text:
Motagua River

The Motagua River is a 486 km river in Guatemala. It rises in the Western Highlands of Guatemala and runs in an easterly direction to the Gulf of Honduras. The Motagua River basin covers an area of 12670 km2 and is the largest in Guatemala.

The Motagua River valley contains sources of jadeitite, which has been used by many Indigenous communities that have inhabited the region. The Motagua River is also one of the most plastic-emitting rivers in the world, contributing around two percent of global plastic pollution emissions into oceans annually. Conservation efforts have been driven by the government and non-government organizations to ensure safe water and clean oceans.

Course
The river begins in the Western Highlands of Guatemala and runs along the Atlantic slope. Traveling in an easterly direction, it passes through 14 of Guatemala’s departments and contains seven distinct ecoregions. Along its course, water flows in from 29 other major rivers. The final few kilometres of the river form part of the Guatemala–Honduras border. The river mouth opens at El Quetzalito Beach, which is located along the Guatemalan coast, and flows into the Gulf of Honduras.

The Motagua River valley also marks the Motagua Fault, the tectonic boundary between the North American and the Caribbean Plates. The Motagua fault has been the source of several major earthquakes in Guatemala.

History
The river runs in a valley that has the only known source of jadeitite (jade) in Mesoamerica. Green jade, which was used by the Aztec and Maya people, was re-discovered in the 1950s by American geologist William Foshag, who was directed by a local tomato farmer. The rarer blue-green jade, used by the Olmec people, was re-discovered further north of the river in 2002.

The Olmecs were believed to have first settled in the Motagua River valley in around 3000 BC. They constructed figures, masks, and ornaments using the blue-green jade. The Maya likely settled in the Motagua River valley in around 2000 BC. They used the green jade to make beads and amulets. These objects were often used for religious rituals or to signify wealth. The Maya site of Copán, located along the river, contains several ruins of monuments and religious structures. The important Maya site of Quirigua is near the river's north bank, as are several smaller sites with jade quarries and workshops.

The river was also an important commerce route during the Pre-Columbian era. The trade route played a role in facilitating the transfer of goods, ideas, and even people. The river's use as a trade route is evidenced by jade items and specific methods of pottery having been discovered across multiple different regions in Mesoamerica.

History
Pollution is reported to have first affected the river in 2003 when industrial waste from a power plant in Guatemala City was carried down the Río Las Vacas, one of its tributaries. Those living along the river were instructed not to use the contaminated water for drinking, cooking, or cleaning.

Water Quality
The water quality of rivers in Guatemala is generally poor because there are no standard measures for maintaining river water conditions. Water quality regulation policy also often fails to dictate responsibilities between the government and individual departments, and has not been adequately implemented or coordinated at the administrative level. Despite this, attempts at legislation to improve water quality regulation have often prolonged for multiple years in the Guatemalan Congress.

The river is highly polluted with untreated sewage, industrial waste, tons of sediment (garbage) and blackwater from Guatemala City carried by the Río Las Vacas tributary. It is one of the world’s most polluted rivers and accounts for about two percent of plastic emissions into the world’s oceans. Those living along the river also contribute to the pollution, as each person disposes, on average, 1.15 pounds of waste each day.

Outcomes
As the pollution from the river reaches the Caribbean, it begins to harm marine environments. This pollution is especially dangerous in the marine protected areas of Honduras and Guatemala, in which conservation efforts are prioritized in an effort to maintain species diversity. The pollution also affects the many Indigenous communities who rely on the resources that the river provides. Additionally, members of coastal communities must often pick up the trash themselves and are financially burdened by the effects of pollution on popular industries such as fishing and tourism.

Conservation
Though the right to safe drinking water is mandated in Guatemala, it is obstructed by poor waste management regulations and limited government intervention. Much of Guatemala’s rural population works in agriculture, which further increases the demand for safe water. The Guatemalan government began to take action by constructing bio-fences to filter waste traveling down the river. They have also worked with the Stockholm International Water Institute to implement the National Water and Sanitation Policy in Guatemala, which outlines a number of objectives to improve regulation and conservation.

Conservation projects such as 4ocean’s Project Guatemala seek to involve local government and community members in prioritizing limiting waste from reaching the ocean. The Ocean Cleanup also chose the river as the test site for its experimental "Interceptor Trashfence," which attempts to filter out solid pollutants as they flow downriver.

Left
Río Cocoyá, Río Cotón, Río Suchicul, Río Morazán, Río Comajá, Río Lato, Río Huijo, Río La Palmilla, Río Teculutan, Río Pasabien, Río Hondo, Río Jones, Río Los Achiotes, Río Mayuelas, Río El Lobo, Quebrada Agua Fría, Quebrada La Vegega, Río Las Conchas

Right
Río Chipaca, Rio Agua Escondida, Rio Quisaya, Rio Pixcayá, Río Cotzibal, Río Las Vacas, Río Grande, Río Ovejas, Río El Tambor, Río San Vicente, Río Grande o Zapaca, Río Carí, Río Las Naranjas, Río Biafra, Río El Islote, Río Jubuco, Río Lagarto, Río Tepemechín, Río Juyamá, Río Bobos, Río Animas, Río Chiquito, Río Nuevo o Cacao

title: Motagua River


text:
Sint Jansbrug

Sint Jansbrug (lit. "Bridge of Saint John") is a coed student society in the city of Delft in the Netherlands, founded in 1947. , it has roughly 650 members, and owns three historic buildings in the Oude Delft, a street in the centre of Delft. Both are official monuments.

The society is mid-sized and therefore more accessible than the largest student fraternities in Delft, while retaining its traditions and mores. It offers cheap student dinners for both members and non-members, as well as coffee and tea in a coffee-bar called Oele which becomes a bar on Friday evenings.

Jaarclubs
Each year's new members of Sint Jansbrug form jaarclubs (year groups), which usually meet weekly. There are men's, women's, and mixed jaarclubs, with approximately 11–15 members each.

Gilden
Sint Jansbrug also has 13 recognised gilden (guilds). Although the name is derived from the historical craft guild, within Sint Jansbrug a gilde consists of members from different years who share similar interests. Membership is by invitation and open only to those in the second year or above. Not every member of Sint Jansbrug is invited to join a gilde, and not everyone invited becomes a member of the gilde.

In books and film
The fraternity's history has been summarized in the 1997 book Broederlijcken Liiefde and the 2007 documentary film Liieve Leden.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sint Jansbrug


text: User talk:62.254.32.11

title: User talk:62.254.32.11


text:
User talk:Hosadmin

I have reverted your changes to the Nudism article. The site you are linking to does deserve a place in the external links section, but to give it undue prominance at the top of an alphebetised list would violate the Neutral point of view policy we have at Wikipedia. Also because of this policy, the description of an external link should also be neutral, which the subtitle of that site is not. If you disagree with this, please explain your reasoning on the Nudism article's discussion page, but please do not simply revert to your preferred version. If you revert more than three times in 24 hours you can be blocked for breaking out Three revert rule. Thryduulf 11:13, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

reply to your email
I am replying here as I cannot fill out your form (I am very particular about which cookies I accept, and have had a bad experience with your email provider in the past).

Hi

Its fine for you to email me this way, although the normal method of communication with other users is through the user talk: page (e.g user talk:Thryduulf for me). At the moment I'm just an ordinary user on wikipedia, but there is currently a vote taking place as to whether I become an administraotr or not (I'll know on Wednesday!).

The link is currently there. If there is a disupte over whether or not it should be included this shoud take place on the talk page (Talk:Nudism) of the article. The only way to protect the link from being removed is for the page to be protected from editing, but this would only be done temporarily to prevent vandalism or an edit/revert war. This is not taking place at the moment, and nobody has violated the three revert rule so nodoby will be blocked over it.

This is a controversial site, I don't like it myself, but it represents an alternative POV from the other links. Part of the goal fo an NPOV encyclopaedia is to represent all points of view, and so I feel it deserves a link. If a discussion/debate ensues about whether it should remain then whether it does so or not will depend on what consensus is reached by the editors of that article. Thryduulf 23:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

More on that link
I have removed the link from Child Online Protection Act, Child pornography and Topfree Equal Rights Association, and another editor has removed it from Nude beach, and I discourage you from re-adding it. The content of the site isn't relevant to these topics, and so placing it there could be considered spamming, which is an activity Wikipedia takes a dim view of. Thryduulf 23:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Inconsistent removal of links
I don't understand what you are saying about cookies however, I just figured out how to reply correctly to this page.

I had already put up the url on those pages before I saw this reply. The link is relevant to each place I have put it. It's relevant to any page that relates to nudist activities as much as the other organizations that are listed repeatedly. Why are they not spamming when their links appear repeatedly on multiple pages? Thank you for a consistent application of wikipedia rules.

Please sign your posts
As a courtesy for other editors, it is a Wikipedia guideline to sign your talk page and user talk page posts. To do so simply add four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of your comments and your user name or IP address and the date will be automatically added along with a timestamp. Signing your comments helps people to find out who said something and provides them with a link to your user/talk page (for further discussion). For further info read Talk page guidelines. Thank you. Thryduulf 13:10, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * okay thank you, I didn't know how to do that. I'll try it here. Hosadmin 06:52, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * cool. thank you!Hosadmin 06:52, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Larry Flynt
Hi, just wondering if you really think it's necessary to describe Larry Flynt's relations with a chicken so vividly. Some of the language, "pussy" and "banging away" for example are pretty unencyclopedic, and I think just stating that he had sex with a chicken and why is enough. Thanks. --TheMidnighters 03:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, I did not see this otherwise I would have replied before I put the information back on the page. Thank you for writing. Of course it is very unencyclopedic to put a hard core pornographer who has published such rank sh*t in his magazine too. However, once that is being done, in order to tell the truth and have an accurate entry this is necessary. Sorry, I know it's uncomfortable, but that's what the First Amendment is all about.

