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Cantonese culture

Cantonese culture, or Lingnan culture, refers to the regional Chinese culture of the region of Lingnan: twin provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, the names of which mean "eastern expanse" and "western expanse", respectively.

With the migration of the Cantonese people to nearby Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in many overseas communities, Lingnan/Cantonese culture has become an influential cultural force in the international community, and forms the basis of the cultures of Hong Kong and Macau. English words of Chinese borrowed many terms from Cantonese.

Terminology
Strictly speaking, the term "Lingnan culture" has two definitions:

 * 1) In a purely geographical sense, the term includes not only Cantonese culture but also the cultures of the Hakkas, Teochews, Taishanese, Hainanese, and non-Han groups such as the Zhuangs, Tanka, or She within the Lingnan region.
 * 2) More typically, is only used in referring to Cantonese culture, the historically dominant culturo-linguistic force in Guangdong and Guangxi.

This article uses the second definition of "Lingnan culture" – as the synonym of "Cantonese culture".

From Nanyue to Sinicization
In 200 BCE, Guangdong and Guangxi, alongside the land now known as Northern Vietnam, was controlled by the kingdom of Nanyue, inhabited primarily by the non-Chinese Yue people. The kingdom was later conquered by the Han Empire and came under Han Chinese control at around year 100 BCE. However, large-scale sinicization didn't occur until the 6th to 7th century CE, at which point the region was held by the Tang Empire. Later, between the 10th and 13th century, there was a large influx of Han Chinese migrants from the north, which was at that time invaded by the Mongols and a few other non-Han ethnic groups. This resulted in large-scale intermixing of the Han Chinese and Nanyue people during that period – reflected in the fact that modern Cantonese people are, genetically, hybrid descendants of the ancient Han Chinese and Nanyue cultures. Modern Lingnan (descendents of Northern Nanyue) contains both Nanyue and Han Chinese elements: modern Cantonese has kept some features of Middle Chinese pronunciation (the prestige language of the Tang Empire), but has also retained a substantial amount of features from the long-extinct Nanyue language.

Sinicization was still ongoing during the Tang and Northern Song dynasties, evidenced by many famous Northern Chinese poets and writers describing the region as "barbaric" and the language spoken in the region as unintelligible with the prestige language commonly spoken in the North. Famous Chinese writer Han Yu described the local population as "小吏十餘家,皆鳥言夷面", which literally means "[speaking] a bird language and [having] barbarian faces". Another writer, Liu Zong Yuan, described the local language as "楚越間聲音特異，鴃舌啅譟", which literally means that the language sounds strange and is unintelligible with the common language from the North. This shows that sinicization was still ongoing and Bai Yue local tribes were still prevalent in the region. The large scale of sinicization of the Lingnan region was largely complete by the late Southern Song dynasty (12th to 13th centuries). From the 15th to 18th century, Lingnan (especially the area around Guangzhou) served as one of the main ports for the Ming Empire. Cantonese people were exposed to Western European cultures and incorporated European elements into their own cultural artifacts. It was by that time that the Lingnan culture largely attained its current form.

From 19th century onward
With Guangzhou being a major port for both the Qing dynasty and the People's Republic of China, Cantonese people have often dominated Han Chinese immigration to the Western world, resulting in Cantonese historically being the lingua franca in most Western Chinatowns. They also helped establish the Chinese term for Chinatown:. This term literally means "Street of the Tang people". This is said to reflect the fact that the sinicization of Lingnan was most prominent during the Tang dynasty, which resulted in the Cantonese people having an especially strong affinity to that dynasty.

On the other hand, since the early 20th century, Hong Kong, then under British colonial control, developed quickly in every aspect. The city's high level of development drew the envy of many people in the Lingnan region. Many of them have been watching the TV dramas and movies produced by Hong Kong, resulting in the city having significant cultural influence in the region. For instance, many Cantonese from mainland China write using Traditional Chinese characters, like the Hong Kongers do. Hong Kong, for its part, has experienced many cultural and economic exchanges with other East Asian nations. This, in turn, made Hong Kong absorb the cultures of Japan, Korea, and to some extent, Taiwan. For instance, Hong Kong Cantonese has many usages and vocabularies borrowed from Japanese.

Overall characteristics
Lingnan culture is considered to be a commercial, oceanic culture that embodies the history of the region: Its foundation consists of a mix of Han Chinese and Nanyue (especially the Tang dynasty's and Song dynasty's) influences, having preserved a considerable amount of Tang-Song cultural heritages not preserved in other branches of modern Han Chinese cultures. Lingnan later became the Ming Empire's main contact point with Western Europeans via commerce, and thus came to include European ideas in its arts and philosophy.

Traditional language
Traditionally, the Lingnan region's sole dominant language is Cantonese, the standard form and prestige dialect of the Yue Chinese. The vast majority of Lingnan's traditional operas, folk songs, and poetry are all expressed in Cantonese. It can trace its roots all the way back to the ancient Nanyue people. Their language did not belong to the Chinese language family, though. However, with the large influx of Han Chinese migrants throughout history, especially during the Tang–Song era between the 10th to 13th centuries, the language slowly sinicized and evolved into modern standard Cantonese.

Cantonese has retained certain features of the Nanyue language. For instance, unlike most other Chinese languages, Cantonese often put an adjective behind the noun it is describing. In Cantonese, the word for "hen" is made up of two words: "雞", meaning "chicken", and "乸", meaning "female (in a non-human sense)", thus resulting in a compound word.

Cantonese has largely inherited all six syllable codas (韵尾) from Middle Chinese, which means that most Tang poems will rhyme better if recited in Cantonese. However, Cantonese lost all voiced consonants (浊声母) from middle Chinese and its prenuclear glides (介音) have evolved significantly from middle Chinese.

Writing system
In terms of its writing system, Cantonese traditionally preferred not to write their own language verbatim and instead relied on classical Chinese in most forms of writing. Starting from the early 20th century, however, a complete Cantonese writing system had been developed in Hong Kong and Macau that utilizes both standard Chinese characters and native characters, and became popularized.

Classic Lingnan architecture
Lingnan architecture is the characteristic architectural style of the Lingnan region,  mostly associated with Cantonese people. It differs significantly from those found in other Han Chinese regions because of factors such as climates and availability of materials, both of which were affected by the geographical features of Lingnan. Overall, classical Lingnan architecture tends to (1) use pale colors such as green and white, (2) avoid circular or cylindrical structures, (3) have many open structures like balconies, (4) be decorated with large numbers of relief carvings and sculptures, and (5) be built using materials resistant to moulds and moisture. The last point is obviously related to the hot and humid subtropical climate of Lingnan.

The Chan Clan Temple in Guangzhou is a representative example of classical Lingnan architecture. The temple was built in the late 19th century and served as an academy for Chan families in 72 counties of the Guangdong province. It comprises all sorts of folk architectural and decorative arts and is famous for its "three carvings" (stone, wood, and brick carvings), "three sculptures" (ceramic sculpture, clay sculpture, and colorful sculpture), and "one cast" (cast iron). As a result, it is called the best of all the clan buildings in the neighborhood.

Tong lau
Tong lau is a style of architecture prevalent in the Lingnan region (as well as in some other areas by the South China Sea) starting from the 19th century. Combining Southern Chinese architectural styles with Western European ones, it is particularly prevalent in regions with more exposure to Western European cultures, such as Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau. Tong laus in Lingnan show influence from the classical Lingnan style.

Lingnan garden

Lingnan garden, or Cantonese garden, is the style of garden design native to the Lingnan region. Geographically, Lingnan has a very different climate from China's heartland (i.e., Zhongyuan), resulting in the development of a different style in garden-designing. The most frequently cited traits of Lingnan gardens are: (1) they tend to surround their plants and flowers with buildings for provided protection, due to the frequent rainstorms in the region; (2) Lingnan gardens usually use regionally native plant species, such as red cotton flowers, lotuses, orchids, and lychee trees; and (3) due to Lingnan being far away from the center of political power (i.e., Zhongyuan), gardens in the region have historically been less stressed by royal standards, resulting in a style that leans more towards the common people, e.g., Lingnan gardens are decorated with a large amount of folk arts, ranging from sculptures to porcelains, and also tend to use smaller and simpler buildings.

Visual arts
The Nanyue people were already making a lot of pottery and sculptures back at the time of their kingdom. After sinicization, the techniques of the people in the region only became even more polished and refined. Nowadays, Cantonese are accomplished craftspeople, known for creating and exporting many fine craft products, including various types of sculptures, embroidery, porcelain, paper cutting, kites, and furniture, among many others. They have also produced several schools of fine arts. In some, visual art styles invented primarily by the Cantonese include the following:

Canton ivory carving
Canton ivory woodcarving is another well-known product from Lingnan. With a history of 2000 years, it traditionally uses ivory as a raw material to make sculptures, with the Canton-style renowned for being particularly delicate and detailed without being brittle. The Cantonese people have also successfully produced the legendary craft product – Ivory ball.

After the 1980s, however, international ivory trade has been banned. This resulted in the Cantonese people now trying to find substitute materials – materials that look and feel like but are actually not ivory – in their attempt to pass on this ancient art.

Canton jade carving
Canton jade carving is the Cantonese style of jade carving. It has a history of more than two thousand years – with archaeologists unearthing jade carvings from the remains of the kingdom of Nanyue. After sinicization, the people of Lingnan learned jade carving from the Tang Empire's jade wares, and invented the technique of "lau sik" – retaining the colors of the original materials, resulting in jade carvings that are very colourful yet natural. Nowadays, Canton jade carvings are frequently used in Cantonese jewelry and decorations.

Cantonese embroidery
Cantonese embroidery is the Cantonese style of embroidery, with considerable popularity in Lingnan and its own subculture. It could trace its root to at least the 9th century, where the Tang Empire had documented that the people in the area were making embroidery. Cantonese embroidery attained its current form around the 15th century and has its own set of techniques. Visually, it is known for being colorful and containing multiple images without feeling chaotic. Due to Guangdong's historical role in trade between the Chinese empire and the outside world, Cantonese embroidery had been sold to many Western European people and became a popular type of item in European aristocrats' collections of oriental crafts.

