text:
Killamarsh

Killamarsh is a village and civil parish in North East Derbyshire, England, bordering Rotherham to the north and Sheffield to the north-west. It lies close to Derbyshire’s border with South Yorkshire.

Killamarsh is surrounded by, in a clockwise direction from the north, Rother Valley Country Park, the village of Wales, South Yorkshire, Kiveton, Woodall, Harthill, Barlborough, Spinkhill, Renishaw, Eckington, and the (former Derbyshire) Sheffield suburbs of Oxclose, Halfway and Holbrook.

The name 'Killamarsh' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Chinewoldemaresc. It appears as Kinewaldesmers in the Charter Roll for 1249. The name means 'Cynewald's marsh'.

History
Domesday records Killamarsh as belonging to Hascoit Musard and being valued at 12 pence. The Grade II* listed parish church of St Giles was built between the 12th and 15th centuries using sandstone. Additions were made in 1895 by J. M. Brooks in magnesian limestone. The chancel south window is restored 15th-century stained glass, and the chancel east window of 1845 is by William Warrington. A Grade II listed medieval cross stands in the graveyard. A number of public houses in Killamarsh are over 300 years old.

Economy
The community originally grew from a farming community, self-sufficient in agricultural and dairy produce since the Middle Ages. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Killamarsh became a coal mining village as the burgeoning Sheffield iron industry demanded coal and transport links with Sheffield matured. Coal has been mined in Killamarsh since at least the 15th century, but the first major mining operation opened at Norwood resulting in an almost doubling of the Killamarsh population between 1861 and 1871. The last two "pits", Westthorpe and High Moor, are now gone, casualties of the early 1980s pit closure programme.

The river Rother which flanks Killamarsh had provided power to grain mills since the earliest times and was used by ironmongers and smiths from the late 18th century. Killamarsh Forge was owned and operated by Webster & Horsfall. They made crucible steel which was cast into ingots. These were then shipped to their Penns Mill plant in Walmley, who drew the special wire. This was used in the core of the second trans-Atlantic telegraph cable laid by the SS Great Eastern in 1866 as well as other equipment used in the splicing operations.

There is an industrial estate located in the Norwood area north of the town and light industrial units and a business innovation centre to the south on the site of the old Westthorpe Colliery. To the west of Killamarsh is a small animal feed mill, and the factory of Ross and Catherall, a specialist alloys supplier to the aerospace industry.

Composition and geography
Killamarsh is situated on the eastern side of the Rother Valley. The centre of Killamarsh can be defined as the junction where Bridge Street meets Sheffield Road, from which point the roads lead to all other areas of the village.

Transport
Killamarsh is close to Sheffield, Chesterfield and Rotherham. The village is close to junctions 30 (Barlborough) and 31 (Aston) of the M1.

Killamarsh was once served by three railway stations:

 * Killamarsh West
 * Killamarsh Central
 * Upperthorpe and Killamarsh

The western side of Killamarsh was originally going to be significantly affected by the new HS2 route from Birmingham to Leeds, but following the government's favouring of an alternative route which will run parallel to the M1 motorway, this is no longer likely to be the case.

Cycling
Killamarsh has a range of beneficiaries of the Sustrans Connect2 project for creating cycle routes. The project has now drawn to a close with the final erection of two new pedestrian and cycle bridges crossing the River Rother and the railway on the border of North East Derbyshire and Sheffield.

Chesterfield Canal
The Chesterfield Canal passed through the village on its way to Kiveton via the Norwood Tunnel, which was the joint longest canal tunnel in the UK at the time of its construction. The canal fell into disrepair following the collapse of the tunnel in 1907. The remains of the Chesterfield Canal are present but housing has been built on part of the canal's original route, and the undeveloped sections are mostly public footpaths.

The planned Rother Link will connect the Chesterfield Canal at Killamarsh, via the River Rother through to the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation, thus creating a new cruising ring and encouraging boats to visit the Chesterfield Canal.

Rother Valley Park
Rother Valley Country Park lies to the north of the town. It was created in the early 1980s as part of the restoration works following open cast mining of the area. Originally managed by a joint board of Sheffield MBC, Rotherham MBC, South Yorkshire MCC and Derbyshire CC, the park is now wholly managed by Rotherham. The scheme created a series of ponds and lakes, with the surrounding area landscaped to form a nature reserve and recreation areas, with facilities for water sports. The River Rother flows from the west of town and passes through the centre of the park. Gulliver's Valley, located beside the Rother Valley Park, is a theme park opened in 2020 on the site of a former colliery.

Notable residents

 * Lee Askham, footballer, who played for Chesterfield F.C., born here.
 * Millie Bright, footballer, who has played for Doncaster Belles, Chelsea and England.
 * Fred Greaves, the first Derbyshire person to be awarded a Victoria Cross was born here in 1890.
 * Richard Hinds grew up in Killamarsh and was a member of the first team squad at Sheffield Wednesday Football Club from 2007 to 2011.
 * Sidney Smith, professional billiards and snooker player who was born in Killamarsh in 1908.
 * Nicky Weaver, footballer who played as a goalkeeper, grew up in Killamarsh.

Sports teams
Killamarsh has many sports teams, in senior and junior age groups. The Killamarsh Dynamoes Athletic Football Club (KDAFC) is one of the many junior footballing sides in the area. Killamarsh Khaos Skater Hockey Club (KSHC) is a roller hockey club with age groups spanning from U10 (U12, U14, etc.) up to senior level. Killamarsh Juniors Athletic Club Institute hosts senior and junior football on its grounds as well as the Killamarsh Juniors Cricket Club (KJCC), which has age groups from U11 to three senior sides and a Sunday side.

title: Killamarsh


text:
The Great Outdoors (Australian TV series)

The Great Outdoors was an Australian travel magazine series broadcast on the Seven Network. It began in 1993 and was broadcast regularly until 2009, with a short-lived revival in 2012.

History
Similar to its long time competitor Getaway, on the Nine Network, the program featured a team of reporters who travelled around Australia and overseas, reporting on travel destinations, tourist attractions and accommodation.

The program premiered on 5 February 1993 in a 30-minute format and was broadcast on Tuesday evenings at 8:00 pm. In 2002, the show was expanded to 60 minutes and moved to the Monday 7:30 pm timeslot, where it had stayed until 2006.

After suffering a gradual decline in ratings, the show moved to a new timeslot of 6:30 pm Saturdays from the 2007 season. On 28 April 2007, the show celebrated 600 episodes, making it one of the longest-running programs on Australian television. However, after further decline in ratings, The Great Outdoors was cancelled in August 2009. The show did briefly return in October 2012 for a revamped series with 8 episodes airing on a Saturday evening at 5pm, with the possibility of a new season in 2013 which did not eventuate.

Former presenters

 * Bridget Adams (1994–2001)
 * Ann-Maree Biggar (2004–2005)
 * Adam Brand (2012)
 * Penny Cook (1993–1996)
 * Shelley Craft (2001–2007)
 * Neil Crompton
 * Laura Csortan (2000–2006)
 * Andrew Daddo (1994), (2002–2008)
 * Ernie Dingo (1993–2009)
 * Andrew Dwyer (1994)
 * Sophie Falkiner (1999–2005)
 * Rachael Finch (2012)
 * Sofie Formica (1993–1994)
 * Jennifer Hawkins (2005–2009)
 * Tony Johnston (1996), (1999–2001)
 * Terasa Livingstone (1998–2001)
 * Di Smith (1996–2006)
 * Pete Wells (2012)
 * Tom Williams (2001–2009), (2012)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Team B

Team B was a competitive analysis exercise commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to analyze threats the Soviet Union posed to the security of the United States. It was created, in part, due to a 1974 publication by Albert Wohlstetter, who accused the CIA of chronically underestimating Soviet military capability. Years of National Intelligence Estimates (NIE) that were later demonstrated to be very wrong were another motivating factor.

President Gerald Ford began the Team B project in May 1976, inviting a group of outside experts to evaluate classified intelligence on the Soviet Union. Team B, approved by then-Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, was composed of "outside experts" who attempted to counter the arguments of intelligence officials within the CIA. The intelligence community was in the process of putting together its own assessment at the same time.

Team B concluded that the NIE on the Soviet Union, compiled and produced annually by the CIA, chronically underestimated Soviet military power and misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions. Its findings were leaked to the press shortly after Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential election win in an attempt to appeal to staunch anticommunists in both parties and also not to appear partisan. The Team B reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of "the window of vulnerability" and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Ronald Reagan.

Some scholars and policy-makers, including Anne Hessing Cahn of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, later criticized the Team B project's findings. Many of these experts argued that the findings were grossly inaccurate.

Creation
A number of conservative foreign policy intellectuals worried that the U.S. was sacrificing strategic position in the early 1970s by embracing détente. In response, Albert Wohlstetter, a professor at the University of Chicago, accused the CIA of systematically underestimating Soviet missile deployment in his 1974 Foreign Policy article, "Is There a Strategic Arms Race?" Wohlstetter concluded that the United States was allowing the Soviet Union to achieve military superiority by not closing a perceived missile gap. Many conservatives then began concerted attacks on the CIA's annual assessment of the Soviet threat.

President Ford's Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld started making speeches arguing that the Soviets were ignoring Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's treaties and secretly building up their weapons so that they could eventually attack the United States. Rumsfeld used his influence to persuade Ford to set up an independent inquiry. Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz wanted to create a much less charitable picture of the Soviet Union, its intentions, and its views about fighting and winning a nuclear war. The organization chosen by the Ford administration to challenge the CIA's analysis was the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB).

In 1975, PFIAB members asked CIA Director William Colby to approve a project that would result in comparative assessments of the Soviet threat. Colby refused, stating it was hard "to envisage how an ad hoc independent group of analysts could prepare a more thorough, comprehensive assessment of Soviet strategic capabilities than could the intelligence community." Colby was removed from his position in the November 1975 Halloween Massacre; Ford has stated that he had made the decision alone, but the historiography of the "Halloween Massacre" appears to support the allegations that Rumsfeld had successfully lobbied for this.

