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Ima Hogg

Ima Hogg (July 10, 1882 – August 19, 1975), known as "The First Lady of Texas", was an American society leader, philanthropist, mental health advocate, patron and collector of the arts, and one of the most respected women in Texas during the 20th century. Hogg was an avid art collector, and owned works by Picasso, Klee, and Matisse, among others. Hogg donated hundreds of pieces of artwork to Houston's Museum of Fine Arts and served on a committee to plan the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. An enthusiastic collector of early American antiques, she also served on a committee tasked with locating historical furniture for the White House. She restored and refurbished several properties, including the Varner plantation and Bayou Bend, which she later donated to Texas arts and historical institutions who maintain the facilities and their collections today. Hogg received numerous awards and honors, including the Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Santa Rita Award from the University of Texas System, and an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University.

Hogg was the daughter of Sarah Ann "Sallie" Stinson and James Stephen "Big Jim" Hogg, later attorney general and governor of the state. Ima Hogg's first name was taken from The Fate of Marvin, an epic poem written by her uncle Thomas Hogg. She endeavored to downplay her unusual name by signing her first name illegibly and having her stationery printed with "I. Hogg" or "Miss Hogg". Although it was rumored that Hogg had a sister or sisters, whose names was suggested to be "Hoosa Hogg", "Ura Hogg" or "Wera Hogg", she had only brothers. Hogg's father left public office in 1895, and soon after, her mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis. When Sarah died later that year, Jim Hogg's widowed elder sister moved to Austin to care for the Hogg children. Between 1899 and 1901, Hogg attended the University of Texas at Austin; she then moved to New York City to study piano and music theory for two years. After her father's death in 1906, she traveled to Europe and spent two years studying music under Xaver Scharwenka in Vienna. When she returned to Texas, she established and managed the Houston Symphony Orchestra and served as president of the Symphony Society.

The discovery of oil on her family's cotton plantation made Hogg very wealthy, and she used this income to benefit the people of Texas. In 1929, she founded the Houston Child Guidance Center, which provided counseling for children with mental health problems or diagnoses and their families. Through her brother's will, she established the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin in 1940. Hogg successfully ran for a seat on the Houston School Board in 1943, where she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay and established art education programs for black students. Hogg never married, and died in 1975. The Ima Hogg Foundation was the major beneficiary of her will, and carries on her philanthropic work today. Several annual awards have been established in her name, honoring her efforts to preserve cultural heritage in Texas.

Name
After the birth of his only daughter, Jim Hogg wrote to his brother, "Our cup of joy is now overflowing! We have a daughter of as fine proportions and of as angelic mien as ever gracious nature favor a man with, and her name is Ima!" Ima Hogg had no middle name, which was unusual for the time. Her first name was taken from her uncle Thomas Hogg's epic Civil War poem The Fate of Marvin, which featured two young women named Ima and Leila. According to Virginia Bernhard's biography of Ima Hogg, "there are some who believe that James Stephen Hogg … named his only daughter Ima Hogg to attract the attention of Texas voters" in a year when he was running in a close race for district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas, which he won. Alternatively, correspondence from Jim Hogg indicates he may not have been conscious of the combined effect of his daughter's first and last names.

Ima Hogg later recounted that "my grandfather Stinson lived fifteen miles [24 km] from Mineola and news traveled slowly. When he learned of his granddaughter's name he came trotting to town as fast as he could to protest but it was too late. The christening had taken place, and Ima I was to remain." During her childhood, Hogg's elder brother William often came home from school with a bloody nose, the result of defending, as she later recalled, "my good name." Throughout her adult years, Hogg signed her name in a scrawl that left her first name illegible. Her personal stationery was usually printed "Miss Hogg" or "I. Hogg", and she often had her stationery order placed in her secretary's name to avoid questions. Hogg did not use a nickname until several months before her death when she began calling herself "Imogene." Her last passport was issued to "Ima Imogene Hogg."

Contrary to popular belief, Ima did not have a sister named Ura. Texas legend insists that when Jim Hogg ran for re-election as Texas governor in 1892 he often travelled with Ima and a friend of hers and introduced them as his daughters Ima and Ura. Ima Hogg maintained throughout her life that this never happened. She was frequently forced to dispel the myth; hundreds of people wrote her letters inquiring whether her name was real and if she really had a sister named Ura. The Kansas City Star even invented another sister, Hoosa.

In the early 1930s, Hogg worked on a collection of her father's papers and speeches with his biographer, historian Robert C. Cotner; she became a guardian of his place in history, often writing to clarify or refute articles published about her father. According to Bernhard, "the very fact that Ima had been burdened with a name that made a lifetime of explanations necessary also made her anxious to defend her father from all detractors. By doing so, she defended herself as well, and she did so with considerable skill and unfailing politeness."

Ima Hogg has been the source of "unfortunate name" or "worst baby name" jokes, lists, and contests, including the incorrect assertion that Jim Hogg had named his two daughters "Ima Hogg" and "Ura Hogg." Similar unfortunate baby names according to United States Census records include Ima Pigg, Ima Muskrat, Ima Nut, Ima Hooker, Ima Weiner, Ima Reck, Ima Pain, and Ima Butt.

Early years
Ima Hogg was born in Mineola, Texas, in 1882 to Jim Hogg and Sarah Ann "Sallie" Stinson. She was the second of four children, including brothers William Clifford Hogg (1875–1930), Michael Hogg (1885–1941), and Thomas Elisha Hogg (1887–1949). The Hogg family had long been active in public service. Her great-grandfather, Thomas Hogg, served in the state legislatures of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Her grandfather, Joseph Lewis Hogg, served in the Congress of the Republic of Texas and helped to write the Texas State Constitution. At the time of her birth, Hogg's father was the district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas. His term expired in 1884, and the family moved to Tyler, where he practiced law. Two years later, Jim Hogg was elected Texas Attorney General and the Hogg family moved to the state capital, Austin, where Ima attended kindergarten. When Jim Hogg was elected the first native-born Governor of Texas four years later, Ima accompanied her mother and elder brother to the swearing-in ceremony and inauguration ball in January 1891, thus witnessing the first inauguration in the newly erected Texas State Capitol. The family moved into the Governor's Mansion. Built in 1855, the building was in poor condition, with cracked walls and dilapidated furnishings. Ima and her siblings were expected to help renovate the building to a liveable state—she was required, among other things, to pry chewing gum from the furniture and door moldings.

Hogg and her younger brothers were rambunctious. She recalled that they particularly enjoyed sliding down the banisters in the Governor's Mansion. Hogg's parents allowed this to continue until Thomas cut his chin, after which Jim Hogg nailed tacks along the center of the railing to curb the activity through fear of bloodied posteriors; the holes from the tacks remained visible in the banister for many decades after the Hogg family moved from the home. Hogg's mother attempted to teach her ladylike skills such as needlework, but Hogg claimed that she "never had the patience to succeed". Her mother also encouraged Hogg to learn German. Hogg and her siblings were frequently taken to the Millett Opera House in Austin to enjoy the performances.

The children liked animals, and their menagerie included dogs, cats, birds, raccoons, opossums, rabbits, a Shetland pony and a parrot. The children once used their animals to conduct a circus on the grounds of the Governor's Mansion. Hogg charged each visitor five cents, but was forced to return the money when her father discovered the scheme. In later years, the family added a bear, a horse, a fawn, cockatoos, and two ostriches named Jack and Jill to their collection of animals. In response to a challenge from her brothers, Hogg once mounted one of the ostriches, but was thrown from its back after one of the boys hit it with a slingshot. Ima and her ostriches later became the protagonists of a picture book, Ima & the Great Texas Ostrich Race, by Margaret Olivia McManis and Bruce Dupree.

Her mother never regained her strength after Thomas's birth, and for the remainder of her life was a semi-invalid. Ima accompanied her to several health spas during their years in Austin. In 1895, Sarah was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and on the recommendation of her doctor, she and Ima moved to Colorado, where they lived with Jim Hogg's elder sister, Martha Francis Davis. Sarah Hogg died in Colorado on September 25, 1895.

Davis accompanied the family to Austin and spent several months caring for Hogg and her brothers. Davis, who had lost her husband to tuberculosis and watched her son fight the disease, believed that Hogg must have contracted the disease from her mother. Davis instructed Ima to never marry so as not to pass on the illness. By the end of 1895, the children had been enrolled in a boarding school in San Marcos. The following year, they returned to Austin to live with their father. Although the family employed a housekeeper, Hogg was considered the lady of the house and supervised the housecleaning as well as the education of her younger brothers. In 1898, Hogg accompanied her father to Hawaii, where they met Hawaiian Queen Liliʻuokalani and watched the ceremony that delivered Hawaii to the United States. The two were scheduled to sail to Seattle, but Hogg refused to board the ship. Sobbing, she begged her father to make other arrangements because she "had an awful feeling". He relented and they instead sailed to California, where they learned that their original ship had been lost at sea with no survivors.

Education and musical interests
Music was always present at the Hogg household, and Ima began learning to play the piano at age three. Although her younger brothers attended public school, Ima was enrolled at a private school and received private music lessons. In 1899, she entered the University of Texas at Austin (UT), where her favorite courses were German, Old English, and psychology. She later remarked that "No freshman was ever more immature, more unprepared, more frightened than I." She joined the female social club known as the Valentine Club, and helped to inaugurate the first sorority on the UT campus, Pi Beta Phi. After two years at the university, she moved to New York City to study piano and music theory at the National Conservatory of Music. Although she was not on campus when the Pi Beta Phi chapter was installed in 1902, she became an alumna initiate in 1912 and a year later served as Vice President of the Houston Pi Beta Phi Alumnae Club.

Near the turn of the 20th century, Hogg's father began speculating in oil. He purchased 4100 acre of land near West Columbia in 1901, land that had been part of the Varner plantation. After two years of study in New York City, Ima Hogg returned to Texas, dividing her time between the plantation and Houston, where her father had a law practice. Under her supervision, the house was later remodeled and a portico was added to what had been the back of the house; she made this the new front entrance, orienting the house away from Varner Creek.

On January 26, 1905, Jim Hogg suffered an injury in a train accident. For the next year Ima nursed him as he struggled to regain his health, but on March 3, 1906, she discovered her father dead in his bed. Ima was devastated; to quell her grief, her brother William took her to New York City. During her stay she immersed herself in concerts and museums.

