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Expedition Everest

Expedition Everest – Legend of the Forbidden Mountain, also known as Expedition Everest, is a steel roller coaster built by Vekoma at Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The ride is themed around the Yeti protecting the Forbidden Mountain next to Mount Everest. It is the only roller coaster at Disney's Animal Kingdom, and the tallest roller coaster at any Disney theme park.

The 2011 edition of Guinness World Records lists Expedition Everest as the most expensive roller coaster in the world, a record the ride held until 2019 when Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure at Universal Islands of Adventure opened. Including sets and extras, its total cost was reported to be US$30 million for six years of planning and construction. It is the tallest artificial mountain in all of the Walt Disney parks, and Disney's 18th mountain-themed attraction. It is also the most recently opened attraction at Walt Disney World not based on pre-existing intellectual property.

History
The attraction was announced publicly on April 22, 2003, during an event to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Disney's Animal Kingdom. Construction of the new attraction began a month before the announcement in March 2003. It took three years and required more than 38 mi of rebar; 5,000 tons of structural steel; and 10,000 tons of concrete. Expedition Everest opened for previews on January 26, 2006, and had its grand opening on April 7, 2006, in ceremonies led by Disney CEO Bob Iger and theme parks chairman Jay Rasulo. At 199.5 ft, it is the tallest attraction at Walt Disney World, beating The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney's Hollywood Studios by 6 in. Disney keeps all of its attraction buildings under 200 ft because aviation laws require structures of that height and taller to have a blinking red light beacon for low-flying aircraft, which would take away from the theming of their attraction.

Queue
The attraction features a stand-by, FastPass+, and a single-rider line. The queue starts at the office of the fictional "Himalayan Escapes" travel agency, progressing to a replica temple with little holy figures. Visitors next enter a tea garden, followed by a room with equipment from a successful expedition, and then the "Yeti Museum", which contains information on the Yeti and a moulding of a Yeti footprint. There are also about 8,000 artifacts brought from the Nepal trip in the museum. The single-rider line skips all of the exhibits.

Ride
The riders board the roller coaster in the model village of Serka Zong, to begin a speedy route through the Himalayas to the base of Mount Everest.

The train blows its "whistle" and departs the station to the right and climbs a small lift leading to a short drop, then circles around to the 112 ft lift hill, carrying the riders into the mountain. On the way up, it passes through a ransacked temple with murals of the yeti, warning the riders that the mountain is its territory. A noise can also be heard during this lift hill, foreshadowing the yeti. At the top of the mountain, the train curves around the main peak and goes through a cave. When it emerges from the other side, the train suddenly comes to a halt due to the track in front of the guests being bent and broken apart, presumably by the yeti. To the left of the broken tracks is a secret bird animatronic sitting on a stick. The train itself is held in place by a series of rubber tires while an automatic switch rotates the piece of track directly behind the train. The train then rolls backwards along a new route that spirals down through the mountain by track switches. It eventually comes to a stop in a large cave, where riders see the yeti's shadow on the wall as it tears up more track. This effect distracts riders from noticing another automatic track switch in front of them. As the shadow moves away, the train rolls forward out of the mountain, going past the on-ride camera and plunging down the main 80 ft drop. It enters a 250° turn and speeds back up through another cave in the mountain, where the roars of the yeti are heard once more. The train exits from the rear of the mountain and enters a large helix before being lifted back into the mountain a final time. The train drops through a cave, where an audio animatronic of the yeti is reaching down toward it. On reaching the bottom of this drop, riders return to the unloading dock and depart into a gift shop. The ride lasts 2 minutes and 50 seconds.

Trains
Expedition Everest has six steam-like trains, each with six cars. Each train has 17 rows seating two abreast, for a total of 34 riders per train. The trains are themed as the "Anandapur Rail Service" and are made to look old and rusty. Riders must be at least 44 in tall and are secured by a lap bar. The "locomotive" itself is designed to resemble a vertical boiler configuration and is placed at the rear of the train rather than the front, so not to obstruct the riders' view. Up to five trains usually operate at once, but fewer can be used if guest demand is low. To create the illusion of a "steam powered" train, engineers placed vents under the station. When a train comes into the station, steam comes up through the vents and enters the loading platform.

Track
The steel track is 3884.5 ft long and the lift is about 112 ft high. Expedition Everest uses a track system by Dutch manufacturer Vekoma, where the rails are mounted on the outer surface of the ties, rather than on the inner surface. This was the first large-scale installation of such a system.

Facts and details
Although moderate in height and length by contemporary standards, Expedition Everest was the first ride for Disney to have its trains travel both forward and backward. This is accomplished through two sets of track switches, one before the rear segment and one after. This was the second Disney roller coaster to run backwards, the first being Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril: Backwards! at Disneyland Resort Paris (2000–2004). Expedition Everest, however, was the first Disney roller coaster to switch between forward and backward sections during the same ride.

The mountain façade, the Yeti audio-animatronic, and the roller coaster are three independent structures. Each structure reaches the ground-level and does not touch the other two structures. This was achieved via a 4-D scheduling software that provided the exact details on how to construct it.

The Mountain
Expedition Everest is often compared to the 1959 Matterhorn Bobsleds roller coaster at Disneyland, which also features a snowy mountain setting and an "abominable snowman" figure throughout the ride. Expedition Everest's mountain is made from 1,800 tons of steel and painted with 2,000 gallons of paint. At 199.5 ft, to avoid the Floridian legal requirement to place a light atop structures 200 feet or taller to alert planes), it is the tallest artificial mountain in the world, but not, as occasionally cited, the tallest point in Florida. It was the 18th mountain-themed attraction built on Disney property.

The artificial mountain is not a model of Mount Everest, but rather of the fictional "forbidden mountain" guarded by the yeti in the story created for the attraction by Walt Disney Imagineering. Everest is represented by the barren background peak on the far right, which is made to seem far in the distance (an example of forced perspective). Moreover, there is a small shrine on the ground level in the Asia area of the park which has been designed to perfectly overlap with the view of the distant attraction.

The Yeti
The yeti was the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering at the time of its construction. It is 25 ft tall. Its "skin" measures 1000 sqft, and is held in place by 1,000 snaps and 250 zippers. Its movement is controlled by 19 actuators when functioning in "A-mode", its full mode of operation. In "A-mode," it can move 5 ft horizontally and 18 in vertically.

A few months after the ride opened in 2006, the yeti figure's framing split, threatening catastrophic malfunction if it were to be operated further in "A-mode". Since then it has been operated only in the alternative "B-mode", in which a strobe-light effect is used to give the appearance of movement, earning it the nickname "Disco Yeti" from some fans. It is speculated that the problem was caused by damage to the yeti's concrete base structure, which is unlikely to be repaired until a major refurbishment in the distant future, because the design limits access to the yeti without major disassembly of the superstructure. The problem with the concrete is rumored to have occurred due to a glitch in the 4-D scheduling software that prevented adequate curing of a portion of the Yeti's foundation before the fabrication of mountain elements and roller coaster track.

Joe Rohde, the Imagineer in charge of building the attraction and Animal Kingdom, was asked about the yeti at the 2013 D23 Expo. Rohde responded, "You have to understand, it's a giant complicated machine sitting on top of, like, a 46-foot tall tower in the middle of a finished building. So, it's really hard to fix, but we are working on it. And we continue to work on it. We have tried several 'things', none of them quite get to the key, turning of the 40-foot tower inside of a finished building, but we are working on it... I will fix the Yeti someday, I swear." Rohde retired from Walt Disney Imagineering effective January 4, 2021, never having completed the repairs to the Yeti animatronic.

Discovery Networks
In 2005, Disney, Discovery Networks (now Warner Bros. Discovery), and Conservation International conducted expeditions to Nepal as part of the promotion for Expedition Everest. The purpose was to conduct scientific and cultural research in remote areas of the Himalayas, the location of the yeti legend. Participants included Joe Rohde from Walt Disney Imagineering and scientists from Conservation International and Disney's Animal Kingdom.

The expeditions and the making of the attraction were chronicled in three documentaries broadcast on Discovery's cable television channels in April 2006. The first was Expedition Everest: Journey to Sacred Lands, broadcast on the Travel Channel on April 9 to coincide with the attraction's grand opening. The second, Building A Thrill Ride: Expedition Everest, was aired on April 10 on the Science Channel and on April 12 on the Discovery Channel. It detailed the planning and construction of the ride, along with some of the ideas that made it possible. (During construction, for example, instead of traditional scaffolding the Imagineers used interior poles that poked through the outside of the mountain and were connected by wooden platforms.) This documentary also featured survival tips from Les Stroud. The third, Corwin's Quest: Realm of the Yeti, was broadcast on Animal Planet in April and featured American animal and nature conservationist Jeff Corwin.