When George H. W. Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence in 1976, the PFIAB renewed its request for comparative threat assessments. Although his top analysts argued against such an undertaking, Bush checked with the White House, obtained a go-ahead, and by May 26 had signed off on the experiment. A team of 16 "outside experts" were to take an independent look at highly classified data used by the intelligence community to assess Soviet strategic forces in the yearly National Intelligence Estimates.

There were three teams: It was the third team, chaired by Harvard University professor Richard Pipes, that ultimately received the most publicity. It is now referred to as Team B.
 * One studied Soviet low-altitude air defense capabilities,
 * Another examined Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) accuracy, and
 * The third investigated Soviet strategic policy and objectives.

Members
PFIAB's Team B was headed by Richard Pipes, a Harvard historian and specialist in Russian history. Team B's members included Daniel O. Graham, Thomas Wolf, John Vogt, and William Van Cleave. Advisers included Foy D. Kohler, Seymour Weiss, Jasper Welch, Paul Wolfowitz, and Paul Nitze, who had been instrumental in the creation of the Committee on the Present Danger (CPD) in 1950. Its objectives were to raise awareness about the Soviets' alleged nuclear dominance and to pressure American leaders to close the missile gap.

Part One
The first section of the report dealt with the team's criticisms of the NIE's assessment of Soviet strategic objectives. It was the conclusion of the report, that the NIE was mostly wrong to view Soviet strategic actions as primarily a response to its history of being invaded and that the NIE ignored or misinterpreted evidence that most Soviet strategic actions were offensive rather than defensive in nature. The report also rejected the NIE's conclusion that as the Soviet Union grew more powerful and capable its foreign policy would also become less aggressive.
 * Judgments of Soviet Strategic Objectives Underlying NIE's and their Shortcomings

Part Two
The second section of the report was primarily a criticism of the NIE's conclusions regarding Soviet strategic weapons programs, and how they are integrated into conventional Soviet forces and what impacts they have on Soviet strategic goals and plans. The report argued that the NIE underestimated the threat posed by Soviet strategic weapons programs, and that the development and deployment of several new weapons platforms and advancements in existing technologies would drastically alter the advantages that the United States and NATO had over the Warsaw Pact. The report cited these specific areas to reinforce its assessment:
 * A critique of the NIE interpretation of certain Soviet Strategic Developments

 * Soviet ICBM and SLBM Programs: The report cited the recent development of Soviet MIRV missile technology, coupled with a rapid modernization of ICBM and SLBM targeting capabilities to argue that the NIE was underestimating the impact of the sophistication, effectiveness and threat of numerical superiority that the Soviet strategic missile program was posing.
 * Economic Factors: The NIE viewed Soviet military expenditures as being limited to economic activity in a similar manner as in the west. The report also took exception to this conclusion, arguing that, in retrospect, prior estimates of Soviet military budgets were far from accurate. They cited the 1970 NIE's estimate of the Soviet military budget as being only half of its actual value, and that this number was still being used as a baseline for current estimates. Using these numbers, the report concluded, greatly underestimated the resources available to the Soviet military and consequentially, underestimated potential capability, The report argued that the Soviets did not have the same financial constraints as the West, Guns vs. Butter, because as a dictatorship, the Soviet Union was less accountable for its budget.
 * Civil Defense: Both the NIE and the Team B report noted that the level of sophistication, scope and expansion of nuclear civil defense was unmatched. And although the Soviet hardening of military and governmental facilities was covered by the NIE the report argued that this was a significant factor in their determination that the Soviets strategic planning was more focused on an offensive nuclear war rather than a defensive stance or deterrence.
 * Mobile Missiles: The report also complained that the NIE did not adequately address the issues surrounding the planned Soviet deployment of the SS-X-16 mobile missile system. The SS-X-16, deployed as the SS-16 was the first mobile intercontinental ballistic missile deployed by the Soviet Union. Because it was built off the SS-20 platform (an intermediate range nuclear missile), it was argued that the SS-20 could be quickly and covertly converted into the longer range SS-16 in times of crisis, and would be a backdoor around the SALT I Treaty.
 * Backfire Bomber: The recent deployment, and capabilities of the Tupolev Tu-22M, designated the "Backfire" by NATO, was also addressed. As with the mobile ICBMs, the NIE was said to have underestimated the current and potential performance of the Backfire, and as such, designated it as a short range bomber similar to the F-111, in capabilities. The report argued that the potential of the bomber, both in range and armaments, meant that it was more appropriate to classify the bomber as a long-range strategic platform, thereby impacting the total Soviet strategic nuclear threat.
 * Anti Satellite Capability: The report argued that there was stronger evidence than presented by the NIE of a Soviet intent to develop Anti Satellite Capability and that despite the NIE judgment contrary, the Soviets were combining directed energy research to this end.
 * Anti-Submarine Warfare: The report argued that despite the NIE's assessment in its 10-year forecast that the Soviet Navy was not aggressively developing more accurate ASW detection tools and would not be able to deploy new more advanced ASW capabilities in the next 10 years, the evidence in the NIE suggested that they had significantly ramped up ASW R&D, including non acoustic methods of detection. The report cautioned that to determine the real extent of Soviet ASW development would require significantly more research and access to classified materials, as the US Navy would not release its data to either Team B, or the CIA, they stressed that the probability of advanced Soviet ASW research was greater than zero, as the NIE implied it was.
 * Anti-Ballistic Missiles: Although the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 put a halt to further development and deployment of most ABM technology, there were exceptions for ABM systems surrounding Moscow and the Grand Forks Air Force Base in North Dakota. The report argued that since the NIE conceded that Soviet ABM research and development was continuing at a pace similar in size and scope it was before the ABM Treaty in 1972, it was likely that Soviet ABM technology was greater than the NIE concluded it was.

Criticism
Team B concluded that the Soviet Union did not adhere to the doctrine of mutual assured destruction, but rather believed it could win a nuclear war outright. Pipes—in his Commentary article—argued that CIA suffered from "mirror-imaging" (i.e., from assuming that the other side had to—and did—think and evaluate exactly the same way); Pipes further wrote that Team B showed Soviet thinking to be based on winning a nuclear war (i.e., not avoiding such war due to MAD, because, he wrote, the Soviets were building MIRV'd nuclear missiles of high yield and high accuracy—appropriate for attacking hardened missile silos, but not needed for such large and vulnerable 'hostage' sites as cities). This was shocking to many at the time, but Pipes argues that later, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was proven to be true.

Fareed Zakaria notes, however, that the specific conclusions of the report

"were wildly off the mark. Describing the Soviet Union, in 1976, as having 'a large and expanding Gross National Product,' it predicted that it would modernize and expand its military at an awesome pace. For example, it predicted that the Backfire bomber 'probably will be produced in substantial numbers, with perhaps 500 aircraft off the line by early 1984.' In fact, the Soviets had 235 in 1984."

According to Anne Hessing Cahn (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1977–1980), Team B's analysis of weapons systems was later proven to be false. "I would say that all of it was fantasy. ... if you go through most of Team B's specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong." The CIA director at the time, George H. W. Bush, concluded that the Team B approach set "in motion a process that lends itself to manipulation for purposes other than estimative accuracy." Brookings Institution Scholar Raymond Garthoff concurred, writing that in "retrospect, and with the Team B report and records now largely declassified, it is possible to see that virtually all of Team B's criticisms... proved to be wrong. On several important specific points it wrongly criticized and 'corrected' the official estimates, always in the direction of enlarging the impression of danger and threat." A top CIA analyst called Team B "a kangaroo court of outside critics all picked from one point of view."

Joshua Rovner, Associate Professor at the U.S. Naval War College, argues that the Team B exercise made sense in theory because scrutiny from outside of the intelligence bureaucracy can pressure analysts to be forthright regarding their assumptions and methodology. Providing Team B the opportunity to create an alternative assessment could have shed light on any institutional baggage, group-think, and inefficiency. "The competition turned ugly, however, when Team B turned its attention away from Moscow and leveled a blistering attack on the NIE process itself." It excoriated intelligence agencies for "persistent flaws" in past estimates and took it upon itself to "determine what methodological misperceptions cause their most serious errors of judgment." The intelligence community was furious, Rovner maintains, because they believed that the exercise was motivated by an ideological desire to frame the Soviet Union as more belligerent than the intelligence community was leading on. The NIE that emerged from the debacle was strongly influenced by Team B's contributions. Rovner believes that Team B was a case of indirect politicization. "The administration did not try to determine the membership of Team B nor the process of the exercise, but it gave de facto control over these pivotal issues to a group of outspoken critics of détente who argued publicly that the United States was seriously underestimating the Soviet threat."

Richard K. Betts, the Arnold Saltzman Professor of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University argues that the underlying problem was confusion about what level of analysis was at issue—an implicit blurring together of Soviet political objectives and military strategy.

"At the level of what might be called strategic intent (how to approach war if it came), Soviet military doctrine was indeed clearly offensive and aimed at securing maximum advantage. Virtually no one challenged this point. Team B and Harvard University's Richard Pipes focused on this but did not distinguish the military strategic orientation clearly from political intent (objectives to be achieved), on which there were many more indications of Soviet commitment to avoiding nuclear war at nearly all costs. Team A and Raymond Garthoff of the Brookings Institution focused on this point. Pipes compared apples and oranges—American political intent with Soviet strategic intent, and American public rhetoric (emphasizing mutual assured destruction) with Soviet operational doctrine."

Paul Warnke, an official at the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) at the time of the Team B, wrote: "Whatever might be said for evaluation of strategic capabilities by a group of outside experts, the impracticality of achieving useful results by 'independent' analysis of strategic objectives should have been self-evident. Moreover, the futility of the Team B enterprise was assured by the selection of the panel's members. Rather than including a diversity of views ... the Strategic Objectives Panel was composed entirely of individuals who made careers of viewing the Soviet menace with alarm."

