text:
Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town

"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" is a song written by Mel Tillis about a paralyzed veteran who lies helplessly as his wife "paints up" to go out for the evening without him; he believes that she is going in search of a lover. As he hears the door slam behind her, he claims that he would murder her if he could move to get his gun, and pleads for her to reconsider. A line in the song about a "crazy Asian war" and the time of the song's release led to the assumption that the song was about a veteran of the Vietnam War, though this was never stated in the lyrics. However, Tillis stated that the song was about a veteran of World War II.

"Ruby" was first recorded by Waylon Jennings in 1966. Johnny Darrell reached number nine on the country charts with the song in 1967, and Kenny Rogers and The First Edition released it in 1969.

The First Edition version
Kenny Rogers and The First Edition enjoyed success with the hits "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" and "But You Know I Love You," and Rogers wanted to take his group more into a country music direction in 1969. They recorded their version of the song in a single take in June 1968, with Kenny Rogers singing the lead. The record became an international hit for them in 1969, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart and staying in the top ten for 12 weeks. In the United States, it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the country chart.

In 1977, Rogers was performing solo after the First Edition disbanded in early 1976. He made re-recordings of this and a number of other First Edition hits for his greatest hits package Ten Years of Gold. It was later issued in the UK as The Kenny Rogers Singles Album. Ten Years of Gold topped the US country charts under that title, and it was just as successful in the United Kingdom.

Other versions
The song has been recorded many times by various artists. The Statler Brothers covered it on their 1967 album, Big Country Hits. Other artists who have recorded versions include Bobby Bare, Dale Hawkins, Waylon Jennings, George Jones, Jerry Reed, Roger Miller, Cake, The Killers, Sort Sol, Leonard Nimoy, Ralph Stanley II,, German band Wolfsheim and the Swedish band Rank Strangers on their 1969 album Country Our Way.

Several foreign-language versions have been recorded: Greek singer Nana Mouskouri recorded a French version entitled "Ruby, garde ton cœur ici" for her 1970 album Dans le soleil et dans le vent; Gerhard Wendland recorded a German version "Ruby, schau einmal über'n Zaun" in 1970; Pavel Bobek, Czech country singer, recorded "Oh Ruby, nechtěj mi lásku brát" in 1970; Lale Andersen released a German version with "Geh nicht zurück auf's Meer" in 1971. Gary Holton and Casino Steel's English-language version was a number one hit in Norway at the beginning of 1982. French singer Eddy Mitchell recorded a French version entitled "Ruby tu reviens au pays" for his 1974 album Rocking in Nashville.

Answer songs
Geraldine Stevens released an answer song entitled "Billy, I've Got to Go to Town" in 1969. She had previously recorded successfully under the name Dodie Stevens. It is sung to the same melody with an arrangement quite similar to the First Edition version. "Billy" peaked at number 117 pop, number 57 country. It reached number 83 in Canada. In Stevens's song, Ruby affirms her love for her disabled husband. She pleads in turn for her man to have faith in her fidelity and her commitment to him even in his paralyzed condition.

In 1972, Bobby Womack released the album Understanding, which included the song "Ruby Dean." The lyrics and melody are similar to "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" but the story is told from the perspective of Ruby's son. The son urges his mother to respect his father and to stop seeing other men.

Video
A "social commentary" video consisting solely of a camera panning back and forth in a bedroom while the First Edition recording of the song played was shown at the end of a Huntley-Brinkley Report during 1969. Chet Huntley set up the video by linking it to the controversial Vietnam War and the sacrifices made by U.S. servicemen and their families. Chet Huntley and David Brinkley paused after the video and then signed off in their usual fashion.

title: Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town


text:
Talk:Green Lantern Corps

Picture conversation? (title added afterward)
Khaos, The picture emphasises the size of the corps. As it stands the picture seems too small.
 * Increasing the size to 300px should make it a bit more visible (and the point of the thumbnail is that one can always click on it to see the bigger picture), but there is still no good reason for centering it on the article page. --khaosworks 20:07, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Green Lantern Honor Guard and the Crimson Mantle of Command
I've combined these two entries as it turns out they are one and the same rank and title. As describe, the rank and title are introduced in TotGLC #1, in issue #3 Hal Jordan is offered the Crimson Mantle of Command, this is what the Honor Guard are shown to wear, what they are in fact offering him is the rank of Honor Guard and leadership of the Corps.

24 hour Charge
I may be wrong, but I thought that the 24 hour charge on the rings were a thing of the past. If so references should be updated.--A Parallax View 22:57, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that is just for Kyle Raynor's (Ion) ring.Arcayne 01:56, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

They are a thing of the past. I believe they just need to keep power battery near by in pocket dimension, discovered by Kronos. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.60.90.22 (talk) 01:12, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Are backup Lanterns used in the new Corps
I was wondering, does the Corps have backup Lanterns assigned to high population sectors like 2814? In other words, do Jordan and Stewart currently have backups?--kchishol1970 01:52, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Stewart is Jordan's backup, Jordan is sector 2814.1, Stewart is 2814.2, Kyle was Ion, he might be 2814.3, Guy is GL#1 or honor gaurd 1, the comic was great until Jordan returned (the whole return was a great story, but Jordan is a mass murder (zero hour) and should have stayed the Specter to pay for his sins) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.163.4.128 (talk) 15:54, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Superboy Prime
I think it is worth mentioning how the Corps is currently jailing Superboy Prime. --waffle iron talk 17:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree, I think it is something of universal note, at least in DC.--A Parallax View 22:55, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Needs a superteam box
Like LEGION and Darkstars. --Basique 20:29, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Done! --Hemlock Martinis 00:14, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

"intergalactic"?
Is the word "intergalactic" actually used in these comics? If so, it belongs here, but I've noticed that lately lots of idiots use that word without understanding it: they think that what is seen in Star Wars and Star Trek is intergalactic travel. You'd think any 12-year-old would understand the difference and those who don't could never learn how to tie their shoes and speak in complete sentences, but some of these people are actually functioning adults who've graduated from college. Frightening. Michael Hardy 21:37, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not a space ranger. What do you think "intergalactic" mean for all the idiots who might be reading this? --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 21:39, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Believe it or not, "inter-galactic" (or other variations on the spelling) has been used in comics (and fiction) for a rather long time. Space Ranger, that ChrisGriswold alluded to above is an excellent example. As for the GLC, consider that each of the 3600 sectors is comprised of many galaxies, you may realise why the term has been used (and often). If you're truly looking for more examples, and not just venting an opinion, feel free to ask. - jc37 04:06, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would imagine that this has become commonplace because it was such back in the days when comics were written pre-spaceflight. Interstellar was just as big a term as intergalactic both in relative distance to the 1950's and 1960's nomenclature as well as terminology; both meant the same thing - Very Far Away. I think that eventually, the language will catch up to the mean educational level and we will find something else to find issue with, like you know - that whole Power Battery Thing and skin-tight costumes that show neither packages nor cameltoes.
 * Also, intergalactic just sounds sexier and more exotic than interstellar or intra-stellar. :DArcayne 04:41, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to point out that the new Green Lantern Corps comics do use the term "intergalactic". a partial quote from Green Lantern Corps #1: "The best and brightest serve proudly as members of the intergalactic peacekeepers known as the Green Lantern Corps". So the comics do use the term intergalactic. 70.17.150.74 04:53, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

while done and dusted just want to point out that in it's own media the termenology does allow much to be desired. in comics they normally refer to having multiple galaxies in a sector but have divided up the universe(?) into 3600 pieces for this intergalatic is correct. in others like movies/cartoon series, and other heroes comics they say they cut up the galaxy and neirbhouring galaxies are home to other notorius factions. in the later intergalactic does sound incorrect but at least the division of the zones is more plausable considering they have forgotten zones in a universe that has bet cut into a circle (seriously how can that even work? i did not see this 1degree slice over here?). so it depends on which media as to the term being correct or used like startrek to explain solar systems in 1 galaxy.152.91.9.153 (talk) 05:38, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Green Lantern Corpse
In Green Lantern Corps #7 and #8, a new branch of the Green Lantern Corps called the "Green Lantern Corpse" is introduced, it's an elite black ops branch of the Lanterns. They don't use Power Rings, but instead swallow power disks that give them all of a rings powers for a limited time, exept that instead of green energy, it is purple. Shouldn't the "Green Lantern Corpse" be mentioned in the article? 151.203.160.62 21:46, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I added the info. 151.203.160.62 22:46, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Lensman Reference?
I am no expert, but the Lensman stuff needs citations. It currently runs the risk of ORArcayne 02:01, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Malthus reference
I've removed the italicized text:

In the early days of the Universe, natives of the overpopulated planet Maltus (sometimes spelled Malthus as a possible reference to famous overpopulation author Thomas Malthus) evolved into immortals of great power.

as it has remained unsourced. I put it here in case it can later be sourced. As well, I will readjust the sentence to reflect the possible spelling dfference. Arcayne  (cast a spell)  14:54, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:GLWeapons.jpg
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Addition of other universe Lantern Corps.
With the recent influx of information on the new universes of the post IC multiverse and Green Lanterns being promanent in a lot of major storylines with series like Countdown Arena and the Sinestro Corps War, I propose we expand to include all we know. Let alone the Sinestro Corps mention added to this article, I propose we expand the article to cover all of the alternate universes Green Lantern Corps and related/similar groups we know to be in continuity. The Star Saphire group being generated right now might then also warrant a mention if the Sinestro Corps has. The mention of other colors in the spectrum such as Red lanterns references as well as Wildstorms blue ones might warrant mention as well.

Likely a simple blurb in this article for the basic premises for different groups and the universes they exist in would be a start, and the originating stories they came from to start with. Later, add individual pages for expanded information as it comes in along with how they tie in to the primary New Earth GLC. I do agree with Arcayne on editing out my earlier editions of the other universe groups. The structure of everything might require a brand new page, under some heading to be determined here soon first. But, most pages of characters make note of alternate versions from other universes, media or in the case of DC, defunct universes. Let alone frequent mentions of homages. There aren't many verifiable connections between the current organizations to New Earth though beyond the fact they are for all intents and purposes alternate versions of the same organization or variations thereof. Thats why I'm starting this to discuss the future of this section. I was suprised as any when the Earth-3 Green Lantern Corpse was mentioned in the preview Countdown 31 pages released. The fact more crosses, mentions and such are my motivation for adding them in the first place. The fact there is still another major GL storyline coming up AFTER Final Crisis as mentioned in many interviews seems all of this stuff might just tie in in the future. It has been mentioned it is the culmination of a lot of these long running arcs, Rainbow batteries, alternates and so forth. LMWanderer 01:28, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I am thinking that - and this is just an idea - that these other groups should be written as stand-alone articles, and linked to this article via either categories (fictional law-enforcement agencies, etc.). The problem I see with tying them in here is that adding the information here means that you have to explain who the group is, and then explain their connection to the GLC, which comes too close to OR by synthesis to not get tagged and/or removed. If there are other articles on these other agencies, with citations noting the inspiration/connection to the GLC, they can be tied in a lot more effectively, wouldn't you think? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  02:59, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Duck dodgers 2.jpg
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BetacommandBot 15:46, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Recharge Merge

 * "You've go to keep them separated!" One is a description of a limited series, the other is fictional group. Though connected, it is unnecessary to merge to two. -66.109.248.114 (talk) 01:20, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep separate Agreed. Nightscream (talk) 14:40, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Alpha lanterns
Should we make a seperate page for the Alpha Lanterns? Herro440 (talk) 19:17, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If it ever gets large enough to justify splitting it off. Right now it isn't, and it doesn't look like it will be. - J Greb (talk) 19:43, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Genocide in Vega
Wasn't there something about the Manhunters final atrocity being a massacre of some sort in the Vega system? This isn't mentioned in either this or the Manhunter article, but I have a strong feeling I've read this somewhere. Fellow nerds, help me out! 130.240.217.145 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 18:53, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:39, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Disciplinary Action
Under the Disciplinary Action that the Guardians would impose on the Green Lanterns that broke the laws of the book of Oa, shouldnt the Actions be defined more thoroughly than just a name? Also, since Superman Prime had escaped, wouldnt it be prudent to remove "Prime Duty" under that list? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.83.30.53 (talk) 22:36, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Sinestro corps gather.jpg
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Main Article Image Vote
this ---> Image:GlCv2.jpg or ---> Image:Green_Lantern_Corps.jpg

 * First off, "vote" is a poor choice of terms. At best this is an attempt to show a reason to change the image or see if there is a consensus for the change.
 * Having said that... Is there a particular reason to remove the current sourced and FURed image and replace it with the newer, loosely source one showing a slightly different cast set?
 * - J Greb (talk) 00:39, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

1] you dont need to over-analyze it, i wanted to make that change but instead of starting a revert war with you i did this, big deal.

2] i care very much for the visual presentation of wikipedia

3] u speak about sources but how much do you really care for this comic? my new image illustrates more characters which may spark the interest of user visiting this article for the first time

4] still if you dont agree yet, we should add both images in the article

Retroqqq (talk) 01:21, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It looks like you're responding to point raised on your user talk page. But the few general points you raise:
 * Take a look at WP:NFCC if you're looking to create a more visual presentation. This is a policy section and is expanded on at WP:NFC. And yes: images do get deleted for not being fully cited.
 * You've mentioned that you found the image on Comicvine, that's a good start. But is it something that DC published or is it fan art or a composite? You ask if I care about the comic. Yes, I do. And that means that I care that we do right by the people that actually own the characters and the art.
 * As for adding both images see NFCC policy point 3 - We can't add redundant images, and that's what it would be.
 * - J Greb (talk) 01:52, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:11, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Sector 2
Isn't sector 2 the home of the Reach (Blue Beetle), and therefore off limits to the Guardians? --68.45.218.70 (talk) 18:12, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

List of other Corps
Even though the formatting of this particular portion of the Blackest Night section is very nice, I propose that its inclusion in this article is totally unnecessary and that it should be deleted. In that same vein, Hybrid Lanterns should probably also go. It's information that only pertains to Hal Jordan. Since he's the only Lantern to belong to two Corps at once, it should go to his main article. What information isn't about him is about Larfleeze... who isn't a Green Lantern at all. One might argue the resurrection of deceased Green Lanterns in the Blackest Night event as Black Lanterns, however those issues are not released yet and they may not be hybrid lanterns when they are. They may very well just be Black Lanterns. Hooliganb (talk) 02:32, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Firstly, among the four tagged issues at the top of the article is the page resembling a fan site. This is probably an area of the article that led to that tag. In an encyclopedic entry on the Green Lantern Corps, one should probably find information focusing on that Corps. If it's appropriate to describe their relationship to other Corps within the text or mention other Corps in plot descriptions, then that's one thing. It's another to include a lengthy list of bullets that is so detailed as to include an oath... that is not an oath for the Green Lantern Corps. More to the point, one of the bullets is for the Green Lantern Corps themselves. That seems a little bizarre.
 * Second, the section on Blackest Night should probably only describe how the event effects the Corps in the DC Universe, depicts them within the plotline, and relates to the real world perception/reception of the Green Lanterns. The section begins with a link to the separate Blackest Night article. That would be the place for a description of the overall event. Interestingly, a list of the different Corps also exists in that article.
 * Third, though the section does include links to the main articles for each of the other Corps, all of this information should probably stay in those articles (as it pertains to them, not to the Green Lanterns).
 * Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, (as the tag implies) this information can be found in other articles that are more appropriate houses for it. The Blackest Night article has a similar (though more concise) list resembling this one, Power ring (DC Comics) has a more detailed one than this, and Emotional spectrum also lists out the eight Corps in the introductory paragraph for the article. Including the information here is not only not appropriate for the article's topic in terms of an encyclopedia, but redundant in terms of its appearance on Wikipedia in general.

