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Fossa (animal)

The fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox;  or  ; ) is a slender, long-tailed, cat-like mammal that is endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the carnivoran family Eupleridae.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar, as it has convergently evolved many cat-like features. Adults have a head-body length of 70 - 80 cm and weigh between 5.5 and 8.6 kg, with the males larger than the females. It has semi-retractable claws (meaning it can extend but not retract its claws fully) and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and also support jumping from tree to tree. A larger relative of the species, Cryptoprocta spelea, probably became extinct before 1400.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found solely in forested habitat, and actively hunts both by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates found on the island; tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also documented as prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born altricial (blind and toothless). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their fady taboo. The greatest threat to the fossa is habitat destruction.

Its taxonomic classification has been controversial because its physical traits resemble those of cats, yet other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids. Its classification, along with that of the other Malagasy carnivores, influenced hypotheses about how many times mammalian carnivores have colonized Madagascar. With genetic studies demonstrating that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are most closely related to each other forming a clade, recognized as the family Eupleridae, carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once, around 18–20 million years ago.

Etymology
The generic name Cryptoprocta refers to how the animal's anus is hidden by its anal pouch, from the Ancient Greek words crypto- "hidden", and procta "anus". The species name ferox is the Latin adjective "fierce" or "wild". Its common name comes from the word fosa in Malagasy, an Austronesian language, and some authors have adopted the Malagasy spelling in English.

The word is similar to posa (meaning "cat") in the Iban language (another Austronesian language) from Borneo, and both terms may derive from trade languages from the 1600s. However, an alternative etymology suggests a link to another word that comes from Malay: pusa refers to the Malayan weasel (Mustela nudipes). The Malay word pusa could have become posa for cats in Borneo, while in Madagascar the word could have become fosa to refer to the fossa.

Taxonomy
The fossa was formally described by Edward Turner Bennett on the basis of a specimen from Madagascar sent by Charles Telfair in 1833. The common name is the same as the generic name of the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana), but they are different species. Because of shared physical traits with viverrids, mongooses, and Felidae, its classification has been controversial. Bennett originally placed the fossa as a type of civet in the family Viverridae, a classification that long remained popular among taxonomists. Its compact braincase, large eye sockets, retractable claws, and specialized carnivorous dentition have also led some taxonomists to associate it with the felids. In 1939, William King Gregory and Milo Hellman placed the fossa in its own subfamily within Felidae, the Cryptoproctinae. George Gaylord Simpson placed it back in Viverridae in 1945, still within its own subfamily, yet conceded it had many cat-like characteristics.

In 1993, Géraldine Veron and François Catzeflis published a DNA hybridization study suggesting that the fossa was more closely related to mongooses (family Herpestidae) than to cats or civets. However, in 1995, Veron's morphological study once again grouped it with Felidae. In 2003, molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear and mitochondrial genes by Anne Yoder and colleagues showed that all native Malagasy carnivorans share a common ancestry that excludes other carnivores (meaning they form a clade, making them monophyletic) and are most closely related to Asian and African Herpestidae. To reflect these relationships, all Malagasy carnivorans are now placed in a single family, Eupleridae. Within Eupleridae, the fossa is placed in the subfamily Euplerinae along with the falanouc (Eupleres goudoti) and Malagasy civet, but its exact relationships are poorly resolved.

An extinct relative of the fossa was described in 1902 from subfossil remains and recognized as a separate species, Cryptoprocta spelea, in 1935. This species was larger than the living fossa (with a body mass estimate roughly twice as great), but otherwise similar. Across Madagascar, people distinguish two kinds of fossa—a large fosa mainty ("black fossa") and the smaller fosa mena ("reddish fossa")—and a white form has been reported in the southwest. It is unclear whether this is purely folklore or individual variation—related to sex, age or instances of melanism and leucism—or whether there is indeed more than one species of living fossa.

Description
The fossa appears as a diminutive form of a large felid, such as a cougar, but with a slender body and muscular limbs, and a tail nearly as long as the rest of the body. It has a mongoose-like head, relatively longer than that of a cat, although with a muzzle that is broad and short, and with large but rounded ears. It has medium brown eyes set relatively wide apart with pupils that contract to slits. Like many carnivorans that hunt at night, its eyes reflect light; the reflected light is orange in hue. Its head-body length is 70 - 80 cm and its tail is 65 - 70 cm long. There is some sexual dimorphism, with adult males (weighing 6.2 –) being larger than females (5.5 –). Smaller individuals are typically found north and east on Madagascar, larger ones to the south and west. Unusually large individuals weighing up to 20 kg have been reported, but there is some doubt as to the reliability of the measurements. The fossa can smell, hear, and see well. It is a robust animal and illnesses are rare in captive fossas.

Both males and females have short, straight fur that is relatively dense and without spots or patterns. Both sexes are generally a reddish-brown dorsally and colored a dirty cream ventrally. When in rut, they may have an orange coloration to their abdomen from a reddish substance secreted by a chest gland, but this has not been consistently observed by all researchers. The tail tends to be lighter in coloration than the sides. Juveniles are either gray or nearly white.

Several of the animal's physical features are adaptions to climbing through trees. It uses its tail to assist balance and has semi-retractable claws that it uses to climb trees in its search for prey. It has semiplantigrade feet, switching between a plantigrade-like gait (when arboreal) and a digitigrade-like one (when terrestrial). The soles of its paws are nearly bare and covered with strong pads. The fossa has very flexible ankles that allow it to readily grasp tree trunks so as to climb up or down trees head first or to leap to another tree. Captive juveniles have been known to swing upside down by their hindfeet from knotted ropes.

The fossa has several scent glands, although the glands are less developed in females. Like herpestids it has a perianal skin gland inside an anal sac which surrounds the anus like a pocket. The pocket opens to the exterior with a horizontal slit below the tail. Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no prescrotal glands.

External genitalia
One of the more peculiar physical features of this species is its external genitalia. The fossa is unique within its family for the shape of its genitalia, which share traits with those of cats and hyenas. The male fossa has an unusually long penis and baculum (penis bone), reaching to between his forelegs when erect, with an average thickness of 20 mm. The glans extends about halfway down the shaft and is spiny except at the tip. In comparison, the glans of felids is short and spiny, while that of viverrids is smooth and long. The female fossa exhibits transient masculinization, starting at about 1–2 years of age, developing an enlarged, spiny clitoris that resembles a male's penis. The enlarged clitoris is supported by an os clitoridis, which decreases in size as the animal grows. The females do not have a pseudo-scrotum, but they do secrete an orange substance that colors their underparts, much like the secretions of males.

Hormone levels (testosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone) do not seem to play a part in this transient masculinization, as those levels are the same in masculinized juveniles and non-masculinized adults. It is speculated that the transient masculinization either reduces sexual harassment of juvenile females by adult males, or reduces aggression from territorial females. While females of other mammal species (such as the spotted hyena) have a pseudo-penis, no other is known to diminish in size as the animal grows.

Comparison with related carnivorans
Overall, the fossa has features in common with three different carnivoran families, leading researchers to place it and other members of Eupleridae alternatively in Herpestidae, Viverridae, and Felidae. Felid features are primarily those associated with eating and digestion, including tooth shape and facial portions of the skull, the tongue, and the digestive tract, typical of its exclusively carnivorous diet. The remainder of the skull most closely resembles skulls of genus Viverra, while the general body structure is most similar to that of various members of Herpestidae. The permanent dentition is (three incisors, one canine, three or four premolars, and one molar on each side of both the upper and lower jaws), with the deciduous formula being similar but lacking the fourth premolar and the molar.

The fossa has a large, prominent rhinarium similar to that of viverrids, but has comparatively larger, round ears, almost as large as those of a similarly sized felid. Its facial vibrissae (whiskers) are long, with the longest being longer than its head. Like some mongoose genera, particularly Galidia (which is now in the fossa's own family, Eupleridae) and Herpestes (of Herpestidae), it has carpal vibrissae as well. Its claws are retractile, but unlike those of Felidae species, they are not hidden in skin sheaths. It has three pairs of nipples (one inguinal, one ventral, and one pectoral).

Habitat and distribution
The fossa has the most widespread geographical range of the Malagasy carnivores, and is generally found in low numbers throughout the island in remaining tracts of forest, preferring pristine undisturbed forest habitat. It is also encountered in some degraded forests, but in lower numbers. Although the fossa is found in all known forest habitats throughout Madagascar, including the western dry deciduous forests, the eastern rainforests, and the southern spiny forests, it is seen more frequently in humid than in dry forests. This may be because the reduced canopy in dry forests provides less shade, and also because the fossa seems to travel more easily in humid forests. It is absent from areas with the heaviest habitat disturbance and, like most of Madagascar's fauna, from the central high plateau of the country.

The fossa has been found across several different elevational gradients in undisturbed portions of protected areas throughout Madagascar. In the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, evidence of the fossa has been reported at four different sites ranging from 810 to 1625 m. Its highest known occurrence was reported at 2000 m; its presence high on the Andringitra Massif was subsequently confirmed in 1996. Similarly, evidence has been reported of the fossa at the elevational extremes of 440 m and 1875 m in the Andohahela National Park. The presence of the fossa at these locations indicates its ability to adapt to various elevations, consistent with its reported distribution in all Madagascar forest types.

