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Carystus

Carystus (Κάρυστος, near modern Karystos) was a polis (city-state) on ancient Euboea. It was situated on the south coast of the island, at the foot of Mount Oche. It is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad, as controlled by the Abantes. The name also appears in the Linear B tablets as "ka-ru-to" (identified as Carystus). Thucydides writes that the town was founded by Dryopes. According to the legend, its name was derived from Carystus, the son of Cheiron.

Persian War

In 490 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars a Persian Admiral named Datis laid siege to Carystus. Datis began the siege by destroying the crops around the city. His army of 80,000 soldiers with 200 triremes overwhelmed Carystus, causing it to surrender.

Soon after the Battle of Salamis the Athenian fleet led by Themistocles extorted money from the city.

Soon afterward Carystus refused to join the Delian League. The Athenians wanted Carystus to join the Delian League, but seeming as though it had been under Persian control, they refused. Athens would not accept a refusal, so they attacked and plundered Carystus. This forced Carystus to side with the Delian league. Athens employed this tactic frequently, as it was said to be better for the league. This way, a Greek city-state could not side with Persia and offer their city as a base, and also could not get the advantages of a Persian-free Greece without paying their share. The creation of the Delian league leads to the imperial nature of Athens that fueled the Peloponnesian War. Imperial nature tends to take on a modern association, however with the creation of the league essentially people of uneducated agricultural background were given the right to vote in the assembly. This version of Athenian democracy took on a role that allowed for a tyrannical nature of a seemingly egalitarian ideal. The league demanded submission to create a unified Greece, the only problem is that instead of creating a standing army or improved military strength to prevent further invasion, the Athenians under the direction of Pericles started the Periclean building projects that squandered funds and glorified Athens and Greece in their defeat of Persia. This misapplication of tribute from Attican city-states created the rejection of this idea by Sparta, and subsequently the Peloponnesian War, not securing Greece from an outside Persian attack, but opening it for an internal rejection of the league.

Further history
The Carystians fought on the side of the Athenians in the Lamian War. They espoused the side of the Romans in the war against Philip V of Macedon.

Carystus was chiefly celebrated for its marble, which was in much request at Rome. Strabo places the quarries at Marmarium, a place upon the coast near Carystus, opposite Halae Araphenides in Attica; but the marks of the quarries have been found upon Mt. Oche, where seven entire columns, apparently on the spot where they had been quarried were observed, and at the distance of three miles from the sea. This marble is the Cipollino marble of the Romans – a green marble, with white zones. At Carystus the mineral asbestos was also obtained, which was hence called the Carystian stone.

Christian bishopric
As an episcopal see, Carystus was initially a suffragan of Corinth, but in the 9th century it came to be associated with Athens and appears as such in the Notitia Episcopatuum composed under Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912). A bishop of the see called Cyriacus was one of the signatories of the letter of the episcopate of the Corinthian province to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 458.

No longer a residential bishopric, Carystus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Notable people

 * Antigonus (3rd century BC), writer
 * Apollodorus (3rd century BC), comic playwright
 * Diocles (4th century BC), physician
 * Glaucus (6th century BC), boxer

title: Carystus


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Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/June 6

June 6

 * 2009 – Myanma Airways Flight 409, a Fokker F28-4000, registration XY-ADW, overruns the runway at Sittwe Airport, Myanmar. The aircraft is damaged beyond repair.

 * 2004 – Alaska Airlines starts service between Denver and Anchorage and discontinues service between San Jose and Tucson.

 * 1994 – China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303, a Tupolev Tu-154M, breaks up in mid-air and crashes near Xian, China, killing all 160 on board. The deadliest airplane crash ever to occur in China is attributed to a maintenance error.

 * 1992 – Copa Airlines Flight 201, a Boeing 737-200 Advanced, crashes near Darién, Panama, killing all 47 passengers and crew on board; a faulty attitude indicator is the cause.

 * 1982 – Aeroflot Flight 411, an Ilyushin Il-62, crashes after take-off from Sheremetyevo International Airport; all 90 on board are killed.

 * 1982 – Westland Gazelle AH1 XX377 is shot down by friendly fire from HMS Cardiff during the Falklands War

 * 1976 – Royal Air force receives first F-16.

 * 1976 – The Double Six Tragedy, also known as the Double Six Crash, was a plane crash in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. The plane, operated by Sabah Air, coming from Labuan crashed in the sub-district of Sembulan in Kota Kinabalu upon approaching Kota Kinabalu International Airport. The crash killed everyone on board the flight, including Tun Fuad Stephens, the Chief Minister of Sabah at that time.

 * 1973 – The 1973 Paris Air Show crash was the crash of the second production Tupolev Tu-144 at Goussainville, Val-d’Oise, France, which killed all six crew and a further eight people on the ground. The crash, at the Paris Air Show, damaged the development program of the Tupolev Tu-144. One theory is that a French Mirage jet sent to photograph the aircraft without the knowledge of the Russian crew caused the pilots to take evasive maneuvers, resulting in the crash. Another theory is that in a rivalry with the Anglo-French Concorde, the pilots attempted a maneuver that was beyond the capabilities of the aircraft.

 * 1971 – A United States Marine Corps McDonnell-Douglas F-4B Phantom II fighter jet collides with Hughes Airwest Flight 706, a Douglas DC-9, which crashes into the San Gabriel Mountains near Duarte, California, killing all 49 people aboard; the pilot of the Phantom also dies, while his radar intercept officer successfully bails out.

 * 1970 – A USAF Lockheed C-5A Galaxy, 68-0212, c/n 500-0015, fifteenth off the production line, but first to be delivered to any operational Military Airlift Command wing, loses one tire and blows another on landing at Charleston AFB, South Carolina for the 437th MAW.

 * 1967 – First transcontinental carrier-to-carrier jet flight. From USS Bonhomme Richard in the Pacific to USS Saratoga in the Atlantic, 03 h:28 m, in a Vought F8U Crusader flown by USN Capt Robert Dose & LCdr Paul Miller. Distance unstated.

 * 1966 – Gemini 9 landed in the Pacific after 45 orbits of Earth during the 72 h 20 min flight.

 * 1964 – Over Laos, Pathet Lao antiaircraft artillery shoots down a U. S. Navy RF-8 A Crusader photographic reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Charles F. Klusmann. It is the first U. S. Navy aircraft and first American fixed-wing aircraft lost over Indochina in the Vietnam War era.

 * 1964 – The historic aircraft collections of the Canadian War Museum, National Aviation Museum, and the Royal Canadian Air Force were displayed together for the first time at the Rockcliffe RCAF Station. The three collections together were designated the National Aeronautical Collection.

 * 1964 – Silver City Airline announces that it has airlifted its one millionth car between England and continental Europe.

 * 1945 – The Boeing B-29 Superfortress that led the first B-29 raid on Tokyo on 24 November 1944, 42-24592, named "Dauntless Dotty", of the 869th Bomb Squadron, 497th Bomb Group, 73rd Bomb Wing, 20th Air Force, departs Kwajalein at 0306 hrs. for the second leg of a ferry flight back to the United States, commanded by Capt. William A. Kelley, of Tifton, Georgia. Forty seconds after takeoff, the aircraft strikes the Pacific Ocean and sinks, killing 10 of 13 on board instantly. Co-pilot 1st Lt. John Neville, of Bradley, Illinois, tailgunner S/Sgt. Glenn F. Gregory, of Waldron, Illinois, and left gunner S/Sgt. Charles McMurray (also spelt McMurry in one source), of Memphis, Tennessee, are thrown from the wreckage and are recovered by a rescue boat after some 45 minutes in the water. A search for the lost airframe by the National Underwater and Marine Agency Australia has been proposed.

 * 1944 – A huge airborne armada, nine planes wide and 200 miles long, carries American and British troops across the British Channel for the D-Day invasion of Europe.

 * 1944 – Thirty-seven RCAF bomber, fighter and coastal squadrons took part in operations for the invasion of Normandy. The Allied invasion of France is spearheaded by paratrooper drops and assault glider landings. The Luftwaffe offers almost no resistance to the invasion.

