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Chemnitz University of Technology

Chemnitz University of Technology (Technische Universität Chemnitz) is a public university in Chemnitz, Germany. With over 9,000 students, it is the third largest university in Saxony. It was founded in 1836 as Königliche Gewerbschule (Royal Mercantile College) and was elevated to a Technische Hochschule, a university of technology, in 1963. With approximately 1,500 employees in science, engineering and management, Chemnitz University of Technology is among the most important employers in the region.

Foundation
The tradition of science in this region goes back to the 16th century when Georg Agricola (1494–1555), a famous German scholar of minerals, served as the city's mayor. Historically, the university emerged from the Gewerbschule (trade school) founded in 1836. One year later, a Baugewerkenschule (school for the building trades) became affiliated with the Königliche Gewerbschule (Royal Trade School), which was followed by a Königliche Werkmeisterschule (Royal School for Master Craftsmen) in 1855. An existing Fabrikzeichenschule (Factory Mark School) in Chemnitz was affiliated to the Gewerbeschule at the time of its founding, but it was separated from the Gewerbschule for budgetary reasons in 1858. These four schools existed side by side and were unified by their director. In 1878, these schools were formally united in a school association – the Kasse der Technischen Staatslehranstalten (Office of the Technical Educational Institutions). The Gewerbeschule in particular, which was renamed the Gewerbeakademie in 1900 and the Staatliche Akademie für Technik (Public Academy of Technology) in 1929, achieved high recognition in Germany and a special position among the technical colleges and technical schools.

During the German Democratic Republic Era
After World War II, the association was reopened as a purely technical school under the name Technische Lehranstalten (Technical Academy) in 1947. In 1953, the Hochschule für Maschinenbau Karl-Marx-Stadt (Karl-Marx-Stadt College of Mechanical Engineering) was reestablished at the same location and in the same building. Over the course of the adjustment of the technical school landscape in the GDR, the old technical school was dissolved in 1955. The College of Mechanical Engineering was elevated to the status of a technical college in 1963 and to that of a technical university in 1986.

For basic Marxist–Leninist studies, which had been obligatory since 1951 for students of all disciplines in the GDR, there was also an Institute for Marxism–Leninism at the school. It later also had to take over the scientific staff, lecturers and professors' ongoing ideological training.

After Germany's Reunification
At the end of the German Democratic Republic, the academic system of Eastern Germany was absorbed by the West German system. Chemnitz University of Technology was actively supported to remain as a third university in Saxony besides University of Leipzig and TU Dresden. In 1992, the former Pädagogische Hochschule Zwickau was incorporated and the university was renamed Technische Universität Chemnitz-Zwickau. With the establishment of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (1993) and the Faculty of Humanities (1994), the university's profile shifted from technical to a more comprehensive university. In 1997, another renaming took place and the institution received its current name, Chemnitz University of Technology. In September of the same year, the Saxon state government made the decision to end elementary school teacher training in Chemnitz. As of the winter semester 1999/2000, no more students were enrolled in the teacher training programs. The state government made the decision to center teacher training in Leipzig and Dresden. These decisions were accompanied by massive protests from the ranks of the students but also from the Faculty of Humanities.

In 2009, when the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences was spun off from the Faculty of Humanities, the university consisted of 159 professorships spread across eight faculties. With more than 9,000 students, Chemnitz University of Technology is the third largest university in Saxony after the University of Leipzig and the TU Dresden.

As part of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments, the Cluster of Excellence MERGE – Technology Fusion for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures was funded at the university until 2017. After the additional funding expired on 31 October 2019, MERGE became a central institution of the university.

Teacher education returned to the university with the establishment of the Centre for Teacher Training in 2013 as a central institution for training elementary school teachers. In 2014, the Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer was founded as a central institution of Chemnitz University of Technology.

Chemnitz University of Technology successfully participated in both rounds of the Female Professors Program, which is funded by the federal and state governments. In 2019, the university participated in the Female Professors Program for the third time and was the only university in Saxony to receive the "Equality Excellent" rating.

Since April 2019, the university has received funding from the program WIR! – Change through Innovation in the Region. Up to 15 million euros are available for the two joint projects – Smart Rail Connectivity-Campus and SmartERZ. The aim of the Smart Rail Connectivity-Campus is to establish a research campus in Annaberg-Buchholz for research into autonomous train traffic.

Also in 2019, Chemnitz University of Technology received the Award for University Communication for its overall communicative concept and its advocacy against violence and xenophobia following the racist riots in Chemnitz in 2018.

Faculties
The university is organised into the following eight faculties:
 * Faculty of Computer Science
 * Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
 * Faculty of Mathematics
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences
 * Faculty of Humanities
 * Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences

Central Institutions

 * Cluster of Excellence MERGE
 * Saxony's Centre for Teaching and Learning
 * University Library
 * Foreign Language Centre
 * Internationales Universitätszentrum
 * Centre for Young Scientists
 * Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer
 * Research Centre MAIN
 * International Office
 * University Computer Centre
 * Centre for Teacher Training
 * Centre for Sports and Health Promotion

An-Institutes

 * Cetex Institute for Textile and Processing Machines gemeinnützige GmbH
 * Institute of Mechatronics e.V.
 * Saxony Textile Research Institute e.V.
 * TUCed – An-Institut für Transfer und Weiterbildung GmbH
 * Center for Criminological Research Saxony

Campus
Chemnitz University of Technology's growth led it to have buildings in various parts of Chemnitz. The campus on Reichenhainer Staße is the main campus. There are currently four parts of the university:

Campus at Straße der Nationen 62
The campus at Straße der Nationen 62 is in the center of Chemnitz across from the bus station. This includes the buildings at Straße der Nationen 62 (the Böttcher Building), Bahnhofstraße 8 (Patent Information Center), Carolastraße 8 (Department of Human Resources, Department of Budget and Economics), and the Alte Aktienspinnerei (University Library and University Archives).

Eduard-Theodor-Böttcher-Bau
The Böttcher-Bau or Böttcher Building is the main and oldest building at Chemnitz University of Technology. The natural stone facade of the building consists of granite, porphyry, and sandstone elements. The most prominent part of the historical building is the four-meter long and 21-meter high facade. Behind the main entrance doors there is a vestibule with a historical cross vault. After the staircase, the student secretariat is located to the right.

This building is home to the university administration (President and Vice-Presidents' offices, office of the chancellor, some departments), the University Computer Centre as well as the Faculty of Computer Science and the Institute of Chemistry. Furthermore, the Böttcher-Bau is home to a cafeteria and a canteen which are operated by the Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. Also located in this building is part of the TUClab, Chemnitz University of Technology's start-up support network.

The Böttcher Building, whose cornerstone was laid on 2 September 1875, was named after Professor Eduard Theodor Böttcher (1829–1893). Böttcher was a professor of mechanics and for many years the director of the Royal Higher Industrial School in Chemnitz. The laboratory building facing the railroad station was handed over as early as 1876. The busts of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Alexander von Humboldt in the staircase there also date from this time. On 16 October 1877, this building was consecrated as the State Technical School. Under this collective name, it united the Higher School of Trades, the School of Construction Trades, the School of Master Craftsmen and the School of Trades Marks. The building, which was equipped according to the most modern standards and in which 612 students were taught at the time, had 105 rooms with a total area of 6,613 square meters. Since the 150th anniversary of engineering education in 1986, the main building at the university has borne the name "Eduard-Theodor-Böttcher-Bau". In 1986, a sculpture of Böttcher by the Karl-Marx-Stadt artist Frank Diettrich was also unveiled in front of the Senate Hall on the second floor in the central part of the building.

On the front exterior façade of the building, three pairs of figures above the large main entrances indicate the sciences that were taught in the building at the time: Mathematics and Physics, Textile Industry and Chemical Engineering, and Mechanical and Civil Engineering.

In addition, the portrait heads of famous representatives of the sciences are in high relief in the central section. Pictured are:

 * Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
 * Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848)
 * Leonhard Euler (1707–1783)
 * Gaspard Monge (1746–1818)
 * James Watt (1736–1819)
 * Karl Karmarsch (1803–1879)

At the height of the former assembly hall windows, two 2.25 meter tall statues can be seen on the sides of the central section. The left figure, equipped with a cogwheel and compasses, symbolizes technology. The right statue represents science – reinforced by the book and the lecturing posture. All portraits and the two statues were modeled by sculptor Anton Händler, who taught at the Chemnitz Gewerbzeichenschule.

On the roof of the building, directly above the portraits on the fourth floor, there is a parapet wall. At the time, it bore the words "Königliche Technische Lehranstalten" (Royal Technical Schools), which have since been replaced by the words "Technische Universität" (University of Technology). The picture is rounded off by two lions representing the Saxon coat of arms decorated with a golden crown.

