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Garland Independent School District

Garland Independent School District (GISD) is a public school district with its headquarters in the Harris Hill Administration Building in Garland, Texas, United States. Garland ISD extends from the Dallas city limits, northeast to the county line and serves parts of the communities of Garland, Rowlett, and Sachse. Small portions of Dallas and Wylie are served by Garland ISD.

The district encompasses approximately 100 sqmi. With a student enrollment of 56,459 students, GISD is currently the fourth largest school district in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, and is thirteenth largest district in the state of Texas. Garland High School, the district's first high school, is more than one hundred years old.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Choice of School Plan
Garland ISD implements a Freedom of Choice/Choice of School plan, which allows parents to choose which school his/her children want to attend within the district for the following school year. The Choice of School plan is a desegregation plan resulting from the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The plan stipulates that all schools must adhere to the ethnicity ratios established by the courts while not exceeding the student capacities of each individual campus. Most students choose to attend the school to which they would be assigned absent Free Choice; preference is given to students residing closest to the school facility. Garland ISD schools have defined "transportation areas" that provide school bus transportation to students who live two or more miles from the nearest available school. Garland ISD has the only "free choice system" in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and in the United States of America.

The change in demographics, with GISD's student body becoming about 50% Hispanic and Latino by 2013, interfered with the ethnicity bands set in the 1980s.

Statistics
In 2016 the attendance rate for students in the district was 96%, compared with a state average of 96%. 48% of the students in the district were economically disadvantaged, 10% enroll in special education, 7% enroll in gifted and talent programs, 22% are enrolled in career and technology programs, and 24% are considered "limited English proficient."

In 2006 the ethnic makeup of the district was 40.7% Hispanic, 32.5% White, non-Hispanic, 18.7% African American, 7.6% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 0.5% Native American. the district had over 2,000 students of Vietnamese heritage. GISD operates Spanish and Vietnamese bilingual programs, the latter only being available at grades PK-3 at 10 elementary schools and Parsons PreK.

In 1997, over 50% of the students were non-Hispanic white. In 2000 27% of the students were Hispanic or Latino, but this increased to 37% by 2005. From 1997 to 2016 the number of non-Hispanic white students had declined by 65%.

From 1997 to 2016 the number of students on free or reduced lunches, a way of classifying a student as low income, increased by 160%.

In 2006 Teachers in the district carry, on average, 10 years of teaching experience and 12% of the teachers on staff are first-year teachers. 74% of the teachers hold bachelors, 24% hold master's, 1% hold doctorates, and less than 1% have no degree.

60% of students in the district took SAT/ACT standardized examinations with an average score of 1009 and 20, respectively. 23% of students took an AP and/or IB examination.

High schools
5 in Garland, 1 in Rowlett, 1 in Sachse

Other
 * Garland High School (Garland) (opened 1864 as "Garland School;" evolved into Garland High in 1902)
 * Lakeview Centennial High School (Garland) (opened 1976)
 * Naaman Forest High School (Garland) (opened 1988 as a junior highschool; evolved into a senior highschool in 1992)
 * North Garland High School (Garland) (opened 1971)
 * Rowlett High School (Rowlett) (opened 1996)
 * Sachse High School (Sachse) (opened 2002)
 * South Garland High School (Garland) (opened 1964)
 * Garland ISD Evening School (on the campus of Garland High School, Garland)
 * Gilbreath-Reed Career Technical Center (Garland) (opened 2017)

Middle schools
9 in Garland, 2 in Rowlett, 1 in Sachse
 * Austin Academy for Excellence (Garland)
 * 1992-93 National Blue Ribbon School
 * 2016-17 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Bussey Middle School (Garland)
 * Classical Center at Brandenburg Middle School (Garland) (opened 1972)
 * 2009 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Coyle Middle School (Rowlett) (opened 1973)
 * Sam Houston Middle School (Garland)
 * Hudson Middle School (Sachse) (opened 1992)
 * Jackson Technology Center (Garland)
 * Lyles Middle School (Garland)
 * 1992-93 National Blue Ribbon School
 * O'Banion Middle School (Garland)
 * Schrade Middle School (Rowlett)
 * Sellers Middle School (Garland)
 * Webb Middle School (Garland)

Primary schools
36 in Garland, 9 in Rowlett, 2 in Sachse
 * Luke & Betty Abbett Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1989)
 * Armstrong Elementary School (Sachse) (opened August 19, 2002)
 * James M. Back Elementary School (Rowlett)
 * Beaver Technology Center (Garland)(opened in 1960, became a magnet in 1997)
 * Bradfield Elementary School (Garland)
 * Bullock Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1962)
 * Randolph Caldwell Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1955)
 * George Washington Carver Elementary School (Garland) (opened 2007)
 * Centerville Elementary School (Garland)
 * 2008 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Classical Center at Vial Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1974)
 * Club Hill Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1974)
 * Cooper Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1963)
 * Couch Elementary School (Garland)
 * Daugherty Elementary School (Garland)
 * The original capacity was 800, and for generations that was adequate for its enrollment. By 2006 it was overcrowded with 1,300 students.
 * Davis Elementary School (Garland)
 * Dorsey Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened August 12, 1996)
 * Ethridge Elementary School (Garland)
 * Freeman Elementary School (Garland)
 * Joyce Giddens-Steadham Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened August 9, 1999)
 * Golden Meadows Elementary School (Garland)
 * Handley Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1964)
 * Heather Glen Elementary School (Garland)
 * Carl L. Herfurth Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened 1988)
 * Hickman Elementary School (Garland) (opened 1975)
 * Hillside Academy for Excellence (Garland)
 * 2016-17 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Keeley Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened August 1991)
 * Kimberlin Academy for Excellence (Garland)
 * 1991-92, 1998–99, 2015-16 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Liberty Grove Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened 2007)
 * Lister Elementary School (Garland)
 * Luna Elementary School (Garland)
 * Montclair Elementary School (Garland)
 * Northlake Elementary School (Garland)
 * Park Crest Elementary School (Garland)
 * Nita Pearson Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened 2004)
 * Routh Roach Elementary School (Garland)
 * By 2006 Roach received an addition due to increasing student enrollment.
 * 2006-07, 2014-15 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Rowlett Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened 1979)
 * Sewell Elementary School (Sachse) (opened 1992)
 * Shorehaven Elementary School (Garland)
 * Shugart Elementary School (Garland)
 * Southgate Elementary School (Garland)
 * Spring Creek Elementary School (Garland) (opened August 1981)
 * Stephens Elementary School (Rowlett) (opened August 15, 1994)
 * Toler Elementary School (Garland) (1976)
 * Walnut Glen Academy for Excellence (Garland) (opened 1988)
 * 1996-97, 2007–08, 2014-15 National Blue Ribbon School
 * Watson Technology Center (Garland) (opened in 1956, became a magnet in 1997)
 * Weaver Elementary School (Garland)
 * Williams Elementary School (Garland)

Pre-Kindergarten schools
2 in Garland
 * Gloria Cisneros PreKindergarten School
 * Florence Parsons Prekindergarten School

Rentable facilities
Curtis Culwell Center is a $31.5 million multi-purpose rentable facility featuring an arena and a conference center. The complex was built by HKS, Inc. and funded by a bond election held in fall of 2002. Although the facility replaced Southern Methodist University's Moody Coliseum as Garland ISD's primary location to host the district's commencement exercises in May 2005, the 190000 sqft complex was formally completed in August 2005.

The arena seats up to 7,500 for concerts, basketball/volleyball games, and graduation ceremonies. The conference center seats 400 guests in the 8000 sqft ballroom for banquets and 140 guests in the tiered lecture hall.

Former schools

 * George Washington Carver School - A segregated all African American school named after the African American scientist that was officially closed December 31, 1970, when Garland ISD desegregated. The district opened an elementary school with the same name in 2007.

Black History Month, 2016
On February 26, 2016 during a presentation at Coyle Middle School, students held up signs saying, “Black Lives Matter,” “I Can’t Breathe,” and “The Whole System Is Guilty.” In response, the Rowlett police chief Mike Broadnax said “Allowing this only promotes the discontent and hatred for police to continue. It’s a bad day.” In response, Coyle Middle School principal Michael Bland emailed school staff stating, "...If any of the political messages on the signs offended anyone, I apologize on behalf of the administration.".

Curtis Culwell Center incident
There was a "contest to draw cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad" that resulted in an attack by two Muslim men who were shot dead by Garland Police.

title: Garland Independent School District


text:
Abolhasan Saba

Abolhasan Saba (; April 15, 1902 – December 19, 1957) was a renowned Iranian composer, violinist, and setar player.

Biography

He was born in Tehran to Abul Qasim Khan Kamal ol-Saltaneh, son of Mohammad Jafar Khan Sadr ol-Hekma, son of Mahmud Khan Kashi Malak ol-Shoara Sadr ol-Shoara Saba ol-Shoara, son of Mohammad Hossain Khan Malak ol-Shoara. He studied several Iranian and non-Iranic musical instruments and became an Ostad in Radif, but he selected violin and setar as his specific instruments. He was a student of Mirza Abdollah as well as Darvish Khan.

Saba is one of Iran's most influential traditional and instrumental Persian music figures. His first radio recording was in 1927 when he played violin alongside Iran's famous singer Ruhangis.

Notable Pupils

Amongst his many students who went on to become great masters of Persian traditional music were Faramarz Payvar, Manoochehr Sadeghi, Habibollah Badiei, Rahmatollah Badiyi, Abbas Emadi, Ali Tajvidi, Mahmoud Tajbakhsh, Sassan Sepanta, Saeid Gharachorloo, Parviz Yahaghi, Dariush Safvat, Gholam-Hossein Banan and Hossein Tehrani.

He died in 1957 and was buried in Tehran's Zahir o-dowleh Cemetery of Artists and Musicians.

Saba Museum
Upon Saba's will in 1974, after his death, the faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Tehran turned his private house into a museum.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abolhasan Saba


text:
1993–94 NHL season

The 1993–94 NHL season was the 77th regular season of the National Hockey League. The league expanded to 26 teams with the addition of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Florida Panthers. The Minnesota North Stars relocated to become the Dallas Stars. And the league was realigned to geographically-named conferences and divisions. The New York Rangers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games to become the Stanley Cup champions. It was the Rangers' fourth championship overall, and their first in 54 seasons, since 1939–40.

