text:
Talk:Tom Davis

You know, this is supposed to be a short biography, not a resumé.

some of the text is not original
I note that some of the text, such as "Tom’s list of legislative accomplishments began almost as soon as he took office..." appears to come from this document:

http://www.estrategy.gov/forum/forum_three/davis_bio.doc

Straight from his web site
That text was from the Davis' web site:

http://tomdavis.house.gov/davis_contents/about/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tom Davis


text:
Talk:Ghetto Pop Life

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 16:38, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ghetto Pop Life


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bill Robb

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:12, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Bill Robb
I can't find any information on google with the terms Bill Robb and Barriefield Rock Gardens. Appears to be non-notable vanity page. Delete --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 18:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. "Barriefield Rock Gardens" - 1 hit; "Kingston History Murals" - 0 hits. --Idont Havaname 20:29, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 23:22, 31 May 2005 (UTC)d
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 09:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
1995 French Open

The 1995 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June. It was the 99th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1995.

Men's singles
🇦🇹 Thomas Muster defeated 🇺🇸 Michael Chang, 7–5, 6–2, 6–4.
 * It was Muster's sixth title of the year, and his 29th overall. It was his first career Grand Slam title.

Women's singles
🇩🇪 Steffi Graf defeated 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez, 7–5, 4–6, 6–0.
 * It was Graf's fifth title of the year, and her 91st overall. It was her 16th career Grand Slam title, and her fourth French Open title.

Men's doubles
Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis defeated 🇸🇪 Nicklas Kulti / 🇸🇪 Magnus Larsson, 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 6–1.

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Gigi Fernández / 🇧🇾 Natasha Zvereva defeated 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná / 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez, 6–7(6–8), 6–4, 7–5.

Mixed doubles
Larisa Savchenko-Neiland / 🇦🇺 Mark Woodforde defeated 🇨🇦 Jill Hetherington / John-Laffnie de Jager, 7–6(10–8), 7–6(7–4).

Boys' singles
🇦🇷 Mariano Zabaleta defeated 🇦🇷 Mariano Puerta 6–0, 6–0

Girls' singles
🇫🇷 Amélie Cocheteux defeated 🇩🇪 Marlene Weingärtner, 7–5, 6–4

Boys' doubles
Raemon Sluiter / Peter Wessels defeated 🇺🇸 Justin Gimelstob / 🇺🇸 Ryan Wolters, 7–6, 7–5

Girls' doubles
🇺🇸 Corina Morariu / 🇨🇿 Ludmila Varmužová defeated 🇮🇹 Alice Canepa / 🇮🇹 Giulia Casoni, 7–6, 7–5

title: 1995 French Open


text:
Luther Glenn

Luther Judson Glenn (November 26, 1818 – June 9, 1886) was a prominent Georgia lawyer, politician, Confederate officer during the American Civil War, and antebellum Mayor of Atlanta.

He attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and graduated in 1841. He was married to Mildred Lewis Cobb, a younger sister of Generals Howell and Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb (Howell Cobb later served as Governor of Georgia). An attorney, Glenn represented Henry County in the state legislature as a Democrat before arriving in Atlanta in 1851. Six years later, he was elected mayor and served two consecutive one-year terms. He was the first mayor to appoint regular committees in council for the various functions of city governance: Fire, Streets, Finance, and so on.

In March 1861, the Southern states that had seceded from the Union appointed special commissioners to travel to those other slaveholding Southern states that had yet to secede. Glenn served as the Commissioner from Georgia to the Missouri Secession Convention, publicly reading Georgia's Articles of Secession and trying to persuade Missouri politicians to vote to join Georgia in seceding from the Union.

During the Civil War, he served first as the company commander of C Company, Cobb's Legion (Infantry), and subsequently as Lt. Colonel of Cobb's Legion. He finished the war as the commander of the Post of Atlanta. In that position, he surrendered the remaining Confederate troops of Atlanta to Col. Beroth B. Eggleston of the 1st Ohio Cavalry on May 3, 1865.

He remained in Atlanta until his death and was buried in Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens, Georgia.

Of his sons, Howell Cobb Glenn, a lawyer, died young in 1890 and John Thomas Glenn, also an attorney, served as Mayor of Atlanta from 1889 to 1891.

title: Luther Glenn


text:
Thylias Moss

Thylias Moss (born February 27, 1954, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American poet, writer, experimental filmmaker, sound artist and playwright of African-American, Native American, and European heritage. Her poetry has been published in a number of collections and anthologies, and she has also published essays, children's books, and plays. She is the pioneer of Limited Fork Theory, a literary theory concerned with the limitations and capacity of human understanding of art.

Youth
Moss was born Thylias Rebecca Brasier, in a working-class family in Ohio. Her father chose the name Thylias because he decided she needed a name that had not existed before. According to Moss, her first few years of life were happy, living with her family in the upstairs rooms of an older Jewish couple named Feldman (who Moss believes were Holocaust survivors). The Feldmans treated Moss like a grandchild.

When Moss was five, the Feldmans sold their house and moved away. Her parents continued to live in the house with the new homeowners and their 13-year-old daughter, Lytta, who began to baby-sit Moss after school. Moss experienced constant harassment from Lytta and several traumatic events before the age of nine. She later said about her trauma: "I never said a word of this to anybody....I was there witnessing things that only happened when I left that house."

At age nine her family relocated, causing her to be sent to school in a predominantly white district. After enduring bullying and racism from both her peers and teachers, she withdrew from social interaction at school and did not speak freely in classes until many years later in college. It was during this time she gave more attention to writing poetry, an activity she had begun two years earlier.

Adult years
Moss married at age 16 before attending Syracuse University from 1971 to 1973. She eventually left university due to racial tensions and entered the workforce for several years. During this time she had two sons, Dennis and Ansted. She enrolled in Oberlin College in 1979 and graduated with a BA in 1981. She later received a Master of Arts in English, with an emphasis on writing, from the University of New Hampshire.

After finishing school, Moss taught English at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Since 1993, she has been a Professor of English and a Professor of Art and Design at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Her early work is considered part of the legacy of the Black Arts Movement, taking influence from West African praise poetry and concerning themes of racial justice. Throughout her career, her work has become more experimental, stretching the boundaries of genre and the definition of poetry. Her fixations still include justice, but she expanded into a fascination with text placement's effect on meaning. These experiments with form culminated in her development of Limited Fork Theory and the invention of the POAM (product of act of making). Moss's POAMs are combinations of film and poetry, emphasizing how text placement and movement, among other sensory elements, can enhance the meaning of a poem.

Limited Fork Theory
Moss contributed to experimental literary theory by introducing the metaphor of a fork to conceptualize how people internalize art and literature. The fork as a metaphor for understanding represents bifurcation, and Moss argues that the branching out of the mind to understand art mimics the branching tines of a fork. She uses the word "limited" to express that, though an observer gains understanding of art through these bifurcated systems of comprehension, the same systems limit their understanding. Just as one can only eat that which adheres to the tines of a fork, one can only internalize the facets of a piece of art that adhere to these bifurcated tines of understanding.

The development of Moss's POAMs (products of acts of making) coincided with her theoretical development of Limited Fork. These multimedia pieces use as many sensory elements as possible, including movement, color, and sound. Moss has also expressed interest in incorporating olfactory elements in future projects. These POAMS are usually displayed in galleries, but many can be found online in podcasts, journals, and on YouTube.

The complexities associated with the epistemological application of Limited Fork Theory caused Moss to adopt the persona of Forker Girl/Forker Gryle, pseudonyms under which she runs blogs and an Instagram account explaining details of both her life and her theory.

Work and awards
Poetry
 * Wannabe Hoochie Mama Gallery of Realities' Red Dress Code: New & Selected Poems (Persea Books, 2016)
 * Tokyo Butter: Poems (Persea Books, 2006)
 * Slave Moth: A Narrative in Verse (Persea Books, 2004)
 * Last Chance for the Tarzan Holler (1998)
 * Small Congregations: New and Selected Poems (1993)
 * Rainbow Remnants in Rock Bottom Ghetto Sky (1991)
 * At Redbones (1990)
 * Pyramid of Bone (1989)
 * Hosiery Seams on a Bowlegged Woman (1983).

Prose
 * New Kiss Horizon (2017), a romance
 * Tale of a Sky-Blue Dress (1998), a memoir
 * Talking to Myself (1984), a play
 * The Dolls in the Basement (1984), a play
 * I Want To Be (Dial Books for Young Readers, 1995)

Awards
 * MacArthur Fellowship (1996)
 * Guggenheim Fellowship (1995)
 * Dewar's Profiles Performance Award (1991)
 * Whiting Award (1991)
 * Witter Bynner Poetry Prize (1991)
 * Artist's Fellowship from the Massachusetts Arts Council (1987)
 * NEA grant

title: Thylias Moss


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Total Anarchy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:19, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Total Anarchy
This is a stub for a dog-activity club. I don't believe that every club in the world needs an encyclopedia page. Elf | Talk 18:53, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

I agree. Unless there's something notable about this particular club, then Delete. MegaSlicer 21:55, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Xcali 22:48, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Districts of Maharashtra

title: Category:Districts of Maharashtra


text:
Distortion (optics)

In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration.

Radial distortion
Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the symmetry of a photographic lens. These radial distortions can usually be classified as either barrel distortions or pincushion distortions.

Barrel distortion: In barrel distortion, image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis. The apparent effect is that of an image which has been mapped around a sphere (or barrel). Fisheye lenses, which take hemispherical views, utilize this type of distortion as a way to map an infinitely wide object plane into a finite image area. In a zoom lens, barrel distortion appears in the middle of the lens's focal length range and is worst at the wide-angle end of the range.

Concave (minus) spherical lenses tend to have barrel distortion.

Pincushion distortion: In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis. The visible effect is that lines that do not go through the centre of the image are bowed inwards, towards the centre of the image, like a pincushion.

Convex (plus) spherical lenses tend to have pincushion distortion.

