text:
Indirect utility function

In economics, a consumer's indirect utility function $$v(p, w)$$ gives the consumer's maximal attainable utility when faced with a vector $$p$$ of goods prices and an amount of income $$w$$. It reflects both the consumer's preferences and market conditions.

This function is called indirect because consumers usually think about their preferences in terms of what they consume rather than prices. A consumer's indirect utility $$v(p, w)$$ can be computed from his or her utility function $$u(x),$$ defined over vectors $$x$$ of quantities of consumable goods, by first computing the most preferred affordable bundle, represented by the vector $$x(p, w)$$ by solving the utility maximization problem, and second, computing the utility $$u(x(p, w))$$ the consumer derives from that bundle. The resulting indirect utility function is

 * $$v(p,w)=u(x(p,w)).$$

The indirect utility function is:

Moreover, Roy's identity states that if v(p,w) is differentiable at $$(p^0, w^0)$$ and $$\frac{\partial v(p,w)}{\partial w} \neq 0$$, then
 * Continuous on Rn+ × R+ where n is the number of goods;
 * Decreasing in prices;
 * Strictly increasing in income;
 * Homogenous with degree zero in prices and income; if prices and income are all multiplied by a given constant the same bundle of consumption represents a maximum, so optimal utility does not change;
 * quasi-convex in (p,w).

-\frac{\partial v(p^0,w^0)/(\partial p_i)}{\partial v(p^0,w^0)/\partial w}=x_i (p^0,w^0),\quad i=1, \dots, n. $$

Indirect utility and expenditure
The indirect utility function is the inverse of the expenditure function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every price vector $$p$$ and utility level $$u$$:
 * $$v(p, e(p,u)) \equiv u$$

Example
Let's say the utility function is the Cobb-Douglas function $$u(x_1, x_2) = x_1^{0.6}x_2^{0.4},$$ which has the Marshallian demand functions
 * $$ x_1(p_1, p_2) = \frac{ 0.6w}{p_1} \;\;\;\; {\rm and}\;\;\; x_2(p_1, p_2) = \frac{ 0.4w}{p_2},  $$

where $$w $$ is the consumer's income. The indirect utility function $$v(p_1, p_2, w) $$ is found by replacing the quantities in the utility function with the demand functions thus:

 * $$ v(p_1, p_2, w) =   u(x_1^*, x_2^*) = (x_1^*)^{0.6}(x_2^*)^{0.4}  =  \left( \frac{ 0.6w}{p_1}\right)^{0.6}  \left( \frac{ 0.4w}{p_2}\right)^{0.4}  = (0.6^{0.6}*.4^{.4})w^{0.6+0.4}p_1^{-0.6}  p_2^{-0.4}  = K   p_1^{-0.6}  p_2^{-0.4}w, $$

where $$K = (0.6^{0.6} * 0.4^{0.4}). $$ Note that the utility function shows the utility for whatever quantities its arguments hold, even if they are not optimal for the consumer and do not solve his utility maximization problem. The indirect utility function, in contrast, assumes that the consumer has derived his demand functions optimally for given prices and income.

title: Indirect utility function


text:
Hicksian demand function

In microeconomics, a consumer's Hicksian demand function or compensated demand function for a good is their quantity demanded as part of the solution to minimizing their expenditure on all goods while delivering a fixed level of utility. Essentially, a Hicksian demand function shows how an economic agent would react to the change in the price of a good, if the agent's income was compensated to guarantee the agent the same utility previous to the change in the price of the good—the agent will remain on the same indifference curve before and after the change in the price of the good. The function is named after John Hicks.

Mathematically,

 * $$h(p, \bar{u}) = \arg \min_x \sum_i p_i x_i $$
 * $${\rm subject~to} \ \ u(x) \geq \bar{u} $$.

where h(p,u) is the Hicksian demand function, or commodity bundle demanded, at price vector p and utility level $$\bar{u}$$. Here p is a vector of prices, and x is a vector of quantities demanded, so the sum of all pixi is total expenditure on all goods. (Note that if there is more than one vector of quantities that minimizes expenditure for the given utility, we have a Hicksian demand correspondence rather than a function.)

Hicksian demand functions are useful for isolating the effect of relative prices on quantities demanded of goods, in contrast to Marshallian demand functions, which combine that with the effect of the real income of the consumer being reduced by a price increase, as explained below.

Relationship to other functions
Hicksian demand functions are often convenient for mathematical manipulation because they do not require income or wealth to be represented. Additionally, the function to be minimized is linear in the $$x_i$$, which gives a simpler optimization problem. However, Marshallian demand functions of the form $$x(p, w)$$ that describe demand given prices p and income $$w$$ are easier to observe directly. The two are related by

 * $$h(p, u) = x(p, e(p, u)), \ $$

where $$e(p, u)$$ is the expenditure function (the function that gives the minimum wealth required to get to a given utility level), and by

 * $$h(p, v(p, w)) = x(p, w), \ $$

where $$v(p, w)$$ is the indirect utility function (which gives the utility level of having a given wealth under a fixed price regime). Their derivatives are more fundamentally related by the Slutsky equation.

Whereas Marshallian demand comes from the Utility Maximization Problem, Hicksian Demand comes from the Expenditure Minimization Problem. The two problems are mathematical duals, and hence the Duality Theorem provides a method of proving the relationships described above.

The Hicksian demand function is intimately related to the expenditure function. If the consumer's utility function $$u(x)$$ is locally nonsatiated and strictly convex, then by Shephard's lemma it is true that $$h(p, u) = \nabla_p e(p, u).$$

Hicksian demand and compensated price changes
Marshallian demand curves show the effect of price changes on quantity demanded. As the price of a good rises, ordinarily, the quantity of that good demanded will fall, but not in every case. The price rise has both a substitution effect and an income effect. The substitution effect is the change in quantity demanded due to a price change that alters the slope of the budget constraint but leaves the consumer on the same indifference curve (i.e., at the same level of utility). The substitution effect always is to buy less of that good. The income effect is the change in quantity demanded due to the effect of the price change on the consumer's total buying power. Since for the Marshallian demand function the consumer's nominal income is held constant, when a price rises his real income falls and he is poorer. If the good in question is a normal good and its price rises, the income effect from the fall in purchasing power reinforces the substitution effect. If the good is an inferior good, the income effect will offset in some degree to the substitution effect. If the good is a Giffen good, the income effect is so strong that the Marshallian quantity demanded rises when the price rises.

The Hicksian demand function isolates the substitution effect by supposing the consumer is compensated with exactly enough extra income after the price rise to purchase some bundle on the same indifference curve. If the Hicksian demand function is steeper than the Marshallian demand, the good is a normal good; otherwise, the good is inferior. Hicksian demand always slopes down.

