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Caffeine dependence

Caffeine dependence is a condition characterized by a set of criteria, including tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use, and continued use despite knowledge of adverse consequences attributed to caffeine. It can appear in physical dependence or psychological dependence, or both. Caffeine is one of the most common additives in many consumer products, including pills and beverages such as caffeinated alcoholic beverages, energy drinks, pain reliever medications, and colas. Caffeine is found naturally in various plants such as coffee and tea. Studies have found that 89 percent of adults in the U.S. consume on average 200 mg of caffeine daily. One area of concern that has been presented is the relationship between pregnancy and caffeine consumption. Repeated caffeine doses of 100mg appeared to result in smaller size at birth in newborns. When looking at birth weight however, caffeine consumption did not appear to make an impact.

Dependence vs. Addiction
Moderate physical dependence often arises from prolonged long-term caffeine use. In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity: the stimulation of adenosine receptors produces feelings of tiredness and a drive for sleep. Caffeine's ability to block these receptors means the levels of the body's natural stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue at higher levels.

Continued exposure to caffeine prompts the body to create more adenosine-receptors in the central nervous system, which increases the body's adenosine sensitivity. This reduces the stimulatory effects of caffeine by increasing tolerance. It also causes the body to suffer withdrawal symptoms (such as headaches, fatigue, and irritability) if caffeine intake decreases.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes four caffeine-related disorders including intoxication, withdrawal, anxiety, and sleep.

Pathologically reinforced caffeine use induces a dependence syndrome, but not an addiction. For a drug to induce an addiction from repeated use at sufficiently high doses, it must activate the brain's reward circuitry, particularly the mesolimbic pathway. Neuroimaging studies of preclinical and human subjects have demonstrated that chronic caffeine consumption does not sufficiently activate the reward system, relative to other drugs of addiction (e.g., cocaine, morphine, nicotine). As a consequence, compulsive use (i.e., an addiction) of caffeine has yet to be observed in humans. Caffeine dependence forms due to caffeine antagonizing the adenosine A2A receptor, effectively blocking adenosine from the adenosine receptor site. This delays the onset of drowsiness and releases dopamine. As of right now, caffeine withdrawal qualifies as a psychiatric condition by the American Psychiatric Association, but caffeine-use disorder does not.

Professor Roland R. Griffiths, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, strongly believes that caffeine withdrawal should be classified as a psychological disorder. His research suggests that withdrawal affects 50% of habitual coffee drinkers, beginning within 12–24 hours after cessation of caffeine intake, and peaking in 20–48 hours, lasting as long as 9 days. In another study, he concluded that people who take in a minimum of 100   mg of caffeine per day (about the amount in one cup of coffee) can acquire a physical dependence that would trigger withdrawal symptoms, including muscle pain and stiffness, nausea, vomiting, depressed mood, and other symptoms.

Physiological effects
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Commonly known caffeine withdrawal symptoms include headaches, fatigue, loss of focus, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, and backache and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. These symptoms may occur within 12–24 hours and can last two to nine days.

Tests are still being done to get a better understanding of the effects that occur when people become dependent on different forms of caffeine to make it through the day. There has been research findings that suggest that the circadian cycle is not significantly changed under popular practices of caffeine consumption in the morning and during the afternoon.

Children and Teenagers
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), it is not recommended for individuals under the age of 18 to consume several caffeinated drinks in one day. If they were to consume caffeine, it is recommended to follow usage guidelines to avoid overconsumption. If they do not restrict their caffeine intake, they can become dependent on caffeine and without it suffer a variety of side effects. These include increase in heart rate and blood pressure, sleep disturbance, mood swings, and acid reflux. Caffeine's lasting effects on children's nervous and cardiovascular systems are currently unknown, and studies are still being conducted on it. Some research has suggested that caffeinated drinks should not be advertised to children as a primary audience.

Pregnancy
If pregnant, it is recommended not to consume more than 200 mg of caffeine a day (though this is relative to the pregnant woman's weight). If a pregnant woman consumes high levels of caffeine, it can result in low birth weight due to loss of blood flow to the placenta, and could lead to health problems later in the child's life. It can also result in premature labor, reduced fertility, and other reproductive issues. The American Pregnancy Association suggests "avoiding caffeine as much as possible" before and during pregnancy or discussing how to curtail dependency with a healthcare provider.

Treatment
Understanding effective treatment strategies is crucial in managing caffeine dependence, a condition that has garnered increasing attention in recent years. A plethora of studies have surfaced aimed at reducing caffeine intake and alleviating withdrawal symptoms. One significant contribution comes from a comprehensive review and research agenda that undertook a thorough examination of caffeine use disorder. This review not only discusses potential diagnostic criteria but also highlights the far-reaching implications for individuals struggling with caffeine dependency. The author characterizes caffeine as a widely consumed substance, yet one that is not immune to fostering dependency. Despite its generally recognized safety profile, clinical evidence suggests a concerning trend wherein users develop a reliance on caffeine, often struggling to curtail consumption despite recurring health concerns, such as cardiovascular issues and perinatal complications.

Evidence-based treatment strategies offer a beacon of hope for individuals seeking to break free from caffeine dependency. These strategies encompass a spectrum of approaches, including dose tapering, intermittent fasting, diligent monitoring of caffeine intake through journaling, and the incorporation of regular exercise coupled with professional counseling.

Dose tapering
One effective approach to managing caffeine dependence is dose tapering, where caffeine intake is reduced over time. This method allows the body to adjust to lower levels of caffeine gradually, minimizing withdrawal symptoms and discomfort. A study published in the Journal of Caffeine Research demonstrates the efficacy of dose tapering in reducing caffeine consumption among habitual users. Participants who followed a tapering schedule experienced fewer withdrawal symptoms and were more successful in reducing their overall caffeine intake compared to those who abruptly stopped caffeine consumption.

Intermittent fasting
Intermittent fasting, a dietary regimen that involves alternating periods of eating and fasting, has emerged as a potential strategy for managing caffeine dependence. Research suggests that intermittent fasting may help regulate caffeine intake by creating structure periods of abstaining from caffeine consumption. Additionally, intermittent fasting has been associated with improved metabolic health and cognitive function, which may support individuals in overcoming caffeine dependence.

Professional counseling
Seeking professional counseling or therapy can also be beneficial for individuals struggling with caffeine dependence. Counseling sessions provide a supportive environment for individuals to explore the underlying reasons for their caffeine consumption habits and develop coping strategies to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), in particular, has shown promise in treating substance use disorders, including caffeine dependence. A meta- analysis published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology found that CBT interventions were effective in reducing caffeine consumption and improving psychological outcomes among individuals with caffeine dependence.

Regular exercise
Regular physical exercise has been shown to have numerous benefits for overall health and well-being, including aiding in the management of caffeine dependence. Engaging in regular exercise can help individuals reduce stress, improve mood, and promote better sleep quality, all of which may contribute to reducing reliance on caffeine as a stimulant.

It is important that while many adults consume caffeine on a daily basis, withdrawal symptoms may not manifest until 12-24 hours after cessation and can persist for as long as 2-9 days. Such symptoms can significantly impact daily functioning, giving rise to fatigue, headaches, irritability, nausea, mood fluctuations, flu-like symptoms, and dizziness.

title: Caffeine dependence


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Talk:Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete

Genre Classification
I would not call Minotaur a true RPG -- there's not a long term adventure aspect. Each game was basically a brutal slugfest lasting only 10-45 minutes (depending on the # of people). It's hard to say what genre it was exactly, b/c there's never been another game like it, I would venture to say a "real time tactics." True, as a player, you're not controlling multiple characters, but the tactical considerations are really quite complex for the one character you do control!

I'd also suggest simply "dungeon crawler".

Either way, I wouldn't put it in the "RPG" or "Western RPG" group of games / stubs.

Any other thoughts?

Bytebreaker (talk) 15:56, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Odyssey
Is this the Odyssey game that was based on the Minotaur engine? --DocumentN (talk) 04:05, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

No, that's a different one by David Larkin called “The Odyssey” released a year earlier (It's also a lot of fun, but in a different, less forgiving way.) The Minotaur-based one is this one here. Interestingly, Paranoid and Macsoft were also later involved in two of the three licensed Marathon 2-based FPSs too. 72.235.10.142 (talk) 01:54, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete


text: Talk:Operation: Desert Storm (video game)


text:
EMD MP15AC

The EMD MP15AC is a 1,500 hp diesel road switcher locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between August 1975 and August 1984. A variant of the EMD MP15DC with an AC/DC transmission, 246 examples were built, including 25 for export to Mexico, and four built in Canada.

Development
The MP15DC's standard Blomberg B trucks were capable of transition and road speeds up to 60 mph, allowing use on road freights. Soon there was a demand for a model with an advanced AC drive system. The MP15AC replaced the MP15DC's DC generator with an alternator producing AC power which is converted to DC for the traction motors with a silicon rectifier. The MP15AC is 1.5 ft longer than an MP15DC, the extra space being needed for the rectifier equipment. The alternator-rectifier combination is more reliable than a generator, and this equipment became the standard for new diesel-electric locomotive designs.

The MP15AC is easily distinguished from the DC models. Instead of the front-mounted radiator intake and belt-driven fan used on all previous EMD switchers, these have intakes on the lower forward nose sides and electric fans. Side intakes allowed the unit to take in cooler air, and the electric fans improved a serious reliability issue found in its earlier DC sisters.

Engine
The MP15 used a roots-blown 12-cylinder 645E engine. The engine is rated at 1,500 hp. The 645 series, introduced in 1966, was EMD's standard engine through the 1980s.

Original owners
The six largest buyers, Milwaukee (64), Southern Pacific (58), Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (45), Nacionales de México (25), Long Island (23), and Louisville & Nashville (10), were all buying road locomotives with AR10 alternators throughout the 1970s, so the similarly equipped MP15AC was easily kept in good repair. 36 more units were sold to 8 other customers.

title: EMD MP15AC


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Talk:Gnop!