The spectacular play of Dominik Hasek of the Buffalo Sabres ushered in a new era of goaltending dominance in the NHL. Only three teams reached the 300-goal plateau, and only one team, the Detroit Red Wings, averaged more than four goals scored per game. Goaltenders combined for 99 shutouts during the regular season, a mark that broke the all-time regular-season record of 85 set in 1974–75.

League business
For this season, the names of the conferences were changed from Campbell and Wales to Western and Eastern respectively, and the divisions' names were changed from Adams, Patrick, Norris, and Smythe to Northeast, Atlantic, Central, and Pacific respectively. Each division had changes. The Northeast Division would welcome the Pittsburgh Penguins, previously from the Patrick Division. The Atlantic Division would welcome the newcomer Florida Panthers and the Tampa Bay Lightning, previously from the Norris Division. The Central Division would welcome the Winnipeg Jets, previously from the Smythe Division. The Pacific Division would welcome the newcomer Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. New league commissioner Gary Bettman, who had previously worked in the National Basketball Association (NBA), thought the old names could be confusing to non-traditional fans and believed that a change to geographically named divisions, as used in the NBA and most other North American professional sports, would be more easily understandable to new fans.

In addition, the playoff format was changed to a conference based seeding over division specific brackets: the division winners were seeded one-two by order of point finish, then the top six remaining teams in the conference were seeded three through eight. However, unlike the NBA, the NHL matched the highest-seeded winners against the lowest-seeded winners in the second round. In order to reduce the number of long trips to and from the West Coast, whenever a Central Division team played a Pacific Division team in the playoffs, the format was 2–3–2 rather than the traditional 2–2–1–1–1, a format that was only used for the 1993–94 season.

Franchise changes

 * The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Florida Panthers started play this season.
 * The Minnesota North Stars relocated to Dallas, Texas to become the Dallas Stars. It was the first franchise relocation for the NHL since the Colorado Rockies became the New Jersey Devils in 1982–83.
 * This was the first season that the San Jose Sharks actually played in San Jose, moving into the new San Jose Arena after spending their first two years at the Cow Palace in nearby Daly City.
 * It was the final season that the St. Louis Blues played at the St. Louis Arena and the Chicago Blackhawks played at Chicago Stadium.
 * The Tampa Bay Lightning, deeming their temporary arena, the Expo Hall at the Florida State Fairgrounds, too small, moved to St. Petersburg and the rechristened ThunderDome. They would stay in the stadium for three seasons while the Ice Palace was being built.

Regular season
The Panthers and Mighty Ducks set new records for first-year expansion teams. Both teams finished with 33 wins, surpassing the 31 wins of the Philadelphia Flyers and Los Angeles Kings in 1967–68. That mark would not be topped by another expansion team until the Vegas Golden Knights notched their 34th win in their inaugural season on February 1, 2018, finishing with 43. The Panthers also set a high-water mark in points, with 83 points, surpassing the previous record set by the Flyers' 73 points in 1967–68. The Golden Knights would eventually shatter this inaugural expansion team record by 26 points notching a total of 109 points in 2017–18.

Final standings
No = Division rank, CR = Conference rank, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.

Awards
The NHL awards presentation took place on June 16, 1994.

Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1993–94 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 * Chris Osgood, Detroit Red Wings
 * Jason Arnott, Edmonton Oilers
 * Kirk Maltby, Edmonton Oilers
 * Rob Niedermayer, Florida Panthers
 * Chris Pronger, Hartford Whalers
 * Donald Brashear, Montreal Canadiens
 * Jason Smith, New Jersey Devils
 * Zigmund Palffy, New York Islanders
 * Mattias Norstrom, New York Rangers
 * Todd Marchant, New York Rangers
 * Alexandre Daigle, Ottawa Senators
 * Alexei Yashin, Ottawa Senators
 * Pavol Demitra, Ottawa Senators
 * Markus Naslund, Pittsburgh Penguins
 * Jocelyn Thibault, Quebec Nordiques
 * Ian Laperriere, St. Louis Blues
 * Chris Gratton, Tampa Bay Lightning
 * Yanic Perreault, Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Michael Peca, Vancouver Canucks
 * Jason Allison, Washington Capitals

Last games
The following is a list of players of note who played their last game in the NHL in 1993–94 (listed with their last team):
 * Gordie Roberts, Boston Bruins
 * Dave Christian, Chicago Blackhawks
 * Michel Goulet, Chicago Blackhawks
 * Mike Foligno, Florida Panthers
 * Brian Propp, Hartford Whalers
 * Dave Taylor, Los Angeles Kings
 * Keith Acton, New York Islanders
 * Rob Ramage, Philadelphia Flyers
 * Bryan Trottier, Pittsburgh Penguins

Neutral site games
As a part of the 1992 strike settlement, the NHL and Bruce McNall's Multivision Marketing and Public Relations Co. organized 26 regular season games in cities without a franchise as a litmus test for future expansion.

The Stars played a neutral-site game in their previous market of Minnesota at the Target Center in Minneapolis, where they were greeted enthusiastically. The Minnesota North Stars' tradition of playing on New Year's Eve and holding a post-game skate on the ice was also continued with a game between the Flyers and Bruins.

The Lightning vs. Red Wings contest in Minneapolis was scheduled for Martin Luther King Day, a Monday, with an afternoon face-off at 2:05 PM. However, due to an error on the NHL's part, the Lightning believed themselves to be playing at 7:35 PM, an error that was only discovered two weeks prior to the game by reporters. The Lightning ended up playing an 8:05 PM game in Winnipeg, flying back to the U.S., and playing again 18 hours later in Minneapolis.

The Panthers, in the midst of a playoff race, played a March "home" game against the Maple Leafs 30 miles from Toronto, at Hamilton.

Canada
This was the sixth season of the league's Canadian national broadcast rights deals with TSN and Hockey Night in Canada on CBC. This was the last regular season before Saturday night doubleheaders became permanent on HNIC on CBC. TSN televised selected regular season weeknight games. Coverage of the Stanley Cup playoffs was primarily on CBC, with TSN airing first round all-U.S. series.

United States
This was the second season of ESPN's deal for U.S. national broadcast rights, while NBC televised the All-Star Game for the fifth and final consecutive season.

ESPN's weekly regular season games were generally broadcast on Wednesdays and Fridays. ESPN also had Sunday games between the NFL and baseball seasons. ESPN2 also began showing up to five games per week, branded as NHL Fire on Ice.

ESPN's brokered deal with sister broadcast network ABC expanded to include weekly regional telecasts on the last three Sunday afternoons of the regular season. This marked the first time that regular season NHL games were broadcast on American network television since. ABC then televised playoff games on first three Sundays of the postseason. ESPN and ESPN2 televised selected first and second-round games. ESPN then had the Conference finals and the Stanley Cup Finals.

After the season, the NHL reached a five-year deal with Fox, replacing ABC and NBC as the league's U.S. broadcast television partner.

title: 1993–94 NHL season


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Pohnpeic languages

Pohnpeic, also rendered Ponapeic, is a subgroup of the Chuukic–Pohnpeic branch of Micronesian in the Austronesian language family. The languages are primarily spoken in Pohnpei State of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Languages

 * Mokilese
 * Pingelapese
 * Pohnpeian
 * Ngatikese

Innovations
Pohnpeic languages are distinct from the closely related Chuukic languages as a result of uniquely developed innovations. One such innovation is nasal substitution, where the first element in a consonant geminate becomes a homorganic nasal consonant. An example of this change is seen where Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic */kkaŋ/ 'sharp' became Mokilese, whereas in Chuukese it is.

Phonology
1 In the Pohnpeic languages, geminate obstruents are realized as homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters. 2 Often before. 3 Before. 4 The reflex is *∅ sporadically before PMc *e.

title: Pohnpeic languages


text: Talk:Newsy Lalonde

title: Talk:Newsy Lalonde


text:
What Is History?

What Is History? is a 1961 non-fiction book by historian E. H. Carr on historiography. It discusses history, facts, the bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and society, and moral judgements in history.

The book originated in a series of lectures given by Carr in 1961 at the University of Cambridge. The lectures were intended as a broad introduction into the subject of the theory of history and their accessibility has resulted in What is History? becoming one of the key texts in the field of historiography.

Some of Carr's ideas are contentious, particularly his relativism and his rejection of contingency as an important factor in historical analysis. His work provoked a number of responses, most notably Geoffrey Elton's The Practice of History.

Carr was in the process of revising What is History? for a second edition at the time of his death.

Structure
The book begins with Chapter 1 The Historian and His Facts, this is followed by chapters on the (2) Society and the Individual, (3) History, Science and Morality, (4) Causation in History and (5) History as Progress before finishing with a chapter (6) on The Widening Horizon. The 2001 edition includes a new introduction by R.J. Evans, and material from the 2nd edition including An Introductory note from R.W. Davies, a Preface to Second Edition by Carr himself, as well 'notes From E.H. Carr's Files also by Davies.

Reception
Carr's views about the nature of historical work in What Is History? were controversial. In his 1967 book The Practice of History, Geoffrey Elton criticized Carr for his "whimsical" distinction between the "historical facts" and the "facts of the past", saying that it reflected "an extraordinarily arrogant attitude both to the past and to the place of the historian studying it". Elton praised Carr for rejecting the role of "accidents" in history, but said Carr's philosophy of history was an attempt to provide a secular version of the medieval view of history as the working of God's master plan with "Progress" playing the part of God.

British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper said Carr's dismissal of the "might-have-beens of history" reflected a fundamental lack of interest in examining historical causation. Trevor-Roper said examining possible alternative outcomes of history is not a "parlour-game", but is an essential part of historians' work. Trevor-Roper said historians could properly understand the period under study only by looking at all possible outcomes and all sides; historians who adopted Carr's perspective of only seeking to understand the winners of history and treating the outcome of a particular set of events as the only possible outcomes, were "bad historians".

