text:
Talk:Mesquite

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Name
There are Prosopis species that would be unlikely to be called mesquite, such as Prosopis cineraria. I suggest to move this page to Prosopis. — Pekinensis 18:29, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As a matter of principle, too, the name of the genus should not be redirected to the name of one group of species. In South America there are many species of Prosopis (cf Prosopis alba), usually called algarrobo (the Spanish name for the carob tree). Prosopis should be a genus page with links here and to the algarrobo trees' articles. --Pablo D. Flores 17:48, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, you are on the right track to improving this. This page could stay for information specifically on "mesquite" as defined separate from the entire genus - Marshman 02:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

This article says that "mesquite" comes from Nahuatl "mizquitl", then enumerates its habitat range, apparently at quite a distance from any Nahuatl territory (Mesoamerica, according to the relevant WP article). How can that be? --Jerome Potts (talk) 17:49, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Water usage (Mesquite and groundwater depletion)
The article says:
 * In many parts of Texas, particularly West and Central Texas, the proliferation of mesquite is directly responsible for lowering groundwater tables, exceeding even man's increased usage.

This seems rather incredible to me especially given the human impact on groundwater supplies such as the Ogallala Aquifer (among others). Does anyone have a reference for the mesquite's impact on groundwater supplies? Thanks. Lunch 04:09, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

A follow-up: the sentence above seems to have been added by an anonymous user at 64.207.74.215 in November 2004. Lunch 04:16, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't quite believe it either, although in all fairness, it is true that a copse of trees, or any plants, can lower surface water levels. Tom Lougheed 16:17, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

I removed the phrase "reputedly causing even more lowering in some places than that resulting from human over-pumping." No one responded to the "cite needed" tag. Lunch 21:35, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's a source, even though its a little late. http://www.ucratx.org/A.pdf It says that removing mesquite could increase water yield in the Concho River valley by 33,000 acre-feet per year while avg human consumption is only 15,000 acre-feet per year. MonolithicNinja 03:31, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reference.

 * I see where the report mentions the (estimated) 33,000 acre-feet/year increase. It says that would be a five-fold increase over current levels in that watershed.  If you check the references, the report is quoting another report (that has yet to be issued) from the Southwest Farm Press (southwestfarmpress.com).  These two together -- an astounding increase and an industry mag -- make me a little skeptical.

 * I don't see the 15,000 acre-feet/year figure for human use. What page did you see this?  On page 2, there is a figure of 15,000,000 acre-feet/year water-use by humans.  But that's state-wide -- not just UCRA's area, and not the area studied by the Southwest Farm Press.

 * Thanks for the help. If I get a chance, I'll check up on some of the other references in the UCRA report.  Or if you get a chance, beat me to it!  Lunch 04:44, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

It looks as if water depletion is variable, since the growth period is only a few weeks out of the year beginning in April and usually ending in mid-June. If moisture is abundant, new leaves can appear later in the season. Adult honey mesquite (8-12 ft. tall) in north Texas were found to use up to 20 gallons of water per day during ideal mid-summer growing conditions and adequate soil moisture (Ansley et al. 1991a) Many studies have shown that grass production increases following control of mesquite (Dahl et al. 1978, Bedunah and Sosebee 1984). However, response is highly variable and dependent on many factors such as density of mesquite prior to treatment, effectiveness of treatment, soil type, and precipitation. In south Texas, mesquite colonizes grasslands, then serves as a nurse plant for other shrub species that establish in its understory (Archer 1989). Also, from the same source: The concept of complete removal is questionable both economically and environmentally. Mesquite has many benefits to the ecosystem when maintained at moderate densities (i.e., as a savanna) or as a mosaic of thickets, grasslands and savannas (Ansley et al. 1996). Such benefits include enhanced soil fertility, shade for livestock, wildlife habitat, protection for some plant species, modified microclimate for cool-season plant species, and the potential for wood products. I didn't want to scatter all these points, using the same source. Let me know if that was improper.69.6.162.160 12:22, 5 September 2006 (UTC)Brian Pearson
 * To add a clarifying remark to my last comments: My impression from the article and from comments was that there is an assumption, I believe to be mistaken, that water usage by the mesquite is constant. Reading further, I was confused by the mention of the cite number #1 which links to the tamirex. Tamirex is the same as mesquite through Class, but otherwise is a different plant. Water usage and the degree to which it is considered a nuisance could vary quite a bit, especially if you include the evergreen version. If the tamirex is a great nuisance, mostly near streams, then the writers of these articles should not imply that all tamirex and mesquites are a nuisance in all situations. 69.6.162.160 23:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)Brian Pearson
 * Thanks for your comments.
 * To add a little more, salt cedar (tamarisk) is a plant native to dry areas of Africa and Asia; mesquite is native to dry areas of North America. (Despite being in the same taxonomic class - shared by thousands of plants - they are very different plants.)  Salt cedar in North America is considered an invasive plant.  Lunch 03:02, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Mesquite inrtroduced into Australia and now recognised as a "weed of national significance."
The entry currently lists the benefits of mesquite but makes little reference to the adverse effects of this plant. May I suggest that the entry on mesquite refer readers to the following website: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/mesquite/, which is an excellent paper on the deleterious effects on the Australian environment and commercial animal husbandry as a result of the introduction of mesquite into this country. The paper is sponsored by the Department Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland, Australia, and explains at length the introduction, spread, effects and attempts at eradication of introduced Prosopis spp. The foreword to the paper is succinct: "...Mesquite is one of Australia's worst weeds. While it already infests nearly a million hectares, its capacity to thrive in a range of climates, soils and landscapes means that over 70% of the Australian mainland is threatened. However, as the vast majority of current mesquite infestations are relatively small and sparse, it is critical that all possible efforts be directed to confining, controlling and, where possible, eradicating this weed. If mesquite is not controlled, it is likely that future generations will inherit an unproductive thorny shrubland..." 203.59.176.103 12:49, 15 February 2007 (UTC)Bob Douglas

 * You might want to leave a note on the talk page of Gidip. I think they're involved with tagging up articles in the Category:Invasive species category.  You might also want to be more specific about which species in particular are threatening Australia.  Lunch 18:01, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible Energy Source?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOYZF3It848&mode=related&search=

Possible energy source? Haha Wikipediarul e s 2221 01:00, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Food... substitution for regular flour
Hi. First of all, I'm a novice at editing Wikipedia. I just created my account.

In the Mesquite article, there's discussion of using ground mesquite pods as a flour... the suggestion being to substitute 1/4 to 1/2 a cup of ground mesquite pod for a a cup of regular flour. (I should probably quote it here...).

I interpret that as using 1/4 (or even 1/2) cup of ground mesquite pod, where the recipe calls for a cup of flour. No regular flour is used.

I suspect what is meant is to substitute 1/4 to 1/2 a cup of the regular flour with ground mesquite, and using 1/2 to 3/4 of regular flour along with it.

Or perhaps my interpretation was what was intended... and a small amount of mesquite works the same as a larger quantity of regular flour! That's a little hard to believe.

- stp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.142.130.18 (talk) 18:37, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty new at this myself! But you're right on a few counts. The article can be misinterpreted to mean total substitution --

When used in baking, it is used in combination with other flours – the ratio is generally 1 part of mesquite flour for 2 to 3 of cup grain or rice flour. Since the mesquite is sweet, you might want to decrease the sugar in the recipe.

So I'm not sure it we edit or someone else edits. Kokopelli's Kitchen (talk) 00:02, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Link overlaid on page?
Hello

Maybe this is just a problem for me, but this article in particular seems to have a link blocking most of the page, excluding the header with the various tabs and search bar. It has a gee.su shortened link and leads to a facebook page. It doesn't seem to be on other articles, so I think it is exclusively on this article. Troubleshooting is beyond me, so I just thought I'd leave this note.

Thanks, 72.211.146.204 (talk) 05:18, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Mesquite. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160326234557/http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/mesquite/docs/Mesquite_Mgmnt-1.pdf to http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/mesquite/docs/Mesquite_Mgmnt-1.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070325200317/http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/RNEC/Oct1106a.htm to http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/RNEC/Oct1106a.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120815174754/http://casadefruta.com/mesquite-meal-heat.php to http://casadefruta.com/mesquite-meal-heat.php

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To add to article
To add to this article: what the seeds taste like. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:39, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

Invasive Species
The paragraph "Although Prosopis spp. are naturally occurring in these areas, these changes have resulted in their being able to successfully outcompete other native plants and they are now considered invasive species because they are able to take advantage of vulnerable ecosystems.[8" refers to a text that says no such thing. Being invasive in its native range is a contradiction in terms. 89.246.108.170 (talk) 10:14, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

 * "Aggressive" is a term heard in conservation circles for this phenomenon. The phenomenon of outcompeting other plants. I heard Invasive means Aggressive *and* non-native. While Naturalized is non-aggressive and non-native. So it seems to me like "aggressive" can probably be used here. CuteScribbles (talk) 18:41, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesquite


text:
Talk:Austrian nobility

Older talk material
can anyone help with the update of what the family-names are today? just dropping the "von" is not enough, some had to completely refashion their names... thanks.

