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George Beck (artist)

George Beck (c. 1749 – December 24, 1812) was an artist and poet who flourished in America during the early republic era.

Biography
Beck was born in England in 1749. He was employed as an instructor in mathematics at Woolwich from 1776, but was afterward dismissed. He emigrated to the United States in 1795, and was employed in painting pictures. One of his paintings, The Great Falls of the Potomac (1796) was purchased by President George Washington. Washington hung the painting in his parlor at Mount Vernon, where it remains today.

Beck also wrote short poems, made poetic translations from Anacreon, Homer, Virgil, and Horace, and in 1812 published Observations on the Comet.

In 1795, he served as a scout in General Anthony Wayne's campaign against the Native Americans.

With his wife Mary Menessier Beck, who was also an artist, Beck conducted a female seminary in Lexington, Kentucky for many years. He died in Lexington on December 24, 1812.

Review
The obituary of Beck published in the Kentucky Gazette eulogized his nature paintings as one of the best among the works of the contemporary artists. However, he rarely was given any credit for his works and was driven in his later days to a life of drudgery at the school he was running, frustration and bitterness.

Although Beck failed to command the respect and recognition, his paintings of wild nature and western landscapes, "The Potomac River Breaking through the Blue Ridge" and "The Great Falls of the Potomac" purchased by George Washington in 1797, put his work on high esteem. Many of Beck's large paintings adorned the walls of the New Room on the eastern side of Mount Vernon.

title: George Beck (artist)


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Tactical ballistic missile

A tactical ballistic missile (TBM), or battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM), is a ballistic missile designed for short-range battlefield use. Typically, range is less than 300 km. Tactical ballistic missiles are usually mobile to ensure survivability and quick deployment, as well as carrying a variety of warheads to target enemy facilities, assembly areas, artillery, and other targets behind the front lines. Warheads can include conventional high explosive, chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. Typically tactical nuclear weapons are limited in their total yield compared to strategic nuclear weapons.

Design
Tactical ballistic missiles fill the gap between conventional rocket artillery and longer-range short-range ballistic missiles. Tactical missiles can carry heavy payloads deep behind enemy lines in comparison to rockets or gun artillery, while having better mobility and less expense than the more strategic theatre missiles. Additionally, due to their mobility, tactical missiles are better suited to responding to developments on the battlefield.

For many nations, tactical missiles represent the upper limit of their land-based military equipment. They can provide a powerful weapon for a very economical price, and in some cases are sought to help level the playing field against opponents who are superior in other areas of military technology. Currently, tactical ballistic missile technology remains within reach for nations that may face difficulties in obtaining other advanced military technologies.

Ballistic missiles are still difficult to defeat on the battlefield. Newer air defense systems have improved ability to intercept tactical missiles, but still can not reliably protect assets against ballistic missile threats. This allows a moderate force of missiles to threaten a superior enemy by penetrating their air defenses better than with conventional aircraft, while providing a deeper strike than conventional artillery.

Propulsion
Early large rockets and missiles were propelled by liquid-propellant rocket engines, as the first types developed. These were replaced as soon as possible by solid fuel rocket motors. Liquid propellants involve cryogenic (liquid oxygen) or corrosive (nitric acid) oxidisers. These must be loaded before launch, delaying the rocket's time into action. This delay was a problem for large strategic missiles, but especially so for tactical.

Missiles, particularly in the Soviet Union, switched to using storable liquid propellants such as IRFNA, inhibited nitric acid. These were still hazardous to handle, but could be stored pre-loaded in the missile. This also allowed the development of single vehicle transporter erector launchers (TEL), rather than the previous convoy of carriers, launchers, fuel vehicles and service vehicles.

Western missiles adopted solid propellants instead, which were inherently storable, and later Warsaw Pact missiles followed suit. Tactical missiles are now almost universally solid-fuelled, except for some states using indigenous derivatives of the original Scud platform.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tactical ballistic missile


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User talk:Article6

Welcome!

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 * 1) George Dempsey -

Speedy deletion nomination of Personnel Administration
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title: User talk:Article6


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Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse

Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์,, ; also spelled Suriyawong, etc.; 23 December 1808 – 19 January 1883), whose personal name was Chuang Bunnag (ช่วง บุนนาค; ; ), was a prominent 19th century Thai figure who served as the regent during the early years of the reign of King Chulalongkorn.

Biography
Chuang Bunnag (ช่วง บุนนาค) was born on 23 December 1808 to Tish Bunnag and his main wife Lady Chan, who was a daughter of Chao Phraya Pollathep Thongin, at Chuang's grandfather's residence off the southern wall of the Grand Palace near modern Wat Pho, Phra Nakhon District. Chuang was a member of Bunnag family who had descended from Sheikh Ahmad, the Persian minister of King Prasat Thong. (His lineage had converted to Theravada Buddhism in the mid-eighteenth century.) In 1818, the Grand Palace expanded south and Bunnags moved to their new residence on the West bank of Chao Phraya River in modern Thonburi District. Chuang's father, Tish, was later invested as Chao Phraya Phraklang the Minister of Trade.

Chuang began his career by entering the royal palace as one of the royal pages by around 1828. He was traditionally educated at Wat Pho. With his father being the Minister of Trade, Chuang became acquainted to royal trades and exposed to Western sciences. He was given title Luang Sit Nai Wen (หลวงสิทธิ์นายเวร). He was said to be able to communicate in English. Chuang rose through ranks in the Royal Household Office. His main pursuit was shipbuilding. Chuang built a brigantine called Ariel, the first Western rigged ship ever built in Siam, at Chantaburi in 1835 where his father had been assigned to build fortifications. Chuang presented Ariel to King Rama III who named the ship Klaew Klang Samutr (แกล้วกลางสมุทร). Chuang invited Dan Beach Bradley to board his ship to Chantaburi in October 1835. Bradley called Chuang "Luang Nai Sit" and mentioned that in front of Chuang's house there was an engraving in English; "This is Luang Nai Sit's house - welcome friends. " Chuang was close to Prince Isaret Rangsan (later vice-king Pinklao) who shared Chuang's enthusiasms in shipbuilding and British-American culture.

Chuang was appointed Chameun Waiworanat, a high-ranking royal page. In Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845), King Rama III commissioned Prince Isaret Rangsan and Chuang Bunnag to bring five Siamese rigged warships to attack Hà Tiên in January 1842. Prince Isaret Rangsan stayed at Phú Quốc and Chuang led the assault into Hà Tiên and sent Cambodian regiment to take Cô Tô mountain. After one week of bombardments, the reinforced Vietnamese did not yield. Prince Isaret Rangsan and Chuang Bunnag decided to retreat due to unfavorable winds.

Bowring Treaty and Rise to Power
The British had been granted trade permissions in the 1826 Burney Treaty but much of traditional royal monopoly was retained. Trade with Westerners had been monopolized by Phra Klang Sinka or Royal Storage Department since 1511. All Western cargoes were monitored by the Phra Klang Sinka who collected tariffs as the source of royal court revenue. The Burney Treaty of 1826 allowed British merchants to trade directly with the local Siamese but they were still subjected to the traditional tariff that measured on the width of the arriving merchant ship and the British residing in Siam were subjected to Siamese laws. After the First Opium War, the British was eager to demand free trade in Siam. James Brooke the governor of Labuan arrived in Bangkok in September 1850. King Rama III elevated Chuang to Phraya Sri Suriyawongse and assigned him to receive Brooke. However, as the king had been ill, no further agreement was reached.

Upon the coronation of King Mongkut in April 1851, Prince Isaret Rangsan was made the Vice-King Pinklao at the Front Palace and Chuang's father the Phraklang was made Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse. Chuang was also made Chao Phraya Sri Suriyawongse (เจ้าพระยาศรีสุริยวงศ์) the deputy Kalahom the Minister of Southern Siam. His father held the position of Samuha Kalahom de jure as Sri Suriyawongse had already taken his father's responsibilities in the Kalahom. Sri Suriyawongse moved to his new residence in Khlong San District, where he maintained a private dock and continued to engage in shipbuilding.

John Bowring arrived in April 1855 and Sri Suriyawongse received him with pomp ceremonies. His father Prayurawongse strongly opposed British proposals on free trade issues but King Mongkut and Sri Suriyawongse had realized that Siam was in no position to resist British demands. The Bowring Treaty was achieved through Sri Suriyawongse's mediation with his father. The traditional ship-width tariff was abolished. The free trade and extraterritoriality was granted to the British and the four hundred years of royal monopoly on Western trade was ended.

Sri Suriyawongse's father Prayurawongse died in April 1855, one month after the Bowring Treaty. Sri Suriyawongse was officially invested as Samuha Kalahom the Prime Minister of Southern Siam and became de facto in charge of Siamese foreign affairs. Sri Suriyawongse was then called by the honorific Pana Hua Chao Than (พณหัวเจ้าท่าน). Bowring Treaty was the first of "unequal treaties" that had been agreed by Siam with Western nations. The free trades and extraterritoriality was granted to the United States (Harris) in May 1856 and France (Montigny) in August 1856, all of which Sri Suriyawongse and Prince Wongsa Dhiraj Snid played leading roles.

In the reign of King Mongkut, Siam established the first standing navy and was divided into the Royal Navy and the Front Palace Navy. Sri Suriyawongse became the first ever Commander of the Royal Navy while the Front Palace Navy was commanded by Vice-King Pinklao himself. In 1860, King Mongkut ordered Sri Suriyawongse to lead the construction of Phra Nakhon Khiri at Phetchaburi to be a detached palace.

