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R. R. Rockingham Gill

Richard Rowan Rockingham Gill (born 1944, South Africa) was a lecturer of philosophy—in particular, logic—and is an author.

Rockingham Gill received a MA from the University of St Andrews and has published variously in the Journal of Symbolic Logic, Archiv für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung (Archive for Mathematical Logic and Basic Research) and other journals.

He lectured at the University of Wales, Lampeter and is also the former head of the Department of Philosophy.

Articles

 * The Craig-Lyndon Interpolation Theorem in 3-Valued Logic, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun. 1970), pp. 230–238
 * Soviet Oil in the 1980s: Shortage or Surplus?, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Jun. 1976), pp. 73–77
 * On Wandschneider's Way Out, Ratio, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1977), pp. 85–87
 * Frege on Infinite Axiom-Systems, Analysis, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Jun. 1987), pp. 173–175
 * The Logic of Common Nouns, Philosophical Books, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Feb. 2009), pp 243–244

Book reviews

 * Modern Logic—a survey. Historical, Philosophical, and Mathematical Aspects of Modern Logic and its Applications. Edited by Evandro Agazzi, Mind, New Series, Vol. 92, No. 366 (Apr. 1983), pp. 286–288

Books

 * Deducibility and Decidability, Routledge: 1990 (ISBN 0-415-00033-5)

Reviews

 * Hart, W.D., Deducibility and Decidability. By R. R. Rockingham Gill., The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 163 (Apr. 1991), pp. 242–243
 * Visser, Albert, Deducibility and Decidability. By R. R. Rockingham Gill., The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Sep. 1993), pp. 1080–1082

title: R. R. Rockingham Gill


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User:Cheryyl

When I contibute to wikipedia I usually don't login. The only thing I will use my account for is either voting to delete something or to save it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Cheryyl


text: User talk:71.106.187.188

title: User talk:71.106.187.188


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Luis de Pablo

Luis de Pablo Costales (28 January 1930 – 10 October 2021) was a Spanish composer belonging to the generation that Cristóbal Halffter named the Generación del 51. Mostly self-taught as a composer and influenced by Maurice Ohana and Max Deutsch, he co-founded ensembles for contemporary music, and organised concert series for it in Madrid. He published translations of notable texts about composers of the Second Viennese School, such as Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt's biography of Arnold Schoenberg and the publications of Anton Webern. He wrote music in many genres, including film scores such as Erice's The Spirit of the Beehive, and operas including La señorita Cristina. He taught composition not only in Spain, but also in the U.S. and Canada. Among his awards is the Premio Nacional de Música.

Life
Luis de Pablo was born in Bilbao. After losing his father in the Spanish Civil War, he went with his mother and siblings to live in Madrid from age six. Although he started to compose at the age of 12, his circumstances made it impossible to consider an artistic career, and so he studied law at the Complutense University of Madrid. For a short time after graduating in 1952, he was employed as legal advisor to Iberia Airlines, but soon resigned this post in order to pursue a career in music. As a composer, he was essentially an autodidact. He travelled to the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in the 1960s, where he met Pierre Boulez, György Ligeti, Bruno Maderna and Karlheinz Stockhausen. In Paris, he studied with Max Deutsch and Maurice Ohana. His participation at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 1959 led to the performance of some of his works under Boulez and Maderna.

De Pablo and Cristóbal Halffter are regarded as key members of a group called Generación del 51, formed by young composers at the time they finished their studies, with a mission to connect music in Spain to musical developments in Europe after the Civil War. De Pablo adapted atonalism, serialism, aleatory forms, use of electronics and graphic notation. In 1958, he co-founded the group Grupo Nueva Musica, and in 1959, Tiempo y Musica. He organised several contemporary music concert series, for example the Forum Musical and Bienal de Música Contemporánea de Madrid. He was particularly concerned with promoting appreciation in Spain of the Second Viennese School, publishing translations of Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt's biography of Arnold Schoenberg in 1961, and texts by Anton Webern in 1963. In 1965, he founded the first studio for electronic music in Spain, with the group Alea. He founded a festival, Rencontres de Pampelune, for music, theatre, film and the arts in 1972. He was accused of giving too much prominence to "left-wing art" by the Franco regime, but also of being a supporter of that regime by ETA. When one of the festival's patrons was kidnapped by ETA, the event was cancelled, and De Pablo went into exile in the U.S. and Canada, returning only after Franco's death.

De Pablo composed film scores, collaborating with directors such as Víctor Erice (The Spirit of the Beehive) and Carlos Saura (The Hunt). His opera Kiu is based on Alfonso Vallejo's farce Zero Temperature. The world premiere of his opera La señorita Cristina (Miss Cristina), based on a novel by Mircea Eliade, with a stage design by José Hernández, took place in 2001 at the Teatro Real in Madrid.

De Pablo began teaching at the Madrid Conservatory in 1971. In exile, he lectured at the University at Buffalo, and later at the University of Ottawa and the University of Montreal. He resumed teaching in Spain upon his return. De Pablo was awarded Spain's Premio Nacional de Música for composition in 1991, among many other awards.

De Pablo died in Madrid on 10 October 2021, aged 91.

Compositions
Luis de Pablo Costales has more than 143 works among which are:

 * 1953 – Gárgolas
 * 1954 – Coral eucarístico
 * 1954 – Sinfonías
 * 1954–66 – Sinfonías
 * 1955 – Invenciones
 * 1956 – Concierto para clavicémbalo
 * 1956 – Misa Pax humilium,
 * 1956 – Elegía
 * 1956 – Tres Piezas para guitarra
 * 1956 – Comentarios a dos
 * 1957 – Móvil I
 * 1957 – Cinco Invenciones
 * 1958 – Sonata para piano
 * 1958 – Cuarteto nº 1
 * 1959 – Progressus
 * 1959–67 – Móvil II
 * 1960 – Radial
 * 1961 – Glosa
 * 1961–62 – Polar
 * 1961–62 – Libro para el pianista
 * 1962 – Condicionado
 * 1962 – Prosodia
 * 1962–63 – Tombeau
 * 1963 – Recíproco
 * 1963 – Cesuras
 * 1964 – Escena
 * 1964–65 – Módulos I
 * 1965 – Ein Wort
 * 1965 – Mitología I
 * 1965–67 – Módulos IV
 * 1965–66 – Iniciativas
 * 1966 – Módulos II
 * 1967 – Imaginario I
 * 1967 – Módulos III
 * 1967 – Imaginario II
 * 1967 – Módulos V
 * 1968 – Protocolo
 * 1968 – Paráfrasis
 * 1969 – Cuatro Invenciones
 * 1969 – Quasi une fantasia
 * 1969 – Por diversos motivos

Chamber music
 * Anatomías for viola solo, two clarinets, horn, trombone and harp (2005–2007)
 * Ex voto for violin and viola (1995)
 * Monólogo for viola solo (1990–1992)

' Choral music
 * Yo Lo Vi for 12 voices (1970)
 * Passio (2006)

Orchestral music
 * Las Orillas (1990)

Operas
 * Kiu (1983)
 * El viajero indiscreto (1990)
 * La señorita Cristina (2000)

Film music
 * La Caza (The Hunt), Carlos Saura (1966)
 * El jardín de las delicias (The Garden of Delights), Carlos Saura (1970)
 * El Espíritu de la Colmena (The Spirit of the Beehive), Victor Erice (1973)

Recordings
Recordings by de Pablo include:

 * Los Novísimos, Vendaval (Stradivarius, 2010)
 * Libro de imágenes, Segunda Lectura, Metáforas (Stradivarius, 2014)
 * Soliloquio, Melisma furioso, Per Flauto, Cuatro Fragmentos De 'Kiu' (Stradivarius, 2015)
 * Senderos del aire and works for flute. Col Legno
 * Dibujos, fragments from Kiu, Chamber Concerto et al. ADDA
 * Tarde de Poetas. Harmonia Mundi
 * Piano Trio. Ermitage ERM 413
 * Visto de Cerca, para 3 músicos y cinta; Chaman, obra electronica. Hispavox LP (30) 130 202
 * Al Son que Tocan, Homenaje an Antonio Machado. RCA LP SRL2-2444

Writings

 * Aproximación a una estética de la música contemporánea, in: Los complementarios, Editorial Ciencia Nueva, 1968
 * Lo que sabemos de música, Gregorio del Toro, 1968

Awards
De Pablo received awards including:
 * Gold Medal for Merit in Fine Arts (1986)
 * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1986)
 * Premio Nacional de Música (1991)
 * Madrid Region Culture Award (2001)
 * Guerrero Foundation Music Prize (2004)
 * Gold Medal of Círculo de Bellas Artes (2005)
 * Tomás Luis de Vitoria Award (2009)
 * Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale (2020)
 * Prix Honegger de la Fondation de France
 * Prix de Composition Musicale de la Fondation Prince Pierre de Monaco for Frondoso Misterio, cello and orchestra (2004)
 * Prix de la Fondation Jacinto Guerrero

title: Luis de Pablo


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Ian Austin

Ian Christopher Austin, Baron Austin of Dudley (born 6 March 1965) is a British politician who sits as a life peer in the House of Lords. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dudley North from the 2005 general election until the 2019 general election when he stood down. Formerly a member of the Labour Party, he resigned from the party on 22 February 2019 to sit as an independent, and was ennobled in the 2019 Dissolution Honours. He served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government from 2009 to 2010.

Early life
Austin was born on 6 March 1965 and was adopted as a baby by Dudley school teachers Fred and Margaret Austin. His adoptive father, Fred (a Czech Jew who was himself adopted by an English family on the Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia), was head of The Dudley School from its formation in 1975 until his retirement in 1985. Fred Austin, born Fredi Stiller, was awarded the MBE in the New Year's Honours List for 2006 in recognition of his service to the communities of Dudley. Fred Austin died in March 2019 at the age of 90, four months after the death of his wife Margaret. Ian Austin's adoptive siblings are David Austin, the chief executive of the British Board of Film Classification, Helen, who is a nutritionist and former teacher, and Rebecca, who is one of Britain's leading midwives.

Having failed the eleven-plus to attend King Edward's School, Birmingham, Austin was educated at The Dudley School from 1977 to 1983. He studied government and politics at the University of Essex.

Journalism career
Austin was keen to obtain a National Union of Journalists card and took a job with Black Country Publishing in Netherton where his personal interest in sport, especially cycling (he was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Cycling Group) and football, led him to work as a journalist on Midland Sport Magazine.

Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council
Austin was elected as a councillor in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley in 1991, and served until 1995.

West Midlands Labour Party
In 1995 Austin then moved to become press officer for the West Midlands Labour Party until 1998.

Scottish Labour Party
In 1998, Austin spent a year as deputy director of communications for the Scottish Labour Party.

Office of the Chancellor of the Exchequer
Austin was appointed a political advisor to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (later Prime Minister), Gordon Brown, in 1999. He held the position until his election in 2005, and was known as one of Brown's closest lieutenants.

House of Commons
Austin was selected as the Labour candidate for Dudley North following the retirement of Ross Cranston, and was elected at the 2005 general election with a majority of 5,432.

In June 2007, Austin was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister to Gordon Brown, with a special provision to attend cabinet meetings. He was moved to a new position in the 2008 reshuffle, becoming an Assistant Whip for the Government. In the June 2009 reshuffle, he became Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government and Minister for the West Midlands. Under Ed Miliband, Austin served as Shadow Minister for Culture, Media and Sport between 2010 and 2011 and Shadow Minister for Work and Pensions between 2011 and 2013.

In the 2015 Parliament, Austin joined the Education Select Committee, and was appointed as chair of the Labour Party's education committee.

Behaviour
Austin was reprimanded by the Speaker of the House of Commons for heckling during Prime Minister's Questions on 18 October 2006, and he was subsequently described by David Cameron as one of Gordon Brown's "boot boys". The following week he was rebuked again by the Speaker for comments made towards the Conservative benches.

On 1 June 2012, Austin apologised after falsely claiming a Palestinian human rights group, Friends of Al-Aqsa, had denied the Holocaust happened in an article he wrote on the Labour Uncut website in 2011. He accepted the material of which he complained had been produced by an unconnected individual.

In June 2014, Deputy Speaker Dawn Primarolo told Austin to apologise after he referred to Conservative MP Tobias Ellwood as an "idiot".

In July 2016, Austin was reprimanded by the Speaker of the House of Commons for heckling Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn by shouting "sit down and shut up" and "you're a disgrace", as Corbyn criticised the 2003 invasion of Iraq in his response to the publication of the Chilcot Inquiry.

In July 2018, Austin was put under investigation by the Labour Party for allegedly using abusive language towards the Party Chairman, Ian Lavery. General Secretary Jennie Formby dropped the inquiry in November, although Austin did receive a reprimand from the Chief Whip.

On 17 March 2022, Austin and The Daily Telegraph apologised to former Jeremy Corbyn staffer, Laura Murray, and agreed to pay her "substantial damages" (£40,000) for suggesting she was an "anti-Jewish racist" and part of the "vile anti-Semitism of Corbyn's Labour". They accepted there was no basis to the claims and that Ms Murray had in fact "devoted significant time and energy to confronting and challenging antisemitism within the Labour Party".

Expenses
In May 2009, The Daily Telegraph reported that Austin had attempted to split a claim for stamp duty on buying his second home in London into two payments and tried to claim the cost back over two financial years. This allowed him to claim the majority of the money (£21,559, just £75 short of the maximum) under his second-home allowance in the 2005/06 financial year. He then claimed for the remaining £1,344 stamp duty cost in 2006–2007, together with his legal fees. In all, he went on to claim £22,076 (£34 short of the maximum) in the next financial year.

It also reported that Austin "flipped" his second-home designation weeks before buying a £270,000 London flat, and had claimed £467 for a stereo system for his constituency home, shortly before he changed his second-home designation to London. He then spent a further £2,800 furnishing the new London flat.

Austin denied any wrongdoing, and defended his actions in an interview with local newspaper Dudley News.

Resignation from the Labour Party
On 22 February 2019, Austin resigned from the Labour Party over what he said was its 'culture of extremism, anti-Semitism and intolerance' and became an independent MP. His resignation was in the same week as The Independent Group had been formed, but Austin did not join, as he disagreed with their desire for another referendum on Brexit.

On 19 March, MPs passed a motion put forward by Labour to remove Austin, as well as Independent Group MP Mike Gapes, from the seats on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee they held as part of the Labour Party's allocation. Austin said Jeremy Corbyn wanted "to boot me off this committee because I stood up against racism", while Labour said it was right the party filled its allocation of seats on the committees.

In July 2019, Austin was appointed Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Israel by Theresa May. It was an unpaid and voluntary cross-party network, supporting UK trade and investment in global markets.

In September 2019, Austin used his speech in the emergency debate proposed by Jeremy Corbyn to criticise him. Labour MP Liz McInnes, who was sitting on a backbench behind him, told him to "go sit somewhere else" in anger at his comments. Later in the month he attended the Labour Party conference with a large mobile billboard stating Corbyn was unfit to lead the party or country.

