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Musical fountain

A musical fountain, also known as a fairy fountain, prismatic fountain or dancing fountain, is a type of choreographed fountain that creates aesthetic designs as a form of entertainment. The displays are commonly synchronised to music and also feature lighting effects that are refracted and reflected by the moving water. Contemporary multimedia fountains can include lasers, video projection and three-dimensional imagery.

Installations can be large scale, employing hundreds of water jets and lights, and costing into the millions of dollars. Techniques tend to be complex, and require mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, and electronic components that are usually kept out of view.

Fountains that are choreographed to music
The earliest musical fountains were played manually by a live operator, who usually controlled pumps or valves and sometimes lights by way of switches on a control panel. Music was almost always live. Later, choreography could be prerecorded on a punched paper card which was scanned by a computer; and even later, it could be recorded on magnetic tape or, in the most modern shows, on a CD or in an app along with the music. In most automated examples, the choreography is still painstakingly programmed by hand, while some shows are still played live from a control console (sometimes recorded for automatic playback). Recent advances in technology provides for unattended automatic choreography that can rival manual programming.

The Bodor Fountain
Péter Bodor (June 22, 1788 – August 17, 1849) was a Hungarian mechanical engineer who built a musical or chiming fountain in the Transylvanian town of Marosvásárhely (now Târgu Mureş, Romania) between 1820 and 1822. His fountain had a round floor-plan, with two arched stairs on the sides, and a dome roof supported by six pillars. The mechanical core was a hydraulic structure driven by the force of water that played popular chimes at every six hours. There was a gilded Neptune (or Apollo) statue on the top, that turned round in 24 hours. The musical device was destroyed in 1836 by a snow storm, and was never restored. The fountain itself was demolished in 1911. An almost identical copy was built on Margaret Island of Budapest in 1935−1936 that did not operate by hydraulic means, but used electricity instead.

Křižík's light fountain
Křižík's light fountain was built by the Czech inventor and electrical engineer František Křižík in 1891 on the occasion of the World Exhibition in Prague. It became a unique European attraction. The fountain was rebuilt in the 1920s by architect Z. Stašek. The bottom of the fountain plate is equipped with 1300 multicolored reflectors and water circuits composed of more than two kilometers of pipes with almost 3000 nozzles. In 2018–2021 the fountain was closed.

The work of F. W. Darlington
F. W. Darlington was a pioneer in electrical fountain control as well as water design.

Prismatic Fountain, Denver, Colorado
In 1908, Darlington constructed a fountain in Denver City Park lake at a cost of US$19577 1908. It featured eleven colored light streams that were controlled by an operator. In 2009, the fountain was restored using modern technology for US$3200000.

Prismatic Fountain, New Orleans, Louisiana
The Darlington fountain in West End, New Orleans, was likely completed around 1915 or 1916 as the last date on the original drawings are from February 1915. The fountain served as an icon for the West End Park and surrounding yacht clubs and numerous restaurants that were located in the area.

All of Darlington's fountains required an operator to change the water effects and lighting and were likely used in conjunction with music played by a band or orchestra for special events. It is unknown if the fountain was operated in a static mode when there were no performances or if it was shut off.

Restoration of this fountain is planned by the Friends of West End in New Orleans.

Garfield Park, Indianapolis, Indiana
In 1915, the new greenhouses and conservatory were built in Garfield Park, Indianapolis. The dedication of the Sunken Garden took place on October 29, 1916. In 1916, Darlington was hired to design and build the fountains at the east end of the Sunken Garden. The fountains were the first in the country to be equipped with the mechanics that allowed the changing of the spray and displayed lights according to the season and holiday. For Memorial Day, the fountain's lights were alight with red, white, and blue, and on other days, gold and white. The fountains are still an attraction for visitors. The fountain was restored by The Fountain People in 1997 and with a musical control system by Atlantic Fountains in 2003.

Pool of Industry, 1939 New York World's Fair
An early example of a musical fountain choreographed live was the Pool of Industry at the 1939 New York World's Fair, where three operators controlled the fountain, guided by a paper program that unscrolled under a glass window like the paper roll of a player piano. However, rather than controlling the effects directly like a piano roll, it was marked with commands that told the operators when to push the buttons and throw the switches. The fountain was more than just water and lights. Besides 3 million watts of lights and a gigantic pool containing 1,400 water nozzles, there were over 400 gas jets with a mechanism that caused colored flames and fireworks were shot from over 350 launchers, creating a nighttime spectacle on a grand scale. Music was played live by the fair's band and broadcast by large speakers to the areas surrounding the display. The updated show displayed at the same fairgrounds in 1964 lacked the colored flames but used punched cards for the choreography, had prerecorded music, and utilized the then-revolutionary system of dichroic light filtering (developed by Bausch and Lomb for the fountain) which now allowed a dark colored lens and a light colored lens to produce the same brightness of light. It was by this process that 700,000 watts of light produced over 3 megacandelas. This show also had single lights with multiple sliding color filters for mixing colors, and arrays of nozzles that could be adjusted, their direction changed by hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.

Later water fountains
The Dancing Waters style of water show is a linear display of pumps and lights. In the United States, similar fountains are the Musical Waters. Musical Waters shows use the basic Dancing Waters mechanics. The fountains use single-speed pumps and do not offer variable water heights, and the revolving nozzles are not present since the Dancing Waters design having been prone to jamming. Despite lacking the rotating nozzles that usually define this type of show, the Musical Waters shows are one of the few of this kind that still retain most of the simple elegance that defined Otto Przystawik's first fountains, including the visual attraction of the human element with live "fountaineers" controlling the effects. Otto Przystawik water shows went well beyond previous musical fountains. While previous fountain merely change scenes during a performance, Przystawik introduced moving water that created the first true Dancing Fountains.

Other United States based companies such as Waltzing Waters Inc, owned by Przystawik's family, WET (Water Entertainment Technologies), Fontana Fountains, Atlantic Fountains, Fountain People, Formosa Fountains, Hall Fountains, and Waterworks International have built fully computer controlled musical fountains since 1980. These include 2 to 6 m wide systems available to the homeowner as well as large corporate, municipal and show fountains in excess of fifty meters in length—and in the case of WET's Fountains of Bellagio, 9 acre in size. These include proportional, interactive and audio spectral control that bring musical fountains to a wide audience. Fountain shapes are not limited to linear layout stage shows but include geometric and freeform shapes as well. Moreover, latest technology allows the construction of floating watershows. Fontana Fountains first introduced the use of stainless-steel floaters allowing bigger water show applications even in coasts and lakes.

Manufacturers in the Near and Far East, in places such as India and Pakistan, also produce musical fountains. Many of them have updated the look with individually servomotor-controlled nozzles, large water screens on which video can be projected, and laser effects. Shows are built not only in the standard linear form, but in circular, semicircular and oblong shapes, in multiple pools, and many other layouts. In many places in India, a musical fountain is a must-have attraction for any city, and there will often be at least one local company ready to build them. Firms also rent shows.

International Fountain
Built for the Century 21 Exposition in Seattle in 1962, the International Fountain's original design had changing water and light patterns, with a background of classical music (though the patterns weren't specifically intended to be synched with the music.) The fountain was very large, designed as a concrete bowl around a 'moonscape' of broken limestone, at the center of which was a tiled dome studded with pointy black nozzles. The fountain was not originally designed for interaction but was redesigned in 1995 by WET to make the fountain more inviting, interactive and safe. Switching out the multicolored lights for white, WET added fog nozzles, a ring of their Shooters set into the pavers around the base of the dome, and four large SuperShooters hidden in the upper surface of the dome. The restored fountain behaves as its predecessor did for most of the day, producing changing water patterns as music plays, but it now marks each hour by bringing out other effects such as fog, and performs a choreographed show.

CESC Fountain of Joy, Kolkata
The CESC Fountain of Joy was inaugurated in 1991 in Kolkata, India, as part of the tricentennial celebrations. In 2005, it was shut down due to technical problems. The fountain was reopened in October 2012 following a inr 30000000 renovation. The fountain features 150 channels available for water and light effects while the old fountain had only 20 water spouts. It has a centre-fed circular water screen of 6 m height and 18 m width. In the upper pool, the CESC Fountain of Joy has 99 water effects, while the intermediate pool has 20 water effects and another 30 special water effects in the lower pool. It features a large water cascading area – more than 80 m long from upper pool to the intermediate pool. The CESC Fountain of Joy comes with an enormous number of lights including LED, PAR lamps and high watt reflectors, capable of constantly changing the colours to make the fountain attractive and eye-catching. According to CESC sources, the Fountain of Joy is integrated with ultra-fast technology, in which water effects will be controlled by the pneumatically assisted solenoid valves, capable of opening and shutting 12 times in a second, thereby resulting in water shooting in air at a spectacular speed. One of the project engineer's claimed that "the concept of a three-tier fountain pool surrounded by architectural and dynamic fountains in the intermediate and lower pools is quite unique in this subcontinent".

Fountains of Bellagio Hotel
WET (Water Entertainment Technologies) also designed the Fountains of Bellagio in Las Vegas, which are set in a man-made lake 1000 ft long with an area of 9 acre. The fountain is formed as a pair of large concentric rings and a long, curved arc, and two smaller circles are attached to the arc near each end. Shooters outline all aspects of the layout, allowing for the arc and circles to rise as columns and curtains of water, as well as providing high-speed chase sequences. Re-engineered HyperShooters fire jets nearly 240 ft into the air, and more recently added ExtremeShooters are capable of reaching heights of 500 ft. Needing a better way to define smoother passages of music, WET engineers developed the Oarsman nozzle, a robotic water jet that can be moved 120 degrees from side to side, to front and back, grouped with a pod of lights that follow the water stream. With the direction, water height, and light of every Oarsman controllable independently from every other Oarsman, a nearly infinite variety of patterns can be created on the lake.

A fog generating device rises from beneath the water to blanket the entire lake with fog, and about 4000 individually controllable underwater lights follow the water patterns' precise movements, sparkling on the water or glowing through the fog. Performing to everything from opera to classical to Broadway to pop, the Fountains of Bellagio run every day on the half-hour, and every quarter-hour during the evening. A team of dive-certified engineers is on-site at all times, maintaining the fountain's complex mechanical, electrical and hydraulic systems.

Despite the scale of such shows as the Fountains of Bellagio, these shows must still be programmed and choreographed by hand. Computers aid the process, but engineers must still spend weeks or months on each new performance before it is ready to be placed in rotation with the other shows.

Branson Landing
Branson Landing located in Branson, Missouri, features a picturesque boardwalk along the Taneycomo Lakefront. The Landing's center attraction is the Town Square, which is home to a $7.5 million choreographed water attraction designed by WET. The fountains at Branson Landing include dancing and blasting water shooters, blasting water up to 125 ft in the air, fire, light and music.

Grand Haven
One other notable fountain of the choreographed type is the Grand Haven Musical Fountain in Grand Haven, Michigan. Built in 1962 by volunteers and designed by a local engineer, this fountain was based on a Przystawik show seen in Germany and was the largest musical fountain in the world when it was built. The display comprises a small number of water formations grouped in odd and even segments, with the same formations on each. Augmented by curtains of water at the back and front, a large fanlike array called the Peacock, and three fire hose nozzles—one placed vertically in the center, and the others aimed at an angle from each end—the show produces a simple Dancing Waters style display. Colored lights are arrayed along the front of the fountain in individually controllable groups in red, blue, amber, and white, and the back curtain and Peacock sprays have their own lights—green and yellow for the back curtain, and two sets each red, blue and amber for the Peacock. In addition, nozzles called "sweeps" provide the moving effects, swaying side-to-side.

A patented drive mechanism allows each pair of sweeps to follow or oppose each other in direction of movement, to move along long or short paths, and to move at any of three speeds, allowing the moving water to follow nearly any kind of music. The original show used punched paper cards, though computers control the new system. The nozzles and pumps have never been changed, only cleaned and maintained, and shows must still be programmed by hand. Even with the simplest of the many programs used to create shows for this fountain, choreographing one three-minute song can take anywhere from two to four hours. The Grand Haven Musical Fountain still performs nightly, and is viewable from a grandstand on the waterfront in Grand Haven.

Kangwon Land Multimedia Fountain
Multimedia Fountain Kangwon Land was opened in August 2007. It is considered Asia's largest musical fountain. Multimedia system consists of 180 m water fountains, water screen, video, light, 12 multi-coloured fire units, and laser. The Magical Box multimedia show consists of the big cube system and the fountain. In combination with the fountain during daylight hours the box appears mirrored, but at night it is illuminated to reveal its interior. At night a globe can be seen, some 20 m in diameter. The special lighting effects give the impression that the globe is rotating and displays the five continents of the world.

Inside the globe is the "Dome Cinema". The "Dome Cinema" has a diameter of 18 meters and is used as the projection area. Video images from TV, DVD, or VHS sources are projected directly into the dome. These images fill almost two thirds of the space. As a result of the various depths of the room, a new laser video system is used to ensure that the images are not distorted. Outside the "Miracle World Box" is the largest fully automatic screen (24 x 24 m) in the world. It uses lighting effects, laser projections and synchronized choreographies. All of the technology used in and around the "Miracle World Box" was designed, developed and installed by Emotion Media Factory.

Dubai Fountain
The largest musical fountain project in the world is the Dubai Fountain. It spans on the 30 acre manmade Burj Khalifa Lake. It was designed by WET Design, the California-based company responsible for the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. It includes 6,600 lights, 25 colored projectors, and fog. It is 275 meters (902ft) long and shoots water 150 meters (490 ft) into the air (equivalent to a 50-story building), accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music. It was built at a cost of 218 million dollars. The fountain was formally opened by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum on May 8, 2009, along with the Dubai Mall. It is situated in front of the Burj Khalifa.

Disney's World of Color
World of Color is nighttime spectacular at Disney California Adventure Park, part of the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. The entire show cost US$75,000,000 to design, manufacture, and build. The process of assembling, installing, and testing the show's numerous components and equipment in Paradise Bay spanned a period of approximately 15 months. It premiered on Friday June 11, 2010, as part of "Summer Nightastic!". Conceived by VP of Parades and Spectaculars Steve Davison and designed by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, the show has more than 1,200 fountains and includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens.

Disney Dreams!
Disney Dreams! was a nightly nighttime spectacular at Disneyland Paris, based on Peter Pan's shadow story and included scenes from many Disney Films. It included HD projections onto the castle, with pyrotechnics, synchronized fireworks. Water screens and fountains located in the moat of Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant were provided by the French company Aquatique Show. The project took 18 months to be entirely built, including tests and changes, and cost €10,000,000 (~$13,000,000). It ran daily at the park until March 2017, when it was replaced by Disney Illuminations, which utilizes the same technology.

Opryland Hotel Delta Fountain
Located indoors in Nashville, Tennessee, under a glass dome at the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, this musical fountain features an 85 ft high center geyser surrounded by 68 vertical and 28 arching jets, each with its own RGB LED fixture, plus a fog system and 5 articulating color theatrical lights from above. The sophisticated system was designed by water feature specialists Aquatic Creations, Inc., and plays original music shows choreographed by H2Oarts.com, both of California. The Delta fountain is on a deck rather than in a basin, so it is possible to experience close enough to get lightly misted.

Blackpool Pleasure Beach fountains
The Blackpool fountains, created by French company Aquatique Show, are located at the Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the UK. The fountains dance every 30 minutes to a range of music. They opened in 2009 letting people run through them. In 2010, people were barred from entering them due to health and safety. Security guards are present during the show at the attraction. The fountain has 25 jets which can shoot up to 100 ft.

Multimedia fountain Roshen
Multimedia fountain Roshen is located in Vinnytsia, a city in west-central Ukraine, on the banks of the Southern Buh. Built in 2011, it is considered one of the largest floating fountains in Europe. It is the major multimedia attraction in the city.

The multimedia shows combine water effects (fountain), music, lasers, and 3D projection on the water screen. For the fountain shows, powerful LED lights are used allowing the application of bright and showy backlighting resulting in various picturesque effects. Unlike other fountains in Ukraine, the Roshen multimedia fountain has moving particles reaching verticality in which the water spring angle changes dynamically. The sound power of the audio system is 3840 watts. The height of the central spring reaches 65 to 70 m, the projection screen dimension is about 16 m high and 45 m wide, and the frontal water dispersion constitutes 140 m. The project design and development was performed by Emotion Media Factory.

Aquanura at the Efteling
Opened in May 2012, Aquanura boasts being the largest water fountain show in Europe and the third largest in the world. It was built on a lagoon near the main entrance of the Efteling, one of Europe's oldest and largest theme parks. Aquanura means "water frogs" and tells the story of The Frog Prince by the Brothers Grimm in a spectacle of water, music, lights, and fire. The water fountain was designed and built by WET and features over 200 brightly colored fountains in a 12-minute-show each day. The show premiered for the 60th anniversary of the theme park and can be seen daily. It is included in the entrance price to the Efteling; however during the summer, separate tickets are sold for viewing just Aquanura.

Before Aquanura opened, the Efteling had an indoor musical fountain ('waterorgan'). It used to be hand-operated, with pedals and levers, but was later automated. When it opened in 1966, it had live music, but as of 1979, a recording was used. The waterorgan was put out of operation in August 2010, its venue being reused as a studio for a children's television program. It is not clear whether the installation has only been covered up temporarily, or if it has been permanently removed.

Fully automated musical fountains

While all pre-programmed musical fountain shows involve computerized show control systems, the use of computer technology to spontaneously "self-choreograph" a fountain to random musical input is novel. Unlike conventional musical fountains, which must be manually pre-programmed moment-to-moment, a fully automated musical fountain uses the venue's own live background music to animate the water and lights in real time.

Celebrate... Tokyo Disneyland!
Celebrate... Tokyo Disneyland! is a nighttime show based on Disneyland's Remember... Dreams Come True and The Magic, Memories, And You. It uses the technology for World of Color and Disney Dreams and all of the past and current nighttime shows from all over the world. Portions of Remember... Dreams Come True was amazingly edited to fit Tokyo Disneyland. The show ended in April 2019, but all the tech is there to this date.

title: Musical fountain


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Talk:We Fall Down

untitled
Inspirational details can be helpful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richhoncho (talk • contribs) 11:43, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:We Fall Down


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Congress Hall

Congress Hall, located in Philadelphia at the intersection of Chestnut and 6th Streets, served as the seat of the United States Congress from December 6, 1790, to May 14, 1800. During Congress Hall's duration as the capitol of the United States, the country admitted three new states, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee; ratified the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution; and oversaw the presidential inaugurations of both George Washington (his second) and John Adams.

Congress Hall was restored in the 20th century to its original appearance of 1796. The building is now managed by the National Park Service within the Independence National Historical Park and is open for public tours. Congress Hall is conjoined with Independence Hall, which is adjacent to the east.

Background
Philadelphia served as the capital of the United States both during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War. Independence Hall, located next door, served as the meeting place of the Continental Congress until the Pennsylvania Mutiny in June 1783. The failure of the Pennsylvania government to protect Congress from a mob of angry mutineers caused the representatives to withdraw to Princeton, New Jersey. The national capital then moved to Annapolis, Maryland in November 1783, then to Trenton, New Jersey in November 1784 before finally moving to New York City in January 1785.

State delegates did not return to Independence Hall in Philadelphia until the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787; however, New York City remained the official capital even during the convention. Designed by architect Samuel Lewis, Congress Hall was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse; construction began in 1787 and was completed two years later.

Temporary capitol
Article One, Section Eight, of the United States Constitution granted Congress the authority to create a federal district to serve as the national capital. Following the ratification of the Constitution, the Congress, while meeting in New York, passed the Residence Act on July 9, 1790. The Act established the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac River between the states of Maryland and Virginia to serve as the new federal capital. However, Robert Morris, a Senator from Pennsylvania, convinced Congress to return to Philadelphia while the new permanent capital was being built. As a result, the Residence Act also declared Philadelphia to be the temporary capital for a period of ten years.

In an attempt to convince Congress to keep the capital in Philadelphia, the city began construction on a massive new presidential palace on 9th Street as well as an expansion to the county courthouse into what would become Congress Hall. Upon the return of Congress to Philadelphia on December 6, 1790, the first level of Congress Hall had been transformed into the chamber for the House of Representatives and the second floor had been converted into a chamber for the United States Senate. Despite their efforts to construct new buildings for use by the federal government, the city's residents failed to convince Congress to modify the Residence Act and make Philadelphia the permanent capital. Congress Hall served as the capitol building until May 14, 1800, when the offices of the national government moved to Washington, D.C.

Interior

The House chamber on the first floor is rather simple and featured mahogany desks and leather chairs. The room eventually accommodated 106 representatives from 16 states: the 13 original states as well as the representatives from the new states of Vermont in 1791, Kentucky in 1792, and Tennessee in 1796. The room has been restored to its original appearance in 1796.

The second floor, reserved as the chamber for the Senate, was more ornate and adorned with heavy red drapes. By 1796, the room featured 32 secretary desks very similar to the desks that are still used in the current Senate chamber in the United States Capitol; 28 of the desks at Congress Hall are original. Portraits of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, presented as gifts from the French monarch following the American Revolution, hang in adjoining committee rooms. A fresco of an American bald eagle is painted on the ceiling, holding the traditional olive branch to symbolize peace. Also on the ceiling, a plaster medallion in the form of a sunburst features 13 stars to represent the original colonies. The design mirrors a similar pattern on the floor, where a carpet made by William Sprague, a local weaver, features the shields of each of the 13 original states. The carpet seen today is a reproduction of the original.

Legacy
During the almost ten years it served as the capitol, Congress Hall witnessed many historic events including the admittance of three new states and ratification of the United States Bill of Rights. The second inauguration of George Washington took place in the House chamber in 1793, as did the inauguration of John Adams in 1797. Congress also used the time to establish the First Bank of the United States, the Federal Mint, and the United States Department of the Navy. The Jay Treaty, which secured a temporary peace with Great Britain, was also ratified at Congress Hall in 1796.

After the capital moved to Washington, Congress Hall returned to its original function as the Philadelphia County Courthouse and served as the location of both state and federal courts during the early 19th century. Also designed by Samuel Lewis, the Burlington County Courthouse in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey was built in 1796 and modeled after Congress Hall.

Restoration and present status
After its use as a courthouse in the early 19th century, Congress Hall, like other buildings in the area, had fallen into disrepair. In 1870, the Pennsylvania General Assembly ordered the demolition of all the buildings surrounding Independence Hall. The law was never enforced, however, and was officially repealed in 1895. Under the leadership of a civic organization known as The Colonial Dames of America, the architect George Champlin Mason Jr. began restoring Congress Hall in 1895-96, though this work was mostly limited to the Senate chamber. In 1900, the Philadelphia chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) began a study of Congress Hall and initiated a funding drive for the building's complete restoration. After funds were secured, the City of Philadelphia approved the restoration project in 1912 under the supervision of the AIA. Work on Congress Hall was completed the following year when President Woodrow Wilson rededicated the building. Additional work to refurbish the House chamber was completed in 1934. In 1942, over 50 civic and patriotic groups met at the American Philosophical Society and joined to create the Independence Hall Association. The association lobbied for the creation of Independence National Historical Park, which was initially approved by Congress in 1948 and formally established on July 4, 1956.

Congress Hall is now maintained by the National Park Service, which operates guided tours of the building throughout the year on a first-come, first-served basis.

On December 2, 2008, the building hosted President-elect Barack Obama's meeting with the National Governors Association where they discussed the economic crisis then facing the country.

title: Congress Hall


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User:JeWnS~enwiki

Hi, I'm a 22 year old student from Germany. I'm a member of the German Wiki as well.

title: User:JeWnS~enwiki


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Talk:Corporation Tax

Why does this only now link to corporation tax in the United Kingdom? There is also an article on Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland as well--John Carroll 16:58, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Where is it? jguk 17:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, Republic of Ireland corporation tax--John Carroll 18:21, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shejaculation

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete as an admitted neologism. (It may be more acceptable in Wiktionary but you'd have to check their rules on neologisms carefully.) Rossami (talk) 21:33, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Shejaculation
If anything it's a neologism for female ejaculation and should be direct there. gren 16:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Neologism, 7 Google hits. Delete (or redirect). - Mike Rosoft 18:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This word has a gender specific use. We do not use "male ejaculation" in speech, it is already understood. Our language is alive and adaptable and because it is, "shejaculation" should stay. I've googled the word and am finding hits for it. The importance of Wikipedia is its usefulness in identifying modern words and phrases.

 * Delete - Neologism. --FCYTravis 19:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Do not delete --Gballsout

Do not delete. This word should ABSOLUTELY be kept...it is an important step in furthering the language of sexuality. - zipthunk

DO NOT DELETE! This word is a part of New York vernacular, and I've seen it on various websites. To add it to Wikipedia would serve all who utilize the website. - Allegra Riggio

 * merge anything not already there into female ejaculation, and then delete. The word is a neologism, and Wikipedia is not the place to introduce new words. Thue | talk 21:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * merge Female ejaculation and delete, shejaculation is a neologism that just hasn't caught on. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything that isn't total baloney to Female ejaculation and delete this neologism. --Angr/undefined 00:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Wikipedia documents established concepts and usage. It is not Wikipedia's mission to promote new phrases, however valuable or worthy of adoption they may be. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In light of the comments "anything useful should be merged," I want to stress that the entry itself should be deleted, and that the acting sysop should note that almost everyone so far seems to agree about that. If there is material to merge, this means extra work for the sysop, because a merge-and-delete requires a laborious procedure to merge the history and remain GFDL-friendly, so "merge-and-delete" votes, though valid, are discouraged. (On reviewing this article and Female ejaculation I don't see anything useful to merge. In fact this article contains POV statements that are well discussed in an NPOV way in Female ejaculation, so my vote remains a simple delete). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dpbsmith (talk • contribs) 10:18, 12 Jun 2005
 * Comment. That sounds very odd to me.  We're editors.  Editing is what we do.  To write off material simply because it's been misfiled strikes me as the height of laziness.  I'll be bold and do the merge myself. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Female ejaculation. JamesBurns 05:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete per Tony. --Xcali 05:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There seems already to be a consensus and since I'm the author of the entry, I'll put my two cents in. Do what you will, it's of no real importance. I coined the word and felt pretty good about it. Granted, it is merely a new synonym for "Female ejaculation" but as a feminist, I wanted to give it its own name. It was concise and direct and I thought since the culture of this particular sexual act was still relatively unknown and misunderstood, this word would help draw attention and pique the curiosity of people who wished to learn.

When I googled the word 7 weeks ago, there were no returns. Now there are a few, mostly related to my original article, but oddly two porn sites have picked it up. Now what's more validating than that?

When I visited this site yesterday, I searched the word and no results were returned. However, there was a friendly invitation to create an entry for it. So, I read the rules and didn't seem to be violating any of them (I'm not making money, it wasn't gibberish) and made my entry.

Certainly my ego is involved in making this entry, but I don't think it's more than a healthy one. So, it's of no importance that it remains here.

Perhaps I will get lucky and someday the word will enter the common vernacular and it will be entered by someone else. Until then....

Cheers! gballsout

 * Thanks for being understanding about it. This is no big deal, I encourage you to continue to contribute, and when the word does enter the vernacular it will be very appropriate to have an entry about it. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I found an entry in Urban Slang. I must say, though I know I came up with the term independantly, I was sad to find it was entered in Feb.

 * Delete, neolojism. --W(t) 12:27, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)

 * "neolojism"---That guy wins!! gballsout

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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1952 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1952.

Championship final
June 22: Fredrikstad - Brann 3-1

Sørland/Vestland
Ålgård - Flekkefjord 2-0

Varegg - Ålgård 2-2 (extra time)

Varegg - Ålgård 2-1

Varegg promoted.

Møre/Trøndelag
Ranheim - Hødd 2-0

Ranheim promoted.

District I
1. Moss (Promoted) 2. Greåker 3. Sprint 4. Rakkestad 5. Asim 6. Rapid 7. Borgen 8. Tistedalen

District II, Group A
1. Jevnaker (Play-off) 2. Aurskog 3. Nydalen 4. Bjørkelangen 5. Saene 6. Mercantile/Trygg 7. Akdemisk 8. Bækkelaget

District II, Group B
1. Drammens BK (Play-off) 2. Kongsberg 3. Kjelsås 4. Mjøndalen 5. Aaen 6. Grei 7. Strong 8. Jordal

District III
1. Hamarkameratene (Play-off) 2. Raufoss 3. Hamar IL 4. Vang 5. Fremad 6. Mesna 7. Brumunddal 8. Bøverbru

District IV, Group A
1. Herkules (Play-off) 2. Storm 3. Urædd 4. Tønsberg Turn 5. Flint 6. Falk 7. Tollnes 8. Holmestrand

District IV, group B
1. Skiens BK Play-off 2. Rjukan 3. Borg 4. Brevik 5. Skiens-Grane 6. Ulefoss 7. Sp.klubben 31 8. Langesund

District V, Group A1 (Aust-Agder)
1. Trauma (Play-off) 2. Arendals BK 3. Risør 4. Nedenes 5. Nidarås 6. Tvedestrand

District V, Group A2 (Aust-Agder)
1. Vindbjart (Play-off) 2. AIK Lund 3. Bakke 4. Vigør 5. Farsund 6. Torridal

District V, Group B1 (Rogaland)
1. Klepp (Promoted) 2. Varhaug 3. Brodd 4. Orre 5. Pol 6. Ganddal

District V, B2 (Rogaland)
1. Stavanger IF (Promoted) 2. Haugar 3. Buøy 4. Vidar 5. Kopervik 6. Staal

District VI, Group A (Bergen)
1. Fjellkameratene (Play-off) 2. Laksevåg 3. Minde 4. Bergens-Sparta 5. Trane 6. Frøya 7. Viggo

District VI, Group B (Midthordland)
1. Voss (Play-off) 2. Florvåg 3. Dale (Dalekvam) 4. Fana 5. Erdal

District VII, Group A (Sunnmøre/Romsdal)
1. Ørsta (Promoted) 2. Spjelkavik 3. Skarbøvik 4. Veblungsnes 5. Volda 6. Åndalsnes 7. Aksla 8. Hareid

District VII, Group B (Nordmøre/Romsdal)
1. Træff (Promoted) 2. Nordlandet 3. Averøykam. 4. Halsa 5. Goma 6. Sunndal 7. Bjørn 8. Rensvik

District VIII, Group A (Sør-Trøndelag)
1. Løkken (Play-off) 2. Melhus 3. Svorkmo 4. Troll 5. Orkanger 6. Heimdal 7. Oppdal

District VIII, Group B (Trondheim og omegn)
1. National (Play-off) 2. Nidar 3. Tryggkameratene 4. Ørn (Trondheim) 5. Trond 6. Tempe 7. Vestbyen 8. Strindheim

District VIII, Group C (Fosen)
1. Opphaug (Play-off) 2. Beian 3. Lensvik 4. Uthaug 5. Stadsbygd 6. Fevåg 7. Brekstad

District VIII, Group D (Nord-Trøndelag)
1. Nessegutten (Play-off) 2. Sverre 3. Stjørdal 4. Verdal 5. Malm 6. Blink 7. Frostakameratene

Play-off, District II/III
Jevnaker - Drammens BK 2-1

Drammens BK - Hamarkameratene 0-1

Hamarkameratene - Jevnaker 3-4

Championship District II
Jevnaker - Drammens BK 2-1

Drammens BK - Jevnaker 0-2 (agg. 1-4)

Play-off District IV
Herkules - Skiens BK 2-0

Herkules promoted.

Relegation play-off District IV
Falk - Ulefoss 1-1 (extra time)

Falk - Ulefoss 0-1 (in Porsgrunn)

Falk relegated

Play-off District V
Trauma - Vindbjart 4-0

Vindbjart - Trauma 1-1 (agg. 1-5)

Trauma promoted.

Championship District V
Stavanger IF - Klepp 5–1

Klepp - Stavanger IF 0-3 (agg. 1-8)

Trauma - Stavanger IF 0-2 (in Flekkefjord)

Play-off District VI
Fjellkameratene - Voss 1-2

Voss - Fjellkameratene 3-2 (agg. 5-3)

Voss promoted.

Championship District VII
Ørsta - Træff 6-1 (in Ålesund)

Play-off District VIII
Løkken - Opphaug 7-2

Nessegutten - Løkken 5-3

Opphaug - National 0-6

National - Nessegutten 1-3

National - Løkken 1-0

Nessegutten - Opphaug 10-2

National team
Note: Norway's goals first Explanation:
 * OG = 1952 Summer Olympics

title: 1952 in Norwegian football


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User:Phil-hong

Phil-hong, (known humanly as Phil), is an enthusiast and occasional editor to Wikipedia.

I am a proud Canadian, born with a Chinese background (specifically with links to Chaozhou and Hainan). I had to learn English as a Second Language because the first language I had spoken was Cantonese. Oh well.

My linguistics within Chinese are quite weak, actually. In true filial fashion, I get steamed for pronouncing some words wrong, and I have little knowledge of the "other" main dialect of China, Mandarin.

Since 1999, I have been a web designer with focus on raw HTML; the first webpages I coded were on a public computer at a Brampton Public Library branch. As bullies were teasing my old Primary school and there was not much else to do as a child, websites were my focus. Flash is still new to me, and probably out of my ability for at least the near future.

Biography
I was born in York, Ontario (now a part of the City of Toronto) during the wee hours of a November Saturday, but I consider myself a Brampton baby. The U-HAUL was ready and the house was bought on the day I was born, which means that Brampton is my hometown. Eventually, I moved to York Region, where I currently live.

I am an avid fan of Adult Contemporary music. I take an interest in some Asian cultures (to be specific, Chinese and Japanese), and a long trip to Australia was (an accomplished) part of my to-do list.

I was, at one time, an editor for a category in the Open Directory Project.

Interestingly enough, I share a birthday with Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

title: User:Phil-hong


text:
GWF Television Championship

The GWF Television Championship was a secondary title in the Global Wrestling Federation in Texas. The title existed from 1991 until 1993, when it was abandoned. The title was defended on the promotion's show that aired nationally on ESPN.

June 1991
The GWF Television Championship Tournament was a twenty-four man tournament for the inaugural GWF Television Championship held on June 29 and June 30, 1991. The Patriot defeated Buddy Landel in the final to win the tournament.

October 1991
The GWF Television Championship Tournament was a six-man tournament held for the vacated GWF Television Championship on October 4, 1991 after previous champion The Patriot vacated the title upon winning the GWF North American Heavyweight Championship on August 23. Eddie Gilbert won the tournament by defeating Handsome Stranger in the final.

title: GWF Television Championship


text: User talk:67.121.92.159

title: User talk:67.121.92.159


text:
Ex rel.

Ex rel. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "ex relatione (meaning "[arising] out of the relation/narration [of the relator]" ). The term is a legal phrase; the legal citation guide, the Bluebook, describes ex rel. as a "procedural phrase" and requires using it to abbreviate "on the relation of", "for the use of", "on behalf of", and similar expressions.

It is most commonly used when a government brings a cause of action upon the request of a private party who has some interest in the matter. The private party is called the relator in such a case. The government acts on the basis of the narration or recounting (Latin relatione) of the alleged facts by the relator. Governments typically accept applications and commence litigation for ex rel. actions only if the interest advanced by the private party is similar to the interest of the government.

New York has a "forever wild" constitutional article, which is enforceable by action of the New York State Attorney General or by any citizen ex rel. with the consent of the Appellate Division.

The term can also be used when a relative or party in privity brings suit on another person's behalf. For example, the Terri Schiavo appeal to the United States Supreme Court was titled Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo.

title: Ex rel.


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Movement 88

Movement 88 (Շարժում 88) was a political party in Artsakh.

History
The party was part of an electoral alliance with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, that won 3 out of 33 seats in the National Assembly following the 2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election.

The party did not participate in the 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election. The party decided to participate in the 2015 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election receiving 6.93% of the popular vote and won two seats in the National Assembly.

While the party decided not to participate in the 2020 Artsakhian general election, the party endorsed the Free Motherland - UCA Alliance.

The party currently holds no political representation and acts as an extra-parliamentary force.

title: Movement 88


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Communist Party of Artsakh

The Communist Party of Artsakh (Արցախի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն) was a communist political party in the Republic of Artsakh.

History
The party failed to receive any seats in the National Assembly following the June 2005 elections, the May 2010 elections, and the May 2015 elections.

For the 2005 election, the party fielded 10 candidates for the Proportional Representation seats and candidates in 4 single-member constituencies. For the 2010 election, the party presented a list for the Proportional Representation seats as well as one candidate in one of the 16 single-member seats.

As of 2014, Hrant Melkumyan served as the chairman of the party. Melkumyam contested the 2007 Nagorno-Karabakh presidential election. He obtained 554 votes (0.8%).

The party publishes Artsakhi komunist (Արցախի կոմունիստ), with pages in Armenian and Russian.

title: Communist Party of Artsakh


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Democratic Party of Artsakh

The Democratic Party of Artsakh (Արցախի ժողովրդավարական կուսակցություն; DPA, ԱԺԿ) was a political party in the Republic of Artsakh. It was founded on 30 January 2005. Before that, in 2000–2005 there was an acting socio-political organization called the "Democratic Artsakh Union". The Chairman of the party is Ashot Ghulian, who is also the President of the National Assembly. Following the results of the parliamentary elections of 19 June 2005, DPA won the most electoral votes and formed the "Democracy" faction in the National Assembly. As a result of the elections to the National Assembly of the 5th convocation, the faction was reformed with 10 members. After the Parliamentary elections of 3 May 2015, Democratic Party of Artsakh reformed its faction with 6 members (4 MPs were elected by a proportional system, 2 MPs by a majoritarian system).

Ideology
According to its website, the DPA stands for the values of stability, establishing a powerful state, improving democracy, civil society, human rights and personal freedom and protection, family, work, and social justice, as well as the preservation of the national culture. Political pragmatism is practised whenever possible.

Program
The main goals of the DPA are:
 * to build a legal state where the rights of a person to live a free, safe, prosperous and dignified life are ensured;
 * to strengthen of independent statehood, creation of a powerful, civilized state, enrichment and preservation of national identity;
 * to build a civil society guided by national values, based on social solidarity, justice, tolerance and partnerships

In regards to the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the party states in its charter that it supports "the reinstatement of the right of the people of the NKR to self-determination through the peaceful negotiations within the borders and with a security system acceptable to them."

Electoral record
Parliamentary election results:

Foreign relations
On 17 April 2015, the Democratic Party of Artsakh was elected as an associate member of the European Free Alliance. On 2 September 2015, the DPA leader Ashot Ghoulyan and European Free Alliance president François Alfonsi signed a Declaration on Cooperation in Stepanakert.

title: Democratic Party of Artsakh


text:
Here I Am to Worship

Here I Am to Worship is an album of Christian music by singer-songwriter Tim Hughes.

Track listing
All songs written by Tim Hughes, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Tim Hughes – lead vocals, backing vocals, additional guitars
 * Jason Halbert – keyboards, organ, programming
 * Carl Marsh – additional string programming
 * George Cocchini – acoustic guitars
 * Dwayne Larring – acoustic guitars, electric guitars
 * David Larring – additional guitars, bass
 * Otto Price – bass
 * Rick May – drums
 * John Catchings – cello
 * Monisa Angell – viola
 * David Angell – second violin
 * David Davidson – first violin, string arrangements

Production

 * Les Moir – executive producer
 * Mike Pilavachi – executive producer
 * Jason Halbert – producer, engineer, mixing (3)
 * Dwayne Larring – producer, additional engineer
 * Jim McCaslin – additional engineer
 * Fred Paragano – mixing (1, 2, 4–11)
 * Ken Love – mastering
 * Christiév Carothers – creative direction
 * Jan Cook – art direction
 * Benji Peck – design
 * Kristin Barlowe – photography

Studios
 * Recorded at Earful Sound (Brentwood, TN); The Refuge (Franklin, TN); Soul Survivor (Watford, UK).
 * Mixed at Paragon Studios (Franklin, TN) and The Junction (Pasadena, CA).
 * Mastered at MasterMix (Nashville, TN).

title: Here I Am to Worship


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Armenakan Party (Nagorno-Karabakh)

The Armenakan Party («Արմենական կուսակցություն» — Armenakan Kusaktsutyun), also known as the Armenakan Party of Artsakh, is a center-right political party in Artsakh.

History
The party participated in the 2000 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, winning 1 seat in the National Assembly.

The Armenakan Party failed to receive any seats following the 2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, obtaining just 0.86% of the popular vote.

The party has not participated in any recent elections, however, the party endorsed Arayik Harutyunyan and the Free Motherland party prior to the 2020 Artsakhian general election.

Ideology
The party supports the continued development of the state, the establishment of a strong democracy, culture and public solidarity, and political tolerance in Artsakh. In addition, the party supports development of the military, ensuring security, cooperating with regional partners, promoting peace in the Caucasus region, and guaranteeing human rights for its citizens.

title: Armenakan Party (Nagorno-Karabakh)


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Free Motherland

Free Motherland («Ազատ Հայրենիք» կուսակցություն, Azat Hayrenik kusaktsutyun) abbreviated as ԱՀԿ or AHK was a political party in Artsakh. The party was formed on 29 January 2005. Initially, the party consisted of four co-presidents: Arayik Harutyunyan, Arthur Tovmasyan, Rudik Hyusnunts and Arpat Avanesyan.

History
The party was founded on 29 January 2005. The chairman of the party is former Prime Minister Araik Harutyunyan. The party participated in the 2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, after which the party received 10 out of 33 seats in the National Assembly.

Following the 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, the party won 14 seats in the National Assembly, both in direct and proportional electoral systems. The head of the faction was Gagik Petrosyan.

Following the 2015 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, the Free Motherland Party won 47.3% of the vote and together with those elected by the majority system, received 15 seats and made up a parliamentary majority. The head of the faction is Arthur Tovmasyan.

The party participated in 2020 Artsakhian general election as part of the Free Motherland - UCA Alliance, which won 16 seats out of 33 in the National Assembly.

Program
The program of the party is a document expressing the national interests of the Artsakh people, their freedom, security and the right to self-determination. The party is a political association of the NKR on a voluntary basis. Objectives include: a) together with like-minded people to improve social justice, b) to revive the people's faith in their own strengths and a brighter future, c) create conditions for the formation of the middle class, d) promote the spiritual revival of the people and increase the role of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Ideology
The party maintains a centre-right ideology. The party advocates for a national and religious identity, economic development, preservation of language, educational system reform, and supports cultural patriotism and military spirit. The main difference from other Armenian and Artsakh parties is the support of economic development over democratic transformations. The party believes that economic development will help to achieve Artsakh's independence, while strengthening the establishment of civil society and democracy.

Central Council
Important decisions of the party are made up by a Central Council consisting of 55 persons, by either open or closed voting:
 * Harutyunyan Araik
 * Petrosyan Gagik
 * Tovmasyan Arthur
 * Avanesyan Arpat
 * Hyusnunts Rudik
 * Jivanyan Hovik
 * Dadayan Romela
 * Kasparyan Grigory
 * Harutyunyan Valery
 * Petrosyan Karlen
 * Esayan Samvel
 * Adamyan Karen
 * Azatyan Kamo
 * Alibabyan Gennady
 * Alaverdyan Hamlet
 * Aghajanyan Anaida
 * Aghajanyan Samvel
 * Virabyan Samvel
 * Arustamyan Arto
 * Arushanyan Vigen
 * Asryan Murad
 * Asryan Asya
 * Avanesyan Ivan
 * Beglaryan David
 * Beglaryan Erik
 * Gasparyan Grigory
 * Grigoryan Aram
 * Grigoryan Garry
 * Grigoryan Oleg
 * Dadasyan Arthur
 * Israelyan Rudolf
 * Israelyan Ruslan
 * Galstyan Armo
 * Khachatryan Qajik
 * Tsaturyan Armen
 * Hayrapetyan Aleksey
 * Nasibyan Hrachik
 * Harutyunyan Stanislav
 * Mirzoyan Artak
 * Mikaelyan Vladimir
 * Mikaelyan Arsen
 * Mkhitaryan Artush
 * Mnatsakanyan Serob
 * Narimanyan Kamo
 * Poghosyan Vahram
 * Hayrapetyan Susanna
 * Saryan Sumbat
 * Virabyan Michael
 * Ulubabyan Vardges
 * Qocharyan Kamo
 * Ohanyan Armen
 * Petrosyan Arthur
 * Hakobyan Anna
 * Ohanjanyan Ararat

title: Free Motherland


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Social Justice Party (Nagorno Karabakh)

The Social Justice Party (Սոցիալական արդարություն կուսակցություն) was a political party in Artsakh, founded in 2005.

History
The chairperson of the Social Justice Party is Karen Ohanjanyan, coordinator of the human rights organization, Helsinki Initiative '92, which is part of the Helsinki Citizens Assembly network. The Social Justice Party failed to receive any seats following the 2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election and obtained just 0.04% of the popular vote.

The party did not participate in the 2015 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election and currently has no representation in the National Assembly.

title: Social Justice Party (Nagorno Karabakh)


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Matrimony (solitaire)

Matrimony is a patience or card solitaire game that uses two packs of 52 playing cards. It is a difficult game which depends mostly on luck and is sometimes mechanical.

While the words matrimony and marriage are synonymous with each other, this game should not be confused with Royal Marriage, which is sometimes also given the name Matrimony.

Like many patience games, there is more than one set of rules, and there are two main versions of Matrimony. The one described below is from Peter Arnold's Card Games for One.

Rules
One Q♦ and one J♦ are taken out of the pack to form the foundations. As they become available during the deal, the two J♥ and the four black 10s (two 10♠ and two 10♣) are placed beside the two cards already present also form the foundations. After that, sixteen cards are dealt into two rows of eight cards each, forming the bases for the sixteen tableau piles. The foundations and the tableau may look like this:

The Q♦ is built up to Jack, and all other foundations are built down, with the Jacks up to Queens and the Tens up to Jacks, all by suit and all round-the-corner, i.e. putting a king over an ace and vice versa. The cards to be used to build on these eight foundations are those put on the piles. The top card of each pile is available for play.

Once no more moves are possible, a new batch of 16 cards are dealt from the stock, one on each pile, filling any spaces in the process. Therefore, an empty pile is not filled until the next deal. In between deals, cards are moved onto the foundations. The dealing of new batches of cards and moving cards to the foundations continue until the stock runs out. From that point, a new special process of dealing begins.

Using the diagram above as a guideline, the player picks up the cards from pile 16 and deals them from left to right, starting from the gap it leaves behind and goes from pile 16 to pile 1 if necessary. Then the cards from pile 15 are picked up and deal a card to piles 15, 16, 1, and so on until they run out. Then the cards on pile 14 are done the same. This continues until all cards from pile 1 are dealt. The player must make a point to build appropriate cards to the foundations each time after a pile is dealt. Also, a pile with only one card is left untouched because once it is picked up, it is placed back there anyway.

The game is out when all cards are built into the foundations.

title: Matrimony (solitaire)


text:
Talk:California State Route 1

Coast highway 1 and 101
Not able to find information or comments on the feasibility of R V travel from Monterey California to Crescent City Oregon. How challenging is the route ? 12.244.210.46 (talk) 07:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Only contribution by this user account: created by an AI? WCCasey (talk) 15:49, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 1


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Tommy Salo

Tommy Mikael Salo (born 1 February 1971) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender and the current general manager of Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders, Edmonton Oilers and Colorado Avalanche, and previously served as head coach of IK Oskarshamn.

Playing career
Salo began his career playing three seasons in the Elitserien with Västerås IK. He was chosen 118th overall, in the fifth round, by the New York Islanders in 1993. He debuted with the Islanders in 1994–95, but would play the majority of his first two seasons in North America with New York's International Hockey League (IHL) affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies. Playing in the IHL, Salo won back-to-back Turner Cups with the Grizzlies as league champions and earned the N.R. "Bud" Poile Trophy as playoff MVP in 1996. In his first year, he was named both league MVP and rookie of the year in 1995, in addition to First Team All-Star honours and a James Norris Memorial Trophy for allowing the fewest goals against.

In 1996–97, Salo emerged as the Islanders' starting goaltender and played in that capacity for the club until March 20, 1999, when he was traded to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Mats Lindgren and an eighth-round pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft (used to select Radek Martínek). Salo found his stride in Edmonton and was chosen to two All-Star Games in 2000 and 2002. In 2001–02, Salo recorded a career-best 2.22 goals against average (GAA).

On March 9, 2004, after six seasons with Edmonton, Salo was traded to the Colorado Avalanche (along with a sixth-round pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft) in exchange for Tom Gilbert. As NHL play was suspended the following season due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Salo returned to Sweden in signing a one-year contract with Modo Hockey of the Elitserien.

After Modo was eliminated in the playoffs by Färjestad BK, Salo announced his retirement from professional hockey on March 17, 2005, citing chronic hip pain.

On December 9, 2006, in an interview with Swedish newspaper Expressen, Salo announced that he would retire from playing professional hockey after the 2006–07 season.

International play
Salo first competed for Sweden in the 1991 World Junior Championships. He played in six games and posted a 3.32 GAA.

Several years later, he played an integral role in Sweden's gold medal victory at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Salo made critical saves in the gold medal game, as they defeated Canada in a shootout to secure Sweden's first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey.

In 1998, Salo once again competed in the Winter Olympics, as NHL players were allowed to compete for the first time. He played in four games as Sweden failed to medal.

At the 2002 Winter Olympics, Salo started for Sweden once more and were favourites to win the gold medal, placing first in the round robin. However, in the quarter-final game against Belarus, with the game tied late in the third period, Salo surrendered a 20-metre goal from defenceman Vladimir Kopat. The long slap shot puck bounced off Salo's mask after he had hopped, went up in the air, and bounced off of his back and into the net. Sweden would not recover and Salo was made the scapegoat in one of the biggest upsets in international hockey history. Some would claim that Salo was never the same after the incident.

Coaching and executive career
Shortly after completing his playing career, on March 5, 2007, Kungälvs IK of the Swedish tier III league announced that Salo would be their head coach for the next two seasons. Following his tenure with the club, he signed with IK Oskarshamn on March 12, 2009.

On December 1, 2010, Salo left his post at IK Oskarshamn to become general manager of Leksands IF.

Legal issues
On 11 August 2020, Salo crashed his car into the middle railing on the E18 highway, east of Köping, Sweden. Police arrived to the scene and found Salo sleeping in his car. A blood sample showed that Salo was heavily intoxicated with 3.06 ‰ alcohol in his blood stream. On 20 January 2021, Salo was convicted of aggravated drunken driving and sentenced to two months in prison.

Awards
International IHL NHL Elitserien
 * Won a Channel One Cup/Izvestia Trophy bronze medal with Sweden in 1993.
 * Won a Winter Olympic gold medal with Sweden in 1994.
 * Won a World Championships gold medal with Sweden at the 1998 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships silver medal with Sweden at the 1997 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships bronze medal with Sweden at the 1994 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships bronze medal with Sweden at the 1999 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships bronze medal with Sweden at the 2001 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships bronze medal with Sweden at the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Championships silver medal with Sweden at the 2003 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 * Won a World Cup of Hockey bronze medal with Sweden at the first World Cup of Hockey in 1996.
 * IIHF - World Cup's Best Goalkeeper 1997, 1998, 1999.
 * IIHF - The World Championships All Star Team Act 1997, 1998, 1999.
 * IIHF - World Cup's best goalkeeper points in 1998 - 95.9
 * Swedish All-Star Team 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004.
 * Tre Kronor's First Guard 1994-2004.
 * All tournaments with Tre Kronor: WJC 1991, IZVESTIA TROPHY/CHANNEL ONE CUP 1993, OS 1994, VM 1994, World Cup of Hockey 1996, VM 1997, OS 1998, VM 1998, VM 1999, VM 2000, VM 2001, OS 2002, VM 2002, VM 2003, World Cup of Hockey 2004.
 * Internationals: 112 A, 27 B , 16 C.
 * One of his greatest achievements in Tre Kronor was when he made a decisive penalty save in the final against Canada in the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer, which led to Sweden's first Olympic gold.
 * He is also one of the few who received six wasps by the Swedish newspaper Expressen, after holding zero in Sweden's two final matches against Finland in 1998.
 * He is the only Swedish goalkeeper to have played in three Olympic tournament series in 1994, 1998, 2002.
 * Won the James Gatschene Memorial Trophy (league MVP) in 1995.
 * Won the James Norris Memorial Trophy (fewest goals against) in 1995 and in 1996.
 * Won the Gary F. Longman Memorial Trophy (rookie of the year) in 1995.
 * Named to the First All-Star Team in 1994 and 1995.
 * Won a Turner Cup (league championship) with the Denver Grizzlies in 1995 and Utah Grizzlies in 1996.
 * Won the N.R. "Bud" Poile Trophy (Playoff MVP) in 1996.
 * Won the Zane Feldman Trophy–Edmonton Oilers MVP in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Games played - 334 1998–04.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Win Leaders with - 147 Wins 1998-04.
 * Ranked second in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Losses Leaders with - 128 Losses 1998-04.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Goals Against - 796 1998-04.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Shots Against - 8,455 1998-04.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Saves - 7,659 1998-04.
 * Ranked fourth in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Highest Save Percentage (minimum 2,000 shots) - .906 1998-04.
 * Ranked one in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Shutouts - 23 1998-04.
 * Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers-Goalies All-Time NHL Leaders Minutes - 19,564 1998-04.
 * Single-season Leaders shutouts in a season: 8, (2000–01) 6, (2001–02) Ranked one and fourth in Edmonton Oilers
 * Single-season Leaders Games Played in a season: 73, (2000–01) Ranked second in Edmonton Oilers
 * Single-season Leaders Wins in a season: 36, (2000–01) Ranked third in Edmonton Oilers
 * Single-season Leaders Lowest Goals Against Average (minimum 2,000 minutes) in a season: 2.22, (2001–02) 2.33, (1999–2000) 2.46, (2000–01) Ranked one and second and fifth in Edmonton Oilers
 * Single-season Leaders Minutes in a season: 4,364, (2000–01) 4,164, (1999–2000) Ranked one and fourth in Edmonton Oilers
 * All-time post-season Leaders Goaltenders Games played 21, (1998–01 2002–03) Ranked fifth in Edmonton Oilers
 * All-time post-season Leaders Goaltenders Losses 16, (1998–01 2002–03) Ranked second in Edmonton Oilers
 * Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 2000 and 2002.
 * NHL Career Shutouts - 37.
 * Named NHL Player of the Week on March 25, 2002 and March 10, 2003.
 * Won the Molson Cup in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002.
 * NHL-drafted By New York Islanders, 5th round, 14th pick, (118th overall) in NHL Entry Draft 1993.
 * Won a silver medal with the Frölunda Indians in 2006.
 * Internally voted as the best Frölunda player 2005/2006.
 * Frölunda HC ECC 2005/2006
 * Best goalkeeper Elitserien 1993.
 * Elitserien best goalkeeper Save percentage points 1993 - 91.8
 * Junior 20-SM-Gold 1990.
 * TV-Pucken: 1986
 * Stora Grabbars Märke number 158.
 * Elected as number 59 in the Swedish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2013.

Records

 * Edmonton Oilers franchise record; lowest goals against average, career - 2.40 (minimum 4,000 minutes).

title: Tommy Salo


text: Category:History of Senegal

title: Category:History of Senegal


text:
Honza

Honza is a very common Czech name which may be informally used interchangeably with Jan (John). It comes from German Johann(es) → Hans → Honza. Possible diminutives are Honzík or Honzíček.

In Czech every Jan can be called Honza. In fact, virtually no Jan is called Jan by friends - usually Honza or Jenda is used.

Honza may be translated as John.

Honza is often a Czech fairy tale hero, sometimes called Hloupý Honza (Dull Honza), Líný Honza (Lazy Honza) or Chudý Honza (Poor Honza).

In original uses, Líný Honza is the lazy and inept son of village farmers. His parents send him "to the world" to take care of himself and get experience. On his way, he meets seemingly impossible obstacles (often involving a dragon) but outsmarts them all and returns home with fame, riches and a princess as his wife.

While sometimes called Hloupý Honza (Dull Honza), he is not really dull and in more modern fairy tales he often loses other negative characteristics too.

Such figures became national personification – often suggested as mirroring the national character of Czechs (the nation had unexpectedly risen up, from low classes, struggling to establish itself as an independent entity). Comparison of "dull" Honza with lot of "common sense" (as opposed to knowledge obtained by studying) with aristocracy portrayed by princes which are unable to overcome obstacles Honza did overcome might also refer to fact that for big part of history (most of) Czech aristocracy was separated from people and often not really Czech (but German and Austrian).

Literature

 * Chytrý Honza z Čech (The clever Honza from Bohemia), collection ISBN 978-80-85606-05-8
 * Český Honza (Czech Honza), collection, ISBN 978-80-242-1411-5

Theatre

 * How Simple Honza Went Out into the World

Films

 * Honza málem králem
 * Z pekla štěstí
 * O chytrém Honzovi aneb Jak se Honza stal králem
 * Princové jsou na draka

title: Honza


text:
GNOME Foundation

GNOME Foundation is a non-profit organization based in Orinda, California, United States, which works to coordinate the efforts in the GNOME project.

Purpose
The GNOME Foundation works to further the goal of the GNOME project: to create a computing platform for use by the general public that is composed entirely of free software. It was founded on 5 March 2001 by Compaq, Eazel, Helix Code, IBM, Red Hat, Sun Microsystems, and VA Linux Systems.

To achieve this goal, the foundation coordinates releases of GNOME and determines which projects are a part of GNOME. The foundation acts as an official voice for the GNOME project, providing a means of communication with the press and with commercial and noncommercial organizations interested in GNOME software. The foundation produces educational materials and documentation to help the public learn about GNOME software. In addition, it sponsors GNOME-related technical conferences, such as GUADEC, GNOME.Asia, and the Boston Summit, represents GNOME at relevant conferences sponsored by others, helps create technical standards for the project, and promotes the use and development of GNOME software.

Management
The GNOME Executive Director is selected and hired by the GNOME Board of Directors.

Between 2008 and 2010, Stormy Peters served as the foundation's executive director. She was replaced in June 2011 by Karen Sandler, who served until March 2014. Following Sandler's departure, the GNOME Board announced that cash reserves had been drained due to a cash flow problem, as the GNOME Foundation had to front the costs of late payments from sponsors of the 'Outreach Program for Women'. Spending for non-essential activities was therefore frozen to allow the cash reserves to recover throughout 2014. This led to various rumors that the GNOME foundation had gone bankrupt, which the GNOME foundation has clarified never happened.

The executive director position remained unfilled until February 2017, when former Debian leader Neil McGovern was appointed. In February 2022, Neil McGovern resigned as executive director of the GNOME Foundation. A call for job applications was opened for the executive director role in August 2022, and was subsequently reopened with a modified job description in May 2023.

The current executive director, Holly Million, was announced on 17 October 2023.

Board of directors
The foundation's board of directors is elected every year via elections held by the GNOME Foundation Election Committee. The 2024 board president is Robert McQueen, and the other board members are Sonny Piers, Jeremy Allison, Sammy Fung, Erik Albers, Regina Nkenchor, and Michael Downey.

Some notable former board members

 * Behdad Esfahbod (2007–2010)
 * Nat Friedman (2001–2003)
 * Jim Gettys (2000–2002)
 * Miguel de Icaza (2000–2002)
 * Raph Levien (2000–2001)
 * Michael Meeks (2001)
 * Federico Mena Quintero (2000–2001, 2004–2005)
 * Havoc Pennington (2000–2001)
 * Stormy Peters (2011-2012)
 * Karen Sandler (2014-2016)
 * Jim Hall (2016-2017)
 * Luis Villa (2002–2006, 2008–2009)
 * Jeff Waugh (2003–2004, 2006–2008)

Membership
All GNOME contributors can apply for Foundation membership. All members are eligible to stand for the Board of Directors, vote in Board elections, and suggest referendum for voting.

Advisory board
The foundation's Advisory Board is a body of organizations and companies that wish to communicate and work closely with the board of directors and the GNOME project. Organizations may join the advisory board for an annual fee of between US$11500 and US$23000, or be invited as a non-profit.

, Advisory Board members include: Canonical Ltd., Debian, Endless Computer, Google, Red Hat, Sugar Labs, SUSE, and The Document Foundation.

GNOME Patent Troll Defense Fund
In September 2019, Rothschild Patent Imaging (RPI) filed a lawsuit against GNOME Foundation claiming that Shotwell infringed on its patent because "[Shotwell] imports and filters photographic images from cameras, allowing users to organise the photos and share them on social media". GNOME Foundation called allegations baseless and started a defense aimed not just to defend Shotwell, but to invalidate the patents in question altogether. To finance the defense, GNOME launched GNOME Patent Troll Defense Fund. On 23 October 2019, Debian Foundation publicly stated their support for GNOME Foundation and urged users to donate to the fund. In October 2019, Open Innovation Network announced that their lawyers would assist help GNOME Foundation in discovery process to find prior art to invalidate the patent claims. The GNOME Patent Troll Defense fund received support of over 4000 contributors and surpassed the original goal of US$125,000.

On 20 May 2020, GNOME Foundation announced resolution of the patent case. The sides have settled on the following conditions:

 * GNOME received a release and covenant not to be sued for any patent held by Rothschild Patent Imaging
 * Both Rothschild Patent Imaging and Leigh Rothschild grant a release and covenant from material part of infringement allegations to any software released under an existing Open Source Initiative approved license and subsequent versions of thereof, including for the entire Rothschild portfolio of patents

Thus Rothschild Patent Imaging and Leigh Rothschild keep their original patent, but GNOME Foundation and any project released under OSI-approved license is immune from any future patent claims made by Rothschild Patent Imaging and Leigh Rothschild.

title: GNOME Foundation


text:
Don't Forget Your Toothbrush

Don't Forget Your Toothbrush is a British light entertainment TV programme that aired on Channel 4 from 12 February 1994 to 25 February 1995 and was hosted by Chris Evans.

Background
Don't Forget Your Toothbrush was written and presented by Chris Evans in his first major venture away from The Big Breakfast. The first pilot was considered unsuccessful by executives and Evans himself. Channel 4 chief executive Michael Grade said that the pilot was "like amateur's hour". After two failed pilots, the broadcaster was reluctant to waste the money that they had spent developing the show. At some point in the process, executive producer Sebastian Scott left the project and Evans invited experienced game show producer William G. Stewart to develop the show. The show ran for two series in 1994 and 1995 on Channel 4. Shows were transmitted live on Saturday nights the first series at 10pm, the second at 9pm. Each episode would be repeated at teatime on the following Monday (series 1) or Sunday (series 2).

The theme music was composed by David Arnold, though Jools Holland (with his Big Band in series one, and Rhythm and Blues Orchestra in series two) provided the music during the live shows. The ensemble provided accompaniment for a musical performance by the star guest of each week's episode; guests included Cher, Barry White, Lulu and Tony Hadley. Evans ended each show with a song. In series one, he sang Morecambe and Wise's "Bring Me Sunshine" with that week's star guest, while in series two he sang Andy Williams' "It's So Easy".

The star guest took part in a "Superfan" quiz, competing against an audience member who was a huge fan of theirs to see which of the two knew more about the guest. Evans asked toss-up questions for two minutes, and would often stop the clock after a question to have a brief conversation about it with the guest. Both the guest and the fan brought a personal possession to the studio, and the winner received the loser's item (e.g. a fan of Paul Young risking his first snooker trophy, and Young himself risking a coffee percolator).

Don't Forget Your Toothbrush was also a game show, with members of the audience chosen to participate in a series of humorous challenges and win cash or prizes. One game featured during the second series involved home viewers following Evans' instructions to flash their house lights on and off at a particular moment. A camera crew in a mystery location would search for someone taking part. When a house had been found, Evans would read three unusual facts about that area, then give the occupants two minutes to throw 10 named items out of specific windows (e.g. "Throw a sofa cushion out of the living room window"). They received £1,000 for winning the game, thrown to them by the crew, and were not named on camera.

The final challenge of each episode was the "Light Your Lemon" quiz. Each member of the audience was obliged to bring a passport and a packed suitcase to the studio, and to arrange to take the following week off work (unless they were unemployed or, as was pointed out, did not care if they lost their jobs). Two members were selected to play the quiz as a team, and a postcard was drawn from those sent in by home viewers. The team would win a holiday to one of two destinations, one much more exotic and appealing than the other, with both chosen for their similar-sounding names (such as Martinique versus Margate, or the Cayman Islands versus Canvey Island). They were asked a maximum of nine questions about the exotic destination, alternating between teammates; each right or wrong answer lit a section of a giant cocktail glass or ice cream cone, respectively. If the team gave five correct answers, they would "light the lemon" on the glass and win the exotic holiday. However, if they missed five, they would "flash the Flake" on the cone and Evans then called the home viewer and asked him/her one question concerning something that had happened during the episode. If the viewer either missed the question or failed to answer Evans' call within five rings, the team won the exotic holiday by default; a correct answer awarded it to the viewer and the less appealing one to the team. Regardless of the outcome, the team departed for their holiday immediately after the show, and the viewer departed for the exotic one on the following day if he/she had won it. (On some episodes, a team that missed five questions would automatically receive the less appealing holiday, without a home viewer being called.) Evans would introduce this segment by looking between alternate cameras in time to a drum beat that parodied the scene changes from one of his favourite TV shows, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.

The hostess for the first series was Evans' then-girlfriend Rachel Tatton-Brown, who had previously worked on The Big Breakfast. Despite being a former model, Tatton-Brown was uncomfortable in front of the cameras and aspired to move onto something else. She was replaced in the second series by his then-new girlfriend, Jadene Doran, whom he frequently introduced as "Ms Let-Your-Hair-Down" and who let her hair fall loose as she arrived onstage, by releasing it from its tied-up style or removing a hat.

In the penultimate episode of the first series, Evans constantly touted a huge surprise throughout the show, but did not reveal it until "Light Your Lemon" was about to begin. He announced that if the studio contestants won the exotic holiday, then every member of the audience would go for a week's holiday at Disneyland Paris. They won, and the whole audience left for Disneyland Paris immediately after the show.

During the second series, it was announced that there would be no third series, in order to allow the show to go out on a high. Evans soon signed up to host the Radio 1 Breakfast Show, and returned to Channel 4 with TFI Friday. In the final episode of this series, the item-throwing game was played for £2,000, and the "Light Your Lemon" quiz gave the chosen studio contestants a chance to win either a Ferrari 308 or a fish finger.

title: Don't Forget Your Toothbrush


text:
Talk:USS Foote (DD-169)

Name
"...later to the Soviet Navy as Doblestnyj."

DANFS says her name was Zhostkyi. —wwoods 17:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Name, again
It is unclear what name this ship had whilst in Soviet service; DANFS says Zhyostky; Conway (and Whitley) say Doblestny. I've added both names, with references, and changed the section heading to reflect the uncertainty. It also makes the redirects easier. I trust that is OK with everyone, Xyl 54 (talk) 00:44, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Foote (DD-169)


text:
Shout

Shout or Shouts may refer to:

 * Shout (sound), a loud vocalization

Films and television

 * The Shout, a 1978 film by Jerzy Skolimowski
 * Shout! The Story of Johnny O'Keefe, 1986 television movie about the Australian singer
 * Shout (film), a 1991 movie starring John Travolta
 * Shout, a character on the children's television series The Fresh Beat Band

Music

 * Shout (Black gospel music), a form of exuberant, fast-paced church music originating among slaves in the southern United States.
 * Shout (band), a Christian rock band in the late 1980s
 * Shout Records, a record label
 *  Shout! The Mod Musical , a Broadway musical featuring songs from the 1960s
 * Shout! The Legend of The Wild One, a musical based on the life of Johnny O'Keefe

Albums

 * Shout! (Isley Brothers album), by The Isley Brothers
 * Shout (Devo album)
 * Shout! (Gov't Mule album)

Songs

 * "Shout" (Ant & Dec song), by PJ & Duncan
 * "Shout" (Isley Brothers song), by the Isley Brothers, covered by Lulu, The Beatles and many others
 * "Shout" (Tears for Fears song), by Tears for Fears, covered by many artists, including as "Shout 2000" by Disturbed
 * "Shout" (Black Tide song)
 * "Shout" (Shout for England song), an unofficial England national football team Fifa World Cup 2010 anthem
 * "Shout!", B-side of Depeche Mode's single "New Life"
 * "Shout", B-side of Michael Jackson's single "Cry"
 * "Shouts", a song by P.O.D. from The Fundamental Elements of Southtown
 * "Shout!!!", a Japanese song by Idoling

People

 * Alfred Shout (1882–1915), Australian soldier awarded the Victoria Cross

Published works

 * Shout (magazine), a magazine for teenage girls in the United Kingdom
 * Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation, a book by Philip Norman
 * Shout NY, a magazine from New York City in the late 1990s and early 1960s
 * Shout (memoir), a poetic memoir by Laurie Halse Anderson

Other uses

 * Shout (paying), an Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, and New Zealand term for paying for a round of drinks or other similar transaction
 * Shout, a household cleaning product produced by S. C. Johnson
 * Shout, or ring shout, a religious dance originating among African slaves in the Americas
 * Shouting (computing), using all caps on social media, which is considered rude
 * Shout, a term for a sea rescue mission by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution

title: Shout


text:
South African military ranks

The South African National Defence Force's rank system is largely based on the British system, with the Air Force (and later the Military Health Service) sharing the Army rank titles.

Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Master Chief and Senior Chief Warrant Officers
The highest ranking South African non-commissioned officer is the Warrant Officer of the South African National Defence Force. They are the sole holder of the rank of Master Chief Warrant Officer. As of October 2012 the incumbent MCWO is Mothusi Kgaladi

The rank of Senior Chief Warrant Officer is only held by the Master at Arms of the Navy, the Sergeant Major of the Army, the Sergeant Major of the Air Force, and the Sergeant Major of the Military Health Service.

Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

General officers

 * Field marshal (1923–c. 1950)
 * General (1914– ) (called "commandant-general" 1956–68)
 * Lieutenant-general (1914– )
 * Major-general (1914– ) (called "combat general" 1960–68)
 * Brigadier-general (1912–40, 1998– )

Field officers

 * Brigadier (1937–98) (called "colonel-commandant" 1937–40)
 * Colonel (1912– )
 * Chief commandant (Used in the Commandos 1968–70)
 * Lieutenant-colonel (1912– ) (called "commandant" 1950–1988)

Company / junior officers

 * Major (1912– )
 * Captain (1912– )
 * Lieutenant (1912– ) (called "field cornet" 1960–68)
 * Second lieutenant (1918– ) (called "assistant field cornet" 1960–68)

Warrant officers
In June 2008 a new series of warrant officer ranks were introduced.
 * Warrant officer 1st class (1921– )
 * Warrant officer 2nd class (1921– )
 * Warrant officer (1912–21)

Non-commissioned officers

 * Staff sergeant (1912– ) (Air Force equivalent "flight sergeant")
 * Sergeant (1912– ) (Air Force equivalent called "air sergeant" until 1970)
 * Corporal (1912– ) (Air Force equivalent called "air corporal" until 1970)
 * Lance-corporal (1912– ) (Air Force equivalent called "leading air mechanic" until 1970)

Rank and file

 * Private (1912– ) (Air Force equivalent called "air mechanic" 1920–70, "private" 1970–82 and "airman" 1982–)

Flag officers

 * Admiral (1972– )
 * Vice-admiral (1965– )
 * Rear-admiral (1940– )
 * Rear-admiral junior grade (1998– )

Senior officers

 * Commodore (1946–98)
 * Captain (1941– )
 * Commander (1913– )
 * Lieutenant-commander (1913– )

Junior officers

 * Lieutenant (1913– )
 * Sub-lieutenant (1913– )
 * Ensign (1913– ) (called "acting sub-lieutenant" until 1965)
 * Warrant officer 1st class (1955– )
 * Warrant officer 2nd class (1955– )
 * Warrant officer (1913–55)

Petty officers

 * Chief petty officer (1913– )
 * Petty officer (1913– )
 * Leading seaman (1913– )
 * Able seaman (1913– )

Ratings

 * Seaman (1913– )

Army
The SA Army was formed in 1912 as the Union Defence Force. It was given its present name in 1951. The rank system is derived from that of the British Army.

The ranks of General Officers changed in September 2003 when the rank previously called Brigadier became known as Brigadier General.

Other ranks
Note: in the artillery and anti-aircraft corps, the corporal and lance-corporal are called "bombardier" (bombardeer) and "lance-bombardier" (onderbombardeer). The private is called a "gunner" in the artillery and anti-aircraft, a "rifleman" in the infantry, a "trooper" in the armoured corps, a "sapper" in the engineers, a "signalman" in the signals corps, and a "scout" in the intelligence corps.

Substantive warrant officer posts
Any warrant officer class 1 could be posted to substantive posts, including
 * Regimental sergeant major
 * Command sergeant major
 * Brigade sergeant major
 * Sergeant Major of the Army
 * Sergeant Major of the Air Force

However they would retain the rank of WO1, while wearing unique rank insignia. To distinguish the posting different colour backgrounds were used; for example, red for regimental sergeant major and black for command sergeant major. The sergeant major of each arm of service wore insignia topped by the arms of their respective arm of service.

In 2008 the warrant officer ranks were expanded to make each substantive rank a formal rank.

Air Force
The SA Air Force was formed in 1920. Unlike many other Commonwealth air forces, it had an army style rank system. In 2002 the Air Force officer rank insignia structure was changed from one which was shared with the Army to a new pattern based on stripes. The Air Force stated that this was "in order to bring it more in line with international forms of rank". The army-style rank titles were retained. Note: The rank of General is only used when the Chief of the Air Force is also the Chief of the Defence Force which has occurred on occasion in the past. In 2005 the South African Air Force redesigned its insignia completely, while keeping the Army titles.

Navy
The SA Navy was originally two separate organisations, namely the South African Division of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (formed in 1913) and the South African Naval Service (formed in 1922 and renamed the "Seaward Defence Force" in 1939). They amalgamated in 1942 to form the SA Naval Forces, which were renamed "SA Navy" in 1951. The rank system is based on that of the (British) Royal Navy.

The ranks of flag officers changed in 1997 when the rank previously called Commodore became known as Rear Admiral (Junior Grade).

title: South African military ranks


text: Category:Geography of Mauritania

title: Category:Geography of Mauritania