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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coombe Dean School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. JYolkowski // talk 13:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Coombe Dean School
Non-notable comprehensive school, like several hundred others in the country. Dunc|☺ 10:27, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. It seems to end up in the local news a lot more than most schools in the area, and until we've established how notability affects VfD in relation to schools, I say the article should be kept. Incidentally, this is the school I went to. Jamyskis 11:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, schools are under discussion. Vashti 12:19, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, read Schools. Sjakkalle 13:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I cleaned this up a bit.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Dunc. Cedars 14:08, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Listen to Sjakkalle and read Schools. Karol 14:10, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools belong in Wikipedia.  -- Un  focused  14:10, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep pending Schools resolution. — RJH 15:19, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, strengthens wikipedia's coverage of schools. Kappa 15:44, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Teachers awards make it notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 17:26, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a marginally notable award for being the best in a region of england doesn't do it for me. --W(t) 21:28, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * keep can we please stop this? go to wikipedia:schools instead Yuckfoo 21:49, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and NPOV. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:36, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: Can we please stop this voting "keep" until the Wikipedia Schools thing is done? (Stopping voting "delete" is to vote "keep," after all.) Geogre 03:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The trouble is that if keepers stop voting "keep", and deleters keep voting "delete", the school article gets deleted, and the keepers won't like that. Sjakkalle 06:38, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It exists now. Therefore, it takes a consensus to delete.  Having reflex "keep" votes (a big, persistent criticism that "particular school particular vote" folks like me have) and then taunts that everyone must stop voting delete until the golden dawn really doesn't help.  There is no consensus on keeping, none on deleting, but the delete folks, so far as I've seen, haven't been targeting other Wikipedians for abuse nor running pages to marshal -bot like votes. (And I figure that I would have been called if there were such a thing, since I vote delete on most schools because most anything isn't notable.)  Geogre 14:53, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:Schoolwatch is vote-neutral. It only tells you if a vote for deletion is on, and which article that vote is on.  It doesn't tell you how to vote.  "No consensus on keeping" is a straw man; outside speedies, no article needs consensus to keep.  Actually a lot of people seem to think that schools are intrinsically encyclopedic (an opinion that I share), hence the consistency of recent school VfDs in opposing deletion of schools--indeed in most cases returning a majority vote for keep. The deletion of any school article seems to be becoming a minority position. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:20, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Watch/schoolwatch states that it [...] is a campaign to ensure that articles on schools are allowed to develop on Wikipedia. Is that "vote-neutral"?--Nabla 15:43, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Yes, in the manner in which it is executed, the Schoolwatch page is vote-neutral. Anybody can pop it onto his watchlist and vote according to his preferences.  The fact that people interested in preserving schools from arbitrary deletion act as if this kind of publicity will attract more keep votes than delete votes suggests that they believe that in general school articles on Wikipedia are fairly popular. This belief seems to be born out by events; as schoolwatch has been used more so the proportion of people voting "keep" on school VfDs has grown, to the point where now it quite often exceeds those voting delete--an unusual event on VfD. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Verifiable, NPOV. Christopher Parham (talk) 15:42, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Keep: Distinguishable, therefore not "like" several hundred other schools in the country. -- Natalinasmpf 16:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete yet another high school. Denni ☯ 20:31, 2005 May 28 (UTC)

Comment. As the second day of this listing draws to a close, it may be as well to take stock of the status of school articles on Wikipedia.

 * Watch/schoolwatch/Votes for deletion archive

Some 64 school-related deletion listings started so far this month have been closed, and all the data was kept. A school playing field was merged with redirect to the associated school article, two listings were withdrawn by their nominators, and the remaining 61 articles were kept. Articles listed for deletion included three about middle schools and one about a primary school. The rest were presumably secondary or high schools. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:58, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The updated statistics for May are now as follows:
 * Nominated: 75; kept: 65; redirected (merged): 1; withdrawn: 2; pending: 7
 * The pending nominations seem to my eye to all have overwhelming keep votes, which if true will bring the result of VfD nominations for May to 75 nominations, no deletions, and just one merge and redirect (which doesn't require a VfD decision). --Tony Sidaway|Talk 09:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what your point is. I will continue to vote for deletion of high school articles as a matter of principle. Just as there are notable people, there are notable schools. However, just as there are non-notable people... Denni ☯ 23:16, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * I just want to remind everyone that non-notability is not a criterion for deletion because notability cannot be wholly separated from subjectivity. Non-notability should be a minor factor in the decision against an article, not the whole case. Keep because this battle against schoolcruft cannot be won. You people who nominate these articles for deletion must realize that for every school you nominate, two thousand 14 year olds are hammering away at their keyboards about their own local school. You cannot win. -- Barfooz  (talk)  03:59, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't think I have a point, or that I need one. The facts speak for themselves. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:33, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You have every right to vote for deletion of schools if you so wish, but as long as you are in the minority, these articles won't get deleted. Jamyskis 10:22, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 08:14, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Nominating a school damages Wikipedia by wasting time and creating ill-will. CalJW 23:33, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Verifiable secondary school.  Stop clogging VfD with schools; use Schools --BaronLarf 22:19, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep on keeping schools. —RaD Man (talk 07:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete. Neutralitytalk 04:29, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and quit nominating schools. Ketsuban (is 1337) 03:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless and generic. Gamaliel 22:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and i agree with Ketsuban and many others up the page expressing such an opinion. Celestianpower 22:25, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's also a lot better than a lot of other school pages out there. Celestianpower 22:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Which explains where the whole "delete these ridiculous school stubs" movement comes from. RickK 22:48, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and quit creating articles about unimportant topics. RickK 22:48, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Who/Reqimgbox

A proposal for an updated. See Template talk:Reqimage and User:Who/ReqImage. Posted on talk page for close to a week, no objections yet. I included it on a random bio page for demo. <> Who 10:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Who/Reqimgbox


text:
Template:List of drugs F

Fa | Fe | Fi | Fl | Fm–Ft | Fu–Fy

title: Template:List of drugs F


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Udayananu Tharam

Udayananu Tharam is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy satire film directed by Rosshan Andrrews and written by Sreenivasan based on a story he had co-written with the director. The film stars Mohanlal, Meena, Sreenivasan, Mukesh and Jagathy Sreekumar. The songs featured in the film was composed by Deepak Dev, while Ouseppachan provided the background score. Udayananu Tharam presents the Malayalam film industry through a satirical viewpoint.

The financial and artistic crisis which plagued the once glittering Malayalam film industry at the turn of the 21st century lies at the center of the story. It depicts the struggles of Udayabhanu (Mohanlal), who is an assistant director and who aspires to be a director. But he is thwarted in his attempts by a scheming friend and junior artist, Rajappan Thengamoodu (Sreenivasan), who steals his screenplay to become superstar Saroj Kumar.

The film made the biggest ever opening until then in the history of Malayalam cinema. The film won two Kerala State Film Awards, for Best Debut Director and for Best Choreography. It is inspired by the 1999 movie Bowfinger. It was remade into Tamil cinema as Velli Thirai in 2008 and into Bollywood as Shortkut in 2009.

Plot
Udayabhanu is a hardcore worshipper of films and a talented assistant director, who learns to write and direct his own film at a time when the industry is filled with dubious filmmakers. Rajappan Thengummoodu is a rather crooked friend of Udayabhanu and an aspiring and failed actor.

Udayabhanu finally prepares to shoot his first film based on his own script, he discovers to his horror that Rajappan has stolen his manuscript, and filming is underway with Rajappan playing the leading role, which eventually propels him to stardom. Udhayabhanu soon finds himself faced with a career and personal crisis, with his faltering relations with his actress wife Madhumati contributing to the latter. She leaves the house later after Udayan causes chaos in the house after getting drunk, saying that he lost everything.

Later, with the help of producer Babykuttan, Udayabanu prepares to direct another film, but he is forced to cast Rajappan as the hero since he was the star with most market value at that time. Rajappan takes up the offer, since he is also at a plateau of his career, but refuses to co-operate and throws tantrums and causes maximum trouble when possible. He spends most of his time actively flirting with the actresses in the film.

Towards the end of the shoot, using a perceived insult as a ruse, Rajappan leaves the set leaving the film half way with the hope that this will destroy Udayabanu's career for ever. But Udayabanu devises clever tactics and shoots the remaining scenes with Rajappan without him even being aware of it.

