text:
Talk:Kelsang Gyatso

Citation needed for Geshe degree
In the section "Life and education in Tibet" a good verifiable independent citation is needed for the statement: "Kelsang Gyatso passed two examinations at Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, and received his Geshe degree". A problem with the last part of that statement is that Tashilhunpo Monastery did not confer Geshe degrees - they did have a degrees called "Kachu" and "Kachen" - which, while being pretty much the same thing as different levels of the Geshe degree (in the Gelukpa tradition at that time only conferred by Sera, Drepung and Gaden), but these are not precisely equivalent. (See: Tarab Tulku (2000) A Brief History of Tibetan Academic Degrees in Buddhist Philosophy (NIAS Reports). NIAS Press. ISBN: 8787062852).

"Geshe" is of course also frequently used in Tibetan as a respectful title for learned monks, whether or not they actually formally hold a "Geshe degree". So the problem is not with the appellation, just with the statement that the subject of the article received a Geshe degree at Tashilhunpo.

If a reliable and verifiable citation cannot be found for that statement it should be removed.

Chris Fynn (talk) 05:58, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * To sort this out, I changed "Geshe degree" to "higher degree" — but it still requires a proper, verifiable citation. Chris Fynn (talk) 18:08, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

I'm confused as to why Kelsang Gyatso can't be referred to as Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, since that is his commonly known name. It's not as if he's some Western charlatan who hasn't studied and practiced relevantly. And as I'#m sure we all know, his title has been used by both Trijang Rinpoche and the 14th Dalai Lama. The removal of "Geshe" in the name of this article appears motivated by a partisan position towards him. Many sources referred to by Wikipedia articles (including this very one) use the title, showing that it is his common name. And as you say above, Chris, if there is doubt about the formal conferring of the title it is sensible to omit any formal claim to it but use it informally as his commonly known name. I am concerned that Wikipedia doesn't allow this partisan editing to prevail. I wouldn't want to see the 14th Dalai Lama's article renamed "False Dalai Lama" for the same reason - his commonly known name is HH The (Fourteenth) Dalai Lama and people have every right to find him in Wikipedia under that name.Beeflin (talk) 08:14, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Formal or informal titles need only be mentioned once in an article, they do not need to be repeated. If you think geshe should be in the title of this article maybe the article could be moved to Kelsang Gyatso (geshe) - but I suspect that would only lead to further disagreement. Chris Fynn (talk) 09:50, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. —innotata 04:52, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Kelsang Gyatso to Geshe Kelsang Gyatso – Please see Talk Page section on use of Geshe as being Geshe Kelsang Gyatso's given name in general use and in academic articles, BBC, and quality newspaper articles. That there are many examples of the title being used for other Tibetan Geshe monks throughout Wikipedia, along with other given Tibetan titles such as Dalai Lama. HighWindows (talk) 10:51, 22 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I've thought about this a bit... Its a tough call because of the example with things like "Doctor" and other titles being avoided at all costs. It does seem like it fits a subsection of exceptions where he is almost exclusively referred to as Geshe Kelsang Gyatso in academic pieces. I know was the primary person who was not interested in this initially, so its pretty important to get his point of view on the issue before we make any big changes. Cullen- if the individual is almost always referred to in that way in the way that it becomes part of their name, does this qualify as something similar to the "Dalai Lama"? I guess to establish this the user HighWindows would need to provide a handful of citations of proving this. Prasangika37 (talk) 14:24, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose No reliable source has been furnished that says that "Geshe" is part of his given name. Everything I have read including in our article Geshe and its references, is that it is an academic honorific like "professor" or "doctor". According to the Manual of Style, we do not use such honorifics in article titles or when referring to them. If other articles use "geshe" contrary to the MOS, fix those articles. Please do not perpetuate the problem in this article. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  15:02, 22 September 2014 (UTC)
 * @Cullen, I am sorry but I think this may be about cultural differences, I feel that the use of these "titles" is different in Tibetan culture. I also feel that this is how Geshe Kelsang Gyatso is referred to in all the academic articles I have looked at, why should Wikipedia be any different? You said that the title Dalai Lama was different because he is always referred to in this way, "Consensus for "Dalai Lama" is very clear as that is indisputably what all reliable sources call him." I feel I have given a number of clear examples that clearly indicate this is the name used for Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, it is what "all reliable sources call him." You seem to feel this is an acceptable reason for the Dalai Lama's title to be used, he also has a name, Tenzin Gyatso, why should this not also apply to him? I am very concerned that removing the name Geshe across all articles in Wikipedia is going to cause offence, it would surely then be necessary to remove all such names, including Dalai Lama as I am not sure "a reliable source can be furnished to say that this is part of Tenzin Gyatso's name." — Preceding unsigned comment added by HighWindows (talk • contribs) 16:15, 22 September 2014 (UTC) HighWindows (talk) 16:28, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose As Cullen328 rightfully explained a million times on this talk page, Wikipedia has certain policies. Geshe is not part of Kelsang Gyatso's name. Its an honorific. VictoriaGraysonTalk 02:35, 23 September 2014 (UTC)
 * is also knowledgeable about such things.VictoriaGraysonTalk 02:37, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Please could someone explain clearly, what is the difference between this title and the Dalai Lama's title? Also please could the people who feel so strongly about this explain if they are now going to remove ALL honorific titles from all the other pages as it is not right that Geshe Kelsang Gyatso's page should be singled out? If this is going to be classified as an honorific title, which I feel is only a conventional western interpretation of this,then does not the following rule now apply:"Where an honorific is so commonly attached to a name that the name is rarely found in English reliable sources without it, it should be included. For example, the honorific may be included for "Father Coughlin" (currently at Charles Coughlin) and Mother Teresa." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Honorific_prefixes. Enough academic articles have been and can be provided to show that indeed Geshe is so commonly attached to Kelsang Gyatso that it should be included. Why would Wikipedia wish to be the only academic article that does not use this name? I am new to Wikipedia and I am rather taken aback at the lack of real discussion, it seems statements are made and actions taken without any real engagement in explanation or discourse. It may be that some of you have been discussing this for a while but I haven't and I am genuinely confused about why there is a problem with the use of this name.HighWindows (talk) 13:18, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose The primary reason is WP:HONORIFIC, see, e.g. Elizabeth II whose article is not "Queen Elizabeth II". "Geshe" is a title.  The exceptions appear to exist for a very few people, the current Pope and Dalai Lama among them.  Dalai Lama is an article about the office. 14th Dalai Lama is about the current office holder, whose birth name was Tenzin Gyatso. I believe that a similar pattern is followed with the Pope, where Pope Francis was born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, but that is not the title of the article about him now.  Geshes, in contrast, are numerous, rather like Catholic Cardinals, (see List_of_living_cardinals, where "Cardinal" or "Bishop" is not added to their article title)) and by and large do not do a name change with their titles, one Geshe example being Tashi Tsering, where there are two men with a Geshe title (plus a soccer player and a couple other folks).   Montanabw (talk)  18:45, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your response but for me this does not address this point: Where an honorific is so commonly attached to a name that the name is rarely found in English reliable sources without it, it should be included. For example, the honorific may be included for "Father Coughlin" (currently at Charles Coughlin) and Mother Teresa." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Honorific_prefixes. Because all reliable sources use the title Geshe, for Kelsang Gyatso, it should be included here. It also does not address the point of who is going to remove the title Geshe from all the other Wikipedia pages if it is going to be removed from this one because otherwise there is an inferred inferiority to Geshe Kelsang Gyatso's position? This would suggest bias on the part of Wkipedia. HighWindows (talk) 07:48, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * NO. What part of WP:IDIDNTHEARTHAT did you not get?  If there are other articles titled "Geshe" - they should be moved to the name without the honorific.  We don't title Barack Obama's article "President Barack Obama", and so on. There are some exceptions (Chief Joseph, for complicated reasons, but not, for example Sitting Bull)  Montanabw (talk)  03:22, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Improper referencing
HighWindows inserted improper references such as:
 * Geshe Kelsang Gyatso "Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain Transplantation, Development and Adaptation" David N Kay978-0-415-75397-5
 * Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, New Religions By Carol S. Matthews''
 * Geshe Gyatso, 'British Buddhism'Teachings, Practice and Development.'Robert BluckVictoriaGraysonTalk 03:10, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I have just seen this has been added as improper referencing. I do not understand why? Is this really the way people are treated on here, I hoped as someone new that if I made a mistake it would be pointed out to me, not just labelled "improper" without any explanation. I apologise if it was done wrongly, I am new and am doing my best. I was trying to show that the name Geshe Kelsang Gyatso is used in the article and therefore it was appropriate to include it in the body of the text, like a quote almost. I thought this was helpful. I am not at all happy with the way this discussion in general has been handled and will seek out some advice on whether this is how all discussions are handled. I have found people to be unhelpful and their actions aggressive, such as removing my hard work and labelling it "improper" with no explanation.HighWindows (talk) 13:54, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Read WP:SELFPUB; As a general rule, people's self-published works about themselves are not good sources for themselves. The others are problematic due to being from in-house publication presses that are affiliated with Gyatso. Montanabw (talk) 18:26, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Again thank you for your response Montana. I thought the references I used showed a wide range of reliable sources, BBC, Independent, scholarly books and articles that are used as references elsewhere, to be honest I spent a long time looking for a range of sources because I believe I have to have good references before editing.I did not use any quotes that I felt might come from a biased source. I would like to know which sources were inappropriate or "in-house" (I am not sure what that means I am sorry) so that I can find other appropriate sources? Are you saying that Kay, Matthews and Bluck are not reliable sources and if so why? I am sorry to ask but if I am going to learn about references I need to understand what is wrong with the references I use. I actually think it would have been much more helpful if this had been explained to me before I found myself put in this section "inappropriate references" without any attempt to explain this to me.HighWindows (talk) 08:33, 24 September 2014 (UTC)HighWindows (talk) 07:55, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * You need to ascertain where the BBC and other sources got their information from. Is that mentioned in those sources? They may be have just used information from NKT publications and websites, or interviews with NKT members, and not checked and verified the information elsewhere. Sera Monastery apparently say they never awarded Kelsang Gyatso a Geshe degree. Anyway the title Geshe is rather like that of "Professor" or "Dr." for a PhD we never use "Professor" or "Dr." in an article title or in citations nor repeat those titles in the body of an article. Chris Fynn (talk) 09:56, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