 * Sorry I feel it need to return to where it was suitatble, I think this should remain in it original area! —Preceding unsigned comment added by BLACKMYSTECHRANGER (talk • contribs) 09:11, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It might be helpful to the discussion if you explained why you feel that way. Hooliganb (talk) 16:47, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Images
In an effort to reflect minimal use, for fair-use of the images, I've started to trim images, primarily those duplicated. Removed have been the guardian image, Sinestro Corps, and Power Ring. Please continue to see where we can trim images, to better reflect best practices. -Sharp962 (talk) 16:21, 3 September 2009 (UTC).

Clarissi and Illustres
In Green Lantern Corps #40 a hologram of the Guardian spelled out the chain of succession according to the laws of Oa for the first time: First the Guardians, then the Clarissi (Salaak), then the Illustres (Kyle and Guy, the Honor Guard). This needs to be added somewhere, though I don't know where is the best fit 96.231.69.3 (talk) 00:56, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Death, then alive?
From the article: "In an attempt to redeem himself after his actions as Parallax, Hal Jordan sacrificed his life reigniting the sun, whereupon Oa and the Central Power Battery were completely rebuilt by the physical manifestation of Jordan’s dying will channeled through his old friend and confidant Thomas Kalmaku. [...] Hal Jordan, upon learning the truth about Parallax, separated himself from it and was reborn as a Green Lantern once again." Someone should write something about his resurrection, I would think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.213.189.150 (talk) 12:53, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Main topic of the article
Is the article supposed to be focused on the fictional history of the Green Lantern Corps, as a comic entity, or on the three volumes of the Green Lantern Corps book (one of which as a retitle of the second Green Lantern title)? This article features a Bibliography section which lists pretty much every limited and ongoing series related to the GLC that isn't simply titled Green Latern, even though that book is highly relevant to the GLC mythos. I'd suspect an article with based around a book would feature a "Publication history" section. Just want to start up a discussion. It seems as if the article is a mix of many topics which could potentially be split off into various articles. || Tako (talk) 15:18, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * This is a common problem I've seen with some comic book articles. I think a good handling is with Batman which is about the character and Batman (comic book) which is about the series. In this case, a content split would be in order to have Green Lantern Corps relate to the team and Green Lantern Corps (comic book) could be devoted to the comic book series titled Green Lantern Crops. --Odie5533 (talk) 01:29, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'd rather see this have a massive plot-ectomy first and refocused similar to Batman or Superman, though with the PH for the actual magazines. - J Greb (talk) 01:45, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Green Lantern Corps


text:
Dune (1984 soundtrack)

Dune is an original soundtrack album for the 1984 film Dune. Most of the album was composed by the rock band Toto—their first and only film score—but one track was contributed by Brian Eno, Roger Eno and Daniel Lanois. The soundtrack album was first released in November 1984. An extended version with an altered track listing was released in 1997. Both versions are currently out of print on traditional media such as CD but with the increasing popularity of download and streaming services, have gained improved exposure through such channels as iTunes and Spotify.

Background
The instrumental soundtrack was recorded by the band Toto (minus lead singer Fergie Frederiksen), accompanied by the Vienna Symphony Orchestra and the Vienna Volksoper Choir, conducted by Marty Paich, father of Toto keyboardist David Paich. "Prophecy Theme" was composed for the movie by Brian Eno, Roger Eno and Daniel Lanois.

The first release of the soundtrack contained select cues in their original film order, plus two pieces of dialogue from the movie that served as bookends for two tracks ("Prologue" and "The Floating Fat Man (The Baron)"). This first issue was released by Polydor Records. The album includes an alternative take of the "Main Title", that had not been used in the film.

An extended version containing additional cues was released in 1997 on PEG Records, an independent label division of Polygram. On this issue multiple tracks had mastering problems which resulted in audible distortion in the form of a 'wobbling' effect. Furthermore, many cues (particularly in the second half of the expanded CD) were mislabeled and placed out of film order. The album includes the film version of the "Main Title", and an original demo of the main title music.

There are several differences between the music on the two soundtrack albums and that heard in the film. For example, the end title theme, "Take My Hand", is heard on the soundtrack CDs minus the orchestration heard in the final film mix. The version of "Robot Fight" on the original soundtrack is heard in the theatrical version, while the version on the expanded CD is only heard in the extended "Alan Smithee" TV version of the film. The cues "Riding The Sandworm" (from the expanded CD) and "Dune (Desert Theme)", "Prelude (Take My Hand)", "Paul Kills Feyd" and "Final Dream" (from both soundtrack issues) are not heard in the movie, and are replaced by either repeated or alternate cues. However, the television version does restore "Paul Kills Feyd" in its original place in the movie, and "Dune (Desert Theme)", which was intended as the end title music, is replaced by "Take My Hand."

Composer James Newton Howard made his film score debut on the film, co-composing the cue "Trip to Arrakis" with Paich.

Personnel

 * Steve Lukather – guitar
 * David Paich – keyboards
 * Steve Porcaro – keyboards
 * Mike Porcaro – bass guitar, percussion
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums, percussion
 * Virginia Madsen – narration on "Prologue"
 * Kenneth McMillan and Paul Smith – dialogue on "The Floating Fat Man (The Baron)"
 * Vienna Symphony Orchestra

Production

 * Tom Knox – score engineer / score mixer

Additional notes
Catalogue: (CD) Columbia 8237702, (CD) Polydor 823770-2, (LP) Polydor 8237701, (CD) Polygram International 823770

title: Dune (1984 soundtrack)


text:
Practice-based research network

A practice-based research network (PBRN) is a group of practices devoted principally to the care of patients and affiliated for the purpose of examining the health care processes that occur in practices. PBRNs are characterized by an organizational framework that transcends a single practice or study. They provide a "laboratory" for studying broad populations of patients and care providers in community-based settings.

History of primary care research
Before there were research institutes or networks of practices, individual practitioners studied their patients' problems with scientific rigor. Among these were five general practitioners who have been recognized for their seminal work during the past 125 years. They are James Mackenzie, Will Pickles, John Fry, F.J.A. Huygen and Curtis G. Hames. Each of these pioneers demonstrated that important new knowledge could be discovered by practicing family physicians. More recently, practicing primary care pediatricians such as Burtis Breese and William Carey contributed a body of knowledge on child health. These doctors all wondered about their patients' problems and they developed a means of gathering and recording data on their patients.

Each of these research pioneers provide inspiration for the development of practice-based, primary care research networks because each demonstrated that important new knowledge could be discovered by the practicing primary care physician. They each wondered about their patients, developed means of gathering and recording data, and found collaborators and support from their staff and local communities. Unfortunately, they practiced in an era that was over-committed to specialism. Research focused on molecular mechanisms of disease. The rush to specialization by the medical community and the linking of research to specialists resulted in decades of neglect of primary care and virtually no recognition of the need to investigate care in the primary care setting. Instead, the common wisdom viewed primary care practices as relatively boring places that could be potential sites of application of the fruits of research done elsewhere in research laboratories, hospitals and institutes.