In 1907, she vacationed in Germany, and enjoyed her time so much that she chose to remain in Europe to continue her piano studies. For the next two years she studied music in Vienna under Franz Xaver Scharwenka, pianist to the court of Franz Joseph I of Austria, and in Berlin under Martin Krause. After returning from Europe, Hogg settled in Houston with her brother William. Although the city had a population of about 100,000, it had no museums or parks and no professional theater, music, or ballet groups. Hogg chose to teach music and continued in this vocation for the next nine years. One of her first pupils was Jacques Abram, who later became a concert pianist. By 1913, Hogg had become president of the Girls' Musical Society and was on the entertainment committee of the College Women's Club, which organized a small theater group known as the Green Mask Players. That year, she organized the Houston Symphony Orchestra. Hogg served as the vice-president of the Symphony Society when the first session of the board of directors convened. In 1917 the board of directors requested that she serve as president; she went on to serve 12 terms.

Philanthropist and community leader
Hogg was affectionately known as "Miss Ima" by those who knew her, and widely considered to be "The First Lady of Texas". When John Connally was Governor of Texas, his wife Nellie declared, "The Governor's wife is usually called the First Lady of the State, but Ima always has been and always will be the First Lady of Texas." In 1957, The New York Times featured prominent Texans in a series about high society, stating: "But one social figure celebrated throughout the state and even beyond its border is Miss Ima Hogg. She is now about 80 but still a civic beacon of Houston."

After their father's death in 1906, Hogg and her brothers tried to sell the Varner plantation, but a provision in his will specified that the land be kept for 15 years. On January 15, 1918, oil was found on the Varner plantation. A second strike the following year provided oil income amounting to $225,000 a month (equivalent to $ million a month in ) shared among the four siblings. According to Hogg biographer Gwendolyn Cone Neely, the Hoggs did not believe that the oil money was rightfully theirs, as it had come from the land and not hard work, and they were determined to use it for the good of Texas.

Hogg founded the Houston Child Guidance Center in 1929 to provide counseling for disturbed children and their families. Hogg was convinced that if children's emotional and mental problems were treated, more serious illness could be prevented in adults. Her interest in mental health came from her father, who had read widely on mental health issues; during his terms as governor, Ima had often accompanied him on visits to state institutions, including charity hospitals and asylums for the mentally ill. She furthered her knowledge of the field while she was a student at UT, taking several courses in psychology. Ima was convinced that her youngest brother, Tom, would have benefited from similar intervention, as he had reacted badly after their mother's death and as an adult was "restless, impulsive, and alarmingly careless with money". Although her ideas on mental health would be considered mainstream today, in 1929 they were pioneering. In 1972, she told the Houston Chronicle that, of all her activities, she had derived most pleasure from her role in establishing the Houston Child Guidance Center.

Hogg had previously suffered from mental health problems. In late 1918, she fell ill, probably from severe depression. She consulted with Dr. Francis Xavier Dercum, a specialist in the treatment of nervous and mental diseases, who treated her for the next three years. She was hospitalized for more than a year, and spent a further three years convalescing, primarily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By the summer of 1923 Hogg was fully recovered, but she permanently discarded her dream of being a concert pianist, ostensibly because of weakness after her illness.

Hogg joined her elder brother William on a vacation in Germany in 1930. During their visit, he suffered a gallbladder attack and died on September 12, 1930, after emergency surgery. Ima brought her brother's body back to the United States. His will bequeathed $2.5 million to UT; his desire was that it be used alongside money donated by his sister for "far-reaching benefit to the people of Texas". Legal challenges tied up the grant until 1939, when the university received $1.8 million. In 1940, after discussion with her brother Michael—the executor of the will—Hogg used the money to establish the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin.

The San Antonio Express reported in 1939 that the funds granted to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health would be used to establish mental hygiene clinics and conduct lectures and teacher training courses across Texas, for mental health research, and to survey mental hygiene conditions in Texas. On the entry of the United States into World War II, the Foundation researched methods to prevent mentally unsuitable candidates from enlisting in the military, and provided counseling to those traumatized by the war. After the war, the Foundation expanded its educational and philanthropic focus, providing mental health care to the poor and the aged. The Foundation awards annual scholarships to individuals pursuing a Master's degree in Social Work.

In 1943, Hogg decided to run for a seat on the Houston School Board so that the board would include two female members. Hogg won with 4,350 votes, more than 1,000 ahead of the runner-up. During her term, she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay. She championed a visiting teacher program for children with emotional problems and began art education programs in the schools for black students. Hogg declined to run for a second term.

Furniture and art collector
Hogg and her brothers were avid art collectors; she owned a large collection, including Native American art and works by Picasso, Chagall, Matisse and Modigliani. Her interest in collecting began during her convalescence in Philadelphia. Her first purchase, in 1922, was a Spanish foot chair or Queen Anne maple chair with carved feet. She researched the early American furniture market extensively, personally visiting Luke Vincent Lockwood, the author of the standard work on the topic, for more information. At the time, Hogg was one of a small number of people who believed that American antiques had value—by contrast, most collectors concentrated on furniture built in Europe. Other collectors soon saw the value in early American pieces. Hogg remained one of the few collectors not located on the East Coast. As her collection grew, she was often asked to loan pieces for exhibit in New England; Hogg always refused, stating "they've got plenty of these things up there".

In the 1920s, Hogg's brothers began to develop a new elite neighborhood, which they called River Oaks, which at that time was on the outskirts of Houston. For their home, the Hoggs chose the largest lot, 14.5 acre. Ima worked closely with architect John Staub to design a house that would show off the art the family had purchased. William and Ima moved into the house, which she christened Bayou Bend, in 1928. In 1939, when she restored her estate along American lines, she donated more than 100 works on paper to Houston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFAH), including works by Cézanne, Sargent, Picasso, and Klee. Following the death of her brother Michael in 1941, she donated his collection of Frederic Remington works to the museum. Consisting of 53 oil paintings, 10 watercolors, and one bronze, it is known as the Hogg Brothers Collection, and is "one of the most important groupings of Western paintings on display in an American museum", according to Hogg biographer Neely. Hogg donated her collection of Native American art to MFAH in 1944, including 168 pieces of pottery, 95 pieces of jewelry, and 81 paintings.

In 1960, she was appointed by President Eisenhower to serve on a committee to plan the National Cultural Center, now called the Kennedy Center, in Washington, D.C. In 1961, Jacqueline Kennedy named Hogg to the 18-member advisory committee to work with the Fine Arts Committee in seeking historical furniture for the White House.

Restorations
Although Hogg spent little time at the Varner plantation after Bayou Bend was constructed, she continued to purchase art and antique furniture on its behalf. In the 1950s, she restored the plantation, and each room was given a different theme from Texas history: colonial times, the Confederacy, Napoleonic times (1818), and the Mexican–American War. One room was dedicated to her father, and contained his desk and chair as well as his collection of walking sticks. She donated the property to the state, and it was dedicated as the Varner–Hogg Plantation State Historical Site in 1958, the 107th anniversary of Jim Hogg's birth.

As the Varner–Hogg restoration wound to a halt, Hogg refocused her attention on her Houston home, Bayou Bend, which housed some of her personal collection of antiques and artwork. The New York Times described her "superb Early American furniture" collection in 1953, and she had a large collection of Americana and colonial Mexican decorative arts, some of which are still in the house. In the late 1950s she said: "I had been collecting American furniture. I collected, and collected, and collected, until I had so much of it I didn't know what to do with it. I decided to give it to a museum." She collaborated with the original architect John Staub on structural changes that would prepare the home to be a museum. She denuded the home of personal items and items that did not meet her concept; the only piece of non-American furniture in the home was her English dining table, which had too many memories for her to remove it.

Several residents of River Oaks sued to prevent Bayou Bend becoming a museum, but Hogg prevailed in court. To alleviate the residents' concerns over increased traffic, she asked the city of Houston to build a footbridge over Buffalo Bayou so that visitors could reach the house without having to drive through River Oaks. In the fall of 1965, Hogg moved out of her home, telling the docents that "When you love something enough it's easy to give it up in order to see it go on." The MFAH opened the new museum to the public in 1966 as MFAH's Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens. At its dedication, Charles F. Montgomery called Bayou Bend "the largest, finest collection this side of Winterthur".

In 1963, Hogg purchased property near Round Top, hoping to move its historic building to Bayou Bend. When that plan proved impractical, she decided to restore it in place and temporarily moved to Round Top. After personally supervising the restoration of the Winedale Inn, a stagecoach inn near Round Top, Hogg donated the property to the University of Texas at Austin. Known as the Winedale Historical Center, it is used primarily as an outdoor museum and music center, and annually hosts Shakespeare at Winedale. In 1969, she restored her parents' house in Quitman; the town renamed it the Ima Hogg Museum in her honor. The museum holds items from the history of Wood County and northeast Texas. She later restored the home of her maternal grandfather and had it moved to the park.

Description and disposition
David Warren, the first curator of Bayou Bend, said Hogg was "small and dainty and feminine—and smart and sharp and knowledgeable—all rolled into one". Her biographer Bernhard described her as "elegantly and stylishly dressed", 5 ft tall and of fair complexion, "independent and self-possessed" and noted that she could "sugarcoat her single-mindedness with layers of charm". At the age of 81, she was described by The New York Times as a "blue-eyed strawberry blonde".

One morning in 1914, Hogg was awakened by a burglar in her bedroom. She confronted the man, who was attempting to steal her jewelry, and not only convinced him to return the jewelry, but "wrote down a name and address, handed it to him and told him to go there that very day to get a job". When asked why she did that, Hogg responded, "He didn't look like a bad man." Later that year, she sailed to Germany, alone. While she was en route, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, and the day before she arrived, Britain declared war on Germany. The United States was still neutral, however, so Hogg continued her tour of Europe, not leaving until several months later.

Though Bernard describes Hogg as a woman of "unfailing politeness", the biographer suggests the philanthropist was not without adversaries. For instance, at a concert arranged by the Houston Symphony for her 90th birthday featuring the elderly pianist Arthur Rubinstein, he characterized her as a "tiresome old woman". Hogg, in turn, regarded the musician as "a pompous old man". By contrast, Hogg said of Vladimir Horowitz, whom she met backstage at a 1975 concert in Houston, "Such a nice man. Not at all like that Mr. Rubinstein."