 * Oh yes and sorry that I removed some of your links. I did try to put them back, however notice that I missed a few. From now on before you do something like that I believe it would be more polite to ask before you did it, wouldn't it? Thanks for leaving the truth on the page from now on. Hosadmin

 * So you think users need to ask other users before editing a page? I don't think you're fully aware of how Wikipedia works. The encyclopedia strives to maintain a neutral point of view. I recognize you have objections to a pornographer being documented here, but it is not the goal of Wikipedia to include only those individuals who are deemed proper or upstanding.

 * As for having an accurate entry, one still needs to be sensible. For example, on pages that relate to someone being raped it is not standard to list every graphic detail involved in the crime. It is possible to relate offensive information in a manner that is not in and of itself offensive. Perhaps rather than simply reverting to your wording you could work on achieving a factually complete, but less graphic account, I'll take this discussion to Talk:Larry Flynt where it can be worked on. --TheMidnighters 04:07, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you'd be interested in starting a Criticism section on the article? Here you would be able to compile comments by groups and people explaining their own views on Flynt and his organization, such as Gloria Steinem and others. This way the concerns you share with many others can be documented as well, but supported by cited sources and respected political figures. Just remember to remain NPOV in how it's presented, and be prepared to have your work edited by others. Happy editing, --TheMidnighters 05:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, I am sorry I was in error about asking first before changing someone elses entry. I was not aware of the proper proceedures. The current change is fine as it is, even better in some ways. I agree that Flynt's wording from his own book was out of bounds however I had not wanted to change his own wording, but yes you are right about it. Thanks.

title: User talk:Hosadmin


text:
Talk:Fijian name

Back in the 60s Ratu Mara was occasionally known as Kamisese Mara Uluilakeba, using his father's traditional name as a surname, since late 60s this usage disappeared.--Xorkl000 11:14, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Edward Cakobau = Etuate Tugi Tuivanuavou
Ratu Sir Edward Cakobau is another example of this charmingly cavalier attitude to names; he is known by many as Etuate Tuivanuavou, which I understand to be his baptismal name. The Cakobau got tacked on later in his life. I'm not putting this in the article because I am not sure that i am 100% correct. --Xorkl000 11:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fijian name


text:
Talk:Flip Kowlier

Untitled
Am I right in thinking Flip Kowlier's lyrics are in Flemish dialect, not standard Dutch? Are there translations anywhere?

They are indeed in a Flemish dialect —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.11.219.17 (talk) 08:20, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flip Kowlier


text:
Skuruhatt

Skuruhatt is a steep hilltop near Skurugata in Eksjö Municipality in southern Sweden, with expansive views of the interior of Småland. Nearby a stone has been placed with the following Swedish inscription by Albert Engström.

"Folket som bor i dessa gårdar torde vara av renaste guld -- dessa sega magra arbetare som brottas med sin fattiga jord och segra, segra är det icke ett folk att hålla av. Albert Engström"

title: Skuruhatt


text:
File:Welcome To My Nightmare.jpg

Fair use in Welcome to My Nightmare
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Welcome To My Nightmare.jpg


text:
Peter Laughner

Peter Laughner (August 22, 1952 – June 22, 1977) was an American guitarist, songwriter and singer.

A native of Bay Village, Ohio, Laughner was described by Richie Unterberger as "probably the single biggest catalyst in the birth of Cleveland's alternative rock scene in the mid 1970s."

Music career
Laughner led a variety of groups. Among them were Mr. Charlie, Cinderella Backstreet, Peter & The Wolves, The Blue Drivers and Friction. However, his most enduring contributions were to Rocket From The Tombs and the early work of Pere Ubu. In addition to all this, he wrote for Creem magazine.

Laughner was a voracious rock fan and writer, and was heavily influenced by the writings of Lester Bangs. Like Bangs, Laughner admired Lou Reed, but also drew inspiration from folk and blues figures such as Robert Johnson and Woody Guthrie. Tom Verlaine was also one of Laughner's idols.

There have been suggestions that Laughner was briefly considered as a replacement for Richard Lloyd when he departed Television, a band he championed from their earliest days. However, Richard Lloyd disputes this.

Death
Laughner had severe drug and alcohol abuse problems that ultimately led to his death by acute pancreatitis in 1977 at the age of 24. Lester Bangs wrote a eulogy for him, simply titled "Peter Laughner is Dead".

Rumors to the effect that Laughner was despondent, even suicidal, at the time of his death have been contradicted by Laughner's last known message, written and mailed to Cleveland singer Ruby Port on the evening prior to his death. This letter revealed his intent to move to a retreat in the Ohio countryside, where he could write new music as well as rest and regain his health.

Recordings
Laughner's only known entrance into a recording studio was for the Pere Ubu single sessions, though he left behind countless lo-fi live, rehearsal, and demo recordings. In 1994, Tim/Kerr label released Take the Guitar Player for a Ride, a 15-track LP drawn from these tapes, later re-released as a CD. This compilation sold poorly and has since gone out of print. Fans continue to circulate bootleg recordings and a Cleveland-based label, Handsome Productions, offers a comprehensive collection of his music on CD, officially endorsed by his estate.

On October 3, 1973, Pete Laughner appeared as the hour's musical guest on the weekly Coffee Break Concert series broadcast over WMMS in Cleveland live from their studios.

In June 2019, the Smog Veil record label released a 5-disc Laughner box set (with tapes procured from Handsome Productions, Pere Ubu's David Thomas, Tim Wright, and others).

In addition to solo recordings, Laughner's live guitar and vocal work is available in the posthumous Rocket from the Tombs album The Day the Earth Met the Rocket from the Tombs.

title: Peter Laughner


text:
Talk:Sound mirrors

Merge with acoustic mirror
This article should be merged with acoustic mirror. --Lancevortex 11:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sound mirrors


text:
K.S.K. Ronse

Koninklijke Sportkring Ronse was a Belgian football club formed in Ronse, East Flanders in 1906 as A.S. Renaisienne.

History
A.S. Renaisienne was founded in 1906 and received later the matricule n° 38. The club first reached second division in 1923 but returned to third division in 1926 as only the best 7 from each league (A and B) were qualified to play the united second division on the next season. After two seasons at the third level, A.S. Renaisienne was back to second division for just one year (as they finished last). In 1931, the other club from the town (that was then named Club Renaisien with matricule n° 46) promoted to second division joined in 1937 by A.S., both clubs remaining there until the competition was stopped due to World War II. After the war, the two clubs declined, Club (now named R.F.C. Renaisien) making a short one-season appearance in second division (1958–59). In 1987 the fusion became inevitable. The new club kept the matricule n° 38. After a few years of struggling in lower divisions they made it back to the second in 2001. After a short intermezzo in third division they returned into the second division for two more years.

In March 2022, the club announced that they had folded due to financial problems. At that point, Ronse competed in the fourth-tier Belgian Division 2. Operations were continued by K.V.V. Vlaamse Ardennen who were renamed K.S.K. Vlaamse Ardennen to include Ronse in the new setup.

title: K.S.K. Ronse


title: User:Dsh34


text:
User talk:Dsh34

.

Please be careful about the 3RR policy, in particular concerning Eugenics. Making more than 3 reverts to an article within 24 hours is cause for a temporary block. Thanks, -Willmcw July 3, 2005 01:36 (UTC)

Your remarks about the use of the term extermination in that article may have been unclear, since you ask for a source wherein "eugenicists" have advocated extermination, but the article makes no such assertion. You're welcome to continue the discussion on the article's talk page, but please try to be more specific so that we can identify any possible conflicts between the article and the documented record, thanks. Wyss 17:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Francis Galton-by Octavius Oakley.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Francis Galton-by Octavius Oakley.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 14:33, 1 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 14:33, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dsh34


text:
Multiresolution analysis

A multiresolution analysis (MRA) or multiscale approximation (MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevant discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and the justification for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform (FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 by Stephane Mallat and Yves Meyer and has predecessors in the microlocal analysis in the theory of differential equations (the ironing method) and the pyramid methods of image processing as introduced in 1981/83 by Peter J. Burt, Edward H. Adelson and James L. Crowley.

Definition
A multiresolution analysis of the Lebesgue space $$L^2(\mathbb{R})$$ consists of a sequence of nested subspaces

 * $$\{0\}\dots\subset V_1\subset V_0\subset V_{-1}\subset\dots\subset V_{-n}\subset V_{-(n+1)}\subset\dots\subset L^2(\R)$$

that satisfies certain self-similarity relations in time-space and scale-frequency, as well as completeness and regularity relations.

 * Self-similarity in time demands that each subspace Vk is invariant under shifts by integer multiples of 2k. That is, for each $$f\in V_k,\; m\in\Z$$ the function g defined as $$g(x)=f(x-m2^{k})$$ also contained in $$V_k$$.
 * Self-similarity in scale demands that all subspaces $$V_k\subset V_l,\; k>l,$$ are time-scaled versions of each other, with scaling respectively dilation factor 2k-l. I.e., for each $$f\in V_k$$ there is a $$g\in V_l$$ with $$\forall x\in\R:\;g(x)=f(2^{k-l}x)$$.
 * In the sequence of subspaces, for k>l the space resolution 2l of the l-th subspace is higher than the resolution 2k of the k-th subspace.
 * Regularity demands that the model subspace V0 be generated as the linear hull (algebraically or even topologically closed) of the integer shifts of one or a finite number of generating functions $$\phi$$ or $$\phi_1,\dots,\phi_r$$. Those integer shifts should at least form a frame for the subspace $$ V_0\subset L^2(\R) $$, which imposes certain conditions on the decay at infinity. The generating functions are also known as scaling functions or father wavelets. In most cases one demands of those functions to be piecewise continuous with compact support.
 * Completeness demands that those nested subspaces fill the whole space, i.e., their union should be dense in $$ L^2(\R) $$, and that they are not too redundant, i.e., their intersection should only contain the zero element.

