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Lickey Hills

The Lickey Hills (known locally as simply The Lickeys) are a range of hills in Worcestershire, England, 11 mi to the south-west of the centre of Birmingham near the villages of Lickey, Cofton Hackett and Barnt Green. The hills are a popular country park area and they afford panoramic views over much of the surrounding countryside.

Ownership
The hills had been a royal hunting reserve belonging to the Manor of Bromsgrove. Free public open access began in 1888 when Rednal Hill was bought by the Birmingham Society for the Preservation of Open Space. The Society then presented it to the City of Birmingham in trust. Pinfield Wood and Bilberry Hill were then leased at a nominal rent. Beacon Hill was bought by Edward, George and Henry Cadbury in 1907 and then given to the City of Birmingham. Cofton Hill, Lickey Warren and Pinfield Wood were bought in 1920. The final stage in restoring public access to the area was the purchase of the Rose Hill Estate from the Cadbury family in 1923. Although fully owned and maintained by Birmingham City Council, only a small part of the Lickey Hills Country Park is within its boundary, the rest being in Worcestershire.

Geography
The Lickey Hills consist of two parallel ranges with a valley between. The Lickey Hills Country Park of 525 acres (2 km2) belonging to Birmingham City Council and a golf club covers part of the hills. The lower range, known as the Lickey Ridge, consists of three hard quartzite hilltops, Rednal Hill, Bilberry Hill and Cofton Hill. The higher range consists of Rose Hill, Beacon Hill (298 m) and Stock Hill.

Geology
The Lickey Hills area includes a wide geological range of rocks of various ages. The stratigraphic sequence, which is the basis for the area's diversity of landscape and habitat, comprises:

 * Barnt Green rocks - tuffs and volcanic grits, siltstones and mudstones from the Tremadocian stage of the Ordovician
 * Lickey Quartzite - an Ordovician quartzite with thin beds of mudstone and possibly tuff
 * Rubery sandstone - a fossiliferous sandstone of lower Silurian age (Telychian)
 * Halesowen Formation - a Carboniferous mudstone of Westphalian D age
 * Clent Formation - a breccia of lower Permian age
 * Bunter Pebble Beds - beds of Triassic water-worn pebbles

The overall structure of the Lickeys Hills is horst of quartzite forming the Lickey Ridge, with the younger sequences downfaulted from it to both east and west.

Beacon Hill
On Beacon Hill stood one of the country-wide network of beacons which, before the days of modern communication were used to alert the country to an imminent invasion. A tapestry map woven about the time of the Spanish Armada (1588) shows the huge iron basket on top of Beacon Hill where two men kept watch night and day.

During the Second World War the Army's Royal Engineers built a range of buildings on top of Beacon Hill that were used by Air Raid Wardens, who acted as fire watchers over the south of Birmingham and Royal Observer Corps aircraft spotters who activated the air raid sirens for Rednal, Rubery, Northfield, the Austin motors factory and the Austin Aero aircraft factory at Cofton Hackett. The range of buildings included a dormitory-rest room block and an open topped toilet range. The latter building, the toilet block still painted in army khaki, was located just under the cover of the tree line and remained in use by the public as late as the early 1970s.

During the extremely cold winters that affected the Birmingham area during the 1950s the northern slope of Beacon Hill was frequently covered by snow for several weeks each year and was used daily by hundreds of families for sledging. In recent years milder winters have not produced sufficient snow and the slope has been reduced in scope by housing development and expansion of the Municipal Golfcourse.

Standing on the apex of the hill, is a toposcope which was built to commemorate the gift of the land to the City of Birmingham in 1907 by the Cadbury family. The small castle-like structure that houses it was rebuilt in 1988 to celebrate the centenary of the country park. It is 298 m above sea level, and provides views of the city and stands adjacent to the Ordnance Survey triangulation point.

In the hills there is an obelisk commemorating the sixth Earl of Plymouth (died 1833) as gratitude for his work in forming the Worcestershire Yeomanry volunteer regiment of cavalry.

Lickey Incline
The Lickey Incline runs about 1.5 mi south of the hills — since 1964 it has been reputedly the steepest sustained adhesion-worked gradient (approximately 2 miles at 1 in 38, steepest grade 1 in 36) on the UK railway system.

Folklore
According to legend, the Devil and his accomplice, named Harry-ca-nab, used to hunt wild boar in the Lickey Hills, mounted on white bulls. See also, the Wild Hunt, Gwyn ap Nudd & Herne the Hunter.

title: Lickey Hills


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Talk:Kingswood, Stroud District

There is confusion here! Kingswood Gloucestershire is NOT the same as Kingswood, South Gloucestershire, but is a small village near Wotton-under-Edge. I give notice that I shall edit in due course!Linuxlad 10:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 22 January 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move Kingswood, Gloucestershire to Kingswood, Stroud District, redirect Kingswood, Gloucestershire to dab, and leave Kingswood, South Gloucestershire where it is. After over a month of discussion this appears to be the consensus. There is clear consensus that the Stroud District community is not the primary topic of the two, and rough consensus preferring "Stroud District" over "Stroud". There's no agreement that the South Gloucestershire town should be moved, and no consensus that the base name should redirect to it. As such, for the time being the name will redirect to Kingswood. Cúchullain t/ c 14:36, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

– There are two Kingswoods in Gloucestershire - this one in Stroud district and the other in South Glos. Per WP:UKPLACE, when the county is insufficient to disambiguate, the district should be used, so this article should be moved to Kingswood, Stroud. Kingswood, Gloucestershire would then redirect to the dab.
 * Kingswood, Gloucestershire → Kingswood, Stroud
 * Kingswood, South Gloucestershire → Kingswood, Gloucestershire

