text:
Belagavi district

Belagavi district, formerly also known as Belgaum district, is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The district is known as the sugar bowl of Karnataka with hectares being used for commercial production. It has overtaken Mandya district in sugarcane production over the last decade. The city of Belgaum (Belagavi) is the district headquarters in Belagavi district. It houses the Second legislative building, where the Karnataka Legislature hold session once a year. The district is famous for its native sweet, Kunda. According to the 2011 Census of India, it has a population of 4,779,661, of which 24.03% live in urban areas, making it the second most populous district in Karnataka (out of 31), after Bangalore Urban. The district has an area of 13,415 km2 making it the largest district in Karnataka, and is bounded by Kolhapur District and Sangli district of Maharashtra state on the west and north, on the northeast by Bijapur district, on the east by Bagalkot district, on the southeast by Gadag district, on the south by Dharwad and Uttara Kannada districts, and on the southwest by the state of Goa.

History
Belgaum is the Divisional Headquarters of North Karnataka. The original name of the town of Belgaum was Venugrama, meaning Bamboo Village. It is also known as Malnad Pradesh. The most ancient place in the district is Halsi; and this, according to inscriptions on copper plates discovered in its neighbourhood, was once the capital of a dynasty of nine Kadamba kings. It appears that from the middle of the 6th century to about 760 the area was held by the Chalukyas, who were succeeded by the Rashtrakutas. After the break-up of the Rashtrakuta dynasty a portion of it survived in the Rattas (875–1250), who from 1210 onward made Venugrama their capital. Inscriptions give evidence of a long struggle between the Rattas and the Kadambas of Goa, who succeeded in the latter years of the 12th century in acquiring and holding part of the district. By 1208, however, the Kadambas had been overthrown by the Rattas, who in their turn succumbed to the Yadavas of Devagiri in 1250. After the overthrow of the Yadavas by the Delhi Sultanate (1320), Belgaum was for a short time under the rule of the latter; but only a few years later the part south of the Ghataprabha River was subject to the Hindu rajas of Vijayanagara. In 1347 the northern part was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate, which in 1473 took the town of Belgaum and conquered the southern part also. When Aurangzeb overthrew the Bijapura sultans in 1686, Belgaum passed to the Mughals. In 1776 the country was overrun by Hyder Ali of Mysore, but was taken by the Madhavrao Peshwa. In 1818 it was handed over to the British East India Company, and was made part of the district of Dharwar. In 1836 this was divided into two parts, the northern district becoming Belgaum.

Yadur is situated beside the Krishna River, and there is a famous Veerbhadra temple there. Many devotees visit the area from Karnataka and Maharashtra. Hooli is one of the oldest villages in Belgaum district. There are many Chalukya temples in the village, including the famous Panchaligeswara temple.

Kittur in Belgaum district is a place of historical importance. Rani Chennamma of Kittur (1778–1829) is known for her resistance to British rule.

The British had a sizeable infantry post here, having realised the military importance of its geographic location. It is one of the reasons for Belgaum's sobriquet The Cradle of Infantry. Development of a rail network for the movement of resources and later troops was one of the means employed by both the British East India Company and the British to exert control over India. Belgaum's railway station, the Mahatma Gandhi Railway Station was established by the British. A signboard declaring the sobriquet can be seen hung on Platform 1 at the station.

Border dispute
After India became independent in 1947, the Belagavi district (which was in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency) became a part of the Bombay State. In 1948, the Belgaum Municipality that was dominated by Marathi speaking politicians requested the Indian Dominion, Indian Constituent Assembly, and the Boundary Commission to include the Belgaum Municipal district in the proposed Samyukta Maharashtra state for the Marathi speakers.

In accordance with the established policy of bifurcation on a linguistic majority basis, in 1956, the Belgaum district was incorporated into the newly formed Mysore state (now Karnataka) with the passage of the States Reorganization Act, adjoining areas that had a majority of Marathi speaking citizens were included in the newly formed Maharashtra state.

Water bodies
List of rivers flowing through Belgaum District
 * Krishna
 * Malaprabha
 * Ghataprabha
 * Mahadayi
 * Pandari
 * Hiranyakeshi

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Belagavi district has a population of 4,779,661, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 25th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 356 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.38%. There were 969 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.94%. 25.34% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.08% and 6.22% of the population respectively.

Hindus are the biggest religion in the district with 84.49% of the population. Muslims are the second-largest with 11.06% and Jains are 3.73%.

At the time of the 2011 census, 68.40% of the population spoke Kannada, 18.70% Marathi and 9.79% Urdu as their first language.

Administrative divisions
The administration of Belgaum district has been divided into 15 taluks. • Belgaum

• Bailhongal

• Chikkodi

• Gokak

• Hukkeri

• Raybag

• Ramdurg

• Athani

• Saundatti

• Khanapur

• Kittur

• Nippani

• Kagawad

• Mudalagi

• Yaragatti Athani taluk is the largest with an area of 1,997.70 km2 and Raybag taluk is the smallest with an area of 958.8 km2. The district comprises three revenue sub-divisions headquartered at Belgaum, Bailhongal and Chikodi governed by an assistant commissioner and taluks headed by Tehsildar and has six police sub-divisions. Apart from the Belgaum City Corporation, there are 17 municipalities, 20 towns, 485 gram panchayats, 1,138 inhabited villages and 26 non-inhabited villages.

Villages

 * Karwaish

Politics

 * }

Industry
The district has seven industrial areas, one special economic zone (SEZ) (India's first precision engineering SEZ with more than 200 acres) and 16 industrial estates. The city's industrial growth begin when Babu Rao Pusalkar set up a small unit in city over a century ago and that transformed Belgaum city into foundry and hydraulics base.

List of industrial clusters in Belgaum district that are identified by Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Education
Belgaum district is a home to three universities: Visvesvaraya Technological University, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi and KLE University. Also, it has a nine engineering colleges, two medical colleges, two dental colleges, 15 polytechnics, 7 Indian system of medical colleges, and 180 degree colleges.

Notable people

 * Suresh Angadi - Former Railway Minister
 * S. Ballesh – Shehnai artist
 * Hemant Birje – actor
 * Phadeppa Dareppa Chaugule – India's first Olympic marathon runner
 * Kittur Rani Chennamma – freedom fighter and queen of Kittur
 * Gangadharrao Deshpande – activist
 * Kumar Gandharva – classical singer
 * Balappa Hukkeri – singer
 * Shamba Joshi – writer
 * Kaka Kalelkar (1885–1981) – independence activist
 * Chandrashekhara Kambara – poet
 * Basavaraj Kattimani – writer, novelist
 * Laxmanrao Kirloskar – businessman
 * Betageri Krishnasharma – writer
 * Atul Kulkarni – actor
 * Sudheendra Kulkarni – Indian politician, Columnist
 * Shirasangi Lingaraj – provincial ruler
 * Panth Maharaj – Hindu yogi
 * Belawadi Mallamma – warrior queen
 * Ronit More – cricketer
 * Renukamma Murugodu – actress
 * Pramod Muthalik – chief of Sri Ram Sena, politician
 * Bandu Patil – hockey player
 * D. C. Pavate – Indian Mathematician
 * Charan Raj – Indian actor
 * Sangolli Rayanna – freedom fighter
 * Raja Lakhamagouda Sardesai – ruler of Vantmuri princely state
 * Laxman Savadi - Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka
 * Acharya Shantisagar – Jain Digambara monk
 * Shri Thanedar – Indian-American politician, businessman, scientist
 * Acharya Vidyasagar – Jain Digambara monk

Publications

 * Belgaum district gazetteer (1905) by Reginald Edward Enthoven
 * Belgaum district gazetteer (1987) by Suryanath U. Kamath.
 * Belgaum by James Macnabb Campbell (2004)

title: Belagavi district


text:
Zaynab (novel)

Muhammad Husayn Haykal's novel Zaynab (زينب ), published in 1913, is often considered to be the "first" Arabic novel. The full title is Zaynab: Country Scenes and Morals (زينب: مناظر واخلاق ريفية). The book depicts life in the Egyptian countryside and delves into the traditional romantic and marital relationships between men and women and the interactions between the laboring cotton worker and plantation owner classes.

