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Zaslawye

Zaslawye or Zaslavl (Заслаўе, ; Заславль; Zasław; Zaslavlis) is a town in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It is located 20 km northwest of the capital Minsk. In 2009, its population was 14,400. As of 2024, it has a population of 17,404.

History
According to chronicles, Zaslawye was founded in 985 by Vladimir the Great. He sent his wife Rogneda to live in Zaslawye with their son Iziaslav of Polotsk, the founder of the princely house of Polotsk. The town is mentioned in historical writings as Izyaslavl, which led to the current name, Zaslawye.

In the beginning of Middle Ages, the town was a centre of the Principality of Izyaslavl. In the 11th century, the town was heavily fortified. Much of the town's territory has been designated for archaeological preservation now. In the modern days, the town built its outdoor statue of Rogneda and Izyaslav.

During the period of Reformation, the town was a nest for followers of Calvinism and Socinianism.

The town became a part of the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Soviet power was established in November 1917. German occupation lasted from February to December 1918. In 1919, the town became a part of the Byelorussian SSR. Polish occupation lasted from July 1919 to July 1920.

This district center was under German occupation from 28 June 1941 to 4 July 1944. In 1939, Jews comprised 9% of the town’s population, numbering 248 people. In October 1941, the Germans gathered 100 Jews from the town in a ghetto (a building formerly occupied by Soviet border guards). They were forbidden to go outside and didn’t receive food. The ghetto was surrounded by a fence and was supervised all day and night. On September 26 and 27, 1941, all Jewish men (at least 20 of them) were killed, 12 of whom were burned in the ghetto building. On September 29, around 100 Jews, mostly women, children, and elderly people, were taken on horse carts out of the ghetto under the pretext of future resettlement to Minsk. They were all shot in a pit in the forest near the village of Sloboda. For a month following the liquidation of the ghetto, 35 Jewish women were kept in one of the houses on Bazarnaya Street. They were used for different kinds of forced labor until they were all shot on October 29, 1941.

Geography
Zaslawye is situated in north-western suburb of Minsk. It is part of its urban area and one of its main towns along with Fanipol and Machulishi. Considering that the Belarusian capital Minsk, a center of Minsk Raion, is administratively separated from Zaslawye, it is still the most populated settlement of the proper raion. Th town is located near the large Zaslawskaye reservoir, often called the Minsk sea.

Sites
All historical attractions of Zaslawye are situated in the downtown not far from the Belarus Railway Station. The most interesting of them are the Zamechek Castle, which is an archaeological site of the Zaslawye town of the 10 – 12th centuries; the Val Site, which includes town ramparts and the fortified Savior Transfiguration Church (primary Calvinist church which was built from 1577 onward and is still in fair preservation); the Phara St Mary Church of the 18th century; a small skansen of a traditional wooden tavern, a blacksmith workshop, storehouse and steam mill.

Notable people

 * Symon Budny (1533–1593), humanist

title: Zaslawye


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Macrocarpaea

The genus Macrocarpaea, with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of Macrocarpaea have diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, visited during the day by hummingbirds, insects and butterflies, and at night by bats, moths and many different kinds of insects. The common name for the genus is 'Moon-gentian'. No species are known in cultivation.

Characteristics
Species of this genus have white, cream, yellow to green flowers. Most have a large, open campanulate to funnel-form corolla adapted to nocturnal bat pollination. This genus is one of the few of the gentian family that have species with hairs on their leaves.

Distribution
Macrocarpaea has a relatively broad distribution in mountainous regions of the Neotropics. The Neotropics comprise the tropical parts of the New World in Mesoamerica and South America. The gentian tribe Helieae, to which Macrocarpaea belongs is restricted to the Neotropics. The overall distribution pattern of Macrocarpaea is typical of many Neotropical taxa. The genus is basically found in five major geographic regions: the Andes [ranging from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, to Bolivia] (85 species), southern Mesoamerica [Costa Rica and Panama] (6 species), the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean [Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica] (3 species), the Pantepui of the Guayana Shield [Venezuela, and adjacent regions in Brazil and Guyana] (6 species), and southeastern Brazil (5 species).

Highlighted species
Macrocarpaea dies-viridis "Named for the American punk rock music group Green Day, whose music we listened to, especially while driving to localities throughout Ecuador during out 2006 expedition". Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 132. 2007. The common name for the plant is "the Green Day moon-gentian".

Macrocarpaea apparata Named for the verb to apparate, made popular in the book Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling (1998) "When we first found this new species, we could only find sterile individuals. After looking all afternoon, and only just before dusk, we finally found several flowering plants that seem to have 'apparated' in front of us, appearing out of nowhere." Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 66. 2003. The common name is the "Apparating moon-gentian". See photos to the right.

Macrocarpaea pringleana Named to honour Dr. James Pringle, Plant Taxonomist at Canada's Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton and Burlington, Ontario. Dr. Pringle has contributed extensively over a very long and distinguished career to both the systematics of the Gentian family and to floras of South America. Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11–49.

Species

 * Macrocarpaea affinis Ewan
 * Macrocarpaea angelliae J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea angustifolia J.S. Pringle
 * Macrocarpaea apparata J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea arborescens Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea auriculata Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea autanae Weaver
 * Macrocarpaea ayangannae J.R. Grant, Struwe & Boggan
 * Macrocarpaea bangiana Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea berryi J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea betancuriana J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea biremis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea bracteata Ewan
 * Macrocarpaea browallioides (Ewan) A. Robyns & Nilsson
 * Macrocarpaea bubops J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea callejasii J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea calophylla Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea canoëfolia J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea chthonotropa J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea cinchonifolia (Gilg) Weaver
 * Macrocarpaea claireae J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea cochabambensis Gilg-Ben.
 * Macrocarpaea densiflora (Benth) Ewan
 * Macrocarpaea dillonii J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea dies-viridis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea domingensis Urb. & Ekman
 * Macrocarpaea duquei Gilg-Ben.
 * Macrocarpaea elix J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea ericii J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea ewaniana Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea fortisiana J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gattaca J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gaudialis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea glabra (L.f.) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea glaziovii Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea gondoloides J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gracilis Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gran-pajatena J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gravabilis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea gulosa J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea harlingii J.S. Pringle
 * Macrocarpaea hilarula J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea illecebrosa J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea innarrabilis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea jactans J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea jalca J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea jensii J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea jocularis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea kayakifolia J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea kuelap J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea kuepferiana J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea lacrossiformis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea laudabilis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea lenae J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea loranthoides (Griseb.) Maas
 * Macrocarpaea luctans J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea lucubrans J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea luna-gentiana J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea luteynii J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea luya J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea macrophylla (Kunth) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea maguirei Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea marahuacae Struwe & V.A. Albert
 * Macrocarpaea maryae J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea micrantha Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea neblinae Maguire & Steyermark
 * Macrocarpaea neillii J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea nicotianifolia Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea noctiluca J.R. Grant & Struwe
 * Macrocarpaea normae J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea obnubilata J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea obtusifolia (Griseb.) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea opulenta J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea ostentans J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea pachyphylla Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea pachystyla Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea pajonalis J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea papillosa Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea pinetorum Alain
 * Macrocarpaea piresii Maguire
 * Macrocarpaea pringleana J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea quechua J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea quizhpei J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea revoluta (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea robin-fosteri J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea rubra Malme
 * Macrocarpaea rugosa Steyerm.
 * Macrocarpaea schultesii Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea silverstonei J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea sodiroana Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea stenophylla Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea subcaudata Ewan
 * Macrocarpaea subsessilis Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea tabula-fluctivagifolia J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea tahuantinsuyuana J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea thamnoides (Griseb.) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea umerulus J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea valerii Standl.
 * Macrocarpaea viscosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
 * Macrocarpaea voluptuosa J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea wallnoeferi J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea weaveri J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea weigendiorum J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea wurdackii Weaver & J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea xerantifulva J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule J.R. Grant
 * Macrocarpaea zophoflora Weaver & J.R. Grant

Catalogue of hybrids

 * Macrocarpaea x acuminata J.R. Grant (M. subcaudata x M. valerii)
 * Macrocarpaea x mattii J.R. Grant (M. noctiluca x M. subsessilis)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Macrocarpaea


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Poa

Poa is a genus of about 570 species of grasses, native to the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Common names include meadow-grass (mainly in Europe and Asia), bluegrass (mainly in North America), tussock (some New Zealand species), and speargrass. Poa is Greek for 'fodder'. Poa are members of the subfamily Pooideae of the family Poaceae.

Bluegrass, which has green leaves, derives its name from the seed heads, which are blue when the plant is allowed to grow to its natural height of two to three feet (0.6 to 0.9 meters).

The genus Poa includes both annual and perennial species. Most are monoecious, but a few are dioecious (separate male and female plants). The leaves are narrow, folded or flat, sometimes bristled, and with the basal sheath flattened or sometimes thickened, with a blunt or hooded apex and membranaceous ligule.

Cultivation and uses
Many of the species are important pasture plants, used extensively by grazing livestock. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is the most extensively used cool-season grass used in lawns, sports fields, and golf courses in the United States. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) can sometimes be considered a weed.

According to second-century physician Galen, the roots of certain species are good for treating fresh wounds and bleeding. In the sixteenth century, Poa grasses were used to treat inflammation of the kidney.

Some of the Poa species are popular for gardens and for landscaping in New Zealand.

