text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 June 1

Category:Widget toolkit

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 14:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Needs to be in plural form.--Hooperbloob 00:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Airports of Yukon

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (keep) --Kbdank71 13:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I cfr'ed Yukon Territory, but for the "the". Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 20:50, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The discussion that just closed had consensus on Category:Airports of Yukon because the name used officially is Yukon, not the Yukon.  --Azkar 21:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Disagree, same reason. --Kbdank71 13:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Disagree: we already reached a consensus on "Airports of Yukon" --David 13:33, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Agree, as a Yukoner, I must say that the preferred usage in the Yukon and in the English language is to use the article, despite the "official" name used in the Yukon Act which only dates to 2002 -- Luigizanasi 20:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * At the risk of reopening the first discussion, do people still consider the full name to be "the Yukon Territory"? David 20:58, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Since I did not participate in the discussion because I was not aware of it going on, I guess I'm allowed to put my 2 cents in now. Most people don't think of the full name, but probably would agree. We do use "the Yukon" and have to strain to omit the article, and when referring to the government, we usually say "YTG" (without an article), the acronym for "Yukon Territorial Government". I would argue that the majority of Yukoners favour "the Yukon" and many feel strongly about it (as I do), although there is a minority that believes we should drop the "the" so we can be just like everyone else. There is no consensus in the Yukon either, although the debate has been muted in the last few years.
 * One way around the debate is to use "Yukon" as an adjective, (e.g. "Yukon airports"). This avoids controversy & meets Wikipedia's NPOV requirement. Of course, it also means that the Yukon categories do not match the form of the other territories/provinces' categories. Luigizanasi 04:37, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Wikipedia historical pages

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The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 14:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This category was recently listed for deletion (see discussion at Categories for deletion/Log/2005 May 20). The result of the discussion was to keep the category. There was some interest expressed in renaming the category, and I am nominating this in order to resolve that, one way or the other. I recommend Category:Wikipedia archives. I feel this name is appropriate to describe both a collection of archives (as seven out of the twelve subcats are "Foo archive" already), as well as an individual repository of historical items. --Azkar 18:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Category:Wikipedia archives. --Kbdank71 18:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree as well. Radiant_* 19:04, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Unpop Art Movement

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Trivial nonsense Hall Monitor 18:24, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Nova Scotia actors

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:25, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Empty, was marked as cfd hours after creation by User:Mayumashu, the creator. --Kbdank71 18:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Nova Scotia academics

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Empty, was marked as cfd hours after creation by User:Mayumashu, the creator. --Kbdank71 18:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Free software games

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The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 14:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Since 'free' software can mean either 'gratis' software or 'libre' (usually open source) software, this category should be renamed to reflect which it actually is. It seems to be mostly the latter, but includes a few mismatches. Radiant_* 12:18, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Stub

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

We previously decided to help empty Category:Stub and point Template:Stub to Category:Stubs. The stub sorting project has reached the bottom of the barrel, so now's a good time to make this change. It might also be a good time to unprotect the stub template, since it's no longer in widespread use (and thus does not cause excessive server load when it is changed). (It's probably about time for a facelift.) -- Beland 01:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yay for WSS! Rename. Radiant_* 08:04, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename - it even qualifies for speedy renaming, btw. -- grm_wnr Esc  12:35, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hear, hear! Rename and unprotect. Wipe 13:15, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename! Joyous 23:15, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename joyously! Grutness...  wha?  02:19, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, of course! --Azkar 02:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename immediately Saga City 00:52, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, and cheer!. Alai 03:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment/Question - If this category is renamed to "Uncategorized stubs" per its discussion page (though I dont see that indicated here). With the same tag  result in getting the article placed in the right location?  I ask because a large number of users are not going to go to the effort of looking at all the stub categories and finding the right one, so people need a default. Dalf | Talk 08:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The proposal, as I understand it, is to move (and redirect) to "Category:Stubs" (rather than "Category:Uncategorized stubs". If that's the case, the actual template won't be affected at all, simply the target category -- i.e., people will still type the same thing to "stub" something.  Alai 18:47, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely just to Category:Stubs. All the stub categories are subcategories of Category:Stub, so it would be silly to label it "uncategorised". Grutness...  wha?  00:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. NatusRoma 13:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename!! Everyone's been so busy Lectonar 06:08, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Important stub

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:22, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Important-stub has been deprecated and is in the holding cell awaiting deletion on tfd, so this category is basically also deprecated (it only contains links to lists of template messages and the like). The template duplicated the work of expansion, which puts articles into Category: Articles to be expanded. Grutness...  wha?  01:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. On a side note, shouldn't it have been "Important stubs", anyway?  --Azkar 01:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You're probably right there - my guess is that it was created at about the same time as the category listed above!. Grutness...  wha?  02:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. Radiant_* 08:04, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep...needed catorgory, but needs improvement. Coolgamer 16:44, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Read my initial comment. The template is gone because there is another almost identical template - which feeds into Category:Articles to be expanded. We don't need both. Grutness...  wha?  23:50, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Use topical stub message plus expansion instead. -- grm_wnr Esc  10:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agumon X (0th nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 3 July 2005 03:11 (UTC)

Agumon X

 * Delete not notable Revolución 23:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to profile either a single card from the CCG or a single character/enemy from one of the games. Harmful to the digimon project as a whole. --InShaneee 20:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pakaran/Kingdom of Wikipedia portal

User:Pakaran/Kingdom of Wikipedia portal
Not even made by User:Pakaran. Nonsense that should be deleted. - 68.251.209.191 23:11, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - 68.23.111.5 04:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - 68.255.37.206 00:56, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 *  keep  - and mabby move cantes some way ells 69.115.115.236 20:58, 10 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ango Sakaguchi

Ango Sakaguchi (坂口 安吾) was a Japanese writer, who wrote short stories and novels and was an essayist. His real name was Heigo Sakaguchi (坂口 炳五).

Biography
Born in Niigata, Sakaguchi was part of a group of young Japanese writers to rise and prominence in the years immediately following Japan's defeat in World War II. Ango Sakaguchi was associated with the Buraiha or "Decadent School" (無頼派 buraiha, the school of irresponsibility and decadence), which designated a group of dissolute writers who expressed their perceived aimlessness and identity crisis of post-World War II Japan.

In 1946, he wrote his most famous essay, "Darakuron" ("Discourse on Decadence"), which examined the role of bushido during the war. It is widely argued that he saw postwar Japan as decadent, yet more truthful than a wartime Japan built on illusions like bushido. (The work itself does not make any claims about the meaning of decadence.)

Ango was born in 1906 and was the 12th child of 13. He was born in the middle of a Japan perpetually at war. His father was the president of the Niigata Shimbun newspaper, a politician, and a poet.

Ango wanted to be a writer at 16. He moved to Tokyo at 17, after hitting a teacher who caught him truanting. His father died from brain cancer the following year, leaving his family in massive debt. At 20, Ango taught for a year as a substitute teacher following secondary school. He became heavily involved in Buddhism and attended Toyo University to study Indian philosophy, graduating at the age of 25. Throughout his career as a student, Ango was very outspoken about his opinions.

He wrote various works of literature after graduating, receiving praise from writers such as Makino Shin'ichi. His literary career started around the same time as Japan's expansion into Manchuria. At 27, he met and became friends with Yada Tsuneko. His mother died when he was 37, in the middle of World War II. He struggled for recognition as a writer for years before finally finding it with "A Personal View of Japanese Culture" in 1942, and again with "On Decadence" in 1946.

In 1947, Ango Sakaguchi wrote an ironical murder mystery, Furenzoku satsujin jiken ("The Non-serial Murder Incident", translated and published in French as Meurtres sans série), for which he received the Mystery Writers of Japan Award in 1948. Ango had a child at 42 with his wife, Michiyo Kaji. Ango later died from a brain aneurysm at age 48 in 1955, in Kiryū, Gunma.

Works in English translation

 * Literary Mischief: Sakaguchi Ango, Culture, and the War, edited by James Dorsey and Doug Slaymaker, with translations by James Dorsey. Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2010.  (Critical essays by Doug Slaymaker, James Dorsey, Robert Steen, Karatani Kojin, and Ogino Anna.)
 * Short story
 * "Pearls" (Shinju, 1942)
 * Essays
 * "A Personal View of Japanese Culture" (Nihon bunka shikan, 1942)
 * "Discourse on Decadence" (Darakuron, 1946)
 * "Discourse on Decadence, Part II" (Zoku darakuron, 1946)

 * Short stories
 * "The Idiot" (Hakuchi, 1946). Transl. by George Saitо̄ in Modern Japanese Stories, ed. by Ivan Morris. Rutland and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1962, pp. 383–410.
 * "I Want to Be Holding the Sea" (海を抱きしめていたい), Transl. by Shogo Oketani and Leza Lowitz in Towards a Literature of the Periphery: Manoa (Honolulu, Hawaii : 1995), 7, no. 1.
 * "One Woman and the War" (Zoku Sensо̄ to hitori no onna, 1946). Transl. by Lane Dunlop in Autumn Wind and Other Stories. Rutland and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1994, pp. 140–160.
 * "In the Forest, Under Cherries in Full Bloom" (Sakura no mori no mankai no shita, 1947). Trans. by Jay Rubin in The Oxford Book of Japanese Short Stories, ed. by Theodore W. Goossen. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 187–205.
 * "The War and a Woman" (Sensо̄ to hitori no onna, 1946). Transl. by Robert Zetzsche in Sakiko Nomura: Ango. Tokyo: Match and Company, 2017.
 * Wind, Light, and the Twenty-Year-Old-Me (風と光と二十の私と) (abridged), translated by Reiko Seri and Doc Kane. Kobe: Maplopo, 2020.