 * 1944 – First flight of the Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning was on 6 Jun 1944 at the Lockheed Burbank Plant.

 * 1943 – (6-9) Allied aircraft drop an average of 600 tons (544,316 kg) of bombs per day on Pantelleria

 * 1942 – The first nylon parachute jump occurred (Hartford, Ct).

 * 1942 – Flying 112 sorties, carrier aircraft from Enterprise and Hornet sink the Japanese heavy cruiser Mikuma as she withdraws from the Midway area, bringing the Battle of Midway to an end. Three TBD Devastators participate; it is the last combat flight of the Devastator.

 * 1942 – Four U. S. Army Forces B-24 Liberator bombers led by Major General Clarence L. Tinker take off from Midway to attack the Japanese bomber base on Wake Island. Tinker’s plane disappears after take-off and no wreckage or bodies are ever found.

 * 1939 – Adolf Hitler reviews 14,000 veterans of the Luftwaffe’s Condor Legion in Berlin.

 * 1936 – Aviation gasoline first produced commercially Paulsboro NJ.

 * 1932 – First flight of the Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta

 * 1931 – Barker Field was opened at Toronto by Mrs. W. G. Barker and L/Col W. A. Bishop.

 * 1927 – Canadian innovator Wallace Turnbull sells the parent of the variable-pitch propeller to Curtiss-Wright in the United States and Bristol in the United Kingdom. It will be successfully flight tested on June 29.

 * 1917 – The world’s first landplane designed for use as a torpedo bomber, a Sopwith Cuckoo, is completed for the Royal Naval Air Service.

 * 1915 – LZ 37 becomes the first Zeppelin destroyed in air-to-air combat when it is bombed by Flt Sub-Lt Reginald Warneford, RNAS.

 * 1914 – First air flight out of sight of land (Scotland to Norway).

 * 1910 – Robert Martinet wins the first cross-country air race, between Angers and Saumur, France (27 miles), in a Farman; he takes 31 min and 35 seconds.

 * 1905 – Gabriel Voisin flies along the River Seine in his float-glider towed by a motorboat.

 * 1903 – After several stationary stability trials, Ferdinand Ferber makes the first full trial of his glider No.6. It fails to take off in Nice, France.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/June 6


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Sophie Mannerheim

Baroness Eva Charlotta Lovisa Sofia (Sophie) Mannerheim (21 December 1863 – 9 January 1928) was a famous nurse known as a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland. She was a daughter of count Carl Robert Mannerheim and a sister of former Finnish President, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, and of the artist and writer Eva Mannerheim-Sparre.

Mannerheim worked as a bank employee for six years until she married in 1896. After her divorce in 1902 she was trained in nursing at the Nightingale School at St Thomas' Hospital in London. Returning home she was appointed head nurse of Helsinki Surgical Hospital and later elected president of the Finnish Nurses' Association, a position she held for 24 years. As a result of her international involvement, she was also elected president of the International Council of Nurses (ICN). Mannerheim was, together with Dr Arvo Ylppö, co-founder of the Children's Castle (Lastenlinna) hospital in Helsinki as well as the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare.

title: Sophie Mannerheim


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Roy Rene

Roy Rene (born Henry van der Sluys, 15 February 1891 – 22 November 1954) was an Australian comedian and vaudevillian. As the bawdy character Mo McCackie, Rene was one of the most well-known and successful Australian comedians of the early 20th century, and the local answer to Charlie Chaplin.

A 1927 recording of Rene and Nat Phillips performing as Stiffy and Mo, called The Sailors, was added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Sounds of Australia registry in 2011.

Biography
Born in Adelaide, Colony of South Australia, Rene was the fourth of seven children of Dutch and English Jewish parents. Named Henry van de Sluice (later spelt variously "van der Sluys"), aged 10 "Harry" won a singing competition at an Adelaide market and in 1905 appeared professionally in the pantomime, Sinbad the Sailor, at the Theatre Royal and later at the Tivoli, in a black face, singing and dancing act.

Around 1905, the Sluice family moved to Melbourne, Harry (as he was called) was briefly an apprentice jockey and thereafter maintained a keen interest in racing. Despite his father's opposition, in July 1908, he secured an engagement with James Brennan's vaudeville at the Gaiety Theatre. Of medium height, with dark hair, a pale smooth complexion and large soulful brown eyes, 'Boy Roy' (his stage name) had an appealing pathos. Most of his spare time was spent studying the famous English music-hall comedians at Harry Rickards' Opera House. Unsuccessful in Melbourne, he appeared at Brennan's National Amphitheatre, Sydney in 1910 and had adopted the new stage name Roy Rene (Rene after a famous French clown). Later he joined J. C. Bain's suburban vaudeville in Sydney and toured New South Wales with bush companies.

While playing at Bain's Princess Theatre, Railway Square, Sydney, in 1914, Rene came to the attention of producer Ben Fuller, who engaged him to tour New Zealand. He developed his unique style and perfected the black and white make-up which became his trademark. Returning to Sydney in November 1915, he joined Albert Bletsoe's revue company at the Fullers' National Theatre in Sydney.

'Stiffy' and 'Mo' (1916-1925)
In July 1916, Rene teamed up with comedian Nat Phillips to form the partnership 'Stiffy and Mo.' The pair made its debut at Sydney's Princess Theatre on 8 July 1916. Phillips had been developing his Stiffy the Rabbitoh character for several years on the Fullers' circuit, where he was engaged as both a comedian and a producer. For the first show, a revusical written by Phiilips with the title, 'What Oh Tonight', he called his off-sider 'Sol.' Rene was not particularly struck with the name, and at the last moment took advice from the Princess Theatre's stage manager, Bill Sadler. The name 'Mo' thereafter became his alter-ego. 'Stiffy and Mo' were an instant success. After the Princess Theatre season ended they moved to the Grand Opera House, playing feature parts in the pantomime spectacular The Bunyip, and over the next fifteen years (albeit with an 18-month break) cemented their reputation as one of Australia's greatest larrikin comedy duos.

On 29 March 1917 at St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Sydney, Henry van der Sluice married an actress Dorothy Davis; childless, they were divorced in May 1929.

Nat Phillips' Tabloid Musical Comedy Company (later known as Nat Phillips' Stiffy and Mo Company) toured the Fullers' Australasian vaudeville circuit continuously until mid-July 1925. Although only half-way through their season at Adelaide's Majestic Theatre, Roy Rene's contract with Fullers' Theatres was due to expire and he chose not to renew it. Phillips subsequently remained at the Majestic for another two months, initially as solo comedian before elevating Joe Mullaney from the ensemble to temporarily create 'Stiffy and Joe.' Then after briefly trialing 'Oscar the Aussie' and 'Percy the Pom' (with Harry Harry Huley as 'Percy') he eventually settled on Stiffy and 'Erb (Jack Kellaway) in early-1926.

'Give and Take' / 'Bluett and Mo' / 'Stiffy' and 'Mo' (1926-1928)
Following his departure from the Stiffy and Mo company Rene went on to appear with outstanding success in a straight play, Give and Take (starring opposite American comedian Harry Green). The play had seasons in both Melbourne and Sydney. In May 1926 Rene made his Tivoli circuit debut in partnership with Fred Bluett (as Bluett and Mo). They initially played seasons in Sydney and Melbourne, before undertaking a national tour, which included Brisbane and Adelaide. Their act comprised at least two sketches - the most popular being 'The Admiral and the Sailor' (aka Fun on the High Sea), which had Mo as the admiral and Bluett as a "jolly tar" who resents the commands of his superior. The other sketch was called 'Oxford Bags'.

