text:
User talk:Wikilord

Uploading
Hey, just wanted to let you know that you have to upload a picture if you want one in an article. Click "Upload File" on the left side of the screen under "toolbox". Thunderbrand 16:21, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for that. Wikilord

WikiProject Harry Potter
RHB(AWB) 23:45, 30 December 2006 (UTC), on behalf of WPHarry Potter

Image tagging for Image:Star_Fox.png
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MfD nomination of User:Ryajinor
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CfD nomination of Category:Star Fox vehicles
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Orbital Gate listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Wikilord


text:
User:Spotteddogsdotorg

One of the more major sockpuppeteers (over 60 suspected socks), MO described in the list of suspected sockpuppets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Spotteddogsdotorg


text:
Talk:Master of Laws

LL.M in Comparative Law
The comparative law LL.M is offered in many leading US law schools, but only one is listed and that too a specialist degree in International and Comparative Law. Please add other law schools such as UCLA and Miami which are known for their Comp. Law LL.M's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.99.184.202 (talk) 22:39, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

New York
"New York allows foreign lawyers to gain admission to the bar once they have completed their LL.M."

If the above statement is accurate, the article should at least be complemented with further information on the relevant provisions and their construction:

From Part 520 of its Court Rules, http://www.nybarexam.org/court.htm, it seems that (at best) NY State allows some foreign lawyers (in particular from Common Law jurisdictions) to sit the NY bar examination. Direct admission of foreigners to the bar seems restricted to exceptional cases for those holding high legal office.

Unfortunately, http://www.nybarexam.org/foreign.htm does not currently provide the required details.

The previous version, http://web.archive.org/web/20041012140842/www.nybarexam.org/foreign.htm, also contrary to the above line from the article, spelled out a requirement that the degree be a U.S. LL.M from study including courses in American Law. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.212.49.47 (talk • contribs) 16:22, 12 June 2005 (UTC)

Qualifications of Foreign Trained Lawyers
"LL.M. degrees in the United States are often earned by foreigners who have previously obtained a foreign law degree abroad. U.S.-educated lawyers, before proceeding to obtain an LL.M., generally have a total of seven years of education: four as an undergraduate and three to obtain a J.D. Foreign lawyers (who may have been trained in undergraduate institutions, giving the traditional name for the basic law degree, the LL.B.) generally have a total of five years of education: four in their home country, and one in the United States as an LL.M. Although foreigners may obtain an LL.M. after fewer total years of academic training than their U.S. colleagues, it represents a greater degree of achievement in legal education."

My understanding and experience is that most european lawyers have five years of preparation: three at the bachelors level, and two at the masters level. The LL.M. offerred by US institutions is often a crediential required for foreign-trained lawyers who want access to the various state bars or who do work for US clients in their home countries and want to develop an understanding of US common law and various aspects of US commercial law.

However, the last part of this discussion gives me pause. Having studied law in Europe, I noticed marked differences in the course load, the quality of teaching, the intensity of the program, the age and maturity of the students in each program, and the different attitude of each region's students to their work. I would be prepared to state that a three-year legal education in the US is quite comparable to the five-year european course of study, if not actually superior.

I would correct the academic requirements for the foreign lawyers by listing the home country education period at "four to five years in their home country" and strike the last sentence suggesting that US trained lawyers are somehow underprepared. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lawtaxecon (talk • contribs) 04:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

US centric
The opening paragraphs are very US-centric. In England (and most Commonwealth/Commonlaw countries) the degree of LLM is not a professional qualification. In order to practise (note the UK English spelling) one generally completes another year of vocational study. The course names vary from country to country but generally contain the word Vocational. I think this page would benefit from an overhaul that makes explicit those elements that pertain to the US and then to other jurisdictions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.187.154.100 (talk • contribs) 17:15, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Addition of European LL.M's
I agree(d) with the previous comment, as such I have added a heading LL.M. Programs in Northern Europe by area of Coverage and added all Dutch LL.M programmes I know of. Next to that I have added separate sub-headings for Germany, Spain and the UK as there were a number of LL.M programmes from these countries added under the heading 'LL.M. Programs in North America by area of Coverage'. Garenthus202 (talk) 22:00, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

California
"However, California's position has come under fire as of late regarding its unfair educational requirements for foreign lawyers and the four year requirement, especially when ABA law schools are becoming less and less credible than some foreign institutions."

-I think this needs some substantiation. ABA law schools are becoming less and less credible? According to whom? Top-tier employers in Botswana? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.162.15.219 (talk • contribs) 23:21, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

- I agree, this DOES need substantiation. Garenthus202 (talk) 06:51, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

LSE not listed
Please also note in the 'Academic Degrees - Law Degrees' part that one can actually obtain an MSc in Law from the London School of Economics. This isn't listed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.107.134.149 (talk • contribs) 23:46, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Master of Legal Studies
Should it have its own article or be mentioned in this article? -- Robocoder ( t|c ) 13:29, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Academic Status of the J.D. Degree
The article states that law students in the US "receive a doctorate degree first and their Master of Laws degree second. "

I find the statement above odd given that the prevalent opinion, at least in academic circles, is that the J.D. is not a doctoral qualification. In fact, in the academic order of precedence, a J.D. ranks lower than an LL.M. 161.24.19.82 11:21, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Then why is it called a Juris Doctor, why are J.D. holders university presidents, and why do J.D. holders wear doctorate robes? In which "academic circle" are you standing? ;) Zoticogrillo (talk) 17:12, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

The J.D. (Juris Doctor) degree was formerly known as a LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) degree, as was derived from its English common-law origins. Some decades ago, it was changed to the J.D. so as to be reflective of the fact that in the States a J.D. is a second degree. The original order of degrees was an LL.B., LL.M, and LL.D. In the States, that is now a J.D., LL.M., and SJD (or equivalent). A J.D. is most certainly NOT a doctorate degree; it does not entitle the receipient to claim a doctorate nor is it ever viewed as such in North America. A doctorate in law is the terminal (usually fourth) degree that a recipient will receive. The LL.D. in the States is now usually a honorary degree; the usual academic doctorate is a S.J.D. or similar. Rabidemu (talk) 15:34, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * How should the following be interpreted in light of Rabidemu's assertions?

''2. J.D. Degree - Ph.D. Degree Equivalency: WHEREAS, the acquisition of a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree requires from 84 to 90 semester hours of post baccalaureate study and the Doctor of Philosophy degree usually requires 60 semester hours of post baccalaureate study along with the writing of a dissertation, the two degrees shall be considered as equivalent degrees for educational employment purposes; THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that all appropriate persons be requested to eliminate any policy, or practice, existing within their jurisdiction which disparages legal education or promotes discriminatory employment practices against J.D. degree-holders who hold academic appointment in education institutions.'' (http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standardsdocuments/Council%20Statements.pdf) 75.68.192.62 (talk) 08:08, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

The Juris Doctorate or Doctor of Jurisprudence is the terminal degree of the legal profession. It is a professional degree (like an M.D.), unlike an LLM and the SJD, which are more research oriented. So a J.D. is the terminal professional degree for attorneys, while an SJD would be the terminal legal research degree. They're different degree tracks, kind of like getting a medical degree and getting a PHD in Orthopedic surgery or something. Jpenven (talk) 20:31, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Just to make it clear... The fastest way for an American lawyer to invite derision would be to insist upon being called "Doctor." I am a law professor, and have been at several universities, and know the culture at innumerable others, and I can say without fear of the slightest contradiction that at no university in the United States are law professors who have only JD degrees ever referred to as "Doctor." They are always called "Professor;" the term "Doctor" is only used for people who hold a Ph.D., S.J.D., M.D., and a few other specialized doctoral designations (for example, Ed.D.). Nobody takes that ABA resolution seriously, not even law schools and law professors. (Rlsusc (talk) 18:23, 13 November 2008 (UTC))

Agreed. Lawyers with a JD would never refer to themselves as "Doctors". Its technically a doctoral level degree but still, it would a pretty obnoxious attorney or law professor to refer to themselves as a Doctor, unless they held the other degrees which would entitle them to the moniker. Its just always has been that way and there's not much the ABA can do about it. Jpenven (talk) 20:31, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

However, some lawyers do refer to themselves as "Doctor." E.g.: University of Montana School of Business Administration. Profile of Dr. Michael Harrington. University of Montana, 2006. Zoticogrillo (talk) 04:48, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

To me, "PhD in law" sounds contradictory. It is a doctorate in "philosophy", full stop, in which "philosophy" is an old-fashioned word for science (including the humanities) in general. In Dutch law, there is just one "PhD" title, without qualification of the discipline. A practial corollary of this is that PhD candidaties working on a legal subjectdo not have to concentrate on just the legal aspects of their subject, but may also involve economic or even techncial aspects - unlike for instance in Germany, where a "Doktor Juris" shoud strictly concentrate on the law. Rbakels (talk) 09:35, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Can someone go to a non aba approved school, get an LLM and be able to sit for the bar ?
Armyguy11 (talk) 23:26, 8 December 2007 (UTC) University of Montana's business school's associate dean goes by doctor harrington and only holds a JD

