text:
Sant Boi

Sant Boi, Catalan for Saint Baudilus, may refer to:

 * Sant Boi Bridge, first steel structure in the high-speed railway joining the city of Madrid and Barcelona
 * Sant Boi de Llobregat, town in the comarca of Baix Llobregat
 * Sant Boi (Llobregat–Anoia Line), railway station in the municipality of Sant Boi de Llobregat
 * Sant Boi de Llobregat Museum, museum in Sant Boi de Llobregat
 * Sant Boi de Lluçanès, municipality in the comarca of Osona

title: Sant Boi


text:
Talk:Pembroke College, Oxford

[Untitled]
Eric Perlmutter was voted an honorary member of the Pembroke College JCR last night (June 12th, 2005.) To our knowledge, this is the first time a current undergraduate member of another Oxford college has had such an honor bestowed upon him. Mr. Perlmutter received this honor because he is a highly integrated member of the college and has consistently lived up to its highest standards. This information may be confirmed with Pembroke JCR President Tristan de Souza. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.42.212 (talk • contribs) 18:47, 13 Jun 2005

 * But who is this person? Why should anyone outside Pembroke care, and what will they learn when they see this? Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:27, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

College templates
I have created a series of templates for former students of Oxford's various colleges. There are still plenty to do, but if you want to add one of the templates to your user page then feel free. See Userboxes/Education/United Kingdom/University of Oxford for complete list. Please contact me if you would like another college fast-tracked... Deano 18:18, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Michael Bettaney
Does my memory deceive me, or was Michael Bettaney a Pembrokian? William Avery 12:29, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I see "Mr Michael J Bettaney" is listed as a lost member at http://www.pmb.ox.ac.uk/Alumni/Lost_Members/1960s.php William Avery (talk) 07:22, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll add him to the alumni list in that case.  DJR  ( T ) 15:17, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

File:UK-2014-Oxford-Pembroke College 04.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:UK-2014-Oxford-Pembroke College 04.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on June 19, 2016. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2016-06-19. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 01:33, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

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 * Tolkien 1916.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pembroke College, Oxford


text: User talk:81.86.97.189

title: User talk:81.86.97.189


text: User talk:84.65.28.152

title: User talk:84.65.28.152


text:
Fedora (opera)

Fedora is an opera in three acts by Umberto Giordano to an Italian libretto by Arturo Colautti, based on the 1882 play Fédora by Victorien Sardou. Along with Andrea Chénier and Siberia, it is one of the most notable works of Giordano.

It was first performed at the Teatro Lirico in Milan on 17 November 1898 conducted by the composer; Gemma Bellincioni created the role of Fedora with Enrico Caruso as her lover, Loris Ipanov.

Composition history
In 1889, Umberto Giordano saw Sardou's play Fédora at the Teatro Bellini di Napoli, with Sarah Bernhardt (for whom the play was written) in the title role. The play was popular, and the hat "fedora" was named after it. He immediately asked Sardou for permission to base an opera on the play, and Sardou initially refused because, at the time, Giordano was a relatively unknown composer. Following the premiere of his 1894 Regina Diaz, Giordano's publisher, Edoardo Sonzogno, asked Sardou again. However, Sardou demanded what Sozogno considered an exorbitant fee. It was only on the third attempt, and after Giordano's success with Andrea Chénier in 1896, that an agreement was reached to go ahead with the opera.

Performance history
Its first performance took place in Milan at the Teatro Lirico Internazionale. Gemma Bellincioni sang the role of Fedora, and Enrico Caruso was Loris Ipanov. The opera had great success on its opening night, and was soon brought to the Vienna Staatsoper by Mahler, and then to Paris where it was reportedly admired by Massenet and Saint-Saëns.

Fedora received its US premiere on 5 December 1906 at the New York Metropolitan Opera, with Caruso as Count Loris, Lina Cavalieri as Fedora, and Arturo Vigna conducting. The opera received eight performances during the Met's 1906/1907 and 1907/1908 seasons, and was revived in the 1920s when it received 25 more performances between 1923 and 1926. By the mid-20th century, however, operatic tastes had changed, and outside of Italy the opera was performed less often. In Italy it maintained its popularity during the 50s, 60s and 70s, serving as a vehicle for celebrated sopranos and tenors such as Maria Caniglia, Maria Callas, Renata Tebaldi, Magda Olivero, Antonietta Stella, Marcella Pobbe, Giuseppe di Stefano, and Mario del Monaco.

The 1990s saw a resurgence of interest in Fedora, with new productions at the Vienna Staatsoper, La Scala, New York's Metropolitan Opera, Chicago Lyric Opera, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Washington National Opera and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Notable singers in post-1990 productions include Mirella Freni, Renata Scotto, Agnes Baltsa, Katia Ricciarelli, and Maria Guleghina as Fedora; and Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, and José Cura as Loris. Among Fedora's more recent performances are those at the Vienna Staatsoper in 2003, La Scala in 2004, London's Holland Park Opera in 2006, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 2022/2023.

Act 1
''St. Petersburg, 1881. A winter's night in the palace of Count Vladimir Andrejevich''

Princess Fedora, who is to marry Count Vladimir Andrejevich the following day, arrives and sings of her love for him ("Quanti fior ... Ed ecco il suo ritratto"), unaware that the dissolute Vladimir has betrayed her with another woman. The sound of sleigh-bells is heard and Vladimir is brought in, mortally wounded. Doctors and a priest are summoned, and the servants are questioned (Dimitri: "Signore, alle otto e mezzo"; Cirillo: "Egli mi disse"). Fedora swears on the jeweled Byzantine cross she is wearing (aria: "Dite coragio ... Su questa santa Croce") that Andrejevich's death will be avenged. It is proposed that Count Loris Ipanov, a suspected Nihilist sympathizer, was probably the assassin. De Siriex (a diplomat) and Gretch (a police inspector) plan an investigation.

Act 2
Paris

Fedora has followed Ipanov to Paris to avenge Vladimir's death. There is a reception at Fedora's house, where the Countess Olga Sukarev introduces the virtuoso Polish pianist Boleslao Lazinski. De Siriex sings about Russian women ("La donna russa è femmina due volte"); Olga counters with an aria comparing Parisian gentlemen with the wine of the widow Veuve Clicquot ("Eccone un altro più somigliante ancor"). Ipanov arrives and declares his love for Fedora ("Amor ti vieta"). While Lazinski plays for the party-goers, Fedora tells Ipanov that she is returning to Russia the following day. He is desperate because he has been exiled from Russia and cannot follow her; he confesses that he killed Vladimir. Fedora asks him to return after the reception is over to tell her the whole story. When she is alone, Fedora writes a letter to the chief of the Imperial Police in Russia accusing Ipanov of Vladimir's murder. Ipanov returns and explains that he killed Vladimir because Vladimir and Ipanov's wife Wanda were lovers. Ipanov had discovered them together. Vladimir shot at Ipanov and wounded him. Ipanov returned fire, killing Vladimir. Fedora realizes that she has fallen in love with Ipanov and that he killed not for political ends, but to defend himself and his honor. They embrace and she convinces him to spend the night with her.

Act 3
The Bernese Oberland in Switzerland

Ipanov and Fedora are now lovers (his brief aria: "Te sola io guardo") and living in her villa. With them is her friend, Olga, who sings an aria about bicycling ("Se amor ti allena", sometimes omitted). De Siriex arrives. He teases Olga about her previous lover Lazinski ("Fatevi cor, Contessa!") and invites her on a bicycle ride. He tells Fedora that as a result of the letter she wrote to the police chief, Ipanov's brother Valeriano was arrested for his role in the plot to murder Vladimir and imprisoned in a fortress on the Neva river. One night the river flooded and Valeriano drowned. When Ipanov's mother heard the news, she collapsed and died. Fedora is anguished – she has caused two deaths ("Dio di giustizia"). Ipanov receives a letter from a friend in Russia informing him of his mother's and brother's deaths and that the cause was a woman living in Paris who had written a letter denouncing him to the police. Fedora confesses to writing the letter and begs Ipanov's forgiveness. When he initially refuses and curses her, Fedora swallows poison which she keeps hidden in the cross she always wears. Ipanov begs the doctor to save her but it is too late. Fedora dies in Ipanov's arms.

Noted aria
"Amor ti vieta" ("Love forbids you") is the most famous aria from the opera and is often sung by tenors in recitals, especially as an encore piece. This short aria (approximately 1:51 minutes) is sung by Count Loris when he declares his love to Fedora in Act II. An immediate favourite with the audience, it was encored by Enrico Caruso on the opera's opening night. Caruso can be heard singing the aria, accompanied on the piano by Giordano himself, on Volume 1 of Enrico Caruso – The Complete Opera Recordings (Naxos 8.110703). This recording was made in 1902.

title: Fedora (opera)


text:
Korea Ponghwa General

Korea Ponghwa General Corporation (Chosongul: 조선봉화 총회사) is an industrial group headquartered in Pyongyang, North Korea.