In late-January 1927 Rene re-signed with Fullers' Theatres (for one year) and the following month joined his former partner in Brisbane. Phillips was at that time playing a season the Empire Theatre with his Whirligigs Company (featuring Stiffy and 'Erb). For the remainder of the season Brisbane audiences therefore saw a trio called Stiffy, Mo and 'Erb. When the company opened at the Fullers' Theatre, Sydney, in mid-March, however, it featured only Stiffy and Mo. Once again 'Stiffy and Mo' broke box-office records wherever they appeared, including a tour of New Zealand. A number of historians have recorded the New Zealand tour as Stiffy and Mo's last time together on stage, but research undertaken in the early-2000s has revealed that the pair actually played their final season together at Fullers' Theatre, Sydney between 1 and 7 December 1928. The following night Rene opened at the same theatre with his own company, Mo and his Merrymakers. Nat Phillips travelled to Melbourne, opening at the Bijou Theatre on 10 December with a re-formed Whirligigs (featuring 'Stiffy and 'Erb').

Merrymakers / Strike Me Lucky / Tivoli Years (1929-1945)
In April 1929 Rene accepted an engagement from Clay’s Bridge Theatre Company to tour its Sydney circuit. He and Sadie Gale, a member of the Merrymakers, married in Sydney on 3 July that same year. Barely a month later the couple took a re-formed Merrymakers troupe through Northern New South Wales and regional Queensland for Clay’s.

After the conclusion of the Queensland tour, Rene and Gale travelled to Melbourne to appear in Frank Neil's production of Clowns in Clover at the King's Theatre. Three weeks after the start of the King's Theatre season, the couple joined a number of the other cast members in presenting matinee productions of Mother Goose, while also appearing in Clowns in Clover at night. While performing on 7 January 1930 Rene collapsed from peritonitis. Somewhat surprisingly, the symptoms had first started to manifest towards the end of the Queensland tour, but once back in Melbourne Rene had been too busy to seek medical help. He was immediately rushed to hospital where he almost died. Following his operation he remained in hospital until 15 April. Roy Rene returned to the theatre in mid-1930 for H. D. McIntosh in a revue, Pot Luck, at the Tivoli, Melbourne, but business was bad because of the Great Depression. Rene and Sadie resorted to a tour of Hoyts' suburban theatres in Sydney, followed by a brief vaudeville season in New Zealand, but the Fullers were disbanding their revue companies. In April 1931 Rene joined Connors and his wife Queenie Paul, who had successfully opened low-priced, weekly-change variety at the New Haymarket Theatre, Sydney. By 1932 the Connors had taken over the Melbourne Tivoli and converted the old Sydney Opera House to the new Tivoli, where Rene and Jim Gerald continued to appear after the Connors sold out in mid-1933.

In 1934 he made his only film, Strike Me Lucky, for Ken G. Hall at Cinesound. Film was not his medium, however, as rapport with a live audience was essential to his comedy, and this is partly reflected in its poor acceptance by critics and lower than expected box-office return. Ken G. Hall's direction has also been criticised. Strike Me Lucky's storyline centres on the friendship between Mo McIsaac, who is broke and behind in his rent, and Miriam, a young girl who claims to be an orphan, but who is in fact the runaway daughter of a rich aristocrat. The title is in reference to one of Rene’s vaudeville catch-phrases.

Early the next year, Rene played in Ernest C. Rolls's lavish revue, Rhapsodies of 1935, at the Apollo Theatre, Melbourne. In 1935–36, in partnership with Connors and Paul, he appeared in variety in Sydney and Melbourne, then returned to the Tivoli at the instigation of English producer Wallace Parnell. By early 1939 Rene was in conflict with Frank Neil, general manager of the Tivoli, who terminated his contract: on Neil's death in January 1941, Parnell immediately reinstated him. Throughout World War II Rene played to packed houses, but his contract was not renewed in 1945.

Radio star
Turning to radio in 1946, Rene signed a contract with Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd to appear in program Calling the Stars with a live audience at the 2GB theatrette in Sydney; his much-acclaimed "McCackie Mansion" segment was a highlight. Living at 13 Coffin Street, "Mo" was the suburban householder whose life was made miserable by relatives, neighbours and friends. He later appeared in Cavalcade with Jack Davey, and as Professor McCackie in It Pays to be Ignorant.

Rene briefly returned to the stage in 1949 in the revue, McCackie Moments, at the Kings in Melbourne. By the time his radio contract expired in 1950 he was plagued by ill health, but he appeared once in McCackie Manor for the Australian Broadcasting Commission in 1951 and, in 1952, starred in The New Atlantic Show, again capturing a nationwide audience.

Rene died of atherosclerotic heart disease at his home at Kensington, New South Wales, on 22 November 1954, and was buried in the Jewish section of Rookwood Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, son and daughter.

Although largely unknown overseas, "Mo" was hailed by visiting celebrities, such as Dame Sybil Thorndike and Jack Benny, as a comic genius in the company of Charlie Chaplin. Lecherous, leering and ribald, he epitomized the Australian "lair", always trying to "make a quid" or to "knock off a sheila", yet some of his funniest moments were when he was being "posh", as in his outrageous parody, with Sadie, of Noël Coward's Private Lives.

He was a Freemason.

Legacy and influence
The memory of Rene lives on in the Mo Awards, presented annually for excellence in live performance. The statuette presented to the recipients is in the form of Rene in his Mo McCackie persona.

Garry McDonald played Roy Rene/Mo in the 1977 theatre production Young Mo, written by Steve J. Spears, and on television in the 1980s.

title: Roy Rene


text:
Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)

The Economic Affairs Committee of the ECOSOCC deals with financial matters within Africa, like:

 * Economic integration.
 * Monetary and financial affairs.
 * Private sector development, including the informal sector and resource mobilization.

The Chairperson of the Committee is Moses Tito Kachima


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Snapcase

Snapcase is an American hardcore punk band from Buffalo, New York. Their records were released on the Chicago record label Victory Records. During the course of the band's initial run of fourteen years, they released six studio albums before disbanding in 2005.

Formation
The band was originally conceived in 1989 in a basement in West Seneca, New York, and was named Solid State. In 1989, the lineup was guitarist Scott Dressler, then 15 years of age, 17-year-old drummer Mike Kimaid, Daryl Taberski, age 18 on bass, and Tiger Balduf, the eldest at 19 on vocals. Prior to recording their first demo as Solid State on January 30, 1990, Quest for Reality, Tiger Balduf left the band to get married, and Mike Kimaid left to join the Lockport, New York-based band The Watchmen. Drafted to take their places were Chris Galas on vocals and Peter Dawidzik on drums. Soon after recording, Peter Dawidzik left the band to go to school. On May 22, 1990, Solid State recorded their second demo, Accept Your Fate, with their friend Mike Lampe, who had assisted with the previous demo, as well. At the time of recording, the band was composed of Chris Galas on vocals, Scott Dressler playing guitar, Jason Kourkounis on drums, and Daryl Taberski on bass.

During the spring of 1991, Solid State went through a big lineup shift; Kourkounis left the band to pursue other musical interests, and Kimaid rejoined the band along with The Watchmen guitarist Joe Smith, making the band a five-piece. After these changes to their lineup, the band decided to change their name to Snapcase. Between the years of 1991 and 1992, Snapcase recorded two demos with Dennis Fura, Break The Silence and King of the Mountain. In 1992 the band was signed to Chicago hardcore label Victory Records and recorded their first 7 inch, Comatose, with Mike Sac and Robby Takac that year.

There was a line-up change following the release date of the single; Taberski moved over to vocals, replacing Chris Galas, Bob Whiteside from Buffalo, New York band Support took over on bass, and Jon Salemi, who played drums in Support, joined to replace Joe Smith, who left for school. In 1993, Kimaid left the band after partially recording the band's first album and was replaced by former Buffalo, New York-based Slugfest drummer, Timothy Redmond, who performed on the rest of the tracks. Snapcase's first full-length recording, Lookinglasself, was released in 1993 and was recorded with Don Fury and Fred Betschen.

In early 1995, the band released the Steps EP, which they recorded with Fred Betschen. This was the last recording to feature Scott Dressler, who left the band in the fall of 1995 to go to graduate school. He was replaced by Frank Vicario of Buffalo, New York band Fadeaway. In the summer of 1996, The California Takeover was released which featured live recordings from Snapcase, Earth Crisis, and Strife.