In the inner courtyard of the Böttcher Building is the "Alte Heizhaus." This was originally a flat building, consisting of a boiler house and chimney, which was intended to provide heating and ventilation for the Böttcher Building via ducts. These ducts were up to 3.5 meters below ground, with the bottom of the chimney reaching a depth of six meters. An open staircase led to the basement of the boiler house, and to the left and right of the staircase there were openings with cast-iron lids through which the fuel was stored in the underground rooms. This facility was among the most modern of the time. Construction of the boiler house began in April 1875 and was completed with the chimney and an underground connecting duct between the chimney and the laboratory in October 1875. The building itself was constructed in 1877 by the Chemnitz architect Emil Alwin Gottschaldt. When it was connected to the municipal heating supply in 1967, the chimney was removed. A converter station was subsequently integrated into the building. In the course of further renovations from 1996 to 2000, all technical equipment was relocated to the basement area. Since then, it has also served as a station for technical equipment for the supply of heat and electricity.

University Library
Chemnitz University of Technology's University Library has been located in the Alte Aktienspinnerei building since 1 October 2020. The historic building, which is a protected landmark today, was built in the architectural style of historical eclecticism around 1858 and now houses a stock of around 1.2 million books.

The architect Friedrich Theodor Roschig designed the building entirely of iron and stone due to the fire hazard posed by wood. At the time, the building was one of the most fire-safe in the city of Chemnitz. With 60,000 spindles, it was the largest spinning mill in Saxony. At the beginning of the 20th century, the spinning mill moved out of the building because it had become too small for the amount of yarn to be produced.

During World War 2, the building was heavily damaged and lost the top floor. After the war, the building was given an emergency roof and experienced a variety of uses during the time of the GDR and after the fall of the Berlin Wall: among other things, as a department store, a puppet theater, a city library, an office building and, after the turn of the millennium, as an art gallery. After that, the building stood empty.

In 2012, a Europe-wide competition was launched to convert the Alte Aktienspinnerei. This contest included requirements to restore the building to its original form and to leave the style of an industrial building. On 31 January 2013, the jury, chaired by Paul Kahlfeldt, made the decision to place the design of the bidding consortium Lungwitz, Heine, Mildner (Dresden) and Rabe (Berlin) in first place. The justification stated: "The honest and sensitive handling of the historic building fabric and its extension is very successful. The consistent and timeless formulation is continued both in the facade and in the interior spaces. The historic building fabric is optimally used and extended. There is a clear separation of individual workplaces and group rooms. The use is rounded off by the central placement of the reading rooms."

In mid-2015, the conversion into the university library began. The relocation of the collections from the location of different parts of the campus took place in the spring and summer of 2020. Beginning in June 2020, the previous three library locations, their stacks and the university archive were combined in the Alte Aktienspinnerei building.

Campus on Reichenhainer Straße
The Reichenhainer Straße campus is located on Reichenhainer Straße in the Bernsdorf neighborhood. This campus is home to the cafeteria, student council, and Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. In addition, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, parts of the Faculty of Mathematics, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, the Institute of Physics, parts of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and parts of the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences are located here.

The Central Lecture Hall, built between 1996 and 1997 at a cost of 33 million Deutschmarks, is also located here. It contains a total of 2,576 seats in 4 lecture halls and 14 seminar rooms and is commonly called the Orangerie because of its orange color. The largest lecture hall, the Auditorium Maximum, holds 714 seats.

Between 2016 and 2017, the campus square in front of the Central Lecture Hall and the Weinhold Building was renovated, and the tram tracks on Reichenhainer Straße were relocated to connect the campus to the Straße der Nationen 62 campus and several cities in the region as part of the Chemnitzer Modell project.

The Adolf-Ferdinand-Weinhold-Bau, the largest building on the Reichenhainer Straße campus in terms of usable space, is next to the Orangerie. The building was completely renovated between 2010 and 2013 at a cost of 55.25 million euros. It houses two lecture halls, 14 seminar rooms, eight language cabinets, 90 laboratories and 144 offices. In 2014, the building was awarded the Architekturpreis Beton.

All student dormitories, sports facilities, the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology (IWU), and the Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS) are also located in the immediate vicinity.

Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building
A distinctive building on the Reichenhainer Straße campus is the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building, which is commonly called the "Orangerie" by students, mainly because of its exterior painting. The building, designed by Meinhard von Gerkan, was built between 1996 and 1998 at a cost of 33 million German marks. The client was the Chemnitz State Property and Building Authority. It offers a total of 2,576 seats in four lecture halls and 14 seminar rooms. The largest lecture hall, the "Auditorium Maximum," holds 706 seats. The Audimax is supported by four wall panels facing Reichenhainer Straße. The total volume of the building is 51,766 m³. The floor area is 8,856 m2.

A two-story foyer forms the center of the building, which contains the entrance to the four lecture halls. The foyer is enclosed on two levels by an angular structure in which the seminar rooms are located. The east and west sides of the foyer are completely glazed and open onto Reichenhainer Straße. A steel truss structure and metal roof were installed over the two lecture halls. The other rooms are covered by concrete ceilings, some of which are greened. In addition, expanded metal was used for the ceilings, corrugated sheet metal on the facade, and steel escape staircases located outdoors between the halls.

The facade of the Orangerie consists of an ensemble of colored plaster, corrugated aluminum panels and glass. Colored concrete, parquet, tiles and linoleum make up the floor coverings. The walls in the interior are in red, sienna, and yellow as well as blue tones and create the building's unique atmosphere. Niches within the building have also been set off in color. This is intended to create an expanded spatial experience.

The foyer is expansive and a central meeting place. It is also home to numerous seating areas, recreational facilities, as well as the Chemnitz University of Technology's Unishop and a snack bar operated by the Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. The foyer is also an event space, which is used for example for career fairs or external events such as the Chemnitzer Linuxtage and other meetings. The Audimax also hosts the traditional Christmas Lecture as well as the Children's University Chemnitz and the Senior Citizens' College.

In front of the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building is a group of columns. It consists of 187 stelae made of fully galvanized steel tubing on a base area of 16 square meters. Each of the upper crests is given a color of one of the systems of this color scale commonly used in the printing industry. The length of the columns is related to the brightness value of each color. The columns symbolize 187 basic colors of the so-called RAL color scale. The sculpture was created by Stefan Nestler from Dresden.

Between 2016 and 2017, the campus square in front of the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building and the Weinhold Building was renovated and the tram tracks on Reichenhainer Straße were laid to connect the campus to the "Chemnitz Model," which is an infrastructure plan that connects the campus with the campus on Straße der Nationen 62 and several cities in the region. On 8 December 2028, the new campus square was ceremonially opened. The campus square between the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building, the Weinhold Building, and the cafeteria is also a popular meeting place and event venue.

Cluster of Excellence MERGE
The MERGE Research Centre "Lightweight Technologies" is located in the immediate vicinity of the Central Lecture Hall Building and the Weinhold Building at Chemnitz University of Technology on Reichenhainer Straße. In a building totalling 4,640 square meters, novel energy- and resource-saving materials and production processes are developed and analyzed. Areas of application for the materials and manufacturing technologies include the mobility sector and the aerospace industry. The university has thus become an internationally important center for lightweight construction research.

The research center was built under the project management of the Chemnitz branch of the Saxon Real Estate and Construction Management with the participation of numerous Saxon companies. The total construction costs were around 27 million euros, financed by funds from the European Regional Development Fund for improving the infrastructure at universities for research with an application-oriented focus, as well as by tax revenues based on the budget passed by the Saxon state parliament.

In the three-part hall structure of the technology center created in the first construction phase, Hall A provides space for numerous test and research lines, including compounding and extrusion technology as well as injection molding machines and an orbital winding system, whose processes and plant technology were developed and patented at the cluster.

The 14-meter-high Hall B houses the heart of the research cluster, the so-called MERGE machine. This manufacturing complex combines the processing of plastic- and metal-based materials using the basic technologies of forming and injection molding. It includes a prototyping facility for the production of components, such as those made for the automotive industry, and is supplemented by a press. The two-story Hall C has a central hall area with a clear ceiling height of around ten meters. Attached to this are the meeting rooms on the first floor and the ventilation center, test and research rooms on the upper floor.

The hall complex of the technology center, where research has been carried out since August 2015, was expanded with a state-of-the-art laboratory in October 2020. The Free State of Saxony invested around 14.5 million euros in this project, with the largest part coming from the European Regional Development Fund. In addition to highly specialized laboratory rooms, this second construction phase also offers office, practical, and meeting rooms, among other things. The new building directly adjoins the south facade of the Technology Center. The two buildings are connected on the first floor and second floor. These floors house the laboratories, where fundamental issues in lightweight construction research along the value chain from the molecule to the complex component are now clarified and subsequently tested in terms of production technology in the adjacent Technology Center. In addition, the laboratory building offers space for research and development technologies, including additive manufacturing, as well as state-of-the-art equipment in the field of testing technology.

Research Center MAIN
The Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) is dedicated to exploring the fundamental physical and chemical properties of flexible nanomembranes. This includes unlocking the engineering application potential of this class of materials. Nanomembranes are a novel class of materials and one of the most advanced fields in materials science.