Insect foodplant
Lepidoptera whose caterpillars feed on Poa include:
 * Agriphila inquinatella
 * Cercyonis pegala (common wood-nymph)
 * Poanes hobomok (Hobomok skipper)
 * Poanes zabulon (Zabulon skipper)

Selected species
• Poa abbreviata – short bluegrass

• Poa affinis

• Poa alpigena – northern meadow-grass

• Poa alpina – alpine meadow-grass

• Poa alsodes – grove bluegrass

• Poa ammophila – sand bluegrass

• Poa angustifolia – narrow-leaved meadow-grass

• Poa annua – annual meadow-grass, annual bluegrass

• Poa arachnifera – Texas bluegrass

• Poa arctica – Arctic meadow-grass

• Poa arida

• Poa atropurpurea – San Bernardino bluegrass

• Poa badensis

• Poa balfourii

• Poa bigelovii

• Poa bolanderi

• Poa bulbosa – bulbous meadow-grass

• Poa chaixii – broad-leaved meadow-grass

• Poa chathamica

• Poa cita – silver tussock

• Poa clivicola - fine-leaved snow grass

• Poa colensoi – blue tussock

• Poa compressa – flattened meadow-grass

• Poa confinis

• Poa cookii – Cook's tussock

• Poa costiniana – bog snow-grass

• Poa curtifolia

• Poa cusickii

• Poa cuspidata

• Poa diaboli – Diablo Canyon bluegrass

• Poa douglasii – Douglas bluegrass

• Poa drummondiana

• Poa dura

• Poa ensiformis – sword tussock-grass, purple-sheathed sussock-grass

• Poa fawcettiae – horny snow-grass

• Poa fendleriana

• Poa flabellata

• Poa flexuosa – wavy meadow-grass

• Poa foliosa – muttonbird poa

• Poa glauca – glaucous meadow-grass

• Poa gunnii

• Poa hiemata – soft snow-grass

• Poa howellii

• Poa humilis – spreading meadow grass

• Poa infirma – early meadow-grass

• Poa iridifolia

• Poa kelloggii

• Poa kerguelensis

• Poa kunthii

• Poa labillardierei – common tussock-grass

• Poa leioclada

• Poa leptocoma

• Poa litorosa

• Poa macrantha

• Poa mannii

• Poa meionectes

• Poa mireniana

• Poa morrisii – soft tussock-grass

• Poa napensis – Napa bluegrass

• Poa nemoralis – wood meadow-grass

• Poa novarae

• Poa paludigena – bog bluegrass

• Poa palustris – swamp meadow-grass

• Poa paramoensis

• Poa poiformis – coast tussock-grass, blue tussock-grass

• Poa pratensis – smooth meadow-grass, Kentucky bluegrass

• Poa rodwayi

• Poa sandvicensis

• Poa secunda – alkali bluegrass, big bluegrass, Nevada bluegrass, pine bluegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, wild bluegrass

• Poa sieberiana – grey tussock-grass

• Poa siphonoglossa

• Poa subcaerulea – spreading meadow-grass

• Poa supina – creeping meadow-grass

• Poa trivialis – rough meadow-grass

• Poa unilateralis

title: Poa


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The Trigan Empire

The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire, later shortened to The Trigan Empire, was a science fiction comic series written mainly by Mike Butterworth with artwork (initially watercolours, later gouache) by Don Lawrence, among others. It told the story of an alien culture in which futuristic technology, such as antigravity vehicles and energy ray weapons, was blended with architecture, dress, and customs reminiscent of ancient civilizations, the most obvious being those of Ancient Greece and Rome. The stories revolved around a strong and heroic leader who defended his empire from constant threats from both outside and within. The comic featured unique artwork by Don Lawrence in a painterly photo-realistic style.

Background
The series initially ran from 1965 to 1982, dealing with the long-past events of an empire on the distant planet of Elekton. Heavily influenced by mythological tales, a number of the societies seemed to be based on ancient cultures that had existed in history. Chief among these was the Trigan Empire, apparently modelled on Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. This similarity even extended to Trigan City, the capital being built on five hills, in a similar fashion to the seven hills of Rome. The Trigans' clothing was similar to that of the Romans, with many of the populace dressed in toga-like garments, or in the case of the soldiery, in Greek or Roman-style armour. A similar likeness could be drawn with Hericon, the chief rival in power to the Trigans, whose appearance seemed to mirror that of elements of the Byzantine Empire, and the Persian Empire.

According to Butterworth: "The original Impetus was from that veritable genius Leonard Matthews, then my senior group editor when I was editing Sun and Comet. He threw the first introductory script at me and told me to take it from there. He had no idea where to further it but he knew where to look for a guy who did."

The first strip told of a spaceship crashing into a swamp on Earth, the crew frozen to death, with many written volumes inside in an unknown language. After many years, the spaceship is turned into the central attraction of an amusement park. Eventually, at a very advanced age, a scientist—Peter Richard Haddon—who has studied the books from the spaceship as a young man manages to translate the volumes, and begins to relate the tales.

The Trigans began as a nomadic tribe called the Vorgs, with no technology, initially under the leadership of three brothers, Trigo, Brag and Klud. Trigo persuades his more conservative brothers that in the face of changing events, namely the ambitions of the Lokan Empire, they must settle. The fledgling Trigan nation is established via a merger of the nomadic Vorgs and the technically advanced people of Tharv (who arrived as refugees to the Plains of Vorg after they were defeated by the Lokans) under the leadership of Trigo, with the trappings of a Romanesque civilization with swords, lances and Roman-style clothing, but with high-tech ray guns, aircraft and a high-tech navy. In a later story, the Trigans create a rocketship in months to fly to one of Elekton's moons. Several of the other civilizations show a similar blend of low and high tech.

Publication history
The strip debuted in the first issue of the British magazine Ranger in September 1965 and then in the British Look and Learn magazine from issue #232 (June 1966) when the two titles merged after the 40th issue of Ranger. Both titles were weekly educational magazines designed for children; although mainly filled with educational features on life, history, science and technology, both contained a small comic strip section in each issue. Unusually for a British comic, the strip was printed in colour.

The series ran in Look and Learn until the title ceased publication with issue #1049, in April 1982, comprising a run of 854 issues in total, divided between the two magazines.

In addition to the weekly strips, a very small number of Trigan Empire stories were published in Ranger annuals and a Vulcan summer special.

In 1975-1976, the series thus far was reprinted in its original sequential order, in Vulcan, a weekly glossy-format comic, which reprinted the strips in full colour, albeit edited and resized, alongside colour reprints of other British comics serials of the 1960s.

There were a number of reprints in hardback format. In 1978, Hamlyn Publishing in the United Kingdom printed a hardback collection of early Trigan Empire stories titled simply The Trigan Empire; this was reprinted in the United States by Chartwell Publishing. Other than Lawrence's signature being visible on the title-page art, neither he nor Butterworth are credited in this edition. A later collection, also in hardback, was printed by Hawk Publishing in 1989 as Tales from the Trigan Empire. Both the Hamlyn and the Hawk books presented edited versions of the stories; most notably, in the Hawk book there are sometimes entire pages that have been left out. Several stories were repeated in both collections, but The Trigan Empire collection has the earliest, showing the establishment of the Empire.

In 2004-2008, the stories drawn by Don Lawrence were reprinted by the Don Lawrence Collection in luxury hardback limited editions. These editions contain the complete stories, without any of the omissions that were a feature of the earlier reprints, particularly the Hawk Publishing book. They were not reprinted from Look and Learn; in many cases they were printed from the original artwork, and used revised fonts to make the text easier to read.

The rights to The Trigan Empire were bought by Rebellion Developments in 2018. Initial plans were to publish the sequence drawn by Lawrence in four volumes; a first volume appeared in March 2020, a second in December 2020, and a third in July 2021. The second and third volumes included stories from the 1960s and early 1970s not illustrated by Lawrence, raising the question whether serials drawn by other artists during the later years of the strip would be included in subsequent volumes. The fourth volume, released in 2022, similarly included serials from the mid-1970s drawn by artists other than Lawrence. A fifth volume, published in November 2023, completes in order of original publication Lawrence's own sequence, while also including six of the ten stories illustrated by Oliver Frey.

Main characters

 * Trigo: Trigo is the founder of the Empire. With his two brothers Brag and Klud, he was the leader of a tribe of Vorgs. At this time the Lokan Empire was instituting a military buildup with an intent to take over the entire planet. Trigo had a vision of a nation where the Vorg tribesmen could give up their nomadic existence and band together in civilization. He knew that the Lokans were intent on conquest and felt that if the Vorgs were not united they would become extinct. When his initial plans to build a city on the plains of Vorg fail, there is a fateful meeting with refugees from the nation of Tharv which has been attacked by Loka. Among these refugees is the architect Peric who agrees to help Trigo with his plans as long as his people are allowed to stay there. Although Brag was willing to give up his claims of leadership to his people to allow Trigo to become sole ruler, his brother Klud had no such plan and tried to assassinate Trigo. In the years to come, Trigo will institute a treaty with Hericon, the other great power on the planet of Elekton, be crowned first Emperor of the Trigan Empire, and face many other threats to himself and his empire.
 * Brag: Trigo's brother. While some consider him slow and perhaps a bit stupid, Brag is well-meaning and ever faithful to his brother. Despite living in relative luxury with all the benefits of more advanced technology there are times that Brag wishes he was back to his life as a simple Vorg huntsman. He keeps himself in good physical shape despite growing older. If Brag can be classed as having a fault, it is that he can be manipulated by those cleverer than himself.
 * Janno: Janno is the son of Brag and nephew to Emperor Trigo. A courageous individual, he has a natural aptitude as an atmosphere craft pilot. He is friends with Keren, the son of Chief Imbala of Daveli, and Roffa from the City State of Ellul. Janno is regularly a representative of Trigan City, whether it is as an athlete in the olympic style games, or as a diplomatic envoy. In some stories it is mentioned in a short dialogue that Trigo had a thought to name him his successor.
 * Peric: Chief architect of the destroyed nation of Tharv, Peric with his daughter and other Tharvish refugees made their way into the desert of Vorg after the destruction of the main city of Tharv by Lokan forces. Peric is of advanced years but remains fairly healthy. He is regarded as the greatest living architect on Elekton and an accomplished engineer and scientist. He is often behind many of the great accomplishments of the Empire.
 * Salvia: Salvia is the daughter of Peric and is the most visible female character in the series. Salvia is skilled in Tharvish medicine, a trait that would serve the Empire well on a number of occasions, whether it is saving Trigo from potent poison inflicted by Trigo's brother, or the life of Keren, son of Chief Imbala of Daveli, or the life of the Chieftainess of the Tamaz desert warriors.
 * Keren: Janno's best friend and son of Chief Imbala of Daveli whose culture closely mirrors that of Central American Indian civilisations. Keren was introduced in the second tale of the series, "Crash in the Jungle". Keren and his people are shown as being either blue skinned or dark green, depending on the printing.
 * Lady Ursa: Sister of King Kassar of Hericon and probably the next most visible female character of the series. She and Trigo were married, as guarantee for the ratification of a trade treaty, at the start of the story titled "War With Hericon". They would have triplet sons, although two would later be killed.
 * King Zorth: The autocratic, megalomaniacal, despotic and tyrannical leader of Loka whose obsession with planet conquest (especially that of the Trigan Empire) ends only when he is overthrown by his own people. The Lokans are given an olive complexion and appear somewhat Asiatic.

Creative team
From its start in 1965 until 1976, the series was mainly created by writer Mike Butterworth and artist Don Lawrence. For stories in two Ranger annuals and some fill-in serials, other artists made a contribution. During a sabbatical, Philip Corke replaced Don Lawrence. From mid-1976 until the end of 1977, Oliver Frey was the artist. In 1978, Ken Roscoe took over the writing, and concluded the series with artist Gerry Wood.

