text:
Talk:Bagram torture and prisoner abuse

NYT
I notice that this article relies on external liks to several to New York Times articles. It is my understandg that after two weeks, the NYT archive is now pay-only, so these articles may no longer be freely available. However, it is likely they have been republished elsewhere, the links should be updated. -- Viajero | Talk 19:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Yeah -- it's a problem. The Times links were closed last night when I was editing this, I only had access to them because I'm a subscriber. I'll try to do some alternate sourcing tonight, Godwilling. BrandonYusufToropov 19:47, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Scope
The article seems to be about any abuse that occurred at Bagram, but the lead-in is only about the homicides. I think the lead-in needs to be changed. Rich  Farmbrough 03:49 7  March 2006 (UTC).

NPOV Addition

I added a NPOV banner to this article.

The McCain portion needs to be rewritten, as it is most definantly not objective in regards to the Vietnam references. It is strongly preachy, and is clearly an attempt to try and criticize McCain without any basis in reality. I'm not saying that the material in the article is necessarily false, but it is irrelvant to the McCain Amendment, as well as his time as a tortured POW. I might be slightly more acquiescent if the article mentioned the torture and murder of South Vietnamese by the NVA, VC, Khmer Rouge, Pathet Lao and others, but THAT portion of the article is clearly biased, and needs to be either removed or reworded to conform to NPOV. '' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 4.159.125.82 (talk • contribs). 17:32, 2006 March 16

There is considerable debate about Carolyn Wood not being a notable person and the article being unencylopedic.Are not the other people tabled here (some with their own article page) even less so? '' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.2.131.127 (talk • contribs). 18:01, 2006 April 6

 * The current position of the Bush administration is to acknowledge that abuse has been committed by Armed Forces personnel -- but that there were only a few isolated incidents, committed, without authorization, by rogue personnel -- and most importantly for this article, 'all the perpetrators had been held accountable.

 * The high-profile perpetrators from Abu Ghraib, Lyndie England, Charles Graner and Ivan Frederick all got stiff sentences. But less publicized perpetrators, like Lewis Welshofer, and those implicated in the murders of these two Afghans, were either not charged at all, acquitted, or received trivially light sentences -- even though murder is a much more serious charge than any the Abu Ghraib seven were implicated with.

 * People are likely to look to the wikipedia to decide for themselves whether Condalleeza Rice's claim that the perpetrators had all been appropriately punished was credible. IMO that makes these individuals highly notable.  Readers deserve to know the actual charges and the actual punishments meted out to these individuals.  --  Geo Swan 15:40, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * What people have not realized is that there are no taxi cabs in or around Bagram AB. There is not even a city, but a small settlement.  While stationed there a month ago there were not even any motor vehicles other than the ones use by military personnel.  The man written about in the article could not have been a taxi driver unless he got lost and drove thirty miles from Kabul.  I have never heard of a taxi drive getting lost and accidentally ending up at the front gate of the largest military installation in region.69.138.61.215 06:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Where public transport is missing, taxi cabs play that role, not just in Afghanistan but everywhere in the third world. 30 miles is not an uncommon distance, if he were from Kabul. --85.178.5.4 10:03, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Ongoing investigations and prosecutions
I added the Blpdispute template to this section. Most of the US soldiers named here are listed with charges against them, but without citations for the charges. We need citations or the allegations of serious crimes committed by them need to be removed from Wikipedia. Kevinp2 04:49, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the citations Kevinp2 21:19, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Remove redlinked and acquitted people?
Quite a number of the people who were charged in these cases have been acquitted of all charges (or in at least one case, all charges were dropped), and are redlinked. Wouldn't it be appropriate to remove these people from this article? Seems like a bit of a BLP issue linking them to a crime of which they were acquitted. The acquitted people who have articles in WP are a different case, but the redlinked ones should be deleted. Horologium t-c 21:00, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
Another contributor suggested merging Zalmay Shah here. They applied the mergeto tag there. They did not apply a mergefrom tag here. Nor did they explain why they thought a merge would be a good idea.

When no-one commented, either way, they redirected Zalmay Shah here, without making any effort to merge, even though they had suggested merging.

I reverted their redirection, but I left the merge tag on the article.

Personally, I think this kind of merge is a very bad idea, for a number of reasons.

 * 1) Granularity: The superiority of wikis over plain ordinary world-wide-web pages rests largely on the bidirectional nature of wiki-linking.  On the WWW you can have no good idea of which pages point to the page you are on, you only know what pages it points to -- because the links are uni-directional.  In the ideal world we could freely link to paragraphs, sentences, phrases, or even individual words.  But we can't do that now, we can only link to other articles -- which are really files, in disguise.  So long as the atom, the basic unit of wikilinking is a an article (file), it is best to keep them as small as possible.
 * 2) Navigation: Unless one is using an obsolete computer it should be faster to click on a link, than to scroll through one part of a large article to another part.
 * 3) Who is in charge?: I want the reader to be in charge of how they traverse the web of human knowledge.  Why should the reader be restricted to an order designed by some know-it-all stuffed-shirt?  They should be able to traverse that web of human knowledge in the order that makes sense to them.  And this works best if our articles are small, focussed, and richly interlinked.

What about intra-article wikilinks, and wikilinks to sections of other articles? In my opinion, while it is possible to used both of these techniques, neither should be used. With different underlying software, that more fully supported these kinds of links, I would say "no problem". But the current software does not properly support these kinds of links. With redirection links still work, even if an article is moved to a different name. It is seamless, painless. Article to article wiki-links don't break when the article's names are changed. But wikilinks to a section in another article, or within the existing article, break if someone changes the target section name. Even the most trivial spelling, punctuation, or capitalization change to the section heading breaks the link. wikilink to section sucks.

Cheers! Geo Swan (talk) 23:38, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

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On the Aafia Siddiqui Section
@FDW777: Everything I said is completely relevant to this specific article. I have included details on how she ended up in Bagram and what caused it. In fact, if it is proven via a CIA Release that she was indeed held in Bagram, she'd be able to have a retrial proving her innocence, due to a central issue in her trial was whether or not her mental illnesses were "faked" due to the government denying she was even held in Bagram. In other words, Bagram is the center of her guilt/innocence, and thus anything I said should be kept. I would suggest you revert your reversion.(NerdyGenius1 (talk) 16:06, 21 January 2022 (UTC))

@FDW777: I have partially added ONLY matters relating to Bagram. I have included every account relating to her in Bagram. I also corrected factual errors in the second paragraph. If you have any issue with that, let me know. (NerdyGenius1 (talk) 16:28, 21 January 2022 (UTC))

 * You've still included off-topic information. The claims by her mother about men on motorcycles are not germane to whether she was held and supposedly abused at this particular facility. Also please stop using unreliable advocacy organisations as references. FDW777 (talk) 17:04, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I only added to what was already included. And since when were BBC and The Guardian "Unreliable Advocacy Organizations"? I will add something related to her time in Bagram solely from these sources then, and I guess "CSMonitor" as well. Is that cool? (NerdyGenius1 (talk) 17:13, 21 January 2022 (UTC))
 * When did I say anything about the BBC or the Guardian? And no, it isn't acceptable for you to add claims that are always attributed to her family, this isn't a soapbox. FDW777 (talk) 17:18, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I refer you again to WP:ONUS, should you restore any of the content objected to I will be asking for your block to be extended to this article. FDW777 (talk) 17:19, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

Causes of death
What was it that actually killed the detainees? The article take about their abuse but not about what actually killed them. That seems like a pretty important detail. Ender8282 (talk) 11:54, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bagram torture and prisoner abuse


text:
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy.

In scanning tunneling microscopy, a metal tip is moved over a conducting sample without making physical contact. A bias voltage applied between the sample and tip allows a current to flow between the two. This is as a result of quantum tunneling across a barrier; in this instance, the physical distance between the tip and the sample

The scanning tunneling microscope is used to obtain "topographs" - topographic maps - of surfaces. The tip is rastered across a surface and (in constant current mode), a constant current is maintained between the tip and the sample by adjusting the height of the tip. A plot of the tip height at all measurement positions provides the topograph. These topographic images can obtain atomically resolved information on metallic and semi-conducting surfaces

However, the scanning tunneling microscope does not measure the physical height of surface features. One such example of this limitation is an atom adsorbed onto a surface. The image will result in some perturbation of the height at this point. A detailed analysis of the way in which an image is formed shows that the transmission of the electric current between the tip and the sample depends on two factors: (1) the geometry of the sample and (2) the arrangement of the electrons in the sample. The arrangement of the electrons in the sample is described quantum mechanically by an "electron density". The electron density is a function of both position and energy, and is formally described as the local density of electron states, abbreviated as local density of states (LDOS), which is a function of energy.

