text: File:Delaware County pa seal.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Delaware County pa seal.jpg


text:
George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly

George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly (died 19 October 1576), was Lord Chancellor of Scotland and major conspirator of his time.

Biography
The second son of the 4th Earl, George Gordon was the Sheriff of Inverness from 1556. As Captain of Badenoch, he was in charge of carrying letters sent from Edinburgh to Mary of Guise in Inverness from Dunkeld throughout the summer of 1556. Mary, Queen of Scots came north to reduce the power of the Gordons and take Inverness Castle in 1562. The 4th Earl was captured at Corrichie with two of his sons, John and Adam Gordon, and died of apoplexy after his capture. John, the elder, was executed three days later. George (called Lord Gordon) was imprisoned at Kinneil House. He was attainted and sentenced to death for treason in 1563. He was then imprisoned at Dunbar castle until the marriage of Queen Mary to Darnley in 1565. During the rebellion against Mary called the Chaseabout Raid, his titles were restored to ensure his loyalty to the queen.

He allied himself with James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was married to his sister Jean, and joined Queen Mary at Dunbar after Rizzio's murder in 1566. He became Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1567, and joined Bothwell in the plot to murder the Regent Moray at Jedburgh. He signed the bond at Craigmillar Castle for Darnley's murder, and accompanied Bothwell and Mary on the visit to Darnley before his murder.

His estates were fully restored after Bothwell's acquittal in 1567. Bothwell's divorce from his sister was facilitated by his influence over her, and he witnessed the marriage contract between Mary and Bothwell. He connived at the capture of the Queen, and accompanied her to Edinburgh, escaping to the north after her flight. He joined the partisans at Dumbarton Castle, and after a temporary agreement with Regent Moray he conspired for her deliverance from Lochleven Castle in 1567. After the Queen's escape to England in 1568, he held all the north in alliance with Argyll, but received Mary's order to disperse.

Huntly made an agreement with Regent Moray at St Andrews on 14 May 1569. Huntly was to make up his quarrel with the Earl of Morton, repress rebellion amongst his former allies, and surrender a royal cannon kept at Huntly Castle. In return, Regent Moray would give the Earl and his followers a remission for all their crimes against the King since 11 June 1567, and promised an Act of Parliament to forgive his role as 'pretended Lieutenant to the Queen's Grace' between August 1568 and March 1569.

After this temporary submission, continuing the Marian civil war, he gained possession of Edinburgh Castle, held a parliament, and captured Regent Lennox at Stirling. His brother Adam Gordon of Auchindoun was his lieutenant in the north, and fought for Queen Mary in Aberdeenshire and the Mearns. Huntly also lent money to William Kirkcaldy of Grange who led the garrison at Edinburgh Castle. In return for his loans Kirkcaldy gave Huntly pieces of the jewelry of Mary Queen of Scots. One piece, a gold garnishing for the queen's hair set with rubies, diamonds and pearls was returned to Regent Morton by Huntly's servant Alexander Drummond of Midhope in August 1573.

In 1572 the Earl came to terms with the Regent Morton. He spent a few days with Morton at Dalkeith Palace in June 1574.

He died at Strathbogie, four years later. An eyewitness description of his death, compiled by Richard Bannatyne, describes how he suffered a stroke, or a collapse caused by food-poisoning, while playing football. After the Earl died, a number of alleged supernatural events occurred, beginning with the sudden collapse of one of the servants. Three companions also collapsed and, when revived, complained of feeling cold. After the Earl's body was embalmed and taken to the chapel, his brother sat in the hall and heard unexplained sounds from the earl's chamber.

Family
He married Anne, daughter of James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault. Their children included:
 * Jean Gordon, who married George Sinclair, 5th Earl of Caithness
 * George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly
 * Alexander Gordon (died January 1622), married Lady Agnes Sinclair.
 * William Gordon, a monk.

title: George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly


text:
Gerry Wood

Gerard Vincent Wood (born 5 April 1950) is an Australian politician. A former mayor of the Northern Territory shire of Litchfield, he was an independent member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2020, representing the electorate of Nelson.

 * }

Wood worked in Daly River and on Bathurst Island as a young man, working in a number of careers, including running a tourist operation and working as the town clerk of Nguiu. In 1984, he relocated to Howard Springs, between Darwin and Palmerston. While at Howard Springs, he worked as a vegetable and poultry farmer, and became involved with local government, subsequently spending five years as the President of the Litchfield Shire Council. It was in this position that he emerged as a key figure in the fight against the damming of the Elizabeth River, with which he has been credited as having saved. This gave him a significant profile in his area when he decided to contest the seat of Nelson at the 2001 election.

Nelson had a long history of independent candidates, as independent Noel Padgham-Purich had held the seat for most of its history, and Country Liberal Party sitting member Chris Lugg had only narrowly won the seat from new independent candidate Dave Tollner at the 1997 election. In the leadup to the election, Wood was tipped to have a strong chance of ousting Lugg, and subsequently won 42% of the vote, which was enough to elect him with the help of Labor Party preferences. In the immediate aftermath, there was a real possibility of a hung parliament, which would have likely left Wood with the balance of power in the Assembly. However, Labor managed to seize majority control with Matthew Bonson's narrow win in the electorate of Millner, which severely limited Wood's potential influence in the Assembly. Once the new Assembly began sitting, new ALP Chief Minister Clare Martin offered Wood the position of Deputy Speaker under fellow independent Loraine Braham, and Wood soon accepted.

As an MP, Wood has served on a number of committees, including public accounts, environment and sustainable development, substance abuse and estimates. While he has not maintained as high a profile as Braham, he received some attention from the national media in November 2004, when he discovered the theft of a 10-tonne steel railway bridge in his electorate after hearing a report from a constituent. The same month, in response to a severe shortage of fruit pickers in the Territory, Wood wandered around the Mindil Beach Markets, a popular tourist attraction, dressed as a mango tree. Not all of the publicity Wood has received has been for his political efforts; in 2004, Wood won the over-45s division of the Litchfield Gift foot race.

Wood faced his second electoral test at the 2005 election. He campaigned largely on maintaining an independent voice in the Assembly and on social issues such as the state of the Royal Darwin Hospital. Despite a controversial redistribution which moved the Robertson Barracks into his electorate, Wood held his seat with a swing in his favour, polling nearly double the vote of his nearest rival. Wood had hoped to retain the position of Deputy Speaker after the election, but was replaced with Labor backbencher Len Kiely. He has retained his seat in the 2008 election.

Gerry comes from a Horticultural background having studied Horticultural Science at Burnley (University of Melbourne) before coming to the Northern Territory in 1970.

In 2018, in the midst of a financial crisis in the Territory, Wood supported a call to discuss merging the Northern Territory with South Australia.

Retirement
Gerry Wood the independent MP for Nelson, formally announced his retirement in February 2019. He did not contest the 2020 Northern Territory general election.

Political views
Wood is a staunch opponent of abortion, having compared it to domestic violence and describing it as a "fashion" during parliamentary debates, but has condemned the harassment of women outside abortion clinics. He was one of four MLAs who opposed a bill that decriminalised abortion in the Northern Territory.

title: Gerry Wood


text:
Symonds Green

Symonds Green is a neighbourhood within the English new town of Stevenage in Hertfordshire. Although predominantly a residential area with a mixture of public-sector, charitable and private housing dating mostly from the 1970s, the open common land forming the actual Green is of historical significance to the area.

Symonds Green was designated an English Conservation area in June 1977. A conservation area is defined by the Planning [Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas] Act 1990 s.69 as being an “area of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance”. Through the Conservation Area designation certain buildings in the locality that are of historical note (despite nearby encroachment from later 20th-century housing), are protected from inappropriate development or change, thereby conserving a small part of this old rural hamlet. The Crooked Billet Public House was, evidenced by mapping of the day, on Symonds Green in the early 20th century. The original part of present building was built circa 1920 and was extended (as it appears today [2024]) around 1980. Census records evidence the existence of a 'Beer Shop' on Symonds Green in the Census returns of both 1841 & 1851. The establishment was run by Elizabeth Moules who was from Walkern, a hamlet 4¼ miles to the east of Symonds Green. The ponds adjacent to the Pub are principal features of the Conservation Area. In 2021 The Crooked Billet became a restaurant and was renamed as Tranquil Turtle.

Of the various properties near the Green, three are statutory Grade II Listed. Two such cottages are to be found at either end of the Green today [2024] and can also be seen on the 1883 Ordnance Survey Map. By the 18th century a farm had developed on the site. The farmhouse still stands and the related Grade II listed barn is believed to be the Conservation Area's oldest surviving building and is described within the English Heritage listings search thus:- 'The barn is a near-complete example of late C16 or early C17 timber-framing, displaying carpentry detailing characteristic of Hertfordshire practice, and retaining evidence of later extension and adaptation for animal husbandry'. The farm, of which the barn formed a part, is shown on a 1766 County map, and the Richardson map of Stevenage of 1834. It is also identified on the Ordnance Survey maps of both 1884 & 1889.

It can be seen from maps of the area that Symonds Green is one of several 'Greens' in and around the western boundary of Stevenage. Symonds Green Lane connected Symonds Green with Fishers Green to the north, thence by other bridleways to Todds Green and Titmore Green and, to the south, Norton Green and (now lost) Broomin Green. The Grade II listed farmhouse that served Broomin Green still stands and is to be found nestling within the 20th century development of Stevenage Town north east of the junction of the A1155 Fairlands Way and A1072 Gunnels Wood Road. To the west of Symonds Green is the A1(M) motorway. Adjacent to the northbound carriageway of the motorway at this point is the route of a north–south Roman road. Today, the southern boundary of Symonds Green, roughly where Broomin Green was, comprises light industrial and office estates. The 'Meadway' playing fields are also to the south of the Symonds Green Conservation Area but do not form part of it. They were once much larger, extending east of Symonds Green Lane, but they were built upon in the 1980s with the office facilities that are there today. Modern day Stevenage otherwise lies due east of Symonds Green, and extends for over two miles.

