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Just Good Friends

Just Good Friends is a British sitcom written by John Sullivan. It stars Paul Nicholas and Jan Francis as former lovers Vincent Pinner and Penny Warrender, who meet in a pub five years after he jilted her at the altar.

Three series and a 90-minute Christmas special were produced for the BBC by Ray Butt. In 2004, it came 43rd in Britain's Best Sitcom.

Background
Writer John Sullivan had previously written two successful sitcoms for the BBC, Citizen Smith and Only Fools and Horses. The lead roles in these series had all been male, and Sullivan felt he should base his new sitcom on a woman. His source of inspiration was a letter in a magazine read to him by his wife, written by a woman who had been jilted by her fiancé on the day of her wedding.

According to a 2007 Comedy Connections documentary on Just Good Friends, Sullivan was originally motivated to create the character by Cheryl Hall, the co-star of Citizen Smith. Hall complained that Sullivan was incapable of writing comedy for women, always giving the best of his material to the male characters. Sullivan was stung by the remark because, in his words, "she was absolutely right", and deliberately set out to create a strong and funny female lead.

Jan Francis, who had played Lisa Colbert in Secret Army, was cast as Penny, and established theatre actor Paul Nicholas was chosen to play Vincent, although this was his first major television role. Being a notable singer, Nicholas also performed the title theme song, written by John Sullivan and arranged by Ronnie Hazlehurst. For the end title music, Hazlehurst arranged the theme for flugelhorn.

Plot
The series follows the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex-ice cream salesman turned bookmaker who is the son of a wealthy scrap metal merchant. The couple (who first met in the summer of 1976 at a party hosted by an ex roadie of the Rolling Stones) split up following Vincent's decision to jilt Penny on their wedding day in June 1978, leaving her at the altar. In the pilot episode, five years since their intended wedding day, the pair meet again by chance in a pub while out on individual dates. The pair decide to forget the past and become friends, although the rekindling of their relationship is not welcomed by Penny's snobbish parents, particularly her mother, Daphne, played by Sylvia Kay.

The 1984 90-minute Christmas special is a prequel to the series showing how Penny and Vince first met, loved and how Penny was jilted and married Graham. The last episode of the second series was intended to be the final episode, with Penny leaving for a job in Paris.

The cast reunited in 1986 for a final seven episodes, in which Penny and Vince meet up in Paris two years after they split up. Penny is now divorced and Vince is married; the couple renew their relationship and Vince, now a successful businessman, gives up everything for a quick divorce to pay off his wife Gina so he can be with Penny. In the final episode, Vince is still recovering from his painful divorce when his father pays a visit. Vince is told that unless he calls the wedding off, a lucrative wine export contract cannot be signed: Gina's way of blackmailing the Pinners by hitting where it hurts. Similarly, Penny is told that unless she calls the wedding off, her father's new job may not happen and at work, she is offered a permanent basing in Paris, all because Gina Marshall (Vince's ex) is too important a client to turn down. Eventually, she accepts the new posting but uses it to her advantage by returning to Paris and marrying Vince at the town hall.

Main

 * Paul Nicholas as Vincent Pinner
 * Jan Francis as Penny Warrender
 * John Ringham as Norman Warrender
 * Sylvia Kay as Daphne Warrender
 * Shaun Curry as Les Pinner
 * Ann Lynn as Rita Pinner
 * Adam French as Clifford Pinner

Recurring

 * Charlotte Seely as Georgina "Gina" Marshall, Vince's wife (Series 3)
 * Colette Gleeson as Elaine, Penny's friend and co-worker
 * James Lister as Lennie, Vince's friend
 * Bill Wallis as A.J. Styles, Penny's boss
 * Sally Faulkner as Bev, Vince's secretary (Series 3)
 * Andrew Tourell as Graham Pratt, Penny's husband
 * Derek Newark as Eddie Brown, Vince’s boss

Awards
! rowspan=2 scope="row" | 1985 ! rowspan=3 scope="row" | British Academy Television Awards
 * Best Comedy Series
 * Just Good Friends
 * Best Light Entertainment Performance
 * Paul Nicholas
 * 1987
 * Best Comedy Series
 * Just Good Friends
 * Won
 * 1987
 * Best Comedy Series
 * Just Good Friends
 * Won
 * Just Good Friends
 * Won

Home releases
The first two series had been released in a joint boxset in the UK under the Universal Playback label. However, these were edited due to music clearance rights. The third series was not released. In 2008, Cinema Club bought the rights to the series and were to re-release series one and two in June 2009, with series three to follow. These were later cancelled.

DVD company Eureka bought the rights to the series and released the complete collection on 25 October 2010 "containing all three series including the 1984 Christmas Special". Unfortunately copyright clearance could not be obtained for all the music included in the Christmas Special, and as Eureka "could not isolate and remove the music alone" they "had to replace that portion of the programme's soundtrack and feature the dialogue in subtitles" feeling this was "a better option than cutting out the scene in its entirety".

title: Just Good Friends


text: Category:Mozilla Application Suite

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Mozilla Application Suite


text:
Rose Friedman

Rose Director Friedman ; born Rose Director (30 December 1910 – 18 August 2009) was a free-market economist and co-founder of the Milton and Rose D. Friedman Foundation.

Biography
Rose Director was born in Staryi Chortoryisk, in Ukraine, to the Director family, prominent Jewish residents. She is believed to have been born the last week of December 1910; however, the birth records have been lost. In her youth, she wrote articles with Dorothy Brady on consumption. Rose Friedman attended Reed College and then transferred to the University of Chicago, where she received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree. After this she began to study for a doctorate in economics at the University of Chicago and completed all work necessary for the PhD except for writing the dissertation.

She was married to her frequent collaborator, Milton Friedman (1912–2006), who won the 1976 Nobel Prize in Economics. Her brother, Aaron Director (1901–2004), was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School and one of the founders of the economic analysis of law.

With Milton, she co-wrote two books on economics and public policy, Free to Choose and Tyranny of the Status Quo, and their memoirs Two Lucky People, which appeared in 1998. Together they founded EdChoice (formerly the Milton and Rose D. Friedman Foundation), with the aim of promoting the use of school vouchers and freedom of choice in education. She also co-produced the PBS television series, Free to Choose, and assisted her husband in writing his 1962 political philosophy book Capitalism and Freedom.

She received an honorary LL.D. in December 1986 from Pepperdine University.

When Milton received his Medal of Freedom in 1988, President Ronald Reagan said jokingly in his speech that Rose was known for being the only person to ever have won an argument against Milton. The Friedmans had two children, Janet and David.

title: Rose Friedman


text: User talk:69.182.90.169

title: User talk:69.182.90.169


text: User talk:69.157.236.172

title: User talk:69.157.236.172


text:
Pro hac vice

In the legal field in the United States, pro hac vice is a practice in common law jurisdictions whereby a lawyer who has not been admitted to practice in a certain jurisdiction is allowed to participate in a particular case in that jurisdiction. Although pro hac vice admission is available in every American jurisdiction, civil law jurisdictions generally have much stricter rules for multi-jurisdictional practice.

