text:
Talk:WestJet

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/1999/07/13/westjet990713.html
 * Added tag to http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060907/westjet_president_060907/20060907?hub=Canada
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120309100209/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20110311/westjet-denied-appeal-on-luggage-ruling-110311/ to http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20110311/westjet-denied-appeal-on-luggage-ruling-110311/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055916/http://cms.mccarran.com/dsweb/Get/Document-256434/Total%20International%20Pax%202009.pdf to http://cms.mccarran.com/dsweb/Get/Document-256434/Total%20International%20Pax%202009.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090316092815/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q3/070802c_nr.html to http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q3/070802c_nr.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/westjet-widebodied-expansion-1.3921395
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040703001512/http://www.bcit.ca/news/releases/newsrelease100103101.shtml to http://www.bcit.ca/news/releases/newsrelease100103101.shtml
 * Added tag to http://micro.newswire.ca/release.cgi?rkey=1706094440&view=87295-2&Start=0

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Loyalty programs
Where would be the best place in the article to mention WestJet Rewards and their upcoming program with RBC, Ampli? Daylen (talk) 03:35, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It is not Wikipedia policy to provide free advertising to corporations. Per WP:SOAP Mediatech492 (talk) 03:57, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Concern over Marketing-Style of Writing
I've noticed a few problems with this airline page that makes it a bit different from other airline pages:

 * 1) In-Flight Services & Cabins: This section is downright excessive and unnecessarily long, written in a fairly passive but still promotional feel. This needs to be reviewed.

{Cjstepney (talk) 20:16, 11 March 2020 (UTC)}

WestJet promotes user friendly on-line services, but this has proven to be untrue. There is no phone line or agents to answer direct phone calls, and they do not have a contact email leaving customers blowing in the wind. Extreme lack of service. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.247.247.223 (talk) 19:46, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:30, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg

title: Talk:WestJet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eastern Pact

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was RESULT: DELETE 11-0 Noel (talk) 19:43, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Eastern Pact
The whole item is fake and entirely invented.

This article is simply complete nonsense! I strongly recommend to remove it instantly, please. This kind of disinformation is dangerous for all wikiusers, because it confuses them with ´facts´ which are intended to convince the reader of the ´truth´ of this virtual history (or may be intentional propaganda?). Chinese and asian history are severely distorted in this abstruse fabrication. Viet Nam and Mongolia e.g. both of them firm allies or even satellites of the USSR, had not even diplomatic relations with the PR China in the period (1980-85) discussed. The PR China attacked Viet Nam in February 1979 in order to ´punish´ Viet Nam for occupying PR Chinas ally ´khmer rouge´ Cambodia and concluding a military pact with the USSR. After 3 weeks of vicious battles along the sino-vietnamese border approx. 25000 chinese and 15000 vietnamese soldiers were dead; some vietnamese bordertowns razed to the ground and diplomatic relations were only restored in 1991. This item constitutes a provocation for all chinese, vietnamese and korean people. So please remove that crap! 29.5.05 G.R.S

Additionally it is especially bizarre by the author of this fabrication to maintain that PR Mongolia where up to 150000 soviet troops (heavy armour and ballistic missiles included!) were stationed until 1991, did conclude a military pact with USSR archenemy PR China! Quite superfluous to describe the northkorean line of equidistance between PRC and USSR which enabled KIM IL SUNG to exert more influence (and get more material aid from both sides)in this peculiar strategic situation. The DPRK actually had bilateral military pacts with both PRC and USSR. Wikipedia is no place for virtual provocation, please remove this article soon! 29.05.05 G.R.S

Another example for the authors total ignorance of facts is his statement that Angola got into this ´pact´ 1982. During this time there raged a bitter civil war between the MPLA government faction (in Luanda) allied with the USSR (also with Cuba which sent up to 40000 troops) and the UNITA under warlord JONAS SAVIMBI propped up by the USA, South Africa (Apartheidgovernment), Israel and PR China. Actually PR China was the biggest armssupplier of the UNITA second only to the USA. After 25 years of fighting approx. 1.5 million people were killed in this gruesome war. No further comment needed about the pure idiocy of argumentation in this provocative fake item. I suggest that this insulting piece of anti-chinese propaganda should be removed after this deletion procedure. 30.05.05 G.R.S G.R.S 30.05.05

The in the item mentioned ´Vientiane Treaty´ seems to have existed between 1985-89 but got invalid after the vietnamese military disengagement (1989 Cambodia, 1991 Laos). Some sources say that this tripartite agreement was only a propaganda coup to legitimize vietnamese domination in indochina and had no real effect on regional security. A bilateral military pact between Laos and Viet Nam concluded in 1977 still exists but ´only´ vietnamese military and intelligence ´instructors´ are present in the country today. The vietnamese satellite government of Cambodia lead by khmer rouge dissident HUN SEN initially had a similar pact with Viet Nam but after Hanoi´s retreat in the fall 1989 and the subsequent reduction of vietnamese influence Phnom Penh dissolved it. At present HUN SEN and his CPP still control Cambodia in collaboration with the royalist FUNCINPEC of Prince NORODOM RANARRIDH (ever loyal to China!) but he has changed his overlord to the rising superpower PR China. Also in Laos chinese influence is on the rise but the old pathet lao guard still on duty in Vientiane know that they came only to power by vietnamese bajonets and do not want to break with Hanoi for the time being. However it only a question of time when Laos and inevitably also Viet Nam enter orbit around the new (or very old!) asian hegemon.In the next few years eventually even the US will learn that fighting against gravitation is simply a fools game. G.R.S 31.05.05

 * VFD nominated by 82.83.237.159 (talk · contributions)

 * Comment. As Aris Katsaris noted at the top of this article's talk page, there are no external references cited, and there are no relevant Google hits -- except for Wikipedia's mirror sites. I'd like someone to help me find offline references to verify this article's content before I vote here. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like there is nothing to verify this. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 07:54, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Absolute fiction. — Phil Welch 04:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for identifying this for us. Delete. Everyking 05:12, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mark1 05:35, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - attempt of secret history or conspiracy theory. Possibly a plot of some political thriller. Don't forget the purge the other articles linking to this page as well - Skysmith 08:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * If you think that's important, go VfD the individual articles yourself. But you'll have to write serious nominations, not just assert that the author's a bozo. Isaac R 17:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I was referring to the fact that the original writer had linked this from other articles. It seems they have been purged already - Skysmith 09:13, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable conspiracy theory. Megan1967 09:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless somebody comes up with some actual documentation for this "Pact". (Not holding my breath.) But the nominator's concerns about "disinformation" don't justify summary removal of this article -- everybody deserves a chance to defend their material, no matter how ridiculous it is. ---Isaac R 17:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete page history and redirect to Warsaw Pact. Martg76 21:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified. - Etacar11 23:53, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete absolutely no verification of facts
 * Delete Until the late 80s even the mail between China and Vietnam was routed via Singapore. preetam rai

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wadati–Benioff zone

A Wadati–Benioff zone (also Benioff–Wadati zone or Benioff zone or Benioff seismic zone) is a planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone. Differential motion along the zone produces numerous earthquakes, the foci of which may be as deep as about 670 km. The term was named for the two seismologists, Hugo Benioff of the California Institute of Technology and Kiyoo Wadati of the Japan Meteorological Agency, who independently discovered the zones.

Wadati–Benioff zone earthquakes develop beneath volcanic island arcs and continental margins above active subduction zones. They can be produced by slip along the subduction thrust fault or slip on faults within the downgoing plate, as a result of bending and extension as the plate is pulled into the mantle. The deep-focus earthquakes along the zone allow seismologists to map the three-dimensional surface of a subducting slab of oceanic crust and mantle.

Discovery
In 1949, Hugo Benioff introduced a method for determining elastic-rebound strain increments of earthquakes on a particular fault. He determined that the square root of an earthquake's energy is proportional to both the elastic rebound strain increment and the rebound displacement, and developed a way to determine whether a series of earthquakes was generated along a single fault structure. His research focused on the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and the South American subduction zone, and determined that in both locations, earthquake foci fall along planes dipping ~45° from the trenches. These planes of seismicity were later termed Benioff zones, or Wadati–Benioff zones for Kiyoo Wadati, who had made similar observations twenty years earlier.