Writers

 * Mike Butterworth (1965-1977)
 * Ken Roscoe (1978-1982)

Artists

 * Don Lawrence (1965-1974, 1975-1976)
 * Ernest Ratcliff (1966)
 * Ron Embleton (1967, 1969)
 * Miguel Quesada (1972, 1974), for long wrongly credited to Ramon Sola
 * Philip Corke (1974-1975)
 * Oliver Frey (1976-1977)
 * Gerry Wood (1977-1982)

Tales
Although there were no official titles for most of the stories, the following table lists the commonly used names in order of first publication.

Stories marked † began in the same issue as the final episode of the preceding story. Not included in this table is the text story "They Came From out of the Night" with illustrations by Don Lawrence. This anonymous story, also known as "The Underworld of Vuldar", was published in a Vulcan Holiday Special on July 1st 1976.

Collected editions
The stories have been collected into volumes a number of times:

 * The Look and Learn Book of the Trigan Empire (70 pages, IPC/Fleetway, 1973, ISBN 0-85037-104-X)
 * The Trigan Empire (192 pages, Hamlyn, October 1978, ISBN 0-600-38788-7)
 * Tales from the Trigan Empire (160 pages, Hawk Books, 1989, ISBN 0-948248-95-5)
 * The Trigan Empire (The Don Lawrence Collection, hardcover):
 * The Invaders from Gallas (130 pages, August 2008, ISBN 90-88860-25-4)
 * Revolution in Zabriz (122 pages, March 2007, ISBN 90-73508-91-6)
 * The Reign of Thara (98 pages, November 2006, ISBN 90-73508-84-3)
 * The Three Princes (98 pages, March 2006, ISBN 90-73508-78-9)
 * The Red Death (114 pages, April 2008, ISBN 90-73508-96-7)
 * The Puppet Emperor (114 pages, December 2007, ISBN 90-73508-93-2)
 * The Rallu Invasion (96 pages, August 2006, ISBN 90-73508-82-7)
 * The Prisoner of Zerss (98 pages, March 2004, ISBN 90-73508-54-1)
 * The Curse of King Yutta (98 pages, October 2005, ISBN 90-73508-66-5)
 * The House of the Five Moons (94 pages, March 2005, ISBN 90-73508-64-9)
 * The Sun Worshippers (106 pages, October 2004, ISBN 90-73508-62-2)
 * The Green Smog (112 pages, November 2008, ISBN 90-88860-27-0)
 * The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire (Rebellion)
 * Volume I (304 pages, March 2020, ISBN 978-1-78108-755-8) comprises 13 stories published from September 18th 1965 to May 18th 1968
 * Volume II (288 pages, December 2020, ISBN 978-1-78108-775-6) comprises 11 stories published from May 25th 1968 to November 14th 1970
 * Volume III (256 pages, July 2021, ISBN 978-1-78108-932-3) comprises 13 stories published from November 21st 1970 to February 10th 1973
 * Volume IV (240 pages, August 2022, ISBN 978-1-78618-564-8) comprises 14 stories published from February 17th 1973 to March 29th 1975 and one story published in Ranger Book 1967
 * Volume V (240 pages, October 2023, ISBN 978-1-83786-009-8) comprises 14 stories published from April 5th 1975 to May 7th 1977

Adaptations
Two radio plays were produced in Dutch, "The Mysterious Meteorite" and "Lumbwabwa the Usurper".

Movie rights for a feature film based on the strip were optioned in 2009. In December 2011 it was revealed that a script existed and that the film's producers were holding meetings in England to find a director.

Time Inc had a TV series in development in 2017 with 10 episodes written but production halted when Rebellion acquired the rights.

title: The Trigan Empire


text: User talk:69.182.128.85

title: User talk:69.182.128.85


text:
László Szőke

László Szőke (17 October 1930 – 19 March 2014) was a Hungarian footballer.

Career
Szőke was born in Budapest. In 1949 he moved to Italy under contract to Fanfulla before becoming a well-known name in Italian football by being transferred to first division Udinese who went on to place themselves in second position, behind the great AC Milan, in the Serie A division during the 1955–56 season.

Szőke had a spell in Colombia with Atlético Junior during the 1951 season.

Subsequently he transferred to Triestina and with them he won the Italian serie B championship in 1957/58.

At the end of the 1960 season he was ceded to Brescia, coached at the time by another Hungarian born personage in György Sárosi, only to return to Trieste at the end of that season. With the Triestina team, now in Serie B, he became one of the squad's focal points, winning the 1961/62 premiership, returning immediately to Serie B where he ended his playing days in 1963 after suffering a serious leg injury.

He remained in the Udine area, and died in hospital in that city on 19 March 2014, at the age of 83.

title: László Szőke


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Hatfield Peverel

Hatfield Peverel is a village and civil parish at the centre of Essex, England. It is located 6 miles (10 km) north-east from Chelmsford, the nearest large city, to which it is connected by road and rail. The parish includes the hamlets of Nounsley and Mowden. Hatfield means a 'heathery space in the forest'; Peverel refers to William Peverel, the Norman knight granted lands in the area by William the Conqueror after the Norman invasion of 1066. Sited on high ground east of the River Ter, between Boreham and Witham on the A12, it is situated in the southern extremity of the Braintree District Council area (to which it elects two members). In 2020, the built-up area subdivision had an estimated population of 3,226. In 2011, the built-up area which includes Nounsley had a population of 3,950 and the parish had a population of 4,376.

Hatfield Peverel is the site of a priory founded by the Saxon Ingelrica, wife of Ranulph Peverel and reputed to be the mistress of William the Conqueror, to atone for her sins, and dissolved by Henry VIII.

Local amenities
The parish church, St Andrew's (Church of England) is the surviving fragment of the Norman priory church nave. There is also a Methodist Church.

The village has a junior school, St. Andrew's C of E, and an adjacent infant school; Scout and Guide organisations, with headquarters in Church Road; a post office; a library; and a doctors' surgery.

Economy
Hatfield Peverel was the site of an Arla Foods factory which closed in July 2016; primarily, it used to produce dairy products. The factory was subsequently demolished and there are plans to build up to 177 houses on the former site. There are six public houses, a farm shop and other retail outlets. Main housing areas include Berwick Place, Crix, Hatfield Place, Hatfield Wick and The Priory.

Transport
Hatfield Peverel railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line. It is served by Abellio Greater Anglia services from London Liverpool Street to Colchester and Ipswich.

The station is seen in the 1976 film Exposé starring Linda Hayden and Fiona Richmond, along with views of the surrounding countryside.

The village is served by First Essex's route 71 bus service which runs between Chelmsford and Colchester.

Sport
Hatfield Peverel Football Club has been established since 1903; it was originally based at the Duke of Wellington public house, before moving to the Recreation Ground in 1936. The club are now based on the outskirts of the village at a former gravel pit at Wickham Bishops Road and fields men's, ladies' and junior teams.

Hatfield Peverel Cricket Club has been established since 1885. The club is based at the Church Road Ground, the club offers a range of teams: HPCC 1 XI (Mid Essex Cricket League), Friendly Teams - The Famous Allstars T20 team and HPCC Sunday XI.

Agnes Waterhouse
Hatfield Peverel was the home of Agnes Waterhouse, one of the first women to be executed for witchcraft in England. Known locally as Mother Waterhouse, and she confessed to witchcraft in 1566, and two other women were also accused of witchcraft at the same time: Elizabeth Francis and Joan Waterhouse (Agnes' daughter). Her trial took place in Chelmsford, where she was found guilty and executed for using witchcraft to disease and cause the death of William Fynne.

Elizabeth admitted to having a familiar - a cat called Satan, who she fed drops of her blood and it helped to kill people, terminate pregnancies and stole cattle. She sold the cat to Agnes in exchange for cake, and both Agnes and Joan tested the cat's abilities. Joan is said to have had the cat turn into a toad, and when a child refused to give Joan food, Satan offered to help Joan in exchange for her soul, which she agreed to. The toad was said to have harassed the child and threatened her with death, and eventually the child asked Satan who its 'dame' was, and it answered Agnes Waterhouse, leading her to be accused of witchcraft by the child.

Waterhouse was executed two days after the trial based on the evidence and word of the child.

title: Hatfield Peverel


text:
Levanger-Avisa

Levanger-Avisa is a regional newspaper in Norway. The newspaper was founded in 1848 and it is Norway's fifth-oldest newspaper. It is part of Adresseavisen Media Group. The publisher is a company with the same name, Levanger-Avisa AS. Levanger-Avisa became the Local Newspaper of the Year in Norway in 1999.

title: Levanger-Avisa


text:
Talk:Corelative

Editorial decisions
I felt that this deserved a short entry on its own but, as it is a somewhat complex topic (filling several books and many articles), I thought it best to keep it short so as not to overburden the lay reader with unnecessary(?) complexity. However, I have no right to hold this view and you all have the right to add if you think fit. -David91 09:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure this topic is misspelled and should be renamed/moved. Hohfeld spells it "correlative" throughout Fundamental Legal Conceptions. Is the topic author British, by any chance? Thanks much. Facetious nickname 5 July 2005 05:23 (UTC)

It is entirely possible that I have misremembered. It must be at least thirty years since I last opened a book on this. However, I am not alone: http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:5ypqJ8K_P3YJ:law.wustl.edu/journal/6/p_29_Sathe.pdf+corelative+Hohfeld&hl=en&start=11. albeit that it seems I am in a minority. I leave it to your good judgment as to whether you are going to change co-relations to the more modern correlative (if that is what it is) just as I updated conceptions to concepts. My hard copy dictionary also confirms this single 'r' spelling so I suppose it must be another of these pesky American English versus the world issues. Since Hohfeld was American, perhaps out of respect, we ought to change it to the US spelling? The world is not going to end whichever way you decide. -David91 5 July 2005 10:57 (UTC)

Very civil of you. I would again suggest that 'corelative' is a British spelling and that the spelling from Hohfeld's original articles in the Yale L. J. should be preferred. As the article you point to was written by the "Honorable Director of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Pune, India," it is not surprising to find the word spelled in the British style. But, finally, you are surely right that the world's fate doesn't hinge on this particular issue! :-) Facetious nickname 5 July 2005 17:04 (UTC)

Being new to Wiki, could you clarify the principle for me. To change only the one word and leave its context as non-American grammar and spelling would seem to be incorrect in principle. So do I assume that all the pages in which Hofeld's cor(r)elative is mentioned must also be rewritten so that each context matches the one instance? -David91 6 July 2005 05:58 (UTC)

Yes, I figured if the move went through I would dash through and change the other instances of corelative. Facetious nickname 6 July 2005 16:57 (UTC)

But, the question I asked remains unanswered, If you do that, it will be the sole U.S. spelling on the pages I wrote (unless someone has been changing things recently). I thought there was a Wiki policy about style consistency on each page? I'm not that worried about it, just curious about how things work around here. For example, on the Civil Rights page, almost all the text is non-U.S. spelling and syntax. . . ? -David91 6 July 2005 18:07 (UTC)

Hm. I didn't see all of that. Yeah, might be kind of a pain to change all of them. No, I don't think that changing just 'corelative' would pose issues of stylistic consistency. Hohfeld uses it as a term of art, not a generic concept, and as such it should be spelled the way he spelled it. It's more of a misquotation than a local usage or variant spelling. It's not like using "colour" instead of "color" (unless you were discussing someone's "Color Theory of Jurisprudence" or somesuch, which would be a similar error). Facetious nickname 6 July 2005 20:01 (UTC)

 * I can't see any consensus for this move, and Wikipedia policy is to use the same variant of English as the article was created with. The result is not moved. Talrias (t | e | c) 19:43, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corelative


text:
Paradise Interchange

Paradise Interchange is a bus interchange operated by Adelaide Metro in Paradise, South Australia as part of the O-Bahn Busway.