The MAIN research center fits into the core competency of Materials and Intelligent Systems at Chemnitz University of Technology and builds a bridge between basic and applied research, such as in the connection of sensors and actuators in the field of microrobotics. For example, researchers at the MAIN 2020 research center, together with scientists at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW) led by Oliver G. Schmidt, succeeded in constructing the smallest microelectronic robot. The construction is also in the Guinness World Records as the smallest microelectronic robot.

MAIN was built between 2011 and 2018 as a research building in accordance with Article 91b, Section 1, No. 3 of the German Basic Law and was co-financed with approximately 34.3 million euros from federal and state funds. On 13 August 2018, the new building was handed over to Chemnitz University of Technology. The construction of the research building was funded as part of a successful application by the university to the German Council of Science and Humanities and since the handover has offered 120 scientists state-of-the-art research and working conditions.

The Chemnitz branch of the Sächsisches Immobilien- und Baumanagement state enterprise was responsible for the construction, based on the winning design by the architects Heinle, Wischer und Partner from Dresden. The research building with about 3,800 square meters of usable floor space was designed as a solid reinforced concrete skeleton structure with load-bearing wall panels and ceilings to enable vibration-free measurements. As vibration protection for the sensitive laboratory equipment, the complex rests on a reinforced concrete floor slab around 1.60 meters thick.

A functional highlight are the clean rooms, which allow electronic components to be manufactured in a dust-free environment. Two "knowledge gardens" were also created in the building as places for meeting and exchanging ideas, supporting the idea of connecting research areas across floors. These areas were designed by Dresden artist Patricia Westerholz, who won the Kunst am Bau competition with her work "layers and structures." The architectural and functional features of this research building were recognized at the 2020 Industrial Building Awards, which were presented on 24 June 2020, and received a commendation from the jury. The building's design was also recognized by the jury.

In August 2020, the President's Office at Chemnitz University of Technology, in consultation with the Task Force for Implementation and the faculties involved, decided on the basis of the university development planning and in consultation with the Senate and the University Council to run MAIN as the Central Scientific Institution of Chemnitz University of Technology.

Campus on Erfenschlager Straße
The campus on Erfenschlager Straße houses part of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, the project house METEOR, and the student racing team (T.U.C. Racing e.V.)

Campus on Wilhelm-Raabe-Straße
The campus on Wilhelm-Raabe-Straße accommodates most of the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences (Institute of Psychology).

Academic profile
In winter term 2013/2014 about 2,500 young people started their bachelor's or master's degree studies at TU Chemnitz. All in all, the university offers 35 bachelor's and 50 master's degree programs. On the international level TU Chemnitz cooperates with 126 partner institutions in 39 countries. This includes 19 members of the international university network Academic Consortium for the 21st Century (AC21). TU Chemnitz is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the project 'Teaching Quality Pact' as well as by Saxony's Centre for Teaching and Learning funded by the Saxon State Ministry of Science and the Arts.

Research
The university has concentrated its research to six main profiles:
 * New materials
 * Production Life Cycle
 * Microelectronics & Micro-electromechanical systems
 * Applications & development of systems
 * Communications, Media, Technology
 * Modeling, Simulation, High Performance Computing

A key research area 'Energy-efficient Production Processes' stands the Federal Cluster of Excellence 'Merge Technologies for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures' (MERGE). Funded with €34 million, this cluster is the only one in Germany focusing on the field of lightweight engineering. The breeding ground for this cluster was prepared by the Saxon State Cluster of Excellence 'Energy-efficient Product and Process Innovations in Production Engineering' (eniPROD), which was jointly established with the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology. These initiatives are complemented by additional collaborative research areas funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) which develop intelligent materials and energy-efficient production technologies.

Within the key research area 'Smart Systems and Materials', scientists at TU Chemnitz are also involved in the Federal Cluster of Excellence 'Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden' (cfAED). Further input is provided by the Nano System Integration Network of Excellence (Nanett), funded by the Federal Government, as well as by the cluster COOL SILICON 'Energy Efficiency Innovations from Silicon Saxony'. Several DFG Research Groups are working in this field. In addition, TU Chemnitz will be the home of the 'Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes' (MAIN).

International students
Chemnitz University of Technology has a large body of foreign students. In winter semester 2017, out of its 10,482 students, 2,712 were foreign students, which equals to about 25%.

Rankings
Worldwide, TU Chemnitz is ranked 1176 by CWUR in 2022.

Professors

 * Werner Dilger (died 2007), German computer scientist
 * Josef Lutz, German physicist and electrical engineer
 * Gopakumar Thiruvancheril, Indian assistant professor of molecular electronics
 * Heiner Rindermann, German intelligence and educational researcher
 * Peter Benner, German mathematician

title: Chemnitz University of Technology


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Constitution of Denmark

The Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark (Danmarks Riges Grundlov), also known as the Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, or simply the Constitution (Grundloven, Grundlógin, Tunngaviusumik inatsit), is the constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark, applying equally in the Realm of Denmark: Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The first democratic constitution was adopted in 1849, replacing the 1665 absolutist constitution. The current constitution is from 1953. The Constitutional Act has been changed a few times. The wording is general enough to still apply today.

The constitution defines Denmark as a constitutional monarchy, governed through a parliamentary system. It creates separations of power between the Folketing, which enact laws, the government, which implements them, and the courts, which makes judgment about them. In addition it gives a number of fundamental rights to people in Denmark, including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and freedom of assembly. The constitution applies to all persons in Denmark, not just Danish citizens.

Its adoption in 1849 ended an absolute monarchy and introduced democracy. Denmark celebrates the adoption of the Constitution on 5 June—the date in which the first Constitution was ratified—every year as Constitution Day (Danish: Grundlovsdag).

The main principle of the Constitutional Act was to limit the King's power (section 2). It creates a comparatively weak constitutional monarch who is dependent on Ministers for advice and Parliament to draft and pass legislation. The Constitution of 1849 established a bicameral parliament, the Rigsdag, consisting of the Landsting and the Folketing. The most significant change in the Constitution of 1953 was the abolishment of the Landsting, leaving the unicameral Folketing. It also enshrined fundamental civil rights, which remain in the current constitution: such as habeas corpus (section 71), private property rights (section 72) and freedom of speech (section 77).

The Danish Parliament (Folketinget) cannot make any laws which may be repugnant or contrary to the Constitutional Act. While Denmark has no constitutional court, laws can be declared unconstitutional and rendered void by the Supreme Court of Denmark.

Changes to the Act must be passed by the Folketing in two consecutive parliamentary terms and then approved by the electorate through a national referendum.

Background
During the late Middle Ages and the renaissance, the power of the king was tempered by a håndfæstning, a coronation charter each king had to sign before being accepted as king by the nobility. This tradition was abandoned in 1665 when King Frederick III of Denmark managed to establish a hereditary absolute monarchy by Lex Regia (The Law of The King, Kongeloven). This was Europe's only formal absolutist constitution. Under Lex Regia, absolute power was inherited for almost 200 years.

In the beginning of the 19th century, there was a growing democratic movement in Denmark and King Frederick VI only made some small concessions, such as creation of Consultative Estate Assemblies (Rådgivende Stænderforsamlinger) in 1834. But these only served to help the political movements, of which the National Liberals and the Friends of Peasants were the forerunners. When Christian VIII became king in 1839, he continued the political line of only making small democratic concessions, while upholding the absolute monarchy.

At this time Denmark was in a personal union between kingdom of Denmark and the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg called The Unitary State (Danish: Helstaten), but the Schleswig-Holstein question was causing tension. Under the slogan Denmark to the Eider, the National Liberals campaigned for Schleswig to become an integral part of Denmark, while separating Holstein and Lauenburg from Denmark. Holstein and Lauenburg were then part of the German Confederation, while Schleswig was not. On the other side, German nationalists in Schleswig were keen to keep Schleswig and Holstein together, and wanted Schleswig to join the German Confederation. Christian VIII had reached the conclusion that, should the Unitary State survive, a constitution covering both Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein was necessary. Before his death in January 1848, he advised his heir Frederick VII to create such a constitution.

In March 1848 following a series of European revolutions, the Schleswig-Holstein question became increasingly tense. Following an ultimatum from Schleswig and Holstein, political pressure from the National Liberals intensified, and Frederick VII replaced the sitting government with the March Cabinet, where four leaders of the Friends of Peasants and the National Liberals served, among those D.G. Monrad and Orla Lehmann, both National Liberals. The ultimatum from Schleswig and Holstein was rejected, and the First Schleswig War started.

Drafting and signing of the first constitution (1849)

Monrad drafted the first draft of the Constitution, which was then edited by Lehmann. Sources of inspiration included the Constitution of Norway of 1814 and the Constitution of Belgium. The draft was laid before the Constitutional Assembly of the Realm (Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling). This assembly, which consisted of 114 members directly elected in October 1848, and 38 members appointed by Frederick VII, was overall split in three different groupings: the National Liberals, the Friends of Peasants, and the Conservatives. A key topic for discussion was the political system, and the rules governing elections.

On 25 May 1849, the Constitutional Assembly approved the new constitution, and on 5 June 1849 it was signed by Frederick VII. For this reason, it is also known as the June constitution. Today, 5 June is known as Constitution Day.

