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Ken Morrow

Kenneth Arlington Morrow (born October 17, 1956) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman and a member of the 1980 USA Olympic Miracle on Ice hockey team. He is currently serving as the New York Islanders' director of pro scouting. A member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, he played 550 regular season games in the National Hockey League between 1980 and 1989.

Amateur career
Ken Morrow was born in Flint and grew up in the nearby town of Davison, Michigan. He is a graduate of Davison High School. Morrow attended Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio where he was a star defenseman and also represented Team USA at the 1978 Ice Hockey World Championship. His best year as a college player was in 1979 when he was named Central Collegiate Hockey Association player of the year.

The following season, Morrow played for the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team that beat the Soviet team in an event known as the Miracle on Ice during the 1980 Winter Olympics before defeating Finland to win the gold medal.

Professional career
Selected 68th overall in the 1976 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Islanders, Morrow joined the Islanders immediately after the Olympics. He helped them win their first Stanley Cup in 1980, making him the first player to win the Olympic Gold and an NHL championship in one season. He was an integral member of all four Islanders Stanley Cup teams in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983. Although Morrow was never a goal-scorer, during the playoffs the Isles often benefited from his clutch goal scoring at key times. Morrow also returned to the United States national team for the 1981 Canada Cup tournament.

His most individual accomplishment in his professional career was during the 1984 playoff win in game five, his goal beat the New York Rangers

During the 1980 and 1983 playoffs, Morrow had arthroscopic surgeries performed to his knees, and played only days afterward in order to contribute to the Islanders championships, often having fluid drained from his knees between games. He was eventually forced to retire prematurely from the game in 1988–89 due to constant knee problems.

Post playing career
Morrow, who was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995, has been director of pro scouting for the Isles since 1993. He previously served as the Islanders' assistant coach for one season, in 1991–92. He was also co-coach of the International Hockey League's Kansas City franchise in 1990–91 and assistant coach of the IHL Flint Spirits in 1989–90 shortly after retiring from hockey. On December 31, 2011, Morrow was inducted into the New York Islanders Hall of Fame. Ken Morrow is also President of KCIce, an Outdoor Ice Rink Development and Management company in Kansas City, MO.

In popular culture
In the 1981 TV movie about the 1980 gold medal-winning U.S. Hockey team called Miracle on Ice, he is played by Scott Feraco.

Morrow was portrayed by actor Casey Burnette in the 2004 Walt Disney Studios film Miracle. Before the events of the movie, Burnette played junior hockey for the Barrie Colts in the Ontario Hockey League, the Hull Olympiques (now called the Gatineau Olympiques) and the Montreal Rocket, both in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. Burnette is clean-shaven in the film, although the real Morrow had a beard at the time the film is set. While most of the players on the team were not allowed to wear facial hair, coach Herb Brooks specifically allowed Morrow to keep his beard, since Morrow had a beard prior to joining the team.

title: Ken Morrow


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Pack hunter

A pack hunter or social predator is a predatory animal which hunts its prey by working together with other members of its species. Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related, and with the exceptions of chimpanzees where only males normally hunt, all individuals in a family group contribute to hunting. When hunting cooperation is across two or more species, the broader term cooperative hunting is commonly used.

A well known pack hunter is the gray wolf; humans too can be considered pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include chimpanzees, dolphins, lions, dwarf and banded mongooses, and spotted hyenas. Avian social predators include the Harris's hawk, butcherbirds, three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes. Other pack hunters include army ants, the goldsaddle goatfish, and occasionally crocodiles.

Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical realm is a reflection of this. Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas, with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote, higher latitudes. It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food, or that the environment's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality. It is also argued that Africa's large area of continuous flat and open country, which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary, may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent.

Around 80–95% of carnivores are solitary and hunt alone; the others including lions, wild dogs, spotted hyenas, chimpanzees, and humans hunt cooperatively, at least some of the time. Cooperative hunting has also been documented in birds of prey and large marine vertebrates such as groupers and moray eels. Cooperative hunting has been linked to the social organization of animal species and the evolution of sociality and thus provides a unique perspective to study group behavior. Some non-avian theropod dinosaurs may have displayed pack behaviour.

Evolution of cooperative hunting

Understanding how cooperative hunting could evolve requires considering the circumstances that would make it beneficial.

Conventional model: Packer and Ruttan Game Theory
In 1988, the ecologists Craig Packer and Lore Ruttan surveyed documented instances of cooperative hunting to make a game-theoretical model to explain under what circumstances cooperative hunting might evolve. In their model, individuals can engage in one of four hunting strategies:
 * A cooperator engages prey both when it is alone or with a companion.
 * A cheater only engages when it is the first to find prey, but lets another individual make the kill if it arrives second.
 * A scavenger never hunts and waits for another individual to make a kill.
 * A solitary avoids others and always hunts alone.

Each of these strategies has a certain efficiency based on the size and number of prey that can be captured in a hunt.

The model shows that cooperative hunting for a single large prey is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)—a strategy that an individual adopts because failure to do so reduces its fitness—only when solitary hunting is much less efficient. This is usually due to a prey species being too large to be taken down by a single individual predator, meaning hunting efficiency is low and hunting cost is high. In this case, the increased benefit in hunting efficiency from cooperation must compensate for the division of available meat among cooperators. Furthermore, cooperatively hunting groups are prone to invasion by cheaters and scavengers who avoid the drawbacks of hunting, so the added benefit of cooperative hunting must also outweigh these costs. Otherwise, cheating and scavenging can also be evolutionarily stable strategies. The proportion of these strategies increases in larger groups, since only a certain number of individuals are required to help make the kill, allowing others to directly benefit without participating in the hunt.

When a species hunts a single prey small enough to be monopolized by an individual, cooperative hunting is rarely ever an ESS, since group members in essence all compete for a single meal. Unless individual prey-tracking and capture-efficiency is extremely low, solitary hunting is always the dominant strategy, since solitaries don't have to share their kill. Cheaters and scavengers never prosper in this situation, since the original captor monopolizes all the food. The model predicts that the only way cooperative hunting is an ESS for single small prey is if the predators are already constrained to live in groups—so they must share what they get in order to keep the group stable.

On the other hand, cooperative hunting is always an ESS when attacking multiple prey, both large and small. This is because cooperators no longer have to pay costs of dividing meat if they can each make their own kill. Another benefit is that when prey is sufficiently large it can be shared among cooperators if one member was unable to make a kill. Moreover, cheaters and scavengers only do well when hunting costs are very high, since they forgo the chance to get their own prey. In these parts of the model, cooperative hunting is always favorable, as long as there is some form of increase in net efficiency over solitary hunting. However, in their body of research, Packer and Ruttan found very few instances of this clear advantage over solitaries. They concluded that cooperative hunting in multiple-prey situations is more likely to be a result of pre-existing social bonds rather than an evolutionary adaptation, but that this hunting behavior is still important for establishing the social fabric of the group.

Revised model: Boesch's chimpanzees

In 1994, Christophe Boesch condensed Packer and Ruttan's model to two basic conditions and added a crucial third component based on his study of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Taï National Park of Côte d'Ivoire:

 * 1) For hunting to evolve, in single individuals the rewards for hunting (meat intake) exceed the costs of hunting (energy used up, injury, illness).
 * 2) For cooperative hunting to evolve, in single hunters the net gain (benefits less costs) of hunting together exceeds the net gain of hunting alone.
 * 3) For cooperative hunting to remain stable, there must be some mechanism to prevent cheaters and scavengers from taking an unfair portion of the meat. Following his study of the Taï chimpanzees, Boesch showed that the meat is distributed in a manner proportional to an individual's contribution to the hunt.  This social mechanism is thought to prevent cheaters from destabilizing the cooperative hunting paradigm by getting more that the net benefit of hunters.  Additionally, this meat-sharing behavior is not related to the social hierarchy of the group, suggesting that it depends solely on participation in the hunt.

Curiously, among female Taï chimpanzees, cheating has become an ESS because there are substantially more costs associated with hunting, including the risk of dropping infants from trees and injuring them. Therefore, it pays females to be bystanders rather than hunt; in fact, the male strategy allows the female strategy to be stable provided the males provision their female partners with food.

On the other hand, in the chimpanzees of Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania, cooperative hunting is not a stable strategy. The predator-prey interactions differ in Gombe chimpanzees in a way that has prevented cooperative hunting from evolving. Both Taï and Gombe chimps hunt small red colobus monkeys that live in trees; however, the trees are much smaller at Gombe, such that it is very easy for one chimp to capture its prey. At Taï, the trees are much taller (by about 30–40 meters), and it thus takes a larger effort to capture the prey. This disparity in height would favor the evolution of cooperative hunting at Taï (where multiple chimps can help one another out), but not at Gombe (where the benefits of cooperative hunting do not outweigh the costs of meat-sharing). In fact, single hunters gain much more meat than cooperative hunters in the Gombe population. It is therefore plausible that cooperative hunting evolved at Taï as a response to the more difficult distribution of monkeys in taller trees.

The results above suggest that social living in chimps may not be a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of cooperative hunting; instead, the distribution of resources is a critical determining factor.

