text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Josh estrada

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:36, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Josh estrada
Vanity, nonnotable Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 15:48, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * While the first version of this page was a candidate for speedy, the rewritten version, while vanity, is not. Vanity, unfortunately, is not a criterion for speedy delete. It must pass through VfD. (BTW, delete) Denni ☯ 01:23, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Reading (UK Parliament constituency)

Reading was a parliamentary borough, and later a borough constituency in England, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of England until 1707, the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950 and 1955 to 1974. Until 1885, the constituency comprised the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire; after 1885, it was centred on the town but the exact boundaries differed.

From 1295, as a parliamentary borough, Reading elected two members of parliament (MPs). Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, this representation was reduced to a single MP.

History
Reading was one of the boroughs summoned to send members to the Model Parliament. The boundaries (encompassing the whole of one parish and parts of two others) were effectively unchanged from 1295 to 1918. In 1831, the population of the borough was 15,935, and contained 3,307 houses.

The right to vote was exercised by all inhabitants paying scot and lot, a relatively wide franchise for the period, and almost 2,000 votes were cast at the general election of 1826. Despite this high electorate, the corporation of the town was generally considered in practice to control elections to a large extent. In the second half of the 18th century, Reading was notoriously one of the most corrupt constituencies in England, bribery being both routine and expensive: Namier quotes the accounts kept for Prime Minister Newcastle of the 1754 election, which note that John Dodd, the government's candidate there, had already received £1000 and was promised £500 or £600 more to help him win the seat. (Dodd lost by one vote, but had the result overturned on petition by a partisan vote in the House of Commons, and Newcastle's accounts show a continuing trickle of funds to him to nurse the constituency over the next few years.) A few years later, the nomination to one of Reading's seats was advertised for sale in a London newspaper, though Reading was not mentioned by name and no price was specified; the newspaper's printers were charged by the Commons with a breach of privilege, but the sale of seats remained legal if frowned-upon until 1809.

The Great Reform Act left Reading's representation and boundaries unchanged, and the reformed franchise far from increasing its electorate seems to have reduced it: it was estimated that there were 1,250 voters in 1831, but only 1,001 were registered for the first post-Reform election, that of 1832. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, coming into effect at the 1885 general election, reduced the representation of the parliamentary borough to a single MP. The single-member Reading constituency continued to exist until it was split in 1950 into the separate constituencies of Reading North and Reading South. These two constituencies were merged back into a single Reading constituency in 1955, but again split apart in 1974; despite its name, the 1955 constituency did not contain the whole of the County Borough of Reading, with one ward being included in both of the Newbury and Wokingham seats.

After 1885, the constituency was marginal, regularly changing hands between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party up to 1918, then between the Conservatives and Labour.

Today the area formerly covered by the Reading constituency is within the constituencies of Reading East and Reading West, which will be replaced by the constituencies of Reading Central, Reading West and Mid Berkshire, and Earley and Woodley at the 2024 general election.

1885–1918

 * The existing Parliamentary borough; and
 * The area between the boundary of the Parliamentary borough and a boundary line drawn from the point at which the Reading and Reigate Railway crossed the boundary of the Parliamentary borough at the River Kennet, eastward along the Railway until it crossed Culver Lane, then westward along the centre of Culver Lane as far as the centre of Wokingham Road, then southward along the centre of Wokingham Road as far as the centre of Crescent Road, then westward along the centre of Crescent Road as far as the centre of Eastern Avenue, then southward along the centre of Eastern Avenue as far as the centre of Upper Redlands Road, then westward along the centre of Upper Redlands Road as far as the centre of Alexandra Road, then south and west along the centre of Junction Road to the centre of Christchurch Road, then along the centre of Christchurch Road until the line reached the boundary of the existing Parliamentary borough.

''Minor expansion - see map on Vision of Britain website. ''

1918–1950

 * The County Borough of Reading.

Boundaries extended to the south and west (gained from the Newbury and Wokingham Divisions), and to the north of the River Thames with the annexation of the Urban District of Caversham (part of the Henley Division of Oxfordshire) by Reading County Borough.

For the 1950 general election, Reading was abolished as a single-member Parliamentary borough and split between the two new borough constituencies of Reading North and Reading South.

1955–1974
For the 1955 general election, Reading was re-established, replacing Reading North and Reading South and comprising:

 * The County Borough of Reading wards of Abbey, Battle, Castle, Caversham East, Caversham West, Church, Katesgrove, Minster, Redlands, Victoria, West.

The East and Tilehurst wards were included in the Wokingham and Newbury constituencies respectively.

From the 1964 general election, a revision to the County Borough wards resulted in minor changes. The constituency now comprised:

 * The County Borough of Reading wards of Abbey, Battle, Castle, Caversham, Christchurch, Katesgrove, Minster, Redlands, Thames, and Whitley.

The constituency was abolished once again for the 1974 general election. The Christchurch, Redlands and Whitley wards were included in the re-established constituency of Reading South, with remaining wards being included in Reading North.

1295–1660

 * Constituency created 1295

Elections in the 1840s
Talfourd resigned after being appointed a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s
Keating was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election.

Keating was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s
Keating resigned after being appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, causing a by-election.

Pigott resigned after being appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, causing a by-election.

Pigott resigned after being appointed a Judge of the Court of the Exchequer, causing a by-election.

Shaw-Lefevre was appointed a Civil Lord of the Admiralty, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s
Goldsmid's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s
Lefevre was appointed First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1890s
Murdoch's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s
Isaacs is appointed Solicitor General of England and Wales, requiring a by-election.

Issacs is appointed Lord Chief Justice of England and is elevated to the peerage as Lord Reading, requiring a by-election.

A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.
 * Unionist Party: Leslie Orme Wilson
 * Liberal Party: Henry Norman Spalding
 * British Socialist Party: Joseph George Butler

Elections in the 1930s

 * The Liberal Party candidate, Rosalie Glynn Grylls withdrew at close of nominations

General Election 1939–40: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Conservative: Alfred Howitt
 * Labour: Margaret Bondfield

General

 * J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
 * Edward Porritt and Annie G Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons (Cambridge University Press, 1903)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reading (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
User:Jolomo

I'm an intown Atlanta resident and love the city

Things I can never remember

Welcome
 * Complex tables

To Do

 * Pages for streetcar routes like 3, 17
 * History of Atlanta book http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jolomo/Books/AtlantaHistory
 * Redo this image and post [[Image:Atlanta-homicide-2002-2005.png|right|thumb|250px|Homicide rate by month (2002-2005)]]
 * Freedom Park (Atlanta)
 * Stone Mountain Trail
 * Chastain Park Trail
 * Arabia Mountain Trail
 * South Decatur Trolley Trail
 * Westside Trail
 * PATH (Atlanta)
 * PATH infobox with trail length, part of town, ease, "combined with street traffic?", etc
 * Separate Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Journal-Constitution
 * Mechanics of a classic Grain elevator
 * Attempting to get all the info scrounged away on my website into Wikipedia
 * Flesh out Category:Atlanta neighborhoods
 * William B. Hartsfield should be a much longer article
 * Early history of Coca-Cola Company
 * Pioneer Atlanta jibes well with F.Garrett
 * Create a List of Atlanta viaducts and (possibly) pages for all of them (Wall, Alabama, Spring, Peachtree, Broad, Forsyth, Courtland, Techwood) with pictures of plaques

Mostly Done
projects that used to be on the To Do list
 * Add a Joel Hurt page
 * History of Atlanta's Ward System
 * Add a Lemuel P. Grant page
 * Mayors of Atlanta I'm combing through all my history books to try to put together at least a small bio on each mayor
 * Article on journalist Alexander St. Clair-Abrams
 * Georgia section of U.S. Highway 23
 * MARTA makeover -- possibly a Wikiproject
 * Make a map that can be color-marked for each intown neighborhood
 * The ultimate Brewer & Shipley section w/album covers, etc

Articles started
Maurice Barrymore, Duke Pearson, Lemuel P. Grant, Richard Peters (Atlanta), Battle of Kettle Creek, Brewer & Shipley, Wine tasting, Alex St. Clair Abrams, James Vann, Great Atlanta fire of 1917, Puritan (yacht), Breeze Card, Augusta Canal

Neat Stuff

 * I was looking at Thessaloniki and noticed a cool little color chart for the climate which I adapted to Atlanta. Since then it has appeared on Portland, Oregon, Boston, Massachusetts & Baltimore, Maryland — cool!

