text:
Amacrine cell

In the anatomy of the eye, amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. They are named, because of their short neuronal processes. Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells, and bipolar cells or both of these.

Structure
Amacrine cells operate at inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses. There are at least 33 different subtypes of amacrine cells based just on their dendrite morphology and stratification. Like horizontal cells, amacrine cells work laterally, but whereas horizontal cells are connected to the output of rod and cone cells, amacrine cells affect the output from bipolar cells, and are often more specialized. Each type of amacrine cell releases one or several neurotransmitters where it connects with other cells.

They are often classified by the width of their field of connection, which layer(s) of the stratum in the IPL they are in, and by neurotransmitter type. Most are inhibitory using either gamma-Aminobutyric acid or glycine as neurotransmitters.

Types
As mentioned above, there are several different ways to divide the many different types of amacrine cells into subtypes.

GABAergic, glycinergic, or neither: Amacrine cells can be either GABAergic, glycinergic or neither depending on what inhibitory neurotransmitter they express (GABA, glycine, or neither). GABAergic amacrine cells are usually wide field amacrine cells and are found in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL). One type of GABAergic amacrine cell that is fairly well studied is the starburst amacrine cell. These amacrine cells are usually characterised by their expression of choline acetyltransferase, or ChAT, and are known to play a role in direction selectivity and detection of directional motion. Acetylcholine is also released from these amacrine cells, but its function is not completely understood. Another subtype of GABAergic amacrine cells are those that are dopaminergic. These are all TH expressing and these amacrine cells modulate light adaption and circadian rhythm. These are widely spreading amacrine cells, and they diffusely release dopamine, while still releasing GABA and carrying out all normal synaptic release. Many other divisions of GABAergic amacrine cells have been noted, but those listed above are some of the most extensively researched and discussed.

Glycinergic amacrine cells aren't as extensively characterized as GABAergic amacrine cells. All glycinergic amacrine cells though, are marked by the glycine transporter GlyT1. One very well characterized glycinergic amacrine cell is the AII amacrine cells. These cells are present in the INL. One important function of the AII amacrine cells is that they capture cellular input from rod bipolar cells and redistribute it to cone bipolar cells using the synaptic endings of cone bipolar cells as adaptors

Around 15% of amacrine cells are neither GABAergic or glycinergic. These amacrine cells are sometimes known as nGnG amacrine cells, and it is thought that transcription factors that act on progenitors decide the fate of amacrine cells. One transcription factor that was found to be selectively expressed in nGnG amacrine cells is Neurod6

Length of dendritic arbors: Based on length, spread of dendritic arbors, amacrine cells can be categorized as narrow field amacrine cells (around 70 micrometers in diameter), medium field amacrine cells (around 170 micrometers in diameter) and wide field amacrine cells (around 350 micrometers in diameter). These different lengths lend to different specific functions that the amacrine cells can accomplish. Narrow field amacrine cells allow vertical communication among different retinal levels. They also aid in creating functional subunits in the receptive field of ganglion cells. These narrow field amacrine cells and their overlap in these subunits can allow certain ganglion cells to detect small amounts of movement of a very small spot in a field of vision. One type of narrow field cells that does this is the starburst amacrine cell.

Medium field amacrine cells also contribute to vertical communication in the cells of the retina, but much of their overall function is still unknown. Due to the fact that their dendritic arbor size is pretty similar to that of ganglion cells, they could blur the edge of the ganglion cell visual field. Similarly, wide field amacrine cells are hard to research and even discover because they span the entire retina so there aren't many of them. In light of their size though, one of their main functions is lateral communication within a layer, though some also communicate vertically among layers.

Organization
Amacrine cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in 'exclusion zones' that separate them. Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the visual field have access to a full set of processing elements. MEGF10 and MEGF11 transmembrane proteins have critical roles in the formation of the mosaics by starburst amacrine cells and horizontal cells in mice.

Function
In many cases, the subtype of the amacrine cell speaks to its function (form leads to function), but some specific functions of the retinal amacrine cells can be outlined.

 * Intercept retinal ganglion cells and/ or bipolar cells in the IPL
 * Create functional subunits within the receptive fields of many ganglion cells
 * Contribute to vertical communication within the retinal layers
 * Carry out paracrine functions such as release of dopamine, acetylcholine, and nitric oxide
 * Through their connections with other retinal cells at synapses and release of neurotransmitters, contribute to the detection of directional motion, modulate light adaption and circadian rhythm, and control high sensitivity in scotopic vision through connections with rod and cone bipolar cells

There is still much to be discovered about all of the different functions of all of the different amacrine cells. Amacrine cells with extensive dendritic trees are thought to contribute to inhibitory surrounds by feedback at both the bipolar cell and ganglion cell levels. In this role they are considered to supplement the action of the horizontal cells.

Other forms of amacrine cell are likely to play modulatory roles, allowing adjustment of sensitivity for photopic and scotopic vision. The AII amacrine cell is a mediator of signals from rod cells under scotopic conditions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amacrine cell


text:
Gabibbo

Gabibbo is an Italian mascot for the Mediaset-controlled channel Canale 5 created in 1990. Gabibbo's main role has been in the programs Paperissima and Striscia la notizia, but he has appeared in several other Canale 5 programs. He is normally a jovial character known for his ability to make wisecracks and his overall humble demeanor. He speaks Italian with a Genoese accent, occasionally using Italianized Genoese words. In fact the word Gabibbo or Gabibbu belongs to the Genoese language and it is used to indicate, in an ironic-depreciative way, an immigrant from southern or even central Italy (it may originate from the Arab epithet habib).

Western Kentucky Hilltoppers lawsuit
Gabibbo has also earned negative press surrounding a lawsuit brought by Western Kentucky University who claim that Gabibbo is an exact copy of their mascot Big Red. Western Kentucky claims it has a case because in an interview with Novella 2000, Ricci states that he created Gabibbo after seeing Western Kentucky's mascot, further adding that Gabibbo is in fact, "(an imported) Big Red".

Ricci claims he was joking in that interview, saying that he made the remark after Novella pointed out the similarities between Big Red and Gabibbo. He goes on to say that there are "100 different mascots who look like Gabibbo", not just Big Red, adding that the Sesame Street mascots Cookie Monster and Elmo also look like Gabibbo. However, Gabibbo's head is almost an exact copy of Big Red's (a fact repeated by The New York Times ' business section, who quip that Gabibbo is simply a "better dressed" version of Big Red) and that Big Red debuted in 1979, almost eleven years prior to Gabibbo.

On 12 December 2007, Gabibbo and Antonio Ricci were found to not be liable for infringement by the court of appeals in Milan. On June 7, 2018, the decision was overruled and remanded by the Italian Supreme Court.

title: Gabibbo


text:
Sound 80

Sound 80 is a recording studio in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States founded by engineer Tom Jung and composer/musician Herb Pilhofer in 1969. Largely involved with local artists, the studio is best known for recording portions of Bob Dylan's Blood on the Tracks in 1974 and Cat Stevens' Izitso in 1977, as well as demo tapes for Prince's first album For You in 1977.

In 1978, Sound 80 made the first digital audio recording to win a Grammy Award—The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra's recording of Aaron Copland's "Appalachian Spring" and "Short Symphony," and Charles Ives' "Symphony No. 3."

In 2020, Sound 80 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Jung and Pilhofer had previously worked at the Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis, where artists such as Dave Dudley and The Trashmen had recorded. The Sound 80 name came from advertising man Brad Morrison, who had previously named Hormel's Cure 81 ham product (supposedly while drinking Vat 69 Scotch). "The number didn't mean a thing," Pilhofer later explained. "Eighty-one was already taken [by Hormel]. Eighty just sounded right and it looked good."

3M, based in neighboring Saint Paul, Minnesota, brought in a prototype digital recording system in the late Spring of 1978. Nicknamed "Herbie" after Herb Pilhofer, the system was used for two recordings by the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra and one for jazz group Flim and the BB's. One of the SPCO albums won the Grammy Award for Best Chamber Orchestra Recording in 1979. Being a prototype, it was a very bulky and finicky system. For example, it used wire wrap boards and few, if any, soldered connections. When it worked, the system had a number of good qualities. However, there was no editing ability for digital media at the time, so even minor flaws would require the whole track to be re-recorded.

Tom Jung left the company to work in New York City, but created a mobile recording unit known as Road 80, which was rented to Sound 80 studios on occasion. Jung later created the company DMP Digital Music Products, which also pushed the envelope of later digital audio technology (the company recorded the first multi-channel Super Audio CD).

In the mid 1980s the building became the home to AVC Systems, one of the largest pro audio contractors in the midwest. The basement, including the live echo chamber, was converted into a staging area for system fabrication. The main studio was converted to a showroom and office facilities. The smaller studio was rented by "Roger Dodger Music", a Minneapolis based keyboard/synthesizer dealer.

Orfield Labs
The Sound 80 building was sold in 1990, but the original recording studios 1, 2 and 3 still exist, and the complex is now home to Orfield Laboratories (OL), the world's only independent multi sensory design research lab, who added a 3,500 square foot NIST/NVLAP Acoustical Lab to the complex. In this lab, OL operates the only NVlap accredited independent anechoic chamber in the U.S. At −13 dBA, it is listed as "the quietest place on Earth" by the Guinness Book of World Records for 2005 and 2013. In its acoustic lab, OL also has 3 NIST accredited reverberation chambers, for testing of sound transmission, sound absorption and sound power, as well as for research uses. Sound 80 also has the first Acoustic Lab Acoustic Camera for source localization research in any accredited American lab.

