopedic value; it appears to be a billboard for Christian ideas (or ideals). At best, it should snip all direct biblical quotes into links, such as the "Love your enemy" section, thus:

In the Gospel According to Matthew (MAT 5:43-49), the Bible quotes Christ as saying "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you."

Such snipping would make this entire article fit quite neatly under Christianity, probably as part of the Beliefs section (which is pretty scanty anway). This would obviate the need for a separate page and, since there are only 53 words in the entire article that are not either referential or quoted from the bible, I think it should be under VFD. Kevin Wells 19:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If you look, we already have many separate articles about individual doctrines of churches, such Quorum (Mormonism); this is an important concept to Christians. It certainly deserves an article. DJ Clayworth 19:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

''That is a completely frivolous comparison. Quorum (Mormonism) contains detailed information on the internal function of that church without a single paragraph dragged from their Holy Texts. If this page were about Catholic Diocesan practice or Eparchal organization in the EOC, your comparison could have been valid, but for the core issue here: The Quorum article is not simply a billboard on which someone has decided to post personal views (53 words) wrapped around 700+ cut-and-paste words that appear elsewhere in Wiki (either other Wikipedia articles or WikiSource:Bible).

''I still agree with (unpronounceable)'s basic assertion. This is a VFD candidate without significant chance (or rationale) for redemption. At best, it is a subheading under Christian Theology; even there it would have to be snipped nearly to death to be wikified. PS: If you want proof that this is opinion, not encyclopedic info, see Mike B.'s comments below and ask yourself, do we need a Wikipedia article for each passage from the Sermon on the Mount or the Nicene Creed? Love is a central ideal? How about humility? Meekness? Obedience (a MUCH more valid argument for the central theme, IMHO)? Faith? Life everlasting? One holy and apostolic Church? Forgiveness of sin? Etc., ad nauseum. Conclusion: VFD. Kevin Wells 16:07, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wow! Such anger! However it is not opinion, but an important teaching of Christ! Yet I can't help but agree with much of what you say on Agape

Melissa

The Greatest Command
Good point. The Bible quotes Jesus as saying, "A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another." and " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself. All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.

Therefore it should be included in a Wiki-Article. I have also mentioned that most Christians reject this...Melissa

 * Who rejects this? Please, provide me a reference, because I'd be shocked to find mainstream, authoritative Christian opinions that so explicitly repudiate the words of the founder of their faith! NatusRoma 03:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Do you really believe this theology is practical in the real world?--Melissa

In faith, I do, even if I fail to live up to it. Yet this is not just about my beliefs, but about the beliefs of billions of Christians around the world. All Christians fall short of the glory of God, but that does not mean that they reject his standards. The imperfect condition of man does not in itself imply that most Christians reject Christ's words of love. If you can show me a reference that says that most Christians really do find such incredible love, well, incredible, then I'll let my objections go, but I believe that unconditional love is central to the Christian faith. NatusRoma 03:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you not see the difference in what you say and how a Christian (ie Bush) must live his life. If Bush and the CIA followed what you say it would be the end of the free world.Melissa
 * Oh, I see, and might agree, but I don't think a link to GWB is appropriate here... Unless there's another explanation, I'll remove it... And you can sign your posts by entering --~ (with the tildes ~ ) -- the software will insert your user name and a time stamp. --Chiacomo (talk) 04:14, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC) I'm sorry, link to GWB already removed by another editor --Chiacomo  (talk)

 * ''I have NO idea how this argument answers the central question: What encyclopedic value does this article have? Just like the Christian ideal of humility is under the Humility article, there is a perfectly satisfactory article on Love that has a nice little section on Religious Views, with a paragraph on Christian Love. Add to that the fact that this article is inextricably infused with POV (and not even a one that Christian adherents can agree upon). Sorry to be so blunt, but (unpronounceable) had it right: VFD and be done with it. PS: Is there any reason that you cannot take your "greatest" debate to the talk pages of Christian philosophy, Love or some external (non-encyclopedic) forum? Kevin Wells 01:22, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wow! Such anger! However it is not opinion, but an important teaching of Christ! Yet I can't help but agree with much of what you say on Agape

Melissa
 * Melissa, if you properly sign you post with exactly this set of character: -- ~ (two dashes and four tildes) the wiki software will sign your username with a link to your user page and insert a proper timestamp. --Chiacomo (talk) 04:43, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My Ten Cents
The central idea in Christian Theology is the Holiness of God. God's love is a part of His character. Where as Holiness is the central part of this character from which all other attributes flow. A Christian should accept all teachings of Christ. The reason being that Christ is God. Therefore rejecting ANY teaching of Jesus would be rejecting a teaching of God, and therefore sin. Mike B.

Your are right!--Melissadolbeer 04:46, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) PS see changes

Compromise??
The first 'summary' paragraph in the article now reads rather clumsily and doesn't make complete sense. What about the more simple:

'Love is a central idea in Christian theology, and one of the most important themes in the Bible.'

I doubt many would disagree with the above. (note i've said a central idea and one of the most important to try and avoid further debate!