Structure
The angle of dip of the subducting slab, and therefore the Benioff seismic zone, is dominantly controlled by the negative buoyancy of the slab and forces from the flowing of the asthenosphere. Younger lithosphere is hotter and more buoyant, resulting in shallow-dipping Benioff zones, whereas older lithosphere is denser and colder, causing steeper dips. The Benioff zone spans from near-surface to depths of up to 670 km. The upper bound is just beneath the weak sediments in the toe of the wedge of the subduction zone, and the lower bound is where the brittle-ductile transition occurs. Most earthquakes occur within the 1000 °C isotherm, in the interior of the slab that has not yet heated up to match the temperature of the surrounding mantle into which it is being subducted. At depths below the thickness of the lithosphere, earthquakes are no longer generated by thrusting at the interface of the two plates, because the asthenosphere is weak and cannot support the stresses necessary for faulting. In this region, internal deformation of the still-cool down-going slab is the source of the earthquakes. Up to depths of 300 km, dehydration reactions and the formation of eclogite are the main causes of seismicity. Below 300 km, beginning at approximately the 700 °C isotherm, a mineralogical phase change from olivine to spinel occurs, and is thought to be the dominant earthquake mechanism of these very deep-seated earthquakes.

Double Benioff zones
In some cases, subduction zones show two parallel surfaces of seismicity separated by tens of kilometres at intermediate depths (50–200 km). A primary example of this is located along Japan's largest island of Honshu, where the Wadati–Benioff zone is characterized by two well-defined lines of earthquake foci, with a distance between each line of 30–40 kilometers. A study of the global prevalence of double Benioff zones has found that they are common in subduction zones worldwide.

The uppermost seismicity surface is in the crust of the down-going slab and attributed to the dehydration reactions within this oceanic crust resulting in the formation of eclogite. The mechanism behind the lower zone of seismicity, located in the upper mantle portion of the down-going lithosphere, is still debated; the global ubiquity of double Benioff zones indicates that it must be a process that commonly occurs in subduction zones. Some of the suggested instability mechanisms include dehydration embrittlement caused by the breakdown of antigorite or chlorite in a hydrated peridotite upper mantle, and un-bending of the slab. Observations from seismic studies indicate that the lithospheric mantle at the intermediate depths where double Benioff zones occur is dry, which favours the proposed slab-unbending mechanism.

title: Wadati–Benioff zone


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Macquarie Park railway station

Macquarie Park railway station is located on the Sydney Metro network, serving the suburb of Macquarie Park. It was formerly part of Sydney Trains' T1 Northern Line, before being converted to service the Metro North West Line.

History
Macquarie Park station opened as part of the Epping to Chatswood Rail Link on 23 February 2009.

Macquarie Park station closed in September 2018 for seven months for conversion to service Sydney Metro network station on the Metro North West Line, which included the installation of platform screen doors. It reopened on 26 May 2019.

Services
There are currently 12 bus routes servicing Macquarie Park station operated by Busways, CDC NSW and Transit Systems, and one NightRide route.

title: Macquarie Park railway station


text:
Talk:Instruction manual (gaming)

I don't know how this article is going to evolve beyond a dicdef. But it needed help, so there you have it. --  Barfooz  (talk)  03:14, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There is plenty more to be added. Thunderbrand 03:15, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * One thing comes to mind from personal experience- some Atari 2600 games were unplayable without the manual? And now, many console game manuals (again, can't speak for computer gamers) are hardly touched.  You 19:33, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Samples needed
I'd like to see this with examples of things. Like say the controller explanation from Halo, the items list from Final Fantasy VII, the installation guide from Duke Nukem 3D, the multiplayer info from Quake III, etc. As long as they're low-res and random, that should still be fair use. Master Thief GarrettTalk 02:45, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) Oh and a sample of a "1000 languages in a single booklet!" would also be good. Master Thief GarrettTalk 02:46, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll fetch and example of a mega CD or Mega Drive "six languages in two pages" manual right away, for starters. wS 16:47, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, thats exactly what I was meaning. Good job! Master Thief GarrettTalk 23:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I know it's no longer the GCOTW, but could someone please add a sample of those Konami manuals ? It is the only without an example. wS 18:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Games that referrence instruction manuals
Should we make a list like this? I'll start off:

Suggestive
 * The Legend of Zelda
 * If you let the title screen run for a while, then let the treasure list demo run, you will see Link holding a sign saying, "Please look up the manual for details."

 * Kirby Super Star
 * At the end of the "Beginner's Show" tutorial on copying, aft telling how to dash, slide, and guard, it will say, "For more details, please refer to the instruction manual."

 * Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge
 * When Banjo reacts that the Jinjo Oracle knew his name without being told, the Oracle explains that it was written in the instruction manual.

Removing links
Every one of the external links there that I can determine contains blatant copyright violations. DIRECTLY quoted from WP:EL '' For policy or technical reasons, editors are restricted from linking to the following, without exception.

 * 1) Sites that violate the copyrights of others per contributors' rights and obligations should not be linked. Linking to websites that display copyrighted works is acceptable as long as the website has licensed the work. Knowingly directing others to a site that violates copyright may be considered contributory infringement. If you know that an external Web site is carrying a work in violation of the creator's copyright, do not link to that copy of the work. Linking to a page that illegally distributes someone else's work sheds a bad light on Wikipedia and its editors. This is particularly relevant when linking to sites such as YouTube, where due care should be taken to avoid linking to material that violates its creator's copyright.

WITHOUT EXCEPTION. -- Oni Ookami Alfador Talk 15:37, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Instruction manual (gaming)


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Supreme Court of South Australia

The Supreme Court of South Australia is the superior court of the Australian state of South Australia. The Supreme Court is the highest South Australian court in the Australian court hierarchy. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. The Court is composed of a Chief Justice and as many other justices as may be required.

History
The Court was established by Letters Patent on 2 January 1837, five days after the colony was founded. The Court is unique among Australia's state supreme courts in that it was established at the foundation of the colony of South Australia, as the notion of a supreme court was a part of the colony's founder, Edward Wakefield's theory of colonisation. Other Australian colonies only established their courts long after the settlement of the colony.

The Court was endowed with all the common law and probate jurisdiction of the courts of Westminster. The first sessions of the Court were not held until May 1837, presided over by Sir John Jeffcott, the first judge of the court. (The title of Chief Justice was not officially introduced until the coming into force of Act No 31 of 1855-1856.)

After Sir John's death in December 1837, Henry Jickling was appointed as an acting judge. Although appointed as a caretaker judge, Jickling was responsible for two important developments: he codified the testamentary causes jurisdiction of the court and admitted the first practitioners of the Supreme Court in March 1838.

Justice Jeffcott's permanent replacement on the Court was Sir Charles Cooper. Reports of ill health prompted Governor Henry Young to ask for the appointment of a second judge. As a result Justice Crawford was appointed. Justice Crawford was the first justice to wear a wig in court. Crawford died after only two years on the bench.

Crawford was replaced by Justice Boothby. Boothby was a controversial judge who did not believe in the power of the colonial parliaments to enact laws. He arguably started the first constitutional crisis in Australian history when he ruled that the South Australian Constitution of 1856 was invalid, causing the Imperial Parliament to pass the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865. Boothby was removed as a justice of the Supreme Court in July 1867. He appealed to the Privy Council in England but died before his appeal could be heard.

During Boothby's time on the Court, the first Queen's Counsels were appointed and the first circuit sittings of the Court took place in country South Australia.

In 1935 the Supreme Court Act commenced.

Jurisdiction
The Court exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. The Court is a court of both law and equity. Though it has unlimited jurisdiction in civil matters, generally civil trials heard in the Court are those involving complex legal or factual issues or large sums of money. The Court also has exclusive jurisdiction in probate (wills & estates), meaning it is the only South Australian court that can hear such matters. In criminal matters, generally only the most serious crimes are tried in the Court (for example murder, treason, attempted murder and manslaughter) although the Court occasionally hears trials for less serious offences. Trials for murder and treason cannot be heard in any other court in South Australia. When exercising its original jurisdiction, the Court is usually composed of a single judge.

