text:
Talk:European Union/Archive 4

Associate Member
What's an associate member? The article says that Turkey is one, but makes no other mention of this term. Information on what an associate member is, and a list of current associate members, would be appreciated. -Smack 23:38 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

There's a page somewhere which lists them, but it isn't too detailed. They are mostly European nations who wish to apply in the near future, and also non-European members who want to join, but obviously cannot, so this is as close as they can get.

Also, regarding the marriage story above, the UK and Ireland are exempt from many such laws as they are outside the Schengen Area Grunners 03:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Most powerful organization in history

 * The European Union is the most powerful international organisation so far in history.

This seems like an odd statement to me. The United Nations is pretty powerful; as an example, if it wanted to, it could attack any country with the largest military force that could possibly be mustered. I'd bet the Roman Empire belonged to a couple of pretty powerful entities that could be called international organisations. Tempshill 00:18, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Technically speaking, the Roman Empire (and the British and any other Empire) were, by definition, international organisations. Maybe "most powerful regional organisation". Atob 16:06, 2003 Dec 20 (UTC)

The UN isn't that powerful, note its failure to prevent the American led invasion of Iraq, or Indonesia's attack on East Timor. The UN has no economic power, and also no military power as there is no UN army. For peacekeeping purposes the member states 'lend' troops, and more importantly, the UN does not have the authority to declare war.

I also disagree that Empires are organisations. Organisation implies a body made up of member states, an Empire is simply one state occupying many others. Grunners

Country?
''Pre-May 2004 posts on this topic archived here. Zoney 00:17, 30 May 2004 (UTC)''

The EU is not a country in that sovereignty ultimatly lies with the member states, who can leave the union at any time. The Federal EU government also can only have powers given to it by the member states. Therefore it is a 'pooling' of powers, very unlike the USA which has a domianant central government. The idea that the EU is a 'country' would horrify most Europeans! In fact, it is closer in style to organisations such as the UN, or NAFTA, than it is the United States Grunners

Any claim that the EU is or is not a nation will be politically controversial. The European Union has many features that are normally only held by sovereign countries. Some of these are purely symbolic (a flag, an anthem). Others are more substantial (a currency, supremacy of its law over that of its member states, direct applicability of (some of) its laws in member states). Some features (its foreign policy, police and armed forces) are still embryonic, and can be used to argue either side of the point.

-

The EU currently resembles an alliance or maybe a confederation more than anything, and bear in mind that historically confederations either dissolve or become federations. And that federations either dissolve or become unitary states.--Tomtom 07:04, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The United States has managed to become a federation for over two hundred years without dissolving (despite the Civil War) or becoming a unitary state. RickK 07:08, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC)

The EU is of course not yet a country. It has separate armies and the EU has no way to enforce its rulings. Therefore it is not a state (state's are usually defined by sovereignty over a territory usually ensured by a monopoly of force, something the EU does not have) - CJWilly

 * Good grief, I certainly hope it's not the definition for a country; not only does it make an outrageous emphasis on brutal force, but it would also mean that countries like Island, or the Swiss Confederation before the Sonderbund war, don't exist. Countries are defined by a set of powers, notably legal power, the right to produce currency, political law-making, ... among which force is a very minor and optional one. Rama 07:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

GDP Graphs
I do not think we need both graphs since by definition they have to look identical. Why do we not just place the scale of the right graph to the right hand side of the left graph? Get-back-world-respect 18:28, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll get onto this on Monday when I'm supposed to be doing work. (The Excel files are there). I suggest either sorting the second graph (the percentages) or removing it and labelling the columns in the first graph with the percentages. What do people want? Zoney 01:18, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think people can see themselves which country comes after which other. If it is difficult to do as I suggest I would favour just leaving the percentage graph and giving the medium GDP with a date when it was measured. Get-back-world-respect 02:06, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think either would look good: two graphs, one sorted, one alphabetical or one graph of percentages with the mean EU GDP at measurement. Nice work, Zoney! -- EuroTom 17:28, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

i think you should change colours on that percentage graph and leave it there. i mean, it is important for european union policies to know what countries (or regions) have their GDP less than 75% compared to the EU avarege. so, what about add red to those countries?

 * Colours changed on percentage graph, line added at 100% level. So. What about the values graph? (And yes, these values aren't much use but for comparison, due to the conversion from US$ - we still have the original values of course in page history). Here's another thought - surely the EU has more up-to-date information on the website? Zoney 12:09, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I insist it is useless to have the same graph twice and I dislike colouring poorer countries in red as if they were somehow less important, honourable or whatever. Get-back-world-respect 13:02, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * One would think that the colouring of red for the "poorer" countries would simply give the message of "needs attention" rather than anything else. I also do not like the demarkation of those below average/above average GDP. For some reason I assumed that this was wanted.
 * GBWR, I agree also about not having the same graph twice - but as yet, we have no agreement as to how best to present the data. (GDP per capita actual figures, and as percentage of EU average). Moving to graph format was an improvement over an almost screenful of tabulated data.
 * What we really need is some more comments, can we RFC this issue somewhere? (It seems no-one is visiting the talk page anymore! (Way too many of the comments here are mine!)
 * Zoney 14:08, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I perfectly agree that your graph is a great improvement, I just think that one would be sufficient. If others do not comment it is just because they do not regard it necessary. If you do something people really cannot accept they will revert it, so just try what think makes sense. Get-back-world-respect 19:56, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

New data concerning the economic standing of the 25 EU member states was published today. Gugganij 18:19, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I still think at least one of the two graphs should be sorted by rank. This adds valuable information to the display. Please? Miguel 00:09, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Possible post-2007 enlargement
I have doubts about the sense of that list. I would propose that only those countries who have already - at least - applied for membership should be mentioned there (i. e. Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia). (I know Switzerland has applied, too, but this application is frozen, as it is stated correctly in the article.) Otherwise one would have to list all European countries because all are 'possible post-2007 members'. Especially Moldova seems to be odd in the list because Ukraine is not listed, for example. (I know Switzerland has applied, too, but this application is frozen, as it is corrected stated in the article.) --EBB 10:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Wrong, Switzerland has since withdrawn its application and the unionist politicians who tried it have been removed from office. Us Swiss like our independance and neutrality.--68.80.223.233 07:13, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Section removal
The section Legal history and governing treaties, along with the section about the three pillars has been removed to European Union Law (not by me). It is fair to say that there is some need for the main European Union page to be more streamlined and generalised - with the specifics on seperate pages. In this case, a much smaller section is needed to replace the missing bit. It should cover the most important points and give an overview to the treaties and 3 pillars.

European Union Law is also messy now, the aforementioned sections should perhaps go to their own page, or European Union treaties (does it exist?).

Finally, I would say that the missing history section is a similar case - a summary is required from the seperate History of the European Union page.

Considering the time I put into the treaties section, I will get around to doing this eventually - but I would absolutely love if someone else could put some work into it! I would say to the user who removed the section - you've created a heck of a lot of work - hope you realise this! :o)

In conclusion - there's also other loose ends in the article - the role of the community in the Union is once again obscure in its seperation from the main bit on the 3 pillars. Also some other areas are now discussed in a greater level of detail - they may need looked at. Thinking intergovernmentalism vs supranationalism particularly - it's not as sensible without the previous sections - and is obviously longer despite its being a less weighty subtopic!

ARGHHHHH - help please!!!!! Let's get this article back on track!

