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Tarim mummies

The Tarim mummies are a series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China, which date from 1800 BCE to the first centuries BCE, with a new group of individuals recently dated to between c. 2100 and 1700 BCE. "Biological anthropological research indicates that the physical characteristics of those buried at Gumugou cemetery along the Kongque River near Lop Nur in Xinjiang are very similar to those of the Andronovo culture and Afanasievo culture people from Siberia in Southern Russia. This suggests that all of these individuals belong to the Caucasian physical type. Additionally, excavations in 2002 by Xinjiang archaeologists at the site of Xiaohe cemetery, first discovered by the Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, uncovered mummies and wooden human effigies that clearly have Europoid features. According to the preliminary excavation report, the cultural features and chronology of this site are said to be quite similar to those of Gumugou.  Other sites in Xinjiang also contain both individuals with Caucasian features and ones with Mongolian features. For example, this pattern occurs at the Yanbulark cemetery in Xinjiang, but individuals with Mongoloid features are clearly dominant. The above evidence is enough to show that, starting around 2,000 B.C., some so-called primitive Caucasians expanded eastward to the Xinjiang area as far as the area around Hami and Lop Nur. By the end of the second millennium, another group of people from Central Asia started to move over the Pamirs and gradually dispersed in southern Xinjiang. These western groups mixed with local Mongoloids resulting in an amalgamation of culture and race in middle Xinjiang east to the Tianshan." The Tarim population to which the earliest mummies belonged was agropastoral, and they lived circa 2000 BCE in what was formerly a freshwater environment, which has now become desertified.

A genomic study published in 2021 found that these early mummies (dating from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) had high levels of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (ANE, about 72%), with smaller admixture from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA, about 28%), but no detectable Western Steppe-related ancestry. They formed a genetically isolated local population that "adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert." These mummified individuals were long suspected to have been "Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists", ancestors of the Tocharians, but this has now been largely discredited by their absence of a genetic connection with Indo-European-speaking migrants, particularly the Afanasievo or BMAC cultures.

Later Tarim Mummies dated to the Iron Age (1st millennium BCE), such as those of the Subeshi culture, have characteristics closely resembling those of the Saka (Scythian) Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains, in particular in the areas of weaponry, horse gear and garments. They are candidates as the Iron Age predecessors of the Tocharians. The rather recent easternmost mummies at Qumul (Yanbulaq culture, 1100-500 BCE), provide the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin, and have a mix of "Europoid" and "Mongoloid" mummies.

Archaeological record
At the beginning of the 20th century, European explorers such as Sven Hedin, Albert von Le Coq and Sir Aurel Stein all recounted their discoveries of desiccated bodies in their search for antiquities in Central Asia. Since then, numerous other mummies have been found and analyzed, many of them now displayed in the museums of Xinjiang. Most of these mummies were found on the eastern end of the Tarim Basin (around the area of Lopnur, Subeshi near Turpan, Loulan, Kumul), or along the southern edge of the Tarim Basin (Khotan, Niya, and Cherchen or Qiemo).

According to Mallory & Mair (2000), the earliest Tarim mummies, found at Qäwrighul (Gumugou) and dated to 2135-1939 BCE, were classified in a craniometric analysis as belonging to a "Proto-Europoid" type, whose closest affiliation is to the Bronze Age populations of southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Lower Volga. A revised craniometric analyses by Hemphill & Mallory (2004) on the early Tarim mummies (Qäwrighul) failed to demonstrate close phenetic affinities to "Europoid populations", but rather found that they formed their own cluster, distinct from the European-related Steppe pastoralists of the Andronovo and Afanasievo cultures, or the inhabitants of the Western Asian BMAC culture. Later Tarim mummies displayed varying affinities with Andronovo-like, BMAC-like or Han-like populations, suggesting different waves of migration into the Tarim basin.

Notable mummies are the tall, red-haired "Chärchän man" or the "Ur-David" (1000 BCE); his son (1000 BCE), a 1-year-old baby with brown hair protruding from under a red and blue felt cap, with two stones positioned over its eyes; the "Hami Mummy" (c. 1400–800 BCE), a "red-headed beauty" found in Qizilchoqa; and the "Witches of Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE), who wore 2 ft black felt conical hats with a flat brim. Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up with sutures made of horsehair.

Many of the mummies have been found in very good condition, owing to the dryness of the desert and the desiccation it produced in the corpses. The mummies share many typical Caucasian body features, and many of them have their hair physically intact, ranging in color from blond to red to deep brown, and generally long, curly and braided. Their costumes, and especially textiles, may indicate a common origin with Indo-European neolithic clothing techniques or a common low-level textile technology. Chärchän man wore a red twill tunic and tartan leggings. Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber, who examined the tartan-style cloth, discusses similarities between it and fragments recovered from salt mines associated with the Hallstatt culture. As a result of the arid conditions and exceptional preservation, tattoos have been identified on mummies from several sites around the Tarim Basin, including Qäwrighul, Yanghai, Shengjindian, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.

It has been asserted that the textiles found with the mummies are of an early European textile type based on close similarities to fragmentary textiles found in salt mines in Austria, dating from the second millennium BCE. Anthropologist Irene Good, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles, noted the woven diagonal twill pattern indicated the use of a rather sophisticated loom and said that the textile is "the easternmost known example of this kind of weaving technique".

The cemetery at Yanbulaq contained 29 mummies which dated from 1100 to 500 BCE, 21 of which are asian—the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and eight of which are of the same Caucasian physical type as found at Qäwrighul.

Genetic studies

In 1995, Mair claimed that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid" with east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago while the Uyghur peoples arrived around the year 842. In trying to trace the origins of these populations, Victor Mair's team suggested that they may have arrived in the region by way of the Pamir Mountains about 5,000 years ago.

Mair has claimed that: "The new finds are also forcing a reexamination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair. Scholars have traditionally scoffed at these accounts, but it now seems that they may be accurate." In 2007, the Chinese government allowed a National Geographic Society team headed by Spencer Wells to examine the mummies' DNA. Wells was able to extract undegraded DNA from the internal tissues. The scientists extracted enough material to suggest the Tarim Basin was continually inhabited from 2000 BCE to 300 BCE and preliminary results indicate the people, rather than having a single origin, originated from Europe, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley and other regions yet to be determined.

A 2008 study by Jilin University showed that the Yuansha population has relatively close relationships with the modern populations of South Central Asia and Indus Valley, as well as with the ancient population of Chawuhu.

Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals found at the Xiaohe Tomb complex were analyzed for Y-DNA and mtDNA markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the maternal lineages of the Xiaohe people originated from both East Asia and West Eurasia, whereas the paternal lineages all originated from West Eurasia. The East Eurasian mtDNA carried by the Tarim mummies is mtDNA haplogroup C and the particular subclade found in the Tarim mummies originates from southeast Siberians like Udeghe and Evenks and not from East Asians, who carry mtDNA haplogroup C at a far lower rate and carry different subclades of mtDNA C.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that maternal lineages carried by the people at Xiaohe included mtDNA haplogroups H, K, U5, U7, U2e, T and R*, which are now most common in West Eurasia. Also found were haplogroups common in modern populations from East Asia: B5, D and G2a. Haplogroups now common in Central Asian or Siberian populations included: C4 and C5. Haplogroups later regarded as typically South Asian included M5 and M*.

Li et al. (2010) found that nearly all – 11 out of 12 males, or around 92% – belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1-M17 (Z93-), which are now most common in Northern India and Eastern Europe; the remaining one belonged to the exceptionally rare paragroup K* (M9) from Asia.

The geographic location of this admixing is unknown, although south Siberia is likely.

Chinese historian Ji Xianlin says China "supported and admired" research by foreign experts into the mummies. "However, within China a small group of ethnic separatists have taken advantage of this opportunity to stir up trouble and are acting like buffoons. Some of them have even styled themselves the descendants of these ancient 'white people' with the aim of dividing the motherland. But these perverse acts will not succeed." Barber addresses these claims by noting that "The Loulan Beauty is scarcely closer to 'Turkic' in her anthropological type than she is to Han Chinese. The body and facial forms associated with Turks and Mongols began to appear in the Tarim cemeteries only in the first millennium BCE, fifteen hundred years after this woman lived." Due to the "fear of fuelling separatist currents", the Xinjiang museum, regardless of dating, displays all their mummies, both Tarim and Han, together.

The School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, analyzed in 2021 13 individuals from the Tarim basin, dated to c. 2100-1700 BC, and assigned 2 to Y-haplogroup R1b1b-PH155/PH4796 (R1b1c in ISOGG2016), 1 — to Y-haplogroup R1-PF6136 (xR1a, xR1b1a).

Derivation from Ancient North Eurasians
A 2021 genetic study on the Tarim mummies (13 mummies, including 11 from Xiaohe Cemetery, ranging from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) found that they were most closely related to an earlier identified group called the Ancient North Eurasians, particularly the population represented by the Afontova Gora 3 specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it. The genetic profile of the Afontova Gora 3 individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies from Xiaohe, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA, Early Bronze Age Baikal populations). Tarim mummies from Beifang have a slightly higher amount of ANA ancestry and can be modelled as having 89% Xiaohe-like ancestry and about 11% ANA ancestry. The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare Holocene populations who derive most of their ancestry from the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE, specifically the Mal'ta and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years). More than any other ancient populations, the Tarim mummies can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians. Tests on their genetic legacy also found that many groups in Central Asia and Xinjiang derive varying degrees of ancestry from a population related to the Tarim mummies. The Tajik people show the relative highest affinity with the Tarim mummies, although their main ancestry is linked to Bronze Age Steppe pastoralists (Western Steppe Herders).

