text:
User talk:Lowfill~enwiki

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title: User talk:Lowfill~enwiki


text:
Canadian Council

Canadian Council may refer to:

In aviation:

 * Canadian Airports Council, the Canadian trade association for Canada's airports
 * Canadian Aviation Regulation Advisory Council, a public consultative body involved in creating the Canadian Aviation Regulations

In other fields:

 * Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, an independent organization created by the Canadian Association of Broadcasters
 * Canadian Council for Geographic Education, an initiative of The Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographic Society
 * Canadian Council for Tobacco Control, a registered Canadian charity
 * Canadian Council of Churches, an ecumenical Christian forum of churches in Canada
 * Canadian Council of Natural Mothers, a Canadian lobby group for the rights of women who have placed children for adoption
 * Canadian Council of Professional Engineers, the national organization of 12 provincial and territorial associations
 * Canadian Judicial Council, the regulating body for Canadian judges composed mostly of chief justices and associate chief justices
 * Canadian Meat Council, Canada's national trade association for the federally inspected red meat packers and processors
 * Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council, a federation of provincial and territorial associations
 * Canadian Unitarian Council, the national body for Unitarian Universalists in Canada
 * Canadian Unity Council, a non-profit organization whose mission is the promotion of Canadian Unity and the current federal institutions
 * Chinese Canadian National Council, an organization whose purpose is to monitor racial discrimination against Chinese in Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canadian Council


text:
United States Statutes at Large

The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).

Codification
Large portions of public laws are enacted as amendments to the United States Code. Once enacted into law, an Act will be published in the Statutes at Large and will add to, modify, or delete some part of the United States Code. Provisions of a public law that contain only enacting clauses, effective dates, and similar matters are not generally codified. Private laws also are not generally codified.

Some portions of the United States Code have been enacted as positive law and other portions have not been so enacted. In case of a conflict between the text of the Statutes at Large and the text of a provision of the United States Code that has not been enacted as positive law, the text of the Statutes at Large takes precedence.

History

Publication of the United States Statutes at Large began in 1845 by the private firm of Little, Brown and Company under authority of a joint resolution of Congress. During Little, Brown and Company's time as publisher, Richard Peters (Volumes 1–8), George Minot (Volumes 9–11), and George P. Sanger (Volumes 11–17) served as editors.

In 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office under the direction of the Secretary of State.

, 61 Stat. 633, was enacted July 30, 1947 and directed the Secretary of State to compile, edit, index, and publish the Statutes at Large. , 64 Stat. 980, was enacted September 23, 1950 and directed the Administrator of General Services to compile, edit, index, and publish the Statutes at Large. Since 1985 the Statutes at Large have been prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

Until 1948, all treaties and international agreements approved by the United States Senate were also published in the set, but these now appear in a publication titled United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, abbreviated U.S.T. In addition, the Statutes at Large includes the text of the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution, treaties with Native American nations and foreign nations, and presidential proclamations.

Sometimes very large or long Acts of Congress are published as their own "appendix" volume of the Statutes at Large. For example, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was published as volume 68A of the Statutes at Large.

title: United States Statutes at Large


text:
Penny Hughes

Penny Hughes CBE (born 1959) is a British businesswoman, and the chair of IQ Student Accommodation. She is the former chair of Aston Martin and The Gym Group.

Early life
Hughes was born in West Kirby, the youngest of three daughters in a middle-class family.

Hughes was educated at Birkenhead High School. While at the school she represented the county at hockey and lacrosse. She earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Sheffield in 1980.

Career
She joined Procter & Gamble, as a technologist, then moved to the sales and marketing department. She was then recruited by the Milk Marketing Board, and later joined Coca-Cola as a brand manager. By 1989, having successfully overseen the merger of the bottling interests of Coca-Cola UK and Schweppes, she was appointed commercial director. In 1993, at the age of 33 she became president of the UK and Ireland businesses of Coca-Cola.

She has been a director of the Bodyshop, GAP, Trinity Mirror, Next, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, Vodafone and Reuters. She was a non-executive director of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group between 2010 and 2018 and a member of the boards remuneration committee. She is a non-executive director of Morrisons, Cable & Wireless and Home Retail Group. She is a trustee of the British Museum and president of the Advertising Association.

In February 2018, Hughes was appointed as the chair of IQ Student Accommodation, the UK's largest provider of student housing.

In September 2018, Hughes was appointed as the chair of Aston Martin. In January 2020 it was announced that Canadian billionaire Lawrence Stroll would replace Hughes as chairman after purchasing a 25% stake in the company.

In July 2022, Hughes stepped down as chair of The Gym Group.

Honours
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to the media industry.

Personal life
She has two sons.

title: Penny Hughes


text:
Edgy Lee

Edgy Lee (born 1957) is an independent Hawaii-born filmmaker. She has also produced Shanachie Records artists as varied as Joe Higgs, The Wailers, and the 14th Dalai Lama.

Her early career included on-camera work as a model, in TV commercials, series, and films including The Last Married Couple in America and Magnum Force, as co-host of the popular children's series Bill Cosby's Picture Pages, and more. Lee's music credits include co-compositions with Wayne Shorter (CBS Records, "Atlantis"), film composer Joseph Vitarelli (Fox Network, other); and with composer Robert Wehrman.

In 1999, Lee produced a CD for the Office of Tibet – a compilation of the Dalai Lama's symposia in Hawaii, with rare traditional Tibetan music performed by artists living in exile around the world, Hawaiian chants, and remarks by the late Reverend Abraham Akaka and kumu hula John Lake.

Lee's films include Papakolea – Story of Hawaiian Land (Academy Award-winning cinematographer, Haskell Wexler; Emmy winning writer/producer, Saul Landau); Paniolo O Hawai'i – Cowboys of the Far West; Waikiki – In the Wake of Dreams; and The Hawaiians – Reflecting Spirit, among others. These documentary films were made in the hope of bringing a deeper awareness of the Hawaiian culture to a national public whose image of Native Hawaiians may have been shaped by stereotypes. Waikiki – In the Wake of Dreams contains an original production of the Hawaiian classic "Waikiki", performed and arranged by Grammy winners Take 6. Warner Bros. Records released a companion soundtrack CD to the film Paniolo O Hawaii, produced by former Warner Bros. Records President Jim Ed Norman with Hawaiian kumu and performer, Nani Lim, and a Public Radio International one-hour program incorporated excerpts and music from the film.

Waikiki premiered at the National Geographic Society and received the 2002 New York International Independent Film Festival awards for Best Cinematography and Best Editing. Its Hawaii premiere was held on Kuhio Beach, the first open air public screening of a film in Waikiki, which initiated the City and County of Honolulu's successful tourism event that now attracts thousands to Waikiki every month to the "Sunset on the Beach" film screening event. At the Chicago International Film Festival it received an Intercom Gold Plaque.

Other Lee films have premiered at the Smithsonian Institution, City Museum and Hirshhorn Museum in Washington DC, the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, the Heard Museum in Phoenix, the Autry National Center and the Museum of Natural History in Los Angeles, at other U.S. museums and small theatres, and at special film screenings and events held on Waikiki Beach and New York's waterfront. In 2005 Lee's film, The Hawaiians – Reflecting Spirit (title sponsor, Office of Hawaiian Affairs) opened festivities at the Smithsonian's Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C.

Lee also co-produced and directed Life or Meth and ICE: Hawaii's Crystal Meth Epidemic, two independently produced films on the methamphetamine epidemic in Hawaii. Both films were simulcast across the state of Hawaii on eleven TV stations and continue to garner national acclaim. Utilized by several Native American communities where meth addiction is on the rise, these films were the first in-depth documentaries on the subject. In 2005, Lee produced "Unprescribed - Prescription for Addiction", an overview of America's prescription drug epidemic and turn toward heroin use across the U.S. The film intro by former US Attorney General Eric Holder; ONDCP Director Michael Bottecelli, SAMHSA Dir. Dr Nora Volkow, other national experts appear.

In 2008 Lee founded PacificNetwork.tv, an Internet network streaming high quality HD video, original films, cultural news, a "Hawaiian - Pacific portal to the world". Pacific Network aka Pure Pacific, is known as an early example of "new media" aligning with traditional media and bridging the gap between competitive media platforms. Pacific Network studios are located in Honolulu and Papeete, Tahiti. Edgy Lee was also the U.S. representative of the Honotua Project, the submarine cable connecting French Polynesia to the U.S. via Hawaii.