Importance of resource distribution
The distribution of prey species is often the determining factor for whether populations hunt cooperatively. When prey is abundant throughout a habitat, cooperative hunting is not an effective strategy. Solitary hunters can easily find food on their own and do not share their kill. This case arises when prey is small enough to be captured by an individual. In contrast, when patches of prey are focused in small areas of a habitat, predators are likely to live in groups, to coordinate large attacks, and to kill more prey. This strategy illustrates the importance of group living in establishing cooperative hunting efforts. In this respect, cooperative hunting is not just a function of the species, but also of its environment. Consequentially, cooperative hunting most likely evolved in areas with scarce prey distribution, and patterns of this behavior are likely to vary with seasonal fluctuation of available resources.

Even species that normally exhibit solitary hunting behavior have been shown to engage in cooperative hunting when the distribution of prey makes it difficult for solitary hunters to be successful. For example, in aplomado falcons individuals generally hunt alone when searching for insects, as these hunts are simple and these insects are easy to find. However, the aplomado falcons generally hunt cooperatively when targeting smaller rodents and birds, as these hunts are lengthy and require high-speed chases. Thus the switch to hunting cooperatively often depends upon the resource distribution in certain species.

Implications on sociality
When resources are distributed in a way that supports group living, populations may develop social groups. Cooperative hunting is often a major feature of these groups, and it is one of the primary bases for the evolution of sociality in the order Carnivora. While alternate theories have concluded that cooperative hunting may not be as important a factor in sociality as territory-sharing and mutual protection of offspring, they still agree that it plays an important role in developing social groups. For example, as a result of cooperative hunting, aplomado falcons defend the nest together and share the food with offspring after the hunt. Cooperative hunting has thus proven to hold certain social groups together since it can be disadvantageous to hunt alone in particular situations. Future research may quantify the contribution of cooperative hunting to the evolution of sociality, as it is currently difficult to ascertain how much cooperative hunting is a cause or a consequence of social behavior.

Adaptive significance
When an environment allows it, cooperative hunting can offer species a range of adaptive advantages not normally available through solitary hunting.

Adaptive advantages
There are two main goals to cooperative hunting in social carnivores: taking down large prey species through a coordinated effort and subsequently protecting their kill from scavengers. A common goal in cooperatively hunting pairs is to coordinate the separation of a mother and her offspring, facilitating an easier kill that a solitary hunter could not make. Cooperative hunting is also important in species that prey on larger animals, such as African hunting dogs, as it allows them to make a kill in a safer, more efficient manner. After the kill has been made, the hunters restrict meat access to those involved in the hunt to protect their food from scavengers. This includes both strictly scavenging species and members of their own species who do not participate in the hunt. In these ways, cooperative hunting confers adaptive advantages by affording species a means to make more efficient kills and by ensuring they get the maximum amount of food possible from their kill.

Another advantage of cooperative hunting is that attacking in a group allows more opportunities to make a kill before the prey scatters and gets away. There is also the potential to confuse the prey species so they may run into another hunter approaching from a different direction. Group attacks are particularly advantageous when prey live in concentrated groups, as hunters have a hard time tracking prey in territories outside the preferred habitat.

Higher success in prey capture has been demonstrated in wild dogs, bottlenose dolphins, and other cetaceans, falcons, and fossa due to cooperative hunting. For example, aplomado falcons increase their efficiency of capture when hunting in pairs because the pairs are twice as successful as hunting alone. As a result, the high overall success rate of cooperative hunting leads to higher per capita meat intake even in large groups.

Economics of group size
Many populations capable of forming cooperative hunting groups may not necessarily do so if their group is too small or too large for this behavior to be favorable. Group size is an important indicator of specific instances of cooperative hunting, as the prey must be large enough and the hunting group small enough to provide enough food for all individuals. Another important consideration is that when groups grow larger, there is a greater chance that individuals will engage in a cheater strategy. If there is consistently too much cheating in a group, individuals will prefer to hunt alone so they do not have to share their meal with freeloaders.

There may be costs that set an upper limit on group size. The net benefits increase as a function of pack size, as more animals in a group are theoretically able to obtain more meat. However, in African wild dogs, researchers found that the most common group size was not the group size that maximized net benefits. Instead, because larger packs must travel farther to get more food, there are travelling costs associated with larger groups. Thus, African wild dogs optimize a more appropriate currency: the amount of meat gained per dog per kilometer traveled, instead of the amount of meat gained per dog per day as the latter does not take into account the costs of hunting. This research successfully demonstrates that varying ecological variables are responsible for the difference in optimum group size among cooperatively hunting animals.

Division of labor
Division of labor, with each team member performing a subtask to complete an objective, is found in many species. It has been shown that animals that forage and hunt cooperatively in groups often adopt specialized roles during a hunting event, which can vary widely among different species. Division of labor among cooperatively hunting species occurs along a continuum, ranging from species in which individuals never differentiate into specific roles to species in which individuals specialize into different roles that they always perform throughout their lifetime.

African wild dogs

African wild dogs participate in an intense rally ceremony before hunting. Its function is to ensure that all the members are alert and ready to hunt. They then all trot together and participate in a chase during which they pursue and harass the prey. Instead of immediately attacking the prey, which could result in small prey immediately fleeing and large prey forming a defensive pinwheel and charging, the dogs form a defensive formation. Despite their coordinated formation, there is no clear role specialization in this species, as all individuals perform essentially the same function.

Alaskan wolves
Co-operation between wolves in a pack is most visible in their hunting strategy, and is highly effective. A wolf pack may trail a herd of elk, caribou or other large prey for days, looking for an animal that displays any sign of weakness, before making its move. In open areas, wolves may precede the hunt with group ceremonies involving standing nose-to-nose and wagging their tails. Once concluded, the pack heads towards the prey, chasing it down and then surrounding it. Once the attack begins the wolves have specific roles in the hunt, based on age, gender and social standing, as well as its particular experience and abilities. The youngest wolves frequently do nothing more than observe and learn from the sidelines. Speedy, lightly built females often take on herding roles, darting back and forth in front of prey, causing confusion and preventing escape. Slower but more powerful males are able to take down a large animal more aggressively and quickly.

Aplomado falcons
Aplomado falcons monitor each other's movements during hunts. Males and females always perform the same task in every situation. They begin perched together and the males initiate and give a sharp "chirp" vocalization to signal for the female to follow suit. When chasing birds on the ground, the females follow right behind the birds in the bushes and the males swoop in from overhead to make the kill. Within these pairs, males and females are consistently assigned to a particular role.

Bottlenose dolphins
Individual role specialization has also been observed in bottlenose dolphins. The bottlenose dolphins form groups of three to six. One dolphin acts as the “driver” and herds the fish in circles towards the “barrier dolphins” who are tightly grouped together to form a barrier. The driver performs fluke-slaps to cause the fish to leap into the air. As the fish begin to leap, the driver moves next to the barrier dolphins, who all catch the fish in the air with their mouths open. Stefanie Gazda and colleagues predict that this role specialization is more common in marine than terrestrial animals due to a higher variability in prey diversity, biomass, and predator mobility in the ocean. One specific type of cooperative feeding behavior is mud ring feeding.

Lions
Cooperative hunting strategy in lions is based on groups of three to seven individuals split into two highly specialized roles, centers and wings, which coordinate their movement to encircle and ambush the prey. In a line of lions, the outside individuals, also known as the wings, first run out to the sides of the intended target while the center lies in an ambush position. As the wings slowly encircle their mark, they drive the prey towards the waiting center—often one of the older and heavier individuals in the group—who then pounces to make the kill. Each individual in the group learns its preferred role during youth, whether it be center or wing. A child does not necessarily perform the same position as its mother since it learns through observing other lionesses in the pride. Individuals have also been shown to perform positions other than their natural place depending on whether another individual has already filled their role. Despite this plasticity, hunting success is greatest when every individual in the group can perform its specialized role.

Chimpanzees
In Taï, chimpanzee, individuals participate as a driver, blocker, chaser, or ambusher. Drivers follow the prey without trying to catch up with it. Blockers place themselves in a tree to block the progression of the prey. Chasers move quickly after the prey to catch up with it. Finally, ambushers anticipate the escape route of the prey long enough in advance to force it back towards the chasers or down into the lower canopy. Blocking and ambushing are thought to require much more cognitive effort in anticipating the future movements of the prey, and they are thus rewarded with a larger proportion of meat after a successful hunt. These two roles correlate positively with the age of the chimpanzee as the cognitive function necessary to perform these tasks is thought to increase with age. Furthermore, individuals can change roles during the same hunt or maintain their same role during the entire process.

Fossa
Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) are the first documented example of cooperative hunting in solitary species, as fossa are some of the least social carnivores. The fossa is the largest member of Madagascar euplerids. They are carnivorous, feeding mostly on small lemurs and tenrecs. Prey size may have been important for the evolution of cooperative hunting in fossa because one of their main sources of prey (larger lemurs) has recently gone extinct. Larger lemurs (20–120 pounds), such as giant sloth lemurs, were abundant on Madagascar until 500–1500 years ago. Cooperative hunting was common to take down a prey of this size. However, since extinction was relatively recent, cooperative hunting may have persisted even after their prey size diminished.

Spiders
Stegodyphid spiders (Genus Stegodyphus) have been shown to act cooperatively to trap and collect insect prey species. These social arachnids cooperate both by spinning communal webs on which to catch prey and by moving together to catch large prey in the field, such as grasshoppers. These spiders do not monopolize certain parts of the web, meaning any individual can use a variety of locations to lie in wait for prey. When prey is captured in the field, it usually requires at least two spiders to be brought back to the nest to be shared among the rest of the colony.