History
Paradise Interchange was built as the terminating station of Stage 1 of the O-Bahn Busway. It was officially opened on 2 March 1986 by Premier John Bannon, with services commencing on 9 March. The busway was extended to Tea Tree Plaza Interchange on 20 August 1989.

It is located mid-way along the O-Bahn Busway, between Klemzig Interchange and Tea Tree Plaza Interchange, six kilometres (3.7 mi) from the Adelaide city centre. Paradise Interchange has 625 car parking spaces, and is located on the south side of Darley Road, with access roads permitting buses to transfer between local roads and the busway.

Paradise Interchange is served by 34 routes.

title: Paradise Interchange


text: Category:O-Bahn Busway

title: Category:O-Bahn Busway


text:
Klemzig Interchange

Klemzig Interchange is a bus interchange operated by Adelaide Metro in Klemzig, South Australia as part of the O-Bahn Busway.

History
Klemzig Interchange was built as part of Stage 1 of the O-Bahn Busway to Paradise Interchange. It was officially opened on 2 March 1986 by Premier John Bannon, with services commencing on 9 March. It is the first stop on the route, being located three kilometres from the Adelaide city centre on the eastern side of OG Road.

Klemzig Interchange was built to serve passengers connecting with the Circle Line bus service, which follows the Adelaide outer ring route. Many bus services bypass Klemzig and the station has limited capacity, being the smallest of the three busway stations on the O-Bahn, and the only one to not have buses leave the busway in revenue service until the introduction of services via the O-Bahn to Oakden. It is served by 29 routes.

title: Klemzig Interchange


text:
User:Hans-AC~enwiki/Europa

== Big citys and agglomerations of EU (2007) and European Free Trade Association
 * Number of inhabitants according Fischer Weltalmanach 2005
 * I. Deutschland en -  82 495 000
 * Berlin en -  3 392 425  --  Berlin-Brandenburg en
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 * . France en -
 * '''. United Kingdom
 * . Italia en -
 * . Österreich en -
 * . Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera / Svizraen -
 * . Luxemburg / Luxembourg / Letzebuerg en -
 * . |: en -
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title: User:Hans-AC~enwiki/Europa


text:
Gilad Atzmon

Gilad Atzmon (גלעד עצמון, ; born 9 June 1963) is an Israeli-born British jazz saxophonist, novelist, political activist, and writer.

As a musician, he is best known as a saxophonist and bandleader. His instruments include the saxophone, accordion, clarinet, zurna and flute. Atzmon has been known to play over 100 dates a year. He has been bandleader, successively, of the Gilad Atzmon Quartet, the Spiel Acid Jazz Band and the Orient House Ensemble. Exploring identity through the folk forms of diverse cultures, his bands and other projects have recorded around 20 albums. Since 1998, he has also been a member of the English rock band, the Blockheads. He has played on albums by Pink Floyd and Robert Wyatt and collaborated with other musicians on their recordings. He has also produced albums for Sarah Gillespie, Norman Watt-Roy and others.

Atzmon has written satirical novels, non-fiction works and read essays on the subjects of Palestinian rights, Israel and identity politics. These writings have been described by scholars and anti-racism activists as being antisemitic and containing Holocaust denial.

Early life
Atzmon was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to a conservative secular Jewish family. He grew up in Jerusalem, where his father served in the military.

Atzmon first became interested in British jazz when he came across recordings of Ronnie Scott and Tubby Hayes. During his incapacitation for nearly a year following a climbing accident, Atzmon started playing the saxophone in earnest. Discovering bebop, he said that the albums Charlie Parker with Strings were what made him want to be a jazz musician.

Atzmon's three-year compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces commenced in mid 1981; at first he served as a combat medic, including the early months of the 1982 Lebanon War, but most of his service was in the Israeli Air Force orchestra. Atzmon recounts that, after his demobilisation, he spent an autumn busking in Europe.

Early years
In the following years, he trained at the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem. During the late 1980s and 1990s Atzmon was a popular session musician and producer, recording extensively and performing with artists such as Yardena Arazi, Meir Banai, Ofra Haza, Si Himan and Yehuda Poliker. He started the first incarnation of the "Gilad Atzmon Quartet" and a group named "Spiel Acid Jazz Band", and performed regularly at the Red Sea Jazz Festival.

In 1994, Atzmon, after initially planning to study in the United States, enrolled at the University of Essex, earning a master's degree in philosophy. Atzmon recounts that, soon after arriving in the UK, he secured a residency at the Black Lion in Kilburn and, after establishing a following playing bebop and post-bop, began touring Europe with his band. In 2002, he became a British citizen, and renounced his Israeli citizenship.

Instruments and style
Originally a tenor saxophone player, Atzmon's main instrument is the alto saxophone: he also plays the accordion, the soprano, tenor and baritone saxophones and the clarinet, flute, sol and zurna.

Atzmon's musical method has been to explore cultural identity, including tango and klezmer, as well as Arabic, Balkan, Gypsy and Ladino folk forms. Atzmon says Arabic music, like Indian music, cannot be notated like western music but must be internalised by "reverting to the primacy of the ear". His performances have been described as "quotes from jazz standards, torch songs, ideas playfully purloined from Mediterranean or Middle Eastern sources, sultry Paris-cabaret smooches, New Orleans clarinet swing and bebop in hyperdrive", and that "His source materials range from east-European folk music through to hard bop, funk and French accordion tunes". Atzmon's varies his recording style from that of his performances, saying "I don't think that anyone can sit in a house, at home, and listen to me play a full-on bebop solo. It's too intense. My albums need to be less manic."

Collaborations and groups
Dubbed the "hardest working man in British jazz", Atzmon has at times played over 100 dates a year and recorded and performed with such artists as Ian Dury, Sir Paul McCartney, Sinéad O'Connor and Robbie Williams. He has led a bebop quartet since the 1990s and, in 2000, founded the Orient House Ensemble, with Asaf Sirkis on drums, Frank Harrison on piano and Oli Hayhurst on bass. In 2003, Hayhurst was replaced by Yaron Stavi and, in 2009, Sirkis was replaced by Eddie Hick. The band has recorded nine albums and, in 2010, announced a 40-date anniversary tour. In 2017, the band collaborated with the Sigamos String Quartet to produce The Spirit of Trane, a tribute to John Coltrane. Named after Orient House, the former East Jerusalem headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organization, it has been asserted that "No jazz musicians have done more to honour, publicise and spread solidarity with the struggle of the Palestinians than Atzmon and the Orient House Ensemble."

In 1998, Atzmon joined veteran punk rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads, while sustaining other projects. He participated in Robert Wyatt's album, Comicopera (2007), and with Wyatt, Ros Stephens and lyricist Alfreda Benge, on For the Ghosts Within (2010). Atzmon produced and arranged two albums for Sarah Gillespie, Stalking Juliet (2009) and In The Current Climate  (2011), and toured with her band, and has produced albums for Dutch-Iraqi jazz singer Elizabeth Simonian, afro-jazz percussionist and singer Adriano Adewale, and Blockheads bassist Norman Watt-Roy. In 2010, Atzmon released a musical transcription of ten saxophone solos.

In 2014, he performed on The Endless River, the final studio album of Pink Floyd and, in 2017, collaborated with Indonesian world and jazz pianist Dwiki Dharmawan and Middle Eastern oud star Kamal Musallam on World Peace Trio. Atzmon has been a member of the creative panel of the Global Music Foundation, which runs international musical education and performance events internationally.

Reviews and awards
In 2003, Exile was BBC Jazz Album of the Year; John Fordham. reviewing it in The Guardian, concluded that Atzmon "would have a formidable international reputation as a soloist alone". The Guardian, reviewing MusiK (2004), called Atzmon "a dominant figure in European and Middle Eastern-influenced world-music" while Stuart Nicholson in The Observer said of it that "this remarkable man and his brilliantly conceived ensemble are now well and truly a world-class act" and the Birmingham Post wrote that, "over-riding the considerable instrumental technique of all involved, it is the intense beliefs and emotions they summon up and communicate that make this band's music so special". John Lewis in The Guardian praised Atzmon as "one of London's finest saxophonists" although noting that "even his best albums have a slightly tame, homogenous feel that shares little with his blistering live performances", a conscious decision by Atzmon. Lewis described his comedy klezmer project, Artie Fishel and the Promised Band (2006), as "a clumsy satire on what (Atzmon) regards as the artificial nature of Jewish identity politics" and felt that "trenchant politics often sit uneasily alongside music, particularly when that music is instrumental". The Manchester Evening News said of Refuge (2007), "The individuality of the music is extraordinary. No one is more willing to serve his music with raw political passion", while the BBC said "...the OHE is finding its voice in an increasingly subtle blend of East and West, that's brutal and beautiful" and The Telegraph said, "on the level of technical skill with alto and soprano saxes and clarinet, Atzmon is a real master". The BBC, reviewing In Loving Memory of America (2009), called Atzmon "One of the finest alto players around", while The Guardian, in reviewing The Whistle Blower (2015), called Atzmon "a gifted jazz musician to his core".

Views
Atzmon has defined himself variously as "not a Jew anymore. I indeed despise the Jew in me (whatever is left)", a "proud self-hating Jew" in the style of Otto Weininger, "a Jew who hates Judaism", and as "a Hebrew-speaking Palestinian".