Among the early regional networks started in the 1970s were the Dartmouth CO-OP PBRN in New Hampshire, Family Medicine Information System in Colorado (FMIS) and the Cooperative Information Project. These regional networks learned from each other and succeeded in conducting studies focused on what was happening in primary care. They attracted funding from medical schools, national philanthropic foundations and federal programs such as Health for Underserved Rural Areas. As the 1970s closed, these early networks enjoyed sufficient success to stimulate debate about the next steps in the context of the microcomputer's development. Among them was a small group convened by Gene Farley in Denver in 1978 to consider establishing a national sentinel practice system. It was this idea that lead to the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network and provided in retrospect what appears to have been a nidus for the establishment of primary care PBRNs in the United States. In the 1980s, pediatric research networks - the Pediatric Practice Research Group (PPRG) in metropolitan Chicago and the national Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) network of the American Academy of Pediatrics - emerged as well.

PBRNs are feasible and that represent a useful infrastructure for the scientific discovery of family practice and primary care. Experience to date points out the great advantages enjoyed by those with enduring, core financial support—such as the Dutch with their early national commitment to primary care and their willingness to invest in primary care research. It is also obvious that these networks require collaboration, cooperation and a spirit of sharing and trust.

These networks are now at once both a place and a concept. As a place, they are a laboratory for surveillance and research. As a concept, they express the still unmet need for practicing primary care clinicians to accept responsibility to improve frontline clinical care by understanding what is happening in their practices. Successes to date have been sufficient to incite the Institute of Medicine's 1994 committee studying the future of primary care to recommend support to stabilize and expand practice-based primary care research networks.

Currently active

 * 1) AAFP NRN – AAFP National Research Network Kansas
 * 2) AANPNR – American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Network for Research Texas
 * 3) ACCESSPBRN – ACCESSPBRN Illinois
 * 4) ACCP PBRN – American College of Clinical Pharmacy Practice-Based Research Network Kansas
 * 5) ACERN – Ambulatory Care Evaluation and Research Network New York
 * 6) ACORN – Virginia Ambulatory Care Outcomes Research Network Virginia
 * 7) ACPNet – ACPNet Pennsylvania
 * 8) APBRN – Alabama Practice Based Research Network Alabama
 * 9) A-PBRN - Ayurveda Practice Based Research Network United Kingdom
 * 10) APN-ARC – Advanced Practice Nurse-Ambulatory Research Consortium Ohio
 * 11) APPD LEARN – Association of Pediatric Program Directors Longitudinal Educational Assessment Research Network  Virginia
 * 12) ARCHNAP  St. Louis Ambulatory Care Research Consortium for Nurses in Advanced Practice Missouri
 * 13) AT-PBRN – Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network Arizona
 * 14) ATSU SOMA PBRN – A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona PBRN Arizona
 * 15) AppNET – The Appalachian Research Network Tennessee
 * 16) ArkPBRN – Arkansas Practice Based Research Network Arkansas
 * 17) BIGHORN – Building Investigative Practices for Better Health Outcomes Colorado
 * 18) BWPC PBRN – Brigham and Women's Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network Massachusetts
 * 19) BraveNet – The Bravewell Integrative Medicine Research Network North Carolina
 * 20) C-AHEAD PBRN – Center for the Advancement of Healthcare Education and Delivery PBRN Colorado
 * 21) CAARN - Community-Academic Aging Research Network (UW-Madison)
 * 22) CAPRICORN – Capital Area Primary Care Research Network District of Columbia
 * 23) CARinG Network – Cincinnati Area Research Group Network Ohio
 * 24) CCPC – Connecticut Center for Primary Care Connecticut
 * 25) CDN – Clinical Directors Network, Inc. New York
 * 26) COCONet – Colorado Child Outcomes Network Colorado
 * 27) CORC – CAMHS Outcomes Research Consortium UK
 * 28) CONCORD-PBRN – Consortium for Collaborative Osteopathic Research Development Practice-Based Research Network Texas
 * 29) CORNET – Continuity Research Network Virginia
 * 30) CPNet – Community Physician's Network Georgia
 * 31) CSPC – Centre for Studies in Primary Care
 * 32) CSRN – CLEAR Scoliosis Research Network Texas
 * 33) CaReNet  – Colorado Research Network Colorado
 * 34) Cedars-Sinai PBRN-Cedars-Sinai Medical Delivery Network PBRN California
 * 35) CenTexNet – Central Texas Primary Care Research Network Texas
 * 36) DC PrimCare PBRN – District of Columbia Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network District of Columbia
 * 37) DO-Touch.NET – Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine Treating with OMM: Usefulness in Current Healthcare Missouri
 * 38) DesertNet – DesertNet Arizona Primary Care Research Network Arizona
 * 39) E-CARE – Eastern Carolina Association for Research & Education North Carolina
 * 40) EBD-PBRN – Evidence-Based Decisions in Dentistry Practice-Based Research Network California
 * 41) EPICnet – Eastern Pennsylvania Inquiry Collaborative Network Pennsylvania
 * 42) GR-PBRN – Greater Rochester Practice Research Network New York
 * 43) GRIN – Great Lakes Research Into Practice Network Michigan
 * 44) HCH PBRN – Health Care for the Homeless Practice Based Research Network Tennessee
 * 45) HHR – Holistic Healthcare and Research Centre
 * 46) HPRN – High Plains Research Network Colorado
 * 47) HamesNet – HamesNet Georgia
 * 48) Healthy Communities – Physicians of Southwest Washington Foundation for Quality Improvement Washington
 * 49) ICPA PBRN – International Chiropractic Pediatric Association PBRN Pennsylvania
 * 50) IDND – Indianapolis Discovery Network for Dementia Indiana
 * 51) IFHRN – Institute for Family Health Research Network New York
 * 52) IRENE – Iowa Research Network Iowa
 * 53) ISRN-RN  – Improvement Science Research Network Texas
 * 54) JCCCR – Jefferson Coordinating Center for Clinical Research Pennsylvania
 * 55) JDPBRN  – Dental PBRN Japan
 * 56) JHCP-PCRN – Johns Hopkins Community Physicians Primary Care Research Network Maryland
 * 57) JaxHERO – Jacksonville Health Equity Research Organization Florida
 * 58) KAN – Kentucky Ambulatory Network Kentucky
 * 59) LA Net – LA Net Community Health Network California
 * 60) LAC DHS ACN-R&I – Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Ambulatory Care Network  – Research & Innovation California
 * 61) La MAISON – Louisiana Medical Home Ambulatory Improvements and Outcomes Network Louisiana
 * 62) Lutheran Network – Lutheran Family Health Center Network New York
 * 63) MAFPRN – Minnesota Academy of Family Physicians Research Network Minnesota
 * 64) MAPPR – Mecklenburg Area Partnership for Primary Care Research North Carolina
 * 65) MASNRN – Massachusetts School Nurse Research Network Massachusetts
 * 66) MCHS PBRN – Mayo Clinic Health System Practice Based Research Network Minnesota
 * 67) MGPC-PBRN – Massachusetts General Primary Care Practice Based Research Network Massachusetts
 * 68) MPCRN – Military Primary Care Research Network Maryland
 * 69) MPPBRN – Minnesota Pharmacy Practice-Based Research Network Minnesota
 * 70) MTN – MO Therapy Network Missouri
 * 71) MedEdNet – Medical Education Research Network Oregon
 * 72) Mercy – Sisters of Mercy Health System Network Missouri
 * 73) MetroNet  – Metropolitan Detroit Practice-based Research Network Michigan
 * 74) National Dental PBRN - National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Alabama
 * 75) NC MARCH – North Carolina Multisite Adolescent Research Consortium for Health North Carolina
 * 76) NC-FM-RN – North Carolina Family Medicine Research Network North Carolina
 * 77) NCCHRN – North Carolina Child Health Research Network North Carolina
 * 78) NCnet - Combined PBRNS founded at UNC-Chapel Hil l contains NC-FM-RN, NCCHRN, NC MARCH and RCPCrN
 * 79) NECF PBRN – New England Clinicians Forum Practice-Based Research Network Connecticut
 * 80) NNE CO-OP PCBRN- Northern New England CO-OP Practice & Community Based Research Network (formerly known as the Dartmouth CO-OP PBRN)
 * 81) NEON – Northeastern Ohio Network Ohio
 * 82) NFPCRN  – North Florida Pediatric Community Research Network Florida
 * 83) NIPC-PBRN – National Interdisciplinary Primary Care PBRN Iowa
 * 84) NJPCRN  – New Jersey Primary Care Research Network New Jersey
 * 85) NP-PITTNet – NursePractitioner-PITTNet Pennsylvania
 * 86) NYC RING – New York City Research & Improvement Networking Group New York
 * 87) NYU-HHC CRA – New York University (NYU)-Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) Clinical Research Association (CRA) New York
 * 88) National Dental PBRN – The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Alabama
 * 89) NetHaven at Yale – NetHaven Practice Based Research Network Connecticut
 * 90) NorTex – North Texas Primary Care Practice Based Research Network Texas
 * 91) NorthShore PBRN – NorthShore Practice-Based Improvement Research Network Illinois
 * 92) Northwest PRECEDENT – Northwest Practice-based REsearch Collaborative in Evidence-based DENTistry Washington
 * 93) OCHRN – Oklahoma Child Health Practice Based Research Network Oklahoma
 * 94) OKPRN – Oklahoma Physicians Resource/Research Network Oklahoma
 * 95) ORPRN  – Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network  Oregon
 * 96) OPTI-WestNet – OPTI-West Practice-Based Research Network Colorado
 * 97) OQUIN – Outpatient Quality Improvement Network South Carolina
 * 98) OSU-PCPBRN – Ohio State University Primary Care Practice Based Research Network Ohio
 * 99) PAMFRI – Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute California
 * 100) PBRN-VA – VA Mental Health Practice-Based Research Network Texas
 * 101) PCRC – Duke Primary Care Research Consortium North Carolina
 * 102) PDC PBRN – Pediatric Diagnostic Center PBRN California
 * 103) PPOC – The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's Massachusetts
 * 104) PRN – Portland Research Network Oregon
 * 105) PROS – Pediatric Research in Office Settings Illinois
 * 106) PSARN – Penn State Ambulatory Research Network Pennsylvania
 * 107) PeRC – The Pediatric Research Consortium Pennsylvania
 * 108) Pediatric PittNet – Pediatric PittNet: University of Pittsburgh CTSI PBRN Pennsylvania
 * 109) RAP – Research Association of Practices of the PBRN Shared Resource Ohio
 * 110) RCPCrN – Robeson County Primary Care research Network North Carolina
 * 111) REACH Network – Research and Education for Academic Achievement Network Illinois
 * 112) RIOS NET –  Research Involving Outpatient Settings Network New Mexico
 * 113) Rx-SafeNet – Medication Safety Research Network of Indiana Indiana
 * 114) SAFTINet – Scalable Architecture for Federated Translational Inquiries Network Colorado
 * 115) SALT-Net – The Studying, Acting, Learning, and Teaching Network New York
 * 116) SAPPHIRE – South Asian Practice Partnership for Health Improvement and Research New York
 * 117) SCOR Network – Slone Center Office-based Research Network Massachusetts
 * 118) SCPPRN – South Carolina Pediatric Practice Research Network South Carolina
 * 119) SERCN – Southeast Regional Clinicians Network Georgia
 * 120) SF Bay CRN – San Francisco Bay Collaborative Research Network California
 * 121) SICTRN – Southeastern Integrated Clinical and Translational Research Network Florida
 * 122) SIPRO – Southern Illinois Practice Research Organization Illinois
 * 123) SOAR-Net – Southwestern Ohio Ambulatory Research Network Ohio
 * 124) SPUR-Net – Southern Primary-care Urban Research Network Texas
 * 125) SRN – ShowMe Research Network Missouri
 * 126) STARNet – South Texas Ambulatory Research Network Texas
 * 127) STOHN – South Texas Oral Health Network Texas
 * 128) STP PBRN – South Texas Psychiatric Practice-Based Research Network Texas
 * 129) SWIRLNet – South West Innovative Research and Learning Network Colorado
 * 130) Safety Net West – Safety Net West Oregon
 * 131) South Asian PBRN – South Asian PBRN
 * 132) Southeast Wisconsin Alliance for Translating Research into Practice – Southeast Wisconsin Alliance for Translating Research into Practice Wisconsin
 * 133) TAMHSC-RCHI – Texas A&M Health Science Center Rural and Community Health Institute Texas
 * 134) UCLA PCRN – UCLA Primary Care Research Network California
 * 135) UMASS-FM-PBRN  – UMass Family Medicine PBRN Massachusetts
 * 136) UNYNET – Upstate New York Practice Based Research Network New York
 * 137) UT Pharm Net – University of Tennessee Pharmacist Practice Based Research Network Tennessee
 * 138) UUPCRN – Utah Health Research Network Utah
 * 139) VCMCDDCP – Ventura County Medical Center Diabetes Data Control Project Practice Based California
 * 140) WPRN – WWAMI Region Practice and Research Network Washington
 * 141) WREN – Wisconsin Research and Education Network Wisconsin
 * 142) WU PAARC – Washington University Pediatric and Adolescent Ambulatory Research Consortium Missouri
 * 143) WesTRN  – West Texas Research Network Texas

