text:
Talk:Tây Sơn dynasty

2008
It is true that the Tay Son rebellion (and especially the characters of Quang Trung) might have been greatly exaggerated and idolised by popular beliefs. However, to be completely fair, it should be pointed out that the literatures quoted to point at the contrary (i.e. Quang Trung was vicious and uneducated peasant) are also not free of bias: "Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi" was basically written from the perspective of the Le loyalists. It is no surprising then to them, the Tay Son rebellion is nothing but that: a peasant rebellion and Quang Trung, its leader, being nothing but a particularly vicious peasant with some leadership skills. "To Quoc An Nan" mentions Quang Trung as a cruel and violent character but it does so in the context of a Vietnamese criticising his own country's history as being written to idolise violent militarists. In a way, it was more of a humanist's commentary on history rather than a matter-of-factly discussion of history. One can hardly counter anecdotal evidences with personal points of view, after all neither is the point of Wikipedia. But then again, historical writings from that time period were commonly wrought with propaganda. The best approach is probably to introduce both sides of the arguments along with all propaganda exposed and analysed. --- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.84.47.195 (talk) 07:29, 13 July 2008 (UTC) The chapter state with poor knowledge and historical facts Just line Furius stated: large amount of propaganda, 1) Untrue fact: Under this dynasty there almost none of the Vietnamese fallow or knew of Christian to be prosecuted! The Nguyen kings allowed Christianity in Vietnam after the Portuguese and French missionaries arrived! 2) Many facts stated about Quang Trung Dynasty are untrue and extorted. Please be aware that this can be liable in a court of the Law! so State only but the truth and facts. ...

This article contains a large amount of propaganda such as "Peasants were slaves" and so on. I am sure that they were, but it doesn't seem provable, and I am sure they were just as enslaved under Tay Son rule. The whole page seems a little pro-Tay Son. I lack any real knowledge in this area, though, so if someone who has knowledge of this period could wikify this, please do. Furius

Many documents about the Tayson dynasty were changed or destroyed under the pressure of Nguyen Dynasty,even the tomb of Nguyen Hue (king of Tayson) was destroyed and now,vietnamese don't know where it is.Second,Every history writer at that time belongs to 1 side,so their comments are not so fair.Besides that,we have to consider about the thinking way of officers at that time,who followed the sentence "quân xử thần tử thần bất tử bất trung" means "when king decides you to die,you have to die,if not,you are a traitor".An officer had to follow his king no matter what did the king do.So it is not strange when a officer consider his king's enemy as a tyrant.That's my opinion.Vietblood

Etymology
Does it mean "western mountains" (西山朝)? Badagnani (talk) 23:53, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

No mention of the "First Tet Offensive" of 1798?
This important part of history needs to be mentioned.Sea888 (talk) 18:59, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Source of references
www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/17_18_century/3027111.html?page=1&c=y: This article "The First Tet Offensive of 1789", By Spencer C. Tucker, i put forward to a few Vietnamese friends. As a byproduct of our little chat, the Vietnamese friends mentioned that this little guy Nguyen Hue was actually poisoned by his own imperial court advisers because he wouldn't listen to them. The advisers opposed to his plan of reclaiming ancient Vietnamese territories lost to the Chinese. The Vietnamese friends couldn't provide me with any references for further readings however. Could somebody come up and help? Thankx in advance. (Can't read Vietnamese or Chinese documents)

By the way, would you consider marrying your enemy's daughter just to reclaim something from him? They would. The mainpage reads like that. Ancient East-Asian history is interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.58.21.26 (talk) 00:21, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Name
Britannica`s corresponding article is entitled "Tay Son brothers." Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook and Corfield's The History of Vietnam say "Tay Son dynasty". Kauffner (talk) 11:12, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Kauffner, as with your other moves, if you want to move this article then the thing to do is put in a RM. Use of db-G6 to get an admin to do it for you without telling the admin that there has been a contary RM discussion immediately previous is not the way to go about things. And then to enforce your undiscussed db-G6 move by edit warring with the edit summary "WP:BRD" is inappropriate. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:11, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * If admin moves something at my request, its my move. But if one moves an article at your request, it is an admin move. This is such legalistic nonsense. It shouldn't matter who moved the article. It was stable at this location for ten months. Kauffner (talk) 14:34, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Kauffner,
 * (1) No, when on 21 February 2012 you placed a db-G6 template on the Talk:Tây Sơn Dynasty page with "db-G6 Remove Vietnamese diacritics as these are rare in published English, see Britannica that is your move. That is exactly the same as if you did the undiscussed move with your own hands. Db-G6 depends on good faith of Users not to use it as a proxy for controversial moves. This is true isn't it?
 * (2) As for why nobody noticed it for 10 months, that's not strictly the case is it. You had received at least 3 separate editor messages on your Talk page following Talk:Cần Thơ RM 07 August 2011 requesting you to stop making undiscussed moves. You received others after. This is also true isn't it?
 * (3) And why would JamesBWatson or any of the other db-G6 admins notice the 07 August RM, because you began removing Talk page notifications on 27 August 2011. This is also true isn't it? Though IP activity to conceal RM history didn't begin until 24 February 2012 118.69.173.222. This is also true isn't it? You have admitted these IPs were you.
 * In sum anyone who succeeds in making 500x db-G6 moves counter and after an RM result cannot blame the admins who actioned those db-G6 templates in good faith.

 * Anyway, have you ceased using db-G6 now? Or do you intend to keep using that route? In ictu oculi (talk) 15:49, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * G6 is an established procedure for making this type of request. What guideline or help page recommends requesting a move on an admin's talk page? Kauffner (talk) 16:50, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Kauffner
 * 18:19, 27 August 2011
 * 14:07, 6 October 2011
 * If you truly believed that db-G6 was an "established procedure" for making moves which have been been refused at RM, then why do you need to remove notice of failed RM from Talk page before requesting a db-G6?
 * Please explain this.
 * Likewise if you truly believed that db-G6 was an "established procedure" for making moves which have been been refused at RM, then why would you need to log out to use an IP puppet to archive the failed RM?
 * Alternatively,
 * You say your db-G6 aren't controversial, but the lengths you went to to hide the evidence of contrary RMs indicates that you know that your db-G6 moves are controversial.
 * However if you can find a db-G6 admin among all those who have actioned your moves who agrees with you that your db-G6 follow established procedure per RM then produce them. You have had over a dozen different db-G6 admins action your moves. You should be able to find one among that dozen you can approach who is completely satisfied that your use of db-G6 template was according to "established procedure".
 * In ictu oculi (talk) 19:33, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Wait wait wait, so that Kaufner said to remove diacritics because Britannica and some books use that form. Perfect, then I say we will keep the diacritics because of WP:RETAIN and lots of books also maintain the diacritics, check out: here, here, and here. The move in the past that removed diacritics was a undisscussed one. So I just reverted that. ༆ (talk) 19:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yig Mgo, I agree, but best leave it now, this needs to be looked at by the admin who actioned the db-G6. Cheers. In ictu oculi (talk) 19:33, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay he has seen it. Article can now stay put. I have added to Watchlist in case any more moves. In ictu oculi (talk) 16:08, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Tributary status?
I had an edit I made to the status section of the infobox undone earlier today. From what I know, Vietnam was part of the Imperial Chinese tributary system under the Qing during this period. The source I have included below states that Vietnam participated in a tributary relationship with China, noting specific arrangements being made in 1792 (during the Tay Son dynasty).

"We have seen that the Annamese tribute is presented every four years. It is, however, held to be due biennially; though, on account of the great distance from Hue to Peking, two quotas are permitted to be sent simultaneously. A decree sanctioning this arrangement was issued in 1792, apparently at the request of the reigning king"

Because of this, I understand that there is some confusion regarding whether or not tributary status should be affixed to the status field of this article. Can anyone provide a credible source citing Vietnam's lack of tributary status under this dynasty? If not, I don't see any reason not to include the infobox status label that I implemented earlier. BUjjsp (talk) 09:37, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * A tributary status is just some form of foreign relations/mission and not completely become dependent. We only add if it was a military occupation, a protectorate, or a complete foreign domination. ༆ (talk) 08:15, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I understand that it was not a dependent state, as was the case of the other tributary system members, such as Japan, Korea, the Ryukyu Kingdom, etc. This is why I linked the Imperial Chinese tributary system page as opposed to Tributary state page. The current consensus on Wikipedia is that this tributary relationship should be included in the infobox, as evidenced in the pages of the Ryukyu Kingdom, Joseon, Nguyen Dynasty, etc. BUjjsp (talk) 19:11, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Capital
Why are two capitals listed in the infobox, but neither is in Nghệ An Province? See the following text:

 * Taking the advice of Nguyễn Thiếp, Quang Trung decided to relocate the imperial capital in Nghệ An Province. He ordered Trần Quang Diệu to build a new citadel at the foot of Kỳ Lân Hill (modern Quyết Hill in Vinh). The new citadel was named Phượng Hoàng Trung Đô (鳳凰中都).