Haykal, son of rural land owners himself, had spent considerable time in France, where he was studying to be a lawyer, and it was actually at this point that he wrote Zaynab in 1911. Notably in the first publication, the author chose the pseudonym Masri Fallah ("An Egyptian Peasant"), which perhaps underlines the lack of prestige attached to the genre at the time of his writing.

Plot introduction
Originally intended to be a short story, Haykal found that his work had more mileage than he had first appreciated, becoming a full novel in three parts. The story deals with a beautiful young peasant girl named Zaynab and the three men who strive for her affections: Hamid, the plantation owner's oldest son; Ibrahim, the young peasant foreman with whom she falls in love; and Hassan, a slightly more well-to-do peasant who enters into an unhappy arranged marriage with her. An early liberal critique of arranged marriage, the veil and enforced seclusion of women, the novel ends tragically with the heroine's psychological deterioration and death by "consumption."

Literary significance & criticism
Despite the structural flaws of the novel (its unrestricted romanticism, its poor division of the focus on Zaynab and Hamid, and a letter by Hamid which is unashamedly Haykal's own recapitulation of all the events that have transpired thus far), the novel is hugely important as the beginning point of the era of the modern Egyptian novel, infused with vernacular language, local characters, and a liberal politico-social dimension.

Film, TV, or theatrical adaptations
The novel became the basis for an Egyptian silent film, Zaynab, which was produced in 1930.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zaynab (novel)


text:
Talk:Shattered Galaxy

Untitled
It is said that SG is free, but when I try to sign up, I am required to pay to activate an account. Has this offer been discontinued? -Fragrag

Nope, it hasn't been discontinued. You're allowed a "basic" account with limitations (no time, but other stuff). When they say "activate", they mean paying for a activated account. You are allowed to play with a basic account for as long as you want, without needing to register. -BuddyJesus

I added a table that details the differences between a Basic (Free) and Elite (Monthly Fee) account. I hope it helps a little bit. Feezy501 04:54, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Units
Would it be a good idea to add a list of units and what they are good add to this page?

sry didnt know where to post, but hte newest version ich 1.84 not 1.82 84.169.93.124 (talk) 13:42, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Re: Units
Yes, it would be a great idea to have such information available.

- Ichiro Yamato 06:36, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Unit Section Added
I've added a section on the units in the game, included short forms for their names, and I wrote descriptions for each one. This is my first major contribution to Wikipedia, I hope I did well. Koncur 06:47, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Units Added Look Now!

Triviumrocker
 * I've reverted, and here's why: The units aren't notable enough on their own to justify their own articles, nor is a full detailed list on all the units required in an encyclopedia article (see WP:NOT).
 * The level of detail you are proposing here should go into a gaming wiki such as GamerWiki. Marasmusine 11:39, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

I dont think i understand, this would be a great way to show everyone the units available, thier uses, stats and other things about them which could be referred to. I think its a great idea..

88.107.65.11 17:30, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a great idea for a gaming wiki, but it's too much trivial detail for an encyclopedia entry. You seem pretty eager, so why not go along to GamerWiki and get started? :> Marasmusine 20:43, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes ok i will, but can i copy the general template of this page in terms of the article. Would i have to write a similer one or could i copy the information already here?

Triviumrocker 10:22, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't know about that. Wikipedia isn't paper after all. There's a page for every frickin' Pokemon for Christ sake. And one for minor characters in Blade Runner. And one for several major Naruto characters. Notability should only matter in so much that it can be verified. This shouldn't be a problem as information on each unit is on several websites as well as the game itself. Still, in depth information on units might need its or even their own article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.168.243.43 (talk)

 * See WP:POKEMON. There's a difference between creating articles for units and providing unit lists and statistics. The latter is game guide material, which goes against WP:NOT - notice that no game article with good article or featured article status has extensive lists of items, weapons, units and so on. Also see the video game article guidelines. -- Scottie_theNerd  07:45, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * So...are you agreeing with me? Units should go in their own articles and notability is basically irrevelant...right? Or did I miss some important point of what you're trying to say? I was thinking something along the lines of this:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_series_weapons_and_items —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zaxser (talk • contribs)

 * No, you missed my point entirely. The items in the above article are a controversial point and has survived several attempts at deletion. The main notion behind the survival of the article is the significance of the Legend of Zelda series. Shattered Galaxy has nowhere near the same amount of significance. A unit list will not be accepted on Wikipedia as an article or as a list in the Shattered Galaxy article.

 * Seriously, the SG Wiki linked to in the article already lists the units. What more do you want? -- Scottie_theNerd  09:19, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Hmmm Im back to SG now, and i agree with each unit having its own page. OMG i made one frto deava and such and someone reverted them! I cant belive this. Also, im the first oster btw at the top --Triviumrocker 12:47, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Added/Updated some In-Game Terms
Hope they explain a bit more, and reflect upon the changes since the last update.

Also, I would like to point out Ballistic gunfire Shades are practically worthless in most situations. Laser Shades are a bit better, but not much. From personal experience, make sure you use the Maxus series, since they provide Missiles with low cooldown. If you use Shades, Cloak is a must-have, unless you make FastPoccer Shades.

- Ichiro Yamato 23:24, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

-Edit- Sorry if it may sound somewhat misleading in some cases, but I'm a frequent Relic player, so my perspective mainly pertains to Relic.

- Ichiro Yamato 19:57, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

-Fixed Quorg description. It does not take a special promotion code; rather, it takes 800 uranium to unlock.

- Ichiro Yamato 17:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Fixed some of the unit descriptions. Apps and Ghasts do not deal AP damage, medics charge warp in 45 seconds. Another way to get on camo Revs is to use Knells. Knells have no effects related to cloak. Spirits' and Hawks' ability is called Sensor Evasion. Gear-Docs also have neutron. Elaborated more about Neutron. Did some other fixes that are not that important to mention.

I understand that you play on Relic, but remember that the game is based on MP, so this should be based on MP.

--

Edited the Stat discussion mainly and added in a link at the bottom to the forums. Added in the qualification that Hawks are better than Owls on Relic.

This page needs to be thoroughly overhauled to bring the language and scope inline with that of a encyclopedia as apposed to a fansite or game guide, removing and reorganizing strategic discussions and rewriting to avoid coloquial words and phrases in favor of a more formal standard english composition.--68.231.174.183 18:28, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

starcraft units
The starcraft units sections is totaly irrelevant, inacurate and takes up way too much space. If it is decided to remain in the page, there should also be a section explaining diffrences the two games have.

Cleanup
This article is messy, lacks organization, detail, citing, and just has a very over bad style of writing. It requires major cleanup. 68.181.224.187 10:27, 28 August 2006 (UTC)Julius/NuclearJJJ

Anon comment
Basically, there should be any information which country has made it. I saw this page is written it comes from Germany last time, but it has been changed. When I checked the country which made it, it was from South Korea. You can check it in the game, also Nexon is Korean company —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.156.52.103 (talk • contribs).