Humans

Research at Lamalera village in Indonesia has shown how cooperative hunting can develop in pre-industrial societies. This village relies on traditional whale hunting techniques for its livelihood. Because whale hunting requires more than one individual, it benefits the villagers to hunt cooperatively. The hunting men cooperate either as crew members, corporate members, or craftsmen. Each performs a different duty and receives a different share of whale meat. Alvard echoes other research by suggesting that these shared norms of meat distribution sustains cooperative hunting and prevents the rise of cheaters.

This research also details the importance of biological relatedness amongst a cooperative hunting group. Kin selection favours traits or behaviours that promote the survival of relatives. At Lamalera, only kin that are of the same lineage (that all descend from male relatives or all descend from female relatives) hunt together. The researchers suggest that this allows an unambiguous identification of the relatedness of other group members.

Crocodilians
Research conducted by Vladmir Dinets has indicated that crocodilians regularly engage in cooperative hunting behavior, including highly organized game drives. Behaviours noted by Dinets include forming tight "bait balls" when hunting fish and being able to anticipate the location and actions of other crocodiles without being able to see them for an ambush. Dinets suggests this may make crocodiles some of a small group of animals that can cooperate in such sophisticated ways.

Interspecific
Groupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus marisrubri) and giant moray eels (Gymnothorax javanicus) provide compelling evidence for interspecific cooperative hunting. Groupers visit moray eels at their resting places and provide visual signals (such as a head shake) to engage morays in the hunt. These associations are non-random and appear to be motivated by the hunger level of the groupers. Groupers were able to capture prey five times more quickly with morays present because the eels could sneak through crevices and corner prey items; additionally, morays that hunted alone were never successful because they did not have a grouper present to lead them to the prey. Thus, the hunting success of groupers and giant moray eels is greater for both species than when hunting alone.

Implications for cognition
Cooperative hunting is sometimes thought to reflect advanced cognitive processes, such as foresight, planning, and theory of mind and involve complex communication between hunters. However, several lines of evidence indicate that many instances of cooperative hunting rely on simple principles and can be observed in species without large brains or advanced cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, cooperative hunting occurs at different levels of complexity, and the most advanced levels may reflect a higher level of cognitive ability. In addition, frequent and successful pack hunting may depend on a higher level of social harmony, complexity, or intelligence, which may facilitate concerted group activities. In general, not much data has been collected on this topic, and new technologies and equipment may allow the collection of enough observations to answer these questions.

Levels of complexity
Many species, including spiders, have been observed to take down prey in groups. However, the mere act of multiple animals killing and sharing prey does not by itself indicate any level of advanced coordination. To differentiate between different levels of cooperative hunting, Boesch & Boesch developed a scheme for categorizing group hunts:

 * Similarity occurs when hunters focus similar actions on the same prey, but without temporal or spatial coordination, as is the case with the aforementioned spiders.
 * Synchrony occurs when hunters display temporal coordination, for example initiating the hunt at the same time, but display no spatial coordination.
 * Coordination occurs when hunters coordinate both temporally and spatially, adjusting their positions based on the behaviour of their partners.
 * Collaboration occurs when hunters do not merely perform the same or similar actions in a coordinated manner, but adopt different and complementary roles such as driving and ambushing.

A variety of social carnivores, such as wolves, lions, and African wild dogs have been observed to operate at the level of coordination and occasionally collaboration, while some populations of chimps have been observed to collaborate frequently with several distinct roles.

Arguments against cognitive complexity
While it is easy to attribute complex cognitive processes to animals hunting in a coordinated manner, this apparently complex behaviour may be explained in terms of more simple mental operations. For example, the hunting tactics of wolves, which involve fanning out and encircling prey, are argued to have been replicated in a computer simulation where the wolves were programmed with two simple rules: (1) Get within a minimum safe distance from the prey (2) Once this distance is achieved, move away from hunting partners. Ambushing is also argued to have been represented in this simulation by wolves who begin randomly at different locations. This simulation matches the coordination level of complexity, leaving open the question of the cognitive processes necessary for collaboration.

Another argument consists of observations that several animals not usually thought of as cognitively complex have been observed to hunt cooperatively, and in some cases collaboratively. For example, grouper fish have been observed to recruit giant moray eels into collaborative hunts, where their complementary hunting strategies increase the feeding success of both. The gestures performed by the grouper fish fulfill the criteria for a referential gesture, a signalling behaviour previously only observed in humans, great apes, and ravens. In addition, cooperative and collaborative hunting has been observed in other unlikely candidates, such as crocodiles and Cuban boas.

Using AI modeling, a Nagoya University research team led by Kazushi Tsutsui found that cooperative hunting behavior could be reliably predicted using a reinforcement learning stimulation, a type of learning common to animals with lower levels of cognitive complexity. They concluded that "elaborate coordination can be achieved through a relatively simple decision process of mapping between observations and actions via distance-dependent internal representations formed by prior experience."

Arguments for cognitive complexity
In contrast to social carnivores, who normally hunt cooperatively and only occasionally take on complementary roles, chimpanzees in Taï National Park regularly hunt collaboratively. They have been observed to use four different specialized roles, including ambushing, blocking, chasing, and driving. Christophe Boesch has argued that this level of collaborative complexity is indicative of several advanced cognitive processes. For example, chimps must successfully attribute physical abilities to their prey and use this information to predict which tree they may reach and when. In addition, chimps require knowledge of their partner's roles and the information they possess about the prey's location in order to infer the direction of the prey and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

Even more advanced than these predictive abilities may be the ability to participate in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions, which Michael Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Tomasello claims that this ability involves unique mental representations and a level of cognitive and social complexity only achieved by humans. However, Boesch counters this by pointing out that Taï chimps fulfill all the hallmarks of shared intentionality, bringing into question either the uniqueness or the complexity of this cognitive process.

Social intelligence and cooperative hunting
While the majority of group hunting behaviours do not seem to take much cognitive complexity, it has been observed that species that receive a large portion of their food from cooperative hunts tend to have a complex or harmonious social structure. This includes many of the prototypical social carnivores, such as wolves and wild dogs. A harmonious pack structure may allow for the emergence of more frequent cooperative hunts, as group activities and food sharing are facilitated by lower levels of aggression and fear. For example, spotted hyenas have been found to be better at a cooperative problem-solving task with a food reward than chimpanzees. In addition, their performance is modulated by social factors, such as the presence of an audience and the social rank of their partner. Bonobos were likewise found to be better at a cooperative task with a food reward than other, more aggressive chimpanzees.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pack hunter


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1983

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1983


text:
Spanish frigate Santa María

Santa María (F81) is the lead ship of six Spanish-built Santa Maria-class frigates of the Spanish Navy, based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate design. The vessel was constructed in 1982 and was launched on 11 November 1984. Santa María was commissioned on 12 October 1986. The frigate has served in NATO maritime operations.

Design and description
The Santa María class are a series of six guided missile frigates based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate. The Oliver Hazard Perry class had been conceived as a way to reduce unit costs while maintaining an anti-air warfare (AAW) platform with anti-submarine (ASW) and anti-surface warfare capabilities. The Oliver Hazard Perry class came in two forms, the short-hulled and long-hulled, with the Santa María class being of the later with additional beam to allow for more top weight for future modifications. The class came in two batches, with the first four being of batch one and the final two of the second. The first batch of ships have a displacement of 2851 t light, 3160 t standard and 4017 t at full load. The second batch have the same light and standard displacements, with a full load displacement of 4107 t. The frigates measure 138.8 m long overall and 125.9 m at the waterline with a beam of 14.3 m and a standard draught of 4.52 m and a maximum draught at the sonar dome of 6.6 m. The ships have a complement of 223 sailors including 13 officers.

The Santa María class is propelled by a controllable pitch propeller powered by two General Electric LM2500 gas turbines creating 41000 shp, giving the vessels a maximum speed of 29 kn. The frigates stow 587 t of fuel and have a range of 5000 nmi at 18 kn or 4500 nmi at 20 kn. The ships have four 1,000 kW Kato-Allison 114-DOOL diesel generator sets creating a total of 4,000 kW. These can power two 350 shp retractable, rotatable auxiliary propulsion motors. The vessels have fin stabilisers fitted.

Armament and sensors
Frigates of the Santa María class are armed with a single-armed Mk 13 missile launcher serviced by a 40-round magazine that can handle 32 SM-1MR anti-air/ship missiles and 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. The Harpoon missiles have a range of 50 nmi at Mach 0.9 carrying a 227 kg warhead. The SM-1R missiles have a range of 20.5 nmi at Mach 2. The vessels also mount a single OTO Melara 76 mm/62 calibre naval gun capable of firing 85 rounds per minute up to 8.7 nmi with each shell carrying a 6 kg warhead. For AAW defence, the ships mount a single Meroka 20 mm/120 12-barrelled close-in weapons system (CIWS) capable of firing 3,600 rounds per minute up to 2 km. For ASW, the frigates are armed with two triple-mounted Mark 32 torpedo tubes for Mod 5 Mark 46 torpedoes.