 * Essay
 * "A Personal View of Japanese Culture" (Nihon bunka shikan, 1942) (abridged). Transl. by James Dorsey in The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Volume 1, ed. by Thomas Rimer and Van Gessel. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 823–835.

title: Ango Sakaguchi


text:
User:EatAlbertaBeef/Axiomism

What to put in here this month? Who knows!?

http://static.flickr.com/27/102864331_838f96ac34_m.jpg

title: User:EatAlbertaBeef/Axiomism


text:
Northeast-10 Conference

The Northeast-10 Conference (NE-10) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. It is the only Division II collegiate ice hockey conference in the United States.

History
The original 1980 conference was called the "Northeast 7" as the colleges were American International College, Assumption College, Bentley College, Bryant College, the University of Hartford, Springfield College, and Stonehill College. In 1981, Saint Anselm College was the eighth team to join and the resulting "NE-8" stayed this way until 1984 when the University of Hartford left and Merrimack College joined.

The “Northeast-10” name came about in 1987 when Saint Michael's College and Quinnipiac College joined the league. The conference remained stable until 1995 when Springfield College left for Division III. The league stayed at ten members as Le Moyne College joined the league in 1996 from the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC) and briefly expanded to eleven when Pace University joined in 1997 from the New York Collegiate Athletic Conference (NYCAC). Quinnipiac moved to the Division I Northeast Conference (NEC) to again return the membership to ten.

The last major expansion took place prior to 2000, when five new schools joined the fold. Franklin Pierce College, Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU; formerly New Hampshire College), the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass Lowell), and Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU) and the College of Saint Rose (Saint Rose) giving the NE10 15 members.

Since the addition of those five institutions, the league has added football, indoor track and field, and outdoor track and field as championship sports. The expansion continued in 2003–04 as the conference added another three championships – men's swimming and diving, women's swimming and diving, and men's ice hockey. However, because the NE10 is the sole Division II men's ice hockey league, its postseason champion cannot compete for the NCAA national hockey championship.

David Brunk, the first full-time commissioner in league history, announced in April he was resigning July 1, 2007 to take over the Peach Belt Conference. Brunk had been commissioner since 1998. Julie Ruppert became the next full-time commissioner in June 2008, becoming the first female Division II commissioner in the country.

In 2008, Bryant University announced it would begin the five-year process that would make them a full Division I member by 2012; at the same time the NE10 announced that it had given a bid to University of New Haven and they had accepted. In December 2007, Adelphi University announced it had joined the league and began playing in 2009–10. To start the 2008–09 academic year the NE10 still had 15 members and expanded to 16 in 2009-10.

On July 1, 2013, UMass Lowell left the NE10 to join the Division I America East Conference. With the departure of UMass Lowell, the Northeast-10 Conference had 15 remaining members.

Two other changes to the conference membership, both taking effect with the 2019–20 school year, were announced in 2018. First, Merrimack announced that it would begin a transition to Division I and join the Northeast Conference (the same move that Bryant made in 2008). Then, Long Island University announced that it would unify its two athletic programs—the Division I LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and the Division II LIU Post Pioneers, the latter of which was a NE10 affiliate member in field hockey and football at the time of announcement—into a single D-I athletic program under the LIU name. As such, the LIU Post field hockey team was merged with LIU Brooklyn's previously existing team in that sport, and the LIU Post football team became the new LIU football team, competing as a Division I FCS team in the Northeast Conference. Thus, the NE10 was at a total of 14 member schools. In 2022, the number was reduced to 13 with Stonehill College's announcement of its departure for Division I's Northeast Conference (NEC).

The next change in conference membership took place on July 1, 2023 when Le Moyne left for the NEC, dropping the NE10 to 12 members for the 2023-24 season.

In 2023, St. Rose announced it was ceasing operations after the 2023-24 Academic Year, dropping the NE10 to 11 members effective for the 2024-25 season.

Chronological timeline

 * 1980 - The Northeast-10 Conference (NE10) was founded. Charter members included American International College, Assumption College (now Assumption University), Bentley College (now Bentley University), Bryant College (now Bryant University), the University of Hartford, Springfield College, and Stonehill College beginning the 1980-81 academic year.
 * 1981 - Saint Anselm College joined the NE10 in the 1981-82 academic year.
 * 1984 - Hartford left the NE10 to join the Division I ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the ECAC North Atlantic Conference after the 1983-84 academic year.
 * 1984 - Merrimack College joined the NE10 in the 1984-85 academic year.
 * 1987 - Quinnipiac College (now Quinnipiac University) and Saint Michael's College joined the NE10 in the 1987-88 academic year.
 * 1995 - Springfield (Mass.) left the NE10 to join the NCAA Division III ranks and the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) after the 1994-95 academic year.
 * 1996 - Le Moyne College joined the NE10 in the 1996-97 academic year.
 * 1997 - Pace University joined the NE10 in the 1997-98 academic year.
 * 1998 - Quinnipiac left the NE10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the Northeast Conference (NEC) after the 1997-98 academic year.
 * 2000 - Franklin Pierce College (now Franklin Pierce University), the University of Massachusetts at Lowell (UMass–Lowell), New Hampshire College (now Southern New Hampshire University), the College of Saint Rose and Southern Connecticut State University joined the NE10 in the 2000-01 academic year.
 * 2001 - Long Island University–Post (LIU–Post) joined the NE10 as an affiliate member for football in the 2001 fall season (2001-02 academic year).
 * 2008 - Bryant left the NE10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the NEC after the 2007-08 academic year.
 * 2008 - LIU–Post left the NE10 as an affiliate member for football after the 2007 fall season (2007-08 academic year).
 * 2008 - The University of New Haven joined the NE10 in the 2008-09 academic year.
 * 2009 - Adelphi University joined the NE10 in the 2009-10 academic year.
 * 2013 - UMass–Lowell left the NE10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the America East Conference after the 2012-13 academic year.
 * 2013 - LIU–Post re-joined the NE10 as an affiliate member for football (but also included field hockey) in the 2013 fall season (2013-14 academic year).
 * 2019 - Merrimack left the NE10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the NEC after the 2018-19 academic year.
 * 2019 - LIU–Post left the NE10 as an affiliate member for football and field hockey, as the school announced that it would merge with LIU–Brooklyn to unify its athletic programs after the 2018 fall season (2018-19 academic year).
 * 2019 - Four institutions joined the NE10 as affiliate members: Mercy College, Molloy College and St. Thomas Aquinas College for field hockey; and Post University for men's ice hockey, all effective in the 2019-20 academic year.
 * 2022 - Stonehill left the NE-10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the NEC after the 2021–22 academic year.
 * 2023 – Le Moyne left the NE-10 to join the NCAA Division I ranks and the NEC after the 2022–23 academic year.
 * 2023 - The College of Staten Island joined the NE-10 as an associate member in both men's and women's swimming and diving effective in the 2023-24 academic year.
 * 2024 - Saint Rose left the NE-10 as the school announced that it would close its doors after the 2023–24 academic year.
 * 2024 - Post University added football to its associate membership, effective in the 2024 season.

Current members
The NE10 currently has 11 full members; all but one are private schools.

 * Notes:

Affiliate members
The NE10 currently has 5 affiliate members, all private schools:

Former members
The NE10 had nine former full members; all but one were private schools.

 * Notes:

Former affiliate members
The NE10 had one former affiliate member, which was also a private school.

 * Notes:

Other sponsored sports by school

 * Notes

title: Northeast-10 Conference


text: User talk:83.109.170.194

title: User talk:83.109.170.194


text:
The Micallef P(r)ogram(me)

The Micallef P(r)ogram(me) is an Australian sketch comedy TV series hosted by Shaun Micallef, and written by Micallef and Gary McCaffrie, that ran from 1998 to 2001 on ABC TV. It was known as The Micallef Program in its first series, The Micallef Programme in its second series and The Micallef Pogram in its third series. The Micallef P(r)ogram(me) is an umbrella title used for the DVD releases.

Format and cast
Airing on Mondays (Friday for the second season) at 8pm, the show took the loose guise of a fictional variety show that featured mock interviews, host monologues, audience participation segments and competitions, bookending character-based sketches. The characters of Milo Kerrigan and David McGhan from Micallef's previous sketch series Full Frontal also reappeared in this series. The show was written and produced by Micallef and Gary McCaffrie: the small number of writers and small cast, as well as the different requirements of the ABC, meant that the show was far more surreal and abrupt than Full Frontal - the humour was frequently bizarre (notoriously evidenced by Attentione il est MYRON!, a recurring parody of European claymation programs).

