text:
Talk:Rainhill trials

Untitled
was one of the drivers to hold these trials not also that some saw George Stephenson as having a conflict of interest ? (ie he was both advising the Railway about the preferred means of haulage ( steam locomotive) and happened to be closely connected with a company making steam locomotives) (same tale on the Stockton and Darlington, of course, but/and Edward Pease (the S&D chairman) was also a director of Robert Stephenson & Co)  Rjccumbria 14:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

George Stephenson was in the middle of nearly everything to do with the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. A number of other people from the L&MR were also involved with Robert Stephenson & Co. My feeling is through, however much we talk of improper relationships and even foul play over Sans Pareil's castings (I've yet to edit this into the Sans Pareil Page), history has shown Stephenson to be correct!

It also seem to be true to say that there were very few people in the world who could have got the L&MR to where it was in 1830/31 other than George and Robert Stephenson. AHEMSLTD 14:07, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Rainhill 150 Anniversary
Should the Rainhill 150 Anniversary Cavalcade (1980) also be mentioned here? - I see the Sans Pareil image was taken at that event... Andywebby 23:13, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What was this event called? "Rail 150", "Rocket 150" or "Rainhill 150" ?  What was the date of the cavalcade?  (no image metadat on my old slides!) Andy Dingley (talk) 10:23, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I have an official programme and ticket, I'll have a look Paypwip (talk) 16:10, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, found the official programme. It was called 'Rocket 150' and was held on 24, 25 and 26 May 1980. The programme has a forward by Sir Peter Parker, Chairman of British Railways board, Event timetable, A full list of the locomotives taking part in the cavalcade, and a site plan. Paypwip (talk) 20:43, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. LuciferMorgan 00:29, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Good Article Review
This article is currently under Good Article Review. LuciferMorgan 03:58, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Ten locomotives
The articel says: "Ten locomotives were entered, but only five locomotives actually began the tests."

This raises the questions:

What are the names of the other five locomotives?

Who did build them and what did they look like?

--Panzerlad (talk) 12:44, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Consolation prize for Perseverance
Was this £25 (per article), £26 (per recent change) or £25 guineas – slightly more than £26 (a guinea is 5% more than a pound: it's a pound and a shilling, rather than the 20 shillings that made up a pound). AFAIR, and which fits with the general cultural use of guineas, this prize was a round number of guineas. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:20, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Many books give the first prize as £500, so other prizes are likely to have also been pounds, not guineas. This PDF doc says £25. -- Red rose64 (talk) 15:08, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Strike that. It's far too similar to our own Perseverance (steam locomotive). We could do with checking that book by Bowen-Cooke though. -- Red rose64 (talk) 16:35, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Summary
This article takes an awful long time to get to the point. I think the initial summary needs much improvement, and should mention the Stephenson's and the Rocket.CuddlySteve (talk) 16:46, 11 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Now done. Hallucegenia (talk) 10:36, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Contemporary illustration - from the I.L.N.?
I don't think this can be described as a "contemporary" picture. The Illustrated London News first appeared in 1842, and I see that no date or page number is given in the source notes.

It is much more likely to be later conjectural picture; the overbridge on the left looks nothing like the actual Rainhill bridge, and the grandstand was actually ¼ mile east of the bridge. (See R.H.G. Thomas: The Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Batsford, 1980, p71.)

The same engraving appears in Samuel Smiles' Lives of the Engineers G & R Stephenson - on p259 in the only edition I have, published in 1904. It probably also appeared in earlier editions, but the first of these was in 1861-2. Hyjack7 (talk) 14:25, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

So, can anyone say exactly when this engraving first appeared? And if it ever was in the Illustrated London News, what date and page? 'Contemporary' - with what, exactly? Hyjack7 (talk) 23:27, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

St Helens
I have just deleted a recent insertion which said that the Rainhill Trials were held "in St Helens, Lancashire". In 1829 St Helens was a small town about 2.6 miles away from the Trials site, so it isn't true to say they were held "in" St Helens, and "Lancashire" is already mentioned just below.Hyjack7 (talk) 13:32, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Stationary engines
...a competition to decide whether stationary steam engines or locomotives would be used to pull the trains.
 * For the benefit of technophobes, could we have a few simple words on how a train can be pulled by a stationary engine? Valetude (talk) 11:42, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It's doubtful if the competition was about this anyway. Stationary engines were already in place for the tunnel inclines to the Liverpool terminus (and later the other terminii there). However the decision to use locomotives for the long flat section between the cities was already decided in favour of locomotives. The question was largely whether to buy from the established makers of Stephenson or Hackworth, or else something altogether new.
 * There's no good WP article on this at cable-hauled incline. Cable railway (by its current content, not title) and funicular aren't really the same thing. Inclined plane railroad goes off in yet another direction.
 * In the 1810s-1820s, there was a transition from gravity or horse-hauled plateways to steam-hauled railways. Eventually this would mean locomotives, but at the time this was a whole new technology. Steam engines were well established as mining pumps, becoming established as reliable stationary steam engines (heavy, immobile, relying on engine houses and large boilers) and still barely working experiments as mobile locomotives. So the decision on how to operate a new railway, either with fixed or mobile engines, was far from clear-cut. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:50, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * A good example of a railway that used stationary engines for all traffic was the London and Blackwall Railway. -- Red rose64 (talk) 23:18, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Loosely speaking (Ferneylough,1980,Ch. 4) Could be quoted to say the competition was about stationary vs travelling engines. Rastrick and Walker had produced a report for the board in Spring 1829 all but recommending the (more technologically stable) stationary engine but with a "get out" clause saying travelling locomotives were improving and at some point might prove better.  Robert Stephenson and Locke (George Stephenson was Civil Engineer at this time) produced a counter-report showing the disadvantages of stationary engines.  The board was thus getting counter reports from distguished engineers in the field at the time.  It likely it was felt the contemporary locomotives of the time were probably not quite up to it. (Thomas,1980,p64...) The suggestion of Walker that a competition be held with an incentive premium to produce an improved engine of £500 would be taken up.  The subcommittee of (Cropper(pro-stationary), Sandars, Moss, Benson and Rotherham) produced the trial specification but (G. Stephenson (L&M Civil engineer) and Booth (L&M treasurer - effectively CEO & who had engineering appreciation & pro-locomotive) may have had a hand in the specifications.  It is pragmatically likely Booth would have discussed with G. Stephenson (his engineer in Liverpool) how locomotive performance could be achieved and discussed Georges failed attempt at a multi-tube boiler the year before ... and persuaded (sometime pessimistic) Robert in Newcastle to take on the build when he had a full order book.  Hence the joint project with Booth organising the firebox (and tender) build in Liverpool.  Advice and support also cam from George to Robert ... when the first attempt at a multi-tube boiler pressure test leaked from everywhere and the cause was hopeless ... George's reply from Liverpool was ... "try again".  Original:: Pragmatically Booth required an engine at the trials what was going to do well and at that point team Stephenson were most likely to deliver.  It was not unnoticed the non-independence of Rocket from the Company's Treasurer and (Civil) Engineer at the trials, Hackworth being particularly upset his failed cylinder was made by Robert Stephenson.  If no engine had been successful at the trials Booth would have had pressure to use stationary engines... That is my understanding anyway from various sources.Djm-leighpark (talk) 00:13, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Passenger railway
"(Note: The only other passenger railway in the world at that time, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, had an average speed of only about 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).)"

Not factually correct, it would seem. Referring to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_railway_history :

"1807 - First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world was established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales."

"1825 - Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first publicly subscribed, adhesion worked railway using steam locomotives, carrying freight from a Colliery to a river port (Passengers were conveyed by horse-drawn carriages) - so the welsh was earlier

"1830 - The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, and the first steam passenger service, primarily locomotive-hauled, began. The line proved the viability of rail transport. Large scale railway construction started in Britain, then spread throughout the world, beginning the Railway Age." 109.156.246.251 (talk) 11:01, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * It's steam-hauled, public ticketed passengers and was the first to do so.
 * The Oystermouth was horse-hauled.
 * Steam-hauled railways before this were privately-owned coal hauliers (the availability of cheap coal was a factor in adopting steam). They weren't publicly usable, they didn't carry passengers.
 * The S&DR was longer than others, so it was an attractive transport option for local people and general goods. The S&DR opened such a public service. However steam locos were still a rare bit of advanced technology: so they were used for hauling the heavy coal trains, but the shorter and lighter passenger or mixed services were hauled more cheaply by horses.
 * The L&MR was the first to combine all of these: steam-hauled services, on a public ticket basis. As they also hauled lighter, faster trains than the coal trains of the North East, this long line needed to run all trains at the same speed and so couldn't mix some loco-hauled trains with horses. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:28, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