Mathematical properties
If the consumer's utility function $$u(x)$$ is continuous and represents a locally nonsatiated preference relation, then the Hicksian demand correspondence $$h(p,u)$$ satisfies the following properties:

i. Homogeneity of degree zero in p: For all $$ a>0 $$, $$h(ap,u)=h(p,u)$$. This is because the same x that minimizes $$\sum_i p_i x_i $$ also minimizes $$\sum_i ap_i x_i $$ subject to the same constraint.

ii. No excess demand: The constraint $$ u(hx) \geq \bar{u} $$ holds with strict equality, $$ u(x) = \bar{u} $$. This follows from continuity of the utility function. Informally, they could simply spend less until utility was exactly $$ \bar{u} $$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hicksian demand function


text:
Environmental hazard

Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary

Types
Environmental hazards can be categorized in many different ways. One of them is — chemical, physical, biological, and psychological.

Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm or damage to humans, animals, or the environment. They can be in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes, and vapors. Exposure can occur through inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Chemical hazards include substances such as pesticides, solvents, acids, bases, reactive metals, and poisonous gases. Exposure to these substances can result in health effects such as skin irritation, respiratory problems, organ damage, neurological effects, and cancer.

Physical hazards are factors within the environment that can harm the body without necessarily touching it. They include a wide range of environmental factors such as noise, vibration, extreme temperatures, radiation, and ergonomic hazards. Physical hazards may lead to injuries like burns, fractures, hearing loss, vision impairment, or other physical harm. They can be present in many work settings such as construction sites, manufacturing plants, and even office spaces.

Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases.

Psychological hazards are aspects of work and work environments that can cause psychological harm or mental ill-health. These include factors such as stress, workplace bullying, fatigue, burnout, and violence, among others. These hazards can lead to psychological issues like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychological hazards can exist in any type of workplace, and their management is a crucial aspect of occupational health and safety.

Environmental hazard identification
Environmental hazard identification is the first step in environmental risk assessment, which is the process of assessing the likelihood, or risk, of adverse effects resulting from a given environmental stressor. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm.

In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e.g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:

 * The source of the hazard in question
 * Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
 * Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
 * Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e.g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
 * Potentially exposed populations.

Evaluating hazard data

Once a conceptual model of exposure is developed for a given hazard, measurements should be taken to determine the presence and quantity of the hazard. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i.e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).

Chemical
Chemical hazards are defined in the Globally Harmonized System and in the European Union chemical regulations. They are caused by chemical substances causing significant damage to the environment. The label is particularly applicable towards substances with aquatic toxicity. An example is zinc oxide, a common paint pigment, which is extremely toxic to aquatic life.

Toxicity or other hazards do not imply an environmental hazard, because elimination by sunlight (photolysis), water (hydrolysis) or organisms (biological elimination) neutralizes many reactive or poisonous substances. Persistence towards these elimination mechanisms combined with toxicity gives the substance the ability to do damage in the long term. Also, the lack of immediate human toxicity does not mean the substance is environmentally nonhazardous. For example, tanker truck-sized spills of substances such as milk can cause a lot of damage in the local aquatic ecosystems: the added biological oxygen demand causes rapid eutrophication, leading to anoxic conditions in the water body.

All hazards in this category are mainly anthropogenic although there exist a number of natural carcinogens and chemical elements like radon and lead may turn up in health-critical concentrations in the natural environment:

temp break

 * agents in animals destined for human consumption
 * - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water wells)
 * - carcinogenic
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s in animals destined for human consumption
 * in paint
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * and other natural sources of radioactivity
 * in paint
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * and other natural sources of radioactivity
 * s
 * and other natural sources of radioactivity

Physical
A physical hazard is a type of occupational hazard that involves environmental hazards that can cause harm with or without contact. Below is a list of examples:

 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s
 * s

Biological
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affect human health. Examples include:

 * , a common allergen
 * (BSE)
 * s
 * s
 * (river blindness)
 * s
 * s
 * (SARS)
 * s
 * (river blindness)
 * s
 * s
 * (SARS)
 * s
 * (SARS)
 * (SARS)

Psychological
Psychological hazards include but are not limited to stress, violence and other workplace stressors. Work is generally beneficial to mental health and personal wellbeing. It provides people with structure and purpose and a sense of identity.

title: Environmental hazard


text: File:Original-glowworm-photo.jpg

title: File:Original-glowworm-photo.jpg


text:
Edwin Perkins (inventor)

Edwin Elijah Perkins (January 8, 1889 – July 3, 1961), born in Lewis, Iowa, United States, invented the powdered drink mix Kool-Aid in 1927 in Hastings, Nebraska, after his family had moved to Hendley, Nebraska from Iowa in 1893.

As a young man he worked with products like Jell-O, which was sold in his father's general store in Hendley. When Perkins came to Hastings at age 31 in 1920, his principal interests were patent medicines and household products. He began producing a line of over 125 "Onor-Maid" items which were sold door-to-door and by mail. One of the most popular was "Fruit-Smack", a fruit-flavored liquid concentrate. By 1927 he had developed a powdered soft drink mix called Kool-Ade, which he packaged in envelopes and sold in grocery stores, promising 10 glasses of beverage for 10 cents. Demand for this product was so great that it soon had international sales. Soon the Perkins Products Company focused entirely on Kool-Aid. In 1931 Perkins relocated to Chicago. By 1934 the name was changed to Kool-Aid. The company was sold to General Foods in 1953. Kool-Aid later became a household name and made Edwin Perkins a wealthy man. The Perkins family remembered its Nebraska roots, donating generously to philanthropies in Adams County and elsewhere in the state. Among local gifts were Perkins Recital Hall and Perkins Library at Hastings College and Perkins Pavilion at Good Samaritan Village.

A recreation of his father's general store, family artifacts and Kool-Aid memorabilia are housed at the Hastings Museum in Hastings, Nebraska.

title: Edwin Perkins (inventor)


text:
Talk:Carlos Santana

Nomination of Portal:Santana for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Santana is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Santana until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page.

Dual nationality
Hi, you seem to have misunderstood what I was trying to say regarding Santana's nationality. When someone is of Cuban descent, it is written "Cuban American", without a hyphen. When they have dual nationality, a hyphen is inserted, like so: "Cuban-American". Someone of dual nationality isn't Cuban and American, that is unnecessary and clunky. Revirvlkodlaku (talk) 18:10, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No that is the difference between the use as an adjective and a noun phrase. Example "person is a Cuban American", noun phrase, or "Cuban-American person", adjective form. In both cases this is an ethnicity description meaning an American with Cuban ancestry which, of course, includes dual nationals but not exclusively. Using a conjunction removed the ambiguity and makes the dual nationality clear and unambiguous. Also is it correct grammar to use a conjunction between adjectives of similar weight in a description. A test is if you can invert the order of the words and have the same meaning. See the article Mexican American for the meaning. It does not mean the same thing as American Mexican. American and Mexican does mean the exact same thing as Mexican and American though. Geraldo Perez (talk) 18:56, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

