text:
List of high schools in Nebraska

This is a list of high schools in the state of Nebraska.

Adams County

 * Adams Central Junior-Senior High School, Hastings
 * Hastings Senior High School, Hastings
 * Kenesaw Secondary School, Kenesaw
 * St. Cecilia High School, Hastings
 * Silver Lake High School, Roseland

Antelope County

 * Clearwater High School, Clearwater
 * Elgin High School, Elgin
 * Neligh-Oakdale Junior/Senior High School, Neligh
 * Orchard High School, Orchard
 * Pope John XXIII Central Catholic High School, Elgin

Arthur County

 * Arthur County High School, Arthur

Banner County

 * Banner County High School, Harrisburg

Blaine County

 * Sandhills High School, Dunning

Boone County

 * Boone Central High School, Albion
 * Riverside Public School, Cedar Rapids
 * St. Edward High School, St. Edward

Box Butte County

 * Alliance High School, Alliance
 * Hemingford High School, Hemingford

Boyd County

 * Butte High School, Butte (closed)
 * Lynch Secondary School, Lynch (dissolved; consolidation with Boyd County High School)
 * West Boyd High School, Spencer (dissolved; consolidation with Boyd County High School)
 * Boyd County High School, Spencer

Brown County

 * Ainsworth High School, Ainsworth

Buffalo County

 * Amherst High School, Amherst
 * Elm Creek High School, Elm Creek
 * Gibbon High School, Gibbon
 * Kearney Catholic High School, Kearney
 * Kearney High School, Kearney
 * Pleasanton High School, Pleasanton
 * Ravenna Senior High School, Ravenna
 * Shelton High School, Shelton
 * West Kearney High School, Kearney

Burt County

 * Lyons-Decatur Northeast Secondary School, Lyons
 * Oakland-Craig Senior High School, Oakland
 * Tekamah-Herman High School, Tekamah

Butler County

 * Aquinas High School, David City
 * David City Secondary School, David City
 * East Butler High School, Brainard

Cass County

 * Conestoga Junior/Senior High School, Murray
 * Elmwood-Murdock Junior/Senior High School, Murdock
 * Louisville High School, Louisville
 * Plattsmouth High School, Plattsmouth
 * Weeping Water High School, Weeping Water

Cedar County

 * Cedar Catholic High School, Hartington
 * Coleridge High School, Coleridge (merged with Laurel-Concord)
 * Hartington-Newcastle High School, Hartington
 * Laurel-Concord-Coleridge High School, Laurel
 * Randolph High School, Randolph
 * Wynot Secondary School, Wynot

Chase County

 * Chase County High School, Imperial
 * Wauneta-Palisade High School, Wauneta

Cherry County

 * Cody-Kilgore High School, Cody
 * Valentine High School, Valentine

Cheyenne County

 * Leyton High School, Dalton
 * Potter-Dix High School, Potter
 * Sidney High School, Sidney

Clay County

 * Clay Center High School, Clay Center (merged into Sandy Creek)
 * Harvard High School, Harvard
 * Sandy Creek High School, Fairfield
 * Sutton Secondary School, Sutton

Colfax County

 * Clarkson Junior-Senior High School, Clarkson
 * Howells-Dodge Junior/Senior High School, Howells
 * Leigh High School, Leigh
 * Schuyler Central High School, Schuyler

Cuming County

 * Bancroft-Rosalie High School, Bancroft
 * Guardian Angels Central Catholic High School, West Point
 * West Point-Beemer High School, West Point
 * Wisner-Pilger High School, Wisner

Custer County

 * Anselmo-Merna, Merna
 * Ansley High School, Ansley
 * Arnold High School, Arnold
 * Broken Bow High School, Broken Bow
 * Callaway High School, Callaway
 * Sargent High School, Sargent

Dakota County

 * Homer High School, Homer
 * South Sioux Senior High School, South Sioux City

Dawes County

 * Chadron Senior High School, Chadron
 * Crawford High School, Crawford

Dawson County

 * Cozad High School, Cozad
 * Gothenburg High School, Gothenburg|
 * Lexington High School, Lexington
 * Overton High School, Overton
 * Sumner-Eddyville-Miller High School, Sumner

Deuel County

 * Creek Valley High School, Chappell
 * South Platte High School, Big Springs

Dixon County

 * Allen High School, Allen
 * Newcastle High School, Newcastle (dissolved; consolidation into Hartington-Newcastle)
 * Ponca High School, Ponca

Dodge County

 * Archbishop Bergan High School, Fremont
 * Dodge High School, Dodge (dissolved; consolidation into Howells-Dodge)
 * Fremont Senior High School, Fremont
 * Logan View Junior/Senior High School, Hooper
 * North Bend Central Junior/Senior High School, North Bend
 * Scribner-Snyder Secondary School, Scribner

Douglas County

 * Bennington High School, Bennington
 * Douglas County West High School, Valley
 * Ralston High School, Ralston

Public Schools

 * Elkhorn High School
 * Elkhorn North High School
 * Elkhorn South High School
 * Keith Lutz Horizon High School
 * Millard Public Schools
 * Millard North High School
 * Millard South High School
 * Millard West High School
 * Omaha Benson High School
 * Omaha Buena Vista High School
 * Omaha Burke High School
 * Omaha Career Center School
 * Omaha Central High School
 * Omaha North High School
 * Omaha Northwest High School
 * Omaha South High School
 * Omaha Westview High School
 * Westside High School

Private Schools

 * Brownell-Talbot School
 * Creighton Preparatory School
 * Duchesne Academy
 * Marian High School
 * Mercy High School
 * Mount Michael Benedictine High School
 * Omaha Christian Academy
 * Omaha Street School
 * Roncalli Catholic High School
 * V. J. and Angela Skutt Catholic High School

Dundy County

 * Dundy County-Stratton High School, Benkelman

Fillmore County

 * Exeter-Milligan High School, Exeter
 * Fillmore Central High School, Geneva
 * Shickley High School, Shickley

Franklin County

 * Franklin Secondary School, Franklin

Frontier County

 * Eustis-Farnam High School, Eustis
 * Maywood High School, Maywood
 * Medicine Valley Junior-Senior High School, Curtis

Furnas County

 * Arapahoe High School, Arapahoe
 * Cambridge High School, Cambridge
 * Southern Valley Junior/Senior High School, Oxford

Gage County

 * Beatrice High School, Beatrice
 * Diller-Odell Secondary School, Odell
 * Freeman High School, Adams
 * Southern High School, Wymore

Garden County

 * Garden County High School, Oshkosh

Garfield County

 * Burwell Junior-Senior High School, Burwell

Gosper County

 * Elwood High School, Elwood

Grant County

 * Hyannis High School, Hyannis

Greeley County

 * Central Valley High School, Greeley
 * Spalding Academy, Spalding

Hall County

 * Central Catholic High School, Grand Island
 * Doniphan-Trumbull Secondary School, Doniphan
 * Grand Island Senior High School, Grand Island
 * Northwest High School, Grand Island
 * Wood River Rural High School, Wood River

Hamilton County

 * Aurora High School, Aurora
 * Giltner High School, Giltner
 * Hampton High School, Hampton

Harlan County

 * Alma High School, Alma

Hayes County

 * Hayes Center Secondary School, Hayes Center

Hitchcock County

 * Hitchcock County High School, Trenton

Holt County

 * Chambers High School, Chambers
 * Ewing High School, Ewing
 * O'Neill High School, O'Neill
 * St. Mary's Junior-Senior High School, O'Neill
 * Stuart High School, Stuart
 * West Holt Rural High School, Atkinson

