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Jonni Future

Jonni Future is a fictional comic book heroine, who appeared in the pages of Tom Strong's Terrific Tales, a series published under writer Alan Moore's America's Best Comics line of comic books for Wildstorm Comics. The stories were written by Steve Moore (no relation) and most of them were illustrated by Art Adams.

Concept
Jonni Future was created in 2002 by writer Steve Moore and artist Arthur Adams, as a pastiche of a pulp science fiction series like Adam Strange and Barbarella. It was published in eight-page installments in the America's Best Comics anthology Tom Strong's Terrific Tales, the first ten issues of which Adams penciled from 2002–2004. Adams' work on "Jonni Future" has been characterized as exhibiting a romantic influence, with greater amounts realism and fine hatching, which Adams refers to as "noodling". Adams says he was inspired by sources such as Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri, Warren Publishing's Vampirella, and the character designs in Capcom video game character books when he drew "Jonni Future", and refrained from using straight edges or templates in order to achieve a more elegant, hand-drawn appearance. Adams drew the first three chapters of "Jonni Future" at twice the printed comic size, and also drew the fifth chapter, "The Garden of the Sklin", at a size larger than standard, in order to render more detail than usual in those stories. He regards "Jonni Future" as his best work.

Despite the well-endowed character's incredulity at the idea that her uncle intended her to wear the revealing costume that she wears in the series, Jonni nonetheless accepts her role as an adventurer, with much of the plots centering on or making mention of her attractive nature, or barely clothed damsels in distress in general. For example, in the second installment, "Moth Women of the Myriad Moons", Jonni battles a swarm of creatures with greatly exaggerated female characteristics like her own. In the third chapter, "The Seraglio of the Stars", Jonni is captured with the intent of making her a sex slave, but escapes with a plan in which she and the other slaves use their sexuality against their captors, one that includes Jonni being briefly nude. In the fourth story, "The Witch of the World's End", a group of 16th century Christian witch-hunters are transported into the future, and encounter a city whose motifs indicate a liberated view of sexuality and nudity, causing them to conclude that they have reached the literal "end of the world", and that Jonni Future is a witch.

Fictional character biography
Jonni's uncle came and went at his pleasure from the 20th century to the Crepusculum, a time billions of years in the future when the whole solar system teeters on the brink of collapse and several planets have already disintegrated in a maelstrom of asteroids. He made these journeys via a portal located in his home.

After his death, he leaves his home to his ethnobotanist niece, Jonni. She inherits the house, she learns, on the condition that she keep it, and resell it to no one. In her first night in the house (which is intended to resemble Norman Bates' house from the film Psycho ), she finds her uncle's old magazines and starts reading about his fanciful exploits. Jonni encounters Jermaal Van Pavane, an anthropomorphic cheetah, who crossed from the pulp universe via a dimensional bridge in the attic. He brings her back to her uncle's old lair, explains to her the truth about him. Jermaal becomes her sidekick in the campy action, explaining that her uncle wished her to take up his mantle as a hero and protector of the Grand Array, the fantastic universe he lost his life defending. His legacy to Jonni includes trappings like the fish-shaped spaceship Coelacanth, a war suit and a "universal translator" helmet that enable Jonni to communicate with Jermaal and other aliens.

Issues

 * Tom Strong's Terrific Tales: Book One, issues #1-6 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-0030-3, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0029-X)
 * Tom Strong's Terrific Tales: Book Two, issues #7-12 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-0615-8, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-3265-5)

Tomorrow Stories 64-page specials
 * Special #1 (26 October 2005)
 * Special #2 (8 March 2006)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jonni Future


text: User talk:68.43.232.102

title: User talk:68.43.232.102


text:
Let Me Up (I've Had Enough)

Let Me Up (I've Had Enough) (styled on the cover with quotation marks) is the seventh studio album by the American band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, released on April 27, 1987. It features the most songwriting collaborations between Petty and lead guitarist Mike Campbell on any Petty album. It is the first album without then-former bassist Ron Blair on any tracks, as well as the first not produced by Jimmy Iovine.

The Heartbreakers' approach when starting to work on the album in 1986 was to make it sound like a live recording. This technique contrasted with the heavy studio production on the band's previous album, Southern Accents, and was influenced by touring as Bob Dylan's backing band.

Let Me Up (I've Had Enough) is also notable for being the only previous studio album not represented on Petty's 1993 Greatest Hits album, even though the single "Jammin' Me" (co-written with fellow Traveling Wilbury Bob Dylan) was No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks for four weeks and No. 18 on the Hot 100. "Jammin' Me" was later included on the compilation album Anthology: Through the Years.

Reception
The album received generally positive reviews from critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic described the album as "their simplest album since Hard Promises." However, he also stated that Let Me Up (I've Had Enough) was "filled with loose ends, song fragments, and unvarnished productions, it's a defiantly messy album, and it's all the better for it."

Cash Box said that the single "All Mixed Up" "tells a wondering, bittersweet story of life and love in the 80's."

Personnel
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers

 * Tom Petty – lead and backing vocals, guitars (acoustic, electric, 12-string, bass)
 * Mike Campbell – lead guitars (12-string, electric, acoustic, bass, resonator, slide), koto, keyboards, dulcimer, mandolin, ukulele, percussion
 * Benmont Tench – acoustic and electric pianos, Hammond and Vox organs, vibraphone, synthesizer
 * Howie Epstein – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Stan Lynch – drums, percussion

Production
 * Annalisa – photography
 * Bruce Barris – assistant engineer
 * Nick Basich – assistant engineer
 * Mike Campbell - production, engineer
 * Paul Chinn - photography
 * Mark Desisto – assistant engineer
 * Mick Haggerty – design, art
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Tom Petty - production
 * Don Smith – engineer
 * Mike Shipley – mixing
 * Andy Udoff – assistant engineer
 * Alan Weidel – assistant engineer
 * Shelly Yakus – overdub engineer

title: Let Me Up (I've Had Enough)


text: User talk:70.107.2.114

title: User talk:70.107.2.114


text:
Generation Swine

Generation Swine is the seventh studio album by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe, released on June 24, 1997. The album marks the return of lead singer Vince Neil following his last appearance on 1991's Decade of Decadence and the last to feature drummer Tommy Lee until the 2008 album Saints of Los Angeles. It is also the band's last album to be released on Elektra Records. The album's name as well as the title track is derived from Generation of Swine by Hunter S. Thompson.

Background
Following the commercial disappointment of the band's self-titled album, Mötley Crüe was under pressure by executives at Elektra Records to return Mötley Crüe to the level of commercial success that the band enjoyed in the 1980s.

The band, then officially consisting of vocalist/guitarist John Corabi, bassist Nikki Sixx, drummer Tommy Lee and guitarist Mick Mars, were so frustrated with the failure of the previous album and tour sales that they fired numerous people around the group, including longtime manager Doug Thaler and producer Bob Rock. The band then hired Allen Kovac as their new manager (given his reputation for restoring the faltering careers of other veteran acts) and started looking for another producer to work with for their next record, which was originally titled Personality #9.

After the mass firing, the band was called to a meeting with Warner Bros. CEO Doug Morris to discuss their future prospects at the label. At the meeting, Morris tried to convince Sixx and Lee to get rid of Corabi, as he wasn't a "star", and reunite with original singer Vince Neil. Sixx and Lee were not interested in the idea of working with Neil again and insisted on keeping Corabi in the group. With some additional convincing from Elektra CEO Sylvia Rhone, Morris agreed, and the band continued with their work.

Recording
Mötley returned to the studio intending to record a straight rock record that was more aggressive than the Mötley Crüe album. With Bob Rock producing, they recorded material such as "The Year I Lived in a Day" and "La Dolce Vita". The band was so excited that, according to Corabi, "At the end of each day we'd walk around the studio carrying our huge cocks in our hands because the music rocked so hard."

After Rock was fired for being "too expensive and overproduc[ing] the music", the band eventually chose Scott Humphrey, with Sixx and Lee serving as coproducers. But the process became disorganized; Humphrey was an inexperienced producer and constantly argued with Lee and Sixx over how the album should sound. Mars' role was greatly reduced due to an ongoing feud between him and Humphrey, and Corabi grew increasingly frustrated, as he would learn and write material only to find it completely changed by the time he returned to the studio.

Mars and Corabi both claim that while Mars was very much a part of the recording sessions, virtually all of his contributions were discarded at some point. Instead, various uncredited session musicians filled in for him. Mars described the Generation Swine period as his only regret as a member of Mötley Crüe, due to this fact. "They had no respect for Mick", said Corabi of the sessions.

As the recording continued, the band was being pressured to reunite with Neil. Corabi quit the group after deciding he was tired of working under the pressure that the band and Humphrey put on him. With Corabi out, the invitation was open for Neil to return.

Neil had been busy with his solo career and the untimely death of his daughter Skylar when Kovac approached him with the idea of reuniting with Mötley, which Morris had presented to Sixx and Lee earlier. Neil, like Sixx and Lee, was against the idea, but Kovac planted the idea of a reunion in Neil's head that eventually changed his mind. After meeting with Sixx and Lee, Neil agreed to rejoin and finish the album, whose title had been changed to Generation Swine.

Musically, the album shows Mötley trying to update their image and sound, experimenting with trends such as electronica and alternative rock. The songs draw heavy influence from Cheap Trick in the first half of the record. Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander did backing vocals in some songs. Most of the album was written while Corabi was with the band, and as such Neil had difficulty adjusting his voice to the material and sound. "There's a lot on that album that I'd have changed had I been there from the start," he remarked. "I didn't think the producer really knew what he was doing, because he wouldn't let me sing in the style I was accustomed to. He wouldn't let Mick play his usual way either. It was a nightmare."