Important conclusions
In the case of one continuous (or at least with bounded variation) compactly supported scaling function with orthogonal shifts, one may make a number of deductions. The proof of existence of this class of functions is due to Ingrid Daubechies.

Assuming the scaling function has compact support, then $$V_0\subset V_{-1}$$ implies that there is a finite sequence of coefficients $$a_k=2 \langle\phi(x),\phi(2x-k)\rangle$$ for $$|k|\leq N$$, and $$a_k=0$$ for $$|k|>N$$, such that
 * $$\phi(x)=\sum_{k=-N}^N a_k\phi(2x-k).$$

Defining another function, known as mother wavelet or just the wavelet
 * $$\psi(x):=\sum_{k=-N}^N (-1)^k a_{1-k}\phi(2x-k),$$

one can show that the space $$W_0\subset V_{-1}$$, which is defined as the (closed) linear hull of the mother wavelet's integer shifts, is the orthogonal complement to $$V_0$$ inside $$V_{-1}$$. Or put differently, $$V_{-1}$$ is the orthogonal sum (denoted by $$\oplus$$) of $$W_0$$ and $$V_0$$. By self-similarity, there are scaled versions $$W_k$$ of $$W_0$$ and by completeness one has
 * $$L^2(\R)=\mbox{closure of }\bigoplus_{k\in\Z}W_k,$$

thus the set
 * $$\{\psi_{k,n}(x)=\sqrt2^{-k}\psi(2^{-k}x-n):\;k,n\in\Z\}$$

is a countable complete orthonormal wavelet basis in $$L^2(\R)$$.

title: Multiresolution analysis


text:
Talk:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)

POV
Sorry, but Arabic Philosophy predates Islam. --Irishpunktom\talk 11:25, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * So you labelled it POV because of the first sentence, which was verbatum from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906? If anything, that seems like a factual error, not POV, although you don't provide any evidence for your assertion, either.  In any case, I changed the offending sentence, otherwise I am not clear what the POV issue is, so I am removing it.  --Goodoldpolonius2 20:15, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

What is this article about?
What is this article about? As far as I know, there is no such thing as "joint philosophy"? I doubt that this article should be kept.--Pecher 16:04, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

alt title : Mutual influences among Medieval Muslim and Jewish Philosophers
i've suggested this to remove the joint and also for specificity historically. --Ibn-arabi 23:40, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

source
You can use the Paul Fenton works,and also add it to the article.84.109.46.142 (talk) 21:47, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

"Arabic and islamic philosophy" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Arabic and islamic philosophy and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 1 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 23:17, 1 April 2022 (UTC)


text:
User:Joham~enwiki

Random Wibbles: Engineers Think Just That Little Bit Differently

I am a partner in a commercial video company in the UK, and an hobby engineer in my spare time.

title: User:Joham~enwiki


text:
Okahandja

Okahandja is a city of 45,159 inhabitants in Otjozondjupa Region, central Namibia, and the district capital of the Okahandja electoral constituency. It is known as the Garden Town of Namibia. It is located 70 km north of Windhoek on the B1 road. It was founded around 1800, by two local groups, the Herero and the Nama.

History
Okahandja means the place where two rivers (Okakango and Okamita) flow into each other to form one wide one in Otjiherero.

A German pastor, Heinrich Schmelen, became the first European to visit the town in 1827. In 1844, two missionaries were permanently assigned to the town, Heinrich Kleinschmidt and Hugo Hahn. A church dates from this period. A military post was established at the initiative of Theodor Leutwein in 1894, and it is this date that is officially recognized as the town's founding.

A number of important historic Namibian people are buried in Okahandja, among them Maharero, Jan Jonker Afrikaner, Hosea Kutako and Clemens Kapuuo.

Economy
The population of Okahandja is growing rapidly. It stood at just over 14,000 as measured by the 2001 Population and Housing Census, and is estimated to have surpassed 24,000 in 2012.

Von Bach Dam is situated outside of Okahandja. It provides the majority of Windhoek's water. An open-air curio market attracts tourists, and the town serves as the administrative centre for the Herero people.

Transport
Okahandja Railway Station, situated on the Windhoek—Swakopmund line, was built in 1902 during Imperial Germany's colonial rule of German South West Africa. Today it belongs to the Trans-Namib railway network.

Education
In the 1870s Rhenish missionaries established the first school. The Augustineum School was reopened at Okahandja on 9 November 1905; it was later moved to Windhoek. Okahandja has six primary schools and two high schools. Namwater Vocational, situated outside the main town, is the only institute of higher education in Okahandja.

The National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) is today situated in Okahandja. NIED was created after independence as the institute from where a new national system of education was created, replacing the previous racist system of apartheid.

Previously the German school Regierungsschule Okahandja was in the city.

List of schools in Okahandja

 * 1) Okahandja Secondary School

Politics
Okahandja is governed by a municipal council that has seven seats.

In the 2010 local authority election in Okahandja, SWAPO won with approximately 62% of the vote. Of the five other parties seeking votes in the election, Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) received approximately 13% of the vote, followed by the United Democratic Front (UDF, 8%), the United People's Movement (UPM, 7%), National Unity Democratic Organization (NUDO, 6%) and Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 2%). The 2015 local authority election was again won by SWAPO which gained five seats and 2,572 votes. One seat each went to the DTA and the UDF with 236 and 213 votes, respectively.

SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election but lost its absolute majority in the municipal council. It obtained 1,865 votes and gained three seats. One seat each went to the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC, an opposition party formed in August 2020, 654 votes), the local Okahandja Rate Payers' Association (ORPA, 574 votes), the Landless People's Movement (LPM, an opposition party formed in 2016, 377 votes), and the UDF (290 votes).

Sport
Okahandja offers the following sports codes; Soccer, Netball, Basketball, Tennis, Horse Raising, Dancing, Running, Gym, Spin & Drifting, Radio Helicopters...

Okahandja United FC competes in the Namibia Premier Football League as of the 2023. The oldest soccer club in town is known as Spoilers Sports Club that was founded in 1963 and managed over the years by "Ou Boss" Reinhardt Maletzky. In the 1970s, Okahandja Soccer Club had a competitive football team that won several competitions.

In addition, local club Liverpool Okahandja were NFA-Cup winners in 1992 and Namibia Premier League champions in 2002. Other local teams were Magic Tigers, Battle Boys, Teenagers, Golden Arrows.

title: Okahandja


text:
Faze TV (TV channel)

Faze TV was a planned television channel in the United Kingdom that aimed to be the first channel in the country specifically targeted towards gay men. It was expected to start broadcasting on 1 September 2005 on Sky Digital. However, on 8 September, the channel was scrapped due to insufficient funding, after Sky would not provide it with encrypted carriage in its then basic package, which was then called "the Family Pack". Sky does not accept any adult-themed channels for this package, along with other excluded genres including shopping and religious channels.

The channel was planned to be the first to be specifically targeted at gay men in England. The channel was the brainchild of David Bouchier, who had been the head of British Sky Broadcasting before spending time as the programming managing director for SKY Italia. The plan was to offer original programming covering news, community and health issues, fashion, clubbing and travel. Existing comedy and cult series would be purchased for broadcast. Adult programs would be offered late night. The 1 September 2005 launch was to have been promoted with an advertising campaign designed to coincide with Pride festivals during the preceding summer in London and elsewhere in the UK. As part of his plans, Bouchier expressed his disappointment at the lack of positive portrayals of gays on television and indicated in an interview that a gay channel like Faze TV was "long overdue in Britain" and that he was disappointed that positive images of gays are still missing from TV. He stressed that "The channel is gay-owned and run and will reflect how 'real' gay men live in Britain today".

As of August 2005, the developers of Faze TV reached out to prospective viewers by email asking them to make phone calls or to send emails to Sky Broadcasting asking that they add the gay-oriented channel to their basic package, noting that the company did not offer any magazine or lifestyle shows, movies or documentaries with gay-specific content.

In September 2005, Faze TV announced that they would be scrapping their planned launch, following their inability to reach agreement on carriage terms with Sky. The company stated that they had obtained adequate funding to launch the channel but that after eight months of negotiations with Sky they were unable to obtain license fees from Sky for airing the channel. The company stated that they would need the fees from Sky to cover their operating costs, which could not be covered by advertising revenues alone. The developers of the proposed channel announced that "We really wanted to deliver the quality channel which you deserve reflecting the lives and interests of gay men today in the UK. Anything less would be a mistake, and this is why with considerable sadness we have decided not to go ahead."

title: Faze TV (TV channel)


text:
User:Gdr/Nomialbot/Report 2005-05-30

This is a list of articles with wiki markup taxoboxes that couldn't be converted automatically. Instead, a partial conversion has been added to the start of the article in a comment. Please help convert these taxoboxes by turning the partial conversion into a complete conversion. When you finish the conversion of an article, strike it through here.

This list appears to be finished.

