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Deutsches Stadion

The Deutsches Stadion ("German Stadium") was a monumental stadium designed by Albert Speer for the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg, southern Germany. Its construction began in September 1937, and was scheduled for completion in 1943. Like most other Nazi monumental structures, however, its construction was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II and was never finished.

Design

According to Speer himself, it was inspired not by the Circus Maximus in Rome but by the Panathenaic Stadium of Athens, which had impressed him greatly when he had visited it in 1935. Speer's stadium was a gigantic inflation of its Greco-Roman model, from which he borrowed the horseshoe configuration and the propylaeum, now transformed into a raised, pillared, temple-like structure (Säulenvorhof) attached to the open end of the stadium by an internally pillared courtyard. Since the stadium was not set like the Panathenaic Stadium structure at the bottom of a gully, but on a flat area of land (24 hectares), its five tiers of seats for 405,000 spectators had to be supported in the usual Roman manner by massive barrel vaults. The external façade of pink granite blocks, which would have risen to a height of about 90 metres, consisted of a series of arches 65 metres high resting on a podium of dark red granite. The arcade and podium again suggests a Roman, not a Greek, circus or stadium, which did not traditionally rest on a substructure. In order to deliver such a vast number of spectators to their seats quickly, express lifts were to be installed to take spectators 100 at a time to seats on the top three tiers. The short transverse axis of the stadium culminated at each of its ends in a raised Ehrentribüne (Tribune of Honour) for the Führer, special guests and the press. Once more, Roman practice provided the architectural precedent.

Speer apparently adopted a horseshoe shape for his building only after rejecting the oval shape of an amphitheatre. The latter plan, he claimed, would have intensified the heat and produced psychological discomfort, a comment he does not elucidate. When Speer remarked on the staggering cost of the building, Hitler, who laid its cornerstone on September 9, 1937, merely retorted that it would cost less than two battleships of the Bismarck-class battleship.

Projected use
Wolfgang Lotz, writing about the stadium in 1937, commented that it would contain twice the number of spectators originally accommodated by the Circus Maximus. Inevitably for the period, he also emphasized the community feeling that such a building would engender between competitors and spectators:

As in ancient Greece, the elite and most experienced men chosen from the mass of the nation will compete against each other here. An entire nation in sympathetic wonder is seated on the tiers. Spectators and competitors merge in one unity.

The idea of staging Pan-Germanic athletic games here was perhaps suggested by the Panathenaic Games, but Speer's stadium was, despite his own statement, stylistically more Roman than Greek in inspiration and with its huge barrel-vaulted substructures and arcaded exterior façade, more like the Circus Maximus than the Panathenaic Stadium. Nazi building exhibits a mixture of Greek and Roman elements, with Roman predominating.

But Hitler did not want such a stadium to serve merely as a centre for German athletic sport. The restored Panathenaic Stadium had been used for the 1896 Summer Olympics and the 1906 Intercalated Games, held out of series. In 1936 these games were held in the Reichssportfeld in Berlin, but Hitler insisted that after 1940, when the games were to have been held in Tokyo, all future games were to be held in the Deutsches Stadion. This stadium was in all its dimensions far larger than the 1936 Olympic Stadium in Berlin, which held only 115,000 spectators. Hitler anticipated that after winning the war, the world would have no choice but to send its athletes to Germany every time the Olympic Games were held at which, no doubt, victors would have received their prizes from the Führer, surrounded by the party faithful on the pulvinar on the short axis of the cavernous stadium.

The site after the war
After the war, the horseshoe-shaped foundation of the building quickly filled with groundwater and was named "Silbersee" (Silver lake) by locals. The site became a dump for debris of Nuremberg's destroyed buildings and any kind of other waste, including what today is considered hazardous waste. The southern part of the horseshoe was filled up to ground level with waste in 1951. After that a mountain of waste continued to grow until the dump was closed in 1962. The landfill, which contains 5,53 million m³ waste, was covered with a layer of earth and trees were planted on it. The new mountain was named "Silberbuck".

Since the dump has no containment and is permeated by ground water, dangerous material is constantly leaking into the Silbersee. The lower layers of water in the lake contain extremely high amounts of hydrogen sulfide, which makes humans unconscious when breathed in. Approximately 50 people have already died in the lake.

Prototype construction work
The small village of Achtel in Hirschbach, Bavaria is the site of a sports grandstand constructed as a prototype for part of the Deutsches Stadion. It was constructed mostly of wood, which was removed after the war and was used to reconstruct local buildings. Today only the concrete supports remain.

title: Deutsches Stadion


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User talk:Braby

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 00:11, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Braby


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Megan Gallagher

Megan Gallagher (born February 6, 1960) is an American theater and television actress. Having studied at the Juilliard School under the supervision of John Houseman, Gallagher began her career on stage, and has appeared in several Broadway theatre productions, winning a Theatre World Award for her role in A Few Good Men.

From there, Gallagher moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting in film and television; after making a screen debut in George Washington, she graduated to recurring roles in Hill Street Blues and China Beach, and starring roles in The Slap Maxwell Story, The Larry Sanders Show and Millennium. The role of Catherine Black in that series had been written with Gallagher in mind.

Early life and education
Gallagher was born in Reading, Pennsylvania on February 6, 1960, to Aileen and Donald Gallagher. She was the fifth of six children. Her mother had also been an actor in her youth, retiring when she began a family. Gallagher credits her own career to her mother, who would take her to Broadway theatre productions as a child. She has also cited Mary Tyler Moore and Katharine Hepburn as influences on her career. She attended Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School, where she elected not to attend her high school prom in order to continue her rehearsals at a local community theatre, Genesius Theatre.

Gallagher moved to New York City to study acting at the Juilliard School under the tutelage of John Houseman. She then relocated to Los Angeles.

Career
Gallagher began her career on stage, appearing in a production of Paul Osborn Oliver Oliver before being cast in the 1989 Broadway production of Aaron Sorkin's A Few Good Men. Her portrayal of LCDR JoAnne Galloway in the latter production earned her a Theatre World Award, and an Outer Critics Circle Award. In 1993, she took part in Broadway productions of both parts of Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes—Millennium Approaches and Perestroika.

Gallagher's television debut was in the miniseries George Washington. She gained the lead role in the pilot At Your Service, and a guest spot in the first episode of L.A. Law. She then went on to appear as a series regular towards the end of Hill Street Blues' run, before going on to play a recurring role in China Beach; she still maintains a friendship with China Beach co-star Robert Picardo. Gallagher's role of Catherine Black in Millennium had been written by creator Chris Carter with her in mind specifically, as he had been impressed with her work as Jeannie Sanders on The Larry Sanders Show. Gallagher was also keen to work with Carter, having admired his creation of the character Dana Scully for The X-Files, whom she saw as a positive example of an intriguing female character on television. Gallagher also appeared in the legal drama Suits, acting alongside her Juilliard classmate Wendell Pierce.

Personal life
Gallagher is married to actor Jeff Yagher, and has two children, a pair of twins. She is related by marriage to actress Catherine Hicks and make-up artist Kevin Yagher.

title: Megan Gallagher


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Jesse Dukeminier

Jesse Dukeminier (August 12, 1925 – April 20, 2003) was an American legal scholar. He was a professor of law for 40 years at the University of California, Los Angeles, and authored or co-authored a significant number of articles and textbooks in the areas of property law, wills, trusts, and estates. Dukeminier's Trusts and Estates textbook has been described as "widely used and nationally recognized".

Dukeminier was born in West Point, Mississippi in 1925 and received a bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1948, and his Juris Doctor from Yale in 1951 before briefly entering the practice of law with a Wall Street law firm. He then taught law at the University of Kentucky College of Law and the University of Minnesota Law School, and visited at Harvard and the University of Chicago before taking a position at UCLA in 1963.

title: Jesse Dukeminier


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Nick Dougherty

Nicholas James Dougherty (born 24 May 1982) is an English former professional golfer and broadcaster.

Dougherty was born in Bootle, Merseyside, and attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Blackburn, Lancashire. He is a protégé of former professional golfer, Nick Faldo, and had an exceptional amateur career. He won numerous tournaments including the 1999 World Boys Championship and three Faldo Junior Series events. In 2001 he was a member of the victorious Great Britain and Ireland Walker Cup team.

Professional playing career
Dougherty turned professional in 2001 and gained membership to the European Tour for 2002 via the final qualifying school. In his début season he finished 36th on the Order of Merit, and was named the Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year. He was hindered by glandular fever in 2003, and his 2004 season was also disappointing when he slipped to 97th on the Order of Merit. In early 2005 he earned his first victory on the European Tour at the Caltex Masters in Singapore, going on to reach the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings in the middle of the year, and ended it in 15th place on the final European Tour Order of Merit. He also made a strong start to the 2006 season before struggling later in the year.