In a review in 1963 in Historische Zeitschrift, Andreas Hillgruber wrote favourably of Carr's geistvoll-ironischer (ironically spirited) criticism of conservative, liberal and positivist historians. British philosopher W. H. Walsh said in a 1963 review that it is not a "fact of history" that he had toast for breakfast that day. Walsh said Carr was correct that historians did not stand above history, and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what "facts of the past" they determined into "facts of history".

British historian Richard J. Evans said What Is History? caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said What Is History? is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it.

Editions
The first edition was published in 1961, with reprints in 1961, 1962 (twice), 1969, 1972, 1977 and 1982. In 1986 a posthumous second edition was published with a Preface by Bob Davies. This was reprinted in 2001 with a substantial critical introduction by Richard J. Evans.

title: What Is History?


text:
Singularity (operating system)

Singularity is an experimental operating system developed by Microsoft Research between July 9, 2003, and February 7, 2015. It was designed as a high dependability OS in which the kernel, device drivers, and application software were all written in managed code. Internal security uses type safety instead of hardware memory protection.

Operation
The lowest-level x86 interrupt dispatch code is written in assembly language and C. Once this code has done its job, it invokes the kernel, which runtime system and garbage collector are written in Sing# (an extended version of Spec#, itself an extension of C#) and runs in unprotected mode. The hardware abstraction layer is written in C++ and runs in protected mode. There is also some C code to handle debugging. The computer's basic input/output system (BIOS) is invoked during the 16-bit real mode bootstrap stage; once in 32-bit mode, Singularity never invokes the BIOS again, but invokes device drivers written in Sing#. During installation, Common Intermediate Language (CIL) opcodes are compiled into x86 opcodes using the Bartok compiler.

Security design
Singularity is a microkernel operating system. Unlike most historic microkernels, its components execute in the same address space (process), which contains software-isolated processes (SIPs). Each SIP has its own data and code layout, and is independent from other SIPs. These SIPs behave like normal processes, but avoid the cost of task-switches.

Protection in this system is provided by a set of rules called invariants that are verified by static program analysis. For example, in the memory-invariant states there must be no cross-references (or memory pointers) between two SIPs; communication between SIPs occurs via higher-order communication channels managed by the operating system. Invariants are checked during installation of the application. (In Singularity, installation is managed by the operating system.)

Most of the invariants rely on the use of safer memory-managed languages, such as Sing#, which have a garbage collector, allow no arbitrary pointers, and allow code to be verified to meet a given computer security policy.

Project status
The first Singularity Research Development Kit (RDK), RDK 1.1, was initially released on March 4, 2008, being released under a shared source license allowing academic non-commercial use and available from CodePlex. RDK 2.0 was later released on November 14, 2008.

Similar projects

 * Inferno, first created in 1995, based on Plan 9 from Bell Labs; programs are run in a virtual machine and written in Limbo instead of C# with CIL; open-source software
 * JavaOS, a legacy OS based on the same concept as Singularity
 * JNode, an OS similar in concept to Singularity, but with Java instead of C# with CIL
 * JX, a Java OS that, like Singularity, uses type safety instead of computer hardware memory protection
 * Phantom OS, a managed OS
 * SharpOS, a former effort to write an operating system using C#; open-source software
 * MOSA, a .NET Framework compiler and operating system using C#
 * Cosmos, a building blocks toolkit for developing an OS using C#; open-source software
 * TempleOS, a ring-0 operating system with JIT compiler; open-source software

title: Singularity (operating system)


text:
Macul

Macul (Quechua: "to stretch out right hand") is a commune (smallest administrative subdivision in Chile) of Chile located in the central-eastern part of the Greater Santiago area, bordered by the communes of Ñuñoa to the north, San Joaquín to the west, Peñalolén to the east and La Florida to the south.

It is a predominantly residential and industrial zone, but its activities have been increasing and diversifying, which has forced a gradual change in terms of infrastructure and equipment. Most inhabitants are considered middle class.

History
Macul was one of five indigenous villages located in the region of Ñuñohue prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Its economy was heavily based on agriculture due to the fertile soil in the area.

By the seventeenth century, the Ñuñoa area kept its agricultural character, however the development of a road system that had strengthened its ties with the city of Santiago began. During the nineteenth century there were a number of changes and developments that modified the purely rural character of Ñuñoa and Macul, some of the more prevalent changes were the construction of railways, housing developments and the enactment of the Autonomous Commune Law.

Since 1930, Ñuñoa has been strengthening its residential character, and due to its very accessible infrastructure for transportation and communications with the rest of the city, it has now developed as a largely industrialized settlement, with a good number of factories making their home in Ñuñoa.

Beginning in 1960, the territory of Macul seizes to be an urban expansion area to the city of Santiago, reaching critical mass and the maximum for developing land as an urban area, reaching its 100% developed status. This proclamation ended in the early 1970s with the opening of the Américo Vespucio Ringroad, allowing for further development.

In 1981, Ñuñoa was subdivided into three communes: Ñuñoa, Peñalolén and Macul. It wasn't until 1984 when Macul officially became a municipality and began to operate. The municipality is now allowed to exercise its authority over the fully urbanized territory of all three communes. Macul had a significant industrial sector before combining with the commune of Ñuñoa.

Since 1992, the municipal authorities are elected every four years via popular vote.

Administration
As a commune, Macul is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is elected by popular vote every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Sergio Puyol Carreño (PDC). The communal council has the following members:
 * Carlos Herrera Ferrada (PPD)
 * Camila Donato Pizarro (PC)
 * Eugenio González Amstrong (RN)
 * Héctor Soto Gallardo (PDC)
 * Ximena Zuleta Dinamarca (PDC)
 * Juan Mackenzie Miranda (UDI)
 * Iván Gajardo Calderón (PS)
 * Yuri Rivera Rivera (PPD)

The commune is divided into twenty neighbourhood units, which are divided into assemblies and include participation from neighbours in the same area or district. They find solutions for common problems and concerns.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Macul is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Felipe Salaberry (UDI) and Ximena Vidal (PPD) as part of the 25th electoral district, (together with San Joaquín and La Granja). The commune is represented in the Senate by Soledad Alvear (PDC) and Pablo Longueira (UDI) as part of the 8th senatorial constituency (Santiago-East).

Education
The community of Macul is home to the San Joaquín Campus of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, which is located on the eastern side of Vicuña Mackenna Avenue. The campus hosts several faculties and featured labs, libraries, casinos and sport fields of excellent quality. Three buildings on campus were designed by architect Alejandro Aravena, the 2016 laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize.

Macul is also home to the athletic campus of the University of the Americas called Campus One (Sports Complex UDLA). This campus is the result of the union of ONE, a company of Hans Gildemeister, and Universidad de Las Americas, to promote physical activity within the University community.

Another higher education institution with facilities in Macul is INACAP, which replaced the former facilities of Colón and Tabancura Streets. The campus in Macul is the largest campus in Chil built by INACAP, with more than 20000 m2 of floor space on 30000 m2 of land. The INACAP campus is located at the intersection of Vicuña Mackenna Avenue and Escuela Agricola Street.

Attractions
Among the attractions of the commune we can find the Aquatic Club Macul, the Estadio Monumental David Arellano owned by the most popular Chilean football team, Colo-Colo, and the training center of the Chilean football team Juan Pinto Durán. The Vasquez Palace, also known as "The Macul Castle", is a beautiful palace located in the center of the community, besides being a popular tourist attraction, the palace also serves as the administration's main office.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Macul spans an area of 12.9 sqkm and has 112,535 inhabitants (53,667 men and 58,868 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population fell by 6.8% (8,173 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

 * Stats
 * Average annual household income: US$49,004 (PPP, 2006)
 * Population below poverty line: 13.4% (2006)
 * Regional quality of life index: 80.30, high, 12 out of 52 (2005)
 * Human Development Index: 0.806, 10 out of 341 (2003)

title: Macul


text:
Raymone Bain

Raymone K. Bain is a public relations and public affairs executive in corporate, entertainment, politics, government and sports, representing celebrities and sports figures such as Michael Jackson, Mike Tyson, Muhammad Ali, Serena Williams, Janet Jackson, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, and Boyz II Men.

She was former spokesperson, personal general manager to Michael Jackson, and President/COO of the Michael Jackson Company.

Education
While majoring in Political Science at Spelman College, she worked as a volunteer for Jimmy Carter's presidential campaign, later working at the White House as special assistant in the Office of Management and Budget after graduation at the age of 21.

Bain graduated in law from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. in December, 1983.

Public relations
She began her career representing boxer Hector "Macho" Camacho in a dispute with Don King. She was one of the first women to own a sports management firm, The Bain Group, eventually representing "Marvelous" Marvin Hagler, Muhammed Ali, Thomas "The Hitman" Hearns, and Mike Tyson.

She became Marion Barry's spokesperson in 1991, then press secretary during his 1994 mayoral campaign and afterwards during his term as Mayor of Washington.

She has also represented Serena Williams, Janet Jackson, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, and Boyz II Men, as well as comedians Steve Harvey, Bernie Mac, and Cedric "The Entertainer," D.L. Hughley.

Michael Jackson
Bain was Jackson's liaison for over 3,000 media representatives who covered the 2005 Jackson trial. She was mysteriously sacked, then reinstated mid trial. In 2006, Michael Jackson named Bain as his personal general manager and president/COO of the Michael Jackson Company. He subsequently appointed her to the board of directors of Sony/ATV Music Publishing; as his music licensing agent for MIJAC, MIRAN and Sony/ATV Music; as trustee of MJ Publishing Trust; and made her a 10% owner of The Michael Jackson Company, as well as appointing her to the company's board of directors. In October 2006, Michael Jackson was quoted saying that he trusted Bain implicitly.

In 2009 Bain sued the Michael Jackson company for $44 million in a breach of contract suit. It was later rejected, despite appeal.

As a result of failing to pay income taxes from 2006 through to 2008, in June 2011 Bain pleaded guilty to one count of failure to file federal income tax returns and one count of failure to file District of Columbia income tax returns. She was given five years probation and a court order to repay over $200,000 in restitution.

Political work
Bain campaigned for Carter while still a student, later lobbying to make Martin Luther King's birthday a national holiday. She participated in the Clinton/Gore Presidential Campaign from 1992-1996, securing and supervising celebrity surrogate speakers, and was a member of Bill Clinton's 1992 Clinton Presidential Inaugural Committee.