Later that month, outside the Labour Party conference Austin launched the pressure group Mainstream UK, in front of a banner reading "Jeremy Corbyn: Unfit to Lead the Labour Party, Unfit to Lead the Country". The group described itself as "a new campaign designed to encourage a return to respectable and responsible politics, and to banish extremism from British politics once and for all". During the 2019 general election, Mainstream purchased targeted advertisements attacking Labour's taxation, spending, and nationalisation policies.

In November 2019, Austin announced he would not stand in the December general election, and advised his constituents to vote for the Conservative Party in order to stop Jeremy Corbyn becoming Prime Minister. In December 2019, ten days before the general election, Labour supporters and members received a promotion on behalf of the Conservative and Unionist Party through the Royal Mail which was a letter from their formerly Labour MP. In the letter, Austin urged Labour voters to vote Conservative. The letter claimed the addresses had been obtained from the Register of Electors.

Austin's successor, Conservative Marco Longhi, won the seat with a majority of 11,533, defeating the Labour candidate Melanie Dudley. This marked the first time a Labour candidate had lost an election in Dudley North since the seat's creation in 1997.

House of Lords
Austin was nominated for a life peerage in Boris Johnson's Dissolution Honours list in 2020, along with other prominent Corbyn critics Frank Field and John Woodcock, as well as Labour Leave-associated figures Kate Hoey and Gisela Stuart. He was created Baron Austin of Dudley, of Dudley in the County of West Midlands in the afternoon of 2 September 2020 and now sits as a non-affiliated life peer.

Political positions
In the Labour leadership election of 2010, Austin nominated Ed Balls, who came third.

In 2013, Austin proposed the government share costs with parents in areas of poor educational attainment who wished to send their children to private schools.

In October 2014, and again in December 2016, Austin called for greater action to limit immigration, and proposed a range of measures to achieve this, including tighter border controls, fingerprinting immigrants, deporting foreign criminals, reducing benefits entitlement, charging foreigners for NHS care, allowing only those who have lived or worked locally for two years on the housing list and measures to discourage the employment of immigrants rather than British citizens.

In March 2018, Austin described Russia as "a fascist, homophobic dictatorship" and suggested the England team boycott the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Austin was a member of Labour Friends of Israel. Jonathan Goldstein of the Jewish Leadership Council has called him a friend and ally.

Brexit
In 2013, Austin became one of the first Labour MPs to call for an in/out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. He supported the UK remaining in the EU in the 2016 membership referendum, but was opposed to a second referendum. On 15 January 2019, Austin was one of only three Labour MPs to vote for Theresa May's Brexit deal in the Meaningful vote (along with Kevin Barron and John Mann). In the same series of votes, Austin was one of 14 Labour MPs who voted against his colleague Yvette Cooper's amendment, which was designed to prevent a no-deal Brexit by extending the article 50 negotiating period.

Midland Heart suspension
In February 2024, Austin was suspended by Midland Heart, a social landlord, for a tweet in which he said "Everyone, better safe than sorry: before you go to bed, nip down and check you haven’t inadvertently got a death cult of Islamist murderers and rapists running their operations downstairs. It’s easily done.". Lord Austin said that the tweet (which was later deleted) referred to Hamas.

title: Ian Austin


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Mary Poovey

Mary Louise Poovey is an American cultural historian and literary critic whose work focuses on the Victorian Era. She is currently Samuel Rudin University Professor in the Humanities at New York University, and Director of the Institute for the History of the Production of Knowledge. Poovey has taught at Johns Hopkins University, Swarthmore College, and Yale University.

Education
Poovey gained her PhD from the University of Virginia in 1976.

Proper women
In 1984 Poovey published The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Her book is based around the idea of a "Proper Lady" and she looks at the difficulties that these three important authors had in breaking free from this mould.

Feminist readings
Poovey has been recognised as important in the work that she has done in feminist reading. She has looked at how the growth of women writing was a device for seeing their voices emerge.

Poovey conducted a public re-evaluation in 1999 at the British Women Writers Conference as a theoretical exercise of a writer's work. Poovey re-read the works of Ellen Pickering and decided that they were not worth reviving. This novelist's works had been popular in the 19th century but she considered the books to be over-complicated and lacking in innovation. She concluded that the only reason to re-read works like this was to confirm that the books that we had chosen to remember, like Jane Eyre and Mary Barton, are the best of their type. Poovey used her re-reading of Pickering's novels to argue that not all writers need to be revived into the literary canon. Tamara Wagner went on to argue that this shows that we need to debunk our "history of reading these texts back from reality"?

Honors
On January 30, 2015 Poovey received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University, Sweden.

Works

 * PhD Thesis

Her books include:

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title: Mary Poovey


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Estrous cycle

The estrous cycle (, originally ) is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria. Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases, otherwise known as "rest" phases, or by pregnancies. Typically, estrous cycles repeat until death. These cycles are widely variable in duration and frequency depending on the species. Some animals may display bloody vaginal discharge, often mistaken for menstruation. Many mammals used in commercial agriculture, such as cattle and sheep, may have their estrous cycles artificially controlled with hormonal medications for optimum productivity. The male equivalent, seen primarily in ruminants, is called rut.

Differences from the menstrual cycle
Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary gland that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself that releases sex hormones, including estrogens and progesterone.

However, animals that have estrous cycles resorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Mammals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

Humans, elephant shrews, and a few other species have menstrual cycles rather than estrous cycles. Humans, unlike most other species, have concealed ovulation, a lack of obvious external signs to signal estral receptivity at ovulation (i.e., the ability to become pregnant). Some species of animals with estrous cycles have unmistakable outward displays of receptivity, ranging from engorged and colorful genitals to behavioral changes like mating calls.

Etymology and nomenclature
Estrus is derived via Latin oestrus ('frenzy', 'gadfly'), from Greek οἶστρος oîstros (literally 'gadfly', more figuratively 'frenzy', 'madness', among other meanings like 'breeze'). Specifically, this refers to the gadfly in Ancient Greek mythology that Hera sent to torment Io, who had been won in her heifer form by Zeus. Euripides used oestrus to indicate 'frenzy', and to describe madness. Homer used the word to describe panic. Plato also used it to refer to an irrational drive and to describe the soul "driven and drawn by the gadfly of desire". Somewhat more closely aligned to current meaning and usage of estrus, Herodotus (Histories, ch. 93.1) uses oîstros to describe the desire of fish to spawn.

The earliest use in English was with a meaning of 'frenzied passion'. In 1900, it was first used to describe 'rut in animals; heat'.

In British English, the spelling is oestrus or (rarely) œstrus. In all English spellings, the noun ends in -us and the adjective in -ous. Thus in Modern International English, a mammal may be described as "in estrus" when it is in that particular part of the estrous-cycle.

Four phases

A four-phase terminology is used in reference to animals with estrous cycles.

Proestrus
One or several follicles of the ovary start to grow. Their number is species-specific. Typically, this phase can last as little as one day or as long as three weeks, depending on the species. Under the influence of estrogen, the lining of the uterus (endometrium) starts to develop. Some animals may experience vaginal secretions that could be bloody. The female is not yet sexually receptive; the old corpus luteum degenerates; the uterus and the vagina distend and fill with fluid, become contractile and secrete a sanguinous fluid; the vaginal epithelium proliferates and the vaginal cytology shows a large number of non-cornified nucleated epithelial cells. Variant terms for proestrus include pro-oestrus, proestrum, and pro-oestrum.

Estrus
Estrus or oestrus refers to the phase when the female is sexually receptive ("in heat" in American English, or "on heat" in British English). Under regulation by gonadotropic hormones, ovarian follicles mature and estrogen secretions exert their biggest influence. The female then exhibits sexually receptive behavior, a situation that may be signaled by visible physiologic changes. Estrus is commonly seen in the mammalian species, including some primates.