A

 * Aaron's Skipper
 * Achatinidae
 * Amur Leopard
 * Anise
 * Anthocharis bambusaram
 * Anthocharis cardamines phoenissa
 * Argilophilus

B

 * Barleeidae
 * Barracuda
 * Bidens tripartita
 * Black salsify
 * Black-eyed pea
 * Blue Jacaranda
 * Booted Warbler
 * Bursatella

C

 * Cascabel a cultivar
 * Catalina Orangetip
 * Celeriac
 * Cephalotini

D

 * Dahlia 'Moonfire' a cultivar
 * Dasycercus
 * Desert Orangetip
 * Dibbler

E

 * Eastern Wolf
 * Ermine moth

F

 * False bindweed
 * False stag beetle
 * Ferula

G

 * Garden Angelica
 * Giant muntjac
 * Gonostomatidae

H

 * Harpalinae

I

 * Iguana
 * Indian muntjac
 * Ipomoea violacea

K

 * Kakariki

L

 * Laurus
 * Leek (vegetable)
 * Leopard frog
 * London Plane

M

 * Margined White
 * Mexican Orangetip
 * Monoplacophora
 * Morpho (butterfly)
 * Mung bean
 * Muntjac
 * Mustard White

N

 * Newfoundland White

O

 * Orange Tip
 * Orthorrhapha

P

 * Paprika a cultivar
 * Pennyroyal
 * Persicaria bistorta 'Superba' a cultivar
 * Pigeon pea

R

 * Reichel's Margined White

S

 * Sara's Orangetip
 * Sessile oak
 * Silene
 * Snapping turtle
 * Star anise
 * Star thistle
 * Stargazer
 * Stella Orangetip
 * Stellaria
 * Suidae

T

 * Taxaceae
 * Torresian Crow

U

 * Utah Stella Orangetip

W

 * White-eye
 * Whites (butterfly)

Y

 * Yerba Buena

title: User:Gdr/Nomialbot/Report 2005-05-30


text:
Sindhanur

Sindhanur is a city and taluk headquarter of Sindhanur taluk of Raichur District in Karnataka. The river Tungabhadra covers the irrigation area by left bank canal. Most of the land in the field is composed of cultivable black soil. Paddy is cultivated using the Tungabhadra River water. Sindhanur is also known as the Paddy Granary of Raichur. With the availability of Tungabhadra river water, paddy rice is grown twice a year. Sindhanur is the place where the majority of tractor sales take place in Asia. as agricultural activities take place year-round. Sona Masuri and Basmati rice are grown in Sindhanur.Amba Matha also spelled as Amba Mutt (Kannada: ಅಂಬಾ ಮಠ) is a village near Somalapura in the Sindhanur taluk. Amba Matha is a holy place, Sri Amba Devi Temple is located in the village.

Geography
Sindhanur is located at 15.78°N, 76.77°W. Sindhanur is a City and City Municipal Council located in Raichur District in the state of Karnataka. Residents prefer the many amenities found in Sindhanur over other district zones in Karnataka. Sindhanur city has 37,040 households and is divided into 31 wards. It has food services like Swiggy. Sindhanur city elections are held every 5 years to elect a representative of each ward. It has an average elevation of 377 m, and its area is 1567.70 km2.

Transport
Sindhanur is well connected by road. It is located on the National Highway 150A.

Rail
Sindhanur has a railway station (Sindhanur railway station) and is located on the Mahabubnagar-Munirabad railway line.

Demographics
As of a 2017 Indian Census, Sindhanur had a population of 116,837 (59,029 male, 57,808 female), representing a 54.06% increase since 2011. The sex-ratio of Sindhanur city is around 994, higher than the state average of 973. Sindhanur City has an average literacy rate of 83.98%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 87.72%, and female literacy is 80.01%. In Sindhanur, 19.44% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Majority of population speak Kannada and minor population speak different languages like Telugu, Bengali, Rajasthani, Urdu, etc. The Ambamma jathre Fair at Sindhanur is famous which is held in January of every year at Amba matha An evening fair is a special event here.

Interesting thing to notice about Sindhanur Taluk is its diversity. 20% of the population is Bengali speaking(Bengali camp sindhanur). Rajasthani, Telugu, Urdu are other minor languages.

The dominant religion of town is Hinduism (64.54%) with significant Muslim (32.71%) and Christian (0.46%) populations. Most of the Christians are Roman Catholic. Most of the remaining people follow Sikhism, Jainism and other religions.

title: Sindhanur


text:
User:Patrick1982

My Wiki
Articles I have started: List of most expensive films | Chinguetti meteorite | Servatius of Tongeren | Qemant people | Redbeard (comics) | Olivier Levasseur | Pierre Kartner | Ennedi tiger and a few minors..

Pages I have expanded from stubs to articles (or did major additions):

Limburg | Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy | Pope Joan | List of sexually active popes | List of highest-grossing films | Category:Pirate films | Category:Seafaring films | Paititi | List of Jean-Michel Jarre concerts | List of songs whose title includes personal names

List of largest stars | List of most massive stars | List of least massive stars | List of most luminous stars | List of brightest stars | Category:Stellar phenomena | Gamma ray burst

My major & minor contributions

Edits from 18th April 2005 to 7th June 2020: 922 (only minor edits after 2014)

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title: User:Patrick1982


text:
Azoospermia

Azoospermia is the medical condition of a man whose semen contains no sperm. It is associated with male infertility, but many forms are amenable to medical treatment. In humans, azoospermia affects about 1% of the male population and may be seen in up to 20% of male infertility situations in Canada.

In a non-pathological context, azoospermia is also the intended result of a vasectomy.

Classification
Azoospermia can be classified into three major types as listed. Many conditions listed may also cause various degrees of oligospermia rather than azoospermia. Pretesticular and testicular azoospermia are known as non-obstructive azoospermia, whereas post-testicular azoospermia is considered obstructive.

Pretesticular
Pretesticular azoospermia is characterized by inadequate stimulation of otherwise normal testicles and genital tract. Typically, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are low (hypogonadotropic) commensurate with inadequate stimulation of the testes to produce sperm. Examples include hypopituitarism (for various causes), hyperprolactinemia, and exogenous FSH suppression by testosterone. Chemotherapy may suppress spermatogenesis. Pretesticular azoospermia is seen in about 2% of azoospermia. Pretesticular azoospermia is a kind of non-obstructive azoospermia.

Testicular
Testicular azoospermia means the testes are abnormal, atrophic, or absent, and sperm production severely disturbed to absent. FSH levels tend to be elevated (hypergonadotropic) as the feedback loop is interrupted (lack of feedback inhibition on FSH). The condition is seen in 49–93% of men with azoospermia. Testicular failure includes absence of failure production and low production and maturation arrest during the process of spermatogenesis.

Causes for testicular failure include congenital issues such as in certain genetic conditions (e.g. Klinefelter syndrome), some cases of cryptorchidism or Sertoli cell-only syndrome as well as acquired conditions by infection (orchitis), surgery (trauma, cancer), radiation, or other causes. Mast cells releasing inflammatory mediators appear to directly suppress sperm motility in a potentially reversible manner, and may be a common pathophysiological mechanism for many causes leading to inflammation. Testicular azoospermia is a kind of non-obstructive azoospermia.

Generally, men with unexplained hypergonadotropic azoospermia need to undergo a chromosomal evaluation.

Post-testicular
In post-testicular azoospermia, sperm are produced but not ejaculated, a condition that affects 7–51% of azoospermic men. The main cause is a physical obstruction (obstructive azoospermia) of the post-testicular genital tracts. The most common reason is a vasectomy done to induce contraceptive sterility. Other obstructions can be congenital (for example, agenesis of the vas deferens as seen in certain cases of cystic fibrosis) or acquired, such as ejaculatory duct obstruction for instance by infection.

Ejaculatory disorders include retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation; in these conditions sperm are produced but not expelled.

Unknown
Idiopathic azoospermia is where there is no known cause of the condition. It may be a result of multiple risk factors, such as age and weight. For example, a review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia are significantly associated with being overweight (odds ratio 1.1), obese (odds ratio 1.3) and morbidly obese (odds ratio 2.0), but the cause of this is unknown. The review found no significant relation between oligospermia and being underweight.

Genetics
Genetic factors can cause pretesticular, testicular, and post-testicular azoospermia  (or oligospermia)  and include the following situations: The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities is inversely proportional to the semen count, thus males with azoospermia are at risk to have a 10–15% (other sources citing 15–20% incidence ) abnormalities on karyotyping versus about <1 % in the fertile male population.

Pretesticular azoospermia may be caused by congential hypopituitarism, Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other genetic conditions that lead to GnRH or gonadotropin deficiency. Testicular azoospermia is seen in Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and the XX male syndrome. In addition, 13% of men with azoospermia have a defective spermatogenesis that is linked to defects of the Y chromosome. Such defects tend to be de novo micro-deletions and affect usually the long arm of the chromosome. A section of the long arm of the Y chromosome has been termed Azoospermia Factor (AZF) at Yq11 and subdivided into AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and possibly more subsections. Defects in this area can lead to oligospermia or azoospermia, however, a tight genotype-phenotype correlation has not been achieved. Spermatogenesis is defective with gene defects for the androgen receptor.

Post-testicular azoospermia can be seen with certain point mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene commonly associated with congenital vas deferens abnormalities.

Genetic counselling is indicated for men with genetic causes of azoospermia. In terms of reproduction, it needs to be considered if the genetic defect could be transmitted to the offspring.

BRD7
BRD7, a transcription regulatory protein, is normally highly expressed in the testis. Absent or reduced expression of BRD7 protein was observed in the testes of azoospermia patients exhibiting spermatogenesis arrest. Homozygous knockout mice [BRD7(-/-)] are infertile and have higher levels of apoptosis and DNA damage in their germline cells.

Gene polymorphisms
The human breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) is employed in DNA repair. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in BRCA2 is associated with idiopathic male infertility with azoospermia.

Four genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair and chromosome synapsis (TEX11, TEX15, MLH1 and MLH3) have key roles in genomic integrity, meiotic recombination and gametogenesis. Polymorphisms in these genes were tested for associations with male infertility. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in two of these genes (TEX11 and MLH3) were found to be associated with male infertility involving azoospermy or oligospermia.

Diagnosis

Azoospermia is usually detected in the course of an infertility investigation. It is established on the basis of two semen analysis evaluations done at separate occasions (when the seminal specimen after centrifugation shows no sperm under the microscope) and requires a further work-up.