Posited origins
Mallory and Mair (2000) propose the movement of at least two Caucasian physical types into the Tarim Basin. The authors associate these types with the Tocharian and Iranian (Saka) branches of the Indo-European language family, respectively. However, archaeology and linguistics professor Elizabeth Wayland Barber cautions against assuming the mummies spoke Tocharian, noting a gap of about a thousand years between the mummies and the documented Tocharians: "people can change their language at will, without altering a single gene or freckle".

On the other hand, linguistics professor Ronald Kim argues that the amount of divergence between the attested Tocharian languages necessitates that Proto-Tocharian must have preceded their attestation by a millennium or so. This would coincide with the timeframe during which the Tarim Basin culture was in the region.

B. E. Hemphill's biodistance analysis of cranial metrics (as cited in and ) has questioned the identification of the Tarim Basin population as European, noting that the earlier population forms their own distinct cluster and having closer affinities to two specimens from the Harappan site of the Indus Valley civilisation, while the later Tarim population displays closer affinities with the Oxus River valley population. Because craniometry can produce results which make no sense at all (e.g. the close relationship between Neolithic populations in Ukraine and Portugal) and therefore lack any historical meaning, any putative genetic relationship must be consistent with geographical plausibility and have the support of other evidence.

Han Kangxin, who examined the skulls of 302 mummies, found the closest relatives of the earlier Tarim Basin population in the populations of the Afanasevo culture situated immediately north of the Tarim Basin and the Andronovo culture that spanned Kazakhstan and reached southwards into West Central Asia and the Altai.

It is the Afanasevo culture to which trace the earliest Bronze Age settlers of the Tarim and Turpan basins. The Afanasevo culture (c. 3500–2500 BCE) displays cultural and genetic connections with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the Eurasian Steppe yet predates the specifically Indo-Iranian-associated Andronovo culture (c. 2000–900 BCE) enough to isolate the Tocharian languages from Indo-Iranian linguistic innovations like satemization.

Mair concluded: "From the evidence available, we have found that during the first 1,000 years after the Loulan Beauty, the only settlers in the Tarim Basin were Caucasoid. East Asian peoples only began showing up in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3,000 years ago, Mair said, while the Uighur peoples arrived after the collapse of the Orkon Uighur Kingdom, largely based in modern day Mongolia, around the year 842."

note the existence of an additional physical type at Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE) different from the earlier one found at Qäwrighul (1800 BCE) and Yanbulaq (1100–500 BCE), while finding no evidence of significant Steppe-related contributions to these remains: "The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria. ... This study confirms the assertion of Han [1998] that the occupants of Alwighul and Krorän are not derived from proto-European steppe populations, but share closest affinities with Eastern Mediterranean populations. Further, the results demonstrate that such Eastern Mediterraneans may also be found at the urban centers of the Oxus civilization located in the north Bactrian oasis to the west. Affinities are especially close between Krorän, the latest of the Xinjiang samples, and Sapalli, the earliest of the Bactrian samples, while Alwighul and later samples from Bactria exhibit more distant phenetic affinities. This pattern may reflect a possible major shift in interregional contacts in Central Asia in the early centuries of the second millennium BCE. ... Nevertheless, there is no support for the hypothesis that steppe populations contributed significantly to Bronze Age populations of the Tarim Ba-sin. Despite numerous similarities between Afanasievo and Andronovo artifacts and Bronze Ageartifacts from Xinjiang (Bunker, 1998; Chen andHiebert, 1995; Kuzmina, 1998; Mei and Shell, 1998;Peng, 1998), all analyses of phenetic relationships consistently reveal a profound phenetic separation between steppe samples and the samples from the Tarim Basin (Qa¨wrighul, Alwighul, and Krora¨n)."

Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier Tarim mummies could be attributed to their Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they were forming a distinct cluster of their own, and neither clustered with European-related Steppe pastoralists from the Andronovo and Afanasievo culture, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian BMAC culture, or East Asian populations further East.

Chinese sources
Western Regions (Hsi-yu; ) is the historical name in China, between the 3rd century BCE and 8th century CE for regions west of Yumen Pass, including the Tarim and Central Asia.

Some of the peoples of the Western Regions were described in Chinese sources as having full beards, red or blond hair, deep-set blue or green eyes and high noses. According to Chinese sources, the city states of the Tarim reached the height of their political power during the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, although this may actually indicate an increase in Chinese involvement in the Tarim, following the collapse of the Kushan Empire.

The Rouzhi
Reference to the Rouzhi name was possibly made around 7th century BCE by the Chinese philosopher Guan Zhong, though his book is generally considered to be a later forgery. Guan Zhong described a group called either the Yuzhi 禺氏 or Niuzhi 牛氏 as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of Yuzhi 禺氏 at Gansu.

After the Rouzhi experienced a series of major defeats at the hands of the Xiongnu, during the 2nd century BCE, a group known as the Greater Rouzhi migrated to Bactria, where they established the Kushan Empire. By the 1st Century CE, the Kushan Empire had expanded significantly and may have annexed part of the Tarim Basin.

Tocharian languages

The degree of differentiation between the language known to modern scholars as Tocharian A (or by the endonym Ārśi-käntwa; "tongue of Ārśi") and Tocharian B (Kuśiññe; [adjective] "of Kucha, Kuchean"), as well as the less-well attested Tocharian C (which is associated with the city-state of Krorän, also known as Loulan), and the absence of evidence for these beyond the Tarim, tends to indicate that a common, proto-Tocharian language existed in the Tarim during the second half of the 1st Millennium BCE. Tocharian is attested in documents between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, although the first known epigraphic evidence dates to the 6th century CE.

Although the Tarim mummies preceded the Tocharian texts by around 2,000 years, their shared geographical location and links to Western Eurasia have led many scholars to suggest that the mummies were related to the Tocharian peoples.

Arguments for cultural transmission from West to East
The possible presence of speakers of Indo-European languages in the Tarim Basin by about 2000 BCE could, if confirmed, be interpreted as evidence that cultural exchanges occurred among Indo-European and Chinese populations at a very early date. It has been suggested that such techniques as chariot warfare and bronze-making may have been transmitted to the east by these Indo-European nomads. Mallory and Mair also note that: "Prior to c. 2000 BC, finds of metal artifacts in China are exceedingly few, simple and, puzzlingly, already made of alloyed copper (and hence questionable)."

While stressing that the argument as to whether bronze technology travelled from China to the West or that "the earliest bronze technology in China was stimulated by contacts with western steppe cultures", is far from settled in scholarly circles, they suggest that the evidence so far favours the latter scenario. However, the culture and the technology in the northwest region of Tarim basin were less advanced than that in the East China of Yellow River-Erlitou (2070 BCE ~ 1600 BCE) or Majiayao culture (3100 BCE ~ 2600 BCE), the earliest bronze-using cultures in China, which implies that the northwest region did not use copper or any metal until bronze technology was introduced to the region by the Shang dynasty in about 1600 BC. The earliest bronze artifacts in China are found at the Majiayao site (between 3100 and 2700 BCE), and it is from this location and time period that Chinese Bronze Age spread. Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty.

Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia dynasty. The US National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC," which begins with Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule. Though that provides a concise frame of reference, it overlooks the continued importance of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture. Since that was significantly later than the discovery of bronze in Mesopotamia, bronze technology could have been imported, rather than being discovered independently in China. However, there is reason to believe that bronzework developed inside China, separately from outside influence.

The Chinese official Zhang Qian, who visited Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on many regions west of China. He believed to have discerned Greek influences in some of the kingdoms. He named Parthia "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transcription of "Arshak" (Arsaces), the name of the founder of Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identified Parthia as an advanced urban civilization that farmed grain and grapes and manufactured silver coins and leather goods. Zhang Qian equated Parthia's level of advancement to the cultures of Dayuan in Ferghana and Daxia in Bactria.

The supplying of Tarim Basin jade to China from ancient times is well established, according to : "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty by Zheng Zhenxiang, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. As early as the mid-first millennium BCE the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."

The Princess of Xiaohe
The Princess of Xiaohe (小河公主) was unearthed and also named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003. She has red hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of ephedra and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body. She is not permanently exhibited in any museum.

The Beauty of Loulan
The Beauty of Loulan (also referred to as the "Loulan Beauty" or the "Beauty of Krorän") is the most famous of the Tarim mummies, along with the Cherchen Man. She was discovered in 1980 by Chinese archaeologists working on a film about the Silk Road. The mummy was discovered near Lop Nur. She was buried 3 feet beneath the ground. The mummy was extremely well preserved because of the dry climate and the preservative properties of salt. She was wrapped in a woolen cloth; the cloth was made of two separate pieces and was not large enough to cover her entire body, thereby leaving her ankles exposed. The Beauty of Loulan was surrounded by funerary gifts. The Beauty of Loulan has been dated back to approximately 1800 BCE.

The Beauty of Loulan lived around 1800 BCE, until about the age of 45, when she died. Her cause of death is likely due to lung failure from ingesting a large amount of sand, charcoal, and dust. According to Elizabeth Barber, she probably died in the winter because of her provisions against the cold. The rough shape of her clothes and the lice in her hair suggest she lived a difficult life.

The Beauty of Loulan's hair colour has been described as auburn. Her hair was infested with lice. The Beauty of Loulan is wearing clothing made of wool and fur. Her hood is made of felt and has a feather in it. She is wearing rough ankle-high moccasins made of leather, with fur on the outside. Her skirt is made of leather, with fur on the inside for warmth. She is also wearing a woolen cap. According to Elizabeth Barber, these provisions against the cold suggest she died during the winter. The Beauty of Loulan possesses a comb, with four teeth remaining. Barber suggests that this comb was a dual purpose tool to comb hair and to "pack the weft in tightly during weaving." She possesses a "neatly woven bag or soft basket". Grains of wheat were discovered inside the bag.

A 23-poem sequence on the Beauty of Loulan appears in the Canadian poet Kim Trainor's Karyotype (2015).