It seems that the majority of opinions support the idea that Santana should be considered a Mexican and American guitarist. Looking at the edit history, most (if not all) changes to revert the use of both nationalities come from a single user,. The page shouldn't reflect the opinion or interpretation of Wikipedia's guidelines of a single user. There are multiple arguments that support the idea that Santana should be considered a dual citizen. Here are some: As explained in the article, Santana started his career in Mexico. He learned how to play music and guitar in Mexico. He performed in several bands while living in Tijuana, including the band of Javier Bátiz, a notable guitar player. These facts are relevant to the subject's notability. The subject (Carlos Santana) conceives himself as Mexican. There are several sources that demonstrate that, including an interview, or his own biography [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Universal_Tone/XNcNAwAAQBAJ? The Universal Tone]. The manual of style is clear that editors should consider whether the subject has a preferred nationality by which they identify.  Santana's Wikipedia pages in other languages commonly mention the dual nationality in the opening paragraph. I don't see why the English version should be different. It is very common to identify people by dual nationality when they spend significant time in the country where they were born, including part of their training in their career (as Santana did). Examples of this include scientists (Erich Leo Lehmann), musicians (Lars Ulrich, Serj Tankian,Gloria Estefan), etcetera. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdar2789 (talk • contribs) 06:17, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Next section following this goes into lots of details of why the intro and lead is the way it is. If he had had a notable career in Mexico it would be listed in the intro sentence. He didn't, his notable career started in San Francisco. His musical background in Mexico is mentioned appropriately in the second sentence of the lead. See previous discussion in the talk page archive and on this page. We have a Manual of Style. The appropriate section is MOS:CONTEXTBIO. The fact that some other articles don't follow it does not set a precedence for this one to ignore it. Other language wikis have their own rules that don't apply to enwiki. Being a dual national is not being disputed, what is at issue is how he is described in the intro and lead. Geraldo Perez (talk) 06:36, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You seem to be ignoring important facts and subjectively interpreting the Manual of Style. The Manual does not require a notable career in Mexico, it requires to be relevant for the subject's notability. The training of a musician is definitely relevant. You did not mentioned anything regarding the fact that the Manual of Style explicitly mentions that the preferred nationality by which they identify is important. The opening paragraph also mentions his career in the US, so I don't see why this is a reason for omitting his Mexican nationality. The fact that other articles point out second nationalities, especially for artists and musicians, suggests that this background is relevant for the individual's notoriety. Finally, I want to reiterate that there seems to be a consensus here on what should be considered relevant for subject's notability, yet, you are the only user reverting changes to nationality. Jdar2789 (talk) 06:59, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Manual of style requires notable activities in country of birth for birth country to be considered for inclusion in intro sentence. When just related to notability a mention in the second sentence of the lead is appropriate and as such it is mentioned there in this article. See example in MOS for Asimov for similar situation. Identification note you linked to is related to how Brits want to be identified for their nationality, not a general statement about self-identification. The fact that other articles don't follow the Manual of style isn't guidance. Consensus in discussions has led to the article the way it was before your edits. My involvement is maintaining the article to conform to the MOS and interacting with people who argue for changes that conflict with it. Article historically rotates between all possible variations of nationality context in intro. Check the discussions in the archives and on this page for background. Geraldo Perez (talk) 07:36, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You seem to be mistaken in the interpretation of notability for nationality. The manual of style doesn't require notable activities in a given country. Instead, it requires the country to be relevant for subject's notability: Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability. Similarly, neither previous nationalities nor the country of birth should be mentioned in the opening paragraph unless relevant to the subject's notability. Do you agree with this? Jdar2789 (talk) 07:46, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * MOS:FIRSTBIO talks to what goes in the intro sentence. Context (location, nationality, etc.) for the activities that made the person notable That is the reason for "American" and not "Mexican" in the intro sentence. If country of birth is of defining importance per the example at Asimov These details can be introduced in the second sentence if they are of defining importance. which is why Mexico is mentioned in the second sentence. Both countries are mentioned appropriately in the lead. The only point of contention in this discussion and in general is what goes in the intro sentence. Geraldo Perez (talk) 08:16, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Nationality in lead should just be American
Following on to the previous discussion. Santana should be described as solely an American guitarist. Per MOS:OPENPARABIO and MOS:ETHNICITY - "... previous nationalities or the place of birth should not be mentioned in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability". Per the article, Santana moved to the US before he did anything notable. The article notes his origin as a notable guitarist was San Fransisco. All his notable activities were thus in the US, he had no notable activities in Mexico. Therefore Mexico, his place of birth, should not be mentioned in the lead as it is not relevant to his notability. Geraldo Perez (talk) 19:17, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * In the style of other similar articles where the BLP is born and spent a significant amount of time in their home country but rose to notability in their country of immigration, I have changed this to "Mexican-born American guitarist" instead of strictly Mexican-American. To my mind Mexican-American would also suffice, but people get rather uppity and pedantic about these sorts of things. CaffeinAddict (talk) 06:38, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * MOS:ETHNICITY is clear about this, per my original contents. His birth location is not relevant to his notability so doesn't belong in lead. The fact other articls are ignoring the MOS does not mean this article should ignore it too. Geraldo Perez (talk) 15:35, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * This argument sounds more like a personal need to depict (and make?) Santana solely "American". The ethics of this are highly questionable. Not to mention that it is a lie. Wikipedia's goal is to provide with legitimate information and not the one that some editors would see fit.
 * I consider, as others do here, that purposedly refusing to change his nationality is not only misinforming but also spread the message that it is ok to apropiate and change facts. Ridostas (talk) 20:48, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * We have a manual of style - we are expected to follow it. I gave links to the relevant sections that cover this issue. Nothing his hidden in the article. Personal attacks are uncalled for. Geraldo Perez (talk) 20:58, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Note his birth location and Mexican citizenship is covered fairly extensively in the Early life section of the article and is noted in the infobox which is adjacent to the lead paragraph. It is not relevant to why he is notable so doesn't belong in the lead per my comments above but it is not ignored in the article. Geraldo Perez (talk) 16:08, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