Everest in the City
On February 15, 2006, Disney staged an elaborate publicity stunt called "Everest in the City" in New York City's Times Square. They draped large billboards over the sides of several buildings, depicting Everest with a coaster car careening down the mountainside and the yeti looking on from another peak, its eyes glowing red and flashing when the text message "Disney” was sent to “4Yeti” as provided by Disney.

Incidents

 * On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy.
 * On May 19, 2018, a 26-year-old man suffered a seizure after riding the attraction.
 * On July 5, 2019, a 41-year-old woman suffered a seizure after riding the attraction.

Awards and records
The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition Everest as the most expensive roller coaster in the world. Including sets and extras, the total cost of the ride was reported to be US$100 million over six years of planning and construction. In 2019, this record was surpassed by Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, which cost US$300 million.

Expedition Everest won the 2006 Theme Park Insider Award for the "World's Best New Theme Park Attraction". It has also been ranked in the Golden Ticket Awards and the Best Roller Coaster Poll. It was ranked second for "Best New Ride For 2006" in the Golden Ticket Awards.

title: Expedition Everest


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Talk:Cocoa panyols

Moved page
moved page to reflect the spelling used by the one authoritative source. Guettarda 06:16, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) baccahnal

Coco payols were also living in Moruga, Trinidad. As French and Spanish descended Creoles were given incentives by the Spanish Crown to own plantations in the La Line area. Joanne gomo (talk) 18:31, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cocoa panyols


text: Category:Weekly newspapers

title: Category:Weekly newspapers


text:
Prewitt operator

The Prewitt operator is used in image processing, particularly within edge detection algorithms. Technically, it is a discrete differentiation operator, computing an approximation of the gradient of the image intensity function. At each point in the image, the result of the Prewitt operator is either the corresponding gradient vector or the norm of this vector. The Prewitt operator is based on convolving the image with a small, separable, and integer valued filter in horizontal and vertical directions and is therefore relatively inexpensive in terms of computations like Sobel and Kayyali operators. On the other hand, the gradient approximation which it produces is relatively crude, in particular for high frequency variations in the image. The Prewitt operator was developed by Judith M. S. Prewitt.

Simplified description
In simple terms, the operator calculates the gradient of the image intensity at each point, giving the direction of the largest possible increase from light to dark and the rate of change in that direction. The result therefore shows how "abruptly" or "smoothly" the image changes at that point, and therefore how likely it is that part of the image represents an edge, as well as how that edge is likely to be oriented. In practice, the magnitude (likelihood of an edge) calculation is more reliable and easier to interpret than the direction calculation.

Mathematically, the gradient of a two-variable function (here the image intensity function) is at each image point a 2D vector with the components given by the derivatives in the horizontal and vertical directions. At each image point, the gradient vector points in the direction of largest possible intensity increase, and the length of the gradient vector corresponds to the rate of change in that direction. This implies that the result of the Prewitt operator at an image point which is in a region of constant image intensity is a zero vector and at a point on an edge is a vector which points across the edge, from darker to brighter values.

Formulation
Mathematically, the operator uses two 3×3 kernels which are convolved with the original image to calculate approximations of the derivatives - one for horizontal changes, and one for vertical. If we define $$\mathbf{A}$$ as the source image, and $$\mathbf{G_x}$$ and $$\mathbf{G_y}$$ are two images which at each point contain the horizontal and vertical derivative approximations, the latter are computed as:

\mathbf{G_x} = \begin{bmatrix} +1 &+1 &+1 \\ 0 &0 &0 \\ -1 &-1 &-1 \end{bmatrix} * \mathbf{A} \quad \mbox{and} \quad \mathbf{G_y} = \begin{bmatrix}

+1 & 0 & -1 \\ +1 & 0 & -1 \\ +1 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} * \mathbf{A} $$

where $$*$$ here denotes the 2-dimensional convolution operation.

Since the Prewitt kernels can be decomposed as the products of an averaging and a differentiation kernel, they compute the gradient with smoothing. Therefore, it is a separable filter. For example, $$\mathbf{G_x}$$ can be written as

\begin{bmatrix} +1 & 0 & -1 \\ +1 & 0 & -1 \\ +1 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} +1 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} $$

The x-coordinate is defined here as increasing in the "left"-direction, and the y-coordinate is defined as increasing in the "up"-direction. At each point in the image, the resulting gradient approximations can be combined to give the gradient magnitude, using:
 * $$\mathbf{G} = \sqrt{ {\mathbf{G}_x}^2 + {\mathbf{G}_y}^2 }$$

Using this information, we can also calculate the gradient's direction:
 * $$\mathbf{\Theta} = \operatorname{atan2}\left({ \mathbf{G}_y, \mathbf{G}_x }\right)$$

where, for example, Θ is 0 for a vertical edge which is darker on the right side.

title: Prewitt operator


text:
Yellow-rumped cacique

The yellow-rumped cacique (Cacicus cela) is a passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It breeds in much of northern South America from Panama and Trinidad south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil. However, they have been sighted as far north as Nayarit state in Mexico.

Taxonomy
The yellow-rumped cacique was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Parus cela. Why Linnaeus picked this specific epithet is uncertain but it may be shorthand for the Ancient Greek kelainos meaning "black". Linnaeus mistakenly specified the Habitat as in Indiis (India). The type location was designated as Suriname by the Austrian ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr in 1906. The yellow-rumped cacique is now placed in the genus Cacique that was introduced by the Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.

Three subspecies are recognised: The first two subspecies may be a separate species, the saffron-rumped cacique.
 * C. c. vitellinus Lawrence, 1864 – Panama Canal Zone to north and central Colombia
 * C. c. flavicrissus (Sclater, PL, 1860) – west Ecuador and northwest Peru
 * C. c. cela (Linnaeus, 1758) – east Colombia and Venezuela, the Guianas, south to central Bolivia and south Brazil

Description
The male is on average 28 cm long and weighs about 104 g, with the female 23 cm long and weighing approximately 60 g. The yellow-rumped cacique is a slim bird, with a long tail, blue eyes, and a pale yellow pointed bill. It has mainly black plumage, apart from a bright yellow rump, tail base, lower belly and wing "epaulets". The female is duller black than the male, and the juvenile bird resembles the female, but has dark eyes and a brown bill base.

The song of the male yellow-rumped cacique is a brilliant mixture of fluting notes with cackles, wheezes and sometimes mimicry. There are also many varied calls, and an active colony can be heard from a considerable distance.

Distribution and habitat
The yellow-rumped cacique is a bird associated with open woodland or cultivation with large trees.

Behaviour and ecology
This gregarious bird eats large insects (such as beetles, caterpillars, crickets, grasshoppers and katydids), spiders (such as orb-weavers), nectar  and fruit (such as chupa-chupa and figs).

Breeding
It is a colonial breeder, with up to 100 bag-shaped nests in a tree, which usually also contains an active wasp nest. The females build the nests, incubate, and care for the young. Each nest is 30–45 cm long and widens at the base, and is suspended from the end of a branch. Females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest. The normal clutch is two dark-blotched pale blue or white eggs. Females begin incubating after laying the second egg; hatching occurs after 13 or 14 days. The young fledge in 34 to 40 days, usually only one per nest.

Relationship with humans
The yellow-rumped cacique has benefited from the more open habitat created by forest clearance and ranching. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

In Peruvian folklore, this species – like other caciques and oropendolas – is called paucar, or – referring to this species only – paucarcillo ("little paucar"). This species is apparently the paucar that, according to a folktale of Moyobamba, originated as a rumor-mongering boy who always wore black pants and a yellow jacket. When he spread an accusation against an old woman who was a fairy in disguise, she turned him into a noisy, wandering bird. The bird's appearance is thought to augur good news.

title: Yellow-rumped cacique


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Bến Thủy

Ben Thuy is a trading port on the opening of the Ca River in Vietnam. Ben Thuy is near the city of Vinh. The Ben Thuy Thermal Power Plant and Ben Thuy Port and Ferry were listed as targets in a telegram during the Vietnam War.

title: Bến Thủy


text:
Talk:GoldenEye 007/to do

 * More information on the development of the game. (Refer to )
 * Information on the game's beta version (particularly the "Citadel" test level and the "All Bonds" option).
 * GoldenEye came first in the January 2000 poll in Computer and Video Games magazine, but they did another poll some time in 2001. Details on exactly where the game placed then would be good.
 * Section on multiplayer.
 * Add references.

title: Talk:GoldenEye 007/to do


text:
Corriere del Ticino

Corriere del Ticino is a regional daily newspaper in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

History and profile
Corriere del Ticino was established in 1891. The paper is published in the Italian language in Muzzano, Ticino.

