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Talk:History of Central Asia

Golden Age of Central Asia? Left out or did not occur?
See http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=wq.essay&essay_id=545818 for an in-depth article of the intellectual flowering of Central Asia around the end of the first millennium. According to S. Frederick Starr, chairman of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Abu Rayhan Biruni and others lived in Central Asia between 800 and 1100 CE, took the thoughts of the Greeks, Indians, and others and advanced the evolution of what we now call Western thought. If Starr is incorrect, this error of mainstream thought should be rebutted in this encyclopedia entry. If he is correct, this article leaves out a critically pertinent aspect of this geographical area. Drienstra (talk) 19:22, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * While you could debate some details and the section on causes, the basics of Starr's article are accurate. As you can see from the comments below, there's a lot that this article is lacking. If you can, please help improve it. Otebig (talk) 23:20, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Religion?
Why dose the article fail to account the religon history of this region. The Buddhism is introduced to central asia around 1st century BC. For the next 800 years, the Buddhism became dominant religion in this region and was backed by China. After the Battle of Talas, The Chinese Tang troops were defeated and Islam gained over Budduism in central asia. However, the conversion to Islam was not finished until 11th century. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.174.39.232 (talk • contribs)

What, no mention of Tuva?
How did this become a featured article with no mention of everyone's favorite central Asian republic? —Keenan Pepper 00:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Missing: progressive desertification and the Silk Road
"The aridness of the region made agriculture difficult and its distance from the sea cut it off from much trade." No. The two central facts in the prehistory of Central Asia, neither of them explored, are the progressive desertification of the region since the Atlantic period, the Holocene climatic optimum of the 8th-6th millennium, and the early existence of the string of oases that came to be known as the Silk Road. The rest of the history revolves around these features. Sea trade routes are by comparison a late development, even later than the domestication of the camel.--Wetman 02:57, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Horses (or chariots) gave rise to nomadism?
This is an odd statement. Aren't there lots of historical non-horse nomads? Like Native Americans? 205.175.123.113 03:16, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Native Americans mostly stayed in the same places. Of course the Aztecs moved down from what is now the United States Southwest and invaded Mexico without the use of horses.  I saw the article on the home page today. Congratulations!  However.....I wonder if saying the horse nomads dominated the area for "millennia" gives the wrong impression.  How long was it?  Maybe 2 or 3,000 years?  "Millennia" then is literally true but I think it gives the reader the impression of a much longer time.  Keep up the good work.Steve Dufour 04:36, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Both historical and modern. Pastoralists were on foot millennia before a horse was first ridden. Only several millennia since.--Wetman 06:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Horses were the very important because my nomadic ancestors were fighting, travelling and even sleeping-resting on their horses. With respect, Deliogul 08:58, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Why does the featured article contains clear bullshit?
I mean, None of the new republics could be considered functional democracies until 2005, when the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan caused the collapse of the government and the popular election of president Kurmanbek Bakiev. - do one really think force-setting one popular president makes country a functional democracy?

Second error. In the twentieth century, nearly 55,000,000 Asians died in various communist famines or from famine-associated diseases tells us the article linking to http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM, which reads In total almost 55,000,000 people died in various communist famines and associated diseases, a little over 10,000,000 of them from democidal famine. I would not discuss this strange number, but anyway - this is TOTAL number. And the most famine we're talking about took place in Ukraine and Povolzh'e (check articles about history of Soviet Union). Why did this number land in article about central asia?

Every time you bullshit in wikipedia SCG kills a kitten.

P.S. Yes, of course, and both this bullshit changes was added when page was already featured. By one anonymous coward: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Central_Asia&diff=72531642&oldid=72531396 and one user User:Hux http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Central_Asia&diff=72543953&oldid=72538495 Morals: make featured articles protected, they attract the wrong kind of editors.

User:Hux, do you really think force-setting one popular president guaranties the regular occurrence of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society? (Democracy) Ilyak 06:50, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Four citations in a featured article?
It seems this article could use some quality citation, but I'd rather not clog up an FA with templates. --Davidstrauss 07:37, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

This is really.. really bad.
For such a grand title, the History of Central Asia has a lot of shortcomings. Can you imagine an article called the "History of Western Europe" being so short, void of citations.. and history. I know I have my own bias's, but, where is Timur (one line.. come on!), the Timurids, Babur and Muhammad Shaybani, Kara Koyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu? Why is there no mention of the Dalai Lama? The Ughurs? Personally, I think the task is too grand and large, and should be divvied off to smaller sub-articles. --Irishpunktom\talk 10:48, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep - it reflects poorly on Wikipedia that there are a lack of sub-articles (this one can only be considered a parent or summary). But it's not surprising, it is inherent to Wikipedia's modus operandi that coverage merely reflects the makeup of the editors. Unless there is a substantial editorial team that works full-time (i.e. not just editing for kicks, and spending hours per day on it) to ensure broad coverage, this will not change (even if the ongoing expansion of editors expands the selective subset of topics that Wikipedia covers). zoney ♣ talk 18:17, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, every sub-section should link to a featured length article providing more detail. As a main article, however, this is certainly quite a bit better than the History of Europe page, and the FA rules only look at the main article not at the presence or lack of subpages. - SimonP 18:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, maybe the FA rules should be changed. The (missing) content that is referred to would be included in this article were it not for the need to keep the article size down. So the fact that the substance of this topic is not fleshed out in sub-articles is pertinent to this parent article also.

What is the article about?
I wasn't sure what was meant by "Central Asia". There's a map at the start of the artticle showing three possible uses of the term but I couldn't see in the article which one was followed. So when statements were made I didn't know which areas were referred to. Struman 11:01, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The article seems to use the largest definition, including Mongolia, parts of Russia and parts of China. However, there's also times when it seems to include only the five present countries separated from the USSR. Aran|heru|nar 13:53, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You may well be right. What I think I really wanted to say, as someone who has no specialist knowledge of this subject, was that I found the repeated references in the article to "the region" meaningless as I had no idea which region was referred to.  I don't think an article that does not even define its subject matter should be featuredStruman

Featured?
The whole article shows a lack of insight - the section headings confuse readers, the content is an amassment of data without any creativity and is remotely away from neutral, the See also section contains 10 "Histories" that can well be sorted into a single table, or a single section, e.g. see History of Africa. Forgive my rudeness, but there's over a million articles in Wikipedia and this one had to be chosen? I don't think anyone even bothered to read through it. Aran|heru|nar 13:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

As long as Steppe is such a short article this article should never been considered a featured article. We should stop seeing Wikipedia as a collection of single articles. My suggestion is to rename this article 'The History of the Steppe' and rewrite it. The Steppe is part of Asia and Europe. --Ulv 14:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Uralic or Altaic?
Which one meant in this article? Contrary to an obsolete postulation, there is no Ural-Altaic language group. Clarifer 14:31, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality Issue
I feel that this article lacks an NPOV. Note the comments about how well equipped the khanates were. It has no source, and it sounds biased against the khanates. 67.62.134.210 14:43, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It is a fact that Russia was better equipped compared to the khanates. That particular fact does not seem POV. Here in China we freely admit ourselves to be worse-equipped than European nations in late Qing dynasty - surely we can't hold a POV against ourselves? I have removed the tag for the moment. It has passed the nomination, after all. A neutrality tag in a featured article, especially on its featured date, doesn't seem much attractive.Aran|heru|nar 15:05, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But if it's accurate, then it should be there. It's not a beauty pageant. 67.62.134.210 15:11, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually think that a tag on a Featured Article proves how ever-evolving WP is --JD79 17:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * How exactly was Russia better equipped compared to the khanates? There were many reasons why Russia predominated, but this is the first time I hear about the equipment advantage. If you are going to make such a specific statement and claim it as a fact, please back it up with sources.
 * I don't think it is POV. It could warrant a citation, but it is not POV. GuyFromChicago 22:31, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

I am having trouble believing it, so I think it's POV. Please provide a citation.

