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The Campaign for North Africa

The Campaign for North Africa (CNA), subtitled "The Desert War, 1940–43", is a strategic board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1978 that simulates the entire North African Campaign of World War II. It is considered one of the most complex wargames ever published, with ten recommended players and an estimated total playtime of 1,500 hours. The game could not be fully playtested before release and no one is believed to have ever completed a full game.

Description
The Campaign for North Africa has been called the longest board game ever produced, with estimates that a full game would take 1,500 hours to complete. Reviewer Luke Winkie pointed out that "If you and your group meets for three hours at a time, twice a month, you’d wrap up the campaign in about 20 years." It has also been called the most complex wargame ever designed, with the commonly cited example (noted in SPI's advertising) that Italian troops require additional water supplies to prepare pasta. The map board alone is 9.5 ft (3 m) long.

Although nominally a two-player game, the rules recommend ten players divided into two teams of five people, each team composed of a Commander-In-Chief, Logistics Commander, Rear Area Commander, Air Commander, and Front-line Commander.

Components
The boxed set contained in a large 4 inch deep box includes:

 * 5 34 inch × 23 inch paper hex grid maps scaled at 8 km (5 mi) per hex with thirty-one types of terrain; the maps when placed together form a single 34 inch × 115 inch board.
 * 1,600 counters
 * 6 booklets:
 * "Historical Background": 16 page analysis of the North African campaign written by Al Nofi, Richard Berg, and Jim Dunnigan
 * "Land Game Rules of Play": 45 pages, plus 2 pages of addenda
 * "Air and Logistics Game Rules of Play and Scenarios": 23 pages of rules, 14 pages of scenarios, 7 pages of designer's notes
 * "Charts and Tables Common to Both Players": 16 pages
 * "Axis Exclusive Charts and Tables": 36 pages, including 73 charts and tables
 * "Commonwealth Exclusive Charts and Tables" 32 pages including 58 charts and tables
 * 12 logistical sheets
 * 3 plastic counter storage trays
 * 1 six-sided die

Gameplay
The Wargamer Academy rates the complexity of CNA, on a scale of 1–10, as 10+. The complete campaign game takes 100 turns, each turn representing one week of game time. A number of shorter scenarios are included that are still long in comparison to other wargames. As reviewers noted, the game is less about combat, and more about managing logistics and supply lines.

To give an idea of the game's complexity, reviewer Nicholas Palmer outlined the actions for one side's single turn. As a first step, before playing, the player or team must make unit organization charts for every one of the hundreds of counters on their side. Then each turn: This entire sequence would then be repeated by the other player or team, completing one game turn.
 * Plan strategic air missions
 * Raid Malta
 * Plan Axis convoys
 * Raid convoys
 * Distribute stores and consume stores
 * Calculate spillage/evaporation of water and adjust all supply dumps
 * Determine initiative
 * Determine weather (Hotter weather results in more evaporation of water)
 * Distribute water
 * Reorganize units
 * Calculate attrition of units short of water and stores
 * Begin building construction
 * Begin training
 * Rearrange supplies
 * Transport cargo between African ports
 * Bring convoys ashore
 * Deploy Commonwealth fleet
 * Ship repair
 * Plan tactical air mission if airplanes are fuelled
 * Begin air mission
 * Fight air-to-air combat
 * Fire flak
 * Carry out mission, return to base, airplane maintenance.
 * Place land units on reserve
 * Movement:
 * Move units, tracking fuel expenditure and breakdown points vis a vis weather
 * Enemy reaction
 * Move more units
 * Combat:
 * Designate each tank and gun as deployed forward or back
 * Plot and fire barrages
 * Retreat before assault
 * Secretly assign all units to anti-armor or close-assault roles
 * Anti-armor fire
 * Adjust ammunition
 * Deploy destroyed tank markers and update unit records to reflect losses.
 * Carry out probes and close assaults
 * Release reserves
 * Move rear trucks
 * Begin repair of breakdowns
 * Make patrols
 * Repeat all movement and combat steps a second time
 * Repeat all movement and combat steps a third time

Publication history
In the mid-1970s, SPI's house magazine Strategy & Tactics gathered feedback from players that indicated the desire for a massive game. Responding to this feedback, SPI envisioned several huge wargames that would be called the "Heuristic Intensive Manual Simulation Series". In 1976, a team of developers started to create CNA, with Richard Berg responsible for the gigantic map. After six months, all of the other developers had left the project, and Berg was asked to complete the game on his own, which he took two years to complete. Redmond A. Simonsen provided cartography and graphic design. The game was so massive that playtesting was not completed before the game was published by SPI in 1979, retailing for $44. This was the one and only game published under the "Heuristic Intensive Manual Simulation Series" label.

Critic John Kula, writing twenty years after the game's publication, noted that development of a game this size was solely driven by player feedback. "So why produce a game which is unplayable? Well apparently the feedback responses that governed Jim Dunnigan and SPI indicated that gamers wanted such monster games. And true to the old curse, gamers got what they asked for. This is likely the single biggest difficulty with reader feedback — everyone knows what they want, but few know what they need."

Following the demise of SPI, Decision Games acquired the rights to CNA, and started the process of streamlining and simplifying the rules, with an advertised publication date of 2022 for the retitled "North African Campaign".

Reception
In Issue 21 of Fire & Movement, Gary Charbonneau wrote, "You may have heard rumors that this game would be unplayable. It is."

In his 1980 book The Best of Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer noted that despite the game's obvious complexity, "the rules are clear and entertainingly written, there are copious notes, and the basic system does seem to have been properly playtested." Nevertheless he called the game "a mind-bogglingly slow job; no doubt the first ten years are the hardest." He concluded by giving CNA a very poor "excitement" grade of only 15% but a "realism" grade of 100%.

In Issue 49 of Moves, Thomas G. Pratuch called the game so big that "it defies immediate analysis of the tactical and strategic planning necessary to win the game." However, he called the game's scenarios the most complex designed to date. He also believed that players could use the game rules as a framework for designing new scenarios.

In Issue 24 of Phoenix, Bob Campbell called CNA "certainly the best simulation of the desert war yet", despite its length. He found a mismatch between the "simple but laborious" logistics system and the very complex combat system. He especially found the air game to be overly complex, pointing out that designer Richard Berg admitted this in the Designer's Notes. Campbell concluded that the game was "a success, if only a partial success. It does not contain the ultimate truth about North Africa, but there's enough there to get on with."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman noted the complete game would take at least 1500 hours to complete, and responded, "Balance? Who cares? To survive is to win." He further commented that this "was not a game, and to consider it as such is a big mistake. It's a history lesson—a pure simulation. On that level, it is quite an achievement; for people looking for a good 'game,' it is totally worthless." He gave the game an Overall Evaluation of "Very Good for historians, Very Poor for anyone else", concluding, "the game is overly complex and overlong—pure overkill."

In a 2012 review, game designer Andrea Angiolino called CNA "the most complicated board game ever released."

In a retrospective review almost 40 years after CNA's publication, Luke Winkie called the arcane complexity of the game "transparently absurd", pointing out the example that each turn, every unit loses 3% of its fuel due to evaporation, except for British units, which lose 7% because historically they used 50-gallon drums instead of jerry cans. But he admitted that due to its complexity, "The Campaign for North Africa will seduce new players for the rest of time."

title: The Campaign for North Africa


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User talk:Kathman

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kathman


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Upton, Warwickshire

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 06:26, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Upton, Warwickshire
Appears to be an experiment and/or vanity. Delete--1pezguy 02:46, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if no additional information is added to this article to explain its existence. Looks like geneaologycruft to me. Kelly Martin 02:49, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Genealogy, it seems. Geogre 02:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Get thee to Wikitree! Delete. Uncle G 03:24, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Tobycat 04:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete due to basic genealogical info. No place in the Wikipedia. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 06:32, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain The correct response is to google "Upton, Warwickshire" and substitute some encyclopedia content. But I'm just as lazy as everyone else. --Wetman 06:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I googled both names in the entry and found one or two links. --1pezguy 06:43, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, we don't have genealogical info in Wikipedia, and there doesn't appear to be a place called Upton in Warwickshire. Average Earthman 08:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . Upton, Warwickshire is a town.  This is obviously just a case of someone clicking on the redlink from Upton and typing in unrelated gibberish.  I would have speedied it as patent nonsense on those grounds. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:06, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) Change vote to keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it a town? It's so small that Google Maps didn't bother mentioning it - I've finally found it, though, it's north of Nuneaton, just off the A444 . Average Earthman 14:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a village. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I've fixed it to be a very small stub about the village. Morwen - Talk 15:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, now that it's village-cruft. --Scimitar 15:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that it has been fixed: keep Aecis 15:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * strong keep the revised article on the village. Dunc|☺ 15:46, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep fixed page. - DS1953 17:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep village stub. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 17:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Just a harmless stub Celestianpower 17:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Real place with real community of interest. Capitalistroadster 00:00, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The article has been extremely revised. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 03:29, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I believe our policy is to keep these articles because someone with information might add it someday.  There are thousands of geography stubs.  Falcon 23:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Texas Assessment of Academic Skills

Wait, it was the 11th grade (final exam) however
According to this Texas Government PDF file (don't worry Google/HTML it) Timeline of Testing in TEXAS, the exit level for the writing and math test changed from 11th grade to 10th occured in 1992-1994. --Chill Pill Bill 02:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)s

As a public high school teacher 2008-09 school year here is some updated information. TAKS must be passed in the 3rd, 5th and 8th grade to move on. This has been implemented over the last 5 years. Also the exit TAKS was moved from the 10th grade to the 11th grade. Students must still take English and Math in the 9th grade, in the 10th grade they take English, Math, Science and a writing portion. In the 11th grade they must pass English, Math, Science, and History. With this years incoming 6th grades the rules change when they reach High school they will be required to pass the EOC End of COurse exam in each of the 4 core subjects with a 70 or above to receive credit and to graduate they must pass at least 14 of the 16 tests and the TAKS test will have been phased out. Rodeo1988

== The TAAS Test was replaced with the TAKS Test in 2003. Retrieved July 20, 2014.