The article is not about God's holiness - this can better be addressed in the Christianity article. Clare

No sooner said than done! Melissa

 * Good compromise! Question, though, why is there a "see also" to George W. Bush following the assertion that, "Most modern Christians feel such a high standard of love is not practical in the 21st century"? To me, it seems that the article asserts that GWB holds that view; if this the assertion, the statement should be properly sourced. Also, please sign your posts to discussion pages with -- ~ as it's easier for me and others to follow. --Chiacomo (talk) 04:49, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Structural changes
I have placed all of the content apart from the introduction under a heading entitled "Descriptions of Love in the New Testament". Subsequent headings on the same level (==) can describe the further development of the idea of Christian love from the early church Fathers to the present day. I think that this will do a lot toward making this a workable article. NatusRoma 06:26, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian love


text:
Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia

The Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia (Союз Комитетов Солдатских Матерей России, Soyuz Komitetov Soldatskikh Materey Rossii) is a Russian NGO, with a stated mission of exposing human rights violations within the Russian military.

Creation and aims
The organization was founded in 1989. Before 1998, it was known as the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia which was founded by Maria Kirbasova. It is a member of the human rights organization Human Rights House. Among the activities the organization is involved in is educating Russian civil society on the rule of law in relation to service in the military, as well as informing society about what the armed forces should look like in a democratic society. The organization also provides free legal advice to soldiers and their families about their rights and conscription laws, as well as intervening on behalf of soldiers who are facing abuse and hazing from their superiors and other more senior soldiers (dedovshchina).

Leadership and structure
, the Committee was led by Olga Larkina.

Government repression
In August 2014 one of the members of the organisation stated that 100 wounded Russian soldiers who might have been injured fighting in Ukraine were taken to hospitals in Saint Petersburg. The Russian government labelled the organisation a "foreign agent", a move which members of the organization see as retaliation on the part of the authorities. According to The Moscow Times some considered this labeling of the group as punishment for their statements. The organization has not received any funding from foreign (non-Russian sources) since May 2014. On 18 October 2014, Russian police detained the head of local Committee of Soldiers' Mothers in Budennovsk, (73-year-old) Lyudmila Bogatenkova, on suspicion of fraud; the local Committee of Soldiers' Mothers in Saint Petersburg labelled this arrest "an act of intimidation in connection with her activities".

In October 2021, the local Committee of Soldiers' Mothers in Saint Petersburg stopped some of its activities in helping soldiers in response to the Federal Security Service (FSB)'s formal approval of a list of 60 actions that are considered to be those of a foreign agent under Russian foreign agent law and can lead to criminal liability. Examples of liable actions include the "observance of lawfulness" of soldiers, or assessing the military and political situation in Russia. The Committee stated that the FSB's list of liable actions severely limited the activities of human rights defenders, lawyers and journalists. Oksana Paramonova, head of the Saint Petersburg Committee, stated that the Committee would stop its work that involved direct contact with the armed services in order to avoid risks to its staff, but would continue its work in new formats, including methodological support.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In late February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Committee was contacted by soldiers' parents, who said that their sons carrying out military service had been sent near the Ukrainian border or had been forced to sign contracts for army service. Alexander Latynin, a lawyer advising the Committee, stated that conscripts who had served less than four months could legally be transferred outside of Russia, but were not permitted to participate in combat. Under the law at the time, conscriptees with sufficient experience were authorised to participate in combat after signing a contract. The normal administrative process for preparing and signing a contract was normally from one to three or four months according to Latynin. The Committee director, Olga Larkina, said that conscripts' parents had said that their sons had been coerced into signing contracts rapidly. Latynin interpreted this by stating, "When they really want to and really need to, then some people, including some officials, will resort to breaking the law." Parents described difficulties contacting their sons and in keeping in communication. The Russian Ministry of Defence didn't respond to enquiries about the conscriptees by the newspaper Meduza or to parents contacted by Meduza.

Recognition
The Committee was awarded the Rafto Prize in 1995 and the Right Livelihood Award in 1996.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UNSW Med Revue

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be merged - SimonP 23:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

UNSW Med Revue
Non-notable. Delete; or, if we're feeling charitable, condense and merge with University of New South Wales. Neutralitytalk 05:47, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge, per Neutrality. Ambi 05:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with University of New South Wales. JamesBurns 10:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Crax

Crax is a genus of curassows in the order Galliformes, a clade of large, heavy-bodied, ground-feeding birds. They are known from tropical South America with one species, the great curassow, ranging northwards through Central America as far as Mexico. The curassows in this genus are noted for their sexual dimorphism; males are more boldly coloured than females and have facial ornamentation such as knobs and wattles. They are also characterised by curly crests and contrastingly-coloured crissa (the area around the cloaca). Crax curassows probably originated as a distinct lineage during the Late Miocene. During the Messinian, the ancestral Crax split into two lineages separated by the Colombian Andes and the Cordillera de Mérida which uplifted at that time. The northern lineage radiated into the great, blue-billed, and yellow-knobbed curassows, while the four southern species evolved as they became separated by the uplifting of various mountain ranges.

Characteristics
The variety of male bill ornament shapes and colors is typical for this genus, as is a curly crest and a contrasting white or rufous crissum. Crax species, even distantly related, readily hybridize, with fertile offspring theoretically possible in all possible mating combinations

Taxonomy
The genus Crax was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The genus name may be based on the Ancient Greek κρας, meaning "head". The type species was designated as the great curassow (Crax rubra) in 1897 by the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway.

