text:
Talk:Glabrousness

Merger with hair removal
I don´t think the two articles should be merged since the topics are different and the article would be very long. I´d prefer to remove the tag. Gardenparty (talk) 02:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC).

No, but ...
The comment with heading Glabrousness v. Acomoclitic below was added a year ago and is still not resolved but in my view it is clearly part of the same problem as this heading covers. Right now on Wikipedia we have the following articles all on closely related subjects:
 * Glabrousness
 * Hair removal which defines depilation and epilation making a distinction that I am not sure is supported by dictionaries anywhere yet -- authority needed
 * Shaving
 * Chemical depilatory
 * Waxing
 * Bikini waxing
 * Brazilian waxing
 * Sugaring (epilation)
 * Epilator

... and quite possibly others that I have not caught here, but their treatment is partly repetitive, partly conflicting, and partly uncorroborated by references.

I am strongly of the opinion that this article Glabrousness should not be merged with Hair removal, but that here (in Glabrousness) the discussion of human cases of it should be limited to the medical causes of natural or iatrogenic hairlessness (as is seen in the case of such well known individuals as Matt Lucas and Duncan Goodhew who of course has alopecia universalis) or the side effects of chemotherapy.

All discussion of hair removal by any method and for any motivation —— thus most of what is on this page —— should be moved to the article Hair removal where there should be a unified list/survey of methods with a set of links. Then all the separate articles for the separate methods should be reviewed to rationalize coverage of topics, remove both repetition and conflicting statements, etc. Iph (talk) 16:23, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

They are two separate articles dealing with similar topics, but the topics are not the same. I recommend removing the tag and keeping the articles separate NitrogenTSRH (talk) 16:49, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

history and fashion
The way this was written makes it seem that female shaving is a 20th/21st century phenomenon. Not so. Female deplilation gained and lost popularity as often as male shaving did - it just became 'wrong' to talk about it during the Victorian era. Interestingly enough, shaving became popular again in the late 19th centuries as a form of modesty, not sexual expression. Axilary hair was considered to blatently sexual and women shaved to mimic the art work of the time. Look at the furor Goya raised with his hint of pubic hair. --Lepeu1999 17:23, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Images
While I approve of the subject, is there any real reason for the close-up of the female genitalia other than prurient interest? Sure it's a photo of a hairless vulva, but the Venus painting earlier in the article is more on topic as the article is about hairless bodies, not just vulvas. It's a very attractive vulva, but I believe its inclusion takes away from the article and I'm deleting it.--Lepeu1999 14:56, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The photo was readded w/o comment here in the discussion page. I have posted a note in the user's talk page asking why.  If I don't get a response I will remove the photo again.  I am anti-censorship, but that also brings the responsibility not to post images 'just because we can'.  Those kinds of actions cause us to lose credibility. The image is tasteful and attractive, but I question how necessary it is for the article - the term refers to a lack of body hair, not just pubic hair.  An image showing the entire body being hair-free would be more on topic.  This photo belongs in the article on pubic hair or vulvas.--Lepeu1999 12:53, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I left a note on the re-adder's talk page and here. I haven't heard anything back regarding the photo so I'm removing it again.--Lepeu1999 16:01, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Apologies for the delayed response, I'm in mid-exam season. Apologies also for missing your earlier note hear about that particular image, I missued it. While I have reservations concerning the use of the "is it really necessary" arguement when it comes to censorship, I think you may have a point in this instance. As I am not clear on my position, I will not pursue this any further. --Oldak Quill 14:28, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * A different photo was readded. I removed for the same reasoning as above.  Also it was a commercial image and therefore copywrited.--Lepeu1999 16:24, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

When I said that it was socially accepted and even desirable for females to remove body hair to enhance their perceived femininity., I was referring to the females themselves who found the practice desirable. If they didn't, they wouldn't do it, would they? Does that self-evident truth need a citation? There are plenty of examples of this practice - many beauty parlours even offer a "full Brazillian" as a service - so there is a demand out there for it.

This article neither promotes not condems the practice, so I don't see any justification in the accusation of it not being neutral.

I've been trying to trace an etymology for this word. I assume it's Greek but can't find any specific info. Does anyone know any better? Agentsoo 10:16, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, the article got moved. How disappointing. Soo 21:27, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Suggested change:

in Western cultures it is socially accepted and desirable for females to remove body hair to enhance their perceived femininity.

to

in Western cultures it is socially accepted and, sometimes even desirable for females to remove body hair to enhance their perceived femininity.

--Vitor cunha 6 July 2005 09:53 (UTC)

How about: ''in Western cultures removal of female body hair is well accepted in society. In fact removal of female body hair is used to enhance women's femininity'' << and some kind of comment about how widespread this practice is >>

Noun form
Following the general Wikipedia/encyclopedia model, shouldn't the article be "acomoclitism" (or whatever the noun form is)? -EdgarAllanToe 20:20, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know what the adjective for acomoclitism is? my dictionary isn't big enough.

Is it acomoclitic? I guess it wouldn't be acomoclitist because that would be a person who discrimates against those who have a preference to go without pubic hair.

Censorship request
Is the June Palmer picture nessecary? I know it's nice looking and this is the internet but my eight year old cousins use wikipedia and what if they go and research some school project on puberty and instead of the drawn "nasty" stuff they've already been exposed to see this full blow filth ( I honestly don't consider it filth) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.107.91.219 (talk • contribs)

 * Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of eight-year-old cousins, or anyone else. And has a Hell of a lot of more explicit sexual content that that picture, so you better stop them right now. ➥the Epopt 20:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Antonym
What's the antonym to glabrous? i.e. someone who prefers hair not to be shaven? I think whatever it is there should be a link to it. --71.251.5.21 21:40, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "Glabrousness" is the quality of being hairless, and has nothing to do with a preference; its antonym is "hirsute." "Acomoclitic" means "prefering glabrousness"; its antonym would be "trichophilia" or "chaetophilia." ➥the Epopt 14:50, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

NPOV?
Someone tagged the page with the NPOV template, but hasn't raised any concerns here (which they are required to do if they use that template). If no specific issues are raised here before 20 March, I will remove the NPOV tag. ➥the Epopt 20:38, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

-Agreed, the NPOV should be removed, since I see no reason why there is concern.Scotsworth

Naturally glabrous
Is there a gene of natural glabrousness, or is it just a disorder (I guess there are people with predispositional genes - so there's just a chance for their children to have it)? I've seen some people (men) having no beard at all! What about women - e.g. those that do not need to shave legs - oh how convinient! How does natural glabrousness affect skin (for example: is there some typical face (dis)configuration of naturally glabrous people (e.g. women - no matter they are women (I mean - no beard) - that absence of certain structures inside skin certanly must affect the outlooks of such faces)). I would like to see examples of such people - I ask: where? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.116.145.58 (talk • contribs) 20:42, November 10, 2006
 * Oh, I seeee... You are refering to all the posts from that IP. That is not a private computer, I see there are some posts of some other people in connection to this IP - if one sign it it wouldn't be correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.116.145.58 (talk • contribs) 18:25, November 18, 2006

