text:
Götheborg (ship)

Götheborg of Sweden is a sailing replica of the Swedish East Indiaman Götheborg I, launched in 1738 (not to be confused with the larger Götheborg II built some decades later). All sailors survived when the original ship sank off Gothenburg, Sweden, on 12September 1745, while approaching the harbour on her return from a third voyage to China. Construction of the replica started in 1995, with the hull launched in 2003, and the rig fully tested for the first time in 2005. Much of the time was spent researching how to rebuild the replica. In 2008, Götheborg completed the first Baltic Sea Tour. It is one of the world's largest operational wooden sailing ships.

On 26 April 2023 the Götheborg effected a rescue at sea, coming to the aid of a yacht that had lost its rudder and was adrift.

Swedish East India Company
The Swedish East India Company was established on 14June 1731, to trade in East Asia. The company followed the Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English East India Companies. Situated in Gothenburg, the company secured a 15-year monopoly on far eastern trade, exchanging Swedish timber, tar, iron and copper for tea, porcelain and silk.

The company existed for 82 years and its vessels made 131 voyages using 37 different ships. Even though the company in the end went bankrupt, it made enormous profits during most of its years in operation and influenced the history of Sweden in several ways.

Original ship
Götheborg was built at the Terra Nova shipyard in Stockholm and launched in 1738. According to writer Björn Ahlander, it only took about one and a half years to build a ship of this size in the 1700s. It was built in the Swedish capital and named Götheborg because the Swedish East India Company resided in Gothenburg, and all expeditions began and ended at this port. The ship had a tonnage equivalent to about 830 MT. On its maiden voyage in 1739, the ship carried 30 cannons and an initial crew of 144.

The ship made three journeys to China and in 1745, it sank on its way into Gothenburg harbor. After 30 months at sea, and with only 900 m to go before the vessel reached its berth, it crashed into the Knipla Börö, a well known rock. Although it remains a mystery how this could happen theories abound. The ship remained stranded on the rock while much of the cargo, consisting of tea, porcelain, spices and silk was salvaged. The ship was clearly visible above the surface of the water for many years, but in time the remains sank to the bottom.

Sinking
It is still unclear what caused the ship to run aground due to the scarcity of contemporary written sources. Götheborg had a very experienced pilot on board, Caspar Matthisson (1712–1783) from Brännö, who had been a pilot for seven and a half years at the time of the accident. Even so, the ship suddenly ran aground, or crashed into, the underwater rock the Hunnebådan—in the 18th century known as the Knipla Börö and later the Götheborgs-grundet ("the Götheborg's rock") or the Ostindiebådarna ("the East India shallow").

The joint statement by captain Eric Moréen and the crew to the Göteborgs Rådhusrätt ("the Municipal Court of Gothenburg") on the 19September 1745 states that the weather on 12September was fair and clear, the wind amenable and blowing from south-west or west-southwest. These were ideal conditions since the wind would be coming almost straight from aft. Crossing the Rivöfjorden the ship met with the current from the northern part of Göta älv, Nordre älv. Navigation and sailing seems to have been correct up until the time of the accident. Sailing at a speed of 3 kn the ship suddenly veered to starboard and hit the rock. The cause may have been a now almost forgotten hydrographic phenomenon called dead water.

Hydrographic conditions at the mouth of the Göta älv in September 1745, are well known. The discharge of the Göta älv was unusually large due to heavy snowfall during the winter of 1744–45. The water level of Lake Vänern was also extremely high in 1745. These factors combined into an increase in the volume of fresh water flowing into the Älvsborgsfjorden, affecting the layers of fresh and salt water, making the conditions for dead water very favorable on 12September 1745. It may be that the Götheborg was suddenly trapped by dead water when making its final change of course, causing the ship to lose rudder function, go off course and run aground.

Excavation
In 9December 1984, five members from the Marinarkeologiska Sällskapet, Göteborgskretsen (MASG) ("the Marine Archeological Society of Gothenburg") dove at the Hunnebådan, the site of the shipwreck. One of the participants, Anders Wästfelt chairman of the MASG, wrote in his report: "Fair weather, sun, 7 °C in the air. Northwesterly wind 5 –. Water temperature 6 °C. Weak currents. Visibility in the water: Depth 0 –, visibility 0.5 m. Depth 4 m, visibility about 3 m. Depth 10 m, visibility about 5 m. Dives made between 12:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. … We picked up 38 pieces of porcelain. Three of these were almost undamaged. These were found on the softer sediments of the bottom. All the finds were on the bottom. No digging or use of a water eductor was done. The finds have been submitted to the Gothenburg Maritime museum."

Many porcelain shards were found strewn over the sea floor. In 1986, research in archives and examination of the wreck site had confirmed the find as the ship Götheborg from 1738, and the Gothenburg Maritime museum was given permission from the Swedish National Heritage Board to excavate the site. At the same time the East Indiaman Götheborg Foundation (the first foundation) was established, marking the beginning of one of Sweden's most comprehensive marine archeological surveys at the time. The purpose of the excavation was, among others, to use the wreck of the Götheborg as base for spreading knowledge about the history of Gothenburg and the significance of the Swedish East India Company during the 1700s.

The excavations were carried out during the summers 1986–1992. The seabed was first investigated using sub-bottom and side scan sonar. Secondly the divers went over the site with metal detectors and probes. To facilitate the excavations, the search area, measuring 26 by, was divided into a grid system comprising boxes measuring 2 by. The divers also had two giant suction devices, which sucked up sludge and clay into large sieves, where the smallest finds could be sorted. The remains of the cargo and the ship had settled during the years, together with fine clay, into a 30 to 40 cm thick carpet, hard to penetrate. A total of 5,750 finds were registered during the excavation. Most of it was porcelain, blue and white, blue and white with brown glaze, and multicolored made to order. In addition to this the finds also consisted of tea, mother-of-pearl shells, galangal, pepper, silk fabric, ingots of "tutanego" (these contained 99% zinc, 0,5% iron) not to be confused with paktong, cannonballs, lead shots, rapier handles, sword hilts, rigging material and objects belonging to the officers and crew. When compared to the Company's cargo list, which had been preserved, the finds from the excavation made up almost 10 per cent of the original cargo.

During the excavations the thought of building a replica of the Götheborg started to form among the divers who had found the ship. The decision to excavate and rebuild the ship has generated large interest over the years from researchers, volunteers, professionals, sponsors and the public. Knowledge about 18th century history, trade with China and the Swedish East India Company has thereby increased substantially.

Götheborg revived
When the wreckage of the vessel Götheborg was found in 1984, the idea to make a replica of the vessel emerged. The keel for the replica was laid on 11June 1995. This was done at the disused Eriksbergs wharf by the Göta älv in Gothenburg. Led by Master of Ceremonies Anders Wästfeldt, two silver coins, one from 1745, and one from 1995, were placed in the halved joints of the 33 m long keel. About 3,000 people attended the laying of the keel, including Sören Gyll, director of Volvo and professor Jorgen Weibull. The project was blessed by the vicar Alf Österholm.

The construction and historical design of the ship was made by Joakim Severinsson. The blueprints for the ship was approved by international classification society Det Norske Veritas in November 1995. All that was left of the Eriksbergs wharf were two-thirds of building berth number six, the large gantry crane and the dry dock. Around this, a new shipyard for building the Götheborg began to grow. A new ship's hall was built over the building berth, a timber workshop, a forge, a rigging workshop with a sail loft and some modern facilities such as a restaurant, offices and conference rooms were also added to the site. Since the wharf was built on reclaimed land, it seemed very apt to call it Terra Nova ("new land" in Latin) just like the wharf where the original vessel had been built.

The vessel was built using old, traditional techniques, and it was made as close to the original as possible. One small change was that the headroom of the deck was increased by 10 cm, since today's seamen are taller than their ancestors.

While the exterior remains true to the original, the interior is highly modern. The ship has an electrical system and propellers powered by diesel engines. The engines were only intended for port navigation and emergency situations, but they have been used during unfavourable wind in order to keep the timetable for the journey to China. Other enhancements include satellite navigation, communications equipment, modern facilities for the crew (kitchen, lavatories, washing machines, desalination equipment, ventilation, refrigerators), watertight bulkheads and fire protection (fire sprinkler systems, fire hydrants etc.). Most of this new technology was necessary to pass national and international safety regulations.

The vessel was launched on 6June 2003, with great festivities and in the presence of representatives from the Swedish royal family.

Ten tons of hemp ropes were used for rigging the vessel, together with some 1,000 blocks and 1,964 m2 linen sail. All this was produced using 18th century techniques. The first trial under sail began on 18April 2005.

Financing
At its completion in 2005, the project had cost about 250 million SEK (almost $40 million), some 40% from public funds and the rest from sponsors.

During the years the ship has been in the care of two foundations. The first foundation consisted of Volvo, SKF, Stena Line and the Port of Gothenburg among others. This foundation financed the ship up until the end of the journey to China and in 2010, its economical commitment ended. The second foundation, a non-profitable foundation, for the ship was created shortly afterwards. The business is operated by The Swedish East India Company Ltd. In January 2011, questions were raised about the future of the ship. The Gothenburg Municipality was willing to pay for the ongoing maintenance of the ship if sponsors made contributions for the expeditions and other activities. An immediate liquidation of the operation and turning the ship into a museum was also suggested. In February 2011, the future plans for the ship were postponed by the Västra Götaland Regional Council.

In August 2019, the Greencarrier Group announced they would be supporting and funding Götheborg's future sailing ventures. There are plans for the ship to sail to several different ports around the world, as well as taking part in different sailing events. There have also been talks of a new expedition to China.

Name
The correct name for the replica of the ship is the Götheborg III. It is a replica of the Götheborg I which sank outside Gothenburg in 1745. A second ship the Götheborg II was built in Gothenburg in 1786. It was the largest of all the SOIC vessels and it made three journeys to Canton: 2February 1788–13May 1790, 13November 1791–12June 1793, and on 5December 1795, the ship sailed for Canton but was lost at Cape Town on 8March 1796, on the way out from Gothenburg.

Crew
When leaving its home port the original ship could have over 130 crew members. Even though it was a high risk job under difficult conditions, the company did not have any problems recruiting sailors for these well paid jobs. Many of the recruits were poor young men, sons of farmers, seeking opportunity to become wealthy. The replica has a crew of 80 sailors.

Flag
The East Indiaman Götheborg is classified as a passenger ship sailing under the ordinary Swedish flag. But when in port, the ship is entitled to fly the old swallowtailed version of the flag, the SOIC flag (Svenska Ostindiska Companiet, "Swedish East India Company"), that the original vessel sailed under.