Mustache distortion: A mixture of both types, sometimes referred to as mustache distortion (moustache distortion) or complex distortion, is less common but not rare. It starts out as barrel distortion close to the image center and gradually turns into pincushion distortion towards the image periphery, making horizontal lines in the top half of the frame look like a handlebar mustache.

Mathematically, barrel and pincushion distortion are quadratic, meaning they increase as the square of distance from the center. In mustache distortion the quartic (degree 4) term is significant: in the center, the degree 2 barrel distortion is dominant, while at the edge the degree 4 distortion in the pincushion direction dominates. Other distortions are in principle possible – pincushion in center and barrel at the edge, or higher order distortions (degree 6, degree 8) – but do not generally occur in practical lenses, and higher order distortions are small relative to the main barrel and pincushion effects.

Occurrence
In photography, distortion is particularly associated with zoom lenses, particularly large-range zooms, but may also be found in prime lenses, and depends on focal distance – for example, the Canon EF 50mm 1.4 exhibits barrel distortion at extremely short focal distances. Barrel distortion may be found in wide-angle lenses, and is often seen at the wide-angle end of zoom lenses, while pincushion distortion is often seen in older or low-end telephoto lenses. Mustache distortion is observed particularly on the wide end of zooms, with certain retrofocus lenses, and more recently on large-range zooms such as the Nikon 18–200 mm.

A certain amount of pincushion distortion is often found with visual optical instruments, e.g., binoculars, where it serves to counteract the globe effect.

In order to understand these distortions, it should be remembered that these are radial defects; the optical systems in question have rotational symmetry (omitting non-radial defects), so the didactically correct test image would be a set of concentric circles having even separation – like a shooter's target. It will then be observed that these common distortions actually imply a nonlinear radius mapping from the object to the image: What is seemingly pincushion distortion, is actually simply an exaggerated radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be steeper in the upper (rightmost) end. Conversely, barrel distortion is actually a diminished radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be less steep in the upper (rightmost) end.

Chromatic aberration
Radial distortion that depends on wavelength is called "lateral chromatic aberration" – "lateral" because radial, "chromatic" because dependent on color (wavelength). This can cause colored fringes in high-contrast areas in the outer parts of the image. This should not be confused with axial (longitudinal) chromatic aberration, which causes aberrations throughout the field, particularly purple fringing.

Origin of terms
The names for these distortions come from familiar objects which are visually similar.

Software correction

Radial distortion, whilst primarily dominated by low-order radial components, can be corrected using Brown's distortion model, also known as the Brown–Conrady model based on earlier work by Conrady. The Brown–Conrady model corrects both for radial distortion and for tangential distortion caused by physical elements in a lens not being perfectly aligned. The latter is also known as decentering distortion. See Zhang for additional discussion of radial distortion. The Brown-Conrady distortion model is

$$\begin{alignat}{3} x_\mathrm{u} = x_\mathrm{d} & + (x_\mathrm{d} - x_\mathrm{c})(K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + \cdots) + (P_1(r^2 + 2(x_\mathrm{d} - x_\mathrm{c})^2) \\ & + 2P_2(x_\mathrm{d} - x_\mathrm{c})(y_\mathrm{d} - y_\mathrm{c}))(1 + P_3r^2 + P_4r^4 \cdots) \\ y_\mathrm{u} = y_\mathrm{d} & + (y_\mathrm{d} - y_\mathrm{c})(K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + \cdots) + (2P_1(x_\mathrm{d} - x_\mathrm{c})(y_\mathrm{d} - y_\mathrm{c}) \\ & + P_2(r^2 + 2(y_\mathrm{d} - y_\mathrm{c})^2))(1 + P_3r^2 + P_4r^4 \cdots), \end{alignat} $$

where

 * $$(x_\mathrm{d},\ y_\mathrm{d})$$ is the distorted image point as projected on image plane using specified lens;
 * $$(x_\mathrm{u},\ y_\mathrm{u})$$ is the undistorted image point as projected by an ideal pinhole camera;
 * $$(x_\mathrm{c},\ y_\mathrm{c})$$ is the distortion center;
 * $$K_n$$ is the $$n^{\mathrm{th}}$$ radial distortion coefficient;
 * $$P_n$$ is the $$n^{\mathrm{th}}$$ tangential distortion coefficient; and
 * $$r$$ = $$\sqrt{(x_\mathrm{d}-x_\mathrm{c})^2 + (y_\mathrm{d}-y_\mathrm{c})^2}$$, the Euclidean distance between the distorted image point and the distortion center.

Barrel distortion typically will have a negative term for $$K_1$$ whereas pincushion distortion will have a positive value. Moustache distortion will have a non-monotonic radial geometric series where for some $$r$$ the sequence will change sign.

To model radial distortion, the division model typically provides a more accurate approximation than Brown-Conrady's even-order polynomial model,

$$\begin{align} x_\mathrm{u} & = x_\mathrm{c} + \frac{x_\mathrm{d} - x_\mathrm{c}}{1 + K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + \cdots} \\ y_\mathrm{u} & = y_\mathrm{c} + \frac{y_\mathrm{d} - y_\mathrm{c}}{1 + K_1r^2 + K_2r^4 + \cdots}, \end{align} $$

using the same parameters previously defined. For radial distortion, this division model is often preferred over the Brown–Conrady model, as it requires fewer terms to more accurately describe severe distortion. Using this model, a single term is usually sufficient to model most cameras.

Software can correct those distortions by warping the image with a reverse distortion. This involves determining which distorted pixel corresponds to each undistorted pixel, which is non-trivial due to the non-linearity of the distortion equation. Lateral chromatic aberration (purple/green fringing) can be significantly reduced by applying such warping for red, green and blue separately.

Distorting or undistorting requires either both sets of coefficients or inverting the non-linear problem which, in general, lacks an analytical solution. Standard approaches such as approximating, locally linearizing and iterative solvers all apply. Which solver is preferable depends on the accuracy required and the computational resources available.

In addition to usually being sufficient to model most cameras, as mentioned, the single-term division model has an analytical solution to the reverse-distortion problem. In this case, the distorted pixels are given by

$$\begin{align} x_\mathrm{d} & = x_\mathrm{c} + \frac{x_\mathrm{u} - x_\mathrm{c}}{2K_1r_u^2} (1 - \sqrt{1 - 4K_1r_u^2}) \\ y_\mathrm{d} & = y_\mathrm{c} + \frac{y_\mathrm{u} - y_\mathrm{c}}{2K_1r_u^2} (1 - \sqrt{1 - 4K_1r_u^2}), \end{align} $$

where

 * $$r_u$$ = $$\sqrt{(x_\mathrm{u}-x_\mathrm{c})^2 + (y_\mathrm{u}-y_\mathrm{c})^2}$$, the Euclidean distance between the undistorted image point and the undistortion/distortion center.

Calibrated
Calibrated systems work from a table of lens/camera transfer functions:
 * Adobe Photoshop Lightroom and Photoshop CS5 can correct complex distortion.
 * PTlens is a Photoshop plugin or standalone application which corrects complex distortion. It not only corrects for linear distortion, but also second degree and higher nonlinear components.
 * Lensfun is a free to use database and library for correcting lens distortion.
 * OpenCV is an open-source BSD-licensed library for computer vision (multi-language, multi-OS). It features a module for camera calibration.
 * DxO's PhotoLab software can correct complex distortion, and takes into account the focus distance.
 * proDAD Defishr includes an Unwarp-tool and a Calibrator-tool. Due to the distortion of a checkerboard pattern, the necessary unwrap is calculated.
 * The Micro Four Thirds system cameras and lenses perform automatic distortion correction using correction parameters that are stored in each lens's firmware, and are applied automatically by the camera and raw converter software. The optics of most of these lenses feature substantially more distortion than their counterparts in systems that do not offer such automatic corrections, but the software-corrected final images show noticeably less distortion than competing designs.

Manual
Manual systems allow manual adjustment of distortion parameters:
 * ImageMagick can correct several distortions; for example the fisheye distortion of the popular GoPro Hero3+ Silver camera can be corrected by the command

Besides these systems that address images, there are some that also adjust distortion parameters for videos:
 * Photoshop CS2 and Photoshop Elements (from version 5) include a manual Lens Correction filter for simple (pincushion/barrel) distortion
 * Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo includes a manual Lens Distortion effect for simple (barrel, fisheye, fisheye spherical and pincushion) distortion.
 * GIMP includes manual lens distortion correction (from version 2.4).
 * PhotoPerfect has interactive functions for general pincushion adjustment, and for fringe (adjusting the size of the red, green and blue image parts).
 * Hugin can be used to correct distortion, though that is not its primary application.
 * FFMPEG using the "lenscorrection" video filter.
 * Blender by using the node editor to insert a "Distort/Lens Distortion" node between the input and output nodes.

Related phenomena
Radial distortion is a failure of a lens to be rectilinear: a failure to image lines into lines. If a photograph is not taken straight-on then, even with a perfect rectilinear lens, rectangles will appear as trapezoids: lines are imaged as lines, but the angles between them are not preserved (tilt is not a conformal map). This effect can be controlled by using a perspective control lens, or corrected in post-processing.

Due to perspective, cameras image a cube as a square frustum (a truncated pyramid, with trapezoidal sides) – the far end is smaller than the near end. This creates perspective, and the rate at which this scaling happens (how quickly more distant objects shrink) creates a sense of a scene being deep or shallow. This cannot be changed or corrected by a simple transform of the resulting image, because it requires 3D information, namely the depth of objects in the scene. This effect is known as perspective distortion; the image itself is not distorted, but is perceived as distorted when viewed from a normal viewing distance.