 * The IP address is shown after edits are saved. Sign your comments. Ace Class Shadow; My talk. 18:50, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Glabrousness v. Acomoclitic
Some time ago, I noticed that my original Wikipedia entry of Acomoclitic had been changed to Glabrousness and a search for Acomoclitic now gets redirected to this entry. As a result, some of the early sections have been understandably changed to reflect this new definition. But these two words do not mean the same thing. A search on Google reveals many sources showing that the word Acomoclitic describes people who have a preference for hairless genitals on themselves or others. This is quite different from Glabrousness, which is having "an anatomically abnormal lack of hair or down" such as baldness. These are two separate words that require two distinct entries in Wikipedia. Unless someone can come up with a strong reason why not, I will remove the entries that made up my original contribution and reinstate them back in their place as a description of the Wiki entry for Acomoclitic. There can, of course, be a cross reference in both articles, if necessary. Carterton 13:40, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Proposed Major Edit

Neologisms?
I propose that both these terms—Glabrousness and Acomoclitic—are neologisms. Neither Merriam Webster nor Ninjawords has an entry for either word. Is there a reputable reference that actually has these words? — Frecklefσσt | Talk 20:24, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Glabrous is present at dictionary.com but acomoclitic seems like a neologism. I've removed the paragraph about it. — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  13:15, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Penes
In the Glabrous skin section:"On the human body, glabrous skin is skin that is hairless. It is found on fingers, palmar surfaces of hands, soles of feet, lips, and penes."I assume that "penes" is the plural of "penis," in which case I seriously doubt that this part has glabrous skin, being the owner of a clearly non-glabrous penis. Does the contributor have a source for this inclusion to the list of glabrous areas?—An Sealgair (talk) 12:17, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I wasn't the contributor, but I believe they may be correct. If I'm not mistaken, hair only grows on the root of the penis and not anything beyond the shaft. Certainly not the glans. Someone else will have to find a source on that though. TiffyWiki (talk) 08:17, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Hair does indeed not grow on the glans, or the foreskin for that matter. The reason for this is that the glans and foreskin are, like the eye or lining of the mouth, not covered in skin at all, but rather a mucous membrane.  If anyone wishes to incorporate this bit of information into this or any other related article, I have no objection.

 * Two other minor issues that probably aren't major enough to warrant an entirely new section, concerning the following sentence:
 * "'At present, this has resulted in the 'Brazilian waxing' trend involving the partial or full removal of pubic hair, as the thongs worn on Brazilian beaches are too small to conceal very much of it."
 * First, unless I am mistaken, the "partial or" can be removed, as a Brazilian wax is, by definition, the complete removal of pubic hair. If it doesn't remove the pubic hair in its entirely, it's not a Brazilian wax, merely a regular bikini wax.  And, second, unless you hang one over your pubic region by tying it around your waist, thongs will not cover any pubic hair, seeing as how thongs are a type of footwear similar to sandals, and are too small for any adult, no matter how thin, to get even one leg through, much less both.  I can only presume the editor meant to refer to "thong underwear" or "a thong bikini".  This confusion is, unfortunately, quite ubiquitous, although I feel this makes its clarification more important rather than less. Alexis (talk) 03:57, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Botany, not just bottoms
I came to this article from that on woodruff, which describes the leaves of that plant as glabrous. Since it is a botanical term, as well as an anatomical one, it might be worth mentioning that meaning in a subsection. Ideally, i'd suggest there be separate articles on Glabrousness (anatomy) and Glabrousness (botany) (and possibly even Glabrousness (fashion)), and a disambiguation page. Provided there was enough content to justify a separate botanical article, anyway.

All this hinges on finding someone who knows about glabrous leaves, though. Not me!

-- Tom Anderson 2008-04-13 18:36 +0100

 * Good idea. Then we could maybe finally get rid of those ridiculous interwiki relations here, such as pt:Glabro vs. de:Schamhaarentfernung. Particularly the interwiki to that Portuguese mini-stub (botany-only) is a constant pain, and I just don't know how to permanently get rid of it. --Alib (talk) 19:41, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

La Naissance de Venus
I've readded Duval La Naissance de Venus.jpg. I feel the photo is relevant to the article and significantly helps explain the article itself through its depiction and was not distasteful. I propose it stays. Was there actually any reason for its removal? TiffyWiki (talk) 07:58, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Brazilian
The phrasing "Encouragement by commercial interests may be seen in advertising. At present, this has resulted in the "Brazilian waxing" trend involving the partial or full removal of pubic hair, as the thongs worn on Brazilian beaches are too small to conceal very much of it" (emphasis mine) seems misleading-- according to an article by the Atlantic cited by wikipedia's Bikini Waxing page, the Brazilian is called "Brazilian" because it was originally offered by a salon owned by Brazilians, not because Brazilian beaches attract skimpier thongs. Unless there's a better citation for the link between Brazilian waxing and Brazilian beaches, I propose changing the wording to "Encouragement by commercial interests may be seen in advertising. Smaller swimsuit bottoms encourage the removal of most or all pubic hair, a process known as [[Bikini waxing|bikini waxing]," leaving out what feels like an unsubstantiated allusion to some kind of perceived Brazilian exhibitionism.

190.229.76.4 (talk) 01:24, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Glabrousness


text:
Xi Xi

Hsi Hsi/Sai Sai/Xi Xi (7 October 1937 – 18 December 2022)  was the pseudonym of the Hong Kong author and poet Cheung Yin, "Ellen"/Zhang Yan. She was born in Shanghai, and moved to Hong Kong at the age of twelve. She was formerly a teacher and had been a Hong Kong-based writer. Her works are also popular in Taiwan and mainland China. She had become a rather well-known figure to many secondary school students in Hong Kong. This was due in particular to one of her essays, "Shops" (店鋪), which was adopted as reading material for the Chinese Language paper in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) by the Hong Kong Examinations Authority of the time. In 2019, Hsi Hsi was the recipient of the Newman Prize for Chinese Literature.

Childhood
Hsi Hsi's ancestors came from Chungshan/Hsiangshan/Heungshan, Kwangtung (now Zhongshan, Guangdong). She was born in Putung, Shanghai, where she would go on to attend primary school. Hsi Hsi was born in 1937, though her Hong Kong identity card showed her year of birth as 1938. She thus believed that 1938 was her year of birth over the course of her life, until she consulted family documents following the death of her sister in the 2010's, and found out that she was actually born in 1937. In 1950, she immigrated to Hong Kong with her parents. Her father worked at Kowloon Motor Bus Company (KMB) as a ticket checker. Additionally, he had been a coach for a Division A football club, later becoming a referee since he was in Shanghai, thus Hsi Hsi developed an immense interest in football when she was young. Hsi Hsi was born as one of five children of her parents, two brothers and two sisters.

Hsi Hsi attended secondary school at Heep Yunn School, where lessons were taught in Cantonese; she started her English-instructed lessons from Form 4. As a junior secondary school student, she began to write for the local newspapers and magazines.

