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Disney's Polynesian Village Resort

Disney's Polynesian Village Resort (formerly Disney's Polynesian Resort from 1985 to 2014) is a Disney-owned and operated resort located at the Walt Disney World Resort. It began operation on October 1, 1971 as one of Walt Disney World Resort's first two on-site hotels. The resort has a South Seas theme, and originally opened with 492 rooms. It was designed by Welton Becket and Associates and constructed by US Steel Realty Development. The resort is owned and operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products.

Since its opening in 1971, the resort has seen three major expansions; the first in 1978, with the addition of a longhouse, the Tangaroa Terrace restaurant/support facility, and a secondary pool. A second expansion took place in 1985, with the construction of two additional longhouses. In that same year, the resort adopted the shortened name "Disney's Polynesian Resort". On May 2, 2014, it was announced that the resort would revert to the Disney's Polynesian Village Resort title while expanding further to include Disney Vacation Club accommodations as well as enhanced resort amenities. On April 1, 2015, the third expansion officially opened, including the new DVC additions and other amenities around the resort. However, on May 10, 2024, Disney Vacation Club announced new details about a new name, Island Tower at Disney’s Polynesian Villas & Bungalows, which will be open on December 17, 2024 at Walt Disney World Resort.

Design
Disney's Polynesian Village Resort is situated on the southern shore of the manmade Seven Seas Lagoon, south of Magic Kingdom and adjacent to other Walt Disney World complexes, with the Transportation and Ticket Center to the east and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa to the west. The resort is on the Magic Kingdom monorail loop, providing transportation to the Magic Kingdom and Epcot (via transfer), and is part of the route for Disney's Magic Kingdom Resorts Water Launch service. Other Walt Disney World Resort theme parks and attractions are served by Disney Transport buses.

The resort is organized around a central building named the Great Ceremonial House, itself designed after a Tahitian royal assembly lodge. The Great Ceremonial House houses guest services and most of the resort's dining and merchandise locations. From its opening until 2014, the Great Ceremonial House also featured an expansive tropical waterfall feature in its atrium, with over 75 species of plant life. The waterfall and foliage were removed and replaced, however, during extensive resort renovations due to health and safety concerns and to reimagine the lobby as a social space. No rooms are contained in this building, instead several lodges - longhouses - and water bungalows house all guest rooms and are spread out amongst resort property.

As of 2008, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort is certified green lodging property with the state of Florida.

Original design and construction
The resort used United States Steel's then newly developed construction process for its original longhouses; steel frames were erected on-site, and pre-constructed modular rooms were lifted into these frames via crane, similar to Disney's Contemporary Resort. This method of building caused problems in both Disney's Polynesian and Contemporary Resorts, with guest complaints of a moldy smell in their rooms. It was found that mold and debris had collected in the spaces between each room. The spaces were filled in, stopping the problem, and Longhouses built as part of the resort's later expansions were built using conventional building techniques.

Accommodations
The resort design and layout consists of 11 two and three story longhouses, spread throughout the property. The resort originally opened with 484 guest rooms in 8 longhouses, Bali Hai, Bora Bora, Fiji, Hawaii, Maui, Samoa, Tahiti and Tonga. In 1978, the Oahu longhouse was added. The Moorea and Pago Pago longhouses were added in 1985. Between 2013 and 2015, 20 over-the-water DVC bungalows were constructed in a new area named Bora Bora.

On October 28, 1999, most of the resort's longhouses were renamed. Today the longhouses are named for islands on the Polynesian isle map, with chosen longhouse names matching the relative geographic position of their namesake island(s). Ten of the eleven longhouses, excluding Fiji, were renamed: Bali Hai became Tonga; Bora Bora became Niue; Hawaii became Samoa; Maui became Rarotonga; Moorea became Tahiti; Oahu became Tokelau; Pago Pago became Rapa Nui; Samoa became Tuvalu; Tahiti became Aotearoa and Tonga became Hawaii. The 2013-15 resort reimagining has returned the original names of the DVC longhouses.

Two of the current longhouses, Hawaii (formerly Tonga) and Tonga (formerly Bali Hai), offer a Concierge Lounge - where refreshments, views, and lounge space are offered exclusively to guests of Hawaii or Tonga.

In March 2021, Disney Parks Blog revealed updated rooms with new furnishings, fixtures, and Moana themed details, patterns, textures, and colors. In March 2022, it was announced that the resort's luau show, the "Spirit of Aloha Dinner Show", would not be returning after closing two years earlier due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the closure was due to anticipated expansions for the Disney Vacation Club, including new villas, as Island Tower at Disney’s Polynesian Villas & Bungalows and amenities expected to open in December 17, 2024.

Dining
The Barefoot Pool Bar is located at the Lava Pool and offers alcoholic drinks and smoothies.

Captain Cook's is a quick-service location offering classic and South-Seas-inspired foods.

Kona Cafe offers continental Asian-inspired food in a casual setting.

Kona Island serves coffee and pastries in the morning before switching to sushi, sandwiches, and salad in the afternoon.

Oasis Pool Bar & Grill is a poolside bar located at the Oasis Pool.

Ohana is a character dining experience where guests can meet Stitch, Lilo, Pluto, and Mickey while being served an "all-you-care-to-enjoy" Island-style meal. The restaurant, whose name means "family" in Hawaiian, has existed before the development of Lilo & Stitch (2002), having been mentioned in The Walt Disney World Explorer (1996).

Pineapple Lanai is a stand dedicated solely to Dole Whips.

Tambu Lounge is a bar offering tropical, Hawaiian-inspired drinks and appetizers.

Trader Sam's features the "Grog Grotto," a tiki bar that features shenanigans from the servers, and the "Tiki Terrace," its outdoor counterpart.

Shopping
The resort offers several shopping areas focused on Disney parks merchandise, resort-specific specialty merchandise, and convenience items, located in the Great Ceremonial House. BouTiki is located off the main lobby, with Moana Mercantile located opposite Kona Cafe on the second floor. Trader Sam's Grog Grotto also offers a limited range of merchandise.

Disney's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows
On September 17, 2013 Disney Vacation Club announced that its next planned location would be at Disney’s Polynesian Village Resort. The first phase of DVC expansion to the resort opened April 1, 2015, adding 20 over-the-water 'Bora Bora' Bungalows and converting 2 existing buildings (Moorea (formerly Tahiti), Pago Pago (formerly Rapa Nui)) into Deluxe Studios. The Tokelau conversion was completed mid-2015 creating a total of 360 Deluxe Studios between the 3 buildings. Between the three DVC longhouses is a barbecue area for the use of resort guests, with two gas barbecues. In addition there will be 5 new rooms added between the Moorea, Tokelau and Pago Pago vacation club buildings. On May 10, 2024, it was announced that the name of the new tower would be Island Tower at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, which will open on December 17, 2024.

Role in ending The Beatles
John Lennon signed the paperwork that officially broke up The Beatles at the Polynesian Resort on December 29, 1974.

"John, Julian, and I (May Pang) left New York the following day to spend Christmas in Florida. On December 29, 1974, the voluminous documents were brought down to John in Florida by one of Apple's lawyers. He finally picked up his pen and, in the unlikely backdrop of the Polynesian Village Hotel at Disney World, ended the greatest rock 'n' roll band in history by simply scrawling John Lennon at the bottom of the page."

title: Disney's Polynesian Village Resort


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22nd New York Infantry Regiment

The 22nd New York Infantry Regiment (not to be confused with the 22nd New York National Guard) was a volunteer regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War.

History
The regiment was formed with 800 men in 1861 and was placed in a brigade along with the 24th New York, 30th New York, 84th New York (14th Brooklyn) (also known as the 14th New York State Militia), and for a number of months, the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters (a regiment under the respected Colonel Henry A. V. Post). The brigade was the First Brigade in the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac, and Colonel Walter Phelps and the regiments of the brigade referred to themselves as the Iron Brigade of the East and served with the Division's more famous Fourth Brigade which would earn the title "Iron Brigade of the West" in September 1862 during Battle of South Mountain in the Maryland Campaign.

Colonel Walter Phelps was chosen as the original commander of the regiment, and after his promotion to the brigade commander, Major John McKie became regimental commander. The regiment suffered its first fatality when passing through Baltimore, when a man was killed by friendly fire during confusion among a mob. It would go on to serve in the Army of the Potomac's I Corps and III Corps, and fight at the battles of Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville.

The regiment was mustered out of service on June 19, 1863, and those men who had signed three-year enlistments were transferred to the 76th New York and 93rd New York.

