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Talk:Michelin Guide

History
It seems unlikely that the Guide was published continuously from its inception. Does anyone know what years it wasn't published? I'm assuming that say, in 1944, there wasn't a guide. Yet I've seen reports of WWII soldiers using the guide. Anyone have any knowledge on that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alisar (talk • contribs) 01:43, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes. The Guide has been published every single year without discontinuity since 1900 included. Including during WWII. Although I think a little paragraph on the Fall of France in 1940 and Hitler visiting Paris is in order. This is an anglocentric page about France, so it's good to remind all readers of WWII and the cheese eating surrender monkeys opening their simian arms to Germans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.2.149.240 (talk) 18:57, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Number of Restaurants
"(It should be noted, however, that Tokyo is home to 160,000 restaurants, versus New York's 25,000 and Paris's 13,000 .[2])"

I fail to see how this is at all relevant, especially as probably well over half of those "restaurants" in Tokyo are ramen shops, donut shops, and the like. Unless somebody can come up with a reason as to why the number of tokyo is an important factor here, other than as a feeble and unnecessary attempt to make Paris/Ny not look so bad by comparison, I strongly recommend this be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.7.16.244 (talk) 12:03, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Is the information about how many stars each city has really relevant to this article? Seems like a feeble and unnecessary attempt to stroke Tokyo's ego.  --Mugsywwiii (talk) 08:25, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
 * "Jean-Luc Naret, director of the Michelin guides, dismissed such criticisms as unfair, saying Tokyo received more stars simply because it has more restaurants. He said Michelin’s five undercover judges in Tokyo, two Japanese and three Europeans, spent a year and a half sampling 1,500 restaurants." http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/business/worldbusiness/24guide.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin --Mugsywwiii (talk) 08:33, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Title
Shouldn't this be called "Michelin Red Guide"? Michelin also make green guides, which are general tourist information. Notinasnaid 12:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On second thoughts, having examined some copies, what is it called? Many don't even have title pages. Notinasnaid 12:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have a Michelin Guide in front of me right now.. this one is Blue, and is a combination of Maps, Hotels & Restaurants and Touristic Guide. Within the article the mention of the color red confused me.. would it be wise to state somewhere that the Michelin Restaurant Guide is traditionally Red? Oh, the title of this guide is 'De Grote Gids België' (The Big Guide Belgium). Kander 09:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Quite right. The distinction was lost when this article was split from the main Michelin article. I have tried to fix. Notinasnaid 10:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

The article currently implies that the term Michelin Guide is synonymous with Red Guide, but what about the other colours? How does the colour coding work exactly - is it red for both restaurants and hotels and green for travel and tourism, as the Michelin article says and ViaMichelin seems to show? Where does the blue come in if so, is it really green? Flapdragon 19:29, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Red Guides are the fat, squat guides to hotels and restaurants, published annually. The Green Guides are the thin, tall, narrow guides for travel and tourism, updated every few years.  Michelin now has other series of guides as well.  I don't know if any of those are blue colored, but none of them are called Blue Guides.  There is an English-language Blue Guide series published in the UK by A & C Black and an unrelated French-language Guide Bleu series published by Hachette in France.  I believe there was some editorial connection between the two of them many decades ago. --Macrakis 20:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Besides the traditional Red and Green Guides, Michelin has recently introduced several new series: Guide Voyager Pratique 'Le guide pour les voyages sur mesure'; Guide Gourmand, 'Une sélection de restaurants typiques et de boutiques de bonne bouche'; Guide Escapade, 'Pour partir quelques jours découvrir un pays ou une ville'; Guide Coup de Coeur, 'Des hôtels et maisons d’hôte sélectionnés pour leur charme et leur caractère original'. I haven't seen them yet. --Macrakis 20:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, I've incorporated that info into the article, would value corrections. Flapdragon 16:24, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please update the main Michelin article to remove redundant info about Red/Green/etc. guides and point to here. --Macrakis 22:47, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit request
"However, most news reports attributed this suicide to a downgrade by the rival Gault Millau guide" is a ridiculous statement and should be removed. The disease is probably what made the man kill himself, not the downgrade of his restaurang. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.114.164.229 (talk) 08:19, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Point re world view
This tag was added:

It is true that the article reflects a European point of view. However, it is also the case that until 2006 they only covered Europe. In 2006, New York was added, but it too early too say what the effect of this would be. However, I don't think it would really be debated that the rating system was "probably the most influential in the world". So I will remove the tag, ok? Notinasnaid 17:50, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Has it influenced China? Japan? Dubai? the United States? Canada? Australia? The system is too Euro-centric to be the most influential "in the world". The article will be changed accordingly. - SigmaEpsilon → Σ Ε 20:11, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The article does not say it has influenced elsewhere, only that it is the most influential. Is there any restaurant guide anywhere in the world that is as influential in its locale? Still, a statement this broad should be sourced; I will see if a source can be found. Notinasnaid 20:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What a word game. Correct by the letters but completely incorrect in spirit (in other words, misleading).66.171.76.138 00:10, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * ΣΕ, I don't think the claim in the article is unreasonable. The New York Times is more important in New York than Michelin is in New York.  But Michelin is more important in New York than the NYT is in Paris, for example.  Similarly, on Iron Chef, they will mention Michelin-starred kitchens that contestants have worked in, but I don't think there's a local Japanese system that would mean anything to French people.  Michelin is known around the world in a way that other guides aren't, even if it doesn't cover the whole world.  In other words, if you don't think it's the most influential in the world, you should be able to say what guide is the most influential in the world.  What's your pick?  (That said, there's probably WP:V issues with the claim, so I agree it should be sourced.) -- Coneslayer 20:24, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What kind of logic is this?? If you can't name another guide that is the most influential in the world, then let's just pick one that you feel everyone has heard of? That's like saying there is no world president so let's make the President of the United States the president of the world because every politician in the world has likely heard of him. The fact is that there is NO worldwide influential restaurant guide and to claim the Michelin is it is ridiculous.66.171.76.138 00:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Since noone has come up with an alternative pick for most influential guide in the world, I am removing the citation needed tag. I would consider removing the word 'probably' too. THJS

In fact, the entire statement was removed. How "influential" something is is enormously subjective. It even can be different per individual. You may find the Michelin Guide’s influence among fine diners in Paris but there are others that don’t know or care. Subjective claims like this are POV. I’m sure the people over at Gault Millau would have a different POV. Padillah (talk) 13:52, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Origin of the rating system
Found on http://www.beyond.fr/food/michelin-guide.html

"By 1920, the dining part had become so popular, Michelin established a team of anonymous inspectors, and started a new 3-category rating system for the restaurants. They took advertising out of the guide and began charging 7 francs for it. (Wikipedia says that a 1-star mark for good cooking was added in 1926, and the 3-category system began in the early 1930s."