Progression Through Unlearning and Designs for Automotion
Progression Through Unlearning was recorded and mixed in a period of two weeks with producer Steve Evetts at Trax East in New Jersey. Guitarist Jon Salemi recorded the album with "full-blown chicken pox" and noted that the album's recording was "very, very quick." The album was released in April 1997.

The album is considered to be revolutionary by many fans of hardcore. The band set out on a summer tour, and featured performances on the Vans Warped Tour. One of the album's tracks, "Breaking and Reaching", was used by Cartoon Network's Toonami for promos of Mobile Fighter G Gundam in 2002. In the fall of 1997, the band took some time off so that members could pursue education. In 1998, the band resumed touring, and was the opening band on the fall tour of the Deftones and Quicksand. They also went into the studio with Brian McTernan in the fall of 1998 to record a cover of the Bad Brains "I", released on Century Media's Never Give In tribute record, and a split EP with Boysetsfire that was released in the summer of 1999. These were the last recordings with bassist Bob Whiteside. He was replaced by Dustin Perry, formerly of the Minnesota band Threadbare. They headlined Hellfest that summer in Syracuse, New York.

Designs for Automotion, the band's third full-length album, was recorded in the summer of 1999 with Steve Evetts was released in January 2000. They spent most of 2000 on tour, performing on the Deconstruction tour in Europe with NOFX and playing the main stage of the Vans Warped Tour in the summer. Ben Lythberg began playing drums for the band during the fall, winter and spring while Redmond finished his master's degree.

End Transmission and Bright Flashes
In 2002, the band focused their creative energy on crafting their new album, End Transmission, with Brian McTernan at Salad Days Studios. The result became their fourth full-length album, which was released in September 2002. Redmond officially left the band soon after the release of the album and was permanently replaced by Lythberg. Snapcase toured that fall with Boysetsfire and Atreyu. Their final international tour was in early 2003. They opened for Bad Religion and Finch in the spring of 2003. Bright Flashes was released in November 2003. Featuring songs that were recorded for the conceptual End Transmission album, it also included covers of songs by Helmet, Devo, and Jane's Addiction, and three remixes of songs from End Transmission.

Final concert and subsequent activities
The band announced in November 2004 that they would be disbanding, and played their final show in January 2005 in Buffalo, New York. The final show featured appearances by nearly every member who had ever played in the band. Redmond, Dressler, and Whiteside joined Salemi and Taberski for a performance of the song "Lookinglasself", and original vocalist Chris Galas joined them for the song "Comatose".

Most of the band members of Snapcase found jobs after disbanding. Timothy Redmond taught AP Government, Global History, The Turbulent Sixties, and Human Rights and Genocide at Williamsville East High School and Scott Dressler was an Assistant Professor of Economics at Villanova University. After Snapcase dissolved, Vicario, Perry and Lythberg briefly participated in the band Attractive with Josh English from the band Sixgoingonseven. Vicario was working on new projects, but he primarily focused on his job in the technology industry.

Reunion shows
Snapcase reunited briefly in late 2007 on November 20 at Mohawk Place in their hometown of Buffalo, New York, and on November 24 and 25 at the Music Hall of Williamsburg in Brooklyn. The reunion shows were performed for the benefit of Callum Robbins and the release of the Anti-Matter Anthology book release.

In early 2010, Snapcase confirmed to play a series of shows in Europe including a performance at the 2010 Groezrock Festival in Belgium and also confirmed a reunion show with Sick of It All in Buffalo, New York, for May 8, 2010. Guitarist Frank Vicario later stated that the band had no intention of doing an extended reunion beyond the European and Buffalo, New York, shows.

Snapcase was later forced to cancel their previously announced European reunion shows due to the eruption of Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull and its resulting ash plume engulfing much of Europe's airspace. The band remarked on their Twitter account that it could be at least three weeks before they'd be able to book different flights. The band still performed in their hometown of Buffalo, New York, on May 8. European dates have since been rescheduled for July 2010. Snapcase performed at Fun Fun Fun Fest 2010 in Austin, Texas and played day four of Riot Fest 2010 in Chicago at the Congress Theater.

Sick of It All announced that Snapcase would be supporting them at their 25th Anniversary show at New York City's Webster Hall on March 26, 2011.

On June 12, 2012, Snapcase announced that they have booked a September 14 show at the Outer Harbor in Buffalo, New York, with Dropkick Murphys.

On July 23, 2015, Snapcase played the tenth annual This Is Hardcore Festival at Union Transfer in Philadelphia.

On February 26, 2016, Snapcase played a 25th anniversary show at the Town Ballroom in Buffalo.

Members

 * Current members
 * Daryl Taberski – vocals (1992–2005, 2007, 2010–present) ; bass (1989–1992)
 * Jon Salemi – guitar (1992–2005, 2007, 2010–present)
 * Frank Vicario – guitar (1995–2005, 2007, 2010–present)
 * Dustin Perry – bass (1999–2005, 2007, 2010–present)
 * Timothy Redmond – drums (1993–2002, 2005 invited, 2007, 2010–present)

 * Former members
 * Tiger Balduf – vocals (1989–1990)
 * Chris Galas – vocals (1990–1992, 2005 invited)
 * Scott Dressler – guitar (1989–1995, 2005 invited)
 * Joe Smith – guitar (1991–1992)
 * Bob Whiteside – bass (1992–1999, 2005 invited)
 * Mike Kimaid – drums (1989–1990, 1991–1993)
 * Peter Dawidzik – drums (1990)
 * Jason Kourkounis – drums (1990–1991)
 * Ben Lythberg – drums (2000 touring, 2002–2005)

Studio albums

 * Lookinglasself (1993)
 * Progression Through Unlearning (1997)
 * Designs for Automotion (2000)
 * End Transmission (2002)
 * Bright Flashes (2003)

EPs and singles

 * Snapcase (1991)
 * Comatose (1992)
 * Steps (1995)
 * Energy Dome (2000)
 * Two Songs (2002)

Splits

 * Snapcase / Doughnuts (1995?)
 * Snapcase vs. BoySetsFire (1999)

Demos

 * Quest for Reality (1990)
 * Accept Your Fate (1990)
 * Break the Silence (1991)
 * King of the Mountain (1992)

Compilations

 * Only the Strong MCMXCII (1993) "Fields of Illusion"
 * Anti-Matter (1995) "Vent"
 * Reason for Living (1996) "Caboose"
 * The California Takeover (1996)
 * Violent World – A Tribute to the Misfits (1997) "She"
 * Never Give In – A Tribute to Bad Brains (1998) "I"
 * No Borders (1999) "Box Seat"
 * To the Bone (1999) "Typecast Modulator"
 * Xtreme Rock: Music That Changed Our Lives ([1999]) "Caboose"
 * Incompatible Vol. 3 (2000) "Ambition Now"
 * For Those Who Stand (2001) "Break The Static"

title: Snapcase


text:
M-55 (Michigan highway)

M-55 is a state trunkline highway in the northern part of the US state of Michigan. M-55 is one of only three state highways that extend across the Lower Peninsula from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan; the others are M-46 and M-72. The highway crosses through rural forest and farmlands to connect Manistee with Tawas City. M-55 crosses two of the major rivers in the state. Two sections of the highway follow along freeways near Cadillac and West Branch. Running for 150.944 mi through the state, M-55 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT).

The highway was first designated by July 1, 1919 along a portion of the current roadway. In a series of extensions, M-55 was lengthened to connect its current endpoints by the early 1930s. The trunkline has been rerouted in sections since that time resulting in the modern roadway alignment. One set of changes produced a business loop in the Houghton Lake area.