'The Meadway' itself, from which a number of other local facilities take their name, was the principal eastbound road from Symonds Green to Old Stevenage and its route, if not name, dates from at least 1766. This road into town was intersected (at a point toward the eastern end of the present day Brick Kiln Road, Stevenage) following the construction in the mid-19th century of the Great Northern Railway, now part of the East Coast Main Line. The original route of The Meadway can still be followed on foot, from its origin at its junction with a track known as Kitching Lane just under the Motorway at the south-eastern corner of the Meadway playing fields, to where it emerges opposite the western end of Brick Kiln Road.

Owing to the arrival of the railway, The Meadway was terminated by way of a footbridge across the railway line. On the other side of the line the foot-way became Trinity Road, which served Holy Trinity Church built 1861 and which currently remains an active part of the Stevenage Conservation Area. There is no trace remaining of the footbridge, which would have emerged opposite the present filling station on the corner of Woolners Way and Trinity Road. Intriguingly, there is still a direct link between Holy Trinity Church, on Stevenage High Street, and Symonds Green, as both Holy Trinity & Christ the King in Symonds Green are churches that are part of the Stevenage Deanery, in the Archdeaconry of Hertford and belong to the Diocese of St. Albans, Church of England.

Running roughly north–south across the common land on Symonds Green is 'Symonds Green Lane'. At the southern end of Symonds Green Lane, toward the Meadway playing fields, are a small number of 1930s houses originally built for the workers at Stevenage Nurseries, which existed nearby on the land now occupied by a 1970s housing estate, the service roadway of which provides the only vehicular access to the Conservation Area which is otherwise a Cul-de-sac. Symonds Green Lane narrows to a surfaced footpath at its boundary at both the south & north edges of the Conservation Area and in turn, links into the system of Stevenage cycle paths and other designated foot ways.

Until the late summer of 2014, at the southern end of the green, an information notice erected by the local authority provided a brief and interesting account of the history of the area. Stevenage Environmental Services erected a new interpretation board for Symonds Green Common in 2015. The original board read:-

Symonds Green...covers an area of roughly five acres, although in the past it seems to have been larger than this. At the time of the Domesday Book it was part of the Manor of Woolenwick, and in the 13th century it was called Woolenwick Green. The tenants of the manor were allowed to graze their animals there. During the Middle Ages it became part of the Manor of Wymondlye and by the 15th century it was known as Hickman's Green after a local land owner. In 1581 a certain Edwarde Symonde bought land on the south side of the green and although the family moved away in 1610, the land has [probably] taken its name [then, 'Symes Green'] from him ever since. Of the houses by the green, one of the oldest is the 'Crooked Billet' public house which has been in existence for at least a century and a half. In the 1841 Census it is described as a 'Beer Shop'. At that time it was kept by Elizabeth Moules, whose family farmed much of the land in the area. Symonds Green was the birthplace of the notorious poachers, the Fox twins, who were born in 1857 in a thatched cottage behind the Crooked Billet. Albert Fox lodged in a house adjoining the pub towards the end of his life.

In addition to the Conservation area, Symonds Green has a neighbourhood shopping centre, a nursery, infant and primary schools, a community centre, Church, dentists, two public houses, a Health Centre and several children's playgrounds. Symonds Green covers much of the area of the ancient hamlet of Woolenwick, after which the local primary school is named. A number of the modern streets in the locality are named after popular British seaside holiday towns.

title: Symonds Green


text:
Pyrolytic carbon

Pyrolytic carbon is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its graphene sheets as a result of imperfections in its production.

Pyrolytic carbon is man-made and is thought not to be found in nature. Generally it is produced by heating a hydrocarbon nearly to its decomposition temperature, and permitting the graphite to crystalize (pyrolysis).

One method is to heat synthetic fibers in a vacuum, producing carbon fibers.

It is used in high temperature applications such as missile nose cones, rocket motors, heat shields, laboratory furnaces, in graphite-reinforced plastic, coating nuclear fuel particles, and in biomedical prostheses.

Physical properties
Pyrolytic graphite samples usually have a single cleavage plane, similar to mica, because the graphene sheets crystallize in a planar order, as opposed to pyrolytic carbon, which forms microscopic randomly oriented zones. Because of this, pyrolytic graphite exhibits several unusual anisotropic properties. It is more thermally conductive along the cleavage plane than pyrolytic carbon, making it one of the best planar thermal conductors available.

Pyrolytic graphite forms mosaic crystals with controlled mosaicities up to a few degrees.

Pyrolytic graphite is also more diamagnetic (χ = −4×10−4) against the cleavage plane, exhibiting the greatest diamagnetism (by weight) of any room-temperature diamagnet. In comparison, pyrolytic graphite has a relative permeability of 0.9996, whereas bismuth has a relative permeability of 0.9998 (table).

Magnetic levitation
Few materials can be made to magnetically levitate stably above the magnetic field from a permanent magnet. Although magnetic repulsion is obviously and easily achieved between any two magnets, the shape of the field causes the upper magnet to push off sideways, rather than remaining supported, rendering stable levitation impossible for magnetic objects (see Earnshaw's theorem). Strongly diamagnetic materials, however, can levitate above powerful magnets.

With the easy availability of rare-earth permanent magnets developed in the 1970s and 1980s, the strong diamagnetism of pyrolytic graphite makes it a convenient demonstration material for this effect.

In 2012, a research group in Japan demonstrated that pyrolytic graphite can respond to laser light or sufficiently powerful natural sunlight by spinning or moving in the direction of the field gradient. The carbon's magnetic susceptibility weakens upon sufficient illumination, leading to an unbalanced magnetization of the material and movement when using a specific geometry.

Applications

 * It is used non-reinforced for missile nose cones and ablative (boiloff-cooled) rocket motors.
 * In fiber form, it is used to reinforce plastics and metals (see Carbon fiber and Graphite-reinforced plastic).
 * Pebble-bed nuclear reactors use a coating of pyrolytic carbon as a neutron moderator for the individual pebbles.
 * Used to coat graphite cuvettes (tubes) in graphite furnace atomic absorption furnaces to decrease heat stress, thus increasing cuvette lifetimes.
 * Pyrolytic carbon is used for several applications in electronic thermal management: thermal-interface material, heat spreaders (sheets) and heat sinks (fins).
 * It is occasionally used to make tobacco pipes.
 * It is used to fabricate grid structures in some high-power vacuum tubes.
 * It is used as a monochromator for neutron and X-ray scattering studies.
 * Prosthetic heart valves
 * Radial head prosthesis
 * It is also used in automotive industries where a desired amount of friction is required between two components.
 * Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is used as the dispersive element in HOPG spectrometers, which are used for X-ray spectrometry.
 * It is used in personal protective gear.

Biomedical applications
Because blood clots do not easily form on it, it is often advisable to line a blood-contacting prosthesis with this material in order to reduce the risk of thrombosis. For example, it finds use in artificial hearts and artificial heart valves. Blood vessel stents, by contrast, are often lined with a polymer that has heparin as a pendant group, relying on drug action to prevent clotting. This is at least partly because of pyrolytic carbon's brittleness and the large amount of permanent deformation, which a stent undergoes during expansion.

Pyrolytic carbon is also in medical use to coat anatomically correct orthopedic implants, a.k.a. replacement joints. In this application it is currently marketed under the name "PyroCarbon". These implants have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the hand for metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) replacements. They are produced by two companies: Tornier (BioProfile) and Ascension Orthopedics. On September 23, 2011, Integra LifeSciences acquired Ascension Orthopedics. The company's pyrolytic carbon implants have been used to treat patients with different forms of osteoarthritis. In January 2021, Integra LifeSciences sold its orthopedics company to Smith+Nephew for $240 million.

The FDA has also approved PyroCarbon interphalangeal joint replacements under the Humanitarian Device Exemption.

title: Pyrolytic carbon


text:
Talk:God, the Devil and Bob

Airings
As I recall, when the show first premiered, a number of Fox's southern affiliates refused to air the program, meaning it never aired in those markets. 98.221.120.84 (talk) 06:18, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

 * What source says the show was "cancelled due to pressure from Christian groups"?

Just wondering as the IMDB triva page at http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0221751/trivia says it was cancelled due to low ratings.
 * The IMDB is notorious for incorrect content. However thats not to say it isnt right and id like to see some kind of official source that says it was cancelled and why. --Mercifull 14:45, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The BBC says that it was pulled after just four episodes but doesnt say if it was low ratings or pressure from religious nuts. --Mercifull 14:48, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I remember when this was aired on the BBC, and there was a fair bit of talk about how it had upset a lot of people in the US. Not sure how TV networks operate in the US, but wouldn't they have just moved the show to a different timeslot if it had low ratings?  I found this link http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/tom_brook/681071.stm which talks of a boycott. --Stuart 11th Oct 06
 * I think this is closer to what we are looking for http://www.guardian.co.uk/BBC/Story/0,,384780,00.html--Stuart 11th Oct 06
 * Those links are interesting. Though those don't appear to have the exact reason as to why it was canceled. Also I haven't heard of the IMDB being notorious for incorrect content before, I had always thought what they listed was correct. --Justin (Original Question Poster) 02:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

The DVD commentary says the religious nuts were mostly at fault, most of which never having seen the series —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.131.205 (talk) 06:35, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

The series was pre-empted by a lot of NBC affiliates at the time it originally aired in 2000 due to pressure from religious groups and local programmers who deemed it offensive. This, inherently, caused low ratings. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.29.211.18 (talk) 06:11, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Godthedevilandbobscreenshot.jpg
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BetacommandBot 04:39, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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typos and math error?
The Characters section says "Donna Allman...has recently returned to college after 14 years of parenting," but then calls Megan "Bob and Donna's 13-year-old daughter and eldest child." This might not be impossible if Donna had a child a year before Megan (but not with Bob, or if that child died), but i don't see anything in the article that says that.

The Characters section says "God...enjoys poptarts". Should that be spelled (and linked to) Pop-Tarts, or is it like using "coke" to refer to any soft drink, not just Coke?

Because the Devil is a specific character in this show, should the word Devil always use a capital D in this article?