Dougherty would bounce back in 2007, and was the leader after the first round of the 107th US Open at Oakmont Country Club with a two under par round of 68. He eventually finished the tournament in a tie for seventh place. This is, to date, his best finish in a major championship, and was also enough to gain automatic entry into the following years championship and the US Masters. Later that year he secured his second European Tour victory at the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship, and finished the season placed 11th on the Order of Merit.

After a disappointing 2008 season which was marred by the sudden death of his mother, Dougherty recorded his third European Tour victory at the 2009 BMW International Open in Munich, Germany. He was three shots behind 54-hole leader Retief Goosen going into the final round. He shot a final round of 64 and ended with a one stroke victory over Rafael Echenique, who made an albatross 2 on the par-5 18th, and by four over Goosen. The win secured Dougherty a spot in his first major of 2009, The Open Championship at Turnberry in July.

Dougherty ended up losing his European Tour card in 2011 after making only one cut during 32 events. Although he finished 45th at the Omega European Masters with a first day 63 helping him to prize money of 10,600 euros, it was not enough to retain his 2012 tour card. He attended the European Qualifying School in late 2011, but was unsuccessful and consequently settled for membership on the Challenge Tour. At the end of 2013 he found himself at Q school on the Challenge Tour where he stated he was much happier with his game than he had been for a while, but success continued to elude him. Dougherty has not played a European Tour-sanctioned event since 2016.

Broadcasting
After his retirement from playing Dougherty moved into the media with a position at Sky Sports Golf as a presenter.

Amateur wins

 * 1997 Faldo Junior Series, Golf Foundation Player of the Year
 * 1999 Faldo Junior Series, European Under 21 Championship, World Boys Championship, Polo Classic Under 19 Championship (United States)
 * 2000 Faldo Junior Series, Polo Golf Classic Stroke Play Championship (United States), Guatemalan Amateur Open Championship
 * 2001 Lake Macquarie Amateur

European Tour wins (3)
1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 2 (2007 U.S. Open – 2007 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1

Results in World Golf Championships
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * European Boys' Team Championship (representing England): 1998, 1999 (winners), 2000
 * European Amateur Team Championship (representing England): 2001
 * Walker Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2001 (winners)
 * St Andrews Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2000 (winners)
 * Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1998 (winners), 1999 (winners)
 * World Boys: 1998 (winners), 1999 (winners)

Professional
 * Seve Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners)
 * Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2009

title: Nick Dougherty


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Talk:Galapagos Rise

Ambiguity
re: the other "Galapagos Rise"

At this time, just want to make notice that some scientists (geophysicists, etc.) give the name "Galapagos Rise" to another ocean floor feature, near, but as far as I can tell in no way related to, the Galapagos Rise described in this article. It is an area of elevation within the Nazca Plate "located between 13° S, 95.5° W and 9.5° S, 94° W." (http://www.geophysics.zmaw.de/index.php?id=59). This may be why some websites seem to avoid the term "ridge" or "rise" for the area described in this article(e.g., "Galapagos Spreading Centre"), although a number of I think knowledgeable if not authoritative (i.e., authored by geo-scientists) websites and web-posted abstracts also refer to the area of this article as the "Galapagos Rise". (Hopefully none of these scientists use the same name for both these areas). Also, I first got on to this because my Replogle "World Ocean" series globe puts the Galapagos Rise at this alternate location/definition, as well as my old National Geographic Atlas "Pacific Ocean Floor" map pages. I'm not saying anything in the article is wrong, but I think the problem is evident. I don't know how to generally, nor how Wikipedia would, deal with such authoritative ambiguity.

John McDonald 2006.08.21 6:10pm

Hess Deep
In off-wiki (following links here) pages, the Hess Deep is discussed (e.g. a December 2002 Columbia University Earth Institute News article article, with a map, "Columbia University Researchers Find Key to the Formation of New Seafloor Spreading Centers") but I've found no mention of it on Wikipedia. — Athænara  ✉  08:12, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galapagos Rise


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Sunset Beach, California

Sunset Beach is a Huntington Beach beachfront community in Orange County, California. It was established on September 8, 1904 and developed as a result of the 1920 discovery of oil in the Huntington Beach Oil Field. The census-designated place of Sunset Beach, and its population of 971 as of the 2010 census, was annexed by Huntington Beach in 2011. The elevation is 5.3 feet above sea level and the community is stretched out along Pacific Coast Highway bracketed by the ocean and Huntington Harbour.

History
Sunset Beach was established in 1904 and developed as a result of the 1920 discovery of oil in the Huntington Beach Oil Field. On August 2, 2010, the Huntington Beach city council, in a 5-2 vote, voted to annex Sunset Beach making the community a part of the much larger Huntington Beach. The annexation was to have officially begun in January 2011 but a group of residents filed suit on December 9, 2010, to stop the annexation due to new taxes that would be imposed on them once they become part of Huntington Beach. A hearing for a preliminary injunction was scheduled for January 19, 2011, in Orange County Superior Court. Huntington Beach officially annexed Sunset Beach in August 2011.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covered an area of 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2), 97.51% of it land, and 2.49% of it water.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Sunset Beach had a population of 971. The population density was 4,919.3 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Sunset Beach was 863 (88.9%) White, 4 (0.4%) African American, 6 (0.6%) Native American, 42 (4.3%) Asian, 2 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 18 (1.9%) from other races, and 36 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79 persons (8.1%).

The 2010 Census reported that 971 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 515 households, out of which 69 (13.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 179 (34.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 19 (3.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 23 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 29 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 224 households (43.5%) were made up of individuals, and 48 (9.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89. There were 221 families (42.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.64.

The population was spread out, with 106 people (10.9%) under the age of 18, 72 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 280 people (28.8%) aged 25 to 44, 365 people (37.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 148 people (15.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.3 males.

There were 641 housing units at an average density of 3,247.5 /sqmi, of which 211 (41.0%) were owner-occupied, and 304 (59.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.9%. 455 people (46.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 516 people (53.1%) lived in rental housing units.

Economy
Sunset Beach has a number of restaurants and bars, including Captain Jack's, founded by noted surfer Jack Haley Sr., the father of basketball player Jack Haley.

Arts and culture
The Sunset Beach Art Festival is held annually during Mothers Day weekend. It was created in 1948 by the local women's group as a way to promote education and social activities and was initially called the Beachcomber's Carnival. The festival generates $30,000 to $40,000, with all the proceeds going to charity.

Parks and recreation
Sunset Beach features one of the widest beaches in southern California. Running parallel to the beach, from the north of town to the southern edge is the Green Belt, a bucolic 14 acre park on which residents walk their dogs and celebrate Mother's Day with the historic Sunset Beach Art Festival, sponsored by Las Damas. Southeast of Sunset Beach is Bolsa Chica State Beach. To the east is the bayfront community of Huntington Harbour (part of Huntington Beach), and roughly north is the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, and the Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge. The small gated community of Surfside located between Sunset Beach and the Weapons Station is part of Seal Beach, with the rest of Seal Beach on the other side of the Weapons Station.

Infrastructure
Sunset Beach does not have residential mail delivery. Instead, residents pick up their mail at post office boxes in the centrally-located post office or at private post office boxes located on 22nd Street. The main Post Office features an award-winning wall mural designed and painted by local artist Katy Brack. Sunset Beach is served by the Sunset Beach Sanitary District and emergency services are provided by the Huntington Beach Police Department and the Huntington Beach Fire Department. Sunset Beach residents are civic minded and the town boasts three long term associations - The Sunset Beach Community Association SBCA, The Sunset Beach Woman's Club and Las Damas, a woman's philanthropic organization.

title: Sunset Beach, California


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Elephant Rocks State Park

Elephant Rocks State Park is a state-owned geologic reserve and public recreation area encompassing an outcropping of Precambrian granite in the Saint Francois Mountains in the U.S. state of Missouri. The state park is named for a string of large granite boulders which resemble a train of pink circus elephants. The park was created following the donation of the land to the state in 1967 by geologist Dr. John Stafford Brown. The park is used for picnicking, rock climbing, and trail exploration. It is managed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.

Geology
The Elephant Rocks, for which Elephant Rocks State Park is named, is a pile of residual boulders of weathered Graniteville Granite. It is a medium- to coarse-grained, muscovite-biotite alkali granite that, on the average, consists of 55 percent alkali feldspar, 40 percent quartz, and less than 5 percent mafic minerals. The Graniteville Granite is a pluton formed 1.4 billion years ago in the Proterozoic by the cooling of magma that intruded into the volcanic strata and country rock associated with a collapsed caldera. Nearly vertical fractures formed in the stone as it cooled, and uplift of the granite enhanced the fracturing. Eventually the overlying strata were removed through erosion, exposing the granite pluton. Before it was exposed, groundwater weathered the granite along fracture joints creating corestones of relatively solid altered granite embedded within friable saprolite. Surface runoff later eroded the saprolite that once surrounded the corestones and left, what are now locally called elephant rocks as boulders perched on the ground surface.