Teochew woodcarving

Teochew woodcarving is a distinctive style of woodcarving that originated from the city of Teochew, which is geographically a part of Lingnan but inhabited primarily by the Teochew people, who belong to the non-Cantonese Min branch of Han Chinese. Despite this, this style of woodcarving is heavily incorporated into various forms of Cantonese crafts. It began in the 11th century and became popularized in the late 16th century. Many Teochew woodcarving products are plated with gold, commonly seen being decorations for Buddhist temples or ancestral halls.

Lingnan penjing
Lingnan penjing is the style of penjing of the people of Lingnan. Despite being recognized only in the early 20th century, it can trace its roots to at least the 15th century. This style is noted for its emphasis on the match between "the natural" and "the artificial" parts of the penjing. For instance, artists of Lingnan penjing tend to spend much time choosing a pot that matches those plants. They also tend to trim their plants in such a way that the new growth from the trimmed parts will shadow the trails of trimming, resulting in the penjing looking very natural.

Lingnan style of calligraphy
Lingnan style of calligraphy is typically described by Han Chinese critics as "bold" and "romantic". Archaeological evidence suggests that the people of Lingnan had been writing and producing calligraphy works since the collapse of the kingdom of Nanyue. However, due to the hot and humid climate of Lingnan, papers tend to decay very quickly, resulting in few such works having been preserved. It was not until the 15th century, when Chan Bak-sa became the first renowned Cantonese calligrapher, that the Lingnan region got a recognized style of calligraphy. Since then, Cantonese artists have produced several notable works of calligraphy, such as:
 * Picture Poem of Farewell to Yun Sung-wun (袁崇煥督遼餞別圖詩) by Kwong Lou, a Cantonese calligrapher from the early 16th century; This work was made in his farewell to his good friend Yun Sung-wun, who had to leave Lingnan due to an assignment from the then Ming emperor. It is a work of "poem painting" (painting with a poem written on it; with both the picture and the poem having some sort of relation to each other). This work is now stored in Hong Kong.
 * Picture of Various Southern Gentlemen Coming to Say Farewell (南園諸子送黎美周北上詩卷) by Zeung Kiu, a Cantonese young woman from the early 16th century, well-known for being both beautiful and very talented. Despite this, she died of an illness at the young age of 19 and her death was widely mourned as a great loss. This work of poem painting is one of her few works and now on display at the Guangzhou Museum of Art.

In the 21st century, the Cantonese people have begun to study the Lingnan style of calligraphy in greater depth.

Canton porcelain

Canton porcelain involves painting various colors on white porcelains and cementing the colors on the porcelain products afterward through the use of low heat (less than 800 degree Celsius, which is low by porcelain standards). This style is renowned for its bright colors and detailed drawings. It originated in the 16th century. At that time, the Cantonese people in Guangzhou imported white porcelains from Jingdezhen (a city well known for making white porcelains), worked on them to produce colorful porcelains, and exported their products to Western Europe. Later, this art spread to the entire Lingnan region. Hong Kong, for instance, started making Canton porcelain starting from the 1930s and exported many of their products to the entire world, though nowadays, few Hongkongese work on this style of porcelain outside hobbyists, due to the fact that the city has shifted its focus to the service and finance industries.
 * Gallery

Cantonese furniture
Cantonese furniture can be dated at least back to the 17th century. This style generally uses the native timbers in the Lingnan region, while borrowing elements from traditional furniture styles of the Tang Empire and the Song Empire and artistic styles imported from Western Europe. It is characterized by (1) its tendency to make each furniture item by working on one larger piece of wood, resulting in Cantonese furniture not showing traces of being assembled; (2) taking elements from Baroque and Rococo style, especially in its use of curves; (3) using techniques from other Lingnan crafts, such as Teochew woodcarving; and (4) heavy use of shells and marbles as decorations. Nowadays, Cantonese furniture is being exported to many other Han Chinese communities and to foreign countries.

Lingnan school of painting
The Lingnan School is a distinctive style of painting invented primarily by Cantonese artists. It originated in the 19th century, founded by Gou Gim-fu and several of his associates. This style combined the ink wash painting shared by all Han Chinese and watercolor painting, also with the influence from impressionism. It emphasizes leaving blank spaces and the use of bright colors, in stark contrast to less colorful ink wash painting. For example, "The Flames of the Eastern Battlefield" used watercolor to paint bright red colors in the background. This, alongside the blank spaces in the painting, gives potential alternative interpretations of the blank spaces, which could look like either smoke or clouds.

Others
Sekwan ware and Cochin ware are types of pottery with Cantonese origins. The former is still being produced by Cantonese, while the latter is more associated with Taiwan these days. Xiangyunsha silk has origins in Cantonese culture as well, in Guangdong province.

Performing arts

Cantonese people are involved in several types of operas and performing arts, including Tea-picking opera and Han opera, with Cantonese opera being the most prominent one. They also have many types of traditional music. All of these are primarily sung and expressed using the Cantonese language.

Folk songs
The Cantonese language has a very rich collection of folk songs, many of which can be traced back to the ancient Nanyue people before sinicization of the region. These folk songs are widely sung and broadcast in the Lingnan region even to this day. Broadly speaking, they can be divided into several categories:
 * "Saltwater songs" (Jyutping: Haam4 seoi2 go1; Traditional Chinese: 鹹水歌), which are popular around the Pearl River Delta, like this one;
 * "Rooster-selling rhythms" (Jyutping: Maai6 gai1 diu6; Traditional Chinese: 賣雞調), which are traditionally sung in rooster-worshiping rituals and said to be related to the bird-worshiping totems of Baiyue peoples; An example would be this;
 * "Kerria songs" (Jyutping: Gou1 tong4 go1; Traditional Chinese: 高棠歌), which are often sung in weddings;
 * "North Canton folk songs" (Jyutping: Jyut6 bak1 man4 go1; Traditional Chinese: 粵北民歌), popular in northern Guangdong;
 * "Cantonese rhymes" (Jyutping: Jyut6 diu1; Traditional Chinese: 粵調), which consist of various subtypes based on pitches and rhythms and include the nam yum tradition. An example of Cantonese rhythms is this.

Cantonese opera
Cantonese opera is the style of opera associated with the Cantonese language. Listed as an intangible cultural heritage of the world, it originated in the late 13th century and is a stage art that combines acrobatics, singing, martial arts, and acting.

Cantonese opera also uses a different set of musical instruments. Some of these are used also in other oriental opera styles, such as Guzheng. Due to influence from Western opera, Cantonese opera had also started adopting European instruments starting from the 19th century, such as violin. Cantonese opera is also noted for its use of makeup and headdresses on the actors' parts. Makeups in Cantonese opera are primarily white, and could vary in colors depending on the personalities of the characters, e.g., totally white makeups are often used to represent a villain. Headdresses are also used to represent the characters.

Gonggu
Gonggu (, literally "to talk about the past") is a popular folk art in Lingnan. It involves artists telling stories from Chinese classics or Cantonese folklore using the Cantonese language – while borrowing techniques from Cantonese opera in order to be very rhythmic at that. This art form originated in the 16th century, when Cantonese imported it from Jiangsu and several Cantonese artists learnt from the then famous Wuyue storytellers. Since that time, Cantonese Gonggu has seen steady development, with storytellers performing in their own stalls or Cantonese teahouses. Starting from the 20th century, the area around Guangzhou has even started erecting "storytelling stages" (, lit. stages where one talks about books) in certain parks and inviting artists to do Gonggu on radio shows.

Partly as a result of this, Cantonese people have accumulated a considerable amount of folktales.

Guangdong music
Guangdong music is a style of traditional Chinese instrumental music from Guangzhou and nearby areas, though nowadays it is found also in much of China. Guangdong music compositions are primarily based on tunes derived from Cantonese opera and Cantonese folk songs, especially before the 1920s. Stylistically, it is said to be marked by being loud, lively, and upbeat. Some pieces have seen influences from Western music (jazz in particular): they use syncopation and triple time, and incorporate instruments such as the saxophone and violin.

Musical instruments
The set of musical instruments used in Cantonese opera styles and music has much overlapping with those used by other Han Chinese groups. There are, however, instruments distinctly Cantonese, with the gaohu (gou wu) being the most representative. Aside from this, qinqin (cheon kum) and erxian (yi yun) are other musical instruments associated with Cantonese music.

Pop
Canto-pop, also called HK-pop, is a genre of Cantonese music made primarily in Hong Kong. It is a pop subgenre, with influences from jazz, rock and roll, R&B, electronic music, dance music, and others. It is almost invariably sung in Cantonese, boasting an international fanbase across Guangzhou, Guangxi, Southeast Asia, and (to a lesser extent) Korea and Japan.

Cinema
For a long time, the Hong Kong cinema had been one of the largest movie industries in the world and still has influence to this day. Being produced by Hong Kong, these movies have been primarily expressed using Cantonese, although films from certain periods were in Mandarin due to geopolitical reasons. Their genres may vary, although comedy and martial arts movies are particularly prominent. This style of cinema has a cult following in the West.

Poetry
The Cantonese language, with its 1000-year-long history, has a rich heritage of poetry and literature. The people of the Lingnan region have been composing poems since the 7th century. Zeung Gau-ling, one of the most prolific poets of the Tang Empire, was born and raised in what is now Siugwan, Guangdong. He was said to be very intelligent since he was a child, and later became the empire's minister. 12 of his poems were listed as the 300 best poems from the Tang Empire. Since then, the Lingnan region has produced a steady stream of poets of varying levels of prominence. They were even given a label called Lingnan school of poetry (嶺南詩派), renowned for preserving pronunciations from the Middle Chinese language and composing poems with imagery unique to Lingnan.

Like much of East Asia, most of Lingnan's medieval literature was composed in classical Chinese (grammatically), rather than the people's spoken language. However, poets in the region had started composing poems using grammatically vernacular Cantonese since the 19th century, with the work of Cantonese poet Liu Yan-tou being the most prominent. Many of his works require Cantonese characters (characters specifically invented to write Cantonese) to write down.

