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František Janák

František Janák (born 1 June 1951) is a Czech glass artist. He creates glass sculptures and commission works, and also does series production design for different Czech glassworks.

Biography
Janák was born on 1 June 1951 in Havlíčkův Brod, Czechoslovakia. He completed his apprenticeship in glass cutting at the Bohemia Glassworks, Czech's biggest producer of hand cut lead crystal. He followed with studies at the Secondary School of Glassmaking in Kamenický Šenov. From 1971 to 1972 he was head master at the Bohemia Glassworks school, followed by three years as a glass cutter at the Co-op Výtvarná řemesla in Prague. From 1975 to 1981 Janák studied at the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague under Prof. Stanislav Libenský.

In 1981, Janák opened his own studio in Dolní Město. From 1985 to 1988 he was a glass designer at the Institute of Interior and Fashion Design – ÚBOK Prague. From 1989 to 1993 he was again a free-lance glass artist at his own studio, this time in Prague. From 1993 to 1995 he was a glass designer at the LINEA-ÚBOK in Prague.

From 1995 to 1997 Janák was a visiting professor at the Toyama Institute of Glass Art in Toyama (TIGA), Japan. In 1997, he returned to his studio in Prague. In 1998, he was appointed Professor at the Secondary School of Glassmaking in Kamenický Šenov. In 2000–01, he was visiting assistant professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States.

Since 2003, Janák has been a professor at the Secondary School of Glassmaking in Kamenický Šenov and is leader of the school's section of glass cutting.

His art is included in museums throughout the world, including Glasmuseet Ebeltoft, Denmark; Ulster Museum, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Finnish Glass Museum, Riihimäki, Finland; Rippl Ronai Museum, Kaposvár, Hungary; Museum of Modern Art, Düsseldorf, Germany; the collection of the city Toyama, Japan; and Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington, United States.

His commissioned works include:
 * Three stained glass windows, church in Svatobořice-Mistřín, Czech Republic (1986).
 * Stained glass windows and mobile fountain, Agrobank Pardubice, Czech Republic (1993).
 * Waterfall (glass object), Hotel Orfeus, Poděbrady, Czech Republic (1995).
 * Messenger (glass object), Aubade hall, Toyama, Japan (1996).

Awards

 * 1981 - Rector prize at the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague
 * 1982 - Urkunde Jugend gestaltet in Munich, Germany
 * 1985 - Special prize at the Second Coburger glass prize in Coburg, Germany
 * 1986 - First prize at the 4th Quadrennial in Erfurt, Germany
 * 1988 - Diploma at the exhibition of WCC-Europe in Stuttgart, Germany
 * 1995 - Pavel Hlava prize at the International Exhibition of Glass in Kanazawa, Japan
 * 2000 - Honorable mention at the exhibition Millennium glass in Mostly Glass, United States

Janák also received several prizes for industrial design in the Czech Republic.

title: František Janák


text:
Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twice: in and in. Their debut appearance was a success, with the song "Lane moje" performed by Željko Joksimović finishing second. The following year, they placed seventh, courtesy of the band No Name with the song "Zauvijek moja". Following the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, and  have participated in the contest as separate entities, making their independent debuts in 2007.

History
Yugoslavia, which included the territories of modern-day Serbia and Montenegro, had been participating in the Eurovision Song Contest since the sixth annual contest in 1961. It had debuted that year along with Spain and Finland becoming, the 14th participating country. Its best result occurred in 1989 when Yugoslavia won with "Rock Me" by Riva. Yugoslavia participated regularly until 1992, missing only the editions between 1977 and 1980 and the one in 1985. At the 1992 contest, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro competed representing FR Yugoslavia. FR Yugoslavia was banned from participating in the 1993 edition due to UN sanctions and Yugoslav wars. This marked the start of a decade-long absence from the contest for the territories.

In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro sent an application to take part in the 2003 contest, however, they were unable to take part after the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) decided that too many countries would be relegated if the country took part. Serbia and Montenegro debuted at the 2004 contest with the song "Lane moje" performed by Željko Joksimović, finishing first in the semi-final and second in the final. The song has become popular amongst many Eurovision fans and it is often rated as one of the best non-winning songs.

The following year, Serbia and Montenegro was represented by band No Name with the song "Zauvijek moja" and placed seventh in final. No Name were close to becoming the national entry once more, for the 2006 contest in Athens, however since their 2006 win of Evropesma had been disputed due to allegations of tactical voting by the Radio-Television of Montenegro jury, UJRT, the national union of broadcasters, did not reach an agreement on sending them to the contest again. On 20 March 2006, Serbia and Montenegro officially withdrew from the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The country did however participate in voting in final of the contest. The Eurovision semi-final was not broadcast in Montenegro in 2006, and so the votes from Serbia and Montenegro, were from Serbia alone.

After the Montenegrin referendum on independence and dissolution of the state union in June 2006, both countries sent separate entries to the Eurovision Song Contest 2007. Montenegro made their debut as an independent state and sent Stevan Faddy, while Serbia sent Marija Šerifović as their debut entrant. Her song "Molitva" ended up winning the contest for Serbia, bringing the 2008 contest to Belgrade the following year.

Commentators and spokespersons

 * From until, Serbia and Montenegro competed as part of.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frantisek Janak

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 19:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

František Janák
Doesn't establish notability. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 01:00, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Nevermind... content added, VfD withdrawn Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 05:52, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Note to closer: The nominator "withdrew" his VfD nomination four hours after he nominated it and removed the VfD notice from the article, so this has not really gone through the VfD process. I substantially rewrote the article on June 11, so I think it would be inappropriate to delete this article without at least going through the full process. DS1953 16:10, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, sounds like vanity. Present format is that of a resume, and most of the awards seem to be nothing special (e.g. a 'honorable mention' rather than a winner, and a 'diploma'). Radiant_* 10:54, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with radiant. The article reads like a resume. JamesBurns 10:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (I've moved this page to a non-accented version because there seemed to be some transclusion problems). Radiant_* 13:59, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Question User:Sasquatch has 'withdrawn' the nomination, and removed his VfD tad - is this legitimate? Is this debate now closed?--Doc (?) 22:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Too Old 23:32, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Radiant --Doc (?) 21:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable artist. DS1953 07:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A google search suggests that he is an artist and possibly notable, but this article doesn't suggest any of that. It's also a total mess, so if no one is willing to clean it up then it might be better to just delete it and let someone who has read the guidelines and can write full sentences try from scratch--if the guy really is notable, that is.  I'm not an admin or anything, so I don't know what the protocol for crappy pages of borderline notable people is.  But the google search brings up some very nice glass designs, and if there is a Frantisek Janak, it needs to have pictures of those and not just his c.v. and high school yearbook photo --Mister Tattle 07:39, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A poorly written page generally should not be deleted; it should be left to be cleaned. This artist has exhibited all over and his work is in a number of museums, including at least one glass museum in the U.S.  Since museums have limited funds, if more than one museum has recognized his work, then he is probably notable enough for Wikipedia (which is not paper encyclopedia and can be more flexible in determining coverage).  While the page is poorly written, there is a lot of material to work from - just the thing a wiki is good for. DS1953 14:44, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep rewritten article on notable Czech glass artist. Uppland 17:30, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, I apoligize for any inconvinience caused. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 22:10, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:69.183.8.99

title: User talk:69.183.8.99


text:
Polytypic

Polytypic means of more than one type. It often refers to:

 * Polytypic function, in computer science
 * Polytypic habitat, in ecology, a habitat not dominated by a single species
 * Polytypic taxon, in biology, a taxon with more than one immediately subordinate taxa

title: Polytypic


text: User talk:82.139.82.191

title: User talk:82.139.82.191


text:
Talk:Chuck Austen

POV/NPOV discussion
I dont really care for his work either, but this article is definitely npov. --DrBat 01:01, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. Couldn't stand his work on Superman (without even knowing who he was at the time), but the article definitely comes across as one-sided. Dascott 18:13, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is looking better now. Dascott 4 July 2005 15:36 (UTC)