Spectroscopy, in its most general sense, refers to a measurement of the number of something as a function of energy. For scanning tunneling spectroscopy the scanning tunneling microscope is used to measure the number of electrons (the LDOS) as a function of the electron energy. The electron energy is set by the electrical potential difference (voltage) between the sample and the tip. The location is set by the position of the tip.

At its simplest, a "scanning tunneling spectrum" is obtained by placing a scanning tunneling microscope tip above a particular place on the sample. With the height of the tip fixed, the electron tunneling current is then measured as a function of electron energy by varying the voltage between the tip and the sample (the tip to sample voltage sets the electron energy). The change of the current with the energy of the electrons is the simplest spectrum that can be obtained, it is often referred to as an I-V curve. As is shown below, it is the slope of the I-V curve at each voltage (often called the dI/dV-curve) which is more fundamental because dI/dV corresponds to the electron density of states at the local position of the tip, the LDOS.

Introduction
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy is an experimental technique which uses a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to probe the local density of electronic states (LDOS) and the band gap of surfaces and materials on surfaces at the atomic scale. Generally, STS involves observation of changes in constant-current topographs with tip-sample bias, local measurement of the tunneling current versus tip-sample bias (I-V) curve, measurement of the tunneling conductance, $$dI/dV$$, or more than one of these. Since the tunneling current in a scanning tunneling microscope only flows in a region with diameter ~5 Å, STS is unusual in comparison with other surface spectroscopy techniques, which average over a larger surface region. The origins of STS are found in some of the earliest STM work of Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, in which they observed changes in the appearance of some atoms in the (7 x 7) unit cell of the Si(111) – (7 x 7) surface with tip-sample bias. STS provides the possibility for probing the local electronic structure of metals, semiconductors, and thin insulators on a scale unobtainable with other spectroscopic methods. Additionally, topographic and spectroscopic data can be recorded simultaneously.

Tunneling current
Since STS relies on tunneling phenomena and measurement of the tunneling current or its derivative, understanding the expressions for the tunneling current is very important. Using the modified Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian method, which treats tunneling as a perturbation, the tunneling current (I) is found to be

where $$f\left(E\right)$$ is the Fermi distribution function, $$\rho_s$$ and $$\rho_T$$ are the density of states (DOS) in the sample and tip, respectively, and $$M_{\mu\nu}$$ is the tunneling matrix element between the modified wavefunctions of the tip and the sample surface. The tunneling matrix element,

describes the energy lowering due to the interaction between the two states. Here $$\psi$$ and $$\chi$$ are the sample wavefunction modified by the tip potential, and the tip wavefunction modified by sample potential, respectively.

For low temperatures and a constant tunneling matrix element, the tunneling current reduces to

which is a convolution of the DOS of the tip and the sample. Generally, STS experiments attempt to probe the sample DOS, but equation (3) shows that the tip DOS must be known for the measurement to have meaning. Equation (3) implies that

under the gross assumption that the tip DOS is constant. For these ideal assumptions, the tunneling conductance is directly proportional to the sample DOS.

For higher bias voltages, the predictions of simple planar tunneling models using the Wentzel-Kramers Brillouin (WKB) approximation are useful. In the WKB theory, the tunneling current is predicted to be

where $$\rho_s$$ and $$\rho_t$$ are the density of states (DOS) in the sample and tip, respectively. The energy- and bias-dependent electron tunneling transition probability, T, is given by

where $$\phi_s$$ and $$\phi_t$$ are the respective work functions of the sample and tip and $$Z$$ is the distance from the sample to the tip.

The tip is often regarded to be a single molecule, essentially neglecting further shapes induced effects. This approximation is the Tersoff-Hamann approximation, which suggests the tip to be a single ball-shaped molecule of certain radius. The tunneling current therefore becomes proportional to the local density of states (LDOS).

Experimental methods
Acquiring standard STM topographs at many different tip-sample biases and comparing to experimental topographic information is perhaps the most straightforward spectroscopic method. The tip-sample bias can also be changed on a line-by-line basis during a single scan. This method creates two interleaved images at different biases. Since only the states between the Fermi levels of the sample and the tip contribute to $$I$$, this method is a quick way to determine whether there are any interesting bias-dependent features on the surface. However, only limited information about the electronic structure can be extracted by this method, since the constant $$I$$ topographs depend on the tip and sample DOS's and the tunneling transmission probability, which depends on the tip-sample spacing, as described in equation (5).

By using modulation techniques, a constant current topograph and the spatially resolved $$dI/dV$$ can be acquired simultaneously. A small, high frequency sinusoidal modulation voltage is superimposed on the D.C. tip-sample bias. The A.C. component of the tunneling current is recorded using a lock-in amplifier, and the component in-phase with the tip-sample bias modulation gives $$dI/dV$$ directly. The amplitude of the modulation Vm has to be kept smaller than the spacing of the characteristic spectral features. The broadening caused by the modulation amplitude is 2 eVm and it has to be added to the thermal broadening of 3.2 kBT. In practice, the modulation frequency is chosen slightly higher than the bandwidth of the STM feedback system. This choice prevents the feedback control from compensating for the modulation by changing the tip-sample spacing and minimizes the displacement current 90° out-of-phase with the applied bias modulation. Such effects arise from the capacitance between the tip and the sample, which grows as the modulation frequency increases.

In order to obtain I-V curves simultaneously with a topograph, a sample-and-hold circuit is used in the feedback loop for the z piezo signal. The sample-and-hold circuit freezes the voltage applied to the z piezo, which freezes the tip-sample distance, at the desired location allowing I-V measurements without the feedback system responding. The tip-sample bias is swept between the specified values, and the tunneling current is recorded. After the spectra acquisition, the tip-sample bias is returned to the scanning value, and the scan resumes. Using this method, the local electronic structure of semiconductors in the band gap can be probed.

There are two ways to record I-V curves in the manner described above. In constant-spacing scanning tunneling spectroscopy (CS-STS), the tip stops scanning at the desired location to obtain an I-V curve. The tip-sample spacing is adjusted to reach the desired initial current, which may be different from the initial current setpoint, at a specified tip-sample bias. A sample-and-hold amplifier freezes the z piezo feedback signal, which holds the tip-sample spacing constant by preventing the feedback system from changing the bias applied to the z piezo. The tip-sample bias is swept through the specified values, and the tunneling current is recorded. Either numerical differentiation of I(V) or lock-in detection as described above for modulation techniques can be used to find $$dI/dV$$. If lock-in detection is used, then an A.C. modulation voltage is applied to the D.C. tip-sample bias during the bias sweep and the A.C. component of the current in-phase with the modulation voltage is recorded.

In variable-spacing scanning tunneling spectroscopy (VS-STS), the same steps occur as in CS-STS through turning off the feedback. As the tip-sample bias is swept through the specified values, the tip-sample spacing is decreased continuously as the magnitude of the bias is reduced. Generally, a minimum tip-sample spacing is specified to prevent the tip from crashing into the sample surface at the 0 V tip-sample bias. Lock-in detection and modulation techniques are used to find the conductivity, because the tunneling current is a function also of the varying tip-sample spacing. Numerical differentiation of I(V) with respect to V would include the contributions from the varying tip-sample spacing. Introduced by Mårtensson and Feenstra to allow conductivity measurements over several orders of magnitude, VS-STS is useful for conductivity measurements on systems with large band gaps. Such measurements are necessary to properly define the band edges and examine the gap for states.

Current-imaging-tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) is an STS technique where an I-V curve is recorded at each pixel in the STM topograph. Either variable-spacing or constant-spacing spectroscopy may be used to record the I-V curves. The conductance, $$dI/dV$$, can be obtained by numerical differentiation of I with respect to V or acquired using lock-in detection as described above. Because the topographic image and the tunneling spectroscopy data are obtained nearly simultaneously, there is nearly perfect registry of topographic and spectroscopic data. As a practical concern, the number of pixels in the scan or the scan area may be reduced to prevent piezo creep or thermal drift from moving the feature of study or the scan area during the duration of the scan. While most CITS data obtained on the times scale of several minutes, some experiments may require stability over longer periods of time. One approach to improving the experimental design is by applying feature-oriented scanning (FOS) methodology.

Data interpretation
From the obtained I-V curves, the band gap of the sample at the location of the I-V measurement can be determined. By plotting the magnitude of I on a log scale versus the tip-sample bias, the band gap can clearly be determined. Although determination of the band gap is possible from a linear plot of the I-V curve, the log scale increases the sensitivity. Alternatively, a plot of the conductance, $$dI/dV$$, versus the tip-sample bias, V, allows one to locate the band edges that determine the band gap.