Has anyone a source for the wiki version of the origin? --82.22.139.25 13:45, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The French language wikipedia. Hektor 11:29, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't you think that's, maybe, circular logic? Wikipedia supports Wikipedia? TheodoreLarson 08:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Records
I do believe that Tokyo is the city with the most stars in the guide, but I'm afraid I don't have a citation for this. Does anyone else? Is this relevant to include in the article, or just trivia? (I'd argue it's not trivia, as it's a symbol of changing attitudes towards which cities in the world are the tops in cuisine - Tokyo has more stars than Paris? Rome? New York? - and of the continuing rise in prominence of East Asia as a whole in the world.) LordAmeth (talk) 01:32, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Japanese critique
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/business/worldbusiness/24guide.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin

NYT article above details some reservations of Japanese chefs and media about the Michelin Guide. --Madchester (talk) 03:10, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Controversy section
Does anyone besides me see a fair amount of bias in the controversy section? In particular, the incident with the chef who committed suicide. Why is it Michelin's fault that he committed suicide? Especially when the rumours proved to be false. And the part about the guide only publishing the best restaurants is clearly biased. Wouldn't it obviously do that because this is a guide to fine restaurants? The entire section should be editted for non-POV.(Myscrnnm (talk) 06:43, 26 June 2008 (UTC))

 * Agree that the bit about the suicide does not really feel like it belongs in a "controversy" section. I would instead recommend that it be put into a larger section on the cultural impact of the Michelin Guides and Michelin Stars, noting that it is taken so seriously that downgrades have been blamed for suicides, etc.  --8.11.254.188 (talk) 21:35, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The Loiseau suicide bit is irrelevant, since apparently Michelin wasn't even the reason he did it. I've removed it. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 04:13, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It is, however, mentioned as relevant in the source -- we editors aren't supposed to make assertions on what is or is not relevant; only sources do that -- and this source seems to think it's relevant. Content should not be removed based on the subjective judgment of one editor; gain consensus, please. DoctorJoeE (talk) 14:23, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

5 stars for hotels
The Wynn hotel article claims that the hotel has 5 stars in the Michelin Guide, without providing a link. The Michelin Guide article only mentions 3 stars. An anonymous committer said that the hotel guide used 5 stars while the restaurant used 3 stars. Can anyone update the Michelin Guide article or the Wynn article accordingly? Gnurkel (talk) 15:14, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The statement in the Wynn article is clearly wrong, since the top Michelin award is 3 stars. The Wynn article needs to be changed, if it hasn't been already. DoctorJoeE (talk) 14:23, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ found proof of only one star, for its China-style restaurant Wing-Lei

stars for hotels
It would be interesting to know the basis for hotel ratings as well as restaurant ratings. During a trip to France in 1987, I discovered that a hotel could go from one to two stars (or maybe from two to three) by having a bathroom in every room: many modest hotels "upgraded" their rooms by carving a corner off a small room to build a tiny bathroom—an improvement some guests would find dubious. (I think most Americans considered a private bath necessary, and some Europeans were less picky about plumbing.) On this trip, I used the Red and Green Michelin Guides, and I found the ratings clear and unambiguous. I don't still have these guides and am not planning any foreign trips in the immediate future. I haven't found comparable information on the Web recently. WP explains the criteria for restaurants, as well as stating that one Vegas hotel has five stars, but does give the criteria for one, two, three, four, or five stars for a hotel, or particulars for hotels that were not exceptional. This would be useful, particular for travelers planning a trip in advance. Some people need certain amenities (such as a private bath, a gym, or high-speed Internet access) and others consider them mere luxuries.Donfbreed (talk) 08:03, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Hotel-ratings are, as far as I know, mainly based on "hardware"-demands. Size of the room, bathrooms, availability of a restaurant and/or swimmingpool. Night of the Big Wind  talk  14:50, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

"Controversy" Wording
The section begins with: "Because of their reputation, the Michelin Guides have been subject to scrutiny and criticism." I'm not sure one can assume that the guides are criticized "because of their reputation". Seems like an arbitrary conclusion to me.71.174.192.79 (talk) 02:08, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * If people weren't concerned with the Michelin Guide's ratings, why would they bother to accuse it of bias, or of lax standards? It carries weight; the reviews it gives are important to a restaurant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.245.229.239 (talk) 03:58, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Blue cover originally?
The article says the cover was blue before 1931 --- right next to a picture of a red one from 1929. I also did a Google image search and found the first one, from 1900, which was red. Where does this blue cover stuff come in? Orlando098 (talk) 07:10, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Well spotted! The color of the cover is trivia anyway -- and stating (without a source) that it was blue, as an accompanying photo makes a lie of that statement, makes us look stupid -- so I'm going to take out the "blue" reference.  If anybody has a source, feel free to put it back, with the correct year (since 1931 is obviously incorrect). DoctorJoeE (talk) 14:11, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Allegations of lax inspection standards
I propose to delete the section "Allegations of lax inspection standards" from the part "Controversy". The writer of the book is an ex-employee with a clear grudge (= POV) against his former employer. The big part here gives clearly undue weight to the story. It should be removed or significantly reduced. Night of the Big Wind talk  16:31, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

new statistics
i don't have the full numbers, but there's some recent guides which are not covered here, chicago now has only one 3-star restaurant, france 25 instead of 26 (which makes japan the one with most 3-stars!!!!) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.30.251.6 (talk) 12:28, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Michelin stars applied to individuals
This article seems to indicate that Michelin stars are awarded to restaurants, not to individuals. Anyone familiar with the many cooking reality shows (Hell's Kitchen, Masterchef, Kitchen Nightmares, etc.) has heard of chefs "having" or losing Michelin stars. Presumably they were simply the head chef at a restaurant that had been awarded Michelin stars? Recently on Masterchef, celebrity chefs were described as having 20+ Michelin stars, and the article on Gordon Ramsay apparently once stated that "Ramsay currently ranks 3rd in the world in terms of Michelin Stars behind Joël Robuchon and Alain Ducasse". Since a restaurant can only have three stars, and it's unlikely that anyone is the head chef at 6 or more restaurants, these people are presumably counting all of the Michelin stars awarded to restaurants that they own?

Properly or improperly, people are clearly being described in popular culture as having Michelin stars for running and/or owning restaurants with Michelin stars (assuming that Michelin does not award stars to individuals). It definitely seems like there should be a section about this phenomenon in the article, or a new article. A list of "holders" of the most Michelin stars may also be appropriate. DOSGuy (talk) 20:55, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Why is a tire company rating food? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.174.73.240 (talk) 10:39, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Quite correct that it is a silly media affectation. The reference in fact is to the total number of stars awarded to multiple restaurant owners, such as Ramsey. As to your last question, they've been doing this since circa 1900 when they first produced their travel guide.~© Djathink imacowboy  05:58, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Chef Suicide
That was myself not logged-in who re-added the update about the chef who commited suicide. That item was part of the article for a very long time. Also, see "further reading"-"life and death of a perfectionist chef". I agree with what you say that Michelin was not really involved, but since they are still writing books about it ten years later, it is part of the Guide's story in my opinion and I was surprized to see the information missing-that's why I added it.Housewifehader (talk) 16:13, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Michelin has no responsibility or involvement in that case. That rumours say otherwise to such an extent that Michelin comes with a statement, still does not give Michelin any responsibility. The source fails WP:RS and I consider it not more than a blame game and conspiracy theory. The Banner talk 16:25, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

 * There are more sources which document the allegations but that one was provided because it had an update ten years after the fact. Why do you say that it fails RS?Housewifehader (talk) 16:40, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Also see:Controversy section above. It was asked that consensus be reached before removing this information and it was not. Also. again, see: "Further Reading"-a source in the article itself. And there is a new book out unless that is the one that they are talking about.Housewifehader (talk) 16:44, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Also, from the Eater website which I linked as a source, " this week French newspaper L'Express published some previously unseen documents that suggest a Michelin official did indeed meet with the chef to discuss his concerns about the "lack of soul" at Le Relais Bernard Loiseau."................I did not put that in the article, but since you say they were not involved at all, there are "documents", (in French), that may suggest that they communicated with him more than was previously known? Why be so eager to remove this?Housewifehader (talk) 16:50, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Because there is no proof that they are involved at all. Did you actually read Bernard_Loiseau? Especially the sentenve He was by this time deeply in debt, and suffered from bouts of increasingly severe clinical depression. seems important to me! The Banner talk 20:38, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Unofficial request fort comment