The flag used on Swedish boats is the ordinary, rectangular flag. Swedish warships, or ships carrying a military commander, fly the Swedish ensign a triple-tailed or swallowtail and tongue version of the rectangular flag. The Swedish East India Company displayed a fork-tailed or swallow-tailed flag on their ships. The intention was that the ship should resemble a warship and thereby not attract pirates. This was against the rules and regulations for flags at that time. The use of the swallowtail was prohibited in a royal decree in 1751, but the SOIC ignored this and ordered their flags in Canton instead. In a memorandum to the Riksdag in 2012, a proposition was made to a grant dispensation from the prohibition. The proposition was declined and the decree is still in effect.

Voyage to Southeast Asia and China 2005–2007
After various tests and achieving its safety certificates from Det Norske Veritas, the vessel sailed for China in October 2005, as the original vessel did, but it did not follow the same route. The vessel berthed at the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town, and then left for Hout Bay before continuing on its voyage. The voyage took some 18 months, and the crew of 80 were rotated during harbour stops. The vessel returned to Gothenburg on 9June 2007, welcomed by the president of China, Hu Jintao, who visited Sweden mainly for this reason, and by the King and Queen of Sweden, Carl Gustaf and Silvia. The ship was also welcomed by thousands of private boats, and a hundred thousand spectators on shore.

Among the harbours visited were Cádiz, Recife, Cape Town, Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. The total legs with cities visited and distances are listed below.

 * Leg 1 – Gothenburg via Vigo to Cádiz – 2,400 nmi,  ca 48 days
 * Leg 2 – Cádiz to Recife – 3,100 nmi, ca 32 days
 * Leg 3 – Recife to Cape Town – 4,200 nmi, ca 41 days
 * Leg 4 – Cape Town via Port Elizabeth – 1,000 nmi, 11 days to Fremantle – 4,800 nmi, 49 days
 * Leg 5 – Fremantle to Jakarta – 1,800 nmi, ca 24 days
 * Leg 6 – Jakarta to Canton – 2,000 nmi, ca 20 days and Shanghai – 900 nmi, ca 12 days
 * Leg 7 – Shanghai to Hong Kong – 900 nmi, ca 10 days and Singapore – 1,450 nmi, ca 21 days
 * Leg 8 – Singapore to Chennai – ? nmi and Djibouti (city) – ? nmi
 * Leg 9 – Djibouti via Suez Canal to Alexandria and Nice – ? nmi
 * Leg 10 – Nice via Gibraltar to London – ? nmi
 * Leg 11 – London to Gothenburg – ? nmi

The route to China approximately followed the original 18th-century route (around the south end of Africa), with an added detour to Australia (although in the 18th century, the ships usually avoided ports to avoid pirates). The journey home took a shortcut through the Suez Canal, which did not exist in the time of the original vessel.

Baltic sea tours 2008
Stopovers:
 * 🇸🇪 Norrköping (22 May – 25 May)
 * 🇸🇪 Stockholm (29 May – 6 June)
 * 🇫🇮 Helsinki (8 June – 16 June)
 * 🇪🇪 Tallinn (17 June – 22 June)
 * 🇫🇮 Turku (24 June – 26 June)
 * 🇸🇪 Nynäshamn (28 June – 1 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Visby (4 July – 13 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Norrtälje (15 July – 17 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Gävle (18 July – 21 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Sundsvall (23 July – 25 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Örnsköldsvik (27 July – 29 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Luleå (31 July – 3 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Kalmar (15 August – 17 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Karlskrona (22 August – 24 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Ystad (29 August – 31 August)

Scandinavian tour 2009
Stopovers:
 * 🇸🇪 Marstrand (13 June – 14 June)
 * 🇳🇴 Arendal (19 June – 21 June)
 * Frederikshavn (26 June – 28 June)
 * 🇳🇴 Sandefjord (1 July – 3 July)
 * 🇳🇴 Stavern (4 July – 5 July)
 * 🇳🇴 Ålesund (10 July – 12 July)
 * 🇳🇴 Stavanger (15 July – 17 July)
 * 🇳🇴 Farsund (19 July – 21 July)
 * 🇳🇴 Halden (23 July – 25 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Lysekil (27 July – 1 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Halmstad (2 August – 3 August)
 * 🇳🇴 Risør (6 August – 9 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg (11 August – 7 September)
 * 🇸🇪 Strömstad (9 September)

Summer tour 2010
Stopovers:
 * 🇸🇪 Stockholm (14 June – 20 June)
 * Frederikshavn (26 June – 28 June)
 * Amsterdam (19 August – 23 August)
 * 🇩🇪 Bremerhaven (25 August – 29 August)

European Tour 2012
Stopovers:
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg (30 June)
 * Den Helder (5 July – 7 July)
 * 🇫🇷 Brest (13 July – 19 July)
 * 🇩🇪 Bremerhaven (25 July – 29 July)
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg (3 August)

European Tour 2013
Stopovers:
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg (6 May)
 * 🇳🇴 Tønsberg (8 May – 10 May)
 * 🇳🇴 Moss (11 May – 13 May)
 * 🇳🇴 Oslo (14 May – 19 May)
 * 🇸🇪 Landskrona (24 May – 26 May)
 * 🇫🇷 Rouen (6 June – 16 June)
 * Den Helder (27 June – 30 June)
 * 🇩🇪 Kiel (20 June – 23 June)
 * Århus (4 July – 7 July)
 * 🇫🇮 Helsinki (17 July – 20 July)
 * Riga (25 July – 28 July)
 * 🇵🇱 Szczecin (3 August – 6 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Visby (9 August – 11 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Örnsköldsvik (16 August – 18 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Luleå (22 August – 25 August)
 * 🇸🇪 Norrtälje (30 August – 1 September)
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg (7 September)

Stamps
The Swedish postal service issued four stamps depicting the Götheborg on 4October 2003.

title: Götheborg (ship)


text:
Begur

Begur may refer to:

 * Begur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
 * Begur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
 * Begur, Gundlupet, Karnataka, India
 * Begur, Catalonia, Spain

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Begur


text:
Talk:Timescape

Benford as a character
Benford has admitted some similarities with and to identifying with the character of "Gregory Markham" in the 1998 thread. In the 1962/63 thread, Benford (and his twin brother) make a cameo appearance as two identical twins bugging character "Gordon Bernstein" about some incorrectly graded term papers. Lupo 12:39, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Importance
It seems to me this book should have importance "Mid" instead of "Low". After all, it has an imprint of books named after it, and seems comparable in influence to many books currently on the "mid" list. I'll wait a bit to make the change until I see if there are any comments here in favor of leaving its rating as low. SarahLawrence Scott 18:25, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

I've made the change to Mid importance.SarahLawrence Scott 20:57, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Editions
There's something funny about the sequence of editions to this book. The Reissue Edition claims "not a word was changed" from the original hard cover in the Front Matter, but a comparison with the original Pocket Books paperback shows at least one significant change: the Pocket Books edition has quotes from Newton, Einstein, and Davies at the start; the Reissue is missing the Einstein quote. I don't own the hardcover, so I can't compare there. But I'm curious what happened in that case, and if there are other changes. SarahLawrence Scott 18:25, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Imprint
Lets not forget to write an article on the imprint inspired by this book.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 20:07, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timescape


text:
SuperGun

A SuperGun (or super gun) is a device used to play arcade games in lieu of requiring a full arcade cabinet. The SuperGun can be used to display the image from an arcade game on an ordinary television.

Arcade games are conventionally played on the arcade cabinets for which they were originally designed, but these cabinets are large-sized and expensive. The supergun provides the universal cabinet interface in a greatly reduced size, allowing arcade games to be tested or enjoyed without needing the entire cabinet. Superguns frequently resemble video game consoles which plug into a television or monitor, and have detached joysticks and play arcade boards as if they were large cartridges. Some superguns are a large box with two arcade controllers side by side, resembling the top of a typical arcade cabinet.

A SuperGun contains the inner workings of a standard arcade videogame cabinet inside a small plastic or metal box. A SuperGun plugs into a JAMMA board and provides native RGB video output, usually through an SCART connector. As the SCART connector is not common on televisions in North America, a supergun may also convert the RGB signal into composite video, S-video, component video or VGA signals, with varying degrees of quality. Sound is by default mono line level as this is the Jamma standard, but many games offer non-standard stereo. Sound output is usually by either 3.5mm, or phono sockets.

While it is usually assumed that a supergun will automatically play JAMMA-compatible arcade boards, many systems support additional features not provided by JAMMA. The most common additional feature is wirings for extra buttons. This can be done with an extra set of wires that directly connect the supergun to the arcade board (called a "kick harness") or by wiring the extra buttons to some unused pins on the JAMMA connector itself. Regardless of the method used, these extra connections fall into the generic name JAMMA+. JAMMA only provides for three buttons per controller, but games requiring wiring for extra buttons have become common enough that many superguns support this out of the box as well.

Many arcade systems that don't have a JAMMA compatible connector can be played via adaptors that plug in between the SuperGun's JAMMA interface and the arcade board itself.

There exist many non-standalone arcade systems in the form of motherboards that will accept games built into cartridges, for interchangeability. For example, to play an SNK Neo-Geo game such as Samurai Shodown, one would need to first plug an MVS board into the supergun (which must support four buttons, standard on MVS games) and then plug the MVS game into the MVS motherboard. Similarly, Capcom has the CPS-2 for its games.

Alternatively, some modders may create one consolized arcade board, by adding the conversion components directly to the arcade board, rather than making a universal supergun for multiple boards. This process is most popular for boards that have interchangeable games, such as Neo Geo MVS and Atomiswave.

The SuperGuns are usually made by devoted fans, and not official companies.

title: SuperGun


text:
Franz

Franz may refer to:

People

 * Franz (given name)
 * Franz (surname)

Places

 * Franz (crater), a lunar crater
 * Franz, Ontario, a railway junction and unorganized town in Canada
 * Franz Lake, in the state of Washington, United States – see Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Businesses

 * Franz Deuticke, a scientific publishing company based in Vienna, Austria
 * Franz Family Bakeries, a food processing company in Portland, Oregon
 * Franz-porcelains, a Taiwanese brand of pottery based in San Francisco

Other uses

 * Franz (1971 film), a Belgian film
 * Franz (2025 film), an upcoming biographical film of Franz Kafka
 * Franz Lisp, a dialect of the Lisp programming language

title: Franz


text:
Talk:Active Server Pages

Much too detailed
This reads more like the intro to a Programmers' Guide than an encyclopaedia article. It should not have examples of how to use the objects exposed to the programmer (Application object, Session object etc). If you want that info you probably need the Microsoft Windows developer documentation.Sayitclearly (talk) 09:18, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

Moved out
I've moved them onto a seperate page, and brought in a hints page. I agree that they are not really encyclopedia material, but it's good to have them somewhere where they can be added to.

ASPX

 * Combining the two, you've got to be kidding?

 * I dont like the idea of combining the to articles as they are not the same thing, as aspx uses the .net framework.