Hogg was a generous benefactor, and believed that "inherited money was a public trust". She was described by the University of Houston as "compassionate by nature", "progressive in outlook", "concerned with the welfare of all Texans", a "zealous proponent of mental health care" and "committed to public education". Hogg was a lifelong Democrat.

Death
Hogg died on August 19, 1975, at the age of 93, from a heart attack resulting from atheroma. She had been vacationing in London at the time, but fell as she was getting into a taxi, and died a few days later in a London hospital. An autopsy report revealed that her death was not related to the earlier fall. On receiving news of her death, the University of Texas declared two days of mourning and flew the flag at half-staff.

At the time of her death, Hogg had employed her personal maid, Gertrude Vaughn, for 56 years, and her butler-chauffeur, Lucious Broadnax, for over 40 years. She is buried next to her family in the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin. Hogg's work lives on through the Ima Hogg Foundation, which she founded in 1964 and which was the major beneficiary of her will. Hogg never married; her biographer Bernhard reports that she told a friend "she had gotten over 30 proposals of marriage but 'wouldn't have any of them'".

Awards, recognition and legacy
Hogg received many awards for her contributions to the community. The Garden Club of America honored her in 1959 with the Amy Angell Colliers Montague Model for Civic Achievement. In 1966, she was honored at the 20th annual awards banquet of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. She received the seventh annual Louise du Pont Crowninshield Award —the highest award given by the National Trust for Historic Preservation—for "superlative achievement in the preservation, restoration and interpretation of sites, buildings, architecture, districts, and objects of national historical or cultural significance" in Texas.

In 1968, Hogg became the first recipient of the Santa Rita Award—the highest award given by the University of Texas System —for contributions to higher education. She was presented with an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University in 1971. In 1969, she became the third woman (after Lady Bird Johnson and Oveta Culp Hobby) invited to become a member of the Academy of Texas, a society which recognized efforts to "enrich, enlarge or enlighten" knowledge in any field. She also became the first female president in the 110-year history of the Philosophical Society of Texas.

Her restoration work was recognized by many organizations. The National Society of Interior Designers named her to their International Honors List in 1965 and in 1972 presented her with their Thomas Jefferson Award for her contributions to cultural heritage. The Texas State Historical Survey Committee recognized Hogg in 1967 for her "meritorious service in historic preservation" and the American Association of State and Local History gave her an award of merit in 1969.

The Houston Symphony established a scholarship in Hogg's name, honored her on her 90th birthday with a special concert, and holds an annual Ima Hogg Young Artist Competition for musicians between the ages of 13 and 30 who perform on orchestral instruments or the piano. The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin presents an annual Ima Hogg Award for Historical Achievement. She was a National Patroness of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. Mental Health America of Greater Houston (established in 1954 as The Mental Health Association of Greater Houston) presents an annual Ima Hogg Award "to an individual or couple who have advanced mental health causes".

The site of her birthplace at 125 N. Line Street in Mineola, Texas is marked with a Texas Historical Commission subject marker.

In 1963, former Governor of Texas Allan Shivers—when presenting Hogg with the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Texas Ex-Students Association (the first woman so honored) —said of "Miss Ima": Some persons create history. Some record it. Others restore and conserve it. She has done all three.

title: Ima Hogg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mayflower Primary School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:33, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Mayflower Primary School
Advert for a non-notable school. Dunc|☺ 18:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gosh, this is getting crazy. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:18, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. -- Vsion 21:21, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a copyvio. RickK 21:30, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten. Please vote on the stub, not the deleted article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fine. Delete, non-notable school.  RickK 23:53, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: What do you mean, non-notable? Its a Singaporean school. We also need it as a starting point for development, not to mention, its one of the original schools of the Ang Mo Kio town, which was only developed until recently in the late 1970's. I will work on the article if I have time, but the idea that its not distinguished from "thousands of other schools" doesn't apply because this school isn't in the United States. -- Natalinasmpf 03:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you asserting that, unlike the United States, Singapore only has a very few schools? Education in Singapore begs to differ. Uncle G 05:42, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Does this also suggest we should create articles on, say, bus drivers in Liechtenstein since there aren't many of them ? Average Earthman 08:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 04:07, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Vegaswikian 04:38, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. --W(t) 05:44, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Delete. Large number of students, but no evidence of notability. Quale 07:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ang Mo Kio. Average Earthman 08:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. —Lowellian (talk) 13:27, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable.  Grue  13:35, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 15:49, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gosh, this is getting crazy. SchmuckyTheCat 20:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and NPOV. I agree with WP:SCH. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. All schools are enduring physical and social institutions, and are therefore inherently encyclopedic.--Centauri 04:06, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Ang Mo Kio and delete - Skysmith 09:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Schools belong in Wikipedia.  Important, NPOV, and verifiable.  Unfocused 05:09, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another non-notable school. If that fails, merge into relevant article; I nominate trivia, but any will do. Jayjg (talk) 21:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Compromise. Delete and create new article on Schools in Ang Mo Kio, then include this school and subsequently add other schools in the town. -Hmib 16:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not just vote keep and move the school article to Schools in Ang Mo Kio, which will keep the article history, then add other schools? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:58, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Cos we don't need 50 pages, one for each school in Ang Mo Kio. To do so would be like creating an article for every housing development in a town. -Hmib 23:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * My proposal would result in one single page for all schools in Ang Mo Kio but without the unnecessary step of deleting the current text and its history. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable Proto 11:03, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cast my vote.Mr Tan 14:26, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't seem to be one of the more famous schools (Nanyang, Tao Nan). Frankchn 02:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Movement (LCD Soundsystem song)

"Movement" is a song by American rock band LCD Soundsystem. It was released as a single on 8 November 2004 through DFA Records and appeared on their eponymous debut studio album, released in 2005.

Background
Band frontman James Murphy has described the impetus of the song: "That's mostly about the 'new rock', which is a movement without the bother of having any meaning. You know a journalistic movement that announces, 'Rock is back! The guitar is back!' Whoo-hoo. But for what? Its like saying, 'The high-waisted pant is back!' Its fucking vacuous and the bands are tedious. They all sound like The MC5. I get excited about The White Stripes 'cos they're some people who are obviously trying to do something of their own. But most bands will never be good because they don't even ask themselves why they're bothering until its too late." The song stylistically pays tribute to The Fall, who Murphy has cited as a significant influence, and interpolates a lyric from that band's track "Telephone Thing".

Track listing

 * DFA — dfaemi 2141 — 7" vinyl and CD single

title: Movement (LCD Soundsystem song)


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Category:Mixed martial arts

Mixed martial arts is a combat sport with minimal rules. Fighting systems incorporating techniques and strategies from several martial arts are listed under Hybrid martial arts.

title: Category:Mixed martial arts


text: Category:Bábí texts

title: Category:Bábí texts


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alfred Elementary School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:34, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Alfred Elementary School
NN. D. Dunc|☺ 18:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:19, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  RickK 21:32, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC) (I have refactored my comments - RickK 20:55, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC))
 * Comment This was a response to my inappropriate statement about the listing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:07, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What an utterly bizarre user. --SPUI (talk) 21:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and send to cleanup. Hedley 21:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article fails to establish notability. --Carnildo 22:56, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, verifiable and important information. Kappa 23:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. No Account 03:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Alfred, Maine. Vegaswikian 04:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 07:14, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Alfred, Maine. Average Earthman 08:49, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. —Lowellian (talk) 13:27, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete useless.  Grue  13:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Deserves one line in the town entry, not its own article. Gamaliel 15:36, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Phroziac 15:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What an utterly bizarre vote. SchmuckyTheCat 20:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and NPOV. I agree with WP:SCH Double Blue  (Talk) 23:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable, cleanup -CunningLinguist 00:03, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. All schools are enduring physical and social institutions, and are therefore inherently encyclopedic.--Centauri 04:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Alfred, Maine and delete - Skysmith 09:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important, verifiable, and NPOV.  That's good enough for me.  Unfocused 05:07, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP and people need to stop doing this. Ketsuban (is 1337) 03:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and please stop this Yuckfoo 22:46, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Why does it deserve deletion? Whoever added it took the time to add a nice picture, and it's not notably usless like the Sam Toupin page. -- Quagscorner 04:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
List of place names of Native American origin in New England

The region of New England in the United States has numerous place names derived from the indigenous peoples of the area. New England is in the Northeastern United States, and comprises six states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Listed are well-known names of towns, significant bodies of water, and mountains. This list can virtually never be sufficiently completed as there are hundreds of thousands of place names in New England.

Formation and transmission of names
All the names in this section come to us only through persons whose first language was English and only rarely knew any other. From the few sources who were bilingual, we are fortunate to have some concept of how some of the names were segmented in the languages from which they came. Those names often tend to predominate in lists such as these, just because they are more easily understood.

Most names were received by English settlers who had little idea what they meant. Being naturally curious, they asked the natives what the names meant or conjectured among themselves or both. The natives were faced with having to explain the name in a language they knew but rudimentarily. They interpreted freely, often giving the use or features of interest about the place rather than trying to explain the elements of their language to the English. They never had a linguist's understanding of the structure of their language. Their descendants, speaking primarily English, no longer knew how to produce meaningful utterances in the language of their native forefathers.

Consequently, the names can be divided into roughly two categories: those for which the original morphology is known to some degree and those for which it is not. The meanings of the latter category are traditional only, but the tradition may not necessarily descend from a native speaker. It may have been a settler's conjecture, passed on through the social mechanism of the sacred words of the forefathers or simply because no other interpretation was available.

The mechanism can be seen most clearly in names for which both categories of meaning exist. You might read that a name is supposed to mean "the place of portage" or "the pines" when in fact those meanings are not even implied by the morphology of the name. It is entirely possible, however, that those places were used for those purposes. On the other hand, some settler may have guessed that they were used for those purposes. In cases where there is no morphology, there is little point in argument over the "correct meaning" of the name, an activity enjoyed by New Englanders since settlement times, and which also you will undoubtedly see much of in Wikipedia.

New England in the early 17th century when English colonists first landed was tenanted by variously named tribes for the most part speaking languages of the Algonquian family. Our aboriginals spoke an eastern branch of the group. It often happened that whole regions were named after the tribe inhabiting it, such as Massachusetts, nor does this appear to have been an English naming convention only. In this the aboriginals were non-different from the tribes of classical Europe, whose names still dot the map of Europe.