Casualties
Casualties during the course of the war were as follows:
 * Killed in action: 11 officers, 61 enlisted
 * Died of disease: 1 officer, 27 enlisted
 * Died as POW: 1 enlisted

Spanish–American War unit
A unit with the lineage of the 13th New York State Militia, also designated the 22nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, served in the Spanish–American War. It mustered out on November 23, 1898.

On February 19, 1902, the regiment was converted into a regiment of engineers retaining its number.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 22nd New York Infantry Regiment


text:
Talk:Anwar Robinson

2005/2006 comments
I want to start this page to promote Anwar Robinson..... what are your comments about him and what do you think about this article on the previous page???? I think whether or not he's gay is not a subject for the public to talk about or for the writers to write about....

Thanks

 * Wikipedia is not a place to "promote" anyone or anything. This article is an encyclopedia biography. As such it should have all the significant information about its subject. You haven't given any reason why his sexuality is irrelevant to his life. -Willmcw 20:26, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * If you want to start a promotional page, wikipedia is not the place. Feel free to start it up at another location, such as geocities.  If you think your page is good enough, you can create a link to it here -- but if others disagree, it may be removed.  Anwar is open about his sexuality by all reports; so for wikipedia not to include it would be strange.  It's not good or bad, it's just a fact.  --Quasipalm 21:05, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Just so everyone knows, Anwar isn't gay and he has said it. According to an article that can be found on idolforums.com, he was asked about this and his answer was that he paid no attention to it and that it was made up.  Thought I'd let ya know.

 * If you can find the URL for the original article then we can include it as a source for his denial. -Willmcw 23:33, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it was an article, from the way it was worded it sounded like a TV interview or something, but the snip-it was found here:

http://idolforums.com/index.php?showtopic=339619&st=20 Sorry I don't know how to "Sign" my responses. I'm kinda new here.

 * You can sign your posts by typing four tildes "~". I didn't see the quote from Robinson at the linked page - is that the right one? -Willmcw 23:44, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It should be like the third one down. Post 23 to be exact.  The person that posted that "quoted" that from somewhere, I'd just post exactly what he said here, but I don't know if I'm allowed to do so. Mmmboots9 00:35, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean this line- "He may be but I can dream. He never said that he is gay."? No, that would not be acceptable because it is from a forum. See: reliable sources. Something like People magazine, Salon.com, or similar source would be better. (your signature looks good.) -Willmcw 00:45, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * We should definitely add any comment from Robinson about his orientation, but we shouldn't remove sourced material. -Willmcw 00:52, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, it is an article! It was from Pulse Weekly!  Here is the URL:

http://www.pulseweekly.com/article_read.asp?id=3401 Something about "personal life speculation" and he says it himself. There you have it -Mmmboots9 14:52, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That's an excellent source. But let's not go beyond what he says. He says that he doesn't give any credence to speculation about his personal life . He doesn't say anything one way or another about his orientation. -Willmcw 17:53, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

The question of Anwar's sexual orientation is resolved at THIS link: http://www.afterelton.com/TV/2005/3/robinson.html Also, for Anwar to say "[he] paid no attention to it and that it was made up" is NOT in and of itself a denial. It is a non-answer. This statement was made while he was competing to win American Idol, so surely you could understand hwo a person would be less than forthcoming while trying to win a competition! But a pucture is worth a thousand words!

Let's try to be more diplomatic about this. Robinson neither has confirmed nor denied these reports, so the article should address the issue from the same stance. It should be said that "while speculation has been made about Robinson based on what is believed to be an ad from a dating site, he has neither confirmed nor denied his sexual orientation." With all of the slanderous materials out there (for many Idol contestants) it could also be speculated that it was falsely made up. Without Robinson's confirmation, it's all just speculation.BrwnSgr288 08:03, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have sourced it, including fact that he has been openly gay since high school as was previously mentioned. Michael 07:20, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Or is there something else? Michael 08:09, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Anwar Robinson


text:
Southwest Conference

The Southwest Conference (SWC) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996. Composed primarily of schools from Texas, at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas.

For most of its history, the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas: Baylor University, Rice University, Southern Methodist University, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, Texas Christian University, Texas Tech University, University of Houston, and the University of Arkansas.

After a long period of stability and success, the conference's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s, due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules, culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ("death penalty") for the 1987 and 1988 seasons.

Arkansas, after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference, left after the 1990–91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference, although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season. Five years later, the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor, Texas, Texas A&M, and Texas Tech (which had entered in 1956 from the Border Conference) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league, the Big 12 Conference, while Rice, SMU, TCU, and Houston found homes in less prominent conferences, with TCU and Houston later joining the Big 12 themselves.

Early years
L. Theo Bellmont, the University of Texas athletic director, sent out questionnaires to schools in Texas and neighboring states to gauge their interest in organizing an athletic conference. By March 1, 1914, a number of schools had responded favorably to the idea.

The first organizational meeting of the conference was set for April 30, 1914; since not all schools involved could send representatives to attend that date, it was ultimately held on May 5 and 7 at the Oriental Hotel in Dallas, Texas. It was chaired by Bellmont, who originally wanted Louisiana State University and the University of Mississippi to join the conference as well, but they declined to do so. The Southwest Intercollegiate Athletic Conference became an official body on December 8 at a formal meeting at the Rice Hotel in Houston.

Its early years saw fluctuation in membership; Southwestern (a comparatively smaller school) dropped out of the conference in 1916, and Southern Methodist University (SMU) joined in 1918, while Texas Christian University (TCU) became a member in 1923. Rice University left the conference in 1916, only to rejoin in 1918.

Phillips University competed as a conference member for one year (1920). Oklahoma departed in 1919 to join the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (later reorganized as the Big Eight Conference) and was followed by Oklahoma A&M in 1925. The series between Texas and Oklahoma would still continue as a non-conference matchup in the annual Red River Rivalry game held in Dallas. From 1925 until 1991, the University of Arkansas would be the only conference member geographically outside the state of Texas.

Prime years
By 1925, the conference's name was shortened to simply Southwest Conference. After its organizational years, the conference settled into regularly scheduled meetings among its members and began to gain stature nationwide. The SWC would be guided by seven commissioners, the first of whom, P. W. St. Clair, was appointed in 1938. In 1940, the conference took control of the then five-year-old Cotton Bowl Classic, which further established the prestige of both the bowl and the conference. Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) joined the SWC in 1958 from the Border Conference followed by the University of Houston for the 1976 season (Houston proceeded to win the SWC football championship in its first season of league play).

The two glory periods of the conference happened during the 1930s and the 1960s. In 1935, the last year before the AP Poll, both SMU and TCU claimed the national title. The 2 teams had played in one of the first games labeled "game of the century" on November 30 of that year. In 1938, TCU won the AP national title. In 1939, the SWC achieved back to back national titles when Texas A&M won the AP Poll. In the 1960s, the SWC was dominated by two teams: Texas and Arkansas. Texas won the 1963 national championship, and Arkansas won a national championship in 1964 in the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) and Helms Athletic Foundation (HAF) polls. In 1969, Texas won another national championship by beating #2-ranked Arkansas 15–14 in the regular season's final game (dubbed the "Big Shootout"). The 1969 Arkansas–Texas game in Fayetteville, Arkansas with President Richard Nixon in attendance is usually counted among the greatest college football games ever played. Texas also won the 1970 United Press International (UPI) National Championship (i.e., the coaches' poll), which until 1974 was awarded prior to the bowl games. Texas lost the Cotton Bowl Classic following the 1970 season to Notre Dame by a score of 24–11, giving the Associated Press (AP) Championship to Nebraska after they beat LSU by a score of 17–12 in the Orange Bowl.

Since its first Cotton Bowl Classic and lasting until 1995, the Southwest Conference Champion automatically received an invitation to be the "host" team in the Cotton Bowl Classic game on New Year's Day in Dallas. Opponents usually were the runners-up from the Big Eight Conference or the Southeastern Conference although independents Penn State and Notre Dame were also often featured. Circa the 1940s onward, the Cotton Bowl Classic was included among the four major bowl games and not infrequently had national championship implications. Near the turn of the century however, the game declined in importance largely due to the decline of SWC prominence. In 1977, Notre Dame became the last team to win a national championship in the Cotton Bowl Classic by beating Texas in the January 1978 game. Texas might have been awarded the national championship in 1983 had they won the January 1984 game, but they were bested by Georgia 10-9.