 * Here we go then, as requested:

From a Russian perspective

"disdaining Central Asian Forts as 'clay flowerpots', he (General Mikhail Chernyayev) believed they should be stormed after a brief bombardment. A reconnaissance revealed that Aulie-Ata's artillery was poor and its walls on the west were low[...]On June 4, concealing his intent to assault Aulie-Ata, Cherniaev crossed the Talas and bombarded the walls at close range. The Kokanese replied ineffectively. Cherniaev calculated that the driving rain would hamper the enemy's infantry fire. Driving the Kokanese from positions before the walls, his men pursued them into the town through breaches in the walls. the demoralised enemy fell in droves. In two hours the city, fortress and citadel were captured. Over three hundred enemy dead lay in the streets; only three Russians had been slightly wounded. 'Such an easy success', reported Cherniaev, 'can be attributed to the unusually successful action of our artillery and the infantry's precipitous attack'. Actually the primitive [sic] Kokanese were no match in armament or discipline for Russian regulars." David Mackenzie The Lion of Tashkent. The career of General M.G. Cherniaev (Athens, Ga.) 1974 p37

"As Cherniaev approached the city (Chimkent), masses of Kokanese cavalry appeared. When they stayed out of range, the Russians drew closer and exchanged fire with the enemy artillery. Kokanese cavalry, uttering terrible screeches, charged the square Russian formation. 'Whoever has not been attacked by an Asian horde', related Cherniaev, 'cannot imagine the effect of these inhuman cries on the nerves'. Russian artillery, grenades and rifle fire repelled the assault. Hundreds of Kokanese dead lay scattered about while the Russians had three men slightly wounded. This revealed again the vast disparity in the firepower and discipline of the two armies". Ibid p40

And at Tashkent a force of about 1500 Russians overcame a "garrison" (probably just the adult male population of the city, but still) of 30,000. Unless you believe that the Russians were somehow superhuman that suggests to me that they had better equipment. (Ibid pp56-8)

From a Central Asian perspective -

The battle before Chimkent: "Some ignorant and short-sighted emirs and commanders, unable to contain and restrain themselves until Djamadar Na'ib and the artillery had come, said to the Amir-i Lashkar [Alimqul]: 'The Russian warriors are few in number. if we launch [an attack the Russians] could shoot only once; [they] won't have time for a second [volley] and we'll overpower [them].' The Amir-i Lashkar, out of extreme fervour and courage, yielded to their rash persuasions and threw all his forces on the Russians. Many people were killed and wounded from the disciplined fire of the Russian lines. A terrible panic set in." Mulla Muhammad Yunus Djan Shighavul Dadkhwah Tashkandi ''The Life of Alimqul. A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia'' Trans. & Ed. Timur Beisembiev (London) 2003 p65

And, finally, for those who know some Russian, from the translation of Sami's Ta'rikh-e Salatin-e Manghitiya:

«Мир-асад достиг Самарканда и о результатах своей миссии сообщил военачальникам. В то время как со стороны Хишткупрука появился авангард христианского войска, [бухарские] войска, находившиеся там, пришли в смятение и в беспорядке обратились в бегство. Передовой отряд христиан подошел к реке Зеравшан, напротив возвышенности Чупан-Ата 171, и остановился. В это время на Чупанатинской возвышенности было готово [к бою] более ста тысяч человек сипахи и приверженцев священной войны из народа во главе с могущественными эмирами, с громоподобными пушками, с военным снаряжением и оружием. Было здесь также и четыре тысячи сарбазов отряда Хаджи Руми и отряда христианина 'Османа, который, приняв ислам, получил в этом государстве чин военачальника. Сарбазы этих двух отрядов состояли из арабов и узбеков и были известны своей храбростью и смелостью. /77б/ Полагаясь [на них], их назначили на укрепления на берегу реки у переправ и бродов. Остальные воины и приверженцы священной войны также выстроились на берегу реки и приготовились к сражению. Они навели огнемечущие дальнобойные пушки с возвышенности на христиан, ждали приказа командующего и были готовы открыть огонь. Узбекские богатыри верхом на быстрых как ветер лошадях, с длинными прямыми копьями то выскакивали вперед, то возвращались, а часть войска глядела на дорогу, как бы убежать[...]

Однако причиной смелости и храбрости борцов за веру было обилие воды в реке, готому что в эту пору полая вода в реке достигла предела и не было возможности перейти [ее][...] Ни у кого и мысли не было, что христианская пехота переправится через эту бушующую реку. Убежденные в этом [бухарские] воины были бодры и спокойны.

Настало время, когда командующий христианской армией отдал своим людям приказ наступать. Согласно приказу, христианские солдаты взяли в руки свои ружья, вошли в воду, без труда и утомления перешли ту глубокую реку, и все разом разрядили луки. Когда произошло это удивительное дело, сарбазы из отряда Хаджи и 'Османа также оказали сопротивление и из своих укреплений сделали русских мишенью своих стрел. После того как упомянутые сарбазы проявили смелость, христиане сразу побежали к укреплениям и напали на них. Они дрались в течение часа. Большинство сарбазов этих двух отрядов благодаря своему рвению не опозорило себя бегством и погибло на укреплениях. Из христианского войска также было убито много-людей. В то время когда сарбазы Хаджи Руми и 'Османа жарко бились с русскими, богатыри и борцы за веру, [находившиеся] на возвышенности, бросились бежать, не помышляя об оказании им помощи. Когда Хаджи Руми и 'Осман, принявший мусульманство, увидели, что войско, [стоявшее] на возвышенности, бросилось бежать и ниоткуда нет надежды на помощь, они с малым числом оставшихся от их отрядов сарбазов, большая часть которых была ранена, отступили. Эмиры и войска, бывшие на возвышенности, побросали, как и прежде, свои шатры, палатки, снаряжение и вещи, и не потому, что считали величайшей удачей спасение своей жизни, а потому, что, [видимо], приводили в исполнение содержание [стиха]: «Бежать от того, что непосильно, предлисывается посланниками бога». Мирза 'Абдал'азим Сами: ''Та'рих-и Салатин-и Мангитийа. (1907) История Мангитских Государей Правивших в Столице, Благородной Бухаре'' Издание текста, предисловие и примечания Л.М. Епифановой (Москва) 1962 pp75-6

Basically this passage describes how the Russians forded the Zarafshan river with ease, keeping their rifles dry, when the Bukharans believed it was impossible. Although they fought fiercely the Bukharan forces were defeated with relative ease by the Russians, and took to flight.

Enough citations? It is well-known that by the 19th century European armies enjoyed a marked superiority in artillery and military discipline over those of Asiatic powers: it was precisely this which allowed colonial conquest and expansion to take place so rapidly. The one exception was the Sikh Khalsa, and it is no coincidence that the Sikh Wars were the bloodiest and most hard-fought of all Britain's colonial wars in India. Sikandarji 19:58, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. But by the 19th century, most of the Central Asian khanates were already included in the Russian Empire. There were only a couple left, Kokand being one of them. I was thinking Russia versus the Crimean, Siberian, Astrakhan, Noghay, Kazakh and other earlier khanates, where the Russians had very little equipment advantage and paid dearly for any advance at all. The article should state that the Russian equipment advantage applies only to the 2-3 khanates remaining within present-day Uzbekistan in the 19th century, and not to the Central Asian "khanates" in general. Otherwise, it's a stereotyping overgeneralizing POV.

In common historical parlance, the "Central Asian Khanates" refers only to Khiva, Bokhara, Kokand and (occasionally) Yakub Beg's Kashgar. I don't think the Crimea can be said to be in Central Asia by any definition, whilst the loose political affiliations of the Kazakhs are generally known as "hordes" rather than khanates; furthermore although the Russians had nominal sovereignty over the little horde by the late 18th century, the Middle and Greater hordes had to be subdued by force in the 19th (there's a reference somewhere in the article to Kenesary Kasimov's campaign, which took place in the 1840s). With the three successor states of the Golden Horde - Kazan, Astrakhan, Sibir - you run up against the problem that people have different definitions of "Central Asia". My definition only includes the modern territory of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Chinese Turkestan (Kashgaria and Dzungaria) and Mongolia. Kazan and Astrakhan are in Europe. Sibir too far North to be considered part of "Central Asia" - that is my definition of the term, and it is one very commonly (though not universally) employed. The University of Indiana uses the (to me) cumbersome term "Inner Eurasia" which also includes Siberia and the Volga region, but as that isn't the title of this article it seems to me quite clear that these regions are not included here.Sikandarji 08:26, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So then, out of all the additional khanates that I've mentioned, only the Kazakhs are included in your definition of Central Asia. But you are quick to dismiss them as not comprising a khanate - I can't see why. The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1456-1465 on the banks of the Seven Rivers in present day south-eastern Kazakhstan. During the reign of Kasim Khan (1511-1523), the Kazakh Khanate expanded considerably. Muhammad Haidar Dughlat wrote in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi (1541), that the only earlier state in the region that could be compared in prominence to Kasim's Kazakh Khanate was the khanate of Batu Khan himself (a.k.a. the Golden Horde). Danila Kubin, the Russian ambassador to the Kazakh khan, wrote back to the czar in 1536 that the Kazakhs are the strongest of all the khanates in Central Asia.

 * The earliest mention of the three separate Kazakh "hordes" as comprising the Kazakh Khanate was recorded in 1616, but they did not become politically independent until 1715 - when Tauke Khan (the last all-Kazakh khan) passed away, and each horde elected their own khan. Expansion of Russian control into Kazakhstan occurred in 1731-1740, when the rulers of each of the three Kazakh hordes agreed in succession to be subjects to the czar.

 * The uprising under Kenesary Kasimov that you mentioned (1841-1847), occurred much later and was a failed Kazakh attempt at independence from the Russian Empire. In that case however, there was no significant equipment advantage on the part of the Russians, since Kenesary took control of the weapons industry and armed his troops with modern guns and artillery.