POV
Is anyone bothered at the fact that almost the entire page consist of point of view statements?128.208.125.95 02:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Unit fix: Super Organics
A friend came here and wanted to know more about the super organics. Since I'm a SG vet, I took the liberty to fill out a more descriptive section on super organics. Also I've made a few additions to the units page. Also most of the units are not detailed in description and or have inaccurate description. AWP Lizard

POV
There is an excessive amount of POV in this article. Too many snippets saying things like, "Specs have some pretty decent ground-to-air attacks." or "It is debatable as to whether or not they[Behemoths] outlive their usefulness in MP". There even is some wrong information, like "Neutron Shields also offers passive protection against one of the game's four damage types (laser, ballistic, missile and flame), increasing their armor by 6 against the selected type of damage". There is too much POV here.XXjsXx 01:30, 18 January 2007 (UTC)XXjsXx

Change
I support the deletion of the characters section, and I think that it makes this article less of a game guide and more of an encyclopedia entry.XXjsXx 05:06, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Notability
Why was this given a {notability} tag? It seems easily notable enough to me. Most major games are given Wikipedia pages, and SG is also one of the first MMORTS games. —Preceding unsigned comment added by XXjsXx (talk • contribs)
 * I added it because the software notability guideline (Notability (software)) says: Software is notable if it has been the subject of multiple non-trivial published works whose source is independent of the software's author(s)..
 * No independent references have been provided in this article; however I'm sure it should be pretty easy to find some. When they have been added, the notability tag can be removed. Marasmusine 21:55, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it is more appropriate to use the tag than a non-notable tag. --Scottie theNerd 23:53, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Must've been in a funny mood. Added (also kept the cleanup tag). Marasmusine 20:41, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SGscreenshot.jpg
Image:SGscreenshot.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:58, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
We need pictures. For a game there are only words and no pictures which doesn't look good.

title: Talk:Shattered Galaxy


text:
Railroader of the Year

Railroader of the Year is an annual award presented to a North American railroad industry worker by trade journal Railway Age. The award was first presented in 1964 by trade journal Modern Railroads and has continued through the magazine acquisition in 1992 to the present.

Past recipients of this award include:

 * 1964 – D. William Brosnan (SOU)
 * 1965 – Stuart T. Saunders (PRR)
 * 1966 – Stuart T. Saunders (PRR)
 * 1967 – Louis W. Menk (NP)
 * 1968 – William B. Johnson (IC)
 * 1969 – John W. Barriger III (Monon, P&LE, MKT)
 * 1970 – John Shedd Reed (ATSF)
 * 1971 – Jervis Langdon, Jr. (PC)
 * 1972 – Charles Luna (United Transportation Union)
 * 1973 – James W. Germany (SP)
 * 1974 – L. Stanley Crane (SOU)
 * 1975 – Frank E. Barnett (UP)
 * 1976 – William J. Harris, Jr. (Association of American Railroads)
 * 1977 – Edward G. Jordan (CR)
 * 1978 – Robert M. Brown (UP)
 * 1979 – Theodore C. Lutz (WMATA)
 * 1980 – John G. German (MP)
 * 1981 – Lawrence Cena (ATSF)
 * 1982 – A. Paul Funkhouser (FL)
 * 1983 – L. Stanley Crane (SOU, CR)
 * 1984 – Hays T. Watkins (CSX)
 * 1985 – John L. Cann (CN)
 * 1986 – Raymond C. Burton, Jr. (Trailer Train Corporation)
 * 1987 – Willis B. Kyle (Kyle Railways)
 * 1988 – Darius W. Gaskins, Jr. (BN)
 * 1989 – W. Graham Claytor, Jr. (Amtrak)
 * 1990 – Arnold B. McKinnon (NS)
 * 1991 – Mike Walsh (UP)
 * 1992 – William H. Dempsey (Association of American Railroads)
 * 1993 – Raymond C. Burton, Jr. (TTX Corporation)
 * 1994 – L. S. “Jake” Jacobson (Copper Basin Railway)
 * 1995 – Edward L. Moyers (SP)
 * 1996 – Robert D. Krebs (ATSF) and Gerald Grinstein (BN)
 * 1997 – Paul M. Tellier (CN)
 * 1998 – David R. Goode (NS)
 * 1999 – Edward Burkhardt (WC)
 * 2000 – The Railroad Worker (the award for 2000 was changed to "Railroader of the Century")
 * 2001 – Mike Haverty (ATSF, KCS)
 * 2002 – E. Hunter Harrison (BN, IC, CN)
 * 2003 – Richard K. Davidson (UP)
 * 2004 – Robert J. Ritchie (CP)
 * 2005 – David R. Goode (NS)
 * 2006 – Richard F. Timmons (American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association)
 * 2007 – Bill Wimmer (UP)
 * 2008 – Steve Tobias (NS)
 * 2009 – Michael J. Ward (CSX)
 * 2010 – Matthew K. Rose (BNSF)
 * 2011 – Wick Moorman (NS)
 * 2012 – David L. Starling (KCS)
 * 2013 – James R. Young (UP)
 * 2014 – Joseph H. Boardman (Amtrak)
 * 2015 – E. Hunter Harrison (CP)
 * 2016 – Carl Ice (BNSF)
 * 2017 – Tom Prendergast (MTA)
 * 2018 – John C. “Jack” Hellmann (G&W)
 * 2019 – Jean-Jacques “JJ” Ruest (CN)
 * 2020 – Patrick J. Ottensmeyer (KCS)
 * 2021 – Keith Creel (CP)
 * 2022 – Keith Creel (CP) and Patrick J. Ottensmeyer (KCS)

title: Railroader of the Year


text:
User:Yudieg

I am a new member of wikipedia, joined June 10, 2005. I found this website offer very interesting concept and have very active members out there. I don't have article contribution yet at this moment but this website realy encorage me to write contribution articles.

title: User:Yudieg


text: File:The Replacements - Let It Be cover.jpg


text:
Talk:Implosive consonant

N. Amer implosives
yes, only in Maidu, as far as I know. so i dont claim that they are "widespread". but, nevertheless, they do occur outside of Africa & SE Asia (which seem to receive all the attention). cheers — ishwar  (SPEAK)  15:05, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * They also occur in Pakistan, Siberia, the Amazon, etc., but I was just trying to give an idea of where they were particularly prevalent. (Interesting that they seem to be entirely absent from Australia, even from Damin!) We should obviously give more detail, but NA without the other places is a little misleading, I think. Let me see what I can come up with. kwami 18:14, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

 * yes, i think it would be very nice to note the distribution of less-known/uncommon segments for wikipedia readers. (would be interesting for me, too) — ishwar  (SPEAK)  18:58, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

 * They're also found in a southern Siberian language, perhaps Ket. I can't confirm that, though, so I'm leaving it out. kwami 19:09, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

modal=-voiced
What does "modal-voiced" mean? O'RyanW (☺ ₪) 04:16, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Normal voice, at a pinch. See Phonation. --Tropylium (talk) 22:34, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

