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New Washington, Aklan

New Washington, officially the Municipality of New Washington (Aklanon: Banwa it New Washington; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang New Washington; Bayan ng Bagong Washington), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 47,955 people.

New Washington is particularly known for being the home town of Cardinal Jaime Sin, former Archbishop of Manila.

Etymology
Established on January 15, 1904, the municipality was named after the first president of the United States, George Washington, as a tribute to the Thomasites, a group of American teachers who in the early 1900s established a new public education system in the Philippines, taught basic education, and trained Filipino teachers with English as medium of instruction. The municipality was formerly called Fonda Lagatic, which was derived from Lagatik River that stretches along some of the municipality's barangays at a length of 9.6 km.

Geography
New Washington is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 66.69 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

New Washington is bounded by Batan in the east, Kalibo in the west and the Sibuyan Sea on the north. It is 7 km from Kalibo International Airport, 9 km from the province's capital town of Kalibo, and one and a half (1$1⁄2$) hours away from Boracay Island.

Climate
The third type of climate predominates in the locality, season not pronounced. It is relatively dry from February to July and wet the rest of the year.

Of note, to deal with water supply along the long peninsula affected by salt water intrusion and related endemic amoebiasis, New Washington was the site of a unique U.S. Peace Corps-sponsored program to build over 200 low-cost circular water wells using locally produced "curved hollow blocks" made locally using custom wooden forms inspired by a local medical doctor and charismatic social activist Andronico "Andrew" Mendoza. Dr. Mendoza organized families to transport individual pre-cast custom hollow blocks to remote areas; the unique design of the locally designed wells obviated the need for expensive and unwieldy steel bar reinforcement. During the early 1980s, each of the 212 water well was dug and constructed throughout this municipality with voluntary community effort ("bayanihan") and are still in use today and exemplifies the spirit of New Washington.

Barangays
New Washington is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

To some locals, the barangays are grouped into two, namely "Eanas" and "Baybay". The barangays that belong to Eanas are those involved in rice farming such as Mabilo, Puis, Jalas, Guinbaliwan, Mataphao, Candelaria, Lawa-an and Jugas. Baybay, on the other hand, covers barangays along or near the coastline, consisting of Tambac, Poblacion, Pinamuk-an, Polo, Cawayan, Ochando, Fatima and Dumaguit.

Common among municipalities in the Philippines, the seat of local government and the center of business are situated in Poblacion. It is also home to the Municipal Auditorium and Sports Complex, where major events of the town are held.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, New Washington had a population of 47,955. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

In the 2007 census, there were 39,656 residents, an increase by 16.7% since the year 2000 when the official count was 33,981. In the 2010 census, the population had increased to 42,112 persons.

Majority of the New Washingtonians, as the municipality's residents are sometimes called, are of Aklanon origin. Immigration, generally, is due to marriage and employment.

New Washingtonians speak in Aklanon, Hiligaynon, Filipino and English, the former being their primary medium. Aklanon, as a language, is often described as a cross between Bisaya, Hiligaynon and Karay-a making it quite complicated for local and foreign tourists to speak and comprehend. This is not seen as a problem, considering that residents can speak fluent Hiligaynon, Tagalog, and English.

The people of New Washington are predominantly Christians. Religious denominations in the municipality include Roman Catholic Church, Philippine Independent Church, Baptist churches, Iglesia ni Cristo, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, among others.

Economy
As New Washington is surrounded by bodies of water such as Sibuyan Sea and Lagatik River. Fishing has been the leading livelihood among the people, alongside rice farming. The town has the largest area of ricefields among the municipalities in Aklan.

The municipality operates two ports: one in Dumaguit and the other in Poblacion. The port in Dumaguit caters to passenger and commercial boats, while the port in Poblacion is only for the latter. Both ports serve as major trade routes between the province of Aklan and Manila.

The town has several edifices that have historical or spiritual significance and locations for leisure and relaxation. These include the NHI-recognized commemorative monument of its native son His Eminence Jaime Cardinal Lachica Sin and the Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary in Poblacion, the Pink Sisters' Immaculata Adoration Convent in Polo, the Sunrise/Sunset Viewing at Tambak Seawall and the Sampaguita Gardens Resort in Poblacion.

Oil spill
On May 30, 2024, an oil spill from Metallica Shipyard's power barge in Barangay Polo, New Washington, Aklan town, with the oil thin-film interference sheen, affected nearby Barangay Poblacion, according to the Philippine Coast Guard. It suspended fishing in affected river districts. Typhoon Aghon's repeated blows caused damage upon the barge's oil container. “Yet, xxx oil disasters like this threaten coastal communities’ livelihood and health, marine life," Greenpeace Philippines' Khevin Yu reacted.

Education
All the barangays have either an elementary or primary school. There are four secondary schools: New Washington National Comprehensive High School and Montfort Technical Institute (MTI) in Poblacion, Candelaria National High School in Candelaria and Ochando National High School in Ochando. Montessori de Aklan (MDA),a primary school,is a branch of Montessori de Zamboanga Schools which is an affiliate of AMS or American Montessori Society in Polo, Tertiary education is centered at Aklan State University - College of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, which is located in Poblacion. Vocational courses are also offered at MTI. Some families send their children to schools in Kalibo, Capiz, Iloilo and Manila, among others.

Cultural and historical significance

New Washington observes two annual fiestas as a town. One is a patronal fiesta in honor of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary, which is held on the second Saturday of October and the other is a civic fiesta commemorating the heroes of Pacto de Sangre, which is held from March 1 to 3. The Pacto de Sangre, or blood compact, took place in the then Sitio Kuntang (now Barangay Ochando) on March 3, 1897. It was participated in by New Washingtonians of the past as a show of support to the Filipinos' revolution against the Spaniards. A commemorative marker was put up in the area where the event took place in Barangay Ochando. While the patronal fiesta is characterized by pious reflection, the civic fiesta involves three days of merry-making.

Tourism
The municipality has numerous beach resorts located near the shores from Mabilo to Dumaguit. The past decade saw an influx of inland resorts. The inland resorts in the town are mostly in Poblacion, some of which include Sampaguita Gardens Resort, Maria Mercedes Resort and Frogs Hollow Resort. For free means of leisure and entertainment, residents go to the town plaza, which houses the Jaime Cardinal L. Sin Park, the Rizal Park, the Municipal Children's Park and the Municipal Auditorium and Sports Complex.

Well-known restaurants in the town include Oriental Flavors (fine-dining) and Poolside Restaurant at Sampaguita Gardens, and the Residence River Restaurant (Seafoods) in Tambak.

title: New Washington, Aklan


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Numancia, Aklan

Numancia, officially the Municipality of Numancia (Aklanon: Banwa it Numancia; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Numancia; Bayan ng Numancia), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. Because of its proximity to the Capital Town of Kalibo, majority of its baranggays are classified as urbanized making the municipality the second most densely populated municipality in the province with 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometres. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 35,693 people.

Numancia is bounded on the east by Kalibo, the north by the Sibuyan Sea, the west by Makato, and the south by Lezo.

History
The original name of Numancia is Majanos. The name Majanos, of Malayan in origin, could mean "lowland" for this is the only town in the Province of Aklan that has no highland or even a small hill. From Numancia one can view the mountain of Majaas with its peak shaped like a sarok or sadok. The name Madyaas could have been a derivative of the word mataas meaning "high".

When the ten Malay Datus arrived from Borneo, they bought the island of Panay, formerly called the Aninipay from the Aeta Chief Marikudo. The transaction was known as the barter of Panay, Datu Puti gave a sarok to Marikudo and the gold necklace of Kapinagan, and wife of Datu Puti was given to Maniwangtiwan, the wife of Marikudo. There were other goods involved in the transaction and Marikudo gave the lowland area to Datu Puti and members of his party while Marikudo and his tribe occupied the high lands or the hills and the mountains.

In about the year 1213 A.D. after having explored the whole island, the Malay leaders met and organized the Madjaas Confederacy or the Katilingban it Madjaas. They divided the islands in three sakops or provinces and naming them Akean, Hantik and Irong-Irong. Sumakwel was assigned as head of Hantik, Bangkaya was assigned as head of Akean, and Paiburong was assigned as head of Irong-Irong. Sumakwel who was the senior among the three heads was chosen by popular votes to head the confederation.