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Birth date
Normally when there is a wiki about a person it gives their date of birth. This isnt a Tibetan website Its a website for the whole world to learn about this person. So I think it should be stated what his date of birth in within the world calendar system- it could be put alongside the Tibetan calendar information.

Thank you

title: Talk:Kelsang Gyatso


text:
Polyptych of the Misericordia

The Polyptych of the Misericordia is a painting conserved in the Museo Civico di Sansepolcro in the town of Sansepolcro, region of Tuscany, Italy. The painting is one of the earliest works of the Italian Renaissance painter Piero della Francesca, who was born in the town. The central panel is of the common motif of the Virgin of Mercy or Madonna della Misericordia.

In 1445, the Compagnia della Misericordia, a confraternity of Borgo San Sepolcro, commissioned Piero, a native of the town, to paint a polyptych for them. According to the taste of the time, the polyptych was to be painted with precious colours and have a gilded background. Piero did not respect the three-year time limit set in the contract—he was busy working on many other projects. The polyptych was only finished seventeen years later, in 1462.

The oldest two panels, to the left of the main panel, depict St Sebastian and John the Baptist. St Sebastian's panel shows a close connection with Masaccio's nudes, which Piero would have seen in an early visit to Florence. Piero painted the outlying panels of the tympanum later; including the Crucifixion at the top centre, St Benedict, the Angel, the Madonna of the Annunciation, and St Francis in the sides. Towards 1450 he finished the figures of St. Andrew and St. Bernardino. The predellas, with five scenes of Jesus's life, were mostly executed by assistants.

The last part of the polyptych to be painted was the main central panel showing the Madonna della Misericordia. The panel portrays the mercifully protective gesture of the Madonna enfolding her followers in her mantle.

Piero resolves the difficulty of dealing with a flat solid gilded background, requested by the patrons, by placing the kneeling members of the confraternity (who commissioned the altarpiece) in the realistic three-dimensional space created by the Madonna's mantle, a space resembling the apse of a church. Notably, the Madonna is still portrayed larger in size than the human figures, a tradition in medieval painting. However, the fully three-dimensional rendering of the figure, inspired by Masaccio, and the perspective study, inspired by Brunelleschi, are plainly of the Renaissance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polyptych of the Misericordia


text:
User talk:Wikipedia100

Becket Comprehensive
Hi, thanks for the new school article. I tweaked it a bit but there's still some work to do. it needs to be wikified a bit, obviously, and some of the language needs to be fixed to make it more like an encyclopedia article and less like a prospectus.

Most of all, though, it's important that you fix the licensing information for the picture. If you took it, fine, just license it by editing the picture to contain the template. If not, give details of who the copyright belongs to and ensure that you have permission to put it here. We have to get rid of pictures that aren't properly licensed, annoying but there you are.

Thanks again for the entry. Excellent stuff!

If you're interested in writing more about schools, please visit WikiProject Schools. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:13, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Wikipedia100


text:
Talk:Religiosity and intelligence

Religious people less intelligent just in matters related to God and spirituality?
Or are atheists more intelligent in general matters unrelated to God and spirituality, like math, language, and information technology? Does the same thing apply to creationists vs. people that accept the theory of evolution? WorldQuestioneer (talk) 23:51, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Begging the question
"Less developed and poorer countries tend to be more religious, perhaps because religions play a more active social, moral and cultural role in those countries."

This line begs the question. 96.241.26.70 (talk) 03:51, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Incomplete
The article seems to rely on old studies without mentioning newer ones. 67.68.221.137 (talk) 18:17, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religiosity and intelligence


text:
User talk:Ana banana

Ana banana is my nickname. my name is Anastasia though. haha

title: User talk:Ana banana


text:
User talk:Indoloony

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Indoloony


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Talk:1,4-Dioxane

superior dissolving power relative to diethyl ether
Ambiguous statement. It's not going to be a superior solvent if the solute is towards the polarity of diethyl ether. E.g. I'm simultaneously reading the LAH article and it's 3 times less soluble in dioxane than it is diethyl ether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.228.208 (talk) 23:50, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Is 1,4-dioxane an aprotic solvent?
Would one consider 1,4-dioxane to be an aprotic solvent? I don't see it specified in the article. H Padleckas 01:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's considered an aprotic solvent. I'll add that now. ~K 03:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

1,3-dioxane in here too?
Should this article cover 1,3-dioxane as well? It seems to me there is not enough material for a separate 1,3-dioxane article. H Padleckas 01:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree Physchim62 11:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * So far I've made this article mostly about 1,4-dioxane, because it is the most used as a solvent out of the three dioxanes. The Table of Properties only covers 1,4-dioxane.  The other two dioxanes (1,2-dioxane and 1,3-dioxane) are just mentioned and there is a picture showing the chemical structure of all three dioxanes for comparison.  Unless something further develops, I think I will pretty much keep it this way.  H Padleckas 04:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

The Czech page has a good bit about the synthesis of this compound. Anyone care to copy it over?