Cambodian Border Dispute
Cambodia had been traditionally under Siamese suzerainty. In August 1863, La Grandière the French admiral had King Norodom of Cambodia signed a treaty that put Cambodia under French protectorate without Siam's acknowledgement. Sri Suriyawongse responded by having King Norodom secretly signed another treaty that recognized Siamese suzerainty over Cambodia. Gabriel Aubaret arrived at Bangkok in April 1864 to be the French consul and started negotiation with Sri Suriyawongse about French-Siamese border proclamations. The Straits Times published the secret Cambodian-Siamese treaty on 20 August 1864, much to the embarrassment of Aubaret who had been unaware of the treaty. Aubaret went directly to King Mongkut to denounce "Kalahom" Sri Suriyawongse. The agreements were delayed and resumed in April 1865 but this treaty was not ratified at Paris as France would recognized Siamese rule over "Siamese Laos". Siam decided to dispatch a mission to Paris in 1865 led by Sri Suriyawongse's son Won Bunnag and the treaty was finally concluded in July 1867, in which Siam recognized French protectorate of Cambodia while in turn France accepted Siamese rule over "Inner Cambodia" (Northwestern Cambodia; Battambang, Siemreap and Sisophon, which had been annexed to Siamese direct rule since 1795 and would be ceded to French Indochina later in 1907.).

In 1866, King Mongkut commissioned Sri Suriyawongse to oversee the construction of a 35-km long canal that connected Tha Chin River and Mae Klong River to facilitate commuting into Western Siam. The construction was finished in 1868 and was named Damnoen Saduak Canal. As Sri Suriyawongse had spent his own wealth on the construction of the canal, King Mongkut allowed the Bunnags to settle along the canal. In August 1868, Sri Suriyawongse organized the royal outing of King Mongkut to Wa Keo, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province with his son Prince Chulalongkorn to observe the Solar eclipse of August 18, 1868 calculated by the king.

Regency
After the demise of his father in 1855 and the demise of Vice-King Pinklao in 1866, Sri Suriyawongse emerged as the most powerful courtier. After the solar eclipse event, King Mongkut was exposed to malaria and died in October 1868. Sri Suriyawongse held a council of royal princes and top ministers. The council affirmed that Prince Chulalongkorn, who was fifteen years old, would succeed the throne and Sri Suriyawongse was to be appointed Regent during the minority of the new king. However, Sri Suriyawongse wished Vice-King Pinklao's son Prince Wichaichan be appointed as the Front Palace or heir presumptive. Prince Vorachak objected this, saying that the rights of appointing an heir belonged to the king, but Sri Suriyawongse prevailed. Sri Suriyawongse was succeeded as Samuha Kalahom and as the Commander of Royal Navy by his son Won Bunnag who was made Chao Phraya Surawong Waiyawat in 1869.

In the 1870s, during his Regency, Sri Suriyawongse wielded a great power. King Chulalongkorn later described the situation to Crown Prince Vajiravudh in July 1893; "All of the princes were under Somdet Chao Phraya's power".

Retirement and Demise
At the end of his regency in September 1873 when King Chulalongkorn had reached maturity, Sri Suriyawongse was invested the Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Sri Suriyawongse with honors equal to a prince, the same rank his father had previously received - the highest rank a Siamese noble had ever attained during the Rattanakosin period. Sri Suriyawongse retired to his new estate in Ratchaburi where he spent last nine years of his life.

The retired Sri Suriyawongse became involved in the politics again in an event known as "Front Palace Crisis" in December 1874. Stand-offs between King Chulalongkorn and Prince Wichaichan the Front Palace led to the latter taking refuge in British consulate. Thomas George Knox the British consul-general had been known to support Vice-King Pinklao's lineage and to prevent British intervention King Chulalongkorn requested Sri Suriyawongse for aid. Sri Suriyawongse arrived at Bangkok and managed to convince Prince Wichaichan to leave British consulate.

In January 1883, Sri Suriyawongse fell seriously ill at his estate at Ratchaburi. His eldest son Won Bunnag had him transported in a steamboat from Ratchaburi to Bangkok for treatment but Sri Suriyawongse died en route at Amphoe Krathum Baen, Samut Sakhon Province on 19 January 1883, aged 74. His funeral was held in manners and honors of a royalty.

Family and Issues
Sri Suriyawongse married Lady Klin Bunnag who was also his half-cousin (her father was Prayurawongse's half brother) and became his main wife. He had a son and three daughters with her including; He had another two wives but did not have any more children.
 * Won Bunnag, later Chao Phraya Surawong Waiyawat (1828 - 1888), succeeded his father as Samuha Kalahom in 1869.

Royal decorations
Sri Suriwongse received the following royal decorations in the honours system of Thailand:
 * Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight of the Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems - B.E. 2412 (C.E. 1869–1870)
 * Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao - B.E. 2416 (C.E. 1873–1874)
 * Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant - c. B.E. 2412-2416 (C.E. 1869–1974)
 * Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand - B.E. 2419 (C.E. 1876–1877)


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Category:Prehistoric plants

 * Prehistoric plants — taxa or groups of extinct prehistoric plants. Wherever possible, more specific subcategories of this category should be used.
 * More general articles should be categorized under Category: Paleobotany.

title: Category:Prehistoric plants


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Nar

Nar or NAR may refer to:

Music

 * Nar (album) by Sahrawi musician Nayim Alal
 * Nar, album by Mercan Dede
 * New Alliance Records, an American punk, spoken word, music-label, active from 1980 to 1998
 * , an Italian record label founded in 1980

Asia

 * Nar, Nepal, a village development committee in Manang District in the Gandaki Zone of northern Nepal
 * Nar Jaffar Khan, a town and union council in Bannu District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 * Nar Township, Samzhubzê District, Tibet
 * Nar, Jammu and Kashmir, a small village in Kotli district, Pakistan-controlled Azad Kashmir

Europe

 * När, a village on Gotland, Sweden
 * River Nar, a river in the United Kingdom, and a tributary of the River Great Ouse
 * Nar, North Ossetia–Alania, a village in North Ossetia–Alania, Russia

Political organisations

 * National Alliance for Reconstruction, a political party in Trinidad and Tobago
 * New Left Current (Neo Aristero Revma), Greek communist organisation
 * Nouvelle Action Royaliste, a political party in France
 * Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari, Italian right-wing terrorist group

Professional bodies

 * National Association of Racing, governs horse racing tracks in Japan
 * National Association of Realtors, a North American real estate agent association
 * National Association of Rocketry, governs model rocketry in the United States

Languages

 * Nar, a dialect of the Nar Phu language of Nepal
 * Nar, a dialect of the Sar language of Chad
 * nar, the ISO 639-3 code for the Guta language of Nigeria

Religion and mythology

 * Nar, a dwarf of Norse mythology
 * Native American religions, indigenous American religion
 * New Apostolic Reformation, a dominionist Christian religious movement

Technology

 * Nar Mobile, a mobile telecommunications company, located in Baku, Azerbaijan
 * NAR 1 and/or NAR 2, Nastavni Računar (en. Educational Computer), theoretical models of educational computers

Other uses

 * North American Review, a literary magazine founded in 1815
 * Northern Alberta Railways, a former Canadian railway
 * Nucleic Acids Research, a biology journal
 * Nursing Assistants-Registered, a medical certification

title: Nar


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Guayama, Puerto Rico

Guayama, officially the Autonomous Municipality of Guayama (Municipio Autónomo de Guayama), is a city and municipality on the Caribbean coast of Puerto Rico. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 36,614. It is the center of the Guayama metropolitan area with a population of 68,442 in 2020.

Etymology and nicknames
The original name of the city is San Antonio de Padua de Guayama, named after the saint Anthony of Padua; as with other settlement names in Puerto Rico, the name was eventually shortened to Guayama. Guayama comes from the name of a Taíno cacique (chief), who was leader of the tribes in the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico. The Taíno word Guayama (wayama) is said to mean "great place" or "big open space". Another legend tells that the name of the town comes from the name of a woman called Juana Guayama who is said to have been an early owner of the land around Guayama and granter of the land in modern-day Machete where the town was later founded.

The first nickname of the city was Ciudad del Guamaní ("city of the Guamaní [River]") after the river that crosses the municipality. The name of this river might be related to the name Guayama, and it has been important to the city since its early founding. A more modern and more popular nickname for the city is Pueblo de los brujos ("town of witches" or "town of warlocks") or Pueblo brujo ("witch town"). This nickname traces its origins to a popular story that tells that residents of the city would bring a kind of leaf called hoja bruja ("witch leaf") to baseball games to "scare" the opposing team by pretending to cast spells on them. The town's baseball team then adopted the hoja bruja as their symbol. Another story tells that the nickname comes from a legendary baseball player from the city's local team, Moncho El Brujo, who according to legend owed his success as a pitcher to witchcraft. Regardless of the origin of the nickname, residents of Guayama are often called brujos and their basketball team now carries the name Brujos de Guayama ("Guayama Warlocks").

History
During the early years of the Spanish colonization, the region known today as Guayama was inhabited by Taíno native people. The indigenous population in this area decreased due to slavery and migration to the Lesser Antilles. The following centuries, the region was under attack from the Taíno rebellion, Caribs and pirates. The town was founded on January 29, 1736, as San Antonio de Padua de Guayama by then Spanish Governor Matías de Abadía, although there is knowledge of it being populated by native people as early as 1567. It was Governor Don Tomás de Abadía who officially declared Guayama a "pueblo" (town) with the name of San Antonio de Padua de Guayama. That same year the Catholic church in town, San Antonio de Padua, was declared a Parish. In 1776, Guayama had 200 houses, the church and a central plaza and the total population was approximately 5,000 villagers. Construction on Guayama's Parroquial church of San Antonio de Padua began in 1827 and was completed 40 years later. In 1828 the construction of the King's House (Casa del Rey) was completed and the church was rebuilt as well. Earlier that year, Guayama was hit by a terrible fire that destroyed 57 houses and 9 huts. Guayama territorial order was altered at different times through the years. Some of the most populated neighborhoods were segregated to form new towns. Patillas was established in 1811 as an independent municipality. In 1831, the territory comprised the neighborhoods: Algarrobos, Ancones, Arroyo, Carreras, Guayama Pueblo, Guamaní, Jobos, Machete, and Yaurel. Later, Arroyo was divided into Arroyo Este and Arroyo Oeste and neighborhoods emerged: Pozo Hondo, Palmas de Aguamanil, Caimital, Pitajayas, Cuatro Calles, Sabana Eneas, Palmas, and Salinas. The latter had been segregated from Coamo.

