text:
Talk:Death of Garry Hoy

Unsourced quote
As soon as someone finds a citation for this Toronto Police report quote, it can be added back into the article, but for now, I'm storing it here.

"Toronto Police Service Detective Mike Stowell reported that:

"At this Friday night party, Mr. Hoy did it again and bounced off the glass the first time. However, he did it a second time and this time crashed right through the middle of the glass.[citation needed]"

Allanaaaaaaa (talk) 17:40, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
I would so love to expand on this, but it's so hard to find information on him. --Sniper joe 23:41, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Toronto Star link in reference is a bad link — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.255.167.153 (talk) 20:11, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Birth and Age
I've noticed that while this article says Hoy was 39 years old at the time of the stunt, the snopes.com article linked to by this article says he was 38 years old. I did a google search and found that the web is very divided on this topic.

38

 * Snopes.com
 * dano.diaryland.com
 * ABC News
 * Toronto Star (Saturday, July 10, 1993, p. A4) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.28.255.222 (talk) 01:11, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

39

 * Toronto Star (Monday, July 12, 1993, p. A6)
 * Wikipedia
 * Darwin Awards
 * Answers.com
 * Tens and tens of websites that copy-pasted from each other, since they all have the same wording.

Snopes.com is supposed to be credible, so they are pretty much all the weight on the "38" side of the argument. However, "39" looks like a better choice. Still, it would be good to know for sure.--Methegreat 00:27, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

-- I would say the Toronto Star article on Mon. July 12th would be the most accurate - because their information would have come from the official police report about the incident - correcting any mis-information or initial errors about the incident. Snopes would most likely relied on the Toronto Star Sat. copy, and not the Monday edition for their source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Themepark (talk • contribs) 02:50, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Gary or Garry ?
In the Myth Buster's episode they show the newspaper article and the name is spelled 'Gary', however this article is 'Garry'. Which is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.247.114.63 (talk) 04:54, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Sources style
Can anyone fix this? There aren't online archives for either of these papers, and since I live in Argentina, I can't go looking for the print versions and citing them approprietly per WP:Citing sources/example style. --W2bh (talk) 15:50, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

== Break or pop out? ==

Did the glass break (as stated in the article) or did the pane pop loose? Just wondering Madmaxmarchhare (talk) 07:32, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

The Snopes article cited does not say anything about the glass not breaking and I could not find any more info on it. Factmike (talk) 20:26, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Window did not break?
One edit in January 2009 added the claim that the window "ironically" did not break upon hitting the ground, and another edit in January 2009 embellished this statement. These two edits were made anonymously and without citation. The existing references on the page make no mention of the glass surviving the impact, and this is a rather incredible claim. Until documentation is provided, I suggest that the article omit the claim. Sue D. Nymme (talk) 22:19, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I second this The Snopes article cited does not say anything about the glass not breaking and I could not find any more info on it. Factmike (talk) 20:29, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Hudsucker Proxy
came out a year later. Has a similar scene. Wonder if it inspired it. 98.92.216.144 (talk) 03:31, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Personal history, character

 * The referenced article from The Globe and Mail refers to him as "popular" and says he was acting "playfully" at the time of his unfortunate accident, and also says the firm was "devastated" by his loss. That doesn't really support the notion that he was an intimidating jerk, and I also don't think it's really necessary for us to try to figure out whether they were only being charitable with that description. For purposes of this article, I don't think it is especially important to try to characterize his personality. —BarrelProof (talk) 19:32, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The characterization of personality is a deliberate attempt to defame this person, in order to make the context of his Darwin Award more palatable. By depicting Garry Hoy as a malicious egotist, the reader is less likely to question the moral implications of a Wikipedia article lampooning his death & linking to a posthumous stupidity award. 77.102.62.3 (talk) 15:35, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 10 December 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Natg 19 (talk) 00:35, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

Garry Hoy → Death of Garry Hoy – The manner in which this person died is the primary notable topic in this article, not the person himself. For further background on this question, please see the closing remarks and comments recorded in the just-closed discussion at Articles for deletion/Garry Hoy. —BarrelProof (talk) 21:04, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support For the reasons that I gave in the AfD. A Thousand Doors (talk | contribs) 12:14, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Egsan Bacon (talk) 00:31, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

"...died in an act of accidental defenestration"?
The lede paragraph of this article reads "Garry Hoy (January 1, 1955 – July 9, 1993) was a lawyer for the law firm of Holden Day Wilson in Toronto. He died in an act of accidental autodefenestration."

I knew what autodefenestration is without having to look it up. I doubt that very many readers of wikipedia do.

The Wikipedia Manual of Style has a few things to say about language like this:
 * Under "Contested vocabulary" it says: "Avoid words and phrases that give the impression of straining for formality... "
 * MOS:JARGON says: "Some topics are intrinsically technical, but editors should try to make them understandable to as many readers as possible. Minimize jargon, or at least explain it...."

In this case, Garry Hoy fell out of a window after thrusting himself at a large glass pane to impress new associates of his law firm. It's not a very technical concept at all. Calling this "autodefenestration" only gives the average reader something to look up - it's not encyclopedic.

I propose the second sentence in the lede be changed to something like:
 * "Hoy accidentally died after slamming his body at a large windowpane in a tall office building, falling through the window as the glass popped out of its frame."

This is wordier, but most English-speakers can understand it. Please don't be shy about suggesting a better way to say it. loupgarous (talk) 04:50, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree, instead of using your proposed wording I just moved part of the "Death" section into the intro which I think flows nicely and makes the article shorter as well. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 15:51, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Apparent name change
The wording "... (known in 1993 as the Toronto Dominion Bank Tower)." clarifies the relevance of the phrase, instead of leaving the reader to puzzle out a seeming non-sequiamur; in either case, citation is needed. --Jerzy•t 07:13, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

With regard to the 'citation needed' claim that the TD Bank Tower is/was known as the 'Toronto Dominion Bank Tower' ...
1) The "TD" in TD Bank did and does stand for "Toronto Dominion", and has for decades. This is common knowledge for any citizen of Ontario. This was certainly true prior to 1993; (TD is one of our oldest banks!), and if you're too young to personally remember that fact, just ask your parents or grandparents. You can also check with the bank itself, or find one of the old bank buildings -- where the full name was literally carved in stone.

Story or Storey
The word keeps getting edited back and forth. Storey is the correct Canadian spelling, and the event took place in Canada, so there's argument for that. But if this translation is considered to be US English, then it should be Story. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.112.179.16 (talk) 18:13, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Since it's a Canadian topic, I suggest using Canadian spelling, but in the interest of WP:COMMONALITY, maybe it would be better to avoid the spelling question by using "floor". —BarrelProof (talk) 00:51, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Death of Garry Hoy


text:
Summer Lovers

Summer Lovers is a 1982 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Randal Kleiser and starring Peter Gallagher, Daryl Hannah, and Valerie Quennessen. It was filmed on location on the island of Santorini, Greece. The original music score is composed by Basil Poledouris. Summer Lovers features the songs "Hard to Say I'm Sorry", a number-one single for Chicago, and "I'm So Excited" by the Pointer Sisters.

The film received generally negative reviews from film critics.

Plot
Americans Michael Pappas and Cathy Featherstone, a young couple from Connecticut who have just graduated from college, have known each other for approximately 10 years and have been together about half that time. They vacation for almost the entire summer on the Greek island of Santorini. Michael sees it as a chance to enjoy one last wild summer before going to work at his recently deceased father's business in the fall. When they visit a nude beach crowded with other young tourists, they are hesitant at first but find themselves getting caught up in the uninhibited energy that surrounds them.

Cathy reads a book of sexual techniques, then ties Michael to the bed and drips candle wax on his chest. She comments that everyone thinks she is "such a Goody Two-Shoes", but she wants a little more adventure and is yearning to rebel against her conservative old money upbringing.

