text:
Talk:Gewehr 98

Untitled
MAJOR STUB

I just basically put in one sentence. It's late at night. I'll dig out some info about it tomorrow. Then I'll figure out how to make sidebars.

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:17, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

The safety does not (!) secure the trigger! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.226.196.44 (talk) 12:05, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Lange Visier
"... known as the Lange Visier (long sight)." The Lange Visier was named after its inventor Lange. "Lange Visier" does not mean "long sight" (which would be "langes Visier"). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8108:8B40:638:8958:32BE:6127:E5C1 (talk) 05:36, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

 * You are right, I have a book which states this as well. The book at hand is "German Military Rifles and Machine Pistols 1871-1945 by Hans-Dieter Götz", also available in German, supposedly.

 * I can quote from page 122: "The first [referring to a clinometer sight] was named after its inventor, Lieutenant Colonel Lange, at that time the director of the ammunition factory in Spandau." Thom430 (talk) 12:44, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Number Built
According to the Mauser company, approximately 100 Million Mauser 98s have been built. http://www.mauserwaffen.de/1898.191.0.html?&L=1. I am sure this number is inclusive of all Mauser 98 variants, including the K98k and other Mausers made in/for Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, China, Siam, etc., etc. but doesn't it deserve to be included in this article, since 100 Million rifles produced would make this design one of the most produced in history? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.242.181.138 (talk) 21:02, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * That would be close to the number of AK-47s made.86.42.197.142 (talk) 07:34, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

I recently acquired Dieter Storz's comprehensive book about the Gewehr 98, "Rifle and Carbine 98", and he cites in pp150 that his estimate of total produced G98 pattern rifles lies somewhere between 13 and 13.5 million, which is much larger than the infobox's claim of "5 million" (which would be far shorter than the amount of mobilized men that the Germans had fielded in WW1). 22:23, 11 April 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.184.191.46 (talk)

 * The source you've given is better than the current one which is a dead link to a website that seems to be self-published. The only question is if "G98 pattern" includes the Kar98k as well. --Sus scrofa (talk) 08:00, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

Argentina as user
Pleas add Argentina, I used myself a Gewehr 98 in the Army. It was standard before the use of the FN FAL! :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.144.116.138 (talk) 09:10, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

1888 pattern M/88 ammunition and conversion to 1905 pattern 8x57mm IS
The Gewehr 98 was originally chambered for the M/88 service cartridge. In 1905, after a service period of 17 years, the 8 mm M/88 cartridge which was introduced in 1888 and loaded with a 8.08 mm (.318 in) diameter 14.6 g (226 gr) round nose bullet was replaced by the 8x57mm IS/7.92×57mm Mauser service cartridge which was loaded with a new 8.20 mm (.323 in) diameter 9.9 g (154 gr) spitzer bullet. The introduction of this new service ammunition offered improved accuracy and a flatter trajectory at the price that the existing military Gewehr 98 rifle stock had to be rechambered and rebarreled. The ammunition conversion was indicated by a small "S" stamped above the chamber and on the barrel at the back of the rear sight base. This was done since the 1888 pattern M/88 cartridge and 1905 S-bore pattern cartridge are two different non interchangeable chamberings. Post 1905 Gewehr 98 rifles also had a "S" rollmark indicating that the new improved ammunition can be safely used. Since the new IS cartridge had a flatter trajectory the Lange Visier rear sight also had to be changed with an "S" adapted Lange Visier. Besides the military developed S-bore a narrower I-bore was developed by civilian gunsmiths according to the groove and bore diameter ratio principles used in the S-bore to improve the M/88 accuracy whist retaining the smaller projectile diameter of the M/88. This ammunition is in 2012 known as the 8x57 I. Just like the 8x57 IS the 8x57 I chambering differs from the parental M/88 chambering. The original military M/88 chambering is not factory produced anymore and has effectively been replaced by the civilian 8x57 I chambering that can be fired safely from historic rifles (besides using larger diameter bullets the 8x57 IS has a higher service pressure). Logic dictates that firing 8x57 I from 8x57 IS chambered arms will have adverse effects on accuracy. The article 8×57mm IS cartridge portrait - Totgesagte leben länger, Wild und Hund 11/2006 explains the history from M/88 to 8x57 mm IS and 8x57mm I from military and civilian use perspectives in even more detail.--Francis Flinch (talk) 14:56, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

My edits were deleted
I wrote up a detailed segment about the Gewehr 98 in the Nazi era and about the Volkssturn using it and now it is all gone. Why do you delete good info? 74.51.57.78 (talk) 06:42, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The article already contained information sections regarding combat service and the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany:

 * Combat service
 * ''The Gewehr 98 saw service primarily in World War I, as well as various colonial actions in the preceding years. As with all contemporary bolt-action rifles, it was a powerful and accurate rifle with long range that was poorly suited for the close quarter fighting of trench warfare. The considerable length of the rifle and the minimum sight setting of 400 meters (far in excess of the typical range in trench battles) were particular handicaps.

 * Its successor, the Karabiner 98k, would go on to be the standard rifle of the German infantry during World War II. Some Gewehr 98s also saw service in World War II, though many of these older rifles were converted to either 98b or 98k specifications.

 * Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
 * The Weimar Republic, the successor state to the German Empire, implemented a program designed to update their remaining supplies of Gewehr 98 rifles for the Reichswehr in the years following World War I. Rifles allowed into service with the early Weimar security forces were stamped with a "1920" marking on their receiver ring. Further updates to Weimar-era Gewehr 98's often included the replacement of the Lange Visier rear sight with a standard Karabiner 98k-style rear sight and sometimes a shortening of the barrel to Karabiner 98k length. Rifles that received these later modifications will often have both Weimar-era and Nazi markings, and "S/42" stamped on the rear sight base.

 * Additionally, Hitler initially chose to outfit his elite Schutzstaffel (SS) bodyguard units with modified Gewehr 98 rifles. Those rifles obtained by the SS normally had their original markings fully or partially removed and replaced with stylized Totenkopf markings.

 * There is nothing wrong with adding information. If you like please add your additional information and the Volkssturm use in the combat use section, preferably with some referencing.--Francis Flinch (talk) 08:59, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

Glad to see that a further edit I made in the same section was retained. 69.60.229.207 (talk) 23:24, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

= M98, the most produced rifle in history? = I've come across several articles (in both Swedish and American hunting magazines) that states that the M98 is the most produced rifle in history, with over millions 100 produced. I suspect that this is a figure for all rifles with the 98-system (or the the whole M98 family of rifles), but I am not sure. I would like to add this figure somewhere, but I do not know in which article it should be added and how it should be explained so that it does not mislead anyone. Can anyone help me?EriFr (talk) 08:28, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

See:

http://www.gundigest.com/gun-collecting-firearm-collecting/mauser-the-most-important-rifle

http://www.mauser.com/en/products/m98/m98/

What does this mean?
"The safety can only be released by firing the rifle with the safety set in the ready to fire position or by closing the cocked bolt with a previously pulled trigger that must be kept pulled back during the closing operation. Disengaging the safety by closing the bolt is only possible with the safety set in the ready-to-fire position. "

I'm trying to decipher this, without much success...you can only take it "off safe" by "firing the rifle with the safety set in the ready to fire position"? You'd have to have the safety "off" in order to fire the rifle in the first place! Or, to release the safety, you have to start with an open bolt, and hold the trigger down while closing the bolt? Rubbish. The only other thing I can think it's trying to say is that you have to drop the striker in order to remove the safety when disassembling the bolt? That doesn't make much sense either, as one can lower the striker with the bolt removed, if you want. I've taken it entirely apart before, and don't recall anything like this. I have a Mauser 98, but it's got some kind of weird (apparently) aftermarket safety designed for use with a scope, which only has "on" and "off" (no bolt-lock position), and for some reason, it automatically disengages the safety when you open the bolt...not sure why. Kind of a silly design. Not only does it flip off by itself if you open the bolt (with the striker cocked, of course...safety won't flip on unless it's cocked), but it only moves like 20deg up to engage, and can easily be disengaged by bumping it against something. But I don't think that has any relation to a normal Mauser safety. My Springfield is identical to a Mauser, and has the 3-postion safety which is "on" on until you flip it off manually. Much better system. One can flip the safety on or off at any time, as long as the striker is cocked. The only reason to have a safety on a gun is for when you have a round chambered, and Mauser wouldn't have been such an idiot as to design a gun the required you to mess with the trigger to release the safety. That's a good way for accidents to happen! I think I'm going to fix this. If I'm totally missing something, then someone else can change it back, but I hope they change the phrasing to make it comprehensible to people like me..45Colt 05:56, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Karabiner 98A Mystery
I noticed that in the variants section when talking about the Karabiner 98a (lowercase a) it says "not to be confused with the later Karabiner 98k or the earlier Karabiner 98A (uppercase a)..." a quick google search shows no Karabiner 98A that I can find. Can someone enlighten me please? Yolo McSwagginz93 (talk) 00:02, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