Even with Neil back in the band, the album proved a departure from traditional Mötley albums. Besides the aforementioned experimentation, the album featured Sixx and Lee on lead vocals for the first time: Sixx on "Rocketship" (a love song for his new romance with model Donna D'Errico) and parts of "Find Myself"; and Lee on "Brandon" (a namesake song for his first-born son, and his then-current wife, Pamela Anderson) and "Beauty".

Lyrically, Generation Swine ranges from songs about drugs and prostitution such as "Find Myself" and "Beauty", to the anti-suicide stance on "Flush" and familial love on "Rocketship" and "Brandon".

Release and promotion
"Afraid" was released as the first single from the album. The video featured Hustler publisher Larry Flynt, who also put the band on the cover of an issue of Hustler that year. The song reached #10 on the US mainstream rock charts, but that too did little to generate interest in the album. The second single released was "Beauty", which reached number 37 on the mainstream rock charts; "Glitter" was also released as a single. "Find Myself" was released as a promo single and a music video was made for "Shout at the Devil '97". The band felt that the album's sluggish sales were due to Elektra not promoting the album properly, claiming that the label was only interested in promoting R&B acts. Rhone denied this claim though, stating that Mötley Crüe was a major priority for Elektra and that the label had spent a large sum of money in order to get the band to perform "Shout at the Devil '97" on the American Music Awards in January 1997.

To promote the album, Skeleteens Beverages in Pasadena, California created a soft drink for the band called "Motley Brue". The drink came in bottles that featured the new "Pig logo" and consisted of large amounts of blue #1 that turned everything blue. The intentions were to have people that drank the soft drink urinate green fluid. Mötley Crüe helped design the bottles that featured lyrics from Generation Swine songs on the reverse of each label.

The Japanese release of the album included the track "Song to Slit Your Wrist By" a song recorded by Sixx's solo project 58.

Generation Swine debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200, selling over 80,500 copies in its first week and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 27, 1997. Despite the strong charting debut, the album failed to return the band to the level of critical and commercial success that had been hoped for with the reunion, and according to Nielsen SoundScan the album has sold about 306,000 copies in the U.S. to date. In 2008, singer Vince Neil stated that the album was "terrible" due to "too much experimenting".

Generation Swine would be the group's final release on Elektra Records, as the label and Mötley Crüe would break their relationship off in early 1998. Future releases from the group would come from their own Mötley Records.

Reception
Generation Swine received mixed reviews. "Somehow", Sixx observed in 2000, "the spin had got out there that Mötley was going to flirt with an alternative sound – that we'd sold out. Sure, it was experimental, but it wasn't alternative, techno or dance. So I was a little disappointed at the way it was received." Sputnikmusic highlights the experimental nature of the production, which "is devoted to hard rock tracks structurally very similar to their so-called 'classic era' but sonically re-wired and approached from a direction entirely alien to the band" and praises "the vast improvement, or at the very least development, in Nikki Sixx's songwriting", finally declaring Generation Swine "a worthwhile experiment for the band that produced some of their most enduring music." David Grad of Entertainment Weekly praises Neil's voice, which lost "none of its hormonal urgency" and describes the music as a display "of highly burnished metal trumpeting the pleasures of drugs and nasty sex." Martin Popoff calls it "the summer record of '97."

In contrast, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calls the album "nothing short of an embarrassment" and blames the band for "simply recycling old ideas and sounds", not coming up "with any catchy riffs" and making the return of Neil "just a coincidence." Dean Golemis of the Chicago Tribune agrees, writing that despite "nose-bleeding punk runs", what transpires is the sound of a "Hollywood metal band from the '80s." Jon Wiederhorn of Rolling Stone remarks how the band tried to fuse "cornball glam-metal techniques" with "cutting-edge production and grinding industrial effects", but – instead of a "new direction that would defy expectations" – produced an album "more schizophrenic than Wesley Willis", unwelcome to Mötley fans who "crave consistency". J. D. Considine, another Rolling Stone reviewer, finds the album "as limp as overcooked spaghetti." Neil Arnold of Metal Forces calls Generation Swine "the black sheep of the Crüe family, making even the 1994 self-titled opus look brilliant" and ascribes its failure to the fusion of "industrial-fueled grooves and clanking rhythms" with the "distinctive Vince Neil whine", concluding that "'electronica' and 'alternative' are not words [he]'d associate with Mötley Crüe."

Lawsuit
On July 7, 1997, Corabi filed a $4-million lawsuit against the band for alleged breach of contract, fraud, and slander. Corabi's claim was that he had not received royalties or credit for his work and contributions while he was in the band.

Corabi was only officially credited for two songs on the original pressing of Generation Swine, "Flush" and "Let Us Prey", but claimed that he was responsible for at least 80% of the material on the album.

Mötley Crüe

 * Vince Neil – lead vocals (on all tracks except "Rocketship" and "Brandon")
 * Mick Mars – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Nikki Sixx – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Rocketship", additional vocals on "Find Myself", production
 * Tommy Lee – drums, piano, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Brandon", additional vocals on "Confessions" and "Beauty", production

Additional personnel

 * John Corabi – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (credit only)
 * David Darling – rhythm guitar
 * Suzie Katayama – cello
 * Bennet Salve – string arrangements
 * David Paich – piano, harpsichord
 * Scott Humphrey – synthesizer, computer programming, backing vocals, production
 * Gunner Sixx (Nikki's son) – additional vocals on "Find Myself"
 * Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander – backing vocals on "Glitter"

Technical personnel

 * Lenny DeRose, Brian Dobbs, Dave Ogilvie, Steve MacMillan, Marty Ogden – recording
 * Brian VanPortfleet, Barry Moore, Mike Geiser, Patrick Thrasher, Patrick Shevelin, David Bryant, Brandon Harris, Bill Kinsley, Gary Winger, John Nelson, Dave Hancock – assistants
 * Paul DeCarli – head programmer
 * Tom Baker at Future Disk – mastering

Artwork

 * John Eder, William Hames, John Harrell, Dean Groover – photography
 * Duke Woolsoncroft, Duke Design Co. – art direction and choreography

title: Generation Swine


text: Talk:Passage

title: Talk:Passage


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 June 12

On the subject of User:Jinkleberries

We obviously aren't going to count his disruptive votes. This sort of vandalism is easily contained. However, it will be amusing watching him and see how long he wastes his time.

lots of issues | leave me a message 20:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burnt Face Man

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. JYolkowski // talk 21:37, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Burnt Face Man
Looks like flashcruft. ~5000 google hits hardly qualifies as an internet phenomenon. --Xcali 20:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Delete. Not encyclopedia material. --Wetman 22:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 04:43, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This has already been deleted months before. And even after that, it's as unnotable as Firth's other cartoon, Salad Fingers. Though, it's a bit rushed to call this advertising. Nestea 13:05, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too little to be encyclopedia material, unlike the Salad Fingers article. Ghost Freeman | Talk 00:15, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * SAVE Recent edits have come up. I plead everyone to re-instate their votes. --George The Man 00:25, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Mine still stands. Making the article quality slightly better does not make the subject more notable. --Xcali 22:58, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Slightly? I'm sorry, it seemed to me that it was completely fixing this one-sentence travesty and making it into a legitimate article that was the issue. Whether an article is about a popular subject does not matter, nevermind that Burnt Face Man gets well over 1 million hits on Google. What matters is that someone took the time to put together this information, and it should be saved. See Crusading Otter for details on things not needing to be popular.George The Man 23:58, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Save Well, I think it is less advertisement than it was before and more encyclopedic now. Save here. Unsigned edit by
 * Only edit by new user TURKEY outside of his/her own user page. --Xcali 22:58, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do the search properly it's only 5000 hits. Flashcruft. Delete. -- Karada 00:07, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You don't have to have a popular article to have an article. In all honesty, Salad Fingers gets 44,000. 2 That's not too popular. And why do you have to accuse it of being "Flashcruft"(by the way, Flashcruft gets NO hits on Google, yet people here continue to use it, wherever the fuck it came from)? I fixed up the page because I liked the series and didn't want to see its Wiki destroyed because of a stupid person who put about a sentence and some links in, and called it a Wiki page. THIS, what we have now, is a Wiki page. I've already voted, but I urge you all to save it.
 * Save it's more encyclopedic than a good many articles here. Kuralyov 02:22, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. .

Oh dear some sad bastrds deleted burnt face man I agree, sad, sad, bastards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.66.4.217 (talk) 03:07, 20 February 2009 (UTC)


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LMS Fowler 2-6-2T

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fowler 2-6-2T was a class of steam locomotive. The LMS classified them 3P, BR 3MT. All were built at Derby Works between 1930 and 1932. William Stanier used them to form the basis for the LMS Stanier 2-6-2T, which was essentially a taper boilered version.

Numbering
They were initially numbered 15500–15569, but from 1934 were renumbered 1–70. After nationalisation in 1948 British Railways added 40000 on to their numbers to number them 40001–70.

Variations
Numbers 15520–39 (later 21–40 and 40021–40) were fitted with condensing apparatus to work around London. Some of the non-condensing ones were fitted with vacuum operated pull and push control.

Withdrawal
All were withdrawn between 1959 and 1962. None were preserved.

title: LMS Fowler 2-6-2T


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The book of humanity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

The book of humanity
Silly hoax - Speedy deletion?--Ian Pitchford 20:36, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It doesn't look like a hoax to me.  Rather, three random facts of the same name.  With a rewrite and major extension, this could possibly turn into a decent article. Sonic Mew 20:42, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite hoax. Compare with Heaven's Gate Cult --Ian Pitchford 08:25, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete It's not a hoax, but it's not notable, either. See also  Evolutions Gate below. --Xcali 21:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 23:05, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Web site looks like an obvious and silly hoax to me. carmeld1 00:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Small Box Girder

The Small Box Girder bridge (SBG) was a small assault bridge that could be used to span gaps of up to 30 feet. It was typically carried on a tank, such as the Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE), and could be deployed without engineers having to expose themselves to enemy fire. The design had been formally adopted by the British Army in 1932. Pre-war the SBG had (more often than not without permission) quickly been copied by many countries around the world, including Germany. The German Army called their version of the SBG the Kastenträgergerät (K-Gerät for short). The United States was another country whose army created their own copy, designating it the H-20.

