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Commerzbank

The Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft (shortly known as Commerzbank AG or Commerzbank) is a European banking institution headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. It offers services to private and entrepreneurial customers as well as corporate clients. The Commerzbank Group also includes the German brand Comdirect Bank and the Polish subsidiary mBank.

As one of the oldest banks in Germany, Commerzbank plays a significant role in the country's economy. It is the largest financier of German foreign trade, with strong ties to the German 'Mittelstand.' In addition, it maintains a presence in all major economic and financial centers worldwide. Since its establishment in 1870, Commerzbank has undergone several changes. It was the first German banking institution to open an operational branch in New York City in 1971.

Another milestone was the acquisition of Dresdner Bank in 2009. In the wake of the global economic and financial crisis, the Federal Republic of Germany became a major shareholder in the company. To this day, the government remains a significant bank shareholder, which is listed on the DAX. In recent years, the bank has undergone considerable transformation, returning to profitability, partly through substantial cost reductions and the evolution of its business model.

1870–1929
On February 26, 1870,, a merchant successful in South American trade, together with other trading houses and private bankers in Hamburg, founded the Commerz- und Diskonto-Bank. The goal was to provide financial resources to Hamburg's trade and facilitate international commerce. They also established the subsidiary London and Hanseatic Bank in London. The bank expanded and had branches in Berlin and Frankfurt am Main. After several mergers and acquisitions, it evolved into a major national bank with over 280 branches in Germany.

After the hyperinflation in 1924, German banking institutions were required to present a Goldmark opening balance sheet. The Commerz- und Privat-Bank valued its capital of 700 million Marks at 42 million Goldmarks. In the following years, the economic situation improved. In 1927, the bank opened a foreign representation in New York City and continued its expansion. In 1929, it merged with Mitteldeutsche Creditbank from Frankfurt am Main to extend its branch network in Hesse and Thuringia.

1931–1945
In 1931, several banks, including the Commerz- und Privat-Bank, faced difficulties during the currency and banking crisis. In February 1932, the Reich government merged the Commerz- und Privat-Bank with the and partially nationalized it to stabilize the institution. The bank was 70 percent controlled by the Reich and the state-owned Golddiskontbank. Its shares were sold back to private shareholders in 1937.

During the Nazi dictatorship, the bank adapted to the political imperative without pursuing excessive expansion. In November 1932, the Commerz- und Privatbank chief executive Friedrich Reinhart and chairman Franz Heinrich Witthoefft were among the signatories of the Industrielleneingabe petition of business leaders that advised president Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as chancellor. After the seizure of power, Jewish members of the supervisory board and executive board were ousted. From 1938, the bank no longer employed Jewish staff.

The bank also participated in the 'Aryanization' of companies by brokering them to other interested parties to maintain business relationships. There may have been around 1,000 such mediations. From November 25, 1941, all banks were obliged to report the assets of emigrated, deported, and deceased Jews to the German Reich.

In 1940, the bank changed its name to Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft. During World War II, it opened branches and subsidiaries in occupied countries and took over the Dutch bank Hugo Kaufmann. This expansion served economic interests. Shortly before the end of the war, the bank moved its central administration from Berlin to Hamburg for security reasons.

1945–1967

With the end of World War II in 1945 and the division of Germany into four occupation zones, the Commerzbank lost its branches and subsidiaries in the Soviet occupation zone and East Berlin. Nearly 45 percent of the branches there were closed and expropriated without compensation. Large banks were dismantled in the Western occupation zones, and their business activities were limited to one occupation zone. In 1947, by order of the American military government, Commerzbank was split into nine regional successor institutions.

Normal business operations were practically impossible as trust in the Reichsmark declined. The and the introduction of the Deutsche Mark marked a new beginning for Commerzbank. In 1949, the Allies and the Berlin Magistrate resumed banking operations in West Berlin. In 1952, the West German regional groups merged into three successor institutions. This led to the formation of the Commerz- und Disconto-Bank in Hamburg, the Bankverein Westdeutschland in Düsseldorf, and the Commerz- und Credit-Bank in Frankfurt am Main. In 1956, the legal situation allowed the merger of these institutions into Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft. This merger was completed in October 1958, effective from July 1, 1958, with the Düsseldorf Commerzbank-Bankverein acquiring the two sister institutions. The newly founded banking institution was registered under its traditional name in the Düsseldorf commercial register on November 4, 1958.

From 1958, banks were allowed to open branches without official review, which Commerzbank utilized. By 1962, it had surpassed its pre-war level with 372 branches. Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, and Dresdner Bank introduced the 'small loan for everyone' in 1959. Additionally, Commerzbank entered the private customer home financing market in 1968. In 1969, Commerzbank recorded more than one million private customers for the first time.

The 1950s and 1960s also marked the beginning of the financial sector's internationalization. Commerzbank was particularly active in this area. Its shares were the first German financial institution listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1952, it opened its representation in Rio de Janeiro. Further locations followed, including Madrid (1953), Amsterdam (1955), Beirut (1957), Johannesburg (1958), Tokyo (1961), and New York City (1967).

1970–1990

The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by international cooperation and global expansion. Commerzbank participated in numerous new ventures and equity investments abroad. In 1970, it collaborated with Crédit Lyonnais, which other banks from various European countries joined. In this context, Commerzbank introduced the 'Quatre Vents' logo in 1972, which it used until mid-2010.

In the 1970s, Eurocheques were introduced. Customers could now withdraw cash in 30 European countries using a cheque card. The Eurocheque card with a magnetic strip for ATMs was introduced in 1981.

In 1970, Commerzbank founded the non-profit Commerzbank Foundation. As an independent foundation of civil law, it aims to promote and support the social commitment of Commerzbank. The focus areas are science, culture, and social welfare. The Commerzbank Foundation supports disadvantaged people, such as in their professional integration, and promotes contemporary art.

In the early 1980s, Commerzbank faced a crisis due to mistakes in assessing interest rate developments. The good economic conditions later favored the restructuring under the leadership of Walter Seipp.

1990–1998
In 1990, Commerzbank moved its registered office from Düsseldorf to Frankfurt am Main. The German reunification allowed Commerzbank to tap into new target groups; in the first three months after the, around 80,000 customers and thousands of corporate clients chose the bank. Klaus-Peter Müller, appointed to the board in 1990, led the department responsible for preparing business in the new federal states.

The bank's engagement in the East developed into a crucial advantage. Alongside expansion in the domestic market, Commerzbank continued its internationalization, such as by opening an office in Bangkok. Later, Commerzbank became the first international financial institution to open a branch in South Africa. Commerzbank established its management consultancy to meet the demand for professional support.

In the early 1990s, Commerzbank significantly increased its earnings. However, the stock price remained comparatively low, leading to cost reductions and job cuts. This further improved the profit situation. Commerzbank then promised its shareholders a higher dividend.

In 1991, a cross-border collaboration with the French Crédit Lyonnais was announced, seen as a signal for consolidation in the European financial industry. Two years later, a tri-national cooperation was established between the German Commerzbank, the British National Westminster Bank, and the French Société Générale.

In 1994, Commerzbank founded Comdirect Bank, becoming the first major German bank to enter the emerging direct banking market. 1999, Commerzbank also sold computers to facilitate customers' access to online banking. The branch network was also upgraded with digital technologies.

At that time, the bank earned around two-thirds of its income abroad, for example, through its new representation in Taipei and expansions in Hungary and the Czech Republic. However, CEO still demanded more performance, especially from the sales of domestic branches. Commerzbank aimed to significantly increase its return on equity in the second half of the 1990s to remain competitive internationally.

Due to its comparatively low balance sheet total internationally, Commerzbank was seen as a takeover candidate in the 1990s. The board pursued an independent continuation of the business, interpreted as rejecting a merger with Deutsche Bank. Also, a potential acquisition of Postbank by Commerzbank, which was discussed at times and would have led to a financial conglomerate with a building society and insurance, ultimately did not materialize.

The bank managed to increase its customer base significantly. With fewer branches, it generated more profit. At the same time, innovative new services were created, such as cash withdrawal at gas stations and online banking for corporate customers. The public critically received the outsourcing of employees to a temporary employment agency.

After acquiring stakes in numerous foreign banks and insurance companies during the 1990s, Commerzbank bought around 30 percent of the Korea Exchange Bank in 1998 to more actively participate in developing emerging Asian markets. Despite the continent's financial market problems, the bank saw opportunities for above-average growth. Alongside international expansion, Commerzbank focused on strengthening its European presence, mainly through alliances with other large banks.

2001–2009
Commerzbank suffered reversals in a disastrous foray into investment banking in the first half decade of the 2000s and eventually shut down its Commerzbank Securities investment banking unit run by Mehmet Dalman and Roman Schmidt after Chairman Klaus-Peter Müller labelled it a "problem child" and a review by consulting firm Mercer Oliver Wyman which concluded that Commerzbank Securities lacked a viable business model. What was left of Commerzbank Securities was folded into a division of the commercial bank called Corporates and Markets.