Book Sources
Most of my Atlanta articles rely on the following books
 * Atlanta 1847-1890 (1988) James Michael Russell
 * Atlanta and Environs (1954) Franklin Garrett
 * Atlanta and Its Builders (1902) Thomas Martin
 * Mule to MARTA (1976) Jean Martin
 * The Trolley Titans (1981) O.E. Carson

Atlanta music

 * Pickin' on Peachtree: A History of Country Music in Atlanta, Georgia (2002), Wayne Daniel, UofI Press, ISBN 0-252-06968-4
 * Music and the Making of a New South (2004), Gavin James Campbell, UNC Press (funny William Lawson Peel stories)

Awesome Tools

 * Online index of Garrett, vols 1&2
 * Georgia county maps

Articles to ReRead

 * Ancient Greek phonology
 * Stock character
 * Timeline of Christianity/New Testament apocrypha
 * Timeline of evolution
 * Timeline of evolution

Perhaps Noteworthy

 * from first air mail from Atlanta. Contained in the first mail sent to New York by air from Atlanta is a $9,000 check from the Atlanta federal reserve bank to the New York federal reserve; letters from Mayor Walter A. Sims to Mayor Walker of New York, and to mayor Cook, letters from Postmaster Large to Postmaster Downing, of Fayetteville, Postmaster General New in Washington, D.C., and to Postmaster Kiely, of New York.  Also a letter from the president of the Altanta Junior Chamber to the president of the New York Junior Board of Trade.

Sortable MARTA boardings table 2011 data
† denotes terminal station

title: User:Jolomo


text:
User talk:Canthony

Great catch. Either I or some errant DB software screwed that one royally. Thanks, Hal Jespersen 15:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

request for comment on Hugh Hefner
Please take the time to go to Hugh Hefner's talkpage and respond to the request for comment on what jerrygraf is trying to add that does not belong on Hugh Hefner's page, but belongs on PEI's, as well as the part I deleted is ment as a "controversial comment on the biography of a living person"Rogue Gremlin 04:24, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Canthony


text:
Paul Hudson

Paul David Hudson (born 27 February 1971) is an English weather presenter for BBC Yorkshire and BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hudson was born and raised in Keighley, West Yorkshire. He was made an Honorary Fellow of Bradford College in 2014.

After reading geophysics and planetary physics at Newcastle University, Hudson joined the Met Office and trained for two years at Leeds Weather Centre. Hudson combined this with a two-year stint as a weather presenter for BBC Look North and for the BBC local radio stations in Leeds, York, Humberside and Sheffield.

Hudson is known for his tongue-in-cheek banter with BBC Look North presenter Harry Gration, and also Peter Levy, presenter of BBC Look North for East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, North West Norfolk and parts of Nottinghamshire via the Belmont transmitter.

Early life
Hudson was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire. His parents, John and Margaret, purchased his first 'kids weather centre' when he was seven, and by the age of twelve he was compiling his own meteorological records (now archived by Keighley Library) and writing for local newspapers Keighley News and Telegraph & Argus. He went to the Brontë Middle School and Oakbank School on Oakworth Road in Keighley.

Hudson has a first-class degree in geophysics and planetary physics from the University of Newcastle. His early memories of local weather forecasting came from fellow Yorkshireman, Doncaster's Bob Rust.

Paul Hudson was present during the catastrophic fire at Valley parade in 1985.

Hudson attended training at the Meteorological Office College, situated at the former RAF Shinfield base in Shinfield, Berkshire. Due to a shortage of available posts within the Met Office, he worked as a geophysicist for an oil business in London.

Career
After university and training at the Met Office College, Hudson worked for an oil business as a geophysicist until joining the Met Office as an international forecaster involving monsoons and typhoons.

Television
Hudson can be seen on three editions of the regional news programmes Look North, from Leeds (serving North, West and South Yorkshire and the North Midlands), Hull (serving East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and north Norfolk) and Newcastle (serving North East, Cumbria and Northumberland)

Hudson returned to the BBC Yorkshire weather centre from the Met Office's old home of Bracknell in 1997 when Darren Bett left to present national forecasts.

In The Little Prince, Hudson voice-acted the English dubbing for The Great Inventor (during the Planet of Bubble Gob trilogy) and Ferdinand (Planet of the Globies).

BBC climate change correspondent
Although most BBC forecasters are not directly employed by the BBC, but by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills' Met Office (formerly the MOD's Met Office), since 2007 Hudson has been a full-time member of BBC staff, not the Meteorological Office, acting as an environmental and climate change expert. Hudson gives talks on the subject to local organisations and schools and has appeared on BBC One's Morning Show.

Radio
Hudson can also be heard on BBC Radio Leeds, BBC Radio Sheffield, BBC Radio York, BBC Radio Humberside, BBC Radio Lincolnshire, BBC Radio Cumbria, BBC Radio Newcastle, BBC Radio Tees

Wetwang public office
In May 2006, Hudson was elected honorary Mayor of Wetwang. This post was previously occupied by Richard Whiteley.

Publications
Hudson has written several books.

Cityzap
In December 2020, he become the voice of the new Transdev Coastliner Cityzap buses running the fast way along the M1 between Leeds and York.

Personal life
Hudson was married to Nicola Shaw, a fellow BBC presenter, in 2003 having three children. He enjoys sea fishing, playing golf (he used to play at Riddlesden golf club, and now plays at Moor Allerton), cricket (he played for Ingrow St Johns in the Craven League). He supports Bradford City, having a twenty-five-year season ticket, and was trapped in the stand that caught fire in the Bradford City stadium fire of 1985.

title: Paul Hudson


text:
Cohenite

Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C. This forms a hard, shiny, silver mineral which was named by E. Weinschenk in 1889 after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described and analysed material from the Magura meteorite found near Slanica, Žilina Region, Slovakia. Cohenite is found in rod-like crystals in iron meteorites.

On Earth cohenite is stable only in rocks which formed in a strongly reducing environment and contain native iron deposits. Such conditions existed in some places where molten magmas invaded coal deposits, e.g. on Disko Island in Greenland, or at the Bühl near Kassel in Germany.

Associated minerals include native iron, schreibersite, troilite and wüstite.

Similar iron carbides occur also in technical iron alloys and are called cementite.

title: Cohenite


text:
Talk:Paul Bernardo

Text references missing information (deleted?)
Currently the early life section mentions "his mother told him of his actual parentage" but it is not mentioned what his parentage is and why it would be unusual.

Also, the sentence "In addition to the confirmed murders of Tammy Lyn Homolka, Leslie Erin Mahaffy and Kristen Dawn French" is the first mention of Mahaffy and French. There is no information about those two murders in the article up to that point, but they are still referenced as if they've been covered. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.102.250.70 (talk) 00:23, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Arrest
Perhaps this article should mention how they were arrested? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.102.64.24 (talk) 04:51, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Just seconding this. The article seems well-written but the absence of any information regarding how Bernardo and Homolka were eventually apprehended is a huge gap. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.26.13.156 (talk) 12:50, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

* I think the statement
''... was not widely reported. While consistent with his trial testimony, as of July 2005 these claims have not been substantiated.'' should be removed. I believe the video and Karla's confession substantiates his claim. Cafe Nervosa | talk  21:26, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This relates to the material inserted in Revision as of 06:59, July 6, 2005. The stuff not substantiated is the plan to inject air into the girl's blood stream. I'l revise the article to reflect this. Cafe Nervosa |  talk  21:52, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Why is the meat of the murders in Karla Homolka and not here?
He was convicted and sentenced for life for the crimes but the murders are detailed in more depth in her article. - Tεx  τ  urε  15:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably because he's in a maximum-security prison and will rot there. Karla, on the other hand, has completed her 12-year prison term and is due to be released soon.  Since she's begun to show up in the papers and other media again, people are more likely to first search for 'Karla Homolka' rather than 'Paul Bernardo'.

 * Should we mention the fact that his house, in which the murders were committed, was subsequently demolished because no one would buy it? DS 01:05, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Paul Bernardo a Freemason??
I was looking at the list of Famous Freemasons here at Wikipedia. I was surprised to find out that Paul Bernardo, Canada's most infamous school girl killer, was on that list. Can anyone find any proof of this, and how this information became public??
 * He appears to be off the list of famous freemasons. I've never heard of his association with masonry before.
 * No clue whether it's true or not, not verified as of 6/12, so I'll revert -- Samir  [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]   (the scope)  23:11, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In Invisible Darkness, the Steven Williams book about Bernardo and Homolka, it mentions Bernardo being a freemason. The secret society aspect of the masons was very appealing to him.  Astronot 14:26, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Young Hype - The Rap Career
I was wondering if anyone had anymore information regarding Bernardo's so called rap career under the name of Young Hype. Im not entirely sure its truth or fiction but if so perhaps it's worth mentioning?

Elizabeth Bain
It has never been proven that Paul Bernardo had ever met Elizabeth Bain. This merely speculative as a witnessed saw Ms Bain with a person loosely fitting Paul Bernardo's discription shortly before her disappearance. Paul Bernardo is scum.

