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Keith Alexander (footballer)

Keith Alexander (14 November 1956 – 3 March 2010) was a footballer and manager. Born in Nottingham, England, he was the manager of League Two side Macclesfield Town at the time of his death, in a career that included international appearances for Saint Lucia. Alexander played for a large number of lower league football teams. His main success, however, came from football management – managing in both non-league and the Football League. He took League One side Lincoln City to four consecutive play-offs, taking them to two finals at the Millennium Stadium. His eldest son, Matthew Alexander, is a FIFA licensed Football agent and works with many top flight players.

He was believed at the time of his death to have been the first full-time black professional manager in the Football League, though this was in fact Tony Collins at Rochdale in 1960. He was the first black qualified referee in England, and is considered by many to be a pioneer of the modern game.

Non-league career
Alexander began his career in non-league football, joining Arnold as a nineteen-year-old. He spent the 1977–78 season with Ilkeston Town, debuting in the home game with Louth United on 24 September 1977 and going on to make 17 appearances for the club, scoring a single goal, with his final game being the away fixture with Sutton Town on 5 April 1978.

In March 1979, Alexander joined Stamford from Alfreton Town and scored the first goal in the club's 2–0 FA Vase final win over Guisborough Town in April 1980 as the side won the unique treble of United Counties League Championship, League Cup and FA Vase during the 1979–80 season. Leaving at the end of the season, Alexander enjoyed spells with Boston United and King's Lynn before returning to Stamford for the 1981–82 season being part of a side which completed a United Counties League double. In total he made 94 appearances for the Daniels, scoring 24 goals. After a short spell at Corby Town, which witnessed Alexander score one goal in two games, he joined Spalding United where he scored 18 goals in the Northern Counties East Football League during his solitary season at the club in 1982–83.

He went on to have brief spells at Boston Town, Grantham Town, and King's Lynn in 1983, before joining Kettering Town just before the start of the 1983–84 season; where he spent two seasons and played 74 games for the Northamptonshire side, scoring 11 times. During his time at Kettering, Alexander had a brief, but successful, loan spell at Wisbech Town, and was instrumental in the club's FA Vase run that year – scoring a hat-trick against Harwich & Parkeston in a 5–0 win on his debut, followed by a goal in the semi-final against Southall. In the middle of 1986, Barry Fry secured the signing of Alexander at Barnet, who were playing in the Football Conference at the time. He scored 22 goals in 72 games in his two years at the club as the club narrowly missed out on promotion.

League career
After many years in non-league, Alexander ended his playing career in league football, most notably for Grimsby Town. He earned his move from non-league to the Football League when then-Grimsby manager Alan Buckley saw Alexander playing for Barnet, and subsequently signed him for £11,500. He made his Grimsby debut against Torquay United in September 1988, and went on to score 14 league goals in 44 games during the club's 1988–89 campaign; including a goal against FA Cup holders Wimbledon at Plough Lane. The following season, Alexander scored a further 12 goals in 38 games, including the two goals that ensured Grimsby's promotion in a 2–0 win over Southend United. He then joined Stockport County, before linking up with Lincoln City for the 1992–93 season.

After a short spell as Lincoln City manager, he played a couple more games for Mansfield Town, before joining Northern Ireland outfit Cliftonville on loan. During his brief spell at Cliftonville during the 1994–95 season, Alexander scored on his debut in a 4–3 victory over Portadown, as well as netting a further goal against Glentoran. He also scored twice for Cliftonville as they eliminated Linfield in the League Cup quarter final at Windsor Park. He returned to his parent club, Mansfield, at the end of the season and made one further appearance the following year; coming on as a substitute in a game against Exeter City in January 1996. It was to signal the end of Alexander's playing days, as he broke his leg in injury-time. He did, however, remain registered as a player in the first season of managing Ilkeston Town, although he did not make any first-team appearances.

Honours
Alexander won the FA Vase in 1980 with Stamford, scoring one of the goals in a 2–0 win at Wembley. While he was playing for Grimsby Town, Alexander played international football for St. Lucia, earning three international caps in 1990. Alexander also became Mansfield Town's oldest ever goal scorer when he came off the bench to score twice against Crewe Alexandra at the age of 37.

First spell with Lincoln City
With his playing career winding down, Alexander was appointed youth team coach for Lincoln City, during which time he developed the likes of Darren Huckerby and Matt Carbon. At the end of the 1992–93 season, Lincoln's chairman John Reames announced that Steve Thompson's contract as first team manager would not be renewed and Alexander was placed in caretaker charge, steering the Imps to a 2–0 home victory over Darlington in the final game of the season. Officially appointed to the role in the summer of 1993, Alexander became the first permanently appointed black manager in the Football League; Edwin Stein had earlier been in temporary charge at Barnet. He lasted only a season in charge before Sam Ellis succeeded him in the hot seat.

Lower league management
For the best part of a decade, Alexander then managed two semi-professional teams, Ilkeston Town during 1996–2000 and Northwich Victoria during 2000–01. During his time at Ilkeston, Alexander ensured the club's highest ever league placing, as well as two FA Cup runs that witnessed the side beat league opposition in the form of Boston United and Carlisle United. He is believed to be "the most successful manager in Ilkeston Town's history". He subsequently took charge of Northwich Victoria during the 2000–01 season, with Northwich in the relegation zone five points adrift from safety. Alexander orchestrated a great escape to steer Victoria away from relegation and to keep the club in the top tier of non-league football. The club also had an FA Cup run during the same season, which witnessed them hold Leyton Orient 3–3 in the second round.

Return to Lincoln City
On 11 July 2001, Alexander returned to Sincil Bank as Director of Coaching on a three-year contract. He was tasked with ensuring the continuity of coaching and football from the Centre of Excellence through youth to the first team and acting as Assistant Manager to Alan Buckley, his former Grimsby Town manager. With Lincoln entering administration at the end of the 2001–02 season, Buckley was relieved of his duties as manager on financial grounds and Alexander placed in charge of all football matters.

2002–03 season
On 3 May 2002 Lincoln successfully petitioned to go into administration but the financial crisis would leave the first team squad bereft of players as the day saw five senior players – Jason Barnett, Grant Brown, David Cameron, Steve Holmes and Justin Walker – released at the end of their contracts with a sixth, Lee Thorpe, departing for Leyton Orient. A hectic day finished with confirmation of Alexander's official appointment as team manager. Three other senior players, Tony Battersby, Kingsley Black, and Ian Hamilton, would later leave the club by mutual consent as their contracts, including appearance money, had made them too expensive for Alexander's plans.

Remaining at the club were former Tottenham Hotspur youngsters Alan Marriott and Peter Gain, Northern Ireland B international centre-back Paul Morgan along with midfielders Adam Buckley, Mark Camm and Ben Sedgemore and wing-backs Mark Bailey and Stuart Bimson and Alexander complemented their talents with a series of signings from outside of the Football League. After just one week in the job, Alexander completed his first two signings bringing Ben Futcher and Dene Cropper to the club on initial one-year contracts. One week later, Alexander made a second double swoop with Simon Weaver and Simon Yeo joining the ranks.

Alexander oversaw an upturn in fortunes at the club, who were now owned by their Supporters' Trust. He used direct tactics and, following a good season with an impressive away record, they finished in the play-off places with a chance of promotion to the Second Division. However, Lincoln were defeated by AFC Bournemouth in the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. The 5–2 result established a new record for goals scored in a playoff final. Alexander was highly praised for his work at Lincoln during the 2002–03 season, taking a club that had finished two places off the bottom of the League and was working its way out of administration, to a play-off position on a shoe-string budget. He subsequently earned the nickname 'Alexander The Great'.

2003–04 season
The 2003–04 season began poorly, and in November 2003 Alexander suffered a cerebral aneurysm. Alexander had been accompanied by his assistant Gary Simpson on a scouting mission that evening but felt ill on returning home and retired to bed. His wife later called an ambulance and Alexander was rushed to the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in time for potentially life saving surgery. His condition slowly improved and he returned to work in February 2004, where Simpson had been acting as caretaker manager.

Despite their poor start to the season, Lincoln's campaign improved. Veteran Stuart Bimson had moved on, to Cambridge United, and youngster Paul Mayo was sold to Watford for an initial £75,000, but the acquisitions of Jamie McCombe, Marcus Richardson, Gary Taylor-Fletcher, Francis Green and loanee Kevin Ellison meant that they finished in the play-off places. Lincoln were beaten by Huddersfield Town in the semi-finals.

In the close season Alexander purchased Gareth McAuley and Ciaran Toner. Toner and Marcus Richardson were later involved in a training ground fracas, and were both allowed to leave on loan with a view to a transfer. Regardless, rumours persisted that the morale of the squad was low both because of this incident, and in relation to the payment of bonuses. Lincoln again finished in the play-off places and played Southend United in the final, again at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium. Neither side could manage a goal in normal time, and all three strikers had to be replaced in the second half. Derek Asamoah, who was in poor form, was brought on alongside defenders Matt Bloomer and Lee Beevers. However, Southend scored twice in extra time to win.

