text:
Talk:Maximum Overdrive

Box Office
Does anyone know how much this movie cost to make and how much it made at the box office, is making now etc.? Doovinator 06:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Plot hole error
I would also like to add, the truck was not a Western Star. It was a Kenworth.

I want to be sure I'm not the only person who noticed this before I make any changes, but the first plot hole in the plot hole section states "But the main characters escape to an island on a boat with an outboard motor." This is false, they are on a sail boat, there is no visible engine, there's a rather large sail, and there is no engine noise.--Anthonysenn 07:05, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I waited about a week, no objections, so I updated it. --Anthonysenn 04:06, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds kinda trivial anyway really, considering the other plot holes hehe

Did anyone catch the part where they relad the LAW? LAWs are designed to be thrown away after use.
 * Where'd you get that from?

Its true. The M-72 Law was designed to be a oneshot disposable rocket launcher. In the film they seem to be using vintage Bazooka rounds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.231.239.198 (talk) 18:25, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

Movie Ending
As the movie ends, it is mentioned that a UFO was destroyed by a Soviet "weather" satellite with powerful laser cannon and Class IV nuclear weapons, which may be powerful H-Bombs. Martial Law 07:57, 8 April 2006 (UTC) :)

Not based on.
If, as the intro states, this movie is "a screenplay inspired by (but not based on) King's short story "Trucks" " then should it be in the "Films based on Stephen King's works" category? Irrevenant 07:00, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The Stephen King article states, contradicting the first paragraph here, that the film is not based on "Trucks." Could somebody clarify and correct? Thanks, --Ben T/C 08:24, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Stephen King loosly based this film around one of his earlier short stories, Trucks, but the differences between the film and the short story are actually slight. Both involve trucks coming alive and trapping people in the Dixie Boy Diner, demanding to be refueled or threatening to run over the patrons. I think it would be more than reasonable to put this film into the "Films based on Stephen King's works" category. Jimd 16:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Tongue-in-cheek???
I gotta question the neutrality of the facts presented about this movie because, in my own personal opinion, the movie was not blatantly tongue-in-cheek. I felt it was well made for it's time, and it did its job of scaring the crap outta me when I was a kid. Upon viewing it again, I admit the acting style and characters were rather... 80's style... but saying that there was little effort put into making it a serious horror is like saying Lost Boys was a cheesy movie because of the 80's soundtrack throughout. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tfunk3780 (talk • contribs) 17:31, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

 * I can see how it could scare a child watching it, but for adult audiences it was/is obviously not a horror film which took itself seriously, unlike the Lost Boys (which had some decent special effects and genuine horror moments). This is nothing to do with the fact Maximum Overdrive was made in the 1980s, its just a very, very cheesy film (but still great fun in my opinion!) with hammy acting and daft FX. This is an neutral statement as Stephen King himself called it a "moron movie", and in the trailers for the film he joked about how un-serious the feel of the film is. Every review I've read about the film stated this too. Jimd 16:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

I have to agree. The tongue-in-cheek description of this movie seems like an afterthought, possibly added by King after viewing this thing and realizing how bad it is.

Honestly though, why would King decide to direct a tongue-in-cheek comedy version of one of his serious short-stories? Is he known for doing this? Has he directed other comedies since then? I find it a LOT more likely that this movie was supposed to be serious, but as a first-time director, King failed miserably and then tried to save his credentials by claiming the movie is tongue-in-cheek.

The AC/DC soundtrack doesn't work in the movie at all, but they are said to be King's "Favourite Band". If you were making a movie meant to look cheesy and lame, would you use your favourite band's music? Again, it's a lot more likely that King was being serious and sincere.

Either King is the all-time best Campy movie director in the world (on his first attempt!), or he's just a shitty director that made a bad movie. The fact that he hasn't directed another movie since Maximum Overdrive pretty much answers the question doesn't it?

Remove the "tongue-in-cheek".

 * I think he was on a lotta coke at the time, and I gotta admit, it was probly quite fun & that may explain some of the 'cheesyness' - but I bet there was a diversity of opionion among the cast and crew about wether they were actuly going for something serious or not.

 * Cocaine isn't the best judgment enhancer in the world, and King freely admitted to an interviewer that he was "coked out of [his] mind all through its production, and [he] really didn't know what [he] was doing." I've heard a creative writing lecturer say that when you undertake to write under the influence of drugs, you're "tip-toeing on an edifice overlooking (you have to visualize here a five-foot tall English professor jumping on the top of a lecture desk at this point, declaiming loudly... ) a vast steaming morass of manure, and preparing to dive right in!"  The prosecution calls Stephen King, William F. Burroughs and Carlos Castaneda as their next witnesses...

 * When King is doing "tongue-in-cheek," we're talking portions of The Stand (as when Randall Flagg rescues Lloyd Henreid from starving to death in a jail... he deadpans, "Pleased to meet you, Lloyd. Hope you guessed my name." A blank-faced Lloyd says, "Huh?"  Flagg smiles affectionately and mutters, "Just a little classical reference.")  THAT is "tongue in cheek."

 * What King did in "Maximum Overdrive" was 'gypping a motion picture bank out of investment money.' Just so we're clear.  "Tongue-in-cheek" is almost always intentional, while, when old Steverino makes something in the toilet that looks like Abraham Lincoln in profile after ODing on Ex-Lax, he doesn't get to claim credit for artistic inspiration.loupgarous (talk) 17:31, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Max overdrive poster.JPG
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BetacommandBot 04:05, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Urban Legend?
Why is this listed as a film based on an urban legend? I don't want to take that out without seeing if there's some reason for it, but as any such urban legend isn't listed in the article itself, and it.. isn't based on an urban legend, I see no reason for that being there. --user.lain (talk) 07:01, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Removed. If it is part of an urban legend then somebody who can cite it can reinsert it.   a_man_alone (talk) 07:29, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

It could be inspired by the urban legend known as Killer in the backseat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.35.214.71 (talk) 06:12, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

The Future
This film was released in 1986, but it takes place in 1987. That qualifies it being a movie set in the future. 2001: A Space Odyssey is a good example of a movie that's set in the future, even though that time has now passed. I keep trying to categorize it that way but my changes are removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.28.228 (talk) 01:51, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I haven't removed your changes but would like to offer a reasonable explanation for the removals (which ought to have been commented on here, by the way - hint to the Phantom Midnight Editor responsible).  A story set one year in the future isn't really sufficiently removed from the present to qualify as "future fiction" UNLESS there's some earthshaking development between then and now that changes society.  (Almost all good science fiction could just as easily be called "sociological fiction," because it's concerned with how changes in our science affect people as individuals and as society.)

 * 2001: A Space Odyssey and all other science fiction set in a time far removed from the time it was published or in the case of that film, released to theatres, are set in a future time when sweeping changea have been made to society by means of science; many things in Stanley Kubrick's film are still "futuristic" by our own society's standards, probably because Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke (the screenwriter and consultant on scientific matters) both assumed a straight-line progression of technology and society from 1969, when the film was released. However, society and history never progress like that; it's all in fits and starts.  No one realized that almost all the progress required for that future society depended on cheap computers to make really huge calculations affordable, thus making huge engineering projects affordable again.  We're just now moving into the sort of scientific society that is the background of 2001: A Space Odyssey.

 * Richard Matheson's I Am Legend is an example of a "next year" story that is science fiction and arguably futuristic (even though he published it in 1955) because, again, a sweeping scientific event - a plague that turns everyone into vampires, but is still accomplished by a scientifically plausible agent, a microbe - occurs "next year" and changes society profoundly. That is a futuristic setting happening just "over the horizon.".

 * In the case of Maximum Overdrive, we're not really presented with a scientific change - a meteor sweeps over the Earth and animates all the machines - that could just as easily have been because the meteor was the herald of some malevolent god who made all this happen. It's probably a case of a deus ex machina - but in this case, it's a contrived beginning to a plot difficulty, not a contrived end to one.

 * In any case, it could just as well have happened the year the movie was made, the year after, or the year before. The setting isn't "futuristic."  Now, King HAS done future fiction (or at least "not this year") - his miniseries Golden Years is set in an America in which the Defense Department and our Federal police agencies have been replaced by the "Security Department," which seems to have a blanket brief to conduct dangerous experiments involving particle accelerators and time dislocation (but shockingly poor safety regulations).  Either that, or someone was doing daffy dust again when writing the script.

 * In Maximum Overdrive, it's same-o, same-o America, just the machines all want to kill us. Not future fiction.loupgarous (talk) 18:19, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Reasons for deletion not clear
I noticed the article needed improvement and made some changes. The article as a whole was tagged as needing more references, since 2016 apparently. While improving the article I tagged specific sentences that needed references. Very soon after a user deleted two unsourced statements but the deletion seemed sudden and very strange and selective since other unsourced statements were not also deleted.

I was surprised by the sudden delete, of statements I had only just tagged as needing references. It seems likely that someone would be able to find a reference for Leonard Maltin (perhaps using Google books). It seemed likely that a reference for the Golden Raspberry awards could be found. It seemed less likely that a vague mention of comments from some interview in some unknown publication about "The Dome" but strangely that unsourced statement was not deleted.

So I restored the statements as none of the statements seemed contentious and seemed likely that given time someone would be able to add sources. As a show of good faith I made an effort to find a proper reference The Golden Raspberry awards. Technically the sentence about the Golden Raspberry awards wasn't unsourced, the article introduction did include a reference to the IMDB awards page, but since IMDB is not the best source I removed that and replaced it with a better reference. (I also corrected the runtime.)

I was very surprised then to have my edits reverted wholesale. I thought my edits would be taken in good faith and that others would realise the article is a work in progress.