People who knew both Bernardo and Elisabeth Bain said they met each other in 1985.--Splashen (talk) 14:47, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

He was interviewed by provincial police in 2009 about Elizabeth Bain. I will update at some point. CBC and G&M have articles and there is a link to the interview available. LLD-MA (talk) 21:17, 24 February 2010 (UTC)LLD-MALLD-MA (talk) 21:17, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

reorganization
This article is a bit of a mess -- facts are presented in a bizarre order. "Crimes," then "events," then trial, with lots overlapping but no clear chronology. The crimes section turns out to be about evidence; most of the rapes show up halfway the article for no clear reason. It is all rather confused. Uucp 17:23, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy on biographies of living persons
Comment:
 * I do not have the expertise in this particular biographical subject to quickly determine the veracity of many of the statements contained therein (there should be a lot more references, at the very least).
 * The neutrality of the article is highly questionable
 * The Early life section is in particular need of attention.
 * Reputable sources need to be used (CourtTV's Crime Library doesn't count. The article on Bernardo there reads like a tabloid rag, and it sounds similar to the content in the Early life section in this wiki page)
 * Personally I think they both should be in jail for the rest of their natural lives, and the crimes they committed were unimaginably heinous. However, I am not aware of any exceptions in the WP:BLP. --- Taroaldo 05:39, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I am going to work on cleanup of this article. I have made some changes and added some sources today, and will continue to work on it when I have time. --- Taroaldo 02:54, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

MAJOR work needed AND IS BEING DONE
This article is in need of total reorganization, explication and in some areas, condensation. Moreover, this is appalling: "a number of books have been written..." and no books referenced, though fair detail is given for a Hollywood movie!

The house was not demolished because nobody would buy it; it was demolished to prevent anyone's buying it. Most of the information still is only in Homolka's article, which itself needs updating.

There is nothing about how involvement in this case, subsequent to the discovery that there were videotapes, ruined the career and life of a good lawyer (though out of his depth) Kenneth Murray.

There is nothing about the police hounding author Stephen Williams because he described, in exacting detail, what was on the videotapes. (It was not supposed to have been made public)

There is nothing about the handling of certain evidence (the videotapes; they were allowed to be shown only to the jury and certain court officials a limited number of times and subsequently were destroyed, after pressure was brought to bear by the French and Mahaffey families).Freiherrin (talk) 07:11, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

PLEASE NOTE I have begun basically to rewrite this entire article. It will be done in sections; please leave comments on the talk page rather than changing things as I cannot do this all at once. ALSO NOTE that references will be cleaned up and added AFTER the article has been rewritten. THank youFreiherrin (talk) 23:04, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Please DO NOT carp about references etc. this article is IN USE and will be finished shortly.Freiherrin (talk)

A question about this site's acuity
I would like to know how it is possible to be logged in, to do more than an hour's work, and have the "bot" delete all changes "due to vandalism". This sort of automated stupidity has happened before. If it happens again I will leave everything as is, whether finished or not, so that the "bot" can take over.Freiherrin (talk) 06:02, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Progress to January 21, 2008
Interested readers please note that the article is in use for total revision, which is complete to the end of the section "Other potential or possible victims". References will be added on completion.Freiherrin (talk) 19:34, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks to all . ..
who are adding links etc. to this article. It is so sordid a subject that I have to take a break every so often, to come up for air.Freiherrin (talk) 18:16, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Rewritten to end of section 3
Next up, trial and onward.Freiherrin (talk) 07:29, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

If you are going to edit this article . ..
kindly ensure that you are contributing something useful in terms of information not previously known, added references, NON POV FACTS etc. Nothing useful is gained by saying "Bernardo got the girls to spread their legs"; that sort of phraseology will be removed pronto.

This article is undergoing MAJOR REVISION; it has been several months of slogging through all sorts of unsavoury information; the references are not all included as yet; if you have reasonable comments or suggestions please email me.Freiherrin (talk) 00:39, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Congratulations on the re-write; I haven't been following your edits, but the article is substantially expanded from the last time I read it. Having said that... With all due respect, I suggest that editors disregard your request to email you - no individual editor owns an article, and a better method to incorporate good faith contributions is for editors to either make improvements themselves, or leave suggestions on this page. Anchoress · Weigh Anchor · Catacomb 01:54, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

This was not meant to suggest that I "own" the article. Once I am done with this article, as with the accompanying Karla Homolka article, I am leaving it; I am not going to monitor or amend or revert it. The reason for requesting emails is that I have ongoing trouble with staying on Wikipedia, losing information and finding myself logged out for no reason. If people would prefer to post the information here, I have no problem with it.Freiherrin (talk) 16:40, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

what is his name?
did he change it from bernardo to teale or vice versa? what date? etc.

we need a section about the interview that was recently released.--Sonjaaa (talk) 21:18, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

I was just thinking about this. Yeah, he changed it to Teale but I think the courts didn't allow it. This was after he was arrested I believe. I dont have any info, so I cant edit the article, but this is a good lead for someone who is interested in this scumbag.72.137.11.38 (talk) 03:24, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Paul Jason Teale. http://www.fact.on.ca/newpaper/ts991103.htm http://www.fact.on.ca/newpaper/ts991105.htm Israell (talk) 16:10, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Niagara Regional Police
Sorry but the NRP are so stupid and lax. They could have found the pair out many many times. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.190.62 (talk) 21:29, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

"The coroner's ruling, that her death was by drowning, probably as a result of drinking beer and taking LSD, was controversial in light of Leslie Mahaffy's and Kristen French's murders." I'd like to see the coroner's ruling. Does anyone know where they can be found? I wonder on what basis the coroner came to such conclusions? Pressure to blame drugs and alcohol for death? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.13.3.57 (talk) 20:19, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Case numbers
In the article, there is a reference to two cases: I looked for these on CanLII, and I could only find one case in Ontario in 1995 called "R. v. Bernardo": R. v. Bernardo, 1995 CanLII 7434 (ON S.C.) Maybe I'm not looking in the right way, but for now I've tagged these two references with. —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 14:20, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * R. v. Bernardo, [1995] O.J. No. 2988 (Ct. J. (Gen. Div.))
 * R. v. Bernardo, [1995] O.J. No. 3866 (Ct. J. (Gen. Div.))

Faint Hope Clause
Paul Bernardo is not eligible for faint hope clause because he is multiple murderer. The article lists "Paul Bernardo is eligible for release in 2010 under faint hope clause". It may be incorrect.

Faint hope clause have special exception for multiple murders.

Danielcg (talk) 06:56, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Distasteful Descriptions of Rape
I just wanted to voice my objection to this article's seeming obsession with how long Bernardo took to rape each girl. What is the point of letting the reader know that he took an hour to rape someone? I should think this would only serve to titillate some perv. They need to be removed. Danwaggoner (talk) 04:57, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The time taken for the rapes is absolutely valid as it shows the increasing severity of the attacks. It's an important fact in showing that Bernardo was becoming increasingly violent and would eventually move from rape to murder. We can only edit based upon relevancy, not upon the possible effect it might have on disturbed individuals. BashBrannigan (talk) 03:38, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Article needs a photo
It seems strange that an article on such a famous person would not contain a single photograph of him. Surely there is a public domain image out there that could be used?--Srleffler (talk) 06:05, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

INFAMY DOES NOT MEAN "FAMOUS"
Bernardo is infamous not famous. There is a big difference in the connotation of those terms. Famous flatters a very mentally disturbed serial killer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.77.58.178 (talk) 21:26, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Information on arrest
Why is there no information on how Bernardo came to be linked to the murders and when he was subsequently arrested? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.249.52.196 (talk) 11:18, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

I concur. This piece of info is missing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.199.42.57 (talk) 07:50, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

There's no death penalty in Canada.
This article states that PB was sentenced to lethal injection, but I am going to hasten to guess that an American user made this up, because Canada hasn't had the death penalty since 1976, and the only method ever used was hanging. PB is classified a dangerous offender, like Clifford Olson (which is a term in the British and Canadian criminal code but not the U.S.). To quote cbc news, "Sept. 15, 1995: Bernardo is sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole for 25 years." and "November 1995: Bernardo is declared a dangerous offender, meaning he will likely spend the rest of his life in jail."

http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/06/16/f-bernardo-homolka-timeline.html

NewMind (talk) 04:04, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Clarification?
Currently we have: ''December 23, 1987, Bernardo committed his fourth rape. During this attack, Bernardo raped the 17-year-old with the knife he used to threaten his victims.''