Yingpan man
The Yingpan man is a much later mummy from the same area, dating to the 4th–5th century CE. Dressed in luxurious Hellenistic clothes, he may have been a Sogdian or an elite member of the Shanshan Kingdom.

Controversies
According to Ed Wong's New York Times article from 2008, Mair was prohibited from leaving the country with 52 genetic samples. However, a Chinese scientist clandestinely sent him half a dozen, on which an Italian geneticist performed tests.

Since then, China has prohibited foreign scientists from conducting research on the mummies. As Wong says, "Despite the political issues, excavations of the grave sites are continuing."

title: Tarim mummies


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Category:French fashion designers

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:French fashion designers


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Christchurch Arts Centre

The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora is a hub for arts, culture, education, creativity and entrepreneurship in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located in the Gothic Revival former Canterbury College (now the University of Canterbury), Christchurch Boys' High School and Christchurch Girls' High School buildings, many of which were designed by Benjamin Mountfort. The centre is a national landmark and taonga as it is home to New Zealand's largest collection of category one heritage buildings with 21 of the 23 buildings covered by Heritage New Zealand listings.

The centre, which is held in trust for the people of Canterbury and its visitors, has been undergoing a large restoration since it was badly damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Buildings are progressively reopening to the public as they are strengthened and repaired and more than two-thirds of the buildings have reopened.

History
The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora comprises 22 heritage buildings. The Student Union building was registered on 26 November 1981 and is a Category II entry. All buildings on the western half of the centre were registered as heritage buildings by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust on 15 February 1990 with registration number 7301 classified as A and B. With the change of the classification system, the buildings later became a Category I listing. The Registry Building in the northeast corner of the site was registered on 13 February 1997 and is a Category I listing.

The buildings are also listed in the Christchurch City Plan as heritage items. In the previous plan, 20 buildings were listed as Group 1 or 2, and three buildings were listed as Group 3. There are just two modern buildings on the site, with the Registry Additions built in 1957 and extended in 1967 and not listed under the old city plan, although it was proposed by the Christchurch City Council to include it in the listing with the historic registry building.

Return of the university
In 2009 strong debate emerged over a proposal to use The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora car park located off Hereford Street for the University of Canterbury's School of Music. Proponents valued the additional vibrancy that this would bring into the Cultural Precinct, and supported the university moving back to their original site. Opponents felt that the proposed building was out of scale with the existing Arts Centre and that the building design would detract from the heritage value. Ultimately the proposal was abandoned after a successful campaign by Save our Arts Centre, a group led by Richard Sinke.

In May 2017, the University of Canterbury returned to its former site. It opened two departments in the restored old Chemistry building – the classics and music school. Which now makes up the city campus of the university. Some 400 students transferred from the Ilam campus to the central city facility. the building also houses the Teece Museum of Classical Antiquities which showcases the James Logie Memorial Collection, a collection of Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Near Eastern artefacts in New Zealand.

Earthquakes and recovery
In the early hours of 4 September 2010, a major earthquake caused extensive damage throughout the Canterbury region. The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora buildings were damaged – collapsing chimneys damaged the Great Hall, the Observatory Tower and the Clock Tower. The then Arts Centre director Ken Franklin commented that prior measures taken to reinforce the buildings may have prevented additional damage. The buildings had been insured for NZ$95 million, and this was increased to NZ$120m in January 2011.

The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora was very badly damaged in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, but no people were hurt at the centre. All historic buildings became inaccessible to the public and the entire complex was closed until the first restored and strengthened building, The Registry Building reopened in 2013.

It was initially estimated the cost to repair The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora would be NZ$100m. This was later revised to more than NZ$200m and estimated to take 15 years to accomplish. In July 2012, it was announced that André Lovatt had been secured as its new chief executive, tasking him with the restoration project; Lovatt started in October 2012. Under Lovatt's guidance, the programme was accelerated although with the scope becoming better known, the costs escalated to NZ$290m making it one of the largest heritage restoration projects in the world.

The massive restoration programme immaculately restores and strengthens the heritage features of the centre's unique heritage buildings, while fitting them out with the latest modern facilities. With more than two-thirds of the centre open again, it is home to museums, art galleries, boutique eateries and retailers, offices, arts and cultural events, a weekly market and venues for hire.

While a significant amount of the restoration has been paid for, there is still a substantial shortfall in funds to complete it and the charitable trust is actively fundraising with the next stage to include the $10m restoration of the Observatory Tower and the restoration of the Physics, Biology and Engineering buildings. The Physics and Biology buildings will become home to a boutique hotel. The Observatory Hotel opened in the restored Townsend Observatory in 2022.

The first buildings to reopen after the earthquake were Registry, Registry Additions and The Gym with Registry reopening in July 2013. The Great Hall opened in June 2016.

Usage
The restored Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora buildings are home to museums, including Rutherford's Den, where the father of nuclear physics Ernest, Lord Rutherford studied while at Canterbury College and the University of Canterbury's Teece Museum of Classical Antiquities, as well as boutique art galleries, eateries, retailers and offices.

The centre also hosts many special arts and cultural events, including a weekly market, and it has beautiful buildings and rooms available to hire. From 29 November to 1 December 2019, it hosted the NZ Skeptics Conference.

Before the 2011 earthquake The Court Theatre, a professional theatre company, was based at The Arts Centre from 1976 until 2010.

The Twelve Local Heroes is a series of bronze busts located on Worcester Boulevard outside The Arts Centre to commemorate twelve local Christchurch people who were prominent in their respective fields in the latter part of the 20th century. They are currently unavailable as the building adjacent to it is awaiting restoration.

Governance
The Christchurch Arts Centre Association Incorporated was created in 1974, when the University of Canterbury completed its move to its new Ilam campus. The Arts Centre of Christchurch Trust Board formed in 1978 and ownership of the site was transferred to the trust in 1979.

The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora is governed by a charitable trust board. It relies solely on donations as it receives no ongoing funding from central or local governments. Its chief executive is Philip Aldridge, who took over the role in mid-2018 after the departure of André Lovatt.

title: Christchurch Arts Centre


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Milwaukee District North Line

The Milwaukee District North Line (MD-N) is a Metra commuter rail line in Chicago, Illinois and its northern suburbs, running from Union Station to. Although Metra does not refer to any of its lines by color, the timetable accents for the Milwaukee District North line are pale "Hiawatha Orange" in honor of the Milwaukee Road's Hiawatha passenger trains.

The line utilizes the Canadian Pacific Kansas City Railway's C&M Subdivision from Union Station to Rondout and Metra's Fox Lake Subdivision from Rondout to Fox Lake.

Operations
Metra is the primary user of the C&M Subdivision, with commuter services operating between Union Station and Fox Lake. As of June 3, 2024, the public timetable shows 54 trains (27 in each direction) operating on weekdays, with 16 trains running to and from Fox Lake, five running to and from, one running to and from , four running to and from , and one running to and from. Metra operates a reduced schedule on weekends, with nine trains operating between Union Station and Fox Lake, with an additional train on Saturday afternoons that short-turns at Lake Forest. This service is supplemented by Amtrak, whose Empire Builder, Hiawatha Service and Borealis inter-city trains operate on the line between Union Station and Rondout, and also stop at.

Metra began increased reverse commute service on the line on March 4, 2019. This service is part of a pilot-program funded under a two-year, public-private partnership between Metra and Lake County Partners. The increased reverse commute service was temporarily suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic, but was reinstated in December 2022. On June 3, 2024, Metra updated the timetable and stopping patterns for trains to better reflect current conditions, along with adding an additional late evening departure in each direction, with an inbound 10:30 p.m. train from Fox Lake to Union Station, and a 12:32 a.m. outbound train from Union Station to Fox Lake.

Metra has included the possibility of extending the Milwaukee District North Line along one of two routes in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the line could continue northwest via the Fox Lake branch to Richmond, with an additional stop in Spring Grove. Alternatively, the line could be extended north along the C&M Subdivision and continue from Rondout to Wadsworth, with additional stops in Green Oaks, Waukegan (separate from the Union Pacific North Line's station,) and Gurnee.

History
Before 1982, this line was operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road). When the Milwaukee Road went bankrupt, the Regional Transportation Authority took over operation of the line. By 1984, the line passed to RTA's newly created Commuter Rail Division, which rebranded as Metra in 1985. Metra acquired the line from the Soo Line Railroad in 1987. The Soo Line then ran freight trains on the line via trackage rights before its absorption into the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1990. CP Railway merged with the Kansas City Southern Railway in April 2023 into the Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited, or CPKC Railway. Today this service is one of several Metra routes operated by Metra crews, but trains are dispatched under contract by the CPKC, which continues to hold trackage rights.

The Milwaukee District North Line route and Metra's track ownership diverge from the Chicago - Milwaukee - Minneapolis mainline at Rondout, Illinois and proceeds northwesterly toward Fox Lake. This secondary route, owned by Metra, was known as the Janesville Subdivision (J-Sub) of the Milwaukee Road. The mainline north of Rondout is owned by the CPKC through its American subsidiary Soo Line Railroad and sees Amtrak and freight traffic only. Metra service and track ownership end at Fox Lake. The tracks beyond Fox Lake are owned by the State of Wisconsin and operated for freight service by the Wisconsin and Southern Railroad. Commuter service beyond Fox Lake, abolished in 1982, served the communities of Spring Grove, Solon Mills, Zenda, and Walworth.

Until 1984, there was a stop in Rondout. The station building itself was demolished in the mid-1960s. The station was located at Rondout Junction, where the line crosses the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway's tracks at a diamond junction. Before 1982, service ran as far north as Walworth, Wisconsin.

