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Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza

Dom Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza (23 September 1907 – 24 December 1976) was the claimant to the defunct Portuguese throne, as both the Miguelist successor of his father, Miguel Januário, Duke of Braganza, and later as the head of the only Brigantine house, after the death of the last ruling Braganza, King Manuel II of Portugal. In 1952, when the Portuguese Laws of Banishment were repealed (27 May 1950), the Duke moved his family to Portugal, thus returning the Miguelist Braganzas to their homeland and becoming the first of the former Portuguese royal dynasty to live in Portugal since the abolition of the monarchy in 1910.

Once established in Portugal, the Duke was granted a pension and residence by the Fundação da Casa de Bragança, the organization has owned and managed all the private assets of the House of Braganza, since the death of King Manuel II, in 1932. Duarte Nuno spent the rest of his life attempting, without success, the restoration of all Brigantine assets to his family and recreating the image of the Miguelist Braganzas in Portuguese society, all under the goal of the restoration of the Portuguese monarchy, under the Braganzas.

In 1942, the Duarte Nuno married Princess Maria Francisca of Orléans-Braganza, daughter of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará. Their marriage reconciled two branches of the House of Braganza, the Portuguese and Brazilian Brigantine houses, and which had been estranged since 1828, when the War of Two Brothers was waged between King-Emperor Pedro IV & I, founder of the Liberal Braganzas, and King Miguel I, founder of the Miguelist Braganzas. The couple had three sons, the eldest of whom is Duarte Pio de Bragança, the current pretender to the defunct Portuguese throne.

Birth
Duarte Nuno Fernando Maria Miguel Gabriel Rafael Francisco Xavier Raimundo António was born at Seebenstein Castle in Austria-Hungary, the son of Miguel Januário, Duke of Braganza and of his second wife, Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Duarte Nuno had two older half-brothers, one older half-sister and eight sisters.

His paternal grandparents were Miguel I of Portugal and Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. His maternal grandparents were Charles, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, and Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein.

Duarte Nuno's father was the Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal who opposed his cousins, the reigning line of the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha descended from Queen Maria II. Duarte Nuno's family had been disinherited and banished by Maria II for rebellion.

The day after his birth, Duarte Nuno was baptised at Seebenstein. His godparents were his aunt the Infanta Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães and the husband of another aunt, the Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime (both of whom were represented by proxies).

Succession as Miguelist claimant
Duarte Nuno's second brother, Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza, died in 1919, and on 21 July 1920 his eldest brother, Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu, renounced his succession rights. Ten days later on 31 July 1920 Duarte Nuno's father, Miguel Januário, abdicated his claim to the Portuguese throne in favour of Duarte Nuno. Henceforth the Miguelists recognised Duarte Nuno as King Duarte II of Portugal, even though Portugal had become a republic in 1910 when Maria II's great-grandson, King Manuel II (who was still living in 1920), was sent into exile. Duarte Nuno used Duke of Braganza as a title of pretense.

Since Duarte Nuno was only twelve years old when he succeeded as Miguelist claimant to the Portuguese throne, his aunt, the Duchess of Guimarães, acted as regent for him until he attained his majority. In 1921, she issued a manifesto outlining the family's goals for the restoration of the monarchy.

Succession as Constitutional claimant
After the death of his uncle Afonso in 1920, ex-King Manuel II had no close relatives who could claim the throne according to the Constitutional Charter of 1826 (the constitution in force from 1842 until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910). The conflict between the Miguelist line and the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's was not just about which person should be sovereign; it was also about how much power the sovereign should have. The Miguelists upheld Portugal's tradition of autocratic absolutism, while the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's adhered to constitutional monarchy.

In 1912, Duarte Nuno's father, Miguel Januário, met with Manuel II to try to come to some agreement so that there would not be two claimants to the Portuguese throne, both living in exile. Their representatives allegedly signed the Pact of Dover by which Miguel Januário recognised Manuel as king, while Manuel recognised the succession rights of Duarte Nuno should Manuel and his uncle Afonso die without children. The pact was unpopular with the supporters of both sides, some claiming that it was never actually signed.

On 17 April 1922 a second agreement called the Pact of Paris was signed by the representatives of Duarte Nuno and Manuel in which Manuel agreed that the Cortes should select his heir if he died without descendants, while Duarte Nuno agreed to ask and recommend that his followers accept Manuel as king-in-exile.

Strictly speaking the Pact of Dover and the Pact of Paris were private agreements, legally unenforceable. Nor did King Manuel agree to any provision in the latter pact which contravened Portugal's last monarchist constitution. But the agreements were important steps in reconciling the Miguelist and the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg branches of Portugal's royal family, and helped move the supporters of each toward a united monarchist movement.

In 1927, Duarte Nuno's father died. On 2 July 1932 Manuel II died. Henceforth, the majority of monarchists, both Miguelist and constitutional, supported Duarte Nuno as claimant to the Portuguese throne. João António de Azevedo Coutinho, the head of Causa Monárquica and Manuel II's lieutenant while he was in exile, published a declaration in support of Duarte Nuno. Later Duarte Nuno was received in audience in Paris by Manuel's mother, Queen Amélia.

While Duarte Nuno was accepted by most monarchists, there were some constitutionalists who continued to contest his claim. Duarte Nuno was undisputed as the legal heir of his grandfather, Miguel I, but there were doubts about whether he was the legal heir of the last reigning king of Portugal, Manuel II. Articles 87 and 88 of the Constitutional Charter of 1826, in force when the monarchy was overthrown, stated that the throne passed first to the descendants of Queen Maria II (from whom Duarte Nuno was not descended), and only when they were extinct to collateral heirs. Maria II had living descendants in 1932, but none of these had Portuguese nationality. Article 89 of the 1826 Charter stipulated that "no foreigner may succeed to the crown of the kingdom of Portugal".

There was also some doubt about Duarte Nuno's nationality: Duarte Nuno's grandfather, D. Miguel I, had been sent into exile by the law of 19 December 1834, and neither Duarte Nuno nor his father were born in Portugal. Furthermore, the article 8 of the 1826 Charter stated that Portuguese citizenship is lost "by those who are banished by sentence". The fact that Duarte Nuno and his father had not been born in Portugal and that their family had been banished from Portugal left it unclear whether their branch's Portuguese citizenship had been preserved uninterruptedly. However, Dom Duarte's line was banished by law (of the Portuguese Cortes) rather than by judicial sentence (that, in addition, might have been changed by a new judicial sentence); but the 1838 Constitution, in force at the time of the banishment, established D. Miguel I's deprivation of citizenship, and consequently the loss of his hereditary rights to the throne of Portugal, as well as reinforced this  'ad hoc'  law of exile, making it almost irrevocable. But when the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was re-instated in 1842, it cancelled the 1838 Constitution and its charter's clause depriving Miguel I and his heirs of succession rights as dynasts. Moreover, their banishment had not, however, been stipulated in that charter, but in the separate law of exile that was not repealed until 1950.

A minority of monarchists considered a candidate other than Duarte Nuno. Manuel's genealogical heir at his death in 1932 was ex-Crown Prince George of Saxony (a great-grandson of Maria II), but he was not Portuguese; he was also a Catholic priest. George's siblings have descendants living, but none is known to have had Portuguese citizenship.

The genealogical heir of Maria II's younger brother Emperor Pedro II of Brazil was his great-grandson Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza; he too was not Portuguese, but the fact that he was Brazilian and therefore imbued with Portuguese culture made him a somewhat attractive candidate.