=Effective Firing Range=

The effective firing range seems off for this rifle. The K98k has a longer range than this rifle according to its article, but it should be obvious that can't be true. As well, the M1903 article states that the US adopted a new, heavier round due to encountering long range fire from the G98, but its article also states that its range is up to six times that of the G98. This makes absolutely no sense, since both were only slight variations on the G98. Also, why would they produce millions of this rifle with sights out to 2000m if its maximum range is less than half of that?--142.167.27.183 (talk) 00:32, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Read Gewehr_98. The maximum range of the 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition is mostly dependent on the employed projectile. The Gewehr 98 normally fired the S Patrone during WW 1, the Karabiner 98k normally fired the for long range optimized s.S. Patrone during WW 2. The newer s.S. Patrone was issued during WW 1 mainly for aerial combat and as of 1918 in the later stages of WW I to infantry machine gunners. The various military ball iterations of the .30-06_Springfield and their long range performance are also covered in Wikipedia.--Francis Flinch (talk) 12:48, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

My point was more in comparison to the M1903 Springfield and M1917 Enfield articles, where the claim is made that the weapons "maximum range" is the distance the M1 ball could travel when fired at a 45 degree angle in the air. Obviously that it is ridiculous, but technically you could use the later era ammunition in a G98 without a problem and get those greater distances. Some were held in reserve into WWII so it is highly likely that they did indeed use the new ammunition and could achieve the greater range.

--142.167.27.183 (talk) 04:12, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Gewehr 98. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170945/http://gewehr98.com:80/html/Karabiner98a.html to http://gewehr98.com/html/Karabiner98a.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110621074716/http://www.greyfalcon.us:80/Weapons.htm to http://www.greyfalcon.us/Weapons.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110608175540/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/F_GEWEHR_98.HTM to http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/F_GEWEHR_98.HTM
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.geocities.com/Eureka/Plaza/4770/mauser98.jpg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:47, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Dieter Storz estimation
"At the outbreak of the war in 1914, the German Army had 2.273.080 Mauser 98-rifles of all types; additional 7.000.000 were produced during the war"

This is taken from Dr.Dieter Storz book "Gewehr & Karabiner 98". He's the curator of the Bavarian Army-Museum in Ingolstadt. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Storz

2003:6F:8624:8801:D8EA:DF47:7B4D:517 (talk) 21:51, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Gewehr 98. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://tirmilitairefabrice.ifrance.com/site%20mauser1/Mauser.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://gewehr98.com/html/Karabiner98a.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://johnrigbyandco.com/html/AfricanExpressBoltRifle.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.huntinglegends.com/rigby-and-mauser/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.greyfalcon.us/Weapons.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121108082047/http://www.fuerzas-armadas.es/portal/blog/post.php?IdPage_blog=6072 to http://www.fuerzas-armadas.es/portal/blog/post.php?IdPage_blog=6072
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://members.fortunecity.com/milit/gew98.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:52, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gewehr 98. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070708165944/http://tirmilitairefabrice.ifrance.com/site%20mauser1/Mauser.htm to http://tirmilitairefabrice.ifrance.com/site%20mauser1/Mauser.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:30, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:15, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Karabiner 98b (Sketch).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:02, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Karabiner 98b (Sketch).jpg

title: Talk:Gewehr 98


text:
User talk:66.36.138.207

Please, I repeat "please" stop editing the charts of Mezmerize by System of a Down with incorrect information. When we edit album articles by adding charts, we use the Allmusic.com version, not Billboard.com. If you vandalizing the page again, you are about to get banned and I am about to report you, RIGHT HERE. You know I really do not have to deal with your corrections. I am very sorry. -- Mike Garcia | talk 03:10, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You are in danger of violating the three revert rule. Please cease further reverts or you may be blocked from further editing. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 13:43, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I hope this is the last time you've vandalized Mezmerize, you made me go over the three revert rule. I am getting tired of playing games with you, as I said on the history of the page. -- Mike Garcia | talk 14:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked for violation of the three revert rule. Please feel free to return after the block expires, but also please make an effort to discuss your changes further in the future. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI: You made the following reverts:
 * Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.36.138.207


text:
Buckskin (leather)

Buckskin is the soft, pliable, porous preserved hide of an animal – usually deer – tanned in the same way as deerskin clothing worn by Native Americans. Some leather sold as "buckskin" may now be sheepskin tanned with modern chromate tanning chemicals and dyed to resemble real buckskin.

Traditionally, Native American Indians would scrape away the excessive fat clinging to the hide, and this would be followed by working the raw hide with the brain tissue of an animal. Afterwards, the raw hide is made to envelope a fire that emits wood smoke, and where the smoke is mostly trapped inside the raw hide for many hours. The combined application of brain tissue and smoke produces soft and pliable buckskin leather, with a dark honey color. This treatment differs from the traditional tanning methods used in other societies and cultures and is thought to be preferable to vegetable tanning methods where tannins are exclusively used. The finished product resembles chamois leather, but is stronger. Smoking gives to the leather its durability, and although Buckskin may become slightly stiff when it dries after being wet, it quickly restores itself to its former soft-state by rubbing it with the hands. The application of wood smoke also deters insects from devouring it. Unsmoked buckskin is lighter, even white, in color.

Clothing made of buckskin is referred to as buckskins.

title: Buckskin (leather)


text:
Tomas Scheckter

Tomas Scheckter (born 21 September 1980) is a South African former racing driver best known for his time in the IndyCar Series.

Early years
Scheckter was born in Monte Carlo to 1979 Formula One World Champion Jody Scheckter and his first wife Pamela. Scheckter started racing karts in South Africa at the age of 11 and it did not take long for the young driver to reach the podium. He had his first taste of a major championship as a teenager when he captured the South African Kart Championship in 1995. In 1996 he ventured on to the main circuit in the South African Formula Vee series and soon after he was in the South African Formula Ford Series where he posted two wins.

He had proven his speed in South African motorsports and was then off to Europe the following year where he entered the British Formula Vauxhall Junior series where he raced against the likes of Antônio Pizzonia and Takuma Sato. Scheckter earned third in the championship with one victory and one pole. He was also named series Rookie of the Year.

In 1999, Scheckter won the Formula Opel Euroseries championship with a record eight victories and eight poles, and in the process broke all the winning records previously set by Mika Häkkinen, Rubens Barrichello, and David Coulthard. That success landed him a drive that same year in the last two races of the Formula Nissan championship which Fernando Alonso had dominated that whole season. Even though Scheckter was with a new team for this brief stint in Formula Nissan, he captured a win, two poles and a second-place position.

Scheckter moved on to the Formula 3 Series in 2000, and in his rookie year, he was the runner-up in the British Formula 3 Championship with two victories and two pole positions, while contending again with drivers such as Takuma Sato, Antônio Pizzonia and Narain Karthikeyan. He also had time to race in the prestigious Marlboro Masters F3 race at Zandvoort where he took the third podium position. To complete his year, he competed in the final four races of the FIA Formula 3000 Championship, finishing second at Hockenheim behind future IRL teammate Tomáš Enge. He also raced in the Open Telefónica by Nissan, finishing as championship runner-up.

Scheckter was signed as a test/reserve driver by Jaguar for the 2001 Formula One season, but was soon let go after being found "kerb crawling."

IndyCar Series
2002

Scheckter was signed to drive for Eddie Cheever's Red Bull Cheever Racing in the IndyCar Series for the 2002 season. He was the Indianapolis 500 co-Rookie of the year (with 4th placed Alex Barron) after leading 85 laps of the race. However, Cheever soon grew tired of Scheckter's frequent crashes, and looked to replace him with Buddy Rice. At Michigan International Speedway, Cheever was forced to race Scheckter due to contractual obligations, but gave Rice the best equipment and crew. In the 2002 Michigan Indy 400, Scheckter won by 1.7 seconds over Rice for his first IRL win, while team owner Cheever crashed out. However, he was soon gone from Cheever Racing.

2003-Mid 2005

In 2003, he moved to Target Ganassi Racing with mixed results, often being criticized for his inconsistency and frequency of crashing, finishing well behind title winning teammate Scott Dixon. In 2004 he moved to Panther Racing to replace double champion Sam Hornish Jr. In 2004 and 2005, Scheckter and Panther were the dominant Chevrolet powered team, greatly outpacing other teams powered by what many considered the weakest engine in the series. Scheckter broke through a horrendous string of bad luck, defeating Hornish to win the Bombardier Learjet 500 at Texas Motor Speedway in June 2005 for his second career victory.