Metra has conducted studies on extending the Milwaukee District North Line to Richmond, Illinois, and constructing a second branch, running along the CPKC main line from Rondout north to Wadsworth. However, there are not any plans to construct the extension.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined from 7,237,913 to 6,549,143, an overall decline of 9.5%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 1,556,783 passengers in 2020 and to 1,094,292 in 2021. Despite this overall annual decline, from April to December 2021, ridership was higher than in the same period in 2020.

title: Milwaukee District North Line


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User:Plutor/Anakin Skywalker timeline

A lot of people have played Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader:

title: User:Plutor/Anakin Skywalker timeline


text:
Max Minghella

Max Giorgio Choa Minghella (born 16 September 1985) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in the films Syriana (2005), Art School Confidential (2006), Elvis and Anabelle (2007), The Social Network (2010), The Darkest Hour (2011), The Ides of March (2011), The Internship (2013), Horns (2013), and Spiral (2021), as well as his role as Nick Blaine in the television series The Handmaid's Tale (2017–present), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 2021.

Early life and education
Minghella was born in Hampstead, London, the son of director Anthony Minghella (1954–2008) and dancer and choreographer Carolyn Jane Choa. His father was born in Ryde, Isle of Wight, and was of Italian descent, and his mother was born in Hong Kong.

While Minghella was growing up he spent time on his father's film sets. He has said that he has "fond memories" of them and that he felt "no pressure" from his father to succeed in the entertainment industry. He was educated at St Anthony's Preparatory School and University College School in Hampstead. He then attended Columbia University, which he considered his "first priority", and studied history, graduating in 2009. He was a resident of John Jay Hall during his studies at Columbia. He typically worked on films only during his summer breaks. He has said that he felt like "an English boy at an American school", that he kept to himself, and that most of his fellow students did not know that he was an actor.

Heritage
Minghella's father was born on the Isle of Wight, and was of Italian descent. His mother, who was from Hong Kong, is from a family of multiple heritage. His maternal grandfather George Choa was of three-quarters Chinese and one-quarter Jewish descent, and his maternal grandmother Maisie Nora (née Kotewall) was of Indian Parsi, English, Irish, Swedish and Chinese ancestry.

Sir Robert Kotewall is his great-grandfather. Olympic swimmer Robyn Lamsam is his second cousin through the Kotewalls.

Career
Minghella was inspired to become an actor during his young years, after seeing a production of the play This Is Our Youth in London's West End; he subsequently dropped out of the University College School to pursue an acting career, and attended the National Youth Theatre. He did not always want to become an actor. He said: "I thought it was sort of embarrassing to say you wanted to be an actor – it was, like, uncool. And growing up I was massively concerned with seeming cool. I thought up until about age 16 that I was going to be a music video director."

Minghella had an uncredited appearance as an extra in his father's film Cold Mountain. His first professional role was in Bee Season, playing the son of a dysfunctional Jewish American family. The film was released in November 2005 to mostly mixed reviews and low box office, grossing only $1 million in its limited release, although critics remarked that Minghella was "a talented young actor to watch, delivering a strong performance".

Minghella's other November 2005 role was the political thriller Syriana in which he played the son of George Clooney's CIA agent character. In 2006, he starred in the Daniel Clowes adaptation Art School Confidential, a comedy directed by Terry Zwigoff. He got the part after meeting Zwigoff when he visited the set of Bee Season. His film Elvis and Anabelle, a dark romantic drama in which he plays an undertaker's son, premiered at the South by Southwest film festival in 2007. He described it as "a really sweet film". He was to play Art Bechstein in the film version of writer Michael Chabon's novel The Mysteries of Pittsburgh, but dropped out of the project due to his university schedule.

The press reported in 2007 that Minghella was cast in Beeban Kidron's Hippie Hippie Shake, a film about writer Richard Neville set in 1960s London. In March 2008, it was announced that he would star in Alejandro Amenábar's second English language film, Agora. The film is set in 4th century Egypt and revolves around Hypatia of Alexandria. Later in 2008, Minghella played a pompous film director in How to Lose Friends & Alienate People, and was seen in a segment of the dark comedy Brief Interviews with Hideous Men.

In David Fincher's The Social Network, the 2010 film about the origins of Facebook, he plays Divya Narendra, one of the Harvard upperclassmen who sues Mark Zuckerberg for stealing the idea behind Facebook. In June 2010, Minghella was cast in the Russian science-fiction film The Darkest Hour, released in December 2011. He appeared in the ensemble dramedy 10 Years (2012). The following year, he had a supporting role as Graham Hawtrey in the comedy The Internship.

In November 2013, it was announced that Minghella would be playing Richie Castellano in the second season of the Fox sitcom The Mindy Project. In 2013, he appeared in the music video for "Shot at the Night" by The Killers.

Minghella has been playing the role of Nick Blaine, an Eye in the Republic of Gilead and the love interest of June Osborne, in the Hulu dystopian series The Handmaid's Tale since 2017. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role in 2021.

Minghella made his directorial debut with 2018's Teen Spirit, a musical, from his own screenplay.

Minghella starred in the 2022 film Babylon. He currently lives in Los Angeles.

title: Max Minghella


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Confess (song)

"Confess" is a popular song written by Bennie Benjamin and George David Weiss.

The song figures in the early careers of two important female singers:
 * 1) In 1947, Doris Day was making a transition from a Big band singer, most recently with Les Brown, to a solo vocalist. Her first major record away from the band was a duet with Buddy Clark, with this song on one side and "Love Somebody" on the other. The record became a two-sided hit, the first two of a string of hits for Day that made her one of the top female singers in popular music.
 * 2) About the same time, Mercury Records was planning to record the song as a vehicle for Frankie Laine. They were persuaded instead to give the song to a young female singer, who had not, at the time, a single hit: Patti Page. Page's manager, Jack Rael, succeeded in getting Mercury to let her record the song, but because of a low budget, a second singer could not be hired, so guitarist George Barnes (musician), whose trio accompanied Page on the record, and who had been experimenting with multi-track recording with engineer Bill Putnam, suggested that Page sing the second part as well. The novelty of her doing two voices on one record probably contributed to the song becoming a top 20 hit for her. This became not only the first of many hits for Patti Page, but the first song on which a singer did more than one track. For Patti Page, multi-tracking became a trademark of her style, while others, such as Les Paul and Mary Ford, as well as Jane Turzy, took up this practice too.

The Day/Clark recording was recorded on November 21, 1947, and issued by Columbia Records as catalog number 38174, and first reached the Billboard chart on June 26, 1948, lasting 11 weeks and peaking at #16 on the chart.

The Page recording was recorded on December 3, 1947, and released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5129, with the flip side “Twelve O'Clock Flight” (also later as catalog number 5511 ), and first reached the Billboard chart on July 2, 1948, lasting 10 weeks and peaking at #12.

Other recordings

 * Nat King Cole and the King Cole Trio, recorded on November 6, 1947, and released by Capitol Records as catalog number ETB-391
 * Jimmy Dorsey and his orchestra (released by MGM Records as catalog number 10194, with the flip side “If I Were You” )
 * The Four Tunes (released by Manor Records as catalog number 1131, with the flip side “Don't Know” )
 * Tony Martin (recorded on November 20, 1947, released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-2812, with the flip side “Bride and Groom Polka” )
 * The Mills Brothers (recorded on December 23, 1947, released by Decca Records as catalog number 24409, with the flip side “Someone Cares” )
 * Jimmy Valentine orchestra (vocal: Barbara Brown) (released by Varsity Records as catalog number 106, with the flip side “Twelfth Street Rag” )

title: Confess (song)


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Milwaukee District West Line

The Milwaukee District West Line (MD-W) is a Metra commuter rail line in Chicago, Illinois, and its western suburbs. Metra does not refer to any of its lines by a particular color, but the timetable accents for the Milwaukee District West line are dark "Arrow Yellow," honoring the Milwaukee Road's Arrow passenger train. Trains are dispatched from the Canadian Pacific Kansas City Railway's American headquarters in Minneapolis.

The line runs from Chicago Union Station through the western suburbs to Elgin, Illinois. As of February 15, 2024, the public timetable shows 52 trains (26 in each direction) operating on weekdays. Of these, 19 inbound trains originate from, three from , one from , and three from. Three outbound trains terminate at Franklin Park, one at National Street, and the remainder terminate at Big Timber Road.

On weekends, Metra operates 12 roundtrips on Saturdays and nine on Sundays and holidays, all running from Union Station to Elgin. There is no weekend or holiday service to Big Timber Road.

The line runs on the CPKC Railway's Elgin Subdivision (ex-Milwaukee Road line to Omaha). In 1982, the Milwaukee Road Elgin Line was sold to the newly created Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Rail Corporation which ran commuter trains for the Milwaukee Road while the latter underwent reorganization. The Milwaukee Road retained ownership of the line until 1986. Metra formally purchased the Milwaukee District (the only other being Milwaukee District North) from the Soo Line Railroad (which took the bankrupt Milwaukee Road under its wing in 1985) in 1987. The Soo Line Railroad then ran freight trains on the line via trackage rights before its absorption into the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1990. CP Railway merged with the Kansas City Southern Railway in April 2023 into the Canadian Pacific Kansas City, or CPKC.

Metra has included the possibility of extending the Milwaukee District West Line along one of two routes in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the line could continue west via CPKC trackage to Hampshire, with an additional stop in Pingree Grove. Alternatively, the line could switch to the Union Pacific Railroad's Belvidere line (ex-Chicago & North Western line to Freeport) and travel northwest from Big Timber Road to Marengo, with additional stops in Gilberts, Huntley, and Union. In 2023, Governor J. B. Pritzker selected Metra to operate new intercity passenger rail beyond Big Timber Road to Rockford using the Milwaukee District West Line, with intermediate stops in Belvidere, Huntley, and at one of the three existing Metra stations in Elgin. The service would provide additional capacity to the existing line; introducing express reverse commute and expanded weekend options between Elgin and Union Station. The extension is scheduled to open in 2027, making it the first passenger rail service to connect Chicago and Rockford after the discontinuation of Amtrak's Black Hawk service in 1981.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined 15% from 6,946,268 to 5,904,808. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 1,480,973 passengers in 2020.