The closest heir who was undoubtedly Portuguese was Constança Berquó de Mendonça, 4th Duchess of Loulé (a great-great-granddaughter of King John VI), but her branch of the family put forth no claim at that time, nor did King Manuel II ever consider it. Many scholars claim the Loulé lost their rights to the throne since the secret marriage of the Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria with the Marquis of Loulé had not been authorised by either the competent authority, the Cortes, nor by the Regency Committee, although it had been authorised by the Infanta-Regent. Nevertheless, the Portuguese constitution demanded more, a marriage "at King's appraisal", whereas the Infanta-Regent said expressly that she only authorised her sister's marriage "because her mother assumed all the responsibility". Moreover,

A woman calling herself Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragança claimed to be the bastard daughter of King Carlos I. She also claimed to have been recognised by the King as possessing succession rights. Her supporters played upon the traditional rivalry between the Miguelist line and the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line to advance her cause.

Education
Duarte Nuno's first tutors were two Portuguese ladies, Maria Luisa Castelo and Maria das Dores de Sousa Prego. Later he was taught by the Benedictine monk Frei Estevao from the monastery of Cucujães. Duarte Nuno attended school at the Abbey of Ettal in Bavaria and the Abbey of Clairvaux in France and then completed his secondary education in Regensburg. He received a degree in agricultural sciences from the University of Toulouse. Although forbidden entry to Portugal by the law of exile against the descendants of Miguel I, he visited the country in secret in 1929.

Marriage
On 15 October 1942, in the cathedral of Petrópolis in Brazil, Duarte Nuno married Princess Maria Francisca of Orléans-Braganza (8 September 1914 – 15 January 1968), daughter of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará. The marriage was particularly popular since Maria Francisca was the great-granddaughter of Pedro II of Brazil, the younger brother of Queen Maria II. The marriage thus united the two rival lines of the Portuguese royal family. Maria Francisca and her family were also viewed as representatives of a liberal monarchy as opposed to the traditional conservatism of Duarte Nuno's family.

Return to Portugal
On 27 May 1950 the National Assembly repealed the laws of exile of 19 December 1834 and 15 October 1910. Duarte Nuno, however, did not return to Portugal until 1952 on account of a car accident in Thionville in which he was seriously injured. He was presented with a residence in Portugal by the Fundação Casa de Bragança.

Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar thought about restoring the monarchy in 1951, after the death of President Óscar Carmona, but he chose instead to hold the 1951 Portuguese presidential election and maintain the post of republican Head of State as it had appeared in the Constitution of 1933.

In 1974, Duarte Nuno handed over his residence, the Palácio de São Marcos, to the University of Coimbra. From then until his death two years later, he lived in southern Portugal with his unmarried sister, Princess Filippa of Braganza. American author Walter J. P. Curley interviewed Duarte Nuno near the end of his life, and his book Monarchs in Waiting describes Duarte Nuno as suffering from "nervous depression" since the death of his wife in 1968.

Duarte Nuno was Grand Master of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa and Sovereign of the Order of Saint Isabel. He was a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and a Knight of the (Austrian) Order of the Golden Fleece.

Duarte Nuno is buried in the Augustinian monastery in Vila Viçosa, the traditional burial place of the Dukes of Braganza.

Dynastic orders

 * Sacro Militare Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio.png Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Calabrian Two Sicilian Order of Saint George (Royal Family of the Two Sicilies)

title: Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza


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Talk:Pamela Harriman

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 16:15, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Nightscream's edit removing:

"Randolph decided to improve her education by reading Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire to her in bed. Nonetheless, she managed to become pregnant"

and replacing it with something boring makes perfect sense. I regret, however, that this is deleting one of the most humorous lines I have seen on Wiki. I had nothing to do with writing it, but I still laugh at it. We can at least remember it on this page.

--Noitall 04:19, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

cleanup
Cleanup tag posted because I feel the page lacks structure and needs to br written in a maore biographical rather than newspaper style.

 * Its structure is chronological. What specifically strikes you as "newspaper-like" and "un-biographical"? - Nunh-huh 08:28, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Dont worry about it. Ive done it now--Light current 09:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Where was the pool?
I've seen other stories which state that the pool was in the U.S. Embassy and not in the Ritz. (Unsigned)

- She was United States Ambassador to France, she lived in Paris, she went for a daily swim at The Ritz, Washington Post and NY Times report this in her obituaries. There is no evidence that the US Embassy has a swimming pool. Andrew ranfurly (talk) 18:36, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

Life Magazine cover
The previously present picture of her with the newborn Winston Churchill has been removed although there is notability as discussed in the text (with reference); see also discussion at: Images and media for deletion/2007 May 7. Ekem 02:27, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Wartime espionage
I feel that some mention should be made of her high-level spying operations in London in 1940-41, from which she was able to provide Winston directly with crucial intelligence. He openly admitted her value as an agent, and lamented that he got far more sense out of his daughter-in-law than he ever got out of his son. 81.157.97.203 (talk) 22:45, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Titles and styles
I had to revert some edits in the Titles and styles section of the Pamela Harriman article. In 1971 Pamela Harrison became a naturalized United States citizen and married Averell Harriman former Governor of New York and US ambassador. Consequently, Pamela Harriman became United States Ambassador to France. Therefore the British titles and styles for Pamela Harrison are not applicable after 1971 when she became an US citizen and later when she became US ambassador to France. The United States forms of address would be effective when Pamela Harriman became an US citizen and then ambassador. Thank you-RFD (talk) 14:53, 24 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I had to some recent edits in the Titles and styles section of the Pamela Harriman article for reasons mention in the pervious sentence. Please read the The Honourable article. The article goes into detail about use of the title in the United Kingdom and the United States. Thank youRFD (talk) 10:33, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Operation Bodyguard and Bevan
The article claims that R. A. Bevan ("Bobby") was involved with Operation Bodyguard, and the citation much later in the paragraph is to The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War by Thaddeus Holt. But according to The Deceivers, the Bevan involved with Operation Bodyguard was Lt Col John H Bevan ("Johnny").-- Toddy1 (talk) 10:37, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

The section with these claims was added 13 March 2016. The editor who made the edits has been blocked for disruptive edits. I am going to revert.-- Toddy1 (talk) 10:46, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

The citation to Colville's Fringes of Power is on the wrong page for 17th April 1941. More evidence that the edit was intended as disruptive.-- Toddy1 (talk) 11:00, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pamela Harriman


text: User talk:69.133.101.255

title: User talk:69.133.101.255


text:
Connor Hawke

Connor Hawke is a fictional DC Comics superhero who operated as the second Green Arrow, created by Kelley Puckett and Jim Aparo. In the post-Zero Hour continuity, Connor is the eldest son of Oliver Queen, the original Green Arrow, and his former college girlfriend Sandra "Moonday" Hawke, making him Oliver's heir of his estates and the Green Arrow legacy. Connor Hawke first appeared in Green Arrow (vol. 2) #0 (1994).

The character's prominence in DC comics has gone up and down at many points following his short-lived tenure as a full-time replacement for Oliver Queen. For a decade, from 2011 to 2021, the character was largely absent after DC attempted to make Oliver Queen a younger man again and to reintroduce his supporting cast gradually as part of its The New 52 relaunch, although versions of the character continued to appear in comics set elsewhere in the DC Comics Multiverse. With the publisher's Infinite Frontier initiative in 2021, Connor is restored to prominence, reintroduced as the second Green Arrow and Oliver's illegitimate son. The publisher has also chosen to place greater emphasis on Connor's multi-racial background, as a superhero of mixed European-American, black American, and Korean-American ancestry, with his mother and Korean grandmother added to his supporting cast. The DC Pride 2022 anthology confirmed that Connor is asexual.