Prepositions and listings of names
Carrying on from conversation between Gryffindor and myself, I maintain that prepositions can be carefully analysed and translated into English in order to give readers an idea as to the meaning of the title. However, that is not the case now as I am fine with having the prepositions present between the first and subsequent names within a noble title. disagreement exists on translations of titles prefixed with reichs- ... I maintain that it is implied to meaning "of the (Holy Roman) Empire", not "imperial ". I think that this deserves explaination within the article itself. Nominally, discussions of prepositions at this time are simply between Gryffindor and me, but if it is to impact the article, others ought to discuss it as well. One thing that needs to be resolved is the disagreement over edler/edle, which, is listed as a title but is really only a style of sorts with yet another style of address. Ritter was brought up, but it is never said as knight as it constitutes an awkward sort of component of a name. French titles utilizing "des" were also brought up, but this is about Austrian nobility, not French. A title such as Marquis des Baux is Marquis of Baux as the plural "Baux" needn't be introduced with "the". Some German names using "zur" and "von der" follow this note. I, myself, think that it would be better to list the families, as is, on a seperate page. Thanks. Charles 20:57, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Again, I respectfully dissent. I have proven many sources where translations do not occur, unfortunately you so far have not pointed anything out to me that would convince me or other users about using English. de = von, which was also used in Austria-Hungary (and all the rest of "von und zu", "zu" "vom und zum", etc etc). As User:John Kenney pointed out, translation cannot work, it sounds very strange and is wrong. I understand what you are trying to say, however we are obliged to stay true to original information. Trying to translate "auf Teufel komm raus" will not work. We can use a translation for a title like "Archduke of Austria", who was a "ruler", but not for "normal" noble persons like "Edler von Mises" or "Ritter von Ghega", even a case like "Kinsky von Wichnitz und Tettau" is not translatable, or it would have to be "Charles of Gaulle" as well. sorry, that just won't work... I understand what you are trying to say, but please just trust me and other users on this. Gryffindor  15:41, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The difference between Charles de Gaulle and the Princes/Counts Kinksy is that Charles de Gualle has no title... Just a surname. The Kinskys have/had titles, therefore are in English Princes/Counts Kinsky of Wichnitz and Tettau. Edler and Ritter strictly aren't titles therefore needn't have the prepositions translated. I must stress that. Charles 01:20, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not quite, I think, that the German titles are untranslatable. What is true, though, is that one generally doesn't translate them. One could do so, and some titles may occasionally be translated.  But as a general rule, it's more common just to leave them as is. john k 16:30, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There is also the additional complication of the "von"s and the "zu" or "zur" or "von der" having officially become part of the family's last names.  As we do not nor should translate proper names, these words, when part of a last name should not be translated.  Indeed, they should be respected in translation, otherwise logic would dictate that we translate the English "Millers" and use their German version name, "Müller", in a German article.  Bottom line is, names should not be translated and these "von"s etc are part of their last names by law (at least in Germany).  --Mmounties 16:46, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * When I was talking of translation, the actual name isn't translated unless it is a territory with an English equivalent. Von, zur, etc aren't part of legal Austrian surnames... German law has no bearning on the content of this article. Charles 01:20, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

My take on this: Nobility has been abolished. Legally, Austrian citizens don't have "titles" anymore, but are much rather called Anselm Graf zu Eltz, with Graf zu Eltz being the surname. The surname should not be translated. Finito. ;) — Nightst a  llion  (?) 20:13, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The "surname" of that person would simply be Eltz if he were an Austrian citizen. Charles 01:20, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I'm afraid that's not the case. Due to some legal flaw, he was able to maintain his name as Graf zu Eltz in Austrian. Trust me, I am Austrian and went to school with that guy. ;) It's true, however, that the two or three other former nobles in my grade only had "regular" surnames without von or zu. — Nightst  a  llion  (?) 08:32, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You can cite him as an example to be used for everyone then. Charles 13:48, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't really care about what the situation of today is. I think we can agree, that the names are kept in German, as well as the prepositions added with the "de" if applies, as was in the original article. Former family names as well as current ones are shown. Also this "Edle Herren" and "Frauen" needs to go, it is incorrect. Gryffindor  16:22, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe the entire Edle Herren category should go then as it isn't even really a title. Charles 19:32, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I mean it should be renamed to the original and correct "Edler" and "Edle" of course, as it was still a title.. Gryffindor  20:13, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Charles, do you realize you're arguing here with two Austrians? (never mind the bunch of others that chimed in as well) Do you notice that you're trying to tell Austrians how things are done in Austria? Do you really think you know it better than they do? Perhaps, you might be willing to consider the possibility that their take on most things Austrian, it being their neck of the woods, is a little more accurate than your take from the distance, especially in every day matters such as last names. Why don't you give Gryffindor a break and move on? There are plenty of articles that need a discussion a lot more than this one. --Mmounties 20:57, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I will use my time to discuss articles however I see fit. If think I ought to be doing something else, don't read what I write. Just because they are Austrians doesn't mean they know more than anyone who is familiar with the Austrian nobility as a past-time and as a profession. The latter, I know people in that circle. I am the one who needs to be given a break. Let Gryffindor speak for Gryffindor. Gryffindor was gracious enough to lend an ear and an opinion over issues that matter. I am not arguing, I am asserting the information I know. Charles 22:13, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No need to get rude. Of course you can spend your time as you see fit.  I'm just suggesting that it may be a good idea to take a step back at this time. --Mmounties 22:33, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Alright alright, peace peace, let's not fight about this. I think we have all stated our viewpoints, so again let's move on. I will make the changes now that we have agreed upon, and hopefully this should settle any issues. Gryffindor  13:14, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Name listings, again
Would it be possible to put the names into tables as to avoid the issue of all the brackets? I propose a title under each rank of the nobility with a column for Pre-1919 names, Names under the Republic and Notes (family is extinct, also had comital status, etc. Does that sound good? Charles 16:49, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I would like to hear the opinion of other users first. If the table is a marked improvement though, I wouldn't object. If you wanna make a table, could you show what kind? Either on a sandbox or here? Gryffindor  13:00, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That is the problem, I must learn it first and be comfortable in producing one without errors. I've seen tables throughout Wikipedia and I can pick one out as an example. Charles 15:50, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Abolition/Mises
It appears that all Austrian subjects with titles were required to stop using them in 1919. Could editors of this article check to see if this edit of mine to Ludwig von Mises is correct? I state that he was born with a title but was required to drop it. I presume he decided to revert to using his noble preposition when he emigrated to the United States. -Will Beback 00:20, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Since he did, indeed move to the US and the institute and everything uses the von, I think it should be reverted. Charles 00:59, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Why? Did he get his nobility back? He was a citizen of Austria when the law abolished nobility. Note that I didn't change the name of the article, only the proper name of the individual. Should Hayek be renamed back to "von Hayek"?  -Will Beback 01:15, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You're just splitting hairs now. Dig up some of the documentation relating to Mr von Mises' surname at the time of his death. You may or may not have a case then. Charles 01:17, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If he started using the titles again we can add that to the article. But it is not disputed that the Austrian nobility and their titles were abolished, right? And there is no reason to think that those laws did not apply to Mises, right? At the time of his death he was not an "Edler", because that title ceased to exist in 1919, right? He may have called himself one, just as people assume or retain all sorts of titles of nobility that are no longer active. -Will Beback 01:24, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The onus is on you to prove such things. There are many, many cases of titles as surnames, even for Austrians abroad, where the laws don't apply to them. Charles 01:28, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The proof is in our own articles, which say that the terms were aboloshed in 1919, and which say that Mises lived in Austria at the time. I dsn't see what else is necessary to prove. -Will Beback 01:30, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia really isn't proof of anything. You do not know the name by which Mises was documented outside of Austria. Charles 01:34, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Which do you doubt- that Mises lived in Austria in 1919, or that the nobility was abolished in that year? There is ample external proof for both. -Will Beback 01:37, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You can't say Ludwig Heinrich Mises is his legal name as the be-all/end-all because he didn't live in the Austria for his entire life and his entire legacy has him has Ludwig von Mises. Charles 01:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you say that "Edler" is part of his legal name, when that title didn't even exist anymore, and U.S. citizens do not carry titles? -Will Beback 01:50, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You also took out the von. American citizens can use von in a surname and even use a title in a surname. What happens if someone with the surname Graf von X moves to the United States? Does he cease to have that surname? Since Mises moved to the US and at least took up the von again (and if not before elsewhere in Europe), what rationale do you have for removing it? Can you say for certain that in every single European country that he lived in, save Austria, that he was merely Mises and not von Mises or Edler von Mises? Charles 02:00, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If he added it back then we should also indicate that fact. Do you have any source indicating that he did so? Of course, in the U.S. people can call themselves "King" or "Christ" if they want to (though doing so does not mean that they fuflill those names as titles). People have routinely changed their names when emmigrating to the U.S. As for his right to use the preposition, he had none. It was granted by the state and removed by the state. So, if he re-adopted the title (without authorization or right) then we should indicate that too. What we do know for sure is that while he was an Austrian citizen the "von" and "Edler" were dropped from his name, by law. -Will Beback 02:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm reverting it back to Ludwig von Mises for the moment, sans the Edler. The right to use a preposition outside of Austria is not Austria's business. I said nothing about readopting a title. Charles 02:12, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In this case, use the name that he was most commonly known under. If his institute etc. uses the "von Mises", then so shall be it. See also Herbert von Karajan for further reference. Adminttedly the usage of "von" in Austrian names after 1919 on Wikipedia is not too clear yet, however I see no problems with using the most common name in that case, which is codified as a rule as well. Gryffindor  12:56, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That is the rule for article titles, but how we name the individual within the article is another matter. However the edit that Charles made is fair enough. Thanks for everyone's input. Cheers, -Will Beback 21:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Copy-edit tag
I've gone through the article and done some copy-editing, but I'm not sure if it's enough to remove the tag. If someone more familiar with the subject could possibly go through and check if the article deserves the tag removed, that would be great. Barring that, I'd be happy to make another run-through, but I felt like I couldn't change things I had no knowledge of. — Keakealani •Poke Me•contribs• 22:18, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Long lists of names
What is the thinking behind the long lists of names? This article has been tagged to deal with the list, and a request has been made to put the names into a table, but I am unclear of the point of the lists, tabled or otherwise. If there is a rationale that could be explained, perhaps the lists could be transferred into (a) separate list article(s). SilkTork 11:34, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

