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Evidence (law)

The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact in reaching its decision. The trier of fact is a judge in bench trials, or the jury in any cases involving a jury. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.

The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony, identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence, standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt.

There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law).

When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in their favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy.

Ancient and medieval law
The Old Testament demanded at least two witnesses for conviction of a crime.

Ancient Roman law allowed freedom to judges to evaluate evidence, but insisted that "proof is incumbent on the party who affirms a fact, not on him who denies it" and "no-one should be convicted on suspicion". Medieval Roman law developed an elaborate grading of degrees of evidence. Building on the Biblical two-witness rule, it concluded that a single witness, or private documents, could constitute half-proof, which though insufficient for conviction might justify torture to extract further evidence. Because evidence in the continental (civil law) system was evaluated by judges rather than juries, that system did not develop exclusionary rules of evidence in the way English law did.

Anglophone (Common) law
A distinct feature of English common law historically was the role of the jury as a finder of fact, as opposed to the role of the judge as finder of law. The creation of modern jury trials in the 16th and 17th centuries necessitated rules of evidence to regulate what testimony and other evidence could be put before the jury. While much of the early common law evidence rules came from judicial decisions, the English Parliament also played a role. In 1677, Parliament and the Crown enacted the Statute of Frauds and Perjuries, prohibiting plaintiffs from alleging certain contractual breaches to the jury unless accompanied by a signed, written instrument. Another early evidence rule was the prohibition on hearsay, the admission of an out-of-court statement to prove the truth of what is asserted. In the early 19th Century, Chief Justice Lord Mansfield of the Court of Common Pleas stated: "'In Scotland and most of the continental states, the judges determine upon the facts in dispute as well as upon the law; and they think there is no danger in their listening to evidence of hearsay, because, when they come to consider their judgment on the merits of the case, they can trust themselves entirely to disregard the hearsay evidence, or to give it any little weight which it may seem to deserve. But in England, where the jury are the sole judges of the fact, hearsay evidence is properly excluded, because no man can tell what effect it might have upon their minds.'"Hearsay rules have subsequently been updated numerous times. Most recently in England and Wales, the Civil Evidence Act 1995, section 1, specifically allows for admission of 'hearsay' evidence; legislation also allows for 'hearsay' evidence to be used in criminal proceedings, which makes it possible for the accuser to induce friends or family to give false evidence in support of their accusations because, normally, it would be rejected by the presiding authority or judge. There are several examples where presiding authorities are not bound by the rules of evidence. These include the military tribunals in the United States and tribunals used in Australia to try health professionals.

Relevance and social policy
In every jurisdiction based on the English common law tradition, evidence must conform to a number of rules and restrictions to be admissible. Evidence must be relevant – that is, it must be directed at proving or disproving a legal element.

However, the relevance of evidence is ordinarily a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the admissibility of evidence. For example, relevant evidence may be excluded if it is unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or the relevance or irrelevance of evidence cannot be determined by logical analysis. There is also general agreement that assessment of relevance or irrelevance involves or requires judgements about probabilities or uncertainties. Beyond that, there is little agreement. Many legal scholars and judges agree that ordinary reasoning, or common sense reasoning, plays an important role. There is less agreement about whether or not judgements of relevance or irrelevance are defensible only if the reasoning that supports such judgements is made fully explicit. However, most trial judges would reject any such requirement and would say that some judgements can and must rest partly on unarticulated and unarticulable hunches and intuitions. However, there is general (though implicit) agreement that the relevance of at least some types of expert evidence – particularly evidence from the hard sciences – requires particularly rigorous, or in any event more arcane reasoning than is usually needed or expected. There is a general agreement that judgments of relevance are largely within the discretion of the trial court – although relevance rulings that lead to the exclusion of evidence are more likely to be reversed on appeal than are relevance rulings that lead to the admission of evidence.

According to Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE), evidence is relevant if it has the "tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence."

Federal Rule 403 allows relevant evidence to be excluded "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice", if it leads to confusion of the issues, if it is misleading or if it is a waste of time. California Evidence Code section 352 also allows for exclusion to avoid "substantial danger of undue prejudice." For example, evidence that the victim of a car accident was apparently a "liar, cheater, womanizer, and a man of low morals" was unduly prejudicial and irrelevant to whether he had a valid product liability claim against the manufacturer of the tires on his van (which had rolled over resulting in severe brain damage).

Presence or absence of a jury
The United States has a very complicated system of evidentiary rules; for example, John Wigmore's celebrated treatise on it filled ten volumes. James Bradley Thayer reported in 1898 that even English lawyers were surprised by the complexity of American evidence law, such as its reliance on exceptions to preserve evidentiary objections for appeal.

Some legal experts, notably Stanford legal historian Lawrence Friedman, have argued that the complexity of American evidence law arises from two factors: (1) the right of American defendants to have findings of fact made by a jury in practically all criminal cases as well as many civil cases; and (2) the widespread consensus that tight limitations on the admissibility of evidence are necessary to prevent a jury of untrained laypersons from being swayed by irrelevant distractions. In Professor Friedman's words: "A trained judge would not need all these rules; and indeed, the law of evidence in systems that lack a jury is short, sweet, and clear." However, Friedman's views are characteristic of an earlier generation of legal scholars. The majority of people now reject the formerly-popular proposition that the institution of trial by jury is the main reason for the existence of rules of evidence even in countries such as the United States and Australia; they argue that are at work.

Unfairness
Under English law, evidence that would otherwise be admissible at trial may be excluded at the discretion of the trial judge if it would be unfair to the defendant to admit it.

Evidence of a confession may be excluded because it was obtained by oppression or because the confession was made in consequence of anything said or done to the defendant that would be likely to make the confession unreliable. In these circumstances, it would be open to the trial judge to exclude the evidence of the confession under Section 78(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), or under Section 73 PACE, or under common law, although in practice the confession would be excluded under section 76 PACE.

Other admissible evidence may be excluded, at the discretion of the trial judge under 78 PACE, or at common law, if the judge can be persuaded that having regard to all the circumstances including how the evidence was obtained "admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it."

In the United States and other countries, evidence may be excluded from a trial if it is the result of illegal activity by law enforcement, such as a search conducted without a warrant. Such illegal evidence is known as the fruit of the poisonous tree and is normally not permitted at trial.

Authentication
Certain kinds of evidence, such as documentary evidence, are subject to the requirement that the offeror provide the trial judge with a certain amount of evidence (which need not be much and it need not be very strong) suggesting that the offered item of tangible evidence (e.g., a document, a gun) is what the offeror claims it is. This authentication requirement has import primarily in jury trials. If evidence of authenticity is lacking in a bench trial, the trial judge will simply dismiss the evidence as unpersuasive or irrelevant. Other kinds of evidence can be self-authenticating and require nothing to prove that the item is tangible evidence. Examples of self-authenticating evidence includes signed and certified public documents, newspapers, and acknowledged documents.

Witnesses
In systems of proof based on the English common law tradition, almost all evidence must be sponsored by a witness, who has sworn or solemnly affirmed to tell the truth. The bulk of the law of evidence regulates the types of evidence that may be sought from witnesses and the manner in which the interrogation of witnesses is conducted such as during direct examination and cross-examination of witnesses. Otherwise types of evidentiary rules specify the standards of persuasion (e.g., proof beyond a reasonable doubt) that a trier of fact—whether judge or jury—must apply when it assesses evidence.

Today all persons are presumed to be qualified to serve as witnesses in trials and other legal proceedings, and all persons are also presumed to have a legal obligation to serve as witnesses if their testimony is sought. However, legal rules sometimes exempt people from the obligation to give evidence and legal rules disqualify people from serving as witnesses under some circumstances.

Privilege rules give the holder of the privilege a right to prevent a witness from giving testimony. These privileges are ordinarily (but not always) designed to protect socially valued types of confidential communications. Some of the privileges that are often recognized in various U.S. jurisdictions are spousal privilege, attorney–client privilege, doctor–patient privilege, state secrets privilege, and clergy–penitent privilege. A variety of additional privileges are recognized in different jurisdictions, but the list of recognized privileges varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction; for example, some jurisdictions recognize a social worker–client privilege and other jurisdictions do not.

Witness competence rules are legal rules that specify circumstances under which persons are ineligible to serve as witnesses. For example, neither a judge nor a juror is competent to testify in a trial in which the judge or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party.

Often, a law will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the Evidence Act (NSW) 1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia.

Hearsay
Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible. Hearsay is an out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. A party is offering a statement to prove the truth of the matter asserted if the party is trying to prove that the assertion made by the declarant (the maker of the out-of-trial statement) is true. For example, prior to trial Bob says, "Jane went to the store." If the party offering this statement as evidence at trial is trying to prove that Jane actually went to the store, the statement is being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. However, at both common law and under evidence codifications such as the Federal Rules of Evidence, there are dozens of exemptions from and exceptions to the hearsay rule.

Direct vs. circumstantial evidence
Direct evidence is any evidence that directly proves or disproves a fact. The most well-known type of direct evidence is a testimony from an eyewitness. In eye-witness testimonies the witness states exactly what they experienced, saw, or heard. Direct evidence may also be found in the form of documents. In cases that involve a breach of contract, the contract itself would be considered direct evidence as it can directly prove or disprove that there was breach of contract. Circumstantial evidence, however, is evidence that does not point directly to a fact and requires an inference in order to prove that fact.