I hope someone can explain why it is necessary to immediately delete the statement from Leonard Maltin rather than keep it with a citation request. I hope someone can explain why it was necessary to delete the Gold Raspberry awards even after a better source was added. -- 109.79.81.140 (talk) 22:34, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Searched Google Books and found what I think would be enough of a reference for Leonard Maltin https://books.google.ie/books?id=PvcLAQAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Leonard+Maltin%22+%22Maximum+Overdrive%22&dq=inauthor:%22Leonard+Maltin%22+%22Maximum+Overdrive%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja59XK6LziAhUKVRUIHaemDt0Q6AEILjAB
 * Someone who knows the best formatting for Google books references might add it to the article please? -- 109.79.81.140 (talk) 23:06, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Revert again, no reason given. I still have no idea what he's thinking. -- 109.79.185.11 (talk) 01:08, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

King himself described the film as a "moron movie"
Can we cite this, please? It's not in the citation currently marked [7]. Renard Migrant (talk) 21:28, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I looked through older versions of the article and found the reference.
 * The reference was removed for no apparent reason by an anonymous IP editor.
 * I don't think it needs to be in the Lead. I do think it needs to be presented with more context. -- 109.79.161.55 (talk) 02:33, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The two citations claiming King 'disowned' the film and intended to never direct again do not support either statement. He calls it a moron film in regards to how they should market/release the film, and that citation explains how he made a sacrifice for the type of release he preferred, and no mention of disowning. The other citation clearly states he DOES intend to direct again. Who wrote this nonsense? 69.112.36.233 (talk) 16:06, 28 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The two citations claiming King 'disowned' the film and intended to never direct again do not support either statement. He calls it a moron film in regards to how they should market/release the film, and that citation explains how he made a sacrifice for the type of release he preferred, and no mention of disowning. The other citation clearly states he DOES intend to direct again. Who wrote this nonsense? 69.112.36.233 (talk) 16:06, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maximum Overdrive


text:
Milan Nedić

Milan Nedić (Милан Недић; 2 September 1878 – 4 February 1946) was a Yugoslav and Serbian army general and politician who served as the chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army and minister of war in the Royal Yugoslav Government. During World War II, he collaborated with Nazi Germany and served as the prime minister of the puppet government of National Salvation, in the German occupied territory of Serbia. After the war, the Yugoslav communist authorities imprisoned him. In 1946, it was reported that he had committed suicide. He was included in the 100 most prominent Serbs list. There have been attempts since the 2000s to present Nedić's role in World War II more positively. All applications to rehabilitate him have so far been declined by the official Serbian courts.

Early life
Milan Nedić was born in the Belgrade suburb of Grocka on 2 September 1878 to Đorđe and Pelagia Nedić. His father was a local district chief and his mother was a teacher from a village near Mount Kosmaj. She was the granddaughter of Nikola Mihailović, who was mentioned in the writings of poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and was an ally of Serbian revolutionary leader Karađorđe. The Nedić family was originally from the village of Zaoka, near Lazarevac. It traced its origins to two brothers, Damjan and Gligorije, who defended the Čokešina Monastery from the Turks during the Serbian Revolution. The family received its name from Nedić's great-grandmother, Neda, who was a member of the Vasojevići tribe from modern-day Montenegro.

Military and political career
Nedić finished gymnasium in Kragujevac in 1895 and entered the lower level of the Military Academy in Belgrade that year. In 1904, he completed the upper level of the academy, then the General Staff preparatory, and was commissioned into the Serbian Army. In 1910, he was promoted to the rank of major. He fought with the Serbian Army during the Balkan Wars, and received multiple decorations for bravery. In 1913, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He served with the Serbian Army during World War I and was involved in rearguard actions during its retreat through Albania in the winter of 1915. That year, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. At 38, he was the youngest colonel in the Serbian General Staff. He was appointed ordnance officer to King Peter in 1916. Towards the end of the war, Nedić was given command of an infantry brigade of the Timok Division.

Nedić remained a brigade commander within the Timok Division until the end of 1918 and served as the 3rd Army chief of staff. Beginning in 1919, he also served as the de facto head of the 4th Army District in Croatia because its nominal commander, General Božidar Janković, was old and infirm. Nedić's cousin, Dimitrije Ljotić, and their mutual friend Stanislav Krakov, also served in the 4th Army District and were commanded by Nedić. When the Royal Yugoslav Army (Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ) was formed in 1919 he was absorbed into the army at the same rank. He was promoted to Divizijski đeneral in 1923, and subsequently commanded a division then was Secretary-General of the Committee of National Defence. In 1930, Nedić was promoted to the rank of Armijski đeneral, and assumed command of the 3rd Army in Skoplje. Nedić was appointed Chief of the General Staff in June 1934, and held this position until the following year, when he became the third member of the Military Council, probably because of his strained relations with the Minister for the Army and Navy, Petar Živković. At the time, British diplomatic staff observed that he was "somewhat slow-thinking and obstinate". On 13 August 1939, Nedić was appointed Minister of the Army and Navy as part of the Cvetković–Maček Agreement. Ljotić later assisted the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Central Office, RSHA) in establishing contacts with him. He also exploited the connections he had with Nedić to ensure that the banned Zbor-published journal Bilten (Bulletin) was distributed to members of the VKJ. The journal was published illegally in a military printing house and distributed throughout Yugoslavia by military couriers.

Because of his disapproval of a potential participation in the war against Adolf Hitler's Germany, Nedić was dismissed on 6 November 1940 by Prince Paul. This was most likely out of unease with Nazi Germany's ally, Fascist Italy which at the time harboured the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustashe leader Ante Pavelić in exile in Rome, and because of the rhetoric of some Italian fascists in the past such as the late Gabriele D'Annunzio, who were violently opposed to a Yugoslav state. Nedić welcomed the coup d'état of March 1941 which deposed the regime that had signed the Tripartite Pact, and commanded the 3rd Army Group in the German-led Axis invasion that followed.

German-occupied territory of Serbia
Wehrmacht commander Heinrich Danckelmann decided to entrust Nedić with the administration of German-occupied territory of Serbia in order to pacify Serb resistance. Not long before, Nedić had lost his only son and pregnant daughter in law in a munitions explosion in Smederevo, in which several thousands died. He accepted the post of the prime minister in the government called the Government of National Salvation, on 29 August 1941. At the same time mass imprisonment of the Jews started where police and gendarmerie of quisling government under Nedić assisted the Germans in arresting the Jews.

On 1 September 1941 Nedić made a speech on Radio Belgrade in which he declared the intent of his administration to "save the core of the Serbian people" by accepting the occupation of Germany in the area of Šumadija, Drina Valley, Pomoravlje and Banat. He also spoke against organizing resistance to the occupying forces. His state's propaganda was funded by Germany and promoted anti-Semitism and anti-communism, particularly linking these up with anti-masonry. In his speeches he uses terms such as "Communist-Jewish rabble" and "Communist-Masonic-Jewish-English mafia". According to historian Milivoj Bešlin, terms from the categorical apparatus of Nazism "white race", "pure race", "aryanism", etc, was used by Nedić's propaganda, while he strongly advocated protection of the Serbian people from "irregular mixtures". Also in that context, Nedić's government brought regulations for implementing the policy of the occupation authorities about losing the rights to work of Romani and Jewish population. In March 1942, Nedić established the Serbian State Guard (Srpska državna straža) who together with the Gestapo participated in the guarding of the Banjica concentration camp, and were responsible for the killings of inmates, including children. In October 1943, the State Guard came under control of the SS. Its members were also engaged in the execution of captured Partisans.

The puppet government under Nedić accepted many refugees mostly of Serbian descent. The civil war unleashed in the German-occupied territory of Serbia was the cause of the loss of as many or even more lives than German terror. In total, between 141,000 and 167,000 people died in Serbia of war-related causes. These deaths included 34,000 killed by the Germans and their Serb helpers, 46,000 deaths in prisons and camps, and 33,000 Chetnik and 42,000 Partisan combatants. At least 300,000 people were deported from Serbia or held in prisons and concentration camps. German reprisals demanded that 100 Serbs be killed for each killed German soldier and 50 for each wounded German soldier, as in the Kragujevac massacre. Nedić implemented Hitler's anti Semitic policies and Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared Judenfrei ("clean of Jews") while Serbia itself was declared as such in August 1942. Nedić also secretly diverted money and arms from his government to the Chetniks. The military forces of Ljotić and Nedić together with the Wehrmacht participated in anti-Communist operations. In the 1942 Christmas address, he announced that "the old world, which had destroyed our state, is over and replaced by the new one. This new world will elevate Serbia to its rightful and honorable place in the new Europe; under the new leadership (of Germany) we look courageously into the future". In 1942 he outlined a memo of his vision of Great Serbia in which Bosnia-Herzegovina, Srijem, and Dalmatia are within Serbia's borders with local population replaced by Serbian settlers. On 28 February 1943, the commanding general in Serbia reduced the reprisal orders to 50 hostages for each German soldier, armed forces employee, civilian or Bulgarian soldier killed, and 25 for each German or Bulgarian wounded. Nedić was received by Adolf Hitler in September 1943 when they talked about security and order in the occupied territory, also at that meeting Nedić requested the annexation of East Bosnia, Montenegro, the Sanjak, Kosovo-Metohija and Srem. Joachim von Ribbentrop opposed Nedić’s demands which forced Hitler to appease Nedić by promising him concessions elsewhere. Nedić's Ministry of Education, Ljotić and the intellectuals from the Zbor prepared Serbia and its youth by changing the education system in order to prepare the society for Hitler’s New Europe, in which anti-Semitism and anti-Communism were integral parts of the new ideological framework. About the "great" Adolf Hitler hundreds of texts was written by Nedic's propaganda.