The lists already do exist in tables in separate List articles. I have linked to one example: List of princes of Austria-Hungary. What would be the objection to removing the lists from this article and linking to the existing tabled articles? SilkTork 11:43, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * None here. They should be removed, it is inexhaustive, but long and cumbersome. We do not maintain such lists for any other nobility, as far as I know. Charles 14:29, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Lists are a completely normal thing on Wikipedia, therefore it should remain, since it has an educative purpose. However it should become alphabetic and more structured, I do agree on that one. Gryffindor  08:29, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree with Keep, as will be of great interest etymologically and geneologically both for family members, but as well to general students of history. A good resource! Suggest 'table' should be quasi-tablized as compromise using one of the multiple columns templates. top, mid, and col-end/bottom, iirc will do two columns, but three or four maybe better (See columns-start, column, and columns-end) considering short nature of the data. The help for those templates will give the how-to, if someone has time to play at formatting tests. (Images and locations are main complications) // Fra nkB 18:34, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have removed the three tags that asked for "list into sortable table". The list is a single colujmn already alphabetical. What else is there to sort? Also, I've put the longer lists into 3 columns. -DePiep (talk) 11:19, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Margraviates in 1914
At the beginning of the 20th Century, Austria-Hungary included two Margraviates (Istria and Moravia), yet there don't seem to be any Margraves on the list. Were the thrones of those lands filled by a Hapsburg, or someone not on the list, or ...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Boris B (talk • contribs) 10:17, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Both margraviates were held by Emperor. Yopie 14:37, 12 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yopie (talk • contribs)

Erbsälzer
What is the evidence that holders of this title were considered to be Austrian nobles? --Poko (talk) 10:24, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Surname links
There are arbitrary and erroneous links to surnames and words which somebody claims were noble Austrian families, e.g. Bonda, Krane, Marzani. If the link does not identify a family that is notable for having been noble in Austria, there should be no link. FactStraight (talk) 15:03, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Austrian nobility


text:
Charles Coghlan (politician)

Sir Charles Patrick John Coghlan, (24 June 1863 – 28 August 1927), was a lawyer and politician who served as Premier of Southern Rhodesia from 1 October 1923 to his death. Having led the responsible government movement in the territory during the latter days of Company rule, he was Southern Rhodesia's first head of government after it became a self-governing colony within the British Empire.

Born, raised and educated in South Africa, of Irish descent, Coghlan moved to Bulawayo in 1900 to practise as a lawyer. He was elected to the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council in 1908, representing the Western electoral district. Over the next decade he supported the renewal of the British South Africa Company's royal charter to administer the Rhodesias, and opposed Southern Rhodesia's amalgamation with either Northern Rhodesia or the Union of South Africa. He led a delegation to London to discuss responsible government in 1921, and two years later Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing colony. Coghlan sat in the Legislative Assembly as Member for Bulawayo from 1924 to his death.

Coghlan was buried near Cecil Rhodes's grave, at "World's View" in the Matopos Hills near Bulawayo.

Early life (1863–1882)
Charles Patrick John Coghlan was born on 24 June 1863 in King William's Town, British Kaffraria (part of the Cape Colony from 1866). He had three elder brothers. His father, James Coghlan, was from Ireland and was a Catholic; he had arrived in South Africa in 1851 as a private in the British Army, having enlisted to escape the Great Famine of Ireland. After fighting in the Eighth Xhosa War of 1850–53 with the 2nd (The Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot, James was stationed in the Keiskamma mountains; he settled there with his wife Isabella Mary (née Maclaren), who was originally from Dumbartonshire, Scotland. They moved to King William's Town after Coghlan's discharge from the military and the birth of their first child, a boy also called James. The elder James Coghlan would become a town councillor in King William's Town.

Charles Coghlan was educated at home until January 1870, when he was enrolled at the Jesuit St Aidan's College in Grahamstown. He was awarded a bursary to the South African College, Cape Town, where he studied law with the intent of becoming a barrister, but these plans were disrupted by his father's death from dysentery. Short of money, Charles quit university in 1882 and went to work for Paley and Coghlan, the law firm where his eldest brother James was a partner, in Kimberley.

Kimberley (1882–1900)
When Coghlan arrived to join his brother in 1882, Kimberley was a town of 22,000 in search of riches, according to John Smith Moffat. That same year, Cecil Rhodes incorporated the De Beers Mining Company and in 1883 was elected to the Cape Parliament as Member for the newly enfranchised Diamond Fields. Kimberley had come into being after diamonds were found on the De Beers brothers' farm on Colesberg Kopje in 1869. Initially dubbed "New Rush", the site was renamed after Lord Kimberley, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, in 1873. It was respectively 5 mi and 40 mi from the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (or Transvaal), the latter of which had just had its independence restored following the First Boer War of 1880–81.

Coghlan was admitted to practise as advocate in the courts of West Griqualand on 9 December 1886. Ten months later, after Paley's death, Coghlan and his elder brother formed the firm of Coghlan and Coghlan. Kimberley's position at the epicentre of the diamond trade led the brothers to develop expertise and a formidable reputation for their work in the mining industry.

Rhodes outmanoeuvred his main opponent Barney Barnato and brought all the mines under the control of his company, De Beers, in 1888. On 30 October of that year, through the signing of the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland, he obtained exclusive mining rights across all of Lobengula's territories in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and beyond for his soon-to-be-formed British South Africa Company (BSAC). Queen Victoria granted the BSAC a royal charter to administer and develop these territories on 29 October 1889, for an initial period of 25 years. This charter included the right to take possession of, deal with, and dispose of land. On 12 September 1890 Rhodes's Pioneer Column reached what was to become Salisbury.

Coghlan took an active part in public debates. He was loyal to Britain, but held that all parts of the British Empire should be internally self-governing, with each territory supporting the others. Arguing that this should extend to his ancestral home of Ireland, he expressed support for the Home Rule movement there. He disapproved of the policy of the South African Republic government under Paul Kruger of conscripting uitlanders (mostly British settlers) for military service while denying them the electoral franchise.

Coghlan was elected to the Kimberley town council in 1897. The following year Colonel Frederick Schermbrucker's youngest daughter Gertrude Mary Schermbrucker, described as an attractive and sociable woman, arrived to stay at the house Coghlan shared with his sister and mother. Coghlan married Gertrude in Wynberg, a southern suburb of Cape Town, on 10 January 1899. Around this time Coghlan's friend Percy Ross Frames invited him to join him in Bulawayo, one of the main settlements in Rhodesia, as Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the adjoining areas were now collectively called. Coghlan was receptive to the idea, but was compelled to stay in Kimberley by the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899. Kimberley was besieged by Boer forces, cut off by rail and telephone, from 14 October until its relief by General John French on 15 February 1900.

Bulawayo (1900–1908)
After a break in Cape Town, Coghlan and his wife left Kimberley for Bulawayo on 30 July 1900. There, they found the conditions to be very basic and the buildings, ramshackle. Nevertheless, the settlers enjoyed outdoor pursuits, dances and musical and theatrical performances. Coghlan and his wife lodged at the Grand Hotel. In 1901, not long after they arrived, the Coghlans' first child was born, but the baby lived only three days. A second child, a girl named Petal, was born in November 1902 and lived to old age.

Coghlan gained admission to the Rhodesian bar and entered into partnership with Frames to create Frames and Coghlan. Frames left for Johannesburg in late 1902, citing the poor economic conditions in Southern Rhodesia following the Second Boer War, ending this firm. Coghlan and Allan Ross Welsh formed a new partnership, Coghlan and Welsh. The firm expanded into Salisbury as Coghlan, Welsh and Tancred in 1907 when Bernard Tancred, a South African cricketer and friend of Coghlan's from Johannesburg, joined. Shortly before the 1908 elections to the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council, Welsh sent a telegram to Coghlan, who was visiting relatives in Pietersburg, advising him to stand. Coghlan did so successfully in March 1908.

Towards responsible government (1908–1922)
It was widely expected that Southern Rhodesia would eventually be incorporated into the Union of South Africa as its fifth province. It was generally considered part of South Africa geographically and in colonial terms, part of the British expansion into the region that had begun with the 1820 Settlers. Representatives from Rhodesia had participated in the South African National Convention of 1908 and section 150 of the South Africa Act 1909 made specific provision for the accession of BSAC territories. Coghlan had represented the interests of the Rhodesian people at the convention, although his contribution was insignificant. The presence of the Rhodesian delegation had been supported – and even secured – by Louis Botha, who was keen to win the trust of the settlers. In November 1909, at a banquet for Lord Selborne, the departing High Commissioner in Cape Town, Coghlan spoke of the BSAC and the people of Southern Rhodesia working together towards entering the Union, though some settlers wished to enjoy what he called "an artificial stage of responsible government" first. Indeed, the order in council of 1898 had provided Southern Rhodesia with a constitution that resembled that of a Crown Colony with responsible government and the South Africa Act made no changes to the territory's administrative framework.

