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Stokes flow

Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds number is low, i.e. $$\mathrm{Re} \ll 1$$. This is a typical situation in flows where the fluid velocities are very slow, the viscosities are very large, or the length-scales of the flow are very small. Creeping flow was first studied to understand lubrication. In nature, this type of flow occurs in the swimming of microorganisms and sperm. In technology, it occurs in paint, MEMS devices, and in the flow of viscous polymers generally.

The equations of motion for Stokes flow, called the Stokes equations, are a linearization of the Navier–Stokes equations, and thus can be solved by a number of well-known methods for linear differential equations. The primary Green's function of Stokes flow is the Stokeslet, which is associated with a singular point force embedded in a Stokes flow. From its derivatives, other fundamental solutions can be obtained. The Stokeslet was first derived by Oseen in 1927, although it was not named as such until 1953 by Hancock. The closed-form fundamental solutions for the generalized unsteady Stokes and Oseen flows associated with arbitrary time-dependent translational and rotational motions have been derived for the Newtonian and micropolar fluids.

Stokes equations
The equation of motion for Stokes flow can be obtained by linearizing the steady state Navier–Stokes equations. The inertial forces are assumed to be negligible in comparison to the viscous forces, and eliminating the inertial terms of the momentum balance in the Navier–Stokes equations reduces it to the momentum balance in the Stokes equations:

 * $$\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \sigma + \mathbf{f} = \boldsymbol{0} $$

where $$\sigma$$ is the stress (sum of viscous and pressure stresses), and $$\mathbf{f}$$ an applied body force. The full Stokes equations also include an equation for the conservation of mass, commonly written in the form:

 * $$ \frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot(\rho\mathbf{u}) = 0  $$

where $$\rho$$ is the fluid density and $$\mathbf{u}$$ the fluid velocity. To obtain the equations of motion for incompressible flow, it is assumed that the density, $$\rho$$, is a constant.

Furthermore, occasionally one might consider the unsteady Stokes equations, in which the term $$ \rho \frac{\partial\mathbf{u}}{\partial t}$$ is added to the left hand side of the momentum balance equation.

Properties
The Stokes equations represent a considerable simplification of the full Navier–Stokes equations, especially in the incompressible Newtonian case. They are the leading-order simplification of the full Navier–Stokes equations, valid in the distinguished limit $$\mathrm{Re} \to 0.$$

 * Instantaneity
 * A Stokes flow has no dependence on time other than through time-dependent boundary conditions. This means that, given the boundary conditions of a Stokes flow, the flow can be found without knowledge of the flow at any other time.

 * Time-reversibility
 * An immediate consequence of instantaneity, time-reversibility means that a time-reversed Stokes flow solves the same equations as the original Stokes flow. This property can sometimes be used (in conjunction with linearity and symmetry in the boundary conditions) to derive results about a flow without solving it fully. Time reversibility means that it is difficult to mix two fluids using creeping flow.Time reversible flow demonstration in a Taylor-Couette system.png

While these properties are true for incompressible Newtonian Stokes flows, the non-linear and sometimes time-dependent nature of non-Newtonian fluids means that they do not hold in the more general case.

Stokes paradox
An interesting property of Stokes flow is known as the Stokes' paradox: that there can be no Stokes flow of a fluid around a disk in two dimensions; or, equivalently, the fact there is no non-trivial solution for the Stokes equations around an infinitely long cylinder.

Demonstration of time-reversibility
A Taylor–Couette system can create laminar flows in which concentric cylinders of fluid move past each other in an apparent spiral. A fluid such as corn syrup with high viscosity fills the gap between two cylinders, with colored regions of the fluid visible through the transparent outer cylinder. The cylinders are rotated relative to one another at a low speed, which together with the high viscosity of the fluid and thinness of the gap gives a low Reynolds number, so that the apparent mixing of colors is actually laminar and can then be reversed to approximately the initial state. This creates a dramatic demonstration of seemingly mixing a fluid and then unmixing it by reversing the direction of the mixer.

Incompressible flow of Newtonian fluids
In the common case of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, the Stokes equations take the (vectorized) form:

 * $$ \begin{align} \mu \nabla^2 \mathbf{u} -\boldsymbol{\nabla}p + \mathbf{f} &= \boldsymbol{0} \\

\boldsymbol{\nabla}\cdot\mathbf{u}&= 0 \end{align}$$

where $$\mathbf{u}$$ is the velocity of the fluid, $$\boldsymbol{\nabla} p$$ is the gradient of the pressure, $$\mu$$ is the dynamic viscosity, and $$\mathbf{f}$$ an applied body force. The resulting equations are linear in velocity and pressure, and therefore can take advantage of a variety of linear differential equation solvers.

Cartesian coordinates
With the velocity vector expanded as $$\mathbf{u}=(u,v,w)$$ and similarly the body force vector $$\mathbf{f} = (f_x, f_y, f_z) $$, we may write the vector equation explicitly,

 * $$\begin{align}

\mu \left(\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial z^2}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} + f_x &= 0 \\ \mu \left(\frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial z^2}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} + f_y &= 0 \\ \mu \left(\frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial z^2}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} + f_z &= 0 \\ {\partial u \over \partial x} + {\partial v \over \partial y} + {\partial w \over \partial z} &= 0 \end{align}$$

We arrive at these equations by making the assumptions that $$\mathbb{P} = \mu\left(\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} + (\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u})^\mathsf{T}\right) - p\mathbb{I}$$ and the density $$\rho$$ is a constant.

By stream function
The equation for an incompressible Newtonian Stokes flow can be solved by the stream function method in planar or in 3-D axisymmetric cases

By Green's function: the Stokeslet
The linearity of the Stokes equations in the case of an incompressible Newtonian fluid means that a Green's function, $$\mathbb{J}(\mathbf{r})$$, exists. The Green's function is found by solving the Stokes equations with the forcing term replaced by a point force acting at the origin, and boundary conditions vanishing at infinity:

 * $$\begin{align}

\mu \nabla^2 \mathbf{u} -\boldsymbol{\nabla}p &= -\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{\delta}(\mathbf{r})\\ \boldsymbol{\nabla}\cdot\mathbf{u} &= 0 \\ |\mathbf{u}|, p &\to 0 \quad \mbox{as} \quad r\to\infty \end{align}$$

where $$\mathbf{\delta}(\mathbf{r})$$ is the Dirac delta function, and $$\mathbf{F} \cdot \delta(\mathbf{r})$$ represents a point force acting at the origin. The solution for the pressure p and velocity u with |u| and p vanishing at infinity is given by

\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{r}) = \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbb{J}(\mathbf{r}), \qquad p(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{r}}{4 \pi |\mathbf{r}|^3} $$ where
 * $$\mathbb{J}(\mathbf{r}) = {1 \over 8\pi\mu} \left( \frac{\mathbb{I}}{|\mathbf{r}|} + \frac{\mathbf{r}\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|^3} \right)$$

is a second-rank tensor (or more accurately tensor field) known as the Oseen tensor (after Carl Wilhelm Oseen). Here, r r is a quantity such that $$\mathbf{F} \cdot (\mathbf{r} \mathbf{r}) = (\mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{r}) \mathbf{r}$$.

The terms Stokeslet and point-force solution are used to describe $$\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbb{J}(\mathbf{r})$$. Analogous to the point charge in electrostatics, the Stokeslet is force-free everywhere except at the origin, where it contains a force of strength $$\mathbf{F}$$.

For a continuous-force distribution (density) $$\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{r})$$ the solution (again vanishing at infinity) can then be constructed by superposition:

\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{r}) = \int \mathbf{f}\left(\mathbf{r'}\right) \cdot \mathbb{J}\left(\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r'}\right) \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r'}, \qquad p(\mathbf{r}) = \int \frac{\mathbf{f}\left(\mathbf{r'}\right)\cdot\left(\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r'}\right)}{4 \pi \left|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r'}\right|^3} \, \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r'} $$

This integral representation of the velocity can be viewed as a reduction in dimensionality: from the three-dimensional partial differential equation to a two-dimensional integral equation for unknown densities.

By Papkovich–Neuber solution
The Papkovich–Neuber solution represents the velocity and pressure fields of an incompressible Newtonian Stokes flow in terms of two harmonic potentials.

By boundary element method
Certain problems, such as the evolution of the shape of a bubble in a Stokes flow, are conducive to numerical solution by the boundary element method. This technique can be applied to both 2- and 3-dimensional flows.

Hele-Shaw flow
Hele-Shaw flow is an example of a geometry for which inertia forces are negligible. It is defined by two parallel plates arranged very close together with the space between the plates occupied partly by fluid and partly by obstacles in the form of cylinders with generators normal to the plates.

Slender-body theory
Slender-body theory in Stokes flow is a simple approximate method of determining the irrotational flow field around bodies whose length is large compared with their width. The basis of the method is to choose a distribution of flow singularities along a line (since the body is slender) so that their irrotational flow in combination with a uniform stream approximately satisfies the zero normal velocity condition.

Spherical coordinates
Lamb's general solution arises from the fact that the pressure $$p$$ satisfies the Laplace equation, and can be expanded in a series of solid spherical harmonics in spherical coordinates. As a result, the solution to the Stokes equations can be written:

 * $$ \begin{align} \mathbf{u} &= \sum_{n=-\infty, n\neq-1}^{n=\infty} \left[ \frac{(n+3)r^2\nabla p_n}{2\mu(n+1)(2n+3)} - \frac{n\mathbf{x}p_n}{\mu(n+1)(2n+3)}\right] +...\\ \sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=\infty} [\nabla\Phi_n + \nabla \times (\mathbf{x}\chi_n)] \\

p &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{n=\infty}p_n \end{align} $$

where $$p_n, \Phi_n,$$ and $$\chi_n$$ are solid spherical harmonics of order $$n$$:

 * $$\begin{align} p_n &= r^n \sum_{m=0}^{m=n} P_n^m(\cos\theta)(a_{mn}\cos m\phi +\tilde{a}_{mn} \sin m\phi) \\

\Phi_n &= r^n \sum_{m=0}^{m=n} P_n^m(\cos\theta)(b_{mn}\cos m\phi +\tilde{b}_{mn} \sin m\phi) \\ \chi_n &= r^n \sum_{m=0}^{m=n} P_n^m(\cos\theta)(c_{mn}\cos m\phi +\tilde{c}_{mn} \sin m\phi) \end{align}$$

and the $$P_n^m$$ are the associated Legendre polynomials. The Lamb's solution can be used to describe the motion of fluid either inside or outside a sphere. For example, it can be used to describe the motion of fluid around a spherical particle with prescribed surface flow, a so-called squirmer, or to describe the flow inside a spherical drop of fluid. For interior flows, the terms with $$n<0$$ are dropped, while for exterior flows the terms with $$n>0$$ are dropped (often the convention $$n\to -n-1$$ is assumed for exterior flows to avoid indexing by negative numbers).

Stokes solution and related Helmholtz theorem
The drag resistance to a moving sphere, also known as Stokes' solution is here summarised. Given a sphere of radius $$a$$, travelling at velocity $$U$$, in a Stokes fluid with dynamic viscosity $$\mu$$, the drag force $$F_D$$ is given by:

 * $$ F_D = 6 \pi \mu a U $$

The Stokes solution dissipates less energy than any other solenoidal vector field with the same boundary velocities: this is known as the Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem.

Lorentz reciprocal theorem
The Lorentz reciprocal theorem states a relationship between two Stokes flows in the same region. Consider fluid filled region $$V$$ bounded by surface $$S$$. Let the velocity fields $$\mathbf{u}$$ and $$\mathbf{u}' $$ solve the Stokes equations in the domain $$V$$, each with corresponding stress fields $$\mathbf{\sigma}$$ and $$\mathbf{\sigma}'$$. Then the following equality holds:

 * $$ \int_S \mathbf{u}\cdot (\boldsymbol{\sigma}' \cdot \mathbf{n}) dS = \int_S \mathbf{u}' \cdot (\boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{n}) dS $$

Where $$\mathbf{n} $$ is the unit normal on the surface $$S$$. The Lorentz reciprocal theorem can be used to show that Stokes flow "transmits" unchanged the total force and torque from an inner closed surface to an outer enclosing surface. The Lorentz reciprocal theorem can also be used to relate the swimming speed of a microorganism, such as cyanobacterium, to the surface velocity which is prescribed by deformations of the body shape via cilia or flagella. The Lorentz reciprocal theorem has also been used in the context of elastohydrodynamic theory to derive the lift force exerted on a solid object moving tangent to the surface of an elastic interface at low Reynolds numbers.

Faxén's laws
Faxén's laws are direct relations that express the multipole moments in terms of the ambient flow and its derivatives. First developed by Hilding Faxén to calculate the force, $$\mathbf{F}$$, and torque, $$\mathbf{T}$$ on a sphere, they take the following form:

 * $$\begin{align}

\mathbf{F} &= 6\pi\mu a \left( 1 + \frac{a^2}{6}\nabla^2 \right) \mathbf{v}^\infty(\mathbf{x})|_{x=0} - 6\pi\mu a \mathbf{U} \\ \mathbf{T} &= 8\pi\mu a^3(\mathbf{\Omega}^\infty(\mathbf{x}) - \mathbf{\omega})|_{x=0} \end{align}$$

where $$\mu$$ is the dynamic viscosity, $$a$$ is the particle radius, $$\mathbf{v}^{\infty}$$ is the ambient flow, $$\mathbf{U}$$ is the speed of the particle, $$\mathbf{\Omega}^{\infty}$$ is the angular velocity of the background flow, and $$\mathbf{\omega}$$ is the angular velocity of the particle.

Faxén's laws can be generalized to describe the moments of other shapes, such as ellipsoids, spheroids, and spherical drops.

title: Stokes flow


text:
Scarlet paintbrush

Scarlet paintbrush is a common name for several flowering plants and may refer to:

 * Castilleja coccinea
 * Castilleja indivisa
 * Castilleja miniata, native to western North America

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scarlet paintbrush


text: User:Glandrid

title: User:Glandrid


text:
Talk:Bill Hoffman (baseball)

Comments
3 games? Should this really be an article?TrafficBenBoy 00:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I was under the impression that there was consensus that all major league athletes were suitable for inclusion. In any case, I felt that this was better than the previous content of the article: "Bill Hoffman is an illustrator." -- Jonel | Speak 02:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Hoffman (baseball)


text:
Talk:Trial of Michael Jackson/Archive 1

'''DO NOT EDIT OR POST REPLIES TO THIS PAGE. THIS PAGE IS AN ARCHIVE.'''

This archive page covers approximately the dates between 6 Feb 2005 and 15 Jun 2005.

Post replies to the main talk page, copying the section you are replying to if necessary. (See How to archive a talk page.)

Please add new archivals to Talk:2005 trial of Michael Jackson/Archive02. Thank you. Alensha 00:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Considering there was no evidence for him having comitted any crimes (if there were any crimes, the parents who were allegedly "bribed" into shutting up didn't exactly help their karma by remaining silent until now -- otherwise they are just sensationalism exploiters), there's nothing wrong with the whole issue. Also, being pedophile is NOT A CRIME. We don't put people into death camps for what gives them hard-ons anymore. Nobody cares whether Jackson is a pedophile -- unless he is pedophile and acts that pedophilia out in a country where it is considered a crime (IIRC some countries don't consider child molestation a crime if it occured with the child's consent and thus isn't "molestation", but that concept is disputed for various good reasons).
 * Funny how some people get all worked up about issues that don't affect them just so they can point at a celebrity and say "Bad human". --Ashmodai 14:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The accusers name shouldn't be in here. I removed it.

 * Out of curiosity, why on earth not? His name is part of every non-US story I've heard of read about this case, it's about as much of a secret as Jordy Chandler's name. BBC even airs pictures of him and his mother many times daily and shows clips from the documentary he was in.

 * I respect the feeling of wanting to protect the innocent, but it's ludicrous to think changing a wiki entry is going to somehow erase the memory of his name and face from everyone's collective memory, especially since most news outlets (again, excluding those in the US) will CONTINUE to make this information public. Wiki just seems like it's behind. Well, either that or 100% tailored to the American market, which I didn't think was the point.

 * I put it back in again. Pictures of the DA carrying a file with Arvizo's name have been published in magazines. It serves no purpose to try to construct a memory hole about this.

Sorry
I made a bad revert, I'm not sure what happened there, sorry. func (talk) 21:34, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thanks be to God he was found not guilty!!! I always knew he's innocent!!! Alensha 21:36, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * GO PEDDLE YOUR RELIGIOUS RHETORIC SOMWHERE ELSE

I was very certain they'd get him on the alcohol charges, as there was solid proof he got the boy(s) drunk. --Beau99 21:41, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

imagine if...
... if it was you on trial. A cancer survivor accuses you of mollesting him. Many members of your entourage testify you touched boys in a sexual way. You are found to stash up gay porn around the house where your young guest sleep. You actually go on telly and admit you are sleeping with them. It's pretty much proven you gave them alcohol. Would you go away a free man? I don't think so. Keep up the good work America.
 * Settle down there killer. Whether or not Jackson is a pedophile isn't what this trial is concerned with. Did he commit conspiracy to imprison and molest those boys whose family is accusing him? Can the prosecution prove that it was Michael Jackson that gave the boys alcohol, and not the boys stealing the alcohol themselves? It is the fault of the prosecution coupled with the lies that were unraveled by certain parties that has made Jackson a free man. Clearly there is smoke, but where is the fire? — oo64eva (Alex) (U @  22:37, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well said, although it always strikes me as strange when there is more wisdom to be found on the talk page than in the article. Agentsoo 23:45, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Alex, I understand you have your own opinion, but why the "Settle down there killer." comment? Sounds a bit rude to me. I'm entitled to my opinion just like you do. And you forget to mention that Hultman, one of the juror, said after the verdict that he believes Jackson "probably has molested boys." - they just couldn't nail him on the charges brought against him during that particular trial.
 * Exactly, and that's how trials work. The burden of proof is always on the prosecution, but I don't have to explain law to you, I'm sure you can just look it up here on wikipedia. Also, your "keep up the good work America" comment was dripping with sarcasm. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @  20:16, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Nudnik
My POV: Jacko is a nudnik, as he got us all whining over another Dumb Celebrity Trial (TM). :) 165.230.149.169 22:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is it really still ongoing
Since the trial is over now, maybe we should remove the ongoing event template. Frenchman113 of the 1337 22:55, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

When the media stops talking about it. - RoyBoy 800 23:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It isn't over until the final appeal is refused. Kainaw 00:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is very difficult for prosecutors to appeal jury acquittals, let alone a 10-count acquittal. If there were appealable rulings on motions, they would have been made over the course of the trial, not now that it is over. --mtz206 03:25, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * After a not guilty verdict there are no appeals. Neutralitytalk 03:57, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

The verdict
He was acquitted, and so he is innocent.--Wiglaf 07:41, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Not guilty != innocent.--thehunter 13:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I make no comment on the case. However, I do make the comment that the talk page is not a forum of whether we think the man did it or not. It is to discuss the article and speculation will not help this article any. I also advise that speculating on a public forum may be libel, though I realise that a) on Wikipedia, most of us are usually anonymous, and b) I doubt the Jackson camp would sue anyone for speculating on the Internet. One thing speculation may do, however, is make you look very bad in the eyes of your peers. Just a warning. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:20, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * What you're missing is that he was found NOT GUILTY, which effectively makes him, well, not guilty. Why do you think your judgement is above the jury's? - Quirk 08:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please don't turn this talk page into a forum
User:Ta bu shi da yu is right. There are zillions of places on the internet where you can share your theories. I'd love to defend Mike wherever I can but Wikipedia is not the right place for that (and I would seem like User:Everyking :-P

I suggest that we archive this page and put a warning on the top that any comments not relevant to the article will be deleted.
 * Alensha 13:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, go ahead and do it. --Csnewton 13:20, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. While it shouldn't be a free-for-all flamefest, the article doesn't mention anything about the current media coverage and public opinion that MJ 'got away with it'. He couldn't be found guilty of the charges brought against him in this trial, but 2 jurors have now come forward and stated they believed he did molest boys. Not guilty != innocent. I understand the NPOV requirement, but if you were really NPOV you would mention all opinions, not just the jury's verdict.(adidas)
 * If you want a place to discuss public opinion on the subject, go find a Usenet group. The purpose of the Talk page is to discuss the accuracy/status of the encyclopedic article which is about the trial, not everyone's potential opinion of the case. This talk page is not a soapbox. See Talk etiquette --mtz206 15:34, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I hear you, and I've read the etiquette page. But I've also read the OJ simpson page and 3/4 of the article is one big discussion of how many people thought he was in fact guilty. Yet OJ, like MJ, was proven innocent. I don't think we should have double standards. I use wikipedia to teach my kids and would like to see the same NPOV everywhere. (adidas)

title: Talk:Trial of Michael Jackson/Archive 1


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DC bias

In signal processing, when describing a periodic function in the time domain, the DC bias, DC component, DC offset, or DC coefficient is the mean value of the waveform. A waveform with zero mean or no DC bias is known as a DC balanced or DC free waveform.

Origin
The term originates in electronics, where DC refers to a direct current voltage. In contrast, various other non-DC frequencies are analogous to superimposed alternating current (AC) voltages or currents, hence called AC components or AC coefficients.

Applications
In the design of electronic amplifier circuits, every active device has biasing to set its operating point, the steady state current and voltage on the device when no signal is applied. In bipolar transistor biasing, for example, a network of resistors is used to apply a small amount of DC to the base terminal of the transistor. The AC signal is applied at the same terminal and is amplified. The bias network is designed to preserve the applied AC signal. Similarly, amplifiers using field-effect transistors or vacuum tubes also have bias circuits. The operating point of an amplifier greatly affects its characteristics of distortion and efficiency; power amplifier classes are distinguished by the operating point set by the DC bias.

DC offset is usually undesirable when it causes clipping or other undesirable change in the operating point of an amplifier. An electrical DC bias will not pass through a transformer or capacitor; thus a simple isolation transformer or series-wired capacitor can be used to block or remove it, leaving only the AC component on the other side. In signal processing terms, DC offset can be reduced in real-time by a high-pass filter. For stored digital signals, subtracting the mean amplitude from each sample will remove the offset. Very low frequencies can look like DC bias but are called "slowly changing DC" or "baseline wander".

Communications systems
DC-balanced signals are used in communications systems to prevent bit errors when passing through circuits with capacitive coupling or transformers. Bit errors can occur when a series of 1's create a DC level that charges the coupling capacitor, bringing the signal input down incorrectly to a 0-level. In order to avoid these kinds of bit errors, most line codes are designed to produce DC-balanced signals. The most common classes of DC balanced line codes are constant-weight codes and paired-disparity codes.

Audio
In audio recording, a DC offset is an undesirable characteristic. It occurs in the capturing of sound, before it reaches the recorder, and is normally caused by defective or low-quality equipment. It results in an offset of the center of the recording waveform that can cause two main problems. Either the loudest parts of the signal will be clipped prematurely since the base of the waveform has been moved up, or inaudible low-frequency distortion will occur. Low-frequency distortion may not be audible in the initial recording, but if the waveform is resampled to a compressed or lossy digital format, such as an MP3, those corruptions may become audible.

A DC tape bias was used in early tape recorders to reduce distortion.

A DC bias is applied to the control grid of vacuum tubes in power amplifiers in order to regulate power.

Frequency selection
On a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), such as in a radio transmitter, selection of the center frequency of the carrier wave is done with a DC bias. For frequency modulation (FM), the AC component is the baseband audio signal plus any subcarriers. Frequency-shift keying can be done solely by changing the DC bias.

Waveform representation
The concept has been extended to any representation of a waveform and to two-dimensional transformations like the discrete cosine transform used in JPEG.

title: DC bias


text:
File:Disguise in Love.jpg

Summary
Disguise in Love by John Cooper Clarke

title: File:Disguise in Love.jpg


text:
Talk:Dharma Bums (band)

Votes for Deletion
This article was formerly nominated for deletion at Votes for deletion/Dharma bums(band), but the nomination was withdrawn. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  00:08, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

This article needs more citations!
Don't worry, I'll add soem links.

MC5 as influence
I used to see The Dharma Bums in Portland, and liked them. The references to The Rain Parade and R.E.M. make sense to me, but that their sound had an anymore than fleeting resemblance to The MC5 seems incorrect to me. The DB's did have a somewhat grittier sound than RP or REM, but MC5 is a stretch. I haven't edited the article, because I am not fully familiar with their material and might be ignoring recordings/shows I am unaware of.

I was the bass player in another Portland Band, The Miracle Workers, (1982-1986), and am quite familiar with bands like MC5/Stooges/Flamin' Groovies. In any case, The Dharma Bums were an important band here in Portland and their stuff stands the test of time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbarntt (talk • contribs) 03:46, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Thanks!
I have been trying to remember this band for so long!

Nantucketnoon (talk) 01:47, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dharma Bums (band)


text:
Apostolos Andreas Monastery

Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Απόστολος Ανδρέας; Apostolos Andreas Manastırı) is a monastery situated just south of Cape Apostolos Andreas, the north-easternmost point of the island of Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula. The monastery is dedicated to Saint Andrew and is an important site for the Cypriot Orthodox Church. It was once known as "the Lourdes of Cyprus", served not by an organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers. The contents of the monastery are also noteworthy.

History
The traditional story of the monastery's founding says that, during a journey to the Holy Land, the ship transporting Saint Andrew went off course and struck rocks here. On coming ashore, Andrew hit the rocks with his staff, at which point a spring gushed forth. The waters proved to have healing powers and restored the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage. A fortified monastery stood here in the 12th century, from which Isaac Komnenos negotiated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart. In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The church of the main monastery dates to the 18th century, while the main buildings are 100 years later.

Mass pilgrimage, however, is only comparatively recent, dating back to the 20th century. The story is told that in 1895 the son of Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Saint Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. Telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, and on hearing of a pair of birthmarks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks, and mother and son were reunited.

After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the number of pilgrims to the monastery dwindled, but with the opening of crossing points in 2004 more pilgrims have begun to visit the monastery. The monastery has fallen into a state of disrepair in recent years, and UN funding is in place to pay for refurbishment.

Restoration
A bi-communal technical committee was created in 2008 to be responsible for protecting the island's cultural heritage. The committee has been coordinating Apostolos Andreas' restoration efforts for the past year. Initially the Church of Cyprus refused to co-operate because a document prepared by the United Nations Development Programme did not name it as the owner of the monastery, but merely donors, with Archbishop Chrysostomos II saying he was willing to let the historic monastery collapse rather than sign up to a plan that did not recognize the Church of Cyprus as the owner. However, this position was reconsidered, in late January 2013, when the United Nations formulated a proposal that the project would go ahead on a "multi-donor partnership" allowing more than one donor to fund the project. The UNDP signed separate protocol agreements with the Church of Cyprus and Turkish Cypriot EVKAF's religious foundation EVKA.

On 12 January 2013, authorities in Northern Cyprus stated that the monastery will undergo extensive restoration costing more than 5 million euros. The restoration work is currently being conducted by an international team of experts and is being funded by the Church of Cyprus (€2,500,000), EVKAF Administration (€2,500,000) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (€25,000).

title: Apostolos Andreas Monastery


text: File:Chrissawyerlocomotion.jpg

title: File:Chrissawyerlocomotion.jpg


text: User talk:69.240.167.140

title: User talk:69.240.167.140


text:
Disguise in Love

Disguise in Love is the second studio album by John Cooper Clarke, first released in 1978. (It followed Ou est la maison de fromage?). Most of the tracks are spoken over musical accompaniment provided by Clarke's band The Invisible Girls, except "Psycle Sluts 1&2" and "Salome Maloney" — both live recordings from the Ritz Ballroom in Manchester on 8 May 1978, delivered in his trademark a cappella style.

Track listing

 * All tracks written by John Cooper Clarke, Martin Hannett and Steve Hopkins except where noted

 * 1) "I Don't Wanna Be Nice" – 3:50
 * 2) "Psycle Sluts 1&2" (Clarke) – 3:12
 * 3) "(I've Got a Brand New) Tracksuit" – 1:51
 * 4) "Teenage Werewolf" – 3:57
 * 5) "Readers Wives" – 3:13
 * 6) "Post War Glamour Girl" – 3:35
 * 7) "(I Married a) Monster from Outer Space" – 3:32
 * 8) "Salome Maloney" (Clarke) – 2:08
 * 9) "Health Fanatic" – 5:42
 * 10) "Strange Bedfellows" – 4:10
 * 11) "Valley of the Lost Women" – 4:19

Personnel
with:
 * John Cooper Clarke – vocals
 * The Invisible Girls
 * Paul Burgess – drums, percussion
 * Martin Hannett – bass guitar, synthesizer programming
 * Steve Hopkins – keyboards, synthesizer programming
 * Lyn Oakey – guitar (tracks 4, 5, 6, 10)
 * Bill Nelson – guitar (tracks 1, 5, 9)
 * John Scott – guitar (track 3)
 * Pete Shelley – guitar (tracks 1, 4, 7, 10)
 * Technical
 * Laurence Diana - mixing engineer
 * Dave Kent-Watson, Phil Bush - recording engineer
 * Steve Maguire - cover painting
 * Peter Gravelle - photography

title: Disguise in Love


text:
Temperature dependence of viscosity

Viscosity depends strongly on temperature. In liquids it usually decreases with increasing temperature, whereas, in most gases, viscosity increases with increasing temperature. This article discusses several models of this dependence, ranging from rigorous first-principles calculations for monatomic gases, to empirical correlations for liquids.

Understanding the temperature dependence of viscosity is important for many applications, for instance engineering lubricants that perform well under varying temperature conditions (such as in a car engine), since the performance of a lubricant depends in part on its viscosity. Engineering problems of this type fall under the purview of tribology.

Here dynamic viscosity is denoted by $$\mu$$ and kinematic viscosity by $$\nu$$. The formulas given are valid only for an absolute temperature scale; therefore, unless stated otherwise temperatures are in kelvins.

Physical causes
Viscosity in gases arises from molecules traversing layers of flow and transferring momentum between layers. This transfer of momentum can be thought of as a frictional force between layers of flow. Since the momentum transfer is caused by free motion of gas molecules between collisions, increasing thermal agitation of the molecules results in a larger viscosity. Hence, gaseous viscosity increases with temperature.

In liquids, viscous forces are caused by molecules exerting attractive forces on each other across layers of flow. Increasing temperature results in a decrease in viscosity because a larger temperature means particles have greater thermal energy and are more easily able to overcome the attractive forces binding them together. An everyday example of this viscosity decrease is cooking oil moving more fluidly in a hot frying pan than in a cold one.

Gases
The kinetic theory of gases allows accurate calculation of the temperature-variation of gaseous viscosity. The theoretical basis of the kinetic theory is given by the Boltzmann equation and Chapman–Enskog theory, which allow accurate statistical modeling of molecular trajectories. In particular, given a model for intermolecular interactions, one can calculate with high precision the viscosity of monatomic and other simple gases (for more complex gases, such as those composed of polar molecules, additional assumptions must be introduced which reduce the accuracy of the theory).

The viscosity predictions for four molecular models are discussed below. The predictions of the first three models (hard-sphere, power-law, and Sutherland) can be simply expressed in terms of elementary functions. The Lennard–Jones model predicts a more complicated $$T$$-dependence, but is more accurate than the other three models and is widely used in engineering practice.

Hard-sphere kinetic theory
If one models gas molecules as elastic hard spheres (with mass $$m$$ and diameter $$\sigma$$), then elementary kinetic theory predicts that viscosity increases with the square root of absolute temperature $$T$$:

\mu = 1.016 \cdot \frac{5}{16 \sigma^2} \left(\frac{k_{\rm B} m T}{\pi}\right)^{1/2} $$

where $$k_\text{B}$$ is the Boltzmann constant. While correctly predicting the increase of gaseous viscosity with temperature, the $$T^{1/2}$$ trend is not accurate; the viscosity of real gases increases more rapidly than this. Capturing the actual $$T$$ dependence requires more realistic models of molecular interactions, in particular the inclusion of attractive interactions which are present in all real gases.

Power-law force
A modest improvement over the hard-sphere model is a repulsive inverse power-law force, where the force between two molecules separated by distance $$r$$ is proportional to $$1/r^{\nu}$$, where $$\nu$$ is an empirical parameter. This is not a realistic model for real-world gases (except possibly at high temperature), but provides a simple illustration of how changing intermolecular interactions affects the predicted temperature dependence of viscosity. In this case, kinetic theory predicts an increase in temperature as $$T^s$$, where $$s = (1/2) + 2 / (\nu - 1)$$. More precisely, if $$\mu'$$ is the known viscosity at temperature $$T'$$, then

\mu = \mu' (T / T')^s $$

Taking $$\nu \rightarrow \infty$$ recovers the hard-sphere result, $$s = 1/2$$. For finite $$\nu$$, corresponding to softer repulsion, $$s$$ is greater than $$1/2$$, which results in faster increase of viscosity compared with the hard-sphere model. Fitting to experimental data for hydrogen and helium gives predictions for $$s$$ and $$\nu$$ shown in the table. The model is modestly accurate for these two gases, but inaccurate for other gases.

Sutherland model
Another simple model for gaseous viscosity is the Sutherland model, which adds weak intermolecular attractions to the hard-sphere model. If the attractions are small, they can be treated perturbatively, which leads to

\mu = \frac{5}{16 \sigma^2} \left(\frac{k_{\text{B}} m T}{\pi}\right)^{1/2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{S}{T} \right)^{-1} $$

where $$S$$, called the Sutherland constant, can be expressed in terms of the parameters of the intermolecular attractive force. Equivalently, if $$\mu'$$ is a known viscosity at temperature $$T'$$, then

\mu = \mu' \left(\frac{T}{T'} \right)^{3/2} \frac{T' + S}{T + S} $$

Values of $$S$$ obtained from fitting to experimental data are shown in the table below for several gases. The model is modestly accurate for a number of gases (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, air, and others), but inaccurate for other gases like hydrogen and helium. In general, it has been argued that the Sutherland model is actually a poor model of intermolecular interactions, and is useful only as a simple interpolation formula for a restricted set of gases over a restricted range of temperatures.

Lennard-Jones
Under fairly general conditions on the molecular model, the kinetic theory prediction for $$\mu$$ can be written in the form

\mu = \frac{5}{16 \pi^{1/2}} \frac{(m k_{\text{B}} T)^{1/2}}{\sigma^2 \Omega(T)} $$

where $$\Omega$$ is called the collision integral and is a function of temperature as well as the parameters of the intermolecular interaction. It is completely determined by the kinetic theory, being expressed in terms of integrals over collisional trajectories of pairs of molecules. In general, $$\Omega$$ is a complicated function of both temperature and the molecular parameters; the power-law and Sutherland models are unusual in that $$\Omega$$ can be expressed in terms of elementary functions.

The Lennard–Jones model assumes an intermolecular pair potential of the form

V(r) = 4 \epsilon \left[ \left(\frac{\sigma}{r} \right)^{12} - \left(\frac{\sigma}{r} \right)^6 \right] $$

where $$\epsilon$$ and $$\sigma$$ are parameters and $$r$$ is the distance separating the centers of mass of the molecules. As such, the model is designed for spherically symmetric molecules. Nevertheless, it is frequently used for non-spherically symmetric molecules provided these do not possess a large dipole moment.

The collisional integral $$\Omega$$ for the Lennard-Jones model cannot be expressed exactly in terms of elementary functions. Nevertheless, it can be calculated numerically, and the agreement with experiment is good – not only for spherically symmetric molecules such as the noble gases, but also for many polyatomic gases as well. An approximate form of $$\Omega$$ has also been suggested:

\Omega(T) = 1.16145 \left(T^* \right)^{-0.14874} + 0.52487 e^{-0.77320 T^*} + 2.16178 e^{-2.43787 T^*} $$

where $$T^* \equiv k_{\text{B}} T / \epsilon$$. This equation has an average deviation of only 0.064 percent of the range $$0.3 < T^* < 100$$.

Values of $$\sigma$$ and $$\epsilon$$ estimated from experimental data are shown in the table below for several common gases.

Liquids
In contrast with gases, there is no systematic microscopic theory for liquid viscosity. However, there are several empirical models which extrapolate a temperature dependence based on available experimental viscosities.

Two-parameter exponential
A simple and widespread empirical correlation for liquid viscosity is a two-parameter exponential:

\mu = A e^{B/T} $$

This equation was first proposed in 1913, and is commonly known as the Andrade equation (named after British physicist Edward Andrade). It accurately describes many liquids over a range of temperatures. Its form can be motivated by modeling momentum transport at the molecular level as an activated rate process, although the physical assumptions underlying such models have been called into question.

The table below gives estimated values of $$A$$ and $$B$$ for representative liquids. Comprehensive tables of these parameters for hundreds of liquids can be found in the literature.

Three- and four-parameter exponentials
One can also find tabulated exponentials with additional parameters, for example

\mu = A \exp{\left( \frac{B}{T-C} \right)} $$

and

\mu = A \exp{\left( \frac{B}{T} + C T + D T^2 \right)} $$

Representative values are given in the tables below.

Models for kinematic viscosity
The effect of temperature on the kinematic viscosity $$\nu$$ has also been described by a number of empirical equations.

The Walther formula is typically written in the form

\log_{10}(\log_{10}(\nu+\lambda)) = A - B\,\log_{10} T $$ where $$\lambda$$ is a shift constant, and $$A$$ and $$B$$ are empirical parameters. In lubricant specifications, normally only two temperatures are specified, in which case a standard value of $$\lambda$$ = 0.7 is normally assumed.

The Wright model has the form

\log_{10}(\log_{10}(\nu + \lambda + f(\nu))) = A - B\,\log_{10} T $$ where an additional function $$f(v)$$, often a polynomial fit to experimental data, has been added to the Walther formula.

The Seeton model is based on curve fitting the viscosity dependence of many liquids (refrigerants, hydrocarbons and lubricants) versus temperature and applies over a large temperature and viscosity range:

 * $$\ln \left( {\ln \left( {\nu + 0.7 + e^{ - \nu } K_0 \left( {\nu  + 1.244067} \right)} \right)} \right) = A - B \ln T $$

where $$T$$ is absolute temperature in kelvins, $$\nu$$ is the kinematic viscosity in centistokes, $$K_0$$ is the zero order modified Bessel function of the second kind, and $$A$$ and $$B$$ are empirical parameters specific to each liquid.

For liquid metal viscosity as a function of temperature, Seeton proposed:

 * $$\ln \left( {\ln \left( {\nu + 0.7 + e^{ - \nu } K_0 \left( {\nu  + 1.244067} \right)} \right)} \right) = A - {B \over T}$$

title: Temperature dependence of viscosity


text:
Graham Rix

Graham Cyril Rix (born 23 October 1957) is an English former professional football player who later became a coach and manager. He is the former manager of Fareham Town.

Rix played for Arsenal for thirteen years, then Brentford (on loan), Caen, Le Havre, Dundee and Chelsea. He also won 17 caps for England between 1980 and 1984. Rix then managed Chelsea (as caretaker), Portsmouth, Oxford United, Heart of Midlothian, Central and AFC Portchester.

In 1999, Rix was convicted of having underage sex with a 15-year-old girl, and sentenced to 12 months in prison, of which he served six. In 2018, he was accused of racism and physical assault by several former teenage Chelsea players. In 2022, the club made settlement payments to eight players who had made complaints.

Arsenal
Originally from Doncaster, Yorkshire, Rix joined Arsenal as an apprentice in 1974 and turned professional the year after. He made his debut for the club against Leicester City on 2 April 1977, and marked it by scoring the opening goal. Rix immediately became a regular on the left wing, replacing George Armstrong. Together with Liam Brady, he formed part of an impressive attacking midfield, which helped Arsenal to three successive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980. Arsenal only won one of these, in 1979 against Manchester United; the final score was 3–2, with Rix crossing for Alan Sunderland's last-minute winner, just one minute after United had equalised to level the score 2–2.

Arsenal reached the Cup Winners' Cup final the following season, against Valencia; the match finished 0–0 after extra time – a penalty shootout ensued, but Rix missed his kick and Arsenal lost. After the departure of Liam Brady to Juventus that summer, many believed Rix would also leave but he stayed at the club, and became captain in 1983. Arsenal's form slumped in the early 1980s, though, meaning Rix was unable to claim any silverware as skipper. Arsenal won the 1986-87 League Cup; Rix was not part of the squad for the final against Liverpool but he contributed three appearances en route.

A series of injuries to his achilles tendon kept Rix out of the team in the mid-1980s, and he lost his starting place in the side to Martin Hayes. Rix spent a spell on loan at Brentford, before being released in 1988. In all, he played 464 times for the Gunners, scoring 51 goals.

After Arsenal
After leaving the London club, Rix was the subject of offers from Sheffield Wednesday as well as Queens Park Rangers, but he instead signed for French club Caen, where he would spend three years before transferring to Le Havre, and then played in Scotland for Dundee before announcing his retirement as a player in 1993.

International career
Between 1980 and 1984, Rix played for the England national team, including making five appearances at the 1982 World Cup. He was capped 17 times, but failed to score. His first appearance came on 10 September 1980 in a 4–0 win over Norway, his last in a 1–0 win over Northern Ireland on 4 April 1984.

Chelsea
Rix joined Chelsea as youth team coach in mid-1993. During an injury crisis, he briefly enlisted as a player for the club, playing a solitary Premier League match in May 1995 against his old side Arsenal. Rix became assistant manager in 1996 under new Blues boss Ruud Gullit, and continued in the same role under Gullit's successor Gianluca Vialli, winning the FA Cup in 1997, and the League Cup and Cup Winners' Cup in 1998. He won the FA Cup again in 2000, before leaving the club, after a brief spell as caretaker manager following Vialli's sacking by Ken Bates.

Portsmouth and Oxford
Rix managed Portsmouth between 2001 and 2002, where his enthusiastic style of management started well, but tapered off in the middle of the 2001–02 season. A string of poor results, including a 4–1 home loss in the FA Cup to bottom of the Football League Leyton Orient, meant that Director of Football Harry Redknapp was given more responsibilities until he eventually replaced Rix as team manager toward the end of the season. Rix then managed Oxford United for seven months in 2004. Their form declined sharply during the last three months of the 2003–04 Division Three campaign: they fell from the automatic promotion places to ninth in the final table, failing to achieve a playoff place. He was sacked after their poor form continued into 2004–05, where he led the club nearer to the relegation zone than to the play-offs.

Hearts
In November 2005, after speculation linking him with the manager's job at Scottish Premier League club Heart of Midlothian, it was confirmed that Rix would take over at Tynecastle. He officially took the position of head coach on 8 November 2005. Events reported in February 2006, by Scottish newspapers, suggested that Rix was unhappy with Vladimir Romanov's "hands on" approach and speculation increased that Romanov was involved in team selection. On 22 March 2006 Rix was sacked as manager after just four months in charge, with the club citing poor results as the reason.

Central FC
On 13 August 2012, Rix was named the first manager of Central FC, which was a newly formed club founded by former Trinidad and Tobago international football player Brent Sancho, that competed in the TT Pro League. Rix recorded his first league win with Central FC on 19 October 2012 with a 1–0 win over Police. Rix and Central FC parted ways through mutual consent on 21 December 2012.

AFC Portchester
In February 2013, he was appointed head coach of AFC Portchester. He left the club in August 2017.

In August 2022, Rix took over as manager of Wessex Football League side Fareham Town.

Underage sex conviction
In March 1999, Rix was convicted of having underage sex with a 15-year-old girl, and sentenced to 12 months in prison, of which he served six. He was placed on the sex offender registry for ten years and banned by the FA from working with youth players under the age of 16. In 2013 he told The Independent that he thought she was of legal age. On his release from prison, he immediately returned to his old job. He subsequently claimed that there were "mitigating circumstances" in the case, saying "I know the true story that I've never ever said".

Racism and bullying allegations
In 2018, Rix, along with assistant manager Gwyn Williams, was accused of racism and physical assault by several Chelsea trainees who were of school age at the time. It was alleged that Rix had thrown a cup of hot coffee in the face of one player. Both denied the allegations. After a seven-month investigation, the police decided there was insufficient evidence to take any action. In February 2022, Chelsea agreed to make payments to several former players who had sued the club.

Personal life
Rix has a daughter from his first marriage with Gill. After getting divorced, he married his second wife, Linda. In April 2017, Rix suffered a heart attack.

Player
Arsenal
 * FA Cup: 1978–79

Managerial
AFC Porchester
 * Russell Cotes Cup: 2014
 * Sydenhams Wessex League Cup: 2015

title: Graham Rix


text:
Atlantic Philanthropies

The Atlantic Philanthropies (AP) was a private foundation created in 1982 by American businessman Chuck Feeney. The Atlantic Philanthropies focused its giving on health, social, and politically left-leaning public policy causes in Australia, Bermuda, Ireland, South Africa, the United States and Vietnam.

It was among the largest foreign charitable donors in each of the countries in which it operated, and was the single largest funder of programs that encouraged the civic engagement of older people and of comprehensive immigration reform in the United States.

With the single largest advocacy grant ever made by a foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies committed $27 million to win passage of the Affordable Care Act in the United States. About half of the Atlantic Philanthropies' grants were made in donations that allow lobbying.

The Atlantic Philanthropies commenced a spend-down process in 2012, and planned to fully close down by 2020 after the remaining portion of Feeney's fortune was donated. On September 14, 2020, Feeney signed the documents to officially close the nonprofit in an online ceremony that included a congratulatory video message from Bill Gates.

History
Irish-American businessman Chuck Feeney established the Atlantic Philanthropies in Bermuda in 1982. The organization made its first grant of $7 million that same year to Cornell University.

Feeney, who co-founded Duty Free Shoppers (DFS), transferred all of his assets and his entire 38.75% ownership stake in DFS to what became the Atlantic Philanthropies in 1984. For the first fifteen years of Atlantic's existence, donations were made anonymously, and organizations receiving grants were required to sign contracts agreeing to not reveal the source of their donations.

Atlantic's charitable giving remained anonymous until 1997, when a business dispute Feeney was involved in forced him to disclose the funding for Atlantic.

The President and CEO of the Atlantic Philanthropies was Christopher Oechsli as of 2011. He was appointed in 2011, succeeding Gara LaMarche. Martin O'Brien was appointed Senior Vice President of Programmes shortly thereafter.

The Atlantic Philanthropies donated over US$8 billion from 1982 to 2020. The Atlantic Philanthropies was a limited-life foundation (following plans for a spend-down put forward in 2002), which stated it would close its doors upon the successful completion of its task of giving away to charity all of founder Chuck Feeney's fortune (except for $2 million he had set aside decades earlier for the retirement of himself and his wife). In 2020, Feeney announced that the foundation had successfully achieved its purpose, and on September 14, 2020, he signed the documents to officially close the nonprofit in an online ceremony.

Activities
AP concentrated its donations in the areas of aging, children and youth, population and health, and reconciliation and human rights. As of 2013, the Atlantic Philanthropies had distributed $6.5 billion, which would increase to over $8 billion by the time of its dissolution.

Australia
In Australia, AP donated more than $AUD500 million, including $AUD250 million in Queensland. These donations have been directed toward the building or expansion of 20 research facilities in Australia.

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, AP controversially supported the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission in its work to develop and promote proposals for a Bill of Rights for the region. It has also funded a coalition of civil society groups, the Bill of Rights Consortium.

Republic of Ireland
AP helped to fund the Irish Government's research funding mechanism, the Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions (aka PRTLI), through its five cycles from 1998 to around 2018.

AP invested over $1 billion in third-level education in Ireland, funding research facilities at the University of Limerick and Dublin City University as well as a library and sports facility at Trinity College Dublin. AP's grants in Ireland have been credited by some for stimulating the Irish economy in the 1990s.

In 2005, it funded the short-lived Centre for Public Inquiry.

In 2009, AP indicated that it would grant €80 million in Ireland in 2009 to children, elderly and human rights projects. In 2011, AP awarded a €1.2 million grant to Barnardo's, one of Ireland's best-known children's charities.

In 2004–13, AP provided $11.5m and political advice to the Gay and Lesbian Equality Network and three other Irish gay-rights groups. Prior to the 2015 same-sex marriage referendum, Catholic commentator Breda O'Brien characterised this as "American money buy[ing] an Irish referendum".

As of 2014, a total of $226 million in Atlantic grants have leveraged $1.3 billion of government money to the Irish university system.

AP gave several grants to the Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland.

United States
In March 2009, AP pledged $125 million to the University of California, San Francisco to fund a medical center at the Mission Bay campus. At the time, it was the single largest grant the Atlantic Philanthropies had given. The project broke ground in October 2010.

From 2008-10, AP donated $27 million to Health Care for America Now (HCAN) to support their efforts to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It was the single largest advocacy grant ever made by a foundation.

In 2011, AP gave $350 million to Cornell University to help build Cornell Tech, a new graduate school campus on New York City's Roosevelt Island. At the time, the gift was the largest donation in the university's history.

Vietnam
From 1997 to 2013, AP donated $381.5 million towards health and educational causes in Vietnam, including funds to modernize the country’s public and primary health systems, promote healthier behavior (including backing a country-wide anti-smoking campaign and an initiative that resulted in a national law mandating helmet use by motorcycle riders) and revitalize libraries and universities.

Culminating grants
In 2014, the Atlantic Philanthropies announced that it was making a series of major culminating grants, including one to foster peace and human rights in Northern Ireland, another to help fund a national dementia strategy in Ireland, and a third to expand the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, a Washington, D.C.-based liberal think tank.

Recipients of 2016 culminating grants include the London School of Economics, for support of the International Inequalities Institute, and the Rhodes Trust, to fund the newly established Atlantic Institute.

The Atlantic Philanthropies awarded UC San Francisco and Trinity College Dublin $177 million to create the Global Brain Health Institute, a groundbreaking venture to stem the precipitous rise in dementia by training and connecting a new generation of leaders worldwide.

title: Atlantic Philanthropies


text:
User talk:Roguey

Thank you for joining Wikipedia and for making some edits. However, we can't include every single personal webpage that happens to mention a game; unless your website is extremely notable, then it probably shouldn't be listed. --Golbez 00:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

hi, i think this is the right place to reply? not sure.. anyway, if you did have a look thou the site you will see there are 3 tekken games i have information about tekken 4/tag and 5. I do not have tekken 5 yet and will be adding more information to the site, so i thought ill add now. I recommend you look into the site before juding on just the index page only (i know you only checked one page!), I only linked it to there because there are 3 tekken games, and havnt made a page just for tekken 4/5/tag. anyway, if the link isnt allowed thats a shame.. :(

this is the same as the other games, x2 and gta: san.. you should check them sections for what they have in them. as gta-san is growing, x2 as much as any-other site - if not more and tekken's. It is a kind of personal site as in all done by me, but for games i like with a lot of information, news etc.

 * It's a nice site, but external links should only be for sites specifically about the game in question, and then only in-depth sites that supply lots of information. For example, the official Tekken site, or the KLOV page on it, or what not. Now, maybe if you linked to a specific page on your site with Tekken/X2/etc. info on it, that would be different, but we can't exactly be linking to every website that has a few screenshots of a game. What kind of info does your GTA San section have that other sites don't? --Golbez 02:45, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

hi, well as you can understand GTA: San im just playing it and adding stuff to the site as i go.. when i done the game ill probably start working out how to mod it, as i dont want to spoil the game now. however my results will be put on my site, however in the meen time i try and make the site with all the background information of any other site. So i can provide help and information like any other site with any mods that ive created.

x2 for example, i have created 2 mods myself for x2 including a mod to balance the game (this was my larger mod) and another to change the weapons around, both seen on: http://roguey.netcessorhost.com/gaming/pc/x2/mod_index.php they are both created only by me.

another thing with the tekken games, i still awaiting tekken 5 however i including pictures of all the skins of characters from tekken 4 and tag (something you dont find on many sites), and soon add tekken 5 picture with my own comments and tips for tekken 5.

the main thing about this is it created only by me, including site code(news system, forum etc.), content etc. for the games i like with some of my program projects and the 'upstairs' project. Its not a personal site saying this is a picture of my ugly famaily :P I would help anyone would who ask for it in the forums however lack of visiters as made that hard to become a option.

title: User talk:Roguey


text:
User talk:Ccoolman

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 00:15, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Ccoolman


text:
Deadhead (disambiguation)

A Deadhead or Dead head is a fan of the American jam band the Grateful Dead.

Deadhead or Dead Head may also refer to:

Music

 * Dead Head (band), a Dutch thrash metal band
 * "Deadhead", a song by the Stereophonics
 * "Deadhead", a song by The Devin Townsend Band on the album Accelerated Evolution
 * Deadhead, an American rock band side project featuring Jeremy Bolm

Film and television

 * Dead Head (TV series), a British TV drama
 * Deadheads (film), a 2011 film
 * Deadhead, a character in the Beach Party films
 * the title character of Sergeant Deadhead, a 1965 American musical comedy film

Other uses

 * Deadhead or snag, a partially-submerged tree or branch that poses a hazard to boat navigation

 * Deadhead (Wild Cards), a fictional character from the Wild Cards book series
 * Deadheads, a 1983 English crime novel by Reginald Hill

title: Deadhead (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Trewornan

File:Bi-elliptic transfer.png listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Bi-elliptic transfer.png, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Jon Kolbert (talk) 08:03, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trewornan


text:
User talk:64.252.104.46

Everyone is sick of your inane Star Wars pastry fetish and your obstinant insistence on including your crap wherever you want it despite unanimous opposition. Wikipedia is not your playground. I've blocked this IP for a week, and if you come back with the same conduct after the block is over, you'll be tolerated even less. Cheers. Postdlf 00:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sock puppet message

 * 69.177.120.162 posted: Has recently been blocked from editing articles by recently-made Sysops Postdlf for "persistent vandal nonsense." However, vandalism can only be grounds for blocking if it is inarguably in bad faith. Not only was the lore of Electoral Roll not in bad faith, but it was not even untrue either. The IP was blocked for a week, seven times more than the accepted 24-hour first offense block, without any warnings from Postdlf. Postdlf is a pompous, elitist, power-hungry, irresponsible Wikipedia junkie, and has grossly overstepped the privleges of being a Sysops. (69.177.120.162 is probably 64.252.104.46. The message was originally signed by 69.177.120.162 with the psuedonym "Blade 6." The edit in question) Mr. Billion 05:25, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.252.104.46