On 4 October 1944, with the successes of the Red Army, Bulgarian Army and Yugoslav Partisans and their combined onslaught on Belgrade, Nedić's puppet government was disbanded, and on 6 October Nedić fled from Belgrade to Kitzbühel, Austria (then annexed to Germany) where he took refuge with the occupying British. On 1 January 1946, the British forces handed him over to the Partisans.

He was incarcerated in Belgrade on charges of treason. On 4 February 1946, it is believed that Nedić either jumped out of the window of the Belgrade hospital where he was being detained or that he was pushed out to his death. According to official records, he committed suicide by jumping through the window. According to the Register of Victims Killed after 12 September 1944, Nedić was "liquidated".

Recently, Miodrag Mladenović, a former officer with the Yugoslavian OZNA, said that on 4 February 1946, he received an order to pick up a dead body at Zmaj Jovina street, where the prison was located at the time. When he arrived there, the body was already wrapped in a blanket and rigor mortis had already set in. Following the orders given to him, he took the body to the cemetery where it was buried in an unusually deep grave. He never attempted to see the face of the person that he was carrying, but the day after, he read in the news that Nedić had committed suicide by jumping through the prison window at Zmaj Jovina street.

Legacy
During the Miloševic era, the regime and some Serb historians found it extremely important to win over eminent Yugoslav Jewish organizations and individuals for the idea of the joint Serbo-Jewish martyrdom. To accomplish it, regime historians had to falsify history by obscuring the fact that Milan Nedic and Dimitrije Ljotić had cleansed Serbia of its sizeable Jewish population by deportations of Jews to East European concentration camps or killing them in Serbia.

The 1993 book The 100 most prominent Serbs published by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts included an entry on Nedić in which its editor, the art historian and its editor Dejan Medaković, claimed that Nedić was "one of the most tragic figures in Serbian history" whose collaboration saved "a million Serbian lives". Patriarch Pavle held a memorial service for Nedić in 1994, during which he justified his collaboration with Nazi Germany on the grounds that it was "the only way to save the Serbian people from the revenge of the occupiers".

After 2000, revisionists' demands for the rehabilitation of Milan Nedić began. The minor Serbian Liberal Party attempted to promote his rehabilitation as an anti-Nazi, who did his best in an impossible situation, sparking controversy in Serbia. The publisher of a 2002 secondary school history textbook, Nebojša Jovanović, told the daily Politika that collaboration with the Nazis was a way of preserving the ‘biological substance of the Serbian people".

Nedić's portrait was included among those of Serbian prime ministers in the building of the Government of Serbia. In 2008, the Minister of Interior and Deputy PM Ivica Dačić removed the portrait after neo-Nazi marches were announced in the country. Revisionist interpretations required that Nedić's collaboration with the occupying forces and responsibility for the execution of Jews under his rule be obscured, in order to remember him as the "savior of the Serbian people".

On 11 July 2018, The Higher Serbian Court in Belgrade rejected an application to rehabilitate the quisling Prime Minister of occupied Serbia during World War II, Milan Nedić. During the rehabilitation trial, historian Bojan Dimitrijevic from the Institute for Contemporary Serbian History claimed, based on archived documents, that Nedić was not directly involved in the persecution and killing of Jews. According to Dimitrijevic, Nedić's administration only registered Jews and gave them fake Serbian documents while the Germans rounded them up and performed all the executions.

Other sources claim that it was Nedić's role to protect Serbs from further executions in NDH and by Germans in Serbia by aiding in the persecution of Jews. Among other things, his regime confiscated and sold the property of Jews after they were executed by Germans, who were not interested in buying the homes and lands of Jews in Serbia.

According to historian and President of the Jewish community in Belgrade, Jaša Almuli, one of the major reasons behind the killing of 11,000 Jews in Serbia by Germans was through reprisals for resistance against Germans in occupied Serbia and that Jews were killed for the same reasons as Serbs: to fulfill Hitler's quota towards Serbs and Serbia: for a wounded soldier to kill 50 and for a dead German soldier to kill 100 people. For that reason, together with Serbs and Gypsies, about 5,000 Jews were shot. German SS General Harald Turner was the main culprit behind the shooting of Jews in occupied Serbia.

According to Philip J. Cohen, in Nedić's Serbia about 15,000 Jews perished or 94% of Serbian Jews. According to Jelena Subotić, 27,000 Jews out of 33,500 in pre-occupied Serbia were killed in the Holocaust, and another 1,000 from central Europe, mostly from Czechoslovakia and Austria. Of the approximately 17,000 Jews who resided in German-occupied Serbia, 82% of them were killed early on, including 11,000 Belgrade Jews.

During the COVID-19 pandemics in 2020, school classes were presented on the Radio Television of Serbia. One lecture for eighth grade students caught attention of the Serbian public. The teacher spoke positively about Milan Nedić and his role in WWII, even though such opinions are not based on the official textbook for the 8th grade. Dubravka Stojanović commented on this lecture and emphasized that the games played with fascism and anti-fascism when it comes to "basic good and evil" brought the society into complete disorientation. She also pointed out that she often warned about the problems of revisionist history and rehabilitation of collaborators from WWII in history textbooks.

Works

 * Srpska vojska i solunska ofanziva, 1932
 * Kralj Aleksandar Prvi Ujedinitelj: kao vojskovođ, 1935
 * Srpska vojska na Albanskoj Golgoti, 1937

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Milan Nedić


text: User talk:172.142.99.129

title: User talk:172.142.99.129


text:
Argulidae

The family Argulidae, whose members are commonly known as carp lice or fish lice, are parasitic crustaceans in the class Ichthyostraca. It is the only family in the monotypic subclass Branchiura and the order Arguloida, although a second family, Dipteropeltidae, has been proposed. Although they are thought to be primitive forms, they have no fossil record.

Taxonomy
Branchiurans were once thought to be copepods but are now recognised as a separate subclass in the superclass Oligostraca due to their distinct morphological characteristics. There are approximately 170 species in four genera recognised in the family Branchiura. The centres of diversity are the Afrotropical and Neotropical realms.

Description
Branchiurans have a flattened, oval body, which is almost entirely covered by a broad, oval carapace, four thoracic segments each with a pair of swimming legs, a pair of anterior compound eyes, and an unsegmented abdomen without appendages which ends in paired abdominal lobes separated by the medial anal cleft. They are compressed dorsoventrally and can vary in size from just a few millimetres to over 30 mm long, with females usually somewhat larger than the males.

The mandibles are generally toothed hooks in Branchiurans. The maxillules provide sucking capability, and in the genera Argulus, Chonopeltis, and Dipteropeltis, the adults have a pair of suction cups that are from modified first maxillae. The genus Dolops, keeps the larval stages claw-like appendages into adulthood. It is still unknown whether the ancestral state of these organisms had suction discs or the hooked condition seen in Dolops, although it is thought that the specialized suctions discs are a later product of evolution. Also, females tend to be larger than the males. Between the genera there are multiple distinction between the sexes. For example, males in Argulus and Chonopeltis possess secondary sexual modifications on legs 2-4. The sexes both have their own sexual reproductive organs on their abdomens. The females have a spermathecae, while the males have a pair of testes.

Their compound eyes are prominent, and the mouthparts and the first pair of antennae are modified to form a hooked, spiny proboscis armed with suckers, as an adaptation to parasitic life. They have four pairs of thoracic appendages, which are used to swim when not attached to the host.

Not much research has been done on the respiratory system, which lack gills, but respiratory areas on the carapace and gas exchange through the fleshy abdomen has been suggested.

Distribution and habitat
Branchiurans are widely distributed throughout the world. Most species are found in Africa and South America, and none are found in Antarctica. In North America, the genus Argulus is the only one known to be found in freshwater ecosystems.

Parasitism
Branchiurans are obligate ectoparasites that are found primarily on marine and freshwater fish (only the genus Argulus occurs in marine environments), but can also be found on other aquatic organisms such as invertebrates, salamanders, tadpoles and alligators. Some species feed on the blood of their host, while others feed on mucus and extracellular material. Feeding is facilitated by distinct morphological adaptations (see Anatomy). Branchiura are able to attach to hosts through two mechanisms, hooked maxillae (as seen in Dolops) or suction disks. After engorging themselves, the parasites typically wait two to three weeks before feeding again. Mitigation of these parasites has been studied through the use of a treatment containing plant parts. From this study, it is thought that Tobacco leaf dust (containing nicotine) can safely and effectively eliminate adult Branchiurans from fish, although this may be specific to only Argulus bengalensis.

Reproduction
Only the life cycle of freshwater forms of the genus Argulus is well known. Branchiurans are not permanently attached to their hosts, and leave them for up to three weeks to mate and lay eggs, and reattach behind the fish's operculum, where they feed on mucus and sloughed-off scales, or pierce the skin and feed on the internal fluids. The eggs hatch into parasitic postnauplius larvae. While on their host, Branchiurans mate. The female holds the eggs in the thorax and in some species the eggs can be found inside the lobes of the carapace. The spermathecae on the female stores the sperm. In the genus Dolops, the males deposit a spermatophore onto the females. Once the eggs are fertilized the females leave the host organism to lay their eggs in rows on surfaces of plants, rocks, etc. Like the adults, the larvae are parasites on fish. They are opportunistic in selecting host species of fish, and females are motile in their pursuit of locality of egg-laying. Chonopeltis larvae appear to be less developed than those of the other genera. Members of one group of Argulus hatch as metanauplius-larvae, followed by a juvenile stage. Another Argulus group, and all known species of Dolops, hatch as juveniles.