Alexander signed a new three-year contract in May 2005. During the close season Simon Yeo, Richard Butcher and Peter Gain chose to leave the club, whilst Gary Taylor-Fletcher was surprisingly released amid speculation about his conduct. Captain Paul Morgan, however, signed a new three-year deal which reportedly made him the highest paid player at the club. Lincoln lost yet again in the play-offs at the end of the 2005–06 season, this time to local rivals Grimsby Town, giving Alexander the unenviable record of being the only manager to lead a team to four consecutive play-off defeats. Shortly after this defeat, Alexander left Lincoln by mutual consent.

Peterborough United
On 30 May 2006, Alexander was named the new manager of Peterborough United replacing Steve Bleasdale, who had left at the end of April. He cited his reason for joining Peterborough as need for a new challenge. Alexander signed a 4-year contract with the club. Alexander's managerial career at Peterborough got off to a fine start, recording a 4–1 win over Bristol Rovers on the first day of the season, as well as knocking out Championship side Ipswich Town in the League Cup two weeks later. Despite still sitting in 8th in the league, his contract was mutually terminated following 6 straight league defeats in January 2007. During his time at Peterborough, Alexander stated that he wanted to "unearth more non-league gems", and as a result signed George Boyd, Aaron McLean and Craig Mackail-Smith from non-league – all of which have been hugely successful and now ply their trade in the Championship.

Director of football at Bury
Alexander was appointed as Bury's new director of football on 9 May 2007. He was dismissed on 14 January 2008, accompanying sacked manager Chris Casper.

Macclesfield Town
Alexander was appointed manager of Macclesfield Town on 27 February 2008, signing a contract until the end of the season. He replaced Ian Brightwell who had left the club one point away from the League Two relegation zone. His first game in-charge of Macclesfield was a 1–1 draw at home to Notts County, and secured his first win as boss shortly after in a 1–0 win at Dagenham & Redbridge. A run of four wins and three draws in nine games took the club away from the relegation zone, and in April 2008 Alexander was awarded a new two-year contract. He signed a two-year contract extension on 18 January 2010.

Charitable work
Alexander was involved in supporting a number of charities. In Saint Lucia, the country Alexander represented in his playing days, he established the Sacred Sports Foundation to help increase sporting opportunities for St Lucian children.

Death
Alexander, who suffered a brain aneurysm in 2003 when manager of Lincoln City, was taken to hospital before a match in March 2009 after complaining of feeling unwell but was later given a clean bill of health. Alexander was reported to be feeling unwell as he returned from a game at Notts County on 2 March 2010. He was taken to Lincoln Hospital after he had collapsed, and died shortly after at the age of 53. It was reported that Alexander had been suffering from a bout of hiccups three weeks before his death. Alexander had been due to take charge of his 100th game for Macclesfield Town the following weekend. Tributes were paid to Alexander from all corners of the country following his death. Macclesfield Town chairman, Mike Rance, paid an emotional tribute to Alexander, stating "it was perhaps fitting that the last conversation we had was about football". Lincoln City, the club that Alexander lead to four successive play-off campaigns, opened their stadium to allow fans to pay tribute to Alexander. Grimsby Town also had opened up the gates of their stadium to allow fans to lay flowers and memorabilia for Alexander in front of the Pontoon stand. The club also announced that they are beginning to collect money for some of Alexander's favourite charities. Grimsby also wore black arm bands for Keith during their victory over Shrewsbury Town. Burnley manager Brian Laws said the former Lincoln boss "broke the mould" for black managers. A sentiment echoed by Port Vale boss, Micky Adams. Paul Ince, a friend of Alexander, described Alexander as "a figure that all managers should aspire to". Northern Ireland football team Cliftonville also paid respect to Alexander, with their chairman, Gerard Lawlor, saying "I thank Keith Alexander for the great goals, the great nights and for always being a friend to our club".

Macclesfield Town's first game after Alexander's death was away to Hereford United, with Macclesfield players wearing special shirts with a tribute printed on the back reading "Rest in Peace Gaffer" – Macclesfield won the game 2–0. In what was an emotionally charged day, after Macclesfield scored both of their goals, all of their players pointed to the sky in remembrance of Alexander. Throughout the game, Macclesfield fans chanted "Keith Alexander, his spirit lives on". Players and staff at the club dedicated the win to Alexander. After the game, Richard Butcher, who played under Alexander for Lincoln City, Peterborough United, and Macclesfield Town said "there are a few tears in that dressing room now. Today was Keith's day and we're proud that we got the win for him". Macclesfield held a 'Keith Alexander Day' on 13 March, the day of the Silkmen's match against Bury at Moss Rose – Macclesfield's first home game since his death. Tributes were made before the game by representatives of the six clubs Alexander had managed, and 53 doves were released. The game ended 2–0 to Macclesfield.

Additionally, the England national team and the England under-21s wore black armbands in their respective matches against Egypt and Greece under-21s on the day of Alexander's death as a tribute. Black armbands were worn by clubs up and down the country the following weekend as a mark of respect. Clubs across the country also held either a minute's applause or a minute's silence in respect to Alexander.

On 15 March 2010, the funeral of Keith Alexander took place at Lincoln Cathedral, with thousands of people paying their respects. Friends, family and football fans gave a round of applause as his coffin entered and left the church. It was announced that a benefit match for Keith Alexander would take place on 3 May 2010 at Sincil Bank, as a tribute to the ex-Imps chief. Players such as Paul Merson, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, and Les Ferdinand took part in the match, with over a 1,000 tickets being sold. In October 2010, Alexander was honoured with a lifetime achievement award at the Black List celebratory evening at Wembley, highlighting the influence of African Caribbean figures in British football. Alexander's son, Matt, said "If he was looking down and saw the reaction that followed his death and how valuable people thought he was, he would be smiling. He would realise that all his hard work had paid off."

Honours
Individual
 * League Two Manager of the Month: February 2006

title: Keith Alexander (footballer)


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Climbing galaxias

The climbing galaxias or kōaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) is a fish of the family Galaxiidae found in Australia, New Zealand, and nearby islands. The name climbing galaxias is used in Australia, and koaro or kōaro in New Zealand. Further vernacular names include short-finned galaxias, broad-finned galaxias, Cox's mountain galaxias, and Pieman galaxias.

Appearance

The climbing galaxias is unlikely to be confused with the other diadromous whitebait species because of its shape. It is elongated and slender, shaped almost like a tube. The sides and back are covered in a variable pattern of golden blotches and bands that gleam and glitter in the sun, making the climbing galaxias an attractive fish.

Their maximum size is around 29 cm, but they commonly reach 16–18 cm.

Lifestyle
These fish live a basically benthic lifestyle and in most respects behave like the common galaxias, a closely related galaxiid. They inhabit mainly clear streams, often deeply shaded and relatively fast-flowing, although they sometimes occur in lakes, particularly in Tasmania. Climbing galaxias also have the ability to penetrate well inland in many river systems, thus have a more widespread distribution than the other whitebait species.

A major distinguishing feature of this species is its ability to climb up very steep surfaces such as waterfalls, wet rocks, and the sluices of dams using its broad and downward facing pectoral and pelvic fins. Even juveniles of the species are capable of climbing up and over the sides of buckets after being trapped in whitebait nets.

Climbing ability is not unique among galaxias species, but it reaches its greatest expression in the climbing galaxias, which have special features that enhance their climbing abilities. The downward orientation of their fins and the strong, backward-facing ridges on the front part of their fins possibly contribute to this ability.

Climbing galaxias once formed large populations in some lakes. It once roamed New Zealand's Lake Taupō in huge shoals and was caught in huge numbers by Maori people using specialised nets. Introduced rainbow trout has now virtually eradicated the species from Lake Taupō. Similarly, the introduction of brown trout eradicated a climbing galaxias population from Lake Tali Karng in Victoria, Australia (Cadwallader, 1996).

Lifecycle
G. brevipinnis eggs are believed to be washed downstream to the sea, where the young live for about six months before returning to fresh water as part of the large, mixed-species schools known as whitebait. They were once part of a commercial whitebait fishery in Tasmania, but now fishing for them has been restricted to recreational anglers with significant restrictions on allowable tackle and methods. Land-locked populations have a similar lifestyle except the young spend the first part of their lives in inland lakes and backwaters.

Diet
These fish are generalised carnivores of invertebrates, including aquatic and terrestrial insects, mayfly and caddisfly larvae, and amphipods.

Distribution
Their distribution extends to coastal streams in southeastern Australia from Adelaide and Kangaroo Island in South Australia, through coastal Victoria including Wilsons Promontory, Tasmania, Flinders and King Islands, and north along the New South Wales coast to around Sydney, as well as New Zealand including the Chatham, Auckland and Campbell Islands.

Their climbing ability enables them to inhabit headwaters of streams that introduced species, such as trout, cannot reach.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Climbing galaxias


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User:Cardshark

I'm a software engineer living in the United States.

title: User:Cardshark


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Marvin Creamer

Marvin Charles Creamer (January 24, 1916 – August 12, 2020) was an American college professor and sailor, notable for being the first recorded person to have sailed around the globe without the aid of navigational instruments. Between December, 21, 1982, and May 17, 1984, Creamer and the crew of his 36-foot boat, Globe Star, circumnavigated the globe without a compass, sextant, watch, or other instrument. The ship spent 511 days at sea. As general guides, Creamer observed the sun and stars, currents, and occasionally the regional biological setting. In honor of his voyage, Rowan University created the Marvin Creamer Scholarship Fund.