The new constitution establish the Rigsdag, a bicameral parliament, with an upper house called the Landsting, and a lower house called the Folketing. While the voting rights for both chambers were the same, the elections to the Landsting was indirect, and the eligibility requirements harder. The constitution gave voting rights to 15% of the Danish population. Due to the First Schleswig war, the constitution was not put into force for Schleswig; instead this question was postponed to after the war.

Parallel constitution for the Unitary State (1855–1866)
Following the First Schleswig war, which ended in Danish victory in 1852, the London Protocol reaffirmed the territorial integrity of the Unitary State, and solved an impending succession issue, since Frederick VII was childless. Since the June constitution was not put into force in Schleswig, the Schleswig-Holstein question remained unsolved. Work for creating a common constitution for the Unitary State started, and in 1855 the rigsdag accepted Helstatsforfatning (Constitution for The Unitary State), which covered affairs common to Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein. At the same time, the June constitution was limited to only be applicable in Denmark.

In 1863 this constitution was changed, the new one was called Novemberforfatningen. This was shortly before Second Schleswig war, where Denmark lost control of Schleswig and Holstein, rendering the parallel constitution void.

The Revised Constitution (1866)
In 1866, the defeat in the Second Schleswig War, and the loss of Schleswig-Holstein led to tightened election rules for the Upper Chamber, which paralyzed legislative work, leading to provisional laws.

The conservative Højre had pressed for a new constitution, giving the upper chamber of parliament more power, making it more exclusive and switching power to the conservatives from the original long standing dominance of the National Liberals, who lost influence and was later disbanded. This long period of dominance of the Højre party under the leadership of Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup with the backing of the king Christian IX of Denmark was named the provisorietid (provisional period) because the government was based on provisional laws instead of parliamentary decisions. This also gave rise to a conflict with the Liberals (farm owners) at that time and now known as Venstre (Left). This constitutional battle concluded in 1901 with the so-called systemskifte (change of system) with the liberals as victors. At this point the king and Højre finally accepted parliamentarism as the ruling principle of Danish political life. This principle was not codified until the 1953 constitution.

Universal suffrage (1915)
In 1915, the tightening from 1866 was reversed, and women were given the right to vote. Also, a new requirement for changing the constitution was introduced. Not only must the new constitution be passed by two consecutive parliaments, it must also pass a referendum, where 45% of the electorate must vote yes. This meant that Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning's attempt to change the Constitution in 1939 failed.

Reunion with Schleswig (1920)
In 1920, a new referendum was held to change the Constitution again, allowing for the reunification of Denmark following the defeat of Germany in World War I. This followed a referendum held in the former Danish territories of Schleswig-Holstein regarding how the new border should be placed. This resulted in upper Schleswig becoming Danish, today known as Southern Jutland, and the rest remained German.

Current Constitution (1953)
In 1953, the fourth constitution abolished the Upper Chamber (the Landsting), giving Denmark a unicameral parliament. It also enabled females to inherit the throne (see Succession), but the change still favored boys over girls (this was changed by a referendum in 2009 so the first-born inherits the throne regardless of sex). Finally, the required number of votes in favor of a change of the Constitution was decreased to the current value of 40% of the electorate.

Summary of the constitution
The Danish constitution consists of 89 sections, structured into 11 chapters. The Folketing have published the constitution with explanatory annotations; it is available in both Danish and English through their website.

Constitutional institutions
The Constitution establishes Denmark as a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch serves as a ceremonial Head of state. The title of monarch is hereditary and passed on to the firstborn child, with equal rights for sons and daughters.

The political system of Denmark can be described as a democracy with a parliamentary system of governance. The powers of the state is separated into 3 different branches. The legislative branch held by the Folketing, the executive branch held by the Danish government, and the judicial branch held by the Courts of Denmark.

The monarchy
The Danish monarch, as the head of state, holds great de jure power, but de facto only serves as a figurehead who is not interfering in politics. The monarch formally holds executive power and, co-jointly with the Folketing, legislative power, since each new law requires royal assent. By articles 12, 13 and 14, the powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through the ministers, who are responsible for all acts, thus removing any political or legal liability from the monarch. Article 19(2) is generally interpreted to refer to the monarch's supreme control over Defence (the armed forces), although the monarch's control over Defence is still constrained by articles 12, 13 and 14. The monarch appoints the ministers after advice from the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is itself appointed after advice from the leaders of the political parties of the Folketing, a process known as a King's meeting (Kongerunde). The monarch and the Cabinet attend regular meetings in the Council of State, where royal assent is given, and the monarch is regularly briefed on the political situation by the Prime Minister and Foreign minister.

The Constitution requires the monarch to be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though not necessary the Church of Denmark.

The government
The Government holds executive power, and is responsible for carrying out the acts of the Folketing. The Government does not have to pass a vote of confidence before taking the seat, but any minister can be subject to a motion of no confidence. If a vote of no confidence is successfully passed against the Prime Minister, the government must resign or call a snap election.

The Folketing
The Folketing is the legislative branch of Denmark, and is located at Christiansborg. It consists of 179 members, of which 2 members are elected in Greenland, and 2 in the Faroe Islands. General elections is nominally held every 4 years, but the Prime Minister can at any point call a snap election. All Danish citizens over the age of 18 years who are living permanently within Denmark is eligible to vote, except those placed under legal guardianship. The same group of people is able to run for office. The electoral system is characterized as a party-list proportional representation system, with an election threshold on 2%. As a result, Denmark has a multi-party parliamentary system, where no single party has an absolute majority.

The session starts anew each year on the first Tuesday in October, and when interrupted by a general election; all previously unfinished business is cancelled. The Folketing then elects a speaker, who is responsible for convening meetings. The Folketing lay down their own rules of procedure, subject to the requirements in the Constitution. Among those, the required quorum of 90 members of the Folketing, and the rule that every proposed law requires three readings in the Folketing, before it can be passed into law.

The Folketing also have the responsibility of holding the government accountable for the governance. The members of the Folketing does this by submitting questing to the ministers and convene them to explanatory hearings. In addition, the Folketing elect a number of State Auditors (Statsrevisorer), who has the responsibility to look through the public accounts, and check that everything is okay, and that the government only spend money approved by the Folketing. Furthermore, the Folketing also appoints an ombudsman, who investigates wrongdoings by the public administrative authorities on behalf of the public.

The courts
The Courts of Denmark are independent of the other two branches. The Constitution does not stipulate how the courts are to be organized. Instead, this is regulated by statute. In the normal court system, there are 24 District Courts, High Courts and the Supreme Court. In addition to these, there is some special courts. There are certain rights in the Constitution with respect to the judiciary system.

There is a special Court of Impeachment, which can prosecute ministers for their official acts.

The court system is able to perform judicial review of laws, i.e. check if they are constitutional. This right is not included in the constitution, but was established by the Supreme Court in the beginning of the 20th century, when it decided to hear cases about the constitutionality of land laws. While this right was contested in the beginning, the political system eventually accepted it. The Supreme Court have been reluctant to rule laws unconstitutional; the only time it have done so was in 1999, when it found that the Tvind law breached the principle of separations of power. Cases about the constitutionality of laws can only be initiated by people directly affected by the laws. All can do this with respect to the Danish relation to EU, because of its wide effects on society.

The Church of Denmark
The Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Denmark is the state church established by the Constitution. The monach have a number of duties in the Church of Denmark, and is often considered its head, but this is not a formal role in any way.

The State Auditors
The state auditors are responsible for checking the public accounts. They are supported by Rigsrevisionen.

The Parliamentary Ombudsman
The Parliamentary Ombudsman is an independent institution under the Folketing, in charge of investigating and inspecting public authorities. It is inspired by Swedish example, and was established in 1955, following its inclusion in the 1953 constitution. The ombudsman is both appointed by and can be dismissed by the Folketing. The ombudsman cannot be a member of the Folketing themselves. While the constitution allows the Folketing to appoint two ombudsmen, by law it only appoints one. The current ombudsman,, is Niels Fenger.

The ombudsman handles 4,000-5,000 complains annually from the general public, and can also open cases on its own accord. In addition to that, the ombudsman have a monitoring division that inspects prisons, psychiatric institutions and social care homes. Since 2012 it has also had a children's division. The ombudsman cannot demand any action from the administration. It can only voice criticism and make recommendations, but these carry a lot of weight, and its recommendations are usually followed by the administration.

Civil rights
The Constitution of Denmark outlines fundamental rights in sections 71–80. Several of these are of only limited scope and thus serve as a sort of lower bar. The European Convention on Human Rights was introduced in Denmark by law on 29 April 1992 and supplements the mentioned paragraphs.

Personal liberty
The constitution guarantees the personal liberty. No citizen can be held in detention based on their race, religion or political views, and detention can only be used if prescribed by law. People arrested need to be put before a judge within 24 hours, known in Danish as a grundlovsforhør (lit. constitutional interrogation), who decides if the provisional detention should be continued, and this decision can always be appealed. Special rules can apply in Greenland. Detention outside the criminal system or the immigration system, say due to mental illness, can be brought before the courts.