According to her in A Girl Like Me, the character 西 in her pen name is a pictogram symbolizing a girl playing hopskotch, which was her favourite game during childhood.

Early writing career
Hsi Hsi's first piece of published writing, a fourteen-line modern Chinese poem, was published in Everyone's Literature (人人文學) in the 1950s. When Hsi Hsi was studying in Form 3, she won the first prize in the senior section of a writing competition organised by Learn-Mates (學友). In 1957, she continued her studies at the Grantham College of Education (later merged with other constitute colleges to form the Hong Kong Institute of Education), and became a teacher at Farm Road Government Primary School after graduation. Besides poetry, novels, essays, fairy tales and translated literature, Hsi Hsi also wrote TV screenplays in the 1960s, like The Dark Green Age (黛綠年華) and The Window (窗), as well as numerous film reviews. She was a pioneer in the field of experimental film in Hong Kong.

As well as contributing to multiple newspaper and magazine columns, she was the editor of Chinese Students' Weekly poetry section (1960s), as well as Thumb Weekly (大拇指周報) (1975–1977) and Plain Leaf Literature (素葉文學) (1981–1984), which was the 68-volume magazine first published in 1980 by Su Yeh Publications, a publishing company founded by Xi Xi and her friends. Su Yeh Publications dedicated itself to publishing works by Hong Kong authors. Up until 1984, the publishing company had produced books in 22 categories, including A Loafer Who Burnt His Guitar (焚琴的浪子), a collection of Ma Lang's (馬朗) poems; A Tour in Mirrors (鏡遊), a Chinese movie critic's collection by Lin Nian-Tong (林年同); and My Resplendence (我的燦爛), an essay and poem collection by Zhong Ling-Ling (鍾玲玲). The publishing company continued its paper-based publishing until 2015.

Novels and short stories
My City was published in 1979. Originally a serial on the newspaper Hong Kong Express, she presented the world as seen through young people's eyes. She also illustrated the serial with her own drawings, attached along with each publication in the newspaper. While the serial was not an attempt to critique social issues, it nevertheless tackled issues such as overcrowded spaces and overloading academic pressure. It has now become a staple in Hong Kong literature, ranked 51st by the Yazhou Zhoukan as one of the 100 best Chinese novels in the 20th century. It also became the inspiration for the 2015 documentary My City directed by Fruit Chan.

Deer Hunt, published in 1982, was inspired by the history during the Qing Dynasty when Qianlong was emperor. The novel described a plan of assassinating the emperor, and the remembrance of the emperor to his grandfather Kangxi. It was reprinted twice in Taiwan, once in 1986 and once in 1999.

Xi Xi enjoyed travelling; she has been to many countries in Eastern Europe, as well as Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and, most frequently, mainland China. Travelling to these places has done much to inspire her writing. In 1983, United Daily News published Xi Xi's A Woman Like Me (像我這樣的一個女子), a collection of short stories written between 1976 and 1982, and it was the first time her works were introduced to Taiwanese people. The collection won Xi Xi the Recommended Novella Prize, the highest honour in the United Daily News 8th Novel awards.

The 1992 novel Mourning a Breast (哀悼乳房) was written in order to document her feelings, thoughts, and encounters during her treatment with breast cancer, which she was diagnosed with in 1989. Due to the complications of her cancer surgery, she lost the function of her right hand by 1999 and had to write with her left hand. The novel was nominated by the China Times in 1992 as one of the ten best books of the year. It also provided the inspiration for the 2006 movie 2 Become 1 starring Miriam Yeung.

Later writing career
"Shops" is an essay written by Xi Xi, which was adopted as the reading material for the Chinese language paper of the HKCEE. This passage depicted the ageing buildings, squatters, and old-fashioned traditional shops in Central and Western District, particularly in Sheung Wan and Sai Ying Pun, as well as other activity in this hustling district. She expressed her nostalgia towards her childhood, and the reminiscence towards the disappearing old shops due to the drastic urban development.

Flying Carpet (飛氈), a novel inspired by the history of Hong Kong in the past one hundred years, was published in 1999. In the novel, Hong Kong was given the name of Fertillia (肥土鎮), a town at the edge of Dragonland (巨龍國), a projection of China, and the novel described how the town transformed in three generations.

In 2009, Xi Xi published the essay and photograph collection, The Teddy Bear Chronicles (縫熊志). She donated the teddy bears sewn and photographed in the book to the Chinese University of Hong Kong Library in 2018. In 2016, a collection of poems by Xi Xi was published in English under the title Not Written Words, which received the Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize in 2017. In 2019, Xi Xi was awarded the Newman Prize for Chinese Literature and the Cikada Prize.

Novels

 * My City (1979)
 * Deer Hunt (1982)
 * Mourning a Breast (哀悼乳房) (1992), trans. Jennifer Feeley (New York Review Books, 2024)
 * Flying Carpet (飛氈) (1999)

Short stories

 * A Woman Like Me (像我這樣的一個女子) (1983) [translated into English by Stephen C. Soong as A Girl Like Me and other stories (Renditions, Hong Kong, 1986]

Poetry collection

 * Not Written Words

Newspaper and magazine columns

 * A fairytale column in Tin Tin Daily (天天日報)
 * "Movies and Me" (電影與我) in Chinese Students' Weekly (中國學生周報)
 * "Bull's Eye and Me" (牛眼和我) in Express Daily (快報)
 * "My Scrawling Room" (scrapbook) (《我之試寫室》剪貼冊) in Express Daily
 * "Notes on Reading" (閱讀筆記) in Express Daily
 * "The Flower Column" in Sing Tao Daily
 * "Four Pieces of Jade" (四塊玉) in United Daily News
 * "Siu Ming Chow" (小明周) in Ming Pao
 * "Ear-man" (隨耳想) in Sing Tao Daily
 * "How Xi Xi Views Soccer" (西西看足球) in Ming Pao

Essays

 * Shops
 * The Teddy Bear Chronicles (縫熊志) (2009)

Portrait

 * Xi Xi. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Xi Xi


text:
National Bank Cup

The National Bank Cup, originally known as the Coca-Cola Cup, was the top level national New Zealand netball league between 1998 and 2007. The league was organised by Netball New Zealand. Between 1998 and 2001, it was sponsored by Coca-Cola. In 2002, the National Bank of New Zealand took over as the main sponsor. Otago Rebels were the inaugural premiers. However, Southern Sting, were subsequently the competition's most successful team. Sting played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic were the second most successful team, winning two premierships. Ahead of the 2008 season, the National Bank Cup league effectively merged with Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy to form the ANZ Championship.

Teams
The ten founding members of the Coca-Cola Cup league were Auckland Diamonds, Bay of Plenty Magic, Capital Shakers, Canterbury Flames, Counties Manukau Cometz, Northern Force, Otago Rebels, Southern Sting, Waikato Wildcats and Western Flyers. After the inaugural 1997 season, Waikato Wildcats and Bay of Plenty Magic merged to form Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic. The league originally featured three teams from the Auckland Region – Auckland Diamonds, Counties Manukau Cometz and Northern Force. However, in 2003, Cometz were dropped from the league.