In 2001, Commerzbank restructured its domestic business. It created a bank for private customers and a separate unit for corporate and investment clients. Units were sometimes opened on Saturdays to remain competitive in the increasingly challenging private customer market.

In 2004, it confirmed the acquisition of based in Hof, gaining 70 branches and 29 other locations in Bavaria, Thuringia, and Saxony, increasing its private customer base by 360,000 to 4.3 million. The transaction was seen as rejecting a merger with the Bavarian HypoVereinsbank.

In addition to digital activities and growth in the domestic market, especially among corporate clients, Commerzbank explored various acquisitions in Central and Eastern Europe. With the majority takeover of Poland's BRE Bank (today's mBank) in 2003, it significantly expanded its regional engagement. Moreover, Commerzbank grew in smaller markets, such as in Romania. Revenues from Central and Eastern Europe were expected to grow significantly. Furthermore, Commerzbank relocated back-office activities, such as IT systems, to Poland and the Czech Republic.

In 2001, the three major Frankfurt banks, Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, and Commerzbank, decided to establish a joint mortgage bank. Eurohypo commenced its business operations in the second half of 2002. Following the dot-com bubble's collapse and subsequent turmoil in financial markets, Commerzbank had to make significant write-downs on its stake as early as 2003. For a time, the major shareholders even waived their dividends to improve the financing of Eurohypo. Eurohypo distanced itself from Commerzbank. An initial public offering (IPO) was initially discussed to strengthen the company's independence.

Despite initial challenges, Eurohypo became an important component in Commerzbank's earnings statement. Therefore, the bank stopped the IPO planned 2005 to prepare for its takeover of Eurohypo. The re-entry into public and real estate financing marked a significant change in the company's strategy. Eurohypo initially insisted on its independence.

In November 2005, Commerzbank finally announced the complete takeover of Eurohypo after agreeing on terms for acquiring shares from Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank. This step elevated Commerzbank to the second-largest bank in Germany. Observers described the surprising acquisition as a strategic coup, especially in competition with domestic rivals. To finance the acquisition, the bank conducted a capital increase. Even after the takeover, Eurohypo remained largely independent. The real estate business became an essential pillar of the group.

As early as the early 2000s, there were rumors about a merger of Commerzbank with another major European financial institution. After the failed merger of Deutsche Bank with Dresdner Bank, Commerzbank was considered the most likely candidate for acquiring Dresdner Bank. Such discussions started around June 2000. The possibilities discussed included the formation of a large financial conglomerate, possibly involving Allianz.

Trade unions viewed the merger of Commerzbank and Dresdner Bank critically in light of potential job cuts, as did the investment company Cobra, which held stakes in both financial institutions. On the other hand, Generali, the Italian finance and insurance conglomerate and another major shareholder of Commerzbank, explicitly expressed positive views on the plans.

Ultimately, the plans failed because it was impossible to bring together the different interests of all parties into a familiar concept. A critical factor was also the conflict over the valuation of Commerzbank and Dresdner Bank. Additionally, a cross-border merger was considered more sensible. Both banks emphasized their independence.

In the context of the global economic and financial crisis, there were renewed speculations in 2008 about the merger of Commerzbank with other banks. Initially, there was also talk of a large merger involving Commerzbank, Dresdner Bank, and Postbank. By mid-year, a merger of Commerzbank and Dresdner Bank was likely. In particular, Allianz, as the largest shareholder of Dresdner Bank, expected new momentum for its business from such a merger.

After months of negotiations, the parties finally announced Commerzbank's takeover of Dresdner Bank. This was seen as a milestone in reorganizing the German financial industry. Allianz valued the purchase price at around 9.8 billion euros, assuming loss risks of up to 975 million euros. In the first step, Commerzbank was to acquire about 60 percent of Dresdner Bank, with plans to buy the remaining shares later.

This was the largest merger of two financial institutions in years. Commerzbank and Dresdner Bank both expected to realize millions in synergies. Although Allianz initially rejected renegotiations, the parties agreed to reduce the purchase price to 5.5 billion euros. It was also decided to move the takeover from the second half of 2009 to the beginning of the year.

Analysts and investors criticized the merger of Commerzbank and Dresdner Bank amid the global economic and financial crisis. The transaction significantly affected the stock prices of all involved companies. Due to the credit risks of Dresdner Bank that became apparent at the end of 2008, Commerzbank utilized the Special Fund for Financial Market Stabilization (SoFFin). After the German federal government and the European Commission agreed on the assistance details, Commerzbank received a silent participation of 8.2 billion euros.

Initially, Commerzbank emphasized that the state's participation was necessary due to the devaluation of banks and not specifically because of the takeover of Dresdner Bank. By the end of 2009, this assessment had to be revised. Commerzbank sought additional state aid, leading to the Federal Republic of Germany acquiring over 25 percent of Commerzbank's shares, thereby securing a blocking minority. This was the first partial nationalization of a German financial institution. The silent participation of SoFFin increased to around 16.4 billion euros.

In January 2009, Commerzbank became the sole owner of Dresdner Bank, holding 100 percent of its shares. The merger of Dresdner Bank into Commerzbank was registered in the commercial register in May of the same year. An agreement on balancing interests and a social plan, including a new organizational structure for the headquarters, was reached with the employee representatives. Even after the takeover, the major bank maintained its lending to the struggling German economy to prevent a credit crunch in the mid-market sector.

At the end of March 2009, Commerzbank formed its internal bad bank, called PRU (Portfolio Restructure Unit), into which non-strategically valuable securities worth 15.5 billion euros from Commerzbank and 39.9 billion euros from Dresdner Bank were outsourced. A joint bad bank with the nationalized Hypo Real Estate was sometimes discussed.

The following years were marked by the integration of Dresdner Bank into Commerzbank. The merging of IT platforms, in particular, became a challenge. The "Dresdner Bank" brand was gradually phased out, with the new Commerzbank adopting some aspects of Dresdner Bank's former corporate identity. The rebranding became visible at branches within three weeks. By May 2011, both financial institutions' strategic and operational integration was largely completed. Commerzbank evaluated the process as a success and highlighted the positive response from all relevant target groups.

2011–2023
In 2011, Commerzbank began repaying the silent participation of SoFFin. One of the most significant capital increases in German history partly financed this: a total volume of 14 billion euros, comprising 11 billion from investors and 3 billion from the bank's reserves. Despite criticism, the general meeting approved the measure.

As a result of the financial crisis and partial nationalization, the bank lost public trust. At the end of 2012, the bank launched an advertising campaign in which it openly admitted past mistakes and positioned itself as a fair and competent financial service provider. This was met with criticism in the industry.

The Greek debt crisis and its global impact unexpectedly heavily affected Commerzbank's profitability. The bank responded with a radical austerity program, which included limiting credit outside Germany and Poland. By selling Cominvest to Allianz, Commerzbank no longer owned its own fund company.

Additionally, Eurohypo was to be sold or split up. Write-downs on government bonds and real estate loans continuously led to losses, making the company no longer viable. Therefore, in 2012, the bank ultimately decided on a wind-down, accepting further losses in the accelerated reduction of its portfolio.

The decade following the takeover and integration of Dresdner Bank brought further profound changes for Commerzbank caused by the digitalization of all areas of public life. In response, Martin Zielke, who became CEO in 2016, announced a radical restructuring. Commerzbank mainly aimed to strengthen its private and corporate customer business in Germany further. The focus was now on a profitable multi-channel bank. To this end, the bank maintained its branch network while many other banks reduced their local presence. Additionally, the thriving business with medium-sized corporate customers was to continue unhindered.

In 2019, there were concrete talks between Commerzbank and Deutsche Bank about a merger. However, after a thorough examination, the boards of both banks needed more added value, so the merger ultimately did not happen. The cancellation led to further disagreements with major shareholders over Commerzbank's strategic direction. These were the reasons for the joint resignation of the Chairman of the Board of Managing Directors and the Chairman of the Supervisory Board in the summer of 2020.

In January 2021, took over as Chairman of the Board of Commerzbank. Under his leadership, the board focused on profitability, customer orientation, sustainability, and digitalization. Based on Commerzbank's advisory expertise and Comdirect's digital competence, the business model of a digital advisory bank was established. The concept of the multi-channel bank was further developed to create equal access for customers online and offline. An example of this is the newly introduced nationwide advisory centers.

Costs were massively reduced to maintain Commerzbank's independence and cushion risks from inflation and interest rate developments. By early 2023, around 10,000 full-time positions were cut, and about half of all branches in Germany were closed.