IUPAC nomenclature
Does anyone know the proper nomenclature for 1,4-dioxane? It can't be the correct IUPAC nomenclature because "1,4-diox" tells you that there are 2 oxygen's placed at 1 and 4, and "ane" tells you that it is an alkane, but there is no mention of how long the alkane is, or if it is cyclic or not.
 * 1,4-Dioxane is proper systematic nomenclature. For most heterocycles, there is a name assigned to it which is not necessarily derived from ring size or other features.  Dioxane is just the name for a six-membered ring with two oxygens (and the "ane" part really doesn't have anything to do with alkanes.)  For a five-membered ring, it is dioxolane.  For seven-membered, it's dioxepane, etc. --Ed (Edgar181) 20:11, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Would it be diethylene diether? --Mark PEA 09:37, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Aroma
In my experience, dioxane doesn't smell anything like ether; is there a source for the statement that it does? The bottle of ACS reagent grade 1,4-dioxane I've worked with had a somewhat fishy odour more reminiscent of amines than of other ethers. There could, of course, be something wrong with my dioxane.

142.157.59.49 (talk) 22:34, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

What do the colours on the graph represent?
The graph should have a legend to indicate the meaning of the coloured lines. 139.57.217.220 (talk) 15:30, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1,4-Dioxane


text:
Solid State Survivor

Solid State Survivor is the second album by Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, released in 1979. Later, Solid State Survivor was released in 1982 in the UK on LP and cassette, also in 1992 in the United States on CD, but many of the songs from this album were compiled for release in the US as the US pressing of ×∞Multiplies (1980), including the tracks "Behind the Mask", "Rydeen", "Day Tripper", and "Technopolis". Solid State Survivor is only one of a handful of YMO albums in which the track titles do not have a Japanese equivalent.

The album was an early example of synth-pop, a genre that the band helped pioneer alongside their earlier album Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), and it also contributed to the development of techno. Solid State Survivor won the Best Album Award at the 22nd Japan Record Awards, and it sold two million records. In 2020, Jonathan McNamara of The Japan Times listed it as one of the 10 Japanese albums worthy of inclusion on Rolling Stone 's 2020 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Overview
The album is also known for "Behind the Mask", which YMO had first produced in 1978 for a Seiko quartz wristwatch commercial. YMO made use of synthesizers for the melodies and digital gated reverb for the snare drums. The song has had numerous cover versions produced by other artists, most notably Michael Jackson. Alongside Quincy Jones, Jackson produced a slightly more dance-funk version of the techno classic with additional lyrics, originally intended for his best-selling album Thriller (1982). Despite the approval of songwriter Sakamoto and lyricist Chris Mosdell, it was eventually removed from the Thriller album due to legal issues with Yellow Magic Orchestra's management. Nevertheless, various cover versions were later performed by Greg Phillinganes, Eric Clapton (with Phillinganes as part of his backing band), Orbital, and The Human League, among others, before Jackson's cover version eventually appeared on his posthumous Michael album in 2010.

"Technopolis" is considered an "interesting contribution" to the development of techno, specifically Detroit techno, as it used the term "techno" in its title, was a tribute to Tokyo as an electronic mecca, and foreshadowed concepts that Juan Atkins and Rick Davis would later have with Cybotron.

The album's title song "Solid State Survivor" is a new wave synth rock song. The popular anime series Dragon Ball Z later paid homage to the song and the album with the song "Solid State Scouter" as the theme song of the 1990 television special Dragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Goku.

This was YMO's most successful album in Japan. It was the best selling album on the Oricon LP chart for 1980, beating Chiharu Matsuyama's Kishōtenketsu (起承転結) – Godiego's Magic Monkey (西遊記) was the best seller in 1979. In 1980 the album won a Best Album Award (ベスト・アルバム賞) in the 22nd Japan Record Awards. The album went on to sell two million records worldwide.

Personnel

 * Yellow Magic Orchestra – arrangements, electronics, remix, cover conception
 * Haruomi Hosono – bass guitar, synth bass, keyboards, vocoder, production
 * Ryuichi Sakamoto – keyboards, vocoder
 * Yukihiro Takahashi – vocals, drums, electronic drums, costume design

Guest musicians
 * Hideki Matsutake – Microcomposer programming
 * Chris Mosdell – lyrics
 * Sandii – vocals on "Absolute Ego Dance"
 * Makoto Ayukawa – electric guitar on "Day Tripper" and "Solid State Survivor"

Staff
 * Kunihiko Murai and Shōrō Kawazoe – executive producers
 * Norio Yoshizawa – recording engineer, remixing
 * Mitsuo Koike – recording engineer
 * Masako Hikasa and Akira Ikuta – recording coordinators
 * Lou Beach – logo type
 * Masayoshi Sukita – photography
 * Heikichi Harata – art director
 * Bricks – costumes
 * Takehime, Fumiko Iura and Mayo Tsutsumi – stylists
 * Mikio Honda (Clip) – hair

title: Solid State Survivor


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Telemundo Square

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:31, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Telemundo Square
The content of this page is silly and nonsensical. Additionally, searching for Telemundo Square produces zero hits. This page may be part of a broader attempt at obscuring vandalism as it was recently linked to by text in radio station articles that have been vandalized today by the same user including KVEA, KWHY, KNBC, WNBC. Tobycat 01:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't vouch for the content, but Telemundo does exist. How about redirecting it there? --W(t) 02:19, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * If the location can be demonstrated to exist I would agree. Since there are no google hits for it and the only articles that link to it were vandalism, the entity 'Telemundo Square' does not appear real.  SInce I've already quarantined the vandalism, nothing links to the Telemundo Square page anymore.  Basically there's nothing to redirect.  I still believe deletion is the appropriate choice.Tobycat 04:23, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. Megan1967 04:57, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Kaibabsquirrel 20:11, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fiction, ban creator. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is it a church or a radio station?  The article is gibberish.  RickK 22:34, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - This article may contain a nugget a truth, it is true that KVEA, KWHY and KNBC (and I beleive the Bravo network as well) share facilities/studios, see this article: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_6_25/ai_97920274 . However, the studio is in Burnank and not LA, it is also not known as TELEMUNDO SQUARE but rather merely NBC Universal Studios I beleive. WNBC is in New York and the other radio stations do not share the same facilities I dont beleive. So delete for now. -CunningLinguist 23:24, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A Google search for "Telemundo Square" revealed nothing. I don't believe that this article refers to anything that is real. Zero37 12:15, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Geraldine Clinton Little

Geraldine Clinton Little (September 20, 1923 – March 7, 1997) was a poet born in Northern Ireland. Emigrating to the United States with her family at age 2, she spent her life in the United States. She published ten books, and her stories and poems appeared in over 400 journals.

