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Mitsubishi F-1

The Mitsubishi F-1 is a Japanese swept-wing, single-seat, twin-engine supersonic strike aircraft that was in service with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) from 1978 to 2006. It was Japan's first domestically designed and built supersonic combat aircraft, jointly developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It is essentially a T-2 trainer airframe modified for a dedicated anti-ship and ground attack role.

Design and development

In the mid 1960s, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) commenced studies into an advanced jet trainer which could also be modified to serve in the ground attack and anti-shipping roles. After considering license production of the T-38 Talon and SEPECAT Jaguar, Japan decided to develop its own trainer, the supersonic Mitsubishi T-2, this first flying on 20 July 1971. Cost over-runs in the T-2 program led to the proposed single seat attack version almost being abandoned, but the cancellation of the Kawasaki P-XL, the planned replacement for Japan's Kawasaki P-2J maritime patrol aircraft freed-up funds, while making it important to keep Japan's aviation industry employed, and contracts were awarded for the development of the attack version as the FS-T2kai in 1973.

The new aircraft was a minimum change derivative of the T-2, with the rear cockpit being converted to an avionics bay by removing the rear seat, and replacing the canopy with a simple unglazed access hatch. Two additional hardpoints were fitted under the wing to allow carriage of a heavier weapon load, and the avionics were improved, with a new J/AWG-12 radar set, similar to the AN/AWG-12 fitted in British Royal Air Force F-4M Phantom fighter jets. This set provides ranging information. Aside from the avionics changes, deletion of the rear seat, and new one-piece canopy, the only other major change from the T-2 was the strengthening of the airframe to enable it to carry a larger weapons load than the T-2. The F-1 is fitted with an internally mounted 20 mm JM61A1 Vulcan cannon with 750 rounds of ammunition. The aircraft also has seven external hardpoints for the carriage of a wide variety of stores (missiles, gun pods, etc.). The fuselage hardpoint and inboard pair of underwing hardpoints are plumbed for external fuel tanks to increase the aircraft's range. The primary weapon of the F-1 is the ASM-1 and the newer ASM-2 long-range anti-ship missile. This weapon is roughly in the class of the American AGM-84 Harpoon or French AM.39 Exocet. Other weapons carried include the all-aspect short-range heat-seeking AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile for air-to-air combat. This weapon is carried on the wingtip rails usually, but it can also be carried on the outboard underwing hardpoints for the F-1's secondary air defense role. Other air-to-ground weapons carried include rocket pods (JLAU-3/A) of 70 mm (2.75 in) size as well as bombs of 227 kg (500 lb) and 340 kg (750 lb) in size (Mk82 and M117 respectively). In addition, the Mk-82 and M117 bombs can be fitted with infrared guidance kits, turning them into precision-guided weapons that home in on heat radiation emitted from seaborne targets such as ships or other ground-based targets. When fitted with this kit, the bomb becomes known as GCS-1.

The F-1 was replaced by the F-2 (Japan/U.S. developed, based on the F-16C/D), as well as upgraded F-4EJ Kai Phantom IIs. The last six active F-1s, based at Tsuiki in Fukuoka Prefecture, were retired on 9 March 2006, having reached the 4,000 hour limit of their airframes.

Variants

 * FS-T2-Kai: The first two prototypes.
 * Mitsubishi F-1: Single-seat close air support, ground-attack and anti-ship fighter aircraft.

Operators

 * Japan Air Self-Defense Force
 * Japan Air Self-Defense Force

Survivors / Aircraft on display

 * 60-8275 F-1 Fuchū Air Base, in Fuchu, Tokyo
 * 70-8207 F-1 Mitsu Seiki Co., Ltd. Taga Works, Awaji, Hyōgo
 * 00-8249 F-1 JASDF Kamo sub-base, Oga, Akita Prefecture
 * 00-8241 F-1 (nose section) Misawa Air Base, Misawa, Aomori Prefecture
 * 00-8247 F-1 Misawa Aviation & Science Museum, Misawa, Aomori Prefecture
 * 80-8219 F-1 (fire training) Ashiya Air Field, Ashiya, Fukuoka Prefecture
 * 90-8234 F-1 Kasuga Air Base, Kasuga, Fukuoka Prefecture
 * 70-8277 F-1 Tsuiki Air Field, Tsuiki, Fukuoka Prefecture
 * 00-8242 F-1 JASDF Erimo sub-base, Erimo, Hokkaido Prefecture
 * 60-8274 F-1 Hyakuri Airport, Omitama, Ibaraki Prefecture
 * 20-8263 F-1 National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture
 * 00-8246 F-1 JASDF Sado sub-base, Sado, Niigata Prefecture
 * 70-8201 F-1 Iruma Air Base, Sayama, Saitama Prefecture
 * 90-8232 F-1 Ōtsu JGSDF base, Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture
 * 90-8231 F-1 (Nose section) Fujisan Juku no Mori Park, Airfield cafe, Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture
 * 90-8227 F-1, Hamamatsu Public Relations Center, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture
 * 90-8225 F-1, Hamamatsu Public Relations Center, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture
 * 30-8268 F-1 U.S.-Japan Joint Air Defense Command HQ, Yokota Air Base, Fussa, Tokyo
 * 10-8256 F-1 Hōfu Kita Air Base, Hōfu, Yamaguchi Prefecture
 * 50-8270 F-1 Hōfu South Air Base, Hōfu, Yamaguchi Prefecture
 * 10-8257 F-1 Fukue Branch Base, Fukue, Nagasaki Prefecture
 * 20-8260 F-1 Miho Air Base, Sakaiminato, Tottori Prefecture
 * 70-8276 F-1 Nara Base, Nara, Nara, Nara Prefecture

title: Mitsubishi F-1


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Kaientai

The Kaientai (海援隊) was a trading and shipping company and private navy, considered to be the first corporation in modern Japan.

Kaientai, originally named Kameyama Shachū (亀山社中, "Kameyama Troupe"), was founded by Sakamoto Ryōma in Nagasaki in 1865 during the Bakumatsu, and it was initially funded by the Satsuma Domain and other groups and domains.

The logo of SoftBank Group is based on the idea of a "21st century Kaientai".

Born in Tosa Domain

 * Sakamoto Ryōma – a commanding officer of Kaientai
 * Iwasaki Yatarou
 * Sawamura Sōnojho
 * Sasaki Takayuki – a second commanding officer of Kaientai after Ryōma's death
 * Nagaoka Ken'ichi
 * Ishida Eikichi
 * Sakamoto Nao – Ryōma's adopted child
 * Sugano Kakubei
 * Jingū Umanosuke
 * Nomura Koreaki

Born in Echizen Province

 * Seki Yoshiomi
 * Watanabe Gōhachi
 * Odani Kōzō

Born in Kishū Domain

 * Mutsu Munemitsu

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kaientai


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Tom West

Joseph Thomas West III (November 22, 1939 – May 19, 2011) was an American technologist. West is notable for being the key figure in the Pulitzer Prize winning non-fiction book The Soul of a New Machine.

West began his career in computer design at RCA, after seven years at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, a job he'd gotten right out of college. He started working for Data General in 1974. He became the head of Data General's Eclipse group and then became the lead on the Eagle project, building a machine officially named the Eclipse MV/8000. After the publication of Soul of a New Machine, West was sent to Japan by Data General where he helped design DG-1, the first full-screen laptop. His last project in 1996, a thin Web server, was intended to be an internet-ready machine. West retired as Chief Technologist in 1998.

Personal life
West was married to Elizabeth (Cohon) West in 1965; they divorced in 1994. The couple had two daughters, Katherine West and librarian Jessamyn West. West married Cindy Woodward (his former assistant at Data General) in 2001; the couple divorced in 2011. West died at the age of 71 in his Westport, Massachusetts home of an apparent heart attack. His nephew, Christopher Schwarz, is a former editor of Popular Woodworking magazine, author of The Anarchist's Toolchest, and co-founder of Lost Art Press; West's death prompted Schwarz to "leave the magazine and do my own thing".

title: Tom West


text:
User talk:Ecastas

Temes d'interès

 * Mitjans de comunicació
 * País Valencià
 * Televisió

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 15:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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P.S. Oh, by the way, I see you put some of your own personal info on your user talk page. We usually put our personal page and info on our user pages (yours is User:Ecastas, and click the "edit" tab); we save the talk pages (this page, which is User talk:Ecastas) for comments, questions, and suggestions from others! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at my talk page (User talk:Flcelloguy)! Have fun Wiki-editing, and once again, welcome!

title: User talk:Ecastas


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Anzhu Islands

The Anzhu Islands or Anjou Islands (Oстрова Анжу; Анжу арыыларa) are an archipelago and geographical subgroup of the New Siberian Islands archipelago. They are located between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea in the Russian Arctic Ocean.

Etymology
The Anzhu Islands are named after Russian explorer Pyotr Anjou, a Russian-born descendant of Protestant refugees from the French province of Anjou.

