text:
Håkan Mild

Stig Håkan Mild (born 14 June 1971) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. He is best remembered for his time with IFK Göteborg, with which he won four Swedish Championships. A full international between 1991 and 2001, he won a total of 74 caps for the Sweden national team and was a part of the Sweden team that finished third at the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He also represented his country at the 1992 Summer Olympics and UEFA Euro 2000.

Club career
Born in Trollhättan, Västra Götaland, Mild started his career with the local club Trollhättans FK, and was early on scouted by the at that time leading Swedish club IFK Göteborg which he joined in 1988. He made his debut in the first team of IFK Göteborg the same year, in a friendly match against IF Elfsborg, 29 September. He played his first league game the following season, when he came on as a substitute against Halmstads BK, 26 July. He then scored his first goal in a competitive match in 1990, and became Swedish champion for the first time that same year, playing in a majority of the club's matches during the season.

He became a regular in the team and won another championship title the next season, as well as winning Svenska Cupen. He also scored his first goal in Allsvenskan in 1991, and played four matches in the European Cup. He was at the time a member of the Swedish Olympic team that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, where he played all four matches. He returned to European football and played all ten matches in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League, against amongst others A.C. Milan and FC Porto. Mild also scored a goal against Lech Poznań in the qualifying round of the tournament. He became Swedish champion with IFK again in 1993.

Håkan Mild then moved abroad to Swiss club Servette FC where he won the Swiss Super League title the first season. He then played in the 1994 World Cup, where he was substituted on in two games, and played the last three games—quarter-final, semi-final and third place match—from start scoring one goal and assisting one. He returned to Servette FC to play another season but his first visit on the continent was not very successful and he returned to IFK Göteborg for the second half of the 1995 season. He led the club to another Swedish Championship the following season, but left the club again, this time to play in Spain and Real Sociedad.

He played 49 matches in Primera Division over two seasons, and was a member of the squad that finished third in 1997–98, the club's best result during the 1990s. He returned home to Gothenburg and IFK a second time, but had to tamper with injury problems the second half of 1998. He played another three seasons before trying his luck in another club abroad, this time Wimbledon F.C. in England. This proved to be his least successful stay abroad, playing only nine matches over a little more than one season. The low, but undisclosed, fee for his transfer to Wimbledon gave Mild a bad conscience, so he chose to not accept the almost 500,000 SEK (around US$50,000 at that time) of match bonuses he had not yet been paid. This, amongst other things, has given Håkan Mild a special status amongst the IFK fans.

He returned in time to help IFK stay in Allsvenskan during the worst season of the club since 1976—when the club played in Division 2—as they barely avoided relegation by winning a play-off after the season's end. Mild then played another three seasons, partially interrupted by injury problems. He played his last match 11 December 2005 home against FC Lyn Oslo in the Royal League tournament, and his name was sung during all 90 minutes of the match, as a final farewell. He then assumed the position of director of sports in the club.

He played a total of 459 matches over 18 years for IFK Göteborg, and is regarded as one of the club's greatest players ever not only due to his work on the field, but also for his club spirit, leader qualities and work ethics. He has only represented one Swedish club on higher levels, and statements such as "IFK is my home" and "IFK has always meant so much to me that it sometimes has become a problem" has only cemented the view on him amongst supporters as one of the greatest.

International career
He played 74 games for the Swedish national team, scoring eight goals, and besides participation in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics, he also played in Euro 2000.

Personal life
In 2001, he did a running test called the Pacer test and scored a record high of 19.2 which is the best ever recorded.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mild goal.

Honours
IFK Göteborg Sweden Individual
 * Allsvenskan: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996
 * Svenska Cupen: 1991
 * Royal League runner-up: 2004–05
 * FIFA World Cup third-place: 1994
 * Årets Ärkeängel: 1999

title: Håkan Mild


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Collection of chess problems

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 05:37, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Collection of chess problems
Mere collection of chess problems doesn't belong to encyclopedia. More appropriate place for this stuff is e.g. Wikibooks. Andreas Kaufmann 21:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Delete. Andreas Kaufmann 6 July 2005 14:23 (UTC)
 * Delete doesn't even show the problems directly but links to yet another page on the subject. - Mgm|(talk) 11:14, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as Mgm says, all it does is link to tactical chess problems which doesn't look like it should be hanging around either. Dcarrano 17:07, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete useless royblumy 21:37, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aferba

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:09, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Aferba
Doesn't appear to be a real word. No hits on Google. --TheParanoidOne 21:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, concur. Nateji77 12:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nice idea, but unverified... UkPaolo 16:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aferba


text:
User talk:Andrew Mackenzie

Andrew David Mackenzie, born 11 October 1966 in Raigmore Hospital, Inverness. From Bonar Bridge, in Sutherland, North of Scotland.

Studied in Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, graduating in 1988. Now living in Barcelona, Spain.

I started the article on Bonar Bridge.

License tagging for Image:Engraving of first telford bridge at bonar.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Engraving of first telford bridge at bonar.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 05:05, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Photo's
Hi Andrew I am Foxie001 of the dutch wikipedia. I have created there an article about Bonar Bridge (mostly thanks to your article) and I'd like to add some photo's but I'can't add yours because they are not on commons. They would really improve my article so would you like to put them on commons? Foxie001 (talk) 17:06, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Ann Henderson Graduation Photo.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Ann Henderson Graduation Photo.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. ww2censor (talk) 23:18, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Spelling
Some of your photos have the spelling "incribed", should be "inscribed". Do a search for
 * containing . ..
 * "incribed"

and fix those you can. 109.151.135.121 (talk) 04:43, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrew Mackenzie


text:
Kid Auto Races at Venice

Kid Auto Races at Venice (also known as The Pest) is a 1914 American film starring Charles Chaplin. It is the first film in which his "Little Tramp" character makes an appearance before the public. The first film to be produced that featured the character was actually Mabel's Strange Predicament; it was shot a few days before Kid Auto Races but released two days after it; this film, meanwhile, was released only five days after the first film in which Chaplin appeared, Making a Living. Kid Auto Races was inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress on December 14, 2020.

Plot
Made by Keystone Studios and directed by Henry Lehrman, the movie portrays Chaplin as a spectator at a "pushcar" race in Venice, Los Angeles. The film was shot during the Junior Vanderbilt Cup, an actual race with Chaplin and Lehrman improvising gags in front of real-life spectators.

The film is presented at first like a genuine newsreel, with Chaplin's attention-seeking spectator getting in the way of the camera, causing great frustration to the cameraman. Lehrman begins by roughly pushing an obnoxiously persistent Chaplin away, but eventually he starts knocking Chaplin to the ground.

Unusually, the camera breaks the fourth wall to show a second camera filming (as though it were the first) in order to better explain the joke. At this stage, Chaplin gets in the way only of the visible camera on screen, not the actual filming camera. In this way, the filming camera takes on a spectator's viewpoint, and Kid Auto Races becomes one of the first public films to show a movie camera and cameraman in operation.

Cast

 * Charlie Chaplin – The Tramp
 * Henry Lehrman – Film Director
 * Frank D. Williams – Cameraman
 * Gordon Griffith – Boy
 * Billy Jacobs – Boy
 * Charlotte Fitzpatrick – Girl
 * Thelma Salter – Girl

Reviews
In the year that the film was released, a reviewer from the silent movie periodical Bioscope wrote, "Some sensational happenings are witnessed during the contests between the baby cars, while the funny man persistently obstructs the eager cameramen in their operations." A reviewer from the silent movie periodical The Cinema noted, "Kid Auto Races struck us as about the funniest film we have ever seen. When we subsequently saw Chaplin in more ambitious efforts, our opinion that the Keystone Company had made the capture of their career was strengthened. Chaplin is a born screen comedian; he does things we have never seen done on the screen before."

Junior Vanderbilt Cup
By 1914, the Vanderbilt Cup had become an important automobile racing event in the United States, and the 1914 event was to be held in Santa Monica, California. The city decided to sponsor a junior version of the event, with several classes, zero-cylinder pushcars, one-cylinder engines, two-cylinder engines, and with age limits for the drivers. Some classes had no engines and used a ramp to accelerate the cars in a manner similar to soap box derby races. Other classes used small engines. Chaplin's movie includes one scene shot at the bottom of the ramp used for the engineless races. There is no evidence that Junior Vanderbilt Cups were held either before or after the 1914 event. Actual silver cups were awarded.

title: Kid Auto Races at Venice


text:
Talk:Mangonel

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Durova  (talk • contribs)  Revision as of 17:19, 6 March 2006

Suppressed the simplified image
Looked like nothing at all not even a catapult! The image on the French side is much better. Please note that the old image didn't look like having a moving part, instead the moving arm look permanently attached to its ending point! Even more there is no space for a rotation of an eventual bottom weight!! I can't believe it, and this childish image got copied in all 3 major languages Englis, French and German (did not touch that one! I am not fluent enough in German to explain the reasons !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ). Looks like wikispam !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Please watch these pages!

Propose merge

 * Please, everyone,
 * even if you have no wiki account, sign your post before saving with four tilde characters like: '~'  and then save.