As host, Micallef adopted the persona of an arrogant, thin-skinned, self-obsessed pedant. His monologues featured a large amount of deliberately confusing wordplay (garden path sentences; for example, "As a Chinese person who is bilingual might say, 'gute Nacht!'"), and his interviews would revolve around him confusing and belittling his guests, both real and fictional: these included John Clarke, Tim Freedman of The Whitlams, Tim Rogers, and Andrew Denton. To balance this out, however, Micallef tended to play shabby and frequently crazy "low status" characters (such as Kerrigan) in the sketches, and was himself frequently humiliated by the other members of the cast."

As the program went on, it became stranger and more surreal. The third series was particularly notable for this, and gained much media coverage from a sketch that never made it to air. The sketch was supposed to show Shaun introducing a segment in which war hero Weary Dunlop would be shown as a transsexual and a few seconds into the sketch it would cut to the ABC switchboard lighting up with complaints. However, the sketch got complaints before it was even shown and subsequently never went to air - the irony of the situation lost on many of those who complained. Micallef made light of this by putting several sketches in his book Smithereens that ended with Dunlop entering in a dress. The sketch is however contained in the DVD release of the third series and appeared in the ABC TV retrospective series, Shock Horror Aunty.

Although the show made frequent use of minor celebrities, it shied away from direct parodies of television or actors, although the David E. McGhan character performed in stereotypical medical and legal dramas in the first two series. Its use of popular culture was better demonstrated in the opening show of the third series, where chanteuse Julie Anthony gave a strange rendition of Mi-Sex's 1979 hit "Computer Games" while a small dog pulled around a plastic cart with a single orange in it.

The show featured the talents of Wayne Hope, Roz Hammond, Francis Greenslade and, in the third series, Daina Reid. Micallef would go on to host a short-lived "real" variety show, Micallef Tonight, for the Nine Network in 2003.

Name changes
The name of the show changed each series, due to audience complaints which Micallef turned into a running gag. The first series, entitled The Micallef Program, encountered complaints from ABC viewers who objected to the spelling of "program", despite the American "program" being the standard Australian spelling. This linguistic issue is particularly sensitive among viewers of the ABC, which broadcasts a relatively large amount of British content. In the second series, which began on 20 August 1999 and ended on 8 October 1999, the title was changed to the British spelling of The Micallef Programme, and Micallef "thanked" his viewers in the series premiere:

"There's been a few changes since last series: we're spelling 'programme' correctly this time – the French way with two m's and an e. That's entirely due to your feedback and we thank you for that. Certainly don't get that level of pedantry from viewers of commercial television."

In the third series Micallef continued this gag, mispronouncing program as 'PO-gram'. When the ABC literature advertising the show changed it to The Micallef Pogram, the closeness to the word pogrom made what Micallef called "a far darker joke than was ever intended".

DVD releases
The second series was released on DVD in 2004, preceding the first and third series because the distributor, Shock Records, thought that the second series was most marketable. The third series was released in November 2005, and the first series was released in early 2006. A combined boxset of all three series called Micallef in a Box was released on 28 November 2006. Writing on the cover of the boxed set notes: "You own the award winning second and third series, now for the sake of completeness you can own all three".

In 2011, Shock Records released a box DVD set, The Collected Shaun Micallef, which included all three seasons of The Micallef Program along with The Incompleat Shaun Micallef, a compilation of his work on Full Frontal together with a Seven Network pilot Shaun Micallef's World Around Him, The Expurgated Micallef Tonight (highlights of Micallef's short-lived 2003 show Micallef Tonight on the Nine Network) and a bonus audio CD His Generation.

title: The Micallef P(r)ogram(me)


text:
File:Jfrontiers.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Journey album Frontiers (1983).

title: File:Jfrontiers.jpg


text:
Ronald Robertson (politician)

Ronald Douglas Robertson (born August 22, 1920 in Roblin, Manitoba – March 27, 1998 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1945 to 1958, and was the Minister for Agriculture in the government of Douglas Campbell.

Robertson was educated at the University of Manitoba and the Manitoba Law School. He also worked as a farmer, and was the president of the University Liberal Club in his youth. Robertson served as chair of the Motor Vehicle Control Board, and was a member of the Cabinet Civil Defence Committee and the Industrial Relations Committee.

Robertson enlisted with the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1940, and was discharged in September 1945 with the rank of Flight Lieutenant. He was also awarded the American Air Medal and Bar.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1945 provincial election. At the time, Manitoba was governed by an alliance of Liberal-Progressives and Progressive Conservatives. Robertson ran as an independent candidate supporting the coalition government, and defeated CCF candidate Leslie Thompson by 155 votes in the Roblin constituency. He was re-elected by a greater margin in the 1949 election, and joined the Liberal-Progressive Party in the parliament that followed.

On November 7, 1952, Robertson was appointed Minister of Agriculture in Douglas Campbell's government. He was easily returned in the 1953 election, and was appointed Minister of Public Works on July 6, 1956.

The Liberal-Progressives were defeated in the 1958 election, and Robertson lost his own legislative seat in the redistributed constituency of Swan River, finishing third against Progressive Conservative candidate Albert H.C. Corbett.

title: Ronald Robertson (politician)


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Attack of the Weirdos

Attack of the Weirdos is the debut extended play by Detroit rapper and D12 member Bizarre. It was released on September 1, 1998 via Federation Records.

Audio production of the seven track album was handled by local Detroit deejays and producers such as DJ Head, who was D12's deejay at the time, Mad Chemist, Hush of Da Ruckus, and the now acclaimed producers J Dilla of Slum Village and Mr. Porter.

Being a member of hip hop collectives D12 and Outsidaz, Bizarre had some of his bandmates of both crews to appear on this album. The EP earned Bizarre the Inner City Flava Of The Year award in 1998.

On May 11, 2018, it was announced that Majik Ninja Entertainment would be teaming up with Federation to re-release the EP for its 20-year anniversary. It is set to be reissued on July 27, 2018

Track listing
Note
 * Track 3 sampled "Prelude in C-Sharp Minor Op.3 No.2" by Sergei Rachmaninoff (1919)

Personnel
Credits adapted from Discogs

 * Rufus "Bizarre" Johnson – lead vocals
 * Denaun "Kon Artis" Porter – vocals & producer (track 2)
 * Von "Kuniva" Carlisle – vocals (track 2)
 * Marshall "Eminem" Mathers – vocals (track 3)
 * Fuzz Scoota – vocals (track 3)
 * Aubrey "Az Izz" King – vocals (track 7)
 * Jerome "Pacewon" Hinds – vocals (track 7)
 * Shakir Nur-al-din "Yah Yah" Abdullah – vocals (track 7)
 * Dewayne "Young Zee" Battle – vocals & engineer (track 7)
 * Mad Chemist – additional vocals & producer (track 4)
 * ABM Nubian – additional vocals (track 2)
 * Dead Day – additional vocals (track 6)
 * Kevin "DJ Head" Bell – producer (tracks 3, 5, 7), mixing (track 7)
 * Daniel "Hush" Carlisle – producer (track 1)
 * James "J Dilla" Yancey – producer (track 6)
 * Leonard "Lenn Swann" Adams – scratches (track 5)
 * Chaz Martin – engineer (tracks 1–2, 4-6)
 * I.V. Duncan – engineer (track 3)
 * Rob Fwarthout – mixing
 * DeShaun "Proof" Holton – mixing (track 7)
 * Marc Kempf – executive producer, art direction, photography (cover & inside)
 * Rico Shelton – executive producer
 * Darrell Williams – executive producer
 * Bob Martus – photography (inside)

title: Attack of the Weirdos


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Daniel Singer (journalist)

Daniel Singer (26 September 1926 – 2 December 2000) was a Polish-American socialist writer and journalist. He was best known for his articles for The Nation in the United States and for The Economist in Britain, serving for decades as a European correspondent for each magazine.

Gore Vidal described Singer as "one of the best, and certainly the sanest, interpreters of things European for American readers", with a "Balzacian eye for human detail." Mike Davis labelled Singer "the left's most brilliant arsonist", with a talent for "set[ting] ablaze whole forests of desiccated cliches".

Early life
Singer was born in 1926 in Warsaw, in his parents' home. His father, Bernard Singer, was to become a well-known journalist, but was impoverished at the time of Daniel's birth. His mother, Esther Singer, was a teacher, and the child of wealthy Jewish parents. Esther, a Marxist, interested both Daniel and a young Isaac Deutscher in left-wing politics, and specifically the ideas of Marx and Rosa Luxemburg. As Daniel aged, his father became more financially successful, and the family was able to move out of the ghetto. Esther quit her job, and Daniel attended a school where he was the only Jew in his class.

Education and escape from Holocaust
In 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, Daniel and his sister and mother were staying in southern France. They went to Paris in an attempt to book passage to Warsaw, but could not. Instead, after the occupation of Paris by the Germans, Daniel and his mother and sister left Paris. They went first to Anger, where Daniel went to the Lycée David d'Anger, then to Toulouse (Lyce Lakanal) and after to Marseille (Lycée Thiers). In the beginning of August 1942, the French police came to arrest them; his sister jumped through the window from the second floor, broke her leg and was sent to the hospital; Daniel was away in the countryside with some school friends and learned about his sister coming back home. With the help of the resistance, first Daniel and then his mother and sister escaped to Switzerland. Bernard Singer, meanwhile, was arrested by the Soviet Union, which had occupied eastern Poland under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Bernard was sent to the gulag for two years and released when the USSR entered the war before being allowed to leave for London.

