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Lucky duckies

Lucky duckies is a term that was used in Wall Street Journal editorials starting on 20 November 2002 to refer to Americans who pay no federal income tax because they are at an income level that is below the tax line (after deductions and credits). The term has outlived its original use to become a part of the informal terminology used in the tax reform and income inequality debates in the United States.

The term's meaning has split depending on political persuasion. For many conservatives, the term has become part of a political theory that the US is developing an increasingly large 'moocher' class who depend on government benefits paid for by taxes from richer or harder-working citizens, pay no taxes themselves and vote themselves higher benefits paid for from the taxes of others. This has led prominent conservative politicians such as Rick Perry and Michele Bachmann to propose that poorer citizens should have their taxes increased to make them more aware of the problems of excessive taxation and so-called big government. 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney commented that "There are 47 percent of the people who will vote liberal no matter what... believe that they are entitled to health care, to food, to housing, to you-name-it. That's an entitlement. The government should give it to them. And they will vote for this president no matter what... 47% of Americans pay no income tax. So our message of low taxes doesn't connect... I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives." Perry, announcing his presidential campaign, commented "Spreading the wealth punishes success... we're dismayed at the injustice that nearly half of all Americans don't even pay any income tax."

The term was, meanwhile, immediately criticized by liberals and some conservatives for suggesting that people are 'lucky' to be so poor that they are not eligible to pay tax. It has also been used to suggest that the WSJ and, by proxy, conservatives lack real awareness of poverty or intend to raise taxes on poor people for the benefit of richer taxpayers, a suggestion that has been described as 'reverse class warfare'. It has also been argued that as many red states are particularly poor, many individuals who pay no income tax are in fact generally conservative voters, while many rich residents of blue states consistently vote liberal.

Original argument
The Journal defined the term in this way:

"Who are these lucky duckies? They are the beneficiaries of tax policies that have expanded the personal exemption and standard deduction and targeted certain voter groups by introducing a welter of tax credits for things like child care and education. When these escape hatches are figured against income, the result is either a zero liability or a liability that represents a tiny percentage of income."

The worry of the Journal's editorialist was that "as fewer and fewer people are responsible for paying more and more of all taxes, the constituency for tax cutting, much less for tax reform, is eroding. Workers who pay little or no taxes can hardly be expected to care about tax relief for everybody else. They are also that much more detached from recognizing the costs of government."

For example, according to the editorial:

"Say a person earns $12,000. After subtracting the personal exemption, the standard deduction and assuming no tax credits, then applying the 10% rate of the lowest bracket, the person ends up paying a little less than 4% of income in taxes. It ain't peanuts, but not enough to get his or her blood boiling with tax rage."

The Journal published three articles using the phrase "lucky duckies": "The Non-Taxpaying Class", the original article, on 20 November 2002; "Lucky Duckies Again" (20 January 2003); and "Even Luckier Duckies" (3 June 2003).

Expansion and limits of the original argument
In recent years, the number and percentage of Americans who pay no federal income tax has increased. According to a 2007 report by the Statistics of Income division of the Internal Revenue Service, in 2006 the Internal Revenue Service received 134,372,678 individual income tax returns, of which 90,593,081 (67.42%) showed that they paid or owed federal income tax for 2005. That is, 32.58% of those Americans who filed income tax returns did not owe any federal income tax at all for 2005. This percentage increased substantially in 2008, and for 2009 was 47%.

The federal income tax is only one of several taxes Americans pay. Americans who pay zero federal income taxes do pay other taxes, such as payroll taxes (a.k.a. FICA), excise taxes, sales taxes, tariffs, gift taxes, unemployment taxes, state income taxes, property taxes, and self-employment taxes.

Federal payroll taxes are imposed on nearly every American with income from employment (there are exceptions for certain students, certain religious objectors, and certain state/local government employees who participate in a state/local pension). Federal self-employment taxes are imposed on nearly every American with net income from self-employment above $400 (again with exceptions for certain religious objectors). So almost all Americans with some earned income do pay some federal taxes. However, the US also allows earned income tax credits to certain individuals, which can lower their income taxes below zero. When these refundable tax credits equal or exceed other federal taxes, the individual is said to pay "no net federal taxes."

As of 2006, according to New York Times columnist David Leonhardt, approximately 10% of Americans paid no net federal taxes. Leonhardt did not have figures for 2010, and there were several refundable tax credits which were created or expanded between 2006 and 2010.

According to Congressional Budget Office estimates, the lowest earning 20% of Americans (24.1 million households earning an average of $15,900 in 2005) paid an "effective" federal tax rate of 3.9%, when taking into account income tax, social insurance tax, and excise tax. For comparison, the same study found that the highest earning 1% of Americans (1.1 million households earning an average of $1,558,500 in 2005) paid an "effective" federal tax rate of 21.9%, when including the same three types of taxes.

In 2011, British financial journalist Ian Cowie argued that people who do not earn enough to pay tax should be stripped of the right to vote as they should not have the right to control how others' money is taxed and spent: "Their contribution is not just negative in financial terms – they take out more than they put in – but likely to be damaging to the decisions taken by democracies." His colleague Benedict Brogan described the idea as 'intriguing' and 'worth checking out'.

Precedents
In 2001, U.S. Representative Jim DeMint (R-S.C.) told The New Yorker:

"I think we've got a major crisis in democracy ... We assume that voters will restrain the growth of government because it becomes burdensome to them personally. But today fewer and fewer people pay taxes, and more and more are dependent on government, so the politician who promises the most from government is likely to win. Every day, the Republican Party is losing constituents, because every day more people can vote themselves more benefits without paying for it. The tax code will destroy democracy, by putting us in a position where most voters don't pay for government."

From liberals
The Journal was frequently mocked for its use of the term "lucky duckies" to refer to people whose lack of a federal income tax burden is the direct result of their lower income. This attitude was satirized as "let them eat cake"-style myopia.

Ruben Bolling's Tom the Dancing Bug comic in Salon magazine, for instance, periodically features a poor duck who keeps "outwitting" a fat, top-hatted oligarch by cleverly submitting to the misfortunes of his economic class.

Jonathan Chait, in The New Republic, reacted to the Journal editorial by writing:

"One of the things that has fascinated me about The Wall Street Journal editorial page is its occasional capacity to rise above the routine moral callousness of hack conservative punditry and attain a level of exquisite depravity normally reserved for villains in James Bond movies."

And one "lucky ducky" wrote to the Journal editor, offering to share his luck (in a form of logical argument sometimes known as a modest proposal):

"I will spend a year as a Wall Street Journal editor, while one lucky editor will spend a year in my underpaid shoes. I will receive an editor's salary, and suffer the outrage of paying federal income tax on that salary. The fortunate editor, on the other hand, will enjoy a relatively small federal income tax burden, as well as these other perks of near poverty: the gustatory delights of a diet rich in black beans, pinto beans, navy beans, chickpeas and, for a little variety, lentils; the thrill of scrambling to pay the rent or make the mortgage; the salutary effects of having no paid sick days; the slow satisfaction of saving up for months for a trip to the dentist; and the civic pride of knowing that, even as a lucky ducky, you still pay a third or more of your gross income in income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes and property taxes."

From conservatives
Conservatives have also criticized the argument. Writing in 2011, Ramesh Ponnuru commented that "conservatives should seek to remedy the problem by cutting benefits rather than by raising taxes in the hope it will make people more eager to cut benefits. To seek to raise taxes on poor and middle-class people would be a terrible mistake. The idea is bound to be unpopular. And it would alter the character of conservatism for the worse [into a] creed openly focused on helping one group at the expense of another, a kind of mirror image of egalitarian liberalism".

Writer W. James Antle said of the thresholds enabling poorer individuals to pay no income tax: "Conservatives supported all of these policies ... [and the poor] are not exactly 'lucky duckies' ... it seems to me that a conservative vision of personal responsibility would entail having people living on subsistence-level incomes support themselves and their families before they support the government."

title: Lucky duckies


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Morehouse School of Medicine

Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) is a private medical school in Atlanta, Georgia. Originally a part of Morehouse College, the school became independent in 1981.

Establishment
Founded as a part of Morehouse College in 1975 during the tenure of college president Hugh M. Gloster, with Louis W. Sullivan as dean, the School of Medicine at Morehouse College began as a two-year program in the basic sciences. The first students were admitted in 1978 and transferred to other medical schools for the clinical years of their training.

Independent institution
The institution became independent from Morehouse College in 1981, with Sullivan as President, and was fully accredited to award M.D. degrees in 1985. Initially, third year clinical courses were taught by faculty from Emory University's School of Medicine, but since 1990, the school has taught them itself. In 1989, Sullivan was appointed United States Secretary of Health and Human Services by President George H.W. Bush. Sullivan served in that role for Bush's entire term, until 1993, when he returned to MSM to begin his second tenure as president.

Sullivan remained president until 2002. He now holds the title of President Emeritus.

Former US Surgeon General David Satcher served as director of the National Center for Primary Care at the Morehouse School of Medicine. He continued in that role while also serving as MSM's president from 2004 to 2006.

On February 28, 2006, Morehouse School of Medicine announced the appointment of John E. Maupin Jr., D.D.S. as the institution's next president. Maupin departed from his position of president at Meharry Medical College.

Valerie Montgomery Rice was named the sixth president of the school and the first woman to lead the free-standing medical institution in July 2014. In addition to president, she also retains the deanship. Montgomery Rice is a renowned infertility specialist and researcher, and most recently served as dean and executive vice president of MSM, where she served since 2011. In this role, she led MSM’s widespread academic and clinical programs in health sciences and led its strategic planning initiatives for patient care, research and community engagement.

On February 3, 2009, Eric Holder, then-vice chairman of MSM's board of trustees, was confirmed as U.S. Attorney General.

On July 13, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Morehouse School of Medicine Trustee Regina Benjamin as U.S. Surgeon General. Benjamin was the second MSM trustee to hold a high-profile position with the Obama administration.

A 2010 study ranked MSM as the number one medical school in the country in the terms of social mission. The social mission score used in the study evaluated schools on percentage of graduates who practice primary care, work in health professional shortage areas, and are underrepresented minorities.

In 2017, it was announced MSM would complete a $50 million expansion by 2020. The expansion will include its first-ever student housing, an ambulatory care center, additional parking, and a retail component.

In July 2020, MSM received a $40 million grant from the United States Department of Health and Human Services to help redress the alarming COVID-19 pandemic impact on African-Americans and other more vulnerable communities. In September 2020, MSM received $26.3 million from philanthropist Michael Bloomberg to help lower debt for the medical students enrolled.

In December 2020, MSM partnered with CommonSpirit Health to form the More in Common Alliance. It is a ten-year initiative to help reduce health inequity. Dr. Veronica Mallett serves as the senior vice president and chief administrative officer as of August 2023. One of her tasks is to match the $100 million commitment CommonSpirit Health has made toward the program. Research programs are a part of the effort to increase health equity.

In May 2022, MSM had a groundbreaking ceremony for a new $45 million academic facility. The 52,300-square foot building is scheduled to be complete in early 2024. The building is named after longtime MSM board member and state lawmaker Calvin Smyre.

Student body
In 2022, the student body at MSM was 70% Black and 66% women. Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores are thought to pose a significant barrier to the number of African American matriculants to US medical schools. Morehouse School of Medicine accepts students with MCAT scores more than one standard deviation below the national matriculant mean, but then raises their subsequent performance on the US Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 shift up to or above the national mean score.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Morehouse School of Medicine


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NFP

NFP may refer to:

Political parties

 * National Fascist Party, Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista
 * National Federation Party, Fiji's oldest party
 * National Freedom Party, South Africa
 * New Frontier Party (Japan) (1994–1997), a "big tent" party
 * New Popular Front (French: Nouveau Front populaire), a left-wing alliance in France

Other organizations

 * National Family Partnership, a US organization formerly known as the National Federation of Parents for Drug Free Youth
 * Nebraskans For Peace
 * Not-for-profit, nonprofit organizations
 * Nurse-Family Partnership, a US non-profit organization that arranges home visits from nurses to mothers

People

 * Nadeem F. Paracha, Pakistani journalist and author

Other uses

 * Natural family planning, birth control methods
 * Nonfarm payrolls, an economic indicator released monthly by the US Department of Labor
 * Northern Ford Premiership, an English rugby league competition
 * Net factor payments, an economic measurement, see factor income
 * Netherlands Fractal Pattern, a Dutch military camouflage pattern
 * Nintendo Figurine Platform, code name for the Amiibo toys-to-life platform

title: NFP


text: Category:Districts of Pakistan

title: Category:Districts of Pakistan


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Jacob Philipp Hackert

Jacob Philipp Hackert (15 September 1737 – 28 April 1807) was a landscape painter from Brandenburg, who did most of his work in Italy.

Biography
Hackert was born in 1737 in Prenzlau in the Margraviate of Brandenburg (now in Germany). He trained with his father Philipp (a portraitist and painter of animals) and his uncle, before going to the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1758. Later he traveled to Swedish Pomerania and Stockholm, at the invitation of Adolf Friedrich von Olthof, a Swedish government official and businessman. For a time, he lived with Von Olthof and painted decorative murals at his estate.

He spent from 1765 to 1768 in Paris with the Swiss artist Balthasar Anton Dunker, where he focused on painting in gouache. He met and was inspired by Claude Joseph Vernet, who was already famous as a painter of landscapes and seascapes, and the German engraver Johann Georg Wille.

In 1768 Hackert left Paris with his brother Georg, and went to Italy, basing himself mainly in Rome and Naples, where he produced many works for Sir William Hamilton. He travelled all over Italy, gaining a reputation as a talented landscape painter. He became famous everywhere in Europe due to his works for Catherine the Great, the cycle of paintings about Battle of Chesma, and Pope Pius VI.

In 1786 he went to work for Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies in Naples. He advised on the creation of a painting restoration laboratory at the Museo di Capodimonte, suggesting the call from Rome to the court of Naples of the restorer and supervised the transfer of the Farnese collections from Rome to Naples. As court painter realised famous pictures of Caserta and the Royal Palace of Caserta, besides the paintings series of the Bourobon's ports. During this period he acted also as a secret informant of Russia, his contact being the Russian diplomat Andrey Razumovsky.

When Goethe visited Naples in 1786, he and Hackert became friends.

Hackert had settled in a house in Posillipo. The painters Salvatore Fergola and Salvatore Giusti (1773-1845) were among his pupils.

In 1799, when Naples was declared the Parthenopaean Republic, Hackert lost much of his royal patronage. He moved to Pisa and then Florence. He bought an estate in San Pietro di Careggi, near Florence, and he died there in 1807 and was buried in the so-called "Dutch garden" of Livorno. His remains were then moved to the actual cemetery of the Dutch-German Congregation.

He never married and lived a good part of his life with one of his brothers but he had affairs with some married women, and from one of them he probably had a daughter.

Goethe wrote the first biography of Hackert in 1811.

title: Jacob Philipp Hackert


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User:RABot/Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences

Applied arts and sciences: Agriculture - Architecture, Buildings, City planning and Public space - Businesses and Companies - Communications - Education - Engineering - Environmental Science - Food and Cooking - Government - Health Science - Industry - Law - Crime & Law Enforcement - Library Sciences - Medicine - Military / Military History - Politics - Computer science, Computing and Internet - Technology and tools - Transport - Rockets - Visualization

Agriculture
Acacia (Wattle) seed flour - Anemophily - corn stover - disc mill - disk mill - dried distiller's grain - Food politics - genetically Modified Crops - GROW BIOINTENSIVE - Horton Overland Flow - Integrated farming - John Worlidge - Royal Agricultural College - soil depletion - SWEEP (Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement program) - TERON (Tillage erosion) - tippage fee - WEELS (Wind Erosion on European Light Soil) - Wiley mill

Architecture, Buildings, City planning and Public space
380kV Thames Crossing (powerline crossing river Thames; picture on ) - Bosporus Bridges - Bull Run Castle - Common room - Cosmoplanetary Messiah - Cybercity 1 (Technologic City in Malaysia, inaugurated January 30 2005) - European architecture and art - George Kessler - Greene and Greene Architects (masters of the California Bungalow) - Henry Doelger (one of the "Big Five" homebuilders of post-WW2 America) - Jersey Walls - Narrative of Loss - New York City Water System - Peacock Alley - Punch List (origin and history of the term) - Richard Seifert (built skyscrapers in 1960s London) - Robert Byrd - Sharp Centre for Deisgn (images here ) - Shotgun house - Sigurd Lewerentz - Skyscraper design and construction - Theodore Heuck - Torres de Colon (in Madrid, Spain) - W. G. R. Sprague (see, for example, the Gielgud Theatre)

Businesses and Companies
Audemars Piguet - Clay-Adams, Inc. - Debt Compliance - Eden Foods (Health food company) - Elfriede_Sallmutter (wife of Frank Stronach)  [minimalist architecture] - Engineered Cement Composites (ECC) - Flat Organization - Garage Technology Ventures (Technology Venture Capital Group) - High Frontier (building operations in orbit) - Interval Research Corporation - Knaack - Kongo Gumi (Reputedly world's oldest continously operated company) - Mandarake (Tokyo-based used manga and doujinshi retail outlet) - McCann Erickson - Peel Holdings - PJ's Pancake House (Princeton, NJ) - Solvay (International chemical and pharmaceutical company ) - Spindler & Hoyer - Umpqua Bank (Oregon-based reatail bank that operates from Bellevue to Sacremento; symbol: UMPQ) - Wild Oats (Natural Foods Supermarket Chain) - Woodward & Lothrop (department store) - World's Largest Organisations Supposedly - 1) Indian National Railways, 2) Chinese State Army 3) United Kingdom National Health Service - Yashica (Camera company purchased by Kyocera)

Communications
802.1w - Berthold Lubetkin - Concept Map - Convective loop with storage - EBONE (former European backbone Internet network) - Flat Organization - Hamsat - Line terminator (in the telecommunication networks) - Local telephone service - MVPD (Multi-channel Video Programming Distributors or MPO's) - Network Voice Protocol - Phone jammer - Russian constructivism - Special service - Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) - Subband coding - Tecton group - Text Conferencing - Voice fonts

Types of schooling
Freinet

Topics
3-2 program - BICS - BMAT - CALP - Criterion-based assessment - Critical Language Awareness - Education in Brazil - Education in Norway - Education Techniques - Educational acceleration - Financial Risk Manager - German Model - Gustav Mole - Norm-referenced test - PRISM model - Professor in Accounting - Prussian educational method / Prussian educational model - University admissions

Famous Educators
Amanda Reed - Grinell Smith - James H. Stith - Reverend John Ewing - Theodore Streleski

Schools and Organizations
A: Academy for Young Scholars - Advanced Academy of Georgia - American Academy for Liberal Education - American Medical Student Association (AMSA) - B: The Bishop Strachan School  - The Branson School in Ross, CA - C: Cate School in Carpinteria, CA - Center for Talent Development - The Clarkson School's Bridging Year - D: David N. Myers College - Delta Upsilon International Fraternity - E: The Early College at Guilford - Early Honors Program - Edgewood Elementary School - Egerton University - F: Fulbright Association - G: Georgia Academy of Mathematics, Engineering and Science - H: Honors Tutorial College - I: International Mentoring Network - J: Joliet Junior College - Jomo Kenyatta University - L: Lon Morris College - Loudoun County Public Schools(Virginia) - M: Maggie L. Walker Governor's School - MentorshipART - Mission College - N: Nairobi University - National Academy of Arts, Sciences and Engineering - National Junior College Athletic Association - Noraid - NYC Lab School  - R: Resident Honors Program - Royal Agricultural College - S: The School of the Art Institute of Chicago - T: Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London - Texas Academy for Leadership in the Humanities - Trinity Valley School - U: University of Abertay, Dundee - University of Altdorf - University of Montana School of Journalism - W: Walsh University

Engineering
A: Activation Passing (what is it and how can it be used) - akoustolith - apartment-model multithreading - C: Cognitive Systems Engineering (human engineering) - Crescent City Connection (New Orleans, La, USA) - D: dangling particle - duobinary (used in optical transmission systems) - E: Ecological engineering methods - Ecotechnology - F: Fluid flow and pump head - flying tourbillon (high-end mechanical watch mechanism) - G: glass-2P process - H: hydrodynamic interface - ) - I: Icy Ball - instruction collapsing - L: loop back (communication engineering, sending packets to yourself) - M: MediaHighway - MTCMOS - Mushiake's Principle - N: National Fuel Cell Research Center - located at UC Irvine - National Fuel Cell Research Center - located at UC Irvine - P: Pivot table - Polarity reversal - R: Rapatronic camera - Rotary biological contactor - rotor ship - RTLS Real Time Location System - S: shaft binding (what is shaft binding) - stuck drill string (why do wells get stuck? what are the cost ramifications i.e. cost of downtime, what can be done to prevent this??) - suspended walkways (how they are built, what materials are used??) - T: Telecommunications bubble - thermostar - Tombstone technology - V: vaned (of a lid) - W: Westbank Expressway (New Orleans, LA, USA)

Environmental Science
Crane Rain Zone - Dissolved air floatation - Emission Reduction Unit - Flue Gas Desulfurization - Gober Gas - NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme - Preservationism

Food and Cooking
airline catering - airline meal - Kavli - Piperade - preserved food

Government
African Growth and Opportunity Act - Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum APPF - Authoritarian nationalism - Blue-Ribbon Panel - Community Mental Health Act - Greg Thielmann - Oplan1000 - Payments in lieu of taxes (PILOT) - presidential finding - Presidential Symbols - ProjectQED - Provisional National Defence Council - quasi government - Surveyor General

Health Science
A: A. J. Twerski, - Abraham J. Twerski - Acrocephalosyndactylia (musculoskeletal disease) - alloimmunization - Alpha-Stim - C: candida diet - Cardiomelanosis (probably a redirect to melanosis) - Chest physiotherapy - E: endoexoenteric - F: food grade mineral oil - Fucose - G: Global Health - H: History of physical therapy - Human growth - Human kinetics - I: Incarnation Children's Center (subject of allegations of unethical behavior in AIDS trials on children) - M: Mannatech - Melanosis - Midface Hypoplasia - O: oxidative stress - P: Pleomorphism - power walking - Project Daniel - R: Ramp effect see Talk:Ramp effect Holder, Lennox, and Blose referred to this as the "pre-intervention ramp effect" (alchohol abuse/drug abuse reference) - respitory - Rib fracture - S: Semantic Dyslexia - Sequestrum - sternum fracture - stroboscopic test (psychologist related) - Systemic disease - T: Therapeutic Horsemanship a form of physical rehab for people - W: Walter E. Fernald School - Wetlands Ecology - Whey Allergy

Industry
Corliss Steam Engine - Plastic Extrusion - Plastic Fabrication - Regenerative Furnace - Shop Loading - Thumper Truck - Zinc Chromate (coating)

Law
See also The list of missing legal terms

Concepts
actio - action (legal) - bankruptcy proceedings - claim (legal) - consolidate (legal) - de in rem verso - equality of opportunity vs equality of results - impleader - intervene (legal) - joinder - jus tam - principle of party disposition - rationae loci - right of reply

Notable court cases and litigants
Arizona v. Fulminante  - Benton v. Maryland - Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas, NV - Bowen v. Roy - Dodge v. Ford Motor Company - Elektra Records Company v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc. - federal navigational servitude - Lansing v. Smith (1829) 4 Wend. 9,20 - Menashe v. William Hill - Schloendorff vs. NY Society Hospital - United Mine Workers vs. United States, 330 U.S. 258

Other
Beerhouse Act - Brussels Convention (EU law) - Centre for equal opportunities and opposition to racism - Company valuation - Constitutional Restoration Act - Council Regulation 44/2001 (EU law) - Cross-border injunction (EU law) - Dual license (like GPL/LGPL or FDL/GPL) - German law - Improvement Act - Lugano Convention (EU law) - Manufacturer's Certificate of Origin - Markush claim - Means-plus-function claim - Paul M. Hebert Civilian Judge at - Richard Wilder - Roni Deutch - Tax exempt status - US patent law - wanglie case - The Warren Court

Crime & Law Enforcement
#: 4-MTA - A: aging offender - alloplastic adaptation - anomie theory - asocial personality - asset forfeiture - autoplastic adaptation - B: battered child syndrome - behavior theory - biological theories of criminology - bite mark injury - blunt force trauma - brain lesion theory - broken windows thesis - C: California Castration Law - chronic mentally ill offender - clandestine abuse - classical school of criminology - cohort analysis - computer abuse - computer-related crime - conduct norms - conflict perspective - confounding effects - conjugal visit (and add redirects from conjugal visits and conjugal visitation) - consensus model - constitutional theories of criminology - constitutive criminology - contact rapist - containment theory - correctional psychology - criminal anthropology - criminal homicide - criminaloid - criminology of place - critical criminology - culture conflict - cycle of violence - D: dangerous drug - dangerousness - deconstructionist theories - defense of justification - defensible space - deterrence strategy - discrediting information - drug-defined crime - drug-related crime - E: ecological theory - Edwin H. Sutherland - Enrico Ferri - environmental crime - environmental criminology - ethnic succession - evidence collection - F: family violence - federal inmate - federal interest computer - feminist criminology - focal concern - forcible rape - frustration-aggression theory - G: gender-politics model - general deterrence - general theory - guilty but mentally ill - H: habitual offender statute - hedonistic calculus - honour culture - hybrid offences - I: illegal gambling - illegitimate opportunity structure - individual rights advocate - infamous cremations - instiutionalization - integrated theory of criminology - interactionist perspectives - invisible evidence - irresistible impulse test - isobutyl nitrite - J: Jesus Malverde - K: kriminalpolitik - L: labeling (criminology) - larceny-theft - law and order advocates - law enforcement in the United Kingdom - law enforcement in the United States - LEAA - life course theories - life-style theory of criminology - liquor laws - M: media influence theory - medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment - Model Penal Code - monozyotic - moral enterprise - N: narcotic abuse theory - narcotrafico - negligent homicide - neoclassical criminology - NIBRS - nurturant strategy - O: offender profiling - OJJDP - opportunity structure - P: participatory justice - peace model - peacemaking criminology - penal couple - pharmaceutical diversion - phenomenological criminology - pluralistic perspective - police abuse/misconduct - police surgeon - Portland Seven - positivist school of criminology - post-crime victimization - postmodern criminology - power-control theory - primary deviance - primary research - prison cell - protection/avoidance strategy - psychiatric criminology - psychiatric theories of criminology - psychoanalytic criminology - psychological profiling - psychological theories - Q: quasi-experimental - R: R. M. Qualtrough - radical criminology - realist criminology - recidivism rate - reciprocal obligation - reintegrative shaming - replicability - research design - revolving door syndrome - reward - routine activities theory - S: safe haven laws - scenario writing - Sealed record - secondary analysis - secondary deviance - secondary research - secondary victimization - securities fraud - selective incapacitation - severity - simple assault - situational child molester - situational choice theory - situational crime prevention - sniper attacks - social bond - social control theory - social epidemiology - social ostracism - social pathology - social problems perspective - social process theories - social relativity - social responsibility perspective - social-structural theories - somatotyping - specific deterrence - state-organized crime - statistical school - stigmatic shaming - strategic assessment - strict liability crime - substantial capacity test - supermale - T: target hardening - techniques of neutralization - Theodore Streleski - threat analysis - thug life (concept) - transient evidence - transylvanian hypothesis - U: uni-causal - V: victim-precipitated homicide - victim-proneness - victim-witness assistance program - victimization rate - VOCA - voluntary euthanasia - Z: Zebulon Reed Brockway

Library Sciences
book delivery desk - book stacks services - Dualabs (particularly in regards to the 1960 and 1970 US Census) - library circulation desk

Medicine
See also list of diseases and the various articles linked from there A: Abdominal breathing - Adjustable gastric banding surgery - Allergy desensitization - Alloplant - Apicoectomy - B: Baoding Balls - Basal skull fracture - Behavioral medicine - Blaschko's lines - Blood electrification - Blood shift (anybody have any idea what this means?) - BPD (copyvio) - C: cervical conization (spelling on second word?) - Childhood immunizations {in the U.S.? worldwide?} - Cortical seizure - Cranial osteopathy - cryocautery - D: Daffy's Elixir - Dr Anthony Clare - Dr. Alfred G. Knudson Jr. (cancer research) - Duke's disease - Duodenal switch surgery - dysplasia - E: electrocautery - Epizootic disease - Estroven (is this a brand of estrogen?) - F: Fanconi's syndrome - Fordyce spots - Fuch's dystrophy (a leading cause of corneal transplantation) - Functional symptom (used to describe symptoms that have no organic basis, e.g. if they are a result of psychological or perceptual dysfunction.) - G: Glossopharyngeal breathing {frog breathing} - Groningen Protocol - J: Jin Shin Do - John A. Hopps 1 (one of the inventors of the pacemaker ) - K: KEMRI - L: laser cautery - Lewis Wolpert - M: Maud Slye - Mean circulatory filling pressure and Guyton's PV graph - Medical assistant - Morita therapy - Myxedematous psychosis - N: niche cell (newly discovered regulator of stem cells) - Nonverbal Learning Disorder - P: Patlak plot - Penetrating keratoplasty surgery - Peripheral vision loss - Pharmacophore discovery - Photopsias - Psycho-Social Rehabilitation - R: Root resorption - S: Sacral Agenesis - serogroup - Stratum granulosum & - Stratum lucidum, - Stratum spinosum (layers of the epidermis) - T: Thegosis - thymosin - transsection - V: visceral adiposity - W: W. H. Frost - Z: zaspopathy

Congenital disorders
B: Bannayan-Zonana syndrome - Basal Cell Nevus syndrome - Bifid rib - Bifurcated rib - C: Cat Eye syndrome - Cerebral Gigantism - Cerebral Spinal Atrophy - CHARGE syndrome - Costello syndrome - D: De Lange syndrome - Distal Trisomy 10q - E: Elliott Farber - F: Fetofetal Transfusion - H: Hemifacial Microsomia - I: Incontinentia Pigmenti - Ivemark syndrome - L: Larsen syndrome - Laurence-Moon syndrome - M: Monosomy 9p- - N: Nail-Patella syndrome - Neonatal Jaundice - Neurofibromatosis - Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis - O: Ochoa syndrome - Oculocerebrorenal syndrome - Osteochondroma - P: Pallister-Killian syndrome - Prune Belly syndrome - Psychoimmunology - R: Robinow syndrome - S: Smith-Magenis syndrome - Sturge-Weber syndrome - Syphilis, Congenital - T: Trichothiodystrophy - Trisomy 9 - U: Umbilical hernia

Terms from the AIDS Glossary
A: acquired immunity - active immunity - acute HIV infection - Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program - Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group - affected community - agammaglobulinemia - AIDS dementia complex - AIDS education and training centers - AIDS research advisory committee - AIDS service organization - AIDS-related complex - aidsdrugs - aidsinfo - aidsline - aidstrials - alpha interferon - amyloid beta peptide - angiomatosis - antibody-mediated immunity - antigen presentation - antiprotozoal - antisense drugs - antitoxins - approved drugs - assembly and budding - autoimmunization - autoinoculation - B: B cell lymphoma - baseline - bDNA test - beta-2 microglobulin - binding antibody - biological response modifiers - blips - body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome - branched DNA assay - breakthrough infection - BRMs - buffalo hump - C: capgra's syndrome - CDC National AIDS Hotline - CDC National Prevention Information Network - CDC-NAH - CDC-NPIN - cell lines - cellular immunity - central nervous system (CNS) damage - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy - CIN1, CIN2, CIN3 - Circumoral paresthesia - clinical latency - clinical practice guidelines - CMV retinitis - co-receptors - cognitive impairment - community planning - Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS - community-based clinical trial - community-based organization - compassionate use - concomitant drugs - core protein - correlates of immunity/correlates of protection - cross-resistance - cryptococcal meningitis - CXCR4 - cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis - D: data safety and monitoring board - dissemination - division of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - dose-ranging study - dose-response relationship - dysplasia - E: end-stage disease - entry inhibitors - eosinophilic folliculitis - epidemiological surveillance - expanded access - expression system - F: fat redistribution - FDCs - follicular dendritic cells - functional antibody - fusin - fusion mechanism - G: gamma interferon - genital ulcer disease - genotypic assay - germinal centers - gp120 - gp160 - gp41 - H: health care financing administration - helper/supressor ratio - hematotoxic - hepatitis C/co-infection with HIV - histocompatibility testing - HIV prevention trials network - HIV set point - HIV vaccine trials network - HIV viral load - HIV-associated dementia - HIV-related tuberculosis - host factors - HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis - hypergammaglobulinemia - hypogammaglobulinemia - I: IL-12 - IL-4 - immune complex - immunogenicity - immunostimulant - INFa - integrase inhibitors - interleukin-12 - intravenous immunoglobulin - intravitreal - investigational new drug - L: live vector vaccine - long terminal repeat sequence - long-term nonprogressors - lymphadenopathy syndrome - lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis - lymphokine-activated killer cells - lymphokines - lymphoproliferative response - M: macrophage-tropic virus - maintenance therapy - malabsorption syndrome - MDR-TB - mega-HAART - memory T cells - Microsporidiosis - mitochondrial toxicity - mononeuritis multiplex - monovalent vaccine - mucocutaneous - mucosal immunity - multi-drug rescue therapy - multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis - mycobacterium avium complex - myelotoxic - N: National AIDS Hotline - National Prevention Information Network - natural history study - nebulized - neurological complications of AIDS - neutralizing antibody - neutralizing domain - new drug application - nucleic acid test - nucleocapsid - nucleoside analog - nucleotide analogs - null cell - O: Office of AIDS Research - oral hairy leukoplakia - oropharyngeal - osteopenia - P: P24 - package insert - papilloma - parallel track - Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group - perianal - perinatal transmission - persistent generalized lymphadenopathy - phenotypic assay - polyneuritis - polyvalent vaccine - pre-conception counseling - preclinical - precursor cells - primary isolate - proctitis - prophylactic drug - protease-sparing regimen - pseudo-Cushing's syndrome - pseudovirion - R: rescue therapy - retinitis - Ryan White C.A.R.E. act - S: salvage therapy - secondary prophylaxis - serologic test - seroprevalence - serostatus - Special Projects of National Significance - sputum analysis - standard of care - structured intermittent therapy - study endpoint - subclinical infection - subunit HIV vaccine - surrogate markers - systemic - T: T lymphocyte proliferation assay - T suppressor cells - Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS - therapeutic HIV vaccine - thymosin - toxoplasmic encephalitis - transaminase - transplacental - treatment IND - V: V3 loop - vaginal candidiasis - variable region - vertical transmission - viral burden - viral core - viral culture - viral envelope - viral load test - viremia - W: wasting syndrome - wild-type virus - window period - Women's Interagency HIV Study

Pharmacology
See also The list of missing pharmacology terms lactucin - lactucopicrin - phenibut - pregabalin - Stephen Pilling - yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan - yttrium Y 90 SMT 487 - yttrium Y 90-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide

Sexuality, Sexology, Urology and Gynecology
A: acault - acmegenesis - acousticophilia - acrophilia - acucullophallia - agonophilia - agoraphilia - agrexophilia - Albert Moll - albutophilia - allorgasmia - altocalciphilia - amastia - ambisexual - ambisexuality - amelotasis - amomaxia - ampulla - anasteemaphilia - androidism - andromania - anejaculation - anililagnia - anisonogamist - apellous - apistia - arachnephilia - areola mammae - artificial birth control - asphyxiaphilia - autagonistophilia - autoagonistophilia - autoassassinophilia - autoerotica - autoflagellation - automasochism - autopederasty - autophilia - autosadism - avisodomy - axillism - B: ball dancing - basal temperature - basoexia - bee stings (sexology) - bell dancing - bigamist - bindings (sexology) - biting (sexology) - blindfolding (sexology) - blood sport (BDSM) - bondage harness - breast shaping - bugarrón - C: carezza - catheter (sexology) - catheterophilia - cavum Douglasi - chastity device - chipil - choreophilia - chrematistophilia - cicatrization - clamp (BDSM) - clitoral crura - clitoral-vaginal index - coition - coitus a mammilla - coitus interfermoris - coitus à cheval - coitus à mammilla - coitus à unda - consecrated virgin - constriction (sexology) - continence - contraceptive film - contraceptive foam - conversion therapy - corsetting - couvade syndrome - crime against nature - cymbalism - cynophilia - D: dame de voyage - day belt - defilement (sexology) - defloration - deliberate self-harm syndrome - demi-monde - dermagraphism - diaperism - dildos and plugs - docking (sexology) - doraphilia - dysfunctions - dysmorphophilia - E: ecorchement - ecouteurism - ectopia testis - ejaculatio praecox - ejaculatory dysfunction - ejaculatory incompetence - endytophilia - enema cocktail - English vice - entomophilia - epididymectomy - episioclisia - epispadia - erotic ball - erotographomania - erotolalia - essayeur - essure - exophilia - extramarital intercourse - F: famulus - fantasy play - female castration - female sexuality - femaleness - femidon - fetal genitalia - fetish club - ficaro - Florentine girdle - flower boats - forced feminization - formicophilia - French postcard - furor uterinus - furtling - G: gamophobia - gemellus - gender-bending - genital insert - genital intercourse - Georgeanna S. Jones - Gilbert Herdt - gimp suit - girdle of venus - green bower - gynandromorphous - gynandry - gynecaeum - gynemimetophilia - H: handicaps - harem effect - harmatophilia - heterophilia - hierophilia - hodophilia - homilophilia - hot wax - hygrophilia - hymenorrhaphy - hyphephilia - hypoxyphilia - I: ice (sexology) - iconolagny - idiosyncrat - inflatable dolls - insect fetish - interrogation (BDSM) - inunction - Iwan Bloch - J: John Gagnon - juvenilism - K: kabazzah - Klein sexual orientation grid - kleptolagnia - knismolagnia - L: lactaphilia - lagnolalia - leptosadism - love addiction - lung-yang - M: male sexuality - maritate - marriage guidance - mastix - maturation - medical scene - menstrual taboo - mixoscopia - N: narratophilia - nasophilia - natural birth control - necromania - necrosadism - neopagan view of marriage - nepiphtherosis - normophilia - nudity (recreational) - nympholepsy - nymphophilia - nymphotomy - O: obscene phone callers - ochlophilia - oculolinctus - oculophilia - odontophilia - olisbos - ondinisme - ophidicism - ordune - osphresiolagnia - ovarian reserve - ozolagnia - P: panderer - pandering - passivism - paternity suit - pathicus - pecattiphilia - pediophilia - penetration toy - penile ligation - penile suspensory ligament - penis modification - perimenopause - peritomy - personal power - phallophilia - phobophilia - phygephilia - pinching - play (sexology) - podophilia - polyiterophilia - polymastia - polymorphous - pompoir - premarital intercourse - procurer - prostate orgasm - prostatectomy - pubic dressing - pygophilia - pyrophilia - Q: quadoshka - R: rape rack - rapism - raptophilia - renifleurism - reproductive organs - retarded ejaculation - rhabdophilia - ritual sex - robotism - roman showers - S: saliromania - salirophilia - salpingitis - scarring (sexology) - scatophilia - scoptophilia - scortum - scratching (sexology) - scrotal infusion - sensate focus exercises - sensory enhancement - sensory overload - sensuality - sex boutique - sex hotel - sex hotline - sex museum - sex restaurant - sex ring - sex surrogate - sexual aberration - sexual anomalies - sexual availability - sexual characteristics - sexual drive - sexual ethics - sexual game - sexual inversion - sexual liberation - sexual outlet - sexual prop - sexual sadism - sexual script - sexual surrogate - shaving (sexology) - showers (sexology) - siderodromophilia - Simon LeVay - slapping (BDSM) - sleeping together - slings - snapping pussy - soft chancre - solitary vice - sororate marriage - spectrophilia - spermatic duct - spermatophobia - splitting - stigmatophilia - stop and go exercises - strangling (sexology) - stretching (sexology) - string bondage - strip pub - stuffing (sexology) - subliminal tape - subpersonality - suspensory ligament of the penis - suturing (sexology) - swing (sexology) - swing club - symphorophilia - synechial membrane - T: taphephilia - teasing (sexology) - telephone scatophilia - telephonicophilia - terror play - thalpotentiginy - three-legged bloomers - tie and tease - timophilia - titfucking - toilet training (sexology) - torture (sexology) - toucheurism - tourniquets - transvestophilia - trial marriage - tripsolagnia - U: uranism - urethral self-instrumentation - V: vaginal contraction - vaginal deodorant - vaginal grip - vaginal prolapse - Vatasyana - vertugadin - vicarious arousal - vicarphilia - victorian lace - vincilagnia - W: weight training (sexology) - worship (BDSM) - wrestling (sexology) - Y: you are a homosexual (it's true, you know) - Z: zelophilia

Military / Military History
Brecourt Manor - Croatian War (one of the Yugoslav Wars) - Emplacement - Ethiopian Civil War - IMDEX - List of English wars - List of French wars - Macedonian War (one of the Yugoslav Wars) - Nudelmann - Paul van Riper (Retired Lieutenant General, USMC) - Recognized Air Picture - Slovenian War (one of the Yugoslav Wars) - USJFCOM (U.S. Joint Forces Command)

Transmission sites of Omega Navigation System
Omega transmitter Bratland in Bratland, Norway - Omega transmitter Kaneohe in Kaneohe, Hawaii - Omega Transmitter La Moure in La Moure, South Dakota - Omega Transmitter Plaine Chabrier in Reunion - Omega Transmitter Shushi-Wan in Shushi-Wan, Japan

Politics
Barry Jones (Australian Politician/Quiz Champion) - Christian Party (United States) - Karl August Offman - Mongolian communism - New International Economic Order - Nine Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party - Political Elites - Political Transformations - Public opinion and media - Rudolf Kasztner/Kastner - Ultra-Conservative - "we campaign in poetry but we must govern in prose" - Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives
Arthur H. Greenwood - Charles A. Halleck - Charles H. Burke - Charles M. Hamilton - Charles Phelps Taft - Claude Kitchin - Coya Knutson - Del Latta - Dennis Eckart - Ed Feighan - Finis J. Garrett - Frank W. Mondell - Frederick Huntington Gillett - Harold Knutson - James R. Mann - John J. Rhodes - John W. Brademas - John W. Dwight - Joseph W. Byrns - Joseph Warren Keifer - Michael Crawford Kerr - Robert Ramspeck - Sereno E. Payne - William H. Gray, III

Algorithms
Bentley's algorithm - Booth algorithm - Graphplan algorithm

Computer Languages
Loglan 88 (programming language unrelated to Loglan) - Rajan

Computer Enthusiast Lifestyle
Computer culture (Question: Is this the same as hacker culture?) - VCDQuality - VCDquality.com - a site rating pirated underground movie qualities.

Computer Graphics and Graphic Programming
Bit Density - Thing Viewer

Early Computer Models/Processors
FERMIAC

Hardware
13W3 - Amida Simputer - Dual pipelining - Femto Slider - Glueless connection - Pico BTX - Power Plane - TI TMS320C54x DSP - WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Scale Package)

Programming
JSTL

Security
Flood Control (Computer Science) - LAND / LAND attack?? , - Ophcrack - Secure Trusted Operating System Consortium - Time-memory Trade-off - Two-way security

Software
Asset and Content Management - Blastwave.org (open source software project) - Chordiant - Comparison of KDE and GNOME - COPS (software) - Interval Research Corporation - Keyworx - Kinder, Gentler HTML Validator - Lotus Marketplace - Net-SNMP - phpdev - Processing (Proce55ing) - Reloaded (software type) - RTMOS (Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System) - Social Bookmark Manager - TIGER (software) - Trove Categorization

Software Engineering
XDL - XKERMIT

Theory and Theorom
Computational model - Enumeration theorem - Shannon's Expansion Theorem

Other unsorted Computer Science terms
#: 13-pointer array mechanism (file access) - A: Abstract reduction - Antclick - Antville - aspx - B: Behaviometrics - Berkeley file system - Bitlbee - Booth scheme (see NAF) - C: component-based software engineering (CBSE) - compulsory parameters - Constructed product return - Constructive induction - coprimation - Course-of-value recursion - cPCI - Crossbar Switch - D: Data access object (DAO) design pattern - Data Exploration - Data format check - Data type check - Decentralized object location and routing (DOLR) - E: Emergence in games - Epox - F: FCO-IM - FeatureZilla - Flow Injection Analysis - H: HackLab - How to Program an AI to Learn - I: Identification by next value - Inference network - Infocus - Interactive Dichotomiser 3 - Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP) - Interrupt Storm - Inventory management systems - J: Junction table - L: Lambda lifting - lancast - M: Metric tree - Model based reasoning (and link to Case-based_reasoning) - mspx - N: Nallatech - Native language support - NetDDE - No Valley theorem - P: Parameter theorem - Parameterization theorem - patent troll - Perplex City - Portable object - PowerBrowsing - Project management systems - - Protocol set - R: Range check - RASCI chart - Reply - S: Sample Turing Programs - Self protecting node - Sequence similarity search - SFDX Operating System - socket connectivity - Spam Gang - Stencil array - Strictness Analysis - T: Tableless - Triadic Encoding - U: unweighted check digit - Utopia protocol - V: View Integration - Volume (computing) - Vuescan - X: X/Open Standard - Z: Z-variant (Unicode)

Technology and tools
#: 138,000 volt power line - 345,000 volt power line - 765,000 volt power line - A: AC machines - accelerator mass spectroscopy - Advanced Transfer Cache - ancient technology - B: Backplane system - Brannock device (shoe-size measurement) - buchi automata - C: cache bus - carpenter 20 (alloy) - Caterpillar belt - Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association (CTIA) (ctia.org, an organization for wireless technology standards) - Charles Newbold (18th-19th century inventor) - Clay Shirky - client socket - Cluster Fault Injection Tests - Co-construction (Concept within Science and technology studies) - Community source - Computer fan - Content Addressable Parallel Processor - control bus - Critical point drying - D: Data encryption software - DC machines - Deductive Language related to Declaritive, Imperative (aka Procedural), Object Oriented and Functional programming languages - discrete L2 cache - Dual-voltage CPU - E: electric energy meter - Electronic dissolution - engine crane - execution trace cache - external bus - F: Fire blanket - Flat database - Focometer - fragment processing - G: gimble for laser balancing and aiming (this is misspelled; the relevant article is gimbal) - Glacier glasses - Global Information Systems - Glycerolysis (of Fats and Methyl Esters) - Ground bracelet - Ground mat - Group Blogging - H: Halogen Lights - Handle-o-Meter - hardware verification - heat gradient - High Dynamic Range Lighting - History of digital photography (sub-page of Digital photography - holophonic sound - hyperbrowser searching - Hypergain (WiFi antenna technology) - I: IEC 60297 (Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482.6 mm (19 in) series) - IIDC (Firewire web cam standard) - inductive amplifier - Integrated Fiber In The Loop - J: Japanese clock - L: L1 Cache - LDIF - line conditioner - Linux architecture - Linux kernel architecture - lost technology - lug nut - lug wrench - M: medium access controller (related to Gbit networking?) - memory cache - metallin (apparently some sort of metal plating) - Microwave system - Mind Machine var Light Sound Machine - Mini SD - Multivalent (browser) - N: Nallatech - Neurophone - Nintendo North Bend - O: Oldham coupling - P: PCI64 - Pew Internet & American Life Project - Philco - Phosphoimager - Pierre Le Roy and his rule - pivot table - pneumatic thermostat - polyaxial screw - power conditioner - prybar - publish subscribe - Q: Quantitative phase imaging - R: Radio Hypnotic Intracerebral Control - receptacle tester - remontoire - Remote locking - Riefler escapement - Ring gear (like on flywheel) - Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry - Rubber glove - S: SED TV display - Single-voltage CPU - Slim-line cases - Slow cooker - Source criticism - Spimes - Spinal Fixation Devices - SPRAY - First Underwater Autonomous Vehicle To Cross Gulf Stream - Stream (computing) (generic term in addition to Standard streams) - Suunto - T: tachymeter - Taper Feeler Gauge - TCP Wrappers - TeleSync - Thinsulate - Torchiere - Trangia - U: uDAPL - UNIX architecture - UNIX kernel architecture - V: variable envelope return path - Video jukebox - W: watt meter (aka electrodynamometer) - wearable technology - Wiegand interface - Wikivirus - Wire Feeler Gauge - Wyndham International adoption of technology -

Transport
Barcelona Free Port - Dewar Trophy - Fred Marriott - Freight Rover - Hand luggage - hub-centre steering mechanism - hydromagnetic drive - International Ship and Port Facility Security code (or ISPS, treaty on anti-terror measures) - Port of South Louisiana - Sapona (Liberty ship run aground in the Bermuda Triangle) - transport efficiency - V Line - VALP - William James Roué (1879-1970)

Water Transport
Chicago Regional Port District - Flatboat - Jacob Yoder - Pedalo

Rail Transport

 * See also: WikiProject Trains/Todo

Chicago Trolley Company - Royal Scot (train)

Locomotives
Novelty (locomotive) - Planet (locomotive)

Listed in Template:British Rail Locomotives

Diesel Shunting Locomotives
Pre-TOPS Type: D1/1 - D1/3 - D2/10 - D2/12 - D2/1 - D2/5 - D2/7 - D3/10 - D3/11 - D3/12 - D3/14 - D3/1 - D3/3 - D3/5 - D3/6 - D3/9

Pre-1955 Type: 11001 - 11104 - 15097-15099

Main-Line Diesel Locomotives
Classes: 17 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - 25 - 27 - 29 - 33 - 42 - 46 - 56 - 58 - 59 - 60

Pre-TOPS Type: D10/1 - D10/2 - D10/3 - D11/1 - D11/2 - D11/5 - D12/1 - D12/3 - D15/1 - D15/2 - D16/1 - D16/2 - D22/1 - KA - KB

Pre-1955 Type: 10000-10001 - 10100 - 10201-10203 - 10800

Electric Locomotives
Classes: 70 - 71 - 74 - 76 - 77 - 81 - 82 - 84

Pre-TOPS Type: AL1 - AL2 - AL4 - EB1 - EE1 - EM1 - EM2 - ES1 - HA - HB

Diesel Multiple Units
Listed in: List of British Rail classes

1st Generation DMUs
TOPS Classes: Class 106 (Cravens) - Class 100 (Gloucester) - Class 103 (Park Royal) - Class 105 (Cravens) - Class 107 (Derby Heavyweight) - Class 109 (Wickham) - Class 110 (Calder Valley) - Class 111 (Met-Camm) - Class 112 (Great Northern Suburban) - Class 113 (Great Northern Suburban) - Class 117 (Pressed Steel Suburban) - Class 118 (BRCW Suburban) - Class 119 (Gloucester Cross-Country) - Class 120 (Swindon Cross-Country) - Class 123 (Trans-Pennine) - Class 124 (Trans-Pennine) - Class 125 (Lea Valley) - Class 126 (Swindon InterCity) - Class 128 (Gloucester Parcels) - Class 129 (Cravens Parcels)

2nd Generation DMUs
Pacers: Class 140 - Class 141 - Class 143

Sprinters: Class 151 (Prototype) - Class 152 (Proposed rebuild of Class 151) - Class 155 (Super-Sprinter)

Turbos: Class 168 (Clubman)

Diesel-Electric Multiple Units (DEMUs)
Southern Region DEMUs: Class 201 (6S) - Class 203 (6B) - Class 206 (3R)

Western Region Prototype DEMU: Class 210

AC EMUs and mixed-voltage EMUs
First Generation: Class 302 AM2 (London-Tilbury-Southend) - Class 304 AM4 (Greater Manchester) - Class 305 AM5 (Chingford, Enfield) - Class 306 AM6 (Shenfield inner-surburban) - Class 310 AM10 (Euston outer-suburban)

Second Generation: Class 314 (Strathclyde) - Class 315 (Shenfield inner-suburban) - Class 318 (Strathclyde) - Class 334 (Juniper - Strathclyde)

DC EMUs
Southern Region Units TOPS Classes: Class 414 2Hap - Class 415 4EPB - Class 416 2EPB - Class 418 2Sap - Class 430 4Rep - Class 431 6Rep - Class 432 4Rep - Class 455 - Class 465 (Networker) - Class 466 (Networker)

Other DC Units

TOPS Classes: Class 501 (North London stock) - Class 502 (Liverpool-Southport stock) - Class 503 (Mersey-Wirral stock) - Class 504 (Manchester-Bury stock) - Class 505 (Manchester-Altrincham stock) - Class 506 (Manchester-Hadfield/Glossop stock)

Pre-TOPS Classes: Ex-LNER Units (Tyneside stock)

Coaches
Listed in Template:British Rail Coaches

Mark 1: FO - SO - BSK - BSO - BCK - RB - RBR - RMB - TSO(B)

Mark 2: FO - SO - BSO - BSOT

Mark 3: BFO - FO

Mark 4: FO - TSOE

Non-Passenger Coaches, Mark 1: BG - BPOT - POT - -(name of article should reflect full name not the 3 letters: NAV - NJV - NEX - NSA - NSX)

Railway stations
Coasham railway station - Hilsea railway station - London Road (Guildford) railway station - Portsmouth And Southsea railway station - Portsmouth Harbour railway station

Road Transport
Briscoe - Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle - Horch - New car smell - South African license plates - Trans-Amazonian Highway - Triumph Bonneville - Willes Saint Claire

Air Travel
Beriev A-50 Mainstay - Flight azimuths - John Stringfellow - NAC-2 - NAC-6 - NDN-1 - NDN-1T - NDN-6 - Orensic - Passive radar-detection (VERA,TAMARA devices) - Seabird Aviation Australia Pty Ltd - Vector Highway - Vincent Burnelli

Rockets
A: Aero High - Aerobee 150 - Aerobee 170 - Aerobee 200 - Aerobee 300 - Aerobee 350 - Aerobee 75 - Arcon - Argo - Argus - ARS - ASCAMP - Asp - Asp Apache - Astrobee 1500 - Astrobee 200 - Astrobee 500 - Astrobee D - Astrobee F - Aurore - B: Belenos - Belia - Bullpup Apache - Bullpup Cajun - C: Cajun - Canopus 2 - Castor (A) - Castor 4B - Castor Lance - Castor-Orbus - Castor-Recruit - Corella - D: Dac Roc - Deacon Arrow II - Deacon HVAR - Deacon Judi - Deacon Sidewinder - DOT - Double Cajun T40 - Double Deacon - Double FFAR - Draco - E: Epona - Exos - F: Farside - Forschungsflugkorper - G: GIRD-09 - GIRD-10 - H: HJ Hydac - HJ Javelin - HJ Nike - HJ Nike Gosling - HJ Nike Hydac - HJ Nike Javelin - HJ Nike Nike - HJ Nike Nike 20"SM - HJ Nike Nike Recruit - HJ Nike Nike Recruit T55 - HJ Nike T40 - HJ Nike T40 T55 - HJ Nike Tri-Deacon T40 - HJ Orion - HM-16 - HP2 - HP6 - HPAG - HPAG Deacon - HPB - HVAR FFAR - HW-1 - HW-2 - Hyperion FPDP - I: Iris - J: JCR - Journeyman - K: Kangaroo - Kappa 1 - Kappa 10 - Kappa 2 - Kappa 4 - Kappa 6 - Kappa 7 - Kappa 8 - Kappa 8L - Kappa 9 - Kisha Judi - Kitty - Kiva/Hopi - Kookaburra - KSR-I - KSR-II - KSR-III - L: LCLV Sounding Rocket - Lex - Long Tom (rocket) - M: M55E1 - Martlet 1 - Martlet 2 - Martlet 2G - Martlet 3 - Martlet 3A - Martlet 3B - Martlet 3D - Martlet 3E - Maxus - MERA - Microstar - Monica - MT-135 - N: Nike - Nike Viper I - O: Orion - Orion-1 - P: Paiute Apache - Paiute Tomahawk - Pedro Recruit - Prospector - Q: Quad Deacon - R: Raven - RH-200 - RH-300 - RH-300 Mk II - RH-300/RH-200/RH-200 - RH-560 - RH-560/300 Mk II - RH-75 - Rockaire - Rooster - RX-250-LPN - S: S - S-250 - S-300 ISAS - SA-II - Sandhawk - Sandhawk Tomahawk - Sandia Tomahawk - Scanner - Schmiedl - Seagull - Sergeant 5-stage - Sergeant Hydac - Sidewinder-Arcas - Sidewinder-Raven - Sirocco - Sonda 1 - Sonda 2 - Sonda 3 - Sonda 4 - Sparoair - Sparrow Arcas - Super Chief II - T: T-7A - Talos Castor - Talos Sergeant Hydac - Tandem Double Deacon - Tater - Taurus Nike Tomahawk TNT - Taurus S - Terrapin - Terrier Asp - Terrier ASROC Cajun - Terrier Lynx - Terrier Malemute - Terrier Oriole - Terrier Orion - Terrier Sandhawk - Terrier Tomahawk - Terrier/551 - Triple Deacon - TT-200 - TT-500 - U: Ute Apache - Ute Tomahawk - V: Veronique 61 - Vesta - Viking - Viper-Dart - VS-30 - VS-30/Orion - VS-40 - W: Wac - Wasp - Z: Zhinui

Visualization
Educational Visualization - Interactive Visualization

Unsorted
Civil Flags - conlag - dimity - hazcam - split shift - Timeclock


text:
File:Cromwell Tank.jpg

A Cromwell tank

http://212.84.179.117/i/Cromwell%20Tank.jpg

From the

Probert Encyclopaedia Picture Gallery Free For All Pictures List

http://212.84.179.117/list.htm

title: File:Cromwell Tank.jpg


text:
Schwarz–Christoffel mapping

In complex analysis, a Schwarz–Christoffel mapping is a conformal map of the  upper half-plane or the complex unit disk onto the interior of a simple polygon. Such a map is guaranteed to exist by the Riemann mapping theorem (stated by Bernhard Riemann in 1851); the Schwarz–Christoffel formula provides an explicit construction. They were introduced independently by Elwin Christoffel in 1867 and Hermann Schwarz in 1869.

Schwarz–Christoffel mappings are used in potential theory and some of its applications, including minimal surfaces, hyperbolic art, and fluid dynamics.

Definition
Consider a polygon in the complex plane. The Riemann mapping theorem implies that there is a biholomorphic mapping f from the upper half-plane
 * $$ \{ \zeta \in \mathbb{C}: \operatorname{Im} \zeta > 0 \} $$

to the interior of the polygon. The function f maps the real axis to the edges of the polygon. If the polygon has interior angles $$\alpha,\beta,\gamma, \ldots$$, then this mapping is given by

f(\zeta) = \int^\zeta \frac{K}{(w-a)^{1-(\alpha/\pi)}(w-b)^{1-(\beta/\pi)}(w-c)^{1-(\gamma/\pi)} \cdots} \,\mathrm{d}w $$ where $$K$$ is a constant, and $$a < b < c < \cdots$$ are the values, along the real axis of the $$\zeta$$ plane, of points corresponding to the vertices of the polygon in the $$z$$ plane. A transformation of this form is called a Schwarz–Christoffel mapping.

The integral can be simplified by mapping the point at infinity of the $$\zeta$$ plane to one of the vertices of the $$z$$ plane polygon. By doing this, the first factor in the formula becomes constant and so can be absorbed into the constant $$K$$. Conventionally, the point at infinity would be mapped to the vertex with angle $$\alpha$$.

In practice, to find a mapping to a specific polygon one needs to find the $$a < b < c < \cdots$$ values which generate the correct polygon side lengths. This requires solving a set of nonlinear equations, and in most cases can only be done numerically.

Example
Consider a semi-infinite strip in the $z$ plane. This may be regarded as a limiting form of a triangle with vertices $P = 0$, $Q = π i$, and $R$ (with $R$ real), as $R$ tends to infinity. Now $α = 0$ and $β = γ = π/2$ in the limit. Suppose we are looking for the mapping $f$ with $f(−1) = <VAR >Q</VAR >$, $<VAR >f</VAR >(1) = <VAR >P</VAR >$, and $<VAR >f</VAR >(∞) = <VAR >R</VAR >$. Then $<VAR >f</VAR >$ is given by

 * $$ f(\zeta) = \int^\zeta

\frac{K}{(w-1)^{1/2}(w+1)^{1/2}} \,\mathrm{d}w. \, $$

Evaluation of this integral yields

 * $$ z = f(\zeta) = C + K \operatorname{arcosh} \zeta, $$

where $z = f(ζ) = C + K arccosh ζ$ is a (complex) constant of integration. Requiring that $<VAR >C</VAR >$ and $<VAR >f</VAR >(−1) = <VAR >Q</VAR >$ gives $<VAR >f</VAR >(1) = <VAR >P</VAR >$ and $<VAR >C</VAR > = 0$. Hence the Schwarz–Christoffel mapping is given by

 * $$ z = \operatorname{arcosh} \zeta. $$

This transformation is sketched below.

Triangle
A mapping to a plane triangle with interior angles $$\pi a,\, \pi b$$ and $$\pi(1-a-b)$$ is given by

 * $$z=f(\zeta)=\int^\zeta \frac{dw}{(w-1)^{1-a} (w+1)^{1-b}},$$

which can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions, more precisely incomplete beta functions.

Square
The upper half-plane is mapped to the square by

 * $$z=f(\zeta) = \int^\zeta \frac {\mathrm{d}w}{\sqrt{w(1-w^2)}}

=\sqrt{2} \, F\left(\sqrt{\zeta+1};\sqrt{2}/2\right), $$

where F is the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind.

General triangle
The upper half-plane is mapped to a triangle with circular arcs for edges by the Schwarz triangle map.

title: Schwarz–Christoffel mapping


text:
This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)

"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" is a Holland–Dozier–Holland song that was a hit for American musical group the Isley Brothers in January 1966 during their brief tenure on Motown's Tamla label. Featuring Ronald Isley on lead vocal, "This Old Heart of Mine" peaked at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100, and at number six on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.

In the UK, the song originally reached number 47 in April 1966, but it re-charted in late 1968 and reached number three for two weeks in November, making it the group's highest charting UK single.

Written by Motown's main songwriting team Holland–Dozier–Holland alongside Sylvia Moy, "This Old Heart of Mine", produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, was originally intended for The Supremes (who later recorded their own version for their 1966 album The Supremes A' Go-Go). The single was the group's only major hit while on Motown, whom they left in 1969 to restart their own T-Neck label.

Tammi Terrell originally recorded the song in a different arrangement, but it was not released until her Irresistible album released in January 1969.

The song was prominently featured in an episode of the hit 1980s show Moonlighting and was one of the tunes included on the show's hit soundtrack.

Personnel

 * Lead vocals by Ronald Isley
 * Background vocals by O'Kelly Isley Jr. and Rudolph Isley
 * Additional background vocals by The Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps
 * Written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and Sylvia Moy
 * Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier
 * Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers
 * Baritone saxophone by Mike Terry

Rod Stewart versions
In 1975, English singer Rod Stewart released a remake of this song that charted in several markets. In 1989, he released another version—this time a duet of the song with Ronald Isley that reached number two on Canada's RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart, number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Adult Contemporary charts of both Billboard and RPM. The later version was produced by Bernard Edwards and Trevor Horn and was released on Warner Records. Record World said that Stewart's version "[remains] faithful to the original, yet [adds] enough rasp and thrust to call it all his own."

1989 version with Ronald Isley
Weekly charts

Year-end charts


text:
User:Longbow4u

Welcome to my user page ! I am a Wikipedian from Germany. Today, there are  articles on English Wikipedia. Technology columnist Nicholas Petreley once wrote:
 * Those who want information to be free as a matter of principle should create some information and make it free.

title: User:Longbow4u


text:
Arthur Farrell

Arthur "Art" Farrell (February 8, 1877 – February 7, 1909) was a Canadian ice hockey player, author and businessman. Farrell played for St. Mary's College in the 1890s and later the Montreal Shamrocks in the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) and Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL). Born in Montreal, Quebec, Farrell helped lead the Shamrocks to Stanley Cup victories in 1899 and 1900.

He wrote the first ever book on ice hockey, Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game, published in 1899 and of which only four remaining copies are known to exist in the world. He went on to write two "how-to" books on hockey: Ice hockey and ice polo guide of 1901-1904 and How to play Ice Hockey, published in 1907.

Personal life
Farrell was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of William Farrell and Mary Meagher. He was the fourth child of eight. His father was a successful businessman and Montreal alderman.

After leaving hockey in 1901, Farrell went into his father's business firm and wrote books on ice hockey, revising his 1899 book for the American market. Farrell fell ill with tuberculosis in 1906, and entered the sanatorium in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, where he died in 1909. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965, along with his teammate Fred Scanlan, as a player.

Farrell was one of the editors for the Spalding Athletic Library collection which was published by American Sports Publishing Co.

Playing career
Farrell studied and played ice hockey at St. Mary's College from 1895 until 1896. While there, he met future Shamrocks' players Harry Trihey, Fred Scanlan and Jack Brannen. In 1897, the four joined the Montreal Shamrocks. Farrell, along with Trihey, Scanlan and Brannen would form an impressive offensive line for the Shamrocks. (In those days, four forwards played as a line, including a rover.) The Shamrocks would win their league championship and the Stanley Cup in 1899 and 1900. The group played one more season together with the Shamrocks, then all four (and in fact the entire team) left the Shamrocks and Farrell and Trihey left competitive play entirely. While still playing, Farrell served as referee in CAHL games, and he continued as a referee after he retired as a player.

title: Arthur Farrell


text: User talk:69.202.138.18

title: User talk:69.202.138.18


text:
Rufus A. Doughton

Rufus A. Doughton (January 10, 1857 – August 17, 1946) was an American politician who served as a member of the North Carolina General Assembly from Alleghany County, North Carolina, and as speaker of the state House of Representatives for one term (1891).

Early life and education
Doughton was one of twelve children of J.H. and Rebecca Doughton of Laurel Springs, North Carolina. All twelve went to college. Rufus attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Career
A Democrat, he was elected and served as the seventh lieutenant governor of North Carolina from 1893 to 1897 under Governor Elias Carr. He played an important role in establishing the road system in North Carolina. In 1896, Doughton ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House of Representatives, losing to Romulus Z. Linney.

Doughton was later elected to the state House again, serving in the 1909, 1911, and 1913 sessions. He also served as secretary of the North Carolina Department of Revenue for several periods.

Personal life
Doughton's family home is now a bed and breakfast called Doughton Hall. His brother, Robert L. Doughton, served in the U.S. House of Representatives for many years (1911–1953) and helped write the Social Security Act. Robert chaired the House Ways and Means Committee for many years, longer than any other congressman. A book called Hillbilly Women includes a story of a poor woman whose family needed money to bury a relative and walked over the ridge to ask "Rufe Doughton" for help.

Doughton and his wife, Sue Parks, had two children. His son, James Kemp Doughton, also served in the state legislature and as speaker of the House.

title: Rufus A. Doughton


text:
Talk:Tab (drink)

Inconsistent: Tab vs. TaB
The article spells the name both "Tab" and "TaB." All of these should be changed to one or the other (including the title). So which is it officially? --Fez2005 23:09, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Officially I think its TaB. If you go to any grocery store and look at the price thingy, you'll notice it says TaB.

Bing-A-Bong 03:44, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's irrelevant how a logo is styled, otherwise we'd have SONY, vodafone, ebaY, etc. Even if Coca-Cola insisted on this spelling in normal text, which they don't, WP:CAPS is pretty clear about this -- it would be "Tab". Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 07:00, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Newspaper source on saccharin, 1980

This was previously cited in the article, but I replaced it with more detailed material from the United States National Cancer institute's website. —Coconutporkpie (talk) 06:22, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:37, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * TAB X-Tra.jpg (discussion)
 * TaB Clear can.jpg (discussion)

TAB
I was told a different story. The naming project was given to one of the Coca Cola regional MD's (Thomas Antony Boorman) to run. When the project was ready for presenting to the board. The file (like all at CC) it had his initials in the top right hand corner. The CEO hated all the computer generated names, slammed the file shut, saw Tom's initials and said "TAB it is" O'Carroll Woo (talk) 15:01, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Got a source for that? Because it sounds implausible. oknazevad (talk) 17:13, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The very man himself...35yrs ago. 100% true 2A00:23C6:1680:C101:184E:FEDE:B53F:EBC1 (talk) 17:44, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tab (drink)


text:
Talk:Albert Schatz (scientist)

Comment
Page gives date of death for Schatz at top, then says at bottom that he "now sharpens knives." Am assuming this needs update.--dph

Has been updated with both sources and general information. Kel-nage 21:08, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Details with regards to discovery of streptomycin are questionable and phrased as slander. The official standpoint, as determined through litigation was that the two men were co-discoverers. Gwax 19:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Statement, "Dr Waksman was at the last stages of purifying streptomycin," is incorrect. That would mean that before Schatz returned from Miami that Waksman had discovered streptomycin which is known to be untrue. 20.137.30.50 (talk) 13:18, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.weaversway.coop/shuttle%202005-03.html#Albert%20Schatz,%20Discoverer%20of%20Streptomycin (archive)
 * In Albert Schatz (scientist) on 2007-08-21 12:15:24, 404 Not Found
 * In Albert Schatz (scientist) on 2007-08-29 21:37:56, 404 Not Found

The web page has been saved by the Internet Archive. Please consider linking to an appropriate archived version:. -- Stwalkerbot 21:38, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Dr. Schatz' involvement with the Penn. Massage state Law and his practice of massage
Could someone look at the massive amount of writing done by D. Schatz and his team, many of them lawyers opposing massage laws. Also the history of his interest in massage. He also practiced Yoga, beginning early in life. I have two photographs of him practicing yoga on a beach in (I believe)the Philippines around 1950. 68.12.131.166 (talk) 23:52, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

pertinent new book
Heard an interesting interview today with Peter Pringle, author of the recently published "Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets Behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug". I won't buy it and it's not in my local library yet: someone with ready access to it can probably improve on the current state of this article. Publius3 (talk) 05:49, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

adherent of Jewish religion, versus, atheist
The current article (box) says Schatz adhered to the Jewish religion; it also says that he was an atheist. Of the two claims, I don't know which if either is true, but the two claims contradict one another. Jewish ancestry/ethnicity is not proof of adherence to Jewish religion, -- as seems to have been presumed by the editor who wrote these two contradictory claims. Surely (I hope!) there is nothing about Wikipedia that requires, or even permits, the kind of contradiction displayed in the box. Of course if he switched allegiance from one to the other, that would muddy things! Publius3 (talk) 06:18, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Albert Schatz, Streptomycin, Selman Waksman
Shatz's discovery of Streptomycin and Waksman's Treachery. Today a new report sheds light on the contested discovery of Streptomycin. New York Times report of June 12,2012 titled "Notebooks Shed Light on an Antibiotic's Contested Discovery" by PETER PRINGLE tells of newly discovered original worksheets of Albert Schatz, clearly supporting him as the discoverer of Streptomycin, with Waksman, his professor at Rutgers U.,participating only after the initial discovery. Further, they are reported to reveal that Waksman, who got the Nobel Prize for this discovery, purposely deceived and lied, cheating his Graduate student Schatz out of the Nobel monies or timely credit. Only after Schatz brought suit, did Schatz get “Co-discoverer" credit, though without the royalties. These experimental records and notes were discovered in a cardboard box with Waksman's papers in Rutgers’Alexander Library . photo of Shatz as young graduate student found in named article   http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/science/notebooks-shed-light-on-an-antibiotic-discovery-and-a-mentors-betrayal.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120612 Peter Pringle will be authoring a book on this intrigue, Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets Behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug,”to be published by Walker & Company. - - - - Nancy A. Gilbert, M.D.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Treeluvr (talk • contribs) 00:55, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albert Schatz (scientist)


text:
It's Your Thing

"It's Your Thing" is a funk single by The Isley Brothers. Released in 1969, the anthem was an artistic response to Motown chief Berry Gordy's demanding hold on his artists after the Isleys left the label in late 1968.

The lyrics of the chorus, which also serve as first verse, run: "It's your thing/ Do what you wanna do/ I can't tell you/ Who to sock it to". The song is ranked No. 420 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Overview
After scoring one popular hit with the label, with the song "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)", the Isleys felt typecast in the role as a second-tier act while well-established Detroit acts like The Temptations, The Miracles, and the Four Tops got more promotion from the label Motown.

The brothers' decision to leave Motown came after a successful British tour, where they had a bigger fan base than in the United States. A re-release of "This Old Heart" had reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. Similar success came with two more singles from their Motown catalog that were hits well after their Motown departure.

Berry Gordy allowed the brothers to leave the label, and the Isleys reactivated their own label, T-Neck Records, which they had originally started a few years prior to their Motown signing. For Buddah Records, the Isleys recorded "It's Your Thing" which Ronald wrote upon arriving home after taking his daughter Tawana to school. The lead singer said that he thought of the melody and some of the lyrics in his head. His older brothers O'Kelly and Rudolph helped compose more lyrics.

Release and reaction
Recorded in two takes and featuring the first appearance of 16-year-old Ernie on bass and Skip Pitts on guitar. The song was released as a single on February 16, 1969, and quickly rose to the top of both the Billboard pop and R&B singles charts, peaking at No. 2 on the former, (behind Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In by The 5th Dimension), and marking their first No. 1 hit in the latter. Upon the song's release and ascent to success, Gordy threatened to sue the group for releasing it in an attempt to bring them back to Motown, but he eventually cancelled his threat, and in February 1970 the brothers became the first former Motown act to win a Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.

Cover versions and legacy
Over 60 artists have recorded their own version of the song.

 * A version was recorded by Memphis soul singer Ann Peebles for her 1969 debut album This Is Ann Peebles.
 * Saxophonist Lou Donaldson recorded an instrumental version on his 1969 album Hot Dog.
 * In 1969 Atlantic recording artist Lotti Golden also recorded the song in a mash-up medley with "Sock It to Me Baby", to promote her Atlantic Records debut LP The medley included the only two covers that Golden recorded as an artist. In 2000, the medley featuring "It's Your Thing", was reissued in an Atlantic compilation, with Golden as the sole female artist in the line up.
 * The song has been credited for being one of the first fully-fledged funk songs at the time that such artists as James Brown and Sly and the Family Stone brought their own funk anthems to the scene. Brown used the musical background from the song for the songs "It's My Thing (You Can't Tell Me Who to Sock It to)", an answer song by Marva Whitney, and Brown's own 1974 single, "My Thang".
 * Led Zeppelin would often perform an instrumental of the song in a medley format with "Communication Breakdown". Led Zeppelin included a four-bar snippet during the opening song sequence of their Playhouse Theater performance on June 27, 1969.
 * In 1969 The Temptations recorded the song for on their Puzzle People album.
 * In 1970, jazz guitar player Grant Green included the song in his album Alive!
 * The Jackson 5, who were not yet established artists, first performed the song at their television debut on the Miss Black America Pageant, later recording it during sessions for their 1970 album ABC. However, this recording remained unreleased until 1995's Soulsation! box set.
 * Former Motown label-mates The Supremes and the Four Tops recorded a duet version in 1971 that remained unreleased until 2009.
 * Adriano Celentano's "Prisencolinensinainciusol", which was released three years later in 1972, has a very similar feel and chord structure.
 * Aretha Franklin recorded the song for her 1982 album Jump to It.
 * The song also has been heavily sampled by hip hop acts, most famously by rap group Salt-N-Pepa and DC go-go band E.U., who sampled it for "Shake Your Thang" (1988).
 * The 1989 album Girl You Know It's True by Milli Vanilli contains a cover of this song.
 * Like many of their earlier singles, the song has been featured in commercials. Some Canadian commercials for the Ramada hotel chain have featured a cover version of "It's Your Thing", modified so the lyrics say "Do Your Thing" instead.
 * Lou Donaldson's 1969 cover has also been sampled for multiple tracks, mostly hip-hop, including Ghetto Red Hot by Super Cat, Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down by Brand Nubian, Bitties in the BK Lounge by De La Soul and Six Million Ways to Die by Funkmaster Flex.
 * The song was covered by H-Town on the 1993 soundtrack album Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture.
 * It appears in the 1999 movie Muppets from Space, the 2007 film Superbad, the ending of the 2016 movie Sausage Party and the beginning of the 2017 movie Smurfs: The Lost Village, as well as in the teaser trailer for DreamWorks Animation's 2017 movie The Boss Baby.
 * The song "Power" by Kanye West uses a sample from Cold Grits' instrumental cover of "It's Your Thing" in his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.
 * in 2014, The Berman Brothers along with Studio Rio did a Bossa Nova of the song, in collaboration will The Isley Brothers as part of the soundtrack for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil titled: One Love, One Rhythm and part of their album Studio Rio present: The Brazil Connection.
 * Walk the Moon covered the song on their 2015 Different Colors EP.
 * It also appears in the English version of the adult animated film Bad Cat (2016).
 * The song is covered by Peter Gallagher in Season 1 Episode 5 of Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist.
 * It was the last song to be played by English DJ Janice Long on what would be her final radio show in her lifetime, for BBC Radio Wales on 9 December 2021. Long died 2 weeks later.

Personnel

 * Lead vocals by Ronald Isley
 * Background vocals by O'Kelly Isley, Jr. and Rudolph Isley
 * Written, arranged and composed by Ronald Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr. and Rudolph Isley
 * Produced by The Isley Brothers
 * Drums by Woody Woodson
 * Bass by Ernie Isley
 * Guitar by Charles "Skip" Pitts
 * Piano by Herb Rooney
 * Saxophone and arrangement by George Patterson
 * Horns arranged by The Isley Brothers

title: It's Your Thing


text:
Wesley C. Salmon

Wesley Charles Salmon (August 9, 1925 – April 22, 2001) was an American philosopher of science renowned for his work on the nature of scientific explanation. He also worked on confirmation theory, trying to explicate how probability theory via inductive logic might help confirm and choose hypotheses. Yet most prominently, Salmon was a realist about causality in scientific explanation, although his realist explanation of causality drew ample criticism. Still, his books on scientific explanation itself were landmarks of the 20th century's philosophy of science, and solidified recognition of causality's important roles in scientific explanation, whereas causality itself has evaded satisfactory elucidation by anyone.

Under logical empiricism's influence, especially Carl Hempel's work on the "covering law" model of scientific explanation, most philosophers had viewed scientific explanation as stating regularities, but not identifying causes. To replace the covering law model's inductive-statistical model (IS model), Salmon introduced the statistical-relevance model (SR model), and proposed the requirement of strict maximal specificity to supplement the covering law model's other component, the deductive-nomological model (DN model). Yet ultimately, Salmon held statistical models to be but early stages, and lawlike regularities to be insufficient, in scientific explanation. Salmon proposed that scientific explanation's manner is actually causal/mechanical explanation.

Education and career
Salmon attended Wayne State University, then received a master's degree in 1947 from the University of Chicago. At UCLA, under Hans Reichenbach, Salmon earned a PhD in philosophy in 1950. He was on Brown University's faculty from 1955 until 1963, when he joined the History and Philosophy of Science Department of Indiana University Bloomington where Norwood Russell Hanson was Professor until he and his wife Merrilee moved to Arizona in 1973. Salmon left the University of Arizona to join the University of Pittsburgh's Department of Philosophy, among the most prestigious, in 1981, where he was professor and chairperson until 1983 upon succeeding Carl Hempel as University Professor. Salmon retired in 1999.

Salmon authored over 100 papers. For decades, his introductory textbook Logic was a standard, widely used, that went through multiple editions and was translated into several languages, including Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. Salmon was president of the Philosophy of Science Association from 1971 to 1972, and president of the American Philosophical Association's Pacific Division from 1977 to 1978. In 1988, at the University of Bologna, for its 900th anniversary, he gave a four-lecture series, "Four decades of scientific explanation", whereupon, taking Italian courses at University of Pittsburgh, Salmon mastered Italian and gave lectures at several other universities in Italy. From 1998 to 1999, he was president of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, sponsored by UNESCO. Salmon was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2001, traveling with his wife Merilee, also a philosopher of science, Wesley Salmon died suddenly in a car crash, though she was uninjured.

Confirmation theory
Starting in 1983, Salmon became interested in theory choice in science, and sought to resolve the enduring conflict between the logical empiricist view, whereby theories undergo a logical process of confirmation and comparison, as against the Kuhnian historical perspective, whereby theory choice and comparison are troubled by incommensurability, the inability of scientists to even effectively communicate and compare theories across differing paradigms. Recognizing that Kuhn's 1962 thesis in Structure of Scientific Revolutions was largely misunderstood—that Kuhn had not meant that scientific theory change is irrational but merely relative to the scientific community where the change occurs—Salmon believed that Bayesianism, which quantifies decisionmaking via subjective probability or "degree of belief", could help close the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the logical empiricist view versus the Kuhnian historical view of theory choice and change.

Humean empiricism
According to the empiricist view associated with the 18th-century Scottish philosopher David Hume, we do not actually observe causes and effects, but merely experience constant conjunction of sensory events, and impute causality between the observations. More precisely, one finds merely counterfactual causality—that altering condition A prevents or produces state B—but finds no further causal relation between A and B, since one has witnessed no either logical or natural necessity connecting A and B.

In the 20th century, as a formula to scientifically answer Why? questions, logical empiricist Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim explicated the deductive-nomological model (DN model). Concerning deterministic laws, the DN model characterizes scientific explanation as a logical form, whereby initial conditions plus universal laws entail an outcome via deductive inference, but no reference to causal relations. Concerning ceteris paribus, which are probabilistic, not deterministic, Hempel introduced the inductive-statistical model (IS model). The IS model, too, indicates correlations, not causation.

Relevance/specificity
By 1970, Salmon had found that when seeking to explain probabilistic phenomena, we seek not merely high probability, but screen for causal influence by removing components of a system to find ones that alter the probability. Salmon sought to replace Hempel's IS model with Salmon's statistical-relevance model (SR model).

In 1948 when explicating DN model, Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim had stated scientific explanation's semiformal conditions of adequacy (CA), but acknowledged redundancy of the third, empirical content (CA3), implied by the other three: derivability (CA1), lawlikeness (CA2), and truth (CA4). In the early 1980s, Salmon called for returning cause to because, and helped replace CA3 empirical content with CA3' strict maximal specificity. Yet ultimately, Salmon found mere modifications to the covering law model to be unsatisfactory.

Causal mechanism
As conventionally conceived by philosophers of science, scientific explanation of a phenomenon was simply epistemic (concerning knowledge), and centered on the phenomenon's counterfactual derivability from initial conditions plus natural laws (Hempel's covering law model). Yet Salmon found causality ubiquitous in scientific explanation, which identifies not only natural laws (empirical regularities), but accounts for them via nature's structure and thereby involves the ontic (concerning reality), how the phenomenon "fits into the causal nexus" of the world (Salmon's causal/mechanical explanation). For instance, Boyle's law relates temperature, pressure, and volume of an ideal gas (epistemic), but this was later reduced to laws of statistical mechanics via average kinetic energy of colliding molecules composing the gas (ontic). Thus, Salmon finds scientific explanation to be not merely nomological—that is, lawlike—but rather ontological, or causal/mechanical. Though asserting the primacy of causal/mechanical explanation, Salmon was vague as to how scientists can attain it. Still, consensus among philosophers of science is that causation is central in scientific explanation.

Mark transmission
In metaphysics, Salmon sought a "process theory" of causality to model "causality without counterfactuals", yet meet the "Humean empirical strictures". Salmon criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of causal lines—forerunner of today's theories of causal processes—for involving the epistemic but neglecting the ontic, which causation is. Further, Hans Reichenbach had noted that Russell's causal lines must be distinguished from "unreal sequences": continuous phenomena that actually are not causal processes. Salmon's explanation of causal processes drew a number of criticisms, whereupon Salmon explained that causal processes and causal interactions are "the basic causal mechanisms", while causal interactions are more fundamental than causal processes, but causal processes were discussed first for practical reasons.

Salmon explained causal processes as "the means by which causal influence is transmitted", and thus what "constitute precisely the objective physical causal connections which Hume sought in vain". Salmon explained that causal processes can transmit a mark or can transmit structure in a way continuous spatiotemporally. Thereby, the marking principle sorts causal processes from pseudo processes (Reichenbach's "unreal sequences"). Marking a causal process modifies it, a mark not transmitted by a pseudo process. Meanwhile, causal forks are "the means by which causal structure is generated and modified". Others have found Salmon's theory of mark transmission to have shortcomings, however, whereby it can fail to discern causal processes from pseudo processes.

===Bibliography ===
 * Logic (1963)
 * The Foundations of Scientific Inference (1967)
 * Statistical Evidence and Statistical Relevance (1971)
 * Space, Time, and Motion: A Philosophical Introduction (1975)
 * Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (1984)
 * Four Decades of Scientific Explanation (1990)
 * Causality and Explanation (1998)

title: Wesley C. Salmon


text: User talk:70.181.15.160

title: User talk:70.181.15.160


text: User talk:70.113.43.197

title: User talk:70.113.43.197


text:
Fernie Flaman

Ferdinand Charles Carl "Fernie" Flaman (January 25, 1927 – June 22, 2012) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League. He was known as a physical defensive defenceman and a consummate bodychecker. As a coach, Flaman was successful at the collegiate ranks as the head coach of Northeastern University.

Career
After being signed by the Bruins in 1943 and playing three seasons for the minor-league Boston Olympics (during which time he was named to the Eastern Hockey League's First All-Star Team in 1945 and 1946), Flaman made the big club for good in the 1947 season. He played five seasons for Boston before being traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs, with whom he won a Stanley Cup the year he was dealt in 1951.

He played three more seasons for Toronto before being dealt back to the Bruins in 1954 (in which he led the league in penalty minutes with 150), for whom he played seven more seasons. Those were his peak years, as he was named Bruins' captain in 1955 (and served as such for the rest of his NHL career), was named to three NHL Second All-Star Teams (1955, 1957 and 1958), and played in five All-Star Games.

In 1961, Flaman was named the player-coach-general manager of the AHL Providence Reds, retiring as an active player after the 1963–1964 season. He coached Providence for one more year after that, coaching teams in the Western Hockey League and the Central Hockey League thereafter. In 1970, Flaman was named the head coach of the Northeastern University Huskies men's college team, and coached for nineteen seasons (the longest tenure in school history), amassing a 256–301–24 record. He was named United States college coach of the year in 1982, and led the Huskies to four Beanpot Tournament championships and a Hockey East championship in 1988. He retired from Northeastern the next year. He carried out the remainder of his career serving as a scout for the Devils.

Flaman finished his NHL career with 34 goals and 174 assists for 208 points in 910 games, and added 1370 penalty minutes. At the time of his retirement, he was third in NHL history in career penalty minutes.

Flaman was inducted into the Rhode Island Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965, the Northeastern Hall of Fame in 1989, the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990, the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Ted Knight Saskatchewan Hockey Hall of Fame in 2019. He died in 2012.

Head coaching record
Source:

title: Fernie Flaman