To do
Article needs to mention recent phonetical and phonological studies according to which the defining caracteristic of implosivs isn't the glottalization, but the non-explosion; which, phonologically, makes them basically non-obstruent stops... --Tropylium (talk) 22:34, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * They can be both phonologically. But, phonetically, they are only nonobstruents. And it's not all that recent. I added some note to this effect. – ishwar  (speak)  22:10, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Is there any published source supporting the claim that "implosives are phonetically sonorants"? I'd like to know where to find that. Also it would be nice to include this reference in the text. Landroving Linguist (talk) 10:05, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Voiceless implosives
Anyone know why these were withdrawn from the IPA? -- Evertype·✆ 07:53, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, these sounds were judged too rare to be worth keeping, since they could be easily replaced by a diacritic (even though the voiceless diacritic does not capture them accurately). How they continue to justify is beyond me. kwami (talk) 08:17, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Citation? It seems odd to get rid of symbols just because they are rare. -- Evertype·✆ 11:36, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Note the "AFAIK". It's what I remember having read, but I don't remember where. kwami (talk) 16:59, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * You might be able to find some discussion of this in the IPA journal around 1989. They mentioned a number of opinions on different things, but I cant remember if they mentioned this. They were added (by, I assume, phoneticians), but apparently the decisions can be overruled by an IPA council (or whatever the group of folks who did this is called). – ishwar  (speak)  22:08, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Have found that Serer has three places of articulation, more than were known when the phonetic symbol guide was written. Will add that in when I find out which they are. kwami (talk) 19:49, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Sound files, please
The article on ejectives concludes with a short set of sound files. This article would benefit from such a thing. — Solo Owl (talk) 17:58, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You are right, we could add them. They exist: individual articles have one, eg . Could be something like the chart in this one. But for me, not today ;-) -DePiep (talk) 18:10, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Implosive fricatives (and affricates)?
I can clearly see a pattern: ejectives are only voiceless, implosives are only voiced. But there are frics and affrics ejectives and there'ren't any Fs&Afs implosives. Impossible to pronounce? Don't appear in any natlang? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.185.56.194 (talk) 02:29, 13 June 2021 (UTC)
 * There are voiceless implosives, they're just rare (and they're only partially voiceless, granted). As the name implies with "plosive" in it, there can't be implosive fricatives because the air has to be blocked above the larynx somewhere. Affricates may be possible (which would be just a sequence of an implosive and a normal fricative at the same place of articulation), but I doubt they exist contrastively. Nardog (talk) 04:29, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

Implosives in Europe
I'm assuming this is only referring to phonemicity? Ingrian for instance shows as a dialectal realisation of  between voiced sounds (the usual realisation being ; per Kuznecova 2009). I'm assuming this is not unique? Then maybe it's a good idea to review the current wording of that section. Thadh (talk) 15:46, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Occurrence refers to the phonetic presence of the sound, although we should always clarify about phonemicity too. We mention e.g. British English in ejective consonants. It will be great if you can add the Ingrian example here. –Austronesier (talk) 19:56, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

Implosive symbols
In all the implosive articles, we used the outdated symbols for voiceless implosives. Shouldn't we fix that? PharyngealImplosive7 (talk) 16:45, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Implosive consonant


text:
Boda boda

Boda bodas are bicycles and motorcycle taxis commonly found in East Africa. While motorcycle taxis like boda bodas are present throughout Africa and beyond, the term boda boda is specific to East Africa. In Kenya, they are more frequently called piki pikis or Boda. Their ubiquitous presence in East African cities is the result of a number of factors including an increasing demand for public transit, the ability to purchase motorcycles on credit, and an influx of cheap imports from Indian manufacturers like Bajaj and high level of unemployment among the youth. In the countries where they are present, boda bodas can provide transportation options to riders and job opportunities to drivers while at the same time resulting in an increase in road hazards and collisions and unnecessary injuries and deaths.

Etymology
A BBC journalist imagined its origin to be onomatopoeia.

A competing suggestion is that the boda boda had an apocryphal ability to transport people across a border without a need to complete the paperwork using a motor vehicle would necessitate; i.e. from border to border.

The term originally referred to the carrier business within smuggling operations across the Uganda Kenya border in the 1980s and early 1990s. The carriers either walked, used bicycles or motorcycles across the border. It was the carrier business that was locally referred to as boda boda meaning border to border. The rider carriers were known to be very fast and expert riders. Soon enough some people in the bicycle transport business labeled their bicycles with writing boda boda as a proud budge for being fast expert riders. When one wanted a fast ride or delivery they hired a boda to boda rider and the public started referring to them as boda-boda. That is how initially the bicycle transport got the name boda boda. When the motorcycles entered the smuggling and transport businesses they out competed bicycles because of their speed, endurance and potential for distance and thus retained the label boda-boda which was synonymous fast riders.

Number in operation
While there is no doubt boda bodas are commonplace in East African cities like Kampala and Nairobi, estimates of their number vary.

Figures show a substantial increase (nearly 10,000%) of motorcycle imports to Tanzania from 2003 to 2015.
 * Dar es Salaam

In 2013, one source claims 300,000 were operating in Kampala, Uganda. Data from the Kampala Capital City Authority show 120,000 registered motorcycles in the city around the same time although the number of boda bodas could be higher as some are unregistered according to a representative of the Kampala Boda-boda Riders Association. The same source indicated in 2015 that around 40,000 were operating in central Kampala. Another knowledgeable source suggested in 2015 that the true figure is closer to double that number.
 * Kampala

Across Uganda riding boda bodas has become a substantial source of income for many youths, providing livelihood to thousands of families in the country. In Kampala, the business has attracted tour and travel investors with one company 'Uganda Adventure Safaris and Boda Boda Tours' providing city maneuver as one of their exciting tour packages for many visitors and tourists in Kampala.

Unlike in most other cities, motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali, Rwanda, are generally registered and considered law-abiding. Here, the preferred term for this form of transport is moto.
 * Kigali:

Potential shift from Boda Boda to bicycles for sustainability reasons
In a study conducted in Mukono, Uganda among students, researchers determined that four factors have possible implications for bicycling. These factors were: the transport system and safety factors, the natural environmental factors, the perceptions of cycling that an individual has, and the demographic characteristics of said individual. A logistic model of the factors likely to cause commuters to change modes to bicycles also highlighted mainly demographic characteristics (age, gender, and the individual's ability to cycle) as predictors of the individual's shift in mode to bicycles. These findings suggested that transport system improvements that could reduce the perceived risks of cycling, could perhaps have some of the greatest benefits to cycling in Uganda.

SafeBoda
SafeBoda is a ridesharing company for motorcycle taxis providing safe and efficient boda boda rides for those in need of quick travel across several cities in Africa. The startup was founded in November 2014 by Maxime Dieudonne, Rapa Thomson Ricky and Alastair Sussock. In 2014, the motorcycle taxis had their greatest popularity globally in Uganda, with over 80,000 riding the streets of Kampala and that was where SafeBoda was begun. Speaking with CNN, Alastair Sussock said they wanted to seize upon Uganda's burgeoning young population which had relatively easy access to fast internet and smartphones. SafeBoda launched operations in Nairobi, Kenya in 2017 and in 2019 they forayed into Nigeria's Ibadan. SafeBoda provides training and helmets to drivers who access fares through its app. Their community of drivers all receive extensive training in road safety, first aid, and bike maintenance in partnership with The Red Cross to make them safe and professional while driving on the streets. SafeBoda drivers are equipped with hygiene hairnets and a spare DOT-Certified helmet for their customers. All SafeBoda drivers are identifiable and trackable through their system. In a move to enhance road safety and community well-being, Meridian Group has donated reflectors to Boda Boda drivers.

Safe Motos
SafeMotos was launched in Kigali, Rwanda and has expanded to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Bolt
Bolt launched boda boda ridesharing services in Uganda to complement its e-taxi services. It has however suffered criticisms about poor service delivery and threatened the termination of their services in February 2019.

Uber Boda
Uber also added their e-boda services in Uganda in March 2018 and operates in Kampala.

title: Boda boda


text:
Flora Europaea

The Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication to help readers identify any wild or widely cultivated plant in Europe to the subspecies level. It also provides information on geographical distribution, habitat preference, and chromosome number, where known.

The Flora was released in CD form in 2001, and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh have made an index to the plant names available online.

History
The idea of a pan-European Flora was first mooted at the 8th International Congress of Botany in Paris in 1954. In 1957, Britain's Science and Engineering Research Council provided grants to fund a secretariat of three people, and Volume 1 was published in 1964. More volumes were issued in the following years, culminating in 1980 with the monocots of Volume 5. The royalties were put into a trust fund administered by the Linnean Society, which allowed funding for Dr John Akeroyd to continue work on the project. A revised Volume 1 was launched at the Linnean Society on 11 March 1993.