A common example of the distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence involves a person who comes into a building, when it may be raining. If the person declares, "It's raining outside", that statement is direct evidence that it is raining. If the person is carrying a wet umbrella, and he is wearing a wet rain coat, those observations are circumstantial evidence that it is raining outside.

Burdens of proof
Different types of proceedings require parties to meet different burdens of proof, the typical examples being beyond a reasonable doubt, clear and convincing evidence, and preponderance of the evidence. Many jurisdictions have burden-shifting provisions, which require that if one party produces evidence tending to prove a certain point, the burden shifts to the other party to produce superior evidence tending to disprove it.

One special category of information in this area includes things of which the court may take judicial notice. This category covers matters that are so well known that the court may deem them proved without the introduction of any evidence. For example, if a defendant is alleged to have illegally transported goods across a state line by driving them from Boston to Los Angeles, the court may take judicial notice of the fact that it is impossible to drive from Boston to Los Angeles without crossing a number of state lines. In a civil case, where the court takes judicial notice of the fact, that fact is deemed conclusively proved. In a criminal case, however, the defense may always submit evidence to rebut a point for which judicial notice has been taken.

Evidentiary rules stemming from other areas of law
Some rules that affect the admissibility of evidence are nonetheless considered to belong to other areas of law. These include the exclusionary rule of criminal procedure, which prohibits the admission in a criminal trial of evidence gained by unconstitutional means, and the parol evidence rule of contract law, which prohibits the admission of extrinsic evidence of the contents of a written contract.

Evidence as an area of study
In countries that follow the civil law system, evidence is normally studied as a branch of procedural law.

All American law schools offer a course in evidence, and most require the subject either as a first year class, or as an upper-level class, or as a prerequisite to later courses. Furthermore, evidence is heavily tested on the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) - approximately one-sixth of the questions asked in that test will be in the area of evidence. The MBE predominantly tests evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence, giving little attention to matters on which the law of different states is likely to be inconsistent.

Tampering, falsification, and spoliation
Acts that conceal, corrupt, or destroy evidence can be considered spoliation of evidence and/or tampering with evidence. Spoliation is usually the civil-law/due-process variant, may involve intent or negligence, may affect the outcome of a case in which the evidence is material, and may or may not result in criminal prosecution. Tampering is usually the criminal law variant in which a person alters, conceals, falsifies, or destroys evidence to interfere with a law-enforcement, governmental, or regulatory investigation, and is usually defined as a crime. Parallel construction is the creation of an untruthful, but plausible, explanation for how the evidence came to be held, which hides its true origins, either to protect sources and methods used, or to avoid the evidence being excluded as unlawfully obtained. Depending on the circumstances, acts to conceal or destroy evidence or misrepresent its true origins might be considered both tampering and spoliation.

By jurisdiction

 * Canada Evidence Act
 * Evidence Act 2006 (New Zealand)
 * Federal Rules of Evidence (United States)

title: Evidence (law)


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Dennis Lee (author)

Dennis Beynon Lee (born August 31, 1939) is a Canadian poet, teacher, editor, and critic born in Toronto, Ontario. He is also a children's writer, well known for his book of children's rhymes, Alligator Pie.

Life
After attending high school at the University of Toronto Schools, Lee received bachelor's and master's degrees in English from the University of Toronto, where he coauthored articles in Acta Victoriana with Margaret Atwood. He taught English at the University's Victoria College from 1963 until 1967, at which time he became 'resource person' for Rochdale College.

Also in 1967, Lee co-founded House of Anansi Press with Dave Godfrey, and served as its editorial director until 1972. From 1974 to 1979 he was a consulting editor for Macmillan of Canada.

He was a writer in residence at Trent University in 1975, and at the University of Toronto in 1978-1979.

He is married to Susan Perly, a writer and former Canadian Broadcasting Corporation journalist.

Writing
In 1967 House of Anansi published Lee's first book of poetry, Kingdom of Absence, "a sequence of 43 sonnet variations." Lee followed that up the next year with a long meditative poem, "Civil Elegies". (Civil Elegies and Other Poems, a revised version of that work collected with some newer poetry, won Lee the Governor General's Award in 1972.)

Lee began writing for children as part of his goal of "Reclaiming language and liberating imagination"; his poems are about the language and activities of the daily lives of children, expanded into the realm of imaginary play and fantasy. His best known work is the rhymed Alligator Pie (1974).

Lee wrote the lyrics to the theme song of the 1980s television show Fraggle Rock and, with composer Philip Balsam, many of the other songs for that show. A number of the songs were released on the albums Fraggle Rock: Music and Magic, in 1993, and Jim Henson's Muppets present Fraggle Rock, in 1984. The second album was nominated for a Grammy Award, which it won jointly with Shel Silverstein's Where the Sidewalk Ends. Balsam and Lee also wrote the songs for the television special The Tale of the Bunny Picnic. Lee is co-writer of the story for the film Labyrinth.

"On the adult level," says The Canadian Encyclopedia, "roots and play (including lovemaking) are further explored in Part I of The Gods (1979). Part 2, The Death of Harold Ladoo (1976), is an elegy for Lee's friend, a writer murdered in 1973.... The poem also meditates on the roles of mystical epiphanies and of artistic creation in its attempts to come to term with the problems of the contemporary world."

Lee is also the co-editor of The University Game (1968, with H. Edelman), "in which he calls for freedom from inhibiting educational institutions" a la Rochdale; and the author of Savage Fields: An Essay in Literature and Cosmology (1977), which "explores the interrelationship between 'earth' and 'world'—i.e. nature and civilization, or instinct and consciousness—all with particular application to a critical analysis of works by Michael Ondaatje and Leonard Cohen."

Alasdair Gray adapted a line from Lee's poem Civil Elegies into 'Work as if you live in the early days of a better nation' into a slogan Gray has become known by, inscribed on Scottish Parliament's Canongate Wall.

Recognition
In addition to his 1972 Governor General's Award, Lee twice won the CACL Bronze Medal for a children's book: in 1974 for Alligator Pie, and in 1977 for Garbage Delight. He also won the Vicky Metcalf Award, for body of work for children, in 1986, and the Mr. Christie's Book Award (for The Ice Cream Store) in 1991.

In 1993, Lee was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from Trent University, and won a Toronto Arts Award for Lifetime Achievement.

In 2001 Lee became Toronto's first Poet Laureate, serving in that position until 2004.

In 2009, Lee received an honorary doctorate from Victoria College in the University of Toronto.

Poetry

 * Kingdom of Absence. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1967.
 * Civil Elegies. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 * Civil Elegies and Other Poems. Toronto: Anansi, 1972.
 * Not Abstract Harmonies But. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1974. (Chapbook)
 * The Death of Harold Ladoo. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1976. (Chapbook)
 * The Gods. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1978. (Chapbook)
 * The Gods. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979.
 * The Difficulty of Living on Other Planets. Toronto: Macmillan, 1987. Illus. Alan Daniel.
 * Riffs. London, Ont.: Brick Books, 1993.
 * Nightwatch: New & Selected Poems 1968-1996. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996.
 * Un. Toronto: Anansi, 2003.
 * So cool. Dennis Lee; illustrations by Maryann Kovalski. Toronto : Key Porter, 2004.
 * The Bard of the Universe. Kentville, NS: Gaspereau Press, 2007.
 * YesNo. Toronto: Anansi, 2007.
 * Testament. Toronto: Anansi, 2012.

Children's poetry

 * Wiggle to the Laundromat. Toronto: New Press, 1970. Ill. Charles Pachter.
 * Nicholas Knock and Other People. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1974. Ill. Frank Newfeld.
 * Alligator Pie. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1974. Ill. Frank Newfeld.
 * Garbage Delight. Toronto: Macmillan, 1977. Ill. Frank Newfeld
 * The Ordinary Bath. Toronto: Magook, 1979. Ill. Jon McKee.
 * Jelly Belly. Toronto: Macmillan, 1983. Ill. Juan Wijngaard.
 * Lizzy's Lion. Toronto: Stoddart Kids, 1984. Ill. Marie-Louise Gay.
 * The Dennis Lee Big Book. Toronto: Gage, 1985. Ill. Barbara Klunder.
 * The Ice Cream Store. Toronto: HarperCollins, 1991. Ill. David McPhail.
 * Dinosaur Dinner (with a Slice of Alligator Pie). New York: Random House, 1997. Selected by Jack Prelutsky. Ill. Debbie Tilley.
 * Bubblegum Delicious - 2000
 * The cat and the wizard. Dennis Lee; illustrations by Gillian Johnson. Toronto : Key Porter Books, 2001.
 * Silverly/ Good Night, Good Night. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * Skyscraper. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2007. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * The Kitty Ran Up the Tree. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2007. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * This Little Puppy. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2008. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * Willoughby Wallaby Woo. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * Alligator Stew: Favourite Poems. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2005. Ill. Rege.
 * Living and Learning with Children: Three Hundred One Activities for 3 to 8-Year Olds. New Jersey: New Horizons Publishers. 1981. Ill. Paula Jorde Bloom.
 * Ping and Pong. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. Ill. David McPhail.
 * Rocking Chair. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * So Cool. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2004. Ill. Maryann Kovalski.
 * The Dreadful Doings of Jelly Belly. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
 * Zoomberry. New York: HarperCollins, 2016. Ill. Dušan Petričić.