Is it a good idea to publish the follwing section in the article about the Michelin Guide

When celebrated 3-star chef Bernard Loiseau, committed suicide, much was made of a rumor that Loiseau was about to be downgraded by the guide. Ten years later, in 2013, the Michelin Guide stands by the original claim that they had nothing to do with the death, and they point-out that;"Le Relais Bernard Loiseau still has its three stars"
 * Allegations of causing a chef to commit suicide due to rumors

A request for advice is send to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Food and drink. The Banner talk 20:30, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Just for the record i have no complaint about changing whatever is used to describe the incident, but I do think that mention should be included under the section:Controversy. (where it held the top mention from when the category was created 'till it was deleted w/o consensus even though consensus was requested and a protest at the deletion.) As far as i know, there is no rule about "controversy"-sections in general, regarding whether or not allegations included in controversies must be proven true or not. I have seen mention of rumors and other such incidents included in articles, and this particular one has lasted over a decade. Housewifehader (talk) 22:56, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It just has te be proven with WP:RS, something this sections does not in my opinion. The Banner talk 01:08, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * What has to be proven? That the chef commited suicide because of the idea that he could lose a star? I cannot believe that is even an issue! That would never be proven! You still have not said why you think that the Eater website is not a rs? There are many many other sites that talked about the incident over the years but I picked that one specifically because IT had some good reference-work done, and an UPDATE. Again, the incident doesn't even need another RS on the page because the Further reading section lists a book about it. Just for the record, I have no intention of trying to imply that Michelin had anything to do with the chef's death, just a mention on the page that at the time that the chef commited suicide, there was much made, (at least one book and numerous sourced articles)-about the fact that the chef was a three star chef who commited suicide, and that some questioned whether or not the possibility of losing a star, combined with many other personal pressures was what drove him over the edge. I really thought that what I posted was fair to Michelin since they had a good point that the restaurant still has three stars, and i thought that was noteworthy in itself, that they would comment. I don't care how the info. is posted, I am only concerned that it is part of the Michelin guide star history and I expected to see it there when I was reading the article and the only reason that I added it, (again to my surprize)--was because of that, the article was lacking imo.You really are not being clear about what is so problematic about this. The source? There are others. The notability? I disagree. The fact that they had nothing to do with the chef's death really does not matter since even they made several on-the-record remarks about it.Housewifehader (talk) 03:07, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It is just irrelevant because Michelin has nothing to do with it. At that opinion was also voiced in June 2009, when the Loiseau-affair was removed as explained in Talk:Michelin Guide. The standing consensus is to leave it out, so I want to see consensus before it going in again. <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 08:44, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The funny thing is that I have concluded the exact opposite of what you have as far as consensus! I saw that deletion as an appeal to re-insert the info. and a final plea to gain consensus, but nothing was said after that. There are four editor's opinions there with the only one which could be a definitive, "delete", is the editor who deleted the info. The other three in my opinion are all keep. Asking to change something so that it is non-biased is not the same as asking that the entire incident be removed.Housewifehader (talk) 19:44, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * And you are exasperating me when you stand on The Michelin Guide "not being involved". If you would finish the sentence, or clarify what you mean, which I think is that they were not involved with the suicide, that could give us some common ground here because I agree with you.

But as far as "being involved" in the "story"/"controversy"--This is part of Michelin's history and they have made numerous public statements, such as, "They tried to call us murderers.", and they participated in investigating the allegations. I don't care how it is worded, most readers can decide for themselves when they see they word, "suicide"--what that means is that someone took their own life. Why hide this info.? Housewifehader (talk) 19:58, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It is just plain blahblah, finger pointing and blame game. Rumours here and rumours there. And completely ignoring of the mental state of Loiseau. <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 20:36, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, because it is not really about the chef at all, except that he was a "three star" chef. It is about the Michelin Guide and the fact that they were drawn in to the controversy, and that they responded to it.Housewifehader (talk) 19:59, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

When was Pascal Rémy fired?
In the section "Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias", there are conflicting claims that Rémy was fired in 2004 and 2003. Which was it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.164.10.19 (talk) 09:50, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your remark. After carefully checking the sources it turned out that he was fired in December 2003 and that a court case about it was in early 2004 (May?). I have corrected the mistakes. <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 11:06, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Inflated or mismatching expectations from awarded restaurants
I have severe doubts about the section "Inflated or mismatching expectations from awarded restaurants". In my opinion, this section is about facts that have little of nothing to do with the Michelin Guide itself. You can not blame the Guide for wrong expectations of the guest of starred restaurants. It is hopelessly frustrating for the restaurants involved but the problem is entirely with the guests, not with the Guide.

So I propose removal of that section. <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 02:35, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

 * FTR, this section has been reworded and retitled "Unwanted stars". I'm sure opinions vary a lot as to whether it's the Michelin Guide or the public or the restaurants who are to blame for any mismatch of expectations. Maybe the job of a restaurant guide should be to accurately document the restaurant experience and Michelin is just failing at that, or maybe diners should be expected to either do more research before showing up, or arrive with open minds. NPOV means Wikipedia doesn't take a side in this controversy, and also that editors do not protect the subject of an articles by removing criticism we personally disagree with. NPOV means presenting facts and multiple points of view, and letting readers decide for themselves. If Michelin has commented on this phenomenon, that definitely needs to be added to the article, but I didn't see anything to that effect in the coverage I read. It seems they often intentionally do not respond to such controversies. -- Beland (talk) 02:00, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

More restaurants/chefs who didn't want their stars
There aren't just an isolated few, there are loads: http://www.businessinsider.com/french-chef-jerome-brochot-gave-up-michelin-star-because-he-cant-afford-it-2017-12 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-42872201 https://www.eater.com/2017/9/21/16345242/chefs-give-back-michelin-stars Can someone add those? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:7D0:8310:5B80:DACB:8AFF:FEA7:FCDD (talk) 15:40, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Michelin Plate?
Anyone have the ability to update with new information in regards to this other Michelin mention type, called the Michelin Plate, and was introduced in 2018 to mention places that the auditors and inspectors found quality food at low prices, lower than Bib Gourmand? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:A600:27:94A6:3726:E82F:C6D1 (talk) 20:58, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * For starters, it has nothing to do with "quality food at low prices, lower than Bib Gourmand". Instead it is for restaurant with good food but to expensive for a Bib Gourmand. Maybe I am wrong, but I read this as that the plate is just a sign that the restaurant is mentioned in the Michelin Guide, not a specific award. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 07:50, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

History: When did they begin listing restaurants?
In the history section, the first time restaurants are mentioned, it mentions changes "…notably listing restaurants by specific categories." But it never mentions when they began listing restaurants. At the start, it says the guide mentioned "maps, tire repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations." Should that initial list include restaurants? Or did they start including restaurants later? —MiguelMunoz (talk) 23:01, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Spelling
Both "tyre" and "tire" are used in the article, and there have recently been two edits reverted regarding changing one of the instances (without the others). My understanding is that it's not a straight WP:ENGVAR issue – there is a time period issue as well. All four instances of "tire" are in, while the two instances of "tyre" are in the lead and. Should some of these spellings be changed? —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 22:24, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

All instances should be "tire". I just tried to change one instance (it's the only one I saw at the time).