During the middle of the Second World War, Daniel studied philosophy in Geneva. In 1944, he and the remainder of his family joined his father in London, where Daniel obtained his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of London.

Journalistic career and marriage
Singer began working for The Economist in 1948, with assistance from his old friend Isaac Deutscher, and for the New Statesman in 1949. His work focused on Poland, France, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. He remained on staff with The Economist for 19 years. In this period, he also provided radio and television commentary for the BBC and the Canadian CBC.

In 1956, Singer married Jeanne Kérel, a French doctoral student in economics in the University of Paris; with a British Council scholarship she spent a year in London in 1952–1953 at the London School of Economics. After their wedding they lived during two years separated. Daniel moved to Paris in May 1958 when he was sent as"The Economist correspondent moved to Paris,'.

Singer spent the rest of his life living in Paris, reporting first for The Economist, and then, after 1970, for The Nation, and became in 1980 the magazine's European correspondent. He wrote critically of Charles De Gaulle, François Mitterrand, and the French Communist Party, but was enthusiastic about the events of May 1968.

Death
Singer died in 2000 of lung cancer. He requested that the announcement of his death be accompanied by a quotation from Rosa Luxemburg, still his political idol, shortly before her execution: "Your order is built on sand. Tomorrow, the revolution will raise its head again, Proclaiming to your horror amidst a blaze of trumpets, 'I was, I am, I always shall be.'"

The Daniel Singer Millennium Prize Foundation was established in Singer's name after his death. It offers an annual $2,500 prize for an essay in Singer's spirit.

Political views
Singer's writing was always deeply influenced by his interest in politics, and specifically the process of political change. Throughout his adult life, Singer was a socialist, but a critic of the Soviet Union. Influenced by anarchism, Trotskyism, and various newer dissident schools of Marxism, he was devoted ultimately to the political ideas of Marx and Luxemburg.

Singer opposed capitalism, saying that he "could not resign himself to the idea that with the technological genius at our disposal we are unable to build a different world." He denied, however, that capitalism's doom is inevitable, writing "capitalism has within it the seeds of its own destruction, but only seeds... Capitalism will have to be pushed off the stage." Singer believed that this push "will require a revolution."

While Singer was an opponent of Stalinism, and believed the French Communist Party in large part responsible for De Gaulle's success in taking power in 1958 and his failure to be overthrown in 1968, he had a nuanced view on the question. He wrote that, "while the totalitarian nature of Stalin's Russia is undeniable, I find the thesis of "totalitarian twins" both wrong and unproductive, and recognised the deep working-class implantation of the CP.

Singer retained an optimism about the prospects for socialism, writing shortly before his death: "There is no certainty about the future. Humanity has the capability of destroying itself, and it may very well do so. The hope is with the younger generation. They will not be able to run away from the problems of the world the way our generation did and the next generation has. But our grandchildren will have to deal with the contradictions."

Prelude to Revolution (1970)
Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968, first published by Hill and Wang in 1970, is an account of the student uprising and general strike that shook France and imperiled the Gaullist regime in the spring of 1968. Singer argues that the events of May '68, while not a revolution, even a failed one, had the potential to overturn a contradictory French society. However, he claims, they achieved no radical change because the genuine radicals on the non-Communist left had insufficient organisation and influence, while the supposedly radical Communist Party, with sufficient strength to force fundamental change in the crisis, was not actually interested in doing so. According to Percy Brazil, this is the work which established Singer as "a major political writer."

The New Republic wrote of Prelude to Revolution that "if Marx had been living in Paris during May 1968, he might have written this book."

The Road to Gdansk (1981)
The Road to Gdansk, published by Monthly Review Press in 1981, is a collection of essays on Poland, the Soviet Union, and Solidarity. It was described by Foreign Affairs as "a sharp and stimulating analysis", though a review in Russian Review, while praising its discussion of the USSR, notes that "less than a third" of the book is devoted to "a rather superficial analysis" of events in Poland.

Is Socialism Doomed? (1988)
''Is Socialism Doomed? The Meaning of Mitterrand'' was published by Oxford University Press in 1988. The book dissects the phenomenon of François Mitterrand, who came into office as the first socialist president in French history with "the most radical program of any offered in the West by a prospective government in at least thirty years", but by the end of the 1980s had abandoned radicalism and turned the French Socialist Party back into a standard European social democratic party. Singer argued that the disappointment of Mitterrand for socialists demonstrated not that socialism is a futile project, but that Mitterrand had not really attempted it.

Whose Millennium? (1999)
''Whose Millennium? Theirs or Ours?'' was published by Monthly Review Press in 1999. This book, described by Percy Brazil as Singer's "magnum opus", challenges the idea that "there is no alternative" to capitalism. Instead, Singer argues, "We are at a moment, to borrow [Walt] Whitman's words, when society 'is for a while between things ended and things begun,' not because of some symbolic date on a calendar marking the turn of the millennium, but because the old order is a-dying, in so far as it can no longer provide answers corresponding to the social needs of our point of development, though it clings successfully to power, because there is no class, no social force ready to push it off the historical stage." Barbara Ehrenreich described the book as "magisterial in its historical sweep [and] fiercely democratic in its vision", providing "the thinking person's bridge to the 21st Century."

Deserter from Death (2005)
Deserter from Death: Dispatches from Western Europe 1950–2000, is a posthumous collection of Singer's journalistic writing over the course of his life, published by Nation Books in 2005. It has an introduction by George Steiner and a preface by Howard Zinn. The title comes from a phrase Singer once used to describe himself, referring to his narrow escape from The Holocaust.

title: Daniel Singer (journalist)


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Automobili Lamborghini (video game)

Automobili Lamborghini is a 1997 racing video game developed and published by Titus France for the Nintendo 64. It is a successor to Lamborghini American Challenge.

In 1998, an improved version subtitled Super Speed Race 64 (スーパースピードレース64) was released in Japan only. This version was distributed by Taito, presented as a successor to the company's Speed Race series from the late 1970s and early 1980s. Improvements include a new difficulty level, the ability to freely customize controls, the introduction of weather, and actual pictures of various models of Lamborghini with their names displayed before the demo screen.

Gameplay
Automobili Lamborghini is an arcade-style racing game similar to the Ridge Racer or the early Need for Speed series. There are 4 modes of play: Arcade, Championship, Single Race, and Time Trials. Arcade and Championship consist of a series of races and the ability to unlock various cars; Single Race is a practice mode in normal racing conditions, and Time Trials is a single player race against the player's best times.

To challenge these modes, the game features eight vehicles resembling real supercars: the two default cars, representing the Lamborghini Diablo and the Lamborghini Countach; and six unlockable cars won by beating the six configurations of championships, representing the Porsche 959, the Ferrari F50, the Ferrari Testarossa, the Dodge Viper, the McLaren F1, and the Bugatti EB110.

Reception
Reviews for Automobili Lamborghini ranged from mixed to positive. Critics overwhelmingly lauded its graphics     and high frame rate even in four-player, split-screen races. Next Generation called it "one of the more beautiful racers in what is hands-down the most filled-out genre for the system" and GameSpot commented that "The roads and scenery are beautifully rendered and blur by so fast. It's quite an assault to your equilibrium. The illusion of g-forces is undeniable, as is the sensation of just soaring over the track."

The controls were a far more divisive issue. Though Next Generation, GameSpot, and Electronic Gaming Monthly all praised the handling as realistic, tight, and easy to learn,  GamePro, IGN's Peer Schneider, and The Electric Playground's Victor Lucas contended that the controls are overly touchy and difficult to master. Some also criticized the lack of an option to change the control configuration and the lack of visible damage from collisions.

Critics highly praised the game's multiplayer mode, especially the then-rare ability to have human and A.I. opponents at the same time. John Ricciardi of Electronic Gaming Monthly said this feature made Automobili Lamborghini his "favorite N64 racer so far". By contrast, Lucas criticized the "relatively paper thin gameplay", bland colors, and "intolerably stupid" computer opponent. He said that the game should have included more cars and tracks, and criticized the sound effects: "These are sports cars of magnitude. The hums, whines and purrs of these particular 'mobiles should not be taken lightly. However, there are times when it sounds like this is a race of turbo-charged hand blenders." GamePro complained at the lack of a reverse gear but found the ability to use both the Rumble Pak and Controller Pak innovative. The reviewer concluded the game to be flawed and lacking in originality, and recommended players instead get San Francisco Rush: Extreme Racing. Though praising almost every aspect of the game, Next Generation concluded that "It really needs a better sense of speed and more tension, or at least some unique element besides its dream-car license to set it apart. AL64 makes a decent rental, but even at Nintendo's recently lowered prices, it's no steal." However, a majority of reviewers praised the game's sense of speed. Schneider assessed that "although there are a few obvious faults in the game, this sequel to the Euro-hit Lamborghini American Challenge for the Super NES does a decent job at bringing street racing home."

The game sold more than 500,000 units.

title: Automobili Lamborghini (video game)


text:
Laura Flessel-Colovic

Laura Flessel-Colovic (born 6 November 1971) is a French politician and épée fencer who served as Minister of Sports from 2017 to 2018. Born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, she has won the most Olympic medals of any French sportswoman, with five. Before 2007, she was a member of the Levallois Sporting Club Escrime, and now works with Lagardère Paris Racing. She is married and has one daughter.