Michael, who says he has never been with another woman, keeps noticing Lina Broussard, a French archaeologist on temporary assignment at the nearby Akrotiri excavation. One day, at the beach without Cathy, he gets his chance to talk to Lina and ends up starting an affair with her. He then feels so guilty that Cathy immediately notices something is wrong, and he admits what he has done, insisting that he still loves Cathy.

Cathy is naturally disturbed by this, but tells him to get it out of his system, which he takes as permission to return to Lina. Cathy then goes to a local bar intending to sleep with another man as a way to get revenge against Michael for cheating on her. But in the end she chickens out after getting picked up by an amorous local boy. When Michael comes home later after seeing Lina again, Cathy is angry.

Cathy goes to Lina's home to confront her. Lina assures Cathy that she does not intend to take Michael away from her, which seems to calm Cathy somewhat. Lina and Cathy end up spending several hours together getting acquainted, and find themselves fascinated by each other's work—Lina's archeology and Cathy's photography.

Michael is confused when he learns that the two women are developing a friendship, but he quickly recovers and the three of them spend a few days gradually getting closer. Cathy knows Michael is still sleeping with Lina from time to time, but seems to accept it, although she says it would be difficult for her to see them in bed together. Nevertheless, she tolerates increasing signs of affection between Michael and Lina in her presence.

In a very tense scene one evening, Cathy encourages Michael to kiss Lina. He gives Lina a light peck, but Cathy says it isn't convincing. He gradually turns up the heat while watching Cathy intently for her reaction. He then kisses Cathy, checking to see how this makes Lina feel. The three end up spending the night together. Lina moves in with them, and they continue enjoying the island paradise as a threesome.

Just as the fantasy seems to be a total success, the natural complications of domestic life, like who does the laundry or dishes, come to the foreground. The three work through these problems, but then Cathy's mother, Jean, appears on a surprise visit, snapping everyone back to reality. The visit is particularly tense because Cathy's mother arrives to awaken Michael and Lina after a birthday party for Lina at which the three cover each other in olive oil. Cathy tells Jean she's never been happier in her life. Although Lina claims to be bad at relationships and prefers just "screwing", the three actually seem to be falling in love all around.

Finding herself in an intense relationship, and uncertain about her future with them, Lina begins to fear getting hurt when the summer ends and the Americans return home. They tell her it doesn't have to end, but don't go into any details. To avoid getting too close to her new friends, Lina disappears with another young man, Jan Tolin, she met at the beach.

Cathy and Michael are distraught, and spend several days searching for Lina. Eventually they conclude they won't find her as long as she wants to remain hidden. But their memories of Lina loom over everything they try to do, and they can no longer enjoy their time on the island. They pack up to return home, even though they have three weeks remaining prepaid on their rental.

Lina finds her fears are outweighed by her feelings for the Americans, and returns to reunite with them, only to discover they have already gone. She races to the airport and intercepts them just as they are about to board the aircraft. Overjoyed at seeing her again, Cathy and Michael return to spend the last three weeks of their summer with her.

Cast

 * Peter Gallagher as Michael Pappas
 * Daryl Hannah as Cathy Featherstone
 * Valérie Quennessen as Lina Broussard (listed as Valerie Quennessen)
 * Barbara Rush as Jean Featherstone
 * Carole Cook as Barbara Foster
 * Hans van Tongeren as Jan Tolin
 * Lydia Lenosi as Aspa
 * Vladimiros Kiriakidis as Yorghos
 * Carlos Rodriguez Ramos as Cosmo
 * Henri Behar as Phillippe
 * Janie Benjamin as Trish Saunders
 * Rika Dialina as Monica
 * Andreas Filipidis as Andreas
 * Hilary Shepard as Camp Fire Girl

Production
Summer Lovers with the screenplay by director Randal Kleiser was filmed during August–October 1981 primarily on the Greek island of Santorini. Other scenes were filmed on the islands of Crete, Delos and Mykonos.

The production secured permission to film at Akrotiri an archaeological site. In an area of the site selected for its light and production values, Quennessen, under the supervision and instruction of an archaeologist, began work before the cameras. In November 2023, the Tampa Bay Times, citing IMDb, reported that, during the filming of the movie, Valérie Quennessen, who played Lina, an archaeologist, discovered pottery at the Akrotiri site that was circa 3,500 years old.

Hans Van Tongeren, a Dutch actor, was visiting the area as a tourist when Daryl Hannah spotted him in the crowd. She arranged a meeting with the director and, subsequently, Van Tongeren was added to the cast as Jan. In a scene, actor Christopher Atkins was in a photograph published in a Greek magazine. Atkins had recently starred in The Blue Lagoon (1980) for  director Randal Kleiser. Daryl Hannah's character remarks, "I use to dream I was a mermaid." Two years later, Daryl Hannah starred as a mermaid in Splash (1984).

Summer Lovers is the final theatrically-released film of actress Valérie Quennessen, who played a working archaeologist. She retired from acting shortly after to raise her children and died in a car accident in 1989 at the age of 31. It was also the last film released by Filmways as it was already a new acquisition for Orion Pictures; on August 31, 1982, it was renamed with its parent's name, marking the end of Filmways name.

Soundtrack

 * Side 1:
 * "Summer Lovers" – Performed by: Michael Sembello.
 * "Your Love" – Performed by: LIME.
 * "Just Can't Get Enough" – Performed by: Depeche Mode.
 * "If Love Takes You Away" – Performed by: Stephen Bishop.
 * "On Any Night" – Performed by: Rosalie Winker Karalekas.
 * "Johnny and Mary" – Performed by: Tina Turner.
 * "Sea Cave (Instrumental)" – Performed by: Basil Poledouris
 * "Love & Emotion" – Performed by: Mink DeVille

 * Side 2:
 * "Do What Ya Wanna Do" – Performed by: Nona Hendryx
 * "Play to Win" – Performed by: Heaven 17
 * From the album Penthouse & Pavement (1981)

 * "Take Me Down to the Ocean" – Performed by: Elton John
 * "Crazy in the Night" – Performed by: Tina Turner.
 * "Sexy Dancer" – Performed by: Prince
 * From the album Prince (1979)

 * "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" – Performed by: Chicago.
 * From the album Chicago 16 (1982)

 * "Get Away" – Performed by: Chicago.
 * "Search for Lina (Instrumental)" – Performed by: Basil Poledouris
 * "Play" – Performed by: Heaven 17
 * "Amoureux Fou De Toi" – Performed by: Plastic Bertrand
 * "I'm So Excited" – Performed by: The Pointer Sisters

Distribution
The film was shot flat (1.85:1), but all home video editions are in 1.33:1 (4:3) pan & scan ratio. Summer Lovers is erroneously listed as a scope (2.35:1) production in Leonard Maltin's movie guide, as well as the IMDb. In fact, the film's original press kit confirms that the film was shot in the 1.85:1 aspect ratio. Occasionally on the MGM HD network, the film is shown in 1:85.1 aspect ratio (16:9) in 1080i high definition. The film was available on Blu-ray on August 11, 2015 (limited edition to 3000). There are scenes in the film's trailer that do not appear in the final cut. German TV has shown a wider screen version than the DVD/Blu-ray releases, but with reduced vertical picture.

Reception
Summer Lovers was poorly received by critics. The film holds a rating of 22% on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10.

Roger Ebert reviewed the film with two of four stars and noted that the film's central core was as a "beach film" but that the director's vision was confusing. "His problem, then, is that his insights keep interrupting the sex, and the sex keeps undermining the insights. The result is a movie that doesn't really work as semi-erotic romance, and never quite gets itself together as a character study." According to Ebert, it is "sort of fun, in a silly way", for which the engaging lead actors have to receive much the credit.

When asked by David Letterman to give a recent example of bad taste, director John Waters said he loved the film because it was "about being young, rich, stupid and nude."

In 2015, Jim Hemphill wrote that "under Kleiser's relaxed but precise direction, their romantic adventures are incredibly erotic without ever coming across as 'dirty' or smarmy. Indeed, one of the most appealing aspects of Summer Lovers is the innocence both its protagonists and the film itself project – arriving between the sexual revolution and AIDS, the film has a wistful, lighthearted quality that would have been unthinkable a few years earlier or later. Gloriously photographed in a palette of tan skin against white sand and blue water (...)".