I propose that we merge the Onager (siege weapon) article into this one. Onager and Mangonel are functionally the same. Some authors say onager is a sort of nick-name for the mangonel, so the latter should remain. DonSiano 15:45, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree. That would make sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.104.176.149 (talk • contribs) 05:34, 24 February 2006

They are not the same try looking at other sites —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.30.93.81 (talk • contribs) Revision as of 10:32, 21 March 2006

I would oppose the merger, though the belief that they are the same weapon is encouraged by some sloppy writing in the articles. The onager was a Roman weapon, while the mangonel was a much later (and simpler, and probably less effective) medieval weapon of similar construction. That medieval users believed the mangonel to be equivalent to a Roman onager doesn't make it so. --Llewdor 21:37, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Onager means "wild ass" and was the Roman nickname for a mangonel. True, Later medieval weapons were probably badly made and less efficient but both had the same working principles - 5 April 2007

I couldn't agree more with Llewdor here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.56.9.29  (talk • contribs)  Revision as of 23:23, 28 March 2006

I would have to disagree with merging them because the Onager was a small short to medium range (relatively speaking) artilery weapon. Llewdeor is correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.192.233.71  (talk • contribs)  Revision as of 01:00, 6 April 2006

If the mangonel and onager are claimed to be essentially different devices, then it must be known what that difference is. I claim that no one knows a difference in the action of the two devices (I don't mean range, name or when used) that is supported by historical evidence. They both appear to have a single arm with a sling and pouch, powered by a single bundle of twisted ropes, with a stopping beam to stop the rotation of the arm. They seem to me to be essentially the same device, and I stand by the proposal to merge. DonSiano 11:35, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Llewdor is correct, the onager was Roman artillery/siege weapon commonly used as a support weapon on the battlefield. The mangonel was a medieval weapon commonly used as a defensive weapon in seiges because its small size allowed it to easily be placed on towers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.174.125.2  (talk • contribs)  Revision as of 12:55, 11 April 2006

Mangonels and onagers are as different as catapults are from trebuchets. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.174.124.64  (talk • contribs)  Revision as of 13:01, 26 April 2006

Excuse my saying so but that is the rongest thing I have heard... There are no "catapults" as you call them, there are only the names of each catapult, which *can* be described as catapults, so you could say that which you said as: "they are as difrent as trebuchets from trebuchets... I say that they are besicly the same, though mangonels usually use slings and onagers usually use a scoop like ammunition throer... Nathaniel 20:57, 2 July 2006 (UTC)nathaniel749Nathaniel 20:57, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

I concur with DonSiano. I poked through some other references, and cannot find any major discrepancies between the two. If you could explain how mangonels and onagers are as different as catapults are from trebuchets, that would shed some light on this issue. I think it would serve the users best if the two articles were merged into one, and a section added to explain the minor differences. Spamman272 16:54, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree with spamman... It seems that the majority think that they are the same, with the same opinion in my case. If anyone can not tell the difference between the two, I believe that they should not tell that they are different. They both have the same frame, have a single firing arm with a sling, powered by a single bundle of twisted ropes. So if anyone can tell the difference between the two I will be budged if when I do research on your reason that it is true. Medieval Master 20:01, 3 July 2006 (UTC)Nathaniel749Medieval Master 20:01, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree. The mangonel and onager rely totally on the same rope tortion power, and both have a buttress and sling. Generaly the mangonel would have a different frame, but this is very similar to the different types of trebuchet. IE: the da vici and the norman varieties.

Oppose
Although alike, the onager came after the mangonel, they are different. Mushrooms777 00:04, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

They are different things, should we merge chedder cheese with cheez whiz because they are both cheese? I think not. Braden 00:54 may 11th 2006

Surely there must have been some significant alterations to the original onager design before it came to the field as the mangonel over 1000 years of use...So, unless we can be absolutely sure that they were precisely the same design and were used in the exactly same way, they should be on separate pages. My resources are limited, so I hope someone else will be able to do the necessary research here. Antimatter 00:43, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

The Onager was a Roman siege weapon, having it's very name being Latin (language of the Romans, if I'm not mistaken) and that should be enough to end this. However, I would like to point out that the Mangonel (or the portable Mangoneau) came much later, and the name is French. --64.90.77.75 05:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)Nick

"the onager and mangonel are the same weapon because they both throw ammunition using a single arm and twisted ropes"? that's like saying because two pistols both have four-inch barrels, have a hammer that strikes the firing pin, and use a delayed-blowback recoil feature, they're both the same weapon--but no mention is made if one has a barrel made of plastic and the other has a barrel made of steel, thus ensuring you blow your face off when firing it. half of you are saying that without conclusive evidence it can't be said they're different--what happened to the spirit of science? if it's not proven they're different, it's equally true they're not proven to be the same, and thus should be researched in full before anything is decided lest everyone look like retards when the proof is, in fact, shown.--216.12.107.254 05:51, 12 July 2006 (UTC)erik (THANKYOU, from the year 2015, above...though the article still treats mangonels mostly as either a catapulta or a mixed, Trebukett-Catapult medieval variation. Well, whatever).

Although the onager is similar to the mangonel, they have differences, therefore they should not be combined and viewed as the same thing. These two weapons should only be combined if EVERY detail about them is the exact same, which they are not. You wouldn't combine a page about plastic with a page about glass because they are both used for drinking cups. It would be possible to provide a link of the page on the other's page, but it is not alright to say these two weapons are the same, they are only SIMILAR at most.--Bert

I think merging the articles is a bad idea because mangonel not only refers to the roman onager but (occasionally) also a variety of medieval catapults/trebuckets/petraries69.200.228.170 (talk) 04:48, 18 November 2015 (UTC) which (may have) worked in a similar way to a trebuchet. Mangonel could been a roman nickname for onager, but that doesn't meen it IS an onager.

Waiting to Grok
Needs Careful Researching —initial reaction—This would obfusticate the time distinction, which is historically important. If we want to do a half-assed job, we can go edit 'Encarta' or 'Grolier' (written for grade four to six). The Romans and the Byzantines certainly used 'Onagers' from shipboard — so the one term is Roman, one is much later, obviously French— and Merging, if different, imho, is against the purpose of the encyclopedia, basic education. So, both are torsion engines, iirc, the Onager was wheeled. The guideline, WP:Btw doesn't say anything about combining two articles operating using similar principles, it says to connect them. Another Foundation Goal, you know, those unimportant guys paying the bills , is to have an article for every article in ALL other major encyclopedia's.

I'd been all set against the merge the above, but my in house library doesn't run to seige machines. I want to look in some library books, as online has really slowed down, and I prefer to check this sort of 'split hair' via vetted authoritative sources, not some web enthusiasts understanding. If anyone can cite a link or three from good university papers and such research resources, that would help. This kind of page, has no authority. Best regards, Fra nkB 20:24, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Note: Mangonels/Onagers (torsion powered, preferably using human hair in the medieval period), Catapults (traction powered through a tisted skein), and Trebuckets/Trebuchets have long been assumed to be three separate classes of Engine (not that onagers and mangonels are precisely the same). (Please see the link 'onager physics' for those who don't understand the difference between a catapulta and an Onager). There are THREE separate main classes of petrary, and a lack of understanding of that, by all parties' appears to hamper this page. Mangonels still seem to be a redesign from a separate period, so I opppose collapsing Onager into Mangonel, at least as of now, with the traction/torsion question probably never to decided, for mangonels, with certainty. But let's get that basic down, at least--much of this page describes 'medieval mangonels' as a compromise between onagers and trebukets* when what is actually meant appears to be a compromise between CATAPULTA and trebuchets. *Spelling/pronunciation note (the hard 'c' and 't'): the original/standard pronunciation of Trebuchet is roughly 'Trebukett'(only with a bit of old french accent, maybe). It came from hard-consonanted-Norse-influenced NORMAN FRENCH into English [and into the extinct 'Anglo-Norman' of 12th century French-English warriors], thus my nonstandard spelling of it, on occasion, so as to avoid reinforcing modern television's Parisian "sight-pronunciation" 'Trebooshay'...which is a little weird (and also indicative of ignorance on the basic subject by the producers, not that that's like, news, these days). Anyway, it's just the same reason we have 'Castle' as the word for traditional-stone-fortress in English, but 'Chateau' in France (yes, 'chateaux' are castles as well as houses). That's all.69.200.228.170 (talk) 04:48, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

CONTRADICTION
the first lines state than a mangonel had less range than a trebuchet, however the range of a mangonel is listed as 'up to 400 meters', whereas the range of a trebuchet (on its page trebuchet is listed as 300 meters. :þ clsours  ¡Æ! 01:35, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Additionally, the article states "The mangonel had better accuracy than a trebuchet" but also "Its unpredictable, yet powerful strikes were best suited to hitting broad, non-moving targets such as buildings or walls."68.219.14.171 20:02, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Picture?
I no.174.52|talk]]) 00:48, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Xx mIii anoniempje:D:D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.24.60.192 (talk) 15:12, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

no

burning sand
Could this statement be clarified (burning sand?) and given some support (citation, etc.)? "Mangonels might also have thrown burning sand at enemies, the hot sand would enter openings in armor, leading to painful burning or death." — Robert Greer (talk) 13:49, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I have doubts that they were used for that purpose, but that is a description of what hot sand does. Take a look at early thermal weapons for more info and refernces. Wandalstouring (talk) 08:03, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Quite possibly completely wrong?
The newer stuff I have read indicates that the mangonel is a kind of trebuchet, and is not a torsion catapult at all. I will see what I can dig up. Meanwhile, this article has no citations whatsoever, and it certainly needs some. Megalophias (talk) 05:54, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

I find this a very poor Wikipedia article. Most of what I have read, have considered the mangonel to be a torsion machine, similar to a onager. Until I read this article, I never knew that some regarded the mangonel as a kind of traction trebuchet. At the very least, the article should mention that some mangonels could have been torsion devices similar to the onager. Most of this article should be scrapped - a brief discussion of the mangonel could refer to either a torsion device like the onager, or a traction trebuchet, and provide links to those 2 sites, scrap the rest of the article.