I think this article is now about as neutral as you can get. Honestly, the man has very few positive contributions and they've been listed, and the negative points against him have been changed to show they're the opinion of a large majority of the comic reading populace. I recommend getting rid of the neutrality challenge unless someone can think of any other ways to clean things up? Nezu Chiza 02:25, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry but no. That version was far from complete. It was also lying about how Austen was "fired" from Marvel, wich he wasn't. And I challenge that notion of "a large majority of the comic reading populace". If you happen to know "a large majority of the comic reading populace" then you must have a very long adress book. I don't agree with that and I'm not a disguised Austen under an alias. Yes, he was heavily attacked on the internet by a much vocal basis. Yet his book didn't lose readers while he was there. Others bombed and some others actually gained readers while he was there. The text must reflect that. Not just your opinion or mine. Tino
 * OK, I hate Austen as much as the next guy, so I'm trying to read this without bias. While I think that the mention of his smutty work that early and prominently in the article is a little bit coloring, I think that the rest is fine, and we can probably remove the NPOV tag already. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:45, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The mention of Strips early on is actually a positive thing. The first few issues are among Austen's best work. I mean it is what is, but it's better than you might expect. The first few issues, I mean. Then he comes back after a few years with a very different art style and plot points. But the first few issues...man, that's good comics. Adult comics. --Chris Griswold 09:27, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd have to disagree with Tino on this. Aside from possibly the firing from Marvel, this article seems to me to be as neutral as it can get when it comes to the controversial topic that is Chuck Austen.  Whether you like him or hate him, if you keep up with the politics in Comicdom, you should know that the majority of the opinion and feedback you'll run into for Austen is going to be on the negative side.  Acknowledging that doesn't require a long adress book (sic) of names to back it up.  As a staff member for Comixfan (who conducted, to the best of my knowledge, the last interview with Mr. Austen, which is now linked on the front page, just prior to his departure from Marvel) which played host to many interactions and debates on this author's work, I can vouch for this personally as well.

Since it's been some time since the POV/NPOV issue was discussed, I think we should reevaluate the article as it is. By now, the intro is neutral, the issues on controversy all focused on in the specific category, the acclaim section (mostly, lets face it, there for compensation, since the positive attention he got doesn't really warrant much more than a couple of lines somewhere along the article...) is probably as realistic as it could be, the previous intro is trimmed and cut off into two sections that divide his work without, again, too much on the controversy issue... Is it really POV as it is now? I don't see what else can be done to it, as far as POV goes, anyway, but then, hey, me is me. Thoughts? Zeppocity 00:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Right. Nothing. I think I'm gonna go ahead and detag it. Zeppocity 22:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

There were some crazy interjections and blatantly POV editing by an anon user, so I went in and tried to fix it up a little. It's far from perfect, but there it is. TsunamiWave7 16:54, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

>Sorry boys, but this article isn't npov, it's been gutted so much it's useless.

I don't care whether a writer/artist is living or dead, it's a cop-out not to address the controversy that the writer generated. It would be like saying that "Lewis Hine took pictures of factories" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine). The controversy IS the story, and the reason for the Wikipedia entry. Austen generated huge and lasting animosity on his X-Men run. Not to note that is unprofessional and defeats the purpose of Wikipedia. This isn't the Miami Beach Who's Who, where everyone is cheerful and successful and the children are all above average.

Just make sure you find citations to back your VALID pov.'' CaseyAtyBat (talk) 05:09, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Acclaim section?
''Another interesting aspect of Austen's work is that while his mainstream work starts off strong and gets weaker as time goes by through mismanagement of his subplots his non-mainstream work, or non-continuity work, seems to shine and possess a strength not seen in works like Uncanny X-Men or Action Comics. Books like the Eternal and Worldwatch, in spite of their pornographic elements, containinsightful and interesting concepts and ideas that deserve further exploration.''

IMHO, this sounds extremely generic and written just to pad the section. Could somebody be more specific, i.e. pointing out a concrete example? If not, this is just "weasel talk", see Avoid_weasel_terms, but if yes, please let it be known. --- Onomatopoeia 17:17, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And now it's gone from that to pure POV... to rephrase a character's loss of sanity and attacks on her friends as "An additional example was Polaris, which he turned from a second-stringer into a powerful and dangerous character." seems like little more than an attempt to put a positive spin on the matter for those unfamiliar, and should be revised. I might actually try and rewrite this section, taking in account the one truly important point there, the soapyness of his run, which has indeed been well received by a portion of the readership. Zeppocity 22:51, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Point taken, and I rest my case. Acclaim for Chuck defies me. Onomatopoeia 13:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
Not entirely aware of this page's history before I came across it, hum, just making clear here that after some editing some time ago, I've gone ahead and divided the large, unfocused main text (which included a number of references that are inappropriate and unhelpful in an introduction), into two sections on his body of work, namely Mainstream Work and Other Work. References to supposed lack of quality and relating controversy should really be kept in the Controversy section and as such, there's none of that in them by now, I think... Aiming for neutrality, naturally enough. I'll grant however that expanding the introductory line might be a good idea, but I'm not quite sure how to do it without veering off into the controversy issues which, again, comes off as inappropriate to me. Anyway, any issues as to the slight trimming and restructuring I've done? Maybe someone more familiar with Austen's work (a rare breed of animal, maybe: a Austen fan) can come by and write down some more on his early work...? Anywho, cheers, Zeppocity 01:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Gambit
I specified that Austen did not create Gambit, I'm not sure if that came across too clearly originally.

U.S. War Machine
Could a section about Austen's contributions to the US War Machine be added, althought not popular, the comic was a unique piece for both Austens career and comics @ the turn of the century.

X-Men Section
I've removed this section entirely, according to WP:LIVING. It's not OK to have a massive uncited criticism section on a biography of a living person, and obscene to drown out all actual description of his career with fan complaints about one of his writing assignments. 128.227.99.129 22:14, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

The only reason people know his name is that he was so controversial on X-Men! It's foolish to ignore that controversy. The criticism, whether fairly or unfairly, colored much of his later work. There's a ton of postings on DC's web site that bashed his work on X-Men while he working on JLA.

Who are you trying to please here? Public opinion? Austen's feelings? CaseyAtyBat (talk) 05:14, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Chuck Austen on Wikipedia
"I was known for writing rather a lot of Marvel comics and a few DC comics a couple or more years back, and was notorious as the most hated man in comics for a period of time. Even I am not entirely sure why. Google my name if you’re curious, or visit Wikipedia where people who clearly don’t like me have made the reasons to dislike me sound almost intellectual and reasonable—even though they are largely untrue or very skewed." --DrBat 03:17, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ChuckAusten.jpg
Image:ChuckAusten.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:43, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Church of Humanity
Was this organization Austen's creation, or Joe Casey's? The Church first appeared during Casey's run on "Uncanny X-Men", yet the "Church of Humanity" entry here states it was created by Austen.--Fingerknöchelkopf 07:15, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It first appeared in Joe Casey's run, but it was Austen who revealed their origins. --DrBat (talk) 16:26, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

JLA
His JLA run isn't even mentioned. (and it was very good, for a few issues)(Artie85 (talk) 21:18, 7 June 2008 (UTC))

"Twelve Internet Trolls
As this has become a meme, this needs at least a section within this article explaining its origin, as well as a link to the Newsarama and CBR interviews where he made the claims. As to adding the fact that a simple census of comic book forums would easily disprove Chuckles' number claim, I leave it to you kids to figure out how to add that info without someone coming along and trying to squash it under the excuse of "original research".

Removed the bit, since it's WAY too POV for the article (plus the term never really caught on, as far as comic fandom seeing it as Austen trying to negate legitimate criticism of his writings online). --BakerBaker (talk) 04:05, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Eternals
Chuckles also did a six-issue Eternals mini for Marvel that was critically accepted, but had the misfortune of showing up when Chuckles' popularity was hitting the skids.

Avengers
Re-reworked the Avengers section; more emphasis should be placed on Captain Britian/Lionheart and the use of Austen's second and final arc to launch the 2004 Invader series. The stuff with Hank Pym and Wasp should be downplayed, given how Bendis pretty much went into overdrive to pretty much reset the status quo on the two as soon as he took over the book, let alone how utterly unpopular that arc was. Onomatopoeia, see if you can find some links about the 2004 Invaders series for the Avengers section since Austen helped write that book's #0 issue.

Another rewrite + NPOV tag lifted
I just spent quite a bit of time cleaning up and adding more info to Austen's controversial X-Men run. I put in many inline citations from reliable sources (WP:CITE) into the article. With so much sourced information from third party sources, the majority of all POV issues should be eliminated. Also, Austen IS controversial, so as of WP:SPADE, don't be shy to say so. —Onomatopoeia (talk) 14:02, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, but as he's still alive, certain rules come into play, as noted at the very top of this very discussion page. This is why I made the changes I did. Nuetrallity is important on Wikipeda. Lots42 (talk) 03:22, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chuck Austen


text: File:Tessie.jpg

title: File:Tessie.jpg


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Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest

Albania has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 20 times since its debut in. The Albanian participant broadcaster in the contest is Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH), which select its entrant with the national competition Festivali i Këngës, a long-standing song contest that organises every year since 1962.