In the financial year 2022, the bank reported its best result in over ten years and was pleased to rejoin the German leading index, DAX, in 2023. Observers attributed the good results partly to the increased central bank base rates. The development of the corporate customer business was also highlighted. German economic media spoke of a "turnaround" for Commerzbank after the financial crisis. The bank continued the positive development in the financial year 2023 and further increased its profit. It was the best result in 15 years.

For the financial year 2022, Commerzbank distributed 30 percent of its profit to shareholders. It was the first distribution since 2018. In addition to paying a dividend of 20 cents per share, the bank conducted the first share buyback in its history in June 2023, with a volume of 122 million euros. For the financial year 2023 the bank targets to distribute 50 percent of the profit to shareholders, consisting of another share buyback with a volume of 600 million euros and a planned dividend payment. Based on its capital return policy the bank aims to increase the pay-out ratio to at least 70 percent for the financial year 2024, but not more than the net result. This would also benefit the Federal Republic of Germany's Finance Agency as the largest single shareholder.

Type
Commerzbank is a German public limited company (Aktiengesellschaft). Its business purpose includes the 'operation of banking and financial services of all kinds.'

Commerzbank is listed by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) as a CRR credit institution. Since the introduction of European banking supervision, it has been monitored by the European Central Bank (ECB). Commerzbank is currently not classified as a globally systemically important financial institution.

Listing
The bank's share capital is divided into approximately 1.25 billion bearer shares with a nominal value of one euro each. The shares are traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and through the Xetra trading venue and are listed in the DAX. According to its articles of association, Commerzbank's annual general meeting takes place at the company's headquarters, at another German stock exchange location, or in a German city with more than 250,000 inhabitants. Due to the global coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the bank successfully held digital meetings, like many other companies.

The consolidated financial statements include all companies in which Commerzbank is directly or indirectly involved. The most important domestic subsidiary is the fully owned subsidiary. Internationally, there are four major subsidiaries, including the Polish mBank. Other participations include the advertising agency Neugelb Studios and the innovation unit Neosfer, which strategically invests in fintechs, among other things. Additionally, Commerzbank participates in young companies related to the financial sector through venture capital funds.

Board of Managing Directors

 * (Chairman and Chief Executive Officer)
 * (Deputy Chairwoman, Chief Financial Officer)
 * Michael Kotzbauer (Business Segment Corporate Clients)
 * Sabine Mlnarsky (Group Human Resources)
 * Jörg Oliveri del Castillo-Schulz (Chief Operating Officer)
 * Thomas Schaufler (Business Segment Private and Small-Business Customers)
 * Bernhard Spalt (Risk Management)

Former chief executives include Klaus-Peter Müller, Martin Blessing, and Martin Zielke.

Supervisory Board
The Supervisory Board advises the management and supervises the conduct of its business. It is made up of equal numbers of representatives of the shareholders. The Supervisory Board has 20 members; its Chairman is Jens Weidmann, his deputy is Uwe Tschäge.

Former chairs include Klaus-Peter Müller and Stefan Schmittmann.

Shareholder structure
With a stake of over 15 percent, the Federal Republic of Germany, through the Special Fund for Financial Market Stabilization (SoFFin), is the largest single shareholder. The remaining approximately 85 percent are in free float. Blackrock and Norges hold over 5 percent and over 3 percent in Commerzbank, respectively. Other institutional investors together account for around 52 percent. About 25 percent of Commerzbank shares are owned by private investors (as of February 2024).

Memberships
Commerzbank is a member of the Association of German Banks (BdB) and the Employers' Association of Private Banking (AGV Banken). It is also active in the (BVMW), the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany (AmCham), the Arab-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Ghorfa), the Asia-Pacific Committee of German Business (APA), and the Africa Association of German Business (AV).

Commerzbank is a member of the Economic Advisory Board of CDU/CSU and the Economic Forum of the SPD. It maintains contact with all democratic parties in Germany.

Private and business customers
Commerzbank is one of the market leaders for private and entrepreneurial customers in Germany. It offers a wide range of products for payment transactions, securities trading, investment and financing, and corresponding advice through various channels (online and offline). With its 'free checking account', the bank secured many customers. This offer continues to this day. Real estate and corporate loans are realized in partnership with the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW).

Commerzbank offers corporate clients a variety of financial products and services. These include traditional products such as accounts, loans, and payment transactions. In addition, the bank supports companies in structuring capital measures, such as issuing shares and bonds.

Another crucial area is international business. The bank provides services for German and international companies. Examples include foreign exchange businesses and solutions for risk management. Commerzbank finances around one-third of German foreign trade, making it a leader among the major German banks.

Headquarters and locations

With around 400 branches, Commerzbank operates a nationwide branch network in Germany. It includes both larger and smaller locations, offering a diversified range of services.

The headquarters and major staff departments of the group are located in the Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt am Main. Additionally, there is a representative office at Pariser Platz in Berlin and a liaison office in Brussels.

There are also other international locations, such as New York City and Singapore.

Commerzbank brand

Early logos of Commerzbank featured the abbreviations CDB and CPB. From the 1920s, these were incorporated into the corporate image. In 1940, a logo with a 'C' and Mercury wings was introduced. This was followed in 1972 by the 'Quatre Vents' logo, inspired by a wind rose.

After the takeover of Dresdner Bank in 2009, Commerzbank presented a new logo with the name in a new font, the color yellow, and a three-dimensional ribbon.

The Waldstadion had been named 'Commerzbank Arena.' Since 2008, Commerzbank has been a partner of the German Football Association (DFB). Until 2021, the bank was a partner of the men's national team, but has focused on the women's national team since then. Commerzbank produced an advertising campaign for the 2019 Women's World Cup with the national team, which gained high attention nationally and internationally.

Climate change
Commerzbank supports the goal defined in the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to less than two degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. The bank signed the United Nations Global Compact in 2006 and was among the first signatories of the Principles for Responsible Banking developed in 2019.

In the 1980s, Commerzbank began financing projects in renewable energy. Over the years, this commitment was progressively expanded. In addition, Commerzbank issues sustainable bonds, known as Green Bonds. By June 2022, Commerzbank had issued three Green Bonds totaling 1.5 billion euros.

In 2016, Commerzbank adopted a binding policy on coal financing. This policy was further developed in 2022 into a guideline for transactions and customer relationships related to fossil fuels, now regulating business and relationships involving coal, oil, and gas. The policy sets explicit exclusions and restrictions.

Commerzbank relies on the scientific findings and methods of the Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) to steer its portfolios towards carbon neutrality, which the bank joined in 2022. In 2023, the interim reduction targets for 2030 were validated, making Commerzbank the first German bank with the corresponding certification.

On a national level, Commerzbank supports the (DNK) and has signed the climate agreement of the German financial sector. The bank has established an operational environmental management system to reduce direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2013, only electricity from renewable sources has been used in Germany.

Controversies
In 2012, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (FRB), which regulates foreign banking operations in the United States, required Commerzbank and its New York branch to rectify deficiencies in their compliance program and anti-money laundering processes. The enforcement actions have since been lifted.

US authorities accused Commerzbank of violating sanctions in its business dealings with partners in countries such as Iran, Sudan, North Korea, Myanmar and Cuba. In 2015, this led to a billion-dollar fine to be paid by the Commerzbank. Reasons included deficiencies in anti-money laundering measures revealed concerning fraud involving the Japanese Olympus Corporation.

In February 2015, tax investigators and prosecutors searched Commerzbank's headquarters on suspicion of aiding and abetting tax evasion related to its Luxembourg subsidiary Commerzbank International and the Panamanian legal service firm Mossack Fonseca.

In 2016, a research consortium published an analysis of cum-cum transactions involving Commerzbank. That same year, the bank decided to stop conducting tax-motivated cum-cum transactions, as they were no longer socially acceptable. In 2017, investigations by the Frankfurt am Main Public Prosecutor's Office and in 2019 by the Cologne Public Prosecutor's Office were disclosed in connection with cum-ex transactions.

In June 2020, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) imposed a fine of 38 million pounds (42 million euros) on Commerzbank for failing to combat money laundering again. According to the authority, Commerzbank could not take adequate steps to address the deficiencies.

title: Commerzbank


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Jemez Mountains

The Jemez Mountains (, Tewa: Tsąmpiye'ip'įn, Navajo: Dził Łizhinii) are a group of mountains in Rio Arriba, Sandoval, and Los Alamos counties, New Mexico, United States.

Numerous Puebloan Indian tribes have lived in the Jemez Mountains region for centuries before the Spanish arrived in New Mexico. The Pueblo Nations of this region are the Towa-speaking Jemez people, after whom the mountain range is named, and the Keres-speaking Zia People. Pueblos in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico consisted of compact multistoried buildings which enclosed small plazas. Most of their several hundred rooms were probably occupied by single families, but some were storerooms.