 * Plus aspx uses different languages and syntax than regular asp. Seems like a bad idea to merge them. Unless anyone objects I'm going to remove the merge tag. --Pboyd04 22:12, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think ASPX should be merged with ASP.NET. - Sikon 10:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, it should rather be merged with ASP.NET. ASP doesn't have a separate page for the "file format" either. - Lumpio- 00:14, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Definitely, put it with ASP.NET. Historically, ASP is very notable by itself and deserves its own page. --Allisondata 01:50, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Internet annoyances of .asp
Move Boston Forward forums web link didn't work ! when submitting forum sign up information at http://www.cityofboston.gov/mayor/mayor_roundtable_form.asp

Here's the error that appeared...

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error '80040e14' [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Line 1: Incorrect syntax near 's'. /mayor/mayor_roundtable_form.asp, line 95

See also http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/01/15/mayor_to_lead_four_forums_around_city/

Added comment: Dude! That's not an ASP problem. That's a syntax error by the people who wrote that page; you can't say that is some inherant fault with ASP.

Not Enough Info
This page has very little information on it.
 * Yes, I was surprised at that. (It's more than most encyclopedias have on the topic, of course.) Feel free to help expand it, though. — Matt Crypto 17:07, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It would be great if someone with some expertise would have another look at this. I don't know much about the subject (which is why I looked for it here) and found it impenetrable because of the jargon.  Maybe it could have an introductory passage for know-nothings like me, and then the more technical stuff for those who want to know more detail.  I might put a link to this page on the Computing Wikiproject page, unless anyone thinks that's a bad idea.  HilJackson 14:56, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe the 'jargon' statement is a bit unfair, now I take a second look. It's just that I'm annoyed because I have to look up every wikilink because I don't know what anything is!  I probably shouldn't take out my ignorance on the computer scientists!  HilJackson 14:57, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I didn't understand whether ASP or ASP.net could run on a non-windows server. I've been to two different web hosts where one says they are going to offer ASP support while the other host says ASP is impossible to have on non-windows servers. I would like someone to clear this up and put it in the article. Bob Plano 02:55, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * ASP support comes installed only on IIS(Windows) servers. This doesn't mean that it will not run on others, but it does require that you install specialized software such as Sun Java System Active Server Pages (for linux): http://www.sun.com/software/chilisoft/ (for example) Bryantn 20:51, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

The history section is distinctly ahistorical - not a single date. Most of the articles for programming languages have a "First appeared" date, as well as some history of their development. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.48.87.203 (talk) 21:07, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Can you script without permission?
I don't understand, does this mean that people can obtain this program and vandalise any website using it?

82.14.87.191 14:16, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No, the ASP scripts are files on the server which are executed by the server; not on your computer, the client, where your browser is. So to change a server script you would have to have write permissions on the server. sorry I tried to get this comment in the part above but it wouldn't work.122.49.165.14 (talk) 06:44, 25 March 2008 (UTC)Ruddo Smith, 66.64.214.130 18:09, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

the link webmasters.am
82.198.10.??? Why should we add your website to our page? The website link doesn't add value to the article and is in violation of WP:EL number 11. Is there any good reason we should allow you this site? R00m c (talk) 15:41, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Some how, in that little time, I got logged off. I was the edit of 209.209.140.21. Also, I know I am in violation of 3R by 2 hours. But I won't be at a computer for another 8 or so hours, so hopefully the Wikipedia community can forgive me.R00m c (talk) 15:58, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work on this. I've yanked a lot of the WebMasters.am stuff from various pages this week. Christopher G Lewis (talk) 21:02, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Was name deliberate or inadvertent?
Did microsoft know that an asp is a poisonous snake or just didn't care? 199.125.109.43 (talk) 19:15, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably both. But then again, ASP is also the Association of Shareware Professionals. -- Smjg (talk) 11:49, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

ASP vs ASP.NET
I believe we need to separate the two technologies. There is an ASP.NET entry, so all references to that should be there. I'll make some clean up entries starting 2/28/2008 Christopher G Lewis (talk) 20:04, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Vandalized?
The History and Sample Usage sections were blanked a couple months ago without explanation by an anonymous user. Should those be restored? 97.94.233.241 (talk) 06:15, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

"Alternative implementations"
I can't find any third party mentions of several of the packages listed here -- seems like there's a good chance that the entire purpose of this section may be include the external links. I'll deleting these, and keeping the section (probably renamed) only because there may be some purpose in mentioning the fact that it is possible to use some pages written for ASP on some non-microsoft web servers with appropriate software. Also, just for the record, I deleted previous section -- an even worse offender -- while inadvertently logged in with an old username I'd intended to abandon. No sockpuppetry intended. --Federalist51 (talk) 02:29, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

Microsoft's first?
The article says asp is Microsoft's first server-side script engine, but my recollection is that it was the second. The first was the htx/idc mechanism based on their acquisition of Aspect Software Engineering of Honolulu and their dbWeb tool. This reference and my recollection are not definitive enough for me to change the article, but maybe someone knows where to find the rest of the sequence of events in 1996. Tono-bungay (talk) 18:32, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

Per FrontPage KB artcles
Per FrontPage KB artcles can also use Personal Web Server 2.0 on Frontpage 97/98 CD or Personal Web Server 4.0. Shjacks45 (talk) 10:32, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Active Server Pages


text:
File:Humanbot progress chart spelling2.PNG

Progress chart for spelling2 - now perfectly accurate!

Excel, pngcrush.


text:
Đurađ Branković

Đurađ Vuković Branković (Ђурађ Вуковић Бранковић; 1377 – 24 December 1456) was the Serbian Despot from 1427 to 1456. He was one of the last Serbian medieval rulers. He was a participant in the battle of Ankara (1402) and Ottoman Interregnum (1403–1413). During his reign, the despotate was a vassal of both Ottoman sultans as well as Hungarian kings. Despot George was neutral during the Polish-Lithuanian (1444) and Hungarian-Wallachian (1448) crusades. In 1455, he was wounded and imprisoned during clashes with the Hungarians, after which the young Sultan Mehmed II launched the siege of Belgrade and its large Hungarian garrison. Despot Đurađ died at the end of 1456, due to complications stemming from the wound. After his death, Serbia, Bosnia and Albania became practically annexed by sultan Mehmed II. Đurađ attained a large library of Serbian, Slavonic, Latin, and Greek manuscripts. He made his capital Smederevo a centre of Serbian culture. He was the first of the Branković dynasty to hold the Serbian monarchy.

Early life
He was the son of lord Vuk Branković and Mara Lazarević, the daughter of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. His wife, Eirene Kantakouzene, a granddaughter of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, was a Byzantine princess. Her brother Thomas was the commander of Smederevo.

Despot Stefan had appropriated for himself properties that were part of the hereditary lands of Vuk, which resulted in Vuk joining the opposition. Vuk entered a pact with the Ottomans when Stefan had left Ottoman service and joined Hungary, fueling the domestic conflict between the two cousins; Vuk befriended Musa, only for revenge. The conflict went on for 10 years. Once reconciled, Stefan tried to make the most benefit of Đurađ, Vuk's son. Being childless, despot Stefan Lazarević made Đurađ his heir. When Đurađ succeeded Stefan, he was mature with rich experience, aged 50 in 1427.

Despot of Serbia
At the time of the despot Stefan's death, Đurađ Brankovic was in Zeta (Montenegro), and Hungarian King Sigismund was in Wallachia. When they heard of the despot's death, they both headed to Belgrade Fortress. Negotiations around Belgrade lasted during September and October 1427. The surrender of the city was a condition that the Hungarian king to recognize Đurađ Brankovic as the new Serbian ruler. The State Assembly headed by Đurađ and Serbian Patriarch Nikanon decided to leave Belgrade to the Hungarians. King Sigismund planned for Belgrade and Golubac to be included in the new Hungarian defense system at the Danube frontier, which was based on border fortresses. Serbian duke Jeremiah of Golubac Fortress who refused to recognize Đurađ as the new ruler, entered into negotiations with the Hungarian King Sigismund. He asked him for 12,000 ducats, which he allegedly gave to the late despot Stefan to own the city and as evidence, Jeremiah submitted a despot's letter, demanding that Sigismund pay him the said sum if he wanted Golubac. King Sigismund challenged the authenticity of the seal and the entire despot's letter, which Jeremiah submitted as evidence, refused to pay the claimed sum, and in late autumn, in December 1427, Jeremiah ceded the city to the Ottomans under the same conditions. The loss of Golubac was a major blow to King Sigismund as the Turks gained an important fortification on the Danube. King Sigismund decided to conquer the Golubac. In the early spring of 1428 he assembled an army and began a siege. Meanwhile, Sultan Murad II arrived with the army, who are in the battle defeating King Sigismund. After the Ottoman victory, Đurađ Brankovic and Duke of Wallachia Dan II recognized the sultan's suzerainty and according to an agreement they start to pay tribute.

Since the Hungarians took over Belgrade and the Turks Golubac, Đurađ decided to build a new fortress and capital on the right bank of the Danube. The new Serbian capital Smederevo is planned to be located at the same distance between Hungarian Belgrade and Turkish Golubac and to separated them. Town was building gradually with great material and human renunciation. In the period from 1428 to 1430 a small town was built and a despot's court was housed there (curia domini despoti). Then the Great Town was built to protect the city settlement that developed along the despot's court. In the Great Town, addition to town houses there were churches, shops, warehouses, a shelter for the surrounding population. The works were led by the Romey Greeks brothers George and Thomas Kantakouzenos who for the project hired many Greek masons. In the summer of 1429, The Romey Emperor John VIII Palaiologos sent to George Philanthropenos with the task of crowning Đurađ Brankovic as the despot of Rascia (Serbia).

On May 31, 1433, King Sigismund was crowned at church of St. Peter in Old Rome for Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. On April 20, 1434, Đurađ Branković's youngest daughter Katarina and Ulrich II of Celje were wed in the new fortress. This marriage stressed the friendly relations the despot had with the Ottoman Porte, although Ulrich's kinship with the Queen of Hungary implied an increased Serbo-Hungarian alliance. As a result, Vizier Mehmet Saridže-pasha arrived in Smederevo in mid-1434 with a message from Sultan court of Edirne. It stated that Serbia's safety from the Ottoman Empire could only be guaranteed through the marriage of Branković's older daughter to Sultan Murad II. After much deliberation, the council convened at the palace conceded, and arrangements were made for Mara to be engaged to the Sultan. That autumn, Murad sent several of his "most famous viziers" to retrieve his fiancée. Đurađ was in a complex situation, King Sigismund thought he was Turkish and Sultan Murad II that he was a Hungarian marionette.