Hooker County

 * Mullen High School, Mullen

Howard County

 * Centura Public School, Cairo
 * Elba Secondary School, Elba
 * St. Paul High School, St. Paul

Jefferson County

 * Fairbury Junior-Senior High School, Fairbury
 * Meridian High School, Daykin
 * Tri County Junior-Senior High School, DeWitt

Johnson County

 * Johnson County Central Public Schools, Tecumseh/Cook
 * Sterling High School, Sterling

Kearney County

 * Axtell High School, Axtell
 * Minden High School, Minden
 * Wilcox-Hildreth High School, Wilcox

Keith County

 * Ogallala High School, Ogallala
 * Paxton High School, Paxton

Keya Paha County

 * Keya Paha County High School, Springview

Kimball County

 * Kimball Junior/Senior High School, Kimball

Knox County

 * Bloomfield Junior-Senior High School, Bloomfield
 * Creighton Community High School, Creighton
 * Crofton High School, Crofton
 * Niobrara Secondary School, Niobrara
 * Santee High School, Niobrara
 * Verdigre High School, Verdigre
 * Wausa High School, Wausa

Lancaster County

 * Berniklan Education Solutions School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Christian High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Lutheran Middle/High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Public Schools
 * Arts and Humanities Focus Program, Lincoln
 * Lincoln East High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln North Star High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Northeast High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Southeast High School, Lincoln
 * Lincoln Southwest High School, Lincoln
 * Science Focus Program (Zoo School), Lincoln
 * Malcolm Junior/Senior High School, Malcolm
 * Norris High School, Firth
 * Pius X High School, Lincoln
 * Raymond Central, Raymond
 * Waverly High School, Waverly

Lincoln County

 * Brady High School, Brady
 * Hershey High School, Hershey
 * Maxwell High School, Maxwell
 * North Platte High School, North Platte
 * St. Patrick High School, North Platte
 * Sutherland High School, Sutherland
 * Wallace High School, Wallace

Logan County

 * Stapleton High School, Stapleton

Loup County

 * Loup County High School, Taylor

Madison County

 * Battle Creek High School, Battle Creek
 * Elkhorn Valley Schools, Tilden
 * Lutheran High School Northeast, Norfolk
 * Madison High School, Madison
 * Newman Grove High School, Newman Grove
 * Norfolk Catholic High School, Norfolk
 * Norfolk Senior High School, Norfolk

McPherson County

 * McPherson County High School, Tryon

Merrick County

 * Central City High School, Central City
 * Nebraska Christian Schools, Central City
 * Palmer Junior-Senior High School, Palmer

Morrill County

 * Bayard Secondary School, Bayard
 * Bridgeport High School, Bridgeport

Nance County

 * Fullerton High School, Fullerton
 * Twin River High School, Genoa

Nemaha County

 * Auburn High School, Auburn
 * Johnson-Brock High School, Johnson

Nuckolls County

 * Lawrence/Nelson Secondary School, Nelson
 * Superior Secondary School, Superior

Otoe County

 * High School at Syracuse, Syracuse
 * Junior-Senior High School at Palmyra, Palmyra
 * Lourdes Central Catholic High School (Nebraska), Nebraska City
 * Nebraska City High School, Nebraska City

Pawnee County

 * Lewiston High School, Lewiston
 * Pawnee City Secondary School, Pawnee City

Perkins County

 * Perkins County High School, Grant

Phelps County

 * Bertrand High School, Bertrand
 * Holdrege High School, Holdrege
 * Loomis Secondary School, Loomis

Pierce County

 * Osmond High School, Osmond
 * Pierce Junior/Senior High School, Pierce
 * Plainview Secondary School, Plainview

Platte County

 * Columbus High School, Columbus
 * Humphrey Junior-Senior High School, Humphrey
 * Lakeview High School, Columbus
 * Lindsay Holy Family School, Lindsay
 * St. Francis High School, Humphrey
 * Scotus Central Catholic High School, Columbus

Polk County

 * Cross County Community Schools, Stromsburg
 * High Plains Community High School, Polk
 * Osceola High School, Osceola
 * Shelby-Rising City High School, Shelby

Red Willow County

 * McCook Senior High School, McCook
 * Southwest Jr Senior High School, Bartley

Richardson County

 * Falls City Senior High School, Falls City
 * High School at Dawson, Dawson (closed)
 * Humboldt Table Rock Steinauer High School, Humboldt
 * Sacred Heart School, Falls City
 * Southeast Nebraska Consolidated High School, Stella (closed)

Rock County

 * Rock County High School, Bassett

Saline County

 * Crete High School, Crete
 * Dorchester High School, Dorchester
 * Friend High School, Friend
 * Wilber-Clatonia High School, Wilber

Sarpy County

 * Bellevue Public Schools
 * Bellevue East High School, Bellevue
 * Bellevue West High School, Bellevue
 * Daniel J. Gross Catholic High School, Bellevue
 * Gretna High School, Gretna
 * Omaha Bryan High School, Bellevue
 * Papillion-La Vista Public Schools
 * Papillion La Vista Senior High School, Papillion
 * Papillion-La Vista South High School, Papillion
 * IDEAL School, Papillion
 * Platteview Senior High School, Springfield

Saunders County

 * Ashland-Greenwood High School, Ashland
 * Bishop Neumann High School, Wahoo
 * Cedar Bluffs High School, Cedar Bluffs
 * Mead High School, Mead
 * Wahoo High School, Wahoo
 * Yutan High School, Yutan

Scotts Bluff County

 * Gering High School, Gering
 * Minatare High School, Minatare
 * Mitchell High School, Mitchell
 * Morrill High School, Morrill
 * Scottsbluff High School, Scottsbluff

Seward County

 * Centennial Junior-Senior High School, Utica
 * Milford High School, Milford
 * Seward High School, Seward

Sheridan County

 * Gordon-Rushville High School, Gordon
 * Hay Springs High School, Hay Springs

Sherman County

 * Litchfield High School, Litchfield
 * Loup City High School, Loup City

Sioux County

 * Sioux County High School, Harrison

Stanton County

 * Stanton High School, Stanton

Thayer County

 * Bruning-Davenport High School, Bruning
 * Deshler High School, Deshler
 * Thayer Central High School, Hebron

Thomas County

 * Thedford Rural High School, Thedford

Thurston County

 * Emerson-Hubbard High School, Emerson
 * Omaha Nation High School, Macy
 * Pender High School, Pender
 * Walthill High School, Walthill
 * Winnebago High School, Winnebago

Valley County

 * Arcadia High School, Arcadia
 * Ord Junior-Senior High School, Ord

Washington County

 * Arlington High School, Arlington
 * Blair High School, Blair
 * Fort Calhoun High School, Fort Calhoun

Wayne County

 * Wakefield High School, Wakefield
 * Wayne High School, Wayne
 * Winside High School, Winside

Webster County

 * Blue Hill High School, Blue Hill
 * Red Cloud High School, Red Cloud

Wheeler County

 * Wheeler Central High School, Bartlett

York County

 * Heartland Community High School, Henderson
 * McCool Junction Junior-Senior High School, McCool Junction
 * Nebraska Lutheran High School, Waco
 * York High School (Nebraska)|York High School, York

title: List of high schools in Nebraska


text:
Talk:Clownfish

Organization
I came across this article looking for some info on starting an aquarium. I have no issue with the information presented, but I believe that this article could be improved with some organizational improvements. The top section of this article is too long, and contains too much. Only general info should be left here. The table of contents should be moved up in the article. The information on clownfish habitat, diet, etc. should be moved to it's own section of the article with links from the table of contents. This would make the article easier to use, as people could jump the the relevant sections easily instead of having to read most of the article to get the info from a large block of text. Pharaoh02 (talk) 16:57, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

"Species"
"Some environmental protection activists regard this as a catastrophe as the species [...]." That makes no sense, since the clownfish are a subfamily, not a species. What did the author refer to? The whole subfamily, or just one of the species of the subfamily? If it's a species, then which one of all?