Booth
It is almost incomprehensible to leave Henry Booth completely out of this article. Apart from  He was co-sponsor of the premier engine Rocket with input into its specification and arranged for its firebox to be built in Liverpool. He also had the power to arrange systemic bias to ensure the trial could be optimally arranged for Rocket's participation; whilst perhaps giving (relatively) limited notice to competitors. That said his objectives to get suppliers to raise the bar to provide locomotives suitable for operating the Liverpool and Manchester railway and demonstrating to give investor confidence that locomotives could do the job were probably his primary objective. Trouble is what I have here is as uncited might be WP:ORIGINAL and a non disruptional insertion might be a tad difficult.Djm-leighpark (talk) 11:13, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Round about the time of Rocket 150 in 1980, there was an article titled "Henry Booth and the Rocket" published in one of the British railway magazines. At that time there were three which didn't specialise in modelling - Modern Railways, Railway Magazine and Railway World, and I really don't think that it would have been in Modern Railways, This article described (among other things) how it was Booth's suggestion that the boiler should have 25 small tubes to increase heating surface - back in the 1820s, all boilers had one large tube, which might be U-shaped. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 07:42, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I can actually source various stuff on Booth, its just that his involvement is often forgotten. His connection with Rocket and the L&MR was probably why independent judges of the trials were needed.  I can source this and insert something which is not WP:UNDUE when I get round to it;  probably something in a recent edit that made me rescan this.  I need to tidy the Henry Booth article at some point anyway.Djm-leighpark (talk) 10:02, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I found it, but and not after seven months searching:
 * which was in the very first issue of RM that I bought with my own money (four or five earlier issues, incl. Sep 1979, were gifts). -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:27, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * @. Thanks. Does it perchance confirm Booth organised for the building of the (original) firebox for Rocket in Liverpool, and, perhaps even more to satisfy my curiosity, who actually built it?  (It was then shipped to newcastle where Robert connected in all up and wrote back it wouldn't work because everything leaked and George wrote back something like "try again"? Djm-leighpark (talk) 03:36, 14 March 2021 (UTC)
 * @. Thanks. Does it perchance confirm Booth organised for the building of the (original) firebox for Rocket in Liverpool, and, perhaps even more to satisfy my curiosity, who actually built it?  (It was then shipped to newcastle where Robert connected in all up and wrote back it wouldn't work because everything leaked and George wrote back something like "try again"? Djm-leighpark (talk) 03:36, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

Undiscussed page move
I think the recent page move (From "Rainhill Trials" to "Rainhill trials") should have been discussed here first.

Most sources I see use the capitalised form to describe this event. These include: The Science Museum The Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester St Helens council Engineering Timelines NESTA

I can't offhand find any sources that use the form "Rainhill trials". I do see sources that use phrases like "the trials at Rainhill". The National Railway Museum uses "trial" uncapitalised in "the L&MR's directors decided to hold performance trials to discover "the most improved locomotive engine" for the railway, with a prize of £500." Here, but that is not the same as the descriptive title "Rainhill trials". Nowhere uses that title without capitalising the second word. Hallucegenia (talk) 16:22, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * in your move request at WP:RM/TR, you mention "per common lowercase usages in sources". Could you please point me to those sources that use the uncapitalised phrase "Rainhill trials" to refer to this event? Thanks, Hallucegenia (talk) 16:35, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * See book n-grams. While use of caps has been increasing, it's not near the threshold suggested by MOS:CAPS. Dicklyon (talk) 17:27, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Revert move: Disruptive controversial move of Proper Name by . The word threshold isn't mentioned on MOS:CAP ... I was up all night waiting for an ambulance to take someone to hospital and I don't need being played about.   was asked for specific sources and didn't provide any specific example.  And even if this move passed it was controversial and should have been pre-discussed.Djm-leighpark (talk) 17:53, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to hear about your troubles. No intention to play you here, but I hope you get some sleep.  If you need help looking at specific sources, here are some I find via book search:
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Re "threshold", I meant the "consistently" criterion in the lead: "only words and phrases that are are capitalized in Wikipedia".  Dicklyon (talk) 18:08, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you to User:Dicklyon for the link to Google n-grams and your list of examples from Google books.
 * N-grams looks like a very useful resource. I hadn't encountered it before, and will use it in future. However, the graph I get shows that the usage of "Rainhill Trials", with the second capital, was the majority usage in all years after 1975. After 1999 it is used in a substantial majority of these sources. In my opinion, this meets the threshold required in MOS:CAPS, at least in modern texts.
 * Only three of the six books listed are about railway history in NW England. Book No4 "English Railways" dates from 1915 so does not reflect modern usage. Book No2 "The Industrial Archeology of NW England" also uses the lower case form, but this book is 40 years old. Book No5 "The Leviathan of Wealth" actually uses both forms "Rainhill trials" and "Rainhill Trials" within the text, so is not particularly helpful. The other three books are not specifically about railway history. Do they count as reliable subject matter experts for the purposes of MOS:CAPS?
 * When I search on Google for "rainhill trials", select "Books" and filter for preview being available, I get nine distinct examples on the first page. From the "Found Inside" box, or by using the Preview facility, I note that eight use "Rainhill Trials" and only one (Book No2 from above) uses the lower case form. For me, that is conclusive. What do others think? Note that other editors will get a different first page, depending on how the Google search algorithm works for them.
 * As an aside, I note that the first book on my Google list ("The Rainhill Trials" by Dawson, 2018 ) has a foreword by Anthony Coulls. Coulls is the Senior Curator of Railway Transport and Technology at the National Railway Museum, and therefore has both Rocket and Sans Pareil in his care. He uses the form "Rainhill Trials" too.
 * Regards, Hallucegenia (talk) 09:30, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

So to begin with I am disrupted to expanding those URLs into something useful, obviously this has taken some time. (Snow, 2016) uses "Rainhill trials" in body text quotes sources using "Rainhill Trials". (Richards, 2007)/(Richards 1973) uses both forms. (Beasley, 1997) is an adaptation of an earlier publication. Of the books I use for L&MR stuff (Carlson, Robert E.; 1969) uses "Rainhill Trials"; (Thomas, RHG; 1980), (Fernyhough, F; 1980), (Dawson, 2019), (Dawson, 2020), (Dawson, 2021) all use Rainhill Trials. (I'll dig the full cites for those if I have to, but I don;t want to lose this edit). Obviously I'm broadly concuring with Hallucegenia's analysis. Thankyou. Djm-leighpark (talk) 11:44, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

 * You should both review the criterion in MOS:CAPS. Sources are obviously not consistent on this, hence WP uses lowercase. Dicklyon (talk) 18:16, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I've read the guideline and I'm unmoved. Djm-leighpark (talk) 18:55, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The MOS:CAPS criterion states that "Wikipedia relies on sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized; only words and phrases that are consistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, reliable sources are capitalized in Wikipedia."
 * There are three types of reliable sources: sources that consistently capitalise; sources that consistently use lower case; and sources that are inconsistent and use both formats. In the case of the Rainhill Trials, the substantial majority of modern reliable sources about the subject are of the first type, and use capitalisation throughout. Your own n-grams analysis shows that this majority has been at least 2:1 for the past 23 years. I consider that size of majority to be substantial.
 * You are trying to argue that all or nearly all sources must use capitalisation before WP should, which is what not what MOS:CAPS says at all. In this context, the word consistently refers to self-consistency within each source. It does not refer to consistency between sources: if it did, the criterion would not also include the threshold of substantial majority. I think that your statement above is nonsense. Regards, Hallucegenia (talk) 19:03, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * A 2:1 frequency in favor of capitalization is not what I consider to be a "substantial majority", especially considering that in n=gram stats so many capitalized occurrences are in headings and other title-case contexts that don't really contribute to the question here. If you look at how sources treat proper names (e.g. "Eiffel Tower"), there's a clear distinction between "consistently capitalized" and not, probably around 90% or more in usage stats. Dicklyon (talk) 05:52, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * And unfortunately, the n-gram stats don't tell us anything about the proportion of sources that use it consistently one way or the other. They just count occurrences.  With so many occurrences being headings and title citations and such, some discouting of the capitalization rate is always in order. Dicklyon (talk) 05:55, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Here are more 21st-century books (and a magazine) that user lowercase trials: Sources are clearly not consistently capitalizing it, as they do with proper names. Dicklyon (talk) 18:06, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 2010 Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey
 * 2010 The Industrial Revolution
 * 2012 The National CV of Britain: A non-PC history of Britain
 * 2013 Iron, Steam & Money: The Making of the Industrial Revolution
 * 2011 Charles Dickens in Context
 * 1990 Did You Know?: New Insights Into a World that is Full of Astonishing Stories and Astounding Facts
 * 2002 The Railway Magazine

Note what Djm- says above: (Snow, 2016) uses "Rainhill trials" in body text, quotes sources using "Rainhill Trials". So that book contributes 2 counts to lowercase and 2 to uppercase in the n-gram stats. But those uppercase uses are citations to book titles, so if we had a way to collect stats on usage in sentences, which is what WP relies on, we would not count those capped ones at all. Many of the 21st-century capped occurrences are like this, title-case citations to prior works (such as these books); many others are title-case chapter headings and such. Plus, there's just a big tread in special writing, such as rail-fan writing, toward capping things important to the topic; see WP:SSF. We should stick with WP's guidance and avoid unnecessary capitalization. Dicklyon (talk) 18:34, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I remain unmoved by the old pluralis majestatis unless She says it. Thankyou. Djm-leighpark (talk) 20:27, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * But she has Covid. Dicklyon (talk) 05:47, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Another for lowercase: and ... after the Rainhill trials Timothy Hackworth's 'Sans Pareil' ... (Reed, p. 17). -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 14:14, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 22 February 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. There's consensus that there is not a "substantial majority" of sources that capitalize "trials"; !voters consequently agree that, per MOS:CAPS, we should not capitalize it either. (closed by non-admin page mover) Extraordinary Writ (talk) 03:39, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Rainhill Trials → Rainhill trials – Per MOS:CAPS and WP:NCCAPS, we should use sentence case, not title case. This event is commonly referred to in sources as "the Rainhill trials" with lowercase trials, all through the 19th and 20th centuries. Recently there's a tendency toward more capitalization, but not enough to meet the criterion in MOS:CAPS. Dicklyon (talk) 03:25, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Nom's case is mostly made in the discussion section above, which links n-gram stats and about 10 21st-century books that user lowercase "trials". It's nowhere near the threshold criterion of "consistently capitalized in relialbe sources".  Rather, it's a modern railfan thing, capping things important to them (see WP:SSF). Dicklyon (talk) 03:27, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and Dicklyon (they already said what I would and cited what I would).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:52, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per noms case, noting also that n-grams don't distinguish headings etc from prose and therefore tends to over-represent caps. Cinderella157 (talk) 06:27, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Object "Rainhill Trials" is the name in use at most modern sources indicating the significance of the event, correctly capitalized as a proper name, which was a larger event than the specific trials where locomotives were testing against the criteria when "Rainhill trials" is more appropriate. The article here covers the total event including demonstration runs, etc.  There seems to be some misunderstandings in the support !votes about "per nom and Dicklyon" as nom. is Dicklyon.  MOS:CAPS is a guideline not a policy.  Thankyou. Djm-leighpark (talk) 00:40, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * "most" is not the relevant criterion. It's "substantial majority"; I pointed about a dozen or so 21st century sources that use lowercase trials.  When sources show this clearly that the caps are not necessary, MOS:CAPS says we use lowercase.  And yes looks like somewhat was slightly confused. Dicklyon (talk) 01:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support – yeah, I agree with Dicklyon's most-recent post here. Tony (talk)  03:59, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rainhill trials