Like the tribal names of Europe, the native names descended from an antiquity long lost. The natives themselves may not have known what they meant. For these names we have mainly tradition, but even that should be regarded as more speculative than not.

Places named after tribes
Place names on this list represent a number of tribes speaking aboriginal languages within the Algonquian family, for the most part, if in warped or anglicized form:
 * Abnaki
 * Hammonassett
 * Mahican
 * Mattabesset
 * Mill
 * Mi'kmaq
 * Mohegan
 * Montauk
 * Natick
 * Narragansett
 * Niantic
 * Nipmuc
 * Norridgewock
 * Passamaquoddy
 * Paugussett
 * Pennacook
 * Penobscot
 * Pequot
 * Podunk
 * Poquonock
 * Quinnipiac
 * Tunxi
 * Wampanoag

Connecticut
Common dialects of the Algonquian languages: Hammonasset, Mahican, Montauk, Niantic, Paugussett, Pequot-Mohegan, Podunk, Poquonock, Quinnipiac, Tunxi, Wangunk

 * Connecticut, the state, and river: (in several dialects) "place of the long river" or "by the long tidal stream"
 * Aspetuck River (and town): (Paugussett) "at the high place"
 * Cockenoe Island: (Montauk) from the name of a 17th-century native interpreter
 * Coginchaug River: (Wangunk) "place where fish are dried/cured"
 * Congamuck Ponds (on Maine border Congamond Lake): (Nipmuck) "long fishing place"
 * Cos Cob: (Mohegan from Cassacubque) "high rocks"
 * Hammonassett Point: (Hammonassett) "place of sand bars"
 * Hockanum River (and community): (Podunk) "hook"
 * Housatonic River: (Mahican) "beyond the mountain"
 * Mashapaug Pond: (Nipmuck) "large pond"
 * Massapeag: (Mohegan) "place at the large cove"
 * Menunketesuck River (and Menunketesuck Island): (Hammonasset) "strong flowing stream"
 * Mianus River (and town): (Paugussett) a 17th-century chief's name – "Mianu/Mayanno's"
 * Mohawk Mountain: eastern Iroquois tribe; Algonquian term for their western enemies – "wolves," "hungry animals," or "cannibals"
 * Mohegan: tribe; "hungry animal" or "wolf"
 * Moodus River (also reservoir, and village): (Wangunk) from "mache moodus" or "bad noises" (the Moodus noises)
 * Moosup: (Narragansett) a chief named "Mausup"
 * Mystic River (and town): (Pequot-Mohegan) "great tidal river"
 * Naugatuck River (and town): (Quinnipiac) "single tree"
 * Natchaug River: (Nipmuck) "between rivers"
 * Nepaug Reservoir: (Wangunk) "fresh pond"
 * Niantic River (and town): tribe; "point of land on tidal river"
 * Norwalk River (and city): (Algonquian) noyank or "point of land" or from the name Naramauke
 * Oronoque: (Quinnipiac) "curved place" or "land at the bend"
 * Pachaug River (and pond): (Narragansett) "at the turning place"
 * Pataguanset Lake: (Niantic) "at the round, shallow place"
 * Pawcatuck River (Rhode Island border): (Niantic/Pequot) "the clear divided (tidal) stream"
 * Pequabuck: (Wangunk) "clear, open pond"
 * Pistapaug Pond: (Quinnipiac) "muddy pond"
 * Pocotopaug Lake: (Wangunk) "divided pond" or "two ponds"
 * Poquetanuck: (Mohegan) "land broken up" (like dried mud cracking)
 * Poquonock Bridge and river: (Algonquian – several) "cleared land"
 * Quaddick Reservoir: (Nipmuck) "bend in river" or (Narragansett) "boggy place"
 * Lake Quassapaug: (Quinnipiac) "big pond" or "big rock"
 * Quinebaug River (and town): (Nipmuck) "long pond"
 * Quinnipiac River: (Quinnipiac) "where we change our route"
 * Lake Quonnipaug: (Quinnipiac) "long pond"
 * Sachem Head: (Algonquian/general) "chief"
 * Saugatuck River: (Paugussett) "outlet of the tidal river"
 * Scitico: (Nipmuck) "land at the river branch"
 * Shenipsit Lake: (Mohegan) "at the great pool"
 * Shepaug River: (Tunxis) "great pond"
 * Shetucket River: (Mohegan) "land between rivers"
 * Shunock River: (Mohegan) "stony place" or possibly "place between streams"
 * Skungamug River: (Nipmuck) "eel-fishing place"
 * Taconic: (Mahican) "steep ascent"
 * Uncasville: (Mohegan) 17th-century chief's name (wonkus – "fox")
 * Wangum Lake: (Paugussett) "bend/crooked"
 * Wangumbaug Lake: (Nipmuck) "crooked pond"
 * Wangumgaug Lake: "crooked pond"
 * Lake Waramaug: (Mahican) "good fishing-place"
 * Willimantic River (and town): (Mohegan or Nipmuck) "good cedar swamp"
 * Winnepauk: (Mahican) "beautiful pond"
 * Wononpacook Pond: (Mahican) "land at the bend in the pond"
 * Wononskopomuc Lake: (Mahican) "rocks at the bend in the lake"
 * Wopowaug River: (Wangunk) "crossing-place"
 * Wopowog: (Wangunk) "crossing-place"
 * Wyassup Lake: (Mohegan) "flags" or "rushes"
 * Yantic River (and town): (Mohegan) "as far as the tide goes up this side of the river"
 * Former names:
 * Mameeg or Nameeg: (Pequot-Mohegan) "fishing place" New London
 * Miamogue: (Paugussett) "where we come together to fish" Bridgeport (harbor)
 * Nawaas: general name for Connecticut

Maine
Common languages:
 * Northern: Abnaki, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy
 * Southern: Abnaki, Norridgewock, Pennacook, Penobscot
 * Allagash River (and town): (Abnaki) "bark shelter"
 * Androscoggin River: (Abnaki) "place where fish are dried/cured"
 * Aroostook River: (Mi'kmaq) "beautiful river"
 * Aziscohos Lake: (Abnaki) "small pine trees"
 * Caribou: (Abnaki) kalibu "shoveler" (gets food by pawing or shoveling)
 * Casco Bay: (Mi'kmaq) muddy
 * Chebeague Island: (Abnaki) "separated place"
 * Chemquasabamticook Lake: (Abnaki) "where there is a large lake and roocks"
 * Chesuncook Lake: (Abnaki) "at the principal outlet"
 * Chiputneticook Lakes: (Abnaki) "at the place of the big hill stream"
 * Cobscook Bay: (Maliseet) "rocks under water"
 * Cobbosseecontee Lake: (Abnaki) "many sturgeon"
 * Damariscotta (and lake and river): (Abnaki) "many alewives"
 * Katahdin: (Abnaki) "the principal mountain"
 * Kennebago Lake: (Abnaki) "long/large pond/lake"
 * Kennebec River: (Abnaki) "long quiet water"
 * Kennebunk (and river): (Abnaki) "long sand bar"
 * Madawaska River: (Mi'kmaq) "where one river joins another"
 * Matagamon: (Abnaki) "far on the other side"
 * Matinicus Island: (Abnaki) "far-out island"
 * Mattamiscontis Lake: (Abnaki) "many ale-wives"
 * Mattawamkeag River (and town): (Abnaki) "fishing beyond gravel bar" or (Mi'kmaq) "on a sand bar"
 * Metinic Island: (Abnaki) "far-out island"
 * Millinocket (and lake): (Abnaki) "this place is admirable"
 * Molunkus Pond (and stream): (Abnaki) "ravine"
 * Monhegan Island: (Mi'kmaq or Maliseet) "out-to-sea island"
 * Mooselookmeguntic Lake: (Abnaki) "moose feeding place" (portage to or big trees at)
 * Muscongus Bay: (Abnaki) "many/large rock ledges"
 * Musquash Lake: (Abnaki) "muskrat"
 * Musquacook River (and lake): (Abnaki) "muskrat place"
 * Nahmakanta Lake: (Abnaki) "many fish"
 * Nollesemic (and lake): (Abnaki) "resting place at the falls"
 * Ogunquit: (Mi'kmaq) "lagoons within dunes"
 * Orono: (Abnaki) purportedly from a Chief Joseph Orono, no translation
 * Ossipee River: (Abnaki) "beyond the water"
 * Oquossoc: (Abnaki) "place of trout" (a certain trout-type)
 * Passadumkeag: (Abnaki) "rapids over gravel beds"
 * Passamaquoddy Bay: tribal name; "place of abundance of pollack"
 * Pemadumcook Lake: (Maliseet) "extended sand bar place"
 * Pemaquid: (Mi'kmaq) "extended land" (peninsula)
 * Penobscot River: (Abnaki?) tribal name; "place of descending rocks/ledges"
 * Piscataqua River (New Hampshire border): (Pennacook) "the place where the river divides"
 * Piscataquis River: (Abnaki) "at the river branch"
 * Quoddy Head: (Passamaquoddy) abbreviation to "pollack"
 * Saco (and river): (Abnaki) "flowing out" or "outlet"
 * Sebago Lake (and town): (Abnaki) "big lake"
 * Sebasticook Lake: (Penobscot-Abnaki) "almost-through place"
 * Seboomook Lake (and town): (Abnaki) "at the large stream"
 * Skowhegan (town): (Abnaki) "watching place [for fish]"
 * Squa Pan Lake (and town): (Abnaki) "bear's den"
 * Umcolcus Lake: (Abnaki) "whistling duck"
 * Usuntabunt Lake: (Abnaki) "wet head" or possibly "three heads"
 * Wassutaquook River: sp.
 * Webhannet River: (Abnaki) "at the clear stream"
 * Former names:
 * Ahbaysauk: (Abnaki) "place where clams are baked/dried" Bar Harbor
 * Amitgon pontook: (Abnaki) "place at the falls where fish are dried/cured" Lewiston Falls
 * Machegony: (mi'kmaq) "shaped like a large knee" Portland

