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Edna Mode

Edna "E" Mode is a fictional character in Pixar's animated superhero film The Incredibles (2004) and its sequel Incredibles 2 (2018). She is an eccentric fashion designer renowned for creating the costumes of several famous superheroes, having worked particularly closely with Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl (Bob and Helen Parr), with whom she has remained friends. When the couple resumes their superhero careers after a fifteen-year hiatus, Edna is summoned out of retirement to help both characters – now parents – with their costumes, personal lives, and family matters.

Edna was created by writer and director Brad Bird to explain how The Incredibles ' superheroes obtain their costumes, a topic he believes is rarely explored in superhero films convincingly. Bird also decided to voice the character himself after several actresses originally considered for the role failed to replicate Edna's unique accent. The director understood that, in addition to fashion expertise, the character would need to demonstrate proficiency in science, engineering and technology in order to create costumes capable of withstanding the trials of superheroic activities, and ultimately conceived her as a short, confident character of both German and Japanese descent based on these countries' reputations as small yet powerful nations. Inspired by Q from the James Bond franchise, Edna is widely believed to have been based primarily on costume designer Edith Head, although there continues to be constant speculation as to which celebrities inspired Edna, particularly Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour, Iris Apfel and actress Linda Hunt.

Despite having only supporting roles in both films, Edna has since established herself as The Incredibles' breakout character due to her popularity among fans. Film critics agree that Edna is a scene-stealer, particularly praising her humor and dialogue; Bird has also been lauded for his voice acting, earning an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for his performance as the character. Edna has been recognized as one of Pixar's greatest characters by several prominent media publications.

Creation
Edna was created for The Incredibles by writer and director Brad Bird. Having watched several superhero-themed films and television shows prior to developing The Incredibles, Bird had often found himself wondering who is responsible for making the superheroes' elaborate costumes. Bird conceived Edna upon discovering that, despite featuring characters dressed in fancy, extravagant costumes, traditional superhero films rarely offer plausible explanations as to how superheroes come to obtain these outfits, or who provides them in the first place. The director wanted to debunk the trope of muscular superheroes sewing their own costumes, finding it hard to believe that superheroes would suddenly develop a strong enough interest in fashion and textiles to design their own outfits. Therefore, Bird decided that if the world was populated with superheroes, there would naturally also be people responsible for designing their costumes who must also have a background in science and engineering, thereby envisioning Edna as a scientist and technical genius in addition to being a fashion designer. The director elaborated, "The way I saw it, the costumes had to be created by somebody with a scientific and engineering background", thus conceiving Edna as "a half-German, half-Japanese, tiny powerhouse of a character".

The Incredibles was the first Pixar film to earn a PG rating; Edna is considered to be one of the studio's earliest attempts at approaching "darker, edgier comedy," which is particularly demonstrated by the scene in which the character cites several graphic examples of capes directly resulting in the deaths of several superheroes, one of whom is shown being consumed and killed by a jet turbine. According to Bird, the creation of Edna took the notion of superheroes wearing designed costumes "to a further extreme". Edna was named after EMode, a software Pixar used at the time the film was made. Bird identified Edna as the "most fun character" he created for the film.

Voice
Edna follows the tradition of Pixar directors voicing secondary characters in their films, which was based around Bird's authoritarian voice during production. Bird's voice for the character originated from story boarding sessions, during which various Pixar employees typically provide characters' voices temporarily. Although these voices are usually eventually replaced with professional actors, there are some unique instances when the original voices are retained, as was the case with Bird's "Edna" performance. Bird had also provided temporary voices for other characters during this time, including Bob Parr and Syndrome, who were ultimately voiced by Craig T. Nelson and Jason Lee, respectively.