How does the Mangonel work?!
There is no information about how the mangonel works. Is it a torsion engine, or does it use the gravitational power, like the trebuchet? This information need to be added to make the article complete in my opinion. --Kri (talk) 22:09, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Separated opinions about what a mangonel is
The mangonel doesn't seem to represent a single type of catapult, but varies in shape and function from source to source (see

). For example, some sources see the mangonel as a trebuchet while other sources sees it as a torsion engine. A quick Google Image Search however, seem (it has to be considered that Google image search does not only find professional works) to show that the majority of today’s sources see the mangonel as a synonym to the onager (see ). --Kri (talk) 14:54, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it isn't really certain. However, the more modern stuff I've read says the mangonel is a trebuchet, at least in later use. In earlier Byzantine stuff it (manganon) is pretty vague, I gather. I'm going to leave the (rather dubious) medieval onager stuff here for now, though it badly needs references, and readers can go to trebuchet for that interpretation. I will add a couple of references for mangonel=counterweight artillery. Megalophias (talk) 00:27, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Medieval mangonel
I've done some serious research and I've found a book called Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (Dictionary of French architecture from the eleventh to the sixteenth century) in the Volume 5, Engines it shows a picture similar to "Catapulta DER 1962.PNG" and it is called baliste or ballista, and later on is talks about the mangonel and depicts it as a fixed counter weight siege engine in wich part of the impulse to throw the proyectiles comes from men pulling ropes attached to the counter weight, it was similar to a trebuchet and also used a sling to add velocity to the proyectiles. Here's a link to the page: [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIe_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_-_Tome_5,_Engin#Engins_offensifs_avant_l.27artillerie_.C3.A0_feu. Ofensive siege engines before artillery (French)]

Mbartelsm (talk) 17:38, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mangonel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.mangonel.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050309223938/http://198.144.2.125/siege/OtherSiegeEngines/OtherSiegeEngines.htm to http://198.144.2.125/Siege/OtherSiegeEngines/OtherSiegeEngines.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060220131012/http://www.algobeautytreb.com/ to http://www.algobeautytreb.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:21, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Wrong link in the beginning of article
In the very beginning, there is a link called "onager". This link redirects to an article about a donkey and not about the article about the siege weapon, which also exists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tobiasfeil1993 (talk • contribs) 12:50, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:59, 25 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Late 7th century Transoxanian depiction of a traction trebuchet.gif

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:50, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Five whirlwind trebuchets wjzy.jpg
 * Wheeled trebuchet wjzy.jpg

How does it work?
The article explains that the mangonel did not operate by torsion, but doesn't actually explain how it did work. From the pictures, it looks like a team of men (how many?) pulled on ropes (horizontally? vertically?). What was the leverage situation - were the men pulling the ropes an arm's length, or were they hauling for multiple steps across the ground? A discussion of this sort of thing - how it worked - would be useful. SSSheridan (talk) 19:41, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

What is a TRACTION thrower?
This is infuriating. In three articles ("Mangonel", "Torsion siege engine" and "Torsion mangonel myth") to find out what it means when someone says "That's not a torsion thrower. That's a TRACTION thrower". I also TRIED to go to "Traction siege engine") but that just goes to "Mangonel". I don't enjoy being teased and played with by someone who is VERY CAREFULLY avoiding ANY description of what a Traction thrower IS and how it works. We're only told what it ISN'T and that it works by "traction" and not "torsion", but what does that even mean? It explains nothing. The extent of my donations to Wikipedia is this: I tell you when you are abysmal, for free, as in the present instance, and that is ALL I WILL EVER donate until you clean up your act! If you want to say that some TRACTION thrower differs from a TORSION thrower, you must explain what EACH OF THEM ARE! What is it, like a military secret or something? You'll go to prison if you breathe a word of it?2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 09:20, 9 December 2023 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

Lede Picture is Misleading
If you hover over the link to this article in any of those for medieval battles, you see this little toy thing that looks like it might, on a good day, throw a pebble. Yes, the caption says it's a miniature model, but no one sees that in the preview. Is there really no better picture we could use at the top of the article? Could we perhaps use this from commons? The wall in the background gives it scale. Otherwise, how about the "Russian reconstruction" pic lower in the article? Cheers, Last1in (talk) 12:54, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mangonel


text:
User talk:Crystalion

I am very much pro-Wiki and Wikipedia but have yet to decide upon a level of time commitment and involvement here. I thought, as I'm about to strongly encourage my daughter to browse here regularly, that I ought to at least register. You're welcome to email me. Crystalion 21:34, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Well, so far it looks like I'm tempted to create entries for "memory palace" and Tragerwork. Crystalion 09:29, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crystalion


text:
Error catastrophe

Error catastrophe refers to the cumulative loss of genetic information in a lineage of organisms due to high mutation rates. The mutation rate above which error catastrophe occurs is called the error threshold. Both terms were coined by Manfred Eigen in his mathematical evolutionary theory of the quasispecies.

The term is most widely used to refer to mutation accumulation to the point of inviability of the organism or virus, where it cannot produce enough viable offspring to maintain a population. This use of Eigen's term was adopted by Lawrence Loeb and colleagues to describe the strategy of lethal mutagenesis to cure HIV by using mutagenic ribonucleoside analogs.

There was an earlier use of the term introduced in 1963 by Leslie Orgel in a theory for cellular aging, in which errors in the translation of proteins involved in protein translation would amplify the errors until the cell was inviable. This theory has not received empirical support.

Error catastrophe is predicted in certain mathematical models of evolution and has also been observed empirically.

Like every organism, viruses "make mistakes" (or mutate) during replication. The resulting mutations increase biodiversity among the population and help subvert the ability of a host's immune system to recognise it in a subsequent infection. The more mutations the virus makes during replication, the more likely it is to avoid recognition by the immune system and the more diverse its population will be (see the article on biodiversity for an explanation of the selective advantages of this). However, if it makes too many mutations, it may lose some of its biological features which have evolved to its advantage, including its ability to reproduce at all.

The question arises: how many mutations can be made during each replication before the population of viruses begins to lose self-identity?

Basic mathematical model
Consider a virus which has a genetic identity modeled by a string of ones and zeros (e.g. 11010001011101....). Suppose that the string has fixed length L and that during replication the virus copies each digit one by one, making a mistake with probability q independently of all other digits.

Due to the mutations resulting from erroneous replication, there exist up to 2L distinct strains derived from the parent virus. Let xi denote the concentration of strain i; let ai denote the rate at which strain i reproduces; and let Qij denote the probability of a virus of strain i mutating to strain j.

Then the rate of change of concentration xj is given by

 * $$\dot{x}_j = \sum_i a_i Q_{ij} x_i$$

At this point, we make a mathematical idealisation: we pick the fittest strain (the one with the greatest reproduction rate aj) and assume that it is unique (i.e. that the chosen aj satisfies aj > ai for all i); and we then group the remaining strains into a single group. Let the concentrations of the two groups be x, y with reproduction rates a>b, respectively; let Q be the probability of a virus in the first group (x) mutating to a member of the second group (y) and let R be the probability of a member of the second group returning to the first (via an unlikely and very specific mutation). The equations governing the development of the populations are:

\begin{cases} \dot{x} = & a(1-Q)x + bRy \\ \dot{y} = & aQx + b(1-R)y \\ \end{cases} $$

We are particularly interested in the case where L is very large, so we may safely neglect R and instead consider:

\begin{cases} \dot{x} = & a(1-Q)x \\ \dot{y} = & aQx + by \\ \end{cases} $$

Then setting z = x/y we have

\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial z}{\partial t} & = & \frac{\dot{x} y - x \dot{y}}{y^2} \\ && \\ & = & \frac{a(1-Q)xy - x (aQx + by)}{y^2} \\ && \\ & = & a(1-Q)z - (aQz^2 +bz) \\ && \\ & = & z(a(1-Q) -aQz -b) \\ \end{matrix} $$.

Assuming z achieves a steady concentration over time, z settles down to satisfy

 * $$ z(\infty) = \frac{a(1-Q)-b}{aQ} $$

(which is deduced by setting the derivative of z with respect to time to zero).