In 1855, Arroyo was separated to become an independent municipality, taking the neighborhoods: Ancones, Arroyo, Yaurel, Pitajaya, and Cuatro Calles. By 1878, Guayama was a department head including: Comerío (then Sabana del Palmar), Cidra, Cayey, Salinas, Arroyo, San Lorenzo (then called Hato Grande), Aguas Buenas, Caguas, Gurabo, and Juncos. The development continued with the construction of the town cemetery in 1844, the slaughterhouse and meat market in 1851, and a wooden theater of two levels in 1878. By then Guayama had fourteen sugar plantations operating with steam engines and three with ox mills. Also practiced in this municipality was the exploitation of lead mines by the company "La Estrella", owned by Miguel Planellas, as well as the mineral galena, by the company "La Rosita", owned by Antonio Aponte. In 1881, Guayama is declared a Villa (First Order Municipality).

During the Spanish–American War, American forces under General Nelson A. Miles landed at Guánica near Ponce on July 25, 1898. The landing surprised the United States War Department no less than the Spanish, as Miles had been instructed to land near San Juan (the War Department learned of the landing through an Associated Press release.) However, en route to Puerto Rico Miles concluded that a San Juan landing was vulnerable to attack by small boats, and so changed plans. Ponce, said at the time to be the largest city in Puerto Rico, was connected with San Juan by a 70 mi military road, well defended by the Spanish at Coamo and Aibonito. In order to flank this position, American Major General John R. Brooke landed at Arroyo, just east of Guayama, intending to move on Cayey, which is northwest of Guayama, along the road from Ponce to San Juan. General Brooke occupied Guayama August 5, 1898, after slight opposition, in the Battle of Guayama. On August 9, the Battle of Guamaní took place north of Guayama. A more significant battle, the Battle of Aibonito Pass, was halted on the morning of August 13 upon notification of the armistice between the United States and Spain.

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Guayama was 12,749.

After the Spanish–American War, Guayama continued to develop. The Bernardini Theater built by engineer Manuel Texidor y Alcalá del Olmo opened in 1913. The venue, property of attorney Thomas Bernardini, was the scene for artists of international fame. By that time, Guayama was considered one of the most important cities on the island's social scene.

In the early twentieth century, there were selected societies such as the 'Coliseo Derkes' and 'Grupo Primavera', which endowed performing arts as well as scientific events. By the mid-twentieth century, Guayama achieved great industrial development, especially with the establishment of Univis Optical Corp., Angela Manufacturing Company and a petrochemical complex of the Phillips Petroleum Company. In 1968, the company started production of paraffin, benzene, synthetic fibers, nylon, plastic anhydrous, a 1,000,000 USgal of gasoline a day, and many other products. During that same decade agriculture began to decline as a result of land loss, industrialization and the construction of multiple housing developments. The urban growth affected the sugar cane industry. However, in 1974, 155,595 tons of sugar cane was harvested in the Municipality producing 12,655 tons of refined sugar.

In November 2002, AES Puerto Rico opened its coal power plant in Guayama. The company transmits and distributes electricity through a 25-year contract with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. The 2012 National Puerto Rican Day Parade was dedicated to the Municipality of Guayama and its people.

On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. In Guayama, the hurricane triggered numerous landslides and caused major destruction with an estimated 2000 homes losing their roof. The river caused major flooding and people were left with no power. After Hurricane Maria, the people of Guayama resorted to collecting spring water for their drinking water.

Geography
Guayama is located at 17.97424°N, -66.11003°W.

The Municipality of Guayama is located on the Southern Coastal Valley region, bordering the Caribbean Sea, south of Cayey; east of Salinas; and west of Patillas and Arroyo. Guayama's municipal territory reaches the central mountain range to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. The mountain systems Sierra de Jájome (2,395 feet or 730 meters) and Sierra de Cayey cover some of the municipality area. The highest points are the Cerro de la Tabla (2,834 feet or 863 meters) and Cerro Tumbado (2,450 feet or 746 meters), which are part of the Sierra de Cayey mountain system. Other elevations are the mountains Garau, Charcas and Peña Hendida. Parts of the Guavate-Carite Forest and the Aguirre State Forest are in Guayama. The Guavate-Carite Forest, a 6,000 acre nature reserve is inhabited by 50 species of birds, making this spot a recognized area for birding and has a reserve with a dwarf forest that was produced by the region's high humidity and moist soil. The Aguirre Forest includes: mangroves, tidal flats, bird rookeries, research lakes & large manatee population. The Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve was established in 1987. The reserve is located between the coasts of Salinas and Guayama, approximately 2,883 acres of mangrove forest and freshwater wetlands. The two main components: Mar Negro mangrove forest, which consists of a mangrove forest and a complex system of lagoons and channels interspersed with salt and mud flats; and Cayos Caribe Islets, which are surrounded by coral reefs and seagrass beds, with small beach deposits and upland areas.

Features

 * Islands include Cayo Caribes, Isla Morrillito and Mata Redonda.
 * Carite Dam
 * Gorges; Barros, Branderí, Cimarrona, Corazón, Culebra, Palmas Bajas, and Salada.
 * Lakes: Melania Lake, Carite Lake
 * Las Mareas Lagoon
 * Rivers: Río Chiquito, Río Guamaní, Río de la Plata and Río Seco.

Climate
The annual precipitation is approximately 52 in and the average temperature is 81 F.

Barrios
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Guayama is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo".

 * 1) Algarrobo
 * 2) Caimital
 * 3) Carite
 * 4) Carmen
 * 5) Guamaní
 * 6) Guayama barrio-pueblo
 * 7) Jobos
 * 8) Machete
 * 9) Palmas
 * 10) Pozo Hondo

Population, per 2010 census: Algarrobo 6,959; Caimital 4,124; Carite 1,210; Carmen 619; Guamaní 1,455 ; Guayama Pueblo 16,891; Jobos 8,286; Machete 3,846; Palmas 709; Pozo Hondo 1,263; Total 45,362.

Sectors
Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.

Special Communities
Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the Commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Guayama: Borinquén, Comunidad Mosquito, Comunidad Puerto de Jobos, Loma del Viento, and Pueblito Del Carmen.

Tourism
To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Guayama page lists Plaza de Recreo Cristobal Colón, Museo Casa Cuatiño, and Molino de Vives, as places of interest.

Landmarks and places of interest
In 2015, Guayama launched its "grastromic route", with certified restaurants to meet the needs of tourists and locals alike.

According to a news article by Primera Hora, Guayama has 19 beaches including Playa el Bohío.

Other places of interest in Guayama include:
 * San Antonio de Padua Church
 * Guayama Town Plaza (Plaza pública Cristóbal Colón)
 * Molino y Hacienda Azucarera Vives
 * Casa Cautiño Museum
 * Centro de Bellas Artes
 * Teatro Calimano
 * First Methodist Church (Built in 1902)
 * Guayama Convention Center
 * Céntrico Mall
 * El Legado Golf Resort
 * Mariposario Las Limas Natural Reserve
 * Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
 * Guavate-Carite Forest
 * Aguirre State Forest
 * Carite Lake
 * Pozuelo Beach
 * Rodeo Beach
 * Fishing Club Guayama

Industry
Guayama is home to various pharmaceutical and manufacturing companies, such as Pfizer, Baxter, Eli Lilly, and Tapi. A coal power plant operated by AES.

Health facilities
The San Lucas Episcopal Hospital, located on Pedro Albizu Campos Avenue and operated by the Episcopal Diocese of Puerto Rico and the Santa Rosa Hospital are the main medical facilities in Guayama. The Veterans Health Administration operates a Community-Based Outpatient Clinic (COBC) in the Municipality.

Culture
Guayama is the birthplace of numerous artists and musicians who have significantly influenced Puerto Rican culture. During the 20th century, the literary culture of the city was influenced by performers including Afro-Antillano genre poet Luis Palés Matos and his father Vicente Palés Anés. Music composer Catalino "Tite" Curet Alonso who became a composer of over 2,000 salsa songs is also from Guayama, even though he was raised in the Santurce section of San Juan. Other performers born in Guayama include actresses Gilda Galán and Karla Monroig. The Casa Cautiño Museum is administered by the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture and include works of art, wood carvings, sculptures and furniture built by Puerto Rican cabinetmakers for the Cautiño family. The museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Festivals and events
Guayama celebrates its patron saint festival in June. The Fiestas Patronales de San Antonio de Padua is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.

Feria Dulce Sueño named after a famous Puerto Rican horse is held each March in Guayama. Dulce Sueño, the most influential sire in the modern Puerto Rican Paso Fino breed, was born in Guayama.

Other festivals and events celebrated in Guayama include:
 * Witches Carnival – March
 * Guayama Carnival – April
 * Sweet Dreams Fair – March
 * Jíbaro Festival – October
 * Puerto Rican Week – December

Sports
Guayama had one of the Professional Baseball League founding teams, which won the Championship the first years of the league, 1938–39 and 1939–40. Guayama has a baseball team (Brujos de Guayama) in the Federación de Béisbol Aficionado de Puerto Rico that won the national championship in 1987. Guayama also used to have a basketball team in the Puerto Rico's BSN (Brujos de Guayama) that went to the League finals twice back in 1991 and 1994 but lost both times to eventual champions Atleticos de San German, it was announced that the team will return for the league's 2012 season. The Guayama Convention Center hosted some of the roller skating events for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games that took place in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico from July 18, 2010, to August 1, 2010. El Legado Golf Resort, a 285 acres, 18 hole golf course founded in 2002 by Puerto Rican golf player Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodriguez. The Guayama Football Club, founded in 1949, plays in the Liga Puerto Rico.