The reddish or pink granite has been quarried in this area since 1869, and two abandoned granite quarries are within the park. These and others nearby have provided red architectural granite for buildings in states from Massachusetts to California, but most particularly in St. Louis, including stone for St. Louis City Hall and the piers of the Eads Bridge. Stones unsuitable for architectural use were made into shoebox-sized paving stones that were used on the streets of St. Louis as well as on its wharf on the Mississippi River. Stone quarried in the area currently is used for mortuary monuments and is known commercially as Missouri Red monument stone.

Activities and amenities
A one-mile (2 km) circular interpretive trail in the Elephant Rocks Natural Area, called the Braille Trail, is the first in Missouri state parks designed specifically for visitors with visual and physical challenges. Spur trails off the main trail include one passing through "Fat Man's Squeeze," a narrow gap between two boulders that leads hikers to an abandoned quarry, and another that goes through "The Maze," a 100-foot (30.48 meter) section of scattered boulders. The park's picnicking area includes ADA-compliant facilities.

title: Elephant Rocks State Park


text:
Crazing

Crazing is a yielding mechanism in polymers characterized by the formation of a fine network of microvoids and fibrils. These structures (known as crazes) typically appear as linear features and frequently precede brittle fracture. The fundamental difference between crazes and cracks is that crazes contain polymer fibrils (5-30 nm in diameter ), constituting about 50% of their volume, whereas cracks do not. Unlike cracks, crazes can transmit load between their two faces through these fibrils.

Crazes typically initiate when applied tensile stress causes microvoids to nucleate at points of high stress concentration within the polymer, such as those created by scratches, flaws, cracks, dust particles, and molecular heterogeneities. Crazes grow normal to the principal (tensile) stress, they may extend up to centimeters in length and fractions of a millimeter in thickness if conditions prevent early failure and crack propagation. The refractive index of crazes is lower then the surrounding material, causing them to scatter light. Consequently, a stressed material with a high density of crazes may appear 'stress-whitened,' as the scattering makes a normally clear material become opaque.

Crazing is a phenomenon typical of glassy amorphous polymers, but can also be observed in semicrystalline polymers. In thermosetting polymers crazing is less frequently observed because of the inability of the crosslinked molecules to undergo significant molecular stretching and disentanglement, if crazing does occur, it is often due to the interaction with second-phase particles incorporated as a toughening mechanism.

Historical background
Crazing, derived from the Middle English term "crasen" meaning "to break", has historically been used to describe a network of fine cracks in the surfaces of glasses and ceramics. This term was naturally extended to describe similar phenomena observed in transparent glassy polymers. Under tensile stress, these polymers develop what appear to be cracks on their surfaces, often very gradually or after prolonged periods. These fine cracks, or crazes, were noted for their ability to propagate across specimens without causing immediate failure.

Crazing in polymers was first identified as a distinct deformation mechanism in the mid-20th century. Unlike inorganic glasses, most glassy polymers were found to be able to undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture occurs. Early observations  noted the presence of crazes that propagated across specimens without causing immediate failure, indicating their load-bearing capacity and provided further insights into the nature of crazes, describing their appearance and behavior under stress.

Significant advancements in the understanding of crazing were made in the 1960s and 1970s, illustrating the formation and structure of crazes in various polymers  and on the stress conditions necessary for craze formation in polymers. Researchers demonstrated that crazes grow perpendicular to the principal stress and highlighted the critical stress levels required for their initiation.

Craze nucleation and growth
There is typically a delay between the application of stress and the visible appearance of crazes, indicating a barrier to craze nucleation. The time delay between the application of stress and the nucleation of crazes can be attributed to the viscoelastic nature of the process. Like other viscoelastic phenomena, this delay results from the thermally activated movements of polymer segments under mechanical stress. Crazing involves a localized or inhomogeneous plastic strain of the material. However, while plastic deformation essentially occurs at constant volume, crazing is a cavitation process that takes place with an increase in volume. The initiation of crazing normally requires the presence of a dilative component of the stress tensor and can be inhibited by applying hydrostatic pressure. From a solid mechanics perspective this means that a necessary condition for craze nucleation is having a positive value of $$I_1$$, the first stress invariant that represent the dilatational component:

$$I_1 = \sigma_1 + \sigma_2 + \sigma_3>0$$

This condition is favored by the presence of triaxial tensile stresses, a condition that exist in defects of bulky samples subjected to plane strain. The cavitation involved in crazing allows the material to achieve plastic strain faster. The presence of cracks or defects in bulky samples will favor the initiation of crazing, as these defects are points of high concentration of stresses and can cause the formation of initial microvoids. Crazes grow on the plane of maximum principal stress. Craze fibrils can endure substantial tensile forces across the craze but cannot withstand shear forces. Consequently, the highest plastic resistance is achieved by maximizing the normal stress on the plane of the craze. The concept of Taylor's meniscus instability provides a fundamental explanation for the growth of crazes. [[File:Craze growth meniscus instability.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|Diagram illustrating the mechanism of craze tip advancement through meniscus instability.

a) wedge of deformed polymer situated ahead of the void fingers and trailing fibrils. b) to d) sections through the craze, showing the sequence of events as the craze tip progresses by one fibril spacing.

]] This phenomenon is commonly observed when two flat plates with a layer of liquid between them are forced apart or when adhesive tape is peeled off from a substrate. The hypothesis concerning craze formation states that a wedge-shaped zone of plastically deformed and strain-softened polymer forms ahead of the craze tip. This deformed polymer constitutes the "fluid" layer into which the craze tip "meniscus" propagates, while the undeformed polymer outside the zone acts as the rigid "plates" constraining the fluid. As the finger-like structure of the craze tip advances, fibrils form by the deformation of the polymer webs between the fingers, and the interconnected void network emerges naturally right at the craze tip. Stereo-transmission electron microscopy has demonstrated that meniscus instability is the operative craze tip advancement mechanism in various glassy polymers.

The meniscus formation is a result of the imbalance of surface tension forces, surface tension acts to minimize the surface area, and any disturbance can create a meniscus, a curved surface at the interface between two phases. This causes the polymer chains to pull apart and form a cavity filled with a fibrillar network. This type of instability is well documented in various classes of materials  and the concepts were developed from experiments involving the interpenetration of two fluids with different densities. In this scenario, the voided structure of the craze acts like the low-density fluid, spreading into the denser, undeformed polymer. The physical principle behind this instability is the difference in hydrostatic pressure across a curved surface. Any disturbance that introduces curvature can propagate if the pressure difference due to the curvature is significant enough to overcome the surface tension. This condition can be written as:

$$\delta\sigma_h>\frac{\Gamma}{R}$$

where $$\Gamma$$ is the surface energy and $$R$$ is the radius of curvature. In theory, any disturbance meeting the criteria of the previous equation can grow, but in reality, a predominant wavelength emerges, which grows the quickest.

Craze breakdown and fracture
Crazes in polymers are typically load-bearing and expand in width and area until a region within the craze breaks down, forming a large void. With further stress or over time, this void can develop into a subcritical crack, growing slowly until it reaches a critical length, causing the sample to fracture. For polymers of practical molecular weight, craze growth is necessary but not sufficient for fracture. The critical step in the fracture of most glassy polymer crazes is the initiation of the first large void, defined as several fibril spacing in diameter. This process, known as craze fibril breakdown, is closely linked to the active zone and craze growth at the craze interface. The breakdown of the craze starts gradually as voids coalesce to produce a cavity equal in thickness to the craze itself. Craze breakdown, which leads to crack extension, is crucial to the failure process. However, the detailed mechanisms involved remain a subject of debate among experts, despite the many models that have been suggested.

In the framework of fracture mechanics, once a crack of size $$a$$ is initiated due to an applied stress $$\sigma_\infin$$, its propagation can be analyzed using the stress intensity factor $$K$$:

$$K=\sigma_\infin \sqrt{\pi a}$$

which describes the stress state near the tip of a crack. According to linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the crack will propagate when the stress intensity factor reaches a critical value $$K_c$$, known as the fracture toughness of the material. This approach allows for the prediction of crack growth and the evaluation of the material's resistance to fracture under various loading conditions. It has been observed that for a crack growing relatively slowly in a stable manner and preceded by a craze, then the relationship between $$K$$ and crack propagation speed $$\dot{a}$$ can be described by an equation of the form:

$$K \propto \dot{a}^n$$

Where $$n$$ is related to the viscoelastic processes at the crack tip that stabilize crack growth.