Rewrite for Improved Comprehension
Hello, everyone! I came across this little article this evening and felt that it needed some literary cleanup - so I did just that. I added no new information, but changed, replaced, moved, added and deleted some words and phrases. I feel that the end result is an improvement, but would appreciate your opinions for consensus. Thanks and Cheers! -- "Yes... It's Raining " 04:35, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Comment
Better then Halo.--Planetary 01:04, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Recent Vandalism! it said "Awwe Skeet Skeet" Keep an eye on this.

WP glitch
On my computer, the listing of Bungie games crashes into the infobox: —Frungi 06:22, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This was somehow fixed at some point between then and now. Something in the Bungie template, I assume. —Frungi 23:45, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Dude it was your computer it happens alot 66.183.44.117 (talk) 23:36, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Halo reference?
I have modified the refernce to Halo from "the Killer Xbox Game, Halo" to refer more correctly to the game and console, although I'm not sure if it belongs in this article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.37.255.244 (talk) 04:10, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

Re:
I deleted the line that made a reference to Halo, since it was off-topic in the article. WHRM3

i don't have a login so i can't do anything, but the link to the download sends you to one of those ad websites which list a bunch of things on the front page, it should be changed/deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.104.101.50 (talk) 16:25, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

yeah, your right. the website must have been closed. —WHRM3 (talk) 00:51, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Gnop! was Bungie's first game
Bungie's current corporate history is revisionist and should not be taken as a reliable source, as it contradicts their own claims closer to the event in question. They had always claimed Gnop! as their first product until very recently. As proof, please see this photo I just took from the Marathon Scrapbook, part of the Marathon Trilogy Box Set, that Bungie released in 1997.

As you note, it explicitly calls Gnop! "Bungie's first game", and Operation Desert Storm "Bungie's first commercial game". As if the Bungie name and logo within Gnop! itself wasn't evidence enough (see screenshots like this), this should settle the matter. I'm changing this article and the ODS article back to the non-revisionist wording. --Pfhorrest (talk) 06:32, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page should not be speedily deleted because... (Have been so many days stated that this page does not have proper citations or improvement) --122.174.19.184 (talk) 12:41, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gnop!


text:
Nadson

Nadson can refer to:

 * Alexander Nadson (1926–2015), Apostolic Visitor for the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
 * Georgii Nadson (1867–1939), Soviet biologist
 * Semyon Nadson (1862–1887), Russian poet
 * Nádson (footballer, born 1982), full name Nádson Rodrigues de Souza, Brazilian footballer
 * Nadson (footballer, born 1984), full name José Nadson Ferreira, Brazilian footballer
 * Nádson (footballer, born 1989), full name Nádson da Silva Almeida, Brazilian footballer
 * Nádson (footballer, born 1992), full name Nádson Alves Viana, Brazilian footballer

title: Nadson


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OBX

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Outer Banks. Ingoolemo  talk  00:40, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

OBX
At the very least this needs merging with Outer Banks - it's not enough to stand on its own. I don't know enough about the local advertising, but it may be that even merging is giving it too much. Grutness...  wha?  04:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Outer Banks. --khaosworks 04:42, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I second khaosworks' suggestion. Merge and redirect to Outer Banks. There's an interesting little blurb on this topic at License plate; I added the part that mentioned the usage of OBX in the Outer Banks. Dale Arnett 06:54, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -- Fingers-of-Pyrex 16:15, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OBX


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Karthik Selvakumar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Ingoolemo  talk  00:42, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

Karthik Selvakumar
Looks like vanity to me. Or at least non-notable. TheCoffee 04:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also looks like vanity to me. One of the three or so Google hits was a deleted page.  --1pezguy 04:40, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly vanity. Google search. -- Barfooz   (talk)  04:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. All is vanity. --khaosworks 04:44, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. N-Insanity is at http://www.n-insanity.com --icarus flight 04:49, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * First and only edit. Possible sockpuppet? Besides, just because N-Insanity exists still doesn't mean Selvakumar is notable. --khaosworks 05:01, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 16-year-old vanity. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  05:10, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Dvyost 15:02, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 21:46, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Edmonton (provincial electoral district)

The Edmonton provincial electoral district also known as Edmonton City from 1905 to 1909, was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada mandated to return members to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1905 to 1917 and again from 1921 to 1959.

The Edmonton, Alberta electoral district was created when Alberta became a province, replacing the territorial electoral district of the same name. It existed in two incarnations from 1905 - 1913 and again from 1921 - 1959, with the city (small as it was in former times) broken up into separate single-member constituencies in the other time-periods. The district was created when Alberta became a province, to encompass residents of the city of Edmonton on the northside of the North Saskatchewan River. The Edmonton district was extended to the southside of the river in 1921, By that time, the southside City of Strathcona had merged into the City of Edmonton.

From 1909 to 1917 and from 1921 to 1956, the Edmonton provincial constituency elected multiple members.

From 1905 to 1926 and 1959 to present, each Edmonton voter could cast as many votes as the number of seats in the district. In 1909 and 1913, Edmonton voters could cast up to two votes each. In 1921 they could cast up to five votes, the same number as seats. Edmonton used Single transferable voting in general elections held between 1926 and 1959, where each voter cast one transferable vote. In the province's history, there were three multi-member districts, the other ones being Calgary and Medicine Hat.

History
Three methods of electing representatives were used over the years in the Edmonton district.

First past the post election of a single member was used in 1905 (and in all by-elections up to 1924).

The Edmonton constituency was divided into two single-member constituencies for the provincial election of 1917: Edmonton East and Edmonton West. The adjacent constituency of Edmonton South had been renamed from the old constituency of Strathcona.

The three Edmonton districts were merged to form the Edmonton constituency in 1921, and block voting was established in 1921, to elect five members in the constituency.

Block voting (voters able to cast as many votes as there were seats) was used in 1909 and 1913, each voter casting up to two votes, and up to five votes in 1921.

As a semblance of proportional representation, the UFA government brought in ranked voting for all constituencies starting in 1924. It maintained Edmonton, Calgary and Medicine Hat as multi-member constituencies, with seats now filled through Single transferable vote, which at the time was called the Hare system or simply as Proportional representation. Instant-runoff voting was used outside those multi-member districts and was also used in provincial by-elections during this period.

Edmonton had five seats in 1926-1930, then six seats in 1930 to 1940, then five until 1952. Edmonton had seven seats elected at-large in 1952 and 1955.

In 1959 the Social Credit government broke up the Calgary and Edmonton constituencies and replaced the transferable balloting with first-past-the-post single-member districts across the province. Nine constituencies were created in Edmonton: Edmonton Centre, Edmonton North, Edmonton Norwood, Edmonton North East, Edmonton North West, Jasper West, Strathcona Centre, Strathcona East and Strathcona West.

The first woman elected to a provincial seat in Edmonton was Mary Lemessurier in 1979. Women candidates had run in Edmonton prior to that including during the time STV was used, but none were elected.

No Labour, CCF or NDP MLA was elected in the city from 1905 to 1982, other than in some of the elections when PR was used.

Expansion of seats and districts in Edmonton
The first table shows at a glance, the number of seats available by general election year for the Edmonton riding. The second table shows the number of districts in Edmonton, when the Edmonton riding was broken up.

Seats
After 1956, all Alberta MLAs were elected in single member districts so since then the number of districts has been the same as the number of seats as shown in the next table.

Districts

 * Southside Edmonton (Strathcona) was independent from Edmonton until 1912. The area that is present-day Edmonton was spread over many districts, such as Strathcona, Leduc, Sturgeon and St. Albert. Gradually the city has grown to take in previously-rural land.

''For the 1913 election, Edmonton South Provincial electoral district was created from the old Strathcona constituency to elect one MLA. The Edmonton constituency elected two members by the block vote system.''

Edmonton party composition at a glance
The representation elected from 1926 to 1955 can be seen to be more mixed and balanced than representation elected both before and after that period. Not shown in the table below is the fact that in 1917 a Liberal and a Conservative were elected, and in 1959 one party took all the Edmonton seats. Prior to 1926, Edmonton elected its members using First past the post or Block voting. District-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting was used from 1924 to 1955. Since 1955, Edmonton has elected its MLAs through First past the post.

(Note: Independent Citizens were members of the Unity League, an anti-SC coalition of Liberals, Conservatives and others.)

(Note: The "1942" column shows the change made by the 1942 by-election when Elmer Roper was elected. The other columns are all general elections. By-elections held in 1936 and 1937 saw a Liberal elected to replace the Liberal who had left the post so there was no change in party composition.)

1909
This election was conducted using block voting, where each Edmonton voter could cast up to two votes.

1913
In the 1913 Alberta general election Premier Arthur Sifton, his lieutenant Charles Wilson Cross and Liberal candidate Alexander Grant MacKay each won nominations in two electoral districts. The Calgary Herald (a Conservative newspaper) surmised that Sifton and Cross were so scared of the electorate they felt they might not win if they ran in just one district. It accused Premier Sifton of having little confidence in his ability to return his government to power. Charles Cross would sit as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for both Edmonton and Edson.

This election was conducted using block voting, where each Edmonton voter could cast up to two votes.

(Note: Blayney was a temperance candidate.)

1921
This election was conducted using block voting, where each Edmonton voter could cast up to five votes. All in all, 75,758 votes were cast by the approximately 18,000 voters who voted in this election. The percentages shown in the table below indicate the proportion of the voters casting votes who cast votes in the candidate's favour. About a third of the voters casting all five of their votes for the five Liberal candidates accrue a total of 150 "percent" of the votes while the candidates still only receive the support of a third of the voters. With the rest of the votes split among other parties, the Liberals with possibly only a third of the voter support did take all the Edmonton seats in this election.

