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Redundancy (engineering)

In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threaded computer processing.

In many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft, some parts of the control system may be triplicated, which is formally termed triple modular redundancy (TMR). An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two. In a triply redundant system, the system has three sub components, all three of which must fail before the system fails. Since each one rarely fails, and the sub components are designed to preclude common failure modes (which can then be modelled as independent failure), the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small; it is often outweighed by other risk factors, such as human error. Electrical surges arising from lightning strikes are an example of a failure mode which is difficult to fully isolate, unless the components are powered from independent power busses and have no direct electrical pathway in their interconnect (communication by some means is required for voting). Redundancy may also be known by the terms "majority voting systems" or "voting logic".

Redundancy sometimes produces less, instead of greater reliability – it creates a more complex system which is prone to various issues, it may lead to human neglect of duty, and may lead to higher production demands which by overstressing the system may make it less safe.

Redundancy is one form of robustness as practiced in computer science.

Geographic redundancy has become important in the data center industry, to safeguard data against natural disasters and political instability (see below).

Forms of redundancy
In computer science, there are four major forms of redundancy:
 * Hardware redundancy, such as dual modular redundancy and triple modular redundancy
 * Information redundancy, such as error detection and correction methods
 * Time redundancy, performing the same operation multiple times such as multiple executions of a program or multiple copies of data transmitted
 * Software redundancy such as N-version programming

A modified form of software redundancy, applied to hardware may be: Structures are usually designed with redundant parts as well, ensuring that if one part fails, the entire structure will not collapse. A structure without redundancy is called fracture-critical, meaning that a single broken component can cause the collapse of the entire structure. Bridges that failed due to lack of redundancy include the Silver Bridge and the Interstate 5 bridge over the Skagit River.
 * Distinct functional redundancy, such as both mechanical and hydraulic braking in a car. Applied in the case of software, code written independently and distinctly different but producing the same results for the same inputs.

Parallel and combined systems demonstrate different level of redundancy. The models are subject of studies in reliability and safety engineering.

Dissimilar redundancy
Unlike traditional redundancy, which uses more than one of the same thing, dissimilar redundancy uses different things. The idea is that the different things are unlikely to contain identical flaws. The voting method may involve additional complexity if the two things take different amounts of time. Dissimilar redundancy is often used with software, because identical software contains identical flaws.

The chance of failure is reduced by using at least two different types of each of the following
 * processors,
 * operating systems,
 * software,
 * sensors,
 * types of actuators (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, manual mechanical, etc.)
 * communications protocols,
 * communications hardware,
 * communications networks,
 * communications paths

Geographic redundancy
Geographic redundancy corrects the vulnerabilities of redundant devices deployed by geographically separating backup devices. Geographic redundancy reduces the likelihood of events such as power outages, floods, HVAC failures, lightning strikes, tornadoes, building fires, wildfires, and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it.

Geographic redundancy locations can be
 * more than 621 mi continental,
 * more than 62 miles apart and less than 93 mi apart,
 * less than 62 miles apart, but not on the same campus, or
 * different buildings that are more than 300 ft apart on the same campus.

The following methods can reduce the risks of damage by a fire conflagration:
 * large buildings at least 80 ft to 110 ft apart, but sometimes a minimum of 210 ft apart.
 * high-rise buildings at least 25 m apart
 * open spaces clear of flammable vegetation within 200 ft on each side of objects
 * different wings on the same building, in rooms that are separated by more than 300 ft
 * different floors on the same wing of a building in rooms that are horizontally offset by a minimum of 70 ft with fire walls between the rooms that are on different floors
 * two rooms separated by another room, leaving at least a 70-foot gap between the two rooms
 * there should be a minimum of two separated fire walls and on opposite sides of a corridor

Geographic redundancy is used by Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, Netflix, Dropbox, Salesforce, LinkedIn, PayPal, Twitter, Facebook, Apple iCloud, Cisco Meraki, and many others to provide geographic redundancy, high availability, fault tolerance and to ensure availability and reliability for their cloud services.

As another example, to minimize risk of damage from severe windstorms or water damage, buildings can be located at least 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the shore, with an elevation of at least 5 feet (1.5 m) above sea level. For additional protection, they can be located at least 100 feet (30 m) away from flood plain areas.

Functions of redundancy
The two functions of redundancy are passive redundancy and active redundancy. Both functions prevent performance decline from exceeding specification limits without human intervention using extra capacity.

Passive redundancy uses excess capacity to reduce the impact of component failures. One common form of passive redundancy is the extra strength of cabling and struts used in bridges. This extra strength allows some structural components to fail without bridge collapse. The extra strength used in the design is called the margin of safety.

Eyes and ears provide working examples of passive redundancy. Vision loss in one eye does not cause blindness but depth perception is impaired. Hearing loss in one ear does not cause deafness but directionality is lost. Performance decline is commonly associated with passive redundancy when a limited number of failures occur.

Active redundancy eliminates performance declines by monitoring the performance of individual devices, and this monitoring is used in voting logic. The voting logic is linked to switching that automatically reconfigures the components. Error detection and correction and the Global Positioning System (GPS) are two examples of active redundancy.

Electrical power distribution provides an example of active redundancy. Several power lines connect each generation facility with customers. Each power line includes monitors that detect overload. Each power line also includes circuit breakers. The combination of power lines provides excess capacity. Circuit breakers disconnect a power line when monitors detect an overload. Power is redistributed across the remaining lines. At the Toronto Airport, there are 4 redundant electrical lines. Each of the 4 lines supply enough power for the entire airport. A spot network substation uses reverse current relays to open breakers to lines that fail, but lets power continue to flow the airport.

Electrical power systems use power scheduling to reconfigure active redundancy. Computing systems adjust the production output of each generating facility when other generating facilities are suddenly lost. This prevents blackout conditions during major events such as an earthquake.

Disadvantages
Charles Perrow, author of Normal Accidents, has said that sometimes redundancies backfire and produce less, not more reliability. This may happen in three ways: First, redundant safety devices result in a more complex system, more prone to errors and accidents. Second, redundancy may lead to shirking of responsibility among workers. Third, redundancy may lead to increased production pressures, resulting in a system that operates at higher speeds, but less safely.

Voting logic
Voting logic uses performance monitoring to determine how to reconfigure individual components so that operation continues without violating specification limitations of the overall system. Voting logic often involves computers, but systems composed of items other than computers may be reconfigured using voting logic. Circuit breakers are an example of a form of non-computer voting logic.

The simplest voting logic in computing systems involves two components: primary and alternate. They both run similar software, but the output from the alternate remains inactive during normal operation. The primary monitors itself and periodically sends an activity message to the alternate as long as everything is OK. All outputs from the primary stop, including the activity message, when the primary detects a fault. The alternate activates its output and takes over from the primary after a brief delay when the activity message ceases. Errors in voting logic can cause both outputs to be active or inactive at the same time, or cause outputs to flutter on and off.

A more reliable form of voting logic involves an odd number of three devices or more. All perform identical functions and the outputs are compared by the voting logic. The voting logic establishes a majority when there is a disagreement, and the majority will act to deactivate the output from other device(s) that disagree. A single fault will not interrupt normal operation. This technique is used with avionics systems, such as those responsible for operation of the Space Shuttle.

Calculating the probability of system failure
Each duplicate component added to the system decreases the probability of system failure according to the formula:-

 * $${p}= \prod_{i=1}^{n} p_{i} $$

where:
 * $$n$$ – number of components
 * $$ p_{i} $$ – probability of component i failing
 * $$p$$ – the probability of all components failing (system failure)

This formula assumes independence of failure events. That means that the probability of a component B failing given that a component A has already failed is the same as that of B failing when A has not failed. There are situations where this is unreasonable, such as using two power supplies connected to the same socket in such a way that if one power supply failed, the other would too.

It also assumes that only one component is needed to keep the system running.

title: Redundancy (engineering)


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Redundancy (information theory)

In information theory, redundancy measures the fractional difference between the entropy $H(X)$ of an ensemble $X$, and its maximum possible value $$\log(|\mathcal{A}_X|)$$. Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data. Data compression is a way to reduce or eliminate unwanted redundancy, while forward error correction is a way of adding desired redundancy for purposes of error detection and correction when communicating over a noisy channel of limited capacity.

Quantitative definition
In describing the redundancy of raw data, the rate of a source of information is the average entropy per symbol. For memoryless sources, this is merely the entropy of each symbol, while, in the most general case of a stochastic process, it is

 * $$r = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} H(M_1, M_2, \dots M_n),$$

in the limit, as n goes to infinity, of the joint entropy of the first n symbols divided by n. It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a memoryless source is simply $$H(M)$$, since by definition there is no interdependence of the successive messages of a memoryless source.