173.88.246.138 (talk) 03:13, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Flag sources?
I agree with your removal because there doesn’t seem to be much evidence for that flag. It looks like the previous image for the flag was based on the sources in List of flags of Vietnam: The flag definitely appears on those pages, but the sources don’t look very reliable. Perhaps there are better ones out there? — MarkH21talk 09:11, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Tái hiện lễ đăng quang của vua Quang Trung tại Festival Huế
 * Picking up old royal standards in Vietnam

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20080610161135/http://60s.com.vn/index/1467632/07062008.aspx

, the flag is sourced to the above link, at least according to (A.K.A. Musée Annam), they have added both hoax and correct obscure historical flags, so the question remains how reliable the above link is. Didn't see that it was already quoted, anyhow the issue is that it's not a good contemporary primary source of the flag or a good secondary account of it, as far as we know it could be a modern invention to use for the festival. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:29, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I found a possible origin of this fictional flag, namely here:

 * http://web.archive.org/web/20211009212544/https://thanhnien.vn/khanh-thanh-tuong-hoang-de-quang-trung-tai-dh-quoc-gia-tp-hcm-post540089.html

Like before, it seems to be used as a festival flag. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:29, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Problems
Tây Sơn historiography, and Vietnamese historiography as a whole suffered from a "condition" where people just repeat what other people said without checking if it's true or not. That's how the fake Tây Sơn flag is used in festival nowaday. I'll start us down. Just so you know i'll use Vietnamese sources because English sources don't really dicuss these problem deeply. And I won't talk about section that tagged needs additional citations because it's already tagged so.

 * The Tây Sơn flag
 * It is unclear where the red flag with yellow circle comes from. It seems to comes from a sentence in Ai Tư Vãn by Lê Ngọc Hân (though there are theories that it was written by Phan Huy Ích) that say "Mà nay áo vải cờ đào" (Now with cotton clothes and red flag), but it's not enough to say that it's the royal flag (it's even unclear if Vietnamese monarchs used a single flag or multiple flags for different purposes).
 * The earliest source I could find about this flag seems to be South Vietnam's Tập san Sử Địa (Journal of History and Geography), 1968, issue 9-10, page 187 "Một vài phương thuật để nghiêm cứu về Tây Sơn" (Some method to study the Tây Sơn) by Hồ Hữu Tường: ″Và cũng nhờ buôn bán với đồng bào thượng du, mà sau này cần chinh phục những người này theo đạo Bà La Môn, Lữ mới "xuất gia" tự xưng là Ma Ni giáo chủ, để đem cây cờ nền đỏ tròng mặt trời vàng để thuyết phục họ″ (And also thanks to the trade with the mountain people, later on to gain the support of these people who followed Brahmin, that Lữ converted to Manichaeism, claimed to be the master of the religion, and used the red flag with yellow sun to convince them). However Hồ Hữu Tường did not explain where he got all these informations.

 * Some minor errors
 * 18 June 1802: It's actually the 17th day of the 6th month in Vietnamese calendar. This is a common mistake where people copy the original date in Vietnamese calendar without converting them to Gregorian calendar. I changed it to 1802 only because I don't know how to convert it.
 * Calling Nguyễn Quang Toản Cảnh Thịnh isn't really comprehensive because he changed his era name to Bảo Hưng in his last year.

 * Conquest of Trịnh lords
 * This entire section needs to be rewritten (I didn't because I don't know any English language sources).
 * Trịnh Tông's suicide was not the end of Trịnh lords. After Tây Sơn's withdrawal, Trịnh Lệ and Trịnh Bồng returned to reclaim the throne, Trịnh Bồng defeated Trịnh Lệ but then Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh defeated Trịnh Bồng, forced him to run away (some sources said he became a Buddhist monk). That's when the reign of Trịnh lords finally ended. And then Vũ Văn Nhậm defeat Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh and then Nguyễn Huệ killed Vũ Văn Nhậm.
 * Modern Vietnamese historians usually stop at Trịnh Tông and skip straight to Qing invasion, which, I assume is to give credit of overthrowing Trịnh lords to Nguyễn Huệ.

KomradeRice (talk) 08:45, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

 * , you can use Vietnamese-language sources to enhance articles, sources don't have to exclusively be in English. While this is preferred, if English-language sources spread misinformation then please correct it. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:30, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tây Sơn dynasty


text:
Greer, Arizona

Greer is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Apache County, Arizona, United States. Located within the White Mountains of Arizona and surrounded by the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, Greer is the highest town in the state at an elevation of approximately 8,400 feet (2,560 m). As of the 2020 census it had a population of 58. Greer was founded circa 1879 by Mormon settlers from Utah. The Greer post office has the ZIP code of 85927.

History
Originally known as Lee Valley, Greer was founded by Latter-day Saint Willard Lee and his family in 1879. When the Lee Valley post office was built they requested a shorter name, so Greer (after Americus Vespucius Greer, a town planner who had recently moved to the area) was settled on and the small community continued to gradually develop. In 1897, a single-room schoolhouse was built. A church, library, and restaurants were later built including Molly Butler Lodge and Restaurant, which is the oldest guest lodge and restaurant in Arizona. Today there are multiple resorts, rental cabins, a general store, and two fire stations.

Just west of Greer is the remnants of the Apache Railway. The railway spanned from Holbrook near Interstate 40 and traveled south traveling through Snowflake, Pinetop-Lakeside and McNary before reaching the logging camp at Maverick, Arizona, south of Greer. Logging operations started in 1918 and in 1964 the White Mountain Scenic Railroad operated on the line. The scenic railroad ceased operations in 1976 and in 1982 the line from Maverick to McNary was removed.

Surrounding the town, the scars of the Wallow Fire can be seen. The massive wildfire started in the White Mountains near Alpine, Arizona on May 29, 2011, due to the mismanagement of a campfire. The communities of Alpine, Blue River, Greer, Nutrioso, Sunrise, Springerville, and Eagar, Arizona, as well as Luna, New Mexico were evacuated. On June 8, 2011, the Wallow Fire reached the town of Greer and destroyed multiple buildings but most of the structures in town remain intact. The fire continued to grow till July 8 at 6 p.m., when it declared 100% contained. The fire destroyed 72 building and injured 16 wildland firefighters. It burned 522,642 acres (2,115 km2) in Arizona and 15,407 acres (62 km2) in New Mexico, becoming the largest wildfire in Arizona history surpassing the Rodeo-Chediski Fire which burned 468,638 acres along the Mogollon Rim in 2002.

Geography
Greer sits at 8,356 feet in elevation and is located in the White Mountains of Arizona near the New Mexico border. It is surrounded by the Apache Sitgreaves National Forest and The little Colorado River flows through the center of town. Its position in the valley of the Little Colorado River near various lakes means that temperatures are significantly milder than surrounding areas. While Greer is a four-hour drive from Phoenix and a four-and-a-half hour drive from Tucson, it remains one of the most popular summer vacation destinations in Arizona as it is consistently 20-30 °F cooler than the deserts. Greer is about 20 minutes or 16 miles (26 km) south of Springerville and Eagar, accessed by paved road via Highways 260 and 373. From Show Low and Pinetop-Lakeside, it is 40 miles (64 km) or approximately a 45-minute drive east using Highways 260 and 373. Greer is home to Sunrise Ski Resort, the largest ski park in the state. The resort has 7 lifts that span over 3 mountains, Apache peak (11,100 ft), Cyclone Peak (10,700 ft), and Sunrise peak (10,700 ft).

Climate
Greer has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dsb) with warm summers coupled with chilly nights and cold, snowy winters. Due to its high elevation at more the 8,000 feet (2,438 m) summer temperatures range from the mid 60s to high 70s but the area will occasionally reach temperatures around 80 °F (27 °C) or higher. During the summer months, monsoon storms develop daily in the late morning and early afternoon hours, bringing heavy rain, strong wind, thunder, lightning, and even hail. These thunderstorms help lower temperatures of the surrounding areas. In July, the average high temperature is 76.0 °F (24.4 °C) with an average low temperature of 46.8 °F (8.2 °C) and in January, the average high temperature is 42.6 °F (5.9 °C) with an average low temperature of 13.5 °F (−10.0 °C).