Prose

 * Savage Fields: An Essay in Literature and Cosmology. Toronto: Anansi, 1977.
 * Cadence, Country, Silence: Writing in Colonial Space, in Cencrastus No. 4, Winter 1980-81, pp. 1 - 6,
 * Reading Adonis. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1987. (Chapbook)
 * Body Music. Toronto: Anansi, 1998.

Edited

 * An Anthology of Verse. Edited by Lee and Roberta Charlesworth. Toronto: Oxford, 1964.
 * The University Game. Essays Edited by Howard Adelman & Dennis Lee. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 * T.O. Now; the Young Toronto Poets. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 * The New Canadian Poets, 1970-1985. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985.

Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy Canadian Poetry Online.

Recordings

 * Dennis Lee [selections].[Sound recording]. Toronto: High Barnet, 1970.
 * Alligator Pie and Other Poems. [sound recording]. New York: Caedmon, 1978.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dennis Lee (author)


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Wayne Robson

Wayne Robson (April 29, 1946 – April 4, 2011) was a Canadian television, stage, voice and film actor known for playing the part of Mike Hamar, an ex-convict and sometime thief, on the Canadian sitcom The Red Green Show from 1993 to 2006, as well as in the 2002 film Duct Tape Forever.

Robson was also known as the escape artist character Rennes, "the Wren", from the 1997 science fiction film Cube. He was in the episode “A Miracle of a Rare Device” on The Ray Bradbury Theater in 1989.

Background
Robson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He began his acting career on stage there, but moved with his family to Toronto, Ontario, where he continued stage acting and appeared in Canadian television commercials in the 1970s. After receiving several small character roles in films such as McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) and Popeye (1980), Robson starred in the 1984 film The Grey Fox for which he was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Robson voiced Bloom in the cartoon Pippi Longstocking and Matthew Cuthbert in Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series. He also voiced Professor Cuthbert Calculus on The Adventures of Tintin between 1991 and 1992, and voiced Melvin Fish in the animated series Bob and Margaret. Robson played minor characters in such films as Finders Keepers (1984), One Magic Christmas (1985), Parents (1989), Frank on The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Double, Double, Toil and Trouble (1993), Dolores Claiborne (1995), Two If by Sea (1996), Cube (1997), Wrong Turn (2003), Welcome to Mooseport (2004), The Incredible Hulk (2008), and Survival of the Dead (2009).

He appeared as Christie in the TV movie The Diviners (1993) based on the Governor General's Award-winning novel by Margaret Laurence, and as Holly Hunter's ailing father, Tug Jones, in the TV movie Harlan County War (2000). Robson was nominated and won several Gemini Awards. He appeared in TV series and miniseries The New Twilight Zone, The Good Germany, Puppets Who Kill, Relic Hunter, and Lexx.

Death
Robson died while in rehearsals for The Grapes of Wrath at the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada on April 4, 2011, from a heart attack, at age 64.

His son, Louis McKeen Robson (b. 1991), who did a part on The Red Green Show with his father, died on December 25, 2016, aged 25.

Selected filmography

 * McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) – Bartender
 * Russian Roulette (1975) – Mechanic (uncredited)
 * Twice Upon a Time... (1979) - Desk clerk
 * Popeye (1980) – Chizzelflint, the Pawnbroker
 * Improper Channels (1981) – Prisoner
 * The Grey Fox (1982) – Shorty
 * Finders Keepers (1984) – Zev Tyndale
 * Just the Way You Are (1984) – Theater Assistant Manager
 * Mrs. Soffel (1984) – Halliday
 * One Magic Christmas (1985) – Harry Dickens
 * Bullies (1986) – Vern
 * Dead of Winter (1987) – Officer Huntley
 * Candy Mountain (1987) – Buddy Burke
 * Housekeeping (1987) – Principal
 * And Then You Die (1987) – Wally Degan
 * Goofballs (1987) – Stick
 * Something About Love (1988) – Myles
 * Parents (1989) – Lab Attendant
 * Buying Time (1989) – Rolley
 * Bye Bye Blues (1989) – Pete
 * Justice Denied (1989) – Roy Ebsary
 * Love & Murder (1990) – Jeff
 * Dark Horse (1990) – Elliot
 * The Rescuers Down Under (1990) – Frank the Lizard (voice)
 * Bingo (1991) – Four Eyes
 * Double, Double, Toil and Trouble (1993, TV Movie) – Gravedigger
 * Scales of Justice (1993) - Wilbert Coffin, episode "Regina v Coffin"
 * April One (1994) – Wayne Brock
 * Dolores Claiborne (1995) – Sammy Marchant
 * Goosebumps (1995) - Jimmy O'James
 * National Lampoon's Senior Trip (1995) – Frank Hardin
 * When the Dark Man Calls (1995) – Billy Orr
 * Two If by Sea (1996) – Beano Callahan
 * Getting Away with Murder (1996) – Bartender
 * Pippi Longstocking (1997) – Bloom (voice)
 * Affliction (1997) – Nick Wickham
 * Cube (1997) – Rennes
 * Babar: King of the Elephants (1999) – Marabou / Sales Manager (voice)
 * Redwall (1999) - Methuselah (voice)
 * The Highwayman (2000) – Cruickshank
 * Lexx (2000) - Gubby Mok
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000) – Matthew Cuthbert (voice)
 * Duct Tape Forever (2002) – Mike Hamar
 * Mark Twain's Roughing It (2002) – Mr. Ballau
 * Interstate 60 (2002) – Tolbert (Deep Stomach)
 * Wrong Turn (2003) – Maynard Odets
 * Cold Creek Manor (2003) – Stan Holland
 * Welcome to Mooseport (2004) – Morris Gutman
 * Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends (2004-2006, TV Series) - Mr Mantis (voice)
 * Stuck (2007) – Mr. Binckley
 * Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007) – Maynard Odets
 * In Between (2007) – Professor
 * The Incredible Hulk (2008) – Boat Captain
 * The Timekeeper (2009) – Lomacki
 * Survival of the Dead (2009) – Tawdry
 * Servitude (2011) – Donny (final film role)

title: Wayne Robson


text:
Talk:Professional wrestling throws/Archive 1

"Professional wrestling" is a sham. Although professional wrestling matches purport to be the real thing, they are choreograed for their effect on the audience. Often one of the wrestlers is portrayed as the hero and other as the villain. The referee is often portrayed as blind or bumbling.

My father was a referee for more than 40 years. One of the tricks he described is one in which one of the wrestlers put a headlock on his opponent. The referee would slip a taped up razor (with only a small corner showing} to the wrestler in the headlock. He would cut his own cheek.  Then the other wrestler would let go of the hadlock and hit him in the face with his fist (actually a glancing blow.) The blood would spurt and the crowd would go wild.

Most of the wrestling throws you mention would not occur in a real contest because they depemd on the cooperation of the oponent. They belong under the banner of show business, not wrestling.

Fred

Of course it's faked. I think you'd have a hard time finding anybody who doesn't know that pro wrestlers aren't actually fighting. Even the WWE acknowledges it, by calling it "sports entertainment". If you look at the pro wrestling article, you'll see that it does not claim that pro wrestling is a true competition. The introduction to this article also says that these techniques are by and large not allowed in amateur and Olympic wrestling.

I don't think that "it's not real" is a valid criticism of a form of entertainment. Do you watch only documentary movies and read nonfiction books? Did you hate Star Wars because lightsabers don't really exist and Yoda was a puppet?

To sum up, I'm not sure why you even posted that rant. I'm contributing to this article because I think that the information should be accessible to those who are interested. Gwalla 03:27, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Shooting star press
From Special:Recentchanges: The Shooting Star Press is a top-rope move where one wrestler is laying in the middle of the ring and the attacker is facing him on the ropes. The attacker the jumps forward, executing a backflip in mid-air, ending with the attacker landing on the opponent in the splash position. I found the above as a substub under Shooting Star Press and didn't redirect because I couldn't see this anywhere else, but I'm going to speedy delete it anyway. If this is an actual move, could someone who is in the know merge it with either this article or Professional wrestling holds, whichever is appropriate? --Ardonik.talk 04:02, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

The Shooting Star Press isn't a throw or a hold. It's considered a "high-flying move", which would place it in Professional wrestling high-flying techniques; this nonexistent article is currently a red link in the main Professional wrestling article. Dale Arnett 06:11, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

DDT
why is the DDT named after some chemical DDT???? I was under the impression it stood for Death Defying Trap. Feel free to prove me wrong, i haven't seen any evidence either way AlbinoMonkey

Jake the Snake, arguably the most famous user of the DDT as a finisher, referred to it at least once as "Damien's Dinner Time."

But I still say the best guess is that it was named after the chemical. --Jgriffey 17:31, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't remember Jake ever having used that name for the move. In fact, the only time I remember Jake being asked what the name DDT means, he repiled, simply, "It means the end!" --HBK 06:50, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

In a shoot interview Roberts was asked where he got the name DDT... he replied that during the time he was deciding on the name an incident was on the news about a DDT chemical spill so he decided to use the name DDT.---Paulley 15:24, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure the DDT predates Jake the Snake's career. The name might not, however. — Gwalla | Talk 05:56, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

A Stunner is not a Bulldog
I've tried to edit the various areas where a Stone Cold Stunner is described as a type of bulldog...that's just not the case. A bulldog ends with the opponent's head coming into contact with the mat, while the Stunner is more properly called a Three-Quarters Headlock Chinbreaker.