The capitals of each sakop or province are the following: Bugasong in Hantik, Ogtom in Irong-Irong and Madjanos in Akean. Since Sumakwel was the first punu-an of the Madjaas Confederacy, Bugasong was the first capital of Panay.

Many historical accounts have different versions about the exact locations of the first settlement established by Bangkaya in Aklan. In Numancia there is still the small river called Madjanos that serves the boundary between Marianos and Languinbanwa. This river used to be wide and navigable. According to the old folks, sailboats used to sail up to this river but because of floods, mudflows and silting, it became narrow and shallow.

Barangay Marianos could be the very place where Datu bangkaya and his family lived together with the other Malay families who arrived with him. The present name of this barangay was corrupted to Marianos. It is not difficult to guess with less margin of error that the original name of this barangay is Madjanos considering that the Madjanos River is still there retaining its old name. The “d” in Madjanos in the course of time was eroded and replaced by letter “r” due to the dominance of the letter “r” in the Spanish language. Add the fact that the former priest by the name of Padre Mariano formerly lived in this barangay must have gradually influenced the corruption of the name Madjanos to Marianos.

In the course of time, Madjanos like the other settlements in the island of Panay became a thriving community. The population increased and more settlers came. Many other settlements were established and were scattered throughout the whole province up to what is now the province of Capiz, Capiz was formerly a part of Aklan but later the whole province was named Capiz during the arrival of Legaspi in Panay.

The eighteenth century records in the national archive and historical sketches by some local chroniclers show that there were two names mentioned pertaining to the town of Numancia. They were Madjanos and Lawan. Lawan consists of what is now Albasan is located along seashores while Madjanos located inland. Madjanos is grown into a township, when reached up to the west bank of Aklan River. It has its own church and trading post.

Since the confederation has expanded to include Lusong, Buglas, Rorom, Sugbo and Mait, volumes of trades increased. Chinese, Indonesians and Malayan traders came to trade. When Balinganga, the son of Datu Bangkaya, was the Punuan of the Minuro it Aklan and at the same time the head of Madjaas Confederacy and shortly after the death of Datu Paiburong, Madjanos was again the seat of the whole government of Panay and consequently became the national capital of Pre-Hispanic Philippines.

The Minuro it Aklan became the clearing port of immigrants coming from other places. For more than fifty years Balinganga ruled the confederacy reminding his subject about the Code of Sumakwel. In the meanwhile, he followed the policy of his father throughout the Katilingban of Madjaas. From the death of Balinganga up to the arrival of Legaspi in 1570, several successors has ruled the province of Aklan and the seat of the government was transferred to different places due to demographic movement and the exigency of time.

The old site of Madjanos, which is quite neglected, was renamed Laguinbanwa meaning "old town" in 1620 to revive the former vitality of the community. The town of Laguinbanwa included the territories, which is now occupied by Lezo and Numancia. But as the community across the Aklan River became more prosperous, the seat of the town was transferred in 1785 to what is now Kalibo, and Lezo and Numancia became barrios of Kalibo.

As the town of Kalibo grew in importance it has become the hub where people gathered for important celebrations and where other municipalities pay their tribute money or taxes. Every Sunday people faithfully attended mass in Kalibo since the priests make church attendance compulsory especially during fiestas and other religious holidays. Fearing hell and the ire of the church authorities, the people were docile followers of the priests and hence, they found it necessary to hear mass and made confessions for the absolutions of their sins.

At the time, however, there were no good roads, only trails and there were no strong bridges to span wide Aklan River. During the rainy season, it was difficult to cross the swollen river. In view of this, the residents of Laguinbanwa and Guicod petitioned to the bishop of Cebu and the Military governor of the Visayas to allow them to build their own church and to have a separate municipality explaining their problems and difficulties.

After assessing the situation, the Bishop of Cebu and the military governor of the Visayas considered that the people of Laguinbanwa and Guicod are capable of providing tribute tax to run their own municipality informed the leaders of Laguinbanwa that they interpose no objection to their objection to separate from Kalibo. They requested that delegates should be sent to Kalibo were representatives of the bishop and the military governor will hear their cases.

A delegation from Laguinbanwa headed by Silvino Kimpo met the representative of the bishop and the military governor of the Visayas in Kalibo where they talked about their petition. When they were asked where to place their town and where to build their church, they explained that the consensus of the people in Laguinbanwa, Madjanos, and Lauan and also Guicod was to put the Poblacion in what is now the site of Numancia being the center of these communities. Most of the members of the delegation of Tan Binong came from Madjanos and Laguinbanwa. So in 1856 Numancia was constituted as a municipality with Silvino Kimpo as the First Head of Kapitan Basal The appointment was approved by the Provincial Chief Executive and carried a term of two years.

Numancia as integrated with Banga, Lezo, and Kalibo
When the Americans came in 1899, the military government appointed Felix Kimpo as head of the town. During the election in 1901 he was elected as the president from 1901 to 1903. At that time there were 34 towns in the province of Capiz, but these were reduced to 24 towns by a law passed by the civil Commission when it was found out that some towns were incapable of meeting their financial obligations and maintenance. So on March 4, 1904, an executive order was passed fusing Banga, Lezo, Numancia, and Kalibo into one municipality.

Numancia as Barrio of Lezo/Lezo as Part of Numancia
Five years after on July 31, 1909, the civil commission passed another law separation Lezo and Numancia from Kalibo and making Lezo as the seat of government. Numancia then, became a barrio of Lezo. In 1920 the situation was reversed with regards to the status of Lezo and Numancia. By Executive Order No. 17, series of 1920, the seat of government was transferred to Numancia and Lezo became a barrio of Numancia.

Separation of Lezo from Numancia
Before the outbreak of the Second World War, President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 364 series of 1941 dated August 28, 1941 making Lezo a separate municipality from Numancia. The actual inauguration for the separation of Lezo from Numancia was deferred to January 1, 1945. On this date both Lezo and Numancia became separate municipalities.

Geography
Numancia is 5 km from Kalibo, the provincial capital.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 28.84 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Numancia is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Currently, barangays Poblacion, Bulwang, Laguinbanua East and West are considered urban while the rest are classified as rural.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Numancia had a population of 35,693. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Tourism
Numancia's tourist attractions include beach resort situated along coastline barangays like the Doña Crispina Beach Resort and Hotel and other existing Beach resorts in Barangay Navitas and in Barangay Camanci Norte and Nadal Castle in Laguinbanua West (Nadal Castle is already closed; Allegedly due to bankruptcy).

Education
Numancia is home to the lone seminary in Aklan. By reason of its proximity to Kalibo, only few schools were established in the town. The following are the major schools of the municipality:

 * Santo Niño Seminary
 * Numancia National School of Fisheries
 * Madyaas Institute
 * Irao Institute
 * Numancia Integrated School

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Numancia, Aklan


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Tangalan

Tangalan, officially the Municipality of Tangalan (Aklanon: Banwa it Tangalan; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Tangalan; Bayan ng Tangalan), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 23,704 people.

Tangalan was formerly an arrabal of Makato. At the time of its creation, it included the following barrios: Tondog, Jawili, Dumatad, Afga, Baybay, Dapdap, Pudyot, Tagas, Tamalagon, Panayakan, Vivo, Lanipga, Napatag and Tamokoe.

Geography
Tangalan is located at °N, °W. It is 18 km from Kalibo, the provincial capital.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 74.59 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Barangays
Tangalan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Tangalan had a population of 23,704. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Tourism
Tourist spots with government support under "Project Bugna" include Jawili Falls, Jawili Beach Resorts, Dumatad Souvenir Shop, and Bughawi Reforestation Project.

The Tangalan Marine Sanctuary covers 375 ha of marine ecosystem and a 10 ha coral garden.

title: Tangalan


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Haruna (name)

Haruna is both a feminine Japanese given name and a Japanese surname.