Right to property
The constitution guarantees the right to property. A search warrant is needed to enter private property, confiscate things, or break the secrecy of correspondence, though general exemptions can be made by law. Expropriations must be for the public good, with full compensation, and as allowed by law. Bills regarding expropriations can by 1/3 of the Folketing be delayed until passed again after a general election. All expropriations can be brought before the courts.

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press
Denmark have freedom of speech and freedom of press, but some things, say libel or breaking confidentiality, can still be brought before a judge. Censorship is forbidden. §77: "Anyone is entitled to in print, writing and speech to publish his or hers thoughts, yet under responsibility to the courts. Censorship and other preventive measures can never again be introduced."

There's widespread agreement in Danish legal theory that § 77 protects what is called "formal freedom of speech" (formel ytringsfrihed), meaning that one cannot be required to submit one's speech for review by authorities before publishing or otherwise disseminating it. However, there is disagreement about whether or not § 77 covers "material freedom of speech" (materiel ytringsfrihed), the right to not be punished for one's speech. There is agreement that the phrasing "under responsibility to the courts" gives legislators some right to restrict speech, but conversely there have been several court decisions implying that some material freedom of speech does exist. The discussion is about whether the material speech has limits or not, and if so, what those limits are.

Freedom of association
All citizens have freedom of association, but associations who use violence or other illegal means can be temporarily banned by the government, while dissolution is tested in court. Dissolution of political association can always be appealed to the Supreme Court.

In 1941, during the occupation by Nazi Germany, the Rigsdag banned the Communist Party through the communist law. The law also legalized existing internments of Danish communists, including members of the Folketing. Both the internments and the law broke rights in the constitution, but was justified by the necessity of the situation. The Supreme Court found the law constitutional; a decision that was criticized as the Supreme Court President had been involved in its creation. The case illustrated how far Danish politicians was willing to go to ensure Danish control of law enforcement, and that democracy can be stretched to ensure its continued existence.

In addition to the communist law, on only two occasions have an association been forcefully dissolved. In 1874, the International Workers Organization, a precursor to the Social Democrats, was dissolved for being revolutionary, and in 1924, the organization Nekkab was dissolved for being a meeting place for homosexuals. In 2020, the gang Loyal to Familia was dissolved by the Copenhagen City Court; a judgment that has been appealed. The gang was temporarily banned in 2018, and the court case – the first dissolution case against a criminal gang – was initiated. Prior to this, it has been investigated if Hells Angels, Bandidos and Hizb ut-Tahrir could be banned, but the conclusions was that it would be difficult to win the cases.

Freedom of assembly
Citizens have freedom of assembly when unarmed, though danger to public order can lead to outdoor assemblies being banned. In case of riots, the police can forcefully dissolve assemblies when they have requested the crowd to disperse "in the name of the King and the law" three times.

Freedom of religion
Section 4 establishes that the Evangelical Lutheran Church is "the people's church" (folkekirken), and as such is supported by the state. Freedom of religion is granted in section 67, and official discrimination based on faith is forbidden in section 70.

Other rights
All children have the right to free public education, though no duty to use it; home schooling and private schools are allowed. The political system shall seek to make sure that all able to work can find a job. Those unable to support themselves have the right to public support, if they submit to the related requirements. Access to professions shall only be regulated for the public good, so trade guilds cannot regulate this themselves.

National sovereignty
Section 20 of the current constitution establishes that the delegation of specified parts of national sovereignty to international authorities requires either a 5/6 supermajority in Parliament or an ordinary majority in both Parliament and the electorate. This section has been debated heavily in connection with Denmark's membership of the European Union (EU), as critics hold that changing governments have violated the Constitution by surrendering too much power.

In 1996, Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was sued by 12 Eurosceptics for violating this section. The Supreme Court acquitted Rasmussen (and thereby earlier governments dating back to 1972) but reaffirmed that there are limits to how much sovereignty can be surrendered before this becomes unconstitutional. In 2011, Prime Ministers Lars Løkke Rasmussen faced a similar challenge when he was sued by 28 citizens for having adopted the European Lisbon Treaty without a referendum. The group of professors, actors, writers and Eurosceptic politicians argued that the Lisbon Treaty hands over parts of national sovereignty to the EU and therefore a referendum should have taken place. The case was later dismissed.

Section 20 was used in 1972 when Denmark, after a referendum, joined the EEC (now EU). More recently, in 2015 an (unsuccessful) referendum was held on one of its EU-opt-outs.

Greenland and the Faroe Islands
As section one of the constitution states that it "shall apply to all parts of the Kingdom of Denmark", is also applies in Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Faroe Island and Greenland each elect two members to the parliament; the remaining 175 members are elected in Denmark.

The Folketing have by law given the Faroe Island and Greenland extensive autonomy; the Faroe Island was given "home rule" in 1948, and Greenland was too in 1979. Greenland's home rule was in 2009 replaced by "self rule". There is an ongoing legal debate about what constitutional weight these arrangements have. In general, there are two conflicting views: (a) the laws delegate power from the Folketing and can be revoked unilaterally by it, and (b) the laws have special status so changes require the consent of the Faroese Løgting or the Greenlandic Inatsisartut, respectively.

Proponent of the first interpretation include Alf Ross, Poul Meyer, and Jens Peter Christensen. Ross, the chief architect of the Faeroese home rule, compared it to an extended version of the autonomy of municipalities. Meyer wrote in 1947, prior to the Faeroese home rule, that if power was delegated as extensive in other parts of the country, it would probably breach section 2 of the 1915 constitution, suggesting it did not do that here due to the Faroe Islands' separate history. Similarly, Christensen, a Supreme Court judge, said that due to the special circumstances, the scope of delegation need not be strictly defined.

Proponents of the second interpretation include Edward Mitens, Max Sørensen and Frederik Harhoff. Mitens, a Faeroese jurist and politician, argued that the Faeroese home rule had been approved by both the Løgting and the Rigsdag, so it was an agreement between two parties, in particular because the approval by the Løgting happened according to special rules put in place in 1940 with the consent of the Danish representative there, during the occupation by the United Kingdom. Sørensen said the intention with the Faeroese home rule was that it should not be unilaterally changed, as stated in the preamble, so it had that effect. Harhoff, in his 1993 Doctorate dissertation, considered the home rule acts of the Faroe Islands and Greenland to be somewhere in between the constitution and a usual act by the Folketing, as it had been treated as such.

Separation of powers
Denmark have separation of powers into the three classic branches: the legislative, held by the Folketing; the executive held by the government; and the judiciary, held by the courts. The separation of powers is described in the constitution, and is there, as in many democracies, to prevent abuse of power. The Folketing enact laws, and the government implements them. The courts make judgments in disputes, either between citizens, or between authorities and citizens.

The Constitution is heavily influenced by the French philosopher Montesquieu, whose separation of powers was aimed at achieving mutual monitoring of each of the branches of government. However, the division between legislative and executive power in Denmark is not as sharp as in the United States.

In 1999, the Supreme Court found that the Tvind law, a law that barred specific schools from receiving public funding, was unconstitutional, because it breached the concept of separation of powers by settling a concrete dispute between the Tvind schools and the government. The judgment is the only time the courts have found a law to be unconstitutional.

Parliamentary power
In several sections the Constitutional Act sets out the powers and duties of the Danish Parliament. Section 15 in the Act, which deals with the parliamentary principle, lays down that "a Minister shall not remain in office after the Parliament has passed a vote of no confidence in him". This suggests that Ministers are accountable to Parliament and even subservient to it. The Cabinet exerts executive power through its Ministers, but cannot remain in office if the majority of the Folketing goes against it. Another important feature of the Danish parliamentary system is that the Constitutional Act lays down that "the Members of the Folketing shall be elected for a period of four years", but still, "the King may at any time issue writs for a new election".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Constitution of Denmark


text: Talk:Uruguay River

title: Talk:Uruguay River


text:
Lena Hades

Lena Alekseevna Hades (Лена Алексеевна Хейдиз; born October 2, 1959) is a Russian artist, writer and art theorist.

Early life
Lena Hades was born in Siberia on October 2, 1959. Her father worked as communication engineer, her mother was a physician. At the age of 35 her father got ill with multiple sclerosis and died at the age of 51. Hades took care of her father until his death in 1985. Her father's disease triggered her interest in the concept of death, and also in the philosophical problems of existence – the main topics of her creative works.

Career
Hades graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical University in 1982 (Faculty of Physics and Mathematics); she also completed foreign language courses and worked as a translator for many years. At age 35, she decided to become an artist, and in 1995 moved to Germany. In Cologne, she created her first works and sold her first painting. In 1995–1997 she created more than 30 paintings devoted to "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" by Nietzsche. For her, these works are visual metaphors.