He has said: "I don't write about politics, I write about ethics. I write about Identity. I write a lot about the Jewish Question – because I was born in the Jew-land, and my whole process in maturing into an adult was involved with the realisation that my people are living on stolen land". Atzmon has said that his experience in the military of "my people destroying other people left a big scar" and led to his decision that he was deluded about Zionism. Atzmon has compared "the Jewish Ideology" to that of the Nazis and has described Israel's policy toward the Palestinians as genocide. He has condemned "Jewishness" as "very much a supremacist, racist tendency", but has also stated that "I don't have anything against Jews in particular and you won't find that in my writings". Regarding the one-state solution, Atzmon concedes that such a state probably would be controlled by Islamists, but says, "That's their business".

Periodicals
Atzmon has written for a number of publications, including CounterPunch, Dissident Voice and The Palestine Chronicle. In 2009, he wrote for and edited the website, Palestine Think Tank. According to John Lewis in The Guardian, "It is Atzmon's blunt anti-Zionism rather than his music that has given him an international profile, particularly in the Arab world, where his essays are widely read".

Books
Atzmon's first book, A Guide to the Perplexed, published in 2001, is a comic novel set in a future in which Israel has been replaced by a Palestinian state. Matthew J. Reisz for The Independent wrote that "As a viciously black satire on Israeli life" the book "is grandiose, childish and nasty, but with just enough connection with reality to give it a certain unsettling power" while Darren King in The Observer commented that "it works because Atzmon writes with so much style and his gags are so hilarious".

Atzmon's second novel, My One and Only Love, published in 2005, was described by the BBC as a "comedic narrative on Zionist espionage and intrigue" and a "psychological and political commentary on the personal conflict between being true to one's heart and being loyal to the Jews". By 2010, the two novels had been published in 27 languages.

His A to Zion: The Definitive Israeli Lexicon, published in 2015, is a satirical dictionary illustrated by cartoons from Enzo Apicella.

His Being in Time: A Post-Political Manifesto, was published in 2017. The title is a reference to Martin Heidegger, author of Being and Time. Keith Kahn-Harris argues that book features several antisemitic tropes and that its argument that problematic identity politics are derived from Jewish identity leads to antisemitic conclusions: "for Atzmon, Jewishness is the ultimate source of everything that divides and rules us". Kahn-Harris describes the book as "wrap[ping] crude bigotry within ostensibly elegant prose".

The Wandering Who?
In 2011, Zero Books published Atzmon's third book, ''The Wandering Who? A Study of Jewish Identity Politics'', stating that it "examines Jewish identity politics and Jewish contemporary ideology using both popular culture and scholarly texts". It was translated into Arabic by the Palestinian writer Huzama Habayeb. In the book, Atzmon describes himself as "proud to be a self-hating Jew", and says that his insights are based on the writings of Otto Weininger, who he characterises as "an anti-Semite who loathed almost anything that wasn't Aryan manhood." On the blood libel, the book argues that children should be allowed to ask their teachers "how do they know that the accusations that Jews used the blood of gentile children to back matzot are indeed empty or groundless accusations." Other controversial passages in the book include the statement "Some brave people will say that Hitler was right after all."

Marc H. Ellis likened Atzmon's rhetorical extremism and harsh censure of Jews to the prophetic voices of the Old Testament, arguing that, for Atzmon, diasporic Jews are asked to construct their identity on the basis of the State of Israel and the Holocaust, an identity he regards as without foundation. He added that Atzmon considers charges that he is antisemitic as "last ditch attempts" to validate that identity. In Ellis' view, there may be, in the perceived anxiety in these repeated attacks, a reflection of the same anxiety Atzmon himself arguably embodies.

In The Atlantic, Jeffrey Goldberg described Atzmon as "jazz saxophonist who lives in London and who has a side gig disseminating the wildest sort of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories", and described several instances of Holocaust denial and antisemitic discourse by Atzmon including: describing the Holocaust as "the new Western religion", that Hitler was persecuted by Jews, and that Jews traffic in body parts. Goldberg notes that even Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions activists have repudiated him. According to Goldberg, Atzmon in the book calls for renewed scholarship into the veracity of long-rejected medieval blood libels.

According to Alan Dershowitz, while some prominent academics defended Atzmon and endorsed the book, describing it as "fascinating" and "absorbing and moving", several authors associated with the publisher called on it to distance itself from his views, asserting that "The thrust of Atzmon's work is to normalise and legitimise anti-Semitism".

Timeline
In 2003, Atzmon wrote that: "We must begin to take the accusation that the Jewish people are trying to control the world very seriously",  the blog post was subsequently amended with "Zionists" replacing "the Jewish people" in the original post. Also in 2003, Atzmon wrote that attacks on synagogues and Jewish graves, while not legitimate, should be seen as "political responses".

In April 2005, Atzmon said in a talk with SOAS university students that "I'm not going to say whether it is right or not to burn down a synagogue, I can see that it is a rational act". Atzmon responded that he was quoted inaccurately and out of context and did not mean to justify violence, but that since Israel presents itself as the "state of the Jewish people" the "any form of anti-Jewish activity may be seen as political retaliation."

In a 2005 opinion piece, David Aaronovitch criticised Atzmon for his essay "On Anti-Semitism" and for circulating an article promoting Holocaust denial. In June, members of the Jews Against Zionism (JAZ) group protested in front of a London bookshop against an appearance by Atzmon who was criticised by JAZ for circulating a Paul Eisen work that defended Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel.

In a 2006 opinion piece, David Hirsh criticised what he called Atzmon's "openly anti-Jewish rhetoric", including Jewish deicide.

In 2011, David Landy, an Irish academic and former chair of the Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign, wrote that Atzmon's words, "if not actually anti-Semitic, certainly border on it". In The Guardian, socialist writer Andy Newman argued that Atzmon attributes the oppression of Palestinians to Jewish lobbies and Jewish power rather than to the state of Israel, citing a 2009 article "Tribal Marxism for Dummies" as an example of an antisemitic text: "a wild conspiracy argument, dripping with contempt for Jews".

In 2012, the US Palestinian Community Network published a statement by three members of its National Coordinating Committee and other Palestinian activists, including Ali Abunimah, Naseer Aruri, Omar Barghouti, Nadia Hijab and Joseph Massad, calling for "the disavowal of Atzmon by fellow Palestinian organizers, as well as Palestine solidarity activists, and allies of the Palestinian people" and affirming that "we regard any attempt to link and adopt antisemitic or racist language, even if it is within a self-described anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist politics, as reaffirming and legitimizing Zionism."

At a talk by Richard Falk at LSE in March 2017 at which pro-Israel protestors were expelled for disruption, Atzmon commented that Jews had been "expelled from Germany for misbehaving", and to have recommended the works of David Irving, whose Holocaust denial views are widely known. Atzmon subsequently confirmed that he indeed recommends Irving's work and that in his view "Jews are always expelled for a reason".

According to a joint report by Hope not Hate and Community Security Trust, in 2017 Atzmon gave talk to the conspiracy theory group Keep Talking in which he advanced the argument that the Balfour Declaration transpired to "conceal a century of Jewish political hegemony in Britain".

In 2018, Islington Council stopped Atzmon from performing at the council-owned Islington Assembly Hall, as the council feared Atzmon's appearance could harm relationships between different races and religions.

Anti-racism organisations
David Neiwert, writing in the Southern Poverty Law Center's Hatewatch, described Atzmon as "a self-described 'self-hating ex-Jew' whose writings and pronouncements are rich in conspiracy theories, Holocaust trivialization and distortion, and open support of anti-Israeli terrorist groups."

The Anti-Defamation League described Atzmon as "an outspoken promoter of classic anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and a fierce critic of the State of Israel (who) has engaged in Holocaust diminution and has defended the right of Holocaust deniers to challenge historical narratives and offer revisionist theories about the Holocaust.".

Hope not Hate described Atzmon as "an antisemite who has promoted the works of Holocaust deniers", relating the Holocaust denial support mainly to circulating a work of Paul Eisen. Atzmon has described Hope Not Hate as "an integral part of the Zionist network, dedicated to promoting Jewish tribal politics".

Scholarship
According to David Hirsh, writing in 2017, Atzmon attempted to lead an antisemitic purge of the anti-Zionist movement, which however runs counter to the anti-racist values of most anti-Zionists. Despite this, it took some time for the Palestine Solidarity Campaign and Socialist Workers Party, which had collaborated closely with him since 2004, to stop treating Atzmon as legitimate.

Nicolas Terry, a historian of the Holocaust and of Holocaust revisionism at the University of Exeter, also writing in 2017, characterised Atzmon, along with Paul Eisen and Israel Shamir, as one of the very few Jewish Holocaust deniers who were associated with Deir Yassin Remembered. Terry notes that after the Palestine Solidarity Campaign expelled several Holocaust deniers, Atzmon rallied other sympathisers around the Deliberation website.

According to Spencer Sunshine, a researcher on the far-right writing in 2019, Atzmon along with Israel Shamir and Alison Weir forms an axis of crypto-antisemites who recycle traditional antisemitic conspiracy theories with the replacement of "the Jews" with a code word or synecdoche. Sunshine states that Atzmon denounces Judaism itself as the root issue in Zionism, with Atzmon framing Israeli atrocities as a "historic relationship to gentiles, an authentic expression of an essentially racist, immoral, and anti-human 'Jewish ideology.'". Sunshine notes that Atzmon's appearances on White nationalist media such as Counter Currents has not stopped Atzmon from being platformed in left-wing publications such as CounterPunch.

Responses
Atzmon has described charges of antisemitism as being a "common Zionist silencing apparatus" and said that "there is an international smear campaign against me".

According to Atzmon, his statements have lost him performance contracts, especially in the United States, while in Britain, the Campaign Against Antisemitism has sought to stop him performing.

In 2009, Atzmon said "I've got nothing against the Semite people, I don't have anything against people — I'm anti-Jewish, not anti-Jews".

In 2012, Norton Mezvinsky wrote that "Gilad Atzmon is a critical and committed secular humanist with firm views, who delights in being provocative".

Socialist Workers Party
Atzmon performed at Socialist Workers Party (SWP) events for several years from 2004,   and was promoted by the party as delivering "fearless tirades against Zionism", according to David Aaronovitch. Martin Smith defended Atzmon against Aaronovitch's allegations on behalf of the SWP. In 2006, arguing that, because Atzmon believed the text of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a hoax from the early 20th century, was a valid reflection of contemporary America, Oliver Kamm wrote in The Times that the SWP were "allying with classic anti-Semitism". Atzmon and the SWP were similarly accused by other writers. The party eventually severed their association with Atzmon.

Libel case
In July 2018, Atzmon was forced to apologise to Gideon Falter, the chairman of the Campaign Against Antisemitism, and agreed to pay costs and damages, after being sued for libel. Atzmon had falsely alleged that Falter had profited from fabricating antisemitic incidents. Atzmon sought help from readers of his website to cover the remaining £40,000 of legal costs and damages.

Personal life
Atzmon is married with two children and lives in London.