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Hubble Space Telescope/archive1

Hubble Space Telescope
I've just completed a reworking of this article, having previously nominated it for removal from featured status. I'd like to make it an FAC but it's grown into a huge beast of a thing at 48K and I thought I'd better check here first for any suggested improvement (like trimming massively perhaps :)) before exposing it to the harsh scrutiny of FAC. Worldtraveller 14:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yep - looks like it is at the director's cut stage. :) Time to make some painful choices. Here are my suggestions: It will be difficult to gage what is missing until the detailed history gets put into its own article and an adequately large summary of that is left here. My first impression is that more detail is needed on the instruments and data results. A section devoted to the impact HST has had on astronomy and the resulting impact on the public also seems to be in order, IMO (==Outreach activities== would likely be a subsection of that). --mav 16:22, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Since this article is very heavy on history, I suggest the creation of a history of the Hubble Space Telescope article. Everything in the ==Conception, design and aims== section except for the ===Instruments=== subsection would be moved along with the ==Flawed mirror== and ==Servicing missions and new instruments== sections. A long summary of all that would be placed in a ==History== section in this article. If you decide you want to do that, then I volunteer to create the abridged summary and a lead section for the resulting 'history of' article. See Yosemite National Park and history of the Yosemite area to get an idea of what I'm talking about.
 * 2) This will allow for expansion of the other parts of the article, such as the newly promoted ==Instruments== and other sections that talk about HST itself and what it has done.
 * 3) Quickly Explain jargon like angular resolution and spherical aberration.
 * 4) Inline cites are needed in the article (per FAC criteria). The Inote system is easiest to use, IMO. See history of the Grand Canyon area for an example in action.

 * There is the possibility of moving some of the information to a History of space telescopes page or alternatively a space telescopes section on the History of telescopes page. Some of the information comparing and contrasting Hubble with proposed future space telescopes could be moved here too... or is it silly to mention future proposals into a "history" page? :o/ CheekyMonkey 19:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * A very good article. I see no reason to shorten it, I like my FAs long :> I'd support it on FA today. One note: it was missing a category. When working on any article, make sure it is categorised. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks very much for the comments, all - I have to say I am rather torn about whether to split it, even more so with contrasting points of view given here. I think for the moment I'll work on addressing the other comments, and consider the splitting issue after that.  I'm edging towards splitting it, but am easily swayed by comments against :)
 * I've tried to explain the jargon briefly, hope that looks OK now. Will now see about expanding the results bit, I agree that needs work.  I have briefly discussed the impact on astronomy but could probably expand that as well.  In terms of the impact on the public, as an 'insider' I may not be best placed to write about it, so any input from the bona-fide general public would be great there! Worldtraveller 10:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm not really in favor of splitting it, but on the other hand it is monumental in size :) Print out a copy and do a good copy edit to cut out any extraneous text, for example I think the sections on the quest for funding and the flawed mirror could be pruned. The future space telescopes section could be more a summary since there is a decent article on the replacement James Webb Space Telescope and a comparison of the two could potentially be moved there.--nixie 00:45, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, sorry to have not been active on this article for a week or so, I burned myself out with the initial draft and needed a few days off to recover :) I have just been through and trimmed the future section quite a lot, but also expanded the impact and discoveries sections, and the article is 50K at the moment.  I am not sure I can see what other extraneous text could be cut, but am more than happy for others to get stuck in and carve bits off. It may be long, but my own view is that it's in lots of bite-sized chunks and is all quite easily digestible.  Any other thoughts on the length issue?  Thanks! Worldtraveller 16:09, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Johann Christian Brand

Johann Christian Brand (6 March 1722 – 12 June 1795) was an Austrian painter (son of the German painter Christian Hilfgott Brand (1694–1756) who taught in Vienna with Karl Aigen) and brother of Friedrich August Brand. Johann Christian Brand influenced ending the baroque era of landscape painting. He died in Vienna.

Life and work
Johann Christian Brand was born in Vienna on 6 March 1722. Influential in ending the baroque era, Johann studied at the Vienna Academy from 1736. He was awarded with the titles Kammermaler in 1766 and "Professor of Landscape Drawing" in 1772. The landscape paintings of Johann Christian Brand marked the transition from the baroque to the 19th-century style of landscape depiction.

Johann Christian Brand died in Vienna on 12 June 1795.

Galleries
Works by Johann Christian Brand are contained in Laxenburg Castle, Österreichische Galerie in Belvedere Palace, Vienna Art History Museum, Museum of Military History, National Gallery Prague, Göttweig, Klosterneuburg, Museum at the Schottenstift, Liechtenstein and Harrach galleries.

title: Johann Christian Brand


text: File:LHbookCover.jpg

title: File:LHbookCover.jpg


text:
Talk:Piano wire

Speaking as a piano technician, either name is OK. Sizes do go below #12, especially for zither and harpsichord wire, so there is a reason here to go with music wire, though my string table would need to be expanded. Thanks to someone for creating my table of string sizes!

Rename?
Any chance this article can be renamed "Music wire"? So far as I know, all the information here applies to all (steel) wire used for musical instruments (guitars, etc.), not just pianos. (The sole piano-specific thing is the range of gauges given, where the smallest gauge is .022"; guitar strings go down to .008".)

I'd propose renaming the article to "Music wire" and putting a redirect link in for "Piano wire". I'm pretty sure "music wire" is the more common of the two terms. --ILike2BeAnonymous 02:02, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Mapes appears to make most of the wire packaged as guitar strings. --Mireut 15:13, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * A Google search indicates that piano wire is the more common term. Also, I'd like further reassurance (from reference sources) that guitar/etc. wire is really the same product.  Opus33 16:27, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right about Google (though I'm still not convinced this means that "piano wire" is the more common term). Having worked in the repair business, I can assure you that it's the same stuff: tempered high-carbon steel. (The only differences between the two types of strings—piano and guitar—are in the materials used for windings, not in the steel core of the strings themselves.)

 * So I'd propose a 2-part change: 1) Make a redirect for "music wire" to this article, and 2) Insert text in this article explaining that "music wire" and "piano wire" are equivalent (same materials, but available in different sizes). --ILike2BeAnonymous 22:25, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, IL2BA. This would be ok with me.  Opus33 01:42, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have changed added a link from the music wire page to here, however it does not redirect as 'music wire' is actually a bit different than piano wire. Hopefully your all ok with that. whubbard 4:17, 04 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Piano wire "a bit different" from music wire? How? (Apart from sizes, that is.)+ILike2BeAnonymous 22:20, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Currently the music wire article is a tiny tiny stub that doesn't really say anything that isn't covered here. Why is it not a redirect? What potential does it have? Also, the use of music wire in bold suggests that this page assumes it's a redirect. - Rainwarrior 19:48, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Music wire is the name given to high strength patented carbon steel wire in USA and Europe. The same product is called piano wire in Japan. Hence music wire and piano wire entries should be merged. The reference to the historical origin of this type of wire is not very accurate. Music wire is the highest strength spring wire that is regularly used today for making springs in wire sizes up to 2 mm (0.080") diameter. Music wire has a structure of pearlite that has been drawn through wire drawing dies typically reducing the cross sectional area by more than 80%. The pearlitic structure is produced by a process called patenting after the patent taken out on the process by the owner of the Webster and Horsfall company in Birmingham, England in the 1850s. This company is still owned by the same family today, still employs the patenting process and manufactures music wire for the spring industry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.164.229.126 (talk) 09:18, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I've ended up here after a lot of rummaging following a simple question as to whether guitar and piano strings were the same material (to a first approximation, 100% of people venturing an opinion on the internet are making confident guesses based on intuition). IMO some detailed metallurgical clarification is in order by someone far more expert than me. As i understand it (but please correct me), although spring-musical-piano qualifiers tend to be used interchangeably, wire as used in pianos is especially hard and brittle, having not undergone the post-quenching tempering process required for most springs to sustain normal strains without breaking. I also understand that piano wire has especially close tolerances, and that it has superior surface finish to guard against breakage initiated by surface cracking. i'm also deeply confused as to whether there has been a general transition to stainless steel (eg 304) in general, and whether this includes actual piano wire. This seems like the page where this should be sorted out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.57.184 (talk) 02:41, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Link to cold work
I took out the link to cold work because that article is overly technical and probably of little interest to a non-metallurgist here. I put in a link to drawing instead. --ILike2BeAnonymous 20:01, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Piano wire and sharks
I'm not a fisherman, but I question the Mythbusters story as presented here (I never saw the video). As I understand it, fishing line is not designed to lift a fish out of the water, rather it is designed to tire the fish out and bring it alongside the boat, where stronger hooks and gaffs are used to recover it. Several web sites devoted to shark fishing suggest the use of 50 or 80 lb strength line e.g. http://www.newenglandsharks.com/shark2.htm and http://bluemako.customer.netspace.net.au/ --agr 19:41, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd be happy to see this material deleted. We should be using better reference sources than this.  Opus33 01:06, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Done and done. ==ILike2BeAnonymous 06:56, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, IL2BA. Opus33 17:16, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

The booby trap passage
Following up on ILike2BeAnonymous's sensible move, I'm moving this passage here to the talk page:

 * It was also used as a booby trap against American soldiers in open-top Jeeps by German troops in the final years of World War 2. The wire was tied at the neck level of a soldier riding in a Jeep on certain roads. Soldiers hit by this trap were almost always beheaded.