The early 1980s were the glory years of SWC basketball, including the Phi Slama Jama teams at the University of Houston. The most consistent program during the last quarter of the 20th century was the University of Arkansas with Sweet 16 appearances in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1990, 1991, Elite 8 appearances in 1978, 1979, 1990, and 1991, and Final Four appearances in 1978 and 1990. Arkansas's famed Triplets - Marvin Delph, Ron Brewer and Sidney Moncrief - gave the rest of the league fits. The Razorbacks' Lee Mayberry, Todd Day, and Oliver Miller won three straight SWC regular season and tournament titles from 1989 to 1991, the school's last three seasons in the conference. The passion of Arkansas fans for their Razorbacks often overran the confines of SWC basketball venues, so much so, that Reunion Arena in Dallas (annual site of the SWC postseason tournament) was deemed "Barnhill South" (after the Razorbacks' on-campus arena) based on the numbers and intensity of Hog fans present.

The Texas Longhorns baseball program under coach Cliff Gustafson won national titles in 1975 and 1983 as well as titles under Bibb Falk in 1949 and 1950. The Arkansas Razorbacks also fielded fine teams that advanced to the College World Series. The Hogs finished 2nd in 1979, 3rd in 1985, and 5th in both the 1987 and 1989 seasons. The Hogs have continued this tradition since moving to the SEC, reaching the CWS four times under Arkansas alumnus Dave Van Horn, and were the 2018 national runners-up. Texas A&M rose to power in the late 1980s, going 58–5 in 1989 before losing twice in the regional championship round on its home field to LSU. The Aggies reached the College World Series in 1993. Rice began its ascent to college baseball's elite in the conference's final years under coach Wayne Graham, reaching the CWS in 1997, the year after the conference disbanded.

The Arkansas Razorbacks were dominant in track and field winning 15 SWC cross country team titles, 11 SWC indoor track team titles, 9 SWC outdoor track team titles, and an incredible 8 SWC triple crowns (cross country, indoor track and outdoor track champions all in the same season). During their SWC days, the Razorbacks won 14 NCAA national team championships and one NCAA team triple crown. The list of Arkansas individual SWC champions and individual NCAA champions is long. Standout coaches and athletes include the legendary John McDonnell of Arkansas, the winningest coach in NCAA history regardless of sport. Baylor's Michael Johnson, Texas A&M's Randy Matson, Rice's Fred Hansen, Houston's Carl Lewis, and Arkansas' Mike Conley all went on to win Olympic gold medals.

Final years
The 1980s saw many of the conference's athletic programs hit by recruiting scandals and NCAA probations. The only programs to escape probation in the 1980s were Arkansas, Baylor, and Rice. Because of repeated major violations, in 1987, the SMU Mustangs football program became only the third in NCAA history to receive the so-called "death penalty" (after Kentucky basketball in 1952–53 and Southwestern Louisiana basketball from 1973 to 1975). The NCAA canceled SMU's 1987 season, and limited it to seven road games for 1988. However, nearly all of the school's lettermen transferred elsewhere, forcing SMU to keep its football program shuttered for 1988 as well. SMU also remained on probation until 1990. At that time, NCAA rules prohibited schools on probation from appearing on live television. As a result, the conference's market share in television coverage dwindled.

The SWC's performance in football declined precipitously. The last SWC football champion to win a bowl game was Texas A&M, who beat Notre Dame in the 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic by a score of 35–10. Since then, the final eight SWC champions lost in their bowl games. After SMU's second-place finish in most polls in 1982, SWC programs usually were not serious contenders for the national title. For instance: Texas had strong teams in 1981, 1983, 1990, and 1995. Arkansas earned national recognition in 1988 and 1989, and Texas A&M was competitive from 1985 to 1995. By the end of their respective seasons however, none of these football teams were able to remain in the national championship hunt.

The last days of the College Football Association
On June 27, 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma that the NCAA could not punish its membership for selling their media content. As a result, individual schools and athletic conferences were freed to negotiate contracts on their own behalf. The Big Ten and Pacific-10 conferences sold their rights to CBS and ABC. Most of the rest of the Division I-A football programs (what is now called the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision) chose to sell their rights together through an organization called the College Football Association to ABC and CBS. The primary function of the CFA was to negotiate television broadcast rights for its member conferences and independent colleges.

By 1990, the television landscape had changed and a number of the stronger programs saw opportunities for better deals outside of the CFA. This was spearheaded by Notre Dame, who left the CFA and sold their home game broadcast rights to NBC in time for the 1991 season.

When the Southeastern Conference (SEC) invited the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina to join the conference in 1990, it created shockwaves across the CFA. The other conferences in the CFA correctly assumed the SEC made these additions to create a better TV product with the idea of leaving the CFA. The SEC represented one of the more valuable assets in the CFA. It seemed likely that if the SEC departed, other conferences would have a more difficult time securing preferable TV deals.

In February 1994, the Southeastern Conference announced that they would be leaving the CFA and negotiate independently for a television deal that covered SEC schools only. This led The Dallas Morning News to proclaim that "the College Football Association as a television entity is dead". In 1995, the SEC and the Big East broke from the CFA, signing a national deal with CBS. The SEC would earn a then-staggering $95 million from the deal. More significantly, this change in television contracts ultimately would lead to significant realignment of college conferences, with the SWC's demise triggering the first major realignment. (After the SWC's demise, another major realignment took place in the mid-2000s, with an even more dramatic realignment in the early 2010s and a third one now ongoing.)

Arkansas' departure for the Southeastern Conference marked the beginning of the end for the Southwest Conference. After this announcement, Metro Conference members Tulane and Miami were both seriously considered by the SWC to join the conference as replacements for Arkansas. In March 1994, Texas, Texas A&M, Baylor, and Texas Tech accepted invitations to join with the members of the Big Eight Conference to form the Big 12 Conference. Soon afterward, Rice, SMU, and TCU accepted invitations to join the Western Athletic Conference, while Houston became a charter member of Conference USA. The Bayou Bucket game between Houston and Rice was the last football game played in the conference. In May 1996, after the completion of championship matches in baseball and track & field, the Southwest Conference was officially dissolved.

Legacy
Over the course of its 82-year history, teams of the Southwest Conference garnered 64 recognized national championships in collegiate sports.

The SWC had many legendary players and coaches over the years. In football, John Heisman, Dana X. Bible, Paul "Bear" Bryant, Darrell Royal, Frank Broyles, Hayden Fry, Lou Holtz, Bill Yeoman, Gene Stallings, and Grant Teaff all served as head coaches in the conference. Some notable SWC players included Davey O'Brien, Sammy Baugh, Bobby Layne, Doak Walker, Tom Landry, Bob Lilly, Don Meredith, Earl Campbell, Andre Ware, Mike Singletary, John David Crow, Lance Alworth, Dan Hampton, Steve Atwater, Joe Ferguson, and Eric Dickerson. The trio of kicking contemporaries Steve Little of Arkansas, Tony Franklin of Texas A&M, and Russell Erxleben of Texas all kicked record setting field goals of 60 + yards in the same season.

Outstanding basketball coaches included Nolan Richardson, Tom Penders, Eddie Sutton, Abe Lemons, Guy V. Lewis, Shelby Metcalf, and Gerald Myers. Great SWC hoops players included the aforementioned Triplets, Hakeem Olajuwon, Clyde Drexler, Vinnie Johnson, Jon Koncak, Alvin Robertson, Ricky Pierce, Darrell Walker, Joe Kleine, Day, Mayberry, Miller, and U.S. Reed among others.

In 1997, the official records of the conference from 1914 to 1996 were moved from Dallas to the campus of Texas Tech University, becoming part of the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library. The archive also contains an extensive assortment of images and memorabilia from each member university. The final commissioner of the Southwest Conference (1995-96) Kyle Kallander has the rights to all SWC brands and copyrights (he later served as commissioner of the Big South Conference from 1996-2023), and retired assistant commissioner Bo Carter is considered as the SWC historian.

Membership timeline
undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined

Full members

 * Notes:

Full members departing before 1925

 * Notes:

Commissioners

 * James W. St. Clair (1938–1945)
 * James H. Stewart (1945–1950)
 * Howard Grubbs (1950–1973)
 * Cliff Speegle (1973–1982)
 * Fred Jacoby (1982–1993)
 * Steven J. Hatchell (1993–1995)
 * Kyle Kallander (1995–1996)

Conference facilities
This is a listing of the conference facilities as of the 1995–96 school year, the conference's last. Capacities and venue names are also current for 1995–96.

title: Southwest Conference


text:
The Escapist (magazine)

The Escapist (formerly known as Escapist Magazine) is an American video game website and online magazine. First published as a weekly online magazine by Themis Media on July 12, 2005, The Escapist eventually pivoted to a traditional web journalism format. In 2018, Escapist Magazine launched Volume Two, a rehauled website in conjunction with its purchase by Enthusiast Gaming. The site name reverted to The Escapist in April 2020. Gamurs Group acquired the site in September 2022. The company's entire video production team resigned in November 2023 after editor-in-chief Nick Calandra was fired.