The paper sold 14,000 copies in 1967. In the early 1990s Corriere del Ticino had a circulation of 36,000 copies. In 1997 the paper had a circulation of 37,742 copies.

title: Corriere del Ticino


text:
Bengkalis Regency

Bengkalis Regency is a regency of Indonesia in Riau Province. The regency was originally established in 1956 and then included most of the northern part of the province, but on 4 October 1999 it was divided up, with most of the territory being split off to form the new Rokan Hilir Regency, Siak Regency and the city of Dumai. On 19 December 2008 a further five districts were removed to create the new Meranti Islands Regency, leaving eight districts (or kecamatan) in the Bengkalis Regency. These eight districts has increased since 2010 to eleven by the splitting of existing districts on the Sumatran mainland. Bengkalis Regency produces natural resources, particularly petroleum, rubber, and coconut. The southern part of this regency contains a large part of the Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve.

Geography
Bengkalis Regency comprises the whole of Bengkalis Island and Rupat Island, which are located in the Straits of Malacca, together with a wide swathe of the eastern coastal area of Sumatra Island and stretching inland along the drainage area of the Siak River, as well as including other islands within the archipelago to its north-east. The land area covers 8,628.06 km2 and it borders on the Malacca Straits to the north, on Siak Regency to the south, on the Meranti Islands Regency to the southeast, and on Dumai City, Rokan Hilir Regency and Rokan Hulu Regency to the west. The administrative centre is the town of Bengkalis on the south coast of the island of the same name.

The Bengkalis Strait separates Bengkalis Island from Sumatra as well as from Padang Island and Tebing Tinggi Island.

Population
Following the splitting in 2008 of the regency to create a new Meranti Islands Regency, the residual area of Bengkalis Regency had a population of 498,336 at the 2010 census and 565,569 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 584,916 (comprising 299,480 males and 286,436 females).

Administrative districts
The eleven districts (kecamatan) currently forming the regency are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (a total of 136 rural desa and 19 urban kelurahan), and its post code.

Notes: (a) comprising 9 kelurahan (Air Jamban, Babussalam, Balik Alam, Batang Serosa, Duri Barat, Duri Timur, Gajah Sakti, Pematang Pudu and Makeruh (Talang Mandi)) and 2 desa. (b) comprising 2 kelurahan (Balai Raja and Titian Antui) and 8 desa. (c) the 2010 population of the new Bathin Solapan District is included in the figure for Mandau District, from which it was cut out. (d) the 2010 population of the new Talang Muandau District is included in the figure for Pinggir District, from which it was cut out. (e) including one kelurahan (Sungai Pakning). (f) the 2010 population of the new Bandar Laksamana District is included in the figure for Bukit Batu District, from which it was cut out. (g) comprising 4 kelurahan (Batu Panjang, Pergam, Tanjung Kapal and Terkul) and 12 desa. (h) comprising 3 kelurahan (Bengkalis Kota, Damon and Rimba Sekampung) and 28 desa. (i) the northern part of Bengkalis Island.

Bengkalis Island comprises Bengkalis District and Bantan District, while Rupat Island comprises Rupat District and Rupat Utara (North Rupat) District. The remaining seven districts lie on Sumatra Island - Bukit Batu, Siak Kecil and Bandar Laksamana being on the Sumatran coast, while Mandau, Pinggir, Bathin Solapan and Talang Muandau are inland districts further south.

title: Bengkalis Regency


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of homeschooled individuals

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was: merged & deleted, by author's request; see WP:CSD

List of homeschooled individuals
A list with one member. Not encyclopedic. Unless you want me to put my nieces and nephew on there, too. I'm not even so sure the individual who's already there is particularly notable, most of the information in the article is of the "supposedly" variety. RickK 06:28, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into homeschool. I am the creator of the page, can we change this to speedy delete? --Nectarflowed T 08:22, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Done and done. mikka (t) 21:18, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge a list of notable homeschooled individuals (eg the kid who wrote Eragon) might be worthwhile, but this looks like it's mostly duplicate contet. Nateji77 10:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into homeschool as a list of notable homeschooled individuals. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 10:12, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge it and provide some basic info in this list why the individuals listed are notable for easy identification. Mgm|(talk) 11:51, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
24 heures (Switzerland)

24 heures (literally "24 Hours") is a Swiss regional Swiss-French-language daily newspaper, published by Tamedia in Lausanne, Vaud. Founded in 1762 as a collection of announcements and official communications, it is the oldest newspaper in the world with uninterrupted publication.

Foundation and operations
24 heures was founded in 1762 by David Duret (1733–1803) as the Annonces et avis divers, a collection of announcements and classified ads like many at the time. The paper later became the Feuille d'avis de Lausanne, and integrated an independent news section on 16 December 1872. The paper adopted its current name a century later, in 1972.

Change of name
Since 25 February 2005, the newspaper has had four local editions, with sections for the specific area of the canton:

 * Lausanne and area
 * Nord Vaudois-Broye
 * La Côte
 * Riviera-Chablais

The Nord Vaudois-Broye and Riviera-Chablais editions replaced the newspapers La Presse Riviera-Chablais and La Presse Nord Vaudois.

The newspaper shares some of its content with the Tribune de Genève, Tamedia's local newspaper for the Canton of Geneva.

The 2006 circulation of 24 heures was 95,315 copies. As of 2017, the newspaper had a circulation of 55,147.

title: 24 heures (Switzerland)


text:
Talk:Public holidays in Japan

Current Japan-related collaboration
This article is the first Current Japan-related collaboration. I propose that we improve this article to featured-status quality in about 30 days.

The article has these parts:
 * 1) Introductory (lead-in) paragraph
 * 2) Table of Japanese holidays
 * 3) Other holiday dates
 * 4) Recent changes
 * 5) Planned changes
 * 6) See also
 * 7) External links

We can change the organization any way we like. I propose to replace the present Table of Japanese holidays with text. The text will come in two sections: one for legal holidays, one for other holidays. A merged list below the text will have the holidays in chronological order, if we feel that is important.

 * I believe the current Table of Japanese holidays is thus acceptable, and that replacing it with text would be of no particular benefit. However, the background colour of rows could be changed depending on the nature of the holidays. Grumpy Troll Talk 13:07, 20 November 2005 (UTC).

Although it is acceptable, it is missing the holiday celebrated on August 6th, the WWII memorial to honor the deaths caused by the bombings.

 * Actually, I like the table too. My question is this: will the article reach featured status if its main content is in a table? I'm not sure of the answer. And if the answer is "no," then my next question is whether featured status is worth sacrificing the table for. Again, I'm not sure how I'd answer. (My goal, again, is "featured-status quality" rather than featured status itself, and I definitely believe we can attain that quality with the table intact.) So at least unless Peer Review or Featured Article Candidacy indicates strong objection to the table, I'm very happy to work within it. And, thanks for signing on! Fg2 07:17, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * However, the table makes it difficult to insert images. Please see below. Fg2 07:36, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I should think that the article will reach featured status if the table hosts the content better than several paragraphs, which I believe is the case; I agree that unless opinion unfavourable to the table is expressed until Peer Review or Featured Article Candidacy, we should work with it. Thank you for welcoming me heartily, it is my pleasure to work on this article. Grumpy Troll Talk 18:24, 21 November 2005 (UTC).

 * I think the table is fine, but at the moment, it is unclear which holidays are national holidays (public holidays). I came here looking for this answer and now I'll have to troll elsewhere.  Stephen.frede 02:32, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Apologies! I intended to include that information with every holiday. If you can tell me which holidays don't have this information, I'll be happy to add it! Thanks Fg2 07:03, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It appears that most entries indicate whether they are national holidays or not, but perhaps this distinction could be made immediately evident through a binary color-code system. The cells containing National Holidays could be one color and Traditional, but unofficial holidays could remain clear. Kirkpatrick 13:53, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Other holiday dates: this is not dates, so we should change the title. Maybe merge with Recent changes and Planned changes to make one substantial section.

References: We'll likely need references to get this article featured. They can be books, periodicals, reference works etc.