Albania participated in the contest for the first time in with "The Image of You" by Anjeza Shahini placing seventh. It remained the country's highest result until, when "Suus" by Rona Nishliu finished fifth.

Participation
Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) is a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. It has participated in the contest representing Albania since its in 2004.

2000s
RTSH expressed their intention to participate in the 2002 and 2003 Eurovision Song Contests, however they were denied participation due to the large number of countries participating.

However, it debuted at the in Istanbul with the song "The Image of You" performed by Anjeza Shahini. The country received 106 points in the grand final and finished in the seventh place remaining the country's highest placement until 2012. In 2005, due to the country's top 11 placement the previous year, the succeeding entry "Tomorrow I Go" by Ledina Çelo automatically qualified for the grand final and reached the sixteenth place in Kyiv. The following year, Luiz Ejlli and his entry "Zjarr e ftohtë" failed to qualify for the grand final in Athens simultaneously marking the first time in their participation history.

The 2007 entry was Frederik Ndoci with "Hear My Plea", performed at Festivali I Këngës 45 as "Balada e gurit" (The stone ballad). The song was performed at Eurovision in both English and Albanian. In the semi-final of the 2007 contest he received 49 points, placing 17th of 28 in his semi-final and failing to qualify for the final.

The winner of Festivali I Këngës 46 was "Zemrën e lamë peng" (Hearts trapped in time) by Olta Boka. However the result of the juries that selected the winner was controversial and rumours arose that the final two judges intentionally awarded high marks to Boka in order to avoid sending the runners-up, Flaka Krelani and Doruntina Disha, to the contest. Press reactions in Albania were not happy with the decision, and RTSH announced that they would investigate into alleged cheating by the final two judges to award their points. Despite this, Olta Boka's victory remained, and she sang for Albania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. She qualified for the final, coming 9th in a field of 19 in the second semi-final, and in the final she received 55 points, coming equal 17th in a field of 25.

Albania was the first country to select both their artist and publicly present their song for Eurovision 2009. The winner was again selected by Festivali I Këngës. The winner of Festivali I Këngës 47 was Kejsi Tola with the song "Më merr në ëndërr" (Take me in your dreams), which was composed by the composers of Albania's first entry Edmond Zhulali and Agim Doçi. The song was performed in English as "Carry Me in Your Dreams". Albania finished 7th out of 19 in the 2nd semifinal with 73 points, thus qualifying for the final. In the final, where both jury and televoting were used, Albania scored 48 points, finishing 17th in a field of 25. However, had only televoting been used Albania would have placed 11th in the contest. Conversely if only jury voting had been used Albania would have placed 23rd.

2010s
The winner of Festivali I Këngës 48 was decided on 27 December, with Juliana Pasha winning over former winner Anjeza Shahini. She represented Albania at Eurovision 2010 in Oslo with the song "It's All about You". The song was a typical up-tempo composition, and has been compared to Christina Aguilera's "Keeps Gettin' Better" and Britney Spears' "Womanizer". Albania came 6th in the first semi-final with 76 points, thus qualifying for the final. In the final, Juliana finished 16th with 62 points which included 12 points from Macedonia.

The Albanian participant for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest was chosen in Festivali i Këngës 49 in December 2010. The winner of 2011's Festival of Song was Aurela Gaçe, winning for the third time after 10 years. Her song was named "Kënga ime" ("My Song") and it was translated into English with the name "Feel the Passion", published on 12 March 2011, during a show called "Historia nis këtu" ("The story begins here") in RTSH. Albania participated in Semi-Final 1 against 18 other countries, fighting for a place in the grand final in 14 May. However they missed out on qualification for the final for the first time in 4 years, coming 14th.

Albania competed in the 2012 competition with the song "Suus", which was performed by Rona Nishliu. The song got through to the final, coming in 5th place overall with 146 points. Rona Nishliu from Kosovo achieved a record result for Albania.

Albania competed in the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Identitet" which was performed by Adrian Lulgjuraj and Bledar Sejko. This song was chosen as the winner through the Festivali i Këngës. The results depended on the jury voting only. Among the experts in the jury was the Italian Head of Delegation at the Eurovision Song Contest, Nicola Caligiore, who greeted and gave the points in English for all the viewers from the Eurovision.tv webcast. Albania came 15th in the second semi-final of the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmö and did not make it into the grand final.

On 28 December 2013, Herciana Matmuja won Festivali i Këngës 52 (the 52nd national final of Albania) and was therefore chosen to represent Albania in Eurovision 2014 with her song 'Zemërimi i një nate'. In the time before Eurovision 2014 she recorded both English and Albanian versions of this song. On 16 March she released the final version of 'One Night's anger' for Eurovision 2014. Albania failed to qualify for the second year in a row.

On 28 December 2014, Elhaida Dani won Festivali i Këngës 53 with the song "Diell", and this represented Albania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. On 23 February 2015 it was announced that the songwriters had decided to withdraw the song due to "personal and irrevocable reasons", and Dani would perform something else at Eurovision. The following day it was revealed that Dani would perform "I'm Alive".

On 27 December 2015 Eneda Tarifa won Festivali i Këngës 54 with her song "Përrallë" which meant she would represent Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. It was later translated into English and called "Fairytale", and the music video premiered on the evening news on TVSH. Albania failed to qualify, coming only 16th out of 18 in the second semi-final.

After failing to qualify once again in 2017 with Lindita and the song "World", Albania returned to the grand final in 2018 with the song "Mall" by Eugent Bushpepa. It finished 11th of 26 in the final receiving 184 points, giving Albania its third best result in the contest since their debut.

In 2019, Albania selected Jonida Maliqi to represent them with the song "Ktheju tokës". Albania succeeded in qualifying from the second semi-final, making it the first time Albania had qualified twice in a row since 2009 and 2010. In the final, she placed 17th with 90 points.

2020s
For the contest, Albania selected Arilena Ara to represent their country after she won Festivali i Këngës 58 with the song "Shaj" on 22 December 2019. On 9 March 2020, a revamped version of the song named "Fall from the Sky" was released in English. However, the 2020 contest was cancelled on 18 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.

For the contest, RTSH announced that Arilena Ara would not be internally re-selected to represent Albania, and that Festivali i Këngës 59 would go ahead as planned. The national final took place on 23 December 2020 and was won by Anxhela Peristeri with the song "Karma". Anxhela managed to qualify for the final, making it the first time since 2008-2010 that Albania qualified three times in a row. In the final, she placed 21st with 57 points.

For the contest, Ronela Hajati won Festivali i Këngës 60 and was selected to represent the country with the song "Sekret". It underwent a revamp ahead of Eurovision which saw lines in English and Spanish being added. However, it failed to qualify for the final, coming 12th out of 17 in the first semi-final.

For the contest, Albina Kelmendi and her family finished second in Festivali i Këngës 61, but were selected to represent the country with the song "Duje" by the public. They managed to qualify for the final, finishing 9th with 83 points. In the final, they placed 22nd with 76 points.

For the contest, the selection method used in 2023 was retained, with Besa and the song "Zemrën n'dorë" coming first in the televoting of Festivali i Këngës 62. For Eurovision, the song was revamped and renamed "Titan".

Commentators and spokespersons
For the contest's broadcast on Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH), various commentators and spokespersons have been hired throughout the years, with Leon Menkshi and Andri Xhahu notably having done the job on eight and thirteen occasions respectively. At Eurovision, after all points are calculated, the presenters of the show call upon each voting country to invite their respective spokesperson to announce the results of their vote on-screen.

title: Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest


text:
Category talk:Fictional mutants

Untitled
Arent all these characters Marvel Comics characters?

And with the various X-Men categories, this seems a little redundant. :/ --DrBat 01:04, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional mutants


text:
Elizabeth Dilling

Elizabeth Eloise Kirkpatrick Dilling (April 19, 1894 – April 30, 1966) was an American writer and political activist. In 1934, she published The Red Network—A Who's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots, which catalogs over 1,300 suspected communists and their sympathizers. Her books and lecture tours established her as the pre-eminent female right-wing activist of the 1930s, and one of the most outspoken critics of the New Deal, which she referred to as the "Jew Deal". In the mid-to-late 1930s, Dilling expressed sympathy for Nazi Germany.