However, the settlement in South Glos is much larger, and receives significantly more page views than this article. Therefore the Kingswood in South Glos ought to be treated as primary topic for "Kingswood, Gloucestershire", and placed at that location - with a hatnote to this article. Nilfanion (talk) 11:57, 22 January 2016 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 09:53, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose moving "South Gloucestershire" & Strong support moving to "Stroud" -- WP:PRECISE ambiguous disambiguation is a bad idea, and all three pages use comma disambiguation. "South Gloucestershire" should stay where it is. "Kingswood, Gloucestershire" should redirect to the disambiguation page. "Stroud" should be used due to the ambiguous naming failing PRECISE -- 70.51.200.135 (talk) 11:15, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Comment - support in principle (it needs renaming) though ideally shouldn't the article be called Kingswood, Stroud District, particularly because (1) I presume it's not in the town of Stroud and (2) there are a number of other Strouds in the UK? Sionk (talk) 19:16, 24 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with that - the initial proposal is based on the precise phrasing at UKPLACE, and other instances where the district shares its name with the largest town. gnoring the letter of the guidance (which I think needs revision), certainly Stroud District is better than Stroud.--Nilfanion (talk) 20:27, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Relisting comment. There seems to be broad agreement that this article should be renamed (and use "Stroud District"), however more input on whether the South Gloucestershire town is the primary topic would be appreciated. Jenks24 (talk) 09:53, 1 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment Kingswood has many many uses, so I see no reason to make it go without a disambiguator -- 70.51.200.135 (talk) 06:09, 4 February 2016 (UTC) Kigswood
 * That means if it is primary topic for "Kingswood, Gloucestershire" - clearly it is not for Kingswood.--Nilfanion (talk) 18:25, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I would support moving Kingswood, Gloucestershire to Kingswood, Stroud District, and leaving Kingswood, South Gloucestershire where it is. The latter is probably more often referred to as Kingswood, Bristol, but that would offend some people.  Kingswood, Gloucestershire should probably be a redirect to Kingswood, South Gloucestershire, as much the bigger place, with an appropriate dab hatnote.--Mhockey (talk) 19:17, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I would not support a move of Kingswood, South Gloucestershire -> Kingswood, Gloucestershire as that goes against the dab of using the district when a dab is required. I do not think that it should be classed as a primary topic as it has a dab.
 * As for the other one using Stroud District as a dab would really mean that we should always use District as part of the dab for all locations which is not done. The use of the name Stroud is fine and in line with the rules we have in WP:UKPLACE. I think that we need much wider discussion before going down that route. Keith D (talk) 21:28, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually, I do not think that Kingswood, Stroud would conform to WP:UKPLACE. It would be fine if the place was in Stroud, but it's not (it's 14 miles away from Stroud).  But it is in Stroud District, so Kingswood, Stroud District would conform to WP:UKPLACE.--Mhockey (talk) 02:54, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Support first move as nominated - i.e. move Kingswood, Gloucestershire → Kingswood, Stroud. But not to Kingswood, Stroud District. I find that to be awkward disambig, and per it would be contrary to WP:UKPLACE and other cases. Even when the district shares a name with its main town, and the village is some distance from that town, the precedent is not to include "District" or "Borough" in the disambiguator. For example Brampton, Carlisle and Alstone, Tewkesbury and Swinton, Harrogate etc. I see no reason to do anything different here. On the second move, I oppose making the South Glos location a primary topic for the partial disambig for Kingswood, Gloucestershire. Keep it is, and make Kingswood, Gloucestershire redirect to Kingswood. Thanks  — Amakuru (talk) 09:52, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I do not think using Stroud District would be contrary to UKPLACE. UKPLACE just says district should be used, not how that should be done. Practice certainly is to use "short form", but that doesn't make it right. Has it even been questioned before this RM? That matter should be resolved at the broader discussion at WT:UKGEO--Nilfanion (talk) 10:20, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah OK, thanks, I didn't realise there was a wider discussion on that page. I've added something there as well. — Amakuru (talk) 11:17, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113433/https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11125252&c=kingswood&d=16&e=62&g=6427939&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427708913891&enc=1 to https://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11125252&c=kingswood&d=16&e=62&g=6427939&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1427708913891&enc=1

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Requested move 24 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move. No additional comments were made after the previous relist, and prior to the relist, there was also no consensus for these moves. Due to lack of further participation, I do not see another relist resulting in further clarification of consensus. At this point, I recommend that if another move request is to occur, the below requests should be done individually rather than bundled. (non-admin closure) Steel1943  (talk) 23:52, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

– Although using "District" or "Borough of..." is common usage/natural disambiguation it isn't used when there is no ambiguity. In fact the old version of WP:UKPLACE specified this and in the case of London boroughs the prefix is always included while with other districts its generally only done when needed such as Tonbridge and Malling just being at the name, districts with city and unitary status often have "City of ..." on the OS but there usually concurrent enough that UKPLACE would use the urban settlement's name anyway. An exception would be when there is ambiguity between the district and the thing its named after for example there are 2 Huishes in Devon, one in the North Devon district and one in the Torridge district but since Torridge is in the northern part of Devon, Huish, North Devon would be ambiguous (since the upper case "N" wouldn't likely be enough) so we would use Huish, North Devon District. In none of these cases is there any ambiguity in using just the district's name alone. I would also note that despite the island being at Isle of Arran (per the OS) places disambiguated by it only use "Arran" such as Corrie, Arran (although the Commons category is at Commons:Category:Corrie, Isle of Arran because I moved it). In this case the OS uses just "Stroud" with "Stroud District" being an alternative name. I would note that I was the nom at Categories for discussion/Log/2018 September 20 but the natural disambiguation isn't needed here. I would also note Woodmancote, Tewkesbury Borough would be incorrect even if this was normal convention, it would actually be Woodmancote, Borough of Tewkesbury per WP:UKDISTRICTS and the "West Sussex" would be unnecessary either way for Woodmancote, West Sussex (Chichester District).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:59, 24 May 2019 (UTC) --Relisting.  Steel1943  (talk) 12:58, 4 June 2019 (UTC)  --Relisting.  Steel1943  (talk) 04:19, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Kingswood, Stroud District → Kingswood, Stroud
 * Woodmancote, Tewkesbury Borough → Woodmancote, Tewkesbury
 * Ash, Sevenoaks District → Ash, Sevenoaks
 * Ash, Dover District → Ash, Dover
 * Woodmancote, West Sussex (Chichester District) → Woodmancote, Chichester
 * Leaning oppose Funnily enough I proposed this change for Kingswood last time. Now I'm not so sure, though. Stroud, Tewkesbury and Sevenoaks are primarily known as towns, and saying "Kingswood, Stroud" makes it look like a suburb of the town while actually it is quite some distance away, and more affiliated with the South Gloucestershire /Bristol conurbation. I'd be inclined to leave this as is, per WP:NOTBROKEN and WP:RECOGNIZE — Amakuru (talk) 17:08, 24 May 2019 (UTC)
 * There is a problem, most districts use the natural format so if we keep this we will need to look at moving the others disambiguated by district (a lot more than just moving the 4 here that our out of line with the others), doesn't this add an unnessesarry layer of complication when just using the plain district works fine? Although the title looks like it would be a suburb there's unlikely to be confusion unless there is another settlement nearby with the same name. The other Kingswood isn't near Stroud for example. Along those lines would you recommend moving the places disambiguated by island to "Foo, Isle of X" when "Isle of X" is on the OS like I did on Commons last year. As I noted at Talk:Point, Lewis that I think that that should be done but there seems to be consensus against that. Maybe my Commons moves were a bit unnecessary but I also moved some (such as Jura and Harris) that were at "Foo, Isle of X" to "Foo, X" when just "X" was on the OS. Consider another example, the article on the prefecture is at Wakayama Prefecture but those in Category:Towns in Wakayama Prefecture just use "Wakayama" to qualify such as Kozagawa, Wakayama.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:04, 24 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:Naming conventions (geographic names). Peter James (talk) 20:34, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:Naming conventions (geographic names). We disambiguate by district name when county is insufficient. and in WP the district name is Stroud District.   If Kingswood was a part of Stroud, we would disambiguate by the name of the town.  But it is not, it is part of the district.--Mhockey (talk) 18:15, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * But the district name is "Stroud" just like Babergh, Castle Point, Trafford etc. The "District" disambiguator isn't needed here similar to Mendip District but Whatley, Mendip, City of Carlisle but Hayton, Carlisle, Selby District but Hambleton, Selby and Hambleton District/Borough of Scarborough but Borrowby, Hambleton/Borrowby, Scarborough. Why make an exception here?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:24, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The difference is that "District" in Stroud District is not simply a disambiguator. It is the preferred name of the District in WP (because it is unambiguous).  If we use Stroud or Carlisle to refer to the district rather than the settlement, we introduce another ambiguity in a disambiguation.  Why do that if you can so easily avoid it?--Mhockey (talk) 19:54, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * It is a disambiguator per WP:UKDISTRICTS "Non-metropolitan districts without ambiguity are just the name" while this one is disambiguated with "District" because that's a common name and is better than having it at Stroud (district) and it can't go at Stroud but "Stroud" is the preferred name of the district on WP. In these cases there is no ambiguity or technical restrictions preventing us using simply "Stroud" to disambiguate Kingswood. If there was a place called "Kingswood" in the town of Stroud that wasn't in the district then the "District" part would be needed but there isn't. As per previous RMs (like Wyre, Harborough Elmbridge) I've supported using the natural disambiguation for the district articles themselves but that's not needed with topics that are disambiguated by district. This introduces unnecessary complication with disambiguation and is inconsistant with all the other places disambiguated by district (like Whatley, Mendip). Do you propose that we move all articles like Whatley, Mendip or just some?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:18, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The examples in the guideline are Belmont, Sutton, and Belmont, Harrow, no "London Borough of" in the disambiguation when that's the preferred name. Peter James (talk) 08:37, 1 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The precedent is clear enough here, unless we want to rename the others, these should be renamed.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:45, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Per WP:UKDISTRICTS "London boroughs take the form London Borough of Hackney" even those like London Borough of Barking and Dagenham that are unambiguous (Barking and Dagenham just redirects to the borough). On the other hand UKDISTRICTS specifies "Non-metropolitan districts without ambiguity are just the name, such as Allerdale or Thurrock" with those ambiguous using the district/borough status, such as Bolsover District or Borough of Bedford. In this case while "Stroud" is ambiguous as an article hence Stroud District it isn't ambiguous as a disambiguator and thus the status isn't needed.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 12:33, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kingswood, Stroud District