Timeline:

Images
We can illustrate this page with images of anything related to the holidays. Please add to this list of ideas:
 * New year's greeting card, osechi ryori, kadomatsu, kagami mochi
 * Adults wearing kimono on coming of age day
 * Beans being thrown, or another event such as goma kuyo, on setsubun
 * Dolls for hinamatsuri
 * Chocolate gifts for white day
 * Tanabata decorations
 * Daimonji-yaki for obon
 * Kids in kimono for shichi-go-san
 * Well-wishers at the Imperial Palace for the Emperor's birthday

Volunteers
Please add your name to the list to indicate your interest in improving this article. If you have a specific task you want to carry out, please list it, and feel free to do it!

 * 1) Fg2
 * 2) Grumpy Troll Talk
 * 3) BăoBăo
 * 4) MS_TO_BW — Preceding unsigned comment added by MS TO BW (talk • contribs) 03:20, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Comments
Please feel free to use this discussion page as usual to discuss the contents of the article, the direction I've proposed, etc.

In the "Holidays in 2019" section, I find "May 1 † - Emperor Naruhito's Ascension to the Throne". Is "Ascension" correct? I think "Accession" is more appropriate. The Name should be "Emperor Naruhito's Accession to the Throne". References: https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/accession+to+the+throne https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/Ascension

Sample entry
Here's what I envision as a sample entry for the text to replace the table:

January 1 stands at the beginning of Japan's most important holiday season. Japanese call this season shōgatsu or o-shōgatsu. The term may refer to January 1–3, 1–7, or 1–20. Historically, shogatsu was a name for January. January 1 is a national holiday.

We can continue by briefly describing what people do, incorporating material from Japanese New Year, the Japanese Wikipedia, references etc.

Unknown fragment
This was found in holiday, anyone know what it is about? -- The most celebrated holiday in Japan is the return of Burruku and Sie. They are the Goddesses of the dead. Every two years they are honored for their intelligence and magical tributions. They sacrificed themselves to let Japan become its own country. They are the most significant Goddesses in Japanese world history. They are honored with tributes of Japanese art such as anime, manga, and calligraphy. -- MickMacNee (talk) 19:43, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * That passage provides more information about the person who added it to the article than about holidays or deities of Japan. Never heard of any such goddesses or holidays. Fg2 (talk) 21:37, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That's what I suspected, it isn't in any article as of now. MickMacNee (talk) 23:02, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Labor Thanksgiving Day 2008
This year, the Labor Thanksgiving Day is not November 23, 2008 (today), but tomorrow November 24. Does anyone know, if it's because of the Happy Monday System? In 2009 the 23. November is a Monday, so no change there. I couldn't find any reliable source, only this   —Preceding unsigned comment added by R0pe-196 (talk • contribs) 11:24, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Not very clear
Merely labelling these days as "holidays" is not very informative to a non-Japanese reader. Are they days off for everyone or for certain groups of people? Do schools close? Shops? Public services? 91.105.63.39 (talk) 20:13, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Public holidays in Japan


text:
Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics

The Judo competition at the 1984 Summer Olympics continued the seven weight classes first used at the 1980 Games. With the open division, there were eight competitions. Powerhouse Japan returned to the top of the medal count after eight years, having boycotted the Moscow games. Because of the Soviet-led boycott of the Los Angeles games, several traditionally strong judo countries, including Cuba and the Soviet Union, did not participate. The Judo competition was held at California State University, Los Angeles.

Austrian Peter Seisenbacher in the 86 kg class won the gold medal, as did Hitoshi Saito of Japan in the over 95 kg class, feats they would repeat in 1988, becoming the first judoka to win gold at two Olympics.

In the open division, four-time world champion Yasuhiro Yamashita tore a right calf muscle in the preliminary match against Arthur Schnabel. This put Yamashita at a huge disadvantage since he executed his throws by pivoting on his right leg. Though he managed to win the match with an Okuri-Eri-Jime, the injury caused him to visibly limp during the semi-final match against Laurent Del Colombo. Yamashita was thrown with an Osoto Gari only 30 seconds into the match, but managed to return an Osoto Gari and won the match with a Yoko-Shiho-Gatame (side four-quarter hold). He played the final match against Mohamed Ali Rashwan of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. The match witnessed a remarkable fair play act from Rashwan who did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was even given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.

Popular pro wrestler/judoka Chris Adams appeared as an advisor to the UK Judo squad, where his brother Neil Adams won a silver medal in the 78 kg class. It was the third and final Olympics the Adams brothers were involved in, competitor or otherwise.

title: Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Isabella I of Jerusalem

Untitled
She is the pivotal genealogical point of the later (in 1260's) succession dispute. It is presumably so that many readers will check her name, in order to find out about that. Therefore, there should be some proper mention about the dispute. 62.78.124.73 06:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * They're not going to realize that she was the "pivotal figure" until they read the text about the succession dispute, which will be in the article of whichever person they were reading about when they realized there was a succession dispute. Seriously, hyperlinks are our friends, here. Choess 07:23, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * I've added in refs and hyperlinks to the Champagne succession issue, when the validity of her divorce was raised. Silverwhistle 10:08, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

It is very possible that there are people who have heard of succession dispute, want to know more about it, and have heard that it was because of Isabella's inheritance and branches created by her children. (Actually, there was a time sometime in the past when that was approximately the sum of facts I knew.) You apparently have a sort of tunnel vision. We must remember that succession disputes should be mentioned also with the person from whom that originates. 62.78.106.28 17:08, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

daughter Maria's birth year
User 217.16.209.173 has written the following in the article proper: "(The date of birth of her daughter Maria of Montferrat, who succeeded her as queen regnant, is uncertain. Some claim Maria had aready been born by this time, but this may be in response to the comments noted below in Muslim sources.)".

I resent the part "Some claim Maria had aready been born by this time, but this may be in response to the comments noted below in Muslim sources." - particularly the element alleging "response". I believe such wording in the article proper is unsuitable. Article should be neutral. It does not belong to the article.

User 217.16.209.173 should learn to make discussions about facts and interpretations on the relevant talk page, not in the article proper.

As it is well known that Isabella, then around 20 y.o, married Conrad in Autumn 1190, and Isabella was (later) proven rather fertile, it is highly likely that a child was born to them already in 1191.

On the other hand, Maria's birth has been indicated by some source of Franco-Syria to have taken place before the death of her father. And, Maria appears never as "posthumous" in contemporary sources, which are however rather likely to mention if she was posthumous. 217.140.193.123 29 June 2005 06:15 (UTC)

 * And yet Imad, who is a very reliable chronicler, refers to Isabella's pregnancy during her wedding to Henry II of Champagne. He was present at the wedding, so I think he'd know. He doesn't mention that Isabella had any children already living -- the explanation being that she was pregnant with Maria during her marriage to Henry. Missi 23:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, Missi! Good to see you here! The edit being discussed here was made by me (as 217.16.209.173) when not signed in. There is no reference in the Itinerarium, Roger of Howden & c to Maria being born in her father's lifetime (and as Isabella was the heiress to the kingdom, you would think it was an important enough event to be noted). Imad ad-Din and Old French Continuation of William of Tyre both say Isabella was pregnant when she married Henry. Conrad and Isabella were only married for 17 months, during which time he was often off campaigning (Baha al-Din says he was wounded in battle 9 days before the wedding, so am not sure how well he'd have been feeling for a while!), so one pregnancy in that time is reasonable. I'm not sure why 217.140.193.123 thought it out of order to remark on issues re: reliability of sources. I would now say - and will edit to clarify this point - that there's no question that Maria was a posthumous child. I've done a lot of work on the Montferrat family, and it's clear from that side of things that she was not born in her father's lifetime. Silverwhistle 19:08, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The Brevis Regni Hierosolymitani Historia in the Annals of Genoa also says Isabella was pregnant with Maria when she married Henri. Given the close ties between Montferrat and Genoa, this is probably reliable. Imad ad-Din gets confused earlier in that he also claims she was pregnant when she married Conrad, but no-one else mentions this, and I suspect this was simply him running ahead of himself in his narrative. Silverwhistle 21:13, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

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Date of death
I was unable to find an online source that gave a definite date of death. The Crusader World says she died a few months after Aimery, Crusader Art in the Holy Land says she died a few weeks later, Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders and The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge both say Isabel died first. So if someone could clear that up, it would be greatly appreciated. — howcheng  {chat} 18:35, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

"Isabella of Jerusalem" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Isabella of Jerusalem and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Jay (talk) 04:22, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isabella I of Jerusalem


text:
John B. Haberlen

John Black Haberlen has served as the Director of the Georgia State University School of Music since 1996. Dr. Haberlen is a past national President of the American Choral Directors Association.

Education
Haberlan has a Bachelor of Science and Master of Music degrees from Pennsylvania State University.

He earned his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in choral conducting with a minor in music literature from the University of Illinois.