The absolute rate of a language or source is simply

 * $$R = \log |\mathbb M| ,\,$$

the logarithm of the cardinality of the message space, or alphabet. (This formula is sometimes called the Hartley function.) This is the maximum possible rate of information that can be transmitted with that alphabet. (The logarithm should be taken to a base appropriate for the unit of measurement in use.) The absolute rate is equal to the actual rate if the source is memoryless and has a uniform distribution.

The absolute redundancy can then be defined as

 * $$ D = R - r ,\,$$

the difference between the absolute rate and the rate.

The quantity $$\frac D R$$ is called the relative redundancy and gives the maximum possible data compression ratio, when expressed as the percentage by which a file size can be decreased. (When expressed as a ratio of original file size to compressed file size, the quantity $$R : r$$ gives the maximum compression ratio that can be achieved.) Complementary to the concept of relative redundancy is efficiency, defined as $$\frac r R ,$$ so that $$\frac r R + \frac D R = 1$$. A memoryless source with a uniform distribution has zero redundancy (and thus 100% efficiency), and cannot be compressed.

Other notions
A measure of redundancy between two variables is the mutual information or a normalized variant. A measure of redundancy among many variables is given by the total correlation.

Redundancy of compressed data refers to the difference between the expected compressed data length of $$n$$ messages $$L(M^n) \,\!$$ (or expected data rate $$L(M^n)/n \,\!$$) and the entropy $$nr \,\!$$ (or entropy rate $$r \,\!$$). (Here we assume the data is ergodic and stationary, e.g., a memoryless source.) Although the rate difference $$L(M^n)/n-r \,\!$$ can be arbitrarily small as $$n \,\!$$ increased, the actual difference $$L(M^n)-nr \,\!$$, cannot, although it can be theoretically upper-bounded by 1 in the case of finite-entropy memoryless sources.

Redundancy in an information-theoretic contexts can also refer to the information that is redundant between two mutual informations. For example, given three variables $$X_1$$, $$X_2$$, and $$Y$$, it is known that the joint mutual information can be less than the sum of the marginal mutual informations: $$I(X_1,X_2 ; Y) < I(X_1;Y) + I(X_2;Y)$$. In this case, at least some of the information about $$Y$$ disclosed by $$X_1$$ or $$X_2$$ is the same. This formulation of redundancy is complementary to the notion of synergy, which occurs when the joint mutual information is greater than the sum of the marginals, indicating the presence of information that is only disclosed by the joint state and not any simpler collection of sources.

Group redundancy
The above pairwise redundancy measure can be generalized to a set of n variables.

$$Redundancy = I(X_1,X_2,...,X_n ; Y) - \left( I(X_1;Y) + I(X_2;Y) + ... I(X_n;Y) \right)$$. As the pair-wise measure above, if this value is negative, one says the set of variables is redundant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Redundancy (information theory)


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Moe Koffman

Morris "Moe" Koffman, OC (28 December 1928 – 28 March 2001) was a Canadian jazz saxophonist and flautist, as well as composer and arranger. During a career spanning from the 1950s to the 2000s, Koffman was one of Canada's most prolific musicians, working variously in clubs and sessions and releasing 30 albums. With his 1957 record Cool and Hot Sax on the New York–based Jubilee label, Koffman became one of the first Canadian jazz musicians to record a full-length album. Koffman was also a long-time member of Rob McConnell's Boss Brass.

Early life and education
Koffman was born in Toronto to Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents operated a variety store. At the age of nine he began his musical studies in his native city, studying violin. He studied with Gordon Delamont, and later attended the Toronto Conservatory of Music, now the Royal Conservatory of Music of Toronto, where he was a student of Samuel Dolin.

Background
Koffman dropped out of school when he found work performing in dance bands. In 1950, he moved to the United States, where he played with big bands including those of Sonny Dunham and Jimmy Dorsey. In 1955, he returned to Toronto where he formed a quartet and later a quintet. He recorded Swinging Shepherd Blues in 1957 which helped establish his reputation as a flautist. "Swinging Shepherd Blues" was a hit in the United States, reaching #38 on the Billboard pop chart and #23 on the UK Singles Chart.

Koffman was inspired by Rahsaan Roland Kirk to play multiple instruments at once; and had a modified set of straps to hold a tenor and an alto saxophone so that he could put forward incredible chords and improvise at the same time. One of the more famous session musicians in Toronto, he appeared in countless commercials, background music, and film and TV soundtracks. Most work on bass flute in Canadian soundtracks from 1950 to 1990 in Toronto sessions was done by Koffman on this rare instrument. Koffman was also an exponent of circular breathing techniques for his large volumes of sound, and joined fellow Canadian Maynard Ferguson and new age multi-instrumentalist musician Ron Allen in this talent.

During the 1970s, Koffman recorded several albums with arrangements of works by classical composers including Bach, Mozart and Vivaldi. The albums were released by GRT Canada and later by Universal. He also was a guest performer with a number of symphony orchestras across Canada.

He performed with Dizzy Gillespie and Peter Appleyard during the 1980s, as well as continuing to front the Moe Koffman Quintet. He often performed with Rob McConnell's Boss Brass. From 1956 to 1990, Koffman booked performers for George's Spaghetti House in Toronto, where he performed weekly. His compositions "Curried Soul" and "Koff Drops" have been used as the opening and closing themes respectively for the CBC radio show As It Happens since 1972.

He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1993 and inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1997.

Career
By May 1970, Koffman's album, Moe's Curried Soul was out on the Revolver label. It entered the RPM100 album chart at #100 on the week ending May 9. It peaked at #90 on the week ending June 13.

Koffman recorded the single "City Motions" with The Longo Brothers. It charted in the CanCon Top 10 Adult Contemporary chart for a number of weeks in 1984.

Illness and death
Koffman was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2000, and died of cancer in Orangeville, Ontario in 2001 at the age of 72.

Legacy
In 2002, Moe Koffman was a MasterWorks honouree by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada. Some of Koffman's music for Duke Street Records was unreleased at the time of his death. Music for the Night was released and re-issued in 2007, and Devil's Brew was re-issued in 2009.

Discography (Selective)
LPs:
 * Cool and Hot Sax (1957) (Jubilee)
 * The Shepherd Swings Again (1958) (Jubilee)
 * Moe Koffman The Swinging Shepherd Plays for Teens (1962) (Ascot)
 * Tales of Koffman (1962) (UA)
 * The Moe Koffman Quartet (1963) (CTA)
 * Moe Koffman (1967) (Universal)
 * 1967 (1967) (Just A Memory)
 * Moe Koffman Quartet (1967) (CBC/RCI)
 * Moe Koffman Goes Electric (1967) (Jubilee)
 * Turned On Moe Koffman (1968) (Jubilee)
 * Moe's Curried Soul with Doug Riley & Lenny Breau (1969) (Revolver)
 * Moe Koffman Plays Bach (1971) (GRT)
 * The Four Seasons (1972) (GRT)
 * Master Session (1974) (GRT)
 * Solar Explorations (1974) (GRT)
 * Swinging Shepherd (1975) (Universal)
 * Live at George's (1975) (GRT)
 * Jungle Man (1976) (GRT)
 * Museum Pieces (1977) (Janus)
 * Things Are Looking Up (1978) (GRT)
 * Back to Bach (1979) (Anthem)
 * Project (1980) (Universal)
 * If You Don't Know Me By Now... (1982) (Elektra)
 * Moe-Mentum (1986) (Universal)
 * One Moe Time (1986) (Duke)
 * Oop.Pop.A.Da featuring Dizzy Gillespie (1989) (Universal)
 * Moe Koffman Quintet Plays (1990) (Duke Street Records)
 * Music for the Night arranged by Doug Riley (1991) (Universal)
 * Collection (1993) (Universal)
 * Devil's Brew (1996) (Universal)

'''With the Ron Collier Orchestra featuring Duke Ellington
 * North of the Border in Canada (Decca, 1967 [1969])

title: Moe Koffman


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Redundancy (linguistics)

In linguistics, a redundancy is information that is expressed more than once.

Examples of redundancies include multiple agreement features in morphology, multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology, or the use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric.

Grammar
Redundancy may occur at any level of grammar. Because of agreement – a requirement in many languages that the form of different words in a phrase or clause correspond with one another – the same semantic information may be expressed several times. In the Spanish phrase los árboles verdes ("the green trees"), for example, the article los, the noun árboles, and the adjective verdes are all inflected to show that the phrase is plural. An English example would be: that man is a soldier versus those men are soldiers.