The vessels are equipped with AN/SPS-49(V)4 2-D air search radar, RAN-12L (being replaced by RAN-30) 2-D low horizon air search radar for the Meroka CIWS, SPS-55 surface search radar and a Mk 92 fire-control radar. For ASW, the ships have SQS-56 sonar, SQR-19(V) towed array. For weapons fire control, they have Mk 13 weapons control, Mk 92 and SPG-60 STIR missile control, SQQ-89 ASW systems. For electronic warfare they have Nettunel intercept, a SLQ-25 Nixie towed torpedo decoy, and Mk36 SROC decoy launchers.

Aircraft
As long-hulled versions of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, the Santa María-class frigates have twin hangars to accommodate up to two Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) III helicopters though only one is usually embarked. The helicopter deck, located aft, is equipped with the RAST helicopter deck-handling system designed to handle LAMPS helicopters.

Construction and career
Laid down on 22 May 1982 and launched on 11 November 1984, Santa María was commissioned into service on 12 October 1986. The ship is homeported at Rota, Spain as part of the 41st Escort Squadron. In April 2019, the frigate was part of Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 operating in the Black Sea in support of Ukraine. In June 2020, Santa María took part in NATO naval exercises off the coast of Iceland. On 8 October 2022 the ship suffered serious fire damage, mainly in the helicopter hangar (empty of aircraft at the time), while berthed at Rota, and delaying participation in the Operation Atalanta anti-piracy patrol off Somalia. On 15 December 2023, Santa María tracked the Kilo-class submarine Russian submarine Ufa when the submersible sailed through Spain's Atlantic exclusive economic zone.

title: Spanish frigate Santa María


text:
Mike Ramsey (ice hockey)

Michael Allen Ramsey (born December 3, 1960) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 1,070 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Detroit Red Wings between 1980 and 1997, after helping the United States men's national ice hockey team win the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

Amateur
Ramsey attended Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis. He was considered the top high school defenseman in Minnesota as a senior in 1977–78. He also attended the U.S. National Junior training camp in summer of 1978 and participated in the 1979 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships while playing at the University of Minnesota.

Ramsey was the youngest member of the U.S. team that upset the Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, in an event known as the Miracle on Ice. The American team, which went on to defeat Finland for the gold medal, was coached by Herb Brooks, who was Ramsey's coach at the University of Minnesota.

Professional
Drafted 11th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft, Ramsey would go on to play in the National Hockey League immediately after the Olympics. He had one of the most successful NHL careers of the 1980 U.S. Olympians, playing 14 seasons for the Sabres. Primarily known as an offensive defenseman as an amateur, he successfully adapted to the bigger and tougher NHL by becoming a stay-at-home defenseman in Buffalo. Highlights of his career with the Sabres include playing in the NHL All-Star Game four times (1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986) as well as being a member of the NHL All-Star team that played the Soviet national hockey team in Rendez-Vous '87. Ramsey also served as the Sabres' team captain from 1990 to 1992. He continued to play for Team USA during this time, participating in the 1982 Ice Hockey World Championships and the 1984 and 1987 Canada Cup tournaments.

Ramsey's old coach in Buffalo, Scotty Bowman, brought him to the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 1992–93 season to shore up the team's defensive corps as it made a run at a third straight Stanley Cup championship. However, the Penguins were upset in the second round by the New York Islanders. After another season in Pittsburgh, Ramsey signed with the Detroit Red Wings, who by now were also coached by Bowman, as a free agent. In April 1995, Ramsey became teammates with defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov when Detroit acquired the latter in a trade with the New Jersey Devils; Fetisov had played for the Soviets during the 1980 Olympics. That year, Ramsey played in his first Stanley Cup Finals series, but the Red Wings were swept by the Devils, who had Ramsey's 1980 Olympic teammate, Neal Broten, on their roster. The next season, the powerful Red Wings set a league record for most wins in a single season with 62, but were ousted in the Western Conference Finals by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Colorado Avalanche. Ramsey played only two games for Detroit in the 1996-97 season before retiring.

Post-playing career
Ramsey returned to Minnesota after finishing his NHL career where he ran a sporting goods store named "Gold Medal Sports" and played senior league hockey. He returned to the NHL in 1997 to serve as an assistant coach with the Buffalo Sabres, and in 2000 he took a similar position with the Minnesota Wild. He was with the Wild until June 2010.

He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2001.

Family
Ramsey has three children: Hannah, Rachel and Jack. Hannah is a student at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul. Rachel, who played hockey at Minnetonka High School, plays defense for the University of Minnesota. During the 2011–2012 season she was the Gopher's top-scoring freshman, the top-scoring rookie defenseman in the WCHA, was named to the WCHA All-Rookie team, and helped lead the team to back to back national championships in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. She currently works as a DJ on K102 Radio in Minneapolis. Jack, who was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, played his sophomore and junior hockey seasons at Minnetonka High School before forgoing his senior season to play with the Penticton Vees of the BCHL. As of 2017 he is playing at the University of Minnesota.

In popular culture
Ramsey was played by Joseph Cure in the 2004 Disney film Miracle, which was about the Miracle on Ice hockey team.

Awards and achievements

 * Played in NHL All-Star Game (1982, 1983, 1985, 1986)
 * Played in NHL Rendez-Vous '87

title: Mike Ramsey (ice hockey)


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1952

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1952


text:
Talk:Nancy Farmer (politician)

Untitled
The author and the senatorial candidate are two different Nancy Farmers. Can we make a disambiguation page or something?
 * Since there are only two Nancy Farmers, and one (the author) is clearly the primary topic, per WP:TWODABS we don't need a dab page, but, instead, the author at Nancy Farmer with a hat note link to this article, which is what we have now. --Born2cycle (talk) 06:51, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nancy Farmer (politician)


text:
Bob Suter

Robert Allen Suter (May 16, 1957 – September 9, 2014) was an American professional ice hockey defenseman and member of the Miracle on Ice 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team who won the gold medal.

He was the brother of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Gary Suter and father of current NHL player Ryan Suter currently playing for the St. Louis Blues. Another son, Garrett, played for the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point in the Northern Collegiate Hockey Association. His nephew Jeremy Dehner is a defenseman with most of his career spent in European professional leagues.

Amateur career
Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Suter attended Madison East High School. He played college hockey at University of Wisconsin–Madison and was a member of the 1977 NCAA hockey champion Wisconsin Badgers. He was mostly noted for his rough play, setting several Badger records for penalty minutes before leaving in 1979. He initially joined the Tulsa Oilers under a tryout contract for a few games in late 1979, but soon joined the 1980 US Olympic hockey team on a full-time basis, where he won the gold medal.

Professional career
Suter was selected with the 120th pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL and also 58th overall in the 1977 World Hockey Association draft by the Birmingham Bulls. He rejected Los Angeles' contract offer following the 1980 Olympics, and instead sat out 1980–81 season to become an unrestricted free agent. He came out of retirement in the spring of 1981 to play for the United States team at the 1981 Ice Hockey World Championship tournament in Stockholm. Suter signed with the Minnesota North Stars as an unrestricted free agent in 1981, but spent the entire 1981–82 season in the Central Hockey League with the Nashville South Stars farm team. He retired in 1982 without playing a single game in the NHL.

Post playing career
Suter returned to Madison after his retirement and opened a sporting goods store called Gold Medal Sports. He also coached youth hockey in Madison after his retirement and became a part-owner and director of Capitol Ice Arena in Middleton, Wisconsin. Ten months after Suter's death the Capitol Ice Arena was renamed in his honor and is now known as "Bob Suter's Capitol Ice Arena."

Death
Suter died on September 9, 2014, of a heart attack suffered at Capitol Ice Arena. He was the first player from the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team to die. In July 2015, Capitol Ice Arena was renamed as Bob Suter's Capitol Ice Arena in his memory.

In popular culture
Suter was not featured in a 1981 TV movie about the 1980 U.S. hockey team called Miracle on Ice, except in archival footage of the gold medal ceremony.

In the 2004 Disney film Miracle, he is portrayed by Pete Duffy.

Awards and achievements

 * 1980 Olympics Gold Medal

title: Bob Suter


text:
Talk:Jon Tester

Inclusion in lead
I believe the lead should include the sourced info from later in the page, "As of June 2023, Tester had voted in line with Joe Biden's position 91% of the time during Biden's presidency." This is simply to balance info with the claim that he is a "moderate or centrist Democrat" in the lead, which is somewhat disingenous and missing context considering his voting record. Please engage with me, without simply removing this concern. 2600:1008:A103:D3DC:5DDB:6F1D:E6DF:6F53 (talk) 22:24, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

 * As a rule, it does not hurt to include more impartial, factual, sourced information in the lead (Rather than burying it lower in the page), unless it it somehow completely extraneous or unneccesary. 2600:1008:A103:D3DC:5DDB:6F1D:E6DF:6F53 (talk) 22:26, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For me, this wouldn't be WP:DUE for the lead, though it certainly is for the greater article. Sources call him a moderate or centrist far more often than they bring up his percentage of agreement with Biden.  To juxtapose the two in the lead would strike me as implying that they are equal narratives in the reliable sources, which, to my eye, they are not.  All that said, happy to go wherever consensus leads.  Cheers. Dumuzid (talk) 22:30, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I concur. No disingenuity, it's simply using verbiage that is very commonly used to describe Mr. Tester. His scorecard for how often he votes with the president is pretty much never raised. We've never had the "voting-with-presidents" percentage included in any politician's lead to the best of my knowledge; Tony Gonzales for example has a pretty strong record of voting against Biden but is still referred to in his lede as a moderate Republican, without this needing to be mentioned. It works either way. ser! (chat to me - see my edits) 22:52, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I see no reason why this should be in the lede. Marquardtika (talk) 15:42, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jon Tester


text:
Indole-3-acetic acid

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 3-IAA) is the most common naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It is the best known of the auxins, and has been the subject of extensive studies by plant physiologists. IAA is a derivative of indole, containing a carboxymethyl substituent. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents.