Demographics
As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 36,614. It is the center of the Guayama metropolitan area, which was home to 68,442 in 2020.

In terms of race and ethnicity, the 2010 U.S. Census stated the following concerning Guayameses:
 * White: 72.8% (33,025)
 * Black: 22.9% (10,367)
 * American Indian/Indigenous: 1.7% (769)
 * Asian: 0.2% (108)
 * Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0.1% (51)
 * Some Other Race: 8.3.% (3,746)

Government
The mayor of Guayama as of May, 2022 is O'Brian Vázquez Molina.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VI, which is represented by two senators. In 2012, Miguel Pereira Castillo and Angel M. Rodríguez were elected as district senators.

Symbols
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.

Flag
The flag of Guayama is made up of three stripes of different colors: black, yellow, and red from top to bottom. The black stands for the enslaved Africans brought to Puerto Rico, many to Guayama. The yellow represents sugar cane industry in Puerto Rico and the significance of Guayama's sugar plantations. The red symbolizes the blood shed by Taíno Indians in their fight against the Spanish/European colonizers. To the left of the top stripe we can see the Old Mill, which today is known as the Molino de Vives.

Coat of arms
The shield is divided in four parts and in two of them part of a chessboard appears. The chessboard pattern represents the center of the city, which resembles a chessboard. It has two old mill towers. The laurel trees constitute a representation of the beautiful Recreation Plaza very well known for its trimmed trees. The three silver flowers symbolize San Antonio de Padua, patron of Guayama. The crown represents Cacique Guayama, name of the town. The big crown has four towers.

Education
The education system in Guayama has three public high schools, which are Francisco Garcia Boyrie, Adela Brenes Texidor and Dr. Rafael Lopez Landrón, and one vocational high school, Dra. Maria Socorro Lacot. Guayama also has a campus of the Puerto Rico Institute of Technology and the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Guayama campus (Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Guayama in Spanish) Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico – Recinto de Guayama . It also has several private schools such as Academia San Antonio, Guamaní Private School, Saint Patrick's Bilingual School, Colegio Catòlico San Antonio, Fountain Christian Bilingual School, Escuela Superior and Academia Adventista Tres Angeles and more than 12 other public schools in the elementary and intermediate education levels.

Transportation
Guayama is served by multiple state highways, principally Puerto Rico Highway 54, Puerto Rico Highway 53, PR-3, PR-15, PR-179, PR-744, PR-748, and PR-7710. PR-54 serves as a by-pass route to PR-3 which crosses the pueblo. PR-54 also serves as the main route towards PR-53, connecting Guayama to the neighboring town of Salinas and PR-52, providing expressway access towards Ponce, San Juan, and Caguas. Just north of the Guayama barrio-pueblo is PR-748, which, along with the Conector Dulce Sueño forms a ring around Guayama’s urban area. PR-748 intercepts Olimpo and Caimital, eventually intersecting with the rural PR-15, connecting Guayama with Cayey. PR-179 is born out of PR-15, serving as the main route through barrios Guamaní and Carite until its intersection with PR-184 in Cayey. Just south of Guayama’s main urban area, PR-3 continues on its way to Salinas. It crosses through Jobos, right in front of its parish and continues to Salinas. PR-7710 serves as the only route to the coastal sector of Pozuelo, offering some of the best beaches Guayama has to offer. The Municipality is only 38 mi away from Ponce and 58 mi from San Juan via expressways PR-53 and PR-52. The nearest international airport is the Mercedita Airport in Ponce.

At one time during 1937, Guayama received domestic, commercial airline flights from San Juan on Puerto Rico's national airline, Puertorriqueña de Aviación.

There are 28 bridges in Guayama.

Notable Guayameses

 * Jose C. Aponte Garcia - Puerto Rico Prosecuting Attorney during the Administrations of Luis Munoz Marin, Roberto Sanchez Vilella; Secretary of Justice during Roberto Sanchez Vilella's Administration
 * Modesto Cartagena - Purple Heart recipient
 * Catalino (Tite) Curet Alonso - composer of over 2,000 salsa songs.
 * Diosa Costello - actress, AKA: The Original Latin Bombshell. True Name: Juana de Dios Castrello
 * Luis Palés Matos - Puerto Rican poet who is credited with creating the poetry genre known as Afro-Antillano.
 * Gilda Galán - Puerto Rican actress, dramaticist, comedian, writer, composer, scriptwriter and poet.
 * Rafael Pérez Perry - Businessman and a pioneer in Puerto Rico's radio and television broadcasting industry. In 1954 founded Puerto Rico's television Channel 11 (nowadays Univision Puerto Rico).
 * Miguel Poventud - Puerto Rican musician, singer, actor and composer of Boleros.
 * Pedro Garcia - Major League Baseball player for the Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, and the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Karla Monroig - Telenovela actress, model and television host.
 * Roger Moret- Former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Juan Laporte -Former WBC featherweight boxing champion (1982–1984)
 * Jaime Fuster Berlingeri- Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and former Resident Commissioner to the U.S. Congress.
 * Marcos Crespo - Democratic member of the New York State Assembly representing the 85th Assembly District.
 * Carmelo Delgado Delgado - Leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Is thought to be the first U.S. citizen to die in Spain's civil war.
 * Dr.Victor Manuel Blanco PhD - Scientist and astronomer who in 1959 discovered "Blanco 1," a galactic cluster.
 * Eddie Rosario - Major League Baseball player for the Atlanta Braves and was the 2021 NLCS MVP.
 * Leopoldo Santiago Lavandero (1912-2003) - playwright, theater producer and teacher.
 * Plan B - reggaetón duo with multiple songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs charts.
 * Ricky Sánchez - Former basketball player, drafted by the Portland Trail Blazers in 2005.

title: Guayama, Puerto Rico


text:
Håkan Hagegård

Nils Olov Håkan Hagegård (born 25 November 1945) is a Swedish operatic baritone. He also performs lieder and has held academic positions in the United States, Norway, and Sweden.

Early life and education
Born in Karlstad, Hagegård studied at the Royal College of Music, Stockholm where he was a voice student of famous Swedish soprano Helga Görlin. He later pursued further vocal studies with Tito Gobbi in Rome, Gerald Moore in London, and Erik Werba in Vienna. He also studied at the Mozarteum in Salzburg.

Career
His début as a singer was in 1965, in an open-air performance of Fredrik August Dahlgren's Värmlänningarna at Ransäter. He made his operatic début in 1968 at the Royal Opera in Stockholm as Papageno in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. The role brought him international acclaim in Ingmar Bergman's 1975 film of the opera. He was attached to the Royal Opera from 1970 to 1978.

He subsequently made his first appearance at the Drottningholm Theatre in 1970, as Pacuvio in Rossini's La Pietra del Paragone, at Glyndebourne in 1973 as the count in Richard Strauss's Capriccio, returning many times to perform works by Strauss and Mozart, and at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1978–79 as Malatesta in Donizetti's Don Pasquale. He began his career associated with relatively light roles and expanded his repertore to include Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Count Almaviva in Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro, Figaro in Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia, Rodrigo in Verdi's Don Carlos, and Wolfram in Wagner's Tannhäuser. His operatic recordings include Die Zauberflöte, Puccini's La Bohème (as Schaunard), and an operatic recital, and he performed the baritone solos in Robert Shaw's 1980 recording of Orff's Carmina Burana.

He made his début as a lieder singer in Stockholm in 1970, singing Schubert's Die Winterreise and has since given lieder recitals all over Europe. He has premiered song cycles by composers including Dominick Argento and Stephen Paulus.

He has been Senior Lecturer in Music at the Indiana University Bloomington School of Music and was a professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo and the first occupant of the Birgit Nilsson chair in singing at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm until 2018, when he resigned his academic positions after accusations of sexual harassment, which he denied.

He established the Hagegården Music Centre, a retreat for performing artists, in the 1990s and the Singers Studio, on the model of the New York Actors Studio, in Stockholm in 2010.

Honours
Hagegård's recordings have four times won a Swedish Gramophone Prize.

Hagegård was appointed court vocalist to King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in 1985 and elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1989. In 1993 he was awarded the medal Litteris et Artibus. He is also a member of the Värmland Academy.

Awards he has received include the Swedish Läkerol's Culture Prize in 1976; the medal of the Gustaf Fröding Society in 1986; the Mårbacka Prize in 1992; and the International Scandinavian Cultural Award of the Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame at Norsk Høstfest 1996. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Karlstad University.

Personal life
Hagegård was formerly married to the American soprano Barbara Bonney, and has two children. Erland Hagegård, also an opera singer, is his cousin.