LL.M. / J.D. and J.D. / LL.B.
The LL.M. and LL.B. are generally academic degrees, while the J.D. is a professional degree (including no study of history or theory). Therefore, comparisons are tenuous and not useful. Zoticogrillo (talk) 17:16, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by academic vs. professional degree, but while getting a J.D. you do study both history and legal theory. The extent to which a J.D. student is exposed to theory and history may vary greatly between law schools and depend on which courses a student chooses to take, but every J.D. student will be exposed to both history and theory.  My understanding about the differences between a J.D. and a LL.B. is the country that you are educated in (U.S. vs. the rest of the world).  The difference between a J.D. and an LL.M. (at least in the U.S.) is the level of indepth study that one undertakes in a particular area of law.  While there is the potential to study more theoretical aspects of law by pursing an LL.M., there is also the opportunity to study a specialized area of law (such as tax or bankruptcy) that J.D. students are usually not exposed to in any great detail with a emphasis on the practice of law rather than the theory.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.120.87.165 (talk) 07:37, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

The LLM, at least in the U.S., is what most schools would call a certificate or a license. There is nothing academic about it. In fact, most of the schools that offer an LLM recognize this as their curriculum consists of classes that don't even merit a three credit hour status. Most of the LLM holders I've encountered have a very flimsy research background. I think there should be real considerations in awarding a "masters" degree for a mere 24 graduate hours. Most masters programs require 36 hours. And, if these are to be deemed comparative law degrees, they should be far more rigorous and require a thesis or an extensive research project at the end to test the academic prowess of the recipients. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.72.195.12 (talk) 13:55, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

I just consulted Wikipedia to learn about the difference between LL.M. and JD, since we do not have that distinction in The Netherlands, and, as far as I know, in the rest of continental Europe. And I did not get an answer. The text is actually contradictory: here it says that LL.M. is more academic, there it says the opposite. In The Netherlands, lawyers first get a university degree ("meester", which means "master", you guessed it!) and then they possibly are further educated as attorneys or judges, typically in "on the job" training programs. There is also a (lower level) professional education in law (HBO, comparable with German "Fachhochschule"), but it has the disadvantage that it does not give admission to the bar admission courses, nor to a position as a judge. Only a tiny percentage obtains a PhD, which is really a research qualification. In sum, I can not map this to the LL.M/JD dichotomy. Rbakels (talk) 09:44, 21 December 2013 (UTC)#

A J.D. (a three-year course) gives you the entitlement to sit for a Bar Exam - whereas an LL.M. (a one-year course) usually does not, some graduates from foreign jurisdictions being exempted from this rule.136.8.33.69 (talk) 18:12, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

Several concerns
This article needs some serious revision. This list of concerns will evolve as time permits. First, in the second paragraph of the "The United States Approach": "On that note, few ABA accredited law schools even offer structured LL.M. programs.". I would point the author to the following link http://officialguide.lsac.org/InformationalPDFs/Post-JDProgramsBySchool.pdf. I did not count them, but it appears that LL.M programs exist at many ABA approved schools. Second, the fifth paragraph of the same section lists the two primary States for practice as NY and CA...clarification is needed. If the statement is meant to imply that these two are the States where the majority of foreign lawyers reside in U.S. practice then the author should make this clear and cite the support. If another meaning is intended it should be identified and cited. Thanks75.68.192.62 (talk) 07:55, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Ok, I am getting to the point where I would recommend that this article be subject to a more or less comprehensive rewrite. I hate to just complain about it and not help, but I also don't want to step on anyone's toes prematurely. That said, the following items should be addressed immediately if this article is going to survive because it is fast becoming a hodge podge of conflicting form and information.

(A). All instances of the improper usage and inconsistent construction of academic titles and degrees should be corrected according to the following guidelines, which I will reference properly if I can remember where I layed the source.

1. Ph.D  or PhD...we need to decide periods or no periods. This goes for all degree abbreviations in the article. I suggest the following: Only place a period after genative plural or enclosed lowercase letters (e.g., LL.M and LL.D-but-BCL and JD --- Ph.D and Ed.D-but-JSD and MBA).

2. Doctorate versus Doctoral. Example: Rosa will receive her doctorate in June.--not--Rosa will receive her doctorate degree in June. The correct way to phrase the latter is: Rosa will receive her doctoral degree in June.

(B). This article has three citations, and they're all in the same sentence!

I will try to find a good citation to a guide to grammar and usage in academia, hopefully soon. until then...--Respectfully,75.68.192.62 (talk) 00:55, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

I am removing the following part of the article because it is misleading. It is interesting, perhaps the author could rephrase a bit. He or she can reference the material found at the following link: http://www.abanet.org/legaled/postjdprograms/postjd.html ''Beginning in the summer of 2007, Chapman University School of Law, in Orange, California, began offering an LL.M. in Prosecutorial Sciences. Open only to active prosecutors with at least five years experience, the ABA certified program is the first of its kind in the United States.''

Respectfully, 75.68.192.62 (talk) 03:48, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

LL.M
In many non-English-speaking countries, people are confused about the original words that are abbreviated "LL.M."

If it is the abbreviation of "Master of Laws", people may ask why it is abbreviated "LL.M." instead of "M.L." (like "Master of Arts", which is abbreviated "M.A.")

If the original word is the Latin "Legum Magister", people may ask why its abbreviation is "LL.M." instead of "L.M."

Those who understand Latin grammar may know the answer. Latin singular words are abbreviated using a single character, where as plural ones are abbreviated using double characters. The word "page" (which is "pagina" in Latin) is abbreviated "P.", whereas the word "pages" ("paginæ") is abbreviated "PP."

"Legum" is the plural of "legis". Accordingly, it is abbreviated "LL.", so "Legum Magister" is abbreviated "LL.M.", not "L.M.", since "L.M." is considered to be the abbreviation of "Legis Magister".

The plural may refer to the initial universities to offer law degrees (Oxford and Cambridge etc.) always taught both civil law and canon law (i.e. Church law) to all law students, and the plural was intended to refer to "both" laws, and not just to a singular "law". As very few universities teach canon law anymore, there may be justification to removing the plural.

In Indoneisa, to avoid confusion, "LL.M." is regarded as the abbreviation of "Lex Legibus Magister", which literally means "Law of-Law Master", of which the abbreviation is also "LL.M."

Yoseph Suardi Sabda (Indonesia) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.124.72.27 (talk) 04:02, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

LL.M. as a prerequisite for a J.S.D. or S.J.D.
I removed the following line from the "U.S. Approach section" - "An LL.M. is a prerequiste to receiving a S.J.D. which is the . . . blah, blah, blah." This is not true. For example, see Columnia University School of Law - http://www.law.columbia.edu/llm_jsd/jsd, under the section LL.M. for J.S.D. candidates. See also Yale University Law School - http://www.law.yale.edu/academics/jsdrequirements.asp, which states that an LL.M. from Yale would satisfy their residency requirements, but it is not a "prerequisite." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.167.144.205 (talk) 23:17, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Ukrainian LLM diploma
The image has been removed a few times because it is claimed that it is irrelevant, ugly and non-verifiable. However: The source of the image has been made clear on the image's page, and there has been no dispute raised by the image editors on that point, therefore it appears that it has already been vetted for verifiability, and that it's not an issue. The image is relevant, as it is a solid example of the diploma for the subject matter of the article, and the degree is commonly found throughout the world, with only minor variations. Whether or not the image is aesthetically pleasing is not a valid criteria for inclusion or exclusion. In addition, the image is the only example made available of a LLM diploma, and wiki policies specifically bias inclusion over exclusion when subject matter minimally conforms with the policies. Therefore, because this image is verifiable, relevant, useful (informative), unique, and in every other way conforms with wiki inclusive policies, this image should be included in the article. Further disputes on this matter should be submitted to some form of third party mediation/intervention. Zoticogrillo (talk) 19:49, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * To begin with, this image has a shaky license at best. It is an image of a two-dimensional object and, if it is an authentic degree, means the user does not own the image.  Rather, the institution which conferred it does or the Ukrainian government if the school is state-run. See Image_use_policy.  Moreover, there is no way to prove that this is an authentic degree or a degree at all.  It's certainly not appropriate as the article's lead image regardless.  As an image solely of a diploma - whether or not it is one rests solely on whether or not the reader trusts the uploader on his word - adds nothing to the substance of the article. It should also be noted that the user who uploaded the image has a bad history of copyright violations.  --Ave Caesar (talk) 23:19, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