So the important question is under what parameter values does the original population persist (continue to exist)? The population persists if and only if the steady state value of z is strictly positive. i.e. if and only if:

 * $$ z(\infty) > 0 \iff a(1-Q)-b >0 \iff (1-Q) > b/a .$$

This result is more popularly expressed in terms of the ratio of a:b and the error rate q of individual digits: set b/a = (1-s), then the condition becomes

 * $$ z(\infty) > 0 \iff (1-Q) = (1-q)^L > 1-s $$

Taking a logarithm on both sides and approximating for small q and s one gets

 * $$L \ln{(1-q)} \approx -Lq > \ln{(1-s)} \approx -s$$

reducing the condition to:

 * $$ Lq < s $$

RNA viruses which replicate close to the error threshold have a genome size of order 104 (10000) base pairs. Human DNA is about 3.3 billion (109) base units long. This means that the replication mechanism for human DNA must be orders of magnitude more accurate than for the RNA of RNA viruses.

Information-theory based presentation
To avoid error catastrophe, the amount of information lost through mutation must be less than the amount gained through natural selection. This fact can be used to arrive at essentially the same equations as the more common differential presentation.

The information lost can be quantified as the genome length L times the replication error rate q. The probability of survival, S, determines the amount of information contributed by natural selection— and information is the negative log of probability. Therefore, a genome can only survive unchanged when

 * $$ Lq < -\ln{S}$$

For example, the very simple genome where L = 1 and q = 1 is a genome with one bit which always mutates. Since Lq is then 1, it follows that S has to be $1⁄2$ or less. This corresponds to half the offspring surviving; namely the half with the correct genome.

Applications
Some viruses such as polio or hepatitis C operate very close to the critical mutation rate (i.e. the largest q that L will allow). Drugs have been created to increase the mutation rate of the viruses in order to push them over the critical boundary so that they lose self-identity. However, given the criticism of the basic assumption of the mathematical model, this approach is problematic.

The result introduces a Catch-22 mystery for biologists, Eigen's paradox: in general, large genomes are required for accurate replication (high replication rates are achieved by the help of enzymes), but a large genome requires a high accuracy rate q to persist. Which comes first and how does it happen? An illustration of the difficulty involved is L can only be 100 if q' is 0.99 - a very small string length in terms of genes.

title: Error catastrophe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Throat wolf

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - merged - SimonP 14:24, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Throat wolf
Throat Wolf is an obscure Magic: The Gathering term that has been merged with the appropriate page.
 * Redirect to List of Magic: The Gathering terms. If the page is redirected there is no need to go through vfd. Thue | talk 21:38, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Thue. — RJH 18:12, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- notable meme in its time, though maybe not notable anymore. Haikupoet 00:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Thue. carmeld1 00:13, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep for copyright info due to earlier merge; if you would like to delete, it's better to rewrite the material based on other sources then put the article up to VFD when it has only duplicate material to offer. Mozzerati 20:50, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS Philip (DD-498)

USS Philip (DD/DDE-498), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral John W. Philip (1840–1900).

Construction
Philip was laid down by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Kearny, New Jersey, 7 May 1942; launched 13 October 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Barrett Philip; and commissioned 21 November 1942. Among the junior officers at commissioning was Ensign Benjamin C. Bradlee, who later became executive editor of The Washington Post.

Solomon Islands campaign: June 1943 – March 1944
Philip's first mission came during the early morning of 30 June 1943 when she bombarded installations in the Shortland Islands area in the southwest Pacific. Operating in the screen of the Second Transport Group, Philip, on 15 August 1943, made a good showing in her first scrape with the enemy. Several bomb splashes were seen near Barakoma Beach, Vella Lavella, indicating that Japanese bombers were attacking the LCIs unloading there. A few minutes later, two dive bombers headed for Philip to unload their explosives. Each dropped a bomb, but both missed. The first aircraft, taken under fire by the ship's guns, kept getting closer until a friendly F4U Corsair took over the fight. Guns were shifted to the second and they soon shot it down.

Japanese aircraft came back for another attack at nightfall. Silhouetted clearly against a full moon, Philip was the most desirable target. One torpedo wake passed a few yards astern and another crossed parallel to the ship after it was seen in time to take evasive action. The ship's guns kept firing at one of the bombers, finally shooting it down.

Again during the next evening, Japanese aircraft made several attacks. This time, their objective proved to be the cumbersome LSTs withdrawing from Barakoma Beach. While laying a heavy smoke screen and shooting at the aircraft, Philip collided with USS Waller (DD-466) under the cover of her own smoke. Although damage to both vessels resulted, damage control parties of both ships rigged up shoring to prevent flooding and stayed in the battle. Philip kept her guns firing at the Japanese aircraft, one was shot down and another was claimed as a possible kill.

The Japanese continued to press their attacks in an attempt to dislodge American forces from their toehold on the Solomons. One aircraft released its torpedo and then flew between the ship's stacks and another was shot down, crashing into the sea 30 yards to port. A second attack brought another close call; two torpedoes dropped 15 yards astern. Philip's anti-aircraft guncrews shot down one of the torpedo bombers.

Two days later, while leading a convoy out of Tulagi, the destroyer launched a pair of attacks on what appeared to be a Japanese submarine, without damage to the enemy.

On 27 October, the destroyer fired at mortar emplacements on Mono Island and then came into Blanche Harbor, Treasury Island, Solomons. Six enemy Aichi D3A aircraft attempted to destroy the transports sitting there. The attack was repelled and Philip did her share by hitting one aircraft, which was seen to fly away in flames.

A barge sweep off Bougainville and bombardment of Choiseul Bay was conducted on 8 January 1944; ten days later, the destroyer returned for gunnery support on Bougainville, raking the island's northeast shores with surface fire.

Leading a convoy of LCIs into Bougainville on 15 February, Philip weathered a bombing attack similar to earlier actions; but retaliated in like manner, damaging one aircraft and repelling the others.

After a bombardment of Empress Augusta Bay 14 March, Philip left to take part in the Marianas campaign. From 17 June to the end of July, the destroyer's guns were in use almost daily against enemy positions on Saipan and Tinian. Known gun emplacements, troop concentrations, and air fields were the main targets, although several smaller engagements were performed at small craft in Tinian and boats in Tanapag Harbor.

Philippines campaign, December 1944 – April 1945
The Philippines came next. An assault on Mindoro, 12–15 December, was her initial step. One airplane was damaged in the battle. More fierce airplane attacks came when Philip joined a screening force around a resupply echelon traveling from Leyte to Mindoro, later that month. Frequent raids with coordinated bombing and suicide attacks by as many as six planes at one time greeted the slow convoy during its entire trip. Two of the attackers were shot down by the destroyer and another was damaged. A 20-millimeter shell, fired by an LCT at a Japanese plane, landed upon the aluminum spray shield on the ship's starboard bridge wing, tearing a hole in the structure and wounding two men. One of the wounded men died five hours after the accident.

Many of the ships were not as fortunate as Philip, which escaped with comparatively little damage. Kamikaze aircraft struck many of the less maneuverable merchant ships.

When USS Gansevoort (DD-608) received a hit from a kamikaze Philip assisted with two of her men, acting upon their own initiative, boarding the crippled destroyer, setting her depth charges on safe, and jettisoning them.

Steaming out of Leyte 5 January 1945, Philip sailed to join a task group which went on to invade Lingayen Gulf, Luzon Island, Philippines, 9 January. The destroyer remained in the area until 12 January, screening the transports as they unloaded. Several air attacks and suicide boat assaults were encountered during the journey from Leyte.

During the early morning of 10 January, the destroyer challenged a small boat which it picked up on radar. The small craft, acting queerly, did not reply. After illuminating the small explosive-laden boat, Philip opened with its 20-millimeter and .45 sub-machine guns. The boat turned sharply, headed directly for the ship's port side amidships but was exploded 20 yards short of her mark.

Two brief fire support missions were conducted in the occupation of Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, during March, and assaults on Sanga-Sanga and Jolo Islands, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, were successfully conducted by Philip during 2–10 April.

Borneo campaign, April – July 1945
On 30 April, the destroyer joined a special attack unit to transport, protect, and establish units of the 26th Australian Brigade on Sauau, Borneo, N.E.I. Major landings on Tarakan Island followed a day later; enemy opposition in force was surprisingly absent.

Relieved of radar picket duty off Brunei Bay on 12 June, Philip rendezvoused with a minesweeping group and left to clear the area of Miri-Luton, Sarawak, Borneo, in preparation for an assault which was to come seven days later.

Having previously paved the way for an assault landing on Brunei Bay, Borneo, Philip covered the "sweeps" while preparations were made for the next invasion. A total of 246 mines were cut loose from the heavily planted area, not without loss of much valuable sweep gear. Hostile gun positions in the Miri area were softened by the destroyer while the minesweepers performed their chores.

Elements of the First Australian Corps, loaded at Morotai, landed at Balikpapan, Borneo, 1 July, while Philip stood guard for enemy attempts to hinder the invasion. Remaining in the area until 19 July, the destroyer bombarded the surrounding shores and helped repel such feeble air attacks as the Japanese could muster.

The end of the war followed the Borneo operation, but it did not bring about immediate return to the United States for the busy destroyer. She was sent to China on mine destruction duty and remained in the Pacific area until late in 1945.