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smart 9000 (rapper and producer)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Smart 9000 (rapper and producer)
Smells like vanity - Jon P. Etnestad in Google throws up nothing, Smart 9000 throws up the odd reference but mainly nowt to do with the person himself. Jamyskis 10:08, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - His band, "Evig Poesi," has 527 Google hits, has released one album and played a festival in Norway. --FCYTravis 10:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Is the band itself Norwegian, or was that an international gig? Meelar (talk) 13:57, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. JamesBurns 06:49, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


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Rally (tennis)

A rally in tennis is a collective name given to a sequence of back and forth shots between players, within a point. A rally starts with the serve and the return of the serve, followed by continuous return shots until a point is scored which ends the rally.

title: Rally (tennis)


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Felice Matteucci

Felice Matteucci (February 12, 1808 – September 13, 1887) was an Italian hydraulic engineer who co-invented an internal combustion engine with Eugenio Barsanti. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gases", as documented by the Fondazione Barsanti e Matteucci.

Biography
Born in Lucca, Tuscany, Matteucci studied hydraulic and mechanical engineering, first in Paris, then in Florence. In 1851 he met Father Barsanti and appreciated his ideas for a new type of engine. They worked together to turn the primary concept into a manufacturable item, eventually developing a model suitable for mass production. Its construction was entrusted to Bauer & Co. of Milan, a company also known as Helvetica, which delivered the motor at the beginning of 1863.

The success of the engine, which was much more efficient than the steam engine, was so great that orders started pouring in from as far away as Constantinople. Matteucci and Barsanti reached an agreement for the production of the motor with a company in Belgium, and Barsanti departed for Belgium on February 18, 1864, to oversee the work personally. On the following April 19, Barsanti died suddenly, and all their work came to an end.

Matteucci returned to his previous work as a hydraulic engineer. He studied new hydrometers (to measure the level of a river), rain gauges, and hydraulic operations over rivers.

In 1877, Matteucci defended that he and Barsanti were the originators of the invention of the internal combustion engine. The patent registered by Nicolaus August Otto was indeed very similar to the Barsanti-Matteucci engine. This frustration contributed to Matteucci's illness that eventually caused his death, in his own home in Capannori, near Lucca. The documents concerning the priority of Barsanti and Matteucci’s engine and their patents in England, Piedmont, France, Belgium and Prussia are kept in the archive of the library of the Museo Galileo in Florence.

title: Felice Matteucci


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Margaret Bridge

Margaret Bridge (sometimes Margit Bridge) or Margit híd is a three-way bridge in Budapest, Hungary, connecting Buda and Pest across the Danube and linking Margaret Island to the banks. It is the second-northernmost and second-oldest public bridge in Budapest.

It was designed by French engineer Ernest Goüin and built by the construction company Maison Ernest Goüin et Cie. between 1872 and 1876, the engineer in charge being Émile Nouguier. Margaret Bridge was the second permanent bridge in Budapest after Széchenyi Chain Bridge. This bridge leads up to Margaret Island, its two parts enclosing 165 degrees with each other at the embranchment towards the island. The reason for this unusual geometry is that the small extension to connect to Margaret Island was hastily inserted into the original design but not built until two decades later due to lack of funds.

The bridge's two ends are
 * Jászai Mari tér (northern end of Grand Boulevard) and
 * Germanus Gyula park (stop of Szentendre HÉV; the Lukács and Király Baths are nearby).

It is 607.5 m in length and 25 m in width.

World War II
After invading Soviet armies approached Budapest towards the end of World War II Wehrmacht sappers made plans to blow up all of the bridges in Budapest. However at approximately 2 pm on 4 November 1944 a spark from a passing tram prematurely ignited the fuse of the explosives while they were being primed. The resulting explosion destroyed the eastern span of the bridge. Estimates of the number of victims range from 100 to 600: Among them were innocent civilians, about 40 German soldiers, passengers in a tram that overturned and plunged into the river, and Jewish forced laborers (including Olympic champion fencer Endre Kabos), who were on the bridge in a truck. "“When we arrived in front of the Comedy Theatre we were shaken by a tremendous explosion. I ran back to the Danube embankment (around 250 metres away) where a huge crowd of people had gathered. On the Pest side two arches of the bridge had collapsed. Trams, cars and hundreds of people had fallen into the river. Two shattered carriages of the Number 6 tram jutted out of the water and the moans of the injured could be heard. Bodies were hanging from the railings and in the swirling waters there were dead and wounded. Ships, boats and police craft were trying to save whoever they could.” Miklós Kovalovszky"

All of the remaining bridges of Budapest were blown up by the Wehrmacht in January 1945 during their retreat to the Buda side of the surrounded capital.

During reconstruction of the Margaret Bridge, much of the original steel material was lifted from the river and incorporated into the rebuilt structure.