Zoney 11:13, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Who's now in ERM II
Zoney, can you explain your last edit regarding the list of currencies? — Miguel 23:26, 2004 May 16 (UTC)

 * The new EU members are all now in ERM II, see the reference link added . GBP and SEK are not in ERM II. Zoney 11:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That just says they are party to the ERM II agreement, not that they are actively participating right now. Morwen 11:13, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * That does make more sense! Whoops. Well detected. Some dates, statuses of member states, etc would be nice for the page on the Euro. Yes, I edited that too (though perhaps only saying the above - i.e. being party to the agreement).
 * My Euro-enthusiasm evidently got the better of me :o) Zoney 11:21, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Major new map version
I produced this new map by editing the Europe map and the existing EU map (for the further east bit). I hope that this is clearer - the paler background on the EU countries is done to show up the text more. Unfortunately this is slightly at the expense of a clear difference between Romania/Bulgaria and Turkey, but it's distinguishable. I added the names of the EU neighbours. Yes the font is VERY small, but as they're not as relevant to the topic, it's no matter. They are recognisable. (I don't relish the prospect of trying to fit all those Balkan countries in the EU countries font!!!)

Please let me know your opinions. Unlike the old map, I have one on my PC at 300% of the size, with no anti-aliasing, which makes changing things easier.

I hope those who have put such effort into the old map are not annoyed. I did spend about 2.5 hours myself doing this new version!!!

Zoney 00:30, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Your map shows the UK as part of the EU, which it is not.

 * Don't be ridiculous, anonymous, ofcourse the UK is part of the EU. Aris Katsaris 13:16, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * We all (the other EU countries) wish it wasnt, but unfortunately it is :) You could also say the UK is part of USA as it does everything USA tells it to.. --HJV 22:45, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Archiving
This talk page was HUMONGOUS (or however one is supposed to spell that!) – so I archived everything back to 3 weeks ago. Everything from about the 10th May should still be here. One or two topics above have been discussed some time ago, but with recent comments. I've archived the old comments too (in the cases above, the headings are enough context for the comments). I hope no-one has any problems! (man it took longer than I thought!) Zoney 01:18, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

EU Overview Table
In Mozilla Firefox (0.8) the table with all of the information about the EU does not display correctly. It overlaps the text, and moves the text over to the left- doesn't let it spread out through the page. It works fine in IE and Safari, though.

 * I've the same problem with Firefox in XP and 2K. It seems to be a site-wide problem (I've had it on some other pages, also thumbnail images doing the same, floating centre rather than right) though indeed page-specific in some way (goodness knows what!) see Republic of Ireland for a similar table that works fine! I would suggest reporting it to m:MediaWiki 1.3 comments and bug reports as is suggested on the Village pump page. I've already done so actually, but perhaps you want to add to my report there.
 * Zoney 22:02, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Removal of EU Membership boxes
Currently, on the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries, they're discussing removal of footers, such as EU membership boxes, as they are thought to be aesthetically unpleasing. They'd be replaced by Category:EU countries at the top of the Country page.

What do people think?? -- EuroTom 16:42, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The EU footer is helpful as it can be easily skimmed and in my opinion looks asthetically pleasing. Just a thought...maybe the applicant countries should also be added (eg. Croatia, FYR Macedonia) -

 * There is already an EU countries and candidates footer, the above footer is just for current member states - Zoney 09:03, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I love the footers. Please don't remove this one Dmn

As long as there are not too many footers, I think they are quite convenient. Gugganij 16:44, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I'm quite a fan of the footers, they're a really useful navigational aid OwenBlacker 20:37, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Good-neighbour policy and Wider Europe
These are not currently mentioned and there are certainly no pages created to explicitly explain them. Would it not be a good idea to create a page on these issues as enlargement is one of the fundamental properties of the EU and these two areas play a key role.

US category spelling
Anyone know how to alias international organisations to the international organizations category? The page is quite appropriately written in British / International English. But this category heading at the bottom is a problematic Americanism that introduces inconsistencies. See also Category talk:International organizations. Zoney 09:14, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

According to American and British English differences#... -ise / -ize the Oxford English Dictionary uses the version with 'z'. Edward 09:35, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

GDP table
What's the source of the GDP data? There are some differences between this table and recent published data of Eurostat. The GDP index (EU25=100) in the case of Cyprus shows for instance a difference of 18 (sic!) points.

For comparison

Gugganij 11:31, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The data in the article was copied across from the enlargement article, I think; that was created some time ago (before the latest Eurostat figures) and was an agglomeration of various data sources.
 * We should update the data, unless anyone has an objection? The only think I can think of is that the figures are (and will be yet more so) out of sync with the data in the infobox, kept at 2002 levels due to not having an up-to-date set of global PPP GDPs...
 * James F. (talk) 11:48, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm in favour of updating - I searched on Eurostat recently but couldn't find what I was looking for. Also -
 * not having an up-to-date set of global PPP GDPs...
 * Can this not be calculated from the individual PPP GDPs?
 * What's the situation with a table or graphs? I really think the table takes up too much space on the page and looks ugly. As regards the graphs, I have no particular preference as to the format or data to be displayed (values vs percentage).
 * Zoney 13:30, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Definitely agree - chart(s) are better than a table anyday. If people actually wanted to use the figures for economic planning or something equally improbable, they'd be better off going straight to Eurostat anyway. For casual browsing, charts are much more attractive and provide superior understanding. -- EuroTom 06:58, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I created a new table and new graphics with data from World Bank. I hope everyone likes them. --Cantus 21:16, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

significance of 1952/1958?
From the section "Member states and successive enlargements": "In 1952/1958 the six founding members were..."

Can someone explain the significance of these dates? They aren't referenced anywhere else in the article.

--Wasabe3543 08:48, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The ECSC was founded in 1952, the EEC in 1958. john k 09:29, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Origins of the EU
A new edit suggests German economists' ideas as an early origin of the idea of a European Union. Problem is, the date mentioned is 1940. Is it just me, or would they have envisaged quite the EU we have today. I was under the impression that other views on uniting Europe prevaled in Germany at the time.

These lines may be perfectly valid, and my skepticism unwarranted, but I am seeking some other opinions.

Zoney 23:28, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Nazi proposal similar to the structure of the EU?
To which respect was the European community proposed by Hitler-Germany similar to the current structure of the EU? Gugganij 16:08, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, please specify which aspect. I've tried to include the point by pointing out the similarity to the single market.

 * The EU has a lot of similarities to lots of political entities. Some of these may be viewed negatively - Warsaw block economies (no tariffs) - and some positively - similar liberal democratic laws as the US.

 * Most of the features of the EU, right from the start, represented the 'weak willed' internationalism and tolerance of diversity that were very anatemic to Nazi ideology.

 * A perhaps closer predecessor was Napoleon's idea for a continental customs union, (he claimed to share some of the concepts of liberty) but even that was basically an instrument for furthering French influence. -- EuroTom 19:30, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Well... if the Atlantic rift widens, maybe we will arrive at one of Hitler's wishes, namely the chance of even competition with the United States. Like the Coal and Steel Union, Hitler's Neuropa was intended to cement the positive result of war, and to take up competition with the Soviet Union, but nevertheless, I see no reason to include this reference to similarities in structure when the differences (democracy being only one of them) aren't mentioned at all. It's not very relevant to the later creation of the European Union.

--Ruhrjung 19:46, 2004 Jun 16 (UTC)

 * Currently commented out is:

 * Following the catastrophe of the First World War some thinkers and visionaries began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. A European community was proposed already in 1940 by German economists, and several German politicians, among them the German foreign minister, spoke for the creation of such an institution, with a structure rather similar to the modern EU.