Biosynthesis
IAA is predominantly produced in cells of the apex (bud) and very young leaves of a plant. Plants can synthesize IAA by several independent biosynthetic pathways. Four of them start from tryptophan, but there is also a biosynthetic pathway independent of tryptophan. Plants mainly produce IAA from tryptophan through indole-3-pyruvic acid. IAA is also produced from tryptophan through indole-3-acetaldoxime in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In rats, IAA is a product of both endogenous and colonic microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan along with tryptophol. This was first observed in rats infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. A 2015 experiment showed that a high-tryptophan diet can decrease serum levels of IAA in mice, but that in humans, protein consumption has no reliably predictable effect on plasma IAA levels. Human cells have been known to produce IAA in vitro since the 1950s, and the critical biosynthesis gene IL4I1 has been identified.

Biological effects
As all auxins, IAA has many different effects, such as inducing cell elongation and cell division with all subsequent results for plant growth and development. On a larger scale, IAA serves as signaling molecule necessary for development of plant organs and coordination of growth.

Plant gene regulation
IAA enters the plant cell nucleus and binds to a protein complex composed of a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin ligase (E3), resulting in ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins with increased speed. Aux/IAA proteins bind to auxin response factor (ARF) proteins, forming a heterodimer, suppressing ARF activity. In 1997 it was described how ARFs bind to auxin-response gene elements in promoters of auxin regulated genes, generally activating transcription of that gene when an Aux/IAA protein is not bound.

IAA inhibits the photorespiratory-dependent cell death in photorespiratory catalase mutants. This suggests a role for auxin signalling in stress tolerance.

Bacterial physiology
IAA production is widespread among environmental bacteria that inhabit soils, waters, but also plant and animal hosts. Distribution and substrate specificity of the involved enzymes suggests these pathways play a role beyond plant-microbe interactions. Enterobacter cloacae can produce IAA, from aromatic and branched-chain amino acids.

Fungal symbiosis
Fungi can form a fungal mantle around roots of perennial plants called ectomycorrhiza. A fungus specific to spruce called Tricholoma vaccinum was shown to produce IAA from tryptophan and excrete it from its hyphae. This induced branching in cultures, and enhanced Hartig net formation. The fungus uses a multidrug and toxic extrusion (MATE) transporter Mte1. Research into IAA-producing fungi to promote plant growth and protection in sustainable agriculture is underway.

Skatole biosynthesis
Skatole, the odorant in feces, is produced from tryptophan via indoleacetic acid. Decarboxylation gives the methylindole.

Synthesis
Chemically, it can be synthesized by the reaction of indole with glycolic acid in the presence of base at 250 °C:

 * Synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid.png

Alternatively the compound has been synthesized by Fischer indole synthesis using glutamic acid and phenylhydrazine. Glutamic acid was converted to the necessary aldehyde via Strecker degradation.

Many methods for its synthesis have been developed since its original synthesis from indole-3-acetonitrile.

History and synthetic analogs
William Gladstone Tempelman studied substances for growth promotion at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. After 7 years of research he changed the direction of his study to try the same substances at high concentrations in order to stop plant growth. In 1940 he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field.

The search for an acid with a longer half life, i.e. a metabolically and environmentally more stable compound led to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), both phenoxy herbicides and analogs of IAA. Robert Pokorny an industrial chemist for the C.B. Dolge Company in Westport, Connecticut published their synthesis in 1941. When sprayed on broad-leaf dicot plants, they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth, eventually killing them. First introduced in 1946, these herbicides were in widespread use in agriculture by the middle of the 1950s.

Other less expensive synthetic auxin analogs on the market for use in horticulture are indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

Mammalian toxicity/health effects
Little research has been conducted on the effects of IAA on humans and toxicity data are limited. No data on human carcinogenic, teratogenic, or developmental effects have been created.

IAA is listed in its MSDS as mutagenic to mammalian somatic cells, and possibly carcinogenic based on animal data. It may cause adverse reproductive effects (fetotoxicity) and birth defects based on animal data. No human data as of 2008. It is listed as a potential skin, eye, and respiratory irritant, and users are warned not to ingest it. Protocols for ingestion, inhalation, and skin/eye exposure are standard for moderately poisonous compounds and include thorough rinsing in the case of skin and eyes, fresh air in the case of inhalation, and immediately contacting a physician in all cases to determine the best course of action and not to induce vomiting when of ingested. The NFPA 704 health hazard rating for IAA is 2, which denotes a risk of temporary incapacitation with intense or prolonged, but not chronic exposure, and a possibility of residual injury. IAA is a direct ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and IAA treatment of mice indicate liver-protective effects in a model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Humans typically have relatively high levels of IAA in their serum (~1 μM), but this can be increased further in certain disease conditions and can be a poor prognostic marker for cardiovascular health. Whether this IAA originates from endogenous biosynthesis via IL4I1 or gut microbiota is unknown. A 2021 study found that normal mice had an average of 3.7 times as much IAA in their feces compared to germ-free mice, suggesting that the mammalian microbiome contributes significantly to the overall circulating amount.

Developmental toxicity
IAA produces microcephaly in rats during the early stage of cerebral cortex development. IAA treatment of pregnant rats, at a dose of 1 gram per kg of body weight per day, decreased the locomotor activities of rat embryos/fetuses; treatment with IAA and analog 1(methyl)-IAA resulted in apoptosis of neuroepithelial cell and significantly decreased brain sizes relative to body weight in embryonic rats.

Immunotoxin
IAA is an apoptosis-inducing ligand in mammals. As of 2010, the signal transduction pathways are as follows: IAA/HRP activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. It induces caspase-8 and caspase-9, which results in caspase-3 activation and poly(adp-ribose) polymerases cleavage. In 2002 it had been hypothesized that IAA coupled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) could be used in targeted cancer therapy. Radical-IAA molecules would attach to cells marked by HRP and HRP reactive cells would be selectively killed. In 2010 in vitro experiments proved this concept of IAA as an immunotoxin when used in preclinical studies of targeted cancer therapy, as it induced apoptosis in bladder and in hematological malignancies.

title: Indole-3-acetic acid


text:
Talk:National dish

Norway
Norway is not listed. I googled, and got fårikål, and its wikipedia article says the same: "also considered the national dish of the country". 85.76.41.208 (talk) 22:21, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I've added this in. Apples&Manzanas (talk) 00:58, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Remove flagicons?
Is there a reason for these? It seems like pictures of the dish would be much more helpful than a flagicon, and I'm not sure they fit policy at MOS:FLAGICON. —valereee (talk) 16:29, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Alright, I've started to remove the flagicons. Anyone else, feel free to help! —valereee (talk) 17:47, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

Cornwall?
Should Cornwall really be listed here? It isn't a country of its own or a nation in the current definition, rather a county within England. MeshBlair 13:59, 23 August 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by MeshBlair (talk • contribs)

It has had National Minority status in the UK since 2014 ( https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/people-and-communities/equality-and-diversity/cornish-national-minority/ ) with a distinct language, flag, culture etc. The Cornish pasty is widely accepted as a national dish, so that, even if the place itself is not recognised as a country, it may be of interest here. Just as it would be unhelpful to remove Hong Kong and Palestine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.98.211.99 (talk) 13:59, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

Kraft Dinner
I'm proposing we remove this from Canada, the sources are pretty tongue-in-cheek. No one seems to seriously be calling this a national dish, they're just saying Canadians eat so much of it that it's practically a national dish. Valereee (talk) 17:06, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. KD is just a popular brand of mac and cheese (so I wouldn't even call it a dish), and I wouldn't consider mac and cheese to be a Canadian national dish, either. 58.97.231.160 (talk) 07:17, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Arepa under Colombia and Venezuela
Is there a reason why arepa is listed as Colombia's national dish but not Venezuela? This would very much be a national dish in Venezuela too and I believe the list in Spanish on Wikipedia also lists it under Venezuela. The source given for arepa being the Colombian national dish is this article https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38698394 which also states that it is a national dish in Venezuela and a symbol of the national identity. Kepkeppy (talk) 14:01, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:National dish


text:
Talk:John Morrison (Montana politician)

Untitled
Changed "unpopular" to "entrenched" as it is a POV. (Even if he is unpopular..)