Note that if the center of the image is closer than the edges (for example, a straight-on shot of a face), then barrel distortion and wide-angle distortion (taking the shot from close) both increase the size of the center, while pincushion distortion and telephoto distortion (taking the shot from far) both decrease the size of the center. However, radial distortion bends straight lines (out or in), while perspective distortion does not bend lines, and these are distinct phenomena. Fisheye lenses are wide-angle lenses with heavy barrel distortion and thus exhibit both these phenomena, so objects in the center of the image (if shot from a short distance) are particularly enlarged: even if the barrel distortion is corrected, the resulting image is still from a wide-angle lens, and will still have a wide-angle perspective.

title: Distortion (optics)


text:
Imperial crown

An imperial crown is a crown worn by an emperor. In the European cultural area, it also symbolizes the power of the empire in heraldic depictions. The craftsmanship corresponded to the king's crown, with precious stones and pearls set into the precious metal frame for decoration. Their external form differed from crowns of the same period and the same reign. The use of Christian symbols to emphasize the divine rule of the emperor is the reason for the deviation.

In East Asia, there are several types of crowns worn by emperors, depending on the ritual or ceremony. Typical examples are the Chinese mianguan and the Japanese benkan. In external form, they are characterized by chains that hide the emperor's face.

Design
Crowns in Europe during the Middle Ages varied in design:

"An open crown is one which consists basically of a golden circlet elaborately worked and decorated with precious stones or enamels. ... The medieval French crown was of this type. ... the closed crown, which had bands of metal crossing usually from one side to the other and from back to front so that they met in the middle, at the top of the head. ... These arches are in part utilitarian, since they serve to strengthen the crown, in part decorative, since they are normally made to serve as supports for a central cross or jewel, and in part traditional, since a contributing element to the evolution of many medieval crowns was the structure of the early Germanic helmet, which had metal bands crossing at the top of the head to protect the skull from injury.

A special case of a closed crown was that of the Holy Roman Empire. This was originally an open crown, made up of eight separate richly jewelled sections incorporating four magnificent enamelled plaques, but the Emperor Conrad II (1024–39) had added to it a kind of jewelled crest, running from front to back, to which he had thoughtfully attached his name, CHVONRADVS DEI GRATIA ROMANORV(M) IMPERATOR AVG(VSTVS). This jewelled crest was so closely associated with the notion of the imperial office that when the Habsburgs made a new imperial crown in the 15th century in which they incorporated two large cusps resembling a mitre seen sideways, they provided it with a similar crest running from front to back and topped with a central jewel. ... Strictly speaking, therefore, the only type of crown whose characteristics can properly be regarded as imperial was one with a single crest running from front to back. In practice, in countries unfamiliar with closed crowns at all, any kind of closed crown was assumed to be imperial in character."

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399. However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established. The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown, but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown, and has remained so until this day.

Heraldic imperial crowns
A list of prominent examples of depictions of imperial crowns displayed atop heraldic achievements or as heraldic charge includes:

Legal usage

Because Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry VIII of England an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the English Parliament passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) in which it was explicitly stated that
 * Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one supreme head and king, having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same.

The next year the Act of Supremacy (1534) explicitly tied the headship of the church to the imperial crown:
 * The only supreme head in earth of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia, and shall have and enjoy annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm.

During the reign of Mary I the First Act of Supremacy was annulled, but during the reign of Elizabeth I the Second Act of Supremacy, with similar wording to the First Act, was passed in 1559. During the English Interregnum the laws were annulled, but the acts which caused the laws to be in abeyance were themselves, deemed to be null and void by the Parliaments of the English Restoration, so by act of Parliament The Crown of England and (later the British and UK crowns) are imperial crowns.

title: Imperial crown


text:
John Glen (mayor)

John Glen (1809–1895) was born in Laurens, South Carolina, and moved to Decatur, Georgia, in 1826, where he worked as a clerk in the Superior Court of DeKalb County. He moved to Atlanta in 1850 to work for the Georgia Railroad, which he did for 41 years. He acted as mayor of that city, taking over when Allison Nelson suddenly resigned in 1855.

After the American Civil War, he moved to Kirkwood, which was nearer to his in-laws' properties. He married Eliza Shumate in the 1830s, and they had 10 children.

title: John Glen (mayor)


text:
Aquifex

Aquifex is a bacterial genus, belonging to phylum Aquificota. There is one species of Aquifex with a validly published name – A. pyrophilus – but "A. aeolicus" is sometimes considered as species though it has no standing as a name given it has not been validly or effectively published. Aquifex spp. are extreme thermophiles, growing best at temperature of 85 °C to 95 °C. They are members of the Bacteria as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.

Aquifex spp. are rod-shaped bacteria with a length of 2 to 6 μm, have a diameter of around 0.5 μm and are motile. They are non-sporeforming, Gram negative autotrophs. Aquifex means water-maker in Latin, and refers to the fact that its method of respiration creates water. Aquifex tend to form cell aggregates composed of up to 100 individual cells.

Aquifex spp. are thermophilic and often grow near underwater volcanoes or hot springs. A. aeolicus requires oxygen to survive, but can grow in levels of oxygen as low as 7.5 ppm. A. pyrophilus can even grow anaerobically by reducing nitrogen instead of oxygen. Like other thermophilic bacteria, Aquifex has important uses in industrial processes.

The genome of "A. aeolicus" has been completed. , This was made easier by the fact that the length of the genome is only about a third of the length of the genome for E. coli. Comparison of the A. aeolicus genome to other organisms showed that around 16% of its genes originated from the Archaea domain. Members of this genus are thought to be some of the earliest members of the eubacteria domain.

"A. aeolicus" was discovered north of Sicily, while A. pyrophilus was first found just north of Iceland.

Genome structure
The complete genome for A. aeolicus consists of 1,551,335 base pairs with over 1500 open reading frames (ORFs) or chromosomal coding sequences. An extremely large portion (over 90%) of the genome are protein-coding regions and there are no significant non-coding repeats. Though the A. aeolicus genome is dense, many enzyme subunits used for respiration processes are found in separate operons. Any repairs to the genome are done by a protein like DNA polymerase beta found in most eukaryotes.

Cell metabolism
Aquifex respiration and fixation pathways use similar pathways to that of other autotrophic bacteria. Carbon fixation is done using the reductive TCA cycle and forms acetyl-CoA as well as many other bio-synthetic materials. Many bacteria use products from the TCA cycle in the pentose-phosphate pathway and Entner-Doudoroff pathway or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway however, many enzymes that are necessary for these gluconeogenic processes have not been identified in A. aeolicus suggesting a different pathway might be used.

A. aeolicus needs oxygen at concentrations higher than 7.5 ppm to perform respiration while A. pyrophilus is capable of respiration with nitrogen however, both species have a nitrate reductase and nitrate transporter genes located within their genome. the enzymes used in other bacterium for oxygen respiration are used by Aquifex. Many other oxidoreductases are present however their physiological role is unknown. Aquifex oxides thiosulfate, molecular hydrogen, and sulfur within their respiratory pathway.

Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees that are based on small subunit rRNA suggest that Aquificales are some of the earliest bacteria that branched from Archaea. However, phylogenetic trees based on protein contradict this argument. The exact phylogeny is hard to determine because of this and the many horizontal gene transfers within the lineage. These factors lead many to believe the phylum of Aquifex is basal next to Thermotogota, another hyperthermophilic phylum, or are a part of the Campylobacterota, a highly diverse group of hydrothermal dwelling species.

Research potential
A. aeolicus is used as a model organism for hyperthermophilic bacterium. Many studies have looked at the Aquifex hydrogenases ability to perform the reversible oxidation of dihydrogen (the oxidation reaction) at extremely high temperatures. The success of the properties within the hydrogenases of Aquifex mark the genus as a possible renewable bio-catalysts for hydrogen based fuel cells.

title: Aquifex


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David Watson

David Watson may refer to:

Politics

 * David Watson (New South Wales politician) (1870–1924), Australian Senator
 * David Watson (Queensland politician) (born 1945), Australian politician
 * David K. Watson (1849–1918), American politician; US Representative from Ohio

Sport

 * Dave Watson (born 1961), English footballer of the 1980s and 1990s, played for Everton F.C.
 * Dave Watson (American football) (1941–2021), professional American football player
 * Dave Watson (cyclist) (born 1946), Australian Olympic cyclist
 * Dave Watson (ice hockey) (born 1958), retired Canadian professional ice hockey forward
 * Dave Watson (racing driver) (born 1945), American racing driver
 * Dave Watson (rugby league) (born 1966), New Zealand international of the 1980s and 1990s
 * David Watson (1920s rugby league) (1900–1982), Australian rugby player
 * David Watson (coach) (born 1976), American football coach
 * David Watson (cricketer) (1919–1943), English cricketer
 * David Watson (footballer, born 1946), English footballer of the 1970s and 1980s, played for Sunderland
 * David Watson (footballer, born 1973), English football goalkeeper of the 1990s, played for Barnsley
 * David Watson (footballer, born 2005), Scottish footballer with Kilmarnock
 * David Watson (rugby union) (1854–1906), Scotland international rugby union player

Arts and entertainment

 * David Watson (actor) (1940–2014), American actor of film, television and theatre
 * David Watson (artist) (born 1944), English industrial painter
 * David Watson (British musician), record producer, singer and musician
 * David Watson (dancer) (born 1968), professional dancer
 * David Watson (New Zealand musician) (born 1960), musician and composer from New Zealand
 * David R. Watson, alias "Iolo", American bowyer and musician
 * Dave Watson (playwright) (c. 1946–1998), actor and playwright

Other people

 * David Watson (academic) (1949–2015), principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford, UK
 * David Watson (anarchist) (born 1951), American anarchist author
 * David Watson (British Army officer) (1704–1761), Scottish officer and military engineer
 * David Watson (evangelist) (1933–1984), English evangelist and author
 * Sir David Watson (general) (1869–1922), Canadian World War I general
 * David Watson (psychologist), American psychologist
 * David C. C. Watson (1920–2004), English creationist and author
 * David Joseph Watson (died 1948), American murderer, executed in Florida
 * David M. Watson (born 1973), Australian ornithologist and ecologist
 * D. M. S. Watson (1886–1973), British palaeontologist
 * David McCloy Watson (1902-1980), Irish accountant
 * David Mowat Watson (1891–1972), British civil engineer
 * David Paul Watson, botanist, horticulturist and cannabis breeder, founder of Hortapharm B.V.

title: David Watson


text:
Talk:Discogs

External link templates
If you are writing an article on a music-related topic and want a link to Discogs.com, there are several templates: Hope this is helpful!--Larrybob (talk) 19:08, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Template:Discogs artist
 * Template:Discogs label
 * Template:Discogs release (for a given release)
 * Template:Discogs master (all versions of a release)
 * I have appended Discogs master to your list. — Ekans talk @ 05:06, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have recently fought to have them all kept on WP, after some ill-thinking editor thought they should all be removed: battle over — thankfully 100% voted to keep! In the process added some documentation to them too. Jimthing (talk) 14:44, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Permitted?
I don't read anything on Discogs on the External_links/Perennial_websites-page, so it is permitted all the way to use as a source? 83.85.143.141 (talk) 02:26, 24 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I signed in to Discogs and spent some time entering my own collection of LPs and have noticed that Discogs uses Wikipedia as a source so be careful. Jodosma (talk) 22:15, 26 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, you can use it as a source, as entries on the Discogs database are verified by multiple users who own or have in their possession a copy of said release. In fact it is often more accurate than so-called other private music databases, where the data is only added by one editor from info often submitted by record companies and/or distributors, that often contain simple factual errors, which may not be corrected later, unlike Discogs actively encourages. Discogs also has info on rare pressings (e.g. coloured vinyl editions, cover differences, et al.) and error releases and suchlike (e.g. mispressings, promos, et al.), that other databases don't. Jimthing (talk) 16:46, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Actually I've just had a number of article citations removed from articles. They were added in good faith, but from the description above, Dicogs clearly falls foul of WP:UGC and is probably an unreliable source - which is quite anooying as I found it really useful. Cnbrb (talk) 09:12, 31 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Those editors are wrong, I'm afraid. WP:UGC specifically says "generally unacceptable" not "completely unacceptable", and as has been said before above, Discogs data gets verified by multiple owners of each release checking each release's data is correct, "as per what's on the release". It shouldn't be used for non-release citations (e.g. info taken from the "Profile" section), as that's unverified info that cannot be taken from an actual item's data. Jimthing (talk) 11:20, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Just wondering about this myself. I have just had a draft article declined and one of the reasons given was use of Discogs as a reference to a release. Does anyone know for sure if it is allowed? Rebeldiamondz (talk) 23:20, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Remixers links
Why is not possible to get into the remixer's profile from the tune's page in Discogs? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.111.59.48 (talk) 08:26, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Discogs.com is NOT usable for citations
Discogs is a commercial sales website and its discographies are user-generated without editorial oversight. It's specifically prohibited under Wikipedia policy WP:NOTRSMUSIC. KokoPhantom (talk) 17:16, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Except that's not true, as items are verified by many users who own each item on the site to be exactly "as per release". That's literally the point of the website and how it operates. Jimthing (talk) 10:58, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

There still seems to be an ongoing debate about whether using Discogs as a reference is allowed or not. For every person who says it is not allowed, there is someone who says it is. And it still exists all over many live wiki pages and has been approved on those pages.

I just had a draft article declined and one of the reasons was using discogs as a reference.

Can anyone give me a definitive answer on this? Rebeldiamondz (talk) 23:26, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Like the Internet Movie Database, Discogs is not citable as a reference (WP:RS). However, it may appear in § External links using Template:Discogs artist, or similar templates (which specifically states "It is intended for use in the external links section of an article" in their doc). — CJDOS, Sheridan, OR (talk) 07:18, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Criticism
Discogs does not allow selling/buying of items it deems "unofficial", unlike e.g. Amazon or Ebay. Additionally, that isn't even the case for ALL unofficial items. Also some items are banned from selling/buying for (apparently) political reasons, again without rhyme, reason or explanation. Definitely should be mentioned here, as this is impacting the site's status as potential master music release database. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.170.86.132 (talk) 14:58, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * No it isn't. All items can and are available to be added to the database, however some items are banned from being sold on Discogs for quite obvious legitimate reasons: Digital releases (obviously); bootlegs of legitimate releases; Far-right/hate-speech releases. Everything else should be available for sale. Jimthing (talk) 11:07, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Discogs images no longer downloadable
As of about August 2021, Discogs images can no longer be accessed from Discogs.com via tools such as qsniyg.github.io/maxurl/. I do not know how they serve images now. Rwlesses (talk) 12:58, 16 September 2021 (UTC) (ex-fantailfan on Wikipedia, https://www.discogs.com/user/cartologist on Discogs)

Creative Commons
The API terms of use mention that, besides user data, marketplace data, and images, the site's data is licensed as CC0 (so practically the database itself). I can't look into it further at the moment, but should be mentioned. Opencooper (talk) 07:25, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

New logo color
There is displayed white version of logo now. Wayback, archive.is Probably for update by registered user. --5.43.78.53 (talk) 16:29, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Article issues and classification

 * Reassess article to C-class.
 * The B-class criteria #1 states; The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited. and #4, The article is reasonably well-written.
 * There is a big banner at the top of the article that proclaims, "This article relies excessively on references to primary sources." That is only a partial problem. There are unsourced sentences, paragraphs, sections, and subsections. One primary citation is bold with a title stating: "The Bookogs Marketplace is here! Start Selling Books Online", and another; "Start Selling Comics on Comicogs! New Marketplace Launched". This is 100% advertisement even if being outdated on discontinued services. Some of the citations fail multiple parts of primary sources. -- Otr500 (talk) 02:07, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discogs


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Allison Nelson

Allison Nelson (March 11, 1822 – October 7, 1862) was the ninth mayor of Atlanta, serving from January until July 1855, when he resigned from office. He died of disease in Prairie County (present-day Lonoke County), Arkansas, during the American Civil War.

Early life
His father, John B. Nelson, was an early DeKalb County settler who operated Nelson's Ferry across the Chattahoochee River until murdered by John W. Davis in 1825.

Political career
In a close election for mayor, Nelson, running as a Democrat, defeated the Know Nothing candidate, Ira O. McDaniel, but resigned in July when the city council reduced a fine he had levied on two young men for destroying city property, thus leaving John Glen as the acting mayor. Nelson left for Kansas during the border disputes, then moved to Meridian, Texas, where he was involved with Indian affairs, serving under Lawrence S. Ross, and in 1860 was elected to the legislature.

Military service and death
During the Mexican–American War, Nelson served as a captain in the Kennesaw Rangers with another future mayor, Cicero C. Hammock, as well as the father of mayor John B. Goodwin – Williamson H. Goodwin. Nelson later served as a brigadier general under General Narciso López, in a failed attempt to free Cuba from Spain. He organized and served as colonel of the 10th Texas Infantry Regiment in the Confederate States Army. He was later promoted brigadier general but contracted typhus and died. He was buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, Little Rock, Arkansas.

Legacy
Camp Nelson Confederate Cemetery (established 1897) in Lonoke County, Arkansas, is named after him.

title: Allison Nelson


text:
William Butt

William Moore Butt (c. 1805–1888) was a politician in Georgia.

Butt arrived in Atlanta in 1851 from Campbell County, Georgia, where he had been an Inferior Court judge, and became a merchant. He served as a councilman in 1853. The next year, he was elected the eighth mayor.

title: William Butt


text:
User:Richman9

Larry Richman, PMP
 * Author (13 books, numerous articles in professional journals, and various translations)
 * Project Management Consultant for Fortune 500 companies
 * CEO and President of Century Publishing, Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Internet consultant for websites for Fortune 500 companies

My POV
I am concerned about some articles on Wikipedia that seem to be a soapbox for a particular POV. Wikipedia should be neutral and unbiased. I don't know how possible that is with a contributory philosophy like Wikipedia's, but I believe we should try to be as fair and unbiased as possible. Sometimes, it's just the subtle adjectives that give articles an obvious POV.

Pages I've worked on:

 * Homosexuality and psychology
 * Reparative therapy
 * Ex-gay
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Project management
 * Project Management Body of Knowledge
 * Evergreen International
 * Same-sex attraction

title: User:Richman9


text:
Terminus (1961 film)

Terminus is a 33-minute 1961 British Transport Film documentary (filmed in August, 1960) directed by John Schlesinger which presents a 'fly-on-the-wall' look at an ordinary day at Waterloo station in London. Along with most British Transport Films of the period, it was produced by Edgar Anstey. It was nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Documentary and, for a time, the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, before being disqualified after it was discovered that the film was first released before the eligibility period. Original music was by Ron Grainer.

Content
The film covers both staff and passengers around the station. The trains are still pulled by steam locomotives.

The most unusual section is the enquiry centre: some two dozen people taking telephone calls with questions about travel.

The boat-train "Pretoria Castle" arrives and passengers are greeted by friends. A group of prisoners, handcuffed in pairs, are placed in a carriage whilst the general public are held back by police. The lost property office is filled with umbrellas. A coffin is placed in the guard van. A large group of Jamaicans board the train to Southampton.

A young boy, Matthew Perry, is traumatised as the police take him to the station master's office where an announcement is made for his mother to collect him.

The station announcer knits between public information announcement over the station tannoy.

A businessman just misses his train and pays a visit to the crowded station buffet for a beer.

Late at night girls drink Kia-Ora and sailors smoke cigarettes. Some travellers sleep on benches. A homeless bag-lady wanders aimlessly, checking rubbish bins for food.

Production
Many of the supposedly reportage shots were staged. Schlesinger makes a cameo appearance as a passing, umbrella-carrying business man, and a tearful and apparently lost child, Matthew Perry, was temporarily abandoned deliberately by his mother Margaret, an actress relative of Schlesinger. Some other people appearing were also actors, including handcuffed convicts and a confused elderly woman.

title: Terminus (1961 film)


text:
Cartan–Kähler theorem

In mathematics, the Cartan–Kähler theorem is a major result on the integrability conditions for differential systems, in the case of analytic functions, for differential ideals $$I$$. It is named for Élie Cartan and Erich Kähler.

Meaning
It is not true that merely having $$dI$$ contained in $$I$$ is sufficient for integrability. There is a problem caused by singular solutions. The theorem computes certain constants that must satisfy an inequality in order that there be a solution.

Statement
Let $$(M,I)$$ be a real analytic EDS. Assume that $$P \subseteq M$$ is a connected, $$k$$-dimensional, real analytic, regular integral manifold of $$I$$ with $$r(P) \geq 0$$ (i.e., the tangent spaces $$T_p P$$ are "extendable" to higher dimensional integral elements).

Moreover, assume there is a real analytic submanifold $$R \subseteq M$$ of codimension $$r(P)$$ containing $$P$$ and such that $$T_pR \cap H(T_pP)$$ has dimension $$k+1$$ for all $$p \in P$$.

Then there exists a (locally) unique connected, $$(k+1)$$-dimensional, real analytic integral manifold $$X \subseteq M$$ of $$I$$ that satisfies $$P \subseteq X \subseteq R$$.

Proof and assumptions
The Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem is used in the proof, so the analyticity is necessary.

title: Cartan–Kähler theorem


text: Category:Harlem Globetrotters

title: Category:Harlem Globetrotters


text:
Extended affix grammar

In computer science, extended affix grammars (EAGs) are a formal grammar formalism for describing the context free and context sensitive syntax of language, both natural language and programming languages.

EAGs are a member of the family of two-level grammars; more specifically, a restriction of Van Wijngaarden grammars with the specific purpose of making parsing feasible.

Like Van Wijngaarden grammars, EAGs have hyperrules that form a context-free grammar except in that their nonterminals may have arguments, known as affixes, the possible values of which are supplied by another context-free grammar, the metarules.

EAGs were introduced and studied by D.A. Watt in 1974; recognizers were developed at the University of Nijmegen between 1985 and 1995. The EAG compiler developed there will generate either a recogniser, a transducer, a translator, or a syntax directed editor for a language described in the EAG formalism. The formalism is quite similar to Prolog, to the extent that it borrowed its cut operator.

EAGs have been used to write grammars of natural languages such as English, Spanish, and Hungarian. The aim was to verify the grammars by making them parse corpora of text (corpus linguistics); hence, parsing had to be sufficiently practical. However, the parse tree explosion problem that ambiguities in natural language tend to produce in this type of approach is worsened for EAGs because each choice of affix value may produce a separate parse, even when several different values are equivalent. The remedy proposed was to switch to the much simpler Affix Grammar over a Finite Lattice (AGFL) instead, in which metagrammars can only produce simple finite languages.

title: Extended affix grammar


text:
Seong Sam-mun

Seong Sam-mun (1418 – 8 June 1456) was a scholar-official of early Joseon who rose to prominence in the court of King Sejong the Great (r. 1418–1450). He was executed after being implicated in a plot to dethrone King Sejo (r. 1455–1468) and restore his predecessor King Danjong (r. 1452–1455), and is known as one of the sayuksin (사육신, the six martyred ministers) with reference to this plot.

Biography
Sam-mun was born in Hongseong (then Hongju), South Chungcheong province to a yangban family of the Changnyeong Seong clan. He passed the lower examination at the regular triennial administration in 1438. He soon gained the favor of King Sejong, and was appointed to the Hall of Worthies. From 1442 to 1446, he cooperated with other members of that body to compose the Hunmin Jeongeum, in which the hangul alphabet was first presented to the world. The level of his involvement in the creation of the Korean alphabet Hangul (and that of other Hall of Worthies scholars) is disputed, although he and other scholars were sent on trips to consult with a Ming Chinese phoneticist several times, presumably because one of the first uses the new alphabet was put to was to transcribe the sounds of hanja, or Sino-Korean characters. In 1447, Sam-mun achieved the highest score on the higher literary examination.

In 1455, Prince Suyang (one of Sejong's sons) forced the young King Danjong, his nephew, to abdicate, taking the throne instead as King Sejo. Following secret orders from his father Seong Seung, Sam-mun along with Bak Jungrim, Bak Paengnyeon and others plotted to assassinate the new king and restore King Danjong to the throne. The plot was exposed and the plotters all arrested. Sam-mun and his father were executed along with other plotters. Before his execution, Sam-mun condemned the king as a pretender. The sayuksin and the saengyuksin (생육신, the six retainers who lived), who refused to accept King Sejo as the legitimate king, were praised by later generations for holding fast to the Confucian value of staying loyal to the true king.

Poems for his loyalty
He made several poems during imprisonment and before his execution. The following is his death poem.

擊鼓催人命 (격고최인명) -둥둥 북소리는 내 생명을 재촉하고,

回頭日欲斜 (회두일욕사) -머리를 돌여 보니 해는 서산으로 넘어 가려고 하는구나 黃泉無一店 (황천무일점) -황천으로 가는 길에는 주막조차 없다는데,

今夜宿誰家 (금야숙수가) -오늘밤은 뉘 집에서 잠을 자고 갈거나

As the sound of drum calls for my life,

I turn my head where the sun is about to set.

In the afterlife, there is not a single inn

This night, at whose house shall I rest ?

Another poem in prison written in sijo format

Another poem (using 7 words in each line)

Family

 * Father
 * Seong Seung (? – 8 June 1456)
 * Mother
 * Biological - Lady Park of the Juksan Park clan ; Seong Seung’s first wife
 * Grandfather - Park Cheom
 * Step - Lady Mi-chi ; became a slave of Yi Heung-sang, Prince Gyerim after husband’s death
 * Unnamed stepmother of commoner status
 * Siblings
 * Younger brother - Seong Sam-bing (?–1456)
 * Younger brother - Seong Sam-go (성삼고(成三顧; ?–1456)
 * Younger brother - Seong Sam-seong (?–1456)
 * Younger half-sister - Seong Seong-geum, Lady Seong; became a slave of Shin Suk-ju after her father’s death
 * Younger half-sister - Seong Ok-dong, Lady Seong; became a slave of Park Won-hyeong after her father’s death
 * Wives and their children
 * Lady Shin of the Ahju Shin clan — no issue.
 * Kim Cha-san, Lady Kim of the Yeonan Kim clan
 * Son - Seong Maeng-cheom (?–1456)
 * Daughter-in-law - Lady Hyeon-bi ; became a slave of Jeon Gyun
 * Son - Seong Maeng-nyeon (?–1456)
 * Granddaughter - Lady Seong
 * Grandson-in-law - Yu Jeub of the Munhwa Yu clan
 * Daughter - Seong Hyo-ok, Lady Seong; unmarried and became a slave
 * Daughter - Lady Seong (1439–1489)
 * Son-in-law - Park Rim-gyeong (1436–1485)
 * Grandson - Park Jeung (1461–1517)
 * Grandson - Park Ho (1466–1533)
 * Grandson - Park Han
 * Daughter - Lady Seong
 * Son-in-law - Eom Jeong-gu
 * Grandson - Eom Chan
 * Son - Seong Heon
 * Son - Seong Taek

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Hyun Woo in the 2011 SBS TV series Deep Rooted Tree.

title: Seong Sam-mun


text:
Bobby Seay

Robert Michael Seay (pronounced "See") (born June 20, 1978) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher He has previously played for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 2001 to 2004, the Colorado Rockies in 2005, and the Detroit Tigers from 2006 to 2009.

High school
Seay is a graduate of Sarasota High School in Sarasota, Florida, where he compiled a 30–4 record in three years (1994–1996) with a 0.79 earned run average (ERA) and 362 strikeouts in $221 1/3$ innings pitched. He led Sarasota High School to the Florida State Championship and #16 national ranking in his senior year, going 10–2 with an 0.70 ERA and 122 strikeouts and 29 base on balls in 70 innings. Seay was named First-team High School All-American and a finalist for Louisville Slugger's High School Player of the Year Award. Seay was drafted 12th overall by the Chicago White Sox in 1996 but was granted free agency based on Major League Baseball's amateur draft rule 4-3.

Olympics
Seay was a member of the United States baseball team that won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Tampa Bay Rays
Seay was signed by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and made his Major League debut in 2001. His first appearance was in Yankee Stadium, allowing 1 hit and no runs. For the 2001 season, Seay pitched in 12 games. After the season, Seay was designated for assignment.

He signed a minor league deal to stay in Tampa. He missed most of the 2002 season with a shoulder injury.

In 2003, Seay appeared in 12 games while in 2004, he appeared in 21 games. He was traded in the offseason to the Colorado Rockies for outfielder Reggie Taylor after being designated for assignment.

Colorado Rockies
Then, only after three games with the Rockies he was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a strained left pectoral muscle. After the injury, Seay managed to appear in 14 more games. His ERA finished at 8.49 with Colorado.

Detroit Tigers
Seay recorded his first Major League save for the Tigers on May 20, 2007, against the St. Louis Cardinals.

In 2009, Seay tore his rotator cuff in his left shoulder, ending a solid season in which he compiled a 6–3 record and 4.25 ERA out of the Tigers bullpen. After spending all of 2010 trying to recover without surgery, Seay gave in and scheduled surgery. He became a free agent following the season.

title: Bobby Seay


text:
Springwood

Springwood may refer to different locations:
 * In the United States
 * Springwood Estate at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site
 * Springwood, Torrance, California, A gated neighborhood located on the western branch of Plaza del Amo in Torrance, California
 * In Australia
 * Springwood, New South Wales, a suburb in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia
 * Springwood, Queensland, a suburb of Logan City, south of Brisbane, Australia
 * Electoral district of Springwood, Queensland, Australia
 * in the United Kingdom
 * Springwood, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England
 * Fictional
 * Springwood, Ohio, a fictional town that is home to Freddy Krueger in the Nightmare on Elm Street films
 * A fictional town in Alone in the Dark, 1982 film

title: Springwood


text:
Pathfinder Reservoir

Pathfinder Reservoir is located in the U.S. state of Wyoming on the North Platte River between Casper and Rawlins. It sits 47 miles (76 km) southwest of Casper, in Carbon County and Natrona County. The reservoir was created by Pathfinder Dam and has a storage capacity of 1,016,000 acre.ft. The shoreline consists of 117 miles (188 km). Much of the water used to serve the 335,000 acre (1360 km2) North Platte Project is stored here. Some of the water in the reservoir is released to satisfy other water rights and to operate power plants downstream of the reservoir. Much of the Pathfinder Reservoir is included in the Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge. Pathfinder Reservoir is the site of the only established population of the Macedonian Ohrid Trout (S. letnica) in the United States.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pathfinder Reservoir has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded at Pathfinder Reservoir was 100 °F on July 14, 1925, July 12-13, 1954, July 22, 1960, and July 7-9, 1989, while the coldest temperature recorded was -39 °F on January 17, 1930.

title: Pathfinder Reservoir


text:
Substitution principle (sustainability)

The substitution principle in sustainability is the maxim of how processes, services, and products should be replaced with alternatives that result in a lower environmental impact. An example of a strong, hazard-based interpretation of the substitution principle in application regarding chemicals considers the overall impact: "hazardous chemicals should be substituted by less hazardous alternatives or preferably alternatives that mitigates identifiable hazards impacts".

Overview
The principle has historically been promoted by environmental groups. This concept is becoming increasingly mainstream, being a key concept in green chemistry and a central element of EU REACH regulation. Critics of the principle claim it is very difficult to implement in reality, especially in terms of legislation.

Nonetheless, the concept is an important one and a key driver behind identifying "Substances of Very High Concern" in REACH and the development of hazardous substance lists such as the SIN List and the ETUC Trade Union Priority List. EU-funded projects such as SubsPort are under development to aid the identification and development of safer substitutes for hazardous chemicals.

title: Substitution principle (sustainability)


text:
Electro-Motive Diesel

Electro-Motive Diesel (abbreviated EMD) is a brand of diesel-electric locomotives, locomotive products and diesel engines for the rail industry. Formerly a division of General Motors, EMD has been owned by Progress Rail since 2010. Electro-Motive Diesel traces its roots to the Electro-Motive Engineering Corporation, founded in 1922 and purchased by General Motors in 1930. After purchase by GM, the company was known as GM's Electro-Motive Division. In 2005, GM sold EMD to Greenbriar Equity Group and Berkshire Partners, and in 2010, EMD was sold to Progress Rail, a subsidiary of the American heavy equipment manufacturer Caterpillar. Upon the 2005 sale, the company was renamed to Electro-Motive Diesel.

EMD's headquarters, engineering facilities and parts manufacturing operations are based in McCook, Illinois, while its final locomotive assembly line is located in Muncie, Indiana. EMD also operates a traction motor maintenance, rebuild, and overhaul facility in San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

As of 2008, EMD employed approximately 3,260 people, and in 2010 it held approximately 30 percent of the market for diesel-electric locomotives in North America. The only other significant competitor is Wabtec-owned GE Transportation, holding an approximate 70% market share of the North American market.

1920s: Foundation
Harold L. Hamilton and Paul Turner founded the Electro-Motive Engineering Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1922, soon renaming it to Electro-Motive Company (EMC). The company developed and marketed self-propelled railcars using General Electric's newly developed internal combustion-electric propulsion and control systems. Hamilton started his railroading career as a fireman, then locomotive engineer, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, then became a manager with the Florida East Coast Railway before he left railroading for a marketing position with the White Motor Company, an early manufacturer of trucks and buses, in Denver. Training and service agreements were part of White's marketing package that Hamilton would carry over to EMC. Aware of the needs of branch line services of railroads and the opportunities provided with GE's new internal combustion-electric propulsion and control technology, he quit his position with White and set up shop in a Chicago hotel with his partner and a designer to develop and market a new generation of self-propelled railcars. In 1923 EMC sold two gasoline-powered rail motor cars, one to the Chicago Great Western and the other to the Northern Pacific. EMC subcontracted the body construction to St Louis Car Company, electrical components to General Electric, and the prime mover to the Winton Engine Company of Cleveland, Ohio. The motorcars were delivered in 1924 and worked well, fortunate for the fledgling company, because the sales were conditional on satisfactory performance. In 1925 EMC entered full-scale production, selling 27 railcars.

1930s
In 1930 General Motors (GM) was seeking to enter production of diesel engines and broaden their range of applications. They purchased the Winton Engine Company, who had in their product line a variety of stationary and marine diesel engines and spark-ignition engines for heavy vehicles. GM saw EMC's role in developing and marketing Winton-engined heavy vehicles as fitting their objectives and purchased the company shortly after the Winton acquisition, renaming it Electro-Motive Corporation  (EMC), a subsidiary of GM. Supported by the GM Research Division headed by Charles F. Kettering, GM's Winton Engine Corporation focused on developing diesel engines with improved power-to-weight ratios and output flexibility suitable for mobile use. Eugene W. Kettering, son of Charles Kettering, led Winton's side of the development project.

In 1933 EMC designed the power setups for the Zephyr and M-10000 streamliners, a breakthrough in the power and speed available with their propulsion systems. The Zephyr used the first major product of the new GM-Winton venture, a 600 hp, eight cylinder version of the Winton 201A Roots blown, uniflow scavenged, unit injected, 2-stroke diesel engine. As the Budd and Pullman Standard companies entered contracts to build more diesel-powered streamliners, they became major customers for EMC. Diesel power had been shown suitable for small, lightweight, high speed trains, in addition to its more established role in yard service.

Seeing opportunities to broaden the role of diesel in railroading, EMC invested in a new locomotive factory and started development work on the locomotives that it would produce. The factory headquarters on 55th Street in McCook, Illinois, west of Chicago, remains the corporate headquarters. The 1935 EMC 1800 hp B-B development design locomotives featured the multiple-unit control systems that became the basis of cab/booster locomotive sets, and the twin engine format that would be adopted for the newest Zephyr power units in 1936 and EMC's E series streamlined passenger locomotives that their new factory began producing in 1937. Prior to their introduction of the E units EMC was in production of switch engines, which remained the mainstay of their production until dieselization of freight and passenger service hit full stride in the mid-1940s.

The GM-Winton research and development effort continued through the mid-1930s, building on experience with the Winton 201A, to develop diesel engines to better meet the specific needs of locomotive use. The fruit of that effort was GM's new 567 engine, introduced by their renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division in 1938. The new engine upgraded the horsepower of EMC's E series locomotives to 2000 per locomotive unit and increased reliability substantially. Also in 1938, EMC increased its reach up the chain of locomotive production by transitioning from General Electric equipment to in-house produced generators and traction motors. With Eugene Kettering moving to EMC that year, EMC moved into a leading role in further development of GM's locomotive engines.

GM-Winton-EMC's long development efforts put the company in an advantageous position relative to other developers of diesel-electric locomotion. Their nearest competitor was the American Locomotive Company (ALCO), who had produced diesel-electric switch engines since the mid-1920s, provided motive power for the Rebel streamliner trainsets in 1935, and started production of development design locomotives to compete with the E-units in 1939. EMC's other main competitor, the Baldwin Locomotive Works, had their development work with diesel delayed by their belief through the 1930s that the future of mainline service remained with steam, and by financial difficulties that effectively froze their diesel development while EMC and ALCO continued theirs. Baldwin started producing diesel-electric switch engines in 1939.

Passenger trains made little money for the railroads, but replacement of steam engines with reliable diesel units could provide railroads with a crucial difference for profitability. With standardized production of locomotives, EMC simplified the processes for ordering, manufacturing, and servicing locomotives and introduced economies of scale that would lower unit costs. EMC offered support services including financing, training, and field maintenance that would ease the transition from steam to diesel and boost their market in the last years before US entry into World War II. The performance of the new 567 engine in passenger locomotives also built confidence in the viability of diesel power for freight service.

In 1939 the company built a four-unit freight locomotive demonstrator, the FT, and began a tour of the continent's railroads. The tour was a success. Western railroads in particular saw that the diesels could free them from dependence on scarce water supplies for steam locomotives. In 1940, after incorporating dynamic braking at the suggestion of customers, they were receiving their first orders for the new freight locomotive.

1940s
General Motors moved production of locomotive engines under the authority of EMC to create the GM Electro-Motive Division (EMD) on January 1, 1941. With that move, EMD became a fully self-contained development, production, marketing, and service entity. Nonlocomotive products (large marine and stationary diesel engines) continued under GM's Cleveland Diesel Engine Division for another twenty years.

In January 1941 EMD delivered the first FT unit to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, numbered Unit 100, and through that year they were in full-stride production of road and switch locomotives, becoming the world's biggest producer. America's entry into World War II temporarily slowed EMD's locomotive production; United States Navy ships gained priority for diesel power and the petroleum crisis of 1942-43 made coal-fired steam a more attractive option. The War Production Board stopped production of new passenger equipment between September 1942 and December 1944. Later in the war, diesel locomotive production for freight service was picking up as more locomotives were needed to haul wartime supplies. By the time the FT model was replaced in 1945, 555 cab units and 541 booster units had been produced.

EMD emerged from the war years with major advantages over its competitors in diesel locomotive production, having entered them with fully developed lines of mainline road diesel locomotives while war production allocations restricted their competitors, principally the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) and the Baldwin Locomotive Works, to selling mainly diesel switchers and steam locomotives of pre-existing designs. That gave an advantage to EMD's state of technical development with higher powered diesels in the critical postwar years. New model passenger locomotives were delivered starting in February 1945. New models of their freight locomotive followed later in 1945 and 1946.

By the late 1940s the vast majority of American railroads had decided to dieselize their locomotive fleets. Passenger services facing increasing competition from air and automotive travel rapidly replaced steam for image and cost reasons, but the biggest growth market was for freight locomotives. To meet post-war demands, EMD opened another locomotive production facility in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1948.

Alco-GE was EMD's strongest competitor during the dieselization era, having produced the first road-switcher diesel locomotives in 1941 and gained about a 26% market share of diesel locomotives, mostly for switching and short-haul applications, as of 1946. ALCO's higher-powered locomotives for mainline service were less successful, as they were plagued by reliability problems. In 1948 the ALCO-GE partnership developed a prototype gas-turbine-electric locomotive; series production began in 1952. Latecomers to the diesel locomotive business Baldwin, Fairbanks-Morse, and Lima-Hamilton struggled in the market as their products failed to gain a solid reputation. By 1950 it was clear that EMD's competitors could not crack their position in mainline road diesels and in 1949 their new EMD GP7 road switcher locomotive invaded the market niche previously held by ALCO and Baldwin.

1950s
In 1950, EMD's new plant in London, Ontario, Canada, began production. The plant was operated by the Canadian subsidiary General Motors Diesel (GMD), producing existing EMD as well as unique GMD designs for the Canadian domestic and export markets. GMD were, as a Canadian concern, able to sell products to other British Commonwealth nations without the tariffs encumbering trade with non-Commonwealth nations, gaining the same market access as ALCO and Baldwin through their subsidiaries Montreal Locomotive Works and Canadian Locomotive Company.

EMD's road-switcher locomotives with power and reliability sufficient for mainline use overturned the market for freight locomotives, soon displacing their competitors' road-switchers, then later their own F-series carbody locomotives. The GP9 became the most-produced EMD model ever, with 4,112 A units and 165 B units sold between 1954 and 1963. Owing to their ease of maintenance and versatility, most locomotives sold in North America since the introduction of the GP9 have been road-switcher, or hood, units. Flush-sided locomotives based on a road-switcher chassis, or cowl units, would later be produced for passenger service.

During the mid-1950s, more difficult market conditions followed the peak demand of the dieselization era. The 1950s saw collapse in the positions of all of EMD's established competitors and the strong emergence of a new one, the General Electric Company. Lima-Hamilton failed first, in 1951 merging with Baldwin to form Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton. Baldwin's own position was precarious, with their market share dwindling until they left the locomotive business in 1956. Fairbanks-Morse, after struggling to maintain a foothold in the industry with their opposed piston marine powerplant, left the locomotive field in 1963. General Electric dissolved the ALCO-GE partnership in the wake of ALCO's lackluster efforts at developing reliable higher-powered engines, and took over the ALCO-GE gas-turbine-electric venture in 1953. In 1956 GE was marketing its own Universal series Cooper-Bessemer powered diesel-electrics as export locomotives. ALCO's belated introduction of improved locomotive power in 1956 provided the company little benefit; they no longer had the marketing, financing, or service support of GE and the GP9 was a formidable competitor in the saturated domestic market. In 1960 the U25B was the first of GE's road locomotives powered by their FDL-16 diesel engine, which would rapidly displace ALCO's position and eventually displace EMD's position in the domestic market. Competition from the two giants with large capital resources overwhelmed ALCO until they went out of business in 1969.

The 567 engine was continuously improved and upgraded. The original six-cylinder 567 produced 600 hp, the V-12 1000 hp, and the V-16 1350 hp. EMD began turbocharging the 567 around 1958; the final version, the 567D3A (built from October, 1963, to about January, 1966) produced 2500 hp in its V-16 form.

1960s
As the 1960s opened EMD was compelled to respond to the challenge offered by GE's U25B, upgrading the features of their GP (General Purpose) and SD (Special Duty/Standard Duty) series locomotives, boosting the power of their 567 engines, then developing the more powerful 645 engines. Those endeavors as well as the feature upgrades introduced with the SD40-2 were sufficient to maintain EMD's competitive advantage over GE until the mid-1980s.

In 1962 GM moved their remaining production of large non-locomotive diesel engines from Cleveland to the EMD facility in McCook, ending the existence of the Cleveland Diesel Engine Division.

In late 1965, EMD introduced the enlarged 645 engine. Power ratings were 1500 hp V-12 nonturbocharged, 1500 hp V-8 turbocharged, 2300 hp V-12 turbocharged, 2000 hp V-16 nonturbocharged, and 3000 hp V-16 turbocharged. In late 1965 EMD built their first twenty-cylinder engine, a turbocharged 3600 hp V20 for the EMD SD45. The final variant of the sixteen cylinder 645 (the 16-645F) produced 3500 hp.

1970s
In 1972, EMD introduced modular control systems with the Dash-2 line; the EMD SD40-2 became one of the most successful diesel locomotive designs in history, both in terms of sales and service longevity. A total of 3,945 SD40-2 units were built.

1980s
EMD introduced their new 710 engine in 1984 with the 60 Series locomotives (EMD SD60 and EMD GP60), the EMD 645 engine continued to be offered in certain models (such as the 50 Series) until 1988. The 710 is produced as an eight-, twelve-, sixteen-, and twenty-cylinder engine for locomotive, marine and stationary applications. Concurrently with the introduction of the 710, EMD's control systems on locomotives changed to microprocessors, with computer-controlled wheel slip prevention, among other systems.

EMD's North American market share dropped below that of its main competitor General Electric in 1987. After the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement came into effect in 1989, EMD decided to consolidate all locomotive production at the Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada (formerly GMD) plant in London, Ontario, a development which ended locomotive production at the La Grange, Illinois plant in 1991, although the Illinois facility continued to produce engines and generators.

1990s
In the late 1980s and 1990s EMD introduced AC induction motor drive in EMD locomotives using Siemens technology. In the early 1990s, EMD introduced the radial steering truck, which reduced wheel and track wear. In 1995 EMD replaced mechanical unit injectors with electronically controlled unit injectors on its 710 engines.

In 1998 EMD introduced the four-stroke sixteen cylinder 265H-Engine, used as the prime mover in the EMD SD90MAC-H locomotive. Instead of completely replacing the 710 series engine, the H-engine was concurrently produced alongside EMD's two stroke engines, although mainly for export. Acceptance of the 265H was limited over reliability issues. The 265H, at 6300 hp, was the most powerful engine ever produced by EMD and the first four-stroke engine offered to the market by EMD or its ancestral companies since the Winton 201A introduced their breakthrough in two-stroke diesel power in 1934.

In 1999, Union Pacific placed the largest single order for diesel locomotives in North American railroad history when they ordered 1,000 units of the EMD SD70M. Union Pacific's fleet of SD70Ms has since been expanded by more than 450 additional units. In addition, Union Pacific also owns nearly 500 EMD SD70ACe locomotives, six of which have been painted in "Fallen Flags" (acquired/merged railroads) commemorative liveries. All of these locomotives are 710G-powered.

2000s: Greenbriar and Berkshire years
In 2004, CSX took delivery of the first SD70ACe units, which were advertised by EMD as more reliable, fuel efficient, and easier to maintain than predecessor model SD70MAC. The model meets the EPA Tier 2 emission requirements using the two-stroke 710 diesel engine.

The following year Norfolk Southern became the first carrier to receive the new SD70M-2 - successor to the SD70M. Like its sister road switcher, the SD70ACe, the SD70M-2 meets the United States EPA Tier 2 diesel emissions requirements using the same engine. And like the "ACe", the "M-2" is certified to be in conformance with ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004.

In June 2004, The Wall Street Journal published an article indicating EMD was being put up for sale. On January 11, 2005, Reuters published a story indicating a sale to "two private U.S. equity groups" was likely to be announced "this week". Confirmation came the following day, with a press release issued by General Motors, stating it had agreed to sell EMD to a partnership led by Greenbriar Equity Group and Berkshire Partners. The newly spun-off company was called Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc., thus retaining the famous "EMD" initials. The sale closed on April 4, 2005.

2010s
On June 1, 2010, Caterpillar announced it had agreed to buy Electro-Motive Diesel from Greenbriar, Berkshire et al. for $820 million. Caterpillar's wholly owned subsidiary, Progress Rail, completed the transaction on August 2, 2010. Although Caterpillar announced that John S. Hamilton would continue in his roles of president and CEO of EMD after the close of the transaction, Hamilton left EMD for unspecified reasons in late August 2010.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Tier-4 locomotive emissions regulations on new locomotives went into effect on January 1, 2015. As of that date, EMD's 710-engined locomotives (e.g. SD70ACe's) could be built only for use outside the contiguous United States (i.e. Canada, Alaska, Mexico, and overseas). EMD had originally thought the 710 engine could be modified or "tuned-up" to meet Tier-4 standards, but it was not able to meet those requirements while maintaining optimum performance and reliability during rigorous "real world conditions" tests. Development of a Tier-4-compliant locomotive shifted from its original focus on the two-stroke 710 to the four-stroke 1010J engine, derived from the 265H engine.

The first (pre-production) locomotive using the 1010J engine, the SD70ACe-T4, using a 4600 hp (4,400 traction hp) 12 cylinder engine was unveiled in late 2015. Testing of the new locomotives began in the Spring of 2016. The first two units of a 65 unit order for the new locomotive were delivered to Union Pacific in December 2016.

2020s
In 2022, Progress Rail celebrated 100 years EMD. Progress Rail continues to offer 710-powered EMD locomotives for export as well as "ECO" upgrade packages for modernizing of older locomotives, which sustained their business during the hiatus of locomotive production for the domestic market.

Manufacturing and assembly facilities
EMD maintains major facilities in McCook, Illinois, and Muncie, Indiana in the United States, Sete Lagoas, Brazil and San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The company operated a manufacturing facility in London, Ontario, Canada until its closure in 2012.

EMD La Grange (McCook)
Since its ground breaking in 1935, the La Grange facility has been the headquarters for EMD. In addition to the corporation's administrative offices, La Grange houses design engineering, emissions testing, rebuild operations, and manufacturing of major components, including prime mover engines, traction alternators, electrical cabinets, and turbochargers. The La Grange facility includes three main buildings, with over 1200000 sqft of office and manufacturing space. Ancillary buildings are used to provide maintenance and testing capabilities. EMD La Grange is ISO 9001:2008 Certified for Quality and ISO 14001 Certified for Environmental Management. A large part of the property's land has been sold off including the land where the original factory building stood. With the sale of the land, the large sign of "Electro Motive Division" that stood at the corner of 55th St. and East Ave. was removed but is preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum.

EMD London
The EMD London plant, in London, Ontario, Canada, opened in 1949 under EMD's Canadian subsidiary General Motors Diesel, to produce locomotives during a time of rapidly rising demand. EMD London's Canadian location was useful for General Motors' when attempting to procure Canadian federal contracts and serve Canadian rail customers. Situated on a 100 acre site, the EMD London facility included two main buildings and multiple ancillary buildings with over 500000 sqft of office and manufacturing space, as well as a locomotive test track. Following reorganization under the Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada in 1969, the facility was at times used to produce a variety of products in the General Motors family, including transit buses (until 1979) and military vehicles. Following passage of the US-Canada Free Trade Agreement in 1989, EMD London became the location where all of the construction, finishing, and testing of EMD locomotives in North America was performed. The facility also manufactured components such as locomotive underframes, traction motors, truck assemblies, and locomotive equipment racks. The rate of production was approximately one locomotive completed per day. EMD London was ISO 9001:2000 Certified for Quality and ISO 14001 Certified for Environmental Management.

In January 2012, 450 Canadian Auto Workers union workers were locked out of the EMD London facility, after refusing to ratify EMD's proposed new contract which included a pay cut of 50% for some workers - labour costs at the Canadian plant were much greater than in some of the company's US plants. In February 2012 Progress Rail announced the closure of the plant; Caterpillar's actions were criticised in Canada; the company stated it would relocate production to other sites in North and South America, including the non-unionised plant in Muncie, Indiana. At the time of closure the plant employed approximately 775 people directly.

EMD San Luis Potosí
On April 14, 2010, Electro-Motive opened a facility in San Luis Potosí, Mexico for the maintenance, rebuild, and overhaul of traction motors and other electrical equipment.

EMD Muncie
In October 2010, Caterpillar announced it was investing US$50 million to acquire and to renovate an existing 740,000 sqft building for assembly of EMD brand locomotives and to build a locomotive test track on a 75 acre site located in Muncie, Indiana. The Muncie facility allows EMD to supply locomotives to publicly funded passenger rail agencies that require their rail equipment be assembled in the United States exclusively. (see Buy America Act)

On July 25, 2011, it was announced that production at the facility was planned to begin by the end of the year, with 125 workers having been hired and plans to add more. On October 28, the plant was officially opened, and the first locomotive produced at the plant, a Ferromex SD70ACe #4092, was rolled out.

Subcontractors and licensees
The company also entered into subcontracting and licensing arrangements, both for whole locomotives, and diesel and electrical drivetrains (genset plus traction motors and control electronics).

In Europe, licensees included Henschel (Germany) from the 1950s-80s which manufactured locomotives for export to African, South Asian, and Scandinavian countries, as well as Austria; NOHAB (Sweden) from the 1950s-70s, and after NOHAB's closure Kalmar Verkstad (KVAB) (Sweden) in the 1980s. When the KVAB and Henschel factories were acquired by ABB in 1990, EMD-licensed manufacture ended.

In Belgium, EMD-engined locomotives were manufactured by Société Franco-Belge, and then by La Brugeoise et Nivelles in the 1950s and 60s.

In Spain, MACOSA and its successors assembled and manufactured EMD locomotives, including standard EMD export designs as well as variants for the domestic market, as of 2011 EMD-engined diesels are still manufactured in Spain as the Vossloh Euro series.

Đuro Đaković of Croatia (Yugoslavia) also held a license from EMD and manufactured locomotives for the Yugoslav Railways.

By 2000, EMD had produced with its collaborators around 300 locomotives using EMD technology in Scandinavia, 500 in western Europe, and 400 in eastern Europe. Approximately 75% of EMD's European locomotives sold by 2000 were license-built in Europe. The company also entered into a collaboration (early 2000s) with Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant (Russia) (Людиновский тепловозостроительный завод), (now part of Sinara Group) creating a single-body eight axle 3MW (Bo'Bo')'(Bo'Bo')' diesel locomotive ТЭРА1, powered by an EMD 710 16-cylinder engine. In the early 2010s the company began a collaboration with Croatian rolling stock company TŽV Gredelj.

Locomotives were also assembled by General Motors Industria Argentina, General Motors South Africa, and under license by Delta Motor Corporation (South Africa), Equipamentos Villares (Brazil), and Hyundai (Korea). Bombardier Transportation has also acted as subcontractor, manufacturing units at its plant in Ciudad Sahagún, Mexico since 1998, with over 1,000 locomotives completed by 2007. The manufacturing agreement continued under Progress Rail ownership.

In Australia, Clyde Engineering used EMD components in locally manufactured locomotives beginning in the 1950s. That company was absorbed into what eventually became Downer Rail.

In India, the Banaras Locomotive Works (DLW) manufactured EMD designs from the late 1990s to late 2010s. In 2010, EMD announced its intention to establish its own manufacturing facility in India, potentially in Bihar, through a PPP project with the state government, or in Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011 EMD's cooperative development association with Indian Railways is ongoing.

In China, CRRC Dalian has manufactured the EMD-designed units China Railway HXN3 (JT56ACe) since 2008.

In 2012, the EMD formed a joint venture with Barloworld, Electro-Motive Diesel Africa (Proprietary) Limited, to supply locomotive and rail-related products to the sub-saharan African market. In September 2012, EMD also signed a deal with Bombardier Transportation; Bombardier's factory in Savli, India, would assemble EMD products for Asian customers.

Maintenance and support facilities
EMD also provides maintenance services, technical support, parts inventory, and sales and marketing services from many other locations spread throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China, India, Pakistan, Australia, Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Egypt, and South Africa.

Locomotive engines
EMD has produced this series of engines:
 * EMD 567 – The 567 was produced from 1938 through 1965, named for its displacement-per-cylinder of 567.45 in³ (bore 8½ inches, stroke 10 inches). Other design features: two-cycle (or two-stroke), Roots-blown, Uniflow-scavenged, Unit-injected, overhead camshafts, four exhaust valves per cylinder. Built in V-6, V-8, V-12 and V-16 configurations. 567AC, 567BC, 567C, 567D and "567E" engines may be retrofitted with 645 Power assemblies and other major components, mainly for so-called "life-extension" programs; 567E engines are actually 645E blocks which were originally manufactured with 567 power assemblies
 * EMD 645 – "E- and F-Engines"; in production by request; most 645 major assemblies remain in new production for replacement purposes
 * EMD 710 – "G-Engine"; in production, but locomotive versions are restricted to use outside the U.S. due to EPA Tier 4 emissions regulations taking effect in 2015; mechanical unit injectors on pre-1995 engines, electronically controlled unit injectors on post-1995 engines. The 710G engine has passed tier 4 regulations.
 * EMD 265 – "H-Engine"; no longer in domestic production, and most existing 265-powered locomotives in North America have been removed from service.
 * EMD 1010 – "J-Engine"; in production. Introduced at the Railway Interchange Expo 2015 at BNSF North Town Yard, Minneapolis, Minnesota, from October 4 to October 7, 2015. This new engine was first used on SD70ACe-T4, the Tier 4 freight locomotive from EMD. This engine features a two-stage turbocharging system consisting of three turbochargers: one turbo (the primary/high pressure turbo) for low-mid RPM range and two turbos (the secondary/low pressure turbos) for mid-high RPM range. The results are bigger power throughout a broader RPM range, better fuel efficiency, and lower emissions.

Stationary and marine engines
Most of the above locomotive engines were available, in modified form, for stationary and marine work. Marine engines differ from railroad and stationary engines mainly in the shape and depth of the engine's oil sump, which has been altered to accommodate the rolling and pitching motions encountered in marine applications.

EMD "pancake" diesels
A new aluminum block lightweight compact engine was designed that ran at a higher rpm. These engines feature a vertical crankshaft and the cylinders were arranged in an X pattern of four cylinder banks in four cylinder rows. These were the 16-184 and 16-338 "pancake" engines. The 16-388 engine was 13.5 ft from the base of the generator to the top of the air intake filter and 4 ft wide. It is a mechanically injected two-stroke diesel engine that used a Roots blower. The 16-184A was installed in some 110 ft subchasers of the SC-497-class submarine chaser during World War II. The two 1,540 bhp 16-184A diesel engines driving two shafts produced a faster subchaser that achieved 21 knots.

The EMD 16-338 developed 1090 bhp at 1600 rpm. On the top was an air intake then four layers of four cylinders each. Each cylinder had a 6 in bore and a 6+1/2 in stroke. On the bottom of the crank shaft was an Elliot generator which developed 817 kW at a maximum of 710 volts DC. This proved problematic as the engine fluids ran down into the generator. The whole engine weighed just over eight tons. Being 4 feet wide it allowed for four engines in an engine room only 22 ft long and also allowed design engineers to eliminate a submarine engine room. The Tang-class submarine and the research submarine USS Albacore (AGSS-569) used the troublesome EMD 16-338. On the Tang-class the Navy decided to replace the "pancake" engines with ten-cylinder Fairbanks-Morse opposed-piston 38D 8-1/8 diesels. The unreliability and lack of spares led to the decommissioning of USS Albacore in 1972 as further cannibalized parts became unavailable.

Reporting marks
The following reporting marks are listed for rolling stock:
 * EMDX – Electro-Motive Division Leasing
 * EMLX – Electro-Motive Division Leasing
 * GMCX – General Motors
 * GMDX – General Motors Diesel Canada

title: Electro-Motive Diesel


text:
Talk:Terminus (1961 film)

Year?
I've created a stub for this film, but I'm not sure what year it should be given. IMDB lists it as a 1961 film, yet it was nominated for Best Documentary Feature in 1963, and is listed as a 1960 film in the John Schlesinger article. --LostLeviathan 18:56, 31 May 2005 (UTC) - It was originally submitted for classification to the British Board of Film Censors on September 13th, 1961, and passed without cuts as a 'U' certificate film. However, it must have been filmed in 1960, as about 4 minutes into the film, there is a poster on display advertising an event at Caxton Hall, Westminster, dated Wednesday, September 7th, and September 7th was on a Wednesday in 1960 and, about 17 minutes into the film, after a woman goes into the Lost Property Office to report having lost her umbrella, the clerk behind the counter writes a report in his book under the date August 25th, 1960. David Rayner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidRayner (talk • contribs) 15:45, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terminus (1961 film)