This particular style of poetry has accumulated a large number of works. Starting from the early 21st century, Cantonese people have started compiling works of past Cantonese poets in a literature called "All Cantonese Poems", which has spanned 30 volumes and is yet to be finished.

Vernacular Cantonese literature
Like the rest of East Asia, Lingnan traditionally used classical Chinese for writing, rather than the peoples' spoken languages. Despite the attempt to create vernacular forms of writing in the late 19th century, the Greater China area still tended to use standard written Chinese, a writing system based on Mandarin, not Cantonese (i.e., the native language of the Lingnan region), in writing. Even in cosmopolitan Hong Kong, the vast majority of the people's works of literature have been written in standard written Chinese. However, starting from the 21st century, Hong Kong, as a cultural center in the region, has developed a complete writing system for Cantonese. Some writers in the city now advocate composing literature in written Cantonese.

Food culture
The Lingnan region has a special geographical environment different from those of other Han Chinese regions. With its subtropical temperature and high humidity, it has a tendency to have good harvests, whether in farming or fishing. As a result, cuisine in Lingnan could use many different food materials. The book "New Comments on Guangdong" (廣東新語), written by Wat Dai-gwan, said: 天下所有食貨，粵東幾盡有之，粵東所有之食貨，天下未必盡也. (Classical Chinese: Every ingredient that the world has, Guangdong has it; Every ingredient that Guangdong has, the rest of the world may not have it). Today, the cuisine of the Lingnan region has fully developed into a distinct school of cuisine on its own.

Cantonese cuisine
Guangzhou, the cultural capital of the region, has long been a trading hub. This resulted in many imported ingredients being used in Cantonese cuisine. Besides pork, beef, and chicken, Cantonese cuisine uses nearly every edible meat, including offal, chicken feet, duck's tongue, snakes, and snails. However, lamb and goat are rare. There is also heavy use of seafood, due to proximity to the sea. This style of cuisine uses many cooking methods, with steaming and stir-frying being the most popular, largely due to relative convenience.

Traditionally, Cantonese cooks prefer their dishes to have well-balanced flavor and not be greasy. Spices are used in modest amounts, at best, to preserve the flavors of the primary ingredients, which, in turn, are expected to be at the peak of their freshness and quality. Cantonese cooking tends not to use fresh herbs, contrary to Sichuan, European, Thai, and Vietnamese cuisines, with garlic chives and coriander leaves being the notable exceptions. Lastly, due to the hot and humid weather of Lingnan and the traditional beliefs that soups can "remove hotness", Cantonese cuisine tends to make liberal use of soups.

Lou fo tong
Lou fo tong is a cuisine among common people in Lingnan. It refers to a set of clear broth made by simmering meat and other ingredients over low heat for several hours. These ingredients may include meats, vegetables, seafood, fruits, and medicinal herbs. It originated in the late 17th to early 18th century. At that time, Guangdong had difficulty extracting coals, which resulted in Cantonese people having to rely on firewood for fuels. This caused them to avoid using a large fire (which cooking techniques such as stir-frying require) and instead used low heat to simmer their foods – resulting in lou fo tong. Nowadays, lou fo tong has become a fully developed style of soup and became an integral part of Cantonese cuisine.
 * Dishes in Cantonese cuisine

Tea culture

Yum cha is a subculture within Cantonese food culture. While it can be found in some other Han Chinese groups, it is far more prevalent among Cantonese people, and also overseas Chinese, historically most of whom have been of Cantonese ancestry. It has a specific set of terminologies among Cantonese. For instance, "to invite someone to go yum cha" is basically a way of expressing friendship. Traditionally, Cantonese could go yum cha whether in the morning, afternoon, or evening. Morning tea is typically dominated by the elderly, although many younger people often accompany their grandparents for morning tea as a way of showing respect and affection. Cantonese teahouses also have a set of food specifically designed for morning tea. Afternoon tea is similar in most aspects, except it is more common for entire families to go yum cha at this hour. Evening tea tends to attract large gatherings – and the foods ordered at such hours also tend to be more sophisticated.

Regardless of hours, yum cha starts with the diners ordering a specific set of teas they would like to drink. After that, the waiters would bring the teas, which the diners will be drinking while enjoying the foods and engaging in all sorts of social interactions. Even after they have finished the foods, the diners still tend to stay for half an hour or so chatting.

Dim sum
Dim sum (Jyutping: Dim2 sam1; Traditional Chinese: 點心, literally "to touch the heart") is a characteristic of Cantonese cuisine usually, but not only, eaten during yum cha. They are a set of small bite-sized portions of food served in small steam baskets or on small plates. In Cantonese teahouses, carts with dim sum will be moving around the restaurant for the diners to order from without having to leave their seats. In Cantonese traditions, the diners will often order dim sum at will while chatting and enjoying the endless serving of teas.

In major cities in Lingnan, such as Guangzhou and Hong Kong, culinary schools usually offer courses specifically to train the preparation of dim sum.

Leung cha
Leung cha (, lit. cool tea) is a kind of infusion made from traditional medicinal herbs. In traditional Chinese medicine, leung cha is used to treat shanghuo and is considered to have a cooling effect on the body. Herbal tea was a unique drink in Lingnan. It is said that herbal tea had appeared before the Qing dynasty. Lingnan is located in a subtropical zone in which the climate is characterized by hot and humid summers and mild winters. People living in subtropical environments are more likely to suffer from ailments such as skin diseases and gastroenteritis, which herbal teas such as leung cha are thought to treat. Drinking herbal tea gradually became widespread as a custom in China, as well as the rest of East Asia. In major cities such as Guangzhou and Hong Kong, "cool tea shops", which specialize in selling herb teas, are common sights. Due to the efforts of the governments of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Macau, methods to make leung cha have been considered an intangible cultural heritage practice in China since 2006.

Tong sui
Tong sui is a characteristic dessert of Cantonese cuisine. It is a set of sweet, warm soups or custards served as dessert at the end of a meal in Cantonese traditions. It is also common for Cantonese people to leave home to get some tong sui with a group of friends or family late in the evening, an activity called "siu yeh". Choices of types of tong sui vary depending on the season: hot black sesame soup, for instance, tends to be favored in winter.

Brewery
Lingnan is also known for producing some notable liquors, mostly of the rice wine variety. The brewery culture of Lingnan can be traced all the way back to the kingdom of Nanyue, who apparently possessed containers of liquors. In the late 11th century, Su Shi, one of the prominent poets and then minister of the Song Empire, got demoted and reassigned to Lingnan. Also well known for his love for cuisine, Sou Sik wrote a book on brewery not long after his reassignment to Lingnan, called "Su Shi's Words on Liquors", which became Lingnan's first book on brewery.

Rice wine can be consumed directly, or can be used as a cooking ingredient.

Nowadays, rice wines produced in Lingnan are sold across China and other Asian countries, with Yuk Bing Siu (, lit. "jade, ice, and burn"), one of the "Ten Great Liquors of Guangdong", being particularly renowned.

Fruits
"The Four Great Fruits of Lingnan" are four fruits locally planted in Lingnan and are frequently used in Cantonese cuisine and desserts. They are lychee, banana, pineapple, and papaya.

Martial arts
Cantonese people also have their own schools of kung fu. Originally disorganized, the fighting techniques of Cantonese people were grouped into different schools between the 18th to 19th centuries. At that time, pirates and bandits were rampant in the empire's fringe regions such as Lingnan. This resulted in Cantonese starting to want to protect themselves, and thus the proliferation of martial arts learning. That was when the Cantonese people organized their fighting techniques into schools, forming the martial arts schools seen among Cantonese today. Martial arts folk heroes from that period, such as Wong Fei-hung, are now popular topics of Cantonese films.

Overall, Cantonese martial arts are known for its emphasis on striking in various different ways using punches, while maintaining a steady lower body posture. They often shout battle cries (for the purpose of unnerving the opponents), rarely jump, kick, or do any elaborate large movements – a very pragmatic style focused on striking. Kung fu schools invented and primarily practiced by Cantonese people include, but are not limited to:

Guangdong schools

 * Chow Gar
 * Choy gar
 * Choy Li Fut
 * Hung Ga
 * Mok Gar
 * Wing Chun

Philosophy

Lingnan also has its own schools of Confucianism. Since the 12th century, there has been a steady stream of Cantonese Neo-Confucian thinkers, resulting in several schools of thought.

Lingnan scholarly school
Lingnan scholarly school is the most prominent of schools of Neo-Confucian thought in Lingnan. It was started by a group of Cantonese Confucian scholars in the 15th century, led by Chan Bak-sa. Chan's writings have now been compiled in a document titled "Chan Bak-sa's Collection" (陳獻章集). In this series of writings, Chan expressed his opinions of Confucius's thoughts and reinterpreted them through the lens of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. His style of thought has a strong theme of humanism and individualism. It also appeared to have been influenced by Western styles of thought in its belief in more rational ways of thinking than older Confucian thought.

Traditional celebrations
Cantonese people also have a distinct set of traditional celebrations. Many of these celebrations are shared by other Han Chinese groups and even other East Asians. The Ghost Festival, for instance, is observed by Japanese and many Southeast Asians as well. However, Cantonese often have their own unique customs. For instance, New Year flower fairs are seen only among Cantonese and certain overseas Chinese communities of Cantonese ancestry. The Lingnan region also has certain celebrations unique to the area.

Cantonese New Year customs

 * New Year flower market
 * Cantonese lion dance
 * Nin Lai

Han Chinese celebrations

 * Lunar New Year
 * First Full Moon Festival
 * Buddha's Birthday
 * Qingming Festival
 * Dragon Boat Festival
 * Birthday of Guanyin
 * Ghost Festival
 * Mid-Autumn Festival
 * Double Ninth Festival

Cantonese-specific celebrations

 * Guangdong Festival of Joy ;
 * Cantonese Temple Fair ;
 * Foshan Autumn ;
 * Self-selling Festival ;
 * Guangzhou Lotus Festival ;
 * Kite Festival ;
 * Flying Colors Parade

Birthdays of local deities

 * Birthday of Hung Shing (1st and 15th day of any lunar month)
 * Birthday of Mazu (23rd day of the 3rd lunar month)
 * Birthday of Yun-mou (3rd day of the 3rd lunar month)
 * Birthday of Tam Kung (8th day of the 4th month)
 * Birthday of Lady Sin (24th day of the 11th lunar month)

Religions
Traditionally, the Lingnan region is dominated by two religions – Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism.