Behavior
The fossa is active during both the day and the night and is considered cathemeral; activity peaks may occur early in the morning, late in the afternoon, and late in the night. The animal generally does not reuse sleeping sites, but females with young do return to the same den. The home ranges of male fossas in Kirindy Forest are up to 26 km2 large, compared to 13 km2 for females. These ranges overlap—by about 30 percent according to data from the eastern forests—but females usually have separated ranges. Home ranges grow during the dry season, perhaps because less food and water is available. In general, radio-collared fossas travel between 2 and 5 km per day, although in one reported case a fossa was observed moving a straight-line distance of 7 km in 16 hours.

The animal's population density appears to be low: in Kirindy Forest, where it is thought to be common, its density has been estimated at one animal per 4 km2 in 1998. Another study in the same forest between 1994 and 1996 using the mark and recapture method indicated a population density of one animal per 3.8 km2 and one adult per 5.6 km2.

Except for mothers with young and occasional observations of pairs of males, animals are usually found alone, so that the species is considered solitary. A 2009 publication, however, reported a detailed observation of cooperative hunting, wherein three male fossas hunted a 3 kg sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) for 45 minutes, and subsequently shared the prey. This behavior may be a vestige of cooperative hunting that would have been required to take down larger recently extinct lemurs.

Fossas communicate using sounds, scents, and visual signals. Vocalizations include purring, a threatening call, and a call of fear, consisting of "repeated loud, coarse inhalations and gasps of breath". A long, high yelp may function to attract other fossas. Females mew during mating and males produce a sigh when they have found a female. Throughout the year, animals produce long-lasting scent marks on rocks, trees, and the ground using glands in the anal region and on the chest. They also communicate using face and body expression, but the significance of these signals is uncertain. The animal is aggressive only during mating, and males in particular fight boldly. After a short fight, the loser flees and is followed by the winner for a short distance. In captivity, fossas are usually not aggressive and sometimes even allow themselves to be stroked by a zookeeper, but adult males in particular may try to bite.

Diet
The fossa is a carnivore that hunts small to medium-sized animals. One of eight carnivorous species endemic to Madagascar, the fossa is the island's largest surviving endemic terrestrial mammal and the only predator capable of preying upon adults of all extant lemur species, the largest of which can weigh as much as 90 percent of the weight of the average fossa. Although it is the predominant predator of lemurs, reports of its dietary habits demonstrate a wide variety of prey selectivity and specialization depending on habitat and season; diet does not vary by sex. While the fossa is thought to be a lemur specialist in Ranomafana National Park, its diet is more variable in other rain forest habitats.

The diet of the fossa in the wild has been studied by analyzing their distinctive scats, which resemble gray cylinders with twisted ends and measure 10 – long by 1.5 – thick. Scat collected and analyzed from both Andohahela and Andringitra contained lemur matter and rodents. Eastern populations in Andringitra incorporate the widest recorded variety of prey, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates consumed ranged from reptiles to a wide variety of birds, including both understory and ground birds, and mammals, including insectivores, rodents, and lemurs. Invertebrates eaten by the fossa in the high mountain zone of Andringitra include insects and crabs. One study found that vertebrates comprised 94% of the diet of fossas, with lemurs comprising over 50%, followed by tenrecs (9%), lizards (9%), and birds (2%). Seeds, which comprised 5% of the diet, may have been in the stomachs of the lemurs eaten, or may have been consumed with fruit taken for water, as seeds were more common in the stomach in the dry season. The average prey size varies geographically; it is only 40 g in the high mountains of Andringitra, in contrast to 480 g in humid forests and over 1000 g in dry deciduous forests. In a study of fossa diet in the dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar, more than 90% of prey items were vertebrates, and more than 50% were lemurs. The primary diet consisted of approximately six lemur species and two or three spiny tenrec species, along with snakes and small mammals. Generally, the fossa preys upon larger lemurs and rodents in preference to smaller ones.

Prey is obtained by hunting either on the ground or in the trees. During the non-breeding season the fossa hunts individually, but during the breeding season hunting parties may be seen, and these may be pairs or later on mothers and young. One member of the group scales a tree and chases the lemurs from tree to tree, forcing them down to the ground where the other is easily able to capture them. The fossa is known to eviscerate its larger lemur prey, a trait that, along with its distinct scat, helps identify its kills. Long-term observations of the fossa's predation patterns on rainforest sifakas suggest that the fossa hunts in a subsection of their range until prey density is decreased, then moves on. The fossa has been reported to prey on domestic animals, such as goats and small calves, and especially chickens. Food taken in captivity includes amphibians, birds, insects, reptiles, and small- to medium-sized mammals.

This wide variety of prey items taken in various rainforest habitats is similar to the varied dietary composition noted occurring in the dry forests of western Madagascar, as well. As the largest endemic predator on Madagascar, this dietary flexibility combined with a flexible activity pattern has allowed it to exploit a wide variety of niches available throughout the island, making it a potential keystone species for the Madagascar ecosystems.

Breeding

Fossas have a polyandrous mating system. Most of the details of reproduction in wild populations are from the western dry deciduous forests; determining whether certain of these details are applicable to eastern populations will require further field research. Mating typically occurs during September and October, although there are reports of its occurring as late as December, and can be highly conspicuous. In captivity in the Northern Hemisphere, fossas instead mate in the northern spring, from March to July. Intromission usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs about 20 m off the ground. Frequently the same tree is used year after year, with remarkable precision as to the date the season commences. Trees are often near a water source, and have limbs strong enough and wide enough to support the mating pair, about 20 cm wide. Some mating has been reported on the ground as well.

As many as eight males will be at a mating site, staying in close vicinity to the receptive female. The female seems to choose the male she mates with, and the males compete for the attention of the female with a significant amount of vocalization and antagonistic interactions. The female may choose to mate with several of the males, and her choice of mate does not seem to have any correlation to the physical appearance of the males. To stimulate the male to mount her, she gives a series of mewling vocalizations. The male mounts from behind, resting his body on her slightly off-center, a position requiring delicate balance; if the female were to stand, the male would have significant difficulty continuing. He places his paws on her shoulders or grasps her around the waist and often licks her neck. Mating may last for nearly three hours. This unusually lengthy mating is due to the physical nature of the male's erect penis, which has backwards-pointing spines along most of its length.

Fossa mating includes a copulatory tie, which may be enforced by the male's spiny penis. The tie is difficult to break if the mating session is interrupted. Copulation with a single male may be repeated several times, with a total mating time of up to fourteen hours, while the male may remain with the female for up to an hour after the mating. A single female may occupy the tree for up to a week, mating with multiple males over that time. Also, other females may take her place, mating with some of the same males as well as others. This mating strategy, whereby the females monopolize a site and maximize the available number of mates, seems to be unique among carnivores. Recent research suggests that this system helps the fossa overcome factors which would normally impede mate-finding, such as low population density and lack of den use.

The birthing of the litter of one to six (typically two to four) takes place in a concealed location, such as an underground den, a termite mound, a rock crevice, or in the hollow of a large tree (particularly those of the genus Commiphora). Contrary to older research, litters are of mixed sexes. Young are born in December or January, making the gestation period 90 days, with the late mating reports indicating a gestational period of about six to seven weeks. The newborns are blind and toothless and weigh no more than 100 g. The fur is thin and has been described as gray-brown or nearly white. After about two weeks the cubs' eyes open, they become more active, and their fur darkens to a pearl gray. The cubs do not take solid food until three months old, and do not leave the den until they are 4.5 months old; they are weaned shortly after that. After the first year, the juveniles are independent of their mother. Permanent teeth appear at 18 to 20 months. Physical maturity is reached by about two years of age, but sexual maturity is not attained for another year or two, and the young may stay with their mother until they are fully mature. Lifespan in captivity is up to or past 20 years of age, possibly due to the slow juvenile development.

Human interactions
The fossa has been assessed as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN Red List since 2008, as its population size has probably declined by at least 30 percent between 1987 and 2008; previous assessments have included "Endangered" (2000) and "Insufficiently Known" (1988, 1990, 1994). The species is dependent on forest and thus threatened by the widespread destruction of Madagascar's native forest but is also able to persist in disturbed areas. A suite of microsatellite markers (short segments of DNA that have a repeated sequence) have been developed to help aid in studies of genetic health and population dynamics of both captive and wild fossas. Several pathogens have been isolated from the fossa, some of which, such as anthrax and canine distemper, are thought to have been transmitted by feral dogs or cats. Toxoplasma gondii was reported in a captive fossa in 2013.

Although the species is widely distributed, it is locally rare in all regions, making fossas particularly vulnerable to extinction. The effects of habitat fragmentation increase the risk. For its size, the fossa has a lower than predicted population density, which is further threatened by Madagascar's rapidly disappearing forests and dwindling populations of lemurs, which make up a high proportion of its diet. The loss of the fossa, either locally or completely, could significantly impact ecosystem dynamics, possibly leading to over-grazing by some of its prey species. The total population of the fossa living within protected areas is estimated at less than 2,500 adults, but this may be an overestimate.