"Tyre" is NOT the correct spelling of the word. It's "tire". Jimv1983 (talk) 17:52, 20 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Tire is perhaps correct in American English, but as Michelin is a French company, British English should be used. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 18:09, 20 August 2022 (UTC)
 * MOS:TIES (the "strong national ties" rule) only applies to English-speaking nations; the British English dialect is used for articles with ties to Britain. As France is of course a French-speaking country and has no standardized dialect of English, the relevant rule is MOS:RETAIN, meaning we use whichever variety was established first in the article. Peeking at the article as it was on 7 October 2010, it used both "favourite" and "tire", so an argument could be made either way. It's now tagged as British English, and it seems fine if it stays that way. -- Beland (talk) 21:10, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Green Star
The Michelin Guide debuted a Green Star distinction for sustainable gastronomy. Currently only restaurants in Scandinavia and California have been awarded Green Stars but that is because they haven't reviewed any other location. Can we make a section about that? (Hello23223 (talk) 20:29, 16 November 2020 (UTC))
 * I think that would be good and template similar to to go with it.  21 restaurants in Spain have now been awarded the Green Star for sustainability according to this. Toddst1 (talk) 16:28, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Section added on Green stars. Template  created and used in first article.  Toddst1 (talk) 21:46, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
 * @Toddst1 Thoughts on a category specific to Green Star restaurants? See also Bib Gourmands below. Thanks! --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 02:36, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

The books
Certainly in the begin time of this article, the base of it were the actual paper books. But I am now confused about that principle. Do they bring out books about new areas, like Turkey or Toronto, or is it far more website driven? The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 01:58, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * You can see a list of the hotel and restaurant guides here. I do not see anything about Toronto or Turkey. Cullen328 (talk) 02:18, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That are mainly older Guides. Toronto and Turkey seem to be recent (2022). The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 08:36, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

Category for Bib Gourmands?
Would Category:Bib Gourmand restaurants be appropriate? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 02:33, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Bib Gourmand is not a recomendation. It's an assessment that the food is good and that it is also afordable, but there isn't anything defining to add places to such a category.
 * Something like Cat:Bib Gourmand restaurants in [City/Country (technically per guide)] could be a consideration if you're up for it, especially as they aren't listed in any specific lists, but personally I wouldn't do it. Alternatively (altough I'm not familiar with their rules so make your own research) it could be useful to add such restaurants to the Wikivoyage rather then here on the Wiki. Respublik (talk) 07:23, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

 * A Bib Gourmand is not an award as it stand for "good food at a reasonable price". (reasonable price defined as under a certain price level depending on the location of the restaurant) Just having a Bib does not make a restaurant notable, so separating them in their own category is superfluous. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 10:58, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing Workshop
— Assignment last updated by Lynnllll (talk) 19:10, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Influence on cuisine and working conditions
Greetings! I'm not sure I entirely understand your reason for this removal, which was given in the edit summary as "this is a problem for the restaurants and its owners." Yes, these certainly are problems for restaurants, and they blame the Michelin judges for creating them. In some cases this is why chefs don't compete for Michelin stars, are unhappy when they are awarded, or don't want the Michelin guide to come to their city. It seems to me like a notable critique. -- Beland (talk) 20:15, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It is not. Blaming Michelin is just hiding the fact that it is the restaurant-business that is failing. It is not the Michelin stars that make the restaurant fail. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 20:29, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That's a perfectly good opinion, but Wikipedia editors aren't supposed to filter out criticisms just because we disagree with them. If Michelin or any other party has responded to this criticism, we should definitely include their arguments, but its notability does not come from how much we do or don't agree with it. It comes from the fact that it was published in the New York Times, a newspaper of record for American public discourse. I did not see any response to these complaints in the NYT piece nor in any of the other coverage of chefs not wanting Michelin to come to their cities. -- Beland (talk) 20:56, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * So you say the source (NYT) alone makes this story true? The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 21:48, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I was asserting the NYT story as evidence of notability, not truth. But since you raise the question: The NYT is a reliable source, so we can be confident that the story is true in the sense that chefs are in fact making these criticisms. The story does not establish that the criticisms made are themselves true, though the NYT generally does a good job finding contrary public opinions if they exist. WP:NPOV means that Wikipedia is not supposed to evaluate the merits of the arguments made in publicly expressed opinions and to pick a winning side. Our role is to relay notable opinions and relevant facts and let readers make up their own minds about whether any given criticism is warranted, or if the Michelin guide is good or bad, or who is to blame for various problems. -- Beland (talk) 22:05, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * But our role is also to provide reliable information that is valid for the whole work. When you change the text so far that it states that this problem is the case in New York, then we are already a step further. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 22:35, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The text I added doesn't say that this was actually happening, only that chefs were complaining that this was happening. If that's not clear, I'm open to tweaking the wording. It made no mention of New York. -- Beland (talk) 00:39, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * So you make clear that are not facts just talk. That does not belong in this article at all. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 09:10, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * These are not facts we have found sources for that prove they are objectively true; they are disputed but plausible claims, about which people hold various opinions. In some cases they relay personal experiences we have no doubt are true, even if the cause of those experiences might be disputed. Why don't disputed facts and notable opinions about the Michelin Guide belong in an article about the Michelin Guide? We have plenty of those in say,, which is considered a Good Article. -- Beland (talk) 15:57, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:OTHERSTUFFEXIST But no matter what, you can not claim that Michelin stars are responsible for misbehaving restaurant-patrons. Some restaurant patrons are just bad or overwhelmed entrepreneurs, with or without Michelin stars. Nor are Michelin stars responsible for unrealistic expectations of customers. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 16:34, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * We are supposed to WP:ASSERT facts, including facts about opinions. "Michelin makes the restaurant industry worse" is an opinion; we should not assert it.  "Some chefs believe that Michelin makes the restaurant industry worse" is a fact about an opinion.  We can include that.
 * It might be better if there were more than one source for this. I suspect that it would not be overly difficult to find more sources.
 * (Michelin stars probably are responsible for some unrealistic expectations. If "the best" reviewers said this restaurant was the best restaurant ever, then should I not have extremely high expectations for a perfect experience?) WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:32, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Here are a few:
 * "The Real Reason Why Some Famous Chefs Don't Want Michelin Stars"
 * "Why Chefs ‘Give Back’ Their Michelin Stars"
 * "Why great chefs reject Michelin stars" WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:05, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That is just one part of the contested section. The section stated also that staff was underpaid or unpaid. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 10:51, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The fact that chefs are complaining about that is supported by the cited source. The Moskin NYT article reads in part:
 * "Recent objections have focused on the elaborate, multicourse menus that draw Michelin stars. They have historically relied on long hours of low-paid (sometimes unpaid) labor, raising questions about the human cost of fine dining. René Redzepi, the chef of Noma, in Copenhagen, decided to close the restaurant soon after it finally won its third star, citing the unsustainability of the business model."
 * -- Beland (talk) 03:11, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I think they're talking about the Unpaid internship, called Staging (cooking), rather than simply not paying normal staff. The idea is that having already paid huge sums of money for years of training, if you can tell potential employers that you once spent a few months doing prep work at a three-star restaurant for no money, then they will be more interested in hiring you.
 * Read https://www.vice.com/en/article/88qpjb/begging-to-work-there-for-free-fine-dining-wouldnt-exist-without-unpaid-labour or https://www.ft.com/content/a62a96b8-2db2-44ec-ac80-67fcf83d86ef for more information. WhatamIdoing (talk) 04:30, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * But is Michelin to blame for that? The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 09:36, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That could be argued either way. NPOV means Wikipedia's job is not to answer the question, but to document the controversy. -- Beland (talk) 17:22, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The controversy that some people blame Michelin for poor management? That so-called controversy is POV in itself and just shifting the blame. But if you have evidence from other countries where the same happened... The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 18:44, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * People are not blaming Michelin for poor management; they are blaming it for rewarding high-labor-cost fine dining. If you think Michelin-star fine-dining restaurants are going out of business because they are poorly managed, that certainly seems plausible, but we would need a citation to a reliable source.
 * I don't see anything in the cited source that says the complaints are limited to one country; examples are given from chefs in Copenhagen and Los Angeles.
 * The objection that "the controversy itself is POV" is a bit weird; controversies are contests between multiple points of view. Certainly treating a controversy with false equivalence (e.g. some say the world is flat, some say it's round) can introduce bias. The way we avoid that is to cover each point of view with due weight. I looked through the Moskin piece to get a sense for the weight of this POV, and she also writes this:
 * "But most chefs said the opportunity Michelin offers for a steady supply of well-heeled diners, eager sous-chefs and endless publicity trumps any other concerns. And many say that having Michelin stars to strive for simply makes restaurants better."
 * Given that we seem to have two editors in favor of including this material, I will attempt a rewrite that incorporates the suggestions for improvement in this thread so far. -- Beland (talk) 19:49, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should change the section title in "Blaming Michelin stars to hide poor entrepreneurship". And please make clear that Moskin is talking about American/New York chefs and not represents a worldwide issue. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 20:51, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That doesn't sound like a serious suggestion, since it's obviously not neutral, but if you have a more neutral phrasing than the current title, I'm open to suggestions. You also haven't pointed to a reliable source to document that idea as being a notable part of the conversation around the Michelin Guide.
 * The Moskin piece (which it seems you have not read?) says it is based on interviews with "dozens of restaurateurs, chefs and officials across the country", so it's not just New York. But I'll note that certain comments only supported by this article can only be said to reflect American attitudes. (Other articles support the fine dining complaints primarily speaking to people in Denmark and the Netherlands.) -- Beland (talk) 01:26, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The mistake you make is that you seem to think that the issues are Michelin-related while they are not. The issues are far wider. But it is easier to shoot at well known restaurants then your local diner. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 09:44, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't have a position on the question; if you have a disagreement, it's with the chefs who don't want Michelin to come to their city or the workers who are relaying bad personal or co-worker experiences and are making that connection. You're certainly right that there are also non-fine-dining restaurants where managers or owners sexually and physically abuse their workers, withhold their pay, etc. (The Stash's Pizza trial is making headlines here in Boston at the moment, for example.) And I'm sure the same problem would exist at some level in fine dining restaurants without the Michelin Guide. The claim being made by critics of the Guide is that what the judges choose to reward and the fame and fortune brought by Michelin stars makes these pervasive problems worse. Maybe that's right, maybe it's not; I've never worked in a restaurant so I have no personal experience by which to judge such a claim. Maybe that's an unfair critique, because the guide has also awarded Michelin stars to non-fine-dining food stalls. That doesn't mean the criticism hasn't been made or that it's not worth mentioning.
 * The opinion that the Michelin guide is not worsening these problems should also be reflected in the article, to the degree that people hold it. The article does now explicitly point out that many chefs see the competition for Michelin stars as improving restaurant quality. It's unclear to if that includes customer experience only, or also working conditions. I have not seen any press coverage specifically saying this criticism is unwarranted on the grounds that it is unrelated to the Michelin Guide. If you want the article to say that specifically, we would need a reliable source we can cite to attribute it to someone with knowledge of the industry, because Wikipedia is not in the business of publishing its editors' personal opinions, however apt they might be. -- Beland (talk) 17:22, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

(outdent)

TheBanner, I don't feel like you're quite grasping this. I agree that it's not entirely Michelin's fault, but they are not a neutral, impassive player in this industry problem.

The chefs in these sources are telling us that the idea of fine dining that Michelin promotes is not something that works in practice, regardless of your business acumen. There are only so many people in the world who can spend $500 or $1000 per person for dinner, and even at those eye-watering prices, there's a decent chance that someone is being unfairly exploited to make it happen. There is a limit to how high they can raise their prices. If every person were fairly paid, then that $1000-per-person meal might cost $1500 per person, and the lack of people who are willing to pay that price would result in the restaurant closing.

The chefs are telling that this exploitation happens at Michelin-favored restaurants because of Michelin's preferred style. Michelin is not directly saying that they want people to be exploited, but they are saying that they want their dinners to require many hours of skilled labor and their table service to require a substantial fraction of an employee's time. If Michelin happened to prefer dishes that could be prepared with low labor costs, and if they happened to prefer a service style that did not require so much hands-on effort from the staff, then Michelin restaurants would not have so much exploited staff. But they don't: they happen to prefer dishes that require someone to hand-mince apples into perfectly even 2mm cubes, measuring as they go, times 20 other meticulously prepared ingredients, so they can all be cooked together into something that the Michelin reviewer will eat three bites of, and all the other diners wonder if that three-bite dish was actually worth the $39 charged for it (plus sales tax and tip if you're in the US). The sources say that Michelin is only part of the problem, but they are part of the problem. WhatamIdoing (talk) 03:44, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There are plenty Michelin starred restaurants with healthy staff treatment. And plenty run-of-the-mill restaurants with unhealthy staff treatment.
 * And when you look at the article itself: it is clear that it is the expectation of the public to have a formal setting and complex food. (See: Unwanted stars, Petersham Nurseries Café (London) and 't Huis van Lede (Belgium). In principle, Michelin awards the food, not the setting.  The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 07:04, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * These arguments are defending two different sides in a controversy already documented in the article. Our job is not to figure out which side is "right" by arguing amongst ourselves, but to present both sides and let readers make up their own minds. Unless someone is proposing a change to the article, we don't need to keep discussing this. -- Beland (talk) 07:36, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:UNDUE The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 23:27, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You posted a link to a policy and nothing else; not sure if that was a mistake, or if not, what you meant by it. -- Beland (talk) 01:07, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It was on purpose and i was hoping that you would read that and assess the issue at hand. To my opinion, you are giving the issue - while indeed existing - more attention than it deserves. As by and large it is not a Michelin-related issue but an industry-related issue. And unrealistic expectations are also not Michelin-related. The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 11:22, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I already linked to this essay above in my comment of 19:49, 29 May 2024. Given that the two subsections in question only take up about 10% of the article, and given that they are describing the most important objections to expansion of the Michelin Guide, they seem pretty proportionate to me. The question of whether to expand the guide has become a topic of public policy because government money is being used to do so; it seems like readers should get all the details on a controversy they might have to form an opinion about.
 * You keep making the claim that Michelin isn't at fault and the problems are industry-wide; do you have any citation to support that claim? If that claim does not appear in reliable sources, then the "due weight" rule means it won't appear in the article. If we can find such a claim, the "due weight" rule means we'd need to add it to the article, rather than pretend that neither POV was ever expressed, which would under-weight both.
 * The citation to documents that Sky Gyngell explicitly blames her Michelin star for creating a mismatch between her service and customer expectations, saying customers complained: "People have certain expectations of a Michelin restaurant but we don’t have cloths on the tables and her service isn’t very formal." She might be wrong, but NPOV means that Wikipedia editors thinking an opinion is wrong isn't a reason for Wikipedia to drop a prominent POV from coverage of an economic and cultural controversy. The fact that it has gotten a lot of press attention and is representative of opposition to Michelin Guide expansion makes it notable. -- Beland (talk) 18:20, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The citation to The World given by WhatamIdoing above quotes chef Fredrick Dhooghe on why he gave back our star, making another explicit connection to Michelin:
 * "The customers expect a parade of appetizers when the gastronomic menu starts, in a setting that, according to them, also deserves one star. Take a shrimp croquette. People expect a starred chef to give his own interpretation of that dish. I just want to make a really good shrimp croquette"
 * I don't see how anyone could argue that Gyngell and Dhooghe considered their problems to be unrelated to the Michelin Guide. -- Beland (talk) 18:39, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If a vegan goes to a steak house and expect to be able to eat there a vegan meal, that is an unrealistic expectation unrelated to any Michelin stars.
 * But for the other issues that you refuse to believe: UK names Tesco and Pizza Hut for biggest breaches of minimum wage law, Chef says she was harassed by restaurant owner, WRC hears, https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2024/0403/1441386-wrc-migrant/ Migrant worker awarded €143,000 for 'multiple labour law breaches' at WRC, Door corona kan Amerikaans horeca-personeel eindelijk eisen stellen (in Dutch). Just a few links... The Banner  <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 08:28, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Correct; neither the article nor any of the sources cited say anything about vegans expecting to be able to eat at steak houses based on Michelin Guide recommendations.
 * I don't know why you're trying to prove to me that abuses happen when I already said above "You're certainly right that there are also non-fine-dining restaurants where managers or owners sexually and physically abuse their workers, withhold their pay, etc." and gave you a local example.
 * I also don't know why you're making original arguments to me, rather than finding sources that make these arguments which could be added to the article. I cannot do anything with your arguments even if I 100% agree with them. -- Beland (talk) 16:58, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michelin Guide


text:
User talk:Levenbreech Vor

--Bannus 23:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Evan is Awsome!
 * Delete Stupider than Juperder

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title: User talk:Levenbreech Vor


text:
Blewett Pass

Blewett Pass, at an elevation of 4124 ft, is a mountain pass in the Wenatchee Mountains (an eastward extension of the Cascades) of Washington state that is crossed by U.S. Route 97 (US 97). Named for Edward Blewett, a Seattle mining promoter of the 1880s, it lies on the route of the historical Yellowstone Trail.

Unlike the many well known passes that lie on the spine of the Cascades, Blewett Pass lies on the divide between the Wenatchee River to the north and the Yakima River to the south. The highway over the pass connects Interstate 90 (I-90) between Seattle and Ellensburg, Washington with US 2 between Monroe and Wenatchee. The route from Seattle to Wenatchee over Snoqualmie Pass and Blewett Pass is a reasonable alternative to the more northerly route over Stevens Pass.

What is now called Blewett Pass was formerly known as Swauk Pass. It should not be confused with Old Blewett Pass, which is about 5 mi west of the current summit at the slightly lower elevation of 4064 ft. Swauk was renamed to Blewett Pass in the 1960s after the completion of a new highway alignment for US 97, with locals preferring to keep the old name. The old pass road is Forest Road 9715 and Forest Road 7320. The road closes for the winter so that seasonal recreation may take place. One should inquire about conditions with a Wenatchee National Forest office before driving the road upon re-opening in the warmer months.

title: Blewett Pass


text:
Aerotrain

Aerotrain may refer to:
 * Aérotrain, a hovercraft train developed in France
 * AeroTrain, an tiltrotor aircraft proposed by Karem Aircraft
 * Aerotrain (GM), a passenger train built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division
 * AeroTrain (Washington Dulles International Airport), an automated people mover at Washington Dulles International Airport
 * Aerotrain (KLIA), an automated people mover in Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
 * Aerotrén, an automated people mover at Mexico City International Airport

title: Aerotrain


text: User talk:15.195.185.77

title: User talk:15.195.185.77


text:
Mike Cubbage

Michael Lee Cubbage (born July 21, 1950) is an American former third baseman, coach and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at 6 ft, 180 lb, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Early life
Born in Charlottesville, Virginia, Cubbage was the son of Lindy and Marge Cubbage and came from a baseball family, as his cousins Larry Haney and Chris Haney played in the major leagues. Cubbage attended University of Virginia, where he played for the Virginia Cavaliers baseball and football teams.

Playing career
Cubbage originally was selected by the expansion Washington Senators in the fifth round of the 1968 MLB draft, but did not sign. He then was drafted again by Washington in the second round of the 1971 entry draft, and spent parts of four seasons in the minor leagues before joining the Texas Rangers on April 7, 1974, in a game against the Oakland Athletics. While appearing in nine games with the Rangers in 1974, he did not collect his first major league hit until being called up in 1975, in a game on June 20 against the California Angels, when he went 3-for-5 with four RBIs.

Cubbage was traded along with Roy Smalley III, Bill Singer and Jim Gideon from the Rangers to the Minnesota Twins for Bert Blyleven and Danny Thompson on June 1, 1976. On July 27, 1978, he hit for the cycle against the Toronto Blue Jays. In the bottom of the 2nd inning, Cubbage hit a 1–0 pitch to right field, and was thrown out at third trying to leg out a triple; he was therefore credited for a double on the play. He subsequently hit a home run (4th inning), single (5th inning), and triple (7th inning) to complete the cycle.

Cubbage later signed as a free agent with the New York Mets for the 1981 season. Throughout his playing career, he was considered somewhat of a utility player, playing mostly third base, but with stints at the first and second bases and designated hitter positions. Although he spent most of his playing time at shortstop in high school, Cubbage did not receive any playing time at this position in the major leagues.

In his MLB career of eight seasons, Cubbage appeared in 703 games, batting .258 with 34 home runs and 251 RBIs.

Coaching and managerial career
Cubbage managed in the minor leagues for 7 seasons. Beginning in 1983, Cubbage led the Little Falls Mets, moving up to the Lynchburg Mets for the next two seasons. He then managed the Mets' AA Texas League affiliate Jackson Mets for the 1986 season, taking them to their league playoff finals. Cubbage was then promoted back to his home state to manage the AAA level Tidewater Tides for their 1987–1989 International League seasons.

Cubbage then served as Mets' third base coach in the early 1990s, and was named interim manager in September 1991. He managed the Mets in seven games, finishing with a career managerial record of three wins and four losses (.429).

During spring training in 2002, Cubbage served as the interim manager of the Boston Red Sox after previous manager Joe Kerrigan was fired. Cubbage remained on the staff as third base coach after the Red Sox hired Grady Little as Kerrigan's full-time replacement.

title: Mike Cubbage


text:
Algirdas Julien Greimas

Algirdas Julien Greimas (born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992) was a Lithuanian literary scientist who wrote most of his body of work in French while living in France. Greimas is known among other things for the Greimas Square (le carré sémiotique). He is, along with Roland Barthes, considered the most prominent of the French semioticians. With his training in structural linguistics, he added to the theory of signification, plastic semiotics, and laid the foundations for the Parisian school of semiotics. Among Greimas's major contributions to semiotics are the concepts of isotopy, the actantial model, the narrative program, and the semiotics of the natural world. He also researched Lithuanian mythology and Proto-Indo-European religion, and was influential in semiotic literary criticism.

Biography
Greimas's father, Julius Greimas, 1882–1942, a teacher and later school inspector, was from Liudvinavas in the Suvalkija region of present-day Lithuania. His mother Konstancija Greimienė, née Mickevičiūtė (Mickevičius), 1886–1956, a secretary, was from Kalvarija. They lived in Tula, Russia, when he was born, where they ran away as refugees during World War I. They returned with him to Lithuania when he was two years old. His baptismal names are Algirdas Julius but he used the French version of his middle name, Julien, while he lived abroad. He did not speak another language than Lithuanian until preparatory middle school, where he started with German and then French, which opened the door for his early philosophical readings in high school of Friedrich Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. After attending schools in several towns, as his family moved, and finishing Rygiškių Jonas High School in Marijampolė in 1934, he studied law at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, and then drifted toward linguistics at the University of Grenoble, from which he graduated in 1939 with a paper on Franco-Provençal dialects. He hoped to focus next on early medieval linguistics (substrate toponyms in the Alps). However, in July 1939, with war looming, the Lithuanian government drafted him into a military academy.

The Soviet ultimatum led to a new "people's government" in Soviet-occupied Lithuania which Greimas was sympathetic to. In July 1940, he gave speeches urging Lithuanians to elect leaders who would vote in favor of annexation by the Soviet Union. As his friend Aleksys Churginas advised, in every speech he would mention Stalin and end by clapping for himself. In October, he was discharged into the reserve, and he began teaching French, German, Lithuanian and humanities at schools in Šiauliai. He fell in love with socialist Hania (Ona) Lukauskaitė, who later became an anti-Soviet conspirator with Jonas Noreika, served ten years in a lager in Vorkuta, and was a founder of the Lithuanian Helsinki Group of anti-Soviet dissidents. Greimas became an avid reader of Marx. In March 1941, Greimas's friend, Vladas Pauža, a boy scout and fellow teacher, enlisted him in the Lithuanian Activist Front. This underground network was preparing for a Nazi German invasion as the opportunity to restore Lithuania's independence. On 14 June 1941, the Soviets detained his parents, arresting his father and sending him to Krasnoyarsk Krai, where he died in 1942. His mother was deported to Altai Krai. Meanwhile, during these traumatic deportations, Greimas had been mobilized as an army officer to write up the property of detained Lithuanians. Greimas became an anti-Communist but retained a lifelong affinity with Marxist, leftist and liberal ideas.

Nazi Germany's invading forces entered Šiauliai on 26 June 1941. The next day, Greimas met with other partisans and was put in charge of a platoon. He handed down an order from the German Commandant to round up 100 Jews to sweep the streets. He felt uncomfortable and did not return the next day. Nevertheless, he became an editor of the weekly Tėvynė, which urged ethnic cleansing of Jews from Lithuania. The nominal editor, Vladas Pauža, was a proponent of genocide. In 1942, in Kaunas, Greimas became active in the underground Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Union, which derived from the Lithuanian Nationalist Party, which the Nazis had banned in December 1941. He grew close to life long liberal-minded friends Bronys Raila, Stasys Žakevičius-Žymantas, Jurgis Valiulis.

In 1944 he enrolled for graduate study at the Sorbonne in Paris and specialized in lexicography, namely taxonomies of exact, interrelated definitions. He wrote a thesis on the vocabulary of fashion (a topic later popularized by Roland Barthes), for which he received a PhD in 1949.

Greimas began his academic career as a teacher at a French Catholic boarding school for girls in Alexandria in Egypt, where he would take part in a weekly discussion group of about a dozen European researchers that included a philosopher, a historian, and a sociologist. Early on, he also met Roland Barthes, with whom he remained close for the next 15 years. In 1959 he moved on to universities in Ankara and Istanbul in Turkey, and then to Poitiers in France. In 1965 he became professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris, where he taught for almost 25 years. He co-founded and became Secretary General of the International Association for Semiotic Studies.

Greimas died in 1992 in Paris, and was buried at his mother's resting place, Petrašiūnai Cemetery in Kaunas, Lithuania. (His parents were deported to Siberia during the Soviet occupation. His mother managed to return in 1954; his father perished and his grave is unknown, but he has a symbolic tombstone at the cemetery. ) He was survived by his wife, Teresa Mary Keane.

Early
Greimas's first published essay Cervantes ir jo don Kichotas ("Cervantes and his Don Quixote") came out in the literary journal Varpai, which he helped to found, during the period of alternating Nazi and Soviet occupations of Lithuania. Although a review of the first Lithuanian translation of Don Quixote, it addressed partly the issue of one's resistance to circumstances – even when doomed, defiance can at least aim at the preservation of one's dignity (Nebijokime būti donkichotai Let's not be afraid to be Don Quixotes). The first work of direct significance to his subsequent research was his doctoral thesis La Mode en 1830. Essai de description du vocabulaire vestimentaire d' après les journaux de modes [sic] de l'époque Fashion in 1830. A Study of the Vocabulary of Clothes based on the Fashion Magazines of the Times. He left lexicology soon after, acknowledging the limitations of the discipline in its concentration on the word as a unit and in its basic aim of classification, but he never ceased to maintain his lexicological convictions. He published three dictionaries throughout his career. During his decade in Alexandria, the discussions in his circle of friends helped broaden his interests. The topics included Greimas's early influences – the works of the founder of structural linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure and his follower, Danish linguist Louis Hjelmslev, the initiator of comparative mythology Georges Dumézil, the structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the Russian specialist in fairy tales Vladimir Propp, the researcher into the aesthetics of theater Étienne Souriau, the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the psychoanalyst Gaston Bachelard, and the novelist and art historian André Malraux.

Discourse semiotics
Greimas proposed an original method for discourse semiotics that evolved over a thirty-year period. His starting point began with a profound dissatisfaction with the structural linguistics of the mid-century that studied only phonemes (minimal sound units of every language) and morphemes (grammatical units that occur in the combination of phonemes). These grammatical units could generate an infinite number of sentences, the sentence remaining the largest unit of analysis. Such a molecular model did not permit the analysis of units beyond the sentence.

Greimas begins by positing the existence of a semantic universe that he defined as the sum of all possible meanings that can be produced by the value systems of the entire culture of an ethno-linguistic community. As the semantic universe cannot possibly be conceived of in its entirety, Greimas was led to introduce the notion of semantic micro-universe and discourse universe, as actualized in written, spoken or iconic texts. To come to grips with the problem of signification or the production of meaning, Greimas had to transpose one level of language (the text) into another level of language (the metalanguage) and work out adequate techniques of transposition.

The descriptive procedures of narratology and the notion of narrativity are at the very base of Greimassian semiotics of discourse. His initial hypothesis is that meaning is only apprehensible if it is articulated or narrativized. Second, for him narrative structures can be perceived in other systems not necessarily dependent upon natural languages. This leads him to posit the existence of two levels of analysis and representation: a surface and a deep level, which forms a common trunk where narrativity is situated and organized anterior to its manifestation. The signification of a phenomenon does not therefore depend on the mode of its manifestation, but since it originates at the deep level it cuts through all forms of linguistic and non-linguistic manifestation. Greimas' semiotics, which is generative and transformational, goes through three phases of development. He begins by working out a semiotics of action (sémiotique de l'action) where subjects are defined in terms of their quest for objects, following a canonical narrative schema, which is a formal framework made up of three successive sequences: a mandate, an action and an evaluation. He then constructs a narrative grammar and works out a syntax of narrative programs in which subjects are joined up with or separated from objects of value. In the second phase he works out a cognitive semiotics (sémiotique cognitive), where in order to perform, subjects must be competent to do so. The subjects' competence is organized by means of a modal grammar that accounts for their existence and performance. This modal semiotics opens the way to the final phase that studies how passions modify actional and cognitive performance of subjects (sémiotique de passions) and how belief and knowledge modify the competence and performance of these very same subjects.

Mythology

He later began researching and reconstructing Lithuanian mythology. He based his work on the methods of Vladimir Propp, Georges Dumézil, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Marcel Detienne. He published the results in Apie dievus ir žmones: lietuvių mitologijos studijos (Of Gods and Men: Studies in Lithuanian Mythology) 1979, and Tautos atminties beieškant (In Search of National Memory) 1990. He also wrote on Proto-Indo-European religion.

title: Algirdas Julien Greimas


text:
Talk:Wa State

after reading
after reading this article, i very nearly developed a head amputation habbit. >.< i will re-write this article properly within a few days. LWX — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.187.195.147 (talk) 12:51, 14 June 2005 (UTC)

NPOV: 2nd SAR of Shan State
According to a documentary programme in ATV Hong Kong tonight, the Wa State is now the 2nd SAR of Shan State. THis point is not reflected in the article. I believe the content of this article is mainly outdated, as it did not mention anything about their effort to fight against narcotics and the move to plant plastics. -- Tomchiukc 16:00, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Kokang people should be Han Chinese
218.102.133.235 18:26, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Kokang people should be Han Chinese escaped from China during Manchus invasion.
 * Wa people = Va people
 * Both groups came from China.

Flag
I think this flag must be wrong. Wa State use Chinese also, there are more Chinese infomation than English, but I can not find this flag in Chinese site. I think you can find Wa flag in 00:10 of this video http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTU2NDk4MjUy.html and you can find flag of state, flag of party, state emblem at http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTMzOTU1NTUy.html--刻意(Kèyì) 00:24, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Map
I think the map currently used might be incorrect. According to a few other maps, the Wa State controls much more land; in fact, it controls a tiny amount of land on the Thailand border, which isn't shown in this current map. See map, map, map, map. --  李博杰  | —Talk contribs email 11:47, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Borders fixed. Though, the map currently is quite bad in that the marked areas are quite small and it's quite difficult to see anything. Perhaps next version will be centred around Burma, I don't see the need to include all of Indonesia in the map. --  李博杰  | —Talk contribs email 14:09, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

China Wa relations
OPIUM; Myanmar Tries to Kick Its Habit

http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/382585871.html?dids=382585871:382585871&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+10%2C+2003&author=Mitchell+Koss&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=OPIUM%3B+Myanmar+Tries+to+Kick+Its+Habit&pqatl=google

"From the Chinese the Wa have also learned about development. The Wa don't seem to have much in common with the Burmese majority far away in the rest of Myanmar. They don't love the ruling generals. They don't love [Aung San Suu Kyi]. They love China and everything Chinese. In remote areas of Special Region #2 you can see Chinese road builders camped in tents made of plastic sheeting, a sight evocative of images of Chinese building the American railroads 150 years ago. Chinese trucks ply these new -- albeit dirt -- roads. Chinese merchants operate the small shops in the villages. In one village of dirt streets and thatch-roofed structures, we saw dozens and dozens of large new electric streetlight poles, suitable for the downtown of a city. We were told that the town chief had admired similar light poles in China, and a willing Chinese salesperson had then obliged. And behind the scenes, the Chinese government presumably pressures the Wa leadership to abandon opium, just as Chinese intelligence officers quietly track drug traffickers across the Wa region."

Los Angeles Times - Los Angeles, Calif. Author:	Mitchell Koss Date:	Aug 10, 2003 Start Page:	M.2 Section:	Opinion; Part M; Editorial Pages Desk Text Word Count:	1681

Wa demand for autonomous state
http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/politics/3497-founding-of-wa-state-can-spark-confusion-say-political-analysts

07:29, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Recent Reuters articles
I'm not a Wikipedia editor, but I looked up this page after reading this Reuters article a few weeks ago, and thought it was a little sparse, since it doesn't mention tin exports at all. This other Reuters article may also be of use.

I see that you (plural) already have used this Reuters article as a source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.153.128.119 (talk) 02:59, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wa territory in China
Do they intent include to future Wa State va people territory in China?--Kaiyr (talk) 08:05, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Emblem
In the articles of the United Wa State Party and the United Wa State Army, some pictures seem to depict a possible emblem that i believe may be used for Wa State as a whole. Is it possible that somebody might do a little research on this? And if my theory is correct, then it would be nice to incorporate that emblem into the infobox! Vif12vf/Tiberius (talk) 18:27, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

There is no Wa State
There is no Wa State in Myanmar. It's only Wa Self-Administered Division. I strongly object this article title, Wa State. This article is inconsistency with current Myanmar constitution.Saimawnkham (talk) 01:28, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:24, 2 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Wa State Flag 2021.png

Problematic source
https://www.persecution.org/2021/04/21/myanmars-ccp-backed-wa-state-hostile-place-christians/ This source is problematic since it is from an obviously Christian organization. The fact that the only source for the claim that Christians are being oppressed in Wa State is from a Christian organization is quite questionable. I suggest finding a more neutral source or removing the claim that the source backs up entirely. Tankpiggy18 (talk) 22:03, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Flag of Wa State
I often watch the news on the official WeChat official account of the Wa State. I notice that the flag currently on the Wa State has a red sun rather than a white sun. I think the flag with the white sun may be out of date, or the flag with the white sun is fictional.--Eguersi (talk) 11:58, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Comparable polities
The status of Wa State as a polity is closer to Rojava and the Zapatistas than the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. Shortly after its founding, the UWSP negotiated a deal with Yangon where they would be left alone by the central authorities (hence their "de facto independence"), so long as they recognised Burmese sovereignty (therefore avoiding Yangon's disdain for separatism). This much can be found reliably sourced in this article. Calling Wa State an "unrecognised state" is misleading because it does not claim to be an independent state, nor is it seeking recognition as one. It's the equivalent of calling Niue an unrecognised state because it is de facto independent but accepts New Zealander sovereignty. Yue 🌙 00:20, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Please read the above and also this paragraph from List of states with limited recognition:
 * Some subnational entities and regions function as de facto independent states, with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory. These entities, however, do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included. Examples include Galmudug and Puntland in Somalia, Gaza in Palestine, the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, Rojava in Syria, the [sic] Wa State in Myanmar, and the areas under control of the Houthi movement in Yemen.
 * Wikipedia never unilaterally makes the judgement call as to whether a polity is a sovereign state or not. This is done by independent reliable sources, and Wikipedia is merely a reflection of them. If Wa State was in a similar situation as unrecognised and partially recognised states as your edits imply, reliable sources would describe it as such at not as a "de facto independent state". Yue 🌙 01:42, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

A bit more on the demographics?
The text mentions that there used to be many Chinese people in the Wa State, but it doesn't say which ethnicity actually constitutes the majority or plurality of the population and what the percentages of different ethnicities are, or at least what they were in the territories that the Wa State currently controls during the latest census. Given the name of the state, one would assume the majority to be ethnic Wa, but the article says only that the majority of the leadership are such. More information is necessary. 62.73.69.121 (talk) 05:18, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wa State


text:
Richard Reid (disambiguation)

Richard Reid (born 1973) is a British convicted terrorist who attempted to detonate a shoe bomb.

Richard Reid may also refer to:

 * Richard Reid (architect) (born 1939), English architect
 * Richard Reid (cricketer) (born 1958), New Zealand cricketer
 * Richard Gavin Reid (1879–1980), Canadian politician
 * Richard Reid (Northern Ireland politician), Northern Irish politician for Mid Ulster
 * Richard Reid (actor) (born 1984), British actor
 * Richard Reid (entertainment reporter) (born 1968), American-Australian entertainment reporter and winner of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5)
 * Ric Reid (born 1969), New Zealand cyclist
 * Richie Reid (born 1956), Irish hurler
 * Richie Reid (hurler, born 1993), Irish hurler

title: Richard Reid (disambiguation)