Discography

 * Zueignung – Dedication, BIS, 1976
 * Puccini: La Bohème, Philips, 1979
 * Håkan Hagegård sjunger Olle Adolphson, 1981
 * Schubert: Winterreise, RCA, 1983
 * Schumann: Liederkreis; Eight songs, RCA, 1986
 * Håkan Hagegård Sings Operatic Arias and Swedish Ballads, Caprice Records, 1988
 * Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro, L'Oiseau-Lyre, 1988
 * Rodgers: The Sound of Music, conducted by Erich Kunzel, Telarc, 1988
 * Psalms by Grieg and Mendelssohn, Nimbus, 1989
 * Paulus: Songs, Albany Music Distribution, 1990
 * Mozart: Don Giovanni, L'Oiseau-Lyre, 1990
 * Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem, RCA, 1990
 * Haydn: The Seasons, Koch International Classics, 1991
 * Mahler: Symphony No. 1; Lieder Eines Fahrenden Gesellen, Teldec, 1992
 * Ture Rangström: Sånger, Music Svecias, 1993
 * Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia, 1993
 * Songs, Volume 1 & 2, BMG, 1993
 * Wolf: Italienisches Liederbuch, Teldec 1994
 * Schubert: Die Schöne Müllerin, RCA Victor Red Seal, 1994
 * Orff: Carmina Burana, RCA, 1995
 * Zemlinsky: Lyrische Symphonie, 1995
 * Strauss: Capriccio, Decca, 1995
 * Songs of Brahms, Sibelius and Stenhammar, RCA, 1997
 * Faure Requiem, RCA, 1997
 * Lucia - En klassisk högtid
 * Klassisk Jul, Gazell Productions, 2002
 * Edward Grieg: Sigurd Jorsalfar, BIS, 2004
 * Mahler: Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen; Des Knaben Wunderhord; Kindertotenlieder, 2008
 * Jul Med Adolf Fredrik, AIS
 * Schubert: Schwanengesang, RCA
 * Contrasts: Lieder & Folksongs, Proprius-Audiosource

Videography

 * Carmen, Role: Zuniga (1973)
 * The Magic Flute (1975), Ingmar Bergman, Role: Papageno
 * L'Incoronazione di Poppea (1978), Role: Otho
 * Cosi fan Tutte (1978), Role: Guglielmo
 * Don Pasquale (1979), Role: Dr. Malatesta, Metropolitan Opera, Great Performances at the Met
 * Die Fledermaus (1986), Role: Eisenstein, Metropolitan Opera, Great Performances at the Met
 * Don Giovanni (1987), Role: Don Giovanni
 * Meeting Venus (1991) Role: Wolfram von Eschenbach (highlights)
 * The Ghosts of Versailles (1992), Role: Beaumarchais
 * Capriccio (1993), Role: The Count
 * The Rake's Progress (1995), Role: Nick Shadow
 * James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09
 * Die Fledermaus (2003), Role: Falke

title: Håkan Hagegård


text:
Talk:Al Di Meola

Al's surname
His name is spelled Al Di Meola with a space between "Di" and "Meola." This is how it is spelled on his official website and on his personalized guitar picks. He gave me one after his show at The Birchmere. I have to assume that he would have his name spelled correctly on his own guitar picks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.213.209.186 (talk • contribs).

Al's foray into Latin and World styles began in 2001 with Cielo a Terra, not in the 90s. This should be changed.

Al Di Meola Discography
The album "Kiss My Axe" was released in 1991 not 1988 although one song was done in 1988 The song "Oriana" is listed on CD Back Cover as "Oriana (September 24 1988) the liner notes state that the album was recored in New York City in May 1991. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.111.45.52 (talk) 07:07, 12 February 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Elegant gypsy.jpg
Image:Elegant gypsy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:59, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Signature PRS
http://prsguitars.com/aldimeolaprism/index.html Shouldn't his new signature model electric guitar be worth a mention? I don't know enough about it to add it into the article myself, but surely someone else can work it in there... 68.221.217.87 (talk) 21:48, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
 * These days it seems that there are more and more "signature" guitars, but still, it takes a top-ranked guitarist in whatever genre to be approached by a guitar company. Yes, here I am 3 years after this question was posed, with next to nobody even reading any of this. Pity.

So back to guitars
AL Di Meola is nothing if not the "guitar man", like a few of his peers. I'm uploading his guitar (one of them to Wikimedia Commons for use in any of the various language Wikipedias. I was just really amazed that no section has even been created about the instrument(s) that Di Meola uses and the overall sound that he works hard to achieve. Ah, well, the image will be waiting there for the day someone decides to expand the text. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 21:17, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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All About Jazz profiles
I've noticed on this article and others that the profiles at the All About Jazz web site are taken verbatim from the musician's web site. There's nothing wrong with that, though if I were All About Jazz I would mention where I got the information, something I was taught to do in school when I was 13-years-old. The profiles have no byline or date. Document your information, kids. It came from somewhere. Just because it's on the internet doesn't it's free. Anyone using information from the AAJ profiles should change their citations to the musicians' web sites. But what you really want to do is use reliable, independent, third-party sources. –Vmavanti (talk) 00:54, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

= too many notes=

This likely reflects a biased point of view. The book isn't carried in libraries and I don't think it's important enough that we should have to buy a copy a book to see if the entry is in proper context when too many notes it's obviously an absurd criticism. I'm familiar with that authors criticism on allmusic.com and my impression of his work is not positive at all. He may be a source but he shouldn't be the only source on this kind of criticism. But I doubt that even he would give voice to criticism of one of the world's greatest guitarists for playing " too many notes". The notion is laughable. Keep in mind this is a biography of a living person and not everything that is said about him belongs on his Wikipedia page. Jackhammer111 (talk) 07:20, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Di Meola


text:
Friedhelm Eronat

Friedhelm Eronat (born 1953, Prien, Germany) is a Geneva-based British centimillionaire business leader mainly involved in oil trading, exploration and production. Eronat is one of the world's most successful oil dealmakers. His estimated wealth is over $100m (£55m), built on deals in places such as Nigeria, Russia and Kazakhstan.

The son of Anna and Josef Eronat, Friedhelm Eronat studied production management and oil engineering at Nicholls State University in Louisiana, graduating in early 1970s. He then entered the international oil business. In 2003, Friedhelm Eronat renounced his United States citizenship and became a British citizen.

title: Friedhelm Eronat


text:
Earl of Hyndford

Earl of Hyndford was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1701 for John Carmichael, 2nd Lord Carmichael, Secretary of State from 1696 to 1707. He was made Lord Carmichael and Viscount of Inglisberry and Nemphlar at the same time, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He was the grandson of James Carmichael, who had been created a Baronet, of Westraw in the County of Lanark, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1627, and raised to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Carmichael in 1647. The third Earl was a prominent diplomat. The titles became dormant on the death of the sixth Earl in 1817, and were later unsuccessfully claimed by James Carmichael Smyth and his great-grandson James Morse Carmichael.

Lords Carmichael (1647)

 * James Carmichael, 1st Lord Carmichael (1579–1672)
 * John Carmichael, 2nd Lord Carmichael (1638–1710) (created Earl of Hyndford in 1701)

Earls of Hyndford (1701)

 * John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford (1638–1710)
 * Brig.-General James Carmichael, 2nd Earl of Hyndford (died 1737)
 * John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford (1701–1766) (succeeded by his uncle's son)
 * John Carmichael, 4th Earl of Hyndford (1710–1787) (succeeded by his uncle's grandson)
 * Thomas Carmichael, 5th Earl of Hyndford (c. 1750–1811) (unmarried, succeeded by brother)
 * Andrew Carmichael, 6th Earl of Hyndford (1758–1817) (unmarried)

title: Earl of Hyndford


text:
Ontario Highway 534

Secondary Highway 534, commonly referred to as Highway 534, is a provincially maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route begins at the entrance to Restoule Provincial Park and ends near Highway 11 in Powassan. The route provides access to several communities which lay south of Lake Nipissing. Between those communities, the highway travels mostly through thick boreal forest. It was assumed in 1956, following its present course and remaining unchanged since. It is a lightly travelled route accommodating, on an average day, no more than 830 vehicles.

Route description
Highway 534 begins in Restoule Provincial Park in Patterson Township. It travels south, curving along the eastern shore of Restoule Lake, south to the town of Restoule, where it then bends southeast and cuts through the northeast corner of Pringle Township near the community of Carr. Here it meets Highway 524, a short highway that travels south through Carr to Farleys Corners. From the junction with Highway 524, the route curves northeast into the Township of Nipissing. It passes through the community of Hotham before bending northeast to a junction with Highway 654 near the community of Nipissing. The highway then travels east through the community of Christian Valley and then Powassan, where it ends at Clark Street, east of the interchange with Highway 11.

In total, the highway is 43.6 km long. The portion of the highway between Highway 524 and Highway 654 is part of the Lake Nipissing Circle Tour. The entire route is located within Parry Sound District. In 2007, the busiest section was between Highway 11 and Highway 654, which had an annual average daily traffic (AADT) count of 830, while the least busiest section was between Restoule and the western terminus, which had an AADT of 150.

History
The current route of Highway 534 was first assumed by the Department of Highways in early 1956, along with several dozen other secondary highways. It was likely maintained as a development road prior to that. The route has remained unchanged since then.

Major intersections
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 534. The entirety of the route is located within Parry Sound District. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" !scope="col"|Location !scope="col"|km !scope="col"|Destinations !scope="col"|Notes
 * 0.0
 * Patterson Lake Road
 * Restoule Provincial Park entrance
 * Restoule
 * 9.0
 * Commanda Lake Road
 * 13.5
 * Nipissing
 * 30.4
 * rowspan|Powassan
 * 43.6
 * Exit 316
 * 13.5
 * Nipissing
 * 30.4
 * rowspan|Powassan
 * 43.6
 * Exit 316
 * rowspan|Powassan
 * 43.6
 * Exit 316
 * rowspan|Powassan
 * 43.6
 * Exit 316
 * Exit 316

title: Ontario Highway 534


text:
The God that Failed

The God That Failed is a 1949 collection of six essays by Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright. The common theme of the essays is the authors' disillusionment with and abandonment of communism.

Essays
Richard Crossman, the British Labour Party Member of Parliament who conceived and edited the volume, at one point approached the famous American ex-communist Whittaker Chambers about contributing an essay to the book. At the time Chambers was still employed by Time magazine, having not yet gone public with his charges against Alger Hiss, and so declined to participate.

The book contains Fischer's definition of "Kronstadt" as the moment in which some communists or fellow travellers decide not just to leave the Communist Party but to oppose it as anti-communists. Editor Crossman said in the book's introduction: "The Kronstadt rebels called for Soviet power free from Bolshevik dominance" (p. x). After describing the actual Kronstadt rebellion, Fischer spent many pages applying the concept to some subsequent former communists—including himself: "What counts decisively is the 'Kronstadt.'  Until its advent, one may waver emotionally or doubt intellectually or even reject the cause altogether in one's mind and yet refuse to attack it. I had no 'Kronstadt' for many years" (p. 204). Writers who subsequently picked up the term have included Whittaker Chambers, Clark Kerr, David Edgar, William F. Buckley, Jr., and Norman Podhoretz.

title: The God that Failed


text:
Third Ward (Atlanta)

Atlanta's Third Ward was defined in 1880 as the area bounded on the North by Georgia Railroad, West by Butler & McDonough Streets, South and East by the city limits (the green section of picture)

Generally in Atlanta's Ward System, it encompassed the following modern neighborhoods: Grant Park, Ormewood Park and Cabbagetown.