2005–2011: Founding and popularity
The Escapist was conceived as a PDF-format magazine by Themis Media, whose president Alexander Macris had previously found success with its sister site WarCry Network. Editor-in-chief Julianne Greer had not been involved in the gaming industry before The Escapist, and had a background in marketing and new media.

The premier issue featured pieces from well-known gaming-community authors including Jerry Holkins, Kieron Gillen, and John Scott Tynes. Following issues included work by Tom Chick, Allen Varney, Jim Rossignol and other top writers from in and outside the game industry, including a four-part piece by leading game designer Warren Spector. According to Themis, by late 2006 the website had 150,000 monthly readers. The website MMORPG.com noted that the webzine had become the "flagship brand" for Themis, which runs other websites and ventures related to the gaming industry, with the reputation of "a widely read and highly respected form of game journalism" and "paying writers top dollar".

On July 9, 2007, the site relaunched with a completely new design, which also saw the end of the weekly PDF issues and a shift in layout to one more similar to other websites. Although the weekly topic and publish schedule was retained, new regular content additions included more game reviews, editorial articles, conference coverage, and a relaunch of Shoot Club by Tom Chick.

The most notable addition to the content lineup was Zero Punctuation, a weekly animated review series that led to a four-fold increase in web traffic. Within the next four years, The Escapist contracted several creators including LoadingReadyRun, Miracle of Sound, and Bob "MovieBob" Chipman, as well as helping launch Extra Credits as a rebrand of its creators' videos.

In 2010, The Escapist launched a membership service called the Publisher's Club which for $20 a year removed advertisements from the site, conferred forum benefits and entry into special contests.

2011–2018: Dispute and decline
Around the end of July 2011, there was a dispute between The Escapist and James Portnow, co-creator of Extra Credits. After not being paid for months, the Extra Credits team needed to pay for surgery for their artist, Allison Theus. They began a charity fund on RocketHub, separate from The Escapist, and received substantially more money than was necessary for Theus's surgery. They planned to use this extra money to create a game publishing label, where the revenue would go directly into funding subsequent projects. Alexander Macris, owner and co-founder of The Escapist, stated the money should have been used to create more episodes of Extra Credits for The Escapist and to compensate Themis Media for donation incentives, such as premium memberships and T-shirts.

During the dispute, a number of other contracted creators spoke out in support of Extra Credits, relaying similar stories of mistreatment by the management. Among them were MovieBob, James Stephanie Sterling, LoadingReadyRun, and the creators of No Right Answer. Later, those creators would also break ties with The Escapist, leaving Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw as the sole contracted creator by 2017. As a result, Extra Credits broke ties with The Escapist, moving to Penny Arcade and later becoming independent.

Macris would later become involved with the sale of Themis Media to Alloy Digital, as well as supporting the Gamergate controversy in 2014 by openly adopting stricter policies.

On November 15, 2012, it was announced that Themis Media had been acquired by Alloy Digital for an undisclosed sum. For a few years afterwards, Alloy cross-promoted Smosh Games on The Escapist. In 2014, Alloy Digital merged with Break Media to form Defy Media, with a consolidated portfolio that did not mention The Escapist.

On January 21, 2015, Defy Media announced it was cutting staff across a portfolio of its main sites including The Escapist, GameTrailers and GameFront. In 2016, The Escapist laid off a 'number of employees' and shuttered its main office in Durham, North Carolina leaving the website's main operation out of Seattle.

By late 2017, the site was reduced to Croshaw, a small streaming team and the editor-in-chief with the closure of the site seeming imminent as the community volunteers were the only contributors to the site besides Croshaw.

2018–2022: Enthusiast and relaunch
In July 2018, The Escapist was purchased by Enthusiast Gaming, owner of Destructoid, and a relaunch was announced with former editor-in-chief Russ Pitts at the helm. These changes came into effect September 2018, along with a website name change to Escapist Magazine Volume Two. The Big Picture, produced by MovieBob, was the first series to be officially relaunched alongside the continued Zero Punctuation.

Following a Twitter exchange with Zoë Quinn over a now-deleted article about Gamergate, Russ Pitts announced he would be taking a "voluntary leave of absence" from The Escapist in February 2019. Nick Calandra, who joined the site in 2019 as the managing director of video, replaced Pitts as editor-in-chief in July 2019.

In April 2020, the site name reverted to The Escapist. The site also launched The Escapist +, which allows readers to view the site without advertisements. Management under Calandra saw a surge in original content as the site transitioned from a gaming news focus to gaming commentary. In October 2020, Bob Chipman's contract with The Escapist was not renewed. Later in October, the Escapist Movies YouTube channel was relaunched. In April 2021, the Escapist Plays YouTube channel was relaunched as "The Escapist Live". In May 2021, the Escapist Movies YouTube channel merges with the main Escapist YouTube channel.

2022–present: Gamurs and Second Wind
Enthusiast Gaming sold the website to Gamurs Group in September 2022. On November 6, 2023, Calandra alleged he was fired from Gamurs Group, citing "not achieving goals" as the justification. The entire video team, including Croshaw, subsequently resigned to form an employee-owned outlet titled Second Wind; Gamurs kept the rights to Zero Punctuation among other Escapist properties.

The Escapist Games Showcase
The Escapist Indie Showcase was held from June 11–14, 2020 focusing on indie games. The main showcase video was aired first on June 11 and used the "direct" format, as well as featuring messages from the developers behind the games. Streams were held after the showcase where The Escapist team played some of the games while interviewing their developers live. They partnered with GOG for the event.

The Escapist Games Showcase was held from November 10–12, 2020, as part of the digital EGLX event.

Awards
In May 2008, The Escapist won the Webby Award and 2008 People's Choice Award for Best Video-Game Related Website. The Escapist also won this award in 2009 after a protracted voting battle between the members of The Escapist and the website GameSpot. In 2011 The Escapist again won three Webby Awards: Best Games-Related Website, People's Voice Best Games-Related Website and People's Voice Best Lifestyle Website. The Escapist also received a Mashable Open Web Award for Best Online Magazine in 2009 and was named one of the 50 Best Websites by Time magazine in 2011.

title: The Escapist (magazine)


text:
Talk:Chubby bunny

Chubby buddy?
In my scout troop we played this game, except that we said "Chubby buddy". ike9898 17:01, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Hehehe, when you have 1 marshmallows in your mouth it doesn't really matter Teentitans!

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 19:55, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, you call that a consensus? maxsch (talk) 21:19, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

This is Wikipedia, not Urban Dictionary
This entry seems to be a bit juvenile. Wouldn't this be better off at Urban Dictionary.com?
 * Not really. See WP:UA. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:41, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

List of good chubby bunny words
To this article, perhaps, we could add a list of good words to use in the game?

And Encourage it?

I think not!

86.40.164.255 (talk) 15:18, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

redudancies in talking about deaths from game
Article talks about the same death both in second paragraph and in last paragraph. Also is commonly called pudgey bunny. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.198.143.39 (talk) 04:54, 10 April 2007 (UTC).

Fascinating!!!!
i was unaware of this game i will be sure to choke myself with marshmellows on a regular basis now (possibly peeps!)--Ggohtrin 01:52, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Criticism/Danger
Can someone mention the danger of choking to death and ref some newspaper articles? Sorry, I am not bold, or spicy, but request the a do-gooder to wield their power. Maybe link to the practice of hyperventilating, having someone punch you in the stomach, and collapsing with your head striking concrete, and dying? 64.142.38.174 (talk) 04:55, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Darwin Award Link?
Perhaps a Darwin Award link is in order around or in the accidental deaths section of this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BurtonReingold (talk • contribs) 07:43, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Has there ever been a Darwin Award granted for something related to this? —me_and 16:56, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Games of physical skill?
Really? This is filed under "games of physical skill?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.244.74.98 (talk) 07:17, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Chubby Bunny. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2005/05/chubbun_a_civil.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/WeirdNews/2006/09/14/1839411-sun.html

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title: Talk:Chubby bunny


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binax

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. — Xezbeth 08:19, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Binax
Vanity page for the company rather than an encylopedia article; text has been lifted directly from the company's website which creates a copyvio problem if the article is not deleted MarkS 19:56, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if rewritten. 10,000+ Google hits . JamesBurns 05:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * COmment If it is a copyvio, why is it on VfD? Vegaswikian 06:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Replace with CopyVio message, &c. — RJH 17:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binax


text:
Enterochromaffin cell

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells (also known as Kulchitsky cells) are a type of enteroendocrine cell, and neuroendocrine cell. They reside alongside the epithelium lining the lumen of the digestive tract and play a crucial role in gastrointestinal regulation, particularly intestinal motility and secretion. They were discovered by Nikolai Kulchitsky.

