text:
Chris Kontos

Christopher T. Kontos (born December 10, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Kontos is best known for his nine goals in 11 playoff games while he was a member of the Los Angeles Kings and his franchise opening night four-goal performance (with the Tampa Bay Lightning) against that season's Vezina Trophy winner Ed Belfour.

Career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Kontos played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves and Toronto Marlboros. During the 1981–82 OHL season he scored 42 goals, and after the season was drafted with the 15th selection in the first round of the 1982 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers. He split his time in both the NHL and minor leagues in his first two seasons.

He was member of the Tulsa Oilers (CHL) team that suspended operations on February 16, 1984, playing only road games for final six weeks of 1983–84 season. Despite this adversity, the team went on to win the league's championship. Kontos spent the first half of 1985–86 playing in Finland before returning to finish the year in the AHL. On January 21, 1987, Kontos was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Ron Duguay, finishing his tenure with the Rangers with 38 points in 78 games. He would score 25 points in 67 games with the Penguins over two seasons before being dealt to the Los Angeles Kings on February 5, 1988.

He played only six regular season games for the Kings in 87–88 tallying 12 points (another career highlight was a 6-point game against Chicago where Kontos had 1 goal and 5 assists), and scored a goal in his first NHL playoffs. The following year, after returning from playing in Switzerland he scored three points in seven games, and his 9 playoff goals would help the Kings advance to the second round. He played only 11 games (6 regular season, 5 playoff) with Los Angeles after the 1988–89 playoff run, and decided to join the Canadian National Team in 1991–92.

When the Tampa Bay Lightning started play in 1992–93, Kontos signed on as a free agent. His surprising 4-goal performance led the upstart Tampa Bay Lightning to a 7–3 shocker of the Chicago Blackhawks on October 7, 1992, and remains tied for the team record for goals scored in a single game. He scored 27 goals in 66 games, second on the team only to Brian Bradley. He would return to the National Team in 93–94, and helped Canada win a silver medal at the 1994 Olympics. Kontos would never return to the NHL, and continued to play in Sweden, the IHL and Germany before retiring in 1998.

Awards
He won the 1983-84 CHL Championship (Adams Cup) as a member of the Tulsa Oilers team coached by Tom Webster.

title: Chris Kontos


text:
Talk:Pukavik

Article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:27, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pukavik


text:
Bar product

In information theory, the bar product of two linear codes C2 ⊆ C1 is defined as

 * $$C_1 \mid C_2 = \{ (c_1\mid c_1+c_2) : c_1 \in C_1, c_2 \in C_2 \}, $$

where (a | b) denotes the concatenation of a and b. If the code words in C1 are of length n, then the code words in C1 | C2 are of length 2n.

The bar product is an especially convenient way of expressing the Reed–Muller RM (d, r) code in terms of the Reed–Muller codes RM (d − 1, r) and RM (d − 1, r − 1).

The bar product is also referred to as the | u | u+v | construction or (u | u + v) construction.

Rank
The rank of the bar product is the sum of the two ranks:

 * $$\operatorname{rank}(C_1\mid C_2) = \operatorname{rank}(C_1) + \operatorname{rank}(C_2)\,$$

Proof
Let $$ \{ x_1, \ldots, x_k \} $$ be a basis for $$C_1$$ and let $$\{ y_1, \ldots , y_l \} $$ be a basis for $$C_2$$. Then the set

$$\{ (x_i\mid x_i) \mid 1\leq i \leq k \} \cup \{ (0\mid y_j) \mid 1\leq j \leq l \} $$

is a basis for the bar product $$C_1\mid C_2$$.

Hamming weight
The Hamming weight w of the bar product is the lesser of (a) twice the weight of C1, and (b) the weight of C2:

 * $$w(C_1\mid C_2) = \min \{ 2w(C_1), w(C_2) \}. \,$$

Proof
For all $$c_1 \in C_1$$,

 * $$(c_1\mid c_1 + 0 ) \in C_1\mid C_2$$

which has weight $$2w(c_1)$$. Equally

 * $$ (0\mid c_2) \in C_1\mid C_2$$

for all $$c_2 \in C_2 $$ and has weight $$w(c_2)$$. So minimising over $$c_1 \in C_1, c_2 \in C_2$$ we have

 * $$w(C_1\mid C_2) \leq \min \{ 2w(C_1), w(C_2) \} $$

Now let $$c_1 \in C_1$$ and $$c_2 \in C_2$$, not both zero. If $$c_2\not=0$$ then:

\begin{align} w(c_1\mid c_1+c_2) &= w(c_1) + w(c_1 + c_2) \\ & \geq w(c_1 + c_1 + c_2) \\ & = w(c_2) \\ & \geq w(C_2) \end{align} $$

If $$c_2=0$$ then

 * $$\begin{align}

w(c_1\mid c_1+c_2) & = 2w(c_1) \\ & \geq 2w(C_1) \end{align} $$

so

 * $$w(C_1\mid C_2) \geq \min \{ 2w(C_1), w(C_2) \} $$

title: Bar product


text:
Talk:Big Chief tablet

Scott55b (talk) 15:25, 21 July 2016 (UTC)The article states the Big Chief Tablet is no longer in production, but I purchased one yesterday at Wal-Mart in Austin, Texas. Three years ago I purchased one at another Wal-Mart store, this one in Round Rock, Texas. Has production started again for this iconic writing tablet or is this just leftover stock that is still on sale more than four years since the product was taken out of the Mead Corporation's product line?

A search on Amazon finds a small range of 'Big Chief tablets' made by 'American Trademark Publications of Brookshire TX. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.154.126.111 (talk) 04:12, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

What's that about a copyright? Come on, you can't copyright a pad of paper. Sheesh. Unless someone comes up with some clarification or backup documentation, I plan to remove that comment.

Added 11-11-2006

The Wikipedia entry appears to be a summarized version of the information at http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci512952,00.html, which is something that I submitted based on a newspaper article in the Springfield News and Leader about the company. The Springfield Tablet plant was here in Springfield, Missouri. I no longer have the article itself, but it may be possible to verify the facts.

I have also noticed that there are a variety of pencil tablets labeled as "Big Chief" tablets. I imagine that the copyright was for the cover art and not for the concept of a tablet of ruled paper. Leave that kind of thing to modern patent artists. Whatever the case, though, the copyright is probably long expired unless the life of a copyright exceeds 50 years. Scott55b (talk) 15:25, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

---

The cover art would definitely be subject to copyright protection. The manner of ruling the pages might be considered too utilitarian to be covered by a Design Patent, or Registered Design. A 'concept' is never patentable.

The term of copyright is the life of the author plus fifty years. The 'fifty' may be changing. Pavium (talk) 21:48, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

What about the cover change in the mid 1970's? Didn't they have psycadellic Big Chief cover? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.201.162.187 (talk) 18:38, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Big Chief tablet


text:
Chris Walla

Christopher Ryan Walla (born November 2, 1975) is an American musician, record producer, and film music composer, best known for being a former guitarist and songwriter for the band Death Cab for Cutie.

Early bands
While at Bothell High School in the early 1990s, Walla started a program called Open Microphone with creative writing teacher Laura Drumheller, as a noon-time forum for the arts, which allowed any student to take the stage and perform. Walla regularly performed at these shows, as well as serving as MC. One performance by Walla included a song by Talking Heads. These early Open Microphone shows proved popular and continued for over twenty years, moving from Bothell High School to Inglemoor High School when teacher Drumheller transferred there. Walla was in a short-lived band called The Wallflowers (not to be confused with The Wallflowers of California). Later, in 2001, he was an early member of the Seattle band The Long Winters.

Death Cab for Cutie
Walla joined Death Cab for Cutie in 1997, after moving to Bellingham, Washington where guitarist/singer Ben Gibbard and bassist Nick Harmer were attending Western Washington University. Eventually releasing seven albums, four EPs and two live EPs with the band, Walla co-wrote many of their hit songs, including "Title and Registration" and "I Will Possess Your Heart".

On August 13, 2014, after 17 years with Death Cab for Cutie, Chris Walla decided to part ways with the band, stating that he plans to "continue making music, producing records, and erring on the side of benevolence and beauty whenever possible." Walla's last performance with the band occurred on September 13, 2014, at the Rifflandia Music Festival in Victoria, British Columbia.

In a 2015 interview, Walla explained that he left the band because he found himself uninterested in the music they were working on for the band's eighth studio album, Kintsugi. He critiqued the songs as "flat," none of his ideas seemed to be sticking, and he felt the band needed an infusion of fresh blood; "I was really dissatisfied with where the Death Cab stuff had gotten to when I quit as producer, and that’s why I quit."

Solo projects
Walla has recorded a variety of solo material and released his debut solo album, Field Manual, in 2008 on Barsuk Records. The song "Sing Again" became available for free download from Barsuk's website. Before the release of Field Manual, it was reported that two tracks recorded for Death Cab for Cutie's 2005 album, Plans, would be featured, but this is unconfirmed. Some of Walla's solo work has been released using the name Martin Youth Auxiliary, such as a cassette was released in 1999 on Elsinor Records.

A solo instrumental album, titled Tape Loops, was released on October 16, 2015.