Outside of comics, multiple versions of Connor appear in The CW's Arrowverse, where Connor Hawke is the pseudonym of a son of supporting character John Diggle, played by Joseph David-Jones. Separately, another loose adaptation of Connor's comic book origin story involves Oliver discovering he has an illegitimate son named William Clayton, is also depicted on Arrow with the present day version played by Jack Moore and the future adult version played by Ben Lewis.

Meeting Oliver Queen
Connor Hawke met Oliver Queen after Oliver came to stay at the ashram where Connor had been studying for some years. Oliver who had previously retreated to the ashram decades before, looking for peace after accidentally killing a criminal, returned to the ashram under similar circumstances, haunted by the thought that he had killed his former best friend Hal Jordan, who, at the time, was involuntarily serving as the host of the supervillain Parallax. Thanks to Connor, who was a big fan of Green Arrow, Oliver was able to regain a semblance of inner peace and venture out into the world again, especially after numerous attempts on his life had been made.

Connor decided to journey with Oliver, and created a costume similar to his. Connor served as Oliver's sidekick, also meeting with Eddie Fyers, the former federal agent that acted as a form of counsel for Oliver. It was during this time that Oliver learned about his connection to Connor from the ghost of Hal Jordan: Connor was Oliver's son, conceived during Oliver's college years. Eddie Fyers had already deduced this, but Oliver did not take the revelation well. He subsequently agreed to go undercover in an eco-terrorist group called the Eden Corps for the government. The mission turned out to be fatal for Oliver, as his arm was connected to a bomb in a plane that was headed for Metropolis. Rather than endanger Metropolis, and refusing to allow his arm to be amputated, he sacrificed himself to let the bomb explode away from the city. With his father dead, Connor decided to take up the mantle of Green Arrow and continue his hero's work. Following Oliver's death, Connor met Black Canary, Oliver's former and longtime romantic interest, and informed her of Oliver's passing. She immediately deduced Connor was Oliver's son, and gifted him one of Oliver's old bows, which Connor would use from then on.

The new Green Arrow
Connor continued to travel with Eddie, accompanied at times by Connor's martial arts mentor Master Jansen. Connor tried to find his place not only in the hero world, but also in the legacy of Green Arrow. Akin to the friendship between his father and Hal Jordan, Connor became quick friends with the new Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner), who himself was struggling to live up to a legacy.

Besides making other friends such as Robin (Tim Drake), he also made significant enemies in the fighting world, including the Silver Monkey, an assassin and member of the Monkey Fist martial arts cult. Their first encounter resulted in a decisive loss for Connor, which was also filmed and sold underground. Connor's close win in a rematch resulted in a loss of face for the Monkey Fist cult and set Connor on a path that would bring him face to face with Lady Shiva, said to be the deadliest assassin in the world. During the Brotherhood of the Fist storyline, the Monkey Fist schools attacked various world-class martial artists attempting to prove their worthiness and skill after having been dishonored by the Silver Monkey's loss. Under the alias "Paper Monkey," Shiva arrived in Gotham City where Connor had allied with Batman, Nightwing, and Robin. Shiva's final opponent was Connor, who was the prime target of the Monkey Fist. Though a close and taxing contest, Shiva was the victor, with Connor unconscious and defenseless. Thankfully, Shiva's old pupil, Tim Drake who had saved her life during a previous encounter, asked her not to kill Connor, trading a life for a life. After warning Robin that using the favor now meant she would challenge and kill the boy wonder when he was older, she refrained from killing Connor and departed. Batman warned Connor that he would be perceived as surviving a battle with Shiva through his own skill and would therefore be a possible target for any fighters building their way up to a battle against her.

Connor also applied for membership in the JLA, replacing his father. On the date of his second interview, he singlehandedly saved the League from the hands of the Key, defeating the Key's robots by using his father's old trick arrows after the Key had destroyed his own. In the end, he knocked out the Key using his father's trademark boxing glove arrow, and was accepted as a member of the JLA.

He would later be used by Batman as a "traitor" in the League in a ploy to defeat Lex Luthor's Injustice Gang. Connor left the League afterward, feeling he was better suited for the street-level work and out of his element in the epic adventures of the Justice League, although he did remain on reserve status. During this time, he also developed a friendship with Kyle Rayner, the latest Green Lantern, occasionally contacting Kyle for help if he felt that he was dealing with a problem that went beyond his skillset. One unique mission against the Eden Corps- the organisation responsible for Oliver Queen's death- saw Connor team up with a temporally-displaced Hal Jordan, pulled from early in his career as a hero, with the two musing on how they had each never had a chance to know Oliver (As Hal was from a point before he had developed his close ties to the archer). He and Eddie returned for a time to the ashram where Connor was raised, although they both often returned to the outside world, aiding Robin at one point when his Brentwood Academy roommate had been attacked by a demon, and again when Robin, the Spoiler, and Batgirl were attempting to protect Robin's father from an ancient cult.

Return to action
When Oliver returned from the dead, Connor left the ashram and tracked him down. After Connor manages to save his father from warlock Stanley Dover, Connor and Oliver move in together in Star City. The two live with Mia Dearden, a runaway that Oliver has taken in and trained as his new sidekick Speedy. Since returning to the superhero life, Connor has been wounded seriously twice, once by the villain Onomatopoeia and once by Constantine Drakon, but he continues in his hero role. He is the voice of reason for Oliver, and the two have since formed a real father-son relationship. During his recovery from Onomatopoeia's attack, Oliver Queen and his former sidekick Roy Harper went on a trip across the country recovering old possessions. One of them was an old photograph which revealed that Oliver had been present at Connor's birth, but later ran from the responsibility of being a father. Oliver kept this fact from his son. However, Connor already learned the truth years ago from his mother, and has already forgiven him without Oliver's knowledge.

"One Year Later"
During the 2006 "One Year Later" storyline, Connor is revealed to be on an island with Mia Dearden and Oliver Queen as Oliver trains for his return to Star City.

In November 2006, Connor starred in his own six issue miniseries, entitled Connor Hawke: Dragon's Blood. It was written by Chuck Dixon with art by Derec Donovan. Dixon stated, "A big surprise leads to major changes in Connor's life, particularly as it relates to his father."

At the end of Tony Bedard's Black Canary miniseries, Connor takes Dinah's adoptive daughter Sin to a safe location at Oliver's request. After the wedding of Oliver and Dinah, Connor resumes the mantle of Green Arrow after it is believed that his father has once more been killed. Along with Dinah and Batman, Connor is one of the few people who believes that Oliver is still alive. His suspicions are confirmed when it is revealed that Oliver is being held captive by the Amazons, and Connor and Dinah decide to stage a rescue attempt. Following the rescue of Oliver, as the family is reunited, Connor is shot through the chest by League of Assassins members manipulated by Shado. After taking Connor to the hospital, Oliver learns from Mia that Connor already knew of his father's abandonment. The doctors and Hal Jordan are able to save his life, but the bullet was coated with a devastating toxin, leaving Connor in a persistent vegetative state from which he may never emerge. Oliver is devastated by the knowledge that his son may never wake up and that Connor had forgiven him years ago. He vows never to leave his son again.