"'He's pushing his luck this time. Presumably, he figured that if he increased the skin-in-the-sun atmosphere and added a titillating twist, the box-office returns would be even greater. But he forgot to add a story ...'"

Legacy
The villa that the Michael and Cathy characters stayed at was purchased by a couple in 1987 and made into a gift shop named "Summer Lovers".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Summer Lovers


text: User talk:68.55.166.98

title: User talk:68.55.166.98


text:
Bolognese (disambiguation)

Bolognese may refer to:

 * Someone or something from the city of Bologna
 * Bolognese sauce
 * Bolognese dog
 * Bolognese dialect, a dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo, a Romance language
 * Bolognese School (painting)
 * Bolognese Swordsmanship
 * Sant'Agata Bolognese
 * Bolognese bell ringing art

People with the surname

 * Franco Bolognese (14th century), Italian painter

title: Bolognese (disambiguation)


text:
Fudge Rounds

Fudge Rounds are fudgy, round snack cakes made by the Little Debbie company. A Fudge Round consists of two chewy chocolate cookies with light brown fudge creme in between, and light brown fudge strips on top.

Fudge Rounds contain wheat, milk, eggs, and soy, and are manufactured on equipment that processes products containing peanuts and tree nuts.

In popular culture
Fudge Rounds are mentioned in Oliver Anthony's 2023 song "Rich Men North of Richmond"

title: Fudge Rounds


text:
Obstructed labour

Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is the baby not exiting the pelvis because it is physically blocked during childbirth although the uterus contracts normally. Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding. Long-term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than 12 hours.

The main causes of obstructed labour include a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency. It is also more common in adolescence as the pelvis may not have finished growing by the time they give birth. Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors. A partograph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems. This combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour.

The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours. In Africa and Asia obstructed labor affects between two and five percent of deliveries. In 2015 about 6.5 million cases of obstructed labour or uterine rupture occurred. This resulted in 23,000 maternal deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy). It is also one of the leading causes of stillbirth. Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world.

Cause
The main causes of obstructed labour include a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Both the size and the position of the fetus can lead to obstructed labor. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. A small pelvis of the mother can be a result of many factors. Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency. A deficiency in calcium can also result in a small pelvis as the structures of the pelvic bones will be weak due to the lack of calcium. A relationship between maternal height and pelvis size is present and can be used to predict the possibility of obstructed labor. This relationship is a result of the mother's nutritional health throughout her life leading up to childbirth. Younger mothers are also at more risk for obstructed labor due to growth of the pelvis not being completed. Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors. All of these factors lead to a failure in the progress of labor.

Evolution
Obstructed labor is more common in humans than any other species and continues to be a main cause of birth complications today. Modern humans have morphologically evolved to survive as bipeds, however, bipedalism has resulted in skeletal changes that have consequently narrowed the pelvis and the birth canal. The combination of increased brain size and changes in pelvic structure are the major contributors of obstructed labor in modern humans. It is also common for obstructed labor in humans to be caused by the fetus' broad shoulders. However, morphological shifts in pelvic structure still account for the inability of a fetus to effectively pass through the birth canal without major complications

Other primates have a wider and straighter birth canal that allows a fetus to pass through more effectively. Mismatch between birth canal size and infant cranial width and length due to bipedal locomotion requirements have often been referred to as the obstetric dilemma, since compared to other great apes, modern humans have the greatest disproportion between infant cranial size and birth canal size. Shrinking of upper extremities and curvature of the spine have also affected the way modern humans give birth. Quadruped apes have longer upper limbs that allow them to reach down and pull their fetus out of the birth canal unassisted. Other primates also have a wider and straighter birth canal that allows a fetus to pass through more effectively. Modern human's shorter upper extremities and evolution of bipedal locomotion may have placed a premium on assistance during labor. For this reason, researchers argue that assisted labor may have evolved with bipedalism. Obstructed labor has been documented as a complication of childbirth since the field of obstetrics originated. For over 1,000 years obstetricians have had to forcibly remove obstructed labor fetuses to prevent the death of the mother.

Prior to the existence of the cesarean section, fetuses that were obstructed had a low survival rate. Even in the 21st century, if obstructed labor is left untreated, it could result in mother and infant death. Although surgical removal of the fetus is the preferred method of managing obstructed labor, manual removal using medical tools is also common.

Diagnosis
Obstructed labour is usually diagnosed based on physical examination. Ultrasound can be used to predict malpresentation of the fetus. In examination of the cervix once labor has begun, all examinations are compared to regular cervical assessments. The comparison between the average cervical assessment and the current state of the mother allows for a diagnosis of obstructed labor. An increasingly long time in labor also indicates a mechanical issue that is preventing the fetus from exiting the womb.

Prevention
Access to proper health services can reduce the prevalence of obstructed labor. Less developed areas have inadequate health services to attend to obstructed labor, resulting in a higher prevalence among less developed areas. Improving nutrition of female, both before and during pregnancy, is important for reducing the risk of obstructive labor. Creating education programs about reproduction and increasing access to reproductive services such as contraception and family planning in developing areas can also reduce the prevalence of obstructed labor.

Treatment
Before considering surgical options, changing the posture of the mother during labor can help to progress labor. The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Caesarean section is an invasive method but is often the only method that will save the lives of both the mother and the infant. Symphysiotomy is the surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. This procedure can be completed more rapidly than Caesarean sections and does not require anesthesia, making it a more accessible option in places with less advanced medical technology. This procedure also leaves no scars on the uterus which makes further pregnancies and births safer for the mother. Another important factor in treating obstructed labor is monitoring the energy and hydration of the mother. Contractions of the uterus require energy, so the longer the mother is in labor the more energy she expends. When the mother is depleted of energy, the contractions become weaker and labor will become increasingly longer. Antibiotics are also an important treatment as infection is a possible result of obstructed labor.

Prognosis
If cesarean section is obtained in a timely manner, prognosis is good. Prolonged obstructed labour can lead to stillbirth, obstetric fistula, and maternal death. Fetal death can be caused by asphyxia. Obstructed labor is the leading cause of uterine rupture worldwide. Maternal death can result from uterine rupture, complications during caesarean section, or sepsis.

Epidemiology
In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 maternal deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990. Globally, obstructed labor accounts for 8% of maternal deaths.

Etymology
The word dystocia means 'difficult labour'. Its antonym is eutocia (εὖ + τόκος) 'easy labour'.

Other terms for obstructed labour include difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.

Other animals
The term can also be used in the context of various animals. Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called egg binding.

In part due to extensive selective breeding, miniature horse mares experience dystocias more frequently than other breeds.

Most brachycephalic dogs require caesarean sections to decrease risk of mortality for both the bitch and puppies. In the Boston Terrier, French Bulldog, and the Bulldog more than 80% of births require caesarean sections.

title: Obstructed labour


text:
Talk:The Rage and the Pride

It would be non-POV to simply quote, say, the most-criticized passage just to let reasonable folks know what kind of islamophobic moron wrote this book. -Arvid Båve

Oh, and I deleted the phrase "according to Fallaci's critics" in the obviously pleonastic sentence "The book has received criticism for being, according to Fallaci's critics, islamophobic." The reader can conclude for herself that the criticism comes from her critics, duh! -Arvid Båve

This reads like advertising copy for the book. It is obviously not written from a neutral point of view and contains offensive language (e.g. "yoke of Islam"). GagHalfrunt 23:43, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * its a description of the book, not a pov.--Ghruheg 04:40, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ok took out the controversial para in question.--Ghruheg 12:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your description of the book expresses an opinion about it instead of describing it in factual terms. It still says "compelling and brutally honest", which is a value judgment, not a statement of fact, and as such contrary to the Neutral Point of View principle. --GagHalfrunt 13:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheRageAndThePride.jpg
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BetacommandBot 04:36, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

why does the link to the English version of the article lead to a critique of it by someone not even mentioned in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.129.11.159 (talk) 17:57, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Rage and the Pride


text:
WBCX

89.1 WBCX FM is a student radio station licensed to Gainesville, Georgia, and owned by Brenau University. WBCX serves Hall and parts of surrounding counties in northeast Georgia, as far as northeastern metro Atlanta.