Volume 1 : Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae

 * Published 1964

Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae

 * ISBN 0-521-06662-X
 * ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4
 * Published : 1 Dec 1968 (486 pages)

Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae

 * ISBN 0-521-08489-X
 * ISBN 978-0-521-08489-5
 * Published : 28 Dec 1972 (399 pages)

Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae)

 * ISBN 0-521-08717-1
 * ISBN 978-0-521-08717-9
 * Published: 5 Aug 1976 (534 pages)

Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae

 * ISBN 0-521-20108-X
 * ISBN 978-0-521-20108-7
 * Published: 3 April 1980 (476 pages)

Volume 1 Revised: Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae

 * ISBN 0-521-41007-X
 * ISBN 978-0-521-41007-6
 * Published: 22 April 1993 (629 pages)

5 Volume Set and CD-ROM Pack

 * ISBN 0-521-80570-8
 * ISBN 978-0-521-80570-4
 * Published: 6 Dec 2001 (2392 pages)

Editors
The editors named on every edition are :

 * Tom Tutin (1908–1987) – Professor of Botany at University of Leicester
 * Vernon Heywood (b. 1927) – Chief Scientist, Plant Conservation, IUCN and professor emeritus at University of Reading
 * Alan Burges (1911–2002) – Professor of Botany at University of Liverpool
 * David Valentine (1912–1987) – Professor of Botany at Durham University until 1966, then at University of Manchester

For the Revised Edition of Volume 1 only :
 * David Moore (1933–2013) – Professor Emeritus at University of Reading

For the CD set only :
 * Max Walters (1920–2005) – Director, Cambridge University Botanic Garden
 * David Webb (1912–1994) – Professor of Botany at Trinity College, Dublin

Regional advisers
A panel of regional advisers was formed, in order to ensure full coverage of the whole of Europe. Several of the advisers were also authors in their respective taxonomic specialities. For each country the representatives were:

Geographical Codes
The geographical distribution is indicated by a series of two letter codes.

title: Flora Europaea


text:
GTT

GTT may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Global title translation, in telecommunications
 * Glucose tolerance test
 * Google Translator Toolkit
 * Graphics translation table
 * Drop (unit), abbreviated gtt on prescriptions

Other uses

 * Georgetown Airport (Queensland), in Australia
 * Gone to Texas
 * Gruppo Torinese Trasporti, a public transport company in Turin, Italy
 * GTT Communications, Inc., an American telecommunications company

title: GTT


text:
Talk:Alpha Q

What Is This?
Umm...I have no idea what this article is talking about. I don't want to speedy delete it, since it may be somewhat purposeful information, but if someone can add to the article what the hell this is (is it a television show or what?), I and many others would be grateful. -- Cabhan 15:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Did they seriously get away with naming a character like this? You'd think that some child somewhere yelled "Alpha Q!" and the parents picked up on it. --24.156.27.108 22:44, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

he is a charecter from the tv series Trans formers: Energon

..omg. alpha Q. wow, Im surprised people didnt realize what that sounded like.. -.- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.18.87.120 (talk) 20:03, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alpha Q


text: User talk:86.130.207.97

title: User talk:86.130.207.97


text:
RNZAF Base Auckland

RNZAF Base Auckland is a Royal New Zealand Air Force base located near the upper reaches of the Waitematā Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. The base formerly comprised two separate airfields, Whenuapai and RNZAF Station Hobsonville. Hobsonville was established as a seaplane station in 1928 and was the RNZAF's primary flying boat base in New Zealand until 1967.

History
Construction of Whenuapai as a base for Vickers Wellington bomber aircraft began in 1937, the hangars being built in 1939. Whenuapai was also Auckland's civil international airport from 1945 to 1965. After World War II Auckland became a centre for RNZAF transport and maritime squadrons. RNZAF Station Hobsonville was administratively joined with Whenuapai in 1965 to become RNZAF Base Auckland. Hobsonville subsequently became a grass airfield for No. 3 Squadron RNZAF, which later moved to Ohakea. A New Zealand Army unit comprising various personnel from different regiments as well as the New Zealand Special Air Service were relocated to Papakura Military Camp in 2003.

Whenuapai was expected to close as well, with the Labour Government attempting to centralise the RNZAF at Ohakea. Infrastructure company Infratil and Waitākere College local body leaders studied the feasibility of developing Whenuapai into a commercial airport if the RNZAF moved to Ohakea. In 2009, the National Government overturned the Labour government's decision and decided to retain the air force base at Whenuapai and implemented a reconstruction programme.

A significant reconstruction phase started at RNZAF Base Whenuapai in 2011 and major works were carried out on the main runway, taxiways, and also the relocation of several units from RNZAF Base Hobsonville. Further development ensured that the RNZAF would remain at the present location. A significant government spending programme has been carried out to ensure the present base is brought up to standard.

In 2016 new facilities were under construction to replace those lost with the closure of RNZAF Base Hobsonville or closed due to non-compliance with increased earthquake safety standards introduced following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. This involves a new gymnasium, accommodation, a 25-metre weapons range, and a medical facility.

Additional funding will also improve areas to the flight line and aprons after a $30 million upgrade on the main runway and taxiways was completed in 2012.

Whenuapai and Hobsonville have both been used as Hollywood movie locations. In 1988 aircraft and base personnel were used for the film The Rescue. In 2004, the first scene for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was shot at the site (the railway scene). In 2012, Whenuapai was used for the film Emperor.

In January 2023, the P-3 Orions were retired from service, with 5 Squadron RNZAF relocating to RNZAF Base Ohakea with the P-8 Poseidon and roughly 250 personnel moved to Ohakea as part of the relocation.

The personnel strength is around 1500.

Other units

 * Base Headquarters
 * RNZAF Operations Squadron
 * RNZAF Parachute Training and Support Unit
 * RNZAF Security Forces Military Working Dog Training School
 * RNZAF Aviation Medicine Unit
 * RNZAF Survival Training Centre
 * RNZAF Police
 * RNZAF Fire Rescue
 * Base Medical Flight

NZ Government Secure Data Centre
In 2023 the government announced Whenuapai as the site of  secure data centre for use by GCSB and SIS

title: RNZAF Base Auckland


text:
Roy Dyson

Royden Patrick Dyson (born November 15, 1948), is an American politician. He is a former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland.

Born in Great Mills, Maryland, Dyson attended private schools and graduated from Great Mills High School in 1966. He attended the University of Maryland, College Park, and the University of Baltimore in 1968, 1969, and 1970. He also served as a legislative assistant in the United States House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974.

Dyson was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, serving from 1975 to 1980, and was a delegate in 1978 to the Democratic National Issues Conference. Dyson ran for Congress in the Eastern Shore-based 1st District in 1976, losing to two-term Republican Robert Bauman. However, he defeated Bauman in 1980 after Bauman suffered a sex scandal in the weeks prior to election day. Dyson was reelected three more times without much difficulty.

In the 1988 election, Dyson was dogged by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors. His Republican opponent was Wayne Gilchrest, a high school teacher who had never run for office before. Dyson barely held onto his seat, winning by only 460 votes. In 1990, Gilchrest defeated Dyson 57% to 43% despite again being badly outspent by Dyson, who received substantial PAC contributions in all of his later campaigns.

In 1995, Dyson was elected to the Maryland Senate, representing District 29 (St. Mary's County and southern Calvert County). As of 2014, he resided in Great Mills.

title: Roy Dyson


text:
State legislative councils of India

The State Legislative Council, or Vidhan Parishad, or Saasana Mandali is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral state legislature; the lower house being the State Legislative Assembly. Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India.