At the end, the film is a critical and box office success, which also saves Rajappan from his damaging career, Rajappan realises his mistakes, admits publicly that Udayabanu is the real star and not himself and apologises to Udayabhanu.

Production
The film was the directorial debut of Rosshan Andrrews who started as an assistant director in Malayalam cinema. He changed his name from Roshan Andrews to Rosshan Andrrews as per numerology before the film's release. The film's story was conceived by Andrrews, who prepared the story three years back but producers were not willing to take the film as they thought a film based on film industry would not work. He also approached Jayaram for the film, but he also rejected it as he was a new director. He then narrated the story to Sreenivasan who developed it into a screenplay, which took two years, and introduced him to C. Karunakaran who agreed to produce the film. Sreenivasan also helped him to cast Mohanlal in the lead role.

Home media
The satellite rights for Udayananu Tharam was sold to Asianet for a hitherto record sum of ₹36 lakhs. AP International released the film on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

Critical response

Writing for The Hindu, Sreedhar Pillai wrote, "Udayananu Tharam, directed by debutant Rosshan Andrrews, asserts that the creator is a path-breaking director. After many years of prattle about `new' cinema within the commercial format, Udayananu Tharam gives some substance to the contention that Malayalam cinema has come of age. The most refreshing thing is that it is a genre film, a black comedy, rather than omnibus masala concoctions serving all the nine rasas. Paresh C. Palicha of Now Running gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, ""Sreenivasan has peppered the story with real life incidents. He does not spare the two reigning superstars of Malayalam cinema, Mammootty and Mohanlal, even though the latter is the film's hero." He also praised Sreenivasan's performance writing, "Mohanlal gives a restrained and dependable performance as Udayan. But it is Sreenivasan who steals the thunder with his over-the-top act as the megalomaniac superstar." Sify, in their review gave the film a verdict of "Excellent" and praised the film for its refreshing script, writing, "Writer Sreenivasan and director Rosshan traces Udayan’s dreams and progresses in a realistic manner. The wry passages and the swipes at the superstars are gingerly executed."

The reviewer for Webindia called the film "a definite entertainer" and praised the film's script, writing, "Sreenivasan writes about real life incidents that happen in the film industry and presents them in a humorous manner. He makes a dig at everyone, not even leaving the superstars. The director has handled the script well. But somewhere something is amiss in the narrative especially in the first half." They also praise Sreenivasan's performance writing, "It is Sreenivasan who steals the show as the dimwit obnoxious superstar Saroj Kumar." Varnachithram, praising Mohanlal's performance wrote, "He performs his role with great subtlety and makes us feel the pain of the character." They conclude writing, "Even with all the drawbacks we mentioned, it was a good movie to watch with the minimum standard we expect from Malayalam movies. But it is not a classic along the lines of Nadodikaatu (1987) or Sanmasullavarku Samadhanam (1986) which we like to watch over and over again. Finally, the movie should have been called Sreeniyanu Tharam (Sreeni is the star) for he was the real star of this movie.

Box office
It was made on a budget of ₹2.35 crore, including prints and publicity. The film was a major commercial success and a blockbuster. It took the biggest ever opening for a Malayalam film until then, surpassing Narasimham (2000). It grossed in two weeks from 41 screens in Kerala, with a distributor share of. The film grossed ₹19,80,000 in 17 days at Ernakulam Shenoys theatre, which was a record. The film then grossed Rs 6.69 Crore from 41 screens in 35 days and a distributor’s share of ₹2.76 Crore. The film managed to recover its budget from the releasing stations. It ran for 100 days in several cities such as Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode and Thrissur. The film also performed well in cities outside Kerala, like Bengaluru, Chennai and Mumbai. It was the first hit of the year.

Spin-off
A spin-off titled Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar directed by Sajin Raaghavan was released in 2012. Sreenivasan reprises the role of Saroj Kumar from the original. The director announced that this is not a sequel. Only some characters from Udayananu Tharam were used.

title: Udayananu Tharam


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Jeremy Jackson

Jeremy Dunn Jackson (born October 16, 1980) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Hobie Buchannon on the television show Baywatch.

Television
Jackson appeared as Hobie Buchannon in 159 episodes from season 2 through season 10 (1991–1999) of the TV series Baywatch, more than any other actor except David Hasselhoff, who played his father, Mitch Buchannon.

Music career
Jackson was introduced to music by David Hasselhoff, who starred on Baywatch, on which Jackson appeared. Jackson later supported Hasselhoff on his 1993 European tour and Jackson was signed to Edel Records by Peter Lopez. An Australian musician, Mark Holden, who was working with Hasselhoff, wrote a number of songs and produced the album.

Albums

 * Number One (1994) NL No. 17, DE No. 90
 * Always (1995)

Singles

 * "I Need You" (1994)
 * "Looking for My Number 1" (1994)
 * "You Can Run" (1995)
 * "French Kiss" (1995)
 * "I'm Gonna Miss You" (1995)
 * "You Really Got It Going On" (1997)

Other
Jackson was featured in Vanity Fair's Hollywood Issue in March 2006. He has been referred to as "Mr. MySpace" and was a guest on The Tyra Banks Show. Jackson has performed in clubs from London to Las Vegas. Jackson endorsed Ed Hardy Clothing, and has hosted fashion shows around the world for the fashion house.

He appeared on VH1's Confessions of a Teen Idol, a reality show in which former teen idols attempt to revitalize their careers. In one episode, he claimed he beat out Leonardo DiCaprio for the part of Hobie Buchannon; this was later verified by David Hasselhoff. The show is co-produced by Scott Baio and Jason Hervey.

In 2012, Jeremy worked with PhilaDreams Films on the unreleased independent movie, Dreams, which was filmed by Thomas J. Walton and Vaughn Goland.

In January 2015, Jackson participated in the United Kingdom reality television series Celebrity Big Brother 15, where he placed 15th, on Channel 5. After four days, producers removed him from the house for opening fellow housemate Chloe Goodman's dressing gown against her will. Jackson was later cautioned by the Hertfordshire Police following their investigation into common assault.

Personal life
In 2008, a sex tape of Jackson and adult video star Sky Lopez was offered for sale. Jackson asserted that he was physically threatened into giving the tape to men who claimed they represented Lopez.

In an interview on the E! TV special Child Star Confidential Jackson stated that problems with drugs contributed to his departure from Baywatch, but that he had overcome his addiction following rehabilitation. In 2011, Jackson was a fifth-season cast member on Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which depicted his recovery from steroid addiction.

He was married to former model Loni Willison from 2012 to 2014. Willison struggled with drug addiction and became homeless in Los Angeles.

In 2017, as part of a plea bargain, Jackson was sentenced to 270 days in jail for a 2015 stabbing.

Filmography

 * Santa Barbara (1984) TV Series Young Derek Griffin (1990)
 * Shout (1991) (V) Young BellRinger
 * Baywatch (TV) Hobie Buchannon No. 2 (1991–1999)
 * The Bulkin Trail (1992) (TV) Young Michael Bulkin
 * Thunder Alley (1994) (TV) Danny
 * Baywatch: White Thunder at Glacier Bay (1998) (V) Hobie Buchannon
 * The E! True Hollywood Story: Baywatch (2001) (TV) Himself
 * Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding (2003) (TV) Hobie Buchannon
 * Ring of Darkness (2004) (V) Xavier
 * Expose (2005) (V) Jake Stevens
 * Child Star Confidential Teen Idol – E! Entertainment TV (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The Tyra Banks Show (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch CNBC (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The View ABC (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The Loop g4tv (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The E! True Hollywood Story: David Hasselhoff (2006) (TV) Himself
 * The Rachael Ray Show (2009) (TV) Himself
 * The Tyra Banks Show (2009) (TV) Himself
 * Confessions of a Teen Idol (2009) (TV) Himself
 * The Untitled Kris Black Project (2010) (V) Caleb
 * Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew (2011) Himself
 * DTLA (2012) Kevin
 * Dreams (2013) DJ Smoove
 * Celebrity Big Brother UK (2015) (TV) Himself

title: Jeremy Jackson


text: Template:List of drugs G

title: Template:List of drugs G


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Talk:Hornsby railway station

Untitled
Problem - Local trains to Berowra mostly come off the North Shore, even though these local stations "belong" to the Northern line.