On August 14, 1435, a formal contract of "brotherhood and friendship" between Serbia and the Republic of Venice was signed in Smederevo's audience hall

Sultan Murad II heard that the Great Christian Coalition in Europa was preparing against the Turks. He was informed that a Serbian despot would join this coalition. In fact, there was Great Council of Christendom in Florence. Đurađ sent envoys to Sultan Murad II who claimed that he was not breaking their agreement and becoming pro-Hungarian. Anyway, Sultan Murad II decided to prevent it and conquer Serbia. In 1439, Sultan's army was sent to Serbia because Murad II decided to conquer as soon possible new Smederevo, Novo Brdo, and perhaps Hungarian Belgrade itself. According to sources, he raised an army of 200,000 men (but the most realistic number is 60–70,000 men) and all ships on the great rivers. He sent one army to Novo Brdo, and with the other, the main one, which numbered about 130,000 men (probably 30,000 men), in late April or early May 1439 began the siege of Smederevo. After three months of siege, in early August 1439 Smederevo fell. In Fact, defenders led by Đurađ's son Grgur Brankovic and Thomas Kantakouzenos are remaining without food after which they decide to open the town's gates to Muslims and in that way prevent robbery and massacre. Sultan Murad II left Grgur a small estate in Serbia, but after three months he changed his mind and sent him to his sister Mara in Edirne. The sultan's wife, Despina Mara, became a leading member of the pro-Ottoman party in the Balkans.

Meanwhile, Đurađ went to exile on the camp of the Hungarian king Albert II. On the news of the fall of Serbia under Islam a fear was spread in Hungary. In the swampy part of the Danube frontier near Belgrade, King Albert fell ill of dysentery in September 1439. He died next month on the way to Vienna. Albert's death initiated a Hungarian Civil War, which lasted for twenty years (1439–1458) and ended only with the arrival of Matthias Corvinus on the Hungarian throne. In December 1439, as Hungarian magnate Đurađ nominated his son Lazar for marriage to Elizabeth, who wanted to preserve the throne but was rejected because he was schismatic. The more serious candidate was King of Poland Władysław III of the Lithuanian Dynasty of the Jegiellonian. At the beginning of 1440, Elizabeth gave her consent to the marriage with the young Władysław. Marriage with him would bring an alliance with Poland and an end to the conflict against Hungary (because it was known that Murad's deputies were in Poland who offered an alliance against Hungary). Meanwhile, in February 1440, Elizabeth gave birth to a son Ladislaus the Posthumous and then changed her mind about marrying with Władysław. In May 1440, the newborn baby is crowned with a stolen crown for the king. Then Elizabeth and her son took refuge to the German King Frederick III in Vienna. In the party that supported Ladislaus for the king, as the grandson of King Sigismund, they were Đurađ Brankovic, Nicholas of Ilok, Ladislaus Garai, Frederick II and Ulrich II of Celje. On the eve of the arrival of Władysław, Đurađ decided to leave Hungary. Đurađ was offended that he, and especially his son Lazar, had missed the royal crown.

The Ottoman sultan reacted to the throne change, and the Hungarian influence which was felt more than he could afford, with sending an army into Serbia, which conquered Niš, Kruševac and besieged Novo Brdo. As to secure his prestige in Serbia, which had been weakened due to him, King Sigismund sent Đurađ his own army. The combined army destroyed a large Ottoman detachment near Ravanica, for which effort the king on 19 November 1427 thanked especially Nicholas Bocskay. Another Ottoman detachment attacked neighbouring Serbian and Hungarian places from Golubac, especially the Braničevo region. Đurađ himself went below Golubac and promised Jeremija forgiveness, and tried in every way to win back the city; not only did Jeremija decline, but he also attacked the despot's entourage which had tried to enter the city gates. In the spring of 1428 a new Hungarian army arrived at Golubac and besieged it from the land and from the Danube. The importance of the city is further evident from the fact that Sigismund himself led the army. But also Sultan Murat laid personal effort to encourage and support his acquired positions; in late May, after Sigismund, he arrived in the Braničevo area. Not wanting to enter combat with the superior Ottomans, Sigismund hastened to make peace. When the Hungarians in the first days of June began withdrawing, the Ottoman commander Sinan-beg attacked their back, where Sigismund was, however, with the self-sacrifice of Marko de Sentlaszlo, they were saved from disaster. During these conflicts, south and eastern Serbia were very devastated, including the developed Daljš Monastery near Golubac. From a monastery document, Sigismund is for the first time called "Our Emperor" (naš car), unlike the Ottoman sultan, who was called a pagan or non-Christian Emperor (car jezičeski).

When the Ottomans captured Thessalonica in 1430, Đurađ paid ransom for many of its citizens but could not avoid his vassal duties and sent one of his sons to join Ottoman forces when they besieged Durazzo and attacked Gjon Kastrioti.

Đurađ traveled from Hungary to Zeta, accompanied with several hundred cavalry and his wife Eirene. He first went to Zagreb, to his daughter Katarina who was a wife of Ulrich II, Count of Celje. Then he arrived to Dubrovnik at the end of July 1440 and after several days continued his journey toward his coastal towns of Budva and Bar which became new capitol of the remaining part of his despotate. In August 1441 Đurađ arrived to Bar where he stayed until the end of the winter 1440–41. There he tried to mobilize forces to recapture Serbian territorylost to Ottomans. During his visit to Zeta he maintained communication with garrison in Novo Brdo. Đurađ faced another disappointment in Zeta where Crnojevići rebelled against Duke Komnen (Војвода Комнен) the governor of Zeta. Branković left Zeta in April 1441. He first stayed in Dubrovnik which angered Ottomans who requested that Dubrovnik should hand over Đurađ. The Ragusans refused this request with the explanation that Dubrovnik is a free city which accepts anybody who seeks shelter in it. They also emphasized that it was better for Đurađ to be in Dubrovnik as this was the best guarantee that he would not undertake any action against the Ottomans.

Crusade of Varna
Following the conflicts that concluded 1443, Đurađ Branković had a significant role in the Battle of Niš and Battle of Zlatica and consequently in facilitating the Peace of Szeged (1444) between Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottomans. Murad II, who also desired peace, was married to Đurađ's daughter Mara. On March 6, 1444, Mara sent an envoy to Đurađ; their discussion started the peace negotiations with the Ottoman Empire. This peace restored his Serbian rule, but Đurađ was forced to bribe John Hunyadi with his vast estates. On 22 August 1444 the prince peacefully took possession of the evacuated town of Smederevo.

Battle of Kosovo
The peace was broken in the same year by Hunyadi and king Władysław III of Poland during the Crusade of Varna, which culminated in the Battle of Varna. A crusading army led by Regent John Hunyadi of Hungary was defeated by Sultan Murad II's forces at Kosovo Polje in 1448. This was the last concerted attempt in the Middle Ages to expel the Ottomans from southeastern Europe. Although Hungary was able to successfully defy the Ottomans despite the defeat at Kosovo Polje during Hunyadi's lifetime, the kingdom fell to the Ottomans in the 16th century. Branković also captured Hunyadi at Smederevo for a short time when he was retreating home from Kosovo in 1448, due to their personal feud.

Return and death
Following Hunyadi's victory over Mehmet II at the siege of Belgrade on 14 July 1456, a period of relative peace began in the region. The sultan retreated to Adrianople, and Branković regained possession of Serbia. Before the end of the year, however, the 79-year-old Branković died. Serbian independence survived him for only another three years, when the Ottoman Empire formally annexed his lands following dissension among his widow and three remaining sons. Lazar, the youngest, poisoned his mother and exiled his brothers, and the land returned to the sultan's subjugation.

Person
His portrait in the illuminated manuscript of Esphigmenou (1429) depicts him with a mild beard, while the French nobleman Bertrandon de la Broquière who guested Đurađ in 1433 said of him "nice lord and large [in person]". He was deemed by contemporaries as the richest monarch in all of Europe; Broquière stated that his annual income from the gold and silver mines of Novo Brdo amassed to about 200,000 Venetian ducats. Among other sources of income, there were possessions in the Kingdom of Hungary, for which expenses were covered by the Hungarian crown. The annual income from them alone was estimated to 50,000 ducats.

Legacy
He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The character of Đurađ Branković is portrayed by Baki Davrak in the Netflix original historical docudrama Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020).

Titles

 * "Despot of the Kingdom of Rascia and Lord of Albania" (Nos Georgius dei gracia Regni Rascie despotus et Albanie dominus and illustres principes, dominus Georgius, regni Rascie despotus et dominus Albanie).
 * "Despot of all of the Kingdoms of Rascia and Albania" (illustris princeps, dux et despotus totius regni Rascie et Albanie), by Sigismund in 1427.
 * "Despot and Duke of Rascia" (illustris Georgius despotus seu dux Rascie), by Sigismund in 1429.
 * "Lord of Rascia [and] Albania" (Georgius Wlk Rascie Albanieque dominus), in 1429.
 * "Lord, Despot of the Serbs" (gospodin Srbljem despot), by Constantine of Kostenets in 1431.
 * "Lord of the Serbs and Pomorije and Podunavije" (Господин Србљем и Поморију и Подунавију), in several official documents.
 * "Despot, Lord of the Serbs and the Zetan Maritime" (господин Србљем и поморју зетскому).
 * "Prince, Despot of the Kingdoms of Rascia and Albania" (illustrissimus princeps Georgius despotus regni Rascie et Albanie, Rive et totius Ussore dominus), in 1453.

Marriage and children
Đurađ had at least six children:
 * Todor (d. before 1429). Not mentioned in the Masarelli manuscript, probably died early
 * Grgur (c. 1415–1459). Mentioned first in the Masarelli manuscript. Father of Vuk Grgurević, also blinded with Stefan in 1441.
 * Stefan (c. 1417–1476). Mentioned third in the Masarelli manuscript. Blinded with hot irons in 1441. Claimed the throne of Serbia following the death of his younger brother Lazar.
 * Katarina (c. 1418–1490). Married Ulrich II of Celje. Mentioned fourth in the Masarelli manuscript.
 * Mara (c. 1420–1487). Mentioned second in the Masarelli manuscript. Married Murad II of the Ottoman Empire.
 * Lazar (c. 1421–1458). Mentioned fifth and last in the Masarelli manuscript.

title: Đurađ Branković


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Quiberon

Quiberon (Kiberen, ) is a commune in the French department of Morbihan, administrative region of Brittany, western France.

It is on the southern part of the Quiberon peninsula, the northern part being the commune of Saint-Pierre-Quiberon. It is primarily known as a seaside resort for French tourists during summer, and for its history of sardine production.

Quiberon is connected to the mainland by a tombolo.

History
During the Seven Years' War the bay was the site of the Battle of Quiberon Bay (1759) between the French and British fleets. In July 1795, during the French Revolution, Quiberon was used by French Royalist exiles, with assistance from the British, as the base for a failed invasion of Brittany (traditionally a royalist area). The invasion was defeated by the Revolutionaries under General Lazare Hoche.

In the 19th century, Nicolas Appert, a chemist, developed a technique that permitted the sterilization of food. Thanks to this process, Quiberon became the leading harbour for sardine fishing and the production of canned sardines in France. Many families from the Finistère département migrated to Quiberon for the fishing season (May to October). When the men put out to sea, the women worked in the sardine can factories.