She was France's flag-bearer at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London, which was her fifth and last Olympics.

She was appointed Minister of Sports in the Philippe Government on 17 May 2017 and resigned on 4 September 2018.

Fencer
Laura Flessel began fencing at age six and quickly became a very talented fencer. She progressed quickly and became champion of Guadeloupe. Then, she gained solid experience on the Caribbean, Central American and Pan American circuits, winning in 1990 the Pan American Championships in foil and épée. The same year, she joined the metropolis, to train with the Racing Club de France. She also trains within the INSEP, which allows her to face the best French fencers.

She won her first world stage success in 1995, finishing in third place at the Hague World Championships. This bronze medal is accompanied by a silver medal in the team event, which was defeated 45 to 44 by Hungary. Her teammates were Valérie Barlois, Sophie Moressee and Sangita Tripathi.

After her gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics and her victory at 1998 World Cup, she became the eighth French fencer, and first woman, to win the Olympic and World Champion titles. She is one of the favorites for the 2000 Summer Olympics title. She finally fails in the semi-final against Timea Nagy. At the 2006 World Championships in Turin, she gets a new individual bronze medal, beaten again by Timea Nagy

The 2008 Summer Olympics, her fourth Olympic Games, marks a turning point as it is the first Olympics where she does not get a medal after being eliminated by Li Na (15-9) in the quarter-finals. The year 2009 sees again Laura Flessel at the top but still without success with a third place at the European Championships in Plovdiv and a failure at the World Championships in Antalya where she lost f in quarter final against Lyubov Shutova after a close match that ends in sudden death on the score of 7 to 8.

On 21 April 2012, she qualifies for the individual event of the London Olympics by defeating Emma Samuelsson in the semifinals of the European Zone Qualifying Championship in Bratislava. On 14 May 2012, Laura Flessel is officially designated flag bearer of the French delegation for the London Olympics. In her final competition, she defeated Courtney Hurley (15-12) before losing to Simona Gherman (No. 4 worldwide) 15–13. She ends her career at the age of 40.

Doping offense
Laura Flessel was banned for three months in 2002 after failing a doping test. She tested positive for the banned substance coramine glucose, blaming the French team doctors for giving her a drug that is available over the counter in France.

Sports management
In 2012, she took over the management of Nathalie Moellhausen, a native of Italy and competing under the colors of Brazil, forming a group also composed of two fencing masters, Daniel Levavasseur and Michel Sicard, the latter having both coached Flessel.

Media and television

In 2008, Laura Flessel was a columnist for the daily newspaper Aujourd'hui Sport.

She was a contestant on the third season of Danse avec les stars.

During the 2016 Summer Olympics she commented, on Canal +, the opening ceremony with Stéphane Guy and Joris Sabi, the fencing events with Frédéric Roullier and the closing ceremony with Julien Fébreau and Jean Galfione.

In 2012, she participated in season 3 of Danse avec les stars (the French version of Dancing with the Stars) with her partner Grégoire Lyonnet but got eliminated in week 3, finishing 9th out of 10.

Community life
She is ambassador of the AMREF Flying Doctors' Stand Up for African Mothers campaign, the godmother of Handicap International, and Ambassador of Plan France. His long-term project is to bring fencing to disadvantaged cities and places. She is also a goodwill ambassador for UNESCO where she promotes tolerance in sports.

She founded the association Ti'Colibri which aims to promote fencing. Thanks to its action, it has been able to offer means and equipment to clubs with few resources.

Political career
During the two-rounds of the French presidential election of 2017, she was one of the sixty active or retired sportsmen who signed a call to vote for Emmanuel Macron on 7 May 2017 in the second round of the presidential election "so that sport remains an area of freedom, equality and fraternity."

On 17 May 2017, she was appointed Minister of Sports in the First Philippe government, under the presidency of Emmanuel Macron, a position she held in the Second Philippe government, which was formed on 21 June 2017.

The government's second most popular minister at the end of 2017, she is notably responsible for preparing the organization of the 2024 Summer Olympics. At the beginning of 2018, she launched a campaign against discrimination in the sporting world, with as ambassadors Antoine Griezmann, Estelle Mossely, Marie-Amélie Le Fur, Frédéric Michalak, Emmeline Ndongue and Florent Manaudou.

Honours

 * Summer Olympics
 * Gold Medal in individual épée in 1996
 * Gold Medal in team épée in 1996
 * Silver Medal in individual épée in 2004
 * Bronze Medal in individual épée in 2000
 * Bronze Medal in team épée in 2004
 * World Championships
 * Gold Medal in individual épée in 1998
 * Gold Medal in team épée in 1998
 * Gold Medal in individual épée in 1999
 * Gold Medal in team épée in 2005
 * Gold Medal in team épée in 2008
 * Silver Medal in team épée in 1995
 * Silver Medal in individual épée in 2001
 * Silver Medal in team épée in 2006
 * Bronze Medal in individual épée in 1995
 * Bronze Medal in team épée in 1997
 * Bronze Medal in individual épée in 2005
 * Bronze Medal in individual épée in 2006
 * World Cup Fencing
 * World Cup winner individual épée in 2002, 2003 and 2004
 * World Cup runner-up individual épée in 1997

title: Laura Flessel-Colovic


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Blue-spotted salamander

The blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale) is a mole salamander native to the Great Lakes states and northeastern United States, and parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Their range is known to extend to James Bay to the north, and southeastern Manitoba to the west.

Description
Blue-spotted salamanders are between 10 and 14 cm in length, of which the tail comprises 40%. Generally, males are slightly smaller than their female counterparts (Donato 2000). Their skin is bluish-black, with characteristic blue and white flecks on its back, and bluish-white spots on the sides of its body and tail. They have elongated bodies. The vent is typically black, which contrasts with the paler belly. Larvae that have transformed may have yellow splotches; these turn blue once the individual becomes terrestrial. Occasionally, a melanistic individual may be found in the wild.

They have long toes: four on the front feet and five on the hind feet. Typically, specimens will have 12–14 costal grooves. Males tend to be smaller than females, though they have longer, flattened tails.

Blue-spotted salamanders are nocturnal (Feuka, Hoffman, Hunter, Calhoun, 2017) staying underground during the day and coming out at night to find food (Donato 2000).

Geographic Range
Blue-spotted salamanders can be found in the northeastern parts of North America. New England in the United states has large populations of many types of salamanders, including Ambystoma laterale. Blue-spotted salamanders can be found as far west as the Great Lakes in Michigan and up into the eastern providences of Canada (Donato 2000, Gilhen 1974).

Habitat
Blue-spotted salamanders are primarily found in moist, deciduous hardwood forests and swampy woodlands with sandy soil (Donato 2000), though they can be found in coniferous forests and fields too. They prefer vernal pools that retain water into mid-summer, to ensure access to a suitable breeding habitat. Blue-spotted salamanders are philopatric and largely dependent on the availability of ephemeral pools. Underbrush, leaf litter, rocks and logs are commonly used for shelter. Studies are beginning to show that habitat selection may also be affected by factors such as light pollution and chemical hues. Blue spotted salamanders are facing habitat loss (Hoffman 2017).

Reproduction
Blue-spotted salamanders mate through the depositing and collecting of a spermatophore. A spermatophore is a packet of sperm that is deposited by the male. Reproduction is initiated by the male by taking hold of the female and rubbing her head with his chin. The female's eggs can be fertilized by the sperm in the spermatophore, but she must be in close proximity to the spermatophore. The male will try to position her so she is close enough that this can happen (PBS 2023).

Eggs are laid in small agglomerations attached to twigs, rocks or plants at the edge of a woodland pond or ditch. Clutches average a dozen eggs, and females may lay up to 500 eggs yearly. Males and females first mate when two years old. Breeding occurs in early spring near vernal pools.

Eggs take about one month to hatch. At hatching, larvae have a well-developed mouth and eyes, as well as external gills and broad tail fins (Donato 2000). Front limbs form at two weeks, and hind limbs form at three weeks. Larvae live underwater until they transform into the terrestrial form of the salamander. While still in water, the larvae will have more neutral coloring such as browns, greens and grays. The spots will also be yellow instead of blue (Gilhen 1974). It will fully transform to its terrestrial state by late summer.

Blue-spotted salamanders are known to be associated with unisexual (all-female) populations of ancient origin. The unisexual females often look like blue-spotted salamanders but have hybrid genomes and require sperm from a co-occurring, related species to fertilize their eggs and initiate development. Usually the eggs then discard the sperm genome and develop asexually (i.e., gynogenesis, with premeiotic doubling); however, they may incorporate the genome from the sperm into the resulting offspring. Sperm incorporation commonly takes the form of genome addition (resulting in ploidy elevation in the offspring), or genome replacement, wherein one of the maternal genomes is discarded. This unique mode of reproduction has been termed kleptogenesis by Bogart and his colleagues.

Relationship with Tremblay's salamander
Female Tremblay's salamanders (Ambystoma tremblayi) breed with male blue-spotted salamanders from March to April. Eggs are laid singly or in small masses of 6 to 10 eggs on debris at pond bottom. The males' chromosome contribution only stimulates the egg's development; its genetic material is ignored.

Defense
Blue-spotted salamanders have several defense mechanisms. The blue spots on the salamander's back and tail make it difficult for predators to clearly see the salamander. Blue-spotted salamanders also have specialized glands on their tails that secrete a milky substance which is harmful to predators. Having a large tail is also advantageous for a salamander as it can use its tail to shield its body from a predator. The large tail covered in a toxic substance would be the first part of the salamander that comes in contact with a predator's mouth, hopefully causing the predator to drop the salamander (Donato 2000).

Diet
Blue-spotted salamanders are carnivorous, eating invertebrates such as worms, snails, slugs, centipedes, as well as insects. Like most salamanders, blue-spotted salamanders stay underground during the day. However, at night they will emerge from the soil to feed. They may also emerge to feed when the environment is rainy or moist (Donato 2000).

Interaction with Unisexual Species
In the Northern portion of the blue-spotted salamander's geographic range, there is an area where this species interacts with a unisexual population of salamanders. The unisexual population of salamanders interacts with the blue-spotted salamanders to initiate reproduction, as the unisexual species is, for the most part, female. This interaction can be somewhat detrimental to blue-spotted salamander population because genes of the unisexual population are being promoted, creating competition between the two groups (Brodman, Krouse, 2007). Pure-diploid Blue-spotted Salamanders (A. laterale) are among the rarest amphibians in the northeastern United States.

title: Blue-spotted salamander


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Guanziling Hot Spring

Guanziling Hot Spring is a hot spring in Baihe District, Tainan, Taiwan. The hot spring was discovered by the Japanese troops in the area and it was named Taiwan's No. 1 Hot Spring in 1920. The hot spring is located at an altitude of 270 meters above sea level. This rare spring releases methane, which has been burning constantly for around three centuries.

title: Guanziling Hot Spring


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Talk:Not of This Earth (Joe Satriani album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Notofthisearthor.jpg
Image:Notofthisearthor.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:13, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

pitch axis unusual?
Its inaccurate to label pitch axis theory unusual. Many artists have used the technique, most prominently Dream Theater. The use of varying modes within one song is far from uncommon. I wont change the original article, though. Please give your own thoughts.Leif edling (talk) 17:30, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merger: "Rubina"
This song currently has its own article, but contains no refs, nor did it chart. Therefore, will go ahead and merge immediately. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 03:42, 18 December 2014 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Joe Satriani (album)

External links modified
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Manu Katche's contribution
Hi wikipedians,

i've noticed Manu Katche is not credited for Luminous Flesh Giants, according to its own website.

However, he's present and at work during studio's sessions related to this track: anyone can see Manu Katche drumming for this track in "Reel Satriani" - a documentary presenting raw recording sessions, edited for the album Joe Satriani. The documentary is available and watchable freely through the youtube stream.

My question is: is it an error of both sides, this page and Manu Katche's website ?

Regards. — Preceding

Edit : At the end of the documentary, the drummer has changed (drums are performed by Ethan Johns). Moreover, it's precised the take is the one of the album track.

--Alt3 (talk) 00:11, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

unsigned comment added by Alt3 (talk • contribs) 23:58, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Satriani (album)


text:
Talk:Electrometer

untitled section
Does it measure electric charge or electric field strength? - Omegatron 23:20, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * It responds to repulsion and attraction of charged objects of a particular shape immersed in a particular dielectric such as air... so it measures their shape, and their charge, and the surrounding e-field, and the voltage between them, and the characteristics of the dielectric!  For example, we can build an electrometer-based field-strength meter.  Or instead change things slightly and build a voltmeter, or a charge meter, or a meter which measures the dielectric constant of a substance.  Analogy: we can use a coil/magnet d'arsonval meter movement to measure current or instead to measure magnetic field strength.--Wjbeaty 00:59, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

Temp Home for 'Valves'
Moved para on valves here temporarily until we decide how and if it fits into this article. Light current 11:11, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Valves
The term is also used to refer to a special type of thermionic valve. This particular type does not have a negative bias on its control grid as is conventionally used in valves. Instead a tiny current is permitted to flow into the grid, and this is vastly amplified in the anode (plate) circuit. The best examples of these valves can detect currents as low as a few femtoamps (10-15 amps). This type of valve can be ruined by handling with ungloved hands as the salts left on the glass envelope can provide an alternate path for these tiny currents.

They are of use in nuclear physics as they are able to amplify the tiny 'photo' currents created by radiation. They have, however, been supplanted by semiconductor devices in modern electrometers.

 * Why was this section removed? - Omegatron 16:49, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * A. Because it seemed at the time not to relate properly to the article as it was. Needs integrating properly in the section on modern electrometers as one particular way(not the only way) of making one (in addition to semiconductor types which are already included). Should have hdg : 'Valve Electrometers' or something.Light current 18:35, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This section has now been hammered into shape and reinserted in article. See what U think. Light current 18:35, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I know nuffink, but isn't a so-called valve electrometer just a top-quality valve voltmeter? 86.161.154.245 (talk) 16:59, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
 * No. But then you did answer your own question in the first three words. Seriously though, the valve electrometer is not a voltage amplifier but a current amplifier - albeit very tiny currents. 86.164.109.106 (talk) 13:52, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

Title of Diagram
I believe that this device shown is more commonly called an electroscope (not an electrometer).(at least it was when I was in school)Light current 17:56, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, so I changed it. --Heron 21:44, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Two separate things
Im beginning to think that an eletrometer is not te same thing as a electrocope. One measures (or indicates) charge, the other measures small voltages or currenets. Am I correct?? Light current 17:27, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * How would something measure charge, though? It would report in coulombs.  But coulombs where?  On what?  I don't understand how something could give a charge measurement except for, say, "this metal ball has an excess charge of 2 coulombs". - Omegatron 17:32, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The electrocope indicates charge by moving its leaves. The electrometer measures something else with an electronic high impedance cct.. ( Any way I'll give you a clue about measuring charge. (Q=CV) Light current 17:46, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As WJbeaty said above, an electroscope measures a whole bundle of things that combine to produce a Coulomb force. However, I think you have to consider the different modes of operation of the electroscope, each of which measures something different.

 * You touch the terminal with a live conductor. Electrons flow into or out of the electroscope until its potential equals that of the conductor. The net surplus or deficit of electrons on the leaves causes them to repel each other. The charge that transfers, and therefore the deflection, are functions of the original potential difference between the conductor and the uncharged electroscope.
 * You place an isolated, charged conductor in contact with the terminal. The proportion of the conductor's charge that ends up on the terminal depends on their relative capacitances. This charge remains on the electroscope when you take the conductor away. The electroscope indicates this charge.
 * You bring a charged insulator near to the terminal but don't allow any charge to transfer between them. In this case, the deflection indicates the net charge on the electrons that have been temporarily pushed towards or away from the leaves. This charge is related to the charge density on the part of the insulator near to the terminal, and the relative shapes and positions of the two. What the electroscope is measuring in this case is quite vague, because there is no sharp boundary between the electron-rich and electron-depleted regions of the electroscope.
 * You place a charged insulator on or near the terminal, ground the terminal and then withdraw the insulator. This leaves the electroscope with a net charge. The electrons redistribute themselves over the terminal and the leaves, causing the leaves to repel each other. The deflection is monotonically related to the net charge left behind on the electroscope, in a similar way to the previous case.
 * --Heron 19:38, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with all that Heron if you are describing an electroscope like they have in school physics labs. THe point I was making is that the common modern usage of the term electrometer is to describe an electronic instrument (hi input R/Z) that can measure small currents or voltages for use with ionisation chambers and the like. I believe firms like Kiethley Instruments used to make fine electrometers (at a fine price too). I think I used one once some years ago to measure very small voltage on a very small capacitor -- but my memory is hazy. Light current 19:56, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Ah, that makes perfect sense. I was also thinking of an electronic meter, though, not a gold-leaf scope. I imagine they can be configured to measure the charge on an object, but I doubt anyone actually does that. Seems to me that they are used to measure something without direct contact. Would seem to be either voltage or field magnitude, though my concepts of both become hazy outside of circuits. - Omegatron 21:12, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reference my clue before. If you can measure very small voltages and you know the capacitance of the object, then, Hey Presto, you can calculate the what the very small charge is. Isn't electronics wonderful?Light current 22:02, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * How would you know the capacitance of an arbitrary object? You'd need a meter for that, too. - Omegatron 23:34, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Easy ! They're called capacitance meters or bridges. Light current 23:42, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * So an electrometer doesn't measure charge. - Omegatron 00:14, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I personally don't think it does; but hey I'm not an expert in this (electric) field! Maybe User:Wjbeaty may be able to illuminate us more.Light current 00:19, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please look here for Electometers Light current 00:34, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, Lightcurrent, I was describing the gold-leaf and Braun types of electrometer electroscope. As for the discussion immediately above, Keithley do at least one electrometer that claims to measure both voltage and charge. --Heron 18:53, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Even better, Keithley have this brochure that answers the question "what is an electrometer?" and explains that they can measure voltage, charge, current and resistance. Voltage is done by "voltage balancing", a bit like an old-fashioned bridge. Charge is obtained from voltage by Q=CV, where Q is the charge on the electrode and C is the capacitance of the electrode. This can be used to measure an external charge that induces an equal but opposite charge on the electrode. The external charge might be the surface charge on an insulator over a known area, as in this NASA Mars Program experiment. N.B. It doesn't measure the charge on an arbitrary object, just the charge on its own electrode. Current-measuring electrometers use a high-gain amplifier with feedback . Resistance-measuring electrometers use either a constant-current or constant-voltage method [same reference as before]. There's a wealth of information in those Keithley application notes. --Heron 19:29, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I will look at those app notes Light current 19:37, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Heron, nice edit there!! :-) Light current 21:32, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

This article is looking much better. Can we cover the four modes of operation Heron listed above? - Omegatron 23:05, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * What you had in mind?? Light current 23:27, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Quadrant electrometers
We should cover these

Also, what's up with the huge list of patents? — Omegatron 15:24, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

It looks like "electrometer" has changed meaning
Classic electrometers, like the quadrant electrometer mentioned by Omegatron, are electrostatic voltmeters. You could think of them, very roughly, as refined, calibrated, variants of an electrometer.

It looks like the term has since been appropriated by the likes of Keithley for something completely different. So it may be useful to split this article up to cover the two different devices separately. Paul Koning

 * Well, both the old and the new refer to, essentially, voltmeters that read using just charge and not current. But you're right that there's a clear dichotomy between the purely-mechanical devices and the electro-mechanical and purely electronic devices.

 * Atlant 13:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

IMHO the electroscope text/diagrams should be removed from this article on electrometers and transfered to the electroscope article (which could use the nice diagrams and text). 99% of living people seeking info on electrometers will mean the sort of solid state electrometer sold by folks like Keithley

Tkirkman (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 15:01, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I concur. -- Chetvorno TALK 15:08, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Changed text formatting for section: Simple charge indicating device
This was 50% italic bold, for no reason that one can deduce from the text. Was it an extended quote? Whatever, revert if it needs to be so, but indicate why,e.g. "Quote from reference xyz". --Seejyb 13:40, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge Electroscope and Electrometer?
I'm just starting this section to resolve the merger issue. The merge tag has been on a long time, and if there's no interest in merger, I'm going to remove it. -- Chetvorno TALK 10:23, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

I feel they shouldn't be merged, and I'll mention both current usage and historical usage to support this. In common usage, an electroscope is a pith ball or gold leaf type, a simple nonquantitative device to demonstrate elecrostatics in schools. An electrometer is a high impedance voltmeter (or charge meter) instrument used in laboratories, is complicated, and requires electronics knowlege to understand. The audience of readers for these two topics is quite different and should be served by separate articles. The historical usage supports this distinction. Historically an electrometer differed from an electroscope only in that it was quantitative; if it had a scale, it was an electrometer. Not much difference. However, as soon as early researchers tried to make electroscopes into quantitative instruments they rapidly got complicated: the quadrant electrometer, electrostatic balance, and piezoelectric electrometer require tech knowlege to understand. So the historical instruments fall into the same two categories as modern usage. Electroscope should cover the simple instruments up until they got scales, Electrometer should cover the relatively complicated instruments that came after. -- Chetvorno TALK 10:23, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed merge tag. -- Chetvorno TALK 15:17, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Just want to add that the gold-leaf type, among other simpler types, did receive scales eventually, and I can cite at least one textbook calling them electrometers. I'm fine with keeping the articles separate for now however.J1812 (talk) 22:43, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

Patents
I have removed the long list of patents, as they served no purpose. Moreover the list was misleading, limited to only patents issued in the US; and contained no patents earlier than 1983, whereas as this article (and electroscope) discusses, there was considerable development in the field at least 200 years prior to this. — BillC talk 23:22, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I concur. I think these patent lists should be removed from articles.  Anyone can easily do a patent search online.  And most of the patents listed are irrelevant, having been superseded or never used.  If a person that knows the field well could give a short list of the key patents that were important in the development of the field, that would be useful.  But almost no one but an intellectual property lawyer has that information.  -- Chetvorno TALK 00:50, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Electroscope Experiments
This section does not belong in this article. It should be in the Electroscope article. 20.133.0.13 (talk) 15:55, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Some Issues (which I'm about to attempt to partially fix)
1. The gold-leaf and quadrant electrometers are in a sense, also repulsion electrometers; they both work by measuring the repulsion of the same charge in one way or another.

2. My 1861 chem textbook uses the name "quadrant electrometer" to describe a considerably simpler device than Kelvin invented. This device has an index which goes between 0 and 90 degrees (hence a quadrant) while Kelvin's device, while I don't fully understand it, had a drum split into quadrants. So I conclude that this is a coincidence.

The best solution I can think of is to create a section of repulsion electrometers, and then describe the types individually in their own sections underneath, e.g. gold-leaf, Dellmann, Peltier, Bohnenberger. I will rename "quadrant electrometer" to "Kelvin's quadrant electrometer", and then put both his and the simpler one under "repulsion electrometers".

Hopefully we can make this article clearer and neater.

J1812 (talk) 22:38, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

intro way to technical and diffuse, change per
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/7293196.PDF if you look at the pdf, on page2, the box what is an electrometer, way way way better then what you have now I don'tmyself contribute to wiki anymore for two reasons: I got tired of having to re re re correct errors (fact errors) put in by morons, and i won't do work that can be used for profit by somoene else - the idea that someone can charge for my work given freely is obscene — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.195.10.169 (talk) 14:48, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Neher Electrometer
I'm reading John Hersey's Hiroshima, and it mentions in chapter 3 something called a Neher electrometer, but I find no mention of this specific device here, nor can I find any fitting reference to a physicist named Neher on Wikipedia. (There's one physicist named Neher, but he's too young.) Could it be H. Victor Neher (1904-1999) Caltech professor of physics from 1931-1970? 73.158.190.173 (talk) 20:46, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, H V Neher. It was originally used for work on cosmic rays with balloon borne instruments.  Millikan (also at CalTech) was involved in this work. Neher's electrometer was a particularly good quartz fibre device, although I'm not sure if there was any specific aspect to their design. The cosmic ray electrometers had a feature of a pressurised vessel enclosing them with an air pressure of a few sea level atmospheres. (It's hard to measure cosmic ionising radiation at altitude if there's nothing to ionise.) I don't know if this was Neher's innovation. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:12, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-8w8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=Neher+electrometer&source=bl&ots=rfjVAuplrU&sig=goSHgkIA89caWLJkbQ2U10LJrnQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBzgKahUKEwjo_fD_u-jHAhUCtxQKHWHwCBU#v=onepage&q=Neher%20electrometer&f=false may be interesting Andy Dingley (talk) 22:23, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

What voltages could they measure ?
Can we have more on what units the early electrometers were calibrated in ? Presumably related to volts since the capacitance of the electrometer will vary as the internal configuration changes ? Did/do they measure 100 V or 10,000 V ? - Rod57 (talk) 02:01, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Since they fundamentally respond to static charges, one would assume they would be calibrated in kilovolts. I am curious as to why the scale in the illustration of the Kolbe electrometer is upside-down   -- Elektrik  Fanne 16:38, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Is top image really of Volta electrometers
It is labelled 'Volta electrometers' but they seem to have no scale, and are not described in the text. Unless we explain it should we just delete the image ? - Rod57 (talk) 02:14, 1 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The image has obviously been taken of museum or exhibition objects. It is reasonable to assume that the objects' labels describe them as such.  Images are one example where original research is allowed.  Since the article subject is 'Electrometer', the image would be highly relevant.   -- Elektrik  Fanne 16:31, 30 May 2016 (UTC)
 * We have no idea what the museum label says, but the file name says 'electroscopes ...' which is exactly what they are, but not what this article is about.

Incomplete Sentence in “Bohnenberger electrometer” section
The second sentence in the “Bohnenberger electrometer” just trails off in mid-air, then goes on to describe a Kelvin-y Quadro-thingy-meter-doohickey that I know nothing about except that as a person who reads, I can say it might ought to be a new section there, rather than how it currently reads (no pun intended) which, to the uninitiated layperson, appears to say that the Bohnenberger electrometer was invented by Lord Kelvin, and one would think that on last names alone, that fact seems suspect. Wouldn’t it be called a Kelvin Electrometer if Kelvin invented it? I’m thinking at one point there must be the remainder of a section describing a different type of electrometer, followed by the info on the Kelvin Quadri-thingy-whatsis section. Apologies for the lack of technical-wording, I had a brain injury in 2009 and sometimes have a hard time reaching for the right words, I appreciate your patience. RobbertMacGreighgor (talk) 05:04, 1 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Not that Wikipedia prose is immune to stunning mid-paragraph diversions, but this particular case was due to vandalism by an anonymous IP back in October. When I see something like this I look for recent deletions - and often find vandalism. I believe I've fixed this and restored the missing section headings and text. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:30, 1 February 2018 (UTC)

Make your mind up!
The text under the picture of the Kolbe electrometer seems to be saying that the vane is both gold ("precision form of gold-leaf instrument") and aluminium ("has a light pivoted aluminum [sic] vane"). I'll not change it since I don't know which is correct; but I will correct the spelling mistake. 86.161.154.245 (talk) 16:54, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

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Operation Nickel Grass

Operation Nickel Grass was the codename for a strategic airlift conducted by the United States to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel during the 1973 Arab–Israeli War. Between 14 October and 14 November of that year, the Military Airlift Command of the United States Air Force shipped approximately 22,325 tons of supplies, including tanks, artillery, and ammunition, in multiple flights of C-141 Starlifters and C-5 Galaxys. This initiative was undertaken to help improve the position of the Israeli military in the face of a large-scale joint offensive by Egypt and Syria, both of which had been receiving extensive support from the Soviet Union.

On 19 October, nearly two weeks after Egypt's Operation Badr, the United States pledged to support Israel's fight against the Arab countries. Earlier, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) had reached an understanding to use the "oil weapon" to give the Arab side an advantage in the Arab–Israeli conflict. Following the outbreak of hostilities, OAPEC's members, led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, proclaimed the implementation of a total oil embargo against the United States and other countries that had provided any form of support to Israel to defend against the Arab military offensive. This, along with the contemporaneous failure of major pricing and production negotiations between the exporters and the major oil companies, led to the 1973 oil crisis. Nevertheless, Israel continued to receive support and the war came to an end on 25 October following a ceasefire. OAPEC lifted the embargo in March 1974. The economic impact of the oil crisis influenced the future decisions of American policymakers and decisively reshaped the United States' external policies, especially in the Middle East. The American airlift to Israel and the Arab embargo of the United States greatly transformed the dynamic of the Saudi Arabia–United States relationship.

Background
Israel, as well as the U.S. and most of the world, were caught by surprise on 6 October 1973 when Egypt and Syria attacked the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, respectively. The Soviet Union had supplied Egypt and Syria over 600 advanced surface-to-air missiles, 300 MiG-21 fighters, 1,200 tanks and hundreds of thousands of tons of war material. Seeing Israel's vulnerable position, Henry Kissinger, the United States Secretary of State and President Richard Nixon's National Security Adviser, made arrangements for the Israeli national airline, El Al to pick up some items, including ammunition, "high technology products" and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles at a U.S. naval base in Virginia. A modest effort soon began, but Kissinger still hoped to keep any visible involvement at a minimum. On 8 October, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir authorized the assembly of thirteen 20-kiloton nuclear warheads on Jericho missiles and F-4 Phantom II, which were prepared for action against Syrian and Egyptian targets; their preparation was made easily detectable, likely as a signal to the United States. Kissinger learned of this threatening nuclear escalation on the morning of 9 October. On that same day, Meir issued a personal appeal for military assistance, which European nations declined. Nixon, however, ordered the commencement of Operation Nickel Grass, to replace all of Israel's materiel losses. The decision was taken the same day the Soviets began their own resupply operation of Arab forces by sea. Author Seymour Hersh claimed in 1991 that there was "anecdotal evidence" that Kissinger had told Anwar Sadat that the reason for the U.S. airlift was that the Israelis were close to "going nuclear." In subsequent interviews, however, Kissinger, James Schlesinger and William Quandt, stated that the ongoing Soviet re-supply effort and Sadat's early rejection of a ceasefire were the primary motivators, not fears of Israeli use of nuclear weapons.

Operation
Initially, only El Al, provided transport, and supplies began to arrive in Israel on 10 October, the same day the first Soviet resupply by air arrived in Damascus. Nonetheless, it was soon clear that El Al's limited supply of ill-configured passenger aircraft were insufficient. Still wanting to avoid direct U.S. involvement, starting 10 October, the use of commercial carriers was explored to provide 10–20 flights a day. None of these were willing to accept the job for fear of being refused entry to Arab nations after the war. On 12 October, Nixon decided that no more delays could be allowed, and ordered the USAF to "send everything that can fly." Within nine hours, C-141s and C-5s were en route to Israel. The political maneuvering was not immediately solved by the USAF's participation however: traditional European allies refused to allow re-supply aircraft to land for refueling or even overfly their territory. Portugal seemed willing to help though, so aircraft were dispatched to Lajes Field in the Azores Islands. After a few hours in the air, word came through that Portugal would permit them to land, and Lajes became a key staging point for the rest of the airlift. Strategic Air Command (SAC) Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers were the first to arrive at Lajes Air Base. The KC-135s had left Pease AFB, New Hampshire, the night of Saturday, 13 October (one of the bases El Al was using to re-supply the war effort); the tankers were ferrying factory-fresh Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and F-4 Phantom II aircraft flying non-stop from the factory in St. Louis, Missouri to Ben Gurion Airport. To comply with the demands of other European nations, even U.S. supplies already stationed in Europe were routed through Lajes and soon over thirty aircraft per day were moving through Lajes. To accommodate this, the base grew to house an extra 1,300 people who were billeted in improvised housing and hastily reactivated World War II barracks, rooms that would normally accommodate one or two enlisted men were expanded to four (2 bunk-beds).

Between the Azores and Israel, the aircraft had to follow an extremely precise route. Flying exactly along the airspace border between hostile Arab nations to the south and European nations to the north, the transport craft flew down the middle of the Mediterranean Sea to Israel. Fighter escort was deemed necessary for this leg of the journey, so American fighters from the U.S. 6th Fleet escorted the transports to within 150 mi of Israel, where Israeli Air Force Phantoms and Mirages escorted them into Ben Gurion Airport. Along the Mediterranean route, American ships were stationed every 300 mi, and an aircraft carrier every 600 mi. These precautions appeared justified when unidentified Arab fighters made threats over the radio, but no conflict ensued. Upon arrival, the transports were unloaded by U.S. and Israeli servicemen before they returned home and supplies were expedited to the front where they arrived within a few hours. The first C-5A transport airplane arrived at Lod airport at 18:30 local time on 14 October. That same day the Battle of the Sinai had concluded in Israel's favor. A major Egyptian thrust had been stopped with the destruction of many attacking tanks, and Israel was now winning the war.

Airlifted supplies were not all that was delivered under Nickel Grass. In the opening days of the war, Arab forces destroyed significant numbers of IAF aircraft, surprising the Israelis with aggressive use of the new Soviet SA-6 Gainful SAMs. Consequently, at least 100 F-4 Phantom II fighters were sent to Israel under Nickel Grass, coming from the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing, the 33d Tactical Fighter Wing and the 57th Fighter Weapons Wing. They were flown to Lod, where American pilots were swapped for their Israeli counterparts. After the replacement of USAF insignia with IAF insignia if needed, the planes were refueled and ordered to the front, often taking to the air within hours of having arrived. Some aircraft came directly from the USAFE fleet and operated in USAF camouflage, but with Israeli insignia, thus earning the Israeli nickname "Frog". Nine days after the initial attack, Israel launched counterattacks. Thirty-six A-4 Skyhawks from U.S. stocks, staging from Lajes were refueled by SAC KC-135A tankers from Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire and U.S. Navy tankers from the USS John F. Kennedy (CVA-67) west of the Straits of Gibraltar. They then flew on to the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVA-42) southeast of Sicily where they stayed overnight, then continued on to Israel refueling once more from tankers launched from the USS Independence (CVA-62) south of Crete. Twelve C-130E Hercules transports were also transferred to Israel, the first of the type to be delivered to the IAF.

When the third cease-fire resolution was finally implemented on October 24, the airlift immediately slowed. Further flights were made to rebuild Israeli forces to their pre-war strength and Operation Nickel Grass was ended on 14 November. In the end, the military airlift shipped 22,325 tons of materiel to Israel. Additionally, the U.S. conducted its own seaborne re-supply operation, delivering 33,210 tons to Israel by 30 October. During the same general time, the Soviets airlifted 12,500–15,000 tons of supplies, more than half of which went to Syria; they also supplied another 63,000 tons mainly to Syria by means of a sealift.

Effects
Operation Nickel Grass had immediate and far-reaching effects. Arab members of OPEC had declared they would limit or stop oil shipments to the U.S. and other countries if they supported Israel in the conflict. Holding to their threats, the Arab states declared a complete oil embargo on the U.S.. Oil prices skyrocketed, fuel became scarce and the U.S. was soon embroiled in the 1973 oil crisis.

Nickel Grass also revealed a severe deficiency in American airlift capabilities: the need for staging bases overseas. Without Portugal's assistance, the airlift might not even have been possible. As a result, the U.S. greatly expanded its aerial refueling capabilities and made long-distance flight operations the standard rather than the exception.

A GAO study of the operation discussed the shortcomings of the C-141A. As a result, the C-141B was conceived. The A models were sent back to Georgia where they were cut fore and aft of the wing, extended in length by three pallet positions, and refitted for in-flight refueling.

Nickel Grass vindicated the USAF decision to purchase the C-5 Galaxy. Since its introduction in 1970, the C-5 had been plagued by problems. The USAF claimed to have rectified the problems, but the C-5 was still viewed by the press as an expensive failure. During Nickel Grass, C-5s carried 48% of the total cargo in only 145 of the 567 total missions. The C-5 also carried "outsize" cargo such as M60 Patton tanks, M109 howitzers, ground radar systems, mobile tractor units, CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters and A-4 Skyhawk components, cargo that could not fit in smaller aircraft. This performance justified the C-5's existence.

General George Brown, Chairman of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, was reprimanded by President Gerald Ford after criticizing the resupply effort. According to Time magazine, Brown's criticisms included the opinion that the airlift was driven in part by Jews controlling the American banking system.

title: Operation Nickel Grass