In some species, the vulva becomes swollen and reddened. Ovulation may occur spontaneously in others. Especially among quadrupeds, a signal trait of estrus is the lordosis reflex, in which the animal spontaneously elevates her hindquarters.

Controlled internal drug release devices are used in livestock for the synchronization of estrus.

Metestrus or diestrus
This phase is characterized by the activity of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. The signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the corpus luteum starts to form. The uterine lining begins to appear. In the absence of pregnancy, the diestrus phase (also termed pseudopregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but is reorganized for the next cycle. Other spellings include metoestrus, metestrum, metoestrum, dioestrus, diestrum, and dioestrum.

Anestrus
Anestrus refers to the phase when the sexual cycle rests. This is typically a seasonal event and controlled by light exposure through the pineal gland that releases melatonin. Melatonin may repress stimulation of reproduction in long-day breeders and stimulate reproduction in short-day breeders. Melatonin is thought to act by regulating the hypothalamic pulse activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Anestrus is induced by time of year, pregnancy, lactation, significant illness, chronic energy deficit, and possibly age. Chronic exposure to anabolic steroids may also induce a persistent anestrus due to negative feedback on the hypothalamus/pituitary/gonadal axis. Other spellings include anoestrus, anestrum, and anoestrum.

After completion (or abortion) of a pregnancy, some species have postpartum estrus, which is ovulation and corpus luteum production that occurs immediately following the birth of the young. For example, the mouse has a fertile postpartum estrus that occurs 14 to 24 hours following parturition.

Cycle-variability
Estrous cycle variability differs among species, but cycles are typically more frequent in smaller animals. Even within species significant variability can be observed, thus cats may undergo an estrous cycle of 3 to 7 weeks. Domestication can affect estrous cycles due to changes in the environment. For most species, vaginal smear cytology may be used in order to identify estrous cycle phases and durations.

Frequency
Some species, such as cats, cows and domestic pigs, are polyestrous, meaning that they can go into heat several times per year. Seasonally polyestrous animals or seasonal breeders have more than one estrous cycle during a specific time of the year and can be divided into short-day and long-day breeders:
 * Short-day breeders, such as sheep, goats, deer and elk are sexually active in fall or winter.
 * Long-day breeders, such as horses, hamsters and ferrets are sexually active in spring and summer.

Species that go into heat twice per year are diestrous. Canines are diestrous.

Monestrous species, such as canids and bears, have only one breeding season per year, typically in spring to allow growth of the offspring during the warm season to aid survival during the next winter.

A few mammalian species, such as rabbits, do not have an estrous cycle, instead being induced to ovulate by the act of mating and are able to conceive at almost any arbitrary moment.

Generally speaking, the timing of estrus is coordinated with seasonal availability of food and other circumstances such as migration, predation etc., the goal being to maximize the offspring's chances of survival. Some species are able to modify their estral timing in response to external conditions.

Cats
The female cat in heat has an estrus of 14 to 21 days and is generally characterized as an induced ovulator, since coitus induces ovulation. However, various incidents of spontaneous ovulation have been documented in the domestic cat and various non-domestic species. Without ovulation, she may enter interestrus, which is the combined stages of diestrus and anestrus, before reentering estrus. With the induction of ovulation, the female becomes pregnant or undergoes a non-pregnant luteal phase, also known as pseudopregnancy. Cats are polyestrous but experience a seasonal anestrus in autumn and late winter.

Dogs
A female dog is usually diestrous (goes into heat typically twice per year), although some breeds typically have one or three cycles per year. The proestrus is relatively long at 5 to 9 days, while the estrus may last 4 to 13 days, with a diestrus of 60 days followed by about 90 to 150 days of anestrus. Female dogs bleed during estrus, which usually lasts from 7–13 days, depending on the size and maturity of the dog. Ovulation occurs 24–48 hours after the luteinizing hormone peak, which occurs around the fourth day of estrus; therefore, this is the best time to begin breeding. Proestrus bleeding in dogs is common and is believed to be caused by diapedesis of red blood cells from the blood vessels due to the increase of the estradiol-17β hormone.

Horses
A mare may be in heat for 4 to 10 days, followed by approximately 14 days in diestrus. Thus, a cycle may be short, totaling approximately 3 weeks. Horses mate in spring and summer; autumn is a transition time, and anestrus occurs during winter.

A feature of the fertility cycle of horses and other large herd animals is that it is usually affected by the seasons. The number of hours daily that light enters the eye of the animal affects the brain, which governs the release of certain precursors and hormones. When daylight hours are few, these animals "shut down", become anestrous, and do not become fertile. As the days grow longer, the longer periods of daylight cause the hormones that activate the breeding cycle to be released. As it happens, this benefits these animals in that, given a gestation period of about eleven months, it prevents them from having young when the cold of winter would make their survival risky.

Rats
Rats are polyestrous animals that typically have rapid cycle lengths of 4 to 5 days. Although they ovulate spontaneously, they do not develop a fully functioning corpus luteum unless they receive coital stimulation. Fertile mating leads to pregnancy in this way, but infertile mating leads to a state of pseudopregnancy lasting about 10 days. Mice and hamsters have similar behavior. The events of the cycle are strongly influenced by lighting periodicity.

A set of follicles starts to develop near the end of proestrus and grows at a nearly constant rate until the beginning of the subsequent estrus when the growth rates accelerate eightfold. Ovulation occurs about 109 hours after the start of follicle growth.

Estrogen peaks at about 11 am on the day of proestrus. Between then and midnight there is a surge in progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and ovulation occurs at about 4 am on the next estrus day. The following day, metestrus, is called early diestrus or diestrus I. During this day, the corpora lutea grow to a maximal volume, achieved within 24 hours of ovulation. They remain at that size for three days, halve in size before the metestrus of the next cycle and then shrink abruptly before estrus of the cycle after that. Thus the ovaries of cycling rats contain three different sets of corpora lutea at different phases of development.

Bison
Buffalo have an estrous cycle of about 22 to 24 days. Buffalo are known for difficult estrus detection. This is one major reason for being less productive than cattle. During four phases of its estrous cycle, mean weight of corpus luteum has been found to be 1.23±0.22g (metestrus), 3.15±0.10g (early diestrus), 2.25±0.32g (late diestrus), and 1.89±0.31g (proestrus/estrus), respectively. The plasma progesterone concentration was 1.68±0.37, 4.29±0.22, 3.89±0.33, and 0.34±0.14 ng/ml while mean vascular density (mean number of vessels/10 microscopic fields at 400x) in corpus luteum was 6.33±0.99, 18.00±0.86, 11.50±0.76, and 2.83±0.60 during the metestrus, early diestrus, late diestrus and proestrus/estrus, respectively.

Cattle
Female cattle, also referred to as "heifers" in agriculture, will gradually enter standing estrus, or "standing heat," starting at puberty between 9 and 15 months of age. The cow estrous cycle typically lasts 21 days. Standing estrus is a visual cue which signifies sexual receptivity for mounting by male cattle. This behavior lasts anywhere between 8 and 30 hours at a time. Other behaviors of the female during standing estrus may change, including, but not limited to: nervousness, swollen vulva, or attempting to mount other animals. While visual and behavioral cues are helpful to the male cattle, estrous stages cannot be determined by the human eye. Rather, the stage can be estimated from the appearance of the corpora lutea or follicle composition.

Estrous control
Due to the widespread use of bovine animals in agriculture, cattle estrous cycles have been widely studied, and manipulated, in an effort to maximize profitability through reproductive management. Much estrous control in cattle is for the purpose of synchronization, a practice or set of practices most often used by cattle farmers to control the timing and duration of estrus in large herds.