Massachusetts
Common languages:
 * Eastern: Massachusett, Nipmuc, Wampanoag (southeast)
 * Western: Natick, Nipmuck, Narragansett (southwest), Pocumtuck
 * Massachusetts (the state): (Natick) "by the great hills" (the hills of Milton, Blue Hill, south of Boston)
 * Achastapac: (Pocumtuck) "Land of rivers and mountains"
 * Acoaxet: (Narragansett) "at the fishing promontory" or "place of small pines"
 * Acushnet River (and town): (Naragansett) "at the cove"
 * Agawam: (Nipmuck or Pennacook) "low land" (with water) or "place to unload canoes" (possible portage spot)
 * Annisquam (and river)
 * Assabet River: (Nipmuck) "at the boggy place"
 * Assawompset Pond: Narragansett "trading place"; (Wampanoag) "place of large upright rock"
 * Assinippi: (Wampanoag) "rocks in water"
 * Assonet River (also Cedar Swamp and village): (Narragansett) "at the rock" – the rock in question being Dighton Rock
 * Cataumet: (Wampanoag) "at the ocean" or "landing place"
 * Lake Chaubunagungamaug: (Nipmuck-Mohegan) "boundary fishing place"
 * Chappaquiddick Island: (Wampanoag) "separated island"
 * Chicopee (also falls, and river): (Nipmuck) "violent water"
 * Cochituate: (Natick) "place of swift water"
 * Cohasset: (Natick) "long rocky place"
 * Congamond Lake (on Connecticut border – Congamuck Ponds): (Nipmuck) "long fishing place"
 * Cotuit: (Wampanoag) "long planting field"
 * Cummaquid: (Wampanoag) "harbor"
 * Cuttyhunk: (Wampanoag) "thing that lies out in the sea"
 * Gansett Harbor
 * Mount Greylock: named for a Missisquoi chief
 * Hockanum: (Podunk) "hook"
 * Hockomock Swamp: (Natick-Abnaki) "evil spirit" or "hellish place"; (Narragansett) "hook-shaped place"
 * Hoosac Tunnel: (Mahican) "rock place"
 * Humarock: (Wampanoag) "shell place" or "rock carving"
 * Hyannis: (Wampanoag) name of a 17th-century chief, "Iyanogh's"
 * Jamaica Plain (and pond): (Natick) "beaver"
 * Manhan River: (Nipmuck) "island"
 * Manomet (and point): (Wampanoag) "portage place"
 * Mashpee: (Wampamoag) "place near great cove"
 * Mattapan: (Natick) "resting place" or "end of portage"
 * Mattapoisett: (Wampanoag) "resting place" or "edge of cove"
 * Megansett Harbor
 * Merrimac: (Pennacook) "deep place"
 * Merrimack River: (Abnaki) "at the deep place"
 * Mishaum Point: (Narragansett) "great neck" or "canoe-landing place"
 * Lake Monomonac (NH border): (Abnaki) "at the very deep place"
 * Monatiquot River (Massachusett) "a lookout-out place"
 * Monomoy Island (and point): (Wampanoag) "look-out place" or "deep water"
 * Muskeget Island (and channel): (Wampanoag) "grassy place"
 * Mystic River: (Natick) "great tidal stream"
 * Nabnasset: (Nipmuck)
 * Nagog Pond: Concord water supply located in Acton
 * Nahant: (Natick) "the point" or "almost an island"
 * Nantasket Beach: (Natick/Wampanoag) "at the strait" or "low-tide place"
 * Nantucket Island: (Wampanoag) "in the midst of waters"; (Naragansett) far off, among the waves
 * Nashawena Island: (Wampanoag) "between"
 * Nashoba Brook
 * Natick: tribe; "the place I seek" or "home," "place," "clearing"
 * Naushon Island: (Wampanoag) "middle" (no clear translation)
 * Nemasket River: (Wampanoag) "place where the fish are"
 * Neponset River: (Natick) possibly "a good fall" (easy for canoe travel)
 * Nonamesset Island: (Wampanoag)
 * Nissitissit: (Nipmuc) "two brooks" or "between two brooks"
 * Nonquitt: (Narragansett) "dry or landing place"
 * Onota Lake: (Mahican) "blue/deep"
 * Pasque Island
 * Penikese Island
 * Pocasset: (Natick) "where the stream widens"
 * Pontoosuc: (Mahican or Nipmuck) "falls on the brook"
 * Punkatasset Hill (Algonquian)
 * Quabbin Reservoir: (Nipmuck) "crooked streams"
 * Quaboag River: (Nipmuck) "before the pond" or abbreviation of "red pond" (m'squ'boag)
 * Quinebaug River: (Nipmuck) "long pond"
 * Lake Quinsigamond: (Nipmuck) "pickerel-fishing place
 * Quequechan River: (Wampanoag) "falling river"
 * Quissett: (Nipmuck) "at the place of small pines"
 * Sagamore: (Wampanoag) "chief"
 * Santuit: (Wampanoag) "cool water place"
 * Saugus: (Natick) "outlet"
 * Scituate: (Wampanoag) "at the cold spring or brook"
 * Seekonk: (Narragansett) "wild black goose" or (Wampanoag) "mouth of stream" or "wild goose"
 * Segreganset River: (Narragansett) "place of hard rocks"
 * Shawmut Peninsula: (Algonquian) "ferry" or "place to draw up canoes"
 * Siasconset: (Narragansett) "at the place of many/great bones" (whales?)
 * Sippewissett (Wampanoag) "at the little river"
 * Snipatuit Pond: (Wampanoag) "at the rocky river"
 * Squannacook River: (Nipmuc) "place for taking salmon"
 * Squibnocket Point (and pond): (Wampanoag) "at the place of dark rocks" (or clay cliff)
 * Swampscott: (Natick) "place of red rocks"
 * Succanessett (Wampanoag) "place of black shells"
 * Taconic Mountains: (Natick) "steep ascent"
 * Tantiusques: (Nipmuck) "black stuff between the hills"
 * Tuckernuck Island: (Wampanoag) "round loaf of bread"
 * Uncatena Island (Womanoag) "like a hill" or "end of the hill" or "shows from afar"
 * Mount Wachusett (and reservoir): (Natick) "near the mountain"
 * Waquoit: (Wampanoag) "at the end"
 * Mount Watatic: (Nipmuck)
 * Watuppa Ponds: (Wampanoag) "roots"
 * Weepecket Islands (Wampanoag) Possibly from Wanbackuck, "white headed eagle" or "osprey"
 * Weweantic River: (Wampanoag) "crooked" or "wandering stream"
 * Wianno
 * Minnechaug Regional High School: (Algonquian) "Land of Berries"
 * Woronoco: (Nipmuck) "winding about"
 * Former names:
 * Capawack or Capoag: (Wampanoag) "enclosed harbor" Martha's Vineyard
 * Cohannet: (Wampanoag or Narragansett) "at the long or pine place" Taunton
 * Poughkeeste: (Wampanoag) "bay with coves" Buzzards Bay

New Hampshire
Common Languages: Abnaki, Nipmuc, Pennacook

 * Ammonoosuc River (Upper and Lower): (Abnaki) "small, narrow fishing place"
 * Amoskeag: (Pennacook) "fishing place" Manchester
 * Ashuelot River (and pond): (Pennacook or Natick) "place between"
 * Canobie Lake: (Abnaki) "abundant water"
 * Contoocook (and river and lake): (Pennacook) "place of the river near pines" or (Abnaki) "nut trees river" or (Natick) "small plantation at the river"
 * Coös: (Pennacook) "pine tree"
 * Hooksett: (Pennacook) possible abbreviation of Annahooksett "place of beautiful trees"
 * Mascoma River (and lake): (Abnaki) "much grass" or "salmon fishing" or "red rocks"
 * Massabesic Lake: (Abnaki) "near the great brook"
 * Merrimack River (and town)
 * Mount Monadnock: (Natick) "at the most prominent island" (-like mountain)
 * Mount Moosilauke: (Abnaki) "good moose place" or "at the smooth place"
 * Nashua River (and city): (Pennacook/Nipmuck) "between streams"
 * Ossipee River (and town and lake): (Abnaki) "beyond the water"
 * Paugus Bay: (Abnaki) "small pond"
 * Pawtuckaway Lake (and mountains): (Abnaki) "falls in the river" or "clear, shallow river"
 * Pemigewasset River: (Abnaki) "extensive rapids"
 * Pennacook (village): tribal name; "at the foothills"
 * Piscataqua River (Maine border): (Pennacook) "place where the river divides"
 * Piscataquog River: (Abnaki) "place where the river divides"
 * Souhegan River: (Pennacook or Nipmuck) "watching place"
 * Squam Lake (and river): (Abnaki) "salmon"
 * Lake Sunapee (and town): (Pennacook) "rocks in the water", "rocky pond"
 * Suncook River (also lakes and village): (Pennacook) "rocky place"
 * Umbagog Lake: (Abnaki) "clear lake"
 * Lake Winnipesaukee (and river): (Pennacook) "land around the lakes" or "good land around lake at mountains"
 * Lake Winnisquam: (Abnaki) "salmon-fishing place"
 * Former names:
 * Kodaak wadso: (Abnaki) "summit of the highest mountain" Mount Washington

Rhode Island
Common languages:
 * Northern: Natick, Nipmuc
 * Southern: Narragansett
 * Apponaug: (Narragansett) "where oysters/shellfish are roasted" or "waiting place"
 * Aquidneck Island: (Narragansett) "at the island"
 * Canonchet: a 17th-century Narragansett chief
 * Chepachet: (Narragansett) "boundary/separation place"
 * Conanicut Island: (Narragansett) named for a 17th-century chief Canonicus
 * Conimicut: (Narragansett) thought to be named for granddaughter of Canonicus (see above)
 * Mount Hope: (from Narragansett Montop or Montaup) "look-out place" or "well-fortified island"
 * Narragansett Bay (and town): tribe: "at the narrow point"
 * Natick: tribe; "the place I seek" or "home"
 * Pascoag (and river): (Nipmuck) "the dividing place" (of river)
 * Pawtucket: (Narragansett) "at the falls in the river (tidal stream)"
 * Pettaquamscutt Rock (and river): Narragansett) "at the round rock"
 * Pontiac: famous mid-18th century Ottawa chief
 * Quonochontaug: (Narragansett) "home of the blackfish"
 * Sakonnet River (and point): (Narragansett) "rainy place"
 * Scituate Reservoir: (Wampanoag) "at the cold spring/brook"
 * Shawomet: (Narragansett) "at the peninsula/neck" (canoe-landing place)
 * Usquepaugh: (Narragansett) "at the end of the pond"
 * Weekapaug: (Narragansett) "at the end of the pond"
 * Woonsocket: (Nipmuck) "place of steep descent"
 * Wyoming: (Delaware) "large prairie"
 * Former names:
 * Aquidnic: (Narragansett) "the island" Rhode Island
 * Niwosaket: (Narragansett) "place of two brooks" Woonsocket
 * Manisses: (Narragansett) "little god"; (Niantic) "little island" Block Island
 * Mattoonuc Neck: (Niantic) "place at look-out hill" Point Judith
 * Maushapogue: (Narragansett) "land at the great cove" Cranston