Botha, who had been asked by the Union's first Governor-General Viscount Gladstone to form a government, began to make policies and speeches that appeared to Coghlan to be unfair to South Africans of British origin. The Attorney-General J. B. M. Hertzog interpreted the convention in a way that Coghlan considered to be to the detriment of English-speakers. Coghlan came to the conclusion in 1910 that Southern Rhodesia's joining the Union was much further off than he had previously thought, though he still saw it as the territory's inevitable destiny, whose timing and terms the local electorate must determine. At this time, he rejected the notion of responsible government—self-government while retaining colonial status—on the grounds that he thought it would take up to two decades to achieve. He was furthermore against the idea of keeping Rhodesia for English-speaking settlers, seeing in that end the same racial discrimination he perceived the Dutch-speakers to be displaying against the British in the Union.

In 1911, the partnership of Coghlan, Welsh and Tancred ended when Tancred died. Around the same time, Coghlan, who was representing a mining company, encountered Ernest Guest in opposition in a case in the court of the Mining Commissioner, who judged in favour of Guest's client. Coghlan, although irritated by Guest, recognised his ability and offered him a partnership, which he accepted, leading to the formation of Coghlan, Welsh and Guest in Salisbury in 1912.

Article 33 of the BSAC charter of 1889 gave the British government the right to alter or repeal any of the administrative provisions of the charter after 25 years. So it was widely anticipated by all sections of southern African political opinion after 1910 that the BSAC's administration would come to an end in 1914. Yet the BSAC remained in place.

During the course of the First World War, Rhodesia's white population was split between the Unionists, for amalgamation into the Union of South Africa, and the Responsible Government Association, for independence. While the RGA was led by Coghlan, the Union Party's leader was Herbert Longden, another lawyer from Bulawayo. Longden, like the British Government, believed Rhodesia lacked the population and resources for an independent state. For Britain, union with South Africa would mean avoiding having to buy out the BSAC, leaving the burden on South Africa instead. After the war, Coghlan noted that the new Secretary of State, Winston Churchill, was determined to achieve the amalgamation of Southern Rhodesia with South Africa. For its part, the BSAC encouraged the Unionists, expecting that it would get a better price for its assets from South Africa than from Southern Rhodesia. Other major corporations were also pro union, since South Africa would be able to provide cheap labour from the south. These interests controlled the local press and were thus highly influential in the debate. With General Smuts, a skillful statesman, also on the side of the Unionists, it seemed unlikely that Coghlan would dissuade the electorate from entering into the Union.

At the 1920 elections, domestic interests aligned against those of the BSAC, rather than unreservedly in favour of responsible government. The run up to the 1922 referendum was long and acrimonious. For the Union were most of the leading citizens of Salisbury and Bulawayo, the British, South African and Rhodesian presses, the BSAC, and the British government. Against them was the Responsible Government Association, founded in 1917 by Ethel Tawse Jollie. Wallis, in his biography of Coghlan, One Man's Hand, gives him the credit for the victory of the responsible government lobby. Lewis Hastings, reviewing Wallis's book, recalls campaigning with Coghlan and says that he was the undisputed leader of the movement—highly competent, with a clear vision, principled and sincere. He attributes Coghlan's resolve to his years in Kimberley, where he experienced the autocratic rule of the De Beers mining company, owned by the BSAC.

By 1922, the display of unity by white farmers against chartered rule at the 1920 elections fell apart. The majority of them, mostly ranchers and tobacco planters, who relied on the southern market, voted for Union. On the other hand, Mashonaland maize growers, wanting to retain full share of the local produce markets, wanted responsible government. The 1922 referendum results were 8,774 for responsible government and 5,989 for joining South Africa. The role of women in the defeat of the Unionists was substantial, with approximately 75% of them voting for responsible government, even when their husbands voted for Union. In a letter to the South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts, the Company Administrator Sir Francis Drummond Chaplin cited anti-Afrikaner sentiments, particularly amongst women, as a major factor in the result.

Premiership (1923–1927)
Before 1923, Coghlan had opposed the amalgamation of Northern and Southern Rhodesia, concerned that it would make responsible government harder to attain. One outcome of the Jameson Raid in 1895–96 had been to prevent the concentration of the BSAC into one administration. Instead, the High Commission in Bechuanaland was maintained, Northern Rhodesia kept its own administration, and Britain oversaw BSAC affairs more closely. One year into his premiership, Coghlan began to consider territorial expansion and staked a claim to northwestern Bechuanaland. The Dominions Office rejected the claim on the grounds that the Union of South Africa would respond with its own claim for the southern half of the territory.

Coghlan directed his attention to Northern Rhodesia. Howard Moffat, his Minister for Mines and Works, had supervised mineral exploration in Northern Rhodesia twenty years earlier and so knew of the rich copper deposits across the Zambezi. However, Moffat's first public claim on the northern territory, in November 1925, was on the issue of control of the railway, which would grant control of the central African cattle trade. At the 1926 Imperial Conference in London, some degree of control over the railway was granted to Southern Rhodesia. There was also the issue of attracting labour for mines and farms from the far north and this gave impetus to Coghlan's and Moffat's territorial expansionism in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Coghlan called on Britain's Colonial Secretary, Leopold Amery, to give the North entirely to the South or at least the reversionary right to it but Amery refused this request. During his tour of Southern Rhodesia the following year, Amery appeared to give support to its claims to neighbouring territories but by 1928, after Coghlan's death, both the Dominions Office and the Colonial Office were for maintaining Northern Rhodesia's territory intact, and favoured its association with the East African dependencies of Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda.

Death and legacy
Sir Charles Coghlan died on Sunday 28 August 1927, at the age of 64, of a cerebral haemorrhage. A solemn requiem was celebrated for him in Westminster Cathedral. He was initially buried in the Bulawayo cemetery but, following a petition from Bulawayo Town Council, Parliament consented for him to be reburied in the Matopos Hills, alongside Cecil Rhodes and Sir Starr Jameson, at a ceremony on 14 August 1930.

Sir John Chancellor, the first Governor of Southern Rhodesia, after his retirement in 1928 spoke of the progress that the country had made in its first years of responsible government under the stewardship of Sir Charles Coghlan. The country's economy grew, with annual revenue increasing from £1.3 million to £2 million, with exports up from £8.5 million to £12 million, despite setbacks in the cotton and tobacco industries.

The building housing Zimbabwe's Central Intelligence Organization bore the name of Sir Charles. However, in April 1985, it was changed by the office of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe to that of Chaminuka, an ancestral spirit invoked by guerrillas opposing the government of Ian Smith.

Honours
Coghlan was knighted in 1910 for his services to the 1908 National Convention, which led to the South Africa Act 1909 and ultimately the formation of the Union of South Africa.

In 1925, the rank of KCMG was conferred on him, the warrant having been signed by his friend The Earl Buxton, Chancellor of the Order, who had served as Governor-General of South Africa from 1914 to 1920 and was president of the African Society from 1920 to 1933.

title: Charles Coghlan (politician)


text:
USS Conemaugh

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Conemaugh after the Conemaugh River in Pennsylvania.

 * USS Conemaugh (1862), launched in 1862 and decommissioned in 1867.
 * USS Conemaugh (AOG-62), commissioned in 1945 and decommissioned in 1946.

title: USS Conemaugh


text:
Category:British Rail electric multiple units

This category contains articles about electric multiple units built for British Rail, its predecessors, and the post-privatisation companies.


text:
Kahimi Karie

Mari Hiki (比企マリ), better known by her stage name Kahimi Karie (カヒミ・カリィ), is a Japanese singer, songwriter and photographer. Her music is closely associated with the Shibuya-kei aesthetic. Karie sings in English, French and Japanese, among other languages.

Karie began her music career in 1990 at the encouragement of fellow Shibuya-kei artist Cornelius, whom she collaborated with on many of her early works, and whose trendy Trattoria label released many of her EPs in the mid-1990s. Karie later moved to Paris and released several studio albums on the Crue-L and Polydor labels. She now lives in New York City.

Career
Kahimi Karie was born Mari Hiki on March 15, 1968. Her mother died early in Kahimi's childhood. Kahimi was thereafter raised by her father, a prominent doctor in Utsunomiya.

Karie moved to Tokyo after graduating high school and entered a vocational college to study photography. After graduating college, she made a short career as a freelance photographer. In the late 1980s, Karie became an avid listener of French musicians such as Serge Gainsbourg, Françoise Hardy, and Jane Birkin, who would serve as formative influences on her own music. In 1990, at the suggestion of her then-boyfriend Keigo Oyamada (later known as Cornelius), Karie began her musical career performing vocals for a house band signed to his friend's record label. She later performed vocals alongside Takako Minekawa as the duo Fancy Face Groovy Name. In 1992, Karie issued her first solo single, "Mike Alway's Diary", which was produced by Oyamada. At this time she was referred to as "Shibuya-kei Princess", and her personal relationship with Oyamada was highly publicized.