From 2007-2008 she was a member of the National Finance Committee for Hillary Rodham-Clinton for President, and later a fundraiser for the National Obama For America Presidential Campaign.

She has worked with the International AIDS Trust, and is a founding board member of the Recreation Wish List Committee, founded by former wife to DC's Mayor, Cora Masters Barry.

She is currently on the Board of Directors of the Marion Barry, Jr. Legacy Committee. Bain is spokesperson for Cora Masters Barry.

title: Raymone Bain


text:
Category:Earth phenomena

Includes a broad assortment of terms related to Earth's ecological mechanisms and other environmental phenomenon. See also related category:meteorology and category:weather where there are broad range of atmospheric phenomena discussed.

title: Category:Earth phenomena


text:
Pedro Aguirre Cerda, Chile

Pedro Aguirre Cerda is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It is named after President Pedro Aguirre Cerda.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pedro Aguirre Cerda spans an area of 9.7 sqkm and has 114,560 inhabitants (55,382 men and 59,178 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population fell by 12.2% (15881 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

 * Stats
 * Average annual household income: US$28,199 (PPP, 2006)
 * Population below poverty line: 6.3% (2006)
 * Regional quality of life index: 81.08, high, 9 out of 52 (2005)
 * Human Development Index: 0.708, 114 out of 341 (2003)

Administration
As a commune, Pedro Aguirre Cerda is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-1016 major is Claudina Núñez Jiménez (PC). The communal council has the following members:
 * Gloria Rodríguez Calderón (PC)
 * Juan Rozas Romero (IND)
 * Eduardo Pastene Azola (UDI)
 * Elizabeth Jiménez Oliva (IND)
 * Carmen Salinas Jara (PPD)
 * Eduardo Cancino Cáceres (PC)
 * Rodrigo Lagos Fuentes (PDC)
 * Manuel Aguilar Gálvez (RN)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pedro Aguirre Cerda is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pedro Browne (RN) and Guillermo Teillier (PC) as part of the 28th electoral district, (together with San Miguel and Lo Espejo). The commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Montes (PS) and Manuel José Ossandón (RN) as part of the 8th senatorial constituency (Santiago-East).

title: Pedro Aguirre Cerda, Chile


text:
Eflani

Eflani is a town in Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Eflani District. Its population is 2,076 (2022). Eflani is located at 100 km south of the Black Sea. 46 km away from, and to the east of Karabük, it is settled on a plateau divided by small rivers among the high mountains and valleys. The town lies at an elevation of 897 m.

title: Eflani


text:
VTM 2

VTM 2 (formerly Q2) is a Belgian television channel owned by the commercial broadcasting company DPG Media.

History
The channel was originally known as Kanaal 2. However, it has undergone at least half a dozen rebrandings over the years. At launch in 1995, the channel was branded as Ka2 (Dutch pronunciation of K2), then Kanaal 2. In 2001, it was branded KANAALTWEE. On 12 February 2008 the channel changed its name to 2BE, retaining the 2 but referring to the Belgian ISO Country Code BE.

In September 2016, the channel changed its name to Q2. This was an extension of the Qmusic radio station brand owned by Medialaan.

On 31 August 2020, Q2 rebranded as VTM 2, as part of a rebranding of the 4 main DPG channels.

Programming
Since its parent company also owns VTM (as well as radio channels), it is not uncommon for programs (especially reruns) to be passed on from one channel to another.

Currently aired Imported productions

 * 24 Hours in A&E
 * Ambulance
 * American Ninja Warrior
 * Border Security Australia
 * Dinner Date
 * Don't Tell the Bride
 * Embarrassing Bodies
 * Escape to the Country
 * Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
 * Home and Away
 * Keeping Up with the Kardashians
 * Kitchen Nightmares
 * Love It or List It
 * MasterChef Australia
 * My Kitchen Rules UK
 * Neighbours
 * One Born Every Minute
 * Project Runway
 * RuPaul's Drag Race
 * SAS: Who Dares Wins
 * The Hotel Inspector
 * The Real Housewives
 * Worst Cooks in America

Formerly aired Flemish (co-)productions

 * 2BE Games & Chat (interactive daytime television) (former)
 * AstroContact (phone-in program about astrology)
 * Benelux' Next Top Model (reality)
 * Benidorm Bastards (comedy)
 * Big Brother & its BV (celebrity) version
 * De Heren Maken de Man (Flemish version of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy)
 * De Ja of Nee Show (game show/entertainment)
 * De Raf & Ronny Show (Flemish sitcom)
 * Dennis (Flemish sitcom)
 * En dan nu... reclame
 * Expeditie Robinson (reality) (Dutch-Flemish version of Expedition Robinson)
 * Familie Backeljau (Flemish sitcom)
 * Foute Vrienden
 * Honderd Hete Vragen (entertaining 'sex education')
 * Inbox
 * M!LF
 * Open en Bloot (entertaining 'sex education')
 * Pitstop.TV (motor sports)
 * Play Today (phone-in quiz show)
 * Schoon en Meedogenloos (Flemish version of How Clean is Your House?)

Formerly aired Imported productions

 * 24
 * 7th Heaven
 * According to Jim
 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * American Crime Story
 * Angel
 * Arrested Development
 * Big Wolf on Campus
 * Black Sails
 * Black Tie Nights
 * Bones
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Burn Notice
 * Charmed
 * Chuck
 * Cold Case
 * Continuum
 * Cops
 * Covert Affairs
 * Crime Investigation Australia
 * Damages
 * Deadliest Catch
 * Dharma & Greg
 * Dracula
 * Dragon Ball Z
 * Empty Nest
 * ER
 * Everwood
 * Family Business
 * Family Guy
 * Family Matters
 * Fastlane
 * Full House
 * Futurama
 * Game of Thrones
 * Gilmore Girls
 * Glee
 * Ghosted
 * Grimm
 * Hex
 * Homeland
 * House
 * How I Met Your Mother
 * Jack & Jill
 * Joey
 * John Doe
 * Journeyman
 * Judge Judy
 * Kyle XY
 * Law & Order: Los Angeles
 * Leverage
 * Lie to Me
 * Life in Pieces
 * Mad Men
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * Max Steel
 * Merlin
 * Modern Family
 * Mr. Robot
 * Muhteşem Yüzyıl
 * My Wife and Kids
 * New Girl
 * Nip/Tuck
 * North Shore
 * One Tree Hill
 * Operation Repo
 * Pawn Stars
 * Point Pleasant
 * Police Interceptors
 * Prison Break
 * Quantico
 * Raising Hope
 * Richard Hammond's Crash Course
 * Rosewood
 * Royal Pains
 * Sexcetera
 * Siren
 * Six Feet Under
 * Sleepy Hollow
 * Smallville
 * So You Think You Can Dance
 * Sons of Anarchy
 * Spartacus
 * Star Trek: Enterprise
 * Stargate Atlantis
 * Stargate SG-1
 * Still Standing
 * Strike Back
 * S.W.A.T.
 * Terra Nova
 * That '70s Show
 * The 4400
 * The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes
 * The Big Bang Theory
 * The Brave
 * The Cape
 * The Closer
 * The Crossing
 * The Event
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 * The Gifted
 * The Good Guys
 * The Graham Norton Show
 * The Middle
 * The Muppets
 * The Nanny
 * The O.C.
 * The Orville
 * The Passage
 * The Practice
 * The Simpsons
 * The Sopranos
 * The Unusuals
 * The Voice
 * The Voice UK
 * The Walking Dead
 * The West Wing
 * Top Gear
 * Touch
 * Traffic Cops
 * Transporter: The Series
 * Tru Calling
 * Trauma
 * Two and a Half Men
 * Two Guys and a Girl
 * Veronica Mars
 * Vikings
 * What I Like About You
 * Wilfred
 * Will & Grace
 * Without a Trace
 * Women's Murder Club
 * World's Most Amazing Videos
 * Xena: Warrior Princess
 * Yes, Dear

title: VTM 2


text:
Talk:Alma Mater Society of Queen's University

I rewrote the section on the GSS leaving the AMS as what was there before is entirely inaccurate. The claim that the split was "amicable" would reduce generations of AMS and GSS executives to tears of laughter. There was a period when tensions were so bad that the AMS banned grad students from participaing in any AMS run services, they even had meetings to try to figure out how to stop grads from having free access to the Queen's Journal. As for the claim that the AMS is a "founding member of CASA" that's just bizarre as the AMS not only was not in CASA when it was founded, it has *never* been a CASA member. The rest of the article sounds like it was cribbed from the AMS' annual report. Rewriting and balance is needed to make it NPOV. AndyL 08:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The second paragraph in the history section has now been deleted several times. Many people have worked on that part of the article, and if something is wrong, please just change it rather than trashing the whole thing. —Arctic.gnome 03:20, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

If the AMS was "created" in 1858 and "incorporated" in 1969, what form did it take for the 111 years in between? -Arctic.gnome 19:34, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

The AMS was simply a student society between its creation in 1858 and its incorporation in 1969. After incorporation, the AMS, Inc. was responsible for services while the student society aspect of its work continues on to this day in the work of the Commissions under the leadership of the President and the Vice-President (University Affairs).

List of Recent AMS Executives
I removed this as per WP:BIO--J2000ca 14:48, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Requested Move
Move to "Alma Mater Society of Queen's University", the legal name of the organization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Naylorm (talk • contribs) 05:04, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * WP:NAME convention is to use the most commonly used name, not the legal name necessarily. GreenJoe 05:42, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

"AMS" is the most commonly used name among Queen's students, however most other people refer to it as the "Queen's AMS". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rainpat (talk • contribs) 20:42, 14 May 2010 (UTC)


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Belgium


text:
Pegnitz (town)

Pegnitz is a town in the Bayreuth district in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of approximately 15,000 inhabitants. It is also the source of the river Pegnitz. The city Bayreuth is about 27 km to the north.