The veteran destroyer got back to the West Coast just in time to allow the crew to spend New Year's Eve on home soil. She subsequently sailed to the Atlantic and, by Directive dated January 1947, was placed out of commission, in reserve, attached to the U.S. Atlantic Reserve Fleet, berthed at Charleston, South Carolina

Philips classification was changed to DDE-498' on 26 March 1949.

Korean War, 1950 – 1954
Philip recommissioned at Charleston, South Carolina 30 June 1950, and sailed to the Panama Canal Zone and San Diego en route to her new home port, Pearl Harbor. Here she arrived 10 September 1950, and immediately assumed her part in advanced hunter-killer exercises. During the autumn of 1950, Philip acted as plane-guard for the aircraft bearing President Harry S. Truman to his mid-ocean conference with General Douglas MacArthur on Wake Island, to discuss the conduct of the Korean War.

Philip departed Pearl Harbor 1 June 1951 for Midway and Yokosuka, Japan. On 15 June, she joined Task Force 77 (TF 77) in the Sea of Japan for duty screening the fast carrier task force as it conducted air operations against enemy forces in North Korea. She returned to Japan for anti-submarine warfare exercises from 30 June to 10 July, and next day sailed for Taiwan and duty on patrol in the Taiwan Straits. A visit to Hong Kong which began 29 July was interrupted by Typhoon Louise. Through August, Philip continued her patrol duties, and early in September conducted anti-submarine exercises off Okinawa until 11 September when she put into Yokosuka for upkeep.

On 24 September 1951 Philip was bound for the east coast of Korea. Here she had escort duty with TF 77 until 3 October, when she received orders which sent her to duty on the west coast of Korea with the United Nations Naval Forces which included Australian and British units. Here Philip screened the carrier group, and served to enforce the naval blockade on the 38th parallel.

Fighting her way through the most devastating typhoon in years, Ruth, Philip steamed back to duty with TF 77, joining up 15 October. Released from this duty 31 October. Philip proceeded to Yokosuka, and departed 2 November for Pearl Harbor.

On arriving at Pearl Harbor, the ship commenced a yard period, which was followed by a period of refresher training. Underway training and plane guard duty continued until 27 October 1952, when Philip began a short drydock period, part of her preparation for another tour of duty in the Korean War. She departed Pearl Harbor 10 November, bound for Yokosuka, Japan, where she arrived ten days later.

Late in the afternoon of 25 November 1952 Philip joined Task Force 78, and began duty in the screen of the task force. Later duty included a shore bombardment patrol in company with USS Los Angeles (CA-135) in the vicinity of latitude 38'30'N off the east coast of Korea. On 5 December, the two vessels entered Wonsan Harbor to fire on shore targets, and then returned to the bombline to carry out call fire missions. Steady steaming with TF-78 was resumed from 8 December until 27 December, interrupted only by a night search for a sonar contact and two rescue missions for pilots of downed aircraft. After a period of tender availability in Yokosuka, Philip resumed similar duty until May 1953.

Philip returned to Pearl Harbor 29 May 1953, and operated for a month in training exercises. Late in June she began an intensive three-month overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. Overhaul completed, she returned to a busy schedule of operations in the Hawaiian group which included search and rescue missions, anti-submarine exercises, practice shore bombardment, and carrier plane guard duties.

A major fleet exercise occupied Philip during the first months of 1954, and she then began preparations for another journey to the Western Pacific. On 14 June, she stood out for Yokosuka, Japan, where she arrived 23 June, mooring alongside USS Hamul (AD-20) for two days of tender availability. Philip then got underway for the Shimonoseki Straits and Chinhae, Korea. After reporting for duty with Task Force 95, Philip steamed to Inchon to join HMS Warrior (R31) and act as plane guard for the British carrier on the United Nations Blockade. Philip escorted Warrior to Kure, Japan, 4 July, and sailed on to Sasebo for a week's restricted availability.

1954 – 1957
After further service in Korean waters, Philip left Japan for Pearl Harbor, arriving home 29 August 1954 for a month's overhaul, She resumed operations in the Hawaiian Islands until 15 March 1955, when she entered the yard for a comprehensive overhaul. Overhaul was followed by refresher training and preparation for another Far Eastern deployment. On 8 August 1955, she sailed for Yokosuka, Japan, arriving ten days later. On this tour of duty, she participated in large scale antisubmarine warfare exercises off Okinawa, operated with Task Force 77, and served on the Taiwan Patrol before heading for home 6 January 1956.

Operations in Hawaiian waters occupied Philip between 15 January 1956, and 30 October when she once more took departure for the Far East. Serving primarily in Japanese waters, Philip completed a shorter tour than previously, and was back home in Pearl Harbor 22 January 1957.

1957 – 1968
During 1957, she joined Destroyer Squadron 25, unique in its three divisions, rather than the usual two. The escort destroyers of Destroyer Squadron 25 were so deployed that one division of the three was in the Far East at any given time, and it was on this schedule that Philip once more sailed for the Orient 27 December.

Arriving in Yokosuka 5 January 1958 Philip served on exercises off Japan and Okinawa, in the Philippine Islands, and in the South China Sea until 23 April, when her division began the homeward bound voyage, by an unusual route. Arriving in Brisbane, Australia 2 May, Philip visited Melbourne and Sydney, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand; and Pago Pago, American Samoa, before returning to Pearl Harbor 29 May. Here she resumed her operations in the Hawaiian Group throughout the remainder of 1958.

From the latter part of June 1958 until the end of January 1959, Philip took part in hunter-killer operations, conducted shore bombardment, air, and surface shoots, single and dual ship antisubmarine exercises, and fulfilled the duties of plane guard destroyer for the super carrier USS Ranger (CVA-61). On 18 February, Philip and the other escort destroyers of DesDiv 252 got underway and proceeded to Yokosuka, Japan. Philip operated around Japan and in the South China Sea before arriving Brisbane, Australia, 11 July. The deployment ended at Pearl Harbor 30 July.

The division sailed from Honolulu again for Yokosuka 22 April 1960. After operating in the waters of Japan and Okinawa Philip returned to Pearl Harbor 29 October 1960. On 4 February 1962 Philip was off for Yokosuka again. This cruise was spent in the waters of Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Effective 1 July 1962 Philip was redesignated from DDE to DD. Philip returned to Pearl Harbor 18 July 1962.

On 3 October 1962, "Philip' operated with the Essex Class carrier USS Kearsarge CVS-33 (primary recovery ship) in the recovery of astronaut Wally Schirra who flew aboard the Mercury – Atlas 8 mission who splashed down in the Pacific at 32°07'30"N, 174°45'W.

Philip steamed again for Yokosuka 12 November 1963, operating again in Japanese, Philippine, and Vietnamese waters, and returning to Pearl Harbor 10 April 1964. After another period of operations out of Hawaii, Philip steamed for Yokosuka again 19 April 1965. This cruise was highlighted by duty on Yankee Station off Vietnam and by patrol of the Taiwan straits. She returned home 1 October 1965.

The USS Philip was featured in the 1965 Otto Preminger film In Harm's Way starring John Wayne. It makes its appearance as the fictitious destroyer  USS Cassiday (with an altered hull number of DD 298) that steams out of Pearl Harbor at the beginning of the 7 December 1941 attack, joins up with the Wayne character's cruiser in an ad hoc task group, depth charges a Japanese submarine that attacks the task group, and pulls alongside the Wayne character's cruiser to render aid after it has been torpedoed by the same Japanese submarine.

Philip was decommissioned 30 September 1968 and struck from the Navy List on 1 October 1968. She was sold 15 December 1971 but sank in a storm on her way to be scrapped 2 February 1972.

Philip received nine battle stars for World War II service and five battle stars for Korean War service.

title: USS Philip (DD-498)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tactical chess problems

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was TRANSWIKI to Wikibooks. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Tactical chess problems
Just collection of chess tactical problems doesn't belong to encyclopedia. Wikibooks is a right place for such stuff. Andreas Kaufmann 21:36, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Andreas Kaufmann 6 July 2005 14:20 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks.- Mgm|(talk) 11:13, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks. Dcarrano 18:37, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 08:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks.--Gaff talk 00:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alpha strike

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was the article was rewritten into a stub and there is no consensus → Keep. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Alpha strike
Alpha strike is an obscure Magic: The Gathering term that has been moved to the appropriate page.
 * Page is currently a redirect, in which case it doesn't belong on VfD. FWIW, my understanding is that "alpha strike" is now general gamer jargon for an opening attack that does a lot of damage.  The term probably deserves some discussion on a page about gamer jargon, in which case a better redirect might be found.  Smerdis of Tlön 22:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: According to the page it redirects to, this term originated in MechWarrior, which corroborates Smerdis's idea. Marblespire 06:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. (I rewrote it into a stub.) This term is used in quite a few different contexts, and this article could easily harbor some discussion of abstract strategy as well as the basic dictdef stuff I just added. A Man In Black 08:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Veterans' Glass City Skyway

The Veterans' Glass City Skyway, commonly called the Toledo Skyway Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge on Interstate 280 in Toledo, Ohio. After many delays, it opened in 2007. The bridge has taken traffic and reduced delays on the Robert Craig Memorial Bridge, a bascule bridge that was, until its transfer to local control, one of the last moveable bridges on the Interstate highway system. The Skyway is Ohio Department of Transportation's (ODOT) biggest single construction project.