He studied choral music and opera in Ludwigsburg, Germany and completed a year of choral study in London with the London Bach Society. The Penn State Alumni Board of Directors chose him to receive the 1994 Alumni Achievement award.

Career
Haberlen began his professional career at the age of 16 as a percussionist in the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra. Upon receiving his Bachelor and Masters, he performed as principal timpanist with the Florida Symphony Orchestra.

He served as Associate Dean for the Fine Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences and as Director of Choral Activities at Georgia State University for over 20 years.

Haberlen is Professor of Music and has served as Georgia State University Director of the School of Music since 1996.

Haberlen is a past national President of the American Choral Directors Association and served on the board of the International Federation of Choral Musicians for six years.

His conducting debut at Carnegie Hall in 1990 featured a performance of Poulenc's Gloria and resulted in a return conducting engagement of Brahms’ Requiem in 1992. he conducted an all-Vaughan Williams concert in Avery Fisher Hall in New York's Lincoln Center in 1996. In Atlanta, He has prepared choruses for the late Maestro Robert Shaw and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. As chorus master of the Atlanta Ballet, he trained the chorus for over 20 performances of Orff's Carmina Burana and six performances of Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms. For three summers he conducted choruses and orchestras in England's Wells Cathedral.

Haberlen has participated as a jury member and auditor in major choral festivals worldwide, including the St. Petersburg Choral Festival, the World Choir in Cardiff, Wales; Marktoberdorf, Germany; Riva del Garda, Italy; Budapest, Hungary; Denmark and Sydney, Australia. He has been honored by his selection as a jury member of two World Choral Olympics (Linz, Austria and Busan, Korea).

He has published two books, two essays, nine articles and more than 50 choral editions, and he has guest conducted festival choruses in over 35 states.

title: John B. Haberlen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Movies about sports

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect -- Francs2000 | Talk 16:40, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Movies about sports
I suggest deleting this page and redirecting it to sports film. The "sports film" article contains a far more comprehensive list. Dale Arnett 06:33, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect this larval list. And then put something into sports film besides a list.  The Literate Engineer 05:29, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Sports film. --Angr/undefined 05:48, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why did you bring this here? You don't need a vote to redirect. Kappa 06:45, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Because he wants it to be deleted? Delete:  The article is not about "movies about sports" but is, instead, a list.  Lists are lists, and this is misnamed.  Were sports film to be listed on VfD, I'd say that's a clear delete, too, as it is also misnamed.  Neither of these is an actual article about sports films, the generic expectations, the reception, the eras of popularity, etc.  Neither of them is a valid article.  Geogre 21:21, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Flosch

My name is Florian Schmidt (from which I constructed my nickname FloSch), and I am a student of computer science at the RWTH Aachen in Aachen (duh), Germany. At the moment By now, I am in have returned from Japan where I stayed for a year to study and learn that amazingly complicated language. When I have time and am in the mood, I write an article or two. Mostly, I just read articles and correct typos, formatting errors and stuff like that, though. Oh, and I realize that I always forget to login. I should really change that so I can monitor "my" pages.

de:Benutzer:Flosch &

title: User:Flosch


text:
Ægypt

Ægypt  is a fantasy tetralogy written by American author John Crowley. The series describes the life and work of Pierce Moffett, a history professor who prepares a manuscript for publication even as it prepares him for some as-yet unknown destiny, all set amidst strange and subtle Hermetic manipulations among the Faraway Hills at the border of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Volumes
The four volumes deal with Moffett's real and dream life in the United States in 1977 (and, in an extended coda, into the early 1980s) with the narrative of the manuscript he is preparing for publication. Another manuscript, left unfinished by its author Fellowes Kraft and discovered by Moffett, is an historical fiction that follows the briefly intersecting adventures of Italian heretic Giordano Bruno and of British occultists John Dee and Edward Kelley.

Moffett is trained as a historian, and is under contract to write a popular history covering hermetical themes. Early in the process, he conceives of writing a novel which, it is clear, would be Ægypt; his ruminations on that novel describe the structure of the novel he is in. The distinctions between Crowley's, Moffett's, and Kraft's books are continually elided and the three books are finally undifferentiated.

The novels generally have three main "strands" reflecting on three main characters, one occurring in the present day generally following Pierce or Rosie Mucho in their artistic works, and two occurring in the Renaissance following the fictionalized historical activities of John Dee, Edward Kelley and Giordano Bruno as written by Fellowes Kraft. The difference is marked stylistically by dashes indicating dialogue for events that happened in the Renaissance and events in the twentieth century marked by dialogue in ordinary English quotation marks.

Sources and structure
The titles of the first three volumes in the sequence are tributes to Renaissance literary works; and in many cases the nature of these works redound on the action of these three novels themselves:

 * The title and some of the plot of the first volume is related to Luis de Góngora's Las Soledades, or The Solitudes.
 * Francesco Colonna's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, or Poliphilo's Strife of Love in a Dream.
 * The title of the second volume is shared with a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne titled "Love and Sleep".
 * Jean Bodin's De la démonomanie des sorciers, or The Satanic Possession of Witches.
 * The title of the fourth volume repeats a complaining phrase often spoken by the author of the manuscript that Moffett prepares for publication. It probably alludes to the title and subject matter of Giordano Bruno's De innumerabilibus, immenso et infigurabili ("Of innumerable things, vastness and the unrepresentable").

The sequence is organized around the twelve astrological houses, with each book divided into three parts, each bearing a Latin name of the corresponding house. The Solitudes' parts, for example, are called "Vita", "Lucrum" and "Fratres", the Latin names for the first, second and third houses. The content of each part bears some relationship to the traditional associations of the house in question. The four volumes themselves correspond to the four seasons, starting with spring and ending in winter.

Reception
American literary critic Harold Bloom praised the first three books in the sequence, installing the first two in his 1993 list of the Western canon. Michael Dirda, asked in 2007 what his favorite recent book was, named "the four-part sequence by John Crowley called 'Aegypt.'" On reviewing the completed sequence in 2008, Dirda declared that the four novels together "confirms that he is one of our finest living writers, period." In an appreciation of Crowley's Little, Big in 2000, James Hynes called the then-unfinished sequence "an astonishing accomplishment" comparing it to works by Robertson Davies and Thomas Mann.

Terri Windling selected Love and Sleep as one of the best fantasy books of 1994, saying "his growing story is a masterpiece."

title: Ægypt


text:
Benedict Wallet Vilakazi

Benedict Wallet Vilakazi (6 January 1906 – 26 October 1947) was a South African novelist, linguist, a descendant of the Zulu royal family, and a radically innovative poet who created a combination of traditional and Romantic poetry in the Zulu language. Vilakazi was also a professor at the University of Witwatersrand, where he became the first Black South African to teach University classes to White South Africans. In 1946, Vilakazi also became the first Black South African to receive a PhD.

Vilakazi Street along which the poet lived in the formerly segregated township of Soweto, is named after Benedict Vilakazi. Vilakazi Street is now very famous as the street where both Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu also once lived.

Early life and education
Benedict Vilakazi was born Bambatha kaMshini in 1906 at the Groutville Mission Station near KwaDukuza, Natal (now South Africa), the fifth child of Roman Catholic converts Mshini ka Makhwatha and Leah Hlongwane. His mother, Mrs Leah Hlongwane Vilakazi, was the daughter of Bangile, who was the sister of Queen Ngqambuza, wife to King Cetshwayo, and also the sister of the Right Reverend J Mdelwa Hlongwane ka Mnyaziwezulu, the son of Chief Matiwane.

Vilakazi split his childhood between herding the family's cattle and the local mission school until the age of 10, at which point he transferred to the St. Francis College in Mariannhill, a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school founded by the Mariannhillers' local Trappist monastery. Here he was baptized with the name "Benedict Wallet," although at his mother's insistence he kept the surname of Vilakazi. He obtained a teaching certificate in 1923 and taught at Mariannhill and later at a seminary in Ixopo.

Writing, teaching, research
In 1933, Vilakazi released his first novel Nje nempela ("Really and Truly"), one of the first works of Zulu fiction to treat modern subject matter. He followed it in 1935 with the novel Noma nini as well as a poetry collection Inkondlo kaZulu, the first publication of European-influenced Zulu poetry.

His poetry, heavily influenced by the verse of the European Romantics, introduced literary themes as well as both rhyme and poetic meters previously unknown in Zulu literature, while combining them with elements of the Izibongo tradition of praise poetry.

Earning a B.A. from the University of South Africa in 1934, Vilakazi began work in the Bantu studies department at the University of Witwatersrand in 1936 under linguist C. M. Doke, with whom he created a Zulu-English dictionary. Vilakazi's teaching position made him the first black South African to teach white South Africans at the university level.