Dilling was the best-known leader of the World War II women's isolationist movement, a grass-roots campaign that pressured Congress to refrain from helping the Allies. She was among 28 anti-war campaigners charged with sedition in 1942; the charges were dropped in 1946. While academic studies have predominantly ignored both the anti-war "Mothers' movement" and right-wing activist women in general, Dilling's writings secured her a lasting influence among right-wing groups. She organized the Paul Reveres, an anti-communist organization, and was a member of the America First Committee.

Early life and family
Dilling was born Elizabeth Eloise Kirkpatrick on April 19, 1894, in Chicago, Illinois. Her father, Lafayette Kirkpatrick, was a surgeon of Scotch-Irish ancestry; her mother, Elizabeth Harding, was of English and French ancestry. Her father died when she was six weeks old, after which her mother added to the family income by selling real estate. Dilling's brother, Lafayette Harding Kirkpatrick, who was seven years her senior, became wealthy by the age of 23 after developing properties in Hawaii. Dilling had an Episcopalian upbringing, and attended a Catholic girls' school, Academy of Our Lady. She was highly religious, and was known to send her friends 40-page letters about the Bible. Prone to bouts of depression, she went on vacations in the US, Canada, and Europe with her mother.

In 1912, she enrolled at the University of Chicago, where she studied music and languages, intending to become an orchestral musician. She studied the harp under Walfried Singer, the Chicago Symphony's harpist. She left after three years before graduating, lonely and bitterly disillusioned. In 1918, she married Albert Dilling, an engineer studying law who attended the same Episcopalian church as Elizabeth. The couple were well off financially, thanks to Elizabeth's inherited money and Albert's job as chief engineer for the Chicago Sewerage District. They lived in Wilmette, a Chicago suburb, and had two children, Kirkpatrick in 1920, and Elizabeth Jane in 1925.

The family traveled abroad at least ten times between 1923 and 1939, experiences that focused Dilling's political outlook and served to convince her of American superiority. In 1923, they visited Britain, France and Italy. Offended by the lack of gratitude from the British for American intervention in World War I, Dilling vowed to oppose any future American involvement in European conflict. They spent a month in the Soviet Union in 1931, where local guides, who Dilling claimed were Jews, told her that communism would take over the world and showed her a map of the US in which the cities were renamed after Soviet heroes. She documented her travels in home movies, filming such scenes as bathers swimming nude in a river beneath a Moscow church. She was appalled by communism's "atheism, sex degeneracy, broken homes [and] class hatred."

Dilling visited Germany in 1931 and, when she returned in 1938, noted a "great improvement of conditions". She attended Nazi Party meetings, and the German government paid her expenses. She wrote that "The German people under Hitler are contented and happy. ... don't believe the stories you hear that this man has not done a great good for this country." In 1938, she toured Palestine, where she filmed what she described as Jewish immigrants ruining the country. While touring Spain, then embroiled in the Spanish Civil War, she filmed "Red torture chambers" and burnt-out churches, "ruined by the Reds with the same satanic Jewish glee shown in Russia." She visited Japan, which she viewed as the only Christian nation in Asia, and in 1939, she returned to visit Spain, for a second time.

Dilling wrote of her praise of Nazi Germany in 1936:"'Nazism has directed its attacks more against conspiring, revolutionary Communist Jews, than against nationalist German Jews who aided Germany during the war; if it has discriminated against the innocent also, it has been with no such ferocity and loss of life as the planned and imminent Communist revolution would have wreaked upon the German population, had it been successful as in Russia.'"

Anti-communism
"Our family trip to Red Russia in 1931 started my dedication to anti-Communism. We were taken behind the scenes by friends working for the Soviet Government and saw deplorable conditions, first hand. We were appalled, not only at the forced labor, the squalid crowded living quarters, the breadline ration card workers’ stores, the mothers pushing wheelbarrows and begging children of the State nurseries besieging us. The open virulent anti-Christ campaign, every-where, was a shock. In public places were the tirades by loud speaker, in Russian, (our friends translated). Atheist cartoons representing Christ as a villain, a drunk, and the object of a cannibalistic orgy (Holy Communion): as an oppressor of labor; again as trash being dumped from a wheelbarrow by the Soviet Five-Year-Plan – these lurid cartoons filled the big bulletin boards in the churches our Soviet guides took us to visit."

- The Plot against Christianity, 1964

Dilling's political activism was spurred by the "bitter opposition" she encountered upon her return to Illinois in 1931, "against my telling the truth about Russia ... from suburbanite 'intellectual' friends and from my own Episcopal minister." She began public speaking as a hobby, following her doctor's advice. Iris McCord, a Chicago radio broadcaster who taught at the Moody Bible Institute, arranged for her to address local church groups. Within a year Dilling was touring the Midwest, the Northeast and occasionally the West Coast, accompanied by her husband. She showed her home movies of the Soviet Union and made the same speech several times a week to audiences sometimes as large as several hundred, hosted by organizations such as the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and the American Legion.

In 1932, Dilling co-founded the Paul Reveres, an anti-communist organization with headquarters in Chicago which eventually had 200 local chapters. She left in 1934, after a dispute with the co-founder Col. Edwin Marshall Hadley, and it folded soon after due to lack of interest. With McCord's encouragement, her lectures were published in a local Wilmette newspaper in 1932, and then collected in a pamphlet entitled Red Revolution: Do We Want It Here? Dilling claimed that the DAR printed and distributed thousands of copies.

Beginning in early 1933, Dilling spent twelve to eighteen hours a day for eighteen months researching and cataloging suspected subversives. Her sources included the 1920 four-volume report of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities, and Representative Hamilton Fish's 1931 report of an anti-communist investigation. The result was The Red Network—A Who's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots, hailed with irony in The New Republic as a "handy, compact reference work". The first half of the 352-page book was a collection of essays, mostly copied from Red Revolution. The second half contained descriptions of more than 1,300 "Reds" (including international figures such as Albert Einstein and Chiang Kai-shek), and more than 460 organizations described as "Communist, Radical Pacifist, Anarchist, Socialist, [or] I.W.W. controlled". "Far more than the Spider-Web chart of the 1920s – a chart composed by a member of the DAR that plotted suspected red-affiliated organisations with progressive individuals – The Red Network revealed the power of "guilt by association," a tactic that would be used all too often by future Red baiters with devastating effectiveness."

- Christine K. Erickson, Journal of American Studies, 2002

The book was reprinted eight times and sold more than 16,000 copies by 1941. Thousands more were given away. It was sold in Chicago book stores and by mail order from Dilling's house. It was distributed by the KKK, the Knights of the White Camellia, the German-American Bund, and the Aryan Bookstores. Subscribers to Gerald Winrod's new journal, The Revealer, received a copy; fundamentalist preacher W. B. Riley, president of the Northwest Bible Training School, claimed he had given away hundreds of copies; and it was advertised and sold by the Moody Bible Institute. It was endorsed by officials in the DAR and the American Legion. Copies were bought by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, the New York Police Department, the Chicago Police Department, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A Los Angeles arms manufacturer bought and distributed 150 copies, and a tear gas manufacturer bought 1,500 copies, which it distributed to the Standard Oil Company, the National Guard, and hundreds of police departments.

In 1935, Dilling returned to her alma mater to accuse such people as university president Robert Maynard Hutchins, educational reformer John Dewey, activist Jane Addams, and Republican Senator William Borah of being communist sympathizers. Retail tycoon Charles R. Walgreen asked for her help to obtain a public hearing after his niece complained that professors at the university were communists. They demanded the closure of the university. The Illinois legislature convened to discuss the matter, ultimately deciding that the claims were unfounded. Dilling delivered a frenetic half-hour speech at the Illinois General Assembly, with calls from the audience to "kill every communist". She declared, "It is certain that the University of Chicago is diseased with Communism and that its contagion is a menace to the community and the Nation." Dilling's next book, The Roosevelt Red Record and Its Background, published two weeks before the 1936 presidential election, was less successful. Like much of her later writing, it was largely a disjointed series of quotations. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Jew Deal" (as Dilling was calling the New Deal) was already a central theme of The Red Network, and it was already being debated elsewhere. Dilling later claimed that the House Un-American Activities Committee was founded largely thanks to her two books. She wrote a pamphlet attacking Borah, entitled Borah: "Borer from Within" the G.O.P., fearing that if he won the presidential nomination voters would be forced to choose between two communists. She distributed 5,000 copies at the Republican National Convention, and claimed credit for his defeat.

In 1938, Dilling founded the Patriotic Research Bureau, a vast archive in Chicago with a staff of "Christian women and girls" from the Moody Bible Institute. She began regular publication of the Patriotic Research Bulletin, a newsletter outlining her political and personal views, which she mailed free of charge to her supporters. Editions were often 25 to 30 pages long, with a youthful photograph of the author on the cover conveying a personal touch. The masthead of early issues reads: "Patriotic Research Bureau. For the defense of Christianity and Americanism".