Information
The ODOT and the city of Toledo began planning the bridge in April 1999. The project consisted of building an 8,800 ft span across the Maumee River and low-lying land on its banks. The community selected a "glass" theme for the bridge design, choosing to honor the region's heritage in the glass manufacturing industry. The bridge was designed by Figg Bridge Engineers, Inc. for ODOT.

Construction began in 2001. The main span over the Maumee River is a cable-stayed type bridge with a single pylon and two spans 612'-6" (200 m) on each side of the pylon. The main span approaches are about 4,000 ft north of the river and 3,350 ft south of the Maumee. The bridge opened to traffic on June 24, 2007.

The bridge carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. The road surface reaches a height of 130 ft above the surface of the Maumee River. The bridge is the most expensive project ever undertaken by ODOT, costing about US$237 million.

The main attraction of the bridge is the single pylon which contains 384 light emitting diode (LED) fixtures that can create 16.7 million color combinations. The LEDs shine through the glass facing on all four sides of upper 196 feet of the main pylon. These lights can be visible up to 3 mi away.

The bridge is one of two installations of a new cable-stayed cradle system that eliminates anchorages in the pylon by carrying the stays from anchorages in the bridge deck, through the pylon and back to anchorages in the deck. The cradle system provides many benefits during construction and over the 100+ year service life of the bridge. Each strand acts independently, allowing for the selective removal, inspection and replacement of the strands.

Naming
The supplanted Craig Bridge was named in memory of Second Lieutenant Robert Craig, World War II veteran and recipient of the Medal of Honor. Veterans' groups originally opposed any name that did not memorialize Lt. Craig. As a compromise, the name "Veterans' Glass City Skyway" was selected for the new bridge, honoring all veterans, while the Craig Bridge remains in place, carrying a rerouted State Route 65. While under construction, the bridge was generically referred to as the "Maumee River Crossing".

Suicide jumper
The sole known suicide from the bridge occurred on August 31, 2013, when a man crashed his car and leapt from the East Toledo side onto rocks of the Maumee River.

Falling ice
Ice sometimes falls from the cables, temporarily blocking lanes. This was anticipated during the design process, but deemed unlikely.

Gantry crane collapse
The original timeline put the completion date in May 2006, but that became impossible when the gantry truss responsible for construction of the main span collapsed on February 16, 2004. The collapse killed four workers and injured four others. On top of that, main line production was all but halted for 16 months after the accident. Though two new cranes were quickly brought in, testing them took months and operations were slower than expected due to increased oversight of the project by OSHA following the accident.

Failure of work platform
About 9:15 a.m. on April 19, 2007, Andrew Burris of Curtice, Ohio, a member of United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Local 1138, died when the construction platform he was on became detached and fell from the bridge. The platform was anchored to the northbound side of the bridge, and broke off, falling about 95 feet to the ground, where the platform, still carrying Burris, landed on the east side of the roadway. Authorities from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have not determined why the platform broke free from the bridge, and the Toledo Police Department does not suspect foul play.

"On behalf of Director Beasley and the Ohio Department of Transportation, we extend our deepest sympathy to the family of Andrew Burris," said ODOT District 2 director, Dave Dysard. "We also extend our condolences to his relatives, friends and his fellow workers who have made us proud through their commitment and dedication to their work. Andrew was a part of the team that took the pylon to the top back in 2005. For four-and-a-half years, he was an integral part of the team that worked to complete this vital link for our community."

Burris was from a line of carpenters, and kept a scrapbook of the project. His mother, Ruth, was quoted as saying "I think he felt closer to heaven there."

title: Veterans' Glass City Skyway


text: User talk:84.65.208.233

title: User talk:84.65.208.233


text:
Reed Johnson

Reed Cameron Johnson (born December 8, 1976) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago Cubs, Los Angeles Dodgers, Atlanta Braves, Miami Marlins, and Washington Nationals.

College career
Johnson was born in Riverside, California and grew up in Temecula, in southern Riverside County. He attended Temecula Valley High School, where he participated in baseball and soccer. He was an All-League and an All-County selection.

Johnson attended college at Cal State Fullerton and was named an Academic All-American. He also set records by being the first Cal State Fullerton player to score 100 runs and collect 100 hits in a season. In 1998, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Toronto Blue Jays
Johnson was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 17th round of the 1999 MLB Draft. In the minors, he was a Southern League All-Star in 2001 with the Tennessee Smokies, while hitting .314 with 13 home runs and 74 RBI. Johnson made his Major League debut on April 17, 2003 against the New York Yankees as a pinch runner. He recorded his first major league hit on April 20, 2003 against Boston Red Sox pitcher Casey Fossum and his first home run on May 17, 2003 against Jeremy Affeldt of the Kansas City Royals. He finished his rookie season, with a .294 batting average, 10 home runs, and 52 runs batted in. Johnson also won the American League Rookie of the Month Award for the month of September.

He is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so in 2003), the others being Billy Hamilton (1893), Victor Power (1957), Darin Erstad (2000), and Ian Kinsler (2009).

Johnson extended his tenure with the Blue Jays on December 7, 2005, after signing a one-year extension worth $1,425,000.

At the start the 2006 season, Johnson was platooned with Frank Catalanotto in left field, as they had been for the previous two seasons. In a Toronto Star article, Johnson was quoted as saying, "I train so that I can play every day. I don't train to be a fourth outfielder, or there would be a lot less training. I wouldn't be waking up as early. I wouldn't be trying to be in the shape that I'm in. I know my body can take the pounding of an everyday season".

In 2006, Johnson led all leadoff hitters in the American League with a .390 on-base percentage and also had a .319 batting average.

One of Johnson's more dubious honors is his propensity for being hit by pitches. Consistently among the Blue Jays leaders in being hit, in 2006 Johnson moved past Ed Sprague to take second on the Blue Jays all-time hit by pitch list, trailing only Carlos Delgado. He is also one of several players to be hit a major-league record three times in one game; Johnson was hit three times in a game against the Texas Rangers on April 15, 2005. He equaled this feat again on April 7, 2006, against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and then again on April 29, 2006 against the New York Yankees, making Johnson the only player in history to be hit by a pitch three times in one game, three times in his career.

In 2008, the Blue Jays acquired veteran Matt Stairs, again relegating Johnson to a platoon role. The Blue Jays signed all-star shortstop David Eckstein, and removed Johnson from his familiar role as leadoff hitter. The Blue Jays also signed outfielder Shannon Stewart to a minor league contract. Stewart, who played in 855 games for Toronto from 1995 to 2003, was a dependable and consistent force at the top of the Blue Jays lineup for many years, although by this point he was considered a liability in the field at times because of an injury suffered playing football, which greatly reduced his throwing strength. His presence at spring training made Johnson's role all the more uncertain. Johnson was released by the Jays on March 23, and replaced by Stewart.

Chicago Cubs
On March 25, he signed a one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs. Johnson platooned in center field with Jim Edmonds (as well as Félix Pie to start the season). Johnson "batted in" a game-winning run after he was hit by a pitch with the bases loaded on June 12, against the Atlanta Braves. During a crucial game in the 2008 season against the Milwaukee Brewers, Johnson executed a perfect hard slide into second base that prevented a double play, and allowed the Cubs to take a one-run lead. When Johnson returned to Rogers Centre to play the Toronto Blue Jays on June 13, 2008, he received a long standing ovation from Blue Jays fans.

During a game early in the 2009 season, also against the Brewers, Johnson showed versatility on the field by catching a Prince Fielder drive that had cleared the wall, preventing the Brewers from tying the game on a grand slam. He was placed on the 15-day DL on July 30 that same year with a left foot fracture.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On February 1, 2010, Johnson signed a one-year deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers to replace Juan Pierre as the team's fourth outfielder. He appeared in 102 games with a .262 batting average during the season.

Johnson appears in the opening introduction sequence of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as a Dodger player. As the announcer introduces The Tonight Show, game footage of Johnson hitting a ball and running to first base is seen in the opening sequence; the exact game is not known. The shot of Johnson does not last more than two and a half seconds.

Second stint with the Cubs
On January 12, 2011, Johnson signed a minor league deal to return to the Cubs with an invitation to Spring Training.

On April 20, Johnson hit a walk-off homer into the left-field seats off Luke Gregerson to defeat the San Diego Padres 2-1 in the first game of a doubleheader. In 2011, he batted .309 in 246 at-bats. Through 2011, he had the second-best career fielding percentage (.991) among all active major league left fielders, behind Ryan Braun.

On December 21, 2011, Johnson re-signed with the Cubs on a one-year deal.

Atlanta Braves
On July 30, 2012, Johnson was traded along with left-handed pitcher Paul Maholm to the Atlanta Braves for right-handed pitchers Arodys Vizcaíno and Jaye Chapman.

On December 7, 2012, Johnson re-signed with the Atlanta Braves to a 1-year contract.

Miami Marlins
On January 31, 2014, Johnson signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. He batted .235/.266/.348 with 2 home runs and 35 RBIs in 113 games with the team.

On February 17, 2015, the Marlins re-signed Johnson to another minor league contract. He was released on March 30.