Awards and presentations

 * 2015 Telly Award (Bronze, documentary film, Social issues category)
 * 2014 Waimea Ocean Film Festival
 * 2013 Hawaii State Senate Special Artist’s Recognition Oct 2013
 * 2013 Paniolo Preservation Society – First Honorary Director for Life, Oct 2013
 * 2011 TEDx Honolulu, Featured Speaker
 * 2010 Cinema Italiano Hawaii, Judge
 * 2010 National Science Foundation EPSCOR Conference, University of Hawaii - Hilo, Keynote Speaker
 * 2009 Cinema Italiano Hawaii, Judge
 * 2008 Molokai Film Festival, Filmmaker of the Year
 * 2005 Ten Who Made a Difference, Honolulu Star Bulletin
 * 2004 Pacific Business News Leadership Award, Non profit category
 * 2003 Honolulu City Council Award for Outstanding Community Service
 * 2002 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival – Best Cinematography (Jiri Dvorsky)
 * 2002 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival – Best Editing, Documentary Film (Edgy Lee)
 * 2001 Chicago International Film Festival – INTERCOM Gold Plaque
 * 2001 Kahili Award, Literary Category (Edgy Lee / Paul Berry)
 * 2000 Kahili Best of Show Award and Kahili Award for Media Broadcasting
 * 1998 Chicago International Film Festival – INTERCOM Silver Plaque
 * 1998 Chicago International Film Festival – Individual Achievement Award, Writing (Edgy Lee)
 * 1995 National Educational Media Network Silver Award
 * 1994 Corporation for Public Broadcasting – Silver Award (Excellence In TV Programming, Independent)
 * 1993 CINE Golden Eagle Award (Papakolea – Story of Hawaiian Land; Edgy Lee, Producer/Director/Writer; Haskell Wexler, Cinematography; Saul Landau, Co-writer)

title: Edgy Lee


text:
George Horton

George Horton (October 11, 1859 – June 5, 1942) was a member of the United States diplomatic corps who held several consular offices in Greece and the Ottoman Empire between 1893 and 1924. During two periods he was the U.S. Consul or Consul General at Smyrna (known as Izmir, Turkey, today), 1911–1917 and 1919–1922. The first ended when the U.S. entered World War I and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire were terminated. The second covered Greek administration of the city during the Greco-Turkish War. The Greek administration of Smyrna was appointed by the Allied Powers following Turkey's defeat in World War I and the seizure of Smyrna.

Today Horton is best remembered for The Blight of Asia, his 1926 book about the events, notably the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Christian population, leading up to and during the Great Fire of Smyrna. He briefly summarizes events from 1822 to 1909 and covers in more detail, with eye-witness accounts, events from 1909 to 1922. The title refers to what he considered the abominable behavior of the Ottoman Turks. Horton, in his book records his personal memoirs from life in modern-day-Turkey, while the events he describes are focused on that particular region, and that particular time. The book has been criticised as anti-Turkish by a number of scholars and Horton himself accused of bias against Turks and Muslims.

Early life
George Horton was born on October 11, 1859, in Fairville in Wayne County, New York. He graduated from George Washington University.

Professional career
Horton was a literary person. He was a scholar of both Greek and Latin. He translated Sappho, wrote a guide for the interpretation of Scripture, and published several novels. He was also a renowned journalist in Chicago, a party in the so-called Chicago Renaissance.

Journalist
Horton started his career as a literary journalist, first as literary editor of the Chicago Times-Herald (1899–1901), then as editor of the literary supplement of the Chicago American (1901–1903).

Diplomat
Horton was also both a professional diplomat and a lover of Greece or Philhellene. He became U.S. Consul in Athens in 1893, where he actively promoted the revival of the Olympic Games and inspired the U.S. team's participation. He wrote a lyrical visitor's guide to Athens and composed a reflective description of his stay in Argolis.

Horton served as U.S. Consul in Athens 1893-1898 and 1905–1906. He was US Consul General in Saloniki 1910–1911.

He then served as U.S. Consul in Smyrna 1911–1917, up to the termination of diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in World War I with the American entry into World War I. He served again after the war from 1919 until the Great Fire began on September 13, 1922, spending the last hours before his own evacuation signing passes for those entitled to American protection and transportation to Piraeus. He has said about his service in Smyrna during those years: "One of the keenest impressions which I brought away with me from Smyrna was a feeling of shame that I belonged to the human race."

The Blight of Asia
Today Horton is most remembered for his 1926 book The Blight of Asia which centers on the destruction of Smyrna. The fire ravaged Smyrna starting on September 13, 1922; Horton departed his Consul General's post there on the evening of that day. The fire lasted for 4 days.

Before publication Horton had resigned his diplomatic commission, and he wrote strictly in the capacity of a private citizen, drawing on his own observations and those of the people he quoted. His account remains as controversial as the fire itself.

His account of the forced exodus of Christian inhabitants (Greek and Armenian), by Ottoman Turkish soldiers, chronicles the latter stages of the genocide of Asia Minor's native Christian population.

Contemporary Communications
Horton quotes numerous contemporary communications including eyewitness accounts of the massacre of Phocaea in 1914, by a Frenchman, and the Armenian massacres of 1914/15, by an American citizen and by a German missionary. He also published letters that he received at the consulate from Americans living in Smyrna and radio messages that he received while traveling by ship from Smyrna to Athens, which recorded how many lives were being saved by the British Navy.

Review
According to James L. Marketos, Horton wanted his book to make four main points.

First, he wanted to illustrate that the catastrophic events in Smyrna were merely "the closing act in a consistent program of exterminating Christianity throughout the length and breadth of the old Byzantine Empire."

Second, he wanted to establish that the Smyrna fire was started by regular Turkish army troops with, as he put it, "fixed purpose, with system, and with painstaking minute details."

Third, he wanted to emphasize that the Allied Powers shamefully elevated their selfish political and economic interests over the plight of the beleaguered Christian populations of Asia Minor, thereby allowing the Smyrna catastrophe to unfold without any effective resistance and, as he said, "without even a word of protest by any civilized government."

And fourth, he wanted to illustrate that pious western Christians were deluded in thinking they were making missionary headway in the Muslim world.

Criticism
Historian Biray Kolluoğlu Kırlı has written that "George Horton['s] anti-Turkish bias is crudely explicit". This view is shared by Peter M. Buzanski, who attributed Horton's anti-Turkish stance to his well-known "fanatic" philhellenism and his wife being Greek and wrote "During the Turkish capture of Smyrna, at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, Horton suffered a breakdown, resigned from the diplomatic service, and spent the balance of his life writing anti-Turkish, pro-Greek books." Scholar David Roessel shares a similar view, noting that except for his laments about materialism and the Great War, "Horton reverted to the philhellenic and anti-Turkish rhetoric" in his book.

Another criticism of his work was by Brian Coleman:

"George Horton was a man of letters and United States Consul in Greece and Turkey at a time of social and political change. He writes of the re-taking of Smyrna by the Turkish army in September 1922. His account, however, goes beyond the blame and events to a demonization of Muslims, in general, and of Turks, in particular. In several of his novels, written more than two decades before the events of September 1922, he had already identified the Turk as the stock-in-trade villain of Western civilization. In his account of Smyrna, he writes not as historian, but as publicist."

Media coverage
The New York Times of September 21 carried a story from Athens attributed to the Associated Press, reporting Horton's account of events in Smyrna. It opened in quotation marks with "the manner in which" he had summarized for the AP: "During my consulship at Saloniki I was bombed by Bulgars and Germans and during my official career I have had many rough experiences with submarines and fire, but never in my life have I seen anything like the Smyrna catastrophe."

Return to the United States
Horton's November arrival in New York City was covered by The New York Times primarily in regard to his transport for the American Archaeological Society of thirty gold coins found at Sardis. They were believed to be minted for Croesus, and to represent the earliest coinage of gold anywhere. The story introduced him as "Dr. George Horton, United States Consul General at Smyrna, where he witnessed the burning and sacking of the ancient seaport and the evacuation of 40,000 refugees in five days ..." and closed with two paragraphs on Smyrna service, including recent personal loss of property and upcoming consultation in Washington concerning missing Americans.

During the Smyrna catastrophe, Turkish military officer Nureddin Pasha had turned Metropolitan Chrysostomos over to an angry mob. The bishop was barbarically beaten, mutilated and killed. Horton reportedly said,

"I have known Monsigneur Chrysostomos for years. He was an active and enthusiastic exponent of Greek ambitions and ideals which it seems to me was quite natural in him as a Greek ... Greeks set him down in their history as a hero and martyr."