History
WBCX began in 1976 as an experiment, broadcasting 10 watts to the college campus and immediate area only. This was increased to 840 watts in 1986, enabling the station to reach well beyond campus. Instrumental in the station's creation were Brenau Trustee and Jacobs Media Corporation Chairman John W. Jacobs, Jr., Journalism Professor Clara Martin, and Professor James Bridwell, among others. The first WBCX student station manager hired by Brenau was Jay Andrews.

Throughout the 1980s WBCX played easy listening music from a reel to reel and cartridge automation system located at the studios of WDUN radio. In 1995 the station switched to a smooth jazz format with computerized automation from the Jones Smooth Jazz Network, playing an average of 22 hours per day of satellite fed programming with a handful of local jazz and classical music shows.

Scott Fugate was hired as General Manager in 2002 and WBCX started to move away from satellite programming towards live locally produced shows. In 2005, after two years of surveying the community and students for suggestions, the station took on the new label of "Brenau University's Eclectic 89.1 WBCX" - premiering 10 new "eclectic" formats grouped by mood rather than musical genre, with different moods for each day & night with a goal to reach all the diverse ages, races & cultures in the area. Free training was offered to community volunteers interested in producing their own live shows, and many new student shows were premiered over the next several years. BBC news and several syndicated shows were also added. In 2006, the majority of programming was produced in the studios at Brenau University, with live and all request shows every evening. The station's name & formats were changed once again in the fall of 2009 - changing "Eclectic 89.1" to "The Voice Of Brenau" - and eliminating the majority of live shows, as well as the jazz and classical programming.

2012 brought a new focus on WBCX by the university, which re-hired Jay Andrews to manage forward the station's programming and the school's digital technology.

title: WBCX


text:
Shoulder dystocia

Shoulder dystocia is when, after vaginal delivery of the head, the baby's anterior shoulder gets caught above the mother's pubic bone. Signs include retraction of the baby's head back into the vagina, known as "turtle sign". Complications for the baby may include brachial plexus injury, or clavicle fracture. Complications for the mother may include vaginal or perineal tears, postpartum bleeding, or uterine rupture.

Risk factors include gestational diabetes, previous history of the condition, operative vaginal delivery, obesity in the mother, an overly large baby, and epidural anesthesia. It is diagnosed when the body fails to deliver within three minutes of delivery of the baby's head. It is a type of obstructed labour.

Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. Initial efforts to release a shoulder typically include: with a woman on her back pushing the legs outward and upward, pushing on the abdomen above the pubic bone. If these are not effective, efforts to manually rotate the baby's shoulders or placing the woman on all fours may be tried. Shoulder dystocia occurs in approximately 0.4% to 1.4% of vaginal births. Death as a result of shoulder dystocia is very uncommon.

Signs and symptoms
One characteristic of a minority of shoulder dystocia deliveries is the turtle sign, which involves the retraction of the fetal chin against the mother's perineum after the head is delivered. This occurs when the baby's shoulder is obstructed by the maternal pelvis or high in the pelvis.

Complications
Possible complications include: One complication of shoulder dystocia is damage to the upper brachial plexus nerves. These supply the sensory and motor components of the shoulder, arm, and hands. The ventral roots (motor pathway) are most prone to injury. The cause of injury to the baby is debated, but a probable mechanism is manual stretching of the nerves, which in itself can cause injury. Excess tension may physically tear the nerve roots out from the neonatal spinal column, resulting in total dysfunction.
 * Neonatal complications:
 * Brachial plexus injuries (2.3% to 16%) leading in some cases to:
 * Klumpke paralysis
 * Erb's palsy
 * Hypoxia, leading in some cases to:
 * Cerebral palsy
 * Bone fractures
 * Death
 * Maternal complications:
 * Postpartum bleeding (11%)
 * Perineal lacerations that extend into the anal sphincter
 * Pubic symphysis separation
 * Neuropathy of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
 * Uterine rupture

Risk factors
About 16% of deliveries where shoulder dystocia occurs have conventional risk factors. These include diabetes, fetal macrosomia, and maternal obesity.

Risk factors:
 * Age >35
 * Short in stature
 * Small or abnormal pelvis
 * More than 42 weeks gestation
 * High estimated fetal weight
 * Maternal diabetes (2–4 fold increase in risk)

Factors which increase the risk/are warning signs:
 * Need for oxytocics
 * Prolonged first or second stage of labour
 * Turtle sign (head bobbing in the second stage)
 * Failure to restitute
 * No shoulder rotation or descent
 * Instrumental delivery

For women with a previous shoulder dystocia, the risk of recurrence is at least 10%.

Management
The steps to treating a shoulder dystocia are outlined by the mnemonic ALARMER:
 * Ask for help. This involves asking for the help of an obstetrician, anesthesia, and for pediatrics for subsequent resuscitation of the infant that may be needed if the methods below fail;
 * Leg hyperflexion and abduction at the hips (McRoberts maneuver);
 * Anterior shoulder disimpaction (suprapubic pressure);
 * Rotation of the shoulder (Rubin maneuver);
 * Manual delivery of posterior arm;
 * Episiotomy;
 * Roll over on all fours.

Typically the procedures are performed in the order listed and the sequence ends whenever a technique is successful. Intentional fracturing of the clavicle, a procedure known as cleidotomy, is another possibility at non-operative vaginal delivery prior to Zavanelli's maneuver, or symphysiotomy, both of which are considered extraordinary treatment measures. Pushing on the fundus is not recommended.

Simulation training of health care providers to prevent delays in delivery when a shoulder dystocia presents is useful.

Procedures
A number of labor positions and maneuvers are sequentially performed in attempt to facilitate delivery. These include:
 * McRoberts maneuver; involves hyperflexing the mother's legs tightly to her abdomen. This widens the pelvis, and flattens the spine in the lower back (lumbar spine). If this maneuver does not succeed, an assistant applies pressure on the lower abdomen (suprapubic pressure), and the delivered head is also gently pulled. The technique is effective in about 42% of cases;
 * Suprapubic pressure (or Rubin I);
 * Rubin II or posterior pressure on the anterior shoulder, which would bring the baby into an oblique position with the head somewhat towards the vagina;

 * Wood's screw maneuver which leads to turning the anterior shoulder to the posterior and vice versa (somewhat the opposite of Rubin II maneuver);
 * Jacquemier's maneuver (also called Barnum's maneuver), or delivery of the posterior shoulder first, in which the forearm and hand are identified in the birth canal, and gently pulled;
 * Gaskin maneuver involves moving the mother to an all fours position with the back arched, widening the pelvic outlet.

More drastic maneuvers include:
 * Zavanelli's maneuver, which involves pushing the baby's head back in (internal cephalic replacement) followed by a cesarean section;
 * Cleidotomy, which is causing intentional causing clavicular fractures, thus reducing the diameter of the shoulders to pass through the birth canal;
 * Maternal symphysiotomy, which makes the opening of the birth canal laxer by breaking the connective tissue between the two pubes bones;
 * Abdominal rescue, described by O'Shaughnessy, where a hysterotomy facilitates vaginal delivery of the impacted shoulder.

Epidemiology
Shoulder dystocia occurs in about 0.15% to 4% of term vaginal births.

title: Shoulder dystocia


text:
Saddleworth School

Saddleworth School is a community secondary school in Diggle, England, for students in years 7–11.

History
First built in 1911 as a junior and infants school, Saddleworth School was expanded to a secondary school sometime between 1960 and 1970.

In July 2020, construction of a new campus began at the former site of W.H. Shaw Pallet Works in Diggle at a cost of £27 million. On the 12th of March 2022, the school was moved to the new site.