Impact
Fish lice occasionally reach high enough densities to cause fish kills in aquaculture operations, or more rarely in wild populations of fish. They can also become abundant in aquaria, sometimes resulting in the death of ornamental fish.

title: Argulidae


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United States Hockey Hall of Fame

The United States Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1973 with the goal of preserving the history of ice hockey in the United States while recognizing the extraordinary contributions of select players, coaches, administrators, officials and teams. It is located in Eveleth, Minnesota, an iron mining town in northern Minnesota.

Inductees
With the four-member induction Class of 2020, there are now 192 enshrined members. New members are inducted annually based on their contributions to hockey in the United States during the course of their careers.

Each year, nominations are solicited by USA Hockey from those willing to substantiate the candidacy of a particular individual or team for induction from Jan. 1 through March 31. All nominations are forwarded to the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame Selection Committee for review. After a thorough evaluation of each candidate, the selection committee conducts a vote to select the newest members of the Hall of Fame.

Museum
The United States Hockey Hall of Fame Museum, the "National Shrine of American Hockey," is dedicated to honoring these legends of the game and showcasing precious U.S. hockey memories. Opened in 1973 in Eveleth, Minnesota, the unique facility is driven by the mission to preserve and interpret America's proud hockey heritage.

With the "Great Wall of Fame" displaying the inductee plaques, historical displays representing all levels of American hockey, video presentations, interactive experiences and traveling outreach programs, the true spirit and excitement of the sport is captured and the many traditions are proudly presented to hockey fans throughout the country. In downtown Eveleth, there is the "world's largest authentic hockey stick". It is a Christian Brothers hockey stick that measures over 110 ft and 10,000 lb.

The Hall of Fame established the Wayne Gretzky International Award in 1999, as a lifetime achievement award to honor international individuals who have made major contributions to the growth and advancement of ice hockey in the United States.

title: United States Hockey Hall of Fame


text:
User:Alex Ramon

Aside from being a library/computer geek I have a passion for bicycles and photography. The following lists some of my websites and friends.

Projects

 * Alex Ramon - My personal photoblog.
 * Bicycle Tutor - Bicycle repair tutorials.

Friends

 * Music Reviews by Ronatron.
 * Vancouver Fashion by String Magazine.

title: User:Alex Ramon


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Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)

The Israeli Military Intelligence (אגף המודיעין; Agaf HaModi'in; lit. "the Intelligence Section"), often abbreviated to Aman (אמ״ן), is the central, overarching military intelligence body of the Israel Defense Forces. Aman was created in 1950, when the Intelligence Department was spun off from the IDF's General Staff. The Intelligence Department was composed largely of former members of the Haganah Intelligence Service. Aman is an independent service, and not part of the ground forces, Navy or the Air Force.

It is one of the main entities and the largest component of the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Mossad and Shin Bet. It includes the cyber warfare branch Unit 8200, the human intelligence Unit 504, the secret technology Unit 81, and the training course Havatzalot Program. Its special operations unit is General Staff Reconnaissance Unit (Sayeret Matkal).

Roles and jurisdiction

The IDF's Intelligence Corps (חיל המודיעין), abbreviated as Haman (חמ״ן) and headed by a brigadier general, has been detached from Aman since the Yom Kippur War, but remains under its jurisdiction.

In April 2000, the Combat Intelligence Collection Corps (חיל מודיעין השדה) was founded. Abbreviated as Modash (מוד״ש), it is the newest IDF corps, and the IDF's fifth land corps. It was designed to fulfill some of Aman's former combat intelligence functions, and is headed by a Brigadier General. Although it falls under the operational jurisdiction of the GOC Army Headquarters, it also falls under Aman's professional jurisdiction.

In 1976, according to the Lexicon of National Security, some of Aman's principal roles consisted of:

 * 1) Intelligence evaluation for security policy, military planning and "fluid security policy", and the dissemination of intelligence to IDF and governmental bodies.
 * 2) Field security at the level of the General Staff (today, Matkal: מטכ״ל), and the training and operation of field security in general (all levels).
 * 3) The operation of military censorship.
 * 4) Direction and operation of the 'Collection Agencies'.
 * 5) Drawing maps; providing the direction and supervision for the dissemination of maps.
 * 6) The development of 'special measures' for intelligence work.
 * 7) The development of intelligence doctrine in the realms of research, collection, and field security.
 * 8) Staff responsibility for military attachés overseas.

History
During the founding of the state of Israel, the Haganah military organization was primarily responsible for gathering intelligence, or one of its elite units, the Scherut Jediot (secret service), or Shai.

Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion commissioned the Shai in the late 1940s to create a secret service structure for Israel. Shai member Re’uwen Schiloach established it based on four independent services: Aman and Schin Bet, the foreign intelligence service Machleket Hacheker, and the Institute for Illegal Immigration Mossad le-Alija Bet (defunct in March 1952).

In mid-1949 Shiloah created the Committee of Secret Service chiefs as a super-ordinate body. From 1963 the international secret service was officially called "Institute for Intelligence Service and Special Tasks" (ha-Mosad le-Modi'in u-le-Tafkidim Mejuhadim), short Mossad.

An offshoot of the Department of Defense was the lesser-known Lakam technology intelligence agency. The existence of which was long considered a state secret. It was used to obtain scientific and technological information. In the 1980s, the Lakam lost much of its previous importance.

One of the biggest defeats of the Israeli secret services was caused by the Aman in the 1950s. Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon had to resign as part of the so-called Lavon affair. Aman-led "Operation Susannah" was intended to attack western facilities in Egypt by Israeli agents and saboteurs. The aim was to disrupt the good ties between the United States and the Egyptian head of state, Gamal Abdel Nasser.

The US should believe that the Egyptian state is powerless against religious organizations. Egypt managed to uncover the agent circle. Ten members were sentenced in a show trial in January 1955, two of them to death. Lavon resigned a month later, then Binyamin Gibli, then Aman's director, two weeks later. Ultimately, the Head of State Ben-Gurion resigned in 1963 after being worn down by ongoing discussions.

Units
Aman consists of the following subordinate and professionally subordinate units:

Staff units

 * Intelligence Corps

Collection units

 * Camp 1391 (IDF black site)
 * Unit 8200 (Signal Intelligence)
 * (Visual Intelligence)
 * Unit 504 (Human Intelligence)

Research

 * Research Department

Information security

 * Information Security Department
 * Military Censor [Part of Aman, but an entirely independent unit, not subordinate to any military or political level, only to parliamentary and judicial oversight]

Special Operations Division

 * Unit 81 (Secret technology)
 * General Staff Reconnaissance Unit (Special Forces Intelligence Unit)
 * Intelligence center

Other units

 * Supervision Department
 * External Relations Department
 * Ro'im Rachok
 * Havatzalot Program

Professionally subordinate units

 * Air Intelligence Group: the intelligence unit of the Israeli Air Force
 * Naval Intelligence Division: the intelligence unit of the Israeli Navy
 * Combat Intelligence Collection Corps: the intelligence unit of GOC Army Headquarters
 * The intelligence units of the Regional Commands: Central, Northern, Southern and Home Front Commands
 * Center for Consciousness Operations: a psychological warfare unit of the Operations Directorate

List of directors
The head of Aman is the senior intelligence officer in the IDF and engages in intelligence decision and policy-making at the same level as the heads of the Shabak and the Mossad: together, they form the three highest-ranking, co-equal heads of the Israeli Intelligence Community, focusing on the military, domestic (including the Palestinian territories), and foreign intelligence fronts respectively.

In June 2005, then-IDF's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Dan Halutz, in a move viewed as surprising, announced that Major General Aharon Zeevi-Farkash would be replaced by Major General Amos Yadlin. Yadlin, who had been serving as the IDF's military attaché in Washington, D.C., was a combat pilot, former head of the air force's Air Intelligence Directorate, and Halutz's deputy. Yadlin was appointed as Aman Director in January 2006, with Zeevi-Farkash having served an extended term. In November 2010, Yadlin was replaced by Major General Aviv Kochavi.

 * 1948–1949: Isser Be'eri
 * 1949–1950: Colonel Chaim Herzog
 * 1950–1955: Colonel Binyamin Gibli
 * 1955–1959: Major General Yehoshafat Harkabi
 * 1959–1962: Major General Chaim Herzog
 * 1962–1963: Major General Meir Amit
 * 1964–1972: Major General Aharon Yariv
 * 1972–1974: Major General Eli Zeira
 * 1974–1978: Major General Shlomo Gazit
 * 1979–1983: Major General Yehoshua Sagi
 * 1983–1985: Major General Ehud Barak
 * 1986–1991: Major General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
 * 1991–1995: Major General Uri Sagi
 * 1995–1998: Major General Moshe Ya'alon
 * 1998–2001: Major General
 * 2001–2006: Major General Aharon Zeevi-Farkash
 * 2006–2010: Major General Amos Yadlin
 * 2010–2014: Major General Aviv Kochavi
 * 2014–2018: Major General Herzi Halevi
 * 2018–2021: Major General
 * 2021–2024: Major General Aharon Haliva


text:
User talk:Alex Ramon

Welcome to my user talk page!

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 21:25, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:AlexRamon.jpg
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title: User talk:Alex Ramon


text:
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art

The Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art is a museum in Canonbury Square in the district of Islington on the northern fringes of central London. It is the United Kingdom's only gallery devoted to modern Italian art and is a registered charity under English law.

The Estorick Collection was founded by the American sociologist and writer Eric Estorick (1913–1993), who began to collect art when he moved to England after the Second World War. Estorick and his German-born English wife Salome (1920–1989) discovered Umberto Boccioni’s book Futurist Painting and Sculpture (1914) while they were on their honeymoon in 1947. Before the end of their trip they visited the erstwhile Futurist Mario Sironi in Milan and bought most of the contents of his studio, including hundreds of drawings. They built up the collection mainly between 1953 and 1958. The collection was shown in several temporary exhibitions, including one at the Tate Gallery in London in 1956, and the key works were on long-term loan to the Tate from 1966 to 1975. The Estoricks rejected offers to purchase their collection from the Italian government and museums in the United States and Israel. Six months prior to his death Eric Estorick set up the Eric and Salome Estorick Foundation, to which he donated all his Italian works.