The villages (Ortsteile) in Pegnitz are:

Annual events are the Christmas market, the Open-Air Rock Festival Waldstock, and above all, the seasonal strong-beer festival called Flinderer.

title: Pegnitz (town)


text:
Talk:Constellation Records (Canada)

Constellation's current commercial activity
This article is awful. It reads like it was written by someone who is in an anti-establishment suicide cult. Not encyclopedic at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.250.37.149 (talk) 02:02, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

I understand that Constellation likes to advertise their anti-commercialism and whatnot. But that doesn't mean it's currently active and true. I edited this article to say that they used to hold a strong stance on that but things seem to have changed. The article was both misleading and untrue in stating that Constellation chooses to avoid having their albums sold at major dealers. Is it not true that you can buy any album by any constellation artist on Amazon.com? So why delete that sentence and try to cover up the truth. Loyalty to a record label is one thing, but loyalty to the truth is more important. You can decide to be ignore it for yourself, but don't cover it up for others.

Before you change the article back to exhalting the label's fierce anti-commercial stance, try searching for some of their music on Amazon, HMV, and probably any other major media retailer.

List of (non-independent) record labels?
Why is the "List of record labels" (not only independent) in the "See Also" section? Paulo Oliveira 08:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why wouldn't it? After all Constellation Records is a record label :p (and it is listed in both the list of record labels and in the list of independent record labels) warpozio 15:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That was my point: "in both"! If there is an independent record label list why should there be two lists? Paulo Oliveira 12:45, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Irrelevant Yanqui U.X.O. section
I don't think the following section of this article is really relevant to Constellation Records: The package of the Godspeed You! Black Emperor album Yanqui U.X.O. was especially noteworthy, containing an extensive chart which demonstrated the links between four major record labels—AOL Time-Warner, BMG, Sony, Vivendi Universal—and various arms manufacturers. The band later apologized for some extensions of the chart, conceding that some of their research had been inaccurate. This chart accompanied a photograph of falling bombs. It ought to be either removed or worked into the Yanqui U.X.O. article.  MF=R   talk  +  cont   03:55, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * To clarify, it is "relevant" to Constellation but specific information about one album of one band shouldn't be a part of the main article of the entire record label. I've added the information to the Yanqui U.X.O. article.  MF=R   talk  +  cont   04:02, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Amen.

title: Talk:Constellation Records (Canada)


text:
Peñalolén

Peñalolén (Mapudungun "fraternal meeting place") is a Chilean commune in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on 15 November 1984.

History
The commune was founded on 15 November 1984. During 2019, Chilean police arrested a local family, accusing them of drug trafficking. According to national news channels, the Peñaloléen organization is one of the largest in the Santiago area and operated all over the town.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Peñalolén spans an area of 54.2 sqkm and has 216,060 inhabitants (105,528 men and 110,532 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population grew by 20.2% (36,279 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

 * Stats
 * Area: 54.2 km²
 * Population: 238,177 (2006 projection)
 * Average annual household income: US$43,856 (PPP, 2006)
 * Population below poverty line: 8.7% (2006)
 * Regional quality of life index: 74.35, medium, 26 out of 52 (2005)
 * Human Development Index: 0.743, 52 out of 341 (2003)

Administration
As a commune, Peñalolén is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde (mayor) who is directly elected every four years. , the alcalde is Carolina Leitao (PDC). The communal council has the following members:
 * Claudia Mora Vega (RN)
 * Marcelo Fierro Yantorno (IND)
 * Rogelio Zuñiga Escudero (PDC)
 * Juan Urra Rossi (PC)
 * Cristian Jofré Delgado (PPD)
 * Leonardo Guerra Medina (PPD)
 * Estrella Gershanik Frenk (UDI)
 * Sergio Guerra Soto (RN)
 * Julio Abelleira Figueroa (PS)
 * Natalia Garrido Toro (IGUAL)

Mayors
Since 1984, Peñalolén has had five mayors:
 * María Angélica Cristi (1984–1989, appointed by Pinochet)
 * Carlos Alarcón (1989–1993, appointed by Aylwin)
 * Carlos Echeverría (1993–1996)
 * Carlos Alarcón (1997–2004)
 * Claudio Orrego (2004-2012)
 * Carolina Leitao (2012–present)

Peñalolén is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Jaime Pilowski (PDC) and José Antonio Kast (UDI) as part of the 24th electoral district (together with La Reina). The commune is represented in the Senate by Manuel José Ossandón (RN) and Carlos Montes (PS) as part of the 8th senatorial constituency (Santiago-East).

University

 * Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez

title: Peñalolén


text:
Talk:May Laws

Pobedonostsev
I have changed the text and included an exact quote from a book. In addition to earlier links, here are few Russian links mantioning Pobedonostsev's xenophobia, intolerance, many containing reference to the same passage: ,,,,,,,,,,. As can seen from the article, the problem was much larger than a lone antisemite in the tsarist court. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Rosenberg doesn't cite original source of the "quotation". Please support your opinion by proper citations, containing ORIGINAL SOURCE of the phrase attributed to Pobedonostsev.

--DonaldDuck 02:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do we need exact quote in this case? This is a quote from a book, it is good enough.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 02:52, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, accusing someone in racial hatred needs HARD evidence. You gave a quote from a book, but this book don't cite original source of pobedonostsev "quote". Moreover main author of WP article about Pobedonostsev says that it's higly unlikely for him to say something like this.

"Pobedonostsev, I support the removal. It's hardly in Pobedonostsev's character to say things like these. -Ghirlandajo 07:36, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)"

Please remove wrong passage.--DonaldDuck 03:05, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * First, I did not accuse anyone. I merely quoted a book. Second, you did not convince me. And third, what is the ground for your requirement?  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 03:08, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "First, I did not accuse anyone." Ascribing to someone a plan to kill one third of Jews is a grave accusation, isn't it?--DonaldDuck 03:27, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I merely quote an authoritative book (that is what encyclopedias do). OTOH, you are covering up.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 06:15, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The quote is on topic, the source reasonable; why on earth would you delete it? Jayjg (talk) 15:39, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

An serious expert Leon Poliakov Léon Poliakov in his well-documented History of Anti-semitism writes about this phrase cautiously: "According to the famous formula, originated in the circles of Alexander III...", i.e., not attributing it to some person. mikka (t) 06:42, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Still, authorship of this formula is not clear. Morst likely it is just a rumour.--DonaldDuck 10:25, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The following partial list is search results in books: Here is yet another weblink:. I must note that this particular quote is translated in a slightly different ways in various books. We can cite any of the books (IMO, Rosenberg's quote is fine). Usually controversial or suspicious quotes are disputed by scholars. It's been 120 years but I didn't see any dispute about this one. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 10:04, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Nicholas and Alexandra by ROBERT K. MASSIE (p.15)
 * 2) A History of Russia by Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky (p.395)
 * 3) Studies in Comparative Genocide by Levon Chorbajian (p.237)
 * 4) War Without End : Israelis, Palestinians, and the Struggle for a Promised Land by Anton La Guardia (p.69)
 * 5) Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People and Its History by Joseph Telushkin (p.288)
 * 6) The Orientalist : Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life by TOM REISS (p.7)
 * 7) The Pity of It All : A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933 by Amos Elon (p.251)
 * 8) A History of Israel : From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (Second Edition, Revised and Updated) by HOWARD M. SACHAR (p.13)
 * 9) Ethnic Cleansing by Andrew Bell-Fialkoff (p.28)
 * 10) Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice by Bernard Lewis (p.73)
 * 11) After Auschwitz : History, Theology, and Contemporary Judaism (Johns Hopkins Jewish Studies) by Richard L. Rubenstein (p.104)
 * 12) A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present by Zvi Y. Gitelman (p.11)
 * 13) Jews, God, and History by Max I. Dimont (p.318)
 * 14) Why The Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism by Dennis Prager (p.25)
 * 15) World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability by AMY CHUA (p.81)
 * 16) The Intermarriage Handbook : A Guide for Jews & Christians by Judy Petsonk (p.26)
 * 17) The Gates of November by CHAIM POTOK (p.XII)
 * 18) Wanderings by CHAIM POTOK (p.491)
 * 19) The Will to Live On : This is Our Heritage by Herman Wouk (p.286)
 * 20) Letters to Auntie Fori : The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith by MARTIN GILBERT (p.168)
 * 21) Heritage: Civilization and the Jews by Abba Solomon Eban (p.248)
 * 22) The Tragedy of Zionism: How Its Revolutionary Past Haunts Israeli Democracy by Bernard Avishai (p.17)
 * Still, you have failed to find original source.

By original source I mean transcript of speech by Pobedonostsev, article by Pobedonostsev, letter written by Pobedonostsev, article written by Pobedonostsev, statement by someone, who heard this words from Pobedonostsev.--DonaldDuck 11:28, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * He's quoted by dozens of works; that's good enough. Wikipedia is not a place to conduct original research. Jayjg (talk)  15:48, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * He is not quoted. The rumors are quoted. These "quotes" in quotes quite differ, both in wording and in circumstances of them being uttered/written. I will agree to the wording "attributed to Pobedonostsev", though, since the phrase is notable. mikka (t) 19:48, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "attributed to Pobedonostsev" works for me.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 20:30, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record, Simon Dubnow also mentions this in "The newest history of the Jewish people, 1789-1914": "To the question, what is going to happen with the Jews under constant systematic repressions, the Russian inquisitor allegedly responded..." (vol.3 p.154). As I said, this formulation is fine with me. The important thing is, this is not original research. As long as we quote an authoritative source, we are fine.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 06:19, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Attributed to Pobedonostsev" may be OK, with clear indication that there is no original source of the "quote". To Humus_sapiens: "the Russian inquisitor" - this is total nonsense. Inquisition was CATHOLIC CHURCH tribunal, Holy Synod was STATE body which controlled Russian Orthodox Church. This shows the "quality" of Dubnow's work.--DonaldDuck 04:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 *  in·quis·i·tor: one who inquires or makes inquisition; especially : one who is unduly harsh, severe, or hostile in making an inquiry. As a matter of fact, this characterization of KPP is very common by both his contemporaries and historians, while Simon Dubnow is an acknowledged and undisputed expert.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 08:05, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Term "aliyah"
Is it appropriate to use this term for immigration to Israel here and elsewhere? Why is "immigrated" insufficient? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jrm2007 (talk • contribs) 11:55, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Views of Solzhenitsyn
I felt the coverage of the May Laws was too one-sided, so without deleting the overtly anti-Tsarist description of the laws, I have added the more moderate version of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, with a reference so that readers may check up on the sources. Readers can now see something of both sides.