Rolling stock
The MD-W line's locomotive fleet consists of mainly MPI MP36PH-3C diesel-electric locomotives, with some EMD F40PH locomotives. The line also operates ex-GO Transit EMD F59PH locomotives. The fleet is pooled with the fleets for the North Central Service and the Milwaukee District North Line. As of 2016, three of these locomotives are in operation.

Coaches, or passenger railcars, consist mostly of Nippon Sharyo railcars built in the early 2000s. Cab cars are Nippon Sharyo built. Budd-built railcars also operate on the line, but the cab cars built by Budd have not been in use since the delivery of the newer railcars.

title: Milwaukee District West Line


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User:Jcolbyk

I work for the Radio Astronomy Laboratory at UC Berkeley as its Senior Software Developer.

title: User:Jcolbyk


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Talk:New Line Cinema

main article change request
here is an update on the article i requested:

New Line Productions Inc., trading as New Line Cinema, is an American film production studio of Warner Bros. and formerly, a distribution company. originally founded in 1967 by Robert Shaye as an independent film distribution company for college campuses, later becoming a film studio. during it's independent years, new line soon was known for both distributing and producing The original Texas Chain Saw Massacre film, The Evil Dead franchise, The Nightmare on Elm Street franchise, The original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film, The Mask, The Austin Powers franchise, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, The classic christmas comedy film Elf. during all that time, new line was acquired by Turner Broadcasting System in 1994; Turner later merged with Time Warner (now WarnerMedia) in 1996. after the massive Box-office Failure of The Golden Compass, New Line merged one last time with Warner Bros., ending the company's time as a distributor and as an independent film company, as well as the fact New Line would no longer be a studio that was separately operated. today, New Line is a film production studio/unit of Warner Bros. Pictures. Warner Bros. also today owns New Line's film library.

Nickname
Does “The house that Freddy built” really need to be in bold? It's not like it's a commonly used nickname. 2A00:23C6:4C95:BB01:5D58:BFC8:157A:D72A (talk) 16:43, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

 * It's in bold because it's a redirect linked to this article (i.e. people searching for that phrase would end up at this article), so apparently at some point someone(s) must have felt it was commonly-used enough to merit the redirect. If you disagree, I'd recommend initiating a WP:RFD. That said, the claim itself was tagged for needing a source in September, so if no source is provided then at some point the statement and the boldfacing will likely be removed in any case. Hope this helps! DonIago (talk) 16:48, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Logo or label?
I would like to bring to fellow editors' notice that for the past few days, there has been a dispute over whether the image used in the infobox of this article is a logo or label.

On the seventh of April this year, user Thesimplesith changed the caption of the image as well as the legal name of the company, stating that the logo has been in use since 2001. Seeing that the version of the logo used (in this case the 2011 variant) had significant variations, especially a different logotype and the edges of the square in the logo being rounded, I reverted this edit. Thesimplesith then proceeded to revert that edit claiming that my revision was incorrect in that the logo has been the same since 2001 and has not changed since; not only has the 2001 version been used on-screen only once since 2010, the 2011 version is, as has been stated earlier, radically different.

When I restored the caption towards the end of April, Thesimplesith proceeded to change it ten days later. This edit would be reverted by user General Ization, followed by a final warning related to "introducing deliberate factual errors" on the page (most likely related to the legal name). Thesimplesith responded in a way which may come off as brash, denying that any wrong information had been added and asking the user to never contact them again. The user then reverted Ization's edit on grounds that there was no proper reason cited for reverting it.

On the 12th of May, I reverted the edit, stating that the logotype for the 2024 logo is different and, in addition to this, the 2011 logo has a shape with rounded edges instead of a square (if my behaviour in this revision may have not been in accordance with proper online etiquettes, I solemnly apologize). After suggesting a discussion on the talk page of the article, I further added information on the 2001 logo to avoid confusion.

Two days later, Thesimplesith responded by reverting the edit again; the second half of this summary however takes my reasoning out of context: the user assumes I was referring to the new 2024 logo when I had made it clear I was talking about the 2011 variant. I then proceeded to give further reasoning for my edits, which I will expand on here:

1. A logo is, by definition, a design or symbol used for identifying a business or organization. As the image used qualifies as a logo under this definition but is also different (in terms of the logotype for the 2024 logo) from the original 2001 logo, the term variant can be used as well.

2. While most definitions state that a label is a tag used to give information to a product usually tangible, it can also be defined as the name and trademark of a fashion company. The image does not fall under either definition, making the term label questionable.

3. The legal name of the company is New Line Productions, Inc., not New Line Cinema Productions, Inc. Most of the company's films have their copyright registered to this name, with sources such as Bloomberg, OpenCorporates as well as a list of entities under what is now Warner Bros. Discovery acknowledging it.

Thesimplesith further reverted this edit as well, claiming that their revision is consistent with those made in previous years. On further inspection however, not only was the legal name New Line Productions, Inc. intact, the image had no caption altogether and only got one in January this year. Furthermore, the user failed to adequately exemplify the claim that the term "label" has been extensively used in film and music. I somewhat agree with their viewpoint that editors should be encouraged to edit, but in this case, despite providing reasoning and at least one source in the last few edits, Thesimplesith has remained adamant, insisting that their revisions are right and claiming that those who edit must not be warned, when I neither warned the user and was trying to co-operate instead nor has the user been warned for improper reasons. After a few cleanups by TayoKid, despite providing a reliable source for the legal name, my edit was reverted for little apparent reason.

While I have concluded that the user means well and hold no grudge against them, they provide little reasoning behind their edits and has been jumping warns given them. The user has also violated the three revert rule, which I bore in mind while trying to resolve this issue, also receiving a notice regarding edit warring on their page. I must also claim responsibility in this fiasco however; had I started this discussion earlier, measures could have been taken to resolve this issue calmly. Some of my edits may have been against protocol and I realize my error and apologize if I have done any wrong.

I request other editors to give their opinions on this matter so that we can reach a consensus and end this dispute without fanning a sense of disagreement more than already has been. I hope we reach a firm and just conclusion on whether this image should be captioned as a logo, label or left captionless altogether. Thank you. FloorMadeOuttaFloor (Converse here) 06:04, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I made a revision to the New Line Cinema Wikipedia page in April since there was incorrect information. This past month multiple users have tarried with reverting the simple edit of "New Line Cinema Productions Inc." to "New Line Productions, Inc." Multiple images have been added and changed to prevent this edit, and all of the sources have been renumbered to accommodate for the reference link to OpenCorporates. This is not an accurate reference and I will post here an alternative reference from the same website with the same address OpenCorporates. New Line Cinema appears in movies as New Line Cinema and the addition of "Productions Inc" is unnecessary as is removing the word "Cinema."
 * In remaining consistent with the original writing for the New Line Cinema Wikipedia article, the term New Line Cinema Productions Inc. with the subtext "Label" is what is proper and most historically accurate. Thesimplesith (talk) 06:38, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand perfectly well what you're saying. I didn't even notice it til you told us. RobertFL1991 (talk) 01:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Was New Line, prior to being bought by WB in 1997, ever a major heavyweight studio, when it was independent (both as a Turner company and a WB company)?
On par with WB, Disney, Fox, Universal? I know it was somewhat obscure, but before it became a WB company it did give us big hit movies such a Dumb and Dumberer and The Long Kiss Goodbye and Rumble in the Bronx (who can forget that movie was a box office hit). In fact even Seinfeld can be described as New Line to some decree, considering Castle Rock and the fact that Turner did buy them before they became WB. I'm just surprised it was released by Sony (but Sony is awesome; I don't really consider them Columbia that much; but the previews for the show's DVD release did show up on many WB DVDs and VHS openings from the time). RobertFL1991 (talk) 01:47, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not certain what your premise is, but it was never one of the major film studios. Wikipedia describes it as one of the so-called "mini-major studios", the larger studios among the independent film productions which each had a considerable market share in their day. Dimadick (talk) 16:05, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ahh thank you. Although in 2001 when the Lord of the Rings franchise came out, people were singing a different tune. RobertFL1991 (talk) 19:35, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And Seinfeld kind of is borderline New Line, so that's where our disagreement stems somewhat. RobertFL1991 (talk) 19:43, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Line Cinema


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Andrew Jackson Smith

Andrew Jackson Smith (April 28, 1815 – January 30, 1897) was a United States Army general during the American Civil War, rising to the command of a corps. He was most noted for his victory over Confederate General Stephen D. Lee at the Battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, on July 14, 1864.

Early life
Smith was born in rural Bucks County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838 ranking 36th in a class of 45 graduates. He entered West Point with his kin Langdon C. Easton of St. Louis, who was Chief Quartermaster of General William T. Sherman's 100,000-man army. Smith was engaged on active service on the frontier in the Southwest and in the Mexican–American War, in the latter briefly commanding the Mormon Battalion. He later fought against Native Americans in the Washington and Oregon territories. He was successively promoted to first lieutenant in 1845, captain in 1847, and major in early 1861.

Civil War
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Smith became a colonel of the 2nd California Volunteer Cavalry in the Union Army, rising early in 1862 to the rank of brigadier general in the United States Volunteers and to the chief command of the cavalry in the Department of the Missouri. From March through July, he served in the same capacity in the Department of the Mississippi. Assigned afterwards to the Army of the Tennessee, he took part in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou and the capture of Arkansas Post. He commanded a division of the XIII Corps in the Vicksburg Campaign. Later, he led a division of the XVI Corps in the Red River Campaign of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks. He received the brevet rank of colonel in the regular army for his services at the action of Pleasant Hill.