Notable alumni

 * Mike Ford, rugby union coach and former professional rugby league footballer
 * Victoria Bateman (née Powell), feminist economist and academic
 * Kyle Hogg, former Lancashire and England cricketer

Notable staff

 * Phil Larder, former Head of Physical Education

title: Saddleworth School


text:
List of World War II artillery

This is a list of artillery of the Second World War ordered by name. Naval artillery is not included.

A-I

 * Army 20 cm Rocket: Japanese 200 mm artillery rocket
 * BL 4.5 inch: British 114 mm gun
 * BL 5.5 inch: British 140 mm gun
 * BL 7.2 inch: British 183 mm howitzer
 * BL 60 Pounder: British 127 mm gun
 * Bofors 37 mm: Swedish 37 mm light antitank gun
 * Bofors 40 mm gun: Swedish 40 mm antiaircraft gun
 * Bofors Model 29: Swedish 75 mm antiaircraft gun
 * Bofors Model 34: Swedish 75 mm mountain gun
 * Brandt mle 27/31: French 81 mm mortar
 * Brixia Model 35: 45 mm light mortar of Italy
 * Canon Court de 105 M mle 1919 Schneider: French 105 mm mountain gun
 * Canon Court de 105 M mle 1928 Schneider: French 105 mm mountain gun
 * Canon de 25 mm SA mle 1934: French 25 mm light antitank gun
 * Canon de 75 M mle 1919 Schneider: French 75 mm mountain gun
 * Canon de 75 M mle 1928: French 75 mm mountain gun
 * Canon de 105 court mle 1913: French 105 mm gun
 * Canon de 105 court mle 1935 B: French 105 mm howitzer
 * Canon de 105 court mle 1934 Schneider: French 105 mm gun
 * Canon de 105 L mle 1936 Schneider: French 105 mm gun
 * Canon de 155 mle 1917 CS: French 155 mm howitzer
 * Canon de 155 GPF: French 155 mm gun
 * Canon de 75 modele 1934: Belgian 75 mm mountain gun
 * Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP: French 37 mm infantry gun (fast-firing)
 * FlaK 18: German 88 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 30: German 20 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 36: German 37 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 37: German 37 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 38 2 cm: German 20 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 38 10.5 cm: German 105 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 40 12.8 cm: German 128 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 41 5 cm: German 50 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK 41 8.8 cm: German 88 mm antiaircraft/antitank gun
 * FlaK 43: German 37 mm antiaircraft gun
 * FlaK vierling 38: German quad 20 mm antiaircraft gun
 * GebFlak 38: German 20 mm mountain antiaircraft gun
 * Gustav: German 800 mm siege gun
 * 7.5 cm IG 37: German 75 mm infantry gun
 * Infantry Howitzer: British 94 mm howitzer

K-N

 * Katyusha: Soviet rocket artillery
 * Knee mortar: Japanese Type 89 50 mm light mortar, called "knee mortar" by American troops who thought it looked designed to be fired braced on the knee (which it was not).
 * K 44: German 128 mm gun
 * KwK 36: German 88 mm tank gun
 * KwK 38(t): German designation of Skoda A7, used on the Panzer 38(t)
 * KwK 42: German 75 mm tank gun
 * KwK 43 L71: German long-barrel 88 mm tank gun
 * Lance Grenades de 50 mm modèle 37
 * Land Mattress: British 32 tube 76.2 mm rocket artillery
 * leFH 18: German 105 mm howitzer
 * leGebIG 18: German 75 mm mountain infantry gun
 * leIG 18: German 75 mm infantry gun
 * Little David: Aerial bomb firing siege mortar planned for combat service with the United States
 * M1 8 inch Howitzer: American 203 mm howitzer
 * 4.5 inch Gun M1: American 4.5 Inch Gun
 * M2 60 mm Mortar: 60 mm light mortar of the US Army
 * M1 75 mm Pack Howitzer: American 75 mm mountain gun
 * M1 90 mm Gun: American 90 mm antiaircraft gun
 * M2 90 mm Gun: American 90 mm antiaircraft gun/Anti tank gun
 * M1 [M114] 155 mm Howitzer: American 155 mm howitzer
 * M1 240 mm Howitzer: American 240 mm howitzer
 * M2 105 mm Howitzer: American 105 mm howitzer
 * M2 155 mm Gun: American 155 mm gun ("Long Tom")
 * M2 4.2 inch Mortar: American 107mm mortar
 * M4 4.2 inch recoilless mortar: American 4.2 inch recoilless mortar
 * M3 3 inch Gun: American 76.2 mm antiaircraft gun
 * M3 37 mm Gun: American 37 mm antitank gun
 * M1 57 mm Gun: American 57 mm antitank gun
 * M3 90 mm Gun: American 90 mm antiaircraft/antitank gun
 * M5 3 inch Gun: American 76.2 mm antitank gun
 * M7 3 inch Gun: American 76.2 mm antitank gun used in the M10 tank destroyer
 * M8 4.5 inch Rocket: American artillery rocket
 * M1 75 mm Pack Howitzer: American 75 mm mountain gun
 * M18 recoilless rifle: Late-war American 57 mm recoilless rifle
 * M20 recoilless rifle: Late-war American 75 mm recoilless rifle
 * M1919 16 inch Coast Gun: American 16 inch coastal defense gun
 * M1937 Howitzer: Soviet 152 mm howitzer
 * M1938 Howitzer: Soviet 122 mm howitzer
 * 76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV): Soviet 76.2 mm gun
 * M1942 Gun: Soviet 76.2 mm field gun and antitank gun
 * M1943 Howitzer: Soviet 152 mm howitzer
 * Morser Karl: 600mm German siege howitzer
 * Mortaio da 81/14 Modello 35: standard Italian medium infantry mortar
 * Mk 7 16"/50 Gun: American 16" battleship gun
 * ML 3 Inch Mortar: British 76.2 mm mortar
 * Mortar Type 89: Japanese 50 mm light mortar, known by Americans as the Knee mortar
 * Nebelwerfer 41: German six tube 150 mm rocket launcher

O-V

 * Obice da 75/18 modello 34: Italian 75 mm mountain gun
 * Obice da 210/22: Italian 210 mm howitzer
 * PaK 35: German 37 mm light antitank gun
 * PaK 36: German 37 mm light antitank gun
 * PaK 38: German 50 mm antitank gun
 * PaK 40: German 75 mm antitank gun
 * PaK 41: German 75 mm antitank gun
 * PaK 43: German 88 mm heavy antitank gun
 * PaK 44: German 128 mm heavy antitank gun
 * Panzerschreck: German antitank rocket launcher
 * PIAT: British spring-launched antitank grenade launcher
 * Polsten: Polish/British 20 mm anti-aircraft gun
 * PzB 41: German 28 mm light antitank gun
 * QF 2 Pounder: British 40 mm light tank gun and towed antitank gun
 * QF 3 inch 20 cwt: British 76.2 mm antiaircraft gun
 * QF 3.7 inch AA: British 94 mm antiaircraft gun
 * QF 6 pounder: British 57 mm medium tank gun and towed antitank gun
 * QF 17 pounder: British 76.2 mm tank gun and towed antitank gun
 * QF 25 pounder: British 87.6 mm howitzer
 * QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer: British 94mm mountain gun
 * QF 25 Pounder Short Mk 1: Australian derivation of the British 25 Pounder
 * RCL 3.7 inch Gun: British 94 mm recoilless rifle
 * sFH 18: German 150 mm howitzer
 * sGrW 34: 81 mm medium mortar used by Germany during the war
 * sIG 33: German 150 mm infantry gun
 * Skoda A7: 37.2 mm L/47.8 tank gun used on the Panzer 38(t)/TNH P-S light tank
 * Skoda K1: Czech 149 mm howitzer delivered to Turkey, Romania, and Yugoslavia
 * Skoda K2: Czech 150 mm howitzer
 * Skoda 47 mm Model 1936: Czech 47 mm antitank gun
 * Skoda M1937: Czech 37 mm light antitank gun
 * Type 01 Gun: Japanese 37 mm antitank gun
 * Type 4 20 cm Rocket Launcher
 * Type 11 Gun: Japanese 37 mm infantry gun
 * Type 35 Gun: Japanese 75 mm infantry gun
 * Type 88 Gun: Japanese 75 mm antiaircraft gun
 * Type 89 Leg Mortar: Japanese 50 mm light mortar, known by Americans as the Knee mortar
 * Type 92 Battalion Gun: Japanese 70 mm infantry and mountain gun
 * Type 96 15 cm howitzer: Japanese 149 mm heavy artillery
 * vz. 36 4.7 cm: Czech 47 mm antitank gun
 * vz. 33 14.9 cm: Czech 149 mm howitzer delivered to Turkey, Romania, and Yugoslavia
 * vz. 37 15 cm: Czech 150 mm howitzer
 * wz. 1917 155 mm Polish howitzer
 * wz. 02/26 75 mm Polish infantry gun
 * wz. 1914/19P 100 mm Polish howitzer
 * wz. 1929 105 mm Polish long range gun
 * wz. 36 37 mm Polish anti-tank gun improved, manufactured in Poland under Swedish Bofors licence; some delivered to Spain
 * wz. 31 81 mm Polish mortar developed from the French Stockes