Winters are harsh with nighttime lows in the single digits and daytime temps in the 40s. Snowstorms and flurries are common during the winter months. Greer gets 97.5 inches (248 cm) of snowfall annually and accumulating snow can reach up to 6 feet. Ice forms on the surrounding lakes in late November and doesn't thaw till early March. The White Mountains is one of the coldest and wettest places in the state. The official all-time record low in Arizona history was recorded at −40 °F/°C near Hawley lake on January 7, 1971. White Mountains also holds the record for most precipitation in a calendar year at 58.92 inches (1496.6 mm)

On Monday, November 5, 2001, the Northern Lights were visible from Greer and other areas around the Mogollon Rim and White Mountains including Payson, Heber-Overgaard, Show Low, Eagar, Alpine, and McNary. At 8:00-10:30 pm, the people of east central Arizona were treated to the natural light display due to extremely strong Solar flares that allowed the Aurora Borealis to be seen this far south. The lights appeared a deep red and pink hue.

Flora and Fauna
There is a diverse abundance of flora and fauna around Greer. Trees like Narrowleaf Cottonwood, Maple, Boxelder, and Oak, can be found in the riparian habitats in the area Juniper, Pine, Aspen, Fir, and Spruce dot the surrounding landscape. Wildflowers and mushrooms can also be seen in many of the meadows in the White Mountains. The White Mountains is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the state. It is home to the Mexican Grey wolf, and as of 2021, there were only 186 wild wolves living in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. The area is also home to the elusive Apache trout, the state fish of Arizona, the Apache trout is one of two native trout species to the state, the other being the Gila trout. Historically found in nearly every body of water in the White Mountains, the Apache trout was pushed to near extinction. Today, Arizona Game and Fish and the White Mountain Apache Tribe have been working together to conserve and manage both the Apache trout and the Mexican Grey Wolf.

Before westward expansion, the White Mountains were home to Grizzly bears, but in 1936, the last Grizzly bear in Arizona was killed on Escudilla Mountain just east of Big lake.

Aquatic Species
The region is home to many species of fish, both native and nonnative, including Rainbow trout, Brown trout, Brook trout, Tiger trout, Cutthroat trout, Apache trout, Sonora sucker, Desert sucker, Little Colorado River sucker, Little Colorado spinedace, Roundtail chub, Speckled dace, and Loach minnow.

A few species of Crustaceans and Mollusks that can be found here are Northern crawfish, California floater mussel, and Three forks springsnail.

Birds
Many bird species are abundant in the region, including Merriam's turkey, Dusky grouse, Gambles quail, Scaled quail, Montezuma quail, Mourning dove, White-winged dove, and Band-tailed pigeon.

Waterfowl that can be found in and around the region's bodies of water include Great blue heron, Black-crowned night heron, Snowy egret, white-faced ibis, Killdeer plover, Canada goose, Mallard, Redhead, Bufflehead, Cinnamon teal, Green-winged teal, Gadwall, Northern pintail, American wigeon, Northern shoveler, Lesser scaup, Common goldeneye, pied-billed grebe, and eared grebe.

Species of Raptors and Corvids that live in the area include Bald eagle, Golden eagle, Osprey, Red-tailed hawk, Northern goshawk, Coppers hawk, Sharp-shinned hawk, Common black hawk, Swainson's hawk, Rough-legged hawk, Zone-tailed hawk, Northern harrier, Peregrine falcon, Prairie falcon, Merlin, American kestrel, Great horned owl, Long-eared owl, Short-eared owl, Barn owl, Western screech owl, Mexican spotted owl, Northern pygmy owl, Flammulated owl, Northern saw-whet owl, Burrowing owl, Turkey vulture, Common raven, Canada jay, and American crow.

Mammals
The White Mountains, including around Greer, are home to an array of species of mammals:

Hoofed mammals include Elk, Mule deer, White-tailed deer, Javelina, Bighorn Sheep, Pronghorn, Bison, Wild Horses, and Cattle.

Predatory mammals in the region include Black bear, Mountain lion, Bobcat, Mexican grey wolf, Coyote, Grey fox, Striped skunk, Western spotted skunk, Ringtail cat, Raccoon, Coatimundi, River otter, American badger, Black-footed ferret, and Long-tailed weasel

Many species of rodents call the area home, including Beaver, Muskrat, Porcupine, Arizona gray squirrel, Red squirrel, Rock squirrel, Abert's squirrel, Gunnison's prairie dog, Botta's pocket gopher, Golden-mantled ground squirrel, Thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Cliff chipmunk, Least chipmunk, Grey-collared chipmunk, White-throated woodrat, Mexican woodrat, Deer mouse, Pinyon mouse, House mouse, Western harvest mouse, Western jumping mouse, Northern grasshopper mouse, White-footed mouse, Southern red-backed vole, Montane vole, Mexican vole, Montane shrew, and Merriam's shrew

Leporids in this region include the Mountain cottontail rabbit, Eastern cottontail rabbit, and Black-tailed jackrabbit.

Bats found here include the Big brown bat, Little brown bat, Canyon bat, Hoary bat, Pallid bat, Spotted bat, Allen's big-eared bat, Silver-haired bat, Townsend's big-eared bat, Western mastiff bat, Mexican free-tailed bat, Big free-tailed bat, Western small-footed bat, Long-legged bat, Yuma myotis, Arizona myotis, Cave myotis, California myotis, Southwestern myotis, Long-eared myotis, and Fringed myotis.

Reptiles and Amphibians
Despite the region's high elevation and cooler climate, many species of reptiles and amphibians can be found here:

Snakes include Arizona black rattlesnake, Prairie rattlesnake, Black-tailed rattlesnake, Sonoran mountain kingsnake, Chihuahuan nightsnake, Sonoran gophersnake, Terrestrial gartersnake, and Narrow-headed gartersnake.

Lizards in the area include Eastern collared lizard, Greater short-horned lizard, Southwestern fence lizard, Plateau fence lizard, Ornate tree lizard, Many-lined skink, and Plateau stripped whiptail.

The only species of turtle living in the area is the Western painted turtle.

Amphibians that can be found in and near the lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water in the region include Canyon tree frog, Arizona tree frog, Western chorus frog, Chiricahua leopard frog, Northern leopard frog, Arizona toad, Mexican spadefoot, and Barred tiger salamander.

Demographics
Greer is home to few resident individuals or families with a year-round population of just 58 as of the 2020 census. in the Summer the population jumps to around 1,000 people. Many of the homes in the area are cabins or summer getaways for Phoenix and Tucson locals, due to the cooler temperatures. The ZIP code for Greer is 85927 and the area code is 928. Greer is 0.53 square miles. The median age is 61.5 years and the median household income is $76,114. There are 236 households in the area and 770 housing units which 30.6% are occupied. The median price of an owner occupied housing unit is $584,700. 90% of the people are married.

Attractions/Recreation

 * Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, 2.76 million acres of national forest
 * Sunrise Ski Resort, Arizona's largest ski resort
 * The Molly Butler Lodge, Restaurant and Bar, circa 1910
 * Rendezvous Diner, A small Vintage Diner.
 * Hon-Dah Casino, A casino on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation west of Greer
 * The Little Colorado River, medium-sized cold water stream through the center of town
 * The Black River, large river part of the Salt River watershed offering camping and fishing
 * Greer Lakes (River Reservoir, Bunch Reservoir, Tunnel Reservoir), offers cold water fishing and recreation
 * White Mountain Lakes (Big Lake, Reservation Lake, Sunrise Lake, Lee Valley lake, Crescent lake) Large lakes offering trophy trout fishing, boating, and camping
 * Mount Baldy, Second highest mountain in Arizona
 * Escudilla Mountain, Third highest mountain in Arizona

Government and infrastructure

 * The United States Postal Service operates the Greer Post Office.
 * The Apache County Library District operates the Greer Memorial Library.
 * Historic Greer schoolhouse
 * Greer fire district station #1

Notable people

 * Adam Driggs, Arizona judge, lawyer, and former Senator
 * James Willard Schultz, American author, explorer, fur trader and historian of the Blackfeet Indians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greer, Arizona


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Theory of the Beginning

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:39, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Theory of the Beginning
Wikipedia is not a soapbox. Appears to be one person's view. Xcali 04:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC) Delete. Lacks coherency.
 * Delete. POV essay. Time is a non-existent force... okay... A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  04:52, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a soapbox. Megan1967 05:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Essay. And such eloquent phraseology too: "Both theories have a wide range of supporters who are willing to bash their opponent's heads in." Eric119 05:36, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay, POV. Tobycat 05:42, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. --Angr/undefined 05:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Deep thoughts.  (Besides, isn't time motion?) Geogre 11:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Essay. Sjakkalle 11:54, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. Linuxbeak | Desk 12:17, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Mildly incoherent rhapsodizing. Trying to define time is an excercise in futility.
 * Delete. POV, original research. Kaibabsquirrel 20:16, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An essay. Not even a good one. GregorB 20:19, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay. Wikibofh 23:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Radio stations in the United Kingdom


text:
U Street (Washington, D.C.)