The SBG was used during the Normandy invasion of World War II (1944–5).

title: Small Box Girder


text:
Gewald reaction

The Gewald reaction is an organic reaction involving the condensation of a ketone (or aldehyde when R2 = H) with a α-cyanoester in the presence of elemental sulfur and base to give a poly-substituted 2-amino-thiophene.

The reaction is named after the German chemist Karl Gewald (born 1930).

Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Gewald reaction was elucidated 30 years after the reaction was discovered. The first step is a Knoevenagel condensation between the ketone (1) and the α-cyanoester (2) to produce the stable intermediate 3. The mechanism of the addition of the elemental sulfur is unknown. It is postulated to proceed through intermediate 4. Cyclization and tautomerization will produce the desired product (6).

Microwave irradiation has been shown beneficial to reaction yields and times.

Variations
In one variation of the Gewald reaction a 3-acetyl-2-aminothiophene is synthesized starting from a dithiane (an adduct of sulfur and acetone if R = CH3 or acetaldehyde if R = H) and the sodium salt of cyanoacetone which in itself is very unstable:

title: Gewald reaction


text:
Robert Tools

Robert L. Tools (July 31, 1942 – November 30, 2001) was the world's first recipient of a fully self-contained artificial heart, called AbioCor. The operation took place on July 2, 2001. He survived for 151 days without a living heart. Dr. Joseph Fredi at Saint Thomas Hospital suggested the experimental procedure based on his knowledge of a research project by Abiomed. While recovering from surgery, Robert had the chance to enjoy some of his favorite past time hobbies, fishing and dining out. While at Jewish Hospital, Robert became renowned and received press throughout the world on shows like Cooking Network, Dateline, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and CNN. As a result of Robert's press, he received visits from Lt. Governors, The Oak Ridge Boys, and Muhammad Ali. While meeting with Ali, Tools earned the name "#1 Champ" because of his fight to survive.

Due to continued complications of abdominal bleeding and a stroke, Robert died November 30, 2001.

title: Robert Tools


text:
Benjamin Banneker Academy

Benjamin Banneker Academy for Community Development (usually called Banneker) is a public high school located in the Clinton Hill section of Brooklyn, New York City. The school was originally a Drake's Cakes factory. Still today, different floors of the school are in Drake's colors, blue and yellow. It has a small, but family type atmosphere for a high school. It is usually called a junior college because the faculty and students are so focused on college. Banneker, which serves grades 9 through 12+, is operated by the New York City Department of Education. Many of the graduates attend SUNY schools, HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities) and CUNY schools. There are also a few that attend Ivy League schools and a few are recruited for Posse schools. The school's graduation rate has been at least 90% since 2002.

School information
The school's colors are black and gold. Each year Banneker holds a homecoming party for the students in which they wear the school colors. This event is usually the final event to their School Spirit Week, which places a different theme on each day of that week. Some of the themes include Twin Day, "Celebrity Look A Like Day", and Flag Day. School Spirit week and Homecoming events are planned by the senior committee and is held the Friday before the Thanksgiving recess.

The school was founded in 1987. Its name commemorates Benjamin Banneker, an African American scientist, surveyor, almanac author and farmer.

Student demographics
As of the 2014–15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 920 students and 43.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 21.4:1. There were 414 students (45.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 49 (5.3% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

There are 831 students in the school. The demographics are 83.39% African American, 12.03% Hispanic or Latino, 2.76% Asian, 1.5% White (non-Hispanic) and 0.32% Native American.

Extracurricular activities
Benjamin Banneker Academy is known for its many extracurricular activities, which include a variety of sport teams, clubs and community service organizations.

Some special events that happen at Banneker annually are the fashion shows that are presented by the school's fashion clubs, "ETC Fashion Group" and the "Senior Fashion Show" and Homecoming.

Clubs

 * ETC Fashion Group (EMPOWERMENT THROUGH CREATIVITY)
 * TMD (Teens Making a Difference)
 * Goddess (For Young Women's Empowerment)
 * The Debate Team
 * NYC Otaku (Anime Club)
 * The Pre-Med Club
 * NOLA (Banneker Rebuilds New Orleans)
 * The Robotics Team
 * The Latino Club
 * The French Club
 * S.P.I.T (Soulful Poets In Training)
 * Student Government Organization (SGO)
 * The Drama Club
 * Chorus
 * Chess Team
 * Banneker Sisters United
 * Banneker Brothers United
 * The Yearbook Committee
 * The Senior Committee
 * The Africa Tours Club
 * Nurange Dance Ensemble
 * STOKED NYC (Skateboarding/Snowboarding/Surfing)
 * Knitting and Crocheting Club
 * Step Team
 * Robotics

Sports teams

 * Baseball Boys Varsity
 * Basketball Boys Varsity
 * Basketball Boys Jr. Varsity
 * Basketball Girls Varsity
 * Basketball Girls Jr. Varsity
 * Bowling Boys Varsity
 * Cheerleading
 * Cross Country Girls Varsity
 * Cross Country Boys Varsity
 * Fencing Boys Varsity
 * Fencing Girls Varsity
 * Indoor Track Girls Varsity
 * Indoor Track Boys Varsity
 * Outdoor Track Girls Varsity
 * Outdoor Track Boys Varsity
 * Soccer Girls Varsity
 * Soccer Boys Varsity
 * Softball Girls Varsity
 * Tennis Boys Varsity
 * Tennis Girls Varsity
 * Volleyball Girls Varsity
 * Volleyball Boys Varsity
 * Rowing

title: Benjamin Banneker Academy


text:
Hôtel de Sens

The Hôtel de Sens or Hôtel des archevêques de Sens is a 16th-century hôtel particulier, or private mansion, in the Marais, in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France. It nowadays houses the Forney art library.

History
The hôtel was built to serve as a residence for the archbishops of Sens. Before 1622, Paris was not an archdiocese, but rather a diocese suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sens. The archbishop was a prominent figure of power, his residence reflecting his influence within the urban landscape.

A first hôtel, at this location, was built for the archbishops of Sens in 1345, which was later used by Charles V, King of France, as a part of his royal residence, the hôtel Saint-Pol. When the Kings settled in the newly built Louvre palace, the building was destroyed, only to be replaced by the current hôtel, built between 1475 and 1519 by Tristian de Salazar and reinstalled as the residence of the archbishops of Sens. As such, it served as the house of many renowned prelates, such as Antoine Duprat, Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme, Louis de Lorraine, Nicolas de Pellevé (who died in the hôtel) or Jacques Davy Duperron. Margaret of Valois also lived there in 1605 and 1606, and her decision to cut down a fig tree (figuier) in front of the building that was impeding her carriage, is said to have inspired the name of the street, rue du Figuier. In 1622, Paris became an archdiocese. The archbishops of Sens lost the major part of their power in the city, and their sojourns in Paris became progressively less frequent. The hôtel, transferred during the 17th century to the archdiocese of Paris, entered a lasting period of progressive decay. During the French Revolution it was confiscated as a bien national, sold in 1797 and privately owned throughout the 19th century, housing, like many hôtels particulier in the Marais at the time, shops, workshops or factories. During the Trois Glorieuses street fights of 1830, a cannonball hit the facade and lodged deep within the wall ; it is visible nowadays above the main entrance, the date engraved beneath.

Protected as a heritage site in 1862, the building was acquired by the city of Paris, and thoroughly restored in 1930. The Forney art library was installed in it in 1961.

title: Hôtel de Sens


text:
LMS Stanier 2-6-2T

The Stanier Class 3P 2-6-2T was a class of London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) steam locomotive. They were designed by William Stanier based on the earlier LMS Fowler 2-6-2T.

Overview
A taper-boiler versions of Henry Fowler's 1930 design, the general dimensions were the same with some improvements. They were under-boilered and although improved they were always considered to be indifferent performers. In some ways they were inferior to their predecessors. The cab was of Stanier's usual excellent design with the coal bunker built higher than the rear cab windows but angled inwards to avoid them, thus giving good visibility when running bunker first.

The first 2 lots (117 and 126, locomotives 71–144) were built with number 6 domeless boilers but the rest were built with improved 6A boilers with separate top-feed and steam dome. Both types of boilers were later modified to carry Adams ‘Vortex’ blastpipe to improve steaming. These locomotives could always be identified by the larger diameter chimney. The 139 locomotives were numbered 71–209 by the LMS, and after 1948 BR renumbered them 40071–209. The LMS classified them 3P.

In a final attempt to improve the locomotives, six were rebuilt with larger 6B boilers; these were 169 in 1940, 163 in 1941, 148 and 203 in 1942, and 40142 and 40167 in 1956. The re-boilering was not considered to be cost effective.

They were to be found on various duties – stopping train, suburban passenger routes, branch line, empty stock and banking.

They are generally considered to be the least successful of Stanier's standard designs.

Withdrawals
The class was withdrawn between November 1959 and December 1962, with the last of the large boiler variant (40148) having been withdrawn in September 1962. None were preserved.

title: LMS Stanier 2-6-2T


text:
Shastan languages

The Shastan (or Sastean) family consisted of four languages, spoken in present-day northern California and southern Oregon:

 * Shastan
 * Konomihu
 * New River Shasta
 * Okwanuchu
 * Shasta (also known as Shastika)

Konomihu appears to have been the most divergent Shastan language. Okwanuchu may have been a dialect of Shasta proper, which is known to have had a number of dialects.