Vermont
Common languages: Abnaki, Mahican

 * Mount Ascutney (and village): (Abnaki) "at the end of the river fork"
 * Lake Bomoseen (and town): (Abnaki) "keeper of ceremonial fire"
 * Hoosac Mountains: (Mahican) "stone place"
 * Hoosic River
 * Lake Iroquois: (Abnaki-French) "real adders" (describing western enemies of Abnaki)
 * Jamaica: (Natick) "beaver"
 * Maquam Bay
 * Lake Memphremagog: (Abnaki) "where there is great expanse of water"
 * Mettawee River
 * Missisquoi River: tribal name
 * Monadnock Mountain: (Abnaki) "at the mountain which sticks up like an island" (see New Hampshire)
 * Moosalamoo Mountain: (Abnaki) "moose trail"
 * Netop Mountain: (Natick) "my friend"
 * Nickwaket Mountain: (Abnaki) "at the fork" or "home of squirrels"
 * Nulhegan River: (Abnaki) "log trap" or "deadfall"
 * Ompompanoosuc River: (Abnaki) "mushy/quaky land"
 * Ottauquechee River: (uncertain – Natick?) "swift mountain stream"
 * Passumpsic River (and village): (Abnaki) "flowing over clear, sandy bottom"
 * Pico Peak: (possibly Abnaki) "the pass/opening"
 * Pompanoosuc: abbreviation of Ompompanoosuc
 * Popasquash Island
 * Quechee: abbreviation of Ottauquechee
 * Queneska Island: (Abnaki) "elbow" or "long joint"
 * Walloomsac River
 * Winooski River (and city): (Abnaki) "wild onions"
 * Former names:
 * Mozodepo wadso: (Abnaki) "moose-head mountain" Mount Mansfield
 * Tawakbodee-esso wadso: (Abnaki) "resting place/sit-down mountain" Camel's Hump


text:
User talk:Aishvarya.pedgaonkar

I am a computer science student at Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering Mumbai India.

My special interests include

1) Computers:

SOA, Lightweight J2EE Frameworks, Alternative persistance frameworks, Web Services, System Architecture, Object Oriented Analysis and Design. Avid Java Developer

2)Electronics

Microcontrollers, Interfaces

3)Other Poetry and English Literature( esp Coleridge, Shakespeare, Wordsworth)

Useful software developed by me( targeted towards college students)

1) SmarterPrint: A useful software to manage lpq, cups and similar queue restrictions. This software continuously monitors the printer queue and issues your printout as soon as a queue slot is empty. I have developed this software to enable me to take printouts for my journals and programs even at the end of the semester. It uses CUPS API and Linux System Calls. I'll post this software shortly.

title: User talk:Aishvarya.pedgaonkar


text:
Wine Spectator

Wine Spectator is an American lifestyle magazine that focuses on wine, wine culture and wine ratings. It is the flagship publication of M. Shanken Communications, which also publishes Cigar Aficionado, Whisky Advocate, Market Watch, Shanken News Daily and Shanken’s Impact Newsletter.

Wine Spectator editors review more than 15,000 wines each year in blind tastings. Wines are reviewed on a 100-point scale. Every issue contains 400 to 1,000 wine reviews with detailed tasting notes and drink recommendations

Each year since 1988, the publication has released its Top 100 list, where editors select the most exciting wines from the thousands reviewed during the course of the year. The Top 100 includes the coveted Wine of the Year honor.

Jeffery Lindenmuth is executive editor. As of 2023, senior editors include Bruce Sanderson, James Molesworth, Alison Napjus, MaryAnn Worobiec, Tim Fish, Kristen Bieler and Aaron Romano.

Past wine tasters include former managing editor Jim Gordon, Per-Henrik Mansson, former senior editor and European bureau chief James Suckling, who served at the magazine from 1981 to 2010, and former senior editor Nathan Wesley, who worked in the magazine's tasting department from 2005 to 2013.

Thomas Matthews served as executive editor from 1999 until his retirement in January 2021.

Longtime senior editor Kim Marcus, who helped shape the magazine's global coverage of wine for more than three decades, died in January 2022.

Background and history
Founded as a San Diego-based tabloid newspaper by Bob Morrisey in 1976, The Wine Spectator was purchased in 1979 by Marvin R. Shanken, who transformed the bi-weekly newsletter focused on California into a glossy consumer magazine that covers the whole world of wine.

In 1981, the magazine introduced its Restaurant Awards program, which reviews restaurant wine lists on three levels: the Award of Excellence (basic), Best of Award of Excellence (second-tier), and the Grand Award (highest).

In 1986, the magazine organized and sponsored the Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986 on the tenth anniversary of the Judgment of Paris.

Events
Wine Spectator hosts the New York Wine Experience, an annual event that includes wine tastings, seminars, lunches and an awards banquet. In 2023, more than 4,000 attendees attended in New York City, where they sampled some of the world’s best wines: a total of 339 wines poured from 16,872 bottles into 48,582 glasses. Each year at the event, culinary stars participate in a Chef's Challenge, where their wine pairing skills are put to the test. José Andrés, Eric Ripert, Emeril Lagasse and Danny Meyer are all regular participants.

The magazine's Grand Tour takes the tastings on the road to three cities each spring, with more than 200 wines, all rated 90 points or higher by Wine Spectator editors, poured at the events.

In 2023, Wine Spectator announced a partnership with Palm Beach Food & Wine Festival, with the joint venture elevating the festival's lineup of fine wine and spirits, and all wines poured throughout the festival being rated 90 or higher by Wine Spectator

Philanthropy
The magazine also runs the Wine Spectator Scholarship Foundation. Since its founding in 1982, the Foundation has raised more than $30 million to support wine and food education and scholarship programs.

In 2021, the Foundation donated $10 million to Napa Valley College, supporting the college's Viticulture, Wine and Technology program teaching spaces. Construction of the Wine Spectator Wine Education Center, a 7,000-square-foot classroom building featuring flexible sensory classrooms and lab stations, is set to commence in spring 2024.

In 2017, it pledged $1 million to the Washington State University Viticulture & Enology Program.

In 2014, it granted $3 million to Sonoma State University, toward a new building for its Wine Business Institute.

Criticism
The magazine's Restaurant Awards program has come under some criticism. At the August 2008 conference of the American Association of Wine Economists in Portland, Oregon, a hoax exposé submission of the fictitious restaurant Osteria L'Intrepido was revealed by the author and Fearless Critic founder Robin Goldstein: he had won an Award of Excellence for a restaurant that didn't exist and whose "reserve wine list" was full of the lowest-rated Italian wines in history. He stated the exposé to be part of research for an academic paper, whose aim was to discover what it takes for a restaurant's wine list to receive an award from the magazine. With nearly 4,500 restaurant applications, the magazine takes in over $1 million each year from submission fees. Editor Thomas Matthews published an official response on the magazine's forum site.

title: Wine Spectator


text:
Talk:Arguments for the existence of God/Archive 1

Moved POV content here
See also: talk:Traditionally respectable arguments for the existence of God

Removed the following due to extreme POV sermonising content Mintguy 16:53 Dec 11, 2002 (UTC)

These arguments may not prove conclusively that God is, but they do show that in order to the existence of any knowledge, thought, reason, conscience in man, we must assume that God is.

''It is said of the beautiful, "It may be shown, but not proved". So we say of the existence of God. These arguments are probable, not demonstrative. For this reason they supplement each other, and constitute a series of evidences which is cumulative in its nature.''

''Though taken singly, none of them can be considered absolutely decisive, they together furnish a corroboration of our primitive conviction of God's existence, which is of great practical value, and is in itself sufficient to bind the moral actions of men. A bundle of rods may not be broken even though each one separately may; the strength of the bundle is the strength of the whole. If in practical affairs we were to hesitate to act until we have absolute and demonstrable certainty, we should never begin to move at all.''

Instead of doubting everything that can be doubted, let us rather doubt nothing until we are compelled to doubt.

This page should be merged with arguments against the existence of god since both generally link to the same pages. I suggest "arguments about the existence of god." Fairandbalanced 21:20, 13 Sep 2003 (UTC)

''What we mean by the proof of God's existence is simply that there are necessary acts of thought by which we rise from the finite to the infinite, from the caused to the uncaused, from the contingent to the necessary, from the reason involved in the structure of the universe to a universal and eternal reason, which is the ground of all, from morality in conscience to a moral Lawgiver and Judge. In this connection the theoretical proofs constitute an inseparable unity -- constitute together but the undulations of a single wave, which wave is but a natural rise and ascent to God, on the part of man's own thought, with man's own experience and consciousness as the object before him.''

''Religion was not produced by proofs of God's existence, and will not be destroyed by its insufficiency to some minds. Religion existed before argument; in fact, it is the preciousness of religion that leads to the seeking for all possible confirmations of the reality of God.''

- I'd like to add a link from this page to Christological argument if no-one objects. Samw 02:55 Apr 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Meditation is often helpful and is unrelated to the Abrahamic God.