In phonology, a minimal pair is a pair of words or phrases that differs by only one phoneme, the smallest distinctive unit of the sound system. Even so, phonemes may differ on several phonetic features. For example, the English phonemes and  in the words pin and bin feature different voicing, aspiration, and muscular tension. Any one of these features is sufficient to differentiate from  in English.

Generative grammar uses such redundancy to simplify the form of grammatical description. Any feature that can be predicted on the basis of other features (such as aspiration on the basis of voicing) need not be indicated in the grammatical rule. Features that are not redundant and therefore must be indicated by rule are called distinctive features.

As with agreement in morphology, phonologically conditioned alternation, such as coarticulation and assimilation, add redundancy on the phonological level. The redundancy of phonological rules may clarify some vagueness in spoken communication. According to psychologist Steven Pinker, "In the comprehension of speech, the redundancy conferred by phonological rules can compensate for some of the ambiguity of the sound wave. For example, a speaker may know that thisrip must be this rip and not the srip because in English the initial consonant cluster sr is illegal."

Redundancy versus repetition
Writing guides, especially for technical writing, usually advise avoiding redundancy, "especially the use of two expressions that mean the same thing. Such repetition works against readability and conciseness." Others make a distinction between redundancy and repetition: Repetition, if used well, can be a good tool to use in your writing. It can add emphasis to what you are trying to say and strengthen a point. There are many types of useful repetition. Redundancy, on the other hand, cannot be a good thing. Redundancy happens when the repetition of a word or idea does not add anything to the previous usage; it just restates what has already been said, takes up space, and gets in the way without adding meaning. Computer scientist Donald E. Knuth, author of highly acclaimed textbooks, recommends "to state things twice, in complementary ways, especially when giving a definition. This reinforces the reader's understanding."

title: Redundancy (linguistics)


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User:Gkhan~enwiki/copyvio

Hi, I saw that you just created the page. The thing is, you just copied the content from [ here], and that material is copyrighted. We can't add copyrighted material to this site I'm afraid, but why don't you write a new article at /Temp which will then replace the original article? Just remember to write it yourself and not copy it from somewhere else. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at my talk page!

gkhan 11:03, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Gkhan~enwiki/copyvio


text: Template:User vi

title: Template:User vi


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Raja (disambiguation)

Raja is an Indian term for a monarch, or princely ruler.

Raja may also refer to:

Elephants

 * Raja (elephant) (died 1988), a Sri Lankan tusker elephant belonging to Sri Dalada Maligawa
 * Heiyantuduwa Raja (1924–2002), a privately owned Sri Lankan tusker elephant whose skeleton is now in display at the National Museum, Sri Lanka

Popular culture

 * Raja (1943 film), an Indian Hindi-language film Kishore Sahu
 * Raja (1972 film), an Indian Tamil-language film starring Sivaji Ganesan
 * Raaja, a 1975 Indian Hindi-language film starring Rishi Kapoor
 * Raja (1995 film), an Indian Hindi-language film starring Sanjay Kapoor
 * Raja (1999 Indian film), an Indian Telugu-language film starring Venkatesh
 * Raja (2002 film), an Indian Tamil-language film starring Ajit Kumar
 * Raja (2003 film), a French/Moroccan film starring Pascal Greggory
 * Raja 420 (2016 film), a Bangladeshi film starring Shakib Khan
 * Raja (2019 film), an Indian Bhojpuri-language film starring Pawan Singh
 * Raja (album), a 2008 album by Stam1na
 * Raja (play), a 1910 play by Rabindranath Tagore

Places

 * Raja, Jõgeva County, village in Kasepää Parish, Jõgeva County, Estonia
 * Raja, Viljandi County, village in Halliste Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia
 * Raga, South Sudan, also known as Raja, town and capital of Lol State
 * Raga County, also known as Raja, in Western Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan

People

 * Raja (name), a list of people with the given name and surname
 * Raja (Tamil actor) (born 1965), an Indian film actor
 * Raja (Telugu actor) (born 1978), an Indian film actor
 * Raja Gemini (born 1974), American drag queen

Sports

 * El Raja SC, an Egyptian sports club
 * Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club

Other uses

 * Rāja yoga, one of the four major yogic paths of Hinduism
 * Raja (fish), a genus of rays
 * Raja (festival), an annual event in Odisha, India
 * Rajas con crema, a Mexican ingredient of chiles and onions, used in many dishes
 * The raja, a piece in the board game chaturanga

title: Raja (disambiguation)


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Gowrie, Australian Capital Territory

Gowrie is a suburb of Canberra, Australia, located in the northern end of the Tuggeranong Valley. Tuggeranong suburbs are the southernmost of Australia's capital city. Gowrie is named after Brigadier-General Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (1872–1955), Governor-General of Australia from 1936 to 1944.

Gowrie's streets are all named after members of the Australian Defence Force who won decorations, including the Victoria Cross. Gowrie is the former site of the Athllon Homestead.

Demographics
At the, Gowrie had a population of 3,140 people. The median age of people in Gowrie was 38 years, compared to a median age of 35 for Canberra. The median individual income for Gowrie in 2021 was $1,207, almost equal with the ACT median of $1,203, while the median household income was $2,228. In 2021, the median monthly housing loan repayment in Gowrie was $2,674.

The residents of Gowrie are predominantly Australian born, with 77.4% being born in Australia. The main countries of birth for those born overseas were England (3.3%), India (2.0%), New Zealand (1.2%), Philippines (1.2%) and Italy (0.7%). The most popular religious affiliations in descending order are no religion, Catholic, Anglican and Islam.

Suburb amenities

Gowrie Primary School, located on Jeffries Street, opened in 1983. The school's design has a rural theme, and each of the buildings are named after properties in the Tuggeranong Valley. The Catholic Holy Family Parish Primary School and the Holy Family Church, both part of the South Tuggeranong Corpus Christi Parish, are located on Bugden Avenue. Tuggeranong Presbyterian Church meets at Gowrie Primary School in Jeffries Street.

The Gowrie local shopping centre is located on Jeffries Street. The centre includes a supermarket, pharmacy, hairdresser and the Common Grounds cafe. Jeffries Street is also the site of a child care centre and the Gowrie Preschool. The Erindale Scout Hall is in Finlay Place. The Gowrie District Playing fields also are located in the suburb.

Gowrie is serviced by several ACTION bus routes. Routes 76 and 77 connect Gowrie to Tuggeranong Town Centre and Erindale Centre. Route R5 travels along Ashley Drive with several bus stops along it.

Politics
Gowrie is located within the federal electorate of Bean, which is represented by David Smith in the House of Representatives. In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Gowrie is part of the electorate of Brindabella, which elects five members on the basis of proportional representation, currently two Liberal, two Labor and one Greens. Polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Gowrie polling place at Gowrie Primary School in the 2022 federal and 2020 ACT elections.

Geology
The west of Gowrie is built on Deakin Volcanics green-grey and purple rhyodacite. In the east, Gowrie is built on green-grey, purple and cream rhyolite. These rocks are 414 million years old from the Silurian period.

title: Gowrie, Australian Capital Territory


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Airport Link, Sydney

The Airport Link (also known as the Airport Line or New Southern Railway) is Sydney's inner-southern railway line connecting Sydney Airport to the central business district and the south-western suburbs of Sydney. With the exception of Wolli Creek, the Airport Line stations are operated by a private company, the Airport Link Company, as part of a public private partnership. The contract, which expires in 2030, allows the company to charge a surcharge on top of the normal fare. The line is served by Sydney Trains T8 Airport & South line services.

Alignment
The Airport Link includes a four-kilometre rock tunnel and a six-kilometre soft ground tunnel. The tunnel is 23 m below the earth's surface.

For most of its length, the line travels underground. It runs south from platform 23 at Central station across a viaduct to the tunnel portal beneath Prince Alfred Park near Chalmers Street. The tunnel roughly follows George Street underneath the suburbs of Redfern and Waterloo. At Green Square station, beneath the intersection of Botany Road, Bourke Road and O'Riordan Street, the line continues beneath Bourke Road to Mascot station, a block south of Gardeners Road.

From Mascot, the line roughly follows O'Riordan Street before turning sharply to the west once underneath Sydney Airport. The line runs westward under the Domestic and International terminals before continuing north-west underneath the Cooks River to reach the surface at Wolli Creek where it joins the East Hills line. The line is two tracks for its entire length.