This is incorrect, as a Mexican American it is extremely important to list his nationality as it is, Mexican-American, because of his contribution to Mexican music and rock-and-roll as a whole. He may have not gained notability until he started playing in San Francisco, but it was his father who taught him how to play guitar before they even moved to Tijuana. His guitar play-style is inherently Mexican as the latin style is very present in his play after he moved to America. Please keep in mind this is the description that shows when one googles Santana. The first description one sees about Santana should not be that he is an American guitarist because he…isn’t. It’s sort of offensive to be straight with you. This man revolutionized Mexican rock and rock as a whole. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8805:BC82:4600:DCD1:80C1:CC4F:3758 (talk) 21:37, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Where he gained notability where all his notable activities where is what is important and that is in the intro. His Mexican heritage is well covered in the article. Geraldo Perez (talk) 22:06, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * This seems a bit silly for musicians, the world's biggest music industry is in California and virtually any big band moves to California and often lives there. Usually they don't achieve notoriety outside of their home region until they make it in America, but not everyone is an American musician. Poketama (talk) 10:05, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Sources exist that classify him as Mexican-American. The USA Today children's textbook The Hispanic American Experience, page 22, uses that formulation. Same with the Marshall Cavendish Publishing book Mexican Americans'', on page 61. I don't see why anyone would try and cut out his very important musical roots by negating his ancestry. Binksternet (talk) 22:00, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree,,,we should just regurgitate what normal sources say  Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 22:09, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Mexican Americans are about 11% of the US population. Most modern sources will be sure to identify them as such if they talk about them. Obviously very important to all of them, including Santana. We still don't put an MOS:ETHNICITY tag in the intro sentence, just nationality of where notable activities occurred. A mention in the lead of his Mexican upbringing and musical background possibly included in the second sentence may be appropriate. Article said Mexican and American guitarist for a while but that seemed inappropriate as no notable activities in Mexico. I added some text in the lead about his musical background in Mexico which should make his link to Mexico clear. Geraldo Perez (talk) 22:22, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources clearly indicate hes also a Mexican national....again fallow what people will see in the vast majority of sources Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 22:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * They generally say he was born in Mexico, so does this article. Born in Mexico makes one a Mexican national (so does having a Mexican parent BTW). Not really relevant to where he resides and did all his notable work. If relevant to notability birth location generally mentioned in lead, but not in the intro sentence. See examples at MOS:CONTEXTBIO, Isaac Asimov is an example that matches Santana. Geraldo Perez (talk) 22:47, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Not sure how cultural influence is not relevant here. Perhaps an RFC if your not willing to regurgitate what sources say. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 23:00, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I did make a change to the article based on the recent comments to address his Mexican cultural influences in the lead. Only issue left, it seems, is people's desire to put an ethnicity tag in the intro sentence, something we are told not to do in MOS:ETHNICITY. We have a manual of style that may differ from other sources, we generally follow Wiki's MOS when they differ. See also MOS:BIO. This looks to be one of the cases where that is happening. Geraldo Perez (talk) 23:14, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Not sure your understanding that people are talking about citizenship and cultural influence. His ethnicity is clear.  People are not a fan of citizenship denial...as seen by this coming up so many times. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 23:24, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * From the MOS "Similarly, neither previous nationalities nor the country of birth should be mentioned in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability." His being a Mexican citizen isn't being denied, he was born there, it is being considered as not relevant to his notable activities. What I see is people don't want to follow the Manual of Style. talk page of MOS:BIO is the proper place to suggest changes. Geraldo Perez (talk) 23:35, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should fallow how we normally deal with this Adolf Hitler, Albert Einstein, Ryan Reynolds. Arnold Schwarzenegger. Infobox data may also help this coming up all the time and make it look not to be American appropriation. We are talking about one word that is clarifying and is most likely why the sources do it. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 23:46, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The ones where both countries were listed had notable activities in both countries. The ones where a nationality is unclear usually don't try to cover complexity in the intro sentence. These issues are covered in the examples at MOS:CONTEXTBIO. This situation also happens with articles about people born in the US who only have a notable career in some other countries (Mexicans born in the US with a career in Mexico is common) and people get upset when American doesn't show up in the intro. We try to be consistent, it isn't American appropriation. It is just emphasis on where notable activities took place. Geraldo Perez (talk) 23:56, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Your not hearing anyone here. Should do what is best for our readers. Your interpretation of MOS:NATIONALITY in this case is a net negative for our readers. 3 reasonable suggestions to no avail. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 00:07, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Suggestions were to change it to Mexican, Mexican-American, or Mexican and American. All conflict with MOS:NATIONALITY. No notable activities in Mexico, Mexican-American is an ethnicity. Also, again, I did make a change in the lead since this discussion started to cover importance of Mexican heritage. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:15, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess problem we have is most interpret MOS:NATIONALITY differently...as to why this problem does not come up all over. Agree Hyphenated American is odd to non Americas thus "Mexican-born American guitaris" is perfect. Article needs lots of help and for many this was probably a strong point then they got reverted and gave up. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 00:30, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Second sentence starts "Born and raised in Mexico ..." so that is covered. Just shouldn't be in the opening sentence as part of context description. Second sentence is fine when it is relevant to notability. This was my attempt at a compromise when I added that. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:48, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Carlos Santana
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Carlos Santana's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Grammys": From Reba McEntire:  From Bruno Mars:  From Folklore (Taylor Swift album):  From The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill:

From Fearless (Taylor Swift album):

From List of awards and nominations received by Santana:

From Alison Krauss:

From Lauryn Hill:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 23:55, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

including 'devadip' in the lede.
title essentially explains it. the vast majourity of individuals with nicknames in, well, any field or profession, have their nickname included in the lede. i'm confused why it hasn't been included for santana, and i would rather bring the matter here than trample on some sorta consensus and shit Ayyydoc (talk) 23:36, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Doesn't seem to be commonly used. It is mentioned in the article but doesn't seem lead worthy. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:16, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

Carlos santana
Brother jorge santana of grupo malo famos song such as suavesito passed away 2016 2600:6C51:667F:F276:E0F7:788B:74F6:67E3 (talk) 08:32, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carlos Santana


text:
George Richardson (ice hockey)

George Taylor Richardson (September 14, 1886 – February 9, 1916) was a Canadian ice hockey player, businessman and soldier. Richardson played hockey for Queen's University and the 14th Regiment of Kingston, and was considered one of the finest amateurs of his time. He is enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame, and is the namesake of the George Richardson Memorial Trophy. Richardson was part of a prominent business family that owned and operated a grain processing business in Kingston, Ontario. He joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War, and died in action in Belgium.

Personal life
Richardson was born and raised in Kingston, and graduated from Queen's with a bachelor of science degree in 1906. He was part of the prominent local Richardson family. His grandfather, James Richardson was the founder of James Richardson & Sons. His uncle, Henry Westman Richardson, was a businessman and a Canadian senator. His sister, Agnes was the benefactor of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre. His brother, James Armstrong Richardson Sr. was a businessman, aviator, and chancellor of Queen's University from 1929 to 1939. His niece, Agnes Benidickson was the first female chancellor of Queen's University. His nephews, James Armstrong Richardson was Manitoba businessman, and Canadian federal cabinet minister; and George Taylor Richardson was a Manitoba businessman, and Order of Manitoba recipient. After graduating from university Richardson joined his family's grain-exporting firm.