Personal life
Creamer was born near Vineland, New Jersey, about 50 miles south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended Vineland High School, worked odd jobs directly after graduating, but did eventually enroll in college at New Jersey State Teachers College (later called Glassboro State College, and currently known as Rowan University), where he earned his degree in 1943. From 1948 to 1977 he taught geography at Glassboro State College. He had three children, six grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. He was married to Blanche Creamer for 59 years until her death in 2005.

Creamer turned 100 in January 2016, and died on August 12, 2020, in Raleigh, North Carolina, aged 104.

title: Marvin Creamer


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Talk:This Morning (TV programme)

Unreasonable level of detail
This article, particularly the History section, contains what I believe to be an unreasonable level of detail regarding the daily broadcast personnel and content, per much of WP:NOT, including WP:DIARY (non-notable events in the "life" of a show, analogous to the life of a person), WP:INDISCRIMINATE, and possibly WP:PROMO (much of it is posted by IPs). Would someone familiar with British TV like to trim this down to a reasonable few notable events? —[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 00:07, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Episode count
The episode count inside the infobox has been neglected since 3 October 2018; does anybody know the exact amount of episodes there have been since then? I'm not sure how to access that information. Once it's updated to at least within June 2019, I don't mind doing the weekly update of the count, as I do with other series. – DarkGlow (talk) 09:13, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

the Schofield incident
the History section and the Presenters section both lack any mention of the scandal that Schofield was involved in - i would add this in myself but know little of it. could someone else please put this in? Sebimus (talk) 21:54, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

Protection needed
There are a few users who are unable to accept that Shephard and Deeley are the new presenters of This Morning and will use this as an opportunity to vandalise this page. I think this page needs to be protected until the 4th March 2024 when Shephard and S Deeley officially start. 86.148.211.134 (talk) 20:01, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:This Morning (TV programme)


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Namco Museum

Namco Museum (ナムコミュージアム) is a series of video game compilations developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for home video game consoles. The first title in the series, Namco Museum Vol. 1, was released for the PlayStation in 1995. Entries in the series have been released for multiple platforms, including the Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and Xbox 360. the latest being Namco Museum Archives Vol. 2, released in 2020.

The Namco Museum name was originally used for a chain of retail stores in the 1980s, which sold merchandise based on Namco video games and characters. The compilations include video games developed by Namco for both arcade hardware and home game systems, including the Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. Some iterations use software emulation for the games, while others instead reprogram them from scratch. The collections typically include interchangeable game settings, online leaderboards or unlockable extras, such as games or promotional material. The original PlayStation series, with the exception of Namco Museum Encore, instead placed the player in a virtual museum that housed the individual games.

The Namco Museum series has been met with a mixed to positive critical response, some praising the emulation quality and unlockable extras while others criticizing the overall presentation and lack of updated features to the included titles. The franchise has sold a total of more than 14 million copies worldwide.

Namco Museum Vol. 1—Encore (1995–1998)
Six Namco Museum volumes were released for the PlayStation from 1995 to 1998, including one (Namco Museum Encore) that was released only in Japan. When Namco unveiled Volume 5 at the November 1996 PlayStation Expo, it was announced that it would be the final volume in the series, hence the sixth volume's title, "Encore". The first five volumes pose a 3D virtual museum that players are able to walk around in, with each game being stored in an "exhibit" room. In these museums, players can view conceptual artwork, marketing material, arcade system boards, and other material relating to the included games. Encore replaces the museum with a standard menu system. The means by which Namco recreated the games for the PlayStation hardware is unclear; the arcade game conversions contain pieces of the original game data but none of the original source code, suggesting they are object-level recreations.

The control systems of each of the games were well-preserved. However, since the PlayStation's analog controller was not available at the time, analog control for Pole Position and Pole Position II is only supported in these compilations by Namco's neGcon joypad.

In Japan, Vol. 2 had a special edition box set that included replica promotional cards and the Namco Volume Controller. A limited edition of Namco Museum Encore was bundled with a case designed to hold the six volumes in the series plus a memory card. All six volumes were added to the Japanese PlayStation Store as PSOne Classics. Volumes 1 to 4 were released on December 11, 2013 while Vol. 5 and Encore were released on December 18, 2013. The five numbered installments were added to the North American PlayStation Store on September 30, 2014.

Namco Museum 64 and Namco Museum (1999-2002)
Namco Museum 64 for Nintendo 64 and Namco Museum for Dreamcast and Game Boy Advance are the first compilations in the series to omit a virtual museum. The GBA version was released worldwide and was a launch title for the system in North America, while other versions were exclusive to North America. The following games, originally featured in Namco Museum Vol. 1 and Namco Museum Vol. 3 for the PlayStation, are included:
 * Pac-Man (1980, not in the GBA version)
 * Ms. Pac-Man (1982)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Pole Position (1982)
 * Dig Dug (1982)

The GBA version does not retain high scores when powered off, which is also the case with its counterpart game, Pac-Man Collection. On the Wii U Virtual Console, however, the Restore Point feature saves scores for both games. The N64 version requires a Controller Pak with eight free pages and one free slot to save high scores and settings. The Dreamcast version requires a VMU with eight free blocks for saving progress, while also offering a mini-game that's exclusive to the VMU titled Pac-It, with gameplay similar to Kaboom!.

In the United States, Namco Museum for the Game Boy Advance sold 2.4 million copies and earned $37 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the third-highest-selling game for handheld game consoles in that country.

It was also the first time an entry had been released on PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube. It was first released in 2001 on PlayStation 2, followed by GameCube and Xbox in 2002.

The compilation on these consoles includes all the games from Namco Museum 64 and Namco Museum for Dreamcast plus:
 * Pac-Man Arrangement (1996)
 * Galaga Arrangement (1995)
 * Dig Dug Arrangement (1996)
 * Pac-Attack (1993) – hidden game
 * Pac-Mania (1987) – hidden game
 * Pole Position II (1983)

This edition of Namco Museum is the first collection in the series to include a game that originated on home consoles (Pac-Attack, originally released on the Genesis and the Super NES and also previously included in the Japanese-only Namco Anthology Vol. 2, and Pac-Man Collection). The version of Pac-Attack seen here also resembles the Genesis version, as opposed to the SNES version. This is distinguished by the music, which sounds like the Genesis version of the game.

The "Arrangement" games in the collection were originally on the arcade's Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. The pitch of the music in Pac-Man Arrangement and Dig Dug Arrangement has been changed slightly from the original: it is higher-pitched than in the arcade versions. This compilation was released only in North America on all three of the consoles on which it was released.

Namco Museum Battle Collection
This title was released on the PlayStation Portable in 2005. It contains over twenty of Namco's games such as Pac-Man (1980) and Galaga (1981). In addition, new "Arrangement" variants are available for Pac-Man, Galaga, New Rally-X (1981) and Dig Dug (1982), which have updated gameplay, graphics and can be played in a versus or co-operative mode using the PSP's ad hoc feature. Game Sharing, a feature that had not yet been used on the PSP, was introduced in this game. This allowed others PSPs in the area to download the first few levels of some of the games.

The "Arrangement" games in this compilation are not the same as they were on the arcade's Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. They are entirely new games that were designed to take advantage of the PSP's hardware and features.

The Japanese version is divided into two volumes, with the second containing three additional games: Dragon Spirit, Motos Arrangement and Pac-Man Arrangement Plus.

Namco Museum 50th Anniversary
A special edition that marks Namco's founding as a toy manufacturing company in 1955. It was the second Namco Museum compilation to be released on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and the GameCube. The Game Boy Advance version was also the second Namco Museum compilation for the GBA. It was also released on Microsoft Windows. In Japan, this was released under the title Namco Museum Arcade Hits! for PlayStation 2 only, with Pac-Mania and Galaga '88 unlocked right from the start and different menu music.

This compilation includes 16 games, except for the Game Boy Advance, which only includes five games:
 * Pac-Man † (1980)
 * Ms. Pac-Man † (1981)
 * Galaga † (1981)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Dig Dug † (1982)
 * Pole Position (1982)
 * Pole Position II (1983)
 * Rolling Thunder (1986)
 * Rally-X † (1980)
 * Bosconian (1981)
 * Dragon Spirit (1987)
 * Sky Kid (1985)
 * Xevious (1982)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * Pac-Mania (1987) – unlockable, requires scores of 15,000 in Pac-Man and 20,000 in Ms. Pac-Man to unlock.
 * Galaga '88 (1987) – unlockable, requires a score of 40,000 in Galaga to unlock.

† indicates the five games included in the Game Boy Advance version. This version is similar to the original Namco Museum for that console, which also includes five games and no score-saving capability. 50th Anniversary replaces Galaxian and Pole Position with Pac-Man and Rally-X.