Geography
The total area of the islands is approx. 29,000 km2.

This island group is a practically uninhabited territory. It belongs administratively to Yakutia, Russian Federation.

Main islands
The main islands of the Anzhu Islands archipelago are, from west to east:

 * Belkovsky Island.
 * Kotelny Island
 * Bunge Land
 * Faddeyevsky Peninsula
 * New Siberia

title: Anzhu Islands


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Enrique Villanueva

Enrique Villanueva, officially the Municipality of Enrique Villanueva (Lungsod sa Enrique Villanueva; Bayan ng Enrique Villanueva), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 6,790 people, making it the least populated town in the province.

Enrique Villanueva is 22 km from Siquijor.

Barangays
Enrique Villanueva is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Education
The public schools in the town of Enrique Villanueva are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Bitaug Elementary School — Bitaug
 * Enrique Villanueva Central Elementary School — Tulapos
 * Libo Elementary School — Libo
 * Roxas Elementary School — Cangmangki

High schools:
 * Enrique Villanueva National High School — Tulapos

title: Enrique Villanueva


text:
Larena

Larena, officially the Municipality of Larena (Lungsod sa Larena; Bayan ng Larena), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,454 people.

Larena is the former capital of the province of Siquijor. It is 10 km from Siquijor.

History
Canoan, which was how Larena was known during the Spanish period, had long been a flourishing township. It was mainly due to this fact that the Spanish authorities developed it into a capital town or cabecera for the whole island of Siquijor.

American Period
With the coming of the Americans at the turn of the century, Canoan still was regarded as a cabecera where lieutenant governor James Fugate, the first American governor of Siquijor, held office for sixteen years ending in 1916. In the same year, the authorities in Manila, acting on the recommendation of local authorities officially declared Canoan as a capital town. During his term which began in 1901, Governor Demetrio Larena, the first Filipino governor for Negros Oriental and Siquijor, changed the name of Canoan to Larena, his own name, which was duly approved by the Philippine legislature.

From then on until the declaration of martial law in 1972, several people shared the mayoral seat after every four years. Albito was followed by Restituto Calibo. Then Antonio Albito again. In the following election, he was replaced by Herbert Calibo, who in turn was followed by Soledado Lumosad. Juanito Calibo followed and stayed for most of the martial law era and again succeeded by Herbert Calibo.

The post-EDSA Revolution Dr. Remedios Albito served as mayor followed by Gold L. Calibo then Dean S. Villa.

All through the years, spanning the time before and after the war, Larena maintained its position as the hub of business activities in the province. The small but safe port of Larena is a strategic port of call for merchant ships from major cities in Central Visayas and Northern Mindanao. It is home to two commercial banks and a rural bank. Nationally known commercial establishments usually set their shops here.

Barangays
Larena is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Notes

Transportation
The Port of Larena is the main gateway to Siquijor Island as it is the largest port. It can accommodate ships up to 1,000 tons. Lite Ferries provides service from Larena to Tagbilaran in Bohol, Cebu City, and Plaridel in Misamis Occidental. Maayo Shipping provides service from Larena to Liloan in Santander, Cebu and Bato in Samboan, Cebu.

Education
One of the remaining bright spots of the town of Larena is the continuous evolution of one of its educational institutions. The Larena sub-provincial High School, another landmark, evolved to become the Larena National Vocational School and then the Larena National Vocational College, drawing to its fold a great number of young people from all over the province and neighboring provinces.

On 3 March 1995, LNVC was converted into a state college now known as Siquijor State College (SSC). In 2006, a second campus was named SSC-Lazi campus in the town of Lazi.

The public schools in the town of Larena are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Basac Elementary School — Basac
 * Candigum Elementary School — Candigum
 * New Bataan Elementary School — Cang-apa
 * New Corregidor Elementary School — Calunasan
 * Nonoc Elementary School — Nonoc
 * Ponong Elementary School — Ponong

High schools:
 * Basac National High School — Basac

Integrated schools:
 * Cabulihan Integrated School — Cangmalalag
 * Larena Integrated School (formerly Larena CES) — Helen

title: Larena


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Lazi, Siquijor

Lazi, officially the Municipality of Lazi (Lungsod sa Lazi; Bayan ng Lazi), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 22,488.

Lazi Church is currently in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension). A proposal has been suggested by scholars to make a separate UNESCO inclusion for "Old Centre of Lazi which includes the Lazi Church".

Lazi is 32 km from Siquijor.

Barangays
Lazi is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Education
The public schools in the town of Lazi are administered by two school districts under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Cadoldolan Elementary School — Sitio Cadoldolan, Campalanas
 * Campalanas Elementary School — Campalanas
 * Cangclaran Elementary School — Cangclaran
 * Cangomantong Elementary School — Cangomantong
 * Capalasanan Elementary School — Capalasanan
 * Dapdap Elementary School — Lower Cabangcalan
 * Gabayan Elementary School — Gabayan
 * Kimba Elementary School — Kimba
 * Kinamandagan Elementary School — Kinamandagan
 * Lazi Central Elementary School — Catamboan
 * Po-o Elementary School — Po-o
 * Simacolong Elementary School — Simacolong
 * Tagmanocan Elementary School — Tagmanocan
 * Tignao Elementary School — Tignao
 * Ytaya Elementary School — Ytaya

High schools:
 * Campalanas National High School — Campalanas
 * Kinamandagan High School — Kinamandagan
 * Lazi National Agricultural School — Tigbawan
 * Leon Parami High School — Po-o

title: Lazi, Siquijor


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Maria, Siquijor

Maria, officially the Municipality of Maria (Lungsod sa Maria; Bayan ng Maria), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,385.

Maria is 32 km from Siquijor.

Barangays
Maria is politically subdivided into 22 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Education
The public schools in the town of Maria are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Bogo Elementary School — Bogo
 * Candaping Elementary School — Candaping B
 * Cantaroc Elementary School — Cantaroc B
 * Cantugbas Elementary School — Cantugbas
 * Lico-an Elementary School — Lico-an
 * Lilo-an Elementary School — Lilo-an
 * Logucan Elementary School — Logucan
 * Minalulan Elementary School — Minalulan
 * Nabutay Elementary School — Nabutay
 * Pisong A Elementary School — Pisong A
 * Pisong B Elementary School — Pisong B

High schools:
 * Candaping National High School — Candaping B

Integrated schools:
 * Maria Integrated School (formerly Maria CS) — Poblacion Norte

title: Maria, Siquijor


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San Juan, Siquijor

San Juan, officially the Municipality of San Juan (Lungsod sa San Juan; Bayan ng San Juan), is a 5th-class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 16,363 people.

San Juan is 12 km from Siquijor.

Barangays
San Juan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Bugwas Festival
The Bugwas Festival is held in San Juan as the celebration of its annual town fiesta in honor of its patron saint, St. Augustine of Hippo. It was first held in 2006.

Education
The public schools in the town of San Juan are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Can-asagan Elementary School — Can-asagan
 * Cangmunag Elementary School — Cangmunag
 * Cansayang Elementary School — Cansayang
 * Catulayan Elementary School — Catulayan
 * Napo Elementary School — Napo
 * Solangon Elementary School — Solangon
 * Tag-ibo Elementary School — Tag-ibo
 * Tambisan Elementary School — Tambisan
 * Timbaon Elementary School — Timbaon

High schools:
 * Catulayan National High School — Catulayan
 * Tambisan National High School — Tambisan

Integrated schools:
 * San Juan Integrated School (formerly San Juan CS) — Maite

title: San Juan, Siquijor


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Siquijor, Siquijor

Siquijor, officially the Municipality of Siquijor (Lungsod sa Siquijor; Bayan ng Siquijor), is a 4th class municipality and capital of the province of Siquijor, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 28,915 people.

History
While Spanish priests arrived in Siquijor as early as 1780, it was not until 1794 that the town became a municipality, the same year the parish was established.

Cityhood
In 2022, in the 19th Congress of the Philippines, various representatives filed house bills that sought Siquijor, including other capital towns of provinces with no current component cities, independent component cities, or highly urbanized cities, to automatically convert into cities.

Barangays
Siquijor is politically subdivided into 42 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy

The major economic activities include farming, fishing, woodcraft and furniture making, basket making, peanut processing, banana chips processing, and bakery.

Transportation
Although Larena has the larger port on the island, the Port of Siquijor also provides daily ferry services. Montenegro Lines and Aleson Shipping Lines provide service to Dumaguete in Negros Oriental. OceanJet provides service to Dumaguete, Tagbilaran in Bohol, and Cebu City.

The island's only aerodrome, Siquijor Airport, is located in barangay Cangalwang. The airport is used by smaller private planes and does not serve commercial flights.

Education
The public schools in the town of Siquijor are administered by two school districts under the Schools Division of Siquijor.