The term has a different meaning when used by the Catholic Church or under maritime law.

Origins
Pro hac vice is Latin "for this occasion" or "for this event" (literally, "for this turn"). The origins of the doctrine of admission pro hac vice have been traced as far back as 1629 in the English Court of Common Pleas. The doctrine appeared in America as early as 1735 in the New York trial of John Peter Zenger for libel, when the Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton was permitted to appear on Zenger's behalf. By 1876, the custom had become "general and uniform" in the United States.

Modern application in common law jurisdictions
The right to appear pro hac vice is not guaranteed, and 50-state surveys have shown that "most jurisdictions intend for pro hac vice admission to be used on a sparing and occasional basis." Generally, the attorney who requests authorization to practice in a jurisdiction within which they are not licensed must specifically request permission from the court to be able to appear as an attorney of record. Depending on the local rules and procedures, this may be accomplished with a motion to appear pro hac vice, in which an attorney who is licensed in the jurisdiction requests that the non‐licensed attorney be admitted to practice in a particular case. In most jurisdictions, an attorney appearing pro hac vice must continue to associate with a locally licensed attorney (referred to as "local counsel"), though the degree to which the local counsel is required or expected to participate in the matter varies widely; some courts may require local counsel to sign documents and appear in court, while others may grant the pro hac vice counsel more independence.

In addition to the motion, the out-of-jurisdiction attorney is typically required to provide the court with a statement from their local bar association indicating that he or she is a member in good standing and also pay a small fee to the court or its local bar association. For example, there is a $25 annual fee in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York charges a $200 fee to file a motion for admission pro hac vice.

Catholic Church use
The expression is also used in the Catholic Church when a titular diocese becomes the title of an archbishop rather than of a bishop. Similarly, when a Cardinal-Deacon is promoted to Cardinal-Priest he usually retains his titular deaconry. This deaconry is then said to be elevated pro hac vice to the rank of a titular church. When referring to a titular diocese or titular deaconry which once was elevated pro hac vice but by now has reverted to its original rank the term pro illa vice is used in church documents.

Other uses
In maritime law, a demise charterer is considered the owner pro hac vice for limited liability purposes, whereas time or voyage charterers are not.

Notable examples

 * Although neither William Jennings Bryan nor Clarence Darrow were licensed to practice law in Tennessee, both were permitted to appear in the Scopes trial.
 * In the film Marshall, Thurgood Marshall's pro hac vice motion is depicted being denied by racist officials, forcing a local attorney to serve as lead counsel for the remainder of the trial.

title: Pro hac vice


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Hispaniolan pine forests

The Hispaniolan pine forests are a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion found on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The ecoregion covers 11600 km2, or about 15% of the island. It lies at elevations greater than 800 m in the mountains of Hispaniola, extending from the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic and into the Massif du Nord of Haiti. It is surrounded at lower elevations by the Hispaniolan moist forests and Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregions, which cover the remainder of the island. Annual rainfall is 1000 - 2000 mm.

Flora
The natural vegetation of the region consists primarily of stands of pino criollo (Pinus occidentalis). Pines are mixed with other conifers, including sabina (Juniperus gracilior) and Podocarpus aristulatus (syn. P. buchii). Below 2100 m, pine forests are found on lateritic soils and are interspersed with areas of wet montane forest. Important broad-leaved species are Garrya fadyenii and Vaccinium cubense near Constanza and the Sierra de Bahoruco, Rapanea ferruginea near Jarabacoa and San José de las Matas, and Buddleja domingensis along the Cordillera Central. Plants of montane steppe (2100 - 3175 m) include cara de hombre (Lyonia spp.), abey (Cojoba arborea), yaya fina (Oxandra lanceolata), pajón (Danthonia domingensis), Verbena officinalis var. officinalis, and Weinmannia pinnata.

Fauna
Many endemic and rare animal species occur in this ecoregion, including the Hispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga), white-winged warbler (Xenoligea montana), golden swallow (Tachycineta euchrysea) and the Darlington's galliwasp (Caribicus darlingtoni).

Threats
More than half of the ecoregion's area has been lost to clearing for agriculture, pasture, or plantations of exotic trees. The Haitian portion of the ecoregion is much more deforested than the Dominican portion.

title: Hispaniolan pine forests


text:
The Incredible Shrinking Dickies

The Incredible Shrinking Dickies is the debut studio album by the California punk band The Dickies. It peaked at #18 on the UK album charts. The album includes the group's cover of Black Sabbath's "Paranoid," which reached No. 45 in the UK charts in July 1979. It was pressed on four different colors of vinyl (blue, yellow, orange, black).

The album was produced by John Hewlett, who in the late 1960s was a member of the UK garagepunk quartet John's Children.

Personnel

 * Leonard Graves Phillips – Lead Vocals, Piano, Synthesizer, Organ
 * Stan Lee – Guitars, Vocals
 * Chuck Wagon – Keyboards, Guitar, Saxophone, Vocals
 * Billy Club – Bass, Vocals
 * Karlos Kaballero – Drums, No Vocals

Production:
 * Produced by John Hewlett
 * Engineered by Cisco de Luna, Earle Mankey & Gerry Kitchenham
 * Mastered by Frank de Luna

title: The Incredible Shrinking Dickies


text:
Otto Weddigen

Otto Eduard Weddigen (15 September 1882 – 18 March 1915) was an Imperial German Navy U-boat commander during World War I. He was awarded the Pour le Mérite, Germany's highest honour, for sinking four British warships.

Biography and career
Weddigen was born in Herford, in the Prussian Province of Westphalia and started his military career in the Kaiserliche Marine in 1901. In 1910 he was given command of one of the first German submarines, SMU U-9.

In the action of 22 September 1914, while patrolling in the region of the southern North Sea known to the British as the "Broad Fourteens", U-9 intercepted the three warships of the Seventh Cruiser Squadron. Weddigen fired off all six of his torpedoes, reloaded while submerged, and in less than an hour sank the three British armoured cruisers HMS Aboukir, HMS Hogue and HMS Cressy. Sixty two officers and 1,397 other men were killed, leaving 837 survivors. Weddigen was awarded the Iron Cross, second and first class for this action.

After sinking HMS Hawke and some merchant ships, Weddigen received Prussia's highest military order, the Pour le Mérite. He also received the highest military honours of the other kingdoms of the German Empire: The Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph of the Bavaria (making him one of only six non-Bavarians to receive this), the Knight's Cross of Saxony's Military Order of St. Henry and the Knight's Cross of Württemberg's Military Merit Order.

Weddigen died while commanding the submarine SMU U-29 (Germany). On 18 March 1915 U-29 was submerged in the Pentland Firth. U-29 fired a torpedo at HMS Neptune and subsequently broke the surface immediately ahead of the British battleship HMS Dreadnought. After a short chase U-29 was rammed by Dreadnought which cut the submarine in two. There were no survivors from the submarine.