This sounds so much like an urban myth (villainous Nazis, sensational death, singling out of Americans as opposed to Allied soldiers in general ...) that I think it's too much of a risk to include it in the article at this stage. If the person who wrote it can provide a published reference source, then I wouldn't mind if it went back in. Opus33 20:47, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Why are you defending Nazis and downplaying the role of the United States in winning the war? I have a few ideas. --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 05:16, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I see it as a statement about warfare tactics, which may be too fascinating for you. I don't see anywhere in that paragraph giving the idea that he is defending Nazis or downplaying the role of the United States in winning the war. -Spansign (talk) 16:11, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

I believe several modern armoured venicles ( eg British armoured land rovers in Northern Ireland )have wire cutters at head height precisley to stop this happening. It was also reported from Iraq at one stage. Whether these were mounted because of the urban legend or actual attacks I do not know. It was also in a WWII film. 145.253.108.22 17:19, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And there you have it. --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 19:27, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

The book About Face by a Colonel Hackman, describes this technique as being used in Greece following the end of World War 2 against TRUST troops. Ghost175

 * Hello, Ghost. Looking on Amazon, Google, Google Scholar, and the online catalog of my library, I cannot find this book. Are you sure you have the author and title correct?  Sincerely, Opus33 (talk) 17:25, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

I know it is About Face

but it may have been co-authored I'll try to scare up the book from my basement, sorry Ghost175 02:21, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Here is a cartoon drawn in the 1940's by Bill Mauldin showing a US Army jeep with a wire cutter installed. __Just plain Bill (talk) 02:42, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Small gauge
Is the smallest gauge .007"/0.17mm or .006"/0.15mm? Sumbuddy make it consistant.-- Randall Bart 04:46, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Take your pick. Mapes lists it as small as 0.006"; Roslau lists music wire for stringed and plucked instruments from 0.07 to 0.67mm, and for pianos from 0.675 to 1.60mm (an old chart shows their nr.1 is 0.20mm); ASW music wire gauge 6/0 - 0.004" is the smallest listed here. Piano specific limits might want to mention dates and tensions - Mireut 19:09, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
The only contradiction I found in the article is relating to the smallest gauge: 0.006 or 0.007. It should be easy to clarify this for someone with greater knowledge of the subject matter. Vadigor 21:56, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

No garrottings after July 20th plot
I think you confused something there. Nobody who was executed after the July 20 plot was actually garotted. Some of them were intentionally hung in a way that did not break their necks, but suffocated them, prolonging the execution act, but that is far from how a "classic" garotte works. --Flosch 14:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There are lots of references for the garroting of the July 20 plotters:

 * http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERwitzleben.htm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3505000/3505014.stm
 * http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/05/03/hitler.assassin.ap/
 * http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814409,00.html
 * http://www.trivia-library.com/a/assassination-attempts-adolf-hitler-chancellor-of-nazi-germany-part-3.htm
 * http://www.keene.edu/newsevents/default.cfm?Type=NewsDetail&News_ID=1327
 * http://nuweb.neu.edu/holocaust/a_question.htm
 * http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=147
 * http://www.fsmitha.com/time1944.htm

Plus the book I cited - I'm sure there are many more. If "garrotte" is not the right word, we could reword it, but piano wire was used as an instrument of torture for the July 20 conspirators.

I think this article needs mention of the nefarious use of piano wire, properly cited. The article shouldn't be all about strangling people with piano wire, but it definitely needs to be mentioned.

Dfuss (talk) 06:20, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for spotting these references, Dfuss. In the long, sorry history of efforts to embellish this article with sensational garrote discussion, you (plus one other) seem to be the only participants who ever cared about justifying their claims with reference sources.

 * On the other hand, it seems that the only area for which reference sources are (so far) available concerns the July 20 plot; and the wording given implied other uses as well. So I have rephrased to mention only the particular case for which reference sources exist, and also linked to the WP article July 20 plot.  I await comparable sources before we make any further claims about the general utility of piano wire for killing people.  Yours sincerely, Opus33 (talk) 16:52, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not interested in gory and sensational garrotte discussions, but I initially visited this article after I read a news report of its use on the July 20 plotters wanting to know how widespread this "alternate" use was. I was surprised to see no mention at all. I think the article would be much improved with a couple sentences addressing this topic. Is the portrayal in movies and in popular culture exaggerated? Is this use very infrequent and more popular in urban legends than in real life? I would be very much against turning this article into a list of real or alleged piano wire strangulations, but people who read this wire will want that topic addressed. Dfuss (talk) 19:25, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello Dfuss, I think your concerns are legitimate but I'm not sure how to address them while remaining with the rules of Wikipedia (see WP:VER and WP:NOR).  There are two questions at hand:

 * What is the role of (gruesome killings with) piano wire in our popular culture? You and I both know that it's an extremely widespread theme.  But I don't know of any reference source that actually says this.
 * (your question): To what extent is the pop-culture conception of piano wire actually validated in real life, other than in the 1944 Nazi killings?  In principle, this information is sitting out there in police and court records, and probably in some scholarly book or other, but this is definitely not my area (I got involved because I was editing piano), and I don't know where to find such a source.

 * I'll try checking the New York Times archive soon; maybe it would help. Opus33 (talk) 19:58, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

I have removed the section linking to the July 20th plot. I have done this first because the statement of piano wire's use is unsourced. Second it lacks relevence and is superfulous in nature even if it can be varified. For this to be included in good faith the statement on Piano Wire in the July 20 article needs to be sourced, and more detail on Piano Wire's use as a lethal weapon needs to be given. After all we don't link the article on the Gladius sword to Brutus even though it is what was used (presumably) to kill him. Klauth (talk) 02:07, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This article needs a little section on the real and/or fictional use of piano wire to kill or torture people. I came to this article after reading an article about the July 20 plot to see if piano wire really was a common weapon and that use wasn't even mentioned. I did some easy online and library research and found that there are lots of reliable sources that say that the July 20 conspirators were hung up by piano wire - the book reference is still in the article (without linking to anything) and there are a handful of online references above. It is false to say that the mention is unsourced. Beyond the little research I've done, I'd like to know if piano wire is commonly used for "alternative" purposes or if it is just in movie plots. We know at least that it really was used in the July 20 plot. Until an editor wants to put more effort in, we should have something like:

Movies such as X and Y depict garroting with piano wire[source]. Besides fictionalized accounts, at least one well-documented case of garroting with piano wire is the execution of the July 20 plotters[source].

Someone above said "garrote" is the wrong word, so perhaps someone else has a suggestion.

Dfuss (talk) 03:32, 18 July 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dfuss (talk • contribs) 03:29, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What a ridiculous display of non-logic. If someone is depicted being murdered by a table fork (or for that matter, a tuning fork) in a movie, does it then follow that some insipid "pop culture" section must immediately be added to that article to chronicle such trivia? And then when The Simpsons and Family Guy parody the film, that too should be added, with the "gag" explained in excrutiating detail? I am curious how many WP editors have actually cracked a real encyclopedia. :-) I don't recall the Britannica or Funk and Wagnall's ever having multiple Flintstones references at the bottom of each entry...139.48.25.60 (talk) 21:52, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, at least people who are curious can look at the article on garroting to see that piano wire is, in fact, used. So your decision to keep that information out of this article isn't too big of a deal. As for pop culture sections about the use of it as a weapon...I don't know where that came from, but it's rather stupid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.33.59.183 (talk) 03:51, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Hey, 139.48.25.60, see straw man and non sequitur if you want to talk about ridiculous non-logic. Dfuss (talk) 23:20, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

ILike2BeAnonymous, your removal of my comments is not needed at all, just as you placed the HTML comment in the first place. The same goes for Opus33 insistence that it was very necessary, turns out not so. -Spansign (talk) 17:48, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * ¿Perhaps “Piano wire has been used for garrotes as well (along with other materials).” would work? There is no real dispute that piano wires have been used for garrotes (along with bailing wire, electrical wire, some fishing lines, and all kinds of line), and ignoring the fact of this nefarious, though rare, use only makes the matter more salacious.174.25.49.236 (talk) 17:01, 9 March 2011 (UTC)A REDDSON

 * Maybe. But, in fact, nothing goes into WP without a scholarly reference source backing it up.  I've looked for some and it's harder than you might imagine.  Opus33 (talk) 17:28, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Not just for pianos
Diff. It is still "piano wire" or "music wire" when used to make springs, control rods, and other items. The article might not need specific mention of guitar strings, since I believe they are often made from smaller-gauge wire. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 01:20, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The incremental approach is working fine, IMO. Was about to do something similar when SWMBO took me to lunch... I think keeping "Music wire" as a redirect to here is just about optimal. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 18:25, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

"music wire" vs "rocket wire"
In the last several years from time to time I have seen mechanical devices with particular types of springs offered for sale. Recently certain manufacturers have begun using the term "rocket wire" to describe a particular grade of drawn tempered steel wire for springs, and in their advertisements they make the claim that such springs are superior to music wire springs.

