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Diplom

A Diplom (, from δίπλωμα diploma) is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine and only for engineers in France, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Brazil.

History
The Diplom originates from the French Diplôme (Diplôme de l'ordre impérial de la légion d'honneur) describing a certificate devised during the Second French Empire to bestow honours upon outstanding citizens and soldiers of the imperial French army to promote them into the Legion of Honour since 1862. The Magister degree was the original graduate degree at German-speaking universities. In Germany the Diplom dates back to the pre-republican period: In October 1899 the engineering degree Diplom was announced by a supreme decree of the German emperor Wilhelm II in his function as the King of Prussia on the advent of the Centenary of the Prussian Technical College in Berlin. The Diplom was subsequently adopted by the Technische Hochschulen (Institutes of Technology) which had received university status following this Prussian decree. Later, all German universities adopted the Diplom as their degree in Science or Engineering.

In East Germany, the Diplom was the only first degree and was also granted in disciplines such as medicine or law, which at West German universities were completed with a Staatsexamen. Nowadays such diplomas are still granted to students of such disciplines, although most universities only grant the diplom status (for example "Diplom-Jurist" in law) on request. Some universities also grant a master's degree (e.g. "Magister iuris") to such students on request.

With the implementation of the Bologna process, awarding new Diplom and Magister degrees has become rare, since they are replaced by bachelor's or master's degrees. Already awarded degrees remain valid.

France
'Diplôme' is the French word for degree or diploma. The French engineering diploma is called Diplôme d'Ingénieur (often abbreviated as Dipl. Ing.). The French government also grants to all holders of a Diplôme d'Ingénieur the academic title of Ingénieur Diplômé, which is official and legally protected in France.

Germany
Before the introduction of the bachelor's and master's degrees in Germany, the standard Science, Engineering or Business degree was the Diplom and could be, in several variations, obtained at several types of institutes of higher education.

Obtained at a university, the degree was simply called a Diplom or rarely a Diplom (Univ.) and took usually between four and six years (240–360 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System credits), depending on subject and curriculum. When obtained at a so-called University of Applied Sciences (or Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and took mostly four years (240 ECTS credits).

The Diplom was usually awarded in the natural sciences, business, theology and engineering, while students of humanities, arts and languages finished with a Magister. (The degree in social sciences differed from university to university.) All kinds of Diplom degrees were usually first degrees. However, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) was also the highest non-doctoral degree in science, business or engineering in Germany.

The duration of the Diplom degree programmes differed depending on subject and university. An official average duration (Regelstudienzeit) was set by law in each German state, usually being four years for a Diplom (FH) and 4, 4.5 or 5 years for a Diplom / Diplom (Univ.). In exceptional cases, universities were allowed to set longer average durations for certain subjects (HGRP1995 § 26 (3), NHG2007 § 6 (3), HmbHG2001 §53 (3) ). However, due to the curriculum set by most universities in Germany, the 4, 4.5 or 5 years for a Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) were often exceeded. Although being a first degree, because of its actual duration, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) was and is in Germany not considered as an equivalent to a bachelor's but rather to a master's degree, as also expressed by the equivalent ECTS credits for the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.).

A holder of a Diplom obtained at a university is, depending on subject, for example referred to as "Diplom-Ingenieur" (Diplom-Engineer), "Diplom-Kaufmann" (Diplom-Merchant), "Diplom-Biologe" (Diplom-Biologist) and so on. In Bavaria, sometimes the postfix "(Univ.)" is added. If the Diplom has been obtained at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) the postfix "(FH)" has to be added (e.g. Diplom-Ingenieur (FH)). There are a few rare exceptions where the postfix need not be added, mostly due to older laws, small differences in the laws of the German states or transition rules. Transition rules, for example in engineering, or European Union directives like Directive 2005/36/EC grant certain limited groups with other kinds of related qualifications to also use the designation Diplom.

To obtain a Diplom at a university, students had to complete two separate periods of study. The first one was a two-year period of coursework in courses of mainly (but not only) introductory nature, the Grundstudium (meaning basic studying period). After (and during) this period, in addition to exams for passing the modules, students attained a series of usually four intermediate exams to obtain the Vordiplom (meaning pre-diploma). The second period, the Hauptstudium (meaning main period of study), consisted of two years of coursework in courses of advanced level, an additional period of several months in which a thesis had to be written and eventually a series of usually four final exams. It was not unusual for students to need more than two years for the coursework of the Hauptstudium. An obtained Vordiplom and the completion of the coursework of the Hauptstudium were the requirements to register for working on the thesis and for the final exams. However, access to courses of the Hauptstudium was usually not restricted to students who had already obtained the Vordiplom. The extent of the final exams and the exams to obtain the Vordiplom was set by each university individually in its regulations. Normally, the content of two different modules of the preceding period of coursework was examined in each of the examinations, which could be oral or less often in writing. Most students needed approximately six months to complete the final exam period.

The thesis which followed an independent (although supervised) research project had officially to be completed in not more than 3 to 9 months (depending on subject and university). However, the actual time students worked on these projects could again exceed the official duration by several months.

The curriculum for a Diplom (FH) degree, obtained at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) used to be more application-oriented, in comparison to what was expected for a Univ. Diplom degree. The programme was slightly shorter and often one semester was spent by the students doing an internship. Those with some previous vocational qualification in a subject related to their studies were typically exempt from the requirement to do an internship. Typically, the studies in such a program were more organized and structured than the studies at a university, with a tighter schedule and a larger number of intermediate and final exams. Subjects were split into those regarded as basic studies and in-depth studies. Unlike the universities the period of basic studies (Grundstudium) wasn't completely separated from the period of in-depth studies (Fachstudium) by a pre-diploma. Instead of a pre-diploma the passing of one or more intermediate exams in a subject qualified to move forward with that particular subject or start related in-depth subject studies. Passing one or more final exams in a subject completed a subject. Once almost all subjects were completed thesis work could start, but the missing final exams had to be passed latest with the completion of the thesis work. It was typical to perform thesis work in the industry, supervised by a professor from the university of applied science and a senior professional from the company where the work was performed. Although lab work was also permitted as thesis work. The written thesis work needed to be defended in an oral exam after which the diploma was granted.

The Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually a prerequisite for preparing a doctorate (Doktorarbeit). However, under certain conditions, holders of a Diplom (FH) are also eligible for doctoral studies. In German-speaking countries and in countries which Germany has bilateral agreements with—regarding the recognition of academic qualifications, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually accepted as admission into doctorate programs.

Further kinds of diploma (Germany)
While the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and the Diplom (FH) were the most common Diplom degrees in Germany, further Diploma did and do exist. Those are:
 * Diplom (BA) – The Diplom (BA) was not an academic degree, but instead a qualification designation which students received after completing a three-year programme at a so-called University of Cooperative Education (Berufsakademie). These colleges combined coursework with apprenticeships.
 * Diplom (DH) – In the German state of Baden-Württemberg, the Universities of Cooperative Education were transferred into the Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University (Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg) in 2009. Former students of a University of Cooperative Education can transfer their qualification designation Diplom (BA) into the academic degree Diplom (DH)
 * Diplom I and Diplom II – Some German universities (for example the University of Kassel) used to offer these academic degrees, where the Diplom I was basically a minor Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) obtained after a shortened program of study, while the Diplom II was the equivalent to the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.).

Other uses of the word
In the German language the word Diplom can also be used for certificates of any kind of achievement. It is usually apparent from the context if an academic degree is meant or not, especially when the word is combined with the academic profession.

International comparison (Germany)
Acceptance of the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and the Diplom (FH) varies from country to country and from university to university. Usually holders of any of the degrees are considered for admission to postgraduate (not necessarily doctoral) studies. The acceptance or rejection of the diploma not only varies because of different academic standards, but also because of political, regulatory and administrative reasons.
 * A bilateral agreement between Germany and France sets the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) as equivalent to the French Maîtrise.
 * In the Netherlands the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually accepted as equivalent to the Dutch doctorandus or the Dutch master's degree.
 * In the United States, evaluations by U.S. universities vary. For example, for admission to graduate studies, the University of Arizona, the University of Central Florida and the University of Wisconsin–Madison require (at least) the Vordiplom plus an additional year of study. The Oregon State University and the University of Southern California consider holders of a Diplom (not differing between (FH) and (Univ.)) for admission to graduate studies. According to World Education Services, a German Diplom is equivalent to having earned both U.S. bachelor's and master's degrees.
 * In Canada, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is at most universities the prerequisite to enter a Canadian Master's program,       and corresponds generally to a Canadian 4-year Bachelor's/Bachelier degree and an honours bachelor's degree; in all cases to a university Bachelor with Honours degree.
 * In Denmark the Diplom (FH) awarded after four years of tuition is considered as being equivalent to a Danish bachelor's degree, whereas the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) awarded after at least 4 ½ years of tuition merits a Kandidatuddannelse. The German Diplom must not be confused with a Danish Diplomuddannelse which is equivalent to a bachelor's degree.
 * In the United Kingdom the University of Aberystwyth, the University College London and the University of Sheffield consider both Diplom or a bachelor's degree as sufficient to enter a postgraduate programme. Also the University of Edinburgh states that it considers both degrees as sufficient to enter postgraduate programmes.
 * In the Republic of Ireland, the Diplom (FH) is recognized as being equivalent to a bachelor's honours degree, while a Diplom is considered equivalent to the Irish master's degree if its standard duration was at least 4.5 years.
 * In Norway, the authority in charge for the recognition of foreign qualifications Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education, called the Diplom degree system as being both "complex" and "confusing". The Norwegian Statistical Office compares the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) with the Norwegian master's degree.
 * In Sweden, the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education considers a German Diplom as sufficient for the admission to a Swedish Master's program. On the Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate Conference in 2005 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Malmqvist et al. stated that, the Swedish Civilingenjör engineering degree programs "are 4½ year integrated engineering programs roughly equivalent to Master of Science or Diplom-Ingenieur degrees".