The Supreme Court hears appeals from the Magistrates Court of South Australia in both civil and criminal matters, and also from decisions of Supreme Court Masters and various other tribunals. In such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. Particular judges may be designated to sit in the probate jurisdiction or assigned case management functions in respect of long and complex trials.

The proceedings of the Supreme Court of South Australia are normally heard in Adelaide. In civil cases the Court normally sits in the old Supreme Court building, while criminal matters are generally heard in the Sir Samuel Way Building. (The two buildings are located across the road from each other, on the corner of Gouger Street and Victoria Square.) The Court is empowered to sit in any place, including outside the State. The Court, consisting of a single judge, in exceptional circumstances can travel on circuit to the rural centres of Mount Gambier and Port Augusta.

Subject to statutory exceptions, an appeal is available by special leave to the High Court of Australia from all decisions of the Supreme Court of South Australia by virtue of s 73 of the Australian Constitution. Ordinarily, appeals are taken to the High Court only from decisions of the Full Court or Court of Criminal Appeal.

title: Supreme Court of South Australia


text:
Talk:Live Art

Fair use rationale for Image:FlecktonesLiveArt.jpg
Image:FlecktonesLiveArt.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:44, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Live Art


text:
Macquarie University railway station

Macquarie University railway station is a Sydney Metro station located on the Metro North West Line, serving the Sydney suburb of Macquarie Park including the nearby Macquarie University and Macquarie Centre, as well as parts of the suburb of Marsfield. It was formerly part of the Sydney Trains T1 Northern Line, before being converted to metro use as part of the Sydney Metro network. It is the only train station in Australia which bears the name of a university.

History
Macquarie University station opened on 23 February 2009 on the same date as the Chatswood to Epping line.

Macquarie University station closed in September 2018 for seven months for conversion to a Sydney Metro station on the Sydney Metro Northwest line, which included the installation of platform screen doors. It reopened on 26 May 2019.

Services
Macquarie University station is served by bus routes operated by Busways, CDC NSW and Transit Systems.

Bus stops for Hillsbus routes and Transit Systems route 410 are located outside the station entrance. All other services stop at the nearby Macquarie Centre.

title: Macquarie University railway station


text:
Jia Xu

Jia Xu (147 – 11 August 223), courtesy name Wenhe, was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty as a minor official. In 189, when the warlord Dong Zhuo took control of the Han central government, he assigned Jia Xu to the unit led by Niu Fu, his son-in-law. In May 192, after Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu, Jia Xu advised Li Jue, Guo Si and Dong Zhuo's loyalists to fight back and seize control of the imperial capital, Chang'an, from a new central government headed by Lü Bu and Wang Yun. After Li Jue and the others defeated Lü Bu and occupied Chang'an, Jia Xu served under the central government led by them. During this time, he ensured the safety of the figurehead Han emperor, Emperor Xian, who was being held hostage by Li Jue. He also attempted to prevent internal conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, but with limited success. After Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, Jia Xu left Li Jue and briefly joined the general Duan Wei before becoming a strategist of the warlord Zhang Xiu. While serving under Zhang Xiu, he advised his lord on how to counter invasions by the warlord Cao Cao, who had received Emperor Xian in 196 and taken control of the central government. In 200, during the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and his rival Yuan Shao, Jia Xu urged Zhang Xiu to reject Yuan Shao's offer to form an alliance and instead surrender to Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu heeded his advice. Jia Xu then became one of Cao Cao's strategists.

During his service under Cao Cao, Jia Xu made three important contributions. First, during the Battle of Guandu, he urged Cao Cao to switch from being on the defensive to adopting an offensive stance, which ultimately led to Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao. Second, during the Battle of Tong Pass in 211, he suggested to Cao Cao to pretend to agree to make peace with the northwestern warlords Han Sui and Ma Chao, and then sow discord between them. Cao Cao heeded his suggestion, successfully stirred up internal conflict among the warlords, and then used the opportunity to defeat them. Thirdly, in the 210s, when Cao Cao's sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were fighting to be their father's successor, Jia Xu indirectly helped Cao Pi by giving him advice and hinting to Cao Cao that he should choose the older son to be his heir apparent. After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, and founded the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. As an expression of gratitude to Jia Xu, Cao Pi appointed him as Grand Commandant – one of the top three positions in the Wei government – and promoted him to a district marquis. Between 220 and 223, Jia Xu advised Cao Pi against attacking Cao Wei's rival states, Eastern Wu and Shu Han, and focus on internal development. However, Cao Pi ignored his advice and invaded Wu, but ended up sustaining heavy losses and not making any significant gains. Jia Xu died in 223.

Early life and career
Jia Xu was from Guzang County (姑臧縣), Wuwei Commandery (武威郡), which is in present-day Wuwei, Gansu. In his youth, he was unimpressive and unheard of. However, Yan Zhong (閻忠), an official from Hanyang Commandery (漢陽郡; around present-day Gangu County, Gansu), felt that Jia Xu was extraordinary and even remarked that Jia had the brilliance of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, two famous strategists of the early Western Han dynasty.

Jia Xu was nominated as a xiaolian to serve in the Eastern Han government as a Gentleman Cadet (郎). However, due to illness, he quit his job and went home. On the way back, he was captured by Di rebels at Qian County (汧縣; in present-day Long County, Shaanxi) along with several other travellers. He told the rebels: "I am a maternal grandson of Lord Duan. If you let me live, my family will reward you handsomely." "Lord Duan" referred to Duan Jiong (段熲), who held the position of Grand Commandant (太尉) in the Han imperial court. As Duan Jiong had served for years as a general guarding the Han Empire's western regions, he was well known among the people living in the area. Jia Xu knew that the Di rebels were afraid of Duan Jiong, so he pretended to be Duan Jiong's maternal grandson. As he expected, the rebels treated him respectfully and released him. The other travellers were all killed.

Service under Dong Zhuo
In 189, the warlord Dong Zhuo entered the imperial capital, Luoyang, and took control of the central government. Jia Xu was then serving as the Commandant (都尉) of Pingjin (平津) and an assistant official in the Grand Commandant's office. He was promoted to Colonel Who Attacks Barbarians (討虜校尉) and assigned to the unit led by Dong Zhuo's son-in-law, Niu Fu.

In 192, Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu in the imperial capital, Chang'an, while Niu Fu was murdered by his subordinates. The rest of Dong Zhuo's loyalists, including Li Jue, Guo Si and Zhang Ji, became fearful and wanted to disband and return to their respective home commanderies. Jia Xu told them: "I heard that the new government in Chang'an is planning to exterminate everyone from Liang Province. If all of you break up and travel alone, even a tingzhang can arrest you. Why don't you retreat to the west together? There you can gather and reorganise your forces, and then attack Chang'an to avenge Lord Dong. If you succeed, you can make use of imperial authority to conquer the rest of the Empire. If you fail, it's still not too late to escape." Dong Zhuo's loyalists agreed with Jia Xu and did as he suggested. They managed to defeat the new central government in Chang'an led by Lü Bu and Wang Yun, and then took control of the city.

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Jia Xu's biography in the Sanguozhi, strongly criticised Jia Xu for offering this suggestion. He argued that Dong Zhuo's death marked the end of his tyranny and a possible revival of the declining Eastern Han dynasty. However, due to Jia Xu's suggestion, the Han Empire became even more chaotic after Dong Zhuo's death.

Service under Li Jue
When Jia Xu later served as Left Adjunct (左馮翊), Li Jue and Dong Zhuo's loyalists wanted to reward him by making him a marquis, but Jia Xu said, "That suggestion I made was meant to save your lives. What merit have I achieved to deserve a reward?" He declined to accept the marquis title. Later on, when he was nominated to serve as a Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射), he said: "The Supervisor of the Masters of Writing is like a tutor to officials. I don't have a strong reputation so I am afraid I might not be able to convince people that I am suited for this appointment. What will become of the imperial court if I accept this appointment for my personal glory?" He was then assigned to be a Master of Writing (尚書) instead, and was tasked with selecting candidates to serve in the government. Li Jue and the others regarded him highly but were also wary of him. The candidates Jia Xu chose tend to be officials who formerly served in the previous administration. Jia Xu was praised for this mode of selecting government officials by retaining some continuity in appointments. When there were tensions between Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou, with their respective subordinates urging them to go to war, Jia Xu reprimanded them for their behaviour and tried to persuade them to avoid conflict. They listened to him.