Washington Nationals
Hours after being released by Miami, Johnson agreed to a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals. He appeared in 17 games for the Nationals in 2015 and hit .227. They re-signed him to a minor league contract after the season. He was released on April 3, 2016.

Personal life
Growing up, Johnson participated in gymnastics. He resides in Temecula, CA.

title: Reed Johnson


text:
Inhabit

Inhabit means to live in, reside in, occupy or populate some place – a so-called habitat.

Inhabit may also refer to:

 * Inhabit (album), an album by Living Sacrifice
 * Inhabited (band), a rock group

title: Inhabit


text:
Talk:Inishbofin, County Galway

Maps
Fantastic maps!--File Éireann 21:43, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Two articles, not one
This needs to be split into two, one for each Inishbofin. I suggest Inishbofin, Galway and Inishbofin, Donegal. I'll do it myself within a few hours (no time right now), but if anyone else cares to do it in the meantime... Snalwibma 08:37, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Major rework
Did a major reworking of the page. In particular, I streamlined the citations as some were in Harvard style, others “regular” style which was a mess. I kept all the article’s contents, except the names of the hotels (WP is not a guide book). I also tried to get rid of some of the other more “guide bookish” language (pleasantly smelling peat and the like). In some cases, local traditions were reported as fact by the article and I tried to phrase these sections in such a way as to indicate that this may or may not be true. One of the authors in the literature section was not notable and seemed to be better placed under further reading (the link was to Amazon.com…).

The part about indentured labourers being shipped to the West Indies is in fact not supported by the source given, so I took it out. Another thing I took out is the description of Inishbofin as “one of the most important shipping havens” on the west coast. This appears unlikely, given the presence on the west coast of numerous large towns. "Haven" in this isntance might have been a reference to places that ships sought refuge in when faced by bad weather, but the way this was put in the article seemed to imply that Inishbofin was actually one of the most important harbours in the west of Ireland. Anyway, the sentence was not sourced. The ref given at the end of the paragraph

•	Firth, Charles Harding (1896). "Reynolds, John (d.1657)". In Sidney Lee. Dictionary of National Biography. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 47–48.

apparently just applies to the part about Reynolds.

Note: Sources contradicted each other on whether the church remains date to the 13th or 14th century, so if anyone can come up with more evidence on that…

There is also an issue about the highest point on the island. Maps clearly show it to be in the Westquarter, but the place where intrepid vacationer Hoffstot puts it is in the Knock townland.

Unfortunately, I was unable to find any reliable online resources about current tourism activity and all my guidebooks are in Ireland. The Hoffstot NYT article is 14 years old. But I am sure that any recent Connemara guide should provide some additional substance for the Economy section. Also, in the context of this page, Inishbofin.com must be seen as a primary source – they want to advertise the place to tourists, after all – so I was cautious in using it. Drow69 (talk) 14:20, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Revert
I now twice undid the (different) input of an IP editor made on 28 January and 2 February that was a blatant promo for the island's tourist attractions. He/she put in some straight links to inishbofin.com in the middle of the article and altered earlier sourced content with no explanation or alternative refs. Some WP markup was damaged as refs were simply deleted with no explanation. Seems to me to warrant a reversion.Drow69 (talk) 17:31, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

- I believe there's probably room for some discussion of the island's tourist amenities - it is after all a tourist destination, and it could be of value.

Lack of trees
Article currently states "Because of the salt-enriched air, trees were never able to re-establish themselves." Talking to islanders who have tried planting trees, it sounds as though the salt has little to do with it, and it's more the consistently high winds that make it difficult for trees to re-establish. Perhaps this should be amended in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.230.110.242 (talk) 12:17, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inishbofin, County Galway


text:
View (SQL)

In a database, a view is the result set of a stored query, which can be queried in the same manner as a persistent database collection object. This pre-established query command is kept in the data dictionary. Unlike ordinary base tables in a relational database, a view does not form part of the physical schema: as a result set, it is a virtual table computed or collated dynamically from data in the database when access to that view is requested. Changes applied to the data in a relevant underlying table are reflected in the data shown in subsequent invocations of the view.

Views can provide advantages over tables: Just as a function (in programming) can provide abstraction, so can a database view. In another parallel with functions, database users can manipulate nested views, thus one view can aggregate data from other views. Without the use of views, the normalization of databases above second normal form would become much more difficult. Views can make it easier to create lossless join decomposition.
 * Views can represent a subset of the data contained in a table. Consequently, a view can limit the degree of exposure of the underlying tables to the outer world: a given user may have permission to query the view, while denied access to the rest of the base table.
 * Views can join and simplify multiple tables into a single virtual table.
 * Views can act as aggregated tables, where the database engine aggregates data (sum, average, etc.) and presents the calculated results as part of the data.
 * Views can hide the complexity of data. For example, a view could appear as Sales2020 or Sales2021, transparently partitioning the actual underlying table.
 * Views take very little space to store; the database contains only the definition of a view, not a copy of all the data that it presents.
 * Structures data in a way that classes of users find natural and intuitive.

Just as rows in a base table lack any defined ordering, rows available through a view do not appear with any default sorting. A view is a relational table, and the relational model defines a table as a set of rows. Since sets are not ordered — by definition — neither are the rows of a view. Therefore, an ORDER BY clause in the view definition is meaningless; the SQL standard (SQL:2003) does not allow an ORDER BY clause in the subquery of a CREATE VIEW command, just as it is refused in a CREATE TABLE statement. However, sorted data can be obtained from a view, in the same way as any other table — as part of a query statement on that view. Nevertheless, some DBMS (such as Oracle Database) do not abide by this SQL standard restriction.

Read-only vs. updatable views
Views can be defined as read-only or updatable. If the database system can determine the reverse mapping from the view schema to the schema of the underlying base tables, then the view is updatable. INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations can be performed on updatable views. Read-only views do not support such operations because the DBMS cannot map the changes to the underlying base tables. A view update is done by key preservation.

Some systems support the definition of INSTEAD OF triggers on views. This technique allows the definition of other logic for execution in place of an insert, update, or delete operation on the views. Thus database systems can implement data modifications based on read-only views. However, an INSTEAD OF trigger does not change the read-only or updatable property of the view itself.

Materialized views
Various database management systems have extended the views from read-only subsets of data, particularly materialized views: pre-executed, non-virtual views commonly used in data warehousing. They give a static snapshot of the data and may include data from remote sources. The accuracy of a materialized view depends on the frequency of trigger mechanisms behind its updates.

Materialized views were introduced by Oracle Database, while IBM Db2 provides so-called "materialized query tables" (MQTs) for the same purpose. Microsoft SQL Server introduced in its 2000 version indexed views which only store a separate index from the table, but not the entire data. PostgreSQL implemented materialized views in its 9.3 release.

Equivalence
A view is equivalent to its source query. When queries are run against views, the query is modified. For example, if there exists a view named accounts_view with the content as follows:

then the application could run a simple query such as:

The RDBMS then takes the simple query, replaces the equivalent view, then sends the following to the query optimizer:

The optimizer then removes unnecessary fields and complexity (for example it is not necessary to read the address, since the parent invocation does not make use of it) and then sends the query to the SQL engine for processing.

title: View (SQL)


text: User talk:71.96.64.163

title: User talk:71.96.64.163


text:
User:Vipersp51

I am me. Just your ordinary guy, and while i think of myself as being fairly svelte, Ill leave that up to you.

Now I am willing to tell you that I am a senior in High School. For Now. I am Heading either to Purdue University or University of Michigan. I am still attempting to decide. If you have any oppinion, feel free to leave me a message somewhere.

title: User:Vipersp51


text:
Chris Finlayson

Christopher Francis Finlayson (born 1956) is a New Zealand lawyer and former Member of Parliament, representing the National Party.

He was elected to Parliament in 2005. In the Fifth National Government, from 2008 to 2017, he was Attorney-General and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations. He left politics to return to his legal career in January 2019.

Early life
Finlayson grew up in the Wellington suburb of Khandallah. He has three siblings.

He attended St Benedict's Convent School, and St. Patrick's College. Finlayson joined the National Party in 1974 while still at St Patrick's College, after having had a long conversation with Keith Holyoake at Parliament the previous year. He was an active party member in the Karori and Ōhāriu electorates, including periods as Karori branch chair in the 1980s.

He graduated with a BA in Latin and French and an LLM from Victoria University of Wellington.

Finlayson has been heavily involved in the arts community. He chaired Creative New Zealand's Arts Board from 1998 to 2001, and has twice been appointed to the board of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra.

Legal career
Finlayson was admitted to the Bar as a barrister and solicitor in 1981. He was a partner in Brandon Brookfield from 1986 to 1990 and then in Bell Gully from 1991 to 2003. In the 1990s, when Winston Peters was expelled from the National Party, Finlayson was a legal advisor to the party. He practised as a barrister sole at the Barristers.Comm chambers from 2003 until 2005, when he entered Parliament.