1854
The original boundaries for five wards were laid out in an unknown fashion and two councilmen from each ward were elected to coincide with the completion of the first official city hall in 1854.

Third Ward councilmen of this period were
 * 1855 John Farrar and J. W. Thompson
 * 1856 Thomas L. Thomas and James L. Terry
 * 1857 John B. Peck and John Glen
 * 1858 James E. Williams and J.M. Blackwell
 * 1859 Coleman F. Wood and J.M. Blackwell
 * 1860 James R.D. Ozburn and Merrill T. Castelberry
 * 1861 Seymour B. Love and Robert Crawford
 * 1862 John Farrar and James G. Kelly
 * 1863 F.D. Thurman and James G. Kelly
 * 1864 William Watkins and Robert Crawford
 * 1865 Thomas R. Ripley and F.M. Richardson
 * 1866 Robert Crawford and James G. Kelly
 * 1867 W.C. Anderson and George W. Terry
 * 1868 (no election)
 * 1869 Vardy P Sisson and William C. Anderson
 * 1870 James G. Kelly and W.C. Anderson

1871

 * 1871 George Graham
 * 1872 Lemuel P. Grant and Thomas A. Morris
 * 1873 Robert C. Young and David A. Beatie
 * 1874 James G. Kelly and Robert C. Young
 * 1875 Thomas A. Morris and David A. Beatie

1876
The new city charter reduced the number of wards to 5 and created a Board of Aldermen
 * 1876 William Gray
 * 1877 J.M. Buice
 * 1878 William E. Hayne
 * 1879 James K. Thrower
 * 1880 Thomas J. Buchanan
 * 1881 David A. Beatie
 * 1882 Zachry W. Adamson
 * 1883 Samuel W. Day

1884
Sixth Ward (north Peachtree corridor) added

 * 1884 C. Wheeler Mangum
 * 1885 David A. Beatie
 * 1886 Edgar A. Angier
 * 1887 Elisha T. Allen
 * 1888 James G. Woodward
 * 1889 James G. Woodward and A.S. Robbins
 * 1890 A.S. Robbins and W.H. Hulsey
 * 1891 W.H. Hulsey and Arnold Broyles
 * 1892 John F. McWaters
 * 1893 David A. Beatie

1894
Seventh Ward (West End) added
 * 1894 Robert P. Dodge
 * 1895 Walter S. Bell
 * 1896 William E. Adamson
 * 1897 Eldred S. Lumpkin
 * 1898 Edward P. Burns
 * 1899 J. Sidney Holland, manager Kimball House Saloon
 * 1900 Axton C. Minhinnett, grocer
 * 1901 John C. Reed, lawyer
 * 1902 James E. Warren, lawyer
 * 1903 J. Sid Holland, tobacconist
 * 1904 Thomas H. Goodwin, lawyer

1905
Eighth Ward (West End) added
 * 1905 William Oldknow, poolroom proprietor

title: Third Ward (Atlanta)


text:
Talk:Seneca Polytechnic

Untitled
I have removed a few things that were outright copyright violations (direct copies from websites etc); most of the Campus descriptions have some copyright problem and should be changed, or they will be deleted also. I've made a quick change to King Campus - it's not great, but it'll do for now. Other sections may need to be inspected as well, and deleted or significantly modified to ensure material that infringes copyrights is removed. Mindmatrix 19:21, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Senecajpgsm.jpg
Image:Senecajpgsm.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:10, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sigcol.jpg
Image:Sigcol.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:27, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Seneca Nation
There is a glaring lack of mention in this entry of the Seneca first nation. Presumably the college is named after them? What is the history of that? Do the Seneca people appreciate their name being used this way? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sara.koopman (talk • contribs) 20:57, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 8 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. wbm1058 (talk) 02:14, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Seneca College → Seneca Polytechnic – Seneca Polytechnic is the new name of the school. 142.204.27.56 (talk) 01:14, 8 December 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Seneca Polytechnic


text:
User:Peng~enwiki/test1

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title: User:Peng~enwiki/test1


text:
Niall Tóibín

Niall Tóibín (21 November 1929 – 13 November 2019) was an Irish comedian and actor. Born in Cork into an Irish speaking family, Tóibín grew up on the north-side of the city in Bishop's Field.

He appeared in Ryan's Daughter, Brideshead Revisited, Bracken, The Ballroom of Romance, The Irish R.M., Caught in a Free State, Ballykissangel, Far and Away, and Veronica Guerin. He was awarded honorary lifetime membership of the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) in 2011 and the Freedom of Cork in 2015.

Early life
Tóibín was born in 1929 in Cork, Ireland, the sixth of seven children, born to Siobhán (née Ní Shúileabháin) and Seán Tóibín, native Irish speakers. His parents married in 1917. His father was born in Passage West, County Cork, and his parents came from Waterford and West Cork. Seán Tóibín was a teacher in the School of Commerce in Cork city and the author of two books, Blátha an Bhóithrín and Troscán na mBánta, on wayside and meadowland flowers, both written in the Irish language. His mother, Siobhán Ni Shúilleabháin, came from Beaufort, County Kerry.

Niall was born on the southside of Cork city in Friars' Walk. He was raised with Irish and used the language in his professional career, notably in the film Poitín. His siblings included Siobhán, Tomás (a poet), Déaglán, Filmin, Gobnait and Colm Tóibín.

As a child, he sang in the cathedral choir and in the Opera House in Cork. In his teens, he joined a drama society attached to the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League. He was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers at the North Monastery (North Mon) after which he left Cork for a job in the Civil Service in Dublin in January 1947.

In 1957, Tóibín married Frances Judith "Judy" Kenny (died 26 June 2002, aged 70) in Dublin. He had five children, and seven grandchildren.

Career
Working originally as a civil service clerk with the Department of External Affairs, Tóibín started acting in the 1950s and spent fourteen years with the Radio Éireann Players.

From Ryan's Daughter and Bracken in the 1970s, to The Ballroom of Romance, The Irish R.M., Brideshead Revisited and Caught in a Free State in the 1980s, and Far and Away, Ballykissangel and Veronica Guerin in the 1990s and 2000s, Toibin's entertainment career in television, film and theatre spanned over four decades. He also acted for the radio, such as his guest appearance in the BBC Radio 4 series Baldi.

In 2005, he "cemented" his hands outside the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin. He made a speech saying, "It will be a proud day for me. My appearances on the Gaiety stage are without doubt the highlights of my career and I am honoured to have been asked to give my prints".

He played Dr. Paul O'Callaghan in the first two series of the Irish TV programme The Clinic.

He played Judge Ballaugh, alongside Cate Blanchett, in Joel Schumacher's film Veronica Guerin.

Awards
In 1973, Tóibín won a Jacob's Award for his performance in the RTÉ comedy series, If The Cap Fits.

On 29 October 2002, Tóibín won Best Actor at the Christian Film and Television Excellence awards ceremony in Dublin.

Tóibín received an Honorary Doctor of Arts Degree from University College Cork (UCC) on 4 June 2010.

He was honoured with the Irish Film and Television Academy's (IFTA) Lifetime Achievement Award at a ceremony at the Irish Film Institute on 3 November 2011. The award meant Tóibín became an honorary IFTA lifetime member.

Later life and death
In May 2015, Tóibín was awarded the Freedom of Cork in recognition of his film, television and stage work.

Tóibín died in Dublin on 13 November 2019, eight days before his 90th birthday, having suffered from a form of dementia in the years before he died.

title: Niall Tóibín


text:
Robert Maitland Brereton

Robert Maitland Brereton (2 January 1834 – 7 December 1911) was an English railway engineer in India. In the United States he helped secure the first Act of Congress for the irrigation of California.

Engineering training
In 1853 Brereton studied practical mechanics at King's College London, entering the field of civil engineering upon graduating. He joined Brunel's design team, of which Brereton's second cousin R.P. Brereton was also a member. He worked on the Royal Albert Bridge across the River Tamar at Saltash, and the construction of the Cornish railway.

Brereton was first employed in Brunel's office in Duke St, London from 1854 to 1855 where he witnessed the building of the SS Great Eastern. In 1856 he worked on the engineering of the new Paddington Station, including bridges, warehouses, iron girder work, rail laying, and hydraulic and other machineries.

Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Robert Maitland Brereton came to India in 1857 to work under Robert Graham as an assistant engineer. While there, he started work on the construction of the Bombay to Calcutta Railway, which was to form the backbone of the Indian Railways.

In January 1858 Brereton escaped death twice when his camp at the Sake River was attacked and looted by a band of 500 Bhils, during the unrest associated with the Indian mutiny.

As he gained promotions, Brereton was eventually appointed chief engineer for the Grand Indian Peninsular Railway and undertook to complete the strategic connection across the continent. This was accomplished in 1870, ahead of the promised schedule. Opening the railway from Bombay to Calcutta in March 1870, the Viceroy of India said, "...it may happen that a thousand years hence, Mr. Brereton's ghost may still hover with anxious solicitude over the unbroken piers of the Trowa Viaduct..."

The irrigation of the San Joaquin valley
In 1871, following a severe drought in California, Brereton was called to San Francisco by William Chapman Ralston, cashier of the Bank of California. For the next five years, Brereton was employed on various projects for the irrigation of the San Joaquin Valley lands. He supervised the surveying of the area and produced a detailed plan of irrigation canals. He was sent to Washington to advocate the scheme, and in 1873 Congress set up a commission to make recommendations on the development of the irrigation. Brereton declined an invitation to serve on the commission, but he nevertheless assisted its members and his plans were those endorsed by the commission.