Vilakazi's later novels continued to explore daily life in traditional Zulu culture, such as UDingiswayo kaJobe (1939) and Nje nempela (1944), which is the story of a polygamous Zulu family.

His poetry became increasingly political in the course of his life, dramatizing the exploitation and discrimination not only against the Zulu people, but also against other black South Africans as well.

Vilakazi is also noted for his scholarly work on oral tradition and the Zulu and Xhosa languages, which on 16 March 1946, earned him the first PhD to be awarded to a black South African.

A year after receiving his doctorate, Benedict Wallet Vilakazi died in Johannesburg of meningitis. Both his novels and poetry were well received in his own lifetime and remain so today.

Legacy
Vilakazi Street in Soweto is where two Nobel Laureates, Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu, once lived and it was named in honour of Vilakazi, who was also a former resident. Dr B.W. Vilakazi Secondary School in Zola 3, Soweto was named after the late Dr Vilakazi in order to commemorate his legacy.

On 28 April 2016, the Order of Ikhamanga - Gold (OIG) was conferred on Dr Benedict Wallet Vilakazi posthumously‚ for "his exceptional contribution to the field of literature in indigenous languages and the preservation of isiZulu culture".

A literary translation by R.M. Mfeka and Peggy Rutherfoord of Benedict Vilakazi's poem Umamina was published in the anthology African Voices: An Anthology of Native African Writing.

In his 1974 book about the history of the Zulu royal family, historian Brian Roberts wrote, "the first Zulu King", meaning Shaka Zulu, "must remain an enigma." Roberts, however, praised Benedict Vilakazi, the last lines of whose Zulu language poem UShaka KaSenzangakhona ("Shaka, Son of Senzangakhona"), contain, "perhaps the most fitting epitaph to Shaka":
 * "The nations, Shaka, have condemned you,
 * Yet still today, they speak of you,
 * Still today their books discuss you,
 * But we defy them to explain you."

Works

 * Inkondlo kaZulu (poetry), Witwatersrand University Press (Johannesburg), 1935.
 * Noma nini (novel), Yacindezelwa Emshinini Wasemhlathuzane (Mariannhill, Natal), 1935.
 * UDingiswayo kaJobe (novel), Sheldon Press (London), 1939.
 * Nje nempela (novel), Mariannhill Mission Press (Mariannhill, Natal), 1944.
 * Amal'eZulu (poetry), Witwatersrand University Press, 1945.
 * Zulu-English Dictionary (with C. M. Doke), Witwatersrand University Press, 1948.
 * Nini indawo, Groutville, Natal.

title: Benedict Wallet Vilakazi


text:
OpenURL

An OpenURL is similar to a web address, but instead of referring to a physical website, it refers to an article, book, patent, or other resource within a website.

OpenURLs are similar to permalinks because they are permanently connected to a resource, regardless of which website the resource is connected to.

Libraries and other resource centers are the most common place to find OpenURLs because an OpenURL can help Internet users find a copy of a resource that they may otherwise have limited access to.

The source that generates an OpenURL is often a bibliographic citation or bibliographic record in a database. Examples of these databases include Ovid Technologies, Web of Science, Chemical Abstracts Service, Modern Language Association and Google Scholar.

The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) has developed standards for OpenURL and its data container as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004. OpenURL standards create a clear structure for links that go from information resource databases (sources) to library services (targets).

A target is a resource or service that helps satisfy a user's information needs. Examples of targets include full-text repositories, online journals, online library catalogs and other Web resources and services. OpenURL knowledge bases provide links to the appropriate targets available.

History
OpenURL was created by Herbert Van de Sompel, a librarian at the University of Ghent, in the late 1990s. His link-server software, SFX, was purchased by the library automation company Ex Libris Group which popularized OpenURL in the information industry.

In 2005, a revised version of OpenURL (version 1.0) became ANSI/NISO standard Z39.88-2004, with Van de Sompel's version designated as version 0.1. The new standard provided a framework for describing new formats, as well as defining XML versions of the various formats.

In 2006 a research report found some problems affecting the efficiency of OpenURL linking and recommended the creation of a group to establish best practice solutions. The KBART (Knowledge Bases And Related Tools) working group has been set up to progress the recommendations of the research report. OpenURL standards and reporting work continues with NISO's IOTA (Improving OpenURLs Through Analytics) project, which produced a reporting tool and research summary in 2013 noting the benefits of data analysis to improve link resolution.

In June 2006, NISO designated the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) as the "maintenance and registration agency" (or "registry agent") of the OpenURL standard, for an initial term of five years. In 2011, OCLC researchers highlighted their work in a NISO journal article, noting that "the OpenURL standard is one of the most heavily used NISO standards". As registry agent, OCLC was responsible for reviewing proposed extensions to the standard and maintaining a listing of those it approved. Per the standard, registry entries could specify particular metadata fields and their representation. The registry had the canonical URL.

In 2022, OCLC updated its OpenURL Registry webpage to state that the registry is no longer supported or maintained, saying it had been an "experimental research project" and "research prototype application". The standard registry URL now redirects to an archived version of the site, described as "the Frozen (deprecated) version of the Registry for the OpenURL Framework".

Standards

 * NISO OpenURL version 0.1 (2000-05-16)
 * NISO OpenURL version 1.0f (2003-03-18)
 * ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004
 * ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004 [R2010]

Use
The most common application of OpenURL is to assist in the resolution of a request for a web resource (such as an online article). An OpenURL includes information about the referenced resource itself, and context information — both the context in which the OpenURL occurs (for example, a page of search results from a library catalog) and the context of the request (for example, the particular user making the request). If a different context is expressed in the URL, a different copy ends up resolved to. Changes in context are predictable, and do not require the original creator of the hyperlink (for example, the journal publisher) to handcraft different URLs for different contexts.

For example, changing either the base URL or a parameter in the query string can mean that the OpenURL resolves to a copy of a resource in a different library. So the same OpenURL, contained for instance in an electronic journal, can be adjusted by any library to provide access to their own copy of the resource, without completely overwriting the journal's hyperlink. The journal provider, in turn, is no longer required to provide a different version of the journal, with different hyperlinks, for each subscribing library (See also COinS).

Format
An OpenURL consists of a base URL, which contains the address of the user's institutional link-server, followed by a query string, consisting of key-value pairs serializing a ContextObject. The ContextObject is most often bibliographic data, but as of version 1.0 OpenURL can also include information about the requester, the resource containing the hyperlink, the type of service required, and so forth. For example:

is a version 0.1 OpenURL describing a book. is the base URL of an example link-server.

In version 1.0, this same link becomes somewhat longer:

The above query string consists of the following key-value pairs: Keys always consist of safe characters and are not encoded, but values are URL-encoded.
 * – specifying the ContextObject version
 * – specifying the metadata format for the referent (in this case, a book)
 * Fields from this format describing the referent object:
 * – the ISBN identifying the book
 * – the title of the book

Applications and tools
Several companies market link server systems. Some proprietary options include OCLC (as part of WorldCat Local), Ex Libris (SFX and Alma UResolver), Serials Solutions (360 Link, formerly known as Article Linker), Innovative Interfaces, Inc. (WebBridge), EBSCO Information Services (Full Text Finder), Ovid (LinkSolver), SirsiDynix (Resolver), Fretwell-Downing (OL2), TDNet, Inc. (TOUResolver), WT Cox Information Services (Journal Finder), R. R. Bowker (Ulrichs Resource Linker) and Infor (Vlink).

Open-source link resolvers include CUFTS and Umlaut. There are also open-source tools for manipulating OpenURLs and the Code4Lib community maintains a list of these.

OpenURL is usually implemented by information providers by dynamically inserting an appropriate base URL into web pages sent to an authenticated user. OpenURL COinS is a specification that allows free services like Wikipedia to provide OpenURLs by cooperating with client side software agents. Federated search software presents OpenURL links in record fields by employing the library's subscriber links to link servers facilitating access to full-text resources from bibliographic record hyperlinks.

title: OpenURL


text:
Massachusetts Route 25

Route 25 is a 10 mi freeway located in Plymouth County and Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The route is a nominally east–west highway, and less commonly known as the Blue Star Memorial Highway. An eastward continuation of Interstate 495, Route 25 provides freeway access to Cape Cod. The route's western terminus is at a trumpet interchange with I-495 and I-195 in West Wareham. The route has three numbered interchanges along its length before terminating at the northern end of the Bourne Bridge in Bourne; the mainline of Route 25 continues across the bridge and over the Cape Cod Canal as Massachusetts Route 28 south.