Dilling was paid $5,000 in 1939 by industrialist Henry Ford to investigate communism at the University of Michigan. As well as distributing his antisemitic newspaper The Dearborn Independent during the 1920s, Ford was a financial supporter of dozens of antisemitic propagandists. Dilling discovered hundreds of books at the university library written by "radicals". Her 96-page report stated that the university was "typical of those American colleges which have permitted Marxist-bitten, professional theorists to inoculate wholesome American youths with their collectivist propaganda." She reached a similar conclusion when the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce paid her to investigate UCLA, and when she investigated her children's universities, Cornell and Northwestern.

In 1940, hoping to influence the presidential election, Dilling published The Octopus, setting out her theories of Jewish Communism. The book was published under the pseudonym "Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson". Avedis Derounian reported Dilling claiming that "The Jews can never prove that I'm anti-Semitic, I'm too clever for them." Her husband feared that allegations of antisemitism would damage his law practice. She admitted that she was the author at her divorce trial in 1942. She explained that she wrote the book as a response to B'nai B'rith. She stated: "It airs their dirty lying attempts to shut every Christian mouth and prevent anyone from getting a fair trial in this country" (for which she was cited for contempt).

Isolationism
"Besides relying on a gendered appeal to patriotic duty, Dilling enjoyed portraying herself as a helpless victim confronted by diabolical evil. One telling example was when a federal subpoena in 1941, issued by the Justice Department, ordered her to Washington DC to explain her alleged affiliations with Nazi sympathizers. She described her experiences at the "New Deal O.G.P.U.," an unsubtle reference to Stalin's secret police, in the format of a play, in which she acted the part of the victim interrogated by an agent of the New Deal. The dramatic scene overflowed with "sinister glower[s]," "sarcastic questions" and "long harangue[s]." The victim, "a bit weary with the endless hectoring," answered unfair questions with righteous indignation. Throughout this little skit, Dilling downplayed her public role and denied the accusation that she was "an important woman" and that her "name carr[ied] weight." A sincere act of humility this was not, but it did reveal Dilling's inclination for martyrdom and self-importance, as well as a talent for propaganda."

- Erickson, 2002

Dilling was a central figure in a mass movement of isolationist women's groups, which opposed US involvement in World War II from a "maternalist" perspective. The membership of these groups in 1941 was between one and six million. According to historian Kari Frederickson: "They argued that war was the antithesis of nurturant motherhood, and that as women they had a particular stake in preventing American involvement in the European conflict. ... they intertwined their maternalist arguments with appeals that were right-wing, anti-Roosevelt, anti-British, anti-communist and anti-Semitic."

The movement was strongest in the Midwest, a conservative stronghold with a culture of antisemitism, which had long resented the political dominance of the East Coast. Chicago was the base of far-right activists Charles E. Coughlin, Gerald L. K. Smith and Lyrl Clark Van Hyning, as well as the America First Committee, which had 850,000 members by 1941. Dilling spoke at America First meetings, and was involved in the founding of Van Hyning's "We the Mothers Mobilize for America", a highly active group with 150,000 members who were tasked with infiltrating other organizations. The Chicago Tribune, the newspaper with the highest circulation in the region, was strongly isolationist. It treated Dilling as a trusted expert on anti-communism and continued to support her after she was charged with sedition.

In early 1941, when the movement was at its height, Dilling spoke at rallies in Chicago and other cities in the Midwest, and recruited a group to coordinate her efforts to oppose Lend-Lease, the "Mothers' Crusade to Defeat H. R. 1776". Hundreds of these activists picketed the Capitol for two weeks in February 1941. Dilling was arrested when she led a sit-down strike with at least 25 other protesters in the corridor outside the office of 84-year-old Senator Carter Glass. After a sensational trial lasting six days, she wept as she was found guilty of disorderly conduct and fined $25. Glass called for the FBI to investigate the women's groups, and stated in The New York Times on March 7 that the women had caused "a noisy disorder of which any self-respecting fishwife would be ashamed. I likewise believe that it would be pertinent to inquire whether they are mothers. For the sake of the race, I devoutly hope not." Isolationist leader Cathrine Curtis believed that the image of the Mothers' movement had been wrecked, and privately criticised Dilling's "hoodlum" tactics as "communistic" and "un-womanly".

Many of the women's groups continued to oppose the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, unlike their allies, the America First Committee. Dilling campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey in the 1944 presidential election, although she accused him of "fawning at the feet of international Jewry". Her political activity decreased as a result of her highly publicized divorce trial, beginning in February 1942, during which dozens of fist fights broke out, involving both men and women, and Dilling received three citations for contempt. The judge, Rudolph Desort, said that he feared he would suffer "a nervous breakdown" during the four-month trial.

A grand jury, convened in 1941 to investigate fascist propaganda, called several women's leaders to testify, including Dilling, Curtis and Van Hyning. Roosevelt prevailed upon Attorney General Francis Biddle to launch a prosecution, and on July 21, 1942, Dilling and 27 other anti-war activists were indicted on two counts of conspiracy to cause insubordination of the military in peacetime and wartime. The case was the main part of a government campaign against domestic subversion, which historian Leo P. Ribuffo labelled "The Brown Scare". The charges and list of defendants were extended in January 1943. The charges were again extended in January 1944. The judge, Edward C. Eicher, suffered a fatal heart attack on November 29, 1944. Federal judge James M. Proctor declared a mistrial. The charges were dismissed by federal judge Bolitha Laws on November 22, 1946, after the government had failed to present any compelling new evidence of a German conspiracy. Biddle later called the proceedings "a dreary farce".

Post-war publications
Following the 1946 trial dismissal, Dilling continued to publish the Patriotic Research Bulletin, and in 1964, she published The Plot Against Christianity. The book "reveals the satanic hatred of Christ and Christians responsible for their mass murder, torture and slave labour in all Iron Curtain countries – all of which are ruled by Talmudists". After her death, it was retitled The Jewish Religion: Its Influence Today. "The UN Charter and treaties are constructed to make way for the "man of sin," the Anti-Christ who will hold supreme power over life or death as he briefly heads this last Red satanic world empire."

- Patriotic Research Bulletin, September – October 1954

Dilling died on April 30, 1966, in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Media references

 * A character based on Dilling named "Adelaide Tarr Gimmitch" appears in the novel It Can't Happen Here (1935) by Sinclair Lewis. The book describes a fascist takeover in the US.
 * "Who then, is Mrs Dilling? Upon what strange meat has she been fed that she hath grown so great: And what inspired her, she who might have taken up knitting or petunia-growing, to adopt as her hobby the deliberate and sometimes hasty criticism of men and women she has never seen." — Harry Thornton Moore, "The Lady Patriot's Book", The New Republic, January 8, 1936
 * "To see the lady in action, screaming and leaping and ripping along at breakneck speed, is to see certain symptoms of simple hysteria on the loose." — Milton S. Mayer, "Mrs. Dilling: Lady of the Red Network", American Mercury, July 1939
 * "I have rarely seen hatred take complete possession of a woman's face as when Elizabeth Dilling stormed around the corridors shouting. She seemed like a woman pursued by the furies. What she did not know was that the furies were not outside her, but in her own mind." — Max Lerner describing an encounter in 1941, PM, 1943/44

Works
According to the Library of Congress records, Dilling self-published the original printings of her books in Kenilworth, Illinois, then some 20 miles north of downtown Chicago. They were later republished by printing houses throughout the country, such as the Elizabeth Dilling Foundation in the 1960s, Arno Press in the 1970s and Sons of Liberty in the 1980s.