Elementary schools:
 * Banban Elementary School — Luyang
 * Bolos Elementary School — Bolos
 * Caipilan Elementary School — Caipilan
 * Candanay Elementary School — Candanay Norte
 * Cang-agong Elementary School — Cang-agong
 * Cang-alwang Elementary School — Tongo
 * Cang-asa Elementary School — Cang-asa
 * Cang-atuyom Elementary School — Cang-atuyom
 * Ibabao Elementary School — Ibabao
 * Luzong Elementary School — Luzong
 * Pangi Elementary School — Pangi
 * Ponong Elementary School — Ponong
 * San Antonio Elementary School — San Antonio

High schools:
 * Banban National High School — Banban
 * Cang-alwang National High School — Tongo
 * Ponong High School — Ponong
 * San Antonio National High School — San Antonio
 * Siquijor Provincial Science High School — Caipilan

Integrated schools:
 * Siquijor Integrated School (formerly Siquijor CES) — Polangyuta

Private schools:
 * Assisi High School of Siquijor, Inc. — Sta. Fe Street, Poblacion
 * Quezon Memorial Institute of Siquijor, Inc. — Canal

title: Siquijor, Siquijor


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Blind musicians

Blind musicians are singers or instrumentalists, or in some cases singer-accompanists, who are legally blind.

Resources
Historically, many blind musicians, including some of the most famous, have performed without the benefit of formal instruction, since such instruction relies extensively on written musical notation. However, today there are many resources available for blind musicians who wish to learn Western music theory and classical notation. Louis Braille, the man who created the braille alphabet for the blind, also created a system of classical notation for the blind called Braille music. This system allows the blind to read and write music much as the sighted do. The largest collection of Braille musical scores is located at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Outside the U.S., the largest collection of braille music scores is stored at the National Library for the Blind in England.

Computer technology and the Internet make it possible in theory for blind musicians to be more independent in composing and studying music. In practice, however, most programs rely on graphical user interfaces, which are difficult for the blind to navigate. There has been some progress in creating screen-reading interfaces for the blind, especially for the Windows operating systems.

Today there are also several organizations devoted to the support of blind musicians. The National Resource Center for Blind Musicians and The Music Education Network for the Visually Impaired are dedicated to musical education for the blind.

Image
The image of the blind musician is an important touchstone in many cultures, even where the influence of the blind on music has been limited. The idea of Homer, the blind poet, for example, has had a long existence in Western tradition, even though its basis in truth is uncertain. The legendary 6th century Breton druid and bard Kian Gwenc'hlan is depicted as being imprisoned after having his eyes gouged out for refusing to convert to Christianity and singing out that he isn't afraid to die.

In his book Singer of Tales, Albert Lord explains that in Yugoslavia he found many stories of blind musicians, but few current musicians who were actually blind. Natalie Kononenko had a similar experience in Turkey, though one Turkish musician of great talent, Ashik Veysel, was in fact blind. The popularity of the idea of the blind musician has inspired several artists. John Singer Sargent painted a 1912 canvas based on this theme, and Georges de La Tour has a whole series of paintings devoted to blind musicians.

Though the idea of blind musicians may be even more prevalent than their actuality, it remains true that at many points in history and in many different cultures, blind musicians, individually or as a group, have made important contributions to the development of music. Some of these contributions are discussed below.

Blind musicians have also appeared in Muslim harems to entertain the patron and his wives.

Robert Heinlein made a science fiction use of the "blind bard" theme in "The Green Hills of Earth".

In China
Court musician was a traditional profession for the blind in China in antiquity. The first musician mentioned in Chinese sources, Shi Kuang, was a blind performer in the 6th century BC. The Guilds of Blind Musicians and Fortune-Tellers, which were still around in China during the middle of the 20th century, claimed to have existed as far back as 200 BC. More recently, groups of blind buskers have continued to perform in Zuoquan County, and presumably in other areas as well.

One of the most popular musical works in China, "Erquan Yingyue (Moon Reflected in the Second Spring)", was composed in the first half of the 20th century by Hua Yanjun, better known as "Blind Ah Bing".

In Japan
In Japan, Heike Biwa, a form of narrative music, was invented and spread during the Kamakura period (1185–1333) by traveling musicians known as biwa hoshi, who were often blind. These musicians played the biwa, a kind of lute, and recited stories, of which the most famous was The Tale of the Heike. The musicians were sometimes known as "blind priests" because they wore robes and shaved their heads, though they were not in fact Buddhist priests.

Goze were similar communities of visually impaired female shamisen and kokyū players who travelled around the country singing songs and begging alms.

Kobzars of Ukraine
There is a long tradition of performance by blind minstrels in Ukraine known as Kobzarstvo. At least from 1800 to 1930 — and probably well before that as well — the majority of itinerant musicians in Ukraine were blind. Music was an important part of the culture. Those who could not work at other occupations could be apprenticed to become professional bards, often referred to as kobzars (both bandura and lira players could be referred to by this title). These wandering blind minstrels were divided into two groups—bandurists, or kobzars who played bandura, and lirnyks, who played the lira, which was a crank-driven hurdy-gurdy.

The kobzars were an important part of oral tradition in Ukraine. According to the ethnographer P. Zhytetsky, kobzars were thought to have been initially sighted Cossacks, who were especially associated with epic songs, or dumas. Kononenko states that lirnyks, on the other hand, were blind church singers organized into guilds who sang religious songs and were often associated with beggars. By the middle of the 19th century, the two groups had merged; both sang many different types of songs, all were organized into the guilds, and all were blind.

The kobzars have a central place in the national identity of Ukraine. Folklorist Izmail Sreznevskyi argued that the initial Cossack bandurists were actual witnesses of the great battles about which they sang. The image of warrior-bards singing epics was quite popular, and there became a tradition that the great ancient singers were veterans valorously blinded in combat. This in turn led to the belief that the kobzar tradition had greatly weakened in the 19th century, since the traditional songs were now sung by people who were more like beggars than like warriors. Kononenko points out that there is no factual basis for this image, and her research showed that the minstrel tradition was still very strong and creative up until the 1930s.

Because the art of the kobzars was language-specific and included themes dealing with historic subjects of Ukraine's past, the blind singers were often the focus of persecution by occupying powers, according to researcher Mikhailo Khay. This persecution reached its height under Joseph Stalin in the 1930s, when many forms of Ukrainian cultural expression were crushed by the communist government of the Soviet Union. In the late 1930s many bandurists were arrested and some shot. Documents have been discovered to show that the renowned bandurist Hnat Khotkevych was executed in 1938 and the blind kobzar Ivan Kucherenko was shot in 1937.

Numerous sources claim that there was an organized large scale massacre of Ukrainian blind musicians in the 1930s, though this has not been confirmed by official documents, and most details of the incident (including year, place, and method of execution) are disputed. Traditional blind minstrelsy by the late 1930s had largely vanished.

Today, the traditional repertoire of the kobzars is performed by sighted, educated performers. During her research in Ukraine, Kononenko found only one blind folk performer of the old songs, a man named Pavlo Suprun, who had studied bandura playing and voice at the Kiev State Conservatory.

Traditional Irish musicians
During the medieval and early modern eras, harpists, pipers, and other musicians traveled around Ireland, providing music for dances and other occasions. As in Ukraine, many of the Irish musicians were blind. It was common practice for blind or disabled children to be taught a musical instrument as a means of supporting themselves, as they could not perform hard labour.

The most famous of these blind musicians, harper Turlough O'Carolan, composed many tunes that have become part of the traditional repertoire, including "Sidh Beag Sidh Mór" and "Carolan's Concerto".

Others included Eoghain Ó Cianáin (fl. 1540), Nicholas Dáll Pierce (fl. 1601), William fitz Robert Barry (fl. 1615), Ruaidri Dáll Ó Catháin (died 1653), Higgins of Tyrawley (fl. 18th century), and Martin O'Reilly (1829–1904).

Blind organists in Europe
There is a long tradition of blind organists, including Louis Braille himself. In the 20th century some of the greatest organists were blind, including the great German Bach scholar and teacher Helmut Walcha (1907–1991), and a number of prominent French organists and composers for the organ including Louis Vierne (1870–1937), Andre Marchal (1894–1980), Gaston Litaize (1909–1991), and Jean Langlais (1907–1991), as well as one of the current organists at Notre Dame de Paris, Jean-Pierre Leguay (b. 1939). England has also produced brilliant blind organists in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, including John Stanley (1712-1786), John Purkis (1781-1849), George Warne (1792-1868), William Wolstenholme (1865-1931), Alfred Hollins (1865-1942) and David A. Liddle (b. 1960), the latter a student of Marchal and who currently enjoys an international performing career. Yet it is a tradition which goes back even further: to 14th-century Italian Francesco Landini (?–1397) and Spanish baroque master Antonio de Cabezon (1510–1566). One could argue that even Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel, who lost their sight late in life but presumably continued to play and compose, should be included in this discussion, along with the great American popular organist George Wright (1920–1998), who likewise lost his sight late in life but continued to present concerts and make sound recordings until his death. Blind composer Frances McCollin (1892–1960) won the Clemson Prize from the American Guild of Organists in 1918. She studied organ with another blind musician, David Duffield Wood (1838–1910), the organist at Philadelphia's St. Stephen's Episcopal Church for many years.