The Estorick Collection moved to its current premises in Northampton Lodge, previously the home and office of Sir Basil Spence, the British architect, a converted Grade II-listed Georgian house, in 1998. The project was supported by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.

The core of the collection is its Futurist works, but it also includes figurative art and sculpture dating from 1890 to the 1950s. It features paintings by Futurism's main protagonists: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Gino Severini, Luigi Russolo and Ardengo Soffici, and works by Giorgio de Chirico, Amedeo Modigliani, Giorgio Morandi, Mario Sironi and Marino Marini. In addition to the main displays from the permanent collection, the Estorick Collection organises temporary exhibitions.


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List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame

The United States Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Eveleth, Minnesota. It was established on June 21, 1973, with the purpose of honoring the sport of ice hockey in the United States by preserving American legends of the game. On May 11, 2007, USA Hockey and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame came to an agreement allowing the rights to the selection process and induction event associated to be handled by USA Hockey. After a class has been enshrined, anyone is allowed to nominate individuals to be considered for enshrinement in the following years class using the USA Hockey web site prior to the nomination deadline. Nominated individuals must be considered to have made an extraordinary contribution to the sport of ice hockey in America, but could come in any form such as player, coach, official, administrator or support personnel. A selection committee then reviews the nominations and decides who will be enshrined.

Enshrinees

† Names appear as they are displayed in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.


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Punto in Aria

Punto in aria (literally “stitch in air”) is an early form of needle lace devised in Italy. It is considered the first true lace because it was the first meant to be stitched alone, and not first onto a woven fabric.

It is a closely related needle lace to reticella, and their designs have many similarities when compared side by side. However, the punto in aria was an important improvement on the reticella method, and was a breakthrough in needle lace design.

History
The reticella was the design that was the catalyst of the transition between fabrics made into lace by subtracting threads after needling, and lace made from scratch without fabric support. The reticella design required one to draw out threads after stitching onto fabric. As that design evolved, an increasing number of threads required withdrawing. Eventually, so many threads were drawn-out that the foundation became very flimsy and lace makers devised a new framework that did not require original foundation fabric. This came to be known as punto in aria.

Design
Punto in aria retains many of the characteristics of reticella but also is able to go beyond the geometric framework. The lace makers devised a linen and parchment base for their work. This base consisted of two or three layers of fabric with the parchment pattern on top. The layers were then basted together. The pattern was then laid over with a gimp which was basted down through the pattern and layers of support fabric. When the lace was finished, the basting stitches were cut between the layers thus leaving only the lace.

title: Punto in Aria


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Red Rock

Red Rock(s) or red rock(s) may refer to:

In generic contexts

 * Sandstone, in its predominant pinkish-to-deep-dull-red coloration

U.S. settled places

 * Red Rock, Arizona (disambiguation), several unincorporated communities in Arizona
 * Red Rock, Oklahoma, town
 * Red Rock, Texas, unincorporated community in Texas
 * Red Rock, West Virginia, unincorporated community
 * Red Rock, Wisconsin, unincorporated community

Scenic and recreational areas

 * Red Rock Island, in San Francisco Bay, California
 * Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area (state-operated), in Las Vegas, Nevada
 * Red Rocks Park, Colorado
 * Red Rock Pass (a saddle-point), Idaho
 * Red Rock State Park,   in Arizona
 * Red Rock Preserve, within Edge of Appalachia Preserve in Ohio
 * Red Rock (Wyoming), inscribed rock formation
 * Red Rock (Gallup, New Mexico), along Interstate 25 in New Mexico

Australia

 * Red Rock (Victoria), crater complex near Colac in Victoria
 * Red Rock, New South Wales, small town near Grafton, New South Wales

Canada

 * Red Rock, Ontario, a township in Ontario, Canada
 * Red Rock Indian Band, an Indian band in Ontario, Canada

Other countries

 * Red Rock railway station, a former railway station in the Red Rock area of Standish, England

Novels

 * Red Rock, by Thomas Nelson Page
 * Red Rock, by Terri Windling

TV and movies

 * Red Rock (TV series), an Irish soap opera (2015–2020)
 * Red Rock West, a 1993 film starring Nicolas Cage

Music

 * HaSela haAdom (The Red Rock), Israeli song

Companies and brands

 * Red Rock (drink), a brand of American ginger ale and cola
 * Red Rock Cider, an English brand of cider
 * Red Rock Consulting, a business unit of Australian IT services company UXC

Other uses

 * Red Rock (bull), brand #007, the ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking bull
 * Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino, a casino in Summerlin, Nevada

title: Red Rock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ILoveIM

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

ILoveIM
Non-notible, advert with alexa rank of 15,556. Delete. -SocratesJedi | Talk 06:46, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, advertising. --bainer (talk) 08:01, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as spam. Jamyskis 10:14, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * WIKI-HELL!!!!!! -- BD2412 talk 14:40, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ILoveIM


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Borik, Banja Luka

Borik is an urban neighborhood in the city of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska entity). It was built northeast of the old city center after an earthquake in 1969 when Banjaluka was heavily damaged. Borik was planned for housing of people who lost their homes in an earthquake and it was built in a brutalist architectural style, typical for cities that were developed under an influence of a communist system.

title: Borik, Banja Luka


text:
User:Wadea

Hello stranger, you have reached the reference for Wadea.

For you infomation 'Wadea' is a small green fish with lots of poisious spines Living within the proximity of Tuggeranong Lake.

title: User:Wadea


text:
User talk:Princess Lauren

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! — Gwalla | Talk 06:51, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Princess Lauren


text:
Talk:Hang fire

Cameras?
Is the expression ever used for cameras?

"Hanging fire" has obviously become a phrase outside its technical use? Such as the following phrase: "'A shoal of night-stars hang fire in the nets'" (Sting, The Soul Cages), or as in the title of a song by The Rolling Stones. Pray, what is meant by this?--Sponsianus 23:50, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Incontinence
The incontinence thing has remained here too long without citation. While I have never heard this, and it very well may be true, the subject matter, without citation, implies it's falsehood ( I was going to say that it is crap but I'm not one to pun.) If it is true is should be cited, if not it should be shitcanned ( sorry, damn.) 75.191.151.75 (talk) 02:55, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Agreed, removed. Jim no.6 (talk) 17:35, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hang fire


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Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Pale (Пале) is a municipality of the city of Istočno Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated southeast of the capital city of Sarajevo. As of 2013, it had a population of 22,282 inhabitants, while the town of Pale has a population of 13,883 inhabitants.

The famous Jahorina ski resort is located some 15 km from the municipality.

Middle Ages
Pale always represented an important junction between east and west that is the Sarajevo Valley and the Drina River basin. There are preserved ruins of roads and building from the Roman times in the nearby villages of Miosici and Ilijak. From early on this area served as a place of trade. In the late 14th and early 15th century the area surrounding Pale belonged to the Feudal House of Pavlović. There were several fortified settlements: Pavlovac on the River Prača, Gradina in the Upper Pale and Hodidjed above the junction of the Miljacka rivers. The Hodidjed settlement served as an administrative center for the surrounding area.

The feudal house of Pavlović belonged to the upper crust of the Bosnian aristocracy, their holdings extended from Vrhbosna (today's Sarajevo) on the West to Dobruna on the east. Pavle Radenović, the founder of the Pavlović line, aside from his ancestral holdings around Pale also owned the mines in Olovo, the city of Trebinje, and parts of Konavle and Cavtat. The area under his control enjoyed prosperous trade between the locals and the Merchants from Dubrovnik. The main trading center was the town of Praca, part of the Pale Municipality today. After the death of Pavle in 1415 during a duel, his younger son Radoslav Pavlović (1420–1421) would take over from his father.

After the death of the Bosnian King Tvrtko I in 1391 the Bosnian feudals houses struggled to gain the throne. The sons of Pavle, under the threat from other Bosnian aristocrats, asked for the help of their allies the Ottomans. The Ottomans pursued a strategy of divide and conquer that eventually resulted in complete conquest.

Ottoman rule
After the fall of Bosnia the feudal holdings of the House of Pavlović were divided into 11 districts, and renamed the entire area the "Pavli Vilayet. The first Ottoman census in the year 1468–69 the town of Pale is recorded under the name of "Bogazi Yumry" as the seat of one of the 11 districts. The district of "Bogazi Yumry" contained six villages of which two were located on the plane of Pale.

Due to the harsh conditions in which the local Christian population found itself, there is very little data about the urban development during the Ottoman rule of this area in the Middle Ages. The area continued to be commercially viable and valuable to the new rulers. The town of Praca continued to grow and expand until the great fire and outbreak of Black Death in the 18th century. The name "Pavli Vilayet" continued to be used for this area until the beginning of the 19th century and the town eventually came to be known as Pale. One of the earliest recordings of this new name is a map from 1877, where the town itself as well as the entire region are labelled as "Pale".

During the 19th century the Ottoman Empire found itself under the two politically and socially completely different power struggles. The early decades of the 19th century were marked with a series of national and ethnic freedom movements of the many subject people. The Ottoman aristocracy on the other hand was deeply conservative and was resisting any efforts towards reform and development of a centralized state. The aristocracy in Bosnia was among the most dissatisfied in the empire, jealously guarding its right against the powers.