There is variation between the available methods of cattle estrous synchronization. Treatment depends on herd size, specific goals for control, and budget. Some of the FDA-approved drugs and devices used to mimic natural hormones of the estrous cycle include, but are not limited to, the following classes:

 * Gonadorelin: There are currently five available gonadorelin products that are FDA-Approved. Usually, gonadorelin is used in conjunction with another estrous control drug (typically, prostaglandin). This drug is used to mimic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and may also be used to treat ovarian cysts.
 * Prostaglandin: Mimics the prostaglandin F2-alpha hormone released when no pregnancy has occurred and regresses the corpus luteum. This drug is used to achieve more consistent results in artificial insemination.
 * Progestin: Used to suppress estrus and/or block ovulation. Most commonly, it is administered via an intravaginal insert comparable to an IUD, which used in controlling menstrual periods. It is also available as a medicated feed, but this method is not yet approved for cattle crop synchronization.

There is variation between the available methods of cattle estrous synchronization. Treatment depends on herd size, specific goals for control, and budget.

Bovine estrous cycles may also be impacted by other bodily functions such as oxytocin levels. Additionally, heat stress has been linked to impairment of follicular development, especially impactful to the first-wave dominant follicle. Future synchronization programs are planning to focus on the impact of heat stress on fertilization and embryonic death rates after artificial insemination.

Additionally, work has been done regarding other mammalian females, such as in dogs, for estrous control; However, there are yet to be any approved medications outside of those commercially available.

Others
Estrus frequencies of some other notable mammals:

 * Sheep: 18 days
 * Pig: 21 days
 * Goat: 21 days
 * Donkey: 13 to 31 days (average 23)
 * Elephant: 16 weeks
 * Wolf: 9 days

title: Estrous cycle


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/Meelar and Firebug vs. Mlorrey

User:Meelar and User:Firebug vs. User:Mlorrey
Please see the request for comments against me, user Mlorrey. I hereby request mediation against the political edit-stalking of Meelar and Firebug.Mlorrey 21:05, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm willing to participate in whatever it takes to get neutral content into articles. If Mlorrey thinks mediation will help, that's fine. Best, Meelar (talk) 21:11, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm baffled as to why Mlorrey feels mediation against me is necessary at this point. Prior to that request, I had reverted a total of two of his edits, he claimed that my actions constituted "vandalism", and I reverted another edit. I don't feel that Mlorrey made a good-faith effort to use other avenues of dispute resolution before requesting mediation. The only reason that Mlorrey's actions came to my attention in the first place is that Meelar opened a RFC against him, and I reviewed his edit history to determine whether I wanted to endorse it. After reviewing his edits, I determined that a number of them flagrantly violated Wikipedia's NPOV policy, so I reverted them, and endorsed the RFC. I suspect that this request is retaliation for the RFC on Mlorrey's part. Since this situation began, I have made a compromise edit on Gun Control Act of 1968 that I hope will be suitable to all parties. Unfortunately, Mlorrey's comments on his RFC indicates that he believes it is objective and NPOV to state that gun control and politicians supporting it are fascist, so I fear that edit wars will continue to rage over this controversial issue. Firebug 03:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Objection
Mlorrey challenges the reality of Firebug as a person independent of being a sockpuppet of Meelar.Mlorrey 04:12, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Objection 2
Mlorrey also challenges Firebug's certification as a co-plaintiff, as Firebug intentionally initiated agression against my edits, AFTER this dispute began, which is a violation of dispute resolution protocol, in order gain this certification, and therefore is intentionally 'throwing himself in front of a bus'. This is fraud and his certification should be dismissed by whoever is ajudicating this court.Mlorrey 04:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Temporary Injunction/Restraining Order invoked against Meelar/Firebug
Mlorrey has also previously requested that this be moved to mediation, but has not been notified of any mediator taking jurisdiction of this case via message or email. Therefore, this case cannot move forward, nor can the alleged co-plaintiffs take further action until mediation jurisdiction has been established. Under the Hague Service Convention, he is entitled to be served proper notice. As a website providing service in many Hague signatory nations (including the US, Canada, and Europe), wikipedia is bound by this treaty. Until such is done, Mlorrey hereby revokes Meelar/Firebug's further authority to initiate force against him or his edits in wikipedia. This is to be considered a temporary injunction/restraining order against further changes of his edits and all reversions committed by Meelar/Firebug since the date of this RFC must be reversed, until such time as an official Wikipedia mediator acceptable to both sides agrees to accept jurisdiction over this case. Mlorrey 04:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Frankly, this is some of the most bizarre stuff I've ever read on Wikipedia. Mlorrey, this isn't a court of law. Firebug 06:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This case has been closed as it has been taken to arbitration. Mgm|(talk) 17:43, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)


text:
British Radio Car Association

The British Radio Car Association (or BRCA) is an organisation that promotes the construction and racing of all types of radio controlled cars in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1971 by Ted Longshaw and Keith Plested, who was also the founder of PB Racing, a manufacturer of RC cars;  they coordinate BRCA affiliated clubs in the UK, and offer insurance for any accidents that might occur.

They also organise regional and national racing events for various classes. Each year the BRCA produces a rules booklet for every UK racing class, such as 1:10 Electric touring cars, 1:8 Nitro circuit cars and 1:16 Electric micro offroad cars with specific rules as regard to maximum and minimum dimensions, and homologated motors and cells. It is recommended (and at some clubs compulsory) to become a BRCA member due to its insurance and health and safety benefits.

The BRCA is a member of the European Federation of Radio Operated Model Automobiles (EFRA).

The BRCA is also affiliated with the Motor Sports Association who deal with motorsports in the UK, although deal primarily with full-size racing rather than scale model racing

Objectives of The British Radio Car Association
As outlined in the constitution of the BRCA their objectives are:

 * To promote the construction and competition of radio-controlled cars.
 * To facilitate the exchange of information and ideas relating to the sport.
 * To set rules and standards for construction and racing.
 * To encourage National and International competition within a co-ordinated calendar.

Sections within the BRCA
The BRCA is made up of 13 sections, each section maintain and hold their own construction rules for the classes they race:
 * 1/10th Electric Circuit including Formala 1
 * 1/8th Scale Circuit
 * 1/12th Scale Circuit
 * 1/8th Scale Rally X
 * 1/10th Electric Off Road
 * Various Scale Stock Cars
 * 1/10th Scale IC Circuit
 * 1/5th Scale Circuit
 * Various Scale Bikes
 * Large Scale Off Road
 * 1/12th carpet oval
 * 1/18th Scale Micro Cars
 * Various Scale Truggy

Major hosted events
1987 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championships

1993 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championships

1998 On-Track98 held in South Shields IFMAR 1/12, 1/10 (Pro10) and Touring Car World Cup

2016 First Reedy International 1/12 Race of Champions at centre:mk Milton Keynes

2017 First GT12 Worlds held at centre:mk

2020 IFMAR 1/12th World Championship at centre:mk Milton Keynes

title: British Radio Car Association


text:
Talk:Baudot code

Lower case in telegraph code?
Re: Original Baudot, Continental European Tree4rest (talk) 22:29, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Currently: t 0074
 * Why isn't: T 0054

 * Yes, the "t" seems wrong. I changed it to "T". Guy Harris (talk) 00:33, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Nope! It appears, in the leftmost chart of "Fig 1. The Baudot code" in the reference for that table, that it's an underlined superscript lower-case "t".  I'm not sure what that would be used for; there are other underlined superscripted upper-case letters, such as "F", "H", and "O".  U+1D57 is "MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T", which is in the "Phonetic Extensions" block, but, according to the official Unicode chart, it's not underlined, so, if it really is underlined, it'd have to be mapped to a combining character plus "MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T". Guy Harris (talk) 05:27, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

Underlined superscripted letters in "Original Baudot, Continental European"?
Does anybody know what the characters shown as superscripted, double-underlined letters in the left-hand chart of "Fig 1. The Baudot code" of the reference for the charts in "Original Baudot, Continental European" are? The letters appear to be capital "F", capital "H", capital or lower-case "O"/"o", and lower-case "t". I tried some Web searching, but didn't find anything obvious. Guy Harris (talk) 05:34, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The French Wiki page has this source with a table that matches the double underlined "t" (there it is a capitalized but small "T") with a period "." character as secondary meaning. The code is the same from the patent and a regular capital letter "T" is also present on the listing. May indicate end of message (transmis/transmitted) (tout/all) or perhaps underline. Other letters having it suggests a convention perhaps of a control character usage. 24.240.218.117 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 00:20, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Messed up tables
How is this

meant to be an improvement on this?