And what Rodeo1988 was saying above about the STAAR test was changed as of June, 2013.


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User:Sweetvermouth3

i am into cocktails. i just found wikipedia, think it's great.

title: User:Sweetvermouth3


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Tønder lace

Tønder lace is a point-ground type of handmade bobbin lace identified with the Tønder region of Denmark since about 1850, although lace of many types has been made there since as early as 1650. The term is also used more broadly, to refer to any bobbin lace made in Denmark.

Tønder lace was traditionally made in fine linen thread, imported from the Netherlands. Since the disappearance of the very fine linen threads, it has commonly been made in cotton. It is characterized by honeycomb fillings in motifs, square tallies in the ground, and the use of a gimp, a heavy thread outlining the cloth-stitch motifs. It often had large holes in the motif, called "Copenhagen holes", which were an attempt on the part of the lacemakers to speed up production of the lace, as they strove to compete with the cheaper machine lace. The designs used were similar to Mechlin lace, with many flowers.

History
Tønder lace was mainly made during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Production started in 1647 when a merchant brought lacemakers from Westphalia to Tønder to teach lacemaking to the general population. Christian IV protected the manufacture of local lace, and didn't wear any foreign lace. In 1712 several lacemakers from Brabant accompanied the troops of King Frederick IV on their return from the Netherlands, bringing new techniques. Tønder lace was a major industry, and most of the region's girls were employed in making it. Little boys, before they were strong enough to work in the fields, were also taught to make lace. In 1801 20,000 people in Tønder and the immediately surrounding area were employed making lace. When machine-made lace was introduced in the late 1800s, the handmade lace industry gradually ceased to be economically important to the region. It never died out entirely though, and is still made today, mostly by hobbyists.

Reproductions of historical laces have been done by contemporary lacemakers, and interpretations of Tønder in new ways is ongoing.

title: Tønder lace


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User talk:Sweetvermouth3

feel free to leave me a message here if u like. Sweetvermouth3 02:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Personal attacks on page listed for deletion

 * It's not considered good WikiForm to make personal attacks on other users, regardless of whether their page is listed for deletion or not. I reverted your edits to Goldencat for this reason. Please refrain from this in the future. Thanks. --FCYTravis 05:03, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sweetvermouth3


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Howard Benson

Howard Michael Benson (born July 1956) is an American record producer from Havertown, Pennsylvania. He has been nominated for two Grammy Awards for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2007 and 2008, among two wins and 16 total nominations for his productions.

Early life and education
Benson was born and raised in a middle-class family in greater Philadelphia, the son of Estelle and Robert Benson. He is of Jewish descent. He began playing keyboards in rock bands at the age of 13. He attended college at Drexel University and studied engineering. During his years at Drexel, Benson took a year off and studied composition at the Philadelphia College for Performing Arts. Benson graduated from Drexel with a degree in materials engineering. After graduation, he moved to Los Angeles and worked for Garrett AiResearch, where he worked on aircraft such as C-5s and F-18s.

At the time of his graduation, he regularly played with his band in small Hollywood clubs, and when his band finally went into the studio with a producer, Benson was inspired to become a record producer.

He returned to Drexel in 2010 to create and teach the advanced production class at Drexel University's Antoinette Westphal College of Media Arts and Design. In 2011, he established the Howard and Monica Benson Endowed Scholarship Fund for students enrolled at the Antoinette Westphal College of Media Arts and Design. In 2015, he received an honorary degree from Drexel University.

Career
His first works as producer were two albums for hardcore punk band T.S.O.L. (Revenge (1986) and Hit and Run (1987)), and the first record he produced for a major record label was Bang Tango's Psycho Café in 1989. Benson states that discovering Pro Tools in 1998 while working with Sepultura was a major turning point in his career. He was asked to produce P.O.D.'s The Fundamental Elements of Southtown album in 1999, which became a platinum-selling record. In 2000, Benson produced P.O.D.'s multi-platinum-selling Satellite at Bay 7 Studios, and continued to record numerous albums at that location. Over the next few years, Benson produced records from acts like Cold, Crazy Town, P.O.D.'s Payable on Death, and Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge from My Chemical Romance. He later produced numerous multi-platinum records such as The All-American Rejects, Hoobastank, Flyleaf, Daughtry, Seether, Third Day, Theory of a Deadman, Three Days Grace, Skillet, Santana, Adam Lambert, Kelly Clarkson and Caleb Johnson.

He now produces exclusively at West Valley Recording Studios, in Woodland Hills.

Benson stated that he utilizes Auto-Tune in the studio and that those who do not are "nuts". Benson prefers to record in what he calls a "parallel system," in which musicians will record their parts in isolated rooms. After the recording of an album, Benson typically brings the track to his home studio, Sparky Dark Studios, where he personally adds to the arrangement.

Benson has worked as an A&R consultant at Giant Records, Elektra Records, and Warner Bros. Records.

Benson produced and appears in Attack of Life: The Bang Tango Movie, which is a 2016 documentary film directed by Drew Fortier about 80s hard rock band Bang Tango for whom Benson had produced two albums.

In 2021 Benson and Three Days Grace drummer Neil Sanderson co-founded the record label Judge & Jury Records.

Discography
Benson has served as a producer for numerous musical acts, including Three Days Grace, My Chemical Romance, Escape the Fate, and Daughtry.

Grammy Awards

 * rowspan="1"|2001
 * "Alive"
 * Best Metal Performance
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2002
 * "Youth of the Nation"
 * Best Hard Rock Performance
 * Nominated
 * "Portrait"
 * Best Metal Performance
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2005
 * The Reason
 * Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Nominated
 * "The Reason"
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="5"|2007
 * Himself
 * Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
 * Nominated
 * Daughtry
 * Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * "It's Not Over"
 * Best Rock Song
 * Nominated
 * "Home"
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Nominated
 * "It's Not Over"
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="1"|2008
 * Himself
 * Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|2010
 * All I Ever Wanted
 * Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Nominated
 * "Born Again"
 * Best Gospel Performance
 * Nominated
 * "Born Again"
 * Best Gospel Song
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2013
 * Stronger
 * Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Won
 * "Love Bites (So Do I)"
 * Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance
 * Won
 * "Born Again"
 * Best Gospel Performance
 * Nominated
 * "Born Again"
 * Best Gospel Song
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2013
 * Stronger
 * Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Won
 * "Love Bites (So Do I)"
 * Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance
 * Won
 * "Love Bites (So Do I)"
 * Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance
 * Won

GMA Dove Awards

 * rowspan="1"|2005
 * The Passion of the Christ: Songs
 * Special Event Album of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="1"|2009
 * Revelation
 * Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|2010
 * Awake
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Hero"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|2011
 * Memento Mori
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "One Day Too Late"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Lucy"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="6"|2013
 * New Horizons
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Release the Panic
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Won
 * "Sick of It"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * "Who We Are"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Perfect Life"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Strike Back"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="6"|2014
 * Rise
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Won
 * Release the Panic: Recalibrated
 * Rock Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Not Gonna Die"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * "Die For You"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Run and Escape"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Zombie"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2015
 * "Good to Be Alive"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * "Dead Man"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Die For You"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Run and Escape"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Zombie"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|2015
 * "Good to Be Alive"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * "Dead Man"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Won
 * "Dead Man"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Products
In 2017 Howard Benson partnered with audio plug-in developer STL Tones to create the Howard Benson - Producer Kemper Pack and in 2018 they released STL Tonality - Howard Benson Guitar Plug-In Suite. In 2020 Howard partnered with Joey Sturgis Tones and released his signature vocals plugin, Howard Benson Vocals. In 2022, Howard partnered with Joey Sturgis Tones again and released his signature voice generation plug-in, the Howard Benson Vocal Multiplier.

title: Howard Benson


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Arncliffe railway station

Arncliffe railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Illawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Arncliffe in Bayside Council. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 line services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Arncliffe station opened on 15 October 1884 on the same date as the Illawarra line from Redfern to Hurstville with two side platforms. Arncliffe Station was designed as the first major station on the Illawarra Line southwards from Sydney and was one of the most substantial stations of the eight built in 1884, reflecting the importance of the locality.

The station, originally known as the Illawarra Road Station, was built by Alfred McNeill and William Clark and designed by the office of the New South Wales Government Railways. Like Sydenham railway station completed in the same year, Arncliffe was constructed with two wayside platforms: the eastern platform contained a 3rd class brick station building, while the western platform contained an impressive 2nd class brick station building having a street frontage.

In 1906, the northbound platform was converted to an island with a new northbound track. The former northbound track (current Platform 2) became the southbound track, with the former southbound platform (current Platform 3) disused until converted to an island platform in 1923 as part of the quadruplication of the Illawarra line from Wolli Creek to Rockdale. A footbridge and small overhead booking office were also constructed as part of the works.