Personal life
In 1909, Horton married Catherine Sakopoulos and they had one daughter, Nancy Horton.

Horton died on June 5, 1942, after returning from Budapest on the Drottningholm. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

title: George Horton


text:
Laurent Rondé

Laurent Rondé (24 July 1666 – 22 March 1734), was the Crown Jeweller of France in the early 18th century. His most famous creation was the Crown of Louis XV, which he designed and manufactured and which was used as the coronation crown at the coronation of 1722 in Reims.

title: Laurent Rondé


text:
Breuer

Breuer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Amit Breuer, Canadian-Israeli documentary filmmaker
 * Annabel Breuer (born 1992), German wheelchair fencer and wheelchair basketball player
 * Bessie Breuer (1893–1975), American journalist and author
 * Beverley Breuer, American actress
 * Carolyn Breuer (born 1969), German musician
 * David Breuer-Weil (born 1965), English artist
 * Eric Breuer, Swiss archaeologist and historian
 * Grit Breuer (born 1972), German sprinter
 * Hans Breuer (physicist) (1933–2020), German physicist
 * Hans Breuer (politician), German politician
 * Isaac Breuer (1883–1946), German rabbi
 * Jacob Breuer (1916–2008), Israeli lawyer
 * Jacques Breuer (born 1956), Austrian actor
 * Jean Breuer (born 1938), German cyclist
 * Jean Breuer (cyclist, born 1919) (1919–1986), Belgian cyclist
 * Jim Breuer (born 1967), American comedian
 * Josef Breuer (1842–1925), Austrian physician and physiologist
 * Joseph Breuer (1882–1980), Hungarian-born German and American rabbi
 * Lanny A. Breuer (born 1958), American lawyer
 * Lee Breuer (1937–2021), American playwright and theatre director
 * Lyn Breuer (born 1951), Australian politician
 * Mala Breuer (1927–2017), American artist
 * Marcel Breuer (1902–1981), Hungarian-born American architect and furniture designer
 * Marco Breuer (born 1966), German photographer
 * Marita Breuer (born 1953), German actress
 * Marv Breuer (1914–1991), American baseball player
 * Michel Breuer (born 1980), Dutch footballer
 * Miles J. Breuer (1889–1945), science fiction writer and physician
 * Mordechai Breuer (1921–2007), German-born Israeli Orthodox rabbi
 * Mordechai Breuer (historian) (1918–2007), German-Jewish historian
 * Peter Breuer (1856–1930), German sculptor
 * Randy Breuer (born 1960), American basketball player
 * Renate Breuer (born 1939), West German sprint canoeist
 * Rolf-Ernst Breuer (1937–2024), German businessman and jurist
 * Shayne Breuer (born 1972), Australian rules footballer
 * Siegfried Breuer (1906–1954), Austrian actor
 * Siegfried Breuer Jr. (1930–2004), Austrian actor
 * Solomon Breuer (1850–1926), Hungarian-born German rabbi
 * Theo Breuer (born 1956), German poet, essayist, editor, translator and publisher
 * Theo Breuer (footballer) (1909–1980), German footballer
 * Thomas C. Breuer (born 1952), German writer and cabaret artist
 * William Breuer (1922–2010), American military historian
 * Ursula Merkin (1919–2006), German-born American philanthropist, born Ursula Breuer

title: Breuer


text:
2008 Republican National Convention

The 2008 Republican National Convention took place at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota, from September 1, through September 4, 2008. The first day of the Republican Party's convention fell on Labor Day, the last day of the popular Minnesota State Fair, though because of Hurricane Gustav, this day was mostly a call for action to help victims and formal, required activities; most of the politicking and partying did not start until Tuesday, the second scheduled day.

This was the latest any major party convention has ever been convened, and the first one to take place entirely in September. Traditionally, the party who holds the White House has the opportunity to select the date of its convention second, and normally the challenging party holds their convention in July while the incumbent party holds its convention in August. This year, later dates were chosen for both conventions because the parties wanted to schedule their conventions after the 2008 Summer Olympics ended.

President George W. Bush did not attend the convention (although he did appear by satellite), in order to oversee relief efforts to help citizens recover from Hurricane Gustav. The attending delegates at the convention nominated Senator John McCain from Arizona for president and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska for vice president. 1,191 pledged delegates were necessary for candidates to win the respective nominations.

Monday, September 1, 2008

 * Scheduled speeches by U.S. President George W. Bush, U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman were canceled because of Hurricane Gustav. An abbreviated meeting was scheduled for late afternoon to conduct business required under party rules. The remainder of the convention schedule was determined day by day depending on the nature of the storm.
 * Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
 * Cindy McCain, wife of (then-presumptive) Presidential nominee John McCain

 * The two women appeared together and delivered short remarks to encourage support for hurricane relief efforts.

Tuesday, September 2, 2008

 * George W. Bush, President of the United States (by satellite). Because of the events of Hurricane Gustav, Bush did not attend the convention, and delivered his remarks to the delegates by satellite. Bush honored McCain's courage and his maverick reputation, and said that McCain is ready to lead.
 * Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States. The First Lady touted McCain's experience and credentials, while talking about her and her husband's achievements in the White House. She introduced President Bush who appeared by satellite.
 * Joe Lieberman, Independent Democrat (formerly Democrat) U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Lieberman, who ran for Vice President (as a Democrat) with Democratic Party Presidential nominee, Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election, praised McCain and argued that Barack Obama, the Democratic Party's presidential nominee, was not ready to be president.
 * Fred Thompson, former U.S. Senator from Tennessee. Thompson attacked perceived liberal-media bias, branded Democrats as elitists, and praised McCain's vice presidential pick, Sarah Palin.
 * Norm Coleman, U.S. Senator from Minnesota
 * John Boehner, U.S. House of Representative Minority Leader from Ohio

Wednesday, September 3, 2008

 * Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York City, New York. Giuliani questioned Obama's judgment and overall experience. He said, "John [McCain] has been tested. Barack Obama has not. Tough times require strong leadership, and this is no time for on-the-job training." He also said that Obama and Democrats "are in a state of denial" about the threat of terrorism to the U.S., while McCain can confront and defeat "anything that terrorists do to us". He further said that Obama is without a record of leadership: "He's the least-experienced candidate for President of the United States in at least the last 100 years." The former Mayor praised Palin as "one of the most successful governors in America—and the most popular... She already has more executive experience than the entire Democratic ticket."
 * Sarah Palin, Governor of Alaska and (then-presumptive) Vice Presidential nominee. In Palin's speech, she portrayed herself as a reformer and a fighter for change. She introduced her family and described her life in Alaska, saying she is just "an average hockey mom," while commenting on her recent negative publicity: "Here's a little news flash for all those reporters and commentators: I'm not going to Washington to seek their good opinion. I'm going to Washington to serve the people of this great country." She defended her relative lack of political experience and criticized Obama. Her speech was well received by the convention delegates and media commentators.
 * Mike Huckabee, former Governor of Arkansas. While he commended Obama for clinching his party's nomination, Huckabee said that Obama lacks experience and judgment, especially in foreign policy. He said, "I don't believe his preparation or his plans will lift America up."
 * Mitt Romney, former Governor of Massachusetts. Romney commented on Obama's campaign message of change, saying, "We need change all right. Change from a liberal Washington to a conservative Washington. We have a prescription for every American who wants change in Washington—throw out the big-government liberals and elect John McCain." Romney said that Obama "ducked and dodged" when asked about terrorism and Islamic extremism.
 * Mitch McConnell, U.S. Senate Minority Leader. McConnell performed the Adoption and Announcement of Vice-Presidential nominee Palin.
 * Norm Coleman , U.S. Senator from Minnesota
 * Linda Lingle, Governor of Hawaii
 * Carly Fiorina, former chair and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard
 * Meg Whitman, former president and chief executive officer of eBay
 * Anne F. Beiler, founder of Auntie Anne's