Suggested solution: Treat the Local stations as an extension of the North Shore line.

Tabletop 10:34, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * it appears that after hornsby those stations are on both the northern and north shore lines, according to: http://www.cityrail.info/networkmaps/flash/mainmap.jsp (if you click on the each station it says which lines it's on), so we can easily handle those including them on both lines, we can use the new templates to have both lines represented, see an example at Redfern. clarkk 10:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Countrylink northbound
Surely CountryLink northbound trains use mostly platform 5 as platform 4 is likely to be occupied by terminating trains !?!? Tabletop (talk) 10:23, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Diagram error
The scissors crossover at the bottom right hand side of the track diagram does not exist, only the crossover from the main (Platform 4) to Platform 5. Tabletop (talk) 00:50, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Distance vs. Chainage
I think the distance shown is an "as the crow flies distance" and not in keeping with the chainages used for other stations (Asquith 35.69km is not 10km from Hornsby) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.39.192.105 (talk) 23:19, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hornsby railway station


text:
La France (song)

"La France" is a 2001 song by the French hip hop band Sniper. It addresses perceived injustices committed against minorities by the French political system and the opinion that even though there is a large number of people of African and Arab origins in France, they are poorly represented in politics. The song's chorus displays the message in a rather strong way:

La France est une garce et on s'est fait trahir Le système, voilà ce qui nous pousse à les haïr La haine, c'est ce qui rend nos propos vulgaires On nique la France sous une tendance de musique populaire On est d'accord et on se moque des répressions On se fout de la République et de la liberté d'expression Faudrait changer les lois et pouvoir voir Bientôt à l'Elysée des arabes et des noirs au pouvoir

In English:

France is a bitch and we've been betrayed The system is what makes us hate them The hatred is what makes our words vulgar We fuck France over with the pop music We agree and we don't care about a repression We don't give a damn about the Republic or the freedom of expression The laws should be changed and we should see Arabs and Blacks in power, soon at l'Elysée,

This song was among the ones that according to the French Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy had 'violent, racist and abusive' lyrics, particularly as it contains the line "Pour mission exterminer les ministres et les fachos" ("A mission to exterminate the ministers and fascists"), "Frère, je lance un appel, on est là pour tout niquer, leur laisser des traces et des séquelles, avant de crever" and "Mon seul souhait, désormais, est de nous voir les envahir" (Now, my only wish is to see us invading them).

title: La France (song)


text:
Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron

The Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as the Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, was signed on 17 January 1997 by Israel, represented by Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), represented by PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, under the supervision of U.S. Secretary of State, Warren Christopher. It concerned the partial redeployment of Israeli military forces from Hebron in accordance with the 1995 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip ("Oslo II"). According to the Protocol, Area H-1 (about 80%) would come under Palestinian control, while Area H-2 would remain under Israeli control. A large Palestinian majority still lives in both Area H-1 and Area H-2. The redeployment started on 16 January 1997. The protocol has never been ratified by either of the contracting parties.

Background
The Hebron Protocol initiated the third partial Israeli withdrawal, after the Gaza–Jericho Agreement, and the further withdrawal from populated Palestinian areas in the West Bank. Hebron was excepted from the other West Bank cities, who got the status of Area A in the Oslo II Accord. The withdrawal was originally scheduled for completion before 28 March 1996.

Outline
On 7 January 1997, the parties agreed on some provisions concerning the Old City (Agreed Minute). On 13 January 1997, Prime Minister Netanyahu met with Chairman Arafat in the presence of U.S. envoy Dennis Ross. On 14 January, they made known that they had reached an agreement. On 15 January, the Palestinian Authority in a joint meeting with the Executive Committee of the PLO approved the document. The Israeli Cabinet also approved the document. The Knesset approved the Protocol on 16 January by a vote of 87 to 17, the Labor opposition voting with the government. The same day, the IDF began the redeployment from Hebron. The Hebron Protocol was signed on 17 January by Israeli chief negotiator General Dan Shomron and Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat. On 21 January, an agreement on the presence of an international monitoring group was signed.

The Agreements provided:
 * An IDF withdrawal from 80% of Hebron within ten days.
 * The division of Hebron into Area H-1 and Area H-2, and transfer of powers to the Palestinians
 * The Hasbahe (wholesale market) with its shops would be opened and the Al-Shuhada Street completely reopened
 * The first phase of further redeployments will be carried out during the first week of March
 * Within two months after implementation of the Hebron Accord, Israel and the PA would begin negotiations on the permanent status agreement to be completed by 4 May 1999.

Before the Knesset, Prime Minister Netanyahu declared on 16 January with respect to the Protocol:

″But our goals are different [than those of the previous Governments]''. We are using the time interval in the agreement to achieve our goals: to maintain the unity of Jerusalem, to ensure the security depth necessary for the defence of the State, to insist on the right of Jews to settle in their land, and to propose to the Palestinians a suitable arrangement for self-rule but without the sovereign Powers which pose a threat to the State of Israel.″''

On 29 January, the Israeli Government granted Jewish enclaves in Hebron national priority “A” and “B” to receive special government funding for settlement building.

Partial agreements
The protocol was a complex set of arrangements that consisted of a number of segments, in chronological order:
 * 1) The Agreed Minute of 7 January 1997
 * 2) The Note for the Record of 15 January 1997
 * 3) The actual Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron of 17 January 1997
 * 4) A Letter to be provided by U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher to Benjamin Netanyahu at the time of signing of the Hebron Protocol on 17 January 1997
 * 5) An Agreement on Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) on 21 January 1997
 * 6) A Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a TIPH on 30 January 1997

Agreed Minute

The Agreed Minute was concluded on 7 January 1997, and in it Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat agreed that the process of reopening an important street in the West Bank town of Hebron, the al-Shuhada Street, would begin immediately, and would be completed within four months. This work would take place in conjunction with the implementation of the main Hebron Protocol.

Note for the Record
On 13 January 1997, the parties renewed talks on an agreement of troop withdrawal from Hebron, and a fixed timetable for withdrawals from the West Bank, mediated by King Hussein of Jordan. On 15 January 1997, Netanyahu and Arafat reached an agreement on the Protocol. U.S. envoy Dennis Ross drew up a "note for the record" to spell out the commitments. The partial Israeli withdrawal would begin within the next 10 days.

The two leaders agreed that the Oslo peace process must move forward to succeed and that they had concerns and obligations about the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Interim Agreement) of 1995. Accordingly, the two leaders reaffirmed their commitment to implement the Interim Agreement on the basis of reciprocity and, in that context, conveyed the following undertakings to each other:

Israeli responsibilities:

The Israeli side reaffirmed its commitments to further redeployment in phases. Prisoner release issues would be dealt with in accordance with the Interim Agreement's provisions. Negotiations on the following outstanding issues from the Interim Agreement would be immediately resumed in parallel: safe passage; Gaza Airport; Gaza port; passages; economic, financial, civilian and security issues. Permanent status negotiations would be resumed within two months after implementation of the Hebron Protocol.

Palestinian responsibilities:

The Palestinian side reaffirmed its commitments to: Complete the process of revising the Palestinian National Charter; Fighting terror and preventing violence; Strengthening security cooperation; Preventing incitement and hostile propaganda; Combat systematically and effectively terrorist organizations and infrastructure; Apprehension, prosecution and punishment of terrorists; Confiscation of illegal firearms. The size of Palestinian police would be in keeping with the Interim Agreement. Exercise of governmental activity, and location of Palestinian governmental offices, would be as specified in the Interim Agreement.