1924 by-election
This was the first election in Alberta to use ranked voting in Instant-runoff voting, a system just introduced for elections of single members in by-elections in Alberta's largest cities.

W.T. Henry got the most votes in the first count but no candidate received a majority of them so subsequent counts were held using second choices of the lower-ranking candidates. He was elected on third count. Communist Party candidate H.M. Bartholomew showed strong third place showing, almost exceeding Conservative candidate on the second count.

1926
Unlike the previous election, starting in 1926, the general election would be held using Single transferable voting. The districting remained the same with all of Edmonton in one city-wide district electing multiple members but now each voter cast just one vote.

In this election, 18,154 valid ballots were cast in Edmonton. About 751 had been rejected for being improperly filled out, a proportion of about 4 percent.

Under the STV procedure used (the Hare system devised by Thomas Hare in 1850s), the quota that guaranteed winning a seat was set as the Droop quota. This quota was 3026 (18,154 divided by 6, one more than the number of seats being contested, plus 1).

As candidates were eliminated, their votes were transferred to the remaining candidates in accordance with back-up preferences marked by the voter. (Marking of back-up preferences was voluntary and some voters simply marked jut one preference, their first choice. Votes eligible for transfer that had no next usable back-up preference were routed to the exhausted pile, but at the and only ten percent of the votes had had to be sidelined that way.)

With voters at complete liberty to rank the candidates along whatever criterion they wanted, some votes were transferred across party lines. Thus naturally the end result under STV differed from the party vote shares as per first preferences. But in this case the results were roughly proportional to each party's take of the first preference votes with two Conservatives, a Liberal, a Labour and a UFA winning seats. Labour and UFA were elected to their first Edmonton seat in this election, Edmonton's first PR election. This fairness was achieved not by reference to party shares but by the system's ability to produce high proportion of effective votes - votes actually used to elect someone. in this case, more than 14,000 votes, of the district's 18,000 valid votes, were used to actually elect someone, a rate of 78 percent.

The UFA ran one candidate, J.F. Lymburn. He led the polls, achieving quota in the first count and being declared elected. (Many of his surplus votes went to Labour candidates.) He was elected with just first preferences. All the other successful candidates would be elected with mixture of first preference votes and votes transferred to them through back-up preferences from unsuccessful candidates. They also each had votes received by early successful candidates that were transferred due to being surplus to the quota.

Prevey (Liberal) and Duggan (Conservative) won seats without the quota in the last counts, after other candidates were eliminated or elected.

Not all the five candidates who were most popular in the first count were elected in the end.

Independent Liberal Joe Clarke received many votes on the first count but did not make quota in first count and did not pick up enough votes from other candidates' later preferences to get quota, likely due to not being in a political party.

Liberal candidate J.C. Bowen was in the top five in first count, but also did not get quota and despite being in a party and thus likely to receive vote transfers, was not elected - many of the other Liberal party candidates' votes were transferred not to him but instead to another Liberal candidate, W.W. Prevey, a more popular individual overall, it seems. Eventually Prevey's vote total surpassed Bowen's, and Bowen, not Prevey, was eliminated when his turn came.

Labour although not having anyone in top five spots in first count, did capture a seat. This was proportional - its five candidates received about 20 percent of the vote. STV's transferable votes generally prevent bad effects of vote splitting, by allowing a party's dispersed votes to be concentrated on one or two leading party candidates as happened in this case. Farmilo, the leading labour candidate in the first count, was not elected though. Gibbs apparently as an individual was more popular overall than Farmilo. He got quota in a later count through distribution of other candidates' second preferences. This included both votes of supporters of his fellow Labour candidates and some supporters of Joe Clarke and other non-Labour candidates as well.

The Conservative party ran five candidates. The vote was spread among all five in the first count. None got quota in the first count. Weaver did later after three of his companion Conservative candidates were eliminated. Another Conservative (Duggan) - plus a Liberal (Prevey) - got seats by being relatively popular among the last ones still standing as the field of candidates thinned to just one more than the number of remaining open seats, at which time the two top remaining candidates - Conservative Duggan and Liberal Prevey - were declared elected, although not having quota.

1930
Quota was 3028

1935
Six were elected. Quota was 5324

1936 by-election
By-election necessitated by MLA Howson's resignation. Instant-runoff voting but no vote transfers conducted Liberal W. Morrish elected with majority of votes on the first count.

1937 by-election
By-election necessitated by death of George Van Allen.

Instant-runoff voting but no vote transfers were conducted.

Liberal E.L. Gray was elected with majority of votes on the first count.

1940
Five seats were open in this election. The quota, the number of votes certain to win a seat, was 7291.

This election saw an anti-SC movement, made up of Liberals, Conservatives and some UFA-ers, get many seats. Page, Duggan and Macdonald were elected in Edmonton this election as candidates of the People's League AKA Unity Movement, recorded as Independent in results below. Four of that group's candidates placed in the top five spots in the first count, but this was un-proportional and the process thinned them down.

SC candidate Norman James placed low in the first count but got enough votes from other candidates who were dropped out, and from Manning's surplus votes, to take a seat, pushing out O'Connor, a Unity League candidate. He did this without achieving quota but by being one of the last ones standing when the field of candidates thinned out. Due to his personal popularity, he leapfrogged over a couple SC candidates to take the seat, demonstrating that the STV-PR is about voters' preferences for individual candidates and not party lists.

Many of the candidates listed as Independents, such as sitting MLA D.M. Duggan, were candidates for the Unity League, an anti-SC alliance of Conservatives, Liberals and others.

1942 by-election
After D.M. Duggan's passing in May 1942, his Edmonton seat was filled in a by-election.

This by-election was run according to Instant-runoff voting, which was used for all by-elections in Alberta in the 1924-1955 period. Voters across Edmonton voted as the city was a single constituency at this time.

There was only one seat being contested. Under IRV ( Alternative Vote), the winner had to take a majority of the valid votes.

Lymburn, a former UFA cabinet minister, was running as an anti-SC Unity League candidate. He did well in the first count surpassing the vote total of the SC candidate; but both being passed by CCF-er Roper. Roper however did not take a majority of the vote.

It became a tight race between front-runners Roper and Lymburn. The winner was not named until the fourth round after three of the five candidates had been eliminated and their second preferences distributed. There was such a high number of exhausted ballots because about half of the voters who voted for the SC, Soldiers Rep and Liberal candidates did not give second preferences.

But finally when the SC candidate, the third from the bottom in the first count, was dropped off in the fourth round, there were only two candidates and one or the other of the candidates would take a majority of the votes still in play. It is possible that in the last round, when the SC candidate was dropped off, most of his voters' second preferences went to Roper, apparently being thought more in tune with SC's help-the-little-guy philosophy than the business-minded Conservative/Liberal-member-dominated Unity League.

1944
This election was held under Hare Single Transferable Voting STV-PR system.

1944 quota was 6306 (just more than one-sixth of the total valid ballots). Premier Manning got it in the first count, with 8000 votes to spare. His surplus votes (enough on their own to elect another candidate) were spread among the other four SC candidates (according to the voter's next marked preference) so none of the other SC candidates received enough in the 2nd Count to take a seat right off.

Page, running for the anti-SC Unity League, here identified as Independent, was in top five in the first count. The League, winding down, ran only one candidate and League votes were not spread around. He took enough votes in the first count to hold on to take a seat in later counts.

Johnnie Caine, a WWII ace, running as an Independent, was personally popular but did not get quota in the first count and not having a party behind him, did not receive many of the other candidates' second preferences when they were dropped off.

The first candidates to be eliminated were mostly Communists and CCF candidates, whose voters it seems gave their second preferences to their own, such as Roper who took a seat, and then eventually to Norman James, of the SC party. James and William J. Williams were the last two standing when the field of candidates thinned out and they took seats even without achieving the quota.

1948
This election was held under Single Transferable Voting STV-PR system, using the Droop quota.

Five were elected.

The quota was 7692, one sixth of the 46,150 total valid votes. Manning got it in first count, with 14,000 votes to spare. His surplus votes helped elect two other SC candidates, Heard and Adams, at the end.

Prowse also got quota but no other Liberal got in on his shirt-tails.

CCF's Elmer Roper too exceeded quota, near to the end. His surplus was not distributed, perhaps because by then the count was at an end with only two candidates left standing to fill two remaining seats. Two SC-ers, Heard and Clayton, took these without achieving quota.

Result was roughly proportional to the first preference vote shares of the three parties that ran in this contest. (The Conservatives stayed out, supporting Page, an opponent of the SC government, running for the Independent Citizens' Association.)

Premier Manning alone took almost half the votes in the first count, and his party took more than half the seats. The CCF took one sixth of the first preference votes and one-fifth of the seats. The Liberals took about one-fifth the votes and one-fifth of the seats. Only about one-tenth of the votes were wasted - this included Page.

On a candidate basis, two of the top five in the first count were not elected. Page was not popular with enough second preferences, while Liberal Lazarowich also did not have holding power. (SC-ers Heard and Clayton replaced them in the top five to take seats.)

1952
This election, like the previous six, was held under Hare Single Transferable Voting STV-PR system. Seven seats were filled. Quota was 6505, one-eighth of the 52,039 total valid votes. Five of the seven in winning positions in the First Count were elected at the end.

Manning and Prowse won in the first Count, with votes to spare. Their surplus votes were transferred to a less-popular SC and a Liberal candidate respectively, who then were elected themselves.

Three were elected with partial quotas at the end.

Seats in the end were allocated proportionally to the parties' share of the votes - SC party taking three seats, Liberals taking two, and a Conservative and CCF member also being elected.

1955
This election was held under Hare Single Transferable Voting STV-PR system.

Seven members being elected (through STV)

Total votes cast: 82,792 votes.