The two new stations which were built for the airport's International and Domestic Terminals, feature larger lifts and wider ticket barriers to cater for passengers with baggage. Three new suburban stations were built – one each for the residential development areas of Mascot and Green Square, and an interchange station with the Illawarra line at Wolli Creek.

Construction
In 1990, the State Government called for Expressions of Interest to build a line to the airport. In July 1994, the Government announced it had entered a public private partnership with Australian investment company Transfield Services and French construction company Bouygues to build the line. Under the deal, a private company, Airport Link Company, would cover the costs of building four of the stations. In return it would operate those stations for 30 years and have the right to impose a surcharge on fares for their use. The company's involvement was predicated on passenger estimates and train reliability guarantees that later proved to be optimistic. The State Government would fund (and own) the railway itself and Wolli Creek station.

Construction began on 12 February 1995 with a view to improving facilities for air travellers ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics. At the time, the main public transport link between the city and its airport were two Sydney Buses express routes, the 300 to Circular Quay and 350 to Kings Cross branded as Airport Express.

A tunnel boring machine was used for the construction. Manufactured by the German firm, Herrenknecht, it arrived in Australia in October 1996. While the use of a Tunnel boring machine relieved the need for large numbers of workers at increased pressure, a caisson system is formed at the cutting head. Workers entering this space for inspection, maintenance and repair had to be trained. Medical direction was utilised for planning compression and decompression, assessment of fitness to dive, training of workers and lock operators, health monitoring of workers and treatment of related injuries. This project was the first time oxygen decompression tables were used for caisson work in Australia. The incidence of decompression illness was 1 case in every 286 pressurisations (0.35%) and this problem affected 5.9% of the workers.

In conjunction with the construction of the new line, the section of the East Hills Line between Wolli Creek Junction and Kingsgrove was quadrupled. Once this was opened, the running patterns of the trains on the lines changed. The flying junctions interchange near Central station was altered to give the Airport line its own platforms (21 & 23) at Central. Local (all stations) trains generally were timetabled to run from East Hills via the airport, peak hour express trains from Campbelltown run along the original route via Sydenham, taking the express tracks between Kingsgrove and Wolli Creek Junction.

History

The line opened on 21 May 2000, three months ahead of the Olympic Games, after the State Government had spent around A$700 million on the project and the Airport Link Company over A$200 million. As the stations commenced operation on 21 May 2000, the ownership of the four stations reverts to the state government on 21 May 2030.

Despite the cancellation of the rival Airport Express bus service, taxi surcharges and expensive airport parking, the Airport Link consistently failed to meet patronage targets. Less than a year after the line opened, the State Rail Authority stated that "patronage has been lower than expected to date", but they remained optimistic, believing "that as airport users become more familiar with this facility and the ingrained habits of many years gradually alter, patronage will continue to increase."

In January 2001, the Airport Link Company went into receivership, exposing the government to costs of around A$800 million. State Rail blamed "lower than expected patronage" and stated it was working with the company to increase it. Together with the Cross City Tunnel, the Airport Link served to dampen government and business enthusiasm for further public private partnerships in transport in New South Wales.

In October 2005, the Government and the company signed a revised agreement on revenue and patronage, settling the latter's claims against the former. The Government paid A$34 million to the company, with another A$73 million due as CityRail earns revenue from Airport Line business.

The Airport Link Company was put up for sale in early 2006, and was purchased by Westpac. In 2009, the business made a profit of A$5.8 million which increased to A$9.3 million in 2010. In 2013, Westpac's 49.9% stake was purchased by Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), who then took control of the Airport Link Company.

Station access fees
From opening, all stations on the line charged a station access fee to use the line, as well as the standard fare. In March 2011, it was announced that the NSW Government would cover the cost of the station access fee at Green Square and Mascot stations, meaning that passengers no longer need to pay a surcharge to access these stations. To compensate Airport Link Company, the Government pays the company a "shadow" station usage fee at a fixed contracted rate of approximately A$2.08 per entry and exit of these stations.

Following the removal of the access fee, patronage at Green Square and Mascot increased by 70 percent between March and June 2011 as a result of the reduced fares. A fee remains in place for the Domestic and International Airport stations, which has been criticised. Workers at the airport do not receive a discount on the station access fee, merely a $21 weekly cap in the additional Station Access Fee.

By the late 2010s, Green Square and Mascot stations were experiencing overcrowding at peak times due to significant increases in patronage. At Mascot station, passenger numbers increased by 117% between 2015 and 2019, and the station was expanded in 2023 to deal with the increased demand.

The 30-year public–private partnership will end on 20 May 2030, at which point the infrastructure will belong to the NSW Government and the station access fee will be removed.

Criticism
From the beginning, a major criticism of the line was that it is not served by dedicated rolling stock. Customers entering the Sydney Airport Line at Domestic and International must compete for space with commuters from the East Hills line particularly in the morning peak citybound, and find that the trains have no special provision for their luggage. Services are provided by Sydney Trains's K, M, A and B set fleets.

This contrasts with Brisbane's AirTrain line which is primarily serviced by Queensland Rail's IMU and NGR fleets, both of which make provision for luggage carrying passengers, as well as offering additional passenger comforts such as high backed seats, free Wi-Fi and toilets. Furthermore, the Brisbane line terminates at the airport, bypassing most suburban stations, meaning customers travelling on the AirTrain are not mixed with suburban commuters. While Perth's airport link also shares some of the same issues as Sydney, users of the line are not charged an additional fee to alight at either of the stations servicing Perth's airport.

Although often perceived as all revenue going to the Airport Link Company, under the revenue sharing agreement, 85 percent of revenues raised by the access fee since August 2014 goes to the NSW Government. From 2015 to 2018, the NSW Government received $197.6 million in total net revenue from the station access fee.

title: Airport Link, Sydney


text: User talk:82.41.83.235

title: User talk:82.41.83.235


text: Template:User vi-3

title: Template:User vi-3


text:
District of Delyn

Delyn was a local government district with borough status from 1974 to 1996, being one of six districts in the county of Clwyd, north-east Wales.

History
The borough was created on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the area of four former districts from the administrative county of Flintshire, which were all abolished at the same time:
 * Flint Municipal Borough
 * Holywell Urban District
 * Holywell Rural District
 * Mold Urban District

The name "Delyn" was formed by combining the names of the area's principal rivers: the Dee and the Alyn. The neighbouring district was originally named Alyn-Dee for the same reason. "Y Delyn" is also Welsh for "The Harp", a fact reflected in the borough's coat of arms.

Delyn was twinned with Menden, Germany.

In 1996 the borough was abolished under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which saw Clwyd County Council and its constituent districts abolished, being replaced by principal areas, whose councils perform the functions which had previously been divided between the county and district councils. The former Delyn area and neighbouring Alyn and Deeside merged to become the new Flintshire principal area with effect from 1 April 1996.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. From 1974 until the council's abolition in 1996, political control was held by the following parties:

Premises
The council inherited various offices from its predecessor authorities, including: Initially the council's departments were divided among the various buildings. In the early 1980s the council built itself a new office called Delyn House on Chapel Street in Flint, opposite Flint Guildhall. Delyn House and Flint Guildhall (also known as Flint House) thereafter served as the council's main offices, with the Civic Offices in Holywell retaining some departments. After the council's abolition, the Civic Offices in Holywell were demolished to make way for a supermarket, and Flint Guildhall was demolished to make way for a block of flats. Delyn House was renamed County Offices and continues to serve as an area office of Flintshire County Council.
 * Guildhall, Chapel Street, Flint (built 1966) from Flint Borough Council.
 * Council Offices, Halkyn Road, Holywell, from Holywell Rural District Council.
 * Civic Offices, Coleshill Street, Holywell (built 1970) from Holywell Urban District Council.
 * Town Hall, Earl Road, Mold (built 1912) from Mold Urban District Council.

title: District of Delyn


text:
Talk:Cheng Hoon Teng Temple

World Heritage Site category removed
Dear fellas, Malaysia does not have any cultural world heritage in the UNESCO list yet. Pls check List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia and have both articles tally and correct.

Is it ok to remove the {gcheck} copyediting tag? Any objections? Please explaim (if any).

I have ammended some of my mistakes, anyway. There is nothing much to copyedit such a short article.

tan 19:09, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that there is, and your edits didn't deal with any of them (with the possible exception of "notable" for "peculiar". You moved a fact from one place to another for no obvious reason, added a vague and past-tense passive construction (something that I and others have explained on numerous occasions isn't aceptable), and removed the description "richly decorated".  Genuine problems (such as what or who is "entombed", and where) remain untouched. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:55, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

I copyedited the article & fixed some grammatical problems.