 * Is this accurate? I'd prefer some structures similar to rather than a structure similar to given the very large number of critical differences as well as similarities. Elizabeth_A would this be acceptable? It points out that there are some similarities, but doesn't imply they were necessarily very similar overall. Do you think it'd be okay Ruhrjung or do you think there were minimal similarities if any? -- EuroTom 00:10, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem with any attempt to discern the origins of the EU in Nazi policy is that regardless of truth or falsehood this will be interpreted as a slur: the term "Nazi" is now used to mean evil more often than it is to describe the National Socialist German Workers Party, making any rational identification of similarities (and of the limits of those similarities) difficult. In short, any conclusion that the modern EU is in any way similar to NSDAP intentions for post-war Europe is quite literally taboo.msahutty 10:37, 2004 Jun 27 (UTC)

 * Whatever... the problem here was that the similarities were being mentioned, and that the limits of those similarities were not. --Shallot 12:40, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I don't know how much inter-war thoughts were reflected in the development from Coal and Steel union to European Union, but the first sentence seems correct to me. The second sentence, however, ...what I've stumbled over when reading on World War II and Nazi policies does not at all warant any emphasis on similarities. I guess Elizabeth has some source to lean on. The question then is, if that source represents a scientifical mainstream view or something else.

--Ruhrjung 01:49, 2004 Jun 17 (UTC)

Stop trolling, Ruhrjung. The structural similarities are described in the main article, and you are constantly trying to delete them. A lack of democracy is irrelevant, EU isn't particularly democratic in any event, and has always been more about economical structures, which we are discussing. Without Germany and a genuine German interest, there had been no European Union today, so the original German impetus for what now is the EU cannot be underestimated. Note for instance that the German proposal from 1943 have much, much more in common with present-day EU than what Churchill proposed in his speech in Zürich. Elizabeth A

@EuroTom: Note that I wrote "rather similar", not "similar". I do however agree to "some structures rather similar". Elizabeth A

 * Many apologies - I didn't mean to misquote!

 * In the UK (generally), "rather" often implies polite suspicion or distrust when used as a qualifier: "he was a rather shady character" meaning "he's very suspect", and similarly for the usage of 'quite'. (However, this might just be my usage of the word.)

 * I agree - West Germany's support was very important in the formation of the EU. However, I'd previously believed that support arose from the same sentiments as Churchill's call for a "United States of Europe": that a shattered Europe needed to rebuild together in the face of poverty and the Soviet Union.

 * In terms of economic planning, the EU's lack of tariffs is like WW2 German occupied territories, but it is also similar to the much older plans of Napoleon and akin to the internal economics of the pre-War British empire.

 * In terms of political similarities, I also do agree the EU could be more democratic, but it has always been composed of democratic governments (a condition of entry that kept out Franco's Spain) and commits itself to diversity, quite unlike Nazi ideology.

 * Have you got a link to the German 1943 proposal? I have heard of it before, but have only seen short details about it and it'd be good to look at the similarities and differences. -- EuroTom 14:00, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I rewritten the whole section to include multiple possible influences. -- EuroTom 04:15, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

EU undemocratic?
It's false to imply the EU is not democratic. Yes the parliament is the only DIRECTLY democratic force, but the other parts are controlled/elected by ELECTED DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS. Bah! I hate this "undemocratic" Euroskeptic argument - you hear nothing but it on British news! It's much better than only directly democratic institutions IMO. Democracy can be pretty screwed up sometimes! Look at the US! Wow, a lot of choice there! Zoney 11:07, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * European Commissioners may be appointed by democratically elected national governments, but once appointed are not answerable to them and are, indeed, sworn to independence. As the Commission is in many respect arguably the most powerful branch of the European Community, this makes the "undemocratic" charge more than mere abuse. More contentiously, I would argue that national governments often push European legislation that they can agree to in the Council of Ministers when they are unable to achieve such legislation through their own national legislative process (whether due to political, legal or constitutional impediments), which is then present back home as "Europe made us do it"; this tactic is known as "policy washing" and arguably supports a charge of being undemocratic in that it is a deliberate end-run around national democratic checks and balances. Msahutty 14:42, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that the European Commission is, once appointed, not answerable to anybody is not correct. 1. The democratically elected European Parliament has to ratify the appointment of the Commission President, it holds confirmation hearings of the possible Commissioners and decides whether or not to appoint the Commission by a vote of confidence. 2. Furthermore, it has the right to dismiss the Commission anytime. Gugganij 16:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, wasn't the parliament going to exercise this power a couple years back, during some budget fudging allegations, and the whole commission resigned? Zoney 18:29, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's true. In 1999 shortly before the European Parliament introduced a motion of no-confidence the Commission of Jacques Santer resigned. Gugganij 19:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Still, most decisions are taken secretly in the council of ministers. The EU lacks transparency, that is why most people regard the institutions as undemocratic.

Who wants to vote for representatives that will have no say over important matters for the EU (foreign policy, defence, fiscal policy...) in the following five years?

The average citizen will not be able to elect candidates for the european comission.

thewikipedian 22:37 UTC+2, 22 June 2004

 * Except that it's one thing to say that "the EU is undemocratic" and a whole other thing that to say "the CoM is not directly democratically elected". --Shallot

 * Well, actually, are not all CoM members directly elected members of national governments? (equiv. of MPs, TDs, whatever?)Zoney 10:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Aren't members of government usually appointed by the directy elected representatives? I have never seen a direct election of a minister, and ministers are not always required to be elected members of parliament although if they are not they usually acquire speaking (but not voting) rights in the parliament on account of their position.

I agree. Since the council of ministers can't seem to agree on a candidate for president of the commission, they should just submit a slate to the European Parliament and let them elect (rather than rubberstamp) the president. Miguel 04:29, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The Leadership of the Commission is accountable, the vast majority of are not. I don't think anyone should deny the EU, is *currently* undemocratic and very technocratic. They are slowly attempting to repair this, notably with the EuroCon by strengthening parliament. CJWilly

title: Talk:European Union/Archive 4


text:
Talk:Gertrude of Poland

Expansion
Needs categories, vital dates and more details of her life. --Theo (Talk) 15:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Astrologer?
Why Category:Polish astrologers? --Hob Gadling (talk) 16:23, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gertrude of Poland


text: Category:Economy of Denmark

title: Category:Economy of Denmark


text:
Marc Wallice

Marc Wallice (born Marc Stephen Goldberg; October 3, 1959) is a former American pornographic actor. He performed in over 1,700 pornographic films and has directed as well. Wallice was inducted into both the AVN and XRCO Halls of Fame.

He tested HIV positive in 1998 after allegedly hiding his HIV positive status for two years and infecting at least four women, sending shockwaves throughout the porn industry.

He left the industry but later returned as a director, editor, and writer.

Career
Wallice entered the porn industry in 1982 at the age of 22. He was working as a grocery store bagger when he answered an ad for the World Modeling Agency. He started out with non-speaking roles, but worked his way up to become a very active actor, doing more than 1,300 heterosexual movies. One of his first films was a gay pornographic film called "A Matter of Size."

Since 1982 Wallice has appeared in productions for studios such as 4-Play Video, Anabolic Video, Caballero Home Video, CDI Home Video, Elegant Angel, Evil Angel, Filmco, Legend Video, Leisure Time Entertainment, Sin City, VCA Pictures, VCA Picturesidco, Vivid Entertainment, Wicked Pictures, and the Zane Entertainment Group.

Wallice was also featured on the HBO documentary series about the adult industry Real Sex in 1998.

In 2003, he returned to the industry as a director.

HIV
On April 30, 1998, the then-head of AIM Medical, Sharon Mitchell, announced that Wallice was HIV positive. Wallice's career as a performer was effectively over and there were rumors and speculation that he intentionally hid his HIV positive status with fake blood work through several HIV testing cycles to continue working, and consequently infected several actresses, including Brooke Ashley (a.k.a. Anne Marie Ballowe), Tricia Devereaux, Caroline, and Kimberly Jade. Doubts of this speculation were investigated using Wallice's tests.