Route description
M-55 starts at a three-way intersection with US Highway 31 (US 31) north of Manistee. The trunkline runs southeast on Caberfae Highway over the Manistee River and through the Peters and Highpoint bayous. The highway passes near the community of Eastlake before turning eastward through forest land. In eastern Manistee County, the roadway crosses the Pine River south of the Tippy Dam Pond in Wellston. M-55 intersects M-37 in western Wexford County southwest of the Caberfae Peaks Ski & Golf Resort. The roadway turns northeasterly along the south shore of Lake Mitchell where it then curves southeasterly to run concurrently along M-115 along the south shore of Lake Cadillac and through the south side of Cadillac. At the interchange with the US 131 freeway, M-55 merges north along the freeway, bypassing downtown Cadillac.

On the east side of town, M-55 leaves the freeway and turns east again running through the Pere Marquette State Forest along Watergate Road. When the highway meets M-66, M-55 joins M-66 and runs north through farmland. As the two highways approach Lake City, they run along the shore of Lake Missaukee and through downtown. M-55 turns east again along Houghton Lake Road, separating from M-66 north of the central business district. This section of trunkline passes through mixed farm and wood lands that transitions to mostly forests near Merritt. The road crosses the Muskegon River and follows Lake City Road into the outskirts of Houghton Lake. M-55 passes over the US 127 freeway and enters Houghton Lake Heights. There the highway runs southeasterly along the shores of Houghton Lake into downtown Houghton Lake. M-18 briefly joins M-55 through Prudenville on the east side of the lake, and M-55 follows West Branch Road as it continues east toward Interstate 75 (I-75).

M-55 follows I-75 between exits 227 and 215, a distance of about 12 mi. This section is the only part of M-55 that has been listed on the National Highway System, a system of roads important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. From the end of the freeway concurrency, M-55 follows Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) into downtown West Branch. After leaving town, the highway runs through farm lands in rural Ogemaw and Iosco counties. The highway curves southeast into Tawas City. The eastern end of M-55 is at an intersection with US 23 along the shores of the Tawas Bay of Lake Huron.

History
M-55 had its beginning by July 1, 1919 when it was designated from Cadillac to Merritt. In 1926, M-55 was extended eastward to Houghton Lake over a section of the former M-14 that was not used for the then-new US 27. At the same time, another segment of the highway was designated between M-76 at West Branch and US 23 at Whittemore. The next year, M-55 was routed along sections of US 27 and M-76 between the two communities. A western extension was added from Cadillac to US 31 near Manistee in 1932 while the eastern end was shifted from Whittemore to Tawas City when US 23 was rerouted through the area.

Segments of M-55 have been relocated in the years since the basic routing was completed in the early 1930s. A more direct route from West Branch eastward was created in 1938. Prior to the construction of present-day Hemlock Road through Tawas City, M-55 entered Tawas City via present-day Plank Road, Second Street, Fifth Avenue, and Mathews Street, ending at the present-day intersection of US 23 and Mathews Street. In 1949, US 27 was moved to run to the west of Houghton and Higgins lakes. M-55 was shifted to run concurrently southward along the former M-169 which was replaced by US 27. At the intersection with the former US 27, M-55 was routed east, and the former route of M-55 was designated as a new M-169. In 1950, this M-169 was redesignated Business M-55 (Bus. M-55). M-55 was rerouted off US 27 when the US 27 freeway was completed in the area. In rerouting M-55, it was shifted back to its former routing through Houghton Lake Heights, replacing Bus. M-55 in late 1961.

The last gravel segments were paved in Iosco County between late 1958 and early 1960. Another segment east of Cadillac to M-66 south of Lake City was realigned in 1973. At the same time, M-55 was co-signed with a portion of the newly opened stretch of I-75 between M-157 and West Branch. The last routing change was made in November 2000 when the southern segment of the Cadillac bypass was opened. M-55 was moved out of downtown Cadillac and along the freeway and M-115. US 131 joined M-55 on the bypass the next October when the northern half of the bypass was completed in 2001.

Business loop
Business M-55 (Bus. M-55) was a business loop designated for just over a decade in Houghton Lake Heights. Bus. M-55 ran for 2.898 mi along Houghton Lake Drive between US 27 and Federal Drive next to the Houghton Lake. M-55 was shifted off the road when several highways in the Houghton Lake area were rerouted. US 27 was moved to the west side of the lakes in the area, and M-55 was moved follow US 27, replace the original M-169 in the area and replace a section of the former routing of US 27 in Houghton Lake in 1949. By early 1950, the former route of M-55 through Houghton Lake Heights was designated Bus. M-55. This business loop existed until the US 27 freeway was built in the area in late 1961. At that time, M-55 was moved back to its pre-1949 routing, replacing Bus. M-55.

title: M-55 (Michigan highway)


text: User talk:68.44.184.172

title: User talk:68.44.184.172


text:
Secondary liability

Secondary liability, or indirect infringement, arises when a party materially contributes to, facilitates, induces, or is otherwise responsible for directly infringing acts carried out by another party. The US has statutorily codified secondary liability rules for trademarks and patents, but for matters relating to copyright, this has solely been a product of case law developments. In other words, courts, rather than Congress, have been the primary developers of theories and policies concerning secondary liability.

Early case law
Secondary liability in copyright has come about with case-by-case decisions. In other words, there has not been any real or consolidated theory. Furthermore, patent and copyright cases have tended to cross-cite each other. Examples of this are cases such as Kalem Co. v. Harper Brothers (the producer of the movie Ben Hur did not himself infringe, but was responsible for making and commercially distributing the infringing film), Shapiro, Bernstein and Co. v. H.L. Green Co. (a booth in a department store that sold infringing sound recordings and the store was ultimately held liable), and the so-called "dance hall" cases (the operator of an entertainment establishment was held liable because he had effective control of the premises and obtained a direct financial benefit derived from charging entrance fees to the public).

The Copyright Act of 1790 did not provide a formal definition of infringement, stating only that "any person or persons who shall print or publish any manuscript, without the consent and approbation of the author or proprietor thereof... shall be liable to suffer and pay to the said author or proprietor all damages occasioned by such injury." Furthermore, the Copyright Act of 1909 simply provided that any person who "shall infringe the copyright in any work protected under the copyright laws of the United States... shall be liable" for various remedies.

Despite the fact that the Copyright Act of 1909 did not explicitly establish liability for acts committed by a party different than the direct infringer, several cases decided under this Act set forth the guidelines under which a party may be deemed secondarily liable. Examples of the gradual recognition by courts of copyright liability extending to those who contribute to or vicariously profit from the infringing acts of others are Fishel v. Lueckel and Kalem Co. v. Harper Brothers.

Types
There are generally two kinds of secondary liability developed by courts – vicarious liability and contributory liability. Although the line between these categories of liability is blurry, a precondition for all forms of secondary liability is the underlying act (or acts) of infringement. However, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/ecourse/cases/netcom.htm 907 F. Supp. 1361, **36, citing 3 NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 12.04{A}{1}, at 12-70] (1995)

Some academics have classified the active inducement adopted in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. as a new type of secondary liability because it is based on express acts of inducement and not on a mere failure to act; furthermore, the specific intent to bring about infringing acts is another important factor in this analysis.

Vicarious liability
One of the theories widely accepted as a basis for liability in copyright infringement cases is vicarious liability. The concept of vicarious liability was developed in the Second Circuit as an extension of the common law doctrine of agency – respondeat superior (the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate). Pursuant to this doctrine, courts recognized that employers should be liable for the infringing acts of their employees under traditional master-servant principles. An example of this is M. Witmark & Sons v. Calloway.

Beyond the master-servant context, however, courts have extended liability to those who profit from infringing activity when an enterprise has the right and ability to prevent the infringement. Under Dreamland Ball Room v. Shapiro, Bernstein & Co., "'[T]he owner of a dance hall at whose place copyrighted musical compositions are played in violation of the rights of the copyright holder is liable, if the playing be for the profit of the proprietor of the dance hall. And this is so even though the orchestra be employed under a contract that would ordinarily make it an independent contractor.'" By contrast, courts did not extend liability to landlords who leased premises to a direct infringer for a fixed rental and did not participate directly in organizing or soliciting the infringing activity. For example, Deutsch v. Arnold, Fonovisa v. Cherry Auction (extending liability to the operator of a swap meet who repeatedly leased booth space to concessionaires selling infringing tapes).