The entire Shastan family is now extinct. Shasta was the last language that was spoken. Three elderly speakers were reported in the 1980s.

Shastan has often been considered to be in the hypothetical Hokan stock.

title: Shastan languages


text:
Karel Kavina

Karel Kavina (September 4, 1890 – January 21, 1948, both in Prague) was a Czech botanist.

Kavina was professor of botany at the Technical University in Prague. He worked on systemics, plant morphology and anatomy, and bryology. He published several atlases and monographs and was editor-in-chief of two botanical journals.

In 1938, botanist Albert Pilát published Kavinia, which is a genus of fungi in the Lentariaceae family. The genus contains five species, and has a largely European distribution. It was named in Kavina's honour.

title: Karel Kavina


text:
Frank Sharp (land developer)

Frank Wesley Sharp (March 18, 1906 – April 2, 1993) was a land developer in Houston, Texas, United States who was responsible for creating several large post-World War II housing developments.

Sharp's largest projects included Oak Forest in 1946 and Sharpstown in 1955. Sharp also created Royden Oaks in the early 1970s. Sharp later was a central figure in the Sharpstown scandal, and as a result he was convicted of violating federal banking and securities laws and was sentenced to three years' probation and a $5,000 fine.

Early life
Frank W. Sharp, usually known as simply Frank Sharp, was born on March 18, 1906, on an east Texas farm the near the small town of Crockett in Houston County, Texas, where he lived until he finished high school. Determined to improve his lot in life, he left home at the age of 19 and headed to Houston, where he then settled. He soon got a job as a carpenter's helper during the day, while he began attending a business college at night. These actions started him on the path to becoming a major real estate developer in southeast Texas. During the 1930s, the Houston area was reasonably well insulated from the grim economic realities of the Great Depression by the completion of the Houston Ship Channel and the rise of the petroleum industry. Sharp reportedly borrowed $150 and began building one house at a time in subdivisions that were beginning to surround the city. Soon, he advanced to building multiple homes in subdivisions like Jacinto City and Texas City during World War II.

Oak Forest development
Toward the end of World War II, Sharp shrewdly guessed that Houston would continue growing to the northwest, beyond the Garden Oaks subdivision, which architect E. L. Crain had opened in 1937. In 1946, Sharp hired the architectural firm, Wilson, Morris and Crain, and bought 113 acres of land adjacent to Garden Oaks, where he began constructing prefabricated and preassembled homes on 4780 lots by mid-1947. He named his new subdivision Oak Forest.

Intending to remain involved in all phases of the development, Sharp reorganized his business empire to accomplish that goal. His Frank W. Sharp Enterprises, became an umbrella company that ran four smaller entities: (a) a firm doing concrete and street work; (b) the Douglas Fir Lumber Company, whose two mills in the Northwest prevented Sharp from suffering widespread shortages of lumber; (c) the Oak Forest Corporation to handle development and merchandising; and (d) the Frank W. Sharp Construction Company to handle the building. A separate, but closely connected, company took care of the millwork.

In July 1948, the popular and well-respected magazine Better Homes and Gardens (BH&G) featured several Oak Forest homes in an article, and said that the proposed investment of $32 million and projected population of 25,000 made Oak Forest, "one of the largest privately financed, single-family home developments in United States or world history." By then, many potential customers had come to think of prefabricated, prebuilt, and planned housing developments as monotonous, and lacking individuality. Sharp adopted a marketing slogan of, "No two houses are alike." The BH&G article noted that, "among the first 400 homes built in Oak Forest, only two were alike in planning and only two were white in color."

By September 1948 rising costs for materials and overheads were cutting deeply into Sharp's profit margin. He responded by contracting out the actual construction. Sharp's organization could still offer cheaper prices for lumber and office support. In 1953, Sharp announced that he would open Peoples State Bank in Oak Forest. He also planned to open a 12000 ft2 shopping center on the border between Oak Park and Garden Oaks in May 1953.

Sharpstown
Oak Forest was essentially "built out" by 1955, but Frank Sharp already had a vision for an even greater development. He had already bought an expanse of land at the southwest edge of Houston and near the northeastern limit of Bellaire, Texas. Promotional literature at the time described it as "the biggest real-estate subdivision in the world: 25,000 homes, 100,000 people." Frank named it Sharpstown.

In 1961, Sharp had added Sharpstown State Bank to his holdings, and in 1963, he bought National Bankers Life. By the early 1970s, Sharp had added banking and insurance to his empire. Wanting to assure passage of a bill that would help his banking enterprise (Sharpstown State Bank), he decided to offer unsecured bank loans to a number of key politicians. The politicians who were willingly ensnared in these dealings included then governor of Texas, Preston Smith, Speaker of the House Gus Mutscher, Texas House Representatives W. S. Heatley and Tommy L. Shannon, and Texas Democratic Party chairman, Dr. Elmer Baum. They, in turn agreed to use the loans to buy stock in Sharp's insurance company (National Bankers Life). About the same time, Sharpstown State Bank made unsecured loans to Sharp's son-in-law, W. D. Haden II, who was then trying to buy a controlling interest in Olympic Life Insurance Company of Fort Worth. Concerned by the number and size of the loans Sharpstown bank was making, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) notified bank management that the FDIC might cancel its deposit insurance if it did not immediately cease making these dubious loans.

Though a life-long Methodist, he became a generous donor to Strake Jesuit College Preparatory and became the only Protestant to be named as a "founder" within the benefactors of the Society of Jesus. He was so highly regarded by the pope and other members of the Church hierarchy that he was honored in Rome. During the Sharpstown scandal, Sharp advised Strake Jesuit to buy shares of National Bankers Life at $20–26 per share. The school lost $6,000,000 from his advice.

Sharpstown bribery scandal
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began uncovering evidence of wrongdoing in 1971, and soon began giving information to the press. On January 18, 1971, the SEC came before the federal court in Dallas to formally charge former Democratic State Attorney General Waggoner Carr, former State Insurance Commissioner John Osorio, Frank Sharp, a number of other defendants, and Sharp's corporations, including the Sharpstown State Bank and National Bankers Life Insurance Corporation, with stock fraud in a scheme hatched by Sharp himself. The suit started a run on the bank by its depositors, which was quelled by the FDIC.

Speaker of the House Mutscher and his close associates, Heatley and Shannon, thereafter, frequently called the "Abilene Three" by the press, were charged in an Abilene court with accepting a bribe from Sharp. During the trial, the district attorney revealed that Governor Smith was an unindicted co-conspirator. On March 15, 1972, after only 120 minutes of deliberation by the jury, the trial ended with a guilty verdict for each of the three. The next day, Judge J. Neil Daniel sentenced them to five years' probation.

Sharp himself pleaded guilty to all charges. He was fined $5,000 and sentenced to three years' probation for violating federal banking and securities laws.

title: Frank Sharp (land developer)


text:
Battle of Laing's Nek

The Battle of Laing's Nek was a major battle fought at Laing's Nek during the First Boer War on 28 January 1881.

Background
Following the Boer declaration of independence for the Transvaal in 1880 the British suffered a series of disastrous defeats in attempting to regain the territory.

On 20 December 1880, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Robert Anstruther and elements of his regiment, the 94th, marched from Lydenburg to Pretoria, the regiment’s band leading the column playing the popular song "Kiss Me, Mother Darling".

At Bronkhorstspruit the force was stopped by Boers, who courteously required the "Red Soldiers" to turn back. Anstruther equally courteously refused, at which point the column was devastated by rifle fire from the surrounding Boer ambush. Of the 259 in the column, 155 officers and men became casualties, as did some of the women accompanying the regiment.

Instead of waiting for the reinforcements, the British High Commissioner for South East Africa, Major General Sir George Pomeroy Colley, assembled what troops he could and rushed forward, claiming to be moving to relieve the British garrisons in the Transvaal.

Colley gathered his force at Newcastle in Natal, dispatched an ultimatum to the Boers and, on its rejection, advanced towards the Transvaal border.

The first British camp on the march lay some 4 miles short of Laing’s Nek, a ridge in the foothills of the Drakensberg Mountains that blocked the road between Newcastle and Standerton in Natal, South Africa.

The battle
The British Natal Field Force, commanded by General Colley, numbered around 1,216 officers and men, including 5 companies of the 58th Regiment, 5 companies of the 3rd Battalion, the 60th Rifles, about 150 cavalrymen of the Mounted Squadron, a party of Royal Navy sailors with two 7-pound guns, and finally a unit of men from the Royal Artillery with four 9-pound guns.

The Boers, under the command of Commandant-General Joubert had about 2,000 men in the area, with at least 400 fortifying the heights around Laing's Nek. They had little difficulty in repulsing General Colley's inadequate force.

On the morning of 28 January, Colley tried to force a way through the pass. The battle began at around about half past nine with a heavy bombardment with the four 9-pounder guns and two 7-pound guns of the British Naval Brigade pounding the Boer positions on Table Hill.

Ten minutes later, the main British force, made up of the 58th Regiment, went forward and had difficulty advancing over the broken ground towards the summit. Further down the line, the Mounted Squadron made a charge against the Boer positions on nearby Brownlow's Kop. But, on reaching the summit, the British cavalry were fired upon by a line of entrenched Boers on the reverse slope, suffering many casualties, forcing them to withdraw.

By 10:30, with their threat to their flank removed, the Boers moved to attack the 58th Regiment still advancing on Table Hill where at 11:00, at reaching the top of the summit, the British were fired upon by concealed Boers in trenches just 160 yd away and suffered even more casualties, including both commanding officers, Major Hingeston and Colonel Deane being killed.