Species
The genus contains 7 species:

This genus forms one of the two major lineages of curassows. It is distinguishable from its relatives by its pronounced sexual dimorphism (with the exception of the black curassow). In other genera sexual dimorphism is rarely exhibited or of minor appearance (Nothocrax and Pauxi), or manifest by size only (Mitu).

Evolution
Crax curassows probably originated as a distinct lineage during the Tortonian (Late Miocene), some 10-9 mya, in the western or northwestern Amazonas basin, as indicated by mt and nDNA sequence data calibrated against geological events (Pereira & Baker 2004, Pereira et al. 2002). Some 6 mya during the Messinian, the ancestral Crax split into two lineages which are separated by the Colombian Andes and the Cordillera de Mérida which were uplifted around that time, and the Orinoco which consequently assumed its present-day basin.

The northern lineage quite soon thereafter radiated into the ancestors of the great, blue-billed, and yellow-knobbed curassows, which were isolated from each other by the uplift of the northern Cordillera Occidental, and the Serranía del Perijá, respectively; it is fairly certain that these lineages were well distinct by the end of the Miocene. (Pereira & Baker 2004)

The evolution of the 4 southern species was somewhat more complex. In the Messinian, about 6–5.5 mya, the ancestors of the wattled curassow became isolated in the western Amazonas basin. With increasing aridification of southeastern Brazil, the ancestors of the red-billed curassow found refuge in the mountain ranges between the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic during the mid-Zanclean, some 4.5-4 mya. The divergence between the bare-faced and black curassow lineages apparently took place around the Uquian–Ensenadan boundary, some 1.5 mya. This which coincides with one or several period(s) of elevated sea levels during which the lower Amazonas basin was a brackish lagoon which offered little curassow habitat. Their present ranges are consequently still separated by the Amazonas river. (Pereira & Baker 2004)

title: Crax


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UNSW Revues

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 23:37, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

UNSW Revues
Not sufficiently notable as to warrant its own article. Merge with University of New South Wales and delete (and yes, I know about the GFDL provision. Reword if it must be merged). Neutralitytalk 05:49, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. These shows have a combined audience of over 5,000 annually and hundreds take part in producing them. Some have been running annually for 30 years now. "UNSW revue" also has 6,150 Google hits. I think all that makes it significant enough to have its own article. - Bambul 04:18, 10 June 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Saucisson (pyrotechnics)

In early military engineering, a saucisson (French for a large, dry-filled sausage) was a primitive type of fuse, consisting of a long tube or hose of cloth or leather, typically about an inch and half in diameter (37 mm), damp-proofed with pitch and filled with black powder. It was normally laid in a protective wooden trough, and ignited by use of a torch or slow match. Saucissons were used to fire fougasses, petards, mines and camouflets.

Very long fascines were also called saucissons.

Later, in early 20th century mining jargon, a saucisson referred to the flexible casings used for explosives in mine operations.

title: Saucisson (pyrotechnics)


text:
Talk:Chiller

Units
The use of units in this article makes me cringe. What kind of unit is a ton for cooling. If we are talking about an amount of cooled water, we still don't know in what time and from what starting temperature the water is cooled. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.126.154.230 (talk) 17:51, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

One ton of cooling used to refer to the cooling capacity of one ton of ice (per day, if I recall correctly). Now it has been standardized into 12,000 BTU per hour, and is commonly abbreviated "tr" as in 200tr. This lets HVAC/R personnel understand that it isn't referring to one ton of weight. LightRobb (talk) 15:23, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Also, what is the unit RT? It is not defined here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.216.108.47 (talk) 00:23, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

It would be great if there was a section on the typical units used in the engineering of chiller plants. 170.121.14.11 (talk) 16:42, 14 November 2014 (UTC)Maddog

I've edited the units appropriately, adding a reference to the page that describes what a 'ton' is in refrigeration. Unfortunately, tons of refrigeration are completely different units then tonnes of mass, as the article seemed to indicate. Hopefully my edit will help add clarity in this regard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:A2C:BC00:224:1DFF:FE23:DFC4 (talk) 05:07, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

How a chiller plant can produce chilled water by using heat energy. El método para evaluar los equipos de refrigeración, procede del tiempo en que se utilizaban bloques de hielo para eliminar el calor. Según pruebas científicas se necesitan 36.29 Kcal(kilocalorías) o 144 Btu (British Termal Unit) para fundir una libra de hielo a 0°C (32°F). Una tonelada de refrigeración (TR) es la cantidad de calor requerida para fundir una tonelada de hielo en un lapso de 24 horas. (1 tonelada americana es igual a 2000 libras). Si ocupamos 144 Btu de calor para fundir 1 libra de hielo, entonces, necesitamos 2000 veces más calor para fundir una tonelada de hielo (144 Btu/lb X 2000 lb = 288000 Btu (72576 Kcal). Este mismo procedimiento se aplica cuando se elimina calor de una sustancia (en los equipos de aire acondicionado y refrigeración, la sustancia es el refrigerante; por ejemplo: R22, R410a, R134a, etc.) Por lo tanto, si tenemos un acondicionador de aire que tenga una capacidad de 1 tonelada, eliminará 72576 Kcal/24h o 3023 kcal/h o 50.4 Kcal/min. Si tienes un chiller de 300 toneladas, multiplicas 300X72576 y el resultado es la capacidad de tu equipo para eliminar calor o refrigerar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.132.24.205 (talk) 00:35, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

Chiller font
Shouldn't there be an article on the font of Chiller?DrWho42 17:00, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What do you mean?