The investigation includes a history, a physical examination including a thorough evaluation of the scrotum and testes, laboratory tests, and possibly imaging. History includes the general health, sexual health, past fertility, libido, and sexual activity. Past exposure to a number of agents needs to be queried including medical agents like hormone/steroid therapy, SSRIs, antibiotics, 5-ASA inhibitors (sulfasalazine), alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, pesticides, recreational drugs (marijuana, alcohol), and heat exposure of the testes. A history of surgical procedures of the genital system needs to be elicited. The family history needs to be assessed to look for genetic abnormalities.

Congenital absence of the vas deferens may be detectable on physical examination and can be confirmed by a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). If confirmed, genetic testing for cystic fibrosis is in order. Transrectal ultrasound can also assess azoospermia caused by obstruction, or anomalies related to obstruction of the ejaculatory duct, such as abnormalities within the duct itself, a median cyst of the prostate (indicating a need for cyst aspiration), or an impairment of the seminal vesicles to become enlarged or emptied. Retrograde ejaculation is diagnosed by examining a post-ejaculatory urine for presence of sperm after making it alkaline and centrifuging it.

Low levels of LH and FSH with low or normal testosterone levels are indicative of pretesticular problems, while high levels of gonadotropins indicate testicular problems. However, often this distinction is not clear and the differentiation between obstructive versus non-obstructive azoospermia may require a testicular biopsy. On the other hand, "In azoospermic men with a normal ejaculate volume, FSH serum level greater than two times the upper limit of the normal range is reliably diagnostic of dysfunctional spermatogenesis and, when found, a diagnostic testicular biopsy is usually unnecessary, although no consensus exists in this matter." Extremely high levels of FSH (>45 ID/mL) have been correlated with successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction.

Serum inhibin-B weakly indicates presence of sperm cells in the testes, raising chances for successfully achieving pregnancy through testicular sperm extraction (TESE), although the association is not very substantial, having a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–0.74) and a specificity of 0.83 (CI: 0.64–0.93) for prediction the presence of sperm in the testes in non-obstructive azoospermia.

Seminal plasma proteins TEX101 and ECM1 were recently proposed for the differential diagnosis of azoospermia forms and subtypes, and for prediction of TESE outcome. Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada started clinical trial to test this hypothesis in 2016.

Primary hypopituitarism may be linked to a genetic cause. So a genetic evaluation may be done for men with azoospermia as a result. Azoospermic men with testicular failure are advised to undergo karyotype and Y-micro-deletion testing.

Treatment
Pre- and post-testicular azoospermia are frequently correctible, while testicular azoospermia is usually permanent. In the former the cause of the azoospermia needs to be considered and it opens up possibilities to manage this situation directly. Thus men with azoospermia due to hyperprolactinemia may resume sperm production after treatment of hyperprolactinemia or men whose sperm production is suppressed by exogenous androgens are expected to produce sperm after cessation of androgen intake. In situations where the testes are normal but unstimulated, gonadotropin therapy can be expected to induce sperm production.

A major advancement in recent years has been the introduction of IVF with ICSI which allows successful fertilization even with immature sperm or sperm obtained directly from testicular tissue. IVF-ICSI allows for pregnancy in couples where the man has irreversible testicular azoospermia as long as it is possible to recover sperm material from the testes. Thus men with non-mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome have fathered children using IVF-ICSI. Pregnancies have been achieved in situations where azoospermia was associated with cryptorchidism and sperm were obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE).

In men with post-testicular azoospermia, different approaches are available. For obstructive azoospermia, IVF-ICSI or surgery can be used and individual factors are considered for the choice of treatment. Medication may be helpful for retrograde ejaculation.

title: Azoospermia


text:
Out of This World (card trick)

[[File:out_of_this_world_card_trick.svg|thumb|Explanation of the Out of This World card trick with a prepared deck of 10 cards (solid cards are face-up; hatched cards are of the hatch colour, face-down)

1. The top and bottom cards are extracted as marker cards.

2. The audience member freely deals cards onto either marker until stopped by the illusionist.

3. The illusionist reveals and puts the next two cards onto opposing piles.

4. The audience member freely deals the remaining cards; the piles may be of unequal size.

5. The illusionist surreptitiously moves the bottom card to the top of the incorrect pile, and splits the piles to show the cards.]] Out of This World is a card trick created by magician Paul Curry in 1942, in which an audience member is asked to sort a deck into piles of red and black cards, without looking at the faces. Many performers have devised their own variations of this trick. It is often billed as "the trick that fooled Winston Churchill" due to a story describing how it was performed for him during World War II. The method behind the trick is simple and essentially self-working, and can be enhanced by the presentation of the performer and the use of other principles of magic.

Effect

 * 1) The performer takes a deck of cards, and places on the table two face-up "marker" cards, one black and one red; the black on the left and the red on the right. The performer tells the spectator that he or she is going to deal cards face-down from the deck and the object of the exercise is for the subject to use their intuition to identify whether each card in the deck is black or red.
 * 2) The performer takes one card at a time from the deck, face down, and asks the subject to attempt to divine whether it is black or red. The subject states their choice, and the performer then places the card in line with the appropriately coloured marker card, overlapping it at the bottom.
 * 3) About halfway through the deck, the performer stops and announces that it is necessary to switch sides, in order to prevent a possible preference for one side over another from confusing the results. The performer deals two new marker cards onto the existing lines: a red one on the left, and a black one on the right.
 * 4) The performer then continues as before, dealing cards face-down from the deck onto the subject's choice of the black or red line.
 * 5) When the deck is exhausted, the performer instructs the subject to gather up and somehow reveal the left-hand line of cards; the performer does the same for the right-hand line.
 * 6) The exposed lines reveal that every one of the subject's guesses was correct, and the black and red cards have been exactly sorted by colour.

Method
The deck in use is either stacked or partially stacked prior to performance, or manipulated in the course of performance to form a partial or full stack, in which there is a separation between the red and black cards, with a run of each colour comprising either half the deck or a substantial portion of the stack near the top.

In the first round of dealing face-down cards, all of the cards dealt will be of one colour. The switching of sides occurs at the halfway point through the deck because that is the point at which the first colour cards will be exhausted and the second colour of cards will begin to be dealt.

To understand why this enables the trick to work, think about what will be in the two lines of cards at the end of the trick. The left-hand line will begin with (for example) a black marker card (placed at the start), followed by the face-down black cards from the top of the deck, then the red marker card (placed at the side switch), then the face-down red cards from the bottom of the deck. That's (black marker) (black cards) (red marker) (red cards). In other words, this line is exactly right, and is given to the subject to gather up.

The right-hand line will begin with the red marker card (placed at the start), followed by the face-down black cards from the top of the deck, then the black marker card (placed at the side switch), then the face-down red cards from the bottom of the deck. That's (red marker) (black cards) (black marker) (red cards). Although incorrect, this can be instantly made to appear correct by moving the red marker card from one end of the line to the other, or by reversing the order of all other cards in the line. This must be performed by the magician during the act of gathering up the right-hand line of cards, while the subject is distracted by gathering up their own line.

Link with Winston Churchill
Chapter 13 of the book Magician's Magic by Paul Curry describes a dinner party during World War II at which a magician named Harry Green performed the trick for Winston Churchill. According to the book, Churchill insisted that the trick be performed for him half a dozen times, and was "repeatedly baffled".

title: Out of This World (card trick)


text:
User:1 black hand/funny stuff

Cute but psycho. Things even out.

Your shirt says princess but your face says troll.

I'm crazy. Deal with it.

How to keep a gulible person busy(see back of shirt)

(see front of shirt)

look at these pictures...they are too cool!

title: User:1 black hand/funny stuff


text:
Peroxymonosulfuric acid

Peroxymonosulfuric acid,, is also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid, or Caro's acid. In this acid, the S(VI) center adopts its characteristic tetrahedral geometry; the connectivity is indicated by the formula HO–O–S(O)2–OH. It is one of the strongest oxidants known (E0 = +2.51 V) and is highly explosive.

is sometimes confused with, known as peroxydisulfuric acid. The disulfuric acid, which appears to be more widely used as its alkali metal salts, has the structure HO–S(O)2–O–O–S(O)2–OH.

History
was first described in 1898 by the German chemist Heinrich Caro, after whom it is named.

Synthesis and production
The laboratory scale preparation of Caro's acid involves the combination of chlorosulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide:

 * H2O2 + ClSO2OH <-> H2SO5 + HCl

Published patents include more than one reaction for preparation of Caro's acid, usually as an intermediate for the production of potassium monopersulfate (PMPS), a bleaching and oxidizing agent. One patent for production of Caro's acid for this purpose gives the following reaction:

 * H2O2 + H2SO4 <-> H2SO5 + H2O

This is the reaction that produces the acid transiently in "piranha solution".

Uses in industry
has been used for a variety of disinfectant and cleaning applications, e.g., swimming pool treatment and denture cleaning. Alkali metal salts of show promise for the delignification of wood. It is also used in laboratories as a last resort in removing organic materials since can fully oxidize any organic materials.

Ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of are used in the plastics industry as radical initiators for polymerization. They are also used as etchants, oxidative desizing agents for textile fabrics, and for decolorizing and deodorizing oils.

Potassium peroxymonosulfate,, is the potassium acid salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. It is widely used as an oxidizing agent.

Hazards
Pure Caro's acid is highly explosive. Explosions have been reported at Brown University and Sun Oil. As with all strong oxidizing agents, peroxysulfuric acid should be kept away from organic compounds such as ethers and ketones because of its ability to peroxidize these compounds, creating highly unstable molecules such as acetone peroxide.

title: Peroxymonosulfuric acid


text:
Talk:Judicial interpretation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 11 January 2021 and 13 March 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dudebob5420.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:29, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Redirect
Why on earth does this redirect point to 'judicial activism'? The two words are not the same at all: activism is a form of judicial interpretation.
 * This page needs an article to go with it. The articles that it links to can form part of it. - Matthew238 00:27, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Removed cat
I removed. While this relates to the Supreme Court, it is not exclusive to the Supreme Court.