The structure in the $$dI/dV$$, as a function of the tip-sample bias, is associated with the density of states of the surface when the tip-sample bias is less than the work functions of the tip and the sample. Usually, the WKB approximation for the tunneling current is used to interpret these measurements at low tip-sample bias relative to the tip and sample work functions. The derivative of equation (5), I in the WKB approximation, is

where $$\rho_s$$ is the sample density of states, $$\rho_t$$ is the tip density of states, and T is the tunneling transmission probability. Although the tunneling transmission probability T is generally unknown, at a fixed location T increases smoothly and monotonically with the tip-sample bias in the WKB approximation. Hence, structure in the $$dI/dV$$ is usually assigned to features in the density of states in the first term of equation (7).

Interpretation of $$dI/dV$$ as a function of position is more complicated. Spatial variations in T show up in measurements of $$dI/dV$$ as an inverted topographic background. When obtained in constant current mode, images of the spatial variation of $$dI/dV$$ contain a convolution of topographic and electronic structure. An additional complication arises since $$dI/dV=I/V$$ in the low-bias limit. Thus, $$dI/dV$$ diverges as V approaches 0, preventing investigation of the local electronic structure near the Fermi level.

Since both the tunneling current, equation (5), and the conductance, equation (7), depend on the tip DOS and the tunneling transition probability, T, quantitative information about the sample DOS is very difficult to obtain. Additionally, the voltage dependence of T, which is usually unknown, can vary with position due to local fluctuations in the electronic structure of the surface. For some cases, normalizing $$dI/dV$$ by dividing by $$I/V$$ can minimize the effect of the voltage dependence of T and the influence of the tip-sample spacing. Using the WKB approximation, equations (5) and (7), we obtain:

Feenstra et al. argued that the dependencies of $$T\left(E, eV, r\right)$$ and $$T\left(eV, eV, r\right)$$ on tip-sample spacing and tip-sample bias tend to cancel, since they appear as ratios. This cancellation reduces the normalized conductance to the following form:

where $$B\left(V\right)$$ normalizes T to the DOS and $$A\left(V\right)$$ describes the influence of the electric field in the tunneling gap on the decay length. Under the assumption that $$A\left(V\right)$$ and $$B\left(V\right)$$ vary slowly with tip-sample bias, the features in $$\left(dI/dV\right)/\left(I/V\right)$$ reflect the sample DOS, $\rho_s$.

Limitations
While STS can provide spectroscopic information with amazing spatial resolution, there are some limitations. The STM and STS lack chemical sensitivity. Since the tip-sample bias range in tunneling experiments is limited to $$\pm\phi/e$$, where $$\phi$$ is the apparent barrier height, STM and STS only sample valence electron states. Element-specific information is generally impossible to extract from STM and STS experiments, since the chemical bond formation greatly perturbs the valence states.

At finite temperatures, the thermal broadening of the electron energy distribution due to the Fermi-distribution limits spectroscopic resolution. At $$T = 300\,\mathrm{K}$$, $$k_\text{B}T\approx0.026\,\mathrm{eV}$$, and the sample and tip energy distribution spread are both $$2k_\text{B}T\approx0.052\,\mathrm{eV}$$. Hence, the total energy deviation is $$\Delta E\approx0.1\,\mathrm{eV}$$. Assuming the dispersion relation for simple metals, it follows from the uncertainty relation $$\Delta x\Delta k\ge 1/2$$ that

where $$E_F$$ is the Fermi energy, $$E_0$$ is the bottom of the valence band, $$k_F$$ is the Fermi wave vector, and $$r$$ is the lateral resolution. Since spatial resolution depends on the tip-sample spacing, smaller tip-sample spacings and higher topographic resolution blur the features in tunneling spectra.

Despite these limitations, STS and STM provide the possibility for probing the local electronic structure of metals, semiconductors, and thin insulators on a scale unobtainable with other spectroscopic methods. Additionally, topographic and spectroscopic data can be recorded simultaneously.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy


text:
Talk:Environmentalist

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2020 and 13 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sel22, Crh200.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:44, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment
I am putting my best perspective in the article which I hope is NPOV. It is based on my experiences here in New Zealand and what I have read from other countries. I am of the opinion that the differences around the world may be subtle and the differences are only a false perception by those who deride the environmental movement. Alan Liefting 19:41, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Category
Can environmentalists be categorized under "activists"? Shawnc 10:55, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Some environmentalist are activists however ALL environmental activists are activists! Alan Liefting 08:58, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Comment moved to Talk:Environmentalism. // Habj 19:58, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that the merge will happen as soon as I or someone else gets around to it. —Centrx→talk 02:42, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Eco-terrorism?!
Is there really a need to include a mention of eco-terrorism on the environmentalism article? Not only is it a highly loaded and controversial word - it's debatable whether violence or threats of violence against specific people or companies is terrorism or just ordinary crime - it's also not at all fair to say that such people make up anything other than a tiny sliver of a minority of people who would call themselves environmentalists (who range from conservatives to socialists to kids with a passion about nature). Besides, the entire section was in garbled text with strange characters and a lack of spacing. I'm going to remove the section for now, but would prefer a discussion on the issue. JF Mephisto 14:17, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge into environmentalism
Environmentalism is a higher level concept than environmentalist. I think environmentalist should be merged into environmentalism not the other way round. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.115.165.35 (talk) 14:21, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Reinstated as its own page
Given the level of interest in the environment and the number of links to this page I have decided that it deserves its own page. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 09:04, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It is used as an occupation in infoboxes of subjects of biography articles. Ghostofnemo (talk) 12:50, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Notable environmentalists
The "Notable environmentalists" section needs some sore of metric for determining who should be on the list. How about the top thirty based on a google search by name with the word "environmentalist"? I have removed Elizabeth May but my edit was questioned. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 00:52, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree that it needs some clear criteria for inclusion and that the list is too long. Google rank is a poor metric, however. Anybody have another suggestion? Pburka (talk) 17:34, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I am interested in adding Pope Francis to the notable environmentalist list. There is a lot of information in support of his interest in preserving the environment, especially based on the Saint (Francis) whom he chose his Papal name to represent. Twillisjr (talk) 17:17, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

Political views
The two paragraphs discussing political views of environmentalists are completely unreferenced and appear to be original research or personal opinions. Claiming that most environmentalists are aligned with the Green Party is very dubious. I'm removing the text. Pburka (talk) 05:05, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Environmental defender into Environmentalist
Re merging Environmental defender into this article:

 * Oppose merge Reading the sourcing provided here and comparing it with Environmentalist, I definitely see overlap and a very shaky concept of the exact term "Environmental defender", but conceptually I do think there is something distinct. Environmentalism is the broad term/concept, while this specifically refers to people directly at the site of environmental degradation, regardless of how they're called "land defenders, water protectors" etc.. in a way that many prominent environmentalists are not Greta Thurnberg, Al Gore, Bill McKibben, Jane Fonda etc who are not directly living on the site of ecological impact (debatable of course and we can include that)...I am fine with keeping the article name Environmental defender absent a clear alternative, (Frontline environmental defender maybe? But I would remove the portions that don't refer to front line work, such as environmental advocacy, or the Human Rights legal frameworks that don't make any explicit references to frontline defense.I do think Wikipedia was missing a generalized article about frontline defenders until this article came along, and it does a great job of also explaining the nuanced/varying self identifications. A short section in Environmentalist can reference frontline defense work, but it would be WP:UNDUE to merge/equivocate them when most of the prominent environmentalists, and environmentalist organisations are not frontline defense related. pinging, and  ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 11:11, 28 December 2021 (UTC) ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 11:14, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

 * OK, if there is a way to frame this as a distinct and notable subtopic of environmentalist than the merge is unnecessary IMO. (t · c)  buidhe  11:16, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment if there's going to be a merge, it would be with Land defender which actually has significant overlap. ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 11:19, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