--Kmorrow 08:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

But it still needs work.. --Kmorrow 08:31, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Nice work. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheng Hoon Teng Temple


text: Template:User vi-2

title: Template:User vi-2


text:
Lycoming O-360

The Lycoming O-360 is a family of four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, air-cooled, piston aircraft engines. Engines in the O-360 series produce between 145 and 225 horsepower (109 to 168 kW), with the basic O-360 producing 180 horsepower.

The engine family has been installed in thousands of aircraft, including the Cessna 172, Piper Cherokee/Archer, Grumman Tiger, and many home-built types. It has a factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 2000 hours or twelve years. O-360 family engines are also widely used in airboats, most notably in the Hurricane Aircats used by the US Army during the Vietnam War.

The first O-360 certified was the A1A model, certified on 20 July 1955 to United States CAR 13 effective March 5, 1952 as amended by 13-1 and 13-2. The Lycoming IO-390 is an O-360 which has had its cylinder bore increased by 3/16 in, developing 210 hp.

Series
The O-360 family of engines comprises 167 different models with 12 different prefixes. All have a 361 cuin displacement and 5.125 and 4.375 in bore and stroke.

 * O-360 carbureted series
 * HO-360 horizontally mounted series for helicopter installation
 * LO-360 same as O-360, but with left-hand rotating crankshaft, for use in pairs on twin-engined aircraft
 * TO-360 turbocharged series
 * LTO-360 turbocharged left-hand rotation series
 * IO-360 fuel-injected series
 * LIO-360 same as IO-360, but with left-hand rotating crankshaft
 * AIO-360 inverted mount (dry sump aerobatic) fuel-injected series
 * AEIO-360 aerobatic fuel-injected series
 * HIO-360 horizontally mounted fuel-injected series for helicopters
 * LHIO-360 left-hand rotation, fuel-injected, horizontally mounted for helicopters
 * TIO-360 turbocharged and fuel-injected series

Applications

• Aer Lualdi L.55
 * O-360

• Aero Boero AB-180

• Aero Commander Lark Commander

• Aero Concepts Discovery

• American Aviation AA-2 Patriot

• Australian Lightwing SP-4000 Speed

• Aviamilano Nibbio

• Aviat Husky A-1C-180

• Backcountry Super Cubs Mackey SQ2

• Backcountry Super Cubs Supercruiser

• Backcountry Super Cubs Super Cub

• Barrows Bearhawk

• Barrows Bearhawk Patrol

• Beagle Airedale

• Beechcraft Duchess

• Beechcraft Musketeer

• Beechcraft Travel Air

• Bölkow Bo 207

• Brutsche Freedom 180 STOL

• Bushcaddy L-162 Max

• Bushcaddy L-164

• Canadian Home Rotors Safari

• Cessna 172

• Cessna 177

• Collins Dipper

• Cozy MK IV

• CubCrafters Carbon Cub EX

• CubCrafters CC18-180 Top Cub

• Dakota Cub Super 18

• Dean Delt-Air 250

• Diamond DA40

• Dyn'Aéro MCR R180

• Falconar F12A Cruiser

• Glasair GlaStar

• Grinvalds Orion

• Grob G 115

• Grumman American AA-5

• Guimbal Cabri G2

• Hurricane Aircat (airboat)

• IRI T23B

• Javelin Wichawk

• Lambert Mission 212

• Lancair 360

• Lucas L-6B

• Lucas L8

• Maule M-5

• Mooney M20

• Morane-Saulnier MS-893E

• Moynet 360-4 Jupiter

• MSW One

• Murphy Elite

• Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II

• Norman Dube Aerocruiser Plus

• PAC MFI-17 Mushshak

• Peña Bilouis

• Peña Dahu

• Peña Joker

• Piper PA-18 Super Cub

• Piper Cherokee 180

• Piper PA-24-180 Comanche

• Piper PA-44-180 Seminole

• Rihn DR-107 One Design

• Robin Aiglon

• Robin DR.300-180

• Robin DR.400-180

• Robinson R22

• Saab 91 Safir

• Sands Fokker Dr.1 Triplane

• Seabird Seeker

• Schweizer SGM 2-37

• Slepcev Storch

• Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair II

• Turbay T-3

• Ultimate 10-180

• Van's Aircraft RV-6

• Van's Aircraft RV-7

• Van's Aircraft RV-8

• VTOL Aircraft Phillicopter

• Wassmer WA-40

• Wassmer WA-54 Atlantic

• Whisper X350 Generation II

• Zenair CH 640

• Zenith STOL CH 801 • Adventure Air Adventurer
 * LO-360
 * Beechcraft Duchess
 * Piper PA-44-180 Seminole
 * IO-360

• AeroCad AeroCanard

• Aircraft Technologies Acro 1

• Australian Lightwing SP-6000

• Aviat Husky A-1C-200

• Beechcraft Musketeer Super III

• Brutsche Freedom 210 STOL

• CEI Free Spirit Mk II

• Cessna 172R/172S

• Cessna 177RG

• Commander 112

• Commander 114

• Diamond DA40

• Diamond DA42

• Dream Tundra

• Evektor VUT100-120i Cobra

• Falconar SAL Mustang

• Giles G-200

• Glassic SQ2000

• Lake LA-4-200 Buccaneer

• LFU 205

• Mooney M20

• Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II

• Osprey GP4

• PAC CT/4

• Partenavia P.68

• Peña Bilouis

• Peña Dahu

• Piper Arrow

• Piper PA-34 Seneca I

• Sawyer Skyjacker II

• Scaled Composites Boomerang

• Skipper Scrappy UAC-200

• Scottish Aviation Bulldog

• Seawind 2000

• SGP M-222 Flamingo

• Socata Tobago TB200XL

• Sorrell Hiperbipe

• Stolp Super Starduster

• Tecnam P2010

• Texas Aircraft Stallion

• Thorp T-18

• Ultimate 10-200

• Van's Aircraft RV-6

• Van's Aircraft RV-7

• Van's Aircraft RV-8

• Wega 180

• Zeppelin NT

• Zlín Z 242
 * LIO-360
 * Piper PA-34 Seneca I
 * Diamond DA42
 * AIO-360
 * Stephens Akro
 * AEIO-360
 * Aero-Cam Slick 360
 * Aviat Eagle II
 * American Champion Super Decathlon
 * Extra EA-200
 * FFA AS-202 Bravo
 * Great Lakes Sport Trainer
 * Grob G 115E
 * Mudry CAP 10
 * Peña Capeña
 * Pitts Special
 * Tech Aero TR 200
 * Valmet L-70 Vinka
 * Zlín Z 242
 * HIO-360
 * Enstrom F-28
 * OH-23 Raven
 * Schweizer 300
 * LHIO-360
 * Silvercraft SH-3
 * Silvercraft SH-4

title: Lycoming O-360


text: Template:User vi-1

title: Template:User vi-1


text:
IWon

iWon.com was a free casual game site and web portal that offered the chance to win cash for charities through activities such as playing online games. iWon started as a web portal, similar to Yahoo!, that entered its users into daily, weekly, and monthly cash prize drawings. Users earned entry drawings based on a point system for using the website. Activities that earned points included clicking on links, using the search features and participating in its online games. The site was shut down on January 6, 2016.

Among major early backers of iWon was Viacom, parent of CBS, UPN and MTV. It was last owned by Barry Diller's IAC, as well as Time Warner, parent of CNN, The CW and Cartoon Network.

Social media
In January 2011, in an attempt to reach out to users through Facebook, iWon launched an interactive game portal similar to the one found on their website, which offered similar games and features, including a daily prize draw during its opening months.

iWon E-mail
iWon E-mail service was a feature that was first available during the launch of the iWon platform in 1999.

On October 2, 2017, iWon shut down their free e-mail service in preparation for Time Warner's merger with AT&T, with their final message simply reading: "As of October 2, 2017, iWon Email will be shut down. If you are an iWon Email account holder, please log in and save all information you wish to save. After October 2, 2017, you will not be able to access your emails. Please visit our support page to learn how to save and download your emails. Thank you for your years of loyalty using iWon Email!"

title: IWon


text:
Ryōgen

Ryōgen (良源) was the 18th chief abbot of Enryaku-ji in the 10th century.

He is considered a restorer of the Tendai school of Mahayana Buddhism, and credited for reviving Enryaku-ji. His supposed role as a precursor of the sōhei or "warrior monks" is questionable and seems to be a later invention.

Life
Ryōgen was born in the Omi Province in 912, and he began his practice at Mount Hiei in 923, becoming chief abbot in 966.