Does the term "rocket wire" have any specific meaning? A Google search reveals that the term implies that the wire meets NASA specs for manufacture of springs to be used in spacecraft. Is this accurate, and, if so, how do the specs differ from "music wire?" Is it the heat treatment? The alloy? Precision of manufacture? Something else? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.41.40.24 (talk) 13:52, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Short answer up front: I don't know. I have seen rocket wire mentioned in online string-instrument fora. The main example springing to mind is the E string on a five-string viola with a body length more than about sixteen inches, where the string length calls for a combination of tension and diameter a bit beyond the material strength limits of "normal" carbon steel. Not sure how successful the rocket wire is in that application. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 15:53, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

The origin of rocket wire is from real rocket motors. Originally they used phenolic tubes for solid fuel rocket motors. They would cast the fuel in and put a nozzle on the end, and then wrap it with rocket wire to give the needed burst strength. The phenolic chars and provides insulation to keep the keep the wire from getting too hot. Rocket wire is higher carbon than music wire, and it hard drawn after HT like MB. This wire is drawn to such high strength that you have to be careful that you don't change the modulus of elasticity too much. The largest use ever for this wire was the short little support wires in the old magic flash cubes. Rocket wire was strong enough that it would hold the flash bulb in place for proper focus even when heated by the flash current. This wire was also used for throttle return springs where ultra high fatigue life is needed. I think that I have an old spec for it someplace. edstainless — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.249.122.226 (talk) 03:24, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

Utility of page?
I imagine that someone looking up piano wire might be interested in using it for something? If so I imagine they would want to know the relevant properties of modern piano wires - density, elastic modulus, elastic limit and safe working limit, as well as (possibly) the Poisson ratio.

(I believe the term "piano wire" only appeared after about 1885 when Broadwood introduced high-carbon wires. Earlier and weaker wires were not as specialised, and would more properly be called "music wires").

I appreciate these are available in the references, but I think it would be as well to present the range for what we now call "piano wire" in the text.PhysicistQuery (talk) 13:25, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Cast steel
i would love more details about how one makes wire from cast steel. Is is cast as opposed to earlier forged steel wire? Or did or replace iron wire? Clearly it isn't cast directly into wire, so one assumes it is cast into rods and then drawn into wire. Why and how is this supior to a forged blank, which one normally associates with stronger steel than cast steel. Idumea47b (talk) 09:15, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Bass strings
There should be a mention about bass strings of pianos which are piano wire strings wound with copper wire to make them heavier, so you don't need super long strings for the lower notes. Typically in a piano, about one third of the strings use copper-wound piano wire. 85.144.220.151 (talk) 18:20, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This article seems to be more about "piano wire" the material and not about Piano acoustics, which is linked. How much "application" information is appropriate here? How to wind springs? How to temper steel? --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:48, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piano wire


text:
Talk:Guiltware

Does this seem like an encyclopedia article to you guys? To me it seems more like an article containing advice...

 * Same here. TaintedMustard 06:17, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Redacted and removed tag, hopefully legitimate. Thanx 69.142.2.68 09:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guiltware


text:
540 kick

In martial arts and tricking, the 540 kick  (also known as inside turning kick, jump inside kick, and "hyper" tornado kick) is a jump kick move. It involves a rotation of approximately 540 degrees (although when performed correctly the performer has only done a spin of 360 degrees – not including whatever takeoff used).

It is practiced in various disciplines including Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Shaolin Quan, Capoeira and some Karate styles but traditionally most associated with the Korean martial arts. However, the most prominent defining feature is that the same leg is used for taking off, kicking, and landing. The other leg is used to propel the performer into the air, and is then retracted before landing. Many martial arts tricksters choose this move as their first move to attempt.

This move has a history in ballet as well, where it is performed as an advanced variation of a 'barrel roll'. Principal male ballet dancers include the move in their variation (solo) as a crowd-pleasing feat of excellence. The move and a variation of it, the reverse 540, has been present in ballet for quite some time now, and is used commonly by dancers such as Daniil Simkin, Tetsuya Kumakawa and Joseph Phillips. This move has been recently introduced into the world of professional wrestling, where it is commonly referred to as a "jumping corkscrew roundhouse kick" (and Kofi Kingston's variation is called "Trouble in Paradise").

Variations
Like most variations of martial arts kicks, the name of the kick is normally determined by the position of the foot, degree of rotation and positioning of the hips, and any additional kicks that may be added during the execution:

Fake 540
A jump turning kick that mimics the 540. The practitioner, already facing the target, jumps up to perform an inside crescent or roundhouse kick, and tucks the other to then land on the kicking foot. This motion does not share the full take off pattern of a true 540.

540 Crescent
This variation of the kick is typically found in wushu. The kick is executed as a crescent kick, meaning that the toes are pointed forwards with the hips facing the target. If aiming for a target, the target would be hit with the inside of the foot (from the heel to the big toe).

540 Roundhouse
This version rotates the hips about 90° more than a crescent before executing the kick. The kick is executed as a roundhouse kick meaning that a target would be hit with the top of the foot or ankle to avoid breaking the toes. It is also called a Bolley Kick by some in TaeKwonDo, and was popularized in the mid-eighties by George Chung and Steven Ho in open martial art competitions. In TaeKwonDo, a tricking "540" kick refers to this 540 roundhouse, rather than the TaeKwonDo 540 hook kick.

Reverse 540
The take off of this is like a 1-over 360 kick. If back on your right foot, throw it forward counterclockwise, tuck it and push off with your right. Jump up and complete 360 with an outside, counterclockwise crescent kick and land on the same foot. Look at the reverse image of a 540 and you can see it.

Lazyboy 540 (aka Playboy 540)
Also referred to as simply a Lazyboy, this version is identical to a typical 540 from a technical standpoint. The defining characteristic is that the hands are placed on the back or top of the head. This pose is to simulate the image of a person relaxing or lying down. While struck in the air, this variation is performed to show the ease in which they can perform the trick, demonstrating that they don't need the momentum of the arms to complete the trick, and/or to add style to the trick. This trick is also known as the Playboy 540 for its extravagance and confident posture such of a playboy.

Double leg 540
This is performed with a take off from both legs and executed with an inside crescent kick.

Sideswipe
Though, the body mechanics/technique is different, the Sideswipe and 540 are categorized together because they both use the same leg to take off, kick, and land. This version is similar to a standard 540 kick, but the body is spinning parallel to the ground and can be performed almost inverted. After the non-kicking leg is thrown up in the take-off, the body is leaned back so it is spinning at least horizontally. This kick has less practical use due to the higher levels of agility required.

540 Hook (c720)
Also called a "Cheat 720" or a "540 Wheel," the 540 hook uses the same takeoff as mentioned previously. However, instead of using the jumping leg to kick, the performer spins around another 180 degrees and performs a hook kick or outside crescent kick with the other leg, depending on the position of the foot. This kick is one of the variations that actually spins a full 540°. A TaeKwonDo "540" refers to this kick.

540 Gyro
In this move, the user will execute a 540 crescent/roundhouse kick but instead of landing immediately on the kicking leg, the kicker will rotate an additional 360 degrees mid-air before landing. It is rather uncommon in the tricking community due to its difficulty, but is present in martial arts disciplines. It is most prevalent in Wushu.

540 to Splits
The traditional 540 can be landed into the splits by sending the kicking leg backwards after the kick has been executed and extending the other leg forward during the landing. Theoretically, almost every trick can be landed in the splits, however, landing some of the more advanced versions of tricks like this would require extra height in the jump, extra rotation of the body, and a very keen sense of timing and spatial awareness.

Multi-Kick Variants
Some variants of the 540 include multiple kicks being executed while in the air. Some of those variations are:

Crescent 540/Feilong
Not to be confused with the 540 crescent, a crescent 540 is where a crescent kick is thrown out with the first leg before the regular 540 kick is thrown with the other. Both of these kicks are executed mid-air. A variation of this is where the first crescent kick is thrown as a twisted front kick, followed by a round house kick. For this the hips must be rotated more before the kicks are thrown, allowing the feet to be turned towards the targets.

Jacknife
This is similar to a crescent 540 in that there are two kicks executed in sequence, however the 540 kick (either crescent or roundhouse) is thrown out first. Immediately following the first kick, the other leg comes around to execute a heel kick after rotating an additional 180 degrees. The mechanics to this variant are almost identical to a 540-wheel or cheat 720. Proper execution of this involves performing a roundhouse kick instead of an inside crescent kick, with the hips turned over and toes pointed. In doing so, after the first kick is completed, the kicker's hips and body are in a better position to spin around and snap out the hook.