Reproduction and Sex Change
I am a biological scientist working with sex changing fish. I also have some experience raising clownfish. I really like this wikipedia article. I added some information and removed a word in a sentence which said that the fish ate the "undigested excrement" from the anemone. If its undigested, it is probably not excrement! I believe the writer meant undigested food particles that the anemone released. I will add more when I have a bit more time. I want to include a bit more about the clownfish behavior and its reproduction in captivity. I also think that this article should link to an article about marine ornamental aquaculture, which has yet to be written.--Reefpicker (talk) 21:39, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Cool😎 193.210.165.119 (talk) 07:19, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Capitalization
Is there a reason for the word "clownfish" to be capitalized? It seems like most of the occurrences in the first section are and most in the second section aren't. I'd tend towards not capitalizing it (do we capitalize "dog"?), and I'll make those edits in a couple days if there's no objection here. cluth 11:17, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Anemonefish protection
The text about anemonefishes and clownfishes is a very good beginning but are currently (19 December 2005) not up to any particularly high standard. E.g. the text about how anemonefishes are protected from the host is biased and only mentions one out of several hypotheses. A popular summary of many recent findings within biology and ecology is not present. The whole page about anemonefishes needs a major revision. I will get back with some suggestions when I can find some time. Dr. Mike Arvedlund (michaelarvedlund@hotmail.com).
 * Hi Mike, A quick google search seems to indicate that you know a lot more about this subject than most of us. In case you don't know, you can - and are greatly encouraged - directly edit the article. You may want to register first, but it is not required. Janderk 17:23, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have read many hypotheses and will have to dig through some of the papers to cite some of the research. I agree with Dr. Arvedlund. The consensus from what I remember was either an immunity to specific host anemones or anemones in general, rather than the theory about the protection of mucous secreted after stimulation from the nematocysts of the anemone. Esoxid (talk) 04:32, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Cuthahotha (talk) 15:41, 13 October 2008 (UTC) With respect to the info on the symbiosis between clown (damsels) and anemones, there seems to 2 different popular hypothesis on why the fish isn't stung and killed. Mucus coating on the fish, and natural immunity.

I did some impromptu experiments on this as a diver many years ago. With a gloved hand, you can cause an anemone to sting the glove just by contact. After a time (a few seconds, the anemone will stop stinging. Wipe the glove off and you will start receiving stings again.  Move to a different anemone and you will start to receive the stings again.

I believe the coating is 100% supplied by the anemone and that the coating is unique to each individual anemone.

Having spent time watching the clown fish adapt to host, you can see him quickly and carefully coat his scales. As mentioned in the original text, if the fish is cleaned, he will be stung (no i didn't do this my self). While coating I have seen them get stung, but float free and the venom wears off. I don't believe there is a natural immunity to the poison, but there may be some level of resistance, or possible thicker skin???? Cuthahotha (talk) 15:41, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

This whole section gives a false impression. There are 29 species of clownfish, and 10 species of host anenome. There are at least two methods by which clowns become acclimated to their host anenomes, but all of the methods for for the interactions between all of the fishes and all of the anenomes is not known. Clarks clown (Amphiprion clarkii) becomes acclimated by coating itself in the slime of the anenome. Perculas (A. percula) seem to have a slime that is adapted to it's host. It's not all done in the same manner. I have seen a tomato clown (A. frenatus) adapt to a long tentacled anenome (Macrodactyla doreensis) by swimming in and out, and yes getting stung, but eventually gettig accustomed to the hots. But this anenome is not the natural host for this species clown, so this may not be how it works in nature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.224.75.21 (talk) 02:27, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Tomato clownfish, red saddleback anemonefish, fire clownfish
The binomial names of tomato clownfish and red saddleback anemonefish fish did not match the consensus of net sources. I have fixed them. The fire clownfish seems to be the same as cinnamon clownfish; if so, the articles should be merged. Jorge Stolfi/Jorge Stolfi 13:21, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the fire clownfish and the cinammon clownfish merge. The cinnamon clownfish says on the first line, also known as the fire clownfish...Sidious1701 03:25, 28 February 2006 (UTC) what are the predators?

Commonwealth spelling
I've changed the word 'behavior' to 'behaviour' as all other words in this article are commonwealth English.

Atlantic
Is this true: "Clownfish are not found in the Atlantic Ocean."? Manuel Anastácio 23:34, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Clownfish or anemonefish
I was under the impression that the proper name for these fish was anemonefish as a subfamily and that two of these species were named clownfish. Specifically, clown anemone fish and false clown anemone fish. The orange one with white stripes with a black shading being the clown anemone fish, and the same orange and white stripes without the black shading being the false clown anemone fish (The one made famous by Nemo). Is there a general consensus that all anemonefish are now known as clownfish as a subfamily? Jnpet 05:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * My interest in this has caused me to look into this further and I find different sources seem to vary considerably in naming fish. From what I understand, Wikipedia is going with http://www.fishbase.org/search.php as the authority on the official English names. At any rate, will look into this further and may do some editing accordingly to this article.  Jnpet 07:43, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Common names can be very regional in usage, so it is good practice to use scientific names when writing about them. For example, Jnpet was talking about the common clown or false clown (Amphiprion occelaris) and the Percula (A. percula). There are 28 species of anenome fish, and they are all referred to as clownfish in common usage. The common clown and percula are virtually impossible to distinguish in a picture. The melanistic markings (the black) can appear in either species. In the wild they have different host anenomes but that is not true in the aquarium. They swim a bit differently, and I have seen percula larger than I have seen common clowns, so if you have seen a bunch of clownfish you can generally tell, but not always. Counting the spines on the dorsal fins or DNA tests help, but are impracticle (and the spines are not always conclusive). Nature made two species that are twins. I am quite fond of clowns and plan to update this article soon to be more accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.3.8.253 (talk) 15:28, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree using fishbase as a good source, but http://www.itis.gov is the source used by the US Park Service for verified data. Fishbase is good because it will list the different available taxonomic names that other countries might use, as well as common names. Esoxid (talk) 04:38, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Fishbase is far from being entirely up-to-date (as numerous discussions on the talk of various fish-related articles will reveal), but in most cases ITIS is further behind and use more "questionable" names and taxonomy. Nevertheless, this is only indirectly relevant to the question of clownfish/anemonefish. Both names are used widely for all but a few of the members of this group, and both names should therefore be included in the intro of this article (as also described in the guppy/millionfish example in section Article titles on WP:FISH. Should someone wish to change the individual names in the species-list in this article, I would suggest they add a quality WP:V reference (the current list follows Fishbase, as also indicated by its reference). Otherwise, such a list can rapidly become a total mess. 212.10.77.239 (talk) 05:12, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Inconsistencies in Finding Nemo
It is not clear to me why users keep removing sentences regarding the sequential hermaphrodism of clownfish in the Finding Nemo section of the article, but not the sentences regarding jellyfish and amemone. Before reverting again, can someone please justify the edit here so we can have a discussion about the article, rather than just editing. Thank you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.204.252.247 (talk • contribs)

 * Fair point, that was inconsistent. I think this information only has a place in the Finding Nemo article as it is not important in gaining an understanding of Clownfish.  As such I will remove the whole section. |→ Spaully₪† 22:26, 8 March 2009 (GMT)

Another photo

This is a really impresive photo from an excellent Spanish photographer I posted on the es.Wikipedia. If it can be used here, please, do. Thanks. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 01:54, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * lol ok --190.158.215.220 (talk) 16:20, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Copy-paste from other websites
This article seems to be the target of consistent attempts at "improving" by copy-pasting info from the countless websites on clownfish spawned by Saving Nemo. On what basis does an article get the semi-protected status? (talk) 19:50, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Uncited material
A clownfish appeared in a 1989 Maybelline television commercial featuring Lynda Carter.