In 1909, the Arncliffe-Bexley steam tram began operation, and a tramway siding was added. The Station was originally a wayside station with a matching platform but was converted to its present configuration with the addition of new tracks. In 1923 the line was quadruplicated, and as part of the works an arched brick overbridge was built over Forest Road, which is now the largest single span arched overbridge of the entire railway system.

In preparation for quadruplication, the original footbridge and overhead booking office were demolished and replaced by a new footbridge in 1919. With construction of the new footbridge, the southern wing of the Platform 1/2 building was demolished. In 1923, the existing Platform 3/4 building was converted to an island platform. As such, the Platform 3/4 building underwent major alterations including new platform awnings constructed on both sides; floor levels raised; and new door and window openings and joinery. A 60-metre tunnel length existed to the south of the station, but was opened out and a bridge to carry Forest Road built in 1923. A new larger timber overhead booking office was constructed in 1925, and the line through the station to Hurstville was electrified in 1926. The Arncliffe-Bexley tram line closed in 1926.

A 1943 Lands Department aerial photo of the station shows the station in its current configuration, including shrub plantings on the platforms.

In April 2015, work to install four new lifts at Arncliffe station commenced. This was completed in September 2016. In May 2015, work commenced on the construction of a pedestrian tunnel below the Illawarra line 300 metres north of the station. It opened in October 2016.

Transport links
Transit Systems operates one bus route via Arncliffe station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 473: Rockdale station to Campsie

Description

The heritage-listed railway complex includes the platform 1/2 building (1884), the platform 3/4 building (1885, 1923), the footbridge and stairs (1919), the overhead booking office (1925), the platforms (1884, 1923) and the platform plantings (current and prior to 1943).

Arncliffe Railway Station is accessed via a footbridge and stairs, entered from Firth St on the west and via a footpath across a public park from Butterworth Lane on the east side.

The Platform 1/2 building is similar in form to the Tempe Station buildings, with two gable ends facing the rail lines at each end and on each side of the building. The main (southern) section of the building has a hipped roof with transverse gables clad in corrugated steel roofing with timber louvred gablet vents to the roof. There are two painted brick chimneys. The main gable ends have timber louvred vents with stucco sills and heads. The building has painted brick walls with stucco sills and heads to arched windows. Windows are timber framed double hung. Some doorways retain timber framed fanlights, slightly arched. The main entrance to the building (formerly road entrance) is marked by a gable end projecting in the centre bay. This centre bay is shaped to form a gothic arch. There is one original timber 4 panel door on the west (Platform 1)>side of the building, complete with fanlights and sidelights. On the east (Platform 2) side the building has timber panelled double doors: three pairs with timber framed fanlights with vertical glazing bars.
 * Platform 1/2 Building (1884)

The northern end pavilion (former toilets) is attached to the main part of the building via a brick walled courtyard. The painted brick courtyard walls have a projecting stucco moulding at the top. On the western side, there is a covered over doorway into the courtyard. The small square painted brick former toilet pavilion has brick stop chamfered corners and a hipped corrugated steel roof. There are 3 small timber-framed windows to east and west elevations, and a brick screen to the doorway at the northern end.

The west (Platform 1) awning is supported on groups of 2 or 3 cast iron columns with very elaborate decorative cast iron capitals, brackets and frieze to the underside of the awning beam. There is a central gable to the awning facing the rail lines which also features decorative timber brackets to the gable end. The awning is set back from the platform edge.

The east (Platform 2) awning has single cast iron columns with 4 radiating decorative cast iron brackets, with similar cast iron brackets attached to the building facade and unusual iron ties and decorative metal valance, mounted on elaborate stucco wall brackets. This was the original platform face of the building. There are steel security doors.

The waiting room has a chimney breast and modern floor tiles, plaster timber-battened ceiling with a plaster ceiling rose and plaster moulded cornices.

Similar to platform buildings at Sydenham Railway Station, the Platform 3/4 building is a single storey painted brick building. There are separate painted brick toilets with three small timber framed double hung windows each side, entered from the north end and with a brick screen to the entry doorway. The toilets are connected to the main platform building by a linking structure with a gabled corrugated steel roof and walls of corrugated steel with timber louvres.
 * Platform 3/4 Building (1884, 1923)

The main (northern) section of the platform building is painted brick with a corrugated steel gabled roof, with one chimney to the north end. Windows are timber framed double hung with slightly arched heads. There are arched openings, and stucco sills and mouldings to window heads and around fanlights. The awning to Platform 4 is cantilevered on steel brackets mounted on stucco wall brackets.

Internally, the first room at the southern end of the main section of the building has a ripple iron ceiling with a metal ceiling rose. The main waiting area, to the north of the 1st room, also has a ripple iron ceiling with a metal ceiling rose. There are slate door thresholds and modern tiled floors. The toilets at the southern end have timber tongue & grooved partitions. There is one timber 4-panelled entry door to the toilets with two glazed upper panels. The ripple iron ceiling with metal ceiling rose to the first room and main waiting area.

Dorman Long & Co. steel footbridge and stairs with original star pattern newel posts and railings except stairs to Platforms 3/4, which has modern railings and posts to entry steps. There are timber posts to the Platform 1/2 entry from the pedestrian overbridge.
 * Footbridge and Stairs (1919)

The footbridge has a concrete floor and steps. The footbridge consists of two steel beam structures over the Illawarra line, one for street access the other for platform interchange. There is a metal screen to the north side of the footbridge.

The overhead booking office was formerly a weatherboard building, which has been reclad with panels of fibre-cement sheeting. The booking office has a hipped and gabled corrugated steel roof, and original timber framed double hung windows with 9-paned top sashes with multicoloured glazing. The top sashes of the windows are slightly arched at the top of the glazing.
 * Overhead Booking Office (1925)

Two island platforms, asphalt surfaces with some areas of modern brick paving on Platform 1/2. Platform faces are brick. Platform 1/2 has a distinctive curve on its western side. Platform 3/4 is slightly curved on its eastern side. Both platforms are entered from the footbridge and stairs located towards the southern ends of the platforms. There is an extension to the southern end of Platform 1/2.
 * Platforms (1884, 1923)

Topiary shrub plantings on both island platforms.
 * Landscape/Natural Features

Cast iron late Victorian period bubbler, located near the Platform 1/2 building.
 * Moveable items

 * Condition

The entire station complex was reported as being in good condition as at 25 June 2009.

The platform buildings are remarkably intact. The footbridge and stairs are intact. The 1925 overhead booking office, while externally reclad, retains its original form and many features such as original windows.

Heritage listing
Arncliffe Railway Station is of State historical significance as an important station on the Illawarra Line demonstrating its development from 1884 to 1925, including the adaptation of two wayside buildings for island use. The Arncliffe Railway Station is of historical significance as one of three remaining stations with 1880s "second class" brick platform buildings on the Illawarra line, and is one of the best examples of suburban station architecture from the first period of construction on the Illawarra line. The platform buildings are of aesthetic significance, the Platform 1/2 building being an elaborate Victorian Italianate style building with decorative cast iron columns and brackets to awnings, and elaborate detail, the Platform 3/4 building being an 1884 wayside platform building altered in 1923 to an island platform building. The Arncliffe Railway Station 1919 steel footbridge and stairs, the 1923 overhead booking office, and the concrete and brick road overbridge are considered to be good representative examples of their types.

Arncliffe railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Arncliffe Railway Station is of State historical significance as an important station on the Illawarra Line, demonstrating its development from 1884 to 1925, during important phases of railway construction and development. The development of the station has included the adaptation of two wayside buildings for island use.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The platform buildings are of aesthetic significance, the Platform 1/2 building being an elaborate Victorian Italianate style building with decorative cast iron columns and brackets to awnings, and elaborate detail, the Platform 3/4 building being an altered 1884 wayside platform building altered to an island platform building in 1923, with major alterations including new platform awnings, and alterations to windows, doors and joinery.

The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Arncliffe Railway Station is considered rare for its remarkably externally intact 2nd class Platform 1/2 building dating from 1884, as only three stations on the Illawarra line retain platform buildings of this type and period (other examples at Sydenham station and Tempe station).

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The Arncliffe Railway Station 1919 steel footbridge and stairs, and the 1923 overhead booking office are considered to be good representative examples of their types.

title: Arncliffe railway station


text:
Nova Scotia Lifeguard Service

The Nova Scotia Lifeguard Service (also NSLS) is a Canadian lifeguard service operating in Nova Scotia.

NSLS has been supervising many Nova Scotian beaches since 1973 and is a joint project between the Nova Scotia Department of Health Promotion and Protection, and the Nova Scotia Branch of the Royal Life Saving Society of Canada (RLSSC).

The NSLS employed 54 full-time lifeguards for the 2006 season, as well as several other part-time staff. Supervision seasons typically run from July 1 through to the last weekend in August, with a few beaches continuing weekend supervision into September. The NSLS developed the Nova Scotia Surf League, Canada's first surf lifesaving competition series, and has seen several Nova Scotians selected to the Core Team of the Canadian National Lifesaving Team since its inception.

The service was born out of a 1972 study into a high number of drownings at public beaches in Nova Scotia. Originally called the Nova Scotia Beach Supervision Project, the beaches were organized by region, so that each region is required to recruit and hire lifeguards for the beaches, thereby supplying lifeguard supervision. The program was centralized and began employing a full-time director in 1975, when it also changed its name to the Nova Scotia Lifeguard Service.