Craze yielding and shear yielding

The yield point of a material represents the maximum stress it can endure without resulting in a permanent strain after the load is removed, it refers to the stress level required to initiate plastic deformation. When analyzing the yielding behavior of polymers, it is crucial to differentiate between shear yielding and craze yielding due to their distinct microstructural characteristics. Shear yielding involves the material undergoing shear flow with minimal or no change in density. In contrast, craze yielding, is highly localized and the macroscopic behaviors of shear and craze yielding differ significantly.

Crazing and shear yielding are the two principal deformation mechanisms inherent to polymers. Those two phenomenon are competitive mechanisms (although they are not mutually exclusive and can coexist ), with shear yielding being the more ductile failure mode because it involves the deformation of significant volume of the material while crazing is a more localized phenomenon ad it is more often associated with brittle failure. Shear yielding manifests as plastic deformation in the form of shear bands and is closely associated with the material softening that occurs immediately after yielding. With continued deformation, the material undergoes hardening due to molecular orientation, resulting in the multiplication and propagation of shear bands. Shear bands may form in a material that exhibits strain softening, hence when the conditions which favour crazing are suppressed, polymers will tend to form shear bands.

Yielding criteria
[[Image:Yield surfaces.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|The von Mises yield surfaces in principal stress coordinates circumscribes a cylinder with radius $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \sigma_y$ around the hydrostatic axis. Also shown is [[Henri Tresca|Tresca]]'s hexagonal yield surface.

]] A yield criterion is a general condition that must be satisfied by the applied stress tensor for yield to occur.

A yield criterion expressed in terms of stress can be visualized as a surface encompassing the origin in principal stress space. Yielding does not occur until the stress increases from zero (the origin) to some point on this surface. For isotropic elastic materials with a ductile failure mode, the most used criteria are the Tresca criterion of maximum tangential stress and von Mises yield criterion based on maximum distortion energy. The latter is the most used and states that yielding of a ductile material begins when the second invariant of deviatoric stress $$I_2$$ reaches a critical value.

$$I_2=\frac{1}{6}\left[(\sigma_1 - \sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2 \right]$$

The criterion assumes that for yield to not occur the stress coordinate must be contained within the cylindrical surface described by the following equation:

$$(\sigma_1 - \sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2 = 9\tau_{oct}^2$$

where $$\tau_{oct}$$ is the octahedral shear stress:

$$\tau_{oct} = \frac{1}{3} \sqrt{(\sigma_1 - \sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2} $$

This criterion is observed quite well by most metals however it cannot be used to describe shear yielding in polymers since in those materials the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor affects the yield stress.

The modified von Mises criterion for shear yielding
Experiments have shown that nelther the Tresca nor the von Mises criterion adequately describes the shear yield behaviour of polymers, because for example the true yield stress is invariably higher in uniaxial compression than in tension, and uniaxial-tensile tests conducted in a pressure chamber show that yield stresses of polymers increase significantly with hydrostatic pressure.

The von Mises criterion can be modified to incorporate the effect of pressure on the state of the material by substituting in its original formulation:

$$(\sigma_1 - \sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2 = 9\tau_{oct}^2$$

a value of $$\tau_{oct}$$ that is linearly dependent on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor:

$$\tau_{oct} = \tau_0-\mu \sigma_m$$

while $$\sigma_m$$ represents the hydrostatic component:

$$\sigma_m = \frac{\sigma_1 + \sigma_2 + \sigma_3}{3}$$

$$\tau_{0}$$ and $$\mu$$ are material parameters that depend on loading rate and temperature. The constant $$\tau_{0}$$ is the yield stress in pure shear, since under this stress state the value of $$\sigma_m$$ is zero.

In plane stress the modified von Mises criterion is an ellipse on the principal axis space, but differently from the standard criterion it is shifted with respect to the origin, due to the different behavior of the polymeric materials depending on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor.

Yielding criteria for crazing
An effective crazing criterion has been proposed in the early 70's by Sternstein and coworkers. Considering crazing a form of dilatational plasticity, a critical condition that has to be met by the applied stress tensor for crazing to take place is:

$$\sigma_b = A(t,T) + \frac{B(t,T)}{I_1} $$

where $$\sigma_b$$ is the stress required to orient the fibrils and $$A$$ and $$B$$ are time and temperature dependent parameters. $$I_1$$ Is the first stress invariant and it represent the dilatational component:

$$I_1 = \sigma_1 + \sigma_2 + \sigma_3$$

It is difficult to evaluate $$\sigma_b$$ for a general triaxial state of stress, but for what concerns the yield criterion, the constants A and B can be easily evaluated performing experiments in plane stress conditions ($$\sigma_3 = 0$$), so that the condition becomes:

$$|\sigma_1-\sigma_2| = A + \frac{B}{\sigma_1+\sigma_2}$$

The crazing criterion is illustrated in the following graph for different temperatures. The curves will be asymptotic to the pure shear line where $$\sigma_1 = -\sigma_2$$, that establishes the boundary between hydrostatic compression and hydrostatic tension. Below this line crazing does not occur because the pressure component of the stress matrix tends to reduce the volume, instead of increasing it.

Oxborough and Bowden attemped to create a more comprehensive relationship valid for a general triaxial state of stress. Their assumption is that crazing occurs when the strain in any direction reaches a critical value ($$\epsilon_c$$) that depends on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor:

$$\epsilon_c = Y_1(t,T) + \frac{X_1(t,T)}{I_1} $$

Where $$X_1$$ and $$Y_1$$ are again time and temperature dependent parameters. The maximum tensile strain in an isotropic body under a general state of stress defined by the principal stresses is always in the direction of the maximum principal stress ($$\sigma_1>\sigma_2>\sigma_3$$) and is given by:

$$\epsilon_1 = \frac{1}{E}(\sigma_1-\nu\sigma_2-\nu\sigma_3) $$

where $$E$$ is Young's modulus and $$\nu$$ is Poisson's ratio. So the previous equation can be re-written as to define the criterion in terms of the principal stresses:

$$\sigma_1-\nu\sigma_2-\nu\sigma_3 = Y_1E + \frac{X_1E}{\sigma_1+\sigma_2+\sigma_3}  $$

for plane stress this equation is very similar to the one proposed by Sternstein and coworkers. Argon proposed an alternative crazing criterion based on a molecular theory for distortional plasticity, he described the process of crazing  as a micromechanical problem of elastic-plastic expansion of initially stable micropores produced by a thermally activated mechanism under stress to form a craze nucleus. With his analysis of the condition of craze nucleation he provided a derivation of crazing. This model provides an elegant criterion that can be easily applied for any stress state and it is not based on strain, which is a poor parameter of state:

$$\tau_{oct}=\frac{C_1}{C_2+\sigma_m}$$

where $$\tau_{oct}$$ is the octahedral shear stress, while $$\sigma_m$$ represents the hydrostatic component:

$$\sigma_m = \frac{\sigma_1 + \sigma_2 + \sigma_3}{3}$$

and $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ are time-temperature constants.

General yielding criterion
By combining the criterion for shear yielding and crazing a region can be found in which no yielding can occur. This can be easily seen in the $$\sigma_1-\sigma_2$$ plane (considering plane stress condition), where the two criteria intersect a transition between the two mechanisms is expected. Considering that polymers have a viscoelastic behaviour an effect of loading rates and temperatures on shear yield stress and on crazing yield is observed. When the loading conditions ($$T,\dot{\epsilon}$$) are such that the tensile stress for shear yielding is lower than the crazing stress no crazing will be observed on the material and a brittle to ductile transition can be expected.

In order to have a comprehensive yielding criterion both yielding phenomenon must be taken into account and their dependence on external parameters has to be determined. Only if these conditions are known a proper yield criterion expressed in terms of stress can obtained as a surface encompassing the origin in principal stress space.

title: Crazing


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__NOGALLERY__ Episode images for Comedy Central's South Park.

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Talk:List of places in West Midlands (county)

Untitled
Why isn't this a category? Andy Mabbett 00:18, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Suburbs
Does this list also include suburbs of cities within the West Midlands county? - Erebus555 17:38, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't see why it should not. A place is a place regardless of whether it's a town, village, hamlet, suburb, exburb, district, neighbourhood, estate, etc. Saga City 01:55, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Move?
Should this list be moved to "List of places in the West Midlands (county)" in order to disambiguate the title? While the introductory paragraph makes it clear that it refers to the county not the region, the title is open to both interpretations. TheGrappler (talk) 17:09, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree - but drop the 'the' - i.e. List of places in West Midlands (county) S a g a C i t y (talk) 17:16, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, "the West Midlands" sounds more like it's referring to the region. An excellent point. TheGrappler (talk) 18:28, 16 February 2011 (UTC)


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Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (Caroline Mathilde; 1751 – 10 May 1775) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1772 by marriage to King Christian VII.