It's probably worth noting that the May Laws strictly speaking only refer to the edict on rural settlement promulgated in May, 1882, and not to the other laws, such as school quotas. Maybe we should have one section just on the May Laws, and another on subsequent anti-Jewish laws. 71.224.255.168 (talk) 07:17, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

It's me again. Some guy inserted a note after my paragraph on Solzhenitsyn claiming that most scholars in the West find this unconvincing, but there should be a citation for this. In fairness, I had inserted a sentence at the start of the main section claiming that the usual view in the West is opposed to that of Solzhenitsyn, but I also failed to provide a citation. I think I will delete that sentence, and I will also delete the sentence the other editor inserted, although I welcome him or her to provide some source for this claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.91.235.13 (talk) 23:17, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

-- Nice. So a famous antisemite's "analysis" is here but numerous responses and debunks to the libel are nowhere to be seen. Good job, Adolf would be proud.

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title: Talk:May Laws


text:
Talk:Michael Connelly

Untitled
Connelly surely knows that Hieronymus Bosch made up his surname (from a placename); Harry probably realizes that fact as well, in fact it's quite unlikely that he doesn't, and he may feel that having a nickname for his given name is poetic justice. But the question is this: do Connelly's readers know about all these name games (beyond being named after someone famous, and having a weird and awkward official given name).

If the readers have learned it from the books, it needs mention; if they have to learn it on their own, then it can't be mentioned: doing so would be annoying without what is forbidden, original research speculating on what Harry or Connelly feel about the parallel or counterpoint the fact provides. --Jerzy·t 08:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * In A Darkness More than Night, having investigated the matter at the Getty, McCaleb explicitly describes to his cop friend that the painter Bosch used his birthplace as a surname. It's not possible, I don't think, that the cop Bosch does not himself know this. In fact, since he has a print of the painter's most famous work on his living room wall, a print he says he has had for many years, it's apparent he has learned a good deal about his namesake over the years. --Michael K. Smith (talk) 03:35, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Harrys' original parner in the series was Jerry Edgar - an obvious play on J. Edgar Hoover. (There's also a name game where a word appearing in one context appears in a very different context in another book - the word 'Eidolon' is used as an online pseudonym by a villain in _The Poet_, only to turn up in the name of a film company 'Eidolon Productions' in a later book. (It's a reference to an Edgar Allen Poe poem.) Autarch 18:10, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

any addition to an article mentioning 'Richard & Judy' is doing its subject a great disservice. (Paulo Fontaine 16:17, 18 January 2006 (UTC))

Adding the spoiler warnings on the recurring characters was an excellent idea. Without it, I thought that "deceased" on Terry McCaleb might be saying too much. But now that the disclaimer is there, should The Poet be listed as a recurring character?Awesley 04:32, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Navbar
Seeing that work has started on separate articles for the novels, I've created a navbar: Template:Michael Connelly Bibliography. What do you all think? [[User:Kms|KmsgbfT5fX

Character List/Spoilers
Do we really need for the character list to contain so many spoilers? I first came across this page as a reference to see which books Connelly had wrote so I could read them all. Read through it all & instantly found out who "The Poet" was without lifting the book up & found that a character in the first book I read by Connelly ends up murdered! Read all the early Bosch books first but once I got round to the Poet I remembered straight away who the bad guy was, hence ruining the experience for me! Surely this page should be a reference point for people like myself who are interested in Connelly's novels, if people want to click on the book's page and read the whole plot before reading the book then so be it but don't spoil it for the rest of us by putting it on Connelly's page!

(RC4282 01:45, 02 November 2009 (UTC))

 * Although as an inveterate book reader and big Connelly fan I can certainly sympathise with what you say, unfortunately Wikipedia isn't the best place to come for book or author information from the perspective of a reader. Expanding on what WP:SPOILER has to say on the matter, WP has too much information and by its very function as an encyclopaedia it would be remiss of us to not reveal plot twists etc. There are far better resources on the net for 'spoilerless' bibliographical information, one perfect example would be Fantastic Fiction. Unfortunately one shouldn't complain about coming to a place like WP and finding out too much information. Sorry. --Fred the Oyster (talk) 09:28, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Fact error
I´m sure I cold have corrected this myself, but: "Bosch also has to investigate the death of FBI agent Terry McCaleb, something that at first seemed to be a natural death turns out to be murder." In fact, it was suspected by Bosch that it was a murder, but it turned out McCaleb just stopped to take his medicines (he had his reasons). --Bep (talk) 22:54, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

How to handle books in more than one series
Connelly has numerous recurring characters. The most familiar, of course, is Harry Bosch, and 15 of his books are listed here as "Harry Bosch Series". Three other books are listed here as "Mickey Haller Series". But when both characters appear in a book, where should it be listed - in both lists, or in only one list, and if only one, which one?

The reason I raise the question is that there are three books which include both Bosch and Haller, and the three are treated differently. The Brass Verdict (2008) was previously listed under both series, but I see the page has been recently edited so that book only appears under the Haller Series. 9 Dragons (2009) is listed only under the Bosch Series. And his next book, The Reversal (to be released later this year), is listed under both series.

I don't know what is the best way to treat such cases, but it seems like it should at least be consistent. My personal preference is to list each book only once, not twice - and, since Bosch is really his major ongoing series, to list Bosch books there, and all other books under Other Novels. But I'd be willing to live with any other way to treat the issue, as long as all such books are treated consistently. Nsxtasy (talk) 19:57, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Since almost all the books occupy the same universe, I think it would make sense to list them all in one chart, with the characters in each one listed beside the name of the book. Right now the page gives the impression that Mickey Haller is a separate series from Harry Bosch, and it's really not. Mickey Haller is a new character in the Harry Bosch universe, not a separate series. If I'm reading the books, I would want to read them in order of publication so they would make sense. Rodmarcia (talk) 21:53, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

I messed up my order reading the books again since the books are not listed in chronological order. Since almost all, if not all, the books occupy the same universe, I am going to change the bibliography to one big table listing the books in chronological order with the characters indicated. This should be useful to everyone, since if you are looking for books about just one of the characters, they will be easy to pick out using the chart. If you have objections or think this needs to be discussed further, feel free to weigh in before I change it. Rodmarcia (talk) 00:57, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

Since all of Connelly's fiction books occupy the same universe, I put them in one table in the order published, rather than having them separated into series. It doesn't make sense to separate them into series, since characters from different "series" interact with each other and share one timeline. However, if someone is interested in only Harry Bosch books, and not Mickey Haller, they can still easily pick out the books where Harry Bosch is the main character. Rodmarcia (talk) 18:57, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

Method
I don't know any-thing about this writer, except for an aritcle from the L.A. Times by Th. Curwen (reprinted in the Korea Herald, May 15~16, 2010, p. 13) and this Wik article. Still, this statement seems to me to be wrong: "Connelly does not like doing any research on his books, he prefers to just write." Both the Powell URL cited at the end of the sentence and the Curwen article say that the author does 'research,'* checking on fine details. Maybe I missed some-thing in the Powell interview (the print is hard to read on my computer), though; so I'll leave it to others to make a change if need be. Or maybe it's a matter of what "research" is. Still, the modifier "any" seems truly misleading here.Kdammers (talk) 01:17, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Ambiguous Similarities
I was going to change this;

 * Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch,[2] a man who, according to Connelly, shares few similarities with the author himself.[5]

to shares “a few” similarities (meaning “a noteworthy few”, not “few” meaning “hardly any”)

But after trying to check the [5] reference and being told the server won’t allow me to see it, I found this;

 * I think that starting off Harry had very little in common with me, other than left-handedness. Over the course of the books I have written with him, though, I think that my “world view” and his are becoming more closely aligned.

At https://www.michaelconnelly.com/about/faq/.

So it sounds like “very few” to me; but I’ll let someone else decide – “a few” or “very few”?

MBG02 (talk) 17:02, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Full-time novelist section ends in 2017?
Is someone working to complete that section? Connelly continues to write at the top of his game, and Renee Ballard is a very likable protagonist. Harry and Renee make one hell of a team! 72.69.143.47 (talk) 18:20, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Connelly


text:
Phil Beer

Phil Beer (born 12 May 1953) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, producer, and one half of English acoustic roots duo Show of Hands.

Biography
Beer first began to play fiddle, guitar, and mandolin whilst still at school in Teignmouth, Devon. This passion for acoustic music was especially stirred by the Davey Graham album Folk, Blues and Beyond. He played his first gig when he was fourteen in a band called Retrospect with Richard Entwistle, John Allman and Martin Pike and other musicians, and by the time he was sixteen he was performing regularly. Beer worked with Paul Downes as a duo from 1974 and also in the Arizona Smoke Revue 1980. He was a key member of Johnny Coppin's band (ex-Decameron), and together they collaborated with Nigel Mazlyn Jones on his 1979 Sentinel album. He toured with Mike Oldfield in 1979 and also recorded some tracks at Oldfield's Througham studio. Beer joined The Albion Band in 1984 and stayed with them until 1991, touring extensively at home and abroad, and recording many albums. Show of Hands became a full-time partnership from 1991. Beer continues to do session work, most notably on The Rolling Stones' Steel Wheels album, Steve Harley's Poetic Justice and countless other mainstream and less high-profile projects. Recent projects include two albums for folk fiddle player Jackie Oates, two albums for former Spinners singer Mick Groves, an album for folk musician Jez Lowe, an album for singer-songwriter Tom Palmer and an album for north Devon singer Jenna.

In 2015, Beer (alongside his fellow Show of Hands band members Steve Knightley and Miranda Sykes), was awarded an honorary doctorate of music from the University of Plymouth, to commemorate "great distinction in [their] professional lives".

