text:
Bill Barlee

Neville Langrell "Bill" Barlee (October 6, 1932 – June 14, 2012) was a Canadian politician who was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia as a New Democrat in 1988 (after unsuccessfully running in the 1969 and 1972 provincial elections). He served as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1991 until 1993 and then as Minister of Small Business, Tourism and Culture from 1993 until his defeat in the 1996 provincial election.

Barlee was also well known for his popular TV show on the history of Canada West which he co-hosted with Mike Roberts. This award-winning television series Gold Trails and Ghost Towns, ran from 1986 to 1996 on five different networks nationwide. The show is still seen in reruns.

Work
He had a varied career as a high school teacher, writer, publisher, and placer miner. He left teaching to write, publish and become a small businessman. His history magazine "Canada West" had faithful subscribers and his books included two best-sellers: "Gold Creeks and Ghost Towns" and the "Guide to Goldpanning". Over his life, he and his wife carefully amassed an impressive collection of Old West artifacts. Parts of the Barlee collection were placed on display in the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa as well as museums in British Columbia.

In 1988 Barlee was elected as an NDP MLA. When the NDP became government, he was appointed Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. During his time as Agriculture Minister, Barlee conceived of, and implemented the successful "Buy BC" program, to support BC farmers. The Buy BC logo can now be found on virtually all food products made or grown in B.C. He also served as Minister of Small Business, Tourism and Culture. Vancouver Sun columnist Denny Boyd credited Barlee as being one of the best Tourism Ministers B.C. has ever had.

Awards and honours
Barlee received a number of honours during his career including the "Golden Door" award from the BC and Yukon Hotel Association; the "Stellar Award" by the BC Restaurants and Food Services Association; and the "Visionary Award" from the BC Council of Tourism Associations. Barlee was also awarded the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.

Election results

! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Valid Votes !align="right"| 29,868 !align="right"|100.00 ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total rejected ballots !align="right"|   87 !align="right"|
 * - style="background:white;"
 * - style="background:white;"
 * }

Works

 * Barlee N.L. 1976 Historic Treasures and Lost Mines of British Columbia. Canada West Publications.
 * Barlee, N.L. The Pictograph Country: Similkameen. S.l., 1966. Re-released as Similkameen: The Pictograph Country, self-published chapbook, 1978. Re-released as Similkameen: The Pictograph Country (Surrey: Hancock, 1989).
 * Barlee, N.L. The Prospectors' and Collectors' Guide: Covering the Okanagan, Shuswap, Similkameen Boundary, South Thompson Areas. (n.d.)
 * Barlee, N.L. South Okanagan: The Sagebrush Country (Canada West, n.d.).
 * Barlee, N.L. Gold Creeks and Ghost Towns: East Kootenay, Boundary, West Kootenay, Okanagan and Similkameen (Canada West Magazine, 1970?; Canada West Publications, 1980; Hancock House, 1984).
 * Barlee, N.L. The Guide to Gold Panning in British Columbia Gold Regions, Methods of Mining, etc (Summerland: N.L. Barlee, 1972, 1974; Summerland: Canada West, 1977; Victoria: Canada West Publications 1979, 1980; Blaine, WA: Big Country, 1984; Hancock House, 1993).
 * Barlee, N.L. (editor). The Best of Canada West (Langley: Stagecoach Publishing, 1978).
 * Barlee, N.L. West Kootenay: Ghost Town Country (Canada West Publications, 1984).
 * Barlee, N.L. Gold Creeks and Ghost Towns of Northeastern Washington (Barlee, 1988; Hancock House, 1999).
 * Barlee, N.L. Lost Mines and Historic Treasures (Hancock House, 1993).

title: Bill Barlee


text:
Epanokalimavkion

An epanokalimavkion (επανωκαλυμμαύχιον, also epanokalimavko (επανωκαλύμμαυχο)) is an item of clerical clothing worn by Orthodox Christian monastics who are rassophor or above, including bishops. It is a cloth veil, usually black, which is worn with a kalimavkion.

Overview
The epanokalimavkion is attached to the front of the kalimavkion and extends over the top to hang down the back, with lappets hanging down on each side. In some traditions, monks leave the lappets hanging over the shoulders, but nuns bring them together and fasten them  behind the apostolnik.

In the Russian tradition, the kalimavkion covered by its epanokalimavkion is collectively referred to as a klobuk.

Hierodeacons (i.e., monastic deacons) will remove the epanokalimavkion when they are vested and serving at liturgical services; if they are not serving, however, they will wear it whenever attending services. Monks who have been ordained to minor orders (subdeacon, reader, altar server) do not wear the kamilavka when vested. Hieromonks (monastic priests) always wear the epanokalimavkion whenever they wear the kalimavkion.

In the Russian tradition, the epanokalimavkion of an archbishop has a jewelled cross stitched to the front of it near the crown of the kalimavkion. A metropolitan wears a white epanokalimavkion with the same jewelled cross. The Patriarch of Moscow's epanokalimavkion is often richly embroidered with seraphim or other symbols on the lappets and is attached to a conical kalimavkion called a koukoulion. The Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, which is not in communion with Moscow, also wears the kalimavkion.

The Patriarch of Bulgaria wears a white epanokalimavkion with small cross. The Patriarch of Romania also wears a white epanokalimavkion.

On Mount Athos, particular practices may vary from monastery to monastery, but generally speaking—in the Greek monasteries, at least—the epanokalimavkion is not attached to the kalimavkion, but is merely laid over it. The reason for this is that the Athonite typicons call for it to be removed from the kalimavkion and laid over the shoulders at certain moments during the services.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Epanokalimavkion


text:
Talk:Telephone number mapping

İphon : +90 0542 842 3638 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yasinaslan3866 (talk • contribs) 11:34, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no move, as the request is old and forgotten. Please take to WP:RM. Patstuarttalk 00:32, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Electronic Numbering → ? – Title is inaccurate, it should be determined which title is correct so it can be moved. The most likely candidate is blocked by a redirect page created when it was moved, then for some reason moved back again.

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Support
I have felt for a long time that the term "electronic number" is misleading and have first-hand experience explaining to someone how ENUM is related to VoIP, but not required to make VoIP work simply because of this incorrect terminology. WirelessMike 05:02, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Oppose

 * Short for 'enumerated' which can be set types in multiple programming languages.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Grammar
n.
 * I'm really not sure where this should be noted, but the word "biunivocally" is not in the dictionary. Humorously enough, "univocal" is in the dictionary, and the definition from Meriam Webster: "1 : having one meaning only, 2 : UNAMBIGUOUS".

Example of ENUM lookup
I recently found that SIP Broker was an orphaned article. Therefore, I added some links such as one in this article at the end of this sentence:

 * The caller uses the telephone to dial the number of another subscriber, which leads to an ENUM lookup (such as is provided by SIP Broker).

This was identified as me spamming and reverted.

Do any think an example of ENUM mapping belongs in this article and if so, how should it best be added?

WilliamKF (talk) 21:46, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The revert has been self reverted, the link to SIP Broker has been restored, so it appears this issue is closed. WilliamKF (talk) 23:54, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Broken link
The external link "Enum base" (www.enum.org) seems to point to a commercial page which has nothing to do at all with ENUM. Please confirm and fix, or delete this link. -aw- (talk) 16:19, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

"Regular expression" example incomplete
The "Regular expression" example given in section "System details" implies that an implementation of a flexible mapping ("can be used by a telephone company to easily assign addresses to all of its clients") from E.164 to SIP URI by means of using regexp sub-expressions on the right-hand side of a suitable NAPTR record was given within the article. However, this is not the case.

It would be useful if such an example was actually given in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RalfBergs (talk • contribs) 14:09, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Balloon decoristino
Hello Anup modke (talk) 19:14, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telephone number mapping


text:
Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Encinitas, California

Cardiff-by-the-Sea, usually referred to as Cardiff, is a beach community in the incorporated city of Encinitas in San Diego County, California. The Pacific Ocean is to the west of Cardiff-by-the-Sea, the rest of incorporated Encinitas is to the east and north, and a beach and lagoon to the south. With a population of under 12,000, Cardiff-by-the-Sea operates as part of the city of Encinitas, but unlike the other communities that comprise Encinitas, has its own ZIP code (92007). Cardiff is home to a few well-known surf spots, such as Swami's and Cardiff Reef.

History
The first known inhabitants were the Indigenous Kumeyaay, referred to as the Diegueño by the Spanish. In 1769 the Spanish started colonizing this area with the construction of the Spanish Missions. The First Settlement was by the MacKinnon family in 1875. In 1909 this farming community began to be developed when Boston developer J. Frank Cullen purchased land from the MacKinnons. For $30 a lot, one could buy land and build new homes. Frank Cullen's wife, Esther, a native of Cardiff, Wales, persuaded him to name the community "Cardiff-by-the Sea", as well as naming many streets after other cities in Britain, such as the English "Birmingham", "Oxford", "Chesterfield" and "Manchester", despite heavy Spanish influence in the area. In 1986, "Cardiff" joined with the nearby communities of Leucadia, Olivenhain, and Encinitas to form the incorporated city of Encinitas.

The Cardiff Composer District includes twelve streets named for musicians. It was developed by music publisher turned film producer turned real estate developer Victor Kremer.

Cardiff became a destination for people seeking a tight-knit community to raise children, start a business and live in close proximity to the ocean. With a steady stream of newcomers, the years between the 1920s and 1950s saw a boom of housing and infrastructure development. In 1985, the local family-owned Seaside Market opened its doors and has been a mainstay in the community ever since.

Government
Cardiff is part of the city of Encinitas, which is governed by a five-member city council, elected at-large to staggered four-year terms at two-year intervals.

In the California State Legislature, Cardiff is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Cardiff is in.

Cardiff School District
Cardiff has a school district consisting of two schools:
 * Cardiff Elementary (K-3)
 * Ada Harris Elementary (3-6)

Cardiff Reef
Cardiff Reef ("The Reef") is a popular surf spot in Cardiff that produces waves both professional and novice surfers enjoy year round. Surfing at The Reef has progressed from just a few surfers in the 1950s to become one of the most popular surfing spots in San Diego County. Cardiff Reef and nearby surf spots, Pipes and Seaside Reef, are famous for their smooth and consistent wave shape.

When the tide is low, a flat rock reef is revealed that extends 50 yards from shore. Exploring these tide pools is a popular activity for visitors of Cardiff.

Demographics
According to the 2010 Census, Cardiff-by-the-Sea is 72% white, 20% Hispanic, 3% Asian, 1% African-American and 4% Other

Notable residents

 * Mark Allen, former professional triathlete
 * Scott Eastwood, actor
 * Lili Simmons, actress
 * Jon Foreman, singer/guitarist for Switchfoot
 * Lyn-Z Adams Hawkins, professional skateboarder
 * Chalmers Johnson, historian and author of the Blowback trilogy
 * Jonathan Jones, singer for the bands Waking Ashland and We Shot the Moon
 * Frances Lee, silent film actress (deceased 2000)
 * Rob Machado, professional surfer
 * Kirk McCaskill, retired major league baseball pitcher
 * Emily Ratajkowski, actress
 * Lukas Gage, actor
 * Marion Ross, actress
 * Darren Hardy, publisher of Success Magazine
 * Bob Haro, former freestyle BMX rider turned artist and business executive. He is the founder of Haro Bikes and was one of the most important early innovators of BMX freestyle.
 * Guenter Seidel, 3 time Olympic Bronze Medalist Dressage


text:
Grandview, U.S.A.

Grandview, U.S.A. is a 1984 American comedy-drama film directed by Randal Kleiser, and starring Jamie Lee Curtis, Patrick Swayze, C. Thomas Howell, Jennifer Jason Leigh, and Troy Donahue.

The original music score is composed by Thomas Newman. It was filmed on location in Pontiac and Fairbury, Illinois.

After being out of print on VHS for many years, the film released on DVD on October 4, 2011.

Plot
Tim Pearson, a Grandview High School senior, wants to study oceanography in Florida. His father Roger loans him his brand new Cadillac to go to the prom with Bonnie Clark. Later, making out in the car near a stream, it rolls in, so they walk to "Cody's Speedway" for a tow.

When Bonnie's father comes for her, he punches Tim in anger. Mechanic Michelle "Mike" Cody defends him, and has local demolition derby driver Ernie "Slam" Webster tow the car with Tim. Slam stops at the bowling alley asking for his wife Candy, who hasn't been there, suspecting she is cheating.

The next morning, when Tim visits his father at work, he tells Tim he does not want him to drive his car again. Running into Mike, he thanks her for helping him with the car and asks to drive in the derby.

Tim goes out to the Speedway, where he meets Mike's mentally challenged brother, Cowboy. Later on that night, Mike goes to the bar to see her uncle Bob, asking to borrow $10,000 to fix up the Speedway. He doesn't have it, but wants to help. Just then, they both hear a drunken Slam beating on a video game. Mike and Bob help him out to his truck, and she and Slam talk about old times.

Hungover at work the next morning, Slam's boss sends him home. When he arrives, he finds Candy with Donny. Enraged, he jumps on his car demanding she come back to him, in the process Donny shoots himself in the foot. At the hospital, Candy doesn't press charges, but won't come home. She files a restraining order so Slam cannot be within 50 feet of her.

That night, when Mike sees Slam sleeping in his truck, she comforts him, believing he does not really love Candy but is only afraid of being alone. Later, he invites Mike out to dinner but she can't. (She has a County Commission meeting, but doesn't say so.)

Tim and his dad also go to the meeting, and he tells him he's declining his ISU scholarship to go to Florida to study oceanography; Roger isn't too pleased. At the Town Hall, Roger asks Tim to get something in his office. There, he sees the Speedway renovation plans. At the meeting, Mike requests more time to get the money to fix up the Speedway, but the commission won't give it to her. Tim reveals they plan to put a country club and golf course on Mike's land. (Roger has already bought all of the adjacent property to the Speedway and will go bankrupt if the deal doesn't go through.) Tim then argues with his father and leaves.

Tim runs into Mike, who thanks him for saving her place. Going for a burger, she invites him over, and they spend the night together. Mike offers Tim a car to drive in the Derby. In the morning Slam shows up, finding them in bed together; he leaves upset, thinking Mike turned him down because of Tim.

Later on that day, Roger apologizes to Tim about the fight. He asks Tim to reconsider Illinois State University, but he still wants to go to Florida.

At the Speedway, Mike sells her old cars to make extra money, upsetting Cowboy, who runs off crying.

Slam goes to his house and sees his stuff on the lawn, getting wet under the lawn sprinkler. Donny taunts him by the door with a shotgun, telling him he called the cops. Slam leaves with his wet things.

Later that night, at the Demolition Derby, Tim is competing against Slam in the race. At the climax, Slam crashes into Tim, injuring him. Thinking he did it on purpose, Mike sends him off the track. Then, as Candy and Donny are having sex in his house, Slam bulldozes it and he is arrested.

As Tim and Mike drive home from the hospital, they see firetrucks and find the Speedway has burned down. Mike asks her mother what had happened, but she doesn't know. In the morning, however, the police discover that the gas tank was unlocked. Cowboy had started the fire because Mike sold the old cars. Tim and Mike talk, and she admits she is in love with Slam.

Mike bails Slam out of jail and he offers to help fix the Speedway, but she says she'll sell to Roger so they can afford to start a life together. She then asks him for a favor.

Tim is on his way to Chicago. As the bus leaves a car comes alongside, forcing him off; Slam gives Tim the old car and money for his trip to Florida. Mike and Slam, now a couple, go to the local parade.

Cast

 * Jamie Lee Curtis as Michelle 'Mike' Cody
 * C. Thomas Howell as Tim Pearson
 * Patrick Swayze as Ernie 'Slam' Webster
 * Jennifer Jason Leigh as Candy Webster
 * Carole Cook as Betty Welles
 * John Philbin as Cowboy
 * Ramon Bieri as Roger Pearson
 * Elizabeth Gorcey as Bonnie Clark
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Mr. Clark
 * Kathryn Joosten as Mrs. Clark
 * Troy Donahue as Donny Vinton
 * William Windom as Bob Cody
 * Michael Winslow as Spencer
 * Camilla Hawke as Mrs. Pearson
 * Melissa Domke as Susan Pearson
 * John Cusack as Johnny Maine
 * Joan Cusack as Mary Maine
 * Bruno Alexander as Forman (credited as Bruno Aclin)
 * Fred Lerner as Tucker Smith
 * Tim Gamble as Larry Hurlbuck
 * Larry Brandenburg as Mickey
 * Steve Dahl as "Moose" the DJ
 * Fern Persons as Teacher
 * Milford Watson as Jail Bird Extra

Soundtrack

 * 1) "Take Me Home to Grandview, U.S.A." by Air Supply
 * 2) "School Is Out" by Jack Mack and the Heart Attack
 * 3) "No One Left at All" by Angel and the Reruns
 * 4) "Get Up and Dance" by Larry Michaels
 * 5) "Steely Man" by Frank Musker
 * 6) "Would It Be All Right to Come Back Home" by Rosalie Winkler Karalekas
 * 7) "Maybe We Won't Have to Say Goodbye" by Rosalie Winkler Karalekas
 * 8) "Let's Talk It Over in the Morning" by Sammy Vaughn
 * 9) "Nightpulse" by Roger Love
 * 10) "Der Kommissar" by Robert Ponger and Falco
 * 11) "This Time" by Delta
 * 12) "Face the Odds" by Gerard McMahon
 * 13) "Running Wild, Running Free" by Eddie & the Tide
 * 14) "No Rest for the Wicked" by Mark Goldenberg
 * 15) "In Need of Love" by Herns and Ray
 * 16) "I Want to Do It with You" by The Pointer Sisters

title: Grandview, U.S.A.


text:
Alexander Walker II

Sir Alexander Walker II (1869 – 1950) was a Scottish businessman who was the younger grandson of John 'Johnnie' Walker of the whisky brand. He and his brother, George Paterson Walker, took the control of the company after the death of their father Alexander Walker in 1889.

Biography
Walker was born in 1869, the son of Alexander Walker.

Alexander took his father's black labeled blend (called at the time Walker's Old Highland) and added two more blends—Old Highland (white label), Special Old Highland (red label)—to the line. At the same time the original blend was renamed Extra Special Old Highland (black label)

In 1909 Alexander's brother George oversaw the creation of the Johnnie Walker Striding Man logo, and the rebranding of the lines as Johnnie Walker White Label, Johnnie Walker Red Label, and Johnnie Walker Black Label.

The brothers discontinued White Label during World War I to move the brand more upscale, and in 1932 Alexander introduced his last blend, Johnnie Walker Swing.

Sir Alexander was knighted in 1920.

Walker retired in 1940. On his death in 1950, he left all of his blending notes to the now public company. In the 1990s John Walker and Sons introduced Johnnie Walker Gold Label based in large part on those notes.

title: Alexander Walker II


text:
Talk:Circular error probable

Discussion 2007
There seem to be two competing definitions in this treatment (1) The 50% circle or median radial miss (2) The expected error (MSE) Either of these could be considered as "Circular Error Probable", but in my experience as a weapon system analyst, the first one is the one typically used. It's the one that is related to damage effectiveness.

Personally, I use "Circle of Equal Probabilities" when introducing the concept of CEP to the uninitiated.

The formula is straightforward for the case in which the distribution is unbiased, circular-normal. But for the general bivariate normal case, it involves iterating a double integral until 50% coverage is attained. Alternatively, one could introduce the "erf" function to make it seem like a single integral.

Think anyone would be interested in some approximations of the calculations?

Comments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.244.81.106 (talk • contribs) 19:02, 2 June 2005

 * For a normal distribution the mean (the expected error) and the median coincide. The mean square error, MSE, is a different concept. I'd be surprised if anyone really uses the general bivariate normal case, but solving a formula involving a double integral isn't a major deal these days. Apart from the usual commercial mathematical codes (Mathematica, MATLAB, etc.) there is good open source code (SciLab, R) available.

 * >Think anyone would be interested in some approximations of the calculations?

 * Yes! Blaise 14:36, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

sorry that I have to respond, but all this article is simply wrong. ANYTHING that is thrown into balistic trajectory will end in probability area with shape of ellipse. And in reality, actually, it would not even be an ellipse, but a close approximation of ellipse, more like a shape of an egg. The probability target areas of balistic vehicles are usually given as two distances, one in the direction of trajectory between minimum and maximum probability points, and a shorter one as a cross section of that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.249.63.239 (talk • contribs) 18:00, 15 August 2005

 * Incorrect. Most ballistic errors are circular when plotted on a plane perpendicular to the munition's velocity vector.  It is only because they impact the ground at an angle that the munition impact points are elliptical.  Since many munitions are designed to impact the ground at or near vertical, many actually have circular errors.(Jeff the Baptist (talk) 14:48, 8 July 2008 (UTC))

 * Downrange error is larger. Pure circle cannot exist here. Period. There are no vehicles with perfect vertical imapct. Both in nature or man-made. Or are extremely rare. We can only discuss very close approximations of circle.

A pleasure to respond.

Depending on the errors that perturb the ballistic missile from its intended trajectory, you could get all kinds of distributions at "impact". Usually, velocity errors tend to induce a larger effect in the downrange direction (gravity effect along with the "flashlight" effect). The CEP, however, is a measure of how close the impacts are likely to be to the target - given some assumed distribution - and thus is a valid concept no matter what shape the distribution has. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.244.81.106 (talk • contribs) 19:11, 30 September 2005

 * Downrange error is larger. Pure circle cannot exist here. Period. There are no vehicles with perfect vertical imapct. Both in nature or man-made. Or are extremely rare. We can only discuss very close approximations of circle.

Proposed re-focus
I propose deleting all the unreferenced and unreference-able material about CEPs for particular systems and refocusing the article on the CEP concept.

Any objecions? ComputerGeezer (talk) 20:13, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

CEP and the Normal Distribution
The last paragraph is wrong. CEP is not based on a normal distribution. It is in fact a much more general statistic that doesn't pre-suppose and underlying statistical distribution. CEP can generated using all sorts of distibutions. (Jeff the Baptist (talk) 14:55, 8 July 2008 (UTC))

Rewrite
I've been "bold" and tried to focus this article a bit, showing where the "normal" came from and how it relates to the MSE version of CEP. I think the article is more readable now. ComputerGeezer (talk) 00:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Math errors on this page
The formula given in the last paragraph of this page, at least as I understand it, can't be right. It can be shown with a simple Monte Carlo simulation that if sigma_x=sigma_y, and you assume a Gaussian distribution, that the median of the distribution in r (and hence the CEP) is about 1.1774*sigma. Furthermore, this is a case where the integral can be done analytically and the result is the same. If the formula is used as given on the page it yields 1.41*sigam. In his 1997 Master Thesis, "A Comparison of Circular Error Probable Estimators for Small Samples", Charles Williams outlines a set of approximations that work reasonably well. CEP ~ 0.563* sigma_l+.614*sigma_s where sigma_l is the larger standard deviation and sigma_s is the smaller. There are further corrections if the samples are correlated. Another simple measure is what Williams refers to as the Rayleigh estimate. It is simply .9394*r^bar where r^bar is the mean radius.

An additional problem is that the tables don't take into account ellipticity for the pattern. The R90 and R95 values depend on the ellipticity as shown by Harter in his 1960 paper. Again, this can be easily confirmed by Monte Carlo calculations.

In any case, what's up on the page does not appear to be correct. There are plenty of references, going back to the original RAND paper in 1952 that could be used to back things up in this article. Should we try getting this right? I will admit that the current article led me down the garden path for a while.

I have recently written notes on this topic "Characterizing rifle performance using circular error probable measured via a flatbed scanner" that are found at www.statshooting.com - Any objection to updating the math in the manner outlined in the paper?

Cfmcmillan (talk) 23:22, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

GPS
GPS accuracy is often given using CEP. --193.40.242.97 (talk) 17:07, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Agree. CEP is the standard way of expressing navigation accuracy and can no longer be seen as specific to weapon system like current text suggests. The ammunition examples and weapon specific text could be moved to separate topic/section -- 195.218.72.250 (talk) 11:14, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Defintion & 50% ?
Currently the article (intro) states that CEP "is defined as the radius of a circle, centered about the mean, whose boundary is expected to include the landing points of 50% of the rounds." and later that "While 50% is a very common definition for CEP, the circle dimension can be defined for percentages" (I think the word 'other' is missing here). The first one is sourced to "Circular Error Probable (CEP), Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center Technical Paper 6, Ver 2, July 1987, p. 1" while the second is not sourced at all. To the best of my knowledge however, CEP is not "fixed" at 50% but can be any value, with 35, 50 and 90 being the most common (somewhat depending on munition type). I haven't been able to find any online source supporting this though, but this one does somewhat. --Heb (talk) 13:09, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Indeed, CEP90 is a measure commonly used in remote sensing, and it would be useful if this article included such usages. Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:06, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

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From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 12:32, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:32, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Okay, would you mind explaining why?
I thought the rationale for the hatnote was pretty obvious. Specifically, it's WP:2DAB and WP:TWODABS. If you think there's a reason to undo it, I'm interested, but I need some info in the edit comment or talk page explaining why. Do you think I should consider the pendulum definition primary and have a hatnote to this page? Is Only-two-dabs preferred? I'm in the dark here. May we have that discussion, please? 71.41.210.146 (talk) 22:12, 28 December 2015 (UTC) I see that you have already "undone" my revision, so there is no need for a "discussion" here. Having a conversation with a non-registered editor is always somewhat tedious. I wish you a Happy New Year. — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 08:58, 29 December 2015 (UTC) If you had not already carried out the undo, after reading your opening post this morning, I would have done as you. You must forgive me for my initial misunderstanding of your editing. I would urge you to register; there are so many benefits. Cheers! — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 12:19, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Good morning!
 * I presume your reasons for the original revert still exist, and I'm actively interested in learning what they are. I'm pretty confident I DTRT per the MoS and all that (which is why I took the unusual step of re-doing the edit; the undo could have been a mis-click or something), but that's not the same as absolute certainty.  The goal is to reach WP:consensus.
 * I'm a big fan of WP:BRD, and I want to get to the "discuss" part. 71.41.210.146 (talk) 11:11, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Good afternoon,
 * Sorry for the misunderstanding; I read the third line if your first reply as "I don't want to talk to you", and thought you were doubling-down on the uncommented revert. It sure didn't sound like "never mind, I'm happy to let your edit stand" or "oops, I reverted too fast".  Thus, it seemed there was very much an active dispute.
 * As for getting an account, that would violate the WP:NOSHARE policy. As it is, we can all share the IP.   71.41.210.146 (talk) 18:02, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Circular error probable


text: Category:Songs with music by Harold Arlen


text: User:Center-for-Medieval-Studies.

title: User:Center-for-Medieval-Studies.


text:
National Republican Alliance

The National Republican Alliance (التحالف الوطني الجمهوري; Alliance Nationale Républicaine, ANR) is a minor Algerian political party led by ex-Prime Minister Redha Malek and founded on 5 May 1995. It is sometimes considered an offshoot of the older FLN. The ANR is strongly anti-Islamist, and denounced the 1995 Sant'Egidio accords, while later backing the referendum on national reconciliation. It received 208,379 votes in the elections of June 1997, but boycotted the 2002 elections, claiming they would be rigged.

2007 elections
In the May, 2007 elections, the ANR received 126,444 votes, or 2.21%. This gave them 4 seats in parliament.

Regional strength
In the Algerian legislative election, 2007, support for the ANR was higher than its national average (2.21%) in the following provinces:

 * Tissemsilt Province  8.72%
 * Mostaganem Province  7.63%
 * Béjaïa Province  5.24%
 * Blida Province  5.18%
 * Khenchela Province  5.00%
 * Ouargla Province  4.42%
 * Algiers Province  4.16%
 * Tipaza Province  3.98%
 * Illizi Province  3.84%
 * El Oued Province  3.83%
 * Saïda Province  3.20%
 * Béchar Province  3.18%
 * El Bayadh Province  2.93%
 * Jijel Province  2.76%
 * Tiaret Province  2.64%
 * Tlemcen Province  2.42%
 * Relizane Province  2.36%

title: National Republican Alliance


text:
User:Beege

Beege (pronounced Beej ) is a shortened form of the nickname B.J., for author and playwrite Benjamin S. Johnson of Groveport, Ohio, USA.

title: User:Beege


text:
One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)

"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" is a song written by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer for the movie musical The Sky's the Limit (1943) and first performed in the film by Fred Astaire.

Background
Johnny Mercer wrote it to describe his feelings when his 19-year-old lover Judy Garland left him for David Rose (songwriter). Harold Arlen described the song as "another typical Arlen tapeworm" – a "tapeworm" being the trade slang for any song which went over the conventional 32-bar length. He called it "a wandering song. [Lyricist] Johnny [Mercer] took it and wrote it exactly the way it fell. Not only is it long – fifty-eight bars – but it also changes key. Johnny made it work." In the opinion of Arlen's biographer, Edward Jablonski, the song is "musically inevitable, rhythmically insistent, and in that mood of 'metropolitan melancholic beauty' that writer John O'Hara finds in all of Arlen's music."

The song was further popularized by Frank Sinatra. Sinatra recorded the song several times during his career: in 1947 with Columbia Records, in 1954 for the film soundtrack album Young at Heart, in 1958 for Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely, in 1962 for Sinatra & Sextet: Live in Paris, in 1966 for Sinatra at the Sands and finally, in 1993, for his Duets album. At a Johnny Carson-hosted Rat Pack concert at the Kiel Opera House in St. Louis in 1965, Sammy Davis Jr., backed by Quincy Jones conducting the Count Basie Orchestra, performed the song imitating the styles of successively Fred Astaire, Nat King Cole, Billy Eckstine, Vaughn Monroe, Tony Bennett, Mel Tormé, Frankie Laine, Louis Armstrong, an inebriated Dean Martin, and Jerry Lewis. Bennett, the last surviving of those imitated, continued to perform the song until his retirement in 2021 at the age of 95. During his final concert performances, at Radio City Music Hall, Bennett's performance of 'One For My Baby' was deemed a "highlight of his set" that "went from daring [due to the circumstances] to sublime".

Recordings
Many renditions of "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" have been performed. The following is a list of notable/well-known versions which have been recorded thus far:

 * Fred Astaire (1943) – 4:59 – Available on Somewhere Over the Rainbow: The Golden Age of Hollywood Musicals and Hollywood's Best: The 40s
 * Johnny Mercer (1946) – 3.09 – Available on Capitol Collector's Series
 * Frank Sinatra (1947) – 3:07 – Available on The Essential Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years
 * Cab Calloway (1951) – 3:20 – As a single, with Shot Gun Boogie; available on Hi-De-Ho and Other Movies (2004)
 * Frankie Laine (1951) – 3:39 – On One For My Baby and available on The Legend at His Best
 * Harold Arlen (1952) – 4:15 – Available on Too Marvelous For Words: Capitol Sings Johnny Mercer
 * Jane Russell (1952) Recorded for the soundtrack to the film Macao
 * Marlene Dietrich (1954) – 4:07 – Available on Love Songs
 * Frank Sinatra (1954) – 4:05 – Recorded for the soundtrack to the film Young at Heart; available on Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964
 * Harry James (1955) - 3:38 – Available on Jazz Session (Columbia CL 669)
 * Tony Bennett (1957) – 3:10 – A chart single, recorded live; a later studio version appeared in 1992 on Perfectly Frank
 * Billie Holiday (1957) – 5:42 – Available on Songs for Distingué Lovers
 * Lena Horne (1957) – 3:24 – Available on Bluebird's Best: The Young Star
 * Della Reese (1957) – 4:02 – On Melancholy Baby; available on The Singles Collection 1955-1962
 * Harry Belafonte (1958) – 4:34 – Available on Belafonte Sings the Blues
 * Frank Sinatra (1958) – 4:23 – Available on Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely; a piano-only rehearsal version is available on The Capitol Years box set
 * Fred Astaire (1959) - 3:02 – Available originally on Now [Kapp 1165 / 3049]
 * Jula De Palma (1959) – 3:24 – On "Buone Vacanze", available on Jula in Jazz 2
 * Julie London (1959) – 4.10 – Available on Your Number Please
 * Perry Como (1960) – 3:45 – Available on the long play record So Smooth
 * Ella Fitzgerald (1960) – 4:18 – Available on Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from Let No Man Write My Epitaph
 * Ella Fitzgerald (1961) – 3:58 – Available on Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Songbook
 * Etta James (1961) – 3:26 – Available on The Second Time Around
 * Wes Montgomery (1961) – 7:38 - Available on SO Much Guitar!
 * Chuck Berry (1965) – 2:44 – Available on Fresh Berry's
 * Marvin Gaye (1966) – 4:31 – Available on Moods of Marvin Gaye
 * Frank Sinatra (1966) – 4:40 – (live version) – Available on Sinatra at the Sands
 * Sammy Davis Jr. (1967) – 10:20 – On the live album That's All!
 * Bing Crosby (1968) - 3.30 - Available on Bing Crosby's Treasury - The Songs I Love (1968 version)
 * Lou Rawls (1968) – 4:25 – On You're Good To Me; Later available on Great Gentlemen of Song: Spotlight on Lou Rawls
 * Johnny Mercer (1974) – 3:58 – Available on My Huckleberry Friend
 * Willie Nelson (1979) – 2:36 – Available on Willie & Leon: One For the Road
 * Susannah McCorkle (1981) – 4:12 – On The Songs of Johnny Mercer
 * Iggy Pop (1981) – 4:05 – Available on Party
 * Rosemary Clooney (1983) – 3:46 – On Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Harold Arlen
 * Rob Wasserman and Lou Reed (1988) – 4:06 – On Duets
 * Lou Reed (1989) – 5:40 – On Live n London; available on New York in L.A.
 * Bette Midler (1992) – 4:06 – Available on Experience The Divine: Greatest Hits (1993)
 * Kenny G featuring Frank Sinatra (1997) - 6:08 – On Kenny G – Greatest Hits; paired with an instrument intro of Sinatra's "All the Way"
 * Iggy Pop (1997) – 6:04 (live version) – Available on Heroin Hates You
 * Linda Eder (1999) – 4:27 – On It's No Secret Anymore
 * Laura Fygi (1999) – 5:59 (live version) – On Laura Fygi's Tunes of Passion
 * Frank Stallone (1999) – 4:31 – Available on Soft And Low
 * Robbie Williams (2001) – 4:15 – Available on Swing When You're Winning
 * Danny Aiello (2004) -- On I Just Wanted to Hear the Words
 * Chris Botti (2004) – 4:53 – On When I Fall in Love
 * Joe Longthorne (2005) – 4:26 – On Perfect Love
 * Mina (2005) – Available on L'allieva
 * Nana Mouskouri (2005) – 3:15 – Available on I'll remember you
 * Dianne Reeves (2005) – 3:50 – On Good Night, and Good Luck (Original Soundtrack)
 * Toots Thielemans with Jamie Cullum (2006) - - Available on ''One More for the Road 2006. Verve
 * Sylvia Brooks (2009) – Available on Dangerous Liaisons
 * Tony Bennett & John Mayer (2011) – 2:58 – on Duets II
 * Hugh Laurie (2013) – Available on Didn't It Rain
 * Laura Dickinson (2014) – 4:29 – Available on One For My Baby - To Frank Sinatra With Love
 * Trisha Yearwood (2018) - Available on her Frank Sinatra tribute album Let's Be Frank
 * Willie Nelson (2018) - Available on his Frank Sinatra tribute album My Way
 * Donald Duck (Tony Anselmo) (2022) - Available on the compilation album The MousePack - Mickey and Friends Singing Classic Standards

In film and television

 * The song was by sung by Bette Midler to Johnny Carson on the penultimate night of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (May 21, 1992). Both Midler and Carson got caught up in the emotion of the song, and a heretofore unused camera angle on the set framed the two and the performance. It earned Midler that year's Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. The lyrics were adapted by Marc Shaiman to suit the occasion – such as "And, John, I know you're getting anxious to close".
 * Ida Lupino performs the song in the 1948 film-noir Road House.
 * Jane Russell performs the song in the 1952 film-noir Macao.
 * Beverly Garland performs the song in Season 1, Episode 13 of the 1959 American television series The Twilight Zone.


text:
Two-fluid model

Two-fluid model is a macroscopic traffic flow model to represent traffic in a town/city or metropolitan area, put forward in the 1970s by Ilya Prigogine and Robert Herman.

There is also a two-fluid model which helps explain the behavior of superfluid helium. This model states that there will be two components in liquid helium below its lambda point (the temperature where superfluid forms). These components are a normal fluid and a superfluid component. Each liquid has a different density and together their sum makes the total density, which remains constant. The ratio of superfluid density to the total density increases as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

title: Two-fluid model


text:
Talk:The Sentinel (video game)

Untitled
Article says that IBM PC version has the best graphics, but I could not find any screenshots from the web. Mobygames screenshot from DOS version looks rather EGA than VGA for me. --128.214.205.6 11:20, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The Mobygames screenshots are indeed EGA, but the PC version is capable of VGA graphics, as shown by these screenshots:

 * http://devilmaster.supereva.it/sentvga1.gif
 * http://devilmaster.supereva.it/sentvga2.gif
 * http://devilmaster.supereva.it/sentvga3.gif

--Devil Master 20:11, 25 April 2006 (MET)

New link added
...2 Flow, Sentinel-inspired turn-based strategy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.77.31.92 (talk) 15:43, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Frame rate?
The article says that the frame rate on a C64 was only 0.3fps. This suggests that the movement on the screen was very jerky. However, I seem to remember that while the C64 indeed took some time to precompute the next view, the actual scrolling ran quite smoothly.

I would doubt that 'frame rate' is the correct term in this context.

134.176.25.80 08:49, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right. I corrected that part. Devil Master 15:46, 04 March 2007 (MET)

Game code list
I've linked to my list of game codes, which constitutes about 4% of the total list. I was wondering if an actual page should be created for them, so others can add more codes as new ones are discovered.

124.197.47.78 11:54, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Clones - All or none please!
Up-front disclosure of interest: I wrote the 'Zenith' version of this game.

I've noticed that over the years, clones have been added and removed from the article. I do not think it right that commercial titles (including paid-for mobile content) should be given a stage here - I didn't charge for my version because I thought it wrong to exploit the original game commercially. I suggest that any commercial plugs that appear in this article be removed (or be given equal status among all such derivative works), because the commercial works use others' IP for monetary gain (though strictly speaking they do not violate copyright, because they are an _expression_ of an idea, rather than a reproduction of media).

To be encyclopedic, we should offer an unbiased presentation of facts. With this in mind, we should have an 'all or nothing' policy whereby we don't allow opportunists a particular advantage. So, I recommend one of these options: 89.145.218.248 (talk) 23:27, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Remove all references to clones, or
 * 2) List all currently-available clones (as history), and declare their commercial status.
 * 3) Create a new article about clones (caveat: I'm unaware of the Wikipedia policy on this).

 * Hear hear! The current rules are not being enforced evenly, with random luck on which editor sees the edit and whether they spent any time checking it. I guess it's easier just to reject anything with 3rd party links. SimonOwen (talk) 22:59, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Sentinel (video game)


text:
Jeff Hartings

Jeffrey Alan Hartings (born September 7, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a center for 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, earning All-American honors. A first-round pick of the Detroit Lions in the 1996 NFL draft, he played professionally for the Lions and Pittsburgh Steelers. He was a member of the Steelers' Super Bowl championship team in 2005, beating the Seattle Seahawks, and he was a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He is currently the head football coach at Worthington Christian High School.

Early life
Hartings was born in St. Henry, Ohio. He attended St. Henry High School, and was a letterwinner in football as a two-way starter and in track and field. In football, he was a two-time all-conference selection, helped lead his team to the state championship as a senior, and compiled 23 sacks and 200 tackles. After his senior season, he participated in the Ohio North-South Game.

College career
Hartings attended Penn State University, where he played for coach Joe Paterno's Penn State Nittany Lions football team from 1992 to 1995. He was a first-team All-American in 1994 and 1995, garnering consensus first-team honors in 1995. He graduated from Penn State with a Bachelor of Science degree in marketing in 1995 and was twice honored as an Academic All-American.

Professional career

He was selected with the 23rd overall pick of the 1996 NFL draft by the Detroit Lions, where he played from 1996 to 2000. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as a free agent in 2001, where he moved from right guard to center. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2004 and 2005. Hartings retired following the 2006 season, citing recurring knee problems.

Coaching career
In April 2017, Hartings was named the head football coach at Worthington Christian High School.

Personal life
Hartings is one of ten children. A born-again Christian, he has performed missionary work in Nicaragua and helped to start a new non-denominational church with former Detroit Lions teammate Luther Elliss. Since his retirement, he and his wife Rebecca live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Columbus, Ohio with their eight children, Sierra, Michael, Lucas, Mianna, Isabella, Jullexa, Jovanna and Malachi.

Hartings was a high school teammate and graduating classmate of former Ohio State, Philadelphia Eagle, and Oakland Raider quarterback Bobby Hoying at St. Henry High School, a school with an average graduating class of about 100 students. St. Henry High School also produced accomplished former NFL offensive tackle Jim Lachey.

title: Jeff Hartings


text: User talk:82.168.140.214

title: User talk:82.168.140.214


text:
Siege of Lisbon

The Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was the military action against the Muslim-ruled Taifa of Badajoz that brought the city of Lisbon under the definitive control of the new Christian power, the Kingdom of Portugal.

The siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade—it was "the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army", i.e., the Second Crusade, according to the near contemporary historian Helmold, although others have questioned whether it was really part of that crusade. It is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista.

The fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope authorized the crusade in the Iberian Peninsula. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. In May 1147, a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth, Devon in the Kingdom of England. They had intended to sail directly to the Holy Land, but weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. There they were convinced to meet with Afonso I of Portugal, who had in 1139 declared himself king of the new Kingdom of Portugal.

The crusaders agreed to help the King attack Lisbon, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. The siege began on 1 July. The city of Lisbon at the time of arrival consisted of sixty thousand families, including the refugees who had fled Christian onslaught from neighbouring cities of Santarém and others. Also reported by the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi is that the citadel was holding 154,000 men, not counting women and children; as the medieval account put it, after 17 weeks of siege "the inhabitants were despoiled and the city cleansed".

The rulers of Lisbon agreed to surrender on 24 October, four months later, primarily because of hunger within the city. Most of the crusaders settled in the newly-captured city, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. Lisbon eventually became the capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal in 1255.

Second Crusade
The traditional start of the Reconquista is identified with the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722. After the First Crusade in 1095–1099, Pope Paschal II urged Iberian crusaders (Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese, and others) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem.

In 1142, during the siege of Lisbon (1142), Afonso Henriques, taking advantage of the passage of a group of Anglo-Norman crusaders on their way to the Holy Land, attempted to use them to take the Muslim-ruled city of Lisbon. Although this attempt ultimately failed leaving some distrust among the crusader forces, it showed the Portuguese monarch the usefulness of such force in future attempts.

The fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope also authorized a crusade in the Iberian peninsula, where "the war against the Moors had been going on for hundreds of years." Pope Eugene encouraged Marseilles, Pisa, Genoa, and other Mediterranean cities to fight in Iberia. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade.

On 19 May 1147, a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England, consisting of crusaders from Flanders, Frisia, France, England, Scotland and some German polities  who collectively considered themselves "Franks". No prince or king was in charge of the expedition, and its participants seem to have been largely made up of townsmen, who organised themselves using a sworn oath. Leadership was provided by Hervey de Glanvill, Constable of Suffolk. Other crusader captains included Arnout IV, Count of Aarschot leading the Rhinelanders, Christian of Gistel leading the Flemish and Boulogne forces, and the Anglo-Norman forces led by Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle. Important decisions were made collectively by the commanders.

Redirected efforts
According to Odo of Deuil there were 164 ships bound for the Holy Land, and there may have been as many as 200 by the time they reached the Iberian shore. Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. There they were convinced by the bishop of Porto, Pedro II Pitões, to meet with King Afonso. The king, who had reached the Tagus and conquered Santarém on 15 March, had also been negotiating with the pope for the recognition of his title of King. He was notified of the arrival of a first party and hastened to meet them.

The undisciplined multi-national group agreed to help him there, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. For the city, "they shall have it and hold it until it has been searched and despoiled, both of prisoners for ransom and of everything else. Then, when it has been as thoroughly searched as they wish, they shall turn it over to me..."

King Afonso promised to divide the conquered territories as fiefs among the leaders. He reserved the power of advocatus and released those who were at the siege and their heirs trading in Portugal from the commercial tax called the pedicata.

The English crusaders were at first unenthusiastic at this change of plan, but Hervey de Glanville convinced them to participate. Some led by William Viel and his brother, however, refused to take part on account on an earlier joint attempt to capture Lisbon 1142. Hostages were exchanged as sureties for the oaths.

Fall of Lisbon
The siege began on 1 July. The Christians soon captured the surrounding territories and besieged the walls of Lisbon itself. After four months, the rulers agreed to surrender on 21 October because the Crusaders' siege tower reached their wall (thus causing a one-day standstill) and because of hunger within the city, which was sheltering populations displaced from Santarém as well as "the leading citizens of Sintra, Almada, and Palmela."

After a brief riotous insurrection the Anglo-Norman chronicler attributes to "the men of Cologne and the Flemings", the city was entered by the Christian conquerors, on 25 October. The terms of the surrender indicated that the Muslim garrison of the city would be allowed to keep their lives and property, but as soon as the Christians entered the city these terms were broken. According to the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, "The enemy, when they had been despoiled in the city, left the town through three gates continuously from Saturday morning until the following Wednesday. There was such a multitude of people that it seemed as if all of Hispania were mingled in the crowd."

Furthermore, according to the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, the Flemish and those from Cologne were the ones who broke their oath but even according to this they were more concerned with plundering than killing any of the inhabitants:

"They ran hither and yon. They plundered. They broke down doors. They rummaged through the interior of every house. They drove the citizens away and harassed them improperly and unjustly. They destroyed clothes and utensils. They treated virgins shamefully. They acted as if right and wrong were the same. They secretly took away everything which should have been common property. They even cut the throat of the elderly Bishop of the city, slaying him against all right and justice. … The Normans and the English, however, for whom faith and religion were of the greatest importance, contemplating what such actions might lead to, remained quietly in their assigned position, preferring to stay their hands from looting rather than to violate the obligations of their faith and their oathbound association."

Aftermath
Some of the crusaders set sail and continued on their journey around the Iberian Peninsula and were invited by Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona to help him capture the city of Tortosa on the Ebro. However, most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, thus boosting the number of Christian supporters in Iberia.

Gilbert of Hastings was elected bishop marking the beginning of the historic relationship between England and Portugal which would later form the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

In spite of the contractual nature of the city's surrender, a legend arose that the Portuguese warrior and nobleman, Martim Moniz, sacrificed himself in order to keep the city doors open to the conquering Christian armies.

Lisbon eventually became the capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal in 1255. The victory was a turning-point in the history of Portugal and the wider Reconquista, which would be completed in 1492.

title: Siege of Lisbon


text: Category:Songs with music by Hoagy Carmichael


text:
Radio Wolga

Radio Wolga (Радио Волга) was a radio station for the Soviet armed forces stationed in the former East Germany and Czechoslovakia, broadcasting mainly in Russian.

Broadcasting station
Based in Potsdam, Radio Wolga broadcast from the Königs Wusterhausen radio facility near Berlin, as well as the Burg AM transmitter near Magdeburg.

From 1967 to 1976 Radio Wolga used the 350-meter SL-3 tower, 2.2 kilometers from the transmitter. After it collapsed in 1976, one of the site's two 210-meter high steel tube masts was used instead. Radio Wolga originally broadcast on the longwave frequency 283 kHz.

Programming
Beside programs for the Soviet soldiers stationed in the GDR, Radio Wolga also broadcast German language programmes from Radio Moscow. After German reunification in 1990, transmitting time was rented to the German-language news station Radioropa Info, broadcasting on 261 kHz.

Television
Soviet Central Television's main channel, TSS-1, was also relayed in East Germany via satellite.

Shutdown
With the departure of Russian troops from Germany, Radio Wolga ceased broadcasting in June 1994. Radioropa Info took over its frequency, broadcasting from late 1994 to 2000, first from Daun and then from Leipzig. In 1999 a new cage aerial was mounted on the 324-meter radio mast in Burg.

title: Radio Wolga


text:
Color model

In color science, a color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the components are to be interpreted (viewing conditions, etc.), taking account of visual perception, the resulting set of colors is called "color space."

This article describes ways in which human color vision can be modeled, and discusses some of the models in common use.

Tristimulus color space

One can picture this space as a region in three-dimensional Euclidean space if one identifies the x, y, and z axes with the stimuli for the long-wavelength (L), medium-wavelength (M), and short-wavelength (S) light receptors. The origin, (S,M,L) = (0,0,0), corresponds to black. White has no definite position in this diagram; rather it is defined according to the color temperature or white balance as desired or as available from ambient lighting. The human color space is a horse-shoe-shaped cone such as shown here (see also CIE chromaticity diagram below), extending from the origin to, in principle, infinity. In practice, the human color receptors will be saturated or even be damaged at extremely high light intensities, but such behavior is not part of the CIE color space and neither is the changing color perception at low light levels (see: Kruithof curve). The most saturated colors are located at the outer rim of the region, with brighter colors farther removed from the origin. As far as the responses of the receptors in the eye are concerned, there is no such thing as "brown" or "gray" light. The latter color names refer to orange and white light respectively, with an intensity that is lower than the light from surrounding areas. One can observe this by watching the screen of an overhead projector during a meeting: one sees black lettering on a white background, even though the "black" has in fact not become darker than the white screen on which it is projected before the projector was turned on. The "black" areas have not actually become darker but appear "black" relative to the higher intensity "white" projected onto the screen around it. See also color constancy.

The human tristimulus space has the property that additive mixing of colors corresponds to the adding of vectors in this space. This makes it easy to, for example, describe the possible colors (gamut) that can be constructed from the red, green, and blue primaries in a computer display.

CIE XYZ color space

One of the first mathematically defined color spaces is the CIE XYZ color space (also known as CIE 1931 color space), created by the International Commission on Illumination in 1931. These data were measured for human observers and a 2-degree field of view. In 1964, supplemental data for a 10-degree field of view were published.

Note that the tabulated sensitivity curves have a certain amount of arbitrariness in them. The shapes of the individual X, Y and Z sensitivity curves can be measured with a reasonable accuracy. However, the overall luminosity function (which in fact is a weighted sum of these three curves) is subjective, since it involves asking a test person whether two light sources have the same brightness, even if they are in completely different colors. Along the same lines, the relative magnitudes of the X, Y, and Z curves are arbitrarily chosen to produce equal areas under the curves. One could as well define a valid color space with an X sensitivity curve that has twice the amplitude. This new color space would have a different shape. The sensitivity curves in the CIE 1931 and 1964 xyz color space are scaled to have equal areas under the curves.

Sometimes XYZ colors are represented by the luminance, Y, and chromaticity coordinates x and y, defined by:

 * $$x = \frac{X}{X + Y + Z}$$ and $$y = \frac{Y}{X + Y + Z}$$

Mathematically, x and y are projective coordinates and the colors of the chromaticity diagram occupy a region of the real projective plane. Because the CIE sensitivity curves have equal areas under the curves, light with a flat energy spectrum corresponds to the point (x,y) = (0.333,0.333).

The values for X, Y, and Z are obtained by integrating the product of the spectrum of a light beam and the published color-matching functions.

RYB color model
RYB is a subtractive color model used in art and applied design in which red, yellow, and blue pigments are considered primary colors. The RYB color model relates specifically to color in the form of paint and pigment application in art and design. Other common color models include the light model (RGB) and the paint, pigment and ink CMY color model, which is much more accurate in terms of color gamut and intensity compared to the traditional RYB color model, the latter emerging in conjunction with the CMYK color model in the printing industry.  This model was used for printing by Jacob Christoph Le Blon in 1725 and called it Coloritto or harmony of colouring, stating that the primitive (primary) colors are yellow, red and blue, while the secondary are orange, green and purple or violet.

RGB color model

Media that transmit light (such as television) use additive color mixing with primary colors of red, green, and blue, each of which stimulates one of the three types of the eye's color receptors with as little stimulation as possible of the other two. This is called "RGB" color space. Mixtures of light of these primary colors cover a large part of the human color space and thus produce a large part of human color experiences. This is why color television sets or color computer monitors need only produce mixtures of red, green and blue light. See Additive color.

Other primary colors could in principle be used, but with red, green and blue the largest portion of the human color space can be captured. Unfortunately there is no exact consensus as to what loci in the chromaticity diagram the red, green, and blue colors should have, so the same RGB values can give rise to slightly different colors on different screens.

RGB is a device-dependent color model: different devices detect or reproduce a given RGB value differently, since the color elements (such as phosphors or dyes) and their response to the individual red, green, and blue levels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, or even in the same device over time. Thus an RGB value does not define the same color across devices without some kind of color management.

CMY and CMYK color models
It is possible to achieve a large range of colors seen by humans by combining cyan, magenta, and yellow transparent dyes/inks on a white substrate. These are the subtractive primary colors. Often a fourth ink, black, is added to improve reproduction of some dark colors. This is called the "CMY" or "CMYK" color space.

The cyan ink absorbs red light but transmits green and blue, the magenta ink absorbs green light but transmits red and blue, and the yellow ink absorbs blue light but transmits red and green. The white substrate reflects the transmitted light back to the viewer. Because in practice the CMY inks suitable for printing also reflect a little bit of color, making a deep and neutral black impossible, the K (black ink) component, usually printed last, is needed to compensate for their deficiencies. Use of a separate black ink is also economically driven when a lot of black content is expected, e.g. in text media, to reduce simultaneous use of the three colored inks. The dyes used in traditional color photographic prints and slides are much more perfectly transparent, so a K component is normally not needed or used in those media.

Cylindrical-coordinate color models
A number of color models exist in which colors are fit into conic, cylindrical or spherical shapes, with neutrals running from black to white along a central axis, and hues corresponding to angles around the perimeter. Arrangements of this type date back to the 18th century, and continue to be developed in the most modern and scientific models.

Background
Different color theorists have each designed unique color solids. Many are in the shape of a sphere, whereas others are warped three-dimensional ellipsoid figures—these variations being designed to express some aspect of the relationship of the colors more clearly. The color spheres conceived by Phillip Otto Runge and Johannes Itten are typical examples and prototypes for many other color solid schematics. The models of Runge and Itten are basically identical, and form the basis for the description below.

Pure, saturated hues of equal brightness are located around the equator at the periphery of the color sphere. As in the color wheel, contrasting (or complementary) hues are located opposite each other. Moving toward the center of the color sphere on the equatorial plane, colors become less and less saturated, until all colors meet at the central axis as a neutral gray. Moving vertically in the color sphere, colors become lighter (toward the top) and darker (toward the bottom). At the upper pole, all hues meet in white; at the bottom pole, all hues meet in black.

The vertical axis of the color sphere, then, is gray all along its length, varying from black at the bottom to white at the top. All pure (saturated) hues are located on the surface of the sphere, varying from light to dark down the color sphere. All impure (unsaturated hues, created by mixing contrasting colors) comprise the sphere's interior, likewise varying in brightness from top to bottom.

HSL and HSV
HSL and HSV are both cylindrical geometries, with hue, their angular dimension, starting at the red primary at 0°, passing through the green primary at 120° and the blue primary at 240°, and then wrapping back to red at 360°. In each geometry, the central vertical axis comprises the neutral, achromatic, or gray colors, ranging from black at lightness 0 or value 0, the bottom, to white at lightness 1 or value 1, the top.

Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, and blue light in varying intensities—the so-called RGB additive primary colors. However, the relationship between the constituent amounts of red, green, and blue light and the resulting color is unintuitive, especially for inexperienced users, and for users familiar with subtractive color mixing of paints or traditional artists’ models based on tints and shades.

In an attempt to accommodate more traditional and intuitive color mixing models, computer graphics pioneers at PARC and NYIT developed the HSV model in the mid-1970s, formally described by Alvy Ray Smith in the August 1978 issue of Computer Graphics. In the same issue, Joblove and Greenberg described the HSL model—whose dimensions they labeled hue, relative chroma, and intensity—and compared it to HSV. Their model was based more upon how colors are organized and conceptualized in human vision in terms of other color-making attributes, such as hue, lightness, and chroma; as well as upon traditional color mixing methods—e.g., in painting—that involve mixing brightly colored pigments with black or white to achieve lighter, darker, or less colorful colors.

The following year, 1979, at SIGGRAPH, Tektronix introduced graphics terminals using HSL for color designation, and the Computer Graphics Standards Committee recommended it in their annual status report. These models were useful not only because they were more intuitive than raw RGB values, but also because the conversions to and from RGB were extremely fast to compute: they could run in real time on the hardware of the 1970s. Consequently, these models and similar ones have become ubiquitous throughout image editing and graphics software since then.

Munsell color system
Another influential older cylindrical color model is the early-20th-century Munsell color system. Albert Munsell began with a spherical arrangement in his 1905 book A Color Notation, but he wished to properly separate color-making attributes into separate dimensions, which he called hue, value, and chroma, and after taking careful measurements of perceptual responses, he realized that no symmetrical shape would do, so he reorganized his system into a lumpy blob.

Munsell's system became extremely popular, the de facto reference for American color standards—used not only for specifying the color of paints and crayons, but also, e.g., electrical wire, beer, and soil color—because it was organized based on perceptual measurements, specified colors via an easily learned and systematic triple of numbers, because the color chips sold in the Munsell Book of Color covered a wide gamut and remained stable over time (rather than fading), and because it was effectively marketed by Munsell's Company. In the 1940s, the Optical Society of America made extensive measurements, and adjusted the arrangement of Munsell colors, issuing a set of "renotations". The trouble with the Munsell system for computer graphics applications is that its colors are not specified via any set of simple equations, but only via its foundational measurements: effectively a lookup table. Converting from RGB ↔ Munsell requires interpolating between that table's entries, and is extremely computationally expensive in comparison with converting from RGB ↔ HSL or RGB ↔ HSV which only requires a few simple arithmetic operations.

Natural Color System
The Swedish Natural Color System (NCS), widely used in Europe, takes a similar approach to the Ostwald bicone at right. Because it attempts to fit color into a familiarly shaped solid based on "phenomenological" instead of photometric or psychological characteristics, it suffers from some of the same disadvantages as HSL and HSV: in particular, its lightness dimension differs from perceived lightness, because it forces colorful yellow, red, green, and blue into a plane.

Preucil hue circle
In densitometry, a model quite similar to the hue defined above is used for describing colors of CMYK process inks. In 1953, Frank Preucil developed two geometric arrangements of hue, the "Preucil hue circle" and the "Preucil hue hexagon", analogous to our H and H2, respectively, but defined relative to idealized cyan, yellow, and magenta ink colors. The "Preucil hue error" of an ink indicates the difference in the "hue circle" between its color and the hue of the corresponding idealized ink color. The grayness of an ink is m/M, where m and M are the minimum and maximum among the amounts of idealized cyan, magenta, and yellow in a density measurement.

CIELCHuv and CIELCHab
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) developed the XYZ model for describing the colors of light spectra in 1931, but its goal was to match human visual metamerism, rather than to be perceptually uniform, geometrically. In the 1960s and 1970s, attempts were made to transform XYZ colors into a more relevant geometry, influenced by the Munsell system. These efforts culminated in the 1976 CIELUV and CIELAB models. The dimensions of these models—(L*, u*, v*) and (L*, a*, b*), respectively—are cartesian, based on the opponent process theory of color, but both are also often described using polar coordinates—(L*, C*uv, h*uv) and (L*, C*ab, h*ab), respectively—where L* is lightness, C* is chroma, and h* is hue angle. Officially, both CIELAB and CIELUV were created for their color difference metrics ∆E*ab and ∆E*uv, particularly for use defining color tolerances, but both have become widely used as color order systems and color appearance models, including in computer graphics and computer vision. For example, gamut mapping in ICC color management is usually performed in CIELAB space, and Adobe Photoshop includes a CIELAB mode for editing images. CIELAB and CIELUV geometries are much more perceptually relevant than many others such as RGB, HSL, HSV, YUV/YIQ/YCbCr or XYZ, but are not perceptually perfect, and in particular have trouble adapting to unusual lighting conditions.

The HCL color space seems to be synonymous with CIELCH.

CIECAM02
The CIE's most recent model, CIECAM02 (CAM stands for "color appearance model"), is more theoretically sophisticated and computationally complex than earlier models. Its aims are to fix several of the problems with models such as CIELAB and CIELUV, and to explain not only responses in carefully controlled experimental environments, but also to model the color appearance of real-world scenes. Its dimensions J (lightness), C (chroma), and h (hue) define a polar-coordinate geometry.

Color systems
There are various types of color systems that classify color and analyse their effects. The American Munsell color system devised by Albert H. Munsell is a famous classification that organises various colors into a color solid based on hue, saturation and value. Other important color systems include the Swedish Natural Color System (NCS), the Optical Society of America's Uniform Color Space (OSA-UCS), and the Hungarian Coloroid system developed by Antal Nemcsics from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Of those, the NCS is based on the opponent-process color model, while the Munsell, the OSA-UCS and the Coloroid attempt to model color uniformity. The American Pantone and the German RAL commercial color-matching systems differ from the previous ones in that their color spaces are not based on an underlying color model.

Models of mechanism of color vision
We also use "color model" to indicate a model or mechanism of color vision for explaining how color signals are processed from visual cones to ganglion cells. For simplicity, we call these models color mechanism models. The classical color mechanism models are Young–Helmholtz's trichromatic model and Hering's opponent-process model. Though these two theories were initially thought to be at odds, it later came to be understood that the mechanisms responsible for color opponency receive signals from the three types of cones and process them at a more complex level. A widely accepted model is called the zone model. A symmetrical zone model compatible with the trichromatic theory, the opponent theory, and Smith's color transform model is called the decoding model

Vertebrate evolution of color vision
Vertebrate animals were primitively tetrachromatic. They possessed four types of cones—long, mid, short wavelength cones, and ultraviolet sensitive cones. Today, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds are all tetrachromatic. Placental mammals lost both the mid and short wavelength cones. Thus, most mammals do not have complex color vision—they are dichromatic but they are sensitive to ultraviolet light, though they cannot see its colors. Human trichromatic color vision is a recent evolutionary novelty that first evolved in the common ancestor of the Old World Primates. Our trichromatic color vision evolved by duplication of the long wavelength sensitive opsin, found on the X chromosome. One of these copies evolved to be sensitive to green light and constitutes our mid wavelength opsin. At the same time, our short wavelength opsin evolved from the ultraviolet opsin of our vertebrate and mammalian ancestors.

Human red–green color blindness occurs because the two copies of the red and green opsin genes remain in close proximity on the X chromosome. Because of frequent recombination during meiosis, these gene pairs can get easily rearranged, creating versions of the genes that do not have distinct spectral sensitivities.

title: Color model


text:
User:DrTorstenHenning

Languages

Education and profession

Computing

Miscellaneous

Age (approximately)

Moin-moin,

I was born in 1966 in Hamburg, where people use this unnecessarily verbose variation of the greeting Moin. I am a physicist by training, and have worked in the areas of nanotechnology (single electronics), microtechnology (photolithography and etching), and micro process engineering. Currently, I am employed at a German university, again working in micro- and nanotechnology.

For photographs I uploaded, see my photo gallery, for images other than photographs, see my image gallery.

I am also playing around with my own user boxes.

Some collection of material that might one day make it as or at least in an article: IEPC, Annie Blanchard, ERPS

title: User:DrTorstenHenning


text:
Buchbrunn

Buchbrunn is a municipality in the district of Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is placed in the Bayrische Planungsregion 2.

History
Several archaeological troves in the boundary of Buchbrunn show that the village which is documented for the first time in 1244 has been a settling area from time immemorial. Among the miscellaneous feudal lords during the 13th and 14th century occur the Lords of Buchbrunn and the Benedictine Sisters' abbey of Kitzingen. Later the Margraves of Ansbach and the Counts of Schwarzenberg possessed important rights on the spot that became Bavarian in 1814. The coat of arms featuring a beech tree (Buche in German) and a well (Brunnen) is based on an old seal of the village court from the 17th century. Today one is even confronted with this symbol for Buchbrunn on the village square, where a beech has been planted alongside the old well. Since 1978 the village is part of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Kitzingen and has about 1.000 residents.

Lutheran
In ab. 1470/80 a new church was built using the romanesque spire of the predecessor chapel. In 1683 the nave was extended and the spire was heightened. Inside one can find an altar crucifix from ab. 1480, a well worked baptismal font furnished with the benefactor's coat of arms and a painting influenced by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Younger which shows a last supper administered by Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.

Parish registers
The Lutheran registers start in 1556 and are stored in the Bischöfliche Zentralarchiv in Regensburg.

Catholic
The church Mariä Himmelfahrt was sanctified in 1805. The baroque décor from the time between 1680 and 1780 derives from churches in Würzburg and Kitzingen that were suspended during the Napoleonic period.

Cemetery
In 1611 it was displaced to the outskirts of the village. The ornamented stone lectern from this time is still existing in the middle of the God's acre. The round arch entry portal shows the date 1611 and the crest of Ansbach.

School
The Verbandsschule Buchbrunn, attended by ab. 450 students is an elementary school (grade 1-4) as well as the Hauptschule (grade 5-9) of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Kitzingen. It has subsidiaries in Mainstockheim (grade 1-4) and in Kaltensondheim (grade 1-3). Secondary schools of choice are e. g. the Armin-Knab-Gymnasium in Kitzingen, the Richard-Rother Realschule in Kitzingen or Friedrich-Bernbeck-Schule Staatliche Wirtschaftschule in Kitzingen.

Railroad line
Buchbrunn is near the railway station Buchbrunn-Mainstockheim (schedule) on the railway line from Nürnberg (1 hour) to Würzburg (15 minutes) which was established in 1865. The old railway station building was torn down in the 1970s. In former times it featured a station restaurant that attracted many promenaders because of the nice outlook it provided on the valley of the river Main. The restaurant building is still standing today and used as a residential house.

Roads
A country road supplemented with a bicycle lane connects Buchbrunn with the city of Kitzingen. The village is as well tangented to the road from Mainstockheim to the Bundesstraße 8 which provides access to Repperndorf and Kitzingen again in the Nürnberg direction and to the Autobahns A7 and A3 as well as to the village of Biebelried in the Würzburg direction. For completion one could as well mention the more or less unofficial shortcuts via concreted field paths to Kitzingen (across the Eselsberg), Mainstockheim (and via this way the city of Dettelbach as well), Repperndorf, Neuhof (hamlet near Biebelried) as well as the Mainfrankenpark.

Sport
The TSV Buchbrunn (official website featuring a detailed chronicle) was founded in 1947 and is best known for its soccer and table tennis teams. It also has compartments for children's gymnastics and others.

title: Buchbrunn


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Talk:Color model

Merge?
I created this article simply separate to keep the article color from being over 32KB. However, it seems that color model is a separate re-direct to a different article. Any opinions on merging?? Georgia guy 19:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that much of the information in this article belongs in the Color space article, and vise versa. But, no, I don't think they should be merged. -SharkD 15:36, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Color ratios
"The cyan ink will reflect all but the red light, the yellow ink will reflect all but the blue light and the magenta ink will reflect all but the green light. This is because cyan light is an equal mixture of green and blue, yellow is an equal mixture of red and green, and magenta light is an equal mixture of red and blue."

I'm not entirely sure this is correct... You need less green intensity for the same amount of brightness on a screen. I seem to remember when programming color values for text display, that the ratios aren't 1:1 for mixed colors such as yellow and magenta. Of course this could have been an artifact of how the video card is programmed or the screens work (cost reasons dictating phosphor choice).

JWhiteheadcc (talk) 09:39, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

underlying colour model
Just a question: This "The American Pantone and the German RAL commercial color-matching systems differ from the previous ones in that their color spaces are not based on an underlying color model." seems to me to require some checking. They say: "The structure of the RAL DESIGN System is not arbitrary. It follows an internationally used colour measurement system laid down by CIE (Commission International d´Eclairage) in 1976. The colour distances between the individual colours are defined by the CIELAB-colour distance formula. They are also embedded in DIN 6174." https://www.ral-farben.de/ral-design-aufbau.html?&L=1

underlying colour model
Just a question: This "The American Pantone and the German RAL commercial color-matching systems differ from the previous ones in that their color spaces are not based on an underlying color model." seems to me to require some checking. They say: "The structure of the RAL DESIGN System is not arbitrary. It follows an internationally used colour measurement system laid down by CIE (Commission International d´Eclairage) in 1976. The colour distances between the individual colours are defined by the CIELAB-colour distance formula. They are also embedded in DIN 6174." https://www.ral-farben.de/ral-design-aufbau.html?&L=1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vlaaa (talk • contribs) 14:48, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Your link is to the “RAL Design” system introduced in 1993, which is not the RAL system referred to in this article, as you’d see if you looked at RAL (color space system). Cheers! –jacobolus (t) 17:57, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

There is one very confusing think! No clear distinction between color space and color model. Especually when there is talk about CIE color spaces. Are they color spaces, color models or both? 93.139.75.69 (talk) 13:29, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

It is not clear what are color models and what are color spaces. Especually CIE color spaces. Llike XYZ are color spaces or color models or they are both ?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.139.75.69 (talk) 13:51, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually, only “color space” has a technical definition according to the International Lighting Vocabulary published by the CIE. Color model, color space, color system, color solid, and similar terms are often used interchangeably and there's no agreed upon distinction between them. –jacobolus (t) 06:24, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Tthank You wery much. Does that mean that there is no difference at all or that the difference (colr model-color space) is not clearyly explained or something else? Do You think that talking about color models does not have any sense? Or You are telling me that inside CIE there is no sense? Is it too much if I would ask You to sugest me list of CIE books or documents (beside one You allready mentioned) that would clear my dillema about usfulnes of color model concept. Thank You. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.139.93.243 (talk) 21:28, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Tristimuls colour space
Forgive the intrusion. This entry into the subject is to my thinking too brusque. It needs to be introduced more. Colour is a non-trivial subject area and needs to be trated as such. Non-expert people will be primary users and need to be treated as such, i.e. as much hand holding as possible. This entry into the article is brusque. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Juliusguzy (talk • contribs) 01:40, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Cylindrical/spherical color model comparison
I created three images comparing the internal cross sections of several color models described in the article, plus a fourth image showing the regular spherical coordinate system for comparison. I'm not sure if they can be used anywhere in the article, however. ➧ datumizer   ☎  03:41, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Color model


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Will Rogers Memorial Center

The Will Rogers Memorial Center (WRMC) is a 120 acre American public entertainment, sports and livestock complex located in Fort Worth, Texas. It is named for American humorist and writer Will Rogers. It is a popular location for the hosting of specialized equestrian and livestock shows, including the annual Fort Worth Stock Show, the annual National Reined Cow Horse Association Snaffle Bit Futurity, the World Championship Paint Horse Show, and 3 major events of the National Cutting Horse Association each year. It is also the former home of the Fort Worth Texans ice hockey team, and it hosted a PBR Bud Light Cup Series (later Built Ford Tough Series) event annually from 1995 through 2004. Events at the WRMC attract over two million visitors annually. The complex contains the following facilities:

 * Will Rogers Coliseum (5,652 seats)
 * Will Rogers Auditorium (2,856 seats)
 * Will Rogers Equestrian Center
 * Amon G. Carter Jr. Exhibits Hall
 * James L. & Eunice West Arena
 * John Justin Arena
 * W. R. Watt Arena

The Memorial Center was built in 1936 and designed by architect Wyatt C. Hedrick, who employed the Moderne (Art Deco) style. Also in 1936, Amon G. Carter commissioned Electra Waggoner Biggs to create the statue Riding into the Sunset, a tribute to Will Rogers and his horse Soapsuds. Over a decade later, in 1947, the work was unveiled at the Center. On March 22, 2016, the complex was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Will Rogers Memorial Coliseum was the home of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA)'s Fort Worth Stock Show & Rodeo for many years. The Dickies Arena, which opened in November 2019, is located adjacent to the complex. The 14,000-seat venue has hosted the Fort Worth Stock Show & Rodeo since 2020, as well as concerts and early-round games in the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament; however, Will Rogers Memorial Center continues to operate as an equestrian arena in Fort Worth.

title: Will Rogers Memorial Center


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Riga Castle

Riga Castle (Rīgas pils) is a castle on the banks of River Daugava in Riga, the capital of Latvia. The castle was founded in 1330. Its structure was thoroughly rebuilt between 1497 and 1515. Upon the castle's seizure by the Swedes, they constructed spacious annexes in 1641. The fortress was continually augmented and reconstructed between the 17th and 19th centuries. Sometime in the 1930s, some renovation work was done by architect Eižens Laube. The Latvian government declared the castle its residence in 1938. Today it is the official residence of the President of Latvia as well as home to several museums.

History
The castle was built based on a treaty between Riga and the Livonian Order – in the 13th century Rigans had rebelled against the Order and demolished its original castle in the centre of the town. Due to constant conflict with Rigans the Order chose to build a new castle beyond the borders of the town rather than to rebuild the original castle. The site occupied by Convent of the Saint Spirit – a hospital and shelter for the poor – was chosen and the convent moved to the location of the original castle. The castle served as the residence of the Master of the Livonian Order, but due to continuous conflicts with Rigans the residence was moved to Castle of Cēsis sometime before the castle was destroyed by Rigans in 1484. The Rigans eventually lost the fight and were forced to rebuild the castle – the restoration was finished in 1515. After the Treaty of Vilnius order ceased to exist in 1561 the Castle became Lithuanian and in 1569 - Polish-Lithuanian stronghold. In 1621 Riga came under Swedish rule and the Castle was used to house Swedish administration.

After the city came under the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, the castle housed administration and courts of Riga Governorate (which included most of present Latvia and Estonia) and served as residence of Governors General.

Since 1922 the castle became residence of the President of Latvia.

After Soviet occupation, the castle housed the Council of People Commissars of Latvian SSR in 1940–1941. In 1941, the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union established a Pioneers Palace in the northern part of the castle.

Several museums are housed in the southern part of the castle. After the independence of Latvia was restored the northern part of the Castle became the residence of the President of Latvia.

Architecture
The original Castle was a three-floor building which enclosed a rectangular courtyard and had four rectangular towers in its corners. After the Castle was demolished in 1484 it was rebuilt with two towers replaced by round towers following the latest developments of military technologies. The Castle experienced vast development during 17th century when it was almost constantly under construction. In 1682 Arsenal was attached to the castle, it was torn down about one hundred years later, in 1783 to build a court/house.

2013 fire incident
The builders who worked on the reconstruction of the Riga Castle, which began in December 2012, left work at 18:45. Around 22:21 on the night of 20 June 2013, fire broke out in the castle and the firefighters were called in. The castle was guarded by the military police.

After midnight authorities declared the fire reached the highest level, being seen across the Daugava river. Around 1 a.m., the State Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) reported that 79 rescuers, 11 tanks, 3 ladders, 1 platform and 3 specialized vehicles were involved in the operation, and that one firefighter, who was poisoned by the smoke, had been hospitalized. Shortly before 2 a.m, the roof of the castle was no longer visible, engulfed by the flames. At 3:53 in the morning the source of the fire was spotted, and at 4:45 a.m. the traffic was restored on the 11 November Embankment, between Stone and Vanšu bridges.

The Riga agency of State Fire and Rescue Service gathered all resources available, including aid from the Jūrmala fire department. The military police Corporal Alvis Brūveris lowered the Latvian flag in the castle, to be raised back on Friday by the senior military policeman First Class Officer Aldis Dortāns. Latvian President Andris Bērziņš described the fire as a "national tragedy" during a morning visit to inspect the damage.

Damage
Riga Castle on the day after the fire emergency service firefighters estimate that around 3,200 square meters of the castle was destroyed, being 2,400 square meters of the palace roof and the attic, 600 square meters on the fourth floor and 200 square meters on the third. The Red Hall was almost completely burnt, the White Hall was severely damaged, and the State Festival, Ambassador Accreditation and Coats of Arms halls have all been damaged. The most solid part of the castle, which housed the Chancellery of the President, and the Latvian Art Museum have also been affected, with exception of the National History Museum. Riga Castle is insured for a total of 27.3 million Lats.

During the fire there were wide concerns spreading on social media about the status of unique museum collections located at the Castle. None of the collections were destroyed by the fire, however parts of them were damaged by water.

title: Riga Castle