Prior to 1982, the Route 25 designation was given to that segment of what is now I-495 from Route 24 in Raynham to the interchange with I-195 in Wareham. Upon completion of the I-495 segment between Route 24 and I-95, that portion of the existing freeway was redesignated as I-495 in various stages during the 1970s and 1980s, eventually reducing Route 25 to a 2.5 mi segment that continued eastward from I-495 to the modern location of Exit 3 in Downtown Wareham. Construction of an eastern continuation of Route 25 to the Bourne Bridge was delayed for nearly three decades due to property disputes and environmental concerns, but the final 7.5 mi segment opened in 1987. The freeway was originally planned to continue over the Bourne Bridge into Cape Cod as part of a planned "Southside Connector", but this plan was abandoned by the Massachusetts Highway Department (MassHighway) in the late 1970s.

Route description
Route 25 begins at a trumpet interchange with I-495 and I-195 in West Wareham, Massachusetts; the two left lanes of Route 25 west mainline onto I-495 north, with the right-hand lane serving I-195 via Exit 1. From I-195, Route 25 east is accessible via Exit 22A; I-195 terminates at the interchange. Interstate 495 also terminates at its junction with Route 25; the two southbound lanes of I-495 default onto Route 25 east. After the interchange with I-195 and I-495, Route 25 begins to head in a southeastern direction towards Wareham as a six-lane freeway. The route passes under Tihonet Road and through Maple Swamp, located at the northern end of Parker Mills Pond.

After the Tihonet Road overpass, the route continues on a southeastern projection, passing close to several farms and cranberry bogs in Wareham. After passing under Charge Pond Road, Route 25 enters the hamlet of East Wareham with an alignment parallel to Route 28 (Cranberry Highway). Eastbound Route 25 has its first interchange with Maple Springs Road, a local road that connects to US 6 and Route 28 and is used to access East Wareham and Onset. Shortly after the interchange, numbered as Exit 3 (formerly Exit 1), Route 25 proceeds across Agawam Mill Pond via a short causeway. Exit 3 off Route 25 west is located to the east of Agawam Mill Pond and connects to US 6 and Route 28 via Glen Charlie Road, an unnumbered route that also serves the village of White Island Shores.

After Exit 3, Route 25 bends to the northeast, bypassing Buttermilk Bay and the densely populated village of Buzzards Bay to the south. The route passes Union Pond and Dicks Pond to the south and Spectacle Pond and Sandy Pond to the north and passing several cranberry bogs and small ponds to the south. It then continues towards a rest area, which is accessible from the eastbound side of the highway. Due to state funding cutbacks, services at the rest area are limited to summer weekends (Friday to Sunday) as of 2010. After the rest area, Route 25 passes over Bourne Road and turns sharply to head in a southwestern direction, heading toward the village of Buzzards Bay. Route 25 has its final interchange in Buzzards Bay; Exit 10 (formerly Exit 2), which serves the villages of Buzzards Bay and Sagamore, connecting to US 6 (Scenic Highway) and Route 28 north. From Exit 3, US 6 is used to access the Sagamore Bridge in Sagamore and the towns of Hyannis and Provincetown on Cape Cod.

After Exit 3, the Route 25 designation continues for 0.6 mi. The six-lane divided freeway becomes a four-lane undivided freeway shortly before the approach ramps to the Bourne Bridge. Route 25 is concurrent with Route 28 from Exit 3 until the US 6 underpass, at which point the Route 25 designation officially ends; the two eastbound lanes of Route 25 continue as Route 28 south over the Bourne Bridge and the Cape Cod Canal and onto Cape Cod. Route 28 continues southward to the town of Falmouth and then eastward to Hyannis and Orleans. An estimated daily average of over 35,000 motorists utilized the Route 25 expressway in 2008.

Early alignment
The origins of Route 25 date back to 1947, when the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (MassDPW) announced plans for an expressway that would link I-95 in Foxborough with Cape Cod. The planned route was given the Route 25 designation northwest of a planned interchange with the Fall River Expressway (Route 24) in Raynham and the Route 28 designation to the southeast of Route 24. After ten years of planning studies, the route received preliminary approval from the MassDPW in 1957, and construction began in 1958; the entire route was designated as Route 25 in 1962, with Route 28 instead being aligned on local roads. The portion of the freeway between Route 24 in Raynham and I-195 in Wareham was completed in 1967. In 1969, MassDPW extended the freeway eastward to US 6 in Wareham. In the 1970s, the MassDPW changed the planned designation of the unconstructed Route 25 expressway northwest of Route 24 to I-495. When this portion of I-495 was completed in 1982, the state also designated the existing alignment of Route 25 between Route 24 and the I-195 interchange in Wareham as I-495. After the reassignment, Route 25 was shortened to a 2.5 mi stretch from I-195 east to Downtown Wareham.

From 1969 until 1987, the eastern terminus of Route 25 was at a junction with Maple Springs Road, US 6 and Route 28 in Wareham near the modern location of Exit 2. The MassDPW and the Massachusetts Highway Department (MassHighway) had plans to extend the freeway eastward to Cape Cod as early as 1953, when the route was included in the proposed Cape Cod Expressway that would connect New York City with Cape Cod. Route 25 was originally planned to connect to the Sagamore Bridge, which carried US 6 over the Cape Cod Canal and was used to access the towns of Hyannis and Provincetown. In 1962, however, the MassDPW conducted traffic studies on the two bridges crossing the canal and found that the Sagamore Bridge was above vehicular capacity, whereas the more southern Bourne Bridge had excess capacity. The Route 25 freeway was then redesigned to cross over the Bourne Bridge and connect with the Mid-Cape Highway (US 6) on the southern side of the canal via the proposed Southside Connector. The connector would have been constructed through the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Bourne, but was canceled by the MassDPW and MassHighway in 1977 when environmental tests indicated the freeway would disturb underground aquifers serving as water sources for the region. MassDPW instead changed the proposed eastern terminus of the Route 25 expressway to the approach ramps of the Bourne Bridge.

Completion of the freeway
Construction of Route 25 east of Wareham, however, was delayed for nearly three decades to property disputes, environmental concerns and resistance from business owners in Buzzards Bay village, who claimed the freeway would divert all the traffic, and their business, elsewhere, leaving a ghost town in its wake. The proposed alignment ran through land where much of the state's cranberry harvest was located, and this led to lengthy lawsuits and delays. In particular, farmers were concerned that salt runoff from winter ice removal would harm cranberry harvests. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the MassDPW developed several proposals to control storm water runoff and avoid potential damage to the cranberry crops. Engineers for the department developed four different drainage systems to be used along the length of the freeway that would divert runoff away from the Wareham River basin. In addition, the freeway was planned with a thicker asphalt pavement that was largely impervious to water.

The freeway was also delayed due to a larger property dispute with Hope Ingersoll, the owner of the 900 acre Grazing Fields Farm on Bournedale Road in Bourne, well known in the region as an artists' colony and a producer of organic food. MassDPW proposed constructing Route 25 through the center of the farm, but Ingersoll hired engineers to develop an alternate routing. In 1978, MassDPW rejected Ingersoll's design, instead approving the alignment that ran through farmland seized by eminent domain. In 1980, a state judge ruled that MassDPW had to conduct environmental studies on both the original routing and Ingersoll's proposal. MassDPW eventually opted to construct Ingersoll's design, giving Route 25 a longer alignment that arced to the north and east of Grazing Fields Farm before turning westward toward the Buzzards Bay business district and the Bourne Bridge. The route finally began construction in 1982, and in 1989 the MassDPW was forced to pay Ingersoll $2.6 million (1982 USD) for 90 acre of farmland seized for the expressway's construction.

In 1987, the final 7.5 mi segment of Route 25 from Maple Springs Road in Wareham to the Bourne Bridge was completed. A rest area and information center in Plymouth also opened with the freeway. The new expressway relieved congestion along US 6 and Route 28 in the Buzzards Bay business district, greatly reducing the number of accidents along the approach to the Bourne Bridge. In 2007, MassHighway completed a renumbering of the three interchanges along the length of Route 25 as part of a signing upgrade project. Previously, the I-195 interchange had been numbered Exit 1 as part of I-495's numbering scheme, with the Onset interchange also being Exit 1 as part of Route 25's own scheme. This led to a confusing situation in which the road had two consecutive Exit 1s, so MassHighway devised a solution in which I-495 and MA-25 would "share" Exit 1 (the I-195 interchange), and all other exits on MA-25 would be bumped up a number. Due to the previous confusion, and despite the solution, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) has enacted a proposition which would have MA-25 cease to exist and be replaced by I-495, but has yet to implement the plan, which has been postponed indefinitely.

Exit list
All interchanges were to be renumbered to mileage-based numbers under a project scheduled to start in 2016. The project was postponed by the MassDOT until November 18, 2019, when MassDOT confirmed that beginning in late summer 2020, the exit renumbering project would begin. The renumbering of Exits 2 and 3 on Route 25 took place on November 23 and 24, 2020 (Exit 1 was not changed).

Southside Connector proposal
The Southside Connector was first proposed in the 1950s as an extension of Route 25. It was part of the Cape Cod Expressway, which eventually morphed into the Mid-Cape Highway. It was originally planned to be a safe alternative to US 6 and was to be located on the northern side of the Cape Cod Canal.

As early as 1962, the Massachusetts Department of Public Works conducted a study once questions on the plans were raised. One study concluded that the Sagamore Bridge was over capacity while the Bourne Bridge was under capacity. From these studies, it was determined that the expressway would cross the canal near the Bourne Bridge. Expressway connections would connect to US 6 and Route 28 on the south side of the canal near the Bourne Rotary. Another crossing that would carry three lanes would be built next to the bridge to facilitate this extra traffic.

Between 1968 and 1977, studies concluded that the connector would be routed along the south side of the canal. The route would begin at the US 6 and Route 25 interchange at the canal, cross over the canal, turn east at the Bourne Rotary, which would be turned into an interchange, and go east until it reached the Mid-Cape Highway near exit 59. The total cost would be $35 million.

The project was put on hold the next decade, but never cancelled outright, when concerns arose about the status of the groundwater aquifers which sat under the reservation. Those aquifers were already polluted from years of military training, but the pollution was not discovered until about 10 years later.

In the early 2000s, the project had renewed interest due to gridlock on both of the canal's sides. Although the project was projected to have cost $35 million in the 1970s, updated construction estimates ranged from $100 million to $200 million. Local leaders expressed support for the project provided it would include a third road crossing of the canal, to address over-capacity issues with the Bourne Bridge and Sagamore Bridge. Although the development was planned for well over 15 years, the Great Recession caused the project to be cancelled.

title: Massachusetts Route 25


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Talk:Eric Lenge

Untitled
Do you know what happening with Major Eric at this moment?

NPOV
This article seems extremely biased and based on a personal view, rather than verifiable references. I am not versed enough in the politics of the Democratic Republic of Congo or Eric Lenge to edit the article. A quick internet search only revealed that he is a rebel leader that led a failed coup against the government in 2004. Movementarian 14:46, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Lenge


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Robe (disambiguation)

A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment.

Robe may also refer to:

Australia

 * Robe, South Australia, a town and locality on the southeast coast of South Australia
 * Robe wine region, a wine region adjoining the town of Robe in South Australia
 * County of Robe, a cadastral unit in of South Australia

Ethiopia

 * Bale Robe, also spelled Roobee, a town in the Bale Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Prefecture of Robe, a Latin Catholic pre-diocesan jurisdiction with see in the above? below city
 * Robe, Arsi, the capital of the Robe Aanaa in the Arsi Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia
 * Robe (Aanaa), a Aanaa (district) in the Arsi Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia

Elsewhere

 * Robe, Washington, a community in the United States

Rivers

 * Robe River (Australia), a river flowing in Western Australia
 * Robe River (Ethiopia), which flows through the Robe woreda in the Arsi Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
 * Robe River (Ireland), in Mayo, Ireland

People

 * Roberto Iniesta (born 1962), Spanish musician known as "Robe"
 * Annie Robe (1866–1922), British-American actress
 * Ben Calf Robe (born 1958), Blackfoot elder, residential school survivor and scout
 * Christopher Robe, American academic and media critic
 * Corneliu Robe (1908–1969), Romanian footballer
 * Emmanuel Robe (born 2002), French footballer
 * Frederick Robe (1801–1871), British politician and Governor of South Australia
 * Harold A. Robe (1881–1946), American lyricist
 * Leighanne Robe (born 1993), English footballer
 * Moving Robe Woman (1854–1935), Lakota woman who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
 * William Robe (1765–1820), British military officer
 * William Livingstone Robe (1791–1815), British military officer
 * Wolf Robe (c. 1840–1910), Cheyenne chief

Other uses

 * Informal name for:
 * a wardrobe
 * a dressing gown
 * a bathrobe

title: Robe (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Judoka at the 1988 Summer Olympics

This category includes judoka at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.


text:
Benedict Vilakazi

Benedict Vilakazi may refer to:

 * Benedict Wallet Vilakazi (1906–1947), South African Zulu poet, novelist, and educator
 * Benedict Vilakazi (footballer) (born 1982), South African association football player

title: Benedict Vilakazi


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User talk:ABDM3

hi

Image Tagging Image:Itaudittimeline.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Itaudittimeline.JPG. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Michael 04:25, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ItauditFG.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ItauditFG.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 16:01, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ItauditHC.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:ItauditHC.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 16:01, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ItauditTP.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ItauditTP.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 16:01, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:ABDM3


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Seasat

Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans and had on board one of the first spaceborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). The mission was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of global satellite monitoring of oceanographic phenomena and to help determine the requirements for an operational ocean remote sensing satellite system. Specific objectives were to collect data on sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, internal waves, atmospheric water, sea ice features and ocean topography. Seasat was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and was launched on 27 June 1978 into a nearly circular 800 km orbit with an inclination of 108°. Seasat operated until 10 October 1978 (UTC), when a massive short circuit in the Agena-D bus electrical system ended the mission.

Instruments
Seasat carried five major instruments designed to return the maximum information from ocean surfaces:
 * 1) Radar altimeter to measure spacecraft height above the ocean surface
 * 2) Microwave scatterometer to measure wind speed and direction
 * 3) Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer to measure sea surface temperature
 * 4) Visible and infrared radiometer to identify cloud, land and water features
 * 5) Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) L-band, HH polarization, fixed look angle to monitor the global surface wave field and polar sea ice conditions {the antenna is the light parallelogram in the picture}. The SAR support structure was designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace in Carpinteria, California. The structure deployed on orbit.

Many later remote sensing missions benefited from Seasat's legacy. These include imaging radars flown on NASA's Space Shuttle, altimeters on Earth-orbiting satellites such as TOPEX/Poseidon, and scatterometers on ADEOS I, QuikSCAT, and Jason-1.

2013 data release
On the 35th anniversary of Seasat's launch, the Alaska Satellite Facility released newly digitized Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Until this release, Seasat SAR data were archived on magnetic tapes, and images processed from the tapes were available only as optical images of film strips or scanned digital images. Neither the tapes nor the film allow the quantitative analysis possible with the new digital archive.

Conspiracy theory
Seasat is claimed to have been able to detect the wakes of submerged submarines. This supposed capability was unexpected. The conspiracy theory holds that when this capability was discovered, the mission was ended for national security reasons, and the end of the mission was falsely blamed on catastrophic failure of the satellite's electric power system. Subsequent ocean-observing SAR satellites with higher resolutions and sensitivities have not exhibited this claimed capability.

title: Seasat


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One Man's Wilderness

One Man's Wilderness: An Alaskan Odyssey is a book, first published in 1973, by Sam Keith, based on the journals and photography of Richard Proenneke who, in 1968, retreated to the wilderness of Twin Lakes in Lake Clark National Park, Alaska to build a home for himself and live alone in the wilderness. Proenneke says he turned his back on tedious 50-hour work weeks and moved to Alaska "to do a thing to completion." He built the cabin when he was 51 years old and lived there for more than 30 years.

A 26th anniversary edition was published in 1999. It won that year's National Outdoor Book Award in the History/Biography category.

Editions

 * Keith, Sam and Proenneke, Richard. One Man's Wilderness: An Alaskan Odyssey.  Alaska Northwest Books; 26th Anniv edition (May 1, 1999). ISBN 978-0-88240-513-1.

title: One Man's Wilderness


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Tribune de Genève

The Tribune de Genève (English: Geneva Tribune) is a Swiss French-language, regional daily newspaper, published in Berliner format by Edipresse in Geneva.

History and operations
The Tribune de Genève was first published by James T. Bates on 1 February 1879. The paper is headquartered in Geneva.

The circulation of the Tribune de Genève was 67,151 copies in 2006. The newspaper had a circulation of 67,151 copies and a readership of 175,000. In 2009 the circulation of the paper was 56,333 copies.

It shares some of its content with 24 heures (English: 24 Hours), Edipresse's regional newspaper for the Canton of Vaud.

title: Tribune de Genève