Mahayana Buddhism
Compared to worshipping Confucius, Cantonese are traditionally more inclined towards worshipping the Buddha and Bodhisattvas of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism, which is shared by most Han Chinese groups. Mahayana Buddhist temples are a common sight in Lingnan, and Buddhist celebrations such as Buddha's Birthday and the Birthday of Guanyin are, traditionally, large events in the region.

The Wan-mun sect of Mahayana Buddhism originated in Lingnan and once spread across much of China during the Northern Song dynasty (10th to 12th century).

Taoism
All Han Chinese groups traditionally adhere to some forms of Taoism, and the Cantonese are no exception. The Cantonese have a distinct set of Taoist deities. Cantonese people are, traditionally, worshippers of Wong Tai Sin, a Taoist god of healing. They are also strongly inclined to worship sea deities such as Hung Shing and Mazu – reflecting the Cantonese tradition of doing trades overseas.

Culture of distance from Confucius
It has been noted that Cantonese culture is traditionally marked by a "culture of distance from Confucius" (, lit. "culture of distance from Confucius"), which may be related to Lingnan historically being a fringe region of the Chinese Empire, and influence from the Tang dynasty (who placed greater emphasis on Taoism and Buddhism than Confucianism): While Confucian philosophy still has its deep influence on Cantonese culture, Confucius Temples are harder to find in Lingnan than Buddhist or Taoist ones.

Others
Cantonese people have a long tradition of doing commerce with the outside world, including Western Europeans, starting from the 15th century, which resulted in Christianity (mostly the Roman Catholic and Protestant variants) gaining a foothold in the region.

Commercial tradition
In the past two thousand years, Lingnan (especially the area around Guangzhou) has spent much of the time being the Chinese Empire's main port, resulting in a strong commercial tradition, formation of renowned Cantonese trade organizations such as the Canton Factories, and even Cantonese developing their own business culture: Cantonese merchants are known for being pragmatic, having a preference for actual profits over fame, and the avoidance of political matters and displays of wealth. Nowadays, Cantonese people still inherit this commercial culture. Major Lingnan cities such as Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong are regional (if not international) commercial centers. Hong Kong, for instance, scored 748 in 2016's Global Financial Centres Index, ranking fourth in the world and just below London and New York City.

Red cotton flower
Red cotton flower (, lit. "wood cotton flower") is a species of flower common in Lingnan, and is considered to symbolize Cantonese culture. It was said that in 200 BCE, Ziu To, the king of the Nanyue kingdom, once gave a red cotton tree to the Han Empire to express respect – meaning that at that time, the people of Lingnan already used red cotton flowers to represent their homeland. Nowadays, red cotton flower frequently appears in the poems and songs composed by Cantonese people. The folk song Nam Hoi Chiu, for instance, mentioned "紅綿" (Traditional Chinese for "red cotton flower") to represent Cantonese people and culture. Red cotton flower is currently the official symbol of Guangzhou, the cultural center of Lingnan, and also of Guangdong and Guangxi as a whole.

Macau lotus
The lotus is the symbol of Macau. It appeared on the flag of Macau after the 1999 handover.

Hong Kong orchid
The Hong Kong orchid is arguably the symbol of Hong Kong. It was discovered in 1880, and was identified as a new species in 1908. It became Hong Kong's official symbol in 1965 and appeared on the flag of Hong Kong after the 1997 handover. Since Hong Kong produced a large number of films, pop songs, and soap operas to promote Cantonese culture, Hong Kong, and by extension the Hong Kong orchid, is widely held to be the symbol of modern Cantonese culture. Nam Hoi Chiu, for instance, also mentioned "紫荊" (Traditional Chinese for "purple orchid") to symbolize the Cantonese people.

The Golden Bauhinia Square has a giant statue of the Hong Kong orchid and is one of the major landmarks of Hong Kong.

Sampan
The sampan is a type of flat-bottom boat frequently seen in the shores of the South China Sea, used by Cantonese, Hoklo, and many other Southeast Asian ethnic groups. They are usually three to four meters in length and have small shelters on board. This makes it possible for fishermen to live on their own sampans. In the major Cantonese cities of Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau, it is a common sight to see crowds of sampans docked at their harbours. Thus, the image of the sampan-filled harbour is strongly associated with Lingnan. Sampans also regularly show up in films and music videos made by Cantonese.

Cantonese customs

 * Bone collecting
 * Cantonese pre-wedding customs
 * Cantonese wedding
 * Villain hitting

Related cultures

 * Chinese culture
 * Lingnan culture:
 * Culture of Hong Kong
 * Culture of Macau
 * Bashu culture
 * Wuyue culture
 * Hakka culture
 * Teochew culture
 * Hokkien culture
 * Taishanese culture

Others

 * Liangguang ("Leunggwong" in Cantonese), the collective term for Guangdong and Guangxi.
 * Lingnan
 * Lingnan University (disambiguation)
 * Stone dogs in the Leizhou Peninsula

title: Cantonese culture


text:
Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation

The Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation (also known as the Fay Hyland Arboretum), 10 acres (40,000 m2), is an arboretum and botanical garden located along the Stillwater River on the University of Maine campus in Orono, Maine, United States. It is open to the public daily.

The Arboretum was established in 1934, named in honor of Fay Hyland, and contains living examples of woody plants from Maine and throughout the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation


text:
Time-Triggered Protocol

The Time-Triggered Protocol (TTP) is an open computer network protocol for control systems. It was designed as a time-triggered fieldbus for vehicles and industrial applications. and standardized in 2011 as SAE AS6003 (TTP Communication Protocol). TTP controllers have accumulated over 500 million flight hours in commercial DAL A aviation application, in power generation, environmental and flight controls. TTP is used in FADEC and modular aerospace controls, and flight computers. In addition, TTP devices have accumulated over 1 billion operational hours in SIL4 railway signalling applications.

History
TTP was originally designed at the Vienna University of Technology in the early 1980s. In 1998 TTTech Computertechnik AG took over the development of TTP, providing software and hardware products. TTP communication controller chips and IP are available from sources including austriamicrosystems, ON Semiconductor and ALTERA.

Definition
TTP is a dual-channel 4 - 25 Mbit/s time-triggered field bus. It can operate using one or both channels with maximum data rate of 2x 25 Mbit/s. With replicated data on both channels, redundant communication is supported

As a fault-tolerant time-triggered protocol, TTP provides autonomous fault-tolerant message transport at known times and with minimal jitter by employing a TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access) strategy on replicated communication channels. TTP offers fault-tolerant clock synchronization that establishes the global time base without relying on a central time server[citation needed].

TTP provides a membership service to inform every correct node about the consistency of data transmission. This mechanism can be viewed as a distributed acknowledgment service that informs the application promptly if an error in the communication system has occurred. If state consistency is lost, the application is notified immediately.

Additionally, TTP includes the service of clique avoidance to detect faults outside the fault hypothesis, which cannot be tolerated at the protocol level.

Critical applications
TTP is often used in mission critical data communication applications where deterministic operation is a requirement. These operations include aircraft engine management and other aerospace applications. In these applications the TTP networks are often operated as separate networks with separate AS8202NF hardware interface devices and separate, but coordinated, configurations.

The TTP protocol offers the unique feature of having all nodes on a network know, at the same time, when any other node fails to communicate or sends unreliable data. The status of each node is updated to all nodes several times each second.

Technical details
Data communication in TTP is organized in TDMA rounds. A TDMA round is divided into slots. Each node has one sending slot, and must send frames in every round. The frame size allocated to a node can vary from 2 to 240 bytes in length, each frame usually carrying several messages. The cluster cycle is a recurring sequence of TDMA rounds; in different rounds different messages can be transmitted in the frames, but in each cluster cycle the complete set of state messages is repeated. The data is protected by a 24-bit CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). The schedule is stored in the MEDL (Message Descriptor List) within the communication controller.

SLOT
There is one slot for each node in a TTP network. A node always transmits data (parameters) during its slot, even if the node has no data to send. However a node will only transmit the parameters that it is configured to send for the specific ROUND that the slot is in. A node may transmit parameters 1,2,3 in its SLOT during ROUND x and parameters 4,5,6 in its SLOT during ROUND y.

The slot for a node is determined when the TTP network is designed using PC based utilities TTP Plan and TTP Build. The definition that causes the AS8202NF to transmit specific data or parameters for a given SLOT and ROUND is contained in the MEDL.

ROUND
The TTP Round holds a slot for each node in the TTP network. The number of ROUNDS in CLUSTER CYCLE is defined using PC based utilities TTP Plan and TTP Build. This information is also contained in the MEDL.

Rounds exist because a node is not required to transmit all of its parameters during its slot. To distribute bandwidth between nodes, each node transmits selected parameters in different ROUNDS.

Cluster cycle
A Cluster Cycle is defined as having a number of Rounds. All nodes have transmitted all of their parameters at the end of a Cluster Cycle. The Cluster Cycle is defined as starting with the first bit of the first slot of the first round.

Balance nodes, slots and cluster cycles
The number of slots is defined by the number of nodes in the TTP network. However, the number of Rounds is determined by the network designer using the TTP Plan and TTP Build utilities.

Clock synchronization
Clock synchronization provides all nodes with an equivalent time concept. Each node measures the difference between the a priori known expected and the observed arrival time of a correct message to learn about the difference between the sender’s clock and the receiver’s clock. A fault-tolerant average algorithm needs this information to periodically calculate a correction term for the local clock so that the clock is kept in synchrony with all other clocks of the cluster.

Membership and acknowledgment
Time-Triggered Protocol attempts to transmit data consistently to all correct nodes of the distributed system and, in case of a failure, the communication system attempts to decide which node is faulty. These properties are achieved by the membership protocol and an acknowledgment mechanism.

Configuration requirements
Each node connected to a TTP network is required to have configuration data sets resident, prior to the startup of the TTP network. The minimum number of data sets for each node is two. See hardware section and AS8202NF (below). Each node needs to know the configuration of every other node on the TTP network. For this reason, active nodes are not allowed to join an existing network without the update of configuration data sets of all nodes on the network.

Typical Configuration Data Sets for each node:
 * 1) TASM for AS8202NF (allows usage of MEDL)
 * 2) MEDL or Message Descriptor List for AS8202NF (defines data to be exchanged between all nodes)
 * 3) Compute Platform Configuration. (defines expected data and its utilization)

Data sets TASM and MEDL are created by utilities TTP Plan and TTP Build provided by TTTech. The third data set is often created by the customer and is platform and application specific.

Hardware
Interface to a TTP network requires the use of the AS8202NF device. This device operates between the computer platform and the TTP network. The AS8202NF is required to be loaded with a TASM (TTP Assembler) and MEDL (Message Descriptor List) configuration data sets prior to operation.

The AS8202NF will communicate on one or two TTP networks.

It is not possible to design and implement a TTP network by simply buying the AS8202NF device. Each design requires license and configuration tools from TTTech or 3rd party.

Commercial applications
TTP has been integrated into a number of commercial applications.

Railway Signalling Solutions
The electronic interlocking system “LockTrac 6131 ELEKTRA” was designed within a cooperation of Thales Rail Signalling Solutions division and TTTech.

LockTrac 6131 ELEKTRA is an electronic interlocking system that provides the highest levels of safety and availability. The system is approved according to CENELEC standards with safety integrity level 4 (SIL4) and offers basic interlocking functions, local and remote control, automatic train operation, integrated block functionality and an integrated diagnosis system. LockTrac 6131 has two software channels with diverse software, to ensure the high safety requirements. Before getting transmitted externally, the data are checked in the safety channel. A diagnosis device saves all relevant information to allow efficient maintenance in case of failure.

FADEC
The system has been used for FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) systems. The Modular Aerospace Control (MAC)-based FADEC for The Aermacchi M346 is scalable, adaptable and fault-tolerant. The key technology enabler in this new FADEC is the use of TTP for inter-module communication. TTP removes the complex interdependencies among modules, simplifying initial application development as well in-service changes and upgrades. It allows all modules in a system to see all data all of the time, thus ensuring seamless fault accommodation without complex channel change logic.

TTP-based Modular Aerospace Control (MAC), which is a part of the F110 full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system of General Electric, is integrated on the Lockheed Martin F-16 fighter aircraft. TTP, which is used as a backplane bus, supports high levels of engine safety, operational availability and reduced life cycle cost. A significant advantage is that all information on the bus is available to both FADEC channels simultaneously.

Environmental and power generation systems
For the Airbus A380 TTTech developed the internal communication system for the cabin pressure control system, working together with Nord-Micro, a subsidiary of Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation.

In cooperation with Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation, TTTech developed a TTP-based data communication platform for the electric and environmental control system of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The TTP-designed communication platform prevents an overload in the bus system, even if several important events occur simultaneously. Additionally, TTP-based systems weigh less than conventional systems due to a lower connecter count and less wiring. Furthermore, the whole system is more flexible and has a greater modularity than conventional communication systems.

Autonomous vehicles
The two Red Team robotic vehicles competing in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge were implemented with "drive-by-wire" technology, in which on-board computers controlled steering, braking and other movements. Three TTP-based TTC 200 units controlled the parking brake and throttle and transmission functions, and one TTP-By-Wire Box controlled the service brake of the H1 Hummer H1ghlander. Drive-by-wire modifications controlled the acceleration, braking and shifting of the Sandstorm.

title: Time-Triggered Protocol


text:
Roy Gardner

Roy Gardner may refer to:

 * Roy Gardner (bank robber) (1884–1940), American bank robber
 * Roy Gardner (businessman) (born 1945), former chairman of Manchester United F.C. (2003–2005), former chairman of Plymouth Argyle F.C.
 * Roy Gardner (cricketer) (1914–2004), Australian cricketer

title: Roy Gardner


text: Talk:Roy Gardner

title: Talk:Roy Gardner


text:
List of Microsoft operating systems

This is a list of Microsoft written and published operating systems. For the codenames that Microsoft gave their operating systems, see Microsoft codenames. For another list of versions of Microsoft Windows, see, List of Microsoft Windows versions.

MS-DOS

 * See MS-DOS Versions for a full list.

Windows Mobile

 * Windows Mobile 2003
 * Windows Mobile 2003 SE
 * Windows Mobile 5
 * Windows Mobile 6

Xbox gaming

 * Xbox system software
 * Xbox 360 system software
 * Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S system software

Unix and Unix-like

 * Xenix
 * Nokia X platform
 * Microsoft Linux distributions
 * Azure Sphere
 * SONiC
 * Windows Subsystem for Linux
 * CBL-Mariner

Other operating systems

 * MS-Net
 * LAN Manager
 * MIDAS
 * Singularity
 * Midori
 * Zune
 * KIN OS
 * Nokia Asha platform
 * Barrelfish

title: List of Microsoft operating systems


text:
S&DJR 7F 2-8-0

The Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR) 7F 2-8-0 is a class of steam locomotive designed for hauling heavy coal and goods trains. Eleven were built in two batches in 1914 and 1925, and were used until withdrawal between 1959 and 1964. Two are preserved.

Background
The Midland Railway, joint owners of the S&DJR with the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR), were in charge of locomotive policy on the line. The S&DJR was heavily graded and required power over and above what was available from the Midland's small engines. M. H. Ryan, S&DJR locomotive superintendent argued for a type specific to the line.

Two plans for 0-8-0s were suggested in 1907 but would have been too heavy. Needing a special exception to the small engine policy, James Clayton (the draughtsman at Derby) was given a free hand to design the engine, and produced something unlike any other Derby-designed locomotive of the time.

Design
The design used the G9AS boiler from the Midland Compounds, with a Belpaire firebox and Walschaerts valve gear. A leading pony truck was added, to distribute the weight, making it a 2-8-0. The cylinders were mounted high on the frame, and sloped, to avoid fouling platforms. Because of the gradients that the loco would face, Clayton provided three steam brake cylinders on the engine and a further one on the tender. In service, the cast iron brake blocks originally fitted wore very quickly, and Ferodo blocks were substituted. The Derby standard axle boxes were fitted, so the engines were still subject to the hot boxes that were a fact of life on the Midland.

As the locomotives were initially too large for some of the turntables, it was envisaged that they would spend half their time travelling in reverse. Consequently, they were fitted with tablet exchanging apparatus on both sides of the locomotive. In addition, the first six were equipped with cab tenders, but these were later removed circa 1920. The 1914-built locomotives were right-hand drive, while the 1925-built were left-hand drive. In all cases the vacuum brake ejector was located on the driver's side of the smokebox.

Construction
Six were built in 1914 and numbered 80–85 by the S&DJR. In 1925 an additional 5 were ordered from Robert Stephenson and Company in Darlington and built with the larger G9BS boilers, becoming numbers 86–90. Two locomotives, 9679 (ex-89) and 9680 (ex-90) received the smaller G9AS boiler in 1930, while the remaining three retained the larger boiler until it was replaced in the 1950s – 53808 in 1953; 53807 in 1954; and 53806 in 1955. These locomotives gained a packing piece between the smaller boiler and original smokebox saddle. The exception was 53807, the smokebox saddle being rotten and replaced with a one-piece unit like the 1914-built locomotives. This locomotive was therefore unique, as only left-hand drive locomotive with a one piece smokebox saddle.

Accidents and incidents
On 20 November 1929, now-preserved locomotive No. 89 (later 53809) was taking a freight train north towards Bath. Travelling through Combe Down Tunnel at slow speed (due to the weight of the train, and the intended stop at Midford) the locomotive crew were overcome by smoke, resulting in the train running away down the hill and crashing in the goods yard outside Bath Green Park. The driver, Henry Jennings, and two shunters in the yard, were all killed in the accident.

East Midlands trials
The success of the class on the Mendip hills prompted the Midland Railway to experiment with their use on the East Midlands coal trains, but they were less satisfactory in this role. The route did not utilise their design for climbing hills, and there were issues of fuel efficiency, with considerable amounts of high quality coal consumed.

Later life
The S&DJR locos were taken into London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) stock in 1930, and renumbered 9670–9680. They were renumbered as 13800–13810 in 1932. On nationalisation in 1948 British Railways (BR) added 40000 to their numbers making them 53800–53810.

Withdrawals of the 1914-built locomotives occurred between 1959 and 1962 and the five 1925-built engines were all withdrawn between 1963 and 1964.

Preservation
Two of the 1925-built locomotives have survived, these being No. 88 (9678/13808/53808) and No. 89 (9679/13809/53809).

53808
No. 88/53808 is owned by the Somerset & Dorset Railway Trust (SDRT), based on the Mid-Hants Railway. Purchased for preservation in 1969, it returned to service following restoration at the West Somerset Railway in August 1987 in BR Black (with the Early Crest), and ran up to Spring 1996 when it was withdrawn for overhaul, during which time it only made one visit away from the WSR, to the Severn Valley Railway in September 1995. After overhaul it returned to service in December 2005 in S&DJR blue livery, which it never carried in service. Again based at the WSR it made three return visits to the SVR in March 2007, March 2008 and September 2014, as well as first time visits to the Mid-Hants Railway in September 2010, and the Great Central Railway in October 2011, before being withdrawn for overhaul in October 2014. This second overhaul was completed in February 2016, with the engine being repainted back into BR black (with the Late Crest) and its BR number 53808. From autumn 2020 the locomotive is now based at the Mid-Hants Railway and in November 2023 the locomotive was withdrawn from service for overhaul after working its final trains on November 4, 2023. At present no confirmation has been made regarding when the engines overhaul will commence.

53809
No. 89/53809 is owned by John Moorhouse and operated by the 13809 Preservation Society Ltd. Following restoration at Swanwick in 1980 in LMS livery as 13809, it worked through the 1980s and early 1990s, reverting to its BR Number 53809 in 1987 (with the Early Crest), before being withdrawn for overhaul in 1994. During this time, it visited the SVR in 1987, and the East Lancashire Railway in 1993 alongside working at Butterley, and even worked on the mainline for a period. The locomotive emerged in January 2006 in BR Black Livery as No. 53809 (with the Late Crest), entering service in early February at the Midland Railway - Butterley. Shortly after this overhaul was finished, the loco made a poignant return to the site of Bath Green Park Station (now a car park for Sainsbury's) in March 2006, to celebrate 40 years since the S&D closed, after which it was reunited with No. 88 at the WSR. The locomotive then ran for 5 years before it was withdrawn from service early in 2011, requiring boiler repairs. During the five years it ran, it made first time visits to the Nene Valley Railway and the Bluebell Railway in 2008, as well as several stays at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway during 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The engine's second overhaul was completed in February 2016, keeping its previous BR livery with the Post 1956 Crest. As in 2016, the engine's first call of duty was at the WSR alongside No. 88 again, this time marking 50 years since the S&D closed, and then remained there. In January 2018 it departed to the North Norfolk Railway on a long term operational contract.

title: S&DJR 7F 2-8-0


text:
Talk:GameFAX

The article which used to be on this page, about an April Fool's joke at GameFAQs was the subject to a VFD debate. The result of the deabte was merge with the GameFAQs article. The content has now been merged with that article, and this page is a redirect to it. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:GameFAX


text:
The Shipment (film)

The Shipment is a 2001 film about a mob enforcer who is hired to recover a shipment of Viagra gone awry. Directed by Alex Wright, it stars Matthew Modine, Elizabeth Berkley, Nicholas Turturro, and Robert Loggia.

Main cast

 * Matthew Modine as Mitch Garrett
 * Elizabeth Berkley as Candy Colucci
 * Nicholas Turturro as Eddie Colucci
 * Robert Loggia as Frank Colucci
 * Joseph Cortese as Vincent Florio
 * Paul Rodriguez as Jose Garcia
 * Garry Chalk as Dale Dixer
 * Philip Granger as Jack

Supporting cast

 * Rob deLeeuw as Danny (Credited as Robert deLeeuw)
 * G. Michael Gray as Lester Tritt
 * Steve Bacic as Jimmy
 * Rob Daly as Luis
 * Michael Sicoly as Mike
 * Craig Veroni as Pancho
 * Jay Brazeau as Marty
 * Michael Roberds as Bubba
 * Wren Roberts as Cowboy Pete (Credited as Wren Robertz)
 * Carmen Aguirre as Mexican Hooker #1
 * Alexandra Castillo as Mexican Hooker #2 (Credited as Alex Castillo)
 * Colin Naples as Small Mexican Cop
 * Karen Robertson as Bikini Girl #1
 * Laura Hargreaves as Bikini Girl #2

title: The Shipment (film)


text:
International Rugby League

The International Rugby League (IRL) is the global governing body for the sport of rugby league football. The IRL organises the Rugby League World Cup, the oldest international rugby World Cup, as well as the Women's and Wheelchair equivalent.

International Rugby Leagues headquarters are in London, England and is currently made of 32 members.

Founded as the Rugby League Imperial Board in 1927 by the Rugby Football League, French Rugby League Federation, Australian Rugby League Board of Control and the New Zealand Rugby League. In 1948 it became the  International Rugby League Board when its membership expanded and then the Rugby League International Federation between 1998-2020.

There are two regional associations affiliated to the IRL; the European Rugby League (ERL) and the Asia-Pacific Rugby League (APRL).

1895–1926: Rugby league foundations
Rugby league, which had started in England in 1895 and spread to Wales in 1907 and Australia and New Zealand in 1908, was introduced into France in 1934 after their rugby union side was banned from the International Rugby Board for both breaching amateur regulations and for constant foul play on the field.

1927–1947: Imperial Rugby League Board
The Imperial Rugby League Board was formed in 1927. The Rugby Football League's authority in the sport was supported by having a majority of the representatives on the Board. The RFL had three representatives while Australia and New Zealand each had one. According to Collins (2000), the imbalanced voting rights were a result of the RFL being the representative for the "mother country" and the other members being keen to demonstrate their loyalty to the Crown.

In 1935 the French Rugby League proposed the constitution of an international board for rugby league, but the Australians were not favourable, and the idea was abandoned for a while.

1948–1997: International Rugby League Board
The Board was formed on 25 January 1948 in Bordeaux, France at the impetus of the French, led by Paul Barrière. The Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII, New Zealand Rugby League and Britain's Rugby Football League met during the 1947–48 Kiwi tour of Europe and these three governing bodies agreed to form the International Rugby League Board (IRLB). At the meeting, it was decided that initially the RFL would oversee the sport's rules while the IRLB developed. The Australian Rugby League joined the IRLB some months later.

Over the next few years the IRLB held meetings with the outcomes forming the Rugby League World Cup which made its début in 1954.

In the view of Harry Edgar, from the Board's establishment "until his death in 1986, Bill Fallowfield was a dominant figure in its activities. Always a keen student of the rules of the game, [Fallowfield], like Australia's Tom Bellew in more recent times, strove to establish uniformity in the rules between all nations".

Former RFL Chief Executive David Oxley, an attendee of International Board meetings for close to 20 years, confirmed that proceedings were not dominated by the Australians: "Despite their dominance of the game on the field, the Aussies did not get everything their own way on the old Board because frequently the New Zealanders were at loggerheads with them. The Kiwis would vote against the Aussies, and France would vote with Great Britain, leaving Papua New Guinea as Australia's only guaranteed supporter."

Oxley reveals, "a lot of the really positive things were initiated by the British - certainly on rule changes, and the move to actually expand the role of the Board." Oxley states: "it was a British idea to introduce the levy on all Test match receipts to go into an international development fund. It was only 2 percent, but it did apply to television broadcast fees as well as gate receipts, so it built up into sizeable amounts, and it was that fund that paid for all we did in Russia, South Africa and the fine work done by Bob Abbott in the South Pacific, plus a significant part of the Student World Cup."

Oxley says that Kevin Humphries may have dominated for the Australians for a time but that was due to his personality. At that time the Board's role was mostly restricted to discussion of rule changes. Oxley states that it was the British who "established the procedure that the Board should meet on a more regular basis - at least once a year - and should look at ways of helping the expansion of the game."

After 1948, when only four sanctioned international teams being overseen by the IRLB and competing in annual competition, the IRLB grew to see twelve full member nations join the federation along with around thirty member nations and countless affiliates.

In 1954, the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French.

In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule ending unlimited tackles and instead allowing the team in possession three play-the-balls followed by forming a scrum on the fourth tackle. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover.

The Australians had always been strong in supporting expansion of the game including places such as "South Africa, America and Canada". The Australians even took a lead role in aiding the game in France, in what might be considered the British sphere of influence, the ARL funded Tas Baitieri in a Development Officer position and they also provided coaching and player assistance and continued to have the Kangaroos tour France despite the costs.

After the Australian Rugby League introduced the World Sevens in 1988, the International Board took a much more active part in worldwide developments. Harry Edgar states: "Much of the successful participation in the 1995 World Cup came as a direct result of the ARL's World Sevens tournament"; "the game in Fiji was launched solely because of [the] World Sevens."

Some nations were introduced to international rugby league through the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA). The RFL would often feel embarrassment at meetings when they "could claim to have done so little" while BARLA was praised by other attendees.

Maurice Lindsay has been credited with ensuring the 10-team 1995 World Cup was accompanied by an Emerging Nations tournament of seven teams, supporting international growth.

The 1995 World Cup was the "swansong of the original Board". With the Super League war started, the Board held what would be their last meeting immediately before that tournament, it ended "acrimoniously" as every member nation except Australia "stated their intention to withdraw their membership" and to establish the Super League International Board (SLIB) to govern Super League worldwide. The agreements that the former IRLB members signed with Super League had the effect of "usurping" the international board's control and diminishing the influence of its director-general, the Australian Rugby League's chairman, Ken Arthurson. The agreements removed international playing opposition for the Australian Rugby League's representative sides.

The SLIB gave its Pacific island members full voting rights in a display of its democratic values towards the game, although some were sceptical that the representatives of the powerful richer nations would allow themselves to be overruled. The Pacific island nations were only associate members of the IRLB with only the full members Australia, Great Britain, France, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea having a vote.

1998–2019: Rugby League International Federation
In 1998, the Super League International Board was disestablished and replaced by a new organisation, the Rugby League International Federation, as the Super League war ended in Australia and international rugby league reunited. The replacement saw worldwide governance of rugby league handed back to the sport's national governing bodies.

The meeting in Sydney at which it was agreed to form the RLIF was held at the request of the Australian and New Zealand Rugby Leagues. Britain was represented by the Rugby Football League, rather than Super League (Europe), the company formed by its leading clubs.

John McDonald, chair of the Australian Rugby League, became chair of the RLIF. Maurice Lindsay, the chairman of the Super League International Board (SLIB), was bypassed after he had suggested that the SLIB, with him leading it, should carry on the governance of the international game. Lindsay's candidature was weak due to his role in the Super League war. The cessation of Super League operations in Australasia and the notice that had been given of the SLIB's intention to cease funding the sport in the Pacific islands, meant the SLIB could be left with only Britain left as a member. The French were happy to cut ties with SLIB and join the new Federation as, allegedly, "they never saw a penny of the £1 million they believed they had been promised to sign up with Super League".

In 1998, there was regret that rugby league had been so badly damaged, Harry Edgar, a rugby league writer, warned, "there can be no place for politics or individuals seeking personal glorification" as the "international game picks up the pieces after three years of bitter fall-out".

The RLIF's scheduling of competitions made shortly after its formation, specifically the timing of world cups, was criticised by Graham Clay, editor of Open Rugby magazine for opting for a four-yearly cycle beginning in 2002 that would mean rugby league facing strong competition from other major sporting events for corporate sponsorship. During the build-up to the 2008 World Cup, which had been timed to coincide with Australia's Centenary of Rugby League celebrations, it was stated and confirmed afterwards that the following tournament in the United Kingdom would be held in 2013 to avoid the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and that subsequent World Cups would be contested on a four-year cycle.