 * There are editors which specialize in reviewing new images, and none of them have raised any of the issues you have raised. Why do you think that the image is not of a real degree?  You can't just say that it's not authentic because you suspect that it's not.  Do you have any way to prove that it's not, or can you show that we should doubt the authenticity?  The editor who posted the picture does not have a history of copyright violations for pictures, but seems to have made some mistakes in understanding the wiki policies, as almost all of the violations happened in one day, and which appear to be the editor's first contributions to wikipedia.  Of course it is not logical to assume that because the individual has done so in the past, it must be the case now as well. Zoticogrillo (talk) 02:11, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Third Opinion
Hi everyone. I'm here from WP:3O. I have a question that might be very silly: has anyone asked someone who reads Ukranian to look at the image? [ roux  ] [ x ] 02:07, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Conflict in "International situation"
The first sentence in that chapter says, quote: No country requires an LL.M degree to become a lawyer, and many lawyers choose never to obtain one. But the last two sentences in the same chapter say: ''Denmark as well as Switzerland requires a masters with an additional two years to become a lawyer. A person with "only" a LL.M is called a jurist.'' But if that's true, then the first sentence must be wrong. Who knows what's true?? 86.56.36.194 (talk) 02:42, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe these questions are answered with the Law degree article. Zoticogrillo (talk) 21:03, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

In Switzerland you need both a BLaw and an MLaw degree + a subsequent apprenticeship period in legal practice in order to qualify for practising law. The information given in the "Law Degree" article is outsdated as far as it relates to this country. Don't know about Denmark, though.--136.8.152.12 (talk) 11:46, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Legum Magister or Juris Utriusque Magistrum
My LL.M. degree parchment from the University of Glasgow is in Latin and is rendered as Iuris Vtriusque Magistrum which I believe means Master of Both Laws (Canon and Civil). The English translation is LL.M. or Master of Laws. I wondered if this was a widespread practice in other Institutions or just peculiar to Glasgow, and perhaps the other Ancient Scottish Universities? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ScotsDaddyintheUSA (talk • contribs) 00:33, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

LLM as an abbreviation
LLM is UK usage I believe (just do a Google search on "LLM" and use "ac.uk" as the site modifier). Hence the claim "also LLM or L.L.M, though these are technically incorrect" is not itself quite correct, at least as regards the first abbreviation. The comment should instead note that the abbreviation is a local preference.

UK English typically does not use periods quite as freely as US English – note e.g. "Mr" instead of "Mr.", and so forth. Hence, for degrees, BA, MA and of course LLM. Nrubdarb (talk) 06:16, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Palau?
Why is Palau mentioned under the United States section? Allens (talk) 15:58, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
Why is it 2 "l"s? This needs to be included.174.3.125.23 (talk) 12:36, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

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Situation in China for non-legal Masters of Law
In China Political Science is regarded as a subfield of Law (法学) and therefore anyone who is awarded a master degree in Political Science or in International Relations will get a Master of Law (法学硕士) title. Now, it would seem wrong to use LLM in cases where the Master of Law is in a non-legal field. Does anyone know what the convention is here? Qense (talk) 06:28, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Master of Laws


text:
Compensating variation

In economics, compensating variation (CV) is a measure of utility change introduced by John Hicks (1939). 'Compensating variation' refers to the amount of additional money an agent would need to reach their initial utility after a change in prices, a change in product quality, or the introduction of new products. Compensating variation can be used to find the effect of a price change on an agent's net welfare. CV reflects new prices and the old utility level. It is often written using an expenditure function, e(p,u):

 * $$CV = e(p_1, u_1) - e(p_1, u_0)$$

 * $$ = w - e(p_1, u_0)  $$
 * $$ = e(p_0, u_0) - e(p_1, u_0) $$

where $$w$$ is the wealth level, $$p_0$$ and $$p_1$$ are the old and new prices respectively, and $$u_0$$ and $$u_1$$ are the old and new utility levels respectively. The first equation can be interpreted as saying that, under the new price regime, the consumer would accept CV in exchange for allowing the change to occur.

More intuitively, the equation can be written using the value function, v(p,w):

 * $$ v(p_1,w-CV)=u_0$$

 * $$ e(p_1,v(p_1,w-CV))=e(p_1,u_0)$$
 * $$ w-CV=e(p_1,u_0)$$
 * $$ CV=w-e(p_1,u_0)$$

one of the equivalent definitions of the CV.

Notice that in this second example the CV is computed from the point of view of the government, in this case the CV measures the tax (or if negative the subsidy) the government has to give to the consumer in order to let him reach his old utility with the new system of prices. The only practical change is that the sign of the CV is changed. This change of perspective often occurs in order to have the same sign of the Equivalent variation.

Compensating variation is the metric behind Kaldor-Hicks efficiency; if the winners from a particular policy change can compensate the losers it is Kaldor-Hicks efficient, even if the compensation is not made.

Equivalent variation (EV) is a closely related measure that uses old prices and the new utility level. It measures the amount of money a consumer would pay to avoid a price change, before it happens. When the good is neither a normal good nor an inferior good, or when there are no income effects for the good (in particular when utility is quasilinear), then EV (Equivalent variation) = CV (Compensating Variation) = ΔCS (Change in Consumer Surplus)

title: Compensating variation


text:
Bruno, Duke of Saxony

Bruno, also called Brun or Braun (c. 830/840 – 2 February 880), a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Saxony from 866 until his death in 880. He is rated as an ancestor of the Brunonids, a cadet branch of the Ottonians, though an affiliation is uncertain. Bruno was killed fighting against Norse warriors in the Battle of Lüneburg Heath and is venerated as one of the Ebsdorf Martyrs.

Life
He was the eldest son of the Saxon count Liudolf (died 866) and his wife, Oda of Billung. His father held large estates in Eastphalia along the Leine river, where in 852 he founded the Brunshausen monastery. Bruno succeeded his father and is mentioned as a count in 877.

While Liudolf is described as dux orientalis Saxonum, i.e. leader in East Saxony (Eastphalia), it is possible that Bruno, according to the Res gestae saxonicae by the medieval chronicler Widukind of Corvey, already was dux totius Saxonum, duke (Herzog) of all Saxony. The rise of his family in East Francia is documented by the fact that Bruno's sister Liutgard in 874 married the Carolingian prince Louis the Younger, second son of King Louis the German, whereafter he is called ducem et fratrem reinæ, 'duke and the queen's brother' in the Annales Fuldenses. Nothing is known of Bruno's marriage and children.

He supported his brother-in-law Louis the Younger in the fights with his uncle, Emperor Charles the Bald. As Saxon commander-in-chief during the Viking invasions, he died, along with several other noblemen, in a battle against "Norsemen" warriors (probably a Danish contingent of the Great Heathen Army, defeated by King Alfred the Great) on Candlemas Day, 2 February 880. The mid-winter battle was a crushing defeat; Duke Bruno, the bishops of Minden and Hildesheim, as well as twelve Saxon counts and several other noblemen, were killed. According to the chronicler Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, Bruno died in a flooded river, which probably took place during the battle or a retreat. He was succeeded by his younger brother Otto the Illustrious, whose son Henry the Fowler became King of East Francia in 919.

Veneration
Bruno is venerated as a saint and martyr in the Catholic Church, being honoured with a feast day on 2 February under the name St. Bruno of Saxony. About 1160 of his relics were translated by the Dannenberg counts to Ebstorf Abbey near Uelzen, which from the 14th century was defined as the place of the 880 battle and became a major pilgrimage site.

According to tradition, Bruno is also the founder of Brunswick as well as the ancestor of the local count Brun I (a candidate in the royal election of 1002) and his Brunonid descendants. Consistent naming suggests a kinship; however, some mentions appear to refer to an earlier Saxon margrave called Brun the Younger, possibly Bruno's grandfather.

title: Bruno, Duke of Saxony


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/SMAW.welding.af.ncs

SMAW.welding.af.ncs
Excellent lead image in a featured article. It is striking and impressive, adding significantly to welding. This image effectively illustrates gas metal arc welding.
 * Nominate and support. Sango  123  16:25, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but note that when I first found this picture, I thought it was shielded metal arc welding (hence the "SMAW" in the title), but after looking at it more, I'm pretty sure that it's gas metal arc welding. --Spangineer  (háblame)  01:40, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks - fixed caption and nomination. Sango  123  02:58, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.png|15px]] Support That's awesome. --Fir0002 05:11, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Of course! Junes 16:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Fabulous. -- Silversmith Hewwo 18:10, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Another image I had been thinking of nominating. -- Solipsist 18:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 14:06, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - TomStar81 01:44, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Excellent image. - Longhair | Talk 15:40, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * -- brian0918 ™  15:50, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 23:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - if you view the hi-res version, you see a refelction of a sign or something on the face shield saying "satellite". Wouldn't that normally be a mirror image?  Something's not right - Ian ≡ talk 07:30, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's inside the mask – it's the mechanism that automatically darkens the face shield when the welding arc is struck. Take a look at this vendor site to see the little box a bit more clearly.  Optrel Satellite is the brand name/manufacturer of the mask. --Spangineer  (háblame)  11:09, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * This link is Broken 02:05, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:-Daniel

de | de.wikiquote | commons

title: User:-Daniel


text:
User talk:Tjpurohit

 * |

Personal information blanked
You nominated this page for deletion because it had been "uploaded wrongly". We rarely delete the talk pages of logged-in users. However, this page contains personally identifying information. If you wish it deleted, so that that information is not accessible via the page history, please go to Speedy deletions. Uncle G 18:58:17, 2005-09-05 (UTC)

The above
Just so you know, I removed Category:Pages on votes for deletion from the above article. Otherwise your talk page was appearing in the category. Cheers, JYolkowski // talk 16:20, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ayu_logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ayu_logo.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. --OrphanBot 07:57, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tjpurohit


text:
User talk:Juanromerawade

Heya, welcome to Wikipedia! Please have a look at our Neutral Point of View policy. --W(t) 16:27, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Juanromerawade


text: Category:Buddhist art and culture

title: Category:Buddhist art and culture


text:
Talk:Expansion team

Untitled
should the Washington Nationals be included here? They were merely a relocation of the Montreal Expos, rather than a new team to the league.