Products
Ponghwa produces knitwear, business suits, underwear, shoes, nylon rucksacks and bags, winter coats, skiwear, sportswear, golf bags, and hockey bags. The company is involved in Korea's eelskin garment and accessory industry. Ponghwa also produces embroidery. It produces much of its own packaging material at a polystyrene plastics facility.

The company owns non-ferrous metals processing facilities, fisheries, and produces mushrooms and vegetables such as broad bellflower and aralia.

The company imports sport fishing equipment, packing materials and high-pressure polyethylene. It owns restaurants and shops.

Factories

 * Changgwang Export Clothing Factory(창광수출피복공장)
 * Okryu Export Clothing Factory(옥류수출피복공장)
 * Munsu Export Clothing Factory(문수수출피복공장)
 * Ragwon Export Clothing Factory(락원수출피복공장)
 * Mangyongdae Export Clothing Factory(만경대수출피복공장)
 * Nampho Light Industry Factory(남포경공업공장)
 * Pyongyang Chewing Gum Factory

title: Korea Ponghwa General


text:
User talk:Tom Alsberg

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Phroziac (talk) 17:52, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Tom Alsberg


text:
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship

The NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling world championship in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). Created in 1943, the title is competed for by junior heavyweight wrestlers.

History
The first NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion was Ken Fenelon, who was awarded the title in May 1943 by Paul "Pinkie" George, the promoter of the local National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) promotion. For the first few years of its existence, the title was contested largely in Iowa, where George's NWA promotion was based. On July 14, 1948, the NWA was established by George and his partners as a governing body for various regional wrestling promotions in the United States, after which the World Junior Heavyweight Championship became the property of the alliance. At the founding meeting of the NWA governing body in Waterloo, Iowa, Billy Goelz was recognized as the governing body's World Junior Heavyweight Champion; the governing body additionally retroactively recognized all previous holders of the Iowa championship as former NWA World Junior Heavyweight champions.

Between 1948 and 1952, the title was unified with other junior heavyweight titles. After becoming NWA champion in November 1949, Leroy McGuirk, who also held the National Wrestling Association's World Junior Heavyweight Championship, defeated Iowa Champion Billy Goelz to unify the two titles. McGuirk vacated the title in February 1950 after being blinded in a car accident, forcing him to retire. Verne Gagne won the vacant title in November 1950, defeating Sonny Myers in the finals of a tournament, after which he was presented with the title belt by McGuirk. Gagne lost the title to Danny McShain one year later in November 1951. In May 1952, McShain unified the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship with the Los Angeles version of the World Junior Heavyweight Championship by defeating Rito Romero.

In 1960, Danny Hodge had a heated feud with Angelo Savoldi over the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship. During a bout between the two men on May 27, 1960 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hodge's father Bill Hodge Sr. entered the ring and legitimately stabbed Savoldi.

In 1973, Wrestling Pro of the Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling (GCCW) promotion faced Ken Mantell for the championship. During the match, the referee was knocked out and Wrestling Pro won the match, but a second referee appeared and awarded the victory to Mantell. The promoter Bob Kelly declared Wrestling Pro as the new champion and awarded him a title belt. However, Wrestling Pro was recognized as champion only in the GCCW territory and did not receive universal recognition from the NWA. 49 days after his initial loss, Mantell defeated Wrestling Pro to claim both versions of the title.

In March 1976, Hodge vacated the title after being injured in a car accident, marking the end of his record seventh reign as champion.

In December 1979, after the title was vacated, Steve Keirn defeated Chavo Guerrero in the finals of a tournament to win the title. However, Keirn was recognized as champion by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), as well as the Los Angeles and Florida NWA territories, but not by the NWA as a whole. The title Keirn held was later renamed the NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship.

In 1983, the title had splintered into two different lineages. The NWA recognized champion was The Cobra, who worked for NJPW. The Cobra held the title from November 3, 1983 until July 28, 1985, when he lost it against Hiro Saito. However, he regained the title that same day. The Cobra's second reign as champion continued until August 1, 1985, when NJPW separated from the NWA. During the course of The Cobra's reigns, Les Thornton was recognized as champion by Georgia Championship Wrestling. The Georgia title was vacated when Thornton joined the NWA's rival the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Following Thornton's move to the WWF, Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) awarded the title to Hector Guerrero on July 13, 1984, with JCP claiming that Guerrero had won a tournament for the championship in Los Angeles, California. Guerrero later lost the championship in a match against Mike Davis and, at Starrcade '84, Davis lost the title to Denny Brown. When NJPW separated from the NWA in August 1985, NWA vice president Shohei Baba recognized Brown as the official champion. In May 1988, champion Nelson Royal left JCP while holding the title, after which the championship began being defended in independent promotions until it was abandoned in December 1989.

In 1995, the championship was re-established by Japan's Wrestle Yume Factory (WYF) promotion, with Masayoshi Motegi being the first champion under the WYF banner. In 1996, the J-Crown tournament was held to unify eight different championship belts from five different organizations, including the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship. The tournament to determine the first J-Crown Champion was held over four nights, from August 2 to August 5, 1996, the same dates that NJPW's annual G1 Climax event took place, promoting two major tournaments on one tour. Jushin Thunder Liger is credited with coming up with the idea for the J-Crown. The inaugural champion was The Great Sasuke. While Último Dragón was J-Crown Champion, the titles appeared on World Championship Wrestling (WCW) programming, as Dragon also held the WCW Cruiserweight Championship and the NWA World Middleweight Championship at the time. When Liger was champion, he lost the WAR International Junior Heavyweight Championship to Yuji Yasuraoka on June 6, 1997, in Tokyo, Japan. Liger, however, continued to defend the J-Crown with seven titles instead of eight. As part of their introduction of a new WWF Light Heavyweight Championship, the WWF demanded that the then current J-Crown Champion Shinjiro Otani return the WWF Light Heavyweight belt. Otani dissolved the J-Crown on November 5, 1997, by vacating all of the component titles except for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, with the other belts being restored to their home promotions. After the dissolution of the J-Crown, the Junior Heavyweight title was returned to the NWA, who kept it vacant until March 1999, when Logan Caine won a tournament to become champion.

In 2011, The Sheik was the NWA World Heavyweight Champion but was stripped of the championship for refusing to defend against Adam Pearce. The NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion Craig Classic vacated the title in protest. Pro Wrestling Zero1 did not recognize the vacancy and declared Classic as the real champion.

In 2014, NWA re-established its working relationship with NJPW. The champion at that time, Chase Owens, defended the title on several NJPW events. During the working relationship, Jushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask IV held the title. On May 1, 2017, Billy Corgan's company, Lightning One, Inc., purchased the NWA, including its name, rights, trademarks, and championships. As a result, the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship was vacated. Corgan's ownership took effect on October 1, 2017. The title remained vacant until March 2022 when Homicide won the title on night two of the 2022 Crockett Cup.

Reigns
As of July 29, 2024, there have been 130 reigns reigns between 80 champions, 15 vacancies and one deactivation. Ken Fenelon was the inaugural champion. Danny Hodge	holds the record for most reigns at seven. Hodge's fourth reign is the longest at 1,361 days while Fred Blassie's and Hiro Saito's were the shortest, lasting less than a day.

Alex Taylor is the current champion in his first reign. He won the title by defeating previous champion Joe Alonzo on June 28, 2023, as NWA: Chicago's Endless Summer in Highland Park, Illinois.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tennis related movies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:15, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Tennis related movies
This article was previously marked as {{d}} but it does not quite qualify as such. The question is should we have an article that lists Tennis related movies. I abstain. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 17:53, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Two whole movies!  This is not much of a list.  It could possibly be merged into tennis, but the list on its own is pointless unless a lot of detail can be added.  Sonic Mew 18:01, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I don't think that too much people are interested in this to be a whole separate article. Varnav 18:09, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As a general rule, I don't think lists are encyclopedic. --Xcali 18:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete - more vandalism from Ozdusters. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:51, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikia c c 21:02, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete double default with this article. Game set and match. JamesBurns 06:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic. Radiant_ >|< 08:06, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Korea Unha General Trading

Korea Unha General Trading Corporation (Chosongul: 조선은하무역총회사) is headquartered in Pyongyang, North Korea. It exports clothing and spring water, and imports textile and shoe industry raw materials, grain, gasoline and diesel oil. The company has a number of subsidiaries and has plants inside and outside North Korea. It was chartered in July 1976 and was one of the country's largest garment exporters.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea, textile factories of the Korea Unha General Trading Company largely suspended operations because of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting shipments from China.

title: Korea Unha General Trading


text:
Lapillus

Lapillus (: lapilli) may refer to:

 * Lapilli, a size classification term for tephra
 * One of the otoliths in finfish
 * Lapillus (group), a South Korean girl group

title: Lapillus


text:
Harry and the Hendersons

Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow, Melinda Dillon, Don Ameche, David Suchet, Margaret Langrick, Joshua Rudoy, Lainie Kazan, and Kevin Peter Hall. Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer, while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry. The film tells the story of a Seattle family's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot, partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest, California, and other parts of both the United States and Canada over three centuries. In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near Interstate 90 and the town of Index near US 2, as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle.

Harry and the Hendersons grossed $50 million worldwide. It won an Oscar for Best Makeup at the 60th Academy Awards, and inspired a television spin-off of the same name. In the United Kingdom, the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons, though the television series retained the American title. The DVD and all current showings of the film in the UK now refer to the film by its original title.

Plot
Following a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains, George Henderson drives home to suburban Seattle with his family when he hits a Bigfoot with his station wagon. Believing it to be dead and the key to fame and fortune, the family straps the creature to the roof of their car. A hunter tracking the creature discovers the Hendersons' damaged license plate.

That night, George goes to examine the Bigfoot and discovers it was alive and has escaped. He finds the creature in the kitchen, having knocked over the refrigerator while looking for food. The family realizes that he is intelligent and friendly, and George decides to return him to the wilderness. Naming the Bigfoot "Harry", George tries to lure him into the station wagon, but Harry becomes upset and runs off.

Saddened, the family attempt to resume their normal lives, but sightings of Harry become more frequent as media fervor heightens. George tries to find Harry and visits the "North American Museum of Anthropology" to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood, a supposed expert on Bigfoot. Giving his phone number to the museum clerk, George resumes his search. The legendary French-Canadian hunter-turned-Bigfoot-tracker, Jacques LaFleur, finds the Henderson household. George follows a Bigfoot sighting into the city while Harry evades hunters and the police as he attempts to find safety. George saves Harry from LaFleur, who is arrested, and reunites him with the Henderson family.

George invites Dr. Wrightwood to dinner. He urges the Hendersons to give up on Bigfoot as it has destroyed his life but then meets Harry, restoring his enthusiasm. Bailed out of jail, LaFleur travels to the Henderson house. Harry and the Hendersons escape with Dr. Wrightwood in his truck, and LaFleur gives chase. Fleeing to the mountains, George tries to force Harry to leave. Confused and upset, Harry departs, but LaFleur tracks and attempts to shoot him. Harry subdues LaFleur, and George intervenes when LaFleur attempts to escape. LaFleur gives up the hunt when he realizes that Harry is more than a simple beast.

As the family says goodbye, George tells Harry to take care of himself, to which he replies, "Okay" – revealing he has the ability to learn language. As Harry leaves, three other hiding Bigfoots and one adolescent emerge and disappear into the wilderness with Harry as the Henderson family watches.

Music
Bruce Broughton composed the film's original score, and co-wrote "Love Lives On" with Barry Mann (music), Cynthia Weil (lyrics) and Will Jennings (lyrics), performed by Joe Cocker over the end credits (in place of Broughton's planned end title cue); the soundtrack version of "Love Lives On" has a saxophone solo on a single and was later released as a single. MCA Records released a soundtrack album on record and cassette; in 2007, Intrada Records issued an expanded album, marking the music's premiere CD release, with the exceptions of the original album version of "Love Lives On" and "Your Feet's Too Big".

2007 Intrada album
The album begins with the film version of "Love Lives On", which has a flute solo, rather than the guitar heard on the single and on the 1987 soundtrack album.

Personnel on "Love Lives On"
 * Joe Cocker – vocals
 * Robbie Kilgore – keyboards
 * Dan Hartman – additional keyboards
 * Phil Grande – all guitars
 * Kevin Totoian – bass
 * David Beal – drums
 * Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone solo
 * Lawrence Feldman – tenor saxophone intro and ending

Box office
Harry and the Hendersons opened third behind Beverly Hills Cop II and The Untouchables. It went on to gross $29.8 million at the North American box office and $20.2 million internationally for a total of $50 million worldwide.

Critical response
Harry and the Hendersons earned mixed reviews from professional critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 45% based on reviews from 22 critics, with an average rating of 5.2/10.

Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times commended Lithgow's performance and the film's "technical triumphs", the latter of which he noted "seem to overpower its weak, juiceless [...] gags". Dave Kehr, writing for The Chicago Tribune, wrote that the film "takes a leisurely spin through the standard Spielberg themes, without gathering the visual grandeur or emotional extravagance that are Spielberg's trademarks". Both Wilmington and Kehr noted an influence of Spielberg on director William Dear, with Wilmington calling Dear "a film maker immersing himself so thoroughly in the sensibility of another that he disappears--like a drowning man sinking slowly beneath waves of chocolate"; Kehr wrote that "[Dear's] personality seems wholly subsumed by Spielberg's."

Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert reviewed the film negatively, with Siskel calling it "a very manipulative movie that anyone who's seen E.T. has seen before", and Ebert stating that "What it lacks is any sense of awe about the fact there could be a Bigfoot, an unknown creature living in the woods with a mind of its own, [...] Harry is so cute, so gentle, so lovable that there is no sense of mystery and no sense of awe. There's no belief that he's really Bigfoot."

In 2007, Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson gave the film a score of two out of four stars, writing that "Just as Mac and Me eventually devolved into a feature-length commercial for McDonald's, Harry and the Hendersons eventually emerges as a vegetarian screed."

Home media
The film was released in December 1987 on LaserDisc, and was also released on VHS. It was later released on DVD in January 2011. A single-disc Blu-ray of the film was released on March 4, 2014.

Television spin-off
The film had a television series spin-off, also called Harry and the Hendersons. Kevin Peter Hall reprised Harry until his death in 1991. After that, Harry was performed by Dawan Scott in 1991-1992 and by Brian Steele in 1992–1993. Harry's vocal effects were provided by Patrick Pinney. Leon Redbone's version of "Your Feet's Too Big" was used as its theme song.

title: Harry and the Hendersons


text:
Gaspar de Lemos

Gaspar de Lemos (15th century) was a Portuguese explorer and captain of the supply ship of Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet that arrived to Brazil. Gaspar de Lemos was sent back to Portugal with news of their discovery and was credited by the Viscount of Santarém as having discovered the Fernando de Noronha archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

Personal life
Very little is known about the life of Gaspar de Lemos. It is postulated that he was a part of the Morgada family, originally from the Kingdom of Galiza, but came to Portugal during the reign of Afonso IV (1325–1357). Upon his arrival back to Europe after participation in the exploration of the new world, the name Gaspar de Lemos disappears from the historical record, only to reappear later between 1536 and 1537 in India, under the service of Martim Afonso de Sousa. No further information has been discovered.

Discoveries and Expeditions
Gaspar de Lemos was the commander of a supply ship from Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet. Cabral chose him to return to Portugal after the sighting of the new world to let King Manuel I know of its existence. Lemos returned to Portugal bringing Pedro Vaz de Caminha's letter announcing the "discovery" of Brazil.

This expedition is credited with:
 * The discovery of the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha
 * The discovery of the bay that he named Bay of All Saints on November 1, 1501
 * The discovery of the Bay of Guanabara, which he mistook as a river and named Rio de Janeiro on January 1, 1502
 * The discovery of the island of São Vicente, on January 22, 1502.

Discovery of Brazil
The Florentine Amerigo Vespucci, with his four sailing ships that sailed from Cadiz on May 18, 1499, made a stopover in the Canaries, and in twenty-four days of crossing they reached the shores of the present Guiana. Here they divided: two, with Hojeda and the pilot Juan de la Cosa, headed north to recognize the coasts already sighted by Columbus; two, under the command of Vespucci, turned at noon, in search of the legendary Capo Cattigare, the promontory placed by Ptolemy at 9° of southern latitude, to try to reach, beyond that, the Sinus Magnus. On this trip Vespucci discovered, six months before Vincenzo Yáñez Pinzón, the river of the Amazons, that he went up for tens of miles and, after having cut for first the Equator to the west, he went beyond the 6° of south latitude. So it was officially Amerigo Vespucci who discovered Brazil a few months before Pedro Álvares Cabral.

title: Gaspar de Lemos


text:
Talk:The Man Who

Fair use rationale for Image:200px-TheManWhoalbumcover.jpg
Image:200px-TheManWhoalbumcover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Travis - The Man Who album cover.jpg
Image:Travis - The Man Who album cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:15, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Foxy Lady Sample
Surprised nobody has mentioned the sample from the beginning of Jimi Hendrix' Foxy Lady in the middle of As You Are. It's a little pitch shifted if I recall correctly. I'd add it to the article myself, but it's my own OR so far as I cannot find it online anywhere. -- But | seriously | folks   22:39, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Man Who


text:
Louise Tracy

Louise Ten Broeck Tracy (née Treadwell; July 31, 1896 – November 13, 1983) was the founder of the John Tracy Clinic, a private, non-profit education center for the deaf that began in 1942. She was married to the Academy Award-winning actor Spencer Tracy.

Family
Tracy was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Her parents were Alliene Wetmore and Bright (Smith) Treadwell. Alliene Treadwell was a prominent attorney and part owner of the New Castle Daily News in New Castle. Tracy's parents divorced when she was a teenager.

Tracy sought a career in vaudeville in 1914, but after less than a year in New York City she returned to New Castle and taught dancing. After graduating from Lake Erie College in 1917, she worked for a newspaper and taught school while she pursued a career as a stage actor, primarily in stock companies. In early March 1923, Louise joined the Leonard Wood Players in White Plains, New York, which engaged her as the leading lady. There, she met actor Spencer Tracy, who had also joined the company. On September 12, 1923, Louise and Spencer were married in Cincinnati, Ohio.

On June 26, 1924, Louise and Spencer's first child, John, was born. Nine months later, Louise discovered that John was hearing impaired. Early in 1926 Louise met a deaf woman at a contract bridge party who could lip read very well, encouraging Louise that John might have a normal life in spite of his deafness. She took John to a hearing specialist, who confirmed a diagnosis of nerve deafness. The doctor told Louise that even though there was no medical treatment, John could still learn how to talk, lip read, and do anything a hearing person could do.

With new hope, Louise began working with John, using material from different schools. In 1927, John spoke the word "Mama" for the first time. In June 1927, John was enrolled in the Wright Oral School for the deaf in New York City. At three years of age, he was the youngest child they had ever accepted.

In the summer of 1930, Spencer Tracy went to Hollywood, California, to make his first film. John and Louise also traveled to Hollywood while Spencer was filming. On the train back to New York, John was struck with infantile paralysis.

In July 1932, the Tracys' daughter Susie was born, and by March 1935, the family moved to a ranch in Encino, California, where they lived for 19 years. During the 1930s, Louise and Spencer both began playing polo and became accomplished players.

Spencer and Louise separated in 1933, though they reconciled in 1935. There was never again an official separation between Tracy and his wife, but the marriage continued to be troubled. Tracy increasingly lived in hotels and by the 1940s, the two were effectively living separate lives. Throughout their marriage, Spencer frequently engaged in extramarital affairs, including those with actresses Loretta Young, Joan Crawford, Myrna Loy, Ingrid Bergman, and Gene Tierney.

In 1942, Spencer co-starred with actress Katharine Hepburn in the film Woman of the Year. The pair famously began a long-term romantic relationship that lasted until Spencer's death in 1967. During this time, Spencer and Louise became estranged, but they never divorced. When he died, he left his entire estate, worth around US$500000 1967, to her, their two children, and his brother.

The John Tracy Clinic
In July 1942, Louise Tracy spoke for the first time on her experience as the mother of a deaf child at the University of Southern California at a banquet for the National Workshop of Social Workers and teachers and Parents of the Hard of Hearing. Louise spoke frequently and with increasing skill to numerous clubs and groups. It was during this time, that she and a group of mothers of deaf children decided to start a school in Los Angeles for young deaf children and their parents. The John Tracy Clinic, named after her son, was the result.

During the first years of the John Tracy Clinic, and particularly the first few months, Louise established many of the aspects of the Clinic's philosophy. She stressed the importance of parents being involved in the education of their children at a very young age and set up a program for them. Louise firmly believed that the Clinic should offer both information and support at no charge to make them more accessible to children and families in need; as such, many of the clinic's services were free, including hearing screenings and services for families to better help care for their deaf children. The John Tracy Clinic was also the first preschool in the nation to offer free emotional support and information for families; aside from those services, it also offered families affected by deafness a sense of community.

Louise's husband Spencer supported her work with the Clinic and was its sole financial support in the beginning. In April 1951, Spencer turned the world premiere of his new film, Father's Little Dividend, at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, into a building fund-raiser for the Clinic's new site. Spencer's support was always strong, and over the years he personally donated more than a half a million dollars to the Clinic. His admiration for his wife was another constant. At the dedication of the new Clinic building in 1952, he said to the visiting dignitaries, staff and press:

"'You honor me because I am a movie actor, a star in Hollywood terms. Well, there's nothing I've ever done that can match what Louise has done for deaf children and their parents.'"

Recognition
Louise Tracy was honored with many awards during the 1950s. These included the Hearing Advancement Award from the Lions Club Hearing Foundation in 1951, the Testimonial of Merit/Woman of the Year award from the La Sertoma International organization in 1953, and the Sixth Annual Award of the Save the Children Foundation in 1955.

Louise was also lauded in academic circles. In quick succession, she was granted honorary degrees from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, her alma mater Lake Erie College, and MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois. In 1966, Gallaudet College, the liberal arts college for the deaf in Washington, DC, honored Louise with a Doctor of Letters degree. In 1974, she was granted a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington. In 1976, Louise was honored with a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Ripon College, Spencer's alma mater, in Ripon, Wisconsin.

Louise Tracy's influence in governmental circles continued in the 1960s. In 1963, Louise was appointed to the Neurological and Sensory Disease Advisory Committee of the federal Department of Housing, Education, and Welfare (HEW). In 1965, she became a member of the National Advisory Board of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) in Henrietta, New York. Also in 1965, she was appointed to a four-year term as a member of the National Advisory Council on Vocational Rehabilitation. In 1969, Louise became a member of the President's Task Force on the Physically Handicapped.

The John Tracy Clinic continued to expand in the 1970s. In October 1974, Louise resigned as Clinic director due to ill health. However, the honors continued to roll in for Louise, whose "mothers' group" had become the largest single service provider to parents of deaf children around the world. In 1974, she was presented with the 1974 Award of Honor Otolaryngology and in 1975 the Father Flanagan Award for Service to Youth from the Boys Town organization. In 1977, Louise was given the Humanitarian Award by the National Auxiliary of American Veterans AMVETS.

Death
Louise Tracy died in Santa Monica, California, on November 13, 1983, at the age of 87. Her son John died on June 15, 2007.

title: Louise Tracy


text:
The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery

The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (also called The St. Louis Bank Robbery, the film title in the opening credits) is a 1959 American heist film directed by Charles Guggenheim and starring Steve McQueen as a college dropout hired to be the getaway driver in a bank robbery.

Based on a 1953 bank robbery attempt of Southwest Bank in St. Louis, the film was shot on location in 1958. It features some of the men and women from the St. Louis Police Department, as well as local residents and bank employees, reenacting their roles during the actual robbery attempt. Between filming and the film's release, Steve McQueen gained national recognition with his breakout role as Josh Randall in the TV series Wanted Dead or Alive.

Plot
Aging criminal mastermind John Egan decides to rob St. Louis' Southwest Bank, then use the loot to retire to Mexico with his longtime minion Willy. Their accomplice, Gino, is an ex-convict terrified of returning to prison, and wants money to pay for his defense in an upcoming criminal trial. The gang needs a driver for the getaway car. Gino recruits his sister Ann's old boyfriend, George Fowler, a former collegiate football star with no criminal history. Egan takes a liking to George, much to Willy's displeasure.

The gang meticulously gathers information on the bank to help Egan draw up his plans. In order to pay for a hotel room, Gino convinces George to borrow money from Ann. The transaction is the first meeting between the young couple since an unspecified action by George got them both expelled from college. George and Gino keep the incident hidden from Egan, who refuses to have women even tangentially involved in his work; he drunkenly confesses to George that his misogyny comes from experiences with his abusive mother, whom he eventually murdered by pushing her down a flight of stairs.

Ann sees George and Gino watching the bank, and deduces that they are planning a robbery. She confronts George, who claims that he will use the money to return to school and straighten out his life. Ann still feels too much affection for George to notify the police, but she goes to the Southwest Bank at night and writes a warning about the impending robbery on its window. Willy saw George and Ann together, enabling Egan to trace the source of the message. The gang invades Ann's apartment, with Egan demanding that she leave town until the heist has been completed. Both Gino and George fail to stand up for Ann, letting Egan and Willy carry her away. As the three leave the apartment building, Egan has a flashback to his mother's murder and throws Ann to her death off the fire escape.

Feeling personally betrayed by George, Egan orders him to participate directly in the robbery while Willy drives the car. They neglected to bring a police-frequency scanner and are unaware that the bank had relocated a switchboard from the lobby, elements that foil key aspects of their plan. An employee triggers the silent alarm, and police swarm the bank exterior. Willy flees in the car, leaving the other robbers stranded. As the gang try to work out their next move, Egan inadvertently reveals that he killed Ann. He forces his way out of the bank, using a teller as a human shield, but is shot down by the police. Gino dies by suicide in the basement vault.

George, wounded by a shot in the leg, takes a young woman hostage. Her husband tries to intervene, and the woman warns him that George is a vicious criminal who will show them no mercy. Already shaken by Ann's death, George breaks down and begins protesting that he is not really a criminal. He releases the woman and lets himself be captured by the police. Driven away in a paddy wagon, he sees the world receding behind metal bars.

Cast

 * Steve McQueen as George Fowler
 * Crahan Denton as John Egan, the gang boss
 * David Clarke as Gino, Ann's brother
 * James Dukas as Willy, the driver
 * Molly McCarthy as Ann, George's ex-girlfriend and Gino's sister
 * Martha Gable as Eddie's wife
 * Larry Gerst as Eddie

title: The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery


text:
Talk:Al-Husayn (missile)

Comments
This page needs to be disambiguated, since Al Hussein refers to Imam Hussein too. -- Eagleamn 17:57, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

How is it certain that this missile was named after Imam Hussein (as)? Maybe it was named after Saddam. Armyrifle 01:25, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite needed
Rewrite removed, 16 Jan 08.

Article needs to be rewritten in outline format, Development/Operations/Gulf War/Iraq War/Specifications etc. LanceBarber 15:40, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Format modifications and cleaning up already done. DagosNavy 10:30, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Rewrite is excellant. I did a B-class review and checked off criteria. Minor tweaks, as in any article, can be done. Job well done DagoNavy! Respectfully submitted, LanceBarber (talk) 17:53, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Regarding A Change
I deleted the claim that Al Hussein was named after Imam Hussein, because it lacked proper reference, in addition to being plainly impossible.

Saddam Hussein continually dubbed the Iranian "majus" (Arabic for Magus) and non-Muslim, while he would admit they were Shia. To him, Shia weren't Muslims so it would be asinine to title his home brewed missile after the Shia's exemplary martyr (Imam Hussein, namely).

The reference number attached to the claim navigated to [1] in the reference list, where three names and a page number were written without a mention of the reference's title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.147.194.107 (talk) 19:45, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

The Missile Assessment during Dessert Storm lists just one attack on KKMC I remember at least 3 (I was there), I'll post the link to a reference I found, someone more knowledgeable about editing these pages can fix it. http://web.mit.edu/ssp/publications/working_papers/wp93-2.pdf Pg 37  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.180.248.172 (talk) 21:23, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Al-Husayn (missile)


text: Template:User wa-3

title: Template:User wa-3


text:
Las Tunas

Las Tunas may refer to:

Argentina:
 * Las Tunas, Buenos Aires, near the Nordelta district
 * Las Tunas, Entre Ríos, a locality in Entre Ríos Province
 * Las Tunas, Santa Fe, a locality in Santa Fe Province

Cuba:
 * Las Tunas (city) (originally named Victoria de Las Tunas)
 * FC Las Tunas, a soccer club based in Las Tunas
 * Leñadores de Las Tunas, baseball team in the Cuban National Series
 * Las Tunas Province

United States:
 * Las Tunas, California, former settlement in Los Angeles County

title: Las Tunas


text:
Talk:Fused quartz

Untitled
I don't understand the difference between this and glass. Aren't both non-crystalline silicon dioxide? - Omegatron 17:57, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Glass is about 70% silica, Fused quartz is much more pure. See the section on Glass Ingredients. -dmmaus 03:09, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * To be clear, fused quartz is a type of glass. It's just glass with higher silica content than normal (ideally 100%).--Srleffler 15:31, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

This page would be better renamed to fused silica (and the text adjusted accordingly). "Fused quartz" is a misnomer, and leads to confusion. Quartz is a crystal. Fused silica is a glass. Both are forms of the chemical compound silica. The term "fused quartz" is unnecessarily confusing.--Srleffler 15:31, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Synthetic fused silica is made from a silica-rich chemical (normally) using a Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) process. (In the optical industry this material is usually simply called "Fused silica" and this has the highest purity - typically >99.9999% silicon dioxide)

Fused quartz is made by fusing quartz crystal. (Typically >99.9% silicon dioxide)

Fused silica is made by fusing silica sand. (This has the lowest purity - typically 99.8% silicon dioxide.)

All these terms are valid and simply referring to them all as "fused silica" would be incorrect.

--George Reywer 12:37, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I first heard the term "fused quartz" on television the other day, referred to as a special glass that can withstand more heat than normal glass. I wanted to know more about it and ended up here. I was quite disappointed to discover that this page talks a whole lot about "fused silica" and very little about "fused quartz" - at least as far as I can tell as a total newbie to the subject. It seems to me that most of the content should be moved to a page on fused silica, and the one paragraph about fused quartz expanded to talk about its unique properties. I can't do this, because I don't know anything about it. These are just my thoughts. Subversified (talk) 16:51, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

In light of recent simulations it appears neutron stars may not be as smooth as previously thought. Perhaps the neutron star comment in the caption should be removed. 71.236.215.87 (talk) 17:58, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

how can we khow, which perecent is fused? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.126.12.218 (talk) 12:12, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Optical properties
Comment about optical properties:

The Sellmeier equation coefficients taken from Malitson (1965 - Interspecimen Comparison of the  Refractive Index of Fused  Silica) are measured and intended for 20°C. These values where determined at 20°C and 30°C only and in section "V. Thermal coefficients of index" it is clarified that a simple relation for various temperatures over this massive wavelength range for a precise calculation of the refractive index is not valid.

As a reference for the temperature dependence refractive index the following paper can be used: "The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of fused silica and crystal quartz T Toyoda and M Yabe 1983 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 16 L97 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/16/5/002)"

However, it was only possible to cover a range from 0.45 to 1.6 micron and 20°C to 400°C.

Therefore, I would like to take the 0 to 700°C of the page. I already added the information that the values presented are valid only for 20°C! ToLam (talk) 15:56, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

QUARTZITE
The statements about quartzite are problematic. The high temperatures required for fusion of quartz do no occur in the crust of the Earth except when meteoritic impacts are involved. Most quartzites are the result of slow solution/precipitation events in aqua, not fusion. Captainbeefart (talk) 15:37, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Removed reference to quartzite, since it is a polycrystalline metamorphic rock, not melted quartz. Hermanoere (talk)

Also, by the way, removed reference to fumed silica, which is not fused silica either. Hermanoere (talk)

EPROM windows
That's not fused quartz, it's a cheap polymer resin (used on later EPROMs). The ones with a glass window have this added externally to the case, as a coverslip. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:56, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Unsourced statement
I removed the following sentences:

 * To eliminate these by-products, new processes have been developed using an alternative feedstock, which has also resulted in a higher purity fused silica with further improved deep ultraviolet transmission.

It has been tagged as unsourced since 2014 and is very vague and possibly promotional. WikiWisePowder (talk) 17:25, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Quartz glass history
Thanks to Plantsurfer for reverting the recent addition, which said fused quartz was produced in China thousands of years ago. I was going to revert myself, but took a moment to check my books to be sure.

The problem with this theory is that the glass-melting temp (Tm) of quartz is ~3000 degree F, which is higher than the melting point of iron or steel. The ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to do this. Quartz has other problems as well. It has a very narrow glass-working range, meaning it goes from a thick, viscous liquid to a runny, free-flowing liquid very fast if overheated (whereas impurities in other glasses lowers the melting temp and broadens the working range). Within the working range, it is very thick and sluggish, making it very difficult to work, blow, or weld. It tends to absorb water when heated, especially with common hydrocarbons, which causes clouding of the glass (translucency instead of transparency). To avoid this, an oxyhydrogen flame must be used. It has very high (almost metal-like) thermal conductivity compared to other glasses, meaning you can't just heat the ends to weld it; you must heat the whole thing. Quartz also begins to vaporize just below the melting temp, which forms microscopic bubbles in the glass, also causing clouding. Not to mention, it's bright! When heated to a white-hot temp, it is far brighter than steel because the light is more like greybody radiation than blackbody, meaning that the glass is not opaque to its own light. (You need a full-on welding helmet with a shade 10 filter to avoid burning your eyes and face.)

The quartz used in making ancient glass contained many impurities, of which iron was the most prevalent. This is the reason ancient glass was almost always tinted dark green or brown (like a beer or wine bottle). These impurities lower the melting point, but made it very hard to obtain a clear glass. (In fact, the ancients were far more skilled in making colored glass than clear). Clear glass didn't exist until the Venetians invented "crystallo" glass (soda-lime), which was more-or-less covering the impurities with more impurities. The photos added were definitely not quartz, and the rose-colored impurities are proof of that.

Fused quartz was first made in England. The first person to fuse crystal quartz was Gaudin in 1839. He was able to make small strands of it, but that was all. He did, however, make note of its curious mechanical properties, in particular its mechanical strength and extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion compared to other glasses. Quartz was necessary for making high-pressure arcs, particularly out of mercury. Shenstone was the first to make small tubes or bulbs out of it in 1900. In 1904, Heraeus displayed the first mercury-arc lamp in Paris. Quartz manufacturing developed rapidly after that, hand in hand with arc lighting, mainly due to companies like GE, Westinghouse, or Sylvania. The first telescope mirror was made in 1931 by GE, but the difficulties in manufacturing it in large sizes didn't get worked out until the 1950s. For more info, see: Electrical Review, Volume 64 by George Worthington. Zaereth (talk) 18:30, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Why does this article have picture of Albert Einstein? I dont think he was chemist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.207.84.192 (talk) 10:36, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fused quartz


text:
Talk:154 (number)

The first draft of this article stated "Its factorization makes 154 a noncototient as well as a Sphenic number." It may be true that its factorization has something to do with its being a noncototient, but not directly. Anton Mravcek 17:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://transit.metrokc.gov/tops/bus/schedules/s154_0_.html
 * In 154 (number) on 2011-05-23 03:35:10, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'
 * In 154 (number) on 2011-06-20 05:23:00, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'

--JeffGBot (talk) 05:23, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:154 (number)


text:
Talk:Multilayer switch

merge with Layer 4 router
The term switch traditionally referred to a layer 2 device, operating on individual network segments and using MAC addresses. The term router traditionally referred to a layer 3 device operating on the IP protocol. So I guess that a layer 4 router is the same thing as a layer 4 switch, so probably the discussion belongs here. I personally would have preferred a main page called "Content Switch" but multi-layer switch (or multi-layer router?) seems more descriptive perhaps. IanB 13:00, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Layer 4 router redirects to this article (Multilayer switch). ~Kvng (talk) 17:19, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

nat
"Some of the layer 7 switches can NAT at wirespeed."

at least in its basic form nat is layer 4 isn't it? Plugwash 21:33, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

I think this comment can be removed now that the text says "Layer 4-7 switches". Will remove in a couple of months if there's no further comment. IanB 10:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

content switches
I've tried to expand this section, although I am certainly no subject matter expert. My information source is basically the Cisco web site, and some knowledge about there 111500 series content switches and the 6500 content switching module. I have a feeling that the cited article dating from 1999 is getting a little outdated in what is now a fast-developing area, but I dont want to tie this to Cisco since virtually every other vendor of network equipment probably has a content switch offering. Somehow this page should also link to the Load Balancing page I came across a while ago. IanB 12:06, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

ASIC vs Non ASIC
So are you seriously saying that to be a layer 3 switch it has to have an ASIC? What if there were a bunch of chips with NAND, AND, OR, NOR etc. gates that were for generic use but in this case wired to the switch? Does that automatically mean it is not a layer 3 switch? And then what if I were to use an FPGA? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.94.167.145 (talk) 06:20, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

He is right on... This is NOT the major difference. The Major difference in is their capabilities. You can build a Layer 2 switch with ASIC, and my guess is that most are. If anything, the Layer 3 switches are microprocessor driven with off the shelf hardware and the layer 2 switches use ASIC. Or they both use them equally. 70.176.203.140 (talk) 01:16, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've marked the uncited ASIC statements in the article as dubious. Hopefully someone can find some good references to straighten this out. --Kvng (talk) 17:33, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multilayer switch


text:
Talk:Public holidays in Saudi Arabia

Untitled
In some places like Qatif where Shiites form majority, all local businesses and students take Aashurah off. -- Eagleamn 17:58, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * But its not offically by the government . i can give my self a holiday from work whenever i like too. :) Ammar  (Talk - Don't Talk) 23:32, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public holidays in Saudi Arabia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lion related movies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:15, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Lion related movies
This would work best as a category, if worth doing at all. Bill 17:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC). ''Note: I'm not the guy who proposed the delete, but found a Vfd tag already there; some kind of server glitch seems to have wiped out all trace of the first editor, though. (There's been a lot of that in the last 6 weeks or so, by the way: has anyone else noticed it?)''
 * Delete agreed --Xcali 18:08, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete same reasons as Tennis related movies, (above.) Sonic Mew 18:12, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete We can make a separate article listing movies related to every thing in this world. But we'd better not. Varnav 18:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there is not one Tarzan movie here --Doc (?) 18:22, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article on an intersection between categories. silsor 18:48, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete - there's no server glitch, this nutter's putting VfD tags on articles he creates. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic. Radiant_ >|< 08:05, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela

The Federal Dependencies of Venezuela (Dependencias Federales de Venezuela) encompass most of Venezuela's offshore islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela, excluding those islands that form the State of Nueva Esparta and some Caribbean coastal islands that are integrated with nearby states. These islands, with a total area of 342 square kilometres, are sparsely populated – according to the preliminary results of the 2011 Census only 2,155 people live there permanently, with another hundred from Margarita Island who live there seasonally to engage in fishing. Local government is officially under the authority of Central government in Caracas, although de facto power is often held by the heads of the sparse and somewhat isolated communities that decorate the territories.

History
The origins of the population of the Federal Dependencies can be found in the Archipelago of Los Roques dating back to approximately 1200 BC, when it is believed that indigenous Caribs came from Curaçao, Aruba or the mainland visited the islands, especially Two Mosquises Sur, Crasquí and Cayo Sal, to supply themselves with food and salt.

Sample of the presence of these first settlers are the concheros of botutos that abound in the beaches of Los Roques. These sporadic waves of indigenous ethnic groups became more frequent towards the year 1000 AD, when in Dos Mosquises North fishermen and farmers from Ocumare de la Costa and the Central Coast, who formed the only ocumaroid settlement in the Venezuelan Antilles, where they exploited their natural resources and cultivated much of its artistic manifestations.

A new migratory wave took place in 1300 approximately, when the carriers of the Valencioid ceramics arrived to the archipelago and settled in Dos Mosquises Sur.

Spanish colonization
Between the 16th and 18th centuries salt was one of the most coveted resources and their exploitation in the Venezuelan natural salt mines was controlled by the authorities of the Colony. At the end of the 18th century in the salt mines of Cayo Sal, located in the southwestern part of the Los Roques archipelago, the Spanish authorities installed a small customs office of which it is believed that there are still remains (foundations of its infrastructure made of coral formations).

Old references indicate that the Dutch expelled from Araya by the Spaniards in 1605 settled in La Tortuga to exploit its salt mines until they were again evicted in 1631. In 1840 Agustín Codazzi made a description of the island mentioning also the extraction of salt. It was not until the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century that La Tortuga aroused the interest of scientists, who have studied its fauna and flora.

One of the most interesting facts in history of the federal dependencies was given between the 8 and the December 12, 1842, when three corvetas that transported to the country the rest of Simón Bolívar managed to flee of a storm when taking refuge in Los Roques.

On November 8, 1777, it was recognised by the Royal Decree of Charles III of Spain that the group of Spanish islands near the southeast of the Caribbean Sea would come under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. With the Venezuelan independence, all the islands remained under Venezuelan rule and in the same way until the formation of Gran Colombia. In 1830, Venezuela seceded from Gran Colombia and regained sovereignty over its islands in the Caribbean. On March 30, 1845, Venezuela and Spain signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship in which Isabela II of Spain officially recognised Venezuela's independence and all the territories and islands that belonged to the Captaincy General of Venezuela at the time of independence. In 1777, when the Captaincy General of Venezuela was created, the island of Patos became part of the province of Cumaná. In 1803, through a treaty known as the Peace of Amiens, Spain ceded the island of Trinidad to England, since it had been occupied by British citizens since 1797.

Independent Venezuela
Although the island of Patos was not mentioned in the treaty. When the British took over the island, they considered it part of Trinidad and annexed it to their possessions. In 1942 England recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over the island on the occasion of the delimitation of the underwater areas of the Gulf of Paria and the Venezuelan flag was raised on its shores on September 28, 1942.

On April 28, 1856, a new Law of Political Territorial Division was decreed, where the creation of the Province of Margarita was resolved. One of its cantons, called Cantón Norte, was composed of 10 parishes, of which 4 are part of what today are some of the current Federal Dependencies, these are San Juan and the islands of Tortuga, Blanquilla, Testigos and Aves de Barlovento with all those that are adjacent to them.

The US began exploiting guano on Aves Island in the mid-nineteenth century. Venezuela claimed sovereignty over the islands, and after a long legal dispute, the United States recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over the island in 1861. The Netherlands made claims over these same islands but the conflict was resolved through arbitration in 1865 by recognizing again Venezuelan sovereignty over Isla de Aves.

On August 22, 1871, Venezuelan President Antonio Guzman Blanco decided to group all the Venezuelan islands except Coche, Cubagua, Margarita and Isla de Aves as Federal Territory Colón,4 which would be controlled by a governor appointed by the President of the Republic. Then, under the presidency of Joaquin Crespo, on July 4, 1895, the Aves Island was included within the Federal Territory by national decree. On May 16, 1905, Cipriano Castro decided to include Coche Island within the Federal Territory, establishing its capital in San Pedro de Coche; however, this decision was short-lived due to the protests the government received from Margarita Island. After three years, on August 31, 1908, the island was returned to Nueva Esparta and the Federal Territory of Colon was dissolved, establishing direct control of the islands by the National Executive.

On July 4, 1938, the Ley Orgánica de las Dependencias Federales was passed under the government of Eleazar López Contreras, which completely regulated the situation of the islands. The United Kingdom wanted Isla de Patos, but on February 26, 1942, it was resolved by delimiting the soil and subsoil of the Gulf of Paria. The Archipelago of Los Monjes, which Venezuela integrated as part of its territory, was the subject of controversy but in 1952 the Colombian Foreign Minister recognised Venezuelan sovereignty over the territory through a diplomatic note and in 1992 the Colombian government stated that it would not claim the territory. On August 23, 1972, the Bird Island was declared a national Wildlife Refuge. On June 2, 1978, the "Simón Bolívar" Naval Scientific Base was created on Aves Island. That same year, an attempt was made in the Chamber of Deputies of the then National Congress to approve a bill for the creation of the Caribbean Archipelago Territory, but this proposal could not be carried out because it was against some provisions of the 1961 Venezuelan Constitution.

On March 28 and 31, 1978 the final maritime limits with the United States were signed (1978 Treaty between the United States and Venezuela or United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty) which set the limits with Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. and the Netherlands (1978 Treaty between the Netherlands and Venezuela or Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty) which set the limits with the Netherlands Antilles, then on July 17, 1983, it did the same with France. These three treaties establish Venezuela's current continental shelf and exclusive economic zone in the Caribbean Sea. On April 4, 1986, the National Directorate for the Coordination of Border Development and Federal Departments was set up under the Ministry of the Interior and Justice to administer the territory.

21st century
In October 2011, a new decree was approved as an organic law for the Federal Dependencies and island territories. A subdivision called Territorio Insular Francisco de Miranda was then created, which includes Los Roques, Las Aves and La Orchila.

In 2015, a diplomatic problem occurred between Venezuela and Colombia due to the incursion of Colombian and US frigates.

In recent years the Los Roques Airport has been expanded and remodeled and various structures have been built and renovated. On La Tortuga Island an ecological hotel was built and several buildings were erected to attract tourism.

Geography
The federal dependencies are composed of 600 islands and smaller formations; many have an area of less than 10,000 square metres and are essentially simple rocks. The largest island, La Tortuga, accounts for almost half of the territory of the federal dependencies.

Dependencias Federales stretch for 900 km along the coast from Archipiélago Los Monjes in the west at the Gulf of Venezuela to Isla de Patos southeast of Isla Margarita at the Gulf of Paria in the east.

Biogeographical area
The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions groups the islands, excluding the abyssal Aves Island, into an area it calls the "Venezuelan Antilles" (Level 3 code "VNA").

Principal islands and archipelagos
These are set out below:

 * Los Monjes Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Monjes)
 * La Tortuga Island (Isla La Tortuga)
 * La Sola Island (Isla La Sola)
 * Los Testigos Islands (Islas Los Testigos)
 * Los Frailes Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Frailes)
 * Patos Island (Isla de Patos)
 * Los Roques Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Roques)
 * La Blanquilla Island (Isla La Blanquilla)
 * Los Hermanos Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Hermanos)
 * La Orchila Island (Isla La Orchila)
 * Las Aves Archipelago (Archipiélago Las Aves)
 * Aves Island (Isla de Aves)

 * Note A: within the Dependencias Federales, the Archipiélago Los Roques, the Archipiélago Las Aves and the Isla La Orchila together comprise the Territorio Insular Francisco de Miranda, which was established on November 10, 2011.

Reefs
Coral reefs form one of the most valuable ecosystems on the planet, thanks to their biodiversity, their high productivity and their appreciated fishing resources. Six of the twelve islands of the Federal Dependencies have recent reef formations. Venezuela has some of the most important reef formations in the Caribbean, such as the complex reefs of Las Aves Archipelago and Los Roques.

These complexes describe spectacular barrier reefs, fringing or coastal reefs, keys or coral islands and reef patches. The rest of the islands present recent coral formations of lesser extension and complexity, as is the case with Aves Island, which is mostly a fringing reef. La Blanquilla Island has only fringing reefs along the west and south coast. According to Méndez, the southern reef is more developed and not has as much coral variety as in Los Roques and Las Aves archipelago.

In primary formation is the northeastern barrier reef of the archipelago La Orchila and in the island LaTortuga the southern fringe reef is discontinuous. The archipelago Los Roques, Aves of Barlovento, Aves de Sotavento and La Blanquilla present similar characteristics in terms of the underwater morphology of the southern reef fronts. The reefs that extend along the southern perimeters of these complex reefs have a steep slope that extends to 40 m where there are two intermediate terraces at 14 and 22 m".

This rugged barrier reef exhibits a biological diversity of coral communities, of different forms of expression, associated with a fauna characteristic. In terms of threats, coral reefs are exposed to natural disturbances, such as coral bleaching, mainly due to warming waters. Other natural phenomena that impact the coral reefs are storms and hurricanes, as is the case with Aves Island. As well as natural disturbances, anthropogenic impacts also affect reefs, as is the case with pollution produced by sewage, hydrocarbons and tourist activity. Among the tourist activities, snorkeling, the diving, sport fishing, collecting fish, corals and snails, cause some damage. Also the grounding of ships and boats generates a great environmental impact on the reefs, which leads to their destruction.

Mangroves
The mangrove ecosystem is one of the most characteristic of the tropical zone and is very well represented in some of the islands of the Federal Dependencies. They constitute coastal forests of incredible biodiversity and are, therefore, one of the most productive and diverse in the world. Their ecological function is decisive as a site of reproduction, refuge and feeding of different species of terrestrial animals such as birds, reptiles and mammals, and marine life, such as molluscs, crustaceans and algae, among others.

Some mangroves are important sanctuaries for the maintenance of some species that are born in nearby ecosystems, such as coral reefs or seagrass beds, which are currently threatened with extinction, such as some species of sea turtles. The main mangrove ecosystems are represented in the List of Wetlands of International Importance, as is the case of Los Roques National Park, which is promoting the conservation, integrated management and sustainable use of its resources (Ramsar Convention, 1988). Its width can vary from less than 100 meters to several kilometers. Its apparent homogeneity is reflected by a tree structure arranged in bands, according to the adaptability of the species, the instability of the substrate and salinity. The floristic representatives are the following: the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), the black mangrove (Avicenniae germinans), the white mangrove of the family Laguncularia and the button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus). The mangroves of the islands of the Federal Dependencies correspond to geomorphological environments associated with surfaces of recent or old low energy carbonates, of the type of shallow tropical areas. They are located on the coast line and its limit can end abruptly on a cliff or can extend to plains muddy or offshore banks of marine angiosperms. Some researchers point to coral island mangroves as the least productive.

At present, there is no accurate assessment of the distribution and extent of mangroves of the islands of the Federal Dependencies. Those of the archipelago Los Roques are very well-known, where they present/display better development; these are distributed ample and densely in the southeastern part of its islands and cays, represented by the four characteristic species. The predominant species is the red mangrove, followed in importance by the black mangrove.

In the most consolidated and sandy places of the archipelago are sporadically found the white mangrove and the button mangrove. In Aves de Sotavento, in Isla Larga and in some sectors of interior lagoons. In Aves de Barlovento, on Tesoro Island and El Faro, mangrove formations have developed, represented by the four types of mangroves but with less development and coverage than in Los Roques. Small patches of mangrove are also observed in other keys of this archipelago.

In the archipelago La Orchila they are distributed to the north, in the coralline keys mainly, where the formations of red mangrove are abundant and dense. On the island they are located to the southwest, bordering lagoons, represented mostly by button mangrove and some isolated black mangrove. In the eastern and southeastern parts of the country there are quite extensive areas of degraded and underdeveloped mangroves.

On the south coast of La Tortuga Island there are some sectors with Dense strips of red and black mangrove formations, bordering open lagoons protected by sand bars, such as the Los Mogotes and El Carenero lagoons. In other places, they appear in smaller extension like in the lagoon sectors of Boca de Cangrejo and Boca de Palo. In the northeastern coast of the most northern island, Los Tortuguillos, find themselves with little development.

On the island of La Blanquilla they are known in very specific places, in the form of narrow strips and of little development, in the most sheltered parts of the coves Las Tres Playas, El Caño Las Lisas, El Falucho, Garantón and Ño Martín. In these bay bottoms the mangroves are of the species Rhizophora mangle, very particular ecosystem from where most of the crabs of this zone come from.

Politics and government
This federal entity is the only one in the whole Republic that has neither a Governor nor a Mayor, since it has neither the status of a Federal State nor that of an Autonomous Municipality. It is a special administrative division provided for in Article 17 of the Constitution:

According to the Ley orgánica de las Dependencias Federales (Organic Law on Federal Dependencies) of 1938, in force until 2011, everything related to the government and administration of these Dependencies corresponds directly to the Federal or National Executive (Art.3). They are under the administration of the Dirección Nacional de Coordinación del Desarrollo Fronterizo y de las Dependencias Federales (National Directorate for the Coordination of Border Development and Federal Dependencies).

Even though the Federal Dependencies does not form a federal state, it is part of the Island Region together with the State of Nueva Esparta. Currently, there are several proposals to solve the ambiguous condition of the Federal Dependencies, some currents of thought maintain that the islands should be integrated into the territories of the closest Federal States, and others, that they should be elevated to the category of State within the Federation in order to promote their sustainable development at all levels, without disintegrating the identity they have developed as a geographical and cultural whole.

The populated sites of the Federal Dependencies used to have a General Commissioner appointed by the President of the Republic and in the case of the Los Roques Archipelago this was administered by a Single Area Authority (Created in 1990) also appointed by him, which had jurisdiction over the territory of the national park of the same name until 2011.

On October 15, 2011, the central government of Venezuela issued a decree with the rank, value and force of organic law that created new legislation for the Federal Departments, through a new organic law that repeals the 1938 law and establishes that the political and administrative organization of the departments will be articulated through island territories and minor development districts. On October 27 the law was endorsed by the Supreme Court of Justice and published in Official Gazette 39.787.

In August 2011, the President of the Republic, using his legislative powers, promulgated the law creating the first island territory of the Federal Dependencies, called the Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory, with its capital in Gran Roque, covering the central sector of the Federal Dependencies, which includes Los Roques, the Archipelago of Las Aves and the Archipelago of La Orchila, as well as a large portion of the Venezuelan Caribbean Sea. The new institution is headed by a Head of Government (Jefe de Gobierno) who is freely appointed and removed by the President of Venezuela.

Tourism
The Venezuelan islands represent a tourist-recreational potential, with several attractions located inside and outside the mainland, as well as a diversity of tropical beaches and large coral formations.

Los Roques Archipelago, together with Aves Island and La Orchila Island form the "oceanic islands", separated from the continental platform by deep channels and bathed by warm and transparent oceanic waters. Los Roques has been one of the areas that has presented greater development of its tourist services, hence its importance as a centre of recreation for foreigners and Venezuelans.

El Gran Roque is the only centre that has some infrastructure for tourist accommodation, although recently plans have been approved to create tourist developments on uninhabited islands such as La Tortuga Island.

Beaches
The sandy beaches are ecosystems of unconsolidated sedimentary environments, they host a large number of animals and plants that depend on the processes of the coastal dynamics. The beaches are home to diatoms, algae, mollusks and planktonic organisms that serve as a food base for the species that frequent them.

In the sedimentary ecosystems of beaches associated with sea grass ecosystems, nesting phenomena of sea turtles also occur. In this sense, Aves Island is one of the most important green turtle nesting sites in the Caribbean Sea. On the other hand, as a whole, the white sand beaches of the reef complexes of Las Aves and Los Roques are qualified as the main attraction of the tourist offer of the Venezuelan Caribbean.

Also, by their diversity, they are of great beauty those of the island La Tortuga, where beaches, arrows and points form the coastline. The beach ecosystems of this island are of diverse forms and, particularly, on the eastern coast they occupy great extensions.

Associated with a rocky coastal relief, the beaches often occupy bottom positions of cove or inlet, where a harmonious arch develops between the cliffs that serve as support. This is the case of all the beaches on the island of La Blanquilla and in some sectors of La Orchila. This type of beach, also known as "pocket beach", develops in the sheltered areas of the slopes The island is located on the eastern side of Iguana Island, on the eastern slope of the island, and on the rocky and cliffy Los Testigos archipelago.

Another sedimentary environment is the coastal dunes that are formed by the wind, whose development is linked to the growth of plants that fix the sand that the wind brings from the beach. The dunes represent natural sedimentary pantries, with respect to their sandy beaches and form recreational areas, normally of high landscape value. On La Tortuga Island they have developed extensively on the west coast, but are low in height.

In contrast, in the Los Testigos archipelago, specifically in Testigo Grande, there is a small but imposing dune of 100 meters high. Also to the interior of the island La Orchila exist great extensions of relict dunes, colonized and stabilized by vegetation. The main pressures and threats to the beach ecosystem of most of these islands is the lack of a coastal management that establishes regulations for its sustainable management. Only Los Roques National Park and, recently, La Tortuga Island have management plans.

Los Roques Archipelago National Park
The archipelago Los Roques is an extensive group of islands located north of the Venezuelan coast, formed by fifty islets and more than three hundred keys and banks of sand. To protect its scenic environment of transparent waters and white sands, as well as its valuable biodiversity, it was declared a national park in 1972, and as a wetland of international importance in 1996. With two coral reefs and hundreds of keys and islands that border a large inland lagoon of shallow water, the Los Roques archipelago resembles a volcanic atoll in the Pacific Ocean and constitutes an unparalleled formation in the Atlantic. The keys have picturesque names related to the Dutch who in the past exploited the guano of the birds: Francisquí, Crasquí, Madrisquí or Noronquí. The largest key (Cayo grande) is 17 km2, while the Gran Roque, with only 1.7 km2, is the only one with a permanent population. In the Dos Mosquises key there is a biological station.

The high solar radiation, the extreme heat and the not very fertile soil, only allow the existence of small plant communities known as halophytes, some cactus and small shrubs. In several cays, elegant mangroves thrive in whose branches nest sea birds, while its roots serve as a refuge for fish, oysters, starfish and sponges. In the shallow waters grow extensive seagrass meadows of great importance for snails, fish and turtles.

More than half of the ninety-two species of birds reported in Los Roques are migratory, and many of them arrive from North America. Twenty-four species of birds nest in the archipelago, including pelicans, gulls, cotúas, playeritos, bobas and flamingos, and six endemic subspecies, such as the black queen roqueña. The terrestrial mammals and reptiles are represented by the fishing bat and very tame black lizards.

The sea in Los Roques is a paradise for divers. Among the invertebrates that populate these waters there are corals, jellyfish, anemones, sponges, sea urchins, starfish, crustaceans and mollusks. Its lobsters and botutos are famous. We also find dolphins and whales. On the white beaches is the main colony hawksbill turtle in Venezuela, and others nest as well. three species of sea turtles. Without a doubt, the protagonism The 350 species of exotic reef fish or fish of interest for human consumption: graceful isabelites, colored parrot fish immense groupers, and even the giant whale shark, the largest that can measure up to twelve meters in length.

In the past, the islets were frequently visited by indigenous people who came from the mainland in search of fish, turtles, botutos and salt. There is evidence that they practiced ritual ceremonies during their stays. In Dos Mosquises there is an important archaeological site where hundreds of valuable objects have been unearthed, including anthropomorphic clay figures.

title: Federal Dependencies of Venezuela