The U Street Corridor or Greater U Street, sometimes known as Cardozo/Shaw, is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. Centered along U Street, the neighborhood is one of Washington's most popular nightlife and entertainment districts, as well as one of the most significant African American heritage districts in the country.

The area was largely built after the U.S. Civil War and with the arrival of the Washington streetcar system in the 1880s, the neighborhood development boomed. By 1920, the neighborhood was predominantly African-American and flourished as the "Black Broadway", the heart of African-American culture in Washington. The area declined for a period following the 1968 Washington riots, but recovered following the 1991 opening of the U Street station of the Washington Metro. Since the 2000s, the area has been subject to significant urban redevelopment and gentrification.

19th century
U Street is a largely Victorian-era neighborhood, developed between 1862 and 1900, the majority of which has been designated as the Greater U Street historic district.

At the time of the Civil War, the area was woods and open fields. The Union command chose this area for military encampments including Camp Barker near 13th and R streets and others in what is now the Shaw neighborhood proper. The encampments were safe havens for freed slaves fleeing the South, and thus the area became a popular one for African Americans to settle.

After the war, horse-drawn streetcar lines opened, running north from downtown Washington along 7th, 9th and 14th streets, making the area an easily accessible place to live. The lines were later turned into cable cars. Both blacks and whites lived here, gradually shifting to a predominantly African American population between 1900 and 1920. The area's oldest buildings are Italianate, Second Empire and Queen Anne-style row houses built rapidly by speculative developers in response to the city's high demand for housing with the post-Civil War growth of the federal government.

Early 20th century
Until the 1920s, when it was overtaken by Harlem, the U Street Corridor was home to the nation's largest urban African American community. The area was home to the Industrial Bank, the city's oldest African American-owned bank, and to hundreds of black-owned and black-friendly businesses, churches, theaters, gyms, and other community spaces. Natives of the area included jazz musician Duke Ellington, opera singer Lillian Evanti, surgeon Charles R. Drew, and law professor Charles Hamilton Houston.

In its cultural heyday – roughly consisting of the years between 1900 and the early 1960s – the U Street Corridor was known as "Black Broadway", a phrase coined by singer Pearl Bailey. Performers who played the local clubs of the era included Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, and Jelly Roll Morton, among many others. During Prohibition, U Street was also home to many of the capital's 2,000-3,000 speakeasies, which some historians credit for helping integrate a city long divided between black and white.

From 1911 to 1963, the west end of the U Street neighborhood was anchored by Griffith Stadium, home of the District's baseball team, the Washington Senators. The Lincoln Theatre opened in 1921, and Howard Theatre in 1926. Duke Ellington's childhood home was located on 13th street between T and S Streets.

The Green Book, a travel guide for black travelers (1933–1963) listed many sites along U Street NW by Green Book Travelers.

Late 20th century
While the area remained a cultural center for the African American community through the 1960s, the neighborhood began to decline following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on 4 April 1968. The intersection of 14th Street and U Street was the epicenter of violence, 13 deaths and damage to 1,200 homes and businesses during the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots, which rampaged for four days after King's murder. Following the riots, and the subsequent flight of affluent residents and businesses from the area, the corridor became blighted. Drug trafficking rose dramatically in the mid-1970s, when the intersection of 14th and U Streets was an area of drug trafficking in Washington, D.C. Following the economic downturn the area faced following the 1968 riots, the community and DC government launched numerous redevelopment efforts, such as the construction of the Reeves Center in 1986, the opening of the U Street station in 1991, and the 1998 Department of Housing and Urban Development grants funding "Remembering U Street" signage marking 15 historic properties and as façade improvements to 150 dilapidated storefronts on U and 14th streets

In the 1990s, revitalization of Adams Morgan and later Logan Circle began. More than 2,000 luxury condominiums and apartments were constructed between 1997 and 2007. As the area improved and became more attractive Washingtonians of all races and ethnicities, and of higher incomes and wealth, to live there, the ethnic mix of the neighborhood changed dramatically: in 2000 it was roughly 20% white and 60% black; while by 2010 that had reversed and the it was roughly 60% white and 20% black.

21st century
Redevelopment continued further into the 2000s and 2010s, along with rising concerns about gentrification.

Since 2013 numerous large mixed use residential buildings with retail on the ground floor have been built into the corridor. This represents a significant population increase versus the population of 4,572 registered in the 2010 census.

In 2011, U Street NW was designated a Great Street among Great Places in America by the American Planning Association. It is said to have been selected for in recognition of the street return to its grandeur after several decades of difficulties. Once again, the street hosts the arts, food, and businesses. The community works to embrace its historical significance for the African American community of Washington, D.C. during segregation.

On January 4, 2021, the book "Black Broadway" by DC author and journalist Briana A. Thomas was published by The History Press Thomas narrates U Street's rich and unique history, from the early triumph of emancipation to the days of civil rights pioneer Mary Church Terrell and music giant Duke Ellington, through the recent struggles of gentrification.

Geography
The U Street Corridor is bounded by:
 * on the north, Florida Ave. NW, towards the Meridian Hill and Columbia Heights neighborhoods
 * on the south, S St. NW, towards the Logan Circle and Shaw neighborhoods
 * on the east, 9th St. NW, towards the LeDroit Park, Howard University and Shaw neighborhoods
 * on the west, 15th St. NW, towards the Adams Morgan and Dupont Circle neighborhoods and the Strivers' Section and Sixteenth Street historic districts

In addition to U Street itself, the intersecting 14th Street is a major retail, dining, and entertainment corridor. Retailers located on 14th near U include Room and Board, West Elm, and Lululemon.

Name
The area is often referred to as the U Street Corridor, and has been known by other names:

 * Part of Shaw: The 1966 Shaw School Urban Renewal Area plan covered the neighborhood now commonly known as Shaw, but also the U Street Corridor, Logan Circle, that for decades were also considered part of Shaw.
 * Cardozo: in the 1990s the U Street Corridor was often referred to as Cardozo/Shaw, a name that the DC planning department still uses. Google Maps labels the neighborhood Cardozo. In both cases this is defined as a neighborhood separate from the Shaw neighborhood proper. The Cardozo Education Campus is located adjacent to the U Street Corridor but is actually in Columbia Heights neighborhood.

Demographics
Figures are for Census tract 44 through 2017, which was split into tracts 44.01 (north of U Street) and 44.02 (south of U street) as of the 2020 census. NH = non-Hispanic, NHPI = does not include Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders Census tract 44 was bounded by 14th, S, and 7th streets and Florida Av. NW, thus including the entire U Street Corridor plus four blocks east of 9th St. NW. As of 2020, it was divided into tracts 44.01 and 44.02 along U Street. This area counted a population of 5,385 in the more than double the 1990 population. The official census count was 4,572 in 2010, an 87% increase from only 2,450 in 2000, thus reversing the trend of a decreasing population from 2,951 in 1990 and 3,598 in 1980.

The racial change in the tract's population has been dramatic; non-Hispanic Black residents who were once the dominant group in the area, were only 13% of the population in 2020, down from 22% in 2010, and sharply down from 58% in 2000 and 77% in 1990; corresponding to an increase in whites and Asians: the white non-Hispanic population was 63% in 2020, 61% in 2010, 22% in 2000, 8.7% in 1990. The Asian/Pacific Islander population was 8.3%, a continued increase from 6.8% in 2010, and much higher than 1.7% in 2000 and 1.6% in 1990. The Hispanic population was 9.2% in 2020, relatively stable vs. 9.1% in 2010, but down from 17% in 2000 and 12% in 1990. The 2017 American Community Survey showed 6.8% of the area's residents were children in 2010, sharply down from 27% in 1990. Seniors also showed a decline at 4.8% in 2010, down from 8.6% in 1990. The foreign-born population was 18% in 2011–15, up from only 2.3% in 1980.

The per capita income in 2017 was est. $110,175 ±$10,961, more than double the average in D.C. ($50,832 ±$645); the Median household income was est. $166,071, more than$166,071, more than double the D.C. average of $77,649.

Landmarks
The neighborhood's landmark buildings are nearly all the works of prominent early 20th century African American architects, including:
 * Ben's Chili Bowl, housed in the former Minnehaha nickelodeon (P. A. Hurlehaus, 1909)
 * True Reformer Building by John A. Lankford, built in 1902
 * Industrial Savings Bank by Isaiah T. Hatton, 1917
 * Prince Hall Masonic Temple by Albert Cassell, 1922
 * Thurgood Marshall Center - Twelfth Street YMCA by William Sidney Pittman, 1912
 * The Whitelaw Hotel, by Isaiah T. Hatton, 1919

Other landmarks include:
 * Lincoln Theatre, opened in 1922.
 * Duke Ellington's former residences at 1805 and 1816 13th Street NW
 * Mary Ann Shadd Cary House

Culture
U Street has long been a center of Washington's music scene, with the Lincoln Theatre (1922), Howard Theatre, Bohemian Caverns (1926), and other clubs like on 9th Street at Harrington's, and Chez Maurice Restaurants and historic jazz venues. The 9:30 Club, the Black Cat, DC9, U Street Music Hall, and the Velvet Lounge musical venues are located on the corridor.