 * According to Environmental defender (disambiguation) the term environmental defender covers Land defender and Water protector, which supports Land defender as a potential target. TSventon (talk) 11:27, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, Land defender and water protector could be merged into environmental defender as subtopics. (t · c)  buidhe  12:46, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with this generally. Water protector mostly refers to the Dakota Access Pipeline event whereas land defender is more general so they're not equivalent in that sense. Still both can be incorporated/mentioned in the Environmental defender article, without a need for a disambiguation article. I'd change the redirect of Environmental defender (disambiguation) to Environmental defender, but we first need to resolve what to do with the Environmental defender article itself. ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 12:53, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * There was some discussion of this proposal on my talk page prior to my creating the ED article. I recommend that we handle this proposal separately from the current discussion, but I oppose this merge as well for the time-being Larataguera (talk) 13:17, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Weak support. After reading some of the sources, it looks like it's basically an "IRL POV fork", where the concept is used specifically in literature that argues in favor of more protection and more rights for a certain type of environmentalists who face criminal charges and harassment from the powers that be. It doesn't help that it's one of those areas where the lines between scholarship and advocacy are blurred. However, we are supposed to follow and not lead, hence my weak support. JBchrch   talk  12:35, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The difference is that Environmental Defenders are part of the Environmental justice framework. Environmentalism is often critiqued for emphasis on conservation and abstract concerns that don't represent the place-based concerns of people who are directly impacted by environmental degradation and conflicts. Also, several sources say that environmental justice can be in tension with environmentalism, and that environmental protection is not always the agenda of environmental defenders (being more concerned with human rights/environmental justice issues). Larataguera (talk) 13:13, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not exactly what the sources say, though. For instance Scheidel et al. at 2.2 say that environmental defenders may include environmental activists. JBchrch   talk  13:55, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * That's a pretty selective reading of the source though. This same source devotes several paragraphs to setting the context of their use of the ED term within the EJ framework. The whole study is based on data from the "Environmental Justice Atlas". Larataguera (talk) 14:45, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I know, but the original claim was that "Environmental Defenders are part of the Environmental justice framework". The source does not make such a claim, although it recognizes that the two are historically and conceptually linked. JBchrch   talk  15:01, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Correct. And environmentalist is not historically and conceptually linked with EJ. In fact, they are often at odds. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Larataguera (talk • contribs) 15:09, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Just a note @Larataguera: it might be easier if you could reference the specific pages that you are citing (in discussion and in articles), because otherwise it's difficult to check your sources. JBchrch   talk  15:24, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure. I'll provide some quotes/page numbers when I have more time. Also feel free to use the quotation request template on the article for any statements that you're having trouble verifying. Thanks for your attention to this article. Larataguera (talk) 16:07, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the delay on this. here is a pretty good article discussing the tensions between environmentalism and environmental justice. Pg 302: environmental justice activists argue that the inequitable distribution of environmental degradation and systemic exclusion of the poor and people of color from environmental decision making is perpetuated by traditional environmental organizations, also known as mainstream environmentalism.. I don't think I should have to spend too much energy supporting the case that there is a significant difference between environmentalism and environmental justice. The sources in the environmental defenders article clearly discuss the topic in the context of environmental justice. Larataguera (talk) 14:24, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Environmentalist


text:
Royal Victoria Country Park

The Royal Victoria Country Park is a country park in Netley, Hampshire, England, by the shores of Southampton Water. It comprises 200 acre of mature woodland and grassy parkland, as well as a small shingle beach. It was created in 1970 by Hampshire County Council, after the Royal Victoria Military Hospital that had previously occupied the site, was demolished.

All that remains of the hospital is the chapel, which acts as a heritage centre providing history of the hospital. It also has a 150 ft viewing tower, providing views over the park, and across Southampton Water to Hythe, and on a clear day, as far as Southampton itself.

The site also has a park office and tearooms. The building housing this was built using 100 different timbers from around the UK and British Empire. It was originally built in 1940 by the YMCA for entertainment, recreation and relaxation for staff and patients at the hospital.

History
In 1958, the vast majority of the hospital closed to patients.

In 1966, the last part of the hospital was demolished, with the chapel being the only remnant of the former hospital. The foundation stone, laid by Queen Victoria was lifted in a special ceremony.

In 1978, the psychiatric hospital finally closed, with it bringing to an end hospital services on the site.

In 1979, the Hampshire County Council bought the site and it was opened as a country park in 1980.

In 2002, the park became grade II listed.

In January 2014 it was announced that a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £102,000 would be used for restoring the chapel and revealing more detail of the former hospital.

Royal Victoria Railway
The Royal Victoria Railway runs for around 1 mi through Royal Victoria Country Park in Netley, Hampshire, England, with views of Southampton Water. It is run entirely by volunteers. The line is built to the popular gauge of and runs every weekend throughout the year and all school holidays.

Netley Military Cemetery
The Netley Military Cemetery to the rear of the hospital site, primarily for patients of the former hospital, is accessible to the public. Among those buried here are 636 Commonwealth service personnel who died in the First World War and 35 in the Second World War whose graves are maintained and registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, who also care for the war graves of 69 Germans and 12 Belgians from the First and of one Polish soldier from the Second war.

Hamble Rail Trail
The park is the start and end point for the Hamble Rail Trail, a path that follows the Netley Hospital Branch Line out of the hospital, and then along a former BP oil tanker rail line. Once at the end, it follows the Solent Way back to the country park. The path in total is 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometres), with it having steel markers along the route.

The oil tanker line was constructed during the First World War to transport aircraft from Manchester to Hamble-le-Rice. A siding was built as part of the railway to serve the flying boat factory in Hamble. The line was not actually used during the war as hostilities ceased before it could be utilised; it was, however, purchased for the storage and transportation of oil to the BP oil terminal in Hamble. BP maintain the option of reopening the line, but it has not been used since 1986 when it transported crude oil from Wytch Farm in Dorset, a route which has since been replaced by a 56 mi pipeline.

title: Royal Victoria Country Park


text:
Ecgric of East Anglia

Ecgric (killed c. 636) was a king of East Anglia, the independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. He was a member of the ruling Wuffingas dynasty, but his relationship with other known members of the dynasty is not known with any certainty. Anna of East Anglia may have been his brother, or his cousin. It has also been suggested that he was identical with Æthelric, who married the Northumbrian princess Hereswith and was the father of Ealdwulf of East Anglia. The primary source for the little that is known about Ecgric's life is Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written by the English Benedictine monk Bede in around 731 AD.

In the years that followed the reign of Rædwald and the murder of Rædwald's son and successor Eorpwald in around 627, East Anglia lost its dominance over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Three years after Eorpwald's murder at the hands of a pagan, Ecgric's kinsman Sigeberht returned from exile and they ruled East Anglia jointly, with Ecgric perhaps ruling the northern part of the kingdom. Sigeberht succeeded in re-establishing Christianity throughout East Anglia, but Ecgric may have remained a pagan, as Bede praises only Sigeberht for his accomplishments, and his lack of praise for his co-ruler is significant. Ecgric ruled alone after Sigeberht retired to his monastery at Beodricesworth in around 634: it has also been suggested that he was a sub-king who only became king after Sigeberht's abdication. Both Ecgric and Sigeberht were killed in battle in around 636, at an unknown location, when the East Anglians were forced to defend themselves from a Mercian military assault led by their king, Penda. Ecgric, whose grave may have been the ship burial under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo, was succeeded by Anna.

East Anglian allegiances
After 616, Rædwald, who ruled East Anglia during the first quarter of the seventh century, was the most powerful of the southern Anglo-Saxon kings. In the following decades, from the reign of Sigeberht onwards, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by Mercia. Raedwald's son Eorpwald was murdered by a pagan noble soon after he was baptised in around 627, after which East Anglia reverted into paganism for three years. In the void left by the death of Rædwald, the first overlord who originated north of the Thames, the pagan Penda of Mercia emerged to challenge the pre-eminence of the new overlord (or bretwalda), Edwin of Northumbria. The reversion of East Anglia to rule by Eorpwald's successor, the pagan Ricberht, possibly due to Mercian influence, temporarily overthrew an important pillar of Edwin's authority.

In contrast, two sons of Rædwald's brother Eni, who were both eager to renew their Christian alliances, made diplomatic marriages during this period: Anna, who was to become a devout Christian ruler, married a woman of East Saxon connection and his brother Æthelric married a Northumbrian princess, Hereswitha, who was Edwin of Northumbria's grand-niece. This marriage was probably intended to reinforce the conversion of East Anglia to Christianity.

Wuffingas identity
Ecgric was a member of the Wuffingas royal family, but his exact descent is not known, as the only information historians have is from Bede, who named him as Sigeberht's cognatus or 'kinsman'. The 12th century English historian William of Malmesbury contradicts Bede, stating that Sigeberht was Rædwald's stepson. The name Sigeberht is not of East Anglian, but of Frankish origin. According to Bede, Sigeberht was Rædwald's son. Rædwald may have exiled his step-son so as to protect the inheritance of his son Ecgric, who was of his own blood-line.

It has been suggested by Sam Newton that Ecgric may in fact be identical to Eni's son Æthelric, whose descendants became kings of East Anglia. Æthelric's son Ealdwulf ruled from about 664 to 713. After Ecgric's death, three other sons of Eni ruled in succession before Ealdwulf, an indication that Raedwald's line was extinct. Æthelric's marriage to Hereswith suggests that it was expected that he would rule East Anglia and he may have been promoted by Edwin before 632. Æthelric was apparently dead by 647, at which time Anna was already ruling and Hereswith had gone to Gaul to lead a religious life. It has therefore been argued that Æthelric and Ecgric were in fact the same person, a suggestion that is disputed by the historian Barbara Yorke, who notes that the two names are too distinct to be compatible.