During the inter-war period, the resurgent Wehrmacht named a newly built barracks in Herford as Otto-Weddigen-Kaserne (renamed Harewood Barracks) in his honour due to the linkage with Weddigen's birthplace. Although the Wehrmacht unit housed inside the barracks was Panzer Abwehr Abteilung 6, an Army anti-tank unit, the occupants nevertheless signified the naval connection to Weddigen by placing two large anchors at the base of a large National Socialist Reichsadler at the entrance to the barracks. Ironically, ever since 1945 the barracks has been occupied by British Army soldiers from the Royal Armoured Corps, various other tank units and finally the Royal Corps of Signals. The barracks was scheduled to close with the withdrawal of British Forces in Germany in 2020.

title: Otto Weddigen


text:
Sir John Swinburne, 7th Baronet

Sir John Swinburne, 7th Baronet (1831 – 15 July 1914) was a British Baronet and Liberal politician.

Life
The third son of Edward Swinburne and his wife Anna Antonia Sutton, a granddaughter of Sir Richard Sutton, 1st Baronet, he succeeded his grandfather Sir John Edward Swinburne, 6th Baronet in 1860.

Swinburne was High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1866 and the Member of Parliament for Lichfield, Staffordshire, between 1885 and 1892. In the 1895 general election he stood as the parliamentary candidate for the Liberal Party in Newbury, but was not elected.

His daughter, Rahmeh Theodora Swinburne, married General Percy Radcliffe.

title: Sir John Swinburne, 7th Baronet


text:
Ber Sarai

Ber Sarai is a small neighbourhood located between Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and IIT Delhi in the South West district of Delhi, India.

Overview
The neighborhood comprises two distinct sections: Ber Sarai Village and Ber Sarai Delhi Development Authority (DDA) Flats. The village shares a wall with the hostels of IIT Delhi and is, at present, a dense collection of houses mixed with shops. The Ber Sarai has a market, which is known for new and second-hand bookshops. The nearest metro station is R. K. Puram metro station (on Magenta Line). Ber Sarai has a dental clinic empanelled on CGHS panel and all the other panels of government, and its name is Centre For Smile Dental Clinic and Implant Centre.

Transport
The nearest road is an undivided and wide link between the Outer Ring Road and other areas of outer Delhi, such as Vasant Kunj. As this road forms a conduit, it sees heavy vehicular traffic in both directions. Ber Sarai is approximately 25 minutes by car from the Indira Gandhi International Airport.

Electorate
The Ber Sarai neighbourhood is included within the "Outer Delhi" electoral constituency of Delhi. This constituency has been the battleground of two candidates over the years: Ramesh Kumar of Congress, who replaced his brother Sajjan Kumar (a senior leader of the party and ex Member of Parliament) and Sher Singh Dagar Ex MLA of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Naresh Yadav of the Aam Aadmi Party is the current MLA of this area.

title: Ber Sarai


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zachery Allen Starkey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Zachery Allen Starkey
Great picture, but unencyclopedic vanity page. --Ian Pitchford 16:38, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well there is the drummer Zak Starkey (son of Ringo)- redirect if his middle name is Allen, but otherwise delete.Dunc|☺ 17:05, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems that his name is actually just Zak, so probably not a useful redirect... delete, I guess. Shimgray 17:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:22, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, nothing to redirect to. -- BD2412 talk 20:08, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Keep. Zach didn't put it up, a guy named Jed did, who Starkey doesn't even know. Zach doesn't even know it's there. If you lived in Columbus, and saw how ubiquitous this guy is,... you'd understand why he needs an entry. - Anders Maxso
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
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contributions

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title: User:Kernitou


text: Talk:Singaporean cuisine

title: Talk:Singaporean cuisine


text:
Tweedmouth

Tweedmouth is part of the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland, England. It is located on the south bank of the River Tweed and is connected to Berwick town centre, on the north bank, by two road bridges and a railway bridge. Tweedmouth has historically always been part of England, in contrast to the walled town of Berwick which came under Scottish control for several periods in the Middle Ages. The local nickname for people from Tweedmouth is "Twempies". In 1951 the parish had a population of 6410.

Governance
Tweedmouth is part of Berwick-upon-Tweed Town Council, which also includes neighbouring Spittal. It is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The unitary authority for the area is Northumberland County Council. It was historically part of Islandshire, which was an exclave of County Durham, before becoming a hundred of Northumberland in 1844. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and became part of Berwick upon Tweed unparished area.

Attractions
In an annual ceremony dating back to 1292, Tweedmouth schools elect a Salmon Queen to mark the start of Salmon Week, a traditional celebration which dates to medieval times. The event is a reminder that Tweedmouth has a long history of salmon fishing on the river. There is a procession from Berwick town hall across the Old Bridge to Tweedmouth where the incoming Salmon Queen is crowned.

The parish church of St Bartholomew and St Boisil dates to the late 18th century. It stands on the site of an earlier church built in 1145, which was in turn on the site of an earlier 7th century church. The church's weather-vane is in the form of a salmon.

The most obvious historic landmark is the 15-arched Old Bridge, built of local sandstone in 1610. The bridge was built by order of James VI and I, and formed part of the Great North Road between London and Edinburgh. The Old Bridge still carries traffic across the River Tweed. The Royal Tweed Bridge and Royal Border Railway Bridge also span the river at Tweedmouth, the latter being opened by Queen Victoria in 1850.

The Tweed Dock
The Tweed Dock officially opened in October 1876, replacing the older port on the north bank of the river which had become inadequate. Following improvement works in 1993 vessels with a maximum beam of 16 metres are now able to enter the dock. Due to its geographical location the port primarily handles cargoes linked to the agricultural industry, with fertilisers, malting barley, feed barley and oilseed rape the principal commodities.

Sport and recreation
Berwick Rangers football club plays at Shielfield Park in Tweedmouth. The stadium also hosts motorcycle speedway, in the form of Berwick Bandits. The neighbouring ground of Old Shielfield Park is home to Tweedmouth Rangers F.C., who play in the East of Scotland Football League. The Swan Leisure Centre is a multi-purpose leisure facility with a swimming pool, gym, sports hall and all-weather outdoor pitch.

title: Tweedmouth


text:
Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868

In 1868, a cricket team composed of Aboriginal Australians toured England between May and October of that year, being the first organised group of Australian sportspeople to travel overseas. It would be another ten years before an Australian cricket team classed as representative left the country.

The concept of an Aboriginal cricket team can be traced to pastoral stations in the Western District of Victoria, where, in the mid-1860s, the European owners introduced Aboriginal station hands to the sport. An Aboriginal XI was created with the assistance of Tom Wills, the captain of the Victorian cricket team and founder of Australian rules football, who acted as the side's captain-coach in the lead-up to and during an 1866–67 tour of Victoria and New South Wales. Several members of the team joined what became the Aboriginal XI that toured England under the captaincy of Englishman Charles Lawrence.

International sporting contact was rare in that era. Previously, only three cricket teams had travelled abroad, all English, to the United States and Canada in 1859, and to Australia in 1861–62 and 1863–64.