Only two protected areas are thought to contain 500 or more adult fossas: Masoala National Park and Midongy-Sud National Park, although these are also thought to be overestimated. Too little population information has been collected for a formal population viability analysis, but estimates suggest that none of the protected areas support a viable population. If this is correct, the extinction of the fossa may take as much as 100 years to occur as the species gradually declines. In order for the species to survive, it is estimated that at least 555 km2 is needed to maintain smaller, short-term viable populations, and at least 2000 km2 for populations of 500 adults.

Taboo, known in Madagascar as fady, offers protection for the fossa and other carnivores. In the Marolambo District (part of the Atsinanana region in Toamasina Province), the fossa has traditionally been hated and feared as a dangerous animal. It has been described as "greedy and aggressive", known for taking fowl and piglets, and believed to "take little children who walk alone into the forest". Some do not eat it for fear that it will transfer its undesirable qualities to anyone who consumes it. However, the animal is also taken for bushmeat; a study published in 2009 reported that 57 percent of villages (8 of 14 sampled) in the Makira forest consume fossa meat. The animals were typically hunted using slingshots, with dogs, or most commonly, by placing snare traps on animal paths. Near Ranomafana National Park, the fossa, along with several of its smaller cousins and the introduced small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), are known to "scavenge on the bodies of ancestors", which are buried in shallow graves in the forest. For this reason, eating these animals is strictly prohibited by fady. However, if they wander into villages in search of domestic fowl, they may be killed or trapped. Small carnivore traps have been observed near chicken runs in the village of Vohiparara.

Fossas are occasionally held in captivity in zoos. They first bred in captivity in 1974 in the zoo of Montpellier, France. The next year, at a time when there were only eight fossas in the world's zoos, the Duisburg Zoo in Germany acquired one; this zoo later started a successful breeding program, and most zoo fossas now descend from the Duisburg population. Research on the Duisburg fossas has provided much data about their biology.

The fossa was depicted as an antagonist in the 2005 DreamWorks animated film Madagascar, being referred to as the "foosa", and accurately shown as the lemurs' most feared predator.

title: Fossa (animal)


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149 (number)

149 (one hundred [and] forty-nine) is the natural number between 148 and 150.

In mathematics
149 is the 35th prime number, the first prime whose difference from the previous prime is exactly 10, an emirp, and an irregular prime. After 1 and 127, it is the third smallest de Polignac number, an odd number that cannot be represented as a prime plus a power of two. More strongly, after 1, it is the second smallest number that is not a sum of two prime powers.

It is a tribonacci number, being the sum of the three preceding terms, 24, 44, 81.

There are exactly 149 integer points in a closed circular disk of radius 7, and exactly 149 ways of placing six queens (the maximum possible) on a 5 × 5 chess board so that each queen attacks exactly one other. The barycentric subdivision of a tetrahedron produces an abstract simplicial complex with exactly 149 simplices.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 149 (number)


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Kimberley Conrad

Kimberley Conrad (born Kimberley Conradt; August 6, 1962) is an American model. She was chosen as Playboy's Playmate of the Month in January 1988 and became Playmate of the Year 1989. Conrad was Hugh Hefner's second wife and is mother to two of his four children. In 2017, at the age of 55, she duplicated her Playmate of the Year cover along with Renee Tenison, Candace Collins, Lisa Matthews, Cathy St. George, Charlotte Kemp, and Monique St. Pierre nearly three decades on.

Marriage to Hugh Hefner
Conrad's marriage to Playboy founder Hugh Hefner in July 1989 drew worldwide media attention. The comic strip Doonesbury referred to the event as the belated end of the 1970s. The Hefners had two sons together: Marston Glenn Hefner (who shares his birthday with his father: April 9, 1990) and Cooper Bradford Hefner (September 4, 1991). Conrad transformed the Playboy Mansion into a more traditional household for her children.

After nine years of marriage, Conrad and Hefner separated although remained legally married. Hugh Hefner was quoted, "I would've been happy to divorce her when we separated, but she wanted to remain married for our boys." Conrad then moved into a house next door to the Playboy Mansion. After an 11-year separation, Hefner filed for divorce stating irreconcilable differences in September 2009 after his youngest child turned 18; the divorce was finalized in March 2010.

title: Kimberley Conrad


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Talk:Penélope Cruz

Serie rose episode date
During the opening credits of the episode in which Penelope Cruz appears, "Elle et Lui", the copyright year is displayed as 1990, not 1991. 2600:1700:220:2730:7972:736:D000:B27F (talk) 12:52, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm definitely not an expert, but would assume the 1990 copyright date is based on when it was filmed. The 1991 date is when it was released. --Onorem (talk) 15:06, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penélope Cruz


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Wenlock Priory

Wenlock Priory, or St Milburga's Priory, is a ruined 12th-century monastery, located in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, at. Roger de Montgomery re-founded the Priory as a Cluniac house between 1079 and 1082, on the site of an earlier 7th-century monastery. In 1101 bones, believed to be those of Saint Milburga, were discovered beneath the floor of the old church. The relics were ceremoniously translated to the main monastery church.

Parts of the building became a house later known as "Wenlock Abbey", which is privately owned, but most of Wenlock Priory is open to the public under the care of English Heritage and is used mostly for recreational purposes. The grounds have a collection of topiary; the gardens are listed Grade II in Historic England's Register of Parks and Gardens.

Early history
Merewalh, King of the Magonsaete, a sub-kingdom of Mercia, founded the original Anglo-Saxon monastery here circa 680, and Merewalh's daughter Milburga became its second abbess, and was later canonised. At that time called "Wimnicas" it was a double monastery, housing both monks and nuns. After her death in 715, however, little is historically known of the monastery until the Norman Conquest, although It is known that at the end of the ninth century, in 901 Æthelflæd (daughter of Alfred the Great) and Æthelred gave land and a golden chalice weighing thirty mancuses to the shrine of Saint Mildburg. The priory continued to be inhabited by monks at least until the mid 11th century, when endowments were made by Leofric, Earl of Mercia.

Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, was one of the great Norman lords during William the Conqueror's reign. He re-founded Wenlock as a Cluniac house, bringing monks from La Charité-sur-Loire in central France. The monastery was established by 1086, when it is recorded in the Domesday Book.

In 1101, repairs were being made to the Holy Trinity Church, probably the original nuns' church, and bones were found under the floor of the church. These were believed to be those of Saint Milburga, and were transferred to the main monastery church. The story of the discovery is told in the Miracula Inventionis Beate Mylburge Virginis, attributed to Odo, Cardinal bishop of Ostia. Shortly after this, Goscelin of St. Bertin wrote a life of the saint, which together with miracles recorded at her shrine revived a local cult which endured through the Middle Ages.

By 1170, the monastery was able to send a prior and twelve monks to found the daughter house of Paisley Abbey in Scotland. Other dependent priories established around this time were Dudley Priory, St Helen's Priory and Church Preen.

The monastery church was rebuilt between the late 12th and mid 13th-Centuries. The visible remains of the church largely date to this period. Pevsner suggests a date of completion of 1200–1240 on stylistic grounds. King Henry III stayed at Wenlock on several occasions in the 1230s, and made numerous gifts to the priory. There are charges recorded for transporting wine to Wenlock for the king's visits. The Prior at this time was Humbert, and he travelled to Wales several times as the King's envoy.

The town of Much Wenlock formed gradually around the priory. The town is made up of a small network of intricate, narrow streets lined with timber-framed black and white buildings. Within the town is the well of St Milburga of Wenlock, which was said to have cured sight impairments and helped Victorian women find a suitor.

Dissolution
The monastery was dissolved on January 26, 1540. Proposals had been made for creating a new diocese, with the church at Wenlock becoming a cathedral, as happened at Gloucester, but these were not implemented, and most of the buildings were destroyed. The late 15th-century Prior's House and the adjoining infirmary building were converted into a private residence later known as "Wenlock Abbey".

Description of the site

The layout of the church and monastic buildings is clearly visible. The arrangement is conventional, with a cruciform church, a cloister to the south of the nave of the church, and the monastic buildings around the cloister. Of the church, the south transept, the west wall of the north transept, and the south-west three bays of the nave stand to their full height. Of the monastic buildings, there are substantial remains of the chapter-house, the library, and the lavatorium, while part of the later infirmary and prior's lodging have been converted to a private house.

The South Transept is the best-preserved part of the church. The east wall has an arcade of three arches which opened into chapels. Above this is a triforium passage with paired lancets and a clerestory with a single window in each bay, also with a wall-passage. The south wall has two blank arches, three blank lancets above, then three stepped lancet windows above that. A single lancet is in the upper part of the gable. The west wall is mostly blank at the lower level, with triforium and clerestory above. Near the crossing is a laver or water stoup, with three blank arches, and the remains of a pipe-channel and drain. The west wall of the North Transept has a single surviving complete bay, similar in layout to the south transept. A blocked door leads to the remains of the sacristy on the west side of the transept, which has three large arched recesses and a crypt. The transepts, like the rest of the church, were vaulted as can be seen from the remains of the vaulting shafts.

Three bays of the south-west part of the Nave survive. This shows an unusual design as a room has been constructed above the aisle vaults, requiring them to be lower than in the rest of the church. The function of this vaulted space is not known. Graham (1965) suggests, by analogy with other Cluniac houses including Cluny itself, that it was a chapel to St Michael.. However, there is no evidence of the existence of an altar.