U Street also hosts the annual Funk Parade, a festival and celebration of funk music, community arts, and creativity. Public art, street art or graffiti and murals can be found on almost every corner along U Street.

Transportation
The Corridor is served by the U Street station of the Washington Metro (subway), with service on the Green Line. WMATA buses run along both U and 14th streets, and the DC Circulator Woodley Park-Adams Morgan-McPherson Square line stops at 14th and U. Capital Bikeshare and various scooter-sharing systems have stations/vehicles in the area.

title: U Street (Washington, D.C.)


text:
User talk:Mryano

Hey Ryan, welcome to Wikipedia! It's great you're trying to create articles, but if you want to experiment with editing pages or adding things that are non-encyclopedic, I suggest you use the sandbox. If you need any help, just click on my user link (the blue link right after this message), click on my Discussion page, and leave me a message. --MikeJ9919 04:41, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mryano


text:
Talk:Rebab

Southeast Asia & Muslim world
I just inserted some information about the use of the rebab in Southeast Asian music. Someone needs to put in descriptions of the construction of the instrument and its size and musical functions in other parts of the Muslim world.

Michael (Saturday, May 28, 2005, 12:41 A.M. Eastern Standard Time [GMT -5 hours])

Originated in Afghanistan !!?
The rebab (also rebap, rabab, rebeb, rababah, al-rababa) is a string instrument which originated in Afghanistan

This is the first time I hear this, I need some solid evidence to accept this. Seems to me like a nationalistic propaganda here ! --Khalid hassani 21:31, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Often considered?
In Indonesian gamelan music, the rebab is often considered not to be part of the core of gongs, metallophones, and drums but, rather, a vocal-style instrument that does not have to conform to the scale of the exact-pitched core gamelan instruments, and can also be played in relatively free time,

Often considered? I thought ipso facto that's what it was, clearly not part of percussion, obviously a vocal type instrument, and consequently following rules other than the rules of the bulk of the orchestra. Wondering how the existing statement is supportable. Seems counterintuitive. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ladarzak (talk • contribs) 20:58, 17 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Yes, you're right, it was waffling language, and my fault, I'm afraid. I cleaned it up some (and added some); is this better? Rigadoun (talk) 18:51, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Infobox
Discussion of the infobox that just showed up is at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Musical Instruments. __Just plain Bill (talk) 23:49, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Camels
The story about camels may be enlightening, but would someone please write it more clearly? (When drums stop, very bad is not particularly descriptive.) Thanks in advance. Cema (talk) 06:44, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's gone for now. The cutesy punchline quote, "after drums stop, very bad" (because then comes bass solo) isn't really relevant to this article. __Just plain Bill (talk) 20:11, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposed rubab -> rebab merge
Posting here to oppose a merge of Rubab into Rebab. Though sharing an etymological background, the playing methods (bowed vs. plucked), repertory, and musical tradition are extremely distinct. You could practically make a better case for merging with sarod. Further, rubab covers Afghan, Tajki, and Pamiri versions, so is pretty broad on its own without lumping in with a dozen other forms and traditions. MatthewVanitas (talk) 03:35, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for responding. As I mentioned the difficulty is that plucked instruments are called rebab in many wiki articles (nb also Eng rebec-rubible) so that the spelling difference is not necessarily conclusive. I also note above that rebab is part of the Afghan project! Need an account of the historical relations between instruments/genres - have to account also for Indonesian rebab. Please note that we do not normally differentiate pages on basis of local usage; no pages for Jazz Trumpet in France or Romantic era pizzicato violin - maybe extreme but same principle.

 * I managed tanbur and tambur but then those are different instruments and still there are problems like this diff and preceding - and following edits that lead to this  which make me offer short shrift to purely local efforts to "own" an instrument and its page since this obscures understanding of music history. (Please advise on this one)

 * We could go rebab on pages like Sikh music or just alter all references to rubab but I think both are misleading. Again I'd welcome your thoughts just as I respect your careful and civil work. Can you see that something-or-other ought to be done to make things better? Create page rabab and insert diffusion data? Redheylin (talk) 22:45, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

I understand your points, but I think that this is more than just a matter of spelling; the Afghan/Tajik/Pamiri instrument is different in construction, method, and usage. I see this as less of a "Jazz trumpet in X" vs. "Jazz trumpet in Y" issue and more of a Sitar vs. Setar vs. Setor issue: the etymological origin is identical, but the products have evolved so far apart as to be quite distinct. Though the rebab/rubab/robab/(rebec?) family of terms appears to have not standardised as far as the sitar/setar/setor issue, there appears to be at least a general trend for "re" to be the spike-fiddle in several areas, and the "ru"/"ro" to be the Af/Taj/Pam item which is very close to a sarod. I'm sure that we, those that care about the issue, can find a workable solution. I suggest that the articles remain separate, but that a tag be put at the top of both, along the lines of and vice-versa. MatthewVanitas (talk) 16:15, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * OK I agree. Reason is that this image -->[[Image:Bhai Mardana.jpg|thumb|From [[Sikh music]]]]
 * clearly shows something more like a Saraswati veena, while the Indonesian rebab IS basically a spike fiddle. We are basically looking at name transfers, much like the setar, yes, or the tanbur being a saz and not a tambur or a tambura. But this means we really have a duty to clear up the confusion, to describe the instrument-types accurately - perhaps there is some detail, like frets or whatever, that seemed significant at the time. We need a little diffusion history, the relevant bits in all of the relevant articles including sarod, as well as the tags you mention. For example, I imagine that a) the rebab mustve been a name given to a (post-Mongol) Arab new bowed instrument and this went by sea to Indonesia and had nothing to do with the Afghan-Punjabi inheritance, and b) there are sources to explain how rubab became sarod while veena became rabab. And we WILL need a rabab page, methinx. So, look, can you offer any help in putting this all together? Redheylin (talk) 22:32, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

No worries, going now to put the "Other uses" into Rebab and Rubab. Not totally clear on what to do about Rabab and the fact that Sikhs spell "rubab" as "rebab". But an "Other uses" tag is definitely a step in the right direction. MatthewVanitas (talk) 22:59, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There'll have to be one now, so please include it in the see alsos and tags, and I will steal some start-up material from Sikh pages. This only started because there was nowhere sensible to point rabab. The name-distinctions are slightly arbitrary but this is the only alternative to merging. Sikh use of term seems to refer to any plucked string but see . Redheylin (talk) 23:27, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081201192738/http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/rebab_gnrl.html to http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/rebab_gnrl.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100611084606/http://chinesefinearts.org:80/resources/information-about-chinese-instruments/ to http://chinesefinearts.org/resources/information-about-chinese-instruments/

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Rebab


text:
Tell Halaf

Tell Halaf (تل حلف) is an archaeological site in the Al Hasakah governorate of northeastern Syria, a few kilometers from the city of Ras al-Ayn near the Syria–Turkey border. The site, which dates to the sixth millennium BCE, was the first to be excavated from a Neolithic culture, later called the Halaf culture, characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs.

Neolithic (Halaf culture)
Tell Halaf is the type site of the Halaf culture, which developed from Neolithic III at this site without any strong break. The Tell Halaf site flourished from about 6,100 to 5,400 BCE, a period of time that is referred to as the Halaf period. The Halaf culture was succeeded in northern Mesopotamia by the Ubaid culture (c. 5300-4300 BC). The site was then abandoned for a long period.

Mitanni Period
The Mitanni Empire controlled this region in the 15th century BC until around 1345 BC.

Hittite Period
In the Late Bronze, Suppiluliuma I of Hatti conquered the Mitanni stronghold of Carchemish, leading to the assassination of Tushratta of Mitanni around 1345 BC. With the fall of the Mitanni Empire, Carchemish became the seat of a hittite viceroy who ruled the region with the remnants of Mitanni as a bufferstate to the independent Assyrians in the east. Tell Halaf became a Hittite city led by the viceroy of Carchemish.

Iron Age (Neo-Hittite Guzana)

Ramesses III of Egypt states in an inscription dating to his 8th Year from his Medinet Habu mortuary temple that Carchemish was destroyed by the "Sea Peoples". This was a period of climate change and social unrest caused by drought, weakening the central powers, and marking the transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age. Furthermore, it saw the emergences of Neo-Hittite city-states.