Only 6 out of 28 states have a Legislative Council. These are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. No union territory has a legislative council.

Member of the Legislative Council
Members of a State Legislative Council (MLC) must be a citizen of India, at least 30 years old, mentally sound, not an insolvent, and must be an enrolled voter of the state. A member may not be a Member of Parliament and Member of the State Legislative Assembly at the same time. A member must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any state. The tenure of the MLCs are six years. One-third of the members of State Legislative Council retire after every two years. This arrangement parallels that for the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India.

Composition
The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and Deputy Chairman of the State Legislative Council.

MLCs are chosen in the following manner:
 * One third are elected by the members of local bodies such as municipalities, Gram panchayats, Panchayat samitis and district councils.
 * One third are elected by the members of Legislative Assembly of the State from among the persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.
 * One sixth are nominated by the Governor from persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as literature, science, arts, the co-operative movement and social services.
 * One twelfth are elected by persons who are graduates of three years' standing residing in that state.
 * One twelfth are elected by teachers who had spent at least three years in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower than secondary schools, including colleges and universities.

Creation, abolition and roles of State Legislative Councils
According to the Article 169 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India can create or abolish the State Legislative Council of a state if that state's legislature passes a resolution for that with a special majority. As of 9 January 2024, 6 out of the 28 states have State Legislative Council.

The existence of a State Legislative Council has proven politically controversial. A number of states that have had their Legislative Council abolished have subsequently requested its re-establishment; conversely, proposals for the re-establishment of the Legislative Council for a state have also met with opposition. Proposals for abolition or re-establishment of a state's Legislative Council require confirmation by the Parliament of India.

The Constitution of India gives limited power to the State Legislative Council. The State Legislative Council can neither form or dissolve a state government. The State Legislative Council also have no role in the passing of money bills. But some of the powers it has is that the chairman and Deputy Chairman of the State Legislative Council enjoy the same status of Cabinet Ministers in the state.

State Legislative Councils by ruling parties
The Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 4 legislative councils; the Indian National Congress-led Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is in power in 2 legislative councils; and 30 other states/union territories do not have a legislative council.

Proposed State Legislative Councils
There are currently 4 proposals for creation of Legislative Councils:
 * Rajasthan Legislative Council - On April 18, 2012, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to create a Legislative Council for the state of Rajasthan with 66 members. The Rajasthan Legislative Council Bill, 2013 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 6, 2013, and has been referred to the Standing Committee on Law and Justice.
 * West Bengal Legislative Council - On 6 July 2021, West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed a resolution supporting an ad-hoc committee report that favoured the creation of Legislative Council for the state of West Bengal.
 * Odisha Legislative Council - On 18 September 2018, Odisha Legislative Assembly passed a resolution for setting up a Legislative Council for the state of Odisha with 49 members.
 * Assam Legislative Council - on 14 July 2013, Assam Legislative Assembly passed a resolution for the creation of Legislative Council in the state of Assam with 42 members. The Assam Legislative Council Bill, 2013 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 3 December 2013.

Criticism and support
The State Legislative Councils are criticised for being unnecessary. It is considered a burden on the state budget and cause delays in passing legislation. State legislative council helps the defeated leaders to get a seat in the state legislature. This reduces the feeling of democracy, since the leaders are elected indirectly. These are the reasons why most of the states don't prefer legislative councils.

Other states support the establishment of legislative councils, arguing that they represent the local governments and also give voice to people having expertise in various fields (through Gubernatorial nominations).

title: State legislative councils of India


text:
User talk:Angus Lepper

 I will respond to messages left here on your talk page unless you instruct me otherwise (e.g. if you've added my talkpage to your Watchlist).

Neilston
Hello,

I believe you contribute recordings to the Spoken Wikipedia project? I was wondering if there was any chance I could persuade you into doing a recording for Neilston - a new featured article?

I would be eternally grateful if you could. I've approached yourself specifically as I imagine, as a Scotsman, you have the appropriate accent! -- Jza84 · (talk) 14:32, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Intro to QM
Per your recent post to the reference desk, i understand you're looking for a good overview of QM. You stated you ahd thumbed through the WP articles, but just to be sure, have you skimmed this one yet? --Shaggorama (talk) 08:16, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Image:Simple Full Wave Rectifier.svg
Image:Simple Full Wave Rectifier.svg is incorrectly labelled as a full wave rectifier. It is in fact a half wave rectifier. -- Alan Liefting ( talk ) - 09:53, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

WP Computing
Greetings. You are receiving this note as you are a member of this WikiProject. Currently there is not much of activity in the project and I am hoping to revive the project with your help. I have made a few changes to the project page Diff. You are welcome to make suggestions of improvement / changes in the design. I have also make a proposal to AutoTagg articles with WikiProject Computing for the descendant wikiprojects articles also. Please express your opinion here --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 12:43, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Edinburgh traffic
Angus,

Thanks for your response last week to my question about UK driving times. As part of my trip around the UK, I am of course planning to see Edinburgh. I am planning to drive from Inverness to Edinburgh, and based on both Google Maps and the AA Route Planner, I would expect to arrive in the area a little past 12:30 on a Monday afternoon. I am planning to park at the Sheriffhall Park and Ride (at the junction of the A7 and the A720) and then continue into central Edinburgh by bus to avoid the expensive car parks in the centre. When you said that the "city bypass" often becomes a car park, did you mean the A720? Would you expect it to be gridlocked at 12:30? Two days later, I plan to return to my car in the morning and head toward Berwick-upon-Tweed via the A1. This will probably be around 9:00 a.m. Should I expect the easternmost stretch of the A720 to be jammed at that hour? Would you recommend taking Old Dalkeith Road through Dalkeith to the A6094 instead? Thanks for your help!

Marco polo (talk) 01:10, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Additional answers re multiple-alarm fires
FYI—your post about multiple-alarm fires has received some additional – and more correct – answers. You might want to check back there, if you haven't already. Cheers! TenOfAllTrades(talk) 16:53, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Integrated banner for WikiProject Computer science
I have made a proposal for a integrated banner for the project  here . I invite you for your valuable comments in the discussion. You are receiving this note as you are a member of the project. Thanks --  Tinu  Cherian  - 04:54, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

George Heriot's School
Sorry about reverting that. "John the Painter: Terrorist" sounded like vandalism (especially coming from anonymous, first-time editors), but clearly I was misinformed. Thanks. Friginator (talk) 05:35, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Eric Winter (disambiguation)
Hello. Just to let you know that this has been nominated for speedy deletion per {db-disambig}. Thanks, Boleyn3 (talk) 13:47, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Eric Winter (disambiguation)
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Eric Winter (disambiguation). We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Eric Winter (disambiguation). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:16, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Angus Lepper


text:
User talk:Aardwolf

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 15:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Pula
Since you've been here since 2005, you should know that statements on WP need to be sourced. As there was no source showing publication of Pula beyond 2003, it was not warranted to state that it was still being published. Apparently, it was still in existence in 2008 and also apparently, you have access to their website, given the statement posted there. However, please also read WP:COI, in case this applies. Thanks. --Crusio (talk) 18:42, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * PS: it would be good if some sources establishing notability (see WP:GNG and WP:NJournals) could be provided. --Crusio (talk) 18:44, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aardwolf


text: Talk:Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk

title: Talk:Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk


text:
American Hebrew Academy

American Hebrew Academy was an international college-preparatory school located in Greensboro, North Carolina. It was open to students of all faiths but was originally founded as a Jewish international school, American Hebrew Academy, the only such school in the world for boarding and day students between 9th and 12th grade. The coeducational school's 100 acre campus was designed by Aaron Green, protégé of renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The school closed in June 2019 but later announced plans to reopen for the 2021–2022 school year. A reopening as AHA International School never occurred.