Mid 2005-07

In mid-2005, Scheckter was announced as one of the drivers for A1 Team South Africa in the inaugural A1 Grand Prix series. He raced in the rounds at EuroSpeedway Lausitz and Estoril. In 2006, Scheckter drove for Tony George and Patrick Dempsey's Vision Racing alongside teammate Ed Carpenter and finished 10th in points. In 2007, Scheckter again raced for Vision Racing sponsored by Joost. The South African was one of the few drivers that year to challenge the Team Penske, Andretti Green Racing and Target Chip Ganassi Racing drivers on a regular basis during races, on occasion leading races. He ultimately finished 10th in points for the second season in a row with a best finish of fifth.

2008-09

For the 2008 season, Scheckter was scheduled to race for Luczo Dragon Racing in three races: Kansas, Indianapolis, and Infineon. Despite not finishing at Kansas or Indy, Scheckter's runs gave the team additional race time at Texas, Detroit, and Chicagoland. Scheckter failed to return any good results in the additional races despite qualifying well. He did not return to the team in 2009, as it became a full-time team with 2008 Indy Lights champion Raphael Matos. Scheckter was reported to be joining Beck Motorsports, now renamed Team 3G, starting at the 2009 Long Beach race, but the deal never materialized. Scheckter personally secured sponsorship from MonaVie which he shopped to a number of teams, ultimately signing with Dale Coyne Racing for a second week program. He qualified 26th and finished 12th. Later in the 2009 season he returned with the MonaVie sponsorship with Dreyer & Reinbold Racing sharing the #23 car with Milka Duno, who brought her own sponsorship, as well as driving a third car, the #43, in select races.

2010

In 2010, Scheckter once again brought Mona-Vie to Dreyer & Reinbold Racing to drive the #23 car in the Indianapolis 500. Scheckter had a great race, and was in the top for the majority of the race. In the last 20 laps a fuel mileage problem forced Scheckter to conserve fuel and he dropped back to finish 12th. Scheckter's teammate Mike Conway suffered a leg injury in a terrible crash at the Indianapolis 500 and Scheckter was hired to fill in for Conway at Texas and Iowa finished 15th and 19th at each. Later in the year he was hired to drive for Conquest Racing at Chicago and Kentucky. Scheckter finished 28th at Chicago, but after having a surprisingly quick time in practice and qualifying he was accidentally hit from behind by Alex Lloyd in the first 10 laps and made contact with the wall that ended his day. At Kentucky Scheckter struggled getting the car up to speed and finished 14th.

2011

For 2011, Scheckter joined KV-SH Racing and drive the #07 Team Redline Extreme car in the Indianapolis 500. At Loudon, Scheckter would replace the injured Justin Wilson, driving the number 22 car for Dreyer & Reinbold Racing. Schekter would also drive the number 07 car in Baltimore. For the season's final race in Las Vegas, Scheckter drove the #57 car for Sarah Fisher Racing with Angie's List as the primary sponsor, but the race was red flagged due to a multicar pile up early in the race in which Dan Wheldon was killed.

Personal life
He is the son of Formula One World Champion Jody Scheckter and the nephew of racer Ian Scheckter. He also has an older brother named Toby, and a younger brother Hugo, who often updates Tomas's fans through his Twitter page.

In April 2020, Scheckter announced that he had suffered multiple strokes and required a heart operation at the Mayo Clinic. Scheckter currently resides in the United Kingdom.

Complete Euro Open by Nissan results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Italian/Euro Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete IndyCar Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

 * 1 Run on same day.
 * 2 Non-points-paying, exhibition race.

Indianapolis 500
Scheckter started on the fourth row of the Indy 500 his first seven races until 2009, when he qualified 26th.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Tomas Scheckter


text:
Talk:Unwritten Law

Australia?
Isn't Unwritten law from Australia?

 * No, they have a large following in Aus, but are Americans.

International hits
Why hasn't anyone done a list of their hits in different countries?

Biased
Added a NPOV notice. Statements such as "Unwritten Law watched themselves transform from a thrash punk garage band into international stars" and "in 2004 drummer Wade Youman, the only original member of the band, was kicked out for on going disputes over a woman and money with Russo. Perhaps the most underrated drummer of all time.." are clearly biased. Squar 01:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixing this article would be so much easier if the original writer had left some sources to follow up on. *sigh* Alas, it is time to do some fact-hunting. Wanderer

 * I dont see how thats Biased at all. Im dont even hate them or anything. some chick just gave me a CD and i decided to look them up, confronted with the NPOV thing, i read for the sole purpose of finding something that either sucked up to the band, or made them sound like crap. i found niether. im taking it down.

 * Just because it doesn't tell you they don't suck doesn't mean it's not biased. You came to this article looking for an opinion about the band, so it's clear you don't understand the purpose of the nonNPOV tag. Don't remove it unless the article has substantially and sufficiently been modified. --149.43.x.x 21:29, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added the information table on the right. Now it at least looks like we're talking about a band ;) -- Michel (Netherlands)

 * An additional point is the statement about how writing music acoustically makes them better and/or special. LOTS of bands do this, it's not unique --149.43.x.x 17:32, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Well I rewrote the whole thing so hopefully that should settle these issues. I think it sounds neutral but if you disagree then discuss here. IllaZilla2 20:32, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it looks much better (although I haven't the time to read it all thoroughly). And nice work on the discography, etc. Seems like you put alot of effort into it. -- 149.43.x.x 21:29, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Super Sweet 16?
I can't find a site to verify, but I remember them being performers on an episode of "Super Sweet 16".Can anyone find something?

 * Yes I remember this too, a quick search for "Sweet 16 Unwritten Law" revealed a tv.com listing of all their show credits. Here is the tv.com page I'm not sure if thats a violation of copyright, I'm sure you could find more sources. That episode was titled 'Jacqueline & Lauren' and it was Season One, Episode One.--Token2k6 (talk) 12:36, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * So can this be added under a 'Triva' heading or perhaps 'Under Music in film and video games' but also add 'tv' or 'television' to the heading? I think it is valid. If trivia is fitting, I've got one about how Blink 182 mentions UL in their single Josie. I'm sure there are more. --Token2k6 (talk) 12:49, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Trivia sections are discouraged, so in other words, no, don't create a trivia section. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, so we should avoid creating lists of miscellaneous information. If you believe the information to be notable towards the band's wider success or exposure, then feel free to add it with reliable sources into the actual article. k.i.a.c  ( talktome  -  contribs ) 13:28, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I know Trivia are discouraged, so are 'References in Pop Culture' but they are so fun! I mean, as long as its factual and can be proved, I don't see anything wrong with entries like this to increase one's knowledge on any subject or be able to throw something out in conversation, but that's fine, I can live with it. I would let whoever started this topic add it, but since they didn't sign and its probably only an IP addy that suggested it, I guess I will go ahead and add it under my suggested heading, as well as changing that heading by adding 'tv' in there. Also, I may not need an external link b/c this article List_of_My_Super_Sweet_16_episodes lists it and even mentions UL right on S1 Ep1. --Token2k6 (talk) 14:26, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Note: Wikipedia should not be used as a source. Just because information is in another article, does not mean it is verifiable. If it has a source in that article, copy that reference over to here. k.i.a.c  ( talktome  -  contribs ) 03:41, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Scott Russo Single
I was a little upset when my statement about Scott Russo and Big B's 2009 single Sinner under recent activity got removed: IllaZilla (Undid revision 300983180 by Token2k6 (talk) it's not an unwritten law single & therefore isn't pertinent here.) Ok, I understand the validity of the fact that its not a single by UL per se, however, the single involves the front man for the band. The lead singer of a band is almost inherently the backbone of that band, or could be singled out as the most important. I would understand if I was talking about say a guitar player playing with another band, however, when the main voice behind the band uses that voice to collaborate with another artist, then that is worthy of mention. And also when this single peaked pretty well and was a great single to kick summer off. Perhaps if Russo had his own page, it would be more appropriate there, but he doesn't. --Token2k6 (talk) 12:47, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Whether it was a "great single to kick summer off" is entirely irrelevant here, but I digress...the point is that this article is about Unwritten Law, the band, and thus it should only cover releases by the band. A single member (Russo) collaborating on a song by an entirely different artist (Big B) isn't pertinent, and it isn't part of UL's catalog. We wouldn't list his side project with Aimee Allen, Scott & Aimee, in the UL discography now would we? Since it seems that Russo is forging a musical career outside of UL (with Scott & Aimee and now collaborations w/ other artists), it might be pertinent to start a separate article on him. Mention of the single would certainly be pertinent there. But putting a blurb abouut it here is akin to listing "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" in the No Doubt discography. --IllaZilla (talk) 18:03, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

IMDB listing
Scott Russo is listed in the IMDB. And Unwritten Law is credited in the IMDB with the music for several shows. I don't see a link here for those.

title: Talk:Unwritten Law


text:
FR-2

FR-2 (Flame Resistant 2) is a NEMA designation for synthetic resin bonded paper, a composite material made of paper impregnated with a plasticized phenol formaldehyde resin, used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. Its main properties are similar to NEMA grade XXXP (MIL-P-3115) material, and can be substituted for the latter in many applications.