Protocol concerning the redeployment in Hebron
In accordance with the provisions of the Interim Agreement both parties agreed on this protocol for the implementation of the redeployment in Hebron on 17 January 1997. Among the provisions in the agreement included the following:

Security arrangements

 * 1) The redeployment of the Israel Defense Forces in Hebron would be carried out in accordance with the Interim Agreement and the Protocol. Redeployment would be completed not later than ten days from the signing of this Protocol. During these ten days both sides would exert every possible effort to prevent friction.
 * 2) The Palestinian police would assume responsibilities in Area H-1 similar to those in other cities in the West Bank; and Israel would retain all powers and responsibilities for internal security and public order in Area H-2. In addition, Israel would continue to carry the responsibility for overall security of Israelis.
 * 3) Special security arrangements would apply adjacent to the areas under the security responsibility of Israel and in the area between the Palestinian police checkpoints.
 * 4) Agreements about joint security measures calling for joint mobile units would be operating in this area, armed with equivalent types of light weapons.
 * 5) Palestinian police stations or posts would be established manned by a total of up to 400 policemen, equipped with 20 vehicles and armed with 200 pistols, and 100 rifles for the protection of the police stations.
 * 6) Protection of holy sites: The Cave of Othniel Ben Knaz/El-Khalil; Elonei Mamre/Haram Er-Rameh; Eshel Avraham/Balotat Ibrahim; and Maayan Sarah/Ein Sarah. The Palestinian Police would be responsible for the protection of the above Jewish holy sites.
 * 7) Both sides reiterated their commitment to maintain normal life throughout the city of Hebron and to prevent any provocation or friction that may affect the normal life in the city.
 * 8) The Imara would be turned over to the Palestinian side upon the completion of the redeployment and would become the headquarters of the Palestinian police in the city of Hebron.
 * 9) Both sides reiterate their commitment to the unity of the City of Hebron, and their understanding that the division of security responsibility would not divide the city.

Civil arrangements and transfer of civil powers

 * 1) The transfer of civil powers and responsibilities that had yet to be transferred to the Palestinian side in the city of Hebron in accordance with the Interim Agreement would be conducted concurrently with the beginning of the redeployment of Israeli military forces in Hebron.
 * 2) The two parties were equally committed to preserve and protect the historic character of the city in a way which does not harm or change that character in any part of the city. The Palestinian side had informed the Israeli side that in exercising its powers and responsibilities, it was taking into account the existing municipal regulations especially concerning construction regulations.
 * 3) The Palestinian side would inform the Israeli side, 48 hours in advance of any anticipated activity regarding infrastructure which might disturb the regular flow of traffic on roads. The Israeli side might request, through the DCL, that the Municipality carry out works regarding the roads or other infrastructure required for the well-being of the Israelis in some areas.
 * 4) The Palestinian side would have the power to determine bus stops, traffic arrangements and traffic signalization in the city of Hebron.
 * 5) Plainclothes unarmed municipal inspectors would be on duty.
 * 6) Municipal services would be provided regularly and continuously to all parts of the city of Hebron, at the same quality and cost. The cost would be determined by the Palestinian side with respect to work done and materials consumed, without discrimination.

Miscellaneous

 * 1) There would be a Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH). Both sides would agree on the modalities of the TIPH, including the number of its members and its area of operation.

Letter from Secretary of State Christopher
At the time of signing of the Hebron Protocol, United States Secretary of State Warren Christopher provided a letter to Benjamin Netanyahu. In the letter, he explained the policy of the United States to support and promote full implementation of the Interim Agreement.

He had impressed upon Arafat the need for the Palestinian Authority to ensure public order and internal security within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The US believed that the first phase of further redeployments should take place as soon as possible, and that all three phases of the further redeployments should be completed within twelve months from the implementation of the first phase of the further redeployments but not later than mid-1998.

Christopher also emphasized the US' commitment to Israel's security and the US' position that Israel is entitled to secure and defensible borders, which should be directly negotiated and agreed with its neighbours.

Agreement on the Temporary International Presence
The Hebron protocol brought in the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) as a third part. On 21 January 1997, the parties signed the "Agreement on the Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron". A non-military international monitoring group of 180 persons would be established in Hebron. The agreement would replace the temporary agreement of 9 May 1996.

The 1996 agreement had provided that as part of the redeployment of Israeli military forces in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, there would the establishment of a Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH). In the 1996 agreement, the two sides invited Norway to send a group of 50–60 Norwegians to act as an "advance TIPH" preparing for the new TIPH to be established following the redeployment. The Norwegian personnel arrived and commenced their operation. When the Hebron negotiations were completed and signed, it also provided that the TIPH would consist of up to 180 persons from Norway, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey, with Norway being responsible for the coordination of the TIPH's activity.

The task of the TIPH was to monitor and report on efforts to maintain normal life in Hebron, to provide a feeling of security among the Palestinians of Hebron and to help promote stability. In addition, the TIPH personnel were to assist in the promotion and execution of projects, to encourage economic development and growth in the city and to provide reports. The TIPH had no military or police functions.

The TIPH members were identifiable by their distinctive khaki uniforms and the special emblem on their uniforms and vehicles. Practical aspects of their operation and activity were set out in a memorandum of understanding concluded by the participating countries with the agreement of the two sides.


text:
Mystacinidae

Mystacinidae is a family of unusual bats, the New Zealand short-tailed bats. There is one living genus, Mystacina, with two species, one of which could have possibly become extinct in the 1960s. They are medium-sized bats, about 6 cm in length, with grey, velvety fur.

Species and range
The origins of this family go back to the Late Oligocene of Australia, with the genus Icarops. Several fossil species are also known from the contemporary Saint Bathans Fauna in New Zealand. The oldest unambiguous fossils of the living genus date to the Miocene of New Zealand. A second extinct genus, Vulcanops, lived sympatrically with Mystacina in New Zealand from the Miocene until its extinction during the Pleistocene. The study describing Vulcanops also renders Icarops paraphyletic in regards to the rest of the family.

Mystacines appear to have been an old Gondwanan lineage; they diverged from other bat groups within Noctilionoidea (a primarily Gondwanan group otherwise including Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae) around 51-41 million years ago.

Description
Mystacinids have some unusual characteristics compared to other bats. They spend much of the time on the ground, instead of flying, and are unique in having the ability to fold their wings into a leathery membrane when not in use. Another distinctive feature of the group is an additional projection on some of the claws, which may aid in digging or climbing. They are omnivorous, eating fruit and carrion in addition to ground-dwelling arthropods. They also eat pollen and nectar, which they are able to collect with their extensible tongues. They sometimes chew out burrows in rotting wood, but can also roost in rock crevices or the burrows of seabirds.

Many old sources refer to the terrestriality of these bats as a trait acquired due to island endemism, assumed to have evolved due to the absence of terrestrial mammals in New Zealand. However, Icarops, a mainland Australian genus, shows adaptations to terrestriality, suggesting that it evolved prior to the colonisation of New Zealand, in an environment dominated by terrestrial mammals such as marsupials and monotremes. Furthermore, the Saint Bathans fossil species co-existed with the Saint Bathans mammal, suggesting that New Zealand wasn't devoid of land mammals when these bats first arrived.

They give birth once each summer, to a single young. They are able to hibernate during the winter.

In 2010 the Department of Conservation discovered a feral cat that was responsible for killing over 100 short-tailed bats over a seven-day period in a forested area on the southern slope of Mount Ruapehu.

title: Mystacinidae


text:
Raeburn Park School

Raeburn Park School was established in 1954 by a group of Singapore Harbour Board officials who were concerned about the shortage of educational facilities for non-service expatriate children. The school was located at Raeburn Park in a Harbour Board property overlooking Singapore harbour hence the school was also known as the Harbour Board School.

History
Within 18 months the initial intake of 29 students had grown dramatically to a full-capacity school roll of 210 students. A house system was implemented and students were placed in one of the three houses: Keppel, Raffles or Ridley. The school colours were yellow and brown hence the boys' school uniforms consisted of yellow shirts and brown shorts and the girls wore yellow and white gingham check dresses.

The management of the school was transferred to the British European Association (BEA - now known as the British Association of Singapore) in 1960. The BEA also managed Tanglin Preparatory School. Following Singapore's independence in 1965, the Harbour Board was replaced by The Port of Singapore Authority, which informed the school their lease would not be renewed after 1972. The school moved to Alexandra Park into the vacated Royal Army Ordnance Corps Mess and the adjoining cell block (from which the bars were removed!). The first overseas contracted teacher was appointed in 1973 although locally employed women, trained teachers from the UK, New Zealand or Australia, made up the majority of teachers. The same year a male Headteacher was employed and he was the first male member of staff. It was another two years before the first male teacher was appointed. In 1974 Raeburn Park came under management of Tanglin Trust Ltd which also managed Tanglin Preparatory and Weyhill Preparatory schools. The three schools were henceforth managed by one common Board of Governors.

In 1976 with the final withdrawal of British troops the school moved to Portsdown Road opposite Weyhill Preparatory School. Raeburn and Weyhill operated separately but shared the playing field between them. In 1981 Raeburn Park ceased to exist when it amalgamated with Tanglin Preparatory and Weyhill Preparatory Schools to form Tanglin Infant School and Tanglin Junior School.