After his HIV positive status became public, Wallice announced his intention to go back to school to learn computer programming.

Awards

 * 1990 AVN Best Group Sex Scene – Video for Gang Bangs II
 * 1992 XRCO Best Actor (Single Performance) for House of Sleeping Beauties
 * 1993 AVN Best Group Sex Scene – Video for Realities 2
 * 1993 XRCO Male Performer of the Year (Body of Work)
 * 1998 AVN Best Couples Sex Scene – Film for Red Vibe Diaries
 * AVN Hall of Fame
 * XRCO Hall of Fame

title: Marc Wallice


text:
Bodkin

Bodkin may refer to:

People

 * Bodkin (surname), a list of people and one fictional character

Sharp implements

 * A dagger
 * Bodkin point, a type of arrowhead
 * Bodkin needle, a variety of sewing needle
 * Lawyers bodkin, a type of hole puncher

Places

 * Bodkin, U.S. Virgin Islands, a settlement on Saint Croix
 * Bodkin Island, Maryland, United States – see Bodkin Island Light
 * Bodkin Hazel Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in England

Literature and the arts

 * Bodkin Ras, 2016 Dutch-Belgian film
 * Bodkin (TV series), 2024 American series set in Ireland

Other

 * One of the fourteen Tribes of Galway

title: Bodkin


text: User talk:68.145.244.238

title: User talk:68.145.244.238


text:
Crush, Crumble and Chomp!

Crush, Crumble and Chomp! is a 1981 video game where the player takes control of a movie monster and attacks a major city, such as New York or San Francisco. It was published in 1981 for the TRS-80, Apple II, and Atari 8-bit computers. Ports to the VIC-20, Commodore 64, and IBM PC compatibles were released later. Some versions were published under the company's original name of Automated Simulations, while the rest use Epyx.

Gameplay
Crush, Crumble and Chomp! is a turn-based action game played on a scrolling 2D grid-based map.

The player creates a movie monster and attacks a city, much in the manner of the classic horror movies of the 1950s. Specifically, the player can create:
 * Goshilla, a giant amphibian like Godzilla, with a breath weapon and leaving a corrosive trail of radioactive waste.
 * The Kraken, a giant octopus or squid-like monster, that can attack bridges and seaside ports and then slip into the water to hide from attack. However, the Kraken can not go on land.
 * Arachnis, a giant spider, can clog roads with its web and can escape underground via its network of secret tunnels. Arachnis can tunnel underwater, but if emerging in water it's trapped, can't move, and needs to tunnel back to dry land.
 * The Glob, akin to the monster in The Blob, can travel underground in the city's sewer and absorb obstacles in its path, including skyscrapers. It also leaves a flammable trail of slime in its wake. The Glob shares Arachnis' tunneling ability, but also its limitation.
 * Mechismo, a towering robotic menace, sports an exotic array of alien weaponry, such as ray guns. It has the advantage over the other monsters in that it does not need to capture and eat people to survive. This is countered by the fact that, as a non-lifeform, it can't heal; the game's customization could allow the player to build a self-repairing robot, but this requires a prohibitive amount of "crunch credits".
 * Mantra, a giant flying monster, like the infamous Rodan. Mantra can fly over water, but, if landing in it, is stuck like Arachnis or The Glob emerging from its tunneling.

The game also allows the player to "grow" their own monster, with several basic shapes to choose from and a number of "crunch credits" to spend on custom abilities. The number of credits available, and the cost of some abilities, depends on the shape chosen. The player can add a number of abilities until their credits are exhausted.

Crush, Crumble and Chomp! has four cities to attack: San Francisco, New York, Washington, D.C., and Tokyo. After attacking a city—the main activity of the game—players are rated on how well they did. Players are rated even if their monsters die in the attack and can achieve a high score for what they accomplished before expiring.

Development
The game engine is in BASIC and uses character graphics for the map and player, using basic graphics on platforms that support it. On the Atari 8-bit computers, for instance, the map is created out of a custom character set and presented in a low-resolution mode that allows up to four colors. The same engine was used in most of Epyx's games from the early 1980s.

Reception
Stanley Greenlaw reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "If you have enjoyed other Automated Simulation games you will not be disappointed in this one. It has the traditional Automated Simulation game mechanics, improved graphics, and a highly entertaining theme."

The game was reviewed in 1982 in The Dragon #65 by Bruce Humphrey. Humphrey concluded that "The game system isn't perfect, from the player/monster point of view," but "The game is satisfying, however, from a fun-to-play standpoint, and that counts more." Jerry Pournelle stated that he was "particularly partial" to Crush in BYTE in 1983. He called it "my all-time favorite" in 1984, writing "there's something exceedingly attractive about burning down and stomping the Pentagon flat, and in general making an even bigger mess of Washington than the politicians have".

Steve Loniewski reviewed Crush, Crumble and Chomp in Ares Magazine #14 and commented that "Crush, Crumble and Chomp is a fine, well thought-out game that ought to keep our subdued destructive impulses at bay for one more evening."

Legacy
Epyx released a similar game in 1986 as The Movie Monster Game.

title: Crush, Crumble and Chomp!


text: File:Kamelot blackhalo.jpg

title: File:Kamelot blackhalo.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects

Redirects are now listed in .

This page was used to relate information on the many redirects for stub templates whose existence is indicated by the code *R associated with particular stub types at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types (WP:WSS/ST).

Features of the list:
 * Sort is alphabetically by target template title e.g. according to "Baseball-stub" for redirects pointing to Baseball-stub
 * Orphan status and date of assessment are provided for each redirect a template is considered orphaned if all links from the main article space have been removed, which might leave any number of Wikipedia and Talk space links remaining
 * For some redirects, an approximate number of articles using the redirect is given in brackets after the date of assessment.
 * Wikilinks for redirects use the "redirect=no" parameter
 * Each redirect is associated with a descriptive template link that describes the basic reason for the redirect see Template messages/Redirect pages for the full list of these templates
 * Code *D
 * if it precedes the redirect link, the redirect has been listed for deletion at WP:SFD
 * if it precedes the target template link, the target template has been listed for deletion at WP:SFD

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C

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 * Geology-stub ← : Not orphaned (10Nov05; 100). R from abbreviation
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H

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O-R

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U-Z

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rick Rangler

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 10:18, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Rick Rangler
3 Google hits for a signed musician who has played for 20 years. I smell a hoax. Scimitar 15:53, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: The prose shows every sign of being a hoax/joke page. jglc | t | c 16:52, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/possible hoax. And one of those hits is for bear porn...his other source of income besides those supposed millions of records sold? ;) --Etacar11 23:23, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity nonsense. JamesBurns 23:44, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You ppl are nonsense dis homo is ghreeaaat!!--64.229.92.23 01:30, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Note that this anon account has voted seemingly nonsensical keep votes at a variety of VFDs, as seen at Special:Contributions/64.229.92.23. Sarg 12:07, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Nelchael

Hello, Fellow angel hunters and Supernatural believers alike. I am looking for an image of the fallen angel Nelchael, as I have been told that he is my guardian angel. Whether it be images of Nelchael you found online or elsewhere, or whether it would be an image drawn by one of those people with the unique ability to see angels. Im interested in all. send Nelchael Images to: adeliamay@hotmail.com

Thank You
 * This doesn't help the article at all. That's the sort of thing you post on a forum, not an encyclopedic talk page. TheMadChild (talk) 20:39, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Copyvio
I have reverted to the last non-copyrighted version by Martpol, as the version that replaced it was lifted from http://www.novareinna.com/constellation/cancerangels.html. I can't find a license to clarify whether copying it is acceptable or not, so I have Been Bold and reverted it.Shouriki (talk) 22:26, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nelchael


text:
Brian Wilson (Northern Ireland politician)

Brian Wilson (born 15 May 1943) is a Northern Irish politician who was a member of North Down Borough Council for 34 years (1981–2015). He retired when local government was reformed. During this time he served as an Alliance member, Green Party and Independent. He was the first Green Party Councillor to be elected in Northern Ireland in 2005. Wilson served as the Green Party Northern Ireland’s Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for North Down from 2007 to 2011, and was the party’s first elected representative in the Assembly. He agreed to serve as an MLA for a single term, and stood down to be replaced by his research assistant, Steven Agnew.