Little survives of the Cloister itself. The Library opens from the west wall of the south transept, with a single original arched opening, and two later flanking arches. South of this, three round arches with zigzag ornament lead into the Norman Chapter House of about 1150–1180. This is decorated with three levels of intersecting round arches, a common motif in chapter houses of this period. The vaulting shafts show that the chapter house was vaulted in three bays. In the cloister garth are the remains of a Lavabo, a place for the monks to wash. The base and the foundations of the surrounding pavilion can be seen. The base has two well-preserved carved stone panels from the late 12th century, showing scenes from the lives of the Apostles.

South of the chapter house, are the Infirmary and the Prior's Lodging now forming an L-shaped private house, described by Pevsner as "one of the finest examples of domestic architecture in England about the year 1500".

title: Wenlock Priory


text:
SNH

SNH may refer to:
 * Scottish Natural Heritage
 * Stanthorpe Airport, IATA airport code "SNH"
 * Organotin hydrides R4−nSnHn in organotin chemistry
 * SNH48

title: SNH


text:
Talk:Shiny Happy People

Confusing/clumsy analysis
The paragraph that begins "The song is supposedly an ironic reference..." is so confusing that I'm not sure what it means. Maybe it could be cleaned up? Alexbook (talk) 16:35, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Given REM are not overly-keen on simple or direct lyrics, then this song only works as an ironic comment on the phony nature of advert-land or 'nice' middle-class people. For can anyone see REM making just another shiny happy pop song? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.20.225.45 (talk) 14:28, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

doth R.E.M. protest too much?
"a thorn in the flesh of the band, all of whom seem to hate it violently." I'd like to see a source for this assertion. R.E.M. isn't as deadly serious as U2 (for example). The song is chirpy and they did play it on Saturday Night Live; it ain't no bovine excrement like Afternoon Delight. One could argue that Radio Song, also from Out of Time and Pop Song 89 and Stand from Green are equally dumb, so what's prob? – Fantailfan 12:08, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Think it was Buck that said they liked Stand for its silliness, but Shiny Happy People was too far. --Dandelions 14:20, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Mr. Buck is subject to changes of opinions about his/their work, and expresses all of them freely. Perhaps we could get a source. --Fantailfan 14:22, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, I think they don't have it on In Time (as they don't have Radio Song) because the songs had Kate Pierson and KRS-One on them respectively, and they wanted only 100% pure R.E.M. on it. I don't know that, just my opinion (which I removed from the OOT article). --Fantailfan 14:24, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Why I removed "Wussiest" and Tianamen Square Refs
On 'Wussism': It may be properly referenced, but it is silly (non-notable). It is trivial in its most ephemeral sense and does not belong on the page. On Tiananmen Square: no source was ever cited. Fantailfan 00:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've got to disagree. It shows a differing opinion of the song. 67.71.76.2 23:51, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I just removed the Tiananmen Square reference again as five years later it still doesn't have any source. - GrahamStw (talk) 17:33, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

about Prozac
A programme on UK telly last night said the song is said by the artists/fans to be about Prozac. It didn't mention Tianamen Square at all. But I can't seem to find a source for that.Merkinsmum 14:45, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I just saw that programme, interesting. Gavin (talk) 22:28, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Tony Sidaway's recent edits here
I've done a Wikipedia job on this article.

These are the bits I removed totally:
 * Although a top ten hit, it was excluded from the band's 2003 'Best Of' album In Time; this was reportedly a deliberate decision by Michael Stipe, who once mentioned his dislike of the song in an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast.
 * Shiny Happy People is supposedly an ironic reference to a piece of roughly translated Chinese propaganda regarding the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, two years before the song was released.

 * If you see an unsourced sentence on Wikipedia using weasel words like "supposedly", "allegedly", "reportedly", and whatnot, remove it. This is an encyclopedia, not a gossip tank where we collect together our personal opinions and things we read somewhere on the internet.

This is a bit I moved from the lede to its own section:

 * The song appeared in Michael Moore's anti-war/Bush film Fahrenheit 9/11 during footage of George H. W. Bush visiting the Saud family. Moore had previously directed the video to "All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star)" for R.E.M. The song also appeared in the movie Tropa de Elite, released in August 2007, and in the movie Marley & Me, released in December 2008. The song was also originally going to be the opening theme song for the hit sitcom Friends, but it was later decided they would use "I'll Be There for You".

I should have removed it but sometimes I'm as soft as shite. Source it properly or delete it. Every single bit must be sourced. --TS 23:40, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Chinese propaganda reference
The song supposedly refers to a Chinese propganda poster. Has anyone ever seen a picture of this poster? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.225.212.147 (talk) 14:41, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

I have found a poster that could be the inspiration. The translation is rather different, but I can see how it could be, sort of, almost, be mistranslated as "Shiny Happy People Holding Hands"

http://library.hkbu.edu.hk/electronic/arts/chinese-propaganda-posters/all/086.html

各族人民大团结万岁, if you want to translate it for yourself.

I have had Chinese natives translate it as "People of all ethnic groups will be united". But none of the characters are similar to "shiny", I can see "united in solidarity" being translated as holding hands. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.9.240.146 (talk) 05:03, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Note that the background of the music video has that sorts of Seasame Street ethnic diversity, similar to the message of the poster. This poster if from the 80's so the timeline matches, of course its based on Cultural Revolutions slogans, so well before the 1989 massacre. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.9.240.146 (talk) 05:12, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

 * None of this supports the assertions, which are not backed up by any direct evidence (that I have seen), that the song was inspired by such a poster (or anything related to China). It is very surprising that these references remain the article, and attempts to remove them are reverted. How can the burden be on folks to "prove the negative" when pointing out that there is no support for the claims? I would defer to this 2021 article in Vulture, which says: "there's not a verified quote from Stipe or any other R.E.M. member that supports this theory." (https://www.vulture.com/2021/03/interview-kate-pierson-shiny-happy-people-rem.html) 76.202.64.12 (talk) 16:24, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Song Meaning: Benzedrine references
I just added a section to the article (in this revision) discussing the meaning of the song, but this was promptly reverted by Koavf as per WP:NOR.

The REM fans that I know, interpret the overly euphoric tone and the lyrics "Put it in your hands/Take it take it...Gold and silver shine" as a clear reference to the recreational drug abuse of the amphetamine Benzedrine, which comes in packaging with a "gold and silver shine" (see the picture in that article) and produces a "happy" euphoria effect in users. Benzedrine is mentioned by name in the lyrics of "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" so was obviously known to the band.

This seems pretty clear cut to me, but I can't find any external articles on it to cite, so I can't satisfy WP:NOR at this time. Hopefully someone else has more luck turning up references. - GrahamStw (talk) 20:05, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It seems more like REM decided to use a secondary reference in a song where the PRIMARY focus is NOT Benzedrine. It's more like an aside. The small reference does not automatically mean the song is ONLY about Benzedrine and NOT AT ALL about how Chinese propoganda tried to spin Tienemn Jersey John (talk) 22:03, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

The trouble is John, the claims about it referencing Chinese propaganda have no source either and Googling it finds nothing except references on other sites back to the same wiki articles. The lyrics make no mention of China, squares, protests, students, tanks or oppression. The only supposed link is that a piece of Chinese propaganda, which no one has found yet, apparently translates badly to "shining happy people holding hands". You've got to admit - that's pretty obscure! If anything I'd say that small reference was the "aside" and the main thrust of the song is about Benzedrine, which has far clearer references in the lyrics. Perhaps the idea was to provide contrast: the euphoric bennies users happily bouncing, oblivious to what is happening to people the same age as them in China? - GrahamStw (talk) 10:02, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Shiny Happy People. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060826070723/http://music.aol.com:80/feature/111-wussiest-songs-number-1 to http://music.aol.com/feature/111-wussiest-songs-number-1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080430231429/http://www.blender.com:80/guide/articles.aspx?id=786 to http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=786

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:47, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Woman's voice
I am sure that I have heard a woman's voice singing on the song. Does anybody know who the woman is? If there is a woman singing on the song, naming the woman would make an interesting addition to the article. Vorbee (talk) 16:20, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It's in the first paragraph of the article, along with several mentions throughout and a listing under "Additional musicians". - Sum mer PhD v2.0 17:55, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Ordering
Several session musicians play on this song, as well as two people who were not session musicians: Kate Pierson and Peter Holzapple. Why are the credits simply in alphabetical order instead of, perhaps, sorting Pierson and Holzapple into a "with" credit and then listing the session musicians in the "additional" credit? Including the featured performers with the session musicians is exactly what led to the preceding question. After all, "vocals" (as Pierson is currently credited) could be a random session background singer, not one of the three featured lead vocalists. AyaK (talk) 23:26, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

Really not convinced by the assertions about it being inspired by Chinese propaganda
Yes, there are two references to articles promoting that idea, but neither provides anything to back it up - indeed the quotations therein are at odds with the assertion. This is the woozle effect at work, surely? -- AnotherBunDance (talk) 10:14, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Michael Stipe has definitely BSed in interviews just for his own amusement, but it a source quotation from the lyricist. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 12:15, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you provide the source? I have never seen it. 76.202.64.12 (talk) 16:19, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * We should include discussion of the bizarre theory and how it is disputed, e.g. https://www.vulture.com/2021/03/interview-kate-pierson-shiny-happy-people-rem.html Either removing the theory entirely or leaving uncritically does a disservice to readers. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:21, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks – I actually attempted to do that last night. I'm happy to try again, if we have consensus that this is the right way to make reference to the theory (which I strongly support!). 76.202.64.12 (talk) 17:33, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Update – I have now made the edit! 76.202.64.12 (talk) 20:26, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

But what if this statement - that the song refers to Chinese propganda - turns out to be disinformation? For despite the lack of evidence to back up their point of view, why do these people continue to push/repost what seems to be an anti-Chinese agenda? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.166.169 (talk) 19:00, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia just says what the sources say. Popcornfud (talk) 19:10, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If it turns out to be disinformation, then post a reliable source saying that it's disinformation. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:50, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Then again, if it turns out that all the long-standing objections to the Chinese Govt poster claim cannot be addressed - should not the (dodgy) statement be deleted for good? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.69.169.40 (talk) 19:11, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The fact that numerous sources reported the claim — and that another source reported that they had reported it— is itself notable. Popcornfud (talk) 19:57, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shiny Happy People


text:
Nassau Hall

Nassau Hall, colloquially known as Old Nassau, is the oldest building at Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. In 1783 it served as the United States Capitol building for four months. At the time it was built in 1756, Nassau Hall was the largest building in colonial New Jersey and the largest academic building in the American colonies.