While this was happening, a small party of Boers actually advanced from their positions on the lower slopes of nearby Majuba Hill and engaged the Naval Brigade near the British camp at Mount Prospect. Return rifle fire from the British kept the Boers back. By 11:10, two companies of the 3/60th Rifles had moved up Table Hill to cover the retreat of the 58th Regiment and by noon, the battle was over.

Aftermath
The British lost 84 killed, 113 wounded, and 2 captured during what was perceived as a fiasco. Most of the casualties were from the 58th Regiment, with 74 killed and 101 wounded, around 35% of their total strength. Among those killed in the battle were many of General Colley's staff including Major Poole and Lieutenants Dolphin, Elwes and Inman. The Boers reported their losses at 14 killed and 27 wounded. One month later, General Colley was killed at the Battle of Majuba Hill, which ended the war, after which Transvaal was recognised as an independent state.

Victoria Crosses
The Victoria Cross is the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

 * Laing’s Nek is memorable as the last occasion that a British regiment took its colours into action. The 58th were led up the hillside by Lieutenant Lancelot Baillie carrying the Regimental Colour and Lieutenant Alan Richard Hill carrying the Queen's Colour. Baillie was mortally wounded while Hill won the Victoria Cross bringing casualties down from the hillside. Hill passed the two colours to Sergeant Budstock for safe keeping; a necessary concession to the realities of late 19th century combat. Four officers in succession were shot down carrying the colours of the 58th.

 * During the charge of the mounted men, John Doogan, a private in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards, saw Major William Vesey Brownlow, an officer to whom he was servant, dismounted and in danger among the Boers because his horse had been shot. Private Doogan rode up, although he was himself severely wounded, dismounted and pressed the officer to take his horse, receiving another wound while doing so. He, too, was awarded the Victoria Cross.

title: Battle of Laing's Nek


text:
Talk:Aurelius Victor

Untitled
REGARDING "The second was first printed at Naples about 1472, in 410, under the name of Pliny (the younger), and the fourth at Strassburg in 1505."

What does 410 mean? Is that a typo?

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.30.126.76 (talk • contribs).

 * It was an OCR error for 4to, i.e. 4 tomes. I've corrected this.

 * actually, 4to is an abbreviation in rare book librarianship which means quarto (not tomes); the size of the sheets used in printing and also for the size of the book. --FeanorStar7 (talk) 00:43, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aurelius Victor


text:
Bard on the Beach

Bard on the Beach is Western Canada's largest professional Shakespeare festival. The theatre festival runs annually from early June through September in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The festival is produced by Bard on the Beach Theatre Society whose mandate is to provide Vancouver residents and tourists with affordable, accessible Shakespearean productions of the finest quality. In addition to the annual summer festival, the Society runs a number of year-round theatre education and training initiatives for both the artistic community and the general community at large. Bard on the Beach celebrated its 30th anniversary season in 2019.

History
Bard on the Beach began as an Equity Co-op in the summer of 1990, funded primarily by an Explorations Grant awarded to Artistic Director Christopher Gaze by the Canada Council for the Arts. Following his graduation from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Gaze had moved to Canada on the advice of his friend, mentor and theatre legend Douglas Campbell. After performing with a variety of theatre companies and festivals across Canada, including three seasons with the Shaw Festival, Gaze moved to Vancouver in 1983 where he performed as Richard III in the 1984 season of the now defunct Vancouver Shakespeare Festival.

While in Vancouver, Gaze became acquainted with a group of actors and fellow Shakespeare lovers when he was asked to direct a production of Under Milk Wood for the 1989 Vancouver Fringe Festival. The following summer, this same group staged A Midsummer Night's Dream in a rented theatre tent in Vanier Park as the inaugural Bard on the Beach production. The company's initial four-week run drew a total of 6,000 people and signaled the need for a more formal company structure. Bard on the Beach officially registered as a not-for-profit under the Society Act of BC in December, 1990.

Site
Bard is located in Vanier Park at the south end of the Burrard Street Bridge. It consists of two performance stages: the BMO Mainstage and the Howard Family Stage. There is also a group of tents known as the Bard Village which contains the box office, Bard Boutique gift shop, and concession stands. The festival grounds also contain dressing rooms, administrative offices for seasonal staff and an event Marquee along with two large picnic lawns and portable washrooms for patrons.

BMO Mainstage
Bard purchased its first 500-seat saddlespan tent in 1992. By the end of the 2010 season, the Mainstage theatre tent was in need of replacement and, following the "Staging our Future" capital campaign, the Festival built a custom-designed Mainstage theatre tent. The new tent expanded the seating capacity to 742 seats and included a redesigned stage. The theatre tent also came with more comfortable seating for patrons including cup holders for drinks purchased from the concession stands. The new tent maintains an open-backed design and Bard's signature backdrop: False Creek; the Coast Mountains; and city skyline. The physical playing space within the theatre was named after the Bank of Montreal in recognition of their lead contribution to the Festival's capital campaign.

Bard on the Beach typically stages two productions in repertory on the BMO Mainstage in each season, alongside a selection of choral, symphony and opera presentations. The set presents a unique challenge and opportunity for set designers from year to year as it must incorporate elements which can be shared by both productions during season.

Howard Family Stage and the Douglas Campbell Theatre tent
The Douglas Campbell Theatre tent was added in 1999 as part of Bard's 10th anniversary season as an intimate space for the staging of Shakespeare's lesser-known works or for more modern, innovative stagings of the established canon. Beginning in 2005 with a production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, the theatre tent has also served as a space for productions of plays which, while not by Shakespeare, serve to examine the context of his work.

The theatre is named for the Canadian stage actor Douglas Campbell. Campbell was a good friend and mentor to Christopher Gaze and had either performed in, or directed, plays in Bard's earlier seasons. Campbell and his son Torquil Campbell also performed together in productions of Henry IV, Part I and Macbeth at Bard on the Beach.

This smaller theatre tent seats 240 people and its adaptable layout and seating configuration are similar to that of a black box theatre. The tent structure was replaced at the beginning of the 2013 season as part of the "Staging our Future" capital campaign.

In 2014 the playing space was named the "Howard Family Stage" in honour of Vancouver philanthropists Darlene and Paul Howard.

Bard Education
In addition to operating the Festival, the Bard on the Beach Theatre Society operates a host of youth-oriented outreach programs under the umbrella of Bard Education. Collectively, the programs endeavour to inspire the community through dynamic, engaging experiences with the language, characters and plays of William Shakespeare.

Bard in the Classroom
Bard in the Classroom workshops are delivered by Teaching Artists – actors, directors and other theatre practitioners trained by Bard to facilitate workshops for young people. The in-class workshops can be adapted for all age groups have been delivered for students between the ages of 4 and 18. Teachers can request 90-minute sessions focusing on introductions to Shakespeare's work as a whole or focus on a specific play, scene or set of characters. Participants mix voice and language work with active theatre exercises to explore Shakespeare's work in a performance context.

Professional Development
Unlike Bard Education's other programs, Bard's Professional Development workshops are open to educators of all grades, subjects, and levels of experience from across British Columbia. Like Bard in the Classroom, Bard's Professional Development workshops focus on introducing participants to Shakespeare through active theatre exercises however, the program is more focused on teacher training than those programs oriented for students and youth.

Young Shakespeareans Workshops
The Young Shakespeareans Workshop program has been offered each season on the grounds of Bard on the Beach Shakespeare Festival for youth aged 8 through 18 since 1993. The program runs between 15 and 17 two-week sessions for "Juniors" aged 8 to 13 and "Seniors" aged 13 to 18. There is also a one-week intensive theatre training program offered for youth aged 15 through 18.

As of the 2014 season, Young Shakespeareans Workshops Teaching Artists are also assisted by participants in the Riotous Youth apprenticeship program.

Riotous Youth
Conceived as a kind of "graduate" counterpart to the Young Shakespeareans Workshops, the Riotous Youth theatre apprenticeship program was launched in 2014 to provide an opportunity to bridge the learning of young theatre enthusiasts who had aged out of the workshop program. Participants aged 19 through 24 take an active role in assisting Young Shakespeareans Workshops Teaching Artists, deliver pre-show introductory talks to the audience and work with a veteran Bard company actor to prepare a final presentation at the end of the season. The Riotous Youth also participate in a variety of other programs throughout the Bard season including the Bard-B-Q & Fireworks and off-site presentations.

Other events
In addition to the four plays, there are a number of events throughout the summer:
 * Bard Fireworks
 * Wine Wednesdays
 * Family Days
 * Bard Explored
 * Talkback Tuesdays

1990 – 1999
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * As You Like It
 * Twelfth Night
 * The Tempest
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * King Lear
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Hamlet
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * Shylock by Mark Leiren-Young
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * The Winter's Tale
 * As You Like It
 * Richard III
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Macbeth
 * Measure for Measure

Bard Peak Performances (1995–1998)
From 1995 to 1998, bard added a short series of Peak Performances to the Festival's season. A selection of weekend matinee performances were presented at the peak of Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver.