Comparison between Diplom and Bologna Degrees in Germany
The variations in the acceptance of degrees was one reason the EU initiated and executed the Bologna Process. Part of the Bologna Process shall ensure comparability between higher-education qualifications in the EU. As part of this process Germany has introduced Masters and bachelor's degrees and has largely phased out the awarding of new diploma degrees. A process not universally welcomed by the German academic and engineering communities.

The already awarded Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and the Diplom (FH) degrees remain valid indefinitely and are not exchanged for master's or bachelor's degrees. Current German binding recommendations state that the newly German master's and bachelor's degrees come with the same eligibilities as the old degrees Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and Diplom (FH), respectively. This is, for example, important for joining certain career paths in government administration, military, or regulated professions, where some kind of diploma was required. It also implies that Diplom (FH) holders can join a master's degree program. It does not imply the degrees are the same, a fact stretched multiple times in the cited reference.

An actual comparison, in case it is needed, is done via ECTS points which are retroactively calculated/assigned to old Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and Diplom (FH) degrees, when needed. This calculation is e.g. done when a holder of a Diploma (FH) wants to join a Masters program and needs to know the number of additional ECTS point to study for to obtain a Masters.

Since the old diploma study programs were all a bit different there is not a single ECTS value or comparison chart for all kinds of diplomas. Almost universally, however, when retroactively calculating ECTS points for Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) degrees they end up well into the ECTS point range for a master's degree. The situation is different for Diplom (FH) degrees. Those tend to end up at least at the Bachelor's ECTS point level or above, and below the ECTS point level for a master's degree. The ranking is roughly shown in the following table, from lowest to highest rank. Typical ECTS points are provided for a very rough comparison, individual points vary.

The following chart illustrates the durations required to obtain the old degrees (Diplom, Diplom (FH)) and the new European degrees (bachelor's and master's), using nominal example durations.

At the time of the Bologna process, schools in most German states started changing from 13 school years to 12 years. (An exception are the states of Saxony and Thuringia, where Gymnasium has always lasted only 12 years ever since the German Reunification.) Most of the students going for a Diplom therefore spent 13 years in school before starting their university studies, while the younger Bachelor students nowadays may start one year earlier. (However, in some states, such as Rhineland-Palatinate or Schleswig-Holstein, the first class which completes school after 12 years will graduate as late as 2016.) Regarding international comparison, one may argue that British, Irish and French high school students have school also in the afternoons which could compensate with the (former) additional year of school attendance in Germany.

Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend one to two obligatory semesters during his studies in a company. These semesters are included in the table. The study time is therefore one to two semesters shorter. Bachelor studies have them included in the table too. For the Diplom (Universität) those semesters are sometimes not included in the table.

Also note: In Germany, a Diplom (Universität) student can enter a doctoral program directly (if the student meets the admission requirements). A Diplom (FH) student has to have excellent grades to directly enter a doctorate program. With the Higher Education Act of the Land Lower Saxony as of August 2010, outstanding Bachelor graduates can commence their doctorate at the universities of this German state. In addition, a few German graduate schools, such as the Saarbrücken Graduate School of Computer Science or the Berlin Mathematical School also admit students with a bachelor's degree and excellent grades to their doctorate programmes.

Austria
The Austrian diploma curriculum is a first degree usually structured into 2–3 phases comprising a total of 240–360 ECTS credits (nominally 4–6 years). It typically ends with a final examination after submitting a "Diplomarbeit" (diploma thesis).

Depending on the subject, the degrees granted are either Magister/Magistra with a specific suffix (such as Magister philosophiae for philosophy), or Diplom-Ingenieur (in engineering). Notable exceptions are the diploma studies of dentistry and medicine, which result in the degree Doctor medicinae universae (Dr. med. univ.) or Doctor medicinae dentalis (Dr. med. dent.)

In most subjects, diplom programmes have already been phased out in favour of separate, Bologna-style Bachelor and Master programmes. However, the degree Diplom-Ingenieur is still used for Master's graduates in engineering.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Diplom (German) or Diplôme (French) was the typical first degree at the two federal institutes of technology and at the Swiss universities of applied sciences. Since 2004, these Swiss degrees are no longer offered since they are replaced by Bologna style bachelor's and master's degrees.

Finland
In Finland, the old diplomi-insinööri ("diploma engineer") title was completely replaced by Master of Science (Technology) in the Bologna process. All Finnish academic degrees are awarded both in Finnish and English and therefore the title is still awarded as diplomi-insinööri with Master of Science (Technology) as the official translation. Conversion was straightforward and academic credits were transformed linearly.

Greece
In Greece, a higher education diploma (δίπλωμα/πτυχίο ανώτατης εκπαίδευσης) is a 4 to 5-year (8-10 semester) (240 ISCED 6 - 300 ECTS ISCED 7) degree, 5-year Diplomas formatted similarly to the German Diplom (Uni), awarded to students of the Greek Engineering Schools and Departments (called Polytechnic in Greece – not to be confused though with the polytechnics of the UK).

While every institution has its own individual approaches, the curriculum usually consists of general knowledge and essential background subjects in the first five semesters. After the end of the fifth semester, students select their academic area of interest and pursue a set of specialised courses for the next four semesters. The last semester is devoted to the preparation of a thesis on the student's chosen area of interest, which is presented before a three-member panel.

5 - year Diplomas are considered equivalent to integrated master's degrees. The holder of a diploma in engineering is permitted to sit in the Technical Chamber of Greece exams without any prerequisite. It also allows the engineer to be considered for doctorate studies without taking any additional classes.

Since adoption of the 2001 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν. 2916/2001, Ν. 3549/2007, N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institutes (Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – TEI) constitute a parallel part of public higher education in Greece. They confer higher education diploma (δίπλωμα/πτυχίο ανώτατης εκπαίδευσης), a 4-year (8 semester) bachelor's degree formatted similarly to the German Diplom (FH) (240 ECTS – ISCED 6).

Grades range between 0 and 10, 5 being the passing mark. However, since grading practice differs amongst awarding institutions, a descriptive mark is used, which is more or less universal throughout Greece. For example, in the National Technical University of Athens, a grade in the diploma between 5 and 6.99 is "good" (καλώς), a grade between 7.00 and 8.99 is "very good" (λίαν καλώς) and a grade of 9.00 or more is "excellent" (άριστα). In the University of Patras the ranges are from 5 to 6.49 (good), from 6.5 to 8.49 (very good) and from 8.5 to 10 (excellent).

title: Diplom


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Talk:Someone to Watch Over Me (Star Trek: Voyager)

Untitled
The article says The Doctor and Seven are "non-human" characters. That's possibly true, but misleading. —Vespristiano 16:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't true. Seven is human, regardless of her Borg implants, and the show makes this very clear.  And while it is certainly true that The Doctor is a hologram, his character has achieved the very pinnacle of humanity.  As he says in the episode, "Photons and force fields, flesh and blood - why quibble over details?" Viriditas (talk) 06:45, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

The "missing pip" scene
A little Googling reveals that there was apparently a scene at the beginning of the episode that was removed from its first airing, then subsequently re-instated in syndication and for the DVD release. Supposedly, Janeway and Seven are having a heart to heart talk about romance, and Seven is seen re-attaching a fallen pip onto Janeway's uniform. I am mentioning this because:

1. This scene is not currently mentioned in the article writeup at all.

2. There are a LOT of rumors regarding this scene; specifically, the writers were attempting to hint at a Janeway-Seven lesbian subtext, but the higher-ups put a stop to it. Even if we can't find a source for the rumors, it should still be documented (and identified as an apparently-baseless rumor.) --Lode Runner (talk) 23:20, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That's absurd. Janeway was dressing for the meeting with the Kadi. Furthermore, the context of the scene was purely non-sexual. B'Elanna Torres was very upset with Seven's "fieldwork" monitoring her relationship with Paris, so Janeway gave her a little talking to, as a mother would to her daughter, not her lover.  Whomever came up with this idea likely never watched the show or has ever had kids.  In a rush, parents will often get dressed (like Janeway did)  in front of their kids.  Janeway has always been Seven's surrogate mother.  Whomever started this ridiculous rumor should be absolutely ashamed of themselves. Viriditas (talk) 01:46, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

Strange linking
Why are intimate relations and sexuality linked in this articel, it looks very strange to me and give the article a very unserious look. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.225.36.50 (talk) 19:43, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Pygmalion
The Pygmalion connection is a reasonable thing to point out, and the musical adaptation My Fair Lady seems to be generally better known so it helps reader understanding to mention that too, but strictly speaking it should be backed up by proper references to verify the claim. Ideally if someone could find references from the writers or producers and expand the Production section with more information to confirm it. -- 109.76.205.175 (talk) 01:26, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

 * It's far-fetched, IMHO. The EMH tries to teach Seven about romance, not to be more sophisticated. She doesn't change a bit, either, compared to Eliza Doolittle's total transformation, which is nearly the whole point of the play. Just because something reminds you of something else doesn't mean it merits inclusion in a WP article. – AndyFielding (talk) 04:39, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Franz Pforr

Franz Pforr (5 April 1788 – 16 June 1812) was a painter of the German Nazarene movement.