--71.121.143.213 (talk) 19:15, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:God, the Devil and Bob


text: User talk:82.183.140.151

title: User talk:82.183.140.151


text:
Gopalganj

Gopalganj may refer to:

Bangladesh

 * Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, a district of Dhaka Division
 * Gopalganj, Bangladesh, a town and headquarter of Gopalganj district
 * Gopalganj Sadar Upazila, an upazila of Gopalganj District
 * Gopalganj-1, a parliamentary constituency
 * Gopalganj-2, a parliamentary constituency
 * Gopalganj-3, a parliamentary constituency

India

 * Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency), Bihar
 * Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Bihar
 * Gopalganj, Bihar, a town, municipality and headquarters of Gopalganj district
 * Gopalganj district, India, a district of the state of Bihar
 * Gopalganj Subdivision, a subdivision of Gopalganj district
 * Gopalganj, Madhya Pradesh, a village in Madhya Pradesh; see Wainganga River

title: Gopalganj


text:
Talk:Jimmy Smits

Untitled
I'M CURIOUS ABOUT JIMMY SMITTS. WHILE WORKING AS A NURSES ASSISTANT IN TULSA, OK, IN THE LATE 1990'S, I CARED FOR A PATIENT NAMED LORETTA SMIT. SHE CLAIMED THAT JIMMY SMIT WAS HER SON. THE OTHER NURSES SAID HE HAD BEEN THERE TO SEE HER. BUT HIS BIO NAMES HIS MOTHER AS EMELINA.SO NOW I'M CONFUSED. WHERE IS HIS MOTHER NOW? honey that is what i want to know where is she now —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.226.2.229 (talk) 23:54, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Great fan
I am a great fan of Jimmy Smits and would like to talk to other fans about sightings, news and those who have met him, get in touch with me at mounthagen2003@yahoo.co.uk I would love to hear from you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.41.240.15 (talk • contribs)

Real and fictional
Can I just say that the above bio is slightly wrong when it says that he is the only character to be mentioned by his real name and star as a fictional character? Matt Perry was also named by donna Moss/Janel Moloney in Season 1 and appeared as Joe Quincy in Seasons 4 and 5. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.92.40.49 (talk • contribs) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.208.133.61 (talk • contribs)
 * Damn, I think you're right. That's my error - I'll correct it now. - Hayter 16:28, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, can someone reference the episode in which Jimmy Smits is mentioned?

Fleshing this out
I think that this article needs a lot of work. There is a lot left out. --evrik 16:47, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Who did he play on Pee Wee's Playhouse?? (Ehighkick28c)
 * In the first episode of the fifth season, he played Jimmy Wilks, the Conky 2000 repairman. In fact, the episode is airing right as I type this. Cale 07:31, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

The article needs to be updated to include Mr. Smits' new production company. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.91.149.83 (talk) 03:23, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed edits
Why do you keep removing my edits? Are you protecting him? LATruthLA (talk) 20:41, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This edit? Needs a reference. I don't see anything that isn't already on the page. --CNMall41 (talk) 22:46, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Fictional Bio
Jimmy Smits went to school at Baden High School, near San Francisco, CA. He lived in the Bay Area from 1969 into 1980's. Even after 1980. I knew him as well as many of my friends and I was at his Graduation Day.

My name is Vanessa Clark. He knew Vince Herrera and many others. 2601:640:8800:3170:690D:3FB7:4142:2A53 (talk) 17:48, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jimmy Smits


text:
User:Mace13

Basic Info

 * Location: Norman, OK, USA
 * Occupation: Student at the University of Oklahoma. I am a senior majoring in Mathematics.
 * Hometown: Louisville, Kentucky.

Interests
I love learning about new things in many topics, thus I fell in love with Wikipedia when I found it. However, I did not write my first article for Wikipedia until January 2005. My primary interests are weather, sports, and history.

title: User:Mace13


text:
Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry, originating in Savoy. It eventually was the pinnacle of the honours system in the Kingdom of Italy, which ceased to be a national order when the kingdom became a republic in 1946. Today, the order continues as a dynastic order under the jurisdiction of the Head of the House of Savoy.

History and statutes
The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation originated in 1362, when Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343–1383) instituted the order's earliest designation, under the title of Order of the Collar. The order was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, who is celebrated as "Our Lady of the Annunciation." The order is a dynastic religious (or Catholic) order of chivalry.

Under its first formulation, the order had fifteen knights. The number was symbolic of the number of daily masses celebrated with the order. In 1409, Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, gave the order its first known statutes, and in 1434, he extended the order to five more knights.

Amadeus VIII's statutes were subsequently amended and reformed by Duke Carlo III in 1518, by Duke Emanuele Filiberto I in 1570, and thereafter by succeeding Sovereigns. The most recent took place on 11 June 1985 by Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Sovereign of the order. It was in 1518, that many of the present designations were instituted. Most importantly, the order's name was changed to its current name, The Most Holy Supreme Order of the Annunciation. The badge of the order was also changed, with the representation of the Blessed Virgin Mary being added.

The order, throughout its early history and following the reforms of Duke Carlo III, was awarded for supreme recognition of distinguished services. The order constituted a kind of religious and military fraternity between the Sovereign Head of the Order and his companions; it was reserved exclusively for distinguished men-at-arms who, apart from exemplary service, had to be of illustrious birth, particularly of catholic and noble birth.

Eventually, it was deemed appropriate to recognize those who had rendered distinguished service to the Kingdom of Italy (and the House of Savoy) in the exercise of high civil offices, not requiring, when such achievements could be demonstrated, nobility of birth as well.

The order holds the following other regulations:
 * The number of knights of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation shall be, as in the past, twenty.
 * The right to appoint knights and officers of the Order appertains exclusively to the Sovereign Head. When there are vacancies, the Sovereign Head meets with the Chapter of Knights to hear their advice on the proposal of candidates whom he alone may select.
 * The knights shall be chosen from distinguished individuals in recognition of their eminent services in high military positions, as well as from those who have distinguished themselves in senior positions in the civil service, and from those who, as private citizens have brought distinction upon Italy as exemplary benefactors of the Nation or of Mankind, or have rendered particularly noteworthy services to the Royal House of Savoy.
 * Knights must have already been awarded the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.
 * Knights must be Catholic. On rare occasions, a non-Catholic may be awarded the order. However, they may only be honorary members of the order.

In 1925, a law was passed on the day before Christmas which made the Head of Government (who at the time was Benito Mussolini) the Secretary of the Order, and stipulated that he would preside over the Knights of the Order at public functions and ceremonies.

In October 2023, Princess Vittoria, Princess of Carignano was created the first female Knight of the Order since its inception, by her grandfather Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, Sovereign of the Order. Upon her eventual ascension as the Head of the House of Savoy, The Princess of Carignano will also become the first female Sovereign of the Order.

Classes and insignia
The order has one rank and grade, i.e. Knight. The full Italian title is Cavaliere dell'Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata. The order has two sets of insignia, the Small Collar (Piccola Collana) and the Grand Collar (Grande Collana). The two hold similar designs, though the Grande Collana has some different features than the Small Collar and is worn only on the most special of occasions.

The Grand Collar consists of fourteen ornate sections, each of which is made up of the letters FERT in gold, intertwined with a white and red enamelled Savoyan knot. The sections are interlinked with fourteen roses, alternately enamelled red and white. The roses represent the mysteries in the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The knots surrounding the medallion of the collar is enamelled white, red, and blue. Pending from one of the fourteen sections is the medallion, which portrays an enamelled depiction of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary by the Archangel Gabriel. The medallion is surrounded by three intertwined Savoyan knots, decorated with small crosses fleury, and in the upper centre, between two of the Savoyan knots, a cluster of rays with a dove, representing the Holy Spirit, is depicted also in gold.

The Small Collar is similar to the Large Collar, although of reduced size and with additional differences. The collar is made up of fifteen, rather than fourteen sections, and they are not separated by enamelled rose. The whole collar and medallion are solid gold, rather than with colored enamel like the Large Collar. The medallion pends from the interactions of two of the fourteen sections, rather than pending from the middle of as in the Large Collar.

The star of the order, which was first used in 1680 by specifications of the Royal Lady Maria Giovana Battista, Duchess Regent of Savoy, is of gold and also has a representation of the Annunciation in a medallion in the centre which is set within a gold cross of four pommels. This is surrounded by a cluster of gold rays. Between the arms of the cross of four pommels are the letters F.E.R.T.

Regulations
The insignia of the order has the following regulations:
 * The large collar (Grande Collana) is worn on the first day of the year, on the feast of the Most Holy Annunciation, and on all of the principal national holidays and at important royal functions.
 * The small collar (Piccola Collana) is worn on every other occasion which necessitates the display of order insignia.
 * Knights also wear, on the left breast, a star badge bearing the image of Holy Mary of the Annunciation.

On initiation of a new knight into the order, the small collar was worn by the initiate before the accolade by the Grand Master. After the accolade, the Grand Master would place the large collar over the shoulders of the new knight.

When the order is not worn, Knights may wear a gold miniature of the badge (medallion of the collar) of the order suspended from a red ribbon. They may also wear either a ribbon bar (upon a uniform) or a rosette (upon a suit), both of which are red and have a miniature cross of four pommels engraved with the Annunciation.

Grand Magisterium
While the Grand Magisterium of Prince Aimone of Savoy is limited to his claim, the Grand Magisterium of Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice is currently in effect. The governing body of the dynastic orders of the Royal House of Savoy consists of the Sovereign and Grand Master of the Order, the Grand Chancellor of the Order, the Council of the Order, Members, and the Giunta of the Order. The following are some of those that make up the Grand Magisterium of the order.