Smith became a lieutenant colonel in the regular army in July 1864, to rank from May 9. On May 14, 1864 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Smith a major general in the volunteers, to rank from May 12, 1864, the date of the United States Senate's confirmation of President Lincoln's May 9, 1864 nomination of Smith for the appointment.

In July, 1864, Smith led an expedition into Mississippi. On July 14–15, he defeated Confederate Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee at the Battle of Tupelo, where Lee took over general command over the Confederate forces on the field from General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

In retaliation for Forrest's raid on Fort Pillow, north of Memphis, Union General Andrew Jackson Smith, with a large military force, arrived in Oxford, Mississippi on August 24, 1864, and in one day burned the Lafayette County Courthouse, all the business houses on the Square, except one, and all homes in the immediate area.

During the autumn of 1864, Smith lead Union troops against Confederate Maj. Gen. Sterling Price during Price's Raid into Missouri. Smith was then summoned to join forces with Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas at Nashville, Tennessee, then threatened by the advance of Confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. Smith bore a conspicuous share in the crowning victory at the Battle of Nashville leading his troops past the Confederates' south flank. He commanded the XVI corps in the final campaign against Mobile, Alabama, in 1865.

On April 10, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Smith for appointment to the grade of brigadier general in the United States Army (Regular Army), to rank from March 13, 1865, for his services at the Battle of Tupelo and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on May 4, 1866. On the same dates, President Johnson nominated and the United States Senate confirmed Johnson's appointment of Smith as brevet major general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, for his success in leading his men at the Battle of Nashville. The Senate reconfirmed this appointment on July 14, 1866, after recalling the confirmation and return of the nomination to President Johnson for possible readjustment of the date.

Postbellum life
Smith resigned his volunteer commission and was mustered out of the volunteers on January 15, 1866. He then became colonel of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment, serving in the American West. He retired from the military service in April 1869 to become postmaster of St. Louis, Missouri, where he died on January 30, 1897. He was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.

title: Andrew Jackson Smith


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Heritage Corridor

The Heritage Corridor (HC) is a Metra commuter rail line in Chicago, Illinois, and its southwestern suburbs, terminating in Joliet, Illinois. While Metra does not refer to its lines by colors, the Heritage Corridor appears on Metra timetables as "Alton Maroon," after the Alton Railroad, which ran trains on this route. The name Heritage Corridor refers to the Illinois and Michigan Canal Heritage Corridor. Established in 1984, it runs parallel to the line.

Unlike other Metra lines, the Heritage Corridor runs during weekday rush hours only in the peak direction–to Chicago in the morning and Joliet in the afternoon, with the trip from Joliet to Union Station taking about 1 hour and 7 minutes. The Rock Island District also serves Joliet with 21 trains. Fares on the Rock Island District were cut because of the Fair Transit South Cook pilot program; a ticket from Joliet to Union Station via the Heritage Corridor is now more expensive than a ticket from Joliet to on the Rock Island District.

As of February 15, 2024, Metra operates six trains (three in each direction) on the Heritage Corridor on weekdays, with each train serving all stations on the route. All inbound trains originate from in the morning, and all outbound trains terminate at Joliet in the afternoon. Except for occasional seasonal excursion services, there is no Saturday service. There is currently no off-peak, Sunday, or holiday service on the Heritage Corridor.

The Heritage Corridor has the lowest train frequency and fewest number of stations of any other Metra line.

Like the North Central Service and the SouthWest Service, all stations on the route are fully ADA-accessible.

Route
The line runs from Union Station in downtown Chicago through southwestern suburbs to Joliet. In March 2016, the public timetable shows four Chicago to Joliet trains each weekday. An additional train runs inbound during the afternoon rush hour but as an empty equipment move or deadhead.

Amtrak's Texas Eagle and Lincoln Service use these tracks from Union Station to Joliet, as do Canadian National freight trains, with CN being the owner of the tracks on which the corridor runs. The Texas Eagle only stops at Chicago and Joliet, while the Lincoln Service also stops at Summit. The Joliet Transportation Center replaced Joliet Union Station on April 11, 2018.

On May 16, 2017, Metra announced that the new station for Romeoville had officially broken ground near the intersection of 135th St and New Avenue. The cost of the new station is estimated to be around $4.9 million. The station was opened to the public on February 5, 2018.

Metra has included the possibility of extending the Heritage Corridor in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the Heritage Corridor would continue south from Joliet to Wilmington, with an additional station in Elwood.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019 annual ridership remained steady at roughly 730,000. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 177,838 passengers in 2020 and to 82,197 passengers in 2021.

Excursion service
Metra has offered "Rails, Trails, and Ales" excursion service on Saturdays in the fall of 2021 and 2023, and the summer of 2022. In 2021, two trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 18 to October 16. In 2022, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from July 2 to September 3. In 2023, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 9 to October 14.

title: Heritage Corridor


text:
St. Vincent's University Hospital

St. Vincent's Hospital (Ospidéal Ollscoile Naomh Uinseann) is a teaching hospital located at Elm Park, south of the city of Dublin, Ireland. It is at the junction of Merrion Road and Nutley Lane opposite the Merrion Centre and adjacent to Elm Park Golf Club. It is managed by Ireland East Hospital Group.

History
The hospital was established by Mother Mary Aikenhead, founder of the Catholic order Religious Sisters of Charity, at the Earl of Meath's former home at 56 St Stephen's Green, Dublin, in 1834. The hospital was open to all who could afford its services, irrespective of their religious persuasion. Florence Nightingale, famously was rejected twice there for a post as a trainee nurse. It was legally registered as a company on March 28, 1927. It was subsequently moved to its current site in Elm Park in 1970, and in 1999 was renamed St. Vincent's University Hospital, to highlight its position as a principal teaching hospital of University College Dublin. Along with St. Michael's Hospital and St. Vincent's Private Hospital, it is part of the St. Vincent's Healthcare Group (SVHG).

The first kidney transplant in Ireland took place in there on 19 December 1963.

In May 2013, it was announced that the new National Maternity Hospital, Dublin would relocate to the site of St. Vincent's University Hospital and that the Sisters of Charity were to have responsibility for owning and managing the new hospital. On 29 May 2017, in response to weeks of pressure and public concern, the Sisters announced that they were ending their role in St Vincent's Healthcare Group and would not be involved in the ownership or management of the new hospital; the two sisters on the board resigned. This was described as "a major turning point in the history of religious involvement in Irish healthcare."

On 8 May 2020, it was announced that the Religious Sisters of Charity would transfer ownership of St Vincent's Healthcare Group to the State. They confirmed that they had received permission from the Holy See to transfer the property, worth some €200 million. The St Vincent's Healthcare Group site could then be transferred from the ownership of the religious order to a new independent charitable group to be called St Vincent's Holdings CLG.

In January 2023 the hospital announced that it was creating an inventory of religious iconography around the hospital in order to return them to the religious order after a shares transfer.

Services
The hospital serves as a regional centre for emergency medicine and medical care at an inpatient and outpatient level. Many patients from regional and tertiary hospitals are referred to St Vincent's for specialist care, and it is the national referral centre for liver transplantation and adult cystic fibrosis. Tied closely to the University, it serves as a training ground for doctors, nurses, radiographers and physiotherapists, teaching students from UCD's undergraduate degree courses.

Transport
Sydney Parade railway station is about five minutes walk from the hospital. The following Dublin Bus routes service the hospital:

title: St. Vincent's University Hospital


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hopskip

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Hopskip
Non-notable drink, exact same text appears on Everything2 (not sure what their copyright is), doesn't seem to appear anywhere else online. --nixie 13:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a cookbook. Wikibofh 14:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: researched it and everything2 is not an unauthorized wikpedia mirror, so, listed hopskip on copyvio. Wikibofh 14:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Both for the copyvio and also because of non-notability. Jasonglchu 17:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 07:18, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hopskip


text:
Tara, Ontario

Tara is an unincorporated community in the municipality of Arran–Elderslie, Bruce County, in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is a designated place and had 1,037 residents and 458 dwellings as of the 2011 census. Tara is in geographic Arran Township and is located on the Sauble River. It has an area of 2.39 km2 and an urban area that covers 63.5 km2.

Tara is in the federal electoral district of Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound and in the provincial electoral district of the same name.

A railway point called "Tara Siding" is south of the community on the opposite bank of the Sauble River. It was created in 1855 by the building of the Stratford and Huron Railway, and abandoned 1993.

History
Richard Berford and John Hamilton were the first European settlers to move onto and survey the lots of the future village of Tara in 1851. The opening of the road from Southampton to Owen Sound in 1852 helped the early growth of the community, as the village is located approximately half-way in between the two larger towns. Shortly after, Hamilton opened a hotel, serving the incoming settlers of the surrounding townships. A post-office opened in 1862 with the name, Eblana, however it was changed the following year to Tara, after a town in County Meath, Ireland which served as the seat of Irish royalty. In 1880, the local newspaper, The Tara Leader was first published, and the following year the railroad was built to the community and the first locomotive arrived.

In 1855, a sawmill opened by H. W. M. Richards, becoming the first manufacturing industry; a grist mill was added to it in 1857. Two years later, a large foundry and agricultural implement works was started by W. A. Gerolamy. Other earlier businesses included a steam sawmill, a woolen mill and a potash factory. The first post office opened in 1862. The railway reached Tara in October 1881. The village never did become a major manufacturing centre.