Thursday, September 4, 2008

 * John McCain, United States Senator from Arizona and 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States. In his speech, McCain culminated the Republican convention by accepting his party's nomination for President of the United States. He was introduced by a video tribute.
 * Cindy McCain, wife of John McCain. Before appearing on stage, a video tribute honoring Cindy McCain was shown to the delegates. She then appeared and introduced the seven McCain children. McCain portrayed her husband as a "straight talker" and a father who, by example, has passed his love of his country onto his children. She avoided criticizing Democratic nominee Barack Obama, rather she praised her husband, saying, "He has shown the value of self-sacrifice by daily example and, above all John showers us with the unconditional love and support every family dreams of. I know what his children say of him. And his courageous service to America in war and peace leaves no doubt what our forefathers would make of him." She also showed her support for vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin, all before her husband took the stage.
 * Tim Pawlenty, Governor of Minnesota
 * Tom Ridge, Former Governor of Pennsylvania
 * Sam Brownback, United States Senator from Kansas
 * Bill Frist, Former United States Senate Majority Leader
 * Mel Martinez, United States Senator from Florida
 * John Ensign, United States Senator from Nevada
 * Lindsey Graham, United States Senator from South Carolina
 * Tom Cole, United States Representative from Oklahoma
 * Mary Fallin, United States Representative from Oklahoma
 * Marsha Blackburn, United States Representative from Tennessee
 * Aaron Schock, 27-year-old Illinois State Representative; nominee for U.S. House of Representatives
 * Rosario Marin, Former Treasurer of the United States

Hosting city selection
Four cities made bids to the Republican National Committee (RNC) for proposals to host the 2008 Convention. Those cities were Cleveland, Ohio; Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota; New York City, New York; and Tampa-St. Petersburg, Florida. The RNC Selection Committee made its recommendation for Minneapolis-Saint Paul and on September 27, 2006, the RNC made its decision public that the 2008 Republican National Convention would be held in Minneapolis-Saint Paul. The RNC made their decision earlier than originally scheduled because the Democratic National Committee (DNC) also had Minneapolis-Saint Paul as a finalist among bidding cities. (After the RNC's selection, the DNC removed Minneapolis-Saint Paul from consideration which left the DNC with only two cities to choose from: New York City and Denver, Colorado.) This is the second time the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area held the Republican National Convention—the first was held in 1892.

Political significance
The 27 electoral college votes from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa as a block—equal in value to Florida's—was judged by the University of Minnesota Elections project to be subject to swing toward either major party. Even so, Minnesota has not gone to the Republicans since the 1972 election when during his reelection President Richard Nixon won every state except Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. In 1984, during his reelection, President Ronald Reagan was victorious over Minnesota's "favorite son", Walter Mondale, in all states except Minnesota, and the District of Columbia.

Since the U.S. Constitution limits the president to two terms and vice president Dick Cheney did not seek the presidency, the 2008 election was the first election in which neither the sitting president nor the sitting vice president sought his party's nomination since 1928 (when neither the sitting president, Calvin Coolidge, nor the sitting vice president, Charles G. Dawes, chose to seek the presidency) and the first since 1952 where neither the sitting president nor sitting vice president received his party's nomination (when the sitting president, Harry S. Truman, chose not to seek reelection and the sitting vice president, Alben W. Barkley, lost the Democratic nomination to Adlai Stevenson). With the exception of the 1964 convention, which nominated Barry Goldwater for president and William E. Miller for vice-president, this was the first convention since 1948 not to feature a man named either Nixon, Dole or Bush on the ticket.

Sarah Palin, nominated for vice president, became the first female on the Republican presidential ticket.

Considering the signs that were waved by the delegates, the dominant message of the convention was "Country First." The "U.S.A.!" chant was also a part of the message of the convention with the delegates chanting it during Lieberman's and Thompson's speeches on the first evening.

Scheduling
With the landfall of Hurricane Gustav on the U.S. Gulf Coast, the White House canceled the planned appearances of President Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Governors Bobby Jindal of Louisiana and Rick Perry of Texas skipped the convention to remain in their states during the hurricane's landfall. The Monday, September 1, 2008, schedule was compressed to two hours from seven. McCain called on the party to reduce partisan activities ahead of the hurricane's arrival. The Republican Party chartered a DC-9 to fly convention delegates representing the affected areas back home to their families. The last time a major hurricane struck in a Presidential-election year was Hurricane Andrew in 1992, which hit South Florida four days after the Republican Convention in Houston, Texas.

On March 26, 2008, the NFL and NBC agreed to move the kickoff time of a September 4 season-opening football game to 7:00 p.m. EDT instead of 8:30 p.m. EDT to accommodate the convention. The game ended relatively on time, at 10:01 p.m. EDT, with NBC Sports handing off to NBC News within moments of the end of the game. According to Nielsen Media Research, 38.9 million Americans watched McCain deliver his acceptance speech—a half million more than tuned in to see Obama the previous week.

Delegate count
To be selected as the 2008 Republican Party Nominee, a candidate must have received the vote of 1,191 delegates. As of March 4, 2008, McCain had received the pledges of more than 1,191 delegates. Although most of those delegates were not required to vote for him, on September 3, 2008, McCain won the nomination almost unanimously.

Palin was nominated for vice president by voice vote on September 4, 2008.

Hurricane Gustav
Several early predictions made by the National Hurricane Center showed Minneapolis-St. Paul on the predicted ground track of Hurricane Gustav. Gustav would have long been extra-tropical by the time it reached the area, it could have caused a significant impact to the convention due to rain. Most of the convention's activities were curtailed as Gustav neared, and President Bush canceled his plans to attend the convention. As the hurricane moved inland, its track shifted well to the east missing the area by several hundred miles.

Protests
Approximately 10,000 largely peaceful protesters marched against the war in Iraq and 2,000 more to end homelessness and poverty. They represented a number of organizations opposed to the Republican Administration including the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign, Veterans for Peace, Iraq Veterans Against the War, Military Families Speak Out, the Teamsters, Code Pink, the American Indian Movement and the RNC Welcoming Committee. About 1,000 people in place for the third major march, and the last to be sanctioned, were stopped on Thursday, September 4, 2008, by police because they attempted to begin their march after the time their march permit expired. The Anti-War Committee, which supports nonviolent action and civil disobedience and had cooperated with anarchist groups, had organized and publicized the march to protest at the time of McCain's acceptance speech, which was in violation of the court-approved protest permit time.

Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty and 10,000 Ron Paul supporters attended the Rally for the Republic, a protest convention on September 2, 2008, held a few miles from the Xcel Energy Center at the Minneapolis Target Center in direct contrast to the Republican National Convention.

Several groups had been preparing to protest near the convention. In early January 2008, protesters marched from the Minnesota State Capitol to the Xcel Energy Center in hopes of securing a protest permit. The Saint Paul Police Department authorized the event, but only approved the permit through July 2008. On February 8 and February 9, 2008, antiwar protesters attended a weekend conference at the University of Minnesota to discuss the protests and antiwar rally. On February 28, 2008, the Associated Press (AP) reported that the police department adopted new guidelines for the investigation of protest groups. The police department said that this did not have anything to do with the convention.

In early March 2008, the city of Saint Paul gave the first permits to protest organizers. The city had said that it was not going to follow the "New York model" for protest security, referring to the tactics the New York City Police Department used for the 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity. Later, on March 24, 2008, the antiwar group the Coalition to March on the RNC and Stop the War, sued the city, claiming their free speech and due process rights were denied by the vagueness of the permits which did not specify a permitted route for their march. On July 16, 2008, a Federal judge upheld the terms of the permit. And when the time came on September 2, 2008, police led the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign for two hours on a 2.5 mi trek away from the convention which had been less than 1 mi from their starting point.

Search warrants and arrests

Before the convention began, search warrants were executed by Ramsey County Sheriff Bob Fletcher in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Six persons who were a part of the organizing group, the RNC Welcoming Committee, were arrested when police executed search warrants on a handful of homes in Minneapolis and Saint Paul during the weekend preceding the convention.

Media outlets reported on several of the searches. Given the nature of the probable cause for the warrant applications, a district court judge authorized no-knock warrants. Police entered the homes wearing body armor with weapons drawn, which is standard for no-knock warrants. RNC Welcoming Committee members detained at the group's headquarters, located in an old theater on Saint Paul's West Side, were ultimately arrested by Ramsey County Sheriff Bob Fletcher of misdemeanor fire code violations.

On the first day of the convention, a group of protesters stood in front of approximately 30 to 40 delegates from Connecticut in an attempt to prevent them from entering the convention. Paramedics had to treat an 83-year-old member of the delegation for breathing problems when his credentials were ripped from his neck by a protester. Additionally, a black bloc smashed windows of downtown businesses and slashed the tires several police cars, lit one police car on fire, and used a garbage dumpster as a battering ram against another. About 12 protesters were arrested.