Suzanne Harding scandal
I restored the material that has twice been deleted in the past day or two. The assertion is that the material is false. Most of the material is of the form, "the newspaper said that xyz", and, in fact, the newspaper did say those things, and citations are provided. So, can the deleters explain: (a) why the material is false; and (b) support the assertion of falsity with reliable sources? -- Sholom 16:56, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Those are valid things to request; simply deleting the text without (counter)citations is not appropriate. If there is incorrect information in there, provide references and rewrite the paragraph to either reflect a controversy, or remove incorrect entries with documentation here of why they're incorrect even though reported.  If the paragraph doesn't adequately reflect the articles cited, rewrite the paragraph for that.  jesup 20:24, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * In case it's not obvious, this is directed to the new editors who have been deleting the paragraph. Also, new editors, please read No legal threats.  jesup 20:27, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * John, your edits look good. Hopefully this will resolve things.  jesup 22:34, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Note: it appears Correctfacts put a link to a legal code in (I assume). Please indicate what the code is, link to a page containing or describing it, or remove it. jesup 20:57, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It appears Correctfacts has tried to make his edit more neutral than the initial pure deletion and quasi-threat. I've asked him to explain his reasoning here on his talk page.  Lets give him a little time to justify here, since he did try to adapt his edit.  Remember - Assume Good Faith and Please do not bite the newcomers.  jesup 21:04, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What I'm primarily concerned about - and hopefully others are too - are (a) avoiding any violation of WP:BLP, which means having a source for every single fact and statement in the section, and making sure the source is being accurately used; (b) not losing any external links, and (c) not violating WP:NPOV by giving this controversy undue weight. The last point means that I don't think the section should be much larger than it is now, and (arguably) no larger at all, and that the $1,000 gift/loan/whatever to Harding should be left out because, quite frankly, it's trivial.

 * If the current version is reasonably acceptable to everyone, and there is agreement on (a) through (c), perhaps we can all take a break and think about this. If nothing else, an interested reader has a sense of the controversy, and can follow the links and get a lot more information, which is, I think, much of what the value of wikipedia is.

 * What would be nice - I don't have time at the moment, but hope to do this in the next two weeks if no one else does first, is to convert the external links to footnotes in accordance with WP:CITE, so as to minimize problems of link rot. The next time this article is likely to be of intense interest is five years from now, after all - when, hopefully, the Senator-elect will have done lots of things that can be added to the article, reducing the proportion of the article now devoted to the controversy, and when, if wikipedia continues to grow in stature, articles like these will be treated as de facto authority.  John Broughton  |  Talk 22:09, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, a through c. jesup 00:07, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

I am unfamiliar with your procedure as to explanations of edits. I think the article as it now stands much more accurately reflects the facts, though another edit will occur as more information emerges and is reported. Because no source characterized the controversy as an "accusation," I took the liberty of deleting that word from the heading. The Lee papers didn't label the issue at all, and the tabloid "Independent," merely asked rhetorical questions. Secondly, you left out facts that are necessary. I added those and linked to the Lee newspaper story. I know this has been tedious, but this was a bogus story from the beginning, and I don't disagree that, if Wikipedia editors are precise with facts, it may be treated as a de facto authority someday. Thus, in anticipation of that point in the future, one wouldn't want to let erroneous material go uncontroverted. Regards, Correctfacts. P.S. Sorry about the formatting. I hope someone can clean it up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Correctfacts (talk • contribs).

 * I cleaned up your formatting; I also used "question" - "Conflict of interest" alone implies a finding of impropriety. I'll let another editor look at the content of your edit.  One thing to remember is that a Wikipedia bio entry is not necessarily for listing or refuting every possible point or re-iteration of a point; it's a bio for an encyclopedia; we're not trying to be a search engine.  Summarizations with a single link to a Reliable Source are ok, and in many cases preferred for issues that aren't primary.  A couple things you may want to note and read about which may help you if you feel like editing some more pages, which we welcome you to do:  a page like this one is covered under the guidelines of Biographies of living persons.  Among other things, negative information in particular needs to be well-sourced and dealt with as neutrally as possible.  Another thing that should be helpful to you is that edits never disappear - they're always available in the history.  In the same way, you might summarize with a single Reliable Source in the article, and explain or give additional justification or links here on the Talk page so that other editors will understand the reasons for your edit.  Lastly, on Talk pages it's customary to sign your name to your comments with ~ (look down and you'll see "Sign your name").  And thanks for helping make the article better and better-sourced.  jesup 04:26, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for cleaning up the formatting and for adding "question" to the heading. I will try to learn Wikipedia's style and system. correctfacts  17:29, 19 November 2006 {{unsigned|Correctfacts}

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 17:49, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

edits
Changed:

"During the Democratic Primary, it was revealed that Morrison had an extramarital affair in 1998.[26] Morrison and his wife remained together despite the affair.[27] According to the Missoula Independent, the woman with whom he had an affair later married a man whom Morrison's office investigated. Unnamed former staffers reported to the Independent that they repeatedly advised Morrison to stay out of the case entirely to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest, but they felt that he had not.[28] The daily newspapers in Montana reported that Morrison's affair did not affect the outcome of the probe, and the individual investigated was convicted of fraud, sentenced to Federal prison, and ordered to repay defrauded investors $1 million. Morrison was not investigated for his conduct, and the case in question was handled by independent counsel hired by the department, Beth Baker, now an associate justice on the Montana Supreme Court. Baker stated that she was given broad leeway in how to proceed with the case.[26]"

to

"During the Democratic Primary, it was revealed that Morrison had an extramarital affair in 1998.[26] Morrison and his wife remained together despite the affair.[27] According to the Missoula Independent, the woman involved later married the principal of companies investigated by the state auditors office while Morrison was there. Former staffers reported to the Independent that they repeatedly advised Morrison to stay out of the case entirely to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest, but they felt that he had not.[28] Morrison's affair reportedly did not affect the outcome of the probe, and the individual investigated was convicted of fraud. The case in question was handled by outside attorney Beth Baker because of Morrison's relationship with the woman and others associated with companies. Baker said she was given significant discretion in handling the case.[26]"

for the following reasons: NE Ent 12:40, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * the penalties of the guy convicted of fraud aren't relevant to Morrison
 * source indicates woman was not the only reason Morrison recused
 * copying phrasing verbatim from source is copyright violation
 * Baker's current position isn't particularly relevant -- readers can follow wikilink to get more information about her
 * Existing phrasing longer than it needs to be

 * Works for me, I had only done a quick copyedit of what was there without doing a close check of sources, this looks closer to the sources without the copyvio issues. I may chop a bit more there.   Montanabw (talk) 17:25, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Altering the lead
I am going to change the lead based on the following Wikipedia norm. If you look at the pages of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, and other top American politicians, and Montana politicians like Roy Brown (Montana politician), the lead generally refers to them as "an American politician", and not as "Democrat" or "Republican". So I am going to alter the lead to better reflect this. Jeremy112233 (talk) 20:06, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It also dawned on me that he is not currently a politician, so labelling him as a current Democrat is a bit off the mark. I did include the 2006 election at the bottom of the lead paragraph though. Jeremy112233 (talk) 20:10, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:John Morrison (Montana politician)


text:
Steve Christoff

Steven Mark Christoff (born January 23, 1958) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played 248 regular season games in the NHL with the Minnesota North Stars, Calgary Flames, and Los Angeles Kings in 1980–84.

Christoff is best known for being a member of the "Miracle on Ice" 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal.

Amateur career
Steve Christoff grew up in Richfield, Minnesota and graduated from Richfield High School. As a member of the Richfield High School hockey team, he earned team MVP his junior and senior year, and was selected to the Minnesota High School All-State First Team and the U.S. High School All-American Team during his senior year in 1975-76. He led his school to a state runner-up his senior season and was one of the most highly recruited U.S. hockey players in 1976. Before turning professional, Christoff attended the University of Minnesota where he played for the Minnesota Gophers for three seasons, from 1976–79. He led the team in scoring during his second year with 66 points (32 goals and 34 assists) and was named to the WCHA All-Star Second Team. During his third year, he led the team in scoring again with 77 points (38 goals and 39 assists). In what turned out to be his last collegiate game on March 23, 1979, Christoff scored a goal and earned an assist to help Minnesota win its third NCAA title in school history with a 4-3 victory over North Dakota. He made his international debut for Team USA at the 1979 Ice Hockey World Championship tournament in Moscow.

Professional career
Christoff was selected 24th overall in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He joined the North Stars for 20 games after the Olympics, scoring eight goals and 15 points. The next year, he suited up for 56 games, netting 26 goals and 39 points and was one of the Stars' best performers as Minnesota lost the 1981 Stanley Cup finals to the New York Islanders. He also participated in the 1981 Canada Cup tournament as a member of Team USA. In 1981–82, Christoff appeared in 69 games, scoring 26 goals and 55 points, a career high. Although he was an extremely popular figure in Minnesota, Christoff was traded to the Calgary Flames for the 1982–83 season, but he was used in just 45 games, scoring nine goals and 17 points. In 1983–84, Christoff played his final season in the NHL, with the Los Angeles Kings, starting 58 games.

Post hockey career
Christoff recently retired as an airline pilot for Minneapolis-based Endeavor Air since retiring from hockey. He was named one of the 50 greatest players in University of Minnesota hockey history as part of "Legends on Ice" tribute in 2001.

In popular culture
In the 1981 TV movie about the gold medal-winning hockey team entitled Miracle on Ice, Christoff's character is played by Rick Rockwell, but is not listed in the film's credits. The model for the Hobey Baker Award trophy was Steve Christoff, who played for Richfield Minnesota High School, the University of Minnesota, the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team and in the NHL. Scott Johnson portrayed Christoff in the 2004 Disney film Miracle.

title: Steve Christoff


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1957

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1957


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Robert Allen (actor)

Robert Allen (born Irvine E. Theodore Baehr, March 28, 1906 – October 9, 1998) was an American actor in both feature films and B-movie westerns between 1935 and 1944.