In 1997, Hades' oil painting and graphic cycle "Also Sprach Zarathustra" was exhibited in the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2004, the Russian Academy of Sciences published a bilingual edition of "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" by Nietzsche, with the cover and the jacket of the book decorated with two paintings by Hades. The book also contains twenty other works from this cycle. Her paintings are in collections of the Moscow Museum of Modern Art, the Igor Markin Museum of contemporary art, the Pushkin Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery. The works of the above series were also exhibited at the First Moscow Biennale of contemporary art in 2005, in the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1997 and in the State Kashyrka Gallery in 1998.

Notable works
Hades is known for "Also Sprach Zarathustra", as well as two other paintings, which Russian nationalists deem Russophobian. In March 2008 a group of Russian nationalists took legal action against her, claiming her paintings provoke "racial and nationalistic hostility and hatred". The first work is called Welcome to Russia (1999). It was purchased by Igor Markin Museum of Contemporary Art, the name of the other painting is The Chimera of the mysterious Russian soul (1996). It was exhibited only once, at the Second Moscow Biennale of contemporary art in 2005. The nationalists were offended by Hades' depiction of the Russian soul as a cartoonish creature with clichéd attributes of Russian everyday life — a bottle of vodka, a model of Sputnik — and by the crudely painted text in Welcome that indicts the Russian character as simultaneously overaggressive and alarmingly God-fearing.

In June 2010, Hades was summoned to testify on the above two paintings to Basmannaya prosecutor's office, Moscow, she was threatened to be tried and heavily fined, since she could have been accused of hatred and hostility propaganda.

On July 6, 2012, Hades announced a hunger strike supporting the Pussy Riot band. The hunger strike lasted 25 days and resulted in severe health problems. Hades also created a series of portraits of Pussy Riot.

On March 3, 2015, Hades started an art marathon in memory of Boris Nemtsov. She said she would stop drawing the assassinated politician's portraits when whoever ordered his murder was arrested and brought to trial,

Hades also has autobiographic series of paintings called "A Girl with bows". Her work called ''A girl with bows, the woman that mows. The Dance'' is a personal confession in which she shows the poly-semantic world of the kingdom of death. Aides is the god of the dead. This depiction of the kingdom of death is not related to the Christian world, but is closer to Nietzsche's image of hell.

title: Lena Hades


text:
User talk:Megabyte73

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Starwiz 21:53, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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OK. --Megabyte73 23:33, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2
A tag has been placed on Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on |the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. NAHID 16:04, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Why?
Difficult to explain. Sometimes these things just seem to happen. Deb (talk) 21:50, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Megabyte73


text:
Golden Crescent

The Golden Crescent is the name given to one of Asia's two principal areas of illicit opium production (with the other being the Golden Triangle). Located at the crossroads of Central, South, and West Asia, this space covers the mountainous peripheries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, extending into eastern Iran.

In 2007, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) heroin production estimates for the past 10 years showed significant changes in the primary source areas. In 1991, Afghanistan became the world's primary opium producer, with a yield of 1,782 metric tons (U.S. State Department estimates), surpassing Myanmar, formerly the world leader in opium production. The decrease in heroin production from Myanmar is the result of several years of unfavorable growing conditions and new government policies of forced eradication. Afghan heroin production increased during the same time frame, with a notable decrease in 2001 allegedly as a result of the Taliban's fatwa against heroin production. Afghanistan has produced over 90% of the world's illicit opium in the recent past. In addition to opiates, Afghanistan was also the world's largest producer of hashish during that time. Opium production and trafficking are known to have funded the Taliban's military activities and insurgency.

History
The Golden Crescent has a much longer history of opium production than Southeast Asia's Golden Triangle. The Golden Triangle emerged as a modern-day opium-producing entity only in the 1980s, after the Golden Crescent had done so in the 1950s. The Golden Triangle began making an impact on the opium and morphine market in the 1980s and has steadily increased its output since then in order to match the increasing demand. During the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, a retaliation to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Golden Crescent's opium production took a huge hit, producing almost 90% less opium than in 2000.

At the peak of its opium production in 2007, the Golden Crescent produced more than 8,000 of the world's almost 9,000 total tons of opium, a near monopoly. The Golden Crescent also dominates the cannabis resin market due to the high resin yields of the region (145 kg/ha), four times more than Morocco (36 kg/ha). The Golden Crescent also caters to a much larger market, about 64% more than the Golden Triangle. It produces and distributes over 2,500 tons of opiates to Africa, Europe, the Americas and Central Asia and supplies almost 9.5 million opiate users worldwide.

Despite worldwide efforts to capture and to seize as much opium product as possible, total opiate seizures brought in only 23.5% of the total estimated product distributed worldwide. Of these seizures around 97% of opium and morphine seizures are made in the Middle East and heroin seizures are made mostly in India, the Middle East and Europe. In Afghanistan, only 1%t of the heroin that is exported illegally is intercepted and destroyed by the national governments. Although Afghanistan is the major producer of opiates in the Golden Crescent, most of the seizures are made in Iran. This is because traffickers are arrested while crossing the border from Afghanistan to Iran so that they can distribute the product to Europe and Africa where there is a high demand for opiates. In Pakistan the majority of traffickers arrested are 38% Nigerians and 32% Pakistanis. These traffickers, essential to the transportation of the drugs from the source to end-user markets, make large profits because of how risky the job is. A rough estimate of how many people are currently involved in drug trafficking is above one million. The majority of opium produced in Afghanistan comes from Helmand and Kandahar provinces. Of the 5,300 tons of opium produced in Afghanistan, 2,700 tons is transformed into heroin. In 2008, almost half of the heroin produced was used in Iran. Even though Afghanistan is the leading producer, only 7% was used there.

Markets
Although the Golden Triangle heroin dominates the Asian illegal drug markets, the Golden Crescent is increasingly becoming a source of illicit drugs trafficked into western China, particularly the nearby Xinjiang Province.

title: Golden Crescent


text:
Culann's Hounds

Culann's Hounds are a traditional Irish folk band from San Francisco, California, United States. Founded in 1999 by Steve Gardner and Michael Kelleher as The Irish Bastards, the band began playing gigs and soon adopted the more broadly appealing name.

Origins
The name Culann's Hounds derives from the Irish folk story of Cuchulainn, a great Irish hero chronicled in the Tain. Cuchulainn, meaning the Hound of Culann, earned his name after killing (in self-defense) a fierce guard dog owned by the blacksmith Culann. The boy repaid the smith by guarding his house until a new dog could be raised.

Culann's Hounds played their first public gig in spring of 1999 at the Blackthorn Tavern in San Francisco. Though initially sparsely attended, the up-tempo music attracted a crowd, establishing a tradition of Sunday afternoon gigs, sometimes called the Hounds' Sunday Beer Social. Culann's Hounds' popularity grew and in 2001 they recorded and released their first, eponymously titled album. Their second album, Year of the Dog, was released March 17, 2006 (St. Patrick's Day) at the Great American Music Hall. The Hounds headlined the show; Quin and the Earl Brothers opened. The Hounds have returned to headline the Great American Music hall for St. Patrick's Day each year from 2007 to the present.

The Hounds have toured in the United States and Europe, playing concerts and festivals with numerous top shelf acts from various genres, and every Irish band of note.

The Hounds are preparing material for a new album, which will feature more of their original compositions. Some of these tracks were released in 2007 (The House of Faith Session) and 2008 (One for the Road), though the latter is composed almost entirely of traditional songs.

Members
Current line-up:
 * Steve Gardner - Violin|Fiddle, Guitar, Mandolin, Vocals
 * Michael Kelleher - Guitar, Tin whistle, Vocals
 * Renée de la Prade - Button Accordion, Vocals
 * Dan Duffin - Bass Guitar, Vocals
 * Scott Marshall - Bodhrán, Drums & Percussion, Vocals

Past members:
 * Michael Messer - Drums
 * Chris Thomas - Drums
 * Adam Roach - Guitar
 * Caitlin Oliver-Gans - Bass
 * Alan Kaufman - Vocals
 * Frank Jordan, Jr. - Bodhrán, Vocals
 * Conall O'Raghallaigh - Uilleann pipes
 * Kevin McDonough - Tin whistle, Flute
 * Eliza James - Vocals
 * Tim Hill - Uilleann pipes
 * Jonathon Tait - Bodhrán

Discography

 * Culann's Hounds (2001)
 * 1) Old Hag You've Killed Me/The Tar Road to Sligo/The Gander in the Hole
 * 2) Lady's Fancy
 * 3) The Maids of Mitchelstown
 * 4) Spancil Hill
 * 5) Banish Misfortune/O'Keefe's Slide/The Monk's Jig
 * 6) Peggy Gordon
 * 7) The Swallowtail Jig/Ballinasloe Fair/Cherish the Ladies
 * 8) The Black Velvet Band
 * 9) The Wind that Shakes the Barley/The Musical Priest/Farewell to Erin

 * Year of the Dog (2006)
 * 1) Twin Peaks
 * 2) Dirty Old Town
 * 3) Rainy Day
 * 4) The Foggy Dew
 * 5) The Skylark
 * 6) Pelican Inn
 * 7) Wild Mountain Thyme
 * 8) Homeward Bound
 * 9) Éire
 * 10) The Carlow Set
 * 11) The Tennessee Waltz
 * 12) Helvic Head