The university, originally known as the College of New Jersey, held classes for one year in Elizabeth and nine years in Newark before the hall was completed in 1756. Designed originally by Robert Smith, the building was subsequently remodeled by notable American architects Benjamin Latrobe, after the 1802 fire, and John Notman, after the 1855 fire. In the early years of Princeton University, Nassau Hall accommodated classrooms, a library, a chapel, and residential space for students and faculty. It housed the university's first Department of Psychology.

During the American Revolutionary War, Nassau Hall was possessed by both British and American forces and suffered considerable damage, especially during the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. From June 30 to November 4, 1783, Princeton was the provisional capital of the United States, and Nassau Hall served as its seat of government. The Congress of the Confederation met in the building's library on the second floor. According to Princeton University, "Here Congress congratulated George Washington on his successful termination of the war, received the news of the signing of the definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain, and welcomed the first foreign minister—from the Netherlands—accredited to the United States."

At present, Nassau Hall houses Princeton University's administrative offices, including that of the university's president. Old Nassau refers affectionately to the building and serves as a metonym for the university as a whole. The U.S. Department of the Interior designated Nassau Hall a National Historic Landmark in 1960, "signifying its importance in the Revolutionary War and in the history of the United States."

Name
When the building was constructed in 1754, the college's board wanted to name it after Jonathan Belcher, the royal governor of New Jersey, but he declined, preferring it to be dedicated "to the immortal memory of the glorious King William III," who hailed from the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau. As a result, the building is known as Nassau Hall.

History

The New Jersey Legislature met for the first time in Nassau Hall on August 27, 1776. British forces occupied Nassau Hall in 1776, and the Continental Army attacked the building during the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. Three cannonballs were fired at the building, but only two made contact. One bounced off the south side of the building; the damage can still be seen today. Another cannonball reportedly flew through a window in the faculty room and "decapitated" a portrait of George II of Great Britain. The cannonball was said to have come from a gun in the artillery company commanded by Alexander Hamilton, who had been rejected by Princeton when he first came to the colonies. The result of the battle was a decisive Patriot victory, and Nassau Hall was retaken by the Americans.

The Congress of the Confederation convened in Nassau Hall for a little more than four months (from June 30, 1783, to November 4, 1783). The normal location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania had to be vacated because of a mutiny by Continental Army soldiers. Starting in 1869, each graduation class adds a new sprig of ivy to grow up the walls of the building. The first U.S. commemorative postage stamp printed on colored paper honored Nassau Hall on its bicentennial. It depicted a front view of Nassau Hall. It was denominated at the first class rate of 3 cents and was on orange paper. It was first issued at Princeton, New Jersey, on September 22, 1956.

Princeton's alma mater

The song Old Nassau was adopted as Princeton University's alma mater (school song) in 1859. The lyrics were written by Harlan Page Peck, a member of Princeton's class of 1862, and first published in the March 1859 issue of Nassau Literary Magazine. The music, originally to be set to the tune of Auld Lang Syne, proved unworkable, and Karl A. Langlotz, a professor of music at Princeton who had studied composition under Franz Liszt, wrote a new melody for the song's lyrics.

Architecture
As described in 1760 in the New American Magazine, "The simple interior design is shown in the plan, where a central corridor provided communication with the students' chambers and recitation rooms, the entrances, and the common prayer hall; and on the second floor, with the library over the central north entrance. The prayer hall was two stories high, measured 32 by 40 feet, and had a balcony at the north end which could be reached from the second-story entry. Partially below ground level, though dimly lighted by windows, was the cellar, which served as kitchen, dining area (beneath the prayer hall), and storeroom. In all there were probably forty rooms for the students, not including those added later in the cellar when a moat was dug to allow additional light and air into that dungeon."

On March 6, 1802, a fire devastated the interior of the hall, leaving only the exterior walls standing and destroying nearly all contents including 2,900 out of the library's 3,000 books. Benjamin H. Latrobe, the first architect professionally trained in the United States and known for his work in the Federal style, oversaw the reconstruction and refused his share of the $42,000 that had been raised for the effort. "The horizontal lintels over the three entrances at the front of the building were replaced with triangular pediments, and the circular window in the central pediment rising from the eves (sic) was replaced with a fanlight."

The hall was gutted by fire once again in March 1855. Reconstruction was carried out by John Notman of Philadelphia in his characteristic Italian Renaissance style, adding an often-criticized cupola and towers along with engineering improvements. Many of his architectural flourishes were removed in later renovations.

title: Nassau Hall


text:
Apeiron (video game)

Apeiron is a Macintosh game developed and released as shareware by Ambrosia Software. An adaptation of the 1980 arcade game Centipede, it was first released on February 11, 1995. In November 2004, a Mac OS X port was made available.

Reception
Writing in the 1996 edition of The Macintosh Bible, Bart Farkas called Apeiron a "classic" and "the best Centipede clone on the market". MacAddict named it one of the Macintosh's essential titles. The magazine's Kathy Tafel cited it as "a cool implementation" of the Centipede formula.

title: Apeiron (video game)


text:
User:Jeanfi

fr:Utilisateur:Jeanfi de:Benutzer:Jeanfi es:Usuario:Jeanfi it:Utente:Jeanfi
 * Name: Jean-Philippe JUAN
 * Born: January 28 1983, Saint-Denis, Réunion
 * Nationality: French
 * Job: Student
 * Lives: Béziers, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon

title: User:Jeanfi


text:
The New York Times Magazine

The New York Times Magazine is an American Sunday magazine included with the Sunday edition of The New York Times. It features articles longer than those typically in the newspaper and has attracted many notable contributors. The magazine is noted for its photography, especially relating to fashion and style.

19th century
Its first issue was published on September 6, 1896, and contained the first photographs ever printed in the newspaper. In the early decades, it was a section of the broadsheet paper and not an insert as it is today. The creation of a "serious" Sunday magazine was part of a massive overhaul of the newspaper instigated that year by its new owner, Adolph Ochs, who also banned fiction, comic strips, and gossip columns from the paper, and is generally credited with saving The New York Times from financial ruin.

In 1897, the magazine published a 16-page spread of photographs documenting Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, a "costly feat" that resulted in a wildly popular issue and helped boost the magazine to success.

20th century
In its early years, The New York Times Magazine began a tradition of publishing the writing of well-known contributors, from W. E. B. Du Bois and Albert Einstein to numerous sitting and future U.S. Presidents. Editor Lester Markel, an "intense and autocratic" journalist who oversaw the Sunday Times from the 1920s through the 1950s, encouraged the idea of the magazine as a forum for ideas. During his tenure, writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, Gertrude Stein, and Tennessee Williams contributed pieces to the magazine. When, in 1970, The New York Times introduced its first op-ed page, the magazine shifted away from publishing as many editorial pieces.

In 1979, the magazine began publishing Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist William Safire's "On Language", a column discussing issues of English grammar, use and etymology. Safire's column steadily gained popularity and by 1990 was generating "more mail than anything else" in the magazine. In 1999, the magazine debuted "The Ethicist", an advice column written by humorist Randy Cohen that quickly became a highly contentious part of the magazine.

21st century
In 2004, The New York Times Magazine began publishing an entire supplement devoted to style. Titled T, the supplement is edited by Deborah Needleman and appears 14 times a year. In 2009, it launched a Qatari Edition as a standalone magazine.

In 2006, the magazine introduced two other supplements: PLAY, a sports magazine published every other month, and KEY, a real estate magazine published twice a year.

In September 2010, as part of a greater effort to reinvigorate the magazine, Times editor Bill Keller hired former staff member and then-editor of Bloomberg Businessweek, Hugo Lindgren, as the editor of The New York Times Magazine.

As part of a series of new staff hires upon assuming his new role, Lindgren first hired then–executive editor of O, The Oprah Magazine Lauren Kern to be his deputy editor and then hired then-editor of TNR.com, The New Republic magazine's website, Greg Veis, to edit the "front of the book" section of the magazine. In December 2010, Lindgren hired Joel Lovell, formerly story editor at GQ magazine, as deputy editor.