When his mother died, Jia Xu resigned and went home for filial mourning. He was given the honorary position of a Household Counsellor (光祿大夫) by the imperial court. In 195, when conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, Li invited Jia Xu back to serve as General Who Upholds Righteousness (宣義將軍). Li Jue and his men discussed with Jia Xu their plan to bring Emperor Xian to their camp and use the emperor as a hostage to threaten Guo Si, but Jia Xu said: "No, it isn't right to hold the Emperor hostage." Li Jue refused to listen to him and went ahead. Guo Si, on the other hand, kidnapped Emperor Xian's subjects and held them hostage in his own camp. Zhang Xiu told Jia Xu, "You shouldn't stay here any longer. Why don't you leave?" Jia Xu replied, "I have received grace from the Empire, so I won't betray the Empire's trust in me. If you wish to leave, you can go. I won't leave."

Li Jue used material wealth to tempt thousands of Qiang tribesmen to support him in his struggle against Guo Si. He even promised to give palace women as concubines to the tribal chiefs. When the tribesmen showed up at Chang'an, they asked: "Is the Emperor inside? General Li has promised to give us palace women as concubines. Where are they?" Emperor Xian turned to Jia Xu for help. Jia Xu secretly hosted a banquet for the tribal chiefs, gave them some expensive material gifts, and succeeded in making them leave. Li Jue lost the support of the tribal chiefs. Jia Xu played an important role in resolving the conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, and in ensuring Emperor Xian's safety during the time. Later, after Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, Li Jue led his forces in pursuit and defeated forces led by the emperor's loyalists. He hated certain officials such as Zhao Wen (趙溫), Wang Wei (王偉), Zhou Zhong (周忠) and Rong Shao (榮邵), and wanted to execute them. Jia Xu advised him against it by saying: "They are the Emperor's subjects. How can you harm them?" Li Jue spared them.

Brief service under Duan Wei
After Emperor Xian left Chang'an, Jia Xu gave up his official post and left Li Jue. He heard that the general Duan Wei (段煨), who was from the same commandery as him, was stationed at Huayin County (華陰縣; present-day Huayin, Shaanxi), so he went to Huayin County to join Duan Wei. Jia Xu was well known among Duan Wei's men, so Duan Wei was fearful that Jia Xu would seize the position of leadership from him. He pretended to treat Jia Xu respectfully while secretly keeping a close watch on him. Jia Xu knew that Duan Wei was suspicious of him, and he felt very uneasy.

Around 196, the warlord Zhang Xiu was based in Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡; around present-day Nanyang, Henan). Jia Xu secretly contacted Zhang Xiu and conveyed his intention to join him; Zhang Xiu agreed and sent his men to receive Jia Xu. Before Jia Xu left Duan Wei, someone asked him, "(Duan) Wei treated you generously. Why are you leaving?" Jia Xu replied, "(Duan) Wei is suspicious by nature and he's wary of me. Even though he treats me generously now, I believe he will harm me eventually. However, if I leave now, he will be more than happy to see me gone. If I manage to help him find an external ally, he will treat my family well. (Zhang) Xiu lacks a strategist, so he definitely hopes to have me on his side. By leaving, I can protect myself and my family."

Service under Zhang Xiu

Jia Xu left Duan Wei and headed to Nanyang Commandery, where Zhang Xiu welcomed him and treated him like a family elder. As Jia Xu foresaw, Duan Wei was pleased to see that Jia Xu had not only left, but also helped him gain Zhang Xiu as an ally. Jia Xu urged Zhang Xiu to form an alliance with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, and went to speak to Liu Biao. Liu Biao treated him like an honoured guest. Jia Xu remarked: "(Liu) Biao has the ability to serve as a Ducal Minister in times of peace. However, he not only lacks foresight, but is also suspicious and indecisive, hence he won't be successful."

Battles against Cao Cao
In 198, the warlord Cao Cao attacked Zhang Xiu again despite having suffered an earlier defeat at the Battle of Wancheng in 197. However, he pulled back his forces after learning that Tian Feng, an adviser to his rival, Yuan Shao, had urged Yuan Shao to attack Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) while he was away at war with Zhang Xiu. Zhang Xiu wanted to seize the opportunity to launch a counterattack, but Jia Xu warned him not to and predicted that he would be lose the battle. Zhang Xiu ignored him and led his troops to pursue Cao Cao's retreating forces. The result was just like what Jia Xu predicted. When Zhang Xiu came back after his defeat, Jia Xu told him to attack again and predicted that he would win this time. Zhang Xiu said: "I didn't listen to you earlier, which resulted in my defeat. Now that I have lost, why should I attack again?" Jia Xu replied: "Changes have taken place. You'll win if you swiftly attack now." Zhang Xiu heeded Jia Xu's advice and attacked Cao Cao again. He won the battle this time.

Zhang Xiu asked Jia Xu: "When I led my best troops to attack Cao Cao while he was retreating, you predicted I would lose. When I led my troops to attack Cao Cao again just after he defeated me, you predicted I would win. Your predictions turned out to be accurate. But why is it that your predictions seem so counter-intuitive?" Jia Xu replied: "It's easy to understand. General, you may be skilled in warfare, but you are still no match for Cao Cao. When Cao Cao withdrew his forces, I knew he would personally lead his rearguard to cover his retreat. Even though your troops are well-trained, Cao Cao is better than you as a military leader, and his troops are as equally well-trained as yours. Therefore, I knew you would lose. When Cao Cao first attacked you and decided to retreat halfway even though he didn't make any mistakes, I believed something must have happened in his base. After he defeated your pursuing forces, he would lower his guard and hastily retreat. His officers will then take command of the rearguard. They may be brave, but they are no match for you. Therefore, I knew you would win them even though you are leading a group of soldiers who have just been defeated." Zhang Xiu was very impressed with Jia Xu's analysis.

Persuading Zhang Xiu to surrender to Cao Cao
In 199, when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were about to clash at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao sent a messenger to meet Zhang Xiu and propose an alliance between them against Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu wanted to agree, but Jia Xu, who was beside him, said to Yuan Shao's messenger: "I say 'No, thank you.' to Yuan Benchu. He can't even accommodate his own brother. What makes him think he can accommodate talents from around the Empire?" A shocked Zhang Xiu turned to Jia Xu and asked: "Why do you have to say this? What will become of me now?" Jia Xu replied: "Why don't you submit to Cao Cao?" Zhang Xiu asked: "Yuan Shao is powerful while Cao Cao is weak. Besides, I am also Cao Cao's enemy. What will happen if I submit to him?" Jia Xu replied: "That's why it is better for you to submit to Cao Cao. He controls the Empire in the name of the Emperor. This is the first reason why you should submit to him. Yuan Shao is militarily more powerful. You have less troops than him, so even if you join him, he won't regard you highly. Cao Cao has less troops. If you join him, he'll be delighted. This is the second reason why you should submit to him. A man who aspires to become a great ruler will be more willing to put aside personal enmities and make his virtues known to people. This is the third reason why you should submit to Cao Cao. I hope you won't have any more doubts." Zhang Xiu heeded Jia Xu's advice and led his forces to surrender to and join Cao Cao.

Service under Cao Cao
Cao Cao was very pleased to see Jia Xu. He held Jia Xu's hand and said: "You are the person who helps to make my trustworthiness known throughout the Empire." Jia Xu was appointed Bearer of the Mace (執金吾) and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). He was later promoted to the position of Governor (牧) of Ji Province. As Ji Province was still under Yuan Shao's control then, Jia Xu served as a military adviser to Cao Cao, who then held the appointment of Minister of Works (司空).

Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Guandu
During the Battle of Guandu, when his supplies were running out after a prolonged stalemate against Yuan Shao, Cao Cao sought advice from Jia Xu, who said: "My lord, you're wiser than (Yuan) Shao, braver than (Yuan) Shao, better at managing people than (Yuan) Shao, and more decisive than (Yuan) Shao. You have these four strengths, but the reason why you are unable to defeat him after six months is because you have been focusing too much on defence. You should be decisive when the opportunity arises, and victory will follow soon." Cao Cao replied, "Fine." He then led his forces to attack Yuan Shao's camps, which were spread out a distance of over 30 li, and destroyed them. Cao Cao won a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu and subsequently conquered the rest of Yuan's territories north of the Yellow River.

Advising Cao Cao against attacking Sun Quan
When Cao Cao was appointed as the Governor of Ji Province after pacifying northern China, Jia Xu was reassigned to be a Palace Counsellor (太中大夫) instead. In 208, after Cao Cao had annexed Jing Province, he planned to press on and attack the territories in Jiangdong controlled by the warlord Sun Quan. Jia Xu advised him against it and said: "My lord, you have defeated the Yuans and now you have taken Jing Province. Your name spreads throughout the Empire and your military is very strong. If you follow in the footsteps of the Chu state by attracting talents to serve in the government and by improving the lives of the people, you won't need to resort to force to subdue the Jiangdong territories. They will be submit to you on their own." Cao Cao ignored Jia Xu and proceeded to attack Jiangdong. He lost the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs against the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei later that year.

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Jia Xu's biography in the Sanguozhi, argued that Jia Xu's advice to Cao Cao was inappropriate. He pointed out that Cao Cao's territories lacked the stability necessary for Cao Cao to do as Jia Xu advised – focus on economic development in Jing Province. Moreover, Cao Cao had to deal with the external threats posed by warlords such as Han Sui and Ma Chao in the northwest. Pei Songzhi noted that Jing Province was highly unstable and would not remain under Cao Cao's control for long, because of the polarising effects of the presences of Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the region. He pointed out that during the Battle of Jiangling in 208, Cao Cao's general Cao Ren still lost Jiangling Commandery to Sun Quan and Liu Bei's forces despite his best efforts at defending it. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that it was impossible for Cao Cao to focus on economic development in Jing Province, given how unstable the region was, therefore Jia Xu's advice was inappropriate. He argued that Cao Cao made a right choice to attack Jiangdong at the right time, when he had resources for naval warfare acquired from his recent annexation of Jing Province. He also mentioned that Cao Cao's defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs was not due to miscalculation or poor planning, but because of uncontrollable factors such as the plague which affected his troops and the winds which fanned the fire that destroyed his naval fleet.

Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Tong Pass
In 211, Cao Cao engaged a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Han Sui and Ma Chao at the Battle of Tong Pass. Ma Chao and others agreed to make peace with Cao Cao on two conditions. Firstly, Cao Cao had to give up the northwestern territories to them. Secondly, Cao Cao had to grant them official titles. Jia Xu suggested that Cao Cao pretend to agree to their terms, and then try to sow discord among them. Cao Cao heeded Jia Xu's advice. When internal conflict broke out between Han Sui and Ma Chao, Cao Cao took advantage of the situation to attack them and achieved victory.

Role in the succession struggle between Cao Pi and Cao Zhi
Sometime between 211 and 217, a power struggle broke out between two of Cao Cao's sons over the succession to the "King of Wei" (魏王), the nominal vassal king title held by their father. One of them was Cao Pi, Cao Cao's oldest surviving son, who held the appointment of General of the Household for All Purposes (五官中郎將). The other was Cao Zhi, who held the title "Marquis of Linzi" (臨菑侯) and was famous for his literary talent. Each of them had a faction supporting him.

Cao Pi sent a messenger to meet Jia Xu and seek his advice on how to consolidate his position. Jia Xu replied: "I hope you will behave in a virtuous and humble manner, perform your duties faithfully, and be a filial son. That is all." Cao Pi took Jia Xu's advice very seriously and did as he was told.

Cao Cao faced a dilemma on choosing between his two sons so he consulted Jia Xu, who refused to give an answer. Cao Cao asked him: "Why don't you give an answer?" Jia Xu replied: "I am still thinking about something, so I can't give an answer yet." Cao Cao asked, "What are you thinking of?" Jia Xu replied, "I am thinking of Yuan Benchu, Liu Jingsheng, and their sons." Cao Cao laughed, made up his mind, and designated Cao Pi as his heir apparent.

Jia Xu was aware that he had not served under Cao Cao for as long as many of his colleagues. He foresaw that he might incur the jealousy and suspicions of others, hence he maintained a very low profile and distanced himself from his colleagues outside of the workplace. He also ensured that his children did not marry people from influential families. He earned the respect and admiration of many strategists and advisers.

Service under Cao Pi
On 6 April 220, while Cao Pi was still King of Wei, Jia Xu was appointed as Grand Commandant (太尉). In late 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, thus ending the Han dynasty. He then established the state of Wei with himself as its first emperor. After ascending the throne, Jia Xu remained as Grand Commandant; he was also promoted from a Marquis of a Chief Village to the Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯), with a marquisate of 800 taxable households. Jia Xu's promotion was allegedly an expression of gratitude from Cao Pi, who wanted to thank him for helping him seize the succession years ago. Sun Quan laughed when he heard that Cao Pi had appointed Jia Xu as his Grand Commandant.

Advising Cao Pi against attacking Eastern Wu
Sometime between 220 and 223, Cao Pi wanted to attack and conquer Wei's two rival states, Wu and Shu. He consulted Jia Xu on which of the two he should attack first.

Jia Xu replied: "Before you can conquer others, you have to build up military power first. Before you can establish a power base, you have to promote civil culture. Your Majesty has received the Mandate of Heaven in a timely fashion and now rules over the Empire. If you can promote civil culture while waiting for an opportunity to strike, it won't be difficult for you to conquer your enemies. Wu and Shu may be small and insignificant states, but they are shielded by natural geographical barriers such as mountains and rivers. Liu Bei has talent and great ambition; Zhuge Liang excels in statecraft; Sun Quan understands trends and sees through deception; Lu Yi assesses military power very well. They control geographically advantageous locations, and have set up defences at strategic points and the rivers and lakes. It is not easy to plan an attack. According to military strategy, you should gain the upper hand first before actually fighting a battle. You should assess the enemy's strength, and then decide which generals to send into battle. This is to ensure that you don't miscalculate. From my observation, none of our officials are capable of rivalling (Liu) Bei and (Sun) Quan. Even though you may fight a war with the prestige of an Emperor, you can't win without making significant losses. In the past, Shun ordered his troops to brandish their weapons to scare the Youmiao into submission. As of now, I think it is better to focus on civil affairs first before military affairs."

Cao Pi refused to listen to Jia Xu. In 223, Wei sustained heavy losses at the Battle of Jiangling against Wu.

Death
Jia Xu died on 11 August 223 at the age of 77 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was given the posthumous title "Marquis Su" (肅侯).

Family and descendants
According to the Xin Tang Shu, Jia Xu descended from the royal family of the Zhou dynasty. His ancestor was Gongming (公明), the youngest son of Shuyu (a son of King Wu of Zhou). Gongming was enfeoffed by King Kang of Zhou as the Count of Jia (賈伯) and given the lands around Linfen as his fief, which was named "Jia". His descendants adopted "Jia" as their family name. Jia Yi, a notable scholar-politician who lived in the Western Han dynasty, was an ancestor of Jia Xu. Jia Xu's father, Jia Gong (賈龔), served as a General of Light Cavalry (輕騎將軍) in the Eastern Han dynasty and moved his residence to Wuwei Commandery, where Jia Xu was born. Jia Xu had an elder brother, Jia Cai (賈綵).

Jia Xu had at least three sons. His eldest son, Jia Mu (賈穆), was a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry (駙馬都尉). After Jia Xu's death, Jia Mu inherited his father's marquis title, Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯). He also served as the Administrator (太守) of various commanderies. Jia Xu's youngest son, Jia Fang (賈訪), was given a marquis title and 200 taxable households around the same time as when Jia Xu was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Weishou District. According to the Xin Tang Shu, Jia Xu had a son, Jia Ji (賈璣), who also served as a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry like Jia Mu, and held the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯). Jia Ji is not mentioned in Jia Xu's official biography in the Sanguozhi.