This is the first edition of Namco Museum with actual arcade game emulation using the original game ROM images (although voice sounds in "Rolling Thunder", sounds for both "Pole Position" games and "Xevious" are stored in .wav files). Also, the GameCube version allows the player to insert a limited number of credits, about five or six, by repeatedly pressing the Z button when the game first starts, but then players can only exit to the main menu during gameplay. The PS2, Xbox, and PC versions allow the player to exit a game at any time, but skip being able to add credits. For Dragon Spirit, Pac-Mania and Galaga '88, the continue features from the original arcade versions have only been retained in the Windows PC version of the collection. It is also the last edition of Namco Museum to be released by Namco as an independent company, before merging with Bandai later in 2005.

Namco Museum DS
Namco Museum DS was released on September 18, 2007.

The collection includes ten games: Super Xevious and the old version of Dig Dug II are hidden games that must be found by browsing the menus for Xevious and Dig Dug II, respectively.
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Galaga  (1981)
 * Xevious (1982)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1984)
 * Dig Dug II (1985)
 * Pac-Man Vs. (2003)

This game also allows access to each game's DIP switches, but some arcade-exclusive options are left out such as the "Rack-Test" on Pac-Man. It was re-released as part of a "Dual Pack" bundle with the DS version of Pac-Man World 3 in North America on October 30, 2012.

Namco Museum Remix
Namco Museum Remix was released on October 23, 2007 for Wii. This compilation has the original arcade versions of:
 * Cutie Q (1979)
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Gaplus (1984)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * Pac & Pal (1983)
 * Pac-Mania (1987)
 * Super Pac-Man (1982)
 * Xevious (1983)

It also had "Remix" versions of certain games: When played on multiplayer, the Miis are used. Galaga Remix on this compilation is not the same as the Galaga Remix iOS application.
 * Pac 'n Roll Remix
 * Galaga Remix
 * Pac-Motos
 * Rally-X Remix
 * Gator Panic Remix

Namco Museum Virtual Arcade
This collection was released for the Xbox 360 on November 4, 2008, in North America, May 15, 2009, in Europe, June 3, 2009, in Australia and November 5, 2009, in Japan. Namco Museum Virtual Arcade is made up of two sets of games. The first is Xbox Live Arcade, which includes nine Xbox Live Arcade games. These are identical to the digital Xbox Live Arcade versions but are present on the game-disc. These games can be selected from the compilation's menu or, only while the game disc is in the console, accessed directly from the Xbox Live Arcade menu. The next set is Museum, which also includes Museum games, although these are the ones accessible directly from the disc. However, they do not come with achievements or online play. Namco Museum Virtual Arcade is the first Namco Museum game to include Sky Kid Deluxe (1986), while all of the rest were already or previously available on consoles. In common with other disc releases that include full Xbox Live Arcade games on-disc (like Xbox Live Arcade Unplugged for example), installation of the game disc to the Xbox 360 HDD is disallowed.

Xbox Live Arcade Games
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Galaga Legions (2008)
 * Mr. Driller Online (2008)
 * Ms. Pac-Man (1982)
 * New Rally-X (1981)
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Pac-Man Championship Edition (2007)
 * Xevious (1983)

Museum Games
 * Baraduke (1985)
 * Bosconian (1981)
 * Dig Dug Arrangement (2005)
 * Dig Dug II (1985)
 * Dragon Buster (1985)
 * Dragon Spirit (1987)
 * Galaga '88 (1987)
 * Galaga Arrangement (2005)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Grobda (1984)
 * King & Balloon (1980)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * Metro-Cross (1985)
 * Motos (1985)
 * Pac & Pal (1983)
 * Pac-Man Arrangement (2005)
 * Pac-Mania (1987)
 * Pole Position (1982)
 * Pole Position II (1983)
 * Rally-X (1980)
 * Rolling Thunder (1986)
 * Sky Kid (1985)
 * Sky Kid Deluxe (1986)
 * Super Pac-Man (1982)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1984)

The Arrangement games are the same as they were on Namco Museum Battle Collection for PSP, although New Rally-X Arrangement is not included in this compilation. Additionally, on all games, the original 2-player modes from the original arcade versions (where applicable) do not appear here; all games are one-player only. The Xbox Live Arcade games do not have multiplayer either with the exception of Mr. Driller Online's online mode. The Xbox Live Arcade games can only be played when the disc is inside the system. The games must be downloaded from Xbox Live Marketplace for their regular prices in order for the games to be retained in the system's game library.

Namco Museum Essentials
Namco Museum Essentials was released on January 29, 2009. It includes:
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * Xevious (1983)
 * Dragon Spirit (1987)
 * Xevious Resurrection (2009)

PlayStation Home included a virtual arcade space with sample versions of the games. The PlayStation Store also had a free trial version that only includes the first at the few levels of: Both the demo and the full version were delisted from the PlayStation Store on March 15, 2018.
 * Pac-Man
 * Galaga
 * Dig Dug
 * Xevious

Namco Museum Megamix
An updated version of Namco Museum Remix for the Wii, which was released on November 16, 2010 in North America only. It adds additional arcade games and an additional "Remix" game. It adds a level select feature to all of the arcade games except Cutie Q.

Arcade Games
 * Bosconian (1981)
 * Cutie Q (1979)
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * Dig Dug II (1985)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Gaplus (1984)
 * Grobda (1984)
 * King & Balloon (1980)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * Motos (1985)
 * New Rally-X (1981)
 * Pac & Pal (1983)
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Pac-Mania (1987)
 * Rally-X (1980)
 * Super Pac-Man (1982)
 * Xevious (1982)

Remix Games
 * Grobda Remix (2010)
 * Pac-Motos (2007)
 * Pac 'n Roll Remix (2007)
 * Galaga Remix (2007) (completely different from the Galaga Remix iOS application)
 * Rally-X Remix (2007)
 * Gator Panic Remix (2007)

Namco Museum (Nintendo Switch)
Simply titled Namco Museum, it was developed for the Nintendo Switch and released on July 28, 2017 on the Nintendo eShop. Much like Namco Museum DS, the game includes a remake of Pac-Man Vs.. It contains the following games: Due to the violent nature of Splatterhouse, this is the first Namco Museum game to be rated T for Teen by the Entertainment Software Rating Board. A retail release bundled with Pac-Man Championship Edition 2 Plus, titled Namco Museum Arcade Pac, was released on September 28, 2018.
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1984)
 * Sky Kid (1985)
 * Rolling Thunder (1986)
 * Galaga '88 (1987)
 * Splatterhouse (1988)
 * Rolling Thunder 2 (1990)
 * Tank Force (1991)
 * Pac-Man Vs. (2003)

Namco Museum Mini Player
Namco Museum Mini Player is a dedicated handheld console shaped like a miniature arcade cabinet developed by My Arcade that includes 20 Namco games and was released by Bandai Namco Entertainment on June 24, 2019. While it includes some games that originated on home consoles, the games included that did originate in arcades are based on their original arcade versions. The games included are:
 * Battle City (1985)
 * Dig Dug (1982)
 * Dig Dug II (1985)
 * Dragon Spirit (1987)
 * Galaga (1981)
 * Galaxian (1979)
 * Mappy (1983)
 * Pac-Attack (Sega Genesis version) (1993)
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Pac-Mania (1987)
 * Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures (Sega Genesis version) (1994)
 * Phelios (1988)
 * Rolling Thunder (1986)
 * Rolling Thunder 2 (1990)
 * Rolling Thunder 3 (1993)
 * Sky Kid (1985)
 * Splatterhouse (1988)
 * Splatterhouse 2 (1992)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1984)
 * Xevious (1983)

Namco Museum Collection
Namco Museum Collection is a series of video game compilations for the Evercade handheld console which was released on May 22, 2020.

Unlike other compilations, the games in these compilations are based on their home console versions (NES/Famicom, SNES/Super Famicom, and Genesis/Mega Drive) rather than arcade versions.

Collection 1

 * Battle Cars (1993)
 * Dig Dug (1985)
 * Galaxian (1984)
 * Libble Rabble (1994)
 * Mappy (1984)
 * Mappy Kids (1989)
 * Metal Marines (1994)
 * Pac-Man (1984)
 * Quad Challenge (1991)
 * Star Luster (1985)
 * Xevious (1984)

Collection 2

 * Burning Force (1990)
 * Dig Dug II (1986)
 * Dragon Spirit: The New Legend (1989)
 * Galaga (1985)
 * Pac-Attack (1993)
 * Phelios (1990)
 * Splatterhouse 2 (1992)
 * Splatterhouse 3 (1993)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1985)
 * Warpman (1985)
 * Weaponlord (1995)

Namco Museum Archives
Namco Museum Archives Vol. 1 and Namco Museum Archives Vol. 2 were both released on June 18, 2020 for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Steam outside of Japan. Developed by M2 and B.B. Studio, the two volumes are localized versions of the Japanese compilation Namcot Collection, featuring Namco-published games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Family Computer. Vol. 1 contains an 8-bit demake of Pac-Man Championship Edition, and Vol. 2 contains a homebrew conversion of Gaplus.