I concur. If someone wants to have a list, rename it some to the likes of "Most Recent Expansions" and list a few teams with first season. EX Charlotte Bobcats 2004-05, NHL Minnesota Wild and Colomus BlueJackets (2000-01). ccwaters 02:56, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In addition, the Baltimore Ravens were a relocated team as well (formerly Cleveland Browns)

 * Not officially. As part of the deal that brought back the Browns, the official status is the Ravens are an expansion team from 1996, while the browns never moved. The franchise was suspended for three years, but officially it is the same team with all the old stats and records.--oknazevad 17:23, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That's just feel good marketing. See Talk:Ottawa_Senators for similar situations. ccwaters 21:25, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Feel good marketing or not, it's the official word from the NFL. Even though I personally agree with you Gialloneri (talk) 09:16, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

2001 - Wests Tigers and Northern Eagles were NEVER 'expansion' teams. They were merged 'joint ventures' between two clubs - Wests Tigers between Balmain Tigers and Western Suburbs Magpies and the Northern Eagles were between Manly-Warringah and North Sydney. Technically (although highly unlikely) Wests Tigers could dissolve into two seperate clubs once again, while Northern Eagles simply reverted back to Manly once the North Sydney side went bankrupt. Weststigersbob 15:55, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

San Jose Sharks
Regarding the text that says the Sharks are actually a re-activation of the California/Oakland Seals - is there any official reference to this? While I've heard of this line of thinking before so won't discount its legitimacy or remove it, I've never seen any official reference to this being the case from the NHL or the Sharks organization itself? Gialloneri (talk) 09:16, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Nope, it is officially an entirely new team. The California Seals article has a rather confusingly written section about the Sharks connection. As I understood the article, the Seals became the Cleveland Barons, who merged with the Minnesota North Stars in 1976. Officially, the Seals/Barons franchise ceased to exist after the 1978 season. The North Stars almost moved to San Jose in the late 1980s, but instead they stayed in Minnesota (for a while.) Eventually a new franchise was placed in San Jose. The owners of the San Jose Sharks ended up being the same Gund Brothers who had previously owned the North Stars as well as the Seals/Barons. The Stars moved to Dallas in 1993, and the Minnesota Wild are an entirely new team. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 06:15, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

"Expansion" because the league is "expanding" into new cities?
There are some cases where expansion teams go into cities which already have teams. Cases in point: the New York Mets, the Los Angeles Angels, and the New York Islanders. Maybe the term just means the size of the league is growing. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 02:48, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Should we limit the number of leagues?
Of the Australian leagues listed, only one is a true major league, i.e., the Australian Football League. The others are minor leagues in the sense that the top-level competition in their sports takes place elsewhere. And as much I personally enjoy watching Aussie Rules Football when I find ot on American TV, it is not really a major spectator sport worldwide. It seems to me that the list would be more coherent if it was limited to the five major team sports in North America (although even then it is hard to decide which soccer leagues qualify as major.. there were top-level American soccer leagues which flourished briefly and died in the 1920/1930s and 1970s before today's Major League Soccer was founded. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 05:33, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

There could be an argument for not including teams from leagues below the top-level (Minor Leagues), but it should include top-level expansion teams from around the world and not just from the N.American major sports. Wikipedia has to function as an international encycopedia. Lord Cornwallis (talk) 04:43, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Teams that move are NOT Expansion Teams!
I totally disagree with the inclusion of teams that move from one city to another as "expansion" teams. Expansion is defined as an increase in the total number of teams in the league by including new teams that start from scratch. This results in dilution of the talent across the league and can have serious consequences. Conversely, "contraction" is the elimination of teams from a league. KyuzoGator (talk) 14:54, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Reorganisation of the list
Listing by year is a bit messy. I think a listing by sport first and year second would look better - allowing team colours, and would be easier to follow. As an example, check the Relocation of professional sports teams page. Mdw0 (talk) 08:24, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. This list is really messy and hard to follow. 67.234.32.246 (talk) 21:08, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Replacement team =/= Expansion team
This is mostly due to Wellington Phoenix being on the list; what do people think about a club that was an unplanned replacement for a dissolved club being counted as an expansion club? The Frederick (talk) 07:59, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Australian Football League
I am guessing the Cincinnati Bengals don't belong in the listing here.

National Basketball League
Do the Sydney Kings really qualify as an expansion team? Two Sydney clubs merged in 1988 to form the team, they eventually went defunct in 2008 then returned to the league in 2010.

Too North American Centric??
This article really only covers North American sports ( I am not familiar enough with Australian leagues to comment on them ). I am not sure that the reference to European Rugby Super Leaugue is relevent, as I understand the term "expansion team", since all of those teams pre-dated the league itself.. The only change was that teams from more countries can qualify for the league, no new teams were created. 95.223.119.15 (talk) 21:23, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Indian Premier League
Possibly cricket is too far from most Wikipedians knowledge but that cricket league might well be relvent to this article. 95.223.119.15 (talk) 21:23, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Organization
This article is a bit of a pig pile these days - many leagues across many sports and many locations. Does anyone have any clever ideas about how it should be organized? Should it be split into several articles, based on some combination of sport and location? For example, a separate article for "Expansion teams in Australian professional sports leagues", and another one for "Expansion teams in North American professional sports leagues", etc.? This page could then become something like a disambiguation page, with links to the various pages. Or, perhaps if the sections were rearranged and the table of contents was better organized (and a lot less detailed), this page could stay as is. Rks13 (talk) 16:52, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. I'm going to re-format the page by removing sub-headings in preference of a list format. For instance, the last few entries in the NFL:

Much more efficient. Simple but powerful  01:31, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
 * 1995: Panthers, Jaguars
 * 1996: Ravens (plus explanation)
 * 2002: Texans

 * I've re-formatted the article as demonstrated above. If anyone has suggestions for improvement, I'm definitely open to it; preferably, let's discuss them and come to consensus so that we're clear on how we're going to organize the page. Simple but powerful  17:06, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

Seperate lists?
I think this article should be split into lists per continent (for now, although per country may be needed in the future), because the list is long and will obviously get longer when more missing items are added. Any thoughts? 123.208.18.144 (talk) 10:59, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Expansion team


text:
Roberto Jefferson

Roberto Jefferson Monteiro Francisco (born 14 June 1953) is a Brazilian politician.

Personal life and education
He was born on 14 June 1953, in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. He is the son of Neusa Dalva Monteiro Francisco and Roberto Francisco. Roberto Jefferson is married to Ana Lúcia Novaes.

He finished his high school studies at Werneck School in Petrópolis and received a law degree in 1979 from the Estácio de Sá University in Rio de Janeiro.

Various parties
His political career began officially in 1971 when he joined the MDB (known as PMDB since 1979) party. Jefferson remained in MDB until 1979, when he went to the Progressive Party (PP). He left the PP in 1980 and he joined the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), which his grandfather helped to form in 1945.

Career with the PTB
Jefferson and his party were one of the key supporters of the right-wing Fernando Collor de Mello government, and a key defender in Congress during the influence peddling scandal which led to Collor's impeachment.

In 1993, he was cited in a congressional report which investigated bribery in the congressional budgeting committee as an individual who should be "investigated further". Ultimately his financial assets were deemed compatible with his declared income, though undeclared assets were found.

In 1999, he became the leader of the PTB party in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. He continued as their leader until 2002. In February 2003, PTB elected him as its National President.

Corruption scandal and other controversies
In 2005, Jefferson became involved in a corruption scandal related to the Correios, the Brazilian postal administration. Facing a congressional inquiry related to his actions, Jefferson retaliated by exposing a cash-for-votes scheme, where he claimed congressmen were paid monthly sums in exchange for votes supporting president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, in what became known as the Mensalão scandal. The scandal included dozens of parliamentarians of the government's coalition and two government ministers, among others, resulting in the indictment of forty people by the Supreme Federal Tribunal, for their alleged role in one of the country's biggest corruption scandals in recent years.

He was expelled from Congress on 14 September 2005, stemming from his actions in the Correios scandal. The expulsion barred him from being elected to any public office until 2015. In 2016 he was elected as leader of the PTB.

In March 2021, Jefferson posted a post on Instagram accusing Jews of sacrificing children, which drew massive criticism from Jewish organisations and led to the removal of the post. The Brazilian Israelite Confederation confirmed it was preparing to file charges against Jefferson.