When Jia Mu died, his marquis title was passed on to his son, Jia Mo (賈模). According to the Shiyu (世語), Jia Mo served as a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) and General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍) during the reign of Emperor Hui in the Western Jin dynasty. Jia Mo had two sons, Jia Yin (賈胤) and Jia Kan (賈龕). Jia Yin, Jia Kan, and their cousin Jia Pi, served in the Jin government and held high official positions.

Writings
Jia Xu annotated the military treatise Wuzi and wrote another military text called Wu Sun Zi Sanshi'er Lei Jing (吳孫子三十二壘經). He also created a copy of Sun Tzu's The Art of War.

Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Jia Xu's biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: "Xun You and Jia Xu were very detailed in their strategising and had never miscalculated before. However, in terms of adaptability and flexibility, they were second to (Zhang) Liang and (Chen) Ping."

Pei Songzhi, who annotated the Sanguozhi, disagreed with Chen Shou. He believed that biographies should be categorised in the same volume on the basis of similarities. He argued that Jia Xu's biography should be in the same volume as the biographies of Cheng Yu and Guo Jia rather than in the same volume as the biographies of Xun Yu and Xun You. In Pei Songzhi's opinion, Jia Xu was more similar to the former two than to the latter two. Pei Songzhi even remarked, "The difference between the moral characters of Xun You and Jia Xu is like the difference between moonlight and candlelight. Both give off light, but they are fundamentally different." He also criticised Chen Shou for appraising Xun You and Jia Xu in the same sentence instead of appraising them separately.

In popular culture
Jia Xu was first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series.

title: Jia Xu


text:
Talk:Southeast Asian coral reefs

The citations on this page are a little disorganized. It is a tad bit unprofessional.

from "coral reef"
text from the coral reef article that is too specific for that page, and should be incorporated into this article:

Destruction worldwide

Southeast Asia coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, and bleaching. A variety of activities, including education, regulation, and the establishment of marine protected areas, are underway to protect these reefs.Indonesia has nearly 33,000 square miles of coral reefs. Its waters are home to a third of the world’s total corals and a quarter of its fish species. Coral reefs of Indonesia are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have been victim to destructive fishing, unregulated tourism, and bleaching due to climatic changes. Many of the diverse coral reefs are being smothered by sediment and poisoned from cyanide fishing and organic pollution. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations throughout Indonesia in 2000 found that only 6 percent of Indonesia’s coral reefs are in excellent condition, 24 percent are in good condition, and approximately 70 percent are in poor to fair condition (2003 The Johns Hopkins University).

and

The coral reefs of the Indonesian islands are the most diverse in the world as well as one of the most difficult natural phenomenons to restore. In 1991 Indonesian and Philippine governments made a move to decentralize the capacities of enforcement authorities with regards to coastal management. This led to a lack of national support and funding and a great challenge for smaller sectors in facing the destruction of Southeast Asian coral reefs (Courtney 42). Though in 2002, 18% of the regions reefs were officially destroyed and 85% were called threatened, efforts for restoration are becoming more evident. Some of these efforts include creating isolated marine sanctuaries, transplantation of reefs, forms of electrolysis to advance growth and restrictions on harmful fishing techniques. Along with being labor intensive and hard to enforce, these efforts are extremely expensive; the US is estimated to spend $100 million or more.

An ill-balanced economic concept has occurred in Indonesian and Philippine waters with coral reefs. A predicted net benefit of coral reef fisheries is 2.4 US billion a year throughout Southeast Asian locations, while poverty levels are at an extreme high. As outside sources provide supplies for illegal coral/fish harvesting, rural fishermen decline to these methods in order to simply battle against starvation. The cycle of destruction becomes perpetual. Brassratgirl 01:20, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

What was this word supposed to be?
", and murbami fishing" was listed as an illegal fishing method but I can't find it in wikipedia or google. I think it's a misspelling but I don't know of wht. Can anyone tell what it was supposed to say? RJFJR 16:07, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Other countries besides Philipines and Indonesia
Why are there no discussion about coral reefs in Thailand and Malaysia? Both countries have coastlines with coral reefs and both countries have problems with coral reef destruction.Wai Hong 10:44, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030612102528/http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/animals3.htm to http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/animals3.htm
 * Added archive http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041010154738/http://reefsatrisk.wri.org/casestudy_text.cfm?contentid=98 to http://reefsatrisk.wri.org/casestudy_text.cfm?ContentID=98

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Intro and adding a Thailand section
I plan on editing the intro to get rid of some sentences that I noticed directly plagarised a source and I also added my own sentence to replace what I took out and to introduce my section on Thailand.

The section I added on Thailand will talk about some of the problems effecting coral reefs and restorative efforts to rebuild reefs in Thailand. I added this section because I noticed that Thailand was completely missing from the page even though it has many coral reefs.

Gingerbmichigan (talk) 02:07, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Sustainable Futures
— Assignment last updated by Acuna035 (talk) 04:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southeast Asian coral reefs


text:
Portland International Raceway

Portland International Raceway (PIR) is a motorsport facility in Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is part of the Delta Park complex on the former site of Vanport, just south of the Columbia River. It lies west of the Delta Park/Vanport light rail station and less than a mile west of Interstate 5.

The track hosts the IndyCar Series, Formula E, ICSCC and SCCA and OMRRA road racing, the NASCAR Xfinity Series and ARCA Menards Series West, and SCCA autocross events. Additionally, the PIR grounds are host to OBRA (Oregon Bicycle Racing Association) bicycling races on the track and the surrounding grounds. The facility includes a dragstrip and a motocross track.

The road course is almost perfectly flat and runs clockwise. Two track configurations are possible. The modern Grand Prix circuit includes a hard chicane at the end of the front straight, referred to as the "Shelton Chicane" in honor of Vanport racing legend Monte Shelton, and involves 12 turns at a length of 1.967 mi. Without the chicane, the track has nine turns and a lap length of 1.915 mi. Portland is classified as an FIA Grade Two circuit.

PIR boasts a Winners' List starring some of the most accomplished open-wheel drivers of all time including Mario Andretti (1985, 1986), Emerson Fittipaldi (1989), Michael Andretti (1990, 1991, 1992), Bobby Rahal (1987), Sébastien Bourdais (2004, 2007), Will Power (2019), and Álex Palou (2021, 2023).

The City of Portland is working to establish the track as carbon neutral. In 2023, an investigation revealed the use of leaded gasoline at the track, which poses significant health risks for spectators and residents near the track. This occurs primarily during drag races, as unleaded fuel (often alcohol based) is used in major weekends.

History
PIR is built on the former location of Vanport, Oregon, which was destroyed on Memorial Day, May 30, 1948, when a railroad berm broke and water from the Columbia River flooded the city. After the flood, all that remained were the paved streets and concrete foundations of destroyed buildings.

The first races took place on these old city streets in 1961 during the Portland Rose Festival. Since then, the Rose Cup has become an annual event. Racing at "West Delta Park", as PIR was known back then, was quite dangerous. Racers leaving the track unexpectedly could collide with leftover concrete foundations or fall into ponds.

Under the threat of losing the Rose Cup races, since many of the sanctioning racing bodies would no longer sanction races due to the deteriorating roads and dangerous obstacles, the track was finally paved in the 1970s.

In 1975, Portland International hosted the Trans-Am Series, the premier series of the Sports Car Club of America, which was won by John Greenwood, driving a Chevrolet Corvette. Greenwood would go on to win the 1975 Trans-Am Series Championship.

Beginning in 1984, Portland International began hosting the cars and stars of the PPG Indycar World Series, with Al Unser Jr. taking his first win, driving a Cosworth powered March.

Portland is best-remembered as being the site of two of the closest finishes on a road course in Indy car racing history. In 1986, Michael Andretti lost fuel pressure on the final turn of the final lap, which allowed his father Mario to catch up and beat him to the finish line by 0.070 seconds. At the time, it was the closest finish of any race in Indy car history. In 1997, in a three-wide finish, Mark Blundell beat second place Gil de Ferran by 0.027 seconds, and beat third place Raul Boesel by 0.055 seconds. For a road course race, it was the all-time closest finish in CART series history, as well as the closest three-car finish in series history.