6248 votes were spoiled and declared rejected. This was said to be due to a change of rules. Outside Edmonton, votes marked with an X were now rejected while previously they had been accepted. And this rule change there might have confused Edmonton voters. Another possible cause was that elections with higher than normal turnout saw inexperienced voters attempting to mark ranked ballots for the first time. Edmonton suffering more than 9 percent spoiled votes in 1952 was possibly caused by the strict rules that election officials had to use - by law any ballot not marked with a "1" was rejected even if the mark used by the voters might have clearly signaled their intention.

Quota was 9569, just more than one-eighth of the 76,544 valid votes. This amount guaranteed election but it was possible to be elected with fewer votes.

1924-1937 by-elections
These by-elections were conducted using instant-runoff voting (alternative voting).

1948 electrification plebiscite
District results from the first province wide plebiscite on electricity regulation.

The result in Edmonton was closely balanced. In part this was due to the choice being between electrical generation by a city-owned corporation or by the provincial government.

1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957, a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments. Question B was slightly modified depending on which city the voters were in.

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Edmonton voted overwhelmingly in favor of the plebiscite. The district recorded slightly above average voter turnout almost just over the province wide 46% average with over half of eligible voters casting a ballot.

Edmonton also voted on Question B2. Residents voted for mixed drinking with a super majority. Turnout for question B. Turnout for Question B was slightly lower and than Question A.

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957. The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding. However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.


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Wu Song

Wu Song, also known as Second Brother Wu , is a legendary hero recounted since the 13th century; and one of the well-known fictional characters in the Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classic Novels in Chinese literature.

Nicknamed "Pilgrim", he ranks 14th among the 36 Heavenly Spirits of the 108 Heroes. In folk tales derived from the novel, Wu Song is a martial arts student of Zhou Tong and specialises in Chuojiao. In the novel he fights well with bang (quarterstaff) or a pair of broadswords.

Attestations
Legends surrounding the heroic figure of Wu Song have existed since the late Song Dynasty. A passing mention of a story about Pilgrim Wu occurs in the 13th century author Luo Ye's (羅燁) collection Stories Told By An Old Drunkard (醉翁談錄). The earliest record of a tale in which Wu Song fights a tiger comes from a zaju play written by a late 13th century writer who wrote under the pen name "Red-Tattooed Second Li" (紅字二李), but the play itself is no longer extant. The oldest surviving Chinese drama version of the tiger-slaying episode is the chuanqi or "miraculous" play by Shen Jing (沈環, 1553-1610) dating to the late 16th century, and the earliest editions of the Water Margin that contain the tiger episode also date around the end of the 16th century.

Background
A native of Qinghe County (in present-day Xingtai, Hebei), Wu Song is tall and good-looking with shining eyes, thick eyebrows, a muscular build and an impressive bearing. His parents having died early, he was raised by his dwarfish elder brother Wu Dalang (武大郎; literally "Wu the Older"), whom he respects and cares very much about. Wu Song's nickname Wu Erlang is reference to him being the secondborn son.

Water Margin
Wu Song knocks a man unconscious at his hometown after getting into a fight when drunk. He flees, thinking that the man has died. When taking shelter in the residence of the nobleman Chai Jin, he meets Song Jiang, who is also fleeing the law after killing his mistress Yan Poxi. They become sworn brothers.

Slaying the tiger

Learning later that the man he hit earlier is not dead, Wu Song decides to return home. On the way, he passes by an inn near Jingyang Ridge, which puts out a banner that reads "After Three Bowls, Do Not Cross the Ridge" (三碗不過崗), and goes in for a break. The innkeeper explains that the inn's home-brewed wine is so strong that customers would get drunk after having three bowls and could not cross the ridge ahead. Still sober after three bowls, Wu Song demands more. By the end of his meal, he has consumed 18 bowls of wine but still looks steady. He is about to leave when the innkeeper stops him and warns him about a fierce tiger on the ridge. Wu Song suspects that the man is hoaxing him to spend the night at his inn. Ignoring the advice, he continues his journey, armed with only a quarterstaff.

Nearing the ridge, Wu Song spots an official notice warning of a tiger ahead. Not to lose face, he could not turn back. As he moves on, he starts to feel the effects of the wine. So he takes a nap on a big rock. As he falls asleep, the tiger leaps out from the woods, shocking him out of his stupor. After narrowly dodging the tiger‘s first three charges, Wu Song attempts to fight back but breaks his staff on a tree. Unarmed, he summons all his might and manages to pin the tiger face down with his arms. He then rains blows on its head using his bare fists. After punching the tiger unconscious, he picks up his broken staff and whacks the tiger till he is sure it is dead. Exhausted and fearing that another tiger might appear, he then flees the spot after a short rest, and runs into some local hunters, who are amazed to learn of his incredible feat. Impressed, the local magistrate of the nearby Yanggu County (in present-day Liaocheng, Shandong) offers him the job of chief constable. Wu Song accepts it and settles down, and surprisingly runs into his long-separated brother Wu Dalang, who has also moved to Yanggu from Qinghe.

According to some narrations in Yangzhou storytelling, particularly the "Wang school", Wu Song's slaying of the tiger took place "in the middle of the tenth (lunar) month" of the "Xuanhe year [1119]".

Avenging his brother

Wu Dalang brings Wu Song home and introduces him to his wife Pan Jinlian (潘金蓮). Wu Song learns that they had moved to Yanggu to avoid harassments by neighbours in Qinghe. Wu Dalang, who is a dwarf selling flatbread for a living, is widely taunted in Qinghe as "Three-Inch Nail Tree Bark" (三寸丁谷樹皮) for his short stature. The harassment got worse after he married Pan, as he looks starkly incompatible with his young and attractive wife, who was originally a maid of a rich man and had been forced to marry Wu Dalang as punishment for resisting her boss' advances. Meeting Wu Song, Pan is immediately attracted to her handsome and well-built brother-in-law, but he sternly spurns her attempt to seduce him.

Later, Wu Song is assigned to escort some gold to the imperial capital Dongjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan). He returns home two months later to find his brother had already died and his body cremated. Not believing his sister-in-law's account that his brother succumbed to a sudden illness, he conducts a private investigation. He learns that Pan is having an affair with a local merchant Ximen Qing (西門慶), a well-off scoundrel who has seduced the woman with the help of the teahouse owner Granny Wang (王婆), who lives next door to the Wus. Tipped by a bun-selling youth Brother Yun (鄆哥), Wu Dalang had caught Ximen and Pan in bed together, but was left injured and bedridden after being kicked hard in the abdomen by Ximen. Abetted by Granny Wang and Ximen, Pan murdered him by poisoning his medicine and Ximen then coerced a coroner to quickly close the case and cremate the body. Wu Song finds the coroner, who has kept some remains of Wu Dalang's bones that show signs of poisoning. Wu Song then goes to the magistrate to demand legal justice. However, the magistrate, who has been bribed by Ximen, dismisses the case on grounds of insufficient evidence.

Denied legal avenue, Wu Song takes the matter into his own hands. He invites neighbours of the Wu house, including Granny Wang, to a belated wake for his brother. At the wake, he forces Pan Jinlian at knife point to make a full confession on the murder, and then decapitates and disembowels her in vengeance in front of the guests. Next he makes the fear-stricken Granny Wang sign a confession in front of the neighbours. After that, he rushes to Lion Restaurant (獅子樓), where Ximen Qing is dining with his friends, and kills the man after a brief fight. Wu then goes to the county office to surrender himself.

Becoming an outlaw
The local residents sympathise with Wu Song and plead on his behalf. Granny Wang is sentenced to death by lingchi while Wu Song is exiled to Mengzhou. On the way Wu and his two escorts pass by Cross Slope (十字坡; in present-day Fan County, Henan), where they take a rest in Sun Erniang's inn. Wu senses the woman is up to no good and pretends to have taken her drugged wine and fall unconscious. When Sun tries to lift him, he easily overpowers her. Just then, Sun's husband Zhang Qing comes back and stops the scuffle. The couple apologise and befriend Wu. They host him for some time before seeing him off to Mengzhou.

Shi En (施恩), the son of the superintendent of Mengzhou prison, has heard of Wu Song's exploits and hopes he could help him re-take control of Happy Forest (快活林), a bustling cross-roads. In fact most of Shi's "profit" is protection money from businesses and tolls from travelers which he collected through a restaurant at that location. But the restaurant has been snatched from Shi by one Jiang Zhong (蔣忠), a burly wrestler nicknamed "Jiang the Door God". Invited to Mengzhou by his relative militia instructor Zhang (張團練), Jiang beat up Shi En and seized control of Happy Forest. Shi, needing Wu Song‘s help, tells his father to spare him mandatory beating which newly-arrived exiles are subject to and ensures he leads a comfortable life in prison. Wu initially thinks all this is just a run-up to murdering him in prison as he has refused to bribe the officials to escape the beating. Upon knowing the real reason, Wu agrees to help Shi take back the restaurant. But Shi doubts he has recovered his strength after days of ordeal. Wu demonstrates his physical might by lifting with one hand a hefty urn. He also says his fighting ability is at its peak when he is drunk. So he asks to be served three bowls of wine at every inn he comes by on his way to Happy Forest. By the time he reaches the restaurant he has taken an enormous amount of wine. He provokes Jiang Zhong into a fight and soundly beats him with a set of martial arts moves known as "Jade Circle Steps and Mandarin Ducks Kicks" (玉環步，鴛鴦腳). Jiang is ordered to apologise to Shi En, return Happy Forest to him and leave Mengzhou for good.

