text:
Talk:Double-elimination tournament

Error
I'm confused, the article states that the winner of the upper bracket only has to lose once to lose the tournament. This is never the case as the winner of the consolation bracket will always have to defeat the upper bracket winner twice.
 * Yes, that was obviously absurd. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:16, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The statement that the winner of the winner's bracket only has to lose once to lose the tournament is true is it not? i.e. When the winner of the winners bracket advances to the finals and loses to the winner of the losers bracket (who has lost once) the tournament is over and the the winner of that match is the winner of the tournament. In that scenario the winner of the loser's bracket has lost only once and has not won the tournament. This was my biggest complaint about the double elimination tournament playing pool for many years. Dancindazed (talk) 23:13, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The article says "It is possible for the Championship finals to be determined by just a single match if the W Bracket winner defeats the L Bracket winner." In some championships, the final is played only once, no matter if the winner comes from the W Bracket or the L Bracket. See for instance: 2012–13_Campionato_Sammarinese_di_Calcio. Tykyheg (talk) 13:12, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

On this point, see the edit I just made which clarifies that double-elimination tournaments usually have a possible second game of the finals (called the "if game") but sometimes are scheduled as a single-game final round, as mentioned by Tykyheg. See opinion piece in The Bruin. Mathew5000 (talk) 06:34, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Rewrote article
I re-wrote much of the article in order to offer a clearer explanation of why things happen the way they do, rather than a confusing explanation about how the teams that have won once and lost once face the teams that have lost after winning the first round, the losers having lost twice and the winners who have won once and lost once then won again facing the teams that won twice and lost once, on and on and on. This, coupled with the lack of a diagram, makes it rather difficult to swallow if you don't already know how a double-elimination tournament is conducted.

Instead, I noted that each round in the Losers Bracket is conducted in two stages, the second one allowing the losers from the Winners Bracket to be "filtered down" into the Losers Bracket. This, I believe, establishes the fundamental principle behind the arrangement of the Losers Bracket (in other words, the why), rather than going off on an accurate but overwhelmingly confusing treatise on just the end result (in other words, the what).

I picked up the diagram from the Bracket (tournament) article (props to whoever made that), which while still not crystal clear, still offers a way for people to see the results and perhaps, with the aid of the written text of the article, suddenly reach that epiphany of "oh, I get it now!". -- Vystrix Nexoth 22:37, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

I found the diagram most useful, in particular the fact that the winner of the top bracket loses and gets reintroduced as a loser-on-second-chance and then goes on to win. That wasn't apparent just from reading the text. (Nor, I must admit initially understood from first glance at the diagram; it was only when working out how many matches get played per person that I needed something to explain the errors in my own disgrams, lol.) ;o) Ferdinangus 15:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Comparisons
Someone care to write something comparing it with the Swiss system and Round-Robin system?70.111.251.203 13:09, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Seeding
Would be interesting to see a subsection on how seeding usually is handled in these tournament systems. Mainly I wonder how losers that just lost their first game are interleaved with losers already present in the losers bracket. Andreas Lundblad (talk) 23:19, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You just follow the numbering on the chart. The longer you stay in the winners' bracket, the better you are placed in the losers' bracket. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont]  ‹(-¿-)› 22:16, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Determine number of teams in losers bracket
Maybe add this for more information? the number of teams in the losers bracket for any round will always be the number of teams in the losers bracket the previous round divided by two and added to the number of teams in the winners bracket after being divided by two.(number of teams in winners bracket divded by two, not the solution to the rest of the formula divided by two). or N=L/2+(W/2)                     L- teams in losers bracket previous round. W- number of teams in winners bracket previous round.

To find how many teams are in the losers bracket for the second round of the tournament(first with team(s) in the loser bracket)you take the number of teams in the tournament and divide it by 2. Same for third round. Fourth round divide amount of teams by 2 2/3. Fifth divide it by 4. Sixth round divide by 6 2/5. Seventh divide by 10 2/3. Eighth divide by 18.2857(round your answer). Ninth divide by 32. Tenth divide by 56.8(repeating.)These work until you have two teams left, then the next round will have one.

Note:I cannot source these from any website or book;I figured these out on my own, you are free to try them if you think they are incorrect.

 * Your calculations are wrong. You missed the fact, that the losers from the Upper Bracket only join the Lower Bracket at every second stage, not every stage (exception for first-round losers). The correct numbers are:
 * 1st and 2nd round of Lower Bracket: n/2
 * 3rd and 4th round of Lower Bracket: n/4
 * 5th and 6th round of Lower Bracket: n/8
 * and so on. See the picture in the article, which exactly matches my numbers. --UncleOwen (talk) 11:13, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Why? Just follow the numbering on the tournament chart. None of this math is necessary to run such a tournament. I can see that someone somewhere might have some reason to do calculations like this, e.g. for sportsbook purposes, but that's probably outside the scope of what a WP article is for, per WP:NOT. Just my opinion, so far. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:16, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Variations mentioned under "Conducting the tournament"
I found the paragraph "An exception is in tournaments in which at one point there is one Winner's Bracket team left and an odd number of Loser's Bracket teams left. Quite often these tournaments will make the last Winner's Bracket team play the lowest-seeded Loser's Bracket team remaining, thus preventing more bye-rounds for teams, shortening the tournament, and potentially making the final a one-game winner-take-all event. For instance, in a double-elimination tournament of eight teams, in the fourth round there will be three Loser's Bracket teams left and only one Winner's Bracket team left. The Winner's Bracket team plays the worst Loser's Bracket team, while the other two teams play each other. If the Winner's Bracket team wins, there will be two teams left and they will go straight to the finals (with the Winner's Bracket team having a one game advantage as usual). However, if the Winner's Bracket team loses then three teams will still be in the tournament, all with one loss. Usually in the subsequent fifth round either the last Winner's Bracket team that just lost has a bye-round or the top seed remaining will have a bye, while the other two teams square off. This leaves two teams for a one game final in the sixth and last round. Whether the Winner's Bracket team wins or loses in round four, this cross-bracket procedure shortens an eight team double elimination tournament from 6-7 rounds to 5-6 rounds." highly confusing. In a double-elimination tournament of eight teams there will never be three teams left in the Loser's Bracket. If done right, that is. The french article has a nice grafics. Note how équipe G joins the Loser's Bracket in round 4, not in round 3.

It took me quite some time to figure out that this paragraph is actually describing a variant to speed things up, not the pure Double-elimination tournament! That's why I think it should be moved down to the variants. The paragraph about the College World Series should go down there, too. --UncleOwen (talk) 11:39, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I moved the paragraph about the College World Series. Not sure what to do about the first one. --UncleOwen (talk) 11:47, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Now I also moved the paragraph about cross-bracket elimination. I also had to rewrite part of it. What do you think? --UncleOwen (talk) 11:55, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Better. Weirdness like that should not "pollute" the description of the quite simple and easy-to-follow standard tournament format.

Cross link with repechage?
It appears to me (and I don't claim to be an expert) that the losers bracket of a double elimination tournament is in effect a Repechage. Should this be added to the entry, and the two entries cross linked?

Haroldp (talk) 21:58, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've done some work there to link back here, and will do a link the other direction too

 * Who is "I"? —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:16, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

"Team" bias
All this verbiage about "team" this and "team" that needs to go, as single, double and round-robin tournament formats have nothing to do with whether it's a team or individual sport. Just use "competitor" or something. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:16, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Draw and process
This is a major variant of the double elimination and should be included. There is an explanation here http://www.croquetamerica.com/croquet/tournaments/DrawAndProcess.php and here  http://www.croquet.org.uk/tournament/regulations.html#F1  MidlandLinda (talk) 20:50, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd say that "Draw and Process" is sufficiently different from the subject of this article, that it warrent's an article of it's own. Adding details about D+P to this article would lead to confusion, IMHO. UncleOwen (talk) 20:55, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Title image is not a true double-elimination bracket
In the current title image, the lower bracket does not accommodate the losers of the first round (losers of games 1, 2, and 3). Instead the lower bracket begins at the second round. So the first-round losers are eliminated from the tournament after a single game or match, thus it is not a true double-elimination.

While this format may be a valid variant of double-elimination, I think a standard example would be more helpful to use as the title image of the article, particularly to avoid confusion as the image contradicts with the article in many places. Derevyenot (talk) 10:19, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The best solution (if wanting to keep the image relatively small) is a six-entrant bracket. I'll have a go this weekend of drawing it up.  O.N.R.  (talk) 21:05, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree with Derevyenot. The top image in the current version of the article does not illustrate a double-elimination tournament. It depicts a hybrid of the single- and double-elimination formats. The image was put in the article in June 2020 by this edit. I'm going to restore the image that had been at the top of the article previously, which accurately illustrates a double-elimination tournament with all its complexity.     Mathew5000 (talk) 08:08, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

San Marino
What about sanmarinese association football league? They had before 2018/19 a double-elimination tournament at end of the season. 2A02:908:C38:D3A0:0:0:0:38EC (talk) 22:54, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Double-elimination tournament


text:
Sandoval

Sandoval is a habitational surname of Spanish origin. It primarily originates from Sandoval de la Reina, Spain, earlier called Sannoval, which is a blend word of Latin saltus (meaning 'grove' or 'wood') and Latin novalis (meaning 'newly cleared land'). It is of Judeo-Kale origins.