In my browser, the first one has a huge whitespace to the right. The second version you tried leaves behind a key that will be baffling to the reader. SpinningSpark 17:02, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , As I have told you several times, all data tables need captions (per MOS:TABLECAPTION) and you should not have nested tables (!): that's wildly inaccessible. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:18, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You've told me, but you are not in charge any more than I am. I'm all for making things more accessible, but that shouldn't be done at the expense of sacrificing the appearance for the majority of readers.  Your latest attempt has unhidden the table which makes the article more difficult for readers (probably the majority) who want to just skip past the table.  I'm not saying there is not a problem, but can you please explain exactly what the problem is, then perhaps between us we can come up with a solution.  Why does a caption work better than the rolled up title of a hidden table?  Why do you consider the nesting to be nesting of data tables when the table is only wrapped inside a title, not more data? SpinningSpark 18:23, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , I've made several attempts at this: how about you do the work that you keep on offloading to me. How things look is not anywhere near as important as how accessible they are and the current version is perfectly fine aesthetically and is accessible. See MOS:SMALL, MOS:TABLECAPTION, and MOS:COLLAPSE: as far as I can tell, you haven't read them and you keep on inserting nested tables as well (!) which is totally inaccessible. The fact that you keep on doing this seems to prove that you haven't read or comprehended Help:Table or any other documentation on tables that I have repeatedly asked you to read. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:39, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

I notice the table headers that say "sort keys" don't work. I have no idea if that has anything to do with the above discussion. 2602:24A:DE47:BA60:8FCB:EA4E:7FBD:4814 (talk) 23:29, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

Inland & Continental: British order?
While continental order looks rather logical to code both vowels and consonants in their natural order on 5 bits (31 values), what is supposed to be the inland/British logic?

Is it more an order for coding numbers on 4 bits (15 values)? a reuse of any previous code? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.67.202.154 (talk • contribs) 22:45, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

Table cleanup
People have already mentioned problems with accessibility of the table's backend code... but the table layout itself is inaccessible even to sighted, first-language-English readers, let alone blind or ESL ones.

How is someone using a screen reader meant to be able to understand the bit patterns, from this table? There's no earthly way! How does a screen reader read a blank column? A column containing nothing but a bulletpoint?

What's the rationale for having Gray code be the default ordering? For ordering by Gray code at all? For having each of the value columns twice? For having each bit of the value in a separate column? For having the value columns randomly positioned within the table? For bulletpoints and spaces instead of either the traditional plusses and minuses to indicate telegraph wire polarity, or modern 1s and 0s? For having "Let" and "Fig" headings in the UK but not Eur side? For not having those columns sortable? For splitting the "sort keys" columns? For even having the "sort keys" columns in the first place? For inconsistently calling it "Europe" in one place, "Continental" in another? For abbreviating items on the UK side only? Why are the erasure codes incorrectly marked as asterisks in the UK side? Why are the underlined "F H O  T" in Eur displayed in lowercase, rather than the more canonical uppercase? Why is the Fig by "V" marked as a superscript "1" rather than an apostrophe "'"? ...

As someone who knows nothing, and who comes to an encyclopaedia for answers, none of this made any sense. So I dug into it for a few hours, and my proposal is below. I have not "been bold" and made the change, as I accept that I am a complete ignoramus in this area, and I have likely made at least a few egregious errors.

Rationale

 * Addresses at least the wilder things from the list above.
 * That lengthy introductory paragraph can go.
 * Infinitely more accessible to screen readers.
 * Also more accessible to human eyeballs.
 * Few abbreviations, so translation can have a fighting chance.
 * The "Binary" column for "code" has the bits in binary order, because that's the sanest for accessibility; and it sorts in binary order.
 * The "Keyboard" column is in the bit order "54:123", as this table previously tried to show. The sort is set as Gray, but only because I assume that's of some academic interest... I can't guess what, though. I don't see any more use to this ordering than to Pendry's "plan".
 * The "Type-Wheel" column is in transmission bit order ("12345": little-endian). I also have this set as the default sort order, because (completely arbitrarily!) I felt it's the nicest looking, and most historically interesting. Also, since it appears randomish, it encourages people to experiment with the sort buttons :)
 * I've also set some characters (control codes, funky numbers) to have a custom sort order, for sanity's sake.

Further work needs to be done
I am far from qualified to do any of this. I know nothing, and Googling around the matter for hours has failed me.

 * Find something better than numbered dots for the "keyboard" and 'type-wheel' columns. There's some unfortunate markup in the table to make the numbered balls be the same size, and large enough to read. Also, in dark mode, it's likely that people will read it the opposite to the intended way, maybe. "10:110", "☑☐:☐☑☑", "+-:-++", "+-:-++", "☑☐:☐☑☑" (that one's kinda nice, but again, dark mode?) ...? What's something that doesn't look too awful, is visible on most systems, works in dark mode, and is not as egregiously inaccessible as "● : ●●"?"
 * Maybe remove one or both of the keyboard and type-wheel columns. But they do both have historical relevance.
 * A textual section on "traditional formatting" should be added to describe punched-tape layout, sprocket-spacing after the second character, the fact that the original print wheel sorted by a code of diagonal lines (not a Gray code, despite what that wiki page claims!), that the endianness of the transmission order was never specified, etc.
 * Explain what the "  " characters in Eur meant, and maybe replace with "   " or even "undefined", which seems closest to the various early sources I can find.
 * Explain why the values "1/ 3/ 5/ 7/ 9/" were included in the UK - at first glance they seem like shilling values, or the top of fractions, but if so, why only odd numbers?
 * Explain why the values "1" and "2" were included in the UK. Perhaps they were footnotes in the original source, but they don't seem to be, in Google's scan of either edition of Pendry.
 * More of the characters, especially in the Figs columns, need custom sort orders.

Proposal

 * I agree that the sort keys in the table are not helpful. Gray code is not relevant to this application.  I can't even work out what the "Continental" and "UK" sort keys are even doing – it's almost, but not quite, a binary sort.  I would be happy to see the sort key columns removed altogether.  Having said that, I don't think your reworked table is much of an improvement.  Sorting by binary value is not an especially good choice for the default.  That is only helpful to someone trying to manually read a punched tape (ie reverse translation) which is not something that many readers are going to want to do.  In any case, it is quite arbitrary which bit is considered the MSB in a code which (I think) was never stored digitally, so historically never had a representation as a number.  Thus, it is WP:OR to have a binary column at all.
 * The "keyboard" column is numbered in the wrong order. The numbering goes from the central black key outwards – 1,2,3 to the right and 4,5 to the left.  That is, 4 and 5 are the wrong way round.  I'm not sure what you mean by "type-wheel" code.  This is actually showing the transmission order of the bits (which I agree is a useful column to have).  The type-wheel has a definite order of characters, but it doesn't amount to a different code.  It's just a different ordering, so shouldn't show any coding.  It should just reorder the other columns.  Very oddly, I have to click the type-wheel column three times before it sorts into typewheel order (A,E,Y,J,X...).
 * I really don't like the fussy little numbers in circles. It would be much clearer to have the bit numbers as headings and show the coding as plain black dots. SpinningSpark 12:31, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
 * By the way, the article does not even mention "typewheel" so some explanation of that column would be required if it is retained. SpinningSpark 09:30, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baudot code


text:
Lynn Patrick

Joseph Lynn Patrick (February 3, 1912 – January 26, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and executive. As a player, Patrick played ten seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers. He was twice named to the NHL All-Star team and was a member of the Rangers' 1940 Stanley Cup championship team. Patrick turned to coaching following his playing career, serving first with the Rangers, then the Boston Bruins – where he was also general manager – and finally as the first head coach of the St. Louis Blues.