Humiliated, Jiang Zhong collaborates with Instructor Zhang and garrison inspector Zhang Mengfang (張蒙方) to get back at Wu Song. Inspector Zhang pretends to admire Wu Song for his mighty strength and invites him to stay at his manor. Wu is caught in an ambush and is sent to prison on the false charge of theft. After being jailed for six months, during which Shi En thwarts a plot to murder him in prison, Wu is exiled to another place. Shi En warns him of danger when sending him off. Indeed Jiang Zhong has bribed Wu‘s escorts to murder him on the way with the help of two of his students. When the group comes to Flying Cloud Pool (飛雲浦), Wu breaks up his cangue and kills all the four men. He returns to Inspector Zhang's manor and finds his way to the Mandarin Ducks Tower (鴛鴦樓), where the trio — Jiang and the two Zhangs — are drinking in celebration of his presumed death. He kills all three men and practically the whole family of Inspector Zhang, overall 15 people. He then writes with blood "The killer is Wu Song the Tiger-Slayer" on a wall before leaving.

After fleeing Mengzhou, Wu Song runs into Sun Erniang and Zhang Qing again, who advise him to go to Mount Twin Dragons to join the outlaw band there. Sun suggests that he disguise as an untonsured Buddhist pilgrim to avoid being recognised since his wanted notice bearing his portrait is posted everywhere. Earlier on, Sun had butchered a Buddish pilgrim, who left behind a Buddhist robe, a necklace of skulls, a headband and a pair of broadswords. Wu Song puts on the robe and lets down his hair, as Buddhist pilgrims do, thus concealing the exile tattoo on his face. He is thenceforth nicknamed "Pilgrim".

On his way, Wu Song passes by a temple where a Taoist Wang (王道人), nicknamed "Flying Centipede" (飛天蜈蚣), keeps a kidnapped woman for sexual pleasure. Wu Song kills the priest and his servants, saves the woman, and burns down the temple. Next he comes by an inn and gets into a fight with Kong Liang as the latter is served food more palatable than his. He does not accept the explanation from the innkeeper that Kong has supplied his own ingredients. Kong is beaten up badly. Later, with the help of his brother Kong Ming and their men, Kong Liang tracks down Wu Song, who has gotten so drunk that he falls unconscious at a creek. They overpower him easily, ties him to a tree and beats him up. Song Jiang, who is living at the Kongs‘ manor at that time, recognises Wu, and asks the brothers to release him. Wu Song reaches Mount Twin Dragons where he joins Lu Zhishen and Yang Zhi.

After his defeat by the bandits of Liangshan Marsh, the imperial general Huyan Zhuo flees to Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) in the hopes of redeeming himself by wiping out the bandits there. One of the strongholds is Mount Twin Dragons, which, finding Huyan a tough opponent, requests help from Liangshan. Song Jiang, Liangshan's then second-in-command, comes to Qingzhou with a force and captures Huyan. The bandits of Mount Twin Dragons, including Wu Song, are absorbed into Liangshan.

Campaigns and retirement
Wu Song is appointed as one of the leaders of the Liangshan infantry after the 108 Heroes came together in what is called the Grand Assembly. He is one of the few who vehemently object to seeking amnesty from the emperor and becoming servants of the Song government. Nevertheless, he participates in the campaigns against the invading Liao army and rebel forces in Song territory following amnesty from Emperor Huizong for Liangshan.

In the battle of Muzhou (睦州; in present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the campaign against the rebel leader Fang La, Wu Song fights Fang‘s sorcerer Bao Daoyi. Using his magic power, Bao manoeuvres a flying sword to slice off Wu Song's left arm. Wu is saved by Lu Zhishen. Wu is one of the few Liangshan heroes who survive the run of campaigns. Not wanting to serve the government, he refuses to go back to Dongjing and chooses to stay in Hangzhou to look after the stroke-stricken Lin Chong. He lives as a Buddhist recluse in the Liuhe Pagoda until the age of 80.

Jin Ping Mei
The beginning of Jin Ping Mei is roughly the same as Water Margin. After his sister-in-law murders his brother, he wants to take revenge. First, he tries to kill Ximen Qing, his sister-in-law's lover, but he kills the wrong person instead and is exiled to Mengzhou. He comes back later, and learns that Ximen Qing has died after an illness. He then kills his sister-in-law and flees to Mount Twin Dragons.

Jin Ping Mei is famous for its sexually explicit content, but there is nothing similar in the story of Wu Song in Water Margin.

Zhou Tong's apprentice
The following tale alternatively known as "Meeting Zhou Tong By Chance" and "Swordplay under the Moon" belongs to the "Wang School Shuihu" of Yangzhou storytelling. It acts as a spin-off story, which means it takes place in the same setting as Water Margin, but is independent of the main story line. The tale takes place after Wu Song kills the man-eating tiger, resists the charms of his sister-in-law and accepts a mission from the magistrate to transport money to Kaifeng, but before he becomes a bandit. It explains how he came to learn swordplay from Zhou Tong:

Wu Song was given orders to travel on assignment to Kaifeng after becoming a constable in Yanggu County. When he arrived in Kaifeng, Wu Song took his introduction letter to the yamen and retired to an inn to await his summons. The following day, he left his inn to explore the bustling city.

Kaifeng was one of the largest cities in China at that time and it was full of various kinds of shops and heavy traffic from people coming in and leaving the city. As Wu Song walked along enjoying the organised chaos, the sky changed colour and it became a torrential downpour. It rained so much that waves flowed across the ground and mist rose around the houses. The rain hurt the top of his head so he huddled under the roof of a small shop along with several other people vying for safety. However, as soon as it started, the rain suddenly stopped.

Wu Song continued on his way when he came to the Tianhan Bridge. It was arched, so people had to use steps to ascend to the top. When he stepped onto the bridge, Wu Song lifted up his clothing and looked down at his feet so he could avoid the huge puddles of water left from the freak rain shower. Unbeknownst to him, he was walking directly towards an elderly man who was descending the stairs right above him. Wu Song continued to walk up the bridge without looking in front of him. This old man was Zhou Tong and he was in a hurry. When Zhou Tong saw Wu Song approaching him on the bridge without watching in front of him, he took Wu Song to be another martial arts master who wished to tarnish his reputation by throwing him off the bridge with a shoulder strike. Zhou Tong prepared for a counterattack and began to swallow air with a subtle "Hm!" and directed his energy to his right shoulder, which turned red then purple and became as hard as rock underneath his clothing. When the two men brushed shoulders, despite being a master of Iron Shirt and Drunken Eight Immortals boxing, Wu Song was nearly knocked off the bridge and the pain caused saliva to pour from his mouth. The attack left him weak in the knees and one side of his body was completely numb. He thought after all of his years of martial arts practice his body was nearly invincible, but he had met his superior in Zhou Tong. Instead of cursing and reprimanding the old man, Wu Song held his tongue, which greatly impressed Zhou Tong. In lieu of a kind word, Zhou Tong simply bowed in apology and went on his way since he was in a rush.

After Zhou Tong disappeared into the bustling crowd, Wu Song rubs his shoulder and returns to his inn. He ate his lunch and supper in turn, but felt it was too early to go to bed. He went outside into a quiet courtyard behind the inn to do a little shadowboxing underneath the starry night sky. He untied his belt and wrenched it to the left and right until it was very tight and tied it into a knot. He then focused his energy and began to practise his Drunken Eight Immortals boxing. Before he was even half way done with his routine, the loud screams of another person's martial arts practice interrupted his concentration. He grabbed a bench to steady himself on and looked over the top of a brick wall that opened into the hall of a large mansion to the east of the inn.

In the middle of the hall sat three tables laden with all the myriad kinds of food. However, the stately-looking people attending this sumptuous feast were underneath the eaves of the hall watching a person practise his swordplay in the manor's courtyard. This person was Zhou Tong and he had his beard tied into a knot so he would not accidentally cut it off with his double swords. Zhou wielded his swords to and fro and did it so fast that the flashes of light cast from the blades made it look like his entire body was wrapped in snow. Even if a person threw a bowlful of ink at him, not a single drop of it would tarnish his clothing. Wu Song became mesmerised by Zhou Tong's display of superior swordsmanship. When he twirled around and ended up facing in his direction, Wu Song recognised Zhou Tong as the old man he had bumped into on the bridge earlier in the day. He realised that Zhou Tong must be a great master adept in the art of the "deep breath" technique.

During his practice, Zhou Tong lets out a mountain-crumbling scream and fell onto his back while kicking one leg into the air. Wu Song felt sorry for Zhou Tong because he thought maybe the man was too old to practise the martial arts and had lost his balance. However, Zhou Tong screamed once more and this time he shot high into the sky with his swords pointed upward towards the Moon. After watching him land and perform a few punches and kicks, it finally dawned on Wu Song that Zhou Tong was indeed practising the boxing routines of the immortals Iron-Crutch Li and Han Xiang from the Drunken Eight Immortals style. Zhou Tong was so good at this style that his performance once caused a fellow warrior to become intoxicated. Puzzled, Wu Song remembered back to his own martial arts master who had told him there were only two people in the world (including Wu Song and his master) who could perform such boxing. Zhou Tong also knew the style too. Because Zhou Tong's performance was so great, Wu Song went against the rules of etiquette and shouted praise from the top of the wall.

This shouting interrupted Zhou Tong before he could finish the forms for the rest of the Eight Immortals. He spun around and asked his aristocratic audience who it was that was shouting praise of his performance. They were unable to answer because their snobbery prevents them from noticing anything outside of their own amusement. However, one of their level-headed servants heard the noise and pointed towards the brick wall. Zhou Tong used his magical X-ray eyes to peer through the brick wall and into Wu Song's bone structure to see he was a special person indeed. When Wu Song praised Zhou Tong's performance, he formed an instant friendship with the old man. Zhou Tong invited Wu Song over the wall to partake in the festivities.

When Zhou Tong asked for his name, he was delighted to learn Wu Song was the same fellow who became famous for killing a man-eating tiger with his bare hands on Jingyang Ridge in Shandong in the previous year. When Wu Song learnt who Zhou Tong was, he immediately dropped to his knees, kowtowed and pleaded to become his apprentice. Wu Song was thrilled to meet this "master of the older generation", who was famous throughout the jianghu for his skills in military and civilian martial arts. Zhou Tong helped Wu Song up and began to teach him swordplay under the moon.