During the convention's first three days, more than 300 individuals were detained by police, including journalists, healthcare workers, and legal observers. Some were released, but nearly half received felony charges. Of these felony arrests, many cases were dropped or reviewed, sometimes for lesser charges, and about 21 were found to be prosecutable. About 102 persons were arrested for unlawful assembly at a Rage Against the Machine concert in downtown Minneapolis.

Over the four days of the convention, more than 30 journalists were arrested while reporting on the protests. The arrests included journalists from national organizations such as AP and Democracy Now!, journalists from local radio and TV stations, as well as university journalism students and advisors.

Three journalists from Democracy Now!—including principal host Amy Goodman—were detained by police during their reporting on the protests. According to a press release by Democracy Now!, Goodman was arrested after confronting officers regarding the arrest of her colleagues. The officers were in the midst of crowd control, and ordered Goodman to move back. She was arrested after refusing the officer's orders. All were held on charges of "probable cause for riot". Several news sources have criticized the arrest as unlawful and a violation of the freedom of the press, and warned of the "chilling effects" of such measures. Democracy Now! journalist Amy Goodman and producers Sharif Abdel Kouddous and Nicole Salazar prevailed in a lawsuit against the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul and the U.S. Secret Service brought by the Center for Constitutional Rights, attorney Steven Reiss from Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP in New York, and Albert Goins of Minneapolis. The federal lawsuit asserted that the government cannot, in the name of security, limit the flow of information by intimidating and arresting journalists who engage in constitutionally protected reporting on speech protected by the First Amendment, such as dissent or law enforcement activities. The settlement included compensation of $100,000 for the three journalists and an agreement by the St. Paul Police Department to implement a training program aimed at educating officers regarding the First Amendment rights of the press and public with respect to police operations — including police handling of media coverage of mass demonstrations — and to pursue implementation of the training program in Minneapolis and statewide.

The final protest march was permitted for 2:00 to 5:00 p.m. on the final day of the convention. This meant that the last of the marchers needed to be back on capitol grounds by 5 p.m. By 4 p.m., the march had still not left the capitol grounds. Understanding that the protesters were interested in being near the Xcel Energy Center when delegates were, police offered a compromise: march leaders were told that if they started their march before 5 p.m., police would allow it to continue past the permit time. March organizers refused. When the final protest march permit expired at 5 p.m., overpasses over Interstate 94 leading into downtown from the state capitol were closed. Two hours later, when the final assembly permit on capitol grounds expired and protesters refused several commands to disperse, police used tear gas, smoke bombs, pepper spray, flash bangs, mounted police, paint marker rounds, and rubber bullets to prevent an antiwar march organized by the Anti-War Committee to march on the Xcel Energy center. This march would have been in violation of the court-approved march permits. Between 300 and 400 people were arrested or held including 19 journalists, among them AP reporters Amy Forliti and Jon Krawczynski, reporters from Twin Cities Daily Planet and The Uptake, and Paul Demko of The Minnesota Independent. Total arrests of convention protesters numbered approximately 800, although only 15 cases resulted in criminal charges. Several suits were started in U.S. District Court, claiming civil rights abuses by the St. Paul Police Department and other agencies involved in the RNC, particularly the Minneapolis Police Department and Ramsey County Sheriff's Office. Search warrants were still being granted into 2009 in relation to the events that transpired during the 2008 RNC.

Post-RNC convictions of protesters

 * Bradley Neal Crowder of Midland, Texas, pleaded guilty in federal court on January 8, 2009, to one charge of possessing an unregistered firearm (as Molotov cocktails are defined under federal law) in return for prosecutors dropping two other firearm charges. Each of the three charges carried a maximum of 10 years in prison. He is still awaiting sentencing to between 30 and 46 months in prison depending on whether U.S. Chief Judge Michael J. Davis decides that he played a minor or major role in the crime. Crowder has been in jail since his September 1, 2008, arrest for disorderly conduct.
 * David Guy McKay, also of Midland, Texas, was initially released on bail on February 2, 2009, after his first trial ended in a hung jury. The case never went to retrial as on March 17, McKay accepted a plea deal and plead guilty to three federal felonies: possession of an unregistered firearm (Molotov cocktails), illegal manufacture of a firearm, and possession of a firearm with no serial number, in return for the government not seeking four additional sentencing points for "intent to use" the Molotov cocktails. Based on transcripts from his first trial, McKay had a good chance of proving entrapment, but if found guilty, he could have faced 30 years in prison on the weapons charges alone. As of May 21, 2009, McKay was sentenced to 2 years in prison and a further 3 years of supervision.
 * A total of twenty-one individuals were charged with felony crimes. Three pleaded guilty and charges were dropped for two people. An attempt at charging the "RNC 8" with a post-9/11 Minnesota Patriot Act statute "609.714 Crimes committed in furtherance of terrorism" was also dropped.

Both McKay and Crowder were arrested based on FBI surveillance and testimony by former-activist turned informant, Brandon Michael Darby and Andrew C. Darst, also known as "Panda," "warchyld" or Killswitch. Darst is currently being charged in Ramsey County, MN, with two felony counts of first- and second-degree burglary as well as fifth-degree assault relating to a January 11, 2009, domestic disturbance.

title: 2008 Republican National Convention


text:
Aquatic ecosystem

An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem found in and around a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities of organisms—aquatic life—that are dependent on each other and on their environment. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems may be lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes); lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers); and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time).

Functions
Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions. For example, they recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods, recharge ground water and provide habitats for wildlife. The biota of an aquatic ecosystem contribute to its self-purification, most notably microorganisms, phytoplankton, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, bacteria, protists, aquatic fungi, and more. These organisms are actively involved in multiple self-purification processes, including organic matter destruction and water filtration. It is crucial that aquatic ecosystems are reliably self-maintained, as they also provide habitats for species that reside in them.

In addition to environmental functions, aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation, and are very important to the tourism industry, especially in coastal regions. They are also used for religious purposes, such as the worshipping of the Jordan River by Christians, and educational purposes, such as the usage of lakes for ecological study.

Biotic characteristics (living components)
The biotic characteristics are mainly determined by the organisms that occur. For example, wetland plants may produce dense canopies that cover large areas of sediment—or snails or geese may graze the vegetation leaving large mud flats. Aquatic environments have relatively low oxygen levels, forcing adaptation by the organisms found there. For example, many wetland plants must produce aerenchyma to carry oxygen to roots. Other biotic characteristics are more subtle and difficult to measure, such as the relative importance of competition, mutualism or predation. There are a growing number of cases where predation by coastal herbivores including snails, geese and mammals appears to be a dominant biotic factor.

Autotrophic organisms
Autotrophic organisms are producers that generate organic compounds from inorganic material. Algae use solar energy to generate biomass from carbon dioxide and are possibly the most important autotrophic organisms in aquatic environments. The more shallow the water, the greater the biomass contribution from rooted and floating vascular plants. These two sources combine to produce the extraordinary production of estuaries and wetlands, as this autotrophic biomass is converted into fish, birds, amphibians and other aquatic species.

Chemosynthetic bacteria are found in benthic marine ecosystems. These organisms are able to feed on hydrogen sulfide in water that comes from volcanic vents. Great concentrations of animals that feed on these bacteria are found around volcanic vents. For example, there are giant tube worms (Riftia pachyptila) 1.5 m in length and clams (Calyptogena magnifica) 30 cm long.

Heterotrophic organisms
Heterotrophic organisms consume autotrophic organisms and use the organic compounds in their bodies as energy sources and as raw materials to create their own biomass.

Euryhaline organisms are salt tolerant and can survive in marine ecosystems, while stenohaline or salt intolerant species can only live in freshwater environments.

Abiotic characteristics (non-living components)
An ecosystem is composed of biotic communities that are structured by biological interactions and abiotic environmental factors. Some of the important abiotic environmental factors of aquatic ecosystems include substrate type, water depth, nutrient levels, temperature, salinity, and flow. It is often difficult to determine the relative importance of these factors without rather large experiments. There may be complicated feedback loops. For example, sediment may determine the presence of aquatic plants, but aquatic plants may also trap sediment, and add to the sediment through peat.

The amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body is frequently the key substance in determining the extent and kinds of organic life in the water body. Fish need dissolved oxygen to survive, although their tolerance to low oxygen varies among species; in extreme cases of low oxygen, some fish even resort to air gulping. Plants often have to produce aerenchyma, while the shape and size of leaves may also be altered. Conversely, oxygen is fatal to many kinds of anaerobic bacteria.