The Jemez Mountains encounter a semi-arid mountain climate of the continental type, as indicated by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1979. However, this classification conceals a significant amount of diversity linked to gradients in elevation and the region's topographical features. The highest point in the range is Chicoma Mountain (also spelled as Tschicoma or Tchicoma) at an elevation of 11561 ft. The town of Los Alamos and the Los Alamos National Laboratory adjoin the eastern side of the range while the town of Jemez Springs is to the west. Pajarito Mountain Ski Area is the only ski area in the Jemez. New Mexico State Highway 4 is the primary road that provides vehicular access to locations in the Jemez Mountains.

Geology
The Jemez Mountains lie to the north of the Albuquerque Basin in the Rio Grande rift. In north-central New Mexico lies the Jemez Mountain range, spanning altitudes from 1590 meters at the Rio Grande to 3,526 meters at the peak of Tschicoma Peak. This geological demarcation encompasses approximately 543,522 hectares, according to Smith et al.'s 1976 study. They are a classic example of intracontinental volcanism and consist of a broadly circular ridge surrounding the Valles Caldera. The latter is the type location for resurgent caldera eruptions.

The mountains lie on the intersection of the western margin of the Rio Grande Rift and the Jemez Lineament. Here magma produced from the fertile rock of an ancient subduction zone has repeatedly found its way to the surface along faults produced by rifting. This has produced a long-lived volcanic field, with the earliest eruptions beginning at least 13 million years ago and continuing almost to the present day. The most recent known eruption is the obsidian of the Banco Bonito flow, dated to 68.3 ± 1.5 thousand years before the present.

Most of the volume of the range is composed of pre-caldera basalts, andesites, and dacites of the Keres Group and Polvadera Group, but there are extensive outflow sheets of the Bandelier Tuff and young rhyolites associated with caldera resurgence, all assigned to the Tewa Group. The two most recent caldera-forming eruptions, dated to about 1.62 million and 1.256 million years ago, produced massive ignimbrite deposits known as the Otowi and Tshirege members, respectively, of the Bandelier Tuff. Much of the material in these deposits now forms the Pajarito Plateau, a scenic region of canyons and mesas on which Los Alamos is situated. Redondo Peak, the second-highest summit in the range at 11,254 ft (3431 m), is a resurgent dome in the middle of the Valles Caldera, which also contains several smaller volcanos. In the Jemez Mountains, the Quaternary volcanic field, encompasses the Valles caldera and the connected Bandelier Tuff. The caldera is segregated by these structures and its rim into multiple lush grass valleys (valles in Spanish, hence the name).

The western part of the Valles Caldera is underlain by a seismic low-velocity zone with an area of 10 by 14 km and extending to depths of 5 to 15.5 km. This zone consists of at least 10% molten rock and represents a new pulse of magmatic activity. This is monitored by the Los Alamos Seismic Network, which has detected no unusual volcano-seismic activity since it was installed in the 1970s.

Public use
Much of the range is federal land, including Santa Fe National Forest, Bandelier National Monument, and the Valles Caldera National Preserve. State lands include Fenton Lake State Park at 35.88278°N, -106.72944°W in Sandoval County. Hiking trails crisscross the range and lead to many of the summits, although some regions are closed to hikers either because of environmental restrictions or because they are on the territory of Santa Clara Pueblo or private landholders. (Access to pueblo lands is available by permit.) The summits are generally easy to climb (in good weather) and require no technical climbing skills, but rock climbing is popular on some of the basalt cliffs near Los Alamos, Caja del Rio and elsewhere in the range. There are several hot and cold springs throughout the mountains, including the popular Spence Springs and Seven Springs, as well as Soda Dam. There are five official established campsites in the mountains, and many additional locations for backpackers as well. Another popular recreational activity is fishing in the Jemez River and San Antonio Creek. The mountains also are home to Pajarito Mountain, a small downhill ski area. Cross country skiing and snowshoeing are available on trails in the winter. However, not every winter produces enough snow to support activities that require significant snowfall. The region is prone to forest fires because of the tendency for spring weather to be dry and windy, creating conditions under which fires caused by human activities or lightning can spread rapidly. The Las Conchas Fire in 2011 was the most recent large wildfire. Parts of Los Alamos National Laboratory were also damaged, although none of the laboratory's special nuclear materials were threatened or released.

Historical communities
Around the early 14th century, the Towa people built pueblos in the Jemez Mountains. The pueblos include Unshagi, Nanishagi, and Giusewa pueblos. Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 17th century, the area was well-populated, and had established farming communities and trade systems. Outside of the pueblos, the ruins of around 300 small structures have been discovered. Potsherds have been found near a majority of the structures, and arrowheads have been found in many of the surrounding areas. When the Spanish began their colonization efforts in the 17th century, they heard the Towa word Hemes, meaning "the people." They then translated it to the Spanish spelling, Jemez. The Spanish forced the Towa living in Giusewa pueblo (the most significant pueblo of the region at the time) to abandon their traditional practice, and to adopt Catholicism. From the very beginning, the Jemez resisted the Spanish oppression, initiating two uprisings against them prior to the occurrence of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. After the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, the Spanish set about a campaign of reoccupation in 1692. the Towa were able to resist for longer because of the distance of the Jemez mountains from the Rio Grande Valley, which was where the main concentration of Spanish activity was. Giusewa was reoccupied in 1694, and revolted again in 1696. This revolt was ultimately a failure, and many Towa people sought refuge among the Navajo. In 1703, the majority of individuals had come back to the Jemez Valley, reconstructing their pueblo. In 1838, as Pecos Pueblo, a different village speaking Towa in the Galisteo Basin, was deserted, its seventeen inhabitants relocated to Jemez Pueblo.

Modern communities
Census-designated places within the Jemez Mountains include Jemez Springs and Jemez Pueblo (referred to as Walatowa in Towa ). Jemez Springs is a small town with a population of 198 according to the 2020 census. In the Jemez Pueblo, more than 90% of around 3400 members speak the Towa language. Within this community, all decisions are made by the tribal government, which are heavily influenced by traditional connections to the Jemez land. Increases in wildfires and bark-beetle outbreaks in the most recent decade are likely related to extreme drought and high temperatures during this period.

Flora
There are over 720 plant species in the Jemez Mountain region with six community types that include, subalpine grassland, spruce-fir, mixed conifer, ponderosa pine, pinyon juniper, and juniper-grassland. Adding a touch of color to the landscape are wildflowers like alpine larkspur, forget-me-nots, saxifrages, and sedges. Ponderosa pine are found between 2100 and 2300 meters on the east side of the Jemez Mountains while mixed conifer forests are found between 2100 and 3200 meters in elevation. Spruce-fir forests are mostly found at the summits of mountains due to suitable climate conditions. Additionally, oak shrublands have emerged on certain mountain slopes and in high mountain meadows as a result of wildfires. The San Pedro Parks Wilderness in the northwest region, White Rock Canyon along the Rio Grande, and the desert shrublands at the extreme southwest part of the Jemez Mountains, particularly capture attention due to their distinctive plant life.

Fauna
The Jemez Mountains house the American elk (wapiti), the golden-mantled ground squirrel, the Gunnison's prairie dog, American beavers, black bears, and mountain lions. The Jemez Mountains are also home to a federally endangered species, the Jemez Mountains salamander. This species is mostly found in mixed-conifer forests and was listed under the Endangered Species Act in 2013. The Jemez Mountains salamander's habitat is in danger due to forest fires, increased tree density, the destruction of habitat, and climate change.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jemez Mountains


text:
Wahalak, Mississippi

Wahalak is a small unincorporated community in central Kemper County, Mississippi, United States.

History
The community is named for Wahalak Creek. Wahalak likely comes from a Choctaw word meaning "to spread".

The community was originally founded in 1837 on Wahalak Creek three miles east of the present location and had a bank and male and female academies. The Wahalak Female Academy first opened in 1839. The original community was located on the 1842 post road. After the founding of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, most of the town's inhabitants and businesses moved to be closer to the railroad. The new community was then named Wahalak Station and the original community became known as Old Wahalak.

Wahalak is located on the Kansas City Southern Railway. A post office operated under the name Wahalak Station from 1860 to 1871 and under the name Wahalak from 1873 to 1951.

In late December 1906, Wahalak and Scooba, Mississippi, were the sites of white rioting against African-Americans. In the various conflicts, a total of twelve African-Americans and two whites were killed by December 26. The county sheriff called in the state militia for assistance.

The murderer Kenny Wagner was captured in Wahalak on January 30, 1956.

title: Wahalak, Mississippi


text:
Rio Grande Bible College

The Rio Grande Bible College (RGBI) is a Christian bible college in Edinburg, Texas. It is associated with the Rio Grande Bible Ministries. The college serves as a bible college for students from Mexico, Central America, and South America and it also provides Spanish language training for non-Spanish-speaking North Americans who will serve as missionaries in Spanish-speaking areas of the world.