Possible writings
Haruna can be written using different kanji characters and can mean: The name can also be written in hiragana (はるな) or katakana (ハルナ).
 * 春奈, "springtime, Nara"
 * 治南, "govern, south"
 * 晴成, "bright, successful"
 * 春菜, "springtime, vegetable"
 * 春南, "springtime, south"
 * 遥南, "long ago, south"
 * 治成, "reign, to become"
 * 晴名, "bright, name"
 * 張馳, "stretch, run, gallop"
 * 春名, "spring, name"

Given name

 * Haruna Asami (浅見 八瑠奈), Japanese judoka
 * Haruna Fukuoka (福岡 春菜), Japanese table tennis player
 * Haruna Hosoya (細谷 はるな), Japanese athlete
 * Haruna Ikezawa (池澤 春菜), Japanese actress
 * Haruna Iikubo (飯窪 春菜), Japanese actress
 * Haruna Ishikawa (石川 晴菜), Japanese alpine skier
 * Haruna Kawaguchi (川口 春奈), Japanese actress and model
 * Haruna Kojima (小嶋 陽菜), Japanese entertainer
 * Haruna Kuboyama (久保 晴菜), Japanese sprinter
 * Haruna Lee, Japanese Taiwanese American theatre maker and writer
 * Haruna Matsumoto (松本 遥奈), Japanese snowboarder
 * Haruna Miyake (三宅 榛名), Japanese pianist and composer
 * Haruna Ogata (尾形 春水), Japanese idol and singer
 * Haruna Okuno (奥野 春菜), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Haruna Sakakibara (榊原 春奈), Japanese rower
 * Haruna Suzuki (鈴木 春奈), Japanese figure skater
 * Haruna Yabuki (矢吹 春奈), Japanese entertainer
 * Haruna Yoneyama (米山 知奈), Japanese ice hockey player

Surname

 * Ai Haruna (はるな 愛), Japanese transgender television personality and singer
 * Ami Haruna (春名 愛海), Japanese model and actress
 * Fūka Haruna (春名 風花), Japanese child actress
 * Luna Haruna (春奈 るな), Japanese singer and fashion model
 * Masahito Haruna (春名 真仁), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Masaki Haruna (春名 真樹), better known as Klaha, Japanese singer-songwriter
 * Mika Haruna (春名 美佳), Japanese swimmer

Given name

 * Haruna, a character in the manga series Aoki Hagane no Arpeggio
 * Haruna (ハルナ), a character in the light novel series Kore wa Zombie Desu ka?
 * Haruna (榛名), a character in the manga series Onsen Yōsei Hakone-chan
 * Haruna (Tenchi Muyo!), a character in the anime film Tenchi Forever! The Movie
 * Haruna, a character in the manga series The World of Narue
 * Haruna Kisaragi, a character in the anime and manga series Corrector Yui
 * Haruna Morikawa, a character in the television series Kousoku Sentai Turboranger
 * Haruna Otonashi, a character in the video game Inazuma Eleven
 * Haruna Otoo (音尾 春菜), a character in the manga series Working!!
 * Haruna Sairenji, a character in the manga series To Love-Ru
 * Haruna Sakurada, a character in the manga series Sailor Moon
 * Haruna Saotome, a character in the manga series Negima! Magister Negi Magi
 * Haruna Yuki (悠木 陽菜), a character in the visual novel Fortune Arterial
 * Haruna Kurodate (黒舘 ハルナ), a character in the role-playing video game Blue Archive

Surname

 * Hiroko Haruna (春名 ヒロ子), a character in the manga series Hamtaro
 * Yuu Haruna (榛名 優), protagonist of the manga series Fuuka
 * Motoki Haruna (榛名元希), a character in the manga series Big Windup!

title: Haruna (name)


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Arsinoitherium

Arsinoitherium is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammals belonging to the extinct order Embrithopoda. It is related to elephants, sirenians, and hyraxes. Arsinoitheres were superficially rhinoceros-like herbivores that lived during the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene of North Africa from 36 to 30 million years ago, in areas of tropical rainforest and at the margin of mangrove swamps. A species described in 2004, A. giganteum, lived in Ethiopia about 27 million years ago.

Taxonomy
The best-known (and first-described) species is A. zitteli. Another species, A. giganteum, was discovered in the Ethiopian highlands of Chilga in 2003. The fossil teeth, far larger than those of A. zitteli, date to around 28–27 million years ago. While the Fayum Oasis is the only site where complete skeletons of Arsinoitherium fossils were recovered, arsinoitheriids have been found in southeastern Europe, including Crivadiatherium from Romania, and Hypsamasia and Palaeoamasia from Turkey.

The generic name Arsinoitherium comes from Pharaoh Arsinoe II (after whom the Faiyum Oasis, the region in which the first fossils were found, was called during the Ptolemaic Kingdom), and the θηρίον theríon "beast". The species epithet of the type species, A. zitteli, was given to it in honor of the eminent German paleontologist Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel, regarded by some as the pioneer of paleontology in Egypt.

Description

Adults of the species A. zitteli stood around 1.75 m tall at the shoulders and 3 m in length. It measured 2.5 tons, only slightly smaller than the modern white rhino and due to the similar features and sizes, Arsinoitherium is commonly thought to be an extinct rhinoceros species, but it is not closely related to rhinos; instead, their closest extant relatives are elephants and manatees. They were massive, slow-moving animals with forelimbs adapted for pulling strongly backward rather than swinging forward, a feature typical of animals that punt themselves through shallow water or walk on soft, sticky ground. Fossils are found in sediments deposited in coastal swamps and warm, humid, heavily vegetated lowland forests across what is now Africa and Arabia. The most noticeable features of Arsinoitherium were a pair of enormous horns above the nose and a second pair of tiny knob-like horns over the eyes. These were structurally similar to the horns of modern bovids. While reconstructions usually show them as similar to the ossicones of giraffes, in life each bony core may have been covered, like the horn cores of bovids, with a large horn of keratin. Both males and females had horns. While some investigators have described a larger and a smaller species from the same site, others have identified the difference in body and tooth size as sexual dimorphism. The skeleton is robust and the limbs were columnar, similar to those of elephants; the hips were also elephant-like, and arsinotheres were not built to run. Arsinoitherium had a full complement of 44 teeth, which is the primitive state of placental mammalian dentition. However, the genus had a unique and highly specialized way of chewing, shifting the jaw joint to produce constant pressure along its continuous row of teeth; it has been reconstructed as a highly selective browser.

Distribution
Fossils of Arsinoitherium have been found in:
 * Eocene
 * Aydim Formation, Oman
 * Idam Unit Formation, Libya
 * Djebel Chambi, Tunisia

 * Oligocene
 * Malembe, Angola
 * Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt
 * Chilga formation, Ethiopia
 * Erageleit Formation, Kenya
 * Ashawq Formation, Oman
 * Shumaysi Formation, Saudi Arabia

title: Arsinoitherium


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Menra Hopewell

Menra Hopewell (c. 1821–1881) was an American medical doctor and writer. He was best known as the writer of a biography of DeWitt Clinton, and co-author of a biographical history of St. Louis, Missouri but these have fallen from favour and he is most notable for the mixture of fiction and distorted facts that he published as Legends of the Missouri.

According to the New York City Directory for 1857–58 he was a physician at 204 Monroe Street. Early in 1858 he moved to Missouri, and his Legends of the Missouri series of articles appeared anonymously in the Missouri Republican from April 12, 1858. The St. Louis City Directory shows him practicing as a physician at 290 Chestnut Street, in 1859 and 1860.

Edward's Great West And Her Commercial Metropolis, Embracing A General View of the West, And A Complete History of St. Louis, From The Landing of Ligueste, In 1764, To The Present Time was a history of St. Louis containing portraits and biographies of some of the old settlers, and many of the most prominent business men. Hopewell collaborated with the eponymous Richard Edwards on this work. Edwards was the publisher of the magazine Edwards Monthly and the book was published out of his offices.

Soon after he emigrated to England. His daughter, Margaret, was born in Kent in 1862. She was living with him at 79 Lansdown Road, Croydon when he died, aged 60, in the second quarter of 1881.

title: Menra Hopewell


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User:Qwertzy2

Currently working on... Apiaceae.