2000 – 2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
 * The Tempest
 * Henry IV, Part 1
 * All's Well That Ends Well
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Antony and Cleopatra
 * The Two Gentlemen of Verona
 * Twelfth Night
 * Henry V
 * Cymbeline
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * Pericles, Prince of Tyre
 * Shylock by Mark Leiren-Young
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (Bard in the Vineyard)
 * Christopher Gaze directed a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream which ran from July 31 to August 31, 2003 at the Mission Hill Family Estate. While the production was successful in reaching new audiences in the Okanagan Valley, the Okanagan Mountain Park Fire had an adverse effect on attendance.  In some cases, performances of the production were interrupted as regional evacuation notices were read from the stage.
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Macbeth
 * As You Like It
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * Hamlet
 * Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Measure for Measure
 * The Winter's Tale
 * Troilus and Cressida
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * Timon of Athens
 * Julius Caesar
 * King Lear
 * Twelfth Night
 * The Tempest
 * Titus Andronicus
 * All's Well That Ends Well
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Othello
 * Richard II

2010 – 2019
2010
 * Antony and Cleopatra
 * Falstaff (a combination of Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, adapted by Errol Durbach)
 * Henry V
 * Much Ado About Nothing

2011
 * As You Like It
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * Henry VI: The Wars of the Roses (a combination of Henry VI Parts 1, 2, and 3, adapted by Christopher Weddell)
 * Richard III

2012
 * Macbeth
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * King John

2013
 * Hamlet
 * Twelfth Night
 * Measure for Measure
 * Elizabeth Rex by Timothy Findley

2014
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * The Tempest
 * Equivocation by Bill Cain
 * Cymbeline

2015

 * The Comedy of Errors
 * King Lear
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * World Premiere of Shakespeare's Rebel by Chris Humphreys

2016

 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * Othello
 * Pericles

2017
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * The Winter's Tale
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * Shylock by Mark Leiren-Young
 * The Two Gentlemen of Verona

2018

 * As You Like It
 * Macbeth
 * Timon of Athens
 * Lysistrata

2019 (30th Season)

 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Shakespeare In Love
 * All's Well That Ends Well
 * Coriolanus

2020 – present
2020

 * Cancelled due to the global COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia. The planned 2020 productions were rescheduled for the 2021 season.
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (cancelled)
 * Henry V (cancelled)
 * Love's Labour's Lost (cancelled)
 * Paradise Lost by Erin Shields (cancelled)

2021

 * No in-person presentations due to COVID-19. Digital programming and events offered online.
 * Done/Undone by Kate Besworth (commissioned for a digital season)

2022

 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Harlem Duet by Djanet Sears
 * Romeo and Juliet

2023

 * As You Like It
 * Julius Caesar
 * Henry V
 * Goblin:Macbeth created by Rebecca Northan with Bruce Horak

2024

 * Twelfth Night
 * Hamlet
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Measure for Measure

title: Bard on the Beach


text:
Odell Thurman

Odell Lamar Thurman (born July 9, 1983) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Georgia.

Early life
Odell Thurman attended Jasper County High School in Monticello, Georgia. While there, he was a Macon Telegraph first-team All-Purpose All-State selection at both linebacker and fullback, and won Class AA honorable mention All-State honors from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and was invited to play in the 2001 Georgia-Florida all-star game. As a senior, he rushed for 1,187 yards and recorded 153 tackles. His high school football coach was Steve Patterson.

College career
Odell Thurman played two years and 23 games at the University of Georgia where he was named an All-SEC player. Thurman was also a semi-finalist for the 2004 Dick Butkus Award. He entered the NFL draft after his junior season. The signature play of his career at Georgia came in a 26-7 win over Auburn in 2003. With Georgia leading 19-0, Auburn drove down to the Georgia 2 early in the fourth quarter. On third and goal, Auburn quarterback Jason Campbell threw a pass, which was deflected and intercepted by Thurman. He returned it 99 yards for a touchdown.

Cincinnati Bengals
Thurman was selected 48th overall in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft and his excellent initial play on the field made him an instant candidate for the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award. Ultimately, San Diego Chargers linebacker Shawne Merriman won the award.

Thurman was suspended for two seasons with the Bengals for violating the league's substance abuse policy. He was released from the Bengals before the start of the 2008 season.

Drug and alcohol problems
Thurman was suspended by the National Football League for the first four games of the 2006 regular season for violating the league's substance abuse policy. According to sources, Thurman did not return to Cincinnati in time and failed to take the test.

On September 27, 2006, the NFL extended Thurman's suspension for the remainder of the season as a result of the arrest for drunk driving. Thurman's locker was emptied by the Bengals organization. Coach Marvin Lewis said he did not want to see Odell Thurman anywhere near the stadium, and he then deactivated Chris Henry for the next game for being part of the incident. Lewis later stated that he did not expect Thurman to play for the Bengals in 2007.

On February 21, 2007, Thurman pleaded no contest to the driving drunk charge and said he was undergoing treatment for alcohol abuse.

On May 15, 2007, Bengals' head coach Marvin Lewis told ESPN that Thurman would have the chance to return to the team, if reinstated by the NFL. Thurman was eligible for reinstatement on July 11, 2007. It was suspected that the organization would cut Thurman from the roster, but Lewis said otherwise.

On June 5, however, ESPN reported that he was wanted for assault in Georgia, for alleged kicking and hitting two men. Thurman and his brother were sought for questioning in connection with this assault. The sheriff involved in the case said that the incident was not quickly reported and that a magistrate would choose whether or not to continue with the charges on June 8, 2007. Conflicting reports from witnesses at the party where the assault allegedly occurred however may make prosecution of this case difficult.

On June 8, 2007, papers seeking to dismiss the charges stated above were filed, and charges against the linebacker were summarily dropped. Chrissy Pitts, deputy clerk of Magistrate Court in Jasper County, said "It was settled, we aren’t aware of any terms that were involved in the settlement. That was between the attorneys and the parties.”

On July 25, 2007, Thurman's request for re-instatement into the NFL was denied by commissioner Roger Goodell, so he was not able to play in 2007.

On July 12, 2008, Thurman was indicted by a grand jury for breaking another man's jaw at a water park in Sandusky, Ohio during the previous month, though, he was not arrested on the scene. On March 24, 2009, prosecutors dismissed the assault case against Thurman without prejudice citing insufficient evidence.

NFL reinstatement
On January 28, 2008, The NFL cleared linebacker Thurman to resume working out with the Cincinnati Bengals, a step toward reinstatement from his two-year suspension.

Thurman was reinstated by NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on April 21, 2008. "Odell has met the NFL's conditions for reinstatement and has been added to our offseason roster," said Bengals coach Marvin Lewis.

On May 19, 2008, the Cincinnati Bengals waived Thurman, after Head Coach Marvin Lewis stated that the team "had not seen the right steps taken by him." However, Thurman's representatives reported that the move was related to his missing Offseason Training Activities (OTA's), which are not mandatory according to the NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement.

On June 2, 2008, Sports Illustrated reported Thurman, recently cut by the Bengals, had failed his second drug test in three seasons. Four days later, ESPN reported Thurman had been suspended by the NFL indefinitely. As part of the ruling, he could not apply for reinstatement until after the 2008 season.

Return to football
Thurman signed with the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League. In 2011, the team relocated to Virginia Beach and became the Virginia Destroyers.

title: Odell Thurman


text: Category:Barbacoan languages

title: Category:Barbacoan languages


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/History of Poland (1945-1989)/archive1

History of Poland (1945-1989)
Another article that is close to FAC status. What do you think? And I can't decide which pic should be moved to lead (and eventualy featured on main page together with article) - suggestions appreciated. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 20:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is good, but not particularly well written. Also, there are numerous grammatical errors.  For instance, you should refer to the Western Allies as the Western Allies and not just Western Allies.  These are simple mistakes, but FAs should be very close to perfect.  The prose is good, but not "brilliant".  Also, it's 47 KB long, which gets really tiring to read.  Perhaps this period could be broken down further?  And there is only one reference, and the article is far too long for only one.  The article is good and I don't mean to harp on it, but the nature of this page is to accentuate the negative.  Keep up the good work.--naryathegreat | (talk) 02:16, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice one again, Piotr. Grammar errors should be corrected, of course, but those are details. The lead is too long, I think. Also, I'm sure more books have been written on Polish history, a few more references would add a lot. -- Cugel 08:09, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Tnx for the comments. I will add some more references. Grammatical errorors sould be corrected, of course, but not being a native speaker I am not a specialist in this regard so this will have to wait for somebody with feel of English language niuances to come and polish it up. Lead is long, true, but consider it is the 'history of a country' series and remember the Wikipedia 1.0 guideline that lead should be a complete summary - I feel it is ok, although I will try to trim it down of excessive adjectives and such. As for 47kb size, well, you know I feel that the 32kb is the *minimum* limit for FA comprehensivness, and I have pushed through FAs over 60kbs :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 30KB is the point where the length of an article may be indicative of it being too long (markup and other non-prose text should not be counted toward that though). Going significantly above that carries a burden of proof that the extra detail is so necessary that including it outweighs the negative aspects of increasing reading time. Above all else quality should come before quantity. It is harder to be comprehensive with less text, but doing so is better for the reader. --mav
 * FAs: History of post-Soviet Russia is 67kb, History of Russia is 70kb, History of Scotland is 55kb. Eventually, yes, I believe each existing section should have its own article, and no article should be above 100kb, but if we were to demand that country histories are taken down to 30kb or below, we would get a dumbed down summary. And if reader wants a short summary, this is what the lead is for. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:01, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nice article. I've made one or two tiny grammatical changes. Can a "nationalist tendency of a peculiar Communist sort" be clarified; I don't understand what that is? --RobertG ♬ talk 16:49, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not that sure myself, I rewrote it into 'a peculiar nationalist-communistic ideology' which I think is what this was supposed to mean. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:15, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.177.65.195

title: User talk:69.177.65.195


text: User talk:81.79.149.195

title: User talk:81.79.149.195


text:
Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak

The Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak (Serbian / Bosnian: Бошњачка демократска странка Санџака / Bošnjačka demokratska stranka Sandžaka) was a Bosniak minority party in Serbia.

History
The party was formally dissolved in August 2017, though its leader Esad Džudžo had been out of politics since 2012. He has stated that he feels the SDA Sandžak is continuing the work of the BDSS and the List for Sandžak coalition, of which both had been a part until 2012.

title: Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak


text: User talk:85.165.94.235

title: User talk:85.165.94.235


text:
Belly (film)

Belly is a 1998 American crime drama film written and directed by music video director Hype Williams, in his feature film directing debut. Filmed in New York City, the film stars rappers Nas and DMX in their film debut, alongside Taral Hicks, Method Man, T-Boz and an uncredited cameo from Sean Paul.