Early life
Wilson was born in 1943 in Bangor, County Down. He attended Trinity Primary School and Bangor Grammar School. A former civil servant in the Department of Education, he studied part-time at the Open University and in 1973 left the civil service to do a full-time master's degree in Politics at the University of Strathclyde.

Academic career
On his return to Northern Ireland he lectured at Omagh Technical College in 1979 from where he transferred to the College of Business Studies as a lecturer in government and economics. He was a senior lecturer at BIFHE for 24- years, until he retired in 2003.

Political career
In the 1970s he became a member of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and then joined the Alliance Party in 1975. He was elected to North Down Borough Council at the 1981 local elections and was elected mayor in 1993/1994. During this period, he unsuccessfully contested North Down in the 1982 Assembly Election. In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in North Down.

In 1997 Wilson left the Alliance Party and was elected as an independent councillor for Bangor West in 2001 topping the poll for the fourth successive election with 1871 votes (1.6 quotas). In 2003 he again stood as an independent candidate for the Assembly increasing his share of the poll by 10% and finishing tenth out of 19 candidates on the first count.

In 2004 he joined the Green Party. The following year he became the first Green Party representative to be elected to public office in Northern Ireland when he again topped the poll in Bangor West.

Then in 2007 he won the first Green Party's seat in the Northern Ireland Assembly, winning a seat in the North Down constituency on the 10th count, after increasing the Green vote from 730 to 2,839 first preferences. He served on the Environment Committee, DRD Committee and Privileges Committee in the Northern Ireland Assembly.

In 2011 he stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly, in favour of his research assistant Steven Agnew who retained the seat for the Greens.

He stood instead for Bangor West seat on North Down Council, as an independent, standing against both his wife (Anne Wilson, Alliance Party) and the Green Party candidate. Both Wilson and his wife were reelected as councillors. He again topped the poll with his highest ever percentage of first preference votes (1458).

Personal life
In 1979 he married Anne whom he met when studying in Scotland. They have two children Scott (born 1980) and Allan (born 1982) and two step children Roy and Caroline.

He was a member of the Board of Governors of Rathmore Primary School from 1981 to 2011. He is presently a member of the BoG of St. Columbanus College, former member of South Eastern Education and Library Board, former member of North Down District Policing Partnership, former member of the Eastern Health Board & Health Council and former governor of the North Down & Ards Institute.

Brian is also a member of Greenpeace, RSPB and Friends of the Earth.


text:
Naguib Pasha Mahfouz

Naguib Pasha Mahfouz (نجيب باشا محفوظ / ALA-LC: Nagīb Bāshā Maḥfūẓ; 5 January 1882 – 25 July 1974) is known as the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt and was a pioneer in obstetric fistula.

Early life
Mahfouz was born to a Coptic Christian family on 5 January 1882 in the city of Mansoura in the delta of Egypt.

Education
He joined Kasr El Aini Medical School in 1898, where teaching was predominantly undertaken by eminent European professors. At this time, Qasr El Eyni Hospital had no department of obstetrics and gynaecology, and the only case of labour that he attended "ended fatally for both mother and child".

Cholera outbreak in Egypt 1902
In June 1902, when Mahfouz was about to take his final year exams, there was an outbreak of cholera in Egypt and medical students were recruited to help combat the epidemic. The medical school was closed and exams postponed. Mahfouz was initially assigned to the Cairo railway station, to examine suspected cholera patients coming from Upper Egypt. Mahfouz paid a visit to the Health Department Director General and demanded to be sent to Mousha, a village in Upper Egypt near Assiut which was particularly hard-hit by the deadly disease and where a doctor had just succumbed to the same disease he had been sent to fight. In Mousha, young Mahfouz traced the cholera deaths to an infected well in a farmer's house. Within a week of the discovery of the well, the Mousha cholera epidemic had come to an end and so a nineteen-year-old medical student succeeded where a body of the ablest and most experienced British Public Health Department experts had failed. Mahfouz subsequently had similar success in fighting cholera in Deirout in Upper Egypt, as well as in and Alexandria.

The first department of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt
Mahfouz qualified as a doctor in December 1902, coming top of his year. In 1904 and after a two-year spell at Suez hospital, he was appointed as an anaesthetist at Kasr El Aini hospital. As there was no such thing as a department of obstetrics or gynaecology at Kasr El Aini hospital, Mahfouz started a weekly gynaecological outpatient clinic. This turned out to be such a success that two whole wards were soon dedicated to obstetrical and gynaecological patients, and so the first department of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt came into existence. Mahfouz acquired much experience in dealing with difficult labour, partly from an agreement that he had struck with the medical officers who delivered women in their homes: whenever they faced a difficult labour, the medical officers would call Mahfouz into attendance. For his part, he would attend to the patient's house and help them deal with the most complicated cases without charging a fee. During the fifteen years to come, Mahfouz attended about two thousand women with difficult labour in their own homes. During this time, he recalls sleeping no more than two nights a week in the comfort of his own home. One of the children that Naguib Mahfouz delivered after a difficult labour, was named after him in 1911. This child later became the laureate of the Nobel prize in literature, the famous novelist Naguib Mahfouz.

Career progression
Naguib Mahfouz was appointed as Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kasr El Aini Hospital in January 1929, a post he occupied until he reached the age of retirement in January 1942. His term of service at Kasr El Aini was extended by five years at the unanimous request of his colleagues at the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Mahfouz was also obstetrician and gynaecologist to the Egyptian Royal Family. His pioneering work on the surgical repair of urinary and faecal fistulae brought him and Kasr El Aini hospital international acclaim. The leading lights in his speciality came all the way to Egypt to watch him repair fistulae at Kasr El Aini and the Coptic Hospital, and he was invited to lecture and show films of his operations at the Universities of London, Oxford, Edinburgh, Geneva, and Lausanne to name a few.

Mother and child welfare services
The absence of a maternity unit at Kasr El Aini hospital was great handicap to Naguib Mahfouz's work. Thanks to his efforts and unrelenting campaigning, the first maternity centre in Egypt came into existence at Kasr El Aini. Mahfouz reorganised the School of nursing and midwifery and taught general nursing and midwifery to its pupils for over thirty years. No less than one thousand midwives graduated under him. His two books on nursing and midwifery were used by the students for many years. In 1919, he started a pioneering scheme whereby midwives trained to the highest standards were allowed to deliver women in their own homes, a year before a similar program was started in England. In 1919, Mahfouz introduced the first antenatal clinics in Egypt, at the Kasr El Aini maternity hospital and in centres that he had opened in Cairo's deprived areas. Following this, he established a child welfare section at Kasr El Aini hospital, the first of its kind in Egypt. Many mother and child welfare centres were then built throughout the country.