In 2011, Kaminer replaced Cohen as the author of the column, and in 2012 Chuck Klosterman replaced Kaminer. Klosterman left in early 2015 to be replaced by a trio of authors, Kenji Yoshino, Amy Bloom, and Jack Shafer, who used a conversational format; Shafer was replaced three months later by Kwame Anthony Appiah, who assumed sole authorship of the column in September 2015. "Consumed", Rob Walker's regular column on consumer culture, debuted in 2004. The Sunday Magazine also features a puzzle page, edited by Will Shortz, that features a crossword puzzle with a larger grid than those featured in the Times during the week, along with other types of puzzles on a rotating basis (including diagramless crossword puzzles and anacrostics).

In January 2012, humorist John Hodgman, who hosts his comedy court show podcast Judge John Hodgman, began writing a regular column "Judge John Hodgman Rules" (formerly "Ask Judge John Hodgman") for "The One-Page Magazine".

In 2014, Jake Silverstein, who had been editor-in-chief at Texas Monthly, replaced Lindgren as editor of the Sunday magazine.

Poetry
U.S. Poet Laureate Natasha Trethewey selects and introduces poems weekly, including from poets Tomas Tranströmer, Carlos Pintado, and Gregory Pardlo.

Puzzles
The magazine features the Sunday version of the crossword puzzle along with other puzzles. The puzzles have been very popular features since their introduction. The Sunday crossword puzzle has more clues and squares and is generally more challenging than its counterparts featured on the other days of the week. Usually, a second puzzle is included with the crossword puzzle. The variety of the second puzzle varies each week. These have included acrostic puzzles, diagramless crossword puzzles, and other puzzles varying from the traditional crossword puzzle.

The puzzles are edited by Will Shortz, the host of the on-air puzzle segment of NPR's Weekend Edition Sunday, introduced as "the puzzlemaster".

The Funny Pages
In the September 18, 2005, issue of the magazine, an editors' note announced the addition of The Funny Pages, a literary section of the magazine intended to "engage our readers in some ways we haven't yet tried—and to acknowledge that it takes many different types of writing to tell the story of our time". Although The Funny Pages is no longer published in the magazine, it was made up of three parts: the Strip (a multipart graphic novel that spanned weeks), the Sunday Serial (a genre fiction serial novel that also spanned weeks), and True-Life Tales (a humorous personal essay, by a different author each week). On July 8, 2007, the magazine stopped printing True-Life Tales.

The section has been criticized for being unfunny, sometimes nonsensical, and excessively highbrow; in a 2006 poll conducted by Gawker.com asking, "Do you now find—or have you ever found—The Funny Pages funny?", 92% of 1824 voters answered "No".

Sunday serials
Of the serial novels, At Risk, Limitations, The Overlook, Gentlemen of the Road, and The Lemur have since been published in book form with added material.

title: The New York Times Magazine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Loose rooster

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Loose rooster
Hoax. Zero google hits for Dick De Marge or Dick DeMarge. RickK 23:59, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete --Xcali 00:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Rationale, please? Pravoka 00:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure. The entire article is a work of fiction.  Xcali 02:14, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I see some google cached references to Loose Rooster, although it may not be the same thing. If it's a hoax, it's an elaborate one. Why not ask the author of this article for some more references to back it up? Pravoka 00:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The "Thundergroin Invitational"? Oh, please. -- BD2412  talk  01:54, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Delete. Believe it or not Randy Thundergroin appears to be for real, but even giving the author the benefit of the doubt on the fact vs. fiction question, I don't think winning local disco dancing competitions meets the notability test for an individual. - DS1953 02:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. The "official" external link goes to some guy's blog hosted on Blogspot, which appears to be about rugby rather than disco; in fact, the word disco does not appear once on the blog's first page of posts. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:53, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. Megan1967 10:35, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax, made me chuckle though. - Jersyko    talk   12:26, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete please because this is a hoax Yuckfoo 16:18, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 09:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Agent Blue

Agent Blue is one of the "rainbow herbicides" that is known for use by the United States during the Vietnam War. It contained a mixture of dimethylarsinic acid (also known as cacodylic acid) and its related salt, sodium cacodylate, and water.

History
Largely inspired by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency, killing rice was a military strategy from the very start of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. At first, US soldiers attempted to blow up rice paddies and rice stocks, using mortars and hand grenades. But grains of rice were far more durable than they understood, and were not easily destroyed. Every grain that survived was a seed to be collected and planted again. A 1967 report to the International War Crimes Tribunal stated that "The soldiers discovered that rice is one of the most maddeningly difficult substances to destroy; using thermite metal grenades it is almost impossible to make it burn and, even if one succeeds in scattering the rice, this does not stop it being harvested by patient men." The purpose of Agent Blue was to kill narrow-leafed plants and trees (grass, rice, bamboo, banana, etc.)

"Operation Ranch Hand" was military code for spraying of herbicides from U.S. Air Force aircraft in Southeast Asia from 1962 through 1971. The widespread use of herbicides in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War was a unique military operation in that it was meant to kill the plants that provided cover. The continued use of Agent Blue and the other "Rainbow Herbicides" by the United States was primarily meant as an operation to take away the enemy's advantage on the terrain as well as deprive them of food.

Between 1962 and 1971, the U.S. used an estimated 20,000,000 U.S.gal of herbicides as chemical weapons for "defoliation and crop destruction" which fell mostly on the forest of South Vietnam, but was eventually used in Laos as well to kill crops in order to deprive the communist Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops of food. It was sprayed on rice paddies and other crops in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of the valuable crops the plants provided. Agent Blue is chemically unrelated to the more infamous Agent Orange and other herbicides used during the war.

Agent Blue, a herbicide containing cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate, was used by the United States military during the Vietnam War to destroy plant life, particularly in rice paddies, which was a major food source for the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. The herbicide caused plants to dry out and become unsuitable for further planting. Agent Blue was also used in areas where the foliage was a hindrance to military operations. The Viet Cong were familiar with the abundant plant life in Vietnam, giving them an advantage in fighting on the battlefield. Approximately 4,000,000 U.S.gal of Agent Blue were used in Vietnam during the war, with delivery of the herbicide primarily done by the Ansul Chemical Company. The US found themselves at a disadvantage and based on the precedent set by the British in Malaya, decided that the best retaliation would be to take the Vietcong's advantage away from them by removing their cover. Along roads, canals, railroads, and other transportation networks, Ranch Hand cleared several hundred yards using the herbicides to make ambushes more difficult for their enemies. In Laos, the herbicide removed the jungle canopy from the roads and trails used for infiltrating men and supplies, making them more vulnerable to attack from the air.

During the Vietnam War, about 4,000,000 U.S.gal of Agent Blue, a herbicide containing 26.4% sodium cacodylate and 4.7% cacodylic acid in water, were used. The Ansul Chemical Company supplied the herbicide Phytar 560 with these chemical compounds from 1965 onwards.

Cacodylic acid is still used on crops throughout the United States. "It has been over twelve years since the last herbicide mission that was done. But there is still big controversy going around about the past missions that were sent out." Arsenical herbicides containing cacodylic acid as an active ingredient are still used today as weed-killers. It sprayed on cotton fields, drying out the cotton plants before harvesting. In 2009, the MSMA uses on athletic fields, parks, residential lawns, forestry, non-bearing fruit and nut trees, and citrus orchards were also canceled.

title: Agent Blue


text:
Jacques Corriveau

Jacques Corriveau (c.  1933 – 23 June 2018) was a Quebec businessperson, owner of the graphic design firm Pluri Design Canada Inc, a long-time Liberal Party of Canada organizer, and convicted criminal. His close ties to the Liberal Party of Canada and his firm's sponsorship program put him and it at the center of the sponsorship scandal, and ultimately resulted in criminal charges.

Corriveau was known for having a very close relationship with once Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien. He first met Chrétien in 1976 and was a participant in Chrétien's failed 1984 bid for Liberal Party leadership. On Chrétien's second bid in 1990, Corriveau was campaign organizer.

Through Pluri Design, Corriveau was the designer of several pavilions at the 1967 Montreal Expo as well as the athletes' village for the 1976 Summer Olympics. The firm also obtained several major printing contracts for Liberal elections posters for the 1993, 1997, and 2000 federal elections.

The Gomery inquiry has found that Pluri Design made a little less than $9 million from sponsorship related contracts. As well, he personally earned roughly $0.5 million as a subcontractor for Groupaction.