On 13 August 2021, Jefferson was arrested on allegations of attacking democracy. Since 24 January 2022 Roberto Jefferson is under house arrest. On 23 October, Jefferson threw grenades and exchanged gunfire against agents of the Federal Police of Brazil coming to take him to prison after his house arrest was revoked after he insulted and threatened Supreme Federal Court minister Cármen Lúcia. Two officers were wounded in the incident.

title: Roberto Jefferson


text:
User talk:Masamax

Hellenic Empire
Masamax, FYI in case you wanted to weigh in: Votes for deletion/Hellenic Empire. Nothing personal on the NPOV tag just wanted to clear up what the issue was seems clear now whats happening thanks. Stbalbach 16:30, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah I understand your position, been there myself, anyway it worked out problem seems solved for now. On the gateway article.. somthing has to be done because the current article is too big and has little room for expansion. I just dont know enough about the period to help in a design. Conceptualy it sounds like a good idea. Stbalbach 02:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Roman Empire/reorganization
Masamax, I reorganized the reorganization, keeping your comments on the length of the article in mind. What do you think?--Hippalus 12:17, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Masamax, please have a look at Roman Empire/reorganization and at what is happening there! Although we don't always agree on how we should work on the article, I think you'll agree politicaljunkie6's edits aren't getting the reorganization anywhere...--Hippalus 19:16, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for voicing your opinion. I guess you don't feel like an edit war either. Shall we just wait and see what Politicaljunkie's next move is? He has proposed to replace Roman Empire with his 'improved' version, if he does we might as well revert Roman Empire/reorganization to its previous state. Off topic, I hope your personal problems will soon belong to the past! Good luck!--Hippalus 07:39, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Masamax


text:
Aids to Navigation Boat

The United States Coast Guard maintains roughly 145 Aids to Navigation Boats. These boats were designed primarily to serve within the inland waters of the United States. These vessels include TANB/BUSL/ATON/ANB ranging from 16 to 55 feet in length.

Most Aids to Navigation Boats of the United States Coast Guard are stationed with Aids to Navigation Teams (ANT). These are teams of boatswain's mates, machinery technicians, electrician's mates, and non-rated personnel that service small buoys, jetty lights and lighthouses.

Boats
The AB-SKF and CB-ATON-M were apparently procured to replace the UTL (Utility Boat Light), which was a variety of non-standard small boat types.
 * 65-ft Aids to Navigation Boat (ANB) Similar to the 55 ft ANB, there are 2 boats, one is in Galveston, Texas (65402). The additional ten feet is added to the pilothouse and crew quarters.  It has a higher capacity crane, with a longer reach and a large "V" cut into the stern platform to allow the boat to more readily maintain contact with an aid even under wave conditions.  It is powered by two 825 hp DD 12V71TA two stroke diesel engines and has a 7.5 kW diesel generator to provide air conditioning/heat, power for a full galley and refrigerated storage, and electric power tools.  The 64 has a full galley and head with shower and sleeps 5 in three staterooms.  It holds 500 US gal of fuel, 250 of water, and is capable of speeds of 30 kn.  The 64 operates in the Houston Ship Channel and ICW areas and is equipped to stay deployed three days.
 * 55-ft Aids to Navigation Boat (ANB) Equipped with a crane that is used for hoisting and securing the various buoys and aids to navigation that the Coast Guard supplies for waterways. The boat is 55 ft long to the transom, and 58 ft 9 in to the end of the swim platform. It is 25 ft tall unfixed and has a navigational draft of 8 ft. The 55-ft ANB goes approximately 25 knots when at full speed. The 55-ft ANB is often employed to service offshore aids as well.
 * 49-ft Buoy Utility Stern Loading (BUSL): LOA 49 ft 2 1/4 in, beam 16 ft 10 in, highest fixed point 15 ft, highest unfixed 27 ft, hoisting capacity 71,690 lb, draft 5 ft 6 in
 * 26-ft Trailerable Aids to Navigation Boat (TANB): LOA: 29 ft 7 in, beam: 8 feet, draft: 2 ft 4 in, engines: twin 150 hp 4-cycle outboard motors, cruise speed: 30 kn at 4,800 rpm, range: 170 nmi at 4,800 rpm, hoisting capacity (SWL): 500 lb
 * 20-ft Aids to Navigation Boat - Small (AB-S): LOA 21 ft, beam 8 ft 6 in, draft 16 in, fuel capacity 70 US gal, weight 2,700 lb, Max hp 250.
 * 24-ft Cutterboat - Aids to Navigation - Large (CB-ATON-L): LOA 23 ft, beam 8 ft, draft 20 in, fuel cap 80 US gal, weight 3,500 lb, Max hp 300.
 * 18-ft Cutterboat - Aids to Navigation - Medium (CB-ATON-M): LOA 18 ft, beam 7 ft 6 in, draft 14 in, fuel 40 US gal, weight 2,500 lb, Max hp 250. Originally designated the Aids to Navigation Boat - Punt (AB-PNT) is used by Construction Tenders to transport equipment to a construction site and also used at small boat stations for emergency response to floods or areas where a shallow water response is necessary.
 * 16-ft Aids to Navigation Boat – Skiff (AB-SKF): LOA 16 ft, beam 6 ft 10 in, draft 6 in, fuel 12 US gal, weight 800 lb, 60 hp. The AB-SKF is deployed from Coast Guard cutters (ships) or Aids to Navigation Teams in support of mission activities primarily in support of aid to navigation servicing, construction, repair and discrepancy response.

title: Aids to Navigation Boat


text: File:Pine-pitch.gif

title: File:Pine-pitch.gif


text:
User:Tylerttts

I'm new to Wikipedia. I will expand on this page in due time. Tyler

title: User:Tylerttts


text:
Christine Wetherill Stevenson

Christine Wetherill Stevenson (April 12, 1878 – November 21, 1922) was an heiress of the Pittsburgh Paint Company and founder of the Philadelphia Art Alliance.

She helped fund the Daisy Dell which became the Hollywood Bowl, in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. She established the Pilgrimage Theatre (now known as the John Anson Ford Amphitheatre) in Hollywood Hills. She played a major role in the theater's first production, Life of Christ, which received significant advance newspaper coverage and was described "an American Oberammergau".

Early life
Born on April 12, 1878, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as Christine Wetherill, she was a daughter of Samuel Price Wetherill (1846-1926) and Christine (Northrop) Wetherill (1852-1930). Her father was a descendant of Samuel Wetherill, who was a fellow member, with Betsy Ross, of the Free Quaker Meeting House.

Christine Wetherill was married twice, first to John V. Rice, Jr., whom she divorced in 1902, and then to William Yorke Stevenson, son of Cornelius and Sara Yorke Stevenson, in 1908.

Career
During the late 1910s and early 1920s, Stevenson formed an art alliance with Marie Rankin Clarke, and raised money with her to buy a piece of land on Cahuenga Pass called "Daisy Dell". They then rehearsed together for their first play there, Light of Asia. A second series of plays was planned, The Pilgrimage, when resistance was met from Clarke and others in the group who wanted to expand the venue's themes. Leaving them to form the Hollywood Bowl, she bought 29 acres of land on the other side of Cahuenga Pass to build a new amphitheater for her plays, naming it The Pilgrimage Theatre, and created the Pilgrimage Play.

Today The Pilgrimage Theatre is known as the John Anson Ford Amphitheatre in Los Angeles.

Stevenson was also known as the founder of the Philadelphia Art Alliance, which is housed in the former Samuel Price Wetherill Mansion.

Death and legacy
She died in Media, Pennsylvania, on November 21, 1922, and was interred at Philadelphia's Laurel Hill Cemetery.

A memorial service was held in her honor on Sunday, November 26, 1922, at 3:00 p.m. in the Pilgrimage Theater. In pre-memorial announcements about the planned event, newspapers reported: "Hollywood is asked to attend the service, and pay tribute in all reverence to the woman who brought the Pilgrimage Play to Hollywood."

The Hollywood Cross, a thirty-two-foot-high steel cross, at 2580 Cahuenga Boulevard was erected in 1923 to her memory.

Timeline – Hollywood Bowl and Pilgrimage Theatre

 * 1916 – Hollywood's first outdoor theatre production takes place in nearby Beachwood Canyon.
 * 1918 – First organizational meeting leads to plans for a permanent park and art center in Hollywood; Christine Wetherill Stevenson produces the religious drama, Light of Asia, on the grounds of the Theosophical Society above Beachwood Canyon.
 * 1919 – Theatre Arts Alliance incorporated, with Christine Wetherill Stevenson as president; purchase of 59 acres in Bolton Canyon for $47,500 on which to build a community park and art center.
 * 1920 – Christine leaves the Theatre Art Alliance and purchases 29 acres of land on the other side of Cahuenga Pass to build a new amphitheater for her plays.
 * 1920 – Community Park and Art Association established, replacing Theatre Arts Alliance
 * 1922 – Christine Wetherill Stevenson dies
 * 1929 – Fire destroys Pilgrimage Theatre and theatre rebuilt

title: Christine Wetherill Stevenson


text:
Society of Independent Artists

Society of Independent Artists was an association of American artists founded in 1916 and based in New York.