Which means either he was threatening the victim with a knife while raping her, OR he literally used the knife to rape the victim (penetration, etc.). The current wording is ambiguous. The Masked Booby (talk) 05:27, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Relevance of Jane Doe's virginity?
It's not cited and I don't believe is relevant to the matter of her rape. Nachturnal (talk) 15:30, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Few refs I stumbled upon, very interesting reads
and

These two articles are from 1991 when Leslie Mahaffy was found / identified. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  22:53, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Popular culture and the movie Karla
I've added the same section (noticed we did that on these two a bit) that was on Karla Homolka's page: I found it odd that while they were both mirrored in the media, it is only referenced on her page. Hackeru (talk) 20:25, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Confused account
Who was the "Kenneth Bernardo [who] fondled a girl ". Was it this man or his father? When did he molest his own daughter? Was this also the father not the son? And what was the revelation about the sons real parentage?Royalcourtier (talk) 21:31, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I assume Kenneth Bernardo is not the biological father of Paul? Зенитная Самоходная Установка (talk) 17:39, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

The chronology of events is not sequential and very difficult to follow
The article jumps back and forth through time too much. I had to read the whole article to see that his crimes started in '86-'87 and arrested in '93. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.142.225.208 (talk) 17:19, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

"Homolka's release" section needs revision
There's exactly one line relating directly to Karla Homolka in the whole section - perhaps some brief relevant details or a re-direct to her own Wikipedia page might be better? Ladysif (talk) 05:56, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I've deleted and moved the details from the Holmoka's release section to that focusing on the murder of Leslie Mahaffy. Karla Homolka's release is discussed in detail on her own page.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ladysif (talk • contribs) 18:17, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082348/http://martenslingard.ca/cases/Lefurgey/1995canlii7434_Bernardo.pdf to http://martenslingard.ca/cases/Lefurgey/1995canlii7434_Bernardo.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081201051305/http://www.citynews.ca:80/news/news_24043.aspx to http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_24043.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081201051232/http://www.citynews.ca:80/news/features_23657.aspx to http://www.citynews.ca/news/features_23657.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090606065916/http://www.chapters.indigo.ca:80/books/Pauls-Case-Crosbie/9781895837094-item.html? to http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Pauls-Case-Crosbie/9781895837094-item.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070420111522/http://www.cbc.ca:80/arts/story/2005/07/25/homolkafilm050725.html to http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2005/07/25/homolkafilm050725.html

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Vandalism
This page needs to be reverted to May 23, 2017 as it is currently being vandalised with incorrect and misleading information, based on actual facts. He was never known to my knowledge as Domenic Menard but rather as Dominic Manardo, and additionally there is no record of Karla Rocha instead should be corrected to Karla Homolka. GameOverTown (talk) 22:00, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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What line of work was he in?
Зенитная Самоходная Установка (talk) 02:02, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

 * @Зенитная Самоходная Установка
 * ...This article (Wikipedia's) makes mention of him losing a job as an accountant (during his relationship with Homolka) and the published book "Lethal Marriage" (mentioned in said article and also read by myself) was a detailed account of the couple, their crimes, and trial, gathered from statements from the trial witnesses, as well as statements from both the prosecution and defense, as well as from court members, reporters, staff and  spectators (present during trial.) It retold the gruesome, tragic & senseless crimes, telling the most plausible, and the likely true version of events by compiling and considering the testimonies of both Bernardo and Homolka themselves, with often vastly differing accounts of the crimes. The book revealed that Bernardo deemed himself an "aspiring 'white rapper' & musician", taking inspiration from artists such as, then popular, One-Hit Wonder 'Vanilla Ice,' as well as 'Snow' -the Canadian reggae musician, rapper and singer whose 1992 single "Informer" spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
 * Testimony from the convicted, as well as from witnesses and/or scenes from videotapes that the couple recorded of the rapes found that during (at least one)break from the torture and assault, Bernardo would sit down at his keyboard and preform original tracks he'd composed (or was working on) seemingly seeking praise and approval from the unwilling audience, his blindfolded and bound captive. It also made note of him snapping right back into the punishing rape and torture when the distressed and frightened young girl appeared to be unmoved, or indifferent, if not simply confused by the impromptu serenade, showing very little response. And not the idealization, praise and worship that he so seriously strived for, thus resulting perhaps in prolonged or worsened brutality and violence of the attacks, unbeknownst to the young victim during her captive.
 * So, it would be safe to say that Bernardo had been employed as an accountant, and in his free time was, a very much, struggling rapper/singer, with dreams of a hit music career. While Homolka was a either a veterinary assistant, or clinic recptionist (I cannot recall which) and was actively employed at a local Veterinary clinic during that time. 70.30.65.226 (talk) 04:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Moved Jane Doe attack away from Scarborough Rapist attacks and put with Schoolgirl series.
The M.O. for these crimes is significantly different (involvement of Holmoka, halothane, etc), so it seems way more logical to place the attack in that context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Strunk and Right (talk • contribs) 00:03, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

---Ugh, dumb bot reverted changes to this article. Really unfortunate because right now there's a lot of unseemly and questionably-sourced stuff! Good luck to other editors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Strunk and Right (talk • contribs) 00:10, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Paul Bernardo Not Serial Killer
There are so many incorrect references to this on multiple articles. Paul is not a serial killer. Not only does he fail to meet Wiki criteria for a serial killer, the fact remains that every single murder was actually committed by his wife. Even in this very article, you can read that she was the one who administered drugs, she was the one who covered faces, and she was the one who choked victims. Paul is a pedophile, he is a rapist, and he is an accomplice to murder but in no way is he an actual killer. Putting this up for discussion before I remove the references to what is factually wrong. Kav2001c (talk) 04:45, 7 June 2021 (UTC)kav2001c d}} Bold text Yes, he fits the criteria of a serial killer. He has killed 3 people, & that is the minimum amount to kill, to be declared a serial killer. There are many who believe that it was his wife - not himself - who killed the 3 girls. They BOTH killed them!!!!--Splashen (talk) 14:49, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Additional victims
The subcategory left out an additional victim: a friend of Tammy Homolka's. Just as K. Homolka befriended a young lady from her old work place ("Jane Doe"), and invited her to her home (in order to lure her for Bernardo), after Tammy Homolka had died, K. Homolka also befriended one of Tammy's best friends, and invited her into their (hers & Bernardo's) home to lure for Bernardo. She & Bernardo took her on trips to the Toronto Eaton Centre,etc. Then Bernardo expected this young lady to sleep with him, and when she refused, Bernardo raped her. Unlike Jane Doe and the 3 murder victims, this girl's assault was not captured on video.--Splashen (talk) 14:49, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Bernardo


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User talk:Yinglichina~enwiki

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title: User talk:Yinglichina~enwiki


text:
Talk:Tom Wham

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 07:25, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

It should not be allowed to present a new article about a person, if you do not have a birth- year og -date to show (concerning persons still alive of course.

 * That may leave out a lot of models and actresses; and for some people, a birth year is just hard to find. — Yamara 07:25, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Pen&Paper.net
The link http://www.pen-paper.net/rpgdb.php?op=showcreator&creatorid=3089 was removed from this page stating that there was no consensus to use it. I have seen that site linked to on a number of different designers' articles, and have added it to some as well. Is there a reason it should not be on this page? BOZ (talk) 22:20, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * What about the material at the end of the link makes it a candidate for us to ignore our normal external link policies and include it for this article? -- The Red Pen of Doom  22:32, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not that familiar with the EL policy; where specifically does it fail? BOZ (talk) 00:08, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * For starters external links are for sites that "contain further research that is accurate and on-topic; information that could not be added to the article for reasons such as copyright or amount of detail; or other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article for reasons unrelated to its accuracy." - the link to the TW page at p-p.net contains exactly: a listing of 3 publications that TW contributed to. That is not by any means a sufficient reason for linking to an outside source. -- The Red Pen of Doom  15:28, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough! It is pretty bare. BOZ (talk) 03:26, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tom Wham


text: Category:People of the British Virgin Islands


text:
Slavery in colonial Spanish America

Slavery in the Spanish American viceroyalties was an economic and social institution which existed throughout the Spanish Empire including Spain itself. Enslaved Africans were brought over to the continent for their labour, indigenous people were enslaved until the 1543 laws that prohibited it.

The Spanish empire enslaved people of African origin. The Spanish often depended on others to obtain enslaved Africans and transport them across the Atlantic. Spanish colonies were major recipients of enslaved Africans, with around 22% of the Africans delivered to American shores ending up in the Spanish Empire. Asian people (chinos) in colonial Mexico were also taken from the Philippines and enslaved. They were taken to Acapulco by Novohispanic ships and sold.

The Spanish restricted and outright forbade the enslavement of Native Americans from the early years of the Spanish Empire with the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and the New Laws of 1542. The latter led to the abolition of the Encomienda, private grants of groups of Native Americans to individual Spaniards as well as to Native American nobility. The implementation of the New Laws and liberation of tens of thousands of Native Americans led to a number of rebellions and conspiracies by "Encomenderos" (Encomienda holders) which had to be put down by the Spanish crown.

Spain had a precedent for slavery as an institution since it had existed in Spain itself since the times of the Roman Empire. Slavery also existed among Native Americans of both Meso-America and South America. The Crown attempted to limit the bondage of indigenous people, rejecting forms of slavery based on race. Conquistadors regarded indigenous forced labor and tribute as rewards for participation in the conquest and the Crown gave some conquerors encomiendas. The indigenous people held in encomienda were not slaves, but their underpaid labor was mandatory and coerced, while they had rights and could take to trial to their managers, and they were "cared for" by the person in whose charge they were placed (encomendado), this might mean offering them the Christian religion and other perceived (by the Spaniards) benefits of Christian civilization. With the collapse of indigenous populations in the Caribbean, where Spaniards created permanent settlements starting in 1493, Spaniards raided other islands and the mainland for indigenous people to enslave on Hispaniola. With the rise of sugar cultivation as an export product in 1810, Spaniards increasingly utilized enslaved African people for labor on commercial plantations. Although plantation slavery in Spanish America was one aspect of slave labor, urban slavery in households, religious institutions, textile workshops (obrajes), and other venues was also important.