Richard Pipes has defended the project, and in 2003 said:

"We dealt with one problem only: What is the Soviet strategy for nuclear weapons? Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours. It's now demonstrated totally, completely, that it was."

Also in 2003, Edward Jay Epstein offered that Team B had been a useful exercise in competitive analysis.

Derek Leebaert, professor of government at Georgetown University, supported Team B in his 2002 book The Fifty Year Wound: How America's Cold War Victory Shapes Our World. Although he agrees that "Team B's alternative National Intelligence Estimate contained its own mistakes", he claims that "Russian sources now show that the Team B analysts were fundamentally correct on all the key issues." He further says that when Team B and the CIA debated their reports in 1976, the CIA "conceded all essential points on Soviet nuclear war strategy to its harshest critics."

Jason Vest assessed the lasting implications of Team B:

"Despite Kissinger's condemnation of Team B's assessment, Rumsfeld was effusive in promoting it as a credible study—and thereby undermining arms control efforts for the next four years. Two days before Jimmy Carter's inauguration, Rumsfeld fired parting shots at Kissinger and other disarmament advocates, saying that "no doubt exists about the capabilities of the Soviet armed forces" and that those capabilities "indicate a tendency toward war fighting ... rather than the more modish Western models of deterrence through mutual vulnerability." Team B's efforts not only were effective in undermining the incoming Carter administration's disarmament efforts but also laid the foundation for the unnecessary explosion of the defense budget in the Reagan years. And it was during those years that virtually all of Rumsfeld's compatriots were elevated to positions of power in the executive branch."

title: Team B


text: Category:Chief Ministers of the Australian Capital Territory


text:
Alexander Fu Sheng

Alexander Fu Sheng (born Cheung Fu-sheng 張富聲 ; 20 October 1954 – 7 July 1983), also known as Fu Sing, was a Hong Kong martial arts actor. One of Hong Kong's most talented performers, Fu rose to prominence in the 1970s starring in a string of movies with the Shaw Brothers that accrued him international stardom throughout Asia and parts of North America.

Early life
Fu was born Cheung Fu-sheng in British Hong Kong on October 20, 1954. The ninth of eleven children, he was born into a wealthy family as his father, Benton Cheung Yan-lung, was a businessman and politician from the New Territories who had served as a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. His mother, Angela Liu Fung-wo, was a devout Buddhist.

As a child, Fu developed a fondness for martial arts when he was 8 years old. He was often involved with street fights and his short temperament got him into fights with his teachers and classmates. He left school when he was 15 and became a construction worker for his uncle before applying to the Shaw Brothers Southern Drama School after seeing it in a newspaper advertisement. A judo and karate practitioner, he went on to learn dance, fashion, photography, and screenwriting at the academy. On September 28, 1972, he was amongst 45 graduates who were presented their certificates by Sir Run Run Shaw and Yu Ching Wai. Prior his graduation, he had had some acting experience, appearing primarily in background roles in films such as Cheung Kong's The 14 Amazons (1972) (his debut) and Chang Cheh's Young People (1972), and was shooting Police Force (1973) at the time of his graduation. His total earnings at this time were around HK $500 (USD $63).

Career
Upon leaving Shaw's drama school, Fu signed a 3-5 year contract with the Shaw Brothers Studio and received a monthly salary of HK $650 (USD $83). In 1973, he was cast in Chang's youth action drama film Friends alongside David Chiang and Lily Li where his performance as the brash but honorable runaway Du Jiaji won him Best Newcomer at the 20th Asia-Pacific Film Festival in Taipei. Unlike his male contemporaries Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, David Chiang, and Chen Kuan-tai, Fu's characters were irreverent and boyish which, according to Chang, had not been seen before at the time and as a result, made them all the more memorable. He quickly became one of the director's favorite actors and protégés, going on to make 28 movies with him, many of which he starred in lead or major supporting roles. The actor later credited Chang as a mentor and father figure and the main reason for his successful film career. For several years, he would refuse roles and offers from other directors and film companies to work exclusively for Chang and Shaw's.

Following Chang's shift to the martial arts genre, Fu practiced hung gar kung fu with Lau Kar-leung, Chang's main action choreographer at the time. Later in 1973, Fu relocated to Taiwan under Chang's independent film company, Long Bow. His next film, Heroes Two, was met with critical and commercial success and Fu was lauded for his mischievous yet proud portrayal of Chinese folk hero Fong Sai-yuk, a role he would reprise in its sequels Men From The Monastery (1974), Shaolin Temple (1976), and The Shaolin Avengers (1976). His other martial art films, Five Shaolin Masters (1974) and Disciples of Shaolin (1975) (unrelated to the previous titles) were also commercial successes, the latter becoming Chang's biggest hit in Hong Kong. These Shaolin films also gained Fu some degree of international popularity in Japan. In between Chang's Shaolin films, Fu took part in his big budget 'cast of thousands' epics, Marco Polo (1975), The Boxer Rebellion (1975), and The Naval Commandos (1977).

In 1977, Chang returned to making wuxia films and Fu was once again cast as the lead role in four of the five Brave Archer movies, a multi-part series based on the 1957 novel and its sequel that similarly had a 'cast of thousands' production and was completed in a span of five years. That same year, Fu was cast in Chang's Chinatown Kid, a film that further garnered him international recognition, becoming a massive cult favorite in the United States. Shot in San Francisco's Chinatown, his performance as the migrant worker-turned-criminal Tan Tung was praised by one American critic as being the actor's most mature as well as most heartbreaking work.

Towards the late 70s, Fu collaborated with close friend Ti Lung in Sun Chung's The Avenging Eagle (1978) and The Deadly Breaking Sword (1979), once more to critical and commercial success. However, Fu suffered a series of injuries on set that temporarily impeded his career: on September 17, 1978 while filming The Deadly Breaking Sword, he fell eight feet and smashed head-first into an urn from which he suffered bouts of dizziness for several months, and on September 19 the following year, while filming an action sequence in Heroes Shed No Tears, a harness suspending him broke, causing him to fall and shatter his right leg. Fu's parents reportedly tried pressuring him to quit the film industry as a result of these injuries but were unsuccessful.

In 1981, he became a student under Lau Kar-leung and, after filming for the final Brave Archer movie wrapped, worked mainly under Lau and his brother, Lau Kar-wing, who cast Fu alongside his own brother David Cheung Chan Peng in his comedy films Treasure Hunters (1981) and The Fake Ghost Catchers (1982). Lau Kar-leung's 1982 wuxia film Legendary Weapons of China was Fu's highest-grossing film as well as one of his last completed projects.

Personal life
Fu married Macau-born singer and frequent costar Jenny Tseng on December 4, 1976. The couple have one daughter, Melody, who was conceived via artificial insemination. According to Fu's niece, Jena Pang, he kept many pets including a dog named Sunday. Fu later became a topic of interest when rumor spread of him having purchased Bruce Lee's former residence in Hong Kong.

Death
On July 6, 1983, Fu was seriously injured in an automobile accident after the vehicle he was in, a Porsche 911, swerved into a concrete pole, flipped, and crashed into a hillside. He had not been wearing a seat belt. An unconscious Fu was rushed to the United Christian Hospital where he received up to four pounds of blood transfusions, but died of his injuries at 3:43 a.m., aged 28 years old. A post mortem revealed the actor had died from chest injuries and shock. Reportedly, Fu had been racing with his brothers, David Cheung Chin Pang (his fellow actor) and Horatio Cheung Chun Sheng, and Wong Yue, a costar, although Fu had been a passenger as he had had his license suspended for reckless driving. The driver, his brother Horatio Cheung Chun Sheng, suffered serious head injuries in the accident and was found guilty of dangerous driving in a December hearing. However, the presiding judge, G.P. Muttrie, discharged him, arguing that "any driver who had been involved in an accident in which a close member of his family was killed was punishment enough".

Fu's funeral was held on July 14, 1983 and was organized by the Shaw Brothers committee. The South China Morning Post reported that 2,000 friends and relatives attended while some 3,000 fans gathered to pay their respects during the funeral procession in Hung Hom. His remains were cremated and interred at Fung Ying Seen Koon in Hong Kong. A stone cenotaph was later erected at the site of his crash by Sir Run Run Shaw. At the time of his death, Fu had been filming Lau Kar-leung's The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter in which he co-starred with Wong Yue and his brother and fellow actor David Cheung Chin pang. The script was rewritten with Fu's character abruptly disappearing halfway through as focus was redirected to his costar, Gordon Liu. Fu had also been managing his own directional project, Wits of the Brats, with Lau Kar-wing and Wong Jing. The film was posthumously released on May 24, 1984, and was a box office success.

Legacy
Fu's rebellious and boyish persona was attributed by Chang as being the progenitor for the xiaozi (Mandarin colloquialism for 'kid' or 'brat') genre and was likened as a vanguard for Jackie Chan, Stephen Chow, and Andy Lau. Chang described Fu as "a brilliant actor...adept in both literary and action" and that he (Chang) "did not see a spark like that emitting from another actor at the Shaw Studios after he died." American film critic Ed Travis noted that although Fu never attained Bruce Lee's level of recognition, he had "qualities like Bruce Lee or James Dean in that his youthfulness will live on forever in film as new generations discover his work."

In 2012, Fu was inducted into the Martial Art History Museum's Museum Hall of Fame in Burbank, California for his historic and iconic impact on the martial arts community. A bronze bust of the actor was erected there the following year to mark the 30th anniversary of his death.

Filmography

 * The 14 Amazons (1972) - soldier (extra)
 * Young People (1972) - drum player (extra)
 * Four Riders a.k.a. Hellfighters of the East and Strike 4 Revenge (1972) - soldier at Jukebox (extra)
 * Man of Iron a.k.a. Warrior of Steel (1972) - young man with a bicycle (extra)
 * The Thunderbolt Fist (1972) - (extra)
 * Generation Gap (1973) - Ah Qiang
 * Police Force (1973) - Liang Kuan
 * Heroes Two a.k.a. Kung Fu Invaders (1974) - Fong Sai-yuk
 * Three Styles of Hung School's Kung Fu – A Demonstration Film of the Chinese Kung Fu (1974) - himself
 * Na Cha The Great (1974) - Na Cha
 * Men from the Monastery a.k.a. Disciples of Death and Dragon's Teeth (1974) - Fong Sai-yuk
 * Friends (1974) - Du Jiaji
 * Shaolin Martial Arts a.k.a. Five Fingers of Death (1974) - Li Yao
 * 5 Shaolin Masters a.k.a. The 5 Masters of Death (1974) - Ma Chao-Hsing
 * Disciples of Shaolin a.k.a. The Invincible One (1975) - Guan Fengyi
 * Marco Polo a.k.a. The Four Assassins (1975) - Li Xiongfeng
 * Boxer Rebellion a.k.a. The Bloody Avengers (1976) - Tsang Hin Hon
 * 7-Man Army (1976) - Private He Hong Fa
 * The Shaolin Avengers a.k.a. Invincible Kung Fu Brothers (1976) - Fong Sai-yuk
 * New Shaolin Boxers a.k.a. Demon Fists of Kung Fu (1976) - Zhong Jian
 * Shaolin Temple a.k.a. Death Chamber (1976) - Fong Sai-yuk
 * The Naval Commandos (1977) - Xiao Liu
 * Magnificent Wanderers a.k.a. Magnificent Kung Fu Warriors (1977) - Lin Shao You
 * The Brave Archer a.k.a. Kung Fu Warlords (1977) - Kuo Tsing
 * The Chinatown Kid (1977) - Tang Tong
 * The Brave Archer 2 a.k.a. Kung Fu Warlords Part II (1978) - Kuo Tsing
 * Avenging Eagle (1978) - Double Sword Sleeve Cheuk Yi Fan
 * Life Gamble (1979) - Yun Xiang
 * The Proud Twins (1979) - Jiang Xiaoyu (Xiaoyu'er)
 * The Deadly Breaking Sword (1979) - Xiao Dao
 * Heroes Shed No Tears (1980) - Kao Chien Fei
 * Heaven and Hell a.k.a. Shaolin Hellgate (1980) - Chen Ding
 * Ten Tigers from Kwangtung (1980) - Tam Ming
 * Return of the Sentimental Swordsman (1981) - Jing Wuming
 * The Brave Archer 3 a.k.a. Blast of the Iron Palm (1982) - Kuo Tsing
 * Legendary Weapons of China a.k.a. Legendary Weapons of Kung Fu (1982) - Mo
 * The Brave Archer and His Mate a.k.a. Mysterious Island (1982) - Yang Kuo
 * The Fake Ghost Catchers (1982) - Wu Shunchao
 * Cat vs Rat (1982), the Rat Bai Yu Tong
 * My Rebellious Son a.k.a. Raging Tiger (1982) - Chang Siu Tai
 * Treasure Hunters a.k.a. Master of Disaster (1982) - Chi Ta Po
 * Hong Kong Playboys (1983) - Yan Quan Sheng
 * Eight-Diagram Pole Fighter a.k.a. The Invincible Pole Fighters (1983) - 6th Yang (final film role)
 * Wits of the Brats (1984) - Che Zai (released posthumously; also director)

title: Alexander Fu Sheng


text: User talk:172.138.80.62

title: User talk:172.138.80.62


text:
American Empire: Blood and Iron

American Empire: Blood and Iron is the first book of the American Empire trilogy of alternate history fiction novels by Harry Turtledove. It is a sequel to the novel How Few Remain and the Great War trilogy, and is part of the Southern Victory series.

Blood and Iron covers events directly following the closing events of The Great War: Breakthroughs. It takes the TL-191 Earth from 1917 to 1924.

Plot summary
The Great War is over, with the United States of America and its ally the German Empire having emerged the victors. After being beaten by the Confederate States of America in 1862 and in 1882, the United States has triumphed and avenged those humiliations which had so embittered it over the years. In the CSA, a former soldier named Jake Featherston joins the fascistic Freedom Party and uses it as his platform for beginning to take over the Confederate government and exact revenge on both the USA and the groups he perceives as having "stabbed the CSA in the back": Black Southerners, the Southern aristocracy, and the Whig Party. He soon takes over as leader of the Party and unleashes angry veterans on his enemies.

The USA's conservative government, meanwhile, and Democratic incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, who was running for a third term, lost the 1920 Presidential Election. Replacing Roosevelt and his Vice President Walter McKenna is the party of the masses: the Socialist ticket of President Upton Sinclair and Vice President Hosea Blackford (who marries Congresswoman Flora Hamburger). Ignoring the looming threat of the south, the Socialists focus on improving the lives of its citizenry — at the cost of trimming down its defenses and the military. Sinclair is inaugurated president of the United States on March 4, 1921 to much rejoicing from the Socialist party.

Later in 1921, Jake Featherston runs for office against Wade Hampton V of the Whigs and Ainsworth Layne of the Radical Liberals. Featherston loses by a narrow margin to Hampton, but resolves to fight on. In June 1922, President Hampton is assassinated by Freedom party member Grady Calkins three months into his term. This leads to a massive decline in Freedom Party membership as members, friends and allies desert it amidst such a high-profile embarrassment. The assassination evokes rare sympathy from the United States, which ends the heavy burden of reparations payments placed on the CSA. This contributes greatly to the revival of the CSA's currency, which had suffered from crippling inflation since the conclusion of the Great War. Popular distrust in the Freedom Party and the newfound strength of Confederate paper money leads to support for the newly appointed Whig President Burton Mitchel. The United States' Socialists also have no better notion about what to do with the blacks in North America, and ignore the plight of those in the Confederacy.

In Canada, Governor-General George Custer rules the former Dominion with an iron-felt glove, surviving several assassination attempts by Manitoban farmer Arthur McGregor. Custer kills McGregor with a bomb in the farmer's final attempt as he is parading through Rosenfeld, Manitoba. At this point, the war hero is forced to retire by the new Socialist administration. Sinclair aims to return the U.S. to the days of peace, hoping that by treating its neighbors with respect there will never be another war. He is popular enough to win re-election in 1924 — the same year the Freedom Party begins to involve its stalwarts in the Mexican Civil War (compare to the real-world Spanish Civil War of 1936-39), an action where the U.S. supported the Republican rebels, but its meager support was limited, compared to the supplies, weapons, and barrels (tanks) that the Confederacy gives to Mexican Emperor Maximilian III.

Literary significance and reception
Peter Canon in his review for Publishers Weekly said that "watching historical processes in action is the novel's real attraction. Knowing what happened in our timeline, readers will want to imagine the results of different choices." Don D'Ammassa writing for the Science Fiction Chronicle found this book more interesting than the last three because "Turtledove spends more time with his characters and with the motives behind the various developments rather than dwelling on the inevitable military encounters."

title: American Empire: Blood and Iron


text:
Sandra Tsing Loh

Sandra Tsing Loh (, born February 11, 1962) is an American writer, actress, radio personality, and former professor of art at the University of California, Irvine.

Life and career
Loh is the younger daughter of a Chinese father and a German mother. She was raised in Malibu, Southern California, and after attending Malibu Park Junior High School was bused South to Santa Monica High School, where she was active in the computer-and-engineering-related "Olive Starlight Orchestra" and founded the performance-arts group and civic volunteer organization "Young Bureaucrats, Of Course (YBOC)". She also played violin in the Samohi school orchestra.

Loh graduated from Caltech with a BS in Physics; she returned in 2005 to deliver its commencement speech. She is also a graduate of the Master of Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California. Her early career as a performance artist included a piano concert on a freeway overpass in Downtown Los Angeles, and one in which she distributed hundreds of one-dollar-bills. She went on to perform a number of well-received autobiographical one-woman shows, in which she developed a particular form of observational humor.

A writer for the publication Asian American Playwrights called Loh "a multifaceted artist'". Her piano recordings of her original compositions that were made during the late 1980s were labeled "a cross between Art Tatum and Francis Poulenc". A writer for The New York Times called Loh "perpetual darling of the ever-beleaguered Los Angeles intelligentsia and constant candidate for that publishers' holy grail, the female David Sedaris". Loh gained some national notoriety when KCRW canceled her weekly radio commentary, The Loh Life, after an engineer neglected to bleep her on-air utterance of the word "fuck" during a segment on knitting that aired on 22 February 2004. The Loh Life was soon after picked up by the other Los Angeles NPR affiliate, KPCC. She is also the host of The Loh Down on Science, a daily science oriented radio show, and was a regular commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, PRI's This American Life, American Public Media's Marketplace, and other public radio programs. She has some versatility as a radio personality in that many of her programs, some of which air at the same time, are aimed at a different radio audience. As an example, Loh would use humor to publicize a recent but serious scientific discovery on The Loh Down on Science series while she would make a humorous comment on a current business topic on her segment on Marketplace.

Loh is the author of several books, including the semi-autobiographical A Year in Van Nuys. She has also written reviews of books about parenting, feminism, and several other topics for The Atlantic, where she is a regular contributor. Loh appeared in yet another one-woman show, "Mother on Fire," at the 24th Street Theatre in Los Angeles between October 2005 and March 2006. She made a brief cameo appearance in the 2006 film Unaccompanied Minors. She is featured in the book Part Asian, 100% Hapa by artist Kip Fulbeck.

In reviewing Loh's 2008 book Mother on Fire for the New York Times Sunday Book Review, Pamela Paul wrote that she "was in awe of [Loh's] quippy brilliance" and that Loh's writing ability "is no less than a feat of genius".

Loh wrote about her divorce in a 2009 article for The Atlantic, where she has been a contributing writer for several years, focusing mostly on parenting and family issues. She explained at the time that, as a parent and full-time writer, "I did not have the strength to 'work on' falling in love again in our marriage." She also admitted to cheating on her husband.

Loh's essay, "The Bitch Is Back," which first appeared in The Atlantic, was selected a Best American Essay for the 2012 edition of the Best American Essays series.

In 2014, Loh published The Madwoman in the Volvo: My Year of Raging Hormones, and was profiled in The New York Times. Loh adapted The Madwoman in the Volvo into a play for South Coast Repertory Theater.

She was the invited commencement speaker at Caltech in 2005, at UC Irvine in 2014. and the University of Michigan–Flint in 2015.

Books

 * Loh, Sandra Tsing (2020). The Madwoman and the Roomba. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-24920-0

Plays

 * The Madwoman in the Volvo (2016)

Interviews

 * Sandra Tsing Loh Q&A at The Nation magazine (2014)

Discography

 * Pianovision (1991) K2B2 Records

Filmography

 * The Weekenders (2000–2003)
 * Weight Loss (The Office) (2008)
 * Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank (2022)

Other audio/visual work

 * Radio programs
 * , Audio archives of her business oriented radio commentaries on the public radio program, Marketplace (2004–2005)
 * This American Life Audio archive of her contributions to the public radio program This American Life (1995–1998)
 * , Audio archive of her weekly radio commentaries on public radio
 * The Loh Down On Science Audio archive of her daily science show on public radio
 * Public speeches
 * ; An audio, and video versions are also available via iTunes
 * Interviews
 * Audio interview with Sandra Tsing Loh on public radio program The Sound of Young America
 * Audio interview with Sandra Tsing Loh on KCSN Arts & Roots Forum by Martin Perlich

title: Sandra Tsing Loh


text:
PCI-SIG

PCI-SIG, or Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group, is an electronics industry consortium responsible for specifying the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI-X, and PCI Express (PCIe) computer buses. It is based in Beaverton, Oregon. The PCI-SIG is distinct from the similarly named and adjacently-focused PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group.

It has produced the PCI, PCI-X and PCI Express specifications.

As of 2022, the board of directors of the PCI-SIG has representatives from: AMD, ARM, Dell EMC, IBM, Intel, Synopsys, Keysight, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm. The chairman and president of the PCI-SIG is Al Yanes, a "Distinguished Engineer" from IBM. The executive director of the PCI-SIG is Reen Presnell, president of VTM Group.

Formation
The PCI Special Interest Group was formed in 1992, initially as a "compliance program" to help computer manufacturers implement the Intel specification. The organization became a nonprofit corporation, officially named "PCI-SIG" in the year 2000.

Membership
Membership of PCI-SIG is open to all of the microcomputer industry with a $4,000 annual fee. PCI-SIG has a membership of over 800 companies that develop differentiated, interoperable products based on its specifications. PCI-SIG specifications are available to members of the organization as free downloads. Non-members can purchase hard-copy specifications.

title: PCI-SIG


text:
Talk:Trunking

Ethernet
I'm trying to put together a reference to trunking in regards to ethernet networks, but I'm having a hard time figuring out how to integrate it into this article and not introduce confusion, since traditional circuit-switched telecommunications and packet-switched ethernet networking use terms like "switch" and "trunk" differently.

Ethernet port trunking likely best floating off on its own as a separate topic, with a reference to it on this page.

I'm not sure which trunking definition is more popular in terms of common usage. Certainly the circuit-switched definition is older, but it seems to be falling out of use in favor of packet-switched network terminology, as VoIP and broadband takes over as major telecomm services vs basic phone service. DMahalko 06:09, 08 june 2006 (UTC), Yahiya Hasan, Netsol

Trunk Line
Trunk line redirects here, but the article doesn't mention it. This is unfortunate. Harley peters 06:02, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Accuracy
A T1 has 24 channels, each of which can carry a voice signal, or be combined to improve data bandwidth. ( With an IVAD ) Each channel is known as a trunk, while the T1 itself is a trunk group. Also, a DS3 is 28 T1s, and again, each individual channel would be a tunk, and each T1 would be a trunk group.

While VOIP may change this in future, its time has not yet arrived. Most telecommunications around the world, even in rich countries, is not performed using VOIP.

DigitalEnthusiast 20:47, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Derivation Rework
The 'Derivation' section is utterly confusing. It is not at all clear whether the origins of the term come from the road, the railroad, the trunk of an elephant, or a tree trunk. If they are alternate and competing theories, this should be made clear. I take it that the origins of the term are unclear and the four options are just theories. Is this so? If I don't get a response to my comment, I will go ahead and modify the section to express this ambiguity rather than leave the reader wondering. Montblanc2000 21:37, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, please do. The mess is partly my fault.  Jim.henderson 03:29, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

This article needs some attention, I think.

Radio Communication
This par hardly does the subject justice. Rather than expand it I think it should

be replaced by - See Trunked radio system

Telecommunications
should be followed by a sub-heading - Trunk, to cover the next par. Additional definitions could be added here to cover some of the other usages of

the word.

Trunk Line
This par should be expanded to cover differences in usage over the last 100+ years, and between the two sides of the Atlantic.

Telephone Exchange
This heading should be changed to - Trunking. The reference to grading should be deleted or qualified, as there were/are plenty of trunking systems that didn't/don't use grading.

Derivation
The elephant trunk theory is cute, but I think it's probably an urban myth. There are plenty of analogous usages - arteries, canals, roads, railways - all of which are derived from the tree/branch idea. I personally favour the railways analogy. UK practice tends towards 'trunk' (long distance) and 'junction' (local) lines, which could match up to railway usage, although 'main' and 'branch' lines are more common, these days, in that area. GusTheTheatreCat (talk) 10:15, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Sections
Hey, I think that radio and telephone trunking is far more common than ethernet trunking. I'm going to change the order of the sections to reflect that, especially since telephones and radios have been doing it before the personal computer was even invented. I think even if you make a separate article, this one needs to have some reference to ethernet, but it shouldn't be the first case. --Kraftlos (talk) 18:39, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Etymology
Current text: "Etymology" "How the term came to apply to communications is unclear, ... "

This is not true The origins of railroad technology to describe the telephone network is clear. The railroad terminology came from Theodore Newton Vail. He had had a long relationship with Union Pacific when he became general manager of American Bell Telephone Company in 1878. The transcontinental railroad was largely finished by that time and there were all those railroad engineers (who knew networks and switching) looking for work.

They brought their terminology with them. To this day telephone company technicians refer to their call routing computers as "switches". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Axolotl23 (talk • contribs) 23:44, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Good contribution. I added a linked mention of Vail, and I rewrote the section. I mentioned Vail more as a symptom than as a cause, because I believe it would be a Great-Man fallacy (Great Man theory > Criticism) to think that the model of usage wouldn't have suggested itself to everyone if a particular man hadn't "introduced" it. But your point is well taken, and thanks for helping to improve the section. — ¾-10 02:21, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've marked this whole section as needing a citation. has been in WP:MADEUP state since at least 2009. This is not a critical section for the article. If we can't find a citation, it is probably now time to delete it. -—Kvng 23:58, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've seen in one website, that took is based on a Northern Telecom training note, that the term came from "'the tracks that ran between two towns were called 'Trunk Lines' because of the baggage (old sea trunks) that was carried over them'"
 * Not a verifiable source, but warrants further research. Here's the website: http://pbxbook.com/other/trunks.html#Introduction Family Guy Guy (talk) 18:19, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Deleted Etymology Speculation
I deleted this section. It was unreferenced since 2009 and was simply a couple of competing guesses. The elephant bit should have been nuked a long time ago. For posterity's sake the text was:

There are several apparent influences on the use of the "trunking" term in communication networks. The most elemental ones are the natural models of a tree trunk and its branches; tributary streams' confluence with rivers; and river deltas' branching of channels.

The term's previous use in railway track terminology (e.g., India's Grand Trunk Road, Canada's Grand Trunk Railway), which came from the natural models mentioned above, is another likely influence. Railway networks, with trunks, branches, and switches, were a contemporary model for many decades of the development of telegraph and telephone networks. In fact, turnover of employment among engineers in the railroading and telecommunications industries was not unusual during these decades, which makes the use of these analogies unsurprising. For example, Theodore Newton Vail had been a manager of railroad networks before he became an architect of telephone networks.

Another possible explanation is that, from an early stage in the development of telephony, the (up to around 10 cm diameter) containing many pairs of wires. These were usually sheathed in lead. Thus, both in colour and size they resembled an elephant's trunk. The elephant's-trunk hypothesis may be a false etymology.

--DouglasCalvert (talk) 20:37, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Trunks and local calls
"In the UK and the Commonwealth countries, a trunk call was the term for long distance calling which traverses one or more trunk lines and involving more than one telephone exchange. This is in contrast to making a local call which involves a single exchange and typically no trunk lines."

Is this really accurate? After all trunk lines and tandem exchanges are still used in a local call when the number being called is served by another exchange that is still in the local call area. The only time a trunk line isn't used is if the number being called is serviced by the same exchange as the caller's number.

Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that even though trunks lines were used in local calling when talking between exchanges in the local-call area, the term "trunk call" came to refer to calls utilising trunks that traversed areas where long distance tolls applied.

Chris Fletcher (talk) 01:55, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trunking


text:
User:Dwoodhou

Dean R. Woodhouse Born in the city of Sheffield, and lived in the suburb of Hackenthorpe before moving to Killamarsh in North East Derbyshire, in the North of England and living there for 10 years until he left for college.

After attending college at the University of Huddersfield (then Huddersfield Polytechnic) to take a HND in IT, moved to Saint Paul and Minneapolis, in the state of Minnesota, USA staying for over 22 years. While living stateside, completed a bachelors degree in IT - Graphics & Multimedia from Capella University, passing with highest honors (4.0 GPA/1:1). Also completed Rocky Mountain School of Photography's 11 week Summer Intensive course during the summer of 2013.

Dean was the founding creator of the Killamarsh Wikipedia page in 2005, as he was annoyed there wasn't one - ironically living 4000 miles away at the time (which explains the timestamps being at late hours). He didn't know about needing a Wikipedia account until after creating the page, so the first edit has an IP address from Qwest communications in Minnesota.

From March 2015 until 2021, Dean had been a resident and Professional Photographer in West Linton, Peeblesshire located in the Scottish Borders. He has since moved near Glasgow.

For further information, his website can be found here: https://www.drw.photo

title: User:Dwoodhou


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Internet Explorer/Archive2

Internet Explorer
After many rewriting and reorganization, and run through peer review, this article is now quite informative, and much less biased as previous revisions. The article is now quite stable, with no current edit wars. P.S. FYI, the previous nomination can be found in this archive. --minghong 06:15, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

From the article: Comparatively speaking, the default Internet Explorer interface is less cluttered than some of the internet suites. Isn't this more a matter of opinion than fact? Can it be backed up anywhere?
 * Object

Also from the article: Internet Explorer is derived from Spyglass Mosaic. What is Spyglass Mosaic? I had to read the Mosaic article to find out. I would recommend adding a brief description to that sentence, saying: Internet Explorer is derived from Spyglass Mosaic, a web browser developed in the mid 1990s. or something like that.

Finally, there is a section on criticisms of Internet Explorer. I feel that that would make the article somewhat POV- could there be a section for praise of Internet Explorer?

Otherwise the article is very well-written. Keep up the good work, Minghong and other editors, in making this article even better! Thanks for all your hard work. Flcelloguy 15:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have tried balancing the article with praise of IE or fair criticism of IE's competition. Unfortunately this kind of edit is quickly revoked, since most of the editors here are pro-Firefox or just anti-IE --Beachy 16:36, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Except the criticism section, most of the article is "praise"! And the criticisms are already very neutral. I think those are constructive criticisms that should stay. --minghong 19:01, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Object for now. I'd like to see some more development on the criticisms part in relation to the rest of the article. There's a lot to be said about IE, including the bad stuff. I'm not being a biased Linux user; I'm being objective. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 20:52, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there such thing as a neutral Linux user? I thought you had to make it your lifestyle - all that CLI/kernel hacking/shell upon shell upon shell etc? Are you guys comfortable discussing mature, high-performance graphical applications like web browsers? --Beachy 21:27, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Beachy, I am. I'm a Linux user and I wrote a good proportion of the Windows 2000 article. Why don't you give it a break, huh? - Ta bu shi da yu 04:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Give it a break? Where's the fun in that? :-P --Beachy 05:03, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't want to put words in his mouth, but I'm sure Linuxbeak is comfortable talking about... Firefox.AlistairMcMillan 00:43, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Touché! Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 03:28, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's Firefox he wants to talk about then I'm afraid he's come to the wrong article! --Beachy 05:04, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, not sure what else needs to be covered in the "Criticisms" section. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:03, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * One further comment: this is the reason I asked whether we should refer to our own articles in the references section. The article has (quite rightly) turned into an umbrella article for many subarticles. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, definitely less overtly biased than it was. Worth keeping a watchful eye on though, especially with all these Linux/OSS fans on the loose --Beachy 05:03, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongly object. Even a brief look at the edit history reveals intense battling about POV, in large part instigated by Beachy. Take a look at this diff, for example, where he inserted a comment "The reason for IE decline is likely to be in part due to security hysteria caused by Firefox advocates and misguided OSS zealots. No reason to advertise other browsers here" into the article. His allegations of a media conspiracy against Microsoft are equally problematic. According to Beachy's user page, he has made it his personal mission to "balance POV" in this article, apparently by inserting his own. This does not bode well for the future of this article. In terms of the specific content, my main objection is not against the criticism section (which could, however, go into more detail), but against the "History" section, which, on the bundling of MS IE with the operating system, only has this to say: "The integration, however, was subject to numerous criticisms. See United States v. Microsoft for details." That is ridiculous, especially since we have literally hundreds of leaked memos that document Microsoft's strategy to dominate the browser market after it decided that Netscape could develop into an independent platform that might threaten its OS monopoly. These are not "criticisms", but facts which are not disputed by anyone and which belong, at least as a summary, into the History of Internet Explorer. As it is now, the reader is left in the dark as to the origins of Microsoft's domination in the browser market, which makes the whole article appear like the product of Microsoft's marketing division.--Eloquence* 16:36, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course Microsoft is always trying to dominate the World. But Wikipedia may not be a right place to add this, as it would easily turn into flame/edit wars. --minghong 18:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * If the article is the way it is not because of any real factual considerations, but out of fear of edit wars, then I must object even more strongly to declaring it feature quality.--Eloquence*
 * Oh come off it you two. Everyone in the browser market would like to dominate it. Particularly Firefox, with its aggressive SpreadFirefox campaign, aided by the militant web standards evangelists. Then there's the Linux/OSS advocates who can't afford/stomach running Windows, and therefore protest about Internet Explorer being the dominant browser. Why can't you guys accept that IE walked all over Netscape in terms of code quality, featureset and usability? THAT'S the reason it beat Netscape, and we are ALL better off for this having happened. Of COURSE you'll get edit wars if you say the only reason that IE is successful is because of a corporate conspiracy. --Beachy 00:29, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and one of my "problematic" edits that Eloquence refers to is the following: "'After having fought and won the browser wars of the late 1990s, Internet Explorer began to see its usage share shrink. Having attained a peak of about 95.4% in 2002, it has been in a minor decline due mainly to media coverage of security concerns and a greater awareness of alternative browser choices for technology savvy users. Statistics indicate the current most significant competition comes from open source Gecko-based browsers, in particular Mozilla Firefox. The media has played an instrumental role in the decline of Internet Explorer usage and Its neutrality is questionnable. Some of the most outspoken critics of Internet Explorer are open source advocates. Much money and effort has been spent on a marketing campaign for Mozilla Firefox and on the Web, a widespread grass-roots campaign advertises this open source browser as an allegedly superior product.'" This is the truth, for f**ks sake! I know you guys don't like it.. but there's not one incorrect statement there. It's a ridiculous state of affairs to have an allegedly neutral encyclopedia run by OSS advocates who have a hard-wired problem with Microsoft. It seems to be your default behaviour.. none of you can see past your corporation hang-ups and conspiracy theories. I despair... --Beachy 00:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And one more thing - how dare you accuse me of 'instigating' edit wars? Firstly it takes two to tango. Secondly, you obviously have not been watching the edits too closely. In a couple of cases, I was editing or removing information that was proven to be factually inaccurate, despite resistance from other editors. Therefore, without my intervention the page would have been misrepresentative. Eloquence, Minghong, et al: I know our opinions differ, and I know I am outnumbered here. This does not mean I am wrong, and that you can make attempts to discredit the constructive input I have put into this article. Eloquence, as a Wikimedia representative, you should know better than this --Beachy 00:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. --144.214.120.252 01:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Although this is a fine article, I see two problems. In ==History== "The improvements were astounding" seems entirely subjective and I would prefer it to be an opinion ascribed explicitly to some source. In ==Usability and accessibility== "Comparatively speaking, the default Internet Explorer interface is less cluttered than some of the internet suites." involves a tautology that can be eliminated by deleting the first two words, and, more significantly, seems to be self-evident: either name the suites or lose the statement. It is not useful to know that IE does not have the most cluttered interface, which is all that this sentence tells us. --Theo (Talk) 21:22, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fixed by changing "astounding" to "significant" and removing the paragraph about UI cluttering. --minghong 00:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Beachy's conduct above is illustrative of the damaging and disruptive behavior which has harmed collaboration and the productive settlement of NPOV disputes on this article. The featured article standards require that an article be stable; this cannot be assured when active POV-pushing and abuse is disrupting it. --FOo 21:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I love that FOo is claiming I'm biased in this very personal statement. Compare this to his statements from the IE discussion page:"'accusations that your fellow editors are biased certainly do constitute personal attacks ...it is not acceptable behavior on Wikipedia ... When is it useful to say that someone is biased? I'm not sure it ever really is ....if you choose to behave in a manner which violates Wikipedia policy, you're not going to get to contribute it. That would be bad. Cut the personal attacks'" -- practice what you preach, Fubar! And regarding your talk page observation ..KABOOM! :-) --Beachy 01:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't want to go personal. But does that mean this can't be a featured article just because of one's disruptive behavior? You know, we did try to stop him, but it isn't easy to change one's mind. (see his talk page) --minghong 00:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Classic Fubar and Classic Minghong. --Beachy 00:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Pointing to one's talk page, eh Minghong? And why not - yours is certainly the biggest cracker of them all! "I've been spreading Firefox before the creation of Spread Firefox community site" I can't believe you left that on there... --Beachy 00:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongly Support. This is a very significant article. While I don't like IE one way that we can help fight it is if we know how it got developped and so on, after all the truth works better than myths or lies. CAPS LOCK 00:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, and editors who happen to list "conspiracy theory" as one of their recreational activities (you know who you are) are probably not the best thing that ever happened to this article --Beachy 01:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. My objections have been addressed. --Theo (Talk) 08:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Shock hardening

Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle. When compared to traditional cold work, such an extremely rapid process results in a different class of defect, producing a much harder material for a given change in shape. If the shock wave applies too great a force for too long, however, the rarefaction front that follows it can form voids in the material due to hydrostatic tension, weakening the material and often causing it to spall. Since voids nucleate at large defects, such as oxide inclusions and grain boundaries, high-purity samples with a large grain size (especially single crystals) are able to withstand greater shock without spalling, and can therefore be made much harder.

Shock hardening has been observed in many contexts:

Explosive forging uses the detonation of a high explosive charge to create a shockwave. This effect is used to harden rail track cast components and, coupled with the Misnay-Schardin effect, in the operation of explosively forged penetrators. Greater hardening can be achieved by using a lower quantity of an explosive with greater brisance, so that the force applied is greater but the material spends less time in hydrostatic tension.

Laser shock, similar to inertial confinement fusion, uses the ablation plume caused by a laser pulse to apply force to the laser's target. The rebound from the expelled matter can create very high pressures, and the pulse length of lasers is often quite short, meaning that good hardening can be achieved with little risk of spallation. Surface effects can also be achieved by laser treatment, including amorphization.

Light-gas guns have been used to study shock hardening. Although too labor-intensive for widespread industrial application, they do provide a versatile research testbed. They allow precise control of both magnitude and profile of the shock wave through adjustments to the projectile's muzzle velocity and density profile, respectively. Studies of various projectile types have been crucial in overturning a prior theory that spallation occurs at a threshold of pressure, independent of time. Instead, experiments show longer-lasting shocks of a given magnitude produce more material damage.

title: Shock hardening


text:
HyperTransport Consortium

The HyperTransport Consortium is an industry consortium responsible for specifying and promoting the computer bus technology called HyperTransport.

Organizational form
The Technical Working Group along with several Task Forces manage the HyperTransport specification and drive new developments. A Marketing Working Group promotes the use of the technology and the consortium.

History
It was founded in 2001 by Advanced Micro Devices, Alliance Semiconductor, Apple Computer, Broadcom Corporation, Cisco Systems, NVIDIA, PMC-Sierra, Sun Microsystems, and Transmeta. As of 2009 it has over 50 members.

Executives
As of 2009, Mike Uhler of AMD is the President of the Consortium, Mario Cavalli is the General Manager, Brian Holden of PMC-Sierra is both the Vice President and the Chair of the Technical Working Group, Deepika Sarai is the Treasurer.

title: HyperTransport Consortium


text:
Dzheyrakhsky District

Dzheyrakhsky District (Джейра́хский райо́н; ЖӀайраха шахьар, Žyajraxa šaꜧar) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the four in the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 628.14 km. Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Dzheyrakh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 2,638, with the population of Dzheyrakh accounting for 57.4% of that number.

History
The district was established in October 1993.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Dzheyrakhsky District is one of the four in the Republic of Ingushetia and has administrative jurisdiction over all of its eighty-five rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Dzheyrakhsky Municipal District. Its eighty-five rural localities are incorporated into five rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Dzheyrakh serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.

Culture
The Dzheyrakh-Assin historical and architectural museum and nature reserve, including Tkhaba-Yerdy Church, is located in the district.

title: Dzheyrakhsky District


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Light Formerly Known as Blinking

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was deleted already. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Light Formerly Known as Blinking
Traffic lights are not notable! — Phil Welch 06:19, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If the information can be verified, it could be merged with Taos, New Mexico. Angela. 06:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Notability. Even if true it is little more than a weak testimonial to a trivial fact.Tobycat 06:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. —tregoweth 06:52, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Phil's reason was well-put. --Idont Havaname 07:10, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All public institutions are notable. What not traffic lights? Delete then. Sjakkalle 08:35, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The title made me laugh, but that's no reason for a keep. Linuxbeak | Desk 12:19, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If there was evidence that it was officially designated as a historic landmark by the local government, or some other similar reason, maybe... Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:40, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unencyclopedic. My hometown has one of those, too.  Should we start a disambig page?  Joyous 20:36, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Traffic lights are a public institution and are inherently notable. Kidding, of course, Denni ☯ 01:33, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:11, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Radiant_* 10:43, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability. JamesBurns 11:27, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Hyperlocal

Hyperlocal is information oriented around a well-defined community with its primary focus directed toward the concerns of the population in that community. The term can be used as a noun in isolation or as a modifier of some other term (e.g. news). When used in isolation it refers to the emergent ecology of data (including textual content), aggregators, publication mechanism and user interactions and behaviors which centre on a resident of a location and the business of being a resident. More recently, the term hyperlocal has become synonymous with the combined use of applications on mobile devices and GPS technology. Use of the term originated in 1991, in reference to local television news content.

Definition
A working definition of hyperlocal was published in a 2012 Nesta report, describing it as "online news or content services pertaining to a town, village, single postcode or other small, geographically defined community".

Content
Hyperlocal content has two major dimensions: geography and time. The dimensions are measures of the relevance or value perceived by the content consumer in time and space. The higher the content scores on these dimensions the more relevant the content becomes to the individual and the less it becomes to the masses. Hyperlocal content is targeted at or consumed by people or entities that are located within a well defined area, generally on the scale of a street, neighborhood, community or city. Hyperlocal content must also be relevant in time. The nature of the evolution of hyperlocal content follows these two dimensions. By combining the two dimensions we can identify types of hyperlocal content throughout history. In the distant past, hyperlocal content was low on the geographic dimension, meaning that the content met only broad needs of larger populations across bigger areas, and also low on the time dimension: relevance was perceived over long timescales. Examples include almanacs, town criers and written postings or other similar forms of infrequent content delivery mechanisms. More recent hyperlocal content scores higher on the geographic and time dimensions because it delivers more diverse content that targets geographic areas and remains relevant at much smaller time scales such as days and weeks not months and years. Recent examples of hyperlocal delivery mechanisms include neighborhood focused news sources, neighborhood voucher packs and neighborhood websites. More recently, hyperlocal content has evolved to include GPS enabled internet integrated mobile applications which score highly on both the geographic and the time dimensions. They are capable of delivering content that is relevant not just in a community but relevant right down to the individual within a geographic area that can be measured in meters and blocks not towns and neighborhoods. They are also capable of delivering content relevant at very short timescales such as seconds or minutes not just days or weeks.

Websites
Hyperlocal websites can focus on very specialized topics—i.e., stories and issues of interest only to people in a very limited area. So, for example, school board meetings, restaurant, community group meeting, and garage sales can receive prominent coverage. For example, Forumhome.org focuses on issues likely of interest only to the few thousand residents of the small New Hampshire towns it serves. Another example is Rheebo, a hyperlocal website that build communities around things people are passionate about. Hyperlocal sites may also focus on particular issues. For example, NewWest.net focus on issues relating to balancing economic development and environmental concerns in quickly growing towns in the Rocky Mountain West such as Boulder, Colorado, and Bozeman, Montana (see Exhibit 4.3). "Our core mission is to serve the Rockies with innovative, particularly journalism and to promote conversation that help us understand and make the most of the dramatic changes sweeping our region," the site notes. Much of the content on NewWest.net comes from freelancers and citizen contributors.

In recent years hyperlocal websites have been created to enable the concepts of the Sharing economy or Collaborative consumption. These websites allow peer communities to share human or physical assets. Examples include Yelp, Airbnb, TaskRabbit, eBay, Craigslist and Krrb. Many of the best-known hyperlocal news sites have sprung up independently, with the battle cry "local doesn't scale," but larger media companies have been interested in the concept as well. Formerly a much-vaunted subsidiary of AOL, Patch Media runs a large US based hyperlocal network of sites. According to a March 2015 article in CIO magazine, "Legions of underserved local advertisers were supposed to flock to Patch sites, leaving national publishers in the collective dust. . . . Of course, this wasn't how it played out. Scores of Patch sites were left inactive as the a company reexamined its strategy. Sure, hyperlocal content sounded great -- everyone wants to know what's happening around them -- but the flawed business model couldn't sustain it. Not enough big advertisers were targeting local markets."

Another model for a national company running hyperlocal sites is franchising, such as was being done by 2010 startup Main Street Connect.

The Washington Post Company also made a commitment to developing hyperlocal sites. Rob Curley, who has been called the "hyperlocal guru" for his previous work in Lawrence, Kansas, and Naples, Florida, joined washingtonpost.com in part to develop hyperlocal sites for that paper. The first Curley-led washingtonpost.com effort focused on Loudoun County, a fast-growing suburb in Northern Virginia. The site loudounextra.washingtonpost.com underwent a branding change to loudenextra.com, but that now redirects to a section of the parent paper, www.washingtonpost.com.

Some hyperlocal sites included detailed searchable community events calendars and restaurant information, a complete listing of churches (including 360-degree inside views and recordings of sermons) and police blotter information updated every day. "Knocked down mailboxes will be newsworthy", Curley promised. "What we're doing is taking the local and treating it like it's the superstar". Others at washingtonpost.com have high hopes for the hyperlocal sites. "It's a big effort", says managing editor Jim Brady. "When you take our daily traffic and combine it with Rob Curley's expertise—if it can't work here, it can't work anywhere".

Some journalists, not surprisingly, are skeptical of the hyperlocal movement's focus on the often mundane information of daily life. Hyperlocal "has the potential to trivialize a media organization's brand and further saturate news sites with myopic local (and frequently unedited) content, perhaps at the expense of foreign and national reporting", said an article in the American Journalism Review. Still, media companies are searching for new ways to reach audiences with content that interest them, and hyperlocal definitely holds that potential. BBC's Van Klaveren says journalistic organizations need to embrace both the so-called "big-J" journalism and the hyperlocal: "We need to move beyond news to information".

Social media
Social networking sites originally did not host hyperlocal content but were the largest distributors of such content hosted on other sites. This is because of the contemporary nature of sharing and the predominantly local composition of user's network in which content is shared. This type of distribution is secondary (done by users) in contrast to the primary distribution done by the content hosting site itself (e.g. Craigslist). In recent years there has been a shift in user behavior to use Social Networking sites for both creating as well as sharing hyperlocal content. Prime examples exist in the phenomenon that WhatsApp is being increasingly used for community organization and eCommerce despite having no feature support for these activities. Facebook also hosts 60x more event than eVite (the leading site which specializes in events only). This user behavior suggests that an effective hyperlocal distribution is a more important consideration for users than the superior quality of the content itself. Since 2010, evidence shows that Social Networking sites have been mobilizing to aid and leverage this user behavior. Google acquired Zagat in 2011. Since 2012 Facebook has been adding new features to create varied hyperlocal content e.g. Blogs, Events. In early 2015 Facebook announced the feature to mark a post as sold and later in 2015 it introduced a C2C payment system. Many believe these steps as precursors to an imminent launch of Facebook Classifieds and Marketplace, most likely rolled into one.

Magazines and newspapers
While many traditional print publications are shutting down or publish exclusively online, local newspapers in small towns can still make a profit. National companies that mail full-color glossy hyperlocal magazines to targeted neighborhoods include N2 Publishing and Best Version Media. Comparing themselves to Facebook, they publish mostly user-generated content written by local residents and homeowners associations.

GPS-based mobile apps
The most recent incarnation of hyperlocal content grew out the combination of satellite based location services and advanced wireless data built into mobile devices. Satellite-based location services allow a high degree of physical location precision. When combined with a mobile device's access to the vast set of Internet data and services, hyperlocal takes on new dimensions. Realtime internet awareness of an individual's precise location in time allows people and entities to consume or deliver hyperlocal content that is relevant to specific individuals at very small time scales.

Hyperlocal GPS mobile apps, in particular, change the nature of human interaction with their environment by providing a much faster, richer and relevant source of information. The mobile Internet data connection available to hyperlocal apps allows GPS location data to be fused with Internet data to improve the decision process of the user. Examples of these types of hyperlocal content providers are Google Maps, Foursquare and LaunchLawyer. In contrast to printed maps, the mobile Google Maps app allows users to identify places and interests around their current GPS location. In contrast to rating services or directories, the mobile Foursquare app uses GPS location data to enable users to make more informed choices and receive better deals. In contrast to printed or online lawyer directories, the GPS-enabled LaunchLawyer mobile app combines GPS awareness with the ability to almost instantly get a lawyer. In each case the combination of mobile device, GPS and the Internet changed the manner in which consumption of information, services or goods took place.

Other manifestations
There are other types of data which have local or hyperlocal relevance, or be of interest to residents - e.g. a government statistic on crime rates in one's neighborhood. Such data, while relevant to residents are of a qualitatively different type.

Market penetration
For large corporations, successfully targeting local populations can involve either shedding or leveraging corporate identity:
 * Shedding corporate identity — Starbucks' 15th Avenue Coffee & Tea cafe in Seattle was not branded with its corporate owner until January 2011. Starbucks continued Roy Street Coffee as a separate brand. By shedding the corporate identity, Starbucks hoped to better cater to the local culture through various events and unique offerings. Coffee tastings from experts and open mic night are examples of programs the national coffee chain offered without having it associated with the Starbucks brand.
 * Leveraging corporate identity — The New York Times is tapping into the hyperlocal market online, through "mentor" programs. Essentially, the NY Times wants to have a hand in the editorial process of hundreds of local media outlets. By polishing online news content with their expertise, they seek to gain small portions of advertising revenue from those digital publications with whom they own a stake.

Media structure
While there are various ways in which hyperlocal content is being created and published, blogs have become a key part of the hyperlocal ecology. Their basic roles evident in the space include individual blogs, blog networks, and aggregators.

Some others initiatives are made for this purpose in the US by the company Marchex, and in France by the network ProXiti. They are developing networks of thousands hyperlocal news sites like www.10282.net (Manhattan 212) or www.75016.info (paris 16eme arrondissement).

In response to the burgeoning number of hyperlocal news sites in New Jersey, The Citizens Campaign founded the Hyperlocal News Association (HNA). The HNA works to foster and encourage growth of new hyperlocal sites across the state.

Hyperlocal Marketing
Hyperlocal Marketing is marketing for businesses in certain geographic areas. These are usually focused on geographies such as neighborhoods, towns, streets, and spots located near well-known landmarks. For example, a hyperlocal search targets 'near me' searches like 'coffee shop near me'. This type of search can also be phrased as 'coffee shop' in London.

title: Hyperlocal


text:
Anthony D. Romero

Anthony D. Romero (born July 9, 1965) is an American lawyer who serves as the executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union. He assumed the position in 2001 as the first Latino and openly gay man to do so.

Early life and education
Romero was born in Bronx, New York city on July 9, 1965, to Puerto Rican parents Demetrio and Coralie Romero. Romero spent the initial years of his childhood growing up in a public housing project in the Bronx. He was the oldest of his siblings. His father worked as a houseman at a large Manhattan hotel and was repeatedly turned down for a more financially lucrative job as a banquet waiter, being told that it was because he did not speak English well enough. Demetrio Romero later decided to seek assistance from the attorney of the labor union he belonged to, hoping to file a grievance against his employer. He won the case, which allowed for him to seek out better paying work and later allowed for the family to improve their standard of living. The family subsequently moved to suburban New Jersey, where Anthony graduated high school.

Romero was the first member of his family to graduate from high school. He received his B.A. degree from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1987, having written a senior thesis titled "Colombian Migration and Political Participation in the United States". He later received a J.D. from Stanford Law School in 1990. He is a member of the New York bar. He was a Dinkelspiel Scholar at Stanford University, a Cane Scholar at Princeton, and a National Hispanic Scholar at both institutions.

Early career
Romero started his career at the Rockefeller Foundation, notably leading a foundation review that helped determine future directions in civil rights advocacy. In 1992, Romero began working for the Ford Foundation, initially serving as a program officer in the Civil Rights and Social Justice Program. After less than four years in that position, he was promoted to the position of director, making him one of the youngest directors in the foundation's history. Prior to his departure, he served as the director of Human Rights and International Cooperation, transforming the program into the foundation's largest. As director, he managed and facilitated roughly $90 million in grants to civil rights, human rights, and peace projects. Notably, he also launched progressive initiatives in affirmative action, voting rights and redistricting, immigrants' rights, women's rights, reproductive freedom, and LGBT rights.

American Civil Liberties Union
Anthony Romero became executive director in September 2001, just before the September 11, 2001, attacks. He is the first openly gay man and the first Hispanic director of the civil liberties institution.

After the September 11th attacks, Romero launched a national campaign called "Keep America Safe and Free" to protect American civil liberties and basic freedoms during a time of crisis in the United States. The campaign successfully targeted the Patriot Act, achieving a number of court victories, and uncovered hundreds of thousands of documents detailing the illegal torture and abuse of detainees in U.S. custody in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo. As a result of their successful court challenge to elements of the Patriot Act, the ACLU also forced the FBI to open files it had on antiwar groups, including the ACLU itself. Further, under Romero's leadership, the ACLU became the first organization to successfully file a legal challenge to the Bush administration's illegal National Security Agency (NSA) spying program. Shortly thereafter, Romero helped to establish the John Adams Project, in collaboration with the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, to assist the under-resourced military defense lawyers in the Guantanamo military commissions. Referring to the August 17, 2006, federal court declaration that the Terrorist Surveillance Program was unconstitutional, Romero called the court's opinion "another nail in the coffin in the Bush administration's legal strategy in the War on Terror". Discussing the Bush administration, Romero said that the "eight years of President Bush will go down in history as one of the darkest moments in America's commitment to human rights".

Amidst 9/11 related concerns, ACLU membership, which had hovered around 300,000 for decades, increased to 573,000 following the terror attacks and subsequent legislation established during the Bush administration. Total donations to the ACLU doubled to more than twice the 2001 budget, increasing to about $28 million per year in the years following. Upon Romero's arrival, he increased the number of ACLU staff from 186 to 379 in 2001 alone. He also raised the salaries of staff members to be more in line with industry standards, in some cases increasing salaries by as much as 86%. In each of the ACLU's national affiliate offices, Romero hired and placed at least one staff attorney.

The ACLU's massive growth under Romero's leadership allowed for the organization to expand its activities with regard to racial justice, religious freedom, privacy rights, reproductive freedom, and LGBT rights. In recent years, this has enabled the organization to create a new Human Rights program as well as a division dedicated to privacy issues arising from new surveillance technology, including data mining and the collection of genetic data.

In 2007, Romero and the ACLU denounced the Pentagon for monitoring 186 antiwar protests and keeping files on pacifist groups, from Veterans for Peace to the Catholic Worker Movement.

In 2008, Romero spoke at the March for Women's Lives in Washington, D.C., advocating for the legality of abortion.

In 2013, Romero, on behalf of the ACLU organization, praised Edward Snowden for his whistleblowing action against the NSA.

In 2016, Romero co-signed a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon calling for a more humane drug policy, along with people like Eve Ensler, Norman Lear, and Ernesto Zedillo.

Criticisms
During the course of his time with the ACLU, Romero has come under fire by other leaders within the organization, including board members and his predecessor, Ira Glasser. Their complaints have included assertions of his dishonesty and lack of integrity in the context of the workplace and with regard to the ACLU's work. His critics within the ACLU have launched websites such as savetheaclu.org and voicesfortheaclu.org, reporting that he "has betrayed fundamental ACLU values".

In 2002, Romero signed a consent decree the New York Attorney General at the time, Eliot Spitzer, to settle a privacy breach that had been discovered on the ACLU website. Although an outside company was responsible for the breach, Spitzer's office had demanded $10,000 from the ACLU for the error, which would later be reimbursed by the outside company directly responsible. However, as designated in the decree, Romero was required to distribute the decree itself to the national ACLU board within 30 days. Instead, he waited 6 months to do so, when he reportedly "offered vague and inconsistent explanations of the circumstances surrounding the negotiation, execution, and eventual distribution of the agreement".

In 2004, Romero received criticism for signing two agreements without the consent or approval of the larger ACLU leadership council. Most notable of the two was his signing of the Combined Federal Campaign, a government program that allows federal employees to allocate funds to charities and nonprofits that do not "knowingly employ" people found on federal and international antiterrorism watch lists. Fellow leadership did not approve of this partnership and were forced to withdraw from the program, a move that cost the organization roughly $500,000.

On June 26, 2011, Romero was charged with a DWI after being seen "careening into oncoming traffic" by police. His arrest was not included in any weekly press releases of DWI charges that week and was not made public until it was published in the New York Post on August 10, nearly two months later. Police claim to have inadvertently omitted Romero's arrest. However, critics suggested that the omission was no accident.

Works authored by Romero

 * In Defense of Our America: The Fight for Civil Liberties in the Age of Terror. William Morrow, 2007. ISBN 0-06-114256-5.

Recognition
In 2005, he was named one of Time magazine's 25 Most Influential Hispanics.

In 2009, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. George’s Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa.

In 2011, Romero received the "Maggie" Award, highest honor of the Planned Parenthood Federation, in tribute to their founder, Margaret Sanger.

He was featured in the HBO documentary The Latino List.

Romero is the recipient of the 2020 Woodrow Wilson Award from Princeton University.

title: Anthony D. Romero