Ecgric/Æthelric placed as the son of Rædwald or the son of Eni

Joint rule
Rædwald's son (or stepson) Sigeberht renewed Christian rule in East Anglia after returning as a Christian from exile in Gaul (into which Rædwald had driven him). His assumption of power may have involved a military conquest. His reign was devoted to the conversion of his people, the establishment of the see of Dommoc as the bishopric of Felix of Burgundy, the creation of a school of letters, the endowment of a monastery for Fursey and the building of the first monastery of Beodricesworth (Bury St Edmunds), all accomplished within about four years.

During at least part of Sigeberht's reign, Ecgric ruled jointly with him over part of the kingdom of East Anglia. A passage in Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum describing the reasons for Sigeberht's abdication also mentions Ecgric:

 * "This king became so great a lover of the heavenly kingdom, that quitting the affairs of his crown, and committing the same to his kinsman, Ecgric, who before held a part of that kingdom, he went himself into a monastery, which he had built, and having received the tonsure, applied himself rather to gain a heavenly throne":
 * —Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People

According to Richard Hoggett, the practice of being ruled by more than one individual may have been a common occurrence in East Anglia as it was for the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Kent and Northumbria. Ecgric and Sigeberht may have simultaneously ruled the peoples known as the North-folk and South-folk, who lived in the parts of their kingdom that would later become the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. However, Carver notes that Ecgric may not have reigned jointly with Sigeberht, but could just have plausibly ruled as a sub-king or served as an administrator within a region under East Anglian hegemony, only rising as king of the East Angles after Sigeberht's abdication. In contrast with Sigebert, Ecgric seems to have remained a pagan. There is no evidence that he was baptised or that he promoted Christianity in East Anglia, according to D. P. Kirby, who notes that Bede wrote nothing that could imply that Ecgric was a Christian, in contrast to his praise of Sigeberht's efforts to establish Christianity in East Anglia.

Reign following Sigeberht's abdication
In 633 the Christian kingdoms suffered a dual shock: Edwin of Northumbria's death at the hands of Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon ap Cadfan, and the retreat of Edwin's household and bishop from York to Kent. After 633 the Northumbrian situation was stabilised under Oswald of Northumbria, and East Anglia shared with Northumbria the benefits of the Irish missions of Fursey and Aidan of Lindisfarne. Sigeberht was Fursey's patron and perhaps soon after his arrival Sigeberht abdicated and retired to the monastery at Beodricesworth (modern Bury St. Edmunds). His abdication, which cannot be dated, left Ecgric to rule the East Anglians alone. Ecgric therefore ruled a kingdom that had been "evangelised in the united spirit of the Roman and Irish Churches", according to Plunkett, who notes that Felix would have respected the teachings of the Irish missionaries, despite his own strong allegiance towards Canterbury.

Death
After Ecgric had been ruling alone for two years, East Anglia was attacked by a Mercian army, led by Penda. The date of the invasion is usually given as around 636, although Kirby suggests it could have been so late as 641. Ecgric was sufficiently forewarned as to be able to gather an army, described by Bede as opimus or splendid. Realising that they would be inferior in battle to the war-hardened Mercians and remembering that Sigeberht was once their most vigorous and distinguished leader, the East Anglians urged him to lead them in battle, hoping that his presence would encourage them not to flee from the Mercians. After he refused, on account of his religious calling, he was borne off against his will to the battlefield. He refused to bear weapons and so was killed. Ecgric was also slain during the battle and many of his countrymen either perished or were put to flight. The location of the site of the battle in which the East Anglians were routed and their king was killed is unknown, but it can be presumed to have been close to the kingdom's western border with the Middle Angles.

Ecgric is a possible contender, as well as Rædwald, Eorpwald and Sigeberht, for being the East Anglian king who was buried within Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo. Rupert Bruce-Mitford suggests that it is perhaps unlikely that Ecgric's successor Anna, a devout Christian, would have given him a ship burial, but he does not dismiss the theory entirely.

title: Ecgric of East Anglia


text:
Ralf Edström

Ralf Sigvard Edström (born 7 October 1952) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a forward. Widely regarded as Sweden's best player in the 1970s, he started off his career with Degerfors IF in the late 1960s and went on to represent Åtvidabergs FF, PSV Eindhoven, IFK Göteborg, Standard Liege, and AS Monaco before retiring at Örgryte IS in 1985. A full international between 1972 and 1980, he won 40 caps for the Sweden national team and scored 15 goals. He represented his country at the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups and was awarded Guldbollen as Sweden's best player in 1972 and 1974.

Club career
Starting his career in Degerfors IF, a club known to produce many young talents, Edström moved to Åtvidabergs FF and became national champion in 1972. He moved to PSV Eindhoven in 1973 and was part of the team that became national champion in 1974/75 and 1975/76. On club level, he became not only Swedish Champion, but also Dutch (twice) and French Champion. He also won the Swedish, Dutch and Belgian Cups and was voted Swedish player of the year twice (1972 and 1974, winning Guldbollen). He injured his knee while at AS Monaco which prevented him from playing any games for Örgryte IS and ultimately led to his retirement from professional football in 1985.

International career
Edström made 40 appearances for the Swedish national team and scored 15 times. He is most noted for his performance in the 1974 FIFA World Cup where he had a big part in Sweden finishing fifth, and he made six appearances and scored four goals during this tournament.

While representing Sweden at the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, Edström was arrested for speaking to a person in Buenos Aires; however, the Argentine military released him upon recognising its error (that he was not one of its citizens but a professional footballer who was in the country for the tournament it was hosting).

Personal life
He has been an expert radio commentator since the 1980s.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Edström goal.

Honours
Åtvidabergs FF

 * Allsvenskan: 1972
 * Svenska Cupen: 1970–71

PSV Eindhoven

 * Eredivisie: 1974–75, 1975–76
 * KNVB Cup: 1973–74, 1975–76

IFK Göteborg

 * Svenska Cupen: 1978–79

Standard Liege

 * Belgian Cup: 1981

AS Monaco

Individual
 * French Division 1: 1981–82
 * Allsvenskan top scorer: 1972
 * Guldbollen: 1972, 1974
 * World Soccer World XI: 1975
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1975
 * Swedish Football Hall of Fame: 2003

title: Ralf Edström


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soviet genocide

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus - SimonP 14:18, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Soviet genocide
fuck I've never even heard this term before collectively, the "Soviet genocide", and in any case the whole topic is POV beyond redemption. Write about the Ukraine famine, the deportations, OK, but this collectively lumped together "genocide" is POV silliness. Everyking 19:45, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Soviet government tried to wipe out a slew of ethnic groups during and after WWII. What else would you call it? -- BD2412  talk  20:00, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * There were deportations, you can call them deportations. We don't need a POV "genocide" article. Everyking 20:08, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For an article in existence since 2002, that's awfully little information, and the information is already in Population transfer in the Soviet Union and other articles. To lump together the Ukraine famine and the ethnic cleansing of Germans and Crimean Tatars while excluding, say, the 1937 purges doesn't make sense, and the correct term is ethnic cleansing rather than genocide anyways, since few of the deported were killed. platypeanArchcow 20:22, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV, disputed concept, inherently loaded terminology. Kaibabsquirrel 20:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - What's POV about calling a spade a spade? Do we not mention "Nazi genocide" or "Hutu genocide" either because that might be POV? Historical facts are not POV. --FCYTravis 20:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not POV, it's just plain wrong--these events were not (technically) genocide, and the article lumps together events that have no link except being among the many crimes committed by a single government. platypeanArchcow 02:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep These were attempts at genocide, few people survived internal populations transfers. Ethnic clensing is just a euphamism/political correct term for genocide. These events where the real deal. See also Darfur Klonimus 08:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. By the same reasoning, most states that have been in a major war can be accused of genocide on similar grounds. Making the accusation generally adds nothing to historical knowledge, but does express the user's POV. Imc 21:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * For definition of Genocide . So i'd lean on the Delete side since it's more like platypeanArchcow said ethnic cleansing rather than direct killing of people like done by the nazis. Renaming (Soviet ethnic cleansing) would be an alternative, also the article needs a lot of work. My 2 c. -Feydey 21:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per what Kaibabsquirrel said -CunningLinguist 22:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Government of the Soviet Union killed more people than the Nazis so Keep. Capitalistroadster 03:09, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaving aside the absolute offensive absurdity of the claim, that does nothing to refute the argument that this is inherently POV, not a term in general historical use, and should be deleted. Everyking 04:01, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if this is true--it really depends on what you consider "killing"--the Soviets never engaged in genocide, the systematic killing of an ethnic group, unless the Ukraine famine is considered intentional, which is certainly not a universally accepted viewpoint, as the article points out itself. And this fact also doesn't make this article have any single coherent point--see my comments above.  There are plenty of good articles that deal with Soviet atrocities, and this isn't one.  It would probably make sense to redirect this somewhere, though.  platypeanArchcow 05:20, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the reasons for soviet population transfers was that they reduced the number of people transfered. Hence you moved the problem somewhere else and had less of it when you were finished. Klonimus 08:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Turn into redirect to Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Skysmith 08:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and delete, per arguments above. Although despicable, it wasn't genocide per se. Scimitar 14:55, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect Into USSR section of Genocides in history. — RJH 18:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Population transfer in the Soviet Union - these terrible events were not genocide, a word bandied about too easily these days. carmeld1 23:58, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. There is nothing wrong with the title. JamesBurns
 * Keep. Not every bad thing the USSR did was genocide, but there have been lots of credible allegations that genocides were at least attempted.  Frjwoolley 18:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this topic is very interesting in its self, at least in the way in which the legal definition of Genocide has been manipulated so that it didn't apply to the Soviet killings. For example, killing the kulaks would be included in the intuitive definition, but since they are a specifically targeted class, not a people or religion, doesn't count in the legal definition.  Mozzerati 20:57, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Index of Egypt-related articles