2009–2011
By the beginning of the 2000s, the bridge was in very bad shape. It became life-threatening, therefore its reconstruction became very important. The recondition (after the Megyeri Bridge and Szabadság Bridge completion) began on 21 August 2009. It was closed to road traffic for at least a year, but trams maintained a partial service over the bridge using temporary track. The whole project took more than 20 billion forints and half of the costs were financed from EU funds. The restoration was completed in 2011. They tried to restore the original appearance of the bridge. Instead of reinforced concrete, durable steel was used and new barriers and floodlights were installed. The middle lanes were widened, the sidewalk expanded by approx. 2 meters and the bike path completed.

During the 2011 renovation, human remains were discovered. The mostly Jewish remains were victims of the far-right Arrow Cross Party, who briefly governed Hungary from 1944.

Cultural references
Soon after the bridge was inaugurated, it became a preferred spot for people seeking to take their own lives over personal or financial troubles. The wave of suicides inspired János Arany, a renowned Hungarian poet to compose a ballad, "Híd-avatás" ("Bridge Inauguration"), about the jumpers. It was widely distributed in leaflet format, illustrated with Mihály Zichy's romantic styled intricate pencil drawings.

title: Margaret Bridge


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User:Lola pianola

New user. Love Marlen Ditrich and decadent art

title: User:Lola pianola


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Brenda Joyce (author)

Brenda Joyce (born c. 1963, New York State) is an American author of romance novels, who also signed a novel as B.D. Joyce.

Biography
Joyce, a native of New York, wrote her first novella when she was sixteen, and finished her first novel at twenty-five. She sold her novel quickly, and since that first publication in 1988 she has published thirty-four novels.

Her first novel, Innocent Fire, won the Best Western Romance award from the Romance Writers of America. She has also been awarded the Best Historical Romance Award and Romantic Times' Lifetime Achievement Award. There are currently eleven million copies of her novels in print in 12 countries. Joyce has had success in both the historical and contemporary romance genres.

Family
Joyce is married to an Israeli man who once commanded an anti-terrorist unit in Lebanon. The couple and their son live in Arizona.

The de Warenne Dynasty

 * The Conqueror (Sep 1990)
 * Promise of the Rose (Nov 1993)
 * The Game (Nov 1994)
 * House of Dreams (Sep 2002)
 * The Prize (Oct 2004)
 * The Masquerade (Sep 2005)
 * The Stolen Bride (Oct 2006)
 * A Lady at Last (Dec 2006)
 * The Perfect Bride (July 2007)
 * A Dangerous Love (2008)
 * An Impossible Attraction (March 2010)
 * The Promise (September 2010)

Bragg Saga

 * Innocent Fire (Jun 1988)
 * Firestorm (Nov 1988)
 * Violet Fire (May 1989)
 * Dark Fires (Jun 1991)
 * The Darkest Heart (Dec 1989)
 * Fires of Paradise (Apr 1992)
 * Scandalous Love (Nov 1992)
 * Secrets (Apr 1993) (Bragg/Delanza Series)

The Delanzas

 * Five Golden Rings (Anthology)
 * A Gift of Joy (Anthology)
 * After Innocence
 * Secrets

Other Historicals

 * The Rival
 * Splendor
 * Captive

St. Georges

 * Beyond Scandal
 * The Finer Things

Deadly Series

 * Deadly Love (January 2001) [Originally as B.D. Joyce]
 * Deadly Pleasure (March 2002)
 * Deadly Affairs (April 2002)
 * Deadly Desire (May 2002)
 * Deadly Caress (April 2003)
 * Deadly Promise (November 2003)
 * Deadly Illusions (February 2005)
 * Deadly Kisses (February 2006)
 * Deadly Vows (March 2011)

Master of Time Series

 * Dark Seduction (May 2007)
 * Dark Rival (October 2007)
 * Dark Embrace (September 2008)
 * Dark Victory (March 2009)
 * Dark Lover (July 2009)

The Spymasters Men Series

 * Seduction (January 2012)
 * Persuasion (August 2012)
 * Surrender (February 2013)

title: Brenda Joyce (author)


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Talk:Elderly martial arts master

Untitled
Wouldn't Yoda qualify for this category? -- Natalinasmpf 10:13, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I didn't really think of Yoda when i created the page but I guess you're right since he does have all of the classic charecteristics of the stock charecter (Just better) Martin-C 08:22, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

Video games?
What about characters from various beat 'em up videogames? Characters like Edge Master from Soul Calibur and the Eternal Champion from Eternal Champions should be worth mentioning. --Nick R 13:23, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have no idea who either of them are but if they fit the characteristics of Elderly martial Arts Masters then they should be listed. The Stock Character category does not exclude video games. Martin-C 05:36, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Parody
I think the character Snotty from Revenge of the Nerds II is a parody of this stock figure. Sample quote "To truly hock a loogie, one must not retrieve the phlegm from the throat, but from the soul. "

Added short sentence that shows not 'what' a elderly martial arts character does, but 'how' i.e. through juxtaposing pratical solutions and mystical wisdom, usually without contradicting himself. Monchberter 08:32, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

I see.
This article reads like a tvtropes article. Just wanted to point that out, folks. 99.236.253.4 (talk) 04:19, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Globalize
This seems to be written from a primarily Western perspective e.g. mentioning accents and such. As far as I've watched, the elderly martial arts master seems to be as much a trope of East Asian martial arts cinema, albeit with slightly different characteristics.

title: Talk:Elderly martial arts master


text:
Talk:The Myth of Islamic Tolerance

WP:NPOV tags
In this collection of documents Robert Spencer provides a detailled debunking of the myths of Islamic tolerance propagated by Islamist propagandists today. - You will have to explain to me how that is anything other than inherently POV before I will allow the tags to be removed. --Irishpunktom\talk 10:16, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I will not ask your permission. By the way, why didn't you make it neutral yourself? Be bold. It was not so hard. Please remember, this is an encyclopedia, not a chat room. If you can do something useful, just do it, don't wave your fists. mikka (t) 01:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

TOC of book
This deletion is unjustified. It is fairly common to see critical essays that write:
 * ''in Ch. 1 "Blablabla" the author writes...
 * ''in Ch. 2 "Blublublu" the author insinuates...

And it would be very strange to declare copyvio here, not to say about 100% fair use of pretty liberal quotations from books. mikka (t) 20:20, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

VfD
Survived Votes for deletion/The Myth of Islamic Tolerance. mikka (t) 30 June 2005 01:04 (UTC)

Criticism
Removed:

 * One obvious problem with this argument is that the Jewish communities in Cordoba, Granada, and elsewhere in Spain were destroyed by the Christians, not the Muslims, when they were expelled in the late 15th century.

Removal for two reasons:
 * first, logical: this fact says only that Christians became even more intolerant at these times, but does not prove that muslim were tolerant.
 * Second, formal: this is your opinion, dear wikipedia editor. However you may quote an opinion of a respectable critic of the book. Wikipedia is not a discussion board. You may only report facts, keeping in mind that an opinion of a notable person is a valid fact, i.e., my deletion does not mean that I am opposing the criticism of the book. mikka (t) 30 June 2005 01:10 (UTC)

Let us look at the whole sentence: "Robert Spencer argues that Islamic advocates have promulgated a myth of Islamic tolerance that can be dispelled by examining the historical events that led to the destruction of the Zoroastrians in Iran; the Armenians in Turkey; the Buddhists and Hindus in India; and the Jews in Morocco, Cordoba, Granada, Marrakesh and Baghdad".