In 1999 and 2000, the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series ran a race at Portland International Raceway. The race was added after the demise of the ½-mile Portland Speedway that hosted races early in the series. The 1999 running saw the first (and as of 2021, the only) time there were more than one African-Americans competing in the same NASCAR top-three division race, with Bill Lester and Bobby Norfleet on the grid.

At the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2008, PIR went through a track renovation. The track was repaved with new asphalt and some minor changes were made to the track layout. Turns 4-7 were widened. The fence on the inside of turn 6 was moved to provide a better sightline through the corner. Turn 7 was sharpened to slow down racers prior to entering the back straight. Formula One-style curbs were also installed on the track. The track reopened on February 23, 2008, with a ribbon cutting ceremony.

In September 2018, the Grand Prix of Portland returned after an 11-year hiatus, now an IndyCar Series race. The qualifying record is 0:57.3467, set by Will Power during the 2018 Grand Prix of Portland. Álex Palou (2021, 2023) has won twice since the race has returned to the calendar.

On September 29, 2021, it was announced that the NASCAR Xfinity Series would race there in the regular season.

On December 8, 2022, it was announced that Formula E would race in there with a modified layout in the 2022–23 season instead of Brooklyn Street Circuit. Nick Cassidy won the inaugural Portland ePrix in June 2023.

Lap records
The unofficial outright all-time lap record set during a race weekend is 0:55.760 seconds, set by Wayne Taylor on the old circuit layout, in an Intrepid RM-1-Chevrolet, during qualifying for the 1991 G.I. Joe's/Camel Grand Prix Presented by Nissan. As of June 2024, the fastest official race lap records at Portland International Raceway are listed as:

Lead contamination
40% of races at the Portland International Raceway use leaded gasoline. The urban location of the track, near the Portsmouth, Kenton and Piedmont neighborhoods of Portland, OR, has raised concerns about the potential for the Raceway to contribute to lead poisoning of nearby residents and a movement to end the use of leaded fuels at the Raceway.

title: Portland International Raceway


text:
User talk:DrIdiot

Back to user page

Welcome!

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Lithuania–Taiwan relations — Passing Comments
Hi DrIdiot, I see that you are doing good work to edit Lithuania–Taiwan relations. I must say, though, that the two IP users whom you are essentially edit-warring with... are probably both going to be blocked, eventually. Not right now, but in a few days I suspect, things could get extremely messy (even more so than they are now). Both users are currently involved in an ANI case involving myself on the charge of harassment, and both users have essentially already been blacklisted from the article China–Lithuania relations by due to vandalism and various other varieties of misconduct. With all of this being said, I advise that you take a step back from the Lithuania–Taiwan relations article so as to not implicate yourself in any wrongdoing involving conflict with these two IP users. An edit-war takes two to tango. I think we should seek administrator involvement promptly. Jargo Nautilus (talk) 13:57, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

The behaviour of the two IP users at Lithuania–Taiwan relations
I will say that I'm positive that there's a 100% chance of both users getting perma-blocked or banned without hesitation once an administrator discovers what has occurred at this article. The amount of incoherence and insanity being displayed in those edits (and through the behaviour surrounding those edits) is simply astonishing. I've actually never encountered someone so unhinged on Wikipedia before... Honestly, don't waste your time on that article... Just wait for the administrators to arrive. Jargo Nautilus (talk) 15:59, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Literally every single wrongdoing that the owner of the two IP accounts has accused others of committing (e.g. vandalism, editorialising, personal attacks, etc.)... they themselves have done tenfold. The amount of cognitive dissonance being displayed here honestly hurts my brain. I'm going to bed now... Jargo Nautilus (talk) 16:42, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

The "two users" are actually the same person
I'm not sure whether you're aware of this, but IP user 195.135.49.168 and IP user 139.47.34.245 are the same person. They've been trying to deny it via both accounts, but it's just so extremely obvious to me that they are the same person based on the ways that they talk and behave. I've noticed for example that, due to an extreme level of "salt" as a result of being scolded by me at both of their talk pages, the person who owns both accounts has adopted some of my own distinctive terminologies, such as employing the specific words "disingenuous" and "(not) convincing". They seem to have a pattern of accusing everyone else of committing wrongdoings that they themself are clearly the most guilty of committing. So, if I've previously stated that their edits were "disingenuous" and "not convincing", then of course they're going to go around accusing everyone else of being disingenuous and not convincing. The pattern of behaviour is plain to see... There is absolutely no subtlety to this person's wrongdoings. They just commit wrongdoings right out in the open for everyone to see, and the only thing obscuring their wrongdoings is the sheer volume of commentary (both the size and number of their edits) that they've been spewing out... i.e. spam. At this point, their worst wrongdoing has been spam. The articles and talk pages that they've touched have all become incomprehensible within a matter of just two days. Jargo Nautilus (talk) 18:00, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

In regards to the description of historical significance for the Kuomintang
I have to be clear that I did not make that “dummy claim”, “the two major parties in China” phrase has long been existing in the context even before my edits, and was even shown in the first paragraph as well as the second paragraph of Chinese communist party in the head article. The works I did is merely rephrasing from the previous version and I did not create anything that never happened. 123.192.182.76 (talk) 17:55, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
 * That's okay, I am not saying it is your claim. I'm just disputing the edit, whoever made it originally. Perhaps the confusion is "dummy edit" -- that just means I made an edit with no content (e.g. insert a space bar) to leave a comment, i.e. my comment is the "dummy edit" (see Help:Dummy_edit). DrIdiot (talk) 14:38, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

My Favorite Season (Taiwanese film) moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, My Favorite Season (Taiwanese film), is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. MaxnaCarta (talk) 01:22, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Did you see the talk page for the article? Could you respond to the points I made there re:notability?  It was released in 1985, got a restoration by the Taiwan Film and Audiovisual Institute, and then a screening at a film festival in 2022. This is explicitly stated in the sources. DrIdiot (talk) 05:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That is an attribute that generally indicates required sources are likely to exist. It does not negate the need for sources. I'd like to see further significant coverage of the film - 1985 is recent enough that there ought be reviews in newspaper databases and more coverage of its restoration and screening. In almost all circumstances, there needs to be a good number of reliable sources before a topic can be considered for inclusion. Note, I did not nominate the article for deletion. It is merely draftified. Nothing prevents you from moving the article back. You do not even need my approval to move it back - though be warned the last time someone did not drafitfy after I asked them too, someone else then nominated the article for deletion. Drafifying is a soft touch option, allowing an article without sufficient sourcing to be incubated till it is fully baked, then put back into main when ready. MaxnaCarta (talk) 05:24, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * In 1985, all media in Taiwan was print media, and unlike in the US, none of it is archived online. Also unlike the US, there are no Taiwanese trade magazines in film such as Variety, and domestic film restoration is in its infancy (A Brighter Summer Day was only restored in the last five years or so!).  Just sampling a few movies in List_of_Taiwanese_films_of_the_1980s gives an idea of the paucity of RS.  Nonetheless, the Taiwan New Wave is regarded in film circles as important.  In view of this, its selection for restoration by the Taiwanese national film archive, recent screening in a film festival (already established by RS) and evidence that it was distributed widely at the time of original release  suffices to establish its notability in the historical Taiwanese context.  There are plenty of mentions in domestic media:      .  Here is a recent review  which includes a quote from an 80s magazine, and another  .  Here is an academic article studying it in the context of the Taiwan New Wave.

 * It's worth pointing out that the people involved in this film are Taiwanese A-listers from the time, such as lead Sylvia Chang, screenplay by Hou Hsiao-Hsien, writer Chu T'ien-wen, director Chen Kun-hou, Wu Nien-jen, lead Jonathan Lee (musician). These don't establish notability per se, but it's very clear this isn't just some random old movie.