On October 6, 2023, Walla released the EP 2002 on Bandcamp, consisting of three previously unreleased songs written and recorded by him in the year 2002.

Production
In addition to being a musician Walla has a long career as a producer, earning production, engineering, and mixing credits on over thirty albums and EPs. His first credit was as the producer for Death Cab for Cutie's debut album, Something About Airplanes, released in 1998. Walla produced all releases by Death Cab for Cutie until Kintsugi except 1997's You Can Play These Songs with Chords EP, which was produced by Ben Gibbard. However, Walla earned production credits on the 2002 re-release of You Can Play These Songs with Chords, which featured 10 new songs. It was announced via Kelly Porter's Facebook Page Walla would be doing guitar work for her upcoming recording work.

Studios
Walla founded his own recording studio, located within his home in Portland, Oregon, named the Alberta Court. Prior to moving to Portland, from 2000 to 2005, he was the owner/proprietor of Seattle recording studio, the Hall of Justice, where Death Cab for Cutie and many Pacific Northwest bands recorded over the years. In 2012, Walla began rebuilding the Hall of Justice after moving back to Seattle.

Personal life
Walla married scholar, knitwear designer, and illustrator Dianna Potter in February 2013, at the Swedish Cultural Center in Seattle. Since leaving the band, Walla and his wife moved to Montreal, Quebec before later settling in Trondheim, Norway.

Discography

 * Selected credits
 * Snarls, With Love, (2024) - Producer
 * Ratboys, The Window (2023) - Producer, mixer
 * Pinegrove, 11:11 (2022) – Mixer
 * Braids, Shadow Offering (2020) – Producer
 * Mike Edel, Thresholds (2019) - Producer
 * Foxing, Nearer My God (2018) – Producer
 * Lo Moon, Lo Moon (2018) – Producer
 * Gotch, Good New Times (2016) – Co-producer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Kintsugi (2015) – Writer
 * Rocky Votolato, Hospital Handshakes (2015) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Fences, Lesser Oceans (2015) – Producer, engineer, writer, programming
 * William Fitzsimmons, Lions (2014) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * The Lonely Forest, Adding Up the Wasted Hours (2013) – Engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Codes and Keys (2011) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Telekinesis, 12 Desperate Straight Lines (2011) – Engineer, mixer, writer
 * The Lonely Forest, Arrows (2011) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Ra Ra Riot, The Orchard (2010) – Mixer
 * Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin, Let It Sway (2010) – Co-producer, engineer
 * The Thermals, Personal Life (2010) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Gordon Downie, The Grand Bounce (2010) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, The Twilight Saga: New Moon (soundtrack) (2009) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, The Open Door EP (2009) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Tegan and Sara, Sainthood (2009) – Co-producer, engineer
 * Telekinesis, Telekinesis! (2009) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * So Many Dynamos, The Loud Wars (2009) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Narrow Stairs (2008) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Mates of State, Re-Arrange Us (2008) – Producer, engineer, loops
 * Youth Group, The Night Is Ours (2008) – Guitar, vocals (background), mixer
 * Nada Surf, Lucky (2008) – Engineer
 * Chris Walla, Field Manual (2008) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Tegan and Sara, The Con (2007) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * The Decemberists, The Crane Wife (2006) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Plans (2005) – Producer, engineer, Mixer, writer
 * Youth Group, Casino Twilight Dogs (2005) – Mixer
 * Youth Group, Forever Young (2005) – Mixer
 * Nada Surf, The Weight Is a Gift (2005) – Producer, engineer
 * The Decemberists, Picaresque (2005) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * The Decemberists, The Tain (2005) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * The Thermals, Fuckin A (2004) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Transatlanticism (2003) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * The Long Winters, When I Pretend to Fall (2003) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * The Postal Service, Give Up (2003) – Engineer, piano, drums, vocals
 * The Stratford 4, Love & Distortion (2003) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * The Thermals, More Parts per Million (2003) – Mixer
 * Rocky Votolato, Suicide Medicine (2003) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Rocky Votolato, Light and Sound EP (2003) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, The Stability EP (2002) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, You Can Play These Songs with Chords (2002) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * David Cross, Shut Up You Fucking Baby! (2002) – Engineer
 * Carissa's Wierd, Songs About Leaving (2002) – Engineer, mixer
 * Hot Hot Heat, Knock Knock Knock (EP) (2002) – Producer, engineer
 * Hot Hot Heat, Make Up The Breakdown (2002) – Additional recording, mixer
 * The Long Winters, The Worst You Can Do Is Harm (2002) – Producer, engineer, mixer
 * Nada Surf, Let Go (2002) – Engineer, mixer
 * The Velvet Teen, Out of the Fierce Parade (2002) – Producer, engineer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, The Photo Album (2001) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, The Forbidden Love EP (2000) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer
 * Death Cab for Cutie, Something About Airplanes (1998) – Producer, engineer, mixer, writer

title: Chris Walla


text:
Sikorsky S-43

The Sikorsky S-43 (sometimes referred to as the Baby Clipper) is a 1930s American twin-engine amphibious flying boat monoplane produced by Sikorsky Aircraft.

Design and development

The S-43 first flew in 1935, and was a smaller version of the Sikorsky S-42 "Clipper". It accommodated between 18 and 25 passengers, with a separate forward cockpit for the two crew. The S-43 was known as the "Baby Clipper" in airline service.

On April 14, 1936, an S-43 with a 500 kg payload, piloted by Boris Sergievsky, set an altitude record for amphibious aircraft when it reached an altitude of 27950 ft over Stamford, Connecticut, with designer Igor Sikorsky aboard.

Approximately 53 S-43s were built, including examples of the twin-tailed S-43B.

Operational history

The S-43 was used primarily by Pan American World Airways for flights to Cuba and within Latin America. Inter-Island Airways of Hawaii (Inter-Island changed its name to Hawaiian Airlines in 1941) was the launch customer for the S-43. Inter-Island operated four S-43's to ferry Pan Am Clipper passengers and local residents from Honolulu throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Inter-Island sold its only twin-tail version to KLM. One aircraft was purchased by Norwegian airline Det Norske Luftfartselskap. Panair do Brasil operated seven aircraft. Five S-43s were used between 1937 and 1945 by the French company Aéromaritime on a colonial airway between Dakar (Senegal) and Pointe-Noire (Congo). Reeve Aleutian Airways owned two S-43s during the 1950s, one operational (N53294 purchased 1948 and trade for G-21 in 1957) and one for spares (fuselage at Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum). Another S-43 was operated in Alaska with an unknown operator, wrecked at Chignik, AK, 1950s.

The U.S. Army Air Corps acquired five aircraft in 1937 under the designation OA-8 for transport of freight and passengers. The U.S. Navy purchased 17 aircraft between 1937 and 1939 as the JRS-1, two of which served with the U.S. Marine Corps. One JRS survived by the end of 1941.

The Chilean Air Force (FACH) (formerly known as Fuerza Aérea Nacional (FAN)) in 1936 bought 2 S-43: No. 1 named "Magallanes" and the No.2 named "Chiloé", because that aircraft was going to use in the Línea Aérea Experimental Puerto Montt-Magallanes (Experimental Air Line from Puerto Montt to Magallanes) flying through the Patagonian fjords.

Two aircraft went to private owners: William Kissam Vanderbilt II and Howard Hughes.

Surviving aircraft
Hughes' S-43 N440 was the last example to fly. It is now owned by Kermit Weeks and was at the Fantasy of Flight Museum restoration facility, in Polk City, Florida awaiting reassembly and restoration.

The Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia has now put a Sikorsky JRS-1 on display. This aircraft was on duty at Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941.

Accidents and incidents

 * June 2, 1937: The Chilean Air Force S-43 (No. 2) capsized off Ancud, Chile, killing all nine on board.
 * August 2, 1937: A Pan American-Grace Airways (Panagra) S-43B (NC15065) crashed in the vicinity of Coco Solo in the Panama Canal Zone; all 14 on board died. The plane spiraled into the water at approximately 90 mph and was destroyed by an immediate explosion and fire. Most probable cause of the crash was failure of one or both of the engines due to a faulty gasoline system and/or sudden and severe rain, as the pilot indicated losing altitude two times in the three minutes prior to the crash.
 * August 8, 1937: A China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) S-43W (named Chekiang) ditched at Chilang Point, Bias Bay, China, killing three of four crew; all seven passengers survived. The flying boat was forced to ditch due to bad weather. High waves broke one wing off; the eight survivors clung to the other wing until rescued.
 * April 25, 1938: Pan Am Flight 105, an S-43B (NC16932) stalled and crashed on landing off Kingston due to engine failure; all 18 passengers and crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * August 13, 1939: A Pan Am S-43 (NC16933) crashed into Guanabara Bay off Rio de Janeiro due to loss of control following engine failure, killing 14 of 16 on board.
 * May 17, 1943: Hughes crashed his S-43 into Lake Mead, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee Richard Felt. The aircraft was later raised and restored to flying condition.
 * August 3, 1945: Pan Am Flight 216, an S-43 (NC15066), crashed on landing at Fort de France Hydrobase due to weather and pilot error, killing four of 14 on board.
 * January 3, 1947: A Panair do Brasil S-43B (PP-PBN) crashed in the Amazon River at São Paulo de Olivenca, killing 11 of 14 on board.

title: Sikorsky S-43


text:
Birmingham Pride

Birmingham Pride is a weekend-long LGBTQ+ festival held annually in the Gay Village, Hurst Street, Birmingham, England, over the spring bank holiday weekend. Birmingham Pride is the UK's largest two-day gay pride festival.