540 Triple
This is the combination of a crescent 540 and a jackknife, essentially executing three separate kicks during the same motion. One with the landing leg and two with the other. The kicks and their execution are similar to those of a 720 triple. This move is commonly performed in TaeKwonDo demonstrations.

title: 540 kick


text:
Jack Marshall (ice hockey)

John Calder Marshall (March 14, 1877 – August 7, 1965) was a Canadian ice hockey player. Marshall played for the Winnipeg Victorias, Montreal HC, Montreal Shamrocks, Montreal Wanderers, Toronto Pros and Toronto Blueshirts. Marshall was a member of six Stanley Cup championship teams for four clubs. He won his first Stanley Cup in 1901 with Winnipeg Victorias. He then joined the Montreal HC and won two more Cups in 1902 and 1903. He also won the Stanley Cup with Montreal Wanderers in 1907 and 1910. Marshall won his sixth and final Cup as a player-manager with the Toronto Blueshirts in 1914.

Marshall was the first player to win six Stanley Cup titles. He was also the first player to win the Stanley Cup while playing for four clubs. His teammate on the 1914 Stanley Cup winning Toronto Blueshirts, goalie Hap Holmes, tied the record in 1925 while backstopping the Victoria Cougars to a Stanley Cup victory. Marshall was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.

Playing career
Born in Saint-Vallier, Quebec, south-east of Quebec City, Marshall moved to Montreal and played high school hockey for Pointe-Saint-Charles, starting in 1894. In 1898, he made the jump to senior level play when he moved out west and started play with the Winnipeg Hockey Club intermediates, and later with the Winnipeg Victorias. He played with the Victorias until 1901, winning the Stanley Cup in a challenge with the Montreal Shamrocks.

After the season, he moved back home and joined the Montreal Hockey Club. As one of the "Little Men of Iron", the club won the Stanley Cup in 1902 and 1903. Along with several other players of the club, he left in 1903 to form the new Montreal Wanderers. He played two seasons with the Wanderers before he moved to Toronto. In 1905–06, he played with the new Toronto Professionals in exhibition play. In 1906, he returned to Montreal, and he played for the Montreal Montagnards in 1907, joining the Wanderers after the Montagnards disbanded. The Wanderers won the ECAHA title that season and successfully defended their Stanley Cup championship of 1906 in challenges.

However, Marshall did not stay with the club beyond that season. He moved to the Montreal Shamrocks and played two seasons for the Shamrocks before returning to the Wanderers for the 1910 NHA season. He helped the Wanderers to another Stanley Cup win that season, the club's last in its history. He stayed with the organization until 1912, when he returned to Toronto to join the new Toronto Hockey Club team. After Bruce Ridpath retired as manager in 1913, Marshall took on the responsibility while continuing to play for the team. He would win another Stanley Cup with the Torontos in 1914. The following season was cut short due to appendicitis and he only played four games. In all, he played three seasons for the Torontos before he returned to the Wanderers in 1915 for two seasons, before retiring from hockey in 1917.

Marshall died in Montreal on August 7, 1965, aged 88.

Playing style
Jack Marshall was a strong all-round player, and over the course of his career he tried out almost every position the seven-man game had to offer. During his junior years in Pointe-Saint-Charles in Montreal, beginning in 1894, he started out as a goaltender. Although he was a right-handed shot he would later play on the left wing with the Winnipeg Victorias in the Manitoba Hockey Association, because the team lacked adequate enough left-handed options. With the Montreal Wanderers he first played as a centre forward, and in the second half of his career as a defenceman. He also played occasionally at right wing and as a rover.

In the January 21, 1901 issue of the Winnipeg Tribune Marshall was described as "not a big man physically" but "solidly built, tough and enduring." The newspaper also remarked that he played "a neat speedy and cool-headed game, very free from fouls or off-sides" and that he "is an excellent shot on goal and can supply the place of any man on the forward line who may get hurt."

Outside of hockey Marshall was also prominent in basketball, and he also played soccer and rugby football.

Awards and achievements

 * Scored six goals in a game versus Ottawa on January 20, 1904
 * Scored five goals in a game twice, both versus Montreal, on December 29, 1908, and February 8, 1909.
 * Stanley Cup Championships (1901, 1902, 1903, 1907, 1910, & 1914)
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965

title: Jack Marshall (ice hockey)


text:
Susan Mayer

Susan Delfino is a fictional character played by Teri Hatcher on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry. She first appeared in the pilot episode of the series on October 3, 2004, and appeared in every episode until the series finale on May 13, 2012. Susan resides on the fictional Wisteria Lane in Fairview, Eagle State, the primary setting of the show. One of four lead characters, Susan is characterized as being a "notoriously clumsy" romantic with a "magnetic charm." Her storylines tend to focus on her romantic relationships, most notably with Mike Delfino (James Denton), whom she marries twice in the series.

Cherry created Susan as a girl next door archetype and intended for the character to provide an emotional anchor for the series. When developing the character, Cherry drew upon his personal experiences as well as those of single women in his life. The role was written for Mary-Louise Parker, who turned it down; as a result, Hatcher was cast in early 2004. Hatcher's portrayal of the character is both comedic and vulnerable. During the series' debut season, both the character and Hatcher's performance received positive critical reception; however, as the series progressed, the character was received less favorably by critics and fans. Hatcher has received both a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the series.

Development and casting
While developing the series, Desperate Housewives creator Marc Cherry envisioned Susan as a girl next door and chose her to convey this image. In the original pilot, the character's surname was spelled "Meyer" but had to be changed to "Mayer" for clearance purposes. Cherry commented, "I knew Susan was going to be my anchor character, and I didn't really know my take on her at first. And then it occurred to me that one of these women should be divorced ... I thought there was something so real about a woman saying, 'I don't have much time left,' and when this available hunky guy moves onto the street, something in her saying 'Let me at him'". The character is a compendium of single mothers in Cherry's life "desperate to land a man". He also drew upon his own personal experiences while creating the character.

Julia Louis-Dreyfus expressed interest in the role, but ABC executives felt she was not right for the part. Actors considered for the role include Courteney Cox, Calista Flockhart, Heather Locklear, Mary-Louise Parker, and Sela Ward. Cherry wrote the part with Parker in mind, but she rejected the offer, later explaining "it just didn’t feel like I was gonna [sic] serve it as well as someone else might". Teri Hatcher auditioned for the role in January 2004 and impressed Cherry immediately. After a second audition, Hatcher read for the role in front of network executives. Cherry praised her performance, saying "it was the best audition I've ever seen in network". Hatcher later commented, "I don't think they were hot to hire me for Susan ... I was maybe on a B-list, certainly not an A-list". Despite her reservations, Hatcher was the third reported cast member to have been cast in the series on February 18, 2004.

Personality and characteristics
Susan is primarily characterized as the girl next door. Teri Hatcher stated "I’m not exactly her, but I get her. I get her insecurities, her flaws." She called the character "a great representation of what [everyone] deals with daily. Our responsibilities can be overwhelming and things often don't go as you planned, so you have to roll with it. Susan celebrates rolling with it". She is a hopeless romantic and often expresses her feelings more openly and vulnerably than the other characters in the series. The series begins a year after Susan's first divorce, when she is still emotionally raw. Throughout the series, several other characters have confronted Susan about her inability to live happily and without drama. Susan has a close relationship with her daughter, Julie (Andrea Bowen), who often acts as the parent figure in the relationship.

Susan's accident-proneness is commonly used throughout the series to provide comic relief. Her susceptibility to bad luck and embarrassing situations have created some of the series' most memorable moments, including accidentally burning down Edie's house and being locked out of her own house completely naked. Susan's poor cooking skills have also become a running gag in the series.

Past
Susan Bremmer was born in 1967 and was raised by single mother Sophie Bremmer (Lesley Ann Warren), who told her that her father was a member of the United States Merchant Marine who had died in the Battle of Hanoi during the Vietnam War. She was a cheerleader in high school and graduated as valedictorian of her class. She graduated from community college with an art degree. Eventually, Susan began writing and illustrating children's books, the first of which was Ants in My Picnic Basket.

In 1989 Susan married Karl Mayer (Richard Burgi) after two months of dating, and in 1990 gave birth to their daughter, Julie. In 1992, the family moved to Wisteria Lane in Fairview, Eagle State, where Susan quickly befriends Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong), her new neighbor. Susan became close friends with Katherine Davis (Dana Delany), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross) in 1994, however Katherine had to move out one year later. Still, she gained friends in Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman) in 1998, and Gabrielle Solis (Eva Longoria) in 2003 when they move to Wisteria Lane. In 2003, Karl had an affair with his secretary, Brandi (Anne Dudek), and ended up falling for her, leaving Susan and abandoning Julie. The two divorced and agreed to share custody of Julie, although the court ruled that Julie would be living with her mother.

Season 1
One year after the divorce, Susan has started to consider dating again, even if that means dating someone who makes fun of her cooking. Susan takes an interest in Mike Delfino (James Denton), a plumber she meets at Mary Alice’s wake, who tells her he has recently moved in the neighborhood, renting the Simms’ house. Susan soon begins dating Mike, despite competing with realtor Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan) for his affection. Meanwhile, Susan begins investigating Mary Alice's suicide after she and her friends discover a blackmail letter while putting away her belongings, one week after her funeral. Later, Susan discovers that Mary Alice's husband, Paul (Mark Moses), had their son, Zach (Cody Kasch), committed to a youth mental institution after he broke into the Van de Kamps’ house and decorated it for Christmas, Julie begins corresponding with Zach without Susan's knowledge and hides him in her room when he escapes from the institution. When Susan finds Zach in her home, she and Mike return him to Paul; however, Julie and Zach begin dating. Paul fabricates unconvincing lies to thwart Susan's efforts to discover his family's secrets too.