In December 2013, Corriveau was charged under the Criminal Code with fraud against the government, forgery, and laundering proceeds of crime. He was subsequently convicted and sentenced to a four-year prison term. He died on June 23, 2018, while his sentence was being appealed.

title: Jacques Corriveau


text:
Talk:Kaźmierczak

Untitled
If we're giving space to every frigging high school on the planet, a common surname ought to rate. Denni ☯ 00:00, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

 * I don't see this as a candidate for speedy deletion, so I'm removing the tag. It should go to VfD if whoever put the tag on feels it should be deleted. SlimVirgin (talk) 00:30, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Non-notable.
This is a linguistics discussion about the root derivative of a name. In English, this would center around names like Robert or John where son is added to the name to indicate the "the son of"; i.e., Robertson or Johnson. The same is true in Spanish with Ramiro; i.e., Ramirez (ez meaing "son of"). If you just follow the English surname example, the Wiki would get littered in a hurry with all the additions. Ronbo76 06:59, 31 December 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right, partially. Surnames and their ethymology should be on Wiktionary, not here. However, the page is useful as a disambiguation page. I will change it accordingly. --B. Wolterding 18:54, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I also removed unsourced statements about the occurrence of this name in Poland. --B. Wolterding 19:01, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaźmierczak


text:
Economic determinism

Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based. The theory stresses that societies are divided into competing economic classes whose relative political power is determined by the nature of the economic system.

In the writing of American history the term is associated with historian Charles A. Beard (1874–1948), who was not a Marxist but who emphasized the long-term political contest between bankers and business interest on the one hand, and agrarian interests on the other.

Relation to Marxist philosophy
According to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction. Otherwise said, it is the ideology that is responsible for grounding secondary civil services such as politics, legislature, and even culture to an extent. Roughly speaking, ideology is the guiding influence of the mode of production, and without it, difficulties would theoretically arise with reproduction. Marx did not believe that the same economic rules governed all of history, but that each new era brought with it new economic factors. Furthermore, Marx and Engels are said to have believed, should a revolutionary force change the mode of production, the dominant class will immediately set out to create a new society to protect this new economic order. In the modernity of their era, Marx and Engels felt the propertied class had essentially accomplished the establishment of a new societal and economic order, instinctively creating a society protective of their capitalist interests. They made this statement to the Bourgeoisie in the Communist Manifesto: "Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class, made into law for all, a will whose essential character and direction are determined by the economic conditions of the existence of your class." Marx also believed that the same ideas could not grow out of just any economic system:" Don Quixote long ago paid the penalty for wrongly imagining that knight-errantry was compatible with all economical forms of society."

Other Marxists and Marx-scholars—including Eduard Bernstein, Gerald Hubmann, György Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Maurice Godelier, Franz Jakubowski, Edward P. Thompson and Michael Löwy—completely reject the interpretation of Marx and Engels as "economic determinists". They claim this idea is based on a poor and selective reading of Marx and Engels' work. They argue that this interpretation originated in the early years of the Second International and was popularised by Paul Lafargue and Nikolai Bukharin, among others. They refer to the disclaimers by Engels (see historical materialism) to the effect that while Marx and himself had focused a lot on the economic aspects, they were very aware that this did not in fact constitute the totality of society or of social life. In Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Engels notes how the same material conditions and class situation led to different political situations in Britain as that society tried to adapt to the results of the French Revolution and other external events. Richard Wolff also notes that Marx studied things he thought under appreciated by mainstream academia, but did not proclaim or think their theories to be irrelevant.

Notable economic determinists
American geostrategist Thomas P. M. Barnett describes himself as an economic determinist in his book The Pentagon's New Map. Maurice Rea Davie describes William Graham Sumner as an economic determinist, albeit not of the Marxian variety, in his book about the former social scientist.

title: Economic determinism


text:
Talk:Economic determinism

Untitled

 * This article is currently a work in progress, i'd appreciate it if nobody deleted my empty headlines as they remind me of what to write next. I'd appreciate any contributions. Thanks.--EatAlbertaBeef 00:03, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is now completed, i'd appreciate any contributions, abolition of my biased point of view or rewording/structuring of my sentences. Thanks--EatAlbertaBeef 04:11, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Can someone please here how explain how "Vulgar Marxism" differs from Marxism? I am certainly confused by the term.

Question.
Is 'Economic Determinism' solely a concept of Marx and Engel and followers of theirs?

It would seem that that would be a subset of the concept, even if they perhaps first thought it up.

76.17.84.43 (talk) 08:14, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Good point. It seems that Adam Smith and David Ricardo, as well as most utilitarians might also be included in this camp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.233.224.51 (talk) 04:37, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Poor Article
Although I'm not sympathetic to the view that Marx and Engels were economic determinists, this article is in serious need of revision. For instance, the criticism section points out the thinkers that originated this interpretation of their work, and that such a reading can arguably be linked to the worst practices of Stalinism, but it doesn't provide much reason as to why it economic determinism should therefore be considered an invalid interpretation of their work. For example it could possibly be argued that while Kautsky, Bukharin, Luxembourg, Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, etc. had a more determinstic view of history and society than Marx and Engels, they did so because Marx and Engels had failed to apply their own theories as stringently as they should have Hanshans23 (talk) 17:06, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

An idealist misunderstanding of Marx
"According to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction. Otherwise said, it is the ideology that is responsible for grounding secondary civil services such as politics, legislature, and even culture to an extent. Roughly speaking, ideology is the guiding influence of the mode of production, and without it, difficulties would theoretically arise with reproduction."

Marx did not claim that ideology/ideas guide economic reality, but rather the opposite: that material, economic realities guide our social realities. Marx and Engels both were also definitively not economic determinists; they believed that economics was only the primary driver of such things but not the only one.

Potential further places to learn more:

Base and superstructure

https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1890/letters/90_09_21.htm

https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1890/letters/90_10_27.htm

https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm

https://www.marxists.org/subject/marxmyths/peter-stillman/article.htm

Critiscm Section
The critiscm section is not critiscm on economic determinism as an idea, what the page is headlined as. Instead it is a critiscm on the idea that Marx was an economic determinist so it really only belongs in the section prior. 96.241.228.29 (talk) 13:11, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economic determinism


text:
The Book of Predictions

The Book of Predictions was a book published in 1981 and written by David Wallechinsky, Amy Wallace, and Irving Wallace, the authors of The Book of Lists. Written in the same type of style (i.e., lists), it includes lists of predictions by scientists, science fiction authors, politicians, and others. Other contents include:
 * "18 Greatest Predictors of All Time" including the Great Pyramid of Cheops, Mother Shipton, Nostradamus, and Edgar Cayce.
 * "The 6 Greatest Predictions of All Time": The Ides of March, St. Malachy's predictions of future popes, a prediction of the Titanic's sinking, and Jeane Dixon's prediction of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy.
 * "The Worst Predictions of All Time", ranging from "legitimate" failures (the British Parliament stating the incandescent light would never work) to psychic fails (Muhammad Ali would be elected to Congress in a non-election year).
 * The Book of Predictions Contest. The winners receive a housekeeping robot (if available) or personal appointments with famous psychics.  Winners were chosen in 1982.

title: The Book of Predictions


text:
Frances FitzGerald (journalist)

Frances FitzGerald (born October 21, 1940) is an American journalist and historian, who is primarily known for Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (1972), an account of the Vietnam War. It was a bestseller that won the Pulitzer Prize, Bancroft Prize, and National Book Award.

Early life and education
Frances FitzGerald was born in New York City, the only daughter of Desmond FitzGerald, an attorney on Wall Street, and socialite Marietta Peabody. Her grandmother was a prominent activist in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and from an early age, FitzGerald was introduced to a wide range of political figures. Her parents divorced shortly after World War II. From 1950 to his death in 1967, her father was an intelligence officer with the Central Intelligence Agency, becoming a deputy director. Her mother subsequently remarried Ronald Tree, a British journalist, investor and Conservative MP, from that marriage Fitzgerald has a half-sister British model Penelope Tree.

As a teenager, FitzGerald wrote voluminous letters to Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, her mother's lover, expressing her opinion on many subjects, a reflection of her deep interest in world affairs. She graduated from Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, and magna cum laude from Radcliffe College, then a women's college associated with Harvard University.

Career
FitzGerald became a journalist, initially writing for the New York Herald Tribune magazine. She went to South Vietnam in January 1966. She met Washington Post journalist Ward Just at a party soon after arriving in Saigon and began a relationship with him that continued until she left South Vietnam in November 1966. She formed a close connection with Daniel Ellsberg who was working as an intelligence officer at the U.S. Embassy. Unlike many of the male journalists, she did not report on the latest combat operations, but rather focused on the effects of the war on South Vietnamese politics and society. Her first article titled "The Hopeful Americans & the Weightless Mr. Ky" was published in the Village Voice on 21 April 1966. She investigated the effects of Operation Masher on South Vietnamese civilians and followed the Buddhist Uprising. She repeatedly visited the village of Duc Lap, interviewing villagers to write "Life and Death of a Vietnamese Village" which appeared in The New York Times Magazine on 4 September 1966. Her final story was "Behind the Facade: the Tragedy of Saigon" describing the conditions of refugees who had sought safety in the city and were overwhelming its inadequate infrastructure and funding.

On her return to New York she attended Truman Capote's Black and White Ball with her mother, stepfather and half-sister Penelope Tree on 28 November 1966, which launched Tree's modelling career.

In late June 1967 she met Just in Paris and the two then spent July and August writing at Glin Castle owned by her distant relative Desmond John Villiers FitzGerald, Knight of Glin. She flew back to Washington in late July to attend her father's funeral and then returned to Glin. In October Just sent her a birthday letter advising that he had got married. Just's book, To What End, written at Glin, did not mention FitzGerald by name.