The landmark case on vicarious liability for sales of counterfeit recordings is Shapiro, Bernstein and Co. v. H.L. Green Co. In Shapiro, the court was faced with a copyright infringement suit against the owner of a chain of department stores where a concessionaire was selling counterfeit recordings. The Shapiro court ultimately imposed liability, even though the defendant was unaware of the infringement, reasoning that the store proprietor had the power to cease the conduct of the concessionaire, and because the proprietor obtained direct financial benefit from the infringement.

Contributory liability
Contributory liability or contributory infringement has been widely defined as a form of liability on the part of someone who is not directly infringing but nevertheless is making contributions to the infringing acts of others. Material contributions to the act (or enabling thereof), as well as knowledge of the act itself, are key elements of contributory liability. Additionally, in the course of performing such material contributions, the parties know that they are materially infringing copyrighted content.

Contributory liability is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability. Contributory liability holds the third party liable for the primary act based on the third party's relationship with the actual harm – either by enabling or by benefiting from it. As the court stated in Gershwin Publ'g Corp. v. Columbia Artists Mgmt.: “ "one who, with knowledge of the infringing activity, induces, causes, or materially contributes ... may be held liable as a contributory infringer."

Not long after the passage of the 1976 Copyright Act, the scope of contributory infringement liability was tested in a case in which the copyright owners claimed that the sale of a recording device – the VCR – illegally contributed to infringement. In Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. was established a variant on contributory liability claims with respect to technologies. When Universal City Studios initially sued Sony for making and selling the Betamax, the theory was that Sony materially contributed to acts of infringement performed by users of the Betamax, and knew or had reason to know that the technology would be used for infringing purposes. The Supreme Court of the United States held that, even though material contributions and knowledge of the infringement are generally sufficient to establish secondary liability, in the case of infringing technology, contributory liability cannot be imposed unless the technology lacks substantial non-infringing uses. As the Court phrased the Sony exception with regard to new technologies: "The sale of copying equipment, like the sale of other articles of commerce, does not constitute contributory infringement if the product is widely used for legitimate, unobjectionable purposes. Indeed, it need merely be capable of substantial noninfringing uses."

Liability of internet service providers (ISPs)
Regarding internet communications, sometimes the most promising remedy is only available from the standpoint of the internet intermediary (e.g. delete the post, take down the link). In fact, the internet is a special field for secondary liability, because the open architecture of the internet facilitates many communications and users need intermediaries in order to access and contact each other's services.

The question of whether Internet service providers (ISPs) should be held liable for the actions of network users is unresolved. As to copyright, however, ISPs remain liable, in all territories, as primary, direct infringers of copyright if, and only to the extent, that they are direct actors and make copies on behalf of their customers, so the issue of additional secondary liability is less significant in a case where direct liability is alleged. An ISP's direct liability arises from the ISP's own actions, not the actions of another party.

Recent statutes in the United States (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) and the European Union have provided significant, though not total, immunity from primary copyright liability that, in the absence of those statutes, would exist for ISPs.

The DMCA states four safe harbors: (a) Transitory network communications (b) System caching (c) Information storage and (d) Information location tools. The last three have so called “notice & take down” rules for specificity in notice of infringement, counter-notice and put-back and liability if false notice has been given.

In order to be eligible for the safe harbor provisions, it is required that the service provider has adopted and reasonably implemented a policy to terminate the accounts of repetitive infringers. In addition, ISPs must accommodate and not interfere with standard technical measures used by copyright owners to protect their works.

As to trademarks, in the absence of statutory guidance, courts have extended both types of secondary liability (vicarious and contributory) to third parties, including in some circumstances ISPs. Here, too, the question whether ISPs will be held liable for the acts of their infringing customers will depend on the degree of the ISP's knowledge and involvement in the specific infringing activity.

In the future
Future treatment of secondary liability by US courts is uncertain. Some cases and commentators have argued for broadening secondary liability through cost–benefit analysis, multi-factor balancing tests, or simply basing it on technical designs or business models.

The proposed EU directive would make aiding and abetting infringement a basis for liability. In light of the above, it is permissible to conclude that there is no consensus on this issue.

title: Secondary liability


text:
Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland

Walter Stewart (c. 1296 – 9 April 1327) was the 6th Hereditary High Steward of Scotland and  was the father of King Robert II of Scotland, the first Stewart monarch.

Origins
He was born at Bathgate Castle, West Lothian, Scotland, the eldest son and heir of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland (c. 1260-1309) by his third wife Giles (Latinised to Egidia) de Burgh, a daughter of the Irish nobleman Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster.

Career
At the age of 21 Walter fought against the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 where according to some sources, together with Douglas he commanded the left wing of the Scots' army, but according to other sources was (due to his youth and inexperience) merely the nominal leader of one of the four (or three ) Scottish schiltrons, the effective leader being his cousin James Douglas, Lord of Douglas.

For his services at Bannockburn, Walter was appointed Warden of the Western Marches and was rewarded with a grant of the lands of Largs, which had been forfeited by King John Balliol. In 1316 Stewart donated those lands to Paisley Abbey.

Following the liberation of King Robert the Bruce's wife, Elizabeth de Burgh, and daughter, Marjorie, from their long captivity in England in October 1314, Walter the High Steward was sent to receive them at the Anglo-Scottish Border and conduct them back to the Scottish royal court. Soon after, in 1315, he married Marjorie, receiving the Barony of Bathgate in Linlithgowshire as part of his wife's dowry.

During the absence of King Robert the Bruce in Ireland, Walter the High Steward and Sir James Douglas managed government affairs and spent much time defending the Scottish Borders. Upon the capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 he took command of the town which subsequently on 24 July 1319 was besieged by King Edward II of England. Several of the siege engines were destroyed by the Scots' garrison whereupon Walter the Steward suddenly rushed in force from the walled town to drive off the enemy. In 1322, with Douglas and Thomas Randolph, he made an attempt to surprise the English king at Byland Abbey, near Malton in Yorkshire, but Edward escaped, pursued towards York by Walter the Steward and 500 horsemen.

Around 1320/26, Walter, Steward of Scotland, granted by charter to John St. Clair, his valet, the lands of Maxton, Roxburghshire, one of the witnesses being Roberto de Lauwedir tunc justiciario Laudonie ("Robert de Lauder, then Justiciar of Lothian").

Marriages and children
He married twice:
 * Firstly in 1315 to Princess Marjorie, the only daughter of King Robert I of Scotland by his first wife Isabella of Mar. Marjorie died in March 1316 giving birth to their only child:
 * King Robert II of Scotland (born 1316-died 1390), the first monarch of the House of Stewart who reigned as King of Scotland from 1371 to his death in 1390.
 * Secondly he married Isabel de Graham, believed to have been a daughter of Sir John Graham of Abercorn, by whom he had three further children:
 * John Stewart of Ralston.
 * Sir Andrew Stewart, knight.
 * Egidia Stewart, who married three times: firstly to Sir James Lindsay of Crawford Castle; secondly to Sir Hugh Eglinton; and thirdly to Sir James Douglas of Dalkeith.

Death and burial
He died on 9 April 1327 at Bathgate Castle and was buried in the Abbey Church of Paisley, alongside his first wife, Marjorie Bruce, and his five High Steward ancestors. A memorial on the wall of the Abbey is inscribed as follows: "In everlasting memory of the High Stewards of Scotland. Here rest their bodies where stood the high altar of this Abbey Church of Paisley."