In other media
Notable actors who have portrayed Wu Song in film and television include: Ti Lung, in The Water Margin (1972), Delightful Forest (1972) and Tiger Killer (1982); Zhu Yanping, in Outlaws of the Marsh (1983); Ding Haifeng, in The Water Margin (1998); Chen Long, in All Men Are Brothers (2011).

The Hong Kong comic Old Master Q also has a special edition animated cartoon with Water Margin characters, with the primary focus being on Wu Song. However, this version is extensively modified and presents a skewed version of Wu Song and the original story.

title: Wu Song


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Michel Guimond

Michel Guimond (December 26, 1953 – January 19, 2015) was a Canadian politician. From 1987 to 1993 he served as a city councillor in Boischatel, Quebec. After this, he ran in the 1993 federal election for the Bloc Québécois. He was elected into the House of Commons of Canada as the member from Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans. He was re-elected in the 1997 and 2000 federal elections (in the riding of Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans) and in the 2004 federal election (in the riding of Charlevoix—Montmorency). In the 2004 and 2008 elections, he won in Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord before being defeated in the 2011 federal election. A lawyer, he has served as the Bloc critic of Parliamentary Affairs, Transport and to the Auditor General. He then served as whip and deputy whip of the Bloc Québécois, and was also the vice-chair of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs.

In the 2014 provincial election, he ran unsuccessfully for the Parti Québécois to represent the riding of Montmorency.

Guimond died of heart failure on January 19, 2015.

Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord
Source: Elections Canada

title: Michel Guimond


text:
Talk:Dover-Sherborn High School

The Page Creator's Thoughts on this Article's Predestined Vote for Deletion
Don't bother. Somebody has the high school argument everytime another high school page gets created and the important point is this: No one will be so upset by the inclusion of a well-done (ie. non-stub, sticks to the template) high school page that they decide to stop using wikipedia. It's not detracting from anyone else's articles. Some would say it's even adding worthy content to wikipedia (myself obviously falling in that category). So now that you're done reading this, go ahead and put it up for a VfD, you know you want to. (Matterson52 04:36, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC))

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Bunny Ahearne

John Francis "Bunny" Ahearne (19 November 1900 – 11 April 1985) was a British ice hockey administrator and businessman. He served rotating terms as president and vice-president of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) from 1951 to 1975, and was the secretary of the British Ice Hockey Association from 1934 to 1971, and later its president until 1982. He began in hockey by managing the last Great Britain team to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympic Games, before moving to the international stage. He implemented business reforms at the IIHF, oversaw the growth of ice hockey to new countries, and expanded the Ice Hockey World Championships. He was inducted into both the Hockey Hall of Fame and the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame during his lifetime and was posthumously inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.

Early life
Ahearne was born on 19 November 1900, in Kinnagh, County Wexford, Ireland. He spent the majority of his life residing in England working as a travel agent, and never played ice hockey.

British ice hockey
Ahearne was secretary of the British Ice Hockey Association (BIHA) from 1934 to 1971, and served as the association's president from 1971 to 1982. During this time he was also the United Kingdom's delegate to meetings of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). During this time he hired Pat Marsh as his secretary, who later took over as the BIHA secretary when Ahearne became president.

Ahearne was the head coach of the Great Britain ice hockey team which won a bronze medal at the 1935 Ice Hockey World Championships. He continued working on the business management of the team for another three years, and appointed Percy Nicklin to take over the coaching duties.

Prior to Ahearne's involvement in the national team, it was composed of current and former army officers. He decreed that the national team needed to play at least four British-born players, and augmented the roster with imports. He built a powerful British team by recruiting players living in Canada who obtained British citizenship under the British nationality law, through ancestral linkages to the United Kingdom. Ahearne went to Canada in 1935 with team captain Carl Erhardt to find the best available players. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) reluctantly agreed to allow permission for any player wishing to transfer, as long as the BIHA would only use such players who were properly transferred.

The combined efforts of Ahearne, Nicklin, and Erhardt went on to win an Olympic gold medal and two silver medals for Great Britain in the next three years. The team earned the gold medal in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics hosted in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which also determined the 1936 European Championship and the 1936 World Championship. Great Britain later won silver at both the 1937 Ice Hockey World Championships and the 1938 Ice Hockey World Championships, and won the European championship both times.

International ice hockey
Ahearne was part of the IIHF delegation who travelled to North America in 1947 to convince the CAHA and the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States (AHAUS) to resume being active members. He later welcomed the Soviet Union Ice Hockey Federation to IIHF membership in 1952. He served as the CAHA's representative in Europe until 1952, and booked European tours and accommodations for the Canada men's national ice hockey team. He resigned after an altercation with CAHA president Doug Grimston and disagreements over the handling of a tour for the Edmonton Mercurys.

Ahearne served as vice-president of the IIHF from 1951 to 1957, then as president from 1957 to 1960, then as vice-president again from 1960 to 1963, returned to the presidency from 1963 to 1966, returned to vice-presidency from 1966 to 1969, and then president again from 1969 to 1975. The alternating terms as president and vice-president arose from the agreement where the CAHA and AHAUS rejoined the IIHF with the promise of rotating the top position between Europe and North America. The other IIHF presidents during that time were Robert Lebel from Canada (1960 to 1963), and William Thayer Tutt from the United States (1966 to 1969). During his time with the IIHF, Ahearne is credited with improving its finances, cooperating with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and helping to develop and introduce hockey to new countries. He also transformed the Ice Hockey World Championships into a well-known annual tournament, and implemented the splitting of the event into different tiers of competition. He also oversaw the foundation of both the IIHF European Junior Championships and the Izvestia Cup in 1967. He introduced advertisements on the side boards of hockey rinks during the World Championships, and secured broadcasting rights for international matches. He is also credited for redistributing funds and profit sharing from these events to IIHF members for development.

In 1969, the IIHF voted to allow limited use of former professional players at international competitions. The decision was later challenged by the Soviet Union, claiming that Canada would abuse the change at the upcoming 1970 World Ice Hockey Championships. When the IOC did not support the change, Ahearne was caught in the middle and later changed his position. The CAHA responded by withdrawing from international play until 1977. This dispute led to the negotiation of the 1972 Summit Series, of which Ahearne was one of the four signatories who approved the event on 18 April 1972, along with Fred Page, Joe Kryczka, and Andrey Starovoytov. He retired as IIHF president in 1975, and was replaced by Günther Sabetzki.

Personal life
Ahearne operated Blue Riband Travel from offices on Mayfair. He was married to Betty, and had two sons. He died on 11 April 1985, at his home in Toddington, Gloucestershire, due to heart failure. Gord Renwick attended the funeral on behalf of Canada, and said that despite their disagreements, Ahearne was respected by Canadian officials for his business sense.

Honours and awards
Ahearne received Ontario Hockey Association Gold Stick Award in 1948, and the AHAUS citation award in 1949. He was named an honorary president of the IIHF in 1975. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1977, the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987, and posthumously inducted into IIHF Hall of Fame in 1997. He also received the Cross of Finland, the Order of Yugoslavia, and the Gold Cross of Austria. He was the namesake of the Ahearne Cup that began in 1952 in Sweden, from the combined efforts of Djurgårdens IF Hockey and the Dagens Nyheter newspaper.

title: Bunny Ahearne


text:
Poochakkoru Mookkuthi

Poochakkoru Mookkuthi is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language screwball comedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Mohanlal, Shankar, Menaka, M. G. Soman, Nedumudi Venu, C. I. Paul, Sukumari, Jagathy Sreekumar, Kuthiravattam Pappu, Sreenivasan and Baiju Santhosh.

Poochakkoru Mookkuthi marks the directorial debut of Priyadarshan, the first collaboration of Priyadarshan and Mohanlal as director and actor. Their frequent collaborator M. G. Sreekumar made his Malayalam debut as a playback singer through the film.

The film was released on 17 March 1984 by Dinny Films and is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of screwball comedy films in Malayalam in mid-1980s. The movie was remade in five languages.

The core plotline is adapted from the 1980 Telugu movie Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi and also borrows plot elements from the Charles Dickens's play The Strange Gentleman.

Plot
Revathi comes to the city from a small town in search of a job and to have a good life and as it is with everyone, her problem starts with finding a house. Shyam wants to become a singer. His parents are against his wish to become a singer. So he runs away from home and needs a shelter. Revathi accidentally meets Shyam, who too is in search of a house through the common milk-boy, Chikku. Chikku offers them both a house to rent if they are ready to pose as husband and wife in front of the landlord.

Supran, a miserly moneylender who doesn't trust his much younger wife Kousalya is their landlord. Revathi in search of a job, meets Ravunni Menon, a rich man who owns a bungalow in the heart of the city. Ravunni Menon stays with his wife whose name too is Revathi.

Gopalakrishnan needs some investment to come up in business and life. But to get started, he ends up having to rob his stingy father of money that the latter had hidden away out of sight of tax authorities. He is in search of a rich woman he can marry. Accidentally, Revathi meets Gopalakrishnan who has come to Ravunni Menon's house to repair the electronic equipment, which he had sold to him.

Gopalakrishnan thinks that Revathi is Ravunni Menon's daughter and her beauty enchants him. Revathi learns that there is a job in Gopalakrishnan's showroom and manages to get a job with him by playing along with his mistaken belief that she is Ravunni Menon's daughter. She is aided in this subterfuge by the fact that she shares the same name as Ravunni Menon's wife and all of his business interests are named after "Revathi".

After office hours, Gopalakrishnan drops Revathi outside Ravunni Menon's house, thinking it to be her house. She always enters the bungalow through the front gate and skips out through the gate itself after hiding in the garden until Gopalakrishnan drives away. Ravunni Menon's wife, Revathi, sees her coming and going out of the bungalow and starts suspecting her husband of an affair.