Just getting the terminology clear would be nice. --Jgriffey 17:32, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have made a jawbreaker section and placed it and related parts under that... hopefully that should clear things up.

--Paulley 18:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. It doesn't look like the terminology is very clear in common use, though: both the "Book of 1000 Holds" site, and a wrestler I know call the Stunner/Ace Crusher/etc. a type of bulldog. Wrestling isn't exactly scientific, so there are some weird overlaps in terminology.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Crock tail DDT
plz can someone prove to me that this is actually a real move. even the person that wrote it says its never been used:

"This move has never been used by a professional wrestler but is invented by Mikael Samuelsson, Umeå, Sweden. Alias "the Crock"."

so why is it in this article???... at least can someone give it a technical name. Paulley 14:32, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems like it was invented by somebody for his e-fed character. The description was incoherent—it seems like it's supposed to be some sort of pumphandle DDT, but I wouldn't put money on it. I deleted it for being incomprehensible and under a neologism.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:24, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up Gwalla. Be on the look out, as more of these fake moves are appearing on the other wrestling move lists. Paulley 13:28, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Judgment Slam
Is there really such thing as a judgment slam? If there is such a thing PLEASE note an event in which it was used or I recommend somebody delete it.
 * Deleted. If somebody has evidence of its existence, they should provide it here in talk.   — Gwalla | Talk 06:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Its a move in "Smackdown Here Comes the Pain" and "Smackdown vs. Raw" for the PS2--- Paulley 12:10, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it ever actually used by a real wrestler, or is it just in those games?   — Gwalla | Talk 23:59, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well i would highly doubt WWE would place a fake move in one of there games, though i do agree i would rather have some proof of use -- Paulley 11:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company

The New York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Company was a company in a series of conglomerations of several companies that eventually laid the first Trans-Atlantic cable.

In 1854 British engineer Charles Bright met an American, Cyrus Field, who had a dream of completing a submarine cable connection between North America and Europe. The New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company was founded in 1852 and in 1854 Charles Bright and John Watkins Brett became additional signatories along with Cyrus Field. This was to make sure that Britain had a representative on the company's board and so enable support for a trans-Atlantic cable from the British. In 1855 Charles Bright finished a survey of the Irish coast and came to the conclusion that Valentia Island, on the west coast of Ireland, was best possible location and was also the closest point to North America. Armed with this location and the information that Cyrus Field gathered from a US Navy oceanographic seabed survey, that had taken place the year before, the project got underway.


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Buffalo Commons

The Buffalo Commons is a conceptual proposal to create a vast nature preserve by returning 139000 sqmi of the drier portion of the Great Plains to native prairie, and by reintroducing the American bison ("buffalo"), that once grazed the shortgrass prairie. The proposal would affect ten states: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.

History
The proposal originated with Frank J. Popper and Deborah Popper, who argued in a 1987 essay that the current use of the drier parts of the plains is not sustainable. The authors viewed the historic European-American settlement of the Plains States as hampered by lack of understanding of the ecology and an example of the "Tragedy of the Commons". Many people in potentially affected states resisted the concept during the 1990s.

Cause
The Poppers note that periodic disasters such as the Dust Bowl and continuing significant population loss over the last 80 years show the area is not sustainable for large-scale farming. They note that the rural Plains has lost a third of its population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 persons per square mile. This was the population density standard of settlement which historian Frederick Jackson Turner used in his "Frontier Thesis" to declare the American Frontier "closed" in 1893. Large areas have fewer than 2 persons per square mile. The Poppers demonstrated that the number of "frontier counties" increased by 14 between 1980 and 2000, mostly on the Plains, and noted that there are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone (according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald). They claim that the decline in population on the plains is accelerating.

Details
The Poppers propose that a significant portion of the region be gradually shifted from farming and ranching use. They envision an area of native grassland, of perhaps 10 or 20 million acres (40,000 or 80,000 km2) in size. One way to achieve this would be through voluntary contracts between the Forest Service and Plains farmers and ranchers, in which owners would be paid the value of what they would have cultivated over the next 15 years. In the meantime, they would be required to plant and reestablish native Shortgrass prairie grasses and forbs, according to a Forest Service-approved program. At the end of the period, the Forest Service would purchase their holdings, while granting owners a 40 acre homestead. Since their initial article in 1987, the Poppers have acknowledged that many other parties have very important roles to play. They do not see the federal government as central as they first did.

Outcomes
The proposal attracted some public attention, particularly since several Plains states and Native Americans on their reservations had already started reintroduction of bison. Many Plains residents intensely criticized the concept, especially in the first years. They point out that much of rural flight is due to mechanization of agriculture, wherefore fewer people are needed to produce the same amount (or more) of agriculture output, not because farms are failing. Proponents answer that the criticism is based on a misunderstood assumption that the plan would be coercive rather than voluntary.

Given the pace of rural depopulation, many scholars believe that aspects of the proposal are likely to happen with or without national government involvement. States, non-profit community development groups, and Native American nations have found the concept supports some of their own ideas about the future. Some are working independently or partnering on related ecological and sustainability issues. In the last decade, as the Poppers talk about the concept, they acknowledge there are many players. They have seen many partnerships come about, including private and non-governmental initiatives.

The Poppers draw parallels between the Plains and Northern New England, which had agricultural depopulation following the opening of transportation to the West in the 1830s. In New England, the dominant forests have returned, taking over former areas of agricultural cultivation which were abandoned.

North Dakota's 2000 economic roadmap noted the Buffalo Commons idea was "vilified", but had elements that could be of use to the state. The report suggested the concept could increase revenues from tourism. This was just one among many economic development avenues suggested in the report.

The only population that has increased on the plains is that of various Native American nations. Some of these have started to raise bison, in part for tourism and ecological value, as well as its primary place in their traditional cultures. In 1992 Native American tribes started the InterTribal Buffalo Council. The consortium now includes 82 Native American tribes in 20 states. It trains Indian buffalo producers and tribal land managers, and takes other steps to reinvigorate buffalo's historically central place in their cultures. The buffalo count on Indian land has at least tripled since 1992. As of 2009, the tribes collectively managed 15,000 bison. Non-profits and private owners have also been raising bison; by 2001, the number of bison on the Plains had increased to a total of 300,000.

As of 2009, the high plains population continued to decline, local economies continued to shrink, and the region's major water resource, the Ogallala Aquifer, had shrunk more quickly than had been expected. Public perceptions of the concept of the Buffalo Commons have begun to change. In November 2009 The Kansas City Star published an editorial that claimed the aquifer was almost depleted and noted the biggest asset of the high plains was its prairie. It supported the creation of a million-acre (4,000 km2) Buffalo Commons National Park in western Kansas. The editorial suggested such a park could satisfy several goals:

 * attract tourists who would stimulate the economies of nearby towns;
 * provide carbon sequestration by the prairies; and
 * protect America's natural and cultural heritage.

Popular articles

 * "Plains sense", High Country News on the recent history of the proposal
 * Matt Moline, "Land Use Ideas Resurface", The Capital-Journal, 2 Feb 2004

title: Buffalo Commons


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User:Comtebenoit

My Wikipedian pseudonym is Comtebenoit and this is my user page for it. I am an archaeologist at the University of Washington. I use Wikipedia in some of my teaching because it is effective at training students to write in public and to engage with diverse communities.

title: User:Comtebenoit


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lava soap

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 06:45, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Lava soap
I came across this page on 6 June. The page had been nominated VFD by 63.173.228.51 on 25 May, though user gave no reason for explanation or nor did the user list it on VFD pages. Thus, I am following up on this as the user had begun a VFD process and I am not sure if the intent was serious or otherwise. My opinion: Keep. Lava has been around a long time, and is notable for a number of reasons, the pumace content being part of the advertising; the fact that it is made by an industrial products company (WD-40) instead of a health care or home care products company like Proctor and Gamble (though WD-40 Company is one now, they didn't start out with that intent); and innovative (for the time, and still to some degree now) packaging design. I don't know if it's one of the major-selling soaps in the US, but I do know that it's one of the more instantly-recognizable brands out there.--Mitsukai 16:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually Lava soap was made by P&G for decades until the brand was sold to WD-40 in 1999. --Tabor 19:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That I did not know; it's not listed on the article and probably should be.--Mitsukai 19:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. If you work with engines, you've heard of it (and probably used it). -- BD2412 talk 16:42, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable product particularly because of its history and uniqueness. DS1953 16:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Scratchy and unpleasant, but real annd pretty famous. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:49, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've tidied the article up a little.  Joyous 17:57, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - added a picture, product-stub, and soap category to the article. Not that I think the article's going to be VFD'd, but it couldn't hurt to spruce it up anyway.--Mitsukai 18:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Common household product. Capitalistroadster 00:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though perhaps move to Lava (soap) to be consistent with naming conventions. Haikupoet 03:20, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Pretty much, yeah it's significant.  So can we remove the VFD sticker now, or is there some sort of expiration on these things? --The Human Spellchecker 23:13, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep What??? You never heard of Lava soap? Keep!!!!
 * Keep I swear by this stuff, it's much better than anything else out there, and half as expensive. I found the article to be informative. Did not know it had been bought by WD-40.--Txredcoat 00:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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There's No Business Like Show Business (film)

Irving Berlin's There's No Business Like Show Business is a 1954 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Walter Lang. It stars an ensemble cast, consisting of Ethel Merman, Donald O'Connor, Marilyn Monroe, Dan Dailey, Johnnie Ray, and Mitzi Gaynor.