Background
Based on the French Société des Artistes Indépendants, the goal of the society was to hold annual exhibitions by avant-garde artists. Exhibitions were to be open to anyone who wanted to display their work, and shows were without juries or prizes. In order to enter, one had to pay a six-dollar membership and entry fee. Founders of the Society were Walter Arensberg, John Covert, Marcel Duchamp, Katherine Sophie Dreier, William J. Glackens, Albert Gleizes, John Marin, Walter Pach, Man Ray, Mary Rogers (artist), John Sloan and Joseph Stella.

The "First Annual Exhibition" of the society at the Grand Central Palace, New York, April 10-May 6, 1917, included more than 2,000 art works, which the catalog indicates were hung in alphabetical order by the artist's last name. Although there were entries from all over the world, they were predominantly by artists of New York and other East Coast cities.

Marcel Duchamp resigned as a director after the Society refused to include in the exhibition the Fountain — a readymade in the form of a urinal and signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt." The incident pointed out that the exhibition was not truly open.

Following the first president, William Glackens, John Sloan was president from 1918 until his death in 1951. From 1918 to 1934 A.S. Baylinson served as secretary.

title: Society of Independent Artists


text:
Philippe Duron

Philippe Duron (born 19 June 1947) is a French politician. He was the mayor of Caen between 2008 and 2014 and deputy for Calvados's 1st constituency.

Philippe Duron received a degree in history in 1975 and was a teacher in Lisieux and the Lycée Augustin-Fresnel in Caen until 1997. His political models are Pierre Mendès France and François Mitterrand. As first secretary of the Socialist Party in Calvados, he has been successful in uniting the parties on the left in all of Lower Normandy.

He was elected president of the regional council of Lower Normandy on March 28, 2004, the first member of France's Socialist Party to be elected to this office. He defeated the incumbent for 18 years, René Garrec.

Philippe Duron has also been the mayor of Louvigny (Calvados), and was elected mayor of Caen on 16 March 2008.

He served as deputy to the National Assembly from 1997 to 2001, and again from 2007 to 2017.

Due to the limits on the number of elected positions that can be held simultaneously in France, he stepped down from the regional presidency on 3 April 2008.

title: Philippe Duron


text:
Talk:Parathyroid gland

Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Section on evolution requires an update.

There is actually significant evidence to show that the tetrapod parathyroid gland is directly homologous to gills in teleost fish. Professor Anthony Graham at King's College London has done lots of work with this.

The bottom line is that we still actually possess gills - they are just buried deep in our neck. If I get chance I will write this up. JoeNorris3K —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.5.5.203 (talk) 01:50, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
Who discovered these glands?

 * Yeah, good question. My professor of surgery taught us it was first discovered in a rhinoceros at the London Zoo, and subsequently identified in humans. Sounds like an urban legend... Please let us know when you find out. JFW | T@lk  19:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ivar Sandstrom, a swedish medical student, discovered the parathyroid glands in 1880. I'll add with reference.GetAgrippa 13:41, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Embryology section
I added neural crest contribution to induction of parathyroid.GetAgrippa 13:02, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

This section needs just a mention to evodevo and present evolution there. The article states: "A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences linked a regulatory gene to the formation of both the parathyroid glands in terrestrial vertebrates and gills in fish. Furthermore, two genes involved in calcium ion regulation were identified to be active in both structures. Thus both structures are thought to be homologous; 2006 (UTC)

Editor remarks
Please consider change.

Your first two external links on parathyroid site are very commercial with lots of good and lots of bad infromation mixed together, pointing to each other as if to confirm their own validity but created by the same person. ultimately they are a commercial venture designed to direct patients to the surgeon who has created these pages. These sites have been well maintianed to ensure that they stay at the top of the search engines but may not be entirely reputable. Perhaps other reference would be better.

The following is also a bit confusing:

A blood calcium 15-30 minutes after the biopsy can help determine if the disease is caused by a single abnormal gland or multiple glands.

A drop in serum calcium suggests a single source, and no drop suggests multiple glands. This, with a non-localizing Sestamibi scan would point toward a neck exploration, rather than a minimally invasive method aimed a single gland disease.

US guided FNA identifies parathyroid glands and distinguishes them from LN or Thyroid nodule but can not tell if gland is hyperfunctioning. If lesion in correct location is larger than normal and is parathyroid it will most likely be the culprit.

Most physicians use drop in PTH (rather than calcium) in the operating room, 5 and 10 minutes following excision of a parathyroid to confirm biochemical correction/cure and to exclude multiple gland disease.

nonlocalizing scans are more common in multiglandular disease but may not preclude minimally invasive appraoch and neck exploration can be done "minimally invasive" as well

Please email if you have any questions. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bkmitchell (talk • contribs) 02:37, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:GetAgrippa" please consider changes The principle of the procedure is that the Tc99m-sestamibi is absorbed retained at a greater rate in a hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland than in a normal parathyroid gland. This is dependent on several histologic features within the abnormal parathyroid gland itelf. Sestamibi imaging is correlated with the number and activity of the mitochondria within the parathyroid cells, such that oxyphil parathyroid adenomas have a very high avidity for sestamibi, while chief cell adenomas have some affinity but to a lesser degree, and clear cell parathyroid adenomas have almost no imaging quality at all with sestambi. Some researchers have also attempted to quantitate or characterize the imaging capabilities of parathyroid glands by the MDR gene expression. Approximately 60 percent of parathyroid adenomas may be imaged by sestamibi scanning. The natural distribution of etiologic causation for primary hyperparathyroidism is roughtly 80 85 % solitary adenomas, 12 % diffuse hyperplasia, 2 % multiple adenomas, and 1 % cancer. In patients with multiglandular or ectopic parathyroid disease, imaging is not as reliable. In addition, size limitation of the abnormal gland can limit the detection by radionuclide scanning. By using a gamma camera in nuclear medicine, the radiologist is able to determine if one of the four parathyroid glands is hyperfunctioning, if that is the cause of the hyperparathyroidism. Theoretically, the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland will take upretain more of the Tc99m-sestamibi, and will show up 'brighter' than the other normal parathyroid glands on the gamma camera pictures, especially because of the internal biofeedback loop within the body with calcium inherently feeding back to calcium-receptors and inhibiting parathyroid hormone production within the normal parathyroid glands. Sometimes this determination is made 2 to four hours later when activity taken up by the thyroid and normal parathyroid glands fade away; the abnormal parathyroid gland retains its activity, while the radiopharmaceutical is eluted out of the normal thyroid gland. However, in patients with nodular goiter or functional tumors of the thyroid gland, increased retention of the sestamibi agent is possible and make parathyroid localization difficult or confusing.

By knowing which of the four parathyroid glands is hyperfunctioning, a surgeon is able to remove only the one parathyroid gland that is producing excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone and no longer under the biochemical control of the body, and leave the other 3 normal parathyroid glands in place. This operation is now termed a "minimally invasive parathyroidectomy", sometimes utilizing a radionuclear detection probe, and correlated with intra-operative parathyroid hormone level measurements. The remaining 3 glands are able to properly regulate serum calcium levels appropriately after the resolution of the hypercalcemia, as the calcium receptors lead to stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestamibi_scan" bkmitchell —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bkmitchell (talk • contribs) 03:13, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

(cellular) immune system
Why is nothing written about the role in the (cellular) immune system? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.101.80.116 (talk) 06:13, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Surgery
Could some knowledgeable and literate person re-write this section? "Parathyroid surgery is usually performed when there is hyperparathyroidism this conditions cause many diseases related with calcium reabsorption, because the principal function of the parathyroid hormone is to regulate it. Parathyroid surgery could be performed as two different ways the first one is the complete parathyroidectomy and the second one is the auto transplantation of the removed parathyroid glands." Seems hard to understand. Kortoso (talk) 20:03, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

History
This paragraph was found directly lifted off a journal article: Sandström was not aware of Owen’s description, which had been published in a journal with a limited circulation. Sandstrom's report was not well received and the work remained barely noticed for several years. Sandstrom suffered from a hereditary mental illness and unfortunately took his own life aged only 37 years. I have done my best to remove any close-paraphrasing, but please correct any other instances if found. --LT910001 (talk) 02:57, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Images
These images are available for use in the article.

I will not be adding them myself as I intend to take part in the GA review process, so if you wish to add them you can do so
 * Don't hesitate to ask me if you want them cropped in any way.

-- CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 07:49, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

 * There is no reason why you could not edit the page and also take part in the GA review; however, sometimes it might be simpler not to work on the page. Nevertheless, it is sensible to form a consensus about images, if you are in doubt. Snowman (talk) 18:07, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The diagramme showing hormones (image 2) is probably more suitable for the calcium metabolism page. It could be useful here also. Any more opinions? Snowman (talk) 18:07, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The anatomical diagramme is quite good, and could augment the a high resolution version of File:Gray1177.png. Snowman (talk) 18:07, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Re File:Gray1177.png; this images in the gallery has poor resolution; however the 1918 PD version in Gray's is available at a much better resolution and can be uploaded over the poor quality image. I have look at a high resolution of this image and it looks quite good to me. Snowman (talk) 18:07, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Additional image from Grant's atlas. CFCF (talk · contribs · email) 10:12, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I quite like these images, particularly the Grant's anatomy one, as it shows the glands from another angle. The other images are quite informative, but I feel they will need to bit quite big to be readable. --LT910001 (talk) 10:22, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The one with red parathyroid glands and red arteries looks odd to me, because sometimes the red there is an artery and sometimes red is a parathyroid gland. In diagrammes red is traditionally for arteries. Snowman (talk) 13:45, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Grant's anatomy atlas it the base of several newer anatomies, including Moore's clinically oriented anatomy, one of the major go-to text-books of anatomy for medical students. The image is the only one with any indication of the actual anatomy of the glands (not just rough whereabouts), and is the only one that has them visible in any form of close-up. Do you suggest we forego it because the color isn't to your liking? CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 15:48, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Points of view on images are subjective and what one person likes another may not. I would not object to using the one with the red parathyroid glands in the article. Nevertheless, I saw an image recently (forget where) that had yellow parathyroid glands and I looked quite good. Snowman (talk) 16:57, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Here is a black and white image from Gray's 1918. File:Anatomyofhumanbo1918gray 1280.jpg. It has a better resolution than the similar image in the gallery. Any comments? Snowman (talk) 16:57, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I cleaned that one, but I could try giving color to the glands. Unfortunately it might be a bit dark for it to be very clear. CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 11:41, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I added some strong color, but as the image is so dark it doesn't really help that much.

-- CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 11:14, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

I quite like the "Glandulae parathyreoideae von hinten gesehen", I feel it's particularly clear, has some colour, and is not cluttered with the surrounding structures. I'd support including this but hope we can still retain the first lead image. I particularly like the current lead image because I think it is simple, modern, colourful, and conveys an idea about where the glands are and is, I feel, quite engaging to lay readers. --LT910001 (talk) 22:45, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree, but I'm not so fond of the cancer.gov one. I do like the grant one as well, but I'll leave it up to you. CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 10:19, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Variation
This will probably be the final image I add here, but this one is interesting as it gives some clue of variation: [[File:Parathyroid glands.png|thumb|left|Position of the parathyroid glands

This is a composite picture of all the glands found in 25 cadavers "plotted on a thyroid gland of average size and shape. The upper brackets indicate approximately the upper, middle and lower thirds of the thyroid; the lower bracket the space below the thyroid gland, the numbers giving the counts of the parathyroids within each bracket. The parathyroids are represented as if the thyroid were transparent. An attempt has been made to indicate the parathyroids which might be called 'superior parathyroids' in outline and 'inferior parathyroids' in black. Those glands which could not be classified either by location or by being one of a pair are cross- hatched" (Heinbach 1933).]] -- CFCF  (talk · contribs · email) 10:19, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parathyroid gland


text:
Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke

Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke (6 July 1819 – 7 January 1892) was a German physician and physiologist. He is credited with contributions made in many facets of physiology.

Biography
He was born Ernst Wilhelm Brücke in Berlin. He graduated in medicine at the University of Berlin in 1842, and during the following year, he became a research assistant to Johannes Peter Müller. In 1845 he founded the Physikalische Gesellschaft (Physical Society) in Berlin, together with Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Hermann von Helmholtz and others, in the house of physicist Heinrich Gustav Magnus. Later on, this became known as the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (German Society of Physics). In 1846, Brücke was elected teacher of anatomy in the Akademie der Bildenden Künste, in Berlin. Following that, in 1848 he was appointed as professor of physiology at the University of Königsberg, replacing Karl Friedrich Burdach (1776–1847). In 1849 he acquired similar duties at the University of Vienna. In 1873, Emperor Franz Joseph I honored Brücke with a noble title—von Brücke—but he rarely used it.

Ernst Fleischl von Marxow (1846–1891), and Joseph Paneth (1857–1890), two colleagues of Freud, were assistants to Brücke in Vienna; however Brücke is most noted for his influence on Sigmund Freud, one of his other medical students. Freud began studying under Brücke in 1877, and continued doing so until 1883. He was tasked to examine the biology of nervous tissue, specifically comparing the brains of humans and other vertebrates to that of invertebrates. Freud would many times call Brücke the professor who shaped him the most. This influence led to the development of the science of psychodynamics. Brücke's teachings did not only influence Freud's work; parts of the noted psychologist's theory were pulled directly from his professor's principles, specifically the idea that all living things are dynamic and must bow to the laws of chemistry and physics.

Brücke retired from the University of Vienna in September 1890 and began working on a book he had long planned to write: Beauty and the Flaws of the Human Stature, which ended up being published as The Human Figure: Its Beauties and Defects.

Research
Brücke is remembered for his research on the nature of cells, work dealing with the physiology of language, investigations on the effect of electricity on muscles and studies of albumin. He also made significant contributions in the fields of physics, plant physiology, microscopic anatomy and experimental physiology.

During Brücke's lifetime, specialization was not popularized. Because of this, he had very diverse interests, and made assorted contributions to the scientific community. Early on in his career, Brücke was interested in optics, which led him to research the tapetum lucidum of the vertebrate eye and the action of the ciliary muscle. Following that, Brücke studied the eye's absorption of various light rays, the mystery of color sensation, and positive and negative afterimages. His work in the science of optics was instrumental towards Helmholtz's invention of the ophthalmoscope.

Further investigation of this related subject found Brücke examining the color changes in chameleons and cephalopods, then studying pigment cells, and observing how muscular contraction is influenced by the duration of a stimulus.

Brücke also made contributions in a completely different discipline, phonetics, when he wrote one of his early works directed at teachers of the deaf: Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute für Linguisten und Taubstummenlehre.

In addition to optics, cellular investigations, and phonetics, Brücke had a deep interest in philosophy and aesthetics, which was demonstrated by his authorship of semi-popular books, specifically a work on the physiology of color in applied art. Brücke's interest in color and the arts spread out from the scientific aspects of color into the industrial world as he laid down the principles of color combinations for the guidance of workers in fabrics. From this he took the short step from color to artistic form and to the declaration of the underlying principles of what makes art beautiful.

Principles
Brücke was a positivist. During his time, it was not an organized school of thought, but more a general attitude toward man, nature, and methods of investigation. He and others who shared his beliefs wanted to bring the approach of the natural sciences in to the investigation of all human thought and action. Brücke delved deeply into his position on positivism in Lectures on Physiology, a course that was published in 1876.

While a medical student in Berlin along with his colleague Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Brücke condemned the ideas of pantheism, all nature mysticism, and all talk of occult divine forces manifesting themselves in the real world. These superstitions contrasted directly with their principles of positivism and their more materialistic views of the world. Later, the two researchers, along with Hermann von Helmholtz, turned their sights against the popular philosophic theory of the time: vitalism. Vitalism is the idea that living things are only different from inanimate objects because they contain a "vital spark", which some believed to be the soul. The three partners contested this theory, stating that only the common physical-chemical functions are involved in the life of an organism.

The alternate theory that the researchers did adhere to was one that became very popular in the coming years: naturalism. This theory fit perfectly with the beliefs of Brücke and his colleagues, as it stated that everything comes from natural properties and sources.

Feud
Josef Hyrtl (1810–1894) was the head of the institute of anatomy at the University of Vienna, and a strong believer in the vitalist theory. He and Brücke initially got along well, and it was Hyrtl's influence that allowed Brücke to be a professor at the University. However, the longer they worked in close quarters, the less civil they became. A feud started that would last throughout their academic careers.

Hyrtl was an older traditionalist with regards to physiology. He was used to anatomy being the dominant method of medical teaching and training, and Brücke challenged this with his newer version of physiology, which was animal experimentation. Brücke built a wooden hut to house dogs for his experiments in a location near both his and Hyrtl's apartments. Hyrtl made complaints that the barking of the dogs was preventing him from sleeping, and this may have been true, however, his real reason for complaining was the fact that he disliked Brücke's methods of investigation into physiology.

The feud expanded into a disagreement about the function of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Hyrtl believed that based on their shape, the canals were used for directional hearing, while Brücke, having previous experimental knowledge about animals, concluded that the semicircular canals of the inner ear were instead sensory organs for equilibrium. This feud was a part of a deeper disagreement having to do with the two different philosophical viewpoints— vitalism and naturalism— that Hyrtl and Brücke followed.

Debate
In the Nineteenth century, there was a debate about the inaccuracy in the way artists represented movement. This was spurred by the invention of chronophotography and the assumption that this new technology would be able to change the habits of human and animal locomotion from a more aesthetic and "conventional" (incorrect) locomotion to a more natural one.

The debate was expanded to the idea that artists should make their representations, such as paintings and sculptures, in a way that accurately reflects the mechanics of the organism they are imitating. For example: artists painting a horse should paint the horse as frozen in a moment of movement that accurately reflects how a real horse moves, instead of an aesthetic, incorrect position. Brücke disagreed with this idea. He believed that artists should not be forced to contain the aesthetic of their art within parameters of reality and mechanics, because the invention of chronophotography was an ineffective stimulus for changing the locomotion of humans and animals, as it would not prompt the automatic correction of apparent impractical postures and movements. To this end, Brücke believed that there had been a decline in art ever since the artist endeavored to mimic perfect reality instead of seeking out beauty in its multitude of appearances.