Karie later moved to Paris to pursue her career further. During this period she recorded the albums Larme de Crocodile (1997), K.K.K.K.K. (1998) and Tilt (2000) for Crue-L Records and Polydor Records, working with a variety of collaborators, including Momus and Philippe Katerine.

In 2003, Karie released her fourth studio album Trapeziste on her new record label Victor Entertainment. The album found Karie pursuing a more experimental musical direction. She has released three subsequent albums for Victor: Montage (2004), Nunki (2006) and It's Here (2010).

Personal life
Karie is married to tap dancer Kazunori Kumagai, with whom she has one daughter. She currently lives in New York City.

Discography

 * Larme de Crocodile (1997)
 * K.K.K.K.K. (1998)
 * Tilt (2000)
 * Trapeziste (2003)
 * Montage (2004)
 * Nunki (2006)
 * It's Here (2010)

Books

 * I'm Gonna Tear My Playhouse Down! (February 5, 2002)
 * Kahimi Karie + Marquee (April 22, 2005)
 * 小鳥がうたう、私もうたう. 静かな空に響くから (March 2, 2012)
 * にきたま (December 13, 2018)

title: Kahimi Karie


text:
Talk:Real-time Transport Protocol

On the layer
On Wiki-Page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_Model die RTP-Protocol is located on OSI-layer 4 (Transport) --> DoD-Layer 3 (together with UDP, TCP, DCCP, SCTP).

On this Wiki-Page the RTP is located in DoD-Layer 4 (Application Process).

In my opinion the latter is the correct one.

"RTP relies on the underlying protocol(s) to provide demultiplexing of RTP data and RTCP control streams." (RFC3550 67)

Since RTP itself does not supply any kind of multiplexing and it tranports RTCP (Monitoring and control QoS-paramters) it should not be assigned to layer 3.

How do you think about this?

A. Yes, I think you are right, definetely RTP, RTSP and RTCP do not belong to the transport level.

 * I have changed the category of these three protocols to category:application layer protocols. What OSI layer does the RSVP protocol have? Mange01 22:45, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

I do not agree with the change at all. IP goes over ARP, and it does not make a 3rd layer protocol. RTP is obviously a Transport protocol (it is even its name!), but since it belongs to a new generation, it subdivides the 3rd layer in 2. But if you don't believe me, believe the RFC 3550 self in its 1.Introduccion: Applications typically run RTP on top of UDP to make use of its multiplexing and checksum services; both protocols contribute parts of the transport protocol functionality. Wikipedia does not "think", just know. Please revert the changes. 22-2-07
 * someone should really fix this,it made me look stupid in front of my employees and i have no idea how to fix this myself89.1.24.220 23:04, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

I agree. No speculation on what layer it operates is required when the RFC is quite explicit. There are many examples of multiple protocols operating at the same layer, 802.2 LLC or SNAP are layer 2 operating with 802.3 or 802.5 etc. Do not confuse the encapsulation with layer of functionality.

 * We are still describing this as an application layer protocol. This is consistent with RFC 3550. It is important to be clear that the application layer we're talking about is per the Internet protocol suite. It looks like someone over at OSI model has decided that RTP is a session layer protocol. There's going to be some controversy about that because RTP is an IETF protocol so, strictly speaking, the OSI model does not apply. ~Kvng (talk) 21:27, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Usage?
What softwares and services are really using RTP? I suggest a section called Usage. Mange01 21:45, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added a sentence to the Overview section. ~Kvng (talk) 21:35, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Packet structure
Perhaps this section should be split up using 3rd-level headings.

Also, I think the format for the timestamp should be given. Comments? --AlastairIrvine 04:20, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Port Range
I think the port range specified in this article needs to be updated. The article states "Although there are no standards assigned, RTP is generally configured to use ports 16384-32767." This statement bit me in the behind a couple of weeks ago when I ran a packet capture for a customer during a voice call and the RTP was coming in using ports in the 39000 range. I had initially told the customer that as long as he opened up 16384-32767 for RTP, he would be ok, but on his VoIP calls he could not hear the person on the other end. He had his ISP open up ports all the way to 40000 and the problem was solved, no thanks to Wiki. I understand that the article states that RTP is "generally configured" to use that port range, which means that it is possible that the RTP will use ports outside of that range, but I thought that the range could at least be updated to be a bit more accurate if at all possible. I'm assuming that there is more information out there now to further increase the accuracy of the "general" range of RTP ports? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.47.34.74 (talk) 23:03, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

I agree that the port range 16384-32767 should come out unless somebody can provide a citation. I've searched the web looking for something to back it up and found nothing. I did find this, "IETF recommend ports 6970 to 6999", at the Wireshark wiki but I couldn't back that up either. --Exaudio (talk) 21:59, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This appears to have been resolved with a book citation: ports 1024-65535. ~Kvng (talk) 21:41, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Real-time Transport Protocol. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive {newarchive} to http://rtpmobile.sitesled.com

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:43, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Link no longer in EL section. ~Kvng (talk) 21:43, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Real-time Transport Protocol. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive {newarchive} to http://rtpmobile.sitesled.com

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:03, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Link no longer in EL section. ~Kvng (talk) 21:45, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Real-time Transport Protocol


text:
Palytoxin

Palytoxin, PTX or PLTX is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.

Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain. It has water-soluble and fat-soluble parts, 40 hydroxy groups and 64 chiral centers. Due to chirality and possible double bond cis-trans isomerism, it has over 1021 alternative stereoisomers. It is thermostable, and treatment with boiling water does not remove its toxicity. It remains stable in aqueous solutions for prolonged periods but rapidly decomposes and loses its toxicity in acidic or alkaline solutions. It has multiple analogues with a similar structure like ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxin-A and -B.

Palytoxin occurs at least in tropics and subtropics where it is made by Palythoa corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, or possibly by bacteria occurring in these organisms. It can be found in many more species like fish and crabs due to the process of biomagnification. It can also be found in organisms living close to palytoxin producing organisms like sponges, mussels, starfish and cnidaria.

People are rarely exposed to palytoxin. Exposures have happened in people who have eaten sea animals like fish and crabs, but also in aquarium hobbyists who have handled Palythoa corals incorrectly and in those who have been exposed to certain algal blooms.

Palytoxin targets the sodium-potassium pump protein by locking it into a position where it allows passive transport of both sodium and potassium ions, thereby destroying the ion gradient that is essential for life. Because palytoxin can affect every type of cell in the body, the symptoms can be very different for the various routes of exposure.

Palytoxin's planar chemical structure was solved in 1981 by two research groups independently from each other. Stereochemistry was solved in 1982. Palytoxin carboxylic acid was synthesized by Yoshito Kishi and colleagues in 1989 and actual palytoxin in 1994 by Kishi and Suh.

Legend
According to an ancient Hawaiian legend, on the island of Maui near the harbor of Hana there was a village of fishermen haunted by a curse. Upon their return from the sea, one of the fishermen would go missing. One day, enraged by another loss, the fishermen assaulted a hunchbacked hermit deemed to be the culprit of the town's misery. While ripping the cloak off the hermit the villagers were shocked because they uncovered rows of sharp and triangular teeth within huge jaws. A shark god had been caught. It was clear that the missing villagers had been eaten by the god on their journeys to the sea. The men mercilessly tore the shark god into pieces, burned him and threw the ashes into a tide pool near the harbor of Hana. Shortly after, a thick brown "moss" started to grow on the walls of the tide pool causing instant death to victims hit by spears smeared with the moss. Thus was the evil of the demon. The moss growing in the cursed tide pool became known as "limu-make-o-Hana" which literally means "seaweed of death from Hana." The Hawaiians believed that an ill curse came over them if they tried to collect the deadly "seaweed".

Discovery
Palytoxin was first isolated, named and described from Palythoa toxica by Moore and Scheuer in a study published in 1971. They measured that its molar mass is approximately 3300 g/mol. They also identified it to be the substance that was probably responsible for the toxicity of P. toxica, but it was uncertain at the time if the coral also had other toxic compounds in it. It was then assessed by Walsh and Bowers that the limu-make-o-Hana was not a seaweed but a zoanthid coral, subsequently described as Palythoa toxica. Moore and Scheuer were aware of the study that Walsh and Bowers were writing.

Structure and total synthesis
In 1978 by plasmadesorption the mass of the palytoxin was measured to be 2861 g/mol and that it had 8 double bonds. Because palytoxin is such a large molecule, it took some time before the complete structure (including stereochemistry) was elucidated. Uemura et al. solved its planar chemical structure first and published their results in January 1981. Shortly afterwards Moore and Bartolini solved the same structure and published their results in May 1981. Forementioned groups solved the structure independently from each other. Palytoxin's stereochemistry was solved first by Moore et al. in June 1982 and then by Uemura et al. in December in a study of four parts.

Palytoxin carboxylic acid was synthesized in 1989 by the group of Harvard professor Yoshito Kishi. Synthesis happened in 8 parts and then the parts were joined to form the carboxylic acid. In 1994 Kishi et al. succeeded in making the actual palytoxin from this carboxylic acid. The accomplishment of palytoxin carboxylic acid synthesis was described as "the Mount Everest of organic synthesis, the largest single molecule that anyone has ever even thought about making" by Crawford in 1989.

Direct observation of the crystal structure of palytoxin was made in 2022 using microcrystal electron diffraction and an antibody named scFv. Palytoxin is found to fold into a hairpin structure which, according to simulation, would facilitate its binding with the Na+/K+-ATPase.