People with the surname

 * Aarón Sandoval, Mexican footballer
 * Andrew Sandoval, American songwriter, musician, producer and author
 * Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez (born 1938), Filipino jurist
 * Arturo Sandoval, Cuban Latin-jazz musician
 * Brian Sandoval (born 1963), American politician, Republican governor of Nevada
 * Carla Sandoval (born 1982), Chilean pianist
 * Carlos Sandoval (born 1956), Mexican-German composer, musician and sound artist
 * Carlos Ramírez Sandoval (1939–2016), Mexican museum director and curator
 * Carmen Barajas Sandoval (1925–2014), Mexican aristocrat, film executive producer, bestselling author
 * Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda (1581–1624), minister of state for Philip III of Spain
 * Danny Sandoval (born 1979), Venezuelan baseball infielder
 * Diego de Sandoval (1505–1580), Spanish explorer and conquistador
 * Dominic Sandoval, American dancer and YouTube personality
 * Elman Joel Sandoval, Honduran politician
 * Esther Sandoval (1927–2006), Puerto Rican actress
 * Eva Contreras Sandoval (born 1956), Mexican politician
 * Federico Sandoval II, known as Ricky Sandoval, Filipino congressman
 * Francisco de Sandoval Acacitzin (died 1554), native ruler of Itzcahuacan in Mexico after the Spanish conquest
 * Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma (1552/53–1625), a favorite of Philip III of Spain
 * Freddy Sandoval (born 1982), Mexican baseball player
 * Fulvia Celica Siguas Sandoval, Peruvian transsexual woman
 * Gerardo Sandoval (born 1962), judge of the Superior Court of California
 * Gidget Sandoval, Costa Rican Miss International for 1983
 * Gonzalo de Sandoval (1497–1528), Spanish conquistador in New Spain
 * Hernán Sandoval (born 1983), Guatemalan football striker
 * Horacio Sandoval (born 1971), Mexican comic book artist
 * Hope Sandoval, American singer-songwriter
 * Irma Sandoval Ballesteros, Mexican academic
 * Isabel Sandoval, Filipina filmmaker and actress
 * Jery Sandoval (born 1986), Colombian actress, model and singer
 * Jesse Sandoval, American drummer, formerly of The Shins
 * José León Sandoval, President of Nicaragua from 1845–47
 * Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (born 1933), Roman Catholic cardinal and archbishop, from Mexico
 * Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936–2015), Roman Catholic cardinal and archbishop, from Bolivia
 * Kevin Sandoval (Guatemalan footballer) (born 1962), Guatemalan footballer
 * Kevin Sandoval (Peruvian footballer) (born 1997), Peruvian footballer
 * Luciana Sandoval (born 1980), Salvadoran television presenter, dancer and model
 * Luis Sandoval (disambiguation)
 * Manuel de Sandoval, Neomexican soldier, governor of Coahuila (1729–1733) and Texas
 * Marlene Sandoval, known as Rubí Sandoval, Mexican footballer
 * Martin Sandoval (1964–2020), American politician; Democratic member of the Illinois Senate
 * Mary Sandoval, American mathematician
 * Merril Sandoval (1925–2008), American Navajo World War II veteran
 * Miguel Sandoval (born 1951), American film and television actor
 * Miguel Sandoval (composer) (1903–1953), Guatemalan film composer
 * Pablo Sandoval, Venezuelan professional baseball player
 * Patrick Sandoval (born 1996), American professional baseball player
 * Pete Sandoval, Salvadoran-born American drummer of the band Morbid Angel
 * Raúl Sandoval, Mexican actor and singer
 * Richie Sandoval (born 1960), American boxer
 * Roberto Parra Sandoval (1921–1995), Chilean singer-songwriter, guitarist and folklorist
 * Samy and Sandra Sandoval, Panamanian musical duo
 * Santiago Cristóbal Sandoval, Mexican sculptor
 * Shaina Sandoval (born 1992), American actress
 * Sonny Sandoval, American lead singer of the band P.O.D.
 * Teresita Sandoval (1811–1894) a founder of Pueblo, Colorado
 * Tom Sandoval, cast member from Vanderpump Rules
 * Tony Sandoval (born 1954), American marathon runner
 * Valeska Sandoval, Nicaraguan student
 * Vicente Cerna Sandoval, president of Guatemala 1865–71
 * Wellington Sandoval, Ecuadorian surgeon and former politician

Fictional characters with the surname

 * Carlos Sandoval, a recurring character of Walker, Texas Ranger and the protagonist of its spinoff Sons of Thunder.

People with the given name

 * Sandoval (footballer, born 1969), Sandoval Luiz de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sandoval


text:
Svenska Serien

Svenska Serien (literally, "The Swedish Series", also Svenska Fotbollserien, "The Swedish Football Series") was the highest league in Swedish football and was played since 1910–1917, 1920–1921, and 1922–1924. It was then replaced by the current-day league Allsvenskan. Despite being the highest league, the winner of Svenska Serien did not become Swedish Champions; instead that title was awarded to the winner of the cup tournament Svenska Mästerskapet between 1896 and 1925.

title: Svenska Serien


text: Category:Provinces of Bolivia

title: Category:Provinces of Bolivia


text:
Wet feet, dry feet policy

The wet feet, dry feet policy or wet foot, dry foot policy was the name given to a former interpretation of the 1995 revision of the application of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 that essentially says that anyone who emigrated from Cuba and entered the United States would be allowed to pursue residency a year later. Prior to 1995, the U.S. government allowed all Cubans who reached U.S. territorial waters to remain in the U.S. After talks with the Cuban government, the Clinton administration came to an agreement with Cuba that it would stop admitting people intercepted in U.S. waters.

For two decades thereafter, any Cuban caught on the waters between the two nations (with "wet feet") would summarily be returned to Cuba or sent to a third country, while one who made it to shore ("dry feet") got a chance to remain in the United States, and later would qualify for expedited "legal permanent resident" status in accordance with the 1966 Act and eventually U.S. citizenship. However, the policy came with increased risk for asylum seekers entering the country. In 1994, also known as the year of the Rafter Crisis, 36,900 immigrants risked travel by sea.

On January 12, 2017, Barack Obama announced the immediate end of the policy following concerns about the safety of immigrants risking their lives to cross the straits of Florida into the U.S. The end of his presidency saw an increase in foreign relations with Cuba, including bilateral agreements with the Cuban government regarding maritime and aeronautical search and rescue protocols for Cuban immigrants entering the country.

Background
Between 1960 and 1980, hundreds of thousands of Cubans entered the United States under the Attorney General's parole authority, many of them arriving by boat. In 1980, a mass migration of asylum seekers—known as the Mariel boatlift—brought approximately 125,000 Cubans (and 25,000 Haitians) to South Florida over a six-month period. After declining for several years, Cuban "boat people" steadily rose from a few hundred in 1989 to a few thousand in 1993. After Cuban President Fidel Castro made threatening speeches in 1994, riots ensued in Havana, and the Cuban exodus by boat escalated. The number of Cubans intercepted by the U.S. Coast Guard or the U.S. Border Patrol reached a post-Mariel high of 37,191 in 1994.

Until 1995, the United States generally had not repatriated Cubans (except certain criminal immigrants on a negotiated list) under a policy established when the government became Communist within two years of the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Not only has the United States been reluctant to repatriate people to Cuba, but also the Cuban government typically has also refused to accept Cuban migrants who are excludable under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Cubans who have been convicted of crimes in the United States pose complex problems, as Cuba is among a handful of nations that does not generally accept the return of criminal aliens.)

"Normalizing" migration between the two nations was the stated purpose of the migration agreement enacted by the Clinton administration on September 9, 1994, when the U.S. policy toward Cuban migrants was altered significantly. The plan's objectives of safe, legal, and orderly immigration relied on six points.

 * The United States agreed no longer to permit Cubans intercepted at sea to come to the United States; rather, Cubans would be placed in a safe haven camp in a third location. Justifying this policy as a "safety of life at sea" issue, Cuba also agreed to use "persuasive methods" to discourage people from setting sail.
 * The United States and Cuba reaffirmed their support for the United Nations General Assembly resolution on alien smuggling. They pledged to cooperate in the prevention of the illegal transport of migrants and the use of violence or "forcible divergence" to reach the United States.
 * The United States agreed to admit no fewer than 20,000 immigrants from Cuba annually, not including the immediate relatives of U.S. citizens.
 * The United States and Cuba agreed to cooperate on the voluntary return of Cubans who arrived in the United States or were intercepted at sea.
 * The United States and Cuba did not reach an agreement on how to handle Cubans who are excluded by the INA, but agreed to continue discussing the matter. (Grounds for removal include health-related grounds; criminal grounds; national security grounds; Nazi prosecution grounds; public charge grounds; illegal entry and immigration law violations; and lack of proper immigration documents.)
 * The United States and Cuba agreed to review the implementation of this agreement and engage in further discussions.

It became apparent that the 20,000 minimum level per year could not be met through the INA preference system or the refugee provisions because of the eligibility criteria. In addition to Cubans who may qualify to immigrate through the INA preference system and who may qualify as refugees, the United States decided to use other authority in the law (i.e., parole), to allow Cubans to come to the United States and become legal permanent residents through the Cuban Adjustment Act. Specifically, a "visa lottery" program was established to randomly select who, among the many Cubans seeking to migrate, receives a visa.

As part of the effort to enact this agreement, Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage were executed to alleviate overcrowding at Guantanamo Bay by using temporary camps in Panama.

Cuban Migration Agreement, March 1996
On May 2, 1995, the Clinton administration announced a further agreement with Cuba that resolved the dilemma of the approximately 33,000 Cubans then encamped at Guantanamo. This new agreement, which came at the time of year when boat people traditionally begin their journeys, had two new points. Foremost, the United States allowed most of the Cubans detained at Guantanamo to come to the United States through the humanitarian parole provisions of the INA (Guantanamo).

Cuba agreed to credit some of these admissions toward the minimum 20,000 LPRs per year from Cuba, with 5,000 charged annually over three years. Secondly, rather than placing Cubans intercepted at sea in safe haven camps, the United States began repatriating them to Cuba. Both parties promised to act in a matter consistent with international obligations and to ensure that no action is taken against those repatriated. U.S. officials would inform repatriated Cubans about procedures to legally immigrate at the U.S. Interests Section in Havana. Those charged with alien smuggling, however, do face prison terms in Cuba.