Blind piano tuners
In 19th century France and England, piano tuners were frequently blind. The first blind piano tuner is thought to be Claude Montal, who taught himself how to tune a piano while studying at L'Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles in 1830. At first Montal's teachers were skeptical, doubting that a blind man could actually perform the necessary mechanical tasks. Montal's skill was undeniable, however, and he was soon asked to teach classes in tuning to his fellow students. Eventually, he also overcame public prejudice, and landed several prestigious jobs as a tuner for professors and professional musicians. Montal's success paved the way for other blind tuners, both in France and in England, where Montal's example and teaching methods were adopted by Thomas Rhodes Armitage. Today the image of the blind piano tuner is so ingrained that people in England sometimes express surprise when they encounter a piano tuner who can see. An organization of blind piano tuners remains active in Britain.

American country blues
Blind musicians have made a significant contribution to American popular music. This is particularly true in blues, gospel, jazz, and other predominantly African American forms – perhaps because discrimination at the time made it more difficult for black blind people to find other employment. In any case, the achievement of blind African-Americans in music is extensive. The first recorded gospel sanctified barrelhouse piano player, Arizona Dranes, was blind, as were Al Hibbler, and Ray Charles, one of the most important figures in the creation of soul music. Art Tatum, commonly cited as the greatest jazz pianist of all time, was also almost blind. Stevie Wonder, who is blind from birth, has recorded more than thirty U.S. top ten hits and won twenty-two Grammy Awards (the most ever won by a solo artist in history).

However, blind black musicians are still most strongly associated with the country blues. The first successful male country blues performer, Blind Lemon Jefferson, was blind, as were many other country bluesmen, including Blind Willie McTell, Blind Willie Johnson, Sonny Terry, Blind Boy Fuller, Blind Blake and Reverend Gary Davis. The figure of the blind country bluesman became so iconic that when Eddie Lang, a sighted jazz guitarist, wanted to choose a black pseudonym for purposes of recording blues records with Lonnie Johnson, he naturally settled on Blind Willie Dunn. Bogus Ben Covington was known for pretending to be blind. John William Boone, known as "Blind Boone", was an important American pianist and composer of ragtime.

Blind individual musicians in history

 * Shi Kuang
 * Francesco Landini
 * Antonio de Cabezón
 * Joaquín Rodrigo
 * Rudolf Braun
 * Irène Fuerison
 * Turlough O’Carolan

Modern blind musicians
Ronnie Milsap is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He began his career as a R&B and soul artist, but is most known for his country and pop music career. Jeff Healey was a blind Juno Award-winning and Grammy Award-nominated Canadian blues-rock vocalist and guitarist, who attained musical and personal popularity, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. The American guitarist and songwriter, Doc Watson, was blinded before his first birthday from an eye infection, and went on to become an influential musician in American bluegrass and folk music, known for his proficient flatpicking and fingerpicking skills on guitar as well as his extensive knowledge of traditional American songs.

The Italian pop tenor, Andrea Bocelli, who was born with congenital glaucoma and completely lost his sight at the age of 12, after a football accident, is the biggest-selling singer in the history of classical music,   with worldwide sales exceeding 70 million copies.

In 2009, Japanese Nobuyuki Tsujii, at age 20, became the first blind pianist to win the top prize at a major international competition, the 13th Van Cliburn International Piano Competition. He was also awarded the Beverley Taylor Smith Award for the Best Performance of a New Work. He played all twelve of Frédéric Chopin's Op. 10 Études as part of his performance in the preliminaries. Born blind, Tsujii developed his own technique for learning complex classical piano works. With videos of his piano performances widely viewable on the Internet, Tsujii's competition win has made him an international sensation. As of 2010, Tsujii's discography includes ten CDs, some of which have sold over 100,000 copies. As a Van Cliburn winner, Tsujii has been performing in concerts all over the world.

One of the prominent blind South Indian carnatic musicians is M. Chandrasekaran, a violin maestro who has received some of the highest awards by many musical institutions in India. His musical career spans over six decades and he has travelled to perform in many music festivals all over India and the world.

Ravindra Jain (28 February 1944 – 9 October 2015) was an Indian blind-born music composer, lyricist and playback singer. He started his career in the early 1970s, composing for hit movies such as Chor Machaye Shor (1974), Geet Gaata Chal (1975), Chitchor (1976) and Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (1978). He composed music for many films and TV shows based on Hindu epics, including Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan (1987). He was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award of the Republic of India in 2015 for his contribution to the arts.

Others

 * Blessing Offor
 * The Blind Boys of Alabama
 * Charlotte
 * George Shearing
 * José Feliciano
 * Lachi
 * Moondog
 * Ray Charles
 * Roland Kirk
 * Stevie Wonder

title: Blind musicians


text:
Talk:Petrov classification

Original Version
Made a start in describing one classification of the Weyl tensor (based on pnd's). May need to mention who Petrov was and describe other classifications briefly. Oh, and need to define a pnd ! ---Mpatel 14:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Major Rewrite
Hi, MP, I have added much more material, including citations to the original papers of Petrov and Pirani and to books. I also reorganized the article into several sections and added a figure (converted to PNG from a quick xfig diagram I hastily drew; someone else might eventually want to make a prettier figure but this will do for now.) I see I haven't been entirely consistent about using double versus triple quotes (italic versus bold type), so you may want to change that. I didn't try to mention the complex linear operator approach to understanding Petrov types, nor did I mention the strikingingly simple characteristic forms taken by the Weyl spinors, with respect to an "adapted" Newman-Penrose tetrad, in the case of type N, type III, or type D. So eventually someone might want to add that, despite the already considerable size of this article, since it is rather useful to know.

I replaced "pnd" with "principle null direction", since I have never seen this abbreviation and didn't think it falls trippingly over the tongue.

There are (at least) two types of Penrose diagram which are important in gtr, the one I drew in the figure for this diagram, and various conformal diagrams exhibiting the causal structure of various conformal compactifications, e.g. for de Sitter spacetime or FRW dust or Kerr vacuum.

Biographical material about Petrov would be welcome, but I hope you will put it in a short biographical article which you create under A. Z. Petrov; see the link to a nonexistent article which I put in this article. Yes, there is still a lot of red ink in this version, but contrary to first impressions, I don't think I am only linearly increasing the number of dead links.

Someone should create a category of classification theorem, and add the category to appropriate mathematical articles, e.g. Thurston classification theorem, as well as this one. ---Chris Hillman

 * Hi Chris. I like the major rewrite - excellent ! Good intro. to the problem. You listed some examples of spacetimes which admit a constant Petrov type (III, N, D and O) - do you know of any spacetimes that are everywhere type I or everywhere type II ? If so, it might be good to complete the set of examples. Potentially more interesting would be examples that change their Petrov type (smoothly, continuously ?) - I don't know much about these, but I think it would be interesting if examples of these could be found. ---Mpatel 16:13, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I know examples of all of those. A generic Weyl vacuum will be Type I, so choose any axisymmetric harmonic function and construct the corresponding Weyl vacuum. You might already know the recipe: let $$u(z,r)$$ solve the Laplace equation

 * $$u_{zz} + u_{rr} + \frac{u_r}{r} = 0$$

This is the consistency condition (called integrability condition) for the first-order system

 * $$v_z = 2 r \, u_z \, u_r$$
 * $$v_r = r \, \left( u_r^2 - u_z^2 \right)$$

And, from $$u(z,r)$$ you can find $$v(z,r)$$ by quadrature. Now the line element, written in the Weyl canonical chart, is

 * $$ ds^2 = -\exp(2u) \, dt^2 + \exp(-2u) \left( \exp(2v) \left( dz^2+dr^2 \right) + r^2 \,d\phi^2 \right) $$

Viola! An exact static axisymmetric vacuum. Moreover, every such solution can be put in this form. It's not quite true that these guys have a one-one correspondence with Newtonian axisymmetric static fields, though, since some nonzero $$\phi$$ give locally flat spacetimes. There is a fascinating discussion of this "correspondence" in the article by Bonnor, and I know some stuff he doesn't mention--- but this is really a topic for a proper review article.

Solutions which change type on some locus are not hard to find either. In fact, if you play with Ernst vacuums you can probably find some which are type I in most places but type II or D on a special locus.