The railway between Auray and Quiberon was inaugurated in 1882. It deeply changed Quiberon's way of life. Fishing, canning and the exploitation of seaweed has been replaced by tourism. At that time, Quiberon became a favoured destination for the famous, including the writers Gustave Flaubert and Anatole France, and the actress Sarah Bernhardt. The year 1924 was important for the peninsula because it was classified as health resort. Now, the main resources for Quiberon come from tourism.

During the Second World War, at the narrow isthmus was occupied by the Germans and incorporated into the Atlantic Wall. It housed various blockhouses, but was mainly used by the infantry. In July 1944, 59 resistance fighters were tortured and buried alive there. A Cross of Lorraine mounted on a stone pillar, with a plaque listing the names of the fighters, stands in their memory. Although the fort is still of military importance (as a training base), a gallery (tunnel) where the bodies were discovered can be visited.

Monuments

 * Église Notre-Dame de Locmaria, 19th century chapel
 * Prehistoric site
 * Museum of History and traditions: La maison du Patrimoine
 * Musée de la mer (Museum of the sea)
 * Monument to the Battle of Quiberon between the Revolutionaries and Royalists

 * Commonwealth war graves.

Transport
Quiberon station has a summer train service to Auray, which offers connections to Paris and other places in France. From September to July a bus service operates between Quiberon and Auray.

Quiberon Aerodrome is open all year and accessible by private aircraft. The hard runway is 775m long and the tower staff speak both English and French on the radio.

Population
Inhabitants of Quiberon are called Quiberonnais.

Twinning
Quiberon is twinned with:
 * Looe, Cornwall, UK
 * 🇩🇪 Kempten, Bavaria, Germany, since 1971 (initially with the municipality St. Mang)
 * 🇫🇷 Le Grand Bornand, Haute-Savoie, France, since 1997
 * 🇫🇷 Josselin, Morbihan, France

Use in popular culture
3 Days in Quiberon (German: 3 Tage in Quiberon) is a 2018 drama film directed by Emily Atef and set in the town.

Quiberon is the home of a professional Quidditch team operating within the fictional Harry Potter universe. The Quiberon Quafflepunchers team members players wear shocking-pink robes.

title: Quiberon


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Rowhedge

Rowhedge is a village in the Colchester borough of Essex, England. It is located just over 3 miles south-east of Colchester town centre and is part of the civil parish of East Donyland.

Geography
Rowhedge is on the right (west) bank of the tidal River Colne and is the first settlement downstream from Colchester. The small town of Wivenhoe is on the opposite bank, but slightly farther downstream; Fingringhoe is just to the south, on the opposite bank of the Roman River.

Throughout the 20th century, Rowhedge and Wivenhoe were linked by a ferry. A barrier, similar to the one on the River Thames which shields London, was completed on the Colne in 1994. Rowhedge, Wivenhoe and Colchester all benefit from its protection from flooding.

The main thoroughfare in Rowhedge, the High Street, runs parallel to the Colne. At one time, it connected two areas of ship and boat construction and maintenance – the Upper Yard to the north, and the Lower Yard to the south. These were often known as 'Up Street' and 'Down Street' respectively. With the decline of ship building, housing estates have been built in both areas.

History
The history of Rowhedge is connected directly to the River Colne; ship or boat building and the crewing of many vessels go back to the nineteenth century, maritime pursuits in general even further. The Essex earthquake of 22 April 1884, damaged several buildings in the village, even shaking a man off his ladder while he was repairing the village's school clock. Colchester Rowing Club was established in the village in 1896 when the population was about 1,100.

Up till 1918, Rowhedge could boast of its own brewery. A look at the map of the village at the turn of the nineteenth century on page 16 of Margaret Leather's book Saltwater Village (1977) reveals no fewer than six public houses; in 1970 there were four, now (2012), there are just two.

In response to a £1,000 prize being offered by the Daily Mail newspaper for the first Briton to fly a mile, an 'areohydroplane' (the term 'seaplane' was not yet in use), was designed and constructed by Jack Humphrey of Halstead in 1909. Several unsuccessful attempts at flight were made, both from the sea and land, after which the contraption was broken up; its floats ended their days in Rowhedge Ironworks in the Upper Yard.

Many village inhabitants were involved in fishing for oysters and scallops that came from as far afield as the French, Belgian and Dutch coasts and the carrying of salmon and lobster from Ireland and Norway to Britain. Fishing for sprats could be a relatively worthless business. If there were too many 'good' catches, the Rowhedge smacks had little choice but to sail to their home village and off-load their fish, which might be sold for just a few pennies for manure in the nearby fields.

One of the pre-First World War village characters was John (Jack) Spitty – salvager (saving goods by removing them from ship-wrecks), pub licensee, fisherman and smuggler. His use of a bedroom in the Royal Oak public house when he was the licensee to hide boxes of Dutch cigars was brought to a halt by his wife. She put her foot down after the pub was unsuccessfully searched by customs men. He would also sometimes swap sprats for coal at sea after a rumbustious verbal exchange with an obliging collier's skipper; the fuel was used in his smack's shrimp boiler.

During the First World War, a bridge was built across the river to enable members of the nearby Colchester garrison to board trains at Wivenhoe when on their way to Gallipoli. It was inspected by King George V in April 1916, but dismantled after the war.

Inter-war years
Lifeboats and small oil tankers were constructed and maintained at the two yards, contributing towards the local economy in the 1920s and 30s. Many boats were fabricated in the Upper Yard for contracts in the Sudan. This took kit form; the various parts would be dismantled, crated or wired together, sent out to the African country and reassembled for use on the Nile.

The extraction of sand and gravel near the village began in the 1930s.

Second World War and after
Demand for such building materials increased after the Second World War to repair bomb-damaged buildings, particularly in London. During that conflict, various types of construction, apart from ships, including then secret Mulberry Harbour components for the D-Day landings, were also built, both in Rowhedge and Wivenhoe.

There was no apprenticeship scheme in the yards in the 1950s; new staff, usually workers sons, were taken-on on an ad-hoc basis.

The port was at its busiest in the 1980s, being involved in the miners' strike (bringing in imported coal) and also handling anything from fish-meal to granite.

Up to the 1990s, Rowhedge was used for the importation of loads deemed too small for the larger ports or those ships that could not get up the river to Colchester. But with the containerisation of many loads, the writing was on the wall for the port; it closed officially in 2001. More recently, some fishing and leisure sailing are all that remain.

Flower Show
The Flower Show, which was held annually up to the First World War, involved the erection of marquees on the grassland of the nearby Donyland Hall or Brewery meadow. The event was not confined to displaying flowers; fruit, vegetables, crocheting and knitting were all shown.

Regatta
The Regatta, believed to go back to the eighteenth century, has been run annually. Until 1913, it was based on alternate years in Rowhedge and Wivenhoe. Funding was boosted by donations from the King (Edward VII and his successor, (George V) and the Prince of Wales. This Royal patronage was always assumed to be due to the fact that the captain of the Britannia, (the King's racing yacht), John Carter was from Rowhedge. The Regatta has declined and been revived on numerous occasions. Apart from the main event, i.e. the races, which at its peak, involved a total of 64 boats. A typical year might feature an appearance by the boys from HMS Ganges (a Royal Navy training establishment), tug-of-war (across the river), negotiating a 'greasy' pole and a band. One year even featured the unexpected appearance of a Royal Navy minesweeper.

The Regatta was revived in 1962 and again in 2002.

Raft race
Begun in 1986, the raft race was held on the stretch of water between Rowhedge and Brightlingsea. Teams from the army and British Telecom were among those involved in one year.

authors: ایور ہیپی بیجر

title: Rowhedge


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List of universities in Argentina

This is a list of public and private Argentine universities, grouped by region and type. Public universities are mostly state funded, while private universities require some form of tuition payment.

Public

 * National Technological University (Universidad Tecnológica Nacional): Official website

Public

 * Argentine Federal Police Institute (Instituto Universitario de la Policía Federal Argentina): Official website
 * Higher Education Army Institute (Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército): Official website
 * National University of Arts (Universidad Nacional de las Artes): Official website
 * National University Arturo Jauretche (Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche): Official website
 * National University of Avellaneda (Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda): Official website
 * National University of Center Buenos Aires (Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires): Official website
 * National University of General San Martín (Universidad Nacional de San Martín): Official website
 * National University of General Sarmiento (Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento): Official website
 * National University Guillermo Brown (Universidad Nacional Almirante Guillermo Brown): Official website
 * National University of Hurlingham (Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham): Official website
 * National University of José C. Paz (Universidad Nacional de José Clemente Paz): Official website
 * National University of La Matanza (Universidad Nacional de La Matanza): Official website
 * National University of La Plata (Universidad Nacional de La Plata): Official website
 * National University of Lanús (Universidad Nacional de Lanús): Official website
 * National University of Lomas de Zamora (Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora): Official website
 * National University of Luján (Universidad Nacional de Luján): Official website
 * National University of Mar del Plata (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata): Official website
 * National University of Moreno (Universidad Nacional de Moreno): Official website
 * National University of Northwestern Buenos Aires (Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires): Official website
 * National University Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (Universidad Nacional Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz): Official website
 * National University of San Antonio de Areco (Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco): Official website
 * National University of Quilmes (Universidad Nacional de Quilmes): Official website
 * National University of the South (Universidad Nacional del Sur): Official website
 * National University of Tres de Febrero (Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero): Official website
 * National University of the West (Universidad Nacional del Oeste): Official website
 * University of Buenos Aires (Universidad de Buenos Aires): Official website
 * University of National Defense (Universidad Nacional de la Defensa): website

Private

 * Argentine Atlantis University (Universidad Atlántida Argentina): Official website
 * Argentine University of Enterprise (Universidad Argentina de la Empresa): Official website
 * Austral University (Universidad Austral): Official website
 * Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires): Official website
 * Buenos Aires Italian Hospital Institute (Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires): Official website
 * CAECE University (Universidad CAECE): Official website
 * Catholic University of La Plata (Universidad Católica de La Plata): Official website
 * Diocesan School of Social Service (Escuela Superior Diocesana de Servicio Social): Official website
 * ESEADE Institute (Instituto Universitario ESEADE): Official website
 * FASTA University (Universidad FASTA): Official website
 * Favaloro University (Universidad Favaloro): Official website
 * H. A. Barceló Foundation Institute of Health Sciences (Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Fundación H. A. Barceló): Official website
 * Interamerican Open University (Universidad Abierta Interamericana): Official website
 * John F. Kennedy Argentine University (Universidad Argentina John F. Kennedy): Official website
 * Maimonides University (Universidad Maimónides): Official website
 * Naval Institute (Instituto Universitario Naval): Official website
 * Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina): Official website
 * Torcuato di Tella University (Universidad Torcuato Di Tella): Official website
 * University of the Argentine Social Museum (Universidad del Museo Social Argentino): Official website
 * University of Belgrano (Universidad de Belgrano): Official website
 * University of CEMA (Universidad del CEMA): Official website
 * Fundación Universidad del Cine: Official website
 * University of Enterprise and Social Sciences (Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales): Official website
 * University of Flores (Universidad de Flores): Official website
 * University of the Merchant Marine (Universidad de la Marina Mercante): Official website
 * University of Moron (Universidad de Morón): Official website
 * University of Palermo (Universidad de Palermo): Official website
 * University of San Andrés (Universidad de San Andrés): Official website
 * University of the Savior (Universidad del Salvador): Official website
 * University School of Theology (Escuela Universitaria de Teología): Official website
 * TECH Technological University (TECH Universidad Tecnológica): Official website