In 1831, Captain Husein Gradaščević, one of the wealthiest and most powerful members of the Bosnian aristocracy, came to lead the rebel aristocrats. After the conquest of Travnik, the seat of the Ottoman Viceroy, the Bosnian aristocracy demanded that the Sultan halt his reform efforts and keep the status quo in Bosnia. In addition they wanted the right to vote for and appoint the Viceroy from among their ranks.

Captain Hussain did not wait for the Sultan to answer their demands and appointed himself the Vice Roy of Bosnia, alienating many of his supporters in the process. The Sultan played the different factions against each other and in 1832 sent an army against the rebels. One of the decisive battles against the rebels took place in the town of Pale itself. Captain Husein did not command sufficient numbers of troops and suffered a defeat. The decisive victory broke the back of the revolt.

Austro-Hungarian rule
With the Berlin Congress Bosnia was placed under the administration of Austria-Hungary. During this time significant investment and economic changes were made in Pale and the surrounding areas.

The new overlords were favoring the exploitation of the natural resources, primarily mineral and wood products. The town of Pale at this point becomes an important logging and wood products center in the region. According to the 1895 census, Pale with the adjacent villages had 483 inhabitants. 440 inhabitants were engaged in agricultural and logging activities while 27 were engaged in clerical work. Industrial development spurs on supporting activities. New trade shops, hotels and other service activities are brought to the town.

In February 1907 Pale receives the first Elementary School. The school was administered by the school-church board of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Pale. The school admitted students regardless of their faith. Along with Orthodox Christians, Catholic and Jewish students also attended the school. These were mostly the children of people who were involved in the town log mill.

According to administrative records of the Austro-Hungarian administration, by 1879 in Pale there were already two modern log mills, and their products were transported to Sarajevo. With the construction of the rail line connecting the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo with its eastern border town Višegrad the town of Pale received its first railway station. The railway link enabled Pale to continue to grow and prosper with foreign investment making it possible to open several additional mills in the town. Construction of the Bosnian Eastern Railway from Sarajevo to Uvac and Vardište started in 1903. It was completed in 1906, using the track gauge. With the cost of 75 million gold crowns, which approximately translates to 450 thousand gold crowns per kilometer, it was one of the most expensive railways in the world built by that time. The line was closed down in 1978, and dismantled afterwards.

World War I
In the early months of 1914 after the decisive Serbian victory at the Battle of Cer the allies requested from the Serbs and their Montenegrin allies to attack the Austro-Hungarians in Bosnia and tie up their forces there.

In October 1914 the Serbo-Montenegrin armies penetrated the areas surrounding Sarajevo and gained control of Mt. Romanija. During that operation, Montenegrin units entered Pale. Soon afterwards, the Montenegrins had to withdraw. Along with them a large part of the local Serbian population.

Those who were unable to flee were at the mercy of the Austrian Schutz corps, irregular Austrian police forces tasked with suppressing revolt within the empire. Pale was pillaged and burned down completely after the Austrian forces re-entered the town. 54 local residents were lynched in the town center.

In the town of Goražde, a refugee column of villagers from nearby villages such as Praca, Vijara, Budj, Podgrab, Vrhpraca, Gorovici, Hotocine, Glasinac, Podromanija and Socica were intercepted by Austrian regular forces and the irregulars before they could cross the Drina river. 48 adult men were separated from the rest of the group and executed by pistol-shot, while the remaining refugees were forced into detention camps.

Conditions in these detention camps were especially harsh. Among the most infamous was the detention camp in Doboj. From December 1914 to July 1917 more than 45,000 people (mostly Serbs) were detained there. While the exact numbers of fatalities will probably never be known, more than 1000 fatalities were identified, 230 of which were from the Pale municipality.

Post-World War I
With the end of the war and the absorption of Bosnia into the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the town of Pale once again struck out towards growth. The basis for economic recovery and development once again, as before, were based the on the natural resources of the region, in particular forestry.

Newly developed transportation links with Sarajevo spurred growth. In 1928 the town itself became the center of the municipality. By 1939 there were more than 14 log mills in Pale which generated more than 90000 m3 of wood products. Increased economic development spurred population growth. Between 1921 and 1931 the number of inhabitants increased from 2,382 to 11,103.

In the 1930 one could already find 30 to 40 large buildings. In 1935 a modern water supply system was put into use. The town flourished culturally as well. New and old schools were renovated and built. A community center, completed in 1928, dedicated to the victims of World War I featured gymnastic equipment and from time to time cultural and entertainment events were held there. Amateur theater and folk dance companies were active there as well.

In 1934 the Vihor Football Club was founded, and along with it a new soccer stadium was constructed. The cultural and sport society "Soko" was responsible for a large level of participation by Pale's inhabitants in their athletic programs. The members of this club would go on to successfully compete in Zagreb, Ljubljana and Prague. In this period the town also received the first medical facility as well as a library.

By the 1940 Pale already have the looks of a small, but very well arranged city. A significant number of intellectuals as well as affluent and influential people from Sarajevo and other places in the country constructed summer homes in Pale. All of this was interrupted with the German attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941. After the conquests of Zagreb and Belgrade the German forces turned their drive towards the center of the country. On 15 April, a German motorized division would occupy Sarajevo and capture the Yugoslav Supreme Military command in the town of Pale itself. By April 1941 a complete surrender was signed. The short April war brought on a full dismemberment of the country. The town of Pale was incorporated into the Nazi-affiliated Independent State of Croatia.

The first of act of the newly installed puppet regime in the town of Pale was the demolition of the World War I Victim Memorial as well the demolition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. All Serb enterprises were nationalized and taken over by Nazi sympathizers. The former home to the cultural center was turned into the HQ of the local regiment of Ustashe, which would soon serve as prison and detention center. Mass deportations, executions of prominent Serbs were daily occurrences. During the summer of 1941 the first massacres occurred, the villages of Njemanici and Bjelogorica were completely destroyed and more than sixty people were murdered.

Faced with this kind of mistreatment the local populace started an armed revolt. The initial skirmishes took place in the early morning hours of 1 August 1941. The occupation forces tried to brutally suppress this revolt and during the month of August more than 75 prominent town folk were arrested and deported to death camps.

In mid-November 1943 in a retaliatory expedition the Ustashe killed more than 100 inhabitants of the village of Rakovac. After 45 men out of that village reported to the Ustaše administration for the issuance of new identification documents they were all arrested and in pairs of two were chained to each other. They were transported and murdered. After they killed the men they went to Rakovac to kill the remaining women, children and the elderly. Once the surviving witnesses, Milan Starčević, residing today in Pale, testified: "After they say that a part of the village inhabitants was missing the Ustashe sent out search parties and came to the Alija Hill. There they were stopped by the Germans. The Germans did not allow them to go into the Santrac house where about 10 or so women and children had fled. There were even shots exchanged among the Ustashe and the Germans."

The next day Milan Starčević's brother went with German troops back to bury the victims of the Ustashe massacre. During World War II in the municipality of Pale more than 1200 civilians were murdered, while another 350 resistance fighters were killed in the fighting.

Pale after WWII
After World War II, the town and municipality of Pale, thanks to the tireless efforts of the local population, slowly recover and resume their economic development. In 1946 on the foundations of the old log mil a new one is constructed. This new mill would produce more than 25000 m3 of wood products. The mill itself employed more than 170 in the mill and an addition 150 in the forest.

In 1952 a military maintenance facility in the suburb of Koran was constructed. The local economy received the first important building block for the metal industry. Between 1952 and 1960 and additional 300–400 employees were hired in that facility.

With the development of the metal industry there are significant migration into the town, the suburb of Koran is built out with new building and apartment complexes constructed.

In 1968 the Military Maintenance complex in Koran enters is merged with the "FAMOS" corporation and is incorporated as "FAMOS-Koran". This merger brings further development and new work opportunities. Famos-Koran would go on to manufacture parts for heavy engines, transmissions and vehicles. Towards the end of the 1980s there were more than 2000 employees at Famos-Koran. In addition factories were add for the manufacture of engine turbos and manufacture of parts for the Mercedes Benz OM-360 engine that was built under licence.

War in Bosnia
During 1991 and 1992, as the tensions rose in the run up to the Bosnian War, the Pale region became an administrative center of the nascent anti-Sarajevo and pro-Serb Republika Srpska. It would remain a center of activity for the Serb forces during their Siege of Sarajevo which led to the deaths of more than 10,000 people and the wounding of 56,000 (including 15,000 children). Several high ranking Serb commanders in control of forces from the region, including General Stanislav Galić were sentenced by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for crimes against the people of Sarajevo where a campaign of unrelenting violence against the inhabitants was led.

The town became the nominal administrative headquarters of the Bosnian Serb government, while Banja Luka became the de facto capital. Pale remained an important cultural center with a collection of cultural and informational institutions such as a news agency (SRNA), a television station (Canal S) and newspapers (Javnost and Ognjišta) are based there.

Post Dayton
The Bosnian War ended with the signing of the Dayton Peace accords on 14 December 1995. With the war at the end the town returned to some sort of normalcy. As the Constitution of Republika Srpska sets out that Sarajevo is the capital of Republika Srpska which was recognized as an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Dayton Peace Agreement, the administrative capital has now transferred to Banja Luka.

After Dayton agreement was signed, during 1996, exodus of Sarajevo Serbs happened. Some of Sarajevo Serbs settled in Pale, leading to significant population growth of the city (in relative terms). After war, few important faculties of University of East Sarajevo are placed in Pale.