Interdicted Cubans are given an opportunity to express a fear of persecution if returned to Cuba. Those who meet the definition of a refugee or asylee are resettled in a third country. From May 1995 through July 2003, about 170 Cuban refugees were resettled in 11 countries, including Spain, Venezuela, Australia, and Nicaragua. The State Department is required to monitor whether those migrants who are returned to Cuba are subject to reprisals.

Special Cuban Migration Lottery
Since the 1994 migration agreement, the United States has conducted three visa lottery open seasons to implement the Special Cuban Migration Program. The three open seasons were at two-year intervals: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994, FY1996, and FY1998. The number of qualifying registrants has increased each year, from 189,000 in 1994, to 433,000 in 1996 and to 541,000 in 1998. Cubans qualifying through the 1998 lottery are still being paroled into the United States.

Once selected through the lottery, the successful applicants are given parole status with a visa that is good for six months. The medical examination, required of all potential immigrants, is good for one year. Spouses and minor children may accompany the successful registrants. Over the years, there have been reports of barriers the potential Cuban parolees face, such as exorbitantly-priced medical exams, exit visas fees, and repercussions for family members who are sequestered.

Recurring issues and criticism
A well-publicized incident in June 1999 provoked outrage when the U.S. Coast Guard used pepper spray and a water cannon to prevent six Cubans from reaching Surfside Beach in Florida. A few weeks later, a Cuban woman drowned when a boat capsized during interdiction. Notably in late November 1999, the U.S. Coast Guard opted to bring six-year-old Elián González and two other survivors of an ill-fated journey to the United States rather than taking them to Cuba as the migration agreement provides.

In July 2003, a dozen people reportedly stole a Cuban-flagged boat from the marina where it was docked in Cuba and kidnapped the three watchmen guarding the marina in the process. When the boat was in international waters allegedly en route to Florida, Coast Guard officials tried to intercept it and reportedly faced violent resistance from the Cubans when they interdicted the vessel. All 15 persons on board were taken to the U.S. Coast Guard cutter and interviewed by a USCIS asylum officer. The three watchmen indicated a desire to return to Cuba. When the Cuban government offered to sentence the 12 persons implicated in crimes (purportedly boat theft, kidnapping, and assaulting federal officers) to 10 years in prison, the United States agreed to return them.

On January 7, 2006, the Coast Guard found 15 Cubans who had climbed onto a piling on the old Seven Mile Bridge in the Florida Keys. The old bridge had been cut off from land because it was no longer in use and the United States Coast Guard argued that since the refugees could not walk to land, their feet were still "wet". The Coast Guard's legal office, in conjunction with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, decided to repatriate the Cubans. The Coast Guard stated that the Cubans "were determined to be wet-feet and processed in accordance with standard procedure."

In retaliation to the Cubans being returned, Ramón Saúl Sánchez led a hunger strike against the policy, and on January 18, the White House agreed to meet with Sánchez at some point in the near future. After eleven days, the hunger strike was ended, and Sánchez has yet to meet with White House officials. On February 28, 2007, a federal judge ruled that the United States government had acted unreasonably when it sent home the 15 Cubans. The judge ordered the government to make its best effort to help the immigrants return to the United States. Fourteen of the 15 Cubans re-landed on December 15, 2006, and were given migrant visas.

Changes in immigration patterns
Since the late-1980s, immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; many landed on Isla Mujeres. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas–Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans immigrating to the U.S. through Mexico.

Other migrants arrived in the U.S. crossing the Mona Channel that separates the Dominican Republic from Puerto Rico, the latter being a U.S. Commonwealth. Using smugglers based in the Dominican Republic, migrants make the hazardous journey using rickety fishing boats commonly called "yolas" and set foot on Isla de Mona, a small uninhabited island that is part of Puerto Rico. Once on the island, U.S. Coast Guard patrol boats pick up the migrants and transfer them to Aguadilla where they are processed by U.S. immigration. 35,000 Cubans ended up leaving Cuba.

End of policy
Beginning with the United States–Cuban Thaw in 2014, anticipation of the end of the wet feet, dry feet policy led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants. On January 12, 2017, President Barack Obama announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet, dry feet policy. Since then, Cuban nationals who enter the United States illegally, regardless of whether they are intercepted on land or at sea, have been subject to removal. At the same time the Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals.

title: Wet feet, dry feet policy


text:
Category:Subdivisions of Bolivia

There are nine component departments of Bolivia, which are further subdivided into provinces.

title: Category:Subdivisions of Bolivia


text:
Saranac River

The Saranac River is an 81 mi river in the U.S. state of New York.

Geography
In its upper reaches is a region of mostly flat water and lakes. The river has more than three dozen source lakes and ponds north of Upper Saranac Lake; the highest is Mountain Pond on Long Pond Mountain. In the last third of its length it drops two-thirds of its total drop, and is known for having navigable rapids, which make it a popular site for whitewater kayaking and canoeing.

The Saranac River empties into Lake Champlain at the City of Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. The river flows in a northeasterly direction from the Adirondack Mountains.

The river encompasses Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac Lakes, as well as Oseetah Lake, Lake Flower, Franklin Falls Pond and Union Falls Pond, and flows through the village of Saranac Lake; there are locks between Middle and Lower Saranac Lakes and between Lower Saranac and Oseetah, although the drop is only a few feet. Thirty-three miles further northeast, the river flows through the Town of Saranac, before winding through Plattsburgh, reaching Lake Champlain after a further 23 miles.

Origin of name
The name of the river is from the Abenaki word zalônák:tégw, composed of the free noun root zalôn, meaning "staghorn sumac cone"; -ak, the Abenaki plural suffix for nouns of the animate noun class; and the bound noun root (i.e., suffix) -tégw, meaning "river." Other names for the river are Riviere Saint Amant, Riviere Saint Arnont, Riviere Salasanac, Sal-a-sa-nac and Salasance.

Fishery
The Saranac River has a fairly diverse fishery, including northern pike, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, rock bass, pumpkinseed, fallfish, brown bullhead, brown trout, and landlocked atlantic salmon.

Tourist attractions
The river is also part of the 740-mile Northern Forest Canoe Trail, which begins in Old Forge, NY and ends in Fort Kent, ME.

title: Saranac River


text:
Talk:Merced, California

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Smallsalmon.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:54, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

First image on the article
The first image on the article does not have a caption and therefore someone who had little or no knowledge of Merced would have no idea what this building is and why it is on the article. Please add a caption to this image. - Erebus555 16:21, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I think that is the old County Courthouse. It was restored and earthquake-proofed in the 1980s, and turned into a museum. -- Jasper 19:10, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Cory Williams notability
Cory Williams is notable and was born and raised in Merced, but because he moved to Southern California last year, he was removed from Merced's "prominent people" list. I think people just don't want Merced to look good. 76.83.1.210 (talk) 06:34, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Notability concerns and potential revert war
Vincent Cervantes is not notable by wikipedia's standards, WP:PEOPLE. The citations given are two articles in the local newspaper and what appears to be his own web page. Furthermore, there is an ongoing revert war between an IP address that has only ever dealt with Vincent (Special:Contributions/169.235.93.5) and Special:Contributions/Ohnoitsjamie. Reverting changes multiple times is not allowed under the dispute resolution policy.

I was also concerned about Salar Kamangar. Merely being an executive in a publicly traded company does not qualify someone for notability. Some other source is needed to establish notability, for example, citing the unique achievements.

-- Sidfilter (talk) 19:49, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * If the anon IP adds the entry again, they will be blocked from editing. OhNo itsJamie Talk 20:19, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Bowen and Allen have birth certificates from Merced County but were not really residents of Merced. They are from air force families and lived only briefly in what is really Atwater. Similar specious connection with Leigh.98.210.120.37 (talk) 20:56, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

More Information
We need more info on vincent cervantes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bryn Morgan (talk • contribs) 07:06, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

New National Monument in Merced Feb 2010
As a 3rd-generation Japanese-American who had a Mother that was evacuated to the Merced Fairgrounds during WWII prior to relocation to the relocation camp at Amache, Colorado, I hope that the new National Park Service memorial just opened February 2010 at the fairgrounds will be included to be a part of this Wiki article. It is a beautiful national monument. Comment added by Scottnajima (talk) 05:40, 30 May 2010 (UTC)scottnajima

Newer photography additions, rework education section
Earlier today, I secured a deal with MMC to gain an aerial vantage point for photographing the Merced Community College campus, as well as the new MMC (hospital) campus on the north end of the city. What I would like to accomplish here is to update the education section of the article, and also introducing information on medical facilities in the greater Merced area.

While I can handle the photographic end of things, I'd like some others to climb on board and find source material for the section(s). Anyone?

Edit Centric (talk) 22:03, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Merced, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150202223812/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20338/edition_id/415/format/html/displaystory.html to http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20338/edition_id/415/format/html/displaystory.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:35, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Merced, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052413/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc to http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070523060140/http://www.ucmerced.edu/about_ucmerced/mission.asp to http://www.ucmerced.edu/about_ucmerced/mission.asp
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6AA13CtiR?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0646898.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0646898.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:37, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Merced, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141206001403/http://costa.house.gov/index.php/2014-press-releases/1044-costa-outraged-at-at-t-call-center-closure to http://costa.house.gov/index.php/2014-press-releases/1044-costa-outraged-at-at-t-call-center-closure
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063605/http://shrdo.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=149 to http://shrdo.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=149
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131007005215/http://www.muhsd.k12.ca.us/Domain/48 to http://www.muhsd.k12.ca.us/Domain/48/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070103195238/http://www.cityofmerced.org/depts/parks_n_community_services/cs/applegate/default.asp to http://www.cityofmerced.org/depts/parks_n_community_services/cs/applegate/default.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:05, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

Nutria
Nutria have been found in western Merced County. the debate then is whether to deport them to south america, or give them a path to citizenship. they are DACC, deferred action for childhood Coypu.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 02:48, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 1 MW
— Assignment last updated by MMarcos2 (talk) 15:44, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 10 Dean
— Assignment last updated by Minerman101 (talk) 23:54, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merced, California


text:
Charles Rhodes Smith

Charles Rhodes Smith (March 20, 1896 – September 30, 1993 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1941 to 1952 as a Liberal-Progressive, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell.