Personal life
Born in Northern Ireland, she was the sixth child of an Irish Methodist minister, the Rev. James Robert Clinton who came to the United States in 1925. He was the senior minister of the Central Congregational Church in central city Philadelphia for many years. The family lived in the Mt. Airy section of Philadelphia.

Little moved to Mount Holly Township, New Jersey, in 1956 with her husband Robert K. Little, an inventor and President and CEO of RKL Controls, Inc., of Lumberton Township. She had three sons, Rory, of San Francisco, Tim, of Pemberton, New Jersey, and Rodney, of Peachtree City, Georgia; five grandchildren; and three sisters, Gwen Murphy, Hilda Greene Perkins and Ailsa Muldoon. She also had two brothers, Kenneth and Trevor.

She died on March 7, 1997, at her Mount Holly Township home from congestive heart failure caused by amyloidosis, a form of protein aggregation.

Writing
Little's published works include eight volumes of poetry.

Her final book, Woman in a Special House, a collection of 18 short stories, was published just one month before her death by Fithian Press.

Her career as a poet, fiction writer, playwright, and college instructor started late in life, after she graduated from Goddard College in Vermont in 1970. She completed her bachelor's degree in English while raising three sons who were in high school at the time. She received her master's degree from Trenton State College, now the College of New Jersey, in 1977.

Her poetry went from haiku—a short Japanese verse form—to book-length poems, including "Hakugai," which "gives voice" to the 110,000 Japanese-Americans interned in prison camps during World War II, according to a 1984 review. It said, "Through dramatic monologues, snatches of conversation and journal notes, the prisoners lost words are heard again. The world of their hakugai [persecution] is resurrected."

Perhaps her best known work was a play, Heloise and Abelard, written in 1989. It was produced off-Broadway in 1990 by Edgar Lansbury, Angela Lansbury's brother and, later, locally by the Foundation Theater at Burlington County College, among others.

Mrs. Little won numerous awards for her work over the years, including six national awards from the Poetry Society of America. In 1996, she was honored with an award from a Japanese city for her haiku writing. She was a past president of the Haiku Society of America and a past vice president of Poetry Society of America.

She was an adjunct instructor in writing and English literature at Burlington County College for more than a decade and had previously taught at Rutgers and Trenton State College. She was well known for her appearances at writing conferences and as a lecturer for adults as well as children.

Asked if she had a favorite work, she would say, 'No. Your poems are like your children—you don't pick favorites.'

Poet Karen Swenson, winner of the 1993 National Poetry Series award, recalled that Mrs. Little's works stood out because of their "unusual clarity and precision of form... and were full of wonderful imagery."

Singing
She also sang, and her singing career included performing with the Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia, the major choral group associated with the Philadelphia Orchestra. She also performed with a company specializing in the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. Her son recalled, "She really loved her singing. She sang with the group until about six months before her death.  She could hardly walk but was still there singing."

Little also sang for the choir of the First Presbyterian Church of Moorestown Township, New Jersey.

title: Geraldine Clinton Little


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Bryn Athyn Cathedral

Bryn Athyn Cathedral is the episcopal seat of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, a denomination of Swedenborgianism. The main building is of the Early Gothic style, while the adjoining structures are of a transitional period reflective of a combination of both Gothic and Norman styles. The exterior appearance of the cathedral itself is reminiscent of Gloucester Cathedral in England.

The cathedral is located in Bryn Athyn, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, just outside the city of Philadelphia. Bryn Athyn is also the site of the General Church affiliated Academy of the New Church, which publishes Swedenborgian literature, and is the parent organization of a high school, a four-year college (Bryn Athyn College of the New Church), a theological school, and the Emanuel Swedenborg Library.

History
The cathedral was constructed from 1913 to 1919. The cathedral's initial design was by the Boston architecture firm of Ralph Adams Cram. The planning of the cathedral began under the direction of William Fredrick Pendleton, the bishop of the church, and John Pitcairn Jr., president of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (now PPG Industries), who was the major benefactor donating the property and much of the funds to construct the cathedral.

Raymond Pitcairn, John Pitcairn's son, became involved with the project and worked with the firm of Ralph Adams Cram. As time passed, the architecture firm became less involved with the work, leaving Raymond Pitcairn in charge. Pitcairn realized that the workers and artisans working on the cathedral should be directly employed by the church and that creative changes by artists and builders working together which happen during the design process should be nurtured rather than thwarted. This led to some very unorthodox construction practices. For example, rather than relying on blueprints and plans, almost every aspect of the design was made into scale models where Pitcairn and the workers could study, review and embellish their ideas before actually constructing them.

Another aspect of the cathedral which is unusual is that asymmetries and irregularities were planned into the building as it was built. This is largely the result of Raymond Pitcairn's attendance at a 1915 lecture by William Goodyear who stated that irregularities and asymmetries in medieval buildings were not errors but were carefully planned in the structures.

The stained glass windows of Bryn Athyn Cathedral are worthy of note. The medieval method of creating stained glass, namely of melting various pigment and metallic oxides into the glass itself and then having a glass blower create a disk of glass with varying degrees of thickness and brightness, was revived. The first glass was blown in 1922 and the last was created in the 1940s, however all the windows themselves were not completed until the 1960s. The windows are essentially of three designs:
 * Biblical figures represented in monumental scale;
 * Medallions depicting events either in the life of Christ or the Old Testament prophets; and
 * grisaille windows of geometric design and pearl-like translucency which fill the cathedral with light.

Most of the metal in the cathedral is Monel Metal.

The Ezekiel Tower, located south of the main 150 ft tower, was built between the years 1920–1926. The Choir Hall and Michael Tower lie to the north of the main cathedral. This addition was completed in 1929 and even though this is the last completed portion of the complex, its architecture is from the earliest period.

Right next to the college, the library and the cathedral is the academy-affiliated Glencairn Museum. Originally the private residence of Raymond Pitcairn, this castle-like building now houses a collection of mostly religious artwork from around the world and is open to the public.

The cathedral is part of the Bryn Athyn Historic District, which was listed as a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008.

title: Bryn Athyn Cathedral


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Animal Nitrate

"Animal Nitrate" is the third single by English rock band Suede, released through Nude Records on 22 February 1993 and later included on the band's debut album, Suede (1993). It charted at No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the highest-charting single from the album. The song is the band's highest-charting single in Ireland and New Zealand, peaking at No. 11 in both countries. It also debuted and peaked at No. 21 in Sweden but stayed on the chart for only two weeks.

Background
Suede had received widespread media coverage in the year leading up to the release of the debut album in March 1993. "Animal Nitrate", released one month before the album, was the third in a triptych of singles following on from the successful first two singles, "The Drowners" and "Metal Mickey". The song originated with its opening riff, written by guitarist Bernard Butler who was inspired "totally secretly" by "Smells Like Teen Spirit". According to Butler, he conceived this guitar part during rehearsal in early 1992 and presented it to singer Brett Anderson, who was slow to warm to it.

The title of the song is a reference to the inhalant drug amyl nitrite, although Anderson has said it has more to do with other drugs like ecstasy and cocaine. He came up with the song's lyrical theme after going through a period where he said "drugs were taking the place of people." Chris Jones, reviewing Suede's debut album for the BBC, concurred: "Despite its punning title it’s a thrill-seeking slice of cynicism that perfectly summed up what it was like to be young and chemically imbalanced in the nation’s capital at the time."