A historic plaque at Tara reads: "Soon after the survey of Arran Township was completed in 1851. John Hamilton and Richard Berford, early settlers in the area, located here along the Sauble River. The opening of the Owen Sound Post road stimulated the growth of a small community and in 1858 Berford registered a village plan. Situated in a rich agricultural region wuth abundant water power, the settlement developed quickly. By 1861 it contained saw and grist mills, a foundry producing agricultural implements, wagon works and a tannery, and the following year a post office was established. Tara became a thriving commercial and manufacturing centre and, in anticipation of the arrival of the Stratford and Huron Railway, it was incorporated as a village by a county by-law effective January 1, 1881."

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tara had a population of 1,119 living in 462 of its 476 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,138. With a land area of 2.4 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Arts and culture
The Arran-Tara Agricultural Society holds an annual fair, the Arran-Tara Fall Fair; it was first held in 1858.

The Tara Santa Claus Parade is held every year on the first weekend of December.

Tara has four churches:
 * Christ Anglican Church, affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada; part of the Diocese of Huron, Parish of Chesley, Tara, Paisley, Desboro and Walter's Falls; located at 102 Bruce County Rd 17
 * Tara United Church, affiliated with the United Church of Canada
 * Cornerstone Presbyterian Church, affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Canada; formed in 2008 by the amalgamation of Knox Presbyterian in Tara and the Presbyterian church in the nearby community of Allenford.
 * Glad Tidings Mennonite Fellowship Church

Education
Tara's elementary school is the Arran-Tara Elementary School, part of the Bluewater District School Board; there are no secondary or Catholic separate schools in Tara.

Notable people

 * Cyclone Taylor - professional hockey player
 * William Howard Hearst - Premier of Ontario

title: Tara, Ontario


text:
George David Weiss

George David Weiss (April 9, 1921 – August 23, 2010) was an American songwriter and arranger, who was a president of the Songwriters Guild of America.

He is an inductee in the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Biography
Weiss was born in a Jewish family and originally planned a career as a lawyer or accountant; however, out of a love for music, he was led to attend the Juilliard School of Music, developing his skills in writing and arranging. After leaving school, he became an arranger for such big bands as those of Stan Kenton, Vincent Lopez, and Johnny Richards.

He was a prolific songwriter during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, with many of his songs attaining high rankings on the charts. Although he worked with many collaborators, the largest proportion of his well-known songs were written with Bennie Benjamin.

Weiss contributed to a number of film scores: Murder, Inc. (1960), Gidget Goes to Rome (1963), Mediterranean Holiday (1964), and Mademoiselle (1966).

Collaborations on three Broadway musicals were among his compositions. Mr. Wonderful was written in 1956 with Jerry Bock and Larry Holofcener. The Broadway production starred Sammy Davis Jr. First Impressions was based on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. It was written in 1959, with Bo Goldman and Glenn Paxton. Maggie Flynn was written in 1968, with Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore. It was set in New York during the American Civil War, and the Broadway production starred Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy. In addition, Weiss and Will Severin composed the family musical, A Tale of Cinderella, which was first presented in December 1994 at the Theater Institute in Troy, New York, and filmed for presentation on PBS.

Weiss wrote the lyrics for the jazz standard "Lullaby of Birdland", which became a hit for Ella Fitzgerald. In 1984, Weiss was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 2006, a court settlement was reached regarding royalties for the worldwide rights of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight," best known as a No. 1 hit for The Tokens, which was based on a 1939 song, "Mbube", by the South African musician Solomon Linda. The settlement, which operates worldwide and in settlement of all claims, encompasses the following:

 * 1) Linda's heirs will receive payment for past uses of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" and an entitlement to future royalties.
 * 2) "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" is acknowledged as derived from "Mbube".
 * 3) Solomon Linda is acknowledged as a co-composer of the song and will be designated as such.
 * 4) A trust will be formed to administer the heirs' copyright and to receive on their behalf the payments due.

Death
Weiss died at age 89 on August 23, 2010, of natural causes at his home in Oldwick, New Jersey.

Notable songs

 * "Lullaby of Birdland" (1952) — under the pseudonym "B. Y. Forster", with music by George Shearing
 * "Mr. Wonderful" (1955) — co-written by Jerry Bock and Lawrence Holofcener
 * "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" (1961) — tune written by Solomon Linda in 1939; lyrics rewritten in 1961 by Weiss, Luigi Creatore, and Hugo Peretti, recorded by The Tokens
 * "Can't Help Falling in Love" (1961) — co-written by Luigi Creatore and Hugo Peretti, recorded by Elvis Presley
 * "That Sunday, That Summer" (1963) — co-written by Joe Sherman
 * "Stay With Me" (1966) — co-written by Jerry Ragovoy, recorded by Lorraine Ellison
 * "What a Wonderful World" (1968) — co-written by Bob Thiele, recorded by Louis Armstrong
 * "Let's Put It All Together" (1974) — co-written by Luigi Creatore and Hugo Peretti, recorded by The Stylistics

title: George David Weiss


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Home Unix Machine Brisbane User Group

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 00:35, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Home Unix Machine Brisbane User Group
Unix user group, nothing encyclopedic here, delete --nixie 13:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you advocate deletion of all LUGs? Many are mentioned in Wikipedia but this is the only one flagged for deletion that I could find Robertbrockway 05:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Too minor to warrant inclusion. Delete. Jasonglchu 15:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This user group has hosted the Aussie ISP mailing list archives for many years now. No vote. -- Longhair | Talk 17:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 21:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable in its field of fostering Unix/Linux O/S (wow! since 1995). As notable as other entries in Category:Linux User Groups.--Takver 03:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll change to a weak keep, provided that someone cleans it up and adds information to the page to verify notability. jglc | t | c 16:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete pending Weak Keep after addition of verifiable info. establishing notability of HUMBUG. Dystopos 18:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)/Dystopos 04:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Their site. jglc | t | c 18:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Their history, according to the link provided:  The first HUMBUG meeting was held on Friday the 8th of September, 1995. This was the first and only meeting held on a Friday night. Popular demand at this meeting decided that all future meetings would start at 3pm on Saturdays. We also had meetings monthly at first. We started having fortnightly meetings with the 5th meeting which was held on Saturday, 27th of January, 1996.  - Does not establish notability. Dystopos 20:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I have added information to the article, including: Humbug is one of the earliest Linux user groups in Australia; and HUMBUG hosted the third national Linux and Open Source conference in 2002. Googling on their full title gives 839 hits. The fact that they formed in 1995 for home Unix (and unix like) users when Linux was still largely unheard of is significant and makes them historically important. If we delete this entry, we might as well put up for VfD most of Category:Linux User Groups. Linux User Groups, like HUMBUG are important entries because they are the grassroots popularisers of a major operating system. We become less encyclopeadic if such groups are not included. --Takver 02:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This is the only LUG I could find flagged for deletion, so in this sense HUMBUG is being specially dealt with. It is longer running than most.  Disclaimer: I started HUMBUG so I have an inherent bias. Robertbrockway 05:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- notable long serving user group. - Longhair | Talk 16:13, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Bennie Benjamin

Claude August "Bennie" Benjamin (November 4, 1907 – May 2, 1989) was a Virgin Islands-born American songwriter. He had particularly successful songwriting partnerships with Sol Marcus, with whom he wrote "I Don't Want To Set The World On Fire", "When the Lights Go On Again (All Over the World)", and "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"; and with George David Weiss, with whom he wrote "Oh! What It Seemed to Be" and "Wheel of Fortune". Most of his songs were in the traditional pop idiom.

Early life
Benjamin was born in Christiansted on the island of St. Croix, then part of the Danish West Indies, and later within the United States Virgin Islands. As his family did not have sufficient funds to allow him to train as a minister, he trained as a tailor and cabinetmaker before moving to New York City in 1927.

Music career
He studied banjo and guitar at Hy Smith's School of Music, developing a distinctive playing style, and began performing in dance bands. He played guitar and banjo with various orchestras at the Savoy Ballroom and the Cotton Club, and elsewhere, and toured with Olsen and Johnson. Although he wrote songs and attempted to sell them, he had little success until starting work at a music publishing firm, and forming a songwriting partnership in the mid-1930s with New York-born composer Sol Marcus (1912–1976). With Marcus, Eddie Durham and Eddie Seiler (1911–1952), he wrote "I Don’t Want to Set the World on Fire", which was first recorded in 1941 by Harlan Leonard and his Kansas City Rockers, and then more successfully by The Ink Spots, whose version reached number 4 on the pop chart, and Horace Heidt, whose recording rose to number 1. The song won Billboard's "Top Songwriter's Award" for 1941. Benjamin, Marcus and Seiler then wrote a second number 1 hit, "When the Lights Go On Again (All Over the World)", recorded by Vaughn Monroe and associated in Britain with Vera Lynn. In 1942, Benjamin enlisted in the US Army, and performed in and produced entertainment shows. After returning to civilian life, he joined with lyricist George David Weiss, and established a second successful songwriting partnership with him. The pair wrote some twenty hit songs over the next decade. Their early successes included "Oh! What It Seemed to Be", a 1946 hit for Frank Sinatra, Frankie Carle, and others; Perry Como's number 1 hit "Surrender"; and "Rumors Are Flying", a number 1 hit in 1946 for Frankie Carle and also a hit for the Andrews Sisters and others. They also wrote together for the Disney films Fun and Fancy Free and Melody Time. Later hits written by Benjamin and Weiss included "I Don't See Me In Your Eyes Any More" (recorded by the Stardusters and Perry Como); "I'll Never Be Free" (a pop hit as a duet between Tennessee Ernie Ford and Kay Starr, and an R&B hit for both Dinah Washington and Louis Jordan); "Can Anyone Explain? (No, No, No!)" (The Ames Brothers); and "These Things I Offer You" (by Benjamin, Weiss, and Morty Levins, recorded by Sarah Vaughan). In 1952, Benjamin and Weiss wrote one of their most successful songs, "Wheel of Fortune", a number 1 hit for Kay Starr which sold over one million copies and provided the theme for a TV show.