--Cut & pasted here until a ref can be found. Thanks,  Bananasoldier  (talk) 06:01, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I notice a similar assertion on article Paracanthurus. William Avery (talk) 09:56, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Meh. A mere glimpse that is hardly notable. Don't blink or you might miss it! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be2CvBbEqj4 (About 13s in) William Avery (talk) 13:56, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, predictably enough, on Yellow longnose butterflyfish William Avery (talk) 14:10, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

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Requested move 13 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page to either Clownfish or Anemonefish at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 11:53, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Amphiprioninae → Clownfish – Move per WP:COMMONNAME. According to this google trends page Clownfish gets almost 100 times more searches than the current title. The case is similar for google search results with clownfish yielding 14 100 000 results (admittedly a not insignificant amount being from the skype application) while amphiprioninae only giving 105 000 results. Trialpears (talk) 09:56, 13 May 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. Warm Regards, ZI Jony  (Talk) 09:44, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support, per nom, common name. Thanks for the nomination, as too many common names on Wikipedia are submerged into titles like this that most people have never heard of. Randy Kryn (talk) 10:14, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Move to Anemonefish - Whenever this pops up on my watchlist, I have to double-check what taxon this is, and why it would be receiving so much drive-by attention from people who are clearly not your average polysyllabic Latin types. Common name is very prominent here, it should be the article title. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 13:44, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Amended to reflect discussion below. Yes rename, but to the appropriate term. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 13:17, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Support as it's the common name. Rreagan007 (talk) 18:19, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Rhinopias (talk) 20:11, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Struck support post-relisting after some discussion, instead supporting a move to Anemonefish. The 2015 and 2018 papers I linked below (in response to Nessie/Elmidae) had authors residing in a few different countries (and hopefully peer reviewed by others), so that's at least demonstrating this isn't solely American vs. British English nitpicking (in fact, none of those countries were the US or UK). Can we say that no national varieties of English prefer "clownfish" for the subfamily, despite an apparent scientific consensus? No. For the Latin name of a subfamily seemingly only referenced in scientific contexts (e.g. 50k ghits for only "amphiprioninae" vs. 350k ghits for only "anemonefish"), I think we can choose a vernacular. The subject of this article is a taxon, and so reliable scientific sources seem to be in some sort of agreement that Amphiprioninae = anemonefishes. The reality that a hundred million humans could look at any remotely orange fish that resembles a species within the subfamily and call it a "clownfish" (if, impressively, not "Nemo"...) means nothing. A separate article should be created for Clownfish based on claims in reliable sources that have been presented (whether or not the two species of "clownfish" and Premnas do form a clade). Rhinopias (talk) 04:13, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Support. --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 02:31, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Question - If all the subtaxa are clownfish, why are they instead listed as "anemonefish" on the page at Amphiprioninae? I agree that 'clownfish' is a popular search term, but does it map 100% to subfamily Amphiprioninae? --Nessie (talk) 16:38, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I was thinking of and expecting "anemonefish"; read the proposal to quickly. Yes, if this was moved to a common name, it should be anemonefish, of which clownfish proper are a subgroup. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 17:04, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * In literature it's clear that anemonefishes is preferred. This 2015 paper opens with "Anemonefishes (Pomacentridae Amphiprioninae) are a group of 30 valid coral reef fish species". The article is suggesting in the lead that anemonefish and clownfish are interchangeable terms. Are any of the species in the list not referred to also as "clownfish"? If they are all also called "clownfish", that's the clear common name outside of literature: 6.3m "clownfish" + 65k clownfishes vs. 500k anemonefish/anemonefishes. Rhinopias (talk) 17:10, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I suspect (but can't prove, naturally) that most of these hits refer to the orange clownfish, which is THE aquarium species of the lot... and of course Nemo. That alone probably accounts for a few million, and makes it difficult to assess what the larger group is called. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 17:30, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think you're onto the right course here. I am very familiar with the Pink skunk clownfish being referred to as a clownfish, which is pretty different in appearance, but this paper published in 2018 says:
 * "The orange clownfish is one of 30 species of anemonefishes belonging to the subfamily Amphiprioninae within the family Pomacentridae (damselfishes). The two clownfishes, A. percula (orange clownfish or clown anemonefish) and A. ocellaris (false clownfish or western clown anemonefish), form a separate clade, alongside Premnas biaculeatus, within the Amphiprioninae (Li, Chen, Kang, & Liu, 2015; Litsios & Salamin, 2014; Litsios, Pearman, Lanterbecq, Tolou, & Salamin, 2014). The two species of clownfish are easily distinguished from other anemonefishes by their bright orange body coloration and three vertical white bars."
 * So maybe this indicates the consensus within the scientific community is that there are two species of clownfish that belong to the group called anemonefishes, with it being in an introductory setting here and then multiple publications cited. (This would involve the article title "Anemonefishes" and reviewing common names of all the species to reflect that only those two are referred to as "clownfish"...?) Rhinopias (talk) 18:06, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose - as discussed above anemonefish is the correct common name for this subfamily, clownfish is a common name applied to some of the species but not all. The article uses anemonefish throughout as the primary term. The use of Google trends is not appropriate here given Nemo which skews the results on the basis of one species (though it is never made clear whether Nemo is an Ocellaris or Percula clownfish). Fishes of the World doesn't even reference clownfish for this group, which supports the assertions above that the scientific community consider anemonefish correct. |→ Spaully ~talk~ 21:20, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, based on the above argument and appeal to use of common names, I would support a move to Anemonefish. |→ Spaully ~talk~ 21:14, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose pretty much the same reason as Spaully above. The first book to comprehensively deal with the family was, reflecting the defining characteristic of symbiosis with anemones. Clownfish was limited to A. percula. A. ocellaris is commonly known as the false clownfish because it resembles the A. percula, not because it isn't an anemone fish. The importance is because of the on-going debate as to whether Amphiprioninae is monophyletic or paraphyletic, with the clownfish, A. percula, A. ocellaris & p biaculeatus in one group & the rest in another, as the quote Rhinopias indicates. This debate is touched on in the Taxonomy section of the article As for common, there are numerous fish within this family that are not commonly referred to as clownfish. This is an article that refers to a group of fishes based on their scientific classification & the article name should reflect that classification. To put it another way there is consensus that all of the fishes are anemonefish, there is no consensus that they are all clownfish. Find bruce (talk) 02:01, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose the name should be anemone fish per the discussion above. I oppose as proposer. Trialpears (talk) 12:59, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose the vernacular, appropriated from what someone once called some species, is split between user pov that is utterly convinced that "clownfish" or the awkwardly pluralised "anemonefishes" is the common name. "Now debate me." The most common name is the present title by that observation alone. The question is "how does one move it away from this accepted and verifiable title", crucial to any meaningful communication about anemonefishes/clownfish, to keep discussion about which terminology—rooted in eighteenth century British biology for the common man—is going to be: "correct!, and for ever hold your peace". Not how Wikipedia, or the real world of factual literature, works in actuality, despite the outcome of this RM (and its winners and losers :. Look to the sources, and taxonomies, it has all been laid out centuries before we were born and we have no say about that. Call them clownfishes, make a redirect, none of that is the business of factual and neutral presentation of content. cygnis insignis 15:19, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Move to Anemonefish - I mentioned this below. Just making sure my vote is in the right place.  --Nessie (talk) 15:26, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose' Do not change the article name, where a family or subfamily has more than one "accepted" common name then the taxonomic name should be used. The name Amphiprioninae is unambiguous whereas the terms clownfish and anemonefish are, at least, partially interchangeable. I also suspect, subjectively, that one is more common in some forms of English while the alternative is preferred in other forms of English. Quetzal1964 (talk) 20:09, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

No consensus to page move
I do not believe the above discussion generated consensus - the last 3 comments and the majority of the actual discussion was not in favour, and probably moving towards a consensus to move to Anemonefish. This article is now simply incorrect in that Clownfish is not a common name of Amphiprioninae. While numbers suggested consensus for move this is not a Vote, much as common name is not simply a matter of Google trends.