The original working title for the song was "Dixon", as Butler's guitar part during the chorus was inspired by the intro to popular BBC television series Dixon of Dock Green. The song was almost overlooked as a single. Initially, Anderson was convinced that the ballad "Sleeping Pills" would be the third single, but he was overruled by Nude Records owner Saul Galpern who insisted that "Nitrate" had the broader commercial appeal. Speaking to NME in 2013 on writing the song, Anderson said: "We were rehearsing it for months and months and Bernard kept asking me if I had any lyrics for it and I wanted something special to say over the top of what he’s written. I like the fact it’s a song about a dark, murky world that ended up in the Top 10." Indeed, Anderson had stated in the first Melody Maker cover story in April 1992 that his fantasy was to have written a top-10 UK single about "some bizarre sexual experience."

Release and promotion
The song was first performed live six months before its actual release at the 1992 Reading Festival. Throughout late 1992, the song would feature at many of Suede's UK live shows along with many other songs which made it on to the album. It would receive its largest audience when the band played the song at the 1993 Brit Awards one week prior to its release. When the NME heard that Suede had been left off the nominations for the Brit Awards, they began a weekly campaign to get them to perform at the awards on the night. The song was nominated for Best British Single at the following year's Brit Awards. The single was released in the UK on 22 February 1993 and became the band's first top-10 single, charting at No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart. The single remained at No. 7 the following week. At the time this was considered a rare feat for an indie band, something which Saul Galpern points to the Brits performance as the reason for its success. It is estimated the performance reached approximately nine million homes. While the song's subject matter may not have particularly appealed to the masses, Anderson agreed that it did reach a wide audience due to its hooks and radio friendly appeal.

In continental Europe, the song was released on 1 March 1993. The single was the band's big breakthrough in Sweden, a country where the band would have long-term future success. Two weeks prior to the release of the single, Sony Music Sweden had ordered finished product directly from Nude Records and sent it to key radio producers, media and retailers. The promotion efforts paid off when "Animal Nitrate" became a big radio hit in Sweden and generated strong interest in the band's first Swedish gig. The special showcase in Stockholm on the second date of the band's European tour on 21 April 1993 was sold out the month before. The single peaked on the Swedish charts at No. 21 on 24 March.

Reception and legacy
Larry Flick of Billboard wrote: "Follow-up to debut U.S. single 'Metal Mickey' not as hard-hitting, but a strong cut no less. Sound is skewed toward power pop, with emphasis on heavy melody and stomping rhythms. Perhaps too much emphasis on the latter, however, as single lacks fluidity. Much-touted lead singer Brett Anderson wrenches his vocals from the gut, recalling early performances from Duran Duran's Simon LeBon." Richard Plunkett of The Age awarded it 'Single of the Week', writing: "This single is their album's strongest, an irresistible mix of strange guitar riffery, manic rhythm section and a personality desperately craving to be noticed." Martin Aston of Music Week said the song "has a wonderfully addictive chorus" and "plenty of glam-pop charm." Previewing the band’s 27 March show at Dublin’s Tivoli Theatre, Tony Clayton-Lea of the Sunday Tribune called it "a cracker of a song." Tony Cross of Smash Hits was more mixed, calling it a "simply 'OK'" song. He wrote: "Brett's ever so English (and ever so affected) vocals judder through sometimes awkward guitars in what ends up as, at times, just a jittery and sinister racket." Select ranked the song at No. 1 in its singles of the year for 1993.

In March 2005, Q placed "Animal Nitrate" at No. 97 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Animal Nitrate" at No. 43 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever. In 2012 the same magazine placed the song at No. 14 on its 100 Best Tracks of the Nineties. It again recognised the song in 2014 by ranking it at No. 33 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. A 2010 Radio X poll of listeners, presenters and a team of experts compiled a list of the top 1000 songs of all time, where "Animal Nitrate" ranked at No. 60. In 2014, Paste listed the song at No. 29 in its 50 Best Britpop Songs. Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian included the song in her "10 of the Best" Britpop songs. She said that "Butler's opening riff is one of the most undeniable in pop." Classic Rock included Butler's guitar solo at No. 94 in their list of the "100 greatest guitar solos in rock." Paul Nolan of Hot Press called the song "one of the greatest singles of the ’90s," in a review of the band's first night performance of their eponymous album at the 2011 three-night residency at the Dublin Olympia Theatre.

Music video
The music video for the title track was directed by Pedro Romhanyi. The band caused some controversy with the video as scenes involving a fat lady in a bikini, and someone kissing a man with a pig's head were cut from various screenings. In the UK, the ITV network refused to air the video during daytime programming as it features scenes of two men kissing and embracing. "[The video] was too contentious for the Saturday lunchtime slot," said an ITV spokesperson. Howard Wuelfing, a New York publicist for Columbia Records, defended the video as mere "flirting with sexual imagery... through androgyny." The band took cocaine to prepare for the video. Anderson wanted to replicate the energy of their live shows, he explained: "We weren't experienced enough at the time to just do it on cue. I think we ended up getting a load of coke in and jumping around like lunatics. Back in the days when we used to do things like that." The video was filmed in Lisson Green housing estate in the London borough City of Westminster. The band reportedly used flat No. 18 and paid the occupants a tenner for the inconvenience caused. It won the first MTV Euro Video Song Contest in 1993.

Track listings
All songs written by Brett Anderson and Bernard Butler.

 * 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "Animal Nitrate"
 * 2) "The Big Time"

 * 12-inch and CD single
 * 1) "Animal Nitrate"
 * 2) "Painted People"
 * 3) "The Big Time"

Cover versions
Basement covered the song on their 2014 EP Further Sky. Zachary Houle of PopMatters wrote that the cover "strip[ped] away all of the glam" of the original, making it "a straightforward rock anthem." Alternative Press contributor Brian Kraus considered it "faithful to the original" and the best song on the EP. He called it "a fine fit" amongst the "lighthearted moods" found on the EP. AbsolutePunk staff member Aj LaGambina thought the track "blend[ed] in as if it" was one of the band's own compositions. Punknews.org reviewer RENALDO69 called the cover "tight—knit and sharp" within the "very polished" EP. In September 2015, the Libertines performed a live version of the song at a gig at Camden's Dublin Castle in London.

title: Animal Nitrate


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Scarling

Scarling. was an American noise pop band formed in Los Angeles in 2001. The band consisted of lead vocalist Jessicka Addams and guitarist Christian Hejnal.

Name
The band's name comes from a fictional word created by singer/fine artist Jessicka in 1999. In 2001 the definition appeared on Scarling's website: "Middle English, from Old English scaerlinc, from scar+ -ling, -linc -ling; akin to Old High German von scar, Latin scarnos 1. the smallest mark on your heart left by the healing of a severe injury. 2. he or she who is scarred densely almost emotionless. 3. a mentally challenged/physically handicapped sibling of a normal star. 4. a band from Los Angeles. The "S" in Scarling. is sometimes lower case and the word itself ends in a full stop or period."