I don't know enough about the subject matter to make a valid contribution but seems to me this article is solely about interpretation of the US constitution. if i wanted to know about judicial interpretation of the us constitution i would've searched for that instead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.251.30 (talk) 00:18, 8 January 2008 (UTC) Epolk 23:21, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Intentionalism?
I came here looking for somethign like Intentionalism. It was somethign about trying to interpret the intent of law. Mathiastck 14:43, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

circular definition
The article begins with this:

 * Judicial interpretation is a theory or mode of thought that explains how the judiciary should interpret the law,

This is circular! To understand the phrase "how the judiciary should interpret the law", one must FIRST know what "the judiciary...interpret[ing] the law" means. But that is just what the sentence purports to explain. Michael Hardy 04:34, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

verifiability of arguments
This article seemed to have a strict constructionalist bias, with more time spent on "pro" arguments for strict constructionalism and a noticeable lack of criticisms of that approach. The text for other approaches spends much less time in support and still finds time to criticize.

I tried to balance this text, but many of these arguments, while probably verifiable, had not actually been verified. Remember, from No original research:

Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought. Articles should only contain verifiable content from reliable sources without further analysis. Content should not be synthesized to advance a position.

Kbmartin2 05:36, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Delete? Total original research
I am actually adding ref'd info, but this article should be deleted as pure WP:OR. If I wasn't busy I'd put it up myself - in fact I just started a "delete list" and when am in mood for revisiting the rules will put a notation on top of this article. So get busy referencing it, if you wrote it. CarolMooreDC (talk) 15:39, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Either Rename, Expand or Delete
As happens all too often on Wikipedia, this article appears from its title to be about a broad topic of worldwide concern, but turns out to be about (one person's view of) an issue in the United States alone. If Wikipedians are serious about making this encyclopedia genuinely international in scope and impact, and avoiding misleading and annoying non-American users, this article should either be renamed (something like "Judical interpretation of the U.S. Constitution"), or expanded to cover ALL the other meanings of "Judicial interpretation" around the world, or deleted. Apologies in advance is anyone is bored or offended by the implication that Wikipedia is excessively oriented to the United States, but it's not a matter of anti-Americanism, it's a matter of pro-Wikipedianism (which, if it wasn't already a word, is now). Merry Christmas, by the way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.225.21.78 (talk) 21:35, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Merge
In addition to all things said, this article seems to duplicate the article on Statutory interpretation. I would suggest to consider merging, or if the copyright problem persists, to remove and cross reference. (Sidebar: I added this article to the WikiLaw project, as I think it fits within the scope.)

Ernie (talk) 07:59, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: American Constitutional Interpretation (1995), by Murphy, Fleming and Barber. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 14:51, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Living vs Moral Constitution
I don't see where this premise is supported anywhere, and the two don't even seem related to me. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 15:08, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * You're entirely correct, Founder'sIntent. "Living Constitutionalism" is a new-age progressive term which implies that the Constitution shouldn't exist because its too rigid, and doesn't adjust... but this is ridiculous, because "fluid constitutionalism" can only lead to Despotism which is the lack of a rule of law. Both of these terms should be removed.  They are invalid in the realm of legitimate Judicial interpretation. --Enorl76 (talk) 05:11, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree with you fine people. Removed 'living constitution' and 'moral constitution'. ✅--Tomwsulcer (talk) 13:41, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Sructuralism
The sentence on 'structuralism' links to an article about structuralism in anthropology, literary theory, etc, which has no obvious relevance to judicial interpretation. If there is in fact a 'structuralist' approach to judicial interpretation, isn't there a better account of it somewhere?109.148.117.50 (talk) 15:13, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Judicial jurisprudence isn't a viable option when it comes to decision. It specifically defies the duty of a judge which is specifically to uphold the constitution and law. Which when conflicting the constitution as written is final. Case law, jurisprudentialism, all deny you the right to a fair and unbias trial. Jacob Daniel Anderson (talk) 02:36, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

It is as simple as that. As well as balancing all come from wrong doing of judicial members that use fancy wording as an excuse of why. Jacob Daniel Anderson (talk) 02:37, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is one view, but there are other views, and not everybody agrees -- including constitutional scholars as well as justices themselves -- and Wikipedia's policy is to try to be neutral and to represent the differing viewpoints as best that we can, while using reliable sources which, for this subject, will be constitutional scholars, judges in some instances, law professors, legal journals, and such.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 11:08, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

Moving source to talk page
I'm moving the following source here to the talk page because it is an editoral opinion piece, not a scholorly work. It could be used as part of a list of examples of critical opinion, but not to establish fact beyond the opinion of the writer. (see WP:RS)  Sparkie82 ( t • c )  01:05, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Regarding the removal of referenced content
There are many different ways, and approaches, from which justices interpret a constitution. The ones in the article are referenced -- please don't remove them without either making a case that (1) the reference is bogus or (2) another reference saying that a general method of interpretation is bogus. Please use reliable sources which are verifiable, thank you.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 09:47, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judicial interpretation


text:
Football in France

Association football is the most popular sport in France. In 2024, 53% of people in France declared an interest in football, with 26% being very interested. The French Football Federation (FFF, Fédération Française de Football) is the national governing body and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of association football in the country, both professional and amateur. The federation organizes the Coupe de France and is responsible for appointing the management of the men's, women's, and youth national football teams in France. The federation gives responsibility of Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 to the Ligue de Football Professionnel (LFP) who oversee, organize, and manage the country's top two leagues. The LFP is also responsible for organizing the Coupe de la Ligue, the country's league cup competition. The French Football Federation also supervises the overseas departments and territories leagues and hosts football club AS Monaco, a club based in the independent sovereign state of Monaco. In 2022, the FFF had 2.1 million licensees, 1.8 million players and 14,000 registered clubs, the second highest number of registered players in Europe after Germany.

The first football club was introduced to France in 1863 as described in a newspaper article by The Scotsman, which stated "A number of English gentlemen living in Paris have lately organised a football club... The football contests take place in the Bois de Boulogne, by permission of the authorities and surprise the French amazingly." Modern football was introduced nine years later in 1872 by English sailors playing in Le Havre in 1872.

Today, football in France is especially being played successfully by people of non-European origin, in particular people of Subsaharan origin and people from North Africa who are overrepresented in the Banlieue. The importance of players of non-European origin is also reflected in the composition of the French World Cup winning team where only six of the 23 players were of European descent.

France is a football superpower; by its footballers playing around the world, according to the CIES Football Observatory, in 2023, France is the second country in the world behind Brazil, with the most footballers playing abroad with 1,033. According to Statista, of the estimated 130,000 professional football players worldwide, 6,368 originated from France, the third highest number in the world after Brazil (10,694) and Mexico (9,223).

Ligue de Football Professionnel
The top two divisions of French football, Ligue 1 and Ligue 2, are governed by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. The league is responsible for organizing, overseeing and managing the top two leagues and is also responsible for the 38 professional football clubs that contest football in France (18 in Ligue 1 and 20 in Ligue 2).

Ligue 1 is the French professional league for football clubs. It is the country's primary football competition and serves as the top division of the French football league system. Contested by 18 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Ligue 2. Ligue 1 is one of the top national leagues, currently ranked fifth in Europe behind the English Premier League, Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie A, and the German Bundesliga. Ligue 1 was inaugurated on 11 September 1932 under the name National before switching to Division 1 after a year of existence. The name lasted until 2002 before switching to its current name. The current champions of France are Paris Saint-Germain, who won a record twelfth title in 2024.

Ligue 2 is the second division of French football. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Championnat National. The league was created in 1934, a year after Ligue 1 and consisted of 23 clubs that were divided into two groups, Nord and Sud.

Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain ranked fourth place in the top ten most popular sports clubs on social media in the world as of 7 February 2024:

Championnat National
The Championnat National is the third division of French football. Though the league has several clubs that are members of the Ligue de Football Professionnel, it is not governed by the organization primarily because of the LFP's refusal to divide its profits into smaller shares, so they can collaborate with the many amateur clubs in the league to help them become professional. The French Football Federation moderates the league, which was founded in 1993 under the name National 1. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Championnat de France amateur.

Championnat National 2
The Championnat National 2 is the fourth division of French football and normally features 72 football clubs. Most clubs that participate in the league are amateur clubs, but a small number of clubs are semi-professional. The CFA consists of 72 clubs spread into 4 parallel groups of 18. It is open to the best reserve teams in France and amateur clubs in France, although only the amateur clubs are eligible for promotion to the Championnat National. The highest-placed amateur team in each pool are promoted, replaced by the 4 lowest-placed in the Championnat National.

Championnat National 3
The Championnat National 3 is the 5th division in French football and normally consists of 168 teams in 12 groups of 14 organised to align with the regional leagues. The twelve teams (both amateur and reserves of professional teams in higher divisions) that top their league are promoted to Championnat National 2. Relegation from Championnat National 3 is defined by both position in the group and the region the club belongs to. Normally, one club is relegated to each regional league that feeds that group.

Lower divisions
Some of regional leagues are organised and managed by the Ligue du Football Amateur. The LFA, under the watch of the French Football Federation, is responsible for administering and federating the actions of the regional and district leagues.

Division 1 Féminine
Division 1 Féminine is the top league for women's football clubs in France. Division 1 Féminine is ranked the best league in Europe according to UEFA. The league was originally created in 1918 by Alice Milliat and ran for 12 successful seasons until women's football was banned in France. The league was refounded in 1974 and officially reinstated in 1975.

It is contested by 12 clubs. The league operates on a system of promotion and relegation with lower leagues and is governed by the French Football Federation. The league is known as D1 Arkema. Lyon has won the most league titles at 16.