Foundation of the Mahfouz Museum of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Naguib Mahfouz launched his Museum of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1928. By 1930, he had managed to collect three thousand of the rarest specimens in obstetrics and gynaecology obtained from his operations. He offered the museum which housed them and which was later named after him in 1932, as a gift to the Kasr El Aini Medical School. In 1945, the museum was described by the then President of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of England, Sir Eardley Holland, as "a remarkable collection" and " a wonderful monument to the name of its founder". Mahfouz provided specimens to the museums of each of the universities of Ein Shams, Alexandria, Assiut and Khartoum. The Naguib Mahfouz Museum of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kasr El Aini Medical School was renovated and relaunched in 2018.

Publications
Naguib Mahfouz was a prolific author on a wide variety of subjects ranging from urinary and faecal fistulae, spinal analgesia, fibroids, ectopic pregnancy, gynaecological malignancies, pelvic infections and caesarean sections. One of his greatest achievements was the Atlas of Mahfouz's Obstetric and Gynaecological Museum, which he published in three volumes in 1949. The atlas contained pictures and slides of all the specimens found at the Mahfouz Museum of obstetrics and gynaecology. The atlas was described by Sir Eardley Holland as "no doubt the best book that has appeared in obstetrics and gynaecology". Other books include the celebrated History of Medical Education in Egypt which he wrote in 1935. He also wrote Principles of Gynaecology and the Art of Obstetrics, both in Arabic.

Honours
In 1919, Naguib Mahfouz was granted the Order of the Nile. In 1935, he was elected honorary fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of England, an honour only bestowed on five eminent doctors at any one time. In 1937, he became a fellow of each of the Royal College of Physicians of England and of the Academy of Medicine of New York. During the same year, he was granted the title of pasha, the highest honour bestowed on a civilian in Egypt. In 1943, the Royal College of Surgeons of England elected Sir Winston Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek and Professor Naguib Mahfouz as honorary fellows of the college, the highest honour the Royal College can bestow. As Mahfouz could not make it to London because of lack of transport during World War II, the Royal College of Surgeons Council unusually enough conferred the degree on Naguib Mahfouz in Cairo. On 1 July 1947, the Royal Society of Medicine of England bestowed its honorary fellowship upon Professor Naguib Mahfouz together with Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of Penicillin, and an atomic scientist. During the same year, Mahfouz was also granted the honorary fellowship of the Royal Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Edinburgh. Naguib Mahfouz was granted the medal of education as well as the King Farouk's prize for medical sciences in 1951. In 1956, The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists invited Mahfouz to deliver the Fletcher Shaw Memorial Lecture, an honour only conferred on fellows of the college "whose research would have contributed to noticeable progress in obstetrics and gynaecology". So many applications to attend came in, that the venue of the lecture had to be moved from the college's lecture hall to the Royal Society of Medicine in London. In 1960, President Gamal Abdel Nasser granted Mahfouz the First Class Order of Merit and the State Prize of Distinction for Science. President Anwar Sadat subsequently granted him the highest accolade post-humously.

Private life
Naguib Mahfouz was married to Fayka Azmi in 1911. They had a son and four daughters. He died at the age of 92 on 25 July 1974.

title: Naguib Pasha Mahfouz


text:
Talk:European Union/Archive 5

.eu Top-Level Domain
For those interested, some of the necessary rules for the .eu tld have been published. Hence it will hopefully come onstream in a couple of months. Negotiations with ICANN are to commence soon. See this external link -. Zoney 10:29, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Does this mean a phasing out of others such as .co.uk or .se? --81.109.249.119

 * Almost certainly no. --Shallot

 * Well I would assume that some of the members MAY stop issuing new TLD addresses, not instantly, but possibly eventually. - Gerbon689

European Neighbourhood Policy
Someone should add this to the article. It is immportant when considering enlargement and the EU worldwide as well as its relationship to other countries. I dont have the time nor the style of factual writing to add this but I believe its important. This is the web page http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/index_en.htm

Yes this should be written about but I won't do it. Neighbourhood policy is important but someone else will have to do it. Pedro

 * It warrants one sentence, perhaps two. It's relevant - but while this page should discuss EU policies generally/overall, it doesn't need to minutely detail each and every one. This is in essence a page summarising the EU. zoney █ █ █  talk 18:58, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Confederation?
Can the EU in its current form be described as a de-facto confederation, albeit not in name, as clearly it is a system of powerful regional governments that have devolved some, but not all controlling, powers to a central governemnt? 80.255.219.52 12:34, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

having just looked the confederation article says exactally that, surely it should also be in this article? 80.255.219.52 12:35, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "A confederation is a large state composed of many self-governing regions." - The EU is a union of a number of states (fully independent) co-ordinating and centralising some areas. The United States of America on the other hand, is a confederation. The EU anti-federalists talk about not wanting a "United States of Europe", but that is an accurate description of a non-federal EU (or European Union). The USA is a slight misnomer IMO and could easily be called the American Confederation (ignoring the civil war usages). zoney ▓  ▒ talk 13:12, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Zony sorry but you have it "arse about face", but you are one of many I have come across. A Federation is a group of states that maintain local control of affairs but have a stong central governemnt which also represents the group internationally as a single sovereign power.  Clearly this is what the United States is.  A confederation (quoting Websters Third International Dictionary) is "a group of independent nations, states or tribes more or less permanently united by treaty or alliance for joint action"  I would say that meets the definition of the EU.  Contrast and compare with the Confederation of the Rhine and federal modern day Germany. Dainamo 11:21, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I had assumed Confederation and Federation were interchangeable. Evidently not! zoney ▓  ▒ talk 11:31, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The prefix "con" is a clue ;) (although admittedly "flammable" and "inflammable" meen the same thing and I've yet to see something "inert and defunked" be described as previously "ert and funked"!)
 * More concise descriptions might be
 * Federation: Selected powers are devolved from central governments to divisional governments
 * Confederation: Selected powers are devolved from divisional governments to a central government. Dainamo 11:43, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If the definition of confederation is what you say, then why doesn't the article say that's what the EU is, it implies it's not a Fed or Confed

"Current legal base" of the union
The first paragraph of the present state of the article contains the sentence [The] current legal base [of the European Union] is the Treaty of Accession 2003 which entered into force on 1 May 2004. I removed this sentence since I judged meaningless or even inaccurate, some other editor reverted to the previous version, so I launch some discussion about it.

I do not think there is a unique "legal base" for the European Union ; several treaties contributed to building it and for Slovakia, the treaty of accession is certainly the most important of them. But for the twelve older countries, the most important is certainly the Maastricht treaty (Treaty on European Union). Note that all subsequent treaties have acted by modifying this fundamental one, not by replacing it.

I shall quote the first articles of both treaties : Art.1 of Maastricht treaty, first sentence By this treaty, the High Contracting Parties establish among themselves a European Union (...) and Art.1 of accession treaty : The Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic hereby become members of the European Union and Parties to the Treaties on which the Union is founded as amended or supplemented.

As you can read on this sentence, there is a referrence to "the Treaties on which the Union is founded" (plural form). With all these elements in sight, I find it pointless to decide one of these is precisely the legal base of the European Union and strongly suggest to remove again the litigious sentence. --French Tourist 18:52, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with you. The line about the Treaty of Accession is misleading -- and its place shouldn't be up there anyway. I suggest creating a "Legal basis" section or atleast merging the line about the Treaty of Accession on the already existing "Status" section. Either way, shouldn't be up there. In fact I'd argue that the "See EU treaties" line is a bit ugly located in the first paragraph also. Bring that one lower down too. Aris Katsaris 22:05, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

EGF
I hope I'm not deleting all the comments on this page... anyway, here goes: Shouldn't there be a reference to the newly formed EGF in the EU article? I'd add it myself, but I'm not really sure how and where...