The youngest and posthumous daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales, by Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Caroline Matilda was raised in a secluded family atmosphere away from the royal court. At the age of fifteen, she was married to her first cousin, King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway, who suffered from a mental illness and was cold to his wife throughout the marriage. She had two children: the future Frederick VI and Louise Augusta; the latter's biological father may have been the German physician Johann Friedrich Struensee.

In 1769, Struensee entered the service of the Danish king; initially Caroline Matilda treated him coldly, but he quickly won the Queen's heart and they began a love affair. Struensee gained more and more power and instituted a series of reforms that Caroline Matilda supported. Struensee's reforms and his relationship with the Queen generated powerful enemies, who included Christian VII's stepmother Queen Dowager Juliana Maria and her son Prince Frederick. In 1772, Juliana Maria directed a plot to remove Struensee and the Queen from power. Struensee was executed and Caroline Matilda was divorced and banished to Celle, Electorate of Hanover, where she died at the age of twenty-three from scarlet fever in 1775.

Birth and early years
Caroline Matilda was born on 1751 as the ninth and youngest child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Her father had died suddenly about three months before her birth, on 31 March 1751, and she was thus a posthumous child. She was born at Leicester House, London, a large aristocratic townhouse in Westminster, where her parents had lived, since the King had banished his son from court in 1737. The princess was christened ten days after being born, on 1 August, at the same house, by the Bishop of Norwich, Thomas Hayter. Her godparents were her brother George, her aunt Caroline, and her sister Augusta.

Caroline Matilda grew up in the large group of siblings, and during the remaining years of the reign of George II, Augusta chose to live in seclusion with her children, devoting herself to their care, and bringing them up away from the English court and the depravities of court life. As a consequence, Augusta was to be criticised for her manner of raising her children, as she isolated them from the outside world into a secluded family environment, seldom meeting people outside the family. Caroline Matilda spent most of the time with her family in Leicester House, but during holidays they moved to Kew Palace. She was described as temperamental, but natural and informal, and for this reason, she was uninterested in politics and court intrigues as an adult. She enjoyed outdoor life and riding, and, despite the irregularities of her and her sisters' education, she was described as intelligent. She was musically gifted, played the harpsichord and was an accomplished singer with a beautiful voice. She enjoyed reading and could speak three languages besides English: Italian, French, and German.

Marriage
In 1764, a marriage was suggested between the Danish House of Oldenburg and the British House of Hanover, specifically between Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark, and a British princess. The Danish Crown Prince was the oldest surviving son of King Frederick V and his first wife Princess Louise of Great Britain, and in consequence, first cousin of the children of the late Prince of Wales. The marriage was considered suitable because the British and Danish royal families were both Protestant and of the same rank, and thus had the same status as well as religion. Additionally, the deceased Queen Louise had been very popular in Denmark. Initially, the marriage negotiations were intended for the eldest unmarried daughter of the former Prince of Wales, Princess Louisa Anne, but after the Danish representative in London, Count von Bothmer, was informed of her weak constitution, her younger sister Caroline Matilda was chosen for the match instead. At the age of 13, Caroline Mathilde was therefore, without her knowledge, engaged to Crown Prince Christian, who was two years her senior. The official betrothal was announced on 10 January 1765.

On 14 January 1766, in the middle of preparations for the wedding, King Frederick V died and his 17-year-old son became King Christian VII. On 1 October of that year in the royal chapel of St James's Palace (or according to other sources, in Carlton House) the marriage was celebrated by proxy, the groom being represented by the bride's brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany. Two days later, Caroline Matilda departed from Harwich for Rotterdam, and three weeks later she crossed the River Elbe and arrived in Altona, in the then Danish Duchy of Holstein. There she left her British entourage and was welcomed by her appointed Danish courtiers. Twelve days later, Caroline Matilda arrived in Roskilde, where she met her future husband for the first time. She held her official entry into the Danish capital on 8 November to great cheers from the population. Later the same day a second wedding ceremony with the groom present took place in the Royal Chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. Marriage celebrations and balls lasted for another month. On 1 May 1767, Christian VII and Caroline Matilda were crowned King and Queen of Denmark and Norway in the chapel of Christiansborg Palace.

Queen of Denmark and Norway
The young Queen at the Danish court was described as particularly temperamental, vivid and charming. She was thought too plump to be described as a beauty, but she was considered attractive: it was said of her that "her appearance allowed her to avoid criticism of women, but still captivate the male eye." However, her natural and unaffected personality was not popular at the strict Danish court, despite the fact that originally she was warmly received in Copenhagen. The weak-willed, self-centred, and mentally ill Christian VII was cold to his wife and not in a hurry to consummate the marriage. The reason for this attitude towards his wife could be that the King was actually forced to marry by the court, who believed that marriage would lead to improvement in his mental problems; in addition, part of the court felt that Christian VII preferred the company of men to women. Despite rumours of homosexuality, the King had a mistress with whom he began a relationship in Holstein in the summer of 1766, and often visited courtesans in Copenhagen, of which the most famous was Anna Katrina Bentgagen, nicknamed Støvlet-Cathrine.

Caroline Matilda became close to her Overhofmesterinde, Louise von Plessen, who regarded the King's friends, such as Conrad Holck and Enevold Brandt, as immoral and acted to isolate Caroline Matilda from her spouse. This was not difficult, as Christian VII did not like her. The couple were further estranged when Louise von Plessen advised Caroline Matilda to claim to be indisposed when the King expressed a wish for physical intimacy, with the thought that distance would make the King more eager; instead, though, it only made him more unwilling. At the end, and after being persuaded by his old tutor Reverdil, Christian VII consummated his marriage for the sake of the succession, and after the Queen gave birth to Crown Prince Frederick on 28 January 1768, he turned his interest to the brothels of Copenhagen.

Though Caroline Matilda was not interested in politics, after the birth of an heir, she came to play a key role at the court. Her dislike of her husband's favourites increased when, in 1768, Holck managed to exile Louise von Plessen from court, leaving the Queen even more isolated. She refused to accept von Plessen's successor, Anne Sofie von Berckentin, whom she suspected had taken part in the plot to exile Plessen. Thus, Plessen was not replaced until Margrethe von der Lühe agreed to accept the post in 1768.

In May 1768 Christian VII took a long tour of Europe, including stays in Altona, Paris, and London. During his absence, Caroline Matilda took care of her son and aroused attention when she took walks in Copenhagen; this was considered scandalous, as royal and noble Danish women normally only travelled in town by carriage. Caroline Matilda spent the summer at Frederiksborg Castle with her son before returning to Copenhagen in the autumn. During the absence of the King, there were rumours about an affair of the Queen with a certain La Tour, a handsome actor and singer from the French-language theater Hofteatret. La Tour was the lover of her lady-in-waiting Elisabet von Eyben, but he was known to receive gifts from "a higher hand" and it was said that his visits to von Eyben's chamber were in fact visits to the Queen. The allegation of an affair is not considered to have been true, but La Tour was exiled after the return of the King, perhaps because the rumour was damaging enough in itself. In addition to von Eyben, Caroline Matilda made friends with Christine Sophie von Gähler, Anna Sofie Bülow, and Amalie Sofie Holstein, who were known for their love affairs. According to the letter writer Luise Gramm, they encouraged her to participate more in social life, dance, and flirt.

Affair and scandal
The King returned to Copenhagen on 12 January 1769, bringing with him Johann Friedrich Struensee as Royal Physician. He had met Struensee in Altona at the beginning of his travels. During 1769, the King's mental health deteriorated, but Struensee could apparently handle the King's instability, to the great relief of the King's advisers, and Christian VII developed a confidence in him. During 1769, Struensee encouraged the King in his attraction to Birgitte Sofie Gabel, reportedly because he believed a relationship with an intelligent woman would make the King more mentally stable and his insanity easier to handle, but this project failed, and the attempt to provide the King with a mistress made the Queen hostile toward Struensee.

Struensee then encouraged the King to improve his relationship with Caroline Matilda, and Christian VII showed his attention to her with a three-day birthday celebration on 22 July 1769. The Queen was well aware that Struensee was behind her husband's improved behavior. Her gratitude was reflected in her new interest in the charming doctor. In the summer of 1769, Caroline Matilda had an attack of dropsy, and at the insistence of her husband, she turned to Struensee. He advised the Queen that entertainment and exercise were the best medicine; this advice helped Caroline Matilda, and Struensee gained credibility with her. Her confidence in him was further strengthened when Struensee successfully inoculated the infant Crown Prince Frederick against smallpox. The attraction that had arisen between the Queen and Struensee amused the King. In January 1770, Struensee was given his own rooms at Christiansborg Palace. In the meantime, the King became more and more passive, isolated and uninvolved in government as his mental health deteriorated. He entrusted more and more of the daily state affairs to Struensee, as he had by then become accustomed to trusting him. By the spring of 1770, Struensee had become the Queen's lover. Later, during the divorce proceedings between Caroline Matilda and Christian VII, courtiers who accompanied the Queen during this time reported that they had suspected an affair since at least late 1769. The rumours forced the Queen to limit her contact with Struensee for a while, but not for long: by the summer of 1770 Caroline Matilda and Struensee were known to be close throughout the capital and the provinces. When the royal couple made a tour through the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein and the German border, accompanied by Struensee, he and the Queen were observed behaving in a suspicious manner towards each other, and rumors started spreading that they were lovers. With the help of Caroline Matilda, Struensee was able to expel Holck and other political enemies from court, including Margrethe von der Lühe, Holck's sister and Royal Mistress of the Robes, who, despite her blood relation with Caroline Matilda's enemy, was close to her.

In the summer of 1770, Caroline Matilda's mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales, made a visit to the continent, where for various reasons she wanted to communicate with her daughter. The meeting was originally scheduled in Brunswick, but later was moved to Lüneburg, where Caroline Matilda saw her mother not earlier than August 1770. It was the last meeting between them; reportedly, the Queen received her in breeches, which at that time was regarded as scandalous. During this meeting, Struensee was constantly at the Queen's side, so the Dowager Princess of Wales had no opportunity to talk freely with her daughter and could only instruct Woodford, the British Minister to Saxe-Lauenburg, to caution Caroline Matilda about her behaviour. In the end, neither Woodford nor the Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (who visited his sister in the same year in Copenhagen) succeeded in this purpose.

In September 1770 came the fall of the Chancellor Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, reportedly thanks to the intrigues of both Struensee and Caroline Matilda; when the Dowager Princess of Wales asked her daughter about these rumours, the Queen responded to her mother's lamentations with an arrogant phrase: "Pray, madam, allow me to govern my own kingdom as I please!" On 18 December Struensee became Maître des Requêtes ("Master of Queries"; Privy Counsellor), and in July 1771 when he entered the cabinet it was declared that his orders would have the same effect as if they were signed by the King himself; on 22 July (the day of the Queen's birthday) the signatures of Struensee and his assistant Count Enevold Brandt were officially announced. From then, Struensee's authority became paramount, and he held absolute sway between 20 March 1771 and 16 January 1772: this period is known as the "Time of Struensee". On 29 January 1771, in honour of the King's birthday, the Queen founded the Mathildeordenen. The Order has one class, and was intended to honour the royal family and their closest friends. The badge of the Order was a monogram "M", framed by a circle of precious stones and branches covered with green enamel. The Order was suspended on a pink ribbon with three silver stripes. A man wore the Order on a tape around his neck, and a lady with a bow on the chest. The Order Charter consisted of seven articles, and was written in French. Presentation of the Order was held once in the same day, at the dinner in honour of the King's birthday: it was granted to twelve people, amongst whom were Caroline Matilda herself, Struensee, Christian VII, the Queen Dowager Juliana Maria, Prince Frederick (the King's half-brother), and Struensee's close friends. After the coup in 1772 that resulted in the execution of Struensee and the exile of Caroline Matilda, the Order was abolished. Having virtually unlimited power, Struensee issued no fewer than 1069 cabinet orders, or more than three a day; for this reason, he has been criticised for having an imprudent "mania" for reform (despite the fact that all these orders were based on sound, rational principles) and because he did not follow native Danish and Norwegian customs, seeing them as prejudices and wanting to eliminate them in favour of abstract principles. This led to his extreme unpopularity among the conservative circles at court, led by the Dowager Queen Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and her son Prince Frederick. Caroline Matilda shared in her lover's unpopularity because of her support for his reforms and her behaviour, which was offensive to a nation that had a traditional veneration for the royal house of Oldenburg, and brought the Crown into contempt: her way of openly demonstrating her new happiness was seen as shocking, as when the couple reportedly barely concealed their affair during the masked balls of Caroline von Schimmelmann.

Until now without influence, Caroline Matilda became the centre of the Court's attention, and gathered followers called the Dronningens Parti ("The Queen's Party"). She gained a new confidence, and showed herself in public riding astride on horseback, dressed as a man. This was seen as scandalous, and according to Luise Gramm, she had been encouraged to do this by her lady-in-waiting Elisabet von Eyben. Struensee introduced a reform in which burgher-class people were allowed to dine informally with the royal family, and the Queen acquired friends outside the aristocracy such as Johanne Marie Malleville, which was seen as a scandal. On 17 June 1771 the court took summer residence at Hirschholm Palace in present-day Hørsholm municipality. Here, Caroline Matilda lived happily with her son and her lover, and was painted with the Crown Prince in the style of the newly modern country life by Peter Als; this summer is described as an idyll, and has come to be referred to as the "Hirschholm Summer" in Danish historiography. She also planned a new summer villa, Frydenlund in Vedbæk. One month later, on 7 July, the Queen gave birth to a second child, a daughter named Louise Augusta. The event was coldly received at court, although the Dowager Queen Juliana Maria agreed to be the newborn's godmother if the Queen agreed. The King recognised the paternity of the child, who officially became a Princess of Denmark and Norway, but the Queen's behaviour and the girl's resemblance to Struensee caused the courtiers to begin to think that he was probably the biological father of the princess, and to refer to her as "la petite Struensee". However, during the divorce proceeding against Caroline Matilda, her daughter was never mentioned in any document, because Struensee had previously given "satisfactory answers" about the circumstances of her birth.

Shortly after Louise Augusta's birth, rumours began in the court and population that Caroline Matilda and Struensee wanted to imprison the King and declare the Queen regent; these accusations in fact were absurd in themselves, as Christian VII was more a protection than an obstacle to the lovers. By the end of 1771 the lovers began to worry, and Caroline Matilda suspected that the Dowager Queen Juliana Maria planned a plot against her and Struensee. In October, Struensee thought it necessary to abolish freedom of the press, which was one of his major reforms. According to legend, Struensee rushed to the Queen's feet, begging her to let him leave the country for both their sakes, but Caroline Matilda refused to let him go. At the same time he confessed to one of his friends it was only thanks to the support of the Queen that he retained his post. On 30 November the court moved to Frederiksberg Palace, where security measures had been increased by orders of Struensee. Then the order to disband the Royal Guard caused a military march to Fredericksberg on Christmas Eve, and the court became clear about the real mood of the people. At the same time, there were rumours that the British diplomat Robert Murray Keith proposed to give Struensee a large sum of money if he were to leave the country, but there is no documentary evidence for this.

The court returned to Copenhagen on 8 January 1772. By this time, Struensee and Caroline Matilda were already in serious danger. In early January, a former supporter of Struensee, Count Schack Carl Rantzau, discontented with the fact that Struensee did not accept his political views, decided to overthrow the favourite. Dowager Queen Juliana Maria had during the summer watched the progress of events from Fredensborg Palace, where she lived in seclusion with her son. Rantzau gave her fake evidence that the lovers were going to overthrow the King, prompting the Dowager Queen to act against them. Details of the case were specified on 15 January at the Dowager's residence, and the execution of their conspiracy was scheduled for the night of 16–17 January, after the end of a masked ball at the Hofteatret in Christiansborg Palace. Although Rantzau hesitated at the last moment, everything went according to plan: at the agreed time, Struensee, Brandt, and their followers were arrested.

On the same night Caroline Matilda was captured by Rantzau who, with cynical cruelty, hastily escorted her with her daughter to Kronborg Castle, in Helsingør, where they remained imprisoned under close surveillance by guards. She was only accompanied by the maid-of-honour Frederikke Louise Møsting, who was not sympathetic towards her and who had been ordered by Rantzau to accompany her. As the Queen later told the court, on the evening of 17 January she saw from the windows of her chamber the festive illuminations made in honour of her fall in Copenhagen. Only a few friends were allowed to visit the Queen at Kronborg, where her only consolation was her daughter, because her son the Crown Prince stayed with his father. At Kronborg, she was attended by the maids-of-honour Frederikke Louise Møsting, Sofie Magdalene Sperling, Margrete Vilhelmine Schmettau, her chamberlain count Christian Frederik Holstein and courtier Karl Adolf Råben, "who were all against her", while her favourite maid-of-honour Charlotte Amalie Trolle had been refused permission to accompany her. The fall of Caroline Matilda was necessary to overthrow Struensee, although he had not achieved power thanks to the Queen, but because of his dominance over the King; however, the Queen was a powerful ally of his, and for this reason it was necessary to remove them at the same time.