title: Practice-based research network


text:
Dive bar

A dive bar is typically a small, unglamorous, eclectic, old-style drinking establishment with inexpensive drinks; it may feature dim lighting, shabby or dated decor, neon beer signs, packaged beer sales, cash-only service, and local clientele. The precise definition of a dive bar is rarely agreed on, and is the subject of spirited debates. The term dive was first used in the press in the U.S. in 1880s to describe disreputable places that were often in basements into which one "dives below". A dive bar may also be known as "brown bars" or "brown pubs" in parts of Western Europe and Northern Europe, for example bruine kroegen in the Netherlands, and brun bar or brun pub in Norway.

Description
Once considered a pejorative term, "dive bar" has more recently become a badge of distinction from patrons who seek authenticity in such establishments. Devotees may describe a bar as "very divey" or "not divey" and compose rating scales of "divey-ness". One such devotee is Steve Vensen, founder of a California group called the DBC (Dive Bar Conoisseurs) who says, "Every dive bar is like a snowflake: diverse and unique. . . you always get local subculture and every time is an adventure." Author Todd Dayton offers the following: "Dives [dive bars] are like pornography: hard to define but you know it when you see it". As to what distinguishes a dive bar from an ordinary bar, Dayton stated in 2004: "For me, the ideal dive bar is run by a beefy guy named Frank, where the aroma of yesterday's beer still hangs in the air, and your quest for clean bathrooms (or toilet paper, for that matter) will go eternally unanswered. A bottle of Bud costs two bucks, a shot of Jack, $3, and Pabst Blue Ribbon is served in a can. The sign outside says Steaks, Dinners, Cocktails— but there hasn't been any food served since FDR was president. The prevailing decorative elements are red Naugahyde, wood-toned Formica, and cinder blocks."

Dive bars adhere to the minimal effort needed to provide guests with drinks; i.e., they typically do not advertise, provide parking, or have fancy signage. Dive bars are not known for their food. They often do not serve food beyond pretzels and snacks. For example, in 2018 a visitor to a well-known Nashville dive bar reported seeing a hand-written menu taped to the refrigerator, listing only pork rinds, popcorn, peanuts, and microwaved corn dogs (US $1). Bathrooms in dive bars are notoriously shabby and may have a shower curtain instead of a door on the toilet stall. Authentic dive bars are usually "cash only" establishments, and would probably not feature computerized registers. The owner or a family member of theirs is often working the bar. Dive bars usually have a clientele from all walks of life, including some locals who have been drinking there for decades.