Applications
FR-2 sheet with copper foil lamination on one or both sides is widely used to build low-end consumer electronic equipment. While its electrical and mechanical properties are inferior to those of epoxy-bonded fiberglass, FR-4, it is significantly cheaper. It is not suitable for devices installed in vehicles, as continuous vibration can make cracks propagate, causing hairline fractures in copper circuit traces. Without copper foil lamination, FR-2 is sometimes used for simple structural shapes and electrical insulation.

Fabrication
FR-2 can be machined by drilling, sawing, milling and hot punching. Cold punching and shearing are not recommended, as they leave a ragged edge and tend to cause cracking. Tools made of high-speed steel can be used, although tungsten carbide tooling is preferred for high volume production.

Adequate ventilation or respiration protection are mandatory during high-speed machining, as it gives off toxic vapors.

Trade names and synonyms

 * Carta
 * Haefelyt
 * Lamitex
 * Paxolin, Paxoline
 * Pertinax, taken over by Lamitec and Dr. Dietrich Müller GmbH in 2014
 * Getinax (in the Ex-USSR)
 * Phenolic paper
 * Preßzell
 * Repelit
 * Synthetic resin bonded paper (SRBP)
 * Turbonit
 * Veroboard
 * Wahnerit

title: FR-2


text: User:Zaxem

title: User:Zaxem


text:
Talk:Poverty in Africa

Untitled
This article gives the impression that someone wrote it without checking any facts at all. This is an exceptionally complex subject, and what I read here does not address the complexity at all. To put, effectively "it's all about population" in the intro is verging on theinsulting.

These topics should at least be mentioned: War; First world pressure to grow cash crops; debt, and debt relief; first world trading practices; climate change; colonial legacy; AIDS.

Some questions that we need to ask:
 * If overpopulation is the problem, why isn't AIDS making things better (don't really answer that, it's rhetorical)
 * In how much of Africa is land owned primarily by a small number of wealthy;
 * If land is owned by the wealthy does this really cause poverty? (Hello! South Africa! Zimbabwe before and after land reform!)

Lets get some facts and figures in this article. Even the good bits are generalisations. DJ Clayworth 03:15, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sorry guys. I've calmed down a bit now. I'm not going to remove what I wrote, but I do understand that we can't write a detailed survey of a very complex subject all at once. DJ Clayworth 03:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I've been working on and off on this for about a week, and your right that all of those topics require further exposition. I did mention some in the main article on Africa. The bit on overpopulation at the top was put in before I got to this. I'm not a big fan of the theory that overpopulation brings poverty.

AIDS is a double edged sword, and it's effect on poverty may be negligible. It really hasn't affected Africa's population - it's still growing faster than any other region despite the high infection rate. That's primarily because the bulk of Africa's population is very young and not in its peak AIDS exposure years. That reminds me - we should add something about life expectancy - ironically low life expectancy usually leads to overpopulation. --SteveHFish 18:05, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that's true - I think what leads to overpoulation is increasing life expectancy. i.e. if this generation of parents have ten children (say) because they expect eight to die, and only six actually die. DJ Clayworth 16:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

An unidentified user erased the whole thing, so I cut & paste from the previous revision. I hope everyone agrees that was the right thing to do! I wish I had had more time to work on this recently - it definitely needs more help and I would welcome any changes. --SteveHFish 03:20, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I understand your point about the population, but AIDS is having a big effect on poverty. The main casualties are the working and parenting age groups, which means a huge increase in orphans (orphans are almost invariably poor, even by African standards). DJ Clayworth 16:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't feel I have the expertise to make relevant modifications of this article. I however recently read a highly interesting paper on the subject which editors of this page may find useful; unfortunately I could not find a free-access link to it:

Why Has Africa Grown Slowly? Paul Collier, Jan Willem Gunning The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Summer, 1999), pp. 3-22

Although this article takes up most of the points mentioned in the paper, Collier and Gunning give a highly structured recent-history perspective of Africa's economic problems from which this article would benefit greatly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samspy (talk • contribs) 21:57, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Economy of Africa
It seems to me that at minimum, this article needs close coordination with Economy of Africa (and maybe Economic history of Africa). Maybe it would even be better to redirect the page to Economy of Africa for the time being, and focus on developing that article (the page could be reinstated later if the content is there to justify it). Rd232 11:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article was started as a request found at the systemic bias board. The justification was that there is an article for Poverty in the United States, but none for Poverty in Africa. As such, I don't think it would be appropriate to merge it with Economy of Africa, where the subject can't be dealt with as fully. There should be a reference there however. As I've said before, this is a subject that needs a lot of work and, although I've been trying, I haven't had much chance to work on it. However, as a broad outline, we should approach the work as follows: - Scope (how bad is the problem) - Causes (why is poverty so bad in Africa now, and why is it so widespread over the continent) - Solutions (proposed ways to reduce the incidence of poverty) --SteveHFish 1 July 2005 16:49 (UTC)

Overpopulation
I replaced the following: "For example, Lagos, Nigeria was a town of 40,000 in the early 1960s. Now, it is home to over 13 million people." Lagos is the name of both a city and a state in Nigeria. The population estimates of 13 million are for the whole state. I replaced the text with a cited statement about urban vs. national population growth in Nigeria. --Pastafarian Nights 02:25, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Apparently, I was wrong.. the estimates of 13 million are indeed for the city. Crud. The original statement reads much better, but is unsourced. I'm going to leave it as is for the time being, until I find a single source that cites the whole range of current estimates for the city's population (10-15 million).--Pastafarian Nights 03:02, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Deleted "This was a factor in the Ethiopian famines during the 1980s." (referring to urban overpopulation). While looking for sources to support the statement, I found one that contradicts it.

Cleanup tag
Comparing the artcle with what it was when it was tagged shows tht it HAS cleanued up, and as it's undergoing the work of active editors, i'll remove the tag. Great work everyone! -- ∞Wirelain 16:15, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

A lot of POV and plain inaccurate information
For example: In addition to cash crops, American settlers also introduced new staple food crops such as maize. lol.. what "American settlers" introduced maize to Africa and when?

and

"Widespread adoption of fenced land monoculture depleted the soil." But then 2 lines down it says most Africans are subsistence farmers. SO where is all these "Widespread adoption of fenced land monoculture"?

And so it goes throughout the article. Widespread assertions, disembodied facts, little credible backup. KimboPrice (talk) 15:29, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

--- Uh, where is the reference to this? This is a little bit ridiculous: "In addition, most African nations have borrowed substantial sums of money"......"or was directly misappropriated by corrupt governments like making nuclear weapons, porn movies, condoms made from paper mache and pirated CDs."

Condoms from paper? Porn movies? My feeling is that item needs to be deleted unless specifically verifiable. But since I don't really participate in writing/editing.. I don't know how to go about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.100.144.70 (talk) 19:27, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

---

This article needs a lot more neutral input, it doesnt take in to account the structural causes (global economy) of poverty including SAP programs by the world back, other multilater organisations, trade treaties like AGOA and Anything but Guns (England), and foreign aid that contributes to this. This is a very traditional explanation of the problem but it needs to include the entire picture, it is other wise biased and puts blame on only on the continent as if it exists in a vacuum and as if there are no external forces.--MsTingaK (talk) 02:42, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

IQ and poverty
Refering to this diff: Where the mention of the correlation of IQ and African states is taken out completely on the basis of it being "controversial". Is it truly controversial? If you look at the reception and the numerous commentaries thereafter (see IQ and Global Inequality) it seems that no writer has contested the general trend, while many have questioned small specifics of the study. The idea that race and IQ correlate, AFAIK, is completely uncontroversial. In 1994, many (52) experts in the area published a public statement in the New York Times on the issue (seeMainstream Science on Intelligence). This can hardly be seen as controversial, or some how radical. In it they say first that IQ is mostly heritable: "Heritability estimates range from 0.4 to 0.8 ... indicating genetics plays a bigger role than environment in creating IQ differences". And thereafter that: "The bell curve for whites is centered roughly around IQ 100; the bell curve for American blacks roughly around 85; and those for different subgroups of Hispanics roughly midway between those for whites and blacks." So saying that African nations may suffer of poverty because of low IQ is not controversial. It's partially because of brain drain, partly because of poor educational structures, and partially because of race. I don't know if this editing out is justified, perhaps the paragraphs needs to be amended some how though. 88.114.154.216 (talk) 07:38, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has an entire article about this subject, Race and intelligence. The methodology of both IQ and the Wealth of Nations and IQ and Global Inequality has been heavily criticised, and neither of these books should be used on their own to support a broad statement like the one you added to the article. Graham 87 15:02, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

REFERENCES 10+11
theses are not able to be retrieved anymore — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.215.130.65 (talk) 04:29, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out. I've fixed them using the Wayback Machine. Graham 87 09:03, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 01:18, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Climate change? LOL
Rainfall has increased over the past decades, if anything that helps Africa and does not hurt the continent. Unless Africans are breeding that much with a fertility rate of 4.8 children per women you can completly forget any chances of economic improvements.

62.226.87.190 (talk) 05:00, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Lack of citations and contradictions with other articles
I understand this page is a work in progress (it still contains many paragraphs of what read like opinions or at best original research, with no figures or citations), but there's one particular section that stuck out to me, it's the paragraph beginning:

"Another example of misspent money is the Aswan High Dam."

Not only does this seem to be an opinion with no evidence, but I followed the link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam and that article paints a very different picture of the effects of the damn. It indicates large scale economic benefits and doesn't even mention the salinity of the Mediterranean. I think one or both of these articles should be updated to bring them inline with the each other, by making them both reflect the facts. Offtopic: how does the damn decrease the flow of fresh water to the sea? I'd have thought it just spreads it out rather than lowering the total flow? Is it that more is now diverted to irrigation and is therefore lost to evaporation and capture by crops? If that's the case, it would be more accurate to say that increased use of nile water for irrigation has decreased flow to the sea, rather than the damn itself. Mazz0 (talk) 11:38, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Can you clarify?
''South Africa under apartheid is an excellent example of how an adverse situation can further degrade. The largely black population earlier wished to learn English (black South Africans saw it as a way to unite themselves as they speak several different native languages).''
 * Can't make head or tail of this. Valetude (talk) 15:51, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poverty in Africa


text:
Otford railway station, New South Wales

Otford railway station is located on the South Coast railway line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the village of Otford opening on 3 October 1888. Two refuge sidings existed north of the station until removed in the 1980s.

Platforms and services
Otford has two side platforms and is serviced by NSW TrainLink South Coast line services travelling between Waterfall and Port Kembla. Some peak hour and late night services operate to Sydney Central, Bondi Junction and Kiama.

title: Otford railway station, New South Wales


text:
Tan Swie Hian

Tan Swie Hian is a Singaporean multidisciplinary artist known for his contemporary Chinese calligraphy, Chinese poetry and contemporary art sculptures found in Singapore and many parts of the world.

Early life
Born in Indonesia, Tan migrated to Singapore circa 1946. He grew up with a fluency in Chinese and Malay, and went on to study English and French at Nanyang University. He began his career as a press attaché for the French Embassy in Singapore, after graduating with a degree in English literature from the university. While working as an attaché, he continued pursuing his passion for art. His first foray into the Singapore arts scene was with his first collection of poetry writings titled The Giant in 1968 and held his first art exhibition at the National Library on Stamford Road in 1973. He also converted his faith to Buddhism that year; his newfound spiritual experience outweighed his passion for the arts that made him give up painting for the next four years. It was only when the then–French Embassy cultural attaché Michel Deverge threatened to end their friendship if he did not pursue his art again, that Tan resume painting. Deverge went on to organize a successful exhibition of Tan's new creations at the Paul Gauguin Museum in Tahiti. After 24 years with the embassy, Tan left his position to pursue art full-time.

Writing
Since his first poetry collection The Giant in 1968, Tan has authored 35 publications of poetry, essays and stories. In 1978, Tan was conferred with France's Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his initiatory Chinese translations of works by Samuel Beckett and Romanian writer Marin Sorescu. In 1987, he was awarded the Cultural Medallion in Singapore. In 1998, he won the Marin Sorescu International Poetry Prize in Romania.

Painting
Tan has been recognised as Singapore's most expensive artist after he sold his oil-and-acrylic painting, When the Moon Is Orbed, for approximately S$3.7m at an auction in Beijing in 2012.

In October 2014, Tan completed a painting of former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his late wife Kwa Geok Choo entitled A Couple. The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in the University of Cambridge, and incorporates in its background Tan's poem written in memory of Kwa. Tan said, "I've always felt [Madam Kwa] was a great woman who, despite her intelligence and capability, was also a humble and dedicated wife." A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang.

Controversy
In 2012, Chinese-language novelist Yeng Pway Ngon was ordered to pay $10,000 in damages and $20,000 in costs to Tan. Tan had accused Yeng of libelling him in a 2005 letter which the latter had sent to The Straits Times and the National Arts Council.

title: Tan Swie Hian


text:
Otford, New South Wales

Otford is a village in the Otford Valley located 55 km south of the Sydney and 30 km north of the Wollongong CBD in New South Wales, Australia. Otford is within the local government area of the City of Wollongong.

Location
Otford is situated in the Otford Valley, north of Undola Ridge, Stanwell Park and Stanwell Tops. To the east of the valley is the coastal ridge and small community of Bulgo, also the name of a hill in the area and the former name of Otford. To the west, on the plateau, is the township of Helensburgh. To the north is the locality of Lilyvale and the Royal National Park.

The town is on the southern tip of the Royal National Park and features many native plants in its bushland like the Dendrobium Lilly. The trees of the bushland are mostly of the dry Eucalypt variety but the valley slopes support tall open Eucalypt forest and rainforest along the creek and in gullies.

The landscape is mostly hillside, and the Hacking River runs through the valley to the north. The highest points around Otford reach over 250 metres above sea level, at Bulgo and Otford Hills. The Bulgo Range of coastal hill headland is the northern extension of the Illawarra escarpment as it gradually turns into coastal cliffs.

A local attraction is the Otford Farm for horse riding, Govinda Valley and the Otford Pantry cafe. Otford's coastal ridge is home to the Otford Lookout on Lawrence Hargrave Drive which has similar views south over the Illawarra as does its southern neighbour Bald Hill.

History
Otford was first known as Bulgo. The name Bulgo was first marked on Robert Dixon's 'Map of the Colony of New South Wales' in 1842 and the name was in use for some time after. When the construction of the Illawarra (now officially South Coast Line) line was taking place a village formed in 1885, with four houses. The name was changed to Otford in May 1885. During that year the village grew and the first school was built, as well as a post office. In 1887 a hotel was present, along with a butchers store, bakers shop, tailor, jeweller and general store. Otford also had a billiard room and skittle alley. After construction of the railway had finished the village went into decline and the school was closed in 1893. Trains on the line stopped at Otford to take in water and a small railway and sawmill centre developed at the entrance to the tunnel.

A timber mill at Karingal, Lilyvale, in the north of the Otford valley was established by Thomas Gergos and his three brothers in 1875. James Forster built a mill to the south in 1899. Lilyvale Mushrooms Pty. Ltd began in 1952 in a small tunnel at Lilyvale and in 1959 two tunnels were in operation.

The current railway tunnel between Otford and Stanwell Park was made in 1917 after annoyances in the old one such as buildup of smoke in the unventilated route and the steep descent. The railway achievements of the area are known as engineering feats, and the views are equally well known. The abandoned, original railway tunnel between Otford and Stanwell Park was used for a mushroom farm but is now disused.

The village shops and the post office all closed. A café, with limited trading hours, remains on Lady Wakehurst Drive where it serves the tourist trade.

Otford is part of the old Parish of Bulgo and was within the area of Bulli Shire Council which was incorporated into Wollongong City Council.

Heritage listings
Otford has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Illawarra railway: Otford railway tunnel

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 369 people in Otford. 79.8% of people were born in Australia and 83.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most common response for religion was No Religion at 51.1%.

Services
Otford has little remaining services but retains a public primary school, railway station on the NSW TrainLink South Coast Line, a volunteer Rural Fire Brigade, Otford Community Hall, tennis court and playground and a cafe. Otford railway station, once had award-winning gardens and picturesque buildings but is now a stark concrete and brick commuter stop. The railway station is used by bushwalkers accessing the Royal National Park.

One of the current most important aspects of Otford is its Bushfire Brigade. All members are village based volunteers who protect the town and district from the severe bushfires that threaten the town. It is an integral aspect of the local community. The local school is the other community focus of this small family and community oriented Australian village. The school has been open again for many years.

title: Otford, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Town and gown

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2020 and 30 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Samuel.Lin.PO.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Expanded chronology
I have greatly expanded this article to cover the chronology and reflect the issues - with the assistance of a Wikipedia user who provided some valuable information on Cambridge University and a wonderful illustration of academic garb (the "gown'). I invite users to improve it(edit, add, delete, etc.). soverman 21 Jun 2005 1517 (UTC)

Licensing laws
"(Some of these privileges still exist - for example colleges in the University can sell alcohol to their students under a special licence without having to follow normal UK alcohol licensing laws.)"

The new licensing laws remove this privilege - Oxford and Cambridge college bars must now obtain a license like any other pub.

Great article, trying to soften some POV at end
A beautifully written as well as informative article... Great coverage of a lot of issues. There are some "POV" questions. The "so-called G.I. Bill of Rights"; while it is now an opt-in program, it was one of the first pieces of legislation to cement specific promises to veterans into law. Many veterans would argue very strenuously that they did view it as a literal "bill of rights" -- veteran or not, at that time very few Americans attended college unless they were of the upper classes. Arguably there's a lot of tension between veterans and the traditional culture of academe - James Webb, former Secretary of the Navy, has spoken about experiences in law school, while on the GI Bill. I think the comment was meant to reflect the "slang" name of "GI Bill" and changed it thus. (grin) On a connected note, anyone who is curious about that period should check out the movie "The Best Years of Our Lives". It's about veteran readjustment in post WWII America; "An Apartment for Peggy" is another movie from the period, about the immense housing crunch as married ex-GIs attended school in droves. This is the real reason for Levittown and the growth of suburbs.

Added comment about the growth of "knowledge communities" ... Boston, Ann Arbor, Madison, Austin are all examples of college towns that have influenced the growth of high tech, dotcom, and other "knowledge intensive" communities. The influx of workers may make these areas extremely expensive (another great topic for Wikipedia) compared to neighboring communities.

The previous edit referred to the "best scenarios"... well, "best" would be subjective. Same with "(the Kent State and Jackson State killings are grim reminders of intervention turning into tragedy)." Yes, I agree that they are grim, but it could be argued that they are a grim reminder of students run amuck, or a grim reminder for the need for gun control, or a grim reminder of the ... fill in the viewpoint there. That is not to say I don't agree with a lot of what's stated in this essay, but that it still needs to be objective - describing the different point of views, but not taking a stand one way or the other.

Now, the end of the article, while ...again, it's beautifully written and very positive, is also very POV... "The division betwen town and gown is rapidly fading." That's an opinion - a well researched and written one, but still an opinion.

I respect all the time and effort into making this a great article; I tried to make some changes to help it fit in better with Wikipedia's stance on POV. Noirdame 08:38, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merger
Town and gown is older and has more info than University Town Politics, but they are the same topic and some sections read nearly identically. While the origins and some present-day issues are political, there are other issues, so the former seems like a better target unless there is enough "politics" material to put it all and only into the latter (with a summary sentence and "see..." in the main T&G page). While we're making sense of the page-names, would "Town-gown relations" be a good place to move the current main page? DMacks 01:09, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

I think the current name Town and Gown should be kept (both the article and the name) because that is a phrase in itself--someone might hear such and such about "town and gown", and not know what it is, so they (haha, hopefully) look it up on wikipedia. The name should at least be kept somewhere, because it is a common phrase. Thrasymachus007 08:01, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the Town and Gown article should stay. I think that University Town Politics article should be merged into this one. Much of the text, as Thrasymachus007] says, is nearly exactly the same, and the quality of this article is much better than [[University Town Politics. --chemica 22:13, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added an additional examples section to Post-1960s: Changing climate, changing issues secntion. This addition is my suggestion for the merge of the two articles. --chemica 22:47, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the merge label and proposed University Town Politics for deletion. --chemica 01:57, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Just change this article's name to "Town & Gown: Yale & New Haven", because it just goes on and on about Yale University and blah blah blah...

Style
Although this article is very informative, it reads more like a book chapter than an encyclopedia article. Also, if someone could fix the citations, that would be helpful as well. --chemica 22:09, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

It reads more like a college essay than snacks encyclopedia article. 2603:8001:3846:2D00:1C10:2CC6:7CD4:AD8A (talk) 06:37, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Univ. of Kentucky section
I fixed some horrible usage and spelling in this section, but I won't get into a possible NPOV war.

Perhaps the previous article writer has an axe to grind... I don't know. However, it is evident to me that:
 * Grammar, spelling, and usage were ill-advised in the section pertaining to the situation,
 * The term "slumlords" has a specific meaning that connotes that the lessors in the area were deliberately negligent (without facts or sources to promote this point), and
 * The dramatic use of phrases such as "This concept had one huge flaw" and "push out the low-income students" edges the entire section towards the viewpoint of a disgruntled student subject to fines for public nuisance violations.

Regardless of whether writer has a point, this place is more than just a gripe board; it's an encyclopedia.

Possible economic motivations for the "slumlords", I mean landlords, could be:
 * Cost prohibitive repairs to the neighborhood(s), a result of onerous city regulations, meant that the property would devalue with time, with no great remedy for the owners, since others in the area would be similarly dismotivated to repair;
 * The "party school" phenomenon isn't pervasive, but some students nevertheless mistreat the property they occupy during their college studies, causing extesive damage in some cases; and
 * Perhaps the lessors truly were cheap misers who desired nothing other than to squeeze every last penny out of those poor, poor students...

Assuming one of these three wasn't a wise move by the previous writer. I have tried my best to "be bold", but I won't get it right the first time through. Please help! 136.165.46.150 04:48, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

UC Berkeley tree sitters
They so need to have a section. 198.144.209.8 12:20, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * By all means write one. Make sure to explain how this is really town vs gown, since they're pretty entangled here (govt fighting public-university is kinda weird, and there are students on the "save ther trees" side). DMacks (talk) 17:27, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Europe
Last time I checked the British Isles was part of Europe so the sentence "first in Italy and then across the European continent and the British Isles" is incorrect. Unless someone can provide an reference which clearly states the somehow the the spread of universities across the British Isles was unique and different from the rest of Europe then I will change the sentence to "first in Italy and then across the rest of European". Bjmullan (talk) 21:38, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The present text is entirely acceptable, but to be a bit more pedantic we could say "European mainland and the British Isles". It's often a good idea to pull out British Isles from the overall Europe label, just to be clear that the islands are actaully included. Leaving it as just 'Europe' could possibly be ambiguous - is that all of Europe including islands, or just the mainland or what? Van Speijk (talk) 19:28, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The link with be to Europe so no possible ambiguity. You're not suggesting that everywhere that the term Europe in used in WP that we include BI just to be sure! As I have already states by separating BI from E it could lead the reader to somehow think that the spread in the BI was somehow different. If it is I'm sure that a reference to support the claim can be found otherwise it will be replaced. Bjmullan (talk) 19:38, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Well that sounds like a threat, and we don't do threats here. As for referencing, I don't see why we should have one for this piece information. There are much more important assertions in the article that are without a direct inline reference. Van Speijk (talk) 19:54, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are absolutely right we don't do threats. What we do do is verifiable and reliable sources which is one of WP core content policies (not a guideline or MOS). Someone has made a statement which suggests that the spread of universities in BI was somehow different from the rest of E and I'm asking for a reference to support that claim. Rather simple and a fundamental part of this project. Bjmullan (talk) 20:12, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * No, you're just trying to remove another case of British Isles, simple as that. And someone has not made the assertion you claim. They have simply clarified that the spread of universities was applicable to BI and continental Europe, and not just the continent; a useful clarification I would suggest. Van Speijk (talk) 20:29, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's get something straight Van Speijk; You are a SPA with the purpose on this project of having the term British Isles used whether or not it is relevant, therefore I think we can take your opinion with a pinch of salt. I have asked for a reference, this is an encyclopaedia after all, to support the claim and I will remove it if no reference is forthcoming, but no rush I will check sometime later. Bjmullan (talk) 21:38, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Just so you are clear; the general sanctions relating to the British Isles clearly states: Any editor who systematically adds or removes the term "British Isles" from multiple articles without clear sourcing and justification, or who edit-wars over such addition or removal, may be added to the list of topic-banned editors. This fact tag has been here since February and no reference has been forthcoming therefore the claim has been removed. Bjmullan (talk) 23:59, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
 * That would be you then. Placing fact tags against instances of "British Isles" just so that you can come back later to remove that instance is a clear breach of the sanctions. I won't revert this one because it's of no consequence but I'm watching your activities vey carefully. I note you've stacked up a few other articles in this way. I strongly recommend that you abandon this tactic. Van Speijk (talk) 19:40, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I think Van Speijk what you need to focus on is without clear sourcing and justification. Happy Easter. Bjmullan (talk) 22:15, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Globalize
The section on post-1960s history deals primarily with the US. Campus police services, or fraternities, are primarily an American issue--in other countries, such as the UK, no-one knows what fraternities are (apart from things which exist in American films), and the idea that a university could run its own police force would be dismissed as an absurd idea. --RFBailey (talk) 16:01, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

Urban slum universities
One aspect that is missing from this article is the "town" which may have been nice when the university was founded but is now impoverished or even dangerous. NYU in New York and USC in Los Angeles are examples that come to mind. I've just been editing about the University of Cincinnati, in a similar situation. It ties in with campus policing. I expect it's a global phenomenon and something scholars have written about, since it's just outside their walls. The main campuses can be so large that some portion abuts a slum even while others are nicer. Also, universities sometimes intentionally open satellite campuses and extensions in poor areas for outreach. If anyone has time and interest, it'd be nice to add a paragraph about it, if that's justified. 2602:306:C5B4:E3D0:8DC4:BB80:568F:2021 (talk) 10:08, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Town and gown. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120801145108/http://www.dist.maricopa.edu/legal/dp/inbrief/parentalrole.htm to http://www.dist.maricopa.edu/legal/dp/inbrief/parentalrole.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:02, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Reference Paper/Essay 1960s section
Judging from the section title and its contents, this seems to be a paper. It has good information in it, but it sort of "takes the reader on a journey" rather than being in true encyclopedic style. Sorry if this is misguided or poorly articulated - it's my first tag. Qxu21 (talk) 08:52, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Nothing wrong with your tagging, it does seem like a self-contained essay rather than a section of encyclopedia article on a larger topic. It's pretty verbose and redundant in parts too. DMacks (talk) 11:51, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Town and gown


text:
University of Alabama School of Law

The University of Alabama School of Law, (formerly known as the Hugh F. Culverhouse Jr. School of Law at The University of Alabama) located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama is  the only public law school in the state. It is one of five law schools in the state, and one of three that are ABA accredited. According to Alabama's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 84% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. An additional 8.4% of the Class of 2017 obtained JD-advantage employment.

Approximately 428 JD students attended Alabama Law during school year 2022–2023. 51 undergraduate institutions, 23 states, and 3 countries are represented among the class of 2026, and the student-faculty ratio is 6.7 to 1.

Academics
Alabama Law offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree, as well as an International LL.M., an LL.M. in Taxation, and an LL.M. in Business Transactions. In conjunction with the Manderson Graduate School of Business, the law school also offers a four-year joint J.D./M.B.A. program. Students may also pursue a number of graduate degrees through established dual enrollment programs for M.A. or Ph.D. in Political Science, M.P.A., Ph.D. in Economics, or LL.M. in Taxation. Certificates in Public Interest Law, Governmental Affairs, and International and Comparative Law are also available.

Admissions have been increasingly selective. The class of 2026 has a median LSAT score of 167 and median undergraduate GPA of 3.95. The 75th and 25th percentile for these metrics are 168 and 4.00, and 159 and 3.63, respectively.

Law clinics
Alabama Law guarantees that every interested student has the opportunity to participate in at least one law clinic before graduating. It is one of the few law schools in the country to make this guarantee.
 * The Children's Rights Clinic works with the Alabama Disabilities Advocacy Program to assist youth with disabilities in the juvenile justice system.
 * The Civil Law Clinic is Alabama's oldest clinic and provides free legal advice and representation to University of Alabama students and community members in civil matters. Civil clinic students handle over 200 cases annually.
 * The Criminal Defense Clinic represents indigent defendants in misdemeanor and felony criminal matters for both bench and jury trials.
 * The Domestic Violence Clinic takes a holistic approach to assisting survivors of domestic abuse in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. In addition to providing comprehensive legal services, clinic students also perform outreach and education.
 * The Entrepreneur & Nonprofit Clinic provides free transactional legal services to small businesses, start-ups, and nonprofit organizations. The suite of services include preparation of formation documents, agreement negotiation and drafting, and regulatory compliance.
 * The Mediation Law Clinic provides an alternative to the adversarial litigation process for families to settle disputes more promptly and with a reduction in emotional trauma.

Publications
In 2007 Jarvis & Coleman ranked the Alabama Law Review (ALR) 36th "on the basis of the prominence of their lead article authors." This represents an incredible 63 position improvement from the rankings of ten years prior. For 2015–2016, ExpressO, UC Berkeley's manuscript submission service, ranked the ALR at 10th in terms of "number of manuscripts received." In 2015 Washington and Lee's methods rank ALR at 46th in both the number of citations from other journals and the combined score. These show an improvement of 10 and 26 positions, respectively, over the preceding 5 years.
 * Alabama Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Law Review
 * Alabama Law Review
 * Journal of the Legal Profession
 * Law & Psychology Review

Approximately 40% of students graduate with journal experience. This is a slightly lower percentage than many of Alabama's peer schools, but nonetheless above the national average.

Employment
According to Alabama's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 83.2% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage required employment within nine months after graduation. Alabama's Law School Transparency under-employment score for 2017 is 7.6%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 who were unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Costs
Tuition and fees at the University of Alabama School of Law for the 2018–2019 academic year total $23,920 for residents and $42,180 for nonresidents. 69.2% of students received discounts during the 2017–2018 school year; the remaining 30.8% paid full price. Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years at full price to be $157,785 for residents and $231,042 for nonresidents.

Notable alumni

 * Hugo Black, U.S. Senator, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, (1937–1971)
 * Edward B. Almon, United States Representative from Alabama (1915–1933)
 * James B. Allen, United States Senator from Alabama (1969–1978)
 * Mel Allen, sportscaster best known as the "Voice of the New York Yankees" and first host of This Week in Baseball
 * John W. Abercrombie, United States Congressman from Alabama (1913–1917) and President of the University of Alabama (1902–1911)
 * Spencer Bachus, United States Congressman from Alabama's 6th Congressional District (1993–present)
 * Samuel A. Beatty, Associate Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court (1976–1989)
 * Katie Britt, United States Senator from Alabama (2023–present)
 * Charles J. Cooper (Class of 1978), clerk to Chief Justice William Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court, founder of law firm, Cooper & Kirk, in Washington, D.C.
 * Emmett Ripley Cox, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit,
 * Catherine Crosby, Miss Alabama 2003
 * Morris Dees, Southern Poverty Law Center founder
 * Paul DeMarco, Alabama Representative
 * Michael Figures (Class of 1972), one of the first three Black graduates of the law school, later served as president pro tempore of the Alabama Senate
 * Mark Everett Fuller (J.D., in 1985), former United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama (forced resignation 2015)
 * Millard Fuller, founder of Habitat for Humanity
 * Victor Gold, journalist, political consultant, and author
 * Perry O. Hooper, Sr., 27th chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
 * Frank Minis Johnson, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
 * Maud McLure Kelly, first woman to practice law in Alabama
 * Claude R. Kirk, Jr., (Class of 1949) former governor of Florida
 * Bert Nettles (Class of 1960), Republican member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1969 to 1974 from Mobile; lawyer in Birmingham
 * Harper Lee, writer, attended the school for several years, but did not complete a degree. (1930–2016)
 * Shorty Price, perennial candidate for Governor of Alabama
 * Bill Baxley, former Attorney General and Lieutenant Governor of Alabama, and Civil Rights lawyer
 * Jeff Sessions, 84th United States Attorney General and former U.S. Senator from Alabama (1997–2017)
 * Steadman S. Shealy, starting quarterback on Alabama's 1978 and 1979 national championship teams
 * Henry B. Steagall II, justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama
 * Robert Smith Vance, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
 * David Vann (class of 1951), law clerk to Justice Hugo Black, U.S. Supreme Court, and mayor of Birmingham, Alabama
 * George Wallace, former governor of Alabama
 * Roy Moore former Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Alabama; Republican nominee, U.S. Senate Alabama Special Election December 12, 2017.
 * Junius Foy Guin, Jr. (1947), former United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
 * Nick Wilson, public defender and reality show contestant

title: University of Alabama School of Law


text:
Brittny Gastineau

Brittny Gastineau (born November 11, 1982) is an American model, socialite, and reality television personality.

Early life and family
Gastineau was born in New York City. She is the daughter of Lisa Gastineau and former New York Jets defensive end Mark Gastineau. During the divorce proceedings between her parents she lived with her grandmother and attended public school at Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York. After graduating from high school she attended the University of Alabama before returning to New York City to model.

Modeling
After moving back to Manhattan, Gastineau signed with the Elite Model Management, and became a model as part of their celebrity division. Within weeks of signing with the agency, she appeared in a spread for Stuff magazine. She walked runways for Anne Bowen and Anna Sui during NYC fashion week in 2005, and signed an endorsement deal with L'Oréal Paris, which led to a European advertising campaign. During that time, she became the face of casual wear designer Ed Hardy. Later, Gastineau appeared on the cover of Steppin' Out, Hamptons and Lucire magazines. In 2005, she appeared on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list, ranking at number 60.

In 2006, she walked the runway for New York Fashion Week, for designer, Yumi Katsura, and the modelled for the designer's bridal collection later that year.

Her modeling career included contracts with MAC cosmetics, as well as occasional runway shows for boutiques such as Heatherette run by Traver Rains and Richie Rich. She also shared a high-end accessory line with her mother, Tresu Glam, and in 2007, they added a costume jewelry line as well.

Gastineau continues to pursue modelling, which includes occasional magazine layouts. She has appeared on the cover of Social Life magazine, and appearances in magazines L.A. Confidential and Life and Style. In 2008 at Fashion Week in NYC, she walked the runway for designer Tamara Pogosian, and was featured in a campaign for Ferrari California in Beverly Hills. She made a small appearance in the movie Bruno where she was duped by the Sacha Cohen character into believing she was on a TV show when in fact, she was the victim of Cohen's role play.

Gastineau made occasional appearances as Kim Kardashian's friend on the E! show Keeping Up with the Kardashians.

Entertainment
In 2004, Gastineau landed a development deal with the E! Network and began production on a reality series which would also feature her mother Lisa Gastineau, the ex-wife of NFL defensive end Mark Gastineau.

In 2005, the series, eventually dubbed T Girls, premiered on February 15 and became a modest hit for The E! Network. The first season chronicled mother and daughter's quest for love in New York City as well as Brittny's formal, successful introduction into the world of modeling. On January 31, 2006, the series' first complete season was released on Region 1 DVD in the United States.

In between seasons of The Gastineau Girls, Gastineau appeared on another E! Network reality show, Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive, which observed the activities of spoiled celebrity children on a Colorado cattle ranch. The show was produced by Joe Simpson, father of Jessica and Ashlee Simpson. Gastineau later appeared on the NBC game show, Identity, and guest hosted episodes of The View and Isaac Mizrahi's talk show. She appeared on Lifetime's Top This Party, E!'s Keeping Up with the Kardashians and MTV's popular programs The Hills and Cribs. She also hosted segments for Fuse TV and Spike TV.

In 2009, Gastineau appeared in a small segment of the movie Brüno where she is asked to judge whether Jamie Lynn Spears should keep or "abort" her unborn baby. Gastineau said to "abort it". Gastineau said she was "joking around" and, in a later interview, said she was aware of the satirical nature of her appearance, saying: "I was just playing along. Anyone who is going to see Bruno knows it's a comedy, and I was totally joking around! I was not serious." She says she's seen the movie and "thought it was amazing." Sacha Baron Cohen, she adds, "is a genius."

title: Brittny Gastineau


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JQ (organization)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:48, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

JQ (organization)
The article was created as vanity for a Yahoo.com group, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JQ/ func (talk) 03:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. func (talk) 03:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Well-meaning but non-notable. --FCYTravis 04:40, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 05:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Horace Rawlins

Horace Thomas Rawlins (5 August 1874 – 22 January 1935) was an English professional golfer who won the first U.S. Open Championship in 1895.

Early life
Rawlins was born at Shanklin on the Isle of Wight, England, the son of Thomas Horatio and Sarah Maria Rawlins. Thomas Horatio Rawlins had married Sarah Maria Brown in Bombay in 1871.

Rawlins had an older sister and two younger brothers; all of whom were born in India. Sarah was widowed by the time of the 1891 census and returned to the Isle of Wight, living in Brading. In 1891 Horace and his younger brother Harry are described as golf caddies. The Royal Isle of Wight Golf Club was situated nearby.

Golf career
Rawlins was one of a number of near-contemporaries who learnt their golf at the now-defunct Royal Isle of Wight Golf Club and went on to become successful professional golfers. The group included Rowland Jones, the cousins Alfred and Walter Toogood, as well as his brother, Harry Rawlins.

Rawlins became the club professional at the Mid-Herts Golf Club when it opened in 1893. He played in a professional event at Stanmore Golf Club in June 1894 but finished well out of the prizes. Rawlins later moved to Raynes Park.

In early 1895 Rawlins travelled to the United States to take up a position at Newport Country Club in Newport, Rhode Island. The club hosted the inaugural U.S. Open on 4 October 1895, and he was one of 11 players to participate. Playing in just his third tournament, Rawlins shocked the more established Willie Dunn, winning the title by two strokes over 36 holes. The first U.S. Open was a one-day event played immediately after the three-day U.S. Amateur, which received much more attention at the time. Rawlins won $150 plus a $50 gold medal and the Open Championship Cup, which went to his club.

Rawlins returned to England in late 1895 and took a position at Crowborough Beacon under the professional Arthur Jackson for the winter. A match was arranged between Rawlins and James Braid on 7 March 1896 at Crowborough, Braid winning 5&3. Rawlins returned to America soon afterwards, moving to Sadaquada Golf Club near Utica, New York. Rawlins finished second in the 1896 U.S. Open, played on 18 July at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club.

Rawlins was also involved in golf course design, having in 1910 done some work on The Springhaven Club course in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, which was originally laid out by Ida Dixon in 1904.

After settling permanently in England in 1913 Rawlins seems to have played little golf. His only known appearance was as an unattached professional in the 1919 "Victory" tournament of the Southern Section of the PGA. Played at Walton Heath on 14 May, Rawlins scored 88 and 89 and finished well down the field.

Private life
Rawlins married Cicely Margaret Wright at St Saviour, Shanklin in early 1911. Cicely had been born in Great Chesterford, Essex in 1878. Horace and Cicely travelled to the United States in April 1911 and April 1912 and spent the summer there. Their first child, Robert Cecil, was born in England in 1913, followed by Clifford Horace in 1916 and there is no indication that Rawlins returned to the United States after 1912.

Rawlins' mother, Sarah Maria, died in Wealdstone on 7 June 1914 aged 73 at which time Rawlins was described as a "draper".

Rawlins died on 22 January 1935 in Greenlands Nursing Home in Reading, Berkshire, now part of the site of the Royal Berkshire Hospital. He had been living in Barkham near Wokingham and was buried there at the parish church of St. James. His gravestone reads "In ever loving memory of Horace Thomas Rawlins who passed peacefully away January 22nd 1935 aged 60 years Thy will be done". Cicely died in early 1964 in Parkstone, Dorset, aged 85.

Results timeline
''Note: Rawlins only played in the U.S. Open. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

title: Horace Rawlins


text:
User talk:Cshirky

Greetings, CS
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, +sj +

Ilinx
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have perfomed a web search with the contents of Ilinx, and it appears to include a substantial copy of. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences.

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot 16:38, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Basically, the fair use rule depend on how much of the original was quoted, and the purpose to which it is put. As a rule, properly attributed quotations that are only a small fraction of the original work are allowable, especially if it is used for analysis, critique or other academic purposes (which an encyclopedia certainly is).  — Coren (talk) 19:51, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Explanans
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of Explanans, and it appears to be very similar to another wikipedia page: :. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page— you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case.

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot (talk) 14:56, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Hello, Cshirky. Just a note from a reader. Thank you for editing Wikipedia with a real name. Yesterday was happy Clay Shirky day on my user page. For real. Good luck to you. —SusanLesch (talk) 08:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

February 2017
hey buddy cool it. don't get personal or condescending. what does the fact that I deleted something have any place?

It's relevant because you are insisting that Barnett has published some relevant work not currently included on article about him, but you are not pointing to it, and the only published work you have ever pointed to is already included on the page. cshirky (talk) 09:45, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

That is why I deleted it. Who would've seen that coming?

But you did not post any other link, yet insist there is additional published work to be listed. If it exists, where is it? And if the arxiv link is the only relevant piece, what else is there to add? cshirky (talk) 09:48, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

would you like me to post a link for you? I was able to find what David Epptein was talking about, are you not? I am not going to post it for you. If I can use a search engine I'm sure you can. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:197:4400:C1A0:B1:70F0:135D:4144 (talk) 09:52, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

I have no stake in the link one way or the other. I am on that page to watch out for lousy epistemology. If you don't post a link, we'll assume it doesn't exist, and nothing will get added. cshirky (talk) 10:15, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

I thought that was the mod's job. David Eppstein has acknowledged it exits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:197:4400:C1A0:B1:70F0:135D:4144 (talk) 10:23, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

So will he add it to the article? cshirky (talk) 10:59, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for March 10
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Christian Volckman, you added links pointing to the disambiguation pages The Kid and The Room. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:32, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

Council on Integrity in Results Reporting moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Council on Integrity in Results Reporting, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page.  Onel 5969  TT me 15:31, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Council on Integrity in Results Reporting
Hello, Cshirky. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Council on Integrity in Results Reporting, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 16:02, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Council on Integrity in Results Reporting

Hello, Cshirky. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Council on Integrity in Results Reporting".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 16:40, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:27, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cshirky


text: User talk:199.64.72.252

title: User talk:199.64.72.252


text: Category:Dukes of Athens

title: Category:Dukes of Athens