The chiller plant uses energy to run a compressor to compress a refrigerant that will condense back into a liquid and release its energy via a phase change. The liquid refrigerant than is evaporated at a different location to remove energy from the water lowering its temperature. The process continues and is the basic refrigeration cycle.

Refrigerants
There absolutely should be a reference for the data in this table. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.68.20.187 (talk) 19:50, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Doesn't the refrigerant article have references, or is that bad policy? LightRobb (talk) 22:11, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Chillers tend to be dominated by lower pressure refrigerants. This is because they have enough volume that building them to withstand higher PSI pressures rapidly increases the pressures exerted on the large surface areas, adding vastly to material cost. Yet, this section completely ignores refrigerants like R11 - which were (and still is!) a very prominent chiller refrigerant, yet includes refrigerants like R410A? Show me one single R410a chiller. This list needs to be updated with refrigerants that are relevant to chillers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:A2C:BC00:224:1DFF:FE23:DFC4 (talk) 05:15, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

MOKON?
The link for MOKON is a product specific link, and it is more of an advertisement or press release than informational. I suggest that the link should be deleted, as I have worked in HVAC for years without having heard of it before. 170.121.14.11 (talk) 16:38, 14 November 2014 (UTC)Maddog

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Countering Systemic Bias

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Talk:Crax

Merge
Crax, Crackling, and Cracklins should all be merged, don't you think? --Chiacomo 05:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely. If there are any subtle differences between the three they can be explained within the article. --Andy M. 07:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Aptamer

Aptamers are oligomers of artificial ssDNA, RNA, XNA, or peptide that bind a specific target molecule, or family of target molecules. They exhibit a range of affinities (KD in the pM to μM range), with variable levels of off-target binding and are sometimes classified as chemical antibodies. Aptamers and antibodies can be used in many of the same applications, but the nucleic acid-based structure of aptamers, which are mostly oligonucleotides, is very different from the amino acid-based structure of antibodies, which are proteins. This difference can make aptamers a better choice than antibodies for some purposes (see antibody replacement).

Aptamers are used in biological lab research and medical tests. If multiple aptamers are combined into a single assay, they can measure large numbers of different proteins in a sample. They can be used to identify molecular markers of disease, or can function as drugs, drug delivery systems and controlled drug release systems. They also find use in other molecular engineering tasks.

Most aptamers originate from SELEX, a family of test-tube experiments for finding useful aptamers in a massive pool of different DNA sequences. This process is much like natural selection, directed evolution or artificial selection. In SELEX, the researcher repeatedly selects for the best aptamers from a starting DNA library made of about a quadrillion different randomly generated pieces of DNA or RNA. After SELEX, the researcher might mutate or change the chemistry of the aptamers and do another selection, or might use rational design processes to engineer improvements. Non-SELEX methods for discovering aptamers also exist.

Researchers optimize aptamers to achieve a variety of beneficial features. The most important feature is specific and sensitive binding to the chosen target. When aptamers are exposed to bodily fluids, as in serum tests or aptamer therapeutics, it is often important for them to resist digestion by DNA- and RNA-destroying proteins. Therapeutic aptamers often must be modified to clear slowly from the body. Aptamers that change their shape dramatically when they bind their target are useful as molecular switches to turn a sensor on and off. Some aptamers are engineered to fit into a biosensor or in a test of a biological sample. It can be useful in some cases for the aptamer to accomplish a pre-defined level or speed of binding. As the yield of the synthesis used to produce known aptamers shrinks quickly for longer sequences, researchers often truncate aptamers to the minimal binding sequence to reduce the production cost.

Etymology
The word "aptamer" is a neologism coined by Andrew Ellington and Jack Szostak in their first publication on the topic. They did not provide a precise definition, stating "We have termed these individual RNA sequences 'aptamers', from the Latin 'aptus ', to fit."

The word itself, however, derives from the Greek word ἅπτω, to connect or fit (as used by Homer (c. 8th century BC) ) and μέρος, a component of something larger.

Classification
A typical aptamer is a synthetically generated ligand exploiting the combinatorial diversity of DNA, RNA, XNA, or peptide to achieve strong, specific binding for a particular target molecule or family of target molecules. Aptamers are occasionally classified as "chemical antibodies" or "antibody mimics". However, most aptamers are small, with a molecular weight of 6-30 kDa, in contrast to the 150 kDa size of antibodies, and contain one binding site rather than the two matching antigen binding regions of a typical antibody.

History

Since its first application in 1967, directed evolution methodologies have been used to develop biomolecules with new properties and functions. Early examples include the modification of the bacteriophage Qbeta replication system and the generation of ribozymes with modified cleavage activity.