Biography
He was born in Frankfurt am Main. He received his earliest training from his father, the painter Johann Georg Pforr (1745–98), and his uncle, the art professor and first inspector of the painting gallery in Kassel, Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Younger (1742–1808). While studying at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, Pforr moved in 1810 to Rome in company of other students, including Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Ludwig Vogel and Johann Konrad Hottinger. Looking for lost spirituality in their art, they lived at the abandoned monastery of Sant’Isidoro a Capo le Case.

Pforr did not live long enough to see his art acknowledged. He died of tuberculosis in Albano Laziale, Rome at age 24.

Literature
Stemmler, Gunter: ''Die „Bürgermeisterkette“ in Franz Pforrs Gemälde ´Der Einzug des Königs Rudolf von Habsburg in Basel 1273´. Anregungen, Vorlagen und historische Hinweise'', in: Städel-Jahrbuch, n.s., 20, 2009, pp. 219–236. Thommen, Heinrich: Im Schatten des Freundes: Arbeitsmaterialien von Franz Pforr im Nachlass Ludwig Vogels. Schwabe Verlag, Basel, 2010, (Schriften der Stiftung für Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts Olten), ISBN 978-3-7965-2700-5.

title: Franz Pforr


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Aedh mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair

Aedh mac Tairdelbach Ua Conchobair was King of Connacht briefly in 1342, and died in 1345.

title: Aedh mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair


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User:Richjkl

hay sup, I'm richjkl

edit: i like dogs ~compnut

title: User:Richjkl


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Welsh Bridge

The Welsh Bridge is a masonry arch viaduct in the town of Shrewsbury, England, which crosses the River Severn. It connects Frankwell with the town centre. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The bridge was designed and built from 1793 to 1795 by John Tilley and John Carline (whose namesake father was a mason on the English Bridge), who had built Montford Bridge for Thomas Telford. It replaced the medieval St George's Bridge. Four of the arches span 43 feet 4 inches, while the fifth and central arch is 46 feet 2 inches. The bridge is 30 feet wide, and built from Grinshill sandstone. In total it is 266 feet long. It was completed in 1795 at a cost of £8,000.

On the south end of the bridge, on the junction with Victoria Avenue, one of the parapets of the bridge has the words "Commit No Nuisance" chiselled into the stone. This is an archaic injunction not to urinate in public.

title: Welsh Bridge


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Christopher Saxton

Christopher Saxton (c. 1540 – c. 1610) was an English cartographer who produced the first county maps of England and Wales.

Life and family
Saxton was probably born in Sowood, Ossett in the parish of Dewsbury, in the West Riding of Yorkshire in either 1542 or 1544. His family subsequently moved to the hamlet of Dunningley near Tingley in the parish of Woodkirk where the Saxton name is recorded in 1567. It is speculated that Saxton may have attended the predecessor school to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield and also speculated that he was a student at Cambridge University but neither is corroborated. It is most likely that John Rudd, the vicar of Dewsbury and Thornhill, a keen cartographer passed his skills to Saxton.

Saxton married and had three children. Robert, born in 1585, was his father's assistant in 1601 and drew a map of Snapethorpe in Wakefield when it was surveyed by his father. Robert was commissioned to survey Sandal Magna in 1607. Christopher Saxton died in either 1610 or 1611.

Cartographer
Map making became increasingly common in the reign of Elizabeth I, made possible by advances in surveying technology and printing from engraved copper plates. Accurate mapping of the whole country became increasingly important; the Gough Map of the early fourteenth century had (schematic) roads but no administrative divisions. Lord Burghley was instrumental in ensuring that a court official, Thomas Seckford of Woodbridge, Suffolk, financed the commission. In 1574 Saxton began the survey of England. In consideration of the expenses involved, Queen Elizabeth granted him a lease on lands at Grigstone Manor in Suffolk. The Welsh survey began in 1577. Surveying the country was a significant undertaking but the first plates were engraved by 1574 and in 1578 the survey was complete. As the task was finished in a short time-span it is possible that Saxton used some of John Rudd's earlier work. Individual county sheets were issued before the completed survey was issued as an atlas in 1579. The proofs were presented to Lord Burghley who compiled them into an atlas of his own.

The maps were produced in the Atlas of the Counties of England and Wales published in 1579. It contained 35 maps, each bearing the arms of Elizabeth I and Thomas Seckford, Saxton's patron. The maps show hills and mountains but do not provide precise information as to their location or altitude. A variety of symbols show buildings and settlements, but not any roads. All the maps are dated except for Northumberland. Five counties, Cornwall, Essex, Hertfordshire, The Suffolk and Norfolk maps show the division into hundreds. The atlas was a commercial success, prompting other cartographers including John Speed, John Norton, and Michael Drayton to attempt similar enterprises, adding to and adapting Saxton's work.

The maps drawn by Saxton were engraved by Augustine Ryther, Remigius Hogenberg, William Hole, William Kip, Leonard Terwoort of Antwerp, Nicholas Reynold of London, Cornelius Hogius, and Francis Scatter. The engravers were of Dutch or Flemish origin. There is no evidence on the maps that Saxton engraved them himself, but according to one account, he engraved those of the Welsh counties and Herefordshire. Saxton obtained a licence to sell the maps for a term of ten years.

John Dee, warden of the Manchester's collegiate church, employed Saxton to survey Manchester's parish boundaries in 1596 but no copy has survived. Chetham's Library in Manchester has a copy of the atlas, as does the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.

The maps were republished during the English Civil War "in twenty sturdy sheets to be folded as a pocket-map, 'Useful for all Commanders for the Quartering of Soldiers'" (thus becoming known as "the Quartermaster's map").

title: Christopher Saxton


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William Alvin Howard

William Alvin Howard (born 1926) is a proof theorist best known for his work demonstrating formal similarity between intuitionistic logic and the simply typed lambda calculus that has come to be known as the Curry–Howard correspondence. He has also been active in the theory of proof-theoretic ordinals. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1956 for his dissertation "k-fold recursion and well-ordering". He was a student of Saunders Mac Lane.

The Howard ordinal (also known as the Bachmann–Howard ordinal) was named after him.

He was the first to carry out an ordinal analysis of the intuitionistic theory $$\mathbf{ID}^i_1(\mathcal O)$$ of inductive definitions. p.27

He was elected to the 2018 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

title: William Alvin Howard


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Talk:Mazda Millenia

I have a 1998 Millenia and the engine light is constantly on. I have brought my car to about 5 mechanics, 2 of which are from a Mazda dealership, but none of them know how to fix my car. They all tell me to get rid of it because it's too expensive to maintain and they would hav to take the car apart to find the problem...

does anyone have any ideas of what I should do or who can fix it. I'm located in Candad... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.47.0.172 (talk • contribs)

This is not relevant to wikipedia, please google for "mazda forum" and post your question on a forum dedicated to the car. --Aeropl 19:35, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I changed the model years to reflect the accurate numbers regarding the last two years of redesign.--Aeropl 19:38, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

No Relation to Xedos 6, Eunos 500 or Efini MS-8
The Xedos/Eunos 500 have a similar appearance, but they were built on the C platform, the Millenia/Xedos 9/Eunos 800 on the T platform. The C platform was more closely related to the 626/Capella (Dddike (talk) 21:33, 11 February 2008 (UTC))

I think the SP variant in Australia also had a modified exhaust system...(Remus?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.220.19.98 (talk) 04:30, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mazda Millenia


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Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair

Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, died 1384. The previous king though not listed was slain and defeated by the Ó Cellaigh's of Ui Maine.

The Annals of the Four Masters say of him:

"Rory, the son of Turlough O'Conor, King of Connacht, died of the plague on the night of St Catherine's festival, after reigning sixteen years and three months as king of all Connacht, as the poet Maoilin Ó Mulconry testifies in the poem which enumerates the kings of Ireland:"

"Rory the Royal obtained the reins/For sixteen years and a quarter/At Cruachan-Aoi, without contention/The son of Turlough, fierce in battles."