The more I look at this sentence the more problems I see with it. However one major problem is that it does imply that the Jewish communities in Cordoba and Granada were destroyed by the Muslims, which they were not, what Mikkalai says about these issues may be true but is beside the point in relation to the accuracy of this sentence. Also, Mikkalai's arguments raise problems about the Wikipedia project. If e.g. somebody wrote an article about a book claiming that the Earth is flat, would we be not allowed to say "all scientists agree that the Earth is round" or even "scientist X says the Earth is round", we would have to dig up a reputable scientist saying this about this particular book. This could encourage people to just delete articles about controversial books. PatGallacher 15:19, 2005 July 20 (UTC)

 * Whether or not Spencer is correct, that is what he argues. As for the rest, you are arguing that original research should be allowed because obvious facts have no sources.  However, obvious facts do indeed have sources, usually thousands of them. Jayjg (talk)  16:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I understand the position of PatGallacher, who does not want false or erroneous statements sit here unrefuted. But, as it may happen with each controversial topic, there is a danger to turn an encyclopedic article into a chain of mutial rebuttals, kind of "spencer said".."critics dismiss"..."spencerists refute the dismissal"... "anti-spencerists dismiss the refutal"... Sometimes it cannot be avoided; e.g., looking i the history of the "Creationism" article.

But if one wants to go this way, one must start with exact quotes of statements to be refuted. I did not read the book, and I am not going to, but the sentence in question does not look like the original Spencer quotation. Even if it does, the proposed refutal still means nothing. I am repeating and emphacizing my argument: the fact that Chistians finalized the destruction of the Jews in Cordoba does not imply that Muslim let the Jews flourish. The valid refutal should go like this: ["contrary to Spencer's position that Muslim rule led to destruction of Jews, Jewish communities in Cordoba grew and flourished"] . mikka (t) 18:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That would only be a valid rebuttal if some critic had stated it, and then it would have to be attributed. Otherwise it's original research. Jayjg (talk)  19:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Classifying trivial conclusions as OrRes would be an overstretch of the policy IMO. If Spencer says that the Earth is flat, then writing that his statement contradicts the Earth article, is perfectly legal IMO. Although I would agree that sometimes it is difficult to draw a line here.mikka (t) 20:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Final refutation: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain says that Jews were expelled from Grenada in 1066, by arabs, and their Golden Age in Spain soon ended since then. Case closed, unless you prove that this article is wrong. mikka (t) 22:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

OK, on reflection quoting published reviews of a book makes a better article than Wikipedians just diving in and making their own comments. I hesitate to say that the latter is always ruled out in principle, we can discuss whether this is quite what is meant by "no original research". I would ask people to note the context in which I made my comments. This was that the article was under a vote for deletion, I voted to keep, but the article had problems in that it was an uncritical summation of a controversial book, adding a few critical comments improved the chances of the article being kept. I still think this was reasonable at that stage. PatGallacher 18:55, 2005 July 23 (UTC)

Islamophobia
Removed:
 * Critics argue that the book is further evidence of the growing problem of Islamophobia in Western society.

Source please? (Removal by user:Jayjg). mikka (t) 30 June 2005 20:20 (UTC)

O.K., now it was changed to "Critics, such as Wendy Campbell, argue that the book is further evidence of the growing problem of Islamophobia in Western society." Who is Wendy Campbell, why is she relevant, what did she say, who are these other un-named "critics", and could we please have some proper citations for all this? You know, like a web-link or something. Thanks. Jayjg (talk) 1 July 2005 06:52 (UTC)

 * Even with a citation, she's not a credible source. I've just looked her up. See here and here url.com/axrno particularly the section headed "Zionists are re-building third temple off-site in Israel," where Campbell writes: "The Zionists are waiting for the right moment to destroy the Al Aqsa Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, which is the third most holy site of the Muslim world, and then re-locate the temple they are currently building off-site." The aim, she argues, is for Jerusalem to become the capital of the New World Order. She was told this by a businessman during a trip to Syria.

 * Actually, there is a small centre in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem with plans for the Third Temple on public display, including a model of the proposed temple and pamphlets for sale. I realise they do not represent the majority of Israelis. PatGallacher 15:19, 2005 July 20 (UTC)

 * My concern about this page, and several others written by the same user, is that, as originally written and if you look at all his/her edits together, the motive seems to be Islam-bashing, rather than to produce encyclopedic articles about books. That's why I'd be keen to see some reputable criticism included. SlimVirgin (talk) July 1, 2005 08:14 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that labeling his views as Islamophobia is a way of dismissing his criticism.--Sefringle 05:18, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Reputable criticism would be great. Unsourced POV is not welcome, nor is POV from non-notables/cranks. Jayjg (talk) 1 July 2005 13:51 (UTC)

Ibn Warraq &al.
The following authors each in turn document historical events...: what this section is about? Relevance? Are these authors detailed in the book in question or are they listed here simply as a support of the book? In the latter case the section is of dubious relevance: the article must describe a book, not its critical essay, supporting or repealing. mikka (t) 30 June 2005 20:27 (UTC)

 * I think they're some of the authors whose essays are featured in the book. SlimVirgin (talk) July 1, 2005 08:18 (UTC)
 * Research reveals that Slim is right. The book is a collection of essays by various authors, and those listed are some of the authors and essays in the book. Jayjg (talk)  1 July 2005 13:50 (UTC)

"contents" section needs explanation
It would be nice to have the contents expanded, like, say, The Sword of the Prophet does. Not necessarily in-depth, a line or two would do, but otherwise a chapter listing is useless other than to show the reader the "incendiary" chapter names. GarrettTalk 04:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheMythOfIslamicTolerance.jpg
Image:TheMythOfIslamicTolerance.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:39, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Punctuation in lead
If someone with knowledge of punctuation and access to the book could rewrite the first sentence, then it might provide some information. The sentence is meaningless as it stands. Itsmejudith (talk) 12:16, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Took a stab at it. --CltFn (talk) 17:37, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Selfpub
WP:SELFPUB says: Material from self-published and questionable sources may be used as sources in articles about themselves, so long as:
 * it is relevant to their notability;
 * it is not contentious;
 * it is not unduly self-serving;
 * it does not involve claims about third parties;
 * it does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject;

Some of the content in this article is quite self-serving, and thus will be removed.Bless sins (talk) 23:06, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed the self-serving review per above.Bless sins (talk) 19:53, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

I've also removed unsourced content. (If it should be sourced, then it should be to reliable third party sources). If it is sourced to itself, then it should be in accordance with WP:SELFPUB (and thus cna't make claims about third parties like Muslims).Bless sins (talk) 19:53, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheMythOfIslamicTolerance.jpg
Image:TheMythOfIslamicTolerance.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Reviews
The review by Bruce Thornton in the EL is an odd document. It's hosted on Victor Davis Hanson's website but appears to have been copied from somewhere else. Unless the original source can be found it should be removed. Potential copyvio even. The review in Asia Times online is reliable though and could be used in the article rather than confined to the EL. It's a classic example of a mixed review so one favourable and one unfavourable sentence should be extracted from it. Favourable first, so as to convey the mixed review message: "fills a useful gap - but not very well". Itsmejudith (talk) 20:03, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Myth of Islamic Tolerance


text:
Danzy Senna

Danzy Senna is an American novelist and essayist. She is the author of six books and numerous essays about race, gender and American identity, including Caucasia (1998), Symptomatic (2003), and New People (2017), named by Time as one of the Top Ten Novels of the year. In July 2024 she will publish her sixth novel, Colored Television. Her writing has appeared in The New Yorker, The Atlantic, Vogue, and The New York Times. She is a professor of English at the University of Southern California.