Playing career
Richardson played for the Queen's University Golden Gaels from 1903 to 1906, when the team won the Intercollegiate Hockey Union in 1903, and the Canadian Intercollegiate championship in 1904, and 1906. He was known as a gentlemanly player, and an adept goal scorer. He scored five times against Princeton and Yale when Queen's won the 1903 North American collegiate title. The 1906 Queen's team challenged the Ottawa Hockey Club for the Stanley Cup. Richardson played left wing for the 14th Regiment of Kingston team from 1907 to 1909. The 1908 team won the Ontario Hockey Association title, and the J. Ross Robertson Cup, as Richardson scored seven goals in one game against Stratford. Richardson won the 1909 Allan Cup a year later. He then joined the Kingston Frontenacs as team president, when the juniors won the OHA title in 1911 and 1912. Richardson never pursued a professional hockey career, since he was wealthy enough from working in the family business.

Military service
After graduating from Queen's Richardson had joined a local militia unit, and rose to become a Lieutenant with The Princess of Wales' Own Regiment. When the First World War was declared, he joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force on September 22, 1914, at CFB Valcartier. He was at the Western Front by February 1915.

Richardson was promoted to captain as a result of being the sole survivor in the 2nd Battalion during the a battle near Saint-Julien in Langemark. Captain Richardson bought boots and gas masks for men under his command. He was killed in action February 9, 1916, resulting from being shot three times in the hips and abdomen, in a battle near Wulverghem. He is buried in the Bailleul Communal Cemetery Extension in Bailleul, Nord in grave 2027, also listed as plot 2, row B, grave 74.

Posthumous honours

Richardson became a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour of the French Third Republic on March 19, 1916. Captain Richardson is listed on page 154, of the Canadian Book of Remembrance for the First World War. He bequeathed $15,000 to Queen's University for art and athletics, $5,000 for bathing facilities in Kingston, $30,000 to city charities, and $30,000 form a trust fund for the education of the children of the married men in his company, that were disabled or killed in battle. The George Taylor Richardson Memorial Fund was established to provide grants for the stimulation of the arts at Queen's University. Richardson Memorial Stadium at Queen's is named in his honour. From 1932 to 1971, The Eastern Canada junior hockey champion won the George Richardson Memorial Trophy, and advanced to the Memorial Cup. Richardson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950, and into the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.

title: George Richardson (ice hockey)


text:
Implication-Realization

The Implication-Realization (I-R) model of melodic expectation was developed by Eugene Narmour as an alternative to Schenkerian analysis centered less on music analysis and more on cognitive aspects of expectation. The model is one of the most significant modern theories of melodic expectation, going into great detail about how certain melodic structures arouse particular expectations.

History
Meyer (1956) applied Gestalt psychology principles to musical expectation, resulting in his ideas about completion, closure, and his Law of Good Continuation. In 1977, Narmour's book explicated problems he had with Schenkerian analysis and sketched ideas for a new model of analysis based on musical expectation as informed by the work of Meyer. Narmour mentioned a forthcoming book, The Melodic Structure of Tonal Music, but it did not appear. Much time passed without the alternative theory, but finally in 1989 Narmour published his I-R model, detailed in the 1990 and 1992 books.

As of 2007, Narmour is working on a new book, which will extend the I-R theory to the parameters of harmony and rhythm and explore potential applications to the analysis of performance.

Theory
Narmour's I-R model was published in two separate books, dealing with "basic melodic structures" and "melodic complexity". Each book is quite complex; only a few key points are mentioned here. The Music Perception review by Ian Cross and the article by Schellenberg provide introductions to the theory.

General claims
The Analysis and Cognition of Basic Melodic Structures: The Implication-Realization Model begins with two general claims. The first is given by "two universal formal hypotheses" describing what listeners expect. The process of melody perception is based on "the realization or denial" of these hypotheses (1990, 3):

 * 1) A + A → A
 * 2) A + B → C

Here, A, B, and C are melodic items of either form, interval patterns, or pitches. A + A → A indicates that hearing two similar items yields an expectation of repetition of the item. A + B → C, on the other hand, indicates that hearing two different items yields an expected change in the implied item.

The second claim is that the "forms" above function to provide either closure or nonclosure. Narmour goes on to describe the five melodic archetypes of his theory:

 * 1) process [P] or iteration (duplication) [D] (A + A without closure)
 * 2) reversal [R] (A + B with closure)
 * 3) registral return [aba] (exact or nearly exact return to same pitch)
 * 4) dyad (two implicative items, as in 1 and 2, without a realization)
 * 5) monad (one element which does not yield an implication)

Central to the discussion is the notion of registral direction (direction of motion) and size of intervals between pairs of pitches. [P] (process) refers to motion in the same registral direction combined with similar intervallic motion (two small intervals or two large intervals). [D] refers to identical intervallic motion with lateral registral direction. [R] refers to changing intervallic motion (large to smaller) with different registral directions.

P, D, and R only account for cases where registral direction and intervalic motion are working in unison to satisfy the implications. When one of these two factors is denied, there are more possibilities, the five archetypal derivatives:

 * 1) intervallic process [IP]: small interval to similar small interval, different registral directions
 * 2) registral process [VP]: small to large interval, same registral direction
 * 3) intervallic reversal [IR]: large interval to small interval, same registral direction
 * 4) registral reversal [VR]: large interval to larger interval, different registral direction
 * 5) intervallic duplication [ID]: small interval to identical small interval, different registral directions

Each of these 8 fundamental symbols can refer to a "prospective or retrospective dimension". The symbols are enclosed in parentheses like so: (VR) to indicate a "retrospective realization". Narmour (1990, 6) considers these symbols to be representative of cognitive structures: "As symbological tokens, all sixteen prospective and retrospective letters purport to represent the listener's encoding of many of the basic structures of melody."

From these foundations, the theory gets more detailed, and problems of style, pitch, harmony, rhythm, etc. are all discussed.

Five principles
Schellenberg's work has involved testing and simplifying specific implementations of the I-R model. His 1997 article gives an overview of the I-R theory that describes it in terms of five governing principles:

 * 1) Registral direction
 * 2) Intervallic difference
 * 3) Registral return
 * 4) Proximity
 * 5) Closure

1. Registral direction

 * Small intervals imply continuation of pitch direction
 * Large intervals imply a change of direction

2. Intervallic difference

 * Small intervals imply similar-sized realized intervals
 * When the registral direction changes, a "small" realized interval is defined as the original interval size +/- 2 semitones
 * In the absence of direction change, a "small" interval is the original interval +/- 3 semitones
 * Large implicative intervals imply smaller realized intervals

3. Registral return
This is the melodic archetype aba or aba\' where the second tone of a realized interval is very similar to the original pitch (within 2 semitones). This archetype describes symmetric or near-symmetric patterns such as C-G-C#. Patterns are less archetypical as they deviate more from this symmetry.

4. Proximity

 * Small realized intervals are more implied than large intervals. Also, implications are stronger for smaller-sized intervals.