Although Benjamin and Weiss continued to work together, their hits became less frequent and their working partnership ended in 1955. Benjamin then began working again with Sol Marcus, and the pair wrote "Lonely Man", recorded by Elvis Presley; and several songs recorded by Nina Simone, including "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". The song was co-credited to Benjamin, Marcus, and Gloria Caldwell, the wife of songwriter Horace Ott. It was recorded by Simone in 1964 and was later a hit for The Animals.

Having first established a publishing company with Perry Como in 1950, Benjamin became more active as a music publisher in the 1960s, and set up Benjamin Publishing in 1965 and Bennie Benjamin Music in 1968. He was actively involved in ASCAP, winning an award for "I'll Never Be Free" in 1979, and was on the Council of the American Guild of Authors and Composers. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984.

Later life and death
In later life, he became an active investor in the US Virgin Islands, and became a major stockholder in the West Indies Bank and Trust. He also became known for his charitable activities, particularly in health care in the Virgin Islands.

The Benjamin Foundation was established at his death. As of 2024, it has contributed over three million dollars to Virgin Islands healthcare. Foundation

He died in New York City on May 2, 1989, after a long illness.

He was married to Martha Flores from 1944 until her death in 1983.

With Sol Marcus, Ed Durham and Ed Seiler

 * "Cancel the Flowers"
 * "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire"
 * "Strictly Instrumental"
 * "When the Lights Go On Again"
 * "Forever, My Darling"

With George David Weiss

 * "Can Anyone Explain? (No! No! No!)"
 * "Can't Wait"
 * "Confess""
 * "Cross Over the Bridge"
 * "Echoes"
 * "Fun and Fancy Free"
 * "How Important Can It Be?"
 * "I Don't See Me In Your Eyes Anymore"
 * "I'll Never Be Free"
 * "I Ran All the Way Home"
 * "Jet"
 * "Rumors Are Flying"
 * "Surrender"
 * "To Think You've Chosen Me"
 * "Wheel of Fortune"
 * "Moonlight Mystery"
 * "I'm Gonna Hate Myself In The Morning"
 * "That Christmas Feeling"
 * "Out of Breath"

with Sol Marcus

 * "Always On My Mind"
 * "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
 * "How Can I?"
 * "I Am Blessed"
 * "Of This I'm Sure"
 * "Our Love (Will See Us Through)"
 * "Don't Take All Night"
 * "I Love Your Lovin' Ways"
 * "Why Keep On Breaking My Heart"
 * "A Pair of Fools"
 * "Fabulous Character"
 * "Lonely Man"

Others

 * "Anyone (Could Fall In Love With You)"

title: Bennie Benjamin


text:
Category:Stubs

This is a category of stub articles. Please check the articles listed here and remove the tag from them if they have been expanded since the tag was originally added. Please put any stub-sized articles into an appropriate stub category, by using a stub tag for a specific topic instead of a generic stub tag, where possible; for example, by using the art-stub tag or one of its subtypes for art-related stubs. Ideally, this category should be empty or close to empty.

See WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types for a complete listing in an organized catalogue of topics. Several tools are available which are helpful in finding stubs related to a given category. These – and other information about stubs – can be found listed at Stub. Since this particular category is added to very regularly when people use the stub template, active efforts to move stubs into topic stubs, or convert stubs into larger articles, are greatly appreciated. If you would like to help, please visit the Stub-sorting WikiProject for more information.

title: Category:Stubs


text:
Richard Rubinstein

Major Richard Arthur Rubinstein MC TD (29 August 1921 – 23 February 2005 ) was a British Army officer who earned the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre for organising guerrilla resistance in France and Burma.

Personal life
Rubinstein was born in Baker Street, London, the son of Florris (Newport) and Arthur Bernard Rubinstein, who was from Birmingham. His father was born to a Jewish family and his mother converted to Judaism. His father, a milliner, sent him to Hampstead's University College School. Already in the Territorial Army from the age of 16, he enlisted in the Royal Engineers as the war broke out. In 1941 he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a searchlight officer. After converting from Judaism to the Church of England, he married his wife Gay Garnsey, with whom he had been friends since their childhood, in 1943. Shortly after the wedding he volunteered for the Special Operations Executive, and began training in Peterborough before his first mission to France. Rubinstein was the grandfather of comedian Jolyon Rubinstein.

Career
He led the Special Operations Executive Jedburgh team that was parachuted safely, despite ground fire, into Brittany on the night of 6 August 1944, bearing five million francs for the French Resistance.

The following weeks were spent with the SAS and the Forces Français de L'Interieur helping to land gliders loaded with arms and hiding in an oyster farm between operations. The mission was a success, and resulted in most of the region being cleared of German forces by the end of the month.

The Jeds returned to France on 15 September parachuting into eastern France close to the Swiss border, there to gather intelligence on enemy movements and to help repel the German troops.

He was mentioned in dispatches, and awarded the Croix de Guerre.

In December 1944, he and two colleagues were parachuted into northern Burma to gather intelligence on Japanese supply lines and to stoke the resistance movement among the local Kachins, who were sympathetic to the Allied forces.

Again it would be a successful mission, with the guerilla groups organised by Rubinstein taking a heavy toll on the enemy. He had similar success in an operation in April 100 miles to the east. The 200 guerilla fighters he raised carried out ambushes on Japanese troops and captured weaponry. After two months, he led his team south to Toungoo to join forces holding back the Japanese advance on Siam.

After the war, in which he reached the rank of Major, Rubinstein stayed in the Territorial Army, transferring to the Parachute Regiment in 1950.

title: Richard Rubinstein


text:
SouthWest Service

The SouthWest Service (SWS) is a Metra commuter rail line, running southwest from Union Station in downtown Chicago, Illinois, to Manhattan, Illinois. Metra does not refer to its lines by color, but the timetable accents for the SouthWest Service line are "Banner Blue," for the Wabash Railroad's Banner Blue passenger train. The trackage is owned by Metra north of a junction with the Belt Railway of Chicago at Loomis Boulevard, and is leased from Norfolk Southern Railway south of the junction (NS has trackage rights over Metra's portion).

History
The line south of the curve at the east end of the section aligned with 75th Street was built by the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway, which opened in 1880 to Chicago. That curve was a junction with the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad, of which the Wabash owned one-fifth, and used to reach Dearborn Station in downtown Chicago. Commuter service from Chicago began as early as 1893, with trains running as far south as Orland Park, and by 1909, the service had been extended with several trains operating as far south as Manhattan. The level of service deteriorated in the 1930s, with commuter operations effectively reduced to one train in each direction making local stops from Chicago to Decatur. By 1964, the once daily Chicago–Decatur trains were cut back to Orland Park.

After several reorganizations the Wabash Railroad was leased by the Norfolk and Western Railway on October 16, 1964. The single round trip continued under the new ownership, who named the train the Orland Park Cannonball. On May 1, 1971, Amtrak assumed control of most intercity passenger trains in the United States. On this date all intercity services operating into and out of Chicago were either routed into Union Station or discontinued, leaving the single Orland Park Cannonball as the only train to still use Dearborn Station. Dearborn Station closed, but the commuter train continued to use a small platform and track on the property until 1976 when it relocated to Union Station via a new connection at Alton Junction.

The Regional Transportation Authority began to subsidize the service in 1978. N&W merged with Southern Railway to form the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982, and for the next decade the line was known as the Norfolk Southern Line (NS). The RTA closed the Western Avenue station on May 15, 1984, as part of a cost reduction plan which saw the closure of twelve other lightly used stations and the removal of ticket agents from an additional seventeen stations across the system. On June 1, 1993 Metra took over operations and renamed it the SouthWest Service.

The rail line expansion project, which includes 11 mi of new track and at least two additional train stations, was completed (except for the Laraway Road station) in January 2006. The number of trains per day was doubled from 16 to 30, 15 in each direction. For years, Pace operated Route 835, whose bus service enhanced the limited train service in the SouthWest Service corridor. With the rail service expansion, ridership on route 835 became so poor that Pace eliminated it on August 17, 2007.

Metra started Saturday service on March 21, 2009, with six trains between Union Station and Manhattan.

SouthWest Service trains will shift from Union Station to LaSalle Street Station with the reconfiguration of the 75th Street Corridor under the auspices of the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE). This will happen no earlier than 2025 when construction is scheduled for completion. Additional mainline trackage will also be built between LaSalle St Station and 74th to handle the increase in traffic. LaSalle Street station will also be expanded. This would relieve congestion at Union Station and improve reliability for the SouthWest Service, as well as allowing more trains to run in each direction.

Service frequency
As of February 15, 2024, Metra operates 30 trains (15 in each direction) on the SouthWest Service Line on weekdays. Of these, five trains operate to and from and 10 operate to and from. Three of the trains that travel beyond 179th Street serve and Manhattan as "flag to discharge" stops.

Since March 2020 and as of January 2023, Saturday service on the SouthWest Service is currently suspended. There is also no service on Sundays or holidays.

The Laraway Road and Manhattan stations see a combined ridership of under 60 people daily, making them two of the least-used stations on Metra's system.

Ridership
Since 2014 annual ridership has declined from 2,659,040 to 2,356,767, an overall decline of 11.4%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 574,815 passengers in 2020.

title: SouthWest Service


text:
John Winslow

John Winslow may refer to:
 * John Winslow (1597–1674) early settler of Plymouth Colony
 * John Winslow (British Army officer) (1703–1774), major-general of the colonial militia during the French and Indian War
 * John F. Winslow (1810–1892), American businessman and iron manufacturer
 * John Ancrum Winslow (1811–1873), American rear admiral
 * John B. Winslow (1851–1920), American jurist
 * John Winslow (politician) (1802–1874), American politician and agriculturist

title: John Winslow