Solo albums
Beer and frequent collaborator Paul Downes recorded Life Ain't Worth Living in 1973, followed by Dance Without Music in 1976. Shortly before his work with Mike Oldfield for Exposed, Beer released his first solo album in 1978/1979, Mandoline. His next primary solo album didn't come until 1994, Hard Hats. In 1998, his album The Works was released, apparently recorded in 1989 during his time with The Rolling Stones. In 1999, Phil Beer started a project in bringing together the UK's finest folk musicians which resulted in the album The Fiddle Collection. With The Phil Beer Band, the very scarce albums Mandorock and Once in a Blue Moon were released in 2000 and 2001 respectively. On the supporting Mandorock tour, the only commonly available Phil Beer Band album, Mandorock 2000 Live was recorded but not released until 2009. As Hard Hats and The Works were out of print by the 21st century, they were re-released together as Hard Works in 2000. In 2001, he and other former members of The Albion Band released an album called Ridgeriders, which was the soundtrack to a show about South Country tracks airing at the same time. They also toured for the album and this ended in the live album "Ridgeriders" In Concert. He and Deb Sandland also released a live album, Beer and Sandland Live 2003, in 2004. Phil's first proper solo album for some time was released in 2005, Rhythm Methodist. Phil compiled a career-spanning box set, Box Set One, released in 2010.

Discography

 * Mandoline (1978)
 * Hard Hats (1994)
 * The Works (1998)
 * Ridgeriders (with Ashley Hutchings and Chris While) (1999)
 * Mandorock (with the Phil Beer Band) (2000)
 * Mandorock 2000 Live (with the Phil Beer Band) (2000)
 * Once in a Blue Moon (2001)
 * Phil Beer & Deb Sandland Live 2003 (2004)
 * Rhythm Methodist (2004)
 * Rhythm Methodist (re-release 2008) Talking Elephant Label.
 * Hard Works (compilation of Hard Hats and The Works); 2008. Talking Elephant label.
 * Box Set One (a five disc compilation of archive, live and new music and video); 2010
 * Plays guitar and fiddle, sings a bit (2014)

With The Albion Band

 * Under the Rose (1984)
 * A Christmas Present from The Albion Band (1985)
 * Yuletracks (1986) (not Albion Band in name, though almost all of its participants are from The Albion Band. Phil Beer appears on two songs)
 * Stella Maris (1987)
 * The Wild Side of Town (1987)
 * I Got New Shoes (Albion Dance Band) (1988)
 * Rockin' Barn Dance (recorded 1988, released 2009)
 * Give Me a Saddle, I'll Trade You a Car (1989)
 * 1990 (1990)
 * Captured/The Unreleased Radio Tapes (1992/1994)

With The Band of Love

 * Folk Fever (2018)

With Downes and Beer

 * Life Ain't Worth Living (1973)
 * Dance Without Music (1976)
 * Live in Concept (1980)
 * Live at Nettlebed (2008, Talking Elephant label)

With Johnny Coppin

 * Roll On Dreamer (1978)
 * No Going Back (1979)
 * Get Lucky (1982)
 * English Morning (1987)
 * Edge of Day (1989)
 * Force of the River (1993)

With Show of Hands

 * Show of Hands (1987)
 * Tall Ships/Six O'Clock Waltz (1990)
 * Out for the Count (1991)
 * Show of Hands Live (1992)
 * Beat about the Bush (1994)
 * Lie of the Land (1995)
 * Dark Fields (1997)
 * Folk Music (1998)
 * Backlog (1999)
 * Show of Hands (2000)
 * Covers (2000)
 * Cold Frontier (2001)
 * The Path (2003)
 * Country Life (2003)
 * Witness (2006)
 * Roots – The Best of Show of Hands (2007)
 * Arrogance Ignorance and Greed (2009)
 * "Wake The Union" (2012)

Awards

 * 2010 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards – Best Duo (with Steve Knightley)
 * 2010 BBC Radio 2 Fold Awards – Best Song Arrogance, Ignorance and Greed

title: Phil Beer


text:
Siege of Seringapatam (1799)

The siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore. The British, with the allied Nizam Ali Khan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas, achieved a decisive victory after breaching the walls of the fortress at Seringapatam and storming the citadel. The leader of the British troops was Major General David Baird, among the lesser known allies were the Portuguese in Goa and Damaon. Tipu Sultan, the ruler after the death of his father, was killed in the action. The British restored the Wodeyar dynasty back to power after the victory through a treaty of subsidiary alliance and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was crowned the King of Mysore. However, they retained indirect control (British paramountcy) of the kingdom's external affairs.

Opposing forces
The battle consisted of a series of encounters around Seringapatam (the anglicised version of Srirangapatnam) in the months of April and May 1799, between the combined forces of the British East India Company and their allies, numbering over 50,000 soldiers in all, and the soldiers of the Kingdom of Mysore, ruled by Tipu Sultan, numbering up to 30,000. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War came to an end with the defeat and death of Tipu Sultan in the battle.

British troop composition
When the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War broke out, the British assembled two large columns under General George Harris. The first consisted of over 26,000 British East India Company troops, 4,000 of whom were European while the rest were local Indian sepoys. The second column was supplied by the Nizam of Hyderabad, and consisted of ten battalions and over 16,000 cavalry. Together, the allied force numbered over 50,000 soldiers. Tipu's forces had been depleted by the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the consequent loss of half his kingdom, but he still probably had up to 30,000 soldiers.

The British forces consisted of the following:

 * 19th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
 * 25th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
 * 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot
 * 33rd (1st Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot
 * 73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 75th (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 77th Regiment of Foot
 * Scotch Brigade [later 94th Regiment]
 * Regiment de Meuron (Swiss mercenaries in British pay)

The Indian (sepoy) forces consisted of the following:
 * 1st Madras Native Infantry
 * 2nd Madras Native Infantry
 * 1st Madras Native Cavalry
 * 2nd Madras Native Cavalry
 * 3rd Madras Native Cavalry
 * 4th Madras Native Cavalry
 * Madras Pioneers
 * Madras Artillery
 * 1st Bengal Native Infantry
 * 2nd Bengal Native Infantry
 * Bengal Artillery
 * 71st Coorg Rifles

Siege

Seringapatam was besieged by the British forces on 5 April 1799. The River Cauvery, which flowed around the city of Seringapatam, was at its lowest level of the year and could be forded by infantry – if an assault commenced before the monsoon. When letters were exchanged with Tipu, it seemed that he was playing for time. He requested two persons to be sent to him for discussions and also stated that he was preoccupied with hunting expeditions. Tipu Sultan's Chief Minister, Mir Sadiq, is alleged to have been bought over by the British. The British had sought the assistance of Mir Sadiq who, like Purnaiya and Qamar-ud-din Khan, had been for sometime past carrying on correspondence with the English against his ruler.

The breach

The Governor-General of India, Richard Wellesley, planned the opening of a breach in the walls of Seringapatam. The location of the breach, as noted by Beatson, the author of an account of the Fourth Mysore War, was 'in the west curtain, a little to the right of the flank of the north-west bastion. This being the old rampart appeared weaker than the new.' The Mysorean defence succeeded in preventing the establishment of a battery on the north side of the River Cauvery on 22 April 1799. However, by 1 May, working at night, the British had completed their southern batteries and brought them up to the wall. At sunrise on 2 May, the batteries of the 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad succeeded in opening a practical breach in the outer wall. In addition, the mines that were laid under the breach were hit by artillery and blew up prematurely.

The leader of the British troops was Major General David Baird, an implacable enemy of Tipu Sultan: twenty years earlier, he had been held captive for 44 months. The storming troops, including men of the 73rd and 74th regiments, clambered up the breach and fought their way along the ramparts.

On the night of 3 May some officers crossed over to the glacis, examined the breach and the manner of attacking the fort (Lushington, Life of Harris, p. 325). It was probably on this occasion that it was arranged between the English officers and Mir Sadiq that the assault should take place at midday( p. 313).

Storming of Seringapatam

The assault was to begin at 1:00 p.m. to coincide with the hottest part of the day when the defenders would be taking refreshment. Led by two forlorn hopes, two columns would advance upon the defences around the breach, then wheel right and left to take over the fortifications. A third reserve column, commanded by Arthur Wellesley, would deploy as required to provide support where needed.

At 11:00 a.m., on 4 May 1799, the British troops were briefed and whiskey and a biscuit issued to the European soldiers, before the signal to attack was given. The forlorn-hopes, numbering seventy-six men, led the charge. The columns quickly formed, were ordered to fix bayonets, and began to move forward.

As the hour approached, Mir Sadiq withdrew the troops stationed at the breach under the pretext of distributing their pay. There was no one to protest against such a measure. Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar, who was very loyal to the Sultan, was killed by a cannon ball. Immediately after the Sayyid was killed, the traitors made a signal from the fort holding out a white handkerchief to the English troops who were assembled in the trenches, waiting for such a signal p. 313-314).

The storming party dashed across the River Cauvery in water four feet deep, with covering fire from British batteries, and within 16 minutes had scaled the ramparts and swept aside the defenders quickly. The British follow-up columns turned right and left, sweeping along the inside of the walls until they met on the far side of the city.

Death of Tipu

The column that rounded the northwest corner of the outer wall was immediately involved in a serious fight with a group of Mysorean warriors under a fat officer, which defended every traverse. The officer was observed to be discharging hunting weapons loaded and passed to him by servants. After the fall of the city, in the gathering dusk, some of the British officers went to look for the body of Tipu Sultan. He was identified as the fat officer who had fired hunting weapons at the attackers, and his body was found in a choked tunnel-like passage near the Water Gate.

Benjamin Sydenham described the body as:

"wounded a little above the right ear, and the ball lodged in the left cheek, he had also three wounds in the body, he was in stature about 5 ft and not very fair, he was rather corpulent, had a short neck and high shoulders, but his wrists and ankles were small and delicate. He had large full eyes, with small arched eyebrows and very small whiskers. His appearance denoted him to be above the Common Stamp. And his countenance expressed a mixture of haughtiness and resolution. He was dressed in a fine white linen jacket, chintz drawers, a crimson cloth round his waist with a red silk belt and pouch across his body and head. He had lost his turban and there were no weapons of defence about him."

Legacy
All members of the British-led forces who took part in the siege were awarded a medal by the Governor-General of India.

Two cannon captured by the British during the battle are displayed at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, now standing in front of the officers' mess. Tipu's Tiger, an automaton now in the Victoria & Albert Museum, was captured at Seringapatam.