The memory of Raeburn has lived on as the name of one of the senior houses within the present-day Tanglin Trust School. Moreover, the memory of the wonderful surroundings at Alexandra Park endures as one of the senior houses within the present-day Tanglin Trust School is called 'Alexandra'.

Head Teachers

 * Lady Muriel Mackay 1954 - 1971
 * Mrs Lorna Bunnet 1971 - 1972
 * Mr Peter Gotts 1973 - 1976
 * Mr Brian Trott 1977 - 1979
 * Mr David Strachan 1979 - 1981

Alumni
The school has a thriving Alumni community which is designed to help current and former students stay in touch with each other and with the present day Tanglin Trust School. Children of Raeburn Park School Alumni qualify for priority entry at Tanglin Trust School, subject to producing documentary evidence of attendance. Additionally there is a Friends of Tanglin network which is open to all current and former teachers, support staff, Governors and parents.

title: Raeburn Park School


text:
Weyhill Preparatory School

Weyhill Preparatory School was established by Tanglin Trust Ltd in 1971, in response to the ever-growing waiting lists at Tanglin Preparatory School in Singapore. The school was established on Portsdown Road on the site of the previous Wessex Infant School which ceased to exist following the repatriation of British Armed Forces. The school was a two-storey block and consisted of ten classrooms and a large hall complete with a stage. In addition, there was an administration block and separate toilet blocks.

Mrs Veronica Goodban, who was already a teacher at Tanglin Preparatory School, was appointed and stayed on as the school's one and only Headmistress. The school colours were blue and white and this was reflected in the girls' blue and white gingham check dresses. Boys wore light blue shirts and dark blue shorts not dissimilar to the present day Tanglin Trust School school uniforms. Initially the school didn't have much outdoor space apart from the grass around the building which was not sufficient for a soccer pitch but could accommodate one reasonably sized netball court. In 1976 Raeburn Park School, under management by the same Board of Governors, moved into the vacated school building (formerly the Pasir Panjang Junior School) next door. Although the schools were operated separately, the outside space between the two schools was turned into a shared playing field allowing both Raeburn and Weyhill students to enjoy soccer, sports days and other activities on a rota basis.

In 1981 Weyhill Preparatory School ceased to exist when it amalgamated with Tanglin Preparatory and Raeburn Park Schools to form Tanglin Infant School and Tanglin Junior School. The memory of Wessex Infant School has lived on because one of the senior houses within the present-day Tanglin Trust School is called ‘Wessex’.

Alumni
The school has a thriving Alumni community which is designed to help current and former students stay in touch with each other and with the present day Tanglin Trust School. Children of Weyhill Preparatory School Alumni qualify for priority entry at Tanglin Trust School, subject to producing documentary evidence of attendance. Additionally there is a Friends of Tanglin network which is open to all current and former teachers, support staff, Governors and parents.

title: Weyhill Preparatory School


text: Template:Non-free New Zealand Crown Copyright


text:
Daphne Fowler

Daphne Fowler (née Bradshaw, previously Hudson; born 5 January 1939) is a British game show champion who has taken part in many televised game shows. She has won many titles, including winning Fifteen to One (twice), Going for Gold and Brain of Britain.

Fowler took part in the gameshow Eggheads, where she was one of the team of seven gameshow champions challenged daily by a new quiz team. Fowler has been described as "Britain's best-known female quiz contestant".

Early life and career
Fowler was born in Warwick, Warwickshire, but moved to Cheriton, Kent aged 6 where she attended Harcourt County Primary School. She then attended Folkestone Girls Grammar School and the University of Exeter where she took a Degree in Theology. She later worked for the National Westminster Bank as a secretary until she took early retirement, having begun to appear as a contestant on game shows.

Eggheads
Fowler appeared on the British quiz show Eggheads from 2003, a quiz team described on the show as "arguably the most formidable quiz team in the country", and was the oldest member of the team. As of 27 May 2014, Fowler retired from Eggheads, being replaced by the returning CJ de Mooi.

title: Daphne Fowler


text:
Canadian cultural protectionism

Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various governments of Canada to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign culture on the domestic audience. Sharing a large border and a common language with the United States, Canadian politicians have perceived the need to preserve and support a culture separate from US-based North American culture in the globalized media arena. Canada's efforts to maintain its cultural differences from the US and Mexico have been balanced by countermeasures in trade arrangements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Government sponsorship
One of the first such responses to perceived American cultural invasion in the later half of the 20th century was through the National Film Act of 1950, which increased the authority of the government's National Film Board to finance and promote Canadian culture.

The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, also known as the Massey Commission, was released in 1951. It advocated the creation of a government sponsored organization that would exclusively finance Canadian artists. This organization, the Canada Council for the Arts, is responsible for the distribution of large sums of money to individuals or groups that promote what it defines as Canadian culture. The council had a greater impact than its parent, and continues to support emerging Canadian cultural talent that it approves of. The commission also works to foster a general sense that Canada risks being swamped by an invasion of foreign culture. This coincided with an increased fear that Canada might very well lose a distinct, national culture.

Quota system
In 1955, with this fear in mind, the government appointed Robert Fowler to chair a royal commission that is known as the Fowler Commission. The Fowler Commission reported that the majority of Canadian stations, including the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, used not Canadian material, but American. It was the commission's belief that a quota system should be enacted to protect Canadian content on the airwaves.

This recommendation, passed in 1956, affirmed the CBC as Canada's official broadcasting station and initiated the quota system. In its inception, the quota system said that 45% of all content broadcast on the airwaves must be Canadian in origin. While this number has fluctuated over the years, it has generally required that approximately half of all programming on Canadian airwaves be Canadian in origin. However, Canadian content includes not only arts and drama, but news and sports, and most private broadcast networks skew towards the latter rather than the former, to allow for large quantities of foreign dramas. To the dismay of many Canadians, this leaves more "culturally" oriented Canadian programming off the major-network airwaves.

Tax incentives
Cultural protectionism by the Canadian government gave preference through tax rebates and lower postal rates to magazines published and printed in Canada. This limited the options of American publishing companies to sell magazines in Canada. Some, specifically Reader's Digest and Time magazines, got around the restrictions by publishing "split runs", that is, printing "Canadian editions" of American magazines, rather than publishing uniquely Canadian magazines. In 1998, after the Canadian government attempted to outlaw these types of magazines, the publishers of American magazines, including Sports Illustrated and Time successfully pressured the Canadian government to back down, citing World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and threatening a NAFTA lawsuit.

Effectiveness
The effectiveness of the cultural protectionism measures have been somewhat uneven. Thomas Symons, shortly after the Fowler report's installation in Canadian law, released a report entitled "To Know Ourselves". The report looked at Canadian high-school history books and found that the Winnipeg General Strike went without mention, but the books contained two chapters on US President Abraham Lincoln. The report also looked at Canadian children's general knowledge of their government and found that most could not identify the Canadian head of state (Queen Elizabeth II) and the basis for Canada's law and founding (the British North America Act 1867).

In 1969, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau famously said of the United States, "Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly or temperate the beast, one is affected by every twitch and grunt."

By the 1990s, the great majority of television, films, music, books, and magazines consumed by Canadians continued to be produced outside the country.

Creators of Canadian rap music in 2000 complained that many radio stations did not include rap in their Canadian music content and that television stations aired few rap music videos and news stories, but the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) was slow to grant broadcast licenses for urban music radio stations.

In recent years, the advent of online music and video has allowed international content providers to bypass CRTC regulations in many cases, although the federal government has attempted to close this loophole with the enactment of the Online Streaming Act in 2023, which would apply CRTC jurisdiction to online streaming services based outside of Canada with regards to access of such services within Canada. Nonetheless, existing private contracts keep certain international content providers, such as Hulu, out of Canada entirely.

title: Canadian cultural protectionism


text:
PGPCoder

PGPCoder or GPCode is a trojan that encrypts files on the infected computer and then asks for a ransom in order to release these files, a type of behavior dubbed ransomware or cryptovirology.

Trojan
Once installed on a computer, the trojan creates two registry keys: one to ensure it is run on every system startup, and the second to monitor the progress of the trojan in the infected computer, counting the number of files that have been analyzed by the malicious code.