Books

 * The Red Network, A "Who's Who" and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots (1934, 1935, 1936, 1977)
 * "Lady Patriot" Replies (1936)
 * The Roosevelt Red Record and Its Background (1936)
 * Dare We Oppose Red Treason? (1937)..
 * The Red Betrayal of the Churches (1938)..
 * The Octopus, by Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson [pseud.] (Oct. 1940; Sons of Liberty, 1985, 1986)
 * The Plot Against Christianity (1964)
 * Republished as The Jewish Religion: Its Influence Today.

title: Elizabeth Dilling


text:
Talk:Northrop N-9M

Recent Flight
I just changed the date of the first recent flight of this plane. It was November 11, 2004. That may have been the first official flight, but I saw it fly on April 19, 2003. See Image:N9MB-in-flight.JPG and its metadata. —BenFrantzDale

Contradiction - crew number
"Crew: one, pilot"

Crew Member Contradiction
I believe I have cleared up the contradiction. The first three N-9m's had only one crew member (pilot). The last one (N-9MB) had an extra observers seat - HellFire

Horten Bros.
My recollection is that Jack's work toard a flying wing is separate and predates the Horten Bros. If there isn't a reference, the Horten Bros. should be removed. 32.170.118.181 (talk) 18:49, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Engine Fire
I was at Planes of fame and visited the N9M. It was still in restoration. One of the problems was getting spare parts for the Franklin engine that was damaged in the fire. Similar Franklins were found and obtained and work is proceeding to make N9M fly again. 32.170.118.181 (talk) 18:49, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Rose Bowl
The N9M flew over the Rose Bowl before the Tournament of roses game to celebrate the 100th year of flying. 32.170.118.181 (talk) 18:49, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northrop N-9M


text:
Losi

Losi may refer to:

 * Losi (mythology), a Polynesian mythological figure
 * Losi Harford (born 1973), New Zealand cricketer
 * Team Losi, a manufacturer of radio controlled models
 * Giacomo Losi (1935-2024), Italian football defender

title: Losi


text: User talk:69.76.76.32

title: User talk:69.76.76.32


text:
North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest

North Macedonia has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 21 times since its official debut in 1998. The country had attempted to participate in 1996, but failed to qualify from the audio-only qualifying round.

Prior to 2019, North Macedonia's best result was a twelfth place finish with Elena Risteska in. Having qualified from the semi-final round only once in ten of the previous eleven contests (2008–18), North Macedonia achieved its best result to date in, when Tamara Todevska qualified and finished in seventh place in the final after winning the jury vote. Following a further two non-qualifications, MRT withdrew from the contest in Liverpool and North Macedonia is yet to return.

History
Prior to declaring independence in 1991, as a constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia participated in the Yugoslav pre-selection called among the other Yugoslav federal units. Also, Macedonian composers wrote songs for candidates from other parts of Yugoslavia. However, the Macedonian entries never managed to win, and the SR Macedonia was the only federal state never to send a Yugoslav entry to the Eurovision Song Contest. An exception occurred when Maja Odžaklievska won the Yugoslav competition in 1980, but she did not perform in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 due to the Yugoslavian decision not to participate that year.

The country submitted its first entry, "Samo ti" (Само ти) sung by Kaliopi, for the 1996 edition. However, the country failed to qualify through the non-broadcast pre-selection round. Its efforts to enter the contest were again hindered in 1997, when another new system was introduced where countries with the lowest average scores over the previous four years were excluded from participating. The country made its debut in 1998, with Vlado Janevski's "Ne zori, zoro".

The country's best result before 2019 (and the best result with its old name) was in, when Elena Risteska sang "Ninanajna" (Нинанајна) in Athens, Greece and came 12th. It is the only country to have qualified from every semi-final from 2004 to 2007 (other countries have qualified for every final but due to them finishing in the top 10 the previous year, they did not have to compete in the semi-final). Despite never finishing in the top 10, their record of qualifying for every final was broken in, when the jury vote used in the semi-final chose Sweden as a finalist, despite Tamara, Vrčak and Adrian having come 10th in the televote.

Macedonian Radio Television (MRT), which broadcasts the event, has intermittently used the Skopje Fest to select the national entry since the country's debut, although it made several changes in the national final format, so the 2004, 2005 and 2006 national finals were organised outside the Skopje Fest.

For, the country competed for the first time under the name North Macedonia. MRT selected Tamara Todevska as their act of choice, performing the song "Proud". The song managed to qualify through the second semi-final, and reached seventh place in the final, winning the jury vote. This is the first top ten placing as well as the highest placing ever for North Macedonia in the history of the contest.

Following two non-qualifications in and, MRT confirmed its absence in the  contest, citing financial constraints. However, MRT still broadcast the 2023 contest with a view to return in. The broadcaster's intention to return was stated in a budget plan published in September 2023. However, in late October 2023, the programme planning chair of MRT, Smilka Janeska Sarkanjac, clarified that a decision was yet to be made and the plan was still awaiting the approval of the government. North Macedonia ultimately did not appear on the final list of participants.

Delegation members
The public broadcaster of each participating country in the Eurovision Song Contest assigns a head of delegation as the EBU's contact person and the leader of their delegation at the event. The delegation, whose size can greatly vary, includes a head of press, the contestants, songwriters, composers and backing vocalists, among others.

Commentators and spokespersons
For the show's broadcast on MRT, various commentators have provided commentary on the contest in the Macedonian language. At the Eurovision Song Contest after all points are calculated, the presenters of the show call upon each voting country to invite each respective spokesperson to announce the results of their vote on-screen.

From until, North Macedonia competed as part of  and broadcast the contest with Macedonian commentary during its span of participation.


text:
Bloedel Floral Conservatory

The Bloedel Floral Conservatory is a conservatory and aviary located at the top of Queen Elizabeth Park in Vancouver, British Columbia.

History
Leading up to the national centennial in 1967, communities and organizations across Canada were encouraged to engage in centennial projects to celebrate the country's 100th anniversary. The projects ranged from special one-time events to local improvement projects. In Vancouver, Stuart Lefeaux, superintendent of the Vancouver Park Board, and his deputy Bill Livingstone proposed the Bloedel Floral Conservatory. Their vision was to build a conservatory for exotic plants that would be both educational and a good place for families to go.

Building a conservatory on top of Queen Elizabeth Park's Little Mountain was a complicated project. The city had already leased the top of the mountain to the Greater Vancouver Water Board and they had built a $5 1/2$-acre open water reservoir for the city's potable water supply. A concrete lid was constructed in 1965 to cover the reservoir, but approval was needed to build the conservatory's surrounding plaza on top of the cover. The project was not to detract from the natural beauty of the site, nor to jeopardize the quality of the potable water supply in the reservoir. Climates had to be simulated for temperate, tropical and arid areas in the botanical displays inside the conservatory, and the project was not to exceed the budget. Giving the immense concrete plaza over the reservoir an attractive garden atmosphere meant working within rigid and expensive water board restrictions. These challenges were overcome, and the conservatory was constructed next to this reservoir, which remains a major source of water for the city today.

Philanthropy from extraction companies was at an all-time high during the 1960s, so Lefeux and Livingstone looked for a way to get the project funded. They approached Prentice Bloedel of the Macmillan Bloedel Lumber Company. The Bloedel Foundation put forward $1.25 million in conjunction with contributions by the City of Vancouver and the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation to build the Bloedel Conservatory, the Dancing Fountains and the surrounding plaza. This gift was the largest the city of Vancouver had received to that date.

Architect McKinley Underwood designed the triodetic dome – an avant-garde structure inspired by Buckminster Fuller’s iconic Expo ’67 dome in Montreal. The triodetic dome frame was manufactured entirely in Ottawa and shipped 3,000 miles across the country to Queen Elizabeth Park. Once it arrived, the structural framework was erected in just 10 days. The entire dome and plaza took 18 months to complete. The grand opening of the conservatory took place to much fanfare on December 6, 1969, and hosted over 500,000 people in its first year of operation. Prentice and his wife Virginia, both avid art collectors, also donated the monumental bronze sculpture 'Knife Edge - Two Piece' by famed artist Henry Moore.

In November 2009, facing a budget shortfall, the Vancouver Park Board voted in favour of closing the conservatory, citing the approximately $240,000 CDN annual operating budget, the need for a roof replacement as well as other major capital costs as reasons for the decision. The closure was to take effect on March 1, 2010, just after Vancouver had finished hosting the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. In response to the decision, several groups formed in order to lobby both the board and city council.

In early January 2010, a commissioner reported that attendance numbers had increased in December 2009 when compared to December 2008, following the completion of construction projects at the adjacent reservoir on Little Mountain and along Cambie Street. By the end of January, the Friends of the Bloedel Association had helped raise $80,000, and were projecting $250,000 by the proposed March closure. In late February, the park board voted to keep the facility open and asked for proposals on running it.

On April 29, 2010, the Friends of the Bloedel Association and VanDusen Botanical Garden Association submitted a proposal to the Vancouver Park Board to run the Bloedel Conservatory as part of the VanDusen Botanical Gardens,  and the conservatory remained open. At least one other proposal was received, but the joint proposal of the Friends of the Bloedel and the Association was approved by the Services and Budgets Committee of the Vancouver Park Board on July 20, 2010, and unanimously approved by the full Park Board on September 20, 2010. On May 29, 2013, the Friends of the Bloedel won the City of Vancouver Heritage Commission Award of Honour, which "denotes an outstanding contribution to heritage conservation in the City of Vancouver and recognises the advocacy and successful efforts to save and revitalize landmark sites". The VanDusen Botanical Garden Association later changed their name to the Vancouver Botanical Gardens Association to reflect the additional management of Bloedel Conservatory.