Gopalakrishnan frequently visits the bungalow to visit Revathi, who is never there, and Ravunni Menon thinks his wife is having an affair with Gopalakrishnan. Further her encounter with "Thenga" Govindan Pillai makes the older Revathi believe that her husband has sons and daughters out of wedlock and, thus, is quite capable of another affair now.

Shyam in the meantime begins falling in love with Revathi and to make her jealous, he pretends that he is attracted to Kousalya, who in turn thinks this to be true and is ready to elope with him after robbing her miser husband.

In the climax, Gopalakrishnan sends a letter to Ravunni Menon that he is in love with Revathy, who considers it to for his wife. In the confusion Revathy reveals her identity. After a complicated fight, Revathy decides to spend the rest of her life with Shyam rather than with Gopalakrishnan, who wishes them luck. All ends good as Ravunni Menon and his wife Revathy decide to not separate, as they had planned earlier

Reception and legacy
The film was distributed by Dinny Films, it was a commercial success and ran for more than 100 days in the theatres. Poochakkoru Mookkuthi is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of screwball comedy films in Malayalam in mid-1980s.

Remakes
The film partly inspired the Tamil movie Thangamani Rangamani (1989). The film was remade in Hindi as Hungama (2003), in Telugu as Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari (2004), in Kannada as Jootata (2005). in Bengali as Le Halua Le (2012),  in Bengali Bangladesh as Bhalobeshe Bou Anbo (2009) and in Punjabi as Lovely Te Lovely (2015).

title: Poochakkoru Mookkuthi


text:
Speakeasy Comics

Speakeasy Comics was a Canadian publishing company of comic books and graphic novels which operated from 2004–2006. Based in Toronto, Ontario, Speakeasy published monthly comics, creator-owned independent series, original graphic novels, and collected out-of-print creator-owned comics series that had originated with other companies. Its best-known titles were Atomika, Beowulf, The Grimoire, and Rocketo.

Although Speakeasy made a big public relation splash and announced a large lineup of monthly titles, it had trouble almost from the beginning in following through with its plans. Warren Ellis characterized the short-lived company as "one publisher getting it wrong from start to finish: releasing too many books, without a support structure, releasing comics without a dedicated marketing plan."

Beginnings
Adam Fortier founded Speakeasy Comics in August 2004. Previously, Fortier had worked for comics publishers Dreamwave Productions (where he revived the Transformers licence in comics), Devil's Due Publishing, UDON, and IDW Publishing.

In March 2005, the company published its first titles, the debut issues of Atomika and The Grimoire.

In a sign of trouble to come, however, that same month, Yoshitaka Amano's Hero, a highly anticipated graphic novel, was cancelled and postponed one year. It was resolicited in February 2006 for tentative publication in April 2006, but cancelled again in May 2006, and was eventually published by Boom! Studios in November 2006. In October 2005, creator Frank Espinosa announced the moving of his Rocketo series to Image Comics.

In November 2005, Speakeasy announced it had concluded a financing deal with Los Angeles-based Ardustry Entertainment: Speakeasy would now also develop comics based on licenses brought by Ardustry, while Ardustry would represent Speakeasy's comics properties in the entertainment industry (movies, videogames, etc.)

Troubles
Also in November 2005, Speakeasy-owned titles Beowulf, The Grimoire, and Spellgame went through several creative team changes. In that same period, only a few months after signing with the publisher, Atomika creator Sal Abbinanti split from Speakeasy to self-publish future issues Atomika. under his own Mercury Comics label.

In December 2005, Speakeasy canceled orders on two months' of previously ordered comics. Creator allegations of non-payment and mismanagement of projects started circulating.

Speakeasy published no titles in January 2006. That month, creator Sal Cipriano announced he had cancelled his Bio Boy series, but was keeping The Hill there. Creator Matt Maxwell announced he had amicably parted with Speakeasy for his Strangeways series. Four issues had been solicited but never published.

Also in January, Chimaera Studios announced they were moving their eight series — Mutation, Of Bitter Souls, Super Crazy TNT Blast (renamed Twilight Men), Smoke & Mirror, Lonebow, Wargod, Project Eon, and Silent Ghost — from Speakeasy to the British publisher Markosia. Creators Jose Torres and Chris Dibari announced they were also moving their series The Hunger to Markosia.

In addition, Jonathan Martin's Speakeasy Comics Archive (a blog dedicated to Speakeasy-related news) was shut down, presumably under "trademark infringement" litigation.

In February 2006, creators of the series O.C.T. - the Occult Crimes Taskforce announced their move to Image Comics.

Closure
On February 27, 2006, Vito Delsante, Speakeasy's "unofficial" public relations director, announced via email the immediate closure of Speakeasy, with all March-solicited books still shipping, April and May's being tentative, and June's being cancelled. The company, however, didn't file for bankruptcy, officially in order to try to pay its outstanding bills.

Comics reporter Tom Spurgeon characterized the company's demise this way: "... right now you have to have sustainable capital, publishing skill, marketing ability, something some people want, and enough perspective to let those factors and not personal ambition define the enterprise. I didn't see any of that with Speakeasy...."

It was later revealed (according to Ardustry Entertainment's business affairs manager, Wayne Williams) that the November 2005 deal between Speakeasy and Ardustry had only been an option to buy Speakeasy, which expired without materialization. Cash-flow problems led to Speakeasy's demise before they could materialize various potentially lucrative licensing deals, such as with HBO (The Sopranos and Deadwood).

Speakeasy intended to collect some series in trade paperbacks (such as Atomika, Grimoire, and Beowulf), but all solicited TPBs were eventually cancelled. In March 2006, only Beowulf #7 was published. In May 2006, Diamond Comic Distributors's monthly list of cancelled comics listed all the remaining unpublished Speakeasy comics, with the terminal cancel code 10 ("Supplier Out of Business").

Monthly titles

 * Athena Voltaire: Flight of the Falcon #1 (2006) — moved to APE Entertainment
 * Atomika #1-4 (2005) — moved to Mercury Comics
 * Beowulf #1–7 (2005–2006)
 * The Adventures of Bio Boy #1–2 (2005)
 * Butternutsquash #1 (Nov. 2005) — webcomic planned for quarterly publication
 * Death Valley (2005) by Scott O. Brown and Horacio Lalia
 * Elk's Run #4 — creator-owned series
 * The Gatesville Company #1-2 (2005)
 * The Grimoire #1-7
 * Helios: In With the New #1-2
 * Hero@Large #1-2 (2005)
 * The Hunger #1–5 (2005) — moved to Markosia
 * Lonebow #1 (2005) — moved to Markosia
 * Mutation #1–3 (2005) — moved to Markosia
 * Of Bitter Souls #1–3 (2005) — moved to Markosia
 * Rocketo #1–6 (2005–2006) — moved to Image Comics
 * Seasons of the Reaper #1 (2005)
 * Shotgun Wedding #1 (2005)
 * Smoke & Mirror #1–2 (2005) — moved to Markosia
 * Spellgame #1-3
 * Super Crazy TNT Blast #1 (2005) — moved to Markosia as Twilight Men
 * Wargod #1 (2005) — moved to Markosia

Cancelled/debuted with other publishers

 * Hero by Yoshitaka Amano — TPB published by Boom Studios in 2006
 * The Hill by Sal Cipriano and Jok — TPB published by Markosia in 2006
 * O.C.T.: Occult Crimes Taskforce – #1–4 published by 12 Gauge Comics and Image in 2006
 * Phantom Jack: The Nowhere Man Agenda — TPB published by IDW in 2010
 * Project Eon — #1–3 published by Markosia in 2006
 * Silent Ghost — #1–2 published by Markosia in 2006
 * Superunknown
 * Strangeways — TPB published by Highway 62 Press in 2008

Graphic novels/graphic novellas

 * The Flying Friar (2005) by Rich Johnston
 * The Living And The Dead (2005) by Todd Livingston and Robert Tinnell
 * Parting Ways: the Near Life Experiences of Peter Orbach (2005) by Andrew Foley
 * Ravenous (2005) by Dawn Brown

Collections

 * 2020 Visions — collects #1–12 previously serialized at DC/Vertigo
 * Elk's Run Bumper Edition — collects #1–3 previously self-published
 * Phantom Jack - The Collected Edition — collects #1–5 previously serialized at Image Comics

Circulation
Based on pre-order sales through Diamond Comic Distributors reported by industry resource site ICv2, Speakeasy's top-selling monthly comics during its period of operation were:

 * (2005.03) 7,756 copies (rank 190) for Atomika #1
 * (2005.04) 6,116 copies (rank 187) for Atomika #2
 * (2005.05) 3,305 copies (rank 213) for Grimoire #3
 * (2005.06) 5,726 copies (rank 231) for Atomika #3
 * (2005.07) 3,717 copies (rank 208) for Beowulf #3
 * (2005.08) 6,381 copies (rank 203) for Atomika #4
 * (2005.09) 2,019 copies (rank 251) for Smoke & Mirror #1
 * (2005.10) 2,946 copies (rank 250) for The Grimoire #6
 * (2005.11) 3,130 copies (rank 248) for Beowulf #5
 * (2005.12) 2,463 copies (rank 273) for The Grimoire #7
 * (2006.01) -- no comics published this month
 * (2006.02) 2,718 copies (rank 246) for Beowulf #6
 * (2006.03) -- one issue published but not ranked in Top 300 (i.e. less than 2,632 copies)
 * (2006.04) -- no comics published this month
 * (2006.05) -- no comics published this month

Sources consulted

 * Ellis, Jonathan. "Speaking Easy with Adam Fortier," PopImage (Jan. 2005).
 * Lander, Randy. "Spotlight on Speakeasy Comics" The Fourth Rail (Dec. 5, 2005) — overview of Speakeasy's output at the end of 2005
 * Gonzalez, Guy LeCharles. "Speakeasy Shakes Things Up," Buzzscope (Dec. 2005).
 * MacDonald, Heidi. "The Class of 2005: A Tough Year for Comics Start-Ups," Publishers Weekly (Jan. 2006) — look at Alias' and Speakeasy's problems
 * Weiland, Jonah. "Speakeasy Comics Shuts Its Doors, Fortier Speaks" Comic Book Resources (Feb. 27, 2006).
 * Doane, Alan David. "The Rise and Inevitable Fall of Speakeasy Comics," Comics Book Galaxy (Feb. 28, 2006)
 * "Speakeasy Closes Its Doors" February–March 2006 discussion between comics pros (at Warren Ellis' forum The Engine)
 * MacDonald, Heidi. "Speakeasy Comics Shuts Down," Publishers Weekly (Mar. 7, 2006)

title: Speakeasy Comics


text:
Liquid Tension Experiment (album)

Liquid Tension Experiment is the self-titled first studio album by the band Liquid Tension Experiment, released on March 10, 1998, through Magna Carta Records. The band featured guitarist John Petrucci and drummer Mike Portnoy, at the time both of Dream Theater; bassist Tony Levin; and keyboardist Jordan Rudess, who would go on to join Dream Theater in 1999.