I felt Petrov II is less interesting in the context of this article, because this is also pretty common and can be viewed as a mismash of features from III, N, and D. What I really would like is a discussion of simple III, N, D examples in the context of an article on the Bel decomposition of the Riemann tensor, since this vividly shows the distinction between the nature of the gravitational field in these three basic types. We'll see. ---CH

Bel Criteria and explicit forms of Weyl tensor
Hi, CH. No doubt you've come across the useful Bel Criteria for determining Petrov types of algebraically special Weyl tensors. I was thinking of briefly mentioning the Bel criteria in this article (or maybe another one ?) as I'm sure you know it's a quick way of determining the Petrov type once the Weyl tensor components have been calculated. Possibly more controversially, I was thinking of including explicit forms for each Petrov type (in some given suitable tetrad) - maybe I'm dreaming here; the article may become too technical. Both these would also have links going to a potential tetrad page. I await comments. ---Mpatel 1 July 2005 14:31 (UTC)

Bel Decomposition versus Weyl Spinor characterizations versus Bel Characterizations of Petrov Types
Hi, MP, Yes, I think the three key characterizations of the curvature tensor for the various types (listed in arguably decreasing order of abstraction) are

 * Weyl spinors wrt an adapted NP tetrad,
 * the Bel characterizations of the Weyl tensor I think you have in mind,
 * characterizations in terms of the Bel decomposition of the Riemann tensor-- confusingly, a distinct Bel characterization!

This article should probably mention the first two, and I've been mulling over trying to include the third in an article on decompositions of the Riemann tensor, which would interlink with this article.

Probably most gtrians know the Bel decomposition as the array of Riemann components in a six by six matrix

\left[ \begin{matrix} E & B \\ B & L \end{matrix} \right] $$ where $$B,E,L$$ are certain three by three matrices suggesting the name of Lluis Bel.

That is, we treat Riemann as a linear operator on the six dimensional space of bivectors
 * $$Y^{ab} -> {R^{ab}}_{cd} Y^{cd} $$

In the Bel decomposition, taken with respect to a timelike vector field $$X$$ (not neccessarily geodesic or irrotational), these three matrices are associated with three spatial tensors (referring to the spatial hyperplanes of our observers):

 * the tidal tensor $$E[X]_{ab} = R_{ambn} X^m X^n$$, which is symmetric and controls tidal forces,

 * the magnetogravitic tensor $$B[X]_{ab} = \left(R^*\right)_{ambn} X^m X^n$$, which is traceless and controls spin-spin forces according to Papapetrou/Dixon equations,

 * $$L[X]_{ab} = \left({}^*R^*\right)_{ambn} X^m X^n$$, the "spatial components", which is symmetric.

To be precise, I should project the tensors defined above on the spatial hyperplanes to obtain explicitly three dimensional tensors. In general, they have 6, 8, 6 linearly independent components, making up the 20 Riemann components. In a vacuum, they are symmetric traceless and $$D_{ab} = -E_{ab}$$, so we have the 5+5 Weyl components.

Then as you know from Hall, in a vacuum region, if we take the decomposition wrt a carefully adapted frame (vierbein), the components fall into certain striking patterns:

 * type N shows transverse tidal forces,

E[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -a & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a \end{matrix} \right] B[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b \\ 0 & b & 0 \end{matrix} \right] $$

 * type III shows shearing tidal forces,

E[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & a & 0 \\ a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} \right] B[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & b \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ b & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} \right] $$

 * type D shows "Coulomb" tidal forces,

E[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} -2a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & a & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a \end{matrix} \right] B[X]_{ab} = \left[ \begin{matrix} -2b & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b \end{matrix} \right] $$

(In the last case, the Boyer/Lindquist frame in the Kerr vacuum would not be adapted in this sense.)

Types I and II should probably be thought of as combinations of these three types, according to the peeling theorem.

Ideally, we would eventually bring out the fact that these three characterizations really are talking about the same features of curvature in type N, III, D regions, etc., just expressed in different formalism. It's particularly important to make sure that readers understand that we can "rotate" tetrads to "align" them with principal null directions (or however you think of it) until eventually we achieve one of the canonical forms, and also that they understand how NP tetrads are related to vierbeins or frames and so forth.

Anyway, by all means, please go ahead and see if you can clearly and concisely discuss the Bel characterizations (and Weyl spinor characterizations?) here; if it gets too long, you can put this material in another article (e.g. the Weyl spinor characterizations could naturally go in an article on Spinor formalism for Weyl tensor or something like that).

The planned article on the Bel decomposition should also discuss the relationship of $$B,E,L$$ with normal coordinate charts, since this takes us right back to the roots of curvature.---CH (talk) 1 July 2005 22:19 (UTC)

P.S. An article on bivectors in Lorentzian spacetime would be good, if there isn't one already. A key point is to explain simple bivectors and the Plücker relation picking out the submanifold of simple bivectors in the Grassmannian. ---CH (talk) 1 July 2005 22:25 (UTC)

 * Hi, CH. I've made a start in writing down the Bel Criteria (or characterisation, if you prefer). Is it worth mentioning something about repeated pnd's ? Anyway, I didn't want to go into too much detail as regards the equivalent criteria for each alg. special type (Hall has collected them together). I'm not too hot on spinors, so I think I'll leave the Weyl spinor material for you (or someone else) to write. I may make a start on the Bel decomposition soon. I also want to discuss something with you on the exact solutions talk page. ---Mpatel 2 July 2005 11:41 (UTC)

"Characterization": I've never tried to use the Bel criteria to actually find the Petrov type; I use the flow chart in the exact solutions book. I think GRTensorII uses a similar algorithm, and if I recall correctly, D'Inverno also discusses the same flow chart, and I've seen many papers which follow this method. Is your method superior as a practical algorithm for determining the Petrov type? Staying close to things technical readers are likely to encounter in say the arXiv is probably a legitimate consideration in deciding what to say and what to leave out. I know I'd violate this rule by discussing Bel decomposition of Riemann in extenso in these pages, but in this case I think an exception is clearly warranted: this decomposition is far superior for physical insight than its competitors.

About pnds, yes, I think you should try to explain clearly and concisely how the null vectors appearing the Bel criteria are related to the pnds. In type N I know the relation is simple: the quadruple pnd is the same as the null vector in the criterion (also, the same as the wave vector). But in type III, the obvious guess is that the triple pnd is the null vector appearing in the criterion, but that's wrong, isn't it? Also, as you can see, I am having second thoughts about "PND"; if you are going to use this term again in the new section, maybe the abbreviation is worth making after all :-/ ---CH  (talk) 2 July 2005 21:06 (UTC)

Classification of e/m fields
Hi CH. I want to create an article called classification of electromagnetic fields. My reason for doing so is that there are nice analogies between the e/m and grav. fields both physically and mathematically and that the proposed article will clarify this to some extent. The approach used will have to be looked at: is the spinor approach better (it's mathematically elegant, but is it physically clearer ?), or perhaps just crunching out the classification using tensors ? Certainly, the importance of (principal) null directions should be stressed (and maybe even repeated principal null directions), as these appear to be important in the classification (both e/m and grav.). Need to think about this. --Mpatel 09:00, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Great! I fervently agree that there is a need for an article discussing null versus non-null in special relativity.  Make sure to consult Gravitation and Inertia by Ciufolini & Wheeler, since this has a very nice discussion of the analogy between the two quadratic invariants of the EM field tensor and two of the quadratic invariants of the Riemann tensor.  I guess you probably know the monograph on "Exact solutions", but if not that has a very good discussion of two major approaches to studying the symmetries of symmetric or antisymmetric second rank tensors (including the EM field tensor).

 * I also agree that there is a need for a clear discussion of analogies between EM and gravitation as treated in gtr. Somewhere there should also be an explanation of the relationship between Killing vectors and electrovacuums.  These have been on my list, but I haven't gotten to them yet, so by all means have a shot at them.---CH  (talk) 23:08, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Peeling theorems and new article
Hi Chris.

I've just tagged on a sentence mentioning the electromagnetic peeling theorem, on which there should be an article as there are nice comparisons with the gravitational case. Which brings me onto another topic - given the many similarities between gravitation and electromagnetism (mathematical and physical), perhaps there should be an article devoted to this. Not quite sure what to call it, as there are many differences between the two as well. Maybe, Comparisons between gravitation and electromagnetism (yuck !), or Similarities between GR and EM (still yuck). Hmmm... . Anyway, I think you see my point.

MP  (talk) 10:01, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Students beware
I extensively edited an earlier version of this article and had been monitoring it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions, although I hope for the best.

Good luck to User:Mpatel and to all students searching for information, regardless!---CH 02:50, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

I do not believe the expression for the Weyl tensor in terms of the Weyl scalars is correct. I see no way that this expression reduces to the on given in Chandrasekhar's classic text on Black holes.

Pirani and independence
The current introduction claims that (emphasis by me):
 * The classification was found in 1954 by A. Z. Petrov and independently by Felix Pirani in 1957.

I don't feel comfortable editing this, but I find this claim false, judging by, where Pirani references the work of Petrov already in 1956 (meaning that he couldn't independently discover the classification in 1957). Trosos (talk) 13:48, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petrov classification


text:
Limbing

Limbing or delimbing is the process of removing branches from a standing or fallen tree trunk.