EC cells modulate neuron signalling in the enteric nervous system (ENS) via the secretion of the neurotransmitter serotonin and other peptides. As enteric afferent and efferent nerves do not protrude into the intestinal lumen, EC cells act as a form of sensory transduction. Serotonin in the ENS acts in synergy with other digestive hormones to regulate sensory and motor gastrointestinal reflexes. EC cells respond to both chemical and neurological stimuli. They are also reactive to mechanosensation, which is the case in the peristaltic reflex of the gut, and can be stimulated by a bolus moving through the bowel. Upon activation, EC cells release serotonin to act upon serotonin receptors on ENS neurons. Dependent on concentration, serotonin can then modulate peristaltic contraction and secretion through activation of smooth muscle and glands, respectively.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory tract are known as bronchial Kulchitsky cells.

Structure
EC cells are small polygonal cells located in the crypts between intestinal villi. They are discriminated from other cells of the gastrointestinal epithelial crypts by the presence of basally located granulations that contain serotonin and other peptides. Ultrastructurally, these granules are reported to vary in size and shape and are considered pleomorphic.

Most EC cells communicate with the lumen of intestinal crypts through apical microvilli (protrusions) and are referred to as “open”. A proportion of EC cells do not protrude into the crypt lumen and are subsequently referred to as ‘closed’. EC cells typically extend down to the basal lamina with cytoplasmic extensions known to pass through the connective tissue and neighbouring glands. Tissue beneath EC cells typically contains abundant fenestrated capillaries, lymph vessels and small unmyelinated nerve fibres. Secreted serotonin can either be taken up into residing vessels (transported in the blood by platelets) or act on nerve synaptic terminals.

Distribution
EC cells are found aggregated in specific locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine, colon and appendix. The proportion of high-density cell populations varies between species attributed to differences in dietary requirements and physiological characteristics.

Enterochromaffin-like cells
Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) are a population of cells that are found in the gastric glands of the stomach luminal epithelium and secrete histamine. In response to gastrin released by neighbouring G-cells, secreted histamine from ECL cells acts on parietal cells to stimulate the release of gastric acid. The presence of ECL cells is critical in regulation of endocrine-induced gastric acid secretion. ECL cells histologically appear similar to EC cells and are hence named as such. They are however a different cell type and do not possess any serotonin synthesizing mechanisms.

Development
In developing chick embryos, EC cells have been found in biopsies of developing GIT tissue before the migration of neural crest cells. Whilst EC cells have neuroendocrine properties and are similar chemically and histologically to cells of the adrenal medulla they are not derivatives of the neural crest and do not share a similar cell progenitor. EC cells are believed to be derived from endodermal origins and are descended from the stem cells that form other epithelial cell types of the gastrointestinal lumen.

Function
The primary function of EC cells is to synthesise and secrete serotonin for modulation of gastrointestinal neurons. Serotonin, also named 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), can be classified as a hormone, neurotransmitter and a mitogen. It is primarily known for its role in the central nervous system but plays an important role in the periphery, with the largest endogenous pool of serotonin residing in the gut (90% of endogenous store). In the ENS, serotonin is an essential modulator of sensory transduction and mucus secretion. Release of serotonin from EC cells can be triggered by a multitude of stimuli, particularly luminal distension, parasympathetic innervation or changes in osmotic concentrations in intestinal contents.

Serotonin synthesis
The synthesis of 5-HT, in EC cells, is catalyzed by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TpH1) from the amino acid L-tryptophan. The reaction proceeds in two stages with an initial rate limiting step involving the conversion of L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Following conversion to 5-HTP, the non-rate limiting L-amino acid decarboxylase converts 5-HTP to 5-HT by decarboxylation. Following synthesis, 5-HT is then stored in vesicles by vesicular monoamine transporter 1 close to the basal margin of the cell for eventual secretion.

Release of the vesicles occurs after chemical, neurological or mechanical stimulation of the EC cells and is predominantly calcium dependent, suggesting excretion via exocytosis. The combined effect of increased calcium flux and a liberation of stored calcium within the cell changes the cell potential triggering release of the 5-HT vesicles. The vesicles pass from the basal margin into the surrounding lamina propria for interaction with nearby nerve synapses, lymph and blood vessels.

The serotonin synthesised by EC cells is predominately exocytosed from the basal border, but is also known to be apically secreted into the lumen of the gut and can be present in faecal samples. Secreted 5-HT acts on different receptor subtypes found localised in cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue with responsiveness dependent on the concentration of the secreted hormone.

The primary effect of serotonin involves the increase in peristaltic contraction through its effects on both ENS neurons and smooth muscle. 5-HT also activates a neural secretory response, whereby binding at 5-HT1P receptors on myenteric neurons triggers a signalling cascade in the submucosal plexus. This results in the release of acetylcholine to initiate secretion from the gut mucosa via release of chloride ions.

Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a diverse condition associated with chronic bowel discomfort and abdominal pain that ranges in severity between patients. Abnormal concentrations of serotonin have been associated with IBS, predominantly increased concentrations intensifying gastrointestinal motility and mucosal secretions from the gut mucosa. Severe IBS often manifests as either chronic constipation or chronic diarrhoea, and abnormal EC cell populations have been correlated with both conditions. In patients suffering post-infectious IBS, rectal biopsies have shown a dramatic increase in populations of EC cells associated with diarrhoeal symptoms.

Likewise, reduced populations of EC cells in patients suffering chronic constipation have been observed, indicating a lack of 5-HT, and therefore decreased GI motility and secretion. Ongoing research indicates that abnormal EC cell populations, and therefore 5-HT signalling, may significantly contribute to gastrointestinal dysfunction. Treatment using 5-HT-receptor agonists for patients with functional constipation have shown some effectiveness in achieving normal GI functionality.

Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a rare condition characterized by an abnormal increase in circulating biologically active hormones, largely serotonin, with early symptoms involving diarrhea, abdominal cramping and episodic flushing. Excess circulating serotonin is usually manufactured by EC-cell-originated carcinoid tumors in the small bowel or appendix. Tumors are slow growing, but can metastasise to the liver if aggressive. They can also be present at other sites, particularly the lung and stomach.

History
The name ‘enterochromaffin’ comes from the Greek word “enteron” (ἔντερον), in relation to intestines, and “chromaffin” as a grouping of the words chromium and affinity, as they can be visualised by staining with chromium salts. Similarly named, chromaffin cells (of the adrenal medulla) share this characteristic and are histologically similar to EC cells. Their embryological origins, however, are quite different, nor do they possess similar functions.

title: Enterochromaffin cell


text: Category:Aviation in Canada

title: Category:Aviation in Canada


text:
Talk:Fight-or-flight response

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 September 2020 and 17 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Fwilliamson3. Peer reviewers: Mldavis318.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Most scientists have now accepted its new name "fight-flight-or-freeze response"
Can we retitle this for the sake of accuracy over tradition? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.48.222.178 (talk) 13:53, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Many researchers, scientists, academics etc definitely now include "freeze" alongside "fight or flight" as a third possible response to stress, particularly in relation to stressors related to intimate partner/domestic violence and sexual assault. This entry should at least be linked to the Freezing bahaviour entry, or, even better, incorporate it. Would be very easy to find sources to cite for this.

 * ✅ Addressed on the live page now — Danachos (talk) 15:41, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Kittens
HOW DOES ANYONE KNOW WHAT KITTENS ARE THINKING???? NO ONE KNOWS FOR SURE. SO, WE WONT KNOW UNTIL THE TEST RESULTS COME BACK. DO YOU KNOW WHAT KITTENS THINK? "This smacks of original research." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.163.65.143 (talk) 06:24, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Arno Matthias (talk) 17:40, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Kittens think "MEOW" - when they purr they are content. Any awareness the kitten has is mirrored in their own "thoughts" of kitten-ness. Kittens and most animals have no extensive verbal language, so any possible thought is limited. Davidmeo (talk) 19:14, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I realize this is a joke from over 10 years ago. However, I must disagree. It is incorrect to say that someone with limited language has limited thought - many people who don't or can't speak have rich inner lives. (Mel Baggs and Julia Bascom have written a lot on this subject.) Birdsinthewindow (talk) 21:22, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The biological response part of the article is a copy-and-paste directly from the link at the bottom of the article, "http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html", and does not attribute the text to that source.