Spanish slavery in the Americas diverged from other European powers in that it took on an early abolitionist stance towards Native American slavery. Although it did not directly partake in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, enslaved Black people were sold throughout the Spanish Empire, particularly in Caribbean territories. During the colonial period, Spanish territories were the most extensive and wealthiest in the Americas. Since Spaniards themselves were barred by the Crown from participating in the Atlantic slave trade, the right to export slaves in these territories, known as the Asiento de Negros was a major foreign policy objective of other European powers, sparking numerous European wars such as the War of Spanish Succession and the War of Jenkin's Ear. In the mid-nineteenth century when most countries in the Americas reformed to disallow chattel slavery, Cuba and Puerto Rico – the last two remaining Spanish American colonies – were among the last, followed only by Brazil.

Enslaved people challenged their captivity in ways that ranged from introducing non-European elements into Christianity (syncretism) to mounting alternative societies outside the plantation (slave labour camp) system (Maroons). The first open Black rebellion occurred in Spanish labour camps (plantations) in 1521. Resistance, particularly to the enslavement of indigenous people, also came from Spanish religious and legal ranks. The first speech in the Americas for the universality of human rights and against the abuses of slavery was also given on Hispaniola, a mere nineteen years after the first contact. Resistance to indigenous captivity in the Spanish colonies produced the first modern debates over the legitimacy of slavery. And uniquely in the Spanish American colonies, laws like the New Laws of 1542, were enacted early in the colonial period to protect natives from bondage. To complicate matters further, Spain's haphazard grip on its extensive American dominions and its erratic economy acted to impede the broad and systematic spread of plantations operated by slave labor. Altogether, the struggle against slavery in the Spanish American colonies left a notable tradition of opposition that set the stage for conversations about human rights.

Iberian precedents to New World slavery

Slavery in Spain can be traced to the times of the Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans. Slavery was cross-cultural and multi-ethnic. It had an important role in the development of the economy for Spain and other countries.

The Romans extensively utilized slavery for labor and slaves' status was specified in the Code of Justinian. With the rise of Christianity, the status of was altered in that Christians were in theory banned from enslaving fellow Christians, but the practice persisted. With the rise of Islam, and the conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula in the eighth century, slavery declined in remaining Iberian Christian kingdoms. At the time of the formation of Al-Andalus, Muslims were prohibited from enslaving fellow believers, but there was a slave trade of non-Muslims in which Muslims and local Jewish merchants traded in Spanish and Eastern European Christian slaves. Mozarabs and Jews were allowed to remain and retain their slaves if they paid a head tax for themselves and half-value for the slaves. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from holding Muslim slaves, and so if one of their slaves converted to Islam, they were required to sell the slave to a Muslim. Mozarabs were later, by the 9th and 10th centuries, permitted to purchase new non-Muslim slaves via the peninsula's established slave trade.

During the reconquista, Christian Spain sought to retake territory lost to Muslims and this led to changing norms regarding slavery. Though enslavement of Christians was originally permitted, over the period from the 8th to the 11th centuries the Christian kingdoms gradually ceased this practice, limiting their pool of slaves to Muslims from Al-Andalus. Conquered Muslims were enslaved with the justification conversion and acculturation, but Muslim captives were often offered back to their families and communities for cash payments (rescate). The thirteenth-century code of law, the Siete Partidas of Alfonso "the learned" (1252–1284) specified who could be enslaved: those who were captured in just war; offspring of an enslaved mother; those who voluntarily sold themselves into slavery, and specified slaves' good treatment by their masters. At the time it was generally domestic slavery and was a temporary condition of members of outgroups. As well as the formal parameters for slavery, the Siete Partidas also makes a value judgment, stating that it "was the basest and most wretched condition into which anyone could fall because man, who is the freest noble of all God's creatures, becomes thereby in the power of another, who can do with him what he wishes as with any property, whether living or dead." As the Spanish (Castilians) and Portuguese expanded overseas, they conquered and occupied Atlantic islands off the north coast of Africa, including the Canary Islands as well as São Tomé and Madeira where they introduced plantation sugar cultivation. They treated the Canarian natives as pagans, supposedly justifying their enslavement, although several attempts were made by the Catholic Church to prevent their enslavement and defend the freedom of evangelized Canarians. The Canary Islands came under Castilian control, and in the period from 1498 (when the Catholic Kings ordered the freedom of the Guanches enslaved) until 1520 (when the last Guanche slaves were freed), indigenous slavery was replaced by African slavery. Multiple West African states were participants in slave raiding and trading, and the slaves the Castilians purchased were considered legitimate slaves. Slave-trading African states accepted a variety of European goods, including firearms, horses, and other desirable goods in exchange for slaves.

Both the Spanish and the Portuguese colonized the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa, where they engaged in sugar cane production following the model of Mediterranean production. The sugar complex consisted of slave labor for cultivation and processing, with the sugar mill (ingenio) and equipment established with significant investor capital. When plantation slavery was established in Spanish America and Brazil, they replicated the elements of the complex in the New World on a much larger scale.

The Portuguese exploration of the African coast and the division of overseas territories via the Treaty of Tordesillas meant that the African slave trade was held by the Portuguese. However, demand for African slaves as the Spanish established themselves in the Caribbean meant that became part of the Spanish Empire's social mosaic. Black slaves in Spain were overwhelmingly domestic servants, and increasingly became prestigious property for elite Spanish households though at a much smaller scale than the Portuguese. Artisans acquired black slaves and trained them in their trade, increasing the artisans' output.

Another form of forced labor used in the New World with origins in Spain was the encomienda, on the model of the award of the labor to Christian victors over Muslims during the reconquista. This institution of forced labor was initially employed by the Spaniards in the Canary Islands following their conquest, but the Guanche (Canarian) population precipitously declined. The institution as an institution was much more widespread following the Spanish contact and conquests in Mexico and Peru, but the precedents were set prior to 1492.

Legal status of forced labor of indigenous peoples

Prior to the Spanish colonization of the Americas, slavery was a common institution among some Pre-Columbian indigenous peoples, particularly the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest and settlement in the New World quickly led to large-scale subjugation of indigenous peoples, mainly of the Native Caribbean people, by Columbus on his four voyages. Initially, forced labor represented a means by which the conquistadores mobilized native labor, with disastrous effects on the population. Unlike the Portuguese Crown's support for the slave trade in Africa, los Reyes Católicos (Catholic Monarchs) opposed the enslavement of the native peoples in the newly conquered lands on religious grounds. When Columbus returned with indigenous slaves, they ordered the survivors to be returned to their homelands. In 1512, after pressure from Dominican friars, the Laws of Burgos were introduced to protect the rights of the natives in the New World and secure their freedom. The papal bull Sublimus Dei of 1537, to which Spain was committed, also officially banned enslavement of indigenous peoples, but it was rescinded a year after its promulgation.

When Ponce de León and the Spaniards arrived on the island of Borikén (Puerto Rico), they enslaved Taíno tribes on the island, forcing them to work in the gold mines and in the construction of forts. Many Taíno died, particularly from smallpox, to which they had no immunity. Other Taínos committed suicide or left the island after the failed Taíno revolt of 1511. The Spanish colonists, fearing the loss of their labour force, complained to the courts that they needed manpower. As an alternative, Las Casas suggested the importation and use of African slaves. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the slave trade on the colonies.

The other major form of coerced labor in their colonies, the encomienda system, was also abolished, despite the considerable anger this caused in the conquistador group who had expected to hold their grants in perpetuity. It was replaced by the repartimiento system.

After passage of the 1542 New Laws, also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians, the Spanish greatly restricted the power of the encomienda system, allowed abuse by holders of the labor grants (encomenderos), and officially abolished the enslavement of the native population. However, indigenous people who rebelled against the Spanish could be enslaved, so that following the Mixtón War (1540–42) in northwest Mexico many indigenous slaves were captured and moved elsewhere in Mexico. The statutes of 1573, within the "Ordinances Concerning Discoveries," forbade unauthorized operations against independent Indian peoples. It required appointment of a "protector de indios", an ecclesiastical representative who acted as the protector of the Indians and represented them in formal litigation. Later in the 16th century, in Peru, thousands of indigenous men were forced to hard work as underground miners in the silver mines of Potosí, by means of the continuation of the pre-Hispanic Inca mita tradition.

Reinstatement of slavery for Mapuche rebels
King Philip III inherited a difficult situation in Chile, where the Arauco War raged and the local Mapuche succeeded in razing seven Spanish cities (1598–1604). An estimate by Alonso González de Nájera put the toll at 3000 Spanish settlers killed and 500 Spanish women taken into captivity by Mapuche. In retaliation the proscription against enslaving Indians captured in war was lifted by Philip in 1608. This decree was abused when Spanish settlers in Chiloé Archipelago used it to launch slave raids against groups such as the Chono of northwestern Patagonia who had never been under Spanish rule and never rebelled. The Real Audiencia of Santiago opined in the 1650s that slavery of Mapuches was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuche. Slavery for Mapuches "caught in war" was abolished in 1683 after decades of legal attempts by the Spanish Crown to suppress it.