In 1990, two teams independently developed and published SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) methods and generated RNA aptamers: the lab of Larry Gold, using the term SELEX for their process of selecting RNA ligands against T4 DNA polymerase and the lab of Jack Szostak, selecting RNA ligands against various organic dyes. Two years later, the Szostak lab and Gilead Sciences, acting independently of one another, used in vitro selection schemes to generate DNA aptamers for organic dyes and human thrombin, respectively. In 2001, SELEX was automated by J. Colin Cox in the Ellington lab, reducing the duration of a weeks-long selection experiment to just three days.

In 2002, two groups led by Ronald Breaker and Evgeny Nudler published the first definitive evidence for a riboswitch, a nucleic acid-based genetic regulatory element, the existence of which had previously been suspected. Riboswitches possess similar molecular recognition properties to aptamers. This discovery added support to the RNA World hypothesis, a postulated stage in time in the origin of life on Earth.

Structure

Most aptamers are based on a specific oligomer sequence of 20-100 bases and 3-20 kDa. Some have chemical modifications for functional enhancements or compatibility with larger engineered molecular systems. DNA, RNA, XNA, and peptide aptamer chemistries can each offer distinct profiles in terms of shelf stability, durability in serum or in vivo, specificity and sensitivity, cost, ease of generation, amplification, and characterization, and familiarity to users. Typically, DNA- and RNA-based aptamers exhibit low immunogenicity, are amplifiable via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and have complex secondary structure and tertiary structure. DNA- and XNA-based aptamers exhibit superior shelf stability. XNA-based aptamers can introduce additional chemical diversity to increase binding affinity or greater durability in serum or in vivo.

As 22 genetically-encoded and over 500 naturally-occurring amino acids exist, peptide aptamers, as well as antibodies, have much greater potential combinatorial diversity per unit length relative to the 4 nucleic acids in DNA or RNA. Chemical modifications of nucleic acid bases or backbones increase the chemical diversity of standard nucleic acid bases.

Split aptamers are composed of two or more DNA strands that are pieces of a larger parent aptamer that has been broken in two by a molecular nick. The ability of each component strand to bind targets will depend on the location of the nick, as well as the secondary structures of the daughter strands. The presence of a target molecule supports the joining of DNA fragments. This can be used as the basis for biosensors. Once assembled, the two separate DNA strands can be ligated into a single strand.

Unmodified aptamers are cleared rapidly from the bloodstream, with a half-life of seconds to hours. This is mainly due to nuclease degradation, which physically destroys the aptamers, as well as clearance by the kidneys, a result of the aptamer's low molecular weight and size. Several modifications, such as 2'-fluorine-substituted pyrimidines and polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkage, permit a serum half-life of days to weeks. PEGylation can add sufficient mass and size to prevent clearance by the kidneys in vivo. Unmodified aptamers can treat coagulation disorders. The problem of clearance and nuclease digestion is diminished when they are applied to the eye, where there is a lower concentration of nuclease and the rate of clearance is lower. Rapid clearance from serum can also be useful in some applications, such as in vivo diagnostic imaging.

In a study on aptamers designed to bind with proteins associated with Ebola infection, a comparison was made among three aptamers isolated for their ability to bind the target protein EBOV sGP. Although these aptamers vary in both sequence and structure, they exhibit remarkably similar relative affinities for sGP from EBOV and SUDV, as well as EBOV GP1.2. Notably, these aptamers demonstrated a high degree of specificity for the GP gene products. One aptamer, in particular, proved effective as a recognition element in an electrochemical sensor, enabling the detection of sGP and GP1.2 in solution, as well as GP1.2 within a membrane context.The results of this research point to the intriguing possibility that certain regions on protein surfaces may possess aptatropic qualities. Identifying the key features of such sites, in conjunction with improved 3-D structural predictions for aptamers, holds the potential to enhance the accuracy of predicting aptamer interaction sites on proteins. This, in turn, may help identify aptamers with a heightened likelihood of binding proteins with high affinity, as well as shed light on protein mutations that could significantly impact aptamer binding.This comprehensive understanding of the structure-based interactions between aptamers and proteins is vital for refining the computational predictability of aptamer-protein binding. Moreover, it has the potential to eventually eliminate the need for the experimental SELEX protocol.

Targets
Aptamer targets can include small molecules and heavy metal ions, larger ligands such as proteins, and even whole cells. These targets include lysozyme, thrombin, human immunodeficiency virus trans-acting responsive element (HIV TAR), hemin, interferon γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),  prostate specific antigen (PSA),  dopamine, and the non-classical oncogene, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1).

Aptamers have been generated against cancer cells, prions, bacteria, and viruses. Viral targets of aptamers include influenza A and B viruses, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.

Aptamers may be particularly useful for environmental science proteomics. Antibodies, like other proteins, are more difficult to sequence than nucleic acids. They are also costly to maintain and produce, and are at constant risk of contamination, as they are produced via cell culture or are harvested from animal serum. For this reason, researchers interested in little-studied proteins and species may find that companies will not produce, maintain, or adequately validate the quality of antibodies against their target of interest. By contrast, aptamers are simple to sequence and cost nothing to maintain, as their exact structure can be stored digitally and synthesized on demand. This may make them more economically feasible as research tools for underfunded biological research subjects. Aptamers exist for plant compounds, such as theophylline (found in tea) and abscisic acid (a plant immune hormone). An aptamer against a-amanitin (the toxin that causes lethal Amanita poisoning) has been developed, an example of an aptamer against a mushroom target.

