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UKM-2000

The UKM-2000 (Uniwersalny Karabin Maszynowy, "Universal Machine Gun") is a 7.62×51mm NATO general-purpose machine gun designed and manufactured by Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów in Tarnów, Poland.

Development
On March 12, 1999, Poland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). A problem arose with modifying the weapons of the Polish Army to use the standard NATO ammunition. A decision was made to develop a new general-purpose machine gun. The construction was based on the design of the successful PKM machine gun that was previously produced under licence in Poland.

To use the common NATO ammunition, the feeding method of the machine gun had to be fundamentally modified. The metallic disintegrating link specifically designed for ammunition belt-fed firearms and rimless 7.62×51mm NATO rounds used by NATO is a push-through design. The UKM machine gun extracts 7.62×51mm NATO rounds from open-M13 links by pushing them forward out of the link directly into the chamber for firing. The non-disintegrating closed-link metallic belt type used in the PKM machine gun is a pull-out design, which extracts the rimmed 7.62×54mmR rounds by pulling them rearward out of the link. In the second stage, the rimmed rounds are pushed forward into the chamber for firing. The 7.62×54mmR machine gun feed pawl mechanism is radically different than that of 7.62×51mm NATO chambered machine guns based on the MG 42 machine gun feeding method, using a small, simple pivoting arm pushed out to the right side by the bolt carrier, rather than a much larger (and therefore much heavier) articulated feed cam, lever, and pawl assembly.

The UKM-2000 is a primary general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) on most vehicles used by Polish Forces in Afghanistan (Cougar H, MaxxPro Dash, M-ATV, Humvee) and is a coaxial machine gun in KTO Rosomak and Polish-modernized BRDM-2.

There is a proposal to modernize the Polish UKM-2000 GPMG fed by 7.62×51mm NATO to the new UKM-2013 standard. The upgraded GPMG will be equipped with a new folding and telescopic buttstock with a cheekpiece and additional grip/pod, the integrated Picatinny rail with iron sight and 3-rail forehand attached to the gas tube, a new grip, a new cocking handle, a new safety switch selector, a new 440-mm barrel (as an option) plus some additional internal changes. The Polish Army is interested in this machine gun fed from the 100-round soft ammo bag instead of a steel box. Because of external similarity to the Russian PKM GPMG chambered to the 7.62×54mmR some elements like a buttstock, a grip or a forehand with rails will be able to be used with the Kalashnikov design.

Variants

 * UKM-2000C(L) - coaxial version of UKM-2000, successor of the PKT. Use on KTO Rosomak and some Polish modernized BRDM-2. Modifications include the removal of the stock, a longer and heavier barrel, a gas regulator and an electric solenoid trigger.
 * UKM-2000D - airborne version with folding stock, limited use in Polish Armed Forces
 * UKM-2000P - standard GPMG version, some also equipped with MIL-STD-1913 rail.
 * UKM-2000Z - first attempt to modernization of UKM-2000, new telescoping stock and black polymer pistol grip. It wasn't adopted.
 * UKM-2013C(L) - modernization of UKM-2000C(L) presented in 2012
 * UKM-2013P - modernization of UKM-2000P presented in 2012, better ergonomy and functionality, new folding and telescopic buttstock with a cheekpiece and additional grip/pod, the integrated Picatinny rail with iron sight and 3-rail forehand attached to the gas tube, new grip, new cocking handle new safety switch selector, a new 440-mm barrel (as an option) plus some additional internal changes, new soft ammo bag instead of typical for PK family steel box magazine
 * UKM-2000M/UKM-2015 - version that presumably was in testing mid-2014, probably for introduction in 2015

The L in a coaxial version denotes the ammunition is fed from the left instead of from the right.

Operators

 * 🇵🇱 - around 1200 examples used by Polish Land Forces and Military Gendarmerie, around 2,500 on order (UKM-2000M version)
 * - ca. 50 used (version with wooden buttstock)
 * 🇺🇦 - unknown number (given to Ukraine from June 2022)

title: UKM-2000


text: File:Skyclad History.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Skyclad History.jpg


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List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire

The county of Oxfordshire is divided into 7 parliamentary constituencies — 1 borough constituency and 6 county constituencies.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that an additional seat is created in Oxfordshire, with the formation of the new constituency of Bicester and Woodstock. Wantage would be renamed Didcot and Wantage, and Henley renamed Henley and Thame.

The following constituencies are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from Cherwell

 * Banbury (part)
 * Bicester and Woodstock (part)

Containing electoral wards from Oxford

 * Oxford East
 * Oxford West and Abingdon (part)

Containing electoral wards from South Oxfordshire

 * Henley and Thame
 * Didcot and Wantage (part)

Containing electoral wards from Vale of White Horse

 * Didcot and Wantage (part)
 * Oxford West and Abingdon (part)
 * Witney (part)

Containing electoral wards from West Oxfordshire

 * Banbury (part)
 * Bicester and Woodstock (part)
 * Witney (part)

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Oxfordshire in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
Note that before 1983 Oxfordshire covered a smaller area than it does today, since the Vale of White Horse area was counted as part of Berkshire. 1pre-1979: Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987– SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Accurate vote percentages are not possible for the elections of 1918 and 1931 since at least one candidate stood unopposed.

Seats
11983 & 1987– SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.


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Glutaric acid

Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2. Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of glutaric acid is over 50% (w/w).

Biochemistry
Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called glutaric aciduria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy.

Production
Glutaric acid can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the potassium salt of the carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid. Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives glutaric acid. It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis. Using periodate, it is obtained from oxidation of 1,3-cyclohexanedione, which proceeds with decarboxylation.

Uses

 * 1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of glutaric acid and its derivatives.
 * Glutaric acid itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides. The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.
 * Pyrogallol can be produced from glutaric diester.

Safety
Glutaric acid may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption.

title: Glutaric acid


text:
History Lessens

History Lessens is the second compilation album by British folk metal band Skyclad. Its full title is History Lessens – An Introduction to the Artist.

Track listing

 * 1) Penny Dreadful (Full Shilling Mix) - 3:10
 * 2) The Silver Cloud's Dark Lining - 3:21
 * 3) Isle of Jura - 3:59
 * 4) No Deposit, No Return - 4:30
 * 5) Brimstone Ballet - 4:13
 * 6) Constance Eternal - 5:52
 * 7) Building a Ruin - 3:59
 * 8) Emerald - 3:35
 * 9) I Dubious - 3:12
 * 10) Jumping My Shadow - 5:27
 * 11) A Bellyful of Emptiness - 4:56
 * 12) Kiss My Sweet Brass - :31
 * 13) Bury Me - 4:37
 * 14) Single Phial - 6:07
 * 15) By George - 1:46

title: History Lessens


text:
Go Plastic

Go Plastic is the fifth studio album by British electronic musician Squarepusher, released on Warp in 2001. It peaked at number 100 on the UK Albums Chart.

Production
Unlike many of his earlier albums such as Hard Normal Daddy and Music Is Rotted One Note, which often prominently featured live instrumentation (particularly drums and bass guitar), the sound palette on Go Plastic is almost exclusively synthetic, with an emphasis on high-velocity breakbeats subjected to extensive manipulation and granular effects. In a contemporaneous interview, Squarepusher claimed to be "fed up" with real instruments, wanting everything "brutal and digital."

Despite this, Squarepusher claims that the album was not produced using a computer, but rather by utilizing a range of hardware including the Eventide DSP4000 and Orville digital effects processors, Yamaha QY700 sequencers, Yamaha TX81Z and FS1R synthesizers, and an Akai S6000 sampler.

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Go Plastic received an average score of 70% based on 17 reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews.

In 2015, Exclaim placed it at number 2 on its list of "an essential guide to Squarepusher".

title: Go Plastic


text:
Gareth Batty

Gareth Jon Batty (born 13 October 1977) is an English former cricketer who is best known as a spin-bowler. He has represented England in all formats and was the captain of Surrey County Cricket Club between 2015 and 2017. In October 2021, Batty retired from playing cricket and became a member of the coaching team at Surrey. He is the younger brother of former Yorkshire and Somerset off-spinner Jeremy Batty.

Education
Batty was educated at Bingley Grammar School, a Voluntary Aided state school in Bingley, West Yorkshire.

Domestic career
Batty began his county career with his native Yorkshire, after playing for England Under 19's, making his County Championship debut in 1997. Due to lack of opportunities he transferred to Surrey in 1998 where he played mainly one-day games.

Worcestershire
He joined Worcestershire in 2002 where he became the main spinner and came to prominence with the national team.

Return to Surrey
After eight years at Worcestershire during which he won England recognition, Batty signed a contract to return to Surrey for the 2010 season.

Batty was involved in an unsavoury incident while deputising as captain for Surrey in a Championship match against Somerset at Taunton in 2012. Murali Kartik, a spinner who had previously played for Somerset, ran out Somerset batsman Alex Barrow who was backing-up at the non-striker's end. Batty declined several invitations by the umpires to withdraw the appeal leading to bad feeling between the teams and around the ground. In August 2013, he was suspended from the T20 finals day after a clash with Somerset batsman Peter Trego. The ECB banned him for two games after he apparently physically confronted Trego and hurled foul language after dismissing him in a quarter-final match.

Batty was made permanent captain of Surrey in 2015 and later that year took a hat trick to send Surrey back into Division One of the County Championship after two years in Division Two. An even better year with the ball in Division One in 2016, combined with poor form for Moeen Ali, led to calls for his recall to the England test team after its draw against Pakistan. Nonetheless, when Batty was recalled later that year for the tour of Bangladesh, he described his call-up as "surreal". In May 2019 aged 41 Batty took another championship hat trick, this time in Division One against Warwickshire at Edgbaston.

Debut years
Batty made his ODI debut against Australia. He took figures of 0–55 as Australia won by seven wickets. England lost the second match by 89 runs after Australia scored 318. Batty took figures of 1-65.