"After this two lords were set up in Connacht, Turlough Oge, son of Hugh, son of Turlough, was inaugurated by O'Kelly, the Clann-Rickard, Donnell, son of Murtough O'Conor, and all the Clann-Donough; Turlough Roe, son of Hugh, son of Felim, son of Hugh, son of Owen, was likewise installed into the lordship by Mac Dermot, the race of Murtough Muimhneach, and all the other chieftains of Sil-Murray. In consequence of this, a great war afterwards broke out through all Connacht, in general, so that they were much disturbed."

title: Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair


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Talk:Handley Page Halifax

Solving the rudder over balance problems
There seems to be some confusion as to which model of the Halifax first had the enlarged D shaped fins which finally solved the rudder over balance problems. The article states, or implies, that it was the Merlin powered Halifax Mk II Series IA. This is incorrect, it was the MkIII version with the Hercules engines. Bingham's "Second to none" states this clearly on p29 and p30, plus I have never personally seen a picture of a Merlin engined Halifax with the enlarged D type fins. I have deleted it but if anyone can prove it is correct then reinstate it !--JustinSmith (talk) 21:32, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

HALIFAX Aeroplane Icons (Aeroplane Monthly) ISBN 978-1-907426-48-3

On page 74 an in-flight photograph of B.II Series 1a serial HR926 with D-type fin and rudder. On page 127 "Late-production aircraft delivered with D-type fins and rudders to cure 'rudder stall' problem." Photo can be found also in Pinterest: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cb/ee/ff/cbeeffa6dc5286a7838317b0d5621b68.jpg Saukko2 (talk) 10:58, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The enlarged 'D-shaped' fins were installed immediately on all aircraft then on the production line, the problem being deemed serious enough for all new aircraft to be fitted with them from then on, regardless of Mark No.

 * Or to put it more succinctly, once the new fin shape had been approved then it became standard and no new aircraft emerged from the factory with the old fins fitted. Some aircraft were retro-fitted with the new fins but most requiring them were older aircraft that had reached the end of their useful lives, i.e, by then were 'tired', and were simply replaced with newer airframes already incorporating the modified fins.

 * As a rough guess I would surmise that the 'a' of the 'Series Ia' designation denoted the new rectangular fins, with the 'Series I' denoting a normal triangular fin B.II aircraft with the previous Series I improvements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.126.91 (talk) 19:31, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Photo of Merlin-powered Halifax with 'D-shaped' fins here at 35:29:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.126.91 (talk) 09:10, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

Friday the 13th, LV907, full replica in Yorkshire
Handley Page Halifax Mk III The Museum’s Halifax reconstruction is based on a section of the fuselage of Halifax II, HR792, which carried out an emergency landing on the Isle of Lewis in 1945. A crofter, Mr McKenzie, purchased the fuselage section for use as a hencoop. The wings came from Hastings, TG536, at RAF Catterick. The reconstruction is named “Friday the 13th” in honour of Halifax, LV907, which completed 128 operations with 158 Squadron, and is representative of all examples built. https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/world-war-two-aircraft/handley-page-halifax-iii/

The aircraft is named after the most illustrious Halifax to have flown with Bomber Command, the legendary "Friday the 13th" LV907, which flew 128 successful missions with 158 Squadron, from Lissett, East Yorkshire. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/4MyZI7SQTSy4wQ9D3SKH2A#:~:text=The%20aircraft%20is%20named%20after,%2C%20from%20Lissett%2C%20East%20Yorkshire.&text=airfield%2C%20near%20York.-,The%20restoration%20represents%20a%20Halifax%20which%20flew%20128%20missions%20during,the%20record%20for%20this%20type.

VE Day 75: How a famous WWII bomber was brought back to life, video May 2020 Yorkshire Air Museum built a replica Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4oxqSMi8R4 This is a replica of one of the most successful bombers of WWII. Nicknamed ‘Friday the 13th’, it flew 128 successful missions - more than any other Halifax aircraft. Of the 6,000 of Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers, not one was saved for posterity, which makes this one special. And it’s why the Yorkshire Air Museum took 20 years to peace together

Ours is not the original Friday the 13th

Our Halifax was created over many years by a team of volunteers using components and sub assemblies from various original Halifax aircraft. Brought together and restored by the Museum over 20 years, our final Halifax is a faithful recreation of the Halifax bomber both inside and out. We chose to commemorate “Friday the 13th” as the aircraft which was the most famous and certainly the most successful Halifax bomber of World War Two. https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/latest-news/friday-the-13th-nine-things-you-may-now-know-about-her/ Peter K Burian (talk) 15:03, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Not sure what your suggestion is for article improvement, I cant see an issue with the current text. MilborneOne (talk) 18:06, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

False picture "A Halifax pilot"
The cockpit in the picture can not be that of a Halifax, the framing is different. Saukko2 (talk) 11:14, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Handley Page Halifax


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User:Tirin/Photos

My Photos on Wikipedia are all published under GNU FDL. I'm still working on this page adding more of my contributions. While you are free to use these images according to the GNU FDL, original versions in high resolution are available for use by contacting me at my website.

title: User:Tirin/Photos


text:
Category:Politics of Dorset

 * Politics of the county of Dorset , England

title: Category:Politics of Dorset


text:
CRTP

CRTP has several meanings in computer science.

 * Curiously recurring template pattern in the C++ programming language
 * Diapolycopene oxygenase, an enzyme
 * Cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker

title: CRTP


text:
User talk:GilesBarford

Image:Squirrel with machine gun.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Squirrel with machine gun.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:19, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:GilesBarford


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Talk:La Honda, California

untitled
2009-12-12: As with many pages on this site the information contained on the La Honda page is often incomplete, very subjective or flat out incorrect.

Eg: in the Notable residents section: Neil Young lives further north - closer to Kings Mountain Ken Kesey is no longer a resident - he moved to Oregon a long time ago and has since passed away Paul Vixie lives close by but outside the Post Office zip code for La Honda Richard Allen Davis lives at San Quentin State Prison, courtesy of the State of California

In the introduction: The 747 prefix is unique to the AT&T landline system (unless a customer asked to transfer their number to a new service provider). New phone services from VOIP providers will have a different prefix - including service from Verizon, who now provide cellular service in La Honda.

Why was the Landmarks section removed?

The La Honda Winery's vineyards are not in La Honda. There are other wineries and vineyards in La Honda. 69.236.78.63 (talk)

I'm planning to work on this. Anyone's contributions are welcome! Jbetak 16:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vixie lives up in Skylonda, not La Honda proper, so I edited out LSD comments about him, which are unverifiable and chronologically impossible. It's not nice to name names of La Honda residents, either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.213.217.230 (talk • contribs)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt

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History
It would be nice to see some history on the town here too. If nobody else is working on it, perhaps I may if I have time? Jooojay (talk) 21:46, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on La Honda, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070609213457/http://histsoc.stanford.edu/pdfST/ST7no2.pdf to http://histsoc.stanford.edu/pdfST/ST7no2.pdf

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Notable Residents
Rather than all this moving around, adding+deleting people based on who moved away or who's dead or not, we could instead amend the section title to "Notable Residents - Past and Present", with a brief text after their name explaining their status/relation to living in the town. For example:

* Ken Kesey, notable author, owned a home in La Honda in the 1960s and '70s, though he later returned to Oregon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BrennodAloisi (talk • contribs) 22:07, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Honda, California


text:
E's

E's (エス) is a Japanese shōnen manga series written and drawn by Satoru Yuiga. It was originally serialized in Monthly GFantasy from 1997 through 2005, and later published in 16 tankōbon volumes by Square Enix from March 18, 2003, to February 27, 2010. The series focuses on Kai Kudō, an "Esper", who is recruited by an organization called Ashurum to become a soldier to purportedly save other psychics from regular humans. After a mission in Gald goes wrong, Kai finds himself living with a man named Yuuki and his adopted sister Asuka. As he learns more about Ashurum, Kai finds himself wondering what their true goals are, and worrying about his ill sister, who is under Ashurum's care.

The series was adapted into a twenty-six episode anime series entitled E's Otherwise (エス·アザーワイズ) by Studio Pierrot. It debuted in Japan on April 1, 2003, on TV Tokyo; the final episode aired on September 23, 2003. Two light novels and three drama CDs related to the series have also been released in Japan.

Broccoli Books licensed the manga series for English-language publication in North America in 2006. ADV Films licensed the anime series for North American broadcast and distribution, with the English dubbed version of the series airing on Anime Network.

Plot
Kai and Hikaru are protected by a corporation called ASHURUM, from a society that fears E's. ASHURUM is 1 of the 12 corporations that rule the world. Found by Eiji, Kai was selected to be in ASHURUM's special force AESES and had to undergo intensive training in different areas, such as combat, hacking, and psychic training.

When Kai had free time he visited Hikaru at the hospital. Hikaru's condition never improved, however. After a year, Shen-long warned Kai that Eiji actually only wanted his sister, because she was said to possess amazing psychic powers, but she was not able to use them due to her illness. Shen-long then went on to tell Kai that Eiji was just hoping that Kai would have those amazing powers too.

Kai did not believe Shen-long and goes on a mission to Gald city, with the other E's, to infiltrate a hideout of guerillas that is said to have been using E's against their will. Kai finds some civilians caught in the middle of the battle. While trying to save a little girl, one of the civilians that is afraid of E's, shoots and kills Kai's partner.

Kai, still shocked from the death of his partner, tries to help the civilians, but meets up with Shen-long. In a rage, Shen-long unleashes a psychic blast that decimates half the city.

Later, Kai, washed up ashore, was found by a girl named Asuka. After being brought back to health, Kai was told by Yuuki, Asuka's brother, that he would not have his psychic powers back to the level they were unless he goes back to ASHURUM. However, after spending some time in the city with its residents, Kai decides to stay with Asuka and Yuuki for a while. As it turns out, ASHURUM has been brain-washing Kai and the other E's in order to make them more powerful. Eiji plans to use Hikaru to destroy the human race to 'speed up evolution' so that only E's survive.