Background
In the Western District of Victoria, from the early 1860s onwards, cricket matches took place between Aboriginal Australians and European settlers at local pastoral properties, where many Aboriginal people were employed as station hands. The Aboriginal people were admired for their athletic skills and, in early 1866, a series of matches were staged with the intention of selecting the strongest possible Aboriginal XI. Thomas Gibson Hamilton of Bringalbert Station, near Edenhope, created a team which he coached. They played an exhibition match at Hamilton, which gained the attention of Tom Wills.

The resulting team was initially coached by local pastoralist William Hayman. Coaching duties were later turned over to Wills, captain of the Victoria cricket team and founder of Australian rules football, who spoke to the team in the Djab Wurrung language he had learnt as a child growing up in the Western District among the Djab Wurrung people. Wills' decision to join and help the team has been something of a puzzle given that, only five years earlier, he had survived the Cullin-la-ringo massacre in Queensland, in which his father and 18 other European colonists were murdered by local Aboriginal people. "It was always a matter of wonder how Tom could be friendly with the blacks, considering that they murdered his father", one sportswriter noted.

On Boxing Day 1866, in front of over 10,000 spectators, Wills captained the team against the Melbourne Cricket Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Bell's Life in Victoria reported: "Seldom has a match created more excitement in Melbourne than the one under notice, and never within our recollection has a match given rise to so much feeling on behalf of the spectators." "The veteran Wills never captained an eleven who so thoroughly possessed the sympathies of the spectators," wrote a Melbourne correspondent for The Sydney Mail. "A dark skin suddenly became a passport to the good graces of Victorians." Although they lost to the MCC, the Aboriginal players were commended for their performance, and showed marked improvement on a subsequent tour of country Victoria.

An entrepreneur, Captain Gurnett, persuaded the team to travel to Sydney to begin a planned tour of the colonies and England. However, after their arrival in Sydney in February 1867, Gurnett embezzled some of the funds raised to finance the enterprise, leaving the team stranded. They were looked after by Charles Lawrence at his Manly Hotel, and he organised a number of games, completing a tour of New South Wales before returning to Victoria in May. Four players succumbed to the effects of illness: "Sugar" and "Watty" died on tour, while "Jellico" and "Paddy" died shortly afterward.

Team members

In 1867, Charles Lawrence was contracted to captain-coach Australia's "First Eleven" that toured England in 1868. Lawrence played for Surrey in 1855, the all Ireland XI in 1862, and the all England XI in 1863. He was contracted to be the first professional cricket coach in New South Wales, and he first saw the indigenous team under the instructions of Tom Wills who played a match at the Albert Ground, Sydney. On this occasion there was some contract disagreement between the failed sponsor Gurnett and Wills, and the players were left in Sydney. Lawrence was instructed to look after the Aboriginal players. At this time Lawrence was a publican and billeted the players in his hotel in Manly until he could arrange some cricket matches to raise money to return the players to the Western District of Victoria. In 1867, he trained the players for two months at "Lake Wallace" in Edenhope in the Wimmera before selecting the below side to tour England in 1868.

The tour was financed by Sydney Lawyer George Graham. Along with his cousin George Smith (who had been Mayor of Sydney in 1859), and William Hayman, they all travelled to England for the tour.
 * Charles Lawrence – captain-coach
 * Johnny Mullagh – traditional name: Unaarrimin
 * Bullocky – traditional name: Bullchanach. A wicketkeeper, Bullocky was referred to as "at once the black Bannerman and Blackham of his team".
 * Sundown – traditional name: Ballrin
 * Dick-a-Dick – traditional name: Jungunjinanuke
 * Johnny Cuzens – traditional name: Zellanach
 * King Cole – traditional name: Bripumyarrimin
 * Red Cap – traditional name: Brimbunyah
 * Twopenny – traditional name: Murrumgunarriman
 * Charley Dumas – traditional name: Pripumuarraman
 * Jimmy Mosquito – traditional name: Grougarrong, who "could walk upright under a bar and then jump it in a stander".
 * Tiger – traditional name: Boninbarngeet
 * Peter – traditional name: Arrahmunijarrimun
 * Jim Crow – traditional name: Jallachniurrimin

During June, "King Cole" died from tuberculosis and was buried in Victoria Park Cemetery in what is now Tower Hamlets in London. Sundown and Jim Crow went home in August due to ill-health.

Tour

The team arrived in London on 13 May 1868 and were met with a degree of fascination – being the period of the evolutionary controversies following publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859. Reaction was mixed. The Times described the tourists as, "a travestie upon cricketing at Lord's", and, "the conquered natives of a convict colony." The Daily Telegraph said of Australia that, "nothing of interest comes from there except gold nuggets and black cricketers."

The first match was played on 25 May at The Oval in London, and attracted 20,000 spectators. Presumably many of the spectators attended out of curiosity, rather than merely to savour a cricket contest. The Times reported: "'Their hair and beards are long and wiry, their skins vary in shades of blackness, and most of them have broadly expanded nostrils. Having been brought up in the bush to agricultural pursuits under European settlers, they are perfectly civilised and are quite familiar with the English language.'"

The Daily Telegraph wrote: "It is highly interesting and curious, to see mixed in a friendly game on the most historically Saxon part of our island, representatives of two races so far removed from each other as the modern Englishman and the Aboriginal Australian. Although several of them are native bushmen, and all are as black as night, these Indian fellows are to all intents and purposes, clothed and in their right minds."

In total, the Aboriginal team played 47 matches throughout England over a period of six months, winning 14, losing 14 and drawing 19, a good result that surprised many at the time. Their skills were said to range from individuals who were exceptional athletes down to two or three team members who hardly contributed at all. The outstanding player was Johnny Mullagh. He scored 1,698 runs and took 245 wickets. George Tarrant, an admired English fast bowler of the time, bowled to Mullagh during a lunch interval and later said, "I have never bowled to a better batsman."

In addition to playing cricket, the Aboriginal players frequently put on exhibitions of boomerang and spear throwing at the conclusion of a match. Dick-a-Dick would also hold a narrow parrying shield and invite people to throw cricket balls at him, which he warded off with the shield. The Aboriginal team were narrowly beaten in a cricket-ball-throwing competition by an emerging English all-rounder of star quality, the 20-year-old W. G. Grace, who threw 118 yards.

Aftermath
The team arrived back in Sydney in February 1869. They played a match against a military team the following month, then split up. Twopenny later moved to New South Wales and played for the colony against Victoria in 1870. Cuzens died of dysentery the following year. Mullagh was employed as a professional by the Melbourne Cricket Club and represented Victoria against the touring English team in 1879, top-scoring in the second innings.

In 1869 the Central Board for Aborigines ruled that it would be illegal to remove any Aboriginal person from the colony of Victoria without the approval of the government minister. That effectively curtailed the involvement of Aboriginal players in the game.

When Mullagh died in August 1891, aged 50, he was generally believed to have been the last survivor of the team apart from Lawrence, who died in 1917. However, Red Cap is now believed to have died between 1891 and 1894, and Tarpot died in April 1900.