Occurrence
Some of the organisms that contain palytoxin or its close analogues are listed below. These are either able to produce these compounds or have been found to contain them in some occasions due to bioaccumulation.

Such corals are Palythoa caribeaorum, P. mammilosa, P. tuberculosa, P. toxica, P. vestitus, P. aff. margaritae, Zoanthus soanderi and Z. sociatus.

Such dinoflagellates are Ostreopsis lenticularis, O. siamensis, O. mascarensis and O. ovata.

Such fish are scrawled filefish, pinktail triggerfish, Ypsiscarus ovifrons, Decapterus macrosoma (shortfin scad), bluestripe herring and Epinephelus sp.

Such crabs are Lophozosimus pictor, Demania reynaudii and gaudy clown crab.

Certain bacteria might be able to produce palytoxin and may be the actual producers in some of the organisms listed above. Bacteria that have some evidence of palytoxin or its analogue production include Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio sp. ja Aeromonas.

Mechanism
The toxicity of palytoxin is due to its binding to external part of Na+/K+-ATPase (the sodium–potassium pump), where it interacts with the natural binding site of ouabain with very high affinity. Na+/K+-ATPase is a transmembrane protein, which is found on the surface of every vertebrate cell. The sodium–potassium pump is necessary for viability of all cells, and this explains the fact that palytoxin affects all cells. Through this channel, which it forms within the sodium–potassium pump, monovalent positive ions such as sodium and potassium can diffuse freely, thereby destroying the ion gradient of the cell. Once palytoxin is bound to the pump, it flips constantly between open and normal conformations. The open conformation is more likely (over 90% probability). If palytoxin detaches, the pump will return to closed conformation. In open conformation, millions of ions diffuse through the pump per second, whereas only about one hundred ions per second are transported through a normally functioning transporter.

Loss of ion gradient leads to death and hemolysis of red blood cells, for example, and also to violent contractions of heart and other muscle cells.

First evidence of the mechanism described above was obtained in 1981 and the proposed mechanism was published in 1982. Because the mechanism of action of palytoxin was so unlike any other, it was initially not widely accepted. This was primarily because it was not expected that a pump which provides active transport, could become an ion channel by binding of a compound such as palytoxin. Therefore, there were some alternative hypotheses, which were reviewed by Frelin and van Renterghem in 1995. The breakthrough research which is seen as proof for the sodium–potassium pump mechanism was performed in yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These cells do not have the sodium–potassium pump, and hence palytoxin does not affect them. But once they were given the DNA to encode for complete sheep Na+/K+-ATPase, they were killed by palytoxin.

Toxicity
From intravenous (IV) animal studies the toxic dose (LD50) of palytoxin via IV for humans has been estimated by extrapolation to be between 2.3 and 31.5 micrograms (μg) of palytoxin. An acute oral reference dose has been suggested to be 64 μg for a person with weight of 60 kg. Acute reference dose means a dose that can be safely ingested over a short period of time, usually during one meal or one day.

In comparison to IV injection, the toxicity of palytoxin in various animals via intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are 2.5 and 4–30 times higher, respectively. Upon ingestion the toxicity in animals has been 200 times less than via IV. In the table below, there are listed some LD50 values for partially pure palytoxin obtained from different Palythoa. These values represent the amount of palytoxin required to kill half of the test animals. Values are in micrograms (μg) per kilogram of the animal's weight and have been measured 24 hours after the initial exposure.

An early toxicological characterization classified palytoxin as "relatively non-toxic" after intragastric administration to rats. The lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 40 μg/kg. The LD50 after parenteral administration was lower than 1 μg/kg. However the doubtful purity of this study increased because of uncertainty concerning the toxicological data. In 1974, the structure of palytoxin was not completely elucidated and the molecular weight was a lot higher (3300 Da instead of 2681 Da). A 2004 study discovered an LD50 of 510 μg/kg after intragastric administration in mice, but histological or biochemical information was missing. (Rhodes and Munday, 2004) Furthermore, palytoxin was not lethal to mice given an oral dose of 200 μg/kg. It was also found that palytoxin is very toxic after intraperitoneal injection. The LD50 in mice was less than 1 μg/kg. Because toxin-producing organisms spread to temperate climates and palytoxin-contaminated shellfish were discovered in the Mediterranean Sea a study was done to better define the toxic effects of palytoxin after oral exposure in mice. Palytoxin was lethal from 600 μg/kg doses. The number of deaths were dose-dependent and the LD50 calculated to be 767 μg/kg. This is comparable to the LD50 of 510 μg/kg referred by Munday (2008). The toxicity was not different if the mice had some food in their stomach. The oral toxicity is several times lower than the intraperitoneal toxicity. One of the possible causes of this behavior is that palytoxin is a very big hydrophilic molecule and therefore the absorption could be less efficient through the gastrointestinal tract than through the peritoneum. A recent study by Fernandez et al. further investigated on this issue using an in vitro model of intestinal permeability with differentiated monolayers of human colonic Caco-2 cells, confirming that palytoxin was unable to cross the intestinal barrier significantly, despite the damage the toxin exerted on cells and on the integrity of the monolayer. The same study also revealed that palytoxin does not affect tight-junctions on such cells. Palytoxin is most toxic after intravenous injection. The LD50 in mice is 0.045 μg/kg and in rats 0.089 μg/kg. In other mammals (rabbits, dogs, monkeys and guinea pigs) the LD50 is ranged between 0.025 and 0.45 μg/kg. They all died in several minutes from heart failure. The lethal dose for mice by the intratracheal route is above 2 μg/kg in 2 hours. Palytoxin is also very toxic after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. No toxicity is found after intrarectal administration. Palytoxin is not lethal when topically applied to skin or eyes. Palytoxin can travel in water vapor and cause poisoning by inhalation.

In this context, despite an increase in reports of palytoxin contaminated seafood in temperate waters (i.e., Mediterranean Sea), there are no validated and accepted protocols for the detection and quantification of this class of biomolecules. However, in recent years, many methodologies have been described with particular attention on the development of new techniques for the ultrasensitive detection of palytoxin in real matrix such as mussels and microalgae (based on LC-MS-MS or immunoassay ).

Symptoms
The symptoms of palytoxin poisoning and how quickly they appear depend partially on how much and through what route one has been exposed, e.g. if the poison has been inhaled or if the exposure has happened via skin.

In some non-lethal cases the symptoms in people have appeared in 6–8 hours after inhalation or skin exposure, and have lasted for 1–2 days. In different animals the symptoms have appeared in 30–60 minutes after intravenous injection and after 4 hours of eye-exposure.

The most common complication of severe palytoxin poisoning is rhabdomyolysis. This involves skeletal muscle breakdown and the leakage of intracellular contents into the blood. Other symptoms in humans are bitter/metallic taste, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mild to acute lethargy, tingling, slow heart rate, kidney failure, impairment of sensation, muscle spasms, tremor myalgia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress. In lethal cases palytoxin usually causes death by cardiac arrest via myocardial injury.

Exposure to aerosols of palytoxin analogue ovatoxin-a have resulted mainly in respiratory illness. Other symptoms caused by these aerosols included fever associated with serious respiratory disturbances, such as bronchoconstriction, mild dyspnea, and wheezes, while conjunctivitis was observed in some cases.

Clupeotoxism, poisoning after consuming clupeoid fish, is also suggested to be caused by palytoxin. Neurological and gastrointestinal disturbances are associated with clupeotoxism. Haff disease might be related to palytoxin and is characterized by rhabdomyolysis and gastrointestinal problems. In addition to ciguatoxin, palytoxin could be related to ciguatera seafood poisoning in some cases and thus give rise to a number of symptoms in this poisoning.

Treatment
There is no antidote for palytoxin. Only the symptoms can be alleviated.

Animal studies have shown that vasodilators, such as papaverine and isosorbide dinitrate, can be used as antidotes. The animal experiments only showed benefit if the antidotes were injected into the heart immediately following exposure.

Ingestion
There have been cases where people died after eating foods containing palytoxin or poisons similar to it. In the Philippines people died after eating Demania crabs. After eating bluestripe herring some people died in Madagascar. People who had eaten smoked mackerel and parrotfish experienced near fatal poisoning in Hawaii and Japan respectively.

Skin contact
There have been palytoxin poisonings through skin absorption e.g. in people who handled corals without gloves in their home aquariums in Germany and the USA.

Inhalation
Cases of inhalation are also known. A man inhaled palytoxin when he tried to kill a Palythoa in his aquarium with boiling water. In 2018, six people from Steventon, Oxfordshire, England were hospitalized after probable exposure by inhalation to "palytoxins" which were released by coral that was being removed from a personal aquarium. Four firefighters, who responded to the incident, were also hospitalized. The patients presented "flu-like symptoms" and eye-irritation. Also in 2018, a woman in Cedar Park, Texas was poisoned when she scraped growing algae from Palythoa polyps in her home aquarium. Other members of the family, including children, also reportedly fell ill. The woman described intense flu-like respiratory symptoms and high fever within hours of inhalation and was hospitalized. Confused physicians initially misdiagnosed the palytoxin poisoning to viral infection. The toxin also killed most of the fish in the aquarium. Many aquatic hobbyists purchase the coral for their bright coloring unaware of the toxins present and the danger of the toxin if it is disturbed. A similar event occurred in the UK in August 2019.