 * Grand Master: Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice (Head of the Royal House of Savoy, disputed by Prince Aimone of Savoy)
 * Chairman/President of the Council: Vacant, disputed by Prince Aimone of Savoy's son Prince Umberto)
 * Cardinal protector: Giovanni Cardinal Cheli
 * Grand Chancellor: Johannes Theo Niederhauser
 * Grand Treasurer: Nicolas Gagnebin
 * Grand Prior: Mgr. Paolo de Nicolò (titular Bishop of Mariana)
 * Grand Master of Ceremonies: Alberto Bochicchio

Notable recipients

 * George V
 * Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse
 * Hermann Göring
 * Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, former king of Bulgaria
 * Felipe VI, current king of Spain
 * Matthew Festing, former Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of Italy and Duce of Fascism
 * Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
 * Princess Vittoria of Savoy
 * Prince Aimone of Savoy
 * Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice
 * Mariano Hugo, Prince of Windisch-Graetz

Among the notable recipients of the order of the Annunciation, King Amanullah of Afghanistan (reigned 1919–1929) should probably be mentioned, especially since he was not a Christian. He received the honour during his State visit to Italy in 1928, when he authorized, for the first time, the opening of a Catholic church in Afghanistan (within the Italian Embassy) and the residence of a Catholic priest.


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Royal Trinity Hospice

Royal Trinity Hospice is the oldest hospice in the United Kingdom; it was founded in 1891 by a member of the Hoare banking family. It is located in Clapham Common, London, England, and provides specialist palliative care. In 2019, Royal Trinity Hospice was rated "Outstanding" by the Care Quality Commission, the highest rating that can be awarded. The hospice provides palliative and end of life care for patients in an inpatient unit at their Clapham Common headquarters and in the community, wherever patients may be living. In 2018, Trinity cared for 2,500 patients; in addition, the hospice provided pre- and post-bereavement support for over 900 carers.

Royal Trinity Hospice provides its specialist services free of charge for those who need them across its community of over 750,000 people from central and south-west London. Its catchment includes all of the London borough of Wandsworth and parts of the London boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham, Richmond upon Thames, Merton, Westminster and Lambeth. Trinity's current CEO is Emily Carter.

History
William Hoare created the hospice in 1891 when he appealed for funds in The Times newspaper on Christmas Day to provide a home "for the man who is neither curable nor incurable, but simply dying". He gave £1,000 of the £2,000 needed to set up the Hostel of God, as Trinity was originally called. The remainder was raised by public subscription.

By 1894, Trinity had ten beds. Patients were cared for by the Order of St James's Servants of the Poor, a teaching order of nuns. In 1896, the Society of Saint Margaret of East Grinstead, a nursing order, took over. In 1899, the hospice moved from The Chase to Clapham Common Northside. By 1933, Trinity had 55 spaces in the Hospice and was constantly caring for those in need. The much needed service continued to grow with the opening of the 25-bed St Michael's ward in 1953, bringing the bed total to 75.

During the 1960s and 1970s, significant changes were made in the philosophy of running hospices, and more focus was put on symptom relief and enhancing a patient's quality of life to the end. Trinity Hospice still follows this policy today, putting the patient's quality of life first.

In 1977, the running of Trinity Hospice was transferred from the hands of the nuns to Trinity's Council, which had been in place since the early 1900s. The hospice became a secular independent home.

From 1978 to 1985, the first refurbishment programme took place, which included a renovation of its gardens. During this period only 18 beds were occupied. This was not only due to the work going on but also a consequence of the increasing popularity of end of life care in the home. Thirty beds were available on completion of the work.

In 1980, Trinity's first full-time medical director was appointed and its home-care team was established, offering their services to people with terminal illnesses in their own homes. 1980 was also the year that Trinity took its current name and officially stopped being the Hostel of God. During the 1980s Trinity expanded its services in education and in 1987 opened a day centre to outpatients.

Trinity celebrated its centenary in 1991 with a service in Westminster Abbey. In the 1990s, treatment was broadened to include any patient with a life-threatening illness, as well as a greater emphasis on the needs of carers.

In 2009, a new, purpose-built 28-bed inpatient centre was added, designed around the needs of the patients by TP Bennett. The building greatly improved the services provided at Trinity, offering patients private, en suites, family-friendly areas, counselling and bereavement rooms, new medical facilities and balconies overlooking peaceful gardens. The inpatient centre won the Civic Trust Award 2019 and a Building Better Healthcare Award for Best End of Life Care Design in 2009.

Royal Trinity Hospice Shops
Trinity has an estate of 21 shops across central and south west London selling new and pre-used goods, that help generate over £5.6 million towards free palliative and end of life care every year. Trinity's shops have been recognised by Vogue as among the best vintage shops in London and the best charity shops in London by Time Out.

In 2018, Royal Trinity Hospice shops collaborated with food writer Jasmine Hemsley on a collection of pre-used goods as part of the Love Not Landfill campaign, funded by the London Waste and Recycling board. In 2019 Trinity partnered with social media influencer Oenone for the same campaign.

Residents
Among those who have stayed at the hospice are:
 * Ninian Comper (died 1960)
 * Philip Watkins (died 1995)
 * Michael Latimer (died 2011)
 * David Webb (anti-censorship campaigner) (died 2012)
 * Lisa Lynch, journalist (died 2013)
 * Dudley Sutton, actor (died 2018)

title: Royal Trinity Hospice


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Rustication (architecture)

Rustication is a range of masonry techniques used in classical architecture giving visible surfaces a finish texture that contrasts with smooth, squared-block masonry called ashlar. The visible face of each individual block is cut back around the edges to make its size and placing very clear. In addition the central part of the face of each block may be given a deliberately rough or patterned surface.

Rusticated masonry is usually "dressed", or squared off neatly, on all sides of the stones except the face that will be visible when the stone is put in place. This is given wide joints that emphasize the edges of each block, by angling the edges ("channel-jointed"), or dropping them back a little. The main part of the exposed face may be worked flat and smooth or left with, or worked, to give a more or less rough or patterned surface. Rustication is often used to give visual weight to the ground floor in contrast to smooth ashlar above. Though intended to convey a "rustic" simplicity, the finish is highly artificial, and the faces of the stones often carefully worked to achieve an appearance of a coarse finish.

Rustication was used in ancient times, but became especially popular in the revived classical styles of Italian Renaissance architecture and that of subsequent periods, particularly in the lower floors of secular buildings. It remains in use in some modern architecture.

Similar finishes are very common in medieval architecture, especially in castles, walls and similar buildings, but here it merely arises from an unwillingness to spend the extra money required for ashlar masonry in a particular building, and lacks the deliberate emphasis on the joints between blocks. Though it often achieves a decorative effect, this is something of a by-product, and the exploitation for architectural effect within a single building of contrasts between rusticated and ashlar surfaces is rarely seen. In some buildings, such as the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence (begun 1298) something other than cost-saving is at play, and this may be the association of the technique with the display of power and strength, from its use in military architecture. Rough finishes on stone are also very common in architecture outside the European tradition, but these too would generally not be called rustication. For example, the bases of Japanese castles and other fortifications usually use rough stone, often very attractively.

History

Although rustication is known from a few buildings of Greek and Roman antiquity, for example Rome's Porta Maggiore, the method first became popular during the Renaissance, when the stone work of lower floors and sometimes entire facades of buildings were finished in this manner. It was generally used for secular buildings, and has always remained uncommon in churches, perhaps through a lingering association with the architecture of military power; there are exceptions, such as St Giles in the Fields, London (1730–34).

Probably the earliest and most influential example is the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, built between 1444 and 1484, with two contrasting rusticated finishes. The ground floor has an irregular and genuinely rugged appearance, with a variation in the degree to which parts of the faces of blocks project from the wall that is rarely equalled later. Above, the rustication is merely to emphasize the individual blocks, and the faces are all smooth and even. Also in Florence, Palazzo Strozzi, begun 1489, with large oblong rounded cushions, and the front of the Palazzo Pitti, begun 1458, rusticated their whole facades in the same style. These facades only used the classical orders in mullions and aedicules, with arched forms in rustication the main relief from the massive flat walls. The Palazzo Rucellai, probably of the 1460s, begins to classicize such facades, using smooth-faced rustication throughout, except for the pilasters at each level.

In Rome, Donato Bramante's Palazzo Caprini ("House of Raphael", by 1510, now destroyed) provided a standard model for the integration of rustication with the orders. Here the obvious strength of a blind arched arcade with emphatic voussoirs on the rusticated ground storey (in fact using stucco) gave reassuring support to the upper storey's paired Doric columns standing on rusticated piers, set against a smooth wall. The first major Renaissance building in Spain, the Palace of Charles V in Granada (1527), had a deeply rusticated ground floor facade with regular rounded cushions.

The technique was enthusiastically taken up by the next generation of Mannerist architects, with Giulio Romano in the lead. Most early examples of this "rustic" style are therefore built for sophisticated patrons in the leading centres of taste. Giulio's Palazzo Maccarani Stati in Rome and Palazzo Te in Mantua expand the voussoirs still further, and the courtyard in Mantua plays games with the technique, with some blocks ashlar, other projecting further than the rest, and larger blocks placed higher than smaller ones. The Mannerist architectural writer Sebastiano Serlio and others of his generation enjoyed the play between rusticated and finished architectural elements. In the woodcut of a doorway from Serlio's 1537 treatise, the banded rustication of the wall is carried right across the attached column and the moldings of the doorway surround, binding together all the elements.

The Italians brought in to expand the Palace of Fontainebleau introduced the technique to France. Its spread to Germany and England took longer, but by about the end of the 16th century it had reached all parts of Europe. In his Banqueting House in London (1619), Inigo Jones gave a lightly rusticated surface texture to emphasize the blocks on both storeys, and to unify them behind his orders of pilasters and columns. During the 18th century, following the Palladian revival, rustication was widely used on the ground floors of large buildings, as its contrived appearance of simplicity and solidity contrasted well to the carved ornamental stonework and columns of the floors above: "Rustication became almost obligatory in all 18th- and 19th-century public buildings in Europe and the USA". A ground floor with rustication, especially in an English mansion such as Kedleston Hall, is sometimes referred to as the "rustic floor", in order to distinguish it from the piano nobile above. As well as uses emphasizing the horizontal, rustication is often used in relatively narrow vertical bands, on the quoins at corners or elsewhere. Rustication may also be confined to the surrounds of arches, doors or windows, especially at the top. In these and other situations where rustication stops horizontally, the edge is usually made up of vertically alternating long and short blocks. Rustication therefore often reverses the patterns of medieval and later vernacular architecture, where roughly dressed wall surfaces often contrast with ashlar quoins and frames to openings.