Plants and animals
The conservatory contains three habitats: tropical rainforest, subtropical rainforest, and desert. Over 200 birds of various species live in the dome, and tropical fish of several species. In addition, The Bloedel Floral Conservatory dome houses approximately 500 species of plants.

Architecture
Located 500 ft above sea level, the conservatory itself is a triodetic dome 140 ft in diameter, 70 ft high, and is made up of 1,490 plexiglass bubbles of different sizes and 2,324 pieces of extruded aluminum tubing. It contains 8 air circulating units and 24 mist sprayers to control temperature and humidity for the three climate zones inside the dome.

In the plaza adjacent to the conservatory dome is a bronze sculpture by Henry Moore, Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65. It was donated to the Park Board by modern art collector Prentice Bloedel and his wife Virginia, alongside their donation of funding to build the conservatory, and the surrounding plaza. The piece was the first non-commemorative sculpture accepted by the Vancouver Park Board for installation.

Filming location
The conservatory has been used as a filming location for several movies and science fiction series including G-Saviour, Battlestar Galactica, Stargate SG-1, Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda and Beyond the Black Rainbow. Filming of a scene from episode 21, Season 3 of Supergirl also took place here.

title: Bloedel Floral Conservatory


text:
Talk:Picard group

Alternate definition/Disambiguation
I'm staring at an alternate definition of the Picard group as PSL(2,Z[i]), with Z[i] the gaussian integers. I can't tell at all if this is somehow related to the Picard group defined in this article. Any clue? Problem I'm dealing with is a link I just added from Fuchsian group to here. linas 01:08, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

No, yours is the "Picard modular group", which is a discrete group of isometries of the open unit ball in C^2. Same Picard, but no direct relationship between the two groups. P.L. Clark

Picard group of non-separated scheme
The remark about the Picard group of the affine line with double point has been there since the beginning of the page (2005). Can anyone verify this? I assume you have to use some lemma on the effect of removing a point on cohomology...or perhaps there's a reference? Expz (talk) 20:42, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Holy Jargon, Batman!
I'm adding a dated jargon tag because, as someone who has an associate's level understanding of math and hobbyist understanding of astronomical and relativistic concepts, I can't make head or tail of what's in this article.

From Manual of Style: "Avoid introducing too many new words for the purpose of "teaching the reader some new words" that are specialized to a field, when more common alternatives will do. Also, wikilinking as a mechanism for explanation (rather than a parenthetical in the article) is poor form, especially if done repeatedly." Naptastic (talk) 21:19, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Advanced math is beyond the grasp of people without sufficient background; there is no cure for this. Things are defined in terms of other things, which are defined in terms of other things, and so on down; an associate's degree isn't going to get you near this.  This is true for every post-graduate mathematical topic, and why doctorates in math take so long.  I don't intend this as an insult, but just a true statement.  I'm removing the tag.Rodya mirov (talk) 17:56, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Apart from whoever wrote this - no-one will have the slightest idea what a Pickard group is after reading this article. I give it NO stars!91.125.46.106 (talk) 10:41, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Picard group


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Girl Trash STL 1983-1989

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:07, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Girl Trash STL 1983-1989
Besides being very incorrectly titled for an article about a band, I think it's non-notable band vanity; zero relevant google hits Soundguy99 01:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Here's a Google search. -- Barfooz   (talk)  02:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Concur with above. Not notable. Tobycat 04:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow! 17 hits, must be important. Seriously, delete, important American bands have a bigger web presence. Is their an allmusic entry on this one? Mgm|(talk) 09:59, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Looks like vanity page to me. --192.139.27.18 15:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete defunct band vanity. No allmusic entry. --Etacar11 19:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Silversmith Hewwo 19:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Strong delete Let's lose all of the garage bandcruft vanity! (Do love the comment that the band is "Defunked"!) Rlquall 11:10, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Paleogenetics

Paleogenetics is the study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms. Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the term in 1963, long before the sequencing of DNA, in reference to the possible reconstruction of the corresponding polypeptide sequences of past organisms. The first sequence of ancient DNA, isolated from a museum specimen of the extinct quagga, was published in 1984 by a team led by Allan Wilson.

Paleogeneticists do not recreate actual organisms, but piece together ancient DNA sequences using various analytical methods. Fossils are "the only direct witnesses of extinct species and of evolutionary events" and finding DNA within those fossils exposes tremendously more information about these species, potentially their entire physiology and anatomy.

The most ancient DNA sequence to date was reported in February 2021, from the tooth of a Siberian mammoth frozen for over a million years.

Evolution
Similar sequences are often found along DNA (and the derived protein polypeptide chains) in different species. This similarity is directly linked to the sequence of the DNA (the genetic material of the organism). Due to the improbability of this being random chance, and its consistency too long to be attributed to convergence by natural selection, these similarities can be plausibly linked to the existence of a common ancestor with common genes. This allows DNA sequences to be compared between species. Comparing an ancient genetic sequence to later or modern ones can be used to determine ancestral relations, while comparing two modern genetic sequences can determine, within error, the time since their last common ancestor.

Human evolution
Using the thigh bone of a Neanderthal female, 63% of the Neanderthal genome was recovered and 3.7 billion bases of DNA were decoded. It showed that Homo neanderthalensis was the closest living relative of Homo sapiens, until the former lineage died out 30,000 years ago. The Neanderthal genome was shown to be within the range of variation of those of anatomically modern humans, although at the far periphery of that range of variation. Paleogenetic analysis also suggests that Neanderthals shared slightly more DNA with chimpanzees than homo sapiens. It was also found that Neanderthals were less genetically diverse than modern humans, which indicates that Homo neanderthalensis grew from a group composed of relatively few individuals. DNA sequences suggest that Homo sapiens first appeared between about 130,000 and 250,000 years ago in Africa.

Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of hominid remains, their lineage can be traced back to from where they came, or from where they share a common ancestor. The Denisova hominid, a species of hominid found in Siberia from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any Neanderthal nor Homo sapiens genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.

Evolution of culture
Looking at DNA can give insight into lifestyles of people of the past. Neandertal DNA shows that they lived in small temporary communities. DNA analysis can also show dietary restrictions and mutations, such as the fact that Homo neanderthalensis was lactose-intolerant.

Ancient disease
Studying DNA of the deceased also allows us to look at the medical history of the human species. By looking back we can discover when certain diseases first appeared and began to afflict humans.

Ötzi
The oldest case of Lyme disease was discovered in the genome on Ötzi the Iceman. Ötzi died around 3,300 B.C., and his remains were discovered frozen in the Eastern Alps in the early 1990s, and his genetic material was analyzed in the 2010s. Genetic remains of the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, were discovered in the body.

Domestication of animals
Not only can past humans be investigated through paleogenetics, but the organisms they had an effect on can also be examined. Through examination of the divergence found in domesticated species such as cattle and the archaeological record from their wild counterparts; the effect of domestication can be studied, which could tell us a lot about the behaviors of the cultures that domesticated them. The genetics of these animals also reveals traits not shown in the paleontological remains, such as certain clues as to the behavior, development, and maturation of these animals. The diversity in genes can also tell where the species were domesticated, and how these domesticates migrated from these locations elsewhere.

Challenges
Ancient remains usually contain only a small fraction of the original DNA of an organism. This is due to the degradation of DNA in dead tissue by biotic and abiotic decay. DNA preservation depends on a number of environmental characteristics, including temperature, humidity, oxygen and sunlight. Remains from regions with high heat and humidity typically contain less intact DNA than those from permafrost or caves, where remains may persist in cold, low oxygen conditions for several hundred thousand years. In addition, DNA degrades much more quickly following excavation of materials, and freshly excavated bone has a much higher chance of containing viable genetic material. After excavation, bone may also become contaminated with modern DNA (i.e. from contact with skin or unsterilized tools), which can create false-positive results.

title: Paleogenetics


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Talk:Losi (mythology)

Comments
I moved this page to make room for a disambiguation page, which references this article, and I listed it as a stub, since its well...stubby. --Phroziac 01:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Losi"
The topic of is under discussion, see talk:Team Losi -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 14:49, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Losi (mythology)


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Gertrude Melville

Gertrude Mary Melville (née Day; 7 October 1884 – 21 August 1959) was an Australian politician of the Labor Party. In 1952 she was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council.