 * Thank you for your remark, it has been attributed now. However, it is not plagiarism, since it's a work of the US government, which makes it ineligible for copyright since it is in the public domain.--Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 16:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It is the first time ever I have heard an excuse for plagiarism being okay as it is "not being copyrighted". Legal mumbo jumbo! A work in text form that has any form of intelligent content shall never be cut-and-pasted, legal or not. One discuss, and one cite, and one provide the footnotes. It is a matter of self-respect. It just feels wrong to read it now, knowing that it probably is taken out of context. I will read the original text instead since it seems to have a content that makes it easier to fully grasp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.176.227.250 (talk) 23:54, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It is plagiarism, its not a copyright violation --69.209.75.199 (talk) 01:14, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Question
Could this article use a somewhat less scientific description of the phenomenon? While the neurochemistry of fight or flight is very interesting, it doesn't actually say anything about the decision between standing ground against a predator/aggressor and turning tail and running in an effort to escape. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.44.40.162 (talk • contribs) June 7, 2005
 * Run if you can, fight if you must. --Arno Matthias (talk) 18:29, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Third Option?
How can the 'deer-in-headlights' reaction be reconciled with this statement that there are only two options available under high stress or threat? Many accounts of persons thrown into battle mention 'freezing up,' and suggest that this is not a phenomenon strictly to be associated with deer.

69.138.6.85 04:20, 12 November 2005 (UTC)Ed Dodd

There is more than just a third option. There is Fight, Fright, Freeze (Note: somebody needs to merge this with the Freeze section below), F%%k / sex (figure that one out yourself), and Feed. There may be more, but all are responses to stress / duress. User:retrograde62@yahoo.com 14:47 PST 15 September 2013 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.189.161.147 (talk) 21:49, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Danachos (talk) 15:42, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

What is shaking for?
Can someone smart add on this page why people start to shake when they are in fight-or-flight condition? Janne92

not entirely sure or smart...but i'm guessing it's the epinephrine effect that would cause shaking...epinephrine effects alpha and beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors each of which cause physiological effects to the heart (increase rate- tachycardia), lungs (bronchiole dilation), and vessels (vasoconstriction). Hence why it is super-important when people have allergic reaction and take epipen...they must still go to hospital. Nizami 02:31, 9 March 2006 (UTC) More simply, epiphrene goes to the upper cerebellum, causing shaking,sweating,nervousness, and the tendency to scream. All other symptoms are controlled by the nervous symptom. Sorry about the NERVEous part, it was not meant to be a joke. ChocokakeIII (talk) 23:43, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Revert
I reverted the page as an edit removed about a quarter of the article. I see no reason to remove it, so I put it back. If there is actually a reason to remove so much info, (such as inaccuracy, or whatever) please post that reason here as it is a large change to the article.
 * I reverted it back past a couple of edits, the following text was replaced by "@OK" and other inanities...
 * "once perceived, is relayed from the sensory cortex of the brain through the thalamus to the brain stem. That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus ceruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment. Similarly, an abundance of " Lou 05:07, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Tend and Befriend
Taylor et al. have written an important paper on the difference in the stress response in males and females. Taylor SE, Cousino-Klein L, Lewis BP, Gruenewald TL, Gurung RAR, and Updegraff JA: Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review 107 (3): 411-429, 2000.
 * Now featuring in the "See also" section. Wikipedia has an article for that. --Filippof (talk) 14:37, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

Overhaul
I've done a major re-write using a psych textbook as a reference. I've tried to fuse the original with my additions. I also added a references section for mine and the previous writer's refs. This rewrite also addresses the idea of a third option. Hope everyone who cares likes this. Please add a reference to the list if you're changing it, as I went to some trouble to properly document these. Enjoy... Irayna 08:16, 5 August 2006 (UTC)irayna

 * I believe the narrowly constrained focus based on a purely psychological approach to describe the fight-or-flight response should be altered to a multi-disciplinary approach like Game theory's section on Biology. Examples of how a Game theoretical lens may help to explain the fight-or flight response include:

--Benjamin Richards (talk) 21:57, 2 December 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) The signaling component of the communication aspect of game theory is present in the form of initial stimulus or in the form of one individual of a colony raising the alarm for other members of the colony.
 * 2) Strength-in-numbers concept may affect the decision to fight as seen in mobbing behavior.
 * 3) The emergence of symbiotic relationships may be explained by "tend and befriend."
 * 4) Payoff as defined in game theory is not only limited to "fitness" but also may include the advantageous outcomes of "feed" or "get your freak on" or "tend and befriend."

Wondering about genetic marker for this response
It has been pointed out that there are a variety of options under both the flight response and the fight response [deer in headlight and camouflage]. This led me to the question of whether the response could be more simply stated as "go" or "stay" when confronted by stress. Since the response, whatever we call it, is common among many/most species, it would appear to be very primal on a genetic scale. Consider that it might be the direct result of the "punctuated equilibrium" [Gould - Alvarez] event that re-ordered life on Earth 65,000,000 years BP. And impact of such magnitude would have only allowed two "responses" among survivors. Stay put because you had no choice OR get thrown wildly about in a tumult of epic proportion until you finally latched onto something or landed in a safe place. The experience would certainly have effected all species and might offer a genetic pointer as to when the "flight or fight" [go or stay] response initiated. Bobkiger 15:30, 3 December 2007 (UTC)Bob Kiger

 * What you are describing would not, though, if it were true, share any kind of common genetic marker across phyla; it would be a case of analogous/convergent behavioural traits, hard wired (e.g., instinctive), that were all naturally selected for during/after that event. While

cases of convergent evolution in response to selective pressures are indeed known, I think the near-universal ubiquity of fight-or-flight strongly indicates that its origins much father back in time, more than 500 million years ago. However, it has also been strongly retained since it arose, and all of the various cataclysmic events in the time since (of which the K-T extinction 65 million years ago was the most recent but not the most extreme) all would have likely had a role. Firejuggler86 (talk) 02:15, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Freeze
Somebody may wish to add a paragraph about “Freeze”. Many modern theorists believe that Fight/Flight/Freeze is the more accurate dichotomy of this instinctive response. It’s seen in animals and people all the time. The best example is the dear in headlights or the possum “playing possum” (feigning death). Many people and animals when confronted by a threat like an intimidating dog will instinctively stop moving hoping not to the attract the attention of the threat, then eventually SLOWLY moving away. Jeff Vollmer LCPC, 5/2/98 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.141.199.148 (talk) 17:08, 2 May 2008 (UTC) You are talking of the FFF epiphrene-related theory, by MacChendall. ChocokakeIII (talk) 23:44, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Given that I recently experienced this I want to add my two cents. Freezing can be a good response, in that it prevents a situation from escalating. The problem with the ubiquitous 'fight or flight' is that people get the impression that it is wrong to freeze. --Wouter Drucker (talk) 22:47, 13 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment, if anyone is thinking about this subject in terms of what is the "right" or "wrong" response to have, they have a fundamental misunderstanding of the entire concept...these responses are instinctual, they are not calculated decisions that ought be judged on an effectual or moral basis. Firejuggler86 (talk) 01:59, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Danachos (talk) 15:42, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Another F?
What happened to the other F of this system? Has it been too long since I took psychology? Used to be this was referred to as the 4 F's: Feed, Fight, Flee, or get your Freak on. Yet this article passes the burden of sexual response onto the parasympathetic system article, which offers little other than canned descriptions of physical responses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.58.221.121 (talk) 02:53, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Danachos (talk) 15:43, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

"Fright"? Shouldn't it be: "Freeze"?
Does anybody, really, call this the "fright, fight or flight response" ?

It seems likely,to me, that that expression actually is an erroneous recollection of:

"fight-or-flight-or-freeze response", which is in actual use.

Maybe we should remove the variant: "fright, fight or flight response" altogether? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.20.108.21 (talk) 05:19, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Danachos (talk) 15:43, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

"Disambiguation needed" for Serene?
Disambiguity needed for "Serene"? How is that? How many meanings can "Serene" have? In my dictionary (www.ord.se) it pretty much means "peaceful" (no dual meanings) and such meaning fits the context perfectly.

Disambiguation (after my google search) means the act of pinpointing a word's exact meaning within a certain context. Example: "book" can mean a bounded pile of written papers, but "book" can also mean something one do in order to get a seat in an airplane before it takes off. So, disambiguation defines which meaning a word has for those who don't get it out of the context. Now, those who don't get it are often computers, and therefore "Disambiguation" is mostly used in computer Science, since we humans often get the meanings out of the context.

But the word "serene" has no real dual meaning according to my dictionary - and English is not even my first language.

On the other hand, since English is not my first language, I can't tell whether or not the meaning of "serene" is commonly known by ordinary English speakers. I know the meaning since I checked it in the dictionary, just as I once checked the word "banana" when that word was to be learnt. How many of you native English speakers know the word "banana" in foreign languages, by the way?