The title is borrowed from the famous song in the stage musical (and MGM film) Annie Get Your Gun. The screenplay was written by Phoebe Ephron and Henry Ephron, based on a story by Lamar Trotti; and the movie was Fox's first musical in CinemaScope and DeLuxe Color.

O'Connor later called the film the best picture he ever made.

Plot
The story opens in 1919 and chronicles the ups and downs in the careers of Terence and Molly Donahue, a husband-and-wife vaudeville team. Throughout the years, the Donahues reconcile a stable family life with professional success. Their children, Steve, Katy, and Tim, join the act one by one, and they eventually become known as The Five Donahues. However, as the children mature, they answer other callings. Steve, for example, enrolls in a Catholic seminary for training as a priest. Later, Tim falls in love with a successful performer, Vicky Parker, and he and sister Katy consent to join her act as supporting players. However, Tim and Vicky experience a falling out, and he abandons the act. Despite efforts by the family to locate him, Tim's whereabouts remain a mystery.

Meanwhile, Katy begins dating Charlie Gibbs, the show's tall and spare lyricist, and they are eventually married—in a ceremony ministered by Steve who has just been ordained a priest. Thus, the Five Donahues are no more, until months later at a benefit on the closing night of the famed Hippodrome Theatre in New York. As Molly sings the film's title song for the sellout crowd, Steve arrives backstage unexpectedly, followed by Tim, in the uniform of a U.S. sailor. There, he reconciles with Vicky and his family, and for the first time in years, the Five Donahues reunite for the film's elaborate finale.

Soundtrack
All songs written by Irving Berlin.

Production
In the months before the filming of the movie, Marilyn Monroe had been placed on suspension from 20th Century-Fox after refusing to accept the leading role in a film version of a Broadway musical titled The Girl in Pink Tights. During her suspension, she married baseball star Joe DiMaggio and the two honeymooned in Japan, during which time she entertained American soldiers in Korea. Fox had intended to cast Sheree North in There's No Business Like Show Business, going so far as to screen-test North in Monroe's own studio wardrobe. When Monroe returned to California, her Fox suspension was lifted, and studio executives offered her a role in the ensemble cast of There's No Business Like Show Business as a replacement project for having refused to make Pink Tights. Monroe initially refused to make There's No Business Like Show Business just as she had for the previous project until Fox assured her that her next vehicle would be The Seven Year Itch. She also demanded a pay increase of $3,000 a week.

Ethel Merman had first sung "There's No Business Like Show Business" in the original Broadway production of Annie Get Your Gun in 1946 and would go on to sing it again in the 1967 television broadcast of the subsequent Lincoln Center revival of that musical comedy.

Release and reception
To publicize the film, Monroe wore a black cotton polka-dot swimsuit. It went on auction at Christie's in London in 1991 and sold for $22,400 to collector David Gainsborough Roberts.

Ed Sullivan described Monroe's performance of the song "Heat Wave" as "one of the most flagrant violations of good taste" he had witnessed. Time magazine compared her unfavorably to co-star Ethel Merman. Bosley Crowther in The New York Times called the film a "major success" in a generally favorable review, praising in particular Donald O'Connor's performance, but said that Mitzi Gaynor had surpassed Monroe's "wriggling and squirming" which were "embarrassing to behold." Donald O'Connor drew unfavorable reviews for his "over-acting" and "uncanny flirting" with Monroe on-screen. Dan Dailey and Johnnie Ray favored better among critics, although reviewers stated their performances were "below average".

Despite boasting a lavish production, Irving Berlin's There's No Business Like Show Business eventually became both a critical and box office failure. The film's budget was $4,340,000. Excessive at the time for a movie filmed entirely on a studio lot in Los Angeles, the expenses were mainly due to delays in production, the lavish musical numbers and a running time that was at least 15 minutes longer than most other Hollywood musicals. The film made just $5,103,555 at the North American box office. Musicals at the time did less well overseas and it was estimated it would only earn $2 million outside the US and Canada. 20th Century Fox officials were disappointed.

According to records, Fox was expecting a profit of $2 million, but ran a loss of almost $950,000. It is also significant that Johnnie Ray never worked again for 20th Century Fox or appeared in another motion picture made by any major movie studio in the United States or another country, though his music developed a stronger following overseas than in the United States.

The film's TV premiere occurred October 28, 1961, on NBC's ground-breaking movie anthology series, Saturday Night at the Movies, in a pan-and-scan version to match the square, small-screen design of televisions manufactured at the time. Later syndicated broadcasts on local television stations were unkind to the legacy of There's No Business Like Show Business because it warranted a time slot of at least two-and-one-half hours, including commercials, and also because of the lack of letterboxing during that era. Every CinemaScope movie lost much of its appeal when shown on television in the 1960s and 1970s, even if it was in black-and-white, but There's No Business Like Show Business was hit especially hard because of cinematographer Leon Shamroy’s placement of at least two members of the ensemble cast on the wide screen in every frame as they hit a lot of marks on the soundstage. The several dance sequences with at least three cast members were compromised by the pan-and-scan process.

The movie's release to the home video market in the early 1990s solved the problem of commercial interruptions and improved its profits and reputation considerably. The issue of the aspect ratio of CinemaScope remained, however. A DVD release in 2001 included letterboxing and 4-channel surround sound, thereby eliminating the bad aspect ratio and introducing the movie to younger generations. It has received favorable reviews from critics and fans.

Awards and honors
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated


text: File:Ufouria-box-art.jpg

title: File:Ufouria-box-art.jpg


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Tom R. Ferguson

Tom R. Ferguson (born December 20, 1950) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy. He was the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) World Champion all-around cowboy for six consecutive years from 1974 to 1979; breaking the previous mark of five consecutive titles held by Larry Mahan. He was also the 1974 World Champion calf roper and the World Champion steer wrestler in 1977 and 1978. In 1999, he was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame.

Early life
Born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States, on December 20, 1950, Tom Ferguson moved to California at the age of 3 and was later chosen for the California Polytechnic State University rodeo team. The team took home multiple National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association championships, before Ferguson turned professional and returned to Miami, Oklahoma, in 1973. He joined the Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA), which later renamed itself to the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA).

Rodeo career
Though Larry Mahan was the first to have six world all-around titles, Ferguson won six consecutively. The 5-foot-11 Native American rodeo cowboy specialized in calf roping and steer wrestling. In 1994, Ty Murray broke Mahan's and Ferguson's record of six titles and tied Ferguson's record of having won six titles consecutively. In 1998, Murray won his seventh title, surpassing both of them and holding the record for all-around titles at seven titles. In 2010, Trevor Brazile won his eighth all-around title, surpassing them all. In 2018, Brazile won his 14th all-around title.

In his first year as a professional rodeo cowboy, Ferguson came in second in the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) in the All-Around Cowboy event. He accumulated more than $1 million in his rodeo career and was among the first rodeo cowboys to hire a manager.

In 1974, he won the World Tie-Down Roping championship and came second in the Steer Wrestling event. In 1976 he won the World Steer Wrestling Championship. Ferguson retired from rodeo in the late 1980s.

Honors

 * The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture by the Oklahoma Historical Society
 * 1974 Rodeo Hall of Fame of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
 * 1997 Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame
 * 1999 ProRodeo Hall of Fame
 * 2018 PBR Ty Murray Top Hand Award

title: Tom R. Ferguson


text:
Talk:Rockweed

Untitled
this is the best article on rockweed ever crafted. the only thing it leaves out is if you smoke it you see purple elaphants. so smoke that rockweed you hippy chick.

title: Talk:Rockweed


text:
Talk:Carl-Christian Ferner

Web Citation

 * royalty archive

title: Talk:Carl-Christian Ferner


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Da Boom Crew

Da Boom Crew is an animated television series created by Bruce W. Smith, John Patrick White, and Stiles White. The series premiered on The WB as part of the Kids' WB! schedule in September 2004. Unusual for an animated series, it was pulled from the Kids' WB! line-up after only four episodes had aired.

Plot
Four foster kids create a video game about heroes going up against space alien terrorists. Then a portal appears and pulls them into a dimension which is really similar to their game. This show also details their adventures in this parallel world, as they embark on a quest to find their missing video game cartridges and stop the sadistic extraterrestrial emperor Zorch from taking control of this intergalactic dimension.