 * The House of Faith Session (2007)
 * 1) Bourbon and Toulouse
 * 2) Thousand Flowers
 * 3) Zombie
 * 4) Shilelagh Polka

 * One for the Road (2008)
 * 1) The Rising of the Moon
 * 2) Irish Rover
 * 3) The Wet Goat (Whelan's Jig/Lantern Jig/Kid on the Mountain/An Phis Fhiliuch)
 * 4) Old Triangle
 * 5) Whiskey in the Jar
 * 6) Danny Boy
 * 7) The Blackthorn Tavern (Tempest/Drag Her Around the Road/Ormond Sound/Virginia Reel)
 * 8) Wild Rover
 * 9) Three Drunken Polkas (I Have a Bonnet Trimmed with Blue/Little House in the Glen/Tom Billy's)
 * 10) Star of the County Down
 * 11) She Moved Through the Fair
 * 12) Rocky Road to Dublin
 * 13) Parting Glass
 * 14) Lettuce Leaf
 * 15) A Nation Once Again

title: Culann's Hounds


text:
Bagdad Cafe

Bagdad Cafe (sometimes Bagdad Café, titled Out of Rosenheim in Germany) is a 1987 English-language West German film directed by Percy Adlon. It is a comedy-drama set in a remote truck stop and motel in the Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of California. Inspired by Carson McCullers' novella The Ballad of the Sad Café (1951), the film centers on two women who have recently separated from their husbands, and the blossoming friendship that ensues. It runs 95 minutes in the U.S. and 108 minutes in the German version. The song "Calling You", sung by Jevetta Steele and written by Bob Telson, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 61st Academy Awards.

Plot
German tourists Jasmin Münchgstettner from Rosenheim and her husband fight while driving across the American southwest desert. She storms out of the car and makes her way to an isolated truck stop cafe, which is run by the tough-as-nails and short-tempered Brenda, whose own husband, after an argument out front, has also left. Jasmin takes a room at the adjacent motel. Initially suspicious of the foreigner, Brenda eventually befriends Jasmin and allows her to work at the cafe.

The cafe is visited by an assortment of colorful characters, including a strange ex-Hollywood set-painter and a glamorous tattoo artist. Brenda's son plays J. S. Bach preludes on the piano. With an ability to quietly empathize with everyone she meets at the cafe, and helped by a passion for cleaning and performing magic tricks, Jasmin gradually transforms the cafe and all the people in it.

Cast

 * Marianne Sägebrecht as Jasmin Münchgstettner
 * CCH Pounder as Brenda
 * Jack Palance as Rudi Cox
 * Christine Kaufmann as Debby
 * Monica Calhoun as Phyllis
 * Darron Flagg as Salomo
 * George Aguilar as Cahuenga
 * G. Smokey Campbell as Sal
 * Hans Stadlbauer as Herr Münchgstettner
 * Alan S. Craig as Eric
 * Apesanahkwat as Sheriff Arnie

Production
The script was inspired by a road trip across U.S. Route 66 taken by director Percy Adlon and his wife Eleanor, a producer, in 1984. The town of Barstow, California reminded the couple of "purgatory." The German title is a joke based on Jasmin's lack of English: while she means to say that she is from Rosenheim, she actually says that she is "out of Rosenheim," with the title also making reference to Sidney Pollack's then recently released popular 1985 film Out of Africa. The film was shot in sequence.

Reception
The film received positive reviews and critical acclaim. It holds an 85% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.8/10.

Roger Ebert awarded the film 3½ stars in his review:"'[Percy Adlon] is saying something in this movie about Europe and America, about the old and the new, about the edge of the desert as the edge of the American Dream. I am not sure exactly what it is, but that is comforting; if a director could assemble these strange characters and then know for sure what they were doing in the same movie together, he would be too confident to find the humor in their situation. The charm of 'Bagdad Cafe' is that every character and every moment is unanticipated, obscurely motivated, of uncertain meaning and vibrating with life'." The film was successful at the European box office, and was one of the most financially successful foreign-language productions in the U.S. at that time, grossing $3.59 million.

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited this movie as one of his 100 favorite films.

Awards and nominations

 * 1988: won Best Foreign Language Film at the 23rd Guldbagge Awards
 * 1988: won Bavarian Film Award Best Screenplay (Eleonore & Percy Adlon)
 * 1988: won Ernst Lubitsch Award (Percy Adlon)
 * 1989: nominated for the Oscar for Best Music, Original Song (Bob Telson) for the song "Calling You"
 * 1989: won Amanda Best Foreign Feature Film (Percy Adlon)
 * 1989: won Artios Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy (Al Onorato and Jerold Franks)
 * 1989: won César Award for Best Foreign Film (Percy Adlon)

Television series
In 1990 the film was re-created as a television series starring James Gammon, Whoopi Goldberg, Cleavon Little, and Jean Stapleton, with Stapleton as the abandoned tourist, and Goldberg as the restaurant operator. In the TV version the tourist was no longer from Germany. The series was shot in the conventional multi-camera sitcom format, before a studio audience. The show did not attract a sizable audience and it was cancelled after two seasons.

Location
The setting, Bagdad, California, is a former town on U.S. Route 66. After being bypassed by Interstate 40 in 1973, it was abandoned and eventually razed. While the town had a "Bagdad Cafe", the film was shot at the then Sidewinder Cafe in Newberry Springs, 50 mi west of the site of Bagdad. The cafe became a European tourist destination; to capitalize on the film, in 1995, when it was purchased by new owners, they changed its name to Bagdad Cafe. A small noticeboard on the cafe wall features snapshots of the film's cast and crew.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack features the songs "Calling You", written by Bob Telson and sung by Jevetta Steele, and "Brenda, Brenda" with lyrics by Lee Breuer and music by Bob Telson, sung by Jearlyn Steele, featuring the harmonica of William Galison, and also has a track in which the director narrates the story, including the film's missing scenes.

The principal piano pieces, performed by Darron Flagg, are preludes from Book I of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier: the C major, no. 1, BWV 845; the C minor, BWV 846, no. 2; and the D major, no. 5, BWV 850.

Home media
For the film's 30th anniversary in 2018, StudioCanal reissued Bagdad Cafe as a 4K digital restoration on DVD and Blu-ray. In April 2021, Shout! Factory re-released the film digitally.

title: Bagdad Cafe


text:
File:Deerhoof-appleo.jpg

Cover of the Deerhoof album Apple O'.

title: File:Deerhoof-appleo.jpg


text:
Talk:Honeypot ant

Plerergates
Someone more knowledgeable than I might want to contemplate the relationship between this article and plerergate. — Pekinensis 21:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The honeypot ant can change colors all from red to green. Basically all colors inbetween, no one is sure why. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.196.31.60 (talk) 01:21, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Pretty cool! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.196.219.17 (talk) 20:41, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

The article says that ants from other colonies sometimes "steal" honeypot ants, which I'm sure is true. But the article says that those ants raid the nests "knowing" that there are honeypot ants there- and that I kind of question. From what I have read, there is no evidence that ants "know" anything; under condition X, they take action Y, but they don't "think" about it the way humans and certain other animals can. So, in my opinion, it should probably be changed to say something like- that other ants raid their colonies to take their honeypot ants> —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.108.235.20 (talk) 19:45, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Food source?
It is said in the article that the ants can later serve as a "food source" to the other ants. Does this mean that they are eaten by the others? Or are they somehow harvested when food is needed? Someone more knowledgeable in this subject could maybe clarify this point. Thanks! 12.232.17.226 (talk) 01:55, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Honey?
Are the constituents of this "honey" similar to honey from bees? What about taste? 93.97.177.172 (talk) 23:38, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Range?
Where are these found? The Jade Knight (talk) 14:49, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Honeypot ant


text:
User:Mustafaa/Qurayza details

 * B59.362, M19.4364: BQ & BN fought (Muhammad)
 * B59.362, M19.4364: Muhammad exiled BN, allowed BQ to remain (until later)

 * M26.5557: during Khandaq, a youth seeks permission to return
 * M26.5557: Muhammad says "Carry your weapons with you for I fear the tribe of Quraiza (may harm you)."