At Bell Gully he spent years fighting for Ngāi Tahu against the government, pursuing its treaty claims through a series of high-profile court battles. "I used to love going to the office in the morning when we were suing the Crown" Finlayson said in a speech in 2009. "Ngāi Tahu mastered the art of aggressive litigation, whether it was suing the Waitangi Tribunal and [National Treaty negotiations minister] Doug Graham or the Director-General of Conservation. It was take no prisoners and it resulted in a good settlement." The signing of the Treaty deal with Ngāi Tahu in 1997 was the highlight of his legal career.

Since his admission, Finlayson has appeared in all courts of New Zealand, including seven appearances before the Privy Council, including as counsel for the New Zealand Bar Association in Harley v McDonald [2001] 2 WLR 1749 and counsel for the British Government in R v Attorney General for England and Wales (a decision of the Privy Council delivered on 17 March 2003). He has extensive experience appearing before tribunals and local authorities in New Zealand. He taught at the Faculty of Law of Victoria University of Wellington.

Finlayson was a co-author of McGechan on Procedure, a text on the practice and procedure of the Courts of New Zealand, for its editions between1984 and 2008 and was the founding editor of the Procedure Reports of New Zealand. He has written papers on many subjects, including intellectual property, litigation and conflicts of interest and has presented New Zealand Law Society seminars on High Court practice, conflicts of interest and limitation.

On 13 December 2012, Finlayson was recommended by Prime Minister John Key for appointment by the Governor-General as Queen's Counsel, based on his role as Attorney-General, before representing New Zealand in the International Court of Justice in a case against Japan's whaling programme.

After completing nearly fourteen years as a member of Parliament, Finlayson returned to his legal career. He practices at Bankside Chambers in Auckland. He represented Labour MP Louisa Wall when she challenged the Labour Party over her deselection in 2020.

Member of Parliament
Finlayson stood as National's candidate for the Mana electorate in the 2005 election, and was also ranked twenty-seventh on National's party list, making him the second most highly ranked National candidate who was not already an MP. While he failed to win Mana, losing by a margin of 6,734 votes, the National Party polled well on party votes and Finlayson was elected via the party list. Finlayson transferred to the safe Labour seat of Rongotai for the 2008 election, where he was routinely defeated by Annette King. Finlayson had no desire to be an electorate MP and often remarked that if he won the electorate he would be the first to ask for a recount. When offered the prospect of a safer seat, like Ōhāriu, Finlayson responded by convincing the incumbent Peter Dunne not to resign. National did win the party vote over Labour in Rongotai for the first time in 2014.

Finlayson's first term was spent in opposition. He was appointed as deputy chair of the Justice and Electoral select committee (2005–2008) and as a member of the Māori Affairs committee (2006–2008). He was National's shadow attorney-general and, under John Key, spokesperson for Treaty of Waitangi negotiations and arts, culture and heritage. When National formed a new government in 2008, Finlayson became Attorney-General and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations (2008–2017). He was also Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage (2008–2014), Associate Minister of Māori Development (2011–2017) and Minister responsible for the NZSIS and GCSB (2014–2017). As Attorney-General and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations, Finlayson was successful in reaching an unprecedented number of financial Waitangi Treaty settlements (59 over nine years) including with iwi he had previously represented in private practice. He also chaired the Privileges Committee from 2012 to 2017. Being attorney-general had been Finlayson's principal political ambition and he regarded it as "the highlight of [his] legal career."

As Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage, Finlayson progressed legislation enabling the development of Pukeahu National War Memorial Park ahead of the 100th anniversary of Anzac Day. In 2012, he conducted a review of the orchestra sector but ruled out disestablishing the national symphony orchestra. He briefly acted as Minister of Labour (2012–2013) when Kate Wilkinson resigned after the Royal Commission on the Pike River Coal Mine Tragedy reported back. He was also acting Minister for the Environment when Nick Smith resigned in 2012 and acting Minister of Justice when Judith Collins resigned in 2014.

In June 2010 he was found by the registrar of pecuniary interests to have broken the rules in not declaring a directorship in his annual pecuniary interest return. In his memoir, Finlayson commented that his interest had not been pecuniary and he successfully campaigned to change the name of the register to be the "pecuniary and other interests" register.

He supported Simon Bridges as deputy leader of the National Party in 2016 and, after National lost the 2017 election, as leader in 2018, although later expressed regret for not supporting Steven Joyce. In opposition for the second time, Finlayson was again appointed as the shadow-attorney general and additionally as National's spokesperson for commerce, the NZSIS and the GCSB (2017–2018) and Crown-Māori relations and Pike River mine re-entry (2018–2019). He was on the intelligence and security committee from 2018 to 2019. His member's bill, the Administration of Justice (Reform of Contempt of Court) Bill, was drawn from the ballot and introduced in 2018. It was adopted by the Government and became law after Finlayson's retirement.

Finlayson left parliament in January 2019 after announcing his intention in November 2018 to return to his legal career. As part of his legacy, it was noted that at that time he had appointed all the Supreme Court other than the Chief Justice, all 10 members of the Court of Appeal, and 37 of the 46 High Court Judges. He has said the highlights of his political career had been:

 * 2013: representing New Zealand in the International Court of Justice in a case against Japan's whaling programme.
 * 2015: representing New Zealand on the United Nations Security Council in New York.
 * 2008–2017: getting almost 60 Treaty settlements agreed.

Political views
Finlayson describes himself as a "liberal conservative." He does not like populist politics or populist politicians such as Donald Trump or Winston Peters. He criticised the National Party leadership after he left Parliament in 2019 and repeated this criticism in his 2022 memoir, Yes, Minister.

In 2013, Finlayson voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry in New Zealand. He was the only openly gay member of Parliament to vote against the bill and cited his opposition came from his belief that "the state should not be involved in marriage at all."

He voted against the first reading of the End of Life Choice Bill in 2017.

After leaving politics, Finlayson has commented publicly on partnership under the Treaty of Waitangi and co-governance of public assets between the Crown and iwi/Māori. As Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations, Finlayson oversaw the introduction of formal shared governance as part of Treaty settlements, including the establishment of the Waikato River Authority which shares governance of the Waikato River between Waikato Regional Council and local iwi. Finlayson described co-governance as parties with shared interests and shared responsibility jointly setting priorities and managing a resource, although he noted that co-governance does not mean "co-government" and it would be impractical to apply to all government functions. The Labour Government which succeeded the government Finlayson had been part of promoted further opportunities for co-governance between iwi and the Crown, including in its Water Services Reform Programme. The National Party and ACT New Zealand opposed Labour's co-governance reforms and campaigned in the 2023 general election on rolling them back. Finlayson distanced himself from these perspectives, stating that co-governance "should be embraced, not feared." After the election, in which ACT campaigned for a referendum on rewriting the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, Finlayson said he would not support such a referendum because it would "bring all the nutcases out" and cause division, but would support a review of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.

Personal life
Finlayson has described himself as being an "odd fish" since he is gay as well as being a Catholic. He has no partner, and says he is celibate.

He is a distant cousin on his mother's side of former Labour MP Annette King. King was a second cousin to Finlayson’s mother through her Russ side (the Russ family were a large Nelson family) and is also related to Chester Borrows.

title: Chris Finlayson


text:
Talk:Arctic Monkeys

appreciation
y'all are doing amazing work, keep it up. This article is very well organized, cited, and concise.Ericgarika (talk) 01:15, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Lead and rhythm guitar
I don't really think that the band have set rhythm and lead roles with them being traded during concerts and Alex has stopped playing guitar during recent concerts. I think that this should be removed and just put as guitar. 80s Sam (talk) 09:01, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arctic Monkeys


text:
EMachines eOne

The eOne was an all-in-one desktop computer that was produced by eMachines in 1999. It resembles Apple's "Bondi Blue" iMac.

Apple sued eMachines for allegedly infringing upon the distinctive trade dress of the iMac with the eOne. Apple and eMachines settled the case in 2000, which required the model to be discontinued.

History and legal issues
Upon its release in 1999, the eOne came with a translucent "cool blue" case, while the original iMac had a two-toned case with "Bondi Blue" accents. At US$799, the eOne was also cheaper than the US$1,199 iMac. eMachines hoped to avoid legal trouble because the shape of the computer was different from the iMac. However, Apple sued eMachines, alleging that the computer's design infringed upon the protected trade dress of the iMac. In March 2000, eMachines reached a settlement with Apple, under which it agreed to discontinue the infringing model.

The eOne was available at Circuit City and Micro Center, but it did not sell well in the few months when it was available due to a lawsuit from Apple which eventually caused the eOne to be widely considered a failure for eMachines. The eOne was discontinued in 2002, and due to its lackluster sales, is rare in the secondary market.

Technical specifications
The eOne had a 433 MHz Intel Celeron microprocessor, 64 megabytes of PC-100 SDRAM RAM, a 15-inch CRT monitor, a 10BASE-T Ethernet port, a floppy drive, an 8 MB ATI video card, a 56k modem, and a CD-ROM drive, along with the ability to use two PC cards, which were commonly used to expand the capabilities of laptops.

As a Wintel-based computer, the eOne ran Windows 98 or Windows Me depending on the time of manufacture, as opposed to the iMac running Mac OS 8 or Mac OS 9.

Legacy
In 2007, three years after acquiring eMachines, Gateway released the One, an all-in-one desktop computer similar to the eOne but in black and utilizing a flat-screen monitor.

title: EMachines eOne