Divorce and exile
The interrogation of Johann Friedrich Struensee began on 20 February 1772, but concerning the "crime of familiarity" with respect to the Queen, he admitted to nothing for three days. Later, he tried to shift much of the responsibility for the adultery onto Caroline Matilda. Struensee's main political associate and friend, Enevold Brandt, was interrogated at the same time, and reportedly admitted his knowledge of the favourite's crimes. In parallel to this, the Queen's staff were also questioned, and the testimony of her chamber staff, particularly her head chamber woman Charlotta Hedevig Matthie, her lady's maids Kristine Sofie Frederikke Bruun, Anna Charlotte Margrete Horn and Engel Marie Arensbach, and her chamber maid Anna Petersen, were particularly incriminating, as well as that of her lady-in-waiting Elisabeth von Eyben.

A committee of four nobles was sent to Kronborg to interrogate the Queen; during their first visit, probably following the advice of Keith, Caroline Matilda refused to speak with them, replying that "she doesn't recognise anyone's court other than the court of the King." On their later visits, she denied her relationship with Struensee in the hope of saving him. On 9 March, a confession signed by Struensee was presented to Caroline Matilda; she also signed a confession and took much of the blame on herself, hoping thus to mitigate the fate of her lover, although she is believed to have been pressed or manipulated to admit the affair by the interrogator.

On 24 March an indictment against the Queen was presented to a court consisting of thirty-five members of the nobility; on 2 April she was given a lawyer, who said that the Queen was innocent and her confession was signed under pressure, and solely to protect Struensee. The judgment was handed down on 6 April and two days later the Queen was notified: her marriage with Christian VII was dissolved, although not on dynastic or moral grounds; in addition, the name of the former Queen was banned during church services. Struensee and Brandt were sentenced to death, and were executed on 28 April. As Caroline Matilda later recalled, she intuitively knew about the death of her lover.

In Great Britain the news of the arrest of Caroline Matilda was met with great excitement. After the divorce, and following the orders of her brother King George III, Robert Murray Keith began to negotiate her release, but without success. At the same time, George III had been provided conclusive evidence against his sister, and it was reported that he was advised that she could not remain at the Danish court. After Caroline Matilda's death, it was discovered that the Danes had offered to send Struensee and his allies into exile in Aalborg in north Jutland, but the British government strongly refused to consent to this and even threatened to break diplomatic relations with Denmark-Norway and begin a military intervention. A British squadron arrived off the shores of Copenhagen, but a few hours before its arrival George III received the news that the Danish government guaranteed the freedom of the former Queen. Keith was also able to secure the return of her dowry, a pension, and Caroline Matilda's right to retain her royal title.

By May 1772 the British and Danish governments had been able to figure out where Caroline Matilda would live; at the suggestion of George III, the new residence of his "Criminal Sister" was to be Celle Castle, located in the Electorate of Hanover. On 3 May the former Queen, accompanied by Keith and a delegation of Danish nobles, departed from Helsingør in two frigates and a sloop; her two children, Crown Prince Frederick and Louise Augusta, remained in Copenhagen and she never saw them again. On 5 June she arrived in the district of Stade (where the Danish delegation finally left her), and was greeted in an elaborate ceremony, and the next day a reception was held in her honour. From Stade, the former Queen went to Göhrde, where she stayed for a few months before finally going to Celle. On 20 October Caroline Matilda made her solemn entry into the city, where a proper court was organised for her. Thereafter, she rarely left Celle, with only a few visits to Hanover.

Life in Celle
In Celle, Caroline Matilda led a very quiet life. Here she was finally reunited with her beloved former hofmesterinde Countess Louise von Plessen. The former Queen was visited by many relatives and friends, among them her older sister Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, which many contemporaries considered a way to keep her watched. Her main entertainment was a small theatre, built especially for her in the castle, as well a library with numerous books in German and English; in addition, she became known for her charity towards poor children and orphans. Keith, who visited Caroline Matilda in November 1772, later reported to Lord Suffolk that he had found her in a contented mood and that she did not want to have any relations with the Danish court except those that directly affected the well-being of her children.

Although no longer Queen, Caroline Matilda still played an important role in Danish politics, because she was the mother of the future King. In September 1774 she was visited by the traveller and adventurer Nathaniel Wraxall; during this visit he collected a lot of information about her life in Denmark that later formed the basis of his memoirs. He returned in October as a secret agent for a group of restive Danish nobles. Some were exiled in Hamburg for their support for the former Queen (notably Baron Frederik Ludvig Ernst Bülow (spouse of Anna Sofie Bülow), and Count Ernst von Schimmelmann (son of Caroline von Schimmelmann ) and one remained in Copenhagen. They were eager for a change: the return of Caroline Matilda as Regent and Guardian of the Crown Prince. Caroline Matilda was ready to act, but only with the consent of her brother George III; she also feared for the lives of her children. George III was ready to support his sister and the plot, but on the condition that first, the conspirators had to gain enough power in Denmark. Wraxall visited the former Queen three more times in Celle and discussed with her the details of the plot; then he went to London, to discuss the plan with George III. With him, Caroline Matilda sent a letter to her brother, in which she asked for his approval for the conspiracy, which she referred to as "this scheme for my son's happiness". However, while waiting for an audience with the King in London, Wraxall learned of Caroline Matilda's death.

Caroline Matilda died suddenly of scarlet fever on 10 May 1775. On her deathbed, she wrote a letter to her brother in which she proclaimed her innocence. She was buried in the crypt of the Stadtkirche St. Marien near her paternal great-grandmother Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who was also divorced and exiled.

Great Denmark Street in Dublin is believed to have been named in her honour in the year of her death.

Cultural depictions

Caroline Matilda, the story of her marriage, and her affair with Struensee has featured in many artistic works:

Literature

 * 1827: Caroline Matilda, to Christian the Seventh of Denmark, a poem by Lydia Sigourney.
 * 1935: Die Gefangene von Celle – a 1935 novel by Else von Hollander-Lossow
 * 1935: The Favourite of the Queen (Struensee: Doktor, Diktator, Favorit und armer Sünder; later Der Favorit der Königin) – a 1935 novel by Robert Neumann
 * 1948: The Queen's Physician – a 1948 novel by Edgar Maass
 * 1953: Converse at Night in Copenhagen (Samtale om natten i København) – a 1953 novel by Karen Blixen
 * 1955: Caroline Matilda, princess of Great Britain and queen of Denmark – a 1955 novel by Geoffrey Vaughan Blackstone
 * 1969: The Lost Queen – a 1969 novel by Norah Lofts
 * 1985: Letter from Celle – a 1985 dramatic poem by Edward Lowbury
 * 1999: The Visit of the Royal Physician (Livläkarens besök) – a 1999 novel by Per Olov Enquist
 * 2000: Prinsesse af Blodet - en roman om Caroline Mathilde – a 2000 novel by Bodil Steensen-Leth
 * 2015: There's a mad king in Denmark (C'è un re pazzo in Danimarca) – a 2015 biographical novel by Dario Fo

Stage

 * 1827: Struensee – an 1827 drama by Michael Beer with stage music by his brother Giacomo Meyerbeer (Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta 1829, premiered in Munich in 1828). The play was originally forbidden under the rule of the Prussian King Frederick William III, and finally allowed by his more liberal successor Frederick William IV and premiered in Berlin in 1856.
 * 1991: Caroline Mathilde – a 1991 two-act ballet staged by the Royal Danish Ballet and choreographed by Flemming Flindt to music by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.
 * 2008: The Visit of the Royal Physician (Livlægens besøg) – a 2008 opera staged by the Royal Danish Opera and composed by Bo Holten to a libretto based on Enquist's 1999 novel.

Film

 * 1923: The Love of a Queen (Die Liebe einer Königin) – a 1923 German historical drama silent film directed by Ludwig Wolff, in which Queen Caroline Mathilde was portrayed by the German actress Henny Porten.
 * 1935: The Dictator – a 1935 British film directed by Victor Saville, in which Caroline Mathilde was portrayed by the English actress Madeleine Carroll.
 * 1957: King in Shadow (Herrscher ohne Krone) – a 1957 West German feature film directed by Harald Braun, and based on Neumann's 1935 novel, in which Caroline Mathilde was portrayed by the French actress Odile Versois.
 * 2012: A Royal Affair (En kongelig affære) – an Academy Award-nominated Danish historical drama film directed by Nikolaj Arcel, in which Queen Caroline Matilda is portrayed by the Swedish actress Alicia Vikander.

title: Caroline Matilda of Great Britain


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Kenneth Robinson (British politician)

Sir Kenneth Robinson (19 March 1911 – 16 February 1996) was a British Labour politician who served as Minister of Health in Harold Wilson's first government, from 1964 to 1968, when the position was merged into the new title of Secretary of State for Social Services. Robinson died in London on 16 February 1996.