Settlements

 * Bjelogorci
 * Bljuštevac
 * Bogovići
 * Brdarići
 * Brdo
 * Brezovice
 * Brnjica
 * Brojnići
 * Buđ
 * Čeljadinići
 * Čemernica
 * Ćemanovići
 * Datelji
 * Donja Ljubogošta
 * Donja Vinča
 * Gluhovići
 * Gornja Ljubogošta
 * Gornja Vinča
 * Gornje Pale
 * Gornji Pribanj
 * Gorovići
 * Gradac
 * Gute
 * Hotočina
 * Jahorina
 * Jasik
 * Jelovci
 * Kadino Selo
 * Kamenica
 * Kasidoli
 * Komrani
 * Kosmaj
 * Kostreša
 * Kračule
 * Luke
 * Miošići
 * Modrik
 * Mokro
 * Nehorići
 * Prača
 * Pavlovac
 * Petovići
 * Podgrab
 * Podloznik
 * Podmedenik
 * Podvitez
 * Ponor
 * Prača
 * Prutine
 * Pustopolje
 * Radonjići
 * Rakite
 * Rakovac
 * Renovica
 * Rogoušići
 * Rosulje
 * Saice
 * Sinjevo
 * Sjetlina
 * Srednje
 * Stajna
 * Stambolčić
 * Strane
 * Sumbulovac
 * Šainovići
 * Šip
 * Turkovići
 * Udež
 * Vinograd
 * Vlahovići

Culture
International art event called Art Symposium Jahorina was established on May 1, 2003, and ever since it has been held annually on the Olympic mountain Jahorina, hosting great numbers of artists from around the globe.

Jahorina Film Festival is annually organized since 2007.

In 2021 the City library in Pale celebrated 100 years of existence.

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Forestry
There are more than 30 logging and wood production mills in the Pale municipality. The Wood Industry in Pale is an important part of the town's economy and number of people employed there. Currently there are too many logging facilities around in the area, exceeding the renewal capacity of nearby forests.

Tourism
The local economy has a significant tourism arm. The nearby mountains of Jahorina, Trebević and Igman were used during the 1984 Winter Olympics.

The Jahorina ski resort has 8 lifts and over 20 km of ski trails all over the mountain that offer Olympic-style professional trails and novice trails for children and beginners. The high season on Jahorina is mid-December to late January. Around the new year it is almost impossible to get accommodation without advance reservations.

The Hunting Association "Jahorina Pale" administers the "Pale" hunting grounds. These hunting grounds cover more than 37,039 hectares in the Pale and Stari Grad Municipality. The hunting grounds is one of the best-kept and -equipped hunting grounds in Republika Srpska.

The hunting grounds feature three hunting lodges; two are within the county limits of Palem, the hunting lodge "Srndać" features 35 beds, while the smaller hunting lodge "Lane" features 20 beds. The hunting grounds offer different kinds of game including: Deer, Bear, Boar and Rabbits.

A significant archeological find is located at the Orlovača cave. The cave is situated only 10 km away from Pale and 15 km away from Sarajevo, at 949 m above sea level. In 1975 the first explorers entered the cave. Consisting of 2500 m of explored passages and halls, Orlovača is the second-longest cave in BH ( after Vjetrenica Cave). During August and September 2002, through the initiative of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale 500 m of the total length of the passages with the most beautiful cave ornaments were made accessible for tourist visits.

The cave is characterized by stable microclimate conditions, during the whole year the temperature is only 8 °C and humidity over 90%. The variety of important signs of life discovered in the cave establishes it among the richest palaeontological sites in the region. The cave bear skeletons discovered in the cave are estimated to be over 16.000 years old. Signs of prehistoric culture were spotted on the slope leading to the main cave entrance. Dating of the remnants places them in the late Bronze Age, but remnants dating back to neolite and mezolite age are also expected to be found.

Because of its scientific and aesthetic characteristics the cave is destined to become the focus of the research and educational projects of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale. The center is planned to be built on the banks of the Sinjeva River.

Twin towns – sister cities
Pale is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇸 Smederevo, Serbia
 * 🇭🇺 Pomáz, Hungary

Notable people

 * Aleksandar Kosorić, footballer
 * Goran Trobok, Serbian footballer
 * Jelena Lolović, Serbian alpine skier
 * Ognjen Koroman, Serbian footballer
 * Trifko Grabež, (1895–1916) member of Young Bosnia (which included Gavrilo Princip), a group which was associated with the Black Hand; charged with treason and murder, alongside other members of Young Bosnia, over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
 * Žana Novaković, alpine skier

title: Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina


text: Category:Republika Srpska

title: Category:Republika Srpska


text:
Point de Venise

Point de Venise is a Venetian needle lace from the 17th century characterized by scrolling floral patterns with additional floral motifs worked in relief (in contrast with the geometric designs of the earlier reticella). By the mid-seventeenth century, it had overtaken Flemish lace as the most desirable type of lace in contemporary European fashion.

Beginning in 1620 it became separated into Venetian raised lace (which became known by the French term "gros point de Venise") and Venetian flat lace (in French "point plat de Venise"). The former (now known in English as "Venetian Gros Point" ) is characterized by having a raised pattern created through the use of cordonette worked over with buttonholing so that the curves achieved an elevated quality similar to a relief carving.

Emily Leigh Lowes, historian of lace and needlework, described the history of this textile:

title: Point de Venise


text:
Point de France

Point de France is a type of needle lace developed in the late 17th century. It is characterized by rich and symmetrical detail, and a reliance on symbols associated with King Louis XIV of France, such as suns, sunflowers, fleurs-de-lys, and crowns.

History
During the 1660s, King Louis XIV of France was spending extravagant sums on lace from the Republic of Venice, particularly a type known as point de Venise, to the dismay of his finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In order to redirect this spending into the French economy, Colbert set up a number of official royal lace factories, which were to produce a type of lace he named point de France. He worked with the French ambassador to Venice to tempt needle-workers from Venice, Italy, and Flanders to emigrate to France, prompting the Doge of Venice to declare that defection to France by needle-workers was a treasonous act punishable by execution or assassination. It is unclear whether this threat was ever carried out; regardless, enough Venetian needle-workers emigrated that the French quickly learned to produce high-quality lace.

Point de France was popularized by the clergy, who used it for the ornaments of their rochets, a type of clerical vestment.

Most surviving pieces from the 16th and 17th centuries are now in museums.

title: Point de France


text:
Bahman Shirazi

Bahman A.K. Shirazi is former director of graduate studies at California Institute of Integral Studies(CIIS). He has been actively affiliated with that organisation since 1983. His doctoral dissertation, "Self in Integral Psychology" was the first of its kind in the field of integral psychology. His work draws from the approach of Haridas Chaudhuri, focusing on an integrative approach to psychology, with the goal of developing insights into the nature of human psychospiritual development and integral self-realization. He has taught at several San francisco Bay Area Universities: Californian Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS), Sofia University (formerly Institute of Transpersonal Psychology), and previously at John F. Kennedy University(JFKU), and Dominican University of California.

Partial bibliography

 * Shirazi, Bahman (2023). The American Soul: Its Essential Qualities and Future Possibilities. Collaboration Journal, Vol. 47, No. 3 Fall/Winter 2023.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (with Pravir Malik)(2022). Cosmology of Light: Bridging Science and Spirituality Collaboration Journal, Vol. 47 No. 1 Spring 2022.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2021). Life’s Big Questions: An Interview with Phillip Goldberg. Collaboration Journal Vol. 46, No. 1 Spring 2021.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2018). Haridas Chaudhuri's contributions to integral psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, Vol. 37, No 1. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2018.37.1.55
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2016). Aids and Obstacles in Integral Yoga. Collaboration, Vol. 41, No. 2, Fall 2016.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2015). Integrative Research: Integral Epistemology and Integrative Methodology. Integral Review Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2015.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2013). The Metaphysical Instincts & Spiritual Bypassing in Integral Psychology. Integral Review, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2013.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2012). Rethinking the Future of World Religion: An Interview With Jorge N. Ferrer. Integral Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, July 2012.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2011). Integral Education: Founding Vision and Principles. Integral Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 2011.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2010). Wholeness, Integration of personality, and Conscious Evolution in Integral Psychology. ReVision Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1, Spring 2010.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2010). The Sufi Path of Self-transformation. in Cornelissen, Matthijs, Mishra, Girishwar, and Varma, Suneet (Eds.) Foundations of Indian Psychology, volume one. New Delhi: Pearson Publications.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2005). Integral Psychology: Psychology of the Whole Being. In Consciousness & Healing: An Anthology of Integral Medicine Editors: Marilyn Schlitz, Ph.D., Tina Amorok, MA, Psy.D cand. & Marc Micozzi, MD, Ph.D., 2005).
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2004). Transformation of Consciousness in Sufism. Psychology: Traditional, Spiritual, contemporary Vol.1, No. 3, Spring 2004.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2004). Dimensions of Integral Psychology. In Unity in Diversity: Fifty years of cultural integration and more. San Francisco, CA: Cultural Integration Fellowship, 2004.
 * Shirazi, Bahman (2001) "Integral psychology, metaphors and processes of personal integration", Cornelissen, Matthijs (Ed.) Consciousness and Its Transformation, Pondicherry:

Editing

Editor: Special Issue of Integral Review, Vol. 11, (#1), February 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150730134747/http://www.integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue20_Vol11No1/index.asp

Editor: Special Issue of Integral Review, Volume 9 (#3), September 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20150322140626/http://integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue18_Vol9No3/index.asp

Editor: Special Issue of Integral Review, Vol. 8 (#1), July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20150322140626/http://integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue18_Vol9No3/index.asp

Editor: Special Issue of Integral Review, Vol. 7 (#1), June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150701182200/http://integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue13_Vol7No1_CIIS/index.asp

Editor: Special Issue of ReVision Journal, Vol. 32 (#1), Spring 2010

Audiovisual Media

Associate Producer: Integral Consciousness. Documentary Film. Director, Mark Kitchell. Alan Baiss (producer) ©2008

title: Bahman Shirazi


text: User talk:70.240.97.201

title: User talk:70.240.97.201


text:
The Jacobin

Jakobín, or The Jacobin, is an operatic pastoral comedy in three acts by Antonín Dvořák, his Opus 84 (B. 159). Its Czech libretto by Marie Červinková-Riegrová employs characters from Alois Jirásek's story At the Ducal Court but in a plot of her devising. The opera's first performance took place on 9 February 1889 at the National Theatre in Prague with Adolf Čech conducting; it was however revised by both librettist (in 1894) and composer (in 1897) and premiered again, under Čech, on 19 June 1898, with notable adjustments to the last act, in the version that has since been standard.