It usually features a carnival parade through the city centre, plus dance and musical events, funfair rides, a temporary village green, and street stalls and entertainments.

History
The first Birmingham Gay Pride Weekend took place on 8–9 July 1977, one week after the first London Gay Pride Week, itself the first Gay Pride Rally to take place outside the United States. Although "hastily arranged and not very well conceived", the Birmingham event featured dances, two "Gay Days" in Cannon Hill Park and a march up New Street from the Bull Ring, culminating in a small rally on the steps of Birmingham Town Hall. According to one of its organisers "Our aim was to announce ourselves and let Birmingham know gay people were here: 'Here we are and here we'll stay'" Two or three further such events were organised by Birmingham Gay Liberation Front until the organisation declined in the mid 1970s.

Annual gay festivals in Birmingham resumed in 1983 with the first "Five Days of Fun", originally known as "Gay Brum". Unlike the 1970s Pride weekends and the earlier "Gay Days", Five Days of Fun was not intended as a political statement but as a social event and celebration. Daytime and evening events took place throughout the city's main gay bars and clubs in the Gay Village – culminating in an It's a Knockout competition between teams of the venues' staff, held in the garden/swimming pool at The Grosvenor House Hotel, Hagley Road, Edgbaston.

title: Birmingham Pride


text:
Sound-powered telephone

A sound-powered telephone is a communication device that allows users to talk to each other with the use of a handset, similar to a conventional telephone, but without the use of external power. This technology has been used since at least 1944 for both routine and emergency communication on ships to allow communication between key locations on a vessel if power is unavailable. A sound-powered phone circuit can have two or more stations on the same circuit. The circuit is always live, thus a user begins speaking rather than dialing another station. Sound-powered telephones are not normally connected to a telephone exchange.

Operation
The microphone transducer converts sound pressure from a user's voice into an electric current, which is then converted back to sound by a transducer at the receiver nodes. The most significant distinction between ordinary telephones and sound-powered telephones is in the operation of the microphone. Since the microphones used in most telephones are designed to modulate a supplied electric current they cannot be used in sound-powered transducers. Most sound-powered telephones use a dynamic microphone. A common approach to transducer design is the balanced armature design because of its efficiency. The number of simultaneous listeners is limited because there is no amplification of the signal.

A sound-powered telephone circuit can be as simple as two handsets connected together with a pair of wires, which is defined as the "talk" portion of the circuit. Talk circuits can be realized over a pair of wires that are 50 km (30 miles) long. More complex circuits include magnetos, selector switches and bells to allow one user to select and call another, which is defined as the "calling" portion of the circuit. The voice communication ("talk") circuit is completely separate from the "call" circuit, allowing communication to take place without external power.

Usage

Sound-powered telephones are widely used on ships. A typical example on a U.S. Navy ship is the "JL" circuit which is used by the lookouts to report visual contacts to the pilot house and the Combat Information Center (CIC). In this case there would be five stations on the circuit (stern lookout, port lookout, starboard lookout, pilot house and CIC).

U.S. Coast Guard Regulations require this emergency communication capability in most vessels today and dictate where phones should be located. A dial telephone system with a battery backup will not meet the USCG Regulations as they currently exist.

Other uses for sound-powered telephone technology today include emergency communications systems for high-rise buildings, draw bridges, ski lifts, and temporary locations where reliable communication is necessary. These types of systems allow for two or more parties to be able to talk to one another in areas that experience loss of power or when radio communication is hampered by RF signal losses and/or limitations.

Ski lifts use sound-powered phones extensively. Because there are only two handsets (rarely three, where there is a mid station), sound-powered phones are ideal. They are used to confirm actions of the lift with the other operator, and abnormal operation of the lift machinery.

Many different types of equipment have attempted, but have largely failed, to replace the incredibly simple sound-powered telephones on ships. Due to the rugged, reliable and power-free nature of this equipment, it remains in use on all US military vessels, commercial vessels and work boats.

title: Sound-powered telephone


text:
Chutu dynasty

The Chutu dynasty (IAST: Cuṭu) ruled parts of the Deccan region of South India between first and third centuries CE, with its capital at Banavasi in present-day Karnataka state. The Chutus probably rose to power as Satavahanas feudatories, and assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Satavahana power. Except for the edicts of Asoka, the inscriptions of the Chutu dynasty are the oldest documents found in the northern part of Karnataka State, India.

Name
The name "Chutu-kula" ("Chutu family") is found in the contemporary inscriptions. The coins attributed to the family bear the legends Raño Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa ("of king Chutukalananda"), Raño Muḷānaṃdasa, and Raño Sivaḷānaṃdasa. The word "Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa" was misread as "Cuṭukaḍānaṃdasa" by some earlier scholars, leading to different theories about the names of the kings and their dynasty. For example, numismatist E. J. Rapson (1908) theorized that "Chutu-kada-nanda" meant "Joy of the City of the Chutus".

The word Chutu in Kannada language means "crest". Chutu inscriptions contain the emblem of the cobra hood implying Chutu meant the "cobra crest". This connects the Chutus to the Nagas tribes as they also associated themselves with the region of the western Deccan called Nagara Khanda around modern Banavasi.

According to numismatist Michael Mitchiner (1983), these names appear to be matronymics. For example, Raño Muḷānaṃdasa means "of king Mulananda", where "Mulananda" is a matronymic meaning "son (nanda) of a queen belonging to the Mula gotra". Similarly, Sivaḷānaṃdasa means "of the son of a queen belonging to the Sivala gotra". Mitchiner theorizes that "Chutu-kula-nanda-sa" (IAST: Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa, "son of a queen belonging to the Chutu family") was a common name borne by multiple kings of the dynasty. This theory is based on the fact that the Banavasi inscription of king Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni was issued shortly before the Kadamba occupation of Banavasi in c. 345, while the coins bearing the name Chutukulananda can be dated to two centuries earlier based on the stratification at Chandravalli excavations.

Historian M. Rama Rao used the term "Ananda family" to describe the family, because the coin legends mention kings whose names end in "-nanda". Numismatists P.L. Gupta and A. V. Narasimha Murthy also followed this interpretation.

Origins
At least two of the Chutu kings bore the title "Satakarni", which is associated with the more notable Satavahana dynasty, and which was also borne by ministers and ordinary people in the Satavahana period. The exact relationship between the Chutus and the Satavahanas is uncertain. Modern historians variously believe that the Chutu family originated as a branch of the Satavahanas, was descended from the Satavahana princesses, or simply succeeded the Satavahanas in southern Deccan.

Numismatist Michael Mitchiner speculates that the Chutus may have been of Indo-Scythian (Shaka) origin. According to him, some Chutu coins bear designs copied from the Indo-Scythian coins. For example, the obverse of the two lead coins found at Kondapur features a swastika surrounded by a legend "reminds one of the Kshaharata coins stuck for Ladhanes and Pisayu"; the reverse of the same coin bears an arrow and a thunderbolt that seems to be derived from the coins of Bhumaka and Nahapana. According to V. V. Mirashi's interpretation, the issuers of such coins variously call themselves Shakas or members of the Chutu family. Mirashi and Mitchiner read the legend on the coin as Mahasenapatisa Baradajaputasa Saga Mana Chutukulasa, which means "of the Maha-senapati (chief commander) Saka Mana, the son of Baradaja, of the Chutu family. Mitchiner notes that according to a Nashik inscription, the Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni issued an order from his "camp of victory" at Vaijayanti (the ancient name of Banavasi). He theorizes that the Chutus were originally Indo-Scythian chiefs, who became Satavahana feudatories, when Gautamiputra defeated the Indo-Scythian king Nahapana around c. 125 CE. Subsequently, they participated in the Satavahana military campaigns: one Chutu chief was appointed as the Mahasenapati in the Kondapur region, while another was appointed to govern the newly-captured city of Banavasi.

Historian D. C. Sircar has disputed Mirashi's reading of the coin legend, arguing that the expression Saga Mana Chutukulasa cannot be interpreted to refer to "Saka Mana of the Chutu family". Sircar argues that if this was the meaning intended, the expression would have been Chutu-kulasa Saga-Manasa or Chutu-kula-Saga-Manasa. Sircar instead reads the term Saga-Mana as Sagamana ("of the Sagamas, that is, belonging to the Sagama family").

The Chutukula coins discovered from Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh and the southern part of Telangana proves that Chutus held sway in and around the Srisailam (Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh) or Sriparvata area which proves their title of Sriparvatiyas (the masters of the Sriparvata region) as very apt.

In the medieval times, Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as Kannadu and Kannavisaya which is the contracted form of Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya. Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya seem to be identical with the Satavahanihara of the Myakadoni inscription of Pulumayi or the Satavahaniratta of the Hirahadagalli grant. The Chutus continued to use the title Satakanni along with their names and regions, but later dropped the Sata part of Satakanni and used only the title of Kanni.