Early life
The son of Dr Clarence Robinson and a nurse, Ethel Marion Linell, Kenneth Robinson was born on 19 March 1911 in Warrington, northwest England and was educated at Malsis School in North Yorkshire, before attending Oundle School up to the point of his father dying when he was just 15 years old. After his mother pulled him from the school because of costs he later worked as a writer, insurance broker and company secretary. He joined the Royal Navy during World War II as an ordinary seaman, was commissioned in 1942 and promoted to lieutenant-commander in 1944. He served on HMS King George V (41). Robinson's education was remarkable in that he received no further education after the age of 15 and was entirely self-taught.

Political career
Robinson was a St Pancras borough councillor from 1945 to 1949. He was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for St Pancras North in a by-election in 1949. He was a government assistant whip from 1950 until 1951. He joined the cabinet and was made a Privy Counsellor in 1964. Reforms he oversaw include the banning on cigarette television advertising and the reintroduction of prescription charges. When his position of Minister of Health was abolished in 1968, Robinson was appointed Minister for Planning and Land, only for this position to be abolished a year later. Robinson left Parliament in 1970.

Robinson was probably one of the United Kingdom's most respected Health Ministers. He was always willing to listen, and indeed took informal advice from his local general practitioners (GPs) during difficult negotiations over the GP Charter in 1965. John Horder stated of Robinson's role as Minister of Health: "Kenneth brought to this crisis a mind that was well prepared and the calmness, consideration and personality which we all have known". Robinson noticed problems with Britain's approach to general practice medicine, and quickly sought to reach agreement with practitioners and change the organisation, funding, and nature of practice in the system. Robinson published the first consultative document on reorganisation and the need for administrative reform of the National Health Service. One compromise he instituted was to reduce the number of hospital beds, under an argument of current under-utilisation, and in agreement with the medical profession. In return, the government lifted the limits on fees that medical consultants could charge to patients. These actions helped to form the basis for the 1966 General Practitioner's Charter, which Robinson negotiated with Dr James Cameron, the General Medical Services Committee chairman. Robinson also placed emphasis on nursing, appointing Sir Brian Salmon to a special committee of management experts and nurses, which looked into ways to advise and prepare senior staff at hospitals for their posts.

Opposition to Scientology in 1960s
Robinson had served as the first chairman of the National Association of Mental Health (now known as Mind). His interest in mental health issues brought him into conflict with the Church of Scientology, considered to hold controversial views on mental health: as Minister, he told Parliament that he was satisfied that Scientology was "totally valueless in promoting health and… that people seeking help with problems of mental health can gain nothing" from its teachings. Robinson stated that there was a "grave concern" among local government at the time about Scientology, and its potential effects on the town of East Grinstead. Robinson stated in 1968 in the House of Commons that Scientology was "a pseudo-philosophical cult". Time magazine also quoted Robinson as stating that the Church of Scientology was "socially harmful… a potential menace to the personality" and "a serious danger to health". In this speech, Robinson referred to the Anderson Report, cited additional evidence of why the group should be considered a cult, and stated that there was evidence children were being indoctrinated. Robinson announced that a series of measures would be undertaken against Scientology in Britain.

In 1968, the Church of Scientology started publishing articles that were of defamatory nature toward Robinson. Eventually Robinson sued the Church of Scientology of California and L. Ron Hubbard for libel. The case appeared before Justice Desmond Ackner, and was entitled: Robinson v Church of Scientology of California and Others. This resulted in a settlement between the parties in June 1973, where the Church of Scientology acknowledged that there was no truth to the published allegations, and offered its apologies to Robinson along with a "substantial sum to mark the gravity of the libels".

Support of reforms of laws
Robinson supported reform of the laws governing suicide in England and Wales (which was a criminal offence at the time) and in 1958 tabled a motion in the House of Commons. Despite opposition from the Conservative Home Secretary, Rab Butler, Robinson's motion attracted the support of over 150 fellow MPs within days. However, Robinson's views on the subject were much more in tune with the changing times and he was supported in his campaign by such diverse bodies as the Church of England, the Magistrates' Association and the British Medical Association. The Times (London) ran an editorial in 1958 which proclaimed "Attempted suicide seems to have become punishable in England almost by accident," when it noted suicide was not a criminal offence in Scotland. The law regarding suicide as a criminal offence in England and Wales was repealed in 1961 and Robinson's contribution to remove the stigma of suicide from the statute books cannot be overestimated.

He was also campaigner for homosexual law reform and a member of the Homosexual Law Reform Society's executive committee. In June 1960, he introduced the first full-scale Commons debate on the Wolfenden Report's proposals to end the law which criminalised consenting sex between men in private. He had also put forward a bill in 1961 to legalise abortion. His bill failed but Robinson was Minister of Health in 1967 when the Abortion Act 1967 came into force. In 1967, Robinson announced the British government's intentions to limit forms of promotional advertising for cigarettes and cigarette-coupon schemes. Matthew Hilton described him as "a persistent Labour critic of the tobacco industry". Robinson helped to put forth the 1968 Health Services and Public Health Act, which made home help service for the elderly a mandate to the government, rather than a permissive duty. Robinson was supportive of voluntary hospitals and health services, and voiced his encouragement to these institutions in a speech to the National Association of Leagues of Hospital Friends.

He later joined the Social Democratic Party.

Other roles
Robinson served as Chairman of English National Opera from 1972 to 1977, of the Greater London Council's London Transport Executive from 1975 to 1978, and of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1977 to 1982.

He was knighted in April 1983 for services to the Arts.

title: Kenneth Robinson (British politician)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pull (physics)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - renamed and kept - SimonP 19:29, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Pull (physics)
dicdef, Wikitionaryise Alai 00:24, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect harmlessly to force. One of the first definitions a physics student sees for force is "a push or a pull." --1pezguy 03:13, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * But there are so many other meanings to the word "pull". Kelly Martin 03:54, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The only meaning that's encyclopedic is force. But that's being difficult just for the purpose of being difficult.  --1pezguy 04:13, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * It also has a meaning in computer science. The assembly commands for dealing with the stack (computing) are often pull and push, although "pop" is used more often instead of pull.  Grue   05:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. It doesn't matter how many dictionary definitions it has, they all belong in Wiktionary.  Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Disambig between Stack (computing), force, should also be in pickup but unfortunately that redirects to seduction. Kappa 10:18, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, in Stack (computing), the opposite of 'push' is 'pop'. So I'd say redirect to force. Radiant_* 13:51, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Moved to Pull (physics), but should still be disambiged. Denni ☯ 03:06, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * But you didn't up-date this page... tsk, tsk. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, it's done. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:00, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Template talk:Fruits

Creating template, so each article on one type of fruits will link to the others. Of course people welcome to expand, reformat, etc... Blackcats 00:25, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Completeness
This template does not list all the fruits listed on Fruit. Other important types, such as nuts, legumes, and samaras are missing.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 21:16, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to note that this was fixed. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:11, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Fruits


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Shari Thurer

Shari Thurer is a psychoanalytically trained psychologist practicing in Boston and an adjunct associate professor at Boston University.

Select publications
She is the author of The Myths of Motherhood: How Culture Reinvents the Good Mother ISBN 0-14-024683-5 and The End of Gender: A Psychological Autopsy ISBN 0-415-92771-4

title: Shari Thurer


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Frank Rankin

Frank Gilchrist Rankin (April 1, 1891 – July 23, 1932) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach. As a player, Rankin played the rover position for the Toronto Eaton's and Toronto St. Michael's Majors in senior hockey between 1910 and 1914. Rankin later coached the Toronto Granites to the gold medal for Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics.

Personal
Rankin was one of ten children born to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Rankin of Stratford, Ontario. He had seven brothers: Charles, Jimmy, George, Gordon, Reginald, Sid and Fred, and two sisters, Annie and Nellie. Rankin was conscripted into the Canadian military on November 2, 1918 for the First World War, but an armistice was signed on November 11 so he did not actively serve. He died in 1932 in his hometown of Stratford from blood poisoning.

Ice hockey career
Rankin played junior hockey in his hometown of Stratford with the Stratford team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1904 until 1910. His brother Jimmy also played with the team. He then moved to Toronto and played senior hockey with the Toronto Eaton's. He played two seasons with the Eaton's, scoring 21 goals in ten games. He then joined the senior Toronto St. Michael's Majors where he played in three seasons. In 1912, Rankin scored an 20 goals in five games. In the 1914–15 season, while playing for St. Michael's, Rankin was seriously cut in the face and suffered blood poisoning, which required hospitalization. He retired from playing shortly after.

While an amateur player in the OHA Rankin was a highly sought after player from the professional ranks, and he was said to have been offered over $2,000 to finish the 1912–13 season with the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association, but eventually stayed in the amateur ranks.

Rankin became coach of the Toronto Granites, leading them to the Allan Cup championship in 1922 and 1923. For winning the Cup in 1923, the Granites were selected to represent Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics. The team won six consecutive games to take the gold medal.

Frank Rankin was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player in 1961.

title: Frank Rankin