He made his Test debut in the first Test against Bangladesh. He took 1–43 in Bangladesh's first innings before taking 1–65 in their second innings as England won by seven wickets. He played in the third ODI between the two sides, taking figures of 1–35 as England won by seven wickets. He played in the first Test against Sri Lanka, taking 2–98 in their first innings as they posted 331. He took 3–55 in their second innings. He made 26 in England's second innings to help them hang on for a draw. In the second Test, he did not take a wicket in Sri Lanka's first innings. He finished with 1–47 in their second innings and then made an unbeaten 25 as the match finished in a draw. In the third Test, he took figures of 0–137 as Sri Lanka posted 628 in their first innings. England lost the match by an innings and 215 runs.

In and out of the team
He was picked for the tour of the West Indies in 2003–04. Batty was the bowler Brian Lara faced when he scored his world record 400th run in the fourth Test Match in Antigua. In the first innings, he finished with figures of 2–175, as the match ended in a high scoring draw. He was picked as second spinner for the South African tour the next season. He played in the sixth ODI between the two sides, taking figures of 2-40 although England lost by four wickets. He kept his place for the final match of the series, finishing with figures of 0–22 as England won by five wickets.

He went on to play in the fourth match of the ODI series against Zimbabwe, taking figures of 0–36 as England secured a 74 run victory.

The selectors continued to show faith in him, picking him for the two Tests against Bangladesh in 2005 when Giles suffered a hip injury – in the first Test, he did not bat and did not bowl, as England won by an innings and 261 runs. He took figures of 1–44 in Bangladesh's second innings in the next Test, as England won by an innings and 27 runs.

Batty was selected in the ODI squad against India, but found his chances limited. He only played in one match, the fourth ODI of the series. Batty made two with the bat as England posted 237, a target which was chased down by India, with Batty taking figures of 0-36. This turned out to Batty's last England appearance for nearly three years.

Batty was selected for the England Lions squad to tour New Zealand in the winter of 2008, but didn't return to the England side until the series against the West Indies. He replaced spinning all-rounder Samit Patel, who dropped out due to fitness concerns, and Swann who returned home after the Test series to undergo an operation on his elbow. He made his T20I debut against the West Indies, taking figures of 0–17 as England lost by six wickets. In the first ODI, he took figures of 1–34 as England won by one run on the D/L Method. England lost the second match by 21 runs, with Batty taking figures of 0-38. Batty did not bowl in the third match, although he did make 17 with the bat. England lost the match by eight wickets.

2016 recall
On 20 October 2016, Batty played in a Test match for England against Bangladesh, thus becoming the player who has missed the largest number of Tests between appearances, 142 games. Batty claimed 4 wickets in the game, finishing with figures of 1–52 in the first innings and 3–65 in the second innings, as England won the game by 22 runs.

Batty played in the third Test against India, and took 0–47 in the first innings as India made 417. He took 0–18 in India's second innings as England lost the match by eight wickets.

title: Gareth Batty


text:
User talk:Awsomo4000

Bold text Name: Daniel Urson

I am a student in Cape Town, South Africa. I work for a well-known computer company as a programmer. I am trying to become a Wikipedia writer but as I: a) do not have anything interesting to write about b) am not blessed with exceptional writing ability

I am not expecting to become a good writer. I will try my best, though.

Wikipediaholic rating: 300

--Awsomo 4000 12:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Awsomo4000


text:
Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion

The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion is a small society of evangelical churches, founded in 1783 by Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, as a result of the Evangelical Revival. For many years it was strongly associated with the Calvinist Methodist movement of George Whitefield.

History
The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion was founded in 1783 by Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, as a result of the Evangelical Revival. It seceded from the Church of England, founded its own training establishment – Trevecca College – and built up a network of chapels across England in the late 18th century.

In 1785 John Marrant (1755–1791), an African American from New York and the South who settled in London after the American Revolutionary War, became ordained as a minister with the connexion. He was supported in travel to Nova Scotia as a missionary to minister to the Black Loyalists who had been resettled there by the Crown. Many of the members of the congregation which he organized in Birchtown, Nova Scotia later chose to emigrate and resettle in Sierra Leone, the new British colony in West Africa. What was called a Province of Freedom was founded in 1792. Additional Connexion churches were founded in Sierra Leone (see below), and the British and Sierra Leone movements re-established contact in 1839.

The connexion had earlier efforts at congregation building in Canada. In the 1850s, the entrepreneur Thomas Molson built a church for the connexion near his brewery in Montreal. It was poorly attended as the city's population was predominantly Catholic. The building was adapted for use as a military barracks.

The Countess of Huntingdon's gave strong support to the Calvinistic Methodist movement in Wales in the 18th and early 19th centuries, including the foundation of a theological college at Trefeca (Trevecca) in 1760.

Active
the connexion has 22 congregations in England and "more than 30" in Sierra Leone. A UK-registered charity provides financial help with ministers' wages and training and for Connexion schools and teaching salaries in the latter country.

Of the UK churches, seven normally have full-time pastors: Eastbourne, Ely, Goring, Rosedale, St. Ives, Turners Hill and Ebley. Total regular attendance at all churches is approximately 1,000 adults and children.

Earlier churches
Connexion churches were formerly active in:
 * Bath, Somerset: founded in 1765, later Trinity United Reformed Church and now the Museum of Bath Architecture
 * Bodmin, Cornwall: in January 1880 the congregation bought the "very desirable" property known as Springfield for a minister's residence.
 * Brighton, East Sussex, the first of the churches, was founded at North Street in 1761.
 * East Grinstead, West Sussex: Zion Chapel founded in 1810, now the West Street Baptist Church
 * Cheltenham, Gloucestershire Portland Chapel, North Place was built at the expense of Robert Capper in 1816 for a Connexion congregation. It was later joined by and then merged with a Baptist Congregation from Golden Valley, Cheltenham.
 * Fordham, Essex was active in the 19th century.
 * Preston, Lancashire, founded before 1826, in Pole Street, is now closed.
 * South Stoke, Oxfordshire, founded in 1820, is now a private house.
 * Steyning, West Sussex: Jarvis Hall, a Connexion church from 1835 to 1841
 * St John's Free Church, Westcott, Surrey remains as a community centre.
 * Tyldesley, Greater Manchester, founded in 1789, known as Tyldesley Top Chapel, now belongs to a Pentecostal congregation.
 * Worcester, Worcestershire had closed as a chapel by 1970. It is now a concert hall known as Huntingdon Hall.
 * York Street, Dublin, built in 1808

title: Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion


text:
Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada

Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada (พระยามโนปกรณ์นิติธาดา; ; or real name Kon Hutasingha (ก้อน หุตะสิงห์; ); 15 July 1884 – 1 October 1948) was the first Prime Minister of Siam after the Siamese Revolution of 1932 as he was selected by the leader of the People's Party – the party that instigated the revolution. However, in the following year, Manoparkorn was ousted by a coup in 1933 due to the conflicts between members of People's Party.

Early life
Kon Hutasingha was born on 15 July 1884 in Bangkok to Huad and Paew Hutasingha (Thai: นายฮวด กับนางแพ้ว หุตะสิงห์), both of whom were of Chinese extraction. He received his primary education at Suankularb Wittayalai School in Bangkok. He pursued his law education at Assumption College and at the Law School of the Ministry of Justice. He then continued his studies abroad. It is claimed that he was a member at the Middle Temple, in London,  England, but no evidence of his membership can be found in the Inn's admission registers. After he had finished his education, he began to work for the Ministry of Justice and climbed the traditional career ladder and was eventually granted the title Phraya and received his honorary name: "Manopakorn Nitithada". In 1918, he gained a seat in the Privy Council of King Vajiravudh (or Rama VI).

Revolution and premiership
Following the Revolution of 1932, King Prajadhipok (or Rama VII) consented to a Provisional Constitution on 27 June 1932. The first People's Assembly of Siam, composed entirely of appointed members, met for the first time on 28 June. The revolutionary Khana Ratsadon Party, not wanting to appear as if it had instigated the revolution for self-aggrandizement, chose Phraya Manopakorn as President of the Committee. He was considered a largely neutral and clean figure, but at the same time respected enough to take the position.

As a result, the Assembly with the advice of Pridi Panomyong, one of the leaders of the Khana Ratsadon offered Manopakorn the post of "President of the People's Committee", an early version of the post of Prime Minister.

The first mission of Phraya Manopakorn's Cabinet was to draft a permanent constitution. King Prajadhipok made an observation that the term "President of the People's Committee" sounded like a communist or Republican post. After a debate, the office was eventually changed to "prime minister". The first constitution of Siam was promulgated under Phraya Manopakorn's watch on 10 December 1932, now celebrated as the Thai Constitution Day.

Soon after, Phraya Manopakorn became the head of the first constitutional government of Siam. The Manopakorn cabinet, or People's Committee, composed of members, half from the People's Party and half from senior civil servants and military officers, was appointed under the guidance of the party. Phraya Manopakorn in essence became the Khana Ratsadon's puppet, and the country a single-party state.

Yellow Cover Dossier incident and Coup
In 1933, Pridi Panomyong, by then a Minister of State, presented his Draft Economic Plan or Yellow Cover Dossier to King Prajadhipok. The dossier was an economic plan, which advocated socialist solutions to the country's many financial and economic problems. Prajadhipok even branded the dossier "communist" and attacked Pridi publicly about it. When Pridi's dossier was rejected, his status fell and caused a major disruption among the members of People's Party and the People's Committee itself.

Phraya Mano rallied those who opposed the socialist plan of Pridi including Phraya Songsuradet and dissolved his own cabinet to oust Pridi, who had great support within the People's Party. To regain some stability and silence domestic critics, Phraya Manopakorn had some articles in the constitution suspended. Manopakorn barred the People's Assembly from any further meetings and the judiciary was shut down. Pridi was forced to flee to France. It was said that Manopakorn "led the coup with his pen", this event is known in Thailand as the "April 1933 Coup" (or the "Silent Coup") (Thai: รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย เมษายน พ.ศ. 2476). Phraya Manopakorn then approved the Anti-Communist Act, which empowered him to arrest those suspected of having communist sentiments: the entire Central Committee of the Communist Party of Siam was arrested and imprisoned.