Characters

 * Kai Kudō (Kai Kudō)
 * Kai Kudō is the series protagonist. Orphaned before the start of the anime, his only remaining family member is his sickly sister Hikaru Kudō, who is noted to have extremely powerful psychic powers. It is also believed by Eiji Sagimiya that Kai also has the potential to become powerful as Hikaru, but either he has not unlocked these powers out of dormancy yet or isn't aware of them. He's also extremely sensitive to sweets, to the point where even the mention or sight of it makes him uneasy. Kai and Hikaru were taken by ASHURUM in order to receive protection from people who hate espers, and in return Kai has to enroll into AESES, a psychic division with similarities to the Special forces in the U.S. military. However, his stay was rendered short after a failed mission that resulted in the death of his partner and a devastating psychic explosion that throws him into Gald, a run-down city run by crime syndicates. Although he was met with distrust from Yuki Tokugawa, a Gald resident who hates espers, Kai is eventually accepted by him and his little foster sister Asuka Tokugawa, a young empath who develops a crush on him. It is during his stay in Gald where Kai starts seeing the kinder side of humanity. Toward the end of the anime, Kai helps his former rival Shen-Long Belvedere in restoring his twin sister's personality, after being informed of ASHURUM's true purposes, and is later aided in rescuing Hikaru from Eiji by Yuki. Kai confronts Eiji on his true motives, and engages in a final decisive battle for the fate of the world. It is not explicitly known what the outcome of the battle was, it is implied that Kai had won but it is hotly debated whether he survived and is somewhere on the other side of the planet or he sacrificed his life to beat Eiji.

 * Hikaru Kudō (Hikaru Kudō)
 * Hikaru Kudō is Kai's orphaned younger sister. Hikaru is an innocent, childlike girl who is an esper harboring immensely powerful psychic abilities, but due to an unknown illness she is unable to use them and remains bedridden for the duration of the anime until the end. Her frail condition led her to being hospitalized in ASHURUM's hospital, where her stay is often frequented by visits from Kai or Eiji, her caretaker. Kai often worries about Hikaru's well-being and occasionally experiences dreams about his younger sister. Later, Hikaru is taken away by Eiji, who wants to use her psychic abilities to wipe out most of Earth's population because he claims that it'll make espers like her "happy". The plan is nearly successful, as Hikaru was put into a machine that enhances her telepathic abilities to the point it can cover and attack a vast area of people, but Kai, who was informed by Shen-Long, and Yuki Tokugawa intervened and rescued her from such a fate. She is later seen in Gald in perfect condition, watching the night stars with Asuka Tokugawa.

 * Shen-Long Belvedere (Shenron Beruvedia)
 * Shen-Long Belvedere is the younger twin brother of Shin-Lu Belvedere, his older sister. He is a very powerful psychic, capable of telekinesis and teleportation. He also hates anyone who gets in his way, especially Kai, with whom he develops an antagonistic rivalry. Shen-Long hates normal humans because of the rough childhood they caused him and Shin-Lu, and is very protective of his sister. Shen-Long is revealed to be telepathically linked to Shin-Lu, after being affected by the intense pain of a telepathic attack that rendered his sister comatose. In a rage, he creates a devastating psychic explosion that wipes out the entire area, causing Kai to end up in Gald. Later, he finds that Shin-Lu had recovered, but was also brainwashed, causing him to search for ways to restore her old personality, siding with Kai to achieve this. Shen-Long also discovers that Eiji took in Hikaru, Kai's younger sister, so he can use her powers to wipe out most of Earth's population. At the end of the anime, Shen-Long engages in a vicious psychic battle with his older sister, and succeeds in snapping her out of her brainwashing at the cost of himself. It is unknown whether Shen-Long had survived this fate.

 * Shin-Lu Belvedere (Shinrū Beruvedia)
 * Shin-Lu Belvedere is the older sister to her younger twin brother Shen-Long. She cares about her younger brother a lot as an older sister should, but she is frustrated with his condescending and sardonic attitude towards Kai Kudō, a newcomer recruited into ASHURUM. She initially began developing some sort of affection for Kai, as evidenced by baking a cake for him. During one of the first missions assigned to Kai's division during the beginning of the anime, she was rendered comatose by a telepathic attack on her mind, which immediately affected Shen-Long because of their telepathic link. Later on she was revived, but upon being found by Shen-Long she revealed to be brain washed after recovering. Shin-Lu then engaged in a vicious psychic battle with her younger brother, but was seemingly snapped out of her brainwashing when she mortally wounded Shen-Long.

 * Yuki Tokugawa (Yūki Tokugawa)
 * Yuki Tokugawa is Asuka's foster brother and one of the few residents of Gald, a run-down city led by crime syndicates. He takes odd jobs for money, which he uses to support his younger foster sister and himself. He also takes care of the orphaned kids that do not have a family. When Kai Kudō winds up in Gald after a devastating explosion caused by Shen-Long Belvedere, Yuki instinctively distrusts him because of his esper heritage and even came close to shooting him, but allows Kai to stay at his house for a while and later becomes one of his strongest allies against ASHURUM. He later aids Kai in rescuing his younger sister Hikaru from Eiji's clutches while Kai goes and distracts Eiji in a decisive battle.

 * Asuka Tokugawa (Asuka Tokugawa)
 * Asuka Tokugawa is a resident of a run-down city named Gald, and is the younger foster sister of Yuki. Orphaned before the start of the anime, she was among the first children in Gald that Yuki started taking care of, and now ended up living with him. Asuka adores animals and had developed a habit of taking in any strays that she finds. She is kind and caring, but dislikes being useless. Asuka often makes well-intended attempts to help around the house, but her cooking is horrible to the point Yuki has banned her from their kitchen, to her chagrin. She is later revealed to be an empath, a person who "senses" the feelings of others, as she explains to Kai. It was Asuka who introduces Kai to the kinder side of humanity, making him side with them in the end. After the events of the series, Asuka is shown standing with Kai's sister Hikaru, showing her the stars for the first time.

 * Eiji Sagimiya (Eiji Sagimiya)
 * Eiji Sagimiya is the mysterious head of ASHURUM, a corporation that protects espers, known as "E's", from those who would rather have them dead. He was the one who brought the Kudō siblings Kai and Hikaru to ASHURUM long after they were orphaned, bringing medical care for Hikaru, who became ill with an unknown sickness. At first Eiji is a kind but firm person, and protective of the espers under his care, and is even trusted by Kai. He oversees the activities of ASHURUM, organizing "missions" for the espers that seem to have a benefit for outside society, hoping the espers will eventually receive equal treatment. However, in reality he is revealed to be manipulative and has inner motives. He desires to destroy the majority of Earth's population and reshape it into a world where only espers live, without having to deal with prejudice and racism against their kind, which was why he kept Hikaru and Kai because of their immensely powerful psychic abilities. However, Kai found out from Shen-Long about Eiji's involvement with Hikaru and intervened with his plans, resulting in a final decisive battle that revealed Eiji as one of the espers.

 * Maria (マリア)
 * Maria is a witch and the granddaughter of Erimiya. She befriends Yuki and later aids him in his quest to bring down ASHURUM.

 * Erimiya (衿宮)
 * Erimiya is the grandfather of Maria, a witch, and the local wise man of Gald. He has precognitive abilities, and it is because of this why Eiji highly values him. He was kept hidden from those who seek to exploit him for his knowledge of the future or kill him. Erimiya serves as one of the key players in predicting the final battle between humanity and ASHURUM's espers. He is responsible for telepathically attacking Shin-Lu and causing Shen-Long to go berserk and destroying much of Gald.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Satoru Yuiga, E's was first serialized in GFantasy in 1997. The individual chapters were then compiled into 16 tankōbon volumes by Square Enix. The first volume was released on March 18, 2003, with the final volume released on February 27, 2010.

The series licensed for an English-language release in North America by Broccoli Books. However Broccoli International USA closed down at the end of 2008 and stopped all printing in progress and have halted release of new works. As of October 2007, the company has published four volumes of the series. The series is also licensed for regional language releases in German by Carlsen Comics and in Chinese by Tong Li Publishing.

Anime
Studio Pierrot adapted the manga series into a twenty-six episode anime series entitled E's Otherwise (エス·アザーワイズ). Directed by Masami Shimoda, the episodes debuted in Japan on April 1, 2003, on TV Tokyo; the final episode aired on September 23, 2003.

ADV Films licensed the anime series for North American distribution in 2004. It initially released the series across 6 DVD volumes, with the first volume released on February 15, 2005, and the final volume released March 21, 2006. On December 12, 2006, the company re-released the entire series in a single five-disc box set. ADV Films also released the series in Germany, with German dubbing provided by Elektrofilm.

The anime series uses two pieces of theme music. "Jōhō" (情報) performed by Suitei-Shōjo is used for the series opening theme, while "Tonight/Midnight" by Chicochair is used for the ending theme.

Light novels
Two light novels adaptations of the manga, also written by Yuiga, have been published by Square Enix. The first volume, E's The Time to Baptisma, was published on February 26, 1999. The second volume, E's Unknown Kingdom, followed on January 27, 2000.