Early life and education
Danzy Senna was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, the middle of three children. Her parents are the poet and novelist Fanny Howe, who is white, and the editor Carl Senna, who is Black. They married in 1968, the year after interracial marriage became legal, and Senna was born in 1970. They divorced in 1976. Growing up, Senna divided her time between her mother and father's homes.

In her early years, Senna attended Boston Public Schools, Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts, a school for Black children in Roxbury, and was bused through Boston's school desegregation program, METCO. She graduated from Brookline High School in 1988. She earned her BA in American Studies from Stanford University, where she wrote her honors thesis on the works of Nella Larsen, James Weldon Johnson, and William Faulkner. She received her MFA in creative writing from University of California, Irvine, where she began and completed her first novel, Caucasia, which won several awards and became required reading for many college courses.

She lives in Los Angeles with her husband, novelist Percival Everett, and their two children.

Caucasia
Senna's first novel, Caucasia (1998), is narrated by a young biracial girl, Birdie Lee, who is taken into the political underground by her mother, and forced to live under an assumed identity. The coming of age story follows Birdie's struggle for identity and her search for the missing parts of her family. The novel received the Book of the Month Club's Stephen Crane Award for First Fiction, was nominated for the Orange Prize for Fiction, and won the Alex Award from the American Library Association. It was also longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award and was named a Los Angeles Times "Best Book of the Year". Caucasia, a national bestseller, has been translated into ten languages.

Symptomatic
Her second novel, Symptomatic (2004), is a psychological thriller narrated by an unnamed young woman who moves to New York City for what promises to be a dream job – a prestigious fellowship writing for a respected magazine. The narrator feels displaced, however, and is unsure of how she fits into the world around her. She becomes the object of an older woman's attention after they bond over their similarly mixed heritage. As the older woman's interest turns into obsession, the narrator must figure out what their relationship means to her, even as both of their lives seem to spiral out of control.

Where Did You Sleep Last Night?
Senna's two novels were followed by the memoir Where Did You Sleep Last Night?: A Personal History (2009). She recounts the story of her parents, who married in 1968. Her mother was a white woman with a blue-blood Bostonian lineage. Her father was a black man, the son of a single mother and an unknown father. Senna recalls her father being determined "to hammer racial consciousness home to his three light-skinned children." Decades later, Senna looked back not only at her parents’ divorce, but at the family histories they tried so hard to overcome. Her often painful journey through the past is epitomized by the question posed to her as a young child by her father: "Don’t you know who I am?"

You Are Free
Senna's short story collection, You Are Free (2011), was described by Kirkus Review as, "Deft, revealing stories [from] a writer for our time...a fresh, insightful look into being young, smart and biracial in postmillennial America." In the title story, a woman's strange correspondence with a girl claiming to be her daughter leads her into the doubts and what-ifs of the life she hasn't lived. In "The Care of the Self," a new mother hosts an old friend, still single, and discovers how each of them pities and envies the other. In the collection's first story, "Admission," tensions arise between a liberal husband and wife after their son is admitted into the elite daycare school to which they’d applied only on a lark.

New People
Senna's most recent book, New People (2017) tells the story of mixed-race Maria and her fiancé Khalil, who live together in '90s Fort Greene, then populated by black artists and bohemians. The seemingly perfect "King and Queen of the Racially Nebulous Prom" is troubled by Maria's fixation on a black poet she barely knows. The novel was in part inspired by Senna's fascination with the Jonestown massacre. The New Yorker praised the novel for making "keen, icy farce of the affectations of the Brooklyn black faux-bohemia." Time listed the novel as one of the Top Ten Novels of the year.

Awards

 * 2017: Dos Passos Prize
 * 2004: Fellow, New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers
 * 2002: Whiting Award
 * Book of the Month Award for First Fiction (Caucasia)
 * American Library Association's Alex Award (Caucasia)
 * Longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award (Caucasia)
 * Listed as a Los Angeles Times Best Book of the Year (Caucasia)

Books

 * Caucasia, 1998. Riverhead Books: New York. ISBN 1573220914.
 * Symptomatic: A Novel, 2003. Riverhead Books: New York. ISBN 1573222755.
 * Where Did You Sleep Last Night?: A Personal History, 2009. Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York. ISBN 9780374289157.
 * You Are Free (Stories), 2011. Riverhead Books: New York. ISBN 9781594485077.
 * New People, 2017. Riverhead Books: New York. ISBN 9781594487095.
 * Colored Television, 2024. Riverhead Books: New York. ISBN 9780593544372.

title: Danzy Senna


text: User talk:130.123.128.117

title: User talk:130.123.128.117


text:
Gibbs' inequality

In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the information entropy of a discrete probability distribution. Several other bounds on the entropy of probability distributions are derived from Gibbs' inequality, including Fano's inequality. It was first presented by J. Willard Gibbs in the 19th century.

Gibbs' inequality
Suppose that $$ P = \{ p_1, \ldots , p_n \} $$ and $$ Q = \{ q_1 , \ldots , q_n \} $$ are discrete probability distributions. Then

 * $$ - \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \log p_i \leq - \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \log q_i $$

with equality if and only if $$ p_i = q_i $$ for $$i = 1, \dots n$$. Put in words, the information entropy of a distribution $$P$$ is less than or equal to its cross entropy with any other distribution $$Q$$.

The difference between the two quantities is the Kullback–Leibler divergence or relative entropy, so the inequality can also be written:

 * $$ D_{\mathrm{KL}}(P\|Q) \equiv \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \log \frac{p_i}{q_i} \geq 0.$$

Note that the use of base-2 logarithms is optional, and allows one to refer to the quantity on each side of the inequality as an "average surprisal" measured in bits.

Proof
For simplicity, we prove the statement using the natural logarithm, denoted by $ln$, since

 * $$ \log_b a = \frac{ \ln a }{ \ln b },$$

so the particular logarithm base $b > 1$ that we choose only scales the relationship by the factor $1 / ln b$.

Let $$I$$ denote the set of all $$i$$ for which pi is non-zero. Then, since $$ \ln x \leq x-1 $$ for all x > 0, with equality if and only if x=1, we have:

 * $$- \sum_{i \in I} p_i \ln \frac{q_i}{p_i} \geq - \sum_{i \in I} p_i \left( \frac{q_i}{p_i} - 1 \right) $$$$ = - \sum_{i \in I} q_i + \sum_{i \in I} p_i = - \sum_{i \in I} q_i + 1 \geq 0$$

The last inequality is a consequence of the pi and qi being part of a probability distribution. Specifically, the sum of all non-zero values is 1. Some non-zero qi, however, may have been excluded since the choice of indices is conditioned upon the pi being non-zero. Therefore, the sum of the qi may be less than 1.