Sound 80 was listed in Guinness again in 2006 as the "Oldest Digital Recording Studio in the World".

Orfield Laboratories consults in architecture in acoustics, AV, daylighting, lighting, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, human factors and forensics. OL has completed commercial buildings of most types across the United States. OL consults in product development in sound quality, visual quality, thermal quality, usability quality and tests products acoustically, vibrationally, photometrically and thermally. Clients have included Harley Davidson, Whirlpool, Cessna Aircraft, Maytag, Kohler, JI Case, Herman Miller, Steelcase, Haworth, Microsoft and many others.

Recording artists
Artists who recorded at the studio include:
 * Bob Dylan
 * Dave Brubeck (1978)
 * Debbie Friedman
 * Flamin' Ohs
 * Flim & the BB's
 * Michael Johnson
 * Leo Kottke
 * Lazarus
 * Lipps Inc., Funkytown sessions 1980
 * Prince, demos (1977)
 * Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
 * Skogie and the Flaming Pachucos, (1972)
 * Skogie, (1973)
 * Cat Stevens (1976)
 * The Suburbs
 * Suicide Commandos, Make a Record
 * Don Voegeli
 * McDonald & Sherby (1969/1974)
 * Yanni (1980)
 * Straight [ 1975 ]

title: Sound 80


text:
Do (singer)

Dominique Rijpma van Hulst (born 7 September 1981) is a Dutch singer and actress known by her stage name Do. She is best known for singing the vocals of "Heaven", DJ Sammy's worldwide top 10-hit in 2002–2003, a cover of the 1980s hit of the same name by Bryan Adams.

Early life
Dominique Rijpma van Hulst was born in 1981 in Valkenswaard, Netherlands. She was raised by her stepfather Willem-Jan van Hulst, a popular tennis coach. At age fifteen, she planned to compete in Wimbledon, but an injury ended her tennis career.

Her first musical performance was in café Old Dutch in Valkenswaard, which led to a record label deal with Sony Music BMG.

Music
Before she even released a single, she was a supporting act for the tour of 5ive and Montell Jordan in the Netherlands. The first single Do released was the song "Real Good". Although the music video was played a lot on the Dutch music channel TMF, it was not a hit song in the Netherlands. Later in an interview, she says that "It wasn't my sound, and I hated the video. Thankfully it wasn't a hit, 'cause I don't want people to remember me from that song". After that, Do collaborated with DJ Sammy and Yanou, who is also her producer. The song was a cover of Bryan Adams song Heaven. It became an international hit. It reached the number one spot in the United Kingdom and was a Top ten hit in several countries. A candlelight remix version was made with a slower, piano instrumental. During this time, she had some problems with the credits of the song. Everywhere she went, she was asked if she was DJ Sammy because the song (in accordance with most dance songs) was credited to DJ Sammy, and she was the main focus in the video. Her candlelight version of "Heaven" is also used for the ending sequence of the TV series Cold Case, 1st-season episode 8 'Fly Away'.

Do
Do's self-titled debut, Do, was released in 2004, and reached No. 3 in the Netherlands. The first single from the album, "Voorbij", a duet with Marco Borsato, reached No. 1. She also had top-ten hits in the Netherlands with her next two singles, "Love Is Killing Me" (which reached the No. 6) and "Angel by My Side" (which reached No. 10). The fourth single was planned to be a cover of the Cyndi Lauper song "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend". The plan fell through - Do's management did not get the rights to release it as a single. The album received the Gold status (40,000 copies) in the Netherlands. To end the year, she recorded a Christmas song with Trijntje Oosterhuis on the order of Sky Radio. It was called "Everyday Is Christmas". Due to the airplay it reached No. 7 in the Dutch Top 40.

After the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Do joined several Dutch artists to record a song for the victims of the tsunami. The song, "Als Je Iets Kan Doen" (If You Can Do Something), reached No. 1 in the Netherlands and stayed there for several weeks. All of the profits from the song went to the victims of the tsunami disaster.

Follow Me
Do's second album, Follow Me, was released in the Netherlands on 19 June 2006. The first single was also called "Follow Me". The song was written by Bryan Adams and had already been recorded by Melanie C in 1999. The single peaked at No. 39 in the Dutch Top 40 but did better in the Megacharts Top 50, peaking at No. 17. The album debuted in the Dutch Megacharts Album Top 100 at No. 8 and peaked there for two weeks. The album contains 12 songs. The album meant a lot to Do, whose friend worked on the album with her before passing away.

The second single from Follow Me was "Beautiful Thing". This song did better in the charts than "Follow Me" and it peaked at No. 23. It stayed in the Top 40 for 9 weeks. The video for "Beautiful Thing" was shot in Bonaire just like the third single of the album "Sending Me Roses" which was only released as a digital track. The two videos form a story.

In 2006, Do did a tour called Follow Me theater tour.

The fourth single from the album was "I Will". It was released in February 2007. The song was re-recorded in Sweden. However, no video was made and the song failed to chart.

Do has also had a Dutch EP, entitled "Zingen in het Donker". (Singing in the Darkness.) The self-titled song was recorded in 4 different languages. (Dutch, English, German and French.) The proceeds were sent to a charity for Domestic Violence victims.

On 20 December 2009, Do premiered a new song, called "Nobody But Me", which was said to be off her upcoming album. Dominique Rijpma van Hulst stated the album was going to be released around March 2010; however, it has yet to be released.

In 2010, Dominique Rijpma van Hulst released an LP version of "Zingen in het Donker". (Singing in the Darkness) It had a very limited release in Europe, and only available on the European iTunes Store. The album contains 10 tracks from DO, and unlike her previous albums, "Zingen in her Donker" is completely in Dutch. The first single is titled after the name of the album.

Cinderella
From November 2007 to March 2008, Do starred in Assepoester, a Dutch version of Cinderella, as the title character. The production was held at the Efteling Theatre, a theatre in the Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands. It was Do's first live theatrical performance.

Personal life
On 7 July 2007, Do married Marc Verschoor in Barcelona. The couple divorced in 2010 but reconciled in 2012. She gave birth to a son on 2 January 2014. Do posed nude in, and was featured on the cover of, the January 2009 issue of the Dutch edition of Playboy.

title: Do (singer)


text:
Krrish

Krrish is a 2006 Indian superhero film directed and produced by Rakesh Roshan. The film stars Hrithik Roshan in a dual role as father and son, with Priyanka Chopra, Naseeruddin Shah, Rekha, Sharat Saxena and Manini Mishra feature in supporting roles. A sequel to Koi... Mil Gaya (2003), it is the second installment in the Krrish franchise, and tells the story of Krishna Mehra, the son of the previous film's protagonist Rohit Mehra, who inherits his father's superhuman abilities and also his lookalike. After falling in love with Priya, he follows her to Singapore, where he takes on the persona of Krrish to keep his identity secret while saving children from a burning circus. From that moment on, he is regarded as a superhero, and must later thwart the plans of the evil scientist Dr. Siddhant Arya, who is creating a supercomputer that shows future.

Krrish was conceived to be a film of global significance and a trendsetter in Indian cinema, with visual effects on par with those from Hollywood. To that end, the effects team was aided by Hollywood's Marc Kolbe and Craig Mumma, and the stunts were choreographed by Chinese martial arts film expert Tony Ching. The music was composed by Rajesh Roshan, with the background score by Salim–Sulaiman. Filming was done to a large extent in Singapore as well as India.

Krrish released worldwide on 23 June 2006 at a budget of ₹40 crore and on 1000 prints, both near-record amounts for an Indian film at the time. Krrish received positive reviews from critics in India, got a record opening week at the box office. A blockbuster, Krrish grossed a worldwide total of ₹126 crore, becoming the second highest-grossing Indian film of 2006.The film received 8 nominations at the 52nd Filmfare Awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Rakesh), Best Actor (Hrithik) and Best Supporting Actress (Rekha), and won 3 awards, including Best Special Effects. At the 8th IIFA Awards, the film received 9 nominations, and won 3 awards, including Best Actor (Hrithik). It also won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects.

The third film in the series, Krrish 3 was released in 2013 whereas, the fourth installment is set to be released in 2026.

Plot
Five-year-old Krishna Mehra is the orphaned son of the late scientist, Dr. Rohit Mehra, and his late wife, Nisha, and lives in the small town of Kasauli with his grandmother, Sonia. He is undergoing an intelligence quotient test by his school principal, Father Robericks, who suspects that Krishna has biologically inherited his father's superpowers due to the latter answering all the questions flawlessly. Shocked at learning this, Sonia takes the young Krishna to a remote mountain village in North India to conceal his unique abilities, not wanting to lose her grandson the same way she lost her son and daughter-in-law. Two decades later, an adult Krishna meets vacationing girls, Priya and Honey, who are taken camping near his home by Krishna's friend, Bahadur. After Krishna saves Priya from a hang glider accident, the two become friends and grow close, just before Priya and Honey depart for their home in Singapore, but Krishna has the stronger feelings of love. Before leaving, Priya and Honey have witnessed first-hand some of the special abilities that Krishna exhibits, like talking to animals and superhuman strength.