As her relationship with Mike progresses, Susan becomes suspicious of his past, especially when she finds a gun and large sums of money in his kitchen cabinet. Additionally, evidence connecting Mike to the recent murder of a Wisteria Lane resident, Martha Huber (Christine Estabrook), surfaces. Susan ends the relationship when police inform her that Mike was convicted of manslaughter and drug trafficking. However, Susan learns the murder was accidental and the two renew their relationship, with Mike deciding to move in with Susan. While Mike is away on business, Susan finds Zach, armed with a handgun, in Mike's house. He vows to kill Mike when he comes home as he believes Mike killed Paul.

Season 2
When Mike arrives home, Zach's murder scheme backfires and he runs away. Mike informs Susan that he recently learned that Zach is his biological son. Susan agrees to help Mike search for Zach and finds him in a nearby park. When Zach expresses hope of rekindling his romance with Julie, she gives him money to look for Paul in Utah. When Mike finds out about her betrayal, he ends their relationship. Susan decides to write an autobiography following the break-up. While researching her father, she learns that her mother lied and her father is local business owner Addison Prudy (Paul Dooley). She tries to establish a relationship with her reluctant father, but her attempts are effectively unsuccessful.

Meanwhile, Susan is dismayed to learn that Karl has moved in with Edie. She begins dating her doctor, Ron McCready (Jay Harrington), who informs her that she has a wandering spleen and will need a splenectomy. When Susan learns that her health insurance will not cover the operation, Karl offers to temporarily remarry her long enough for her to be eligible for his medical benefits. They agree to keep their sham marriage a secret from Edie and Ron. While under anesthesia before her operation, Susan professes her love for Mike to Ron, which prompts Ron to break up with her. Soon after, Karl leaves Edie, as his love for Susan has resurfaced. Upon learning that Susan is the other woman, Edie intentionally burns down Susan's house. In this time of need, both Mike and Karl vie for Susan's affections. She chooses to rekindle her relationship with Mike and Karl signs the divorce papers. Susan and Mike then make plans to meet for dinner at nearby Torch Lake, where Mike plans to propose. On his way to dinner, Mike gets run over by Orson Hodge (Kyle MacLachlan), a dentist whom Susan had recently befriended, and is left in a coma.

Season 3
Season 3 opens six months after the hit-and-run on Mike. While waiting for him to wake up, Susan reluctantly enters a relationship with Ian Hainsworth (Dougray Scott), a British man whose wife Jane (Cecily Gambrell) has been in a coma for years. When Mike finally awakens, doctors conclude that he now suffers from retrograde amnesia. Unfortunately, Susan is out of town with Ian when Mike wakes up. Edie takes advantage of this to move in on Mike and claim that Susan was horrible to him during their relationship. Mike turns Susan away when she returns to Fairview. Having lost hope, Susan continues her romance with Ian. Meanwhile, Susan is suspicious of Orson, who has married Bree after a six month relationship and is alleged to have killed his missing ex-wife, Alma (Valerie Mahaffey). When Mike is arrested for the murder of Monique Polier (Kathleen York), Orson's former mistress, Edie breaks up with him, leaving him without bail. Susan defends Mike, which frustrates Ian. He reluctantly agrees to pay for Mike's bail if Susan breaks off all contact with him. Mike is eventually exonerated for the crime. Following Jane's death, Susan accepts Ian's marriage proposal.

As Mike slowly regains his memory, he recalls his feelings for Susan and challenges Ian for her affections. When Susan learns that the two had made a bet on her in a game of poker, she calls off the wedding and declares that she does not want to see either of them again. Realizing that letting both of them go is a mistake, Susan decides to take Ian back. However, he tells her that he cannot spend the rest of his life wondering if she is still in love with Mike, and he leaves. Susan and Mike reunite and become engaged. The couple get married in a private ceremony in the woods, with Julie as their only guest.

Season 4
In the fourth season premiere, one month after her wedding, Susan learns that she is pregnant. While looking into their medical histories for the baby's interest, Mike is forced to admit to Susan that he lied about his father being dead. Susan visits Mike's father, Nick (Robert Forster), who is in jail for murder. Nick warns Susan that Mike is still troubled by demons of his past. With the stress of finances for the baby, Mike begins working overtime, despite an injury resulting from the hit-and-run over a year ago. He begins relying heavily on painkillers. Susan confronts Mike about his addiction, threatening to leave him if he does not enter rehab; he agrees to admit himself. After a devastating tornado hits Wisteria Lane, Bree, Orson, and their newborn grandson, Benjamin, move into Susan's house temporarily. During his stay, Orson develops a sleep walking habit and unconsciously admits to running over Mike with his car. Susan feels extremely betrayed and Bree, unable to forgive Orson, asks him to move out. Shortly after, Susan gives birth to a boy, whom she names Maynard, after Mike's deceased grandfather.

Five-year jump
In the five years that take place between seasons four and five, Susan and Mike get into a vehicular collision with another car. Although Susan and Mike survive, the occupants of the other car, Lila Dash (Marie Caldare) and her daughter Paige (Madeleine Michelle Dunn), are killed. Although Susan was driving, Mike takes the blame, as Susan did not have her license with her at the time. Susan feels incredibly guilty for taking the lives of Lila and Paige, but Mike insists it was not their fault. The argument over the topic becomes so great that it results in divorce. Giving up on love, Susan engages in a casual relationship with her house painter, Jackson Braddock (Gale Harold).

Season 5
While Susan manages to keep her relationship with Jackson a secret from her friends and her son, nicknamed M.J., Jackson seeks a deeper connection with her. Soon enough, Mike and M.J. learn about the relationship. Jackson makes the sudden announcement that he is moving to nearby Riverton for work and asks Susan to come with him. After much consideration, Susan decides that she is unsure of what she wants and turns down Jackson's offer. Also, Mike moves across the street from Susan and begins dating her close friend and neighbor, Katherine Mayfair (Dana Delany). Realizing she cannot keep Mike from being happy, she gives the couple her blessing, despite still feeling uncomfortable. Susan and Mike decide to enroll M.J. in private school, and Susan takes a job as an assistant art teacher at the school to help pay for the tuition. With both Susan and Mike employed, M.J. spends more time under Katherine's care, which makes Susan uneasy. She is heartbroken to learn that Mike and Katherine have decided to move in with one another and become engaged.

Susan attempts to console Edie's husband, Dave Williams (Neal McDonough), following Edie's death. She explains the truth behind her own accident, completely unaware that Lila and Paige Dash were Dave's wife and daughter, respectively, and that he has been seeking revenge on Mike since moving to Wisteria Lane. Meanwhile, Jackson returns to Fairview and proposes to Susan, revealing that his visa has expired and he needs to marry an American citizen. When Susan learns that Mike, who is engaged to Katherine, will no longer have to pay alimony once she is married, she explains the false pretenses of her engagement. Dave, who now understands that Susan was driving the car that killed his family, overhears this and reports Jackson to immigration officials. With Jackson out of the picture, Dave invites Susan and M.J. on a fishing trip, planning to kill M.J. just like Susan killed his own child. Mike discovers Dave's plans and is able to save Susan and M.J. After the ordeal, Susan and Mike share a brief, yet romantic kiss. Dave is sent to a psychiatric hospital in Boston and two months later, Mike marries an unidentified bride.

Season 6
Susan is identified as Mike's bride in the sixth season premiere. Her marriage to Mike destroys her friendship with Katherine. The night after the wedding, Julie is strangled outside of Susan's home. Julie slips into a coma following her attack. While waiting for her to awaken, Susan learns from Andrew that Julie has dropped out of medical school, was involved with a married man (revealed to be Angie Bolen's husband Nick), and had a pregnancy scare before her attack. When Julie awakens, she refuses to identify the married man she was seeing. Later in the season, Julie's attacker is revealed to be Eddie Orlofsky (Josh Zuckerman), a local young adult who is also responsible for a handful of murders in Fairview. Prior to the attack, Susan had taken Eddie on as an art student and he developed a crush on her. When he discovered that she was remarrying Mike and that she did not see him as a romantic suitor, he attacked Julie, mistaking her for Susan.

Katherine continues to pursue Mike, believing that he is still in love with her. Mike warns her to leave his family alone and claims he never truly loved her. After he leaves, Katherine calls the police and stabs herself with a knife with Mike's fingerprints on it, framing him. Susan, realizing that Katherine has suffered a total nervous breakdown, calls Katherine's adopted daughter, Dylan (Lyndsy Fonseca), who comes to town and has her mother committed for psychiatric observation. Susan later forgives Katherine once she recovers from her breakdown. Soon after, Mike reveals that he has accumulated an immense debt in the past year. Unable to balance their debt, Susan and Mike decide to move off Wisteria Lane and rent their house out temporarily. They move into an apartment across town while Paul Young rents their house on Wisteria Lane.

Season 7
Susan accepts an offer from her landlady, Maxine Rosen (Lainie Kazan), to appear on a website in which she does housework in her lingerie in order to make ends meet, though she keeps her new job a secret from her friends and family. Soon after, Maxine's site is merged with a larger company that uses Susan's image to advertise the website on billboards across the country. Susan pays the company $9,000 to have the billboards removed. As a result, she begins working for the website's video chatting services to earn back the money. Paul discovers her secret and threatens to expose it unless she sells him her home, in which he now lives with his second wife, Beth (Emily Bergl). Hoping to derail Paul's blackmail scheme, Susan tells Mike about her job on the website. Paul retaliates by spreading the word about Susan's involvement with the website, causing her to lose her teaching job. Strapped for money, Mike accepts a job on an oil rig in Alaska and Susan becomes Lynette's nanny.

After purchasing a majority of the houses on Wisteria Lane, Paul announces that he plans to open a halfway house for ex-convicts on the street. A protest against his plan escalates into a violent riot and Susan is trampled by the unruly crowd. As a result, Susan loses a kidney and learns that her second kidney is deformed and she is at severe risk of renal failure. Susan reluctantly agrees to undergo dialysis while waiting for a transplant. After Paul throws her out, Beth submits paperwork indicating that in the event of her death, her kidney would be given to Susan, and then commits suicide. Despite initial refusal, Paul allows the operation to move forward and he and Susan reconcile. After discovering that Paul has been depressed following Beth's suicide, Susan begins cooking meals for him with the assistance of Felicia Tilman (Harriet Sansom Harris), Beth's mother and Martha Huber's sister, who secretly adds antifreeze to the food in an effort to kill him. Paul nearly dies as a result of the poisoned food. Unaware that Felicia is helping prepare his meals, Paul has Susan arrested for attempting to kill him. Eventually, Susan is released, Paul confesses to the murder of Martha Huber, and Felicia presumably dies in a car crash while fleeing town. Susan and her family move back onto Wisteria Lane. During a dinner party, Gabrielle's former stepfather, Alejandro (Tony Plana), who raped her during her childhood, attempts to harm Gabrielle until her husband, Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) kills him. Susan, Lynette, and Bree agree to help cover up the crime.

Season 8
Susan begins to withdraw from her friends and family out of guilt for having helped cover up Alejandro's death. She bonds with Carlos over their mutual guilt. When Mike begins suspecting Susan and Carlos are having an affair, they agree to tell him the truth about the cover-up. Soon after, Susan begins taking an art class with renowned painter, Andre Zeller (Miguel Ferrer), and discovers that her guilt has given her a renewed artistic ability. In a series of paintings, Susan depicts the scene of Alejandro's death and subsequent burial, arousing the suspicion of Detective Chuck Vance (Jonathan Cake), Bree's embittered ex-boyfriend assigned to investigate Alejandro's disappearance. She briefly considers moving to New York to explore new career opportunities, but ultimately decides against it. In an effort to ease her guilt, Susan visits Alejandro's wife and stepdaughter, Claudia (Justina Machado) and Marisa (Daniela Bobadilla), respectively, and write them a check to help their financial misfortune, which only arouses Claudia's suspicions. Claudia confronts Susan and Gabrielle about Alejandro's disappearance, but agrees to stop prying after learning that he had been sexually abusing Marisa.

In "Is This What You Call Love?", Susan learns that Julie is six months pregnant and has no relationship with the baby's father. To her dismay, Julie plans to put the child up for adoption. When Susan discovers that Lynette's son, Porter (Max Carver), is the father, she supports his decision to raise the child himself. In "You Take for Granted", Mike is murdered by a vengeful loan shark. The final episodes of the series deal with Susan grieving and eventually moving on from Mike's death. In the series finale, Julie gives birth to a daughter, whom she now plans on keeping. Susan sells her home on Wisteria Lane and she and M.J. move to help Julie raise the baby.

Critical
In the first season of Desperate Housewives, the character of Susan was a critics' favorite and generally regarded as the series' most prominent role. Hatcher's portrayal as Susan received praise in the series' first year. Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle called Hatcher's performance in the pilot episode "a huge surprise," commenting that she gives "self-effacing, disheveled and sadly hopeless Susan a spirit that makes you root for her". Robert Bianco of USA Today declared that Hatcher delivered "a revelatory performance". Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com was less enthusiastic, criticizing Hatcher for overacting. In the series' second season, Susan becomes less important as Bree "comfortably moves into position as the show's lead". Many critics noted that the character suffered as a result of the declining quality of the second season. Bianco wrote that the writers were making Susan "too stupid". Hatcher continued to provide comic relief in the third season.

By season four, critics thought that Susan's storylines were the least interesting and that she had not "operated at full potential since [her] pivotal role in the debut season". Bianco was more forgiving, stating that while "Susan's silliness sometimes spirals out of control, Teri Hatcher usually manages to keep her likable". As a result of the five-year time jump between seasons four and five, a new direction was taken with Susan's character. The Stat-Legend's Alan Sepinwall calls Susan's character arc in season five the "least annoying storyline she's had in at least three years". However, Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly still felt the character was "ever-annoying". In the series' sixth season, Stransky stated that Susan was still "whiny" and he would have rather seen Mike marry Katherine, though he was not surprised when the mystery bride was revealed to be Susan. Entertainment Weekly named her one of the "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever".

Awards
Hatcher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Comedy Series in 2005, beating out fellow cast members Marcia Cross and Felicity Huffman. Also that year, Hatcher received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Comedy Series. In 2005, Hatcher, along with Cross and Huffman, received a nomination for a Satellite Award in the Best Television Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series. She was also nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, but was beaten out by Huffman. In 2006, Hatcher was once again nominated for the Golden Globe Award in the same category, along with Cross, Huffman, and Eva Longoria. All four Desperate Housewives stars lost to Mary-Louise Parker. Hatcher was also nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Female TV Star.

Controversy
ABC and the Desperate Housewives producers faced criticism following the September 30, 2007 fourth season premiere in which the character of Susan made a controversial remark about Filipino doctors. When her gynecologist suggests that she may be entering menopause, Susan responds "OK, before we go any further, can I check these diplomas? Just to make sure they aren't, like, from some med school in the Philippines?" Following its broadcast, viewers demanded an apology from the network. ABC issued an apology on October 3, but the controversy grew to an international concern and Health Secretary Francisco Duque III of Manila publicly sought an apology from the series' producers. Protests against the network and series were staged, prompting ABC to remove the episode from digital and online platforms in order to apply edits. As a result, the line of controversy was removed from all future broadcasts of the episode, as well as from DVD productions. However, protests continued even after this action was taken. The scene with the line in question is still viewable on YouTube.

Cultural influences and merchandise
Nicole Parker portrayed Susan in a Desperate Housewives parody on an episode of MADtv. Susan's klutziness is mocked in the skit. Colette Whitaker voices Susan in the Desperate Housewives computer game, which was released in October 2006. In 2007, Madame Alexander released a line of 16-inch fashion dolls of the series' main characters, including Susan.

title: Susan Mayer


text:
The Iceman Confesses

The Iceman Tapes: Conversations with a Killer and The Iceman Confesses: Secrets of a Mafia Hitman (also known as The Iceman: Confessions of a Mafia Hitman) are two documentaries that feature the Mafia hitman Richard Kuklinski. They were produced by HBO and released in 1992 and 2001, respectively.

After years of silence, "The Iceman" speaks, in two interviews a decade apart, Richard Kuklinski, a notorious top enforcer for the Gambino crime family, tells his unusual and gruesome story. Raised on—and immune to—violence, he kept his job and tactics a secret from his adoring family. In 1986, after a long investigation, Kuklinski was betrayed by "the only friend I didn't kill" and when interviewed was serving multiple life sentences.

title: The Iceman Confesses


text:
Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel

Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (24 October 1811 – 23 January 1871) was a Dutch botanist, whose main focus of study was on the flora of the Dutch East Indies.

Early life
Miquel was born in Neuenhaus and studied medicine at the University of Groningen, where, in 1833, he received his doctorate. After starting work as a doctor at the Buitengasthuis Hospital in Amsterdam, in 1835, he taught medicine at the clinical school in Rotterdam. In 1838 he became correspondent of the Royal Institute, which later became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1846 he became member. He was professor of botany at the University of Amsterdam (1846–1859) and Utrecht University (1859–1871). He directed the Rijksherbarium (National Herbarium) at Leiden from 1862. In 1866, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Research
Miquel did research on the taxonomy of plants. He was interested in the flora of the Dutch Empire, specifically the Dutch East Indies and Suriname. Although he never traveled far, he knew through correspondence a large collection of Australian and Indian plants. He described many species and genera in important families like Casuarinaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae and Polygonaceae. In total, he has published some 7,000 botanical names. Through his partnership with the German botanist Heinrich Göppert, he became interested in paleobotany, the study of fossil plants, notably the fossil Cycads. Along with Jacob Gijsbertus Samuël van Breda, Pieter Harting and Winand Staring, he was in the first commission to create a geological map of the Netherlands, which was published in 1852 by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke.

Legacy
Miquel died in Utrecht at the age of 59 in 1871, after which he was succeeded as the director of the National Herbarium by Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar. From his estate, the Miquel fund was established, which provides financial support to botanists at the University of Utrecht. The former home of the director of the botanical gardens in the city center of Utrecht is called "Miquel's House". In the Laakkwartier district of the Hague is a street named after him.

He is honoured in the naming of two forms of plant taxa; In 1838, botanist Carl Meissner published Miquelia, which is a genus in the flowering plants in the family Icacinaceae. They are found in tropical India, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. Then in 1980, botanist Fric ex F.Ritter published Miqueliopuntia, which is a genus of cactus from South America.

Key publications

 * Genera Cactearum, Rotterdam, 1839
 * Monographia Cycadearum, Utrecht, 1842
 * Systema Piperacearum, Rotterdam, 1843–1844
 * Illustrationes Piperacearum, Bonn, 1847
 * Cycadeae quaedam Americanae, partim novae. Amsterdam, 1851.
 * Flora Indiae batavae, Amsterdam, 1855–1859
 * Leerboek der Artensij-Gewassen, Utrecht, 1859
 * De Palmis Archipelagi Indici observationes novae. Amsterdam, 1868.

title: Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel


text:
Julie Mayer

Julie Mayer may refer to:

 * Julie Mayer (Desperate Housewives), a character from the U.S. television series Desperate Housewives
 * Julie Mayer (broadcaster), former BBC radio presenter

title: Julie Mayer