Legacy

In May 1988, a team of Aboriginal players, captained by John McGuire, toured England to mark the Australian Bicentenary, retracing the steps of the original tour. Ngadjuri man, Vince Copley, helped to organise the commemorative tour.

 * 2002 – The Australian Sports Hall of Fame recognised the 1868 Indigenous touring team for their contribution to sport.
 * 2004 – The 1868 team members were presented with cap numbers by Cricket Australia.
 * 2004 – The Johnny Mullagh interpretative centre opened in Harrow in the [Wimmera.
 * 2018 – Australia Post released a stamp celebrating 150 years since the 1868 tour.
 * 2018 – Cricket Australia held a smoking ceremony at Johnny Mullagh's sacred water hole in Harrow, celebrating 150 years since the tour.

In 2002, Charles Lawrence's great-great-grandson, Ian Friend, along with historians and cricketers, including former Test captain Ian Chappell, successfully campaigned to have the Aboriginal XI recognised in the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Ian Friend and Jack Kennedy (descendant of Johnny Cuzens) both accepted the award on behalf of the team. Also that year, a documentary film about the team, titled A Fine Body of Gentlemen, was broadcast by the ABC.

Australia sent men's and women's Aboriginal teams to England in June 2018, to mark the 150th anniversary of the tour.

A play about the cricketers, Black Cockatoo, written by Geoffrey Atherden and employing an all-Aboriginal cast, was staged at the 2020 Sydney Festival.

In January 2020, Len Pascoe encouraged singer/songwriter Matt Scullion to write a song about the tour, having been talking about it to Gamilaraay elder and retired cricketer Les Knox. Scullion wrote the song, "1868", and sang it at the second Twenty20 International at the Sydney Cricket Ground in early 2021, and planned to do so again at the Bradman Museum in April 2021.


text:
Talk:Paul O'Neill (baseball)

Untitled
Someone put a picture please.

AGE
Isn't D.O.B better than age? Mglovesfun 03:54, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I fixed it with birth date and age --rogerd 04:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Bill Simmons' "dick" comment
Any way we can get confirmation on that? A link or any source? --B 17:45, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Not related to Mark Twain
The baseball reference to PO'N being a direct descendant of Mark Twain is clearly not a reliable source. Evcerybody makes jokes about Mark Twain, but this one can be checked out. It's not true, Twain's only Grandchild, Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch died without any children according to her NY Times obituary. Smallbones (talk) 17:17, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

"personally identified" by Trump
On its own, the personal life sentence that he was "personally identified" by Donald Trump really doesn't serve anything. Identified as what, exactly? Either elaborate on this or cut it, frankly. Echoedmyron (talk) 21:39, 9 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I wrote it, and admit it's a clumsy clause. I'm not certain of whether or not it counts as an "endorsement" since I couldn't hear what he said and sources aren't really saying. I'll cut it for now. – Muboshgu (talk) 21:44, 9 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm in favor of removing this. It's irrelevant.Seaofbacon (talk) 01:12, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I removed this and an additional reference to Paul O'Neill's endorsement of Trump. If we deem the Trump endorsement pertinent to this encyclopedia article, then we should also include the numerous foods O'Neill praises during Yankee broadcasts. All of this is of questionable relevance to someone interested in learning about Paul O'Neill.Seaofbacon (talk) 02:42, 3 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and I removed it again after it reappeared. No one cares about ONeill's political views. Helmfr00 01:10, 6 October 2016 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Helmfr00 (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:Paul O'Neill (baseball)


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title: Template:Poem-stub


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Pilegesh

Pilegesh (פִּילֶגֶשׁ) is a Hebrew term for a concubine, a marital companion of social and legal status inferior to that of a wife. Among the Israelites, men commonly acknowledged their concubines, and such women enjoyed the same rights in the house as legitimate wives.

Etymology
In Judaism, concubines are referred to by the Hebrew term pilegesh (פילגש). The term pilegesh appears to be an Indo-European loanword related to παλλακίς pallakis, meaning 'concubine'.

In the Hebrew of the contemporary State of Israel, pilegesh is often used as the equivalent of the English word mistress—i.e., the female partner in extramarital relations—regardless of legal recognition. Attempts have been initiated to popularise pilegesh as a form of premarital, non-marital or extramarital relationship (which, according to the perspective of the enacting person(s), is permitted by Jewish law).

There are many definitions for what a pilegesh relationship is. In the Eastern world, pilegesh fit into the complex family organization and the woman had more of a distinct legal and social position, whereas in the later Western world, pilegesh was regarded as a long-term sex companionship between a man and a woman who could not or would not be married.

Biblical references
Several biblical figures had concubines when they were not able to create natural children with their wives. The most famous example of this was with Abraham and Sarah. Sarah gave her maidservant Hagar to Abraham while maintaining ownership of both maidservant and offspring. Their union produced Ishmael. Hagar gained the status of full wife in regards to Abraham, but nonetheless Sarah retained the status of main wife. This type of pilegesh is recorded in Jewish sources as being a singular case. All later cases of pilegesh recognized the pilegesh and guaranteed similar rights in the house as the legitimate wife.

Since having children in Judaism was considered a great blessing, legitimate wives often gave their maids to their husbands so they could have children with them when those women themselves were childless, as in the cases of Leah and Zilpah and Rachel and Bilhah. The concubine commanded the same respect and inviolability as the wife, and it was regarded as the deepest dishonor for the man to whom she belonged if hands were laid upon her. Even in the exceptional case of Sarah and Hagar, Abraham would have been obligated to treat Hagar as a full wife and she would have been treated as an equal by Abraham. Sarah's rights would have been regarding the technical legal status of being considered the inheritor and since the other wife and offspring would have been hers by ownership she became the legal albeit not biological mother of Ishmael.

Legal characteristics
According to the Babylonian Talmud, the difference between a pilegesh and a full wife was that the latter received a marriage contract (ketubah) and her marriage (nissu'in) was preceded by a formal betrothal (kiddushin), which was not the case with the former. According to Rabbi Judah, however, the pilegesh should also receive a marriage contract, but without including a clause specifying a divorce settlement. According to Rashi, "wives with kiddushin and ketubbah, concubines with kiddushin but without ketubbah"; this reading is from the Jerusalem Talmud.

Certain rabbis, such as Maimonides, believed that concubines are strictly reserved for kings, and thus that a commoner may not have a concubine; indeed, such thinkers argued that commoners may not engage in any type of sexual relations outside of a marriage. Maimonides was not the first Jewish thinker to criticize concubinage; for example, it is severely condemned in Leviticus Rabbah. Other rabbis, such as Nachmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, and Jacob Emden, strongly object to the idea that concubines should be forbidden.

According to Rabbi Mnachem Risikoff, the institution of pilegesh is an alternative to formal marriage which does not have the same requirements for a get upon the dissolution of the relationship.

Any offspring created as a result of a union between a pilegesh and a man were on equal legal footing with children of the man and his wife.