Public

 * National University of Catamarca (Universidad Nacional de Catamarca): Official website
 * National University of Jujuy (Universidad Nacional de Jujuy): Official website
 * National University of La Rioja (Universidad Nacional de La Rioja): Official website
 * National University of Salta (Universidad Nacional de Salta): Official website
 * National University of Santiago del Estero (Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero): Official website
 * National University of Tucumán (Universidad Nacional de Tucumán): Official website

Private

 * Catholic University of Salta (Universidad Católica de Salta): Official website
 * Catholic University of Santiago del Estero (Universidad Católica de Santiago del Estero): Official website
 * Saint Paul's University (Universidad de San Pablo): Official website
 * Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North (Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino): Official website
 * Warmi Huasi Yachana Center (Centro Universitario Warmi Huasi Yachana): Official website

Public

 * Aeronautical Institute (Instituto Universitario Aeronáutico): Official website
 * National University of Córdoba (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba): Official website
 * National University of La Pampa (Universidad Nacional de La Pampa): Official website
 * National University of the Littoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral): Official website
 * National University of Rafaela (Universidad Nacional de Rafaela): Official website
 * National University of Río Cuarto (Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto): Official website
 * National University of Rosario (Universidad Nacional de Rosario): Official website
 * National University of Villa María (Universidad Nacional de Villa María): Official website

Private

 * 21st Century Enterprise University (Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21): Official website
 * Blaise Pascal University (Universidad Blas Pascal): Official website
 * Catholic University of Córdoba (Universidad Católica de Córdoba): Official website
 * Catholic University of Santa Fe (Universidad Católica de Santa Fe): Official website
 * University College of Journalism (Colegio Universitario de Periodismo): Official website
 * University of the Latin American Educational Center (Universidad del Centro Educativo Latinoamericano): Official website

Public

 * National University of Chilecito (Universidad Nacional de Chilecito): Official website
 * National University of Comechingones (Universidad Nacional de los Comechingones): Official website
 * National University of Cuyo (Universidad Nacional de Cuyo): Official website
 * National University of La Rioja (Universidad Nacional de La Rioja): Official website
 * National University of San Juan (Universidad Nacional de San Juan): Official website
 * National University of San Luis (Universidad Nacional de San Luis): Official website
 * National University of Villa Mercedes (Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes): Official website

Private

 * Aconcagua University (Universidad del Aconcagua): Official website
 * Catholic University of Cuyo (Universidad Católica de Cuyo): Official website
 * Champagnat University (Universidad Champagnat): Official website
 * Juan Agustín Maza University (Universidad Juan Agustín Maza): Official website
 * University of Congreso (Universidad de Congreso): Official website
 * University of Mendoza (Universidad de Mendoza): Official website

Public

 * National University of Austral Patagonia (Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral): Official website
 * National University of Comahue (Universidad Nacional del Comahue): Official website
 * National University of Patagonia San Juan Bosco (Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco): Official website
 * National University of Río Negro (Universidad Nacional de Río Negro): Official website
 * National University of Tierra del Fuego (Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego): Official website

Public (national)

 * National University of Alto Uruguay (Universidad Nacional del Alto Uruguay): Official website
 * National University of the Chaco Austral (Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral): Official website
 * National University of Entre Ríos (Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos): Official website
 * National University of Formosa (Universidad Nacional de Formosa): Official website
 * National University of Misiones (Universidad Nacional de Misiones): Official website
 * National University of the Northeast (Universidad Nacional del Nordeste): Official website

Public (provincial)

 * Autonomous University of Entre Ríos (Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos): Official website

Private

 * River Plate Adventist University (Universidad Adventista del Plata): Official website
 * University of Concepción del Uruguay (Universidad de Concepción del Uruguay): Official website
 * University of Cuenca del Plata (Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata): Official website

International

 * A branch of the Latin American Social Sciences Institute (sede argentina de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales): Official website

title: List of universities in Argentina


text:
Gymnasium Erasmianum

The Gymnasium Erasmianum is a school in Rotterdam (also known under its Dutch name "Erasmiaans Gymnasium").

History
Founded in 1328, it is the second oldest school in the Netherlands with recorded date of establishment (after the Johan de Witt-gymnasium in Dordrecht, established 1253).Stedelijk Gymnasium 's-Hertogenbosch first mentioned in 1274 and Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden first mentioned in 1323 may also be older, but their exact date of establishment is unrecorded. The privilege to found a Latin school was granted to the town of Rotterdam before Rotterdam received full city rights and therefore the school predates the city status of Rotterdam by nearly twenty years. It was renamed in 1842, after the famous Rotterdam theologian and humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). The school is more than a century older than its namesake, and it is unclear whether he attended it.

The school was located at the corner of the Coolsingel and the Laurensstraat until 1937, nowadays C&A, a clothing store, is located at that place, and the school at the Wytemaweg. In May 1940, the center of Rotterdam was bombed during the German invasion of the Netherlands, but the school building survived as it was outside the focus of the bombing and subsequent fires. After Dutch surrender, the occupying German troops used the building as one of their headquarters.

Profile
In the Netherlands, there are several levels of secondary education, with most theoretical vwo being pre-university secondary education. Many secondary provide wide-scope community schools, sometimes with middle school like classes. Some gymnasia, including the Gymnasium Erasmianum maintained its profile as separate school. Like all Gymnasia, Latin and Ancient Greek are mandatory courses in the curriculum of Gymnasium Erasmianum.

The school is widely known for its large number of students with non-Dutch roots. There are more students with non-Dutch roots at the Gymnasium Erasmianum than at any other Gymnasium in the Netherlands.

The school serves 1,170 students and 80 teachers. The school's motto is "Ex Pluribus Unum", meaning "unity through diversity".

Teachers

 * J. H. Leopold, Dutch poet
 * H.B.G. Casimir, physicist
 * Édouard Piaget, Swiss entomologist

Students

 * Gijs van Aardenne, politician (MP, Minister of Finance, Minister of Economic Affairs)
 * Harry Borghouts, politician (Queen's Commissioner in the province North Holland)
 * Jacob Clay, physicist
 * Daan Bovenberg, professional footballer
 * Edsger W. Dijkstra, computer scientist
 * Robbert Dijkgraaf, theoretical physicist and politician (minister of education culture and science)
 * Ida Gerhardt, a student of Leopold; poet
 * Victor Jacob Koningsberger, botanist
 * Alfred Kossmann, poet and prose writer
 * E.H. Kossmann, historian
 * Herman Johannes Lam, botanist
 * Ramsey Nasr, poet and actor
 * Jan Romein, journalist and historian
 * Ebru Umar, columnist
 * Johan Witteveen, economist, politician, and author

The RGB
The RGB (Rotterdamse Gymnasiasten Bond) is the school's society, organized by the students for the students. Every year the RGB organizes parties, theater, music and dance evenings and several cultural events.

The RGB has its own anthem in Latin:

 * Vivat haec societas
 * Gaudium quae paret.
 * Semper floreat et crescat,
 * Longe et late clara fiat,
 * Vivat haec societas
 * Erasmi Alumnorum.

 * Vivant semper Socii
 * In sodalitate.
 * Vivant tutor et fautores,
 * Virgines et amatores,
 * Vivat haec societas
 * Erasmi Alumnorum

Every year the students elect a new board for the Bond. Any senior student on the school can be elected. The board consists of several functions, with a Latin name:

 * Praeses; president
 * Quaestor; treasurer
 * Ab-actis; secretary
 * Vice-Praeses; vice-president
 * Cultus; organizer of cultural events
 * Sporticus; organizer of sport events
 * Assessor; creates posters, memberships cards, and event tickets

Other organizations
Other than the RGB, there are several active organizations on the Gymnasium Erasmianum, organised by the school's board, teachers and students alike. Some examples are;

 * De Tolle lege: the school's own newspaper.
 * Koinothrex: A group of students who arrange a camp for the first class once a year.
 * Debatingsociety Pro et Contra: The society organizes debates available to the whole school. Every year they go to several tournaments.
 * The GSA: The Gender and Sexuality Association is an organisation consisting of students that promotes freedom and outing of gender and sexuality within the school.
 * The LLR: The Leerlingenraad is an organization in which students are given the possibility to have a say in the decisions made at the school
 * The MR: the medezeggenschapsraad
 * Semper Floreat: a society for alumni
 * The Ouderraad: an organization which grants parents the possibility to make some changes to the school.
 * De Techniek: a group of students responsible for the technical support of events on school.
 * The Remix-Crew: A group of students that organize a musical event called 'Remix' twice a year

title: Gymnasium Erasmianum


text:
Teofil Kwiatkowski

Teofil Antoni Jaksa of Griffins Kwiatkowski (February 21, 1809 in Pułtusk – August 14, 1891 in Avallon, France) was a Polish painter.

Life
Kwiatkowski participated in the November 1830 Uprising. After its suppression, he emigrated to France. He stayed in a facility for Polish war refugees in Avallon till 1832. He then attended painting studies held by Léon Cogniet.

Kwiatkowski was a close friend to Adam Mickiewicz and Frédéric Chopin.