I think it would be most appropriate to reopen the above discussion, as simply proposing a move now to Anemonefish accepts that there was consensus for the first move, which I dispute. Any thoughts? |→ Spaully ~talk~ 13:14, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm moving down my comment from above, as this is the appropriate heading: May I suggest that this close and move were somewhat premature, as the issue of Clownfish vs Anemonefish has not been resolved yet; and the latter choice had a lot more reasoned argument behind it. I'd suggest opening this up again. I don't believe we are looking at a really contentious issue here, but the move to "Clownfish" does strike me as sub-optimal, and not the likely outcome if this had been allowed to gather some more comment (or been evaluated based on arguments rather than vote-counting). - I did my part to muddy the waters by letting my above "Support" stand while specifying, somewhat obliquely, that what I was supporting was a move to Anemonefish. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:57, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Move to Anemonefish - The move to Clownfish did seem a little strange. There seems to be a change in the votes after my question, so perhaps, , , and , may want to give it a second glance.  It also seems  may have done the same thing  did and not formally update their initial vote.  Looks like I did the same thing. --Nessie (talk) 16:22, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I retract my vote for the clownfish merge and support the anemonefish one per the previous discussion. Trialpears (talk) 16:31, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support move to Anemonefish. Sorry, should have struck my support. I figured I'd come back to the discussion when someone replied but I did not make it. Rhinopias (talk) 03:48, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

 * , please relist/reopen the move discussion and move this article back to Amphiprioninae for the duration of the discussion. I had intended to comment here, but had a busy few days when the move request was initiated, and minimal internet access over last weekend. Seeing a burst of initial kneejerk "COMMONNAME" supports followed by more involved conversations considering anemonefish as a potential title (before I lost internet access), I assumed this would get relisted and I would be able to comment when I had more free time and internet access. I really don't want to drag this to the drama of Move review, but vote counting bold Support comments is not how move requests are supposed to be evaluated. Further comments in this case did not support the move. Plantdrew (talk) 02:42, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * reopened and relisted. Warm Regards, ZI Jony  (Talk) 09:48, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment Given that the current evidence suggests the genus Premnas is embedded within Amphiprion, the subfamily has only one genus, so the article should be about the genus as per WP:MONOTYPICFAUNA. It's not clear which of "clownfish" or "anemonefish" is the most used English name for the genus, which is a good reason to have it at "Amphiprion". Peter coxhead (talk) 19:07, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Ooh, curveball : But monotypy notwithstanding, I think the arguments made by Spaully and Find bruce, above, do make a good case for anemonefish over clownfish, whether that subsumes two genera or one. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 19:23, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I was looking into the position of Premnas after seeing the page move - it seems likely it is embedded in Amphiprion but the secondary literature I have found is not universally supportive of that at the moment. I think either Anemonefish or Amphiprionae would be correct, and accept that common names are preferable so endorsing a move to Anemonefish, which includes the 1/2 species correctly called Clownfish. |→ Spaully ~talk~  21:11, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Both WoRMS and FishBase list Premnas biaculeatus as an accepted species, so maybe this is premature to combine it with Amphiprion when the two species there could eventually be reclassified? Rhinopias (talk) 03:51, 25 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Also noted as current and monotypic at the Australian faunal directory, AFD. This listing gives a variety of common names that includes a reference to Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Spine-cheek Clownfish). cygnis insignis 07:40, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

clarkii species complex
Hi Shouldn't clarkii be lower cased and  ? I assume it's a name for a species and also for a species complex. Not Clarkii. Invasive Spices (talk) 21:47, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

I'm not sure. Apologies if I did something wrong. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 22:59, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't know either. I just looked at clarkii and Clarkii and thought they should all be the same, probably. Invasive Spices (talk) 18:10, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * lower case, as clarkii is a specific name it should be lower case. Quetzal1964 (talk) 22:14, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: SSC199 TY2
— Assignment last updated by Kurioverrice (talk) 00:36, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Information about clown fish
Hi 122.179.98.64 (talk) 08:55, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Unclear why this page was moved to Clownfish
I note that this article was moved from Amphiprioninae to Clownfish by u|Loopy30 in October 2022 with the summary "Subfamily no longer recignized. Swap with common name.". It is not clear to me what has changed to prompt this move, and I would consider from the move discussion above from 2019 that Anemonefish is the more correct common name with a stronger consensus than clownfish - which only refers to two of the species.

please could you elaborate on the classification of the subfamily, the article remains unchanged in referencing this.

More broadly, if we are to use a common name here, is the consensus still that Anemonefish is more appropriate? |→ Spaully ~talk~ 11:37, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

 * In the most recent phylogeny of damselfish by Tang et al (2021), Amphiprioninae was no longer recognised. The genus Premnas was synonymized to Amphiprion and this combined genus then placed in the subfamily Pomacentrinae. As the subfamily name appeared to no longer be in use, the page was moved to the first common name listed in the article lede and changes were made to reflect this new taxonomy.
 * However, since the standard reference used by the project for taxa above genus level (FotW 5e) recognizes the subfamily Amphiprioninae (as of 2016), and the project standard taxonomy for genus and below (FishBase) still currently recognises the genus Premnas, the following day I undid any taxonomic changes I had made in the article. Given the previous RM discussion here in May 2019, it would appear that my Oct 2022 move of the page title was also too hasty and should have been reversed and discussed here first.
 * We now have four possible page titles for this article:
 * Amphiprioninae - currently still supported by project taxonomy refs
 * Amphiprion - most up-to-date taxonomic classification
 * Clownfish - most "popular" common name
 * Anemonefish - most "correct" common name
 * A new RM may now be necessary to reach consensus on the most appropriate page title. Loopy30 (talk) 15:25, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Tang does recognize Amphiprionini as a (monotypic) tribe. While Catalog of Fishes is apparently following Tang (Premnas is listed as a synonym of Amphiprion, and Amphiprion is placed in subfamily Pomacentrinae), Catalog of Fishes is not a source we usually follow for taxonomy. Fishbase is placing Premnas and Amphiprion in Pomacentrinae. I'm not sure we should wait for a 6th edition of FotW to stop recognizing Amphiprioninae, but I'd feel better about deprecating Amphiprioninae if Fishbase synonymized Premnas (at which point a monotypic tribe/subfamily wouldn't really be a contender for the article title). Plantdrew (talk) 22:20, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Clownfish


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User talk:Bovineone

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Your edit to Autoland, 15th August
It is encouraging to know that you were sufficiently interested in my contribution to the Autoland article to take the trouble to move the diagram. Unfortunately, the result depends on the screen resolution. The change looks OK at 1600x1024 but with my old eyes I usually use 1024x768, where as it happens the change breaks up the text in an awkward way. Unless you have a reason for the edit which I have not understood, may I please ask you to leave the diagram at the end of that section?