The leaders of the pilegesh controversy are Maimonides and Nahmanides. Maimonides believed pilegesh should be prohibited legally while Nahmaides believed in permitting legally but discouraging ethically.

Pilegesh was a way for a man with many resources to care for women other than the wife, bring in another woman to help his wife with her duties, have offspring if his wife was infertile, and create companionship without legal ties.

title: Pilegesh


text:
User talk:80.202.105.86

Perhaps you may create article on The Rafto Prize. Thanks. Pavel Vozenilek 16:43, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please don't submit copyrighted work without permission!
Thanks for your interest in contributing to Wikipedia. But your additions to Yelena Bonner and Mohammed Daddach was verbatim copies of the text on the rafting.org site. Unless you own the copyright to that page you can't just copy it in here. Posting copyrighted material without the express permission of the copyright holder is a violation of applicable law and of our policy. Thanks. Shanes 15:03, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Raftostiftelsen
Hei Hege, og takk for meldingen! Ja, du kan nå meg på den måten. Meldingen endte opp nederst på talk-siden min, User talk:Shanes.

I'll write the rest in English, since this is the english wikipedia.

First: Welcome to Wikipedia!

Sorry about deleting your stuff on Rafto Prize winners, we routinely do that when we discover material has been copied from a website. You won't believe how many people who are just copying stuff without permission from websites they find, and we have to be aware of not leting it stay on the site to avoid getting wikipedia in leagal trouble. So I hope you understand why I deleted it.

But, if you own the copyright to the text, or the rafto-foundation would like it to be released, then publishing it here is welcomed and of course fine ;-). You just have to let it be known that you are doing so, so nobody else will delete it again.

Here's how you can do that. Either:
 * Say so in the edit-summary field (the small one-line window below the edit field), for instance, you can type :"Material from rafto.org, submitted with permission from the rafto foundation".

or better:

 * Sign up an account and get a username of your own choice. It's free and takes max 30 seconds. Then you will get a Userpage on wikipedia where you can state that you are working for the Rafto-foundation and are submitting material with permission. Then people will also be more able to comunicate with you on your talk-page (similar to mine, the one where you sendt me your message). Though, even when having an account I'll recomend using the edit-summary field when editing articles.

Thanks again for contributing to wikipedia. If you have any further questions, please ask. You can write me in Norwegian again, if you prefere that. Shanes 15:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.202.105.86


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User:Subaru~enwiki

test

title: User:Subaru~enwiki


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Yoshiko Yamaguchi

Yoshiko Yamaguchi (山口 淑子) was a Japanese singer, actress, journalist, and politician. Born in China, she made an international career in film in China, Hong Kong, Japan and the United States.

Early in her career, the Manchukuo Film Association concealed her Japanese origin and she went by the Chinese name Li Hsiang-lan (李香蘭), rendered in Japanese as Ri Kōran. This allowed her to represent China in Japanese propaganda movies. After the war, she appeared in Japanese movies under her real name, as well as in several English language movies under the stage name, Shirley Yamaguchi.

After becoming a journalist in the 1950s under the name Yoshiko Ōtaka (大鷹 淑子), she was elected as a member of the Japanese parliament in 1974, and served for 18 years. After retiring from politics, she served as vice president of the Asian Women's Fund.

Early life

She was born on February 12, 1920, to Japanese parents, Ai Yamaguchi (山口 アイ) and Fumio Yamaguchi (山口 文雄), who were then settlers in Fushun, Manchuria, Republic of China, in a coal mining residential area in Dengta, Liaoyang.

Fumio Yamaguchi was an employee of the South Manchuria Railway. From an early age, Yoshiko was exposed to Mandarin Chinese. Fumio Yamaguchi had some influential Chinese acquaintances, among whom were Li Jichun (李際春) and Pan Yugui (潘毓桂). By Chinese custom for those who became sworn brothers, they also became Yoshiko's "godfathers" (also known as "nominal fathers") and gave her two Chinese names, Li Hsiang-lan (Li Xianglan) and Pan Shuhua (潘淑華). ("Shu" in Shuhua and "Yoshi" in Yoshiko are written with the same Chinese character). Yoshiko later used the former name as a stage name and assumed the latter name while she was staying with the Pan family in Beijing.

As a youth Yoshiko suffered a bout of tuberculosis. In order to strengthen her breathing, the doctor recommended voice lessons. Her father initially insisted on traditional Japanese music, but Yoshiko preferred Western music and thus received her initial classical vocal education from an Italian dramatic soprano (Madame Podresov, married into White Russian nobility). She later received schooling in Beijing, polishing her Mandarin, accommodated by the Pan family. She was a coloratura soprano.

Career in China

Yoshiko made her debut as an actress and singer in the 1938 film, Honeymoon Express (蜜月快車), by Manchuria Film Production. She was billed as Li Hsiang-lan, pronounced Ri Kōran in Japanese. The adoption of a Chinese stage name was prompted by the film company's economic and political motives — a Manchurian girl who had command over both the Japanese and Chinese languages was sought after. From this she rose to be a star and the Japan-Manchuria Goodwill Ambassadress (日滿親善大使). The head of the Manchukuo film industry, General Masahiko Amakasu, decided she was the star he was looking for: a beautiful actress fluent in both Mandarin and Japanese, who could pass as Chinese and who had an excellent singing voice.

The Chinese actors who appeared in the Manchuria Film Production movies were never informed that she was Japanese, but they suspected she was at least half-Japanese as she always ate her meals with the Japanese actors instead of the Chinese actors, was given white rice to eat instead of the sorghum given to the Chinese, and was paid ten times more than the Chinese actors were. Though in her subsequent films she was almost exclusively billed as Li Hsiang-lan, she appeared in a few as "Yamaguchi Yoshiko".

Many of her films bore some degree of promotion of the Japanese national policy (in particular, pertaining to the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere ideology) and can be termed "National Policy Films" (国策映画). While promoting Manchurian interests in Tokyo, Li would meet Kenichiro Matsuoka, future television executive and son of Japanese diplomat Yōsuke Matsuoka, about whom she would write in her biography, Ri Kōran: My Half Life, to be her first love. Although she had hopes of marriage, he was still a student at Tokyo Imperial University and not interested in settling down at the time. They would meet again after the war, at which time Kenichiro attempted to rekindle the relationship, but by then, Li was already involved with the artist Isamu Noguchi.

The 1940 film, China Nights (中國の夜), also known as Shanghai Nights (上海の夜), by Manchuria Film Productions, is especially controversial. It is unclear whether it was a "National Policy Film" as it portrays Japanese soldiers in both a positive and negative light. Here, Li played a young woman of extreme anti-Japanese sentiment who falls in love with a Japanese man. A key turning point in the film has the young Chinese woman being slapped by the Japanese man, but instead of hatred, she reacts with gratitude. The film was met with great aversion among the Chinese audience as they believed that the Chinese female character was a sketch of debasement and inferiority. 23,000 Chinese people paid to see the film in 1943. After the war, one of her classic songs, "Suzhou Serenade" (蘇州夜曲), was banned in China due to its association with this film. A few years later, when confronted by angry Chinese reporters in Shanghai, Li apologized and cited as pretext her inexperienced youth at the time of filmmaking, choosing not to reveal her Japanese identity. Though her Japanese nationality was never divulged in the Chinese media until after the Sino-Japanese War, it was brought to light by the Japanese press when she performed in Japan under her assumed Chinese name and as the Japan-Manchuria Goodwill Ambassadress. Oddly enough, when she visited Japan during this period, she was criticized for being too Chinese in dress and in language.