Political history
The Chutus ruled a kingdom centered around the city Banavasi in present-day Karnataka for over two centuries, from c. 125 CE to c. 345 CE.

The Chutus were probably subordinate to the Satavahanas in the beginning, and assumed independence when the Satavahana power declined. They were probably one of the several dynasties that are described collectively as "Andhra-bhritya" ("servants of the Andhras, that is, the Satavahanas) in the Puranas. Numismatic evidence suggests that the Chutus were surrounded by other Satavahana feudatories: the Kuras of Kolhapur in the north and the Sadakana Maharathis of Chandravalli. The coins issued by these three families are similar, and most of these coins, can be dated to the 2nd century CE. Coins discovered at Chandravalli and Kondapur bear the legend "Maharathi Sadakana Chutu Krishna", which suggests that the Chutus consolidated their power by intermarriage with the other feudatory families.

Numismatic evidence also indicates that by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, the power of these three feudatory families was eclipsed by the Satavahanas, who appear to have assumed greater control over their territories. This is suggested by the discovery of the coins of the Satavahana ruler Yajna Sri Satakarni at Bramhapuri (Kolhapur) and Chandravalli: the Satavahana coins were found a more recent strata compared to the coins of the feudatory dynasties.

When the Satavahana power declined in the first half of the 3rd century CE, the Chutus retained their authority at Banavasi, unlike the Kuras and the Sadakana Maharathis. Their rule is attested by at least four inscriptions dated between the 260s and the 340s CE. Historian Sailendra Nath Sen states that after the fall of the Satavahanas post the end of the reign of Pulumayi IV in 225 CE, the Chutus appear to have controlled the far-flung areas of the south-western parts of the erstwhile Satavahana empire. They subsequently extended their power in the north and the east. According to historian Teotónio R. De Souza, following the rule of Shak Satakarni of the Satavahanas, the Chutus ruling from Banavasi of Uttara Kannada (North Canara) district of Karnataka, probably also gained control of Konkan and places in Goa like Kunkalli, Balli, and Kankon, as subordinates of the Bhojas.

After the demise of Satavahana emperor Gautami-putra Yajna Satakarni in 181 CE, the old dynasty (Satavahanas) lost control of the western provinces, which passed into the hands of another family of Satakarnis, the Chutu-kula. Chutu dynasty came to an end probably in the first or second half of the third century i.e. around 250-275 CE. Of the Chutu dynasty two kings are known through inscriptions, Hariti-putra Chutu-kadananda Satakarni and his grandson Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman, who ruled in Banawasi (Vaijayantipura) before the Kadamba dynasty. In 222 CE, Prithivi-sena, son of Rudra-sena I, was reigning as the Western Kshatrapa ruler, in succession to the latter - Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman.

The Chutus appear to have continued the policy of consolidating their power by intermarriage with their neighbours: this is suggested by an Ikshvaku dynasty record which states that the "Maharaja of Vanavasa" (presumably the Chutu ruler of Banavasi) married a daughter of the Ikshvaku king Vira-purusha-datta. Mitchiner also believes that the occurrence of the name "Satakarni" in the names of the Chutu kings (Vishnurudra Sivalananda Satakarni and Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni) suggests that the Chutus also married into the Satavahana family. The Chutu king Sivalananda is attested by a 278 CE inscription of the Abhira ruler Vasushena from Nagarjunakonda.

Religion
According to Mitchiner, the designs on the Chutu coins suggest that they may have been Buddhists although they also patronised Hinduism. According to an inscription in the town of Malavalli in southern Karnataka, one of their rulers, King Haritiputra Satakarni donated the village of Belgame to a group of Hindu priests. Belgame, not to be confused with its namesake in northwestern Karnataka, was located in the Shimoga district in Central Karnataka and is known as Balligavi today. The priests built five mathas, three puras and seven gurukulas there and developed Belgame as an important centre of learning and knowledge. The original grant was revived by another Chutu ruler, King Haritiputra Shiva-skandavarman and the sacred town was later expanded by the succedding Kadamba rulers.

Successors
The Chalukya dynasty of Badami, which later controlled much of the present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from a son of Hariti (a woman of the Harita gotra) and of Manavya gotra. The Chalukyas had appropriated this genealogy from the Kadamba dynasty, who ruled Banavasi before them and after the Chutus. The Kadambas, in turn, had appropriated this genealogy from the Chutus.

Historian Sailendra Nath Sen theorizes that the Chalukyas were related to the Chutus and the Kadambas "in some way".

Banavasi inscription
Banavasi (Vanavasi or Vaijayanti in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka) stone inscription mentions Haritiputra Visnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni who in the 12th year of his reign made a gift of a Nagashilpa, a tank and a Vihara. The nearby Malavalli inscription refers the same king Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Visnukadda Chutukulananda Satakarni, the king of Banavasi, who in the 1st year of his reign made the grant of a village. Stone inscription on the same pillar of a Kadamba king of 5th century mentions a prior chieftain Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Vaijayantipati Sivaskandavarman who also ruled this area. Based on this inscription and Rapson's opinion on Kanheri and this inscriptions, historian G. J-Dubreuil states that the Chutus succeeded the Satavahanas in both the Karnataka and the Aparanta (Konkan and western Maharashtra) regions. However, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya states that it was at a later date, the Chutus held sway over the northern part of Kannada and Malayalam speaking regions.

Haritiputra-Satakarni issued an order to the chief revenue commissioner Mahavallabha-Rajjuka to grant a village of Sahalavati to a certain Kondamana as a Brahmin endowment in 175 CE for the enjoyment of the Mattapatti (Malavalli) god with the exemption of the soldier's entry (abhatappavesam). Another record states that king Satakami had a daughter named Mahabhoja-Nagasri who made a grant of a tank and a Vihara to the Madhukeswara temple.

Coinage
[[File:I78 PostChutus 1 (8175964738).jpg|thumb|A coin of the post-Chutus period (250-400) in bronze. (Deccan, Central India)

A / Cow on the right; Below undulating line, above legend Rajavipurudapa

R / 4 arches with arrows and center circle

Dimension: 17 mm Weight: 1.21 g. Bronze]]

The Chutu coins have been discovered at Karwar and Chandravalli.

Their coins are mostly of lead, belonging to Mulananda c. 125-345. One coin shows Arched hill (or Stupa?) with river motif below on the Obverse and Tree within railed lattice; Nandipada to right on the Reverse.

Coins of Rano Chutukadananda (70 BCE), the 1st known ruler of the Chutu dynasty whose name was inscribed on them as Rano Chutukadanamdasa were discovered from Karwar and Banavasi surroundings of the ancient Nagarakhanda (Bandalike) town regions.

List of rulers
The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions:

 * Haritiputra Vishnukada Cutu-kulananda Satakarni
 * Haritiputra Shiva-skandavarman

title: Chutu dynasty


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Aberdonia (yacht)

The Aberdonia is a British pre-war motor yacht moored at Chelsea Harbour. Built by the Thornycroft ship yard and launched in 1935 Aberdonia has a rich history, former uses include a patrol boat, mine sweeper and is one of the Little ships of Dunkirk.

World War II service
Aberdonia was requisitioned to work as a patrol boat in the Royal Navy attached to HMS Fervant in 1940, at which time she was renamed Navigator. She participated in the evacuation of Allied troops at Dunkirk. The yacht is believed to have made four trips to the shore to take on men cut off by the German army. She worked with the minesweepers and ferried sealed orders between the Admiralty and convoys lying off Shoeburyness and Deal.

Aberdonia was nearly destroyed during her naval service by a downed German bomber whose pilot attempted to guide his falling plane into allied ships. Although she escaped a direct hit she was struck by wreckage on her starboard side. Scorched timbers from the attack were discovered during restoration work thirty years later.

Postwar service
She was completely restored in the late 1980s, including fitting two new Perkins Diesel engines. As of 2011 she is moored in Chelsea Harbour

title: Aberdonia (yacht)


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Talk:Birmingham Pride

New stub created
New article created. RayGirvan 13:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Plans Up in Air
The following text has been removed due to lack of verifiable evidence.

However plans are up in the air after the city's Nightingale Club hijacked the event. Many still believe that after the 2007 event made a healthy profit for the first time in the events history Everevent should have been allowed to carry on with the organisation.

The nightingale is struggling to get the amount of sponsorship and support that Everevent had already found for the event. Even some of the gay bars are planning on boycotting this years event!

Assertion that Nightingale hijacked event is unverified, infact, a check of the minutes of Birmingham city Council Gay Pride Steering Group minutes will clarify that the decision relating to the adoption of a business plan for 2008 was made by a partnership of Gay Businesses, City Council and Community Groups.

"Many people" - unverified and unquantified.

"Nightingale struggling to get sponsorship" - again unsupported by evidence.

"Gay bars boycotting event" - again absolutely no evidence presented to support this claim.

--Miss sandra2008 (talk) 22:08, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Article expansion
This article's history shows older information from previous Pride events has been consistently removed and replaced with information on new Pride events, and this usually happens just before the annual event each year. This has clearly been done as if someone were updating a website and not understanding the purpose of Wikipedia. There is a wealth of information available on external news sites and reliable sources relating to this city's Pride event and so addiitonal information should be added to this entry to prevent it becoming a temporary noticeboard for event organisers but rather a in-depth history and information article on the event itself. 90.221.172.129 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:25, 28 May 2010 (UTC).