Once it has been run, the trojan embarks on its mission, which is to encrypt, using a digital encryption key, all the files it finds on computer drives with extensions corresponding to those listed in its code. These extensions include .doc, .html, .jpg, .xls, .zip, and .rar.

The blackmail is completed with the trojan dropping a text file in each directory, with instructions to the victim of what to do. An email address is supplied through which users are supposed to request for their files to be released after paying a ransom of $100–200 to an e-gold or Liberty Reserve account.

Efforts to combat the trojan
While a few Gpcode variants have been successfully implemented, many variants have flaws that allow users to recover data without paying the ransom fee. The first versions of Gpcode used a custom-written encryption routine that was easily broken. Variant Gpcode.ak writes the encrypted file to a new location, and deletes the unencrypted file, and this allows an undeletion utility to recover some of the files. Once some encrypted+unencrypted pairs have been found, this sometimes gives enough information to decrypt other files. Variant Gpcode.am uses symmetric encryption, which made key recovery very easy. In late November 2010, a new version called Gpcode.ax was reported. It uses stronger encryption (RSA-1024 and AES-256) and physically overwrites the encrypted file, making recovery nearly impossible.

Kaspersky Lab has been able to make contact with the author of the program, and verify that the individual is the real author, but have so far been unable to determine his real world identity.

title: PGPCoder


text: List of drugs: H

title: List of drugs: H


text: Category:New Zealand Crown Copyright images


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject UK geography

Welcome to the United Kingdom Geography WikiProject. We are a user group dedicated to improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of articles related to the Geography of the United Kingdom.

Although our remit is broad, extending from the climate to infrastructure through to the geology and local government in the United Kingdom, we are most closely involved with facilitating the development of Britain's settlements and divisions of land, and ensuring a consistent approach is taken across the United Kingdom's geography class articles.

WikiProject UK Geography is the mother WikiProject of many British local Wikiprojects, and thus is here to co-ordinate and centralise the sharing of ideas and guidelines, developing writing standards, infoboxes, and other data presentation formats, and for setting up collaborations with the goal of reaching featured status for important UK places and geographical articles. Don't be put off by the word "geography", it just means writing about your local area!

News
Project watchlist
 * List of recently-edited UK geography articles

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Aims
Many of WikiProject UK Geography's daughter projects have identified their own objectives and key articles to develop towards the featured article standard, which this project wholly supports and encourages. However, this project also aims to facilitate the development of a number of key articles related to the overall geography of the United Kingdom:

Short term

 * Our aims in the short term, are to achieve the following:

 * Bring United Kingdom up to featured article standard.
 * Bring each of the cities of the United Kingdom up to good article standard.
 * Improve systems of communication between this project and its daughter projects.

Mid term

 * Our mid-term aims for the project are:

 * Bring each of the British capitals of London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast up to featured article standard.
 * Have ten articles at a county or district level up to featured article standard.
 * Develop a series of professional, inclusive and wide-ranging guidelines related to the writing and presentation of articles related to Britain's geography.

Long term

 * Our long term aims for the project are:

 * Improving all Wikipedia articles that are concerned with the geography of the United Kingdom, including its history, geography, people, constructions and buildings, etc. etc.
 * All relevant articles should be included in the Category:United Kingdom or one of its subcategories.
 * Articles on all UK subdivisions, settlements, and other notable geographical features.

To-do list
To add this to-do list to your userpage use:

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Guidelines
Guidelines at WikiProject UK Geography are a key element of how the project operates; they ensure that the UK's articles have a consistent House Style and provide a lasting consistency for our readers to benefit from. Working in partnership with "international" WikiProjects, UK Geography has developed the following Project guidelines which indicate standardised, consensual recommended approaches when writing about certain aspects of Britain's geography. They each include tips on obtaining the highest of awards for articles:
 * /How to write about settlements - the most common one you need!
 * /How to write about counties
 * /How to write about districts
 * /How to write about territorial geographies - constituencies, local government districts, postal and using statistics about them
 * /How to write about London stations (good starting point for stations in general)
 * /How to write about rivers
 * /How to write about UK postal administration
 * /How to write about UK Waterways

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Embedded Audio Pronunciations
A new sub-project has been set up to complement the work done within WP:UKGEO. WikiProject UK geography/Embedded Audio Pronunciations seeks to provide a comprehensive, high-quality range of audio files consisting of native British English pronunciations of relevant words and names: counties, settlements, rivers, mountains and so on. Ideally, both "Received Pronunciation" and local accent variations would be provided, and a repository of public-domain or GFDL-licensed files built up for the benefit of anybody interested in the UK and the English language. In particular, every file provided would ideally be linked to the relevant Wikipedia article. More information and guidelines are provided at this page.

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Templates

 * For templates used for the administration and organisation of the Project and its remit, see WikiProject UK geography/Templates.

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Assessment and progress of articles
On the right of this page is a bot-generated table of the assessment process of WikiProject UK geography supported articles. The stats are generated automatically daily, but they can be updated manually by entering UK geography (and replacing Foobar) into the Category box here.

The project has categorised articles according to the WP 1.0 criteria:
 * Featured Articles: need little or no work.
 * 'A' class: need a very small amount of work, followed by FA nomination.
 * Good Articles: a little more work required.
 * 'B' class: getting there - overall structure in place, but more work needed on the detail, more references etc
 * 'C' class: starting to come together but may still lack a major section, significant referencing etc
 * Start class: short, lacks details, key facts, illustration, etc.
 * Stub class: very short, lacking important details.

{| style="background-color: transparent;" |- padding:2%;padding-top:1%;" |
 * There is a list of very short "stub" articles here.
 * }

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Useful tools

 * Main tool page: toolserver.org

 * Reflinks - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
 * Checklinks - Edit and repair external links
 * Dab solver - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
 * Peer reviewer - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Resources
Edit

[[Image:UK-icon.png|35px]] Participants
You don't need to be British to help with this WikiProject. We welcome all registered editors good with layout and prose, and non-British editors who can point out when we've wrongly assumed we don't need to explain or define something for the reader, or failed to properly establish the context of an article.

To add a UK geography userbox to your user page, please add   to your talk page to generate...

 * To add your name to the table, please visit the participants page.

Featured articles

 * Coventry ring road
 * Abberton Reservoir
 * Altrincham
 * Ashton-under-Lyne
 * Bath, Somerset
 * Blakeney Point
 * Bristol
 * Brownhills
 * Buildings and architecture of Bristol
 * Carrington Moss
 * Chartwell
 * Chat Moss
 * Chew Stoke
 * Cley Marshes
 * Combe Hill, East Sussex
 * Covent Garden
 * Denbies
 * Doom Bar
 * Dorset
 * Exmoor
 * Geography of Ireland
 * Holkham National Nature Reserve
 * Kennet and Avon Canal
 * Keswick, Cumbria
 * Knowle West
 * Little Thetford
 * Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal
 * Manchester
 * Manchester Ship Canal
 * Marshalsea
 * Mendip Hills
 * RSPB Minsmere
 * Navenby
 * Neilston
 * Northern England
 * Pitfour estate
 * Radcliffe, Greater Manchester
 * River Parrett
 * Sale, Greater Manchester
 * Shapinsay
 * Skegness
 * Isle of Skye
 * Somerset Levels
 * Titchwell Marsh
 * Trafford Park
 * Trafford
 * Warkworth Castle
 * Weymouth, Dorset
 * Wormshill

Former featured articles

 * M62 motorway
 * Birchington-on-Sea
 * Blyth, Northumberland
 * Buckinghamshire
 * Chadderton
 * Cheadle Hulme
 * Chew Valley
 * Chew Valley Lake
 * City status in the United Kingdom
 * East End of London
 * Greater Manchester
 * Herne Bay
 * Historic counties of England
 * Local Government Commission for England (1992)
 * Moorgate
 * National parks of England and Wales
 * Oldham
 * Peterborough
 * Piccadilly Circus
 * Isle of Portland
 * St Kilda, Scotland
 * Shaw and Crompton
 * Sheerness
 * Sheffield
 * Somerset
 * Stretford
 * Westgate-on-Sea
 * Whitstable