When she landed in Japan in 1941 for a publicity tour, dressed in a cheongsam (or qípáo) and speaking Japanese with a Mandarin accent, the customs officer asked her upon seeing she had a Japanese passport and a Japanese name, "Don't you know that we Japanese are the superior people? Aren't you ashamed to be wearing third-rate Chink clothes and speaking their language as you do?"

In 1943, Li appeared in the film Eternity. The film was shot in Shanghai, commemorating the centennial of the Opium War. The film, anti-British in nature and a collaboration between Chinese and Japanese film companies, was a hit, and Li became a national sensation. Her film songs with jazz and pop-like arrangements, such as her "Candy-Peddling Song" (賣糖歌) and "Quitting (Opium) Song" (戒菸歌), elevated her status to among the top singers in all Chinese-speaking regions in Asia overnight. Many songs recorded by Li during her Shanghai period became classics in Chinese popular music history. Other noteworthy hits include "Evening Primrose / Fragrance of the Night" (夜來香), "Ocean Bird" (海燕), "If Only" (恨不相逢未嫁時), and "Second Dream" (第二夢). By the 1940s, she had become one of the Seven Great Singing Stars.

United States, Canada, Hong Kong and Japan

At the end of World War II, Li was arrested in Shanghai by the Kuomintang and sentenced to death by firing squad for treason and collaboration with the Japanese. As tensions subsequently arose between the Kuomintang and the Communists, she was scheduled to be executed at a Shanghai horse track on December 8, 1945. However, before she could be executed, her parents (at the time both under arrest in Beijing) managed to produce a copy of her birth certificate, proving she was not a Chinese national after all, and have her childhood Russian friend, Lyuba Monosova Gurinets, smuggle it into Shanghai inside the head of a geisha doll. Li was cleared of all charges (and possibly from the death penalty).

In spite of the acquittal, the Chinese judges still warned Li to leave China immediately or she would risk being lynched; and so in 1946, she resettled in Japan and launched a new acting career there under the name Yoshiko Yamaguchi, working with directors such as Akira Kurosawa. Several of her post-war films cast her in parts that dealt either directly or indirectly with her wartime persona as a bilingual and bicultural performer. For example, in 1949, Shin-Toho studios produced Repatriation (歸國「ダモイ」), an omnibus film which told four stories about the struggles of Japanese trying to return to Japan from the Soviet Union after having been taken prisoner following the defeat. The following year, Yamaguchi starred with actor Ryō Ikebe in Escape at Dawn (曉の脫走), produced by Toho and based on the novel Shunpuden (春婦傳). In the book, her character was a prostitute in a military brothel, but for this film her character was rewritten as a frontline entertainer who falls into a tragic affair with a deserter (Ikebe). In 1952, Yamaguchi appeared in Woman of Shanghai (上海の女), in which she reprised her pre-war persona as a Japanese woman passing for Chinese who becomes caught between the two cultures.

In the 1950s, she established her acting career as Shirley Yamaguchi in Hollywood and on Broadway (in the short-lived musical "Shangri-La") in the U.S. She married Japanese American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi, in 1951. Yamaguchi was Japanese, but as someone who had grown up in China, she felt torn between two identities and later wrote that she felt attracted to Noguchi as someone else who was torn between two identities. Li spent between 1953 and 1954 in Vancouver, Canada. They divorced in 1956. She revived the Li Hsiang-lan name and appeared in several Chinese-language films made in Hong Kong. Some of her 1950s Chinese films were destroyed in a studio fire and have not been seen since their initial releases. Her Mandarin hit songs from this period include "Three Years" (三年), "Plum Blossom" (梅花), "Childhood Times" (小時候), "Only You" (只有你), and "Heart Song" (心曲 – a cover of "Eternally").

TV presenter and politician
She returned to Japan and after retiring from the world of film in 1958, she appeared as a hostess and anchorwoman on TV talk shows. As a result of her marriage to the Japanese diplomat Hiroshi Ōtaka, she lived for a while in Burma (modern Myanmar). They remained married until his death in 2001.

In 1969, she became the host of The Three O'Clock You (Sanji no anata) TV show on Fuji Television, reporting on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as well as the Vietnam War. In the 1970s, Yamaguchi became very active in pro-Palestinian causes in Japan and personally favored the Palestine Liberation Organization. In 1974, she was elected to the House of Councilors (the upper House of the Japanese parliament) as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party, where she served for 18 years (three terms). She co-authored the book, Ri Kōran, Watashi no Hansei (Half My Life as Ri Kōran). She served as a vice-president of the Asian Women's Fund. As part of the 1993 fall honors list, she was decorated with the Gold and Silver Star of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Second Class.

Yamaguchi was considered by many Chinese in the post-World War II period to be a Japanese spy and thus a traitor to the Chinese people. This misconception was caused in part by Yamaguchi passing herself off as Chinese throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Her Japanese identity not being officially revealed until her post-war prosecution nearly led to her execution as a Chinese traitor. She had always expressed her guilt for taking part in Japanese propaganda films in the early days of her acting career. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was established by the Communist Party, and three years later, Yamaguchi's former repertoire from the Shanghai era in the 1930s and 1940s (along with all other popular music) was also denounced as Yellow music (黃色音樂), a form of pornography. Because of this, she did not visit China for more than 50 years after the war, since she felt that the Chinese had not forgiven her. Despite her controversial past, she influenced future singers such as Teresa Teng, Fei Yu-Ching, and Winnie Wei (韋秀嫻), who covered her evergreen hits. Jacky Cheung recorded a cover of Kōji Tamaki's "行かないで" ("Ikanaide") and renamed it "Lei Hoeng Laan." (Both the original version and subsequent remake do not have any actual references to Li Hsiang-lan. The Chinese title instead refers to the unknowable quality and identity of the singer's lover.) In January 1991, a musical about her life was released in Tokyo, which generated controversy because its negative portrayal of Manchukuo upset many Japanese conservatives.

Yamaguchi was one of the first prominent Japanese citizens to acknowledge the Japanese brutality during wartime occupation. She later campaigned for greater public awareness of that part of history and advocated paying reparations to so-called comfort women, Korean women who were forced into sex slavery by the Japanese military during the war.

A recording of a 1950 concert performance in Sacramento, California, was discovered by a professor from the University of Chicago in 2012. The concert included six songs and was performed before an audience of Japanese Americans, many of whom had likely been interned during World War II. Speaking in 2012 about the concert, Yamaguchi said, "I sang with hope that I could offer consolation to the Japanese Americans, as I heard that they had gone through hardships during the war." She died at the age of 94 in Tokyo on September 7, 2014, exactly ten years after one of her fellow Seven Great Singing Stars, Gong Qiuxia.