title: List of World War II artillery


text:
SWAC (computer)

The SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer) was an early electronic digital computer built in 1950 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Los Angeles, California. It was designed by Harry Huskey.

Overview
Like the SEAC which was built about the same time, the SWAC was a small-scale interim computer designed to be built quickly and put into operation while the NBS waited for more powerful computers to be completed (in particular, the RAYDAC by Raytheon).

The machine used 2,300 vacuum tubes. It had 256 words of memory, using Williams tubes, with each word being 37 bits. It had only seven basic operations: add, subtract, and fixed-point multiply; comparison, data extraction, input and output. Several years later, drum memory was added.

When the SWAC was completed in August 1950, it was the fastest computer in the world. It continued to hold that status until the IAS computer was completed a year later. It could add two numbers and store the result in 64 microseconds. A similar multiplication took 384 microseconds. It was used by the NBS until 1954 when the Los Angeles office was closed, and then by UCLA until 1967 (with modifications). It was charged out there for $40 per hour.

In January 1952, Raphael M. Robinson used the SWAC to discover five Mersenne primes—the largest prime numbers known at the time, with 157, 183, 386, 664 and 687 digits.

Additionally, the SWAC was vital in doing the intense calculation required for the X-ray analysis of the structure of vitamin B12 done by Dorothy Hodgkin. This was fundamental in Hodgkin receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

title: SWAC (computer)


text:
Category:World War II artillery

Artillery was one of the primary weapons of World War II.

title: Category:World War II artillery


text:
Complementary event

In probability theory, the complement of any event A is the event [not A], i.e. the event that A does not occur. The event A and its complement [not A] are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Generally, there is only one event B such that A and B are both mutually exclusive and exhaustive; that event is the complement of A. The complement of an event A is usually denoted as A′, Ac, $$\neg$$A or $\overline{A}$. Given an event, the event and its complementary event define a Bernoulli trial: did the event occur or not?

For example, if a typical coin is tossed and one assumes that it cannot land on its edge, then it can either land showing "heads" or "tails." Because these two outcomes are mutually exclusive (i.e. the coin cannot simultaneously show both heads and tails) and collectively exhaustive (i.e. there are no other possible outcomes not represented between these two), they are therefore each other's complements. This means that [heads] is logically equivalent to [not tails], and [tails] is equivalent to [not heads].

Complement rule
In a random experiment, the probabilities of all possible events (the sample space) must total to 1— that is, some outcome must occur on every trial. For two events to be complements, they must be collectively exhaustive, together filling the entire sample space. Therefore, the probability of an event's complement must be unity minus the probability of the event. That is, for an event A,
 * $$P(A^c) = 1 - P(A).$$

Equivalently, the probabilities of an event and its complement must always total to 1. This does not, however, mean that any two events whose probabilities total to 1 are each other's complements; complementary events must also fulfill the condition of mutual exclusivity.

Example of the utility of this concept
Suppose one throws an ordinary six-sided die eight times. What is the probability that one sees a "1" at least once?

It may be tempting to say that

 * Pr(["1" on 1st trial] or ["1" on second trial] or ... or ["1" on 8th trial])

 * = Pr("1" on 1st trial) + Pr("1" on second trial) + ... + P("1" on 8th trial)

 * = 1/6 + 1/6 + ... + 1/6

 * = 8/6

 * = 1.3333...

This result cannot be right because a probability cannot be more than 1. The technique is wrong because the eight events whose probabilities got added are not mutually exclusive.

One may resolve this overlap by the principle of inclusion-exclusion, or, in this case, by simply finding the probability of the complementary event and subtracting it from 1, thus:

 * Pr(at least one "1") = 1 − Pr(no "1"s)

 * = 1 − Pr([no "1" on 1st trial] and [no "1" on 2nd trial] and ... and [no "1" on 8th trial])

 * = 1 − Pr(no "1" on 1st trial) × Pr(no "1" on 2nd trial) × ... × Pr(no "1" on 8th trial)

 * = 1 −(5/6) × (5/6) × ... × (5/6)

 * = 1 − (5/6)8

 * = 0.7674...

title: Complementary event


text:
Fairgrounds Grandstand Arena

The Fairgrounds Grandstand Arena is a 7,000-seat multi-purpose arena at the OC Fair & Event Center in Costa Mesa, California.

It was home to the Orange County Buzz basketball team of the American Basketball Association. It is also a concert venue, including several residencies of Weird Al Yankovic.

title: Fairgrounds Grandstand Arena


text:
Fawna MacLaren

Fawna MacLaren (born December 18, 1965) is an American model and actress. She was chosen as Playboy's Playmate of the Month for January, 1989. She was born in Santa Monica, California.

She was selected as Playboy's 35th Anniversary Playmate after a nationwide search. She was paid $35,000 for her centerfold. Several years later, she appeared in one of Playboy's Wet & Wild home videos.

title: Fawna MacLaren


text:
Hohenberg

Hohenberg may refer to:

Austria

 * Hohenberg (Gemeinde Lunz), cadastral municipality of Lunz am See, Lower Austria
 * Hohenberg, Lower Austria, a municipality in the district of Lilienfeld, Lower Austria
 * Hohenberg (Gemeinde Aigen), village in the municipality of Aigen im Ennstal, Styria
 * Hohenberg (Gemeinde Stattegg), village in the municipality of Stattegg, Styria

Germany

 * Hohenberg (Aalen), a village in the borough of Aalen, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Bopfingen), a village in the borough of Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Durbach), a village in the municipality of Durbach, Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Kreßberg), a village in the municipality of Kreßberg, county of Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Rosenberg), a village in the municipality of Rosenberg, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Sulzbach-Laufen), a village in the municipality of Sulzbach-Laufen, county of Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Wolpertshausen), a village in the municipality of Wolpertshausen, county of Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg
 * Hohenberg (Herrieden), a village in the borough of Herrieden, county of Ansbach, Bayern
 * Hohenberg (Marktleugast), a village in the borough of Marktleugast, county of Kulmbach, Bayern
 * Hohenberg (Regnitzlosau), a village in the municipality of Regnitzlosau, county of Hof, Bayern
 * Hohenberg (Seeshaupt), a village in the municipality of Seeshaupt, county of Weilheim-Schongau, Bayern
 * Hohenberg an der Eger, town in the county of Wunsiedel, Bayern
 * Hohenberg-Krusemark, a municipality in the county of Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Hohenberg (Daldorf), a village in the municipality of Daldorf, county of Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein

People

 * Hohenberg family, an Austrian ducal family
 * Count of Hohenberg, an ancient Swabian dynasty
 * Count of Hohenberg (Pfinzgau), a state in the Holy Roman Empire, formed in the 11th century
 * German nobility:
 * Gertrude of Hohenberg (1225–1281), progenitor of the Austrian House of Habsburg
 * Gustav von Meyern-Hohenberg (1820–1878), German jurist and playwright
 * Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg (1902–1962)
 * Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (1868–1914)
 * Princess Sophie of Hohenberg (1901–1990)
 * Prince Ernst of Hohenberg (1904–1954)
 * Georg, Duke of Hohenberg (born 1929)
 * Pierre Hohenberg (1934–2017), French-American theoretical physicist

Other uses

 * Hohenberg Bros. Co., a cotton trading company
 * Hohenberg (Wasgau), a hill in the Palatinate Forest, southwestern Germany

title: Hohenberg


text:
Tio Gamboin

Tío Gamboín (born Ramiro Gamboa) was a popular Mexican television host. He is mostly remembered for presenting Televisa's cartoon programming on Canal 5 on weekday evenings, where he would read letters from fans and display a collection of different mechanical figurines, some of which became famous in their own right. Fans who wished to join Gamboin's club would become his "nieces and nephews" and accordingly, Gamboín would become their "uncle" or Tío, hence the moniker "Tío Gamboín".

title: Tio Gamboin


text:
Regional policy of the European Union

The Regional Policy of the European Union (EU), also referred as Cohesion Policy, is a policy with the stated aim of improving the economic well-being of regions in the European Union and also to avoid regional disparities. More than one third of the EU's budget is devoted to this policy, which aims to remove economic, social and territorial disparities across the EU, restructure declining industrial areas and diversify rural areas which have declining agriculture. In doing so, EU regional policy is geared towards making regions more competitive, fostering economic growth and creating new jobs. The policy also has a role to play in wider challenges for the future, including climate change, energy supply and globalisation.

The EU's regional policy covers all European regions, although regions across the EU fall in different categories (so-called objectives), depending mostly on their economic situation. Between 2007 and 2013, EU regional policy consisted of three objectives: Convergence, Regional competitiveness and employment, and European territorial cooperation; the previous three objectives (from 2000 to 2006) were simply known as Objectives 1, 2 and 3.

The policy constitutes the main investment policy of the EU, and is due to account for around of third of its budget, or EUR 392 billion over the period of 2021-2027. In its long-term budget, the EU's Cohesion policy gives particular attention to regions where economic development is below the EU average.

Notion of territorial cohesion
Territorial cohesion is a European Union concept which builds on the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP). The main idea of territorial cohesion is to contribute to European sustainable development and competitiveness. It is intended to strengthen the European regions, promote territorial integration and produce coherence of European Union (EU) policies so as to contribute to the sustainable development and global competitiveness of the EU. Sustainable development is defined as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

The main aim of the territorial cohesion policy is to contribute to a balanced distribution of economic and social resources among the European regions with the priority on the territorial dimension. This means that resources and opportunities should be equally distributed among the regions and their populations. In order to achieve the goal of territorial cohesion, an integrative approach to other EU policies is required.

Objectives

Less developed regions
By far the largest amount of regional policy funding is dedicated to the regions designated as less developed. This covers Europe's poorest regions whose per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is less than 75% of the EU average. This includes nearly all the regions of the new member states, most of Southern Italy, Greece and Portugal, and some parts of the United Kingdom and Spain.

With the addition of the newest member countries in 2004 and 2007, the EU average GDP fell. As a result, some regions in the EU's "old" member states, which used to be eligible for funding under the Convergence objective, became above the 75% threshold. These regions received transitional, "phasing out" support during the previous funding period of 2007–13. Regions that used to be covered under the convergence criteria but got above the 75% threshold even within the EU-15 received "phasing-in" support through the Regional competitiveness and employment objective. Despite the large investment requirements of the EU, cohesion areas continue to have lower investment rates. Only 77% of businesses in transitional regions and 75% of those in less developed regions invested, compared to 79% of businesses in more developed regions.

Financial limitations are more common in less developed areas, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs in these regions are more than twice as likely (11%) than their counterparts in transition (5%) and non-cohesion zones (5%) to report having financial difficulties. Less developed regions also have the lowest percentage of businesses who have made investments to combat climate change or reduce their carbon emissions, at 46%. In 2022, lending from the EIB Group under the SME/mid-cap financing policy reached €3.5 billion.

In less developed regions, bank loans account for 49% of finance. Grants make up a larger portion of the financing in less developed areas, accounting for 13% of external financing.

Areas designated as less developed

 * Bulgaria – all (except Southwestern region)
 * Croatia - all
 * Czech Republic – all (except Prague)
 * Estonia – all
 * France – French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion
 * Greece – Anatoliki Makedonia Thraki, Dytiki Ellada, Ipeiros, Kentriki Makedonia, Thessalia
 * Hungary – all (except Central Hungary)
 * Italy – Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Apulia, Sicily
 * Latvia – all
 * Lithuania – all
 * Poland – all (except the Warsaw Metro NUTS2 Unit carved out of Masovian Voivodeship)
 * Portugal – Alentejo, Azores, Centro, Norte
 * Romania – all (except Bucharest)
 * Slovakia – all (except Bratislava)
 * Slovenia – Vzhodna Slovenija
 * Spain – Extremadura
 * United Kingdom – Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, West Wales and the Valleys

Transition regions
These are regions whose GDP per capita falls between 75 and 90 percent of the EU average. As such, they receive less funding than the less developed regions but more funding than the more developed regions.

In transition regions, bank loans account for 69% of finance. Particularly transitional regions appear to profit from investments in more developed regions. There is a 34% of the impact on GDP and 47% of the impact on employment in some circumstances.

In the green transition, 19% of firms in transition regions claim that climate change is significantly affecting their business, while 43% believe climate change has a minor effect. 25% of businesses in transition regions can also be categorized as "green and digital".

Areas designated as transition regions

 * Austria – Burgenland
 * Belgium – all of Wallonia (except Walloon Brabant)
 * Denmark – Sjælland
 * France – Auvergne, Corsica, Franche-Comté, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Lower Normandy, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardy, Poitou-Charentes
 * Germany – Lüneburg, all of the former East Germany sans Berlin (except Leipzig)
 * Greece – Dytiki Makedonia, Ionia Nisia, Kriti, Peloponnisos, Sterea Ellada, Voreio Aigaio
 * Italy – Abruzzo, Molise, Sardinia
 * Malta – all
 * Poland - none
 * Portugal – Algarve
 * Spain – Andalucía, Canarias, Castilla-La Mancha, Melilla, Murcia
 * United Kingdom – Cumbria, Devon, East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire, Highlands and Islands, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Merseyside, Northern Ireland, Shropshire and Staffordshire, South Yorkshire, Tees Valley and Durham
 * Bulgaria – Southwestern region

More developed regions
This covers all European regions that are not covered elsewhere, namely those which have a GDP per capita above 90 percent of the EU average. The main aim of funding for these regions is to create jobs by promoting competitiveness and making the regions concerned more attractive to businesses and investors. Possible projects include developing clean transport, supporting research centres, universities, small businesses and start-ups, providing training, and creating jobs. Funding is managed through either the ERDF or the ESF.

In all regions, bank loans are the most prevalent type of external financing. In more developed regions, they account for 58% of finance.

Areas currently eligible

 * Austria – all (except Burgenland)
 * Belgium – all of Flanders, Brussels, Walloon Brabant
 * Cyprus – all
 * Czech Republic – Prague
 * Denmark – all (except Sjælland)
 * Finland – all
 * France – Alsace, Aquitaine, Burgundy, Brittany, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Île-de-France, Midi-Pyrénées, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes, Upper Normandy
 * Germany – Berlin, Leipzig, all of the former West Germany (except Lüneburg)
 * Greece – Attiki, Notio Aigaio
 * Hungary – Közép-Magyarország
 * Ireland – all
 * Italy – Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Piedmont, South Tyrol, Trentino, Tuscany, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto
 * Luxembourg – all
 * Netherlands – all
 * Poland – the Warsaw Metro NUTS2 Unit carved out of Masovian Voivodeship
 * Portugal – Lisbon region, Madeira
 * Romania – Bucharest
 * Slovakia – Bratislava
 * Slovenia - Zahodna Slovenija
 * Spain – Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Ceuta, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid Region, Navarre, Valencian Community
 * Sweden – all
 * United Kingdom – all of London, South East England, and the East of England, plus Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, Northumberland, South Western Scotland, Eastern Scotland, North Eastern Scotland and East Wales

European territorial cooperation
This objective aims to reduce the importance of borders within Europe – both between and within countries – by improving regional cooperation. It allows for three different types of cooperation: cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation. The objective is currently by far the least important in pure financial terms, accounting for only 2.5% of the EU's regional policy budget. It is funded exclusively through the ERDF.