Drama CDs
Square Enix released three drama CDs based around the manga. The first, E's Volume 1 was released on September 25, 1999. The second, E'S Vol Extra, followed on March 24, 2000. The final volume, E's Volume 2, which used the same voice actors as the anime adaptation, was released on September 26, 2003, after the television broadcast concluded.

Other media
E's Zero World Guidance (E'S ワールドガイダンス 零), published by Square Enix in August 2003, is a guidebook containing additional information about the various fictional aspects of the series, characters, etc.

eSpecial: E's Postcard Book contains fifteen postcards featuring characters from the series was published in March 2003.

title: E's


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fro Joe Koolaid

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:10, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fro Joe Koolaid
Likely vanity/advertisement. Google gives about a half dozen hits each for either "Fro Joe Koolaid" or "Dr Dyno Show" if you factor out wikipedia mirrors and his own sites. --Xcali 16:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable.  Appears to be a character on a minor webcast. Wikibofh 16:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ephemera not encyclopedic. Geogre 18:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Thryduulf

Thank you
I would like to thank everyone who voted on this request - obviously those who voted support particularly, but also to those that didn't as you took the trouble to express your opinon. I didn't particularly fancy posting a message to 60 individual talk pages, but thought that those interested would spot this on their watchlists. Thryduulf 16:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Very sensible. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Michael Powell (lacrosse)

Michael Powell (born October 29, 1982) is a former American professional lacrosse player who was a four-time First Team All-American at Syracuse University, played professional lacrosse for the Baltimore Bayhawks and Boston Cannons, and played on the United States team in the 2002 and 2006 World Lacrosse Championships where he was named to the All-World Team. He is the youngest of the three lacrosse-playing Powell brothers (Ryan and Casey Powell).

Powell is the only player to win the Jack Turnbull Award as the top attackman in Division I lacrosse four consecutive times. Powell was also a four-time finalist for the Tewaaraton Trophy, the collegiate player of the year award, and is one of two male players to win the award twice. He led Syracuse to two national championships and holds the school record for most career points. Syracuse retired his #22 jersey in 2023. He is widely considered one of the greatest lacrosse players of all time.

Powell is now a singer/songwriter and tours both as a solo artist and as a member of his band The Black River. In 2022 Powell started a new band called The Echosound (formerly WADE).

High school career
Powell attended Carthage Senior High School in Carthage, New York, where he was a high school All-American. He set the New York State high school records for most points in a season with 194 points in 2000, most points in a game with 15 points in 2000, and most assists in a season with 120 assists in 1999 and 115 in 2000.

College career
Powell enrolled at Syracuse in the fall of 2000 as one of the most anticipated recruits in college lacrosse history. He wore the #22 Syracuse jersey, the same number previously worn by both of his older brothers (Casey and Ryan), and by lacrosse legends Gary Gait and Charlie Lockwood.

2001 season
In his freshman season, Michael Powell tallied 30 goals, 40 assists (70 points), and 69 groundballs while leading Syracuse to the NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship title game against Princeton University. In the championship game, he scored an unassisted goal with just 16 seconds remaining in regulation to force overtime, but Syracuse lost to Princeton on a B.J. Prager goal with 41 seconds left in overtime. Powell became the first player in Syracuse lacrosse history to be named a First Team All-American as a freshman. He was also awarded the Jack Turnbull Award as the nation's top attackman, and was a finalist for the inaugural Tewaaraton Trophy.

2002 season
In 2002, Powell scored 42 goals and 42 assists en route to leading Syracuse to a national championship. With four goals and three assists in the championship game, he was named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player and won his first Tewaaraton Trophy.

2003 season
Powell missed the fall 2002 semester and fall practice at Syracuse but was able to regain academic eligibility before the 2003 lacrosse season. Scored 31 goals and 33 assists for 64 points. Despite the aggressive defenses that targeted him during the season, he helped lead Syracuse to the Final Four, of what would eventually be 22 consecutive Final Fours, an NCAA record. Syracuse fell to Johns Hopkins University 19–8 in the semifinals.

2004 season
As a senior, Powell led the Orangemen to their ninth NCAA championship. In the NCAA tournament, Syracuse defeated top-seeded Johns Hopkins in the semifinal round 15–9 and then beat second-seeded Navy in the championship game 14–13. On the season, Powell scored 89 points (47 goals, 42 assists), surpassing the Syracuse record shared by his two older brothers to become the all-time leading scorer at Syracuse with 307 points. That number ties him for 12th all-time in NCAA history. Powell was again selected as a First Team All-American, becoming just the sixth lacrosse player to earn that recognition four times, won his second Tewaaraton Trophy, and his first Enners Trophy as the most outstanding player in men's college lacrosse.

Professional career
Following his graduation, Powell surprised many in the lacrosse community when he chose not to play professional lacrosse for Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in the 2004 season. Instead, he pursued a career as a professional musician. Powell, along with his two older brothers, also signed an endorsement contract with lacrosse equipment manufacturer Brine, Corp., with Powell working out of Brine's west coast office. Casey and Ryan had previously been employed by Warrior Sports.

In 2005, Powell joined the MLL and was drafted by the Baltimore Bayhawks, where he and teammate Gary Gait led the Bayhawks to the league championship. Powell also played in the MLL All-Star Game, where he was selected as MVP. He sat out the 2006 MLL season. On March 21, 2007, Powell, along with Ben DeFelice and a 2008 conditional draft choice, was traded from the Baltimore Bayhawks to the Boston Cannons in exchange for Ryan Curtis and Conor Gill.

Powell was a member of U.S. World Team in the 2006 World Lacrosse Championship, where he was the U.S.'s leading scorer and was selected to the All-World Team. The U.S. team fell to Canada in the championship game, 15–10, marking the second time the Americans had lost to the Canadians in 14 contests.

Personal life and music career
Powell is a traveling musician and an accomplished writer with over two hundred songs. Heavily influenced by Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan, John Prine, and Townes Van Zandt. He has released 6 albums, "Strange Bedfellows" 2007, "Replevin" in 2009, "The Night The Date Was Tied" in 2010, "Kapow" 2011, "Tied To The Rail" 2014, "Classic Universe" 2018. The single "Twenty One Rounds " was released on Memorial Day 2018.

Syracuse

 * (a) 13th in NCAA Division I career assists
 * (b) 6th in NCAA Division I career points

title: Michael Powell (lacrosse)


text:
Bank Street Bridge

The Bank Street Bridge, officially known as the Bank Street Canal Bridge, is a bridge in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that carries Bank Street over the Rideau Canal. It links the Glebe to Old Ottawa South. It also passes over the Queen Elizabeth Driveway and Colonel By Drive.

A wooden bridge was first constructed in this location in 1866. A few years later, a steel swing bridge was built to better allow boats to pass through. The current structure was built in 1912, and was designed to be high enough to not have to open. By the 1970s, the bridge was falling apart, and trucks were banned in 1981. After some debate about whether to replace or restore the heritage structure, the bridge was fully restored in 1993.

title: Bank Street Bridge


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Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898

The Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898 was an Act of the Parliament of Canada that expanded the territory of the province of Quebec. The province's northern boundary was set along the eastern shore of James Bay to the mouth of the Eastmain River, north along the river, then due east to the Hamilton River and down the river to the western boundary of Labrador. The area was part of the North-West Territories, formerly Rupert's Land, claimed by England in 1670.

The first of two such acts, a second act was passed by Parliament in 1912 and entitled the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912. Together, these two expansions more than tripled the size of the Province of Quebec to what it is today.

title: Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898


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Talk:Packie Bonner

Name
Who the hell thinks it's pronounced "Bone-er"? I've never heard that, and I'm inclined to think it's someone having a laugh, especially as nowhere else has he ever been called "Packie Boner". But if anyone can prove otherwise, then please do. Dan Kerins 01:09, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

It's pronounced "Bonn - er"

Having just listened to the interview linked to from this page, the interviewer says Bonn-er and Packie doesn't correct him on it - but does correct him on where he was born! That's good enough for me. Dan Kerins 12:25, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Well that's not good enough for me. For years I watched Packie on the telly playing for Ireland and for Celtic. I have lived in Ireland all my life and I have never, ever, EVER heard anyone call him bone - ur. It's a bit of a wind up my friend and you've been taken in! I'll continue to change it back to the correct way if you decide to change it.