Sherelle Browne??

 * Someone keeps posting in the [[Hurst Street] article about Birmingham pride: "At the event, the Queen of Gays is elected for one year. The current Queen is Sherelle Browne"
 * I cannot find a source for this claim though, does anyone else know about this?
 * Thanks  J e n o v a  20 10:02, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

No longer free
I've removed the bits that claimed this is a free event as wristbands are now required. Spikymoss (talk) 09:59, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Nice. It's no longer the UK's biggest free Pride event either, so that title needs to be removed if it hasn't already. Thanks ツ Jenova  20  (email) 10:12, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Birmingham Pride


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Reed–Muller

Reed–Muller may refer to:
 * Reed–Muller code
 * Reed–Muller expansion

title: Reed–Muller


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Rákóczi Bridge

Rákóczi Bridge (Rákóczi híd,, formerly known as Lágymányosi híd, , / Lágymányosi Bridge ) is a bridge in Budapest, Hungary, connecting the settlements of Buda and Pest across the Danube. The construction of the steel girder bridge was started in 1992 to the plans of Tibor Sigrai.

It is named after the Rákóczi family, but is still more usually referred to as Lágymányosi híd. This bridge is the southernmost, and the second newest, public bridge in the capital; it was inaugurated in 1995.

Its Pest end is a station of Csepel HÉV, and the venue of the new Hungarian National Theatre (2002) and the Palace of Arts (2005).

Tramline
The bridge had been designed to accommodate tram lines. The middle of the bridge was left empty for this, but the tracks were not laid out. The Reconstruction of the tram 1 and the bridge passage line section were built together. The bridge was planned to be reconstructed by January 2015, but the opening was delayed, due to the demands of the National Transport Authority. They required one more load test with 1000 tons and after that they opened the extended tram section.

title: Rákóczi Bridge


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William Chatterton Dix

William Chatterton Dix (14 June 1837 – 9 September 1898) was an English writer of hymns and carols. He was born in Bristol, the son of John Dix, a local surgeon, who wrote The Life of Chatterton the poet, a book of Pen Pictures of Popular English Preachers and other works. His father gave him his middle name in honour of Thomas Chatterton, a poet about whom he had written a biography. He was educated at the Grammar School, Bristol, for a mercantile career, and became manager of a maritime insurance company in Glasgow where he spent most of his life.

His original hymns are found in most modern hymn-books. He wrote also felicitous renderings in metrical form of Richard Frederick Littledale's translations from the Greek in his Offices of the Holy Eastern Church; and of John Medows Rodwell's translations of Abyssinian hymns. Some of his carols, such as The Manger Throne, have been very popular. His hymns and carols also include As with Gladness Men of Old, What Child Is This?, To You, O Lord, Our Hearts We Raise and Alleluia! Sing to Jesus.

At the age of 29 he was struck with a near fatal illness and consequently suffered months confined to his bed. During this time he became severely depressed. Yet it is from this period that many of his hymns date. He died at Cheddar, Somerset, England, and was buried at his parish church.

His children included the novelist and writer Gertrude Dix.

title: William Chatterton Dix


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Russian lacquer art

Russian lacquer art developed from the art of icon painting, which came to an end with the collapse of Imperial Russia. The icon painters, who previously had been employed by supplying not only churches but people's homes, needed a way to make a living. Thus, the craft of making papier-mâché decorative boxes and panels developed, the items were lacquered and then hand painted by the artists, often with scenes from folk tales.

The four centers of Russian lacquer art
The village of Fedoskino (Федоскино), located not far from Moscow on the banks of the Ucha River, is the oldest of the four art centers of Russian lacquer miniature painting on papier-mâché, which has been practiced there since 1795. It stands apart both geographically, and in that that oil paints are used rather than egg tempera. While allowing the artist a free hand in impressionistic interpretation, the style of Fedoskino painting is largely realistic in composition and detail.

The other three Russian lacquer art centers are:
 * Palekh (Палех)
 * Kholuy (Kholui, Kholuj, Holui - Холуй)
 * Mstyora (Mstera - Мстёра)

The lacquer artists of Palekh, Kholuy and Mstyora continue to use the technique of painting in egg-based tempera overlaid with intricate gold leaf highlighting.''

All three are situated in the former Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Ivanovo region of central Russia, and are deeply rooted in the 17th-19th century icon painting tradition, which lasted until the Russian Revolution of 1917, and is now being revived by young artists of the 21st century.

title: Russian lacquer art


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Francis Henry May

Sir Francis Henry May (14 March 1860 – 6 February 1922) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Fiji from 1911 to 1912 and Governor of Hong Kong from 1912 to 1918.

Early life and education
May was born in Dublin, Ireland on 14 March 1860. He was the 4th son of Rt. Hon. George Augustus Chichester May, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and his wife Olivia Barrington. May was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Dublin, where a few of his predecessors to the Governorship of Hong Kong attended school. May received the 1st Honourman and Prizeman Classics and Modern Languages and B.A. in 1881.

Career
In 1881, May was appointed to a Hong Kong Cadetship after a competitive examination. In 1886, he became the Assistant Protector of Chinese and private secretary to Governor Sir William Des Vœux. He was also the private secretary to Acting Administrator Digby Barker from 1889 to 1891.

May would hold the office of Assistant Colonial Secretary in 1891 and Acting Colonial Treasurer in 1892. He was made a member of the Legislative Council in 1895.

From 1893 to 1901, May was the Captain Superintendent of the Hong Kong Police Force, and Superintendent of Victoria Gaol and Fire Brigade between 1896 and 1902.

He was appointed to the position of Colonial Secretary for Hong Kong in April 1902, serving until 21 January 1911, and as such was appointed acting administrator of Hong Kong during transitions totalling almost a year between governors in 1903-1904 and 1907. In 1911, May was appointed Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner Western Pacific, a position he would hold until 1912.

Governor of Hong Kong
In 1912, May was appointed Governor of Hong Kong, a position he occupied in his own right until 1918. It was also his last post in the Colonial Service.

May was the only Governor of Hong Kong to be the target of an assassination attempt. He was fired upon near the General Post Office as he rode in a sedan chair after arriving from Fiji in July 1912. May was not injured; the bullet lodged in the sedan of his wife. The gunman, Li Hung-hung, had a grudge against May. Several years before, this former Police Superintendent had imprisoned Li's father, an undesirable mainland immigrant. May used a car for daily transport from then onwards.

On 22 January 1918, May personally negotiated with the remaining member of a gang holed up in the "Siege of Gresson Street", following a running gun battle through the streets of Wanchai in which five police officers were killed.

In 1919, due to deteriorating health condition, May was relieved of his duty as the Governor.

Personal
In 1891 May married Helena Barker, the daughter and heiress of Acting Administrator Major-General Digby Barker of Clare Priory in Suffolk. They had four daughters, Stella, Phoebe, Iris and Dionne. Stella married General Philip de Fonblanque. Iris (Olivia Helena) married Edward Hamilton Johnston the Sanskritist in the early 1920s.

He died at Clare Priory, Suffolk, England. He is buried at Clare, Suffolk.

Honours

 * K.St.J.
 * J.P. for Suffolk
 * C.M.G., 1895
 * G.C.M.G., 1919

Publications

 * Guide to Cantonese Colloquial
 * Yachting in Hong-Kong

Places named after him
May Road, a roadway in the Upper Mid-Levels area in Hong Kong Island, and May Hall of the University of Hong Kong were named after him. Also, the Helena May Foundation was named after his wife.

title: Francis Henry May


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AKBAN

AKBAN (光番) is an international educational non-profit martial arts school. The school's name origins comes from the acronyms of Budo Ninjutsu Groups Association in Hebrew.

The AKBAN school was founded in Israel in 1986 as a school based around Bujinkan Ninjutsu. The syllabus has three interlaced areas: Martial art, fitness and Emotion Regulation. Its Ninjutsu syllabus has diversified into Historical European martial arts, MMA and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu systems but it is still koryu and Seishin Teki Kyoko oriented. It is informally identified as simply the organization or Irgun (translation: organization), and trains in Martial arts, emotion regulation, fitness and outdoor skills. Now having 12 dojos in Israel, three in Europe and one in the USA, the school's veterans instruct about several hundred practitioners. It is rated by the Israeli martial arts community as the institution having the longest time to accumulate syllabus for applying for a black belt exam (12 to 13 years) in Israel.

History
The school was founded in 1986 in Jerusalem by Yossi Sheriff, senior instructor of Doron Navon, the first non Japanese Shihan in Bujinkan Ninjutsu school. Navon started teaching as a Bujinkan Shidoshi in a rural area at 1977. In 1992, in conjunction with Bujinkan Israel, the school wrote and directed the first state sanctioned Ninjutsu instructor's course. In 1995 the AKBAN School parted ways from Bujinkan Israel while maintaining presence in Hatsumi's Bujinkan events.