Biography
Allen's first notable role was the male lead in Love Me Forever (1935), for which he won a Box Office Award.

After the departure of cowboy star Ken Maynard, Allen was plugged into producer Larry Darmour's formulaic Ranger pictures. Along with sidekick Wally Wales (played by Hal Taliaferro), he redefined the role, starring in six films for director Spencer Gordon Bennet in that year alone. The star was billed as Bob Allen. However, the great success of Wild Bill Elliott in Columbia's 1938 serial The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok prompted Columbia to drop Bob Allen and replace him with Elliott.

Allen continued to work in pictures as Robert Allen or Robert "Tex" Allen. He had acted on Broadway in the original productions of Show Boat and Kiss Them for Me. In 1956, he appeared in the original production of Auntie Mame. He appeared in other Broadway plays, in touring productions, soap operas, documentaries and commercials. He became a real estate broker in 1964 and returned to the stage from time to time, including an appearance as J.B. Biggley in the 1972 Equity Library Theatre revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.

Family
Allen was married twice; the first was to movie actress Evelyn Peirce until her death in 1960. They had two children. Their son, Ted Baehr (born 1946) is a prominent Christian minister and media critic. They also had a daughter, Katherine Meyer.

Allen died on October 9, 1998, age 92, of complications from cancer in Oyster Bay, New York. He was survived by his son and daughter, seven grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren.

Partial filmography

 * The Reckless Hour (1931)
 * Saturday's Millions (1933)
 * Menace (1934)
 * Jealousy (1934)
 * The Black Room Mystery (1935)
 * Law Beyond the Range (1935)
 * Death Flies East (1935)
 * Guard That Girl (1935)
 * I'll Love You Always (1935)
 * Fighting Shadows (1935)
 * Air Hawks (1935)
 * The Revenge Rider (1935)
 * Crime and Punishment (1935)
 * White Lies (1935)
 * Party Wire (1935)
 * Love Me Forever (1935)
 * I'm a Father (1935)
 * The Life of Lafayette (1936)
 * Lady of Secrets (1936)
 * Craig's Wife (1936)
 * The Unknown Ranger (1936)
 * Pride of the Marines (1936)
 * The Awful Truth (1937)
 * Law of the Ranger (1937)
 * Let's Get Married (1937)
 * The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1937)
 * Reckless Ranger (1937)
 * The Rangers Step In (1937)
 * Rio Grande Ranger (1937)
 * Ranger Courage (1937)
 *  Penitentiary (1938)
 * Keep Smiling (1938)
 * Everybody's Baby (1938)
 * Up the River (1938)
 * Meet the Girls (1938)
 * Fighting Thoroughbreds (1939)
 * Winter Carnival (1939)
 * Winner Take All (1939)
 * City of Chance (1940)
 * Blazing Guns (1943)
 * Death Valley Rangers (1944)
 * She Gets Her Man (1945)
 * The Web (1947)
 * Terror in the City (1964)
 * Naked Evil (1966)
 * Hells Angels on Wheels (1967)
 * Dirtymouth (1970)
 * Raiders of the Living Dead (1986)

title: Robert Allen (actor)


text: User talk:68.5.212.127

title: User talk:68.5.212.127


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John Harrington (ice hockey)

John "Bah" Harrington (born May 24, 1957) is an American former ice hockey forward and is currently the head coach of the Minnesota State Mavericks women's ice hockey of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.

Playing career
Harrington was a stand-out high school hockey athlete for Virginia High School in Minnesota's hockey-rich Iron Range under head coach Dave Hendrickson. After Harrington's senior season at Virginia, University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) assistant head coach Mike Sertich urged Harrington to try out for the hockey team. With Sertich's backing, Harrington won a walk-on spot on UMD's roster. He lettered for four seasons at UMD from 1975 to 1979.

Following his collegiate playing career, Harrington was invited to try out for the 1979–80 US National team coached by the Minnesota Golden Gophers' Herb Brooks. Harrington made every cut and was placed on the Olympic roster for the 1980 Lake Placid games. The team went on to defeat the highly favored Soviet Union 4–3 in the first game of the Medal Round in an event named the "Miracle on Ice". The team defeated Finland 4–2 two days later to capture the Gold Medal for the US. Harrington is credited with an assist on Mike Eruzione's go-ahead game-winning goal against the USSR.

Undrafted by the NHL, Harrington had a try-out with the Buffalo Sabres following the Olympics. The Sabres immediately assigned him to the Rochester Americans of the AHL, where he scored seven points in twelve games despite being a marked man. "Some Canadian-born kids resent the fact that the Americans did so well in the Olympics and they're a bit jealous of them," claimed Buffalo defenseman Larry Playfair. In one game Harrington was struck in the face and needed six stitches to close a bloody gash on his chin. In another game against the Hershey Bears Harrington was attacked from behind by Lou Franceschetti and knocked unconscious for five minutes, lying in a pool of blood on the ice. He had to spend the night in a hospital with a concussion, fractured jaw, broken nose and four loosened teeth. Franceshetti was not penalized, insisting it was a "clean" check. "My shoulder just connected with the back of his neck." "If it was a clean check, how did I get it in the back of my head?" asked Harrington. "Lying in my hospital bed, I had all sorts of mixed emotions, especially when my teeth ached and my heart throbbed. I kept thinking of the cleaner game in Europe, that I could have gone to Switzerland to play hockey. Something like this can't help but discourage you. But this is the way it is in the pros and I'll make it one way or the other ... even if I have to face a few goofballs."

Harrington played the 1980–81 season for Lugano in the Swiss league before returning to the US to play with the US National team from 1981–83 on a full-time basis. He was a member of the United States team at the 1981, 1982 and 1983 Ice Hockey World Championship tournaments. Between brief stints in the Central Hockey League, Harrington rejoined the national hockey team for the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Coaching career
Following 1984, Harrington retired from playing and rejoined his college roots as an assistant coach under former Montreal Canadiens star Ralph Backstrom at the University of Denver. The highlight of Harrington's time at Denver was 1985-86 when Denver won a school record 34 games and advanced to the NCAA Frozen Four. In 1990 Harrington returned to Minnesota as an assistant coach for St. Cloud State University.

From 1993-2008, Harrington was the head hockey coach at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. Harrington turned around a listless program at Saint John's. By his fourth season he had guided SJU to a school-record 26-6-1 mark, the school's first conference championship since 1950, the school's first conference playoff championship, the school's first NCAA tournament berth and an NCAA third-place victory. In 15 seasons at Saint John's he has a career record of 241-142-31 (.620). He has won five MIAC titles, four MIAC playoff championships and has advanced to the NCAA tournament five times. Harrington is the school leader in career wins. In addition to his coaching duties, Harrington was the assistant athletic director at Saint John's.

It was announced on March 31, 2008 that Harrington would step down as head coach at Saint John's to become head coach for HC Ambri-Piotta of the Swiss National League, his brief tenure lasting only until December 16. On January 19, 2009 Harrington signed a contract as head coach for Slovenia men's national ice hockey team, a position he held until December 12, 2010 when he was succeeded by Matjaž Kopitar. On May 11, 2009, Harrington signed a contract with HC Asiago, where he served as head coach until 2011.

In May 2015, after serving four years as an amateur scout for the NHL's Colorado Avalanche, Harrington was named the head coach of the Minnesota State Mavericks women's ice hockey of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA).

In the movies
As part of the 1980 Olympic team, Harrington has been portrayed in movies twice, with the more recent being Disney's 2004 release Miracle. Harrington is portrayed by Nate Miller, who played hockey at the University of Minnesota from 1997-2000.

Prior to Miracle, Harrington was portrayed by Bill Schreiner in the 1981 made-for-TV movie Miracle on Ice.

Personal life
Harrington is married and has three children. He is the father of Chris Harrington, team captain and four-year letter winner on the Minnesota Golden Gopher hockey team from 2002–06 and currently a DEG Metro Stars defenseman.

"Bah"
Among family, friends and those who knew him in his high school and college playing days, Harrington is known almost exclusively as "Bah". He earned the nickname from his older brother who was barely a year old when John was born. The brother couldn't enunciate the word baby and instead referred to his new sibling as "bah." The name stuck. The rest of his siblings have nicknames too, including "TP", "Tootie", and "Muggs."

title: John Harrington (ice hockey)


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1875

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1875


text: User talk:68.41.107.227

title: User talk:68.41.107.227


text:
Spanish frigate Reina Sofía

Reina Sofía (F84) is the fourth of six Spanish-built Santa María-class frigates of the Spanish Navy. The Santa María class is based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate design, providing an anti-air warfare platform with anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare capabilities at a reduced cost. Reina Sofía was constructed by Bazan and was laid down on 12 October 1987 and launched on 19 July 1989. The ship was commissioned in 1990 and has seen service in the Mediterranean Sea and off Somalia.