Life and career
Melville was born Gertrude Mary Day on 7 October 1884 to parents John Joseph Day, a sawyer, and Mary Ann Dunbar in Port Macquarie, New South Wales. She moved to Sydney to attend the St Peter's convent school in the inner-city suburb of Surry Hills. In 1903 she married Arthur Melville, a New Zealand labourer, with whom she had five sons.

Melville became a member of the Labor Party (ALP) in 1904 and campaigned extensively with other party members for women and children's rights. In the periods of 1922–26 and 1950–52, she was a member of the party's central executive committee. She stood as an ALP candidate for the Eastern Suburbs district in the 1925 NSW election, but was unsuccessful. She was again unsuccessful in 1932 election for Hurstville. Throughout the 1940s, she worked as a justice of the peace, a member of the New South Wales Board of Health, an alderman of the Cabramatta and Canley Vale municipal council, vice-president of the Country Women's Association's Cabramatta branch, and director of Fairfield Hospital. She was Mayor of Cabramatta–Canley Vale from 1945 to 1948.

In 1952 Melville was nominated by Labor to fill a vacancy in the New South Wales Legislative Council caused by the death of Liberal member Ernest Farrar. At the time seats in the council were elected at a joint sitting of both houses of parliament. Melville was re-elected a twelve-year term in 1957. In her five years in the council, she earned a reputation as the "grand old lady of the Labor Party". She dedicated her time in parliament to being a "spokesman for the women" and "the little people", supporting equal pay for women, child welfare, housing and hospitals.

She died on 21 August 1959 in Little Bay, Sydney, and was buried in Randwick.

title: Gertrude Melville


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Talk:Timeline of United States military operations

Include What?
How much do we include in this article? I am not sure. In this article, the year 2019 has one sentence. Yet the IUUFASA lists over a dozen. And I recall hearing that US troops are deployed in approximately 150 countries. So, what is the logic for what goes in this article? RayKiddy (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:16, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

Operation deliberate force
"1995 – Bosnia. Operation Deliberate Force. NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs."

\"NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs\" --- please someone remove subjective description of the intervention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.201.142 (talk) 04:11, 5 July 2011 (UTC) Nothing subjective here: source from NATO: http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue3/english/history.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.216.167.92 (talk) 09:43, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

Cold war article
This article, and it's three twins, is continously quoted on the internet as a list of US aggression and invasions. Not only is it's content blatantly POV, but it's also used as ammunition in the left's revisionistic continued Cold War against democracies. It doesn't deserve inclusion on Wikipedia anymore than xenophobic raves about muslim immigrants raping western women. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.82.213.198 (talk) 14:30, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Can you provide specific examples of allegedly biased content in this article, and specify which other articles you refer to?TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 14:48, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Bold dates?
Recently, all dates for everything in this list were made bold by this edit. I don't think it helps much, and the lede states that wars in bold are important, which now do not stand out in the list. If there are no objections, I will unbold the dates. --A D Monroe III (talk) 18:19, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I actually think that the bolding of dates is a good idea, it helps the reader in a way that you might not think of to distinguish one line from another. - SantiLak (talk) 23:02, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Can we figure some alternative way to help distinguish the lines without using bold for multiple conflicting purposes? --A D Monroe III (talk) 18:30, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

سید کاظم 23.88.210.40 (talk) 18:43, 12 July 2024 (UTC)


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Louisiana Offshore Oil Port

The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) is a deepwater port in the Gulf of Mexico 29 kilometers (18 nautical miles) off the coast of Louisiana near the town of Port Fourchon. LOOP provides tanker offloading and temporary storage services for crude oil transported on some of the largest tankers in the world. Most tankers offloading at LOOP are too large for U.S. inland ports. LOOP handles 13 percent of the nation's foreign oil, about 1.2 Moilbbl a day, and connects by pipeline to 50 percent of the U.S. refining capability.

Description
Tankers offload at LOOP by pumping crude oil through hoses connected to a Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) base. Three SPMs are located 8,000 feet (2.4 km) from the Marine Terminal. The SPMs are designed to handle ships up to 700,000 deadweight tons (635,000 metric tonnes). The crude oil then moves to the Marine Terminal via a 56-inch (1.4 m) diameter submarine pipeline. The Marine Terminal consists of a control platform and a pumping platform.

The control platform is equipped with a helicopter pad, living quarters, control room, vessel traffic control station, offices and life support equipment. The pumping platform contains four 7,000-hp (5 MW) pumps, power generators, metering and laboratory facilities. Crude oil is only handled on the pumping platform where it is measured, sampled, and boosted to shore via a 48-inch (1.2 m) diameter pipeline.

The distance to shore puts LOOP outside U.S. territorial waters, and special agreements in international sea law are made to allow ships from other countries to come under U.S. jurisdiction to visit LOOP.

Onshore
LOOP's onshore facilities, Fourchon Booster Station and Clovelly Dome Storage Terminal, are located just on-shore in Fourchon and 25 miles (40.2 km) inland near Galliano, Louisiana. The Fourchon Booster Station has four 6,000-hp (4.5 MW) pumps which increase the pressure and crude oil flow en route to the Clovelly Dome Storage Terminal.

Storage
The Clovelly Dome Storage Terminal is used to store crude oil in underground salt domes before it is shipped to the various refineries. The terminal consists of eight caverns with a total capacity of 50 Moilbbl, a pump station with four 6,000-hp pumps, meters to measure the crude oil receipts and deliveries, and a 25 Moilbbl Brine Storage Reservoir. The brine reservoir is supersaturated with salts so as to prevent further degradation of the massive salt dome in which the eight caverns store the crude. This is because the supersaturated brine is much more dense than the crude oil, and as it is pumped into the caverns to push the crude to the surface and into the surface distribution systems. This results in virtually no loss of quality to the crude oil offload.

title: Louisiana Offshore Oil Port


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User talk:Quintusdecimus

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Binabik80 01:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Norse mythology naming convention vote notice
A new proposal on the representation of Norse mythology names is now up for a vote. Some people object to it on the grounds that it would use non-English characters in some article titles. It would be interesting to hear your view since you've commented on related votes in the past. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 00:51, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quintusdecimus


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A Murder in the Glee Club

A Murder in the Glee Club is the second album released by the 1990s Halifax, Nova Scotia rock group Sandbox. It is a concept album revolving around the storyline of a murderer haunted by his actions. The final track of their previous album, "...and the Mood Changes" from Bionic, has a spoken word segment that is meant as a direct lead-in to this album.

Track listing

 * 1) "A Murder in the Glee Club" – 0:53
 * 2) "...to Red" – 3:52
 * 3) "Spin" – 4:15
 * 4) "The Garden Song" – 3:53
 * 5) "The Specter" – 4:08
 * 6) "Melt" – 3:13
 * 7) "If I Tell" – 4:56
 * 8) "Self-contained" – 3:49
 * 9) "Carry" – 3:06
 * 10) "Missed the Day" – 3:28
 * 11) "Bear Bear" – 4:11
 * 12) "How I Feel" – 3:57
 * 13) "A Question of Faith" – 6:32

title: A Murder in the Glee Club


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Talk:Chemise

No mention of dresses?
Shift also refers, in common usage, to a simple dress worn as outerwear. This meaning should be covered in this article. Here is the definition as it appears in the Random House dictionary as cited on dictionary.com: "Clothing. a. a straight, loose-fitting dress worn with or without a belt." (See http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shift) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.17.158 (talk) 20:46, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Origin of smock-frock?
I have seen sources that suggest the heavy linen smock-frock evolved from the chemise, but I suspect the medieval frock (an outer garment) is a more likely source. Do we have any scholarly research to back this up one way or the other? PKM 01:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * --PKM 02:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
The article currently states:
 * Chemise is a French term (which today simply means shirt). This is a cognate of the Italian word camicia, and the Spanish / Portuguese word camisa (subsequently borrowed by Hindi / Urdu), all deriving ultimately from the Arabic qamĩṣ.

But I find the idea of an Arabic origin suspect, given that the word already shows up in Late (but still firmly ancient) Latin as camisia. --Iustinus.
 * The OED agrees with you and doesn't mention Arabic at all. I've corrected the etymology accordingly. Vashti 21:45, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Addition of historical content to article
Hello! I have made some additions of historical information to the article, charting the changes and developments of the chemise in western dress as an under (and outer!) garment over time. Hope this aids contributions to WikiProject Fashion and WikiProject Women's History.

Thank you! Diary of a Dress Historian (talk) 16:35, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chemise