Characters

 * Justin – The leader and general of the crew who wears shoulder pads, and elbow pads. His weapons are two laser pistols and an arm slingshot.
 * Nate – The gang's ship pilot, Justin's younger brother, and his right hand man. The shortest and youngest in the group, he has short brown hair and wears a light blue top and blue jeans. He refers to himself as 'big daddy Nate' and has a fear of heights. His arsenal is a laser sword given to him as a reward by the yo-diggians for helping save commander Blurp.
 * Jubei – A hoverboard rider. He's Justin's friend who wears a visor cap armed with a laser shotgun, and is an accurate sharp shooter. However, when he misses a shot, he calls it the "kiki popo". He is apparently of Japanese descent.
 * Ricki – A whiz kid gadget creator, making her the gang's genius. She is a ginger-haired girl who wears a red track jacket with matching jogging pants, grey hiking boots, a blue wristband on her left wrist, and has ginger hair up positioned in two pigtails. She is an expert with anything mechanical, uses a vast scientific knowledge when describing things, attacks using a metal staff, has a fear of water, and even romantic feelings for her superior Justin.
 * Dent – A sentient robot which has been given to Ricki as a gift after she helped save commander Blurp. He resembles a flat screen computer with a hollow, metal, cylindrical body, has two robotic arms and moves around on a small set of wheels. He does not talk, but shows above-average human intelligence and uses a series of beeps to communicate. A digital face portraying his mood is shown on the screen.
 * "Great Commander" Blurp – Former War Commander of Planet Yodiggity in the war against Zorch. He says he is a brave commander, but his actions say otherwise.
 * Zorch – He wishes to conquer the galaxy by gathering the Boom Cards. This character was voiced by Morris Day.
 * Headlock – Cohort of Zorch. He wears a dome on his head because it is abnormally small. His assistant's name is Gerone.
 * Hetra – Headlock's evil older sister. She and Commander Blurp were trained by the same mentor.

Production
The series was produced by Berliner Film Company, in association with Jambalaya Studios in Los Angeles, California. Unusual for an animated series targeted at children, Da Boom Crew was pulled from the Kids' WB! line-up and cancelled after only four episodes due to low ratings and negative viewer reception.

Animation Magazine had reported that a second season was in production. However, following the show's cancellation, the second season was never produced.

Broadcast and release
The series premiered on The WB as part of the Kids' WB! schedule in September 2004. In the United Kingdom, all 13 episodes were broadcast on Cartoon Network UK in 2005.

The entire series is streaming on Tubi TV in the United States, as well as Amazon Prime Video with the Ameba addon.

title: Da Boom Crew


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Dorus de Vries

Dorus de Vries (born 29 December 1980) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

De Vries began his professional career in his native the Netherlands with Telstar, before spending three seasons with ADO Den Haag. He moved to Britain in 2006, when he spent a season at Scottish club Dunfermline Athletic. before moving to Swansea City where he spent four seasons, culminating in promotion to the Premier League in 2011. He rejected a new deal with Swansea to instead join Wolverhampton Wanderers, with whom he spent two seasons largely as back-up. De Vries then signed for Nottingham Forest in July 2013. He retired from football in 2019, after three seasons with Celtic.

Early career in Netherlands
De Vries began his professional career at Telstar, making his first team debut during the 1999–2000 season. He remained with the club in the second tier of Dutch football until 2003, when he signed for Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag.

After mostly serving as back-up to Roland Jansen, he took over as number one during the 2004–05 campaign. However, this status proved short lived as the loan capture of Jaroslav Drobný during 2006 pushed De Vries aside, and he was told that he would not be offered a new contract.

Dunfermline Athletic
In the summer of 2006, following a successful trial, he signed a contract with Scottish Premier League club Dunfermline Athletic. He made his debut in a 0–0 draw with Ayr United in the second round of the Scottish League Cup, saving a penalty to take the match to extra time before going on to win in a penalty shoot-out. On 11 May 2007, he palmed a tame free kick into his own net against Inverness Caledonian Thistle to end Dunfermline's seven-year stay in the Scottish Premier League. However, following the match, Dunfermline manager Stephen Kenny refused to blame De Vries for his team's relegation, stating: "We can attach absolutely no blame to him because he has been out of this world this season." His final match for the club came in the 2007 Scottish Cup Final defeat to Celtic.

Swansea City
After becoming a free agent at the end of his contract, De Vries signed a two-year deal at Swansea City on 6 July 2007. In his first season with the Welsh side he helped the club to the League One title, as the club's first choice goalkeeper.

In the 2009–10 season, De Vries surpassed Roger Freestone's club record of 22 clean sheets in a single season with a shut-out against Scunthorpe United on 5 April 2010. He would go on to finish the season with 25 clean sheets, winning the Football League's Golden Glove award for the Championship in the process.

The following season, he was part of the team that won the Championship Play-off Final, against Reading, to reach the Premier League. Initially, De Vries stated that he wanted to stay with the club for their first Premier League season. However, he rejected their contract offer shortly after and was subsequently signed by Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
On 22 June 2011, it was confirmed that free agent De Vries had joined Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers, signing a three-year contract. At Wolves, De Vries primarily served as back-up to Wayne Hennessey and initially only gained playing time in cup competitions. He made his club debut on 23 August 2011 in a 4–0 League Cup win at Northampton Town.

When first choice goalkeeper Hennessey suffered a torn cruciate knee ligament in April 2012, De Vries made his first-ever Premier League appearance. However, by this stage Wolves had become rooted in the relegation zone and the 0–2 defeat against eventual champions Manchester City on De Vries' league debut confirmed their relegation back to the Championship. De Vries remained in the Wolves' goal for their remaining fixtures, including a trip to his former club Swansea, before which he said that he has no regrets about his decision to leave Swansea and join Wolves; he received mixed reception from Swansea fans and went on to concede four times in a 4–4 draw.

Following relegation, De Vries was a target for Liverpool following their appointment of former Swansea manager Brendan Rodgers as manager, but their bid of a reported £500,000 was not accepted. With the new season beginning with Wayne Hennessey still sidelined through injury, new Wolves manager Ståle Solbakken opted to instead start with Carl Ikeme in goal. His only start under Solbakken came in a League Cup loss at Chelsea, during which the goalkeeper conceded six times. In late October Solbakken admitted that he and De Vries had had an angry confrontation regarding his lack of opportunities.

For a second consecutive season his chance to play league football only arrived through injury, when Ikeme suffered a self-inflicted broken hand in March 2013. He played in all of Wolves' remaining fixtures as the team again struggled unsuccessfully to avoid relegation under another manager, Dean Saunders. Following relegation to League One, Saunders was fired and replaced by Kenny Jackett, who has stated that De Vries was free to leave on a free transfer as he sought to slim down the squad.

Nottingham Forest
On 3 July 2013, De Vries signed a two-year deal with Championship club Nottingham Forest. Upon joining the club, De Vries stated the move wouldn't be easy for him over a first choice goalkeeper. De Vries was given the number 29 shirt.

In his first season at Nottingham Forest, De Vries was primarily second choice goalkeeper behind Karl Darlow throughout the season, making his debut for the club on 21 April 2014 in a 2–1 win over Leeds United, and remained in goal for the remainder of the season with Darlow injured. De Vries was again second choice in 2014–2015, eventually displacing Darlow for a spell including the 2–1 derby win over Derby County, but Darlow was re-instated by Dougie Freedman, immediately on replacing Stuart Pearce as manager.

Following Darlow's move to Newcastle United, De Vries was promoted to first-choice goalkeeper for the 2015–16 season and took the number one shirt. He played in all but one of Forest's league matches, missing the away fixture against Sheffield Wednesday with a back injury. On 1 May 2016 De Vries was voted Player of the Season for 2015–16 by Forest's supporters after a consistent year in goal, which included a hat-trick of Player of the Month awards for August, February and March. He also saved all three of the penalties he faced during the season.

De Vries made one appearance for Forest in the 2016–17 season: on opening day in a 4–3 victory over Burton Albion. He suffered a knee injury and was replaced by new signing Stephen Henderson.

Celtic
On 13 August 2016, De Vries signed a two-year deal with Celtic. He made his debut on 27 August, playing the full match in Celtic's 4–1 win over Aberdeen at Celtic Park. He played in his first Old Firm match on 10 September, in only his second appearance, as Celtic beat Rangers 5–1. Three days later he made his European debut, in a 7–0 defeat to Barcelona at Camp Nou in the UEFA Champions League. After playing the full ninety minutes of the 2–2 draw away at Inverness Caledonian Thistle, de Vries was substituted at half-time against Kilmarnock on 24 September, replaced by Craig Gordon; this was his last appearance of the 2016–17 season.

De Vries made only one appearance in the entire 2017 calendar year: a 1–0 win over Dundee on 14 October. On 27 January 2018, De Vries replaced Gordon at half-time shortly after the latter suffered a knee injury in the 1–0 win over Hibernian. This gave De Vries an extended run in the side, taking in Scottish Premiership clashes with Aberdeen, Hearts, Kilmarnock, and St Johnstone, Scottish Cup victories over first Partick Thistle and then Greenock Morton, and De Vries' UEFA Europa League début, which came against Zenit Saint Petersburg. Celtic exited the Europa League after a 3–1 aggregate defeat to Zenit; the Russians' second goal, described by De Vries as a "knuckleball", deceived him, and it is his belief that his side never recovered from that concession. De Vries was injured in training on 9 March and replaced by Scott Bain in the match with Rangers two days later, and made no further appearances in the 2017–18 season, finishing with 10 appearances: two in the Scottish Cup, two in the Europa League, and six in the League.

De Vries left Celtic at the end of the 2018–19 season, and then announced his retirement from football.