 * The EGF is still uncertain and unformed, even if the agreement was signed -- but it's not even controlled by the EU instruments either, it's an agreement parallel to the EU even though it is clearly meant to serve it. So, it probably doesn't rate so high that it merits a mention in the main EU article. If there's any article about EU and common defense policies, then there would be its place. Will look into that. Aris Katsaris 22:05, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "but it's not even controlled by the EU instruments either" Oh ok, I didn't know that. I love Wikipedia, you learn something new every day =D

Whats happened to the EU flag?
The following comment  has repleced the images of the EU flag "Previously an image in this space. It was removed due to a lack of a free license. The image is pending deletion, and this notice will be removed once the image is deleted. You can still view the image, which was called Euflag.png. The caption displayed for this image was "Flag of the European Union"."

Has appeared in place of the EU flag. Does anyone know who put it there and on what basis is the EU flag a licensed iamge? There is no record of the change in the history so I assume its been carried out at an admin level. Lumos3 11:46, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually that part of the page is included via Template:European Union table and there has been a change there. I've reverted it because it doesn't appear to be correct, but we'll see. --Joy [shallot]   17:45, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, maybe you could have had a look at Possibly unfree images if you wanted precisions... And removing the warning doesn't change anything about the potential deletion of the image.

So.. you need a LICENSE to show an abstract representation of a flag, which by default always would result to the same picture anyone would make of that said flag. in a -free- encyclopedia ... riiigggghhhtt.. gotta love capitalism. :/ -Das BooT-

Map
The map of the European Union was recently replaced with a newer revision (at a separate image location). As yet, no widespread discussion has taken place as to the merits of the new map over the other. I will be the first to admit that my earlier version is not without faults, but I would still prefer it to the recent revision. Please see Image talk:European Union map.png (the new version's talk page) and discuss / provide input. For reference, the previous version's talk page is at Image talk:EU map names isles.png.

If the issue is not clear cut, a straw poll could perhaps be taken.

Add your comments / preferences or criticisms of either map at the first talk page linked above or here.

zoney ♣ talk 11:17, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Macedonia
The current division of "members" (25), "admission 2007" (Bulgaria, Romania) and "candidates" (Turkey, Croatia) is good, but I would prefer one more nuance: "submitted application" - Macedonia.

We all know that Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia-Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania are regarded as future candidates (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/index.htm), but most of them are in the very early stages and their status as candidates is not fully istitutionalized.

Croatia submitted application for membership in the beginning of 2003 and then 1,5 years later it received positive response, so currently it is listed as candidate. Macedonia submitted application in the beginning of 2004 and soon (spring 2005) it should receive some response (positive -> candidate, negative -> stays as currently and as Bosnia, Serbia, Albania).

But, this distigntion should be made - between "eventual candidates" (all European countries to some degree - Russia nearly zero - they are HIGHLY UNLIKELY to submit application, Balkan states - neraly 100% sure that someday they will submit application) and "states that officialy submitted membership application" (100% sure - already submitted application; this is different that "candidate" - becouse the EU has not responded so far)

Turkey's status complicates things a bit - they have submitted application a LONG time ago and they received SOME answer - "positive, but without start of negotations". Maybe this category (if it is ever to happen again to another country) should be made as currently - "candidate", but with an added footnote stating that negotiations have not started and decision on that is expected in the future. Of course all this will not be a issue if in December 2004 the EU decides to start negotiations with Turkey - then they will become just a regular "candidate" as Croatia. If in Dec.2004 the EU decides to delay the start of negotiations (and Turkey does not remove it's appication becouse of anger) - then the categories should indisputably became more - "members", "admission XXXX" (multiple sub-categories depending on expected admission date), "negotiating candidates", "candidates waiting to start negotiations", "coutries formaly submitted application"

 * The problem with "applicant status" or something like that, is that there are countries that have applied like even Morocco and got their application rejected or ignored -- there are also countries that applied like Norway and then the membership procedure broke down. Switzerland's application got likewise shelved. So, unless we have a specific definition of what a "submitted application" category will contain, I'm not sure we should divide up further the possible future members. People really interested in the nuance can head over to Enlargement of the European Union, where each country's status is detailed. Aris Katsaris 15:43, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't checked the Enlargement page when I wrote this comment, sorry. OK, on the Enlargement page the information about Macedonia is good (but I think that some more explanations, dates of applications and referendums, referendums results are needed for Switzerland and Norway). I agree that including in the map all countries ever-made-an-application is not good. But I think that including countries that are still WAITING for answer is not bad - genrealy speaking that are the countries about witch there will be news/developments soon, so maybe it is wroth to mention them. I think so, becouse the formal application is an important step, and even before receiving the "yes"-answer from the EU, a country that has made a formal application is undisputably closer to membership than other countries (as Macedonia should be much closer than Bosnia, Serbia-Montenegro, Albania; but not closer than Croatia, etc.). Also, I don't expect that a Morrocco-like situation will repeat soon.

Broken link
The GDP link doesn't work. I took the numbers from and labeled it "PPS", but do you notice that the "market prices" and "PPS" for EU-25 is the exact same number, are they getting lazy? They still haven't managed to produce the PPS numbers for the new countries?. - Jerryseinfeld 21:33, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Motto
The motto seems to be from the constitution that hasn't yet been ratified. Should this be somehow addressed?

 * Not really, the European Parliament has already accepted the motto "Unity in diversity", even as it's accepted the flag and the anthem. See European symbols. Though perhaps we should correct the translation from "United" to "Unity". Aris Katsaris 01:02, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article a bit too long?
I really do like the article, no doubt about it, but I find it a rather lengthy read, and I usually prefer smaller articles -- but I have no idea how to break it up in smaller articles. Maybe I am the only one with this feeling, but at least I'd like to ask on this matter here... --denny vrandečić 22:46, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

GDP

 * Updated GDP numbers from the IMF database, 2003, PPP 10952.736, currency 11020.113. - Jerryseinfeld 17:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That would put the EU behind the US since they reported a GDP of $11.004 trillion . - Jerryseinfeld 18:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Union/Archive 5


text: Category:Economy of India

title: Category:Economy of India


text:
Chicago, Missouri and Western Railway

The Chicago, Missouri and Western Railway (CM&W) was a Class II railroad that operated in the midwest of the United States between 1987 and 1989. Never financially stable, less than a year after it was created it was bankrupt and sold off its lines piecemeal to other railroads in 1989.

CM&W RR was also used as the logo for the train line on THE VIRGINIAN western series of NBC which ran from 1962 to 71

History
The Chicago and Alton Railroad (C&A) had built and operated lines from Chicago, Illinois to Springfield, Illinois, from Springfield to Roodhouse, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri, and from Roodhouse to Kansas City, Missouri and St. Louis, until that railroad was merged into the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad (GM&O (reporting mark GMO)) in 1947. The GM&O itself was merged into the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad (ICG) in 1972. When the ICG began spinning off its redundant lines, the Chicago, Missouri and Western Railway (CM&W (reporting mark CMNW)) purchased the lines from the ICG on April 28, 1987. The line struggled financially, leading to deferred maintenance on the track, and the company was bankrupt within the year.

Parent company
Venango River was formed by former Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe managers to purchase the legendary South Shore Line from the Chessie System. The South Shore acquisition met with modest success, but whether the success correlated with management skill is still up for debate. The Chessie had all but neglected the railroad, making success easy to come by. Further, the Chessie equipped the South Shore with ten new locomotives ideal for shortline railroading, leading to low maintenance costs. Flush with success, Venango River purchased the CM&W from ICG with the South Shore as guarantor of the loans at Citibank. President John Darling had grand dreams of serving three steel mills belonging to National Steel, one in Detroit, one in Burns Harbor (on CSS), and one near St. Louis (on CM&W).