History
American Hebrew Academy opened in 2001, known as "AHA". The school was founded by several leaders in Jewish education, including Alvin Mars, to create a pluralistic learning and leadership environment. The initial objective of the school was simply to create a high school option for the local Jewish community near Greensboro, and to draw a critical mass of students from other regions of the country where Jewish day school was not a feasible option. Subsequent to the school's founding, the school's unique identity as a coed, pluralistic Jewish boarding school attracted students globally and hosted a diverse student body from over 35 countries.

The academy's inception was sponsored and spearheaded by Maurice "Chico" Sabbah, a philanthropist, businessman, Sephardic Jew, and Zionist, and longtime resident of Greensboro. Sabbah's nephew, Glenn Drew, continued to manage the school and served as CEO executive director, and General Counsel since the school's beginning. Drew resigned in November 2020.

Board members included Leeor Sabbah, Glenn Drew, Joseph Weilgus, Joel Fleishman of Duke University, investor Michael Steinhardt, Jehuda Reinharz of Brandeis University, Marsha Cohen, Bonnie Lipton, Scott Shay of Signature Bank, Douglas Greene, Abe Tawil and Larry Heyman.

Closing and rebranding
On June 11, 2019, Glenn Drew notified community members that the school would close after 18 years, citing financial distress. The news was broadly reported as abrupt and unexpected. On September 13, 2019 the academy announced plans to reopen in for the 2020-2021 school year.

In May 2020, the academy announced plans to rebrand itself for reopening in 2021, after receiving a $26 million investment from a Chinese education company Puxin Limited. As part of its rebranding, the school would encourage international enrollment, including countries in the Middle East and Asia.

The academy was briefly rebranded as AHA International School and was scheduled to reopen in September 2021. As part of its reopening, the school's college prep program was expanded to place a higher emphasis on Advanced Placement courses and professional experience opportunities for students. The rebranded AHA International School also released a video announcing that campus tours would resume in September 2020, and students would be admitted for classes beginning in August 2021. Abe Tawil served as head of school. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the school did not reopen.

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a $50 million dollar 5 year lease of the campus to use as a transitional housing facility for unaccompanied migrant children. HHS's plans for the campus include hosting up to 800 unaccompanied minors, ages 13-17. These children will receive physical and educational assessments as they prepare for a reunion with family member(s) or a sponsor. Children will live in campus dormitories, take meals in the dining hall, classes in the academic buildings and receive medical care in the health center. AHA will be operating an educational program for the children hosted on the campus according to educational requirements of the State of North Carolina. This program is known as Greensboro Global Academy.

Campus
The location is a 100 acre campus, adjacent to a 22 acre lake. Following a national architectural competition to design the campus, Frank Lloyd Wright’s associate architect, Aaron Green, was commissioned to create the master plan for the campus and building designs for every building the academy would eventually need for the immediate future and for years to come.

As of 2016, American Hebrew Academy had the largest closed-loop geothermal exchange well field in the United States to heat and cool its campus. In 2016, the academy dedicated the new Charlotte K. Frank Center for Plant Science & Ecology which provides a state of the art research and experimentation facility for advancing the study of hydroponics, aquaculture, soil and water conservation and Israel's leadership in the development of agricultural technology.

title: American Hebrew Academy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boomercafe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:13, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Boomercafe
Self-promotion from User:Dehenderson ("Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see What Wikipedia is not)." prominently displayed on every 'new article' edit window.). Just another website--only 650 hits, and an Alexa rank of only 650,472. Niteowlneils 15:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy ad. --Xcali 17:26, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. You 19:18, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Julia wray

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:13, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Julia wray
Friend-promotion from User:Dehenderson. Just some chiropractor--less than 80 displayed hits for "Julia wray", many not her, and only 14 displayed hits for "Julia wray" alexandria, and some are still not her. Niteowlneils 15:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep notable Chubby Chicken 15:47, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Above recently created account, Chubby Chicken, is voting "keep, notable" for numerous clearly non-notable (indeed bordering on speedy) articles. Please keep that grain of information in mind when counting votes. -- BD2412 talk 20:22, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete Lots of chiropractors out there. I don't see why this one is notable.  --Xcali 17:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, and I warn Chubby Chicken right now to stop trolling the VfD pages and vandalizing User pages. RickK 19:23, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. You 20:01, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Henderson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was move to user space.

"What links here" clearly shows that there are several notable David Hendersons. This does not appear to be the person cited in any of those articles. Rossami (talk) 21:22, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

David Henderson
Self-promotion from User:Dehenderson. May be notable--journalist with one published book--but self-posting flies in the face of Autobiography, What Wikipedia is not #6, and "Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not)." prominently displayed on every 'new article' edit window. Niteowlneils 15:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep notable Chubby Chicken 15:47, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Above recently created account, Chubby Chicken, is voting "keep, notable" for numerous clearly non-notable (indeed bordering on speedy) articles. Please keep that grain of information in mind when counting votes. -- BD2412 talk 20:22, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete It might be notable, but it is violation of policy.  It would be more convincingly notable if someone else thought he was worthy of an article.  Sonic Mew 15:51, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy He's borderline notable, but given that it appears to have come from him, I'd say userfy to User:Dehenderson. --Xcali 17:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy You 19:19, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy per Sonic Mew. Karol 10:39, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
RNZAF Base Ohakea

RNZAF Base Ohakea is an operational base of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Opened in 1939, it is located near Bulls, 25 km north-west of Palmerston North in the Manawatū. It is also a diversion landing point for civilian aircraft. The base's motto is Defensio per vires (Latin for defence through strength).

Early days
An air base was originally proposed in the area in 1927, when Ohakea was selected as the most suitable site for a mooring mast for airships of the British Imperial Airship service. It was proposed to build one mast for a demonstration flight, with the potential for expansion to a full airship base with three masts, airship sheds and hydrogen production. However, there was no point in going ahead with the development of the site without a commitment from the Australian Government to build masts to provide bases in that country. When the Australian Government declined to build masts, the New Zealand Government declined likewise.

1930s development
In 1935 the Labour government committed to an expansion of the military air service at the expense of the navy, seeing this as a way of reducing the total defence vote. At the end of 1935, the government accepted an air service expansion plan developed by RAF Wing Commander Ralph Cochrane.

The plan called for several new bases, with a major development at Ohakea, which would be home to 30 Wellington bombers on order for the RNZAF. Two large hangars (now hangars 2 and 3) were authorised to house the aircraft, to be designed by the Department of Public Works chief design engineer Charles Turner. Turner decided to build the hangars as monolithic reinforced concrete structures because structural steel could not be obtained in sufficient quantities without delays, while concrete and reinforcing steel could be delivered immediately. The same limitation forced Turner to adopt concrete doors. The arched hangars spanned 61 metres, with a height of 18 metres. The expense of the steel centring was spread across four hangars, as another two similar structures were ordered for RNZAF Base Auckland. The two Ohakea hangars were completed in 1939, at a cost of about £76,750 each.

Ultimately, the Wellington bombers for which the hangars were built never arrived, as they were donated to Britain at the start of the Second World War, forming The New Zealand Squadron. However, the hangars have been in continuous use since their construction, and (re-roofed in steel) remain in use today.

Military service
During the Second World War, Ohakea was the RNZAF's main training base for operational conversion to fighters, observers/navigators for medium bombers and air gunners. After the war, No. 14 Squadron RNZAF, No. 42 Squadron RNZAF and No. 75 Squadron RNZAF were re-formed at Ohakea, and No.1 Repair Depot relocated from RNZAF Base Te Rapa in Hamilton, New Zealand.