Background
"Chris and Kevin's Excellent Adventure" is a reference to the album's photo sessions, where the photographer misnamed Portnoy and Levin as "Chris" and "Kevin". "Three Minute Warning", a single song which is split into five tracks, references an incident in the studio where Levin became frustrated with the band's insistence on composing songs instead of improvising jams. The album's back cover includes a humorous disclaimer on tracks 9 to 13:"Caution: 'Three Minute Warning' is not for the musically faint-hearted, impatient, or critics of extreme self-indulgence. If you fall into any of the above categories, please hit the stop button on your CD player after track #8."

Personnel

 * John Petrucci – guitar, production
 * Tony Levin – Chapman Stick, bass guitar, electric upright bass, production
 * Jordan Rudess – keyboard, production
 * Mike Portnoy – drums, production
 * Paul Orofino – engineering
 * Kosaku Nakamura – engineering assistance
 * Kevin Shirley – mixing
 * Rich Alvy – mixing assistance
 * Leon Zervos – mastering

title: Liquid Tension Experiment (album)


text:
Keith Allen (ice hockey)

Courtney Keith "Bingo" Allen (August 21, 1923 – February 4, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and National Hockey League (NHL) head coach and general manager. He played 28 games in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1953–54 and 1954–55 seasons. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1941 to 1957, was spent in various minor leagues.

After his playing career, he turned to coaching and managing, first in the minor Western Hockey League before returning to the NHL in 1967 as the first coach and general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers. He coach the Flyers from 1967 to 1969, staying as general manager until 1983. He was the executive vice-president of the Philadelphia Flyers, a position he held from 1980 for the rest of his life.

Playing career
Allen played junior hockey for the Saskatoon Quakers in 1940–41, and then joined the Washington Eagles of the Eastern Amateur Hockey League for the 1941–42 season, followed by a year with the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League. During the Second World War, he played on the Saskatoon Navy hockey team, and then played the 1945–46 season in the Western Canada Senior Hockey League with the Saskatoon Elks.

In 1946, Allen joined the Springfield Indians of the American Hockey League, for whom he played the next five seasons. The Indians moved to Syracuse in 1951, becoming the Warriors, and he was a steady presence in the line-up for the next two and a half seasons. In February 1954, Warriors owner Eddie Shore tried to assign Allen to the Springfield Indians of the Quebec Hockey League, but he (along with several other players) balked and he was suspended. He was sold to the Detroit Red Wings two weeks later. He played 10 games with Detroit in the 1953–54 season and appeared in the playoffs, getting his name engraved on the Stanley Cup. Allen played another 18 games for the Red Wings in 1954–55, which would be the end of his NHL playing career.

He spent most of the 1954–55 season in the Western Hockey League with the Edmonton Flyers—Detroit's farm team, whose roster included future Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Johnny Bucyk, Norm Ullman, Glenn Hall, Al Arbour, and player-coach Bud Poile. He then played one season with the Brandon Regals before being hired by the Seattle Americans as player-head coach in 1956. He retired as a player in 1957 to become a full-time coach.

Coaching/management career
From 1956 to 1965, Allen was a head coach in the Western Hockey League with the Seattle Americans/Seattle Totems, with only one losing season in eight years. With the NHL expansion in 1967, Allen was hired as the first head coach of the Philadelphia Flyers, with his former coach and teammate Bud Poile as general manager. In their inaugural season, the Flyers finished first in their division with the best record among the six new teams. They fell to third place in their division in the 1968–69 NHL season, and Allen then became the Flyers' general manager while serving in the same capacity with the Quebec Aces at the same time. There, he would help construct the famed "Broad Street Bullies" that led the Flyers to consecutive Stanley Cups in 1974 and 1975. He would also help start the AHL's Maine Mariners, one of the most successful franchises in that league's history.

Allen was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a Builder in 1992. He was the executive vice-president of the Flyers.

Life
He was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Allen was married to Joyce Webster for 65 years. Together they had a daughter, Traci, and two sons, Brad and Blake. Relocating from Seattle in the 1960s, he and his wife Joyce settled in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

Due to developing dementia in his later years, Allen lived in the care of an assisted living community, along with wife Joyce, in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. He died on February 4, 2014. He was 90-years-old.

title: Keith Allen (ice hockey)


text:
Carl Szokoll

Carl Szokoll (15 October 1915 – 25 August 2004) was an Austrian resistance fighter involved in the 20 July Plot, major in the Wehrmacht, and, after the war, author and film producer.

Early life
Szokoll was born in Vienna, the son of a low-ranking soldier in the Austrian army who had fought in the First World War and had been a long-term Russian prisoner of war. He grew up under poor circumstances in Vienna, but because he received excellent grades in primary and secondary school he was later admitted as an officer candidate in the Austrian army in 1934. In his years as a cadet, he met his wife Christl Kukula, the daughter of a Jewish Vienniese industrialist. After the Anschluss in 1938, he had to end his relationship with Kukula because of the Nuremberg laws that forbade romantic involvement with Jews. Despite this, he secretly stayed in contact with her during the next years and married her, after the war, in 1946. Together they had one son.

Because of his relationship to a half-Jewish woman (Halbjüdin as the Nuremberg laws put it), he was transferred from an élite panzer unit to the ordinary infantry regiment and fought in the first phases of World War II in Nazi Germany's assaults on Poland and France. Because he was wounded in battle, he was sent back to Vienna for work in the administration of the district of Vienna.

Involvement in the 20 July plot
In 1943, then-captain Szokoll was introduced in Berlin to colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, one of the heads of the resistance movement in the Third Reich, by the Austrian lieutenant colonel Robert Bernardis and got involved with them by monthly visits of Robert Bernardis in Vienna since February 1944. When the 20 July plot seemed to have succeeded after Stauffenberg placed a bomb in the Führer Headquarters "Wolfsschanze", he was with Colonel Heinrich Kodre, the "Chief of Staff" in Vienna, one of the resistance's man of Stauffenberg, who executed with Colonel Kodre the orders to seize all authorities and arrest the leading members of SS and the Nazi administration.

Colonel Kodre and captain Szokoll, unlike their co-conspirators in Berlin, succeeded in rounding up nearly all Nazi officials in Vienna. When the plot leaders realized that Hitler had survived, Stauffenberg called Szokoll on a secure line in order to tell him that the attempt had failed. Although Szokoll was one of the last conspirators who had telephone contact with Stauffenberg, he was able to convince the Gestapo that he was only following orders and thus he escaped punishment as one of only a handful of conspirators who did.

Szokoll "Saviour of Vienna"
Being promoted major later in 1944, he tried to take all measures within his power to save Vienna from following the fate of so many other European cities before that had been destroyed in heavy fighting. In the first months of 1945, he got involved with the Austrian resistance movement and started to create a network of officers in order to contact the nearing Soviet Army and declare Vienna an open city. The plan was working well until early April 1945. Although Hitler had ordered the Wehrmacht to fight until the last man in the defence of Vienna, Szokoll's co-conspirators had implemented a plan that would order all troops to retreat from Vienna when the Soviets were close to the city. However, the conspiracy was discovered and Nazi officials immediately hanged the leading conspirators and searched for Szokoll. Once again, he managed to escape and, in the following days, took part in Operation Radetzky, the plan of the Austrian resistance to take over Vienna and prevent fighting as far as possible. Ultimately, the city only saw moderate fighting and the inner districts saw practically no fighting. Szokoll had acted as the provisory administrator of Vienna from the time the Wehrmacht had retreated, but was once again nearly taken prisoner by the Soviets when being accused of working for US intelligence.

Post-war career
Honoured by the reinstated Austrian government for his merits on freeing Austria from the Nazis, he started a career as author and film producer. Among his work is the script for the film Der Bockerer, the production of Die letzte Brücke (the film that made Maria Schell famous), and his own autobiography that became a bestseller. He died in Vienna in 2004.

Selected filmography

 * As the Sea Rages (1959)
 * Final Accord (1960)
 * Call of the Forest (1965)
 * House of Pleasure (1969)
 * My Father, the Ape and I (1971)

Work

 * Der Bockerer II : Österreich ist frei. Verlag der Apfel, Wien 1997 ISBN 3-85450-128-5
 * Der gebrochene Eid. Europa-Verlag, Wien 1985 ISBN 3-203-50929-6
 * Die Rettung Wiens 1945. Mein Leben, mein Anteil an der Verschwörung gegen Hitler und an der Befreiung Österreichs. Amalthea-Verlag, Wien 2001 ISBN 3-85002-472-5
 * Ludwig Jedlicka: Der zwanzigste Juli in Wien, Herold, Wien 1964

title: Carl Szokoll