Evaluation
Dvořák felt great affection for the subject, as the central character is a music teacher and he had in mind his former teacher Antonín Liehmann, whose daughter Terinka's name is taken by one of the main characters. John Clapham has briefly discussed the presence of Czech musical style in Jakobín. H. C. Colles has described this opera as "the most subtle and intimate of his peasant operas", and noted "how clearly its scenes are drawn from life".

Synopsis

 * Place: a small country town in Bohemia
 * Time: 1793

Act 1
Bohuš has returned to his home-town, incognito, with his wife Julie. His mother is dead and his father, the Count, has disowned him and has become a recluse. Meanwhile, the Count's Burgrave pays court to the schoolmaster Benda's daughter, Terinka, who is, however, in love with Jiří. The Burgrave is suspicious of Bohuš and Julie, especially as they have come from Paris, where the Count's son is said to be allied with the Jacobins. To everyone's surprise, the Count himself now appears, confirming that he no longer regards Bohuš as his son, and that his heir will be his nephew Adolf. Adolf and the Burgrave rejoice, while Bohuš and Julie, hidden among the crowd, are horrified at the turn that events have taken.

Act 2
In the school, Benda rehearses a chorus of children and townsfolk, together with Terinka and Jiří as soloists, in a cantata which will celebrate Adolf's new position. After the rehearsal, Terinka and Jiří declare their love, but Benda returns and announces that his daughter must marry the Burgrave. An argument develops, but suddenly the people return, alarmed at the rumour that sinister Jacobins have arrived in the town. The townsfolk run away in terror as Bohuš and Julie arrive to ask Benda if he can accommodate them for a few days. He is inclined to refuse, but when they reveal that they are Czechs who have sustained themselves in foreign countries through singing the songs of their native land, he, Terinka and Jiří are overcome with emotion and are happy to shelter them. The Burgrave comes to woo Terinka, but she rejects him. When Jiří defies him, the Burgrave threatens to force him into the army, but suddenly Adolf enters, wanting to find out if the "Jacobin" (Bohuš) has been arrested. The Burgrave prevaricates, but Bohuš himself arrives and reveals who he is. He and Adolf quarrel, and Adolf orders Bohuš's arrest.

Act 3
At the castle, Jiří tries to see the Count to tell him that his son has been imprisoned, but is himself arrested at the behest of Adolf and the Burgrave. Lotinka admits Julie and Benda, and goes to fetch the Count. Julie hides, and Benda tries to prepare the old man for a reconciliation with Bohuš. The Count, however, is still angry with his son for marrying and leaving Bohemia and for his alleged Jacobin sympathies. Benda departs, and the Count laments his lonely life and wonders whether he has, after all, misjudged his son. Offstage, Julie sings a song that the late Countess used to sing to Bohuš when he was a child, and the Count, recognising it and overcome with emotion, asks Julie where she learnt it. Once he discovers that it was his son who taught it to her, his anger returns, but Julie is able to convince him that Bohuš, far from being a Jacobin, supported the Girondins and had been condemned to death by the Jacobins. She now reveals that Bohuš is in prison and that she is his wife, but the celebrations are about to start, and she leaves.

The children and townsfolk rejoice, and the Count announces that he will present his successor to them. Adolf is overjoyed, but the Count first enquires of him and the Burgrave whether there are any prisoners that he can pardon as part of the festivities. They reluctantly admit that there are, and Bohuš and Jiří are summoned. The Burgrave realises that the game is up as the Count denounces the scheming Adolf and embraces Bohuš and Julie. Bohuš praises the loyalty of Jiří and Terinka, and the Count joins their hands. Benda gives them his blessing, and the opera ends with a minuet, a polka and a chorus praising the Count and his new-found happiness with his son and his family.

Recordings

 * 1943 — Hamburger Archiv Für Gesangskunst, sung in German: Josef Becker, Hans-Jürgen Demitz, Gabriele Maria Ronge, Jörn W. Wilsing, Josef Hopferwieser, Richard Kogel, Wolf Appel; Symphonisches Orchester Berlin; Fritz Weisse, conductor
 * c. 1950 — Hamburger Archiv Für Gesangskunst PN 30474, in German: Artur Kern, Robert Granzer, Mirjana Irosch, Rudolf Katzböck, Adolf Dallapozza, Jolanta Radek; Orchester der Wiener Volksoper; Ivan Parik (conductor)
 * 1952 — Archipel P 2013, in German: Walter Berry, Andreas Agrelli, Trude Arthold, Franz Fuchs, Leo Heppe, Waldemar Kmentt, Fritz Uhl, Gisela Rathauscher, Susanne Naidic; Tonkünstlerchor, Großes Wiener Rundfunkorchester; Kurt Tenner, conductor
 * 1972 — Supraphon 11 2190-2 612, in the original Czech: Karel Průša, Karel Berman, Ivana Mixová, Vilém Přibyl, Beno Blachut, Václav Zítek, René Tuček, Daniela Šounová-Brouková, Marcela Machotková; Kühn mixed choir; Kantilena Children's Chorus; Brno Philharmonic Orchestra; Jiří Pinkas, conductor
 * 2001 — Fonè  024 2SACD, in Czech: Valentin Pivovarov, Markus Werba, Alessandro Grato, Tatiana Monogarova; National Philharmonic Orchestra of Belarus, Wexford Festival Opera Chorus; Alexandre Voloschuk, conductor
 * 2003 — Orfeo 641 043, in Czech: Mark Holland, Marcin Bronikowski, Christoph Stephinger, Andrea Danková, Peter Mikuláš, Michal Lehotský, Eberhard Francesco Lorenz, Lívia Ághová, Mechthild Georg; Prague Chamber Choir, WDR Rundfunkchor Köln, WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln; Gerd Albrecht, conductor
 * 2023 — OperaVision, filmed in Brno, in Czech: Vykopalová, Kaňková, Levíček, Briscein, Hoza, Szendiuch; conducted by Klecker

title: The Jacobin


text:
Talk:311 (telephone number)

Untitled
How does 311 or 911 sound in conjunction with another word as a business name for a concierge service based in another country?

Center vs. Centre
Reading the entry, I find numerous center/centre usages. Which ones do we settle on? I am changing it to center, because at this time the entry seems heavily US-centric. Yossiea 18:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, the U.S. spelling should definitely be used here. After all, the first words of the article are "in the United States". —Caesura(t) 10:59, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

"Steps to Implementation 311 Call Center Services"
Erm, what is this section even about? Did someone just make up these five steps or are they part of some FCC specification? Looking at the edit history, they were merged here from the old "311 service" article, which was originally created (with these steps) by User:64.231.188.91. (Original version of "311 service" is here.) Maybe we should just delete the five steps and rewrite the bottom two sections? —Caesura(t) 10:59, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Ditch the abbreviations
Dialing this number allows (only in certain c.s)

6-6-6 (Ca. resp. in the US) 9-1-1 for Emergencies

Would someone who knows what they mean please expand the abbreviations in this page? There is no real benefit to the size reduction, and it totaly confuses those readers (like me) who have no clue what they are supposed to be abbreviations of. If there is some overwhelming reason to keep them as abbreviations, please wikilink to an explanation of what they mean. Thanks. -- 18:20, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed it for now, since it is totally unclear. My guess would be "Civil administration response" based on an internet search showing that some organizations use it as an internal emergency number. Anyway, someone who knows can add it back in. BlankAxolotl 06:03, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

For the above reasons I have tagged this article for cleanup. 38.100.34.2 22:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup tag is no longer there.

Don't merge with 9-1-1, 9-9-9 or 1-1-2
Why does the tag urging discussion of this page say:

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with 9-1-1, 9-9-9 and 1-1-2

All of those pages are properly cross-referenced with N-1-1 pages as is this 3-1-1 page. 3-1-1 should remain its own page.

Is this just an outdated label requesting discussion of this page? Can someone remove that tag please? Also, there have been no posting to this discussion page for 4 months. --Fredwerner 01:03, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

relationship to E911
How does 311 work for VoIP or cable phone customers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mwv2 (talk • contribs) 19:43, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Upstate New York and 311
should the fact that in some counties of New York outside of New York City 311 connects to the local State Police Barracks be included perhaps in a trivia or 311 facts section be included? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Matthewbrownny (talk • contribs) 18:42, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Peyton Place
311 was also the area code for Peyton Place in the 1964-1969 television series.2601:85:C001:FB9B:DC8F:1488:1DAD:58FC (talk) 00:46, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Why the hyphens?
It's unusual to write phone numbers with hyphens between all numbers. Is this a Wikipedia thing?--188.101.94.74 (talk) 17:04, 23 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:311 (telephone number)


text:
Stony Plain

Stony Plain may refer to:

 * Reg, a landform consisting in a vast desertic stony plain
 * Stony Plain, Alberta, a town in Canada
 * Stony Plain (electoral district), a provincial electoral district in Alberta
 * Stony Plain 135, Alberta, an Indian Reserve in Canada
 * Stony Plain Records, a Canadian independent record label
 * Stony Plains, a bioregion of Australia

title: Stony Plain


text: Template:David Mamet

title: Template:David Mamet