Featured lists

 * List of castles in Greater Manchester
 * List of freshwater islands in Scotland
 * List of islands of Scotland
 * List of Orkney islands
 * List of castles in Cheshire
 * List of civil parishes in Somerset
 * List of Shetland islands
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Avon
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cleveland
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the West Midlands
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight
 * List of birds of Leicestershire and Rutland
 * List of hillforts and ancient settlements in Somerset
 * List of scheduled monuments in Bath and North East Somerset
 * List of scheduled monuments in Mendip
 * List of scheduled monuments in North Somerset
 * List of scheduled monuments in Sedgemoor
 * List of scheduled monuments in South Somerset
 * List of scheduled monuments in Taunton Deane
 * Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester
 * List of scheduled monuments in West Somerset (A–G)
 * List of scheduled monuments in West Somerset (H–Z)
 * List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex

Good articles

 * A1 in London
 * M25 motorway
 * A215 road
 * M32 motorway
 * A4061 road
 * A82 road
 * Aberdaron
 * Aire and Calder Navigation
 * Aldermaston
 * Ambrosden
 * Arbroath
 * Isle of Arran
 * Ashford, Kent
 * Ashtead
 * Astley, Greater Manchester
 * River Avon, Bristol
 * Avon Gorge
 * Beacon Park
 * Bedford Park, London
 * Ben Nevis
 * Bentworth
 * Berkhamsted
 * Binsted
 * Blackdown Hills National Landscape
 * Blagdon Lake
 * Bolton
 * Bond Street
 * Bournemouth
 * Bradwall
 * Bridgewater Canal
 * Bridgwater and Taunton Canal
 * Bridgwater Bay
 * Bridgwater
 * Burnham-on-Sea
 * Burrow Mump
 * Cadbury Castle, Somerset
 * Canterbury
 * Carlton Hill, Brighton
 * Carmarthenshire
 * Carr Hill
 * Castle Park, Bristol
 * Ceredigion
 * Chard, Somerset
 * Chatteris
 * Cheddar Gorge
 * Cheddar, Somerset
 * Chester Canal
 * Chew Magna
 * Chiswick
 * Chiswick Mall
 * Christchurch, Dorset
 * Cleadon
 * Clevedon
 * Climate of south-west England
 * Clwyd
 * Cranham
 * Crawley
 * Crewkerne
 * Cromwell's Castle
 * Crystal Palace, London
 * Cullompton
 * Deckham
 * Deeping Fen
 * Deptford
 * Derwent Valley Mills
 * Didsbury
 * Dolebury Warren
 * River Don Navigation
 * Dorchester, Dorset
 * Dorking
 * Dubh Artach
 * Dunham Massey
 * Dunster
 * East Kirkton Quarry
 * East Worldham
 * Eastbourne
 * Ebbor Gorge
 * Eccles, Greater Manchester
 * Eday
 * Ely, Cambridgeshire
 * England
 * Epsom
 * Etal Castle
 * Faversham
 * Federation of Stoke-on-Trent
 * Felling, Tyne and Wear
 * Flannan Isles
 * Flat Holm
 * River Frome, Bristol
 * Frome
 * Geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages
 * Geography of Scotland in the early modern era
 * Geography of Somerset
 * Geography of Wales
 * Geology of Scotland
 * Geology of Somerset
 * Giffnock
 * Glastonbury
 * Glastonbury Lake Village
 * Glenrothes
 * Godalming
 * Grand Western Canal
 * Grantham Canal
 * Hale Barns
 * Haslemere
 * Hebden, North Yorkshire
 * Hebrides
 * Helvellyn
 * Hengistbury Head
 * Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles
 * History of Hertfordshire
 * History of Bristol
 * History of Somerset
 * Kingston upon Hull
 * River Hull
 * Hyde Park, London
 * Ickenham
 * River Irwell
 * Islands of the Forth
 * Islands of the Clyde
 * Kersal Moor
 * Keynsham
 * Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal
 * Kilham, Northumberland
 * Kirkandrews, Dumfries and Galloway
 * Kirkcaldy
 * Leatherhead
 * Leeds Country Way
 * County Borough of Leeds
 * Leicester Square
 * Leigh, Greater Manchester
 * Leigh Woods National Nature Reserve
 * Letchworth
 * Lismore, Scotland
 * Llantwit Major
 * London
 * London Ringways
 * Low Fell
 * Ludlow Castle
 * Lundy
 * M54 motorway
 * Malvern, Worcestershire
 * Manor Farm, Ruislip
 * Marsden Rock
 * Mayfair
 * Medstead
 * Middle Level Navigations
 * Middlesex
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Mystacina

Mystacina is the sole surviving genus of the Mystacinidae family of bats. It has three known species, of which only the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is confirmed to survive today. The closely related New Zealand greater short-tailed bat (Mystacina robusta) has not had a confirmed sighting since 1965 and is thought to be extinct. The third species, Mystacina miocenalis, is known from the Middle Miocene, some 19–16 million years ago.

title: Mystacina


text:
New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat

The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is a small-sized omnivorous mammal endemic to the islands of New Zealand. It is one of two extant and three overall terrestrial mammal species unique to New Zealand. Its closest relative, the New Zealand greater short-tailed bat (M. robusta), was last seen in 1965 and is presumed extinct due to intense predation from ship rats introduced in the last few centuries. These bats are also commonly referred to as pekapeka, their Māori-language name. Lesser short-tailed bats have unique adaptations that differentiate them from bats found in other parts of the world. For example, they are fully capable of moving along the ground to search for food, and the males sing to attract partners, taking turns to do so. Lesser short-tailed bats are a vulnerable species, so extensive conservation work and research are being done to prevent extinction.

Taxonomic classification
Mystacina tuberculata are members of the suborder Yangochiroptera and have recently been placed in the superfamily Noctillionoidea. They are members of the family Mystacinidae, which contains the single genus Mystacina. Within Mystacina are the two closely related species, M. tuberculata and M. robusta. As it is likely that M. robusta has gone extinct, M. tuberculata is the only confirmed extant species within the genus and the family. The placement of this species within taxonomies and phylogenetic trees was previously a hotly debated topic. The current standing within the superfamily Noctillionoidea is the result of DNA sequencing and analysis. In opposition to this, some scientists believe physical similarities indicate Mystacinidae falls under the superfamily Vespertilionoidea. The phylogenetic position of this species has had a variety of other suggested propositions, including within the Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed bats) or the Emballonuridae (sac-winged and sheath-tailed bats). While this species is considered to have subspecies, some sources refer to the species as one unit. The New Zealand Department of Conservation recognises three subspecies. These are divided by the region each inhabits; northern (Mystacina tuberculata aupourica), central (Mystacina tuberculata rhyacobi), and southern (Mystacina tuberculata tuberculata).

Evolutionary history
It has been suggested that the Mystacinidae originated on the Australian continent and that the superfamily Noctillionoidea originated on Gondwana. When Gondwana split into smaller continents, the superfamily members became geographically isolated. This isolation led to millions of years of unique evolutionary history for each family. It has been estimated that Mystacinidae first became a distinct family between 68 and 35 million years ago. Twenty million years ago, two genera emerged from the family; Mystacina and Icarops. Fossils of Icarops have been found throughout Australia, indicating the now-extinct species was once well dispersed there. It is unknown when the species within this genera (I. aenae, I. breviceps, and I. paradox) became extinct.

Mystacina migrated from Australia to New Zealand, settling as the first mammals on these islands. Based on fossil evidence, this genus was definitely in New Zealand during the Miocene. Therefore, we know that Mystacina became a distinct genus around 20 million years ago and travelled from Australia to New Zealand anywhere from approximately 5.3 - 20 million years ago. This assumes that Icarops did not migrate to New Zealand, and that the colonisation event occurred after the genera became distinct. It is unclear when M. tuberculata and M. robusta became distinct species.

Distribution and range
Lesser short-tailed bats have been found in a few populations dispersed around the country. There are populations on both of the main islands, as well as various surrounding islands. There are a few key populations currently known. There is one on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu), one near the top of the North Island, seven in the central area of the North Island, and one on the south-eastern side of the North Island. There are at least two on the mainland of the South Island; and one on Codfish island further south. The bats can live at a wide range of altitudes, from sea level to high up among the forest-covered mountains. M. tuberculata prefer to live in untouched forest settings. However, they have been reported in various habitats, such as farmland and shrubland.