Education and early career
Born in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, the son of Richard Henry Smith and Marion Sarah Marshall, Smith was educated at the University of Manitoba and Oxford University, receiving M.A., LL.B. and B.C.L. degrees. He worked as a barrister, and was also a lecturer at the Manitoba Law School. From 1935 to 1941, he served as an alderman in the City of Winnipeg. Smith was also a member of the O.C. 104th Company, and received the rank of Major in 1941. In 1924, he married Luella Gertrude Lick.

In the 1941 provincial election, Smith was a star candidate for the Liberal-Progressives in the Winnipeg constituency. During this period, Winnipeg elected ten members via a single transferable ballot. Smith finished third on the first count with 4,955 votes, and was declared elected on the second count following transfers from fellow Liberal-Progressive J.S. McDiarmid. He served as a government backbencher in the parliament which followed.

Political success
Smith was re-elected in the 1945 provincial election. He fell to fifth place on the first count, but was elected on the eleventh count following transfers from Paul Bardal, another Liberal-Progressive. On February 15, 1946, he was appointed Minister of Labour in the government of Stuart Garson. When Douglas Campbell became Premier on December 14, 1948, promoted Smith to Minister of Education.

Winnipeg's electoral map was redrawn before the 1949 provincial election, with the single ten-member constituency replaced by three four-member constituencies. Smith ran for re-election in Winnipeg Centre, and was elected on the first count following a first-place finish. On August 16, 1950, he was promoted again to Attorney General of Manitoba.

Despite the party's name, the Liberal-Progressives were further to the right than the other major political parties in Manitoba. CCF leader Lloyd Stinson once described Smith as "the only genuine liberal in the Campbell cabinet". There are rumours that Smith came within one vote of defeating Campbell to become leader of the Liberal-Progressive Party, at a private caucus vote held in late 1948.

He was considered to be a gentlemanly and dignified figure, and as one of the most intelligent members of the house.

Later career
He resigned from the legislature in 1952 to become chair of the Federal Restrictive Trade Practices Commission. A year later, he was named chair of the Canada Labor Relations Board. In 1963, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba. Named to the Manitoba Court of Appeal in 1966, he became its chief justice the following year.

In 1971, he began working on a comprehensive inquiry for the provincial government of Edward Schreyer, examining the legal and financial development of the Churchill Forest Industries in The Pas. Later in the decade, he chaired a separate inquiry into flooding policies and aboriginal rights in northern Manitoba.

He died in Winnipeg at the age of 97.

Smith was the father-in-law of Muriel Smith, who was a provincial cabinet minister in the government of Howard Pawley.

title: Charles Rhodes Smith


text:
Nitrophorin

Nitrophorins are hemoproteins found in the saliva of blood-feeding insects. Saliva of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus contains at least seven homologous nitrophorins, designated NP1 to NP7 in order of their relative abundance in the glands. As isolated, nitrophorins contain nitric oxide (NO) ligated to the ferric heme iron (Fe3+). Histamine, which is released by the host in response to tissue damage, is another nitrophorin ligand. Nitrophorins transport NO to the feeding site. Dilution, binding of histamine and increase in pH (from pH ~5 in salivary gland to pH ~7.4 in the host tissue) facilitate the release of NO into the tissue where it induces vasodilatation.

The salivary nitrophorin from the hemipteran Cimex lectularius (bedbug) has no sequence similarity to Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorins but is homologous to the inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. It is suggested that the two classes of insect nitrophorins have arisen as a product of the convergent evolution.

The crystal structures of several nitrophorin complexes are known. The Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorin structures reveal lipocalin-like eight-stranded β-barrel, three α-helices and two disulfide bonds, with heme inserted into one end of the barrel. Members of the lipocalin family are known to bind a variety of small hydrophobic ligands, including biliverdin, in a similar fashion. The heme iron is ligated to histidine residue (His-59). The position of His-59 is restrained through water-mediated hydrogen bond to the carboxylate of aspartic acid residue (Asp-70). The His-59–Fe bond is bent ~15° out of the imidazole plane. Asp-70 forms an unusual hydrogen bond with one of the heme propionates, suggesting the residue has an altered pKa. In NP1-histamine structure, the planes of His-59 and histamine imidazole rings lie in an arrangement almost identical to that found in oxidized cytochrome b5.

The fold of nitrophorin from Cimex lectularius consists of central 11-stranded β-sandwich and seven peripheral α-helices. The heme is positioned between β-sheet and an α-helix, with heme iron ligated to cysteinate residue. NO can bind both to heme Fe3+ and to proximal Cys-60 ligand causing reversible S-nitrosylation.

External links and further reading

 * - X-ray structure of Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorin 1 complexed with histamine and PO43−
 * - X-ray structure of Cimex lectularius nitrophorin in complex with NO
 * Montfort Lab - Nitrophorin research @ University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
 * - X-ray structure of Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorin 1 complexed with histamine and PO43−
 * - X-ray structure of Cimex lectularius nitrophorin in complex with NO
 * Montfort Lab - Nitrophorin research @ University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

title: Nitrophorin


text:
KICU-TV

KICU-TV (channel 36), branded on-air as KTVU Plus, is an independent television station licensed to San Jose, California, United States, serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It is owned by Fox Television Stations alongside Oakland-licensed Fox outlet KTVU (channel 2). The two stations share studios at Jack London Square in Oakland; KICU-TV's transmitter is located on Monument Peak in Milpitas.

Early years
The Continental-Urban Television Corporation applied to the FCC on May 20, 1964, to build a new television station on channel 48 in San Jose. The FCC granted the construction permit on September 30, but before construction began, a national overhaul of UHF allocations moved the station to channel 36.

KICU-TV first signed on the air on October 3, 1967, as KGSC-TV (for Greater Santa Clara County), from studios located at 1536 Kerley Drive in San Jose. In addition to syndicated off-network series, talk shows and religious programs, the station aired some San Jose-area sports events; a daily women's show hosted by Adel Hall; nightly and weekend Spanish-language programs; a daily children's show, Cosmo's Castle; and bullfighting. The station was small, but that suited the market and the times. KGSC-TV survived at a time when San Francisco had a series of high-profile UHF failures.

Channel 36 was also locally known for its all-night movie presentations, which were co-hosted for several years during the early 1970s by Andy Moore as prospector Old Sourdough and Gary Ferry as his Native American companion Chief Wachikanoka, characters that Moore and Ferry originated for a similar movie showcase on rival independent KEMO-TV (channel 20, now KOFY-TV) (Moore and Ferry hosted a similar program, as the characters Race Street and Bascom Avenue, until Moore left KGSC in 1973–74). The two characters often made jokes about the movies being showcased (similar to the humor used in Mystery Science Theater 3000), as well as engaged in comedic banter with guests promoting local businesses. The format would eventually be revised, with the interstitial segments conducted by Moore and Ferry being phased out in favor of a half-hour segment preceding the film. While there were several sets of hosts for the all-night movies, including Eugene Hogan, an experienced emcee who was best known for his work at San Jose radio station KLOK (1170 AM), most of the station's film presentations following Moore's departure from the station were branded as Movies 'Til Dawn (which was also used by KTLA in Los Angeles for its overnight film telecasts during the 1970s and 1980s), and sponsored by local retailer MMM Carpets, with which Ferry served as its television spokesman until the mid-1990s. The station promoted itself as "The Perfect 36" during the 1970s, employing busty San Francisco stripper/entertainer Carol Doda as its spokesmodel for station image promotions; Gloria Aponte-Rodriguez also served as spokesmodel for the Latin Weekend Audience programming block during the period.

After a 1978 sale application to Booth American Corporation fell through, Continental sold the station to Ralph Wilson Enterprises, another business owned by the Detroit businessman and Buffalo Bills founder/owner, in 1979. It was the third station owned by the Wilson group and its first independent; Wilson dropped the Perfect 36 image and introduced a new local talk show, known as Noonday. The station subsequently changed its call letters to KICU-TV (a play on the phrase "I See You") on March 27, 1981. The KICU call letters had previously been used in California on channel 43 in Visalia. Doda remained with the station after the Wilson acquisition, taking on a second role reading the station's then-required editorial segments, which were done tongue-in-cheek with double entendres, and with the station's low budget, only one take was recorded without editing and broadcast, even if Doda read something in error.

Over the years, the station ran a number of drama series and older movies; it also added more classic sitcoms and children's programs by the mid-1990s. However, the station gradually decreased the amount of children's programs it carried on its schedule between 1998 and 2002, outside of those it aired on Saturday mornings. In 1992, William Hirshey and three members of the station's management staff—president/general manager Jim Evers, vice president of operations Bill Beeman, and vice president and general sales manager John DuBois—acquired minority ownership stakes in the station, with Ralph Wilson Enterprises retaining majority control.

Cox Media Group ownership
On August 28, 1999, after having rejected unsolicited bids to sell the station for the several years, Ralph Wilson Enterprises announced that it would sell KICU-TV. Station management cited the FCC's August 5 decision to relax its ownership rules to allow a single broadcasting company to own two television stations in the same market (on the pretense that one of the stations is not among the four highest-rated) as a caveat in its decision to divest KICU.

Among the station groups reportedly interested in acquiring KICU was NBC Television Stations, which sought to acquire an owned-and-operated station in the Bay Area after NBC was outbid by Young Broadcasting for longtime NBC affiliate KRON-TV in November 1999, leading to a dispute between the network and Young (which has since merged with Media General, now Nexstar Media Group) during negotiations to renew NBC's affiliation agreement with KRON that resulted in the latter group declining to renew the contract after it expired on December 31, 2001. NBC would ultimately reach an affiliation deal with San Jose-based ABC affiliate KNTV (channel 11), after then-owner Granite Broadcasting Corporation (from which NBC would later acquire KNTV) on February 18, 2000.