History
The Rio Grande Bible Institute was founded in 1946 by M.C. Ehlert, a Danish evangelist who pastored churches in Minnesota and Iowa before moving to the Rio Grande Valley in 1937, to minister to the Hispanic population there.

In January 1947, Mr. Ehlert, with friends and his wife, Elizabeth, began the first classes at night so that local Hispanics could attend while working during the day. Classes were taught in both English and Spanish for the first few years, but in 1955 the English school was terminated in favor of a Spanish language school for missionaries heading to Latin America.

title: Rio Grande Bible College


text:
Battle of Valverde

The Battle of Valverde, also known as the Battle of Valverde Ford, was fought from February 20 to 21, 1862, near the town of Val Verde at a ford of the Rio Grande in Union-held New Mexico Territory, in what is today the state of New Mexico. It is considered a major Confederate success in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War, despite the invading force abandoning the field and, eventually, retreating from the territory entirely. The belligerents were Confederate cavalry from Texas and several companies of Arizona militia versus U.S. Army regulars and Union volunteers from northern New Mexico Territory and the Colorado Territory.

Background

Confederate brigadier general Henry Hopkins Sibley envisioned invading New Mexico with his army, defeating Union forces, capturing the capital city of Santa Fe, and then marching westward to conquer California for the Confederacy. Sibley's first step was to gather an army in El Paso, Texas, and lead it north through Confederate Arizona to Fort Thorn. From there he would advance along the Rio Grande, avoiding the desert of the Jornada del Muerto, with the objective of capturing Fort Craig and the supplies in the fort and defeating the Federal army under Colonel Edward Canby. On January 3, 1862, Sibley left El Paso with three regiments and one partial regiment of mounted Texans comprising 2,510 officers and men. Fort Craig, 140 miles (225 km) north of El Paso, was the major obstacle in his path. Canby awaited him there with 3,800 men of whom most were infantry. Only 1,200 of Canby's men were seasoned soldiers. The remainder consisted of 2,000 New Mexican volunteers, 100 Colorado volunteers, and 500 militia. Kit Carson commanded the First Regiment of New Mexican volunteers.

Union forces
Department of New Mexico – Col. Edward Canby
 * Regular cavalry
 * 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment (2 companies) – Cpt. Richard Lord
 * 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment (5 companies) – Maj. Thomas Duncan
 * Regular infantry
 * 5th U.S. Infantry Regiment (5 companies) – Cpt. Benjamin Wingate
 * 7th U.S. Infantry Regiment (3 companies) & 10th US Infantry (3 companies) – Cpt. Peter Plympton
 * Artillery
 * McRae's Battery (formed from elements of 3rd Cavalry) – Cpt. Alexander McRae (North Carolina)
 * Colorado volunteers
 * B Company, 2nd Colorado Infantry Regiment – Cpt. Theodore Dodd
 * New Mexico volunteers
 * 1st New Mexico Infantry Regiment – Col. Kit Carson
 * 2nd New Mexico Infantry Regiment – Col. Miguel E. Pino
 * 3rd New Mexico Infantry Regiment – Col. José Gallegos
 * 4th New Mexico Infantry Regiment – Col. Gabriel R. Paul
 * 5th New Mexico Infantry Regiment – Col. Benjamin S. Roberts
 * Graydon's Independent Cavalry Company – Cpt. James Graydon
 * New Mexico militia
 * 1st Regiment – Col. Manuel Armijo
 * 2nd Regiment – Col. Nicolas Pino

Confederate forces
Army of New Mexico – BG. Henry Hopkins Sibley
 * 2nd Texas Mounted Rifle Battalion – Maj. Charles L. Pyron
 * 4th Texas Cavalry Regiment – Ltc. William Read Scurry
 * 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment – Col. Thomas Green
 * 7th Texas Cavalry Regiment – Ltc. John Sutton
 * Provisional Artillery Battalion (formed from elements of 2nd, 4th and 5th Texas) – Cpt. Trevanion Teel

Prelude
Sibley led his brigade to within fifteen miles south of Fort Craig during the evening of February 13. Judging the fort to be too strong to be taken by assault, Sibley deployed his brigade in a line for the next three days, hoping to lure the Federals into the open, but Canby, not trusting his volunteer troops, refused to attack.

As they were down to a few days' rations, the Confederates could not wait indefinitely, so at a council of war on the 18th, Sibley ordered the army to cross the Rio Grande and move up the eastern side of the river to the ford near Valverde, six miles north of Fort Craig, hoping to cut Union communications between the fort and their headquarters in Santa Fe.

By the 20th the Confederate army, under cover of the hills between it and the river, was opposite Fort Craig. Confederate Col. Thomas Green attempted to place artillery on the heights overlooking the river and fort, but Canby had anticipated the move forcing the Texans to make a 'dry camp' on the night of the 20th. About midnight, Union Captain James Graydon tried to blow up a few rebel picket posts by sending mules loaded with barrels of fused gunpowder into the Confederate lines, but the faithful old army mules insisted on wandering back toward the Union camp before blowing to bits. Although the only casualties were two mules, the explosions stampeded a herd of Confederate beef cattle and horses into the Union's lines, so depriving Green's troops of some much-needed provisions and horses.

Battle

The next morning, February 21, Sibley sent an advance party consisting of four companies of the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles under the command of Major Charles Pyron to scout ahead to the Valverde ford, with the 4th Texas Mounted Rifles under Lieutenant Colonel William Read Scurry following close behind. The rest of the brigade remained in camp, intending to follow later.

Union scouts informed Canby of the Confederate movements towards the north. Canby then sent a mixed force of infantry, cavalry, and artillery to the ford under the command of Colonel Benjamin S. Roberts of the 5th New Mexico Infantry Regiment. The infantry and artillery slowed the column down, so Roberts sent Major Thomas Duncan ahead with the cavalry to secure the ford. Following Roberts' departure, Canby sent additional reinforcements from the fort's garrison, and assigned several companies of New Mexico volunteers to "watch the movements of the enemy, threaten his flanks and rear, and impede his movements as much as possible."

When the Confederates under Pyron arrived at the eastern side of Valverde ford they found that Union forces were already there blocking their passage. Pyron sent for reinforcements from the 4th Texas while his men took cover in an old riverbed, which served as an excellent defensive position. At first, despite having a numerical advantage, the Union cavalry deployed in a skirmish line instead of trying to drive the Confederates out of their position. This forced the Union artillery to remain on the western bank of the Rio Grande.

When Scurry arrived, he deployed his regiment to Pyron's right, with the regimental artillery on the Confederate left. Although they had gained a numerical superiority, the Confederates were mostly armed with short range shotguns and pistols, which could not reach the Union positions three hundred yards away; the Confederate howitzers also could not reach the Union artillery on the far bank of the river. Meanwhile, Canby ordered most of the remaining garrison at Fort Craig to march to Valverde, leaving behind some militia to guard the fort. When he arrived, Canby moved most of his command, including the artillery, to the eastern bank, leaving the First New Mexico Volunteers under Carson and the Second New Mexico Volunteers under Colonel Miguel Piño on the western bank as a reserve.

By early afternoon, the remainder of the Confederate force, the 5th Texas Mounted Rifles under Colonel Thomas Green and a battalion of the 7th Texas Mounted Rifles under Lieutenant Colonel John Sutton, arrived at the battlefield, much in need of water and denied access to the river by the defending Union forces. Sibley, who during the morning had remained with the wagons, relinquished command of the brigade and Green took over, who then handed command of the 5th Texas over to Major Samuel Lockridge. Around 2:00 pm, Green authorized a lancer company to attempt a charge on what they thought was an inexperienced New Mexico company on the Union extreme right; however, the Union soldiers turned out to be a Colorado company which was able to defeat the charge without breaking. Twenty of the lancers were killed or wounded during the charge, with almost all of the horses disabled or killed as well. When it returned to the Confederate line, the lancer company rearmed itself with pistols and shotguns and continued fighting in the battle. This was the first and last lancer charge of the American Civil War.

By 4:00 p.m., the Union appeared to have the advantage in the battle. Canby decided that a massive frontal assault would fail and instead decided to attack the Confederate left; to do so, he ordered one of his batteries on his right to redeploy closer to the Confederate line and moved several companies to his right, including Carson's First New Mexico Regiment which crossed the river and took its place in line. However, this repositioning of the troops weakened the center of the Union line and the battery on Canby's left. Hoping to stall the Union attack, Green ordered Major Henry Raguet to attack the Union right with his battalion; this attack was repulsed by frontal fire and a flank attack from the 1st New Mexico, and the Union right advanced after the retreating Confederates.