 * As you yourself pointed out, the Kazakh khanate had effectively ceased to exist by the time of the Russian conquest of the Steppe, even if one takes the earliest possible date for this. Although the Russians claimed sovereignty over the Kazakhs from the early 18th century, it was only in the territories of the little horde around Orenburg and the Ural river that they really exercised any authority. The notion that all the Kazakh hordes swore allegiance to the Tsar in 1731 is a myth perpetuated by Soviet historians anxious to establish as long a pedigree as possible for the "great friendship" between the Russians and the Kazakhs. The Tsars certainly claimed sovereignty over the Steppe from that date, but what they interpreted as tributary status the Kazakhs thought of as an alliance between equals. The conquest proper of the steppe did not take place until the 19th century, and in my view (and that of many historians) Kenesary Kasimov's rebellion should be viewed as resistance to the imposition of real authority over the Kazakhs by the Russians. It is true that he did his best to acquire the technological advantages which allowed the Russian Empire to expand so swiftly, but his success was limited. In any case, was his polity a "khanate"? I'm not sure - although I imagine he claimed Chingissid descent as did most Kazakh leaders. Sikandarji 22:48, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Dodgy map
The map shown at the top of the page shows the Soviet definition (fine), a UNESCO definition (fine) and a "common" modern "definition" (says who?). Really, I can see little grounds for including the latter. If the grouping is used by anyone of consequence (I don't know, NATO, the US?) - then fine. If it's something the creator of the map assumed was "general knowledge" - I say scratch it.

I would have thought that the UNESCO area is a far more common roughly defined region as far as people in general are concerned. Besides, who are we considering? The entire world? The West? Europe and the US? English-speaking Wikipedia editors?

It seems like fluff to me.

zoney ♣ talk 18:24, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The "common modern definition" is the one that the Central Asian states proclaimed to be the correct one, and is the one used by most of the recent references . - SimonP 18:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well then, "Common modern definition" should be changed to some other term to reflect the main force behind the definition. Of course, referring to the "Central Asian states" would be rather circular. zoney ♣ talk 23:32, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * See Central Asia. If there is PoV, it should be discussed in that article. Circeus 21:33, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the main problem with the map is that it's very misleading as-is: it implies that the Soviet definition comprised Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and that the "common modern definition" comprises only Kazakhstan (ans also that the UNESCO definition doesn't comprise any of those states). As for the validity of the phrase, "common modern definition," I think we could do with something better. However, it is certainly true that in the current, political context, "Central Asia" refers to all five of the countries I mentioned. You can see this in all references to the region by the US government, for example, as well as the myriad NGOs that work in the area and, most importantly, the five countries themselves. I propose two things: 1) that the Soviet part be removed (since as far as I can see it's redundant), and 2) that the two shaded areas should be, say, "UNESCO regional definition" and "current political definition". -- Hux 11:26, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

History of central asia
http://books.google.com/books?id=PtT5p-6V5FcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=4D9pO_4j9-4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 05:59, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Image
In the lead image: Would I be silly if I said the Unesco definition colour in the key should show pink and brown as I presume both are included not just the pink area excluding the brown; or is so obvious that everyone would know and it's not bother bringing up. Or could we alter the text in the key so the colour box for brown reads the 2 definition not one?  Carl wev   10:49, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

The first nomadic state
What state was the first nomadic state in the world? Xiongnu or Scythian state? : "From the second half of the 8th century bce, the Cimmerians were replaced by the Scythians, who used iron implements. The Scythians created the first known typical Central Asian empire. The chief thrust of their expansion was directed against the south rather than the west, where no major power existed and which thus offered little chance for valuable booty. In the late 8th century bce, Cimmerian and Scythian troops fought against the Assyrian king Sargon II, and, at the end of the 6th century bce, conflict arose between the Scythians and the Achaemenian king Darius I." Pazkyle (talk) 09:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

What does this mean?
Translating the text into another language, I have found a sentence I simply don't understand (section "Soviet Central Asia"): Similar processes occurred in Xinjiang and the rest of Western China where the PRC quickly established control from the Second East Turkestan Republic that controlled northern Xinjiang and the Republic of China forces that controlled southern Xinjiang after the Qing Dynasty.

Is this sentence even grammatically correct? What is the part with the Republic of China forces about? Should I read "Similar processes occured in ... the Republic of China forces that..." or "... the PRC quickly established control from ... the Republic of China forces that...", or should I leave out the "that" after "forces" ("... the PRC quickly established control from the 2nd ETR that controlled northern Xinjiang, and the Republic of China forces controlled southern Xinjiang...")

And in the following sentence: what are cotton cash crops? I mean, cash basically means money, doesn't it?

Sorry for disturbing. It may be simply that my English isn't good enough. I just wanted you to notice a sentence which at least isn't easily understandable.--KEO144000 (talk) 11:45, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

PS: I don't have a user page yet on English wikipedia. You may reach me on my Esperanto talk page if necessary (writing in English is perfectly OK).

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Ethnicities in Central Asia Maps
https://im6.ezgif.com/tmp/ezgif-6-baaaf40fa471.jpg

https://im6.ezgif.com/tmp/ezgif-6-04cc18742e5d.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atillata601 (talk • contribs) 21:33, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Atillata601 (talk • contribs) 21:35, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in History of Central Asia
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of History of Central Asia's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "CH141": From Hephthalites:  From Central Asian art:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 05:52, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Central Asia


text:
R.A. the Rugged Man

Richard Andrew Thorburn (born January 10, 1974), better known by his stage name R.A. the Rugged Man, is an American rapper and producer. He began his music career at age 12, building a reputation locally for his lyrical skills. Thorburn signed with major label Jive Records at age 18, but his debut album, Night of the Bloody Apes, was never released.

He was featured on all three of Rawkus's Soundbombing albums, as well as the platinum-selling WWF Aggression album. After a brief stint on Capitol Records (during which he recorded another unreleased album, American Lowlife), Thorburn signed with independent label Nature Sounds and released his official debut, Die, Rugged Man, Die. In 2013, Thorburn released his second album, Legends Never Die, via Nature Sounds.

In addition to his hip hop career, Thorburn has contributed to Vibe, King, Complex, Rides, XXL, The Source, The Ring, among others. He wrote and produced the cult film Bad Biology, and also hosts the web series "Film School" on MTV's Film.com.

1992–2003: Beginnings
In 1992, Thorburn signed with Jive Records, then in the mid-1990s signed with Priority Records/EMI. His contract was later absorbed by Capitol Records but he began recording independently in the early 2000s. He was featured on all three of Rawkus's Soundbombing albums, as well as the platinum-selling WWF Aggression album, performing the theme song for Chris Jericho. In Ego Trip Vol. 1, Issue 3, The Notorious B.I.G. was quoted as saying, "And I thought I was the illest," when referring to Thorburn.

2004–2012: Die, Rugged Man, Die, film cameos & magazine writing
In 2004, Thorburn released his first album Die, Rugged Man, Die through Brooklyn-based label Nature Sounds. He has cameos in several music videos including Havoc from Mobb Deep's I'm the Boss, Sadat X's Throw the Ball and Masta Killa's Old Man featuring RZA and Ol' Dirty Bastard.

Thorburn's verse on Uncommon Valor: A Vietnam Story was named by HipHopDX as the "Verse of the Year".

Thorburn wrote a monthly movie column for Mass Appeal Magazine, was a contributor to The Ego Trip Book of Rap Lists (St. Martin's Press) and Ego Trip's Big Book of Racism (HarperCollins), and has written numerous articles for other magazines including Vibe, King, Complex, Rides and XXL.

A horror film fan, Thorburn has written three screenplays with cult film director Frank Henenlotter and is writer-producer of the Henenlotter film Bad Biology. The film has an original score by Josh Glazer (J. Glaze) with additional production by Prince Paul, and cameos by Playboy model Jelena Jensen and Penthouse Pet Krista Ayne. Thorburn is working on his directorial debut, a film based on his family, God Take, God Give.

2013–present: Legends Never Die and All My Heroes Are Dead
Thorburn's second studio album Legends Never Die was released on April 30, 2013. Guest appearances include Brother Ali, Masta Ace, Tech N9ne, Talib Kweli, Hopsin, Eamon, and Krizz Kaliko. His first single of the album was "The Peoples Champ", the second was "Learn Truth" feat. Talib Kweli. Upon release the album debuted at number 1 on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, number 17 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and at number 131 on the Billboard 200. In 2016, Thorburn was featured on German rapper Kool Savas studio album Essahdamus on the song "Wahre Liebe".

The third studio album by Thorburn, All My Heroes Are Dead, was released on April 17, 2020 and debuted #22 on the US Billboard Top Current Album Sales and #3 on the UK R&B Albums. It features artists like Ghostface Killah, Eamon, Atmosphere, Ice-T, Vinnie Paz, Brand Nubian, Chino XL, M.O.P. and Onyx.