Functions
The AKBAN Institute offers classes for those who want to master Martial arts. The program is authorized as a non-competitive martial arts school by the Israeli ministry of Science Culture and Sports. The AKBAN School also issues ranks. The relatively long time span for belt exams stems from the large syllabus learnt. In AKBAN, there are seven distinct grades that structure the progression of skills and responsibilities. The first five levels focus on skill acquisition, culminating in the black belt level, which is the final stage requiring a formal exam. The sixth level is characterized by consistent practice in a dojo, emphasizing the importance of ongoing training and dedication. The seventh and highest level represents a deeper commitment and responsibility towards the AKBAN community, typically involving roles such as participation in the AKBAN think tank or serving as an instructor.

General background
The AKBAN documentation project is a non commercial, creative commons, effort to collect, create and freely spread knowledge about martial arts and related fitness programs. Its main features reside in the main website of the school. The chief feature of the Akban project is a community online encyclopedia. The main lines explored in the encyclopedia are martial arts, emotion regulation and fitness.

Description of the AKBAN-wiki
The AKBAN-wiki has several thousands of articles and videos. It started in 1998 when two AKBAN veterans started organizing the vast Koryu syllabus into a computerized database. The methodical backbone of this project was a system for allocating different stages of learning in martial fields called The Methodical Pyramid. Many fields have benefited from the sharing and distribution of safe knowledge and training methods. The huge amount of material practiced in the necessitated means to organize and validate the techniques used. In 2005, the work on the database shifted toward a mash-up of user generated media.

The AKBAN project organized the materials in a semantic web in a Wikimedia platform. This was achieved by installing a Semantic wiki and starting to apply interrelations between the techniques of same and different martial arts. The focus of work now has moved toward using a self aligned LLM as a better way to gather insights and teaching methods.

International seminars and events
The AKBAN School organizes international seminars for veteran students. These seminars expand the Bujinkan syllabus practiced in the dojo and bring to Israel internationally acclaimed martial arts teachers in various disciplines. Notable teachers in AKBAN seminars are Renzo Gracie, De la Riva, Alexander Zhelezniak and Hernán Cortés.

Akban veterans and able students are involved in extreme fitness events where sparring is practiced for extended periods of time.

title: AKBAN


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Overath

Overath (Ovveroth ) is a town in the Rheinisch-Bergischer district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Overath is located about 25 km east of Cologne, in the Bergisches Land. Despite the reclassification as a 'Stadt' (town, though the German understanding leans towards city) years ago due to surpassing the relevant population threshold, the former appellation Gemeinde (parish) seems more appropriate (particularly to the inhabitants) due to the spread-out villages it consists of.

The main settlement is in the Agger valley, with others spread on the hills surrounding it. The kleine Heckberg (small Heckberg, 348 m) near Federath is the highest point of Overath, and the whole Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis.

Neighbouring cities are Rösrath in the West, Bergisch Gladbach in the North-West, Lindlar in the North-East, Engelskirchen in the East and Much, Neunkirchen-Seelscheid and Lohmar in the South.

Subdivisions
Overath is divided into 7 parts.
 * Brombach
 * Heiligenhaus
 * Immekeppel
 * Marialinden
 * Steinenbrück
 * Untereschbach
 * Vilkerath

History

When first mentioned in 1060, Overath was called "Achera" (after the Agger river). Presumably because of the first settlement at a clearing (German Rodung) the name changed to "Ouerode" (about 1280), "Ovverode" (1304), "Overadt" (1582), and finally became "Overath".

Demographics
In 1939, the population of Overath was 6,500. In 1946, it already exceeded 10,500 and continued to grow to 15,500 in 1970. The area of the community was extended in 1975, which increased the population to over 20,000.

Since then it has risen further up to 27,106 in December 2005.

Religion
The Catholic church is devoted to Saint Walpurga (Heilige Walburga). Until 1803 the Benedictines had a monastery in Cyriax, a subsidiary of Michaelsberg Abbey at Siegburg.

The Catholic church in Heiligenhaus is devoted to Saint Roch (Heiliger Rochus).

Marialinden's church (St. Mariä Heimsuchung) is a pilgrimage destination for Saint Mary.

Roads
The B 55 und B 484 federal roads (German Bundesstraßen) as well as the A 4 Autobahn pass through area of the town. The A 4 has got two exits to Overath, Overath-Untereschbach and Overath.

Air transport
The Cologne Bonn Airport is reachable within 25 minutes.

Public transport
The railway station in Overath connects the town with Cologne and Marienheide. The train heading for Cologne departs every 30 minutes, the train heading for Marienheide departs every 60 minutes. Cologne is reachable by train in within 35 minutes.

These traffic connections, together with rural surroundings, make Overath a popular place to live for commuters.

Healthcare
There is no hospital in Overath. The nearest hospitals are in Bergisch Gladbach and Engelskirchen.

City council
The city council consists of 38 members. The current breakdown, from the general elections held September 26, 2004, is as follows:

Mayor
Christoph Nicodemus was elected mayor (German Bürgermeister) in September 2020, representing CDU, Greens and FDP.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Overath was only created on March 3, 1938. It consists of two areas:
 * The upper area shows the lion of Berg. It symbolizes the former jurisdiction by the Earldom of Berg.
 * The lower area shows a golden bell. It is supposed to symbolize a tradition of bell making. The inclusion of the bell is, however, due to a 15th and 16th century bell making family von Overra[i]de from Cologne, which falsely led to belief that bells were cast in Overath.

Twin towns – sister cities
Overath is twinned with:
 * 🏴 Colne Valley, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Pérenchies, France

title: Overath


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User talk:Keithsmolar

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Lectonar 13:41, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keithsmolar


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Talk:Race and intelligence/to do

 * 1) Describe every little change on the talk page
 * 2) argue about it
 * 3) repeat

title: Talk:Race and intelligence/to do


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Category:Regions of Guinea-Bissau

no:Kategori:Guinea-Bissau

title: Category:Regions of Guinea-Bissau


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Guide book

A guide book or travel guide is "a book of information about a place designed for the use of visitors or tourists". It will usually include information about sights, accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and activities. Maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are often included. Different kinds of guide books exist, focusing on different aspects of travel, from adventure travel to relaxation, or aimed at travelers with different incomes, or focusing on sexual orientation or types of diet.

Travel guides or guide book can also take the form of travel websites.

Antiquity
A forerunner of the guidebook was the periplus, an itinerary from landmark to landmark of the ports along a coast. A periplus such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea was a manuscript document that listed, in order, the ports and coastal landmarks, with approximate intervening distances, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore. This work was possibly written in the middle of the 1st century CE. It served the same purpose as the later Roman itinerarium of road stops.

The periegesis, or "progress around" was an established literary genre during the Hellenistic age. A lost work by Agaclytus describing Olympia (περὶ Ὀλυμπίας) is referred to by the Suda and Photius. Dionysius Periegetes (literally, Dionysius the Traveller) was the author of a description of the habitable world in Greek hexameter verse written in a terse and elegant style, intended for the klismos traveller rather than the actual tourist on the ground; he is believed to have worked in Alexandria and to have flourished around the time of Hadrian. An early "remarkably well-informed and interesting guidebook" was the Hellados Periegesis (Descriptions of Greece) of Pausanias of the 2nd century A.D. This most famous work is a guide to the interesting places, works of architecture, sculpture, and curious customs of Ancient Greece, and is still useful to Classicists today. With the advent of Christianity, the guide for the European religious pilgrim became a useful guidebook. An early account is that of the pilgrim Egeria, who visited the Holy Land in the 4th century CE and left a detailed itinerary.

In the medieval Arab world, guide books for travelers in search of artifacts and treasures were written by Arabic treasure hunters, magicians, and alchemists. This was particularly the case in Arab Egypt, where treasure hunters were eager to find valuable ancient Egyptian antiquities. Some of the books claimed to be imbued with magic that could dispel the magical barriers believed to be protecting the artifacts.

Travelogues
Travel literature became popular during the Song Dynasty (960–1279) of medieval China. The genre was called 'travel record literature' (youji wenxue), and was often written in narrative, prose, essay and diary style. Travel literature authors such as Fan Chengda (1126–1193) and Xu Xiake (1587–1641) incorporated a wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing, while the 'daytrip essay' Record of Stone Bell Mountain by the noted poet and statesman Su Shi (1037–1101) presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose.

In the West, the guidebook developed from the published personal experiences of aristocrats who traveled through Europe on the Grand Tour. As the appreciation of art, architecture and antiquity became ever-more essential ingredients of the noble upbringing so they predominated in the guidebooks, particularly those devoted to the Italian peninsula. Richard Lassels (1603–1668) wrote a series of manuscript guides which were eventually published posthumously in Paris and London (1670) as The Voyage of Italy. Grand Tour guidebooks poured off the presses throughout the eighteenth century, those such as Patrick Brydone's A Tour Through Sicily and Malta being read by many who never left England.

Between 1626 and 1649, the Dutch publisher, Officina Elzeviriana (House of Elzevir), published a bestselling pocketbook series, the Respublicae Elzevirianae (Elzevirian Republics), which has been described as the "ancestor of the modern travel guide". Each volume gave information (geography, population, economy, history) on a country in Europe, Africa, the Near East or the Far East.