However, after Oliver and Dinah return home from getting married (the first marriage being void, with an imposter posing as Oliver), the nurses tending to Connor are found dead, with Connor himself missing. Oliver begins a quest to find his missing son. This quest leads him to Doctor Sivana, who has utilized a neural patch to turn Connor into a mindless drone. Connor is rescued by Oliver and returned to his hospital bed, where he finally awakens from his comatose state.

After his coma, however, Connor starts exhibiting several unusual traits. Physically healthy, he's now amnesiac and oblivious to everything happened to him before waking up (even his life as a superhero) and he feels no pain at all and exhibits a strong healing factor, forcing Dinah to ask for outside help.

A brief examination of his physical make-up, made by Batman and Doctor Mid-Nite, reveals how his DNA is now spliced with Plastic Man's, along with several other alterations fully accounting for his new healing factor and his currently very high pain threshold. His memories however come back only in a fragmentary, confused way, with none of the emotional attachments previously experienced, and his archery prowess was absent. To make up for his inability to use ranged weaponry Connor retains his mastery of the martial arts, enhanced by his advanced healing factor, able to close up bullet wounds in mere seconds.

"Blackest Night" and return
During the 2009–2010 "Blackest Night" storyline, Connor travels to Coast City and faces Oliver after he has been transformed into a Black Lantern by Nekron. Connor once again takes the mantle of Green Arrow. During their battle, Oliver mocks Connor by telling him that he always hated him because he reminded him of how old he was getting. Connor is hesitant to fight his father, but eventually stops him by spraying him with liquid nitrogen, freezing him solid. After Oliver's defeat, Connor, Mia, and Dinah join in the fight against the other Black Lanterns.

After this, Connor returns to the ruins of Star City (which had been destroyed just prior to Blackest Night) and tries to help maintain order. Connor is approached by Oliver, now a fugitive after having murdered Prometheus, the villain that destroyed the city in the first place. Oliver tries to talk to his son, but Connor angrily states that his battle with his Black Lantern father somehow jogged his memory, and that he now remembers all the terrible things Oliver had done to him. When Oliver tells Connor that he had thought he had forgiven him, Connor states that he no longer has the strength to forgive him for his transgressions. Though he refuses to turn Oliver over to the Justice League, he also refuses to help him, instead telling him to do the right thing for once in his life.

Infinite Frontier
Following DC Comics' 2011 reboot of its continuity, The New 52, Green Arrow stories reverted to depicting a young Oliver Queen, with no known son.

Connor is eventually introduced to the post-Flashpoint timeline as a member of the League of Shadows, a splinter faction of the League of Assassins. He enters a fighting tournament held by the League of Lazarus, another offshoot of the Assassins. This version of Connor is shown to be a highly skilled and merciless fighter. He is confirmed to be the estranged illegitimate son of Oliver Queen.

The DC Pride 2022 anthology confirmed that Connor is asexual; "Connor is a character who a number of fans have interpreted to be asexual for decades, as he has often shied away from sexual moments or innuendos". The debut story, titled "Think of Me", was created by an entirely-asexual team consisting of Ro Stein, Ted Brandt, and Frank Cvetkovic.

Ethnicity
Connor is of mixed Asian, African, and European heritage (his mother was of half African American and half Korean descent, while his father, Oliver, is of European ancestry), and was originally depicted with Asiatic features, dark skin, and fair hair and eyes. However, this has not been consistently maintained across different artists and colorists, and when the Green Arrow series was rebooted the character was depicted with European features and light skin (even though a childhood picture in the later Archer's Quest storyline depicted him with dark skin). Connor's original features were later restored with Dixon's Dragon Blood miniseries. He now appears to have a mix of Asian and African facial features, along with his father's blond hair.

The Earth 2 version of Connor Hawke in the New 52 resembles Roy Harper more than his pre-"Flashpoint" counterpart, with light skin and red hair.

Parentage confusion
There's been confusion as to the identity of Connor's mother. Throughout the later issues of the first Green Arrow series written by Chuck Dixon, Connor's mother was identified as Sandra "Moonday" Hawke; a flighty ex-hippie, who had reportedly been one of many conquests for a young Oliver Queen. Moonday played a frequent supporting role in the series, often requiring rescue due to the machinations of her husband - an arms dealer named Milo Armitage, who would be a frequent foe of the new Green Arrow.

Shado, an assassin who also mothered a child with Oliver Queen, is often identified as Connor Hawke's mother. One reason for this is because of a Wizard Magazine issue, which identified Connor's first appearance in comics being in Green Arrow (vol. 2) #24. While this was the first appearance of Shado's infant son (who was later revealed to be named Robert), Connor appeared as a man in his early-twenties in Green Arrow (vol. 2) #0. Both Robert and Connor were seen together, many years apart in age, in Chuck Dixon's 2007 Dragon's Blood miniseries. Furthermore, in Birds of Prey #109, in which Barbara Gordon identifies Shado as Connor Hawke's mother when running down a list of women with whom Oliver Queen cheated on long-time girlfriend Dinah Lance. Writer Tony Bedard acknowledged this as an error on his part, with the error being removed in future printings.

Powers and abilities
Connor possesses no constant superpowers.

Connor does not possess the same level of skill as an archer or marksman that Oliver does, but he is shown to be a far better hand-to-hand combatant/martial artist than his father and is still a very talented archer in his own right.

Throughout his various iterations, Connor is consistently shown to be one of the most skilled hand-to-hand combatants in the DC Universe. Connor has been able to stalemate and match talented combatants like Damian Wayne and Lady Shiva, both some of the most talented fighters in the DC Universe. He is also a proficient swordsman, similar to his father and adopted sister Mia.

Due to Connor's training in the ashram, he can mimic fighting styles that he witnesses, though this is a learned skill and not a metahuman power. Writer Chuck Dixon used the Brotherhood of the Fist storyline to establish Connor as being among the best hand-to-hand combatants in the world, even going so far as to fight Lady Shiva to a standstill, in a battle for the title of the World's Deadliest Martial Artist. One Year After Infinite Crisis, Connor furthered his training, and like his father and Mia, is able to wield a sword proficiently.

According to the 2007 miniseries, Connor Hawke: Dragon's Blood, Connor has possibly received some measure of immortality, enhanced strength, and speed by bathing in the blood of a dragon. However, no mention of this has been made since the miniseries.

After the events told in the Green Arrow and Black Canary 2008 series, Connor is infected with a brain-damaging neurotoxin and spliced with DNA coming from Plastic Man and other still unnamed sources; as a result, he's left largely amnesiac and unable to wield a bow with the necessary ability and coordination, but he's granted a highly effective healing factor and an even higher pain threshold. His martial arts mastery however is not influenced by his brain damage: in fact, coupled with his newly discovered metahuman powers, this makes him a feared warrior, almost unable to be deterred by pain and wounds. During the battle with Oliver during the Blackest Night, Connor is shown to be very proficient in the use of Japanese shuriken. After the Blackest Night, Connor regained his memories.

DC Animated Universe Comics
Connor Hawke appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #13 and #16.

Earth-16
The Earth-16 version of the character appears in The Multiversity: The Just #1 (December, 2014). He is son of Oliver Queen and the father of Arrowette. He is a member of Justice League.