Architectural books by authors such as James Gibbs and William Chambers set out detailed recommendations for the proportions of the blocks in relation to columns in the same facade, and the proportion of the block that a widened joint should occupy, though their prescriptions differ, and were not always followed by architects.

Typically, rustication after 1700 is highly regular, with the front faces of blocks flat even when worked in patterns, as opposed to the real unevenness often seen in the 16th-century examples. Often the Palazzo Medici Riccardi model is followed; the ground floor has heavy rustication with textured faces, while above there is smooth-faced "V" rustication. Though such horizontal zones of rustication are the most common, vertical zones can often be used as highlights, as in the illustration from Catania above, or the Cour Napoleon in the Louvre Palace. The Baroque garden front of the Palazzo Pitti achieves a striking effect, not often copied, by using extensive "blocking", both rounded and rectangular, on the shafts of its columns and pilasters.

Canton Viaduct, a blind arcade cavity wall railroad viaduct built in 1834–35 in Canton, Massachusetts is an example of modest effects of rustication in industrial architecture; the effect is pleasing, and the cost was probably reduced. Massive effects of contrasting rustications typify the "Richardsonian Romanesque" style exemplified in the 1870s and 80s by the American architect H. H. Richardson. The technique is still sometimes used in architecture of a broadly Modernist character, especially in city centre streets where it helps modern buildings blend with older ones with rustication.

Although essentially a technique for stone masonry, rustication can be imitated in brick and stucco, which began as early as Bramante's Palazzo Caprini and was common in smaller houses in Georgian architecture, and also in wood (see below), which is mainly found in British America.

Variations

The most common variation of rustication is the smooth-faced, where the external face of the block is smooth, as in ashlar, and differs from that only by the cutting in at the joints; this became increasingly popular, and is now the most commonly seen type. If deeply cut-back edges are worked only to the horizontal joints, with the appearance of the vertical joints being minimised, the resulting effect is known as "banded rustication", mostly seen on the lowest levels of very large buildings like the Palace of Versailles or the main Foreign Office building in London. As at Versailles, the bands may be "elbowed", dipping diagonally around arches to join up with and emphasize the voussoirs. Banded rustication is mostly seen with smooth-faced stones, and has remained popular in Stripped Classicism and other contemporary versions of classical styles. In this style, the bands are sometimes several feet apart, making it apparent that stone facings are being used.

When the stone is left with a rough external surface, rough shapes may be drilled or chiselled in the somewhat smoothed face in a technique called "vermiculation" ("vermiculate rustication" or "vermicular rustication"), so called from the Latin vermiculus meaning "little worm", because the shapes resemble worms, worm-casts or worm tracks in mud or wet sand. Carved vermiculation requires a good deal of careful mason's work, and is mostly used over limited areas to highlight them. Disparities between individual blocks are often seen, presumably as different carvers interpreted their patterns slightly differently, or had different levels of skill. The small Turner Mausoleum at Kirkleatham by James Gibbs (1740) has an unusually large area vermiculated, over half of the main level. When the shapes join up to form a network, the style is called "reticulated".

Often, especially from the Baroque onwards, the roughly flattened central areas of stones are indented in regular, but not too regular, patterns called "pecked" or "picked-work", and various other ways of patterning them may be found. In garden architecture, where water was to flow over or near the surface, a vertically oriented pattern evoking hanging pond-weed or algae, or icicles ("frost-work") is sometimes used. Also associated with gardens is "cyclopian" rustication, where the blocks are very large and irregular, as though placed by giants, and "rock-work", where surfaces are built up of rough rocks not placed in regular courses at all. This last goes beyond rustication, and is found in fountains and follies, and later rockeries for planting.

In "prismatic rustication" the blocks are dressed at an angle near each edge, giving a prism-like shape. Where the faces rise to a single point, this is often known by terms using "diamond", and is covered below. They may also, usually in blocks that are oblong rather than square, rise to a ridge in the centre. Both types are illustrated, with several others, by Serlio.

Diamond rustication
Various types of other patterns in masonry surfaces are sometimes called rustication. These include "diamond point" or "diamond rustication" where the face of each stone is a low pyramid facing out. This covered the whole facade of the Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara, completed in 1503, and most of that of the Palace of Facets in the Moscow Kremlin, designed by Italians and completed in 1492, with rectangular "diamonds". These "diamond palaces" influenced other whole walls of diamonds at Casa dos Bicos in Portugal (after 1523, alternate stones only), and Crichton Castle in Scotland (c. 1585; all stones, with flat edges between pyramids).

The round towers at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan almost use diamonds, but their points are smoothed over. The illustration at right, from Catania in Sicily, alternates rows of three square "diamond" blocks with two oblong blocks, where the faces rise to a ridge rather than a point, showing both the main forms of "prismatic rustication".

The sharply pointed styles have really nothing to do with classical rustication, and are instead a development of styles of raised decoration of masonry that were popular in late Gothic architecture, especially the Iberian Manueline (or Portuguese late Gothic) and its equivalent in Spain, known as Isabelline Gothic. When not figurative these are known as bossage. These are probably a development of Mudéjar styles of patterning walls. In the spectacular late 15th-century gateway to the Palacio de Jabalquinto in Baeza, Andalucia, small widely spaced pyramids cover one of the many zones with fancy carved elements, projecting from a wall otherwise in ashlar.

Later, in Baroque architecture, relatively small areas of diamond rustication were reintegrated into architecture in the classical tradition, and were popular as highlights, especially in Sicily and southern Italy and Eastern and Central Europe. The large Černín Palace in Prague (1660s) repeats the Kremlin formula of a broad zone of diamonds across the middle height of the facade, though like the towers in Milan these do not come to a point.

Feigned rustication

The appearance of rustication, creating a rough, unfinished stone-like surface, can be worked on a wooden exterior. This process became popular in 18th century New England to translate the features of Palladian architecture to the house-carpenter's idiom: in Virginia Monticello and Mount Vernon both made use of this technique. Mount Vernon in particular makes extensive use of feigned rustication and sanded paint and the original finished surfaces of several original planks still survive.

Rustication of a wooden exterior consists of three basic steps. First, the wood is cut, sanded and prepared with beveled grooves that make each plank appear as if it were a series of stone blocks. Second, the wood is painted with a thick coat of paint. Third, while the paint is still wet, sand is thrown or air blasted onto the planks until no more sand will stick. After the paint dries the plank is ready for use.

In Central Europe, especially the Czech Republic, feigned rustication in sgraffito (decoration by scraping away one colour of coating on an exterior to show another beneath) is a feature from the late Renaissance onwards, continuing into the 20th century. Often "prismatic" or "diamond" rustication is imitated.

title: Rustication (architecture)


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Tafunsak

Tafunsak (formerly transliterated as Tahfuhnsahk) is the largest settlement on the island of Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia. Its population was 2,457 at the 2000 census. This includes Walung, which had been incorporated into the municipality of Tafunsak since the 1980s. The area of the municipality is 42.8 km2, making it the largest municipality by area. This includes the 19.5 km2 of former Walung municipality.

The word "Tafunsak" means "half forest and half beach," the former referring to the island's tropical jungles.

Tafunsak is the closest village by road to Kosrae Airport.

Education
Kosrae State Department of Education operates Tafunsak Elementary School and Walung Elementary School. High school students attend Kosrae High School in Tofol, Lelu municipality.

Climate
Tafunsak has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with very heavy rainfall year-round.

title: Tafunsak


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Cymbaline

where is the edit page? 203.26.206.129 09:08, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Edit page for what? Angela. 09:22, May 28, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cl0ck crew

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was . speedy delete. bainer (talk) 23:58, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Cl0ck crew & Clock Crew
Was previously deleted here: Votes for deletion/Clock Crew. This has been recreated a couple of times so I thought it was worth listing again. Content is significantly different also. — Xezbeth 09:12, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete, seeing that this has already been ditched. Linuxbeak | Desk 12:21, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Michail Goleminov

Michail Marinov Goleminov (Михаил Маринов Големинов) (2 June 1956 – 26 February 2022) was a Bulgarian pianist, conductor and composer.

Life and career
Goleminov was born in Bulgaria, and was the son of composer Marin Goleminov. He studied composition with Dimitar Tapkoff and Konstantin Iliev and conducting with Konstantin Iliev at the State Music Conservatory in Sofia, then in 1985 continued his musical education in Austria and Holland with Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, Ton de Leeuw, Alexander Baltin (composition), Karl Österreicher (conducting), and Harald Ossberger (piano). He also studied electroacoustic music with Dieter Kaufmann at Institute for Electroacoustic Music in Vienna.

Between 1992 and 1998 he collaborated in a series of theatrical productions in Austria and took part in projects involving contemporary arts, mixed media, and intuitive and computer music.

A participant in various concerts as pianist, composer, and conductor, he is the recipient of such international composition prizes as the Hambacher Preis, Sommerliche Musiktage Hitzacker, Carl Maria von Weber.

His works span a wide spectrum of styles and genres, from chamber and orchestral pieces to computer music, video-compositions and music graphs, and have been commissioned by the Vienna Konzerthaus, Quebec New Music Society (Montreal), the MELO-x Saxophone Quartet, and other leading organizations and ensembles.

Goleminov worked as a freelance musician based in Sofia, and he was the co-founder of Orange Factory psychoacoustic arts (http://orangefactory.net), an experimental center for musical creation, performance, publication, and education.

He died on 26 February 2022, at the age of 65.