In logging, limbing follows felling. Limbing plays a role in fire prevention by removing branches from live trees that can otherwise serve as part of a fuel ladder allowing a fire to climb from the ground into the tree canopy. A California fire prevention guide recommends to "Remove all tree branches at least 6 feet [1.8 meters] from the ground" and "Allow extra vertical space between shrubs and trees."

In British English, limbing can be synonymous with snedding. Alternatively, limbing can be used to describe the operation on larger branches, and snedding on smaller.

In logging
Options for cutting off the branches include chain saws, harvesters, stroke delimbers and others. Limbing can happen at the stump in log/tree length systems and cut-to-length systems or at the landing in whole-tree logging.

When the tree is lying on the ground, branches may be storing enormous potential energy through mechanical strain. When a branch is cut, often with a chain saw, this energy can be released suddenly and the branch can jump dangerously. In addition, a branch may be supporting the tree, and the tree can fall or roll when the branch is cut. For these reasons, limbing is a skilled operation requiring careful safety planning.

title: Limbing


text:
Henricus

The "Citie of Henricus"—also known as Henricopolis, Henrico Town or Henrico—was a settlement in Virginia founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy and dangerous area around the original English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. It was named for Henry, Prince of Wales (1594–1612), the eldest son of King James I.

The site of Henricus is located on a neck of land called Farrar's Island, which later became part of the Shire of Henrico (1634) and was renamed Henrico County in 1637.

Today, the settlement is interpreted via Henricus Historical Park, a living history museum.

History
Henricus was one of the earliest English colonial settlements in the New World. It was located on the neck of a peninsula later known as Farrar's Island, a former curl of the James River about 12 miles southeast of the modern city of Richmond, Virginia. At the time, the First Anglo-Powhatan War was raging, and the Indian tribes of Virginia offered continuous resistance to colonial settlement, largely orchestrated by native leader Nemattanew — or as the colonists knew him, "Jack-of-the-Feather". Prior to the development of Richmond, Henricus was one of the westernmost outlying developments from the Colony of Virginia's fortified capital downriver at Jamestown. In 1612–1613, a facility known as "Mt. Malady" was built nearby; it was the first hospital in the English colonies of North America.

This settlement was near where Pocahontas grew up among the Appomattoc tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy. Reverend Alexander Whitaker converted her to Christianity during her captivity at Henricus under Sir Thomas Dale, deputy governor of the colony. She met colonist John Rolfe during this time and they married on April 5, 1614. Rolfe's longtime friend, Richard Buck, presided at their wedding. They lived together across the river at the Varina Farms Plantation. Their mixed-race son, Thomas Rolfe (named for Sir Thomas Dale, deputy governor of the colony of Virginia), was born on the plantation. His descendants were among many of the First Families of Virginia (FFV).

Proposed college at Henricus
The Virginia Company tried to found the first institution of higher education in British America. In 1618, they obtained a royal charter from King James I of England for a proposed University of Henrico. In 1619, the historic First Virginia General Assembly met at Jamestown and passed their 5th Petition: "Send men to erect the Colledge", referred to it as "A worke of Conversion", and set aside land for it adjacent to and above Henricus. In 1619, Henricus was also incorporated into the City of Henrico. The fort was abandoned by governor's orders during the Indian massacre of 1622, and largely destroyed by the Powhatan afterwards.

By 1623, more settlers occupied the college land than before the massacre. The next year James I dissolved the Virginia Company, seizing its assets and transforming the proprietary colony into a royal one. The Crown controlled it from then on.

In 1693, the College of William and Mary was established in Williamsburg under a new charter granted by the joint English monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II. A plaque on the Wren Building, the college's first structure, ascribes the institution's origin to "the college proposed at Henrico".

Today
The area later saw action during the American Revolutionary War. During the American Civil War, the narrow neck of Farrar's Island on which Henricus was located was excavated to create the Dutch Gap Canal in an attempt to bypass Confederate defensive batteries along the James River. The channel was later widened, and the old river channel silted up, forming what is now the 810 acre Dutch Gap Conservation Area.

In 1922, the former location of Henricus south of the Dutch Gap Canal was annexed from Henrico County by Chesterfield County. Over time, the exact location of the former town of Henricus became uncertain. The 12 acre archeological site in Chesterfield County was listed as Henrico on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Though archaeological evidence of the actual settlement has not been found (due to the creation of Dutch Gap and other disturbances nearby), a reconstruction based on historical evidence of the settlement has been created nearby as a living history museum, Henricus Historical Park.

title: Henricus


text:
Moyu

Moyu may refer to:

 * Konjac, a kind of plant
 * Moyu County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China

title: Moyu


text: User talk:69.2.197.33

title: User talk:69.2.197.33


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ZirMed

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 10:14, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

ZirMed
Vanity page for a small 5-year-old company. Not notable enough and sounds like an ad. Delete. - Marcika 14:33, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ashibaka (tock) 16:06, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising. Save on prescriptions elsewhere. Geogre 18:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ZirMed


text:
Jean Molinet

Jean Molinet (1435 – 23 August 1507) was a French poet, chronicler, and composer. He is best remembered for his prose translation of Roman de la rose.

Born in Desvres, which is now part of France, he studied in Paris. He entered the service of Charles, Duke of Burgundy from 1463, becoming secretary to Georges Chastellain; in 1464 he wrote La complainte de Grece, a political work presenting the Burgundian side in current affairs. He replaced Chastellain as historiographer in 1475, and he was also the librarian of Margaret of Austria. His chronicle covered the years 1474 to 1504, and was only published in 1828 after being edited by J. A. Buchon. It is considered inferior to Chastellain's chronicle, possessing less historical value.

He was the head of a Burgundian school of poetry called the Grands Rhétoriqueurs, characterised by their excessive use of puns. His nephew Jean Lemaire de Belges spent some time with him at Valenciennes, and Lemaire considered himself a disciple of the elder writer.

In 1501 he became canon of the church of Notre-Dame in Valenciennes, and he died there on 23 August 1507.

Molinet was also a composer, although only one work, the rondeau Tart ara mon cueur sa plaisance, can be reliably attributed to him; however, this work, an early chanson for four voices (most were for three), was extremely popular, as evidenced by the wide distribution of copies. He is also remembered for the elegy he wrote on the death of Johannes Ockeghem, Nymphes des bois, set by Josquin des Prez as part of his renowned motet La déploration sur la mort de Johannes Ockeghem. Of other contemporary composers, both Antoine Busnois and Loyset Compère carried on correspondence with him.

Historian Johan Huizinga quotes some anti-clerical lines of Molinet's from a series of wishes for the New Year: "Let us pray God that the Jacobins/May eat the Augustinians,/And that the Carmelites may be hanged/With the cords of the Minorites."

title: Jean Molinet


text:
Tanah Merah MRT station

Tanah Merah MRT station is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line (EWL). Located in Bedok, Singapore, the station is along New Upper Changi Road and serves various residential developments, including Casa Merah. It is the terminus of the EWL branch to Changi Airport station.

Tentatively named Changi MRT station during its construction, the station opened on 4 November 1989. The station began to serve the Changi Airport branch on 10 January 2001 following the opening of Expo station. In 2014, the station will be expanded to four platforms to increase frequency for the Changi Airport branch. On 25 May 2019, it was announced that Tanah Merah station would interchange with the Thomson–East Coast line (TEL) when TEL takes over the Changi Airport branch following its extension to Changi Airport Terminal 5 by 2040.

History
The station was named Bedok in the early plans of the MRT network published in May 1982. The station was officially confirmed as "Changi" station when the Phase II stations were announced in October 1983. The contract for the construction of Changi station and associated viaducts was awarded to a joint venture between Wah Chang International Corporation and Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co Ltd for S$68.76 million(US$ million in ).

The station's name changed to Tanah Merah in March 1987. The station opened on 4 November 1989 as part of the MRT segment from Bugis to this station, with the official opening ceremony hosted at this station by deputy prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

Half-height platform screen doors were installed at this station between 2008 and 2012 as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station as part of a network-wide programme to improve ventilation at the platforms of elevated stations.

Changi Airport branch
While a branch to Changi Airport from this station was included in the early plans of the MRT network in May 1982, the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) concluded through a feasibility study in 1983 that there might not be sufficient passenger traffic to justify such a branch. The proposals for an MRT extension from this station to Changi Airport was revisited in August 1994 following a surge in airport usage.

Finalised plans for the 6.4 km branch were announced by deputy prime minister Lee Hsien Loong on 15 November 1996. The branch, projected to be completed in 2001, would run from this station and have an intermediate stop at Somapah to serve the Changi Business Park and the exhibition centre. The branch opened on 10 January 2001, with shuttle services running from this station to Expo station.

Additional platform and future plans
In 2014, the LTA announced that Tanah Merah station would be expanded with a new platform to increase frequency for the Changi Airport branch. The new platform will be constructed next to the existing eastbound platform. When completed, the middle two tracks will be used to serve the Changi Airport branch. Additional tracks will also be constructed to connect the station to the East Coast Integrated Depot. This will be LTA's second project to construct new tracks and platforms for an existing station after Jurong East station.