Club
Swansea City
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2010–11
 * Football League One: 2007–08

Celtic
 * Scottish League Cup: 2016–17, 2017–18
 * Scottish Cup: 2016–17, 2018–19

Individual

 * Championship Golden Glove: 2009–10
 * Nottingham Forest Player of the Year: 2016

title: Dorus de Vries


text:
The Ticket

The Ticket may refer to:

 * The Ticket, a supplement to The Irish Times
 * "The Ticket" (Seinfeld), a 1992 episode of Seinfeld
 * "The Ticket" (The West Wing), a 2005 episode of The West Wing
 * SportsRadio 1310/96.7 The Ticket, an AM/FM sports-talk radio station in Dallas, Texas, broadcast on KTCK-AM/KTCK-FM
 * KTLT, an FM radio station in Anson, Texas, branded as The Ticket
 * WAXY (AM), an AM sports-talk radio station in Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL, also known as 790 The Ticket
 * WXYT-FM, an Entercom-owned FM sports-talk station in Detroit, Michigan, also known as 97.1 The Ticket.
 * The Ticket, a Channel V television series which reviews movies
 * The Ticket (1997 film)
 * The Ticket (2016 film)

title: The Ticket


text:
NWA National Heavyweight Championship

The NWA National Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned and promoted by the U.S.-based, National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).

The championship was established in January 1980 as the top singles title of Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), a prominent NWA-affiliated promotion. Until its September 1986 deactivation, the title remained Georgia-based—across 3 different owners (GCW; Championship Wrestling from Georgia, and Jim Crockett Promotions).

The title was reactivated in May 1997 and promoted by a handful of NWA-affiliated independent promotions, until it was vacated in October 2017.

In October 2018, the title was renamed the "NWA National Championship", reactivated, and the NWA (now a promotion, instead of a sanctioning body) held an 8-person tournament to crown a new titleholder.

History
The NWA National Heavyweight Championship was the top singles title in the NWA-affiliated promotion, Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), from 1980 until 1986. Contrary to its name, the title was defended almost exclusively in just one state, Georgia. When World Wrestling Entertainment (then called, the World Wrestling Federation) purchased GCW (Black Saturday (1984)) in July 1984, then-champion The Spoiler signed with the WWF (which even, briefly, recognized the title). Soon thereafter, Championship Wrestling from Georgia—started by former GCW booker Ole Anderson—launched and gained NWA affiliation. The title was awarded to Ted DiBiase.

In 1985, Jim Crockett Promotions purchased the weekend TBS timeslots for wrestling from the WWF, producing its own version of the "World Championship Wrestling" TV show. JCP had also purchased Championship Wrestling from Georgia (taking over its Saturday morning time slot, as well), and began recognizing CWG's championships. Eventually, Crockett held a unification match between his company's NWA United States Champion Nikita Koloff, and NWA National Champion Wahoo McDaniel, which Koloff won. The National title was deactivated afterwards.

In May 1997, the title was reactivated and promoted by various NWA-affiliated, independent promotions across the United States. During this period it was considered the third most important heavyweight title in the NWA, after the World and North American titles.

In October 2017, Billy Corgan's company Lightning One, Inc., purchased the National Wrestling Alliance's intellectual and physical properties. At that point, all pre-existing NWA affiliation agreements with other promotions were ended; most NWA-branded championships (including the National) would be vacated in the months that immediately followed. The only two championships not vacated were the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship, and NWA World Women's Championship. Corgan transformed the NWA from a governing body, to a wrestling promotion—one seeking to proudly revive and preserve the mood, look, and feel of the 1970s/1980s, Georgia/Mid-Atlantic era of wrestling.

In October 2018, the NWA announced the National title would be rebooted on the NWA 70th Anniversary Show, with an eight-man, championship tournament featuring: Jay Bradley; Colt Cabana; Sammy Guevara; Mike Parrow; Scorpio Sky; Sam Shaw; Ricky Starks; and Willie Mack. The championship was officially renamed the "NWA National Championship". A new title belt was commissioned: its design was a faithful restoration of the 1970s, Crockett/Mid-Atlantic Wrestling version of the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship belt, with a few modern tweaks. In effect, the National title has become the second most important heavyweight title in the NWA.

Belt designs
There have been six belt designs used to represent the NWA National Heavyweight Championship.

Reigns
The NWA currently recognizes 93 individual National Championship reigns.

The inaugural champion was Austin Idol. The longest reigning champion is Phil Shatter, who held the title from January 17, 2009 to February 19, 2011, for a total of 763 days. Ricky Murdock holds the record for longest combined reigns (2) at 817 days. Killer Tim Brooks has the shortest reign. Damien Wayne, Phil "Nitro" Monahan, Greg Anthony, Lou Marconi, Paul Orndorff, Tommy Rich, Larry Zbyszko, and Masked Superstar have the most reigns with 3 apiece.

The current champion is Thom Latimer, who won the vacant title on March 2, 2024 at Hard Times 4 in Dothan, Alabama by defeating Blake "Bulletproof" Troop, Burchill and Zyon in a four-way match.

Combined reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

title: NWA National Heavyweight Championship


text:
The Glass Bottom Boat

The Glass Bottom Boat is a 1966 American romantic spy comedy film directed by Frank Tashlin and starring Doris Day, Rod Taylor, and Arthur Godfrey, with John McGiver, Paul Lynde, Edward Andrews, Eric Fleming, Dom DeLuise, and Dick Martin. It is also known as The Spy in Lace Panties.

Plot
Axel Nordstrom manages a glass-bottom boat tourist operation in the waters of Santa Catalina Island, California. His widowed daughter, Jennifer Nelson, occasionally helps by donning a mermaid costume and swimming underneath his boat for the passengers' amusement.

One day, Jennifer meets Bruce Templeton when his fishing hook accidentally snags her costume. He reels in the bottom half, leaving the irate Jennifer floating in the water bottomless. She later has a run-in with Bruce at her new place of employment, an aerospace research company in Long Beach, where she works in public relations. After discovering that Templeton is the president of the company, she embarrassedly apologizes to him; he has taken a liking to her.

Bruce's company has created the GISMO, a gravitation control device which the U.S. Air Force plans to put into orbit in a few weeks and whose secret formula is sought after by the Soviet Union. Bruce hires Jennifer for a new full-time assignment: to write his life story, while he works on GISMO. His real purpose is to win her affections. At his home, she meets Julius Pritter, an electronics technician who is installing a Hi-Fi system there, and Edgar Hill, a CIA agent making sure the GISMO project is securely handled. When left alone in a room, Julius starts searching for information regarding GISMO. He photographs a cryptic note written by Bruce while brainstorming ideas about how to win Jennifer's affection. Julius transfers the photos to his handler.

Bruce drives Jennifer to Catalina. His remote-controlled boat malfunctions, throwing Bruce out and landing in a parking lot with Jennifer. After Bruce and Jennifer spend an evening with Axel and his wife, Jennifer's feelings for Bruce deepen.

Bruce is summoned to a meeting with Hill, security guard Homer Cripps and PR executive Zack Molloy. Hill reveals that secret information is leaking, e.g. the note that Julius had photographed. Cripps is very suspicious of Jennifer because of several things he had noticed about her: She dials the same telephone number several times every day, counts the rings and then hangs up with the words "that's enough for now, Vladimir;" she burns papers alone late at night in the office; and she has a shortwave antenna installed in her home. There are innocent explanations for all of these things, which none of the people in the meeting know about: Vladimir is her dog, who gets his exercise by running through the house barking whenever he hears the phone ring. Jennifer had read a note in the office which explained that old documents should be burned so that they cannot be stolen. And she uses her shortwave antenna to communicate with Axel. Bruce explains that the two copies of the formula are stored in voice-activated safes. Bruce begins to have some doubts regarding Jennifer, imagining her as a spy. Air Force General Wallace Bleecker later arrives to watch over the GISMO project.

Julius is confronted by his handler for only providing useless or publicly known information and is pressured into spying at a party which will be held by Bruce the next day. Cripps in turn spies on Jennifer, overhearing her talking to her father and misunderstanding her end of the conversation as more proof of her involvement in espionage.

At the party, Jennifer declares her love for Bruce. They plan to spend the night together, but Bruce is again called away to a meeting with Hill, Cripps, Molloy and Bleecker where they discuss the suspicions regarding Jennifer. When she picks up the phone to call Vladimir again, she is able to listen in on the discussion. She is furious at them for suspecting her of wrongdoing. And even though Bruce defends her and believes in her innocence, his remark that she is not intelligent enough to be a spy infuriates her more. She intends to turn the tables by pretending to be a spy. She arranges for Molloy and Bleecker to have an embarrassing tete-a-tete by promising to meet both at the same time in the guest room. She manages to tie up Cripps, who had tailed her to the powder room. After noticing Jennifer's deeds, Bruce gets angry and locks her up in the closet. She is freed by a hidden Hill, who is revealed to be a spy. He has stolen the formula and put it in Jennifer's purse to smuggle it out of the house.

Returning home, she is confronted by Julius. Then Hill arrives, draws a gun, and requests the formula. Julius and Jennifer fight him off, and she flees while Bruce, Cripps, Bleecker, and Molloy, who have found out the truth, race in their cars to save her. Hill is stopped by a blow with a bedside lamp by neighbor Mabel Fenimore.

Jennifer and Bruce have a honeymoon and ride the boat, which again malfunctions and leaves them in the parking lot on Catalina.

Cast
Pearce and Tobias play an inquisitive wife and her disinterested husband, in roles not unlike the ones they played at the time in the television series Bewitched. The film was also released three months after Pearce's death.