Africans in the early colonial period

When Spain first enslaved Native Americans on Hispaniola, and then replaced them with captive Africans, it established slave labor as the basis for colonial sugar production. It was believed by Europeans that Africans had developed immunities to European diseases, and would not be as susceptible to fall ill as the Native Americans because they had not been exposed to the pathogens yet. In 1501, Spanish colonists began importing enslaved Africans from the Iberian Peninsula to their Santo Domingo colony on the island of Hispaniola. These first Africans, who had been enslaved in Europe before crossing the Atlantic, may have spoken Spanish and perhaps were even Christians. About 17 of them started in the copper mines, and about a hundred were sent to extract gold. As Old World diseases decimated Caribbean indigenous populations in the first decades of the 1500s, enslaved blacks from Africa (bozales) gradually replaced their labor, but they also mingled and joined in flights to freedom, creating mixed-race maroon communities in all the islands where Europeans had established chattel slavery. Slaves first arrived in Puerto Rico in 1511, after the Black conquistador Juan Garrido helped invade the island in 1508-1509.

Spanish colonist turned Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566) observed and recorded the effects of enslavement on the Native populations. Initially he sought to protect the indigenous from enslavement by advocating and participating in the African slave trade. He later argued that enslavement of both indigenous and Africans was wrong, violating their human rights. Las Casas campaigned for protections of the indigenous, especially crown limits on the exploitation of the encomienda, helping to bring about the 1542 New Laws.

In Spanish Florida and farther north, the first African slaves arrived in 1526 with Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's establishment of San Miguel de Gualdape on the current Georgia coast. They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months. More slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with Hernando de Soto, and in the 1565 founding of St. Augustine, Florida. Native Americans were also enslaved in Florida by the encomienda system. Slaves escaping to Florida from the colony of Georgia were freed by Carlos II's proclamation November 7, 1693 if the slaves were willing to convert to Catholicism, and it became a place of refuge for slaves fleeing the Thirteen Colonies.

In this early period, enslaved African men were often labor bosses, overseeing indigenous labor. Franciscan Toribio de Benavente Motolinia (1482-1568), one of the First Twelve Franciscans to arrive in Mexico in 1524, considered blacks the Fourth Plague on Mexican Indians. He wrote "In the first years these black overseers were so absolute in their maltreatment of the Indians, over-loading them, sending them far from their land and giving them many other tasks that many Indians died because of them and at their hands, which is the worst feature of the situation." In Yucatan, there were regulations attempting to prevent blacks presence in indigenous communities. In Mexico City in 1537, a number of blacks were accused of rebellion. They were executed in the main plaza (zócalo) by hanging, an event recorded in an indigenous pictorial and alphabetic manuscript.

Demand for African slaves was high and the slave trade was controlled by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts on the west coast of Africa. Spanish colonists purchased them directly from Portuguese traders, who in turn purchased them from African traders on the Atlantic coast. With the increased dependency on enslaved Africans and with the Spanish crown opposed to enslavement of indigenous, except in the case of rebellion, slavery became associated with race and racial hierarchy, with Europeans hardening their concepts of racial ideologies. These were buttressed by prior ideologies of differentiation as that of the limpieza de sangre (en: purity of blood), which in Spain referred to individuals without the perceived taint of Jewish or Muslim ancestry. However, in Spanish America, purity of blood came to mean a person free of any African ancestry.

In the vocabulary of the time, each enslaved African who arrived at the Americas was called "Pieza de Indias" (en: a piece of the Indies). The crown issued licenses "asientos", to merchants to specifically trade slaves, regulating the trade. During the 16th century, the Spanish colonies were the most important customers of the Atlantic slave trade, claiming several thousands in sales, but other European colonies soon dwarfed these numbers when their demand for enslaved workers began to drive the slave market to unprecedented levels.

Some of the first black people in the Americas were "Atlantic Creoles", as the charter generation is described by the American historian Ira Berlin. Mixed-race men of African and Portuguese/Spanish descent, some slaves and others free, sailed with Iberian ships and worked in the ports of Spain and Portugal; some were born in Europe, others in African ports as sons of Portuguese trade workers and African women. The mixed-race men often grew up bilingual, making them useful as interpreters in African and Iberian ports.

Some famous black Spanish soldiers in the first stages of the Spanish conquest of America were Juan Valiente and Juan Beltrán in Chile, Juan Garrido (credited with the first harvesting of wheat planted in New Spain) and Sebastián Toral in Mexico, Juan Bardales in Honduras and Panama, and Juan García in Peru.

The first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States was an interracial union between a free black Spanish woman from Jerez de la Frontera and a Spanish settler from Segovia who met in Seville and embarked together as a couple to the New World. This marriage took place in 1565 in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, Florida.

Estevanico, recorded as a black slave from Morocco, survived the disastrous Narváez expedition from 1527 to 1536 when most of the men died. After the ships, horses, equipment and finally most of the men were lost, with three other survivors, Estevanico spent six years traveling overland from present-day Texas to Sinaloa, and finally reaching the Spanish settlement at Mexico City. He learned several Native American languages in the process. He went on to serve as a well-respected guide. Later, while leading an expedition in what is now New Mexico in search of the Seven Cities of Gold, he was killed in a dispute with the Zuñi local people.

The Spanish privateer and merchant Amaro Pargo (1678-1747) managed to transport slaves to the Caribbean, although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity. In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to Venezuela on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715 to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in Caracas. Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.

Black slavery in the late colonial period
The population of slaves in Cuba received a large boost when the British captured Havana during the Seven Years' War, and imported 10,000 slaves from their other colonies in the West Indies to work on newly established agricultural plantations. These slaves were left behind when the British returned Havana to the Spanish as part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, and form a significant part of the Afro-Cuban population today.

While historians have studied the production of sugar on plantations by enslaved workers in nineteenth-century Cuba, they have sometimes overlooked the crucial role of the Spanish state before the 1760s. Cuba ultimately developed two distinct but interrelated sources using enslaved labor, which converged at the end of the eighteenth century. The first of these sectors was urban and was directed in large measure by the needs of the Spanish colonial state, reaching its height in the 1760s. As of 1778, it was reported by Thomas Kitchin that "about 52,000 slaves" were being brought from Africa to the West Indies by Europeans, with approximately 4,000 being brought by the Spanish.

The second sector, which flourished after 1790, was rural and was directed by private slaveholders/planters involved in the production of export agricultural commodities, especially sugar. After 1763, the scale and urgency of defense projects led the state to deploy many of its enslaved workers in ways that were to anticipate the intense work regimes on sugar plantations in the nineteenth century. Another important group of workers enslaved by the Spanish colonial state in the late eighteenth century were the king's laborers, who worked on the city's fortifications.

The Spanish colonies were late to exploit slave labor in the production of sugarcane, particularly on Cuba. The Spanish colonies in the Caribbean were among the last to abolish slavery. While the British abolished slavery by 1833, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873. On the mainland of colonies, Spain ended African slavery in the eighteenth century. Peru was one of the countries that revived the institution for some decades after declaring independence from Spain in the early 19th century.

In 1789 the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery and issued a decree, Código Negro Español (Spanish Black Code), that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of work hours, limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. But planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives.

The slaveowners did not protest against all the measures of the codex, many of which they argued were already common practices. They objected to efforts to set limits on their ability to apply physical punishment. For instance, the Black Codex limited whippings to 25 and required the whippings "not to cause serious bruises or bleeding". The slave-owners thought that the slaves would interpret these limits as weaknesses, ultimately leading to resistance. Another contested issue was the work hours that were restricted "from sunrise to sunset"; plantation owners responded by explaining that cutting and processing of cane needed 20-hour days during the harvest season.

By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted, relegating the island to a garrison for passing ships. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy. With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their labour-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery.

Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field work was rigorous manual labour which the slaves began at an early age. The work days lasted close to 20 hours during harvest and processing, including cultivating and cutting the crops, hauling wagons, and processing sugarcane with dangerous machinery. The slaves were forced to reside in barracoons, where they were crammed in and locked in by a padlock at night, getting about three to four hours of sleep. The conditions of the barracoons were harsh; they were highly unsanitary and extremely hot. Typically there was no ventilation; the only window was a small barred hole in the wall.

Cuba's slavery system was gendered in a way that some duties were performed only by male slaves, some only by female slaves. Female slaves in Havana from the 16th century onwards performed duties such as operating the town taverns, eating houses, and lodges, as well as being laundresses and domestic labourers and servants. Female slaves also served as the town prostitutes.

Some Cuban women could gain freedom by having children with white men. As in other Latin cultures, there were looser borders with the mulatto or mixed-race population. Sometimes men who took slaves as wives or concubines freed both them and their children. As in New Orleans and Saint-Domingue, mulattos began to be classified as a third group between the European colonists and African slaves. Freedmen, generally of mixed race, came to represent 20% of the total Cuban population and 41% of the non-white Cuban population.