Kingdom of Bit Bahiani (Guzana)
In the 10th century BCE, the rulers of the small Aramaean kingdom Bit Bahiani took their seat in Tell Halaf, re-founded as Guzana or Gozan. King Kapara built the so-called hilani, a palace in Neo-Hittite style with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats. These sculptures, even though it is not known how, were fundamental to the portrayal of Kapara along with their political power. By the end of the 9th century it was a famous Syro-Hittite state.

Assyrian Period
In 894 BCE, the Assyrian king Adad-nirari II recorded the site in his archives as a tributary Aramaean city-state.

In 808 BCE, the city and its surrounding area was reduced to a province of the Assyrian Empire. The governor's seat was a palace in the eastern part of the citadel mound.

Guzana survived the collapse of the Assyrian Empire and remained inhabited until the Roman-Parthian Period.

In historical times, the mound itself became the citadel of the Aramaean and Assyrian city. The lower town extended 600 m N–S and 1000 m E–W. The citadel mound housed the palaces and other official buildings. Most prominent are the so-called Hilani or "Western Palace" with its rich decor, dating back to the time of King Kapara, and the "North-Eastern Palace", the seat of the Assyrian governors. In the lower town a temple (or cult room) in Assyrian style was discovered.

Excavations

The site is located near the city of Ra's al-'Ayn in the fertile valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), close to the modern border with Turkey. The name Tell Halaf is a local Aramaic placename, tell meaning "hill", and Tell Halaf meaning "made of former city"; what its original inhabitants called their settlement is not known.

Discovery
In 1899, when the area was part of the Ottoman Empire, Max von Oppenheim, a German diplomat travelled from Cairo through northern Mesopotamia on behalf of Deutsche Bank, working on establishing a route for the Bagdad Railway. On 19 November, he discovered Tell Halaf, following up on tales told to him by local villagers of stone idols buried beneath the sand. Within three days, several significant pieces of statuary were uncovered, including the so-called "Sitting Goddess". A test pit uncovered the entrance to the "Western Palace". Since he had no legal permit to excavate, Oppenheim had the statues he found reburied and moved on.

Excavations by Max von Oppenheim
According to noted archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld, he had urged Oppenheim in 1907 to excavate Tell Halaf and they made some initial plans towards this goal at that time. In August 1910, Herzfeld wrote a letter calling on Oppenheim to explore the site and had it circulated to several leading archaeologists like Theodor Nöldeke or Ignác Goldziher to sign. Armed with this letter, Max von Oppenheim was now able to ask for his dismissal from the diplomatic service (which he did on 24 October 1910) while being able to call on financing from his father for the excavation.

With a team of five archaeologists, Oppenheim planned a digging campaign that began on 5 August 1911. Substantial amounts of equipment were imported from Germany, including a small steam train. The costs totaled around 750,000 Mark and were covered by von Oppenheim's father's banking fortune. On arrival, the archaeologists discovered that since 1899 locals had uncovered some of the findings and heavily damaged them – in part out of superstition, in part to gain valuable building material. Oppenheim had recruited five hundred locals from Tell Halaf to help towards the excavation.

During the excavations Oppenheim found the ruins of the town of Guzana (or Gozan). Significant finds included the large statues and reliefs of the so-called "Western Palace" built by King Kapara, as well as a cult room and tombs. Some of the statuary was found reused in buildings from the Hellenistic period. In addition, they discovered Neolithic pottery of a type which became known as Halaf culture after the site where it was first found. At the time, this was the oldest painted pottery ever found (together with those discovered at Samarra by Herzfeld).

In 1913, Oppenheim decided to return temporarily to Germany. The finds of Tell Halaf were left at the building he and his team had inhabited during the dig. Most of them were securely packaged and stored. The outbreak of World War I prevented Oppenheim from returning. However, Oppenheim was able to sell some of the stone reliefs, pottery and other artefacts he had excavated to various museums after the war including the British Museum and Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.

In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations and it thus became possible for German nationals to conduct excavations in what was now the French-ruled Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. Preparing for new excavations, in 1927 Oppenheim again travelled to Tell Halaf. Artillery fire exchanged between Osman and French troops in the final days of the war had severely damaged the building and the archaeological findings had to be dug out of the rubble. Once again, it was found that the locals had damaged some of the stone workings. Since he had made plaster casts during the original excavation, Oppenheim was able to repair most of the damage done to the statues and orthostat reliefs. He managed to achieve a generous division of his previous finds with the French authorities. His share (approximately 80, or about two-thirds of the total) was transported to Berlin, while the other 35 were brought to Aleppo to form a core collection of today's National Museum. In 1929, he resumed excavations and the new findings were divided.

Tell Halaf Museum, Berlin
Attempts by Oppenheim to have his findings exhibited at the newly constructed Pergamon Museum in Berlin failed, as the museum refused to agree to Oppenheim's financial demands. He thus opened his own private "Tell Halaf Museum" in an industrial complex in Berlin-Charlottenburg in July 1930. The museum's concept of presenting the exhibits is considered quite modern even by today's standards.

In 1939, Oppenheim once more travelled to Syria for excavations, coming within sight of Tell Halaf. However, the French authorities refused to award him a permit to dig and he had to depart. Oppenheim also unsuccessfully tried to sell some of his finds in New York and again negotiated with the German government about the purchase of the Tell Halaf artefacts. In 1943, eight German-owned orthostat reliefs stored in New York were seized by the US Office of Alien Property Custodian. Amid these negotiations and activities, the Tell Halaf Museum in Berlin was hit by a British phosphorus bomb in November 1943. It burnt down completely, all wooden and limestone exhibits were destroyed. Those made from basalt were exposed to a thermal shock during attempts to fight the fire and severely damaged. Many statues and reliefs burst into dozens of pieces. Although the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin took care of the remains, months passed before all of the pieces had been recovered and they were further damaged by frost and summer heat.

Reconstruction of the artefacts
Stored in the cellars of the Pergamon Museum during the period of communist rule under the GDR, the remains were left untouched. After reunification, the Masterplan Museumsinsel of 1999 brought up the idea of having the Western Palace front from Tell Halaf restored. With financial support from Sal. Oppenheim and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft the Vorderasiatisches Museum engaged in its largest-scale restoration project since the reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate. From 2001 to 2010, more than 30 sculptures were reconstructed out of around 27,000 fragments. They were exhibited at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin in 2011 and at the Bundeskunsthalle Bonn in 2014. When the reconstruction of the Museumsinsel is completed around 2025, the Western Palace façade will be the entrance to the new Vorderasiatisches Museum.

Artistically, the many fragmented sculptures tell a new story, not only of their ancient heritage, but of their journey in possession and the politics of the 20th century. Some sculptures were destroyed in WW2 in the Tell Halaf Museum in Berlin. Only upon the reunification of Germany in 1990 could those family members who were vested in the art, living in West Berlin, revisit the destroyed pieces in East Berlin. The pieces, after being reconstructed, boasted the cracks and imperfections of their war ridden existence (see photo right). Some even were left with the glass from the roof of the Berlin museum on the sculpture itself. The exhibition Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property by Rayyane Tabet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art displays the museum's orthostat reliefs and Tabet's graphite transfers, Orthostates, in tandem with his family heirlooms. The exhibition explores the task of locating and tracing provenance, particularly through reference to the Alien Property Act and the objects purchased at auction by the museum after they had been seized by the Office of Alien Property Custodian. It conveys the fragmentation and division as Tell Halaf sat at the center of political governance and conflict. It also addresses the role of an encyclopedic museum in conversation and collaboration with the past, and its voices.

Today, of the 194 excavated orthostat reliefs from Tell Halaf, 59 are in Berlin, 4 are in Paris, 15 are in London, 4 are in New York, 4 are in Baltimore, 34 are in Aleppo, 1 is in Deir ez-Zor, 6 are missing, 12 have been destroyed, and 55 have disappeared.