Vol. 1

 * Dig Dug (1985)
 * Dragon Buster (1987)
 * Dragon Spirit: The New Legend (1989)
 * Galaxian (1984)
 * Mappy (1984)
 * Pac-Man (1984)
 * Pac-Man Championship Edition (2020)
 * Sky Kid (1986)
 * Splatterhouse: Wanpaku Graffiti (1989)
 * The Tower of Druaga (1985)
 * Xevious (1984)

Vol. 2

 * Battle City (1985)
 * Dig Dug II (1986)
 * Dragon Buster II: Yami no Fūin (1989)
 * Galaga (1985)
 * Gaplus (2020)
 * Legacy of the Wizard (1987)
 * Mappy-Land (1986)
 * Mendel Palace (1989)
 * Pac-Land (1985)
 * Rolling Thunder (1989)
 * Super Xevious: GAMP no Nazo (1986)

Reception
In August 1996, Namco claimed accumulated sales of 600,000 units for the Namco Museum series in Japan alone. In the United States, The NPD Group in 2010 listed Namco Museum among the all-time top ten best-selling video games in the United States. The franchise has sold a total of at least 14.087 million copies worldwide.

The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave Volume 1 an 8.125 out of 10, citing the excellent quality of the emulation and the interesting virtual museum content. Mark Lefebvre summarized that "Namco has given gamers what they've always been asking for: old titles." Next Generation likewise complimented the emulation quality and the virtual museum, and concluded that for those interested in retro compilations, "this is as good as this sort of thing gets." They scored it four out of five stars. Maximum gave it three out of five stars, reasoning that "On the one hand, this is a collection of six indisputably classic games, three of which rank among the most influential titles in the history of videogames. On the other hand, all the games on the disk are over ten years old, and influential or not, they're definitely well past their sell by date. Pole Position may have revolutionised the racing genre in 1982, but would you really choose to play it over Ridge Racer Revolution in 1996?" While GamePro found that all of the games save ToyPop remained great fun, the reviewer criticized the absence of the voice samples from Pole Position and compared the 3D museum unfavorably to the bonus content in Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits. He concluded the compilation to be worth renting at the least, and a must-have for retro gaming fans.

Reviews for Volume 2 were also mixed to positive, though most critics found the selection of games weaker than that of Volume 1. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave Volume 2 a 7.125 out of 10, with all four remarking that the compilation had two or three genuine classics, with the remaining three or four games being mediocre and overly obscure. However, they disagreed on which games fell into which group; for example, Dan Hsu said that "Super Pac-Man stinks", while Crispin Boyer called it "the best reason to buy NM2" and "the height of the yellow pellet-eater's evolution." Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot similarly commented, "While Mappy, Xevious, Gaplus, and Super Pac-Man are infinitely playable, the lesser-known Grobda and Dragon Buster are mediocre at best." He gave the compilation a 7.1 out of 10, praising the charm of the antiquated graphics and sound effects and the still potent gameplay. Next Generation picked Grobda, Dragon Buster, and Mappy as the mediocre games in the compilation, reasoning that "all are examples of game genres that have evolved way beyond these originals, and with good reason." They scored it two out of five stars. In direct contradiction to GameSpot and Next Generation, GamePro said that of the six games, "Super Pac-Mans weak control makes it the biggest disappointment, while Dragon Busters action/adventure swordplay and Grobda's rapid-fire tank shooting hold up the best." They recommended the compilation for "those who enjoy simple, classic gameplay".

Volume 3 continued the trend of increasingly mixed reviews for the series. Jeff Gerstmann and Next Generation both commented that Dig Dug, Ms. Pac-Man, and Galaxian are genuine classics, Pole Position II is good but suffers from the absence of the voice clips from the arcade version, The Tower of Druaga has aged poorly, and Phozon was a terrible game to begin with. However, while Gerstmann concluded the collection to be "a real letdown" after the first two volumes and advised gamers to skip it, giving it a 5.6 out of 10, Next Generation concluded that "the number of true classics on Volume 3 outweigh the ones that never should have been unearthed", and gave it three out of five stars. GamePro approved of both the entire set of games and the quality of the emulation, and deemed Volume 3 "must-have arcade fun". Though Electronic Gaming Monthly never reviewed Volume 3, they named it a runner-up for "Best Compilation" (behind Street Fighter Collection) at their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards.

Volume 4 saw a particularly steep decline in the series' critical standing, with most critics agreeing that of the five games included, only Ordyne and Assault were at all worthwhile. Gerstmann gave it a 4.5 out of 10, and said the collection "is just plain depressing. It contains five games, and most of them are little known games that were little known for a reason." Electronic Gaming Monthly's review team gave it a 5.75 out of 10. The team was evenly split: Shawn Smith and Crispin Boyer, each voting a 6.5 out of 10, found the interesting museum content and the two or three enjoyable games make the collection worthwhile, while Dan Hsu and Sushi-X both gave it a 5.0 and said it was a disappointment compared to the earlier volumes. Both Gerstmann and GamePro commented that the first three volumes of Namco Museum had exhausted the series concept and Namco's backlog of genuine classics, and that Namco should have let the series end with volume 3.

title: Namco Museum


text:
Large yellow underwing

The large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba) is a moth, the type species for the family Noctuidae. It is an abundant species throughout the Palearctic realm, one of the most common and most familiar moths of the region. In some years the species is highly migratory with large numbers appearing suddenly in marginal parts of the range.

It is also present in Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands, Middle East, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, northwest India, Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. It was introduced into North America at Nova Scotia. Since then it has increased its range considerably and has been recorded for Maine since 1985, and then spread throughout the northeast from Vermont and Massachusetts (1989) to New Hampshire (1990), New York, Maryland (1992), and Connecticut (1993). It was first recorded in Pennsylvania in 1998, North Carolina (1997) and west to Colorado (1999), Wyoming (2000), Washington (2000), California (2001), British Columbia (2002) and Alaska (2005).

This is a quite large and heavy moth with a wingspan of 50–60 mm. The forewings are quite variable from light brown to almost black. The darker individuals often have a pale streak along the costa. The hindwings are bright orange-yellow with a black sub-terminal band. As with other Noctua species (and numerous other insects), this contrast of bland-on-land and bright-in-flight is used to confuse potential predators. This species flies at night from July to September and is attracted to light, sometimes in huge numbers. It will also visit flowers such as Buddleia, ragwort, and red valerian.

The larva is green or brown with two rows of black dashes along the back. This is one of the notorious "cutworms", causing fatal damage at the base of virtually any herbaceous plant (some examples listed below), sometimes severing it completely. This ubiquitous species is considered as a garden pest. The species overwinters as a larva and feeds on mild days throughout the winter.

Description in Meyrick
A. pronuba, L. 48-56 mm. Antennae in male ciliated. Forewings ochreous-brown to dark fuscous, sometimes reddish tinged, sometimes partly irrorated with grey-whitish, especially towards costa anteriorly; lines often paler, dark-edged, sometimes faint, subterminal preceded on costa by a blackish mark orbicular and reniform more or less pale-edged, outlined with darker, reniform partly marked with dark grey. Hindwings ochreous-orange; a blackish terminal band. Larva pale green to dull brown; dorsal line pale; subdorsal series of blackish longitudinal marks on 5-12; a pale line beneath these; subspiracular pale; head light brown, dark-marked. See Noctua orbona, the lunar yellow underwing and Noctua comes, lesser yellow underwing for differences between these species and pronuba.
 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

 * Allium
 * Beta – beet
 * Brassica
 * Calendula – marigold
 * Chrysanthemum
 * Dahlia
 * Daucus – carrot
 * Dianthus – carnation
 * Fragaria – strawberry
 * Freesia
 * Gladiolus
 * Hieracium – hawkweed
 * Lactuca – lettuce
 * Lycopersicon – tomato
 * Plantago – plantain
 * Poaceae – grasses
 * Primula
 * Rhubarb
 * Solanum – nightshades (including potato, Pepper, and tomato plants)
 * Spinach
 * Taraxacum – dandelion
 * Viola – sweet violet
 * Vitis – grape

See Robinson, G.S. et al.

title: Large yellow underwing


text:
Talk:Park Ji-yoon

About her height
There seems to be two heights being found on the internet one is 172 cm the other is 170 cm

now which one is the exact one?

However according to http://www.parkjiyoon.co.kr/ and http://epg.epg.co.kr/star/profile/index.asp?actor_id=1182 it is 170 cm

I feel 170 cm is the correct height of hers

about the chinese name
I think the chinese form of the korean singer name is relevant

With the immense popularity in the chinese speaking population of asia and the rest of the world

It deserves a mention

Early Career
Considering how strong her early career was (I mean, people still perform "Seonginshik" today), it needs to be drastically expanded. If you can help, please do so...but with sources. :P SKS2K6 (talk) 05:12, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Park Ji-yoon


text:
Talk:Norbert Vollertsen

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040341/http://www.rjkoehler.com/2006/09/25/things-getting-darker-for-vollertson/ to http://www.rjkoehler.com/2006/09/25/things-getting-darker-for-vollertson/

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title: Talk:Norbert Vollertsen


text:
Invitee

In the law of torts, an invitee is a person who is invited to land by the possessor of the land as a member of the public or one who enters the land of another for the purpose of business dealings with the possessor of the land. The status of a visitor as an invitee (as opposed to a trespasser or a licensee) defines the legal rights of the visitor if they are injured due to the negligence of the property owner.