Anatomy and physiology
The lesser short-tailed bats appear similar to their microbat relatives. They are small in size, and typically weigh between 12 and 15 g once fully grown. They have relatively large ears compared to their head and body sizes, which face forward to assist with echolocation. Lesser short-tailed bats also have relatively large nostrils that face outwards, allowing these animals to use olfaction to guide their movements. Their eyes are small and their vision is relatively weak, justifying their reliance on sound and olfactory senses. These features are common throughout Chiroptera.

Their wings are relatively smaller than those of other bat species. Because of this, they have reduced agility, and cannot fly as fast. Despite this, they are still very capable of flight; just less so than other bat species. Each bat is covered in a layer of thick fur that ranges in colour from light brown to dark brown. The underbelly is typically a lighter colour than the rest of the body. At the posterior end of their bodies are short yet strong hindlegs, useful in their terrestrial locomotion. The relatively short stubby tails are what gives this species its common name. At the top centre of each forelimb, the thumb extends outwards. This, as well as their toes, are equipped with nails referred to as basal talons. Having distinct talons further enables movement along the ground, and are useful when climbing trees. Basal talons are not seen in other Chiropteran species.

Torpor
One of the key adaptations the lesser short-tailed bats have is entering a state of torpor. Torpor allows for continued survival during periods of physiological stress, such as when the air temperature drops during winter. During this state, the bats are inactive and only essential body functions are operating to reduce energy expenditure. Entering torpor slows the body's metabolic rate down, yet it is different from hibernation, as the periods are much shorter and repetitive.

The duration of torpor is usually a few to several hours at a time, and the bats will enter this state several times within a season. Torpor is utilised throughout the year, but in particular during winter, where they also enter into this state for longer each time.

Preferred foods
New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats are omnivores. Their diet consists of various food items, typically including insects, other small invertebrates, fruit, and flower parts. In general, they prefer to consume insects when possible. One study found traces of moths, spiders, and huhu beetles present in their guano. Another study found that these bats are capable of consuming half their body weight in moths. An average body weight of 12 to 15 g equates to 6 to 7.5 g of moths eaten per day. The bats consume include nectar and pollen, the latter of which is believed to provide them with protein. However, there has been speculation and debate on whether the bats consume the pollen intentionally or if the pollen found in their guano was actually ingested by their prey. Nectar is consumed as the sugars provide a good, uncomplicated source of energy. Lesser short-tailed bats are an important pollinator species within New Zealand through their consumption of flowers (either by ingestion or secondarily through their prey). Researchers found that these bats will carry large quantities of pollen from a select few plant species, such as Collospermum microspermum and Dactylanthus taylorii (the Wood rose). Ensuring conservation of the lesser short-tailed bats may also ensure conservation of the plant species they pollinate.

Foraging methods
One of the defining features of New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats is their ability to forage both in the air and on the ground. Their ability to forage on the ground is unusual for a bat species. However, New Zealand's early geographic separation around 80 million years ago meant the islands developed free from predators. Without predators, the lesser short-tailed bat evolved to survive in both aerial and ground habitats. Like other bats, in the air, they catch food by using echolocation to detect the location of prey. The lesser short-tailed bats forage on the ground by moving around on their limbs, sourcing prey by using olfaction. The species has several adaptations that aid in their search for food on the ground. For example, when on the ground, individuals will fold in their wings to utilise them as forelimbs—all four limbs in quadrupedal locomotion. In addition, they have talons specialised in helping them dig down among leaf litter and dirt layers for prey. While moving about terrestrially, the bats walk similarly to other four-legged animals. New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats have an increased sense of smell compared with other bats, as seen in their relatively larger and rounder nostrils. Although, like other bats, they are not blind they are not heavily reliant on visual hunting, with cues like scent and sound being much more critical. Foraging on the ground can be used to dig up insects and spiders, collect flowers or fallen fruit, and collect other stationary forms of food. Foraging in the air is often associated with hunting flying insects, such as moths. During heavy rain foraging is uncommon, and during lighter rain foraging activity increases slightly.

Echolocation
Like other microbats, these bats employ echolocation when flying. Lesser short-tailed bats emit sounds in the range of 20-40 kHz. Each call lasts between seven and nine milliseconds. Echolocation does not work as efficiently while foraging on the ground, because the echoes can be disrupted by the forest floor and anything occupying this space. Another reason echolocation does not work when foraging on the ground is that the echoes bouncing back can interrupt the new echoes being sent out, causing confusion for the animal and preventing the system from working correctly. This issue does not occur when the bats are mid-air, as the sound has more distance to travel, and fewer objects could disrupt the signal or cause confusion.

Social systems and mating behaviour
Lesser short-tailed bats form fission-fusion societies. This means populations will congregate at certain times, separate, and recongregate later. Where these animals group together are known as roosts. For roosting, they prefer to find trees with large internal cavities, where they create their 'home'. A roosting site will contain multiple trees within the same general vicinity. The number of individuals present at a roosting site vary greatly, with some colonies consisting of hundreds or thousands of individual bats.

Male bats attempt to attract a mate during the spring and summer months before mating begins, which is usually during autumn (March–May in New Zealand). Like many other species, the males attract mates at night by using vocal calls. The males will sing from one of the roosting trees within the colony for several minutes. Multiple males will aggregate at this same roost, taking turns singing. This behaviour is classified as a lek breeding system. In this type of mating, sexual selection occurs, as the males signal to potential females in the hopes they will be impressed and mate with the male. Lek breeding is how the male bats 'prove their worth'. The mating events that follow are non-monogamous, and males have been observed to mate with multiple different females. While lek breeding systems are observed throughout the animal kingdom, they are rare in bats and have only been observed in one other species.

Early life and life cycle
Lesser short-tailed bat pups become active within a day of being born. For the first two days, they are hairless, with underdeveloped teeth, wings, and ears. The pups are capable of flying within roughly four weeks. Six weeks post-birth, they leave the maternity roosts they were raised in. After a few months they have reached their adult body size. The pups are born in summer (December–February in New Zealand). During this summer birthing period, the dispersed individuals will regroup, forming a large colony. Pups will feed first on milk produced by their mothers. Each mother will give birth to a single pup per season. The result of this is higher maternal investment per offspring, however the non-monogamous mating system results in low paternal investment. The pups are raised in special sections of the colony's roosting site dedicated to maternal activities. Other female bats will group at these maternal roosts and aid in the rearing of pups.

There are no records of the average lifespan of lesser short-tailed bats. Other bats within the suborder Yangochiroptera have been observed to live for upwards of thirty years, which is unexpected for their small body sizes. During spring/summer, male bats attract a female mate. These pairs will mate during autumn. During autumn and winter, the bats will disperse into smaller colony groups while the female bats are pregnant. Then, when it becomes summer again the bats regroup into a larger colony and the pups are born. Around autumntime, the pups have reached physical maturity. It is unclear at what age they reach sexual maturity.

Threats
Currently, NZ lesser short-tailed bats are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with the number of individuals observed as declining over time. The introduction of mammalian predators has had a massive impact on the species' numbers. Since the colonisation of New Zealand and the introduction of three key rat species the endemic bat populations have experienced a reduction in numbers. Polynesian rats (R. exulans) were one of the bat's main predators up until the 19th century, when the introduction of the black rat (R. rattus) and the brown rat (R. norvegicus) led to heavier predation. Before mammalian predators colonised New Zealand, the lesser short-tailed bat was preyed on by predatory birds, such as the laughing owl. Another common predator of these bats are common house cats, which will catch the bats as they fly out of their roosting sites. The bat roosts are very vulnerable, as they contain more potential prey within a single area. If these roosts were found by a predator, they could experience mass mortality events; in one incident, 102 lesser short-tailed bat deaths were caused by a single house cat in central North Island. Another cause for their decline is increased use of the land for anthropogenic activities, such as logging and agriculture. These activities can often result in negative consequences for the local ecosystem, such as forest fragmentation. For native animals in New Zealand, fragmentation poses threats such as reduced genetic diversity. However, it is possible that the lesser short-tailed bats will not be affected by forest fragmentation, as the species has been observed to show behavioural plasticity, through the ability to change/occupy different habitats.

Current conservation plans
The current state of conservation for lesser short-tailed bats is being managed by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). The recovery plan in place since the late 1990s involves a multi-pronged approach of different actions to take to prevent this species from further endangerment. Some of the detailed actions include creating new bat populations on the various predator-free islands around New Zealand, surveying the mainlands to identify areas that require extra conservation efforts, and potentially creating a captive population.

title: New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat


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