Aptamer applications can be roughly grouped into sensing, therapeutic, reagent production, and engineering categories. Sensing applications are important in environmental, biomedical, epidemiological, biosecurity, and basic research applications, where aptamers act as probes in assays, imaging methods, diagnostic assays, and biosensors. In therapeutic applications and precision medicine, aptamers can function as drugs, as targeted drug delivery vehicles, as controlled release mechanisms, and as reagents for drug discovery via high-throughput screening for small molecules and proteins. Aptamers have application for protein production monitoring, quality control, and purification. They can function in molecular engineering applications as a way to modify proteins, such as enhancing DNA polymerase to make PCR more reliable.

Because the affinity of the aptamer also affects its dynamic range and limit of detection, aptamers with a lower affinity may be desirable when assaying high concentrations of a target molecule. Affinity chromatography also depends on the ability of the affinity reagent, such as an aptamer, to bind and release its target, and lower affinities may aid in the release of the target molecule. Hence, specific applications determine the useful range for aptamer affinity.

Antibody replacement
Aptamers can replace antibodies in many biotechnology applications. In laboratory research and clinical diagnostics, they can be used in aptamer-based versions of immunoassays including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. As therapeutics, they can function as agonists or antagonists of their ligand. While antibodies are a familiar technology with a well-developed market, aptamers are a relatively new technology to most researchers, and aptamers have been generated against only a fraction of important research targets. Unlike antibodies, unmodified aptamers are more susceptible to nuclease digestion in serum and renal clearance in vivo. Aptamers are much smaller in size and mass than antibodies, which could be a relevant factor in choosing which is best suited for a given application. When aptamers are available for a particular application, their advantages over antibodies include potentially lower immunogenicity, greater replicability and lower cost, a greater level of control due to the in vitro selection conditions, and capacity to be efficiently engineered for durability, specificity, and sensitivity.

In addition, aptamers contribute to reduction of research animal use. While antibodies often rely on animals for initial discovery, as well as for production in the case of polyclonal antibodies, both the selection and production of aptamers is typically animal-free. However, phage display methods allow for selection of antibodies in vitro, followed by production from a monoclonal cell line, avoiding the use of animals entirely.

Controlled release of therapeutics
The ability of aptamers to reversibly bind molecules such as proteins has generated increasing interest in using them to facilitate controlled release of therapeutic biomolecules, such as growth factors. This can be accomplished by tuning the binding strength to passively release the growth factors, along with active release via mechanisms such as hybridization of the aptamer with complementary oligonucleotides or unfolding of the aptamer due to cellular traction forces.

AptaBiD
AptaBiD (Aptamer-Facilitated Biomarker Discovery) is an aptamer-based method for biomarker discovery.

Peptide Aptamers
While most aptamers are based on DNA, RNA, or XNA, peptide aptamers are artificial proteins selected or engineered to bind specific target molecules.

Structure
Peptide aptamers consist of one or more peptide loops of variable sequence displayed by a protein scaffold. Derivatives known as tadpoles, in which peptide aptamer "heads" are covalently linked to unique sequence double-stranded DNA "tails", allow quantification of scarce target molecules in mixtures by PCR (using, for example, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) of their DNA tails. The peptides that form the aptamer variable regions are synthesized as part of the same polypeptide chain as the scaffold and are constrained at their N and C termini by linkage to it. This double structural constraint decreases the diversity of the 3D structures that the variable regions can adopt, and this reduction in structural diversity lowers the entropic cost of molecular binding when interaction with the target causes the variable regions to adopt a uniform structure.

Selection
The most common peptide aptamer selection system is the yeast two-hybrid system. Peptide aptamers can also be selected from combinatorial peptide libraries constructed by phage display and other surface display technologies such as mRNA display, ribosome display, bacterial display and yeast display. These experimental procedures are also known as biopanning. All the peptides panned from combinatorial peptide libraries have been stored in the MimoDB database.

Applications
Libraries of peptide aptamers have been used as "mutagens", in studies in which an investigator introduces a library that expresses different peptide aptamers into a cell population, selects for a desired phenotype, and identifies those aptamers that cause the phenotype. The investigator then uses those aptamers as baits, for example in yeast two-hybrid screens to identify the cellular proteins targeted by those aptamers. Such experiments identify particular proteins bound by the aptamers, and protein interactions that the aptamers disrupt, to cause the phenotype. In addition, peptide aptamers derivatized with appropriate functional moieties can cause specific post-translational modification of their target proteins, or change the subcellular localization of the targets.

Industry and Research Community
Commercial products and companies based on aptamers include the drug Macugen (pegaptanib) and the clinical diagnostic company SomaLogic. The International Society on Aptamers (INSOAP), a professional society for the aptamer research community, publishes a journal devoted to the topic, Aptamers. Apta-index is a current database cataloging and simplifying the ordering process for over 700 aptamers.

title: Aptamer


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Lace

Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to Lace. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.

Title
WikiProject on Lace

Scope
This WikiProject aims to improve Wikipedia's articles on lace.