On a December 2021 podcast for political commentator Tim Pool, Thorburn nearly got into an altercation with Pool on air after Pool called him a "racist prick". Thorburn said that Pool was white and claimed Pool had never experienced racism, and he also accused Pool of promoting Derek Chauvin, and making excuses for the men who murdered Ahmaud Arbery, saying to Pool that "lives have been lost by police, and you were there bootlicking the fucking cops."

Personal life
Thorburn's father, Staff Sgt. John A. Thorburn, was a Vietnam veteran. His brother Maxx was born disabled and blind, eventually dying at the age of 10. Thorburn's sister, Dee Ann, died in 2007 at the age of 26. Thorburn tells his father's story in "Uncommon Valor: A Vietnam Story," from the Jedi Mind Tricks album Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell. John A. Thorburn died of cancer on January 7, 2010. Thorburn is of German, Scottish and Sicilian descent.

Thorburn has two children: Ella (born in 2016) and John A. Thorburn (born in 2017).

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * 2004: Die, Rugged Man, Die
 * 2013: Legends Never Die
 * 2020: All My Heroes Are Dead

 * Compilation albums
 * 2009: Legendary Classics Vol 1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: R.A. the Rugged Man


text:
Department of Environment and Local Government (New Brunswick)

The Department of Environment and Local Government is a part of the Government of New Brunswick. It is charged with maintaining relationships with New Brunswick's municipalities, administering its unincorporated Local Service Districts and the administration of its environmental policy, including the Province's Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation.

The department was established on March 23, 2000 when Premier Bernard Lord restructured the New Brunswick Cabinet. It was a merger of the former Department of Environment and part of the former Department of Municipalities and Housing. On February 14, 2006 it was split into the Department of Environment and the Department of Local Government. On March 15, 2012 it was re-established when the departments of Environment and Local Government were merged under the incumbent Minister of Local Government Bruce Fitch.

Ministers
* Holder continued as minister in the new Department of Environment. ** Fitch had been serving as minister of local government.


text:
California State Route 283

U.S. Route 101 Business is a business loop of U.S. Route 101 that runs along Wildwood Avenue in Rio Dell in Humboldt County, California. Its southernmost section between US 101 near Scotia to the north end of the Eel River Bridge is legally defined as an unsigned state highway, State Route 283 (SR 283). The route was defined in 1970 as a transfer from a realigned US 101 after a freeway bypass was built.

Route description

State Route 283 spurs out of US 101 near Scotia, south of Rio Dell, while carrying US 101 Business from that intersection to the Eel River Bridge. After crossing the bridge, SR 283 ends and US 101 Business continues north through the center of Rio Dell to US 101 in the northern part of the city.

SR 283 includes the length of the Eel River Bridge, keeping its maintenance to Caltrans. The bridge itself was built in 1941, when U.S. Route 101 ran through what was then known as Eagle Prairie. In 1977, the bridge was renamed the Albert Stanwood Murphy Memorial Bridge, in honor of the Pacific Lumber Company president who assisted the Save the Redwoods League. In 1990, the bridge was given a second name, the Eagle Prairie Bridge, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the bridge's construction and the 25th anniversary of Rio Dell's incorporation.

SR 283 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

title: California State Route 283


text: Talk:California State Route 283

title: Talk:California State Route 283


text:
SciTrek

The Science & Technology Museum of Atlanta, usually known as SciTrek, was located at 395 Piedmont Avenue (33.766°N, -84.3816°W) in Atlanta, Georgia, next to the Atlanta Civic Center. It was forced to close in August 2004 due to reduced federal and state funding. All of its displays were sold or auctioned on January 15, 2005. Some of the assets, such as the Challenger Learning Center, were transferred to Fernbank Science Center, also in Atlanta.

From concept to reality
In 1982, Mary O'Connor and Sue Trotter, fellow Junior Leaguers and longtime neighbors in Brookwood Hills, decided to pursue a science museum for Atlanta.

SciTrek was incorporated in 1982, with an initial grant from the Metropolitan Foundation. The Metropolitan Foundation is a nonprofit corporation guided by a 31-member board of directors headed by Robert W. Scherer, the Georgia Power Co. chairman and chief executive officer.

With help from the city of Atlanta, the city committed 96,000 square feet of the Atlanta Civic Center exhibition space to the Science and Technology Museum of Atlanta. The Robert W. Woodruff Foundation donated $1 million. After years of planning and fundraising SciTrek-The Science & Technology Museum of Atlanta finally opened its doors to the public on October 29, 1988.

The early years
SciTrek opened with 34 staffers, 150 volunteers, and a $2.5 million annual budget. During the three-day grand opening, 11,000 visitors toured the museum. By the end of its first full fiscal year, SciTrek reported 350,000 visitors to the museum. Museum organizers projected attendance would eventually reach 1 million.

In 1991, SciTrek reported more than 750,000 visitors, most of whom were schoolchildren. In April 1997, Gwen Crider, former deputy director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, replaced Gene Brandt as president and executive director of SciTrek. In the October 2001 issue of Good Housekeeping magazine, SciTrek was named one of the country's 10 best science museums.

Even after suffering a 24% drop-off in visitors between 1993 through 1999, SciTrek decided during the 1999 fiscal year to retire its long-standing debt of $3 million. On December 1, 2000, Lewis A. Massey, former Georgia secretary of state, took over as SciTrek president and chief executive officer.

Troubled years
By January 2001, SciTrek's finances were in dire condition, having lost $80,000 to $100,000 a month over the previous six months. The museum had a deficit for the previous three years, reaching $700,000 for fiscal 2000. The board extended a 90-day reprieve for SciTrek instead of closing it down immediately. By June 2001, the State of Georgia, which had provided an annual $175,000 grant to SciTrek, threw in an additional $300,000 to help keep the museum afloat. During August 2002 the following year the Georgia Assembly allocated $425,000 to SciTrek and began a capital campaign to help raise $5 million.

In January 2003, the Challenger Learning Center, a $1.7 million simulated space shuttle mission, opened to the public. In December 2003, SciTrek named technology industry executive, Scott Coleman, as president and CEO, replacing Massey, who left to join a lobbying firm. In June 2003, the Georgia Department of Education budget for the 2004 fiscal year cut funding for SciTrek by 10 percent.

Exhibits
SciTrek once housed more than 140 exhibits appealing to all age ranges. The interactive displays offered visitors the opportunity to explore and discover the marvels of the scientific world, with a special KidSpace section (originally based upon the Kidspace exhibit area at COSI) specially designed for 2 to 7 year olds. The Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond exhibit detailed the major achievements in the history of mathematics from the twelfth century as well as explaining mathematical formulae including Kepler's laws of planetary motion and probability theory. Other exhibits focused on electricity generation in unusual ways, creating energy from magnetism, "freezing shadows", or stepping inside a kaleidoscope.

Challenger Learning Center
SciTrek's Challenger Learning Center was a $1.7 million, simulated NASA space shuttle mission which opened to the public in January 2003. Upon SciTrek's initial closure, the Challenger Learning Center was put up for auction. Several museums and science centers expressed interest in acquiring the Challenger Learning Center for their facility. None of the entrusted facilities or museums were able to come up with the purchasing cost of $1.7 million. As a result, Challenger Learning Center, with its advanced computers and flight technology, was almost sent to the scrap yard.

Turner Broadcasting System stepped in and raised the money needed to purchase SciTrek's Challenger Learning Center, which was relocated and donated to Atlanta's Fernbank Science Center. SciTrek's name, intellectual property, computers, materials from the Edison exhibit, science education curriculum and programs were transferred to Valdosta State University in 2005. The new SciTrek is closed to the public, but serves as an educational center for teachers and students in South Georgia.

STARS
STARS: SciTrek Amateur Radio Society operated W4WOW, an amateur radio station located in SciTrek. STARS operated on CW, SSB, FM, and PSK-31 frequencies along with others. The frequency bands most often used by the group were HF, UHF, and VHF.

When SciTrek was in operation, the group met on the first Sunday of every month at the ham radio station in the museum.