Over the course of the 10th century, there had been a number of disputes between Enryaku-ji and the other temples and shrines of the Kyoto area, many of which were resolved by force. In 970, Ryōgen formed a small army to defend Enryaku-ji and to serve its interests in these disputes. Records are not fully clear on whether this army consisted of hired mercenaries, or, as would be the case later, trained monks. Most likely, this first temple standing army was a mercenary group, separate from the monks, since Ryōgen forbade monks from carrying weapons.

In addition to the prohibition on carrying weapons, Ryōgen's monks were subject to a list of 26 articles released by Ryōgen in 970; they were forbidden from covering their faces, inflicting corporal punishment, violently interrupting prayer services, or leaving Mount Hiei during their twelve-year training.

In 981 Ryōgen was appointed general administrator, the most important rank in priesthood.

title: Ryōgen


text:
Duncan McNeill, 1st Baron Colonsay

Duncan McNeill, 1st Baron Colonsay FRSE (20 August 1793 – 31 January 1874) was a Scottish advocate, judge and Tory politician. He was Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session between 1852 and 1867.

His younger brother was the physician and diplomat Sir John McNeill.

Background and education
McNeill was born on the island of Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides, the son of John McNeill (1767–1846), laird of Colonsay and Oronsay, and his wife Hester (née McNeill). Educated at St Andrew's University where he graduated MA in 1809..

He served his apprenticeship in Edinburgh under Michael Linning WS, based at 6 St James Square. He became a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1816. He was the presumptive father of philosopher Edmund Montgomery.

Political, legal and judicial career
He was Advocate Depute in Edinburgh 1820 to 1824.

MacNeill was appointed Sheriff of Perthshire in 1824. He served under Sir Robert Peel as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1834 to 1835 and again from 1841 to 1842 and as Lord Advocate from 1842 to 1846. From 1843 to 1851 he sat as Member of Parliament for Argyllshire. In 1851 he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice and an Ordinary Lord of Session as Lord Colonsay and Oronsay. He was Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session from 1852 to 1867, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Colonsay, of Colonsay and Oronsay in the County of Argyll, on 26 February 1867.

Personal life
In 1829 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Shank More.

In later life Edinburgh University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD).

McNeill was unmarried, but lived in a very large Georgian townhouse: 73 Great King Street in Edinburgh's Second New Town.

He was a member of the Highland Society of Edinburgh (1833).

Lord Colonsay died at Pau, France, on 31 January 1874, aged 80, when the title became extinct.

He was interred at Warriston Cemetery in Edinburgh, south of the upper east–west path towards the East Gate. His bronze coat of arms has been stolen from the monument.

title: Duncan McNeill, 1st Baron Colonsay


text:
Talk:Kayla (Beta Israel)

Information or Disambiguation
If this is a disambig page, then another Kayla (name) page should be created for the non-dab information about the name. If this is the information page (and therefore a valid link target), the hatnotes suffice for disambiguation. -- JHunterJ 22:20, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It should be a disambiguation page. I'm now creating the Kayla (name) page. I didn't earlier because I thought the information included was short enough to not need its own article, since I can't really see it growing very much. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 22:26, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * OTOH, the dab info is short enough for a hatnote, too. But having linkable information on an unlinkable disambiguation page messes up some of the housecleaning assumptions.  I shuffled the pages around to preserve edit history.  If the base name should be the disambiguation, there will have to be more actual moves to preserve the edit history. -- JHunterJ 22:47, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why you made the name "Kayla" the main page, however. As an encyclopedic article, it's not very important (nor is the whale), so there's no way to say that most users typing in "Kayla" are looking for the name. The most neutral thing to do is to have a disambiguation page at "Kayla," with individual pages at the appropriate subsets (Kayla (name), Kayla (whale), and Kayla language). Do you disagree? — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 23:04, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Eh, I just came here through the cleanup project when someone tagged it with disambig-cleanup, presumably because it had both dab and non-dab info on it. I collapsed the dab into a hatnote on the non-dab stuff then. So I don't mind this set up or the base name being the dab instead.  I was concerned about the edit history on the non-dab info, though, so an actual move of this article to Kayla (name) rather than a cut-n-paste would be best.  That may require an admin at this point though. -- JHunterJ 23:14, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

This is erroneous. It does not mean "pure" in greek. 91.132.224.196 (talk) 23:41, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guthroth (talk • contribs) 08:36, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism removed - again —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guthroth (talk • contribs) 12:30, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Some baby naming websites are not reliable sources
I'm about to remove the following sentence off the article:

In English, it means "Keeper of the keys," in Arabic it means "Wise child,"  and in Hebrew "Laurel," "Crown," or "Crown of laurel". I seriously doubt the reliability of the sources provided for this sentence, which do not even reveal how the name Kayla is written in Hebrew. Without proper transliterations these sources cannot be verified. Kayla is not a Hebrew name and it bears no meaning in Hebrew, as I have also confirmed some two weeks ago at the reference desk of the Hebrew Wikipedia (see he:ויקיפדיה:הכה את המומחה). The only possibly useful source cited is Think Baby Names, which attributes the popularity of the name to Days of Our Lives, where one of the characters is named Kayla. The same source claims Kayla to be a diminutive form of Michaela (מיכאלה), but the common diminutive form of this name is Michi (מיכי). Even if there would be another diminutive form of Michaela in Hebrew, it would be Ca-Ella (כ-אלה) and by no means Kayla.

The Agaw meaning of the name Kayla is also of relevance to the article, therefore I'm about to revert its removal. Cheers, Lior (talk) 03:48, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified 2 external links on Kayla. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135036/http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1000106 to http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1000106
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070512185849/http://jic.tau.ac.il/en.asp to http://jic.tau.ac.il/en.asp

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:34, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 16 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 19:38, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

– |Kayla_Harrison|Kayla_Mueller|Kayla_McBride|Kayla_DiCello|Kayla_(name) Pageviews show that this is not the primary topic. 162 etc. (talk) 19:19, 16 July 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Kayla → Kayla (Beta Israel)
 * Kayla (disambiguation) → Kayla
 * Support per nom, no WP:PRIMARYTOPIC.--Ortizesp (talk) 20:07, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Certinly not the primary topic.-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(ring-ring)  23:53, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support no primary. In ictu oculi (talk) 18:46, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support the name gets 284 compared with 371 for this one and some of the others with this title gets thousands.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 12:13, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, Ortizesp, Loriendrew, In ictu oculi and Crouch, Swale. The four-sentence stub delineating the community is definitely not primary. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 01:49, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:33, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kayla (Beta Israel)


text:
User talk:Zapateria

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Tan 19:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zapateria


text:
User talk:Efortune

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Tan 19:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Efortune


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Yeager

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 09:42, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Steve Yeager
Looks kinda like nonsense, would have speedied it, but i was unsure, maybe it has some redeeming feature gkhan 11:16, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No clue as to how 1984 got into this. Sjakkalle 13:02, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite by RickK. Well done. Sjakkalle 06:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The irrelevant content on 1984 takes up most of the article. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:49, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite made by RickK. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. GregorB 20:30, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a fine article now, after the rewrite. GregorB 11:33, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've rewritten the article to be about the baseball player, though it might be a disambig page, since there is also a Steve Yeager who's a minor actor/director (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0947036/) and another who's a jazz musician (http://www.steveyeager.com/), although I'm not too sure how notable the last is.  RickK 23:08, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice work, keep. --W(t) 00:53, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * keep as written by RickK. Xcali 01:20, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Abstain Megan1967 04:18, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * keep the rewrite makes it worthwhile. Go, Dodgers!  WBardwin 05:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep After RickK's rewrite it's a definite keep. I change my vote gkhan 10:59, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable baseball player. Capitalistroadster 00:11, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite keep now. Good job, Rick! :)   Dale Arnett 07:37, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEPER I don't know what that other garbage was, but Steve Yeager needs to be here, he was a conerstone role-player, was part of the "core group" of Garvey, Cey, Lopes, Russell, and Sutton, these six players held the Dodgers together for over 10 seasons, with 6-NLCS & 4 WS trips, One of the best Dodger catchers in history!. WikiDon 07:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miles Massicotte

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 22:42, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Miles Massicotte
Non-notable. All Google hits seem to go to reviews and guides on Amazon.com (written by, not about this person). Full text: "Young American composer, advocate of mixed atonality and tonality, and savage mechanism. Follower of Antheil and Beethoven, "The two crowning successes of music."" Rl 11:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. --W(t) 00:54, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Xcali 01:20, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:19, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Confession of judgment

Confession of judgment is a legal term that refers to a type of contract (or a clause with such a provision) in which a party agrees to let the other party enter a judgment against them. Such contracts are highly controversial and may be invalidated as a violation of due process by courts, since the obligor is essentially contracting away his right to raise any legitimate defenses.