His artistic work includes many images of Frédéric Chopin, including a picture of him playing at a ball at Paris's Hôtel Lambert and Chopin on His Deathbed (1849). He presented fantastic illustrations for Chopin musical pieces.

title: Teofil Kwiatkowski


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1828

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1828


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/June 13

If someone can confirm that today is indeed Shavuot, please add it to the MainPage. Thanks. -- 64.229.206.40 12:55, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Shavuot in Judaism (2005)

From Talk:Main Page ....
Pioneer 10 has not left the solar system, the first craft to do this will probably be Voyager 1. Pioneer 10 was the first craft to go beyond the orbit of Neptune (and Pluto). Some scientists content that this is the definition of leaving the solar system, but most agree that it will need to pass through the heliopause first. Zerbey 15:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC) -- Copied and Pasted here, 14:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

US slant
The selected anniversaries for this day have a strong US-centric slant. Alan Liefting 09:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, there are not enough good, well-written articles on other topics that qualify under the criteria. See also Main Page FAQ. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:32, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:45, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette (moved to July 31—that day needs more articles)
 * Omitted: Katharina von Bora; Pioneer 10; Uphaar Cinema fire; 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing
 * Included: Ludwig II of Bavaria (4th appearance, last in 2010); Mir mine (first appearance); Marcus Sarjeant (first appearance); Montana Freemen (first appearance); Hayabusa (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:40, 12 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Ludwig II of Bavaria; Mir mine (ineligible—maintenance); Marcus Sarjeant; Montana Freemen; Hayabusa
 * Included: Great Falls (Missouri River) (first appearance); Catalina affair (first appearance); The Long and Winding Road (first appearance); Pioneer 10 (7th appearance, last in 2011; 30th anniversary); 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Addendum: Catalina affair no longer eligible; replaced with Katharina von Bora (6th appearance, last in 2011) — howcheng  {chat} 02:17, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:39, 12 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Catalina affair
 * Omitted: Great Falls (Missouri River); The Long and Winding Road; Pioneer 10; 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing
 * Included: Ludwig II of Bavaria (5th appearance, last in 2012); Miranda v. Arizona (7th appearance, last in 2010); Fahd of Saudi Arabia (first appearance); Uphaar Cinema fire (4th appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Katharina von Bora (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:12, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Katharina von Bora; Miranda v. Arizona; Fahd of Saudi Arabia; Uphaar Cinema fire
 * Included: Edict of Milan (first appearance); Catalina affair (first appearance); Pentagon Papers (7th appearance, last in 2010); Hayabusa (2nd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Ludwig II of Bavaria (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:38, 12 June 2016 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Wedding of Prince Carl Philip and Sofia Hellqvist
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): USS Jeannette (1878)
 * Omitted: Edict of Milan; Catalina affair; Pentagon Papers; Hayabusa
 * Included: Katharina von Bora (8th appearance, last in 2014); James J. Braddock (4th appearance, last in 2007; rescued from Ineligible); Miranda v. Arizona (8th appearance, last in 2014; 50th anniversary); 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing (3rd appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Ludwig II of Bavaria (3rd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:43, 13 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Uphaar Cinema fire (maintenance); Hayabusa (maintenance); Wedding of Prince Carl Philip and Sofia Hellqvist (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Katharina von Bora (ineligible—maintenance); Ludwig II of Bavaria (ineligible—maintenance); James J. Braddock (ineligible—maintenance); Miranda v. Arizona (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Edict of Milan (2nd appearance, last in 2015); USS Jeannette (1878) (2nd appearance, last in 2007); Battle of Villers-Bocage/Michael Wittmann (both: first appearance); Marcus Sarjeant (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Veronica Gambara (first appearance); W. B. Yeats (first appearance); Carolyn Eisele (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2018 notes
Oops, I forgot to change the births/deaths. — howcheng  {chat} 17:28, 13 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Edict of Milan; USS Jeannette (1878); Battle of Villers-Bocage/Michael Wittmann; Marcus Sarjeant; 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing
 * Included: Great Falls (Missouri River) (2nd appearance, last in 2013); James J. Braddock (5th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Catalina affair (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Fahd of Saudi Arabia (2nd appearance, last in 2014); 2013 Czech political corruption scandal (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Veronica Gambara (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); W. B. Yeats (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Carolyn Eisele (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:18, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: University of Texas at Dallas (copyvio)
 * Omitted: Great Falls (Missouri River); James J. Braddock; Catalina affair; Fahd of Saudi Arabia; 2013 Czech political corruption scandal; Veronica Gambara; W. B. Yeats; Carolyn Eisele
 * Included: Edict of Milan (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Katharina von Bora (9th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); USS Jeannette (1878) (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Mir mine (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Pioneer 10 (8th appearance, last in 2013); Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet (first appearance); Henry Middleton (first appearance); Birger Ruud (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:30, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Fahd of Saudi Arabia (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): University of Texas at Dallas
 * Omitted: Katharina von Bora; USS Jeannette (1878) (ineligible—maintenance); Mir mine; Pioneer 10; Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet; Henry Middleton; Birger Ruud
 * Included: Great Falls (Missouri River) (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Battle of Villers-Bocage/Michael Wittmann (Battle: 2nd appearance, last in 2017; Wittman: first); The Long and Winding Road (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 50th anniversary); June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident (first appearance); Charles Algernon Parsons (first appearance); Karl Blossfeldt (first appearance); Fran Allison (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Edict of Milan (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:26, 15 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Jeannette expedition/USS Jeannette (1878)
 * New articles (ineligible): Fernando Pessoa (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Great Falls (Missouri River); Battle of Villers-Bocage/Michael Wittmann; The Long and Winding Road; June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident; Charles Algernon Parsons; Karl Blossfeldt; Fran Allison
 * Included: Henry Grace à Dieu (first appearance); Pentagon Papers (8th appearance, last in 2015; 50th anniversary); Marcus Sarjeant (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 40th anniversary); Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès (first appearance); Augusto Roa Bastos (first appearance); Malik Meraj Khalid (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Edict of Milan (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:12, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Dodger infield of Garvey, Lopes, Russell and Cey
 * Omitted: Edict of Milan; Henry Grace à Dieu; Pentagon Papers; Marcus Sarjeant; Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès; Augusto Roa Bastos; Malik Meraj Khalid
 * Included: Katharina von Bora (10th appearance, last in 2019); Jeannette expedition/USS Jeannette (1878) (Expedition: 3rd appearance, last in 2018, previously appeared on July 8; Jeannette: 4th, last in 2019); James J. Braddock (6th appearance, last in 2018); Catalina affair (3rd appearance, last in 2018; 70th anniversary); Pioneer 10 (9th appearance, last in 2019); Mansur I (first appearance); Charles Algernon Parsons (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Christo and Jeanne-Claude (first appearance)


text:
UCI Road World Cup

The UCI Road World Cup was a season-long road cycling competition held from 1989 until 2004 and comprising ten one-day events.

The World Cup was made up of around ten one-day races chosen from the prestigious classics. An individual classification and a team classification were established. In the last editions, the first 25 in each round scored from 100 to 1 points. During these events, the provisional leader of the classification wore a distinctive jersey.

History
The competition was inaugurated in 1989, and replaced the Super Prestige Pernod International. In the first three years, the competition was sponsored by Perrier. The competition determined a winning individual, and a winning team.

In 1989, the classics making up the World Cup were: Milan–San Remo, Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Amstel Gold Race, Wincanton Classic (Newcastle), Grand Prix of the Americas (Montreal), Clásica de San Sebastián, Züri-Metzgete, Grand Prix de la Liberation (Team Time Trial in Eindhoven), Paris-Tours, Giro di Lombardia. In 1990, a final individual time trial was added in Lunel. In 1991, this time trial was contested in Bergamo (event counting as both the Grand Prix des Nations and the Trofeo Baracchi).

In 1992, the Grand Prix de la Liberation disappeared from the World Cup events. The Grand Prix of the Americas becomes the Grand Prix Téléglobe (it will disappear from the World Cup events the following year). That same year, the final time trial was definitively replaced by the Grand Prix des Nations, contested in Palma de Mallorca. In 1993, the Grand Prix des Nations was contested at Lac de Madine. He will disappear from the World Cup events the following year. In 1994, the Wincanton Classic became the Leeds International Classic.

In 1995, a new event was added to the calendar: the Frankfurt Grand Prix. It will be its only year as a World Cup event, just like the Japan Cup in 1996.

In 1997, the Leeds International Classic became the Rochester Classic. The following year it was replaced by the HEW Cyclassics in Hamburg. From that year, the 10 classics making up the World Cup are therefore: Milan-San Remo, Tour of Flanders, Paris-Roubaix, Amstel Gold Race, Liège-Bastogne-Liège, Hamburg Hew Cyclassics, Clásica de San Sebastián, Züri-Metzgete, Paris-Tours, Giro di Lombardia.

The World Cup disappeared with the creation of the ProTour and the continental circuits in 2005.

The record number of wins was Paolo Bettini's three consecutive wins in 2002, 2003, and the last edition in 2004. Three riders won the competition twice: Maurizio Fondriest (1991 and 1993), Johan Museeuw (1995 and 1996) and Michele Bartoli (1997 and 1998).

The competition was run in parallel to the UCI Road World Rankings, which included all UCI sanctioned events. Both were replaced at the end of the 2004 season with the inauguration of the UCI ProTour and UCI Continental Circuits.

Individual
Points are awarded for the best riders in each race according to the following scale:

From 1997, the rider in order to be taken into account in the final general classification, must participate in at least six of the 10 races.

Teams
A ranking of the teams has also been set up. During each race, the places of the first three riders of each team are added together. The team with the lowest total receives 12 points in the team standings, the second team receives nine, the third team receives eight and so on until the tenth team scores a point.

From 1997, the team in order to be taken into account in the final general classification, must participate in at least eight of the 10 races.

Races
The races with grey background existed but was not in the World Cup calendar for that year The final time trial (1990-1993) was an invitation event. The invited riders are the single Cup race winners, the first 10 of the general classification before the last race, the first 10 in the World Ranking and the reigning World Champion. Generally some riders forfeit their right to start and some others in the high classification of World Cup are invited.

Jersey
After each race, the points gained for each rider were added to the current total. A special rainbow jersey was then presented to the leading rider in the overall ranking of the World Cup. He was obliged to wear this jersey in the further World Cup races as long as he held the lead in the overall standings. The jersey was issued for the first time in 1990 edition. It retained the same core design with minor modifications of logos and colors. Only in the first edition a grey-yellow jersey was awarded to the leader without the rainbow scheme.