I have not previously used Talk and just hope this is the right way to send a message.

Kind regards

Roy Easson — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roy Easson (talk • contribs) 15:21, 20 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I've centered it instead of trying to let it flow next to the text, which should work better for smaller screen widths. That article also has a lot of excessive verbosity in the historical sections and the writing style is a little atypical of wikipedia articles... I've considered adding  on it, but didn't want to enumerate all of the specific issues.  -- Bovineone (talk) 02:35, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for what appears to be a very prompt response to my message. Centering the diagram is more elegant.  Unfortunately it is now in the wrong section, so I would be grateful if it could appear at the end of Sect. 2.4, where it is mentioned in the last line of the text.  I suppose I could use "undo" but I would prefer to have your agreement.--Roy Easson  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roy Easson (talk • contribs) 14:39, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply and for adjusting the position of the diagram. Centering it is certainly more elegant. Unfortunately it is now in the wrong section - it should be at the end of Sect 2.4 where it is referred to in the text in the last line. I would be grateful if you would make that change (I don't like to use "undo").

 * As for the style and so on - when I first looked at the item as it was at 17th March 2010 I did think about editing Sect. 2 to include the earlier period but abandoned that idea as too hard, so I split the existing text of Sect.2 into three subsections (in view of the exhortation about it being too long) and added Sects. 2.4 and 2.5, so a change of style was difficult to avoid.

 * I could try to improve 2.4 and 2.5 if you have specific issues in mind.

 * And I forgot ther tildes in my last message. Roy Easson (talk) 14:58, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The original reasoning for the image placement was unclear because there was no WP:CAPTION on the image to provide context, so I've improved that also. Please review WP:TPYES and avoid excessive talk sections. I've added various style improvement templates on the article to suggest ways of improving it.  In general, I feel there is far too much verbosity in the historical sections and its length is far beyond what a casual reader would have the attention span to read.  For example, Engine is a similarly complex topic yet it still remains accessible to a casual reader. -- Bovineone (talk) 17:07, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Need you to have a look into Mobile cloud computing Page
Hi Bovineone! I request you to have a look into this Article Mobile cloud computing.One guy is trying to do a lots of changes But he's in trouble i guess. I hope you can guide him. Abdul raja (talk) 14:34, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Bovineone


text:
User:Kils/Faculty patrons

Faculty patrons is a motion of wiki editors to increase the reliability of pages for the proposals of a Virtual university. Patrons, members of a faculty, would read articles of their field and freeze that timestage under their name for the teaching projects, with a link to the life page. Example: Uwe Kils worked and published many years on krill, gave a stamp on the Antarctic krill page on June 10 for incorporation in a virtual class on "Biology of Antarctica". Patrons should also invite other faculty and students to join, maybe forming a panel and creating a category:academia. They should create courses utilizing Wiki material and create discussion forums. Some might be willing to be available via videoconference at times. Maybe in a few years from now it might be possible for a student in the third world to add to her curriculum courses with literature and media from our wealthy communities who have everything. Let's share it.

International students and faculty in robes from Finland, Germany and Norway

title: User:Kils/Faculty patrons


text:
Taylorcraft B

The Taylorcraft B is an American light, single-engine, high-wing general aviation monoplane, with two seats in side-by-side configuration, that was built by the Taylorcraft Aviation Corporation of Alliance, Ohio.

Production and construction
The Model B was constructed in large numbers during the late 1930s and early 1940s and was available for delivery from the factory as a land plane and a floatplane. Like many light aircraft of its day, the fuselage is constructed of welded steel tubing and covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wings are braced using steel-tube struts.

Operational history
The Model B was mainly bought by private pilot owners. Large numbers were flown in the United States, and many were sold to owners in Canada and several overseas countries, including those in Europe. Many are still active in 2022.

Variants

 * BC
 * 1938 - Based on the Model A with a 50 hp Continental A-50-1 engine and modified wing construction, also known as the BC-50

 * BCS
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BC

 * BC-65
 * 1939 - Model BC with a 65 hp Continental A-65-1 engine.

 * BCS-65
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BC-65.

 * BC-12-65 (L-2H)
 * 1941 - As BC-65 except for minor structural changes and added elevator trim tab and a Continental A-65-7 engine.

 * BCS-12-65
 * 1941 - Seaplane variant of the BC-12-65

 * BC-12D Twosome
 * 1945 - also marketed as the Traveller; postwar production version of the BC-12-65 with a Continental A-65-8 engine with alternate tail surface, alternate one piece window and other minor changes. In 1950, a Special Deluxe version was introduced alongside the Standard model. The Special Deluxe featured better visibility and brakes, redesigned doors, and extra luggage room.

 * BCS-12D
 * 1946 - Seaplane variant of the BC-12D

 * BC-12D1
 * 1946 - Marketed as the Ace. A stripped-down, budget version of the BC-12-D with left hand door, parking brake, right-hand wing tank, step, glove box, spinner, and right-hand controls removed.

 * BCS-12D1
 * 1946 - Seaplane variant of the BC-12D1

 * BC-12D-85
 * 1948 - A BC-12D fitted with an 85 hp Continental C85-8F engine and increased power and gross weight. From 1950, Taylorcraft offered a Custom Deluxe version, which featured better visibility and brakes, redesigned doors, and extra luggage room. The same year, the Sportsman was introduced as the very top of the Taylorcraft line. In addition to the features of the Custom Deluxe, the Sportsman had a special hand-rubbed paint finish, and was equipped with modern conveniences such as an electric starter, a generator, a stall-warning indicator, and navigation lights.

 * BCS-12D-85
 * 1948 - Seaplane variant of the BC-12D-85.

 * BC-12D-4-85
 * 1949 - A BC-12D-85 fitted with an extra rear side window and a Continental C85-12F engine.

 * BCS-12D-4-85
 * 1949 - Seaplane variant of the BC-12D-4-85.

 * Model 19 Sportsman
 * 1951 - Development of the BC-12D-4-85, still with Continental C85-12F engine but with gross weight increased to 1500 lb. Revived in 1973 by the reformed Taylorcraft as the F-19 Sportsman with 100 hp Continental O-200 engine.

 * BF (L-2G)
 * 1938 - 40 hp Franklin 4AC-150 engine.

 * BFS
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BF.

 * BF-60
 * 1939 - As BF with a 60 hp Franklin 4AC-171 engine.

 * BFS-60
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BF-60.

 * BF-65
 * 1941 - A BF with a 65 hp Franklin 4AC-176-B2 engine, also known as the BF-12-65 (L-2K).

 * BFS-65
 * 1941 - Seaplane variant of the BF-65

 * BL
 * 1938 - with a 50 hp Lycoming O-145-A1 engine, also known as the BL-50

 * BLS
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BL.

 * BL-65 (L-2F)
 * 1939 - A BL with a 65 hp Lycoming O-145-B1 engine.

 * BLS-65
 * 1939 - Seaplane variant of the BL-65.

 * BL-12-65 (L-2J)
 * 1941 - A BL-65 with a Lycoming O-145-B1 engine and minor structural changes and added elevator trim.

 * BLS-12-65
 * 1941 - Seaplane variant of the BL-12-65.