Discography

 * The Spirit of Trane (Fanfare Jazz, 2017)
 * World Peace Trio (Enja, 2017)
 * The Whistle Blower (Fanfare Jazz, 2014)
 * Songs of the Metropolis (World Village, 2013)
 * For the Ghosts Within with Robert Wyatt and Ros Stephen (Domino, 2010)
 * The Tide Has Changed (World Village, 2010)
 * In Loving Memory of America (Enja, 2009)
 * Refuge (Enja, 2007)
 * Artie Fishel and the Promised Band (WMD, 2006)
 * MusiK with Robert Wyatt (Enja, 2004)
 * Exile (Enja, 2004)
 * Nostalgico (Enja, 2001)
 * Gilad Atzmon & The Orient House Ensemble (Enja, 2000)
 * Juizz Muzic (Fruitbeard, 1999)
 * Take It or Leave It (Face Jazz, 1997)
 * Spiel: Both Sides (MCI, 1995)
 * Spiel Acid Jazz Band (MCI, 1995)
 * Spiel (In Acoustic & H.M. Acoustica, 1993)

Filmography

 * Gilad and All That Jazz (Contra Image, 2012)

title: Gilad Atzmon


text:
Sta-Prest (band)

Sta-Prest was a multi-racial queercore and riot grrrl band from San Francisco that was active in the 1990s. The group members included Aloofah (Iraya Robles) and D.M. Feelings (Gary Fembot).

Musical career
The band first made its appearance on the queercore record label Outpunk Records in 1994, on its compilation Outpunk Dance Party. Soon afterwards they released their first EP, Vespa Sex, also on Outpunk, followed in 1996 by the 7-inch single "Let's Be Friendly With Our Friends/You Are The Company Spy". Like other bands influenced by the nascent riot grrrl scene in Olympia, Washington, New York no wave, and European post-punk, core members of Sta-Prest - Aloofah (Iraya Robles), Dudley Manlove a.k.a. D.M. Feelings (Gary Fembot), and Professor Swish (Mark Bishop) - adopted pseudonyms, swapped instruments between songs, and practiced a consensus-based approach to song composition. A revolving membership included Tetley, Twi Tybat, Clutch-y-Spun, and Scout. Their avant-pop sound and combination of male and female vocals were unique in the Queercore scene.

After Outpunk Records ceased to exist, the band recorded for the label Kill Rock Stars, releasing their final 7-inch single "Form Fitting/Diffy Peeps".

In 2002, Aloofah, (Iraya Robles) and Dudley Manlove, (Gary Fembot), appeared in Maximum Rocknroll's "Queer Punk" issue, featured in a discussion with the queer-identified musicians Martin Sorrondeguy of both Los Crudos and Limp Wrist and Aaron Detroit of The Little Deaths.

Spin-off bands from Sta-Prest include Feelings On A Grid, with Dudley Manlove a.k.a. D.M. Feelings (Gary Fembot) and Le Grid, a.k.a. Stanley Lamontagne, both heavily influenced by the sounds and aesthetics of the electropunk bands Suicide and The Screamers.

Professor Swish, now Mmothra, privately released a recording of ambient digital loopscapes after the style of Nurse with Wound and :zoviet*France, entitled Neurotic Styles. Gary Fembot played keyboards and sang with the band Puce Moment. The band's name was taken from Kenneth Anger's film Puce Moment.

Dudley Manlove (Gary Fembot) and Professor Swish (Mark Bishop) recorded as The Swishin' Duds, and are included on the soundtrack of the 2008 movie The Lollipop Generation by G.B. Jones, in which Gary Fembot appears in a cameo role.

Films
In the mid-1990s, Robles co-wrote the script for Jill Reiter's film In Search of Margo-Go, which co-starred Reiter and Bikini Kill's Kathleen Hanna. The film was considered a lost riot grrrl film for many years, until it screened in 2014.

In 1997, Sta-Prest appeared in performance in the seminal documentary film She's Real, Worse Than Queer by Lucy Thane.

As well, they produced a video for one of their songs for the Kill Rock Stars video compilation, Kill Rock Stars Video Fanzine, which also included a short movie by member Gary Fembot, called The Oners.

Discography

 * "Nelly Strut/Suspiria" on Outpunk Dance Party, Outpunk Records OUT12CD, 1994
 * Vespa Sex 7-inch EP on Outpunk Records OUT15, 1995
 * "Let's Be Friendly With Our Friends/You Are The Company Spy" 7-inch single on Outpunk Records OUT19, 1996
 * "Form Fitting/Diffy Peeps" on Kill Rock Stars Mailorder Freaks Singles Club 7-inch single, 1998
 * Kill Rock Stars Video Fanzine No. 2

title: Sta-Prest (band)


text:
Priestweston

Priestweston (or Priest Weston) is a small village in the civil parish of Chirbury with Brompton, Shropshire, England, lying in the Welsh Marches. Its name is based on the Old English for "western settlement (tun)", with the affix priest in reference to the estate of the Prior of Chirbury at Weston Parva. It was mentioned in Domesday, and later became part of the possessions of the Botterell family.

The village is located near to the English-Welsh border, at the foot of Corndon Hill. Due to a quirk of the border geography in the area of Corndon Hill, the nearest village in Wales, White Grit, lies to the east of Priestweston.

Second World War Victoria Cross winner John Brunt was born there in 1922 and his family lived there before moving to near Whittington some six years later. An outdoor memorial plaque to his memory was put up in the village in May 2004.

The village church at Middleton-in-Chirbury is located a mile from Priestweston.

A megalithic stone circle known as Mitchell's Fold is located within Shropshire on nearby Stapeley Hill, and there are also remains of a second circle, known as the Whetstones, a short distance to the east over the Welsh border in Montgomeryshire. There is also a traditional pub, The Miner's Arms.

National Cycle Route 44 passes through the village.

title: Priestweston


text:
File:Rydz.JPG

Edward Rydz, Old Church in Zakopane

from wikipedia.de

title: File:Rydz.JPG


text:
Alexandria Codex

The Alexandria Codex of Sofia is a 15th-century manuscript collection that includes the illustrated "Alexandria", the Trojan Legend (a story about the Trojan war), the Legend for the Indian Kingdom, and various liturgical articles, proverbs and texts devoted to fortune-telling.

Description
The manuscript pages measure 21 х 14 centimeters. It is in the collection of the SS Cyril and Methodius National Library.

Provenance
The manuscript was for a long time in the possession of Mano Kalpakchim, a well-known contractor and book-lover of the 18th century. It is now at the Bulgarian National Library in Sofia, courtesy of N. Hristov of Tzaribrod, Serbia.

Analysis
Among others, the manuscript collection discusses the well-known life-story of Alexander the Great, the son of Philip II, king of Macedon, who lived in the 4th century BC, and subjects classified as secular Middle Ages literature, including Southern Slavic literature.

In the Middle Ages, the Latin version of the manuscript collection was widely available in Western Europe. One of them, created in the 10th century, served as a basis for many adaptations in the French, German and Czech literatures. Two versions appeared in different times in the Slavic south: Bulgarian (10th–11th century) and Serbian (end of the 13th century, and the beginning of the 14th century. The Bulgarian National Library manuscript is one of the earliest Slavic transcriptions of this work, abounding in illustrations. It contains the Serbian version of the story, popularly known as the "Serbian Alexandria". As a typical work of the literature of the fantastic heroes, with a rich and entertaining narrative, this story was well known in the 14th century and 15th century in the Slavic world. Encouraged by printed editions of the work, interest in it continued until the 19th century.

title: Alexandria Codex


text:
Kotaro Shimomura

Kotaro Shimomura (下村 孝太郎) was a Japanese chemical engineer known for many famous inventions. He coined the term for chemical engineering, kagaku-kōgaku (化学工学), in Japanese in 1909.

Early life and education
Shimomura was born in Kumamoto, the eldest son in a samurai family, shortly before the Meiji Restoration. When about 12 years of age, he attended the Kumamoto Yogakko where American soldier Capt. L. L. James was engaged. In 1876, he was studying theology in Doshisha. He went to America in 1885 when 25 years of age, and he entered the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He took the degree of B.S. He went to Johns Hopkins University where he worked in organic chemistry under Prof. Ira Remsen. He also obtained practical technique of Solvay in Bruxelles.

Coke-oven and Coke manufacture
Dr. Shimomura was the first to produce coke on a large scale in quality and hardness equal to best English and German coke by suitable blending of materials and suitable method of heating, which eventually superseded the foreign articles entire

He erected the first by-product ovens in Japan, and when built and started, the enterprise was considered to be a reckless endeavor. But gradually the number of ovens has increased and there were more than a thousand coke-ovens of by-product type. This method of blending was adopted by all the subsequent manufacturers.

Ammonium sulphate, naphthalene and benzene
Shimomura was one of the earliest workers on ammonium sulphate to produce it on a large scale and put it on the market as a fertilizer in the days when its superiority to sodium nitrate in Japanese soils was not very well recognized. He was not an expert in tar distillation and was among the first to produce naphthalene in powder, balls and cakes at a time when its smell was objected to as something unbearable.

He was the first to put up a plant to extract benzene from coke-oven gas, when it was thought that it would not sell. This fear was subsequently contradicted by increased demand for benzene as solvent, motor oil and also an important raw material for dyestuffs. In the time of the world war, Japan was amply provided with benzene obtained from coke-oven gas to make the manufacture of dyestuffs independent of foreign supply.

Gas industry
When Dr. Shimomura became connected with Osaka Gas Company, it was producing to supply about 700,000 c. ft. per day of gas. As a director, he was responsible for the extensions up to the several millions c. ft. a day. With the Osaka Seimi Works Company a similar growth took place and he was responsible for the works development from one battery to three batteries, from 16 to 73 ovens, from 600 tons of coke to 6000 tons per month.

In the year 1909 he determined to devote the surplus gas of the by-product ovens of the Seimi Works of two companies, the Osaka Gas and the Seimi, and by means of a compressor which had been used for riveting a gas-holder, about 200,00 c. ft. were sent out daily under high pressure. This is regarded as the first attempt in Japan to use the high-pressure conveyance, the method since then becoming so prevalent in this country,

Wood preserving industry
The importance of subjecting railway sleepers to some preserving process was insisted on by Dr. Shiga, and a company was formed to use creosote oil mixed with Zinc compound; but owing to the lack of tar oil, the enterprise was in a precarious condition, when Dr. Shimomura was enabled to put a large quantity of creosote oil to its use, resulting in the formation of the Toyo Wood Preserving Company. The wood preserving business has steadily developed.