You've completely missed my point - I'm agreeing with you, whoever you are. (Don't forget to sign your posts). I'm the person who first mentioned that "Bone-er" was the result of someone having a wind-up. Dan Kerins 17:12, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

It is pronounced "Bone-er". I'm from Keadue where he went to school, that's what everyone calls him. It was my grandmother's maiden name, is quite common around our area, The Rosses. The only time I've ever heard the name pronounced "Bonn-er" is by people on TV who aren't from the area. Packie probably never corrected the interviewer because it's not that big of a deal. Players like Patrick Vieira (pronounced Vi-er-AH, not Vi-EH-rah), Paulo Wanchope (pronounced Wan-chop-AY not WAN-chop) had their names pronounced all the time when they played in England but they just accepted it. Daniel Smith 17:58, 4 July 2008 (UTC)]

Signing for Celtic
Does anyone know if he definitely signed from Leicester or Keadue Rovers? I've read conflicting reports... SeanMack 16:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keadue's site (shield your eyes! the horrors!) says he signed from them. --62.77.181.1 01:04, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- HornandsoccerTalk 21:54, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Time-wasting in World Cup 1990
Perhaps it should be mentioned that his action in the World Cup 1990 ("he kept the ball for over 6 minutes against Egypt, by dribbling it around his box and picking it up again") is the reason why the rule that prohibits the goalkeeper from handling the ball again once he has released it for play was created. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.104.83 (talk) 14:48, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That never happened. Ian Cheese (talk) 19:46, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Packie Bonner


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Template talk:Canonization

Misleading Colors
I removed the colors - A red venerable makes people think there isn't an article yet. - Tεx  τ  urε  16:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proper arrows
The monospace font currently in use really looks odd, so I tried changing the template to this:

The preview, however, looked like this:

The arrows don't look right, at least in Firefox. Does anyone know why, or how to fix the problem? —Bkell 23:31, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, never mind. I tried it on another computer, and it looks fine, even in Firefox. So I'll go ahead and make the change. —Bkell 23:35, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

To my eye, the new arrows looked crampt, so I added spaces (code: "&#160;"). --Eoghanacht 11:59, 2005 August 17 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Canonization


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Normans in Ireland

Hiberno-Normans, or Norman Irish (Normánach ; Gall, 'foreigners'), refer to Irish families descended from Norman settlers who arrived during the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century, mainly from England and Wales. During the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages, the Hiberno-Normans constituted a feudal aristocracy and merchant oligarchy, known as the Lordship of Ireland. The Hiberno-Normans were also closely associated with the Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church in Ireland and were responsible for the emergence of Hiberno-English.

Some of the most prominent Hiberno-Norman families were the Burkes (de Burghs), Butlers, and FitzGeralds who over time were said to have become "more Irish than the Irish themselves" by merging culturally and intermarrying with the Gaels. One of the most common Irish surnames, Walsh, derives from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of this group.

The dominance of the Hiberno-Normans declined during the 16th century after the Anglican "New English" elite settled in Ireland from the end of the Tudor period; and they came to be known as Seanghaill (Old English) at this time. Many Roman Catholic Norman-Irish families spread throughout the world as part of the Irish diaspora ceasing, in most cases, to identify as Norman, whether originally Anglo-Norman, Cambro-Norman, or Scoto-Norman. Other Old English families, like the Dillons, merged with the New English elite after the Henrician Reformation. Following the Glorious Revolution, many of these Old English families promoted unity with the Gaels under the denominator of "Irish Catholic", while others were assimilated into a new Irish Protestant identity, which also included later settler groups such as the Ulster Scots and Huguenots.

Nomenclature
Historians use different terms to refer to the Normans in Ireland at different times in its existence, depending on how they define this community's sense of collective identity.

In his book Surnames of Ireland, Irish historian Edward MacLysaght makes a distinction between Hiberno-Norman and Anglo-Norman surnames summing up fundamental differences between "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) and "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Normans).

The Geraldines of Desmond, for instance, could accurately be described as Old English, for that was their political and cultural world. Likewise Butlers of Ormond, could accurately be described as Hiberno-Norman in their political outlook and alliances even after they married into the royal family.

Some historians refer to them as Cambro-Normans – Seán Duffy of Trinity College Dublin, invariably uses that term.

After many centuries in Ireland following just a century in Wales or England it appears odd that their entire history since 1169 is known by the description Old English, which only came into use in the late 16th century. Some contend it is ahistorical to trace a single Old English community back to 1169, for the concept of Ireland's "Old English" community only emerged in the sixteenth century Pale. The earliest known reference to the term "Old English" is in the 1580s. Up to that time the identity of such people had been much more fluid; it was the Loyalist administration's policies which created an oppositional and clearly defined Old English community.

Brendan Bradshaw, in his study of the poetry of late-16th century Tír Chónaill, points out that the Normans were not referred to there as Seanghaill ("Old Foreigners") but rather as Fionnghaill and Dubhghaill. He argued in a lecture to the Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Institute in University College Dublin that the poets referred to hibernicised people of Norman stock as Dubhghaill in order to grant them a longer vintage in Ireland than the Fionnghaill (meaning 'fair-haired foreigners', i.e. Norwegian Vikings as opposed to Dubhghaill meaning 'black-haired foreigners', i.e. Danish Vikings). This follows on from his earlier arguments that the term Éireannaigh (Irish people) as we currently know it also emerged during this period in the poetry books of the Uí Bhroin of Wicklow, as a sign of unity between Gaeil and Gaill; he viewed it as a sign of an emerging Irish nationalism. Breandán Ó Buachalla essentially agreed with him, Tom Dunne and Tom Bartlett were less sure.

It was noted in 2011 that Irish nationalist politicians elected between 1918 and 2011 could often be distinguished by surname. Fine Gael parliamentarians were more likely to bear surnames of Norman origin than those from Fianna Fáil, who had a higher concentration of Gaelic surnames.

"Old English" vs. New English
The term Old English (Seanghaill, meaning 'old foreigners') began to be applied by scholars for Norman-descended residents of The Pale and Irish towns after the mid-16th century, who became increasingly opposed to the New English who arrived in Ireland after the Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of the Old English were dispossessed in the political and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to their continued adherence to the Roman Catholic religion.

Following the Glorious Revolution the Jacobites attempted to replace the distinction between "Norman" and "Gaelic Irish" under the new denominator of Irish Catholic by 1700, as they were both barred from positions of wealth and power by the so-called New English settlers, who became known as the Protestant Ascendancy.

The community of Norman descent prior to then used numerous epithets to describe themselves (such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or "English-Irish"), but it was only as a result of the political cess crisis of the 1580s that a group identified as the Old English actually came to be distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Irish who surrendered to Anglican Catholicism.

Normans in medieval Ireland
Traditionally, London-based Anglo-Norman governments expected the Normans in the Lordship of Ireland to promote the interests of the Kingdom of England, through the use of the English language (despite the fact that they spoke Norman French rather than English), law, trade, currency, social customs, and farming methods. The Norman community in Ireland was, however, never monolithic. In some areas, especially in the Pale around Dublin, and in relatively urbanised communities in Kilkenny, Limerick, Cork and south Wexford, people spoke the English language (though sometimes in arcane local dialects such as Yola and Fingallian), used English law, and in some respects lived in a manner similar to that found in England.

However, in the provinces, the Normans in Ireland (Gaill meaning "foreigners") were at times indistinguishable from the surrounding Gaelic lords and chieftains. Dynasties such as the Fitzgeralds, Butlers, Burkes, and Walls adopted the native language, legal system, and other customs such as fostering and intermarriage with the Gaelic Irish and the patronage of Irish poetry and music. Such people became regarded as "more Irish than the Irish themselves" as a result of this process (see also History of Ireland (1169–1536)). The most accurate name for the Gaelicised Anglo-Irish throughout the late medieval period was Hiberno-Norman, a name which captures the distinctive blended culture which this community created and within which it operated until the Tudor conquest. In an effort to halt the ongoing Gaelicisation of the Anglo-Irish community, the Irish Parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367, which among other things banned the use of the Irish language, the wearing of Irish clothes, as well as prohibiting the Gaelic Irish from living within walled towns.

The Pale
Despite these efforts, by 1515, one official lamented, that "all the common people of the said half counties [of The Pale] that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language." English administrators such as Fynes Moryson, writing in the last years of the sixteenth century, shared the latter view of the Anglo-Irish: "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". Moryson's views on the cultural fluidity of the so-called English Pale were echoed by other commentators such as Richard Stanihurst who, while protesting the Englishness of the Palesmen in 1577, opined that "Irish was universally gaggled in the English Pale".

Beyond the Pale, the term 'English', if and when it was applied, referred to a thin layer of landowners and nobility, who ruled over Gaelic Irish freeholders and tenants. The division between the Pale and the rest of Ireland was therefore in reality not rigid or impermeable, but rather one of gradual cultural and economic differences across wide areas. Consequently, the English identity expressed by representatives of the Pale when writing in English to the English Crown often contrasted radically with their cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world around them, and this difference between their cultural reality and their expressed identity is a central reason for the Old English's later support of Roman Catholicism. There was no religious division in medieval Ireland, beyond the requirement that English-born prelates should run the Irish church. However, most of the pre-16th century inhabitants of Ireland continued their allegiance to Roman Catholicism, following the Henrician Reformation of the 1530s, even after the establishment of the Anglican Catholic Church of Ireland.

Tudor conquest and arrival of New English
In contrast to previous English settlers, the New English, that wave of settlers who came to Ireland from England during the Elizabethan era onwards as a result of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, were more self-consciously English, and were largely (though not entirely) Protestant. To the New English, many of the Old Anglo-Irish were "degenerate", having "gone native" and adopted Irish customs as well as choosing to adhere to Roman Catholicism after the Crown's official split with Rome. The poet Edmund Spenser was one of the chief advocates of this view. He argued in A View on the Present State of Ireland (1595) that a failure to conquer Ireland fully in the past had led the Old generations of English settlers to become corrupted by the native Irish culture. In the course of the 16th century, the religious division had the effect of alienating most of the Old Anglo-Irish from the state, and bolstered by Jacobite reverts like the Dillons propelled them into making common cause with the Gaelic Irish under the Irish Catholic identity.