Planters encouraged Afro-Cuban slaves to have children in order to reproduce their work force. The masters wanted to pair strong and large-built black men with healthy black women. They were placed in the barracoons and forced to have sex and create offspring of "breed stock" children, who would sell for around 500 pesos. The planters needed children to be born to replace slaves who died under the harsh regime. Sometimes if the overseers did not like the quality of children, they separate the parents and sent the mother back to working in the fields.

African slaves were legally branded with a hot iron on the forehead, prevented their "theft" or lawsuits that challenged their captivity. The colonists continued this branding practice for more than 250 years. They were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. They were allowed to live with their families in a hut on the master's land, and given a patch of land where they could farm, but otherwise were subjected to harsh treatment; including sexual abuse as the majority of colonists had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their mixed-race descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican and Cuban populations. The slaves had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames. Both women and men were subject to the punishments of violence and humiliating abuse. Slaves who misbehaved or disobeyed their masters were often placed in stocks in the depths of the boiler houses where they were abandoned for days at a time, and oftentimes two to three months. These wooden stocks were made in two types: lying-down or stand-up types. women were punished, even when pregnant. They were subjected to whippings: they had to lie "face down over a scooped-out piece of round [earth] to protect their bellies." Some masters reportedly whipped pregnant women in the belly, often causing miscarriages. The wounds were treated with "compresses of tobacco leaves, urine and salt."

After 1784, Spain provided five ways by which slaves could obtain freedom. Five years later, the Spanish Crown issued the "Royal Decree of Graces of 1789", which set new rules related to the slave trade and added restrictions to the granting of freedman status. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as El Código Negro (The Black Code), was introduced. Under "El Código Negro", a slave could buy his freedom, in the event that his master was willing to sell, by paying the price sought in installments. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. For the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, they paid at half the going price for a baptized child. Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos (Santurce), Carolina, Canóvanas, Loíza, and Luquillo. Some became slave owners themselves. Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island.

Fugitive slaves in Spanish territories
On May 29, 1680 the Spanish crown decreed that slaves escaping to Spanish territories from Barlovento, Martinique, San Vicente and Granada in the Lesser Antilles would be free if they accepted Catholicism. On September 3, 1680 and June 1, 1685 the crown issued similar decrees for escaping French slaves. On November 7, 1693 King Carlos II issued a decree freeing all slaves escaping from the English colonies who accepted Catholicism. There were similar decrees October 29, 1733, March 11 and November 11, 1740, and September 24, 1850 in the Buen Retiro by Ferdinand VI and the Royal Decree of October 21, 1753.

Since 1687, Spanish Florida attracted numerous African slaves who escaped from slavery in the Thirteen Colonies. Since 1623 the official Spanish policy had been that all slaves who touched Spanish soil and asked for refuge could become free Spanish citizens, and would be assisted in establishing their own workshops if they had a trade or given a grant of land to cultivate if they were farmers. In exchange they would be required to convert to Catholicism and serve for a number of years in the Spanish militia. Most were settled in a community called Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the first settlement of free Africans in North America. The enslaved African Francisco Menéndez escaped from South Carolina and traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, where he became the leader of the settlers at Mose and commander of the black militia company there from 1726 until sometime after 1742.

The former slaves also found refuge among the Creek and Seminole, Native Americans who had established settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government. In 1771, Governor of Florida John Moultrie wrote to the Board of Trade, "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back." When colonial officials asked the Native Americans to return the fugitive slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves."

After the American Revolutionary War, slaves from the state of Georgia and the Low Country of South Carolina escaped to Florida. The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States afterwards effectively controlled East Florida (from the Atlantic to the Appalachicola River). According to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the US had to take action there because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.". Spain requested British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President James Monroe's cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal, but Adams realized that Jackson's actions had put the U.S. in a favorable diplomatic position. Adams negotiated very favorable terms.

As Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons, the Crown decided to cede the territory to the United States. It accomplished this through the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1819, effective 1821.

Ending of slavery
Support for abolitionism rose in Great Britain. Slavery in France's Caribbean colonies was abolished by Revolutionary decree in 1794, (slavery in Metropolitan France was abolished in 1315 by Louis X) but was restored under Napoleon I in 1802. Slaves in Saint-Domingue revolted in response and became independent following a brutal conflict. The victorious former slaves founded the republic of Haiti in 1804.

Later slave revolts were arguably part of the upsurge of liberal and democratic values centered on individual rights and liberties which came in the aftermath of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution in Europe. As emancipation became more of a concrete reality, the slaves' concept of freedom changed. No longer did they seek to overthrow the whites and re-establish carbon-copy African societies as they had done during the earlier rebellions; the vast majority of slaves were creole, native born where they lived, and envisaged their freedom within the established framework of the existing society.

The Spanish American wars of independence emancipated most of the overseas territories of Spain; in the Americas, various nations emerged from these wars. The wars were influenced by the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and economic affairs, which also led to the reduction and ending of feudalism. For example, in Mexico on 6 December 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, leader of the independence movement, issued a decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did not comply with death. In South America Simon Bolivar abolished slavery in the lands that he liberated. However, it was not a unified process. Some countries, including Peru and Ecuador, reintroduced slavery for some time after achieving independence.

The Assembly of Year XIII (1813) of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared the freedom of wombs. It did not end slavery completely, but emancipated the children of slaves. Many slaves gained emancipation by joining the armies, either against royalists during the War of Independence, or during the later Civil Wars. For example, the Argentine Confederation ended slavery definitely with the sanction of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.

In the treaty of 1814, King Ferdinand VII of Spain promised to consider means for abolishing the slave trade. In the treaty of September 23, 1817, with Great Britain, the Spanish Crown said that "having never lost sight of a matter so interesting to him and being desirous of hastening the moment of its attainment, he has determined to co-operate with His Britannic Majesty in adopting the cause of humanity." The king bound himself "that the slave trade will be abolished in all the dominions of Spain, May 30, 1820, and that after that date it shall not be lawful for any subject of the crown of Spain to buy slaves or carry on the slave trade upon any part of the coast of Africa." The date of final suppression was October 30. The subjects of the king of Spain were forbidden to carry slaves for any one outside the Spanish dominions, or to use the flag to cover such dealings.

On March 22, 1873, slavery was legally abolished in Puerto Rico. However, slaves were not emancipated but rather had to buy their own freedom, at whatever price was set by their last masters. They were also required to work for another three years for their former masters, for other colonists interested in their services, or for the state in order to pay some compensation. Between 1527 and 1873, slaves in Puerto Rico had carried out more than twenty revolts. Slavery in Cuba was abolished by Spanish royal decree on October 7, 1886.