Plot
In 1999 Queens, New York City, young street criminals Tommy "Buns" Bundy and Sincere ("Sin"), along with associates Mark and Black, murder five people during a violent nightclub robbery. After celebrating with the gang, Sincere returns home to his girlfriend Tionne and infant daughter Kenya.

The following morning, Tommy asks Sincere to help him sell a new form of heroin. Sincere, who has begun having second thoughts about his life of crime, reluctantly agrees. Tommy then visits Ox, a wealthy Jamaican drug lord, who agrees to obtain the heroin on the condition that Tommy repay him with a favor at a later date.

In Mark's grandmother's basement, the gang convenes to discuss the nascent drug operation; one of Tommy's associates, Knowledge, will be involved in the operation. Knowledge tells his friend Tommy over the phone that Black had been talking about robbing his friend Sincere to get his larger share of the loot from the nightclub. Way too enraged, Tommy forces Black to strip naked in front of the others, wildly firing warning shots with a handgun into the floor.

The gang begins transporting heroin from Queens to Omaha, Nebraska, where they begin to overrun the local drug business. Big Head Rico, an Omaha dealer, informs the police of their activities. The resulting raid at their stash-house ends with Mark's death and Knowledge's arrest. Knowledge angrily realizes that Tommy will not bail him out of jail, and calls Shameek, a.k.a. Father Sha, to both infiltrate Rico's gang and kill Tommy. At a strip club, Shameek drinks shots that Rico spiked with hallucinatory powder and, under the influence, blows his own cover by telling Rico that he was sent by Knowledge to kill him. As Rico gets up and attempts to inform his henchmen, he is killed by Shameek as he tries to flee. Shameek is shot by the bartender and stumbles out of the club. He shoots at and evades the Omaha Nebraska police.

Tommy travels to Jamaica and repays Ox by killing Sosa, the son of a local drug lord. Back home, Tommy's girlfriend Kisha is arrested by police and later bailed out by Tionne. Tommy finds out about the raid and leaves town. Pelpa, a close friend of Sosa, finds out that Ox ordered the hit on Sosa. Pelpa sends a hit squad to kill Ox in his home. Ox kills most of the hitmen before dying at the hands of a female assassin.

Sincere prepares to leave the drug trade and move his family to Africa, planning to leave on New Year's Day 2000. Meanwhile, while laying low in Atlanta, Tommy instigates an argument between Wise and LaKid, two marijuana dealers, which ends with both men drawing their guns and LaKid shooting Wise. After being arrested over the shooting, Tommy is coerced by a shadowy organization with unclear motives into assassinating a Christian preacher, Rev. Saviour, during a sermon on New Year's Eve. Tionne comes home and finds herself confronted by Shameek and his henchmen, who had broken into the home in hopes of finding Sincere, but were unsuccessful. After attempting to interrogate Tionne for information on Sincere and Tommy, they leave when she pulls a gun on them. When Sincere comes home, Tionne tells him what happened and insists that he get out of this dangerous life, which he agrees.

Tommy calls Sincere and asks him to come meet him at a diner in Harlem as they have't seen each other in a long time. Comparing notes, they acknowledge that they have both changed. Tommy has been positively influenced by the Christian movement he has infiltrated and Rev. Savior, and Sincere has similarly decided to change his life in a positive direction, telling Tommy of his plans focus on his family and move to Africa. They marvel at how far they have come and how their paths have changed.

While Sincere talks to his barber outside a barbershop, Black arrives and shoots Sincere in the leg as revenge for his earlier humiliation. Sincere and his barber kill Black and his accomplice in self-defense before fleeing the scene. On New Year's Eve, a conflicted Tommy confronts Rev. Saviour before his scheduled speech and points his gun at him. Saviour convinces Tommy not to go through with his mission, even though this will put his life at risk. A tearful Tommy agrees, and the two men embrace.

Shameek breaks into one of Tommy's homes where Kisha is living, in the hopes of finding Tommy there. He interrogates and assaults Kisha, who manages to turn the tables and get a hold of Shameek's gun, shooting him in the face. In a voiceover, Sincere says he is now in Africa with his family, reflects on recent events and is happy to start a new life.

Production
While filming Belly, the production was mired by frequent clashes between Williams and the producers, budget constraints, and cast members showing up drunk, high, or late. Much of the $3 million budget was used up on the film's opening scene, which was filmed in the former Tunnel nightclub in New York City. The film's costume designer, June Ambrose, recalled that Williams wanted the film's "shiny look" to "forecast what the hip-hop genre's gonna look like in the millennium." Williams revealed that Jay-Z was considered for the film's title role.

Release
When Belly was released in the United States in November 1998, some critics condemned it for its demeaning depictions of young Black or African American men. Furthermore, the Magic Johnson Theatres, a film theater chain then owned by the former basketball player Magic Johnson, banned the film from being shown on its screens due to "negative and violent depictions of African Americans."

Reception
The film was poorly received by critics, scoring a 23% on Rotten Tomatoes from 22 reviews. Although it was generally praised for its highly stylized "noir-like" visual design and cinematography, it was criticized for what was seen as a weak plot.

The film has since developed a cult following. Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club described Belly as a "far from a perfect film, but it radiates talent, both from Williams and the musicians he captured at their commercial and artistic peak." Khris Davenport of Complex doubled down on the film's legacy and influence, writing that Williams "blazed a trail in black cinema that some filmmakers are only just now starting to understand and build upon."

Sequel
A sequel starring The Game, Belly 2: Millionaire Boyz Club, was released in 2006. The film features no returning cast members nor does it have any connection to the previous film.

title: Belly (film)


text:
File:ST-TNG The Perfect Mate.jpg

Image from Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, The Perfect Mate © 1992 Paramount Pictures, produced by Gene Roddenberry.
 * Source: Star Trek The Next Generation remastered.

Fair use rationale

 * 1) This image is being used solely to illustrate the article specified above and is used for informational or educational purposes only.
 * 2) This image is of low resolution.
 * 3) It is believed that this image will not devalue the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the original work.
 * 4) No alternate, free image exists that can be used to illustrate the subject matter.

title: File:ST-TNG The Perfect Mate.jpg


text:
Democratic Centre (Serbia)

Democratic Centre (Демократски центар; abbr. DC) was a political party in Serbia. It was founded in 1996 by Dragoljub Mićunović, the former president of the Democratic Party (DS), when he left the DS.

At the 2003 Serbian parliamentary election, the party won 5 seats on the list of the DS. After the elections, it merged into the DS in 2004.

title: Democratic Centre (Serbia)


text:
Boys State and Girls State

The American Legion Boys State and American Legion Auxiliary Girls State are summer leadership and citizenship programs for high school juniors, which focus on exploring the mechanics of American government and politics. The programs are sponsored by the American Legion (AL) and the American Legion Auxiliary (ALA) respectively. Boys and girls are usually nominated by their high school during their junior year. Boys and Girls State programs both began in 1937 and are held in each of the U.S. states (except Hawaii where there is only a Girls State program), usually at a college within that state. There is also a coed Boys/Girls State session held in Washington, D.C. In general, male and female programs are held separately, but at least ten states—Georgia, Nebraska, Oregon, California, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Maine, and Missouri—host Boys and Girls State on the same campus on the same week.

Each state's program varies, but in general program participants are divided into subgroups referred to as cities or towns. Most programs will assign citizens to one of two political parties. These parties are generally not representative of existing American parties. Delegates in many programs meet as parties and craft their own unique party platforms from scratch. Some parties carry their platforms over from year to year. Although most programs assign citizens randomly to a political party, a few programs have an ideological sorting mechanism to place delegates in a political party with others holding similar views. The citizens of each of these cities elect mock municipal officials, county officials, and representatives to the mock state legislature. Many programs also have a county level as well. The participants also elect state officials, such as governor, lieutenant governor, and other state-level officials mirroring their actual state. The legislature meets to organize, elect leaders, and to pass bills, in a way that is similar to how their actual state legislature operates. Some programs tend to have a more traditional education focus, providing speakers and training throughout the week and then concluding with mock political functions. Other programs take a more hands-on approach by running the mock government activities all week.

All programs generally follow a similar pattern, but vary by state. Some states (e.g. Nebraska ) hold mock trials with the participants volunteering as lawyers, accused, and juries. Some states include a journalism component that represents the Fourth Estate in the political process. North Dakota includes a classroom-based emergency management simulation that requires participants to respond to various large-scale disasters by managing communication, resources and personnel. Other programs include creative and fun activities such as band, choir, talent shows, and athletic competition. Some of the programs (e.g., New Mexico) host a dance during the week, inviting high school girls/boys from the area to attend. The Oregon program has moved away from using any mock systems to a completely simulated "State of Christensen" with its own law and order system that grows yearly and is passed on to the consecutive year.

Boys/Girls State is typically staffed by Legion Family members, past participants, and/or community leaders who volunteer their time and effort. Administrative costs are defrayed by their state Legion organizations and local businesses.

Selection
Selection varies by state and by girls or boys state program. Historically, in most states, only one or two students are sent to Boys/Girls State from each high school. Therefore, selection is highly competitive, and the population of students attending represents the top talent from across the state. Although recruitment procedures vary, Boys/Girls State participants are often selected with the help of high school principals or guidance counselors. Participants must be between their junior and senior years in high school to qualify.

Benefits
Because the hundreds of students at any given Boys/Girls State represent the top talent of that age year, being elected to a high office, such as governor, at the event can be an important distinguishing achievement for college or military academy admissions.