Formation & Sweet Heart Dealer (2002-2004)
Scarling. was formed by singer Jessicka Fodera (known simply as Jessicka) after the dissolution of her band, Jack Off Jill, and guitarist Christian Hejnal. They were introduced by guitarist Lisa Leveridge, and they began rehearsing and recording in a San Fernando Valley performance space; after the pair had written a number of songs together, they began a search for additional band members and eventually cemented the first and very short-lived lineup of Scarling.

In early 2002, Jessicka was introduced to Long Gone John, owner of Sympathy for the Record Industry, by mutual friend Mark Ryden. On March 19, 2003, Scarling's debut single, "Band Aid Covers the Bullet Hole" (produced by Chris Vrenna), was released on the Sympathy for the Record Industry label. Its cover featured an illustration called "Wound 39" by Mark Ryden.

In April 2004, Scarling. released their debut album, Sweet Heart Dealer, a seven-song release again produced by Vrenna and packaged by Ryden. Later that year, Jessicka was featured on the cover of ROCKRGRL magazine's vocalist issue. Scarling was then invited to join the lineup of the Robert Smith-organized Curiosa Festival, performing on select West Coast dates alongside Interpol, The Rapture, Mogwai, Cursive, The Cooper Temple Clause, and longtime inspirations The Cure. Smith described the band's music as "dark, desperate, chaotic, gorgeous pop music, the sound of the end of the world" and nominated "Sweet Heart Dealer" for the 2004 Shortlist Music Prize. While Alternative Press Magazine said Scarling. sounded like, "being French kissed by the most beautiful beings in the world, really alluring yet massive stuff." Three weeks before joining the Curiosa tour, drummer Garey Snider left and was briefly replaced by Samantha Maloney in order to perform live at a group art showing at the Copro/Nason Gallery (Santa Monica, California). Weeks later they found drummer Beth Gordon, who served as Scarling's permanent replacement. Scarling, with the help of friend and fill-in bassist Radio Sloan, continued to play around Los Angeles and San Francisco at clubs such as The Bottom Of The Hill, Spaceland and The Troubadour.

On October 21, 2004, John Peel, English disc jockey and radio presenter, invited Robert Smith to stand in for him while he was in Peru as a guest DJ on what turned out to be the last Peel Session show. Smith played Scarling's Crispin Glover as one of the tracks in his eclectic set. Scarling. were also chosen by Smith to be part of his Celebrity Playlist on iTunes along with Cocteau Twins, My Bloody Valentine, Supergrass, Nirvana, Placebo, The Psychedelic Furs, and several bands that played on the Curiosa tour earlier that year. Smith wrote a quote about each song and wrote "Beautiful shadows" next to the Scarling. track.

So Long, Scarecrow & touring (2005-2007)
After a series of 7-inch singles on Sympathy, Scarling announced in early 2005 that their second album, So Long, Scarecrow, would appear later that year; it was preceded by the single "We Are the Music Makers", and was released on August 23, 2005. So Long, Scarecrow was co-produced by Rob Campanella, formerly of The Brian Jonestown Massacre, at his studio, The Committee to Keep Music Evil headquarters. The critical reception for Scarecrow was generally strong: Alternative Press gave the album a 5 out of 5 rating. Simon Price from The Independent said, "In contrast to the abrasive JOJ sound, Scarling. work up a wonderfully hazy guitar swirl, reminiscent of post-My Bloody Valentine noise-pop from the Britain of the early Nineties." Chris Beyond from No-Fi Magazine described Scarecrow as "somewhere between Blonde Redhead and Sonic Youth and said "there are 13 tracks on this album, but they leave you wanting more." Scarling's was touted as resurrecting goth' by Venus magazine: "Goth isn’t dead. It’s just evolved into a sweeter version with Scarling’s variety of distorted but, dare I say, gorgeous version of the once-dreary genre. On the band’s full-length debut, So Long, Scarecrow, frontwoman Jessicka’s syrupy yet cautious vocals are quite different than her former angry, self-mutilating persona in the late ’90s Marilyn Manson-esque group Jack off Jill."

In December 2005, Scarling. embarked on its first UK tour, creating a buzz for themselves and selling out most venues. SLS's first single "City Noise" is featured on the compilation Alright, This Time Just the Girls Vol. 2 and 2006's Staring To The Sun. The song "Bummer" from SLS was featured on Showtime's The L Word season 3 episode "Latecomer", as well as an Urban Outfitters/Filter magazine compilation. An episode of the medical drama Grey's Anatomy (season 2) is titled "Band Aid Covers the Bullet Hole".

In 2006, Scarling continued to tour in the United States and Europe, embarking on their first co-heading with UK shoegaze outfit Amusement Parks on Fire and opening for The Wedding Present and Depeche Mode later in the year.

Hiatus (2007-2013)
Scarling. currently resides in the neighborhood of Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California. On February 14, 2006 (Valentine's Day), while on a break from touring, Jessicka and guitarist Christian Hejnal were engaged. Their wedding took place on October 13, 2007, at the Oviatt Penthouse in Los Angeles. The band was largely on hiatus for six years following their marriage, with Jessicka returning to focus on her art career.

Scarling. performed at the wedding of Bravo's Shear Genius finalist Janine Jarman and Matthew Wolcott at the Houdini Mansion in Hollywood on June 26, 2010.

Return to activity (2013-2014)
Jessicka has stated that, after her art show "Little Grey Secrets", Scarling. would resume. Scarling. released their single "Who Wants To Die For Art?" digitally in the US on iTunes October 29, 2013. Jessicka Addams suffered health problems shortly after the release of the songs.

On May 13, 2014, Mark Ryden released an album entitled The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell, that features Scarling along with other artists all giving a different rendition of the same song, "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)". The album, printed on 180 g red vinyl, was limited to 999 copies, all hand-numbered and signed by Ryden. Half of the records were sold at the Michael Kohn gallery. The proceeds from the record will benefit Little Kids Rock, a nonprofit that supports musical education in disadvantaged elementary schools.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Sweet Heart Dealer (2004)
 * So Long, Scarecrow (2005)

title: Scarling


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Stéphane Matteau

Stéphane Matteau (born September 2, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played over 800 regular-season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted in the second round, 25th overall, by the Calgary Flames in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career
As a member of the New York Rangers 1994 Stanley Cup Championship team, Matteau scored two overtime goals in the Eastern Conference Finals against the New Jersey Devils, including one that ended the series and became an iconic goal in Rangers lore. His first overtime goal ended Game 3 at 6:13 of the second overtime in New Jersey giving the Rangers a 3–2 victory and a 2–1 series lead.

His second goal came at 4:24 of the second overtime of Game 7 at Madison Square Garden. Matteau scored off a wrap around that was intended for a pass to Esa Tikkanen, only to have it bounced off a stick on the left side of New Jersey's rookie goaltender Martin Brodeur, a play which has been immortalized by the dramatic play-by-play call of Rangers radio announcer Howie Rose: Fetisov for the Devils plays it cross-ice, into the far corner. Matteau swoops in to intercept. Matteau behind the net, swings it in front, HE SCORES! MATTEAU! MATTEAU! MATTEAU! STEPHANE MATTEAU! AND THE RANGERS HAVE ONE MORE HILL TO CLIMB, BABY... BUT IT'S MOUNT VANCOUVER! THE RANGERS ARE HEADED TO THE FINALS!

Matteau finished his career in 2002–03 with the Florida Panthers and their minor league affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage, and had a career total 742 penalty minutes, 144 goals and 172 assists for 316 total points in 848 games.