Tech High
In August 2004, the charter school Tech High opened inside the SciTrek Civic Center building. The school was a public-private hybrid.

title: SciTrek


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"The Biggest Toy Store"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - merged - SimonP 19:39, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

"The Biggest Toy Store"
Please note Jonel's comment below. A merge requires the edit history to be saved per GFDL. This should NOT be deleted but redirected as the final part of the merge. Mgm|(talk) 10:04, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

I've merged the minimal content into the Toys R Us article. There's hardly anything here and it doesn't merit its own article.  Barfooz  (talk)  01:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete not worth an article, hardly even worth a subtopic in Toys R Us (Comment by Jtkiefer 01:24, 6 Jun 2005)
 * Speedy delete. Gamaliel 01:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Personally I wish the speedy delete criteria were relaxed a little. However, it's clearly not malicious in intent or content-free. It's just misplaced and doesn't require an article. -- Barfooz  (talk)  01:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Part of Toys R Us DirectorStratton 01:47, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and write a small blurb or something in Toys R Us about how the biggest toy store int he world is the Manhattan branch of Toys R Us. -CunningLinguist 02:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Done - Barfooz  (talk)  02:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Next time you merge an article's content into another article, please redirect to whatever page to which you merged the unwanted article rather than putting it on VfD. Once you've merged it, the GFDL requires that we keep the page's history, and therefore deleting the page (which takes the history with it) is not a valid option. -- Jonel 02:52, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What should the redirect be renamed to, then? Obviously, "The Biggest Toy Store" is not a good option. Largest toy store maybe? -- Barfooz  (talk)  03:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Jonel is correct. Redirect, alrhough a rename per Barfooz, might be smart idea to do first. Mgm|(talk) 10:02, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete minimal content already merged. JamesBurns 10:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge content (which someone already did) and redirect. The "Biggest Toy Store" is a slogan for the company and noting that somewhere on the Toys R Us page should explain that.--Mitsukai 16:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Basically an ad. ShureMicGuy 19:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created today, all edits are to VfD. RickK 23:01, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Good idea but defintely misplaced, which seems to have been dealt with accordingly.Not encyclopediac in the way it was used.Jan Bei 1:40, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Set it to redirect to Toys R Us page. --michael180 14:47, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and do not redirect. Having that manner of redirect would essentially be putting a pro-Toys R Us POV in the title structure of Wikipedia.  Also, if it were to be renamed to be something like "Manhattan branch of toys-r-us", would that then mandate us to create articles like "Calgary westhills branch of ATB" or something similar?  Falcon 19:02, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Having a company's slogan redirect to the company is hardly POV. -- Jonel 19:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obvious ad. Doesn't make sense at all. It is the largest in size, largest in merchandise, largest in number of shoppers? Where is the link to the source of the research that determined the fact in question? Gbeeker 18:48, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Obvious brag. Could be an article under `Worlds largest toy store`, but that would have to contain `largest` by size, products etc, history of who has been largest etc.. This article as it is, when the info is added to `ToysRsUs`, must be deleted.
 * Speedy delete as vanity ad and hoax. --SuperDude 17:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Bloedel Reserve

The Bloedel Reserve is a 150 acre forest garden on Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States. It was created by Virginia and Prentice Bloedel, the vice-chairman of the lumber company MacMillan Bloedel Limited, under the influence of the conservation movement and Asian philosophy. The couple wished to capture the essence of the Japanese garden—the qualities of naturalness, subtlety, reverence, tranquility—and construct a Western expression of it. Although the Reserve includes a traditional Japanese garden, the Bloedels' approach for the rest of the property stands in contrast to that of 'Japanese gardens' which achieve their effects through the use of ornament. The Bloedel Reserve has both natural and highly landscaped lakes, immaculate lawns, woods, a stone garden (formerly the swimming pool where poet Theodore Roethke drowned in 1963), a moss garden, a rhododendron glen, and a reflection garden designed with the assistance of landscape architects Richard Haag, Thomas Church, Kazimir Wall, and Danielle Stern. The Bloedels' French Chateau-style home, including many original furnishings, is preserved as a visitor center.

The Reserve opened to the public in 1988 as a family run foundation and registered as a 501(c)3 public charity in 2010. It is open year-round.

title: Bloedel Reserve


text:
Talk:Sydir Kovpak

End of Kovpak's partisans
I vaguely remember anything about the end of Kovpak's resistance in WWII. As far as I remember, his forces perished in what was expexted to be a battle with much superior German force but Kovpak was airlifted to safety by the order of Stavka. Whatever it was, could someone add this story to an article? It is a significant fact, I think. -Irpen 01:27, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

The article I read about Kovpak partisans ( http://www.communist.ru/lenta/?745) said nothing about his unit being destroyed.

At the end of the article it says: "The elite SS units sent to destroy Kovpak's partisans encircled his units but were unable to defeat them. Kovpak managed to break through encirclement after he divided his force into numerous small groups. Most of his partisans made to back to the forests of Polesie (northern Ukraine and southern Belarus). Later they once again united into one mighty Kovpak's force. In January 1944 they were renamed into the 1st Ukrainian partisan division named after their commander - Sydor Kovpak." I was not able to find any more info on this in other sources. (Fisenko 01:46, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC))

OK, looks like I was wrong about airlift. Here is a good article in Zerkalo Nedeli (Kiev) to use in expanding this WP article. There is more if one enters "Ковпак" in the search string at newspapers site www.zerkalo-nedeli.com. Quote:

 * После упомянутого уже Делятинского сражения, где немцы силами специально натасканных для боев в горах альпийских дивизий разгромят состоявшее в большинстве своем из гражданских лиц соединение Ковпака, его остатки, разделившись на несколько групп, широким веером будут пробиваться на Полесье, к своим. С одной из групп из Карпатского рейда невредимым вернется и сам Ковпак. Получив об этом известие, Сталин изречет — тоже пересказанную под обещание молчать — историческую фразу:

 * — Нужно сохраныт для Украины народного гэроя.

 * Ковпака, наградив, отправят в тыл — в Киев, к генералу Строкачу, в Украинский штаб партизанского движения. А прославленное его соединение сумских партизан переформируют в 1-ю Украинскую партизанскую дивизию имени Ковпака. Командовать ею и поставят Петра Вершигору.

-Irpen 03:39, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Name transliteration, Ukranian or Russian?
Quite a difficult topic to discuss, although Kovpak was Ukranian and most of his actions took place in Ukraine, by Wikipedia's default, most of the history WWII on the eastern front is given using Russian transliteration (e.g. battle of Kharkov, storming of the Dniepr, defence of Odessa...). I think there is a case for moving the article to Sidor Artemovich Kovpak.

Kuban kazak 14:55, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I suggest to leave it as is. Kovpak is not such a household name even among the WW2 fans. Also, he had an active post-War career in Soviet Ukraine. A clearly Ukrainian person in every possible way. Let's keep the Ukrainian name. --Irpen 15:30, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * He lived not only during WWII. He was born into a Ukrainian family, he lived most of his life in Ukraine. What is the reason to change his name?--AndriyK 15:51, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * He was a SOVIET General and a Hero of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Army used Russian and the names of non-Russian Soviet commanders generally go into history as they were written in Russian. Furthermore, this man was a communist and more than likely *saw* himself as Soviet first, and then Ukrainian. Aadieu (talk) 01:09, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

...as well as against Denikin's White Army in a legendary Vasily Chapayev's cavalry division.
This is and obvious geographical nonsense, because Chapayev never fought against Denikin.--Paul Siebert (talk) 06:22, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:08, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Kovpak partisanki.jpg

title: Talk:Sydir Kovpak


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/History of Central Asia/archive1

History of Central Asia
Mostly the product of a March COTW on Central Asia, with this article spun off towards the end of the week. I have recently done some polishing and added a lead section, but it probably still needs a once over for grammar and spelling. The biggest issue is that it covers such a huge subject that everything is given pretty short shrift, but this is mostly unavoidable. - SimonP 01:27, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * A few things from my first read through, the map in the article is not very informative, Image:Central Asia borders.png would be better. And how does western China fit in to the general history of Central Asia (was it let out for a reason?)?--nixie 02:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I replaced the map, but the new one is still not perfect. I picked one that had the names of the countries, which I thought might be useful. I feel the focus of the article should be on the five Central Asian states, but I agree we should have more on western China. I have added a bit on the subject, but more would be good. - SimonP 04:29, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the focus, but since there is a shared cultural/linguistic history it seems weird just to leave W.China out. I think the structure and sectioning is very good and as a summary for such a huge topic it is great. Are you planning to use a type of inline citation, it will probably be asked for on FAC?--nixie 05:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * My impression is that inline citations are mainly needed for statistics and for anything that might be controversial. A general overview article such as this should really try to avoid both of these, but there are a handful of in text references. - SimonP 15:26, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Troy Murphy

Troy Brandon Murphy (born May 2, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player who played twelve seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Murphy was born in Morristown, New Jersey but grew up in Sparta Township. He attended the Delbarton School and the University of Notre Dame, both of which are Roman Catholic schools. During his time at Notre Dame, he was a two-time consensus All-American before declaring himself for the 2001 NBA draft, where he was selected by the Golden State Warriors with the 14th overall pick. Murphy has since graduated from Columbia University.

High school
Murphy was a standout performer for Delbarton School in Morristown, New Jersey and coach Dan Whalen.

His breakout year was as a sophomore when he averaged 20.5 points per game and 11.8 rebounds, earning first team all-county honors. He followed up his sophomore year with a successful junior campaign, averaging 23.5 points and 10.5 rebounds and All-State honors. His senior year would be his most successful season as he led Delbarton to a 20–6 record and the state quarterfinals.

For the season he averaged 33.0 points per game (on 56.8 percent shooting), to lead the state in scoring along with 14.8 rebounds and 3.2 blocks per game. At the end of the season he was named Morris County Player of the Year by the Newark Star-Ledger and the most valuable player for his team at the prestigious Capital Classic in Washington, D.C.

College career
Murphy played college basketball at the University of Notre Dame. He led the Irish in scoring and rebounding in each of his three seasons, averaging 21.8 points and 9.2 rebounds during the 2000–01 campaign. A consensus first-team All-American as a junior and sophomore, he is one of 10 Irish players to earn consensus All-American honors (which includes six players named on more than one occasion).

Murphy shared Big East Conference Player of the Year honors with Troy Bell of Boston College in 2001 and joined an elite group of four players—Chris Mullin (St. John's), Patrick Ewing (Georgetown) and Richard Hamilton (Connecticut)—as the only two-time winners of the award. He was named to the John R. Wooden Award All-America Team for the second consecutive year, finished fifth in the balloting for the Wooden Award and was among the top three finalists for the Naismith player-of-the-year honor. A first-team all-Big East selection for two seasons, Murphy also was named the Big East Rookie of the Year in 1999.

He became just the fifth player in Notre Dame history to score more than 2,000 career points and finished his career fifth on the all-time scoring list with 2,011 points. Murphy is the only player to score more than 2,000 points and grab more than 900 rebounds (924) in 94 career games. He left Notre Dame with career averages of 21.4 points and 9.8 rebounds. Murphy was a starter in 93 games during his career and scored in double figures in 92 of those 94 contests.

In addition to finishing fifth on the all-time career scoring list, upon his departure from the University, he ranked second in blocked shots (126), free throws made (587) and free throws attempted (755), sixth in rebounding and field goals made (680) and ninth in field goals attempted (1,370).

On January 23, 2016, Murphy was inducted into Notre Dame's Ring of Honor.

Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)
Murphy was selected 14th overall in the 2001 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors. After starting slowly, he showed promise toward the end of the season. He realized this promise in his second pro season, averaging a double-double – 11.7 pts and 10.2 boards – and finishing second in Most Improved Player voting. He also started the Rookie Challenge as the Sophomores' power forward. However, his three-point shooting that was a huge part of his college success was nearly absent, as he only attempted 14 three-pointers during the year, making five. He spent the next offseason working extensively on his outside shooting; however, he never got much of a chance to test out his new jumper in 2003–04 after a series of injuries limited him to 28 games, with no starts.

However, he did attempt 17 threes in those games. With that part of his arsenal seemingly ready to go, Murphy spent the following offseason working on strength and conditioning as he looked to be a more well-rounded and complete player. While he had one injury scare the next season, he played in 70 games, and rediscovered his three-point shot, attempting nearly three per game. He averaged 15.4 points and 10.8 rebounds and finished 22nd in Western Conference All-Star voting that year. His numbers dropped off slightly in 2005–06 to 14.0 and 10.0 per game.

Indiana Pacers (2007–2010)
On January 17, 2007, Murphy was involved in an 8-player trade that sent him, Mike Dunleavy Jr., Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for Stephen Jackson, Al Harrington, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell. During his time with the Pacers, Murphy's three-point shot improved even more. Against the Utah Jazz on March 10, 2009, Murphy made seven out of his first eight three-pointers in the first half.

New Jersey Nets (2010–2011)
On August 11, 2010, the Pacers traded Murphy to the New Jersey Nets in a four-team, five-player deal.

Boston Celtics (2011)
On February 23, 2011, the Warriors reacquired Murphy and a second round pick in exchange for Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric. On February 27, Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement. He was waived in time to be playoff-eligible for a new team. On March 2, 2011, Murphy signed with the Boston Celtics for the remainder of the 2010-11 NBA season. On April 22, 2011, Murphy played in his first career playoff game, a first-round game against the New York Knicks.

Los Angeles Lakers (2011–2012)
On December 17, 2011, Murphy signed with the Los Angeles Lakers for the 2011-12 NBA season. Over the season, he averaged 3.2 points in 16.2 minutes per game.

Dallas Mavericks (2012)
On November 2, 2012, Murphy signed with the Dallas Mavericks for the 2012–13 NBA season, replacing Eddy Curry. Murphy's final game in the NBA was played on November 28, 2012 in a 78 - 101 loss to the Chicago Bulls where he recorded 7 points, 2 rebounds and 2 blocks. He was waived the very next day on November 29 when Dallas signed guard Derek Fisher.

Personal life
Murphy earned $66,000,000 in his NBA career. He then attended the Columbia University School of General Studies, pursuing a degree in sociology. Murphy maintained a 3.8 GPA and made the dean's list, according to The New York Times. He has since graduated.

title: Troy Murphy


text:
Noland

Noland may refer to:

 * Noland (surname)
 * Noland (Oz), a fictional region near the Land of Oz
 * Noland Bay, an Australian body of water
 * Noland (Pokémon), a character in Pokémon Emerald and Pokémon Platinum video games

Dans le Manga One Piece écrit pas Echiro oda le nom Noland est évoqué comme un conte originaire de North Blue

title: Noland


text:
Talk:Alfa Romeo 159

Estoy recopilando información sobre Alfa Romeo 159, ya que estoy con el proyecto de hacer una maqueta del mismo, en particular el que usó J.M. Fangio. En particular busco datos sobre cotas, detalles y características técnicas. Desde ya muchas gracias por la información que puedan enviarme.

Matías E. Entenza dgentenza@yahoo.com

Estoy embarazada :D

Wouldn't the convertible be the Brera Spyder? -- stewacide 04:32, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, there will be no convertible 159. Well, you never know with those Italians of course. ;-)

Compact executive car?
I would be careful about using this term, it is a catchphrase used by some journalists rather than an established term. I'd say it's just a large family car - the reason is that every automaker tries to be "premium", so the term carries some POV. Nothing THAT important, but worth considering. Bravada, talk - 22:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm an automotive journalist, and I've never heard about the term "compact executive". If that is a term used by american journalists, I believe it makes no sense to describe a car that is not available in North America. However, "premium" is well established among most automotive publications in Europe. --Pc13 07:39, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Not North American, British (WhatCar and 4Car regularly give away awards for "best compact executives" and refer to BMW 3er and similar vehicles so in their reviews). Premium is well-established of course, it's just a vague term and it does carry some POV, as it is favorable to be viewed as "premium". Therefore I think that "large family car" would be a more neutral term.
 * On an unrelated note, I've just seen the Autobianchi A112 in your "created articles" section - I was wondering whether you would interested in collaborating to further expand and improve the article on this interesting car. I think there are enough sources to try to create a GA or even FA out of it. Let me know on my or the car's talk page! Thanks! Bravada, talk - 11:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Photos
It would be better to have a photo of the profile of the Sportwagon instead of the current photo, because now the differences between Sportwagon and berlina are not very clear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.81.28.30 (talk) 07:27, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Stupid question
I notice the "159 in film" section in the article. I know this isn't a forum, but I was wondering why a 159 was used in the first place? It's certainly not as fast as an Aston DBS, and all the other cars in the film were provided by Ford. Why choose what is essentially an executive saloon? Is Fiat/Alfa Romeo going to be sponsoring the next Bond film? Bob talk 23:14, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I think it was advert for US market introduction, better choice would have been of course the 8C model..when comparared to Aston --Typ932 T·C 08:26, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Aren't there 4 guys in it with submachine guns? If yes that would be a good reason. Bond villians traditionally have mercs.(82.3.41.139 (talk) 08:52, 1 November 2009 (UTC))

Production started in 2004
se the earliest vin number http://www.bozhdynsky.com/alfa-147-156-166-gt-production-dates/ YBSOne (talk) 11:16, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alfa Romeo 159


text:
User talk:Inpectore

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 01:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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I'm curious. What is the source for Image:Arms14h.JPG? We need to know for legal reasons so that the image can de defined for copyright reasons. Images with unknown sources and unknown copyright status can end up being deleted in case they breach copyright law.