While each state's offerings differ, many programs offer college credit to those attending Boys/Girls State. Additionally many colleges and universities offer scholarships and other awards to those attending a Boys/Girls State program. Also, the Samsung American Legion Scholarship, which can only be applied for by Boys/Girls State attenders, is an endowed scholarship fund of $5 million administered by the American Legion. In 2010, ten $20,000 scholarships and 88 $1,000 scholarships were awarded to those who completed a Boys/Girls State program. Attendance at Boys State carries the same weight on a résumé as earning the distinction of Eagle Scout, especially when applying to US military schools and academies.

Events
Once there, students typically engage in a number of political activities such as running for office, electing officials, drafting and debating bills, and making motions. Some programs offer city and county mock courts, and a state Supreme Court, with the participants acting as lawyers, judges, plaintiffs, defendants, and jury members. There are lectures and workshops for students to fully immerse themselves in government and politics. Parliamentary procedure (Robert's Rules of Order) is typically utilized.

A majority of programs divide their participants into two political parties: Nationalists and Federalists. Each political party establishes an official party platform voted on by its members. Participants are elected to a variety of offices including House of Representatives and Senate seats, executive offices (governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, etc.). Participants also run for city and county offices such as mayor, county clerk, municipal judge, city councilman, and many more depending on the individual program's setup.

Some programs, given their proximity to their state capital, make a field trip to visit and have a tour and meet their representatives, if they are present.

Many programs handle aspects of their individual programs differently from other states. For example, New York Boys' State involves exposure to regimented military experiences, such as early-morning physical training and marching instruction provided by members of the US Marines.

Program directors and counselors meet at the annual American Legion Americanism Conference held in Indianapolis, IN each fall. This offers programs a platform to exchange ideas and best practices. The American Legion Auxiliary has a parallel program held at the same time.

History
The creation of the Boys State program in 1935 is credited to Hayes Kennedy, an instructor at the Loyola University Chicago School of Law and Americanism Chairman of the Illinois Department of the American Legion; and Harold Card, the Department Boy Scout chairman and junior high school instructor. Kennedy and Card were concerned about the youth attending political indoctrination camps in the late 1930s.

Documentation provided by various Boys State programs across the country refer to these as "Young Pioneer Camps", and alternately describe them as either fascist- or communist-inspired. Since the Young Pioneer Camps was the name of a youth program based in the Soviet Union that made inroads in the U.S. in the early 20th century, it is likely that these left-wing movements are what Kennedy was responding to, and not the growth of the radical right. Kennedy felt that a counter movement must be started among the ranks of the nation's youth to stress the importance and value of a democratic form of government and maintain an effort to preserve and perpetuate it.

The Illinois Department of the American Legion approved Kennedy's and Card's project and in June 1935, the very first Boys State in the nation was held on the grounds of the Illinois State Fair.

As this program succeeded and spread throughout the United States, the American Legion Auxiliary (ALA) began providing similar opportunities for girls of high school age. Thus Girls State was founded. The first Girls State was conducted in 1937 and since 1948 has been a regular part of the ALA's better citizenship programs.

In 1981, Louisiana Boys State delegate Kirk Givens of Tioga High School in Pineville died when he fell or jumped out of his 12th floor Kirby-Smith dorm room window at Louisiana State University while sleepwalking.

A documentary film on the program, focused on 2018 Texas Boys State, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2020. It was released on Apple TV+ on August 14, 2020. A "sibling" film about Missouri Girls State was planned to be shot during 2020 but has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Filming for the second documentary took place in 2022 and the film Girls State premiered at the Sundance in 2024. The documentary focussed heavily on the gender inequities between the girls state and boys state programes.

In 2023, California Boys State went coed, in part by state law. About a third of the delegates at the inaugural session of California Boys and Girls State were girls. The 300 girls at the program were ineligible for consideration for Boys Nation and the American Legion Auxiliary Girls Nation. Congress and State officials within the California program organized a boycott from Boys Nation, citing that the American Legion's selection for the national program should be based on merit, not gender or sex. A resolution is set to be presented at the Boys Nation Senate, titled "WOMEN Resolution"

Boys Nation and Girls Nation
Since 1947, each Boys State and Girls State program sends two delegates to Boys Nation and Girls Nation in Washington, D.C. Each state chooses their delegates differently. These delegates are sometimes the participants elected to the governor and lieutenant governor positions, but other states have separate elections for the honor, while still other states appoint their delegates through interviews with the Legionnaires who run each state program.

The event endeavors to teach delegates about the processes of federal government in the United States of America, through taking part in a mock Senate and mock elections of a Boys/Girls Nation Senate president pro tempore and secretary, vice president, and president, attending lectures, and visiting governmental institutions and historical sites.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the Boys and Girls State programs include:

 * Roger Ailes
 * Fred Akers
 * Lamar Alexander
 * Samuel Alito
 * Theresa Amato
 * Rob Andrews
 * Neil Armstrong
 * Reubin Askew
 * Bruce Babbitt
 * Rosalyn Baker
 * Scott Bakula
 * David Barlow
 * Barry K. Barnes
 * William G. Batchelder
 * Max Baucus
 * Skip Bayless
 * Mike Beebe
 * Dick Bennett
 * Ken Bennett
 * Robert J. Bentley
 * Eric Berry
 * Beau Biden
 * Matt Blunt
 * Jim Bohannon
 * Jon Bon Jovi
 * Cory Booker
 * Katie Britt
 * Tom Brokaw
 * Garth Brooks
 * Jon Bruning
 * Steve Bullock
 * John W. Carlin
 * Julian Carroll
 * James Carville
 * Dick Cheney
 * Lawton Chiles
 * Aneesh Chopra
 * Chris Christie
 * Wesley Clark
 * Bill Clinton
 * Mike Coffman
 * Tim Cook
 * Richard Cordray
 * Tom Cotton
 * Mike Crapo
 * Steve Daines
 * Carroll Dale
 * Mitch Daniels
 * Tom Daschle
 * Lawrence DiCara
 * Lou Dobbs
 * Steve Doocy
 * Michael Dukakis
 * Ericka Dunlap
 * Dan Duquette
 * Fred DuVal
 * Roger Ebert
 * Edwin Edwards
 * John Ensign
 * Michael Patrick Flanagan
 * Robert Frederick Froehlke
 * Russ Fulcher
 * James Gandolfini
 * Dan Gattis
 * Charles D. Gemar
 * Richard Gergel
 * Michael L. Gernhardt
 * Leeza Gibbons
 * Paul Gillmor
 * Alex Gorsky
 * Randy Gradishar
 * Chuck Grassley
 * Jonathan Greenert
 * Eric Greitens
 * Robert Griffin III
 * E. Lynn Harris
 * Mike Hazen
 * Dave Heineman
 * Joel Heitkamp
 * Terence T. Henricks
 * Jess Herbst
 * Hugh Hewitt
 * John Hoeven
 * Bob Holden
 * Vonnie Holiday
 * Ernest C. Hornsby
 * Ken Howard
 * Glenn Hubbard
 * Mike Huckabee
 * James Hunt
 * Keith Jackson
 * Phil Jackson
 * Fishel Jacobs
 * Donald M. James
 * Fob James
 * Al Jarreau
 * Mike Johanns
 * Joe Johns
 * Dusty Johnson
 * Gregory H. Johnson
 * Gus Johnson
 * Michelle D. Johnson
 * Russell Jones
 * Michael Jordan
 * Phil Keisling
 * Alan Keyes
 * Angus King
 * David Koechner
 * Stan Kroenke
 * Ted Kulongoski
 * Bob Kustra
 * Brian Lamb
 * Mary Landrieu
 * Jonathan Larkin
 * Greg Lashutka
 * Mike Lee
 * Loren Leman
 * Roger P. Lempke
 * Delano Lewis
 * Joseph Lieberman
 * Rush Limbaugh
 * Donal Logue
 * Trent Lott
 * Richard Lugar
 * Ray Mabus
 * Greil Marcus
 * James G. Martin
 * Craig Melvin
 * Scott McCallum
 * Ryan McGee
 * John R. McKernan Jr.
 * M. Peter McPherson
 * Bob Menéndez
 * Gray H. Miller
 * Henson Moore
 * Tim Moore
 * Thomas J. Moyer
 * Chris Murphy
 * Scott Murphy
 * Ben Nelson
 * Al Neuharth
 * Michael J. Newman
 * Sam Nunn
 * William A. O'Neill
 * Mike Oxley
 * Ajit Pai
 * George Pataki
 * Jane Pauley
 * John Perez
 * Tom Petri
 * Thomas G. Plaskett
 * Larry Pressler
 * David Pryor
 * Jim Ramstad
 * Nancy Redd
 * Harry Reid
 * Ann Richards
 * Joseph P. Riley Jr.
 * Richard Riley
 * Ron Rivera
 * Buddy Roemer
 * Patrick Rose
 * Nick Saban
 * James Santelle
 * Ben Sasse
 * Scott Scarborough
 * Derek Schmidt
 * Tim Scott
 * Jonathan Shapiro
 * James Shumway
 * Brad Smith
 * G. Murrell Smith Jr.
 * Larry Smith
 * Abigail Spencer
 * Bruce Springsteen
 * Katie Stam
 * William A. Steiger
 * Gene Stephenson
 * Carole Keeton Strayhorn
 * Josh Svaty
 * John Thune
 * Daniel J. Travanti
 * Donald L. Tucker
 * David Valesky
 * Gaddi Vasquez
 * David Vitter
 * Gy Waldron
 * Scott Walker
 * Summer Walker
 * Brad Walsh
 * Jon Waters
 * Ron Walters
 * Carl E. Walz
 * Hines Ward
 * Jerry West
 * T. K. Wetherell
 * Lari White
 * Wayne W. Williams
 * Bob Wise
 * Drew Wrigley
 * Kevin Patrick Yeary
 * Ryan Zinke

title: Boys State and Girls State