New excavations
In 2006, new Syro-German excavations were started under the direction of Lutz Martin (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin), Abd al-Masih Bagdo (Directorate of Antiquities Hassake), Jörg Becker (University of Halle) and Mirko Novák (University of Bern).

title: Tell Halaf


text: User:Olearyscow

title: User:Olearyscow


text: Category:1889 films

title: Category:1889 films


text:
C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)

"C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" is a song by American Florida-based musical group Quad City DJ's, released in February 1996 as a single from their debut album, Get On Up and Dance (1996). It is based on a sample of Barry White's 1974 main theme from soundtrack to the film Together Brothers. The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top 40 in Australia and New Zealand. It was ranked the number-one song of 1996 by Village Voice magazine, and in 2010, Pitchfork Media included the song as one of their "Ten Actually Good 90s Jock Jams". In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it number 86 in their list of "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time". The song is also used in a wide variety of sports events.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard commented, "Don'tcha want another booty jam? Sure, ya do—especially if it jiggles with the kind of infectious chorus that this ditty has. This is one of those records that requires the mind to be turned off. The second you start to take all the double-entendre train/ride references too seriously, you are likely to get agitated. Take this for what it is: a cute moment that is good for a quiet chuckle and a wiggle." Peter Miro from Cash Box wrote in his review of the Get On Up and Dance album, that singles like "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" "are Quad City principals C.C. and Jay-Ski's infectious contribution to a can't-keep-still mandate." James Hamilton from Music Week's RM Dance Update described the song as a "Tag Team 'Whoomp!'-type raggeoly rapped and chanted frenetic corny 0–135.8bpm jump around."

Track listings
US maxi-CD, 12-inch, and maxi-cassette single
 * 1) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (club mix) – 7:31
 * 2) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (original mix) – 4:06
 * 3) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Railroad mix) – 6:05
 * 4) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (instrumental) – 6:07
 * 5) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (a cappella) – 6:15
 * The European and Australian maxi-CD single switches tracks one and two.

US 12-inch remix single
 * A1. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (remix) – 6:09
 * A2. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (remix instrumental) – 4:00
 * A3. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (remix bonus beats) – 3:34
 * B1. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Bass mix) – 4:09
 * B2. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Bass mix instrumental) – 4:09
 * B3. "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Bass mix a cappella) – 4:07

US cassette single
 * 1) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (original mix) – 4:06
 * 2) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (instrumental) – 6:07

UK CD single
 * 1) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (D.P. radio edit) – 3:48
 * 2) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (D.P. club mix) – 6:21
 * 3) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (D.P. dub) – 6:50
 * 4) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Erick 'More' Beats) – 3:20
 * 5) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Erick 'More' dub) – 6:57
 * 6) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (album version) – 7:29

UK 12-inch single
 * 1) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (album version) – 7:29
 * 2) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (D.P. club mix) – 6:21
 * 3) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Erick 'More' dub) – 6:57
 * 4) "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" (Erick 'More' Beats) – 3:20

title: C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)


text:
Supernature (Goldfrapp album)

Supernature is the third studio album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp, released on 17 August 2005 by Mute Records. The album received generally favourable reviews, with most critics complimenting its blend of pop and electronic music. It debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 52,976 copies, and has been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Supernature has sold one million copies worldwide.

The album's lead single, "Ooh La La", reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the duo's highest-peaking single to date. The album spawned three further singles: "Number 1", "Ride a White Horse" and "Fly Me Away". In North America, where "Number 1" was promoted as the first single, the album was released on 7 March 2006 and reached number 138 on the charts. Supernature was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album in 2007.

Recording and production
Supernature contains music in the same pop and electronic dance styles featured on Goldfrapp's previous studio album, Black Cherry (2003)—especially its singles "Strict Machine" and "Twist"—although it focuses on subtle hooks instead of large choruses. Lead singer Alison Goldfrapp described the album's writing process as "an electronic/glam cross between Berlin, New York and North-East Somerset".

Goldfrapp and Will Gregory recorded the bulk of Supernature in late 2004 in the countryside near Bath, England—the same place they recorded Black Cherry. They had rented a small house and spent some months writing music; they later explained that the unpopulated location kept them from distractions and that the majority of the process was "very basic". Goldfrapp called their writing relationship a "democracy", playing off one another while in the recording studio. The lyrical content of the song "Number 1", which became the album's second single, is about the importance and meaning of relationships, even though they do not necessarily last.

In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, Goldfrapp explained that they had never intended to create pop music. However, the singles released from Black Cherry became successes across nightclubs in North America, and as a result, they decided to write a more dance-oriented album. Although this made the duo nervous, "Ooh La La" was the group's first song to feature the electric guitar. Before its composition, the duo avoided the use of the guitar because of the guitar's overly recognisable rhythm. Four-on-the-floor bass drums are also present on several of the album's tracks, and the piano ballad "Let It Take You" features evening-effects composed on a synthesiser. "You Never Know" begins with Alison Goldfrapp executing a synthesised voice, supported by both pads and synthesisers. Goldfrapp and Gregory have cited "Satin Chic" as their favourite song on Supernature.

Alison Goldfrapp named the Roland String synth as one of her favourite keyboards. "Number 1" features an old synth and a bass arrangement that the group began to use frequently after recording the song. She also favours another Roland keyboard, the SH-09 monophonic synthesiser first produced in 1979; she played the duo's song "Train" on it. Goldfrapp was also impressed by a Russian synth, enamored with its Russian writing.

Composition and music
"Ooh La La", Supernature's opening track, inspired by T. Rex, was chosen as its lead single "because it was up and in your face and it carried on the theme of the glammy, discoey beat from the last album". It received positive reviews, often being noted as a highlight of the album. "Ooh La La" became Goldfrapp's most successful single on the UK Singles Chart to date when it peaked at number four, while topping the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. The second track, "Lovely 2 C U", was compared to The Human League and Girls Aloud and received mixed reviews from critics, with one reviewer stating that it was the "worst offender of sounding by-numbers, its lazy glam affectations sounding all the worse amid a chorus striking only in its complete dullness".

"Ride a White Horse", the third single, was inspired by the disco era. Like previous singles from the album, the song was another top-20 single in the UK, where it peaked at number 15. The ballads "You Never Know" and "Let It Take You" have minimal background electronics, and were generally well received by critics, who drew comparisons to Goldfrapp's debut album Felt Mountain. Goldfrapp's performance on "You Never Know" was described as "chameleonic" with odes to Debbie Harry and Siouxsie Sioux. "Fly Me Away", another synth ballad, had an accompanying music video which featured Goldfrapp as an animated doll; the video, however, was never released. Serving as the fourth and final single from Supernature, the song was not heavily promoted and was less commercially successful than the other singles, peaking at number 26 on the UK chart. "Slide In", an electroclash song about sex, and "Koko" were compared to Gary Numan's early compositions.

"Satin Chic" is a disco song with glam rock and cabaret influences, similar to early Elton John. It was remixed by The Flaming Lips, and issued as a limited-edition single on 4 September 2006. The 10th track, "Time Out from the World", features an orchestra and whispered vocals by Goldfrapp. Critics liked the song, writing that it was an "exception to the prevailing style of Supernature" due to its "haunting, yet glamorous, atmospherics". The album's closing track and second single "Number 1" is about the importance and meanings of relationships. The song, which is based around a synth and bass arrangement, reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart.

Release and artwork
The album was released in two versions: a single-disc version, which used Opendisc technology to offer extra contents via a website, and a double-disc version which included the album in surround sound on both discs. The first disc is a hybrid SACD with 5.1 multichannel SACD audio, stereo SACD audio and stereo CD audio. The second disc, a DVD-Video, contains the multichannel version of the album in DTS 96/24 as well as a documentary and music videos for "Ooh La La" and "Number 1".

The album cover, photographed by Ross Kirton, is a rear-view shot of Alison against a sparkly black backdrop, looking over her shoulder while covering her breast with her hand. The regular edition cover shows her from the waist up, whereas the US special edition shows the cover art in its entirety, with Alison wearing a long plume of peacock feathers and golden platform shoes. In late 2005, the album ranked number eight on the annual Best Art Vinyl poll.

Critical reception
Supernature received favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 79, based on 27 reviews. Dorian Lynskey of The Guardian said that the album was "a brash, beautiful celebration of love and dancing". In a review for PopMatters, Adrien Begrand said that "[a]lthough Supernature lacks the imagination of Felt Mountain and the saucy brilliance of Black Cherry, it doesn't pander to the pop crowd." Lauren Gitlin of Rolling Stone said the album was "[t]oxic and delicious" and that "Supernature will make you do bad things—and like it." However, Pitchfork reviewer Nitsuh Abebe was less impressed, and wrote that the album's songs "keep feeling like exercises: too thick and melodic to work like dance music, but with melodies that refuse to stick as satisfyingly as pop." Michael Hubbard of musicOMH wrote a review for every song on Supernature, and although he felt that it was a "curious, rather than classic, record", he criticised it for "fading out early on, with poor, low quality songs at the end which leave the listener feeling cheated". AllMusic critic Heather Phares called Supernature "Goldfrapp's most accessible album" and named "Ooh La La" as its best song.