There are generally two types of invitees:.
 * Business Invitee is a person who enters business property to do business with the land occupier.
 * Public Invitee is a person who enters land in the possession of another for the purpose for which the property is held open to the public, even if no business purpose is involved.

Even if "invited" onto somebody's premises, a social guest is classified as a licensee.

The property owner has a duty to make the property safe for the invitee, which includes conducting a reasonable inspection of the premises to uncover hidden dangers. The property owner also has a duty to warn the invitee of hazardous conditions that cannot be fixed. Furthermore, property owners assume a duty to rescue an invitee who falls into peril while visiting the property. If an independent contractor hired by the landowner injures an invitee (intentionally or through negligence), the owner can be held vicariously liable. This represents the broadest duty of care owed to any class of visitors to the property.

United States
An invitee is only an invitee within the scope of permission granted by the landowner. Thus, if an invitee is invited to do business in a store and is injured snooping around in the private storage area, he does not have invitee status in that area. So if the invitee is snooping around in the dark, trips and falls on something, the land occupier is not liable since the snooper exceeded the consent given him/her (Whelan v. Van Natta).

In California, the case of Rowland v. Christian sought to eliminate the distinction between business invitee and licensee in regard to a land occupier owing a duty to act as a "reasonable man" in rendering the property safe for others.

title: Invitee


text:
User talk:Billbrittjr

hello

title: User talk:Billbrittjr


text:
User talk:Mpbx3003

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 13:48, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Cliff Clavin
Given your usage of User:UBX/SaintCliff on your user page, I thought you might be interested in knowing that I added him to a Wikimedia vote on the Wikipedia mascot! Staxringold 19:28, 8 March 2006 (UTC) mpbx 22:48, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Pi Userbox
According to WP:GUS I have redirected your Pi userbox to point to this new one. --Richard0612 20:10, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

2007 America's Cup
The results of the Louis Vuitton Cup should be in the Louis Vuitton Cup article. Do you agree? Boatman 07:54, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

The new Louis Vuitton Cup 2007 article looks good. Thanks for considering my suggestion. Boatman 10:48, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Chelsea's new kit
Well, commenting on a kit which hasn't even been released yet is what I would call speculative, especially when by accompanied by phrases such as "appears to have...". As for being a news service, updates on every change to the club's kit, such as press releases and 'teasers' are not necessary, imo. Regards. SteveO 08:10, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

LA Galaxy
1. "as far as i'm concerned" isn't a good enough reason. The LA Galaxy, at least for the next 2 days still have, on their official site, the gold and green kit as their official kit. It will remain so until the new kit is OFFICIALLY unveiled by the team on the 13th. 2. Beckham is NOT listed on the official team site as wearing #23. Until it is listed on the site, and we see him on the 13th holding up a jersey with a number on it, anything else is original research.

If you don't want an edit war, then don't change anything from what is official at this time to something that COULD take place in two days time. It won't kill you to wait until official announcements are made from the team. I don't care what "shopadidas" shows on their website, the NFL.com website had Reggie Bush #5 jerseys on sale the day he was drafted...now he wears #25. When it's posted on the LA Galaxy website, then it's official. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Batman2005 19:29, 11 July 2007 (UTC) --207.28.0.5 19:05, 24 October 2007 (UTC) [[Media:Insert non-formatted text here]] == [Headline text][[

Link title
[[Media:$$Example.ogg$$ Insert non-formatted text here   Insert non-formatted text here  Insert non-formatted text here   ]]]] ==

User categories for discussion on -isms
Hi. A user category that you are in has been proposed for deletion at User categories for discussion. You are welcome to comment. Cheers! bd2412 T 02:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Care to take a gander over at global cooling?
I've got a frustrating situation over at global cooling where the global warming crowd are denying that there's anybody currently holding that we're in the lead in for a bout of global cooling. Whether we are or not is beyond me but it's rather obvious from even a cursory google search that some people do believe it so. They don't want to talk about it. They don't want to give any reason for challenging. It's the same old run around of asking for sources for everything including where the sun rises and challenging the sourcing until one gives up. Global Cooling is interesting because it's not structured as entirely a science article but rather a combination science and popular press article. They're denying that the popular press has any articles on it. TMLutas (talk) 01:15, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Celtic F.C. task force
Hello, you have a userbox which suggests you are a fan of Celtic F.C. I am hoping to start up a task force for Celtic at WikiProject Football. If you are interested please reply here. Thanks. Adam4267 (talk) 19:39, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mpbx3003


text:
All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union

All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union, founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi was the major sugar workers' trade union and the predominant Indo-Trinidadian voice in organised labour in Trinidad and Tobago between the 1930s and 1970s. Leadership of the trade union passed from Rienzi to the Vice President, McDonald Moses, then Bhadase Sagan Maraj, and later to Krishna Gowandan.

The ATSEFWU was displaced by the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union led by Basdeo Panday.


text:
Niagara Cantilever Bridge

The Niagara Cantilever Bridge or Michigan Central Railway Cantilever Bridge was a cantilever bridge across the Niagara Gorge. An international railway-only bridge between Canada and the United States, it connected Niagara Falls, New York, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, located just south of the Whirlpool Bridge, and opened to traffic in 1883, it was replaced by the Michigan Central Railway Steel Arch Bridge in 1925.

Background
Although British engineers suggested using the cantilever form as a replacement for non-statically determinate trusses as early as 1846, the first modern cantilever actually built was Heinrich Gerber's Hassfurt Bridge over the Main River in Germany (1867), with a central span of 38 m.

The next important cantilever was built by American engineer C. Shaler Smith, ten years later in 1877. It provided the first practical test of the application of the cantilever principle to long-span bridge design. He built what was then the world's longest cantilever for the Cincinnati Southern Railway over a 366 m wide and 84 m deep gorge of the Kentucky River near Dixville, Kentucky.

Other important counterbalanced spans are the Michigan Central Railroad bridge over the Niagara Gorge (this bridge), designed by Charles Conrad Schneider/Apolda in 1883. With cantilever arms supporting a simple suspended truss, this 151 m span and, the nearly identical Fraser River Bridge in British Columbia, Canada, directed the attention of the engineering world to this new bridge form. These two were the prototypes for subsequent cantilevers, the Poughkeepsie Bridge over the Hudson River in New York, Young's High Bridge over the Kentucky River, the Forth Bridge in Scotland, and the Quebec Bridge in Canada.

Construction history

The Michigan Central Railway Bridge was the dream of financier and railway developer Cornelius Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt needed a rail link between Canada and the USA, but was not prepared to pay the high rental price which the owners of the Lower Arch Bridge (the first railway bridge across the gorge) were asking.

Mr. Vanderbilt owned the Michigan Central Railway and had controlling interest in the Canada Southern Railway. In lieu of paying rent, he decided to build a new bridge. Vanderbilt formed the Niagara River Bridge Company and received a charter to build a new bridge from both the Canadian and US authorities.

On April 9, 1883, the Niagara River Bridge Company signed a contract with the Central Bridge Works Company of Buffalo New York to build this bridge. The chief engineer was Charles C. Schneider. This first bridge of cantilever design at Niagara, was built across the Niagara Gorge by engineer Edmund Hayes, of the Central Bridge Works Company, at a site just south of the Lower Arch Bridge. (the Whirlpool Bridge)

Construction of this bridge began on April 15, 1883. The contractors were working against a deadline of November 1. Every day afterwards, the contractor had to pay a penalty of $500 per day. The 40.3 meter (132.6 ft) high towers were completed on October 11. The contractor soon realized that it would not be possible to complete the bridge and railway tracks by November 1. They anticipated they could put 25 foot (7.6 m) sections onto each side of the bridge every two days and connect the center span in five days.

Each cantilever measuring 99 meters (325 ft) long and 7.9 meters (26 ft) high where they were anchored were in place by November 18. Two 7.5 meter (25 ft) long sections were attached and extended from each cantilever. The center span was measured and sent to the company's Buffalo, New York plant for fabrication. Each end was made of a section constructed of steel extending from each shoreline nearly half way across the gorge. Each section was supported near its center by a steel tower from which extended two lever arms, one reaching the shore while the other extended over the river 175 feet (53 m) beyond the towers. By the outer arm having no support and being subjected the same as the shore arm to the weight of the trains, a counter advantage is given to the shore arm being firmly anchored to the rock on shore. The towers on each side rose from the water level below. The bridge span was 495 feet (151 m). The ends of the cantilevers extended 395 feet (120 m) from the abutments leaving a gap of 120 feet (37 m) which was filled by an ordinary truss type bridge hung form the ends of the cantilever.

Provisions had been built into this bridge to allow for expansion and contraction, allowing the ends to move freely as the temperature changed. The total length of the bridge was 906 feet (276 m). It had a double track and had the capacity to bear the weight of two trains crossing at the same time producing a side pressure equal to a 75-mile per hour (120 km/h) wind. The railway was 240 feet (73 m) above the Niagara River.

On November 21, media reports indicated that the bridge had been completed, linking Canada and the USA together. On December 1, 1883, the bridge was officially completed. The bridge had cost $700,000 US dollars. On December 6, 1883 at 11:41 a.m., the first crossing of this new bridge was made. It consisted of an engine pulling a tender and passenger car. The passenger car carried a number of dignitaries including railway Superintendent G. H. Burrows.