After the Yellow Dossier Incident, the degree of political freedom was greatly reduced by Phraya Manopakorn's policies. He censored many leftist activities including shutting down newspapers and publications. However the People's Party, which gave him the premiership, would eventually be his downfall. On 16 June, Phraya Pahol Polpayuhasena, the country's most powerful military leader and member of the People's Party, together with three other senior officers retired from the People's Committee, for "health reasons".

Death and legacy
The 1933 Siamese coup d'état happened on 20 June, led by Phraya Pahol and other military leaders. Phraya Manopakorn was immediately removed as prime minister. Phraya Phahol appointed himself the country's second prime minister and took over the government. King Pradhipok duly accepted his appointment. Manopakorn was then exiled to Penang, British Malaya, and lived there until his death in 1948, aged 64.

Phraya Manopakorn was Siam's first prime minister and the first to be ousted by a coup. He would not be the last civilian prime minister to be ousted by a military coup. His legacy is mixed: on the one hand he took over the reins of government at a difficult time (Wall Street Crash of 1929), but on the other he exceeded his powers and was not able to counter the powers of the Khana Ratsadon which became increasingly dictatorial.

title: Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada


text:
Talk:Formula language

@Formula mode for jEdit

Kanngard

title: Talk:Formula language


text:
Joseph Kabui

Joseph Canisius Kabui (1954 – 7 June 2008) was a secessionist leader and the first President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, off the coast of Papua New Guinea, from 2005 to 2008. He was also the leader of the Bougainville People's Congress.

Kabui was a commander in the Bougainville Revolutionary Army during the war in Bougainville in the 1990s. In June 2005, after the island gained autonomy within Papua New Guinea, he was elected as President of Bougainville by a large majority, winning 38,000 out of 69,385 votes.

While in office, he granted a Canadian company, Invincible Resources, access rights to 70% of Bougainville's mineral resources, and he was widely criticized for this decision. This was announced in 2008 with no prior discussion in Parliament, and shortly before Kabui's death it was expected that a motion of no-confidence would be presented against him. In an interview shortly before his death, he said that his dream was "to see Bougainville [become] a Kuwait of the Pacific".

Kabui went to Brisbane for medical treatment prior to his sudden death on 7 June 2008 at a hospital in Buka. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called Kabui a "skilled mediator and peacemaker who had a genuine interest in the future of his people", and according to Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith, Kabui played a "key role in restoring Bougainville to peace following the bitter conflict on the island". A state funeral was held for Kabui  at the St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Boroko  in Port Moresby on 10 June. His body was returned to Buka on 11 June, and a funeral mass was held for him in Buka on 12 June. His body was planned to be taken to Arawa, Panguna, and finally the village of Padorima in Central Bougainville. The Bougainville government declared a public holiday to mourn Kabui.

Kabui was believed to have died of a heart attack. In an interview with the Port-Courier, a newspaper in Papua New Guinea, that he gave 12 hours before his death, Kabui said that he had stopped taking his heart medicine four months beforehand and was taking a water tonic instead because the medicine was too expensive. He dismissed suggestions of seeking help, saying that "I am not a man that would ask for things that concern me", and he also said that he had missed a medical check-up because he was too busy with work. His next check-up was scheduled for later in June, but he noted that the necessary trip to Australia was expensive as well.

Vice-President John Tabinaman became Acting President following Kabui's death. The existing method for filling a vacancy in the presidency is to hold a new popular election, and Tabinaman described this as likely, while also noting the possibility of a constitutional amendment that would instead allow Parliament to elect one of its members as president. Planning for a new popular election subsequently began.

title: Joseph Kabui


text:
Vibe Australia

Vibe Australia is an Aboriginal media, communications and events management agency founded by Gavin Jones in 1993. Located in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, they work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people throughout Australia.

History
Vibe Australia was founded in 1993 by Gavin Jones at the Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Cooperative.

In June 2014, Vibe Australia funding was cut under coalition budget measures designed to reallocate funding to Indigenous education programs including Deadly Awards funding phased back to $1 million and no funding provided for future years. On 12 July 2014, Gavin Jones died at age 47.

On 14 July 2014, Vibe Australia announced that all Vibe projects including the Deadly Awards concluded on 30 June 2014.

Deadly Sounds
A weekly radio program syndicated to over 250 Aboriginal community stations.

Deadly Vibe
A national magazine focusing on health, sport, music and lifestyle.

In Vibe
A magazine for Indigenous people in secure rehabilitation care and at risk. Hosted by Indigenous broadcaster, artistic director and author, Rhoda Roberts.

Move it Mob Style
A children's television show focusing on health, dance and lifestyle. Broadcast by NITV.

The show was filmed in Brisbane with hosts Naomi Wenitong and Shannon Williams for the first three series.

Series 4 is hosted Ghenoa Gela and Wakara Gondarra which is filmed in Sydney and premiered in March 2014.

The Deadlys
Since 1995, the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Music, Sport, Entertainment and Community awards, known as the Deadly Awards or simply "The Deadlys", have been held at the Sydney Opera House and broadcast by SBS.

The Vibe 3on3
A national music and sporting event to promote health, well-being, identity and sportsmanship. Hosted by former Harlem Globetrotter 'Smiling' Dwayne Cross and former Sydney Kings coach Claude 'Starsky' Williams.

title: Vibe Australia


text:
Aarhus Municipality

Aarhus Municipality (Aarhus Kommune), known as Århus Municipality (Århus Kommune) until 2011, is a kommune in the Central Denmark Region, on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.

The municipality covers an area of 469.56 km2, and has a population of 367,095 as of 2024. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Aarhus. Neighbouring municipalities are Syddjurs to the north, Favrskov to the northwest, Skanderborg to the southwest, and Odder to the south.

Aarhus Municipality was not merged with other municipalities in the nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007) due to its already relatively large size and population.

The municipality is part of Business Region Aarhus and of the East Jutland metropolitan area, which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016.

Politics
Aarhus City Council (Aarhus Byråd) is also the municipal government. The city council consists of 31 members elected for four-year terms. Administratively the municipality is divided into six minor agencies which together constitute the magistrate led by a mayor and five aldermen as administrative directors. It is the only Danish city with a magistrate structure. The six departments of the city are the Mayor's Department, Social Affairs and Employment, Technical Services and Environment, Health and Care, Culture and Citizens Services and Children and Young People which handle all the day-to-day operations of the city.

The current Mayor of Aarhus municipality is Jacob Bundsgaard of the Social Democrats, who took over after Nicolai Wammen in August 2011, with Wammen wanting to focus on the upcoming election for Parliament.

Politically Aarhus leans left and the largest political party has historically been the Social Democratic Party which has also held the mayor's office for all terms with the notable exception of the 2001–2005 term when Louise Gade of Venstre became both the first female and non-Social Democratic mayor. The gender composition of the city council has risen steadily in favour of women through the 20th century and currently 9 of 31 members are women.

The first publicly elected mayor of Aarhus was appointed in 1919. In the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform the current Aarhus municipality was created by merging 20 municipalities. Aarhus (from 1948 to 2011 spelled Århus) was the seat of Århus County (spelled Århus all the years it existed) until the 2007 Danish municipal reform, which substituted the Danish counties with five regions and made the former Århus County a part of Central Denmark Region (Region Midtjylland), seated in Viborg.

Municipal council
Aarhus' municipal council consists of 31 members, elected every four years.

Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 1970.

Districts and subdivisions

Aarhus Municipality has 45 electoral wards and polling stations in four electoral districts for the folketing. The diocese of Aarhus has four deaneries composed of 60 parishes within Aarhus municipality. Aarhus municipality contains 21 postal districts and some parts of another 9. The urban area of Aarhus and the immediate suburbs are divided into the districts Aarhus C, Aarhus N, Aarhus V, Viby J, Højbjerg and Brabrand.

Aarhus is segmented into districts on different levels often containing several distinct neighbourhoods within them. The historical centre, known as Indre By (lit. English, "Inner City"), includes the neighbourhoods Centralværkstedet, the Latin Quarter and the areas around the Central Station and Aarhus Concert Hall. The inner city beltway Ring 1 contains the larger district Midtbyen (lit. Town Centre), roughly equivalent to postal district Aarhus C, and is composed of the neighbourhoods Indre By, Vesterbro, Frederiksbjerg, Aarhus Ø, Marselisborg and Nørre Stenbro.

North of the inner beltway lies the district Aarhus N, containing the neighbourhoods Trøjborg, Risskov, Vejlby, Skejby, Christiansbjerg and Vorrevangen and to the west lies Langenæs, Åbyhøj and Aarhus V, comprising the neighbourhoods Hasle, Frydenlund, Herredsvang and Møllevangen, while the district of Højbjerg lies to the south. Districts and suburbs further out are Brabrand, Egå, Gellerup, Hasselager, Holme, Kolt, Rosenhøj, Skødstrup, Skæring, Skåde, Slet, Stavtrup, Tilst and Tranbjerg.

Cities and towns

Statistics Denmark defines towns or cities as areas with more than 200 residents in a continuous settlement with no more than 200 meters between residential structures. 1 January 2020 there were 19 such areas in Aarhus Municipality, the largest being the city of Aarhus with a population of 280,534, while some 50,000 people lived in urban areas elsewhere in the municipality. The city of Aarhus is the second largest urban area in Denmark, the principal port on the east coast of Jutland, and the seat of Denmark's second-largest bishopric. In 2013 Beder and Malling was officially counted as a single urban area for the first time. Towns in the municipality are generally considered satellites of Aarhus.