Brereton sought backing in Great Britain for both irrigation and emigration schemes in California. His 1872 pamphlet, Project for English Middle and Yeoman Class Colonies for California, described the productivity of the land and drew attention to the opportunities, including the welcome that would await immigrants.

Surveyor of Norfolk County roads and bridges 1879-1885
Brereton's next assignment was back in his home county in England; operating in a new position created by an Act of Parliament, he was to manage the county's roads. In so doing, he had to overcome those people who had lived their live under the parochial system of road management and wanted good roads but begrudged their cost. He succeeded, and when he left the post, the Prince of Wales was amongst those signing his testimonial of appreciation.

Commissioner of the Highlands of Scotland 1886-1888
Brereton's next appointment was made by the third Duke of Sutherland and involved Brereton acting as the Duke's agent in encouraging crofters to take opportunities to resettle in Canada.

Family background
R.M. Brereton came from Little Massingham in Norfolk, from a family that produced other notable Victorian engineers Cuthbert A. Brereton (Sir John Wolfe Barry's partner) and R.P. Brereton, Brunel's chief assistant.

He married Alice Fairchild of Waterloo, New York, and together they had four children. In retirement he lived in Portland, Oregon.

In Oregon, he examined the Question: Did Sir Francis Drake Land on Any Part of the Oregon Coast?

title: Robert Maitland Brereton


text:
Bortezomib

Bortezomib, sold under the brand name Velcade among others, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. This includes multiple myeloma in those who have and have not previously received treatment. It is generally used together with other medications. It is given by injection.

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, tiredness, low platelets, fever, numbness, low white blood cells, shortness of breath, rash and abdominal pain. Other severe side effects include low blood pressure, tumour lysis syndrome, heart failure, and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. It is in the class of medications known as proteasome inhibitor. It works by inhibiting proteasomes, cellular complexes that break down proteins.

Bortezomib was approved for medical use in the United States in 2003 and in the European Union in 2004. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Medical use
Two open-label trials established the efficacy of bortezomib (with or without dexamethasone) on days 1,4,8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle for a maximum of eight cycles in heavily pretreated people with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. The phase III demonstrated the superiority of bortezomib over a high-dose dexamethasone regimen (e.g. median TTP 6.2 vs 3.5 months, and 1-year survival 80% vs 66%). New studies show that bortezomib may potentially help recover from vincristine treatment in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia, when replacing vincristine in the process.

Bortezomib was also evaluated together with other drugs for the treatment of multiple myelomas in adults. It was seen that bortezomib plus lenalidomide plus dexamethasone as well as bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone may result in a large increase in the progression-free survival.

Adverse effects
Gastro-intestinal effects and asthenia are the most common adverse events. Bortezomib is associated with peripheral neuropathy in 30% of people resulting in pain. This can be worse in people with pre-existing neuropathy. In addition, myelosuppression causing neutropenia and thrombocytopenia can also occur and be dose-limiting. However, these side effects are usually mild relative to bone marrow transplantation and other treatment options for people with advanced disease. Bortezomib is associated with a high rate of shingles, although prophylactic acyclovir can reduce the risk of this.

Ocular side effects such as chalazion or hordeolum (stye) may be more common in women and have led to discontinuation of treatment. Acute interstitial nephritis has also been reported.

Drug interactions
Polyphenols derived from green tea extract including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which were expected to have a synergistic effect, instead were found to reduce the effectiveness of bortezomib in cell culture experiments.

Structure
The drug is an N-protected dipeptide and can be written as Pyz-Phe-boroLeu, which stands for pyrazinoic acid, phenylalanine and Leucine with a boronic acid instead of a carboxylic acid.

Mechanism
The boron atom in bortezomib is proposed to bind the catalytic site of the 26S proteasome with high affinity and specificity. In normal cells, the proteasome regulates protein expression and function by degradation of ubiquitylated proteins, and also rids the cell of abnormal or misfolded proteins. Clinical and preclinical data support a role for the proteasome in maintaining the immortal phenotype of myeloma cells, and cell-culture and xenograft data support a similar function in solid tumor cancers. While multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved, proteasome inhibition may prevent degradation of pro-apoptotic factors, thereby triggering programmed cell death in neoplastic cells. Bortezomib causes a rapid and dramatic change in the levels of intracellular peptides that are produced by the proteasome. Some intracellular peptides have been shown to be biologically active, and so the effect of bortezomib on the levels of intracellular peptides may contribute to the biological and/or side effects of the drug.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
After subcutaneous administration, peak plasma levels are ~25-50 nM and this peak is sustained for 1-2 hrs. After intravenous injection, peak plasma levels are ~500 nM but only for ~5 minutes, after which the levels rapidly drop as the drug distributes to tissues (volume of distribution is ~500 L). Both routes provide equal drug exposures and generally comparable therapeutic efficacy. Elimination half life is 9–15 hours and the drug is primarily cleared by hepatic metabolism.

The pharmacodynamics of bortezomib are determined by quantifying proteasome inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from people receiving the drug.

History
Bortezomib was originally made in 1995 at Myogenics. The drug (PS-341) was tested in a small Phase I clinical trial on people with multiple myeloma. It was brought to further clinical trials by Millennium Pharmaceuticals in October 1999.

In May 2003, seven years after the initial synthesis, bortezomib (marketed as Velcade by Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc.) was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in multiple myeloma, based on the results from the SUMMIT Phase II trial. In 2008, bortezomib was approved in the United States for initial treatment of people with multiple myeloma. Bortezomib was previously approved in 2005, for the treatment of people with multiple myeloma who had received at least one prior therapy and in 2003, for the treatment of more refractory multiple myeloma.

The 2008 approval was based on an international, multicenter, open label, active-control trial in previously untreated people with symptomatic multiple myeloma. People were randomized to receive either nine cycles of oral melphalan (M) plus prednisone (P) or MP plus bortezomib. People received M (9 mg/m2 ) plus prednisone (60 mg/m2 ) daily for four days every 6 weeks or the same MP schedule with bortezomib, 1.3 mg/m2 iv on days 1, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 of every 6 week cycle for 4 cycles then once weekly for 4 weeks for 5 cycles. Time- to- progression (TTP) was the primary efficacy endpoint. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and response rate (RR) were secondary endpoints. Eligible people were age > 65 years. A total of 682 people were randomized: 338 to receive MP and 344 to the combination of bortezomib plus MP. Demographics and baseline disease characteristics were similar between the two groups.

The trial was stopped following a pre-specified interim analysis showing a statistically significant improvement in TTP with the addition of bortezomib to MP (median 20.7 months) compared with MP (median 15 months) [HR: 0.54 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.70), p= 0.000002]. OS, PFS, and RR also were significantly superior for the bortezomib-MP combination.

In August 2014, bortezomib was approved in the United States for the retreatment of adults with multiple myeloma who had previously responded to Velcade therapy and relapsed at least six months following completion of prior treatment.

In October 2014, bortezomib was approved in the United States for the treatment of treatment-naïve people with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

Economics
In the UK, NICE initially recommended against Velcade in October 2006, due to its cost of about GB£18,000 per person, and because studies reviewed by NICE reported that it could only extend the life expectancy by an average of six months over standard treatment. However, the company later proposed a performance-linked cost reduction for multiple myeloma, and this was accepted.

title: Bortezomib


text:
Elbow (disambiguation)

The elbow is a joint of an arm.

Elbow may also refer to:

Places
Canada
 * Elbow, Saskatchewan, a village
 * Elbow River, a river

United States
 * Elbow, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Elbow, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * The Elbow (reef), a coral reef in the Florida Keys

Surname

 * Peter Elbow, American academic

Other

 * Elbow (band), an English rock band
 * "Elbow", a song by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
 * Elbow (knot)
 * Elbow (lunar crater)
 * Elbow (strike), an attack using the elbow
 * Elbow of a curve
 * Elbow method (clustering)
 * Elbow witch, a figure in Ojibwa folklore
 * Elbow macaroni
 * Elbow, a location in the key in the sport of basketball
 * Elbow fitting, a type of pipe fitting
 * Street elbow, a variant of the elbow pipe fitting
 * A character in William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure

title: Elbow (disambiguation)


text:
Muhamed Alaim

Muhamed Alaim (born 10 February 1981) is a Bosnian retired professional football goalkeeper.

Club career
Alaim played 10 years for FK Sarajevo and appeared in 270 league games for the club. He finished his career with Iranian second tier side Tarbiat Yazd, where he played from 2010 to 2012.

International career
On the national level, Alaim has made one appearance for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team on 22 August 2007, in a friendly match against Croatia as a second-half substitute for Adnan Gušo.

After football
Currently he is the founder and a coach at his goalkeeping school in Sarajevo. The school accepts all the way from young goalkeepers to veterans.

He is also active in politics as a member of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA).

Club
Sarajevo
 * Bosnian Premier League: 2006–07
 * Bosnian Cup: 2001–02, 2004–05

title: Muhamed Alaim


text:
WFUV

WFUV (90.7 FM) is a non–commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York. The station is owned by Fordham University, with studios on its Bronx campus and its antenna atop the nearby Montefiore Medical Center. WFUV first went on the air in 1947. It became a professional public radio station in 1990 and is one of three NPR member stations in New York City. Its on-air staff has included radio veterans Dennis Elsas, Vin Scelsa, Pete Fornatale, and Rita Houston.

Background
Founded in 1947 by Fordham University, WFUV became a student-run 50,000-watt station in 1968-1969 before transitioning to a public station during the late 1980s. WFUV is a National Public Radio affiliate. The station's call letters stand for "Fordham University's Voice." Though operated as a professional public radio station, WFUV's mission also includes a strong training component for Fordham students. Students receive intensive instruction and are heard on the air in news and sports programming. The station is known for its adult album alternative (AAA) format – a mix of adult rock, singer songwriters, world and other music, formerly branded as "City Folk" as well as Celtic music.