Failure
Collective insight suggests Venango River overpaid for the railroad, and could not service the debt with revenues. While South Shore revenues were directed toward servicing CM&W debt for a time, when the state of Indiana failed to adequately subsidize South Shore's passenger trains, the house of cards fell. The affair was not helped by the dilapidated ex-Western Pacific EMD GP40 locomotives acquired for CM&W (only a few were repainted for CM&W). The Chicago-St. Louis line was acquired at bankruptcy sale by the Southern Pacific Transportation Company and, as a result of the UP buyout, is now part of Union Pacific. The Kansas City-St. Louis (along with Roodhouse-Springfield) line was purchased by Gateway Western Railway, eventually coming under Kansas City Southern control.

Notable service and trackage rights

 * Piggyback service from South Shore's Burnham Yard to St. Louis
 * Amtrak's Chicago-St. Louis service
 * Chicago Terminal trackage rights to connect CSS and CM&W and other area railroad yards, including Proviso (still held by CSS)
 * Run-through steel coil shipments between CM&W, CSS, and GTW (for National Steel)
 * Business trains featuring bright orange CSS locomotives and business cars as well as other leased business cars

title: Chicago, Missouri and Western Railway


text:
User talk:Stanislas Nanchen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 15:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Stanislas Nanchen


text:
Winnington

Winnington is a small, mainly residential area of the town of Northwich, in the Cheshire West and Chester district, in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

Industry
Winnington is the home to Brunner Mond UK chemical works, where soda ash is created. Polythene, the material used in many plastic items (e.g. plastic bags), was first made at the chemical works by Reginald O. Gibson and Eric W. Fawcett in 1933, during an experiment that 'went wrong'. Most residents in Winnington were employed by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries); however, many people now work in the town centre, with Brunner Mond still employing hundreds of people. Most of the houses built closer to the ICI plant were built by the company to house their workers.

Winnington also has a combined heat and power station, providing electricity for Brunner Mond.

The Anderton Boat Lift, which lifts boats from the River Weaver navigation to the canal, is nearby.

The future
Winnington Village is a new development consisting of a range of family homes. Developers including Barratt Developments, Taylor Wimpey, Morris and Wilson Homes (Wilson Bowden) are looking to build a new community environment with the potential for a school and leisure facilities.

Sport
Winnington is home to Winnington Park Rugby Football Club that fields both a rugby union and rugby league team.

Also in Winnington is the Jubilee field (so named when it was given to the people of Northwich by Brunner Mond on their 50th anniversary in 1923), the playing fields are home to Winnington Avenue Football Club, with age groups in the Mid Cheshire Youth league from 8 years old to open age.

History
Winnington was formerly a township in the parish of Great Budworth, in 1866 Winnington became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished and merged with Northwich, Weaverham cum Milton and Hartford. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1268.

title: Winnington


text:
Talk:Bruce Catton

Photo?
If anyone has a public-domain photo of Catton, please add it. Hal Jespersen 15:56, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have a book titled "The Civil War" published by the Fairfax Press copyright 1980, MCMLX, MCMLXXI, distributed by Crown Publishers, Inc., by arrangement with American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.

FYISteve314159 (talk) 01:41, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bruce Catton


text:
User talk:207.200.24.241

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 15:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. andy 16:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note that this is the same person as Jsmith. Please log in before making contributions. Sonic Mew June 30, 2005 16:29 (UTC)

Please stop blanking pages or adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Sceptre 15:46, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Sceptre 15:59, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Question
Where did you get the info for the Japanese episode titles for episodes 72 and 73 for GX? What's the URL? Geg 00:17, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Someone redirected the Japanese page to the main YGO page. WhisperToMe 23:28, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Sceptre 14:18, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

If you feel that a page is fake or untruthful, please take it to Articles for Deletion. Sceptre 14:21, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Chibi Chibi is not Sailor Cosmos in the anime

 * Or at least has not been confirmed to the general public. Until then, it doesn't belong on the Chibi Chibi page.  And no, a fan site doesn't count as a reference. Danny Lilithborne 21:40, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

January 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Springfield, Massachusetts has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. ZX81  talk  20:28, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

November 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Charles Dickens has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you.  fetch  comms  ☛ 20:15, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Charles Dickens. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you.  fetch  comms  ☛ 20:19, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

January 2010
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at John F. Kennedy assassination, you will be blocked from editing. Binksternet (talk) 16:43, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
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"Microshaft" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Microshaft. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 21 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Bacon 02:50, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

"Microshaft" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Microshaft. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 23 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sysages (talk | contribs) 05:34, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.200.24.241


text:
Noah Emmerich

Noah Nicholas Emmerich (born February 27, 1965) is an American actor and director best known for his roles in films such as Beautiful Girls (1996), The Truman Show (1998), Frequency (2000), Miracle (2004), Little Children (2006), and Super 8 (2011). From 2013 to 2018 he starred as FBI agent Stan Beeman on the FX series The Americans, for which he won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2019.

Early life
Emmerich was born in New York City, New York. His mother, Constance, is a concert pianist; his father, André Emmerich (1924–2007), was a gallery owner and art dealer. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, André emigrated from Nazi Germany with his family, first to Amsterdam, Netherlands, then to New York in 1940. His aunt was a classmate of Anne Frank. Emmerich's family is Jewish, from Germany and France on his father's side and Hungary and Romania on his mother's. He has two older brothers: Toby Emmerich, a screenwriter and former chairman of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group; and Adam Emmerich, a partner at the law firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz in New York, specializing in mergers and acquisitions.

Noah Emmerich attended the Dalton School and learned to play the trumpet as a youth. He privately studied the Meisner technique of acting under Ron Stetston, an actor/director who is currently a senior member of the acting staff at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. Emmerich graduated from Yale University in 1987 having received a bachelor's degree in history. He sang in the "Yale Spizzwinks(?)", an a cappella singing group which also included actor Joshua Malina.

Film
Emmerich had his first starring role in the film Beautiful Girls, which earned him positive reviews from audiences and critics. He had supporting roles in such movies as The Truman Show, Life and Frequency.

In the 2000s, Emmerich began starring in more dramatic films, such as Julie Johnson, Beyond Borders, Little Children, Pride and Glory. He played the main antagonist, Colonel Nelec, in J. J. Abrams's film Super 8, which earned positive reviews from critics and was a box office success. He played assistant coach Craig Patrick in the 2004 film Miracle. In 2016, Emmerich portrayed Bill Hammond in the Western Jane Got a Gun.

Television
Emmerich started his career doing guest roles in television series such as NYPD Blue and Melrose Place.

Beginning in the 2000s, he had more prominent guest roles on series such as Monk, White Collar and The Walking Dead, the last of which brought him a Saturn Award nomination. In 2021, he reprised the role in the series finale of The Walking Dead: World Beyond.

His most notable TV series role role was that of FBI Agent Stan Beeman on the FX series The Americans. The series earned positive reviews, and Emmerich earned a Critics' Choice Award nomination for his performance. It ran for six seasons, ending in May, 2018. Emmerich made his directorial debut on season 3's episode 7, "Walter Taffet", and also directed episode 5 of season 4.

In September 2019, he starred in Netflix's limited series The Spy as the Israeli Mossad recruiting agent Dan Peleg.

On October 23, 2019, it was announced that he was cast as Kick Grabaston in the Netflix comedy series Space Force.

Personal life
Emmerich was married to actress Melissa Fitzgerald from 1998 to 2003. On April 26, 2014, he married actress and producer Mary Regency Boies (daughter of prominent lawyers David and Mary Boies)  at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York. He lives in Greenwich Village and in New York City.

He has two brothers, Warner Bros. Pictures chairman Toby Emmerich and Adam Emmerich.

title: Noah Emmerich