United States
Confessions of judgment are permitted in many states. New Jersey and Pennsylvania permit them, among others. Some states, including Michigan, require they be specially labelled or have other procedural requirements. However, according to testimony before an Alaska State Legislature committee, "Confession of Judgment is illegal in Alaska, it's illegal in Pennsylvania in consumer transactions, but not in commercial transactions." A Law Review article distinguishes three groups of state laws, one group comprising seventeen states that make void any agreement to confess judgment entered into before commencement of a suit.

A typical confession of judgment reads, "The undersigned irrevocably authorizes any attorney to appear in any court of competent jurisdiction and confess a judgment without process in favor of the creditor for such amount as may then appear unpaid hereon, and to consent to immediate execution upon such judgment."

Such clauses should be distinguished from liquidated damages clauses, which do not result in binding judgments against the obligor.

A confession of judgment may also be called a cognovit note.

Risks
In the example: "The undersigned irrevocably authorizes any attorney to appear in any court of competent jurisdiction and confess a judgment without process in favor of the creditor for such amount as may then appear unpaid hereon, and to consent to immediate execution upon such judgment.", there is an unlimited risk if the amounts, such as "amount as may then appear unpaid", are not exactly defined or capped in the contract, as collection, processing, contract or administrative fees can be set to any arbitrary amount.

Additionally, no conditions are set for "authorization" such as a breach of terms, a late payment or a default in payment, and collection can occur without notice. The first the "undersigned" will know anything is awry is that assets have already been seized, cash funds already withdrawn or bank accounts sequestered.

This may not be legal in many states, but if a judgment is passed in a state where it is legal, then the judgment can be applied in any US state or country that honor US court judgments such as Puerto Rico.

The Confession of Judgment waives all legal rights to due process in the court system.

Recent jurisprudence
The United States Supreme Court issued two rulings in 1972 relating to confessions of judgment. It held that:

 * confession of judgment procedures do not violate due process if the waiver of constitutional rights made by a confession of judgment is voluntary, knowing, and intelligently made.
 * confessions must be reviewed on a case-by-case basis; where the contract is one of adhesion, where there is great disparity of bargaining power, and where the debtor receives nothing for the confession, the waiver of rights may not be valid.

Relying on Overmyer, the California Supreme Court ruled in 1978 that the confession of judgment procedure, as constituted in that State, was constitutionally invalid, ruling:

"Because the California statutes provide insufficient safeguards to assure that the debtor in fact executed a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver, and because the debtor's opportunity to seek post-judgment relief does not cure the unconstitutionality of a judgment entered without a valid waiver, we conclude that the confession of judgment procedure established in sections 1132 through 1134 violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment."

In 1990, the California Court of Appeal for the First District ruled that California courts will not enforce judgments from other states entered on confessions of judgment to the extent that such judgments fail to comply with the strict due process requirements outlined in Isbell.

Canada
The use of the cognovit actionem began to be restricted in Upper Canada in 1857, with passage of a requirement that such instruments be registered within thirty days at the County Court (a predecessor of the present Ontario Superior Court of Justice). Further provision was made the following year to void any such confession entered into by an insolvent person to either defeat or delay his creditors or to give a fraudulent preference. Cognovit actionem eventually fell into disuse, and was abolished in 1913 as a result of the reform of the civil procedure rules that year.

The procedure has also been abolished in British Columbia.

title: Confession of judgment


text:
Talk:Dynamic disk

Copyright violation
Removed the earlier information, it was copied from this page: http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;254105&FR=1&PA=1&SD=HSCH and therefore copyrighted by Microsoft. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sflu (talk • contribs) 11:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynamic disk


text:
User talk:LincolnDouglas

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
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 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
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Happy editing! Tan 19:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello LincolnDouglas! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:45, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Erwin Riess -

title: User talk:LincolnDouglas


text:
Student Christian Movement of Canada

The Student Christian Movement of Canada (SCM Canada) is a youth-led ecumenical network of student collectives based in spirituality, issues of social, economic, and environmental justice, and building autonomous local communities on campuses across the country. It is part of the World Student Christian Federation. The SCM Canada works with other Christian groups, for example, in 2017 supporting the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity.

History
In 1895, leaders from North American and European countries established and united national SCMs within the first international student organization, the World Student Christian Federation.

Starting out as at the McGill YMCA, SCM Canada was founded and incorporated into the WSCF in 1921. It is estimated that nearly five percent of students in English Canada were involved in the group from the time of its inception to 1930.

Like its international counterpart, SCM Canada has been part of the ecumenical movement, the turbulence of the 1960s student movements, the mid-20th century shift in balance of power from liberal to evangelical Christian conservatism, the pressures of maintaining unity across the spectrum of Christianity, and the tension between a theological study focus and a social activism focus.

Since its founding, SCM Canada has taken stands on social issues including support for the ordination of women, opposing internment of Japanese-Canadians during World War II; anti-war activities since the 1960s; and facing controversy for its solidarity with LGBTQ Christians. Members were involved in the Canadian Social Gospel movement, which mobilized for a more just social order in Canada, including accessible health care, education, and social services.

The movement has undertaken various projects throughout its history. The SCM was involved in socialist work camps in the 1940s and 1950s in which students would work in unionizing factories during the summer and pool their resources in communal houses of prayer. This was modeled after the Worker-Priest movement in France. Between 2000 and 2002, summer solidarity projects explored sustainable living in rural community. The SCM also runs international solidarity exchanges with more militant SCMs in the Philippines and Nicaragua and annual student educational trips they call pilgrimages.

The pilgrimage model started with a tour of radical labour and faith organizations in southern Ontario and the north-east USA. Today, SCM Canada travels every November to the gates of the US army base at Fort Benning, Georgia, to protest the human rights abuses of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC, formerly the School of the Americas).

SCM Canada was investigated by Canadian security services during the Cold War for alleged Communist infiltration because of its positions on economic justice and opposition to nuclear weapons. Some members were linked to the Communist Party of Canada, but the movement denied formal links.

Since the 1990s, SCM Canada has attracted a variety of students, but the network is considerably smaller than in previous decades when mainline Protestant churches were more prominent in Canadian life.

Politically, SCM tends to hold a number of converging political ideologies and outlooks in its ranks, including anarchist and feminist principles of decentralized organizing, liberal concerns with human rights and equality, and emphasis on praxis in integrating theories of social change, theologies, and leftist social activism. Liberation theology has had a major impact on bridging the movement's political and spiritual direction.

Spiritually, SCM members come not only from traditional supporters, the United Church of Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada but also Roman Catholics, Mennonites, some Evangelicals and some non-Christians. Styles of local worship range from contemplative meditation, to monastic styles, praise music and less tradition creative liturgies and ritual.

SCM Canada used to publish an independent magazine, All Things New, twice a year.

Activities
The local unit is considered the heart of the movement. Activities and styles vary widely, depending on the preferences and capacities of the local unit. The activities of local SCM movements may be political in nature, such as attending protests or running workshops relating to a variety of social justice issues. Specifically, environmental justice, Indigenous rights, and LGBTQ rights are listed on the SCM website. The movement has a longtime tradition of a commitment to pacifism and an anti-war stance. The SCM also advocates for the rights of migrants and refugees.

Units base their social justice activities within the Christian faith through liberation theology, Bible studies, student-led worship services, and meditation. The national office of the Student Christian Movement offers a variety of social justice themed devotionals and Bible studies available for download. Other events hosted by SCM units are social, including retreats, film festivals, and potluck meals.

Local unit members and its national board gather annually at a national conference, which explores current social or political issues from a Christian ecumenical perspective, and features the highest decision-making body of the movement, National Council, which operates on consensus decision principles.

SCM Canada used to organize an annual pilgrimage to the gates of the US army base at Fort Benning, Georgia to protest human rights abuses of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC, formerly School of the Americas).

The movement also advocates for LGBTQ people's rights, which began in the mid-1990s with a popular pamphlet, Stop Homophobia in the Churches, which was updated and republished in 2007. In 2006, SCM Canada received a $100,000 US grant from the Liberty Hill Foundation to launch a Queer & Christian Without Contradiction campaign across Canada. In 2009, SCM passed a Resolution on Gender Identity and Sexuality to replace the 1990 Resolution on Sexuality and Homophobia. This new resolution affirmed the holiness, validity, and equal worth of all sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expressions. The resolution also condemned relationships and expressions that are exploitative, non-consensual, or oppressive.