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pool party

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pool party
another group of friends declares their lifestyle to be a movement. Ineffable, perhaps, but not encyclopedic. FreplySpang (talk) 23:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy as joke. Obviously not meant to be taken seriously. Excerpt: "Official Urniating: The Tinkle Official Bowell Movement: The Dump"  I'm sure there could be a real article about pool parties, but we'd be better off deleting this one first. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:06, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this nonsense before someone edits these comments again. - DS1953 00:08, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Joke. --Xcali 00:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * WTF? Speedy Delete as patent nonsense! --Doc (?) 00:24, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) (and block the vandal!)
 * Added vandal to WP:VIP --Xcali 00:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. This article is complete crap. Jacob1207 01:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then redirect the phrase to Party, maybe adding to that article the statement that some parties are held in swimming pools. -- BD2412 talk 01:51, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Added that info to party, redirect away. -- BD2412 talk 01:54, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as nonsense, though I think vandalism would have been a more appropriate reason. Denni ☯ 03:54, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bob program

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:05, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bob program
Non-notable, possibly nonsense. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 23:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) Keep! I've heard of this program. Arizonaland 23:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Claims to be a religion/exercise program that uses pushups to help people gain sexual prowess, but "Your search - "Bob Program" "push up" - did not match any documents." Smells like a hoax; delete unless verified and proven notable. Meelar (talk) 00:00, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Meelar. Jacob1207 01:13, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to Microsoft Bob SchmuckyTheCat 04:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Category:Oregon Country

This category includes articles related to the history of the Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest of North America, from first U.S. and British settlement in the area in the late 18th century up through the establishment of the Oregon Territory in 1848. The area includes the present-day states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and western Montana and Wyoming, as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia.

Most articles relate to the pre-Oregon Treaty (1846) area but some involve the aftermath and consequences of that treaty. Articles relating to the Oregon Country in its guise as the Hudson's Bay Company's Columbia District, or to British exploration and claims and other activities, may also be included, as the Columbia District and Oregon Country were more or less the same in area. Therefore, locations, events and people in British Columbia will be listed as well as those that were in areas then conceived of as the Oregon Country, e.g. New Caledonia and Fort Kamloops.

title: Category:Oregon Country


text:
Gordita

A gordita (lit. 'chubby') in Mexican cuisine is a dish made with masa and stuffed with cheese, meat, or other fillings. It is similar to the Colombian and Venezuelan arepa. There are two main variations of this dish, one of which is typically fried in a deep wok-shaped comal, consumed mostly in central and southern Mexico, and another one baked on a regular comal. The most common and representative variation of this dish is the "gordita de chicharrón", filled with chicharron (a spiced stew of pork rind) which is widely consumed throughout Mexico. Gorditas are often eaten as a lunch dish and accompanied by several types of sauce.

Variations
A gordita is typically prepared as a thick tortilla. The dough is most commonly made of nixtamalized corn flour, as also used for tortillas, but can also be of wheat flour, particularly in northern Mexico close to the U.S border. An old variant of corn gorditas uses masa quebrada (broken dough) where the cornmeal is coarsely ground, leaving bits of broken grain.

In the deep-fried version, once the masa has been prepared, it is separated in small portions, then each one is filled with meat, and shaped like an oblong disc. The pastry is immersed in boiling oil until golden and crispy on the outside. After cooking, the gordita is allowed to stand to drain excess oil, then a small slit is cut into one side to allow vapor and excessive heat to release, and lime juice and salsa are poured inside, which gives the gordita its characteristic flavor. In some regions of Mexico, the slit is also used to stuff additional ingredients, mostly dressings such as fresh cheese, nopal salad, tomatoes, guacamole, potatoes, beans or rajas (sautéed strips of chile). By tradition, gorditas are filled with chicharron, but there are local variations which substitute it by chicken stew, shredded beef, carne al pastor,  eggs with chorizo sausage, carnitas or picadillo.

The baked version is prepared almost identically to the preparation of a common tortilla, except it is thicker. When the masa is prepared, chicharrón is mixed directly in the dough, instead of being added later. Shaped like a flat circle, then it is placed in a comal until cooked, in most cases not adding additional oil. When slit and filled, this gordita looks like a sandwich made with tortillas instead of bread. This variation is known as Gordita de migas.

Regional variations
In central Mexico, gorditas commonly range from being relatively small, but bulky (about the size of a child's fist), to about the diameter of a "regular" tortilla. In northern Mexico they tend to be larger and flatter.

In most cases gorditas are shallow-fried with vegetable oil in a deep comal, but they can also be deep-fried, making the outside crisper.

In Durango and other states of Northern Mexico, gorditas are commonly made from wheat flour and look like small pita breads. The dough (masa) is identical to that of a wheat flour tortilla. It is cooked on a comal with a hot piece of metal placed on top that resembles a clothes iron. The gordita fills with steam, and a small slit is cut into one side where it can be filled with guisados.

Similar dishes

 * The Salvadoran dish pupusa is similar to a gordita, except completely sealed and typically served with curtido, a lightly pickled cabbage relish.
 * In Venezuela and Colombia an arepa (a type of cornbread) is often served stuffed with various ingredients. It is prepared in a similar way as a Mexican gordita, except the final dish is smaller and slimmer.
 * In China the roujiamo is a similar dish that means 'meat sandwiched in bread', is a street food originating from the cuisine of Shaanxi Province and widely consumed all over China.

Other gorditas

The fast food restaurant chain Taco Bell offers a wheat flour gordita that has limited similarity to gorditas as served in Mexico and is more akin to a pita bread taco.

In eastern and central Mexico "gorditas de nata" (cream gorditas) are consumed often as a breakfast dish or snack. It is a sweet cake similar to a tiny but extremely thick pancake made with milk cream or clotted cream, called nata in Mexico, cinnamon, sugar, and white wheat flour. They are named "gordita" too, due to their appearance, similar to the original fried gordita, but their taste is sweet, not salty. Besides their appearance, this snack is not related to the original one. The same flour preparation used to prepare gorditas de nata is also used to cook a flat cookie variation, which by extension it is also called "gordita", but in contrast, it is thin and crispy, not thick. To differentiate them, these flat cookies are called "sugar gorditas" instead.

title: Gordita


text: User talk:69.235.4.68

title: User talk:69.235.4.68


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sibiran.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:02, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sibiran.com
This page is apparently self-promotion and vanity. See also Votes for deletion/Davood Firoozian. AI 00:01, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. And the site is just contact info. --Etacar11 00:09, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad --Xcali 00:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jacob1207 01:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad, vanity, no content, seems to be non-notable. Aecis 13:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as self-promotion with no content. Falcon 23:52, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Zimmermann

Zimmermann is a German occupational surname for a carpenter. The modern German terms for the occupation of carpenter are Zimmerer, Tischler, or Schreiner, but Zimmermann is still used.

A variant of Zimmermann is Zimmerman. Other variants include Zimmermanns, Timmermann, Cymerman and Cimrman.

Notable people with the surname

 * Adolphus Zimmermann (1812–1891), American politician
 * Alain Zimmermann (born 1967), German businessman
 * Alexandra Zimmermann, British conservation scientist
 * Annika Zimmermann (born 1989), German journalist
 * Arthur Zimmermann (1864–1940), German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1917
 * Bodo Zimmermann (1886–1963), a German general during World War II
 * Dominikus Zimmermann (1685–1766), rococo architect
 * Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann (1743–1815), German geographer and zoologist
 * Eduard Zimmermann (1929–2009), German journalist
 * Elizabeth Zimmermann (1910–1999), British-born knitter and writer
 * Evan Zimmermann (born 1968), American businessman
 * Friedrich Zimmermann (1925–2012), German politician
 * Hubert Zimmermann (1941–2012), French computer networks scientist and entrepreneur
 * Jens Zimmermann (disambiguation), various people
 * Jérémie Zimmermann, (born 1978) co-founder of the Paris-based La Quadrature du Net
 * Jeri Lynn Zimmermann (born 1968), better known as Jeri Ryan, actress
 * Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann (1728–1795), Swiss philosopher and physician
 * Johann Jacob Zimmermann (1644–1693), German nonconformist
 * Joseph Zimmermann (engineer) (1912–2004), American inventor of the first successful answering machine
 * Lydia Zimmermann (born 1966), Spanish filmmaker
 * Marie Zimmermann (1878–1972), American designer
 * Paul Zimmermann (1895–1980), German SS-Brigadeführer
 * Paul Zimmermann (blacksmith) (born 1939), German blacksmith who created contemporary forge work
 * Paul Zimmermann (born 1964), French computational mathematician
 * Philip R. Zimmermann (born 1954), creator of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) e-mail encryption software
 * Pia Zimmermann (born 1956), German politician
 * Raquel Zimmermann (born 1983), Brazilian fashion model
 * Reinhard Zimmermann (born 1952), German jurist
 * Reinhard Sebastian Zimmermann (1815–1893), German artist
 * Sabine Zimmermann (TV host) (1951–2020), German TV host
 * Sabine Zimmermann (politician) (born 1960), German politician
 * Walter Max Zimmerman (1892–1980), German botanist
 * Warren Zimmermann (1934–2004), American ambassador
 * Wolfhart Zimmermann (1928–2016), German theoretical physicist