Nutrient levels are important in controlling the abundance of many species of algae. The relative abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus can in effect determine which species of algae come to dominate. Algae are a very important source of food for aquatic life, but at the same time, if they become over-abundant, they can cause declines in fish when they decay. Similar over-abundance of algae in coastal environments such as the Gulf of Mexico produces, upon decay, a hypoxic region of water known as a dead zone.

The salinity of the water body is also a determining factor in the kinds of species found in the water body. Organisms in marine ecosystems tolerate salinity, while many freshwater organisms are intolerant of salt. The degree of salinity in an estuary or delta is an important control upon the type of wetland (fresh, intermediate, or brackish), and the associated animal species. Dams built upstream may reduce spring flooding, and reduce sediment accretion, and may therefore lead to saltwater intrusion in coastal wetlands.

Freshwater used for irrigation purposes often absorbs levels of salt that are harmful to freshwater organisms.

Threats
The health of an aquatic ecosystem is degraded when the ecosystem's ability to absorb a stress has been exceeded. A stress on an aquatic ecosystem can be a result of physical, chemical or biological alterations to the environment. Physical alterations include changes in water temperature, water flow and light availability. Chemical alterations include changes in the loading rates of biostimulatory nutrients, oxygen-consuming materials, and toxins. Biological alterations include over-harvesting of commercial species and the introduction of exotic species. Human populations can impose excessive stresses on aquatic ecosystems. Climate change driven by anthropogenic activities can harm aquatic ecosystems by disrupting current distribution patterns of plants and animals. It has negatively impacted deep sea biodiversity, coastal fish diversity, crustaceans, coral reefs, and other biotic components of these ecosystems. Human-made aquatic ecosystems, such as ditches, aquaculture ponds, and irrigation channels, may also cause harm to naturally occurring ecosystems by trading off biodiversity with their intended purposes. For instance, ditches are primarily used for drainage, but their presence also negatively affects biodiversity.

There are many examples of excessive stresses with negative consequences. The environmental history of the Great Lakes of North America illustrates this problem, particularly how multiple stresses, such as water pollution, over-harvesting and invasive species can combine. The Norfolk Broadlands in England illustrate similar decline with pollution and invasive species. Lake Pontchartrain along the Gulf of Mexico illustrates the negative effects of different stresses including levee construction, logging of swamps, invasive species and salt water intrusion.

title: Aquatic ecosystem


text:
Talk:Milk allergies

I have a child (7 years) allergic to milk and soy products. Does anyone know of any products made without these ingredients. I am especially looking for cheese/butter product substitutes. Thank you.
 * Hello, I saw your question today. I don't know if you will read this, since my reply is quite late, but I would like to point out that Wikipedia is probably not the right place to ask questions about what would be an appropriate diet for your child. My advice is to read Medical disclaimer and consult a dietary or medical expert about what kind of food would be good substitutes for the things that your child is allergic to. Yours, Sietse 21:16, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milk allergies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poetree

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 23:53, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Poetree
Non-notable. Google search (5th result)  -- Barfooz   (talk)  01:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect -- to poetry. Possible mispelling. - Longhair | Talk 01:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would we redirect an uncommon misspelling? There are 6,844 times more results for "poetry" on Google than "poetree" and we shouldn't make redirects for misspellings at all in my opinion -- Barfooz  (talk)  04:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Would you suggest we redirect every possible misspelling of everything, Longhair? --Xcali 06:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Probable or common misspellings have been acceptable redirects for a very long time. That said, my vote is to delete this highly unlikely spelling. Denni ☯ 00:50, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. No redirect. --bainer (talk) 09:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. — Phil Welch 23:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - no redirect - Tεx  τ  urε  18:09, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poetree


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Eric Parker

Eric Parker may refer to:

 * Eric Parker (illustrator) (1898–1974), British illustrator
 * Eric Parker (American football), American football coach

title: Eric Parker


text:
Talk:Feedee

Isn't the more common term "gainer"? Exploding Boy 01:26, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Gainers are those who seek to gain weight; feedees are those who have weight put on them by others; these labels overlap but not entirely: one may be a gainer without being 'fed' by a partner, and one may be a feedee unwillingly or even unwittingly. Also, gainers are usually male; feedees may be of either gender but you usually hear more (as in this article) about female feedees, by the almost universal portrayal of the relationship between a male feeder and a female feedee in a negative light (misogyny, etc.).  —Muke Tever talk (la.wiktionary) 22:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Is this for real? Nobody's making this up or anything? linas 13:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's real. —Muke Tever talk (la.wiktionary) 22:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feedee


text:
User talk:Dannysulllivan

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 01:26, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Dannysulllivan


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Byron Moreno

Byron Aldemar Moreno Ruales (born November 23, 1969) is an Ecuadorian former football referee and convicted drug trafficker who served in the FIFA World Cup as an International Referee from 1996 to 2003.

Refereeing career
During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Moreno refereed the round of 16 match between tournament favourites Italy and co-hosts South Korea on June 18. Following Italy's elimination from the tournament after a 2–1 extra time loss, Moreno's performance was criticised for several decisions: he awarded South Korea a controversial penalty in the first half (which eventually failed to capitalise) and later disallowed a possible golden goal by Damiano Tommasi for a non existent offside, as well as showing a second yellow card to Francesco Totti for an arguable dive in South Korea's penalty area in the first half extra time while he was 37 meters away from play.

In September 2002, while seeking election to the Quito City Council, Moreno was suspended for twenty matches and investigated by Ecuadorian football authorities. This came after he made timekeeping errors in a match he officiated between L.D.U. Quito and Barcelona S.C. FIFA also investigated him due to controversies "...in Japan, Italy and South America over the past few months".

In May 2003, in his third game back from suspension, Moreno was again suspended, this time for one match, after he sent off three players from visiting Deportivo Quito in a 1–1 draw with Deportivo Cuenca. He retired the following month, blaming low performance marks for his retirement.

Legal trouble
Moreno was arrested on September 21, 2010 at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City while trying to smuggle in six kilograms (over thirteen pounds) of heroin, which was hidden in his underwear. In January 2011, he pleaded guilty to the charges in a New York courthouse, facing a possible ten years in prison. On September 23, 2011, Moreno was sentenced to $2 1/2$ years in prison on the heroin smuggling charges. He was released from prison 26 months later and returned to Ecuador.

title: Byron Moreno


text:
Key blank

A key blank (sometimes spelled keyblank) is a key that has not been cut to a specific bitting. The blank has a specific cross-sectional profile to match the keyway in a corresponding lock cylinder. Key blanks can be stamped with a manufacturer name, end-user logo or with a phrase, the most commonly seen being 'Do not duplicate'. Blanks are typically stocked by locksmiths for duplicating keys. The profile of the key bow, or the large, flat end, is often characteristic of an individual manufacturer.

In many territories, keys stamped with "Do not duplicate" or "It is unlawful to duplicate this key" are protected from unauthorised duplication by patent or registered design and the dealers (often locksmiths) being conditionally licensed to distribute the keys by the owner of the design (the manufacturer). Once a patented or registered design has expired, it is no longer legally protected from unauthorised duplication, however the license agreement may continue to restrict the distributor, and some trade organisations have ethical standards that prevent members from duplicating such keys. In other territories, they are perfectly legal to duplicate. Some key blank manufacturers strictly restrict the sale of their own blanks. Some blanks are made only in small volumes and are not widely available.

The State of California prohibits locksmiths from copying keys marked "Do Not Duplicate" or "Unlawful to Duplicate", provided the key originator's company name and telephone number are included on the key.

Associated Locksmiths of America (ALOA), an internationally recognized as the North American association for locksmiths, considers such stamps to be ineffective at providing security.

title: Key blank


text:
David Weintraub (official)

David Weintraub (1904–1969) was an official of the government of the United States. In the mid-1930s he headed the New Deal Works Project Administration's National Research Project. In the 1940s Weintraub moved to the United States Department of State, becoming head of the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations. He joined the professional staff of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and United Nations Division of Economic Stability and Development.

In later years Weintraub was Chairman of the Trinidad and Tobago Industrial Development Corporation.

Select publications

 * David Weintraub and Harold L. Posner. National Research Project on Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques. Published 1937.
 * David Weintraub and Harold L. Posner. Unemployment and Increasing Productivity. Published 1937.
 * David Weintraub. Effects of Current and Prospective Technological Developments Upon Capital Formation. Published 1939.
 * David Weintraub, O.E. Kiessling, H.O. Rogers, John W. Finch. Technology Employment and Output Per Man in Petroleum and Natural-Gas Production. Published 1939.
 * David Weintraub. Incentives to Foreign Investors in Trinidad and Tobago. Published 1959.

title: David Weintraub (official)


text:
UCLA School of Law

The University of California, Los Angeles School of Law (commonly known as UCLA School of Law or UCLA Law) is the law school of the University of California, Los Angeles.