I am not certain what point is trying to be made here, but it seems to me that it could be said more clearly. Not sure who added this, but it seems to need some sort of attention. --- Smerdis of Tlön 02:42, 22 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Pascals wager
Every other entry ends in "argument". The Anthropic argument.. the Christological argument, etc... I put it this way because it fit well with the form of the page. Jack 05:39, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I'm concerned you can list it as that. When I have some more time to research the wager in a bit more detail I anticipate doing a slight redesign of this page anyway. - snoyes 05:47, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, you'll not find alot of heat in me over this one either, reasonable people could see either way (or maybe reaasonable people would be indifferent? ;) Jack 06:05, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Theres alot to do, both here and in several related articles. This is my area of expertise, so I am really going to enjoy making these articles worthy of 1.0! Jack 06:02, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

It is an appeal to the stick or Appeal to consequences. Besides, an argument for the belief in God is plenty close enough to warrant inclusion, but if you are pragmatic, you will see how utility creates reality ;) Sam Spade 18:50, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Argument of abundant testimony
It is already stated in the article that some claim to belief in God because of personal experience, but how should the article accommodate the idea of the argument that the existence of God is continually being revealed by direct and personal experience to numerous people? What is this argument called? Is it one of the arguments given? I would tentatively state the argument thus: "Because numerous people are continually telling detailed personal stories about experiences in which they discover a spiritual light and love that transcend all other reality and alertness while they are clinically dead, it is most reasonable to conceed that a spiritual realm probably exists, presumably with a God. User:Hawstom (I added the sig Sam [Spade] 21:15, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC))

 * Sounds like the Bandwagon or genetic fallacy to me. Perhaps Appeal to authority? Sam [Spade] 21:13, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I don't think it is the Bandwagon argument by any stretch. The ones telling the stories, though they are numerous, are relatively a small minority. But I may be misunderstanding the application of the Bandwagon fallacy here. The Appeal to authority is a closer approximation, so I need to clarify just where the fallacy in Appeal to Authority is said to lie. Is the fallacy in appealing to spurious authority? Is it a fallacy for me to believe there are penguins in Argentina because my trustworthy friend John told me he saw them there? Tom 22:58, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Appeal to authority isn't necessarilly a fallacy. Your example might be unless your friend is a known expert on the subject, or if you otherwise deem him to be a good witness. Sam [Spade] 23:02, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The Appeal to authority is a close approximation, but doesn't really fit either; what we are dealing with is an Appeal to Testimony, rather than an Appeal to authority. Of course appealing to spurious testimony would be a fallacy, and appealing to testimony is problematic. But appealing to testimony is a mainstay of intelligent decision-making, as in the courts of law. Is there a formal name for appeal to testimony as separate from appeal to authority? And is it one of the arguments given here already? Tom 22:58, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Not really. Majority argument is similar. As far as "appeal to testimony", it's synonymous w Appeal to authority as far as I know.Sam [Spade] 02:08, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Here’s a link. To simplify, accepting testimony, even that of an expert, necessarily requires inductive reasoning, and thus is fallible. Sam [Spade] 02:18, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think we are pretty much eye-to-eye. You hint that Majority argument is also not quite the same as Appeal to testimony.  And you agree out that Appeal to testimony requires inductive reasoning and is tricky.  And you say that Appeal to testimony is probably not already in the article.  So, how and where to add it?  Tom 15:34, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Have a look. Let me know what you think, pro or con. If your willing to accept appeal to authority, how about just listening to your parents, or a local church leader? Really anyone who is spiritual could be seen as a valid witness. The trouble w this is that its unconvincing to atheists, who are generally nihilistic and dismiss the testimony of "experts" who disagree w them. They also tend to deny the historical accuracy of religious teachings. When it comes to converting non-believers (and really in all matters where it is possible) I personally favor deductive reasoning. Sam [Spade] 17:58, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hmm. I think it misses in that it likens appeal to testimony to appeal to authority, when they are in reality quite different. In court, for example, the detailed account from a victim or credible witness is not an authoritative or expert testimony. Witness testimony is quite different in concept from expert testimony. A religious leader may or may not be a personal witness of anything I am interested in learning from, and a personal witness to something I am interested in learning from may or may not be a religious or other kind of leader, expert, or authority. In fact, an eye-witness may not even be willing or able to testify, while experts, authorities, and leaders are always more than willing to opine. Does that make any sense? Suppose your big brother told you he saw your mother bring your Christmas Crossman BB gun home in a Sears shopping bag. If your mother had the bad taste to claim Santa brought the gift, and you appealled to the testimony of your brother, that would be an appeal to testimony. You would say "He saw," not "He claims" or "He teaches" The only assumption necessary is the credibility of your brother to report such a witness. It is important that this appeal to witnesses not be confused with appeal to authorities, because, to me at least they are worlds apart in their value where God is concerned. Tom 20:15, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Here is an interesting idea: Credible witnesses commonly say, "I have seen/experienced such and such, and here is how you can verify it yourself." For example, Jesus said, "The pure in heart shall see God." Now, if I say that I have personally seen a certain ancient ruin in Tibet, and you can too, you may not want to pay the price to see it, but that doesn't mean it isn't verifiable personally by you. And if Jesus says the pure in heart shall see God, and I am not willing to find out what that means, that doesn't mean God is unverifiable. It just means I choose not to verify Him. So we rely on witnesses. But of course if there are no witnesses at all, that gives one cause to doubt. Appeal to authority in the case of God amounts to hearsay, but appeal to Witness is much stronger. Tom 20:31, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry to say, I'm not convinced by your closing statement. Human witness has been shown to be the worst quality of evidence, more likely in error than any other. Thats why in the OT (and muslim law) the require 4 eye witness's or 5 confessions (I believe). One eye witness simply isn't credible for something important. Even experts are often wrong. To simplify, I would only trust my brother maybe 20% likely to be correct. He's just a stupid kid, not an expert or anything ;) Sam [Spade] 20:53, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Right. Very right.  Appeal to witness isn't necessarily much stronger than Appeal to Authority.  But they are different.  Each has it's own dangers and possible fallacies.  As you say, Appeal to Witnesses (Testimony) is often well strengthened by requiring many witnesses, independently corroborating.  This is clarifying what we might say in the article. Tom 16:35, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, and the more I think about it, this is an important concept (particularly in american protestantism, in my experience) which had been neglected until now. One interesting area I'd point out is that the very definition of "expert" is tested in this case. Is an expert on God a man w a theology degree? A priest? I have heard many a priest admit to doubting his faith. On the other hand there are many believers (myself included) whose personal revelation and relationship with God leaves them lacking in such doubt. So perhaps what your suggesting is that a layman who has been a personal witness is a better "expert" than a educated scholor who has not? Sam [Spade] 16:50, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah. One is an "expert", and the other is simply a witness.  "I don't know much, but I know what I have experienced/seen."  If there are gifts of the Spirit, and visions, and there is a spiritual world, and people are experiencing all these things, then there ought to be a lot of corroborating testimony.  I have to confess I have been super impressed with the consistent core thread among dozens of death visits (NDE's) I have suddenly taken to reading in the past months.  Whether it means anything to anybody else, or to an atheist, that consistent, simple testimony of the personally experienced eternal perspective and love of God is deeply meaningful to me.  Not to mention the personal experience I too have had as I have read the testimonies.  They have opened Holy Writ to me and clarified a lot of supposed "problems" that are debated.  It became frustrating for me to see all the "experts" debating philosophy of God when it appeared He was revealing Himself directly all around us contemporaneously.  Tom 06:44, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Bear in mind though that consistency in these experiences argues for some sort of underlying common mechanism but doesn't necessarily say much about what that mechanism may be. For example it is quite common for a blow to the head to cause a person to see "stars", but that doesn't necessarily mean that those "stars" have an independent existence outside our brains; it could just mean that the visual centers of most people's brains are similarly designed and so produce similar effects under those conditions. The same sort of argument could be made for various types of common religious experiences and the necessity of ruling out these alternate explanations somehow should probably be mentioned. Bryan 07:23, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That's true. The argument of witness/testimony needs to account for the necessity of the witness having the experience to discern what he is seeing (see  for a good discussion).  It probably would be important to mention the need to rule out "fake" or "mistaken" experiences of God.  In the article, would it be most appropriate to present 1) what are the most impressive testimonies, 2) why they are considered most credible, and 3) why alternate explanations must be considered? Tom 18:00, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

From what I have run across, I would say the most impressive testimonies describe and entail The most impressive testimonies are impressive because their sheer reality, by any measure, leaves no room for alternate interpretation other than that all existince is but an illusion. Mixing less powerful arguments and testimonies with the most impressive ones clouds the import of the most impressive ones and, yes, does leave a lot of room for question, fallacy, and alternate explanation. I'm not sure how to include that in the article, but I don't think it is there at present. Tom 18:00, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * transcendent awareness, as though the participant had awakened from a long dream
 * transcendent knowlege and understanding, as though the participant suddenly understood everything and all the philosophical and theological questions of the ages were suddenly resolved
 * transcendent perceptions, with seeing, hearing, feeling, loving all raised to a higher reality
 * transcendent perspective, including transcendent empathy, memory, modesty, and humility
 * transcendent meaning, whereby the witnessed reality becomes the definitive focus of the participant's subsequent life

Argument from lack of physical infinities
What about the argument from the nonexistence of actual physical (large) infinities? I've heard it expressed by Dr. William Lane Craig, but I don't know if he is the person who thought of it first (appreciate definitive source info here). Basically, there is the observation that in the physical world, actual infinities are never observed. Something that gets big always has something else happen to it rather than grow in size indefinitely. Now, if there were no god, then history would go backward and forward without end, and we would have an actual physical infinity. But since actual physical infinities are not observed, it would be preposterous to suggest that they actually exist in the first place. Hence a god must of opened and will close what we know as time, and by extension, at least one god must exist. Nelson 3 Aug 2004
 * "must of" is meaningless. Relearn English.  This does not argue for god, or God, but for something else that may as well be similar to time and space rather than inexplicably greater than them. lysdexia 01:33, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is this Inheriently POV?
This article seems like only half of a POV article. I think that to be NPOV, this fact should be made clear (and a link to the other half provided) early in the article instead of at the end. --L33tminion | (talk) 05:48, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

--

This article is substandard beyond comprehension. The agenda behind this article is clear, let us separate arguments for and against and hope that people only see one. The arguments are flawed some evidently so, why aren't the counter arguments presented in the same place? Because this is a page for? Is that an explanation? This article is a biased by construction. What's next an article with the arguments for the opinion that the holocaust never existed, an article for the earth is flat and an article for all subject where total universal agreement lacks? I propose to join the two articles but still keep some structure in the following way

Arguments concerning the existence of God

arguments often waged for

argument 1 counter arguments to argument 1 counter arguments "counter arguments to argument 1"

argument 2 etc.

argument often waged against

argument 1 etc.