Schneider's bridge had a useful life of over 40 years during a period when rolling stock on the railroads grew much heavier. The speed of erection of a new style bridge coupled with its performance made it one of the most innovative and significant bridges built in the world up to that time.

List of bridges across the Niagara River
The Niagara River saw the following crossings in the 19th century (in chronological order):
 * John Roebling's Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge,
 * Samuel Keefer's Honeymoon Bridge,
 * Edward Serrell's Lewiston-Queenston Bridge,
 * Schneider's cantilever (this bridge),
 * Leffert Buck's arch bridge at the falls
 * Buck's Niagara Railway Arch Bridge, built under and into the Roebling's suspension bridge.

Image links

 * From niagara.edu library collection construction image showing tower bent, shoreside falsework, and cantilever section with traveling cantilever crane
 * from niagara.edu library collection operation image showing two trains crossing
 * small image showing stabilising guy wires
 * Samuel J. Dixon crossing the Gorge on a high-wire on July 17, 1891
 * The Bridge in 1894
 * Testing the Cantilever Bridge with 20 locomotives Niagarapoetry.ca
 * Cantilever Bridge in front of Whirlpool Bridge arch railway bridge
 * other way round both from Niagara Falls Railway Museum

title: Niagara Cantilever Bridge


text:
Roy McDonald (poet)

Roy McDonald (4 June 1937 – 20 February 2018, approximation) was a poet, busker, author, philosopher and "professional conversationalist" in London, Ontario, Canada. He was well known for singing and reciting poetry in front of Joe Kool's Restaurant and Jim-Bob Ray's Bar on Richmond Street. For many years he stood at the northwest corner of Richmond and Dundas (the old centre of downtown London) and discussed the literary world with passersby. His long, grey beard, plastic bags filled with books and journals, tweed jacket, and habit of striking up friendly conversations with nearly everyone, making him a very recognizable and well-known figure around the city.

Life and career
McDonald grew his beard for decades. He claimed his was the longest at the 1969 Woodstock Music and Art Fair. His clothes often fell into disrepair, and he occasionally mended his pants with duct tape. He decorated his jacket with buttons. He was often referred to as the unofficial Mayor of Richmond Row, a colourful segment of Richmond Street located in downtown London. Contrary to what some believe, McDonald did live in a house, a home on Wellington Road near Whetter Avenue, the same home he grew up in.

Roy spent most of his life in London, but he also spent time in Montreal, where he developed a problem with alcohol. He had the will to quit drinking and was completely sober from age 38 until his death. Pocketman (Dorset Publishing 1979) by Don Bell, is a book of comedy loosely based on Roy's time in Montreal. Also there is a song called Pocketman that was written in 1977, two years prior to the book, by Jeff Rogers-Wardle that describes the first encounter Jeff had with Roy.

Death
McDonald was found dead in his home in London, Ontario on 21 February 2018, at the age of 80, after friends had reported to the police that they hadn't seen Roy around in a few weeks, so the exact date of his death is unknown. Even though McDonald had a zest for life, he was known to scoff at his own death. "If I die today," he once said, "I would die fulfilled."

Publishing efforts
Ergo Productions published both of McDonald's books. Living: A London Journal is a detailed account of a week in McDonald's life, and The Answer Questioned is one long pun-poem. They can be found in the London Public Library and the UWO library, and are carried in some bookstores, including the one at UWO.

Publications

 * The Answer Questioned Ergo Books, Chapbook 1970 ISBN 0-920516-04-1
 * Living: A London Journal Ergo Books, 1978 96 pages ISBN 0-920516-01-7

Discography

 * Souwesto Words: 25 poets in Southwestern Ontario Ergo Books 2002 Poets on the CD: Penn Kemp, John Tyndall, Molly Peacock, Emily Chung, Paul Langille, Sheila Martindale, Roy McDonald, Sadiqa Khan, Jan Figurski, Jody Trevail, Beryl Baigent, John B. Lee, Cornelia Hoogland, James Reaney, Colleen Thibaudeau, Michael Wilson, Aimee O'Beirn, Jason Dickson, Marianne Micros, Skot Deeming, Victor Elias, David J. Paul, April Bulmer, Julie Berry, Don Gutteridge.
 * An Evening With Roy & Wayne Pete Matthews productions
 * Roy & Wayne Live at Bean There Pete Matthews productions
 * . " Richmond Row Sound System "Featuring Roy McDonald" Available on Bandcamp http://richmondrow.bandcamp.com

Filmography

 * The Roy Chronicles, by Grant Cushman (for public access television)
 * Living On the Fringe, by Anna-Sophie Lunding
 * The Last of the Hippies, by Rico Medina
 * BEARD: A few moments in the life of Roy McDonald. A Play by Jason Rip 2000
 * Portrait of an Artist, a student film by Ryan Furlong, University of Western Ontario 2003
 * Roy, a student film by Josh Kish, Fanshawe College 2007

Cited sources

 * University of Western Ontario Archives
 * the late Win Schell, Ergo Books, London

title: Roy McDonald (poet)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Olchfa footbridge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was 7 votes to delete, 4 votes to keep... err... that is not a two thirds majority so this will have to be called a no consensus result (keep) Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:59, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Olchfa footbridge
This one probably goes without saying. Not specific enough to be relevant to a wider article on the school, area, or city. No significant history to separate it from millions of other unimportant footbridges. Might be worth keeping if there's somewhere to showcase examples of articles people shouldn't write. Otherwise, bin it.
 * Keep. It's a civic structure that has an appropriately sized article written about it.  I'd like to see an external reference or two, but other than that, this article appears to be pretty well complete and proper.  -- Un focused 15:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's not a "civic structure that has an appropriately sized article", it's an ordinary footbridge. You won't find an external reference, because it's an ordinary footbridge which is in no way, locally, historically, politically or architecturally important.  It's just one of millions of footbridges over millions of busy roads all over the world.  This bridge is less qualified than your average Wikipedia user to have an article.  This is "dangerous precedent" territory.  62.252.32.13 16:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I saw reference to "a number of accidents" prior to its installation. It's local importance is obvious for public safety.  There is no "dangerous precedent" unless you think we're running out of paper, which we're obviously not.  Average wikipedians are not civic structures; are not public works projects.  "Ordinary" is not equal to "worthless".  (Millions?  Really?  Where do you get that number?)  I could even see where a little more expansion would be welcome.  -- Un focused 17:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I say millions, based on the fact that UK railway network alone has some 10,000 footbridges across its length (around 2000 at stations), and that along 10 miles of major roads in this city, there are some 50 footbridges. I think millions around the world is a safe assumption.
 * Comment Find an appropriate place to MERGE it, and you'll have no complaint from me. -- Un focused 17:54, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment User:Thryduulf created this virtually all in one swoop, including the photos. Based on his other contributions, he's obviously a good contributor.  But he's on vacation until the 26th or 27th of this month, so this vote will be settled by the time he returns.  Please consider Jimbo Wales' opinion on what to do with trivial articles from good contributors. -- Un focused 12:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This doesn't in any way suggest anything remotely related to articles on trivial subjects. It deals with "X is a Y in Z", i.e. content-trivial, articles. 62.252.32.12 14:29, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, you didn't read the link I posted carefully enough. Jimbo Wales very specifically says "trivial articles".  He very specifically says to cut good contributors some slack on their addition of trivial articles, even if we wouldn't want thousands of such articles in the encyclopedia.  He's very clear about giving good contributors some room to do what interests them and that doing so is completely harmless and should be accomodated.  Nuking a good contributor's well written article while they're on vacation (that they even posted notice of on their user page) is a very unfriendly, anti-community thing to do.  I would suggest that we at least wait the additional week or two as a courtesy to  User:Thryduulf.  See WP:DICK -- Un focused 20:48, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, not notable. However this article may have some content (e.g. images) that should be included in the footbridge article, which is currently just a very short stub. KFP 17:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge somewhere per Unfocused. Kappa 21:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. RickK 21:52, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is this a joke?  It's a footbridge, people. Gamaliel 21:53, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a footbridge across a road, no more notable than the other million or so footbridges across roads.  Change a few names and dates, and this article could be about any of those million others. --Carnildo 21:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sub-trivial. Radiant_ >|< 09:02, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per the other delete votes. Quale 23:35, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Dare I say merge with the school? If no one makes an article about the school, keep until such time. --SPUI (talk) 14:09, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really specific to the school, so it wouldn't belong there. I would suggest merging into the city as a whole, if it weren't for the fact that there are too many footbridges to fit into the article, and they'd all need equal mention (NPOV, etc). 62.252.32.12 14:29, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia needs more well-researched and written articles of this nature, not less. Mundanity is in the eye of the beholder. Keep. --Centauri 04:38, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Phishing/archive1