5. Closure
Closure describes how listeners segment melodies based on pitch direction and interval size. Closure occurs in two cases:
 * Melody changes direction. That is, implicative and realized intervals are in different directions.
 * A larger implicative interval is followed by a smaller realized interval.

title: Implication-Realization


text:
Talk:Comparison of baseball and softball

Untitled
I am watching (fast pitch) softball on tv and I don't see the "safety base" mentioned here... I don't want to change it though because I know nothing about softball. It is the Women's College World Series incase anyone is wondering... does someone want to elaborate on that difference? Maybe in serious competition there is no safety base? zellin 00:38, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) Also, the outfield is not all a constant distance from home... 190' in the corners and 220' to center... zellin 00:40, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I think I'm changing that to recommended distances. —C.Fred (talk) 20:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

The safety base is used at all levels of softball play, the homerun fence does not have to be the same distance the whole way but can be a maximum of 250ft and minium 220ft from memory at senior level. Also their has been a recent change to the DP rule in softball im not 100% sure wat the exact change is i'l correct it when i have a better understanding.

Also in the article it mentions under the hit by pitch for softball "Awarded first base unless swing or attempt made to intentionally be hit." at the under 19 mens world series in 2001 i believe it was a japanese batter steped into the pitch to score the winning run against canada to go into the gold medal game, using that as a point i dont see how that comparison is correct. --Dan027 13:08, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Comparison of baseball and softball. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070218104659/http://www.internationalsoftball.com/english/rules_standards/Rulebook_2002.pdf to http://www.internationalsoftball.com/english/rules_standards/Rulebook_2002.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:56, 29 November 2016 (UTC)


text:
Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest

Ukraine has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 19 times since making its debut in 2003. Ukraine has won the contest three times: in with "Wild Dances" by Ruslana, in  with "1944" by Jamala, and in  with "Stefania" by Kalush Orchestra, thus becoming the first country in the 21st century and the first Eastern European country to win the contest three times. The and  contests were held in Kyiv, while the  contest was held in Liverpool, United Kingdom, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Ukraine is one of only two countries outside of the "Big Five" to have qualified for the final of every contest they have competed, and has been placed outside the top-ten only six times. Ukraine has a total of nine top-five placements, with Verka Serduchka and Ani Lorak  both finishing second, Zlata Ognevich  as well as Alyona Alyona and Jerry Heil  third, Mika Newton fourth  and Go_A fifth, in addition to its wins. The only countries with more top-five results in the 21st century are (13) and  (10).

History
Ukraine made its debut in 2003, when Oleksandr Ponomariov finished in 14th place with the song "Hasta la vista".

Ukraine won the contest at the second attempt in, when Ruslana won with the song "Wild Dances", defeating second-placed Serbia and Montenegro by 17 points, 280 to 263. In, Ukraine became the first Eastern European country to win the contest twice, when Jamala won with her song "1944". The televote was won by Russia and the jury vote by Australia; Ukraine was second in both, but won with an overall total of 534 points, with Australia second with 511 points and Russia third with 491 points. In, Ukraine was pre-qualified for the final as hosts, however it achieved its worst result to date – 24th place with 36 points.

Ukraine was absent twice from the contest, in 2015 and 2019, for reasons related to the ongoing war with Russia:
 * Ukrainian broadcaster NTU sat out the 2015 contest because of financial difficulties in relation to the war in Donbas. However, Ukraine broadcast the contest despite not taking part. NTU pledged to bring Ukraine back to the contest for 2016, which was finalized and announced on 16 September 2015.
 * Vidbir, the Ukrainian national selection for the 2019 contest, was won by Maruv with "Siren Song". However, the Ukrainian broadcaster UA:PBC required any potential representative in the contest to sign a contract which would forbid them from performing in Russia. The winner Maruv, as well as runners-up Freedom Jazz, Kazka and Brunettes Shoot Blondes, all refused to sign the contract, leading to Ukraine's withdrawal from the contest on 27 February.

In, Go_A won the national selection Vidbir and was set to represent Ukraine with the song "Solovey", before the contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They were instead internally selected to represent the country with the song "Shum", with which they finished in fifth place. After the contest, "Shum" entered the Billboard Global 200 at position 158, becoming the first ever Ukrainian-language song to chart there. Ukraine won the contest for a third time in, with the song "Stefania" performed by Kalush Orchestra. "Stefania" later went on to surpass the peak of "Shum" on the Billboard Global 200, charting at position 85.

Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Ukraine is the only country to have qualified for the final of every edition it has competed in (they were absent from the 2015 and 2019 contests). Ukraine has a total of 11 top-ten placements (among those are eight top-five placements). Ukraine's participation and success in the contest has been acknowledged as a factor in the country's growing soft power and international image. This view is shared by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who has supported the country's continued participation following the Russian invasion as a way to promote the Ukrainian national cause internationally.

Participation overview
The following lists Ukraine's entries in the Eurovision Song Contest along with their result.

Jury members
A five-member jury panel consisting of music industry professionals is made up for every participating country for the semi-finals and final of the Eurovision Song Contest, ranking all entries except for their own country's contribution. The juries' votes constitute 50% of the overall result alongside televoting.

title: Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest


text:
The Theory of Flight

The Theory of Flight is a 1998 British comedy-drama film directed by Paul Greengrass from a screenplay written by Richard Hawkins. It stars Helena Bonham Carter and Kenneth Branagh.

It premiered at the 23rd Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 1998. Bonham Carter plays a woman with motor neurone disease, and the film deals with the sexuality of people with disabilities.

Plot
Richard, an unsuccessful artist who builds primitive flying machines, attempts to fly from the roof of a London office building wearing homemade wings but fails, instead crash-landing and only being saved by a rescue squad. As a result of his actions Richard is sentenced to community service, in the form of caring for Jane, an ill-tempered woman who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has run off her previous carers.

Over time, Richard and Jane become friends, and eventually Jane asks Richard to help her find someone to lose her virginity to, explaining that she does not want to die a virgin. Reluctantly Richard helps her search for an appropriate partner, while spending his free time building yet another experimental flying machine. Eventually the two settle on a high-priced male gigolo for Jane, who agrees to sleep with her for two thousand pounds. As neither of them has that amount of money, they conclude that Richard must rob a bank to secure the needed cash.

Richard books a hotel suite for Jane and pays the gigolo five hundred pounds, promising the rest later. As Richard leaves for the bank job, the gigolo lays a very nervous Jane on the bed, but she begins panicking and decides she no longer wants to go through with it. Meanwhile, Richard likewise changes his mind, drawing his gun in the bank but then fleeing immediately, calling Jane's name. He returns to the room and drives off the unhappy gigolo.

Richard and Jane are seen successfully taking a flight in Richard's flying machine, although it breaks apart on landing. The pair are then seen in bed, implying that they have slept together. Jane dies soon after, and the film ends with Richard placing a commemorative sign honoring Jane's memory on the wreckage of his flying machine.