At this time, Green ordered the Confederate right wing under the command of Scurry to charge the Union center and the battery on its left; the attack force of 750 men was arranged into three successive waves. The Confederates were motivated, in large part, by their desperate need for water which could only be reached by dislodging the Union troops blocking their access to the Rio Grande. The shock of the Confederate charge caused over half of the battery's supporting force to rout. Lockridge was mortally wounded during the attack. The Federals countered with a cavalry charge, but the main Confederate force continued to press their assault on Canby's left flank, capturing six artillery pieces and breaking the Union battle line, which soon turned into a panic-stricken retreat of both regular troops and New Mexico volunteers. Sibley was about to order another attack, when Canby sent a white flag asking for a truce to remove the bodies of the dead and wounded, to which Sibley agreed. Canby managed to reorganize his men, minus about 200 deserters from among the New Mexico volunteers, and ordered a retreat back to Fort Craig leaving the road northward toward Santa Fe open to the Confederates.

Aftermath

Left in possession of the battlefield, the Confederates gained a victory but had suffered substantial casualties, reporting 36 killed, 150 wounded, and one missing out of 2,590 men. Owing to the strength of the fort's walls, Sibley decided to abandon his attempt to capture the fort, thus ceding the battlefield back to Union control, and instead continued northwards towards Albuquerque and Santa Fe, where he hoped to capture much-needed supplies. However, he was severely hampered by the losses in horses and mules from the battle, which forced him to dismount the 4th Texas as infantry and to destroy some supplies and wagons.

Canby reported that his forces had 3 officers and 65 men killed, 3 officers and 157 men wounded, 1 officer and 35 men missing for a total of 264. He also had additional missing and deserters, mostly deserters, thus suffering a 16 percent casualty rate, including deserters, of 432 of 2,800 men engaged. Considering himself to be outnumbered, he chose not to pursue Sibley, instead sending mounted detachments of New Mexico volunteers against the Confederates' rear for harassment and orders to Albuquerque and Santa Fe to destroy all supply depots and other means the invaders might support themselves. He would remain with the main body at Fort Craig to cut off the Confederates' supply line and to intercept reinforcements for Sibley, eventually planning to pin the main Confederate body between himself and Union reinforcements from Fort Union.

Neither Sibley nor Canby received high marks for their generalship during the battle. Sibley was indisposed by alcohol and illness and spent most of the day riding in an ambulance. Colonel Green was the de facto commander, and it was his aggressive attack on Canby's center and left that won the battle. Canby blamed the New Mexican volunteers, mostly Hispanics, for his loss—but his decision to reinforce his right while weakening his center and left was the real cause of the Union defeat. On Canby's right wing, Kit Carson's regiment of New Mexican volunteers saw only limited action but comported itself well. The volunteers were advancing and thought they were winning the battle. They were incredulous when Canby gave the order to retreat.

The battle represented Canby's low point in his military career and Sibley's high point. The two men would go in opposite directions in terms of reputation after the battle. It was rumored following the battle that the two commanders of these battles, Canby and Sibley, who had been allies and trained together earlier, were actually brothers-in-law. However, research revealed little if any evidence that they were related by marriage.

title: Battle of Valverde


text:
Millersylvania State Park

Millersylvania State Park is a public recreation area located on Deep Lake 8 mi south of Olympia, Washington. The state park's 903 acre include old-growth cedar and fir trees as well as 3300 ft of freshwater shoreline. In 2009, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its well-preserved Civilian Conservation Corps landscape. It is managed by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission.

History
The area was homesteaded by Squire Lathum in 1855 and then was sold to John Miller. The Miller family called the area Miller's Glade, before changing it Millersylvania and giving the property to the state in 1921 for perpetual use as a park. Remnants of a narrow-gauge railway, 19th-century skid roads, and other reminders of the logging industry can be found on park grounds, including tree stumps bearing the scars of springboards used by loggers. In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps became active in the park constructing buildings, trails, roads, picnic shelters, bathhouses and a caretaker's home, most of which remain intact and in use.

The park was temporarily closed in late January 2024 after a forced-entry incident at the area's reservoir. The water was tested for poisoning and contaminants though the parks department did not suspect there was tampering of the water system.

Activities and amenities
The park is situated in an old-growth forest and offers camping, 16 mi of hiking and biking trails, boating, and fishing. The site contains two swimming beaches located on Deep Lake, which sits on the southern border of the area. Millersylvania was once reportedly home to a rare species of freshwater crab, as reported in the Miller family diaries, which became extinct due to overfishing by new settlers coming from the east.

title: Millersylvania State Park


text:
Talk:Johnny Duncan (country singer)

Untitled
Can anyone supply a complete (or almost complete) listing for his music? Check http://www.last.fm/music/Johnny+Duncan/+charts?rangetype=week&subtype=tracks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.115.240.57 (talk) 18:46, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Memorial02.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:15, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

NAME
JOHNNY DUNCAN — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.45.213.165 (talk) 17:39, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johnny Duncan (country singer)


text:
Miseryfjellet

Miseryfjellet (Misery Mountain), at 536 m, is the tallest peak on Bear Island (Bjørnøya), a Norwegian island in the Barents Sea. Miseryfjellet is on the eastern side of Bear Island and contains three distinct component peaks, Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These peaks are named after the three Norns in Norse Mythology. The name Bear Island is derived from the seasonal presence of polar bears, Ursus maritimus, whose population in the Barents Sea region is a genetically distinct sub-population of this species.

title: Miseryfjellet


text:
Talk:Battle of Valverde

New article
I've started a new article for the battle at the temp page. -- Decumanus 19:43, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

Spelling
"Canby opened fire in a hast and then sent..." should that be 'haste? --greenFyre 14:02, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Battle of Valverde


text:
Jue

Jue or JUE may refer to:
 * Jue (vessel), an ancient 3-legged Chinese wine pitcher
 * Jue, a minor character in The Animatrix
 * Japan University of Economics

People with the surname

 * Bhawoh Jue, NFL Free Safety
 * Dong Jue, court official and general of the Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period
 * Jason P Jue, academic
 * Martin F. Jue, American inventor and businessman

title: Jue


text:
Talk:Gretsch

Mention Jack White!
Jack White uses Gretsch acoustic guitars with the white stripes, the raconteurs, as well as the dead weather, he also often uses his custom Gretsch triple jet with the copper top, mainly within the raconteurs. His Gretsch guitars are shown in various music videos and live performances with all of his musical groups. (2602:306:BC58:5410:3975:F40F:D8BA:DA23 (talk) 02:45, 24 June 2015 (UTC))

No mention of Malcolm Young?
Remarkable that the main article about Gretsch, especially since the guitars are so prominent, is silent about AC/DC's rhythm (and sometimes lead) guitarist, who favors the Jet Firebird but has also played the White Falcon and Roundup. For shame.

I agree, Malcom was Known for his Gretsch G6131.

71.173.7.165 (talk) 20:00, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

REPLY: I have added a sub-section under 'Guitars' called 'Notable Players' and also created a sub-heading called 'Models', and have included Malcolm Young and his signature Jet in here. Blammy1 (talk) 17:33, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Clapton and Les Paul

 * I made an edit because Clapton never endorsed the Les Paul. Outrageous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.167.15.254 (talk) 20:49, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Yes, they are expensive, even more so than that of a gibson. Got $5000 to spare? Good, because you'd probably get a cheap Gretsch.

 * Not really. The "Nashville" and "Tennesee Rose" guitars (which are superb quality instruments with wonderful craftmanship) can be bought for under $2000. The "Country Classic" can be bought for about $2000. That's less than what Gibson's hollow bodys cost, and Gibsons are far inferior.

 * If you pay $5k for a Gretsch you're a fool. They cost far less than that, and far less than comparable Gibsons.

Article Addition
I just read the article and noticed that there is some ambiguity over who bought back Gretsch. Just so you know it was Fred gretsch III who then struck a marketing deal with Fender. Hope this can clear some things up.

 * That in itself is ambiguous, leading to the assumption that Fred III is the son of Fred Jr., which is not true. -- Tim Baxter

Punk rock guitarists using Gretsch
Prior to the Living End, Billy Zoom of X had used a Gretsch Roc-Jet. Johnny Thunders occasionally used them as well. While it is debatable whether The White Stripes are a punk band, Jack White has used a Gretsch White Falcon on the most recent tour in addition to his usual National guitar. Punk-rockabilly band The Legendary Shack Shakers also employ Gretsch guitars.

Billy Zoom still uses that silver Gretsch by the way. And seeing as how X has been around since 1978 I think its worth a mention on the page.