The contract for the construction of the new platform and viaducts was awarded to Lum Chang Building Contractors Pte. Ltd. for S$325 million (US$ million) in October 2016. Construction works were scheduled to begin at the end of that year with an expected completion date of 2024. On 25 May 2019, the LTA further announced that the Changi Airport branch will be converted to be part of the Thomson–East Coast line (TEL) when TEL extends to Changi Airport from Sungei Bedok station via Terminal 5 in 2040. In November 2022, transport minister S Iswaran announced that, as part of efforts for sustainable transport infrastructure, studies are ongoing to convert an existing 1 km viaduct set to be decommissioned to a green corridor for pedestrians and cyclists. On 29 April 2024, the LTA called a tender to modify the existing station, along with Expo and Changi Airport stations, in preparation for their conversion to being part of the TEL.

Details
Tanah Merah station serves the East–West line (EWL) and is between the Simei and Bedok stations. The station is also the terminus of the Changi Airport branch, with the next station being Expo. The official station code is EW4/CG. Being part of the EWL, the station is operated by SMRT Trains. Tanah Merah station is located along New Upper Changi Road and serves various private residential developments including Casa Merah, Optima @ Tanah Merah and The Glades. The station is also close to Simpang Bedok, and schools such as APSN (Katong School) and Bedok View Secondary School.

The station operates daily between 4:55am and 12:45am. Mainline train frequencies range from 2 to 5 minutes. Since 22 July 2003, Tanah Merah station became the terminus for shuttle services to Changi Airport station, with frequencies for the service ranging from 7 to 13 minutes. The station has three tracks with two island platforms; this will be upgraded to three island platforms and four tracks in 2024. The existing middle track is used for shuttle services to Changi Airport station.

title: Tanah Merah MRT station


text: Category:Geography of Benin

title: Category:Geography of Benin


text:
File:Date pollinator.JPG

Mansuri date pollinator about to pollinate (Qaffes, قفّز) a female date tree. Photo from Shiri Island in Dar al-Manasir, Northern Sudan.

(c) GFDL David Haberlah (Homepage of David Haberlah, david@haberlah.com)

title: File:Date pollinator.JPG


text:
Kuala Perlis

Kuala Perlis is a suburb of Kangar and the second-largest town in and the main port of Perlis in Malaysia. It is in extreme northwest Peninsular Malaysia, near the border with Thailand. The older part of town has houses and mosques built on stilts over mangrove swamps.

Along with its Kedahan counterpart, Kuala Kedah, Kuala Perlis is a transit point for tourists to embark on a ferry ride to the resort island of Langkawi.

Tourist attractions

 * Kota Kayang Museum

Transportation
Kuala Perlis has several public transport option. The town could be reached by through Kedah. The local community bus service, MyBAS is also available with one route going to Kangar, Perlis.

Land

 * Kuala Perlis Bus Terminal

Sea

 * Kuala Perlis Ferry Terminal

title: Kuala Perlis


text:
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge is a 115,324-acre (466.7 km2) protected area situated on the southwest side of San Antonio Bay along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Texas. It is located in parts of Aransas, Refugio, and Calhoun Counties. It is situated on the southwest side of the San Antonio Bay, formed by the mouth of the Guadalupe River. It also includes nearly the entirety of Matagorda Island, a 38-mile barrier island. The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge was established by Executive Order 7784 on 31 December 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the Aransas Migratory Waterfowl Refuge as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. Roosevelt issued a proclamation in 1940 changing the name to the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge.

In October 1938, Civilian Conservation Corps Company 880 established camp south of Austwell, Texas. They built roads, ditches, firebreaks, and the residence facilities for the refuge. They constructed part of the spillway for Burgentine Lake, which serves as a major resting area for migratory waterfowl. They also graded the road to Austwell.

Bird life includes ducks, herons, egrets, ibises, roseate spoonbills, and the endangered whooping crane, whose population has recovered significantly since the 1940s.

Other fauna include American alligators, collared peccaries, snakes, and bobcats, which inhabit the refuge's grasslands, blackjack oak thickets, freshwater ponds, and marshes.

Administration
The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge is divided into five units, with two being contiguous and three being disconnected from the original Aransas unit. The Aransas Unit and Tatton Unit are located on the mainland, with the Aransas Unit being the original section of the refuge. The Aransas and Tatton Units are 47,261 acres and 7,568 acres, respectively. The Lamar and Myrtle Foester Whitmire Units are 979 acres and 3,440 acres, respectively. The largest unit is the Matagorda Island unit, with 56,683 acres. In its entirety, the refuge consists of 115,324 acres, and is the largest Fish and Wildlife Service protected area in the state of Texas.

title: Aransas National Wildlife Refuge


text:
Voodoo lily

Voodoo lily is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 * Amorphophallus, a genus of some 170 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants of the Arum family
 * Dracunculus vulgaris or dragon arum, a native of Europe
 * Sauromatum venosum, is a common shade loving house or garden plant

title: Voodoo lily


text:
Talk:Nieman Foundation for Journalism

Create article or section about Agnes Wahl Nieman
The Untold Story of Agnes Wahl Nieman and the Creation of the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. A free book on iTunes is also available about her life. Any interest to create this article? Shushugah (talk) 23:38, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nieman Foundation for Journalism


text:
Talk:Chicago house

incomplete?
where's all the info for chicago house after the mid eighties? it's like stopping and article on rock and roll at 1972!! can someone fill us in please? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Btxtsf (talk • contribs) 03:24, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

definition
is it me or does this article only describe and talk about house music in general rather than the chicago house style? --MilkMiruku 04:17, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

yeah it doesn't get into chicago house, it also says acid house was a subgenre, which it wasn't, acid house was the creation of house, with the track "acid trax" by "phuture".--Kledsky 03:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Referring to the beat as "4/4" is also misleading, as virtually all electronic dance music is in 4/4 time. "Four to the floor" is the correct term.

 * Pretty much all popular music (not just electronic) is 4/4, but for some reason everyone uses that phrase when they actually mean Four on the Floor, as you said. --Andylindsay (talk) 00:23, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

WBMX Radio and the Hot Mix 5???
How is this relevent to the Article? I see where the writer is going, however I do not understand how this section is important to the topic. --Mickey 12:07, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

WBMX and the HOT MIX 5 were instrumental to the genre of House Music in Chicago, that is known prima facie to anyone familiar with Chicago. DJ Black Adam (talk) 12:45, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Deleted the Mr. Lee section
The Mr. lee paragraph was deleted. Mr. Lee did some decent songs and is a great producer, but if there is no Steve Hurley, Farley Keith nor Ron Hardy sections, a Mr. Lee section is not even on the radar. So far the article at least presents the basics for the genre in Chicago. DJ Black Adam (talk) 12:44, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Hip Hop
I have removed a reference to Hip Hop being a "stylistic origin" of Chicago house as no early house producer has stated this and hip hop was still so new when house was forming. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.77.189 (talk) 01:35, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

I will be re ADDING B-Boy Hip Hop as a source for the GENRE of Chicago House Music as the music of Man Parrish, Afrika Bambatta, and specifically their use of the 808 Drum Machine the Linn Drum, etc. helped set a format for electronic music INCLUDING House. Song's like "Hip Hop Be Bop" by Man Parrish, Hip Hop remixes done by Arthur Baker such as "I.O.U" by Freeze, "I Want it to be Real" by John Rocca "Confusion" by New Order, and songs like "Girls - Aha Hi" by Solo produced by John Robie, the fact is they were using the Roland 808, Linn Drum, etc. in ways that were emulated by Jesse Sanders, Farley Jack Master Funk and Steve Silk Hurley for tracks they made in the ORIGINAL genre of Chicago House Music DJ Black Adam (talk)

Influence of Dub
I added dub as an influence. Most if not all original house productions featured dub b-sides and were often heavily drenched in dub effects and samples commonly featured in dub and reggae. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.194.67 (talk) 23:51, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

This is interesting, but we really need reliable sources for it. This article is a study of the beginnings of Chicago House and whether "dub" was an influence on the new genre from the beginning is worthy of study and further research. Certainly at the time of house's first appearances in popular culture, I do not recall "dub" being a recognized genre in itself. Limitations imposed by the technology of the time (the early 1980s) must also be taken into account.

(Etheldavis (talk) 22:40, 28 March 2015 (UTC))

It may have not been seen as a genre but it definitely was on one. The b-side to Chop E's "It's House" original 12-inch was "It's Dub". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.194.67 (talk) 00:28, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Please write something that is reliably verifiable into the text. As you say "dub" was not seen as a genre in the early 1980s and because we are dealing with how Chicago house came about here, what influenced its formation, this is most important. We will then see what other editors think of this addition. Also, please stop removing "electro" as a stylistic influence as this appears to have been agreed by consensus.