After returning to Singapore, Priya and Honey are fired by their boss for taking non-permitted 5-days extension of vacation. In an attempt to keep their jobs, Honey suggests inviting Krishna to Singapore and making a television program about him. Aware of Krishna's love towards her, Priya invites him to join her in Singapore. However, Sonia protests to this by stating that the people there will only wish to exploit his abilities, and then explains to Krishna that his father, Rohit, was invited to Singapore and hired by a scientist, Dr. Siddhant Arya, to help create a computer to see the future in order to prevent wars and help prepare against natural disasters. However, on the night of Krishna's birth, Rohit contacted his mother to inform that his superpowers were being misused, and reportedly died in a laboratory accident that night (although his dead body was not recovered), causing Krishna's mother, Nisha, to die shortly after as well, unable to bear the shock. Shocked at learning this, Krishna promises Sonia that he will never reveal his powers, so she permits him to go, aware of his feelings towards Priya.

In Singapore, during the production of the television program, Krishna keeps his word, causing Priya and Honey to be fired again with the program revealing nothing exceptional about him. Later, Krishna meets with a stunt performer, Kristian Li (Bin Xia), who is attempting to raise funds to pay for his handicapped young sister's leg surgery. He invites Krishna and Priya to the Great Bombay Circus, but during the performance, a firework explodes and ignites the tent, which is swiftly evacuated. Several children remain trapped in the blaze, and Krishna is faced with the dilemma of saving the children without revealing his abilities. He applies a broken black clown's mask lying on the floor and wears his jacket on inside-out, creating the persona of "Krrish". After a few days, Kristian witnesses Krrish fighting some goons and removing his mask. He is shocked to learn that his friend Krishna is Krrish. As Krrish is being offered a reward for his deeds, Krishna asks Kristian to assume his identity, so that he can pay for his sister's surgery.

Meanwhile, Priya and Honey are too shocked to learn that Krishna is Krrish when they see the footage from the video camera that was in Priya's hand. They decide to release the footage on TV to enable Krishna to become a world-famous celebrity. During their discussions, Krishna arrives and overhears the girls talking about how Priya had been lying to him, and will create a big sensation by revealing his identity to the world. Just before Priya confesses to Honey that in this drama she has genuinely fallen in love with Krishna, he leaves, dejected. After being confronted by Krishna at his hotel about what she said, Priya realises her mistake and to stop her boss from revealing Krrish's identity, age rushes to the speech event of Rohit's former colleague, Dr. Arya, which her boss has been attending. In the process, Priya meets Vikram Sinha, the senior security officer of Dr. Arya, who has been searching for Krishna and his grandmother for the past 20 years. With the help of Priya, Sinha meets Krishna and shockingly reveals to him that Rohit is still alive. He explains that he and Rohit had become very close friends, and after completing the machine, both Rohit and Sinha tested it and were shocked to see Dr. Arya holding Rohit at gunpoint. Rohit understood that Dr. Arya was going to kill him and then use the machine for his own selfish needs. He was able to destroy the computer, before being taken as a prisoner by Dr. Arya, who spread the fake news that he died in a laboratory accident.

Meanwhile, back in the present time-line, Dr. Arya has rebuilt the computer after 20 years. He tests the computer to reveal his future and is shocked to see Krrish killing him. In an attempt to change his future, Dr. Arya quickly visits Kristian's house and shoots the latter dead, believing him to be Krrish. After learning about Kristian's death and seeing Dr. Arya leaving from his house, Krrish uses his superhuman speed to pursue Dr. Arya's car to his office and his helicopter to his remote island where he has imprisoned Rohit. When Dr. Arya looks into the future again, he sees that the visual has not changed, and is shocked to see Krrish still alive and on his island. When Krrish enters the compound, there is a vicious fight with Dr. Arya's thugs whom Krrish eventually defeats, but Dr. Arya shoots Sinha dead and holds Priya and Rohit at gunpoint. In the final scene, Krrish saves Priya and Rohit and injures Dr. Arya fatally. With his last breath, Dr. Arya asks Krrish who he is, and Krishna reveals himself. After revealing to Rohit that Krishna is his son, Krishna and Priya take Rohit with them back to India, reuniting him with his mother. Rohit finds out that his wife, Nisha, had died after he disappeared. He mourns her along with his mother, son and daughter-in-law, and uses the supercomputer created by his late father to summon his alien friend, Jadoo, whose spaceship can be seen from a distance.

Main cast

 * Hrithik Roshan in a dual role as:
 * Dr. Rohit Mehra, a scientist, Krishna's father
 * Krishna Mehra / Krrish, Priya's love interest, Rohit's son and Sonia's grandson
 * Priyanka Chopra as Priya, Krishna's love interest, Honey's friend
 * Rekha as Sonia Mehra, Krishna's grandmother and Rohit's mother
 * Naseeruddin Shah as Dr. Siddhant Arya, a scientist
 * Sharat Saxena as Vikram Sinha, Dr. Arya's senior security officer
 * Manini Mishra as Honey Arora; Priya's friend
 * Puneet Issar as Komal Singh; Priya's camp leader
 * Akash Khurana as Father Robericks, a Catholic school principal
 * Hemant Pandey as Bahadur, Krishna's friend

Supporting cast

 * Ahmad Khan as Dr. Mathur
 * Bin Xia as Kristian Li
 * Edgar Noordanus
 * Mithilesh Chaturvedi
 * Zain Khan as Chintu, Krishna's friend
 * Fardeen Hussaini as Krishna's friend
 * Mickey Dhamijani as Krishna's friend
 * Yu Xuan as Kristian's sister

Special appearances

 * Archana Puran Singh as Nayantara, Priya and Honey's boss
 * Kiran Juneja as Priya's mother
 * Preity Zinta as Nisha Mehra, Krishna's mother and Rohit's wife
 * Rakesh Roshan as Dr. Sanjay Mehra, Krishna's grandfather and Rohit's father (archived footage)

Development
In November 2004, the Roshans confirmed they would produce a sequel to Koi... Mil Gaya (2003). They announced that actors Hrithik Roshan and Rekha would return for the sequel, but that Preity Zinta would be replaced by Priyanka Chopra. Chopra also confirmed the same, adding, "The story will start where Koi... Mil Gaya ended." Before Chopra, Amrita Rao was cast as the female lead, and she and Hrithik starred in a photoshoot. However, the results of the photoshoot left Rakesh Roshan dissatisfied, and thus Rao was removed from the project. Rakesh Roshan hoped that the film would be remembered as the first to prove that the Indian film industry is equal to Hollywood. He decided to push the story forward by focusing on the son of the previous films's protagonist, who would inherit his father's special abilities. The story combined elements of Indian mythology (the main character's name Krishna alludes to the Hindu Lord Krishna), Chinese martial arts and Hollywood films to set itself up as a film of global significance.

Pre-production
Rakesh Roshan wanted Krrish to be a trendsetter in Indian cinema, with visual effects on par with Hollywood films. He hired Hollywood special effects experts Marc Kolbe and Craig Mumma, who had both previously worked on such films as Independence Day, Godzilla and Sky Captain, to help create the visual effects for the film. Roshan also hired Hong Kong action director Tony Ching after admiring his work in Hero. Before production began, Hrithik Roshan went to China to train with Ching for the cable work that would be needed to make his character "fly". A story board of the film was prepared and sent to Ching to help him develop the action sequences. Additional production credits include: Farah Khan – choreographer, Samir Chanda and Sham Kaushal – art directors, Baylon Fonesca and Nakul Kamte – sound, Nahush Pise – makeup artist, Sham Kaushal – assistant action director.

Filming
Krrish was the first Indian film to be shot in Singapore under the Singapore Tourism Board's Film-in-Singapore subsidy scheme, and over 60% of the film was shot there. Shooting was accomplished on location over a span of 2 months, from September to November 2005. Locations featured included the Singapore Zoo, the Gateway building, and the Singapore National Library. Another major filming location was Robinson Road, where heavy rains caused production delays. The Singapore police were on location to block roads and protect the filming equipment, such as when the film's action scenes required two 250-foot high industrial cranes. Author Audrey Yue noted that the film shoot benefited Singapore by leading to domestic and Indian film-induced tourism.

Filming also took place in Manali and Film City in Mumbai. During filming of a flying stunt, one of the wires that was tied to Hrithik Roshan broke, causing him to fall 50 feet, though he landed safely on a shop's canopy. Hrithik described the incident as a "freak accident", stating, "I was skydiving to my death till I fell on a six-feet-long canopy of a shop that was out because of the slight drizzle. The canopy had iron rods. But I missed those rods too. What do I say? I guess the right word to describe the situation would be jadoo (magic)." Roshan also suffered other injuries during the film's production. He tore the hamstring in his right leg during a circus scene, singed his hair while running through fire in another action scene, and broke his thumb and toe during strenuous training for the wirework.

Post-production
Indian firm Prasad EFX assigned a team of more than 100 VFX specialists to work with Marc Kolbe and Craig Mumma to create the visual effects for the film. Included were sophisticated 3D modelling and computer animation, including whole body scans, 3D replicas of vehicles, fire sequences, complicated wire removals and compositing work. They prepared over 1,200 VFX shots, accounting for approximately 90 minutes of screen time. Describing the effects, Rakesh Roshan stated, "If you liked the visual effects in Koi... Mil Gaya, you will find them far better in Krrish. I do not think audiences have seen anything like this in Hindi films."