 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Muhammad returns from battle of al-Khandaq,
 * M19.4370, B59.443: Muhammad lays down his arms
 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Muhammad takes a bath
 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Gabriel says "You have put down your arms! By Allah, I have not put down my arms yet."
 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Muhammad says "Where (now)?"
 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Gabriel says "This way," pointing towards the tribe of Bani Quraiza
 * B52.68, M19.4370, B59.443: Muhammad fights Banu Qurayza
 * B59.444: "Gabriel's regiment" marches through the street of Banu Ghanm to attack Banu Qurayza

 * M19.4368, M19.4370: BQ surrender
 * M19.4370: Muhammad refers the decision about them to Saad.
 * B58.148, B52.280, B74.278, M19.4368: BQ agree to / ready to accept Saad's judgement
 * B52.280, B58.148, B74.278, M19.4368: Muhammad calls for Saad
 * B52.280, B58.148, M19.4368: Saad comes on a donkey
 * B52.280, B58.148, B74.278, M19.4368: Muhammad says "Stand up for your leader" or "Get up for the best amongst you" or "Get up for your chief."
 * B52.280, B58.148, B74.278, M19.4368: Muhammad says "These people are ready to accept your judgment" or "O Sad! These people have agreed to accept your verdict." or "These people have surrendered accepting your decision."
 * B52.280, B58.148, B74.278, M19.4368, M19.4370: Saad says, "I give the judgment that their warriors should be killed and their children and women should be taken as prisoners." or "I decide about them that those of them who can fight be killed, their women and children taken prisoners and their properties distributed (among the Muslims). "
 * B52.280, B58.148, B74.278, M19.4368, M19.4371: Muhammad says "O Sad! You have judged amongst them with (or similar to) the judgment of the King Allah."
 * B59.362, M19.4364: Muhammad killed BQ men and distributed their women, children and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet and he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam.
 * AD38.4390: Those (males) who had begun to grow hair (pubes) were killed, and those who had not were not killed.
 * AD14.2665: No woman was killed except one.

Long-term aftermath
 * B59.362, M19.4364: Muhammad exiled the Jews from Madina
 * B53.357, M19.4376, B59.364, B59.446: Muhammad starts refusing gifts of datepalms.

 * B8.367: Khaybar conquered (a year later); women captured include Safiya bint Huyai, "chief mistress of the tribes of Quraiza and An-Nadir".

title: User:Mustafaa/Qurayza details


text:
Givetian

The Givetian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian Period. It lasted from million years ago to   million years ago. It was preceded by the Eifelian Stage and followed by the Frasnian Stage. It is named after the town of Givet in France. The oldest forests occurred during the late Givetian. The lower GSSP is located at Jebel Mech Irdane, Tafilalt, Morocco.

Name and definition
The Givetian Stage was proposed in 1879 by French geologist Jules Gosselet and was accepted for the higher stage of the Middle Devonian by the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy in 1981.

title: Givetian


text:
Talk:William E. Gordon

Untitled
I wasn't logged in when I wrote the page. I was 66.81.180.177
 * John Elder 21:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:William E. Gordon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Herose

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:05, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Herose
This is clearly a commercial for a product -puffery, in fact- and should be deleted. Eilthireach 21:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Very weak keep. From WP:NOT: "Articles about companies and products are fine if they are written in an objective and unbiased style. Further all article topics must be third-party verifiable, so articles about very small 'garage' companies are not likely to be acceptable." I don't think this is a 'garage' company but as a privately held Singapore-based company verifiability is on the low side.  A more significant company, Eu Yan Sang International Ltd, (Singapore Exchange listed as "EYS") has an interest in Herose Pharma (see   and ).  Herose has also been discussed in several online forums of patients suffering from skin problems (and the discussions have not always been favorable; the treatment is apparently extremely expensive).  In addition, and what tips the scale for me, the company publicly announced in 2003 that it is conducting tests on an AIDS drug . People may well want to read about the company, and that pushes my vote to a "keep". I have edited the article to tone down the puffery. DS1953 23:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep & Cleanup agree with DS1953, its an existant company with valid patents and products. Should be listed as a company profile with history and purpose, and less advertisement of one product. Needs a healthy overhaul. Who ? ¿ ? 23:45, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Herose


text:
Monodactylidae

Monodactylidae is a family of perciform bony fish commonly referred to as monos, moonyfishes or fingerfishes. All are strongly laterally compressed with disc-shaped bodies and tall anal and dorsal fins. Unusually for fish, scales occur on their dorsal fins and sometimes on the anal fins. The pelvic fins are small, sometimes vestigial. They are of moderate size, typically around 25 cm in length, and Monodactylus sebae can be taller than it is long, measuring up to 30 cm from the tip of the dorsal fin down to the tip of the anal fin. These long, scaly fins have given them the name "fingerfishes". Most are silvery with yellow and black markings; the juveniles are especially attractive, and most species are popular as aquarium fish.

The family contains six extant species in two genera, Monodactylus and Schuettea. They are distributed along the coastlines of Africa, India, and southern Asia, and as far west as Australia. Species of Monodactylus in particular commonly occur in estuaries. They are truly euryhaline and can live in fresh water for extended periods. Moonyfishes are predators and feed primarily on smaller fish and invertebrates. They are found primarily in shallow water and form large shoals.

Two extinct species, Psettopsis subarcuatus and Pasaichthys pleuronectiformis, are known as fossils from the Lutetian lagerstatten of Monte Bolca, Eocene, in Italy.

In aquaria
Aquarists commonly keep M. argenteus and M. sebae as pets in domestic aquaria, where they are known as monos or Malayan angels; they are also widely kept in public aquaria. They are hardy and easy to care for, but require brackish water and copious swimming space. .

title: Monodactylidae


text:
Huinay

Huinay is a tract of land belonging to the San Ignacio del Huinay Foundation. This territory covers nearly 350 km² in the Commune of Hualaihué, in Los Lagos Region of Chile. It lies between the Comau or Leptepu fjord and the border with the Republic of Argentina in Palena Province. Its location is -42.36667°N, -72.4°W. Huinay also divides the private Pumalín Park founded by American Douglas Tompkins into two parts. Tompkins wants to purchase it to unify his park, however, this has met with strong opposition from the people in the hamlet of Huinay.

The Leptepu fjord is part of a 68 km longitudinal structural fault that runs from north to south, profoundly remodelled through the passing of the continental glaciers during the glaciations of the Quaternary period.

The ice field that slid through the fiord, trapped between high mountains, carved the valleys deeply - they have subsequently been partially refilled with sediment, resulting in a remaining depth of up to 500 m below current sea level. In numerous places there is evidence of the glacio-isostatic structures that survived the postglacial eustatic advances during the last 15,000 years.

Huinay is under the influence of a cold and humid climate. The annual rainfall is very variable, with generally two or three comparatively dry months in summer in the fjord region with a strong increase towards the Andes mountain range, resulting in almost 6000 mm of annual precipitation in Huinay. The average yearly temperature is approximately 11.5 °C. This, together with the abundant rainfall, sustains the thick, evergreen, mixed, mild jungle that extends to the high-water mark along the walls of the fjord.

title: Huinay


text:
Sébastien Gagnon

Sébastien Gagnon (born May 21, 1973) is a Canadian businessman and former politician and soldier. Gagnon was elected as a Bloc Québécois member of the House of Commons of Canada in a 2002 by-election. He was elected in the riding of Lac-Saint-Jean—Saguenay and was re-elected in the 2004 Canadian federal election in the riding of Jonquière—Alma. Gagnon is the former Bloc critic of Regional Development, and is a former critic of Children and Youth. He was defeated in the 2006 federal election.

Gagnon was born in Metabetchouan, Quebec. Before entering politics, he was an entrepreneur and executive manager. Gagnon served in the Canadian Army from 1991 to 1995.

title: Sébastien Gagnon


text:
Fideo

Fideo may refer to:

Food

 * Fideo, the Spanish word for noodle
 * Sopa de fideo, noodle soup used in Spanish, Mexican, Tex-Mex, and Latin Caribbean cuisine.

People

 * Samu Castillejo, nicknamed El Fideo, a Spanish professional footballer
 * Ángel Di María, nicknamed Fideo, an Argentine professional footballer

Places

 * Fideo, Syria

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Fideo, a character from the film Once Upon a Time in Mexico
 * Fideo 9 (also Video 9), a Welsh language television programme broadcast on Sianel 4 Cymru (S4C) from 1988 to 1992
 * Fideo Ardena, a character from the series Inazuma Eleven

title: Fideo


text:
Talk:Lee Kun-hee

Neutrality Question
Just some simple questions: Possible issues with Neutrality, Bias, and Lack of information:

- Why is this article seems to read really biased at the start of the sentence?

- If this kind of 'bashing'-alike is to be 'normal', then we might as well `criminalize' entire senior members in the world, just for the sake of consistency.

- This kind of article easily gives extremely bad impression. At least let us be truly fair and neutral.

- Perhaps then, if one needs to include such bashing article, we limit the word based on the scale of, e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index ?

- I seriously believe people needs to be smart and intelligent; in this sense, just being 'rational' and 'logical' is all needed.

Thanks Syadorez (talk) 16:41, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
Wasada? Have heard of well-known Tokyo university called Waseda. Are they one and the same? From Michael Moore's ":08, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * They are one in the same. Russel Harrison (talk) 04:47, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

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Rework of Career section
I've just reorganized, edited, and added a bit to the Career section. The previous version had information about the Samsung scandal in its own section as well as in a Samsung section. I consolidated redundant info and reorganized the section as a whole. I made some small edits for tone (e.g. removal of words like "shocking") and conciseness. I also deleted a whole section detailing information about Samsung's economic status, as that sort of information is better suited to and already present in the main article about Samsung. Further information regarding events in Lee's career occurring after his presidential pardon and return to Samsung could likely be added to improve the scope of the section. Thanks for reading! Skeletor3000 (talk) 20:13, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lee Kun-hee