List of recent additions ( in sequence )

 * October, 2005 ,,,,,Abbasid,,Abusir,,Amarna art,,Ankh,,Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit,,the Arsinoe's,,Arsinoe, Egypt,, Atenism,,Boundary Stelae of Akenaten,,Brook of Egypt,,Chapelle Rouge,,Djed,,Djediufankh,, Pharaohs: Den,Djedefra, Djedkare Isesi,Djehuty,Djer,Djet,Djoser,,El-Lahun,,El-Lisht,,Faience,, First Intermediate Period,,God's Wife of Amun,,Ineni,, Phars in "I",,Khenthaus II,,Merneith,,Merneptah,,Merneptah Stele,,Nekhen,,Ptolemaic dynasty,,(the Ptolemy's),,Decrees for Ptol-III,IV,V,,Pyramidion,,Pyramidology,,Queen Ahmose,,Scribe,,Sobekneferu,,Talatat,,Thutmose,, Thutmose I,,Thutmose II,,Thutmose IV,,Thuty,,Pharaohs in "T" look OK,,Uraeus,,Ushabti,,Pharaohs:,,Unas,,Userkaf,,Userkare,,Pharaohs:in "W",,Xerxes I,,Xerxes II,, Mmcannis 04:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC),,,,a few more...Mmcannis 06:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

a few more, I want to get to the User(Egypt. hiero.) ( and the "KaU of Ra"), which are a few interesting Hieroglyphs; Djed is one of the 14 Kau of Ra, also "sight" ( ~ Eye of Horus ).

Unas etc. to be added.Mmcannis 17:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC) Added pharaohs in D,I,U, and T, also Abbasid Mmcannis 03:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC),,,Pharaohs in "W", etc,Mmcannis 22:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC),,,,Mmcannis 23:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Later weekend additions, (Maybe 45 percent complete ? )
 * Alphaphabetical: Arsinoe,Egypt,,Bubastis,,George Ebers,,Ebers papyrus,,Edwin Smith papyrus,,Egyptian mathematics,,Egyptologist,,Category: Egyptologists,,Hierakonpolis(Nekhen),,"Blue" Lotus,,"White" Lotus-->Nymphaea,,Lycopolis-->Asyut,,Milan Papyrus,,Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri,,Napata,,Naqada,,Necropolis,,Nitocris (Nitiqret),,Rhind Papy-->Moscow and Rhind P...,,Qa'a,,Rhinocorura,,Serket,,Step pyramid( A stub),,Syriac language,,Third Intermediate Period of Egypt....More at a Future Time...Michael McAnnis,YumaAZMmcannis 18:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC).....minor editMmcannis 02:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

More additions:
 * In alphabetical order:
 * Badarian,,Cataracts of the Nile,,Djediufankh,,Elephantine papyri,,Fawzia of Egypt,,Gerzeh,,Gilukhipa,,Middle Kingdom of Egypt,,Nag Hammadi library,,Papyrus of Ani,,Queen consort,,Shabti,,Tey,,Westcar Papyrus,,,Michael McAnnis(in Yuma)Mmcannis 16:46, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Additions since Oct 10,2005
 * And, I think Step pyramid still hasn't been worked on to also apply to Egyptian pyramids, though there is a wiki link to Egyptian pyramids.
 * Abu Gorab,,Abu Qir Bay,,Al 'Arish,,Al-Hibah,,Ancient Egyptian Funerary Texts,,Asyut,,Atum,,Badarian(for town 'Badari'),,Beni Hasan,,Cannibal Hymn,,Cataracts of the Nile,,"Cave of Artemis"( Speos Artemidos),,Coffin Texts,,Damnatio memoriae(see Hatshepsut,also),,Djediufankh,,Eileithyiaspolis,,Elephantine papyri,,Egyptian calendar,,Fawzia of Egypt,,Fostat,,Gerzeh,,Gilukhipa,,Governorates of Egypt,,Kharga ("oasis"),,Kneph,,List of solar deities,,Maat Kheru,,Middle Kingdom of Egypt,,Nag Hammadi library,,Nehebkau,,Opening of the mouth ceremony,,Opet festival,,Oxyrhynchus Gospels,,Palestine (region),,"Nymphaea's (list now complete(has Tiger Lily) ),, Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra ,,Pantheon (gods),,Papyrus of Ani,,Protodynastic Period of Egypt,,Queen consort,,Sahure,,Scaraboid seal,,Serekh,,Shabti,,Shasu,,Solar barge(some pages go to Barque(not Eyptian obviously)(not addressed by me,sorry,no time),,Solar deity,,Tey,,Tjuyu,,Transliteration of ancient Egyptian,,Tutkheperre Shoshenq,,Westcar Papyrus,,Yuya,,Tiger Lotus,, sorry, Mmcannis 17:24, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Entries since 10 November, by myself can be seen in the "History" listings. MMcAnnis(Jan 1, West Coast)Mmcannis 05:00, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Just by alphabetical order???
A completely useless list. Some other lists are organized by topic e.g. List of topics related to the United Kingdom or List of France-related topics or List of Iran-related topics. Those might be helpful. If you have time, please consider reorganizing by topic (even a small amount of articles to be expanded later).--Wedian 02:36, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Have been trying to clean this up, if anyone can add to the list, your help is always appreciated! --Funandtrvl (talk) 19:34, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index of Egypt-related articles


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Donna Ewin

Donna Clarissa Ground (born 4 June 1970) known professionally as Donna Ewin, is an English former glamour model and actress.

Career
Donna Clarissa Ground was born on 4 June 1970, in Poplar, East London, England. Ewin was her mother's maiden name. Upon leaving college she joined the Yvonne Paul Management agency and first appeared on Page 3 of British newspaper The Sun at the age of 17. She found herself in great demand, establishing herself as one of the most popular Page 3 girls on the circuit during the late 1980s and early '90s.

Ewin appeared in many adult magazines including Mayfair and Playboy (sometimes using the pseudonym Nina Downe – an anagram of Donna Ewin); and it was erroneously rumoured that she appeared as an extra in the famous orgy scene in Stanley Kubrick's last film, Eyes Wide Shut (1999). She did appear regularly on the BBC sketch comedy television show The Fast Show as well as the touring live stage version of the show, notably in the "Mr. and Mrs. Shag" sketch.

Filmography

 * The Fast Show (TV series, 1996–2000)
 * The Best of British Babefest 2 (1997)
 * The Fast Show Live (1998)
 * Bedrooms and Hallways (1998)
 * Norman Ormal: A Very Political Turtle (1998)
 * Ted and Ralph (1998)
 * Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
 * Last Christmas (1999)
 * Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000)
 * The Curse of Page 3 (TV documentary, 2003)
 * Family Business (TV series, 2004)

title: Donna Ewin


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Waist (disambiguation)

Waist is the narrow point of the body between the ribcage and hips. Other meanings derive from this by extension.
 * Waist (clothing) is also a term for the bodice of a dress or for a blouse or woman's shirt.
 * Waist, a variant of waistline, the line of demarcation between the upper and lower portions of a garment, which notionally corresponds to the natural waist but may vary with fashion from just below the bust to the upper hips
 * Waist, the narrowest part of a laser beam, see Gaussian beam
 * W.A.I.S.T., acronym for an international softball tournament held in West Africa every year

title: Waist (disambiguation)


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Martin Blinder

Martin George Blinder (born 1937) is an American physician and forensic psychiatrist. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Family Therapy, a former assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco, and a former adjunct professor of law at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He was instrumental in the development of the use of lithium carbonate for treatment of bipolar disorder and in winning FDA approval for use of this drug in the United States.