Injustice
In the tie-in comic for Injustice: Gods Among Us, Black Canary names her and Oliver's son Connor. Doctor Fate brought both Black Canary and her son to a parallel universe following Green Arrow's death, where the former's counterpart has long died and its Oliver Queen has retired his role as Green Arrow and becomes a recluse. After meeting the Black Canary, the alternate Oliver decides to raise Connor as his son with the baby's mother. In Injustice 2, Black Canary, Prime Earth Green Arrow, and Connor are revealed to have returned to Connor and Dinah's original universe after the fall of Superman's Regime after the Prime Earth Superman defeated his corrupted counterpart. Black Canary and Prime Earth Green Arrow assist Batman in fighting crime and rebuilding the world; the young Connor displays an excellent marksmanship like his late-father under Prime Earth Green Arrow's tutelage and having his mother's metahuman power.

Earth 2
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. A revised interpretation of Connor Hawke appears in the series Earth 2, which is set in an alternative universe within the DC Comics Multiverse. In Earth 2 Annual #1, an archer named Red Arrow debuts and is recruited to join the World Army; he is believed to be identified by the name Roy McQueen. It is revealed that his name is Connor Hawke. This version of Connor is seemingly killed by monsters unleashed by the invading forces of the planet Apokolips. The series The New 52: Futures End shows a successor Earth 2 Red Arrow to be Oliver Queen.

Arrowverse

 * A character known as "Connor Hawke" appeared in the Legends of Tomorrow season one episodes "Fail-Safe" and "Star City 2046", portrayed by Joseph David-Jones. He is the Earth-16 version of John Diggle, Jr and the son of John Diggle's Earth-16 counterpart. He appears as Green Arrow in Star City. Blaming himself for his father's death, he feels undeserving of his name and instead takes on the alias Connor Hawke. He becomes the new Green Arrow after he believes Earth-16 Oliver had died, and tries to defend the city from the new Deathstroke, Earth-16 Grant Wilson. After defeating Deathstroke together, he and Oliver partner to rebuild Star City. In the crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths", it is retroactively established that this reality is not the future of Earth-1 but Earth-16's.
 * Arrow ' s season seven introduces flashforwards that take place in 2040 and feature Connor Hawke, once again played by Joseph David-Jones. However, this version is not John Diggle, Jr., but the son of Ben Turner, later adopted by John Diggle and Lyla Michaels. He is an agent of Knightwatch, who are described as a "good version of A.R.G.U.S.", and works alongside Mia Smoak, the daughter of Oliver and Felicity. The eighth season reveals that Connor Hawke has an estranged brother named John Diggle Jr. (portrayed by Charlie Barnett) who is the leader of the Deathstroke Gang.
 * In Arrow, Oliver fathered his illegitimate son, William Clayton, with his college classmate Samantha Clayton. The character is later introduced in its spin-off The Flash, as a preadolescent portrayed by Jack Moore. After Samantha's death, Oliver takes his son in, providing William a family after he marries Felicity Smoak. The season seven flashforwards feature an adult William (played by Ben Lewis) teaming up with a group of vigilantes, including his half-sister Mia, to save Star City from the Galaxy One company. The adult William is shown to be openly gay, the fact that his father and stepmother have known for years since he was a teenager.

Film

 * In Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths - Part One, when Green Arrow asks Batman how he knew his secret identity, Batman pulls up his file on the Batcomputer, which lists "Connor Hawke: Speedy" as one of his known associates.

Video games

 * A character named Connor Lance-Queen appeared in Injustice 2. He is the son of Green Arrow and Black Canary. He and his parents go back to their original world so Black Canary and Green Arrow can assist Batman with Connor being taken care of by a babysitter while his parents are off fighting the Society and Brainiac's forces. In Black Canary's single player ending, she discovers that Connor has inherited her sonic scream, allowing him to fight off the Brainiac forces attacking him indicating he is a Metahuman like his mother. Connor also makes a cameo appearance in Harley Quinn's Ending, where he is shown in the background with his parents as Harley is spending time with her daughter Lucy (under the guise as Lucy's aunt as Lucy is unaware that Harley is her biological mother).

title: Connor Hawke


text:
Banyumas Regency

Banyumas (ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀, formerly spelled "Banjoemas") Regency is an inland regency (kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Purwokerto, but that town no longer has a central administration and is split over four of the districts within the Regency, with a combined population of 233,865 as of mid-2023. The Regency covers an area of 1,391.15 km2, and had a population of 1,554,527 at the 2010 Census and 1,776,918 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate of the population as of mid-2023 was 1,828,573 (comprising 919,879 males and 908,694 females).

The term Banyumasan is also used as an adjective referring to the culture, language, and peoples of the wider Banyumas area, equivalent to the pre-independence Banyumas Residency. The language of Banyumasan is of Austronesian origin and is usually considered to be a dialect of Javanese.

Administrative districts
Banyumas Regency comprises twenty-seven districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also gives the location of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 301 rural desa and 30 urban kelurahan), and its postcodes.

Notes: (a) including 3 kelurahan - Kebokura, Kradenan and Sumpiuh. (b) comprising 7 kelurahan - Berkoh, Karangklesem, Karangpucung, Purwokerto Kidul, Purwokerto Kulon, Tanjung and Teluk. (c) comprising 7 kelurahan - Bantarsoka, Karanglewas Lor, Kedungwuluh, Kober, Pasir Kidul, Pasirmuncang and Rejasari. (d) comprising 6 kelurahan - Arcawinangun, Kranji, Mersi, Purwokerto Lor, Purwokerto Wetan and Sokanegara. (e) comprising 7 kelurahan - Bancarkembar, Bobosan, Grendeng, Karangwangkal, Pabuaran, Purwanegara and Sumampir.

Tourism
Curug Cipendok is a waterfall 93 metres high, about 15 kilometres west of Purwokerto, 500 metres from the road through a walking trail. It is still natural and is easily accessible on a good road, although there is no public transportation yet. The area surrounding the location belongs to Perhutani, a Forest State Company. North of the capital of Purwokerto, Baturraden Resort features views from the slopes of Mount Slamet. And 8 km to Baturaden, there a Curug Ceheng, this is a waterfall 73 meters, there is an object to holiday.

Among the religious tourism sites in Banyumas is Saka Tunggal Mosque, established in 1871.

title: Banyumas Regency


text:
User talk:DanMS

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:DanMS


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Talk:California State Route 107

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title: Talk:California State Route 107


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Talk:Cavanal Hill

By whose definition?
There are many hills over 2000 feet and many mountains below it, so this claim is absurd. Ubermonkey 04:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I live in poteau... the hill is in my backyard... it's a bit of a misconception... there IS an old british standard saying that all peaks 2000 feet above the surrounding terrain were mountains and all others were hills... in actuality, cavanal mountain is 1999 feet above the surrounding terrain (which is at 497 feet) it's basically something to gain notoriety for our small town... as far as i know, there no other hills being touted as the 'world's highest' on another note it's a quite beautiful hill... i believe i'll put a picture of it on the article... it seems to be lacking one... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.39.150.84 (talk) 05:10, March 25, 2006 (UTC)

 * The references claiming an elevation of 1,999 feet for Cavanal Hill aren't accurate, as the person commenting above mentioned. According to a listing of named Oklahoma peaks on http://americasroof.com/highest/ok.shtml, the actual elevation above sea level for Cavanal Hill is 2,385 feet.  If you look at the topo map of Cavanal that is linked on the Wikipedia entry, you can even see the 700-meter relief line below the summit of Cavanal.  The "World's Highest Hill" claim comes from Cavanal's 1,999 feet "prominence" (or measurement from base to summit).  In some hill/mountain classifications, a prominence of 2,000 feet is the standard for a "mountain".  Over time, the measurements have been confused, leading to the many claims of a 1,999 ft. elevation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.204.59.23 (talk) 21:34, July 28, 2006 (UTC)

 * 2385 - 497 = 1888. 2385 - 1999 = 386.  For Cavanal Mountain to be a hill, the base would have to be exactly 386 feet above sea level.  From the research I've done, the closest area that I could find that was anywhere near that close to sea level is the Arkansas River Valley north of Panama and Spiro, which is around 385-390 feet in spots, but this is 15 miles from the top of Cavanal Mountain.  The 1999 number has to be a marketing ploy, but where did they measure from?  Are there any spots in LeFlore County that are under 386 feet above sea level?  I'm from Mena, and I've spent lots of time in and around Poteau, and I can't think of any areas that would be that low. The lowest point in the immediate Poteau vicinity seems to be along the Poteau River around the area where it splits near the airport and the terrain gets very rugged just to the south of Heavener.