The absence of a formal schedule of international competition has been criticised as leaving the sport "weak in international development, and in finances to help the game survive and grow outside the UK and Australia". Some moves have been made to correct this though, with the RFL's Richard Lewis proposing a ten-year international plan in 2007.

In 2009 the member nations agreed that the RLIF should negotiate over sponsorship, licensing and broadcast rights for international rugby league rather than the member nations.

As of 2009, the RLIF imposed a levy of 10% on net gate receipts at all international matches, providing the International Federation with revenues. The RLIF makes grants to member nations to help foster the game but the effectiveness of these has been questioned.

The Pacific Rim nations of Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji and the Cook Islands united to form the Pacific Islands Rugby League Federation (PIRLF) in December 2009.

However, PIRLF was not formally recognised by the RLIF, as consideration was being given to modernising the RLIF constitution and membership structure. The Wales Rugby League were granted full membership of the RLIF in 2010 at a meeting in Melbourne, Australia.

At a special general meeting held in Auckland, New Zealand, in November 2010, a new constitution was approved that gave New Zealand, Australia and England permanent seats on the RLIF board, with provision made for an additional seat each by May 2011 for the RLEF and a soon-to-be-formed Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation (APRLC), once RLEF and APRLC were granted Associate Membership status by the RLIF.

The APRLC was incorporated in April 2011 with member nations New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji and the Cook Islands.

Scotland and Ireland were each granted full membership of the RLIF, and the RLEF and APRLC Associate Membership, at the annual general meeting held in Auckland, New Zealand, in May 2011. A new Chairman, Scott Carter was also elected, becoming the first Kiwi to hold the role. This prompted a walkout by the Rugby Football League's Richard Lewis who believed he should have succeeded Australia's Colin Love.

Serbia and Lebanon were each granted full membership of the RLIF at the annual general meeting held in Manchester, England in May 2012. Ukraine, Russia and Jamaica were granted full membership in 2013.

Nigel Wood was elected as Chairman in 2014 following and oversaw reforms, including the appointment of the first full-time CEO, former England and Wales Cricket Board CEO David Collier. In February 2018, John Grant was appointed as the new Chairman of the RLIF

2019–present: International Rugby League
On 14 October 2019, the RLIF board voted to officially change its name to International Rugby League with the change taking effect the next day.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Rugby League and European Rugby League banned Russia from all international rugby league competitions.

During the 2021 Rugby League World Cup, IRL chairman Troy Grant announced that he was pushing for a nines tournament to be introduced to the Summer Olympics by Brisbane 2032 as well as a wheelchair tournament to be introduced to the Paralympics.

In March 2024, the IRL downgraded Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Russia, and Scotland from full to affiliate members due to noncompliance with the full membership criteria; Russia remained suspended. Belgium, Denmark, Latvia, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, and Trinidad and Tobago were expelled due to inactivity. The federations of Argentina and Spain were admitted as observers.

Structure

 * Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation - (8 Full Members, 2 Affiliated Members)
 * European Rugby League - (11 Full Members, 15 Affiliate Members)

Full members
• (2013)

Affiliate members
• (2019)

•  (2013)

•  (2018)

•  (2015)

Full members
• (1998)

•  (1962)

•  (1998)

•  (1948)

•  (1962)

•  (1986)

Full members
• (1948)

•  (1948)

•  (2012)

•  (2013)

•  (2010)

Affiliate members
• (2011)

•  (2017)

•  (2018)

•  (2000)

•  (2017)

•  (2013)

•  (2017)

•  (2011)

•  (2024)

•  (2018)

Suspended unions:

Notes:

Full members
• (1998)

Affiliate members
• (2021)

•  (2020)

•  (2022)

•  (2024)

•  (2020)

Laws of the game
The laws of rugby league have been the responsibility of the RLIF since its formation in 1998. Before that the Rugby Football League and IRLB, after its inception in 1948, were the bodies that maintained the Laws.

The International Federation in conjunction with the nations governing bodies (mainly the Australian Rugby League, Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII, New Zealand Rugby League and the Rugby Football League) often meet on a semi-regular basis of up to four times per year to make changes or decide new rules; although all test playing nations have a say in the altering of the rules and laws of rugby league.

International eligibility
The RLIF reiterated in 2008 that a player may represent a country if it is the country of their parents or if that country has been the player's "principal country of residence" for three years up until the date of the player's selection. A player may also be selected for country that they have represented in international rugby league in any age level before the 1998 introduction of the RLIF's constitution, or a country which the player has represented in a senior international competition in any other sport.

In 2009, international qualification regulations were modified in response to dissatisfaction about players representing different nations too easily. Players who have represented one country in World Cup qualifiers would now "not be permitted" to play for a different one in the World Cup tournament. The rule change did not apply to players who had played for a country in a Test series or non-World Cup related tournament. Applications must still be made to the RLIF for those changes still permitted.

The rules were clarified in 2016 by introducing tiers which determine if and when a player can represent more than one country. The changes also increased the residence period from three years to five.

Competitions
International Rugby League overseas international tournaments. Competitions within one of the four confederations (Americas Rugby League, Asia-Pacific Rugby League, European Rugby League, and Middle East Africa Rugby League) are usually not overseen by the IRL.

World Cup
The IRL is in charge of the Rugby League World Cup, first held in 1954 in France and the first competition to be officially known as the "Rugby World Cup". Since then the World Cup has been held a total of 16 times, with the most recent Cup being held in England in 2021. The IRL also sanctioned and has overseen the Women's Rugby League World Cup since its inception in 2000. The tournament is held in conjunction with the men's tournament, but will be a separate event from 2028.

Four Nations
The IRL also runs the Four Nations series between the Big Three powers, England, Australia and New Zealand and a fourth nation from either Europe or the South Pacific depending on where the competition is being played, as the hosts are alternate between England and Oceania. The current winners are Australia who won the 2016 series in England.

Emerging Nations Tournament
The Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament is a tournament between affiliate members and nations with goals of growing the game of rugby league.

Future tournaments
The RLIF plan to introduce a Continental Cup that would be played every four years to replace the Four Nations.

Recognitions and awards
The IRL presented several international awards annually, beginning in 2004 before the final edition in 2014.

In 2017, the Purchased the Golden Boot Award from League Publications Ltd..

International rankings
The IRL publishes and maintains the rankings of the men's national rugby league teams. The concept was first launched in January 2007 following in the footsteps of the European Rankings published by the Rugby League European Federation.

The rankings are calculated based on an average of points accumulated by each Nation over a three-year cycle. Under the structure, matches deemed of higher importance such as World Cup games, Tri-Nations and other major tournament finals draw more points than mid-season Tests and other internationals. For each match that a nation participates they are given a base level of points. This base level is affected upon the type of match and the status of the opponent.

Bonus points are given for teams that reach certain milestones deemed of significant international importance including reaching a tournament final or qualifying for an event such as a World Cup.

From the total number of points that a nation will receive these points are then averaged to help give a more accurate view of the performance of a nation over the three-year cycle.

Nations which have played less than a certain number of matches deemed acceptable over a three-year cycle will be penalised under the current point structure.

Overview by year
International Rugby League overseas every international test match. An overview of these matches cab be found here:

title: International Rugby League


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Process bias

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:09, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Process bias
This is marked as a proposal, but it's a dicdef of the neologism "process bias" that gets ~500 google hits (most of which are not related to this term, but to processing biases, or biases in process, or something else). I'm not sure why this is in wikispace, either. Delete. Radiant_ >|< 09:57, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dic def in Wikipedia namespace. Mgm|(talk) 10:03, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nominator. --FCYTravis 08:37, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Swazzle

A swazzle (swozzle, schwazzle or swatchel) is a device made of two strips of metal bound around a cotton tape reed. The device is used to produce the distinctive harsh, rasping voice of Punch in a Punch and Judy show, and is held in the mouth by the professor (performer).

The design of the swazzle was once a secret guarded by the professors and only taught to those with a genuine respect for and interest in learning the performance of Punch and Judy puppetry. The device can now be bought from joke and magic shops although those made according to the traditional design are smaller and are generally considered superior.

The swazzle must be soaked in liquor, beer, water, or saliva before use. The swazzle is positioned between the tongue and the roof of the mouth so that exhaled air passes between the two metal strips, causing the reed to vibrate and shake. Deft movements of the tongue allow the professor to move the swazzle in and out of position, allowing them to switch between voices.

Swallowing
Because the swazzle is small, positioned in the mouth and must be repeatedly moved during a performance, there is a risk that it may be swallowed while in use. In order to minimise the risk of swallowing, some professors attach a length of cotton thread to their swazzle so that it can be pulled back if it slips into the throat. In series 3, episode 11 of the British panel show QI, presenter Stephen Fry said that a Punch and Judy performer must accidentally swallow a swazzle at least twice before they can be considered a "professor".

title: Swazzle


text:
List of Microsoft software

Microsoft is a developer of personal computer software. It is best known for its Windows operating system, the Internet Explorer and subsequent Microsoft Edge web browsers, the Microsoft Office family of productivity software plus services, and the Visual Studio IDE. The company also publishes books (through Microsoft Press) and video games (through Xbox Game Studios), and produces its own line of hardware. The following is a list of the notable Microsoft software Applications.