In the early 1970s, Blinder was a city councilman and mayor of San Anselmo, California. There, he authored the first law restricting public smoking in the United States. He is author of Psychiatry in the Everyday Practice of Law, Fourth Edition (Thomson/West), Lovers, Killers, Husbands and Wives (St. Martin's Press), Fluke (Permanent Press), Choosing Lovers (Glenbridge Publishing) and The Lucrecia Borgia Cookbook (Renaissance Press), as well as author of articles for the Journal of the American Medical Association, The Archives of General Psychiatry, The American Journal of Neuropsychiatry, Judicature, Journal of the California State Bar Association, Journal of the Hawaiian State Bar Association, and Journal of the American Bar Association, among many others.

Trial of Dan White
Blinder is noted for his testimony in the 1979 trial of Dan White. In that trial, Blinder testified that White was suffering from depression and pointed to several behavioral symptoms of that depression, including the claim that White had gone from being highly health-conscious to consuming sugary foods and drinks such as Twinkies and Coca-Cola. A remark by Blinder that the sugar might have worsened such a depression was widely reported as a claim that the sugar had contributed to the depression, giving rise to the derisive label of the "Twinkie defense," for defendants' claims that an unusual biological factor contributed to their commission of a crime.

title: Martin Blinder


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Woodward Dream Cruise

The Woodward Dream Cruise is an annual automotive enthusiast event held in the northern suburbs of Detroit. Held each year on the third Saturday in August, the Cruise runs along Woodward Avenue, a major thoroughfare in the region, from Ferndale to Pontiac.

Background
Starting in 1848, when the roadway was converted from logs to planks, young carriage drivers would race along Woodward Avenue. Woodward Avenue was developed as a major street in Detroit in the early 20th century, and was lined with mansions and major churches.

By 1958, the roadway was used by youth for unofficial street racing. The wide width, median, and sections lacking a large commercial presence attracted drivers eager for the competition. The numerous drive-ins along the road, each with its dedicated local teenaged clientele, were also popular. In the age of the muscle car, Woodward had numerous car dealerships and automobile accessory shops.

History

The Woodward Dream Cruise is the world's largest one-day automotive event, drawing about 1.5 million people and 40,000 cars, trucks, motorcycles, and supercars - both classic and modern - each year from around the globe. Spectators can see muscle cars, street rods, custom, collector and special interest vehicles dating across several decades. The majority of the cars on display are those that were available and popular during the 1950s, 60s and early 70s prior to the OPEC oil embargo. This had resulted in the federal government's Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations of 1975 and the proliferation, temporarily, of more fuel-efficient and less powerful automobiles. However, the Woodward Dream Cruise also welcomes vehicles of all models whose owners have either scrupulously maintained or customized their car to create a unique vehicle or statement.

Prior to the organizing of the Dream Cruise residents of the west side of Detroit and the western Detroit suburban communities had been cruising Woodward Avenue since the 1940s. The ad hoc cruising caused traffic jams on many summer evenings, automobile accidents and included many cruisers drinking and driving. With the organizing of the Dream Cruise most of these bad influences simply disappeared.

Pamela S. McCullough, Mayor, and Nelson House, a plumber from Ferndale, came up with the idea for the cruise in 1994 to help raise money for a children's soccer field in his community. Organizers initially expected 30,000 or 40,000 people to come to the August 19, 1995, inaugural cruise on Woodward Avenue in Ferndale, Pleasant Ridge, Berkley, Huntington Woods, Royal Oak and Birmingham. About 250,000 showed up. It is now the largest single-day classic car event in the world, and brings in over $56 million annually to the Metro Detroit economy.

Although the cruise officially takes place on only one day, each year the celebration starts early in the summer as the classic vehicles begin to appear on local streets. The sponsoring communities of Birmingham, Ferndale, Pleasant Ridge, Royal Oak, Huntington Woods, Berkley, Bloomfield Township, Bloomfield Hills, and Pontiac collaborate on ancillary events.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, event organizers cancelled the 2020 Woodward Dream Cruise. Despite the official Woodward Dream Cruise being cancelled, an unofficial Dream Cruise was held by Woodward-area residents. The Oakland County Republican Party attempted to host a "MAGA Classic Car Cruise" in the absence of the Dream Cruise, causing controversy due to its political nature. The Dream Cruise resumed in August 2021.

title: Woodward Dream Cruise


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Sales per unit area

In retail, sales per unit area is a standard and usually the primary measurement of store success. The unit of area is usually square metres in the metric system or square feet in U.S. customary units. Square feet are also widely used in retailing in the United Kingdom, but there are signs of a trend towards use of square meters.

Sales levels in the United States
As of 2005 annual store sales in the range of $300 per square foot ($3,000/m2) is considered a respectable result in the United States as the national average for regional malls is $341 per square foot, but the target number depends on the location, the type of store and other factors. For example, the Forum Shops at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas sets a precedent for Las Vegas stores. The location has the second highest sales per square foot of any mall in the nation at approximately $1,300 per square foot (Bal Harbour Shops is first with over $2,500 per square foot). The average for specialty apparel retailers, for instance, is $400 per square foot ($4,400/m2), and according to Baseline Magazine the retailer Hot Topic achieves an annual $619 per square foot ($6,660/m2).

According to industry research firm RetailSails, Apple has the highest sales per square foot, with average in all their stores of $6,050 per square foot annually.

Among shopping mall retailers the food court area, considered as a single store, and jewelers post the highest sales per unit area, in the range of $600 per square foot ($6,600/m2). Books and sporting goods are among the lowest.

title: Sales per unit area


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Dim sim

A dim sim is Chinese-inspired meat and vegetable dumpling-style snack food, popular in Australia and to a lesser extent in New Zealand. It was popularized in the 1940s, by a Chinese immigrant in Melbourne who originally came from Guangdong, William Chen Wing Young, the father of Australian celebrity chef, author and TV personality Elizabeth Chong. The name derives from the pronunciation diim syiim (點心) in Toisanese, the predominant dialect spoken at the time by Central Melbourne's Chinese community.

Description
The commercial snack food normally consists of minced meat, cabbage, and seasoning, encased in a wrapper similar to that of a traditional siu mai dumpling. They are typically cylindrical, or sometimes a larger, globular shape. They can be steamed or deep fried, and are commonly dressed or dipped in soy sauce, tomato sauce or sweet chilli sauce. An alternative way of cooking dim sims is to barbecue them, by cutting the dim sim in half lengthwise and placing on a hot barbecue. A barbecued dim sim is known as a "Moe Crayfish", "Cray" or "Oyster" after the Victorian township of Moe. Vegetarian dim sims normally contain cabbage, carrot, vermicelli, Chinese shiitake mushrooms or other vegetable fillings, along with seasoning, although these are not generally available in commercial outlets.

Dim sims differ from typical Chinese dumplings in that they are often much larger, have a thicker, doughier skin and are shaped more robustly. They are primarily sold in fish and chip shops, service stations, corner shops, and some Chinese restaurants and takeaway outlets in Australia. Supermarkets, some Chinese yum cha wholesale outlets and Asian frozen food companies also commonly sell this snack frozen for home cooking. They can also be found at Chinese food outlets in New Zealand.

The term dim sim dates as far back as 1928, although the modern recipe of the dish most likely was developed in Melbourne's Chinatown in 1945 by entrepreneur William Chen Wing Young for his food processing company Wing Lee. The larger, globular version of the dish is commonly known as a "South Melbourne dim sim" due to it originating at South Melbourne Market.

Original recipe
William Wing Young's "original recipe" for the dim sim was presented by Elizabeth Chong on the second episode of the ABC1 TV show Myf Warhurst's Nice (20 June 2012). It consisted of pork, prawns, water chestnuts, spring onions, and soy sauce wrapped in a soft skin-like wrapper.

title: Dim sim


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Unman, Wittering and Zigo

Unman, Wittering and Zigo is a 1958 radio play by the Anglo-Irish playwright Giles Cooper.

Plot
The play is set in a traditional boys’ boarding school. A teacher has died, apparently by accident: he fell off a cliff above the sea. John Ebony, a young man, is engaged to take his place; it is his first job and he hopes it will be permanent.

The class is strangely regimented and gradually the dialogue by class members becomes more ominous and threatening. They tell Ebony they killed the former teacher and show him the dead man's bloodstained wallet. They say they all have alibis. When Ebony reports this to the Headmaster, he brushes it off. When he seeks guidance from Cary Farthingale, the eccentric art master, he laughs. Ebony struggles to understand the truth, and who their leader might be.

Intimidated by his class, and scorned by his new wife Nadia, Ebony feels like a failure. When he refuses to teach, the boys organise their own education, and behave perfectly when the Headmaster comes in. The boys gamble on the horses, and Ebony consents to carry their bets to a bookmaker in the town; he declines a commission.

Wittering, the weakling of the class, kills himself, leaving a suicide note admitting that he planned the murder. But Ebony still does not know who actually committed it. The boys confess everything to the police or their parents.

Ebony asks Farthingale “who bound them together … who told them what to do.” Farthingale leads Ebony to acknowledge that it was authority, the teachers, including Ebony himself, who moulded them. Authority, Farthingale says, “is a necessary evil, and every bit as evil as it is necessary.”