In 2008, when the National Bank Cup league was replaced by the ANZ Championship, Magic and Flames became founders of the new league. Flames were rebranded as Canterbury Tactix. The remaining six National Bank Cup teams were merged into three new teams. Southern Sting and Otago Rebels joined forces to become Southern Steel, Capital Shakers and Western Flyers merged as Central Pulse, while Auckland Diamonds and Northern Force became Northern Mystics. Magic are the only team from the Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup era to have retained their original name.

2007
Source:

Format
Teams played a single round of matches, playing every other team once. The top four teams then qualified for the semi-finals.

Inaugural champions
With a team coached by Georgie Salter and featuring Belinda Blair, Belinda Colling,Victoria Edward, Adine Harper, Lesley Nicol, Anna Rowberry and Jo Steed, Otago Rebels finished the inaugural 1998 Coca-Cola Cup season as champions. In the grand-final they defeated Southern Sting 57–50.

Southern Sting
Southern Sting were subsequently the league's most successful team. Between 1998 and 2007, Sting played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Between 1999 and 2004, Sting won six successive titles. The team was coached by Robyn Broughton and featured, among others, Donna Loffhagen, Bernice Mene, Belinda Colling, Tania Dalton, Lesley Nicol and Adine Harper. One reason behind Sting's success was that they were pioneers in women's professional sports. Bernice Mene was one of the first professional netball players in New Zealand. With Sting paying their players, they successfully recruited the best players from throughout New Zealand.

Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic
The only team to challenge Southern Sting's monopoly was Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic. In 2005 and 2006, with a team coached by Noeline Taurua and featuring Amigene Metcalfe, Irene van Dyk, Casey Williams, Laura Langman and Joline Henry, Magic won two successive National Bank Cup titles. On both occasions they defeated Sting in the grand final.

National Bank Cup
Source:

title: National Bank Cup


text:
Category talk:Security

Category addition
Added Category:United States National Security Policy to elaborate on American national security policy, policymaking and implementation. Intended as part of a series of articles on US defense planning and budgeting. --Rev Prez 10:19, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Category request
I would like to request a category for Automobile Anti-Theft technologies and or parts. I don't know how to do this yet, I read the write up but am not sure I entirely understand it. Thanks for any help! Lsjzl 19:43, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Security


text:
Peugeot 305

The Peugeot 305 is a medium-sized car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 1977 to 1989. It was offered as a four-door saloon, five-door estate, and as a three-door van derivative.

Origins
During the mid 1970s, the motoring press speculated that a new Peugeot would soon arrive, in order to update the company's model lineup, in an attempt to make the Peugeot more internationally appealing. Since Peugeot had only recently discontinued their long-running 404 model, many people thought that the purpose of the new car would to fill the gap, previously occupied by the 404, between the 304 and 504 models, to compete against cars like the Ford Cortina/Taunus and Renault 12. It therefore would have been natural for the new car to be called the 405, commencing a new "05" generation of Peugeot models. However, in fact the car was developed from the running gear from the 304, but in terms of size and price, it was close to the already-defunct 404. The 304 would remain in production some time after the new car was introduced. Instead of being called the 405, the new car was called the 305. When it made its press début in November 1977, the motoring press were initially confused as to why it was called a 305 rather than a 405.

It was similar in size to its French competitor the Renault 18, which was launched around the same time. Sitting somewhere between the C- and D-segments it competed with cars in the Golf-class but also with somewhat larger cars like the Ford Cortina/Taunus, Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona and Simca 1307/Chrysler Alpine.

Production
The Peugeot 305 was unveiled in November 1977, and was initially available as a four-door saloon with a choice of two petrol engines: a 1290 cc, 65 PS unit for the GL and GR models or a 1472 cc, 74 PS for the top-specification SR model. Four months later Peugeot announced the 305 GRD, discreetly identified from the outside by the letters "GRD" on the left side of the boot/trunk lid, and powered by a 1548 cc diesel unit incorporating an aluminium engine block with an overhead camshaft along with a Bosch injector pump, and offering up to 50 PS of power.

In March 1980, the 305 Break (Estate) and Break Service (French market name for the Fourgonnette or Van) were introduced at the Geneva Salon. Going on sale in August, these replaced the earlier 304 Break and Fourgonnette, which were discontinued in May 1980. At Paris 1980, the sportier 305 S with twin carburettors and 89 PS was introduced. After the 1982 facelift, the top model became the GTX, with 105 PS. The 305 was the first of the "05" generation of Peugeots, a generation which survived until the end of 605 production in 1999.

Despite the performance limitations of the smaller engine, the gearbox in all 305s was excellent, with extremely precise and light gear changes. The 305 combined a front-wheel-drive car with an excellent and durable gearbox. There was no fifth gear provided but Peugeot was reported to have said that the car had no difficulty reaching 95 mi/h if pushed to the limit.

Power came from 1.3-litre or 1.5-litre petrol and 1.55-litre diesel engines and later, after the facelift, the 1.5-litre was replaced by a 1.6-litre and 1.9-litre petrol and diesel engines (XUD) were added. These were the same as used in the Talbot Horizon, a model acquired in 1979 when Peugeot took over Chrysler's European division and rebranded it as Talbot.

The facelifted, series 2 models arrived at the Paris Salon in late 1982, to keep the 305 competitive with newer designs like the Ford Sierra and the new version of the Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona. They had revised frontal styling, new improved front suspension and steering, a new dashboard and a modified under bonnet and subframe layout to allow the new generation of XU series engines with 5-speed gearbox to be fitted. Thus switching from the Mini type in-sump gearbox arrangement used also in the 204 and 304 to the now-universal end-on gearbox configuration (pioneered by Fiat in the 1960s Autobianchi Primula), of front-wheel drive with a transverse engine and a gearbox on the end of the engine and unequal-length drive shafts. However, the GL / GR and van models continued to use the earlier XL/XR series engines with four-speed gearbox for a few more years. The diesel engine fitted to the phase 2 305 was capable of over 50 mpg (Imp). The engine at the time was regarded as the best diesel around where most other engines notably those from Volkswagen and British Leyland sounded agricultural in comparison.

Sales of the 305 were strong in France and most other countries where the car was sold, In Britain, its original competitors were the Ford Cortina MK4, Vauxhall Cavalier MK1 and Morris Marina. It was launched around the same time as its key French rival, the Renault 18. Later in its production life, it was competing with newer rivals including the Ford Sierra, MK2 Vauxhall Cavalier, Austin Montego, Renault 21, and the British-built Nissan Bluebird.

In 1979, the 305 won 1979 the What Car? Car of the Year in the United Kingdom, although it was largely overlooked by the motoring press for that year's European Car of the Year award, who voted the Chrysler/Simca Horizon as the winner, the Fiat Ritmo/Strada in second place and the Audi 80 in third place.

Production of saloons ceased in 1988, following the launch of the slightly larger and more powerful Peugeot 405, which proved a much stronger seller in the United Kingdom. Production of 305 estates ceased in 1989 and did not see a direct replacement until the launch of the 306 estate in 1997. The three-door Van (Fourgonnette, or Break Service in the home market) continued to be built until June 1990 and was not replaced. A total of 86,413 Fourgonnettes were built, making it the least common bodystyle by a substantial margin.