''Population figures from Statistics Denmark, 1 January, 2020. ''

Twin towns – sister cities
Aarhus is twinned with:

 * 🇳🇴 Bergen, Norway (1946)
 * 🇸🇪 Gothenburg, Sweden (1946)
 * 🇨🇳 Harbin, China (1984)
 * 🇩🇪 Kiel, Germany (2019)
 * 🇬🇱 Kujalleq, Greenland (1962)
 * 🇩🇪 Rostock, Germany (2006)
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, Russia (1989)
 * 🇫🇮 Turku, Finland (1946)
 * 🇺🇦 Lviv, Ukraine (2023)

title: Aarhus Municipality


text:
Talk:Operation Provide Relief

Question
Was this mission eventually successful? I have figures on hand that state that it may have been because so many people had died by the time the US went in on Operation Provide Relief that the death rate slowed. Red Herring perhaps? It is in Michael Maran's book "The Road To Hell".

I'm going to go ahead and edit the article. Let me know if you disagree.

I also think this article needs to be renamed UNOSOM I, and a seperate article raised about PROVIDE RELIEF. Despite the significant American involvement, it was not an American mission but rather one of the UN. It is innacurate to say that UNOSOM and PROVIDE RELIEF were the same mission: they were not, and as it is this article provides too much of an American bias.

More questions
I don't want to take away from the people who were trying to make it a success, but is this article a bit simplistic? One journalist said it would have been a better idea just to dump dollar bills all over the place than to conduct these operations. Sorry for being vague.

WP:MILHIST Assessment
Please cite references... LordAmeth 14:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Misgivings about actual coverage standing since 2006
Reference: This user 82.109.66.149 says in his note of 27 January 2006 here : "This article is incorrect: RESTORE HOPE and PROVIDE RELIEF were not part of the UNOSOM mission but of UNITAF, separate from UNOSOM but also under the UN aegis. As it stands, this article largely ignores the mandate and duties of UNOSOM I and UNOSOM II and opts instead for a description of US actions solely." User 82.109.66.149's comments end here.

Moved his / her comments here to talk page as article is not the place for such comments.

Please address misgivings of User 82.109.66.149 for a more conclusive article. werldwayd (talk) 23:42, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Need for article on Famine in Somalia 1991-1992
We do have now an article an article about relief efforts of the famine but not article on the famine. I would have thought the main article would be the famine and relief effort(s) as a sub-section of the article about the famine. werldwayd (talk) 23:47, 28 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The food crisis occurred within the context of the war. The UNITAF mission's mandate was to stabilize the political situation, including providing relief. So the humanitarian situation was officially administered under Operation Provide Relief and Operation Restore Hope. Middayexpress (talk) 14:01, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Provide Relief


text:
User:Yangj

大家好,我是 Yangj ,来自中国湖北宜昌! Hello,everyone.My name is Yangj.I'm from Yichang,Hubei Province,China.

title: User:Yangj


text:
Epsilon Scorpii

Epsilon Scorpii (ε Scorpii, abbreviated Eps Sco, ε Sco), formally named Larawag, is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.3, making it the fifth-brightest member of the constellation. Parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission provide an estimated distance to this star of around 63.7 ly from the Sun.

Epsilon Scorpii has a stellar classification of K1 III, which indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star. Currently, is has expanded to 15.5 times the Sun's size and is emitting 54 times its luminosity. Presently it is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of helium at its core, which, considering the star's composition, places it along an evolutionary branch termed the red clump. The star's outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 4,580 K, giving it the orange hue of a cool K-type star.

ε Scorpii is classified as a suspected variable star, although a study of Hipparcos photometry showed a variation of no more than 0.01–0.02 magnitudes. It is an X-ray source with a luminosity of (1.5–1.6) × 1027 erg s−1.

Nomenclature
ε Scorpii (Latinised to Epsilon Scorpii) is the star's Bayer designation.

The star bore the traditional name Larawag in the culture of the Wardaman people of the Northern territory of Australia, meaning clear sighting. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Larawag for Epsilon Scorpii on 19 November 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

Patrick Moore introduced the name Wei as Chinese name for this star. However, this seems to be a misreading, as Chinese 尾宿 (Wěi Xiù, English Tail) refers to an asterism (i.e. Chinese constellation) consisting of Epsilon Scorpii, Mu¹ Scorpii, Zeta¹ Scorpii and Zeta² Scorpii, Eta Scorpii, Theta Scorpii, Iota² Scorpii and Iota¹ Scorpii, Kappa Scorpii, Lambda Scorpii and Upsilon Scorpii. Consequently, the name for Epsilon Scorpii itself is 尾宿二 (Wěi Xiù èr), which means "the Second Star of Tail".

In culture
Epsilon Scorpii appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Ceará.

title: Epsilon Scorpii


text:
User:Fozzie~enwiki

A user called fozzie.

title: User:Fozzie~enwiki


text:
I Would Die 4 U

"I Would Die 4 U" is a song by Prince and the Revolution, the fourth single in the US from their 1984 album, Purple Rain. The up-tempo dance song was a top 10 hit—the final one from the album—in the US, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song's lyrics evoke Jesus Christ's message to his followers: "U—I would die 4 U, darling if U want me 2"; as well as, "if you're evil I'll forgive you", "all I really need is 2 know that U believe," and, "I'm your messiah and you're the reason why."

Cash Box called the song "a practice in restrained ecstasy" in which "Prince delivers one of his finest and most passionate...vocal performances." Billboard called it "electrifying", saying that "the nervous excitement zaps like a high-tension wire."

"I Would Die 4 U" is often played in sequence with "Baby I'm a Star", the track following it, on Purple Rain. As of April 30, 2016, it has sold 561,772 copies in the United States.

"Another Lonely Christmas"
The B-side, "Another Lonely Christmas", is a melancholy account of a man mourning his lover, who had died from pneumonia on a previous Christmas Day. Prince recorded "Another Lonely Christmas" in February 1984. Although during that period of his life Prince was socially very solitary, he insisted that "Another Lonely Christmas" was a fictional story. The song has been compared to the song "Sometimes It Snows in April", from the 1986 album Parade. He performed "Another Lonely Christmas" live only one time, on the day after Christmas, December 26, 1984, at the St. Paul Civic Center in Minnesota.

Alternate versions
The extended version of "I Would Die 4 U" is actually a rehearsal jam on the song with The Revolution and musicians from Sheila E.'s band, Eddie M (on sax) and Miko Weaver (guitar), along with Sheila E. herself recorded some time before the Purple Rain Tour. The jam features some overdubbing and fades at the end; a longer version, nearly 31 minutes long, was never released officially, but has been bootlegged. The extended mix was also used as the B-side of the 1989 "Erotic City" single (the artwork of which features the same image of Prince that was used for this single's cover).

The B-side of the UK 12" single release includes "Another Lonely Christmas" as well as the 1999 track "Free".

7": Paisley Park / 7-29121 (US)

 * 1) "I Would Die 4 U" (Single version) – 3:03
 * 2) "Another Lonely Christmas" – 4:51

12": Paisley Park / 9 20291-0 (US)

 * 1) "I Would Die 4 U" (Extended version) – 10:15
 * 2) "Another Lonely Christmas" (extended version) – 6:47

12": Warner Bros. / W9121T (UK)

 * 1) "I Would Die 4 U" (Single version) – 2:57
 * 2) "Another Lonely Christmas" – 4:51
 * 3) "Free" – 5:00

Personnel
Credits sourced from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, and Guitarcloud
 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitar, piano, synthesizers
 * Wendy Melvoin – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Lisa Coleman – synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Matt Fink – synthesizers, Memorymoog, Linn LM-1
 * Brown Mark – bass guitar
 * Bobby Z. – Linn LM-1, Pearl SY-1 Syncussion, cymbals

Space Cowboy version
The single peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart.

title: I Would Die 4 U


text:
User talk:Yangj

岁月难得沉默,秋风厌倦漂泊.

title: User talk:Yangj


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Connish

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 20:41, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Connish
Hoax. We are being conned. -- RHaworth 12:18, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oh dear, more pointless conlang wittering. This is no more notable than someone's fantasy football team, or their holiday travel pics. Average Earthman 12:24, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:39, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete non-notable, vanity, &c. jglc | t | c 17:16, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * BJODN. Blackcats 20:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * oh YAWN. Down the toiletatory with it. Anthony Appleyard 21:26, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non nontable conlang. JamesBurns 05:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete conlang, but non notable nevertheless. - Ar 15:02, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Connish


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Gjern

Gjern is a former railway town in central Denmark with a population of 1,529 (1 January 2024), located in Silkeborg Municipality in Region Midtjylland in Jutland, Denmark.

The town is the site of Jysk Automobilmuseum, a large museum of automobiles. Gjern has also a ski resort called Dayz Søhøjlandet Alpint Skicenter.

title: Gjern


text:
Talk:Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005

Comment
Sam, if you added some piccis and some references you could give this a go on WP:FAC. I haven't seen this sort of article up there before, so I don't know how it would go, but it would be interesting to try, jguk 12:18, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * References I could do (it's just cricinfo and the occasional BBC report anyway), but it's a bit hard to get fair-use images from a series that's gone on in the West Indies when you're sitting in Norway...maybe an image of Lara or something, though everything seems to have copyright these days. Sam Vimes 12:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
James Glynn

James Glynn (c. 1800–1871) was a U.S. Navy officer who in 1848 distinguished himself by being the first American to negotiate successfully with the Japanese during the "Closed Country" period.

James Glynn entered the United States Navy on March 4, 1815. He became a lieutenant in 1825, a commander in 1841, and served on the California coast during the Mexican–American War. He was put in command of the sloop-of-war USS Preble (16 guns) and sent to China.

In Canton, he learned from the Dutch consul about the imprisonment at Nagasaki of 15 American sailors from the whaleship Lagoda, who had been shipwrecked on the northern Japanese island of Yeso on June 7, 1848. Although the coast of Japan was poorly known, and the American Commander James Biddle, with the ships USS Columbus and USS Vincennes had been recently repelled by the Japanese in the bay of Edo (Tokyo), Glynn was ordered by David Geisinger to leave for Nagasaki, where he arrived on April 17, 1849.

The sailing orders to Captain Glynn recommended both caution and firmness in his enterprise:

"In your correspondence with the Japanese, your conduct will be conciliatory but firm. You will be careful not to violate the laws or customs of the Country, or by any means prejudice the success of any pacific policy our government may be inclined to pursue. Nevertheless you may be placed in situations which cannot be foreseen. In all such cases, every confidence is reposed in your discretion and ability to guard the interests as well as the honor of your country"

- National Archives Microfilm Publication M89; Larson 1994 [1981].

The Japanese tried to block the entrance to Glynn's ship, but he forced his way through a row of boats and anchored in the middle of the bay of Nagasaki. Despite Japanese menaces, he insistently demanded the release of the prisoners, and threatened an intervention of the United States. With some help from the Dutch in the negotiations, the prisoners were finally delivered to him on April 26.

The sailors had suffered throughout their internment, and after several attempts to escape were put in cages where several died of exposure. Another had hanged himself, and was left hanging in his cage for two days. Ranald MacDonald was also among the party of the rescued, although he had traveled to Japan of his own will and taught English to several Japanese during his internment in Nagasaki, becoming the first American to teach English in Japan.

The Preble returned to Hong Kong and the prisoners finally returned to the United States on December 31, 1849, where the story of their harsh internment made a sensation.

Following his voyage, Glynn made a proposition to the United States government to open relations with Japan through diplomacy, and, if necessary, by a show of strength. His recommendation paved the way for the expedition of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853 and 1854.

Glynn was made a captain in 1855.

title: James Glynn


text:
Colombo Stock Exchange

The Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) (කොළඹ ව්‍යාපාර වස්තු හුවමාරුව; கொழும்பு பங்கு பரிவர்த்தனை) is the main stock exchange in Sri Lanka that utilizes an electronic trading platform. The CSE headquarters have been located at the World Trade Center (Colombo) Towers in Colombo since 1995, and it has regional branches in Kandy, Jaffna, Negombo, Matara, Kurunegala, Anuradhapura and Ratnapura. The CSE trades 296 companies representing 20 business sectors, with a combined market capitalization of 3,699 billion Sri Lankan rupees.

On 1 September 2021, turnover surpassed 14 billion and the All Share Price Index (ASPI) surpassed 9000 points for the first time when it closed at a record high of 9,163.13 points.

History
Share trading in Sri Lanka was initiated in 1896 under the Share Brokers Association (SBA). The Colombo Brokers' Association began auctioning land shares in 1904 and gradually became the SBA's competitor. The two organizations combined to form the Colombo Securities Exchange in 1985.

The establishment of a formal stock exchange took place in 1985 with the incorporation of the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), which took over the Stock Market from the Colombo Share Brokers Association. It currently has a membership of 15 institutions, all of which are licensed to operate as stockbrokers.[3]

The company was renamed the Colombo Stock Exchange in 1990. The CSE introduced the Central Depository System, which automated clearing. The CSE headquarters opened in World Trade Center Colombo in 1995.[3] The Milanka Price Index (MPI) of the CSE's 25 best-performing stocks was introduced in 1999. Several regional CSE branches were opened within the country, at Kandy, Jaffna, Ambalantota, Matara, Kurunegala, Anuradhapura and Ratnapura.

Post-ceasefire boom
After mediocre performance throughout the 1990s mainly due to the Sri Lankan Civil War, the ceasefire agreement signed in 2001 saw unprecedented growth in both indices of the CSE. The All Share Price Index (ASPI), which was hovering around the 500 mark in August 2001, surpassed the 2000 mark.

This led CSE to be consistently dubbed one of the best-performing markets in the world. From 2002 to 2005, the CSE recorded a consistent annual growth of over 30% in the ASPI. It surpassed that in 2006, with the ASPI growing by 41.6% and the MPI growing by 51.4% during that calendar year. CSE recorded its highest point on 26 February 2007, when the MPI reached 4,214.8 points.

Buoyed by improved investor confidence due to political developments and strong corporate results the CSE continued to achieve high growth in 2007, as the ASPI passed the 3,000 mark for the first time on 13 February,  reaching a series of record highs across seven consecutive days. The CSE also recorded an average daily turnover of 776.8 LKR million for 2007.

Post war boom
After the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War on 18 May 2009, CSE indexes increased rapidly, setting new records. Market capitalization set a record high on 6 October 2009 as the CSE reached the 1 LKR trillion mark for the first time. ASPI set a record of 3549.27 points on 11 January 2010. CSE was the best performing stock exchange in the world in 2009 as it jumped 125.2 percent during that year.

Recent years
CSE transferred nine traded companies to their Watch List with effect from 7 June 2018 due to their failure to submit quarterly financial statements.

The CSE made a statement that investment flows from the Scandinavian region to Sri Lankan stocks had improved in recent years, where inward investments have grown by 39 percent per annum (CAGR) since 2013. According to a CSE statement, Scandinavian countries have collectively invested 8.2 LKR billion in local equities year-to-date, which amounted to 23 percent of the total foreign purchases during the period.

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the CSE signed an agreement to explore opportunities to work together and foster a strategic relationship. The agreement is intended for cooperation on the exchange of information and expertise and also paves the way for the NSE to play a consultative role in a number of strategic initiatives implemented by the CSE, including new product development and exchange operations.

The CSE launched a guide to help listed Sri Lankan companies address environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors in their capital market communications.

Financial
The CSE has 290 listed companies representing 20 business sectors as of 30 June 2019, with a market capitalization of 2,523.38 LKR billion.

There are currently two indices in the CSE: The Milanka Price Index (MPI) was abolished after 30 December 2012.
 * The All Share Price Index (ASPI)
 * The S&P Sri Lanka 20 Index (S&P SL20)

Sustainability
On 24 September 2015, CSE declared its entry in to the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative and its intentions to promote ESG issues, with the support of the local network of the United Nations Global Compact.

Trading
The exchange is open on weekdays (except national holidays). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, since 26 May 2020 the market trading hours of 09:30 to 14:30 were shortened to 11:00 to 14:30.

Technology
The CSE operates 2 main systems:
 * The Central Depository System (CDS)
 * Automated Trading System (ATS)

The automation of the exchange commenced in 1991 with the installation of a central depository and an electronic clearing and settlement system for share transactions. The trading activity was automated with the installation of the Automated Trading System (ATS) in 1997. After implementing ATS version-7, the Debt Securities Trading System (DEX) was abolished since ATS-7 provides a platform for both debt and equity.

The CSE is currently in the process of introducing a debt securities trading system for trading fixed-income securities.

As a modern exchange, the CSE now offers an "order-driven trading platform" for securities trading, including shares, corporate debt securities, and government debt securities.

Affiliation
The CSE was selected as the 52nd member of the World Federation of Exchanges in October 1998, and was the first exchange in the South Asian Region to obtain membership.

The CSE became a founding member of the South Asian Federation of Exchanges (SAFE) in January 2000 and is currently the Chairman of the Association. SAFE consists of 17 exchanges from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. Its primary objectives are to encourage cooperation among its members to promote the development of their individual securities markets, to develop an integrated regional stock trading system, and to offer to list and trade securities issued in the region.

The CSE joined Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative in September 2015.

Foreign investors
Companies listed on the CSE have seen a large increase in foreign investment following the conclusion of the 30-year Sri Lankan Civil War. Foreign investment in the stock market is freely permitted except in the case of a few companies where restrictions are imposed. Investment in shares in Sri Lanka and repatriation of proceeds take place through Share Investment External Rupee Accounts (SIERA) opened with licensed commercial banks. Income from investments such as interest, dividends, and profit realized from such investments are not subject to exchange control regulations by the Sri Lankan government.

title: Colombo Stock Exchange


text:
Poimandres

Poimandres (Ποιμάνδρης; also known as Poemandres, Poemander or Pimander) is the first tractate in the Corpus Hermeticum.

Etymology
Originally written in Greek, the title was formerly understood to mean "shepherd of men" from the words ποιμήν and ἀνήρ. For example, this is how Zosimus of Panopolis interpreted the name. Others, such as F. Ll. Griffith, proposed that it is actually derived from the Coptic phrase ⲡⲉⲓⲙⲉ ⲛ̅ⲧⲉ ⲣⲏ peime nte rē meaning "the knowledge of Re" or "the understanding of Re". Yet another theory is that the name ultimately derives from the name of the popular deified Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III, whose name was transliterated into Greek as various forms including Πορεμανρῆς.

Description
The character Poimandres can be considered to be a sort of deity, or attribute of God as nous or "mind" as expressed in the following translations.

John Everard translation:
 * Then said I, "Who art Thou?"
 * "I am," quoth he, "Poemander, the mind of the Great Lord, the most Mighty and absolute Emperor: I know what thou wouldest have, and I am always present with thee."

G. R. S. Mead translation:
 * And I do say: Who art thou?
 * He saith: I am Man-Shepherd [Ποιμάνδρης], Mind of all-masterhood; I know what thou desirest and I'm with thee everywhere.

Brian P. Copenhaver translation:
 * "Who are you?" I asked.
 * "I am Poimandres," he said, "mind of sovereignty; I know what you want, and I am with you everywhere."

Salaman, Van Oyen and Wharton translation:
 * "Who are you?" said I.
 * ''He said, "I am Poimandres the Nous of the Supreme. I know what you wish and I am with you everywhere."

title: Poimandres


text:
Imadec Executive Education

The Imadec Executive Education GmbH is a business training provider in Vienna, Austria. The company briefly gained accreditation as a for-profit private university in 2001, albeit under dubious circumstances. The accreditation was rescinded in 2006 as a result of compliance issues and persistent diploma mill allegations. Imadec was forced into bankruptcy proceedings by debtors in 2010 but was permitted to restructure under court supervision. The company continues to operate and is currently offering negotiation and management seminars.

History
Imadec was founded in 1991 as the International Management Development Consulting GmbH.

Founder and director was Christian Joksch, an Austrian insurance manager and sometime lecturer.

From 1991 to 1996, the company operated as a consulting business.

California State partnership
In 1996, Imadec secured a partnership with the California State University, Hayward (CSUH). Acting as an overseas business program subsidiary of the university and supervised by university personnel on location in Vienna, Imadec reinvented itself as a for-profit business school and began offering an Executive MBA program. The program received accreditation from the FIBAA. Also starting in 1996 the International Gary S. Becker Prize, a prize for scholarly excellence donated and granted by Gary Becker together with a committee of international economists and business executives, was awarded by Imadec.

The partnership collapsed in August 2002. According to Jay Tontz, Dean of the CSUH Department of Business and Economics, the university decided to end the relationship because the venture had failed to turn any profit, even though the university's five other overseas MBA programs were making healthy amounts of money. The contract stipulated profit sharing as opposed to the more conventional revenue sharing; Imadec claimed it was barely breaking even but refused to either cut costs or agree to a revenue sharing arrangement. An additional problem, according to CSUH faculty, was "Imadec's failure to make timely payments" regarding salaries and expenses the company owed. According to Joksch, Imadec was canceling the contract because Kurt Leube, the partnership's academic director, had been misrepresenting his academic credentials. Leube, Joksch alleged, had been fraudulently claiming to hold a PhD in Economics that he did not in fact possess. Former Imadec faculty described Joksch's accusations as "ridiculous". Joksch had been well aware of Leube's lack of a doctorate; he had hired Leube on the strength of Leube's enthusiastic adherence to the Austrian School and his apprenticeship under Friedrich Hayek.

Private university

In May 1999, Joksch ran for the European Parliament on a Freedom Party ticket. Although he did not win a seat, the political connections he established paid off when the Freedom Party gained government responsibility and cabinet positions following the October 1999 Austrian legislative election. As a part of its general program of deregulation and liberalization, the new cabinet paved the way for the establishment of private universities in Austria. Joksch had been lobbying for legislation allowing private universities for years and appears to have played a major role in convincing the cabinet to sponsor the relevant statute. In fact, one of his employees was involved in drafting the statute. When the Accreditation Council established by the new act proved hesitant to accredit Imadec, Joksch's political allies were able and willing to bring considerable pressure to bear.

Imadec was accredited effective January 2001.

The new university mocked its older siblings for what it saw as their antiquated teaching methods and their fatuous insistence on maintaining research libraries. Imadec enthusiastically embraced, however, the traditional material trappings of academia. The school took up residence in the ersatz Ivy League ambience of Schloss Laudon, a baroque water castle in the outskirts of Vienna. Web sites, brochures, and commercials featured Christian Joksch and others wearing richly adorned academic robes and flamboyant medallion chains, a conspicuous departure from the comparatively sober comportment of most of Austria's other institutions of higher learning. Almost immediately, Imadec also began to refer to itself as an "elite" institution.

With the heightened profile came heightened scrutiny, which Imadec did not weather well. Very soon, the institution was dogged by accusations of low standards and academic irregularities going back years. A number of politicians, political operatives, and socialites were managing to earn degrees without spending any significant amount of time in either classrooms or libraries. Notable cases include:

 * Theresia Zierler, Freedom Party general secretary
 * Ralph Vallon, Freedom Party communications director
 * Gerald Mikscha, long-time personal assistant to Jörg Haider
 * Sylvia Papházy, Freedom Party MP and alleged life partner of Joksch at the time
 * Werner Amon, MP for the Austrian People's Party, the Freedom Party's coalition partner at the time. Amon was awarded an MBA even though he had never completed his secondary education and was therefore technically ineligible to enroll. Amon was not just a sitting member of parliament during his time as an Imadec MBA student, he also served on the parliamentary Science Advisory Committee and held the additional side job of being Imadec's director of resource development.
 * Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, friend of Haider's and fixture of the local party scene. The son of the Libyan dictator managed to earn an Imadec MBA in just twenty months, in spite of his busy social calendar and in spite of being fully fluent in neither English nor German. There is evidence that lecturers were falsifying at least some of his written exams on his behalf.
 * Karl von Habsburg, son of Otto von Habsburg, Honorary President of Imadec at the time. Karl was known for his affable disposition but not for his scholarly accomplishment. His decade-and-counting attempts to graduate from some law school, any law school, had gained a certain notoriety in Austria. Once at Imadec, Karl earned three separate master's degrees in the space of just five years, despite his increasingly demanding social obligations as the acting head, and later head, of the House of Habsburg. Karl's MBA, MLE, and LL.M. featured proudly in Imadec PR publications.

Imadec became a subject of concern for the Science Advisory Committee. The general impression in the committee, two members went on record stating, was that Imadec was essentially simply selling its degrees and only barely bothered to pretend otherwise. When Imadec's accreditation came up for review in 2005, the national Accreditation Council refused renewal, citing numerous issues in unusually forceful language. The accreditation expired in early 2006. The school petitioned for a renewal of its accreditation in August 2006 but was rejected again. The council once more cited issues with quality assurance, academic staff structure, and financial backing.

Pretend private university

At the same time, Imadec received permission to advertise its educational programs as "university-level curricula" (German: "Lehrgänge universitären Characters") and to award symbolic degrees to students successfully completing them. The permission appears to have been a personal favor to Joksch from Elisabeth Gehrer, the outgoing minister of education at the time.

Under the unique and somewhat experimental statutory framework of the time, Imadec could legally claim that its degrees were "academic" degrees. In fact, Imadec could legally advertise its degrees as "master's" degrees even though they were distinct from actual master's degrees in several respects. Imadec made full use of the legal loopholes at its disposal and continued to award "master's" degrees for another five years. Imadec even tried to continue using the word "university" as part of its registered company name. Petitioned by the Accreditation Council, the Vienna Commercial Court ordered the company name struck from the rolls in 2007. Ignoring the order, Joksch continued to refer to his company as a "university" for several more years, apparently with impunity.

Austria's actual universities quickly discovered that the deluge of substandard "master's" degrees pouring out of institutions such as Imadec threatened the country's credibility in the market. By 2007, consumer protection agencies were declaring themselves concerned. By 2011, there were 75 separate "university-level" training providers in Austria, and universities were heavily lobbying the legislature to quell the flood. It had become obvious that Austria's private tertiary education sector had acquired a questionable reputation. Encumbered by the sectors's poor prestige, private universities and "university-level" training providers were experiencing financial difficulties. Imadec was repeatedly cited as one of the reasons.

Parliament ended the experiment, effective 2012.

Illegal conferment of honorary degrees
An important part of Imadec's marketing efforts was its generosity in awarding honorary degrees and other distinctions to politicians, prominent bankers, and celebrities.

Notable known recipients include:
 * Siegbert Alber, Honorary LL.D.
 * Peter Blaker, Baron Blaker, Honorary Citizen
 * Wim Duisenberg, Honorary DBA
 * Franz Fischler, Honorary Citizen
 * Ernst Fuchs, Honorary Citizen
 * Otto von Habsburg, Honorary President
 * Hans Hass, Honorary Citizen
 * Claus Hipp, Honorary Senator
 * Alexandre Lamfalussy, Honorary DBA
 * Helmut List, Honorary Senator
 * Heinrich Neisser, Honorary Citizen
 * Maria Schaumayer, Honorary Citizen
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger, Honorary DBA
 * Gerhard Swarovski, Honorary Senator
 * Max Turnauer, Hononary Senator
 * Josefina Vázquez Mota, Honorary Citizen
 * Franz Vranitzky, Honorary DBA
 * Andrew Young, Honorary Citizen

All of these honors were void and their conferments illegal. Institutions that could not award regular doctorates could not award honorary doctorates either, and private universities could not award any honors at all. In 2005, Joksch was charged before the Administrative Court, convicted, and fined. Imadec honorary distinctions, the verdict confirmed, were worthless. Joksch ignored the verdict and continued to hand out honorary degrees, most notably to Vicente Fox. The former president of Mexico holds an honorary doctorate of law from Imadec, awarded in 2011.

Bankruptcy petition
On June 18, 2010, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated against Imadec by one of its creditors before the Vienna Commercial Court. On August 26, 2010, the court accepted a restructuring plan that required Imadec to fully satisfy all creditors within two years' time.

Current activity

, Imadec is offering seminars in "advanced negotiations" and "C-suite management".

In its sales brochures, Imadec still describes itself as an "academic institution" and refers to its instructors as "university professors" in a way that suggests, although does not claim outright, that the title is due to their being employed by Imadec. Imadec's two current instructors are in fact teachers at legitimate universities; their classes at Imadec are side jobs. Imadec "diplomas", described as "internationally recognized" in Imadec brochures, can be obtained for EUR 12,800 plus ten to sixteen days' worth of attendance.

Now operating out of a mid-market office building in the working class district of Margareten, the company continues to refer to its owners as "President and Fellows" and to its staff as "faculty", and continues to emphasize extravagant academic vestments in its marking materials.

Notable alumni

 * Werner Amon
 * Andreas Brandstetter
 * Tillmann Fuchs
 * Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
 * Karl von Habsburg
 * Gerald Mikscha
 * Sylvia Papházy
 * Karl-Heinz Strauss
 * Ralph Vallon
 * Theresia Zierler

title: Imadec Executive Education


text:
Galten, Denmark

Galten is a former railway town in central Denmark, at the Aarhus-Hammel-Thorsø railroad which was closed in 1956. The town is located in Skanderborg Municipality, Region Midtjylland, Jutland – about 17 km – west of Aarhus and is now more or less a satellite town of Aarhus. Today, Galten has almost fused with the neighbouring eastern town of Skovby into an urban area with a population of 9,223 (1 January 2024).

To the west of the town of Galten, there are beautiful landscapes. The scenery between Galten and the nearby lakeside town of Ry is characterised by the gently rolling hilly landscape, that is so characteristic of eastern Jutland.

Galten is home to the STARCO Europe A/S, a global group for specialty tire and wheel engineering and manufacturing, and furniture maker Skovby Møbelfabrik.

In 2022, Galten became twin city with the German city Würzburg located in Franconia. A small wine shop exists in Galten selling only Franconian wines.

There is a movement to have a stop in Galten on the new Aarhus-Silkeborg railway line.

Notable people

 * Claus Olesen (born 1974 in Galten) a retired Danish sailor, competed in the 2004 and the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Trine Østergaard (born 1991 in Galten) a Danish handball player for Odense Håndbold and the Danish national team
 * Anne Mette Pedersen (born 1992 in Galten) a Danish handball player for FC Midtjylland Håndbold and the Danish national team

title: Galten, Denmark


text:
Talk:Van der Waals radius

pV=nRT
I'm not a chemist (still in high-school), but shouldn't this read PV = nRT? :-\ /splintax

 * You are right and wrong! I think the original author intended V to equal the molar volume but due to the limitations of the font used here, the "~" couldn't be placed over the V. In practice you try to use equimolar volumes in your calculations. I'll try and place a link to the actual equation.

 * Also, I don't want to confuse my high-school friend but, there should be something said about polarizability volumes and van der Waals. I can remember right now what the connection is (there may not be any) but I'll look over my notes from college.

afn
 * Yes, there should be something said about that! I'm working on it, slowly... Physchim62 (talk) 15:31, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Space "occupied" by a molecule
When a word is quoted in a definition, it is a signal, first, that the reader should not take the meaning of the quoted word literally, and second, that the author already has or soon will clarify what is meant by the quoted term.

Unfortunately, the author never did explain why he was not satisfied with the word "occupied" when referring to the volumetric space taken up by a molecule at a given position. If the word is not "occupied", then what word is it?

This may appear to be a minor quibble, but it is far from it: this entire article is ABOUT measuring the space taken up by a molecule -- and that figures quite fundamentally in our understanding of the natural world. The author may believe he is in possession of an inexpressible subtlety of molecular mechanics, and is using the quoted word to signal such priestly knowledge. If so, forget it! Wikipedia/Chemistry is all about elegantly expressing the what is known and unknown about our material world, so that the common man may better appreciate its majesty and order.

Inquiring minds, including but not limited to my own, want to know: does a molecule occupy space or not? There is a suggestion here to the contrary, and I find that profoundly disturbing. Contrablue (talk) 02:15, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Radius
How does one find this radius, is there an equation to find it? The equation on this page doesn't seem to have the "radius" as a variable. Fresheneesz 03:19, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect Radii?
I'm not a chemical scientist, in fact, I am far from being one, so correct me if I am wrong. I noticed the values for some of the chemicals listed on the right on the top of the page seem a little wrong. In one of the papers I am using, most of the VDW radii are identical, except Fluorine (F), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), and Chlorine (Cl), and I don't have the value for copper. I then checked up on the individual pages for all the listed chemicals, and realised the radii listed on those pages are the same as mine (except copper, which is missing from my records). On the individual pages, F has a radius of 1.47 A compared to the listed 1.35, 1.80 compared to 1.9 for P, 1.80 compared to 1.85 for S, and 1.75 compared to 1.8 for Cl. Can the maintainer of the page please correct them. Thanks! Wpliao (talk) 04:21, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There is no "maintainer" to the page - it's a wiki and anyone can edit!. The ideal person to update this would be you, as you already looked up those values in textbooks ans so can also cite where the values are coming from! (that is better than just copying them from the other pages as you can put a citation in and the data becomes verifyable) Iridos (talk) 23:26, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed them - you can still double-check my edit and perhaps put your source in (I just compared to the articles and to the web-page given in this article) - if you looked the values up in a textbook and they are correct, please put your textbook citation on top of the table (if your literature covers all values) Iridos (talk) 23:38, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've checked the original source of these values (the Bondi paper now cited in the article) and the table is OK. As the article now points out, there are other values out there, although I think Bondi's are the most widely used. Physchim62 (talk) 20:27, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

ideal gas?
What's all the stuff about an ideal gas doing in the stub about van-der-waals radii? Just because it includes the name of van der Waals, doesn't mean it's related - I'm removing that part for now, if you think there is a justification to keep it in _this_ article, then rewrite it such that the connection becomes obvious Iridos (talk) 23:26, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, it is related! Fundamentally so! I have replaced it and tried to explain it better, including an example of the calculation of the van der Waals radius of helium based on gas data. Physchim62 (talk) 10:05, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course it is "fundamentally" related - but it was not, in the article, related to the van-der-Waals radius at all - and with that I mean something like connected/linked by text and grammar. As such useless in explaining the lemma (I might have phrased that better in my 1st comment). Moreover, there are separate articles for Van_der_Waals_equation and Van_der_Waals_force - overlaps with those should be kept to a minimum... and specially so when they are just thrown in without explanation as to how they relate to this lemma.
 * I think you did a good job explaining things further in the introduction. As for the article - I'm still not content with the structure, as a lot is explained before your helium-example without the reader knowing where you want to go... I rearranged things quite a bit to get everything into a more logical order, please check for consistency, it is so easy to inadvertently mis-arrange something in the process. argh, got logged out while fixing the article Iridos (talk) 20:28, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * If you still have several of the more commonly used sources for van-der-Waals radii at hand, perhaps the table could be extended to show several ("both"?) commonly used sets? Or would that go beyond the scope of the article? If the most commonly used sets were listed, people looking up the lemma because they read about some radius/radii used in some text/program/paper would also learn if an older or more recent version of them was used... Iridos (talk) 02:52, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Guess from your lack of answer that you at least don't dislike my last restructuring, then and don't think any further changes are necessary at the present time (or of course you're just too busy with something else). I'm rather content with the change of the rearrangement (although there are probably still many details that could be improved) putting the VDW-equation-part under the heading 'Methods of Determination' immediately makes clear where this is going, your example neatly demonstrates the application and this also got rid of the "other methods of determination" heading. (Perhaps I'm a bit too focused on document structure sometimes [I suspect that might come from writing in latex] but for me things are expressed much clearer now) Iridos (talk) 08:39, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Both assumptions are correct! I've been busy on other things and I think the changes are OK! I think we need to expand the lead a little, so as to introduce the article structure and to point out that there is no single definition of VDW radius. Also, the section headings shouldn't have full capitalization, only the first word and proper nouns (such as "Waals", but not "van der"). Physchim62 (talk) 08:48, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I also think we should have a "Physical interpretation" section and an "Applications" section.This seems like a good source for the latter. Physchim62 (talk) 09:58, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Definition
There doesn't appear to be a formal definition of the van der Waal's radius here. The introduction states that they can be used to model physical properties of atoms and molecules, but then goes on to talk about the van der Waal's volume and never gives a formal definition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joshdkatz (talk • contribs) 23:22, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Fast calculation of van der Waals volume as a sum of atomic and bond contributions
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12968888

Abstract

 * The van der Waals volume is a widely used descriptor in modeling physicochemical properties. However, the calculation of the van der Waals volume (V(vdW)) is rather time-consuming, from Bondi group contributions, for a large data set. A new method for calculating van der Waals volume has been developed, based on Bondi radii. The method, termed Atomic and Bond Contributions of van der Waals volume (VABC), is very simple and fast. The only information needed for calculating VABC is atomic contributions and the number of atoms, bonds, and rings. Then, the van der Waals volume (A(3)/molecule) can be calculated from the following formula: V(vdW) = summation operator all atom contributions - 5.92N(B) - 14.7R(A) - 3.8R(NR) (N(B) is the number of bonds, R(A) is the number of aromatic rings, and R(NA) is the number of nonaromatic rings). The number of bonds present (N(B)) can be simply calculated by N(B) = N - 1 + R(A) + R(NA) (where N is the total number of atoms). A simple Excel spread sheet has been made to calculate van der Waals volumes for a wide range of 677 organic compounds, including 237 drug compounds. The results show that the van der Waals volumes calculated from VABC are equivalent to the computer-calculated van der Waals volumes for organic compounds.

Just granpa (talk) 14:24, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Van der Waals volume vs radius
I read in the present article: "For helium, b = 23.7 cm3/mol. Helium is a monatomic gas, and each mole of helium contains 6.022×1023 atoms... Therefore the van der Waals volume of a single atom Vw = 39.36 Å3, which corresponds to rw = 2.11 Å."

A 4x factor seems to be missing from the equation: another article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation#Conventional_derivation) states that "The excluded volume b is not just equal to the volume occupied by the solid, finite-sized particles, but actually four times that volume" and goes on explaining why.

After dividing b by four, I find rw = 1.33 Å, which is closer to the Van der Waals radius found in other sources (1.40 Å), for example http://www.webelements.com/helium/atom_sizes.html

Can somebody a bit more experienced than me look into that? Cvereb (talk) 23:54, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

New template
Template:Atomic radii

Just granpa (talk) 10:15, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

Astronomy
Space Pushpa R Waghmare (talk) 16:54, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Van der Waals radius


text:
Kappa Scorpii

Kappa Scorpii, Latinized from κ Scorpii, is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Scorpius. With an apparent visual magnitude of 2.4, this star system is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements place it at an estimated distance of roughly 480 ly from the Earth.

Properties
This is a spectroscopic binary, which is a type of binary star system in which the two stars are so close together that they have not been individually resolved with a telescope. The pair orbit each other with a period of about 196 days and an eccentricity of nearly 0.5. The combined spectrum of this pair matches a star with a stellar classification of B1.5 III. The 'III' luminosity class indicates the presence of a giant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is in a late evolutionary stage.

The primary component of the pair, κ Sco A, is a variable star of Beta Cephei type. It is undergoing radial pulsations with a dominant frequency of 4.99922 cycles per day, or 4.8 hours per cycle. There are overlapping secondary pulsation frequencies of about 4.85 and 5.69 cycles per day. This star has about 17 times the mass of the Sun and is nearly 7 times the Sun's radius. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 23,400 K, giving it a blue-white hue. It is rotating rapidly, with an estimated period of only 1.9 days and an axis of rotation that is inclined by about 40° to the line of sight from the Earth.

The secondary component, κ Sco B, is smaller than the primary, but still much larger than the Sun. It has about 12 times the mass of the Sun and nearly six times the Sun's radius. The effective temperature of 18,800 K is also higher than the Sun's, which is at 5,778 K.

Traditional name
κ Scorpii has been called Girtab, which is the Sumerian word for 'scorpion'. The name has survived through the Babylonian star catalogues, and was originally applied to an asterism comprising this star, Lambda Scorpii, Upsilon Scorpii, and Iota Scorpii.

In Chinese, 尾宿 (Wěi Xiù), meaning Tail, refers to an asterism consisting κ Scorpii, μ1 Scorpii, ε Scorpii, ζ1 Scorpii and ζ2 Scorpii, η Scorpii, θ Scorpii, ι1 Scorpii and ι2 Scorpii, λ Scorpii and υ Scorpii. Consequently, the Chinese name for κ Scorpii itself is 尾宿七 (Wěi Xiù qī), "the Seventh Star of Tail".

Modern legacy
κ Scorpii appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Paraíba.

title: Kappa Scorpii


text:
Lead time

A lead time is the latency between the initiation and completion of a process. For example, the lead time between the placement of an order and delivery of new cars by a given manufacturer might be between 2 weeks and 6 months, depending on various particularities. One business dictionary defines "manufacturing lead time" as the total time required to manufacture an item, including order preparation time, queue time, setup time, run time, move time, inspection time, and put-away time. For make-to-order products, it is the time between release of an order and the production and shipment that fulfill that order. For make-to-stock products, it is the time taken from the release of an order to production and receipt into finished goods inventory.

Supply chain management
A conventional definition of lead time in a supply chain management context is the time from the moment the customer places an order (the moment the supplier learns of the requirement) to the moment it is ready for delivery. In the absence of finished goods or intermediate (work in progress) inventory, it is the time it takes to actually manufacture the order without any inventory other than raw materials. The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply identifies "total lead time" as a combination of "internal lead time" (the time required for the buying organisation's internal processes to progress from identification of a need to the issue of a purchase order) and "external lead time" (the time required for the supplying organisation's processes, including any development required, manufacture, dispatch and delivery).

Manufacturing
In the manufacturing environment, lead time has the same definition as that of Supply Chain Management, but it includes the time required to ship the parts from the supplier. Shipping time is included because the manufacturing company needs to know when the parts will be available for material requirements planning purposes. It is also possible to include within lead time the time it takes for a company to process and have the part ready for manufacturing once it has been received. The time it takes a company to unload a product from a truck, inspect it, and move it into storage ("put-away time") is not trivial. With tight manufacturing constraints or when a company is using Just In Time manufacturing, it is important for supply chain to know how long their own internal processes take.

Lead time consists of:
 * Preprocessing Lead Time (also known as "planning time" or "paperwork"): the time required to release a purchase order (if you buy an item) or create a job (if you manufacture an item), from the time you learn of the requirement.
 * Processing Lead Time: the time required to procure or manufacture an item.
 * Postprocessing Lead Time: the time to make a purchased item available in inventory from the time you receive it (including quarantine, inspection, etc.)

Example

Company A needs a part that can be manufactured in two days once Company B has received an order. It takes three days for company A to receive the part once shipped, and one additional day before the part is ready to go into manufacturing.
 * If Company A's Supply Chain calls Company B they will be quoted a lead time of 2 days for the part.
 * If Company A's Manufacturing division asks the Supply Chain division what the lead time is, they will be quoted 5 days since shipping will be included.
 * If a line worker asks the Manufacturing Division boss what the lead time is before the part is ready to be used, it will be 6 days because setup time will be included.

In more detail

Lead Time terminology has been defined in greater detail. The Supply Chain from customer order received to the moment the order is delivered is divided into five lead times.
 * Order Lead Time - Time from customer order received to customer order delivered.
 * Order Handling Time - Time from customer order received to sales order created.
 * Manufacturing Lead Time - Time from sales order created to production finished (ready for delivery).
 * Production Lead Time - Time from start of physical production of first submodule/part to production finished (ready for delivery).
 * Delivery Lead Time - Time from production finished to customer order delivered.

Example

A restaurant opens up and a customer walks in. A waiter guides him to a table, gives him the menu and asks what he would like to order. The customer selects a dish and the waiter writes it in his notepad. At that moment the customer has made an order which the restaurant has accepted – Order Lead Time and Order Handling Time have begun. Now the waiter marks the order in the cash register, rips the paper from the notepad, takes it into the kitchen and puts into the order queue. The order has been handled and is waiting in the factory (kitchen) for manufacturing. As there are no other customers, the waiter decides to stand outside the kitchen, by the door, waiting for the dish to be prepared and begins calculating Manufacturing Lead Time.

Meanwhile, the chef finishes what he was doing, takes the order from the queue, starts his clock as a mark for the start of Production Lead Time and begins cooking. The chef chops the vegetables, fries the meat and boils the pasta. When the dish is ready, the chef rings a bell and stops his clock. At the same time, the waiter stops calculating Manufacturing Lead Time and rushes through the kitchen door to get the food while it is hot.

When he picks it up, he begins timing the Delivery Lead Time that ends when the dish is served to the customer, who can now happily say that the Order Lead Time was shorter than he had expected.

Possible ways of shortening the lead time:

To best meet the customer needs, a company should work towards the shortest possible lead time in manufacturing, production, and delivery. It can be helped by:

 * Improving each processing step's efficiency through minimizing waste, quickly resolving any bottlenecks.
 * Applying production leveling (Heijunka) to both supply chain management and production process steps.
 * Automating all possible actions along the process.
 * Reducing the length of the idle (waiting) process stages, as these are often the most wasteful and can be the easiest ones to tackle for a start.

Order lead time
When talking about Order Lead Time (OLT) it is important to differentiate between the definitions that may exist around this concept. Although they look similar, there are differences between them that help the industry to model the order behavior of their customers. The four definitions are :
 * The Actual Order Lead Time  (OLTActual) The order lead-time'', refers to the time which elapses between the receipt of the customer's order (Order Entry Date) and the delivery of the goods."
 * The Requested Order Lead Time  (OLTRequested) represents the time between the Order Entry Date and the customer requested delivery date; this measurement could help the company to understand the order behavior of the customers and help to design profitable models to fulfill customer needs.
 * The Quote Order Lead Time  (OLTQuote) is the agreed  time between the Order Entry Date and the supplier's committed deliver date of goods as stipulated in a supply chain contract.
 * The Confirmed Order Lead Time (OLTConfirmed) represents the time between the Order Entry Date and the by the supplier confirmed delivery date of goods.

OLT formulas
The OLTRequested will be determined by the difference between the date the customer wants the material in his facilities (wish date) and the date when they provided its order to the supplier. The OLTQuote will be determined by the difference between the date the customer agree to receive the material in their facilities (Quote date) and the date when the order is provided to the supplier. The OLTActual will be determined by the difference between the day the provider deliver the material (Delivery date) and the date when they enter the order in the system. The OLTConfirmed will be determined by the difference between the date the confirmed date by the provider to deliver the material in the customer facilities (Confirmed date) and the date when they provide the order to the supplier.
 * OLTRequested = Wish Date – Order Entry Date
 * OLTQuote = Quote Date – Order Entry Date
 * OLTActual = Delivery Date – Order Entry Date
 * OLTConfirmed = Confirmed Date – Order Entry Date

Average OLT based on volume
The Average OLT based on Volume (OLTV) is the addition of all the multiplications between the volume of product we deliver (quantity) and the OLT divided by the total quantity delivered in the period of time we are studying for that specific facility.

$$OLTV= \frac{\sum_{j}{Quantity_j \cdot OLT_j}}{_{Total Quantity Deliver}} \,$$

By doing this the company will be able to find a relation of volume weighted between the quantities of material required for an order and the time requested to accomplish it. The volume metric could be applied to the 4 types of OLT.

The figure obtained from this calculation will be the average time (e.g. in days) between order placing and the requested delivery date of a specific customer under consideration of the average quantities ordered during that particular time.

Potential application areas for order lead time measurement
The correct analysis of OLT will give the company:
 * Better understanding of the market behavior making it able to develop more profitable schemas that fit better with customer needs (Revenue Management).
 * Increases company ability to detect and correct any behavior that is not within terms agreed in the contract (by penalization or different contract schema).
 * The OLT measurement creates an opportunity area to improve the customer relations by increasing the level of communication with them.

Project management
In project management, lead time is the time it takes to complete a task or a set of interdependent tasks. The lead of the entire project would be the overall duration of the critical path for the project.

According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), lead time is the "time between a customer request and the actual delivery." The lead time is a deliverable metric and a customary measure. The lead time shows the amount of elapsed time from a chunk of work or story entering the backlog, to the end of the iteration or release. A smaller lead time means that the process is more effective and the project team is more productive.

Lead time is also the saved time by starting an activity before its predecessor is completed.

According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by PMI, lead is "The amount of time whereby a successor activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor activity". An example would be scheduling the start of a 2-week activity dependent with the finish of the successor activity with a lead of 2 weeks so they will finish at the same time.

Journalism
Lead time in publishing describes the amount of time that a journalist has between receiving a writing assignment and submitting the completed piece. Depending on the publication, lead times can be anything from a couple of hours to many months/years.

Medicine
Lead time (when referring to a disease) is the length of time between detection of a disease through screening and the moment in time where it would have normally presented with symptoms and led to a diagnosis. An example of this is seen with breast cancer population screening, where women who are asymptomatic have a positive test result with mammography, whereas the underlying disease would have taken many more years to manifest.

Video games
Lead time in video games can refer to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully. Lead time can be used to prevent players from abusing helpful abilities or items by making them a little more difficult to use safely, requiring some strategy, risk or caution.

title: Lead time