Adaptations
The play was adapted for television as an episode of BBC 2's Theatre 625 series and broadcast in June 1965. It was the BBC's Italia Prize entry that year. It featured a number of young actors who gained a higher profile including Hywel Bennett and Dennis Waterman.

In 1967, the stage premiere was produced at Manchester Grammar School, directed by Brian Derbyshire and Brian Phythian, with Patrick Miller as John Ebony.

The play is part of the curriculum for GCSE and Standard Grade English coursework in the United Kingdom and is frequently performed in public schools. Cooper himself attended Lancing College in Sussex from 1932 to 1936.

A feature film version, directed by John Mackenzie, was released in 1971 with a screenplay by Simon Raven which stayed true to the basic plot, but added sexual scenes and changed Ebony's wife's name from Nadia to Sylvia. The 1971 film featured actors including David Hemmings and a young Michael Kitchen, and is also currently used for educational purposes in the UK.

In February 1990, a Wirral Grammar School for Boys Drama Society production, directed by Simon Carter, performed the play over 3 nights. The cast included Stephen Hughes as John Ebony, Kevin McDonnell as Cary Farthingale and Sonia Hardy as Nadia Ebony.

A reference to the play is made in the British TV series Little Britain, in which a schoolmaster finishes the morning roll call with "Unman, Wittering and Zigo absent", while Alan Bennett credits Giles Cooper and the play's influence in his creation of The History Boys.

Commercial release
The radio play was released in 2016 by Bournemouth University's Centre for Media History in a four CD set with three other Cooper radio plays, Mathray Beacon (1956), The Disagreeable Oyster (1957), and Under the Loofah Tree (1958).

title: Unman, Wittering and Zigo


text:
PARP

PARP may refer to:
 * Poly ADP ribose polymerase, an enzyme
 * Procyclic acidic repetitive protein, a type of protein in Trypanosoma parasites
 * Parp (onomatopoeic), a sound

title: PARP


text:
User:Jough

I make the Internet (not all of it). Vinyl record collector. Raconteur. Resistance fighter.

title: User:Jough


text:
Riolos

Riolos (Ρίολος) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Larissos, Achaea, Greece. It is located on the northwestern edge of the Movri hills, 4 km north of Mataragka, 3 km southwest of Krinos, 6 km southeast of Lappas and 32 km southwest of Patras. The community includes the small village Mazaiika. The river Larissos flows southwest of the village. During the Greek War of Independence a battle took place in Riolos in which the Greeks, led by Thallis Theodoridis the Elder, were victorious.

title: Riolos


text:
Torbjörn Nilsson

Torbjörn Anders Nilsson (born 9 July 1954) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a striker. Considered one of the best Swedish footballers of all time, he is best remembered for his time with IFK Göteborg with which he won two Swedish championship titles, the 1981–82 UEFA Cup, and reached the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup. He also represented PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands and 1. FC Kaiserslautern in Germany during a career that spanned between 1971 and 1990. A full international between 1976 and 1985, he won 28 caps for the Sweden national team and scored nine goals. He represented his country at the 1978 FIFA World Cup and was the 1982 recipient of Guldbollen.

Playing career
Nilsson was born in Västerås on 9 July 1954, and raised in Hallstahammar. He and his family (father Göte, mother Daisy, the brothers Rolf and Bosse and sister Rose-Marie) moved to Partille, outside Gothenburg, before he started school, and he began his footballing career in Jonsereds IF at the age of seven or eight. Nilsson joined IFK Göteborg for the 1975 season, and helped the club climb back to the top tier of Swedish football, Allsvenskan, by winning Division 2 in 1976. He tried his luck abroad with PSV Eindhoven, but returned to IFK after only one season. He then helped the team to a treble in 1982, the Swedish championship (IFK won both Allsvenskan and the title-deciding play-off), Svenska Cupen, and the UEFA Cup. He was awarded Guldbollen, the Swedish footballer of the year award, for his heroics.

Nilsson moved to Kaiserslautern in Germany, where he played two seasons, and was about to move to Benfica when his former Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson left that club. Instead, Nilsson moved home to Gothenburg and his former club. When he ended his playing career after three seasons due to knee problems, Nilsson had led the club to another Swedish Championship, and nearly a European Cup final in 1986. IFK was eliminated by FC Barcelona after having won the home leg 3–0. They lost the away match by the same score. Nilsson still regrets not taking a penalty in the ensuing penalty shootout, which forced two young and inexperienced players — Roland Nilsson and Per Edmund Mordt — to the spot. Both missed their penalties.

It is a mystery to a lot of Swedes how Nilsson with all his talent never really made it big when playing for PSV and Kaiserslautern, but according to himself he was too shy to make it in those rougher top club environments.

Despite Nilsson's so-so stays abroad, and his short career in the Swedish national team – for whom he played only 28 matches and scored nine goals – he is considered to be one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time. He declined to play for the national team for four years in the early 1980s when he was at his prime, the most important reason for this was that Nilsson not felt comfortable in the national team and the coach Lars Arnesson, who mixtured a lot with different formations, which did not suit the playing style that Nilsson liked. He instead concentrated on his club team, but made a comeback in the national team in 1984, scoring a goal in the 3–1 win against Portugal in the 1986 World Cup qualification. Nilsson was elected to the Swedish football Hall of Fame in 2003.

In a Sky Sports interview, March 2020, Sven Goran Eriksson said that Nilsson was the best striker he had ever managed.

Coaching career
After ending his professional playing career, Torbjörn Nilsson acted as playing manager for his youth club Jonsereds IF, before becoming manager of Örgryte IS, then in Division 1, in 1991. The club was relegated to Division 2, but managed to advance two divisions into Allsvenskan the next year, thanks to the Swedish league system at the time. The luck did not last, however, and Örgryte was relegated from the highest league in 1993. Nilsson moved to IK Oddevold from Uddevalla, and brought the club to Allsvenskan for the first time in its history in 1995. He left his job after the season and did not take a new one for a year.

He then took the job as manager of Västra Frölunda IF in 1997, and for the third time coached a team to a promotion to Allsvenskan. He stayed as manager for Västra Frölunda for two seasons and led the club to a fifth and seventh place, the two best seasonal results the club has enjoyed. He took another one-year break before starting his fourth spell as manager for a Gothenburg club, BK Häcken, in 2001. He only stayed for one year, not being able to keep the club in the highest league. Instead he became the manager of the Sweden under-21 team, leading the team through a successful qualification to the 2004 UEFA U-21 Championship, where the team narrowly lost the semi-final and third place matches after penalty shootouts and extra time, respectively. He did not coach any team between 2004 and 2008, but then resumed his managerial career in Gothenburg's best women's team, Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nilsson goal.

Honours

 * IFK Göteborg

 * UEFA Cup: 1981–82
 * Swedish Champion: 1982, 1984
 * Svenska Cupen: 1978–1979, 1981–82

Individual
 * Guldbollen: 1982
 * Allsvenskan top scorer: 1981
 * European Cup top scorer: 1984–85 (7 goals, shared with Michel Platini), 1985–86 (7 goals)
 * UEFA Cup top scorer: 1981–82 (9 goals)
 * Årets ärkeängel: 1979

title: Torbjörn Nilsson


text:
Category:First-generation video game consoles

 * First generation video game consoles — generally introduced between 1972 and 1977.


text:
1918 in Swedish football

The 1918 season in Swedish football, starting January 1918 and ending December 1918:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1918

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1918

 * Final

National team results
🇸🇪 Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Theodor Malm, Axel Larsson - Gustaf Carlson, Ragnar Wicksell, Einar Halling-Johansson - Thure Sterne, Vigor Lindberg, Karl Gustafsson, Helge Ekroth, Birger Carlsson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: John Karlsson-Nottorp - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Bruno Lindström, Sven Friberg, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Josef Appelgren.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Erik Sjöstrand - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Karl Johansson, Sven Friberg, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Herbert Karlsson, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Mauritz Sandberg.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Robert Zander - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Karl Johansson, Konrad Törnqvist, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Herbert Karlsson, Erik Hjelm, Mauritz Sandberg.

title: 1918 in Swedish football


text:
Talk:Democratic Party (East Timor)

Tidy up
I've cleaned up as best as I can, but I'm not sure what was meant in all case. In particular, "political revange"? (Settling of old scores, something like that?) Alai 20:01, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That's how I read it. A-giau 06:39, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've removed all of the information on the rationale behind the party's establishment, which was entirely non-NPOV. A section on the party's aims and its establishment history would be useful in this article, and other editors are welcome to add one, but the information needs to be written in a neutral tone, or else it is likely to be deleted. Cheers. – Liveste (talk • edits) 23:54, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Democratic Party (East Timor)