Patrick was part of one of hockey's most famous families. His brother Muzz and son Glenn were also NHL players, while his father Lester, uncle Frank Patrick and son Craig are all members of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Lynn was himself posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1980 and was a recipient of the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989 for his contributions to the sport in the United States.

Early life
Patrick was born February 3, 1912, in Victoria, British Columbia. His father Lester and uncle Frank were founders and operators of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). Lynn also played hockey growing up, until Victoria's Patrick Arena burned down in 1929. Lynn played several sports in addition to hockey; he was a member of the Vancouver Blue Ribbons basketball team that won the Canadian national championship in 1933. After his father sent he and his brother Muzz to Montreal to study at McGill University, Patrick resumed his hockey career with the Royal Montreal Hockey Club in 1933. He also played basketball and football at the same time.

Playing career
Lester Patrick was managing the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1934 when his assistants convinced him to sign Lynn to a contract. Lester was hesitant, fearing that such a move would be labeled as nepotism. Nonetheless, the Rangers signed Lynn to a contract on November 4, 1934. He made his NHL debut on November 10, 1934, against the St. Louis Eagles. Lynn struggled in his rookie season of 1934–35, resulting in the criticism Lester feared. Lynn was often maligned by fans and the press, but was a steady presence for the Rangers over the next several seasons as he scored between 25 and 34 points in 48-game seasons between 1935–36 and 1939–40. His brother Muzz joined the team in 1938, and the pair were members of New York's 1940 Stanley Cup championship team.

Playing on a line by Bryan Hextall and Phil Watson, Patrick developed into a leading offensive player for the Rangers. He recorded 44 points in 1940–41, then led the NHL with 32 goals in 1941–42. He was named to the NHL's first All-Star team, and to the second team in 1942–43. That season, Patrick set a career high with 61 points. Patrick then left the NHL for two years to serve with the United States military in the Second World War. He returned to the league for one final NHL season in 1945–46, but found that he lost his skating speed during his time off and switched from left wing to defence. In 455 games over ten seasons, Patrick scored 145 goals and 335 points.

Coaching career
The Rangers named Patrick the head coach of their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the New Haven Ramblers for the 1946–47 season. He was also listed as a utility player for the team, but hoped he would play only if necessary. Nonetheless, he appeared in 16 games for the Ramblers; he recorded two goals and six assists. He remained with New Haven for the following two seasons, and was promoted to head coach of the Rangers midway through the 1948–49 NHL season. He served as Rangers coach until 1950. After leading the Rangers to the Stanley Cup Finals, he was offered the coaching position with the Boston Bruins, with a raise to $12,000 per year. When the Rangers refused to pay Patrick more than $9,000 he resigned and joined the Bruins.

Patrick coached the Bruins between 1950 and 1955. He was also named the team's general manager in 1954, a position he held until 1964. Patrick had three short stints as head coach of the St. Louis Blues and two as general manager. He was as the first general manager and head coach of the Blues in 1967–68, but quickly surrendered the coaching role to Scotty Bowman, who led the team to an appearance in the 1968 Stanley Cup Finals. He ultimately became the Blues' senior vice president, a position he held until his retirement in 1977.

In 1958, Patrick and journalist Leo Monahan co-published the book Let's Play Hockey! as an instructional guide for coaching ice hockey.

Personal life
Patrick was married to Dorothea Davis, a model and actress, between 1939 and 1941. He and Dorothea had one son, Lester Lee Patrick. Lynn then married Bernice Lang. They had four children together, Craig Patrick, Karen Patrick, Glenn Patrick, and Dean Patrick.

Lynn Patrick died on January 26, 1980. He left a Blues game that night due to illness but crashed his car near the arena after suffering a heart attack.

Lynn was a member of one of hockey's most famous families. His father Lester and uncle Frank were both inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. His brother Muzz was an NHL player, as were his sons Craig and Glenn. Lynn was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1980, months after his death. Craig became the fourth member of the Patrick family so honoured in 2001. USA Hockey recognized Lynn's contributions to hockey in the United States by naming him a recipient of the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989.

title: Lynn Patrick


text:
File:Scurvygras.jpg

Scurvy-grass, Cochlearia officinalis L. at Bjoernoeya with Bruennichs guillemot 2002, Michael Haferkamp

(Similar but not identical to commons:Image:Uria Lomvia 1 8.jpg)

title: File:Scurvygras.jpg


text:
Talk:Sarah Lucas

Link
There is a problem with the link to the Sensation exhibition which is mentioned in the Bio. It goes on to an article on psychology and physiology of sensation, and I'm not sure how best to disambiguate this from 'sensation' exhibition. Maybe using 'Sensation' for the exhibition and Sensation for the term referring to sensory stuff. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Audiac (talk • contribs) should be fixed now Shazdor (talk) 14:37, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 14:27, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

more sources
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/arts/design/sarah-lucas-new-museum.html --Vexations (talk) 00:52, 6 September 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ added to article WomenArtistUpdates (talk) 21:18, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sarah Lucas


text:
Belmont Park railway station, Perth

Belmont Park railway station was located on the Armadale/Thornlie line in Perth, Western Australia. It was operated by Transperth serving Belmont Park Racecourse from 1906 until 2013. The station saw 1,358 passengers in the 2013-14 financial year.

History
Belmont Park station opened in 1906 as Goodwood. In 1979, it was renamed Belmont Park. It was used only when there was an event at the Belmont Park Racecourse.

The station closed on 13 October 2013 to make way for the Perth Stadium station that was built to service Perth Stadium.

title: Belmont Park railway station, Perth


text:
FMIC

FMIC may refer to:
 * Front mounted intercooler, a type of intercooler
 * Fender Musical Instruments Corporation
 * French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul, Afghanistan

title: FMIC


text:
Marlon Byrd

Marlon Jerrard Byrd (born August 30, 1977) is an American former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Washington Nationals, Texas Rangers, Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, Cincinnati Reds, and Cleveland Indians. He was an All-Star in 2010 with the Cubs.

High school career
Byrd is a 1995 graduate of Sprayberry High School in Marietta, Georgia, and won All-State honors in baseball and football. He played on the 1993 state runner-up team as a sophomore, and was part of the 1995 state championship team.

College career
Byrd began his college baseball career at Georgia Tech. As a sophomore in 1996, after experiencing discomfort in his leg, Byrd was diagnosed with an infection in his tibialis anterior muscle, the largest muscle in the lower leg. After considering amputation, doctors chose to perform surgery to remove the muscle entirely. Between Thanksgiving in 1996 and January 1997, Byrd underwent a total of three operations. He spent nearly two years rehabbing the injury, during which time his body weight rose from 225 to 315 pounds. He shed the weight by approximating a bodybuilder diet and then enrolled at Georgia Perimeter College where he played his final season of college baseball in 1999.