History
Founded in 1949, the UCLA School of Law is the third oldest of the five law schools within the University of California system.

In the 1930s, initial efforts to establish a law school at UCLA went nowhere as a result of resistance from UC president Robert Gordon Sproul, and because UCLA's supporters eventually refocused their efforts on first adding medical and engineering schools.

During the mid-1940s, the impetus for the creation of the UCLA School of Law emerged from outside of the UCLA community. Assemblyman William Rosenthal of Boyle Heights (on the other side of Los Angeles from UCLA) conceived of and fought for the creation of the first public law school in Southern California as a convenient and affordable alternative to the expensive private law school at USC. Rosenthal's first attempt in 1945 failed, but his second attempt was able to gain momentum when the State Bar of California and the UCLA Alumni Association announced their support for the bill. On July 18, 1947, Governor Earl Warren authorized the appropriation of $1 million for the construction of a new law school at UCLA by signing Assembly Bill 1361 into state law.

The search for the law school's first dean was difficult and delayed its opening by a year. UCLA's law school planning committee prioritized merit, while the then-conservative Regents of the University of California prioritized political beliefs. Another factor was a simultaneous deanship vacancy at Berkeley Law. Near the end of 1948, the Committee finally identified a sufficiently conservative candidate willing to take the job: L. Dale Coffman, then the dean of Vanderbilt University Law School. The Regents believed Coffman would help bring balance to the UCLA campus, which they saw as overrun by Communists.

Coffman was able to recruit several distinguished faculty to UCLA, including Roscoe Pound, Brainerd Currie, Rollin M. Perkins, and Harold Verrall. To build a law library, he hired Thomas S. Dabagh, then the law librarian of the Los Angeles County Law Library. The UCLA School of Law officially opened in September 1949 in temporary quarters in former military barracks behind Royce Hall, and moved into a permanent home upon the completion of the original Law Building in 1951.

The new law school at Los Angeles was a pioneer in several ways: it was the first UC law school to be formally named a "school of law", the first to obtain a full subsidy from the Board of Regents for its law review, and the first to obtain partial autonomy for its faculty from the Academic Senate. These developments had a considerable impact on Berkeley Law, which then changed its name, finally got its own subsidy for its law review, and battled with the other faculty at the Berkeley campus to avoid ejection of its faculty from the Academic Senate (because the amendments to the regents' standing orders affected faculty at all UC professional schools offering courses only at the graduate level).

Coffman's deanship did not end well, due to his vindictive and strongly prejudiced personality. One sign of early trouble was when he drove out Dabagh in 1952 after they could not bridge their fundamental differences over how to run the law library, which was widely regarded around the UCLA community as contributing to Dabagh's early death in 1959. On September 21, 1955, the faculty revolted in the form of a memorandum to chancellor Raymond B. Allen alleging that Coffman was categorically refusing to hire Jews or anyone he perceived to be leftist, and that the school's reputation was deteriorating because Coffman's abrasive personality had led to excessive faculty turnover. On May 24, 1956, Coffman was stripped of his deanship after a lengthy investigation by a panel of deans of his biases and his "dictatorial, undemocratic, and autocratic" management style. He remained on the faculty until his forced retirement in 1973, but continued to face allegations as late as 1971 that he was "an unreconstructed McCarthyite and pro-segregationist."

Coffman's successor was Richard C. Maxwell, who served as the second dean of UCLA Law from 1958 to 1969. Dean Maxwell "presided over happier, more harmonious years of institutional growth," and it was under his deanship that UCLA became "the youngest top-ranked law school in the country." Dabagh's successor, Louis Piacenza, was able to grow the law school's library collection to 143,000 volumes by May 1963, which at that time was the 14th largest law school library in the United States.

By 1963, the law school had 600 students in a building designed for 550, and the law building's deficiencies had become all too evident, such as a complete lack of air conditioning. In October 1963, the law school administration announced a major remodeling and expansion project, which added air conditioning and a new wing to the building. During the 1960s, the law school grew so quickly that the new wing was already insufficient upon its completion in January 1967. From its founding to the end of the 20th century, UCLA Law struggled with severe overcrowding, as librarians, faculty, staff, and as many as 18 student organizations—at one point, more than any other law school in the United States—competed for limited space in the law building for books, classes, conferences, and offices.

The chronic space shortage was ultimately relieved by the addition of a wing for clinical education and, after four grueling years of construction, completion of the new Hugh and Hazel Darling Law Library on January 22, 2000.

Under Maxwell, the faculty size tripled, from 12 to 37 professors, and the school hired its first female and African-American faculty members. Under Murray Schwartz, who led the school from 1969 to 1975, and William Warren, who served as dean from 1975 to 1982, the school became a pioneer in clinical legal education, developing a skills-based approach that remains among the school's hallmarks.

Students, too, broke new ground. In 1973, they created a network of student-run legal clinics first known as El Centro Legal de Santa Monica, which continues to provide pro bono services around Los Angeles with 15 separate clinics.

In the 1990s and through subsequent years, the school established several "centers of excellence" that focus on education and advocacy in specific fields.

Academics
UCLA Law has approximately 1,000 students in its Juris Doctor (J.D.) program and 200 students in its Master of Laws (LL.M.) program, which is popular among foreign students intending to take the California bar exam. It also offers a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) program for students who already have a J.D. and hope to become law professors, as well as a Master of Legal Studies (M.L.S.) program for those who do not seek a law degree, but find a legal education an important complement to their professional obligations.

The school was a pioneer in clinical legal education and today offers a strong experiential education program. Through clinical courses and related offerings, the school allows students to directly represent clients in a variety of settings while under expert supervision. UCLA Law's clinics also provide service to many people who cannot afford to pay for their legal services, including veterans, the homeless, and indigent individuals appearing in criminal and immigration courts. In 2017, the school opened the Documentary Film Legal Clinic and Music Industry Clinic, which provide legal services to aspiring visual journalists, musicians, and entrepreneurs in the arts, and the Veterans Justice Clinic at the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center.

Students can elect to specialize in business law and policy, entertainment law, environmental law, public interest law, critical race studies, and law and philosophy. The roughly 300 students who begin law school at UCLA every year are divided into sections to encourage a sense of community. Students take all of their first-year courses with their sections.

Several joint degree programs are available, which require four years of study and result in the simultaneous award of a Juris Doctor and master's degree in Afro-American studies, American Indian studies, law and management; public health; public policy; philosophy, social welfare, and urban planning.

Faculty and students
UCLA School of Law has a faculty of over 100 members with expertise in all major disciplines of law, representing "one of the most diverse in the country." Thirteen members of the school's tenured faculty have been recognized for being the most-cited scholars in their areas of specialty. The school faculty is ranked 11th for scholarship, up from 15th in 2010 and 13th in 2013.

In 2023, 6,457 students applied to attend UCLA Law, and 315 were enrolled. The median LSAT score for members of the entering class in 2023 is 170. The median GPA for members of the entering class in 2023 is 3.92.

Location
UCLA School of Law is located on the UCLA campus in the Westwood area of Los Angeles.

The school proper is housed in a three-story brick building, with the library tower extending to four stories. A few offices, including the office of career services, the office of admissions, office of graduate studies and professional programs, and the office of graduate studies and international programs, are housed in an adjacent building, Dodd Hall.

Rankings
In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked UCLA as 13th among U.S. law schools, including 4th in trial advocacy, 5th in environmental law, 6th in tax law, and 7th in criminal law.

According to Brian Leiter's law school reports, UCLA Law ranked 12th in the nation for faculties in terms of scholarly distinction in 2022.

The Hollywood Reporter has repeatedly ranked UCLA as the number one school for entertainment law.

In 2022, UCLA joined a growing list of law schools that said they would no longer actively participate in the U.S. News Rankings.

Bar passage rates
In October 2020, UCLA Law's bar passage rates were 97% in California and 100% in New York.

American Bar Association data shows that more than 95% of 2019 graduates had secured full-time, long-term, JD-required employment within 10 months of graduation.