Music
The film's soundtrack, composed by Rajesh Roshan, was released on 28 April 2006 by T-Series. Lyricists included Ibraheem Ashk, Nasir Faraaz, and Vijay Akela. Salim–Sulaiman provided the background score. It became the seventh best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year. Dil Na Diya was lifted from Ceddin Deden by Mehter
 * Hindi

 * Tamil

Critical reviews of the soundtrack were generally favourable, though some in the media called it a disappointment. Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying that it was "another good outing for Bollywood music lovers." He especially praised the songs "Chori Chori", "Koi Tumsa Nahi" and "Pyaar Ki Ek Kahaani." Sukanya Verma of Rediff gave a favourable review for the soundtrack's "catchy" songs. However, she felt that while the songs meshed with the film, "none of them bear the staying power of Rajesh Roshan's earlier soundtracks." Shruti Bhasin of Planet Bollywood enjoyed the original songs, giving 7.5 out of 10 stars, but was disappointed with the remixes. Dr. Mandar V. Bichu of Gulf News said that it did not live up to the pre-release expectations.

Marketing
As a part of the marketing, Merchandise were offered for sale prior to the film's release to maximize profits. These included action figures, masks, and other toys.

A Krrish game was made in 2006 by Indiagames after the release of Krrish.

Theatrical
The final budget of Krrish came to ₹40 crore, which at that time was considered a big-budget film by Hindi film standards. The film was released on 23 June 2006 with 1,000 prints. Krrish was simultaneously released along with dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu languages. It was the first Indian film to receive payments in advance for product placement, music, and international distribution rights.

Home media
The film's DVD was released in Region 1 on 18 August 2006, by Adlabs. On 21 August 2006, it was released for all regions by Filmkraft. Adlabs also released a Blu-ray version.

Film festivals
It was also notably screened under the "Informative Screening (Feature)" film category at the 2014 Pyongyang International Film Festival in North Korea.

Box office
Krrish had a good opening week, and tickets were reportedly selling for many times the original cost at some locations. Total gross collections were an Indian record of ₹41.6 crore (₹29.7 crore nett) for its opening week. Krrish became the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2006, earning over ₹69 crore nett in India alone, and was classified as a "Blockbuster" by Box Office India. It also grossed ₹31.68 crore in the overseas market, where it was declared a "hit". The final worldwide total gross was ₹126 crore. One week after Krrish was released, another superhero film, Superman Returns was released in India. Rakesh Roshan stated, "I was a little skeptical that Superman might hurt me, but fortunately it didn't." In fact, Krrish fared better at the box office in India than Superman Returns did.

India
Krrish received positive reviews from critics in India. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama believed that the film surpassed expectations, but felt that there were issues with pacing in first hour. Overall, he deemed Krrish to be "a terrifically exciting and compelling experience", and awarded the film 4 of 5 stars. Nikhat Kazmi noted in The Times of India that while the superhero and action sequences were appealing, there were not enough of them. He was also not excited by the romantic parts, comparing them to a sightseeing tour, first in India and then in Singapore. He said that overall, this film lacks the fun of its predecessor. On the other hand, Raja Sen said that Krrish was infinitely better than KMG, though ultimately it was all about Hrithik Roshan. Sen and Sukanya Verma, writing for Rediff, both gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and both said that it was a good film for children. Sen summarised, "So, is it a good superhero movie? No, but it's well-intentioned. It's a full-on kiddie movie, and while a lot of us might be scornful of Krrish, it's heartening to see fantasy officially entering mainstream Bollywood." Verma agreed with other critics that it took too long for the action to get started, and said that a lot of attention was spent showing off Roshan's muscles. He summarised, "Krrish neither has the sleek aura nor the deep-rooted ideology of superheroes. What it does have is a super spirited performance from Hrithik Roshan, which is likely to appeal to children. And that's worth a three-star cheer." Saibal Chatterjee wrote in the Hindustan Times that Krrish is a hackneyed, formulaic masala film, with special effects added on top, and hoped that this would not be the future of Bollywood. Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN condemned the screenplay and thought that the only thing that made the film watchable was the acting of Hrithik Roshan. He gave the film only 2 out of 5 stars, saying "Krrish is only an average film that could have been so much better if the makers had concentrated as hard on its story as they did on its action and stunts."

Overseas
Overseas reviews were positive. Richard James Havis of The Hollywood Reporter stated, "This Bollywood epic crunches together romance, comedy, extraterrestrials, martial arts, dancing and action to tell an entertaining story about a reluctant Indian superhero" but said it may be "far too crazed for foreign viewers". David Chute of LA Weekly deemed it a "hearty pulp cinema that really sticks to your ribs". Likewise, Laura Kern of The New York Times said it was a blend of carefree romance, show-stopping action and sci-fi. Ronnie Scheib of Variety said that it was an "enjoyable, daffily improbable escapist romp". He praised the action sequences as ingeniously choreographed, but very family-friendly. Though Jaspreet Pandohar of BBC was critical of the script for being "low on originality", he praised Hrithik Roshan's performance and the action scenes. Dr. P.V. Vaidyanathan, in a review for BBC Shropshire, said that the film's excellent special effects were as good as the best from Hollywood, praised Hrithik's acting, but called the music mundane.

Accolades
Krrish was one of India's possible nominations for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Foreign Film, but the country ultimately chose Rang De Basanti as its pick. Despite this, Krrish won numerous awards, including 3 Filmfare Awards—Best Special Effects, Best Action and Best Background Score—and was nominated for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Villain at the 52nd Filmfare Awards. At the 2007 IIFA Awards, Krrish won Best Actor, Best Action, and Best Special Effects. Rakesh Roshan won the Creative Person of the Year title at the same ceremony. Additionally, the film was nominated in the following categories at the ceremony: Best Director, Best Music and Best Story.

Hrithik Roshan won other acting awards that year, including the Star Screen Award Best Actor, Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male, BFJA – Best Actor Award (Hindi) and GIFA Best Actor. The film's special effects won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects. The film also took Best Picture honours at the Matri Shree Media Awards.

In a showing of the film's popularity with children, Krrish swept the major film categories at the Pogo Amazing Kids Awards, which are voted on by children across India. Winners were: Hrithik Roshan (Most Amazing Actor — Male), Priyanka Chopra (Most Amazing Actor — Female), Krrish (Most Amazing Film), Special Effects in Krrish (Most Amazing Moment in a film).

 * 52nd Filmfare Awards :

Won

 * Best Background Score – Salim–Sulaiman
 * Best Special Effects – EFX
 * Best Action – Tony Ching & Siu-Tung

Nominated

 * Best Film – Rakesh Roshan
 * Best Director – Rakesh Roshan
 * Best Actor – Hrithik Roshan
 * Best Supporting Actress – Rekha
 * Best Villain – Naseeruddin Shah
 * Best Sound Design – Jeetendra Choudhary, Baylon Fonsecai & Nakul KamrE

Sequel
After the success of Krrish, Rakesh Roshan announced that he would be making a sequel, tentatively titled Krrish 3. He confirmed that Hrithik Roshan and Priyanka Chopra would reprise their roles, and that the antagonists would be played by Vivek Oberoi and Kangana Ranaut.

title: Krrish


text:
Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara

Khan Bahadur Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara (કાવસજી જમશેદજી પેટીગરા) (24 November 1877 – 28 March 1941) was the first Indian to become the Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Mumbai Police in 1928. He was in charge of the Crime Branch division and was noted for his intelligence network. A decorated officer, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Companion of the Indian Empire (CIE) and awarded the King's Police Medal (KPM). Petigara was also awarded the Imperial Service Order (ISO) and used the honorific title "Khan Bahadur". He joined the police force as a sub-inspector at the CID (Criminal Investigations Department), and gradually rose through the ranks. In 1928, he was promoted to the Indian Police Service rank, one that very few Indians achieved in those days.

Among his accomplishments was his role in foiling an attempt by Indian freedom activist Manabendra Nath Roy in toppling the government. Despite being a staunch loyalist of the British Indian government, he was respected by Indian freedom fighters. When Mahatma Gandhi applied for a passport in 1931 to attend the second Round Table Conference in London, Petigara was cited as one of his references. He retired from the police force in 1936. In 1940, a statue of him was erected for the "valuable services rendered to the city". The statue is located near Metro Adlabs in South Mumbai. He died on 28 March 1941.

Personal life
Petigara was born on 24 November 1877 to Jamshedji Nusserwanji Petigara and Dhunbhaiji Bastavalla. He did his schooling in Surat in Gujarat, and later Bombay (now Mumbai). He was married to Avambai, the daughter of Jehangirshaw Ardeshir Taleyarkhan. They had one son. He was also the estate manager of Prince Aly Khan at Aga Khan building in Dalal Street in Mumbai. He died on 28 March 1941 after undergoing an operation.

title: Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara


text:
Talk:List of Donald Duck universe characters

Naming
I hope the list name is satisfactory to everyone. It seemed like the logical choice. Please comment if you think it should be changed. <> Who ? ¿ ? 05:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) It is not clear whether the name Arpine Lusène should actually read Arpin Lusène. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.2.246.81 (talk) 14:59, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Family tree
Wouldn't a family tree be in order here? I assume Don Rosa's official one is copyright protected to death, but a text tree would fit in nicely.