The station serves 375,000 weekly listeners in the New York area and 100,000 more worldwide on the web each month. As of January 2021, WFUV is the third most popular station in any rock music format in the New York market after WAXQ and WNYL. In terms of weekly audience, it is the most listened to noncommercial alternative music station in the United States. Of all noncommercial stations regardless of format, it is the third most popular in the New York market (after WNYC and WQXR) and 22nd most popular nationally (as of May 2018).

Programming
Outside of its weekday AAA programming, WFUV airs a variety of specialty shows, which include genres such as folk music and early pop and jazz. National programs heard on WFUV, as of 2021, include World Cafe, The Grateful Dead Hour, and The Thistle and Shamrock. Since 1974 the station has maintained a program called Ceol na nGael, a Sunday tradition of airing a mix of Celtic music accompanied by Fordham University programming during the day and eclectic folk in the evening. In-studio interviews and performances are also a prominent feature of its programming.

History
WFUV was founded in 1947 by Fordham University's communication department. Early programming was a mix of classical, popular, ethnic music and the University's sports broadcasts. Many chamber music and piano recitals were broadcast live from now-defunct Studio B in the 1950s. The station also broadcast a long-running series of live Sunday classical broadcasts from The Ethical Culture Society in Manhattan.

WFUV was on the verge of going off the air in September 1968, due to budgetary cuts by the university, but the student-staff went on strike and organized rallies and demonstrations to save the station. Around this time, the station became part of the school's Student Affairs division and was run by students. It had been a 3,500-watt station from its inception until February 21, 1969, when its effective radiated power was increased to 50,000 watts. WFUV's daily rock music programming also began in the late 1960s.

WFUV began broadcasting in stereo on March 31, 1973. In the mid 1980s, the station began to transition to a professionally-operated public station "to increase its public service and community impact". WFUV has been a professional noncommercial radio station since 1990. To be more competitive in the New York market at this time, it introduced a more folk and alternative music sound under the name "City Folk", as well as news/talk radio elements such as weather and traffic reports. The station also adopted the nascent adult album alternative format. This shift was overseen by longtime general manager Dr. Ralph Jennings and program director Chuck Singleton.

In May 1994, Fordham started building a 480 ft transmission tower for WFUV on its Rose Hill campus, directly across from the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG)'s Enid A. Haupt Conservatory. The NYBG, which did not know about the tower's construction, subsequently requested that construction of the tower be halted. Construction was delayed for several months before the New York City Department of Buildings ruled that the tower could be built 25 ft away from its originally proposed location. However, both the NYBG and Fordham disagreed with the proposed compromise. In 1997, the FCC ruled that the tower would negatively affect the NYBG if it were finished, but a New York state court upheld its legality. In 2002, Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities on Gun Hill Road, one of the highest locations in the Bronx, and Fordham agreed. Fordham subsequently announced in 2004 that it intended to destroy the half-built tower on Rose Hill.

In 2005, the studios, offices, and transmitter moved from the third floor of Keating Hall on Fordham's Rose Hill campus to Keating Hall's basement. The move allowed the station to improve its equipment and gain more space. In 2011, music director Rita Houston took over as the station's program director from Chuck Singleton, who, in turn, became general manager; Houston held the position through 2020. In June 2021, the station named Rich McLaughlin as program director; in addition to his career in radio and streaming music programming, McLaughlin is a Fordham University alumnus who worked for the station as an undergraduate as well as for its digital offering, The Alternate Side.

Former professional staff
Notable past-staff at WFUV include DJs Pete Fornatale and Vin Scelsa. Alan Light, former editor-in-chief of music magazines Vibe and Spin and music critic at the New York Times, was an on-air contributor and music critic during the mid-2000s at WFUV. Longtime DJ Rich Conaty presented his big band show The Big Broadcast on the station from 1972-1992, and again from 1998 until his death in 2016. Former program director and DJ Rita Houston, who worked at the station from 1994 until her death in 2020, was a noted New York tastemaker and early champion of artists like Brandi Carlile, Mumford & Sons, Adele, and the Indigo Girls. Binky Griptite, best known as part of Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings, hosted the weekly show The Boogie Down from 2017 to 2021.

Radio announcer Marty Glickman instructed students in the sports department after his retirement. Glickman was the radio announcer of the New York Knicks, New York Giants, and New York Jets, and the subject of the Martin Scorsese-produced 2013 HBO documentary film Glickman.

Former student staff
WFUV's rock music shows were formerly hosted by Fordham students, most notably Pete Fornatale, whose first show began in November 1964, when he was a sophomore and who returned to WFUV in 2001 after a 30-year hiatus, remaining until his 2012 death. Other alumni include: News department alumni are/were heard on many stations and networks nationally. These include:
 * Alan Alda, M*A*S*H and The West Wing actor
 * Ozzie Alfonso, Emmy Award-winning director and writer of educational shows 3-2-1 Contact and Sesame Street
 * Jack Haley Jr., film and television producer
 * Bob Keeshan, actor, most notable for his role as Captain Kangaroo
 * Ted May, Emmy Award-winning director for Sesame Street
 * Charles Osgood, retired host of CBS News Sunday Morning and The Osgood Report on CBS Radio
 * John Schaefer, noted music journalist and host of WNYC's New Sounds and Soundcheck; former WFUV program director
 * Raymond Siller, the head writer for Johnny Carson
 * Scott Detrow, co-host of the NPR Politics Podcast and NPR White House Correspondent
 * Alice Gainer, Emmy Award-winning reporter for CBS in New York City
 * Richard Hake, longtime WNYC reporter and host of Morning Edition
 * Greg Kelly, formerly of Good Day New York and Fox and Friends
 * Jonathan Vigliotti, Emmy Award-winning foreign correspondent for CBS News

The sports department has produced numerous notable alumni, most notably, Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers announcer and Baseball Hall of Famer Vin Scully, who helped found WFUV. Other alumni include:
 * Mike Breen, television announcer for the New York Knicks and the NBA on ABC, recipient of the 2020 Curt Gowdy Media Award
 * Chris Carrino, radio announcer for the Brooklyn Nets and Compass Media
 * Jack Curry, studio analyst for YES Network, former sportswriter for The New York Times
 * Spero Dedes, television announcer for CBS and Turner, former radio announcer for the Los Angeles Lakers and New York Knicks
 * Michael Kay, television announcer for the New York Yankees and host of the radio show The Michael Kay Show and CenterStage
 * Malcolm Moran, sportswriter for USA Today and The New York Times, founder of WFUV show One on One, recipient of the 2007 Curt Gowdy Media Award
 * Sal Marchiano, retired two-time Emmy Award-winning sports anchor WPIX in New York
 * Bob Papa, radio announcer for the New York Giants, announcer for NBC and Golf Channel
 * Tony Reali, host of ESPN's Around the Horn and sports contributor to Good Morning America
 * Ryan Ruocco, television announcer for the Brooklyn Nets, New York Yankees, NBA on ESPN, and WNBA on ESPN
 * Charlie Slowes, radio play-by-play announcer for the Washington Nationals
 * Mike Yam, host at Pac-12 Network, former host of ESPN's SportsCenter

Recognition
WFUV has received numerous awards and nominations from professional organizations on local, state, and national levels. In the early 2000s, the station was named one of the best radio stations in its category on multiple occasions by trade organizations. The Princeton Review named it one of the top twenty college radio stations every year from 2012 to 2020. In 2013, Complex listed it as the eighth best college radio station in the country.

WFUV is regularly distinguished for their newscasts and public affairs coverage. Nationally, the newsroom has been awarded nearly every year over the past two decades by the Public Radio Journalist Association and the Alliance for Women in Media Foundation's Gracie Awards on both professional and student levels. Since 2009, assistant news and public affairs director Robin Shannon has been awarded six times by these two organizations for Best News Anchor/Newscast. Former music and program director Rita Houston was awarded on multiple occasions by trade organizations FMQB, JBE, Gavin Report, and ASCAP for her work.

Selected national professional awards (1998–present)
 * 2000: ASCAP Deems Taylor Awards – Broadcast Award for WFUV's City Folk, The Big Broadcast and Swing Time (Rita Houston and Rich Conaty)
 * 2001: Gavin Music Director of the Year – Rita Houston
 * 2001: Gavin Station of the Year – WFUV
 * 2001: FMQB Triple A Conference – Progressive Noncommercial Radio Station of the Year
 * 2002: FMQB Triple A Conference – Progressive Noncommercial Radio Station of the Year
 * 2003: FMQB Triple A Conference – Progressive Noncommercial Radio Station of the Year
 * 2003: R&R Triple A Summit Industry Achievement Awards – Music Director of the Year – Rita Houston
 * 2004: R&R Triple A Summit Industry Achievement Awards – Air Personality Of The Year – Rita Houston
 * 2004: Lincoln University's Unity Awards in Media – Outstanding Reporting of Education for "Cityscape: Education Beat"
 * 2004: National Federation of Community Broadcasters' Golden Reels Awards – Best National Public Affairs Programming for "Democracy on the Block" (Finalist)
 * 2005: RTDNA's National Edward R. Murrow Awards – Best News Series (Radio Large Market) for Subculture
 * 2007: ASCAP Deems Taylor Awards – Broadcast Award for WFUV's Idiot's Delight (Vin Sclesa)
 * 2011: Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi Awards – Best Radio Feature Reporting for "Ernie Harwell: Our Friend in the Booth"
 * 2012: FMQB Triple A Conference – Program Director of the Year – Rita Houston
 * 2019: FMQB Triple A Conference – Program Director of the Year (Noncommercial) – Rita Houston
 * 2020: JBE Triple A Awards – Program Director of the Year (Noncommercial) – Rita Houston

title: WFUV