Although it was a reasonably common sight on Britain's roads throughout the 1980s and until well into the 1990s, just 76 examples of the 305 were reported to be on Britain's roads by February 2016.

Body design
The body was done by Italian stylist Pininfarina and was completely new. It was all-steel monocoque which strongly resembled the BMW 3 Series of the time. The design is based on Peugeot's 'VSS' prototype safety vehicle, which Peugeot created to improve car safety. This meant that the car had front and rear crumple zones, side impact protection, a protected fuel tank and bolt-on front wings. Three bodystyles were available, consisting of a conventional three-box four-door sedan, a five-door station wagon, and a three-door panel van.

VERA
A series of aerodynamic research studies called VERA (Véhicule Économe de Recherche Appliquée, "applied research in economical vehicles") was also begun in 1981. The first model was a petrol-engined version (VERA 01) with a 63 hp-metric engine, topping out at 155 km/h. The cars were significantly lightened; the VERA 02 went from 925 to 750 kg and made more aerodynamic. A large rear wing, skirts covering parts of the rear wheels, and deeply scalloped sections behind the front wheels were all noticeable. The Cx was reduced from 0.44 to 0.319, helping lower fuel consumption between 33 and 38 percent. At the 1982 Geneva Salon the VERA 02, with a 1362 cc turbodiesel, was shown, and the more radical VERA Plus followed later in 1982 - this was no more than a thinly veiled Peugeot 309 prototype.

Suspension
The 305 estate marked the debut of the now standard PSA Peugeot Citroën rear suspension layout. This is fully independent using trailing arms. It is very compact and was designed to minimise suspension intrusion into the wide flat loadspace, while providing excellent ride and handling. This was later developed (in other Peugeots) to use torsion bars instead of the 305's horizontal coil springs, and it was a key ingredient of the success of the Peugeot 205. The torsion bars system was very similar to those used by Renault and Simca for many years previously.

Links
http://planete305.fr

title: Peugeot 305


text:
Blick

Blick (View) is a Swiss German-language daily newspaper and online news website covering current affairs, entertainment, sports and lifestyle. Based in Zürich, it is the largest newspaper in Switzerland with a print circulation of around 285,000. The newspaper has been printed continuously since its inception in 1959.

History and profile
Blick was established in 1959. The newspaper was the first Swiss tabloid publication.

The day after the 1971 Swiss women's suffrage referendum, Blick sported the headline 'Thanks for the Roses' on the front page accompanied with a naked blonde receiving roses from a man.

In November 1997, the magazine manipulated a photograph of water flowing outside the temple of Hatshepsut in Egypt following the massacre of 62 people at the site. Bild later apologised for the manipulation.

The format of Blick was broadsheet until 2005 when it was switched to tabloid. The new format induced controversies: protests began and many boycotted the scandalous newspaper. It was nevertheless a huge financial success. However, in 2009 the daily changed its format to broadsheet.

Ladina Heimgartner was appointed as CEO in October 2020.

In August 2023, Christian Dorer stepped down as Editor-in-Chief after a 6 month time-out, replaced by co-chiefs Steffi Buchli, responsible for content, and Sandro Inguscio, responsible for the Digital & Distribution division.

Its sister paper was from 2008–2018 Blick am Abend, an evening free daily. Both papers are owned by Ringier and are based in Zürich.

Circulation
In the period of 1995–1996 Blick had a circulation of 335,143 copies, making it the best-selling paper in the country. In 1997 Blick had a circulation of 315,548 copies.

In 2001 Blick had a daily circulation of 309,000 copies and a readership of 739,000. Its circulation was 292,292 copies in 2003, making it the best selling newspaper in Switzerland. The 2006 circulation of the paper was 254,657 copies. The Sunday edition Sonntagsblick had a circulation of 272,425 copies in 2006. Blick was the best-selling newspaper in 2008 with a circulation of 240,000 copies. Its circulation was 214,555 copies in 2009. The paper had a circulation of 214,880 copies in 2010, making it the third most read paper in the country.

According to WEMF Total Audience 2020-2, the Blick Group has a nationwide brand reach of 1,438 million via print and digital. Blick is now the Swiss media brand with the highest digital share, the exclusive, digital users already contribute 69% of the total reach.

According to MACH Basic 2020-2, BLICK Print has 403,000 readers throughout Switzerland and has a distributed circulation (WEMF) of 95,944, placing it as the most read paid newspaper in Switzerland.

Online Media
Blick publishes all news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of over 600,000 stories. In 2020, Blick reached 1.2 million users per day for the first time – 42 percent more than in the previous year. As of August 2023, Blick is the most visited news website in Switzerland.

Blick launched both iOS and Android mobile applications for its content in 2010.

On 17 February 2020, the Blick Group launched Blick TV, the first digital channel in Switzerland. Blick TV is produced in the middle of the Blick Group's newsroom and covers the range of Blick topics daily from 6am to 11pm. Background reports from politics, business, people, entertainment, lifestyle, mobile and sports as well as weekly formats complement the program.

The Blick Group's podcast offering includes the podcast "Durchblick", which is produced in cooperation with the Gebert Rüf Foundation and which started its second season on 22 September 2020. Other formats such as "Pro und Konter" and "Fux über Sex" complete the selection.

Awards
Blick journalists have won a range of awards including:

 * Thomas Schlittler, SonntagsBlick, 2020
 * Fabian Eberhard, SonntagsBlick, 2019
 * Viktor Dammann, Blick, 2010
 * Gabrielle Kleinert, Blick, 2007
 * Christoph Scheuring, SonntagsBlick, 2006
 * Beat Kraushaar & Martin Meier, SonntagsBlick, 2000
 * Toto Marti, 3rd Place Swiss Presse Photographer (Sport), 2018

Editors

 * Co-editor-in-chief Blick Group digital & distribution: Sandro Inguscio (2023 - )
 * Co-editor-in-chief Blick Group content: Steffi Buchli (2023 - )
 * Editor-in-chief Blick: Andreas Dietrich (2017 -)
 * Editor-in-chief Sport: Felix Bingesser (2011–2020).
 * Editor-in-chief SonntagsBlick: Gieri Cavelty (2017 -)
 * Editor-in-chief Blick TV: Jonas Projer (2019 -)
 * Editor-in-chief Blick Romandie: Michel Jeanneret (2020 -)

title: Blick


text:
Sebastián Pardo

Sebastián Eduardo Pardo Campos (born 1 January 1982) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Club career
Pardo was born in Quillota. He began his career at Universidad de Chile, and joined Eredivisie's Feyenoord in 2002–03, debuting on 10 September 2002, against Excelsior Rotterdam (4–1 win), scoring his first goal for Feyenoord in that match. He was largely used as a backup at Feyenoord during the five years he spent there, and joined Excelsior in 2007–08.