Robert Vaughn, famous at the time for playing Napoleon Solo in the TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., makes a very brief non-speaking appearance as a sight gag; the theme from his TV series is heard when he is seen onscreen.

Production
Shooting partly took place on Catalina Island from September 13 to 19, 1965. It was Rod Taylor's second film with Doris Day following Do Not Disturb.

The Nautilus boat used in the film sank in the Catalina harbor in 2008. It is currently drydocked in a private part of the island.

The mermaid costume worn by Doris Day in the opening scene is now on display at the Catalina Casino and can be viewed on the Casino tour.

The film stands apart from Day's other 1960s comedies due to animator-turned-director Tashlin's signature penchant for elaborate, cartoon-like gags and humor. This includes Taylor's futuristic robotic kitchen; a chase scene involving a runaway remote-controlled speedboat; Day accidentally falling into a zero-gravity chamber; and a slapstick sequence involving DeLuise as an inept electrician, which closely resembles Tashlin's frequent collaborations with Jerry Lewis.

Music
The film's score was composed by Frank DeVol and includes selections from Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5 in C minor", Mendelssohn's "Wedding March in C major", "Aloha 'Oe" (written by Queen Liliuokalani), and Goldsmith's "Theme from The Man from U.N.C.L.E."

Day sings a shortened version of "Soft as the Starlight" (written by Joe Lubin and Jerome Howard), which she previously sang in its entirety on the 1957 album Day by Night. The song "The Glass Bottom Boat" is a rearrangement of "Soft as the Starlight" with completely different lyrics and is heard twice in the film: over the opening credits, sung by Day, and again as source music sung by Day, Taylor, Godfrey, and Fraser. Day also sings a single verse from her signature song, "Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera, Sera)" (written by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans). Dick Martin sings a brief a cappella rendition of "Be My Love" (written by Sammy Cahn and Nicholas Brodszky).

Reception
The film was an attempt to appeal both to Day's traditional fans and to a younger audience. It was a success financially, earning $4,320,000 in North American rentals by the end of 1966.

It drew 21,752 admissions in France.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a critical approval of 57%, based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10.

Day followed up with Caprice (1967), a comedy-thriller more completely in the spy spoof genre, again with Tashlin directing, but it was a critical and commercial failure.

Home media
The DVD of The Glass Bottom Boat (released in 2005) includes three vintage featurettes (Catalina Island, Every Girl's Dream, and NASA), as well as the Oscar-Winning cartoon The Dot and the Line.

title: The Glass Bottom Boat


text: Talk:J.D. Power

title: Talk:J.D. Power


text:
User:Ichthus

Login:         Ichthus

Name:          Rafael

Armenian

title: User:Ichthus


text:
New Hampshire Route 4

New Hampshire Route 4 (NH 4) is a 3.78 mi state highway located in eastern Strafford County, New Hampshire. Its western terminus is at an intersection with New Hampshire Route 9 and New Hampshire Route 108 in Dover. Its northern terminus is at the Maine state border in Rollinsford, where it continues as Maine State Route 4.

For most of its length NH 4 is signed as an east–west highway. Signage in downtown Dover while overlapped with NH 9 and NH 108 is inconsistent as it is sometimes signed north–south. In general, NH 4 follows a southwest-to-northeast alignment.

NH 4 is not related to U.S. Route 4, which also enters the Dover city limits. They are the only non-linked highways to share a number in New Hampshire and remain under NHDOT maintenance. (Maine State Route 113 does cross into New Hampshire near NH 113, but remains completely under MaineDOT maintenance.)

Western terminus
The western terminus of NH 4 is not readily apparent, but signage suggests it to be at the intersection of Central Avenue and Silver Street (where NH 9 and NH 108 split). Signage at the intersection of Silver Street and Central Avenue seems to indicate NH 4 continuing westbound along NH 9; however, no further signage for NH 4 exists west of this point.

Downtown Dover
From the intersection of Central Avenue and Silver Street, NH 4 is overlapped with NH 9 and NH 108 for 0.5 mi, until NH 4 splits off in the center of town. The exact routing differs depending on which direction one is traveling, due to the one-way streets it traverses in the downtown area.

In the eastbound direction, NH 4 is overlapped with NH 9 east / NH 108 north onto Main Street then splits off onto Portland Avenue, on which it remains.

However, in the westbound direction NH 4 (as signed) splits from Portland Avenue onto Chapel Street. It then turns right onto Saint John Street, left onto Broadway, then left onto Central Avenue (NH 9 west / NH 108 south).

Westbound Portland Avenue from Chapel Street to Main Street is signed as a truck route. To continue to the main route, traffic must turn right onto Main Street then make a left-hand U-turn to loop around onto Central Avenue.

Rollinsford
After leaving downtown Dover, NH 4 crosses into the town of Rollinsford. It is the only state route to pass through Rollinsford and runs in the south-central part of town for about 2.5 mi. NH 4 then crosses the Salmon Falls River into the town of South Berwick, Maine, and becomes Maine State Route 4 (which is signed as a north–south highway).

NH 4 is named Portland Avenue in Rollinsford.

History
NH 4 (and State Route 4 in Maine by extension) was originally intended to be a part of US 4, hence its number. However, US 4 was ultimately routed from Durham to the southern tip of Dover and along the Spaulding Turnpike to Portsmouth. While US 4 never entered Maine, the number 4 was retained for the resulting state highway in Maine. For continuity's sake, New Hampshire kept the number 4 on its section of the highway as well.

US 4 only travels through a small section of southern Dover (mostly along the Spaulding Turnpike) which is several miles from downtown, meaning it was unlikely that the two highways would be easily confused.

Concurrent routes

 * New Hampshire Route 9 / New Hampshire Route 108: 0.5 mi, Dover

New Hampshire Route 4A

This route between Lebanon and Andover is an alternate route of US 4 and is not associated with NH 4.

title: New Hampshire Route 4


text:
Glenn Strömberg

Glenn Peter Strömberg (born 5 January 1960) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Starting his career in 1979 with IFK Göteborg, he helped the club win the 1981–82 UEFA Cup before signing with Benfica in 1983. In 1984, he joined the Serie A club Atalanta for which he served as the team captain for four seasons until his retirement in 1992. A full international between 1982 and 1990, he won 52 caps and scored 7 goals for the Sweden national team, and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He was awarded Guldbollen in 1985 as Sweden's best footballer of the year.

IFK Göteborg
Strömberg was a part of IFK Göteborg's youth teams before making his senior debut for "Änglarna" on 16 April 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against Kalmar FF that ended 4–0. He helped the team win the 1981–82 UEFA Cup, the 1982 Allsvenskan, as well as three Svenska Cupen titles between 1979 and 1983. During Strömberg's four seasons at Göteborg, he played in 203 games (including friendlies) and scored 33 goals.

Benfica
Strömberg signed with Benfica after the 1982 Allsvenskan season, reuniting with his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson. During only one and a half seasons at Benfica, Strömberg helped the team win two straight Portuguese league championships.

Atalanta
After scoring three goals for Sweden against Italy during the UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying stage against Italy, Strömberg managed to land a contract in Serie A with Atalanta. While at Atalanta, he was voted Swedish footballer of the year, winning the 1985 Guldbollen.

International career
Strömberg appeared 9 times for the Sweden U21 team between 1979 and 1981. He made his senior international debut for Sweden on 3 June 1982 in a friendly 1-1 draw with the Soviet Union, playing for 68 minutes before being replaced by Karl Gunnar Björklund. Strömberg scored his first international goal on 29 May 1983 in a UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying game against Italy which Sweden won 2–0. A few months later, Strömberg scored two goals as Sweden beat Italy 3–0 away in the same qualifying campaign. Despite the two victories against Italy, Sweden failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 1984.

Strömberg was a part of the Sweden team that qualified for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, and scored a goal against Scotland as Sweden was eliminated in the group stage after three straight losses. Strömberg's last international appearance came in the last group stage game against Costa Rica on 20 June 1990.

Playing style
For his majestic way of playing in the midfield Strömberg was nicknamed "The Marathon Man". His usual position was central midfield or defensive midfield.

Personal life
Strömberg works as an expert commentator for Sveriges Television, for Viasat on UEFA Champions League and F.A. Premier League matches and for sports betting site Expekt.com as an expert. In June 2012, Glenn Strömberg launched his own football site, Gurufans.com, in Swedish and English.

Since he has no managerial experience, he was never regarded as a serious candidate to succeed Lars Lagerbäck as head coach of the Sweden national football team. In interviews during the 2006 FIFA World Cup he said that he was flattered to get mentioned as a potential candidate for the job and that he would think carefully about any offer from the Swedish Football Association.

International
Appearances and goals by national team and year International goals

Honours
IFK Göteborg

Benfica Atalanta Individual Orders
 * UEFA Cup: 1981–82
 * Allsvenskan: 1982
 * Svenska Cupen: 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83
 * Primeira Liga: 1982–83, 1983–84
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 1983
 * Iberian Cup: 1983
 * Coppa Italia runner-up: 1986–87
 * Guldbollen: 1985
 * Stella_di_Italia_Ufficiale.png 🇮🇹 Officer of the Order of the Star of Italy (2 May 2012)

title: Glenn Strömberg


text: User talk:167.206.179.131

title: User talk:167.206.179.131