On November 29, 1999, Wilson sold the station to the Cox Broadcasting (now Cox Media Group) subsidiary of Cox Enterprises. The resulting pairing of KICU with KTVU created the Bay Area's first television station duopoly when the deal was finalized in March 2000; the operations of KICU migrated from that station's original studio facilities on Kerley Drive in San Jose, where KTVU relocated its South Bay news bureau, and were consolidated into KTVU's Jack London Square facility in Oakland.

Acquisition by Fox Television Stations
On June 24, 2014, Fox Television Stations announced that it would acquire KTVU and KICU from the Cox Media Group, in exchange for trading two Fox owned-and-operated stations, WFXT in Boston and WHBQ-TV in Memphis, to the latter group. The trade was completed on October 8, 2014. It was part of Fox's pursuit of station acquisitions in the markets of NFL teams that are part of the National Football Conference—the San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose market, where the San Francisco 49ers are based, became the sixth-largest NFC market where Fox owned at least one television station.

With the completion of the deal, KICU became the first independent station to be operated by Fox since September 2006, when it converted KDFI in Dallas–Fort Worth into a charter owned-and-operated station of the co-owned MyNetworkTV programming service. , KICU remains the only Fox Television Stations outlet that is not a MyNetworkTV O&O, due to a pre-existing agreement with KRON-TV, which, since the launch of MyNetworkTV, was their primary affiliation from 2006 to 2023 and, after transitioning to a CW owned-and-operated station, MyNetworkTV is now a secondary affiliation on KRON-TV.

In November 2014, when KTVU transitioned from Cox's in-house digital platforms to the WorldNow platform used for Fox Television Stations' websites and mobile apps, KICU discontinued its standalone website, with Fox reducing the station's web presence to a minimalist subpage on the revamped KTVU site, incorporating only listings for KICU and KTVU, FCC-required disclosures for Children's Television Act and employment requirements and forms of contact, and the default TMZ on TV video portal.

On April 25, 2016, KICU adopted the "KTVU Plus" brand, replacing the "TV 36" branding that had been in use since September 2007. The co-branding with sister station KTVU is similar to that adopted in 2009 by San Jose PBS member station KQEH (channel 54), when that station, as a result of its purchase by Northern California Public Broadcasting two years earlier, changed its branding to "KQED Plus" to reflect its ties to sister station KQED (channel 9). The "KTVU Plus" branding has since inspired Fox to de-emphasize its localized MyNetworkTV brand and rebrand to an extension of its Fox O&O sisters in Dallas, Washington, D.C., Phoenix and Minneapolis–St. Paul. Fox would also do the same for its Seattle station in 2021, a year after FTS bought it from its previous owner.

Programming
Occasionally as time permits, KICU may air Fox network programs normally seen on KTVU in the event that Channel 2 is unable to air them because of extended breaking news coverage or conflicts with Fox Sports event telecasts or locally produced special programming on that station; this was also the case when KTVU aired San Francisco Giants baseball games that ran into or aired during prime time hours, until that station lost the broadcast television rights to the Giants to NBC owned-and-operated station KNTV in 2007. Channel 36 assumed additional backup programming responsibilities in April 2016, when it began to air local newscasts normally seen on KTVU whenever that station is scheduled to air Fox Sports event telecasts that will overflow predeterminedly into the time slot of the given program.

KICU previously aired select NBC programs pre-empted by the network's designated Bay Area affiliates at three separate times throughout its history. After the market's original NBC affiliate, KRON-TV, removed the program from its schedule in July 1998 (in favor of syndicated talk program The Howie Mandel Show), KICU aired Another World until the soap opera ended its run on the network in June 1999. Ten years later, after KNTV became the broadcast home of the Giants in 2008, KICU took on the role of airing NBC daytime and prime time programs pre-empted by the NBC-owned station. In April 2010, KRON took over the duties of running NBC programs preempted by KNTV. The duty of being NBC's backup affiliate in the Bay Area in the event that KNTV broadcasts Giants games and breaking news coverage reverted over to KICU in 2012. However, as of 2014, it is unlikely that preempted NBC programming will air on KICU due to its ownership by the corporate parent of competing network Fox; NBC O&O KNTV currently uses its Cozi TV-affiliated second digital subchannel to carry network programs in such situations.

Sports programming
During the station's ownership tenures under Ralph Wilson Enterprises and Cox Enterprises, KICU-TV maintained a strong association with Bay Area sports. Perhaps with the exception of the NFL's San Francisco 49ers and the now-defunct San Jose Lasers of the American Basketball League, each of the city's major professional sports franchises, along with several local college and high school teams, have had their games televised on Channel 36.

KICU obtained the broadcast rights to carry NBA games involving the Golden State Warriors beginning with the 1984–85 season. The station initially aired up to 70 preseason and regular season games per season, some of which were broadcast on tape delay beginning in the late 1990s; the number of Warriors games aired on Channel 36 decreased to 30 per season after the 1997–98 season, when the team renewed its cable agreement with regional sports network SportsChannel Bay Area (later FSN Bay Area, now NBC Sports Bay Area), with KICU also passing a limited number of additional games over to KTVU following Cox's 1999 purchase of KICU. The Warriors' relationship with KICU ended after the 2001–02 season, when the team moved its local broadcasts exclusively to Fox Sports Net Bay Area through the signing of a ten-year deal with the cable channel.

On October 28, 1998, KICU-TV acquired the rights to broadcast Major League Baseball games from the Oakland Athletics, after the team exercised a clause in its existing five-year television contract with KRON-TV to shop the rights to other Bay Area television outlets following the 1998 regular season. It was the second stint for the Athletics on channel 36; they had aired 21 games in 1988 on the station. Under the initial deal in which it became the team's broadcast television flagship, which began with the 1999 season, Channel 36 offered an expanded schedule of 55 regular season games, 25 more than what KRON was able to offer within its schedule due to difficulties with its programming obligations with NBC (all other A's games that were not televised nationally aired in the market on now-defunct Fox Sports Bay Area).

During the first year of the contract, KICU carried all of the team's afternoon games on tape delay on a trial basis, to allow viewers who were at work while the game was being played the opportunity to watch it that evening. However, due to viewer complaints (particularly since play-by-play audio of the games that KICU televised could be heard on radio live, although A's director of broadcasting Ken Pries noted to the San Francisco Chronicle that the team had reservations about allowing the telecasts to be tape-delayed beforehand), the station switched to airing all A's telecasts, regardless of when they were held, live-to-air in May 1999. After it was purchased by Cox, the duopoly of KICU and KTVU, which held the over-the-air rights to the Giants, essentially had exclusive control of the local broadcast television contracts to both of the Bay Area's MLB teams; this lasted until Channel 2 lost the rights to the Giants to NBC owned-and-operated station KNTV following the 2007 season. KICU subsequently lost the rights to the Athletics after the 2009 season, when the team signed an exclusive television deal with Comcast SportsNet California (now NBC Sports California).

The station also was a longtime broadcaster of National Hockey League games featuring the San Jose Sharks from the team's inaugural season in 1991 until FSN Bay Area took over as the Sharks' exclusive local television broadcaster following the 2000–01 season. The station also carried Major League Soccer games involving the San Jose Clash (now the San Jose Earthquakes) from the team's inaugural season in 1996 until FSN Bay Area took over the local rights following the 2000–01 season, and the San Jose SaberCats Arena Football League franchise from that team's inaugural season in 1998 until FSN Bay Area assumed the local television rights to the team following the 2000–01 season.

From 1991 until the program's cancellation in 2008, the station also aired the sports highlight program High School Sports Focus on Friday nights at 11 p.m. (which was rebroadcast on Sundays at 4 p.m.), which covered high school sports events throughout the Bay Area with a primary focus on events involving Santa Clara County area schools; the program won several Regional Emmy Awards throughout its 18-year run. In addition, after FSN Bay Area shut down in 2008, KICU occasionally served as a backup Fox Sports Net affiliate, carrying select basketball and football games to which FSN held rights through its contract with the Pacific-10 Conference.

On April 24, 2017, KTVU relocated the rain-delayed Food City 500 to KICU, marking the first time a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race has been broadcast on the station. This occurred again the next year on April 16, 2018, with the 2018 running of the same race.

Newscasts
, KTVU does not produce any regularly-scheduled newscasts specifically for KICU. However, KICU rebroadcasts some regularly-scheduled KTVU weekday newscasts on a delayed basis. In addition, KICU airs all or portions of KTVU's regularly-scheduled newscasts live when KTVU preempts them for Fox Sports programming, particularly on Saturday and Sunday mornings. And at one time the station rebroadcast the KTVU-produced public affairs program Bay Area People, Sundays at 9 a.m. until KTVU canceled it.

In August 1981, five months after the Wilson acquisition, KICU-TV debuted a half-hour early evening newscast at 7:30 p.m., focusing on Santa Clara Valley news. The program was eventually moved to 10 p.m. in 1988, placing it in direct competition with eventual sister station KTVU's higher-rated prime time newscast The 10 o'clock News. The newscast was anchored for several years by former KPIX-TV (channel 5) sports anchor Jan Hutchins and Bay Area news veteran Ysabel Duron; the station's reporting staff included among others Bill Buckmaster, Tony Russomanno, and Melanie Morgan. During its first three years in the later slot, Action 36 News at Ten was accompanied at 10:30 p.m. by the nationally syndicated Independent Network News, which was produced by fellow independent station WPIX (now a CW affiliate) in New York City, until both programs were canceled in June 1990. KICU revived its news department in 1992, with the debut of Action 36 Prime News, an early evening local newscast at 7 p.m. that aired seven nights a week; this program was canceled in 1994. In 1995, the station began producing the technology-focused business news program Silicon Valley Business This Week, which aired until 1999.