In July 2008, he returned to Chile to play again for Universidad de Chile. On 9 June 2009, he announced his retirement from football, because of family problems.

International career
Pardo represented Chile at under-17 level in the 1999 South American Championship in Uruguay and Chile at under-20 level in both the 2001 South American Championship in Ecuador and the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina.

At senior level, Pardo represented Chile once, in 2002.

Controversies
Previous to 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, Pardo and seven other players were arrested in a brothel what must to be closed. The incident was known as "El episodio de las luces rojas" (Chapter of the red lights) due to the excuse employed by Jaime Valdés.

After the tournament, the eight players (Valdés, Millar, Salgado, Órdenes, Soto, Droguett, Campos and Pardo) were suspended for three international matches.

Honours
Universidad de Chile
 * Primera División de Chile: 1999, 2000, 2009 Apertura
 * Copa Chile: 1998, 2000

title: Sebastián Pardo


text:
Krzysztof Nowak

Krzysztof Nowak (27 September 1975 – 26 May 2005) was a Polish football player, best known for his stint with the VfL Wolfsburg team.

Nowak began playing football in 1985. He slowly rose in prominence and in 1996 moved to Brazil with fellow countryman Mariusz Piekarski to play for Atlético Paranaense. He always wanted to play in Europe, so he moved to Germany in 1998 to play for Wolfsburg. Nowak, dubbed "ten of hearts" by his fans, was popular as well as skilled, but was forced to retire from the sport in early 2002 after he learned he had motor neurone disease (MND). Nowak continued to watch the games until shortly before his death.

Nowak was also an important player for the Poland national team, for whom he played 10 games and scored one goal.

In 2002, Nowak began a foundation to help find a cure for MND (he died from this illness). Nowak left behind a wife, Beata, and two young children – a son, Maksymillian, and a daughter, Maria. The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge brought the foundation in Germany much attention, since many Germans who participated in it, donated the money to the foundation.

title: Krzysztof Nowak


text:
File:Yoko Ono Walking.jpg

Licensing
This image is determined to be within fair use guidelines because:

 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of an album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the recorded work in any way.
 * 3) It is being used for informational purposes only, not for profit.
 * 4) It is used to identify and illustrate the article Walking on Thin Ice (album), which describes the specific album related to the cover image.

title: File:Yoko Ono Walking.jpg


text:
Extraterrestrial real estate

Extraterrestrial real estate refers to claims of land ownership on other planets, natural satellites, or parts of space by certain organizations or individuals. Previous claims are not recognized by any authority, and have no legal standing. Nevertheless, some private individuals and organizations have claimed ownership of celestial bodies, such as the Moon, and are actively involved in "selling" parts of them through certificates of ownership termed "Lunar deeds", "Martian deeds" or similar.

While personal claims have little weight, whole countries could potentially lay claim to colonizing certain bodies. Extraterrestrial real estate not only deals with the legal standpoints of potential colonization, but how it could be feasible for long-term real estate. There are multiple factors to consider in using another planet for real estate including transportation, planetary protection, astrobiology, sustainability, how to create a real estate market, and the orbital real estate of the planet, as well.

History
The topic of real estate on celestial objects has been present since the 1890s. Dean Lindsay made claims for all extraterrestrial objects on June 15, 1936. The public sent offers to buy objects from him as well.

Law and governance
The United Nations sponsored 1967 Outer Space Treaty established all of outer space as an international commons by describing it as the "province of all mankind" and forbidding all the nations from claiming territorial sovereignty. Article VI vests the responsibility for activities in space to States Parties, regardless of whether they are carried out by governments or non-governmental entities. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 had been ratified by 102 countries by 2013, including all the major space-faring nations. It has also been signed but not yet ratified by 26 other nations.

The Outer Space Treaty established the basic ramifications for space activity in Article 1:

""The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind.""

It continues in Article 2 by stating:

""Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.""

The development of international space law has revolved much around outer space being defined as the "province of all mankind". The Magna Carta of Space presented by William A. Hyman in 1966 framed outer space explicitly not as terra nullius but as res communis, which subsequently influenced the work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

A subsequent treaty document, the international Moon Treaty—finalised in 1979 (just five countries had ratified it by 1984, but five countries was sufficient for it to be considered officially in force)—went further and forbade private ownership of extraterrestrial real estate. This agreement has not been widely ratified, with only 18 countries having ratified it by 2018.

Several individuals and private organizations claimed ownership of the moon and other extraterrestrial bodies, but no such claims have yet been recognized. A white paper by the Competitive Enterprise Institute suggested legislation whereby the US would recognize claims made by private entities, American and others, which meet certain conditions regarding habitation and transportation.

Private purchase schemes
Some individuals and organizations offer schemes or plans claiming to allow people to purchase portions of the Moon or other celestial bodies. Though the details of some of the schemes' legal arguments vary, one goes so far as to state that although the Outer Space Treaty, which entered force in 1967, forbids countries from claiming celestial bodies, there is no such provision forbidding private individuals from doing so. However, Article VI of this treaty states "The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty." Thus, while it does not explicitly prohibit such schemes, the treaty does require they be authorized by the schemers' government.

The short story The Man Who Sold the Moon by Robert A. Heinlein, which was written in 1949, offers a portrayal of such plans or schemes, and created the concept of a Lunar Republic. Heinlein's 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land also refers to a space law case called the Larkin Decision.

Since the 1970s, various companies and "star registries" claiming to sell stars or naming rights to them have been created.

Geostationary orbits
A space ownership issue of current practical importance is the allocation of slots for satellites in geostationary orbit. This is managed by the International Telecommunication Union. The 1976 Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the Bogota Declaration, signed by several countries located on the Earth's equator, attempted to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nation's territory. These claims did not receive wider international support or recognition and were subsequently largely abandoned. Instead thereafter slots have been internationally allocated.

Orbital real estate
Two problematic issues arise regarding derelict spacecraft: In orbit around the Earth, 'dead' and abandoned satellites threaten future travel in the same orbits with a spray of deadly debris. In orbit around extraterrestrial planets, non-sterile orbiters in decaying orbits threaten to pollute the remote planets they orbit with Earth-organisms, and hence create a false 'signal' of alien life, possibly destroying or supplanting native life, or infesting its remains.

Build-up of hazards in orbit around Earth
A prominent environmental problem in near-Earth orbital space is 'space junk'. Human-made refuse left in space endangers prime orbital 'real estate' for future satellites, causing big problems for future use of nearby space. In the case of debris cluttering orbital space, if the orbiting debris continue to build up without remediation, orbits near the Earth will become so crowded with deadly missiles that some operations in space will no longer be attainable.

To remediate the damage already done by human-made objects, astronauts will need to bring specific hardware into space to exterminate the debris. Once cleared, the surrounding space around a planet can then be used for more real estate opportunities. There are specific orbits, however, that have caused ownership debate.