 * And yes, the mountain is very beautiful. The views from the top are stunning. Bugo 07:22, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Article renaming proposal
Because the Geographic Names Information System of the U.S. Geologic Survey officially names Cavanal Hill Cavanal Mountain and lists its elevation at 2,385 feet (727 meters), and the fact that Cavanal "Hill" is in the Ouachita Mountains, I propose that the article be renamed Cavanal Mountain and the mountain be called for what it is in the article, a mountain. However, since the Poteau Chamber of Commerce (http://poteauchamber.com/) proclaims Cavanal Mountain the "World's Highest Hill" and lists the elevation at 1,999 feet on its website, mention of this fact can remain in the article. I've added the link to "Category: Mountains of Oklahoma" in the article since Cavanal "Hill" is in fact a mountain.

The argument that Cavanal "Hill" is a hill rather than a mountain based on a topographical prominence of 1,999 feet does not hold up because many mountain peaks have prominences of less than that due to their location near higher peaks. A number of mountains also have lower reliefs than Cavanal "Hill". S Martin (talk) 08:33, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Source of name
http://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.1157 specifically states that the name of Cavanal Hill is derived from the French word for "cave." Therefore I have reverted the previous edit. If there is a better explanation for the name, a source should be provided. Bruin2 (talk) 05:40, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

It's a mountain
From what I've heard, the minimum height is 1,000 feet above the surrounding ground, not 2,000 69.29.99.218 (talk) 03:08, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Not particularly helpful. It needs to be published somewhere, not just hearsay. --Ken Gallager (talk) 19:12, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cavanal Hill


text:
Talk:David Levy Yulee

Yulee's religion
Didn't Yulee deny he was Jewish during his political career, claiming his background as "Moroccan"?

 * Yes, he did downplay his history as a Jewish person during his career. Moreover, he stopped being Jewish in 1846 and was baptized an Anglican.  I have changed the article 65.28.2.218 15:29, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yulee was never baptized. "Although never baptized, he [Yulee] became estranged from Judaism and married a devout Presbyterian." C.S. Monaco Moses Levy of Florida: Jewish Utopian and Antebellum Reformer (LSU Press, 2005), p.4.  Also, David L. Yulee's (aka, "David Levy") first political campaign was noted for a degree of anti-Semitism. Thus, the statement "although never admitting publicly that he had been Jewish until the end of his political career" becomes rather absurd. His very Jewishness was a prime factor in the campaign.

 * What about "Levy changed his name to Yulee and renounced Judaism, converted to Christianity after his marriage to the daughter of the Governor of Kentucky, and claimed he was not Jewish at all but descended from a Moroccan prince." from Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate, by Eli N. Evans, p. 48? Poldy Bloom (talk) 01:55, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Yulee was a Christian. The conclusion was affirmed after a site visit to Yulee's gravesite in Washington, D.C.'s Oak Hill Cemetery. There are a number of arguments about Yulee's Jewish or Christian identity. His parents having been Jewish is documented.  When and if Yulee converted is unclear and partially anecdotal.  What is certain is that he was buried as a religious Christian in Oak Hill. The story that his wife forced him to convert on his death bed is not true.  His wife Nancy Christian Wickliffe pre-deceased Yulee.  Yulee would have selected his burial site and the funerary memorial that would mark his resting place either before or just after his wife's death.  The funerary memorial is very elaborate and expensive.  It is unusually inscribed with extensive Christian theological beliefs and values on three sides of the base. The inscriptions would have been preselected by Yulee and would have been very costly to have been included.  Last, the issue of was Yulee the first Jew to be seated in the U.S. Senate is also unclear.  The question goes to when did he become a Christian.  If he converted before his marriage and seating in the U.S. Senate in 1846, then he was not the first Jew to be seated in the Senate.  He, more accurately, should be recognized as the first U.S. Senator of Jewish heritage.  The first openly professing Jew to be seated in the U.S. Senate was Judah P. Benjamin.  An interesting article that touches upon Yulee's religious identity is http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/David_Levy_Yulee.pdf.

black descent
"black descent"? 132.241.246.111 21:01, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yulee wasn't of black descent. I've changed this accordingly. 65.64.100.44 21:07, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Confederate Congress
Article appears to be contradictory. Intro para states that Yulee was a Confederate Congress member. A later section states that he was not. Relbats (talk) 17:06, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

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End of Terms of Office
Yulee's term of office as a Delegate from the Territory of Florida ended on March 3, 1845, not because that was the end of the congressional term, but because that was the date on which Florida was admitted as the 27th state of the Union. Prior to the 20th Amendment (which provides, inter alia, that congressional terms begin and end on January 3), the date on which a congressional term began and ended was March 4. In particular, the 31st United States Congress ended on March 4, 1851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_United_States_Congress Given that Yulee served as Senator until the end of such term, his first Senate service ended on March 4 (not March 3), 1851.

@Billmckern, you explained, when you reverted my change to the conclusion of Yulee's first Senate term, that "[s]everal contributors had a long discussion about this last year and came to consensus" that congressional terms ended on March 3. Please let me know where this discussion took place, because it seems odd to me that they would have come to a "conclusion" that has been rejected by almost the entirety of the Wikipedia articles in which the end of a congressional term is given.

AuH2ORepublican (talk) 17:35, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * - I believe Yulee's Congressional biography is a good place to start. The historian of the US House indicates that his term as a delegate ended on March 3, 1845.  I have to believe the historians of the House and Senate are authorities on their terms of office and the associated rules and regulations.

 * "elected as a Whig-Democrat, a Territorial delegate to the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Congresses (March 4, 1841-March 3, 1845); did not seek renomination, having become a candidate for the Senate; upon the admission of Florida as a State into the Union was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from July 1, 1845, to March 3, 1851."

 * US Congressional term end dates. If you go to section 17 of this archive, US Congressional term end dates, you'll see how this rather lengthy discussion concluded after it was opened in 2015.  It includes information on how terms for president and vice president began and ended on March 4, but not Congressional terms, which began on March 4 and ended on March 3.  Congressional leaders even went so far as to stop the clock on March 3 so they could transact business by pretending March 4 had not happened yet.  They also created the fiction of the "legislative day" in which they claimed that March 3 ended at noon on March 4 for the purposes of acting on bills before Congress.

 * It seems pretty clear to me that Congressional leaders would not have had to pretend it was still March 3 if they thought their terms ended on March 4.

 * Please let me know what you think.

 * Thanks,

 * Billmckern (talk) 17:50, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * @Billmckern, wow. After reading all of those comments (and, in many instances, unfair accusations against you and your colleague), I'm sorry I asked. : )  I really don't want to get into that fight, and won't edit any March 3 or March 4 dates again.