Musical works

 * 'Floating metal' for piano
 * Sonatina, 10 piano pieces
 * 'Piano people' (two pianos)
 * 'Revelation' for two pianos
 * 'Illusion valley' for two pianos and electronics ad lib.
 * 'Maze of Ravings' for two pianos and electronics
 * GALILEO for piano and electronics
 * BLOW for flute
 * FRITZ, MY FIRE concert study for piano, Friedrich Gulda in memoriam
 * "Music of melting ice" for piano
 * 'Coyote' for saxophone quartet and live electronics
 * 'VOX' for saxophone quartet, vocals and electronics
 * "Five o'clock at Heiner Stadler's" for violin, piano and electronics
 * 'Chain Wheel' for cello, piano and electronics
 * 'Lightwave' II for large orchestra and electronics
 * "Incoherent.... lay-by" for chamber ensemble
 * String quartet
 * Contemplations - musical graphics
 * CONCERTO in c minor for two pianos
 * Gladiator for two percussionists and live electronics
 * HYPERKLAVIER for piano and live electronics
 * Béla Bartók's Heart for large orchestra, electronics and video
 * Implicitly for piano left hand
 * MAGRITTE-ETUDES for one or two pianos and video
 * TRANSFIGURATIONS OF SUNRISE for large orchestra
 * LE VOYEUR for bass clarinet and live electronics
 * INEVITABLE FLASHBACK for bass clarinet and electronics
 * ILLUSION VALLEY for two pianos and electronics
 * Prelude and Fugue for piano and live electronics
 * The Double Live of Dr. Schoenberg for alto saxophone and live electronics
 * PARLIAMENT piano and electronics
 * Silicon Concerto for artificial intelligence and any number of soloists
 * 7 piano etudes
 * Electronic music and music for instruments and live electronics
 * Generative music software (for Windows) for live performance and experimental purposes - HYPERKLAVIER, ANTHILL, DR. SCHOENBERG, ALEXANDER SCRIABIN - Paint-shop, Ltd., TOTAL-J, CYCLOPS, SILICON CONCERT0, SYNAESTYZER, E_SHAKESPEARE
 * Music for theater, TV and video

title: Michail Goleminov


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Eugeniusz Lokajski

Eugeniusz Zenon Lokajski (14 December 1908 – 25 September 1944) was a Polish athlete, gymnast and photographer. He is notable as the Champion of Poland in javelin throw and the creator of more than 1000 photos documenting the Warsaw Uprising.

Biography
Eugeniusz Lokajski was born in 1908 in Warsaw. In 1924 he joined the Warszawianka sports club, where he started training in a variety of disciplines, including swimming, running and football. Initially he wanted to join the javelin section, but was refused by the coach. In 1928 he passed his baccalaureate exams at the Mikołaj Rej lyceum and served the obligatory service in the Polish Army. After graduating from the reserve NCO school in Zambrów, Lokajski joined the Central Sport Education Centre in Bielany, Warsaw.

In 1932 he returned to KS Warszawianka and became one of the most notable athletes of that club. Successful in hurdling, long jump, high jump and decathlon, he was finally admitted to the javelin section. In 1934 he became Champion of Poland in javelin throw and in gymnastics, which he achieved also the following year. His 1936 javelin record (73.27 metres, established during a duel with Walter Turczyk of Poznań) was not beaten until 17 years later, long after his death.

At the time, it was the third best record in the world. In 1935 he was a member of the Polish team to the World Student Games in Budapest and won the silver medal for javelin throw. He took part in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. However, during training he suffered an injury of the scapula muscle, which made his results much worse. His result (66,36 m) gave him seventh place. After the Olympics it turned out that the injury was a serious one and it ended his sports career.

In 1937 he briefly appeared in the Poland national team and was appointed to the Polish team for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, but then he finally withdrew from sports life and had to spend several months in various hospitals. Also, an ear disease resulted in a series of surgical operations, one of them resulting in skull trepanation.

Conscripted into the Polish Army for the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Lokajski served as a platoon commander in the Polish 35th Infantry Regiment. After the Battle of Brześć he was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but managed to escape to Warsaw, which most probably saved him from the fate of other Polish officers, murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn Massacre. In Warsaw he reunited with his family and opened a photographic shop. At the same time he served as a teacher in one of the underground universities operating secretly in Warsaw. After his brother, Józef Lokajski, was killed by the Germans, Eugeniusz took over his duties in the Armia Krajowa unit, where he started serving as the person responsible for arms and munitions transport. There he served with distinction as lieutenant Brok (his nom de guerre).

After the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, both Lokajski and his sister joined the Koszta company, the staff defense unit defending the commanders of the Śródmieście area. The commander of his unit, Stefan Mich Kmita knew Lokajski from before the war and decided to use his photographical talents and provided him with a camera, with which Eugeniusz Lokajski started to document the fate of the Warsaw Uprising. Throughout the 63 days of the Uprising, Lokajski made more than a thousand of pictures, each of priceless value for historians. After 30 August, when the Polish forces were short of professional officers, Lokajski was attached to the 2nd platoon of the Koszta company as its commanding officer. Among the most notable skirmishes his unit took part in was the ill-fated attempt to join the forces fighting in the Warsaw's Old Town with those fighting in the city centre. His unit was the only one to successfully reach the specified area of operations, but it was withdrawn due to failure of other units to achieve their goals.

After the action, Lokajski's unit was withdrawn to the rear and became the tactical reserve of the HQ, used for filling the gaps in Polish lines. Among the most serious fights he took part in was the struggle for the barricades on Chmielna street, as well as for the Main Post Office, in which he managed to retake the lost building and capture 18 German prisoners of war. Although his unit was decimated and cut out in the ruins without supplies, food and ammunition, Lokajski held out with his men until a relief force arrived – 48 hours later. By the end of the Uprising, on 25 September 1944, Lokajski was attached to the Headquarters of the Armia Krajowa as a photographer. His main task was to prepare photos of important AK soldiers for fake German documents, which would allow them to evade captivity and continue the struggle. Lacking materials, Lokajski went to a photographic shop at Marszałkowska street 129. Caught in an artillery barrage, he was killed in the ruins of the house. It was not until May 1945 that his body was exhumed from the rubble and buried in the Powązki Cemetery, among other Polish sportsmen killed in World War II. After the war a collection of photos documenting the Uprising was found in Warsaw, well hidden in one of the ruined houses.

His collection of 840 photographs documenting the Uprising, along with some taken by him before the War, was published on 4 February 2008 in a 500-page album through the joint effort of his sister Zofia Domańska and the Warsaw Uprising Museum.

There is a street named after him in Warsaw's borough of Ursynow.

Image gallery
Some of the images of the Lokajski's archive:

title: Eugeniusz Lokajski


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Scottish Arts Council

The Scottish Arts Council (Comhairle Ealain na h-Alba, Scots Airts Cooncil) was a Scottish public body responsible for the funding, development and promotion of the arts in Scotland. The Council primarily distributed funding from the Scottish Government as well as National Lottery funds received via the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The Scottish Arts Council was formed in 1994 following a restructuring of the Arts Council of Great Britain, but had existed as an autonomous body since a royal charter of 1967. In 2010 it merged with Scottish Screen to form Creative Scotland.

Activities
The Council funded all the major areas of the arts, seeking to maintain balance between the many diverse communities of Scotland. In addition, it funded cultural groups and events affiliated with immigrant communities and minorities in Scotland. It sponsored two book awards:

 * The Scottish Arts Council Book of the Year Award (worth £5,000); and
 * The Scottish Arts Council Children's Book of the Year Award (worth £10,000).

The council was pivotal in forming policy for the nation in regard to Arts, Culture and Education after devolution, resulting in the seminal publication Arts Education: A Lifelong Learning Strategy. Published in 2004, this document articulated a national strategy to be put in place 2004–2009. It was crafted through "a year of rigorous discussion, thinking, drafting and re-drafting, and has been much informed by consultation with the wider world of education and the arts."

Replacement of the Scottish Arts Council
In January 2006, it was announced that the Scottish Government would assume direct responsibility for the main national arts companies (Scottish Opera, Scottish Ballet, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Scottish Chamber Orchestra) and that the Arts Council was to be replaced by a new body. This change was made in response to the report issued by the Cultural Commission chaired by James Boyle. The Scottish Arts Council was replaced by Creative Scotland on 1 July 2010.

title: Scottish Arts Council


text: Talk:Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC

title: Talk:Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC


text: User talk:84.73.64.119

title: User talk:84.73.64.119


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Charles Erskine, Lord Tinwald

Charles Erskine also spelled Areskine (1680 – 5 April 1763), of Tinwald and Barjarg, Dumfries, and Alva, Clackmannan was Lord Advocate, a Scottish judge, and a politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1742.

Life
Erskine was the fourth son of Sir Charles Erskine, 1st Baronet, of Alva, Clackmannanshire and his wife Christian Dundas, daughter of Sir James Dundas, Lord Arniston. His older brothers included Robert Erskine, physician to Peter the Great.

He was educated at the High School of Edinburgh and studied law at the University of Edinburgh from 1693. At the age of 20 he was a candidate for the office of one of the four Regents of the University of Edinburgh, and after an examination with several competitors obtained that appointment on 26 November 1700 until 17 October 1707. On 7 November 1707 he was appointed the first Professor of Public Law at the University, despite the protests of the council. He was at Utrecht in about 1710 and became a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 14 July 1711. Erskine was elected Member of Parliament for Dumfriesshire in 1722, 1727 and 1734, for the Dumfries Burghs in 1734, for the Tain Burghs in 1741. He was Solicitor General for Scotland from 2 June 1725, Lord Advocate from 20 January 1737 to 1742. He was raised as a Lord of Justiciary, and also to the bench on 23 November 1744 as Lord Tinwald. He was also Lord Justice Clerk from 15 June 1748 until his death.

In 1749 he purchased Alva House from his nephew and enlarged and remodelled the property. His Edinburgh property at this time (required to attend the Edinburgh courts) was at Mylne's Square, opposite the Tron Kirk 200m east of the courts.

In 1755 he purchased Drumsheugh House west of Edinburgh. He commissioned James Adam to extend the property and refront in a more modern idiom. The house was two storey and basement in form. The house was demolished to create Drumsheugh Place.

Family
He married Grizel Grierson, daughter of John Grierson of Barjarg on 21 December 1712, through whom he inherited Barjarg Tower.