In October 1967 she was introduced to Paul Mus who was visiting professor at Princeton University. Mus' book Sociologie d'une Guerre had informed her writing on Vietnam. Mus became a mentor to her until his death in 1969. In 1968 she signed a contract with the Atlantic Monthly Press for a book about the Americans and Vietnam.

In late 1969 she was awarded residency at the MacDowell Colony and began a relationship with fellow resident writer Alan Lelchuk. At the end of the residency she lived with Lelchuk in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he worked as an assistant professor at Brandeis University.

Following Mus' death, John McAlister and Richard H. Solomon acted as advisers on FitzGerald's book. In January 1970 she met with Henry Kissinger to discuss Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy. Later in 1970 she was visited by Daniel Ellsberg who discussed his misgivings about the war. In June 1971 she submitted the completed manuscript to her publishers.

She returned to Saigon in September 1971 and while there began a relationship with Kevin Buckley, the Saigon bureau chief for Newsweek.

Her book Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam was serialised in five parts in The New Yorker in its newly-created "Annals of War" series starting in July 1972 earning her a Special Front Page Award. Fire in the Lake was met with great acclaim when it was published in August 1972 and won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, the Bancroft Prize for history, and the U.S. National Book Award in Contemporary Affairs. The book cautioned that the United States did not understand the history and culture of Vietnam and it warned about American involvement there.

She returned to South Vietnam in early 1974 one year after the signing of the Paris Peace Accords and twice crossed over into Vietcong controlled territory, filing stories for The New York Times and the Atlantic Monthly. She travelled to Hanoi in late 1974 and stayed in North Vietnam into early January 1975, writing a 23-page article for the New Yorker.

FitzGerald has continued to write about history and culture: her published books include America Revised (1979), a highly critical review of history textbooks published in the United States; Cities on a Hill (1987), an analysis of United States urban history compared to ideals; Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War (2000),  a Pulitzer Prize finalist; and Vietnam: Spirits of the Earth (2002).

In 1987, FitzGerald received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Robert K. Massie.

Her book Cities on a Hill includes a chapter on Rajneeshpuram, whose rise and fall in the 1980s in Oregon is the subject of the documentary Wild Wild Country. Her book, The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America, published in 2017, is a history of the evangelical movement, its central figures, and its long-reaching influence upon American history, politics, and culture. The Evangelicals was shortlisted for the 2017 National Book Award for nonfiction.

FitzGerald has also written numerous articles, which have been published in The New Yorker, the New York Review of Books, The New York Times Magazine, Esquire, Architectural Digest, and Rolling Stone. Her "Rewriting American history" was published in The Norton Reader. She serves on the editorial boards of The Nation and Foreign Policy magazines. She also serves as vice-president of International PEN.

Personal life
FitzGerald is married to James P. Sterba, a former writer for The Wall Street Journal. They live in New York City and Maine. Sterba featured the latter in his 2003 book Frankie's Place: A Love Story.

Books

 * FitzGerald, F. (1972), Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam
 * FitzGerald, F. (1979), America Revised
 * FitzGerald, F. (1986), Cities on a Hill: A Journey through Contemporary American Cultures
 * FitzGerald, F. (2000), Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star wars and the End of the Cold War
 * FitzGerald, F. (2001), Vietnam: Spirits of the Earth
 * FitzGerald, F. (2017), The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America

title: Frances FitzGerald (journalist)


text:
Talk:SEAC (computer)

Untitled
I/m not sure if the E in SEAC is EASTERN or ELECTRONIC - there are references to both. Since the W in SWAC is WESTERN, my guess that it is EASTERN. However there was already a reference to ELECTRONIC, so I kept that name. If anyone can clear this up, please do! --Bubba73 00:04, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, an article by a person who should know says "Eastern". Memories of the Bureau of Standards' SEAC, by Ralph Slutz, in A History of Computing in the 20th Century, by MEtropolis, et al.  Uless I see some objection, I'll move it to EASTERN.--Bubba73 00:31, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Now the page has been moved to "Eastern", but I'm finding more contemporary reports calling it "Electronic". I think that it would be better to have it under SEAC and give both names, but there is a disambig page named SEAC. Perhapes it was initially called "electronic", but that became "Eastern" to distinquish it from Western in SWAC.  I'd appreciate ideas of how it should be listed.  --Bubba73 00:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Name?
The second photo shows the name as "National Bureau of Standards Electronic Automatic Computer", not "Eastern". Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 07:41, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, your supposition that it was initially named "Electronic" and then renamed "Eastern" to differentiate it from SWAC seems most likely. It would be nice if we could find cited proof of that somewhere. --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 08:20, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I've usually seen it called "Eastern" but the photo does say "Electronic". Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 15:43, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

The 1955 BRL report says "Electronic". Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 15:49, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:SEAC (computer)


text:
User:Fitful

Hi.

title: User:Fitful


text:
Juni

Juni may refer to:

People
Given name Characters
 * Juni Marie Benjaminsen (born 1999), Norwegian figure skater
 * Juni Chakma, Bangladeshi kabaddi player
 * Juni Dahr (born 1953), Norwegian actress
 * Juni Fisher (born c. 1956), American singer-songwriter
 * Juni Cortez, character from the Spy Kids series

Surname
 * Juan de Juni (c. 1507–1577), French–Spanish sculptor
 * Masoud Juni (1939–1991), Syrian writer
 * Peter Jüni, Swiss physician

Places

 * Juni, Ghana, a village in the Tamale Metropolitan District in the Northern Region of Ghana
 * Juni, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 * Juni Lake, a lake in Minnesota

Other uses

 * Juni (album), by drummer Peter Erskine
 * Juni (restaurant), New York City
 * Juni Cortez, a character from the Spy Kids films
 * June List (Junilistan), a Swedish political party
 * June Movement (Juni Bevægelsen), a Danish political party
 * Juni, character from Street Fighter, see list of Street Fighter characters

title: Juni


text:
Paddy Kingsland

Paddy Kingsland (born 30 January 1947) is a composer of electronic music best known for his incidental music for science fiction series on BBC radio and television whilst working at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Educated at Eggar's Grammar School in Alton, Hampshire, he joined the BBC as a tape editor before moving on to become a studio manager for BBC Radio 1. In 1970 he joined the Radiophonic Workshop where he remained until 1981. His initial work was mostly signature tunes for BBC radio and TV programmes before going on to record incidental music for programmes including The Changes, two versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (the second radio series and the TV adaptation), as well as several serials of Doctor Who. His work on the latter series included incidental music for several serials in the early 1980s.

Other well-known series which contained music composed by Paddy Kingsland are Around the World in 80 Days and Pole to Pole, both travel series by Michael Palin. He also composed music for many schools' television series including Words and Pictures, Rat-a-tat-tat, Watch, Numbercrew, Storytime, English Express, Music Makers, Hotch Potch House and the Look and Read stories "Joe and the Sheep Rustlers" and "The Boy from Space". And Blips

Since leaving the BBC, Kingsland has composed music for the KPM music library, television, commercials and corporate videos. He also owns his own studio, PK Studios.

In 1973, Fourth Dimension, a compilation of his early signature tune work for the Radiophonic Workshop, was released and in 2002 his incidental scores for the Doctor Who serials "Meglos" and "Full Circle" featured as part of the Doctor Who at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop compilation series. Eight albums of his library music work have been issued by KPM.

title: Paddy Kingsland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sp3tt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 03:37, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Sp3tt
It really p*sses me off that such extreme vanity is not speedy deletable. But it's not. So here I am, and here you are, and it gets its five days of fame. Denni ☯ 00:08, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnotable vanity. Nobody cares about some random guy's computer. Nestea 00:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Waste of time and resources and of no interest to anyone, with the possible exception of the guy himself. -- Captain Disdain 00:39, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Does this satisfy speedy criteria 1 under articles that says Very short articles with little or no context (e.g., "He is a funny man that has created Factory and the Hacienda. And, by the way, his wife is great.") ? RJFJR 00:41, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, "a wellknown wannabe-hacker who live in Sweden" has enough context that we can tell it is vanity. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wannabe. Gazpacho 00:55, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  I agree with Denni....and, of course, it will get to live on forever in the likes of Google's cache. --Xcali 02:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-evident. Waste of servers. Andrew pmk 02:43, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:04 May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Life is full of injustice. Five days of undeserved fame is not high on my list. Isaac R 03:39, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete clear vanity. Double Blue  (Talk) 03:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity and should be speedy deletable. Columbia 04:09, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Do I really need to repeat what has already been said? I hope not. I will add another point to the list, however: Wikipedia is not a place to glorify the merely malevolent. Unless he's in the same rank as Billy the Kid and Ned Kelly, the article has no place. --JB Adder | Talk 05:15, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Now, seriously, why don't we start a policy discussion to make these kind of topics a candidate for Speedy deletion? The avalanche of "delete" votes on vanity pages more than talks for itself. Sarg 07:37, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. FYI, the beginning of such a discussion is happening right now at Deletion policy/Reducing VfD load. Soundguy99 15:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ehem, ehem... Thanks and sorry for not reading things before suggesting :) Sarg 16:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Mgm|(talk) 13:33, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nateji77 13:43, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: What is it about this vanity page that merits 14 delete votes when 2 would be plenty? Kappa 19:15, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Garbage, no content. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion under criteria General #1 and/or Articles #1. - Mike Rosoft 20:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sp3tt


text: Talk:The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy