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Talk:Twelve Nidānas

Three lives and five skandhas
This section has a formating issue. Only part (1st 3 rows) of Schumann table is shown.

Within different schools of Buddhism
the first difficulty is i focus on Theravada's teachings. I think this teaching remains the same in every "school" but..? as it is, this page i created seems incorrect to me. i put a "whole description" part in order to detail which condition apply to which step. i still want to writte it, but would like an echo, as this further development could be quite long. It could take place in another page. pyl 13:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think with regard to the issue of other schools, the best course if we're unsure (and I certainly don't know enough about non-Theravada views of patticca samupadda to comment) is to simply clearly identify the origin of the material- that it stems from a Theravada reading of the concept, rooted in Buddhaghosa- and then hope that someone better versed in the Mahayana or the defunct Hinayana schools can come in and either say that they agree with the Theravada reading, or where it differs. There are already some comments on a varient interpretation of dependent origination in the Madhyamaka school over at  Pratitya-samutpada, for instance.

 * I reorganized things a little bit; I put the 12 bases in the order that they are in the Visuddhimagga (at least Nanamoli's translation), and made the translations the category headings, with the Pali where it's available in parens afterwords. The rest of the Pali terms can be filled in later.

 * I'm having a little difficulty interpreting the passage about the complication that the Five Aggregates present; is the difficulty due to the fact that the faculties of perception and descriminiation are typically given as part of the five skandha (which would make the 'name and form' step in reality a set of 2-4 steps)? It would be also helpful if the explanation of the 24 types of conditioning could be expanded a bit; the first sentence is a little unclear to me, and I'm not sure how they fit into the picture.

 * Conceptually, I'm more concerned about clearly distinguishing how this article is different from the dependent origination page. I think to make this more complimentary to that page, the best thing would be to expand the individual descriptions of the Twelve Nidanas (most likely using the VM as a reference). --Clay Collier 09:23, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Namarupa vs. Skandhas
I reverted the Pali term associated with 'body and mind' back to 'namarupa' from 'skandhas'. Couple reasons; first of all, because it is the term that is used in the modern translation of the Visuddhimagga. Secondly, namarupa (lit. name and form, body and mind) is a much closer translation of body and mind than skandha (heap, aggregate, factor) is. I know that the namarupa article is blank right now, but it is a significant enough term in both Hinduism and Buddhism that it's reasonable to think that it should be filled at some point. --Clay Collier 22:12, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC) Well, i will try to begin this article and hope someone to make it better pyl 5 July 2005 15:55 (UTC)

No rebirth?
In my quest for figuring out the possibility that early Buddhism did not include rebirth (see Talk:Rebirth (Buddhism)), I've stumbled upon pratityasamutpada and the twelve nidanas. The perspectives given by Bucknell and Jurewicz are fascinating, providing an explanation of how the twelvefold chain developed from several older lists, integrating and somewhat chaning a couple of terms in an awkward way. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  07:45, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Development
in addition to our recent conversation about rebirth in Buddhism, this is a must-read:. Bucknell gives a convincing argument of how the present "standard list" was synthesised from other lists, explaining various discrepancies in the "standard list." Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  13:56, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Also see K.R. Norman's A Philological Approach to Buddhism (1997), at least the first chapter. Highlights some of the reasons for discrepancies and other issues in interpreting Buddhist texts. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 16:42, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

 * We should clarify that the traditional interpretation is the commonest and reflects the majority in the Buddhism traditions. See Richard Gombrich's chapter 9, in What the Buddha Thought. The chapter starts on page 129. The discussion on pages 133-143 leading to "three corrections" and "anachronistic interpretations" is worth some reflection, then a short summary somewhere. Second source: Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, page 65 onwards. There are many more RS. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 14:06, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Note, though, that Harvey himself is influenced by Theravada-orthodoxy., doesn't even mention the alternate interpretation. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  15:36, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * JJ: Professor Peter Harvey books published by Cambridge Univ Press and other publishers are RS, though yes his background is in Theravada Buddhism. He does not need to mention the minority alternate views in his papers or a particular book, but we sure can per our community-consensus content guidelines. There are numerous additional sources we can cite for this 'commonest, majority" clarification. Let us work on this later, after you have improved these articles further. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 01:33, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Okay. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  04:10, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Relation with the five skandhas & the meaning of "bhava"
Mathieu Bosivert, A Study of the Five Aggregates in Theravada Buddhism: Their Order and Their Relation to the Doctrine of the Paticcasamuppada, relates the twelve nidanas to the five skandhas. Of course, I'd say; the correlation is quite obvious. I'll add this later.

Bhava has mulitiple meanings; not just "becoming" as in future life or existence, but also existence, state of being, identification with experiences and desires. With other words: craving and clinging setermine your state of mind and your self-identity. See the additions I've made.

And what if dukkha is not literal to be equated with birth, aging and death, but they are enumerations of what becomes dukkha when one is in a 'state of mind of dukkha'? To compare: when you're down, everything turns grey. When you're dukkha, everything is dukkha, out of order, not the way it should be. When you cling and crave, your mind-set is narrowed, and life becomes dukkha. Buddhadasa and Payuto have a strong argument, I think. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  07:19, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Schmitthausen
Eviatar Shulman (2008), Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination, refers to Schmitthausen (2000), Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit, in Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7, in note 14 and 19. Note 14 says "following Frauwallner"; I guess (hope) that this is the same as Frauwallner (1973), History of Indian Philosophy vol 1, as referenced by Dhivan Thomas Jones (2009), New Light on the Twelve Nidanas. See also Gombrich's comments, 'who argues in chapter 9 of his'What the Buddha Thought that the 12-step chain is the result of pasting together two chains, and that the first four links are a parody of Vedic Cosmogony'. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  15:01, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Frauwallner (1973), p.156-169. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  04:14, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * JJ: Gombrich is stating something else. Let us rely on the Gombrich RS directly, avoid the dhammawheel.com forum/blog. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 14:09, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twelve Nidānas


text:
Rollercoaster (1977 film)

Rollercoaster is a 1977 American disaster-suspense film directed by James Goldstone and starring George Segal, Richard Widmark, Henry Fonda and Timothy Bottoms. It was one of the few films to be shown in Sensurround, which used extended-range bass frequencies to give a sense of vibration to the viewers during the coaster rides.

Plot
An unnamed man sneaks into Ocean View Amusement Park and places a small radio-controlled bomb on the tracks of the park's wooden roller coaster, The Rocket. The bomb detonates, causing the ride's train to derail, killing and injuring the riders as a result. Safety inspector Harry Calder, who initially cleared the ride, is called to the park to investigate. A park worker tells Calder that he saw what he thought was a park maintenance man up on the tracks earlier that day but did not state that the man was someone other than the park had authorized to be there.

The bomber causes a fire on a dark ride at another park in Pittsburgh. Calder suspects the incidents might be linked, and learns that the executives of companies running the largest amusement parks in America are holding a meeting in Chicago. Calder flies to Chicago and intrudes on the meeting. One of the executives plays a tape sent by the bomber, wherein he demands $1 million to stop his activities.

Back home, Calder is visited by FBI Agent Hoyt, who says the extortion money is to be delivered by Calder at Kings Dominion. There, Calder is ordered to wait at a telephone, and the bomber calls, warning him there is a bomb in the park. He sends Calder a two-way radio so that he can keep contact, then orders Calder to go on various rides in the park, such as the Rebel Yell roller coaster. While Calder is riding on the Skyway, the bomber tells Calder that the bomb is located in the radio. He warns Calder not to throw it away, because it will explode on impact on the paths below, which are occupied by many of the park's visitors. He orders Calder to falsely signal that he has made the delivery in order to distract the FBI, then leave the money on a bench. Calder complies and walks away. Later, Hoyt admits that he marked the money (violating the bomber's instructions). Calder demands to be sent home and leaves the bomb radio with the bomb squad.

Back home, Calder gets another call from the bomber. He blames Calder for the marked money and threatens another attack. Assuming it will be directed at himself personally, Calder deduces that the next target will be Revolution at Magic Mountain. The FBI rejects Calder's hypothesis but decides to investigate anyway because the ride is scheduled to debut on July 4, when park attendance will be at its highest for the season. Agents disguised as park maintenance men eventually find a bomb attached to the tracks and disarm it.

The bomber returns to his car and gets a new bomb just as the Revolution is about to open. In order to get on board, he pays a park guest $100 for his "Gold Ticket", which entitles the holder to be one of the first passengers. He places the bomb under his seat in the rear of the train. Following the inaugural ride, Calder recognizes the bomber's voice during his ride exit interview with a reporter. He chases the bomber and alerts the agents that he might have placed something in the coaster train. The train leaves the chain lift on its second ride through.

The bomber is eventually cornered and threatens to blow up the ride, holding the detonator in his hand while the agents try to jam the signal. He demands a firearm. Calder takes one from an agent and begins to hand it to him. Agents succeed in jamming the detonator's signal and alert Calder. Calder retains the gun but in doing so accidentally shoots the bomber, who then runs away. He hops a fence into the area below the Revolution and runs blindly, eventually circling back toward Calder. The bomber climbs onto the track but sees Calder and freezes. He is hit and killed by the coaster train. The ride reopens following the accident.

Production
This was the third film to be presented in Sensurround. Special low-frequency bass speakers were used during the roller coaster sequences. Sensurround was employed in only three other films released by Universal: Earthquake (1974), Midway (1976) and the theatrical version of Battlestar Galactica (1978).

"Sensurround is as big a star as there is in movies today," said Sidney Sheinberg, head of MCA, who attributed the better-than-expected success of Earthquake and Midway at the box office to the device.

The film was announced in July 1976. Director James Goldstone said the film was "not a disaster movie but a Hitchcock-like suspense cat and mouse story".

Casting
George Segal's casting was announced in August 1976. He called it "simply an action-adventure, something Alfred Hitchcock would do, structured beautifully, and combined with Universal's technology". Goldstone said Segal had "that humanity factor and it does come through. George plays the Everyman character who is repeatedly dumped on but who's never a buffoon... He knows who he is and is therefore free to take chances, to try something new, to expose his vulnerability."

Opposite was Timothy Bottoms. "It's the first time I've ever played the villain," said Bottoms. Helen Hunt, in her first feature film, has a supporting role as Tracy Calder, Harry's teenage daughter. Steve Guttenberg, in his first film role, has an uncredited bit part as a messenger at Magic Mountain who brings the plans for the Revolution to Calder and Hoyt. Craig Wasson, in his second film, appears as a hippie. Radio announcer Charlie Tuna also appears in the film as the emcee for the concert and The Revolution coaster launch.

The film features an appearance by the band Sparks for the roller coaster's opening concert, playing the songs "Fill 'Er Up" and "Big Boy" from their 1976 album Big Beat. Sparks later cited their appearance in the film when asked about the biggest regret of their career.

Locations
Filming started September 13, 1976.

Several real amusement parks were used in the film for the various park and roller coaster scenes. Ocean View Park in Norfolk, Virginia, was used for the first park in the film. Although the park was located on the Chesapeake Bay, it was described as a west coast park in the film. Goldstone chose the park because of its old-fashioned feeling. The park's major wooden roller coaster, The Skyrocket, was renamed simply "The Rocket" for the film. Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia, also appeared in the film. Some of the rides featured in the film, such as the Shenandoah Lumber Company and Rebel Yell wooden roller coaster (renamed Racer 75), still exist today. The final park used was Magic Mountain (now called Six Flags Magic Mountain) in Valencia, California. The park's Great American Revolution roller coaster was featured prominently in the film's climax.

Originally, Kennywood was one of the locations to be used in the opening "crash" segment of the film. But after the park's owners declined their participation, the producers of the film ended up shooting the "Wonder World" segment at Kings Dominion instead.

According to Goldstone, the three parks that appeared in the final film were chosen from over 20 candidates.

Additionally, parts of the movie were filmed at the Hyatt Regency Chicago.

Soundtrack
The film's musical score was written by composer Lalo Schifrin.

Box office
Despite having been released in the late spring of 1977 and being overshadowed by the smash hit Star Wars, it went on to be a moderate success at the box office. However, it was considered a financial disappointment, and Universal lost enthusiasm for Sensurround films.

Critical
Reviews were mixed. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "effective pop entertainment that, like an amusement-park ride, deals in the sensation of suspense for the foolish fun of it".

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1½ stars out of 4 and called it "a traffic accident masquerading as a movie" with "one of the dullest villains imaginable".

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote in a positive review that the film "is not so much a disaster story as an unexpectedly articulate and well-polished piece of cat-and-mouse suspense whose derivation is more from Hitchcock than, say, Irwin Allen".

Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "The Sensurround process, fundamentally unnecessary as it is, supplements the subjective visual thrills effectively." He added, "There's such a disparity of interest between the locations themselves and the melodramatic motions the actors are required to go through that one could easily believe Universal had a greater stake in the amusement park business than the movie business."

Kenneth Turan, then also of The Washington Post, stated, "I was going take the high road, be the Father Flanigan of film criticism, and say there is no such thing as a bad movie, that standards are relative, tastes differ. Then I saw 'Rollercoaster.' 'Rollercoaster,' slambang title notwithstanding, is a singularly tepid piece of work, so dull not even Sensurround can keep you fully awake. Yes, I cried when it was finally over, there is such a thing as a bad movie, and this is it. By the next morning, I'd calmed down, decided 'Rollercoaster' had its virtues after all, and was maybe even marginally entertaining."

Variety said, "The rollercoaster rides are the picture’s highlights and they are fabulous." Time Out London felt that "the results should have been sensational", but that "ultimately the film-makers botched the job. Many of the best runs are interrupted by close-ups, and the filler plot is dumb in the extreme."

The film holds an approval rating of 53% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes as of May 2023, based on 17 reviews.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rollercoaster (1977 film)


text:
Roberto Miña

Roberto Javier Mina Mercado (born November 7, 1984) is a retired Ecuadorian soccer striker who played for Emelec in the Serie A de Ecuador.

Club career
Prior joining Belgrano, Mina played for FC Dallas in MLS, Emelec, Deportivo Quevedo, LDU (Loja), and El Nacional in his native Ecuador, as well as for Huracán in Argentina. Mina scored seven league goals for Dallas in his first year in MLS. Mina missed a good portion of the 2006 season with an injury to his knee; as a result, he finished with only 16 appearances (of which nine were starts) and three goals. The following season, Mina's injuries woes continued and he was ruled out for the entire season after straining his knee in a pre-season friendly. Due to these injuries Mina's contract was not extended. In Spring of 2008 he returned to Argentina to join first division club Gimnasia jujuy according to local media, however the suspected move never became reality. At the end of the summer and after a few months without a club Mina joined second division Argentine club Belgrano de Cordoba as a promising attacking option for Belgrano in the current Nacional B promotion Championship.

In December 2010 he was signed once again by Ecuadorian giants Emelec in a 2-year contract.

International career
Mina has appeared for Ecuador national football team on various youth levels, and got his first senior cap during the 2002–03 season. He has appeared in 12 matches for the senior team.

title: Roberto Miña


text:
Gustavo Noboa

Gustavo José Joaquín Noboa Bejarano (21 August 1937 – 16 February 2021) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as the 42nd president of Ecuador from 22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003. Previously he served as the vice president during Jamil Mahuad's government from 1998 until 2000. From 1983 until 1984, he also was the Governor of the province of Guayas.

Political career
Noboa was governor of Guayas Province from March 1983 to August 1984. In the 1998 presidential elections he was the running mate of Jamil Mahuad, who won. He was sworn in as Vice President of Ecuador on 10 August 1998.

Presidency (2000–2003)
On 21 January 2000, a military coup deposed Mahuad's government and the following day Noboa became President of Ecuador in constitutional order.

Noboa's presidency was marked by attempts to revive the Ecuadorian economy, which was in a recession at the time, including the freeing of US$400 million worth of assets frozen by the previous government. He left office in 2003 after Lucio Gutiérrez was elected president in the 2002 presidential election.

Post presidency
Noboa was accused of mishandling the country's foreign debt by the former president, León Febres Cordero.

After his term ended, accusations of irregularities in foreign debt negotiation that cost the country $9 billion dollars were levelled at the former president. He completely denied the charges and applied for political asylum in the Dominican Republic, which was granted on 11 August 2003.

The Supreme Court case against him was annulled by an unconstitutional, yet functioning, Supreme Court on the grounds that the case was not initiated by a two-thirds congressional vote as the Constitution stipulates. However, he was placed under house arrest in May 2005 and Ecuador's Interior Minister planned to prosecute. On 16 March 2006, a Supreme Court judge lifted the detention order and charged Noboa with being an accessory after the fact.

Personal life
Noboa was born in Guayaquil. He studied political and social sciences and obtained a Doctor in Law from the University of Guayaquil. He was chancellor of the University from 1986 until 1996 and also taught law there.

Noboa died on 16 February 2021 after suffering a heart attack while in recovery from surgery for a brain tumor at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami, Florida. He was 83.

title: Gustavo Noboa


text: Talk:Matan

title: Talk:Matan


text: User talk:70.108.5.3

title: User talk:70.108.5.3


text:
Talk:Linear interpolation

(x-x0)/(x1-x0) is not the SLOPE! slope is rate of change in something. that is, it must have different units in numerator and denominator  (ie, meters per second; rise/run; bps; etc). So it's misleading to call it slope. That, or i've gone crazy in the years since taking math classes.

 * You're not crazy, the page was wrong. Good catch. —Blotwell 10:50, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Alphas
The alphas are only equal when the slope of the line you're trying to interpolate is one. Otherwise, they're not. --Herbchronic 00:48, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Please explain. To me, the article seems correct on this account. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 05:10, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

The article is correct: interpolation coefficient is different than slope

Appeal to Rolle's theorem
"It can be proven using Rolle's theorem that if f has two continuous derivatives, the error is bounded by..." I just tried this and it can't work. You have to use the mean value theorem, not Rolle's theorem - J Fellows, University of Birmingham

 * The proof I know uses Rolle's theorem. This proof is for polynomial interpolation in general, not just linear interpolation. It's in Atkinson's Introduction to Numerical Analysis, and also in Suli and Mayers' book with the same title. However, the proof uses some algebraic manipulations and the difference between Rolle's theorem and the mean value theorem is just one small step, so it's well possible that it's better to appeal to the mean value theorem. I wouldn't mind if you changed it. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 03:22, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Does "has two continuous derivatives" mean "has continuous first and second derivatives"? This does not say what it means, because "derivative" is ambiguous A well-behaved function f has one derivative (derivative function) and an infinite number of derivatives (of values of the derivative function at each point of its domain). — Paul G (talk) 10:20, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, "has two continuous derivatives" means "has continuous first and second derivatives". It's the only interpretation that makes sense, so I don't think it's really ambiguous. It's also a fairly common way to put it, but perhaps rather informal and I can see that it will confuse readers, so I changed it. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 11:00, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Figure
can someone update the figure? the thumbnail that's used has (xy,) instead of (x,y) but the figure itself is fine, and I can't figure out how to fix this. Very confusing. Also, I think it would be more illustrative if the the point, (x,y), were not close to the midpoint of the line segment. If I don't see a fix for this in a few days I'll simply create a new figure. 108.6.2.66 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:19, 26 October 2010 (UTC).
 * It has to be a bug with the program Wikipedia is using to produce PNGs from SVGs. We may hope it will be fixed by itself when the bug is fixed and the PNG updated. --Berland (talk) 19:48, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

The figure is still wrong...something new about the bug fix? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.26.194.33 (talk) 15:01, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Bilinear interpolation
It says "bilinear interpolation can be accomplished in two lerps", but I think it requires 3 lerps -- e.g., two in x direction and one in y direction. Can someone verify that and correct it? -Markg17 (talk) 21:11, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

αA + (1-α)B
RGBA color space refers to this article when explaining the etymology of 'alpha' in the alpha channel, citing the formula "αA + (1-α)B" - yet it doesn't appear here. (20040302 (talk))

Using the term distance in the 2nd figure
Is it correct usage? Isn't distance in this case understood as diagonal length? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.20.191.37 (talk) 20:34, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree, and have changed it to "horizontal length". Cai (talk) 15:41, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

Error term R_T
Where does the factor of 8 come from in

 * $$|R_T| \leq \frac{(x_1 - x_0)^2}{8} \max_{x_0 \leq x \leq x_1} |f''(x)|$$ ?

According to | Taylor's theorem the remainder should be of the form

 * $$ R_k(x) = \frac{f^{(k+1)}(\xi_L)}{(k+1)!} (x-a)^{k+1} $$

which for $$ k = 1 $$ (linear interpolation) is

 * $$ R_k(x) = \frac{f''(x-a)}{2!} (x-a)^{2} $$

and so setting $$ a=x_0 $$ and taking the maximum over $$ x $$, the factor in the denominator of the above should be 2?

Itsacommon (talk) 18:43, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear interpolation


text: User talk:69.218.247.156

title: User talk:69.218.247.156


text:
Talk:Mehran, Ilam

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For a deletion debate on this article, see Votes for deletion/Mehran. sjorford →•← 13:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mehran, Ilam


text:
Leeds Supertram

The Leeds Supertram was a proposed light rail/tram system in Leeds and West Yorkshire in England. It would have been a three-line, 17 miles system with 50 stations. It received provisional government approval in 2001, and was specifically for corridors ill-served by the existing heavy rail network. Supertram would have been 75% funded from the public sector, with final contracts for construction and a 27-year operating concession due to have been awarded in 2003. By 2004, disquiet about rising costs had caused the scheme to be scaled back, and it was finally cancelled in 2005 by the Transport Secretary, Alistair Darling.

The northern branch would have served the universities and Headingley, running to a park and ride site at Lawnswood. The eastern branch would have run to Seacroft and Whinmoor, and the southern arm would have served Hunslet, Belle Isle and Middleton with another park and ride by the M621 motorway. In the city centre, trams were to have linked to the bus and rail stations and shopping areas. Most of the double track route would have been segregated.

Proposals
Proposals for the reinstatement of trams or a light rail system in Leeds which were withdrawn in 1959 have been ongoing since the 1970s with various plans for varying light rail systems including ones which had planned partially or fully underground routes in the city centre. The cancelled plans mentioned in this article had dated back to the early 1990s.

Route
The planned system included three lines, which were to have been:

 * Line 1 (South Line), to Stourton and Tingley via Hunslet, Belle Isle and Middleton
 * Line 2 (North Line), to Weetwood via the University of Leeds, Hyde Park and Headingley
 * Line 3 (East Line), to Whinmoor via St James's Hospital, Harehills and Seacroft

All three lines would have met in Leeds city centre in a loop line running along The Headrow, Park Row, Boar Lane, Kirkgate and behind Kirkgate Market.

The three lines were to have been the start of a wider system which included plans for other tram lines from Leeds city centre to Bradford via Armley, Bramley and Stanningley and to Alwoodley via Chapeltown, Chapel Allerton and Moortown (the latter being mentioned in the draft Leeds Unitary Development Plan).

Funding delays
Following long standing delays in attempting to gain funding throughout the 1990s due to rejections by the previous John Major administration, in 2002 Leeds was successful in acquiring central government funding for the construction of the scheme. Four consortia were shortlisted:
 * Airelink: (Arriva, Siemens, Anglian Water, Morrison Construction)
 * Leeds Tramways: (Stagecoach, John Mowlem, WS Atkins)
 * Leeds Tram Link: (Amey, Bechtel, MTR, Egis)
 * Momentis: (FirstGroup, Bombardier, Bouygues, Jarvis)

Preparation work on Leeds Supertram had started in 2003 where preparatory work was done at City Square and around the junction of the A61 South Accommodation Road and A639 Hunslet Road.

Project suspension and cancellation
However, work to construct the system that was due to start in earnest in 2004 was suspended because of costs that were originally £500 million had risen far above this level to figures around £1 billion. This had resulted in a cut back to the system that would have seen Line 1 only go from the city centre to the park and ride site at Stourton and this would have saved £250 million from the construction of the scheme and efforts were made to lower development costs along the other planned routes. However despite this in late 2005, Transport Minister Alistair Darling said that he would not give the go-ahead for the scheme, despite £40 million having already been spent into the development of the scheme.

Kieran Preston, the Director General of West Yorkshire Metro at the time of the Supertram project, claimed in 2013 that money could have been saved by finding new solutions to engineering problems, and by postponing a 4.3 mile stretch of the southern line so that it would only run from Leeds city centre to Stourton park and ride. Preston said that the business case for Leeds Supertram was stronger than those for Nottingham or Manchester, but that the Labour government had spent the transport budget on railways and distorted the figures to say that Leeds could not afford it.

Proposed alternatives
Alternatives for the future of transport in Leeds have been discussed. The FTR, a Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) system operated by First West Yorkshire, was introduced to the city in 2007. Research undertaken by West Yorkshire Metro and the government claimed that a BRT network could deliver some of the benefits of Supertram with lower capital costs due to unsegregated routes and greater flexibility, but with a higher long-term cost due to shorter life expectancy of rolling stock. The Leeds FTR service initially served the boroughs of Pudsey and Seacroft until the Wright StreetCars were redeployed and refurbished in 2012 to operate on the Leeds-Bradford bus corridor.

Another possibility investigated by Metro is a tram-train system. On such a system trams are capable of running onto mainline railways as well as on tracks built in city centres. A 2007 feasibility study proposed that the network would run alongside First's FTR network and could potentially be extended to Leeds Bradford Airport and York.

A trolleybus network was approved by the government in 2012, which would have connected Leeds city centre to two park and ride sites in the north and south of the city by 2018. £173 million would have been made available from the Department for Transport for the construction of the network. The plans were subject to further scrutiny by the government, however they were eventually dropped in 2016. By the time of the network's cancellation, £70 million had been spent on both the trolleybus and Supertram networks.

Prior to the cancellation of the eastern leg of HS2 in November 2021, reports emerged in the Daily Mail that the government would fund the construction of a tram network in Leeds as "consolation" for the cancelled high-speed rail link. Leeds City Council criticised the proposals as being insufficient to replace the regional and national connections that would have been provided by HS2. Earlier in January 2021, the West Yorkshire Combined Authority had revealed plans to develop a mass transit network, with options of light rail, tram-trains or a BRT system being considered across West Yorkshire. The government commitment was restated in a party conference speech in 2023, this time as consolation for the cancelled Phase 2b to Manchester.

On 7 March 2024, the West Yorkshire Combined Authority announced plans to build a tram line connecting Leeds and Bradford in several phases. Phase one would include two lines serving Leeds and Bradford, the Leeds Line and the Bradford Line. The Leeds Line would take people between St James’ Hospital, through Leeds city centre and on to Elland Road and the White Rose Shopping Centre. The Bradford Line would run from Leeds city centre to Bradford city centre – also linking Bradford Forster Square station with the new Bradford rail station. This line supports Bradford's plans to regenerate the city’s southern gateway, which includes the new Bradford rail station. The Combined Authority would also work with Kirklees Council to look into how to include a Dewsbury Line in future.

title: Leeds Supertram


text: Talk:Trillian (software)

title: Talk:Trillian (software)


text:
Romanian ethnic minority parties

The Romanian Constitution (Article 62) provides seats in the Chamber of Deputies for representatives of ethnic minorities in Romania (with the limitation that each national minority is to be represented by one organization only). Minority organizations are exempt from the electoral threshold, and are guaranteed a seat so long as they earn at least 10% of the vote that was required for the last party eligible to earn a seat through the threshold.

The representatives elected in this manner sit in the National Minority Parliamentary Group (Grupul parlamentar al minorităților naționale) in the Chamber of Deputies; the Group traditionally give confidence and supply to the government. The number of seats awarded to ethnic minorities varied from 10 in 1990 to 18 between 2000 and 2016, and once more since 2020 onwards.

List of parties
The following are members of the National Minority Parliamentary Group which hold or formerly held a seat in the Chamber of Deputies. Beyond the groups sitting in Parliament based on the minority party exemption, the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is a centre-right party representing the much larger Hungarian community. It has been represented in both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate continuously since 1990 competing as an ordinary party.

Previously, a number of political parties represented Romania's ethnic minorities—particularly Hungarians, Germans, and Jews—until the suppression of all political parties other than the ruling National Renaissance Front in 1938. Some minority organizations allied to the Romanian Communist Party, such as the Hungarian People's Union and Jewish Democratic Committee, survived until their suppression in 1953.

Active

 * Association of Italians of Romania
 * Association of Macedonians of Romania
 * Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
 * Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
 * Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania
 * Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
 * Democratic Turkish Union of Romania
 * Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania
 * Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania
 * Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
 * Hellenic Union of Romania
 * League of Albanians of Romania
 * Party of the Roma
 * Union of Armenians of Romania
 * Union of Croatians of Romania
 * Union of Poles of Romania
 * Union of Serbs of Romania
 * Union of the Ukrainians of Romania

Defunct

 * Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania (defunct)
 * Cultural Union of Albanians of Romania (defunct)

title: Romanian ethnic minority parties


text:
Talk:Don Byas

Early life notes
Parents: Walter Wesley Byas (1882.05.01, Booneville, MO - 1950, Muskogee, OK); Dottie Mae Weaver (Oct 1890, McLennan, TX - ?)

Siblings: Vincent W. (1915-?); Walter Jr. (1918-?)

source: FamilySearch.org

Recordings
See also Amália Rodrigues and http://www.amaliarodrigues.lisbon52.com for some recordings and lyrics from the album "Encontro com Amália Rodrigues e Sax-Tenor, Don Byas"

Discography
There seems to be a problem with the Adobe document link for the Hazevoet discographies. Is there another URL? Use https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/83140263/Don%20Byas%201938-1946.pdf and https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/83140263/Don%20Byas%201946-1972.pdf.?Hollomis (talk) 18:07, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

The photo is of Lucky Thompson, not Don Byas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.89.208.252 (talk) 01:13, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Don Byas


text:
Template:Years in TV by country

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title: Template:Years in TV by country


text:
User talk:80.200.219.114

Nomination for deletion of Template:French Open tournaments
Template:French Open tournaments has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Wolbo (talk) 16:29, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.200.219.114


text:
Mr. Natural (Bee Gees album)

Mr. Natural is the twelfth studio album (tenth internationally) by the Bee Gees, released in 1974. It was the first Bee Gees release produced by Arif Mardin, who was partially responsible for launching the group's later major success with the follow-up album Main Course. The album's rhythm and blues, soul, funk, and hard rock sounds initiated the group's reinvention as a disco and blue-eyed soul act, which would solidify on subsequent albums. However, Barry Gibb has said that the album was "whiter" than Main Course. The cover photograph was taken at 334 West 4th Street, Greenwich Village, New York City by Frank Moscati, which is today known as The Corner Bistro tavern.

The LP was the Bee Gees' poorest charting album at the time, reaching No. 178 on the Billboard 200, but failing to chart elsewhere including in Europe where the group had previously enjoyed their most consistent popularity. However, it was a moderate success in the group's adopted home of Australia where it reached No. 20.

Background
The decision to work with Mardin came after the RSO label rejected the brothers' post-Life in a Tin Can album, which had been provisionally entitled A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants. Robert Stigwood was not ready to give up on the Bee Gees, but he did not believe in the musical direction they were taking. At the suggestion of Jerry Wexler and Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic, Stigwood sent them to work with Atlantic producer and arranger Arif Mardin, who began to draw out their love of rhythm and blues music. Mardin brought the band's attention to the dance scene unfolding at the time and the brothers Gibb in turn adapted their songwriting and arrangements to a more upbeat style.

Recording
Recording began in November 1973 and although they were self-conscious about doing a really black sound, their first goal was to record songs in a way that they could reproduce on stage. They made more use of Alan Kendall's lead guitar and added a keyboardist, which resulted in less recording for Maurice who had long overdubbed many instrumental and backing vocal parts; he would now focus almost exclusively on playing bass and singing backing vocals during the trio's R&B/disco era. The new sound was more electric than much of what they had done since regrouping in 1970.

With Mardin at the helm, the Bee Gees returned to IBC Studios in London where they had recorded much of their pre-Life in a Tin Can output. The first two songs recorded were harder rock ("Heavy Breathing" and "I Can't Let You Go"), both written in Los Angeles. This was a deliberate attempt to record a new sound compared to the acoustic sounds found on Life in a Tin Can. There were also two new backing musicians: Dennis Bryon on drums and Geoff Westley on keyboards who were in the tour band now made their debut with the Bee Gees on disc. Bryon was a friend of Kendall and would be the Bee Gees' drummer until 1980. The big change here was having Westley or in fact anyone play most of the piano and keyboard parts that had been Maurice's domain for years. Westley would soon be replaced as keyboardist by ex-Strawbs keyboardist Derek "Blue" Weaver whom Bryon had played with in Amen Corner.

Around this time, Maurice's problems with alcohol began to surface; although he wrote few songs in 1974, he never missed a show or a recording session, but on this album, most of the new songs were written by Barry and Robin only. Three songs were written by all three brothers; one, "Lost in Your Love" was a solo Barry composition while "Give A Hand, Take A Hand" was a Barry/Maurice composition (further information in the next paragraph). The songs "Mr. Natural" and "Had a Lot of Love Last Night" were recorded and completed at the Command Studios in London. The songs "Give a Hand, Take a Hand" and "Lost in Your Love" were recorded at Atlantic Studios in 1974. Maurice said in an interview with Lynn Redgrave that his alcoholism didn't affect his recording sessions and concerts until around the time of Spirits Having Flown.

"When we did Mr. Natural, we didn't have a positive direction", Maurice said, "We were thrashing about". In an interview with the Bee Gees for Billboard on 24 March 2001, Maurice recalls about producer Arif Mardin, "Arif was brilliant, full of ideas. That's why we did the Mr. Natural album with him, which was like a rehearsal".

The gospel tinged song "Give a Hand, Take a Hand" was written in 1969 (hence Robin's lack of writing credit since he wasn't working with his brothers at the time) and originally recorded for their 1970 album Cucumber Castle, but was not released and was used by P.P. Arnold; her version was released in September 1969 as a single, which was produced by Barry Gibb. The Staple Singers also covered "Give a Hand, Take a Hand"; their version was released on their 1971 album The Staple Swingers.

Reception
In a retrospective review, Bruce Eder of AllMusic said it was the "sultriest and most soulful record" from the group. He added that Mr. Natural was the "liveliest, most invigorating body of music to come from the group." He noted the "extraordinary sensuality" of the songs "Charade" and "Had a Lot of Love Last Night." At the end of his review, Eder concluded the album generated no hits, but it was their best album since Odessa.

Track listing
All tracks written by Barry and Robin Gibb, except where noted.

Personnel
Credits from Bee Gees historian and sessionographer Joseph Brennan.

 * Bee Gees
 * Barry Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals; rhythm guitar
 * Robin Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals
 * Maurice Gibb – harmony and backing vocals, bass guitar (except “Had a Lot of Love Last Night”), Mellotron, Hammond organ

 * Additional musicians
 * Alan Kendall – lead guitar
 * Dennis Bryon – drums, percussion
 * Geoff Westley – piano, keyboards
 * Ben Law – fretless bass on "Had a Lot of Love Last Night"
 * Phil Bodner – clarinet on "Charade"
 * Arif Mardin – orchestral arrangement

 * Production
 * Damon Lyon-Shaw – engineer
 * Andy Knight, Alan Lucas, Gene Paul – engineer
 * Arif Mardin – producer

title: Mr. Natural (Bee Gees album)


text:
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling

Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling-Explosion (FMW-E) is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion founded on July 28, 1989, by Atsushi Onita as Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (フロンティア・マーシャルアーツ・レスリング,Furontia Māsharuātsu Resuringu) (FMW). The promotion specializes in hardcore wrestling involving weapons such as barbed wire and fire. They held their first show on October 6, 1989. In the late 1990s, FMW had a brief working agreement with Extreme Championship Wrestling, and as well had 14 DVDs released in the U.S. by Tokyopop. On March 4, 2015, FMW was resurrected under the name Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW (超戦闘プロレスFMW, Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW). With the resurrected FMW not holding any events since 2018, Onita announced in 2021 that he would be starting Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling-Explosion (FMW-E) in which the promotion would specialize in exploding death matches.

The promotion was highlighted in the third season of the Vice TV's pro wrestling docuseries Dark Side of the Ring in September 2021.

FMW under Atsushi Onita (1989–1995)
The Atsushi Onita era of FMW originally consisted of a promotion that featured not only professional wrestling but the best martial arts fighters in the world. Onita would bring in American talent that were known in Japan like Jos LeDuc and Dick Murdoch, as well female talent and midget wrestlers.

As the years progressed with FMW, Onita decided to phase out the martial arts aspect of the company and focus strictly on professional wrestling. Onita would go on to have violent and bloody matches like the first ever barbed wire match in the company where he would team with Tarzan Goto as they took on the team of Mitsuhiro Matsunaga and Jerry Flynn. Onita would use real barbed wire which resulted in him receiving a nasty gash on his arm.

Onita would take it one step further as he would go on to have the first ever exploding barbed wire match in August of 1990, as he challenged his rival, Tarzan Goto. As the years would progress further, we would see an influx of American & Foreign talent begin to appear in FMW with talent ranging from Chris Jericho, Lance Storm, The Original Sheik, Sabu, Damián 666, Dr. Luther, Leon Spinks, Tiger Jeet Singh and so forth.

During these years, the young Eiji Ezaki started to slowly work his way through the ranks. He was known as a prodigy in the world of wrestling and like a-lot of promotions in Japan do, send him on excursion away from the company as they will learn and develop. Ezaki would go on excursion to Mexico and wrestle for a couple of different promotions and developed the character of Hayabusa. Hayabusa became a fan favorite in the promotion for his high flying style and it was known that Hayabusa was the "ace" of FMW.

Onita was fixing to retire once again from professional wrestling and his retirement match was held at the annual May 5th, Kawasaki Stadium show. This was FMW's biggest show of the year and Onita would take on Hayabusa in an exploding barbed wire cage, timebomb deathmatch.

This match now signified a changing of the guard as Onita would retire and Hayabusa would step up and be the face of FMW.

Onita would go on and sell the company to FMW ring announcer, Shoichi Arai.

FMW under Shoichi Arai and Hiromichi Fuyuki (1995–2002)
The Shoichi Arai era of FMW would end up issuing changes to the promotion and gave the promotion a new look and feel. Arai would slowly phase out the deathmatches that Atsushi Onita would help popularize and what put the company on the map and would bring in a more "sports entertainment" look and feel for the promotion that would be almost similar to that of the WWE. In a nod to the WWE, the old Brass Knuckles and Independent championships were abandoned and replaced with new titles, the World Entertainment Wrestling (WEW) championships.

Arai would enlist the help of professional wrestler, Kodo Fuyuki as both men would usher in this new era. Having Fuyuki as the booker, he would put forth his vision on how FMW should be run as Arai would sign the checks and book the arenas for the promotion.

During this time, Onita would return to professional wrestling and start a faction that would rival FMW and they were known simply as ZEN. This group was loosely based on World Championship Wrestling's group known as The New World Order. Onita would run shows under the ZEN label and these shows would feature FMW talent.

Hayabusa would continue to be featured as the ace of FMW and would go on to feud with the likes of Mr. Gannosuke, Kintaro Kanemura, and, Tetsuhiro Kuroda.

As the booker of FMW, Kodo Fuyuki also continued to wrestle and he would go on to help form the top heel faction known as Team No Respect. In 2000, FMW would sign a distribution deal with Tokyopop which would help get their product out to a Western audience as FMW could now be seen officially on VHS and DVD in the United States. They would go on to release 12 programs which were old FMW cards shortened down to feature the best matches or they were compilations of specific talent like Hayabusa. They also featured dubbed commentary from Eric Gellar and John Watanabe. Later releases would feature Dan Lovranski replacing Eric Gellar.

As the years progressed, the audiences for the live shows began to decrease and Arai would slowly sink further and further into debt. Tragedy struck the promotion on October 22, 2001, during a match with Hayabusa and Mammoth Sasaki. Hayabusa attempted a springboard moonsault—one of his signature moves—but he accidentally slipped on the ropes and fell directly on his neck, breaking it and paralyzing him. As the crowds continued to decrease, the amount of debt became too much for Arai, as he finally decided to announce that he has filed for bankruptcy and FMW would go on to have their final show on February 4, 2002. As 2001 came to a close, it was stated that Arai owed the sum of what would be the equivalent of one million US dollars to yakuza due to the money he would constantly borrow but never pay back. Running out of options, on May 16, 2002, Shoichi Arai would commit suicide so his family could collect the life insurance to pay back the money owed to the yakuza.

Closure and aftermath
The talent divided into two promotions: Kodo Fuyuki's World Entertainment Wrestling (WEW), the name of FMW's title governing body since 1999, and Mr. Gannosuke's Wrestlings Marvelous Future (WMF). Some of the talent also made appearances on Onita's special shows.

Following Fuyuki's death in 2003, most of the WEW talent under Kintaro Kanemura formed a successor promotion, Apache Pro-Wrestling Army, which continued the WEW titles until 2016 when Kanemura retired and closed the promotion. Today the WEW titles are administered by Tomohiko Hashimoto's Pro-Wrestling A-Team promotion.

Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW (revival, 2015–2018)
On April 3, 2015, Hideki Takahashi, Hayabusa and Choden Senshi Battle Ranger held a press conference, announcing they were reviving FMW under the new name "Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW". Takahashi would serve as the president and Hayabusa as the executive producer of the promotion, which would also feature participation from Atsushi Onita. The promotion held its first event on April 21. On October 30, 2015, they announced that they were reviving the FMW World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship, as they set a match to determine new champions on December 22.

In 2016, two tragedies had befallen FMW. On February 17, 2016, Ray would announce that she had inoperable stage three brain cancer after being diagnosed with a tumor in December 2015. She would succumb to the disease in 2018, she was 36 years old. On March 3, 2016, Haybusa would pass away at his home from a brain aneurysm, he was 47 years old.

On October 31, 2017, FMW founder Atsushi Onita retired after 43 years in the ring. The promotion held its most recent event as Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW in 2018. Although not officially closing once again the revival seemed to have been forgotten about.

FMW-E (second revival, 2021–present)
In 2018, Onita would come out of retirement at a Pro-Wrestling A-Tean (Apache Army's successor promotion) event. After this he would come back as a wrestler having matches with Combat Zone Wrestling, Big Japan Pro-Wrestling, World Wonder Ring Stardom and DDT Pro-Wrestling.

In 2021, Onita announced that he would be starting Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling-Explosion, a promotion under the FMW name that specialized in exploding death matches, a match type in which Onita became famous for. The new promotion will have Hidetaka Kajiki serving as president. Onita stated he got the idea for the promotion after All Elite Wrestling's 2021 Revolution PPV in which the event held an exploding barbed wire death match and seeing that there was still a market for these types of matches internationally in the pro wrestling world and with the popularity of online media streaming the new promotion was formed. The promotion, however, held its last card to date on December 19, 2021, after which Onita went freelance yet again. In October 2022, FMW-E started back up promoting cards.

Current FMW-E roster

 * Andreza Giant Panda
 * Atsushi Onita
 * Gabai Jai-chan (Psycho)
 * HASEGAWA (Kazutaka Hasegawa)
 * Hiro Takita
 * Kyoya Okazaki
 * Maku Donaruto
 * Mejiro Kid
 * Miss Mongol (Aki Kanbayashi)
 * Monster Leather
 * Naoshi Sano
 * Nene Dai
 * Noriyuki Yoshida
 * Onryo
 * Pandita
 * Mr. Pogo #3
 * Raijin Yaguchi
 * Ricky Fuji
 * Shooter (Katsutoshi Niiyama)
 * Skull Reaper A-ji
 * Takumi Sakurai
 * Umanosuke Ueda #2
 * Yuichi Taniguchi

FMW alumni
Deceased individuals are indicated with a dagger (†).

Primary events

 * FMW Anniversary Show
 * Summer Spectacular
 * Fall Spectacular
 * Year End Spectacular

Interpromotional events

 * ECW/FMW Supershow (with ECW)
 * FMW/WWA in Los Angeles (with WWA)
 * FMW/MPW (with MPW)
 * FMW/LLPW/AJW (with LLPW and AJW)
 * Super Extreme Wrestling War (with ECW)

title: Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling


text:
Union of Serbs of Romania

The Union of Serbs of Romania (Савез Срба у Румунији, SSR; Uniunea Sârbilor din România, USR) is a political party representing the Serbian minority in Romania. It was founded in 1989 by a Romanian-Serbian writer, Slavomir Gvozdenovici. The party used to be known as Democratic Union of Serbs in Romania. It currently has one reserved seat in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies, and has retained it in every election since 1990, including in the 2020 elections, when it received 0.08% of the vote.

Members of Chamber of Deputies

 * 1990–1992: Milenco Luchin / Milenko Lukin
 * 1992–2008: Slavomir Gvozdenovici / Slavomir Gvozdenović
 * 2008–2012: Dușan Popov / Dušan Popov
 * 2012–2016: Slavomir Gvozdenovici / Slavomir Gvozdenović
 * Since 2016: Slavoliub Adnagi / Slavoljub Adnađi

title: Union of Serbs of Romania


text: User talk:68.196.104.31

title: User talk:68.196.104.31


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Cleveland

Cleveland was abolished in 1996 both as a county council and a non-metropolitan county, but the name Cleveland continues to be used unofficially in subsequent boundary reviews as presented by the Boundary Commission for England to describe the area covered by the former county for the purpose of the rules which strongly deter cross-council constituencies (spanning more than one local authority within its area). The area covers the unitary authorities of Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and Stockton-on-Tees. The constituency boundaries used up to the 2005 United Kingdom general election were drawn up when it was a county. The area is divided into 6 parliamentary constituencies – 3 borough constituencies and 3 county constituencies.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to retain Cleveland's constituencies for the 2010 election, making minor changes to realign constituency boundaries with the boundaries of current local government wards and to reduce the electoral disparity between Stockton North and Stockton South.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that the four unitary authorities which make up the former county of Cleveland be combined with the Borough of Darlington (previously considered with County Durham) to form a Tees Valley sub-division of the North East region. The proposals would involve Middlesbrough being renamed Middlesbrough and Thornaby East, and Stockton South renamed Stockton West.

The following seats are proposed:

Containing electoral wards in Hartlepool Containing electoral wards in Middlesbrough
 * Hartlepool

 * Middlesbrough and Thornaby East (part)
 * Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (part)

Containing electoral wards in Redcar and Cleveland

 * Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (part)
 * Redcar

Containing electoral wards in Stockton-on-Tees

 * Middlesbrough and Thornaby East (part)
 * Stockton North
 * Stockton West (part also in Darlington)

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Cleveland in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

2010 to present
1also includes some areas in the Darlington area of County Durham


text:
User talk:Brendan (usurped)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. (To ask a question on my talk page, hit my user name following this sentence, click the "discussion" tab, and then click "edit"). Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 21:27, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
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Thank you for your time. Brendan [ contribs ] 15:35, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brendan (usurped)


text:
Hawaiian tropical rainforests

The Hawaiian tropical rainforests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of 6700 km2 in the windward lowlands and montane regions of the islands. Coastal mesic forests are found at elevations from sea level to 300 m. Mixed mesic forests occur at elevations of 750 to 1250 m, while wet forests are found from 1250 to 1700 m. Moist bogs and shrublands exist on montane plateaus and depressions. For the 28 million years of existence of the Hawaiian Islands, they have been isolated from the rest of the world by vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean, and this isolation has resulted in the evolution of an incredible diversity of endemic species, including fungi, mosses, snails, birds, and other wildlife. In the lush, moist forests high in the mountains, trees are draped with vines, orchids, ferns, and mosses. This ecoregion includes one of the world's wettest places, the slopes of Mount Waialeale, which average 373 in of rainfall per year.

Coastal mesic forests
Coastal mesic forests are found on the windward slopes of the major islands from sea level to 300 m. These forests have been dominated by the native hala (Pandanus tectorius) and hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and naturalized (Polynesian introductions) kukui (Aleurites moluccana) and milo (Thespesia populnea) for the past 1,000–2,000 years. The Polynesian-introduced noni (Morinda citrifolia), pia (Tacca leontopetaloides), and kī (Cordyline fruticosa) are also common in this zone. Other native species include pololei (Ophioglossum concinnum), ākia (Wikstroemia spp.), loulu fan palms (Pritchardia spp.), ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), and lama (Diospyros sandwicensis).

Mixed mesic forests
Mixed mesic forests, at 750 to 1250 m on the windward slopes of the large islands in addition to the summit of Mount Lānaihale on Lānai, receive 1000 to 2500 mm of rainfall annually and thus may not be true rainforests. The forest canopy, dominated by koa (Acacia koa) and ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), is somewhat open, but tree density is rather high. Other trees and shrubs include pāpala (Charpentiera obovata), olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis), hame (Antidesma platyphyllum), mēhame (A. pulvinatum), kōpiko (Psychotria mariniana), ōpiko (P. mauiensis), iliahi (Santalum freycinetianum), hōlei (Ochrosia spp.), poolā (Claoxylon sandwicense), kōlea lau nui (Myrsine lessertiana), kauila (Alphitonia ponderosa), nioi (Eugenia reinwardtiana), aiai (Paratrophis pendulina), and hōawa (Pittosporum spp.).

Wet forests
Wet forests generally occur from 1250 to 1700 m, but may be as low as 200 m. They receive 3000 to 11250 mm of rain per year. Ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) is the dominant canopy species in wet forests, but koa (Acacia koa) is also very common. Other trees include kāwau (Ilex anomala), alani (Melicope clusiifolia), ōhia ha (Syzygium sandwicensis), kōlea lau nui (Myrsine lessertiana), ohe (Tetraplasandra spp.), and olomea (Perrottetia sandwicensis) as well as hāpuu (Cibotium tree ferns). Apeape (Gunnera petaloidea), oha wai (Clermontia spp.), hāhā (Cyanea spp.), kāmakahala (Geniostoma hirtellum), kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), Phyllostegia spp., ākala (Rubus hawaiensis), kāmanamana (Adenostemma lavenia), Pilea peploides, māmaki (Pipturus albidus), olonā (Touchardia latifolia), and alaala wai nui (Peperomia spp.) are common understory plants. Vines include maile (Alyxia oliviformis) and hoi kuahiwi (Smilax melastomifolia). Iei.e. (Freycinetia arborea), puaakuhinia (Astelia menziesiana) and ōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum) are epiphytic flowering plants found in wet forests. Epiphytic ferns, such as Adenophorus spp., ohiaku (Hymenophyllum recurvum), Ophioglossum pendulum, ākaha (Asplenium nidus), ēkaha (Elaphoglossum hirtum), and makue lau lii (Grammitis hookeri), cover trees. Epyphytic mosses include Acroporium fuscoflavum, Rhizogonium spiniforme, and Macromitrium owahiense. Loulu fan palms (Pritchardia spp.) may tower over the forest canopy.

Bogs
Bogs are found in montane regions where rainfall exceeds drainage. Dominant vegetation in bogs are shrubs, sedges, and grasses. Larger shrubs and small trees grow on bog perimeters or on raised hummocks. Carex spp., Oreobolus furcatus, and Rhynchospora rugosa are common sedges, shrubs include ōhelo kau laau (Vaccinium calycinum) and ōhelo (V. dentatum), while grasses are represented by Dichanthelium spp. and Deschampsia nubigena. Dwarf varieties of ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha vars. incana and glabriofolia) are the most seen trees on the edges of bogs. The ferns wāwaeiole (Lycopodiella cernua), amau (Sadleria spp.), and uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) grow in bogs. Rare plants include liliwai (Acaena exigua), naenae (Dubautia spp.), and Argyroxiphium spp.

title: Hawaiian tropical rainforests


text:
But-2-ene

But-2-ene is an acyclic alkene with four carbon atoms. It is the simplest alkene exhibiting cis/trans-isomerism (also known as (E/Z)-isomerism); that is, it exists as two geometric isomers cis-but-2-ene ((Z)-but-2-ene) and trans-but-2-ene ((E)-but-2-ene).

It is a petrochemical, produced by the catalytic cracking of crude oil or the dimerization of ethylene. Its main uses are in the production of gasoline (petrol) and butadiene, although some but-2-ene is also used to produce the solvent butanone via hydration to 2-butanol followed by oxidation.

The two isomers are extremely difficult to separate by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points (~4 °C for cis and ~1 °C for trans ). However, separation is unnecessary in most industrial settings, as both isomers behave similarly in most of the desired reactions. A typical industrial but-2-ene mixture is 70% (Z)-but-2-ene (cis-isomer) and 30% (E)-but-2-ene (trans-isomer). Butane and but-1-ene are common impurities, present at 1% or more in industrial mixtures, which also contain smaller amounts of isobutene, butadiene and butyne.

title: But-2-ene


text:
User talk:Nimlot

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -  BanyanTree 21:30, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Nimlot


text:
The Green Mile

The Green Mile may refer to:

 * The Green Mile (novel), a 1996 serial novel by Stephen King
 * The Green Mile (film), a 1999 film based on the Stephen King novel, starring Tom Hanks and Michael Clarke Duncan

title: The Green Mile


text:
Talk:The Green Mile

Disambiguation
I've removed the redirect to Talk:The Green Mile (novel), as this page is a disambig again. --Quiddity 18:50, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

According to Manual of Style %28disambiguation pages%29, disambig pages with 2 entries are not strictly necessary, but are harmless. --Quiddity 18:57, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

According to the stats tool, the film is getting over 90% of the hits. Shouldn't we move The Green Mile (film) to the The Green Mile? GreenMileHigh (talk) 09:55, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

"The Green Mile"
The film article The Green Mile (film) has been requested to be moved to The Green Mile, see Talk:The Green Mile (film).

65.93.14.196 (talk) 03:59, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Green Mile


text:
Audi RS 4

The Audi RS 4 is the high-performance variant of the Audi A4 range produced by Audi Sport GmbH for AUDI AG, a division of the Volkswagen Group. It sits above the Audi S4 as the fastest, most sports-focused car based on the A4's "B" automobile platform. The RS 4 was reintroduced in 2012, based on the A4 Avant instead of the sedan as did the original model.

The original B5 version was produced only as an Avant, Audi's name for an estate car/station wagon. The second version, the B7, was released initially as a four-door five-seat saloon/sedan, with the Avant following a short while later. A two-door four-seat Cabriolet version was subsequently added.

The "RS" initials are taken from the German RennSport—literally translated as "racing sport", and is the Audi marque's highest trim level, positioned above the "S" model specification of Audi's regular model line-up. Like other Audi "RS" cars, the RS 4 pioneers some of Audi's latest advanced technology. It is only available with Audi's Torsen-based "trademark" quattro permanent four-wheel drive system.

Its main market competitors include the BMW M3, Mercedes-Benz C63, Lexus IS-F (formerly) and Cadillac ATS-V (now Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing).

B5 (Typ 8D, 1999–2001)
The original B5 Audi RS 4 Avant quattro (Typ 8D) was introduced by Audi in late 1999, for main production and sale from 2000, as the successor to the Porsche / Quattro GmbH joint venture-developed Audi RS2 Avant. Like its predecessor, the RS 4 was available only as an Avant and was built on an existing platform, in this case, the Volkswagen Group B5 platform shared with the A4 and S4. Retail price was around DM 103,584. The RS 4 was available for sale in most of Europe, parts of Asia and in some Latin American countries.

Audi produced 6,030 units between 1999 and 2001.

B5 bodywork and styling
Although related to the B5 S4, many of the outer body panels were altered, with wider front and rear wheel arches to allow for the wider axle track on the RS 4. With unique front and rear bumpers and side sills, and the rear spoiler from the S4 Avant, the aerodynamic modifications achieved a drag coefficient of Cd 0.34. Although the B5 S4 came in a saloon car body style, the B5 RS 4 was only available in the Avant version.

Luggage space, measured according to the industry standard VDA method was 390 L with the rear seats in the upright position, and 1250 L with the seats folded flat.

B5 powertrain

The engine was developed from the 2.7 litre 90° V6 'biturbo' used in the B5 S4. It displaced 2671 cc and had five valves per cylinder. The engine was developed and manufactured in the UK by Cosworth Technology. It featured aluminium alloy ALSi7Mg cylinder heads, cast by Cosworth, with enlarged intake ports and smaller exhaust ports, two parallel BorgWarner K04-series turbochargers, two larger side-mounted intercoolers, dished piston crowns, stronger connecting rods, larger intake ducting, an enlarged exhaust system, and a re-calibrated engine management system. The modifications increased the engine's output from 195 kW and 400 Nm of torque to 280 kW at 7,000 rpm and 440 Nm at 6,000 rpm. The engine was controlled by a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit, using a Bosch 'E-Gas' electronic drive by wire throttle. It had multipoint sequential fuel injection, a mass airflow sensor, and six individual ignition coils. The engine oil was cooled by oil to water and oil to air coolers.

A six-speed manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: FDP) (gear ratios—1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.320, 4th: 1.034, 5th: 0.806, 6th: 0.684), cooled by a NACA duct in the engine undertray, and Audi's Torsen-based quattro system, using the Torsen T-1 "automatic torque biasing" center differential, with a 50:50 default bias were standard. Final drive ratio was 4.111.

The RS 4 has a curb weight of 1620 kg. It can accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 4.9 seconds, 0-160 km/h in 11.3 seconds, and 0-200 km/h in 17.0 seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h.

B5 brakes, wheels and tyres
Brakes were also developed jointly in house by Audi's quattro GmbH, not by Porsche as with its predecessor, the RS2. At the front they were radially vented and floating cast iron discs, 360 mm diameter and 32 mm thick, with double-piston floating calipers, and at the rear 312 mm by 22 mm discs with a single-piston floating caliper. The RS 4 needed less than 50 m to come to a full stop from a speed of 110 km/h.

The standard wheels were 18 inch alloy wheels (8½×18" "9-spoke"), with 255/35 ZR18 high performance tyres. Optional "winter" alloy wheels were also available, at 18 inch (7½J×18"), with 225/40 R18 92V tyres.

Other B5 notable features

 * "Sideguard", Audi's curtain airbag system.
 * Xenon High-Intensity Discharge (HID) headlamps.

B7 (Typ 8E, 2006–2008)
There was no RS 4 built on the Audi "B6" platform, which served as the basis for the Audi A4 between 2001 and 2005. However, the second Audi RS 4 quattro (Typ 8E) was built on Audi's "B7" platform, by quattro GmbH in Neckarsulm, Germany. It was unveiled in February 2005 at Audi's 'quattro Night' celebration at the company headquarters in Ingolstadt, Germany.

The RS 4 became available to European customers in mid-2006. It was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in January, and arrived in June 2006 in North America. The production run of the B7 RS 4 was 2006 to 2008 inclusive, although only 2007 and 2008 model year were sold in the United States. Approximately 10,000 B7 RS 4s were built, of which around 2,000 are in the USA.

The B7 RS 4 Cabriolet was sold in Europe from late 2006 to 2008. It was also available in the US in limited numbers per year and sold at a premium of $2000 over the list.

Audi factory numbers indicate that the B7 RS 4 saloon can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 4.8 seconds, and arrive at 0 to 200 km/h in 16.6 seconds. Most European magazines recorded results in line with the November 2009 comparison of "ultimate sedans" in Road & Track, which recorded a 0 to 60 mph time of 4.5 seconds. For the Avant, 0 to 100 km/h is reached in 4.9 seconds. Top speed for all variants is "officially" electronically limited to 250 km/h.

B7 bodywork and styling
The B7 RS 4 is an almost complete departure from previous Audi "RS" cars, as it was initially available as a four-door five-seat saloon/sedan; with a five-door five-seat Avant, and two-door four-seat Cabriolet versions arriving later. Only the Audi RS 6 had taken this similar route (saloon and Avant) before, unlike the previous RS 4 and RS2, which were available exclusively as Avants.

Constructed from fully galvanised steel unibody, the B7 RS 4 uses aluminium for its front wings (fenders) and bonnet (hood). The saloon version features a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.31, from a frontal area of 2.17 m2.

The B7 RS 4 differs visually from the standard B7 S4, by having even wider flared front and rear wheel arches (fenders), to allow for a wider axle track. Over the B7 A4, it also includes two larger frontal side air intakes (for the two additional side-mounted coolant radiators). The B7 RS 4 also includes optional adaptive headlights, which swivel around corners in conjunction with steering wheel movements. An acoustic parking system with front and rear sensors is also a standard fitment. Unique carbon fiber interior trims, along with a lap timer within the central Driver Information System, aluminium pedal caps and footrest, and RS 4 logos complete the look.

In the saloon, luggage space, measured according to the VDA 'block method', is 460 L with the rear seats in the upright position, and 720 to 833 L with the seats folded flat (dependent on specification). For the Avant, 442 L is available with the seats upright (under the retractable load cover), and 1354 L being available with the rear seats folded flat (loaded to the roofline). Kerb weight of the saloon variant starts at 1650 kg.

A Bose ten-speaker sound system, with 190 watt output and automatic dynamic noise compensation, with "Concert II" radio and single CD player is standard equipment. Additional options include the "Symphony II" system which features twin radio tuners, a single-slot loading six-CD changer, and a cassette player all integrated into a double-DIN sized unit. The RNS-E "Audi Navigation System plus" DVD-ROM GPS was also available.

B7 interior safety
To achieve maximum body stiffness with controlled deformation crumple zones, the B7 RS 4 features laser beam welding of major seams of the high-strength steel body shell, which helps improve overall structural rigidity, particularly in the "passenger cell", over traditional spot welding methods.

Two-stage driver and front-seat passenger frontal airbags are standard, as is Audi's "side guard" head protection curtain airbag system. This latter system completely covers all of the side windows, from the front "A" pillar to the rear "C-" or "D pillars". The Recaro shell-type RS race bucket seats (not available in North American markets) include electrically inflatable upper and lower side bolsters and adjustable lumbar support. In North America, the only front seats available are the more traditional Recaro seats (identical to those in the B6 and B7 S4), which include lower side airbags. Lower side airbags are optional for the standard-fit Recaro rear seats. Front and outer rear seatbelts include pyrotechnic belt pretensioners.

B7 powertrain
The 4163 cc 32v V8 engine of the B7 RS 4 is based on the previous 4163 cc all-alloy 40v V8 from the B6 S4, and shares many parts, and Fuel Stratified Injection, with the 4.2 FSI V8 engine in the Q7. The engine includes new cylinder block construction, and is a highly reworked, high-revving variant (redline at 8,000 rpm; rev limit of 8,250 rpm).

The same engine base was used for the Audi R8 when Audi chose to build their first supercar. However, the camshaft drive system was moved to the front of the block for the mid-engine R8.

The engine has increased crankcase breathing, a low-pressure fuel return system and a baffled oil sump, to prevent engine lubricant cavitation at high engine speeds and high-G cornering. It has four valves per cylinder (instead of five on the earlier variant) and two overhead camshafts on each cylinder bank (making it "quad cam"), which are driven by roller chains with variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust camshafts, along with a cast magnesium alloy fixed tract length intake manifold with adjustable tumble flaps (to improve low engine speed combustion). On 98 RON (93 AKI) Super-Unleaded petrol it produces 309 kW at 7,800 rpm, giving it a specific power output of 74.2 kW per litre. Based on a kerb weight of 1680 kg, this results in a power-to-weight ratio of 0.184 kW per kg. Exhaust gas escapes through two '4-into-2-into-1' fan-branch steel exhaust manifolds and four high-flow catalytic converters, into twin oval tail pipes with dynamic silencer/muffler valves. The engine is controlled by two Bosch DI-Motronic electronic engine control units (working as 'master' and 'slave', because of the high-revving nature of the engine). The ignition system uses eight individual single-spark coils using mapped direct ignition. The saloon version produces 322-329 grams of CO2 per kilometre (g/km), and the Avant starts from 324 g/km.

A 6-speed Getrag manual transmission is the only transmission available. The gear ratios are 1st: 3.667, 2nd: 2.211, 3rd: 1.520, 4th: 1.133, 5th: 0.919, 6th: 0.778.

The Audi B7 RS 4 was the only "RS" Audi powered by a naturally aspirated engine until the Audi RS 5 was presented at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.

quattro
Another focus of the B7 RS 4 was on the introduction of the latest development of Audi's quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. This utilized the 'third generation' asymmetric/dynamic Torsen 'automatic torque biasing' centre differential, featuring a 'default' 40:60 front-to-rear torque split under normal conditions. Audi stressed that this would result in a more neutral response in corners and a more dynamic driving experience. Also, a more aggressive Torque Bias Ratio (TBR) was used, and set to 4:1, as opposed to 2:1 (and later variants 3:1 TBR) on standard A4. That means that one side of the differential can handle up to 80%, while the other side would have to only handle 20% of applied torque.

Front and rear axle differentials are conventional "open" types, with a final drive ratio of 4.111.

Traction is assisted by way of "Electronic Differential Lock" (EDL), which monitors the rotational speeds of the left and right wheels across an individual axle, and if one wheel should rotate faster than the other (exceeding the pre-defined parameters), indicating loss of traction, or "wheel spin" on one wheel, the EDL applies the brakes to that individual spinning wheel, and thus results in transferring torque across the open differential to the wheel on the other side deemed to have grip, hence traction.

B7 suspension and steering
The B7 RS 4 also incorporates Audi's "Dynamic Ride Control" "Sports Suspension" mechanism. The dampers/shock absorbers are made for Audi by KW, and central reservoirs/valves made by KYB. In the RS 4 suspension, a fluid hydraulic linkage between diagonally opposing front and rear suspension dampers (left front to right rear, and vice versa) is used to counteract vehicle pitch and roll. Lightweight magnesium/aluminium alloy multi-link suspension arms (four arm with virtual steering axis up front, and trapezoidal arm with unequal length track control arms at the rear) locate each wheel in a controllable fashion, whilst minimising unsprung masses. Hollow tubular anti-roll bars are standard front and rear. Compared to standard [B7 A] models, the RS 4 features a 30 mm lower ride height. An optional "Sports Suspension Plus" lowers the car by a further 10 mm, and marginally further stiffens the damper rates.

Axle track has also been increased over standard A4s; the front widened by 37 mm, to 1559 mm and the rear by 47 mm to 1569 mm.

B7 brakes, wheels and tyres
The standard brakes on the RS 4 are of two-piece construction. The cast-iron discs are cross-drilled and radially ventilated and float on aluminium alloy disc hubs. The two-piece disc construction reduces unsprung mass and also reduces the transmission of heat generated by the brakes to the wheel bearings. The front discs are 365 mm in diameter and 34 mm thick with Brembo monoblock eight-piston fixed calipers.

The rear brakes are drilled, vented and floating 324 mm by 22 mm iron discs with single piston floating calipers and an integrated mechanical handbrake mechanism.

A lighter and more performant "Audi ceramic" front brake system was an option from 2007 model year onwards (and only with 19 inch wheels). It comprised cross-drilled, radially vented and floating Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide composite SGL Carbon discs, 380 mm diameter and 38 mm thick, with grey Brembo monoblock six-piston fixed aluminium calipers.

In the UK and Japan, the standard wheels are 19 inch alloy wheels (9Jx19" ET29 "7-arm double spoke") with 255/35 ZR19 96Y XL tyres. This 19" wheel and tyre package was an option for the North American, and some European markets.

B7 crash testing
The North American Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash-tested the B7 RS 4's sibling, the B7 A4, and awarded it "Double Best Pick" for frontal and side crashes—beating rivals such as the BMW 3 Series, the Mercedes-Benz C-Class, however at the 2012 session of the SOT (small overlap test) the A4 was rated Poor, rating applying up to the 2016 MY.

B7 awards
The Audi RS 4 won Top Gear's Most Surprising Car of the Year in 2005. In 2007, the Audi RS 4 was the winner in the "World Performance Car" category of the International World Car of the Year (WCOTY).

B8 (Typ 8K, 2012–2015)
The Audi RS 4 Avant quattro was unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show and was based on the B8 A4 Avant. The RS 4 Avant uses the Volkswagen MLB platform, and shares the same powertrain as the RS 5 Coupé.

B8 bodywork and styling
Compared to the related B8 S4, the RS 4 features larger bumper air dams and features double exhaust tailpipes compared to the S4's double twin (quadruple) exhaust tailpipes. Wider arches allow for a wider axle and wheels. A completely remodelled front bumper cover with honeycomb grill compared to the standard A4 and S4 as well as remodelled rear bumper with honeycomb detailing and minor air diffuser.

The interior is largely the same but the flat-bottom steering wheel is covered entirely in perforated leather with RS badging on the steering wheel and gear stick. The interior dashboard and door liners are also detailed with carbon fibre inserts as standard although there were options to change this to aluminium or piano black.

SuperSport seats covered partly with leather part Alcantara were standard in the B8 RS 4 but as with the B7, there was a winged backed bucket seat option. It was also an option to order the seats covered entirely with leather.

B8 powertrain
The RS 4 is powered by a 4.2L FSI V8 engine producing 450 PS and 430 Nm allowing the car to accelerate from 0 - 60 mph in 4.7 seconds. The RS 4 Avant is available with a 7-speed dual-clutch S-Tronic transmission.

B8 brakes, wheels and tires
New for the B8 are 'wavy' vented and floating cast iron discs, 365 mm diameter and 34 mm thick, with 6-piston Brembo floating calipers, and at the rear 330 mm by 22 mm discs with a single-piston floating caliper.

The standard wheels were 19 inch with 235/40 R19 Pirelli P-Zero tyres. Optional 20" rotor design or 10 spoke alloy wheels were also available with 265/35 R20 Pirelli P-Zero tyres.

Other B8 notable features
Amongst the options available for the B8 RS 4, are ceramic brakes, allowing the car to perform heavy braking without having brake fade.

A sports pack was available which included a Sports exhaust identifiable by black exhaust tips in the rear bumper, and Dynamic Ride Control suspension. The Sports pack also came with the 20" rotor design wheels as standard.

A total of 7000 units of the Audi B8 RS 4 were built.

RS4 Nogaro Selection Limited Edition
In February 2014, Audi announced a tribute to the original RS 2 Avant on its 20th anniversary by releasing a limited run of the Nogaro Selection Limited Edition. The changes were entirely cosmetic with black trim and roof rails, red brake calipers, and blue Alcantara detailed interior (seats, door lining, blue carbon weave elements & blue stitching) as well as the limited edition Nogaro Blue paint exterior. It retailed at approximately 10% more than the standard model.

Some ~200 were manufactured with approximately 39 in RHD being registered in the UK.

B9 (Typ 8W, 2017–2024)
The new RS 4 Avant was unveiled at the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show. Noticeable changes include a more angular exterior and newly designed wheels. The new RS 4 Avant is powered by a 2.9 TFSI V6 twin-turbo engine producing 450 PS and 600 Nm of torque. This means that the new RS4 B9 produces the same power as the previous model (B8) while making more torque (extra 170 Nm) from a smaller displacement engine, resulting in better fuel efficiency and acceleration.

Unlike the B8 RS 4, which had a 7-speed dual-clutch S-Tronic transmission, the new RS 4 Avant is available with an 8-speed 'Tiptronic' automatic transmission.

Speed World Challenge
The B7 RS 4 was planned to replace the C5 RS6 in the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Speed World Challenge, but after Champion Racing had prepared the car, it was decided not to compete in the series, due to rule changes imposed by the SCCA on Audi concerning 4WD systems, wheel size, and engine power output. Rather than scrapping the fully built Speed World Challenge RS 4, Champion Racing and Audi used the car as a part of the American Le Mans Series Vitesse Program, which highlights the technology link between race cars and conventional series production road cars.

Euro Superstars
Six RS 4s are openly campaigned in the Superstars Series by Audi Sport Italia. Audi RS 4 Quattro driver Gianni Morbidelli won the 2007 and 2008 championships.

title: Audi RS 4


text:
Talk:Mariza

Citation needed discussion
I find it very strange and odd what this article states in its 3rd paragraph:

''The family lived for a while in Brazil, where her singing style was strongly influenced by the musical rhythms of that country's popular music. When the family returned to Portugal she again immersed herself in the fado genre, infusing it with a Brazilian-beat undertone.''

Not only i find it misleading, since it tries to put brazilian music in her fado repertoire, but i also think this is an unnecessary statement in the intro of the article. To me, it sounds untrue and a very forced idea to say that brazilian-beat is infused in her fado repertoire. Mariza sings Fado music not brazilian influenced fados, as the current wording states. And for this im opening a discussion. Also waiting for sources to sustain that idea. Tacv (talk) 19:25, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ well, it doesn't look as if the discussion was such a great success, and seems to have stopped editing in 2017, but the good news is that sometime in the last 14-ish years the offending text was removed. So, result! woo woo. DBaK (talk) 18:06, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mariza


text:
Talk:Servitor

Servitors at the University of Edinburgh
Contrary to the main article, which confines Servitors to New College (more or less the same thing as the Faculty of Divinity), I recall uniformed porters using that title serving in buildings of the other faculties as well. They were under the command of the Bedellus, who was the official who carried the Mace at university ceremonies. NRPanikker (talk) 11:11, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Servitor


text:
Flags and Emblems

Flags and Emblems is the fifth studio album by the band Stiff Little Fingers, released in 1991 (see 1991 in music).

Track listing
All tracks composed by Jake Burns; except where indicated
 * 1) "(It's a) Long Way to Paradise (From Here)"
 * 2) "Stand Up and Shout" (Dolphin Taylor, Burns)
 * 3) "Each Dollar a Bullet"
 * 4) "The 'Cosh' "
 * 5) "Beirut Moon"
 * 6) "The Game of Life"
 * 7) "Human Shield"
 * 8) "Johnny 7" (Henry Cluney)
 * 9) "Die and Burn"
 * 10) "No Surrender"

Personnel
with:
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jake Burns	        - 	vocals, guitar
 * Dolphin Taylor	        - 	drums
 * Henry Cluney	 - 	guitar
 * Bruce Foxton	 - 	bass guitar
 * Rory Gallagher     -      slide guitar on "Human Shield"
 * Lee Brilleaux - harmonica on "(It's a) Long Way to Paradise (From Here)"
 * Jon Snow - announcer voice on "Beirut Moon"
 * Technical
 * Brian Burrows - sleeve design

title: Flags and Emblems


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Talk:Nelson, Missouri

I am wondering how the Town of Nelson Missouri received its' name?

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title: Talk:Nelson, Missouri


text:
Talk:Rock music in Mexico

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mmunderwood.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Something
This article - although fine as general info - is filled with wrong links, leading not to the bands they are aimed to... Chac-Mool, Jorge Reyes, Nuevo Mexico, Cosa Nostra... Can someone (with more knowledge of the Mexcican rock scene than me)please take care of this? --Cb007 21:52, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

I think that Los Angeles Negroes is not the correct spelling, should be Los Angeles Negros.

Also in the very end should be mentioned bands from sudamerica as Enanitos Verdes, Soda Stereo Miguel Mateos and Charlie Garcia that came in the movement "Rock in tu idioma" at the same time that the spanish bands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.82.88.187 (talk) 06:38, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

This article is in desperate need for an overhaul. It is definitely POV and so biased it should not be taken serious as an article, especially on the government's role. There's no denying that the government put some curbs on Mexican pop music for a short while, but they did not ban Rock outright; nor did they ban foreign acts like Queen (who crossed Mexico more than once since 1981) from touring into the country. If it were the latter, why were all these LPS found in Mexican stores not withdrawn from circulation? Batmen (talk) 18:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC)Bixby, 23 February 2008

Image removal...
Hi, I removed Maná Sueños Líquidos cover small.jpg from this article as it's copyrighted and the image was not discussed anywhere in the article and thus can't qualify for fair use. ++Lar: t/c 22:54, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Metal Scene
Luzbel not Lvzbel is the name of the band and they have a wikipedia page.174.75.96.244 (talk) 00:25, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Overall editing
Hi, I'm trying to restructure this page so that its easier to navigate. I changed it to decades but I think I'm going to try again and categorize by genre within rock (alternative, metal, etc.). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmunderwood (talk • contribs) 19:31, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Pop singers in the article
Why to add images of Alejandra Guzman and Gloria Trevi in the article? Yes, while Alejandra Guzman was considered The Rock Princess (due to be the daughter of rock pioneer Enrique Guzman) she never was a rock singer, and Gloria Trevi was never considered a rocker.

British invasion?
The title where is mentioned the invasion of Spanish and Argentine bands is called British Invasion. I think I will work on improve this article.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:49, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * CesarCosta.jpg

title: Talk:Rock music in Mexico