Phishing
This article has been used three times as a source for articles written about Phishing in general. I nominated the article to be a featured article candidate, but the article failed the nomination, on the grounds that it has featured article potential, but it needs a peer review. The response sub page from the featured article nomination is here. --ZeWrestler 13:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The lead is too long for an article of this length. Either shorten the lead or expand the article. The external links section could use some cleaning. I would suggest sorting links based on subject and put the most important ones at the top. (An anti-phising site is useful, but shouldn't come before all sites with information on phishing itself). Mgm|(talk) 15:40, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have shortened the lead for the article, and put a good portion of it in a history section. I have also organized the links as you suggested.  Thanks for the input.  What other suggestions/improvements can be made here?? --ZeWrestler 02:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The first reference says (February 3) but the article states "2005-03-03". Regardless of the use of American or European standards for dating that would make it March 3. I would mention when articles were published for example: "Published: March 3, 2005" or even better "Retreived: March 3, 2005." You never know if the page ever gets updated. - Mgm|(talk) 11:10, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * what part of the article is this? --ZeWrestler 23:19, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, i see what you mean, and fixed up that section. What else do you see? --ZeWrestler 04:10, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this a good, timely article. It needs a little work though, before I think it could be a FAC:
 * The language style of Early History is too conversational — some examples:
 * "...AOL made tougher restrictions..." sounds odd to me. fixed
 * fixed--ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "...in around 1997..." gives you about a 3 year range! Can you be more precise?
 * fixed, but not 100% sure about the date, can someone look it up.
 * "...AOL got tough on that..." could be phrased more sharply.
 * Quotes around quotes, and quotes formatted more clearly.
 * Can someone else handel this one? --ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "So then the phishing moved..." – I was taught not to begin sentences with "so", "because" or "also" although I forget the precise grammatical issue. Anyway, it sounds too chatty. Something as simple as "The phishing then moved..." will fix these kinds of things, of which the article has a few.
 * Fixed up the mistakes mentioned here. I believe i got them all --ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The "first mention" ought surely to be the first thing mentioned — merge it into the first sentence or two.
 * I moved this to the opening paragraph --ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally, replace "--" with —, or – as appropriate.
 * I think i made the changes you recommended to this part, double check me on this. --ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC).
 * The Additional attack methods is really only one paragraph on the section title. The rest of it is advice. The two should be seperated, remembering that WP:NOT a FAQ. There are many detailed documents on the prevalent attack vectors which could really beef this section up; the challenge would be to do in broadly lay-persons terms.
 * This article in general suggests that phishing is (or, given the tenses used, was) an activity confined to AOL. I form this impression because all the current attacks (bank website etc etc) are 'relegated' to an 'additional' section. In fact, of course, it is these 'additional' methods that make phishing a clear and present danger. Some better structuring and retitling might benefit this.
 * Don't put presently current examples like the IDN spoofing in, particularly when the example cited is specific to one (minority) browser. Especially considering that the problem is solved merely by upgrading to the current version! I have concerns that this part of the article will be in need of constant revision and would probably preclude FA status on that basis — by the time it were featured it would be out of date. There is a separate debate over whether Wikipedia should attempt to catalogue all phising threats, but this article probably isn't a good place to pile them up.
 * Is the Wiki allowed to single Ebay out for an example?
 * When i added this section to the article, i was not singling out e-bay, i just picked a common e-mail attempt that has attempted to phish me on several occasions. I was using it as an example, not singling them out. -- ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Whew! That might seem like a lot, but much of it is minor and by no means intended to eat the article. Hope that helps -Splash 01:38, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I started making the corrections you suggested. If i wasn't so tired from work, i would attempt to do more.  If anyone else can help out and make some corrections to this as well, i'd be happy.  thank you for your suggestions splash.  I marked on them, which ones i fixed so far.  --ZeWrestler 04:07, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--Due to my job increasing my work load, and me having to study for the GRE exams, would it be possible for someone to take over this peer review of this article? -ZeWrestler 28 June 2005 12:03 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/Phishing/archive1


text:
Glasgow University Library

Glasgow University Library in Scotland is one of the oldest and largest university libraries in Europe. At the turn of the 21st century, the main library building itself held 1,347,000 catalogued print books, and 53,300 journals.

In total, the university library system including branch libraries now holds approximately 2.5 million books and journals, along with access to 1,853,000 e-books, and over 50,000 e-journals. The University also holds extensive archival material in a separate building. This includes the Scottish Business Archive, which alone amounts to 6.2 kilometres of manuscripts.

The current 12-storey building was opened in 1968 and is a prominent landmark in Glasgow's West End. In 2014, there were over 1.7 million visits made to the library.

History
The first explicit mention of the Library is dated November 1475, when the first donations by the University's Chancellor, Bishop John Laing, were recorded. After the Reformation the University of Glasgow and its Library were reinvigorated under the Principalship of Andrew Melville in 1574–1580. The Library grew steadily throughout the 18th century due largely to the fact that it was granted legal deposit status between 1709 and 1836. Legal deposit ceased in 1836 and the Library was granted an annual lump sum which allowed it to develop its collections in line with the University's teaching and research interests. The library of the royal physician to Queen Charlotte, William Hunter, received in 1807, comprised some 10,000 volumes that augmented the library's holdings by fifty per cent, and extended their reach well beyond the contemporary curriculum; of Hunter's 650 manuscript codices, over a hundred are illuminated, and his incunabula "accorded Glasgow a prominence that it could not have achieved with its own resources".

By 1888 the holdings of the Library had risen to around 150,000 volumes, due in part to large donations and contributions by wealthy private collectors, such as William Hunter, John Smith of Crutherland, George A. Walker Arnott, William Euing and David Murray.

Following the considerable expansion of the university buildings in the 1630s onwards, the first purpose-built Library for the university was designed by William Adam and opened in 1744 at the Old College in High Street. From 1870 until 1968, the University Library was housed within the main Gilbert Scott Building in Gilmorehill. The old Library closed in July 1968 and the new building opened to readers on 30 September 1968.

Current building
Designed by William Whitfield, the present 12-storey library was constructed in 1968 and extended in the 1980s and 1990s. It formed the centerpiece of the new campus buildings built across Hillhead during the 1960s. In line with architectural fashion of the period (Edinburgh University Library opened its new eight storey main library in a similar style in 1967), it is of Brutalist design, being clad in Precast concrete flint aggregate panels. (However,, the building was overclad in an "aluminum rain screen system" due to deterioration of the original panels.) The main library floors are stacked in a central core with the peripheral towers containing services. The cluster of towers are reminiscent of San Gimignano, and form part of a complex that also incorporates the Hunterian Art Gallery. The original building has been extensively refurbished to facilitate a modern information technology environment. The library has collections ranging from astronomy to zoology, as well as a world-class Special Collections department. Special Collections on level 12 has an internationally significant collection of manuscripts and printed works. In the foyer, there is a display area featuring changing exhibitions of rare material from their collections. In 1993 the Glasgow University Library complex was selected by the international conservation organisation DoCoMoMo as one of sixty key Scottish monuments of the post-war era.

Open 361 days of the year, the library provides a resource not only for the academic community in Glasgow but also for scholars worldwide. There are study spaces for more than 2500 students, with over 800 computers. Wi-Fi access is available throughout the building. A new cafe and social learning space was opened in 2009, followed by an exhibition gallery, and a level dedicated to post-graduate study. In 2016 the main entrance level was totally reconstructed in an open configuration, including a new Conservation Studio, and at the same time, the basement area has been reformed to become a further study area.

The library staff comprises a team of over three hundred daytime, evening, and weekend staff. The University Librarian from 1 August 2015 is Susan Ashworth. The Friends of Glasgow University Library, an educational charity formed in 1976, is open to public membership, promotes the Library and its work, and each year presents a series of talks and events. The first fully illustrated account of the Library and its unique and distinctive collections, from 1451 to the present day, "The University of Glasgow Library: Friendly Shelves" was published in June 2016, with Forewords by The Chancellor Professor Sir Kenneth Calman and the Principal Anton Muscatelli.

Notable collections
The Library incorporates the Archives of the University of Glasgow accumulated since 1451, and the Scottish Business Archive of internationally important collections of business records covering the whole of Scotland and its global trades from the 18th century to the present.

The Library's Special Collections are classed as being of national and international importance. Its subject strengths include art, languages, literature, history, and the history of law, science, and medicine, represented by over 200,000 manuscript items and around 200,000 printed works (1,060 of which are incunabula, printed before 1501.) The holdings of medieval and renaissance manuscripts, and emblem literature, are of international status. Collections include those of George Buchanan from 1578, the Hunterian Library, the Stirling Maxwell Collection including emblem literature from 1531 onwards, the James McNeill Whistler Archive, the Euing Collection of music and Bibles, the Dougan Collection of early photography including Hill & Adamson, the modern Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks and the Scottish Theatre Archive.

The library is the only European Documentation Centre (EDC) in the west of Scotland, and one of the largest in the UK. The EDC is part of the Maps, Official Publications, and Statistics Unit on Level 7. The centre contains full texts of legislation and proposed legislation, as well as reports and statistics from the European Union.

Specialist collections for veterinary medicine, dentistry, and chemistry are held in separate branch libraries around campus. Other notable collections include music scores, Russian and East European material, and significant 18th- and 19th-century print books and journals at the Library Research Annexe. The 2015 public exhibition in the adjacent Hunterian Art Gallery, Ingenious Impressions -The Coming of the Book, showcased the incunabula collection. A web catalogue of these rarities has been created.

title: Glasgow University Library