Selected works

 * Ueber die Bewegungen der Mimosa pudica. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: 434–455 (1848) -- On the movements of Mimosa pudica.
 * Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie des Gefässsystems. Denkschriften: Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 3: 335–367 (1852) -- Contributions to the comparative anatomy and physiology of the vascular system.
 * Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute für Linguisten und Taubstummenlehrer. Wien: C. Gerold & Sohn (1856) -- Fundamentals of physiology and classification of speech sounds for linguists and deaf teachers.
 * Die Elementarorganismen. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 44: 381–406 (1861) -- Elementary organisms.
 * Die Physiologie der Farben für die Zwecke der Kunstgewerbe. Leipzig: S. Hirzel (1866) -- The physiology of colors for the purposes of the arts.
 * Die physiologischen Grundlagen der neuhochdeutschen Verskunst. Wien: C. Gerold & Sohn (1871)
 * Vorlesungen über Physiologie—Lectures on physiology.:
 * 1. 2., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1875 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 1. Physiologie des Kreislaufs, der Ernährung, der Absonderung, der Respiration und der Bewegungserscheinungen. 3., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1881 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 2. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 2., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1876 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 2. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 3., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1884 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 2 : S/S. 1886. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 4., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1887 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

title: Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke


text:
Rafflesiales

Rafflesiales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The name was first published by Oliver in 1895. The Cronquist system used this name for an order placed in subclass Rosidae with the following circumscription (1981) :

 * order Rafflesiales
 * family Hydnoraceae
 * family Mitrastemonaceae
 * family Rafflesiaceae

The APG II system regards Rafflesiaceae as an unplaced family of three genera. Also unplaced is the genus Mitrastema. However, APG II does have a placement for family Hydnoraceae, in the order Piperales.

According to the AP-Website, recent research places Rafflesiaceae in order Malpighiales.

title: Rafflesiales


text:
VDP

VDP may refer to:

In technology:
 * Variable data printing, type of on-demand printing in which text and graphics may be altered in-process
 * Variable data publishing, may to any variable data output, often to distinguish from "variable data printing" for electronic viewing output
 * Vector Distance Panning, technique for panning sounds around a 3D array of speakers
 * Video Disk Player, fore-runner of DVD player, now an obsolete format
 * Video Display Processor, term used by Sega and other manufacturers for the Video Display Controller in some of its video game consoles

Wine and viniculture:
 * Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter, or the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates
 * Vin de pays, French wine classification

Other:
 * Van Dyke Parks, American composer and arranger
 * Vesicle Docking Protein
 * Visual descent point in aviation
 * Village Defence Party, a paramilitary in Bangladesh.
 * Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland, VDP, in Burkina Faso.
 * Vanden Plas, a coachbuilder and later, automotive marque and model designation, originally spelled Van den Plas and abbreviated "VdP".

title: VDP


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Republican Soccer Federation

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:27, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Republican Soccer Federation
This was listed on speedy delete a couple of times, removed both times, so someone tried to VfD it but didnt finish, so Im doing it for them. This appears to be some sort of fantasy football material to me, but if anyone can verify that its not, then please do so. Delete is my 2 cents. CunningLinguist 16:39, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) (I started nominating this, but you beat me to it.) This has been nominated for speedy deletion twice: and removed both times by Fawcett5. It looks like total nonsense to me, the places in the list appear to be fictional, and the article name finds zero hits in google. Some (all?) of the places listed had articles recently created, which were speedy deleted. --ssd 16:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Red King (Fantasy football is not encyclopaedic)
 * 2) Johan Elisson (speedydelete)

 * Delete. --ssd 16:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fairly obvious BS, but did not meet the very circumscribed criteria for speedy deletion. Fawcett5 17:04, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * While I might agree with you, I wish you had nominated this yourself instead of only removing the speedy tag. --ssd 17:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic per WP:FICT; I can't even tell what fictional work this is supposed to come from. --Metropolitan90 18:03, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * May I ask why? -- Elisson | Talk 20:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Might also be mentioned that this user almost exclusively has contributed to the VfD by voting keep on articles VfD'ed today. -- Elisson | Talk 20:30, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I also stand fast at my decicion that this should have remained a speedy. I consider it to fall under patent nonsense, definition 2. Content that, while apparently meaningful after a fashion, is so completely and irremediably confused that no intelligent person can be expected to try to make heads or tails of it. A league with teams I've never heard of, impossible to find info on as it gives 0 hits on Google (and trust me, you can find info on Google for the smallest league worthy mention on Wikipedia), is IMHO considered patent nonsense, even if the article is well-written and may have some basis in reality in some small circle of friends. -- Elisson | Talk 20:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You forgot to mention that the places in the article are also fictional. --ssd 02:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. JamesBurns 04:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File talk:Powell anthrax jbc.jpg

Actually, I'm not sure about the licensing bug I put on this. The video I took this from is distributed from the whitehouse.gov web site, so I assumed it is public domain and the work of White House staff, but it seems possible that it was taken from some sort of UN-supplied video feed. I'll see if I can find out more, and update this page (and the licensing attribution, if needed) if I do. John Callender 16:40, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:Powell anthrax jbc.jpg


text:
Save the Pine Bush

Save the Pine Bush is a not-for-profit community group which came into being on February 6, 1978. Its mission is to stop development of the Albany Pine Bush in the Capital District of the U.S. state of New York. Today the group continues to be an active environmental community.

Mainly through litigation, Save the Pine Bush has prevented or delayed the construction of several developments in the Pine Bush.

title: Save the Pine Bush


text:
User talk:Rmpeach5

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Goobergunch|? 16:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image Tagging Image:Bmwm5e34 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bmwm5e34 1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. SteinbDJ 02:26, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmpeach5


text:
Carrot cake

Carrot cake (also known as passion cake) is cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter.

History
The origins of carrot cake is disputed. Published in 1591, there is an English recipe for "pudding in a Carret [sic] root" that is essentially a carrot stuffed with meat, but it includes many elements common to the modern dessert: shortening, cream, eggs, raisins, sweetener (dates and sugar), spices (clove and mace), scraped carrot, and breadcrumbs (in place of flour). Many food historians believe carrot cake originated from such carrot puddings eaten by Europeans in the Middle Ages, when sugar and sweeteners were expensive and many people used carrots as a substitute for sugar.

Variations of the carrot pudding evolved to include baking with a crust (as pumpkin pie), steamed with a sauce, or molded in pans (as plum pudding) with icing.

In volume two of L'art du cuisinier (1814), Antoine Beauvilliers, former chef to Louis XVI, included a recipe for a "Gâteau de Carottes", which was popular enough to be copied verbatim in competitors' cookbooks. In 1824, Beauvilliers had published in London an English version of his cookbook which includes a recipe for "Carrot Cakes" in a literal translation of his earlier recipe.

Another 19th-century recipe comes from the housekeeping school of Kaiseraugst (Canton of Aargau, Switzerland). According to the Culinary Heritage of Switzerland, it is one of the most popular cakes in Switzerland, especially for the birthdays of children.

The popularity of carrot cake was revived in the United Kingdom because of the rationing during the Second World War and also because of the promotion of carrot consumption by the government.

Brazil
Brazilian Bolo de cenoura (lit. 'carrot cake') is a fluffy and moist cake that is commonly served with a chocolate ganache topping. As opposed to other Brazilian desserts that originated with the Portuguese, Bolo de cenoura is much more recent and only began appearing in Brazilian cookbooks in the 1960s. The inspiration behind Bolo de cenoura comes from the American recipe for carrot cake.

February 3 is National carrot cake day in Brazil.

Switzerland
Swiss Rüeblitorte features almonds and hazelnuts and is often covered in glacé icing containing kirsch and topped with decorative carrots made from marzipan.

UK and US
Modern UK and US recipes typically feature a white cream cheese frosting. Sometimes nuts such as walnuts or pecans are added into the cake batter, as well as spices such as cinnamon, ginger and ground mixed spice. Toasting pecans and using brown sugar can add extra flavor and moisture. Fruit including pineapple, raisins and shredded coconut can also be used to add sweetness.

 * United States

A carrot cake cookie is a cookie prepared with ingredients that provide a flavor and texture similar to carrot cake. Typical ingredients include grated carrot, flour, sugar or brown sugar, cooking oil, spices and baking soda. Additional ingredients may include shredded coconut, raisins, molasses and nuts. Many variations exist, such as carrot cake whoopie pies, cookie sandwiches, and those prepared in the style of an energy bar. Cream cheese is sometimes used as a topping or a filling in cookie sandwich varieties. Vegan versions may use vegan cream cheese as a substitute for dairy-based cream cheese. From the 2020s, versions of the cookie were produced by Oreo, Subway, and Aldi.

title: Carrot cake