72.188.119.182 07:16, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Enrique Rangel of Café Tacvba can be seen playing a Gretsch White Falcon bass in several of their music videos.

best years
We can't call them the "best" years without qualifying it somehow. I've put them in quotes for now but if someone can more accurately determine why they are the best years, they should definitely tell us so we can replace that word. -Nietzscheanlie 01:00, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Gretsch fans typically refer to roughly 55-67 as the "best" years or the "golden years", as those were, frankly, Gretsch's best years. Sales were very high (rivalling and, at least in the 50s, often exceeding Fender), visibility was very high, with the guitars in the hands of many prominent artists, and the guitars themselves, particularly the 55-61 models, were just incredible (Arguably the '62 on double-cuts didn't sound as good as the single cuts). '67 is usually considered the turning point because of the sale to Baldwin AND shifting musical tastes. By '67-'68 it was getting harder to find a Gretsch in the hands of popular musicians, Stephen Stills notwithstanding. By any measure, the 70s were unkind to Gretsch, and they were basically out of business in the 80s.

With an influx of R&D money and marketing savvy from Fender, many people call today the "second Golden Age", but it's still pretty much universally acknowledged that the company's heyday was approximately '55-67. Tim Baxter - The Gretsch Pages.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:37, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Otherside2003.jpg
Image:Otherside2003.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:54, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Pickups
needs a section on those crazy gretsch pickups - filtertron, hilotron, dearmond, dynasonic etc —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 18:58, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

http://gretschpages.com/guitars/pickups/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.81.105.213 (talk) 02:40, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

SECONDED: I agree, but I don't have the knowledge to do so 17:36, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Blammy1 (talk)

Add new guitarist
Just as an addition to the text (maybe at the "Resurgence" period) I'd point to Poison Ivy, guitar player of The Cramps, as the first rockabilly revival band guitar player to ever use a Gretsch. You can find it anywhere on the Net. She's been playing Gretsch and Danelectro guitars for decades now. JAWS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.38.57.177 (talk) 10:24, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Introduction
This article is in desperate need of a better introduction. It tells you nothing about the company as it stands except for some vague accusations that every single product bearing the Gretsch name is manufactured abroad. That information, if it can be substantiated, belongs deep in the body of the article and does not serve as an appropriate overview for the company. Furthermore, I know that's all a load of bull anyway, because the Gretsch USA Custom series drums are, in fact, handmade in Georgia. Supraphonic (talk) 03:08, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, it really doesn't have an introduction at all. Hopefully someone with the necessary knowledge who can write and doesn't have an axe (heh) to grind can give this article a proper intro, rather than an argument.  MrBook (talk) 15:43, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Solid body?
Isn't it erroneous to list the Jet series as solid bodies? They're semi-hollow/chambered/semi-solid or arguably even hollow but definitely not solid.

it seems especially important given it's a commonly held perception that they are solid due to the lack of f holes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Abdul tom (talk • contribs) 14:45, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

REPLY: I'm no expert, but I know they have a one-piece body with cavities for the electronics and separate top, but I'm not sure if this means they qualify as either semi-solid or solid-body. Maybe the best description is a two-piece semi-solid? However, the G5425 Jet Club is listed as a solid body on the Gretsch website. Blammy1 (talk) 17:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Gretsch company - German or American?
The introduction says that Gretsch is a German company, which is not supported by the sources. Company website (and this article) say that the company was founded in Brooklyn, NY, USA; and that its Headquarters are in Ridgeland, SC, USA. Per WP:BOLD, I am amending this sentence from German to American - Ryk72 (talk) 10:17, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

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here is why I am going to remove Current Models, pin by pin
The usual problem with this type of arm-waving fanboy nonsense is that said fanboys soon get bored and wander off, leaving a pile of factoids that quickly becomes outdated, and without having had the good graces to even put a date in the heading so that hapless readers might know that it's "current" as of WHEN exactly.

Withthat in mind, I will make a cursory comparison between the srticle's list and the Gretsch website. If I find significant discrepancy, I will remove as much as I see fit. Alternatively, others may perform maintenance on the list, and make clear the date of the most recent revision. Weeb Dingle (talk) 03:21, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Looking over that section, I'd support removing it entirely. Perhaps replacing it with a one or two sentence paragraph covering the styles of guitars currently made. With a preceding "As of date", of course. - Ryk72 'c.s.n.s.' 03:41, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

I went to the Gretsch.com site, semi-randomly pulled up their Jet series guitars, ordered them by price (low to high), then searched the article for the first 12 models. None appears in the "current models" listing. Exactly one (the 6128 Thunder Jet) is mentioned at all in the article, but not the list.

But I'd feel badly about blanking it — that's a LOT of work for nothing. For the moment at least, I've hidden it. Others can do with it as they will; maybe it'll be the basis for a more substantive historical list. Weeb Dingle (talk) 04:20, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

needs trivia reduction
Another fanboy symptom: lots and lots of irrelevant "gosh wow" factoids. Usually, attempts — if any — to make them substantial aren't done well.

First to go: Mike Nesmith's guitar. The comment itself is actually almost relevant, but pasting the attribution into the text only make the tale unreadable. As I cannot verify the claim, I'll post it here:

 * According to the audio commentary by Michael Nesmith for the episode "I've Got a Little Song Here" on The Monkees: Season One DVD set,

Speaking of trivia, I will be hacking at the undergrowth about how wonderful FMIC is. Self-serving promotional hype has no place on WP. Weeb Dingle (talk) 04:04, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Here's a stumper: in section 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, there's a convoluted tale of the Country Gentleman owned by George Harrison. Seems that somehow Olivia Harrison gathered up the splnters of the "destroyed" guitar. Now we don't even know what happened to which instrument!! The more I try to wrap my head around this mess, the more it looks like Beatles trivia. Considering the purpose of THIS article, and that of the section the trivia appears in, I am cutting most of it until someone has the good graces to tell the story properly. Weeb Dingle (talk) 18:55, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * his first was destroyed when it fell out of the trunk of a car
 * was given to Ringo Starr by Harrison's wife
 * Alf Bicknell … strapped the Country Gentleman (George Harrison's second) to the back of the car. The guitar did not fall out of the trunk/boot.

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Conflict of interest
I have tagged the article for conflict of interest editing because used the following edit summary recently: "The page is currently undergoing a major update by a Gretsch Company representative. More changes to come." This raises valid concerns about conflict of interest and I invite comments from SATGC. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  23:37, 21 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Also perhaps a record-holder for number of "Citation needed". David notMD (talk) 01:30, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * This source  might help with some of the citations needed? Theroadislong (talk) 13:32, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Do you think they'll notice this discussion? I meant user SATGC.  Miss Bono  [hello, hello!]  13:33, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * , I am a bit clueless now as to how format the references. It's been a while and I can't remember. What I just did looks like an utter mess.  Miss Bono  [hello, hello!]  14:07, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

"John from Idegon": Reversion - 1 May 2019
"John from Idegon" reverted an edit of 1 May 2019 by Dl73. The proposed edit corrected and updated numerous issues now restored. The proposed edit was neither "unconstructive" nor disruptive. This was a comprehensive overhaul, but throughout a good-faith edit. It was conscientiously supported by reliable secondary sources - as may be demonstrated on due investigation - and completed cognizant of prescribed policies and guidelines. The proposed edit was a well-marshalled, impartial, painstakingly supported, and professionally qualified contribution. Dl73 (talk) 18:40, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

RE: No Mention of George Van Eps?!
Also, this is not true: In 1990, Setzer became the first player since Chet Atkins to be honored with a signature-model Gretsch, the "Brian Setzer 6120", first of a line of Setzer signature models.

George Van Eps had a signature model in the late 60's — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.116.174.83 (talk) 15:11, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Regarding Gretsch Guitars
Although users have previously deleted 'current models', I thought the current list of Gretsch guitars seriously lacking and have expanded upon this list, adding current products from their website. I've also placed the list under a sub-heading called 'Models' and added a further sub-heading of 'Notable Players' which was noticeably absent and to which many users have complained on this talk page are not discussed in the article.

I do have one further suggestion / point for discussion: what if the current list of models was categorised into the "families" of Country Gentlemen, Falcon, Jet, Penguin, etc, and have separate lists of the specific models under each? I think this would make the article more readable and easier to maintain. Blammy1 (talk) 17:53, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

 * ”Notable Players”. Yes they are notable, but that is only my opinion. They need citations, otherwise they will get removed. I support your proposal of grouping the guitar models in families. Also: Scotty Moore and Eddie Cochran. Design (talk) 21:49, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gretsch


text:
Eileen Essell

Eileen Joan Essell (8 October 1922 – 15 February 2015) was an English actress, noted in part for not beginning her screen acting career until the age of 79.

Career
Essell retired from stage acting in 1958 following her marriage to playwright and actor Gerard McLarnon. She later earned a living as a teacher at the Central School of Music and Drama and the City University. After the death of her husband in 1997, Christopher Webber (a family friend) lured her back on stage to play a leading role in a zarzuela he was directing at London's Bloomsbury Theatre, The Girl with the Roses (1999). Although she had acted onstage in the 1940s/1950s, her first screen performance was in an episode of Doctors. She later appeared in The Bill, Doc Martin, Holby City, Hustle, Casualty, Ideal and Sensitive Skin, among other episodes. She guest starred as Christine in the episode "From Out of the Rain" in season 2 of the BBC spin-off show Torchwood. On film, she is best remembered for the role of Mrs. Connelly in Duplex.