Cast

 * Helena Bonham Carter as Jane Hatchard
 * Kenneth Branagh as Richard
 * Gemma Jones as Anne
 * Holly Aird as Julie
 * Ray Stevenson as Gigolo

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 50% based on reviews from 22 critics. On Metacritic it has a score of 48% based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

It was the last film reviewed on-air by film critic Gene Siskel on Siskel and Ebert at the Movies before his death on 20 February 1999. Siskel gave the film a thumbs up, while his critic partner Roger Ebert gave the film a thumbs down. In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert gave the film 2.5 out of 4 and wrote "The Theory of Flight is actually fairly enjoyable. [But] when you see Dance Me to My Song, you're struck by the difference. Two movies. Same story. Same objective. Similar characters. Similar situation. One is an entertainment. The other is a thunderbolt."

title: The Theory of Flight


text:
Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales

The Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales is a small crown that is part of the Honours of Wales. The gold coronet, with diamonds set in platinum, was made for and used by King Charles III at his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1969. Designed by the artist Louis Osman, the coronet was a gift from the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths to the Prince's mother, Queen Elizabeth II. It has been described as modern but its form is traditional. The coronet is on permanent display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.

Background
When the former King Edward VIII went into exile as the Duke of Windsor in 1936 following his abdication, he took with him the Coronet of George, Prince of Wales – a highly controversial act. This coronet had been specially created for King George V, when Prince of Wales, and he wore it at his father's coronation in 1902. George's son, Edward, when Prince of Wales, wore it at the coronation of his father in 1911. In 1969, it was judged impractical to charge the ex-king with effectively stealing the coronet, which would be returned to the United Kingdom after his death in 1972.

Since the 1902 coronet was unavailable, and the Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was judged unusable due to its age, a new coronet had to be made for the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales. He had been created Prince of Wales in 1958 but the formal investiture ceremony was held a few months before his 21st birthday. Today, the coronets of Frederick and George are part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom on display at the Tower of London.

Design
The coronet follows the form laid down by King Charles II in 1677 by having just one arch rather than the traditional two arches or four half-arches of British monarchs' crowns to show that the Prince of Wales is inferior to the monarch but outranks the other royal princes and dukes. Though based on this traditional design, the coronet has a futurist look that was popular in the 1960s, and it was created by the eccentric designer Louis Osman.

In the centre of the arch is a monde (which is actually a gold-plated ping-pong ball) engraved with the Prince of Wales's insignia by Malcolm Appleby, surmounted by a plain cross. Orbiting the monde are thirteen square diamonds set in platinum arranged as the constellation of Scorpio – the Prince of Wales's star sign. Within the 24-carat textured gold base is a purple velvet cap lined with ermine. Around the base are four crosses and four abstract fleurs-de-lis in 22-carat gold (mined in the Mawddach Valley in Merionethshire, it was the last Welsh gold held in stock by Johnson Matthey) sparsely decorated with diamonds and emeralds. The diamonds on the base represent the seven deadly sins and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. In total, the coronet has 75 diamonds and 12 emeralds – white and green being the national colours of Wales – and weighs 1.36 kg. It measures 26.5 cm tall and 28.8 cm in diameter at the widest point.

When Osman unveiled the coronet in London, he described it as "something that is modern".

Manufacture
The frame was made by electroplating gold onto the inside of an epoxy resin cast. B. J. S. Electroplating Co., a precious-metal electroformer's, was commissioned by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths to make a fibreglass-reinforced polyester mould of a wax model of the coronet that Louis Osman had made using a wooden template. From this mould a negative epoxy resin cast was produced. B. J. S. involved Engelhard Industries to assist in the electroforming of the cast. David Mason was Head of Research at Engelhard and was assigned the task of doing the electroforming at the company's headquarters in the Forest of Dean. Until then, electroforming an object of that size had never been attempted anywhere in the world, and it was the first crown to be made in this way.

Usage
The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths presented the coronet to Queen Elizabeth II for the investiture, which was held at Caernarfon Castle on 1 July 1969.

Coronets of Princes of Wales have been rarely used. The Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales was never actually worn by Frederick; and the Coronet of George, Prince of Wales was only worn rarely by George, later George V, and by Edward, later Edward VIII. Charles, later Charles III, did not wear his coronet except at his his investiture; the coronet was carried before him when he took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970.

The coronet was loaned to the National Museum and Gallery of Wales in Cardiff by Queen Elizabeth II in 1974. It was placed into storage at St James's Palace, London in 2011. The coronet and rod were both put on permanent display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London in 2020.

title: Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales


text:
Gordon Roberts (ice hockey)

Gordon William "Doc" Roberts (September 5, 1891 – September 2, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played for the Ottawa Hockey Club and Montreal Wanderers of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and the Vancouver Millionaires and Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). He was a member of the Ottawa team that defended the Stanley Cup in a 1910 challenge; Roberts scored seven goals in two games in his team's victory over the Edmonton Hockey Club. He moved to Montreal in 1910 where he was consistently among the NHA's leading scorers with the Wanderers while also studying medicine at McGill University.

While in Montreal, Roberts attended McGill University, where he studied to become a physician. Following his graduation, he settled in British Columbia to begin his medical career. Continuing his hockey career, Roberts joined the Vancouver Millionaires where he was named a PCHA all-star at left wing and led the league in scoring with 43 goals in 1916–17. He retired from hockey in 1918 following a season in Seattle before Vancouver lured him back to the game one year later. Roberts left the sport again in 1920 and his medical career ultimately took him to Oakland, California where he practiced for over 40 years. He was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1971.

Playing career
Roberts participated in several sports in his youth. In addition to hockey, he played lacrosse and football. Roberts focused on hockey, however, and played for several teams in his hometown of Ottawa. He was the leading scorer of the Ottawa City Hockey League in 1908–09 as a member of the Emmitts Hockey Club with 19 goals in six games. When he turned professional in 1909 by joining the Ottawa Hockey Club, Roberts was one of the youngest players in his league at the age of 18 years. He scored three goals with the team in a single game in the short-lived Canadian Hockey Association before Ottawa jumped to the National Hockey Association (NHA) for the remainder of the season. In nine NHA games, Roberts recorded 13 goals. Ottawa was the defending Stanley Cup champions and, during the season, were challenged for the trophy by the Alberta champion Edmonton Hockey Club in January 1910. The Ottawa Citizen described Roberts as being the star of the first game. The paper praised his defensive checking in addition to his four goals scored in an 8–4 victory. He added three goals in the second game as Ottawa retained control of the Stanley Cup by a 21–11 aggregate score.

Having enrolled at McGill University to study medicine, Roberts moved to Montreal. He continued to play hockey and lacrosse but could not play football as McGill was unable to have him certified as an amateur. Also ineligible to play collegiate hockey, he joined the Montreal Wanderers for the 1910–11 NHA season. Roberts played only four NHA games that year, but thereafter was consistently one of the league's leading scorers. Following a pair of 16-goal seasons, Roberts finished second in league scoring with 31 goals in 1913–14 and with 29 in 1914–15. He was also named a league all-star in 1914.