Composers

 * Anton Zimmermann (1741–1781), Austrian composer living and working in Bratislava
 * Bernd Alois Zimmermann (1918–1970), German composer of the opera Die Soldaten
 * Charles A. Zimmermann (1861-1916), American composer of marches and popular music
 * Udo Zimmermann (1943–2021), German composer from Dresden, not related
 * Walter Zimmermann (born 1949), German composer from Schwabach, not related

Musicians

 * Dan Zimmermann (born 1966), German drummer for power metal band Gamma Ray
 * Ethel Agnes Zimmermann, birth name of Ethel Merman (1908–1984), American singer and actress
 * Frank Peter Zimmermann (born 1965), German violinist
 * Josef Zimmermann,
 * German Cologne Cathedral organist
 * German weight lifter
 * Margarita Zimmermann (born 1942), Argentinian mezzo-soprano
 * Robert Allen Zimmerman (born 1941), American musician, best known as Bob Dylan
 * Tabea Zimmermann (born 1966), German violist

Sportspeople

 * Andréa Zimmermann (born 1976), Swiss ski mountaineer
 * Andreas Zimmermann (born 1969), German footballer
 * Bruce Zimmermann (born 1995), American baseball player
 * Christian Zimmermann (born 1961), German-Palestinian dressage rider
 * Christoph Zimmermann (born 1993), German footballer
 * Cyril Zimmermann (born 1976), Swiss football referee
 * Egon Zimmermann, (1939–2019) 1964 Olympic alpine skier from Austria
 * Egon Norbert Zimmermann (1933–2016), 1960 Olympic alpine skier from Austria and who married Penny Pitou
 * Felicia Zimmermann (born 1975), American Olympic fencer
 * Georg Zimmermann (born 1997), German cyclist
 * Herbert Zimmermann (football commentator) (1917–1966), German football commentator and Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipient
 * Herbert Zimmermann (footballer) (born 1954), German football player
 * Iris Zimmermann (born 1981), American Olympic fencer
 * Jordan Zimmermann (born 1986), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Pierre Zimmermann (bridge) (born 1955), Monegasque bridge player

title: Zimmermann


text:
Talk:The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat

Episodes
More episodes: http://www.wga.org/uploadedfiles/foreign_levies/t_z_Titles.pdf

http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/F/Film_Roman_Productions/The_Twisted_Adventures_of_Felix_the_Cat/more2.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.162.192.254 (talk) 02:21, 6 June 2011 (UTC) Who 20:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that IMDB didn't get it wrong? I note that both the TV episode list fan page, as well as the only online review IMDB has listed, both call it "Twisted Tales". Not only that, if you look at the cover art at both IMDB and the review page, the cover art gives the title as "Twisted Tales"! (I did check, and all the episodes listed on the thing listed on the review page are from the 95-96 season.) Now, perhaps the "Twisted Tales" variant was selected for the video re-release, and it's the cover art for that which we are seeing, but I would certainly want to make sure. (I'm not a Felix fan, I just did the article when it was listed on RfD.) Noel (talk) 14:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was pretty sure I remembered it as the "adventures", I just doubled checked with IMDB. The main hits I got for "tales" was in VHS/DVD release. I looked at a few other sources (dont have them handy atm) and they all showed "adventures" for the series. I will look more into it if you like, as long as its correctly listed I dont mind it being either one. Who? ¿ ? 18:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, unfortunately, after further review, although the majority of my sources, and memory, referred to it as "Adventures" the official offical felix site has it listed as "Tales". Unless for some odd reason they changed it over the years. Every reliable source I could find showed it as Adventures. I should have proposed the move, I was in a bit of a hurry working on something else at the time, still have a lot to get used to on wiki. I am not an admin, so I believe it would be in the best interest of wiki to revert it, if you aren't opposed. Any thoughts? <> Who ? ¿ ? 23:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think we have to be in any hurry to act; there's a redirect at the alternative title, so anyone looking up (or linking to) "Twisted Tales" is going to find the article. I'd rather take our time and get the definitive data. Have you tried e.g. contacting Film Roman and seeing what they say? Given all the stuff you've found, I can easily believe that both have been officially used; e.g. maybe it was "Adventures" back when it was on first-run TV, and "Tales" for the video re-release? Noel (talk) 23:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * PS: I wouldn't put too much stock in that "official felix site". If my guess that both names were officially used is correct, whoever did the site could easily have only known about the name used on the video re-release; that would of course be the one they'd use, so that anyone who wanted to buy one (i.e. revenue!) would look up that title. Noel (talk) 00:03, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I went looking to contact Film Roman and after searching all of the Felix website, could not even find a reference to "Adventures"; I figured that was pretty definitive and thought any responses from them would match what they have currently posted. I'll have to look further into finding a reliable contact for the history.  <> Who ? ¿ ?  00:08, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Title problems
Just for the record, the series was reviewed in various animation magazines at the time as "The Twisted Tales". The tapes I had of the series used the title, not just the commercial ones, the *theme song* included the repeated line "Twisted tales of Felix the cat," and the book The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons by Jeff Lenburg, 1998 edition, included that title. I normally don't use Lenburg as a source, as he is nootriously sloppy in much of his research, but in this case he's correct. It wouldn't be the first time that IMdb had something wrong and countless websites based the info off of IMDb and/or fuzzy memories. Go to Google groups and look at old posts in places like rec.arts.animation, which was active when the series premiered in 1995. It uses the "Tales" title. (I still need to correct the error on the Voicechasers site). Aleal 29 June 2005 05:15 (UTC)

As a final note, the title with "Adventures" does show up in occasionally more reliable sources, such as the resume of actor Pat Fraley, who worked on the series. So it's quite possible that the first was the working title when the show was in production (Lenburg claims it was to have been called "The New Adventures of Felix the Cat") and wasn't changed until it premiered. Okay, one more bit of evidence. From the resume of artist Milton Knight, who directed two episodes of the series: http://www.miltonknight.net/animation.html#felix In case more proof is needed, he might be worth contacting (I've e-mailed him before re other animation matters, and he seemed quite friendly). Aleal 29 June 2005 05:29 (UTC)

 * Hi thanks for your response and effort. I had emailed Film Roman staff awhile back, inquiring about the title change(s), and what it was originally. I have unfortunately not received a reply as of yet. As I told Noel, I did not just use IMDB, as I know they can be unreliable, and although the official felix site had it as "Tales", it may have been created by staff that did not know the appropriate history or naming.  If you find out anymore information, it would be greatly appreciated, as I have no personal preference on the article title, except that of a correct one.   <> Who ? ¿ ?  29 June 2005 06:31 (UTC)

 * Aleal, thanks for that data: the info that it was "Tales" on the original TV broadcasts, and the contemporary reviews of it under "Tales", seem pretty definitive. I think you have a good guess that they changed it to "Tales" (which is shorter, plus it has that nice alliteration) before actual release. I'll move it back, and put a note in the article about "New Adventures" having been the pre-release working name. Noel (talk) 17:37, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat