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Talk:Kevin Youkilis

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2004 World Series Champion
It should say that he is a 2 time World Series champion, since he was on the 2004 Red Sox World Series roster. 47.35.3.173 (talk) 19:56, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Youkilis


text:
Criminal jurisdiction

Criminal jurisdiction is a term used in constitutional law and public law to describe the power of courts to hear a case brought by a state accusing a defendant of the commission of a crime. It is relevant in three distinct situations:
 * 1) to regulate the relationship between states, or between one state and another;
 * 2) where the nation is a federation, to regulate the relationship between the federal courts and the domestic courts of those states comprising the federation; and
 * 3) where a state only has, to a greater or lesser extent, a single and unified system of law, it is the law of criminal procedure to regulate what cases each classification of court within the judicial system shall adjudicate upon. People must be tried in the same state the crime is committed.

Supranational courts
Under the public international law system, de jure states are sovereign within their own territorial boundaries. A few states such as the Netherlands have adopted a monist approach, i.e. they accept international and municipal laws as part of a single system. Thus, whether a supranational court or tribunal has criminal jurisdiction over its territory or citizens, will be determined by international law. The majority of states are dualist, i.e. they will only accept international obligations through the process of incorporation, say by signing and adopting treaties and conventions. Hence, whether a supranational court or tribunal will have jurisdiction and, if so, over what subject matter and over what period of time, will be decided by the sovereign government of the day.

Extraterritorial jurisdiction in international law
Because each government is supreme, it can enact whatever statutes it wishes. Thus, State A would have the power to make a law which, for example, made it an offence to smoke in the streets of State B, a neighbouring state. State A could employ officers and equip them with cameras. These officers could then collect evidence in State B and, when its citizens returned home, State A could prosecute them for breach of the law. But State A's law could not be directly effective in State B because that would make State B less than sovereign. Similarly, State A could not seek the extradition of its own citizens from State B unless State B was formally to consent (usually through the negotiation of a treaty including the particular offence).

International crime
Transborder crimes take place in more than one state. For example, a defendant may fire a gun, post a package, or write or speak words in State A, but the effects of each action are felt in State B. Some states claim a public policy justification to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed by, or crimes committed against their citizens, even though these crimes are committed outside their borders. Thus, one of the classifications of crime is "crimes against the state". These are crimes that affect the interests of the state or its administration. In extreme cases, a state may wish to prosecute one of its own citizens for treason even though all the relevant acts and omissions took place in another state. Similarly, if a citizen of State A is acting in a way that interferes with the friendly relations between State A and State B, it may be expedient to prosecute this citizen no matter where the relevant acts have been committed. Jurisdiction may also be claimed over crimes on board the ships and aircraft operated by corporations based in the given state, no matter where these craft may be located at the relevant time. In English law, where murder and manslaughter are concerned, the English court has jurisdiction over offences committed abroad, if committed by a British citizen (see section 9 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and section 3 of the British Nationality Act 1948). In R v Cheong (2006) AER (D) 385 the appellant was living in Guyana in 1983. He shot and killed a man who had just robbed his wife and sister-in-law. Under local law he was charged only with the unlicensed possession of a firearm; but as a British citizen, section 9 of the 1861 Act applied 19 years after he returned to England and he was charged with murder. On appeal, a conviction for manslaughter was upheld. At a level of conventional policy, there are two main theories to justify the exercise of jurisdiction:

The initiatory or subjective theory
The state in which the sequence of events begins, claims jurisdiction because the accused did everything in his or her power to commit the offence within its territory. Intending to deceive Y into parting with money, X writes a begging letter claiming to be a penniless widow with ten starving children and posts it in State A. X must then rely on the postal workers to carry the letter to Y in State B. No matter how hard X tries, X cannot take any further action to promote the scheme, and whether it succeeds or fails is entirely outside his or her ability to control. There are three theoretical issues to consider: In English law, see the definition of a deception which must be the operative cause of the "obtaining" in the deception offences and under the Theft Act 1978, and note that all the inchoate offencess move in time and across borders so that an attempt continues from the proximate act until failure, a conspiracy agreement is not limited to a particular place, and the encouragement by a secondary party as an accessory continues until the principal commits the substantive offence.
 * the definition of the actus reus elements of the crime must be wide enough to include a continuing sequence of events. Some offences are either frozen in time or geography because they are defined either as activities being undertaken when the harm occurs (e.g. driving offences), or in terms of their consequences. For example, the definition of a "deception" is some form of dishonest representation that induces the victim to do or refrain from doing something that causes him or her loss. Anything else is preparatory or anticipatory to this key intellectual event. Thus, to facilitate a prosecution of X, the definition of the offence in State A must include writing and posting the letter in State A as well as the operation of the letter upon the mind of the recipient in the State B.
 * State A would be prosecuting conduct occurring within its borders that does not constitute the complete actus reus, i.e. unless and until the letter is read by the recipient, the deception cannot operate or fail. The alternative would be to consider X's actions of writing and posting the letter as preparatory acts and so an attempt. This would be sensible if the letter fails to convince Y, but a nonsense if the letter actually induces Y into sending a cheque back to X.
 * the policy that caused State A to criminalise the given actus reus must justify a prosecution even though no actual injury or damage has been sustained to a person resident within the territory of State A. The usual justification for criminalising any set of acts or omissions is as a deterrent to protect local citizens. It is not usually the policy of State A to protect the citizens of State B from harm: that duty arises out of the social contract between State B and its own citizens.

The terminatory or objective theory
If the injury or damage affects a citizen within the territory of a state, it would be usual for that state to claim jurisdiction to protect the interests of those who are present within its borders. But X would not have taken any action within State B's borders, so the wording of the actus reus must permit a prosecution in this situation. The theoretical justification for this jurisdiction may be that X has intended to cause the loss or injury and so should not escape liability through the device of only seeking to deceive those resident outside State A (a strategy that would be very simple given the internet). The justification is less clear when the place of injury is an accident. Within a single state, the doctrine of transferred intent would apply to criminalise accidental departures from a planned attack, but if X's letter is redirected out of State A by one of Y's helpful relatives, the receipt of the letter by Y on holiday in State B is entirely outside X's actual intention (just it might be irrelevant to a sender where the recipient of an e-mail is resident). Alternatively, suppose that X physically attacks Y in State A, intending to kill him. Both are nationals of State A. Y is seriously injured and, because the hospitals in State B have a superior track record for treating injuries of this type, Y arranges to be transferred to State B where he later dies. Again, there is no causal connection between X's initial criminal acts and the territory of State B, and seeking to found jurisdiction simply on the ground that Y died within its borders, is not wholly convincing given that Y is not a national of State B and so neither owes allegiance nor is owed any duty of protection as a part of State B's social contract.

In the United States
The United States is a federation of states. The U.S. Constitution creates a federal government and legislature that has general powers over the territory of the whole and over foreign policy, whereas the individual states have their own governments that, within the scope allowed by the federal constitution, have local territorial jurisdiction. There is a system of federal courts which have jurisdiction to hear charges alleging federal crimes, and state courts have jurisdiction to hear charges alleging violations of local state law.

U.S. federal courts
Under the U.S. Constitution, the power of Congress to enact criminal statutes is limited; the federal government lacks "plenary criminal jurisdiction." The powers of Congress to enact criminal laws "are not boundless." The U.S. Constitution mentions explicit authority for Congress in three areas: (1) counterfeiting, (2) piracy and felony on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations, and (3) treason. However, the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution gives Congress "broad power to enact laws that are 'convenient or useful' or 'conductive' to the authority's 'beneficial exercise' ".

The United States district courts have original, exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over "all offenses against the laws of the United States."

Some crimes are related to areas owned by or under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government. Examples of these crimes include those committed in the District of Columbia, in U.S. Territories, in U.S. National Parks, in federal courthouses and federal prisons, and aboard airplanes (regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration) and ocean-going vessels. The United States military has its own criminal justice system applicable to its members, and civilians may be charged with a federal crime for acts committed on military bases. Federal courts also have jurisdiction to hear cases brought against U.S. citizens based on their illegal activities in other countries.

The Sixth Amendment calls for trial “by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.” Within the federal court system, Rule 18 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure specifies which federal court may hear a particular criminal case:

 * Unless a statute or these rules permit otherwise, the government must prosecute an offense in a district where the offense was committed. The court must set the place of trial within the district with due regard for the convenience of the defendant and the witnesses, and the prompt administration of justice.

Anderson, 328 U.S., at 703 holds: “[T]he locus delicti must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it.” In Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347 (1912) although none of the defendants had entered the District of Columbia as part of their conspiracy to defraud the United States, they were convicted because one co-conspirator had committed overt acts in Columbia (225 U.S., at 363). So conspiracy is a continuing offense committed in all the districts where a co-conspirator acts on the agreement. Similarly, In re Palliser, 136 U.S. 257 (1890) the sending of letters from New York to postmasters in Connecticut in an attempt to gain postage on credit, made Connecticut, where the mail he addressed and dispatched was received, an appropriate venue (136 U.S., at 266—268). See 18 U.S.C. § 3237(a):
 * Any offense involving the use of the mails … is a continuing offense and … may be … prosecuted in any district from, through, or into which such … mail matter … moves.

This was applied in United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 275 (1944) so that “an illegal use of the mails … may subject the user to prosecution in the district where he sent the goods, or in the district of their arrival, or in any intervening district.”

Problems
This system works well when there is a clear line of demarcation between the two state jurisdictions, or between a state and federal jurisdictions, and prosecutions may be initiated in the appropriate court. But laws and rules are not always so clear.

Concurrent jurisdiction
Some crimes have national significance and, to reflect the public interest, their investigation and prosecution will fall to the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the Department of Justice. This creates tensions between the two systems because the individual states in which aspects of the criminal activity have taken place may wish to assert jurisdiction over that part, whereas the federal authorities will wish to consolidate the wrongdoing across several states into a single trial.

One significant result of the concurrent jurisdiction between state and federal courts (and in some cases between different state courts) is that an individual who violates both state and federal law, or the laws of multiple states, can be separately charged and tried in each jurisdiction. Thus, a resident of Virginia who defrauds a Florida resident through the mail may be tried in Virginia state court and in a Florida state court, and in a federal court in either Florida or Virginia. A famous example of dual state and federal sovereignty is the Rodney King case. Police officers who beat motorist Rodney King were acquitted of assault charges in the California state court, but were convicted of violating King's civil rights - based on the same events - in a federal court in California.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Criminal jurisdiction


text: Category:Operas by Alban Berg

title: Category:Operas by Alban Berg


text:
User talk:JeffStickney

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 04:06, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Your edit to Travel with ferrets
Your recent edit to Travel with ferrets (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 20:32, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You needed to make a redirect. I've done this for you. If there is anything else you need, just ask. josh buddy, talk 20:50, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

The Wire peer review
Thanks for your help with and contributions to The Wire article. The article is now up for peer review and has been through a major overhaul, I wondered if you had any thoughts about the current version?--Opark 77 00:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Links
Hi, Jeff. I just wanted to make sure that you realized that if the The Wire episode pages are moved, redirects will still exist at the old page names. Thus, no links will be broken.

Also, the standard for naming on all Wikipedia articles is to put disambiguation (the parenthetical suffix) only when necessary — if a common phrase has only one encyclopedic meaning, the standard is not to disambiguate. (See WP:D, which says "When there is no risk of confusion, do not disambiguate nor add a link to a disambiguation page."). The page moves would bring these articles into compliance with the general Wikipedia standard. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 02:46, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That "standard" is in dispute right now and has been in the mediation process for some time now. One big part of the dispute is which exceptions are to be allowed, and a specific exception mentioned on the mediation page is the case where the majority of the episodes would require a disambig page. This show, and many if not most of the shows on the hit list, was nominated WHILE THE SPECIFIC POLICY IS IN MEDIATION and BY THE PEOPLE WHO ARE INVOLVED IN THE MEDIATION.  This is a clear violation of WP:point and  renders the proposal to be a bad faith nomination. The people proposing moves for show after show after show need to cease and desist until the matter is settled.JeffStickney 08:02, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The application of WP:D to television episode articles may be in dispute, but the actual standard of "disambiguate only when necessary" is not in dispute. (If you think it is, try bringing it up at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation.)  As for WP:TV-NC being under mediation, the mediation never got started, because there was an edit war on the RfM page, which caused the page to be locked, and while the page was locked the parties continued fighting so much that some editors decided to remove their names from the RfM.  So it's not true that the policy is in mediation — we tried, but it didn't work.

 * I also fail to see how nominating a page for WP:RM is bad faith or a violation of WP:POINT — those who oppose the current guideline claim that there is no consensus supporting it, so voting on a case-by-case basis should demonstrate where the consensus truly lies. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 08:18, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd like to point out that as Josiah said, the "inconsistent" naming convention is not something unique to WP:TV-NAME, but the way all of wikipedia works. Look at comedy films or sports cars.  (film) or (car) is used only when needed.  If naming were to be "consistent" as you'd like, it would require changing WP:D and renaming the vast majority of articles on wikipedia.  --Milo H Minderbinder 14:30, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi Jeff, just wanted to offer you some moral support. Stick to your guns on this -- I'm in complete agreement that the regular editors of a show are the ones best-suited to be making decisions on how those episodes should be named. BTW, if you ever use instant messenger, feel free to give me a ping -- I'm "elonka" on AIM and Google Talk. --Elonka 03:10, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Courtesy note about ArbCom proceeding
Hiya, sorry to bother you, but I wanted to drop you a courtesy note to let you know about a current ArbCom proceeding where your name is briefly mentioned. If you are not familiar with ArbCom, please do not be alarmed. In real-world terms, this is sort of like stating that your name is being mentioned as one of the witnesses (or possibly even bystanders) to a case. ArbCom cases tend to be somewhat large and chaotic, but if you would like to watch the proceedings, you may wish to set Requests for arbitration/Naming Conventions on your watchlist. Your own name is probably somewhere on the evidence page, or possibly at the  workshop page. The case is currently in an "evidence-gathering" phase and has not yet reached the state of actual comment by arbitrators yet. My guess is it'll probably run for another month or so before a decision is finalized.

No action is needed on your part, this is just a courtesy note. If you would like to participate in the case though, you are more than welcome. You may wish to offer a statement with your view of events at the case's talkpage, or you can add evidence or participate in the workshop. Many editors routinely participate in ArbCom proceedings regardless of whether or not they are directly involved in the case, since ArbCom rulings are considered "binding" and may have ramifications in other parts of Wikipedia.

If you have any questions, let me know, or feel free to post at Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Naming Conventions. Best, Elonka 05:48, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

List of The Wire episodes
Hi again Jeff. Noting that you edited List of The Wire episodes within the last few months I wonder if you have an opinion about the use of screenshots in this article and would welcome your opinion here if you have time.--Opark 77 22:47, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

talking birds
Hi Jeff. You can sign your comments automatically using four tildes. ~ . I know that some parrots, macaws and ravens are capable of mimicking speech (probably a better description anyway, since they can't truly speak), but I think it needs a reference if you are claiming that all species in those groups are capable of speech. Alternatively, if you are categorising on the basis that some species in those groups speak, then it would be as logical to tag bird chordate or animal with the same category. Hope this clarifies, Jimfbleak 20:32, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Slow Ride, Foghat
I thank you for helping me edit this page, its a rather favorite song of mine. --Blackguards_Light (talk) 13:23, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Re: Image:The Wire Michael.jpg
Cool. --Geniac (talk) 16:06, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Southern rock bands
I have nominated southern rock bands for renaming to southern rock groups. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer and his otters • (Broken clamshells • Otter chirps • HELP) 16:19, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JeffStickney


text:
Depression glass

Depression glass is glassware made in the period 1929–1939, often clear or colored translucent machine-made glassware that was distributed free, or at low cost, in the United States and Canada around the time of the Great Depression. Depression glass is so called because collectors generally associate mass-produced glassware in pink, yellow, crystal, green, and blue with the Great Depression in America.

History
The Quaker Oats Company, and other food manufacturers and distributors, put a piece of glassware in boxes of food, as an incentive to purchase. Some movie theaters and businesses handed out pieces to patrons.

Most of this glassware was made in the Ohio River Valley of the United States, where access to raw materials and power made manufacturing inexpensive in the first half of the 20th century. More than twenty manufacturers made more than 100 patterns, and entire dinner sets were made in some patterns. Common colors are clear (crystal), pink, pale blue, green, and amber. Less common colors include yellow (canary), ultramarine, jadeite (opaque pale green), delphite (opaque pale blue), cobalt blue, red (ruby and royal ruby), black, amethyst, monax, and white (milk glass). Some depression glass is uranium glass.

Although of marginal quality, Depression glass has been highly collectible since the 1960s. Due to its popularity as a collectible, it is becoming more scarce on the open market. Rare pieces may sell for several hundred dollars. Some manufacturers continued to make popular patterns after World War II, or introduced similar patterns, which are also collectible. Popular and expensive patterns and pieces have been reproduced, and reproductions are still being made.

Manufacturers and patterns

 * Anchor Hocking Glass Company
 * Forest Green
 * Manhattan
 * Oyster and Pearl
 * Queen Mary
 * Royal Ruby
 * Teardrop and Dot
 * Belmont Tumbler Company
 * Bowknot
 * Rose Cameo
 * Dell Glass Company
 * Tulip
 * Diamond Glass-Ware Company
 * Victory
 * Economy
 * Round Robin
 * Federal Glass Company
 * Colonial Fluted
 * Columbia
 * Diana
 * Georgian
 * Madrid
 * Mayfair
 * Normandie
 * Optic Paneled
 * Parrot
 * Patrician
 * Raindrops
 * Rosemary
 * Sharon
 * Twisted Optic
 * Fry Glass
 * Hazel-Atlas Glass Company
 * Aurora
 * Beehive
 * Cloverleaf
 * Colony
 * Colonial Block
 * Crisscross
 * Florentine No.1
 * Florentine No.2
 * Fruits
 * Moderntone
 * New Century
 * Newport
 * Ovide
 * Ribbon
 * Roxana
 * Royal Lace
 * Ships
 * Starlight
 * Wagon Wheel
 * Hocking Glass Company
 * Ballerina
 * Block Optic
 * Circle
 * Colonial
 * Coronation
 * Fire-King dinnerware
 * Philbe
 * Fortune
 * Hobnail
 * Lake Como
 * Mayfair
 * Miss America
 * Old Cafe
 * Old Colony
 * Princess
 * Ring
 * Roulette
 * Spiral
 * Vitrock
 * Waterford
 * Imperial Glass Company
 * Beaded Block
 * Diamond Quilted
 * Laced Edge
 * Little Jewel
 * Molly
 * Twisted Optic
 * Indiana Glass Company
 * Avocado
 * Cracked Ice
 * Indiana Custard
 * Lorain
 * No.610, Pyramid
 * No.612, Horseshoe
 * No.616, Vernon
 * No.618, Pineapple and Floral
 * Old English
 * Park Lane
 * Sandwich
 * Tea Room
 * Jeannette Glass Company
 * Adam
 * Cherry Blossom
 * Cube
 * Doric
 * Doric and Pansy
 * Floral
 * Hex Optic
 * Homespun
 * Iris
 * Sierra
 * Sunburst
 * Sunflower
 * Swirl
 * Windsor
 * Jenkins
 * Ocean Wave
 * Lancaster Glass Company
 * Jubilee
 * Landrum
 * Patrick
 * Liberty Works
 * American Pioneer
 * MacBeth-Evans Glass Company
 * American Sweetheart
 * Chinex Classic
 * Cremax
 * Dogwood
 * Petalware
 * S Pattern
 * Thistle
 * McKee Glass Company
 * Laurel
 * Rock Crystal
 * Paden City Glass Company
 * Cupid
 * Gothic Garden
 * Orchid
 * Peacock and Wild Rose
 * Peacock Reverse
 * L. E. Smith Glass Company
 * By Cracky
 * Mt. Pleasante
 * Pebbled Rim
 * Romanesque
 * U.S. Glass Company
 * Aunt Polly
 * Cherryberry
 * Floral and Diamond Band
 * Flower Garden with Butterflies
 * Primo
 * Strawberry
 * Swirl
 * Westmoreland Glass Company
 * Della Robbia
 * English Hobnail
 * Woolworth

Elegant glass
A prominent sub-category of Depression Glass, Elegant glass, is of considerably better quality, often including polished mold seams, and hand-decoration such as cut patterns, etched patterns, and painted patterns. It was distributed through jewelry and department stores from the 1920s and continuing after the Great Depression through the 1950s, and was an alternative to fine china. Most of the Elegant glassware manufacturers had closed by the end of the 1950s, when cheap glassware and imported china replaced Elegant glass.

Some Elegant glass manufacturers were:
 * Cambridge Glass Company
 * Consolidated Lamp and Glass Company
 * Duncan Miller Glass Company
 * Fenton Art Glass Company
 * Fostoria Glass Company
 * Heisey Glass Company
 * Imperial Glass Company
 * Lotus Glass Company
 * McKee Glass Company
 * Morgantown Glass Works
 * New Martinsville Glass Company
 * Paden City Glass Company
 * Tiffin Glass Company
 * Westmoreland Glass Company

title: Depression glass


text:
Claudio Saracini

Claudio Saracini (1 July 1586 – 20 September 1630) was an Italian composer, lutenist, and singer of the early Baroque era. He was one of the most famous and distinguished composers of monody.

Life
Saracini was born to a noble family, probably in Siena. Little is known for certain about his education, but it is presumed that he traveled widely while he was young, for not only did he establish numerous foreign connections—as evidenced by his dedications of music to foreign aristocrats—but he absorbed some of the musical styles of the lands he visited. He seems never to have held a professional musical position of which record has survived; indeed he seems to have been an extraordinarily talented amateur, one who was admired even by Claudio Monteverdi. The references to Saracini as "Il Palusi" seem to indicate that he was a member of an academy, although further details are lacking.

All of his music was published in Venice between 1614 and 1624.

Music and influence
Of his music, 133 songs have survived, and all are monodies—secular compositions for solo voice, generally sung in a highly ornamented style, with instrumental accompaniment. All but one are in Italian, and encompass a wide range of texts, including serious, humorous, and erotic. His style varies from diatonic to chromatic, and is comparable to that of contemporary monodist Sigismondo d'India in its experimental qualities.

A unique feature of Saracini's compositions is the occasional influence of folk music, including that of the Balkans, an extreme rarity in early Italian Baroque music. Presumably he heard folk music in those regions when he traveled there during his youth. This influence is most evident in his strophic songs, one of which is in 5/4 (although actually notated in duple meter); asymmetrical meters are a normal feature of Balkan folk music but are absent in Italian.

Saracini's works have had a resurgence of interest in the 20th century, after a long period of neglect. His experimental idiom first attracted the attention of musicologists, and later, performers; his compositions are now recorded relatively frequently, often on collections containing works of other composers of the same era, such as Monteverdi or Alessandro Grandi.

title: Claudio Saracini


text:
Template:TexanCOTM article

Lizzie Velásquez

title: Template:TexanCOTM article


text:
Copperhead (comics)

Copperhead, in comics, may refer to:

 * Copperhead (DC Comics), two characters of that name published by DC Comics
 * Copperhead (Marvel Comics), three characters of that name published by Marvel Comics
 * Copperhead (Image Comics), an ongoing space Western series published by Image Comics

title: Copperhead (comics)


text: Category:Operas by Kurt Weill

title: Category:Operas by Kurt Weill


text:
Talk:Line (geometry)

"Linear curve" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Linear curve and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 November 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 17:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

What about straight line as a curve?
I added this topic in this article but someone revert it.Can anyone add this topic? Yuthfghds (talk) 14:43, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

How to denote the line through points A and B?
Hi there, I don't see the explicit notation for the line through A and B. What does AB stand for? The distance between A and B (sometimes denoted $|AB|$), the segment from A to B (denoted sometimes $\overline{AB}$ or [AB]), the line through A and B (denoted sometimes (AB))? Is there a fixed rule, regional rules? Christian.Mercat (talk) 17:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * AFAYK, there is no commonly accepted notation, and, depending on the authors and the context, $AB$ or $AB$ may denote eiher the line, the segment, or its length. Some authors use the same notation for the three concepts. D.Lazard (talk) 17:45, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Line (geometry)


text:
Balga

Balga (замок Бальга; Burg Balga; Balga; Balga) was a medieval castle of the Teutonic Knights in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. The castle ruins are located on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon, north of Mamonovo in the Pogranichny municipality of Bagrationovsky District, about 30 km southwest of Kaliningrad.

History
The hill of Balga had been the site of an Old Prussian (Warmian) fortress called Honeda. The fort had been unsuccessfully besieged by the Wettin margrave Henry III of Meissen on his 1237 Prussian Crusade, but was eventually conquered in 1239 by the forces of the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Marshal Dietrich von Bernheim. Balga was the oldest Ordensburg constructed by the Teutonic Order in the region of present-day Kaliningrad Oblast, and was built from 1239 to control naval traffic on the Vistula Lagoon. With the assistance of Duke Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Teutonic Knights defeated the Old Prussians along the coastline of Warmia and Natangia. The subjugation of these pagan peoples led Duke Świętopełk II of Pomerania to declare war against the Teutonic Order during the 1242 Prussian uprising, although he was eventually forced to abandon his participation in the uprising. From 1250, Balga was the administrative centre of Kommende Balga and the seat of a Komtur of the Teutonic Knights. Many Komturs at Balga like Winrich von Kniprode or Ulrich von Jungingen later rose to the office of the Grand Master, the highest position in the Teutonic Order.

In 1499, Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen had the Kommende dissolved, and upon the Prussian Homage, Balga was part of the Polish Duchy of Prussia in 1525, and the castle became the residence of George of Polentz, Bishop of Samland.

From 1627, parts of the castle were broken down at the behest of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Polish–Swedish War in order to gain building material for the construction of the star fort in Pillau (now Baltiysk), a strategically important port town occupied by the Swedes. Balga was located in the Duchy of Prussia from 1525 and the Kingdom of Prussia from 1701, where between 1772 and 1829 it belonged to the province of East Prussia. The province was unified with West Prussia into the Province of Prussia until 1878, when it separated once again and Balga remained in East Prussia until 1945.

During World War II the castle ruins were the site of one of the final battles between the German Wehrmacht and the Soviet Red Army, with the latter advancing during the East Prussian Offensive. The German defenders destroyed numerous vehicles by sinking them in the lagoon next to the ruins, and the battle extensively damaged the castle remains. Following the war Balga was in the section of East Prussia allocated to the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, and included in the area that was organized into Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR. The area around Balga became a popular site for grave robbers and treasure hunters hoping to dig up valuables left behind by the castle's previous occupants and the German and Soviet soldiers who died in World War II.

Balga was also the name of a nearby village, which after Soviet sovereignty over the area was renamed Vesyoloye. It is now abandoned.

title: Balga


text:
Fatima Zohra Karadja

Fatima Zohra Karadja (born 1949) is a Vice-President for the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council for Northern Africa.

Ms Karadja was born on April 20, 1949, in Algiers, Algeria. She is a child therapist, holding a PhD in psychology and specialising in working with children affected by trauma. As a member of the African Women Committee for Peace and Development (AWCPD), she has actively engaged civil society organisations in Algeria. She established a national network of local NGOs for sensitisation and the dissemination of information on sustainable development and peace building, and a coordinating body, comprising six organisations and six prominent Algerian women, to promote the different mandates of the AWCPD. She is also in constant communication with her President for his support of AWCPD objectives and activities.

Ms Karadja is the President of the Association Nationale de Soutien aux Enfants en Difficulté en Institution (ANSEDI). ANSEDI has created a psychological and social care unit which provides basic necessities and psychological treatment to victims of violence. The unit focuses on women, especially single mothers, by working to prepare them for their parental role. ANSEDI also facilitates training sessions for women from opposing factions to come together for sensitisation and dialogue on human rights. In collaboration with other organisations, ANSEDI is formulating a strategy to fight against social exclusion by involving at-risk populations in community activities.

Since 1974, Ms Karadja has directed a welcome centre for children separated from their families. The centre provides children with a home until they can be reunited with their families or, where that is not possible, until they are adopted into a family. Based on the same principle, the centre acts a mediator in family disputes and provides support to single mothers that are faced with rejection and stigmatisation from their communities.

At a regional level, Ms Karadja contributed to the creation of a network of North African organisations, representing six African countries. The main purpose of the network is to create a common platform for early-warning mechanisms and conflict resolution. In 2001, during the Paris-Dakar rally, the Government of Morocco decided to organise the rally through the Western Sahara, creating severe tension with the self-proclaimed territory. The network of North African women immediately responded, and coordinated sensitisation meetings with the women of Western Sahara to encourage them to settle the dispute in a peaceful manner. In this way, the network effectively contributed to the prevention of conflict in the region.

At an international level, Ms Karadja has participated in numerous conferences, including the 1999 AU General Assembly, the Forum for African Women in Algeria, the 2001 and 2002 Civil Society and AU conferences in Addis Ababa, and the World Conference on Peace and Solidarity in 2002. She is also an observer member of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, and a member of the Health Promoters NGO.

Besides her work in the NGO sector, Ms Karadja is heavily involved in academic and scholarly work. She is a professor of psychology and an international consultant on psychology for conflict resolution. In addition she contributes to social science research and monitors different studies on emerging problems in the psychology of conflict.

title: Fatima Zohra Karadja


text: Category:Operas by Friedrich von Flotow

title: Category:Operas by Friedrich von Flotow


text: Template:Texan Collaboration Notice

title: Template:Texan Collaboration Notice


text:
Seal of New Mexico

The Great Seal of the State of New Mexico is the official seal of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is enshrined in Article V, Section 10, of the New Mexico State Constitution, which requires a state emblem to be kept by the secretary of state for official documents and other expressions of statehood. Rooted in the official seal of the New Mexico Territory established in 1851, it was adopted in 1913, one year after New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state.

Design
The constitution of New Mexico, which was adopted January 21, 1911, provides no further requirements or specifications for the design thereof. When New Mexico became a state in 1912, its legislature named a commission for the purpose of designing a state seal, consisting of Governor William C. McDonald, Attorney General Frank W. Clancy, Chief Justice Clarence J. Roberts and Secretary of State Antonio Lucero. In June 1913, the commission filed its report adopting the general design of the Territorial Seal, substituting only the date 1912.

The official act of the legislature reads:

"The coat of arms of the state shall be the Mexican eagle grasping a serpent in its beak, the cactus in its talons, shielded by the American eagle with outspread wings, and grasping arrows in its talons; the date 1912 under the eagles and, on a scroll, the motto: "Crescit Eundo". The great seal of the state shall be a disc bearing the coat of arms and having around the edge the words "Great Seal of the State of New Mexico."

The "American eagle" is an American bald eagle. The "Mexican eagle" with serpent and cactus is from the coat of arms of Mexico, in turn derived from an Aztec myth of the foundation of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. Although in Mexico the Mexican eagle is understood to be an American golden eagle, the New Mexico seal uses an American harpy eagle. Mexico adopted its coat of arms when it was under Spanish rule, and New Mexico identified with it as well. On the New Mexico seal, it symbolizes that the state still holds on to its Spanish, Mexican and Native American traditions. The Mexican eagle is small and shielded by the larger American eagle, which grasps arrows in its talons, its wings outstretched with its watchful eyes guarding the Mexican eagle. This configuration is meant to show the change of sovereignty in 1846 between Mexico and the United States. It also symbolizes America's dominant yet delicate protection of New Mexico and its heritage and culture.

Originally, New Mexico's territorial seal was engraved with MDCCCL (1850 in Roman numerals) to commemorate the date New Mexico was organized as a territory. But after it was admitted as a state, the commission decided that that was a better date to use on the seal. They decided against using Roman numerals, believing it was too obscure.

Great Seal of the State of New Mexico. No one is quite sure who came up with the term, but it appeared on New Mexico's first state seal, and was added to the seal adopted in 1913, untouched — with the small exception of changing the word "Territory" to "State".

Motto
The Latin official motto of New Mexico is Crescit eundo, translated literally as "it grows by going", sometimes rendered as "it grows as it goes", the second word being the ablative case of the gerund of the verb eo ("to go). It is taken from the epic poem De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), Book VI, line 341, by the first-century B.C. Roman poet Lucretius, where it refers to a thunderbolt increasing in strength as it moves across the sky, referenced by the selectors of the motto as a symbol of dynamic progress. Lines 340-344: Denique quod longo venit impete, sumere debet mobilitatem etiam atque etiam, quae crescit eundo et validas auget viris et roborat ictum; nam facit ut quae sint illius semina cumque e regione locum quasi in unum cuncta ferantur, omnia coniciens in eum volventia cursum. forsitan ex ipso veniens trahat aere quaedam corpora quae plagis incendunt mobilitatem.

Translated as : ''Again, because it comes from a long distance, it must acquire more and more mobility which grows by moving and increases its massive strength and hardens its impact. For this causes all the seeds of the thunderbolt to be carried straight onwards, as one may say, into one place, driving them all together as they roll into that single path. Perhaps as it goes it draws from the air itself certain bodies which kindle velocity by their blows''.

The motto was first used in 1882, when acting Territorial Secretary William G. Ritch added the Latin phrase Crescit eundo to an early 1860s version of the territorial seal. In 1887, Ritch's version of the seal, including the words Crescit eundo, was adopted by the legislature as part of the official New Mexico Territory seal and coat of arms. When New Mexico became a state in 1912, the Legislature appointed a commission to settle on a design for an official state seal. The commission recommended the territorial seal to be continued as the state seal, including the words Crescit eundo which were then adopted as the official state motto. However, the commission's recommendation that the American and Mexican eagles both be American golden eagles, a change omitted from the 1915 law.

Historical evolution
New Mexico's first seal was designed shortly after the organization of the Territorial Government in 1851. The original seal has long since disappeared, possibly as part of the artifacts placed into the cornerstone of the Soldiers' Monument in the Santa Fe Plaza. Imprints of the original seal show it consisted of the American eagle, clutching an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other. Along the outside rim was the inscription "Great Seal of the Territory of New Mexico".

In the early 1860s an unknown official adopted a new seal, using a design similar to today's Great Seal. It featured the American bald eagle, its outstretched wings shielding a smaller Mexican eagle. The outside rim of the seal contained the words "Territory of New Mexico," with the date of 1850 along the bottom in Roman numerals.

In 1882, Territorial Secretary W.G. Ritch embellished the earlier design with the phrase crescit eundo. This version was liked so much it was adopted as New Mexico's "official seal and coat of arms" by the Territorial Legislature in 1887. Ritch had no apparent motive for the change, but it fit well.

In the year and half it took the Commission to decide to adopt the State Seal New Mexico uses today, the Legislature authorized interim use of the Territorial Seal with the words "Great Seal of the State of New Mexico" substituted.

title: Seal of New Mexico


text:
Ahmad Carroll

Ahmad Raheem Carroll (born August 4, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks and was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2004 NFL draft.

Carroll was also a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Orlando Predators, New York Jets, Calgary Stampeders, Hartford Colonials, Virginia Destroyers, Arizona Rattlers and Toronto Argonauts.

Early life
Ahmad Carroll was born August 4, 1983, to Artie and Carrolyn Carroll in Atlanta, Georgia. In his earlier years, Ahmad ran track for the D.C. Motion Track Club and also played Pop Warner football. During his years playing Pop Warner football, he earned the nickname "Batman" after repeatedly jumping over an offensive lineman. He later attended Frederick Douglass High School in Atlanta where he was an All-Area cornerback, as well as tailback. Tom Lemming's Prep Football Report rated Ahmad as the nation's No. 26 overall player, while Super Prep rated him as the second-best among all the nation's defensive backs. He was rated the best defensive back in the nation by Prep Star, while Rivals100.com called him the second-best cornerback in the nation. Blue Chip Illustrated rated Ahmad the second-best cornerback in the nation and the fourth-best overall player in Georgia. He was an ESPN/Reebok All-American selection as he recorded 70 tackles as a senior. He chose to accept a scholarship to the University of Arkansas.

College career
Carroll excelled in two sports at the University of Arkansas as both a sprinter for the track team and a cornerback for the football team. He finished his college football career with the following statistics:

 * 140 tackles (7 for losses)
 * 25 passes defensed
 * 4 interceptions
 * 2 fumble recoveries
 * 2 forced fumbles
 * 12 quarterback hurries

High school
While at Frederick Douglass High School, Carroll ran track & field for the D.C. Motion Track Club. He set a state record in the 100m dash (10.41 seconds) and finished second in the 200-meter dash (21.24 seconds). He was also the national AAU champion in the 100m dash (10.38 seconds) and was selected to Georgia's Magnificent Seven list.

College
As an Arkansas collegiate, he competed on the Razorbacks' track team for two seasons. He earned a pair of All-American honors in the 100m and 200 meters at the 2003 NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

2002
In 2002, during the indoor season, Carroll competed in the 60-meter dash and set a new UA record with a provisional qualifying time of 6.69 seconds to win the event at the OU Sooner Invitational. He finished 11th (6.77s) at the SEC Indoor Championships. He also competed in the 100-meter dash during the outdoor season. He earned a provisional qualifying time of 10.34 seconds at the SEC Quad and finished third. At the SEC Outdoor Championships, Carroll ran a time of 10.50 seconds in the prelims and just missed advancing to the finals.

2003
In 2003, Carroll competed in the 60-meter dash during the indoor season. At the Tyson Invitational, he broke his own school record with a time of 6.67 seconds. He finished eighth in the event at the SEC Championships. At the NCAA Championships, he ran a time of 6.73 in the prelims, but was unable to advance to the finals. He ran in the 100 and 200-meter dashes during the outdoor season. He came in fourth (10.34s) in the 100 and third (20.94s) in the 200-meter dash at the SEC Championships. At the NCAA Mideast Regional Championships he registered a career-best time of 10.28 seconds in the prelims of the 100m and in the finals he crossed the line in seventh (10.33s). He went on to finish third (20.89s) in the 200-meter dash to earn an automatic berth to the NCAA Championships. He competed in a total of six races in four days at the NCAA Championships and became the first football letterman since Clyde Scott in 1948 to score points in an NCAA outdoor meet. He posted a seventh-place finish (10.46s) in the 100m and was the first Razorback athlete to score points in the 100-meter dash and only the second Razorback athlete to earn All-America honors in the event. He earned his second All-America honor for the weekend when he finished eighth in the 200-meter dash with a time of 21.48 seconds. He was the first Arkansas athlete to earn the honor in both the 100m and 200-meter dashes and was the only sprinter for the week to score points in both events.

Green Bay Packers
Carroll was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the first round (25th overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft. He was the target by many quarterbacks due to his tendency toward illegal contact penalties. Penalties finally got the best of him when in Week 4 of the 2006 season against the Philadelphia Eagles, Carroll was burned for two costly touchdowns by Greg Lewis and had three penalties. He was cut soon after.

Jacksonville Jaguars
In October 2006, Carroll was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was waived by the Jaguars on May 7, 2007, following an arrest.

Orlando Predators
Carroll played for the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League in 2008.

New York Jets
Following the 2008 AFL season, Carroll was signed by the New York Jets. He tried out for the team in 2007 but did not sign a contract. He was re-signed by the team on March 16, 2009. Carroll was waived by the New York Jets on November 16, 2009.

Toronto Argonauts
On May 10, 2012, Carroll was signed by the Toronto Argonauts.

On June 30, 2012, Carroll played in his first CFL game against the Edmonton Eskimos. Midway through the third quarter, Carroll was flagged for defensive pass interference on a deep attempt by Eskimo quarterback Steven Jyles to receiver Fred Stamps. The penalty led to an Edmonton field goal, and Toronto went on to lose the game 19-15.

Carroll announced his retirement after winning the Grey Cup in 2012.

title: Ahmad Carroll


text: Category:Operas by Paul Hindemith

title: Category:Operas by Paul Hindemith


text:
Bonnie Doon, Edmonton

Bonnie Doon is a neighbourhood in south-central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The well-known Mill Creek Ravine Park forms its west boundary. The Bonnie Doon shopping mall is on its east boundary.

Bonnie Doon was gradually settled from the 1870s onwards. The western part of Bonnie Doon became a part of the City of Strathcona in 1907 and became a part of Edmonton when Strathcona and Edmonton merged in 1912. The rest of the neighbourhood was annexed by Edmonton the following year.

"Bonnie Doon" is a phrase in a Robbie Burns poem, and refers to the River Doon in Scotland. In 1910, Ontario-born Alexander Cameron Rutherford who was of Scottish descent put the name on land he owned east of Mill Creek. Later the name spread to what is now the entire neighbourhood of Bonnie Doon.

It is the heart of Edmonton's Franco-Albertan community and hosts the only francophone university west of Manitoba, the University of Alberta's Campus Saint-Jean, which is located north of Whyte Avenue on Rue Marie-Anne Gaboury (91 Street) and the only Francophone high school west of Winnipeg, École Maurice-Lavallée.

The neighbourhood is also home to one of Edmonton's earliest shopping malls, Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre.

The neighbourhood extends from Connors Road in the north to Whyte (82) Avenue in the south, and from Mill Creek Ravine in the west to 83 Street in the east.

There are two schools in the neighbourhood: Rutherford Elementary School and École Maurice-Lavallée.

Surrounding neighbourhoods include: Strathearn to the north, Idylwylde and Holyrood to the east, and King Edward Park to the south. These neighbourhoods are sometimes collectively referred to as the Bonnie Doon area. In the river valley to the north of Bonnie Doon is the neighbourhood of Cloverdale.

The community is represented by the Bonnie Doon Community League, established in 1918, which maintains a community hall and an outdoor rink located at 93 Street and 92 Avenue.

Demographics
In the City of Edmonton's 2019 municipal census, Bonnie Doon had a population of living in  dwellings, an 11.17% change from its 2009 population of. With a land area of 1.5 km2, it had a population density of people/km2 in 2012.

Education
Campus Saint-Jean of the University of Alberta is in Bonnie Doon. The French-language public school board Conseil scolaire Centre-Nord has its headquarters in the La Cité Francophone complex.

title: Bonnie Doon, Edmonton


text:
Central Bank of Iraq

The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI; البنك المركزي العراقي) is the national bank of Iraq. It was established in 1947, the same year in which the British occupation of Iraq was ended. CBI's primary objectives are to ensure domestic price stability and foster a stable competitive market based financial system.

History
After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq's monetary system was administered by the British Mandate of Mesopotamia until 1931, when the Iraq Currency Board was established in London to issue the new Iraqi dinar and maintain its reserves. The Iraq Currency Board pursued a "conservative monetary policy, maintaining very high reserves behind the dinar", which was "further strengthened by its link to the British pound".

In 1949, the currency board was replaced by the National Bank of Iraq, which had been founded two years before on 16 November 1947. The National Bank of Iraq became the Central Bank of Iraq in 1956. Since switching over to its own central bank, the Iraqi monetary system was "replete with mismanagement, coercive stop-gap measures, and the production of an unstable, unreliable currency which ha[d] not been tradable on the international market for [many] years". Saddam Hussein wielded monetary and the dinar as "a powerful instrument of repression".

Beginning on 18 March 2003 (the day before United States forces entered Baghdad as part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq), nearly US$1 billion was stolen from the Central Bank of Iraq. That month, a handwritten note signed by Saddam Hussein surfaced, ordering $920 million to be withdrawn and given to his son Qusay Hussein. Bank officials state that Qusay and another unidentified man oversaw the cash, boxes of $100 bills secured with stamped seals known as security money, being loaded into trucks and trailers during a five-hour operation. This was considered the largest bank heist in history until 2011. Qusay Hussein was later killed by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division in a battle.

U.S. Department of the Treasury and Coalition Provisional Authority inspectors discovered the bank in ruins after the Battle of Baghdad and mass looting after the invasion. After the fall of Saddam Hussein's government, the Central Bank of Iraq was established as Iraq's independent central bank by the Central Bank of Iraq Law 2004, with authorised capital of 100 billion dinars. According to the law, 100% of the bank's capital stock would be held by the State and would not be transferable. The Constitution of Iraq states that the central bank is a financially and administratively independent institution, responsible before the Council of Representatives of Iraq. According to the Constitution, the Iraqi federal government has the "exclusive authority" of "establishing and administering a central bank".

On 25 January 2011, the Supreme Court of Iraq ruled that the Central Bank of Iraq should be under supervision of the Council of Ministers of Iraq. Then Central Bank chief Sinan Al Shabibi warned that the ruling would threaten the institution's requisite independence.

Currently, the acting Governor of the Central Bank of Iraq is Abdel Basset Turki, who also happens to be the head of the state-spending watchdog the Board of Supreme Audit.

During the Battle of Mosul in June 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants looted the Central Bank in Mosul, absconding with over US$429 million.

Governors
Governors of the Central Bank of Iraq since its establishment:

 * 12/6/1948 to 14/2/1949: Tawfiq al-Suwaidi
 * 14/2/1949 to 23/3/1949: Saleh Haidar
 * 24/3/1949 to 30/4/1959: Abdulellah Hafedh
 * 1/5/1959 to 14/11/1960: Nadhim al-Zahawi
 * 15/11/1960 to 31/12/1962: Abdullatif al-Shawaf
 * 1/1/1963 to 18/1/1963: Ahmed Abdullbaqy
 * 19/1/1963 to 14/8/1963: Abdulhassan Zalzalah
 * 15/8/1963 to 28/11/1965: Khairuddin Haseeb
 * 29/11/1965 to 20/1/1969: Saleh Kubba
 * 17/12/1968 to 20/5/1973: Abdulhassan Zalzalah
 * 12/5/1973 to 29/12/1975: Fawzi al-Qaisi
 * 27/12/1975 to 13/5/1976: Ahmed Abdullbaqy
 * 11/5/1976 to 1/7/1976: Salah al-Din al-Sheikhli
 * 1/7/1976 to 29/4/1978: Fakhri Kadouri
 * 3/5/1978 to 15/7/1979: Ezz al-Din Mohamed Saleem al-Bahrani
 * 16/7/1979 to 10/10/1984: Hassan Tawfiq Al-Najafi
 * 10/10/1984 to 23/10/1987: Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi
 * 3/6/1989 to 30/6/1991: Subhi Nadhem Frankool
 * 12/12/1991 to 31/5/1994: Tariq Taleb al-Takmachi
 * 1/6/1994 to 8/4/2003: Essam Rasheed Howaish
 * 4/9/2003 to 17/10/2012: Sinan Al Shabibi
 * 17/10/2012 to 9/9/2014: Abdel Basset Turki
 * 9/9/2014 to 15/9/2020: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq
 * 15/9/2020 to 23/1/2023: Mustafa Ghaleb
 * 23/1/2023 to Present: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq

Architecture
The bank headquarters were designed by Danish architects Dissing+Weitling and was completed in 1985. It is a cubical building constructed of reinforced concrete clad in marble. It has few exterior openings, and is instead organised around an inner courtyard which cuts through the heart of the structure and rises to a height of 40m. The courtyard is surrounded on all sides by offices separated by an interior glass curtain wall.

In August 2010, architect Zaha Hadid, born in Baghdad, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 14 August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building.

Objectives
As of at least 28 March 2011, the official website of the CBI states "the primary objectives of the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) are to ensure domestic price stability and to foster a stable competitive market-based financial system. The CBI shall also promote sustainable growth, employment and prosperity in Iraq". The CBI web site further states that the functions of the CBI in addition to the primary objectives mentioned above include:

 * To implement the monetary policy and the exchange rate policy for Iraq.
 * To hold gold and manage the state reserves of gold.
 * To issue and manage the Iraq currency.
 * To establish, oversee, and promote a sound and efficient payment system.
 * To issue licenses or permits to banks and to regulate and supervise banks as further specified by the Banking Law.
 * To carry out any related ancillary tasks or transactions within the framework of Iraqi law.

The objectives of the Central Bank of the Iraq are as follows:
 * Maintaining inflation stability
 * Implementing monetary policy (including exchange rate policies)
 * Managing the state's reserves
 * Issuing and managing the Iraqi dinar
 * Regulating private banks

As of December 2009, the bank reported total assets valued at over 57 trillion dinars. The bank's head office is located in Baghdad with four branches in Basrah, Mosul, Sulaimaniyah, and Erbil. However, currently the bank does not control the financial and administrative affairs of Erbil and Sulaimaniyah branches, as these branches are technically reporting to the Baghdad headquarters and for all other issues they are reporting to Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and they are financed by KRG.

As of July 2010, steps and measures have taken place in order to integrate these branches with the headquarters in Baghdad.

Foreign exchange reserves have increased to nearly US$67 billion (as of September 2012) due to a rise in oil revenues, indicating the improved ability since 2003 to deal with the repayment of foreign debt, the currency stabilization, and the coverage of average monthly imports.

title: Central Bank of Iraq


text:
Talk:Industrial and organizational psychology

Business Psychology
Should a special subsection be developed about the emerging field of Business Psychology with I/O psychology? There are some 60 plus degrees in the UK alone offered at many universities. BPsych is also a big field in Russia.


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John Francis Davis

Sir John Francis Davis, 1st Baronet (16 July 1795 – 13 November 1890) was a British diplomat and sinologist who served as second Governor of Hong Kong from 1844 to 1848. Davis was the first President of Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong.

Background
Davis was the eldest son of East India Company director and amateur artist Samuel Davis while his mother was Henrietta Boileau, member of a refugee French noble family who had come to England in the early eighteenth century from Languedoc in the south of France.

Career
In 1813, Davis was appointed writer at the East India Company's factory in Canton (now Guangzhou), China, at the time the centre of trade with China. Having demonstrated the depth of his learning in the Chinese language in his translation of The Three Dedicated Rooms ("San-Yu-Low") in 1815, he was chosen to accompany Lord Amherst on his embassy to Peking in 1816.

On the mission's return Davis returned to his duties at the Canton factory, and was promoted to president in 1832. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society the same year.

Davis was appointed Second Superintendent of British Trade in China alongside Lord Napier in December 1833, superseding William Henry Chicheley Plowden in the latter's absence. After Napier's death in 1834, Davis became Chief Superintendent then resigned his position in January 1835, to be replaced by Sir George Robinson. Davis left Canton aboard the Asia on 12January.

In 1839, Davis purchased the Regency mansion Holly House, near Henbury, Bristol, where he built an observatory tower built housing a clock installed by Edward John Dent, who would later be responsible for building Big Ben. It remained the Davis family home for seven decades thereafter.

Governor of Hong Kong
Having arrived from Bombay on HMS Spiteful on 7 May 1844, he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Hong Kong the next day. During his tenure, Davis was unpopular with Hong Kong residents and British merchants due to the imposition of various taxes, which increased the burden of all citizens, and his abrasive treatment of his subordinates. Davis organised the first Hong Kong Census in 1844, which recorded that there were 23,988 people living in Hong Kong.

In the same year, Davis exhorted China to abandon the prohibition on opium trade, on the basis of its counter productiveness, relating that, in England,

... the system of prohibitions and high duties ... only increased the extent of smuggling, together with crimes of violence, while they diminished the revenue; until it was a length found that the fruitless expense of a large preventive force absorbed much of the amount of duty that could be collected, while prohibited articles were consumed more than ever.

Weekend horse racing began during his tenure, which gradually evolved into a Hong Kong institution. Davis founded the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1847 and he was its first president.

Davis left office on 21March 1848, ending unrelenting tensions with local British merchants who saw him as a stingy, arrogant and obstinate snob. His early decision to exclude all but government officials from the Executive and Legislative Councils on the basis that "almost every person possessed of Capital, who is not connected with Government Employment, is employed in the Opium trade" could not have made co-operation any easier. He departed the colony on 30 March via the P&O steamer Pekin. He returned to England, where he rejoined Emily, who had stayed there throughout his governorship.

Personal life
Davis married Emily, the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Humfrays of the Bengal Engineers in 1822. They had one son and six daughters:
 * Sulivan (13 January 1827 – 1862); died in Bengal.
 * Henrietta Anne
 * Emily Nowell; married Reverend D. A. Beaufort in 1851, eldest son of Francis Beaufort, the inventor of the eponymous wind scale.
 * Julia Sullivan; married Robert Cann Lippincott in 1854
 * Helen Marian (died 31January 1859)
 * Florence
 * Eliza (died 20October 1855)

In 1867, a year after the death of his wife Emily, Davis married Lucy Ellen, eldest daughter of Reverend T. J. Locke, vicar of Exmouth, in 1867. A son, Francis Boileau, was born in 1871.

He was a created a baronet on 9 July 1845 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 12 June 1854. Having retired from government, Davis engaged in literary pursuits. In 1876, he became a Doctor of Civil Law of the University of Oxford after a donation of £1,666 in three per cent consol bonds to endow a scholarship in his name for the encouragement of the study of Chinese.

Death
Davis died on 13November 1890 at his residence, Hollywood House in the Bristol suburb of Henbury, England at the age of 95 and was interred in the graveyard of Compton Greenfield Church on 18 November. As his surviving son Francis Boileau left no surviving male heirs, the Davis baronetcy died with him.

Namesakes

 * Mount Davis, Hong Kong
 * Mount Davis Path, Hong Kong
 * Mount Davis Road, Hong Kong
 * Davis Street, Hong Kong

Works
In 1829, Davis, a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, translated the 17th-century Chinese novel Haoqiu zhuan under the title The Fortunate Union. This was translated into French by Guillard D'Arcy in 1842.

Davis also wrote an account of the events surrounding the attack on his father's house in Benares, India, in Vizier Ali Khan or The Massacre of Benares, A Chapter in British Indian History, published in London in 1871.

Other works include:

 * , with Robert Morrison.
 * Volume I
 * Volume II
 * Volume I
 * Volume II
 * Volume I
 * Volume II
 * Volume I
 * Volume II

title: John Francis Davis


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Willie Roaf

William Layton Roaf (born April 18, 1970), nicknamed "Nasty", is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for Louisiana Tech Bulldogs, where he earned consensus All-American honors. He was a first-round pick in the 1993 NFL draft, and played professionally for the New Orleans Saints and Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL. An 11-time Pro Bowl selection and nine-time All-Pro, he was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2012 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014.

Early years
Roaf was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He graduated from Pine Bluff High School, where he played for the Pine Bluff Zebras high school football and basketball teams. He was lightly recruited out of high school, and even considered pursuing basketball instead of football in college.

His father, Clifton George Roaf, was a dentist and his mother, Andree Layton Roaf, was the first black woman to serve on the Arkansas Supreme Court.

College football career
Roaf received an athletic scholarship to attend Louisiana Tech University, where he had an outstanding career for the Bulldogs from 1989 to 1992. Known for his blocking ability and his considerable speed for his size, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, and was also a finalist in his senior year for the Outland Trophy for the best offensive lineman in college. Roaf made appearances in the Hula Bowl and the East–West Shrine Game.

Professional career
He began his professional football career with the NFL's New Orleans Saints, who selected him with the eighth pick of the first round in the 1993 NFL draft. The draft pick was acquired from the Detroit Lions for the rights to Pat Swilling. Roaf played nine seasons for the Saints; he was named to seven Pro Bowls, and won a spot on both the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and the 2000s All-Decade Team, making him the most awarded player in Saints history. Roaf suffered a season-ending injury in 2001 and then was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in March 2002 for a conditional draft choice. He played four more seasons with the Chiefs, and was selected for the Pro Bowl in each of those four years, for a total of 11 Pro Bowl selections. His election to the Pro Football Hall of Fame was announced on February 4, 2012. Roaf played a pivotal role in the run block on the offense with the most rushing touchdowns back to back seasons in NFL history. #1,4 & 5.

On July 28, 2006, Roaf told the Kansas City Star that he was retiring from football. General manager Carl Peterson said he was holding out hoping that Roaf would reverse his decision, but Roaf said he was "solid" on retirement. In 2009 Roaf took his first coaching job, as the offensive line coach at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California.

Roaf has been elected to Sports Halls of Fame for Louisiana Tech Athletics (in 2003), Arkansas (in 2007), Louisiana (in 2009), Greater New Orleans (in 2012), and the New Orleans Saints (in 2008). East West Shrine (2018) He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 4, 2012, in his second year of eligibility. Roaf went into the Saints Ring of Honor (2013) Arkansas Black Hall of Fame along with his mother, a legacy inductee. (2013) Roaf was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014. Roaf is also in the Kansas Chiefs Chiefs Hall of Honor (2011), was as NFL 100th Anniversary Team finalist (2019), and has been inducted to the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame (2022).

Personal life
Roaf has two sisters and one brother. His sister Phoebe Alison Roaf is the Episcopal Bishop for the Diocese of West Tennessee.

Roaf has four children and one step daughter. He is married to Angela Hernandez Roaf.

title: Willie Roaf


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Kelvin Martin

Kelvin Darnell Martin (July 24, 1964 – October 24, 1987), also known as 50 Cent, was an American criminal based in Fort Greene Brooklyn, New York. Martin is primarily known as the inspiration for the name of rapper 50 Cent.

Biography
Born in the Bronx borough of New York City, Martin was partially raised there by his grandmother, Irene Martin. He later moved to Brooklyn, residing in the Fort Greene district. Martin was possibly known as '50 Cent' due to his reputation of being prepared to rob anyone, regardless of how much money they were carrying at the time. Another story is that it came from an incident when he entered a game of dice with 50 cents and ended up walking away with $500. Martin spent time in Rikers Island as a youth. The nickname may also be an allusion to his small stature—he weighed only 120 pounds (54 kg), and his height was 5'2" (157 cm).

On October 20, 1987, Martin was shot in the stairway of his girlfriend's building in the Albany Houses of Crown Heights, dying at Kings County Hospital four days later. Julio "WeMo" Acevedo was convicted of first-degree manslaughter and "served about a decade" in prison for Martin's killing.

Legacy
Martin's life and influence were chronicled in an in-depth biographical documentary, starting from his upbringing and carrying through past his death. The documentary is called The Infamous Times, Volume I: The Original 50 Cent.

title: Kelvin Martin


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Talk:National Bank of Serbia

Is there a USA equivalent to the National Bank of Serbia?
is there a national bank of serbia in usa?
 * this is the state bank which deals only with state money. Something like treasury of usa.
 * Exactly, this corresponds to The Fed in USA. Meelosh 17:38, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Expanding the article
This other site appears to have been copied from an earlier Wikipedia version of this same article -- it's far more informative than this article and I wonder what happened to that historical information on the National Bank of Serbia. Banaticus (talk) 22:36, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The text was copied from the website of the National Bank of Serbia, so we had to remove it. Nationmaster is a wikipedia mirror. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 09:45, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Bank of Serbia


text: Template:User tl-2

title: Template:User tl-2


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Alberta Agenda

The Alberta Agenda, the Firewall Letter, was a January 2001 open letter by seven prominent conservatives in Alberta—including Calgary School professors and Stephen Harper—addressed to then Premier of Alberta, Ralph Klein, setting out a five-point firewall to "protect Alberta" from the alleged "intrusions" by the federal government. the Alberta government to fully exercise the province's constitutional powers. The group, who called themselves the Alberta Residents League (ARL) proposed the Alberta Agenda—a "new vision" for the province, which focused on "More Alberta, less Ottawa". The letter was composed by Harper—then president of the National Citizens Coalition. Harper later served as Canada's Prime Minister for three consecutive terms—from 2006 to 2015. Signatories included three political science professors associated with the "Calgary School" as the University of Calgary—Tom Flanagan, Ted Morton, and Rainer Knopff. Other signatories included Andrew Crooks, who was serving as chair of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation under Flanagan, and Ken Boessenkool, Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day's former policy adviser. The letter was published in its entirety in the National Post on January 27, 2001.

Background
The Alberta Agenda letter was written in the wake of the Jean Chrétien's Liberal government securing its third consecutive majority government in the 2000 Canadian federal election, while the primarily Alberta-based Canadian Alliance's under Stockwell Day formed the official opposition.

Firewall Letter
On January 24, 2001, former Member of Parliament Stephen Harper composed a letter which was signed by six other prominent conservative Albertans and sent to then Premier of Alberta, Ralph Klein. Harper resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1997 largely due to opposition between his conservative principles and Preston Manning's populism, following his resignation he would be appointed the vice-president of the National Citizens Coalition, and later president. Others who signed the letter were three University of Calgary professors in public policy—Tom Flanagan, Ted Morton and Rainer Knopff; Andrew Crooks, then-chair of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation; and Ken Boessenkool, who had previously served as Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day's former policy adviser.

A 2015 National Post article summarizes the Firewall Letter as a plea for Albertans to insulate themselves against an "increasingly hostile government in Ottawa." Proposals in the letter included that the province should let its contract with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police expire in 2012, and establish a provincial police force to replace the RCMP. Alberta had a separate police force from 1917 until 1932. The letter recommended that Alberta withdraw from the Canada Pension Plan and establish a separate Alberta Pension Plan. It called for a separate collection of the province's income tax, as opposed to letting the Canada Revenue Agency handle tax collection. Alberta, like all the other provinces and territories collected its own corporate tax. The letter called on the province to advocate for Senate reform to return to the national agenda; and taking over complete provincial responsibility for health care."

The letter has been referred to as the Firewall Letter from its use of the phrase "build firewalls around Alberta," a reference to the computer software programs which block unwanted intrusions from outside sources.

Premier Klein's personal response was published in the Edmonton Journal on responded to the letter, but rejected implementing the authors' requests for the duration of his premiership.

title: Alberta Agenda


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Wikipedia:Texan Collaboration of the Year

Every year, a Texan Collaboration of the Year will be picked using this page. This is a specific topic which either has no article or a basic stub page that is directly related to Texas, the aim being to have a featured-standard article by the end of the period, from widespread cooperative editing.

Created June 2005, this wikiproject was active until March 2006, then reactivated from June to October 2006. One collaboration was chosen in 2007. This page was traditionally administered by Katefan0 and JCarriker, but since they are both semi-retired, Johntex is filling in. (Yet another reason to hope Katefan0 and JCarriker come back soon!!) It is currently active in 2013. Please direct questions to either this page's talk or to Johntex' Talk Page. Thanks.

Participants
Put your Username here if you wish to receive announcements about the collaboration of the year.
 * ChrisEngelsma - Talk
 * Johntex - Talk
 * Joe I - Talk :)
 * Drumguy8800 - Speak
 * RJN - Talk
 * BigrTex - Talk
 * Runfellow - Talk

Current Collaboration
2013 (March 2013 to February 2014) - Lizzie Velásquez
 * Needs images of the biographical subject and supply of content from editors who have access to any of her published works. There is also a version of it on the Spanish language wikipedia which, with work, can be kept to as good a quality as the version here.Tramadul (talk) 08:18, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Selecting the next Collaboration of the Year
A new COTY is selected at any time in February for the year from March to February following, after nominations and voting starting from 1 March of the consideration year. New nominations begin upon confirmed election of a candidate for the year to come, while the current COTY's editing is winding down. Nominations are to be signed. Use ~ or at the end of your post for that.

There's no confusing process to it. Just list Texan articles you're interested in expanding below, and we'll find consensus for the next year's collaboration while working on the current one. Standard approval voting should work, for now.

Related nominations on other COTWs

 * American Empire on This week's improvement drive
 * History of Minnesota on This week's improvement drive
 * National Football League on This week's improvement drive
 * Space program of the United States on This week's improvement drive
 * Mount Rushmore on WP:USCOTW


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Austin Dam failure (Pennsylvania)

The Austin Dam, also known as the Bayless Dam, was a concrete gravity dam in the Austin, Pennsylvania, area that served the Bayless Pulp and Paper Mill. Built in 1909, it was the largest dam of its type in Pennsylvania at the time. The catastrophic failure of the dam on September 30, 1911, caused significant destruction and loss of life in Freeman Run Valley below the dam.

History
In 1900, George Bayless, owner of Bayless Paper, built a paper mill in the Freeman Run Valley. By 1909, the company realized that occasional dry seasons required a more reliable water source. After finding a small earthen dam to be inadequate, the T. Chalkey Hatton firm was commissioned to build a large concrete gravity dam across the valley. The dam was 50 ft high and 540 ft long, and cost $86,000 to construct, (nearly $3,000,000 today adjusted for inflation). It was designed to be 30 feet thick, but was built only 20 feet thick. Because it was deemed too expensive, an underground vertical concrete slab, which had been designed to prevent water seeping under the dam through the soil on which the dam sat, was not built, on Bayless's orders. At the time, Pennsylvania had no state regulations or requirements about the building of dams.

The inhabitants of the town of Austin, Pennsylvania, downstream from the dam, referred to it, with Bayless's encouragement, as "The dam that could not break."

Within only a few months of its completion, problems were detected. Water was seeping under the dam, which also bowed more than 36 ft under the pressure of the water it was holding, and the concrete started cracking. The bowing was alleviated by using dynamite to blast a 13 ft space for the excess water to spill over. The cracking was claimed to be normal because of the drying concrete.

On September 30, 1911, a holiday, after a week of rainstorms that raised the level of the reservoir to only 2 feet below the overflow level, the dam failed. Part of the structure slid down about 50 feet, while another opened like a door, allowing the impounded water to flow freely down the narrow valley. The wall of water destroyed the paper mill and much of the town of Austin, which was so deeply covered by water in places that only church steeples could be seen. Due to the slope of the valley, the east side of the town received more damage.

Around 3,000 people were in Austin that day, and the catastrophic failure of the dam resulted in the deaths of 78 of them, and roughly $10 million in property damage. Cora Brooks, the madam of the town's brothel, which was located upstream of the town, saw the failure coming and warned the town, saving many lives. The paper mill and dam were subsequently rebuilt, but the mill was lost in a fire in 1933. A new dam was built, but it also failed, in 1942, with no loss of life. The dam was not replaced after the second failure.

Legacy
The victims of the dam break are commemorated in the Austin Dam Memorial Park.

The remains of the failed first dam still stand. The ruins consist of a series of broken sections extending east-west across the Freeman Run Valley - five upright sections and two large and several smaller toppled sections. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

In popular culture

 * A documentary about the dam disaster, featuring narration by Willie Nelson, was created by Mansfield University of Pennsylvania professor Gale Largey in 1999. It includes interviews with five survivors along with original newsreel footage.

 * An earlier documentary about the dam failure, simply titled Austin Flood, was filmed likely on the very next day by the Thanhouser Company, and released as early as October 6, 1911; it consisted in 750 feet of film, showing “the suffering, horror and devastation wrought by the flood”.

title: Austin Dam failure (Pennsylvania)


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RateMyTeachers

RateMyTeachers.com (RMT) is a review site for rating K-12 and college teachers and courses. According to its website, its purpose is to help answer a single question: "what do I as a student need to know to maximize my chance of success in a given class?" As of April 2010, over eleven million teachers have been rated on the website.

Founding
Launched in 2001 by Mister Message, LLC, the first iteration of RMT was later sold to the same developer who created RateMyProfessors. From there it was expanded to serve an international audience, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.

Originally, RMT was governed by a public community of volunteers who were granted the power to add, remove and delete teacher listings and teacher ratings. The public community was replaced in 2017 by private moderators.

Acquisition
In 2018 RMT was acquired by a company which, for both pragmatic and regulatory reasons opted to rebuild the site from the bottom up.

In the previous version of the site, users were asked to rate their teachers on a scale of 1 to 5 in the categories of easiness, helpfulness, knowledge, and clarity, with the latter two factoring into an "overall quality" score. Because those categories were so broad and influenced by the predisposition of the reviewer, a new survey was developed in consultation with educational psychologists, teachers, and students themselves. In addition, the newly activated GDPR meant that for students in the European Union, it would no longer be safe to rate teachers individually, so the rating for EU countries was changed from teachers to courses.

To complement the new survey and comply with GDPR, the site was entirely rebuilt and launched prior to the 2019–20 school year with a new look and feel. Artist Adam Larkum was commissioned to create the imagery within the site's pages, and Simon Oxley, the graphic artist behind the Twitter bird and GitHub's Octacat was commissioned to create Owen, RMT's owl mascot.

Controversy
Prior to the relaunch in 2019, RMT was controversial in certain circles with some questioning their approach. The site had previously been open to the general public with no registration or requirement to reveal their first or last name when commenting. That led some to worry that those surfing the Internet could leave libelous comments without any repercussions to their own reputation. In 2007, the Queensland College of Teachers called for the shutdown of the page "until it can be established that it provides a credible service". In 2003, the New York State United Teachers sought a court injunction to shut down the site, though the request was denied on free speech grounds. In April 2007, the British education secretary Alan Johnson said that the online harassment of teachers performed by sites such as RateMyTeachers.com needs to stop.

After the acquisition in 2018, new management's analysis of the comment database found that there were a large number of comments that violated the site's Terms and Conditions. They further concluded there was no effective way to separate the compliant from non-compliant comments. Therefore, in order to comply with GDPR and its own terms, the site took down all comments that preceded the 2019–20 school year.

Teacher of the Year Awards
2020 marked the first full school year since the relaunch of RMT, and to celebrate they created a Teacher of the Year Award to recognize the best rated teachers in each state or province according to the students' reviews. To be considered, a teacher must have an average overall rating above a 4.0 and to win, they must have the highest overall number of above average ratings.

title: RateMyTeachers


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Los Pepes

Los Pepes, a name derived from the Spanish phrase Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar (English: Those Persecuted by Pablo Escobar), was a paramilitary group composed of enemies of Pablo Escobar. They waged a small-scale war against the Medellín Cartel in 1993, which ended the same year following the death of Escobar. The group was financed by the Cali Cartel and was led by the Castaño brothers. An example of their acts could be seen on the streets of Medellín, such as hangings of Pablo's hitmen.

Links to authorities
There are reports that Los Pepes had ties to some members of the Colombian National Police, especially the Search Bloc, with whom they exchanged information in order to execute their activities against Escobar. According to documents released to the public by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 2008, Colombian National Police director general Miguel Antonio Gómez Padilla said that he "had directed a senior CNP intelligence officer to maintain contact with Fidel Castaño, paramilitary leader of Los Pepes, for the purposes of intelligence collection."

Operations
Given that the main objective of Los Pepes was to assassinate Escobar, they acted in the same way that the Medellín Cartel acted against their enemies: killing anyone who had any allegiance with Escobar, such as their guards, accountants or lawyers, in addition to directly threatening friends and family of Pablo Escobar. They were involved in the destruction of two haciendas that belonged to Hermilda Gaviria, Escobar's mother. They were characterized by the frequent use of explosives in their attacks.

Aftermath
After Escobar was shot and killed when fighting against the Search Bloc in 1993, several of their leaders eventually went on to become leaders of a national paramilitary alliance in Colombia, the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), a paramilitary death squad that was formed not only for the purpose of fighting the Cartel but also the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a Marxist guerrilla group. The Castaño brothers (Carlos, Vicente, and Fidel) were founders of several paramilitary groups and the driving force behind the AUC's creation.

Another member of Los Pepes, Diego "Don Berna" Murillo Bejarano eventually became Inspector General of the AUC, as well as an important drug trafficker with Oficina de Envigado.

The Institute for Policy Studies is searching for details of what connections the CIA and DEA had with Los Pepes. They have launched a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act against the CIA. That suit has resulted in the declassification of thousands of documents from the CIA as well as other U.S. agencies including the Department of State, Drug Enforcement Administration, Defense Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Coast Guard. These documents have been made public at the website Pepes Project.

Depictions
Mark Bowden's book Killing Pablo highlights some of the operations of Los Pepes and describes some of the forms of cooperation and support that the group allegedly received from members of the Colombian National Police.

Los Pepes are featured in the second season of the Netflix television series Narcos.

title: Los Pepes