Mass poisonings
A formerly unknown derivative of palytoxin, ovatoxin-a, produced as a marine aerosol by the tropical dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata caused hundreds of people in Genoa, Italy, to fall ill. In 2005 and 2006 blooms of these algae occurred in the Mediterranean sea. All those affected needed hospitalization. Symptoms were high fever, coughs and wheezes.

title: Palytoxin


text:
Crown of Louis XV of France

The Crown of Louis XV is the sole surviving crown from the French ancien regime among the French Crown Jewels.

History
The crown was created for King Louis XV in 1722. It was used at his coronation and was embellished with diamonds from the Royal Collection.

The new crown was made by Laurent Ronde, the French Crown jeweller. It originally contained a collection of Mazarin Diamonds, the Sancy diamond in the fleur-de-lis at the top of the arches, and the famous 'Regent' diamond, which was set in the front of the crown, as well as hundreds of other precious diamonds, rubies, emeralds and sapphires.

All of France's about 20 crowns of the Ancient Regime, kept in the treasury of Saint-Denis, including the one said of Saint Louis or of Charlemagne, were destroyed in 1793 during the French revolution. The crown of Louis XV was the only one to survive and counts, with those of the 19th century, among the only six remaining French crowns. It was used by Charles X at his 1825 Coronation in Reims, the last occasion a French monarch was formally crowned.

In 1885 the French Third Republic decided to sell the Crown Jewels. Given its historic importance, the crown of Louis XV was kept, though its precious stones were replaced by glass.

It is on permanent display in the Louvre museum in Paris.

title: Crown of Louis XV of France


text:
Edda Moser

Edda Moser (born 27 October 1938) is a German operatic soprano. She was particularly well known for her interpretations of music by Mozart. Her 1973 recital LP Virtuose Arien von W.A. Mozart received the Grand Prix du Disque.

Life and career
Moser was born in Berlin, the daughter of the musicologist Hans Joachim Moser. She is aunt to cellist Johannes Moser and pianist Benjamin Moser. She studied at the Stern Conservatory with Hermann Weißenborn and Gerty König and made her debut as Kate Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1962. After singing in the Würzburg Opera Chorus from 1962 until 1963, she sang at the opera houses in Hagen, Bielefeld, Hamburg and Frankfurt, before joining the Vienna State Opera in 1971. She also sang in Salzburg.

She made her American debut in November 1968, when she appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in the role of Wellgunde in Das Rheingold. She went on to sing various roles there over nine seasons, including the parts of Donna Anna (Don Giovanni) and the Queen of the Night (The Magic Flute), as well as Liù in Puccini's Turandot.

She maintained an extensive repertoire, singing both coloratura and spinto soprano roles. She played Donna Anna in Joseph Losey's movie Don Giovanni. She was one of the original performers of Hans Werner Henze's oratorio Das Floß der Medusa which she created on disc because the intended premiere in Hamburg was cancelled after a classical music riot.

Opera News has said in a review of a series of recordings made in the 1980s that Moser could sing with a "finely controlled" legato."

After retiring from opera, Moser remained active as a recitalist during the late 1990s. She gave several concerts in Germany with Ivan Törzs at the piano (Dresden, Semperoper 1997, Stadttheater Gießen (1999) with programs ranging from Johann Adolph Hasse to Clara Schumann and Richard Strauss. She gave her farewell performance in Munich in 1999 at the Cuvilliés Theatre.

Edda Moser is involved in promoting the use of proper German instead of Denglisch. In 2006 she founded the yearly (Festival of German language). Three CDs documenting this festival have appeared thus far at the German publishing house Bastei Lübbe. She was also a professor of singing at the Hochschule für Musik in Cologne.

A recording by Moser of "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" from The Magic Flute was included on the Voyager Golden Record.

Operas and operettas (studio recordings)

 * Beethoven – Fidelio – Leonore
 * D'Albert – Die Abreise – Luise
 * Gluck – Orfeo ed Euridice – Amor
 * Gounod – Faust (in German Margarethe highlights) – Marguerite
 * Humperdinck – Hänsel und Gretel – Knusperhexe
 * Kálmán – Gräfin Mariza – Manja
 * Lehár – Giuditta – Giuditta
 * Lehár – Die lustige Witwe – Hanna Glawari
 * Leoncavallo – Pagliacci (Der Bajazzo) – Nedda
 * Mozart – Apollo et Hyacinthus – Hyacinthus
 * Mozart – Don Giovanni – Donna Anna
 * Mozart – Idomeneo – Elettra
 * Mozart – Der Schauspieldirektor – Mademoiselle Silberklang
 * Mozart – Die Zauberflöte – Königin der Nacht
 * Orff – Prometheus – Chorführerin I
 * Rameau – Hippolyte et Aricie – prêtresse, chasseresse
 * Schubert – Die Verschworenen – Gräfin Ludmilla
 * Schumann – Genoveva – Genoveva
 * O. Strauss – Ein Walzertraum – Franzi Steingrüber
 * Suppé – Boccaccio – Beatrice
 * Verdi – Don Carlos (in German, highlights) – Elisabetta
 * Wagner – Das Rheingold, Götterdämmerung – Wellgunde
 * Weber – Abu Hassan – Fatime

Sacred music

 * Bach – Magnificat (BWV 243)
 * Beethoven – Missa Solemnis
 * Handel – Brockes Passion
 * Mozart – Krönungsmesse
 * Mozart – Vesperae solennes de confessore

Concert arias and operatic recitals

 * Virtuose Arien von WA Mozart, Orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera, Munich, EMI Electrola 1C 063-29 082 (1 LP, issued 1973)
 * Works:
 * "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn, recitative and aria for the Queen of the Night from Die Zauberflöte''
 * "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen", aria for the Queen of the Night from Die Zauberflöte
 * Conductor: Wolfgang Sawallisch
 * "Popoli di Tessaglia!", K. 316, recitative and aria for soprano and orchestra
 * "Crudele? – Non mi dir, bell idol mio", recitative and aria for Donna Anna from Don Giovanni
 * "Ma che vi fece, o stelle ... Sperai vicino il lido", K. 368, recitative and aria for soprano and orchestra
 * "Martern aller Arten" from Die Entführung aus dem Serail
 * Conductor: Leopold Hager
 * Awards: Grand Prix du Disque; Schallplattenpreis der Mozartgemeinde Wien
 * Various other albums with Mozart Concert Arias on EMI and Berlin Classics (with Jeanette Scovotti)
 * Mendelssohn – "Infelice! Ah, ritorna, età felice", Op. 94
 * Opera Recital, arias from Tannhäuser, Oberon, Ariadne auf Naxos, Alceste, Rinaldo, Iphigenie en Tauride, La clemenza di Tito, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, conductor Peter Schneider
 * Wagner – arias (Isolde, Brünnhilde) Ljubljana Symphony Orchestra, conductor Anton Nanut

Live recordings
 * Handel – Rinaldo – Alcina (Met, 1984)
 * Henze – Novae de infinito laudes
 * Mozart – Don Giovanni – Donna Anna (Met, 1971)
 * Mozart – Mitridate – Aspasia
 * Verdi – Rigoletto – Gilda
 * Wagner – Die Walküre, first act – Sieglinde
 * The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983)

Anthologies
 * Great Moments of ... Edda Moser [EMI box set]
 * Edda Moser singt Mozart, EMI 2006

Other
Various albums on EMI with Lieder by Robert Schumann (Frauenliebe und -leben), Clara Schumann (Drei Lieder nach Friedrich Rückert), Brahms, Wolf (Mignon Lieder), Strauss (Brentano Lieder, Ophelia Lieder), Pfitzner and Schubert.

 * Cavalieri – Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo – Vita Mondana
 * Henze – Cantatas Being Beauteous, Cantata della Fiaba Estrema, Whispers from Heavenly Death
 * Henze – Das Floß der Medusa – La Mort
 * Haydn – Die Jahreszeiten – Hanne
 * Bruno Maderna – Studi per 'Il processo' di Franz Kafka
 * Schumann – Das Paradies und die Peri – Die Peri
 * Schumann – "Des Sängers Fluch", Op. 139
 * Schumann – Spanisches Liederspiel, Spanische Liebeslieder, Tragödie, Liebesfrühling, Minnespiel

Symphonies
 * Beethoven – 9th symphony
 * Mahler – 8th symphony

Spoken word
 * Fairy tales for Christmas by Hans Christian Andersen
 * Poems to the Moon (Mondgedichte)

title: Edda Moser


text:
Sovereign credit

Sovereign credit is the credit of a sovereign country backed by the financial resources of that state. Sovereign credit is the opposite of sovereign debt. Fiat money is sovereign credit and sovereign bonds are sovereign debts. When money buys bonds, sovereign credit cancels sovereign debt.

Sovereign credit rating agencies
Currently, the global credit rating industry is overseen by three prominent agencies known as sovereign credit rating agencies: Moody's, Fitch, and Standard & Poor's. These agencies, similar to the major credit bureaus in the United States for consumers such as Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion, possess a rich and extensive historical background.

Sovereign credit rating agencies play a crucial role in assessing and evaluating the creditworthiness of sovereign nations and their ability to meet their financial obligations. By assigning credit ratings to countries, these agencies provide valuable information to investors, governments, and financial institutions, aiding in decision-making processes and risk assessment within the international financial markets.