Contamination of planets with terrestrial life
Another issue is the crashing of abandoned orbital debris on extraterrestrial planets. Before the 21st century, exploration of other planets in the Solar System raised little concern about contaminating planets with life from the Earth. Since then experiments have shown that some terrestrial life is astonishingly hardy, and the time spent in transit in space is not a guarantee of a sterile spacecraft on arrival. Some 'bugs' will survive the trip, potentially invade the planet, eliminating the chance of determining whether life arose independently on other planets, or in the deep geologic past has spread between the planets of the Solar System via the hypothetical "panspermia" processes. If an old, contaminated orbiter crashes onto an extraterrestrial planet, except in extreme cases, it will no longer be possible to test the panspermia hypothesis with any confidence in the outcome.

Notable claims

 * Richard Garriott, a famous computer game designer and astronaut's son, legitimately purchased in 1993 the Lunokhod 2 and its Luna 21 lander from the then Russian Lavochkin bureau of the Soviet space program, being the first private purchase of an object on another astronomical body. Since then, as a private person being not bound to international agreements, he has jokingly claimed the rest of the Moon in the name of his gaming character, Lord British, or at least the immediate area around the two objects and possible the 39 km long path the rover took.

 * Chilean lawyer Jenaro Gajardo Vera became notorious for his 1953 claim of ownership of the Moon.
 * Martin Juergens from Germany claims that the Moon has belonged to his family since 15 July 1756, when the Prussian king Frederick the Great presented it to his ancestor, Aul Juergens, as a symbolic gesture of gratitude for services rendered, and decreed that it should pass to the youngest born son.

 * A. Dean Lindsay made claims for all extraterrestrial objects on June 15, 1936, and sent a letter to Pittsburgh Notary Public along with a deed and money for establishment of the property. The public sent offers to buy objects from him as well. He had previously made claims on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

 * James T. Mangan (1896–1970) was a famous eccentric, public relations man and best-selling author on self-help topics who publicly claimed ownership of outer space in 1948. Mangan founded what he called the Nation of Celestial Space and registered it with the Cook County, Illinois, Recorder of Deeds and Titles on 1 January 1949.

 * Robert R. Coles, former chairman of New York's Hayden Planetarium, started "the interplanetary Development Corporation" and sold lots on the Moon for one dollar per acre ($2.50/ha).

 * Dennis Hope, an entrepreneur in the U.S., sells extraterrestrial real estate. In 1980, he started his own business, the Lunar Embassy Commission. Hope claimed to have sold 2.5M 1 acre plots on the Moon as of 2009, for around US$20 per acre (US$50/ha). He allocates land to be sold by closing his eyes and randomly pointing to a map of the Moon. He claims two former US presidents as customers, stating Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan had aides purchase the plots on the Moon.

 * In 1997 three men from Yemen – Adam Ismail, Mustafa Khalil, and Abdullah al-Umari – sued NASA for invading Mars. They claim that they "inherited the planet from our ancestors 3,000 years ago". They based their argument on mythologies of the Himyaritic and Sabaean civilizations that existed several thousand years B.C.E.

 * Gregory W. Nemitz claimed ownership of Asteroid (433) Eros, which NEAR Shoemaker landed on in 2001. His company, called "Orbital Development", presented NASA with a bill for US$20, for parking the spacecraft at the asteroid. NASA declined to pay, citing the lack of legal standing.
 * In 2005, then twelve years old, the comedian and obscure physics "crank" Samuel P. Cottle claimed the moons of the gas giants with the exception of Jupiter's moon Io. Dennis Hope later swept in and began selling real estate on most of the rest of the celestial bodies of the solar system, so seems to acknowledge Cottle's claims as legitimate. Hope is now selling land on Venus, Mars, and is offering Pluto for sale as a single plot. He claims to own Io also. Cottle declared himself emperor of 'his' territories and has since sought to dodge charges of national appropriation by devolving his property rights (so-called) internationally as a gift to each and every member of the human species as of 2023. The 'empire' remains an academic effort in constitutional law and a form of bizarre satire. Vice news recently reported the status of Hope's claim, yet their article did not mention Cottle and his claims. Cottle was inspired by the Danny Wallace series "How to start your own country", which featured Hope, and aired in the UK in 2005.

title: Extraterrestrial real estate


text:
Walking on Thin Ice (album)

Walking on Thin Ice is a greatest-hits compilation of Yoko Ono's work from 1971-85. It was released by Rykodisc in 1992, along with the more comprehensive 6-disc Onobox set. The booklet includes an essay by Ono, pieces from her book Grapefruit, and quotes about her from artists such as David Bowie, Eric Clapton and Cyndi Lauper.

title: Walking on Thin Ice (album)


text:
Talk:Acoustic mirror

I have created a similar stub under "Sound mirrors", before discovering this article. Should we merge them and redirect one of the headings? Please leave a message in the discussion area for "sound mirrors", where I am more likely to see it.

 * Sound mirrors should be redirected here. Acoustic mirror is the correct term and its article contains more useful info. --Lancevortex 11:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

This may be technically accurate (no source given), but the generally-used term is "sound mirrors": Google gives 13,400,000 hits as opposed to 1,150,000; I live in the area of Kent where most are to be found and have never seen or heard them referred to other than as "sound mirrors".

Addition to be merged into article
User:132.185.240.120 added these comments to the page. They need to be reworded and merged into the article. I will do it when I get the chance, if no-one beats me to it. I have already corrected the spherical/parabolic reflector anomaly. --Lancevortex 18:11, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no idea how to edit this page - but I thought you ought to change this: The sound mirrors are not parabolic as is stated but in fact hemispherical mirrors and that is their genius, because in addition to being able to detect range (over 20 miles on a good day), they could also detect direction.

 * What the sound mirrors gave us was the methodology by which to use interconnected stations to pin point the position of an enemy in the sky. The system developed by the sound mirror team (lead by Dr Tucker)for linking the ranging stations together and plotting aircraft movements by using more than one station was given to the early radar team and lead to their success in WW2. As is noted elsewhere on wikipedia, the British radar was less sophisticated than the German system, yet ours was used more successfully, and that is because of all the work done by the totally unheralded sound mirror team.

User:Ema Zee has these comments:

 * Acoustic locator is the meta term to acoustic mirror. Take the Japanese War Tuba. This class of acoustic locator is essentially a giant earhorn, and is not a mirror at all. If anything, acoustic mirror should be included under Acoustic location or locator, in it's own subsection for the appropriate class of technology

 * That's correct. There are many acoustic location devices that aren't acoustic mirrors. --John Nagle 17:20, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

--Ruthe (talk) 22:00, 8 April 2014 (UTC) The sound mirror at Kilnsea on Spurn Point on the peninsular of land forming the end part of the north shore of the Humber Estuary was installed during WW 1, not WW 2. It was used to determine the direction of approaching German Zeppelins. This is confirmed by the reference to a BBC page at BBC News Humberside and also the Wikipedia page at Kilnsea. I suggest this page should be amended to include a section explaining the first use of these "Sound Mirrors" in WW 1.

Preamble, wording
The preamble menitons the amplification of sound waves. Can they be amlified in the way similar to that of the optical waves? If there exist any Sound Amlification by Stimulated Emission, and how is it called? dima (talk) 22:59, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Parabolic Microphones?
The last paragraph confusing to me. It says the following:

"Parabolic microphones appear to use acoustic mirror properties but instead depend on a parabolic dish to reflect sound coming from a specific direction into the microphone placed at the focus."