Erskine married as his second wife Elizabeth Maxwell, widow of Dr William Maxwell of Preston, Lancashire, and daughter of William Harestanes of Craigs, Kirkcudbright on 26 August 1753. He died at Edinburgh on 5 April 1763 leaving two sons by his first wife: Erskine's brother Sir John Erskine was also an MP.
 * Charles Erskine (1716–1749) - a lawyer, and MP for Ayr Burghs from 1747 to 1749.
 * James Erskine, Lord Alva

In fiction
Charles Erskine, Lord Tinwald, features as a character in Andrew Drummond's fantasy novel, "The Books of the Incarceration of the Lady Grange'' (2016).

title: Charles Erskine, Lord Tinwald


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Four Yorkshiremen

The "Four Yorkshiremen" is a comedy sketch that parodies nostalgic conversations about humble beginnings or difficult childhoods. It features four men from Yorkshire who reminisce about their upbringing. As the conversation progresses they try to outdo one another, and their accounts of deprived childhoods become increasingly absurd.

The sketch was written by Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman, and originally performed in 1967 on their TV series At Last the 1948 Show. It later became associated with the comedy group Monty Python (which included Cleese and Chapman), who performed it in their live shows, including Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl.

At Last the 1948 Show
The sketch was written as "Good Old Days" and performed for the 1967 British television comedy series At Last the 1948 Show by the show's four writer-performers: Brooke-Taylor, Cleese, Chapman, and Feldman. Barry Cryer is the wine waiter in the original performance and may have contributed to the writing. According to John Cleese, the sketch was inspired by "Self-Made Men," a short story by Stephen Leacock published in 1910. The original performance of the sketch by the four creators is one of the surviving sketches from the programme and can be seen on the At Last the 1948 Show DVD as the closing sketch of series 2, episode 6. Its surviving camera script names the characters as Obadiah, Ezekiel, Josiah, and Hezekiah; but only the names Obadiah and Josiah are used, at the beginning.

I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again
A near derivative of the sketch appears in the BBC Radio show I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again Series 7, Episode 5 on 9 February 1969, in which the cast (Cleese, Graeme Garden, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and David Hatch) in the guise of old buffers at a gentlemen's club, employ the same trope of out-doing each other for hardship, this time in the context of how far and how slowly they had to walk to get to various places in former days. It ends with the same payoff line "...and if you tell that to the young people today, they won't believe you..."

Monty Python
Cleese and Chapman were later among the founding members of the comedy group Monty Python. The "Four Yorkshiremen" sketch has been performed by Python during their live shows Live at Drury Lane (1974, no video recording available), Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982) and Monty Python Live (Mostly) (2014, performed at The O2 Arena), each performance varying slightly in its content. (Tim Brooke-Taylor and Marty Feldman receive special thanks in the closing credits of Live at the Hollywood Bowl due to the inclusion of the sketch.) The performers in each case were Chapman (replaced by Cleese in the 2014 performance), Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin (Palin is the only member of the group actually from Yorkshire). It was also performed by Cleese, Jones, Palin and Rowan Atkinson for The Secret Policeman's Ball, the 1979 Amnesty International benefit gala.

Others

The sketch was revived for the 2001 Amnesty show We Know Where You Live, performed by Harry Enfield, Alan Rickman, Eddie Izzard and Vic Reeves. In 1989, the script was published in the charity fundraiser The Utterly, Utterly Amusing and Pretty Damn Definitive Comic Relief Revue Book under the title "The Good Old Days", with the characters named as Joshua, Obadiah, Josiah and Ezekiel. This book was launched on an edition of the primetime chat show Wogan where the sketch was performed by Terry Wogan, Stephen Fry, Gareth Hale and Norman Pace.

In the mid-1990s, the Hungarian comedy group Holló Színház translated and performed an adapted version of the sketch, substituting "four millionaires" for the Yorkshiremen.

In March 2015 the sketch was revived and adapted in a live television performance for Red Nose Day 2015 by Davina McCall, John Bishop, David Walliams and Eddie Izzard, in which they exaggerate what they did to raise money for charities.

title: Four Yorkshiremen


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Liss, Hampshire

Liss (previously spelt Lys or Lyss) is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) north-east of Petersfield, on the A3 road, on the West Sussex border. It covers 3,567 acres (14 km2) of semi-rural countryside in the South Downs National Park. Liss railway station is on the Portsmouth Direct line. The village comprises an old village at West Liss and a modern village round the 19th-century station. They are divided by the River Rother. Suburbs later spread towards Liss Forest.

Prehistory
Flint spearheads, arrowheads, scrapers, flakes and cores dating from Palaeolithic and Mesolithic times have been found.

Evidence of Neolithic activity is present in axe heads and flint implements. An Irish decorated axe and two bracelets engraved with parallel lines and chevrons have been found, and there are plentiful Bronze Age features on the chalk hangers above the village and at Berry Grove, the Wylds and at Peacewood, Farther Common. There was settlement in the Rother Valley by the Bronze Age. Bowl barrows and other Bronze Age features exist at Berry Grove (bowl barrow located in the garden, 12 m in diameter and 1.5 m high, with two large oaks growing on it), the Wylds (bowl barrow 23.0 m in diameter, and 2.0 m high, surrounded by a tree ring of dry stone walling planted with fir trees; traces of human and animal hair were found in a tree trunk coffin burial), and at Peacewood, Farther Common (an almost circular enclosure on a slight northern slope, containing trees).

Roman archaeology
There is evidence of Roman settlement in Liss.

Saxons
No direct evidence of habitation or Anglo-Saxon architecture exists in the current Liss village area, and the early Saxon period is also slightly represented archaeologically in the whole area of East Hampshire. It seems unlikely that there was any major community on the site of the original or the current villages.

However, the comparative remoteness was useful when in the late Saxon at 900 Alfred the Great created an Abbey at Lyss Place under the control of St. Mary's Abbey at Winchester as a retreat for nuns.

In the time of Edward the Confessor (1042–1066), the penultimate Anglo-Saxon king, there was a mill in operation at Liss paying an annual rent.

Local historians indicate their belief that St Peter's Church has Saxon footings, and that the remaining plan reflects an earlier Saxon Church on the site. However, Taylor and Taylor do not list St Stephen's and no fabric is evident. Hopefully future opportunities for specialist archaeological work will clarify the order of construction.

Norman period
The earliest written mention of Liss (as Lyss or Lis) may be that found in the 1086 Domesday book in the Hundred of Meonstoke.

At the time of the Domesday Survey, the manor of Liss might have formed part of the original endowment of the Abbey of St. Mary at Winchester. The manor was later known as Liss Abbess, and the Abbess and nuns of Winchester kept the land until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538.

The earliest wooden church is normally regarded as one of the two churches mentioned as being held by two priests of the manor of Odiham in Domesday Book. It would have been deeded by King Stephen, with the churches of Bentworth and Odiham for the master of the Choristers' School of Salisbury and the chancellor of the cathedral.

13th century on
The village centre in what is now West Liss around Church Street and the nearby triangular patch of ground, the Plestor (derived from 'playstow', or playground – see Plestor House). The Village Stocks were sited here, near an ancient oak which, now entirely hollow, remains in front of the current Spread Eagle Inn.

Liss developed economically in the three centuries following Domesday although being of limited significance politically or economically other than in relation to the monastic establishment at Lyss Place. Part of Liss Place Farm, West Liss. dates from the 14th century with an addition of 19th-century date, and a prosperous farming community can reasonably be assumed. Farms existed throughout the parish. To the East, timber-framed houses and farms were constructed in the 17th and 18th centuries.

A traditional fair was held in May in the field between the Spread Eagle Inn and Church Street, opposite the glebe meadow where Liss Cricket Club now plays.

Serving the community, St Peter's Church, (West) Liss, was built in stone in the 13th century, replacing the earlier timber structure. The Chancel, parts of tower, and octagonal piers of arcade date from C.13. The existing Octagonal font, mullioned and transomed window in south aisle and indeed the distinctive weatherboard top stage of tower are later.

Liss Church was attached to the church of Odiham which appointed the curate-in-charge and remained so until 1867 when it was separated and the Rev. W. French, who had been the curate, was appointed the first Rector of Liss by the Bishop of Winchester.

The manor, Liss Abbess, remained in the hands of the Abbess and nuns of Winchester until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538. It then remained Crown property until about 1610. The monastic establishment at Lyss Place then passed into private ownership and was subsequently held variously by the Cole, Fitzpatrick, Taylor and Hawkshaw families.

One route of the Pilgrims' Way between Winchester and Canterbury passes through Stodham, Balls Farm, Woodlands Farm, Barn Place Farm, Ciddy Hall Farm, Palmers Farm (resting place for pilgrims), Reeds Farm leaving the parish past Brewells Farm.

Victorian period
Liss remained primarily an agricultural village in an open setting, but became known in the 19th century for the production of peppermint, an industry sponsored by the Money family of Stodham Park. The mint was grown, distilled and sold at 4d a pint.

Stodham Park House was built about 1820 as part of the Money family Estate. It has three storeys and a basement with an imposing four-pillared porch with steps to the main door. Clara Maria Burdett married into the Money-Coutts of Stodham Park (died 22 December 1899) and lived at the house. The family donated the existing Village Hall.

The village was radically altered in 19th century, essentially being moved eastwards by new developments. The newer centre is late Victorian in character. The Southern Railway came from the North East to East Liss (and then along the Rother Valley towards Portsmouth) in 1859. East Liss became the Village of Liss.

The enclosure of the commons and wastelands (see Inclosure Act) occurred in 1864. Station Road, St Mary's Road, Western Road, the shopping area, the beginning of Hill Brow Road, Andlers Ash Road, Liss Forest Road, Mint Road, the original village school and the Village Hall were all built on enclosed land. Under the Inclosure Award the West Liss Recreation Ground, the four allotments sites "for the labouring poor of the parish" and a number of roads were created. Under the local-government reforms of 1894, management of the village's affairs passed from Vestry to the new Parish Council.

St Mary's Church was built in 1892–94 (Arthur Blomfield) to serve the new parts of the village, replacing St Peter at West Liss, which remains an intact 13th-century structure with its few later additions. The original construction of St Mary's consisted of a chancel with a north transept for the organ and a vestry, and a nave with north and south aisles and a north porch in plain 13th-century style. It is built of local sandstone with dressed quoins, with brick lining.