Software development

 * Azure DevOps
 * Azure DevOps Server (formerly Team Foundation Server and Visual Studio Team System)
 * Azure DevOps Services (formerly Visual Studio Team Services, Visual Studio Online and Team Foundation Service)
 * BASICA
 * Bosque
 * CLR Profiler
 * GitHub
 * Atom
 * GitHub Desktop
 * GitHub Copilot
 * npm
 * Spectrum
 * Dependabot
 * GW-BASIC
 * IronRuby
 * IronPython
 * JScript
 * Microsoft Liquid Motion
 * Microsoft BASIC, also licensed as:
 * Altair BASIC
 * AmigaBASIC
 * Applesoft BASIC
 * Commodore BASIC
 * Color BASIC
 * MBASIC
 * Spectravideo Extended BASIC
 * TRS-80 Level II BASIC
 * Microsoft MACRO-80
 * Microsoft Macro Assembler
 * Microsoft Small Basic
 * Microsoft Visual SourceSafe
 * Microsoft XNA
 * Microsoft WebMatrix
 * MSX BASIC
 * NuGet
 * QBasic and QuickBASIC
 * TASC (The AppleSoft Compiler)
 * TypeScript
 * VBScript
 * Visual Studio
 * Microsoft Visual Studio Express
 * Visual Basic
 * Visual Basic .NET
 * Visual Basic for Applications
 * Visual C++
 * C++/CLI
 * Managed Extensions for C++
 * Visual C#
 * Visual FoxPro
 * Visual J++
 * Visual J#
 * Visual Studio Code
 * Visual Studio Lab Management
 * Visual Studio Tools for Applications
 * Visual Studio Tools for Office
 * VSTS Profiler
 * Windows API
 * Windows SDK
 * WordBASIC
 * Xbox Development Kit

3D

 * 3D Builder
 * 3D Scan (requires a Kinect for Xbox One sensor)
 * 3D Viewer
 * AltspaceVR
 * Bing Maps for Enterprise (formerly "Bing Maps Platform" and "Microsoft Virtual Earth")
 * Direct3D
 * Havok
 * HoloStudio
 * Kinect
 * Microsoft Mesh
 * Paint 3D
 * Simplygon

Educational

 * Bing
 * Bing Bar
 * Browstat
 * Creative Writer
 * Flip
 * LinkedIn
 * Microsoft Comic Chat
 * Microsoft Math Solver
 * Microsoft Pay (mobile payment and digital wallet service)
 * Microsoft Silverlight
 * MSN
 * Office Online
 * Outlook.com
 * Skype
 * Windows Essentials
 * Microsoft Family Safety
 * Microsoft Outlook Hotmail Connector
 * OneDrive
 * Windows Photo Gallery
 * Yammer

Subscription services

 * Microsoft 365
 * Xbox Game Pass
 * Xbox Game Pass Ultimate
 * Xbox Live Gold

Maintenance and administration

 * Microsoft Anti-Virus
 * Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack
 * Microsoft Intune
 * Microsoft Security Essentials
 * Sysinternals utilities
 * PageDefrag
 * Process Explorer
 * Process Monitor
 * SyncToy
 * Windows Live OneCare
 * Windows SteadyState

Operating systems

 * MS-DOS
 * SB-DOS
 * COMPAQ-DOS
 * NCR-DOS
 * Z-DOS
 * 86-DOS
 * Microsoft Windows
 * DOS-based
 * Windows 1.0x
 * Windows 2.0x
 * Windows 2.1x
 * Windows 3.0
 * Windows 3.1x
 * Windows for Workgroups 3.11
 * Windows 9x
 * Windows 95
 * Windows 98
 * Windows ME
 * Windows NT
 * Windows NT 3.1
 * Windows NT 3.5
 * Windows NT 3.51
 * Windows NT 4.0
 * Windows 2000
 * Windows XP
 * Windows Vista
 * Windows 7
 * Windows 8
 * Windows RT
 * Windows 8.1
 * Windows 10
 * Windows 11
 * Windows Server
 * Windows Server 2003
 * Windows Server 2008
 * Windows Server 2012
 * Windows Server 2016
 * Windows Server 2019
 * Windows Server 2022
 * Windows CE
 * Windows Embedded
 * Windows Mobile
 * Windows Phone
 * Windows Preinstallation Environment
 * MSX-DOS
 * OS/2
 * HomeOS
 * Midori
 * MIDAS
 * Singularity
 * Xenix
 * Zune

Applications

 * Microsoft Office
 * Microsoft Access
 * Microsoft Excel
 * Microsoft Lens (mobile)
 * Microsoft OneNote
 * Microsoft Outlook
 * Microsoft PowerPoint
 * Microsoft Project
 * Microsoft Publisher
 * Microsoft Sway
 * Microsoft Visio
 * Microsoft Word
 * Office Mobile
 * Office Remote (mobile)
 * Microsoft Power Platform
 * Microsoft Power BI
 * Power Apps
 * Power Automate
 * Power Automate Desktop
 * Power Virtual Agents
 * Microsoft Dynamics
 * Microsoft Dynamics 365 Finance
 * Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central (previously Dynamics NAV, Navision)
 * Microsoft Dynamics 365 Sales (previously Microsoft Dynamics CRM)
 * Discontinued: Microsoft Dynamics C5, Microsoft Dynamics SL, Microsoft Dynamics GP superseded by Business Central
 * Others
 * Clipchamp
 * Microsoft Teams
 * Microsoft To Do
 * Microsoft SwiftKey
 * Microsoft Autofill
 * Discontinued: Microsoft Expression Studio
 * Discontinued: Microsoft Works
 * Discontinued: Windows Movie Maker

Microsoft Office

 * Microsoft Office 3.0
 * Microsoft Office 95
 * Microsoft Office 97
 * Microsoft Office 2000
 * Microsoft Office XP
 * Microsoft Office 2003
 * Microsoft Office 2007
 * Microsoft Office 2010
 * Microsoft Office 2013
 * Microsoft Office 2016
 * Microsoft Office 2019
 * Microsoft Office 2021

Microsoft Office for Mac

 * Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition
 * Microsoft Office 2001
 * Microsoft Office v. X
 * Office 2004 for Mac
 * Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac
 * Microsoft Office for Mac 2011
 * Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac
 * Microsoft Office 2019
 * Microsoft Office 2021

Servers

 * Microsoft Azure
 * Microsoft BackOffice Server
 * Microsoft BizTalk Server
 * Microsoft Commerce Server
 * Microsoft Content Management Server
 * Microsoft Exchange Server
 * Microsoft Forefront
 * Exchange Online Protection
 * Forefront Identity Manager
 * Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway
 * Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway
 * Microsoft Host Integration Server
 * Microsoft Identity Integration Server
 * Microsoft Merchant Server
 * Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server
 * Microsoft Project Server
 * Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server
 * Microsoft SharePoint
 * Microsoft Site Server
 * Microsoft Speech Server
 * Microsoft SQL Server
 * Microsoft System Center
 * System Center Advisor
 * System Center Configuration Manager
 * System Center Data Protection Manager
 * System Center Essentials
 * System Center Operations Manager
 * System Center Service Manager
 * System Center Virtual Machine Manager
 * Microsoft Virtual Server
 * Search Server
 * Skype for Business Server
 * Windows Admin Center

Xbox Game Studios

 * Xbox Game Studios Video Games
 * Age of Empires series
 * Banjo-Kazooie series
 * Battletoads series
 * Blinx series
 * Conker series
 * Crackdown series
 * Crimson Skies series
 * Fable series
 * Forza series
 * Fuzion Frenzy series
 * Gears of War series (rebranded)
 * Gears series (formerly Gears of War)
 * Halo series
 * Hellblade series
 * Killer Instinct series
 * Kinect Sports series
 * Line Rider series
 * Lips series
 * MechAssault series
 * Microsoft Flight Simulator series
 * Midtown Madness series
 * Minecraft series
 * Monster Truck Madness series
 * Motocross Madness series
 * NFL Fever series
 * NBA Inside Drive series
 * Ori series
 * Perfect Dark series
 * Pillars of Eternity series
 * Project Gotham Racing series
 * Psychonauts series
 * RalliSport Challenge series
 * Rise of Nations series
 * Scene It? series
 * Shadowrun series
 * State of Decay series
 * The Bard's Tale series
 * The Outer Worlds series
 * Viva Piñata series
 * Wastelands series
 * Zoo Tycoon series

Bethesda Softworks

 * Bethesda Softworks Video Games
 * Commander Keen series
 * Dishonored series
 * Doom series
 * Fallout series
 * Prey series
 * Quake series
 * Rage series
 * The Elder Scrolls series
 * The Evil Within series
 * Wolfenstein series

Part of Windows
Arcade game hexic series
 * Video games of Microsoft Windows
 * Microsoft FreeCell
 * Microsoft Hearts
 * Microsoft Mahjong
 * Microsoft Minesweeper
 * Microsoft Solitaire Collection
 * Microsoft Ultimate Word Games

Web services

 * Delve
 * Microsoft Bookings
 * Microsoft Forms
 * Microsoft Planner
 * Microsoft Stream
 * Microsoft Sway
 * Microsoft To Do
 * Office on the web
 * Outlook.com
 * Outlook on the web

Windows components

 * Alarms & Clock
 * Calendar (Windows)
 * Character Map (Windows)
 * ClickOnce
 * Command Prompt (formerly MS-DOS Prompt)
 * Cortana
 * DirectX
 * Disk Cleanup
 * Ease of Access (formerly Utility Manager)
 * Feedback Hub (Windows 10, Version 1607)
 * File Explorer
 * Internet Explorer
 * Internet Information Services
 * Hyper-V
 * Microsoft Agent
 * Microsoft Edge
 * Microsoft Magnifier
 * Microsoft Narrator
 * Microsoft Notepad
 * Microsoft Paint
 * Microsoft Photos
 * Microsoft Speech API
 * Microsoft Store
 * On-Screen Keyboard
 * Paint 3D (Windows 10, Version 1703)
 * Registry Editor
 * Windows Calculator
 * Windows Camera
 * Windows Chat
 * Windows Contacts
 * Windows Defender
 * Windows Disk Defragmenter (succeeded by Defragment and Optimize Drives)
 * Windows Easy Transfer (formerly Files and Settings Transfer Wizard)
 * Windows Installer
 * Windows Media Player
 * Windows Photo Viewer
 * Windows PowerShell
 * Windows Speech Recognition
 * Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)
 * Windows To Go
 * WordPad (formerly Microsoft Write)

Windows 7

 * Chess Titans
 * FreeCell
 * Hearts
 * Internet-Backgammon
 * Internet-Checkers
 * Internet-Spades
 * Mahjong Titans
 * Minesweeper
 * Purble Place
 * Solitaire
 * Spider Solitaire

Miscellaneous

 * Clipchamp
 * Microsoft Bob
 * Microsoft Home
 * Microsoft Plus!

title: List of Microsoft software