Secondary readings

 * Aguirre Beltán, Gonzalo. La población negra de México, 1519-1819: Un estudio etnohistórico. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1972, 1946.
 * Aimes, Hubert H. A History of Slavery in Cuba 1511 to 1868, New York, NY : Octagon Books Inc, 1967.
 * Bennett, Herman Lee. Africans in Colonial Mexico. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
 * Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern,1492-1800. New York: Verso 1997.
 * Blanchard, Peter, Under the flags of freedom : slave soldiers and the wars of independence in Spanish South America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, c2008.
 * Bowser, Frederick. The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
 * Bush, Barbara. Slave Women in Caribbean Society, London: James Currey Ltd, 1990.
 * Carroll, Patrick James. Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.
 * Curtin, Philip. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
 * Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650." Hispanic American Historical Review 46 no. 3 (1966): 235–53.
 * Diaz Soler, Luis Manuel "Historia De La Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico (1950)". LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
 * Ferrer, Ada. Insurgent Cuba: race, nation, and revolution, 1868-1898, Chapel Hill; London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
 * Figueroa, Luis A. Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico. University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
 * Foner, Laura, and Eugene D. Genovese, eds. Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.
 * Fuente, Alejandro de la. "Slave Law and Claims Making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited." ''Law and History Review (2004): 339–69.
 * Fuente, Alejandro de la. "From Slaves to Citizens? Tannenbaum and the Debates on Slavery, Emancipation, and Race Relations in Latin America," ''International Labor and Working-Class History 77 no. 1 (2010), 154–73.
 * Fuente, Alejandro de la. "Slaves and the Creation of Legal Rights in Cuba: Coartación and Papel", Hispanic American Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2007): 659–92.
 * García Añoveros, Jesús María. El pensamiento y los argumentos sobre la esclavitud en Europa en el siglo XVI y su aplicación a los indios americanos y a lost negros africanos. Corpus Hispanorum de Pace. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.
 * Geggus, David Patrick. "Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the Mid-1790s," in A Turbulent Time: The French Revolutionn and the Greater Caribbean, David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997, pp. 130–55.
 * Gibbings, Julie. "In the Shadow of Slavery: Historical Time, Labor, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Alta Verapaz, Guatemala", Hispnaic American Historical Review 96.1, (February 2016): 73–107.
 * Grandin, Greg. The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World, Macmillan, 2014.
 * Gunst, Laurie. "Bartolomé de las Casas and the Question of Negro Slavery in the Early Spanish Indies." PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982.
 * Helg, Aline, Liberty and Equality in Caribbean Colombia, 1770-1835. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
 * Heuman, Gad, and Trevor Graeme Burnard, eds. The Routledge History of Slavery. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2011.
 * Hünefeldt, Christine. Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor among Lima's Slaves, 1800-1854. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994.
 * Johnson, Lyman L. "Manumission in Colonial Buenos Aires, 1776-1810." Hispanic American Historical Review 59, no. 2 (1979): 258-79.
 * Johnson, Lyman L. "A Lack of Legitimate Obedience and Respect: Slaves and Their Masters in the Courts of Late Colonial Buenos Aires," Hispanic American Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2007), 631–57.
 * Klein, Herbert S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
 * Klein, Herbert S., and Ben Vinson III. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 * Landers, Jane. Black Society in Spanish Florida. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
 * Landers, Jane and Barry Robinson, eds. Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
 * Lockhart, James. Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Colonial Society. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
 * Love, Edgar F. "Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico," Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (April 1967), 89–103.
 * Mondragón Barrios, Lourdes. Esclavos africanos en la Ciudad de México: el servicio doméstico durante el siglo XVI. Mexico: Ediciones Euroamericanas, 1999.
 * O'Toole, Rachel Sarah. Bound Lives: Africans, Indians, and the Making of Race in Colonial Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2012.
 * Palacios Preciado, Jorge. La trata de negros por Cartagena de Indias, 1650-1750. Tunja: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, 1973.
 * Palmer, Colin. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
 * Palmer, Colin. Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700-1739. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
 * Proctor, Frank T., III "Damned Notions of Liberty": Slavery, Culture and Power in Colonial Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010.
 * Proctor III, Frank T. "Gender and Manumission of Slaves in New Spain," Hispanic American Historical Review 86, no. 2 (2006), 309–36.
 * Restall, Matthew, and Jane Landers, "The African Experience in Early Spanish America," The Americas 57, no. 2 (2000), 167–70.
 * Rout, Leslie B. The African Experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
 * Seijas, Tatiana. Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
 * Sharp, William Frederick. Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Chocó, 1680-1810. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.
 * Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel. Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles, 1531-1706. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.
 * Shepherd, Verene A., ed. Slavery Without Sugar. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2002. Print.
 * Solow, Barard I. ed., Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
 * Tannenbaum, Frank. Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas. New York Vintage Books, 1947.
 * Toplin, Robert Brent. Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1974.
 * Vinson, Ben, III, and Matthew Restall, eds. Black Mexico: Race and Society from Colonial to Modern Times. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009.
 * Walker, Tamara J. "He Outfitted His Family in Notable Decency: Slavery, Honour, and Dress in Eighteenth-Century Lima, Peru," Slavery & Abolition 30, no. 3 (2009), 383–402.
 * Walker, Tamara J. "He Outfitted His Family in Notable Decency: Slavery, Honour, and Dress in Eighteenth-Century Lima, Peru," Slavery & Abolition 30, no. 3 (2009), 383–402.

title: Slavery in colonial Spanish America


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Israel Epstein

Israel Epstein (20 April 1915 – 26 May 2005) was a Polish-born Chinese journalist and author. He was one of the few foreign-born Chinese citizens of non-Chinese origin to become a member of the Chinese Communist Party.

Early life and education
Israel Epstein was born on 20 April 1915 in Warsaw to Jewish parents; Warsaw was then part of Congress Poland, which was under Imperial Russian control. His father had been imprisoned by the authorities of czarist Russia for leading a labor uprising and his mother had been exiled to Siberia. Epstein's father was sent by his company to Japan after the outbreak of the World War I; when the German Army approached Warsaw, his mother and Epstein fled and joined him in Asia. With his family experiencing anti-Jewish sentiment in several places, in 1917, Epstein came to China with his parents at the age of two and they settled in Tianjin (formerly Tientsin) in 1920. Epstein was raised there.

Career
Israel Epstein began to work in journalism at age 15, when he wrote for the Peking and Tientsin Times, an English-language newspaper based in Tianjin. He also covered the Japanese Invasion of China for the United Press and other Western news agencies. In the autumn of 1938, he joined the China Defense League, which had been established by Soong Ching-ling, Sun Yat-sen's widow, for the purpose of publicizing and enlisting international support for the Chinese cause. In 1941, he faked news about his own death as a decoy for the Japanese who were trying to arrest him. The misinformation even found its way into a short item printed in The New York Times.

After being assigned to review one of the books of Edgar Snow, Epstein and Snow came to know each other personally and Snow showed him his classic work Red Star Over China before it was published. He was deeply influenced by the progressivism of Snow and became involved with the democratic movement in China, becoming an editor for Snow's magazine, Democracy.

In 1934, Epstein married Edith Bihovsky Epstein, later Ballin, from whom he was divorced in the early 1940s. In 1944, Epstein first visited Britain and afterwards went to live in the United States with his second wife Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley for five years.

After escaping from an Imperial Japanese concentration camp, he worked for Allied Labor News, becoming editor-in-chief. He published his book The Unfinished Revolution in China in 1947. His book was enthusiastically reviewed in The New York Times by Owen Lattimore of Johns Hopkins University.

In 1951 Communist defector Elizabeth Bentley testified to the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, "Israel Epstein had been a member of the Russian secret police for many years in China."

Many years later, his wife, Fairfax-Cholmeley, would become known to a generation of Chinese-language students in China and around the world as a contributor to one of the most widely used Chinese-English dictionaries published in the PRC. After Fairfax-Cholmeley's death in 1984, Epstein married his third wife, Huang Huanbi. In 1951, Soong Ching-ling invited him to return to China with his wife Fairfax-Cholmeley. There, Epstein served as an advisor to People's China (Renmin Zhongguo), the forerunner of Peking Review. With Soong, he started the magazine China Reconstructs (Zhongguo Jianshe), which was later renamed China Today. Epstein also worked on the translation of the Selected Works of Mao Zedong (Mao Zedong Xuanji). He remained editor-in-chief of China Today until his retirement at age 70, and stayed on as editor emeritus. During his tenure at China Today, he became a Chinese citizen in 1957 and a member of the Chinese Communist Party in 1964. In 1955, 1965 and 1976 Epstein visited Tibet, and based on these three visits in 1983 published the book Tibet Transformed.

Imprisonment
Epstein was imprisoned twice, separately by the Empire of Japan and later by the People's Republic of China.

He was placed in a concentration camp by Imperial Japanese authorities following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. He escaped along with some of the other prisoners.

During the Cultural Revolution, on charges of plotting against Zhou Enlai, he was imprisoned in 1968 in the north of Beijing in Qincheng Prison, where he was subjected to solitary confinement. In 1973, he was released, and Zhou apologized. His privileges were restored. Despite his 5 years imprisonment, he remained loyal to the ideals of Communism until his death. Israel Epstein was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, an advisory body, in 1983.

Honors
During his life, Israel Epstein was honored by Chinese political leaders Zhou Enlai, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao. His funeral was held at the Babaoshan Cemetery for Revolutionaries, in Shijingshan District, Beijing on 3 June 2005 at 09:30. The ceremony was attended by many officials, among then President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao, as well as Politburo Standing Committee members Jia Qinglin and Li Changchun. After the service, his body was cremated.

Published works

 * The People's War. [An Account of the War in China to the Fall of Hankow], V. Gollancz, 1939, 384 p.
 * I Visit Yenan: Eye Witness Account of the Communist-led Liberated Areas in North-West China, People's Publishing House [Bombay], 1945, 94 pp.
 * Notes on Labor Problems in Nationalist China, Garland Pub., 1980, 159 pp.
 * My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist, Long River Press, 2005, 358 pp.
 * History Should Not be Forgotten, 五洲传播出版社, 2005, 286 pp.

First published in English

 * The Unfinished Revolution in China, Little Brown and Company (1947), hardcover, 442 pp.

Published in Chinese, translated into English

 * From Opium War to Liberation, New World Press (Beijing, 1956), hardcover, 146 pp.
 * Tibet Transformed, New World Press (Beijing, 1983), trade paperback, 563 pp, ISBN 0-8351-1087-7
 * Woman in World History: Soong Ching Ling, New World Press (Beijing, 1993), hardcover, ISBN 7-80005-161-7

Sources and external links

 * New York Times Obituary by Douglas Martin
 * Obituary People's Daily Online
 * Retrospective, China Today
 * Biography by China Tibet Information Center
 * Xinhua Newsitem on funeral
 * Views of a life in China, China.org.cn

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Talk:Thomas Moore (disambiguation)

I commented out *Thomas Moore, a seventeenth century governor of Bermuda. because the governor and the poet were the same man --ClemMcGann 15:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Which one would be the one active during the Renaissance, Reformations, Scientific Revolution or the Enlightenment in the past? RobertLeBlais (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 14:51, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Moving this page
Please see the proposal at Talk:Thomas_Moore --Dweller (talk) 15:08, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tom Moore (fundraiser) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:48, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Moore (disambiguation)