 * List of Apiaceae genera
 * Catalogue of life on Apiaceae
 * GRIN on Apiaceae
 * Umbelliferae.cs.msu.su
 * UBio

title: User:Qwertzy2


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Globus Cassus

Globus Cassus is an art project and book by Swiss architect and artist Christian Waldvogel presenting a conceptual transformation of planet Earth into a much bigger, hollow, artificial world with an ecosphere on its inner surface. It was the Swiss contribution to the 2004 Venice Architecture Biennale and was awarded the gold medal in the category "Most beautiful books of the World" at the Leipzig Book Fair in 2005. It consists of a meticulous description of the transformation process, a narrative of its construction, and suggestions on the organizational workings on Globus Cassus.

Waldvogel described it as an "open source" art project and stated that anyone could contribute designs and narratives to it on the project wiki. As of August 2012, the Globus Cassus wiki is no longer operational.

Properties
The proposed megastructure would incorporate all of Earth's matter. Sunlight would enter through two large windows, and gravity would be simulated by the centrifugal effect. Humans would live on two vast regions that face each other and that are connected through the empty center. The hydrosphere and atmosphere would be retained on its inside. The ecosphere would be restricted to the equatorial zones, while at the low-gravity tropic zones a thin atmosphere would allow only for plantations. The polar regions would have neither gravity nor atmosphere and would therefore be used for storage of raw materials and microgravity production processes.

Geometric structure
Globus Cassus has the form of a compressed geodesic icosahedron with two diagonal openings. Along the edges of the icosahedron run the skeleton beams, the gaps between the beams contain a shell and, where there are windows, inward-curving domes.

Building material
Earth's crust, mantle and core are gradually excavated, transported outwards and then transformed to larger strength and reduced density. While the crust is mined from open pits in the continents' centers, magma and the liquid mantle are pumped across transfer hoses. The core is dismantled from the surface.

Planetary scale
Since the stationary cables would stay clear inside the moon's trajectory, the construction of Globus Cassus would not alter the Earth-Moon system. However, on a planetary scale the proportions would be altered, with Globus Cassus being only slightly smaller than Saturn, the Solar System's second-largest planet.

Construction process
Starting at four precisely defined points in the geostationary orbit, four space elevators are built. Eventually they become massive towers, each measuring several hundred kilometers in diameter and extending to a length of about 165,000 km. The towers contain elevators which are used to transport silicate building material to the construction sites at geostationary orbit.

Skeleton and shell
The building material is converted into vacuum-porous aggregate and used to form the skeleton. It is built retaining constant symmetry and balance at every moment and will ultimately span around all sides of the earth. Then magma is pumped towards the skeleton, where it is used to form thin shells in the skeletal openings. Eight of these openings are fitted with large, inward-curving window domes made out of silicon glass.

The Great Rains
Having been used up to a large degree, the Earth has shrunk, the polar ice caps have melted and the Earth's mass and therefore gravity has declined. This leads to the sudden loss of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, which wander outwards towards the new World. Globus Cassus' equator zones are equipped with a system of trenches and moulds that will become rivers, lakes and seas as soon as the water has settled. The transfer process of atmosphere and hydrosphere is called "The Great Rains".

Colonization
The moment the Great Rains start, the Earth becomes uninhabitable. Along with massive amounts of seed for all existing plants, the regions of high cultural value, that need to be conserved and reapplied on Globus Cassus have been stored in the skeleton nodes which touch the towers. Humans and animals rise in the towers to await the end of the rains and start settling on the two equator regions.

Plant growth
The remaining Earth core is dismantled to build the shells that lie in the pole regions. During this process, the massive heat radiation of the core accelerates plant growth and therefore aids the process of establishing a functioning biosphere.

Literature

 * Globus Cassus, Lars Müller Publishers, with contributions by Boris Groys, Claude Lichtenstein, Michael Stauffer and Christian Waldvogel. Awarded the gold medal in international competition "Best designed books from all over the World 2004", (ISBN 3-03778-045-2)

title: Globus Cassus


text:
Czech philosophy

Czech philosophy, has often eschewed "pure" speculative philosophy, emerging rather in the course of intellectual debates in the fields of education (e.g. Jan Amos Komenský), art (e.g. Karel Teige), literature (e.g. Milan Kundera), and especially politics (e.g. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Karel Kosík, Ivan Sviták, Václav Havel). A source drawing from literature, however, distinguished the Czech national philosophy from the speculative tradition of German thought, citing that it emerged from folk wisdom and peasant reasoning.

Masaryk is credited for introducing the epistemological problem into the modern Czech philosophy, which in turn influenced the discourse on symbol and symbolization. Czech philosophers have also played a central role in the development of phenomenology, whose German-speaking founder Edmund Husserl was born in the Czech lands. Czechs Jan Patočka and Václav Bělohradský would later make important contributions to phenomenological thought.

Positivism became an important and dominant trend of modern Czech philosophy, eclipsing herbatianism, in what is explained as a collective "post-revolutionary" thinking characterized by an attempt to open a window to Europe in order to eliminate traces of philosophical provincialism.

title: Czech philosophy


text:
Leslie Woodhead

James Leslie John Woodhead, OBE (born 1937) is a British documentary filmmaker.

For his National Service commencing in 1956, he served in Fife at the Joint Services School for Linguists where he was taught Russian. He was posted to West Berlin to monitor the communications of Soviet pilots flying in and out of East Germany. "The experience I've come to realise since that it shaped my continuing obsession with what was going on in eastern Europe and particularly the Iron Curtain at that time."

As a young filmmaker, he was assigned to film a new rock 'n' roll band called The Beatles, playing at the Cavern Club in Liverpool. Woodhead first made his name as a reporter for Granada Television's flagship current affairs series World in Action. He remained with Granada for 28 years. Woodhead was among the first exponents of docudrama, a format which allowed him to explore daily life of those "behind the wall" during the Cold War, when journalists had little direct access. Among these were his films Invasion, about Soviet invasion and the Prague Spring of 1968, and Strike which deals with the rise of Solidarność in Poland. In 1999 his documentary film A Cry From The Grave, which documents, hour by hour, the atrocities of the Srebrenica massacre, won awards at four film festivals.

Woodhead went freelance in 1989. Since then, he has made a number of films for BBC's Storyville and Arena series – among them My Life as a Spy, Star Wars Dreams (a history of the American missile defence program). He has also worked with the Sundance channel, making Godless in America, a documentary about the life of Madalyn Murray O'Hair who founded American Atheists and successfully campaigned for the separation of church and state. He was appointed an OBE for services to television in 1994. In 2006, he was nominated for an Emmy for his HBO documentary Children of Beslan about the Beslan school hostage crisis.

Recent filmography

 * 2019 Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things (Director)
 * 2013 The Day Kennedy Died (Writer/Director)
 * 2012 The Hunt for Bin Laden (Writer/Director)
 * 2011 9/11: The Day that Changed the World (Director/Producer)
 * 2009 How the Beatles Rocked the Kremlin (Director)
 * 2006 Saving Jazz (Director)
 * 2005 Children of Beslan (Director/Producer)
 * 2004 The Russian Newspaper Murders (Executive Producer)
 * 2003 Star Wars Dreams (Director/Producer)
 * 2002 Media by Milosevic (Director)
 * 2001 NOVA: Russia's Nuclear Warriors (Director/Producer/Screenwriter)
 * 2000 Tony Bennett's New York (Director/Producer)
 * 2000 NOVA: Holocaust on Trial (Director/Screenwriter)
 * 1998 Endurance (Director)
 * 1991 The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story (Director)

Awards and nominations

 * 1974: BAFTA nomination for Factual Programme for The Year Of The Torturer
 * 1986: BAFTA Desmond Davis Award
 * 1994: OBE for services to television
 * 1999: Biarritz International Festival Special Jury Award for A Cry from the Grave
 * 2000: Silver FIPA award for A Cry from the Grave
 * 2006: Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for Children of Beslan, BAFTA nomination for Flaherty Documentary Award for Children of Beslan
 * 2012: Lifetime Achievement Award at the Aldeburgh Documentary Festival, BAFTA nomination for Single Documentary for 9/11: The Day That Changed The World
 * 2014: BAFTA nomination for Single Documentary for The Day Kennedy Died

title: Leslie Woodhead


text:
User:RashBold

Profile
I go by the name RashBold in homage to J.R.R. Tolkien, who is my favorite author. To those who are not in the know, the name Rashbold is a play on his own name, which means "foolhardy". As a matter of fact, there is a character named John Jethro Rashbold in the work written by Tolkien, The Notion Club Papers, published in Sauron Defeated.

I am a Filipino, born in Manila in 1967. A graduate of the Royal and Pontifical Univerity of Santo Tomas, I'm currently married, with one beautiful daughter. My interest in Tolkien is such that I am the acknowledged expert in the Elvish languages in this country.

But my interest not only lies in anything Tolkien. I also like history, movies, comic books; in short virtually everything under the sun. :) But evidently, based on the articles that I have written/contributed so far, I'm an anglophile (the first sense), although I'm not above laughing at jokes at England's expense. I am also a World War II and espionage buff as well. And I am proud to say that I am a certified Wikipediholic.

I hate vandalism!
When I have nothing to do, I try to check through articles on a random basis and edit out vandalism. It is my opinion that vandals have no place in Wikipedia. They make it inconvenient for legitimate users and ultimately achieve nothing but some perverse pleasure on their part.

Major Contributions
Here is so far a list of the articles that I have made major contributions: those that are in bold letters are those which I started; otherwise I have totally rewritten them (that is, articles begun by others but I have edited it to such an extent that they have become effectively my own).

Crime
Adolph Beck case * Wayne Boden * Cleveland Street Scandal† Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 Eliza Armstrong case Harry Jackson Marie LaFarge Melville MacNaghten Richard Muir Podmore Case George Joseph Smith Stratton Brothers case * Zebra murders

Espionage and War
30th Assault Unit Abwehr Michael H. Allen Brécourt Manor Assault British Security Coordination Richardson Clover Director of Naval Intelligence John Semer Farnsworth Frau Solf Tea Party William Reginald Hall Takeo Hirose HMS Seraph (P219) John Honeyman * Oleg Kalugin Tyler Kent Vernon Kell Erwin Lahousen Kurt Frederick Ludwig * Theodorus B.M. Mason John Cecil Masterman Ewen Montagu Naval Intelligence Division (UK) Operation Gold Operation Kremlin Operation Mincemeat Operation Willi Operation Zeppelin (disambiguation) Operation Zeppelin (Assassination Plot) Hiroshi Oshima Raymond P. Rodgers SMS Magdeburg Wilhelm Solf Harry Thompson (spy) * Erich Vermehren * Charles E. Vreeland Richard Wainwright (disambiguation) Anna Wolkoff * Takeo Yoshikawa

Miscellaneous
Werner Finck James Marsh Marsh test The Rivers and Beacon-Hills of Gondor

Templates
Magdeburg-class light cruisers User srn-1

* - featured in the Main Page on did you know... † - Featured Article

In progress

 * Julius Babao-Dawud Santos affair
 * PURPLE

...and see my Sandbox!!

Finally, I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:RashBold


text:
User talk:Daniel2424

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * What Wikipedia is not
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

title: User talk:Daniel2424


text:
Potong Pasir MRT station

Potong Pasir MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North East line (NEL) in Toa Payoh planning area, Singapore. It is situated underneath Upper Serangoon Road at the junction with Potong Pasir Avenue 1 and Wan Tho Avenue. Primarily serving the Potong Pasir residential estate, Potong Pasir station is also close to Saint Andrew's Village, a major cluster of educational institutions that are part of the Saint Andrew's family of schools.

The station was first announced as Sennett MRT station in March 1996 when the stations on the NEL were revealed, but it was planned to be opened only when there was "sufficient demand". The station closure was a subject of political controversy, with allegations that the station will be opened only when the ruling party managed to take control of the Potong Pasir constituency. Eventually, in 2002, the station was announced to be opened along with the other NEL stations after a new study was conducted, and the station opened on 20 June 2003.

History
In the planning stages of the NEL, it was confirmed by then-Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan in 1995 that the line will pass through the Potong Pasir constituency, then an opposition ward. However, he added that the line would not stop in the constituency as it would not be economically viable. Citing a feasibility study by consultants for the line, he explained that without a station in Potong Pasir, it will reduce costs for the NEL by about S$1 million (US$ million) annually. This was refuted by then Potong Pasir Member of Parliament (MP) Chiam See Tong, who said it would become a "strong station" once there are developments around it.

When the 16 NEL stations were revealed in March 1996, Potong Pasir station was announced as "Sennett" and it was only to be built when its surroundings have been "developed intensely". The residents of Potong Pasir "took in their stride" upon learning of the station's status and alleged that this was due to its location in an opposition constituency.

There were claims that the station (along with Woodleigh, another station in Potong Pasir) would only be opened if a People's Action Party (PAP) candidate managed to secure the constituency. In the 1997 Singapore general elections, PAP candidate Andy Gan had promised residents he would push for the earlier construction of the MRT stations (Potong Pasir and Woodleigh) with the backing of then-deputy prime minister Lee Hsien Loong and other PAP MPs. In response to his opponents' comments, Chiam said that the PAP was trying to "politicise" the MRT issue and he believed that the MRT stations would still be opened, as the land had been acquired for their construction. Then prime minister Goh Chok Tong, who had earlier supported Gan's plans for the MRT construction and said he had the "judgement call" for when they were going to be built, later said that there was "no guarantee" the constituency will get the MRT station even if the PAP secures the constituency during the 2001 Singaporean general elections.

Eventually, it was announced by then Transport Minister Yeo Cheow Tong in February 2002 that the station will be opened with the other NEL stations and the name was finalised as Potong Pasir. Yeo insisted the decision was "based strictly on ridership levels" through a recent review by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) on projected ridership levels for the NEL stations. The government had denied that the station's opening was related to PAP's bigger share of votes in the 2001 general elections.

Contract 705 for the design and construction of the Boon Keng and Potong Pasir two-level civil defence underground stations, 1.8 km of twin bored tunnels and 280 m of cut and cover tunnels, was awarded to Kumagai Gumi-Sembawang Engineering-Mitsui Joint Venture at a contract value of S$217 million (US$ million). Initially, the station was planned to be just a "shell station", but it was decided to build the whole station as it would be more expensive for the station to be fitted later.

The station was constructed using the top-down method. The construction works required the acquisition of a row of shophouses along Upper Serangoon Road. During the construction, residents had complained about the noise generated from the site, which the LTA Corporate Communications Department answered promptly by giving residents explanations on the works.

The station commenced operations on 20 June 2003. Commenting on its opening, Chiam has said it was "not so much a victory for me as a victory for the people of Potong Pasir." Chiam's rival, Sitoh Yih Pin, has mentioned he was "happy for the residents as they will benefit from the convenience." He mentioned that he had urged the Senior Minister of State for Transport to consider its opening, despite the PAP's loss in the 2001 elections. The residents has also welcomed the station's opening, for it would bring more visitors and businesses to the area.

Name and location
As the name suggests, Potong Pasir station is located in Potong Pasir underneath Upper Serangoon Road. The name Potong Pasir means "cut sand" in Malay, referring to the former activities of sand quarries in the area.

Before its construction, the station had "Sennett" as its working name. Sennett was taken from former British Commissioner of Lands C.W.A Sennett, who was also a land and housing developer. According to then PAP's second advisor to Potong Pasir Andy Gan, Sennett had a "better historical standing" and reminds residents of the area of their "past glory". The name was also seen as controversial, seen as a measure by the government to not "remind people that (the station) is (located) in an opposition stronghold". The name was eventually finalised as "Potong Pasir" in February 2002.

The station is near landmarks such as the Potong Pasir Community Club, Masjid Alkaff (Upper Serangoon), the Muslim Trust Fund Association, the Sri Sivadurga Temple and the St. Andrews' Village which includes the schools of St. Andrew's Junior College, St. Andrew's Junior School and the St. Andrew's Secondary School. It also serves the residential properties of the Nin Residence, Saint Ritz, the Sennett Estate and the Sennett Residence, in addition to the Potong Pasir Estate. It is also situated next to the retail development of the Poiz Centre.

Services
The station serves the North East line and is situated between the Boon Keng and Woodleigh stations. The station code is NE10 on official maps. The station operates daily from about 6:00am to 12:15am. Train frequencies vary from 2.5 to 5 minutes depending on peak hours.

Public artwork
Commissioned as part of the MRT system's Art-in-Transit Programme, Point of View by Matthew Ngui is a series of anamorphic images and text displayed all around the station. These texts and images, or according to the artist the "macro view of the images with the microcosmic perspective of the text", gives the work aesthetic interest and depth. The seven images include a row of Housing Development Board (HDB) apartments displayed along a passageway, a tree at the north side of the concourse and a bus stop at the south side of the concourse. On the platforms, there are four images of clocks set at various times of day (morning, midday, evening and night) alongside some texts. These images were chosen to represent daily life.

When starting out on the work, the artist considered heavily on LTA's call for "an intriguing work that would engage the community". Ngui wished to engage the public in a purposeful way, by allowing various members of the public to contribute text and images for the work. The artist still focussed on certain subject matters that would be relevant to people of various ages. For example, the tree image represents growth for the youth. For the text fragments, Ngui had urged the participants to write about issues "closest to them" so as to produce text relevant to the masses. These texts were then converted into graffitied words. Putting the work together, three supporting features were employed – explanation panels, video images played on the plasma screens and granite floor pointers from which it is best to view the images. Reflecting on the work, the artist said that this work "creates something that does not look like what it is" until it "resolves itself" when viewed from a certain point of view. He felt it was an interesting art piece "with a serious side", for people to interpret what they wanted.

Exits

 * A: Potong Pasir Estate
 * B: Masjid Alkaff (Upper Serangoon), Muslim Trust Fund Association, Nin Residence, Saint Ritz, Sennett Estate, Sennett Residence
 * C: Potong Pasir Community Club, Sri Sivadurga Temple, St. Andrew's Junior College, St. Andrew's Junior School, St. Andrew's Secondary School, The Poiz Residences

title: Potong Pasir MRT station


text:
Lloyd C. Bird

Lloyd Campbell Bird (August 1, 1894 – April 20, 1978) was a pharmacist, businessman and Democratic politician who served as a Virginia State Senator for 28 years and helped found Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond.

Early and family life
He was born in Highland County, Virginia to George Anson Bird and his wife Mary Susan Campbell. Bird graduated from the Medical College of Virginia in 1917. He married Mrs Lucille Crutchfield, and they had a son and daughter.

Career
After graduation, Bird began teaching at what is now the Medical College of Virginia. In 1925, he partnered with Morris Phipps to start Phipps & Bird, a business that provided laboratory apparatus, chemicals and other products for scientific education.

From 1952 to 1953, he was the president of the Virginia Academy of Science, which in 1972 elected him as a "Fellow".

A Democrat, Bird began his public career as a member of the Byrd Organization. Voters first elected him to the Virginia Senate in 1944, and he represented Charles City, Chesterfield, Henrico, James City, and New Kent counties as well as the city of Williamsburg. Bird replaced fellow Democrat Hunsden Cary, who resigned during the 1942 General Assembly, but the vacancy was not filled for the special session that fall. Despite multiple reorganizations of his senatorial district, Bird was continually re-elected (generally for four year terms) more than seven times. During his long tenure, redistricting occurred several times, both due to federal census results and court orders pursuant to the instructions of the United States Supreme Court concerning one-man, one-vote.

In 1955, a major reorganization of the Senate renumbered his district the 33rd, and limited it geographically to Charles City and Chesterfield counties, part of Henrico county and the city of Colonial Heights; the 34th district at that time was redrawn to include only the city of Richmond, and was represented by three state senators. Another reorganization in 1963 renumbered Bird's district the 32nd and it included Charles City, Chesterfield, James City and New Kent counties, as well as the cities of Colonial Heights and Williamsburg; the 33rd district was redrawn at that time to encompass Richmond City and the 34th district to include Henrico County. A further reorganization in 1965 renumbered Bird's district the 29th, and it included Charles City, Chesterfield, Amelia, New Kent Counties and the city of Colonial Heights. Bird retired after the massive Republican victories in the 1970 elections, and subsequent redistricting after the 1970 census split his district into three districts, each with a veteran Democratic senator whom he would thus have to defeat in the party's primary. Charles City and New Kent counties were added to the 4th senatorial district (which also included Gloucester, Goochland, Hanover, King and Queen, King William. Louisa, Mathews and Middlesex counties) which was represented by Leslie D. Campbell, Jr.; Chesterfield County was combined with Henrico County and Richmond City as the 11th senatorial district, which continued to be represented by Byrd Organization stalwart Frederick T. Gray and Colonial Heights was added to the 16th senatorial district (which included Prince George, Surry, Sussex counties and the cities of Hopewell and Petersburg) and represented by Elmon T. Gray.

While many now regret Bird's involvement in Massive Resistance, as it ended pursuant to adverse court decisions and voter antipathy, Bird headed a legislative commission worked with fellow Byrd stalwart and Virginia Governor Mills E. Godwin as well as former Richmond mayor (turned member of the Virginia House of Delegates) Eleanor P. Sheppard to form Virginia Commonwealth University by merging his alma mater, the Medical College of Virginia and Richmond Professional Institute.

Death and legacy
Bird retired from the senate shortly after his wife's death, but lived an additional eight years before his own death.

Lloyd C. Bird High School in Chesterfield County, Virginia is named after him.

title: Lloyd C. Bird


text:
User talk:Beejayberlin~enwiki

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:ARD Corporate Design.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:ARD Corporate Design.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. doco ( ☏ ) 13:49, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Beejayberlin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Beejayberlin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:28, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:57, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beejayberlin~enwiki


text:
User talk:Kojangee

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Feydey 12:57, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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Korea-related edits
Welcome, Kojangee! Thanks for your interest in Korea-related topics. Unfortunately your recent edits to South Korea, Liancourt Rocks, and Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan, were unacceptable. I have removed most of them. Please don't take it personally. If I hadn't done it, another Wikipedia certainly would have. Before you edit further, please take time to review Wikipedia policies, particularly those relating to a neutral point of view.

In particular, in editing the DOTNOTSOJ article, you appear to have cut-and-pasted material without attribution from a Japanese government website. Please don't do that again.

One bignose to another ... When you're having a bad-Korea day and you just need to vent, take it to the ESL Cafe or the expat forum of your choice. Don't bring that attitude here. Although your constructive contributions are welcome, the messes you leave are not. -- Visviva 13:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:Train or torture01.jpg
Hello, please tag (Image_copyright_tags) your uploaded images and/or include the URL where it can be obtained. Images will be deleted if not tagged. With best wishes, Feydey 12:26, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * GNU licenses are common for releasing your own pictures see Image_copyright_tags, like this: . Also You should end your messages to discussion pages with ~ to mark whose comments they are. Feydey 12:54, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Just wanted to say thanks for being involved in the discussion about the Korean naming convention (Sea of Japan) here. It's so much better than an editwar. I'm sure we can find a new consensus if we all work together. Have a nice day! Kokiri 29 June 2005 16:23 (UTC)

Sea of Japan/East Sea
Hi there! I believe I have summarized the issue here and invite you to comment. Cheers! Kokiri 29 June 2005 20:25 (UTC)

Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan
I wondered whether you had any more comments on Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan/temp? Kokiri 5 July 2005 08:09 (UTC)

VfD
This is just a courtesy note to inform you that Beautiful land is now on Votes for Deletion. See Votes for deletion/Beautiful land. Cheers! -- Visviva 02:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Shen Qiong
Thank you for participating in the Votes for deletion/Shen Qiong. If convenient, could you come back and tell us how you know that the subject is notable in China? I am very to change my vote if more information can be provided. Thank you — Pekinensis 21:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Naming dispute Sea of Japan/East Sea
I've continued the discussion on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Korean)/Disputed names (yes, I did read the whole discusssion again), hoping that we can reach agreement. Kokiri 16:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Hello! Currently, there is a vote over the name of Sea of Japan/East Sea in Korean contexts. If you are interested in voting, please go here. Masterhatch 20 July 2005

Angela Jia Kim
Thank you for voting to keep the Angela Jia Kim article. It appears that after some minor work was done to the article, there was an overwhelming consensus to keep it. You mentioned adding in her birthday, do you have a source you could WP:CITE which mentions it? I'd be glad to add it. Hall Monitor 15:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes
You earlier wrote:

 * ...current Prime Minister Koizumi layed a wreath in Nanjing expressing his apologies.

Can you tell me when did Koizumi go to Nanjing (please provide sources if possible)? From what I know, Koizumi went to Beijing on 8 Oct 2001 to express his "spirit of...heartfelt apology." Bourquie 6 Aug 2005, 6:25 UTC

New Orleans
Changing, "New Orleans is a Southern city ..." to "New Orleans was a Southern city ..."

Here's the archive:

It's still pretty minor, and not like it was repeated, so I wouldn't worry about it. I didn't even report it on the vandalized pages list. But it was reverted. Dr. Cash 15:59, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Sea of Japan East Sea naming convention
I am reviving a discussion on the naming usage of Sea of Japan and East Sea. See Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Korean)/Disputed names. (Chunbum Park (talk) 06:23, 27 March 2011 (UTC))

Concern regarding Draft:Gary Korpan
Hello, Kojangee. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Gary Korpan, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:01, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Gary Korpan

Hello, Kojangee. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Gary Korpan".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 18:37, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kojangee


text:
User talk:James Hooley

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

Image copyright problem with Image:Sandra & Michael Howard.jpg
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title: User talk:James Hooley


text:
Julio Bocca

Julio Adrián Lojo Bocca (born March 6, 1967) is an Argentine ballet dancer. Bocca spent twenty years as a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre. From 2010 to 2018, he served as artistic director of the National Ballet of Uruguay, administered by SODRE, the country's broadcasting and cultural authority.

Bocca has been called one of the most popular Argentine dancers of all time.

Early life and career
Born in the Munro neighborhood of the Greater Buenos Aires, he started ballet lessons at the age of four, and at the age of seven entered the National School of Dance, progressing to the Teatro Colón's Advanced Arts Institute a year later. His mother was a dance teacher who encouraged his studies.

Bocca joined the Chamber Ballet Company at the Colón Theatre in 1981. A year later, he began performing as a soloist in a production directed by Danish choreographer Flemming Flindt. In 1985, aged 18, he won the gold medal at the International Ballet Competition in Moscow and was invited to join the American Ballet Theatre by Mikhail Baryshnikov, the youngest principal dancer ever hired. Although Bocca was a principal dancer, he was allowed to perform frequently as a guest artists with other companies. In 1987, he was named Dancer of the Year by the New York Times.

As a guest artist, Bocca has performed with companies such as La Scala in Milan, the Paris Opera, the Kirov of Saint Petersburg, the Royal Danish Ballet, the Cuban National Ballet and the National Ballet of Madrid, and the Bolshoi Ballet. A performance with the Royal Ballet in London prompted a reviewer with Dance Magazine to rave about "his irresistible combination of passion and gallantry."

Bocca achieved extreme popularity in his native Argentina, frequently filling up soccer stadiums during his performances

In 1990, he created his own ballet company, the Ballet Argentino, which performs regularly in theatres around the globe. Bocca often collaborates with the Argentine dancer Eleonora Cassano. From 1997 to 2001 Bocca's dance partner with the Ballet Argentino was Luciana Paris. In 2000 Julio Bocca participated in the international Millennium Day event, dancing in Ushuaia with Cassano and the Ballet Argentino in a performance broadcast to the whole world.

Julio Bocca has also mixed ballet dancing with tango, a combination that has been very well received by the public. In 1998, he appeared in the film Tango, no me dejes nunca (English title: Tango), which gained him a new audience. In combining ballet with tango, he has often worked with the tango choreographer Ana Maria Stekelman. Bocca's repertoire with Ballet Argentino also includes contemporary, jazz, ballroom and modern styles of dancing.

In 2000, he appeared in Fosse, a Broadway musical showcasing the work of choreographer Bob Fosse.

Bocca danced his farewell performance with ballerina Alessandra Ferri in the American Ballet Theatre's production of Manon on June 22 and 23, 2006. He continued to perform with his Ballet Argentino until his retirement from dancing at the end of 2007.

His biography, Julio Bocca, La Vida en Danza, by the French journalist Angeline Montoya, was published in Argentina in March 2007 by the Spanish publisher Aguilar.

He was named director of the Ballet Nacional SODRE by Uruguay's president José Mujica in March 2010.

Bocca served as a president of the jury at the Prix de Lausanne ballet competition in 2016.

In 2017 Bocca was one of the juries at the Benois de la Danse.

Awards
The awards Julio Bocca has received include:
 * 1985 - Golden Medal 1985 (International Contest) in Moscow.
 * 1986 - Primus Inter Pares in Buenos Aires
 * 1987 - Dancer of the year 1987 (New York Times), in New York City
 * 1990 - Acquidanza in Acqui-Terme, Italy
 * 1990 - Gino Tani Award, in Rome
 * 1990 - Best International Classic Dancer (Iberoamerican Dancing Association) in Barcelona
 * 1991 - Léonide Massine in Positano, Italy
 * 1992 - Prix Benois de la Danse (International Coreografers Association) at the Bolshoi Theatre
 * 1999 - Platinum Konex for Male Ballet Dancer (Konex Foundation) in Buenos Aires

title: Julio Bocca


text:
User:KilluaZaoldyeck

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Welcome

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Information

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Individuality and ability

My Views and Standpoint
The neutrality is the core of Wiki, if does not have neutral the viewpoint,could be the quarrel promiscuous place.

My Favorite ACGs list

 * Hunter × Hunter,Fullmetal Alchemist,Yu-Gi-Oh!,D.N. Angel,Doraemon,Case Closed(Detective Conan),Houshin Engi......

Participates in the Wiki project and the organization

Image Contribution

Contact

 * E-mail:Killua-at-126-dot-com
 * MSN:KilluaZaoldyeck77-at-hotmail-dot-com

My Friend in En Wiki

Tools

 * Online Chinese Pinyin IME
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zh:User:KilluaZaoldyeck ja:User:KilluaZaoldyeck

title: User:KilluaZaoldyeck


text:
User:Pictureadder

 A couple of years ago, Mikka put Elyse Sewell's article up for deletion and accused me of being a sock puppet voting multiple times to keep the article. Please see the history of this article. I assume that all the people making entries would vote to keep the article. And I am obviously not all these people. Thanks   External Link-- [Picture Adder]

title: User:Pictureadder


text:
User talk:SuperBleda

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

controversy
i've responded to your comments at Controversy_over_race_of_Ancient_Egyptians

deeceevoice rfc
A request for comment has been filed re: deeceevoice

deeceevoice NPOV violations
Hi DreamGuy, CoYep, and SuperBleda,

If you have specific instances of deeceevoice's violation of NPOV, NOR or CITE could you post them to the deeceevoice rfc talk page? They are outside the scope of the original RfC and can't really be added at this point. Clear, indisputable violations make the best examples. It was a mistake not to include thse in the first place, if deeceevoice tones down her language but persists in content violations, little progress will have been made. -Justforasecond 18:19, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

deeceevoice arbitration
As a party to her RfC, you might be interested to know a request for arbitration has been filed towards deeceevoice Requests_for_arbitration.

-Justforasecond 18:27, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for File:A family in Lanzhou, China, 1944.jpeg
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title: User talk:SuperBleda


text:
User:Tiefighter

Tiefighter (aka [-o-] or Bewbew) is a university student in Sydney, Australia, and is passionate about all things music, language and/or computer-related. He is particularly interested in indie and alternative music, though jazz and funk are never off the menu. He keeps a blog at http://knerdycorner.blogspot.com/, writing about all his interests. He is currently completing a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of New South Wales and is an alumnus of Fort Street High School, class of 2003.

Major contributions/projects

 * Shakespeare's Sonnets at Wikisource - giving each sonnet its own page, along with creating the Sonnets template.
 * I'm trying to contribute actively to WikiProject Albums.
 * As a Sydney FC supporter, I'm quite interested in all things A-League. As such, I try to keep the A-League 2006-07 page up to date with scores and such.

Partners in Crime

 * User:Jogloran
 * User:Paully2k1
 * User:Enochlau

title: User:Tiefighter


text:
User talk:Josephmperry

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

September 2011
Hello Ucwebmanager. If you are affiliated with some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Utica College, you may have a conflict of interest or close connection to the subject.

All editors are required to comply with Wikipedia's neutral point of view content policy. People who are very close to a subject often have a distorted view of it, which may cause them to inadvertently edit in ways that make the article either too flattering or too disparaging. People with a close connection to a subject are not absolutely prohibited from editing about that subject, but they need to be especially careful about following the reliable sources and writing with as little bias as possible.

If you are very close to a subject, here are some ways you can reduce the risk of problems:

 * Avoid or exercise great caution when editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with.
 * Be cautious about deletion discussions. Everyone is welcome to provide information about independent sources in deletion discussions, but avoid advocating for deletion of articles about your competitors.
 * Avoid linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam).
 * Exercise great caution so that you do not accidentally breach Wikipedia's content policies.

Please familiarize yourself with relevant content policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have a conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for organizations. Thank you.  Teapot  george Talk  21:04, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Laura Casamento (October 25)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Robert McClenon was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

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Robert McClenon (talk) 14:14, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Laura Casamento has been accepted
 Laura Casamento, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! SwisterTwister  talk  06:54, 3 December 2016 (UTC)
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Orphaned non-free image File:Utica College wordmark.gif
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:06, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

August 2019
Welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed that your username, "Ucwebmanager", may not comply with our username policy. Please note that you may not use a username that represents the name of a company, group, organization, product, service, or website. Examples of usernames that are not allowed include "XYZ Company", "MyWidgetsUSA.com", and "Foobar Museum of Art". However, you are permitted to use a username that contains such a name if it identifies you individually, such as "Sara Smith at XYZ Company", "Mark at WidgetsUSA", or "FoobarFan87".

Please also note that Wikipedia does not allow accounts to be shared by multiple people, and that you may not advocate for or promote any company, group, organization, product, service, or website, regardless of your username. Please also read our paid editing policy and our conflict of interest guideline. If you are a single individual and are willing to contribute to Wikipedia in an unbiased manner, please request a change of username, by completing the form at Special:GlobalRenameRequest, choosing a username that complies with our username policy. If you believe that your username does not violate our policy, please leave a note here explaining why. Thank you. ElKevbo (talk) 14:49, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Josephmperry


text:
User:Guettarda/Images

Wikipedia
Image:GeorgeMaxwellRichards.jpg

Image:SolomonHochoy.jpg

Image:Rudranath Capildeo.jpg

Image:EricWilliams.jpg

Image:TUBButler.jpg

Image:BasdeoPanday.jpg

Image:Hassanali.jpg -- Image:Unc.jpg

Image:UWI Logo.jpg

title: User:Guettarda/Images


text:
User talk:Atitium

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. And, the most important thing: Have fun! Sarg (Talk)

title: User talk:Atitium


text:
Agropyron

Agropyron is a genus of Eurasian plants in the grass family), native to Europe and Asia but widely naturalized in North America.

Species in the genus are commonly referred to as wheatgrass.

 * Species
 * Agropyron badamense - Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
 * Agropyron bulbosum - Iran
 * Agropyron cimmericum - Ukraine, Crimea
 * Agropyron cristatum - Crested wheatgrass - Eurasia + North Africa from Spain + Morocco to Korea + Khabarovsk; naturalized in western + central North America (United States, Canada, northern Mexico)
 * Agropyron dasyanthum - Ukraine
 * Agropyron desertorum - Desert Wheatgrass - from Crimea + Caucasus to Mongolia + Siberia
 * Agropyron deweyi - Turkey
 * Agropyron fragile - Siberian wheatgrass - from Caucasus to Mongolia; naturalized in scattered locales in western United States + Canada
 * Agropyron michnoi - Buryatiya, Zabaykalsky Krai, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia
 * Agropyron mongolicum - Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang
 * Agropyron × pilosiglume - European Russia
 * Agropyron tanaiticum - Ukraine, European Russia
 * Agropyron thomsonii - Western Himalayas
 * Agropyron tsukushiense (Honda) Ohwi Ohwi synonym Elymus tsukushiensis
 * Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi synonym Elymus tsukushiensis

species now considered better suited in other genera: Crithopsis Elymus Kengyilia Leymus Thinopyrum Vulpia etc.
 * formerly included

title: Agropyron


text:
Kashida

Kashida or Kasheeda (kašīda; lit. "extended", "stretched", "lengthened"), also known as Tatweel or Tatwīl (تَطْوِيل, taṭwīl), is a type of justification in the Arabic language and in some descendant cursive scripts. In contrast to white-space justification, which increases the length of a line of text by expanding spaces between words or individual letters, kasheeda creates justification by elongating characters at certain points. Kasheeda justification can be combined with white-space justification.

The analog in European (Latin-based) typography (expanding or contracting letters to improve spacing) is sometimes called expansion, and falls within microtypography. Kasheeda is considerably easier and more flexible, however, because Arabic–Persian scripts feature prominent horizontal strokes, whose lengths are accordingly flexible.

For example, al-ḥamdu and Raḥīm with and without kasheeda may look like the following:

The terms Kasheeda and Tatweel can also refer to a character that represents this elongation ( ـ ) or to one of a set of glyphs of varying lengths that implement this elongation in a font. The Unicode standard assigns code point U+0640 as Arabic Tatweel.

The kasheeda can take a subtle downward curvature in some calligraphic styles and handwriting. However, the curvilinear stroke is not feasible for most basic fonts, which merely use a completely flat underscore-like stroke for kashida.

In addition to letter spacing and justification, calligraphers also use kasheeda for emphasis and as book or chapter titles. In modern Arabic mathematical notation, kasheeda appears in some operation symbols that must stretch to accommodate associated contents above or below.

Kasheeda generally only appears in one word per line, and one letter per word. Furthermore, experts recommend kasheeda only between certain combinations of letters (typically those that cannot form a ligature). Some calligraphers who were paid by the page used an inordinate number of kasheeda to stretch content over more pages.

The branding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar applies kasheeda to Latin script, connecting the bottom of the "t" and the second "a" in the host country's name.

title: Kashida


text:
User talk:Pelago

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text:
Maxwell Montes

Maxwell Montes is a mountain range on the planet Venus, of which Skadi Mons is the highest.

General description
Located on Ishtar Terra, the more northern of the planet's two major highlands, Maxwell Montes is 11 km high. It rises about 6.4 kilometers above and to the east (21,000 ft above, and 4 miles (6.44 km) to the east) of Lakshmi Planum, and is about 853 km long by 700 km wide. The western slopes are very steep, whereas the eastern slopes descend gradually into Fortuna Tessera. Due to its elevation, it is the coolest (about 380 °C) and least pressurised (about 45 bar) location on the surface of Venus.

Origins and geology
The origin of the Lakshmi Planum and the mountain belts such as Maxwell Montes is controversial. One theory suggests they formed over a hot plume of material rising from Venus's interior, while another says the region is being compressed (pushed together) from all sides, resulting in material descending into the planet's interior. Broad ridges and valleys making up Maxwell Montes and Fortuna Tessera suggest that the topography resulted from compression. The parallel ridges and valleys were cut by later extensional faults. The extreme height of Maxwell Montes with other compressional mountain ranges around Lakshmi Planum suggests that its origin is more complex.

Most of Maxwell Montes has a bright radar return which is common on Venus at high altitudes. This phenomenon is thought to result from the presence of a mineral, possibly a metallic snow. Early suggestions included pyrite and tellurium; more recently, lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide.

Radar mapping and naming
By using radar to probe through the permanent and thick clouds in the Venusian atmosphere and make observations of the surface, scientists at the American Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico discovered the extensive highland on Venus that came to be called Maxwell Montes in 1967. In 1978, the space probe Pioneer Venus 1 went into orbit around Venus for the purpose of making radar observations of the Venusian surface. These observations made possible the creation of the first topographic map of the surface of Venus, and confirmed that a point within Maxwell Montes is the highest point above the average level of the planet's surface.

Maxwell Montes is named for James Clerk Maxwell whose work in mathematical physics predicted the existence of radio waves, which made radar, and thus the surface observations of Venus, possible. Maxwell Montes, Alpha Regio, and Beta Regio are the three exceptions to the rule that the surface features of Venus are to be named for females. The name, originally given by Ray Jurgens in 1970 on the urging of Tommy Gold, was approved by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) between 1976 and 1979.

title: Maxwell Montes