Philadelphia Phillies
Byrd reached the major leagues in 2003. He came in fourth in the Rookie of the Year voting, batting .303 with 86 runs scored, 28 doubles, four triples, seven home runs and 11 stolen bases in 135 games and 495 at-bats.

During his rookie season, Byrd and the team were sued by a fan who suffered a concussion from a ball that Byrd threw into the stands as a souvenir after making the last out of an inning. Both he and the team were granted summary judgement in their favor by the trial court, but the plaintiff appealed. A three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania heard the case, and two of the judges affirmed the judgement, holding that while such gifts to the fans are not part of gameplay, they are a common enough aspect of baseball games today that the Baseball Rule, which limits teams' liability to spectators injured by foul balls, applied to Byrd's throw as well.

"I do not doubt that Marlon Byrd threw the ball that hit [a]ppellant without malicious intent," wrote the dissenting justice, John Bender. "[But] if a baseball player wants to go beyond the confines of the game and provide a gratuitous souvenir to a fan, he should be charged with the obligation of doing it in a reasonably safe and prudent manner. Here, there is certainly evidence from which a factfinder might conclude that the manner in which Byrd threw the ball into the stands was imprudent." Bender said a jury should have been allowed to decide that question.

Washington Nationals
Byrd was traded to the Washington Nationals in 2005 for Endy Chávez. On July 15, 2006, Byrd was designated for assignment and assigned to Washington's Triple-A affiliate, the New Orleans Zephyrs.

Texas Rangers
Byrd was signed as a free agent by the Rangers on December 8, 2006, to compete for the starting position in center field. After failing to make the Rangers' major league roster out of spring training, Byrd was assigned to the Triple-A Oklahoma RedHawks. Byrd's contract was purchased on May 26, 2007, following injuries to outfielders Brad Wilkerson and Jerry Hairston Jr. Making the most of his call-up by hitting over .400 for the month of June, Byrd played his way into the line-up, allowing the Rangers to trade center fielder Kenny Lofton prior to the trading deadline. On August 4, 2008, he hit a walk-off grand slam to help the Rangers beat the Yankees 9–5.

Byrd had a career season in 2009, hitting 20 home runs and collecting 89 RBIs.

Following the 2009 season, Byrd filed for free agency, declining the Rangers' offer of salary arbitration.

Chicago Cubs
On December 31, 2009, Byrd signed a three-year, $15 million contract with the Chicago Cubs. In his first season with the Cubs, Byrd had his best season. He was selected for his first All-Star Game. Byrd entered the game as a substitute and drew a walk off of Matt Thornton. He scored from first base on a double by Brian McCann. In the ninth inning, while playing right field, Byrd made an outstanding play, forcing Boston DH David Ortiz at second after fielding what normally would have been a base hit.

On May 21, 2011, while batting during the 2nd inning of a game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, Byrd was hit near his left eye by a pitch from Red Sox pitcher Alfredo Aceves. The pitch was, according to Aceves, unintentional. After the pitch hit him, Byrd dropped to the ground, covered the area by his left eye and rolled in pain; he was helped off the field by Cubs medical personnel and taken to the trainer's room in the clubhouse. Byrd did not return to the game. He was taken to Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, where he stayed overnight to be examined. The incident marked the fifth time that Byrd had been hit by a pitch in a ten-day period. Byrd was placed on the 15-day disabled list the following day. Justin Berg was called up to take his place. After coming off his stint on the disabled list, Byrd wore a protective mask customized to his helmet in order to shield his weakened facial bones.

After the 2011 season Byrd began practicing Muay Thai and started a new diet and lost 40 lbs.

Later career
On April 21, 2012, Byrd was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Michael Bowden and a player to be named later. Minor league pitcher Hunter Cervenka was the player sent to the Cubs May 15. On June 9, Byrd was designated for assignment by the Red Sox in order to make room for Daisuke Matsuzaka, who was returning from the disabled list. On June 12, 2012, Byrd was released. On June 25, Byrd was suspended 50 games for testing positive for a banned substance. Byrd was placed on the restricted list and remained there until August 20.

On February 1, 2013, Byrd signed a minor-league deal with the Mets. Byrd hit a walk-off 2 RBI single on April 7 for the Mets on their way to a 4–3 victory over the Miami Marlins. Before a game on June 5, 2013, Byrd joked with Mets teammate Anthony Recker that he was going to hit two home runs in the game. Byrd did hit two home runs in the Mets 10-1 win over the Washington Nationals. Byrd hit .285 with 21 home runs and 71 RBI in 117 games for the Mets before being traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates. On August 27, Byrd and John Buck were traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for infield prospect Dilson Herrera and a player to be named later, identified on August 29 as Vic Black. In his first game with the Pirates, Byrd hit a 3-run home run in Pittsburgh's 7-1 victory over Milwaukee. In the 2013 National League Wild Card Game, Byrd went 2-4 with a home run and 2 RBI, as the Pirates defeated the Cincinnati Reds 6-2.

On November 12, 2013, Byrd agreed in principle to a two-year contract worth $16 million to return to the Phillies. The deal included an $8 million club option for 2016 that vested based on plate appearances. Unlike his previous years, Byrd began to strike out more often. In 154 games of 2014, Byrd struck out 185 times while batting .264 with 25 home runs and 85 RBI. On December 31, 2014, Byrd was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for starting pitcher Ben Lively.

As of May 14, 2015, Byrd was hitting .342 with six home runs and 14 RBIs in the month of May. He reached 19 home runs before being traded to the San Francisco Giants.

On August 20, 2015, Byrd was traded to the San Francisco Giants for Double-A reliever Stephen Johnson. He hit a home run on his first at-bat with the Giants on August 21, 2015, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Byrd hit the Giants' record-breaking 8th grand slam of the season against the Cardinals on August 28, against Michael Wacha. This was Byrd's first career hit against Wacha, and it was Wacha's first grand-slam given up. In 2015, he batted .247/.290/.453, and swung at 60.5% of all pitches he saw, tops in the major leagues.

After becoming a free agent following the 2015 season, Byrd signed a minor-league contract with the Cleveland Indians on March 18, 2016, with an invitation to major-league spring training camp. The Indians purchased his contract and added him to the active roster on April 3. In 34 games, he hit .270 with 5 HR and 19 RBI before being suspended.

On June 1, 2016, Byrd was suspended 162 games for his second positive PED test. The day his suspension started, he told his teammates that his career was over.

title: Marlon Byrd


text:
Talk:Linaceae

Merge proposal
(This was in the article, I moved it here).

should be merged with and redirected to flax

 * why? the flax article is about a single species.Plugwash 21:34, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linaceae


text:
User talk:Lucashoal

~moved the info to my user page. Feel free to drop a line if ya want to.~

Signature and userbox
Hey there; I noticed your signature is a red link, which means the link isn't going to this page (which I think is what you wanted). Right now, it is pointing to User talk:Luca, which is non-existant. You might want to go to your preferences and change lucashoal to lucashoal, which should fix it.

As to the deleted userbox - there's a huge argument over userboxes and how they might be able to be abused to recruit votes, etc.; I don't recommend getting too involved with it, since it's kinda full of drama and such, but if you're really interested, you can look at these pages for starts: Userboxes, Proposed policy on userboxes, Userbox policy poll.

Welcome to Wikipedia, and happy editing! --AySz88 ^ -  ^  03:21, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not User:UninvitedCompany by the way, I just noticed the message on it. :)
 * That link to High Tail Hall on your userpage is broken too, by the way. --AySz88 ^  -  ^  02:25, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem; just didn't want people to be confused.... ^^ --AySz88 ^ -  ^  19:20, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lucashoal