During the COVID-19 pandemic of the early 2020s, U.S. cities closed down bars and food service establishments, and many dive bar owners made repairs and cleaned up while they were closed down. Rick Dobbs, author of the 2019 book Local Spirit: Neighborhood Bars of Orleans Parish, said, "A dive can absolutely be cleaned up but still be a dive... it's the character and spirit of the space that counts".

title: Dive bar


text:
Gideon's Daughter

Gideon's Daughter is the second of two linked BBC television dramas written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff.

Produced independently for the BBC by Talkback Thames and starring Bill Nighy, Miranda Richardson, and Emily Blunt, it aired in the UK on BBC One on 26 February 2006 and in the US on BBC America a month later. It was shown across Australia on ABC1 on 2 November 2008. The first of the dramas, Friends and Crocodiles, had been broadcast the previous month, with the character of Sneath (Robert Lindsay) appearing in both and acting as the narrator of Gideon's Daughter. The mini series was watched by 10.2 million viewers.

Nighy and Blunt won Golden Globe Awards for their performances. The production won a Peabody Award in April 2007.

Cast

 * Bill Nighy as Gideon
 * Miranda Richardson as Stella
 * Emily Blunt as Natasha
 * Ronni Ancona as Barbara
 * Robert Lindsay as Sneath
 * Tom Hardy as Andrew
 * Tom Goodman-Hill as Dent
 * Joanna Page as Diane
 * David Westhead as Bill

Synopsis
William Sneath dictates his latest book to a hired secretary. Exploring themes of love, loss, parenthood, and the cult of celebrity, Gideon's Daughter is set against the backdrop of New Labour's rise to power, the death of Princess Diana, and the ill-advised development of the Millennium Dome.

Sneath's friend Gideon is a hotshot publicist and a widower, driven to the edge of a nervous breakdown by his daughter Natasha's emotional detachment from him. She resents him for repeatedly cheating on her mother, going so far as to call his mistress as her mother lay dying of cancer. To put distance between them, she at first plans to do volunteer work in South America or (her father's preferred choice) to study at the University of Edinburgh.

Stella is mourning the death of her young son, killed while riding his bike on public roads for the first time. Afraid of sleep, and desperate to escape her sense of bereavement, she works the night shift in a supermarket where she raises guinea pigs in the back. She meets Gideon when her ex-husband tries to accost one of Gideon's clients, a New Labour minister, about the government's lack of response to the unsafe traffic conditions that caused their son's death. Soon after the chance meeting, the two find themselves developing an emotional bond, brought together by a shared sense of grief and loss.

Stella convinces Gideon to try reaching out to Natasha before she leaves, but Natasha reacts angrily to Gideon's overtures and Stella's presence. Gideon's work suffers as he becomes even more detached from the disastrous Dome project, which winds up pushing it forward as his clients mistake his detachment for genius. Gideon eventually suffers a breakdown, but is helped through it by Natasha, who has warmed up to Stella and accepted that Gideon has changed. Sneath relates that during a huge party for his friends and clients, Gideon – as well as Natasha and Stella – essentially disappeared. However, Sneath caught a glimpse of Natasha on the streets of London many months later and she looked radiant, which he took as a sign that Gideon had mended his relationship with her and had stayed with Stella.

Critical reception
Common Sense Media gave the film a 3/5 rating, praising the strong performances but criticizing the confusing structure and slow pacing. The Guardian gave the film a more positive review, calling it a "thoughtful and beautifully acted drama." The review praised the film's exploration of themes such as grief, loss, and redemption.

title: Gideon's Daughter


text:
Talk:Seltzer (disambiguation)

So why do we want to have this be a disambiguation page rather than having a seltzer (disambiguation) page linked from seltzer water
Зенитная Самоходная Установка (talk) 09:54, 10 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Propose a move rather than deleting. older ≠ wiser 10:07, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 10 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved as suggested. Seltzer can redirect to carbonated water.  Calidum   14:07, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Seltzer → Seltzer (disambiguation) – Seltzer water seems to be the most common use of this word. Зенитная Самоходная Установка (talk) 13:14, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Other meanings are passingly obscure. bd2412  T 23:27, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. The only thing I don't understand is why the original idea was to delete this page as opposed to simply moving it to a disambiguation title. Dr. Vogel (talk) 05:46, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support with "Seltzer" redirecting to Seltzer water. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 18:58, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The most likely meaning to my mind is Alka-Seltzer. Note that Seltzer water is actually a redirect to Carbonated water, so is the suggestion actually to redirect Seltzer to Carbonated water too? -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:37, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Seltzer (disambiguation)


text:
Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/April 1/More

19th century

 * 1826 – Construction begins in Massachusetts on the Granite Railway, one of the first railroads in North America, under the direction of Gridley Bryant.
 * 1873 – Eli H. Janney files for a patent on "Improvement in Car-Couplings".
 * 1885 – The Southern Pacific Railroad takes over operations of the Central Pacific Railroad.
 * 1888 – The Old Colony Railroad leases the Boston and Providence Railroad for a period of 99 years.
 * 1898 – The Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick Railway opens between Aberlady Junction and Gullane, Scotland.
 * 1900 – Newtown Tram Depot is opened in Sydney.

20th century

 * 1901 – Atlantic Coast Line Railroad acquires the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in North Carolina.
 * 1913 – Prussian state railways freight trains begin calling at Frankfurt East station.
 * 1935 – The Flying Yankee trainset enters service on the Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads between Portland, Maine, Boston, Massachusetts, and Bangor, Maine.
 * 1967 – The United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) begins work.
 * 1975 – The second American Freedom Train tour begins, powered by newly restored Southern Pacific 4449, in Wilmington, Delaware.
 * 1976 – Conrail is formed by an act of Congress that merges the Central Railroad of New Jersey, Erie Lackawanna Railroad, Lehigh and Hudson River Railway, Lehigh Valley Railroad, Penn Central and Reading Company.
 * 1987 – The Japanese National Railways (JNR) are divided and privatized. The seven companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group) succeed the former JNR.
 * 1989 – Seibu Railway's Chichibu Line extension to connect with the Chichibu Railway's Chichibu Main Line opens in Japan.

21st century

 * 2004 – High speed train service is inaugurated in Korea between Seoul and Pusan; the trains make the trip in 2 hours and 40 minutes.
 * 2005 –
 * All former BC Rail systems and operations are fully integrated into those of the purchasing railroad, Canadian National Railway.
 * Kansas City Southern Railway completes its controlling interest purchase of TFM.
 * OmniTRAX purchases Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado RailNet, Georgia and Florida RailNet and Illinois RailNet from North American RailNet.
 * 2007 – Yachihata Station in Japan is closed.
 * 2008 – The Miki Railway Miki Line in Japan, which connected Yakujin Station in Kakogawa and Miki Station in Miki, is closed.

Births

 * 1834 – Jim Fisk, American financier who worked with Daniel Drew for control of the Erie Railroad (d. 1872).


text:
Talk:Henry W. Sage

Note about Tomkins County, NY reference added
The reference contains an extensive biography of Henry W. Sage, and is dated 1894. It therefore should be public domain, as the copyright has expired, and could be copied and pasted in, but I recommend that only if it will be cleaned up in the process. There's a lot there, some of which should be trimmed for an encyclopedia article.

It was written three years before his death, as a tribute to all the good things he did for Cornell.

Note that his donations to the University were in the form of endowments, not simply donations, so the effect is much greater.