Design and description
The Santa María class are a series of six guided missile frigates based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate. The Oliver Hazard Perry class had been conceived as a way to reduce unit costs while maintaining an anti-air warfare (AAW) platform with anti-submarine (ASW) and anti-surface warfare capabilities. The Oliver Hazard Perry class came in two forms, the short-hulled and long-hulled, with the Santa María class being of the later with additional beam to allow for more top weight for future modifications. The class came in two batches, with the first four being of batch one and the final two of the second. The first batch of ships have a displacement of 2851 t light, 3160 t standard and 4017 t at full load. The second batch have the same light and standard displacements, with a full load displacement of 4107 t. The frigates measure 138.8 m long overall and 125.9 m at the waterline with a beam of 14.3 m and a standard draught of 4.52 m and a maximum draught at the sonar dome of 6.6 m. The ships have a complement of 223 sailors including 13 officers.

The Santa María class is propelled by a controllable pitch propeller powered by two General Electric LM2500 gas turbines creating 41000 shp, giving the vessels a maximum speed of 29 kn. The frigates stow 587 t of fuel and have a range of 5000 nmi at 18 kn or 4500 nmi at 20 kn. The ships have four 1,000 kW Kato-Allison 114-DOOL diesel generator sets creating a total of 4,000 kW. These can power two 350 shp retractable, rotatable auxiliary propulsion motors. The vessels have fin stabilisers fitted.

Armament and sensors
Frigates of the Santa María class are armed with a single-armed Mk 13 missile launcher serviced by a 40-round magazine that can handle 32 SM-1MR anti-air/ship missiles and 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. The Harpoon missiles have a range of 50 nmi at Mach 0.9 carrying a 227 kg warhead. The SM-1R missiles have a range of 20.5 nmi at Mach 2. The vessels also mount a single OTO Melara 76 mm/62 calibre naval gun capable of firing 85 rounds per minute up to 8.7 nmi with each shell carrying a 6 kg warhead. For AAW defence, the ships mount a single Meroka 20 mm/120 12-barrelled close-in weapons system (CIWS) capable of firing 3,600 rounds per minute up to 2 km. For ASW, the frigates are armed with two triple-mounted Mark 32 torpedo tubes for Mod 5 Mark 46 torpedoes.

The vessels are equipped with AN/SPS-49(V)5 2-D air search radar, RAN-12L (being replaced by RAN-30) 2-D low horizon air search radar for the Meroka CIWS, SPS-55 surface search radar and a Mk 92 fire-control radar. For ASW, the ships have SQS-56 sonar, SQR-19(V)2 towed array. For weapons fire control, they have Mk 13 weapons control, Mk 92 and SPG-60 STIR missile control, SQQ-89 ASW systems. For electronic warfare they have Nettunel Mk-3000 intercept, a SLQ-25 Nixie towed torpedo decoy, and Mk36 SROC decoy launchers.

Aircraft
As long-hulled versions of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, the Santa María-class frigates have twin hangars to accommodate up to two Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) III helicopters though only one is usually embarked. The helicopter deck, located aft, is equipped with the RAST helicopter deck-handling system designed to handle LAMPS helicopters.

Construction and career
After delays in the program caused by the construction of the aircraft carrier SPANISH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Príncipe de Asturias, construction of Reina Sofía was approved in 1985 and the ship was ordered on 19 June 1986. Laid down on 12 October 1987 by Bazan at Ferrol, Spain, the frigate was launched on 19 July 1989. The vessel was intended to be named America but was renamed Reina Sofía, after Queen Sofía of Spain. The ship was commissioned on 18 October 1990.

On the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar in 2005 Reina Sofía participated in a procession alongside the FRENCH FRIGATE Montcalm and HMS Chatham (F87) at the site of the battle.

In 2016, the ship participated in migrant rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea. Reina Sofía also participated in training missions in the Mediterranean with the Egyptian Navy. In May 2023 Reina Sofía was deployed off the coast of East Africa in order to evacuate civilians after an escalation in violence in Sudan. The frigate evacuated 162 civilians of different nationalities from within the European Union from Sudan to Saudi Arabia.

title: Spanish frigate Reina Sofía


text:
Civic Center/Grand Park station

Civic Center/Grand Park station is an underground rapid transit station on the B Line and D Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. The station also has street level stops for the J Line of the Los Angeles Metro Busway system. The station is located under Hill Street at its intersection with 1st Street. It is located in the Civic Center neighborhood of Los Angeles, after which the station is named, alongside the nearby Grand Park.

The station is officially named Civic Center/Grand Park/Tom Bradley station after former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley, who had a pivotal role in turning the subway into reality.

Connections
In addition to the rail and busway services, Civic Center/Grand Park station is a major hub for municipal bus lines. As of spring 2024, the following connections are available: Note: * indicates commuter service that operates only during weekday rush hours.
 * Los Angeles Metro Bus:, , , , , (late night only), , , , , , , , , , , Express*, Express
 * Antelope Valley Transit Authority: 785*
 * Big Blue Bus (Santa Monica): Rapid10*
 * City of Santa Clarita Transit: 799*
 * Foothill Transit: Silver Streak, *, *, *, *, *, *
 * LADOT Commuter Express: *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *
 * LADOT DASH: A, B, D
 * Montebello Bus Lines: 90Express*
 * Torrance Transit: 4X*

Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
 * Ahmanson Theatre
 * Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels
 * DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Los Angeles Downtown
 * Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
 * Grand Park
 * Little Tokyo
 * Los Angeles City Hall
 * Mark Taper Forum
 * Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA)
 * The Broad
 * Walt Disney Concert Hall

Station artwork
The station features a colorful art installation titled I Dreamed I Could Fly, which has six fiberglass persons in flight, intended to be representative of the human spiritual voyage. The installation was designed by Jonathan Borofsky.

title: Civic Center/Grand Park station


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1905

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1905


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Mark Pavelich

Mark Thomas Pavelich (February 28, 1958 – March 4, 2021) was an American professional ice hockey forward who played 355 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars, and San Jose Sharks between 1981 and 1991. Pavelich was a member of the "Miracle on Ice" 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal.

Amateur career
The son of Croatian immigrants, Pavelich grew up in rural Eveleth, Minnesota. He was a star performer on his high school hockey team, Eveleth High School. He attended the University of Minnesota Duluth for three seasons from 1977 to 1979.

Pavelich was a member of the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal in Lake Placid. In the game against the Soviet Union, Pavelich had two assists, including one on Mike Eruzione's game-winning goal.

Professional career
After the Olympics, Pavelich, who was not drafted by an NHL team, played one season for HC Lugano in Switzerland where he registered 73 points. He returned to the U.S. national team for the 1981 Ice Hockey World Championship tournament. He was brought back to the United States the following year by his former U.S. Olympic coaches Herb Brooks and Craig Patrick, who managed the New York Rangers. Despite his size, Pavelich thrived in his role as a center for the Rangers, and holds the Rangers record for most points as a rookie (76). However, his career in New York was ended by a feud with Brooks' successor Ted Sator, who introduced a traditional North American dump-and-chase style of play.

Pavelich briefly played for Brooks with the Minnesota North Stars in 1987 before returning to Europe. He had a stint in Britain for the Dundee Rockets and played two seasons in Italy for HC Bolzano. The expansion San Jose Sharks brought him out of retirement for the 1991–92 NHL season, but he would play only two games for the Sharks before retiring. However, he did record an assist on the Sharks' first-ever goal scored by Craig Coxe in the third period of a 4–3 loss to the Vancouver Canucks on October 4, 1991.

On February 23, 1983, Pavelich became the first American to score five goals in a single game, against the Hartford Whalers at Madison Square Garden. This feat has only been matched by an American once when Tage Thompson scored five goals against the Columbus Blue Jackets on December 7, 2022.

Legacy
In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Pavelich at No. 83 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

In October 2022, he was inaugurated in the Croatian-American Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Pavelich married Sue Koski on September 11, 1985. The couple had one daughter, Tarja, in 1987 and divorced in 1989. He married Kara Burmachuk in 1994, and they had no children.

When Pavelich was 18, he killed 15-year-old Ricky Holgers in a hunting incident which authorities deemed accidental. His second wife Kara died at age 44 in a fall that authorities deemed accidental from a second-story balcony at their Lutsen, Minnesota, home on September 6, 2012. To "some", the death was "suspicious".

In April 2014, Pavelich put his Olympic medal up for auction, with bidding beginning at $62,500. The medal sold in May 2014 for $262,900 through Dallas-based auction house Heritage Auctions.

Health and legal issues
Pavelich was arrested on August 15, 2019, for assaulting a neighbor with whom he had earlier been fishing, after he believed the neighbor had put something into his beer. He was charged with four felony counts: second and third-degree assault, possession of a short-barreled shotgun, and possession of a firearm with a missing or altered serial number. Pavelich was ruled incompetent to stand trial and was ordered committed to a secure treatment facility. In August 2020, Pavelich was granted court approval for transfer to a lower-security setting for treatment. Pavelich's sister, Jean Gevik, stated that she believed he was suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and had noticed behavioral changes in the years leading up to the incident which led to his arrest.

Pavelich died on March 4, 2021, at a residential treatment center in Sauk Centre, Minnesota. His death was ruled a suicide by asphyxiation.

In popular culture
In Miracle on Ice, a 1981 TV movie about the 1980 U.S. hockey team, Pavelich was played by Jack Blessing.

In the 2004 Disney film Miracle, he is played by Chris Koch. Koch played junior hockey for the Delta Ice Hawks in his native Canada before concussions ended his career.

title: Mark Pavelich


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1855

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1855