In 2014, SCM along with the Beansprout Collective launched a three-day Festival called Cahoots Festival: Faith, Justice & DIY. Cahoots holds a series of workshops on social justice and faith issues and well as do-it-yourself projects and crafts. As a multi-generational festival, Cahoots remains the only initiative run by SCM Canada with activities specifically oriented towards children.

Structure

SCM Canada is a grassroots organization composed of autonomous local unit collectives that associate with each other regionally and across Canada. The Canada-wide body of the movement is associated with regional bodies of the WSCF.

SCM Canada is currently the only student-led affiliate of WSCF in North America, although a North America Regional office was founded in 2007, and SCM-USA is currently being founded by a steering committee, following a regional conference held in San Francisco in January 2009.

The highest decision-making body in the movement is General Council, which convenes every spring at the movement's General Conference. The location rotates between regions. All decisions are made by consensus of all students present, regardless of seniority or experience, and are facilitated by the elected Co-Chairs to the General Board.

Local
University students run local unit collectives, generally based on some form of consensus decision-making, facilitated by at least one Local Unit Coordinator or Animator (formerly local secretaries), although some groups are completely self-directed. Local units are often allied with campus chaplains, other social activist and/or spiritual/religious groups on campus, and local organizations beyond the academy.

Publications
Twice a year, SCM Canada used to publish an independent magazine. Each issue addressed a topic decided upon by the movement and included local unit reports, internal communication and discussions about the movement's direction.

SCM used to publish occasionally a theological journal, Epistle.

General (Canada-Wide)
All SCM members who attend General Conference (usually every May) comprise the General Council of SCM Canada. General Council is the highest decision-making body of SCM Canada. The General Council elects and empowers a General Board of Directors to continue the Movement's business throughout the year.

The Board of Directors of SCM Canada is made up of two Co-Chairs, two regional coordinators (as explained above), and four coordinators who take on the role of various "Desks." These four Desks are the Outreach Coordinator, the Fundraising and Finance Coordinator, the Anti-Oppression Coordinator, and the Communications and Resources Coordinator.

One or two General Secretaries are hired by the General Board to administer, fundraise, assist in Canada-wide programs, and network local units and board members throughout the year. The General Office is currently in Toronto, Ontario.

International
SCM Canada is part of the North American Region of the WSCF.

The WSCF North American Region includes SCM Canada, Jeunesse Etudiante Chrétienne (Québec), the Lutheran Student Movement(USA), the United Methodist Student Movement (USA) and the U.S. Council for Ecumenical Student Christian Ministry. The North America Regional Office is located in New York, New York. The North America Regional Secretary is Luciano Kovacs.

The Inter-Regional Office of the WSCF is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

Members
Members have included:
 * Muriel Duckworth
 * James Endicott
 * Eugene Forsey
 * Stanley Knowles
 * Nancy Ruth
 * H. B. Sharman
 * Audrey Tobias
 * Lois Miriam Wilson
 * J. S. Woodsworth

title: Student Christian Movement of Canada


text:
User talk:Jawr256/Archive

Buffalo
While I appreciate the creation of articles, I don't think that "buffalo" warrants an article on its own, since it has no significance aside from the password, and therefore there's nothing to expand on. Please consider tagging it for speedy deletion. --khaosworks 19:51, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed you orphaned the Buffalo (Doctor Who) article. Please add a tag to the article so it can be quickly deleted, if that is your intent. --khaosworks 18:56, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

Screenshot
I'm not sure what you mean. You screenshot capture program should be able to save the image as a file, and then the file should be able to be uploaded to Wikipedia as per normal. --khaosworks 11:28, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Dads Army
Jack will you make me a cast table for my Dads Army pages it should be 16 rows and 2 colums in size. Thanks, Eddie

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:41, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

SOTON Cipher Challenge
I have cracked part 3A, so only 3B is nessecary to crack now

Regarding your template and category
Hi there,

I would suggest you move Template:Jawr256 to a subpage (you can transclude subpages just like templates, except you need to use the full name including namespace, for example or whatever you'll call it) and list the redirect for deletion (redirects to userspace is "bad" and will be speedily deleted on sight anyway, so might as well list it yourself). Making templates just for use on your userpage is generaly frowned upon. I'd also strongly suggest removing the category tag from it and list the category for deletion too. There are several categories for userpages naturaly, but havig a whole category only for your own subpages is a bit exessive, and it only gives "amunition" to the people who favour deleting all user related categories. You navigation box should be enough to keep track of them IMHO. --Sherool 21:29, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh and I suggest moving Template:Jawr256 nav (and any other templates you might have (for your userpage)) to a subpage like described abowe too. Thanks. --Sherool 21:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi again, you don't seem to be around these days, so I've gone ahead and moved the two templates to your userpspace, there is no visible difference (well I added a edit link to the navbox). I'm also listing Category:Jawr256 on WP:CFD. --Sherool 19:52, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Sutherland bashstreet.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sutherland bashstreet.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you created this/these image(s) yourself, you can use the tag. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 10:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Doctor Who Deaths
I have written the number of deaths for Mission to the Unknown on your Doctor Who death count page. Mollsmolyneux

Doctor Who the Wheel in Space
I have bought Doctor Who: The Wheel in Space and to my surprise it was not narrated by Frazer Hines, but by Wendy Padbury. This makes two storys which are not narrated by the four people that usually do it. The other being The Macra Terror narrated by Colin Baker.

Doctor Who the War Games
I have been doing some research and have discovered that they release a Troughton story every year on DVD.
 * The Tomb of the Cybermen: 2002
 * The Seeds of Death: 2003
 * Lost in Time: 2004
 * The Mind Robber: 2005

This leaves The Dominators, The Krotons and The War Games therefore the War Games should be out within the next three years.

Page Redesign
I, Mollsmolyneux, have redesigned the List of incomplete Doctor Who serials page. To view it please Click Here. Please leave any comments you have about the page on My Talk Page and tell me if you think I should put the page on. -- Mollsmolyneux 12:51, 12 Nov 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Masella.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Masella.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 13:27, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Babel
As you can see I have added something new to your babel page.

Mollsmolyneux

Userboxes
I have added the User archie userboxes to your userpage and I am also wondering if you userboxes page is still under constuction? Mollsmolyneux 10:18, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

You have also failed to mention that youare a member of WikiProject Comics, just thought I would let you know! Mollsmolyneux 10:24, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Dad's Army
Please consider joining Wikiproject Dad's Army because I know you like dad's army. If you decide that you would like to join then I have created a userbox it is User WPDad's Army

Mollsmolyneux 20:43, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jawr256/Archive


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Interslurf

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 22:42, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Interslurf
Delete. Conlang which is still under construction. Vanity/promotion. Made up by teenager as stated in article I've speedied yesterday. Bringing it here now. Mgm|(talk) 11:24, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and useless. Sarg 14:01, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What makes this so different from Esperanto or the Klingon language?
 * This vote above by Tp640871, creator of the article. The difference should be crystal clear. Esperanto has 2 million speakers (a minority, 200-2000, of them natives). Klingon language has been heard by much more than 2 million people in Star Trek. Same reasons are valid for Quenya and Leet. Nobody knows Interslurf. Sarg 16:35, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - looks like we're in for another round of conlang vanity articles. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:45, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no evidence that, outside of the author, anyone at all speaks or writes this made up language, let alone there being printed dictionaries for it and works written in it. Unverifiable. No secondary or even primary source materials are cited. Original research. Delete. Uncle G 21:45, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Delete, YAMC (yet another minor conlang). --W(t) 00:54, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 01:19, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Exslurf. Or whatever the word is for delete. Original research; conlang with no known speakers. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 17:05, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:The Coral albums

title: Category:The Coral albums


text:
User talk:Snowyowls

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Pion 11:25, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snowyowls


text:
Category talk:Terri Schiavo case

Untitled
Notes to self:

Disambiguation to internal links:

PVS defined Living Wills http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_ad_litem Courts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_tube

help needed to disambiguate
I was thinking of adding the missing elements, the internal links shown above, but can't seem to edit it. Viriditas, you were the last one to work on the page; can you dro pme a note and/or put in the other pages that seem to fin in the catagory? Thanks, --GordonWattsDotCom_In_Florida 11:29, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Message received and reply left on your page. Thanks.--GordonWattsDotCom_In_Florida 06:18, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Terri Schiavo case


text:
Talk:Btkatc

The content that was on this page has been merged to Computer jargon following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle 11:26, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Btkatc