Moody's, Fitch, and Standard & Poor's are internationally recognized institutions with a longstanding presence in the field of sovereign credit rating. They have established comprehensive methodologies and frameworks to systematically analyze various factors that impact a country's creditworthiness, including economic indicators, fiscal policies, political stability, and other relevant financial metrics.

These agencies' assessments, often referred to as credit ratings or sovereign credit ratings, are widely considered as essential benchmarks for investors and lenders worldwide. Their ratings can influence borrowing costs for governments, impact exchange rates, and even affect the overall economic climate of a country.

It is worth noting that while these three agencies are the most prominent in the sovereign credit rating industry, there are other regional and specialized agencies that also provide credit ratings for specific countries or regions. However, Moody's, Fitch, and Standard & Poor's maintain a dominant position due to their extensive coverage, global recognition, and historical track record in evaluating sovereign credit.

Overall, the existence of sovereign credit rating agencies has significantly contributed to the transparency and efficiency of the international financial system, providing stakeholders with vital information to make informed decisions and manage risks associated with sovereign debt.

title: Sovereign credit


text:
Talk:The Lemonheads

Proposal for attribution of who "formed" the band
The current article reads as follows: "The Lemonheads are an American alternative rock band formed in 1986 by the singer/guitarist, Evan Dando [emphasis mine], who has been the band's only constant member." Whilst it is indeed true the Dando has been the only continual member of the band, to credit him alone with "forming" the band seems both inaccurate and misleading. In fact, Ben Deily and Evan Dando first started playing, writing and recording music together c. 1984-5, and jointly decided to invite a bass player (Peretz) to complete a trio configuration in mid-1986, the year in which their first recordings (initially as "The Whelps") and first public performances as Lemonheads took place. This core of three founders played on all of the first four Lemonheads releases, and performed all touring between 1986 and 1989.

I propose the following potential revision: "The Lemonheads are an American alternative rock band first formed in 1986 by Evan Dando, Ben Deily and Jesse Peretz. Dando has remained the band's only constant member."

Everyone cool with this is being accurate and appropriate? Thoughts? Withnail68 (talk) 20:57, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Looks good, and more accurate. It is true that Dando was only one of the three founders, and its only been in the post-TAANG! years that the band has essentially become "Dando and some other people".  The new lead looks good.  -- Jayron  32  17:46, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Just a Question on Chronology
This page notes that the Lemonheads' version of Mrs. Robinson was not issued until the '90s, but I distinctly remember it being used in the 1983 movie "Class", in the scene where the two classmates were driving up to Rob Lowe's character's family mansion for Christmas. Was that song out on a single before being included on an album? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gatorlynn (talk • contribs) 01:13, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

ANSWER: Actually, the band didn't come into existence until 1986, the year the band members graduated from High School (in 1983, Ben and Evan were freshman aged ~14 and 15, respectively, and had never recorded any music). So this is one of those not infrequent cases of mistaken-song identity...

(Wow, "Class." I remember it vaguely. That reference is an 80s deep cut if ever there was one...) :-) Withnail68 (talk) 16:54, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Hoping to avert an edit war... :-)
Perhaps Alex 101 and the anonymous editor/82.152.122.201 (which, by the way, never helps w/credibility...just FYI) can settle this dispute about Varshons and release dates and so forth simply by citing verifiable (Verifiability) sources of some kind? Otherwise this kind of thing tends to kinda turn into a shouting match. :-) I'm sure you both have reasons to believe your info is correct, so the best wikipedian way to work this out would probably be to cite the sources for yer respective points of view, and settle on the most credible/verifiable...um, I'm just saying, is all. Go team! Withnail68 (talk) 14:57, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Wish I did have a source I could point to, but sadly a leaked press release with an incorrect release date of September has been quoted here, there and everywhere and the label who will be releasing the record (who aren't Vagrant, no idea why nobody has picked up that aspect of the press release) aren't publishing an official release date at the moment. I suppose I'll have to gracefully bow out for now, though it's very frustrating to see the incorrect information up on the page, folks waiting for the album in September are bound to be disappointed. 82.152.122.201 (talk) 19:07, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Have updated the page to reflect the fact that the album wasn't released on the 13th.(82.152.122.201 (talk)

November 14th: Am I gonna have to separate you two? I WILL pull this wikipedia over, I swear. :-] Play nice. (Time will doubtless settle when/if the next releases arrive...I'm sure we all know about Rock & Roll Standard Time, and its discontents. Meanwhile, perhaps we could avoid too much unsourced speculation, think like encyclopedia writers, and try to keep the tone civil... :-) Withnail68 (talk) 14:46, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Also in re: Varshons
I removed reference to Christina Aguilera cover as "more surprisingly." Not the least bit surprising, actually, from a band among whose first covers was a kitsch version of Suzanne Vega's "Luka," as well as copious similar cross-genre covers: Patsy Cline, Linda Ronstadt, Simon & Garfunkel, etc...Aguilera sounds par for the course. (Looking forward to hearing it, actually...) :-) Withnail68 (talk) 14:28, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * 82.152.122.201, the user who described the Christina Aguilera cover as "more surprisingly", has been vandalizing the page for the last couple days. He deserves a ban because he repeatedly removes the paragraph about a new studio album (with original material) that was intended to follow their self-titled record. Alex (talk) 14:37, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Just to say, I (82.152.122.201) didn't add the bit about the Beautiful cover being surprising, as I agree with Withnail68 that it's not! Also, I don't think constantly using a 10 month old article as a source for the new album of original material is valid. Plans change, and the only album currently confirmed is the covers album. 82.152.122.201 (talk) 19:11, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Wrong info on new album
Someone keeps adding that the album Varshons will be release on Vagrant which is incorrect, label is still to be announced. Also the release date of September 08 is not confirmed but keeps being added as a fact. Also, someone keeps adding that a new studio album is due out next year, citing the punknews website as a reference, although that article is actually talking about Varshons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.122.201 (talk) 16:55, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't that be "were an indie, alternative and punk band..."?

It should be changed back to "are" NOT "were", as they are in the studio at the moment working on a new album.

What the hell, I though Evan Dando was dead. Shows what I know. Was there someone like him who committed suicide in like 93 or something (not Cobain) who I am confusing him with? 128.175.205.52 07:12, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, Vince Foster. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.213.39.45 (talk) 18:36, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Who does what in this band?
The article does not mention which of the members plays which instrument(s), and I would think a Members section would be useful (in the infobox, too). Therefore, I have changed the WikiProject Biography assessment from B to Start. Regards, BNutzer 14:53, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Lemonheads article from 1992 in Melody Maker republished by Crawdaddy
(Full disclosure: I am an editor at Crawdaddy, where this was published. But, to abide with COI guidelines, I am not posting anything on the wikipage itself, just letting editors know about the source.) Lemonheads: Jangle Pop, Punk Rock, and Pin-up CharmThanks for your time Asst. Editor, Crawdaddy! FenderRhodesScholar | Talk 17:03, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Record Company List incomplete
Fire records claim in various places to have handled The Lemonheads at various times in their career. Should they be added to the list or be included in a new section on the various people who have tried to take credit for The Lemonhead success http://www.firerecords.com/site/index.php?page=artists&artistid=00000000049 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.69.68.255 (talk) 19:43, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Lemonheads


text: User talk:210.80.248.89

title: User talk:210.80.248.89


text:
Montes Secchi

Montes Secchi (Latin for "Secchi Mountains") is a minor range of lunar mountains located near the northwestern edge of Mare Fecunditatis. This roughly linear formation of low ridges grazes the northwestern outer rim of the crater Secchi, the formation from which this range gained its name. This crater is named after Angelo Secchi, a 19th-century Italian astronomer. The ridges trend from southwest to northeast.

In the vicinity of Montes Secchi is Mount Marilyn, a distinctly triangular mountain formation. It was named in 1968 by Apollo 8 astronaut Jim Lovell, after his wife. The name was not approved by the IAU until July 26, 2017. Before its approval, it was known as Secchi Theta.

The selenographic coordinates of the range midpoint are 2.4° N, 43.6° E, and they lie within a diameter of 50 km. This is smaller than the diameter of the crater Taruntius, located to the northeast of the mountains.

title: Montes Secchi


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Dorset

The ceremonial county of Dorset (which comprises the two unitary authorities of Dorset and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole) is divided into 8 parliamentary constituencies: 3 borough constituencies and 5 county constituencies.

2024
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final recommendations were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission proposed retaining the eight current constituencies in Dorset, with minor boundary changes to reflect changes to ward boundaries following the reorganisation of local government authorities within the county.

Containing electoral wards from Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole

 * Bournemouth East
 * Bournemouth West
 * Christchurch (part)
 * Mid Dorset and North Poole (part)
 * Poole

Containing electoral wards from Dorset (unitary authority)

 * Christchurch (part)
 * Mid Dorset and North Poole (part)
 * North Dorset
 * South Dorset
 * West Dorset

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Dorset in the 2024 general election were as follows:

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Dorset in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
Note that before 1983 Dorset did not include the Bournemouth and Christchurch areas (see below). 11950-1979: Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Accurate vote percentages are not applicable for the 1918 election because one candidate stood unopposed.

Seats
11950-1979: Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

1885 to 1918
1original candidate, F. Guest (Lib), disqualified; fresh by-election held June 1910


text: User talk:69.208.168.209

title: User talk:69.208.168.209