Records and statistics

 * Most individual classification wins : 🇮🇹 Paolo Bettini (3).
 * Most team classification wins : 🇮🇹 (5).
 * Most single races wins in a career :
 * 🇧🇪 Johan Museeuw (11),
 * 🇩🇪 Erik Zabel (8),
 * 🇮🇹 Michele Bartoli (7),
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Bettini (6),
 * 🇮🇹 Andrea Tafi (5),
 * 🇧🇪 Eric Van Lancker (4), 🇮🇹 Gianni Bugno (4), 🇲🇩🇺🇦🇧🇪Andrei Tchmil (4), 🇮🇹 Davide Rebellin (4), 🇫🇷 Laurent Jalabert (4),
 * eight shared riders (3),
 * fifteen shared riders (2),
 * 59 shared riders (1).
 * Most single races wins in a single season : 🇮🇹 Paolo Bettini (3 in 2003).
 * Most wins in a single World Cup race : 🇩🇪 Erik Zabel (4 Milan-San Remo).
 * Lead the general classification after all single races: 🇩🇪 Erik Zabel, 2000.
 * Andrei Tchmil finished four times on the podium, representing three different nations (third in 1994 for Moldova, second in 1995 for Ukraine, first in 1999 and second in 2000 for Belgium).
 * 🇧🇪 Johan Museeuw is the only rider that won the World Cup and the World Championship in the same year (1996).
 * Oscar Camenzind is the only rider winning a World Cup race wearing the rainbow jersey of World Champion (1998 Giro di Lombardia, after winning the World Championship the previous week).
 * 🇮🇹 Gianni Bugno is the only rider that won the World Cup and a Grand Tour in the same year (and in career), winning 1990 Giro d'Italia.
 * 🇮🇹 Maurizio Fondriest (in 1991) and 🇮🇹 Paolo Bettini (in 2004) are the only riders that won the final classification without winning a single race.
 * 🇩🇪 Olaf Ludwig and Erik Dekker are the only World Cup winners that did not win a single Monument in career.
 * 1991, 1992, 1994, 2001 and 2004 are the only edition when the winner did not win a single Monument.
 * The winner of Milan–San Remo was the final Cup winner five times (1990, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2003) while the Liège–Bastogne–Liège winners (1989, 1997, 1998, 2002) and Züri-Metzgete/Grand Prix Suisse winners (1993, 1994, 1995, 1998) took the final Cup four times.
 * The winners of Paris–Tours and Giro di Lombardia never won the final classification of World Cup in the same year. The same happened for the few time disputed events (Grand Prix des Amériques, 1990 UCI Road World Cup Finale, Grand Prix des Nations, Rund um den Henninger-Turm, Japan Cup).
 * 🇧🇪 Johan Museeuw won six different races in his World Cup career (Züri-Metzgete/Grand Prix Suisse, Tour of Flanders, Paris–Tours, Amstel Gold Race, Paris–Roubaix and HEW Cyclassics). 🇮🇹 Andrea Tafi (Giro di Lombardia, Wincanton Classic, Paris–Roubaix, Paris–Tours and Tour of Flanders), 🇮🇹 Michele Bartoli (Tour of Flanders, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Züri-Metzgete, Amstel Gold Race and Giro di Lombardia) and 🇮🇹 Paolo Bettini (Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Züri-Metzgete/Grand Prix Suisse, Milan–San Remo, HEW Cyclassics and Clásica de San Sebastián) won five different races. Bettini won a sixth, (Giro di Lombardia) when the World Cup did not exist anymore.  Adri Van Der Poel won a single World Cup race (Amstel Gold Race) but won another five different future World Cup races (Züri-Metzgete, Clásica de San Sebastián, Tour of Flanders, Paris–Tours and Liège–Bastogne–Liège) before World Cup began. Some other riders won six World Cup races before the World Cup existed (🇧🇪 Eddy Merckx, 🇧🇪Rik Van Looy, 🇧🇪Roger De Vlaemink) but they did not win any single World Cup races because their career ended before 1989. 🇧🇪  Phipippe Gilbert have won seven different races (Paris–Tours, Giro di Lombardia, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Clásica de San Sebastián, Tour of Flanders and Paris–Roubaix) but everyone of them after the last World Cup edition.

title: UCI Road World Cup


text: Category:Villages in Anglesey

title: Category:Villages in Anglesey


text:
Bent (band)

Bent are an electronica act from Nottingham in England, consisting of Neil "Nail" Tolliday and Simon Mills. They released their debut album Programmed to Love in 2000.

The duo were initially noted for their ability to create their own mischievous style of recordings by sampling their private record collections (which they have themselves referred to as "dodgy"). On the 2003 single "Magic Love" they sampled a Toni Tennille performance. Nana Mouskouri is one of the artists they have sampled the most so far. Another notably sampled artist is the Canadian singer Anne Murray, whose song "Just Bidin' My Time" is heavily used for the lyrics of "Leavin' Me".

With the release of 2004's Ariels, Bent took a sharp turn into live-based recording using predominantly original material. 2006's Intercept! saw the duo taking a step back into the style reminiscent of the first two albums, although adding a more discoesque touch. Their prankster-ish reputation is reprised with the track "Stay Out All Night", in which the sole lyric (repeated twice) is "People who are afraid of the dark send their children to bed and stay out all night".

Following the relative hiatus of the band (a Best of in 2009 was followed 4 years later by a double CD featuring previously unreleased tracks), both Nail and Simon Mills have maintained musical activity of their own. Simon Mills launched a solo project called Napoleon, with a self-titled first album digitally released in 2011, very similar to early Bent in its delicate blending of soft electronic music and vintage samplings. A second album, Magpies, also close to the Bent sound, followed in 2013, and 2014 saw for Napoleon the release of twelve EPs, at the beginning of each month.

Simon Mills collaborated with Capital Cities, recording two songs in 2011, "Postcards" (feat. Capital Cities) and "Two Timin' My Mind" (feat. Capital Cities), both of which were released on Napoleon's debut album, and two remixes, "New Town Crier" (Napoleon Remix) for Capital Cities' Kangaroo Court EP USA release, and "Patience Gets Us Nowhere Fast" (Napoleon Remix) for In a Tidal Wave of Mystery Deluxe Edition. This album also contains the Mills-produced track "Lazy Lies".

Use in advertising
The song "Private Road" was used in the 2001 Carlsberg "Bank" commercial. "Invisible Pedestrian" was featured in an Absolut Vodka commercial that aired in 2003, as well as a commercial for Dutch Railways (NS) in 2006. Both songs are from the album Programmed to Love. The song "Silent Life" off the album Ariels was featured in a Coca-Cola commercial that aired in 2006.

In television, the song "Beautiful Otherness" was used on the show Keen Eddie.

"Thick Ear" from The Everlasting Blink was used in a TV campaign for Tax Credits, with a voice-over by Jenny Eclair. It was also used by digital radio station BBC Radio 7 on some of its trailers (2008).

"Silent Life" has been used since 2009 in various Impresa Semplice TV campaigns in Italy.

Studio albums

 * Programmed to Love (2000)
 * The Everlasting Blink (2003)
 * Ariels (2004)
 * Intercept! (2006)
 * Best of Bent (2009) (containing 7 previously unreleased songs)
 * From the Vaults: 1998 - 2006 (2013) (containing 34 previously unreleased songs)
 * Up in the Air (2020)

Other projects

 * Music for Barbecues (2000)
 * Downloaded for Love (2001)
 * FabricLive.11 (2003)
 * Flavour Country EP (2004)
 * Later (DJ mix album) (2005)
 * The Art of Chill 5 - mixed by Bent 2CD (2008)
 * Napoleon (Napoleon) (2011)
 * Magpies (Napoleon) (2013)

title: Bent (band)


text:
List of manias

The English suffix -mania denotes an obsession with something; a mania. The suffix is used in some medical terms denoting mental disorders. It has also entered standard English and is affixed to many different words to denote enthusiasm or obsession with that subject. Cambridge Dictionary has defined mania as “a very strong interest in something that fills a person's mind or uses up all their time” Britannica Dictionary defined mania as a mental illness in which a person becomes very emotional or excited.

A

 * Aboulomania – indecisiveness (aboulo- (Greek) meaning irresolution or indecision)
 * Andromania – human sexual behaviour and desire towards males in females (andro- (Greek) meaning man, men, male or masculine) Can be replaced by hypersexuality, nymphomania, cytheromania, hysteromania or aphrodisiomania.
 * Anglomania – England and a passion or obsession with the English (i.e. anglophile) See also anglophobia.
 * Arithmomania, arithmomania – numbers and counting (arithmo- (Greek) meaning number)
 * Ablutomania - Mania for washing oneself
 * Agromania - Intense desire to be in open spaces
 * Anthomania - Obsession with flowers

B

 * Bibliomania – books and reading (biblio- (Greek) meaning books)

C

 * Choreomania, choromania – dancing (choreo- (Greek) meaning dance)

D

 * Demonomania – one's own demonic possession (delusional conviction)
 * Dermatillomania – picking at the skin
 * Dipsomania – alcohol (dipso- (Greek) meaning thirst)
 * Drapetomania – running away from home (pseudoscience)
 * Dromomania – traveling

E

 * Egomania – obsession with oneself and self-worship (ego- (Latin) meaning I, first person and singular pronoun)
 * Ergomania, ergasiomania – work (ergasio- or ergo- (Greek) meaning work)
 * Erotomania – sexual desire or sexual attraction from strangers (delusional conviction) (eroto- (Greek) meaning sexual passion or desire)
 * Etheromania – addiction to diethyl ether (ethero- (Greek > Latin) meaning upper air or sky)
 * Eleutheromania – an intense and irresistible desire for freedom

G

 * Graphomania – writing or making lists (grapho- (Greek) meaning to write)
 * Gigantomania - is the production of unusually and superfluously large works.

H

 * Hypermania – severe mania—mental state with high intensity disorientation and often violent behavior, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hyper- (Greek) meaning abnormal excess)
 * Hypomania – mild mania—mental state with persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hypo- (Greek) meaning deficient)

K

 * Kleptomania, klopemania – stealing
 * Klazomania – screaming

L

 * Logomania – being wordy and talkative i.e. loquacity
 * Ludomania – gambling

M

 * Mania – severely elevated mood
 * megalomania – wealth and power
 * Micromania – self-deprecation
 * Monomania – a single object, type of object, or concept
 * Mythomania – lying

N

 * Nymphomania – an obsolete term for female hypersexuality

O

 * Oniomania – desire to shop
 * Onychotillomania – picking at the fingernails

P

 * Plutomania – greed/obession with money or wealth (ploutos- (Greek) meaning wealth)
 * Pteridomania – ferns
 * Pyromania – fire or starting fires

R

 * Rhinotillexomania – nose picking (rhino- (Greek) meaning nose and tillexis- meaning to pluck, tear, pull or pick at)

S

 * Satyromania – excessive, often uncontrollable sexual desire in and behavior by a man (satyr- (Greek > Latin) meaning a woodland deity, part man and part goat; riotous merriment and lechery)

T

 * Theomania – one's own divinity or one's divine mission
 * Toxicomania – poisons
 * Trichotillomania – pulling out one's hair
 * Typomania – printing one's works

Pop culture and celebrities
The -mania suffix is also used to describe immense appreciations and fandoms that are not necessarily psychological, including popular culture and politics.

 * Bartmania – American television series The Simpsons (particularly character Bart Simpson), early 1990s
 * Beatlemania – English band the Beatles, 1960s
 * Dalekmania – Dalek characters from Doctor Who, c. 1965
 * Dianamania – Diana, Princess of Wales, 1980s and 1990s
 * Jacksonmania – Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5
 * Leo-mania – American actor Leonardo DiCaprio, late 1990s
 * Lisztomania – Hungarian composer Franz Liszt, 1840s
 * Madonnamania - American singer Madonna, from c. 1985
 * Pokémania - Video game franchise Pokémon, c. 1999 to 2000
 * Sinatramania – American singer Frank Sinatra, mid-1940s
 * Swiftmania – American singer Taylor Swift, 2020s

Politics

 * Corbynmania – British Labour party leader Jeremy Corbyn (2015 to 2020)
 * Jacindamania – New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern (2017 to 2023)
 * Obama-mania – United States president and senator Barack Obama, late 2000s and early 2010s
 * Trudeaumania – the Canadian politician Pierre Trudeau
 * Tulipomania – a metaphor for an economic bubble

title: List of manias


text: File:Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo - Sketch for St. Leo in Glory, church of San Lio, Venice.jpg