Also, where is this new image being used by the Vatican in preference to the tiara-less one? I much prefer the one with the tiara, BTW. I think a papal coat of arms without a tiara is hideous looking, especially one that has a triple-tiered mitre, something that is a contradiction in terms, as mitres are never triple-tiered. Slán. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 01:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MOCcross2.JPG
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Untagged image
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Image copyright problem with Image:MOCBanner2.JPG
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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Sdrtirs (talk) 01:37, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

July 2012
Thank you for your contributions. One of your recent contributions to Salvatore J. Cordileone has been reverted or removed, because it contains speculative or unconfirmed information about a future event. Wikipedia has a policy called "Wikipedia is not a crystal ball", which discourages such edits. Please only add material about future events if it is verifiable, based on a reference to a reliable source. Thank you. Elizium23 (talk) 16:14, 27 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Please revert your changes, which are in violation of WP:CRYSTAL. Please join the discussion at Talk:Salvatore J. Cordileone. Elizium23 (talk) 16:18, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Inpectore


text:
Talk:Onmyōdō

While this article is pretty in-depth about the history of Onmyodo, it might be nice if it goes into more detail about the actual practices.

there is a separate article on onmyoji... should they be merged?
 * merged them

Note: The above two messages were added by User:Niz at 12:14, 21 June 2005 and 14:32, 23 June 2005 respectively, but were not signed. —Typhlosion 21:13, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

I made some grammatical changes to the Development section of the article, but I am afraid I may have changed its meaning. Someone who knows more should take a look at it and make sure it is still accurate. Caelarch 16:20, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I just cleaned it up a little. Today, I learned something! --Bluejay Young 01:05, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Wether or Onmyodo is considered a pseudoscience is of no consequence. This article should be purely about Onmyodo, not what modern science thinks of it. -- User:Brian at 6:41,10 August 2006

 * I disagree. The article is purely about Onmyodo currently. Firstly, stating that Onmyodo is pseudoscientific is a valuable way of putting the practice in a modern perspective, because it does demonstrably incorporate pseudoscience. Furthermore, the article is mostly made up of historical data translated from the equivalent Japanese article which, though in need of more specific sources, appears to be verifiable. Unless someone can define a specific conflicting viewpoint, I see no need for a POV dispute. Shiva Indis 07:20, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Cultural References
I just added a tidbit of a footware company being named Onmyōdō and I can't quite decide if it's more culture or more advert. If it's believed that it falls into the latter, feel free to remove. --Thisisbossi 02:40, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

This section seems a little long. RJFJR 18:32, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Five elements
Currently the article links to Five_elements_(Japanese_philosophy) for the five elements, but in the references to onmyodo I've encountered in modern media the Chinese version came up instead, so I'm a bit surprised to see the article makes no further mention of what concept of the elements was used in onmyodo. 213.10.112.111 (talk) 18:35, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Pff study Onmyōdō
Pff study Onmyōdō from 2006 yepp Onmyōdō available only for descendants of the clans onmyoji. This is not only technics. This is a curse for which to pay dearly. A "study" is just another deception. This is not a doctrine is something to which people have dared to when there was no other way to stop the demons. And in the Xia only hides the name of God. Triune and asexual God. But this name is not Jesus. But maybe other His Name before Christmas. :) maybe .... Maybe so no need to do. But since they could be seen properly :-/ 95.28.178.172 (talk) 15:31, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

References for Cultural references
Dear : if you consider that my reference (unlike 17 of the existing 18 cultural references, mind you), has a particular need for reliable sources, by all means feel free to add tag, but please refrain from carelessly undoing other people's contributions.

I know you might mean well and believe that it will encourage people to redo their work, but it actually just bullies people away. In my case, after you reverted my contribution twice, I won't make any further efforts to add to Onmyōdō's cultural references.

Amenadiel (talk) 22:26, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello Amenadiel, it wasn't "careless" - we recently had a long discussion that concluded that cultural references should include reliable secondary sources. This means that material without such sources can be removed and should not be restored without good sourcing - this is why I removed not only "your" entry but also a number of others without sourcing. You are welcome to restore the entry if you can provide a reliable secondary source for it. Nikkimaria (talk) 22:55, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

I can still see 17 references with no reliable secondary source whatsoever. Moreover, I'm calling you out not because you broke any explicit rules, but instead because you didn't care about the contribution itself nor the integrity of the article. You just applied a standard preset. It might be valid in the eyes of a self-appointed moderator board, but it does scare casual contributors away. Most of them, I'm sure, just leave silently.

Amenadiel (talk) 00:34, 28 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Amenadiel, if you believe there are other entries that warrant removal, by all means, have at it; we have no moderator board, anyone can edit. After all, it is important to the integrity of not only this article but Wikipedia that we maintain our standards of verifiability with reliable sourcing. Nikkimaria (talk) 02:02, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I get it, you're right. My vision might be skewed because I can see that RfC: Are "in popular culture"... didn't settle the issue of dealing with past entries, and it's almost impossible to enforce the quality of existing content, so you focus on incoming editions. Considering this, I can't argue that my contributions were unfairly scrutinized, because every recent contribution is.

Consensus for navbox
Can we add Witchcraft to this article? I've been reverted twice by an IP editor, first without explanation and then incorrectly claiming that the template does not link here. Since it does, it seems uncontroversial to add it here. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 18:19, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

Mistaken Link?
Hello, the Tsuchimikado Family mentioned in the first paragraph of the article are not the same as the link provided, which goes to an article about Emperor Tsuchimikado: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado. There is no English article about the Tsuchimikado Family. Here is the related Japanese article: 土御門家: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BE%A1%E9%96%80%E5%AE%B6 May I suggest to remove the link or provide the link to the Japanese article? -Thank You — Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.215.227.159 (talk) 11:56, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Onmyōdō


text:
Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest

Poland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 26 times since its debut in. The Polish participant broadcaster in the contest is Telewizja Polska (TVP).

Poland's debut in the contest in remains its most successful entry, with "To nie ja!" by Edyta Górniak finishing second. This remains Poland's only top five result in the contest. The country reached the top ten for the second time with Ich Troje finishing seventh in. Poland then failed to qualify from the semi-finals in six out of seven years between 2005 and 2011, before withdrawing from the contest in 2012. Since returning in 2014, Poland had qualified for the final for four consecutive years (2014–2017), achieving a third top ten finish in, with Michał Szpak finishing eighth. The country failed to qualify three contests in a row (2018, 2019, and 2021), a streak that ended with Ochman finishing 12th in 2022.

History
Telewizja Polska (TVP) is a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 1 January 1993, thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest since then. It has participated in the contest representing Poland since its in 1994. Before becoming a member of the EBU, earlier contests had often been broadcast on TVP.

TVP first ever entrant was at the 1994 contest: "To nie ja!" by Edyta Górniak is also by far the most successful Polish entry to date, receiving 166 points and placing second. Poland was almost disqualified that year though; there was no free-language rule in operation at the time, and a furor erupted at the dress rehearsal when Górniak sung the second half of "To nie ja!" in English. Six national delegations formally petitioned for Poland to be disqualified; however Eurovision rules required a majority of delegations (13 in this case) to complain before the European Broadcasting Union could examine the case for disqualification, so Poland was allowed to remain.

The Polish entry for the 1995 contest was again selected through internal selection. It was "Sama" by Justyna Steczkowska. Steczkowska could not replicate Górniak's 2nd place, receiving only 15 points and placing 18th out of 23.

During the competition in 1996, a qualifying round was organized with the aim of reducing the number of countries participating in the final of the competition. The qualifying stage was not televised or recorded, and national juries audited the studio versions of all competition proposals and awarded them points. Out of 29 works sent by public broadcasters, 22 entries qualified for the finals. The only country not participating in the qualifying round was the competition host, Norway. The 1996 entry was Kasia Kowalska with "Chcę znać swój grzech...". She qualified to the final and placed 15th with 31 points.

Poland competed in the 1997 competition with the song "Ale jestem", the first uptempo Polish entry, which was performed by Anna Maria Jopek. At the close of voting, she had received 54 points, placing 11th in a field of 25. In 1998 Poland was represented by band Sixteen. They performed the song "To takie proste" in the final of the competition, finishing 17th of 25 entrants, receiving 19 points.

In 1999 Mietek Szcześniak represented Poland with the song "Przytul mnie mocno". He was the first male singer who represented Poland. He placed 18th with 17 points. Due to the low results over previous five years, Poland did not participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000.

Poland returned to the 2001 contest following an enforced one-year absence. However, after they placed 20th out of 23, they had to withdraw again from the Eurovision Song Contest 2002. They did however return in 2003.

For the 2003 contest Poland organized its first public selection for Eurovision entry;Ich Troje and some of the biggest Polish music acts, such as Wilki, Blue Café and Varius Manx, participated in the pre-selection, it was no surprise when the group Ich Troje won the public vote ahead of Blue Café, placing 7th of 26 countries in the final. This placing allowed Poland to skip the semi-final of the 2004 contest, automatically qualifying for the final.

The Polish entry for the 2004 contest was again selected through National Final, the Krajowe Eliminacje. The winner was Blue Café with "Love Song". Group could not repeat Ich Troje's 7th place, receiving only 27 points and placing 17th.

In 2005 TVP went back to an internal selection, picking "Czarna dziewczyna", a multilingual song performed in Polish and Russian. Poland competed at the semi-final for the first time. The song just missed out on a place in the final, coming 11th in the semi-final with 81 points, only 4 points behind Latvia.

Poland's 2006 entry was chosen with the comeback of the public vote on TVP. Ich Troje were chosen again in 2006 with song "Follow My Heart", but could not repeat their 7th place from 2003. They failed to qualify for the final, coming 11th with 70 points in the semi-final only 6 points behind Macedonia. Poland's 2007 entry, "Time To Party", sung by The Jet Set, only finished 14th in the semi-final.