Inaccuracy in Historical Figure
There was inaccuracy in Don Rosa's story which mentioned Sultan Mangkunegara V as ruler of Djokja. I did some correspondence with Don Rosa himself by e-mail. The following quote was one of his earlier answer

 * In fact, that Java story may have involved more research than anything I've ever done short of my Templar treasure stories. It involved research into Java history and customs, volcano facts and Krakatoa history, and even contacting Dutch translators to help me write out newspaper headlines and background store names.

 * I just went and found the notebook filled with hundreds of facts and notes that I wrote during my research for that story. I see that I got the names of the sultans, and their photos, from an 1890's traveler's memoir titled ON THE SUBJECT OF JAVA. I see that the book stated that during 1861-1892 the Sultan of Surakarta (Solo) was Pakubuwana IX. And during 1881-1896 the Sultan of Djokjakarta was Mangkunagara V. I see my notes say he was the "res. sultan in Batavia"... if that means "resident sultan" which is different than the main sultan, I don't know. I also am at the mercy of the correctness of the books I get my facts from. I personally don't know who was the Sultan of Djokja in 1882, but the book I got from the history library at the University of Louisville said it was Mangkunagara V.

Will it be matter if I just add the information? Kunderemp 19:17, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * And right until now I had just thought Rosa had made the names up. I guess his stories never cease to amaze me. J I P  | Talk 18:06, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Picsou Magazine
How does Picsou fit in please? He is clearly a duck because he signed my daughter's autograph book at EuroDisneyland. - Kittybrewster  (talk) 23:58, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Picsou is just the French name for Scrooge McDuck, in case that wasn't just a joke. (I guess that's the main reason those Disneyland characters generally mime to communicate...) 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 22:06, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TeddyScrooge.jpg
Image:TeddyScrooge.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:41, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Witch Hazel
"Usually, her stories show her interactions not with the Duck Clan, but with Goofy (the only exception are the stories Il dottor Paperus, parody of Goethe's Faust in '50s, and its sequel Paperino e il seguito della storia, published in 1999)". FALSE: Hazel appears in other duck stories: Sorry for any spelling and syntax mistakes, I'm italian.--79.23.147.24 (talk) 23:09, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Paperino e l'aspirapolvere fatato (1956)
 * Paperino il paladino: Hazel tells Donald the story of one of his ancestor, Donald the paladin.
 * Paperin furioso: parody of Orlando furioso and sequel of Paperino il paladino, in this story Hazel decides to punish Donald and Gus for sleeping rather than helping Grandma Duck, by sending them in the past.
 * She could appear in the other two stories of the Disney carolingian saga but I don't remember if so or not.
 * I remember another story in which Hazel sends Scrooge in a future where the Earthlings are giants and one of these giants (an alter ego of Donald) tries to eat him. When Scrooge manages to return alive in the present, he beated down Donald because his future and giant version risked to eat him.

Own articles vs. redirects
Why does Bucky Bug, a character who has appeared extremely seldom in any comic or TV show for the last half a century, get his own article, but John D. Rockerduck, who stars as the villain of at least one story in pretty much every issue of the Donald Duck pocket books, published in pretty much every European country, doesn't? I'm beginning to form a theory that English-speakers don't actually read any Disney comics any more. J I P | Talk 18:14, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Bucky Bug has appeared in more than 200 stories, more than 100 of them after 1980. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.81.82.15 (talk) 01:35, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Article length
The article is over 70 kilobytes long. Shouldn't it be split into subarticles? J I P | Talk 08:48, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Rockerduck
In relation with the above message : I see the John D. Rockerduck article has been merged here. While I tend to agree with the other articles proposed for merging, I think he should be given back his own article. While Rockerduck may not be very familiar with american readers, he has been a very major character for about 40 years in italian-produced Disney comics. Since those comics are widely translated in many european countries, Rockerduck is actually more familiar than Flintheart Glomgold to a good deal of european audiences (especially in Italy, France and Portugal).

If the international readership is accounted for, I'd say this character deserves his own article almost as much as the Beagle boys, and certainly more than a minor Marvel comics villain like, say, Mahkizmo. His impact on popular culture is certainly superior than what can be said for the latter character. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 15:59, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I entirely and wholeheartedly agree with this, being European and a fan of Italian Donald Duck comics myself. If no one objects in a couple of days, I will move Rockerduck back to his own article. J I P  | Talk 19:24, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Oppose. The discussion took place in Talk:Duck universe. Rockerduck, as well as most of the characters in the list, is a relevant character but only within the comics and the universe itself. Rockerduck needs to prove notability outside this universe, by receiving coverage by reliable secondary sources, independent from the Duck universe, and/or impact in popular culture. That is what makes a fictional topic notable, not how many comics he has appeared in. Certainly, Rockerduck is not a cultural icon nor as notable as, for instance, Mickey Mouse, Scrooge, Goofy, Pete, etc. Since the article is almost about his fictional biography and comics appearances but no real world content, the contents perfectly fit in this list. -- LoЯd  ۞pεth  05:11, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * There was not much discussion, actually. The character is far more notable than many minor characters from American comics, who have their own articles on wikipedia. Anyway, you can find here a mention of him as an example of a Disney character who became popular only - or mainly - in the foreign market. Here is an example of his name used, in italian, as a metaphor for "rival millionaire" (i.e., a millionaire who is the rival of another millionaire, in this instance, Bill Koch, rival of Raul "Uncle Scrooge" Gardini), and here and here as a metaphor for "unlikeable wealthy person / go-getter". Here he is mentioned in a study about pathological greed (as the archival of Uncle Scrooge, who is himself the example of said greed). I think this proves how very recognizable his name is in italian popular culture. When the name of a fictional character is familiar enough to become a metaphor for something (or several things), that actually means that he has an impact of some kind on the general public of certain countries.
 * Here he is mentioned in a french book (under his french name Flairsou) as Scrooge's archrival. Here he is mistakenly mentioned by other french authors as Scrooge's archrival in Barks' works, while Carl Barks actually used mainly Flintheart Glomgold (since he is so familiar in European-made comics, I guess the authors assumed that he was also a major figure in Barks' original works). I think this is conclusive enough.

 * IMHO, Grandma Duck, Gladstone Gander and Fethry Duck (whose notability is comparable, at least certainly in the first two cases, to that of Gyro Gearloose) could perhaps also be unmerged, although I certainly don't oppose the merging of With Hazel, Jubal Pomp, O. K. Quack, etc. Brigitta MacBridge might be justifiably unmerged for being very notable in italian comics but I won't put a fight over her. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 13:46, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * If there are no further objections in a couple of days, I might move John D. Rockerduck, Grandma Duck, Gladstone Gander and Fethry Duck back into their own articles. I understand this is the English Wikipedia, and American and British people hardly remember these characters any more, despite the entire universe having been invented by Americans. In mainland Europe, they are vastly more popular. I understand popularity is not enough for notability, but really, by what User:Jean-Jacques Georges has said above, at least Rockerduck is recognised outside the Donald Duck comics fandom. Also, if I might add, in Finland, hannuhanhi (a generic form of Hannu Hanhi, Gladstone Gander) is a general word for someone who is recognisably lucky. That's one reason for giving Gladstone Gander back his own article. J I P  | Talk 21:24, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * @Jean-Jacques Georges, it is good you have found those sources. If you are considering unmerging Rockerduck, make sure to include them in an "In popular culture" section to prove notability within the article, so that readers may also know why such a character deserves its own page.
 * @JIP I also object Grandma, Gladstone and Fethry. If you can prove their notability in the same way Jean-Jacques Georges has done with Rockerduck, go ahead. But if you are only basing your arguments on popularity in Italy and a couple of more countries without adding real world content, you should expect me to merge them again for being just popular but non-notable. -- LoЯd  ۞pεth  09:52, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * In case anyone cares, I have read that Rockerduck's popularity is purely accidental in origin. The character appeared in only one (minor) Barks story, called Boat buster. Then, in the early sixties, some italian cartoonist needed a rival billionaire for an Uncle Scrooge story and, since, Boat buster had just been published in Italy, he used Rockerduck. Ever since, the character has been a very major presence in Italian-made Disney comics. As a kid, I read italian Disney comics for years, and Rockerduck was definitely Scrooge's major antagonist (with the Beagle boys and Magica deSpell, of course). On the contrary, appearances of Flintheart Glomgold were few and far between, mostly in American stories translated into italian, or in a small number of italian-made stories. Actually, Flintheart was so little known to italian readers that the italian authors and/or translators went through several names for him (Polidoro Orifiamma, Rupedor, MacGold) before they settled for Cuordipietra Famedoro (a rough translation of the original english name). It was not until the 1980s, when Flintheart Glomgold was revived by Don Rosa and by the Ducktales cartoon, that he became a recurring character in european-made comics. He is now Scrooge's main antagonist in scandinavian-made Disney comics, while Rockerduck remains more popular in italian-made comics.
 * Anyway, I don't see the contradiction between being "popular" and being "notable". A character who has been the main protagonist of his own stories (as in the case of Grandma Duck) certainly has a degree of notability. Like I said before, many utterly minor Marvel or DC comics characters have their own articles, even though they are far less notable if the whole global readership is accounted for. As for Fethry Duck, here is for example a book where his italian name (Paperoga) is used as a metaphor for "Klutz" or "clumsy person" (and the book is about soccer, not about comics). Here is a novel mentioning "Gastone" (Gladstone Gander) as "Donald's lucky cousin"); here he is mentioned in a book on popular culture by art critic Vittorio Sgarbi. Here is an italian "humorous" piece from 1991, where Barbara Bush is called "Nonna papera" (Grandma Duck) as a metaphor for "sweet old granny" (even though it is ironic). Here is another italian book using "Grandma Duck" as a metaphor for "Perfect granny" (or something like that). I guess JIP could find scandinavian examples.
 * Just as a sidenote : I didn't check if that is specified in the Scrooge McDuck article, but Paperone (Scrooge's italian name) is, in italian slang, a very common metaphor for "very wealthy person". Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 19:25, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