In August 1966 No. 1 Flying Training School RNZAF at Wigram was renamed Pilot Training Squadron (PTS).

After the war, Ohakea was the RNZAF's strike base, with Nos 14 and 75 Squadrons resident. A long-time resident, No 42 Squadron relocated to Whenuapai in 1984 to allow the relocation of 2 Squadron RNZAF to HMAS Albatross, Nowra, Australia in 1991. In 1993, RNZAF flying training previously carried out at Wigram by the Pilot Training Squadron RNZAF and the Central Flying School RNZAF moved to Ohakea. Also in 1993 a new aviation wing of the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum was opened at Ohakea. 14 Squadron and 75 Squadron disbanded in November 2001, and 42 Squadron relocated back to Ohakea in January 2002. There are currently around 1200 personnel based at Ohakea, which makes it the second largest Air Force base behind RNZAF Base Auckland.

A plan to consolidate all RNZAF operations at Ohakea was abandoned in March 2009 as part of a change of policy on the part of the incoming National Government who chose to retain two operational air bases, Ohakea and Whenuapai, for use by the RNZAF.

In 2012 following the arrival of NH-90 and A-109 helicopters a new multi-purpose hangar was built to accommodate the 3 Squadron helicopter fleet. Another significant infrastructure has included a brand new main gate duty centre which the RNZAF Police and RNZAF Security Forces personnel occupy, an international air movements terminal named after Sir Richard Bolt which was completed in 2014. This allows Ohakea the ability to accommodate international civilian flights if Wellington Airport was closed.

No. 14 Squadron RNZAF reformed in 2015 to take up the initial pilot training role with the new T-6C Texan II, resulting in disbandment of the Pilot Training Squadron.

In August 2017 the Republic of Singapore Air Force based its F-16D fighters at Ohakea as a feasibility study for establishment there of a training base for its F-15 fighters. The deployment gave the RSAF opportunity to fly in more open airspace and take advantage of the unique New Zealand flying conditions and mountainous terrain not available in Singapore. However the government cancelled the plan due to cost considerations.

In December 2020, construction commenced on the new hangar, taxiways, and aircraft aprons for the four new P-8 Poseidon aircraft that were due to arrive in 2022. This will see No. 5 Squadron RNZAF consolidate all personnel and new aircraft to Ohakea from RNZAF Base Whenuapai. The first of the new aircraft arrived in December 2022, with the remaining three aircraft scheduled for May 2023.

Personnel Strength: around 1200

Other Units

 * Flying Training Headquarters
 * RNZAF Operations Squadron
 * RNZAF Police
 * RNZAF Security Forces
 * RNZAF Logistics
 * Base Medical Flight
 * RNZAF Refuellers
 * RNZAF Fire Rescue

Demographics
Ohakea is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 6.06 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the large Ohakea-Sanson statistical area.

The population of Ohakea was 252 in the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3 (1.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 27 (12.%) since the 2006 census. There were 162 males and 87 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.86 males per female. Ethnicities were 219 people (86.9%) European/Pākehā, 27 (10.7%) Māori, 6 (2.4%) Pacific peoples, 12 (4.8%) Asian and 6 (2.4%) other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). Of the total population, 39 people (15.5%) were under 15 years old, 138 (54.8%) were 15–29, 69 (27.4%) were 30–64, and 3 (1.2%) were over 65.

Civilian functions
Ohakea is a secondary diversion airport for heavy civilian aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and Boeing 777 if an aircraft's destination airport is temporarily closed. Ohakea has the facilities to process a significant number of passengers since the completion of a new terminal.

On 29 January 2017, an Emirates Airbus A380 was diverted to RNZAF Base Ohakea due to a Singapore Airlines Airbus A380 blocking the main runway at Auckland International Airport because of a landing gear malfunction. The Emirates A380 was refuelled by RNZAF fuel tankers and departed for Auckland. This was the first time an A380 has landed at Ohakea.

Ohakea has been the subject of a feasibility study into mixed-use military and civilian freight capability, which has included lengthening the main runway to accommodate the Boeing 747.

Motor racing
The Ohakea Airfield was used as a temporary motor racing circuit, predominantly in the 1950s. A 5.6-kilometre track hosted the inaugural New Zealand Grand Prix in 1950, while a shorter 3.5-kilometre circuit hosted the Ohakea Trophy from 1951 to 1956 and further national meetings from 1959 to 1962. The circuit was reopened for historic events in the 1980s.

title: RNZAF Base Ohakea


text:
Sequani

The Sequani were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper river basin of the Arar river (Saône), the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

Name
They are mentioned as Sequanos by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Ammianus Marcellinus (4th c. AD), Sequanis by Livy (late 1st c. BC), Sēkoanoús (Σηκοανούς) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as Sequani by Pliny (1st c. AD).

The Gaulish ethnonym Sequani ( sing. Sequanos) stems from the Celtic name of the Seine river, Sequana. This may indicate that their original homeland was located by the Seine.

Geography
The country of the Sequani corresponded to Franche-Comté and part of Burgundy. The Jura Mountains separated the Sequani from the Helvetii on the east, but the mountains belonged to the Sequani, as the narrow pass between the Rhone and Lake Geneva was Sequanian. They did not occupy the confluence of the Saône into the Rhone, as the Helvetii plundered the lands of the Aedui there. Extending a line westward from the Jura estimates the southern border at about Mâcon, but Mâcon belonged to the Aedui. Strabo says that the Arar separates the Sequani from the Aedui and the Lingones, which means that the Sequani were on the left, or eastern, bank of the Saône only. On the northeast corner the country of the Sequani touched on the Rhine.

History
Before the arrival of Julius Caesar in Gaul, the Sequani had taken the side of the Arverni against their rivals the Aedui and hired the Suebi under Ariovistus to cross the Rhine and help them (71 BC). Although his assistance enabled them to defeat the Aedui, the Sequani were worse off than before, for Ariovistus deprived them of a third of their territory and threatened to take another third, while subjugating them into semi-slavery.

The Sequani then appealed to Caesar, who drove back the Germanic tribesmen (58 BC), but at the same time obliged the Sequani to surrender all that they had gained from the Aedui. This so exasperated the Sequani that they joined in the revolt of Vercingetorix (52 BC) and shared in the defeat at Alesia. Under Augustus, the district known as Sequania formed part of Belgica. After the death of Vitellius (69 AD), the inhabitants refused to join the Gallic revolt against Rome instigated by Gaius Julius Civilis and Julius Sabinus, and drove back Sabinus, who had invaded their territory. A triumphal arch at Vesontio (Besançon), which in return for this service was made a colony, possibly commemorates this victory.

Diocletian added Helvetia, and part of Germania Superior to Sequania, which was now called Provincia Maxima Sequanorum, Vesontio receiving the title of Metropolis civitas Vesontiensium. The southern reach of this territory was known as Sapaudia, which became the namesake of the later region of Savoy. Fifty years later, Gaul was overrun by the barbarians, and Vesontio sacked (355 AD). Under Julian, it recovered some of its importance as a fortified town, and was able to withstand the attacks of the Vandals. Later, when Rome was no longer able to afford protection to the inhabitants of Gaul, the Sequani became merged in the newly formed Kingdom of Burgundy.

Major settlements

 * Vesontio (Besançon)
 * Luxovium (Luxeuil-les-Bains)
 * Loposagium (Luxiol)
 * Portus Abucini (Port-sur-Saône)
 * Segobudium (Seveux)
 * Epamanduodurum (Mandeure)
 * Ariolica (Pontarlier)
 * Magetobria / Admagetobria (Broye-lès-Pesmes)
 * Pons Dubis (Pontoux)
 * Castro Vesulio (Vesoul)

title: Sequani