Notable accidents and incidents

 * November 24, 2021 – American YouTuber Trevor Jacob parachuted out of his BL-65 while piloting it after feigning an engine failure, leaving the plane to crash into the ground. The Federal Aviation Administration deemed his actions intentional and reckless and revoked his pilot certificate.

title: Taylorcraft B


text:
Purity of arms

The code of purity of arms (טוהר הנשק, ) is one of the values stated in the Israel Defense Forces' official doctrine of ethics, The Spirit of the IDF. It states that:

The soldier shall make use of his weaponry and power only for the fulfillment of the mission and solely to the extent required; he will maintain his humanity even in combat. The soldier shall not employ his weaponry and power in order to harm non-combatants or prisoners of war, and shall do all he can to avoid harming their lives, body, honor and property.

Jewish and universal moral sources of the code
The "Spirit of the IDF", a text within the IDF's main doctrine, requires "honoring the values of the State of Israel as a Jewish ... state", referring to both "the tradition of the Jewish People throughout their history" and "universal moral values based on the value and dignity of human life". Jewish religious law does not directly determine IDF policy, and the IDF Doctrine Statement is not a religious document, but its underlying religious basis was articulated by Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren (1917–1994), who had served in the IDF as both paratrooper and chief chaplain.

According to Rabbi Norman Solomon, the concepts of Havlaga (restraint) and purity of arms arise out of the ethical and moral values stemming from the tradition of Israel, extrapolation from the Jewish law, and the desire for moral approval and hence political support from the world community. Despite doubts when confronted by indiscriminate terrorism, purity of arms remains the guiding rule for the Israeli forces. These foundations have elicited a fair degree of consensus among Jews, both religious and secular.

A notable proponent of this image is Colonel Richard Kemp, a retired British army officer, who called the IDF the most moral army in the world on Israel's Channel 2 News. In a 2015 document regarding Operation Protective Edge, published by Friends of Israel Initiative, the High Level Military Group, composed of military experts from Australia, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain, acknowledged that Israel made "unprecedented efforts" to avoid civilian casualties exceeding international standards.

In contrast, the 2015 report of the U.N. Human Rights Council on Operation Protective Edge, chaired by Mary McGowan Davis (a former New York state judge), voiced concerns that "the fact that the political and military leadership did not change its course of action, despite considerable information regarding the massive degree of death and destruction in Gaza, raises questions about potential violations of international humanitarian law."

Tactical and ethical dilemmas
Selective targeting (or targeted killing) of terrorist leaders is considered by the IDF as a legitimate mode of operation and part of a state's counterterrorism, anticipatory, self-defense activities that are designed to prevent the continuation of terrorism. Selective targeting of terrorist activists is used as a measure designed to hurt the real enemy while minimizing civilian casualties. The practice was challenged before the Israeli Supreme Court, which held that while terrorists were civilians under the law of armed conflict, they were not protected by the prohibition in Article 51(3) of Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, which provides that civilians enjoy immunity from deliberate attack "unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities". The Court found that the meaning of both "for such time" and "direct part in hostilities" covered those providing services to unlawful combatants in any period before a potential attack; therefore terrorists did not qualify for this immunity, a ruling that has been accepted into international law.

The decision received a mixed reception from the international community, with one scholar expressing concern that it threatened "to undermine international law's protection of civilians in armed conflict by shifting the balance toward military advantage and increasing the likelihood of collateral damage".

Criticism
Some challenge the idea that the IDF is either particularly moral or follows the concept of "Purity of Arms", but according to Gideon Levy, the "majority of Israelis are still deeply convinced that their army, the IDF, is the most moral army of the world, and nothing else". Criticism of the concept has centered on its consistency with international law, and the tendency for civilians to be killed in the process. Certain actions that have marked the army's history are at the origins of the criticism. Among these are massacres that took place during the 1948 War, at Qibya, at Kafr Qasim, against prisoners of war, failure to prevent Sabra and Shatila massacre, or at Qana. To these may be added controversial operations such as the Battle of Jenin, Operation Cast Lead, and the Gaza Flotilla Raid. A number of these events led to rifts in Israeli society. The massacre of Sabra and Shatila in particular occasioned demonstrations that assumed a historic dimension within Israel.

According to Avi Shlaim, "purity of arms" is one of the key features of "the conventional Zionist account or old history" whose "popular-heroic-moralistic version of the 1948 war" is "taught in Israeli schools and used extensively in the quest for legitimacy abroad". Benny Morris adds, "[t]he Israelis' collective memory of fighters characterized by "purity of arms" is also undermined by the evidence of [the dozen case] of rapes committed in conquered towns and villages." According to him, "after the war, the Israelis tended to hail the "purity of arms" of its militiamen and soldiers to contrast this with Arab barbarism, which on occasion expressed itself in the mutilation of captured Jewish corpses. (...) This reinforced the Israelis' positive self-image and helped them 'sell' the new state abroad and (...) demonized the enemy."

Following the Qibya massacre, Yeshayahu Leibowitz questioned the moral character of operations of the Israeli army. He pointed out that contrary to the time of diaspora, Jews established in Israel have the possibility to resort to force and that while in 1948 they may have had no choice, at Qibya the Israeli nation showed its moral limits.

A former head of the Mossad, Zvi Zamir, stated that the fact that Israel Defense Forces soldiers have shot at unarmed people on the Syrian–Israeli border showed the IDF's "purity of arms" was being eroded.

Dissenting rabbinic opinion
Some rabbis oppose the stipulation of avoiding harm to non-combatants, arguing that Jewish law specifically rejects this requirement during wartime. Some instances:
 * Rabbis associated with the Israeli settlement movement in the West Bank and Gaza demanded in 2004 that terrorism must be fought without regard for the safety of the enemy civilian population.
 * During the 2006 Lebanon War, the main organization of Modern Orthodox rabbis in the United States called on the Israeli military to be less concerned with avoiding civilian casualties on the opposing side. They argue that Hezbollah hides among the civilian population, and therefore it would be immoral not to attack Hezbollah—as Hezbollah poses an extreme threat to the Israeli civilian population.

title: Purity of arms


text: User talk:71.16.194.44

title: User talk:71.16.194.44


text:
USS Trinity

USS Trinity (AO-13) was a Patoka-class oiler-class replenishment oiler of the United States Navy.

Construction and commissioning
Trinity was laid down on 10 November 1919 at Newport News, Virginia by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company; launched on 3 July 1920 and commissioned on 4 September 1920.

1920–1923
Following shakedown, Trinity got underway from Chesapeake Bay on 11 February 1921, bound for the Mediterranean. She arrived at Valletta, Malta and delivered general stores for USS Pittsburgh (CA-4) before proceeding to Split, Yugoslavia (present-day Croatia), with fuel oil for American ships operating in the Adriatic. After a three-day layover at Split, she got underway on 8 March for Venice, where she arrived on 12 March. She eventually called at Pula (then in Italy, now in Croatia), before making port at Brindisi to take on fuel oil and general supplies for the naval base at Constantinople, Turkey, and American naval forces operating in Turkish waters. Following the delivery of this cargo, Trinity sailed to Gibraltar, then departed there on 4 April and arrived at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York, on 17 April. Subsequently, based at Norfolk, Virginia and assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, the oiler operated along the United States East Coast and in the Caribbean until she was decommissioned on 22 December 1923 and laid up at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

1938–1941
Trinity remained there, inactive, until growing tension in both Europe and the Far East prompted the Navy to enlarge its building programs, and to recondition and recommission old ships. Accordingly, Trinity was recommissioned at Philadelphia on 21 June 1938. She transported cargoes of oil from ports on the Gulf of Mexico to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Panama Canal Zone.

Transferred to the Pacific Fleet early in 1939, Trinity carried oil to Dutch Harbor, Alaska, for use by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. In the summer, she turned her attention to the Far East and conducted voyages from ports on the United States West Coast and in the Netherlands East Indies to the Philippine Islands, delivering fuel oil to storage facilities such as those on Sangley Point, near Cavite. Late in 1940, the oiler was transferred to the Asiatic Fleet.