That description pretty accurately describes a parabolic acoustic mirror. The main ones in the article use hemispherical dishes, but the novelty dishes mentioned later are parabolic. Is there some other characteristic that makes parabolic microphones *not* acoustic mirrors? I mean, the main acoustic mirrors in the article (concrete ones) even had mics at the focus. --The Human Spellchecker (talk) 23:07, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the parabolic microphone description can be changed to encompass the fact that it is handheld, lightweight and very mobile. Binksternet (talk) 23:37, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Whispering galleries - merge?
Is the whispering gallery page sufficiently similar in concept that it should be merged into this one? I'm not totally convinced; but I do think that the pages should contain links to each other. Anyone? Quickos (talk) 19:48, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Acoustic mirror


text:
Talk:Associations in ancient Rome

Untitled
This is the "Roman clubs" section of Club. I merely cut it out and pasted it to its own page. See the history of Club for more information. Anthony Appleyard 10:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Why no information on whether membership was compulsory?

Economically what matters is whether membership of such an association is compulsory in order to practice a trade or profession. Only if membership is compulsory are customers exploited. An article on associations in Roman economic life must say whether or not membership an association was compulsory to practice a trade a profession and, if so, when the state made it compulsory.2A02:C7D:B5E6:6400:D5A0:5CA3:BDF2:9A5 (talk) 13:45, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Associations in ancient Rome


text:
Fuzzy electronics

Fuzzy electronics is an electronic technology that uses fuzzy logic, instead of the two-state Boolean logic more commonly used in digital electronics. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including control systems and artificial intelligence.

History
The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa et al. in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first VLSI fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2-6).

In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy electronic hardware in the year 1991. Two years later, the japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair.

title: Fuzzy electronics


text:
Education Resources Information Center

The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is an online digital library of education research and information. ERIC is sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences of the United States Department of Education.

Description
The mission of ERIC is to provide a comprehensive, easy-to-use, searchable, Internet-based bibliographic and full-text database of education research and information for educators, researchers, and the general public. Education research and information are essential to improving teaching, learning, and educational decision-making.

ERIC provides access to 1.5 million bibliographic records (citations, abstracts, and other pertinent data) of journal articles and other education-related materials, with hundreds of new records added every week. A key component of ERIC is its collection of grey literature in education, which is largely available in full text in Adobe PDF format. Approximately one quarter of the complete ERIC Collection is available in full text. Materials with no full text available (primarily journal articles) can often be accessed using links to publisher websites and/or library holdings. ERIC usually includes education related articles in its database. Sample articles include "The Economic, Social and Administrative Pharmacy (ESAP) Discipline in US Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy ", "Aesthetics in Young Children's Lives: From Music Technology Curriculum Perspective ", and "Digital Game's Impacts on Students' Learning Effectiveness of Correct Medication ".

The ERIC Collection, begun in 1966, contains records for a variety of publication types, including:
 * journal articles
 * books
 * research syntheses
 * conference papers
 * technical reports
 * dissertations
 * policy papers, and
 * other education-related materials

ERIC provides the public with a centralized Web site for searching the ERIC collection and submitting materials to be considered for inclusion in the collection. Users can also access the collection through commercial database vendors, statewide and institutional networks, and Internet search engines. To help users find the information they are seeking, ERIC produces a controlled vocabulary, the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors. This is a carefully selected list of education-related words and phrases used to tag materials by subject and make them easier to retrieve through a search.

Prior to January 2004, the ERIC network consisted of sixteen subject-specific clearinghouses, various adjunct and affiliate clearinghouses, and three support components. The program was consolidated into a single entity, with upgraded systems, and paper-based processes converted to electronic, thus streamlining operations and speeding delivery of content.

title: Education Resources Information Center


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User talk:Appleman

Please stop replacing pages with that image. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Angela. 10:42, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Random Smiley Award
 For your contributions to Wikipedia and humanity in general, you are hereby granted the coveted Random Smiley Award originated by Pedia-I (Explanation and Disclaimer) ♠  TomasBat   21:15, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Appleman


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Needle (chess)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Needle (chess)
Non-notable chess playing software. There are hundreds of chess programs but only several dozen are notable due to their historical or commercial importance, or participation/success in the World Computer Chess Championship. The article admits that this engine is of beginner strength. Website shows some software development in the first half of 2004 but nothing for over a year. Quale 10:42, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

D - no evidence that the algorithm employed has any special novelty or represents an advance in anyway. In fact, it's primitive and NN. Fawcett5 20:42, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn --Xcali 21:15, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even less notable than the Pyotr. Sjakkalle 07:01, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:The Crow

title: Template:The Crow


text: Talk:Jannali East Public School

title: Talk:Jannali East Public School


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Ray Jennings

Raymond Vernon Jennings (born 9 August 1954) is a former South African cricketer. He was one of South Africa's leading wicket-keepers during the suspension of the South African national team from international cricket during the apartheid era.

In October 2004 Jennings was appointed coach of South Africa on a short-term contract, he had previously coached South Africa A. Under Jennings, South Africa played four Test series, losing to India and England before beating Zimbabwe and the West Indies. At the end of the West Indies tour he was replaced by Mickey Arthur.

He coached the Under-19 team in the 2008 World Cup in Malaysia before taking over as coach of the Royal Challengers Bangalore for the second season of the IPL.

Coaching Royal Challengers Bangalore
Late in 2008 Jennings took over as head coach of Royal Challengers Bangalore, a team in the Indian Premier League owned by the business tycoon Vijay Mallya. He was now heading a unit that experienced a forgettable IPL 2008 after finishing 7th on the log among the 8 competing teams. Jennings brought the team together by making Anil Kumble the captain of the side for the second edition of the IPL that was to start in South Africa. Under Jennings, Royal Challengers Bangalore had success and made it to the finals of the league facing Deccan Chargers in 2009. This was a big turn around for the franchise and the team who had a bad run the previous season. The same year, Royal Challengers Bangalore also qualified for the inaugural Champions League Twenty20. In 2010, the team made it to the semi-finals losing to Mumbai Indians and later finishing 3rd on the table.

Personal life
Jennings has a son named Keaton, who has represented Durham, Lancashire County Cricket Club, and the England Test side, scoring 112 on debut against India in Mumbai on 8 December 2016.

title: Ray Jennings


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1896 in Swedish football

The 1896 season in Swedish football, starting January 1896 and ending December 1896:

Events

 * 8 August 1896: Örgryte IS wins the first Swedish Championship ever by beating IS Idrottens Vänner 3–0 in the final match of the competition. The title is contested in the cup tournament Svenska Mästerskapet—arranged by Svenska Idrottsförbundet—and the two Gothenburg clubs are the only competitors. The match is played on the football field of a Swedish cavalry regiment—Skånska husarregementet—garrisoned in Helsingborg.

Svenska Mästerskapet 1896

 * Final

title: 1896 in Swedish football