The tower, designed by Edward Maufe (well known for his work at Guildford Cathedral) was completed in 1932, and a ring of eight bells was cast in 1937 by the firm Mears & Stainbank at Whitechapel Bell Foundry. The bells are hung for traditional Change ringing, and the heaviest weighs 630kg (12cwt-1qtr-16lbs).

The Education Board Schools were built in 1872, and enlarged in 1878 and again in 1888.

In 1911, an iron mission hall is recorded at Hill Brow with a Wesleyan chapel at East Liss, and for Plymouth Brethren a meeting-house at West Liss.

Military railway
In 1933 a military railway known as the Longmoor Military Railway was built from Liss Station to the Longmoor Military Camp. This caused a further increase in population. The railway was used as a set for many films including The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

In light of the reducing role of the British military in the 1960s, it was decided by the Ministry of Defence to close the railway. Local locomotive preservation groups, on hearing of its impending closure, became interested in acquiring the complete rail system to establish a unique transport museum. Bids were placed to purchase the LMR along with the airstrip at Gypsy Hollow. However the MOD rejected the proposal, although it was backed by the Association of Railway Preservation Societies and The Transport Trust. Instead the Army offered to hand over the last 1½ miles of line from Liss Forest Road to Liss. The offer was accepted by the societies and a provisional lease was drawn up while planning permission was sought for developments at Liss.

However some in Liss did not share the enthusiasm for a rail museum and opposed the planning permission. A residents group raised £9,100 in a successful bid to buy this last piece of line. Longmoor Military Railway closed down with a ceremonial last day of operation on 31 October 1969, though for another two years some locomotives and stock remained on site, and there were occasional movements. Three items of rolling stock (a van, a brake van, and a bogie flat) still remain on the Longmoor site as part of the FIBUA training village.

Modern period
Immediately after World War II, local authority housing was built in East Liss under the William Beveridge programmes. Since the mid-1960s, a number of large new estates have extended the village and increased its population. The 1965 Harcos development at Patrick's Copse and Greenfields etc. has been extended several times since the 1970s to cover existing landscaped open ground and traditional marshland.

The early estates contain houses of different sizes, and initially of uniform 1960s estate style. Such development is now subject to much criticism in relation to local architectural style and appropriate rural village design (see Poundbury Village, Cornwall). Newer, and smaller developments on brownfield sites have been necessitated by increasing population pressure, and government policy which continues.

In the early 1990s Liss Junior School moved from its central village location to a site 300 yards from the village centre on the Hill Brow Road. Some of the old school building has been reused as the Triangle Centre; other buildings were demolished to make way for new housing and playing fields. The mid-1990s junior school was designed by Hampshire County Council's Architecture and Design Service.

In the 1980s new red brick shopping areas and housing have extended the centre of the village where rough grazing for horses previously existed, and added a new supermarket unit, other shops and office space. The 1920s white façade of Smiths Garage nearby, has recently (2007) been demolished and the land cleared for new housing completed in 2016.

The Village Hall was modernised and a green oak bus shelter added in 2006. Hampshire County Council's Mobile Library Service has served Liss since the 1960s. There are three East Hampshire District Council car parks in Liss.
 * Station Road Car Park, Station Road, Liss
 * Village Centre Car Park (short stay), Station Road
 * Hill Brow Car Park, Hill Brow Road (used by the mobile library)

The construction of the Petersfield & Liphook bypass (A3 road) as a four-lane limited-access dual carriageway past West Liss, has removed much through traffic from the centres of Petersfield and Liphook, and some traffic from the old A3 (now the B2070) and Farnham Rd, West Liss (formerly part of the A325 between Petersfield and Farnham).

The large "Ham Barn" roundabout has been created to distribute vehicles from the A3 on the B3006 towards Liss and Selborne. Areas of West Liss are now close to the carriageways, which has changed their rural and medieval character. Dependent on the wind direction, the sound from the road can be heard in East and West Liss and throughout the area, in the Hangars and Hill Brow. Environmental damage and limited effectiveness of new road building has been predicted by groups such as Road Alert.

The population of Liss is approximately 6,000. It is assumed that the demographic profile has shifted from a largely rural base to accommodate commuters due to good road (A3) and railway (Portsmouth Direct Line) links to London. Liss is served by Liss railway station.

The local newspapers are the broadsheet Petersfield Herald, and the tabloid Petersfield Post.

Listed buildings
There are 23 listed buildings in the civil parish.

Education
Liss Infants School caters for children aged 4–7, (years R–2). The school is federated with Liss Junior School, which is on the same site. Liss Junior school is a state school catering for children aged 7–11 (years 3–6). This was opened in 1994 after moving from the centre of the village. Both schools have a Resourced Provision which cater for children with moderate learning difficulties. There are a number of pre-school nurseries. One situated in the Triangle Community Centre was previously the village school.

Sport and leisure
Liss has a Non-League football club Liss Athletic F.C., which plays at The Newman Collard Playing Fields. Liss has a successful Road Running Club, Liss Runners, and a long-established cricket club. There is also a tennis club, the Newman Collard, and a new Petersfield Golf Club on the site of Tankerdale Farm. The sports and other amenities in Liss are being improved by the charity the Newman Collard Pavilion Fund.

Notable residents

 * Richard Dering (c. 1580 – 1630), composer
 * David Greetham (born 1975), cricketer
 * Ian Hay (1876–1952), novelist and playwright, died in Liss.
 * Michael John Hurd (1928–2006), composer and author
 * Selwyn Jepson (1899–1989), author and screenwriter
 * Gary Bond (1940–1995), actor
 * Cliff Lazarenko (born 1952), professional darts player
 * Richard Purchase (1757–1837), cricketer
 * Francis Rose (1921–2006), botanist
 * Monica Storrs (1888–1967), pioneer and missionary, lived in Liss.
 * Tanya Brady (1973–2022), rower, died in Liss
 * Henryk Zygalski (1908-1978) Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in 1932 co-broke German Enigma ciphers and worked on in that field during World War II, died in Liss.
 * Rosine de Bounevialle (1916-1999), who lived for much of her life in Liss Forest, writer and magazine editor.

title: Liss, Hampshire


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File:CarmenElectra(album).jpg

Summary
Cover of Carmen Electra's debut album Carmen Electra.

title: File:CarmenElectra(album).jpg


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Summary
Cover of the Peter Tosh album Legalize It.

title: File:PeterTosh-LegalizeIt.jpg


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Bécancour, Quebec

Bécancour is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada; it is the seat of the Bécancour Regional County Municipality. It is located on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the confluence of the Bécancour River, opposite Trois-Rivières.

Wôlinak, an Abenaki Indian reserve, is an enclave within the town of Bécancour. They arrived from Norridgewock, Maine (formerly Acadia) in the aftermath of Father Rale's War.

There was a small migration of Acadians to the village (1759), after the British began the Expulsion of the Acadians from the Maritimes. Specifically, the Acadians migrated from present-day New Brunswick to avoid being killed or captured in the St. John River Campaign.

Description
The town of Bécancour was created October 17, 1965, from an amalgamation of eleven municipalities. Bécancour was one of the province of Quebec's first amalgamated cities. At the time, Bécancour was the largest city in Quebec in terms of land area (as of 2003, the title belongs to La Tuque, Quebec).

Bécancour is now divided into six secteurs (lit. "sectors"): Bécancour, Saint-Grégoire, Gentilly, Précieux-Sang, Sainte-Angèle-de-Laval, and Sainte-Gertrude. Bécancour, Saint-Grégoire and Gentilly, each located near the shore of the Saint Lawrence River, can be considered the main urban centres. Autoroute 55 intersects Autoroute 30 and Route 132 at Saint-Grégoire.

Bécancour is part of the Trois-Rivières metropolitan area; many residents work in Trois-Rivières and commute across the Laviolette Bridge daily.

History
Constituent municipalities of Bécancour included:

 * La Nativité de Notre-Dame-de-Bécancour (1722)
 * Saint-Édouard-de-Gentilly (1784)
 * Saint-Grégoire-le-Grand (1802)
 * Sainte-Gertrude (1845)
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Laval (1868)
 * Très-Précieux-Sang-de-Notre-Seigneur (1903)

And the villages of:

 * Larochelle (1863)
 * Gentilly (1900)
 * Villers (1901)
 * Bécancour et Laval (1909)

The town of Bécancour was created October 17, 1965, from an amalgamation of eleven municipalities. Bécancour was one of the province of Quebec's first amalgamated cities.

A nuclear power plant, Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station, was commissioned in 1983 in the Gentilly sector; it was decommissioned in 2012.

Economy
The economy of Bécancour, once mainly agricultural, shifted towards heavy industry and manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. An industrial park was built in the area, attracting producers of aluminum, magnesium, refractory metals, and petroleum products; machine shops; and many related services, such as excavators and sales of industrial parts.

The magnesium smelter was operated by Norsk Hydro, and closed down by 2011.

Tourism
Despite its proximity to Trois-Rivières, Bécancour has a vibrant culture and identity of its own. The city hosts a hot air balloon festival, a weekly public marketplace, a biodiversity museum and interpretation centre, and a maritime pumpkin race.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bécancour had a population of $13,561$ living in $6,034$ of its $6,348$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $13,031$. With a land area of 439.54 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Communities

 * Bécancour
 * Gentilly
 * Précieux-Sang
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Laval
 * Sainte-Gertrude
 * Saint-Grégoire

Notable people

 * Nicolas Perrot (1644–1717), explorer, diplomat, and fur trader.
 * Blessed Louis Zephyrinus Moreau, Canadian Roman Catholic priest and fourth Bishop of Saint-Hyacinthe
 * Denis Villeneuve, filmmaker, lived in Gentilly.
 * Sam Montembeault, hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens

Sister city

 * 🇫🇷 Joué-lès-Tours, France

Emblems and symbols
Floral emblem: Lilac

Bird: Ruby-throated hummingbird

Slogan: De nature énergique ("An energetic nature")

title: Bécancour, Quebec