An important transitional figure from the idiosyncratic style of the Grand Tour travelogues to the more informative and impersonal guidebook was Mariana Starke. Her 1824 guide to travel in France and Italy served as an essential companion for British travelers to the Continent in the early 19th century. She recognized that with the growing numbers of Britons traveling abroad after 1815 the majority of her readers would now be in family groups and on a budget. She therefore included for the first time a wealth of advice on luggage, obtaining passports, the precise cost of food and accommodation in each city and even advice on the care of invalid family members. She also devised a system of exclamation mark ratings [!!!], a forerunner of today's star ratings. Her books, published by John Murray, served as a template for later guides.

In the United States, the first published guidebook was Gideon Minor Davison's The Fashionable Tour, published in 1822, and Theodore Dwight's The Northern Traveller and Henry Gilpin's The Northern Tour, both from 1825.

Modern guidebook
The modern guidebook emerged in the 1830s, with the burgeoning market for long distance tourism. The publisher John Murray began printing the Murray's Handbooks for Travellers in London from 1836. The series covered tourist destinations in Europe, Asia and northern Africa, and he introduced the concept of "sights" which he rated in terms of their significance using stars for Starke's exclamation points. According to scholar James Buzard, the Murray style "exemplified the exhaustive rational planning that was as much an ideal of the emerging tourist industry as it was of British commercial and industrial organization generally."

In Germany, Karl Baedeker acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Johannes August Klein entitled Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende (A Rhine Journey from Mainz to Cologne; A Handbook for Travellers on the Move). He published this book with little changes for the next ten years, which provided the seeds for Baedeker's new approach to travel guides. After Klein died, he decided to publish a new edition in 1839, to which he added many of his own ideas on what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller. Baedeker's ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside the travel guide; whether about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks or prices. Baedeker emulated the style of John Murray's guidebooks, but included unprecedented detailed information.

In 1846, Baedeker introduced his star ratings for sights, attractions and lodgings, following Mrs. Starke's and Murray's. This edition was also his first "experimental" red guide. He also decided to call his travel guides "handbooks", following the example of John Murray III. Baedeker's early guides had tan covers, but from 1856 onwards, Murray's red bindings and gilt lettering became the familiar hallmark of all Baedeker guides as well, and the content became famous for its clarity, detail and accuracy.

Baedeker and Murray produced impersonal, objective guides; works prior to this combined factual information and personal sentimental reflection. The availability of the books by Baedeker and Murray helped sharpen and formalize the complementary genre of the personal travelogue, which was freed from the burden of serving as a guide book. The Baedeker and Murray guide books were hugely popular and were standard resources for travelers well into the 20th century. As William Wetmore Story said in the 1860s, "Every Englishman abroad carries a Murray for information, and a Byron for sentiment, and finds out by them what he is to know and feel by every step."

After Karl Baedeker died, his son, also named Karl, inherited the Baedeker travel guide business; however, he was killed in action during World War I. British nationalism and anti-German sentiment resulted in some British people labeling Baedeker guides "instrumental to the German war effort", and their popularity in the United Kingdom dropped considerably. As a result, the two editors of Baedeker's English-language titles left the company and acquired the rights to Murray's Handbooks. The resulting guide books, called the Blue Guides to distinguish them from the red-covered Baedekers, constituted one of the major guide book series for much of the 20th century and are still published today.

Post-WW2
Soon after World War II, two new names emerged which combined European and American perspectives on international travel. Eugene Fodor, a Hungarian-born author of travel articles, who had emigrated to the United States before the war, wrote guidebooks which introduced English-reading audiences to continental Europe. Arthur Frommer, an American soldier stationed in Europe during the Korean War, used his experience traveling around the Continent as the basis for Europe on $5 a Day (1957), which introduced readers to options for budget travel in Europe. Both authors' guidebooks became the foundations for extensive series, eventually covering destinations around the world.

Since then, Let's Go, Lonely Planet, Insight Guides, Rough Guides, Eyewitness Travel Guides and many other travel guide series have been published.

For specific activities
Specialist climbing guidebooks for mountains have a long history owing to the special needs of mountaineering, rock climbing, hill walking, and scrambling. The guides by W A Poucher for example, are widely used for the hill regions of Britain. There are many more special guides to the numerous climbing grounds in Britain published by the Climbers Club, for example.

Travel guides are made for diving destinations and specific dive sites. These have been published as magazine articles, stand-alone books and websites, often publicising the dive sites in the vicinity of specific service providers.

Digital world
With the emergence of digital technology, many publishers turned to electronic distribution, either in addition to or instead of print publication. This can take the form of downloadable documents for reading on a portable computer or hand held device such a PDA or iPod, or online information accessible via a web site. This enabled guidebook publishers to keep their information more current. Traditional guide book incumbents Lonely Planet, Frommers, Rough Guides, and In Your Pocket City Guides, and newcomers such as Schmap or Ulysses Travel Guides are now offering travel guides for download. New online and interactive guides such as Tripadvisor, Wikivoyage, and Travellerspoint enable individual travelers to share their own experiences and contribute information to the guide. Wikivoyage, CityLeaves, and Travellerspoint make the entire contents of their guides updatable by users, and make the information in their guides available as open content, free for others to use.

Guide book publishers
This list is a select sample of the full range of English language guide book publishers - either contemporary or historical.

 * W.J. Adams
 * AAA/CAA TourBook
 * D. Appleton & Co.
 * Baedeker
 * Berlitz
 * Adam and Charles Black
 * Blue Guides
 * Bradt
 * Cicerone Press
 * Citysearch
 * Thomas Cook & Son
 * DOM publishers
 * DK Eyewitness Travel
 * FalconGuides
 * Fodor's
 * For Dummies
 * Forbes Travel Guide
 * Foursquare City Guide
 * Footprint Books
 * Frommer's
 * Green Book - specialized for Negro car drivers in segregated America
 * Harper & Brothers
 * Insight Guides
 * In Your Pocket
 * Let's Go
 * Lonely Planet
 * Michelin Guide - specialized in restaurants
 * Moon Handbooks
 * John Murray
 * National Geographic Traveler
 * Nicholson Guides
 * Not For Tourists
 * Rick Steves
 * Rough Guides
 * Spartacus International Gay Guide - specialized in gay tourists
 * Spotted by Locals
 * Time Out
 * Touring Club Italiano - covering tourism in Italy
 * Vinologue
 * Wallpaper City Guides
 * Ward Lock & Co.
 * Weird US
 * Wikivoyage - edited by users
 * wordtravels.com

title: Guide book


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Talk:Ivić Pašalić

Untitled
Oops. I tried to move this article to Ivić Pašalić but messed it up. I'll try one more time then call in an admin. ;-) --NormanEinstein 13:44, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I'm not too sure if the article title is messed up or if my computer isn't displaying the characters correctly. Time for admin assistance. --NormanEinstein 14:01, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * It was fixed in the meantime, but not by admins, rather by a semi-random software upgrade :) --Joy [shallot]   1 July 2005 00:55 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ivić Pašalić


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1930 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1930. See also 1929 in Norwegian football and 1931 in Norwegian football

Østlandsligaen 1929/30 (Unofficial)
The league discontinued in 1930/31, but re-appeared one final time in 1931/32.

Hovedserien
Promoted: Birkebeineren, Lyn, Tistedalen.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.

National team
Sources:

title: 1930 in Norwegian football


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Richard MacDonnell

Richard MacDonnell may refer to:
 * Richard Graves MacDonnell (1814–1881), Anglo-Irish lawyer, judge and colonial governor
 * Richard MacDonnell (scholar) (1787–1867), 29th Provost of Trinity College, Dublin
 * Richard MacDonnell (Newfoundland politician) (1841–1928), Irish-born businessman and politician in Newfoundland

title: Richard MacDonnell


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Judith Winsor Smith

Judith Winsor Smith (née McLauthlin; November 26, 1821 – December 12, 1921) was an American women's suffrage activist, social reformer, and abolitionist. She was involved in the suffrage movement until the Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, when she voted for the first time at the age of 99. She was a founder and the first president of the Home Club of East Boston, one of the first women's clubs in Massachusetts.

Personal life
Judith Winsor McLauthlin was born in Marshfield, Massachusetts, on November 26, 1821, to Lewis and Polly (née Hathaway) McLauthlin. Both of her parents were descendants of people who had arrived on the Mayflower. Her father was the groundskeeper for the shipbuilder Ezra Weston, and her maternal grandfather was the physician and painter Rufus Hathaway. She moved to Duxbury, Massachusetts as a young woman to take a teaching job. In 1841 (or 1842) she married an East Boston shipbuilder named Silvanus (or Sylvanus) Smith, and the couple had six children. Her daughter Zilpha Drew Smith became a prominent social worker in Boston.

The family lived for several years in Duxbury and then Pembroke before moving to East Boston in 1854. In 1871 they built a home at 76 White Street in East Boston, overlooking the Border Street shipyards. Towards the end of her life she went to live with her daughter at 11 Roanoke Avenue in Jamaica Plain. She died there on December 12, 1921, aged 100.

Abolitionism
Smith was on the Standing Committee of the congregation led by abolitionist Theodore Parker, and was involved in the abolitionist movement.