So far, over the index set $$I$$, we have:

 * $$ - \sum_{i \in I} p_i \ln \frac{q_i}{p_i} \geq 0 $$,

or equivalently
 * $$ - \sum_{i \in I} p_i \ln q_i \geq - \sum_{i \in I} p_i \ln p_i $$.

Both sums can be extended to all $$i=1, \ldots, n$$, i.e. including $$p_i=0$$, by recalling that the expression $$p \ln p$$ tends to 0 as $$p$$ tends to 0, and $$(-\ln q)$$ tends to $$\infty$$ as $$q$$ tends to 0. We arrive at

 * $$ - \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \ln q_i \geq - \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \ln p_i $$

For equality to hold, we require
 * 1) $$ \frac{q_i}{p_i} = 1$$ for all $$i \in I $$ so that the equality $$\ln \frac{q_i}{p_i} = \frac{q_i}{p_i} -1 $$ holds,
 * 2) and $$ \sum_{i \in I} q_i = 1$$ which means $$q_i=0$$ if $$i\notin I$$, that is, $$q_i=0$$ if $$p_i=0$$.

This can happen if and only if $$p_i = q_i $$ for $$i = 1, \ldots, n$$.

Alternative proofs
The result can alternatively be proved using Jensen's inequality, the log sum inequality, or the fact that the Kullback-Leibler divergence is a form of Bregman divergence.

Proof by Jensen's inequality
Because log is a concave function, we have that:

 * $$\sum_i p_i \log\frac{q_i}{p_i} \le \log\sum_i p_i\frac{q_i}{p_i} = \log\sum_i q_i \le 0$$

Where the first inequality is due to Jensen's inequality, and the last equality is due to the same reason given in the above proof.

Furthermore, since $$\log$$ is strictly concave, by the equality condition of Jensen's inequality we get equality when

 * $$\frac{q_1}{p_1} = \frac{q_2}{p_2} = \cdots = \frac{q_n}{p_n}$$

and

 * $$\sum_i q_i = 1$$

Suppose that this ratio is $$\sigma$$, then we have that

 * $$1 = \sum_i q_i = \sum_i \sigma p_i = \sigma$$

Where we use the fact that $$p, q$$ are probability distributions. Therefore, the equality happens when $$p = q$$.

Proof by Bregman divergence
Alternatively, it can be proved by noting that$$q - p - p\ln\frac qp \geq 0 $$for all $$p, q > 0$$, with equality holding iff $$p=q$$. Then, sum over the states, we have$$\sum_i q_i - p_i - p_i\ln\frac{q_i}{p_i} \geq 0 $$with equality holding iff $$p = q $$.

This is because the KL divergence is the Bregman divergence generated by the function $$t \mapsto \ln t$$.

Corollary
The entropy of $$P$$ is bounded by:

 * $$H(p_1, \ldots, p_n) \leq \log n. $$

The proof is trivial – simply set $$q_i = 1/n $$ for all i.

title: Gibbs' inequality


text: User:LostAccount

title: User:LostAccount


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hi-tech employers in Markham, Ontario

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:12, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Hi-tech employers in Markham, Ontario
Very short article stating that IBM and ATI employ some people in Markham, Ontario. Not particularly encyclopaedic or useful. Delete. Anilocra - (hi!) 10:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur. No need to merge this. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:23, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless entry--Ian Pitchford 13:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless. --NormanEinstein 15:04, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not Monster.com. Geogre 16:48, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Argh, Geogre beat me to it. This is likely to be a magnet for anyone wanting cheap publicity for their Markham-based company. --Deathphoenix 17:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 00:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 17:18, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Luca Cadalora

Luca Cadalora (born 17 May 1963) is an Italian former professional motorcycle racer who is the 125 cc World Champion,  and  250 cc World Champion and 8-time Premier Class race winner. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing from 1984 to 2000.

Racing career
Born in Modena, Emilia Romagna, Cadalora began his professional motorcycle racing career in 1984, riding an MBA in the 125cc world championship. In 1986, he won the 125cc World Championship while riding for the Garelli factory racing team. His success earned him a promotion to the 250cc class with Giacomo Agostini's Marlboro Yamaha factory racing team in 1986. In 1991, Cadalora switched to the Rothmans Honda factory racing team and won the 250cc World Championship aboard an Erv Kanemoto-tuned Honda NSR250. He successfully defended his title with Honda in 1992, claiming his third world championship.

In 1993 he rose to the premier 500cc division as Wayne Rainey's teammate in the Kenny Roberts-Yamaha team. In three seasons on the Roberts Yamaha, he displayed flashes of brilliance, finishing as high as second to Mick Doohan in 1994. Cadalora rejoined Kanemoto for the 1996 season racing a Honda NSR500. Despite lacking any major sponsors, he still managed to finish the season in third place aboard the Kanemoto-Honda.

For the 1997 season, he got a contract as official Yamaha rider in the new Promotor Racing team backed by an Austrian businessman. However, after few races the team failed due to financial problems. WCM rescued the team with the help of a Red Bull sponsorship and Cadalora ended the season in sixth place. At the beginning of the 1998 season, WCM and Cadalora lost Yamaha official support. He returned to the Rainey-Yamaha works team for a few races to replace an injured Jean-Michel Bayle, then helped develop the new MuZ race bike. In 1999 he was again with MuZ. Cadalora finished his career with Kenny Roberts' Modenas team in 2000.

He retired with 34 Grand Prix victories in three different classes.

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Luca Cadalora


text:
Kryptonite (disambiguation)

Kryptonite is a fictional material from the Superman comic book series.

Kryptonite may also refer to:

Comics

 * Kryptonite (story arc) a 2007–2008 Superman Confidential story arc
 * Kryptonite Man, several DC Comics supervillains

Film and television

 * Kryptonite!, a 2011 Italian film
 * Kryptonita (English: Kryptonite), a 2015 Argentinian film
 * "Kryptonite" (New Girl), a 2011 television episode

Music

 * Apollo (band), originally Kryptonite, a late-1970s American R&B/disco group
 * Kryptonite (album), by DJ Fresh, 2010
 * "Kryptonite" (3 Doors Down song), 2000
 * "Kryptonite" (Don Toliver song), 2024
 * "Kryptonite" (Guy Sebastian song), 2004
 * "Kryptonite (I'm on It)", a song by Purple Ribbon All-Stars, 2006
 * "Kryptonite", a song by James Arthur, 2014
 * "Kryptonite", a song by Mario from Go, 2007
 * "Kryptonite", a song by James Spaulding from Schizophrenia, 1967

Other uses

 * Kryptonite lock, a brand of bicycle lock
 * Operation Kryptonite, a 2007 military operation by British, Dutch and Afghan forces

title: Kryptonite (disambiguation)


text: User talk:81.175.76.253

title: User talk:81.175.76.253


text:
User:Tintin1107/drafts

Chauhan : http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12UP06.htm

=CK Nayudu=

Vinoo Mankad affair
To do :

 * 1) Find the exact CK quote
 * 2) How long did VM play for Haslingden
 * 3) How long did CK serve as the selector
 * 4) Find the story of Mankad lbw and six

Princely patrons Hit hard - the Phadkar story

India made its first Test tour of England in 1932. The Maharaja of Patiala was picked as the captain, Ghanshyamsinhji of Limbdi as vice-captain and the Maharajkumar of Vizianagram took the new post of deputy vice-captain. Two weeks before the trip, Patiala dropped out on reasons of health and the Maharaja of Porbander took over. Nayudu took part in all twenty six of the first-class matches on the tour, scoring 1,618 runs at an average of 40.45 in the first-class matches and 1,842 overall, and taking 65 wickets. Wisden chose him as a Cricketer of the Year the next year.