Lower divisions
Division 2 Féminine is the second-tier of French women's football, contested by 12 clubs. Relegation is to Division 3 Féminine, contested by 24 fully professional clubs split into two groups. The fourth level is Régional 1 Féminine.

Overseas leagues
The leagues based in the overseas departments and territories of France are run by their respective associations under the watch of the French Football Federation. Under the rules of the FFF, clubs in the leagues are allowed to participate in confederation competitions based on their regional locations. For example, the champion of the Réunion Premier League is allowed inclusion into the CAF Champions League.

Cup competitions
The most important cup competition in France is the Coupe de France. However, several other national cups are targeted at clubs at different levels.

 * The Coupe de France is the premier knockout cup competition in French football. It is open to all amateur and professional football clubs in France, including clubs based in the overseas departments and territories. The final is played at the Stade de France and, during the 2016–17 season, celebrated its 100th anniversary.
 * The Coupe de la Ligue was the second major cup competition in France. It was known outside France as the French League Cup and was a knockout league cup competition organised by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. Unlike the Coupe de France, it was only open to professional clubs who were members of the LFP. The competition was discontinued in 2020 to prevent fixture congestion.
 * The Trophée des Champions is played each July as a one-off match between the Coupe de France winners and the Ligue 1 champions.
 * Regional amateur leagues of France organise their own cup competitions that are run by the French Football Federation. For example, the Coupe Bourgogne only features amateur clubs that are based in the region of Burgundy.
 * Men's youth cups include the Coupe Gambardella, Coupe Nationale, and the Coupe Fédérale. The Coupe Gambardella cup competition held between the under-19s of the French football clubs. The Coupe Nationale holds dual competitions for the under-13 and under-15 teams of football clubs, while the Coupe Fédérale holds a national cup competition for under-16 teams.
 * The Coupe de l'Outre-Mer is a football cup competition that was created in 2008. It was designed to have the national football teams of the overseas territories compete against each other

Women's

 * The Coupe de France féminine, a premier cup competition reserved exclusively for French football clubs. The competition is open to all professional and non-professional teams in the country.
 * Trophée des Championnes, an annual match between the league champions of Division 1 and the winners of the Coupe de France. The league runners-up play if the same team won the league and the cup.
 * Coupe Nationale
 * Coupe Fédérale
 * The Coupe National holds a youth cup competition for the under-14 teams, while the Coupe Fédérale holds cup competitions for the under-13 and under-16 teams.

UEFA Champions League
The following teams have qualified for the last eight of the European Cup / UEFA Champions League.

 * Marseille (1989–90 – Semi-finals, 1990–91 – Runners-up, 1992–93 – Champions, 2011–12 – Quarter-finals)
 * Monaco (1993–94 – Semi-finals, 1997–98 – Semi-finals, 2003–04 – Runners-up, 2016–17 – Semi-finals)
 * Saint-Étienne (1974–75 – Semi-finals, 1975–76 – Runners-up, 1976–77 – Quarter-finals)
 * Lyon (2003–04 – Quarter-finals, 2004–05 – Quarter-finals, 2005–06 – Quarter-finals, 2009–10 – Semi-finals, 2019–20 – Semi-finals)
 * Reims (1955–56 – Runners-up, 1958–59 – Runners-up, 1962–63 – Quarter-finals)
 * Bordeaux (1984–85 – Semi-finals, 2009–10 – Quarter-finals)
 * Paris Saint-Germain (1994–95 – Semi-finals, 2012–13 – Quarter-finals, 2013–14 – Quarter-finals, 2015–16 – Quarter-finals, 2019–20 – Runners-up, 2020–21 – Semi-finals)
 * Nantes (1995–96 – Semi-finals)
 * Auxerre (1996–97 – Quarter-finals)

UEFA Women's Champions League

 * Lyon (Winners: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22. Runners-up: 2009–10, 2012–13. Quarter-finals: 2020–21, 2022–23.)
 * Paris Saint-Germain (Runners-up: 2014–15, 2016–17.)
 * Paris FC (Semi-finals: 2012–13. Quarter-finals: 2010–11.)
 * Montpellier (Quarter-finalists: 2009–10, 2017–18.)

National teams

The France national football team represents France in international football. France was one of the four European teams that participated at the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and are one of eight national teams to have won the competition, which they did in 1998 when they hosted the Cup, defeating Brazil 3–0 in the final. They won their second world title 20 years later, after defeating Croatia 4–2 in the final of the 2018 edition in Russia. France also won two European Championships in 1984 and 2000, and hosted the tournament on three occasions, including their victorious 1984 campaign. Following France's 2001 Confederations Cup victory, they became the first national team to win the three most important men's titles organised by FIFA: the FIFA World Cup, the FIFA Confederations Cup, and the Olympic Tournament. This would be followed with Argentina and Brazil's victories at the Summer Olympics in 2004 and 2016. France additionally went on to win a UEFA Nations League title in 2021. The France women's national football team represents the country in international women's football. France initially struggled on the international stage failing to qualify for three of the first FIFA Women's World Cups and the six straight UEFA European Championships before reaching the quarter-finals in the 1997 edition of the competition. However, since the beginning of the new millennium, France have become a mid-tier national team and one of the most consistent in Europe, having qualified for their first-ever FIFA Women's World Cup in 2003 and reaching the quarter-finals in the last three consecutive European Championships. They also hosted the 2019 Women's World Cup, reaching the quarter-finals.

The France national youth football teams consists of age-specific national teams beginning with the France national under-16 football team and ending with the France national under-21 football team. Since the coaching tenure of Aimé Jacquet, there is an unwritten rule among senior national team coaches that players called up to the national team must have had prior international experience with the under-21 team.

Overseas departments national teams
The following overseas department national teams act as feeder teams for the France national football team. All teams are run by their respective federation under the authority of the French Football Federation.

As an overseas department of the French Republic, each national team is not a member of FIFA, therefore they are not eligible to enter the World Cup. However, since inhabitants of the overseas departments are French citizens, players are eligible to play for the France national football team. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin, and French Guiana are associate members of CONCACAF and are full members of the Caribbean Football Union, and are thus eligible for all competitions organized by both, while Réunion are associate members of CAF. Indeed, according to the status of the FFF (article 34, paragraph 6): "[...]Under the control of related continental confederations, and with the agreement of the FFF, those leagues can organize international sport events at a regional level or set up teams in order to participate to them."

A special rule of the CONCACAF Gold Cup only allows players to join the team if they have not played for France during the previous five years. On the other hand, any player joining the team is allowed to join the France national team afterward with no time restrictions.

The use of overseas department players has been extremely beneficial for the France national team. Lilian Thuram and Bernard Lama, who were born in Guadeloupe and Martinique, respectively, were a part of the winning team at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Also on the team were Thierry Henry and Bernard Diomède, who, though born in metropolitan France, were descendants of parents from overseas departments. Currently, Florent Malouda (French Guiana), William Gallas, Mikaël Silvestre, Michaël Ciani (Guadeloupe), Nicolas Anelka (Martinique), and Guillaume Hoarau and Florent Sinama Pongolle (Réunion) are members of the national team who either hail from or whose families hail from the overseas departments.

French football stadiums
Stadiums with a capacity of 40,000 or higher are included.

title: Football in France


text:
Category:Theories

A theory provides an explanatory framework for some observation, and from the assumptions of the explanation follows a number of possible hypotheses that can be tested in order to provide support for, or challenge, the theory.

title: Category:Theories


text:
Credenza

A credenza is a dining room sideboard or display cabinet, usually made of burnished and polished wood and decorated with marquetry. The top would often be made of marble, or another decorative liquid- and heat-resistant stone.

The credenza started as a rough table with a cloth draped over it. In early 14th-century Italy, it took on an architectural form with column and pilaster decorations.

In modern times, a credenza is more often a type of sideboard used in the home or restaurant. In dining rooms, it is typically made from wood and used as a platform to serve buffet meals. In restaurant kitchens, made from stainless steel, it provides a side surface and storage cupboards. It can also be referenced in an office environment for office storage; both above and below a desk space.

Etymology
Originally in Italian the name meant belief or trust (etymologically connected to the English word "credence"). In the 16th century, the act of credenza was the tasting of food and drinks by a servant for a lord or other important person (such as the pope or a cardinal) in order to test for poison. The name may have passed then to the room where the act took place, then to the furniture.

title: Credenza


text:
Emileigh Rohn

Emileigh Rohn is a solo artist who produces the electronic music project Chiasm sold by COP International records. She has released five albums; Disorder, Relapse, Reform, 11:11, and Reset. Her music has been featured on many compilation CDs, in the PC video game Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines by Troika Games, on the CBS television series NCIS and in the independent film Extinguish released by Outsider Filmworks. The name Chiasm (Greek χίασμα, "crossing") comes from the biology term of the crossing of optic neurons in the brain that allow people to have continuous and peripheral vision (see Optic chiasm). Chiasm is produced in Detroit, MI United States.

Origin
At the age of five, Emileigh Rohn began taking piano lessons from her church organist, Mildred Benson, and eventually began singing solos in church. By the age of 13 she received a Casiotone keyboard and began experimenting with electronic music. In her final year of high school she joined an experimental/industrial performance art group called Inter Animi.

In the fall of 1997, while studying molecular biology in Detroit, Rohn joined Calvin P. Simmons in his project Dragon Tears Descending (DTD) as a keyboardist doing performances and supporting other bands. Rohn then left DTD and formed her own project Electrophoretic Transfer with sampling from Shane Terpening by 1998.

Chiasm began in 1998 when Rohn began to entirely produce her own music with her first demo CD named "Embryonic" completed in October. Her song "Bouncing Baby Clones" featured on a Detroit Electronica compilation CD, D[elEcTROnIc]T, in the spring of 1999. Later that year, she signed to COP International records, and her first officially released track, "Chiasm" was soon featured on their compilation, "Diva X Machina vol. 3".