Journals and law reviews

 * UCLA Law Review
 * UCLA Asian/Pacific American Law Journal
 * UCLA Chicanx-Latinx Law Review
 * UCLA Criminal Justice Law Review
 * UCLA Disability Law Journal
 * UCLA Dukeminier Awards Journal of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law
 * UCLA Entertainment Law Review
 * UCLA Indigenous Peoples' Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance
 * UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy
 * UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs
 * UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law
 * UCLA Journal of Law & Technology
 * UCLA National Black Law Journal
 * UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal
 * UCLA Women's Law Journal

Current

 * Khaled Abou El Fadl – Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law and expert in Islamic Jurisprudence; Chairman of Islamic Studies Department at UCLA
 * Stephen Bainbridge – expert on corporations and business law
 * Ann E. Carlson – expert on U.S. environmental law and policy
 * Kimberlé Crenshaw – founding coordinator of the "Critical Race Theory Workshop" movement; Also teaches at Columbia Law School
 * Richard L. Hasen – expert in election law and campaign finance; Director, Safeguarding Democracy Project
 * Ariela Gross – expert in contract law, constitutional law, enslavement and racialization in U.S. legal history
 * Jill R. Horwitz – expert on health law, economics, and policy as well as the law of nonprofit organization
 * Lynn M. LoPucki – Security Pacific Bank Professor of Law. LoPucki's Bankruptcy Research Database provides data for empirical work bankruptcy
 * Hiroshi Motomura – expert on immigration law
 * David Nimmer – expert on copyright law
 * Frances Olsen – expert on feminist legal theory
 * Seana Shiffrin – expert on philosophy of law
 * Eugene Volokh – author of textbooks on First Amendment law and academic legal writing; author of over 45 law review articles; founder of The Volokh Conspiracy blog
 * Adam Winkler – Author of Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America and We the Corporations: How Corporate America Won Its Civil Rights
 * Ken Ziffren – entertainment attorney, L.A. film czar, founder of UCLA Law's Ziffren Center for Media, Entertainment, Technology and Sports Law

Former

 * Richard L. Abel – member of the faculty since 1974; expert on sociology of law
 * Brainerd Currie – professor (1949–1952); expert on the conflict of laws in the United States
 * Jesse Dukeminier – professor (1963–2003); expert on property law, wills, trusts, and estates
 * James L. Malone – associate dean (1961–1967); later became Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (1981–1985)
 * Mari Matsuda – first female Asian-American law professor to obtain tenure at any law school in the United States, while teaching at UCLA Law in 1998
 * Richard C. Maxwell – Dean of the School of Law (1958–1969)
 * Jennifer Mnookin – expert on evidence (law) (2005–2022), became chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2022
 * Melville B. Nimmer – professor (1962–1985); expert on U.S. copyright law and father of David Nimmer
 * Cruz Reynoso – professor (1991–2001), former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1982–1987)
 * Michael H. Schill – dean and professor (2004–2009), expert on property law and urban planning; became president of the University of Oregon in 2015 and president of Northwestern University in 2022
 * Lynn Stout – professor (2001–2012); expert on corporate law, securities, and derivatives

title: UCLA School of Law


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2008 Republican National Convention

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 23:54, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

2008 Republican National Convention

 * For the parallel VFD discussion of 2008 Democratic National Convention, see Votes for deletion/2008 Democratic National Convention.

Future event and opinion Alabamaboy 01:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * ((Keep))It will be an increasingly useful page as time goes on and events become clearer. It will increase participation in Wikipedia and lead to enhanced production of other articles as their need becomes apparent.User:Zulitz/Zulitiz 21:38, 2 June 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, unless you somehow know that the convention will not occur as planned. -- BD2412 talk 02:24, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Ah, but are you certain it will occur as planned? ;-) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:30, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. In its current form, the entire article is speculation, and is not even about the convention but about possible candidates fielded by the GOP for the election. I'd consider changing my vote if the article is rewritten to include verifiable facts about the planning of the convention, but there's not much to say about it. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:30, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge for the reasons stated by Android at Votes for deletion/2008 Democratic National Convention. And keep out the speculation.  DS1953 02:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, so details as they come out can be put onto the page, instead of the page continuing to come up for a VfD as the page is re-created but with New Detail X added. Almafeta 04:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not a crystall ball. It's way too far out to be considering this.  How about we let the USA get through the 2006 election first? --Xcali 06:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. This ardent Democrat notes that political conventions are given examples of exceptions to crystal ball policy. This important, certain future event is already being discussed, and discussion will not abate. Xoloz 06:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Speculative content diminishes the credibility of Wikipedia because it is opinion and conjecture rather than fact-based.  Without facts, POV inherently becomes a problem. Tobycat 06:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, political conventions are generally excepted from the rule, but there is nothing in this article that is not either pure speculation or completely irrelavent. --bainer (talk) 08:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as crystal ball article. Jamyskis 11:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but Add Stub+Sub-Catagories with an attention or clean. For example,I'm sure the RNC knows where the convention is scheduled - that sort of housekeeping is usually part of the previous national convention backroom deal making.Fabartus 14:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- this is a scheduled event that is (highly) prominent. However, propose adding and make it more encyclopedic. Flcelloguy 17:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, speculation. RickK 19:16, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all crystal ball articles. This convention will only occur if the party in power does not criminalize the Democratic Party, so I wouldn't bet on it. Geogre 19:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I disagree. They'll still keep the Dems around to maintain the illusion of democracy. -- BD2412 talk 21:08, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. --Carnildo 21:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article speaks for itself. Come back when you have actual information. — Phil Welch 23:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I suspect there is a process for selecting a host city plus a process for electing delegates which is verifiable now. Capitalistroadster 01:16, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but restart later. Again, although there will be a convention, there is no information at this time about the 2008 RNC; it is too early, we don't know the speakers, the venue or city. I am a Democrat and although there are rumors and preparations about certain candidates, I believe it is inappropriate to write a page for a nominating convention when there are no candidates. Plus, it is too early to write a page this early anyway and the current page appears to be uncited speculation (though well-intentioned) like the 2012 election page. I recommend this page be restarted from scratch in the future (say, after the 2006 midterms) after we have more info and I am open to compromise. --Blue387 08:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I think that this article should stay provided people are warned that the content is about predicted/ scheduled future events are therefore speculative. I intend to  create Template:Future  for this purpose, this could work in much the same way as Template:Current John Cross 16:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As I wrote on the parallel VFD discussion, completely rewrite this article, similar to the first version of Super Bowl XLIV . We know that the event will occur in Aug 2008, thus the Crystal Ball rule should allow this. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agree with Zzyzx11, the article should be rewritten in that style. Falphin 21:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1

Selectin P ligand, also known as SELPLG or CD162 (cluster of differentiation 162), is a human gene.

SELPLG codes for PSGL-1, the high affinity counter-receptor for P-selectin on myeloid cells and stimulated T lymphocytes. As such, it plays a critical role in the tethering of these cells to activated platelets or endothelia expressing P-selectin.

The organization of the SELPLG gene closely resembles that of CD43 and the human platelet glycoprotein GpIb-alpha both of which have an intron in the 5-prime-noncoding region, a long second exon containing the complete coding region, and TATA-less promoters.

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a glycoprotein found on white blood cells and endothelial cells that binds to P-selectin (P stands for platelet), which is one of a family of selectins that includes E-selectin (endothelial) and L-selectin (leukocyte). Selectins are part of the broader family of cell adhesion molecules. PSGL-1 can bind to all three members of the family but binds best (with the highest affinity) to P-selectin.

Posttranslational modification
PSGL-1 protein requires two distinct posttranslational modifications to gain its selectin binding activity:
 * sulfation of tyrosines
 * the addition of the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide (sLex) to its O-linked glycans

Function
PSGL-1 is expressed on all white blood cells and plays an important role in the recruitment of white blood cells into inflamed tissue: White blood cells normally do not interact with the endothelium of blood vessels. However, inflammation causes the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) such as P-selectin on the surface of the blood vessel wall. White blood cells present in flowing blood can interact with CAM. The first step in this interaction process is carried out by PSGL-1 interacting with P-selectin and/or E-selectin on endothelial cells and adherent platelets. This interaction results in "rolling" of the white blood cell on the endothelial cell surface followed by stable adhesion and transmigration of the white blood cell into the inflamed tissue.

In cancer
In mice it seems to be an immune factor regulating T-cell checkpoints, and it could be a target for future checkpoint inhibitor anti-cancer drugs.

PSGL-1 has been shown to bind to VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation) but this binding only occurs under acidic pH conditions (pH < 6.5) such as can be found in tumor microenvironments (TME).

In mice, PSGL-1 seems to facilitate T cell exhaustion in tumors.

title: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1