Matteau also was a member of the Rouyn Quebec team that played in the Little League World Series in 1982 along with fellow NHL player and first overall pick in his draft, Pierre Turgeon.

Matteau played for head coach Mike Keenan on four separate occasions; with the Blackhawks, Rangers, Blues, and Panthers.

Personal life
Matteau served as an assistant coach with the Blainville-Boisbriand Armada of the QMJHL for two seasons.

Matteau's son, Stefan, is also a professional hockey player. He currently plays for ERC Ingolstadt of the DEL. Stefan was drafted 29th overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils, the team against which his father scored his famed goal in the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals.

Matteau's daughter, Alyson plays for the NWHL's Buffalo Beauts.

Matteau represented Canada in the Little League World Series in 1982, along with former NHLer Pierre Turgeon.

title: Stéphane Matteau


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Hackberries

Hackberries is a common name for
 * the deciduous trees in the genus Celtis
 * some of the butterflies in the genus Asterocampa

title: Hackberries


text: File:So young.jpg

title: File:So young.jpg


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User talk:Nicander

Civil
Just want to remind you to remain Civil,, I know there are some annoying edits but no need to use your Edit summary to insult someone. Afro ( DontTazeMeBro ) - Afkatk 12:11, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You're just jealous 'cause my dad is gayer than your dad! Nicander (talk) 20:51, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Come on then! Anyone else want some?! Just try it, and I'll hit you with some gay-dad-related bumfunnery! Nicander (talk) 17:16, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Your dad is still gay.
I can haz gay dads!

Nicander (talk) 00:09, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicander


text:
Talk:Clare Island

2005 posts
Whoa! That's a BIG map!  ℬ astique ▼ talk 01:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not that big! I changed it to 280px. WikiDon

Lighthouse

 * Info @ UNC
 * Lighthouse

 * I went ahead and added some lighthouse history to the article, please review. WikiDon 06:25, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Clare Island


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Japanese militarism

Japanese militarism (日本軍国主義) was the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocated the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. It was most prominent from the start of conscription after the Meiji Restoration until the Japanese defeat in World War II, roughly 1873 to 1945. Since then, pacifism has been enshrined in the postwar Constitution of Japan as one of its key tenets.

Rise of militarism
The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the Meiji Restoration. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the Meiji period (whether in the military, politics or business) were ex-samurai or descendants of samurai, and shared a set of values and outlooks. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western imperialism, and one of the prime motivations for the Fukoku Kyohei policy was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers.

The rise of universal military conscription, introduced by Yamagata Aritomo in 1873, along with the proclamation of the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military-patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state (kokutai). Yamagata, like many Japanese, was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent military, which meant that in Japan, as in Germany, the military could develop into a state within a state, thus exercising greater influence on politics in general.

Following the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War, the Army Staff College and the Japanese General Staff paid close attention to Major Jakob Meckel's views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke sent Meckel to Japan to become an O-yatoi gaikokujin (foreign advisor). In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future Prime Ministers General Katsura Tarō and General Yamagata Aritomo, and with army strategist General Kawakami Soroku. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into divisions and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing artillery and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the universal conscription system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.

Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced Clausewitz's military theories and the Prussian concept of war games (Kriegsspiel) in a process of refining tactics. By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced Hermann Roesler's ideal of subservience to the Emperor, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the Meiji Constitution, by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor.

The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies, such as the Gen'yōsha (1881) and Kokuryukai (1901), which coupled political activities with paramilitary activities and military intelligence, and supported expansionism overseas as a solution to Japan's domestic issues.

Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century. The phrase fukoku kyōhei (rich nation, strong army) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power. With a more aggressive foreign policy, and victory over China in the First Sino-Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan joined the imperialist powers. The need for a strong military to secure Japan's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations, and thus revision of the unequal treaties.

Economic factors
During the 19th century, Great Power status was considered dependent on resource-rich colonial empires, both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production, and international prestige.

Due to the lack of resources in Japanese home islands, raw materials such as iron, oil, and coal largely had to be imported. The success of Japan in securing Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards Manchuria's iron and coal, Indochina's rubber, and China's vast resources. However, the army was at variance with the zaibatsu financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics.

Independence of the military
Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from civilian control enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army established the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff office, modelled after the German General Staff. This office was independent of, and equal (and later superior) to the Ministry of War of Japan in terms of authority. The Imperial Japanese Navy soon followed with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the Prime Minister of Japan, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control.

The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation (and survival) of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active-duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that a prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. In reality, while this tactic was used only one time (ironically to prevent a General, Kazushige Ugaki, from becoming Prime Minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.

Expansionism
During the Taishō period, Japan saw a short period of democratic rule (the so-called "Taisho democracy"), and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace, such as the Washington Naval Treaty and participation in the League of Nations. However, with the beginning of the Shōwa era, the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the Great Depression starting in 1929, coupled with the imposition of trade barriers by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence (including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted coups d'état by ultra-nationalist secret societies) led to a resurgence of so-called "jingoistic" patriotism, a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign. Patriotic education also strengthened the sense of a hakko ichiu, or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule.

Those who continued to resist the "military solution" including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism, such as generals Jotaro Watanabe and Tetsuzan Nagata and ex-Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were driven from office or an active role in the government.

A turning point came with the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi and his Minseito party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit Japanese naval power. This treaty was strongly opposed by the military, who claimed that it would endanger national defense, and was portrayed by the opposition Rikken Seiyukai party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States, which further inflamed growing anti-foreign sentiment.

The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the May 15 Incident in 1932, when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi. Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint.

Growth of military adventurism

Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the Siberian Intervention. During the term of Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929, Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct Chiang Kai-shek's unification campaign. In June 1928, adventurist officers of the Kwantung Army embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria, including the assassination of a former ally, warlord Zhang Zuolin, in hopes of sparking a general conflict.

The Manchurian Incident of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria. Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of South Manchurian Railway Company track near Mukden, blamed it on Chinese saboteurs, and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory.

In Tokyo one month later, in the Imperial Colors Incident, military figures failed in an attempt to establish a military dictatorship, but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished.

In January 1932, Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the First Shanghai Incident, waging a three-month undeclared war there before a truce was reached. The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures, and instead of being condemned, the Kwangtung Army's actions enjoyed considerable popular support.

Inukai's successors, military men chosen by Saionji Kinmochi, the last surviving genrō, recognized Manchukuo and generally approved the army's actions in securing Manchuria as an industrial base, an area for Japanese emigration, and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union. Various army factions contended for power amid increasing suppression of dissent and more assassinations. In the February 26 Incident of 1936, the Army's elite First Infantry Division staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule. The revolt was put down by other military units, and its leaders were executed after secret trials. Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures, Japan's civilian leadership capitulated to the army's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence. Increases were seen in defense budgets, naval construction (Japan announced it would no longer accede to disarmament treaties), and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing.

In November 1936, the Anti-Comintern Pact, an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities, was signed by Japan and Germany (Italy joined a year later). War was launched against China with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7, 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, followed by the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars and the Pacific War. Despite the military's long tradition of independence from civilian control, its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government, and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism, the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship on Japan.