Much of the site of the battle is still intact including the ramparts, the Water Gate where the Tipu Sultan's body was found, the area where the British prisoners were held, and the site of the destroyed palace.

Around 80 men of the Swiss ‘de Meuron Regiment’, who fell during the siege, and their family members are buried in the Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam.

Depictions in literature
Wilkie Collins's novel The Moonstone begins with the looting of the jewels removed from Seringapatam in 1799 from Tipu's treasury. The siege was also depicted in H.M Milner's play ""Tippo Saib, Or The Storming of Seringatam" in 1823 at the Royal Colburg Theatre on the South Bank, London. The siege and Tipu's death also received considerable attention in France, as Tipu had been viewed as an ally of the French, with the most prominent being Étienne de Jouy's "Tippo-Saëb,tragédie" which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1813 with Talma in the lead role.

The Battle of Seringapatam is the main conflict in the novel Sharpe's Tiger, by Bernard Cornwell.

title: Siege of Seringapatam (1799)


text:
Talk:Raymone Bain

Needs basic information
Not much basic information is available on Bain, so contributions are appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by  Ryddragyn (talk • contribs) 17:59, 15 June 2005 (UTC)

POV issues
Yeesh. Good to know that Raymone Bain "received high marks" from no one in particular. There's a lot of mysterious passive voice stuff going on here, opinions being vaguely attributed to "media representatives" and whatnot. And the sentence "True to form, Bain handled the matter in a classy, professional way" just makes me queasy. Someone who knows something about her should clean this up. -sinisterscrawl 03:43, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand why a PR person merits an entry in an encyclopedia... --Pansophia 09:49, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well certainly I now know it's a chick, which is something i didn't know before.--Manboobies 15:29, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The Question of Raymone Bain and Micheal Jackson

In 2005,Raymone Bain of the public relations firm Davis, Bain & Associates Inc., based in Washington DC, was in the employ of Micheal Jackson as his publicist. Days before the verdict of the molestation trial Michael Jackson's public relations office was closed down and Raymone Bain--- his publicist was terminated in an official statement on the website: MJJ Productions regretfully announces the termination of Raymone Bain and Davis, Bain & Associates. We thank you for your services. Raymone Bain gave an impromptu press conference in front of the Santa Barbara County Courthouse. Mesereau issued a court-approved statement insisting that Jackson's team was following a court-imposed gag order on all involved in the case, he had not authorized anyone to speak on the Jackson's behalf. Later on Bain said that Mesereau was not referring to her and she always got clearance for her public statements with the defense attorney.

Now why would Randy Jackson terminate Raymone Bain--- Michael's publicist with out Michael's knowledge and approval? Michael is in the limelight all eyes are on him. Why would he purposely draw more weirdness into his life. A squabble btwn brothers over a publicist??

Keep in mind Michael Jackson is a very shrewd business man. This was a planned monkey wrench to throw off the reporters and everso slightly turn off the fire under Micheal. He managed to obtain the legal rights to the Beatles music and Elvis music. Just imagine how many people that irks right now. The King of POP ownes "The King's" music! (what irony)!!!

I do not believe anything is done in Michael Jackson's camp with him knowing about it. He is very careful about who is around him and he knows exactly what they are doing.--Sxzblu--

You all sound like a bunch of haters...this is a professional woman who Michael Jackson appointed to 7 positions...7. It's clear by now she was not "fired." Hate on someone else and get your facts right. Jealousy is not professional...who are any of you to judge this woman who you've never met? Let me go further..you never met Michael Jackson, either; or, been in his presence. Is this why you are so resentful? Superpub1 (talk) 04:54, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Fixed it...
I've pared dow the "article" such that it is to a single paragraph because most of the content was self-promotional PR crap not supported by any references. 71.217.109.32 (talk) 18:50, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

Who are you to "pare down" Ms. Bain's lifetime work to a single paragraph? By what authority do you feel you have to do that? Have you read the profiles posted on Wikipedia? All of them are self-promotional because they are personal bios. What do you mean not supported by "any references"...that is an untrue statement. There is no question that Raymone Bain represented Michael Jackson for seven years. There is no question that Raymone Bain represented Serena Williams, Babyface, Steve Harvey, Mike Tyson, Janet Jackson...how dare you pare down anything to a single paragraph. What you've said is "crap" and what you did was "crap." What you did was mean-spirited, biased, and outrageous. How dare you?Superpub1 (talk) 05:06, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raymone Bain


text: User talk:202.63.233.8

title: User talk:202.63.233.8


text:
User:Jerzy/My Noah's Ark history

2005 Jun

 * (cur) (last) 09:54, 15 Jun 2005 Jerzy (avoid isolating tradition from scripture; new lk for mountains of Ararat & lk to Noah's Ark hoaxes and misconceptions; de-PoV Genealogies of Genesis role;pipe still-esoteric term[[Creation)
 * (cur) (last) 02:38, 15 Jun 2005 Jerzy (→Modern searches - - false explanation of Ararat tradition)
 * (cur) (last) 23:18, 14 Jun 2005 Jerzy (→Modern searches - sp; rem unreliable 'graph to talk)

2005 Feb

 * (cur) (last) 01:29, 16 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→= Other flood accounts - fix hdg i broke)
 * (cur) (last) 01:28, 16 Feb 2005 Jerzy (promote & Move subsection to later location, as agreed w/ User:Ungtss)

 * (cur) (last) 19:47, 7 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→The historicity of the flood - move goofy argument, that assumes "boat" would get its character as abstract concepts do, to less aggressive placement in article)
 * (cur) (last) 18:23, 7 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→Ancient Chinese characters - Correct Rime lk more cautiously)
 * (cur) (last) 17:23, 7 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→Ancient Chinese characters - sp)
 * (cur) (last) 17:06, 7 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→Ancient Chinese characters - rime-->rhyme, avoiding redir & Ancient-Mariner spelling)

 * (cur) (last) 04:16, 6 Feb 2005 Jerzy (Restore preferred style: context first; inline ext lk to Ext lks sect)

 * (cur) (last) 14:43, 4 Feb 2005 Jerzy (→Ancient Chinese Characters - adhere to stupid wiki convention for heading style)

2004 (Mar - Jun)

 * (cur) (last) 19:19, 13 Jun 2004 Jerzy (→After the flood - Restore taking note of misconception.)

 * (cur) (last) 22:49, 8 Jun 2004 Jerzy (rv to last of Rantaro: - flippant treatment of theological issues not especially germane here)

 * (cur) (last) 14:03, 27 May 2004 Jerzy (=The ark= Sp. in valuable contrib by UtherSRG)

 * (cur) (last) 02:46, 27 May 2004 Jerzy m (Reverted edits by 192.92.126.164 to last version by Jerzy)

 * (cur) (last) 20:30, 26 May 2004 Jerzy (=The ark= Clear --> Undecipherable. If they are so clear, they deserve a description of what they portray.)

 * (cur) (last) 21:26, 25 May 2004 Jerzy (=The ark= warn reader knowledge of Italian needed)
 * (cur) (last) 20:46, 25 May 2004 Jerzy (rv to prev IP)

 * (cur) (last) 22:00, 9 May 2004 Jerzy (=The flood= -litiotic sarcasm: "not exactly " --> "far from" ; "correct" --> "self-consistent")

 * (cur) (last) 00:52, 25 Mar 2004 Jerzy (=After the Flood= restore, in improved version, misconception info: The tradition that Mt. Ararat was the resting place of Noah's Ark is widely known. Similarly widespread is the misconception tha)

2003 (Nov)

 * (cur) (last) 17:01, 19 Nov 2003 Jerzy (What Gen. says abt ark & Ararat)

title: User:Jerzy/My Noah's Ark history


text: User talk:80.46.189.10

title: User talk:80.46.189.10


text:
Pudahuel

Pudahuel (, Mapudungun "place of pools/water" or "place where seagulls gather") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. Santiago's international airport Arturo Merino Benítez is located there.

Demographics
According to the 2017 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pudahuel spans an area of 197.4 sqkm and has 230.293 inhabitants (112,412 men and 117,881 women). The population grew by 18% (34,713 persons) between the 2002 and 2017 census.

Stats

 * Area: 197.4 km²
 * Population: 256,607 (2021 projection)
 * Average annual household income: US$19,766 (PPP, 2006)
 * Population below poverty line: 7.1% (2006)
 * Regional quality of life index: 71.61, mid-low, 39 out of 52 (2005)
 * Human Development Index: 0.735, 59 out of 341 (2003)

Administration
As a commune, Pudahuel is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde (Mayor) who is directly elected every four years.

The 2021–2024 mayor is Ítalo Bravo Lizana (Equality Party). The communal council has the following members:

 * Cinthya Muñoz Escanilla (PI)
 * Sandy Muñoz Poblete (PI)
 * Javiera Soto Fuentes (Ind./PH)
 * Esteban Sepúlveda Reyes (PCCh)
 * Carolina Seguel Hidalgo (PCCh)
 * José Escobar Rodríguez (RD)
 * Aldea Magaña Leiva (PS)
 * Cristian Véliz Solís (Ind./PPD)
 * Patricio Cisternas Monreal (PDC)
 * Gisela Vila Ruz (UDI)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pudahuel is part of electoral district No. 8 together with the commune of Colina, Lampa, Pudahuel, Maipú, Til Til, Cerrillos and Estación Central. On the other hand, the commune belongs to the VII Senatorial District that represents the entire Metropolitan Region of Santiago.

title: Pudahuel


text:
Talk:Golden Grove, South Australia

This article contains many bias matters, considering I am a Golden Grove resident and many edits were by non-Golden Grovers (if you may). For example-Golden Grove is quite a posh suburb. This could be changed to (perhaps) Many people regard Golden Grove as a posh suburb. Taylor 09:06, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am from Golden Grove. I made that edit. Compared to other places I have lived, Golden Grove is posh to me, but I see your point. --Avochelm 15:47, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it true that many of the small roads within Golden Grove are unsuitable for buses as only the major and intermediate roads were designed for buses? I've heard that the bendy-buses can't be used on some Golden Grove routes, and many streets simply can't be used by buses at all.

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title: Talk:Golden Grove, South Australia