In 2019, the NSLS supervised 23 beaches around the province and was responsible for training and administration services for several others.

Supervised beaches

 * Aylesford Lake Beach (Municipality of Kings County)
 * Bayfield Beach (Municipality of the County of Antigonish)
 * Bayswater Beach (Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia)
 * Dollar Lake Beach (Dollar Lake Provincial Park)
 * Dominion Beach (Cape Breton Regional Municipality)
 * Heather Beach (Heather Beach Provincial Park)
 * Ingonish Beach (Cape Breton Regional Municipality)
 * Inverness Beach (Municipality of the County of Inverness)
 * Lake Ellenwood Beach (Lake Ellenwood Provincial Park)
 * Lake Milo Beach (Municipality of the District of Yarmouth)
 * Lawrencetown Beach (Lawrencetown Beach Provincial Park)
 * Martinique Beach (Halifax County, Nova Scotia
 * Mavilette Beach (Municipality of the District of Clare)
 * Melmerby Beach (Melmerby Beach Provincial Park)
 * Mira Gut Beach (Cape Breton Regional Municipality)
 * Point Michaud Beach (Cape Breton Regional Municipality)
 * Pomquet Beach (Pomquet Beach Provincial Park)
 * Port Hood Beach (Municipality of the County of Inverness)
 * Port Maitland Beach (Port Maitland Provincial Park)
 * Queensland Beach (Queensland Beach Provincial Park)
 * Rainbow Haven Beach (Rainbow Haven Provincial Park)
 * Rissers Beach (Rissers Beach Provincial Park)

Training
Lifeguards employed with the NSLS must complete a physically rigorous selection process.

All lifeguard applicants to NSLS must be certified with the RLSSC's National Lifeguard Service Award and also maintain certification in Standard First Aid as well as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) level C.

Applicants are then tested with a timed 500-meter swim in surf conditions, followed by a timed 3.2 km run, and a timed 50-meter carry with a suitably weighted mannequin.

The physical test is followed by a written test. Should an applicant be hired, s/he must successfully complete a four-day NSLS training camp with all new and returning lifeguards immediately prior to the start of the supervision season, during which there are further evaluations of skills based on performance during mock emergency scenarios. Should an applicant not meet the standard during the training camp, alternates who are successful will be selected in their place.

This rigorous selection program to ensure the highest level of skill and competency has proven to be a successful formula. No person has drowned within the supervised area of any NSLS beach during hours of supervision since the program's inception in 1973.

Nova Scotia Surf League
Nova Scotia Surf League is a lifeguard competition operated by NSLS. Started in 2000, it is Canada's first lifesaving competition series. The format of the series was modeled after an Australian professional lifesaving circuit called the Nutri-Grain Surf League. It has aimed to focus on increasing the level of participation among in the sport of lifesaving among Nova Scotia lifeguards, mainly through providing regular access to competition. The league founder, Craig Durling, remains active today as the league's Commissioner.

Prior to the existence of Surf League, Nova Scotians would often travel to competitions in Ontario, Quebec and the United States.

At the conclusion of each summer, league awards are presented to the top teams and individuals who competed on the series. Career statistics are also maintained by the league for wins for men and women.

title: Nova Scotia Lifeguard Service


text:
Vash the Stampede

Vash the Stampede (ヴァッシュ・ザ・スタンピード) is the protagonist of Trigun, a manga series created by Yasuhiro Nightow in 1995. Set on the planet No Man's Land, Vash is the most feared outlaw who has earned a bounty of $60 billion ("double dollar") on his head and the nickname "The Humanoid Typhoon" (人間台風) after accidentally destroying a city with his supernatural powers. He is a skilled gunman who battles bounty hunters and assassins working for his twin brother, Millions Knives. Despite his reputation, Vash displays a kindhearted personality by befriending citizens and refusing to murder his enemies.

Nightow created Vash as a strong gunner who would stand out because of his pacifist ways, traits that are different from those of the stereotypical protagonist of action films. The manga was adapted for television as an anime series in which Vash was voiced by Masaya Onosaka as an adult and Kōki Miyata as a child. For the English dub, Johnny Yong Bosch voices him as an adult and Bryce Papenbrook as a child. The character also appears in the 2010 film Trigun: Badlands Rumble, among other one-shots. Nightow was surprised at Vash's popularity with Western audiences.

Critics praised the mixture of seriousness and goofiness of Vash's character. However, his pacifism received a more mixed response. While some reviewers praised it as a part of Vash's heroic traits, others disliked the negative consequences when his pacifist choices failed. He remains popular in the anime adaptation and has appeared in multiple "best character" lists and articles. Onosaka and Bosch were praised for their performances.

Concept and creation

Trigun manga author Yasuhiro Nightow has stated that Vash's name was his own creation rather than references to bands he gave to other members from the cast. He developed Vash as having a serious personality with a childish side, and found him to be the most relatable of all his creations. To contrast Vash from the typical heroes in action films, Nightow portrayed him as a pacifist since he did not want his lead character to be a murderer. Throughout the story, Vash avoids killing enemies by disarming them and avoids inflicting mortal wounds during combat. His cheerful personality was used to highlight this trait with his catchphrase being: "Hey, sorry. Love and peace?" To emphasize that Vash is an experienced gunman, Nightow depicted him as having a strong eyesight that gives him a more precise aim. While making the series, he was surprised by Vash's popularity with Western readers. Comparing Vash's manga characterization with his anime persona, Nightow said his version does not have as many crushes on the women he meets.

While Vash is the manga's protagonist, anime director Satoshi Nishimura used Meryl Stryfe as the main character. In the anime, she searches for the Humanoid Typhoon and initially does not believe it is Vash due to his childish behavior. To create suspense, writer Yōsuke Kuroda suggested that Vash would not shoot a bullet until the fifth episode, which causes Meryl to realize he is the famous gunman.

Vash's characterization in Stampede was created to give him a less experienced portrayal that rejects violence and through his character arc, learns to deal with it. His bounty and expressions are meant to portray him as younger than the original Vash with the first arc's ending highlighting his transformation into the classic Vash with his design acting as symbolism to it.

Design
To make Vash's appearance distinctive, Nightow often changed the character's hair color throughout the serialization. Although fans questioned if this was relevant to the story, Nightow chose not to reveal his reason for it. In the series' climax, it is revealed that Vash's blond hair turning black is a secondary effect of overusing his supernatural powers. Despite his efforts in his design, Nightow regrets giving Vash and antagonist Legato Bluesummers detailed eyes because he drew them inconsistently in the manga. Nightow had trouble designing Vash's gun as he aimed it to look visually attractive and effective to use. Although he originally wanted to create a gun with unlimited bullets, he replaced it with a traditional one after consulting a picture of an upside-down barrel for inspiration. Besides Vash's guns, Nightow portrayed him as having a supernatural power known as the "Angel Arms," in which his arms mutate to form a weapon. The Angel Arms adopt a feminine form and can create or give birth to matter.

In 2023, a new Trigun anime was made, Stampede. Studio Orange sought to appeal to the audience and had to alter Vash's design for this reboot. Producers Katsuhiro Takei had been a fan of the series since reading the manga as a teenager and liked the protagonist due to his values. Takei wants the narrative to focus on the depths of Vash which lead to more scenes about his backstory. Takei stated that while in the original manga and the previous anime adaptations the story is always centered around Vash, in Trigun Stampede they "really want to focus on the depth of Vash", so they decided to focus on his origin, memories, and the time he spent with Rem and Knives.

Voice actors
Masaya Onosaka started voicing Vash in the anime, which premiered in Japan in 1998. Onosaka said he was unaware when the 2010 film, Trigun: Badlands Rumble, would be made and that most of the cast and crew felt left in the dark for a long time before production began. After the film's announcement, Onosaka was happy to see his character featured in theaters for the first time and to work with the Trigun cast for the first time since the anime ended twelve years earlier. New voice actor Maaya Sakamoto said she liked being involved in the film because she interpreted Vash through her character, a bounty hunter named Amelia Ann McFly, who starred in the movie as a lead. Kōki Miyata voiced the young Vash.

For Trigun Stampede, Vash is voiced by Yoshitsugu Matsuoka in his adult persona and Tomoyo Kurosawa as a child. Matsuoka used to watch the original Trigun anime during high school years and was grateful for being cast as well as nervous. He claims that Vash's charm comes from his straightforward personality and his hidden shades which makes his work challenging as he has to portray both of the protagonist's seriousness and cheerfulness.

Johnny Yong Bosch started his voice acting career by providing Vash's voice in Trigun 's English-dubbed version. He had never heard of the series until he was hired for the role. According to Bosch, most of the fan responses to his performance were positive, and Nightow found his performance to be appealing. Bosch attributed his positive reception to the story and casting director. He enjoyed Vash's traits, specifically his pacifist philosophies alongside the catchphrase: "This world is made of love and peace!" Vash's younger self from the flashbacks is voiced by Bryce Papenbrook. Bosch is also reprising his role for the English dub of Stampede expressing gratitude for being able to portray him again.

Trigun and Trigun Maximum
The origins of Vash and his twin brother Millions Knives are explored in flashbacks from the Trigun manga when the children live in a spaceship containing the last few surviving humans who have fled Earth due to its lack of resources. The two are identified as "Plants" since they age at a slower rate. They are raised by a researcher named Rem Saverem in a space ship colony. Through Rem's education, Vash gains a newfound respect for life, but his brother seeks the mayhem in mankind. Knives disrupts the navigation system, triggering an alarm and waking the dormant passengers. When Knives sabotages the fleet, putting it on a crash course with the planet No-man's Land, Rem puts him and Vash in an escape pod to save them. Rem chooses to stay behind and attempts to prevent the crash rather than escaping. As the two children become young adults, they separate, with Knives amputating Vash's left arm in a fight. Vash is found by a group of humans who construct his cybernetic arm. Knives also attempts to activate Vash's dormant supernatural powers, the Angel Arm, but the plan backfires and a blast obliterates the city of July, leaving 200,000 people without food or shelter. The incident earns Vash's reputation as "The Humanoid Typhoon".

When the Trigun manga begins, Vash travels around the planet searching for Knives. He befriends Meryl Stryfe and Milly Thompson, two agents of the Bernardelli Insurance Society, sent to evaluate claims regarding the dangers he has caused and whether or not his bounty should be canceled. He also meets a priest named Nicholas D. Wolfwood, who fights alongside him. Vash is targeted by Legato Bluesummers from the Gung-ho Guns assassins who are followers of Knives. After Legato confronts Vash, Knives reappears. A shocked Vash requests evacuation for Meryl and Milly because of the danger his brother presents. Knives then tries to use Vash's Angel Arm to destroy another city, but Vash resists and redirects the blast upward, where it hits one of No-man's moons.

In the Trigun Maximum manga, which occurs two years after the moon's destruction, Wolfwood discovers Vash relating Knives' exploits in regards to mankind's extinction. In facing Legato's group, Vash fears that they have discovered the location of his home, resulting in the deaths of his friends. Vash learns a ship has made contact with Earth and will be arriving to save them from No-man's Land. Knives uses his powers as a Plant to shut down the satellites used to communicate with Earth. Vash learns of the severed connection and guesses its cause. Gung-ho Guns Hoppered the Gauntlet, a survivor of July, seeks revenge on Vash, but is killed by his partners as Knives ordered them not to kill their target but tormenting him. Vash and Wolfwood continue traveling to Knives' base. However, Vash is defeated and restrained by Legato. Wolfwood, revealed as a member of the Gung-ho Guns, rescues Vash.

Vash rejoins Wolfwood, who fights with Gung-ho Gun Livio to the death. When Wolfwood dies, Livio, Wolfwood's childhood friend, joins Vash' cause while grieving for his friend's death. As Knives approaches the city with the "Ark", a floating ship designed to leave humans without any resources and end life on the planet, Knives begins dueling with Vash. Throughout his past battles that required him to use the Angel's Arm, Vash has transformed into a regular human signified by his blond hair now turned black. Vash breaks his pacifist vow by killing Legato to protect Livio from the last Gung-ho Guns. Knives also starts losing the powers he stored with the Ark through Vash's actions. Vash then saves his brother from the vengeful ships from Earth. Following his defeat, Knives uses his last powers to help his weakened brother by creating a small fruit tree to feed him. After his brother's death, Vash continues his travels on the planet with Meryl and Milly.

Adaptations
In the anime, No-Man's Land is an unnamed planet. While wandering the planet with Knives, Vash shoots his brother for trying to kill more people. Vash is rescued by a group of humans from the only remaining functioning ships on the planet and leaves after a few months. He goes to July in the hopes of meeting Rem's friends but finds Knives has killed them. In the ensuing firefight, Knives shoots off Vash's left arm which activates his White Angel Arm, resulting in July's destruction. Throughout the series, Vash feels pressure to avoid killing his enemies. As the two interact, Wolfwood decides to be a pacifist like Vash, but is killed by one of Knives' men. Bringing Vash further grief is Legato who controls the civilians targeting Meryl and Milly. This forces Vash to kill Legato in order to save his friends. Despite being initially shocked by the idea of committing a sin, Vash find peace when Meryl says any person can find redemption regardless of action. Vash faces and defeats Knives whose fate is ambiguous. Vash then decides to adopt a new way of life, discarding the red coat that marked Rem's influences over him. The anime ends as Vash returns with his brother's body to Meryl and Milly.

Besides the anime, Vash appears in the 2010 Trigun film, Badlands Rumble, in which he travels to Macca City where he meets a bounty hunter named Amelia Ann McFly. Seeking revenge against a thief named Gasback, Amelia joins Vash and Wolfwood in a quest to capture him. Amelia decides to follow Vash's example and does not kill Gasback, but allows him to be taken into custody. Vash also appears in a manga anthology of alternative stories; Vash being the protagonist who, along with Wolfwood, protects a village from thieves. In the sequel to the manga by Boichi, Vash meets another Plant who seeks her own death.

In Trigun Stampede an alternate Vash explains to Meryl and Roberto De Nero that he has been mistakenly accused of stealing plants when it is really Knives who is responsible. After a confrontation with his brother that results in tragedy, Vash takes his leave and heads east towards July City to pursue Knives. As the anime continues, Vash is revealead to be from the human colonization fleet where it is revealed that both Vash and Knives are Independents, human-like beings born from regular plants. He regretted trusting Knives with the command codes for the ships which he used to sabotage and destroy most of the fleet. Suffering from guilt, Vash wandered the desert where he was rescued by the survivors of Ship Three, led by Luida Leitner. As he spends more time with them, Vash is accepted by the humans. Vash is dropped into a tank, where Knives forcefully initiates mental connection with him. Knives intends to synchronize with Vash, using his unique ability to open a two-way gate to the higher dimension. Knives plans to use the core to give every plant a soul, making them all Independents and guaranteeing humanity's extinction. Vash resists as Knives manipulates his memories and shows him that there was a third Independent child on their ship who was used for cruel experiments. Meryl pleads with Vash to wake up, and her voice ultimately causes him to regains his senses, ejecting Knives whom he ends up defeating. In the aftermath, Vash impacts in July City, inadvertently destroying the entire city. Two years later, Vash has become a fugitive again, with the remaining cities posting an unprecedented $$60 billion bounty on his head.

Popularity
Vash was ranked second in the 1998 Annual Anime Grand Prix in the Male Character Category behind Spike Spiegel from Cowboy Bebop. In 2000, the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation awarded Vash the Best Male Character, U.S. Release award. Anime News Network listed him and Wolfwood as one of the biggest "fiercest frenemies" because of their constant struggles and consistent friendship. AnimeNation considered Vash one of the most popular 1990s characters along with Spike Spiegel and Sakura Kinomoto from Cardcaptor Sakura manga.

In 2009, Vash the Stampede was ranked 17th in IGNs Top Anime Characters of All Time, and Nightow was praised for how well Triguns lead is designed. IGN ranked him as the 20th greatest anime character of all time in 2014 because of the balance displayed between his goofiness and grief in the narrative. HobbyConsolas listed Vash as one of the coolest characters in anime based on his skills and personality. In another poll, Vash was voted the second-best Masaya Onosaka character after France from Hetalia: Axis Powers. Vash has been the used in merchandise, including action figures, plush dolls, keychains, clothes, and cosplay sunglasses.

The lead singer of Mushroomhead wore a Vash the Stampede coat in many concerts before it was stolen from his dressing room. Vash also made a cameo appearance in Boichi's gangster manga Sun-Ken Rock, when the cast goes to watch the Trigun film.

Critical response
Critical reception to the character has been positive. Anime News Network stated Vash seems to have been influenced by Western films and compared him with Himura Kenshin from the Rurouni Kenshin manga because of their pacifism. Manga Life compared Vash's way of life with that of the American Midwest in the 1800s. They called his characterization "fantastic" based on the personality he displays when facing enemies as he refuses to murder anybody. When more of the character's past is revealed because of his conflict with his enemies, Manga Life said Vash's true self makes him more engaging, something which is expanded by the artwork. Vash's reintroduction in Maximum drew positive comments with a reviewer from Mania Entertainment saying both new and existing readers would be attracted by the restart of Vash's journey after moments of peace. In a later review, however, Mania Entertainment said some events that happened to Vash might come across as repetitive because his pacifism keeps backfiring and no proper solution has yet been given. As Vash's philosophy was tested in the finale, Fandom Post praised the consequences of his actions. BlerdsOnline noted Vash got so much grief the reader would also feel it when reading the manga.

Journalists have also commented on Vash's role in Madhouse's adaptation of the manga. Escapist Magazine regarded Vash's characterization as one of the most intriguing aspects of Trigun because while being a pacifist, he fights to protect others and despite his victories, he is never seen as overpowered. AnimeOnDVD enjoyed him for "running a gamut of emotions and attitudes" while displaying multiple skills that made him the most powerful fighter on the planet. The reviewer also said the change in Vash's character makes him more interesting to watch in the darker scenarios. Vash's backstory and its effect on him were described as "really interesting" because it would prompt questions from the audience. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews called Vash "the poster-child for the misunderstood hero". Similarly, Anime News Network praised Vash's characterization for avoiding cliches often seen in Western stories. AnimeNation compared Vash with Abel Nightroad from the Trinity Blood anime based on their similar traits, saying they might be interpreted as identical characters. In the book Anime Impact: The Movies and Shows that Changed the World of Japanese Animation, Chris Stuckmann compares Vash with John McClane from the Die Hard action films because of the similar misunderstandings the two go through while facing enemies.

Some critics commented on Vash's relationship with Knives. His final fight against Knives was seen as another well-developed scenario by ANN. Escapist compared Vash and Knives to yin and yang because of their contrasting natures, which made their antagonism more appealing. Comic Book Bin also made this comparison, suggesting they subtly parallel Cain and Abel from the Book of Genesis because of how much Knives wants to torment his brother. By the manga's climax, Mania claimed the fight between these two characters was "the stuff of legend."

Critics also commented on the Badlands Rumble portrayal of Vash. DVD Talk enjoyed it, stating his characterization would appeal to the audience. UK Anime Network said the character delivers the series' original pacifist message despite the attention given to comedy. Otaku USA said that Vash's portrayal in the movie is true to his character in the television series. ANN had mixed thoughts about Vash's movie persona. While finding this portrayal faithful to the original one, ANN said Vash's act as a lazy character takes too much time until his true self is revealed. Bosch's performance was praised nevertheless. BlerdsOnline noted it was one of Nightow's strongest points when writing Trigun Maximum, along with the antagonism Vash has with Knives. Elena M. Aponte from Bowling Green State University said that while Vash is constantly escaping from violence, he is responsible for creating major chaos with his Angel Arm which was compared with the nuclear bomb used to end World War II. Vash's values about wanting to protect others regardless of danger are challenged by Wolfwood due to his remark of his pacifism and it is not only until the manga's climax that Vash decides to use violence for the first time in life to kill a person in order protect Livio from Legato.

Vash's redesign in Stampede was praised by Polygon for its sex appeal as well as how Orange animates him, with FictionHorizon agreeing and adding that his movements were fluid. On the other hand, Anime News Network provided different comments in regards to Vash's design as whether or not he is as appealing as the original created by Nightow. UK Anime Network criticized Vash for coming across as "more of an emo-peacenik" than his iconic persona to the point he feels like a different character.

Reviewers also commented on Vash's voice actors with Escapist praising Bosch's work. On the other hand, DVDTalk found Onosaka's work better than Bosch's. Similarly, despite being praised for his childish take on Vash, Bosch's acting was criticized as unfitting when Vash sounds serious by Japanator. As a result, the reviewer recommended Onosaka instead. UK Anime Network enjoyed Vash's role in Nightow's first one-shot from Multiple Bullets, but criticized Boichi's portrayal of him as childish and almost like a Mary Sue.

title: Vash the Stampede


text:
Talk:Haida manga

Anyone else?
is anyone other than nicoll yahgulanas produicng haida manga? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.82.141.124 (talk • contribs)
 * A good question. Would it not be best to merge this to a section in Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas, which is thin and could be bulked up. This article also fails to assert notability which could leave it open to deletion, despite it looking like an interesting topic. (Emperor (talk) 17:53, 10 February 2009 (UTC))

Image
Can someone post an image? Sure would like to know what this style looks like...

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 16:32, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Removing PROD
I'm removing the proposed deletion since there was no attempt to actually try to improve the article, it was just proposed for deletion based on the lack of references therein. Although true Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas may be the only self-proclaimed Haida Manga artist, if this art movement is deemed unworthy of its own article, then a merger would be more appropriate. - Io Katai (talk) 15:07, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Haida manga


text:
Talk:Voluntarism (philosophy)

Opening paragraph from article moved here
I am moving the opening paragraph, as it was prior to my edits today, here to the Talk Page. The first part of the sentence I have basically reworded in the article. The content of the second half of the sentence can be added back in, where appropriate in the article, if we can determine the meaning intended by the editor, in more plain English.

Voluntarism is the school of thought, which regards the will to the difference of the intellectualism (as contrast) and emotionalism as basic facts of the realization (i.e. as epistemological voluntarism) or as a nature, cause of the world-whole (metaphysical voluntarism of Arthur Schopenhauer) and attributes a thinking and feeling to the will (''psychological voluntarism is desire against ones will, example: I would do anything for that apple)

--Lini 11:24, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Propose rename this Voluntarism (Philosophy)
Because there are both epistemological and metaphysical examples and people will get confused thinking epistemology is a subset of metaphysics which it wasn't last time I looked :-) Carol Moore 01:48, 27 December 2007 (UTC)CarolMooreDC talk
 * I support this proposal. Let's start a former RM. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:00, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

More Incoherence
Regarding this:

 * This putting out of the drive-detention-vital dynamics has influenced Friedrich Nietzsche (as will to power), Eduard von Hartmann, Sigmund Freud and the philosophy of life.

...Huh? Can we rephrase it in comprehensible English?65.213.77.129 (talk) 14:37, 26 September 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.213.77.129 (talk)

Expanding Article
I wish someone with a good foundation in philosophy could expand this article. It just seems like an introduction without a real body explaining what Voluntarism is, comparing it to other philosophical systems, how other philosophers have understood the concept, etc. It seems like a first draft of what could be a substantial piece with more information added to it.69.125.134.86 (talk) 01:26, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * And also objections to this dangerous and influential philosophy.85.76.66.162 (talk) 13:23, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

???????????
? Moorepatricia986 (talk) 00:40, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * ??. Editor2020 (talk) 21:21, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voluntarism (philosophy)


text:
Talk:Del Marquis

Untitled comments
I do agree that this needs to be cleaned up. It doesn't read like a reference article at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bjones (talk • contribs) 02:52, 6 June 2005 (UTC)
 * That's why it's a stub. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.16.17.201 (talk) 19:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Adding a cleanup tag to this article is fine. Redirecting it a handful of minutes later, before people can have a chance to clean it up, is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.206.231.128 (talk) 08:20, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Strewth, what is it with certain people preferring to be redirecting an article instead of making an effort and cleaning it up? I shall do so now.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.206.231.128 (talk) 10:51, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Del Marquis


text:
Presumption of death

A presumption of death occurs when a person is believed to be dead, despite the absence of direct proof of the person's death, such as the finding of remains (e.g., a corpse or skeleton) attributable to that person. Such a presumption is typically made by an individual when a person has been missing for an extended period and in the absence of any evidence that person is still alive—or after a shorter period, but where the circumstances surrounding a person's disappearance overwhelmingly support the belief that the person is dead (e.g., an airplane crash). The presumption becomes certainty if the person has not been located for a period of time that has exceeded their probable life span, such as in the case of Amelia Earhart or Jack the Ripper.

A declaration that a person is dead resembles other forms of "preventive adjudication", such as the declaratory judgment. Different jurisdictions have different legal standards for obtaining such declaration and in some jurisdictions a presumption of death may arise after a person has been missing under certain circumstances and a certain amount of time.

Facts, circumstances, and the "balance of probabilities"
In most jurisdictions, obtaining a court order directing the registration to issue a death certificate in the absence of a physician's certification that an identified individual has died is usually necessary. However, if there is circumstantial evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that the individual is deceased on the balance of probabilities, jurisdictions may agree to issue death certificates without any such order. For example, passengers and crew of the RMS Titanic who were not rescued by the RMS Carpathia were declared legally dead soon after Carpathia arrived at New York City. More recently, the State of New York issued death certificates for those who perished in the September 11 attacks within days of the tragedy. The same is usually true of soldiers missing after a major battle, especially if the enemy keeps an accurate record of its prisoners of war.

If there is not sufficient evidence that death has taken place, a legal declaration of such may take longer, as simple absence does not necessarily prove death. The requirements for declaring an individual legally dead may vary depending on numerous details including the following:
 * The jurisdiction the individual lived in before death
 * The jurisdiction where they are presumed to have died
 * How the individual is thought to have died (murder, suicide, accident, etc.)
 * The balance of probabilities that make it more likely than not that the individual is dead

Most countries have a set period of time (seven years in many common law jurisdictions) after which an individual is presumed dead if there is no evidence to the contrary. However, if the missing individual is the owner of a significant estate, the court may delay ordering the issuing of a death certificate if there has been no real effort to locate the missing person. If the death is thought to have taken place in international waters or in a location without a centralized and reliable police force or vital statistics registration system, other laws may apply.

China
The Chinese law treats declaratory judgment of death and disappearance differently. Relevant provisions can be found in Section 3 ("Declaration of Disappearance and Declaration of Death"), Chapter 2 ("Natural Persons") of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China enacted in 2017.

Where a natural person has disappeared for two years, an interested party may apply to a people's court for a declaration of absence of the natural person. The period of disappearance of a natural person shall be counted from the day when a person is not heard from, until the day the individual is recovered or located. If a person disappears during a war, the period of disappearance shall be counted from the day when the war ends or from the date of absence as confirmed by the relevant authority.

Where a natural person falls under any of the following circumstances, an interested party may apply to a people's court for a declaration of death:
 * The natural person has disappeared for four years;
 * The natural person has disappeared for two years from an accident.

Where a person has disappeared from an accident, and it is impossible for the person to survive the accident as certified by the relevant authority, an application for a declaration of death of the person is not subject to the two-year period.

In the event of contradictory applications for declaration, meaning that both an application for a declaration of death and an application for a declaration of absence of the same natural person are filed by the interested parties with a people's court, the people's court shall declare the death of the person if the conditions for a declaration of death as set out in this Law are met.

The Chinese law specifically talks about the return of the absentee. The validity of the previous declaratory judgment of death is not imperiled by the sheer fact of return. The absentee or interested party (or parties) must apply for the revocation of the said declaratory judgment, then it can be annulled. The legal consequence of revoking declaratory judgment is essentially about restoration, i.e. the return of property and restoration of marriage. Chinese law restores marriage between the returned absentee and his or her spouse, providing that the spouse has not remarried or declared unwillingness of restoring marriage. This is quite unusual among the legal regimes around the world.

Germany
Conditions for declaration of death according to the disappearance law (Verschollenheitsgesetz):

 * General disappearance: 10 years from the end of the year with the last sign of life (5 years for persons older than 80 years)
 * Seafaring, ship's sinking: 6 months after sinking or other event causing the disappearance, for example: gone overboard (maritime disappearance)
 * Plane crash: 3 months after crash (airflight disappearance)
 * Other disappearance under life-threatening circumstances: 1 year from the end of the mortal danger

India
Presumption of death is governed by sections 107 and 108 of the Evidence Act, which allows for presumption of death for a person missing for 7 years to be raised in appropriate proceedings before the court.

Ireland
If there is strong evidence a missing person is dead the coroner may request an inquest under Section 23 of the Coroners Act 1962. If the Minister for Justice grants the inquest then the person may be declared legally dead if that is the outcome of the inquest. As an alternative an application may be made to the high court; before November 1, 2019, the general position was that a person needed to be missing for at least 7 years before a person could be treated as dead in the eyes of the law, but exceptionally may be earlier if there is strong implication from the circumstances the person is dead. This meant that their next of kin were denied any bereavement-related entitlements under any pension, life insurance or social welfare scheme. Since November 1, 2019, when the Civil Law (Presumption of Death) Act 2019, commenced, a court can make a "presumption of death order" if it is satisfied that the circumstances suggest that the missing person's death is either virtually certain, or highly probable. If such an order is made and not successfully appealed, it has the same status as a death certificate.

Italy
It takes ten years to declare a missing person dead. After ten years from someone's disappearance, a motion to declare the person legally dead can be filed in court.

Poland
Declaration of presumed death is stipulated in articles 29–32 of the Polish Civil Code and pronounced as a court judgment. In general, a period of 10 years is required to pass for a legal declaration to be made, with the following exceptions: A court's declaration of death comes into effect retroactively and is subject to legal consequences from before the date of the declaration, going back to the assumed date of death, as declared by the court.
 * no one can be declared dead prior to the end of the year in which they turn, or would turn, 23 years of age;
 * the minimum time period is reduced to 5 years if the person would have turned at least 70 years old at the time of the declaration;
 * if it is overwhelmingly likely that the person would have been a victim of an air or sea disaster or any other "exceptional circumstances", the period of time of the disappearance is reduced to 6 months, however if the vessel is presumably lost, the time is counted from one year after what would have been the scheduled day of arrival, or from two years after its last known whereabouts;
 * if a person is reported missing under other life-threatening circumstances than the above, the time period becomes one year since the conclusion of the life-threatening incident.

Russia
According to article 45 of Civil Code of Russia, a person may be declared dead only by a court decision, on the following grounds:
 * They have been missing for 5 years
 * If the person disappeared under life-threatening circumstances, which made it likely that he or she died from an accident, that person can be assumed dead after 6 months
 * A military or civil person, who disappeared during a military conflict, can be declared dead no earlier than 2 years after the conflict is over

A legal date of death is considered to be the date when the court decision declaring person dead was made. If a person disappeared under life-threatening circumstances, the day of his or her actual disappearance may also be considered the legal date of death.

The declaration of death by the court has the same legal consequences as if the fact of death was proven:
 * Dependants of the person become eligible for the state pension
 * Assets can be inherited
 * If the person was married, the marriage legally ends
 * Personal obligations are terminated

If such decision was a mistake and the person later returns, the decision is nullified and the person becomes eligible to request most of his assets back. However, if the husband or wife of such person married again, the marriage will not be restored. His funds and securities, taken under bona fide circumstances, also cannot be requested back.

Before 2013
Prior to 2013, English law generally assumed a person was dead if, after seven years: This was a rebuttable presumption at common law – if the person subsequently appeared, the law no longer considered them dead.
 * There was no evidence that they were still alive.
 * The people most likely to have heard from them had no contact.
 * Inquiries made of that person had no success.

Otherwise, courts could have granted leave to applicants to swear that a person was dead (within or after the seven-year period). For example, an executor may have made such an application so they could have been granted probate for the will. This kind of application would only have been made sooner than seven years where death was probable, but not definitive (such as an unrecovered plane crash at sea), following an inquest (see below). Such an application was specific to the court where it was made – thus separate applications had to be made at a coroner's inquest, for proceedings under the Matrimonial Causes and Civil Partnership Acts (for remarriage), for probate, and under the Social Security Act.

Presumption of Death Act 2013
These processes were not considered satisfactory, and so in February–March 2013, the Presumption of Death Act 2013 was passed to simplify this process. The new act, which is based on the Presumption of Death (Scotland) Act 1977, allows applying to the High Court to declare a person presumed dead. This declaration is conclusive and cannot be appealed. It is recorded on a new Register of Presumed Deaths, and has the same effect as a registration of death. Death is taken to occur on (a) the last day that they could have been alive (if the court is satisfied that they are dead), or (b) the day seven years after the date they were last seen (if death is presumed by the elapse of time).

In England and Wales, if the authorities believe there should be an inquest, the local coroner files a report. This may be done to help a family receive a death certificate that may bring some closure. An inquest strives to bring any suspicious circumstances to light. The coroner then applies to the Secretary of State for Justice, under the Coroners Act 1988 section 15, for an inquest with no body. The seven years rule only applies in the High Court of Justice on the settlement of an estate. According to a spokesman for the Ministry of Justice, the number of requests received each year is fewer than ten, but few of these are refused. Without a body, an inquest relies mostly on evidence provided by the police, and whether senior officers believe the missing person is dead. One notable person presumed dead under the Act is the 7th Earl of Lucan (Lord Lucan), who was last seen alive in 1974 (although there have been numerous alleged sightings since that time), and whose death certificate was issued in February 2016.

The incidence of presumed death in England and Wales is considered low – in September 2011, it was estimated that only 1% of the 200,000 missing persons each year remained unaccounted for after 12 months, with a cumulative total of 5,500 missing persons by September 2011.

Scotland
In Scotland, legal aspects of the presumption of death are outlined in the Presumption of Death (Scotland) Act 1977 (c. 27). If a person lived in Scotland on the date they were last known to be alive, authorities can use this act to declare the person legally dead after the standard period of seven years.

United States
The declaration of a missing person as legally dead falls under the jurisdiction of the individual states unless there is a reason for the federal government to have jurisdiction (e.g. military personnel missing in action).

People who disappear are typically called missing, or sometimes absent. Several criteria are evaluated to determine whether a person may be declared legally dead:
 * The party normally must have been missing from their home or usual residence for an extended period, most commonly seven years
 * Their absence must have been continuous and inexplicable (e.g. the person did not say they had found a new job and were moving far away)
 * There must have been no communication from the party with those people most likely to hear from them during the period the person has been missing
 * There must have been a diligent but unsuccessful search for the person and/or diligent but unsuccessful inquiry into their whereabouts.

Professor Jeanne Carriere, in "The Rights of the Living Dead: Absent Persons in Civil Law" (published in the Louisiana Law Review), stated that as of 1990, the number of such cases in the United States was estimated at between 60,000 and 100,000.

According to Edgar Sentell, a retired senior vice-president and general counsel of Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company, almost all states recognize the presumption of death, by statute or judicial recognition of the common law rule. Some states have amended their statutes to reduce the seven-year period to five consecutive years missing, and some, such as Minnesota and Georgia, have reduced the period to four years.

If someone disappears, those interested can file a petition to have them declared legally dead. They must prove by the criteria above that the person is in fact dead. There are constitutional limitations to these procedures: The presumption must arise only after a reasonable amount of time has elapsed. The absent person must be notified. Courts permit notifying claimants by publication. Adequate safeguards concerning property provisions must be made in the case that an absent person shows up.

Some states require those who receive the missing person's assets to return them if the person turned out to be alive. If a person is declared dead when only missing, their estate is distributed as if they were dead. In some cases, the presumption of death can be rebutted. According to Sentell, courts will consider evidence that the absent person was a fugitive from justice, had money troubles, had a bad relationship, or had no family ties or connection to a community as reasons not to presume death.

A person can be declared legally dead after they are exposed to "imminent peril" and fail to return—as in a plane crash, as portrayed in the movie Cast Away. In these cases courts generally assume the person was killed, even though the usual waiting time to declare someone dead has not elapsed. Sentell also says, "The element of peril accelerates the presumption of death." This rule was invoked after the attack on the World Trade Center, so that authorities could release death certificates. Although people presumed dead sometimes turn up alive, it is not as common as it used to be. In one case where this occurred, a man named John Burney disappeared in 1976 while having financial problems, and later reappeared in December 1982. His company and wife had already received the death benefits—so, on returning, the life insurance company sued him, his wife, and his company. In the end, the court ruled Burney's actions fraudulent.

Reappearance
Missing persons have, on rare occasions, been found alive after being declared legally dead (see below). Prisoners of war, people with mental illnesses who become homeless, and, in extremely rare circumstances kidnapping victims, may be located years after their disappearance. Some people have even faked their deaths to avoid paying taxes, debts, and so on.

Notable cases

 * Henry Hudson, English explorer, left adrift after a mutiny in 1611.
 * Ambrose Bierce, publisher, author, disappeared during the Mexican Revolution in 1913.
 * Arthur Irwin, former Major League Baseball player, presumably fell (or jumped) from boat sailing from New York City to Boston in 1921.
 * Joseph Force Crater, New York City judge, disappeared on the way to a play in 1930, declared dead in 1939.
 * Amelia Earhart, pioneer, aviator, disappeared during a transoceanic flight in 1937.
 * Ettore Majorana, Italian physicist, disappeared at sea in 1938.
 * Richard Halliburton, author and voyager, Pacific Ocean, lost at sea in 1939.
 * Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French aviator and author, disappeared July 31, 1944. Plane found in the sea in 2000.
 * Glenn Miller, jazz musician/bandleader, whose plane disappeared over the English Channel, December 15, 1944.
 * Paula Jean Welden, American college student who disappeared while walking on Vermont's Long Trail hiking route, December 1, 1946.
 * Vincent Mangano, Sicilian-American mobster, disappeared April 1951 and declared dead on October 30, 1961.
 * David Kenyon Webster, author, disappeared off coast of California in 1961, was known primarily as a World War II soldier with Easy Company, as portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.
 * Michael Rockefeller, anthropologist, New Guinea, disappeared while canoeing in 1961.
 * Joe Gaetjens, Haitian footballer, kidnapped by Papa Doc's secret police in 1964.
 * Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia, presumed to have drowned in 1967.
 * Jim Thompson, American fashion designer and entrepreneur based in Thailand, disappeared on a walk in rural Malaysia in 1967. Declared dead in 1974 after multiple extensive searches.
 * Donald Crowhurst, businessman, suspected to have committed suicide in 1969 by jumping overboard from his boat. The boat was later found adrift and empty.
 * Sean Flynn and Dana Stone, American photojournalists. On April 6, 1970, Flynn and Stone disappeared while on assignment in Cambodia. Their remains have never been found. The current consensus is that they were held captive for over a year before they were killed by Khmer Rouge in June 1971.
 * Hale Boggs and Nick Begich, American politicians, whose airplane disappeared in Alaska in 1972.
 * Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican baseball player who disappeared after a plane crash off Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport on December 31, 1972. His body was never found.
 * Oscar Acosta, lawyer and author, disappeared in Mexico in 1974. Friend of author Hunter S. Thompson.
 * Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, disappeared in 1974 after his nanny was murdered. Declared dead in 2016.
 * Jimmy Hoffa, trade union leader, disappeared in 1975.
 * Slim Wintermute, basketball player, disappeared while sailing in 1977.
 * John Brisker, basketball player, disappeared in Uganda in 1978.
 * Frederick Valentich, Australian aviator, last heard supposedly describing a UFO over radio while flying a light aircraft in 1978. No wreckage or body was found.
 * Etan Patz, abducted while on his way to a school bus stop in Lower Manhattan on May 25, 1979; declared dead in 2001. In May 2012, a man named Pedro Hernandez was charged with Etan Patz's murder based on a confession to police, despite a lack of physical evidence.
 * Ian Mackintosh, British television writer and producer (Warship, The Sandbaggers, Wilde Alliance), was presumed dead in July 1979 after the plane he was flying disappeared over the Gulf of Alaska. No wreckage was found and none of the plane's passengers were heard of again.
 * Azaria Chamberlain, Australian infant who was snatched by a dingo near Uluru in 1980, declared legally dead in 2012.
 * David A. Johnston, volcanologist. His body has never been found since the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980.
 * John Favara, neighbor of Mafia boss John Gotti, disappeared on July 28, 1980, several months after accidentally killing Gotti's 12-year-old son Frank. Favara was legally declared dead in 1983.
 * Ronald Jorgensen, convicted killer in New Zealand, disappeared in 1984, possibly faked his own death.
 * Federico Caffè, Italian economist, disappeared in 1986.
 * Suzy Lamplugh, an estate agent, disappeared in London in 1986 while showing a house to a Mr Kipper; her body has never been found.
 * Clarabelle "C.B." Lansing, flight attendant ejected from Aloha Airlines Flight 243 in 1988 when the plane's roof tore off mid-flight; her body was lost in the Pacific Ocean.
 * Nine passengers ejected from United Airlines Flight 811 in 1989 following a cargo door detachment; their bodies were lost in the Pacific Ocean, with at least one being sucked into engine no. 3.
 * Teddy Wang, entrepreneur, Hong Kong, kidnapped in 1990.
 * Chekannur Maulavi, Quranist Islamic scholar from Kerala, India, disappeared in 1993, now believed to have been murdered.
 * Richey Edwards, guitarist/lyricist, Manic Street Preachers, disappeared in 1995. Declared dead on 24 November 2008.
 * Larry Hillblom, businessman, founder of DHL, plane crash at sea on May 21, 1995, but body never found.
 * Don Lewis, wealthy zookeeper who disappeared in 1997 and later hypothesized to have been fed to tigers by his wife, Carole Baskin, made famous by the Netflix series Tiger King.
 * Scott Smith, bass player for Loverboy, lost at sea in 2000.
 * Rilya Wilson, American foster care child, disappeared while under the care of a foster parent appointed by the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF).
 * Sneha Anne Philip, a New York City physician last seen on the night before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, in which she was later ruled to have died.
 * Bison Dele, American NBA basketball player missing from Tahiti in 2002; believed to have been murdered by his brother at sea.
 * Ray Gricar, district attorney of Centre County, Pennsylvania, disappeared in 2005, declared dead in 2011.
 * Natalee Holloway went missing in Aruba on May 30, 2005, and was legally declared dead on January 12, 2012. No remains were found.
 * Jim Gray, computer science researcher, disappeared solo sailing near San Francisco in 2007, declared dead in 2012.
 * Marquis Cooper, an American football player for the NFL's Oakland Raiders, went out to the sea off of Florida along with three of his friends, Cooper and two of his friends were never found. Cooper's wife filed for a Presumptive Death Certificate shortly after the disappearance. It's unknown if she was granted one.
 * Madeline McCann disappeared on May 3, 2007, in Portugal.
 * Malaysia Airlines Flight 370's 12 crew and 227 passengers, as the airliner was presumed to have crashed in the southern Indian Ocean in 2014.
 * Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat and humanitarian, was arrested by Soviet troops in Budapest in early 1945 and disappeared. He was pronounced dead on October 31, 2016, by the Swedish Tax Agency.
 * Ahmad Motevaselian, Iranian military attaché abducted and disappeared in Lebanon
 * Valery Ilych Khodemchuk, worker at Chernobyl's reactor 4 on the night of the disaster, believed to have been killed in the initial explosion.
 * Devonte Hart, African-American child known for being the subject of a 2014 image of him embracing a police officer. Vanished on March 26, 2018; he was believed to have been murdered by his abusive adoptive mothers in an intentional car plunge, and his body swept out to sea. He was legally declared dead on April 3, 2019.
 * Karl-Erivan Haub, German-American entrepreneur, director and part owner of Tengelmann Group. Disappeared while ski mountaineering in the Swiss Alps on 7 April 2008, declared dead on 14 May 2021.
 * Daniel Küblböck, German singer and entertainer. Disappeared from a cruise ship in the North Atlantic on 9 September 2018, declared dead on 10 March 2021.

Alive

 * William Harrison, English landlord disappeared during a walk in Chipping Campden in 1660. Three of his servants were accused of his murder and hanged in 1661, but Harrison reappeared in 1662, claiming to have been abducted by Barbary pirates.
 * Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer, declared dead in the 1760s after being lost at sea for 11 years. He actually died in 1792.
 * José María Grimaldos López, Spanish shepherd disappeared in Osa de la Vega after an animal sale in 1910. Two men were accused of murdering him to steal the money and sentenced to 18 years in prison in 1918, but Grimaldos was found alive in 1926.
 * Lawrence Joseph Bader, salesman from Toledo, Ohio, disappeared on a fishing trip in 1957 and was declared dead in 1960. In 1965 he was found living in Omaha, Nebraska, as "Fritz" Johnson, probably suffering from amnesia.
 * Ishinosuke Uwano, former soldier of the Japanese Imperial Army, declared dead in 2000 yet presented himself as alive and living in Ukraine to the Japanese government in 2006.
 * John Darwin, fraudster, faked his own death in 2002.
 * Francisco Paesa, agent of Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, the Spanish secret service. In 1998 he faked a fatal cardiac arrest in Thailand, after tricking Luis Roldán, known for being the general of the Spanish Civil Guard when a major corruption scandal arose in 1993, into stealing all the money that Roldán had previously stolen in that case. He appeared in 2004. During these years, he opened an offshore company, later exposed in the Panama Papers.
 * Natasha Ryan was discovered alive mid-way through the trial of the man accused of murdering her.
 * Thabo Bester was believed to have committed suicide in his prison cell, but was found alive and it was later revealed that he had escaped from prison.

Deceased

 * Steve Fossett, aviation/sailing adventurer, died in a plane crash in 2007, declared dead before remains were found in 2008.
 * Emmeril Kahn Mumtadz, the son of the governor of West Java, Indonesia, Ridwan Kamil, was declared dead by his family on June 3, 2022, after being lost at the Aare, Switzerland on May 26, 2022. His body was then discovered on June 9 at the Engehalde Dam.
 * Julian Sands, actor. Went missing on January 13, 2023, while hiking in Mount Baldy. His remains were found and confirmed dead on June 27, 2023.

title: Presumption of death