Instruments and funding
The cohesion policy accounts for almost one third of the EU's budget, equivalent to almost EUR 352 billion over seven years in 2014-2020, and EUR 392 billion in 2021-2027, dedicated to the promotion of economic development and job creation, and for helping communities and nations get ready for the European Union's transition to a more sustainable and digital economy. Cohesion lending had a large percentage of contributions to climate and environmental goals in 2021 and 2022.

The main resource of EU's territorial cohesion policy is EU's structural funds. There are two structural funds available to all EU regions: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF). The ERDF is intended to be used for the creation of infrastructure and productive job-creating investment and it is mainly for the businesses, while the ESF is meant to contribute to the integration of the unemployed populations into the work life via training measurements. The funds are managed and delivered in partnership between the European Commission, the Member States and stakeholders at the local and regional level. In the 2014–2020 funding period, money is allocated differently between regions that are deemed to be "more developed" (with GDP per capita over 90% of the EU average), "transition" (between 75% and 90%), and "less developed" (less than 75%), and additional funds are set aside for member states with GNI per capita under 90 percent of the EU average in the Cohesion Fund. Funding for less developed regions, like the Convergence objective before it, aims to allow the regions affected to catch up with the EU's more prosperous regions, thereby reducing economic disparity within the European Union. Examples of types of projects funded under this objective include improving basic infrastructure, helping businesses, building or modernising waste and water treatment facilities, and improving access to high-speed Internet connections. Regional policy projects in less developed regions are supported by three European funds: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Cohesion Fund.

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has pledged to increasing its support for certain regions in its Cohesion Orientation for 2021–2027. Between 2023 and 2024, the Bank plans to allocate at least 40% of the overall finance it provides to projects in cohesion regions, increasing to at least 45% starting in 2025. The less developed areas of Europe will get at least half of this allocation, and increasing regions that receive its climate action and environmental loans.

The European Investment Bank has given €44.7 billion to projects in cohesion areas for the European Union since 2021. Included in this is €24.8 billion in 2022 alone, or 46% of all EU signatures. From 2014 - 2020, they contributed a total of €123.8 billion to projects in cohesion areas. Financial instruments from the Bank have so far helped around 6,600 projects in Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, Portugal, Lithuania, Romania, and Cyprus. In 2022, the EIB Group contributed €28.4 billion to initiatives in cohesion areas and €16.2 billion in climate action and environmental sustainability. 44% of the EIB Group's overall loan in the European Union in 2022—or €28.4 billion—went to projects in cohesion areas. In the same year, projects with a combined investment cost of €146 billion were backed by EIB loans across the EU. For the EU as a whole, the European Investment Bank invested €16.2 billion in climate action and environmental sustainability in 2022 in cohesion areas. This is over half of the EU's total EIB funding for climate change and environmental sustainability.

title: Regional policy of the European Union


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Macroglossia

Macroglossia is the medical term for an unusually large tongue. Severe enlargement of the tongue can cause cosmetic and functional difficulties in speaking, eating, swallowing and sleeping. Macroglossia is uncommon, and usually occurs in children. There are many causes. Treatment depends upon the exact cause.

Signs and symptoms
Although it may be asymptomatic, symptoms usually are more likely to be present and more severe with larger tongue enlargements. Signs and symptoms include:
 * Dyspnea – difficult, noisy breathing, obstructive sleep apnea or airway obstruction
 * Dysphagia – difficulty swallowing and eating
 * Dysphonia – disrupted speech, possibly manifest as lisping
 * Sialorrhea – drooling
 * Angular cheilitis – sores at the corners of the mouth
 * Crenated tongue – indentations on the lateral borders of the tongue caused by pressure from teeth ("pie crust tongue")
 * Open bite malocclusion – a type of malocclusion of the teeth
 * Mandibular prognathism – enlarged mandible
 * Mouth breathing
 * Orthodontic abnormalities – including diastema and tooth spacing

A tongue that constantly protrudes from the mouth is vulnerable to drying out, ulceration, infection or even necrosis.

Causes
Macroglossia may be caused by a wide variety of congenital and acquired conditions. Isolated macroglossia has no determinable cause. The most common causes of tongue enlargement are vascular malformations (e.g. lymphangioma or hemangioma) and muscular hypertrophy (e.g. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome or hemihyperplasia). Enlargement due to lymphangioma gives the tongue a pebbly appearance with multiple superficial dilated lymphatic channels. Enlargement due to hemihyperplasia is unilateral. In edentulous persons, a lack of teeth leaves more room for the tongue to expand into laterally, which can create problems with wearing dentures and may cause pseudomacroglossia.

Amyloidosis is an accumulation of insoluble proteins in tissues that impedes normal function. This can be a cause of macroglossia if amyloid is deposited in the tissues of the tongue, which gives it a nodular appearance. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is a rare hereditary condition, which may include other defects such as omphalocele, visceromegaly, gigantism or neonatal hypoglycemia. The tongue may show a diffuse, smooth generalized enlargement. The face may show maxillary hypoplasia causing relative mandibular prognathism. Apparent macroglossia can also occur in Down syndrome. The tongue has a papillary, fissured surface. Macroglossia may be a sign of hypothyroid disorders.

Other causes include mucopolysaccharidosis, neurofibromatosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, myxedema, acromegaly, angioedema, tumors (e.g. carcinoma), Glycogen storage disease type 2, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome, Triploid syndrome, trisomy 4p, fucosidosis, alpha-mannosidosis, Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Ras pathway disorders, transient neonatal diabetes, and lingual thyroid.

Diagnosis
Macroglossia is usually diagnosed clinically. Sleep endoscopy and imaging may be used for assessment of obstructive sleep apnea. The initial evaluation of all patients with macroglossia may involve abdominal ultrasound and molecular studies for Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome.

Classification
The ICD-10 lists macroglossia under "other congenital malformations of the digestive system". Definitions of macroglossia have been proposed, including "a tongue that protrudes beyond the teeth during [the] resting posture" and "if there is an impression of a tooth on the lingual border when the patients slightly open their mouths". Others have suggested there is no objective definition of what constitutes macroglossia. Some propose a distinction between true macroglossia, when histologic abnormalities correlate with the clinical findings of tongue enlargement, and relative macroglossia, where histology does not provide a pathologic explanation for the enlargement. Common examples of true macroglossia are vascular malformations, muscular enlargement and tumors; whilst Down syndrome is an example of relative macroglossia. Pseudomacryglossia refers to a tongue that is of normal size but gives a false impression of being too large in relation to adjacent anatomical structures. The Myer classification subdivides macroglossia into generalized or localized.

Treatment
Treatment and prognosis of macroglossia depends upon its cause, and also upon the severity of the enlargement and symptoms it is causing. No treatment may be required for mild cases or cases with minimal symptoms. Speech therapy may be beneficial, or surgery to reduce the size of the tongue (reduction glossectomy). Treatment may also involve correction of orthodontic abnormalities that may have been caused by the enlarged tongue. Treatment of any underlying systemic disease may be required, e.g. radiotherapy.

Epidemiology
Macroglossia is uncommon, and usually occurs in children. Macroglossia has been reported to have a positive family history in 6% of cases. The National Organization of Rare Disorders lists macroglossia as a rare disease (fewer than 200,000 individuals in the US).

title: Macroglossia