As I have already said, if the characters have proven notability, then they must get their own pages back. I think that Jean-Jacques Georges has made great contributions finding them. I think that we can start by reverting the mergers of Rockerduck, Grandma, Ferthy and Gladstone and add those sources. I don't know any Italian so I think that I would ask Jean-Jacques to add those sources in a "In popular culture" section but also explain in which context the characters are mentioned (for instance, in this source "Gastone" being mentioned as "Donald's lucky cousin" is not a proof of notability, it is a mere fact, but if the context is explained and adapted into an encyclopedic Wikipedia article, it would be better). -- LoЯd  ۞pεth  02:46, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No problem if anyone wants me to add those sources into context.
 * Again, I don't see how being a popular comic character does not make said character notable, if said popularity can be proved. I have already mentioned Mahkizmo, but what about Gorgon, Doctor Bong, Baron Brimstone, Captain Ultra or Big Wheel ? Why would fairly obscure or minor comics creations who have only appeared as supporting characters in a few issues deserve their articles more than Rockerduck of Fethry Duck, who have appeared in hundred of stories ? Who cares about the aforementioned characters except hardcore comic books nerds ? (don't take that as a criticism of said nerds : as a teenager and young adult, I have been an avid reader of american comic books). Yet they have their own articles, which I do not oppose at all.
 * If everyone agrees, I think we can let JIP unmerge the pages. As I said, if JIP has sources in scandinavian languages that use Gladstone as a metaphor for something, that would be great, though I think a mention of him in a book by an art critic (no matter how unusual an art critic Vittorio Sgarbi is) is enough of a proof of his notability. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 17:07, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I went out and gave John D. Rockerduck back his own article, merging the content that was here with what had been there already. The next thing to do is to add those sources that User:Jean-Jacques Georges mentioned into there. J I P  | Talk 19:49, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Well, I do not want to sound bossy here, but the Burden of evidence lies on those who suggested the unmerge. That means that you two have to add those sources to prove the notability in the article. I know he is notable, but the point is not to make me believe that, the point is to add appropiate sources and establish notability.-- LoЯd  ۞pεth  09:19, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry I did not make myself clear. I was not trying to say you should add those sources. I was talking about User:Jean-Jacques Georges and myself, mainly about Jean-Jacques Georges, since he was the one who found the sources in the first place. J I P  | Talk 18:37, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I took some time to answer. Just added the sources on Rockerduck. I can do the same for Fethry and Grandma Duck if the need arises. If JIP can add a scandinavian source for Gladstone, that would be great. BTW, I also added to the Scrooge McDuck article a sourced mention of the latter's use in italian slang. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 16:07, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Howard Rockerduck
I just wrote a brief section about Howard Rockerduck. I later saw that Wikipedia already had had an article about him, but it was changed into a redirect to this page. Oh well, I will have to see if I can merge the original text into mine. J I P | Talk 21:39, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Possible split?
This article includes characters from three somewhat, but not entirely, different places: the original Disney cartoons, the comic books made from them (by Barks and Rosa, and the European authors), and the Darkwing Duck cartoons. I am starting to find it worrying that this article mixes them up so freely without mentioning that the three places form pretty much (if not entirely) distinct continua. Perhaps the article should be split to acknowledge this? If not into three subarticles, at least into three sections. J I P | Talk 21:42, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Bolivar
How is Bolivar "unusual" in being a non-anthropomorphic animal? A Duck universe consisting mostly of anthropomorphic animals would equal a real-life universe consisting mostly of humans. The Duck universe is a caricature of the real-life universe, so it's natural that because animals exist in real life, their equivalents also exist in the Duck universe. Or are we going to write "ZOMG! I just saw an animal that wasn't anthropomorphic!!!!1111!!111" every time someone spots a bird flying in the sky in one panel of a Donald Duck comic? J I P | Talk 21:06, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I see that this has finally been addressed, after nine years. Good. J I P  | Talk 00:23, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Needs references!
This page is rated as a list on most of the quality scales, but the content is not that of a list. Many of the character descriptions include significant detail, and it is almost never sourced. A couple of examples: - "Like Panchito Pistoles and José Carioca, the Aracuan Bird is primarily known only from these three films in the USA. However, he has found some success in comics from Brazil where he is known as Folião." - "Launchpad is a slightly different character in Darkwing Duck. He is notably less competent and less of a man of action, perhaps to keep him from upstaging Darkwing." - "Franco Fossati once defined him as '...a perfect character who with his innocence criticizes the absurdity of our society. Going on with time he will adequate to our times and to our every-day way of living and we'll forget that he came from space.' "

Sadly, I am nowhere near knowledgeable enough on the area to be able to improve the references myself. I have added the refimprove tag to the article, though. Dulkal (talk) 09:58, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Need to mention this
He's now been voted The Greatest Videogame Sidekick Ever by Gamespot users: http://www.gamespot.com/greatest-video-game-sidekick/index.html?tag=content_nav%3Bblog — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.72.28.62 (talk) 15:07, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Erm, who has? J I P  | Talk 17:15, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

No 3RR violation, I should hope
I hope I haven't broken the WP:3RR rule even though I have now performed three reverts to the same article on the same day. Every edit which I have reverted has been by a bot, and by a different bot each time. They insist on adding wrong interwiki links to this article. J I P | Talk 17:01, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved back to previous name. Andrewa (talk) 05:09, 4 October 2014 (UTC)

List of duck universe characters → List of Duck universe characters – A user moved this page from List of Donald Duck universe characters to List of duck universe characters without discussing it anywhere, with the edit reason: " 'Duck universe' is more generic since it includes Scrooge. Decapitalizing 'duck' because that would imply the term is official." First of all, Scrooge is closely related to Donald, and they often appear in the same stories. Second, the only reason for Scrooge not being a Duck is that his surname is McDuck. I see this as a mere technicality. Third, the name "duck universe" just looks weird. Even the Wikipedia article Duck universe calls it the "Duck universe". J I P | Talk 05:18, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, Gregkaye ✍ ♪  06:37, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Move back to List of Donald Duck universe characters - the other article should also be at Donald Duck universe, since duck universe (which is how it appears) doesn't suggest Donald Duck or Disney to non-Disney fans, and I bet it has no use in non Duck-fan printed sources. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:49, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Move back to List of Donald Duck universe characters to improve recognition and precision. In my view, Scrooge McDuck is adequately connected to Donald Duck's universe to be considered a part of it, and he is a less central figure than Donald. Members of a universe do not necessarily all have to have the same surname (and it is common for surnames to differ and drift within families, especially with emigration, marriage, and generational descent). For that matter, there are members of this universe that aren't even birds – there are some dogs, at least one person, some chipmunks, a horse, a bear, ... —BarrelProof (talk) 16:24, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * "duck universe" with lowercase looks more like biology/ecology of natural ducks than anything Disney. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:46, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment *sigh* Okay, I admit I was wrong. This isn't at all a good name for the article. But I was unaware of any policy that you should always start a discussion before a move. I follow "Be bold!" For what it's worth though, I personally prefer "Duck universe" over "Donald Duck universe" on this article, just because it's internally consistent with the main article and there's not many external references for naming convention. One final food for thought: Don Rosa in his commentary in The Life and Times also capitalizes "Universe", as in the "Barks Duck Universe" and the "Italian Duck Universe". Pigby (talk) 22:04, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Cautionary comment   http://disney.wikia.com/wiki/Duck_universe begins: "The Duck universe (also called the Donald Duck universe or Scrooge McDuck universe) is ..."  Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  16:50, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Howard Rockerduck
Where am I supposed to list Howard Rockerduck, the father of John D. Rockerduck? Unlike his son, he's an honest an honourable businessman, but he's a blood relation to his more notorious son. J I P | Talk 16:55, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Alphabetically under "Howard", I suppose. Several other characters relating to John D. seem to be placed that way here. —BarrelProof (talk) 00:54, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, but under which section? J I P  | Talk 06:42, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * "Supporting characters", I suppose. —BarrelProof (talk) 15:43, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

Nodalotaluk
It looks like that the Wikipedia community agrees that Nodalotaluk should be merged to this article. I'd go ahead and just do the merge, but there's one problem. The article about Nodalotaluk doesn't include a picture of her or describe her appearance. Neither does anything I found about her on Google (by far most of which is Wikipedia or its mirrors). The current version of this list article is organised by the characters' appearance. I have no idea where I should place Nodalotaluk into, as I have no idea what she looks like. J I P | Talk 18:44, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Such a funny problem! :-) While I haven't read this story, it appears the villagers descended from her are dogfaces. (Here is the link to the story on INDUCKS: The Amazon queen; see the Russian version page at the bottom.) However, Nodalotaluk is not listed as making an appearance, so maybe she is an unseen character. Pigby (talk) 19:39, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