Here is another reference that has data that belongs in the article (see Question #3, a little down the page). If no one else gets to this first, I'll add it later. -- Un focused  20:00, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry W. Sage


text: List of drugs: E

title: List of drugs: E


text:
Talk:Clifton College Register

I don't know why Duncharris keeps putting a redirect to the school page and so killing the page - if you don't like the page mark it vfd - but don't keep putting a silly redirect on. The article has something to say - a redirect doesn't. As an OC I find this page useful and interesting A curate's egg 4 July 2005 07:03 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clifton College Register


text:
Leto (disambiguation)

Leto is a goddess in Greek mythology.

Leto or LETO may also refer to:

As a name: Places
 * Leto (surname), a list of people so named
 * Leto (rapper), French rapper part of the French hip hop duo PSO Thug
 * Leto Atreides (disambiguation), three fictional characters in Frank Herbert's Dune universe
 * Leto (plant), a synonym of the genus Helogyne of the family Asteraceae
 * Leto (moth), a moth genus containing the single species Leto venus
 * Leto (film), a 2018 Russian film
 * Leto, Florida, an unincorporated community
 * Leto Regio, a geological feature on Phoebe, a moon of Saturn
 * 68 Leto, an asteroid

LETO:
 * Madrid-Torrejón Airport's ICAO code

title: Leto (disambiguation)


text:
Template:List of drugs E

Ea–El | Em–Ep | Eq–Es | Et | Eu–Ez

title: Template:List of drugs E


text:
Sound transmission class

Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. In the US, it is widely used to rate interior partitions, ceilings, floors, doors, windows and exterior wall configurations. Outside the US, the ISO Sound Reduction Index (SRI) is used. The STC rating very roughly reflects the decibel reduction of noise that a partition can provide. The STC is useful for evaluating annoyance due to speech sounds, but not music or machinery noise as these sources contain more low frequency energy than speech.

There are many ways to improve the sound transmission class of a partition, though the two most basic principles are adding mass and increasing the overall thickness. In general, the sound transmission class of a double wythe wall (e.g. two 4"-thick block walls separated by a 2" airspace) is greater than a single wall of equivalent mass (e.g. homogeneous 8" block wall).

Definition
The STC or sound transmission class is a single number method of rating how well wall partitions reduce sound transmission. The STC provides a standardized way to compare products such as doors and windows made by competing manufacturers. A higher number indicates more effective sound insulation than a lower number. The STC is a standardized rating provided by ASTM E413 based on laboratory measurements performed in accordance with ASRM E90. ASTM E413 can also be used to determine similar ratings from field measurements performed in accordance with ASTM E336.

Sound Isolation and Sound Insulation are used interchangeably, though the term "Insulation" is preferred outside the US. The term "sound proofing" is typically avoided in architectural acoustics as it is a misnomer and connotes inaudibility.

Subjective correlation
Through research, acousticians have developed tables that pair a given STC rating with a subjective experience. The table below is used to determine the degree of sound isolation provided by typical multi-family construction. Generally, a difference of one or two STC points between similar constructions is subjectively insignificant.

Tables like the one above are highly dependent on the background noise levels in the receiving room: the louder the background noise, the greater the perceived sound isolation.

Historical
Prior to the STC rating, the sound isolation performance of a partition was measured and reported as the average transmission loss of over the frequency range 128 to 4096 Hz or 256 to 1021 Hz. This method is valuable at comparing homogeneous partitions that follow the mass law, but can be misleading when comparing complex or multi-leaf walls.

In 1961, the ASTM International Standards Organization adopted E90-61T, which served as the basis for the STC method used today. The STC standard curve is based on European studies of multi-family residential construction, and closely resembles the sound isolation performance of a 9"-thick brick wall.

Current

The STC number is derived from sound attenuation values tested at sixteen standard frequencies from 125 Hz to 4000 Hz. These Transmission Loss values are then plotted on a sound pressure level graph and the resulting curve is compared to a standard reference contour provided by the ASTM.

Sound isolation metrics, such as the STC, are measured in specially-isolated and designed laboratory test chambers. There are nearly infinite field conditions that will affect sound isolation on site when designing building partitions and enclosures.

Acoustic medium
Sound travels through both the air and structure, and both paths must be considered when designing sound isolating walls and ceilings. To eliminate air borne sound all air paths between the areas must be eliminated. This is achieved by making seams airtight and closing all sound leaks. To eliminate structure-borne noise one must create isolation systems that reduce mechanical connections between those structures.

Mass
Adding mass to a partition reduces the transmission of sound. This is often achieved by adding additional layers of gypsum. It is preferable to have non symmetrical leaves, for example with different thickness gypsum. The effect of adding multiple layers of gypsum wallboard to a frame also varies depending on the framing type and configuration. Doubling the mass of a partition does not double the STC, as the STC is calculated from a non-linear decibel sound transmission loss measurement. So, whereas installing an additional layer of gypsum wallboard to a light-gauge (25-ga. or lighter) steel stud partition will result in about a 5 STC-point increase, doing the same on single wood or single heavy-gauge steel will result in only 2 to 3 additional STC points. Adding a second additional layer (to the already 3-layer system) does not result in as drastic an STC change as the first additional layer. The effect of additional gypsum wallboard layers on double- and staggered-stud partitions is similar to that of light-gauge steel partitions.

Due to increased mass, poured concrete and concrete blocks typically achieve higher STC values (in the mid STC 40s to the mid STC 50s) than equally thick framed walls. However the additional weight, added complexity of construction, and poor thermal insulation tend to limit masonry wall partitions as a viable sound isolation solution in many building construction projects.

In recent years, gypsum board manufacturers have started to offer lightweight drywall board: Normal weight gypsum has a nominal density of 43pcf and lightweight drywall has a nominal density of 36pcf. This does not have a large effect on the STC rating, though lightweight gypsum can significantly degrade the low frequency performance of a partition as compared to normal weight gypsum.

Sound absorption
Sound absorption entails turning acoustical energy into some other form of energy, usually heat.

Adding absorptive materials to the interior surfaces of rooms, for example fabric-faced fiberglass panels and thick curtains, will result in a decrease of reverberated sound energy within the room. However, absorptive interior surface treatments of this kind do not significantly improve the sound transmission class. Installing absorptive insulation, for example fiberglass batts and blow-in cellulose, into the wall or ceiling cavities does increase the sound transmission class significantly. The presence of insulation in single 2x4 wood stud framing spaced 16" (406 mm) on-center results in only a few STC points. This is because a wall with 2x4 wood stud framing spaced 16" develops significant resonances which are not mitigated by the cavity insulation. In contrast, adding standard fiberglass insulation to an otherwise empty cavity in light-gauge (25-gauge or lighter) steel stud partitions can result in a nearly 10 STC-point improvement.

Other studies have shown that fibrous insulation materials, such as mineral wool, can increase the STC by 5 to 8 points.

Stiffness
The effect of stiffness on sound isolation can relate to either the material stiffness of the sound isolating material or the stiffness caused by framing methods.

Framing methods
Structurally decoupling the gypsum wallboard panels from the partition framing can result in a large increase in sound isolation when installed correctly. Examples of structural decoupling in building construction include resilient channels, sound isolation clips and hat channels, and staggered- or double-stud framing. The STC results of decoupling in wall and ceiling assemblies varies significantly depending on the framing type, air cavity volume, and decoupling material type. Great care must be taken in each type of decoupled partition construction, as any fastener that becomes mechanically (rigidly) coupled to the framing can undermine the decoupling and result in drastically lower sound isolation results.

When two leaves are rigidly tied or coupled by a stud, the sound isolation of the system depends on the stiffness of the stud. Light-gauge (25-gauge or lighter) provides better sound isolation than 16-20-gauge steel, and noticeably better performance than wood studs. When heavy gauge steel or wood studs are spaced 16" on center, additional resonances form which further lower the sound isolation performance of a partition. For typical gypsum stud walls, this resonance occurs in the 100–160 Hz region and is thought to be a hybrid of the mass-air-mass resonance and a bending mode resonance caused when a plate is closely supported by stiff members.