Poland's only appearance in the final between 2005 and 2011, was in 2008. Even then, its song ("For Life", sung by Isis Gee) only qualified as a jury wildcard and placed a lowly 24th in the final, ahead of only United Kingdom.

In the 2009, Poland selected Lidia Kopania and her song "I Don't Wanna Leave". She performed in the second semi-final on 14 May 2009, however she failed to qualify, finishing 12th with 43 points.

The 2010 entry for Poland was Marcin Mroziński with song "Legenda". He performed in the first semi-final on 25 May 2010 but he didn't qualify for the final, finishing 13th with 44 points.

In 2011, Poland was represented by Magdalena Tul, and the country's entry was sung in Polish. Her song was called "Jestem", translated as "I am". Although initially a favorite with bookmakers, "Jestem" failed to qualify, finishing last 19th with 18 points in the first semi-final. This remains the worst Polish result to date.

Members of the Polish OGAE have said at their annual convention that they would like Edyta Górniak to represent Poland for a second time. For years it was unknown if Górniak would enter Eurovision again, until when in 2016 she made a second attempt at representing her country in the contest, placing third in the national final.

2012–2013 absence
In December 2011, it was announced that Poland will not compete at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku. The Polish broadcaster stated that having to organize the European Football Championship 2012 (hosted by Poland and Ukraine) was a major factor in their non-participation. TVP informed esctoday.com that their decision to abstain would not hamper their chances of returning in. However, Poland confirmed on 22 November 2012 that they would not be participating in.

Return
TVP, the Polish national broadcaster has confirmed on 5 December 2013 that Poland will return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2014. On 25 February, it was announced that Donatan and Cleo would represent Poland with their song "My Słowianie". They qualified for the final placing 8th with 70 points, making it only the second time Poland has qualified for the final since 2008. Donatan and Cleo performed 9th in the final and ended up placing 14th out of 26, with 62 points. The duo fared clearly better with the televoters, finishing third in the semi-final and 5th in the final respectively.

In 2015 TVP has selected their entry internally again by choosing Monika Kuszyńska and her song "In the Name of Love". She was the first ever Eurovision participant to sit in a wheelchair during her performance, due to the fact that she was paralyzed after being involved in a serious car accident in 2006. Kuszyńska performed last in the second semi-final on 21 May 2015 and qualified for the final placing 8th with 57 points. In the final, she came 23rd out of 27 acts, receiving ten points. Alike Donatan and Cleo, she fared clearly better with the televoters, coming fourth in the semi-final and 15th in the final respectively.

At the beginning of October 2015, TVP confirmed its participation in the 61st Eurovision Song Contest. Although the original representative of the country was to be selected internally by the station's management, on January 26, 2016, TVP1 director informed that the Polish representative will be selected through national final. Because of this, the Krajowe Eliminacje returned in 2016. Edyta Górniak and some of the biggest Polish music acts, such as Margaret, Natalia Szroeder took part in the competition with Michał Szpak winning it. Szpak performed second in the second semi-final on 12 May 2016, and qualified for the final by finishing in sixth place, with 151 points. In the final, held on 14 May 2016, he performed 12th and placed 8th out of 26 acts, with 229 points, which gave Poland their third best result ever.

In 2017, TVP decided to host the second edition of the national final, the interest for turned out to be smaller. Kasia Moś and her song "Flashlight" was announced as a winner. Moś performed 11th in the first semi-final on 9 May 2017. She qualified for the final placing 9th with 119 points. In the final, held on 13 May 2017, she performed 2nd and came 22nd out of 26 acts with 64 points total.

Poland's run of qualifications came to an end in 2018, when the song "Light Me Up" by Polish DJ Gromee and Swedish vocalist Lukas Meijer, again chosen during the national final, failed to qualify to the final by placing 14th with 81 points in the second semi-final. It is the first Polish entry since its return to the contest in 2014, not to qualify for the final.

In 2019, TVP returned to an internal selection, after a successful internal choice of Roksana Węgiel who won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018. On 15 February 2019, it was announced that TVP has chosen Tulia to represent Poland in Tel Aviv. However Poland failed to qualify for the grand final by placing 11th with 120 points in the first semi-final only 2 points behind Belarus.

In 2020, TVP used the talent show Szansa na Sukces to select the Polish artist and song, having used the show to select the song "Superhero" performed by Viki Gabor for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019, which went on to win. Alicja Szemplińska won the national final with the song "Empires", winning both the public and the jury vote. However, the 2020 contest was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, TVP used an internal selection. On 12 March 2021 during the TVP2 programme Pytanie na śniadanie it was announced that Rafał Brzozowski would represent the country with the song "The Ride". Poland failed to qualify for the final, placing 14th with 35 points in the second semi-final.

In 2022, TVP used the national final Tu bije serce Europy! Wybieramy hit na Eurowizję to select its entry. The national final was held on 19 February 2022, with 10 entries competing, and was won by Ochman with "River". Ochman performed 14th in the second semi-final on 12 May 2022. He qualified for the final placing 6th with 198 points. In the final, held on 14 May 2022, he performed 23rd, where he placed 12th with 151 points.

In 2023, Tu bije serce Europy! Wybieramy hit na Eurowizję was again used to select the Polish entry. The national final took place on 26 February 2023, where Blanka won with the song "Solo". Her victory was met with a negative reception among Polish media and Eurovision fans. Blanka presented herself for the first time during the second semi-final of the competition on 11 May and qualified for the final from third place after scoring 124 points, the best result for Poland in a semi-final to date. In the final, she performed fourth and she finished in 19th place with 93 points.

In 2024, the broadcaster reverted to an internal selection process. On 19 February it was announced that Luna would represent Poland with "The Tower". She performed sixth in the first semi-final on 7 May, failing to qualify, and ultimately finishing 12th with 35 points.

Conductors
Their first two entries were conducted by Noel Kelehan.

Commentators and spokespersons
The contest was also aired on a radio station, Polskie Radio Bis in 1997, commentated by Artur Orzech.

title: Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest


text:
Granary

A granary is a storehouse or room in a barn for threshed grain or animal feed. Ancient or primitive granaries are most often made of pottery. Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals and from floods.

Early origins
From ancient times grain has been stored in bulk. The oldest granaries yet found date back to 9500 BC and are located in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlements in the Jordan Valley. The first were located in places between other buildings. However beginning around 8500 BC, they were moved inside houses, and by 7500 BC storage occurred in special rooms. The first granaries measured 3 x 3 m on the outside and had suspended floors that protected the grain from rodents and insects and provided air circulation.

These granaries are followed by those in Mehrgarh in the Indus Valley from 6000 BC. The ancient Egyptians made a practice of preserving grain in years of plenty against years of scarcity. The climate of Egypt being very dry, grain could be stored in pits for a long time without discernible loss of quality.

Historically, a silo was a pit for storing grain. It is distinct from a granary, which is an above-ground structure.

East Asia

Simple storage granaries raised up on four or more posts appeared in the Yangshao culture in China and after the onset of intensive agriculture in the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period (c. 1000 B.C.) as well as in the Japanese archipelago during the Final Jōmon/Early Yayoi periods (c. 800 B.C.). In the archaeological vernacular of Northeast Asia, these features are lumped with those that may have also functioned as residences and together are called 'raised floor buildings'.

China built an elaborate system designed to minimize famine deaths. The system was destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion of the 1850s.

Southeast Asia

In vernacular architecture of Indonesian archipelago granaries are made of wood and bamboo materials and most of them are built raised up on four or more posts to avoid rodents and insects. Examples of Indonesian granary styles are the Sundanese leuit and Minang rangkiang.

Great Britain

In the South Hams in southwest Great Britain, small granaries were built on mushroom-shaped stumps called staddle stones. They were built of timber-frame construction and often had slate roofs. Larger ones were similar to linhays, but with the upper floor enclosed. Access to the first floor was usually via stone staircase on the outside wall.

Towards the close of the 19th century, warehouses specially intended for holding grain began to multiply in Great Britain. There are climatic difficulties in the way of storing grain in Great Britain on a large scale, but these difficulties have been largely overcome.

Modern
Modern grain farming operations often use manufactured steel granaries to store grain on-site until it can be trucked to major storage facilities in anticipation of shipping. The large mechanized facilities, particularly seen in Russia and North America are known as grain elevators.

Moisture control
Grain must be kept away from moisture for as long as possible to preserve it in good condition and prevent mold growth. Newly harvested grain brought into a granary tends to contain excess moisture, which encourages mold growth leading to fermentation and heating, both of which are undesirable and affect quality. Fermentation generally spoils grain and may cause chemical changes that create poisonous mycotoxins.

One traditional remedy is to spread the grain in thin layers on a floor, where it is turned to aerate it thoroughly. Once the grain is sufficiently dry it can be transferred to a granary for storage. Today, this can be done by means of a mechanical grain auger to move grain from one granary to another.

In modern silos, grain is typically force-aerated in situ or circulated through external grain drying equipment.

title: Granary