In a review for Canadian-based website Jam!, Andrew Carver praised the different sounds on Supernature, which range from "a blend of future noise" to "crushed velvet corruption"; he described the album as "one sharp recording". Jessica Suarez of Spin magazine compared "Ooh La La" to Black Cherry's "Strict Machine", saying that "Ooh La La" sounds "so simplistic that [its] minimalist repetition occasionally teeters over into redundancy". She praised "Ride a White Horse" and "Fly Me Away" for featuring Alison Goldfrapp's "velvet-soft vocals, which stay that way even when heavily processed". A less favourable reception came from Stylus Magazine reviewer Edward Oculicz, who stated "Supernature is not a great album" and called several of its tracks too "dull".

Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album at number 32 on its list of The Top 50 Albums of 2006. In January 2008, the album was included on The Daily Telegraph's list of the 120 essential pop albums. At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Goldfrapp received nominations for Best Electronic/Dance Album and Best Dance Recording for "Ooh La La".

Commercial performance
Supernature debuted on the UK Albums Chart at number two (blocked from the top position by James Blunt's Back to Bedlam), selling 52,976 copies in its first week. The album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 13 January 2006. By 20 December 2010, the album had sold 500,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The album attained moderate success across Europe, reaching the top 10 in Ireland, the top 20 in Belgium, the top 30 in Germany and Switzerland, and the top 40 in Austria, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway. In Oceania, it peaked at number 23 in Australia and number 35 in New Zealand.

Supernature became Goldfrapp's first album to appear on the Billboard 200 in the United States, where it peaked at number 138. It reached number three on the Top Heatseekers chart and number five on the Top Electronic Albums chart. The album had sold 49,000 copies in the US as of August 2006. Supernature was also the duo's first release in Canada, reaching number 88 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album had sold one million copies worldwide as of February 2008.

Track listing
European special edition bonus DVD
 * 1) Supernature in 5.1 & Stereo
 * 2) Little Bits of Goldfrapp: Documentary
 * 3) Jakko & the Poet in Frappworld – animation by Andreas Nilsson
 * 4) Photo gallery

US special edition bonus DVD
 * 1) Supernature in 5.1 & Stereo (excluding bonus track "Beautiful")
 * 2) Little Bits of Goldfrapp: Documentary
 * 3) Jakko & the Poet in Frappworld – animation by Andreas Nilsson
 * 4) "Ooh La La" (video)
 * 5) "Number 1" (video)
 * 6) "Ride a White Horse" (live in London)
 * 7) "Satin Chic" (special performance film)
 * 8) "Ooh La La": Little Pictures
 * 9) Photo gallery

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Supernature.

Goldfrapp

 * Alison Goldfrapp – vocals, arrangements, synths
 * Will Gregory – arrangements, synths

Additional musicians

 * Charlie Jones – bass (tracks 1–3, 6, 7)
 * Adrian Utley – guitar (tracks 1, 9); bass (track 9)
 * Nick Batt – synth (tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11); additional programming (tracks 1–4, 6–11)
 * Daniel Miller – synth (track 3)
 * Dave Power – additional drums (track 3)
 * Ewan Pearson – additional programming (track 3)
 * Nick Ingman – string orchestration, string conducting
 * Gavyn Wright – string leader

Technical

 * Alison Goldfrapp – recording, production
 * Will Gregory – recording, production
 * Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 11)
 * Jeremy Wheatley – mixing (tracks 9, 10)
 * David Bascombe – mixing (track 5); vocal arrangement mixing (track 11)
 * Alex Dromgoole – engineering assistance (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 11)
 * David Emery – engineering assistance (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 11)
 * Richard Edgeler – engineering assistance (tracks 9, 10)
 * Tim Roe – engineering assistance (tracks 5, 11)
 * Steve Evans – additional recording engineering (track 3)
 * Lee Groves – additional mix programming (tracks 1–4, 7)
 * Gary Thomasat – recording
 * Mat Bartram – engineering assistance
 * Ted Jensen – mastering

Artwork

 * Alison Goldfrapp – art direction
 * Mat Maitland – art direction, design
 * Gerard Saint – art direction
 * Rachel Thomas – set design
 * Ross Kirton – photography
 * Danny Emmett – digital imaging

title: Supernature (Goldfrapp album)


text:
Talk:Reggie Fowler

Untitled
first minority owner of an NFL franchise in the United States ... do any of the NFL Europe teams have minority owners? Unless they do, I'm not seeing the point of this change. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  04:49, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Reggie Fowler


text:
Category:Canadian fantasy writers

Fantasy authors from Canada.

title: Category:Canadian fantasy writers


text:
User talk:Daninbigd

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 04:49, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Daninbigd


text:
Talk:Transcortin

Untitled
This seems to clash with Cortisol where it says: "Cortisol is thought to be biologically active only when it is not bound to transcortin" Compared to: "Only free cortisol is available to most receptors" in the Cortisol article...

title: Talk:Transcortin


text:
Wasabröd

Wasabröd is a Swedish producer of Scandinavian style crispbread (knäckebröd). The Wasabröd company has been in business since 1919, opening its first bakery in the city of Skellefteå. Since 1983 it has been under foreign ownership, first by the Swiss pharmaceutical corporation Sandoz (later merged with Ciba Geigy to become Novartis), and from 1999 by the Italian food producer Barilla Alimentare S.p.A.

History
The first bakery in Skellefteå, founded by Karl Edvard Lundström, was supplemented by another, completely mechanized, one in Filipstad in 1931, which has since become the main seat of the corporation. It later acquired several other Swedish bakeries. It started exporting bread in the 1940s, with the first foreign subsidiary founded in Denmark in 1965 and the first foreign bakery built in Celle in Germany in 1967. In the early 21st century Wasabröd sells about 80% of its production outside Sweden.

K. E. Lundström, the founder of the company, had run his own bakery in Skellefteå since 1915 (Firma K. E. Lundström), with the corporation founded in 1919, AB Skellefteå spisbrödsfabrik, taking its original name from the hometown. The Filipstad subsidiary which developed into the main part of the company took the name AB Wasa spisbrödsfabrik in 1934, which was shortened to AB Wasabröd in 1964. The brand Wasa was originally that of one particular product, Vasaknäcke, featuring an image of King Gustavus Vasa. The company has used both a royal crown and the peculiar heraldic charge, the garb (vase), which gave name to the Vasa dynasty, in its marketing. (Using the letter W instead of V is an archaism in Swedish; it is not uncommon in marketing, but does not affect the pronunciation.)

Barilla's bakery in Filipstad employs 440 people and produces 33,000 tonnes of crispbread annually. In 2009-2014, the owner invested 150 million in the Filipstad factory to modernise the equipment.

Products
Wasabröd produces a wide variety of crispbreads. The original crisp bread is made of rye, but their various products include sesame, wheat, and other grains. Like matzo, Wasa is noted for its long shelf life.

Royal warrant
The company has the status of a Purveyor to the Royal Court of Sweden.

title: Wasabröd


text:
Template talk:Chicago

Landmarks
Note that by Landmarks, this shouldn't necessarily mean the official mayoral designated landmarks. Places in Chicago that are commonly known such as the presidential towers should be included. Things that should NOT be included are landmarks well known to people in Chicago but unheard of to others outside of Chicago. Landmarks aren't in general geographically isolated. Businesses and money-making establishments should be highly discouraged unless they are a cultural or architectural iconic landmark such as the Wrigley Building. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 04:50, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wrigley Field is already listed under sports so avoid double references and don't include it under landmarks even though it is officially designated as one. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 04:50, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Standard?
I have asked that Template:New York City use this template as a standard, and I think that if other cities would like their own template that they use this is a guideline. One suggestion that I do have would be to remove the "Public Schools" and make it "Education", covering colleges as well as high schools, public as well as private. Cacophony 21:30, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that, in Illinois, each school district may govern more than one school. In this case, the schools aren't separate legal entities.  Even though the facilities may be separate, they are still part of one entity--the same school district.  There are also different types of districts.  For example, not only are there school districts; but there are also community college districts.  Chicago Public Schools is the third largest school district in the nation.  Squideshi 21:57, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Metro area
Instead of the link being Counties of Chicagoland, I changed it to Metropolitan Area. Feel free to rewrite the link. I just think the link should be more varied than just "Counties." --- Dralwik|Have a Chat My "Great Project"

Organizations headquartered in Chicago
You may want to include a list of organizations headquartered in the Chicago area, both profit and non-profit. Examples would be Sears for profit and the Institute of Food Technologists for non-profit. Chris 01:36, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 September 2017
Add image of city seal to template as per most other major US city templates 2603:3005:D04:5C00:315D:65B2:DB82:7864 (talk) 13:53, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. – Nihlus (talk) 14:35, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Edit protected
Can someone please fix the upper case on "Gangs", "Politics", and "Timeline"?

It should be lower case consistently for entries inside parentheses.

188.151.17.188 (talk) 20:55, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅, and thank you very much for your input!  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 20:47, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Chicago