Single metal stud partitions are more effective than single wood stud partitions, and have been shown to increase the STC rating by up to 10 points. However, there is little difference between metal and wood studs when used in double stud partitions. Double stud partitions have a higher STC than single stud.

In certain assemblies, increasing the stud spacing from 16 to 24 inches increases the STC rating by 2 to 3 points.

Damping
Though the terms sound absorption and damping are often interchangeable when discussing room acoustics, acousticians define these as two distinct properties of sound-isolating walls.

Several gypsum manufacturers offer specialty products which use constrained layer damping, which is a form of viscous damping. Damping generally increases the sound isolation of partitions, particularly at mid-and-high frequencies.

Damping is also used to improve the sound isolation performance of glazing assemblies. Laminated glazing, which consists of a Polyvinyl butyral (or PVB) inter-layer, performs better acoustically than a non-laminated glass of equivalent thickness.

Sound leakage
All holes and gaps should be filled and the enclosure hermetically sealed for sound isolation to be effective. The table below illustrates sound proofing test results from a wall partition that has a theoretical maximum loss of 40 dB from one room to the next and a partition area of 10 meters squared. Even small open gaps and holes in the partition have a disproportionate reduction in sound proofing. A 5% opening in the partition, which offers unrestricted sound transmission from one room to the next, caused the transmission loss to reduce from 40 dB to 13 dB. A 0.1% open area will reduce the transmission loss from 40 dB to 30 dB, which is typical of walls where caulking has not been applied effectively Partitions that are inadequately sealed and contain back-to-back electrical boxes, untreated recessed lighting and unsealed pipes offer flanking paths for sound and significant leakage.

Acoustic joint tapes and caulking have been used to improve sound isolation since the early 1930s. Although the applications of tapes was largely limited to defense and industrial applications such as naval vessels and aircraft in the past, recent research has proven the effectiveness of sealing gaps and thereby improving the sound isolation performance of a partition.

Flanking
Building codes typically allow for a 5-point tolerance between the lab-tested and field-measured STC rating; however, studies have shown that even in well-built and sealed installations the difference between the lab and field rating is highly dependent on the type of assembly.

Special variations of STC
By nature, the STC rating is derived from lab testing under ideal conditions. There are other versions of the STC rating to account for real-world conditions.

Composite STC
The net sound isolation performance of a partition containing multiple sound isolating elements such as doors, windows, etc.

Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC)
The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, normalized to account for different room finishes and the area of the tested partition (i.e. compare the same wall measured in a bare living room and an acoustically dry recording booth).

Normalized Noise Isolation Class (NNIC)
The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, normalized to account for the reverberation time in the room.

Noise Isolation Class (NIC)
The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, not normalized to the room conditions of the test.

Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC)
The sound isolation performance of a specific elements in a partition, as measured in the field and achieved by suppressing the effects of sound flanking paths. This can be useful for measuring walls with doors, when you are interested in removing the influence of the door on the measured field STC. The FSTC testing method was historically prescribed by ASTM E336, however the latest version of this standard does not include FSTC.

Door Sound Transmission Class (DTC)
The sound isolation performance of doors when measured according to ASTM E2964.

Legal and practical requirements
Section 1206 of International Building Code 2021 states that separation between dwelling units and public and service areas must achieve STC 50 where tested in accordance with ASTM E90, or NNIC 45 if field tested in accordance with ASTM E336. However, not all jurisdictions use the IBC for their building or municipal code.

Common partition STC
Interior walls with 1 sheet of 1/2" (13 mm) gypsum wallboard (drywall) on either side of 2x4 (90 mm) wood studs spaced 16" (406 mm) on-center with no fiberglass insulation filling each stud cavity have an STC of about 33. When asked to rate their acoustical performance, people often describe these walls as "paper thin." They offer little in the way of privacy. Double stud partition walls are typically constructed with varying gypsum wallboard panel layers attached to both sides of double 2x4 (90 mm) wood studs spaced 16" (406 mm) on-center and separated by a 1" (25 mm) airspace. These walls vary in sound isolation performance from the mid STC-40s into the high STC-60s depending on the presence of insulation and the gypsum wallboard type and quantity. Commercial buildings are typically constructed using steel studs of varying widths, gauges, and on-center spacings. Each of these framing characteristics have an effect on the sound isolation of the partition to varying degrees.

STC prediction
There are several commercially available software which predict the STC ratings of partitions using a combination of theoretical models and empirically derived lab data. These programs can predict STC ratings within several points of a tested partition and are an approximation at best.

Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC)
The Outdoor–Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) is a standard used for indicating the rate of sound transmission from outdoor noise sources into a building. It is based on the ASTM E-1332 Standard Classification for Rating Outdoor-Indoor Sound Attenuation. Unlike the STC, which is based on a noise spectrum targeting speech sounds, OITC uses a source noise spectrum that considers frequencies down to 80 Hz (aircraft/rail/truck traffic) and is weighted more to lower frequencies. The OITC value is typically used to rate, evaluate, and select exterior glazing assemblies.

title: Sound transmission class


text:
IID (disambiguation)

IID may refer to:

 * Interface Identifier, the last 64-bits of an IPv6 address
 * Internet identity, a social identity used by Internet users
 * Internet Identity, an Internet security company
 * Ignition interlock device, a breathalyzer connected to a vehicle's engine
 * Independent and identically distributed random variables in probability theory
 * Interaural intensity difference in determining the location of a sound
 * Internal Investigations Division (in law enforcement)
 * IRIX Interactive Desktop, software for interacting with a computer running the IRIX operating system
 * Iterative and Incremental Development in software development
 * A COM Interface ID
 * Invoke Image Display an Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) Integration Profile
 * Imperial Irrigation District
 * IID (Imperial Institute of Design), a design school in Monteswar, West Bengal, India

title: IID (disambiguation)


text:
Francis Leddy

John Francis Leddy, (April 16, 1911 – September 17, 1998) was a Canadian academic and President of the University of Windsor from 1964 to 1978.

Born in Ottawa, Ontario, he received a B.A. in honours Latin and French from the University of Saskatchewan in 1930 and an M.A. in Latin from the University of Saskatchewan in 1931. After attending the University of Chicago, doing graduate work in Latin and Greek from 1932 to 1933, he was elected a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University (Exeter College), where he studied Ancient History, graduating Bachelor of Letters (B.Litt.) in 1935 and Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) in 1938.

From 1936 until 1961, he taught Classics at the University of Saskatchewan. In 1946 he became Professor of Classics and Head of the Classics Department. From 1949 to 1964, he was also Dean of the College of Arts and Science, and from 1961 to 1964 Vice President (Academic). In 1964, he was appointed President of the University of Windsor, holding that position until his retirement in 1978. In his honour the University of Windsor library is named the "Leddy Library". He also received many honorary degrees during his lifetime.

Leddy was also instrumental in establishing Canada's version(s) of the Peace Corps. In June 1961 at a Conference at McGill University Leddy along with Louis Perinbam, Keith Spicer, Guy Arnold established the organization Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO) which sent young volunteers overseas to work on community development projects. Due to his work with CUSO, Leddy was chosen by Prime Minister Lester B Pearson in 1965 to establish the Company of Young Canadians, which was also dubbed as Canada's version of the Peace Corps, even though its volunteers remained at home in Canada to work among disenfranchised communities (urban inner cities, First Nations reserves).

In 1972, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, the centrepiece of Canada's honours system which recognizes a lifetime of achievement and merit of a high degree, especially in service to Canada or to humanity at large.

In 1938, he married Kathleen Beatrice White. They had no children.

Honours

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre
 * Bailiff Grand Cross of Obedience - Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Grand Cross of Merit - Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Officer of the Order of Canada
 * Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory
 * Gentleman of His Holiness

title: Francis Leddy