CK hit 32 sixes, which was the most by anyone in the season. A six that he hit in the match against

1st edit : December 15, 2004 100 : April 28, 2005 500 : June 26 1000 : August 7 1500 : August 30

Raghunath Rao's articles

Masood Iqbal

Vizzy - parliamentarian from Andhra Pradesh

Rutnagur

Rajastan cricket

Sriram Singh - born Nov 14, 1948 in Badnagar, Rajastan won 400, 800 and 4x400 in Tehran. Set a new Asian record in 800 lost to Jimmy Crampton in 800 in 1970, beat him in Munich 1972 and set a new Asian record (which he broke again in Tehran) 1:45.77 stood as an Asian record till 1994 Rajputana Rifles in 1968

title: User:Tintin1107/drafts


text:
Talk:Pokéblock

Coincidentally enough, one of the "best" berries in the game, one only accessible by accessing Mirage Island, is the Wiki Berry. Yet more evidence that Wikipedia is awesome! Flameviper12 15:18, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(moved from article by the wub (talk) 10:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC))

title: Talk:Pokéblock


text:
Skoutari, Laconia

Skoutari (Σκουτάρι) is a village and a community of the municipality of East Mani. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Gytheio, of which it was a municipal district. The community of Skoutari covers an area of 11.667 km2. According to local tradition it was founded by refugees from the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Ancient Town
In the Mycenaean period of Greece, there was thought to be a town called Vorthona which is now submerged. In Ancient Greece, the town used to be called Asine. The town was under Spartan control. In 218 BC, the inhabitants of Asine defeated the army of Philip V of Macedon who was besieging the town. During the Roman period it belong to Sparta ever though most of the other towns in the area were part of the Union of Free Laconians.

Modern Town
The modern town of Skoutari was founded in 1453 AD by refugees from the namesake district of Constantinople who fled from the Ottomans during the Fall of Constantinople. While the rest of Greece fell to the Ottoman Turks, Mani remained free. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Skoutari became a haven for pirates which rivalled Oitylo. The Ottomans tried to conquer Mani in 1770 and they laid siege to the tower of the Grigorakis clan which was one of the most powerful in Mani and whose base was Skoutari and they blew it up with gunpowder after a three-day siege. The Ottoman army was later defeated in the Battle of Vromopigada in the plain outside Skoutari and repelled from Mani. The Ottomans tried to capture Skoutari again in 1815 but they were defeated and driven back. In 1832, Greece was recognized as an independent state and Skoutari became part of it. During World War II, Greece was invaded by the Germans and Italians who captured Skoutari.

Recent history
Now Skoutari is a peaceful sea town with around 150 residents during summer. Skoutari was struck by forest fire in July 2007.

Geography
Skoutari was built on a hill around 50 metres above the sea level. Skoutari is linked by a road linking Cape Tenaro and Gythio encircling the eastern half of the peninsula. Farmlands are in the valleys, the mountains dominate most of the area and forests covers the valley areas especially around the village, the rest of the land are made up of rocks, bushes and grasslands. The Skoutari Bay lies directly to the east and are surrounded by bluffs, rocks and treacherous landscapes.

Nearest places

 * Kotronas, south
 * Kalyvia, east

Administrative division
The community of Skoutari consists of two separate settlements:
 * Parasyros (population 83 as of 2021)
 * Skoutari (population 244)

title: Skoutari, Laconia


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Template talk:Regions of the United States

For a region to be included on this template, a region must be composed of at least two entire states, and portions of at least two others. Please see: WikiProject U.S. regions for more information.

Which regions to include
Some in the template now are of questionable relevance, particularly Coastal and Atlantic Northeast. Coastal is not considered to be a coherent region, and it is debatable whether people include the Gulf Coast states, as it seems to often be a shorthand for liberal Northeast and West Coast states. Atlantic Northeast is just not used that much.

Suggestions for regions that do have currency and should be included on the template are welcome. --JWB (talk) 16:21, 5 September 2008 (UTC) I think some of the recent undiscussed additions are excessive or obscure. They have expanded the template to 3-4 times its original size and buried the original intent. --JWB (talk) 22:40, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Colour of list item "Northeast"
Blue-on-blue is very hard to read, near impossible on my screen. I tried to edit it but don't know the syntax. Movis78 (talk) 17:48, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Too long, confusing, off-topic?
To me, this template seems overly long, complicated, and confusing. Here's a quick list of things I found strange or confusing:
 * The "agency" link in the title, to United States Geological Survey. Why the USGS and not, say, the Census Bureau, or any number of other agencies? Why link to an agency at all? It's not like the USGS is in charge of US regions.
 * The "mgmt" section name, of which the "mt" part links to United States Secretary of Homeland Security. The "₥mgmt₥" subheader itself, 4 links in 6 characters, none of them obvious from the subheader's name.
 * The bolding of some links for reasons I don't see.
 * The high island link under "physiographic" (not a region).
 * The "ecology" section includes non-links, like "Marine Forest" (whatever that is), and a link to Mediterranean Sea, of all things.
 * The "watershed" links, many going to the map already shown in the template. Atlantic Seaboard is linked to three times, once with the name "Atlantic Seaboard", twice piped to different text.
 * The "continental divides" and "escarpments" sections (these are not "regions").
 * The "indigenous people" section (also not "regions").
 * The "expansion", and "Old West" sections are very confusing. Many links are to trails, expeditions, boundary surveys, pages like 1867 in the United States, 1845 in the American Old West, California Gold Rush, etc. These are not regions.

In short, there must be an enormous number of "regions" in the US, taking a broad definition of region. This template includes things like Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. What's to prevent it from also including, just off the top of my head, Wine Country (California), Atlantic District (LCMS), Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston, Tennessee's 1st congressional district, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, etc etc etc?

Navigation templates are supposed to be helpful, but this one seems mostly confusing, to me at least. Thoughts? Pfly (talk) 20:00, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Seeing no response here I'll go ahead, when and if I find the time, and rework this template, taking out non-regions and generally trying to trim it down to something less chaotic. Pfly (talk) 11:02, 17 November 2010 (UTC)


text: User talk:193.60.223.228

title: User talk:193.60.223.228