Pete: Cat of wolf?
This article seems to be in a constant edit war over whether Pete is a cat or a wolf. Can this finally be resolved? J I P | Talk 20:35, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The Pete (Disney) article clearly has several sources which claim that he's a cat.*Treker (talk) 20:43, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * So why do people keep editing the article claiming he's a wolf then? J I P  | Talk 20:52, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I have no idea. Most likely it's childish vandalism.*Treker (talk) 20:54, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * It is one user hopping over IPs most likely. Been at it for weeks on this and a couple of other pages. Mezigue (talk) 21:52, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Donald Duck universe characters. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060820045534/http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1935/bandconcert.html to http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1935/bandconcert.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:30, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on List of Donald Duck universe characters. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061520/http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1934/wiselittlehen.html to http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1934/wiselittlehen.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080323093225/http://www.disneyshorts.org/index.html to http://disneyshorts.org/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080323093225/http://www.disneyshorts.org/index.html to http://disneyshorts.org/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:14, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 January 2018
Please change "doesn't" to "does not" in:
 * "But what Grandma doesn't know" in Myron O' Duck
 * "He doesn't understand" in O.K. Quack
 * "she doesn't hesitate" in Roberta
 * "Donald doesn't think" in Garvey Gull
 * "but this doesn't" in Tabby
 * "and doesn't make an appearance" in Historical figures

This is per Manual of Style, which cautions against the use of contractions in encyclopaedic writing. 5.151.0.121 (talk) 13:30, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Per MOS:CONTRACT  Spintendo  ᔦᔭ   13:45, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 5 April 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved buidhe 05:01, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

List of Donald Duck universe characters → List of Donald Duck characters – "Donald Duck universe" is not an official name and is only used by fans. I see no reason to use it for the name of this article when Donald Duck characters would do just fine. JDDJS ( talk to me  •  see what I've done ) 20:49, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose as the list is aligned with the related article at Donald Duck universe. IT should only be changed if done together with that. -- Netoholic @ 04:02, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per User:Netoholic. J I P  | Talk 13:48, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Donald Duck universe. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:52, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Donald Duck universe. Dimadick (talk) 12:13, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose same as above. — Toughpigs (talk) 14:59, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

April, May and June
Apparently, in the reboot, May and June are sisters of Webby, perhaps due to the fact that April and Webb have the same name in the Netherlands: [https://www.etonline.com/ducktales-first-look-poe-is-back-watch-martin-freeman-guest-star-as-magica-de-spells-brother-161599 'DuckTales' First Look: Poe Is Back! Watch Martin Freeman Guest Star as Magica De Spell's Brother (Exclusive)].Hyju (talk) 22:32, 10 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't see any mention of that in the source. And haven't April, May and June the surname Duck in American comics, anyway? 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 15:16, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Grand Mogul
The section about Grand Mogul mentions him as "Grand Mogul", not as "the Grand Mogul". I've always thought "Grand Mogul" was a title instead of his actual name. Which way is it? J I P | Talk 22:10, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It's a title, as evidenced for example by the story Rescue of the Grand Mogul. --Newblackwhite (talk) 07:45, 2 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I have updated the section to mention him as "the Grand Mogul". J I P  | Talk 11:09, 2 May 2021 (UTC)


text: Category:Synthetic materials

title: Category:Synthetic materials


text:
Ling Tan

Tan Mang Ling (born 9 October 1974), usually credited as Ling Tan, is a Malaysian model based in New York City. She has participated in hundreds of fashion shows and has been captured by top fashion photographers such as Richard Avedon, who photographed Tan for the Pirelli Calendar in 1997.

Early life
Tan was born and raised in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and is of Chinese ancestry. She has a younger sister who is also a model. Her father was a taxi driver and her mother a seamstress. She was educated in a Chinese school and speaks four varieties of Chinese as well as Malay and English. Tan also studied art and design before beginning her career as a model.

Discovered and career beginnings
Her first big break came when she was discovered at a small fashion show while waiting for a friend in a hotel lobby, by an advertising executive. Tan then appeared in an ad campaign for Tiger Beer. European and American designers showing their collections in Malaysia encouraged her to move to New York City.

Success and acting debut
Tan's first catwalk show was Zang Toi's Spring/ Summer 1995 show in November 1994. Tan has worked with many top designers, including Giambattista Valli, Elie Saab, Karl Lagerfeld, Yves Saint Laurent, Tom Ford, Emporio Armani, Donna Karan, and Chanel. She has also been photographed by leading fashion photographers including Irving Penn, Mario Testino, Peter Lindbergh, and Richard Avedon, who photographed Tan for the Pirelli calendar in 1997.

Tan has appeared on the covers and editorial pages of top fashion magazines. She was the subject of a twelve-page feature story in the prestigious Italian Vogue and a spread in Vogue US and Vogue China. She also appeared on the covers of Vogue Germany in November 1998, Vogue Korea in April 1999 and now defunct Vogue Singapore in 1996. She appeared in Prestige Magazines Malaysian edition alongside Malaysian shoe designer, Jimmy Choo.

Tan has appeared in advertising campaigns, such as Ann Taylor’s 50th Anniversary “50 Women”, Banana Republic online ad campaign in Spring 2009, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's Holiday ad campaign in 2007, Old Navy Perfect Summer Ad in Summer 2008, and Yves Saint Laurent. Tan has worked on the small screen, appearing in television commercials for Emporio Armani fragrances, FORD Car, La Poste (France’s postal service) and Pantene Hair Color. She was also featured in George Michael’s music video for his hit song "Fast Love".

She has been the subject of a biography featured on CNN’s Style Network with Elsa Klensch, and has appeared on the HBO series, Sex and The City and the CBS series, Blue Bloods.

After a long hiatus from the runway, Tan walked for the Givenchy Fall/Winter 2010 show in Paris and did a video for Polo Ralph Lauren for the Fall 2010 campaign. In 2011, Tan along with Yasmin Warsame, Elsa Benítez, and Jacquetta Wheeler, was the face of L'Oreal Code Breaker Winter 2010 and Spring 2011 campaign. Ling Tan and her younger sister, Ein Tan, appeared together on the covers of Harper's Bazaar Malaysia and Harper's Bazaar Singapore. In 2014, Tan appeared as special guest in the final episode of Asia's Next Top Model Cycle 2 and 3rd episode of Asia's Next Top Model Cycle 5.

Agencies
Tan has signed with The Model CoOp in New York City, and Innovative Artists Talent And Literary Agency, also in New York. She has also signed with Elite Paris, Elite Toronto, Munich Models and UNO Models in Barcelona. She used to be signed with IMG and Wilhelmina Models in New York.

title: Ling Tan


text:
Microthread

Microthreads are functions that may run in parallel to gain increased performance in microprocessors. They provide an execution model that uses a few additional instructions in a conventional processor to break code down into fragments that execute simultaneously. Dependencies are managed by making registers in the microprocessors executing the code synchronising, so one microthread will wait for another to produce data.

This is a form of dataflow. This model can be applied to an existing instruction set architecture incrementally by providing just five new instructions to implement concurrency controls. A set of microthreads is a static partition of a basic block into concurrently executing fragments, which execute on a single processor and share a microcontext. An iterator over a set provides a dynamic and parametric family of microthreads. Iterators capture loop concurrency and can be scheduled to different processors. An iterator over a set is created dynamically and is called a family of microthreads. This is the mechanism that allows the model to generate concurrency, which can be run on multiple processors or functional units.

title: Microthread


text:
Belk

Belk, Inc. is an American department store chain founded in 1888 by William Henry Belk in Monroe, North Carolina, with nearly 300 locations in 16 states. Belk stores and Belk.com offer apparel, shoes, accessories, cosmetics, home furnishings, and a wedding registry.

Early history

Belk was founded in 1888 by William Henry Belk in Monroe, North Carolina, outside Charlotte. The store was first called New York Racket and then Belk Brothers, after Belk made his brother, physician John Belk, his partner. Belk bought in volume to pass savings on and sold at fixed prices, then a relatively unusual practice.

1900s
By 1909, the company had moved its headquarters to Charlotte and built a huge flagship store on Trade and Tryon Streets in downtown Charlotte, which would remain the company's headquarters until it was closed in 1988 to make way for the construction of what is now Bank of America Corporate Center. The business grew steadily, relying on "bargain sales" and advertising to grow the business and increase its influence throughout the South.

Beginning in 1921 with the Leggett Bros. stores of South Boston, Virginia, the Belk company grew by investing in various partnerships with local merchandisers in nearby markets. Belk's growth out of the Southeast was pushed by Earl Jones Sr and the Belk-Jones brand that opened the first Belk west of the Mississippi in 1947. The Jones family and the Belk-Jones brand continued to grow Belk's westward expansion. This complex story is chronicled in a book published by Belk – Belk, Inc.: The Company and the Family That Built It – about the evolution of the company.