After being acquired by Cox Enterprises, sister station KTVU began simulcasting its flagship newscast on KICU. In January 2000, the station began airing a rebroadcast of The Ten O'Clock News immediately following its initial broadcast on KTVU each night at 11 p.m., under the title The Eleven O'Clock Edition of the Original Ten O'Clock News (the "Original" branding was used during that period to differentiate from other prime time newscasts that aired in that hour a few years prior on KRON-TV and CBS station KPIX-TV—both of which pushed their network evening schedules one hour early in August 1992, in an attempt to improve prime time viewership and to compete with KTVU—as well as a KNTV-produced program that aired on KBWB-TV [channel 20, now KOFY-TV] at the time); the simulcast was dropped from the schedule on September 14, 2001. From 2001 to 2003, KICU also aired a simulcast of KTVU's morning newscast Mornings on 2 each Monday through Friday from 7 to 9 a.m., with the station inserting a ticker featuring traffic and weather information, news briefs and breaking news stories specific to the South Bay region.

KTVU restored news programming to Channel 36's schedule on January 21, 2008, when that station began producing the half-hour Bay Area News at 7 on TV 36, airing at 7 p.m. each weeknight. The rebroadcast of The Ten O'Clock News was restored onto KICU's schedule on April 5, 2010, being shown this time at 11:30 p.m. each weeknight; the rebroadcast reverted to the 11 p.m. slot it held during its original run on KICU on July 1, 2013, but reverted to 11:30 p.m. when KTVU added an 11 p.m. newscast. On February 17, 2014, Bay Area News at 7 on TV 36 has renamed to KTVU Channel 2 News at 7 on TV 36.

Concurrent with the station's rebranding under the "KTVU Plus" moniker on April 25, 2016, in addition to retaining the late rebroadcast of The Ten O'Clock News, KICU expanded its 7 p.m. newscast to one hour. KICU also began airing an hour-long rebroadcast of the 9 a.m. hour of Mornings on 2 during the 10 a.m. hour, and in September 2020 also began airing an hour-long rebroadcast of KTVU's weekday noon newscast during the 1 p.m. hour. On September 4, 2023, the 7 p.m. newscast was shifted to KTVU itself and KICU no longer airs news at that hour.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Jan Hutchins – anchor (later at KPIX-TV)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

The 36.2 subchannel was a Korean-language channel, KEMS (Korean Everrock Multimedia Service), that operated as a local cable channel and also aired Korean programming from KBS World. In 2007, it purchased KTVN Limited, which had begun using the 36.2 subchannel of KICU-TV the year prior. KEMS went off the air in December 2023.

Translator

 *  Monterey

Former translator

 *  Ukiah

K24OB-D was a translator station licensed to Ukiah, California. The translator shut down in August 2021.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KICU-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 36, on February 17, 2009, to conclude the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 52, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its former analog-era UHF channel 36 for post-transition operations.

title: KICU-TV


text:
Relational psychoanalysis

Relational psychoanalysis is a school of psychoanalysis in the United States that emphasizes the role of real and imagined relationships with others in mental disorder and psychotherapy. 'Relational psychoanalysis is a relatively new and evolving school of psychoanalytic thought considered by its founders to represent a "paradigm shift" in psychoanalysis'.

Relational psychoanalysis began in the 1980s as an attempt to integrate interpersonal psychoanalysis's emphasis on the detailed exploration of interpersonal interactions with British object relations theory's ideas about the psychological importance of internalized relationships with other people. Relationalists argue that personality emerges from the matrix of early formative relationships with parents and other figures. Philosophically, relational psychoanalysis is closely allied with social constructionism.

Drives versus relationships
An important difference between relational theory and traditional psychoanalytic thought is in its theory of motivation, which would 'assign primary importance to real interpersonal relations, rather than to instinctual drives'. Freudian theory, with a few exceptions, proposes that human beings are motivated by sexual and aggressive drives. These drives are biologically rooted and innate. They are ultimately not shaped by experience.

Relationalists, on the other hand, argue that the primary motivation of the psyche is to be in relationships with others. As a consequence early relationships, usually with primary caregivers, shape one's expectations about the way in which one's needs are met. Therefore, desires and urges cannot be separated from the relational contexts in which they arise; motivation is then seen as being determined by the systemic interaction of a person and his or her relational world. Individuals attempt to re-create these early learned relationships in ongoing relationships that may have little or nothing to do with those early relationships. This re-creation of relational patterns serves to satisfy the individuals' needs in a way that conforms with what they learned as infants. This re-creation is called an enactment.

Techniques
When treating patients, relational psychoanalysts stress a mixture of waiting and authentic spontaneity. Some relationally oriented psychoanalysts eschew the traditional Freudian emphasis on interpretation and free association, instead emphasizing the importance of creating a lively, genuine relationship with the patient. However, many others place a great deal of importance on the Winnicottian concept of "holding" and are far more restrained in their approach, generally giving weight to well formulated interpretations made at what seems to be the proper time. Overall, relational analysts feel that psychotherapy works best when the therapist focuses on establishing a healing relationship with the patient, in addition to focusing on facilitating insight. They believe that in doing so, therapists break patients out of the repetitive patterns of relating to others that they believe maintain psychopathology. Noteworthy too is 'the emphasis relational psychoanalysis places on the mutual construction of meaning in the analytic relationship'.

Authors
Stephen A. Mitchell has been described as the "most influential relational psychoanalyst". His 1983 book, co-written with Jay Greenberg and called Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory is considered to be the first major work of relational psychoanalysis. Prior work especially by Sabina Spielrein in the 1910s to 1930s is often cited, particularly by Adrienne Harris and others who connect feminism with the field, but as part of the prior Freud/Jung/Spielrein tradition.

Other important relational authors include Neil Altman, Lewis Aron, Jonathan Slavin, Hugo Bleichmar, Philip Bromberg, Nancy Chodorow, Susan Coates, Jody Davies, Emmanuel Ghent, Adrienne Harris, Irwin Hirsch, Irwin Z. Hoffman, Karen Maroda, Stuart Pizer, Owen Renik, Ramón Riera, Daniel Schechter, Joyce Slochower, Martha Stark, Ruth Stein, Donnel Stern, Robert Stolorow, Jeremy D. Safran and Jessica Benjamin - the latter pursuing the 'goal of creating a genuinely feminist and philosophically informed relational psychoanalysis'. A significant historian and philosophical contributor is Philip Cushman.

Criticisms
Psychoanalyst and philosopher Jon Mills has offered a number of substantial criticisms of the relational movement. Mills evidently thinks this "paradigm shift" to relational psychoanalysis is not exclusively due to theoretical differences with classical psychoanalysis but also arises from a certain group mentality and set of interests: "Relational psychoanalysis is an American phenomenon, with a politically powerful and advantageous group of members advocating for conceptual and technical reform" from a professional psychologist group perspective: "most identified relational analysts are psychologists, as are the founding professionals associated with initiating the relational movement".

From a theoretical perspective, Mills appears to doubt that relational psychoanalysis is as radically new as it is touted to be. In its emphasis on the developmental importance of other people, according to Mills, "relational theory is merely stating the obvious" - picking up on "a point that Freud made explicit throughout his theoretical corpus, which becomes further emphasized more significantly by early object relations therapists through to contemporary self psychologists." Mills also criticizes the diminishing or even the loss of the significance of the unconscious in relational psychoanalysis, a point he brings up in various parts of his book Conundrums

Psychoanalyst and historian Henry Zvi Lothane has also criticized some of the central ideas of relational psychoanalysis, from both historical and psychoanalytic perspectives. Historically, Lothane believes relational theorists overstate the non-relational aspects of Freud as well as ignore its relational aspects. Lothane maintains that, though Freud's theory of disorder is "monadic," i.e. focused more or less exclusively on the individual, Freud's psychoanalytic method and theory of clinical practice is consistently dyadic or relational. From a theoretical perspective, Lothane has criticized the term "relational" in favor of Harry Stack Sullivan's term "interpersonal". Lothane developed his concepts of "reciprocal free association" as well as "dramatology" as ways of understanding the interpersonal or relational dimension of psychoanalysis.

Adopting a more sympathetic line of criticism, Robin S. Brown suggests that while relational thinking has done much to challenge psychoanalytic dogmatism, excessively emphasizing the formative role of social relations can culminate in its own form of authoritarianism. Brown contends that the relational shift has insufficiently addressed the role of first principles, and that this tendency might be challenged by engaging analytical psychology.

title: Relational psychoanalysis


text:
Youth of the Rally of the Togolese People

Youth of the Rally of the Togolese People (in French: Jeunesse du Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais) was the youth wing of the dominant political party in Togo, the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT). JRPT was founded in 1972.


text:
Talk:Yamaha YFZ450

The Yamaha YFZ450 is a four-stroke motocross bike manufactured by Yamaha Motor Company, introduced for the 2004 model year.[1] By the end of the 2004 ATV racing season, three of the four National Championships were won by riders riding the YFZ450: Keith Little, Brandon and Bill Ballance and Brett Oakley including John Browka.

Top speed on yfz 450x The top speed on a yfz 450x tops out at 60 mph. Unlike the 450r the 450x is slower width, and smaller fuel pumps. The yfz 450r can go over 70 if tuned, jetted, and has a upgraded air filter.

title: Talk:Yamaha YFZ450


text:
Rishi Valley School

Rishi Valley School is an Indian boarding school, founded by the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti. The school has a holistic approach to education in the spirit of Krishnamurti's pedagogical vision. Community service and extracurricular activities are part of the students' schooling, as are discussions, assemblies and club meetings.

Rishi Valley is set in 375 acres of an independent valley, surrounded by ancient hills and tiny villages. It is located close to the town of Madanapalle, Krishnamurti's birthplace, in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Rishi Valley is two hours from Tirupati and Chittoor, two and a half-hours from Bangalore and five hours from Chennai.