Under Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro, the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war-time conditions and under the National Mobilization Law was given absolute power over the nation's assets. In 1940, all political parties were ordered to dissolve into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, forming a one-party state based on totalitarian values. Even so, there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats, and in the 1942 general election for the Japanese Diet, the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics. This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure, but was rent internally with its own political factions. Even Japan's wartime Prime Minister, Hideki Tōjō, had difficulty controlling portions of his own military.

Japan's overseas possessions, greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically—under Japanese leadership—against Western domination.

Militarism was even reflected in the clothing trends of the 1930s. Male kimono designs adopted explicitly militaristic imagery, including soldiers, bombers and tanks. These designs were not on public display but on linings and undergarments. They symbolised – or in the case of boy's clothes, were hoped to bring about – the alignment of the individual's goals with those of Japan as a whole.

Opposition to militarism
Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the Shōwa era, some substantial opposition did exist. This was one of various forms of Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period.

The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the Japanese Communist Party. In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts, but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan.

Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics, business and culture. Some notable examples include:

 * Hara Takashi, a commoner and liberal thinker of the Rikken Seiyūkai, had become prime minister in 1918 with the rallying cry of "Militarism is dead." Three years later, however, Hara was assassinated.
 * Kijūrō Shidehara followed a non-interventionist policy toward China, attempting to stabilize its relations with Great Britain and the United States. The term "Shidehara diplomacy" came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s, and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the country.
 * Baron Takuma Dan, director of Mitsui Bank, was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views. He was murdered on March 5, 1932, in the League of Blood Incident.
 * Minobe Tatsukichi, a respected professor at Tokyo Imperial University declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935. His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s. In the increasingly militant 1930s, these ideas led to attacks against Minobe in the House of Peers and his resignation from that body.
 * Saitō Takao, a graduate of Yale University was a member of the Rikken Minseito party. On February 2, 1940, he made a speech in the Diet in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of Japan's "holy war" in China. He was expelled from the Diet on March 7, 1940, and his speech also led to the creation of the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War by Fumimaro Konoe.
 * Admiral Sōkichi Takagi, an opponent of Japan's decision to declare war on the United States, was asked by Navy Minister Shigetarō Shimada to compile a report analyzing Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942. His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan's inevitable defeat. Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo-led government and a truce with the United States, Takagi began planning for the assassination of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō before his removal from office in July 1944.
 * Kanō Jigorō, creator of Judo and founder of the modern Japanese educational system, member of Japan's Olympic Committee, and de facto foreign minister for Japan was allegedly a staunch opponent of militarism. Concerned that his Judo school, the Kodokan, would be used as a military training center, he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be. Alternate sources list different causes of death, and some consider his passing to be suspicious.

Japan attacking Pearl Harbor
The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941. Multiple events led to the attack, such as the Japanese peoples' opposition to Westernism and the breaking off of negotiations between Japan and the United States. Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries, which resulted in the US to strip any war materials and resources to be sold to the Japanese and froze all assets and bank accounts in the US. The US fleet moved from being stationed in California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials, because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories.

Postwar Japan
Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war, including such measures as the National Service Draft Ordinance and the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan's military in World War II and by the American occupation. After the surrender of Japan, many of its former military leaders were tried for war crimes before the Tokyo tribunal. Furthermore, its government and educational system were revised and pacifism was written into the postwar Constitution of Japan as one of its key tenets.

Timeline

 * 1926: Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) became emperor upon his father's death (December 25).
 * 1927: Tanaka Giichi becomes prime minister (April 20).
 * 1928: Hirohito is enthroned as the Emperor (November 10).
 * 1929: Osachi Hamaguchi becomes prime minister (July 2).
 * 1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).
 * 1931: Hamaguchi dies and Wakatsuki Reijirō becomes prime minister (April 14). Inukai Tsuyoshi becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China. Mukden Incident occurs (18 September).
 * 1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29). Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and Saitō Makoto becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the League of Nations (December 7).
 * 1933: Japan leaves the League of Nations (March 27).
 * 1934: Keisuke Okada becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the Washington Naval Treaty (December 29).
 * 1936: Coup attempt, the February 26 Incident, crushed by Hirohito. Kōki Hirota becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its first pact with Nazi Germany (November 25) and occupies Qingdao (December 3). Mengjiang established in Inner Mongolia.
 * 1937: Senjūrō Hayashi becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince Konoe Fumimaro becomes prime minister (June 4). The Second Sino-Japanese War starts with the Battle of Lugou Bridge (July 7). Japan captures Beiping (July 31). Japanese troops occupy Nanjing (December 13), beginning the Nanjing massacre.
 * 1938: Battle of Taierzhuang (March 24). Canton falls to Japanese forces (October 21).
 * 1939: Hiranuma Kiichirō becomes prime minister (January 5). Japanese forces suffer a military defeat at Battles of Khalkhin Gol against Soviet forces (September 15). Nobuyuki Abe becomes prime minister (August 30).
 * 1940: Mitsumasa Yonai becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for his second term (July 22). Hundred Regiments Offensive (August–September). Japan occupies French Indochina in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans, and signs the Tripartite Pact (September 27).
 * 1941: Japan and Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact (April 13). General Hideki Tōjō becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7) (see Attack on Pearl Harbor), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8) (see Pacific War). Japan conquers Hong Kong (December 25).
 * 1942: Singapore surrenders to Japan (February 15). Japan bombs Australia (February 19). Indian Ocean raid (March 31-April 10). Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (April 18). Battle of the Coral Sea (May 4 – 8). Sanko sakusen implemented in North China. American forces in the Philippines surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway (June 6).
 * 1943: Japan defeated at Guadalcanal campaign (February 9) and Battle of Tarawa (November 23).
 * 1944: Japan defeated at Battle of Saipan (July 9). Tojo resigns and Kuniaki Koiso becomes prime minister (July 22).
 * 1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Manila massacre. Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki bomb (August 9). Telegram sent to Allied Nations agreeing Potsdam terms (7am August 10). USSR declares war on Japan (August 8) and invades Manchuria (August 9) and break through at the Battle of Mutanchiang (August 12–16). Hirohito broadcasts Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration (August 15). The official surrender ceremony in Tokyo bay follows on September 2: Occupation of Japan begins (until April 28, 1952, upon the Treaty of San Francisco).

References and further reading

 * Bassford, Christopher. (1994). Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508383-5
 * Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32027-5
 * Dower, John W. (1995). Japan in War & Peace. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-279-3
 * Kitaoka, Shin'ichi. "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited." Journal of Military History 57.5 (1993): 67+.
 * Martin, Bernd. (1995). Japan and Germany in the modern world. Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-047-2
 * Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005). Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017736-7
 * Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1
 * Kitaoka, Shin'ichi. "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited." Journal of Military History 57.5 (1993): 67+.
 * Martin, Bernd. (1995). Japan and Germany in the modern world. Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-047-2
 * Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005). Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017736-7
 * Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1
 * Martin, Bernd. (1995). Japan and Germany in the modern world. Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-047-2
 * Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005). Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017736-7
 * Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1
 * Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1
 * Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-348-1

title: Japanese militarism


text:
List of prime ministers of Canada by birthdate, birthplace, and age

This is a list of the prime ministers of Canada by date, birthplace, and age. Twenty–three people have served as Prime Minister of Canada since the office came into existence in 1867.

Nineteen of Canada's prime ministers have been born in Canada. Four of Canada's prime ministers have been born outside Canada: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, Mackenzie Bowell, and John Turner.