The first confrontation between the Old English and the English government in Ireland came with the cess crisis of 1556–1583. During that period, the Pale community resisted paying for the English army sent to Ireland to put down a string of revolts which culminated in the Desmond Rebellions (1569–1573 and 1579–1583). The term "Old English" was coined at this time, as the Pale community emphasised their English identity and loyalty to the Stuart Crown and refusing to co-operate with the wishes of the Elizabeth's Parliament as represented in Ireland by the Lord Deputy of Ireland. Originally, the conflict was a civil issue, as the Palesmen objected to paying new taxes that had not first been approved by them in the Parliament of Ireland. The dispute, however, also soon took on a religious dimension, especially after 1570, when Elizabeth I of England was excommunicated by Pope Pius V's papal bull Regnans in Excelsis. In response, Elizabeth banned the Jesuits from her realms as they were seen as being among the Papacy's most radical agents of the Counter-Reformation which, among other aims, sought to topple her from her thrones. Rebels such as James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald portrayed their rebellion as a "Holy War", and indeed received money and troops from the papal coffers. In the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583), a prominent Pale lord, James Eustace, Viscount of Baltinglass, joined the rebels from religious motivation. Before the rebellion was over, several hundred Old English Palesmen had been arrested and sentenced to death, either for outright rebellion, or because they were suspected rebels because of their religious views. Most were eventually pardoned after paying fines of up to 100 pounds, a very large sum for the time. However, twenty landed gentlemen from some of the Pale's leading Old English families were executed; some of them "died in the manner of [Roman] Catholic martyrs, proclaiming they were suffering for their religious beliefs".

This episode marked an important break between the Pale and the English regime in Ireland, and between the Old English and the New English.

Emerging Loyalism
In the subsequent Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Pale and the Old English towns remained loyal being in favour of outward loyalty to the English Crown during another rebellion.

However, it was the English Government's administration in Ireland along loyalist lines particularly following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 that would lead to severing the main political ties between the Old English and England itself.

First, in 1609, Roman Catholics were banned from holding public office in Ireland forcing many Old English like the Dillons to outwardly adopt Anglican Catholicism. Then, in 1613, the constituencies of the Irish Parliament were changed so that the New English would have a slight majority in the Irish House of Commons. Thirdly, in the 1630s, many members of the Old English landowning class were forced to confirm the ancient title to their land-holdings often in the absence of title deeds, which resulted in some having to pay substantial fines to retain their property, while others ended up losing some or all of their land in this complex legal process (see Plantations of Ireland).

The political response of the Old Anglo-Irish community was forced to go over the heads of the New English in Dublin and appeal directly to their sovereign in his role as King of Ireland which further disgruntled them.

The Graces
First from James I, and then from his son and successor, Charles I, they sought a package of reforms known as The Graces, which included provisions for religious toleration and civil equality for Roman Catholics in return for their payment of increased taxes. On several occasions in the 1620s and 1630s, however, after they had agreed to pay the higher taxes to the Crown, they found that the Monarch or his Irish viceroy Thomas Wentworth chose instead to defer some of the agreed concessions. This was to prove culturally counterproductive for the cause of the English administration in Ireland, as it led to Old English writers, such as Geoffrey Keating to argue (as Keating did in Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (1634)), that the true identity of the Old English was now Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English. English policy thus hastened the assimilation of the Old English with the Gaels.

Resisting English Parliament
In 1641, many of the Old English community made a decisive break with their past as loyal subjects by joining the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Many factors influenced the decision of the Old English to join in the rebellion; among these were fear of the rebels and fear of government reprisals against all Roman Catholics. The main long-term reason was, however, a desire to reverse the anti-Roman Catholic policies that had been pursued by the English authorities over the previous 40 years in carrying out their administration of Ireland. Nevertheless, despite their formation of an Irish government in Confederate Ireland, the Old English identity was still an important division within the Irish Roman Catholic community. During the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653), the Old English were often accused by the Gaelic Irish of having been too hasty to sign a treaty with Charles I of England at the expense of the interests of Irish landowners and the Roman Catholic religion. The ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653), saw further defeat of the Roman Catholic cause and the almost wholesale dispossession of the Old English nobility leading to a revival of the cause before the Williamite war in Ireland (1689–1691) evolving into Jacobitism afterwards. Nevertheless, in the 1700s, Parliamentarians had become the dominant class in the country and with the end of the Jacobites in 1788, the Old Anglo-Irish cause evolved into the Irish Rebellion of 1798 the Protestant Irish Nationalists through Old English families (and men of Gaelic origin such as William Conolly) who chose to comply with the new realities by conforming to the Established Church.

Protestant Ascendancy
In the course of the eighteenth century under the Protestant Ascendancy, social divisions were defined almost solely in sectarian terms of Roman Catholic, Anglican Catholic and Protestant Nonconformist, rather than ethnic ones. Against the backdrop of the Penal Laws which discriminated against them both, and a country becoming increasingly Parliamentarian, the old distinction between Old English and Gaelic Irish Roman Catholics gradually faded away,

Changing religion, or rather conforming to the State Church, was always an option for any of the King of Ireland's subjects, and an open avenue to inclusion in the officially recognised "body politic", and, indeed, many Old English such as Edmund Burke were newly-conforming Anglican Catholics who retained a certain sympathy and understanding for the difficult position of Roman Catholics, as Burke did in his parliamentary career. Others in the gentry such as the Viscounts Dillon and the Lords Dunsany belonged to Old English families who had originally undergone a religious conversion from Rome to Canterbury to save their lands and titles. Some members of the Old English who had thus gained membership in the Irish Ascendancy even became adherents of the cause of Irish independence. Whereas the Old English FitzGerald Dukes of Leinster held the premier title in the Irish House of Lords when it was abolished in 1800, a scion of that Ascendancy family, the Irish nationalist Lord Edward Fitzgerald, was a brother of the second duke.

Norman surnames in Ireland
The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example, the prefix Fitz meaning "son of", in surnames like FitzGerald appears most frequently in Hiberno-Norman surnames (cf. modern French fils de with the same meaning). However, a few names with the prefix "Fitz-" sound Norman but are actually of native Gaelic origin; Fitzpatrick was the surname Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig had to take as part of his submission to Henry VIII in 1537, and FitzDermot was Mac Gilla Mo-Cholmóc of the Uí Dúnchada sept of the Uí Dúnlainge based at Lyons Hill, County Dublin).

 * Archdeacon
 * Aylward
 * Barrett
 * Barry
 * Bennett
 * Blake
 * Blanchfield
 * Blewitt
 * Bodkin
 * Browne
 * Bruce
 * Burke and Bourke (deriving from de Burgh/de Búrca/de Burgo)
 * Butler
 * Curtis
 * Cogan
 * Clare
 * Candon
 * Cantillon
 * Codd
 * Colbert
 * Costello Actually an Irish name adopted by the Normans.
 * Comerford
 * Courcey
 * Cusack
 * D'Alton
 * D'Arcy
 * De Bromhead
 * de Lacy / Lacy
 * Delamare
 * Delaney
 * Deane
 * Devereux
 * Dillon
 * Fagan
 * Fanning
 * Fay
 * Finglas
 * FitzGerald
 * FitzEustace
 * FitzGibbon
 * FitzMaurice
 * FitzHenry
 * FitzHerbert
 * FitzRalph
 * FitzRichard
 * FitzRoy
 * FitzSimons
 * FitzStephen
 * FitzWilliam
 * French
 * Gault
 * Goggin
 * Grace
 * Hackett
 * Hand
 * Harris
 * Harpur
 * Hill
 * Hodnett
 * Hore
 * Hussey
 * Jordan
 * Joyce
 * Kenefick
 * Lambart
 * Lambert
 * Lawless
 * Lovett
 * Lyons
 * Malclerk
 * Mansell
 * Marmion
 * Marren
 * Martin
 * Mason
 * Mansfield
 * Bissett
 * Mee
 * Miniter
 * Molyneux
 * Morrissey
 * Nagle
 * Nangle
 * Neville
 * Nicolas
 * Nugent
 * Payne
 * Peppard
 * Perrin
 * Petitt
 * Pims
 * Plunkett
 * Power
 * Prendergast
 * Preston
 * Purcell
 * Quilter
 * Redmond
 * Tuite
 * Roach
 * Rochford
 * Roper
 * Rouen
 * Rossiter
 * Russell
 * St. Leger
 * Savage
 * Seagrave
 * Shortall
 * Stapleton
 * Supple
 * Synnott
 * Taaffe
 * Talbot
 * Testard
 * Tyrrell
 * Troy
 * Tobin
 * Wadding
 * Wall
 * Walsh
 * Warren
 * Wolfe
 * White
 * Whitty

Hiberno-Norman texts
The annals of Ireland make a distinction between Gaill and Sasanaigh. The former were split into Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill, depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.

There are a number of texts in Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are a few literary works as well. There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous Statute of Kilkenny and municipal documents.

The major literary text is The Song of Dermot and the Earl, a chanson de geste of 3,458 lines of verse concerning Dermot McMurrough and Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as "Strongbow"). Other texts include the Walling of New Ross composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about the customs of Waterford.

title: Normans in Ireland