In a 1920 Boston Globe interview, Smith claimed that her father had been an abolitionist and "had a station on the underground railway." Lewis McLauthlin was a vice president of the Old Colony Anti-Slavery Society, and served on its finance committee. In 1859 he unsuccessfully petitioned the Massachusetts legislature "to enact that no person, who has been held as a slave, shall be delivered up, by any officer or court, State or Federal, within this Commonwealth, to anyone claiming him on the ground that he owes 'service or labor' to such claimant, by the laws of one of the Slave States of this Union."

Home Club of East Boston
Smith was a founder and the first president of the Home Club of East Boston. Established in 1875, the Home Club was the second women's club in Massachusetts. At their first meeting, the thirty women members were addressed by the noted suffragist Julia Ward Howe. Later that year, the club women successfully petitioned the Massachusetts legislature for an amendment to the state law regarding "nightwalking," so that men would be subject to it as well as women. They established a sewing school for girls, raised funds for various charities, and sent delegates to national women's club conventions. The club met monthly at Smith's home until it outgrew that space, and they began meeting at a local hall. Smith was president of the club for ten years.

Women's suffrage
When Smith cast her first vote for president in 1920, she had been active in the women's suffrage movement for over 70 years. She served for many years as president of the East Boston Woman Suffrage League, was on the executive committees of the Massachusetts, New England, and American Woman Suffrage Associations, and was a director of the New England Women's Club. She was a friend of noted suffragists Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone, and Henry B. Blackwell.

She petitioned the Massachusetts state legislature for women's right to vote in town and municipal elections in 1885, and to vote in primaries and caucuses for the nomination of school committee candidates in 1905.

At the age of 89, Smith stood outside the polls for two hours on election day, handing out suffrage leaflets. Alice Stone Blackwell was so impressed she wrote Smith a poem for her 90th birthday:

 * For two long hours on election day, not long ago
 * She stood where the voters streamed past in a row
 * And gave suffrage leaflets to all who would take them
 * Now isn't she plucky, and good as they make them?

She joined the New England Women's Club in 1873, and was honored by them at a reception just a few weeks before her death in 1921. She also helped organize the Dorchester Club and the Fortnightly Club of Winchester.

Legacy
Most of her papers are held by the Massachusetts Historical Society. Some are in the Woman's Rights Collection of the Schlesinger Library. Family records are also in the Drew Archival Library of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society. She is remembered on the Jamaica Plain walk of the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

title: Judith Winsor Smith


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-04/In the news

The press took another opportunity to ask academic experts to evaluate the quality of Wikipedia articles in their fields last week, while one newspaper actually wondered if Wikipedia's ability to anticipate upcoming events was taking things too far. More discussion of the aborted wikitorial project at the Los Angeles Times also continued to trickle in.

Wikipedia scores 'mixed grades'
The Roanoke Times this week asked college professors to assess Wikipedia articles on their subjects of expertise. The motivation for the study was to consider the 'nagging question' of whether Wikipedia can be trusted, and the results were variable.

Bob Bodnar, a geologist from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, looked at articles on the geologic timescale and organic chemistry. The former was described as 'quite accurate' and 'consistent with the most recent data', while the latter contained useful links to diagrams, which Bodnar had used in preparing teaching materials. Roanoke College political science professor Bill Hill looked up John Taylor of Caroline, Alexis de Tocqueville and the Federalist Papers, and found that each was 'accurate and pertinent, if brief', although he found the de Tocqueville article 'too superficial'. The Times writer noted that de Tocqueville's article has just over 1000 words, while actress Katie Holmes has almost 1900.

Retired biology professor Dave West provided the sternest criticism when looking at an article on naturalist Fritz Müller. Superficially it looked 'detailed and well-researched', but West, who has written a biography of Müller, found the article 'fraught with errors', including an incorrect date of birth and a picture of someone else. The Times journalist alerted a Wikipedia editor, who corrected the image and birth date, and said he would welcome correspondence with Dr. West to improve the article further (an attitude later praised by Jimmy Wales as making him 'insanely happy' ). The incorrect details seem to have arisen from confusion with another 19th century scientist, the Swiss doctor and zoologist Fritz Müller.

The article concluded that 'Everybody makes mistakes - even newspaper columnists - and Wikipedia's system for correcting those mistakes and adding information is its strong point', but that 'my problem, as a journalist, is knowing when it's reliable enough'.

Continuing 'Wikitorial' fallout
The LA Times' abortive experiment in applying wiki technology to editorials (see archived story) continues to generate comment. This week, the BBC website took a look at the issue. Pete Clifton, editor of the BBC News website, had earlier suggested that the BBC might one day incorporate wikis in some form into the BBC website, but about 70% of site readers were opposed to this idea. Clifton therefore said that the BBC would be keeping 'a firm hand on the news tiller' for the moment, and recommended Wikinews for readers interested in seeing what wikis could do for reporting. "I'm impressed by the amazing power of wikipedia", said Clifton, "but as a fully fledged old buffer I feel distinctly more uneasy with the same approach to news".

Meanwhile, London newspaper The London Line theorised on why the LA Times' experiment failed. Noting that vandalism is inevitable on any wiki, the paper said that a wiki could only generate useful content 'if the vandals are outnumbered by those who are more publicly-spirited'. The LA Times lacked the community to ensure that this was the case, but the paper cited Wikimedia foundation projects Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote and Wikibooks as examples of wikis with enough of a dedicated user base to be resistant to damaging vandalism.

Mississippi newspaper pleads for less US election coverage
One of the most commonly praised aspects of Wikipedia is that it is able to keep its coverage of current events right up to date. Some people, however, would prefer the odd respite from the continuous updating of time-sensitive articles. The Mississippi Sun-Herald this week issued a plaintive request for a break from U.S. presidential elections.

'Didn't we just finish a presidential election?', asked the article, lamenting the apparent lack of any break 'between the end of one nasty, heated campaign and the beginning of the next nasty, heated campaign'. Wikipedia, it noted, already has a 'rather extensive' entry on the U.S. presidential election, 2008, which even goes so far as to list fund-raising timetables and potential candidates.

The author of the article might be relieved to know that Wikipedia has at least refrained from speculating on elections yet further into the future. Articles on the presidential elections due between 2012 and 2028 have all been created, and then subsequently deleted, on the grounds that nothing encyclopaedic can yet be said about them.


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University of Papua New Guinea

The University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) is a university located in Port Moresby, capital of Papua New Guinea. It was established by ordinance of the Australian administration in 1965. This followed the Currie Commission which had enquired into higher education in Papua New Guinea. The University of Papua New Guinea Act No. 18, 1983 bill repealing the old Ordinance was passed by the National Parliament in August 1983.

The university has moved from a departmental to a school structure to foster interdisciplinary and inter-school relationships. The university's library is known as the Michael Somare Library, named after the country's first Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare. Multiple sources have included it among the best universities in Papua New Guinea.

History
The first students at UPNG were enrolled in 1966, with 58 enrolees in a preliminary course. John Gunther was the university's inaugural vice-chancellor. Degree courses commenced in 1967 with 83 students across three faculties of arts, law, and science. The university's first undergraduate degrees were awarded in August 1970 and included future prime minister Rabbie Namaliu.

Infrastructure
In recent times, the university has seen significant changes to its ageing infrastructure with the Government of Papua New Guinea handing over the 2015 Pacific Games Village to the university for the purpose of becoming student dormitories. There are several other major infrastructure developments made in partnership with the Australian Government for a new and modern lecture theater, School of Business and Public Policy complex and a Student Services building. The Government of Papua New Guinea is also funding several projects such as School of Natural and Physical Sciences building and the newly completed School of Law complex.

National School of Arts
The National School of Arts, based in Port Moresby, was amalgamated into the university in 1990. It had been established in 1972 as the Creative Arts Centre and opened a gallery in 1975. In 1976, it became the National School of Arts, and taught theatre, visual arts and music.

Students
There are more than 15,000 students annually in Port Moresby campuses, five open campuses, and 13 study centres. While the majority of the students are from Papua New Guinea, there are international students from other Pacific countries, especially from the Solomon Islands, who currently study at the university. The UPNG School of Law is currently the only law school in Papua New Guinea. The School of Business and Public Policy offers MBA and Masters in Economics and Public Policy programs.

Courses
There are programs in:

Economics
 * Medicine
 * Pharmacy
 * Health Sciences
 * Physical and Natural Sciences
 * Law
 * Business
 * Humanities
 * Social Sciences
 * Sustainable Development

Problem-based learning (PBL) approaches are used.

Alumni

 * Yolarnie Amepou, herpetologist and conservationist
 * Vincent Eri, The fifth Governor General of Papua New Guinea
 * Henry Kila, former president of the Papua New Guinea Olympic Committee
 * Salamo Injia, former Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea
 * George Manuhu, judge of the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea
 * Kalkot Mataskelekele, President of Vanuatu
 * Mekere Morauta, former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
 * Hank Nelson, Australian historian
 * Cecilia Nembou, educator, women's rights activist, and first female vice-chancellor for a university in Papua New Guinea
 * Peter O'Neill, Former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
 * Powes Parkop, governor for National Capital District
 * Gibbs Salika, Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea
 * Paias Wingti, former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
 * Jeremiah Manele, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands

Affiliation

 * Association of Commonwealth Universities

title: University of Papua New Guinea