Overview
The school accepts students from the fourth through the twelfth grade (ages nine–eighteen) and follows the ICSE board for the ninth and tenth grades and the ISC for the eleventh and twelfth grades. Twenty boarding houses accommodate students across the campus, with twenty students in each house. The school is divided into a junior (fourth through eighth) and a senior (ninth through twelfth) school. The school is known for its Krishnamurti's teachings-inspired curricula, which includes developing an appreciation for the environment, art and music, and athletics in addition to traditional subjects. The school runs the Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER) program, the Rural Education Centre and the Rural Health Centre.

With a large campus spread over 360 acre in the Rayalseema area of southern Andhra Pradesh, Rishi Valley was chosen by Krishnamurti for its atmosphere of peace and serenity, centered around a large banyan tree which was one of the oldest in India. This tree fell down in 2016.

Rishi Valley is nestled in an ancient valley under the Rishikonda Hill where, as folklore has it, sages, or in Sanskrit 'rishis', used to meditate. The school derives its name from these legends. The Rishi River, a rain-fed stream, that flowed down a surrounding hill and through the school has long since dried up, but Jiddu Krishnamurti retained the name for his first school. Ancient granite hills with striking formations surround Rishi Valley on all sides.

Sister Schools
Rajghat Besant School, Varanasi, India

The School KFI, Chennai, India

Sahyadri School, Sahyadri Hills, Pune, India

The Valley School, Bengaluru, India,

Pathashaala KFI, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India

Oak Grove School (Ojai, California), USA

Brockwood Park School, Bramdean, UK

Origins
Rishi Valley was born with the idea of starting a world university, conceptualized by Annie Besant, President of the Theosophical Society, in 1925. Three sites near Jiddu Krishnamurti's birthplace, Madanapalle were identified as possible locations for the school. At a site in Thettu Valley a big banyan tree attracted his notice and he built the school in the region surrounding the tree.

In 1926, Jiddu Krishnamurti's colleague C.S. Trilokikar on his request went from hamlet to hamlet by bullock cart, buying land until a 300-acre campus had been assembled. By 1929 most of the land for Rishi Valley had been acquired. Trilokikar named the whole basin Rishi Valley, a name derived from legends about rishis, who were held to have lived in the hills surrounding the valley, thousands of years ago. However, before the land was completely assembled, Besant abandoned the idea of a world university because there were more pressing matters of national importance for her, such as India's Home Rule Movement.

Relocation
The Guindy School was a school started by Besant in 1918 and was based in Madras. Its first headmaster, G.V. Subba Rao (GVS) was a young theosophist. Space in the Guindy School was limited, the neighbourhood was noisy and crowded and each year the torrential Northeast Monsoon would cause havoc, destroying the school's thatched roofs and blowing down its cottages. After a particularly bad cyclone in late 1930, which destroyed much of the Guindy School, Jiddu Krishnamurti met GVS, and it was decided that the Guindy School would be relocated to Rishi Valley.

The building of the structures was undertaken by the Theosophists who were drawn to Krishnamurti's teachings. Engineers were brought in to oversee construction work on campus, all of whom refused to accept pay. By September 1931, the structures were ready to accommodate the school. Shortly after this, Subba Rao relocated to their new campus with approximately ninety students and their teachers. Just as the move was completed, an unprecedented 50 inches of rainfall graced Rishi Valley's parched landscape and the area was inundated with water. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages thought the coming of the school was a blessing and a sign of prosperity.

By 1934, the basic structures in the school had been built including the Senior School building which is still used today. Oil and petromax lamps were used for lighting the buildings until 1937, after which two dynamos began to provide electricity during the day. Students and teachers also started planting trees in and around the campus during this period.

GVS as Headmaster (1931-1941)
Subba Rao's decade-long tenure (1931-1941) was a pioneering one, with some of the teaching methods carried over from his experiences at the Guindy School. When he shifted to Rishi Valley, GVS became the first headmaster of an Indian boarding school. At Guindy, Tamil was the medium of instruction; at Rishi Valley, Telugu was added as a language of instruction. GVS laid the groundwork for the school by practicing a simple lifestyle that included meditation, a quiet life, austerity with material possessions, and harmony with nature. The beautiful natural expanse of the valley provides for some quiet retreats for 'nature studies'-outdoor lessons which were a part of the timetable. On the sports field, GVS disallowed prize-giving ceremonies, as he felt it harboured unhealthy competition.

All senses of division were supposed to be eliminated: caste, gender, religion, and that of anything which might cause fractious relationships among students. This was important in a country on the brink of a new era in history—one in which the aim was secularism and social parity.

On 24 June 1941, a police raid was conducted on the school. Magazines and books elaborating communist ideals were seized because under the British these were banned books as they were thought to promote Indian independence. Many teachers were put under house-arrest, fined or were put under probation for three years. The Director of Public Instruction even forced two longstanding teachers to resign. As a result, Subbarao became 'dangerous' for proliferating such material during the heat of the freedom struggle and the wartime constraints Britain was facing at that time. This incident was later found to have been caused by a disaffected senior student who tipped off the police about the presence of communist literature on campus. This event ended GVS's tenure as principal.

Unsteady years (1941-1950)
The resignation of GVS had consequences that brought the school to a standstill: expenditures were cut back sharply, co-curricular activities were curtailed and some of the best teachers left. This was a period of transition at the school as several principals - Y.K. Shastri, K.A. Venkatagiri Iyer, Narayana Iyer and K. Srinivasa Raghavan came and departed.

At this time, Krishnamurti was in the United States and was only able to return to India in late 1947, after Indian independence. During this period Muriel Payne, an associate of Krishnamurti gave a new direction to the school. She came to Rishi Valley, influenced by Krishnamurti, in an attempt to revive it. Along with five others, she set up a group in 1948, which tried to gauge the situation and get the school back on track. This experiment ended abruptly, and in July 1949 Rishi Valley stopped functioning as an institution.

Ms. Payne's experiment might have failed, but her interest in the school had not waned. She was instrumental in restarting the school under a new administration with F. Gordon Pearce, a noted educator, at the helm. Krishnamurti took a renewed interest in the school. New people were getting involved and a new kind of school emerged.

In July 1950, the school was reopened, with 15 pupils. The fees were reduced to a low level to attract a wide range of students even though it put some pressure on the budget. To ensure a good start, the staff agreed to a lowered salary until the school became stabilized.It was up to Pearce to revitalize the school as its finances were low.

Pearce years (1951-1958)
Within two years the school was running well with 110 fee-paying boarders as well as a waiting list for admissions. The student population was growing more diverse with 80% of students coming from northern, western and eastern India as well as some from overseas. Two of the best teachers at this time were David Horsburgh and Sardar Mohammad.

A lot of practices were also introduced during this period that are still followed in the school. Students could learn classical North Indian and South Indian music. Local folk dancing was brought in by David Horsburgh. Hiking, trekking and camping were also encouraged and teachers would often accompany students. One of Pearce's long lasting innovations at Rishi Valley was his introduction of 'astachal'. Children would gather together every evening, to sit quietly while the sun was setting on the Astachal hill. It was a time which gave children the opportunity for quiet reflection.

Pearce resigned in October 1958 due to differences with the Rishi Valley Trust as well as Krishnamurti and went on to found two more schools in India - The Blue Mountain School in Ooty and the Sandur School. Sardar Mohammad joined Mr. Pearce in Blue Mountain School after he left Rishi Valley. David Horsburgh started his own school Neel Bagh in Kolar district - about 100 km outside Bangalore.

Balasundaram years (1958-1977)
S. Balasundaram was made a member of the Krishnamurti Foundation India in December 1955, and took charge of the Rishi Valley estate while simultaneously teaching at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. It was decided by Krishnamurti that Balasundaram should be made the new principal of the school, after Pearce resigned in October 1958. He was principal of the school for almost two decades, until March 1977.

It was during this period that Rishi Valley expanded in numerous ways. It was decided that Rishi Valley would be made a self-sufficient community in terms of food grains, fruit and vegetables, which would be grown on the agricultural land attached to the school, and also in terms of milk production through reorganizing the school's dairy. The administration felt that Rishi Valley should not live in isolation from neighboring communities, and that a Rural Centre be formed which would help the surrounding villages with housing, health, adult education and also provide schemes for them in agriculture and dairy farming. Other efforts were made to provide schooling even to those who could not pay school fees with the help of government schemes.

International folk dancing was introduced to Rishi Valley in 1963 by David Young, a teacher from the Happy Valley School in California.

It was also during Balasundaram's tenure that Rishi Valley's fabled dance dramas in Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu, were produced, year after year, for J. Krishnamurti, under the Banyan Tree, in the Pandanallur style of Bharatanatyam.

Traditions and culture
There are traditions and cultures unique to Rishi Valley. Some practices that the school has maintained for over fifty years are the morning assembly, Asthachal and folk dancing. During the morning assembly, three times a week, the entire school gathers for singing. Children learn traditional chants, as well as songs by poets, ranging from Kabir to Rabindranath Tagore, often set in accompaniment to the traditional south Indian drum, the mridangam. The rest of the week, students, teachers, and visitors take turns speaking about various topics that interest them.

F. Gordon Pearce, the principal of Rishi Valley School after the Second World War, came up with the idea of Asthachal (sunset point), a tradition which survives to this day. During Asthachal, children gather together on a cliff and sit quietly while the sun sets. It is a short but peaceful period of time, which gives children an opportunity for quiet reflection, observation of nature, daydreaming or watching their own thoughts.

An American teacher, David Young, introduced Western folk dancing to the school. Later, another teacher, David Horsburgh, introduced European and American folk dancing. Folk dancing, or 'folkie' as students call it, is held once a week. The senior students teach the dances to the junior students. Over the years, the dances have evolved and visiting alumni usually join in.