Roberts found it difficult to both study and play hockey, but praised the support of his classmates and the faculty in helping him earn his degree. He had to complete an extra year of schooling after failing his second year, but graduated from McGill in 1916. Following an 18-goal season in 1915–16, he left Montreal to take up practice in British Columbia. Roberts continued his hockey career and joined the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). He led the PCHA in scoring with 43 goals – in 23 games – and was named a league all-star on left wing. His medical career took him to Seattle and as a result, he joined the Seattle Metropolitans for the 1917–18 PCHA season. He retired in 1918 to focus on his medical career in the Howe Sound region of British Columbia, but was lured back to the PCHA by the Millionaires for the 1919–20 season. He scored 16 goals in 22 games for Vancouver before permanently retiring from hockey.

Playing style
Roberts was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the greatest left wings in the sport's history. His wrist shot, one of the most fearsome of the pre-1927 era, became the stuff of legend across the country, in both the PCHA and NHA. Amongst the sporting press, he was often said to have had "the hardest and most deceptive shot in hockey" during the 1910s.

Roberts was sometimes described as being the inventor of the "curved shot", preceding and outmatching players such as Harry Cameron, Babe Dye and Didier Pitre. Bernie Morris, and Hall of Famers Frank Foyston and Lester Patrick all attested to the unrivalled effectiveness and dramatic trajectory of Roberts’ shot. Clint Benedict, often considered the greatest goalie of the 1893–1926 era also gave praise to Roberts’ accuracy coupled with his ability to curve the puck.

Roberts was noted for being able to get his shot off at very bad angles from close in, as well as drive it in from far outside the reach and typical positional range of defenceman.

Notwithstanding his shooting prowess, Roberts was also well regarded for his stamina and skating ability, as well as being an above-average defensive checker. Despite being a physical player, Roberts (like his contemporary Frank Nighbor) was noted for his gentlemanly conduct on the ice – which he may have used to protect himself from retaliation. Montreal Canadiens bench boss George Kennedy told a story of a game against the Montreal Wanderers in which Didier Pitre was being tripped and butt-ended by the rugged Wanderers winger:

......''Kennedy screamed at Pitre, ‘Are you afraid of Roberts?’

'No, sure not,’ was Pitre's surprised response.

‘Well, why don't you hit him back?’ Kennedy snapped.

‘How can I hit back?’ Pitre asked. ‘Roberts, he is very polite, very nice. Each time I fall, he helps me get up and apologizes and says it is an accident ... can I hit a man who is apologizing to me? No, never, it is not done......’'

Personal life
Born September 5, 1891, and raised in Ottawa, Roberts was the youngest of ten children; he had eight brothers and a sister. His brother Laurie was also a doctor and athlete, while another brother, Eddie, fought and died in the First World War. Roberts returned east in 1922 where he did post-graduate studies in New York. The Ottawa Senators, then of the National Hockey League, attempted to bring him out of retirement again and Cornell University sought his services as a lacrosse coach. Roberts turned down both offers and chose to retain focus on his medical career; He moved to California where he taught for a time at Stanford University Hospital. By 1925, he settled in Oakland where he practiced as an obstetrician for over 40 years. Roberts also acted as a referee at California Hockey League games. Roberts died September 2, 1966, and in 1971 was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

title: Gordon Roberts (ice hockey)


text:
Basilica of St. Mary

Basilica of St. Mary may refer to:

Italy

 * Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Assisi
 * Basilica di Santa Maria dei Servi, Bologna
 * Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Florence
 * Santa Maria di Collemaggio, L'Aquila
 * Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
 * Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome
 * Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, Rome
 * Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome
 * Santa Maria della Scala, Rome
 * Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Aquiro, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Ara Coeli, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Campitelli, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Domnica, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Traspontina, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Via Lata, Rome
 * Santa Maria in Via, Rome
 * Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome
 * Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Turin
 * Frari (Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari), Venice
 * Santa Maria della Salute, Venice
 * Torcello Cathedral, Torcello, Venice

Spain

 * Santa Maria de Montserrat
 * Basilica of Santa Maria, Alicante, Alicante
 * Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, Barcelona
 * Basilica of Santa Maria, Igualada, Igualada
 * Santa Maria de Manresa, Manresa
 * Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral, Valencia

U.S.

 * St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix), Arizona
 * Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis), Minnesota
 * St. Mary Basilica, Natchez, Mississippi
 * St. Mary of the Angels Basilica (Olean, New York)
 * Basilica Shrine of St. Mary (Wilmington, North Carolina)
 * Basilica of St. Mary of the Assumption (Marietta, Ohio)
 * St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)
 * Basilica of St. Mary (Alexandria, Virginia)
 * Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Norfolk, Virginia)

Elsewhere

 * St. Mary's Basilica, Halifax, Canada
 * St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore, India
 * St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam, India
 * St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill, New Zealand
 * St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk, Poland
 * St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków, Poland

title: Basilica of St. Mary


text:
Rob Konrad

Robert Konrad (born November 12, 1976) is an American financial advisor and former football player who was a fullback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Syracuse University, where he played college football for the Syracuse Orange. He was selected by the Dolphins in the second round of the 1999 NFL draft.

Early years
Konrad attended St. John's Preparatory School in Danvers, Massachusetts, where he played for their high school football team.

College career
Konrad enrolled at Syracuse University, where he played college football for the Syracuse Orange football team. He is the last Orange football player to wear the uniform number 44, as the number was retired during the 2005 season.

Professional career
The Miami Dolphins selected Konrad in the second round, with the 43rd overall selection, of the 1999 NFL draft. He played for the Dolphins from 1999 through 2004. He played for the Oakland Raiders during the 2005 preseason, and was released before the start of the regular season.

Post-football career
Konrad is currently the CEO of Alterna Financial and also one of the managing directors of Alterna Equity Partners. He became a member of the Florida State Board of Administration's Investment Advisory Council in 2007.

Konrad is also founder, and non-executive chairman of Socius Family Office.

Konrad fell off of his boat while fishing alone in the Atlantic Ocean on January 7, 2015, and swam 9 mi to safety. It took him 12 hours to swim to shore.

title: Rob Konrad


text:
Blair Russel

Blair Russel (September 17, 1880 – December 7, 1961) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey forward who played for the Montreal Victorias. On the Victorias he was a long-time linemate of famous goal scorer Russell Bowie. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.

Russel was born in Montreal, Quebec. He joined the Montreal Victorias in 1894 as a junior, playing for the Victorias' team in the Montreal Metropolitan League. Russel moved up to the Victorias Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) Intermediate team two years later and joined the CAHL Senior team for the 1899–1900 season.

An article by D. A. L. MacDonald in the April 14, 1934 issue of the Montreal Gazette, "Turning Back Hockey's Pages", revisiting players from earlier eras, describes Russel as being "a tireless skater, a great back checker and a fine scorer in his own right."

He was a younger brother of Bert Russel who played with the Ottawa Hockey Club.

Awards

 * 1907 – ECAHA 1st All-Star Team

title: Blair Russel


text: Talk:Technical support

title: Talk:Technical support