/TheBigD

 * I think that could easily spin out of control and inflate the article hugely considering how much intricate argumentation has been done on this topic throughout history. The current structure isn't so bad at the beginning; each argument has a two or three line summary of what it's about and a link to an article (Cosmological argument, Absolute Infinite, etc.) that's about that argument in detail. Inflating those articles hugely isn't such a big deal since they're much more focused. Later on this article doesn't have as many links to more-specific pages, though; it could probably use more of those. I'll add a few. Bryan 02:59, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

- I still don't see the point of the division of for and against in two articles. Why should that division take place in this issue but not in others? If it's ok in this article why not acupuncture, holocaust etc...?

/TheBigD

What the BigD proposes is absolutely correct, and should be done if workable. We can't avoid doing so in the fear of a shouting match. If you want more comment, I can ask a few seasoned editors to come and opine. But I am quite comfortable that BigD is correct. All we have to do now is act. Or we can put a little poll below to gather consensus opinion first if anybody objects to immediate action. Tom Haws 20:34, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that merging the two "arguments for/against" articles is probably the correct thing to do from an NPOV perspective, but I still think the resulting article should be largely a collection of several-line summaries with links to articles covering the sort of detail BigD is proposing. I'm not worried about the article turning into a shouting match, I'm mainly just worried that it'll turn into a multi-hundred-kilobyte monster once all those details start getting added. I would rather give each argument its own article with all the space for detail that it needs rather than try to distill it all down into one massive omnibus article. The two articles already take up 21 kilobytes between them with the summaries as brief as they are. Bryan 00:56, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You bet. Good thinking.  Tom Haws 06:30, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Scientific arguments
SS has just replaced the following, with the edit summary "info seemed good to me":

 * Scientific arguments
 * The most recent arguments actually use the scientific method and generally accepted scientific theories to prove the existence of God. Most of these arguments generally fall along the lines that God is the logical result of continued evolution or are related to Information Entropy, Maxwell's Demon and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

There is nothing here but a vague gesturing at unexplained arguments, with three internal links to scientific articles. Nothing is said that tells the reader what these arguments actually are, how they're supposed to work, or what has or might be said about them. If someone can explain what these arguments are, then they should go into the article; hand-waving doesn't constitute giving information, however. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I can guess what the general flow of these arguments might be: the existence of complex structures against the pull of entropy requires the intervention of a deity. I'm not sure how any such argument would significantly differ from the Argument from Design, though.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 15:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds likely, yes. I don't know of anything like these in the philosophical literature, though they may be mentioned as aspects of a larger form of argument (and it's a booming field, so it's difficult to keep up with everything). Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:43, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SS reverted my edit, not having the courtesy to join in the discussion here, but saying in his edit summary, in his usual aggressive way, that I should look at the links. An article should not wave its hands vaguely at a set of arguments, and rely upon external links (unmentioned in the text, incidentally) to do the actual work. If somone wants to follow those links, see what the arguments are, and actually write about them in the article, that's fine; telling the reader to do her own research is not. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:24, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good job leaving in the external links that time. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:28, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Trademark
Where does Descartes' Trademark argument fit in? —Sean κ. ⇔ 15:15, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Weell, first, that's Cottingham's name for it, and extremely inaccurate I think. Secondly, it's an interesting version of the cosmological argument and one that certainly deserves to be explained and discussed somewhere. If no-one beats me to it (and if it isn't already in existence somewhere) I'll produce something myself. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:32, 11 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orchard Elementary School District

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Orchard Elementary School District
Interesting fact: it has students. Otherwise not notable. Dunc|☺ 18:52, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:20, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  RickK 21:32, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Oh for heaven's sake. --SPUI (talk) 21:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Okay, it looks like I've expressed myself in an inappropriate way and this has only served to raise the emotional temperature.  I apologise for my inappropriate behavior on this deletion thread an others.  I'm deleting my unnecessary comments and apologise to all involved. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:06, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * On the merge option, although I would prefer keep, if merged the current content is probably best merged in to List of school districts in Santa Clara County, California. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School districts are a mergist alternative to having information on each school in separate articles, unfortunately this district only has one school but it would break up the structure to delete it. Kappa 23:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. No Account 03:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. Weak because it is so weak of an article.  Just adding the list of schools should be all that it would take to make this a Keep. Vegaswikian 04:41, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Alpine County, California since it only has one school. Average Earthman 08:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. —Lowellian (talk) 13:27, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. Oh for heaven's sake. SchmuckyTheCat 20:14, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and NPOV. I agree with WP:SCH Double Blue  (Talk) 23:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable -CunningLinguist 00:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. All schools and their organizational hierarchies are enduring physical and social institutions, and are therefore inherently encyclopedic.--Centauri 04:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Alpine County, California or keep. Not much content here, but the school district (as opposed to a school itself) is definitely of local notability in my opinion. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, kindergartens begin to appear in addition to schools. Merge into Santa Clara County, California and delete - Skysmith 09:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This school district in Santa Clara County, California was originally misfiled under Alpine County, which accounts for the different merge recommendations in some votes. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Celestianpower 17:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is already a school district article for an unusual district.  One school in a district all by itself.  I've never heard of that before.  LSNED -- Un focused 05:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are students there?  You don't say. Jayjg (talk)  21:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School districts are notable.  --BaronLarf 02:00, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland

Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland, Our Lady of Licheń, or Virgin of Licheń is a Roman Catholic icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated by its Polish faithful. It dates to 1772 and is permanently enshrined within the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń, in central Poland, which was built to honor it, and receives about 1.5 million pilgrims per year.

Along with the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, located in Częstochowa, southern Poland, the image is one of the two most venerated Marian images in Poland. The image was canonically crowned by Pope Paul VI on 15 August 1967.

Description
In the central image, the Virgin Mary has a gold dress, is being crowned by two angels and is surrounded by a ring of stars. Below the image, a ribbon carries the inscription: "Queen of Poland, give us days of peace." The image measures 9.5 × 15.5 cm and is on larger panel of 16 × 25 cm. There is a second crown above the image, on the larger panel.

Legend and history
The icon was painted in 1772 as a replica of the icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary enshrined in Rokitno, Międzyrzecz County in Western Poland. According to legend, a Polish soldier (called Thomas Kłossowski) was wounded in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and had a vision of the Virgin Mary who saved him from death and instructed him to look for the image upon his return to Poland. Kłossowski is then said to have looked for and found the image in the woods in Grąblin as instructed.

According to oral tradition, in 1850 Kłossowski and shepherd Nicholas Sikatka witnessed several apparitions of the Virgin Mary who called for repentance and prayer. In the apparitions, the Virgin reportedly predicted war and a cholera epidemic but also gave hope. During the cholera plague of 1852, the image became famous for performing miracles.

On 29 September 1852, the image was moved to the parish church in Licheń and remained there until 2006. Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, the Primate of the Millennium gave its Canonical Coronation towards the image with the approval of Pope Paul VI on 15 August 1967.

The basilica
In 1994 the construction of the new basilica of Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lichen was started to house the image and accommodate a large number of pilgrims. Pope John Paul II blessed the basilica in 1999. The basilica is Poland's largest church, the seventh-largest in Europe and eleventh in the world.

The basilica's organ created by Professor Andrzej Chorosiński and manufactured by the Zych company (157 stops, 6 manuals and pedalboard) is the largest instrument in Poland, the fourth largest in Europe and thirteenth-largest in the world. On 2 July 2006, the image was placed in the main altar of the basilica.

title: Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland


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text:
Olga Souza

Olga Maria de Souza (born 16 July 1968) is a Brazilian-Italian singer, model and dancer. She is best known as the frontwoman of the Italian group Corona, produced by Francesco "Checco" Bontempi, a.k.a. "Lee Marrow".

Early life
Souza was born in the Rio de Janeiro neighborhood of Vigário Geral in 1968, into a musical family. Her father was a musician and her mother was a cook. She worked as a clerk at the Caixa Econômica Federal bank for a few years before deciding to travel around the world. She arrived in Italy in 1990. There, in 1993, after supposedly being discovered performing in a club by producer Emanuele Asti, he made her part of Italian music project Corona, where she was hired to lip sync to the vocals of Jenny B. and Sandy Chambers.

Works with Corona
Corona released their first single, "The Rhythm of the Night" in 1993, which featured the vocals of Italian singer Jenny B. The song remained at No. 1 in the Italian charts for 13 weeks. An album of the same name was released in 1995 in Europe and topped the charts in several countries, gaining a platinum disc after selling more than 1 million copies. The group began its first world tour, and the album was released in the United States. All the other tracks on the album were recorded by Sandy Chambers.

Corona's second album Walking On Music, was released in 1998 (the last album which featured Sandy Chambers as the lead vocalist). In 2000, a third album, And Me U, was released. A new sound, new vocals. This time the vocals for this new album were provided by sisters Bernadette "Brandy" Jones and Bambi Jones (who died of cancer in 2010). Corona participated as a guest in a concert named Angel Live, dedicated to John Paul II in 2006, and in that same year she released her comeback single called "Back In Time", which was the first single that featured Olga de Souza as the original vocalist. Souza returned to America in 2007, where she continued her tour with the band. Corona released its fourth album named Y Generation in 2010, on POP Records.

Television work
In 1996, Souza debuted as a host on the Italian television singing competition Festivalbar. She was a successful TV performer and was later invited to host a show named Dance Machine in France. Since May 2014, she has appeared as a contestant on the game show Hora do Faro aired on Brazilian TV channel Rede Record.

Personal life
Souza married a Brazilian in Italy in 1990, but they divorced in 1992. In 1998, the magazine IstoÉ Gente cited her as the Brazilian who paid the most taxes in Italy, in reference to her fortune. In 2002 she was married in Miami to the Italian businessman Gianluca Milano, with whom she lives today. In 2010, the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera quoted that Souza's fortune was 10 million euros. In 2013, she said that "they already have their sock" with a house in the neighborhood of Morumbi in São Paulo, a place within the same state, a house in Rome, a house in Rio de Janeiro, a house in Portugal, a house in Spain and a "good financial life". "My husband taught me how to save, but I like to buy rare and branded things, sometimes I buy shoes and bags and hide them in the garage, I put talcum powder to disguise it," she said. Souza also has her own label in Italy, 1st Pop, a subsidiary of Universal Records.

title: Olga Souza