Descendant WikiProjects
The descendant of this WikiProject is:
 * WikiProject Stub-sorting

Participants

 * Julie E.
 * Lynda
 * pcr
 * PattyD
 * Ranvaig

Goals

 * Mark lace stubs with
 * Create and improve articles for types of lace until they are of featured article quality
 * Include pictures for each type of lace
 * Provide information on techniques of various laces
 * Create lace history articles
 * Extend list of contact organizations

General strategy and discussion forum
Use talk page.

Templates
Please use these templates where appropriate. Details on how to use them in the table below.

 * Lace-related topics infobox? (History, how-to? etc.)

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Moncton Parish, New Brunswick

Moncton is a geographic parish in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.

For governance purposes it is divided between the cities of Dieppe and Moncton; the town of Salisbury; the incorporated rural communities of Beausoleil and Maple Hills; the Metepenagiag 3 Urban Reserve, Metepenagiag 8 Urban Reserve, and Soegao 35 Indian reserves; and the Southeast rural district. The municipalities and the rural district are all members of the Southeast Regional Service Commission.

Prior to the 2023 governance reform, the local service district of the parish of Moncton, which included the special service areas of Calhoun Road, Greater Lakeburn, Irishtown, and Painsec Junction, included all of the parish outside Dieppe, Moncton, and Salisbury, and post-reform parts of Dieppe and Moncton.

Origin of name
The parish was named in honour of Robert Monckton, the British commander who captured Fort Beauséjour and oversaw the Expulsion of the Acadians.

History
Moncton was established in 1765 as Monckton Township in the province of Nova Scotia. The boundaries of the township were similar but not identical to the modern parish.

In 1786 Moncton Parish was erected as one of the province's original parishes, using the same boundaries as Monckton Township. The northeastern corner of the parish extended past the northern line of Westmorland County.

In 1835 all of Dorchester Parish north of the mouth of Fox Creek was transferred to Moncton.

In 1850 the western boundary was changed to match the prolongation of the eastern line of a block grant to Martin Gay and associates straddling the Petitcodiac River, adding part of Salisbury Parish.

In 1894 the boundary with Dorchester Parish was redefined to run along a magnetic bearing. The boundaries of the parish were made retroactive to its erection.

Boundaries
Moncton Parish is bounded:

 * on the north by the Kent County line;
 * on the east beginning on the county line about 150 metres east of Route 115, at the prolongation of the northeastern line of a grant to Martin Walsh on the north side of Route 134, then southeasterly along the prolongation, along the Walsh grant, which runs along the southwestern side of Marshall Road, and along the southeasterly prolongation about 12 kilometres past Route 134 to a point about 1.3 kilometres east of the Memramcook River;
 * on the south by the prolongation of a line running south 83º 45' east from the southern side of the mouth of Fox Creek, then by the Petitcodiac River;
 * on the west by the western line of the Second Tract granted to Joshua Geldart, about 200 metres upriver of the mouth of the Little River, and the north-northwesterly prolongation of the Geldart line to Kent County.

Communities
Communities at least partly within the parish;  bold indicates an incorporated municipality or Indian reserve; italics indicate a name no longer in official use

 * Allison (partly in Moncton)
 * Ammon
 * Berry Mills
 * Boundary Creek
 * Canaan (Canaan Station)
 * Cape Breton
 * Catamount
 *  Dieppe
 * Chartersville
 * Fox Creek
 * Lakeburn
 * Saint-Anselme
 * Gallagher Ridge
 * Greater Lakeburn
 * Indian Mountain
 * Irishtown
 * Lakeville
 * LeBlancville
 * Lutes Mountain
 * Lutesville
 * McQuade
 * Meadow Brook
 * Melanson Settlement
 * New Scotland
 * O'Neil
 * Pacific Junction
 * Painsec (partly in Dieppe)
 * Painsec Junction
 *  Salisbury
 * Scotch Settlement
 * Shaw Brook
 * Soegao 35
 * Steeves Mountain
 * Stilesville
 * The Gorge
 * Moncton
 * Buctouche Junction
 * Cherryfield
 * Cooks Brook
 * Harrisville
 * Hildegarde
 * Humphrey
 * Humphreys Mills
 * Lewisville
 * Magnetic Hill (Moncton)
 * Mapleton, Moncton
 * Marsh Junction
 * McKinnon
 * Odlum Junction
 * Tankville

Bodies of water
Bodies of water at least partly in the parish:

 * Buctouche River
 * East Branch Canaan River
 * Cocagne River
 * North River
 * Petitcodiac River
 * Babineau Creek
 * Butler Creek
 * Fox Creek
 * Halls Creek
 * Intervale Creek
 * Island Creek
 * Jonathan Creek
 * Lake Creek
 * Michaels Creek
 * Somers Creek
 * Aero Lake
 * Irishtown Road Reservoir
 * Jones Lake
 * McLaughlin Road Reservoir
 * Melanson Settlement Lake

Other notable places
Parks, historic sites, and other noteworthy places in the parish.
 * Canaan River Wildlife Management Area
 * Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
 * Magic Mountain
 * Magnetic Hill Zoo
 * Moncton/McEwen Airport

Demographics
Parish population total does not include city of Moncton, Soegao 35 Indian reserve, and portions in Dieppe and Salisbury

Language
Mother tongue (2016)

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the parish, including external routes that start or finish at the parish limits:

 * Highways

 * Principal Routes

 * Secondary Routes:

 * External Routes:
 * None

title: Moncton Parish, New Brunswick


text:
Talk:Shops

A newspaper essay is considered encyclopedia material? there must be something here we aren't being told. --Wetman 06:02, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

That's not a newspaper essay, but something like a prose. In fact, it is a narrative, descriptive, and poetic Chinese essay. Jerry Crimson Mann 06:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand now. Should it be a subsection under its author, since it doesn't stand alone as an encyclopedia entry? --Wetman 17:01, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, I'm not so sure. Actually this is my first time to edit author's works. Ans I just tried to follow those of Shakespeare's:

And we can see there's a separate page for each of his works. So do you have any better suggestions? Jerry Crimson Mann

Proposed deletion
Personally I don't mind if the current article is deleted - it has changed from a simple redirect to "shop" or "retailer", into an article about an essay. In my opinion, it should be either be reverted to this revision, or it should be made into a disambiguation page with a link to "shop", and a link to the current article (which in turn should be moved to "Shops (essay)"). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 00:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shops


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/News 14 Carolina

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was: keep. sjorford →•← 13:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

News_14_Carolina
not encyclopedic. Event is hardly notable outside the few perpetrators on the messageboard. More vainty than anything else 24.211.174.208 06:03, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the article, in general, as it is a regional station. However, I abstain on whether or not to remove the specific event detailed on that page that the VFD nominator questions. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 12:03, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We've got lots of station articles. Don't think this should be any different. « alerante ✆ ✉ » 16:10, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I did, however, edit out most of the prank info, as I don't think it was notable enough for inclusion. It is now just another station stub. --Scimitar 16:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Major news outlets (AM/FM radio stations, newspapers, and televisions) are automatically notable.  Almafeta 18:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment so all cable company local news channels should have their own page? Vegaswikian 06:09, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, we already have some for more minor stations around the country. « alerante ✆ ✉ » 13:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * But there should be a distinction between broadcast which requires an FCC or other license and soemthing on cable which sdoes not. Vegaswikian 17:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete minor local channels. Gamaliel 17:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep all minor stations Yuckfoo 21:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I live in the Charlotte area and News 14 Carolina is rather notable here, it is local but if other local news stations are kept, this one should be too. Columbia 02:02, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Henrietta Dugdale

Henrietta Augusta Dugdale ( Worrell; 14 May 1827 – 17 June 1918) was a pioneer Australian who initiated the first women's suffrage society in Australia. Non-conformist, provocative and quick-witted, her campaigning resulted in breakthroughs for women's rights in Australia.

Early life and education
Henrietta Augusta Worrell was born at St Pancras London on 14 May 1827, the second surviving daughter of John Worrell and Henrietta Ann (née Austin). Her claim of a first marriage at 14 does not fit with her official marriage in 1848 to a merchant navy officer J. A. Davies, with whom she came to Australia in 1852. After Davies' death she married ship's captain William Dugdale in Melbourne in March 1853. They settled at Queenscliff where sons Einnim, Carl and Austin were born. Dugdale was a vegetarian.

After separating from William Dugdale in the late 1860s, she moved to the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell where she remained until a few years before her death on 17 June 1918 at Point Lonsdale. Her third husband Frederick Johnson, whom she married in 1903, predeceased her.

Career
Dugdale's campaign for 'equal justice for women' began with a letter to Melbourne's Argus newspaper in April 1869. It peaked during the 1880s in radical public debate as a member of Melbourne's Eclectic Society and the Australasian Secular Association, through her utopian allegory A Few Hours in a Far-Off Age and in the formation in May 1884 of the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society, the first of its kind in Australia. That same year, Henrietta wrote a scathing judgement of the Victorian courts, and their inability to protect women from violent crimes. Published in the Melbourne Herald, her words cut straight to the core of the issue: 'Women's anger,' she wrote, 'was compounded by the fact that those who inflicted violence upon women had a share in making the laws while their victims did not.'

Dugdale was acknowledged as a suffrage pioneer when Australian women attained the vote and the associated right to stand for federal parliament in June 1902 (a world first) and when the State of Victoria belatedly followed suit in December 1908. Dugdale died on 17 June 1918 in Point Lonsdale, Australia.

Legacy
A street in the Canberra suburb of Cook is named for her.

In 2013, Dugdale was nationally recognised as a critical first-wave Australian feminist, and The Dugdale Trust for Women & Girls, is named in honour of her life's work. Dugdale was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001. The Dugdale Trust for Women & Girls is a national harm-prevention institution for which The Victorian Women's Trust operates as trustee.

title: Henrietta Dugdale


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Pech (mythology)

The pech were a type of gnome-like creatures in Scottish mythology. They were of short height but extremely strong. They brewed heather ale and battled against the Scots. In one fairy tale, an old blind pech is on his deathbed. He asks two young men if he can feel their arm muscles, to feel how strong they've grown. One of the youths plays a prank on him, giving him a metal cup instead of his arm. The pech elder snaps the metal cup with his fingers, shattering it, to the amazement of the youths. Even sick on his deathbed, he is stronger than them.

The Pech were thought to be one of the aboriginal builders of the stone megaliths of ancient Scotland, along with giants. They might be related to the Picts and pixies.

title: Pech (mythology)