 * But, since you asked what I think, here goes: Any House or Senate that continued to do business after midnight on March 4 would be acting ultra vires if their term really did end at 24:00 on March 3. A legislative session cannot extend past the end of the term for the legislative body, and I find the explanation of "legislative day that lasts until noon the following day" to be wholly unpersuasive.  Given the fact that the House and Senate not only understood that they could act, but did act, past midnight and all the way until noon on March 4 (and, at times, declaring that the session had to end because it was noon on March 4), one of two, mutually exclusive, things must be true: (i) the pre-20A House and Senate terms actually ended at noon on March 4, the same time as presidential terms, but some people used "March 3" as a lazy shorthand and this was followed by the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, or (ii) numerous U.S. Congresses legislated or voted unconstitutionally on March 4 of odd-numbered years between 1791 and 1933, and no one objected to persons who were not members of the House or Senate voting on legislation or appointments.  I believe that the former possibility is the likeliest.

 * Please keep in mind that the Senate Historical Office and the Office of the House of Representatives Historian and so on are not infallible, and that the information that they provide many times is GIGO; for example, the United States Senate website currently asserts that John Tyler's time as VP ended on April 6, 1841 (the date on which he took the oath of office as President of the United States), even though President W.H. Harrison died on April 4, 1841, which could only be true if either Tyler was simultaneously President and VP for 2 days or else there was a vacancy in the presidency for 2 days. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 19:43, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Members of Congress CLEARLY thought their terms ended on March 3 and they they could not act on March 4. Otherwise, why would they pretend that March 4 was still March 3?  Common sense says that it they believed they could act on March 4, they would have.  If they thought they could act on March 3, then why resort to clock stopping at midnight or the "legislative day" of March 3 that didn't end until noon on March 4?  The ONLY reason I can think of to pretend it was still March 3 was that they know they couldn't act on March 4.

 * Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. Volume 4.  Page 449.  Senator Robert Byrd and editor Wendy Wolff also indicate in Byrd's comprehensive history of the Senate that terms ended on March 3.  I forget whether this reference was included in the original list of sources we checked during the original discussion I referenced earlier.

 * Billmckern (talk) 20:14, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * @Billmckern, you wrote "Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. Volume 4.  Page 449.  Senator Robert Byrd and editor Wendy Wolff also indicate in Byrd's comprehensive history of the Senate that terms ended on March 3."
 * I would like to point out that, at page 449, Byrd states that the Senate's "second session" (not the "term") would end on March 3. Certainly the Senate could have sessions that ended on a date prior to March 4.  Maybe the Senate would do that "legislative day" gimmick because their session was supposed to end on March 3, even though their term ran until noon on March 4?  Again, if the term ended at 24:00 on March 3, then everything that the outgoing House or Senate purported to do prior to noon on March 4 was ultra vires.

 * But, as I stated before, I'm not going to edit any end-of-term dates that are give as March 3. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 21:07, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Amazigh Jewish?
"Before their immigration to Israel, Europe and North America, many Jewish communities called Morroco their home. In the cities these communities lived in "reserved" neighborhoods called mellahs. There were, however, numerous communities that lived amongst the Amazigh tribes. These communities spoke Amazigh and borrowed from their neighbors (Berber muslims) some forms of social organization as well as certain rites.

The report we make available on line deals with the many problems inherent to communities who are still considered as the step child in the area of Morrocan Judaism studies. We address the arguments of their origins (Palestine, Spain or simply Amazighs converted to Judaism ?), as well as the place which Berber holds in their speech and the things which diffenciate them from the Arabic speaking Jewish groups."

https://web.archive.org/web/20051027062825/http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/index-en.htm So...was Yulee a Sephardic Jew or an Sephardic Jew who was descended from Sephardim who adopted Amazigh mores or an Amazigh Jew through and through?

SpicyMemes123 (talk) 00:25, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Without a reliable source that explicitly identifies which community his family came from, we don't know, and can't say in the article. - Donald Albury 01:11, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for responding. I, personally, think he was a Sephardic Jew but that's just my opinion.
 * SpicyMemes123 (talk) 02:38, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Levy Yulee


text:
User talk:Feb30th1712

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Very interesting, Swedish calendar had a 30th feb in 1712 :), Gotcha! -- Cool CatTalk 16:09, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

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Hello, Category:Wikipedians interested in wikipedians has been deleted per Categories for deletion/Log/2005 December 17. You may want to remove it from your userpage. Thanks. Izehar 17:40, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Feb30th1712


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rachael Anne Abraham

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:29, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Rachael Anne Abraham
Textbook vanity.  Barfooz  (talk)  04:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this isn't vanity, what is?   — J I P | Talk 04:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Can't we remove the obvious vanity articles faster...seems silly to drag out a 5-day vote on something this obvious.Tobycat 04:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would agree with Tobycat about something this obvious.  However, I have seen many cases where an article on a notable person was labeled "vanity" by a VfD nominator because the person was unfamiliar to the nominator and the stub was too vague to make the notability clear on its face.  In those cases, the exposure has often brought out the additional facts. - DS1953 05:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Patent vanity. I hear you, DS1943, but it is the author's responsiblity to establish notability, not the reader's.  --Xcali 05:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't disagree with you Xcali, I am just pointing out that what looks like vanity to one person is not always the case. Speedy deletions don't have the same chance of sifting the wheat from the chaff. DS1953 05:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. I've seen a couple horrible articles that were speedied but actually had some potentially useful info in there. I stubbed one of them, and a couple people went on and fixed it up to an okay level. On this article, Delete.
 * Two editors are simply not enough. Uncle G 13:03, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Xcali, please review the speedy delete criteria. Vanity is not one of them, no matter how egregious. Denni ☯ 03:19, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well there are a number of articles that have been listed as vanity that went on to be kept, but they tend to be articles about professors and researchers rather than undergraduates. This one, like every other undergraduate article I've seen, is not encyclopedic.Average Earthman 08:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: 15 year old student. BTW, I'm as big a hanging judge as any, but I agree wholeheartedly that vanity articles shouldn't be speedy candidates unless they are thoroughly obvious and egregious.  I.e. I support leaving their speedy deletion to official admin abuse that no one will complain of.  I know that's hypocritical, but it's the best way, because there certainly are cases of even obvious vanity that have been potentially valuable. (If only someone could propose a new system for speedying articles after a delay!)  Geogre 11:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This content is what home pages supplied by ISPs are for. Wikipedia is not a hosting service for home pages.  Delete. Uncle G 13:03, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, Rachael is a great person, I met her once. Karatloz 17:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 19:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a who's who or a social register. --Jim Abraham 21:05, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:NZShaz

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title: User talk:NZShaz


text:
Talk:Wu wei

Taoism section note
The sourced Taoism section I've started includes passages taken from the Guanzi and Neiye pages.FourLights (talk) 00:37, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Coming to this article for the first time, I am greatly puzzled. I know of wu wei from its Taoist usage, and this usage dominates much of the article. Yet the main sections on this and Confucianism take the view that Confucius got there first. No sources in support of this understanding are cited. Since all the early sources appeared in the historical record at much the same time, and there is a long history of Confucian suppression of Daoism, why does the article take this unverified view? It makes no sense to me. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 19:35, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

The argument is from Creel, after coming back to the article I wrote it with more uncertain tone and added a little NPOV.FourLights (talk) 22:29, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

David H. Li reference in Modern section
At the end of the Modern section, the bit about David H. Li feels like it doesn’t quite belong in this spot as it discusses ”Tao” rather than “Wu Wei”. That said, it does have some relevance in terms of describing the difficulties involved with translation, but I’m not sure it’s in the right place. Perhaps there is a more appropriate placement?