She departed Manila Bay on 28 February 1941 to commence the first of eight round-trip voyages in that year to ports in oil-rich Borneo and the Netherlands East Indies. As war clouds gathered on the horizon in the summer of 1941, an organization plan was drawn up which designated Trinity as part of the Manila-based Task Force 2. At the end of the eighth voyage, Trinity arrived at Manila on 3 December 1941.

1941 — Escape from Manila
On 8 December, Trinity lay alongside the fuel docks at Sangley Point, discharging oil to the storage tanks ashore, when she received word from Admiral Thomas C. Hart that "Japan has commenced hostilities — govern yourselves accordingly."

With Japanese air attacks expected momentarily, Hart decided to send the two Navy oilers, Trinity and USS Pecos (AO-6), and seaplane tender USS Langley (AV-3) south from Manila Bay. Later that day, these three valuable auxiliaries, shepherded by USS Pope (DD-225) and USS John D. Ford (DD-228), departed in a hastily assembled convoy. Two days later, while the American ships sailed for Borneo, 80 Japanese bombers and 52 fighter planes attacked the American navy yard at Cavite, destroying it as a base for the Asiatic Fleet. Trinity had departed the area just in time.

The convoy reached Balikpapan, Borneo, on 14 December 1941. Trinity then commenced her wartime operations with the hard-pressed United States Asiatic Fleet.

South Pacific
After a one-month stay at Balikpapan fueling Allied warships, Trinity steamed first to Koepang Bay, Timor, and then to Kebola Bay, at Amor Island in the Netherlands East Indies. Standing out of Kebola Bay on 17 January 1942, Trinity set course for Australia, escorted by the destroyers USS Alden (DD-211) and USS Edsall (DD-219). The ships were in the Beagle Gulf 40 nmi west of Darwin, Australia, on the morning of 20 January 1942 when the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-123 sighted Trinity heading toward Darwin. Misidentifying Trinity as a transport, I-123 fired four Type 89 torpedoes at Trinity at -12.09167°N, 130.09333°W shortly after 0630. The sound man aboard I-123 reported hearing one torpedo hit Trinity, but in fact all four torpedoes missed, although Trinity sighted three of them and reported the attack. Alden then searched for I-123, made sound contact, and conducted a brief depth charge attack at 06:41 before losing contact on I-123 and abandoning the search. I-123 escaped unscathed.

Upon her arrival at Darwin, Trinity filled the depleted fuel bunkers of USS Holland (AS-3) and USS Otus (AS-20), the submarine tenders to the Asiatic Fleet submarine forces operating in the Malay Barrier. (The submarine tender USS Canopus (AS-9) had been left at Manila Bay to provide for the Manila-based submarines.) When she had delivered the fuel, orders came for Trinity, Otus, and Holland to accompany the destroyer tender USS Black Hawk (AD-9) and four destroyers on a voyage to the south coast of Java to establish a base there.

1942 – Middle East
Dropping anchor at the congested port of Tjilatjap, she remained there a week before Vice Admiral William A. Glassford, Commander, United States Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific (COMSOWESPAC), dispatched her to Iran to obtain refined fuel oil to relieve the critical fuel shortage in the war zone. Departing Tjilatjap on 17 February in company with Edsall, she proceeded independently after her escort was ordered back to port and arrived at Abadan, Iran, on 9 March.

The first United States warship in local memory to have visited this part of the world, Trinity gathered valuable intelligence material on local conditions in Iraq and Iran, including observations of the port-of-entry (Abadan) for war materials slated for use by the Soviet Union. She also collected oceanographic data on the Persian Gulf. After loading her vital cargo, she headed for Fremantle on 17 March.

Java fell even before Trinity arrived at her destination. Although Allied forces had been driven out of the Malay Barrier, they gathered in Australia to begin building for the long road back. COMSOWESPAC retained Trinity for the Persian Gulf-Fremantle run, calling at such varied ports as Basra, Iraq; Bahrein, Arabia; Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago; Bombay, India; and Geraldton and Albany, Australia; as well as the now-familiar ports of Abadan and Fremantle. On one occasion, in November 1942, the ship encountered a typhoon in which heavy seas, whipped by 70 kn winds, enveloped the ship and destroyed two motor whaleboats.

1943–1944
In 1943, with Papua New Guinea secured and the Buna-Gona campaign successfully resolved, Trinity moved her base to Milne Bay, New Guinea, where she arrived on 13 August 1943 and came under the control of Commander, Base Force, 7th Fleet. Attached to this command for the remainder of the year, Trinity plied the Milne Bay-Brisbane route, while also touching at Cairns and Townsville, Australia. When anchored at Milne Bay, she provided oil for miscellaneous Allied ships. She subsequently moved north to commence operations in the Buna-Cape Cretin vicinity, an area in which she remained until early March.

During the next few months, she proceeded back to Milne Bay and thence to Port Moresby before heading for Cairns and completing the round trip to Milne Bay on 24 July 1944. Operating out of the New Guinea area, she worked as shuttle tanker and harbor feeder, anchoring at such places as Manus in the Admiralties, Humboldt Bay and Hollandia on the north coast of New Guinea, and at Biak in the Schouten Islands.

1945
By January 1945, as the war progressed steadily towards the Japanese homeland, Trinity continued her unglamourous but vital job of plying the triangular New Guinea-Shouten Islands-Admiralty Islands route, shuttling cargoes of oil needed to keep the warships of the Fleet in operation. Arriving at Leyte, Philippines, in May 1945, she returned to waters from which she had been driven so unceremoniously in those dark days of December 1941. For the remainder of her active service, she operated in the western Pacific through the end of the war and the early months of the occupation.

Post-World War II
Trinity departed Samar on 12 January 1946, bound for home. After stops at Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor, she arrived at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 22 February and reported to Commandant, 12th Naval District. The oiler remained there until decommissioned on 28 May. Struck from the Navy list on 3 July, she was delivered to the Maritime Commission's War Shipping Administration on 5 September 1946. Sold to the Colonial Steamship Corporation in 1951, the tanker was renamed Seabeaver.

Commendations
Trinity received one battle star for her World War II service.

title: USS Trinity


text:
How to Be Loved

How to be Loved (Jak być kochaną) is a 1963 Polish film, directed by Wojciech Has.

The film, based on a novel of the same name by Kazimierz Brandys, examines the emotional casualties of war, which is perhaps the central theme of the Polish Film School. On a deeper level, the film manages to construct a personal tragedy that results from a struggle of egoism and cowardice versus devotion and courage.

The film was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
On a plane bound for Paris, Felicja (Barbara Krafftówna), a successful radio actress, recalls the night in 1939 when she was to debut as Ophelia, with the man she loved, Wiktor (Zbigniew Cybulski), playing Hamlet. World War II intervenes, and Felicja takes a job as a waitress to avoid acting on a German stage, giving her lover sanctuary when he's accused of killing a collaborator. After the war, Wiktor can't get away fast enough, hot on the trail of fame and applause, and the woman who saved him is herself wrongly accused of collaboration. Years later, Wiktor and Felicja meet again, and the tables have turned.

Cast

 * Barbara Krafftówna as Felicja
 * Zbigniew Cybulski as Wiktor Rawicz
 * Artur Młodnicki as Tomasz
 * Wieńczysław Gliński as bacteriologist
 * Wiesław Gołas as German soldier
 * Wiesława Kwaśniewska as photographer
 * Zdzisław Maklakiewicz as journalist Zenon
 * Tadeusz Kalinowski - Peters
 * Mirosława Krajewska as flight attendant

title: How to Be Loved