Dyestuff manufacture
In his travels abroad, besides investigating coke-ovens, he took every opportunity to get a glimpse of the dyestuffs works and was favored with rare chances of inspecting inside of some works in England. When the world war broke out, he was found to be one of the very few among native chemists who had given any attention to the preparation of dyestuffs and was asked to take the position of the managing chief chemist to start the works of company, - the Japan Dyestuff Manufacturing Company. In view of the extraordinary circumstances, he consented to do so in spite of the impaired eyesight under which he was suffering. Thus was inaugurated the manufacturing of the dyestuffs on a large scale, one of the most ambitious projects that Japan had ever undertaken in competition with the West.

Doshisha University
Shimomura was the organizer of the Harris School of Science at Doshisha University in Kyoto and served as professor of chemistry from 1889 to 1896. He was also a trustee of the college and was twice elected as honorary president.

Positions held
Doshisha University:
 * The sixth honorary president of Doshisha University (1904 - 1907)

Osaka Seimi Works Company (amalgamation with the Osaka Gas Company):
 * Chief Engineer (1899-1907)
 * Managing Director and Chief Engineer (1905-1923)
 * President (1923)

Osaka Gas Company:
 * Consulting Engineer (1905-1907)
 * Chief Engineer (1907-1916)
 * Director (1919)
 * Managing Director (1926-1928)

Toyo (Oriental) Wood Preserving Company:
 * Technical Adviser (1907-1918)
 * Director (1918)
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors(1924)

Kobe Gas Company:
 * Technical Advisor (1910)

Japan Dyestuff Manufacturing Company (amalgamation with the Sumitomo Chemical):
 * Managing Chief Chemist (1916-1918)
 * Technical Advisor (1918)

title: Kotaro Shimomura


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Talk:Tommy Muñiz

English Tidy
I have tightened up the use of English - as it was too chatty and not encylcopaedic. A curate's egg 10:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There's plenty of work to be done on this one, still... 70.45.24.84 06:58, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
OK, Wikipedia poobahs, can you wait until this article is even remotely complete before you start marking it with a dozen tags demanding to improve it? I do have evidence for everything that will be posted here. I do mention that there are two books about Muñiz, plus tons of web articles on the guy, and I plan to quote them. I can't care less if the guy is portrayed positively or negatively on an article, I just don't have the time to summarize 85 years of a rather productive life and career in just one session. Chill! Demf (talk) 22:14, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tommy Muñiz


text:
Talk:Otilio Warrington

English Tidy
I have tightened up the use of English - as it was too chatty and not encylcopaedic. A curate's egg 10:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otilio Warrington


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Principality of Izyaslavl

The Principality of Izyaslavl or Zaslawye (Княства Заслаўскае) was a minor district of the former Principality of Polotsk, which it had split from in the 12th century. It split along with Polotsk, Minsk, Vitebsk, Drutsk and Logozhsk. These fragmented territories were ruled by Vseslav of Polotsk's many sons and grandsons. Later, there would be a failed attempt to unite the territory.

title: Principality of Izyaslavl


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User:Armeck

hes a cool dude

title: User:Armeck


text:
Bohemian

Bohemian or Bohemians may refer to:

 * Anything of or relating to Bohemia

Culture and arts

 * Bohemianism, an unconventional lifestyle, originally practised by 19th–20th century European and American artists and writers.
 * Bohemian style, a fashion movement
 * La bohème, an opera by Giacomo Puccini
 * Bohemian (band), South Korean pop group
 * Bohemian glass or crystal
 * Edie Brickell & New Bohemians, an alternative rock band formed in the 1980s

Peoples

 * Bohemians, anyone from or residing in Bohemia
 * Bohemian Roma, a subgroup of the Romani people
 * Bohemian Romani, a dialect of Romani
 * Bohemians (tribe), an early Slavic tribe in Bohemia
 * Bohemian language
 * Bohemian diaspora
 * German Bohemians, ethnically German inhabitants of Bohemia
 * Bohemian Jews, Jewish inhabitants of Bohemia

Sports

 * Bohemian F.C., an Irish club founded in 1890
 * Bohemians 1905, a Czech club founded in 1905
 * Bohemian Sporting Club, a former club from the Philippines
 * FK Bohemians Prague (Střížkov), a Czech club founded in 1996
 * UL Bohemians R.F.C., an Irish rugby union club
 * Vålerenga Fotball, a Norwegian club nicknamed The Bohemians.

Other

 * Bohemian Massif, a mountainous region of central Czech Republic, eastern Germany, southern Poland and northern Austria
 * Bohemian, a brand of beer brewed by Molson Coors
 * The Bohemian (Renoir painting), a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir completed in 1868
 * The Bohemian (Bouguereau painting), a painting by William-Adolphe Bouguereau completed in 1890

title: Bohemian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hindu Pushup

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 16:05, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hindu Pushup
How-to yoga position, nowhere to merge it, delete--nixie 10:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Keep it.
 * Re-write, perhaps re-name, but keep. We have pages on sex positions, so one on a pushup hardly seems unreasonable.  Blackcats 11:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I should point out that this is not a standard position, it's one made by a personal trainer/yogi, so within yoga it is not notable. --nixie 13:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 11:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not even a standard position. I could see the lotus position having an article, but not this. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:38, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The title of the position alone could be construed as a vague or implicit religious slur. Jasonglchu 15:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - If a notable and verifiable position has a name that is a vaguely or implicitly religious slur, we should still have an article on that position. -- Jonel 19:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment; Regardless, it's non-notable. jglc | t | c 20:08, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. carmeld1 04:43, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-write, perhaps re-name, but keep. As a fitness dork, I belive that this excercise position is notable. Sorry if this vote/comment was done improperly.  I have never spoke-up before. 67.167.120.201

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Goodnight, Seattle

"Goodnight, Seattle" is the series finale of the American television sitcom Frasier. It is the 23rd and 24th episode of the eleventh season and the 263rd and the 264th episode overall. Written by Christopher Lloyd and Joe Keenan and directed by David Lee, the episode originally aired on NBC on May 13, 2004. The episode was viewed by 33.7 million people, being the 11th-most-watched series finale and the 7th-most-watched from NBC. The episode had an overwhelmingly positive reception. In 2011, the finale was ranked #17 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.

Plot
Frasier (Kelsey Grammer) is on an airplane when he is surprised by the anxiety that the woman sitting next to him suffers during the flight. The woman introduces herself as Dr. Anne Ranberg (Jennifer Beals), also a psychiatrist. After brief deliberation, Frasier decides to disclose what is on his mind, in hopes that it will help pass the time on the flight. The story is shown in flashback:

Frasier's girlfriend, Charlotte (Laura Linney), is leaving for Chicago, leaving Frasier devoid of any current love life. When Frasier and Charlotte spontaneously sleep together, Frasier misses his regularly scheduled radio show. This results in station manager Kenny Daly filling in at the last minute and quickly starting to enjoy himself. Once Frasier arrives, he makes up an excuse that he was at the doctor. Frasier's agent, Bebe (Harriet Sansom Harris), arrives to tell him about a radio station in San Francisco that has offered him a better-paying job, but Frasier quickly declines, citing his comfort with his present situation at KACL.

In the meantime, Frasier's brother Niles (David Hyde Pierce) and Niles' wife Daphne (Jane Leeves) are anticipating the birth of their child, and three of Daphne's brothers, Simon, Stephen, and Michael, are in Seattle in anticipation of Daphne's childbirth. Frasier and Niles' father, Martin (John Mahoney), is also set to be married to Ronee (Wendie Malick). A mishap occurs when they learn that Martin accidentally booked the wedding venue for May 15 (his dog Eddie's birthday) instead of July 15. Frasier and Niles agree to plan the wedding in eight days.

As the two are frantically putting the wedding together, both Frasier and Niles encounter numerous difficulties. Frasier has arranged for a ceremonial cannon-firing when Martin and Ronee are officially declared married. However, the person responsible for firing the cannon gets heat stroke and faints from standing out in the sun too long. Michael volunteers to do the job instead and is told the cue from Frasier. Frasier and Niles also have find a replacement for the flower girl, as Daphne's brothers have accidentally intoxicated her to calm her nerves. Roz (Peri Gilpin) allows her daughter Alice to do the job; but when repeating the same cue to Roz, Michael fires off the cannon, creating havoc. Niles drops one of the wedding rings and Daphne realizes Eddie has eaten it.

Daphne and Niles take Eddie to a local veterinarian. While they are at the vet's office, Daphne goes into labor. Frasier, Martin, and Ronee all hurry to the clinic, where Daphne has given birth to the couple's first son, David. Ronee suggests that she and Martin get married in the clinic, so Daphne and Niles do not miss out, and Frasier marries them.

Later, a mover arrives to Frasier's apartment to take away Martin's chair. He finds himself with the peace and quiet he has said throughout the series that he is desperate for. However, with Martin having moved out and Niles and Daphne busy with their new son, Frasier realizes that he is lonely. He decides to accept the job offer in San Francisco, which had been improved to include a weekly television spot. Bebe refers Frasier to a doctor for treatment to alleviate his crow's feet in anticipation. However, Frasier is unhappy with the work which leaves his eyes prone to watering.

Frasier invites his brother, father, Daphne, Ronee, and Roz, who has just been announced as the new station manager, to his apartment to announce his move to San Francisco. When they overhear a call from the Frasier's doctor on the answering machine being "sorry about the results", and Frasier begins giving away some of his sentimental possessions, they fear Frasier is dying. Frasier surprises them with the news that he is in fact moving to San Francisco, where his new show will begin the following week. During the evening, Martin sits in the chair Frasier has placed in the spot of his old recliner. He realizes the chair is comfortable and that he would have been okay with the fashionable piece, much to Frasier's chagrin. Niles comments that he was worried he would have nothing in common with his new son, and Martin commiserates and imparts the wisdom that, "it all works out".

Later, during the celebration, Frasier reveals his reasoning for taking the job, citing how Daphne and Niles, Martin and Ronee, and Roz have all started a new phrase of their lives. Frasier now desires to do the same. Frasier then recites Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem "Ulysses". He reads the same poem at the end of his final show at KACL, where he thanks the staff and listeners for the past eleven years before closing with his signature words, "Goodnight, Seattle." Frasier finishes his story just as the plane lands, to reveal that Frasier is landing in Chicago, where Charlotte had moved, and not in San Francisco. He tells Anne that he knows he would always regret it if he did not take the chance, and asks her to wish him luck as the screen fades to black.

title: Goodnight, Seattle


text:
King William Street, Adelaide

King William Street is the part of a major arterial road that traverses the CBD and centre of Adelaide, continuing as King William Road to the north of North Terrace and south of Greenhill Road; between South Terrace and Greenhill Road it is called Peacock Road. At approximately 40 m wide, King William Street is the widest main street of all the Australian State capital cities. Named after King William IV in 1837, it is historically considered one of Adelaide's high streets, for its focal point of businesses, shops and other prominent establishments. The Glenelg tram line runs along the middle of the street through the city centre.