The difficulty in translation is fascinating—would it be appropriate to create its own section? Either in this article on Wu Wei or perhaps in the article on Tao?

The section could be expanded by suggesting that multiple translations can sometimes be helpful, and as an example discussing the first verse of Lao-Tzu’s Tao Te Ching, which reads, “The Tao that can Tao is not Tao” and then offering various translations, such as: The name that can be named is not the Name The path that can be walked is not the Path The word that can be spoken is not the Word

This verse, in addition to providing a prime example of nuances in translation, speaks directly to what Li is quoted as saying. As soon as one has named (or even conceptualized) “Tao”, that name (or concept) is not actually Tao; rather, the name is a symbol (and the concept a convention, both) used to point at—to represent—Tao. The word and the concept are not in and of themselves the Tao they represent. Likewise in Li’s example, Tao is more aptly translated as “direction” rather than “way” as it leaves the possibility of flowing with the Tao open to many paths instead of only one “way” which, once expressed, is not the Way but rather one possible way of flowing in the Direction that is the Tao. 2604:2D80:6E04:8100:4150:664E:58A0:EA09 (talk) 20:40, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

I can't comment on the Modern section. I put together most of the article but I probably merely consigned some of the material there. Alan Watts isn't exactly a Sinologist but he could be taken as a modern commentator. I can't affirm that he necessarily belongs here if people want it removed. If I get to writing more I wouldn't be focused on Watts, I would be utilizing Edward Slingerland's Effortless Action. I'm not sure the material you are talking about is there anymore unless I dig it up, and for the most part I don't know what you are talking about, as I merely imported what I was already familiar with. I'm not a Wu Wei scholar yet, I write the Legalism page.FourLights (talk) 22:05, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

Warrantless confucianization
The article states that Wu wei comes "from confucianism" and seems part to be of some kind of shady effort to remove it from its actually Daoist roots. Basically all other wiki languages specify this is a Taoist concept. According to received Chinese tradition Laozi is older than Confucius. Thus, the Tao Te Ching of Laozi is older than the confucian Analects. this may be historically doubtful but all chronology of this period is speculative. As a student and scholar of the topic I strongly vote to remove the gratuitous, unsourced references that the term of wu wei "comes" from Confucianism and it only "went on" to become important in Taoism, when both logic and tradition dictate otherwise. The term is known through Taoism first not "confucianism". Furthermore, if there is any academic work that advances the opposite, it is surely a minority view and should be contrasted with the more widespread Taoist interpretation. The article itself has a whole section dedicated to Taoist philosophy in the "definition" while nothing is given to the Confucian supposed (fictive) "invention". --190.195.146.6 (talk) 02:19, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed that Wu Wei is often time associated with the Taoist philosophy. Nevertheless, the reference of "Wu Wei" in statecrafts was also found in Confucius texts the Analects, quoted below:
 * Wei Ling Gong:
 * The Master said, "May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat." 《论语·卫灵公》中记载，孔子曰：“无为而治者，其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣. TheIntrospectorsfacts (talk) 22:36, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Early certainty is mental defect on my part. Although I am not at this time getting around to expanding the article I've added some nuance of uncertaintly and less assertion regarding the speculative nature of the Confucian derivation and threw in Roger T Ames statement as early NPOV. To give more Daoism would require additional writing and sourcing. If I write more I would reference more Edward Slingerland - Effortless Action. Unfortuanately I am not yet a wu wei scholar, I merely added what I was familiar with, and for the most part that was Creel since I use him as an early (1970/1974) but critical base source for the Legalism article.FourLights (talk) 22:08, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

As to the origins of the Laozi, it's essentially a later relativist variation on the earlier language discussions the Mohists, per the language relativism of the later the school of names. The Mohists sought objective language standards, the school of names and subsequent Daoists make relativist arguments. Hence all the discussion of "Knowing the beautiful by the ugly" etc etc. Laozi can no more precede Confucius than Mozi can, because there wouldn't be anything to talk about. Mozi is a reaction to Confucius, and Laozi is a reaction to Mozi. The Zhuangzi even says as much.FourLights (talk) 13:57, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

The earliest reference to Laozi is in the Lushi Chunqui. If if I can find the reference again I'll throw it into the Laozi article together with a mention of the Han Feizi's posthumous Laozi commentary.FourLights (talk) 14:11, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Typo?
"... it is the not the way to rule." Hmmm... 198.90.81.190 (talk) 13:31, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

 * It may well be a typo, but it is in a direct quote and the quote isn't visible in the citation tag, so it's unclear whether the editor who added it made a typo or the person being quoted made a grammatical error. So I marked it with the [sic] template. Thanks for spotting it. Good catch. A. Randomdude0000 (talk) 17:55, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Thank you, I am capable of typos.FourLights (talk) 22:11, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

reduction
I would intend to ultimately reduce the details of this article, in particular in relation to Legalism, but it's details would essentially be consolidated for the Legalism page first. One can request a priority for this article as desired. Then there are other practical commentaries that could be added. In terms of other materials, I have less thought of at the moment.FourLights (talk) 14:31, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Anyway, I put an earlier origin for it as an idea in the classic of poetry, I'm sure that will make everyone happy, let me know if you'd like me to prioritize anything over my own normal activities, or put more effort into dating the Laozi or something like that, which I had already put in the Laozi page, it's not like I didn't already talk about that to some extent. There is always work to be done.FourLights (talk) 15:22, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Although I am an active worker, which can include the considerably more intensive work of reorganizing and simplifying this page, I should at least be able to put together a brief section on the classic of poetry before that is done; I am not actually sure I would have much commentary for it as this time. Otherwise, I should also put together a section on the Laozi and Zhuangzi.FourLights (talk) 16:35, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

 * If you'd like help particularly with the Zhuangzi part, that's definitely an article where I feel like I can almost approach your level of diligent research. :) Remsense  诉  14:19, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I will prioritize that, but it will mean less work on reducing the rest.FourLights (talk) 15:59, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, take your time! Just poke me when you get around to it, I've got plenty of plates in the air myself. Remsense  诉  16:00, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I will be busy with work the next couple days, but I will still write this. How quickly I would find additional source commentaries on the wuwei of the Zhuangzi is another question.FourLights (talk) 18:56, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You're just looking for sources about the treatment of wu wei in the Zhuangzi? I can put together a list for you if you'd like/ Remsense  诉  19:31, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That would be helpful, since that is what you requested a project on to start.FourLights (talk) 01:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Edward Stringerland has some material on a parable from the Zhuangzi I can use to write about Wu Wei. It will be very difficult.FourLights (talk) 09:14, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

laozi dating
I'll try to locate commentary on the content of the excavated Laozi for prominent discussion, but it won't actually effect the other texts since they don't appear to make use of it.FourLights (talk) 01:58, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

Based on research, although the Han Feizi does not appear to make much usage of it, Han Fei may still have been aware of the Laozi, and the Laozi suitably be put before it. When I can rewrite more, I will keep that in mind.FourLights (talk) 01:47, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Sima Qian
I will be able to provide a comment on Sima Qian's discussion of Daoism and Wu wei. That aside, Unfortuanately I will need a lot of study to do much work.FourLights (talk) 12:06, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wu wei