Names
She was credited as Shirley Yamaguchi in the Hollywood movies, Japanese War Bride (1952), House of Bamboo (1955), and Navy Wife (1956). She was once nicknamed The Judy Garland of Japan.

Other names used as movie actress:
 * Li Hsiang-lan
 * Li Hsiang Lan
 * Ri Kōran
 * Li Xiang Lan
 * Hsiang-lan Li
 * Xianglan Li
 * Li Xianglan
 * Yoshiko Yamaguchi

Movies about her

 * Fuji Television made a TV movie, Sayonara Ri Kōran, starring Yasuko Sawaguchi in 1989 as a special project to mark the company's 30th anniversary.
 * A two-part TV movie, Ri Kōran, starring Aya Ueto was made in 2006. It was broadcast in Japan by TV Tokyo on February 11 and 12, 2007.
 * Japanese filmmaker, Hirokazu Kore-eda, is planning a feature film based on her life story.

Other media

 * The novel, The China Lover (2008), by Ian Buruma is a fictionalized account of her life.
 * A Japanese musical based on her life was produced by the Shiki Theater Company.
 * The character, Li Kohran, from the SEGA multimedia Sakura Wars game franchise is named for her stage name.
 * Li Xianglan (Yamaguchi Yoshiko) appears as a character in the Taiwanese play The Phoenix Trees Are in Blossom, by Hsu Rey-Fang (John B. Weinstein, Voices of Taiwanese Women: Three Contemporary Plays, Cornell University, 2015).

title: Yoshiko Yamaguchi


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Challenge Airlines IL

Challenge Airlines IL, formerly CAL Cargo Airlines Ltd. (ק.א.ל. קווי אוויר למטען), is a cargo airline with its corporate headquarters in Shoham, Israel.

History
CAL was established in June 1976, starting charter operations in November of that year. Originally, the airline leased aircraft from El Al as required; however, on 1 December 1999, it began operating scheduled services using its own aircraft following receipt of Israeli government licences.

In 1997, CAL purchased the Liège Airport Cargo Handling Services (LACHS) cargo terminal in Belgium. The facility, which is still fully owned and operated by CAL, caters to CAL's specialty in nonstandard cargo. In 2010, CAL was purchased privately by Offer Gilboa and expanded its flight operations to include daily flights to and from Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport and New York's John F Kennedy International Airport.

In 2017, the airline made news headlines for buying a Boeing 747 on Chinese e-commerce website Taobao.com for around US $23.3 million.

Operations
Challenge IL operates daily scheduled cargo flights and charter services carrying nonstandard goods and general cargo internationally. Its main base is Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport and it has a hub at Liège Airport in Belgium. The airline carries approximately 100,000 tons of cargo annually, including all categories of nonstandard cargo: temperature-controlled pharmaceutical and healthcare products, live animals, dangerous goods, oversize and overweight cargo, fresh perishable products, and valuable goods such as fine art. The company slogan is Challenge accepted.

Destinations
Challenge IL operates freight services to the following scheduled destinations (as of May 2024).

Current fleet
The CAL Cargo Air Lines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2022):

title: Challenge Airlines IL


text:
Estadio Olímpico Universitario

Estadio Olímpico Universitario is a multi-purpose stadium located inside Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City. It was built in 1952 and at that time was the largest stadium in Mexico. This stadium has a capacity of 69,000. The first major event held in the stadium was the 1955 Pan American Games. During the 1950s and the 1960s this stadium was used mostly for college American football matches between the largest Mexican public universities at the time: UNAM and IPN. From the late 1950s it was used for football matches, some American football matches and athletics. American architect Frank Lloyd Wright called it "the most important building in the modern America".

The Olímpico Universitario hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics; for the event the seating capacity was increased from 70,000 to 83,700 spectators (without substantially modifying the original structure) to cover the IOC requirements for an Olympic stadium. It was the location of the track and field competitions, equestrian events, certain association football matches, the arrival of the marathon and the opening and closing ceremonies. This was the Olympics in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos protested the treatment of African Americans in the United States by performing a black power salute during the medal ceremony for the 200 metres (which occurred in this stadium). The stadium also hosted the track and field events at the 1975 Pan American Games.

The stadium hosted four games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, but the final match was played in the bigger Estadio Azteca in Mexico City.

The Tartan track was the first All-weather running track to be used in the Olympics. Such a track is now a requirement.

In 1985, during the second leg of the Liga MX final between Universidad Nacional and América, two hours before the start of the game, the building looked at its maximum capacity, but outside there was still a crowd of at least 30,000 more. At that time, Ciudad Universitaria did not have fences that surrounded it and it was easy to get to the access tunnels of the stadium. During the attempt of the fans to get to the pitch in one of the access tunnels (the tunnel number 29) a number of people got stuck and ended with the death of 11 people and several others injured.

Currently, it is the home stadium of Universidad Nacional and American football team Pumas CU.

This sport facility is part of the Ciudad Universitaria ("University City"), the main campus of the UNAM.

Architecture and art of the stadium
It is the work of architects Augusto Pérez, Raúl Salinas and Jorge Bravo Moro. The "Estadio Universitario, original name, was built specifically for the former practice of football.

On the east side of University Olympic Stadium, is a mural by Diego Rivera, called "The University, the Mexican family, peace and youth sports. In the construction of the relief in natural colored stones shows the university shield, with the condor and the eagle on a cactus. Under their wings outstretched, Rivera placed three figures representing the family: the father and the mother giving the dove of peace to his son. At the extremes are two gigantic figures that correspond to some athletes, male and female, who light the torch of Olympic flame. A huge feathered serpent, the symbolic image of the pre-Hispanic god Quetzalcoatl, complements the composition at the bottom.

Diego Rivera had planned to cover the entire outside of the stadium with designs similar to this, but the artist's death prevented him.

The asymmetric shape of the stands of the stadium-side with the more developed west-emphasizes the final composition of the joint project of the University City, which finished off its axis and principal, the stands closest to the Avenida Insurgentes, emphasizes the sense league stadium to the rest of the set.

Much like the Olympic cauldron on top of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum peristyle, the upper deck on one sideline is topped by an Olympic cauldron that was installed for the Olympic Games. The other sideline is topped by a press box.

1986 FIFA World Cup
It hosted four matches of the tournament, including a round-of-16 matchup.

title: Estadio Olímpico Universitario


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GWF North American Heavyweight Championship

The GWF North American Heavyweight Championship was the major title in the Global Wrestling Federation in Texas. The title existed from 1991 until 1994, when GWF closed. The title was featured on the promotion's show that aired nationally on ESPN.

1991
The GWF North American Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a twenty-four man tournament for the inaugural GWF North American Heavyweight Championship held on August 9 and August 10, 1991. The Patriot defeated Al Perez in the final to win the tournament.


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Category:Mountains of Egypt

The mountains of Egypt.

title: Category:Mountains of Egypt