Disorder
Released in March 2001. A remix album with labelmate Threat Level 5, entitled "Divided We Fall", was also released in 2003. The track "Isolated" was later used in the NCIS episode "Marine Down" and the Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines computer game. The song "Formula" contains audio samples from Independence Day.

Tracks
 * 1) Formula
 * 2) Chiasm 5.0
 * 3) Transparent
 * 4) Disorder
 * 5) Fight
 * 6) Liquefy
 * 7) Isolated
 * 8) Cold
 * 9) Enemy
 * 10) Someone

Relapse
Released in May 2005.

Tracks BONUS TRACKS: Rewind (Floating Tears Mix by ZIA), Surrender (Dark Techno Mix by Threat Level 5)
 * 1) Embryonic
 * 2) Surrender
 * 3) Delay
 * 4) Rewind
 * 5) Still
 * 6) X-Ray
 * 7) Incision
 * 8) Phobic
 * 9) Needle
 * 10) Chosen Fate

Prefrontal
Released in April 2006. Only available on iTunes.

Tracks
 * 1) Prefrontal, Part 1
 * 2) Prefrontal, Part 2
 * 3) Prefrontal (Carphax Files Remix)
 * 4) Biomod "Seed" (Chiasm Mix)
 * 5) Biomod "Seed" (Piano Mix)
 * 6) A Girl Called Harmony
 * 7) Cryostat

Reform
Released in September 2008.

Tracks
 * 1) Deny
 * 2) Soulprint
 * 3) Unity
 * 4) The Caffeine Cycle
 * 5) Reform
 * 6) A Section Of Time
 * 7) Deceivers
 * 8) Won
 * 9) Incubate
 * 10) Extinguish

Apple Island
Released in May 2009.

Tracks
 * 1) Apple Island
 * 2) Fake Smile
 * 3) Major Tom (English version)
 * 4) Reform (Soil & Eclipse remix)
 * 5) Won (:10: remix)

Obligatory
Released in February 2012. Only available on iTunes.

Tracks
 * 1) Don't Panic
 * 2) Obligatory 2.0
 * 3) Obligatory (DYM remix)
 * 4) Reliance (Eric Chamberlain Remix)
 * 5) Reliance (Red Flag Remix)

11:11
Released in October 2012.
 * 1) Petals
 * 2) Angry Tree
 * 3) I Want Some More
 * 4) The Sea
 * 5) Hideaway
 * 6) So Lost
 * 7) Draw A House
 * 8) Answer In My Mind
 * 9) Reliance
 * 10) Obligatory
 * 11) Space

Reset
Released in March 2019.

 * 1) World Left
 * 2) The Puzzle
 * 3) Sky Crane
 * 4) Mice on a Wheel
 * 5) Locked In
 * 6) Stumble
 * 7) Make Believe
 * 8) Ella
 * 9) Space Lights
 * 10) Enough
 * 11) Red Outside

title: Emileigh Rohn


text:
Chiasm

Chiasm may refer to:

 * Chiasm (musical project), an electronic music project by Emileigh Rohn
 * Chiasm (anatomy), an X-shaped structure produced by the crossing over of the fibers, with the prefix chiasm- means cross examples include:
 * A nerval chiasm, where either two nerves cross in the body midline (e.g. Optic chiasma)
 * A crossing of fibres inside a nerve reversing their mapping
 * A tendinous chiasm, the spot where two tendons cross. The tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle forms two: the crural chiasm (with the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle) and the plantar chiasm (with the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle).
 * Chiasma (genetics), the point where two chromatids are intertwined (interwoven) in a cell
 * An instantiation of chiasmus

title: Chiasm


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Eden's Crush

Eden's Crush was an American girl group who were created on the American television series Popstars which aired on the now defunct WB. The group was formed in late 2000 and released the hit song "Get Over Yourself" in 2001, following the finale of the show. The group consisted of Ana Maria Lombo, Ivette Sosa, Maile Misajon, Nicole Scherzinger and Rosanna Tavarez.

Career
Hundreds of girls competed to become pop stars in late 2000 on the TV series Popstars, produced by David Foster. The group was narrowed down to five finalists, Ivette Sosa, Maile Misajon, Ana Maria Lombo, Nicole Scherzinger and Rosanna Tavarez, over several prime time episodes. Warner Bros./Sire Records signed the group to a recording contract before the band was named or had finalized its membership, due to the hours of network television exposure the group would receive.

The group's debut single, "Get Over Yourself" topped the Canadian Singles Chart and peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Love This Way" was later released as a promotional single. Their album Popstars was certified gold, and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The group guest starred as themselves on an episode of the television show Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. In 2001, they played as a support act on some dates for *NSYNC's Pop Odyssey Tour and Jessica Simpson's DreamChaser Tour. In the beginning of 2002, their record company, London-Sire Records, folded and the group disbanded.

Scherzinger would later have more success with The Pussycat Dolls.

Concert tours

 * Opening act
 * PopOdyssey (NSYNC) (2001)
 * DreamChaser Tour (Jessica Simpson) (2001)

title: Eden's Crush


text:
Talk:Spirits

Fixed redirect
Please hit Special:Whatlinkshere/Talk:Spirits before restoring the old redirect to Distilled beverages. Many of the pages listed there are obviously linking to "spirits" when they should be linking to "spirit" & related articles, while many others should obviously be linking to distilled beverages. While it might temporarily fix the problem to simply fix all the pages that link here, this will continue to happen as new links are carelessly created. This page really ought to stay linked to the disambig page indefinitely. Thanks, MrZaius  talk  20:05, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have redirected this page to spirit; some articles aught to be able to link here intentionally. Neelix (talk) 18:17, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spirits


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Pedro Gomez (journalist)

Pedro Gomez (August 20, 1962 – February 7, 2021) was an American sports journalist. He worked as a reporter for ESPN from 2003 to 2021, contributing to the network's SportsCenter show. He was primarily a baseball reporter and was also a member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America who cast election votes for the Baseball Hall of Fame. He covered 25 World Series and 22 Major League Baseball All-Star Games.

Early life
Gomez was the son of Cuban refugees, born just 20 days after his parents arrived in the United States in August 1962, two months before the Cuban Missile Crisis. Gomez attended Coral Park High School in Miami, where he was a year ahead of future major league player Jose Canseco. Gomez then went to Miami-Dade Community College (south campus) and the University of Miami.

Career
Gomez wrote for The Miami News from 1985 to 1988 and then The San Diego Union from 1988 to 1990. After years of covering high schools and general assignment sports in Miami, San Diego, and the San Francisco Bay Area, Gomez became a full-time baseball beat writer in 1992, covering the Oakland Athletics for the San Jose Mercury News and The Sacramento Bee from 1990 to 1997. Those Oakland squads featured stars including Rickey Henderson and "Bash Brothers" Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire. Gomez said that covering those A's was like "we were traveling with The [Rolling] Stones." Gomez gained much experience during this seven-year period as a newspaper writer. His work in Sacramento, San Jose and later as a national baseball writer and general sports columnist for The Arizona Republic in Phoenix from 1997 to 2003 led to ESPN's hiring of him in 2003 to work at SportsCenter. Gomez specialized in baseball reporting for ESPN and followed Barry Bonds for the better part of three seasons as Bonds pursued Hank Aaron for the all-time MLB home run record. Gomez's favorite event that he covered was Game 6 of the 2003 National League Championship Series, when Chicago Cubs fan Steve Bartman attempted to catch a foul ball against the Miami Marlins, who went on to score eight times in the inning. In 2016, Gomez went to Cuba to cover an exhibition game between the Tampa Bay Rays and the Cuba national team, the first visit by an MLB club in almost two decades. He also appeared on Baseball Tonight and other studio shows.

Gomez also covered sports other than baseball, including working as a sideline reporter during MLS Cup 2008. He covered a U.S. men's national soccer team in Havana in 2008.

Personal life and death
Gomez and his wife, Sandi, had three children; he resided in Phoenix, Arizona. His son Rio played college baseball as a left-handed pitcher for the Arizona Wildcats baseball team, before starting a professional baseball career within the Boston Red Sox organization. Rio represented Colombia, Sandi's home country, in the 2023 World Baseball Classic, pitching $1 1/3$ innings of scoreless relief against Canada.

Gomez died from a heart attack at his home in Phoenix on February 7, 2021, at the age of 58.

title: Pedro Gomez (journalist)


text:
Scott Davis (tennis)

Scott Davis (born August 27, 1962) is an American former professional tennis player. He reached a career high singles ranking of world No. 11 (in October 1985) and doubles ranking of world No. 2 (in January 1991).

Tennis career
A right-handed serve and volleyer, Davis played 14 years on the tour. He won three singles titles – the 1983 Maui, 1985 Tokyo Outdoor, and 1990 Auckland Grand Prix events – and 22 doubles titles. His biggest doubles tournament win was the 1991 Australian Open, partnering David Pate. Other big doubles wins included the 1990 Los Angeles, Indianapolis, and Paris Open, and 1993 Indianapolis Grand Prix events, all partnering Pate. Davis was also doubles finalist at the 1991 US Open with Pate. In 1985, he had won the Los Angeles Open with Robert Van't Hof as an unseeded team.

Prior to turning professional, Davis played college tennis at Stanford University, leading the Cardinal to the 1983 NCAA team championship for coach Dick Gould.

Davis attended Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades California. The Team was named National Champions in 1979 and 1980. He played for Coach Bud Ware (1978-79)and Coach Bud Kling (1979-80). He was also ranked #1 in the World for Junior Singles.

Davis is married to America's sweetheart and pilates instructor extraordinaire Shellie.

Since retiring from the tour in 1998, Davis has been active on the over-35 senior tour and as a private tennis coach.

title: Scott Davis (tennis)


text: User talk:70.92.30.156

title: User talk:70.92.30.156