This structure allowed Belk to expand quickly and permitted local variation, but resulted in a diluted brand identity since most stores were co-branded. By the 1990s, the system had become increasingly untenable: stores were held by over 350 separate legal entities, Belk family members disagreed about whether to maintain or sweep away the structure, and some local partners threatened stability by selling their stakes. For example, the heirs of John G. Parks, majority owners of the Parks-Belk chain, sold their interests to Proffitt's, a competitor. The Belks quickly sold their stake as well, although Belk would later purchase the stores back as part of its later acquisition of the entire Proffitt's chain. When Proffitt's made an offer for the Leggett family's stake, which included 42 stores comprising about 20 percent of Belk's revenue, John and Tom Belk were forced to respond by forming a new company in 1996 that bought the Leggetts out. This move accelerated the slow trend of consolidating the store's ownership under the Belks.

In April 1997 Belk closed its smallest store located in the smallest town with a Belk—Chesterfield, SC—with a population of less than 1,500. In 1998, the company formed a new entity (Belk, Inc.) that merged the 112 remaining Belk companies, swapping the existing partners' local interests for shares in the combined entity; for example, the Hudson family in Raleigh received almost 5% of the shares. The same year, Belk made a deal to acquire seven Dillard's locations in exchange for nine of theirs so that each could build on regional strengths. Slowly, Belk eliminated the dual brands, completing the process with a chain-wide Belk rebranding in the fall of 2010.

2000s

On July 5, 2005, Belk completed the purchase of 47 Proffitt's and McRae's department stores from Saks Incorporated, primarily in Tennessee and Mississippi. Belk downgraded the 39 Proffitt's and McRae's stores to the Belk nameplate on March 8, 2006. Just over a year later, Belk purchased 38 Parisian department stores from Saks on October 2, 2006. Although most Parisian stores were downgraded to the Belk nameplate since September 12, 2007, some duplicate Parisian stores were closed, as at The Mall at Barnes Crossing in Tupelo, Mississippi, Richland Mall (then known as Midtown at Forest Acres), Columbiana Centre in Columbia, South Carolina, and Citadel Mall in Charleston, South Carolina. Four Parisian stores in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, plus a store under construction at the time in Michigan, were sold by Belk to The Bon-Ton Stores, Inc. Integrating the larger, more upscale Parisian stores proved a challenge for Belk, and spurred the creation of the company's flagship strategy.

During the fourth quarter of 2005, Belk completed the sale of its private-label credit card division, Belk National Bank, to GE MoneyBank, a division of GE Consumer Finance. Consumers were issued new Belk credit cards replacing the old ones issued by BNB. All new Belk cards are now issued by GE MoneyBank, now known as Synchrony Bank.

2010s

On October 3, 2010, the News & Observer reported that Belk planned to update its logo. On October 12 at SouthPark Mall, Belk introduced the new logo, its first since 1967. The chain embarked on a $70 million marketing campaign that replaced the old slogan "All for You!" with a new slogan, "Modern. Southern. Style." Sixty stores got new signs in the first phase, with the remainder getting new signs throughout 2011. Advertisements for Belk & Co. jewelry continue to use a variation of the old logo.

By 2014, the chain operated 293 stores in 16 states, generating $4 billion in sales in 2014. The state of North Carolina leads in the number of Belk stores with 65 stores followed by Georgia and South Carolina with 45 and 35 stores respectively. Its typical store covers 100,000 to 180,000 square feet. 50% of its stores are in regional malls, another 40% in open-air community or retail parks, and 10% in open-air lifestyle centers.

Acquisition by Sycamore Partners

On April 3, 2015, news reports revealed that Belk was exploring "strategic alternatives," including a possible sale of the company.

On August 24, 2015, Belk announced that it had entered into a definitive merger agreement to be acquired by New York-based private equity firm Sycamore Partners. The acquisition was completed on December 10, 2015.

On June 29, 2016, Belk announced that effective as of July 5, Lisa Harper, CEO of Hot Topic (which is another Sycamore Partners-owned company), would replace Tim Belk as CEO of Belk. This would be the first time since the founding of the company that a non-Belk family member would head the company.

Even as Belk has made its recent acquisitions, the chain has operated limited electronic commerce on its website, and those websites acquired and redirected to Belk.com. Home furnishings such as bedding, small kitchen appliances, crystal, dinnerware, and china have been offered for several years to online shoppers as a part of the chain's online bridal and gift registry. The chain revamped its website and registry on September 15, 2008. Celebrity-branded product lines are another pursuit, including a partnership with actress Kristin Davis for a ladies apparel and accessories collection which debuted in fall 2008 in 125 store locations and online. However, that product line was discontinued in late 2009.

In July 2020, it was announced that Sycamore Partners had made a $1.75 billion offer to acquire department store chain and competitor JCPenney out of bankruptcy. Under the terms of the plan, two hundred fifty JCPenney stores would have been rebranded as Belk in an effort to compete directly with Macy's, while the remaining JCPenney stores would be liquidated. JCPenney was ultimately acquired by Brookfield Property Partners and Simon Property Group instead.

2021: One-day bankruptcy
On January 20, 2021, it was announced that KKR and other major lenders were in talks with Belk to prevent the chain from declaring bankruptcy, having proposed a deal under which a portion of Belk's $2.6 billion debt would be converted to equity and Sycamore would retain an ownership stake.

On January 26, 2021, it was announced that Belk would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, continuing to operate normally through the bankruptcy process, which Sycamore expected to exit by the end of February 2021. Sycamore would retain majority control of Belk, while private equity firms KKR and Blackstone would receive a minority stake in the company following its emergence from bankruptcy. The plan would liquidate about $450 million of debt and raise $225 million in new capital, with no employee layoffs or store closures anticipated.

On February 23, 2021, it was announced that Belk had filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Houston, the first step in an organization plan that would allow Belk's owner Sycamore Partners to cede a large stake in the company to its lenders while maintaining control of the company. If the bankruptcy plan were approved it would give Belk new capital while cutting its debt load by about $450 million, reducing its total debt to about $1.46 billion, according to the company.

On February 24, 2021, just one day after filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy the company announced that it had successfully completed its financial restructuring, finalizing an expedited pre-packaged, one-day reorganization and emerging well-positioned for long-term growth. As part of the restructuring, Belk received $225 million of new capital, reduced its debt by approximately $450 million, and extended maturities on all term loans until July 2025. The plan received nearly unanimous support from existing lenders, supply providers, and landlords to be paid in full as normal operations continue at all store locations. as well as on Belk's e-commerce platform.

New Growth
On July 6, 2021, Belk announced that Nir Patel has been promoted to CEO from his previous position of President and chief merchandising officer. Patel replaces Lisa Harper who has been the company's CEO since July 2016, but will now serve as executive chair of the Belk Board of Directors. It was not disclosed what prompted the leadership change. Along with the CEO change, Belk also announced that Don Hendricks will be promoted from Chief Operating Officer to president. The company also hired Chris Kolbe as EVP, Chief Merchandising Officer.

In May 2023, it was reported that Belk was expanding a new store format, Belk Outlet. There were 16 locations, 10 of which had just recently opened.

Sponsorships
In December 2010, Belk announced that it would become the title sponsor for the former Meineke Car Care Bowl (played in Charlotte), renamed as the Belk Bowl beginning in 2011. The sponsorship would continue for three years. On July 18, 2013, Belk announced a six-year extension of the bowl partnership with the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), beginning in 2014. Under the agreement, the bowl featured teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). On November 20, 2019, Belk announced that it would no longer be the title sponsor for the bowl game following the 2019 playing. Overall, Belk was the title sponsor for nine editions of the bowl (2011–2019).

Flagship locations

The chain has multiple "flagship" locations—larger locations in urban and metropolitan centers, and a wider array of merchandise and services including in-store salons. As of 2014, the chain claimed 18 flagship locations, and plans to upgrade more locations.
 * SouthPark Mall, in Charlotte, North Carolina, houses the chain's largest store, with more than 336414 sqft. The store was built in 1970 as one of the mall's original anchor stores. The mall was co-developed by the Belk and Ivey families.
 * Riverchase Galleria, in Hoover, Alabama, houses a flagship store, made official after a recent renovation brings it up to par with the mall's rival lifestyle center, The Summit.
 * The Summit, in Birmingham, Alabama, houses a flagship store built in 1997 as a Parisian store and one of the lifestyle center's original anchors. Its intended conversion to a Belk flagship was announced on April 25, 2007, with the reorganization complete by September 2007. It had been Parisian's flagship store.
 * Crabtree Valley Mall in Raleigh, North Carolina, where Hudson Belk built an elaborate 236000 sqft store in 1972 (subsequently expanded to 305000 sqft in 2007, with separate locations for menswear and in-mall cosmetics counters) in North Carolina's high-tech Research Triangle.
 * Columbiana Centre in Columbia, South Carolina, is home to one of Belk flagship stores, where Belk expanded into the former Sears anchor location adding 50000 sqft to the already over 150000 sqft store in 2015, creating separate location for men's wear department, in one of South Carolinas biggest malls.
 * The Shoppes at Bel Air, in Mobile, Alabama, opened in September 2016, a 237000 sqft that replaced a former Sears. In order to do that, Belk closed two stores that were across from each other: the former Parisian store in the mall and the former McRae's across the street in the former Springdale Mall.

title: Belk