History
King William Street was named by the Street Naming Committee on 23 May 1837 after King William IV, the then reigning monarch, who died within a month. It is historically considered one of Adelaide's high streets, for its focal point of businesses, shops and other prominent establishments.

In August 1977, the first bus lane in Adelaide opened along King William Street from Victoria Square to North Terrace.

Description
The name King William is applied several times to the continuous stretch of road that begins in the inner southern suburbs and terminates in North Adelaide. Where it runs through the Adelaide city centre from South Terrace to North Terrace, it is named "King William Street"; elsewhere it is named "King William Road".

It starts in the south as King William Road, at the north edge of Heywood Park in Unley Park, and runs through Hyde Park and Unley to Greenhill Road. The road through the south parklands is named Peacock Road after Caleb Peacock who was Mayor of Adelaide from 1875 to 1877. Through the Adelaide city centre it is King William Street and continues north from North Terrace as King William Road to Brougham Place, North Adelaide.

At approximately 40 m wide, King William Street is the widest main street of all the Australian State capital cities.

The road continues north to National Highway 1 as O'Connell Street, but the name King William is not again used. The northern section called King William Road (connecting the Adelaide city centre with North Adelaide) passes several of Adelaide's landmarks, including Government House, Elder Park, the Adelaide Festival Centre, Adelaide Oval and St Peter's Cathedral. The section from North Terrace over the Adelaide Bridge to Pennington Terrace was named King William Road at the opening of the bridge in 1877.

Until the 1960s, trams used King William Street as a major backbone of the network, with a grand union junction at North Terrace and only one pair of tracks missing between Grenfell and Currie Streets. When most of the tram lines were dismantled in the 1950s, only the Glenelg tram line remained, and it used King William Street between South Terrace and its terminus at Victoria Square.

In 2007, the tram line was extended to run the full length of King William Street again, turning left onto North Terrace and terminating at Adelaide railway station, later extended westwards via Port Road to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre. In 2018, another expansion of the tram routes replaced the turn at the intersection of North Terrace and King William Street with a junction, and a short spur to a stop outside the Adelaide Festival Centre as well as an eastward extension along North Terrace to the Adelaide Botanic Garden. Tracks go in all four directions, but not all turning movements are supported.

King's Theatre / Ballroom
The King's Theatre, at no. 318, was designed by the brothers-in-law David Williams (1856–1940) and Charles Thomas Good (1864–1926), who, working in their practice Williams & Good, also designed the New Tivoli Theatre (later Her Majesty's.  The theatre was located on the north-east corner of King William and Carrington Streets, with main entrances on both, opened in February 1911 and closed in 1928. It had a seating capacity of 1500, on seats upholstered in blue velvet. Its proscenium arch was 26 ft by 28 ft. It was built by Messrs Tolley. Intended mainly for vaudeville performances, the theatre was however reported to be a poor venue, "plagued by poor sightlines and inadequate ventilation".  Adelaide Repertory Theatre staged at least two performances there, in 1919. The ceiling and other features of the theatre were damaged by fire on 26 September 1927.

The theatre was sold by Majestic Amusements (who had bought it from Fuller Theatres Ltd) in February 1928 to Mr P. J. A. Lawrence, and closed for remodelling on 28 March 1928, when it was completely rebuilt into a two-storey building. A large ballroom occupied the lower floor, buffered with rubber, The building was opened as the Kings Ballroom on 22 August 1928 (also referred to as the King's Theatre Ballroom, and Golden Ballroom ). With its entrance in Carrington Street, the ballroom was open to "suitably attired" members of the public each Wednesday and Saturday night, and competitions were held there.

A serious fire forced closure in 1975, after which it remained vacant for several years, eventually being transformed into legal offices in the 1980s.

Majestic / Warner Theatre

The building at 100 King William Street was also designed by Williams & Good. It was constructed in 1848, comprising a hotel and concert hall commissioned by proprietor George White and designed by George Strickland Kingston. White's Adelaide Assembly and Concert Room opened on 26 June 1856. It was refitted as Garner's Theatre (proprietor Alfred Garner) in 1886, with decorations by George Gordon. It was taken over by new proprietor Tommy Hudson, and renamed Hudson's Bijou in 1892. In 1900, Harry Rickards purchased the building and reopened it as the Tivoli Theatre, which operated briefly as a cinema, called the Star Theatre.

The Majestic Theatre opened as a picture theatre on 3 June 1916, having undergone a conversion costing £18,000. It stood alongside the Majestic Hotel, and was described as "the most modern theatre in Adelaide" in that year. It was one of the city's leading picture theatres until 1967, when it was renovated and became the Celebrity Theatre and Restaurant. Two years later it was reinvented as a cinema and live theatre, called the Warner Theatre, owned by City Projects Pty Ltd from 1969. Notable performances at the Warner include the Eleo Pomare Dance Company of New York City in 1972, Don's Party in 1975, and The Rocky Horror Show in 1977. Rocky Horror only ran for around two months as it was not a successful production.

The theatre finally closed on 31 March 1979. Both the old theatre and hotel and the Commonwealth Bank buildings (both on the eastern side of the street) were demolished in 1980.

Junctions and street name changes
Between North Terrace and South Terrace, all east-west roads change their names as they cross King William Street. It is said this is because no one was allowed to "cross the path of a monarch". Travelling south from North Terrace, the street pairs are:

In popular culture
King William Road was referenced in the John Schumann song "Hyde Park Calling (King William Road Scene 1)" on the 1993 album True Believers.

title: King William Street, Adelaide


text:
Mona Vale, New South Wales

Mona Vale is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 28 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in an area known as the Northern Beaches. Formerly the administrative centre of Pittwater Council, it is now located in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. The traditional custodians of the area are the Garigal people. It is often colloquially referred to as "Mona".

History
The area was known as "Bongin Bongin" by Aboriginal Peoples. The initial land grants in the district of Pittwater were not made until April 1813, and those sections which now comprise Mona Vale, first surveyed in May 1814, were granted to Robert Campbell (1769–1846). These were originally part of 700 acre that extended northwards from Mona Vale to the end of Newport beach. Local lore suggests the name Mona Vale was chosen by Campbell in remembrance of a town bearing the same name in Scotland, however the exact location of this place remains a mystery.

Pittwater Council, after the council chambers moved from Warriewood. Since then, Pittwater Council has been amalgamated with Warringah and Manly to form the Northern Beaches Council.

Landmarks
Mona Vale has two primary schools and a high school, an RSL club, a park, public library, golf course, hospital, a world class skate park, a bus depot, three supermarkets, and a variety of shops and businesses. There are also a number of pathways and walking tracks around the area.

Mona Vale Hospital is the local public healthcare facility, which has been undergoing a process of re-development since the opening of the newly built Northern Beaches Hospital. Mona Vale has a shallow beach (formerly known as "Bongin Bongin" Beach) which has a children's and lap pool at its northern end, with the main beach adjoining the golf course and a number of parks and reserves. There is a second beach north of this which is known as "The Basin" with a concentrated wave which, since the early 2000s, has been known as "Whomp" which is popular with body boarders. Mona Vale is a popular beach for surfing with beach breaks including "Main", "Suck Rock" which holds the annual competition known as KOTR or king of the rock, and "Rip Bowl".

Population
In the 2016 Census there were 10,670 people domiciled in Mona Vale, of which 70.7% of these were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were England 8.0%, New Zealand 2.2% and South Africa 1.4%. The area is relatively linguistically homogeneous, with 84.8% of residents speaking only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Serbian 1.1%, German 1.0% and Croatian 1.0%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 30.6%, Catholic 24.5% and Anglican 20.7%.

Transport
Mona Vale is located at the junction of two major roads (Mona Vale Road A3 and Pittwater Road A8) and is accessible by B-Line bus from central Sydney (Wynyard Station). There is a local bus depot located on Darley Street.

Churches
Mona Vale is home to the following churches:

 * Sacred Heart Catholic Church
 * Mona Vale Anglican Church
 * Christian Life Centre
 * Mona Vale Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Healing Word Church
 * Pittwater Wesleyan Methodist Church
 * Ignite Cafe Church

Education
Mona Vale is home to three schools; two primary and one secondary:
 * Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School
 * Mona Vale Public School
 * Pittwater High School

Sports
Whilst many of the outdoor activities which take place in Mona Vale are aquatic, the suburb is also home to a variety of sporting clubs and associations:

 * Mona Vale Raiders Rugby League Club
 * Pittwater RSL Soccer Club
 * Peninsula Netball Club
 * Mona Vale Cricket Club
 * Peninsula Junior Cricket Club
 * Mona Vale Surf Lifesaving Club
 * Mona Vale Boardriders
 * Mona Vale Commodores Netball Club
 * Pittwater Tigers AFL Club
 * Pittwater Aquatic Club

title: Mona Vale, New South Wales


text:
Talk:King William Street, Adelaide

Untitled
Can somebody verify my passage on "Never cross the King"? Also, I do not know which King William King William St. is named after. Some photos would be good. I'll take care of it if I remember next time I travel to the city. --Avochelm 10:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a photo I uploaded some time ago. More would still be nice. I can't say I've ever heard of the "never cross the King" thing before, but it sounds as though it might be view taken by many. From my readings on Adelaide, my understanding that the naming of streets in Adelaide was reached by compromise - many of the founders were posturing to have streets named after them, and Hindmarsh demanded to have the last say. Actually in one of the books I've read, there was a fair bit on Adelaide streets. When I'm in my mid-year break, I'll attempt to expand a little. --[[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|20px]]  Cyber  junkie  14:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A quick google for the phrase results in nothing, and what about North & South Terrace? both 'Cross the King'--Oli
 * Watching "Postcards" the other day, they mentioned the "Cross the King" thing, saying "a commoner's name wasn;t allowed to cross the King" or something along those lines. It's a harmless legend in any case.--[[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|15px]] Cyberjunkie   TALK  10:33, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

There is a road and a street
Frome and King William are in two parts. North of North Terrace they are a road and south of that they are a street. This article has the wrong picture (it shows the road) and the text is about things on the road. Softgrow 11:17, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the image with a SATC image showing King William Street from an elevated vantage towards North Terrace and King William Road.--cj | talk 12:32, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation style
Note: There is a proposal at WT:AURD to rename this article (and others) to conform to the WP:AURDNAME guideline – specifically, using brackets instead of a comma for disambiguation. - Evad37 [talk] 08:52, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Nickname
Does anyone now jocularly refer to the street as "Kaiser Wilhelmstrasse"? Doug butler (talk) 20:27, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:King William Street, Adelaide