Death
Essell died on 15 February 2015, at the age of 92.

title: Eileen Essell


text:
Second Founding

Second Founding can refer to the following:
 * African American founding fathers of the United States
 * The Second Founding is about a book by Eric Foner
 * Space Marine (Warhammer 40,000) is about a video game.

title: Second Founding


text:
Talk:Denver Nuggets

Untitled
Please correct the slang in this article. Referring to nene as dumb, and javale mcgee as a knucklehead has no factor at all in the denver-washington trade. Please and thank you.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:12, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Team Colors
Why do the team colors not include light blue? The home jerseys, away jerseys, team logo, and arena floor all include it. Is light blue not officially a team color? - LesPaul75 talk 06:09, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks to DPH1110 for fixing this! - LesPaul75 talk 18:40, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The Denver Rockets are the exact same team. They only changed their name in anticipation of the ABA-NBA merger. See here for further discussion.oknazevad (talk) 03:47, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

There's a lot of solid info already on the Rockets. Merging it with The Nuggets would just make everything on that page more crowded. Take the Seattle SuperSonics and Oklahoma City Thunder situation for example. we're not going to merge those two just because they are basically the exact same team with a different name. Str8cash (talk) 19:59, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thats precisely why they should be merged. The Sonics/Thunder is a horrible example, because not only did the team move (which the now-Nuggets never did), but the Sonics franchise got the Cleveland Browns treatment (technically the Thunder are an expansion team). This is far more akin to the oknazevad (talk) 16:22, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Doug Moe number
In the retired numbers section, Doug Moe's number is listed as 432. This must be a mistake, but I can't be sure which digit needs to be removed. Hopefully someone does. fds Talk 01:42, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for you question. The number is the number of wins that Moe had as head couch of the Nuggets (which is stated in parentheses next to his name BTW) and is correct. You can find this at several websites including this one . Also, if you are ever watching a game at the Pepsi Center and the camera pans to the retired numbers you will also see confirmation of the number in the article. MarnetteD | Talk 01:48, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

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Nikola Jokić
The first mention (outside the lead) of Nikola Jokić is under the 2015–present: The Nikola Jokić era and first NBA championship subheading, which isn't an issue in itself. However, the sentence first talking about Jokić is not until the second paragraph of that section: Under Michael Malone's leadership, the Denver Nuggets slightly started to improve while primarily relying on the youth movement consisting of Emmanuel Mudiay, Nikola Jokić, Gary Harris and later also on the recovered Jusuf Nurkić. There's nothing about him actually getting drafted and joining the team. It just seems odd to have a section dedicated to his "era" and not include this detail. Granted, he was drafted in 2014, so it might make more sense to have it the previous section, but it should still be there somewhere. Jauerbackdude?/dude. 13:46, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks to 2607:FEA8:A5DF:E980:F93C:6888:D20D:C448 for adding it. Jauerbackdude?/dude. 13:22, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denver Nuggets


text:
Kamboj

The Kamboj (Devanagari: कंबोज, Nastaliq: کمبوج, Gurumukhi: ਕੰਬੋਜ ALA-LC: Kamboj), also Kamboh (Nastaliq: کمبوہ ALA-LC: Kamboh), is a caste and cultivating community of India and Pakistan that originated from the central Punjab region.

Muslim Kamboj are known as Kamboh; they were particularly influential in the administration and the military of the Mughal Empire from the times of Akbar onward. Some famous personalities include Shahbaz Khan Kamboh and Shaikh Gadai Kamboh.

Religion
As per the 1931 census of British Punjab, most Kambojs followed Sikhism (42.4%) and Islam (41.5%), with a considerable minority following Hinduism (16.1%).

Muslim members of the community are called as Kamboh. The Hindu Kambojs and the Sikh Kambojs are found in the Punjab, Haryana and Jammu regions in India, while most of the Muslim Kambohs are found in the province of Punjab in Pakistan.

Numbers
As per the 2017 Pakistani census, Kamboj made around 5% of Lahore's population, which back then amounted to some 550 000 individuals out of a total population of 11 million.

Notable people

 * Shahbaz Khan Kamboh
 * Khair Andesh Khan Kamboh
 * Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
 * Khair Andesh Khan Sani Kamboh
 * Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
 * Shaikh Gadai Kamboh
 * Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh
 * Jamali Kamboh
 * Shaikh Sama'al-Din Kamboh
 * Hasan Mahmudi Kamboh
 * Bhagat Singh Thind
 * Udham Singh
 * Subhan Ali Khan Kamboh
 * Jathedar Bhai Tehal Singh Dhanju
 * Baba Amar Singh Nibber
 * Sunder Singh Lyallpuri
 * Fazal Malik Akif
 * Har Karan Ibn Mathuradas Kamboh Multani
 * Muhammad Yamin Khan
 * Upinderjit Kaur
 * Sardar Atma Singh
 * Lal Singh (politician)
 * Prithipal Singh
 * Babar Azam
 * Kamran Akmal
 * Umar Akmal

title: Kamboj


text:
Dorota Siudek

Dorota Siudek (née: Zagórska) ( Polish pronunciation: ; born 9 September 1975 in Kraków) is a Polish retired pair skater who is now a coach. Her partner and husband is Mariusz Siudek. They are the 1999 World bronze medalists, two-time (1999, 2000) European silver medalists and two-time (2004, 2007) European bronze medalists. They were the first Polish pair to medal at the World Championships.

Career
Zagórska was introduced to figure skating by a cousin. After spending her early years as a single skater, she partnered with Janusz Komendera to compete in pairs. They won silver nationally and finished 18th at the 1994 European Championships.

Zagórska teamed up with Mariusz Siudek in 1994. In their first season together, the pair won their national title and were sent to the 1995 European and World Championships, finishing 9th and 16th in their debuts. The following season, they placed 8th in their Champions Series (later renamed Grand Prix) debut at the 1995 Trophée de France.

In the 1997–1998 season, Zagórska / Siudek were 4th at the 1998 European Championships. They finished 10th at their first Olympics, in Nagano, Japan, and ended the season at the 1998 World Championships where they placed 5th.

In 1998–1999, Zagórska / Siudek won their first European medal, silver, at the 1999 European Championships. They went on take bronze at the 1999 World Championships, becoming the first Polish pair to win a World medal.

In the 1999–2000 season, Zagórska / Siudek won their first Grand Prix medals, both bronze, at the 1999 Trophée Lalique and 1999 NHK Trophy and then won another silver medal at the European Championships. The next season, the pair won their third GP medal, also bronze, at the 2000 Cup of Russia but Zagórska's ankle injury led the pair to withdraw from the 2001 Europeans after the short program.

In the 2001–2002 season, Zagórska / Siudek picked up their fourth GP medal, another bronze, at the 2001 NHK Trophy. They withdrew from the 2001 Trophée Lalique after Siudek twisted his knee in the warm-up before the free skate. They competed at their second Olympics, finishing 7th. During the next Grand Prix season, they obtained bronze at the 2002 Bofrost Cup on Ice and silver at the 2002 NHK Trophy.

In spring 2003, Zagórska / Siudek moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada to work with Richard Gauthier. The pair won bronze medals at the 2003 Skate Canada International and 2003 NHK Trophy and then their third European medal, bronze, at the 2004 European Championships.

In the 2004–2005 season, Zagórska / Siudek added two more bronze medals to their Grand Prix collection at the 2004 Skate Canada International and 2004 NHK Trophy. They had to withdraw from their third GP event, the 2004 Cup of Russia, after Zagórska injured her shoulder in a fall during the short program. The injury also caused them to miss the 2005 Europeans.

In 2005–2006, Zagórska / Siudek took bronze at their two Grand Prix events, the 2005 Cup of Russia and 2005 Cup of China. They finished 9th at their third Olympics.

Although the pair had originally planned to retire after that season, they decided to compete one more season because the 2007 European Championships were assigned to Warsaw, Poland. Zagórska began using her married surname, Siudek, during their final competitive season. The Siudeks won silver at the 2006 Skate America, bringing their GP medal total to 13. In Warsaw, they obtained the bronze medal, marking their fourth podium finish at the European Championships.

The Siudeks withdrew from the 2007 World Championships due to an injury sustained by Mariusz during the long program. The pair announced their competitive retirement following the event. They returned to Poland and began coaching in Toruń. Their former students include Stacey Kemp / David King.

Dorota Siudek is an International Technical Specialist for Poland.

Personal life
Siudek proposed to Zagórska during the 2000 World Championships, and they were married on 13 May 2000. Their son, Richard, was born on 7 July 2009.

Programs
(with Siudek)

title: Dorota Siudek