Religious and cultural festivals and occasions are celebrated in Rishi Valley like Christmas, Ugadi, Shivaratri and Makara Sankranti (Pongal) when villagers come and perform for the children. During Makara Sankranti, there is a bull dance where all students dance along with the villagers and their decorated bulls. On such special occasions, students are treated to a special dinner.

Student cultural activities include: classical Indian dance (Bharatnatyam), Carnatic music, Mridangam, Violin, Tabla and Piano. Many important Indian artists have performed in Rishi Valley including M.L. Vasanthakumari (Carnatic musician), Amjad Ali Khan (Hindustani musician), Nikhil Banerjee (Sitar musician), Palghat Mani Iyer (Mridangam musician), and Bombay Jayashree (Carnatic musician). Renowned Odissi and Bharatanatyam choreographer and dancer Oopali Operajita, is a former Rishi Valley student where she studied Bharatanatyam and performed under the banyan tree in Rishi Valley's fabled dance dramas, for J. Krishnamurti. She was recently invited by Rishi Valley to choreograph a dance drama - The Rishi Valley Dance Drama (from Kalidasa's Kumarasambhavam) - for the school, reviving a Rishi Valley tradition which had lain dormant for 35 years.

Sports include football, cricket, athletics, basketball and volleyball, tennis and badminton. The surrounding wilderness area is an ideal terrain for rock climbers and recreational hikers. There is an annual Athletics Meet ("Sports Day") and seasonal football, cricket and basketball extramural matches (colloquially referred to as "Externals") between Rishi Valley and the neighboring teams. The RV Cup is an annual football tournament for the boys and a handball tournament for the girls.

An arts and crafts department teaches and engages students in carpentry, pottery, weaving, batik and fine art.

Natural history and conservation
Rishi Valley is located in a drought-prone area of Andhra Pradesh, in Chittoor district. The region has witnessed erratic rainfall, which makes agriculture and farming difficult. There is an abundance of granite rocks found across the Valley. Rishi Valley stands around 800 meters above sea level, and thus it experiences a pleasant climate, with temperatures rarely rising above 38 °C (100.4 °F) or falling below 10 °C (50 °F).

The soil type varies from black cotton soil, also known as vertisol, to red laterite soil. Though the humus content in the soil is low, it is able to support a variety of vegetational types, such as a small zone of wetlands, deciduous woodlands, dry scrublands and drylands. When the school was set up, open wells were the only source of water. By the 1960s, pipelines were laid from Horsley Hills to Rishi Valley. The open wells went dry for four years (1981-1985) due to extensive farming and channel irrigation. As soon as the open wells went dry, borewells were laid in order to satisfy the new water requirements of the school. The introduction of borewells led to groundwater depletion while the open wells were neglected. The introduction of borewells led to farmers changing their old agricultural patterns, shifting from dry land crops to more water-intense crops, causing the groundwater table to be further eroded.

Reforestation
In 1980, 150 acres of adjoining hillside were leased to Rishi Valley School by the government of Andhra Pradesh for reforestation. The aim of this lease was to grow an abundance of trees on the hills. As a first step, a fence was constructed around the South Hills, to keep away grazing sheep and cattle. An arrangement was reached with the surrounding villages, to take fodder from the hills. Despite this, relations with the surrounding villages remained tense for several years, during which time the reforestation drive on the South Hills began in earnest. Almost 20,000 trees and shrubs and thousands of seedlings were planted by students of the school during these years, although their efforts were thwarted to some extent by prolonged droughts in the region during the 1980s. In 1988, the state government of Andhra Pradesh helped the school finance a percolation tank on 20 acres of low-lying land on the campus of the school. The large basin was to collect rain water from surrounding hills and service through underground channels the dry wells throughout the valley and beyond.

Birds
Work began on identifying and cataloguing bird species in the valley in 1990. Mr. Rangaswami, Bursar of Rishi Valley School from 1973 to 1977, Honorary Chief Warden of the Rishi Valley Bird Preserve and a bird lover who popularized birdwatching among students had spent several years in Rishi Valley in the 1970s, when a checklist of local birds was first drawn up. In 1990, when a superficial survey of bird species in the valley was conducted, it was noted that the number of bird species had risen considerably. By March 1993, 170 bird species, which is approximately 40% of the bird species recorded in the state of Andhra Pradesh, were identified in Rishi Valley, including the rare and endemic yellow-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus). Perhaps the most spectacular comeback has been that of the yellow-throated bulbul. Recorded from Rishi Valley in the early 1990s, this bird had not been seen on the campus, and its immediate vicinity, with certainty, ever since. The birds could however be regularly seen in the foothills of Horsley Hills, just three kilometers or so, at the western end of the valley. This event was reported to the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP), and as a result, Rishi Valley was included in the Biodiversity Map and Computerized Data Base maintained by the council at its headquarters in Cambridge, England, as one of the areas in the tropics for global conservation, whose response was: "We have little recent published information on the distribution of this species in the ornithological literature, despite that fact that it is unique to India and apparently rather a scarce bird. Your record is therefore extremely valuable to the Biodiversity Project."

In 1997, Rishi Valley set up an Institute for Bird Studies and Natural History, which monitors bird populations in the vicinity and currently runs a Home Studies Course in Ornithology

Educational Research
Rural Education Centre innovated Multi grade teaching methodology in which children are not divided into different annual grades, but children are taught and assessed continuously. This is also called School in a box. This method was pioneered by Padmanabharao and Rama, a teacher couple.

As an example, consider the students of traditional first and second grade in single classroom. Activity charts are created for the various topics of the lessons. Each activity chart is associated with minimum learning level. Few activity charts put together determine the skill to be acquired by the student. This is represented by a local bird or animal. Each activity chart will have this symbol and a number. For subjects like Telugu, Maths, Conversation skills, communication skills, there will be a ladder of activity charts. After a child learns from an activity chart, she moves up on the ladder. Thus each student is assessed independently. Teacher involvement for an activity chart varies from full involvement to nil involvement. Children who have moved up the ladder help others who are below them. This method is highly useful, in tribal areas, where number of children are less and number of teachers are also less. As per Radhika Herzberger, Director of Rishi Valley School, this method yielded significant improvement in learning levels of rural schools and there were more visitors to these schools than the Rishi Valley School. This method was adopted initially by the Andhra Pradesh Tribal schools initially and later adopted across India and the world.

Notable alumni

 * Varun Gandhi, politician, member of Lok Sabha
 * Aditi Rao Hydari, actress
 * Sreenivasan Jain, journalist and TV anchor
 * Nachiket Mor, banker and social entrepreneur
 * Oopali Operajita, classical Indian dancer and choreographer; former distinguished fellow, Carnegie Mellon University
 * Krishna Reddy, printmaker and sculptor
 * Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, sixth President of India
 * Sunil Shanbag, theatre director
 * Shiavax Jal Vazifdar, Chief Justice, Punjab and Haryana High Court
 * Abijeet Duddala, Actor
 * Payal Kapadia, film director

title: Rishi Valley School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Remote viewing data connects to religious scriptures

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be cleaned up and merged - SimonP 13:55, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Remote viewing data connects to religious scriptures
This article is biased and unencyclopaedic 82.41.26.26 20:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup, condense, NPOV, and Merge to Remote viewing. --Tabor 20:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup, condense, NPOV, and don't merge to Remote viewing: it is already too large. However the title must be changed, since it is POVish. I' d suggest Remote viewing and  religious scriptures. Kookery, but notable. mikka (t) 20:40, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'm not knowledgable here, but this article looks like a book report for this Cosmic Voyage work written by Courtney Brown. Could this be merged with his article, (after the blatent POV is removed)? No vote. func (talk) 21:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What the...? Here's a sample: "Another point is that Brown had not yet remote viewed the reptilians in his first book, but released data from his remote viewing sessions about Adam and Eve that showed that there was a subspace interference affecting both of them. His second book suggests that the reptilians could be the source of that interference; this would corroborate that same teaching in Genesis." Condense massivelty and merge with the kook's page. -- BD2412 talk 21:21, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Comment. Uh, I'm not really sure what to say about this. Obviously, this stuff is dripping with POV. Yes, it could be cleaned up, condensed and NPOVed, and merged with something else, but I think the important issue here is whether the topic itself really is at all notable? Are connections between the alleged results of remote viewing and religious scripture important enough to even warrant a short sentence or two in remote viewing or some other suitable article, if even that? I mean, yeah, I'm a skeptic, no question, but that's kind of beside the point here; I absolutely approve of having articles for remote viewing and other similar things. But is this particular subset of remote viewing really notable or significant? I'm not familiar enough with the subject to tell. I'd appreciate it if someone who's better informed here could put this in perspective... -- Captain Disdain 14:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. These are just ravings ("The most important element of Brown's second book is that his remote viewed data suggests that the subspace reptilian interference is still active today and seems responsible for the weaponization of outer space.") carmeld1 02:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advocacy, possibly connected to claims of David Icke - Skysmith 09:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Fyrkantserien

Fyrkantserien (also Fyrväpplingstävlingen and Serien Stockholm-Göteborg) was an interim Swedish football league played 1918 and 1919 as Svenska Serien was not played. It featured four teams, two from Stockholm and two from Gothenburg.

title: Fyrkantserien


text:
User talk:Tbpsmd

Welcome to wikipedia. with reference to some of your recent edits can I suggest reading What Wikipedia is not. Again welcome to wikipedia.Geni 20:08, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tbpsmd


text:
Santo Tomás Hueyotlipan

Santo Tomás Hueyotlipan is the municipal seat of Santo Tomás Hueyotlipan Municipality, Puebla, Mexico.

title: Santo Tomás Hueyotlipan


text:
User:Clemmy/405

 * Ireland
 * Northern Ireland
 * Republic of Ireland

 * Saint Patrick
 * History of Ireland
 * Act of Union 1800
 * History of Ireland (1801-1922)
 * Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)
 * Culture of Ireland
 * Irish literature
 * Music of Ireland
 * Irish art

title: User:Clemmy/405


text: Category:Administrative divisions of Poland