But IF the case is that most English speaking people don't know the meaning of the word "serene", then that does not mean it needs "Disambiguation". Instead, in such case, the English speaking world needs to read more books and get a proper grip of their own language. Disambiguation does not mean "clarifying". Instead, disambiguity can only be used when there are several meanings of a word. Now, neither "banana" nor "serene" has dual meanings, regardless of how commonly known their meanings are.

It would be so fun if we, the Europeans in the union, were to speak better English than the Americans due to our superior schools... *smiling* Afterall, the Americans need the freshman year in College to catch up with what we learnt in High School whilst we Europeans get into the Sophomore year right away... *smiling* —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.176.227.250 (talk) 23:36, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Fight or flight or ?
All of the sections on this discussion page related to: Are centered on the statement "engage in one or more compensatory actions within the organism's perceived or actual locus of control" to be true in order for the fight-or-flight response to occur, and all neglect the fact that a threatening stimulus is mediated not only by sensory (external) stimuli, but also by physiological or psychological (internal) arousal state, past experiences (memories and their associacion to benign or malignant instances), and willingness to engage (is the organism exhausted or energized). Some threatening stimuli can be ignored all together. Example, if a grey cloud cover, with the potential for rain or lightning, approaches on the horizon, I can neither initiate a fight with the storm nor initiate a flight from the storm's path, with the exception of moving towards a "safe sanctuary" until the threat has dissipated, assuming of course that the organism knows of such a location within the vicinity of its current location.
 * Third Option?
 * Tend and Befriend
 * Freeze
 * Another F?
 * "Fright"? Shouldn't it be: "Freeze"?
 * Fight-or-Flight-or-Play
 * Fawn? (as in the 4Fs in trauma literature)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.221.188.2 (talk) 02:02, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Benjamin Richards (talk) 20:35, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Danachos (talk) 15:43, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Physiology of the stress response
Normally, when a person is in a serene, unstimulated state, the "firing" of neurons in the locus coeruleus is minimal. A novel stimulus (which could include a perception of danger or an environmental stressor such as elevated sound levels or over-illumination), once perceived, is relayed from the sensory cortex of the brain through the hypothalamus to the brainstem.

That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus coeruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment. Similarly, an abundance of catecholamines at neuroreceptor sites facilitates reliance on spontaneous or intuitive behaviors often related to combat or escape.

If a stimulus is perceived as a threat, a more intense and prolonged discharge of the locus ceruleus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This activation is associated with specific physiological actions in the system, both directly and indirectly through the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser extent norepinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal glands. The release is triggered by acetylcholine released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves. The other major factor in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Missing Word
In the third sentence of the section titled, "Psychology of the stress response," it looks like somebody accidentally the word or phrase after "intense". What is the missing word? "Concentration"? "Physical exertion"? "Action music"? Modus Ponens (talk) 22:51, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Fight-or-Flight-or-Play
I propose a third response which is psychologically more interesting and more complex. If you observe lion cubs or just about any animal with the Fight or Flight response, the instantaneous response of the parent to its own young offspring attacking it is to play.

Any other animal with identical action will evoke the fight or flight response to the attack or threat. The parent normally does not attack its offspring if it knows the "threat" is from its own very young offspring. Instead the instantaneous response is to play, this "play" is important to teaching the cubs to survive when the play later becomes fight or attack to survive.

Just observe the lion cubs going after the parents at the zoo -

Davidmeo (talk) 19:14, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia articles need to be based on published literature, so however reasonable that idea is, we would not be able to use it unless it has appeared in print somewhere reputable. Regards, Looie496 (talk) 03:45, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Assignment
I will be working on this page as part of a college course. Please give me suggestions. I have 2000ish words to add to this article for my class. I don't know if I will actually edit any of the page; I'm just working in my sandbox for now.Langtor (talk) 20:04, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Modification
I have made a significant amount of modifications to the article. The majority of the contributions are related to adding content, which are all backed up by references. I made minor modifications to the introduction paragraph. I have added content related to the physiological mechanisms of the fight or flight response, which include: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and the actual sequence of reaction. Additionally, I added content related to the function of some of the physiological changes that occur during the response. I created new sections called, "evolutionary perspective", "emotional components", and "cognitive components". I created subsections and added content within those new sections, which are: emotional components (emotion regulation, emotion reactivity), cognitive components (content specificity, perception of control, social information processing). I also added content related some of the negative symptoms and effects of the response. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bensmyers (talk • contribs) 15:59, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I see that you've actually been working on a copy of the article, User:Bensmyers/modifiedarticle2. That's a good way to learn, but it's also dangerous, because if several of you are doing that then you may find it very difficult to merge your changes.  If you know who the other people working on this are, I strongly advise you to discuss the problem with them and make a plan that will let you avoid treading on each other's toes.  I'll be happy to advise if it is useful.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 16:05, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I completely agree that it can be dangerous. In this case, the student that had previously been working on this article is not anymore, and there shouldn't be other conflicting modifications.Bensmyers (talk) 18:39, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay. In any case I advise you to apply your changes to this article as soon as it is convenient, lest somebody else edit it in the meantime and create conflicts with your changes. Looie496 (talk) 22:21, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I have added the changes. I have one problem with my modification that I can't seem to fix and maybe you could help with. I created a different reference list on the page in order to keep track of the references that I added and now I can't seem to integrate that reference list with the list for the rest of the page. Does it even matter if there are two different reference lists?Bensmyers (talk) 00:00, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
 * It looks like another editor has come along and merged the two sets of references. That's probably the right thing to do.  Having separate notes and references might make sense, but I can't recall seeing a Wikipedia article with distinct sets of references.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 00:47, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

current state of science and "further reading"
if I understand everything more or less well then Cannon's theory remains basically unchallenged and unenlarged, except may be the addition of the "tend and befriend" behaviour (while I doubt that this changes Cannon's theory because he probably did not say that "flight or fight (including "freeze" which is a way of disappearing, i.e. fleeing; but "freeze" might also be a third alternative reaction when neither fight nor flight is possible [e.g. animal, blinded by car lights])" is the only possible reaction to stressors (or did he?); he just described this reaction (psychosomatically). would it not be nice to name a scientific text which best sums up the current 'state of the art' (possibly "Goldstein, David; Kopin, I (2007). "Evolution of concepts of stress"...")? thank you? --HilmarHansWerner (talk) 15:11, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

sympathicotonia
is it not strange that the term "sympathicotonia" - subtopic in the article "Sympathetic nervous system" - is not mentioned here? including its possible becoming a chronic state, a character type (see discussion there)?? --HilmarHansWerner (talk) 15:11, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Humans
This article is appallingly bad for covering fight or flight in humans. It is confusing having stuff on humans mixed up with stuff on animals so I will separate animal stuff to a separate article. --Penbat (talk) 19:32, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think separating the articles was a misguided approach: humans are mammals, and much of this article (now titled "in humans") can equally apply to animals. I don't think a WP:SPLIT is warranted, at least not yet. You appear to have copied the lead of this article and tacked on an arbitrary example with zebras. Reasons for discussing humans alongside animals in a single article are:

 * Humans are animals (biologically undeniable)
 * non-human animals are often used to study or model the effects of stress in humans.
 * In vertebrates at least, the mechanism is largely the same. It's not like zebras have a notably different response. Better context and comprehensive coverage are upheld by discussing all aspects in one article. Many of the references in Fight-or-flight response (in animals) discuss humans and animals together.
 * If this article is bad, we should improve it rather than make more articles of similar or lesser quality.
 * Conceivably, almost any physiological article could be split into humans and non-humans. In some cases this may be warranted, but I don't see that being the case yet. Would we also need tailored articles for the same effect in mice, deer, fish, etc?
 * I think the article should focus on the physiological factors shared among all mammals, or even vertebrates, including humans, as appears to be already the case, although there is certainly work to be done. The existing sections on emotional and cognitive aspects can simply be improved and clarified, as those are more pertinent to human health. --Animalparty-- (talk) 00:24, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with Animalparty that a split was not warranted. Penbat, see WP:SIZE and its WP:Spinout subsection; that guideline is clear why a split was not warranted in this case. Furthermore, Wikipedia commonly includes human material with non-human animal material; see WP:MEDMOS, for an example. WP:MEDMOS#Sections includes an "Other animals" section. Like the Sexual differentiation article, the Fight-or-flight response article could use a heading style to indicate what section is about humans and what section is about non-human animals. With this edit, you moved the title from Fight-or-flight response to Fight-or-flight response (in humans). And with this edit, you split the content into two separate articles. These actions resulted in titles that would be better presented without the parentheses, WP:Leads that are wholly redundant, needless WP:Content forking, and the term fight-or-flight response redirecting to Fight-or-flight response (in humans). And we certainly should not have a WP:Disambiguation page to handle the redirect matter. Both aspects (humans and non-humans) should share one article only. Since this article is currently tagged within WP:Med's scope, deals with medical/health aspects, and WP:Med is a very active WikiProject, I will contact them to weigh in on this matter. Flyer22 (talk) 04:32, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Alerted. Flyer22 (talk) 04:46, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * It appears the content transferred by Penbat to Fight-or-flight response (in animals) was pre-existing in the main article, so I may have erred in assuming the arbitrary example was Penbat's original contribution. But I find it still telling that the material transferred to the animal article ends with a reference on human behavior, which is all the more reason to re-merge the articles. - --Animalparty-- (talk) 06:02, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The original situation was seriously bad. It was totally unclear whether animals were being discussed or humans - it was mixed up. Examining the sources will tell you whether it is to do with animals or humans. Even the sections that refer to animals wrongly have links to articles on humans only eg sympathetic nervous system. Where is the information on sympathetic nervous system on Wikipedia for animals ? There is also a big area of human fight or flight not covered - that is human social psychology. For example, I was about to insert fight or flight in the context of workplace bullying but saw how ludicrous the article currently was.--Penbat (talk) 09:09, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The reason the original was "seriously bad" was that nearly everything in it but the illustrations applied to all mammals with no reason to split humans out. Much of the physiology had been discovered in animals in the first place, also, as has been pointed out. Then there wasn't anything to illustrate with but Grey's Anatomy, and so we got a human-looking article. The sympathetic nervous system should have been structured like the paradigm article on nervous system. It was waiting for information on non-mammals and simpler animals, but that hadn't been added yet. The way to fix this is go back to a general article on the sympathetic nervous system. If there is enough specific stuff on humans to do a special subarticle for them, it can be done per WP:SS. Somewhat the same goes for "fight-or-flight (-or-freeze?) response". We have enough for a general article, and then perhaps some extra psychological stuff for humans, where you can talk about workplace bullying if you want. If there is enough, it goes in a subsection, and as it expands, a subarticle. Interestingly, there exists an article on parasympathetic nervous system but no corresponding one for the corresponding set of behaviors known as "feed and breed." I suppose if we do that one, and need a human subsection or subarticle, that's where we can put all the sociology information on courtship and dating, right? I'm only half joking on that last. There's a scientific reason for Don Juan's observation that it's a waste of time to try to seduce a hungry woman...  S  B Harris 00:58, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

Penbat, this article split needs to be fixed per what has been stated above about fixing it. These two articles should be merged. Fight-or-flight response redirects to Fight-or-flight response (in humans), and, per WP:Disambiguation page, it should not be a WP:Disambiguation page. Flyer22 (talk) 10:02, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Animalparty, if you or someone else doesn't take the initiative and merge these two articles, I'll start a WP:RfC on this matter in a few days. You and I have made our cases above about why the split is wrong, and I'm not letting the split stay as it is. Flyer22 (talk) 15:17, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Forget the WP:RfC; per what has been stated above, I moved the title back to Fight-or-flight response. It should not have been moved without WP:Consensus; Requested moves has a requirement that potentially contested moves should be discussed through the Wikipedia:Requested moves process; it states, "Use this process if there is any reason to believe a move would be contested." Also per what has been stated above, I merged the non-human animal content into this article, as seen here and here. Flyer22 (talk) 23:20, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

"Workplace bullying"
This section has an obvious flight-leaning bias, in my opinion.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:07, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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"the Crumbles"
My experience with this is mostly in safety/security training, but I've never heard Fight-Flight or Fight-Flight-Freeze referred to as "the Crumbles." A quick googling turns up nothing.

EDIT: and so I'm deleting it.

Is conformity to a group, cause or line of thinking under the threat of punishment a species of the "flight" response?
In other words, when people conform under pressure are they actually running away? I think that should be considered in this article. One can run away from one's fear by running toward the threat, if the threat is an entity that is willing to accept "converts" to its point of view. Conformity to that point of view would negate one's fear of consequences -- ostracization, and so forth. I don't know if I've explained this very well. Maybe someone can do better. Thanks. 2600:8801:BE26:2700:A866:3679:4C81:4609 (talk) 19:18, 26 September 2021 (UTC) James.

Wiki Education assignment: PSYC 115 General Psychology
— Assignment last updated by Treeluver20 (talk) 18:28, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia Assignment Physiology and Other Animals Section
We will add more information under the Autonomic nervous system section to better connect the systems to the reactions that they control.

We will add the missing citations under the Function of physiological changes section

Add a few more reactions under the Function of physiological changes section

Information in the Other Animals section of this article will be cited using a respectable secondary source that was found. The information is coming from Adamo A.

Reasons: There is a lot of lacking information throughout the article and there are also a lot of information that need sources added because we don't know where the information is coming from.

--Purpleduck26 (talk) 19:37, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

Information was added to the Physiology section because it was lacking a few general definitions. The information is coming from [http://Meyers%20David%20G. Meyers David G.]

Purpleduck26 (talk) 21:35, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Fight or flight
Fight or flight 2409:4073:4D4D:D534:0:0:96C8:A30D (talk) 14:18, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fight-or-flight response


text:
Caprotti valve gear

The Caprotti valve gear is a type of steam engine valve gear invented in the early 1920s by Italian architect and engineer Arturo Caprotti. It uses camshafts and poppet valves rather than the piston valves used in other valve gear. While basing his design on automotive valves, Caprotti made several significant departures from this design to adapt the valves for steam. Having agreed a joint-venture with Worcester-based engineering company Heenan & Froude from 1938, Heenan & Froude fully acquired Caprotti post-World War II in 1947.

Usage in Italy
The Caprotti valve gear was first tested on a Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Class 740 2-8-0 mixed-traffic locomotive in 1921; although more expensive and complicated than the standard piston valves, it substantially improved the locomotive's performance. Until the 1930s it was fitted on some 334 FS locomotives and on 77 narrow-gauge locomotives of other companies; of the former, some were new-builds, the others were rebuilds of non-superheated compound locomotives.

Given their need for more complex and expensive maintenance, most of these locomotives were generally withdrawn from service before those with Walschaerts valve gear, in the 1960s.

Usage in Great Britain
In August 1926, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway equipped four-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotive no. 5908 of the Claughton Class with Caprotti valve gear and poppet valves. Following trials, nine more were rebuilt in 1928 with Caprotti valve gear, poppet valves and larger boilers, and also in 1928 ten others of the same class were given the larger boiler but retained the Walschaerts valve gear and piston valves with which this class was originally fitted, to enable comparisons to be made between the two types of valve gear. Later that year, no. 5908 was also given a larger boiler. It was found that the Caprotti-fitted locomotives were more economical on coal and water than those with Walschaerts valve gear, but it was later found that some of the losses of the Walschaerts locomotives was due to leakage of steam past the valve heads, where a single wide ring was used. New piston valves having several narrow rings were fitted to one locomotive, and it was then found that the Walschaerts valve gear could be just as economical as the Caprotti, but with considerably less cost of fitment. No more Claughtons were fitted with Caprotti valve gear, and the ten locomotives were withdrawn in 1935–36.

On the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), two 4-6-0 locomotives of LNER Class B3 were rebuilt with Caprotti valve gear in 1929, followed by a further two in 1938–39. These locomotives also had four cylinders, and the poppet valves were mounted vertically, two at each end of each cylinder. One of the first pair of locomotives was rebuilt with Walschaerts valve gear in 1943, but the other three ran with Caprotti valve gear until withdrawal in 1946–47.

British Caprotti
In the 1950s, Caprotti valve gear was improved and this British Caprotti valve gear was fitted to the last two British Railways-built 'Black Fives' 44686/7, the last 30 BR standard class 5s, numbers 73125-54, and the unique BR standard class 8 71000 Duke of Gloucester. Results were mixed, with the performance of the Duke of Gloucester being particularly disappointing. That was later found to be due to errors elsewhere in the design and construction of the locomotive.

Although more expensive to manufacture than its rivals, the improved Caprotti valve gear is considerably more efficient than any other. A major improvement is that much of the mechanism is enclosed, leading to reduced wear and tear from the harsh steam locomotive environment, and completely independent control of admission and exhaust. The restored Duke of Gloucester, with its flaws eliminated, has proved the concept.

title: Caprotti valve gear


text:
Talk:Hedgerow removal

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 19:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hedgerow removal


text:
User:Red Baron~enwiki

Howdy. I've been around Wikipedia longer than my contribs list suggests.

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title: User:Red Baron~enwiki