 * Do you feel that the above combination of sources suffices? DrIdiot (talk) 12:35, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I’m not saying the film isn’t notable. I just am saying there wasn’t enough sources in the article however I felt confident they would exist so drafted the article to allow you to put them in. Once you feel the article is properly sourced, please move it back to main when ready. MaxnaCarta (talk) 12:40, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

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text:
CHC

CHC may refer to:

Health care

 * Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra (C.H.C.), a hospital complex in Coimbra, Portugal
 * Columbia Health Care
 * Community health center
 * Community Health Clubs in Africa
 * Community health council
 * Continuing healthcare

Education

 * Calvert Hall College, a Catholic preparatory high school in Maryland, USA
 * Chavakachcheri Hindu College, a famous school in the Thenmarachchi region, Jaffna
 * Chestnut Hill College - a Catholic college in Philadelphia, PA
 * College of the Holy Cross, a college in Worcester, Massachusetts
 * Cornwall Hill College, a college in Pretoria, South Africa
 * Robert D. Clark Honors College at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon

Politics

 * Cooler Heads Coalition, an organisation of self-described scientists who reject the scientific consensus on climate change
 * Congressional Hispanic Caucus, in the Congress of the United States
 * Croatian Helsinki Committee, a human rights group

Sports

 * Colonial Hockey Conference, an NCAA D-III women's hockey conference
 * Castrol-Haugg-Cup, a race-like event contested mainly at Nürburgring
 * Club de Hockey Canadien, the official French name of the Montreal Canadiens NHL club
 * Chicago Cubs, a Major League Baseball team that uses this abbreviation for box scores and television scoring displays

Transport

 * Charing Cross (Glasgow) railway station's National Rail station code
 * Ching Chung stop's MTR station code
 * Christchurch Airport's IATA airport code
 * CHC Helicopter, the world's largest global commercial helicopter operator

Other

 * Canadian Hurricane Centre
 * CHC Theory, Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of human cognitive abilities
 * Chlorinated hydrocarbon (individual substance) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (group of substances)
 * City Harvest Church, a local independent megachurch in Singapore
 * Conventual Chaplain ad honorem of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

title: CHC


text:
Olympic Dam

Olympic Dam may refer to:
 * The town of Olympic Dam in South Australia
 * Olympic Dam Airport, South Australia
 * Olympic Dam mine, a copper, uranium, gold and silver mining centre in South Australia
 * The Olympic Dam Highway which runs from the Stuart Highway to the town of Olympic Dam

title: Olympic Dam


text:
Matthew 3:13

Matthew 3:13 is the thirteenth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse introduces the section describing the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist.

Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
 * Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to
 * Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him.

The World English Bible translates the passage as:
 * Then Jesus came from Galilee to the
 * Jordan to John, to be baptized by him.

The 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek text is:
 * τοτε παραγινεται ο ιησους απο της γαλιλαιας επι τον ιορδανην
 * προς τον ιωαννην του βαπτισθηναι υπ αυτου

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 3:13.

Analysis
Jesus re-enters the narrative for the first time since Matthew 2:23. In that verse he moves to Nazareth in Galilee. In this verse he returns from that region to Judea. From Nazareth to the Al-Maghtas, the traditional site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist, is about 30 miles using modern Highway 71.

Howard Clarke notes that according to tradition Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River five miles south of the Allenby Bridge, today the site of a Greek Orthodox monastery dedicated to John the Baptist. The area is currently in a military zone and is closed to visitors. This verse differs considerably from the description of the same event in. In Luke's account, Jesus is one of the crowd that has come to see John and it does not specify who baptized Jesus. Nor does the version at provide many details. Matthew's gospel is much more specific, describing Jesus seeking out John to be baptized.

German theologian Heinrich Meyer lists a number of reasons which, in his opinion, fail adequately to explain why Jesus came to be baptized by John:

 * "not in the personal feeling of sinfulness (B. Bauer, Strauss, Pécaut), or as the bearer of the guilt of others (Riggenbach, Krafft); not even because He, through His connection of responsibility with the unclean people, was unclean according to the Levitical law (Lange), or because He believed that He was obliged to regard the collective guilt of the nation as His guilt (Schenkel); just as little in order to separate Himself inwardly from the sins of the nation (Baumgarten), or make it certain that His, sarx astheneias, should not be opposed to the life of the Spirit (Hofrnann, Weissag. und Erfüll. II. p. 82), or because the meaning of the baptism is: the declaration that He is subjected to death for the human race (Ebrard); not even to bring in here the divine decision as to His Messiahship (Paulus), or to lay the foundation for the faith of others in Him, so far as baptism is a symbol of the regeneration of those who confess Him (Ammon, L. J. I. p. 268), or in order to honour the baptism of John by His example (Calvin, Kuinoel, Keim), or to bind Himself to the observance of the law (Hofmann, Krabbe, Osiander); or because He had to conduct Himself, before the descent of the Spirit, merely as an Israelite in general. The opinion also of Schleiermacher, that the baptism of Jesus was the symbolical beginning of His announcement of Himself, and, at the same time, a recognition of John’s mission, is foreign to the text".

Instead, Meyer suggests that "the true meaning appears from Matthew 3:15, namely, because Jesus was consciously certain that He must, agreeably to God’s will, subject Himself to the baptism of His forerunner, in order (Matthew 3:16-17) to receive the Messianic consecration; that is, the divine declaration that He was the Messiah".

According to David Hill, the relationship between Jesus and John the Baptist was one of the most important issues of first-century Christianity and Matthew is very specific in these matters.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Glossa Ordinaria: Christ having been proclaimed to the world by the preaching of His forerunner, now after long obscurity will manifest Himself to men.

Saint Remigius: In this verse is contained person, place, time, and office. Time, in the word Then.

Rabanus Maurus: That is, when He was thirty years old, showing that none should be ordained priest, or even to preach till He be of full age. Joseph at thirty years was made governor of Egypt; David began to reign, and Ezekiel his prophesying at the same age.

Chrysostom: Because after His baptism Christ was to put an end to the Law, He therefore came to be baptized at this age, that having so kept the Law, it might not be said that He cancelled it, because He could not observe it.

Pseudo-Chrysostom: Then, that is when John preached, that He might confirm his preaching, and Himself receive his witness. But as when the morning-star has risen, the sun does not wait for that star to set, but rising as it goes forward, gradually obscures its brightness; so Christ waited not for John to finish his course, but appeared while he yet taught.

Saint Remigius: The Persons are described in the words, came Jesus to John; that is, God to man, the Lord to His servant, the King to His soldier, the Light to the lamp. The Place, from Galilee to Jordan. Galilee means ‘transmigration.’ Whoso then will be baptized, must pass from vice to virtue, and humble himself in coming to baptism, for Jordan means ‘descent.’

Ambrose: Scripture tells of many wonders wrought at various times in this river; as that, among others, in the Psalms, Jordan, was driven backwards; (Ps. 114:3.) before the water was driven back, now sins are turned back in its current; as Elijah divided the waters of old, so Christ the Lord wrought in the same Jordan the separation of sin.

Saint Remigius: The office to be performed; that He might be baptized of him; not baptism to the remission of sins, but to leave the water sanctified for those after to be baptized.

Augustine: The Saviour willed to be baptized not that He might Himself be cleansed, but to cleanse the water for us. From the time that Himself was dipped in the water, from that time has He washed away all our sins in water. And let none wonder that water, itself corporeal substance, is said to be effectual to the purification of the soul; it is so effectual, reaching to and searching out the hidden recesses of the conscience. Subtle and penetrating in its own nature, made yet more so by Christ's blessing, it touches the hidden springs of life, the secret places of the soul, by virtue of its all-pervading dew. The course of blessing is even yet more penetrating than the flow of waters. Thus the blessing which like a spiritual river flows on from the Saviour's baptism, hath filled the basins of all pools, and the courses of all fountains.

Pseudo-Chrysostom: He comes to baptism, that He who has taken upon Him human nature, may be found to have fulfilled the whole mystery of that nature; not that He is Himself a sinner, but He has taken on Him a nature that is sinful. And therefore though He needed not baptism Himself, yet the carnal nature in others needed it.

Ambrose: Also like a wise master inculcating His doctrines as much by His own practice, as by word of mouth, He did that which He commanded all His disciples to do.

Augustine: He deigned to be baptized of John that the servants might see with what readiness they ought to run to the baptism of the Lord, when He did not refuse to be baptized of His servant.

Jerome: Also that by being Himself baptized, He might sanction the baptism of John.

title: Matthew 3:13