(Etheldavis (talk) 01:02, 31 March 2015 (UTC))

 * This article must be based on a summary of published sources, not the assertions of individual editors. If anyone here makes assertions about the topic, they must be verifiable, found in published sources. So let's start talking about sources. Binksternet (talk) 02:06, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Garage and House
I have corrected a recent edit here which claimed that the term "Chicago house" was coined to differentiate between the house music produced in that city and the "garage house" produced in New York. That is not so as any brief glance around the web will tell you. Garage house was originally called garage music (and still is by myself and my peers) and "house" and "garage", which developed separately but within the same time period, were regarded as being distinct dance music styles in their early years. The term 'Chicago house' was coined to refer to the earliest house music productions, which originated in Chicago.

(Solidsandie (talk) 18:08, 4 March 2017 (UTC))

title: Talk:Chicago house


text: User talk:192.231.231.236

title: User talk:192.231.231.236


text:
User:LarsMouritzen

Hi

title: User:LarsMouritzen


text: User talk:81.182.25.121

title: User talk:81.182.25.121


text:
Talk:Axel Gyllenkrok

Untitled
This article was nominated for deletion on June 2 2005 - see Votes for deletion/Axel Gyllenkrok for discussion. The consensus was to keep the article rewritten in English. sjorford →•← 14:44, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axel Gyllenkrok


text: User talk:216.52.133.10

title: User talk:216.52.133.10


text:
Talk:Love's Labour's Won

No more stub
How much more can this article be expanded? It's a lost play, for which we only have the title, the source of which has been accurately denoted here. I'd like to take this off the stub list if there are no further objections. Dvyost 14:45, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There to tell the connection with Love's Labour's Lost, that play had no ending, rather a foreshadowing on four possible endings (maybe for the four men?), why don't you change stub status to expanding status placing an tag in the talkpage, or maybe an  list with remaining issues. --145.94.41.95 19:36, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll just add a mention of this (which is really speculation anyway) and take away the stub status entirely. Dvyost 21:24, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Doctor Who
I removed this line:

"This episode did make a mistake in depicting the play as being written in 1599; as noted above, it had already appeared in Meres's list of Shakespeare comedies in 1598."

Is this relevant? It offers no new information, and seems to me to serve only so that the author can prove how much he knows. - 82.34.48.197 23:45, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it was added in fun to show that the writers of the Doctor Who episode made a silly mistake, easily corrected if they had read the wikipedia article, or (god forbid) an actual reference book. What was your point in removing it? To demonstrate you are even more anal retentive than I am?  Wikipedia: welcome to the anality contest.  It's already a flippant section on popular culture references.  - Jb? 00:35, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it was a mistake at all, just artistic license. The Globe Theatre was also a part of the plot, and it wasn't constructed until 1599.  To use both the play and theatre in the plot, something had to give. -- Chuq 10:30, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Shakespeare's only so-called "drama"?
I have removed the sentence, It is his only so-called "drama" because it has no humor, has a happy ending, and takes place in Shakespeare's modern times because I'm not quite sure if this is meant seriously. Comments welcome. <K F>  22:22, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Plural apostrophe?
I would have thought Love's Labour's would be incorrect. I am not sure but I think it means Labours (plural of labour), not Labour's (belonging to labour), if I'm wrong tell me, if I'm right I'll move the page and make this one redirect to it. Thanks, George D. Watson (Dendodge). Talk Help and assistance 19:51, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I expect it is correct. The apostrophes in Love's Labour's Lost are famously anachronistic. What do the sources say? AndyJones (talk) 20:29, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

"Surviving Lines"?
No sources, the second isn't in iambic pentameter, and it would seem the definition of a lost play is that it is lost. Is there any reason to keep this in the article? --67.140.36.185 (talk) 00:52, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

All's Well
A late 19th-century German edition of Shakespeare's works contains "Ende gut, alles gut oder Gewonnene Liebesmüh" (All's Well That Ends Well, or Love's Labour's Won). This sort of fits with Grote's argument about generic-sounding titles for comedies, but since All's Well is dated to 1604 or 1605, it runs into the same problem as Troilus and Cressida of coming after Palladis Tamia. Very unlikely, but I thought I'd throw it out there. --BDD (talk) 18:51, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Love's Labour's Won


text: Category:Geography of the Central African Republic


text:
Arau

Arau is the royal capital of Perlis, Malaysia with a population of around 20,000. The red-roofed Istana (Royal Palace) is a mixture of colonial and pseudo-Moorish architectural styles.

This town is the disembarkation point for visitors travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Langkawi by train.

Tourist attractions

 * Perlis State Mosque

Notable natives

 * Azlan Man, Menteri Besar of Perlis from 2013 to 2022
 * Hashim Jasin, Spiritual leader of the Malaysian Islamic Party

Transportation

 * Arau railway station

title: Arau


text:
User talk:Indomitable

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:47, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Your submission at Articles for creation: British Equestrian Media Association (December 8)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Ratnahastin was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

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Ratnahastin (talk) 10:47, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: British Equestrian Media Association (December 8)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by KylieTastic were:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:British Equestrian Media Association and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
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KylieTastic (talk) 14:22, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia and copyright
Hello Indomitable! Your additions to Draft:British Equestrian Media Association have been removed in whole or in part, as they appear to have added copyrighted content without evidence that the source material is in the public domain or has been released by its owner or legal agent under a suitably free and compatible copyright license. (To request such a release, see Requesting copyright permission.) While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid copyright and plagiarism issues.

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 * Also note that Wikipedia articles may not be copied or translated without attribution. If you want to copy or translate from another Wikipedia project or article, you must follow the copyright attribution steps described at Copying within Wikipedia. See also Help:Translation.

It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, please ask them here on this page, or leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. — Diannaa (talk) 20:38, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your feedback but the material which you appear to have removed was taken from the About page for the organisation and was co-written by me and another member of the BEMA Committee. We are trying to educate the broader media that a fifty-year-old trade body has changed its name in order to reflect changes in the way media works. My brief as a member of the committee is to update the BEWA website as BEMA and to do things such as create a Wikipedia page to spread the word. How do I allow use of my own content on Wikipedia and avoid it being flagged as stolen from myself? Nico (talk) 14:13, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: British Equestrian Media Association (December 11)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by DoubleGrazing were:

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Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

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DoubleGrazing (talk) 13:38, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Managing a conflict of interest
Hello, Indomitable. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about on the page Draft:British Equestrian Media Association, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you:

 * avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, colleagues, company, organization, clients, or competitors;
 * propose changes on the talk pages of affected articles (you can use the edit COI template);
 * disclose your conflict of interest when discussing affected articles (see );
 * avoid linking to your organization's website in other articles (see );
 * do your best to comply with Wikipedia's content policies.

In addition, you are required by the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use to disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. See Paid-contribution disclosure.

Also, editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. Thank you. DoubleGrazing (talk) 14:39, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I appreciate all this and, although you have provided links which I have not previously seen, I have always avoided biased contributions where possible.
 * I am not in the employ of this professional organisation, I pay to retain my membership, and my position as a co-opted Committee member is purely voluntary and a result of my skillset. My attempt to create a page for it reflects the fact that it should have one because it is the only one of its type in the UK. There is nothing promotional in my text, just facts about its creation and who has won the last few of its awards.
 * I completely understand that you must try to protect Wikipedia from vandalism and spam but this is a non-profit organisation for equine journalists. Indie (talk) 15:18, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, understand all that. However, I'm not asking you to make a paid-editing disclosure, merely a generic conflict-of-interest (COI) one. As a committee member of the organisation in question, you certainly have a COI. Whether your editing is neutral or promotional, whether the organisation is for-profit or not, etc. has no bearing on this. Please make the COI disclosure as instructed above (see the 3rd bullet point starting 'disclose'). Thank you. -- DoubleGrazing (talk) 15:30, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I believe I have done exactly that already. Should I use a edit COI on the Talk page for the article? My own User page? Indie (talk) 15:40, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The above template ( Edit COI ) is used to request edits to a published article where you are prevented from editing it directly because of your COI.
 * For disclosing your COI, you have two options (which one you choose is up to you, and you may do both if you wish):
 * You can place the Connected contributor template on the talk page of every article and draft where you have a COI and which you are editing or have edited. -- and/or --
 * You can place the User COI template on your own user page User:Indomitable.
 * Both templates need to be completed. In the first case, you need to add at least your own username, so that it is clear who has made that disclosure. In the second case, you need to add the name of the article(s), so that it is clear what subject your COI relates to.
 * HTH, -- DoubleGrazing (talk) 15:50, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I have done both. Indie (talk) 15:54, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. I moved the draft one from the draft to the talk page. Otherwise spot-on! :) -- DoubleGrazing (talk) 15:58, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Indomitable


text:
User talk:David Morgan~enwiki

Hello

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 15:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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 * Manual of Style

User:David Morgan
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:David Morgan), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 04:56, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called David Morgan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name David Morgan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:David Morgan~enwiki