Several actresses were considered for the role of Edna, including a performer who repeatedly asked Bird to demonstrate her dialogue until eventually telling him to simply voice the character himself. The role was also offered to actress and comedian Lily Tomlin, who ultimately declined, relenting that she could never voice the character as funnily as the director. Finally succumbing to "popular demand" from his staff, Bird joked that he was ultimately cast as Edna simply because he was both affordable and available at the time. A similar approach was used for several other supporting characters in The Incredibles: animator Bret Parker voices Kari, the Parr family's teenage babysitter; writer Bud Luckey voices government agent Rick Dicker; and production designer Lou Romano voices Bernie Kropp, Dash's teacher.

Bird described Edna's accent as a combination of Japanese and German, deciding to draw influence from these regions because "they're two small countries that have amazing design and amazing technology", citing cameras and cars as examples of technology they specialize in. Although Bird's performance is considerably broad, he prevents Edna from becoming too much of a caricature in order to maintain the illusion that she is one of the film's smartest characters. In the Italian and French-language dubs of the film, Bird's comic accent is replaced by that of French-Italian entertainer Amanda Lear, who offers a more seductive, "biting" interpretation. Lear said that dubbing Edna's voice was not an easy process, but accepted the job after being offered the role upon seeing the film at the Cannes Film Festival in order to fulfill her dream of having always wanted to voice a Disney character. Edna was the first character Lear was hired to dub in Italian.

Personality, design, and influences
Bird believes he shares some of Edna's personality traits, specifically how he prefers to be involved in virtually every creative aspect of his projects. Admitting both he and his character emanate immense self-confidence when it comes to their own work and opinions, Bird identified Edna as one of the film's most difficult characters to design. The character went through several different changes in appearance during the development process, ranging from taller and overweight to older, younger and thinner. Inspired by the large impact countries such as Japan and Germany have on the world despite being comparatively small in size, Bird decided Edna would reflect this theme by being "a tiny character that dominates the room when she gets into it". Her home, which uses high-end technology similar to what she incorporates into the outfits she creates, was deliberately designed to be significantly larger than she is to further emphasize this theme of dominance. Edna's small stature was also inspired by singer Bette Midler, of whom Bird has always been a fan. The director recalled being surprised by Midler's height when he first met her "Because ... she absolutely dominates the screen. And it just struck me how much personality was in this small body." In terms of animation, Bird wanted all of the film's characters to move differently from each other, providing Edna with a very confident walk to represent the fact that she has "never experienced doubt in her life." The animators found the fact that Bird provided the character's voice himself to be very helpful as he would often act out the way in which the character acts and behaves himself, which helped in further defining the animators' vision of Edna. According to Bird, Edna, despite her petite stature, is the only non-superhero in The Incredibles capable of making superheroes feel uncomfortable. Bird described Edna as a character who is "not remotely intimidated by superheroes or anyone", refusing to accept the word "no" when it is used in opposition of her opinions or beliefs.

Describing Edna's physical attributes as "severe", Bird had envisioned the character with glasses and a pageboy haircut, while remaining modern and elegant. Edna's ethnicity has been identified as half-German and half-Japanese. Both Edna's design, personality, and voice are widely believed to have been based on costume designer Edith Head, with whom she shares her signature round glasses, black bob cut, and forthright demeanor. Bird described Edna as a combination of Head and Q, a character from the James Bond franchise. The director has generally declined to confirm any direct influences on the character, insisting that Edna is not based on one specific person, although Head continues to be considered the character's "most legitimate" alleged inspiration. However, animator Teddy Newton, who co-designed Edna with Bird, revealed he was inspired by the film Unzipped (1995), a documentary exploring the petulance of fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi and stylist Polly Allen Mellen. Critics and fans have long speculated about the real-life inspiration behind Edna's design and appearance. Bird stated he has constantly been told by various fans and viewers that the character reminds them of at least 15 different celebrities since the character debuted in The Incredibles. Contributing to Fashion, Erin Dunlop described the character as "a supercharged hybrid of every fashion industry legend we can think of". In an article discussing who Edna is based on, Entertainment Weekly 's Steve Daly cited Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour, designer Coco Chanel and actress Lotte Lenya as possible influences, while drawing similarities between the character's use of large-framed glasses to architect Philip Johnson, producer Robert Evans, talent agent Swifty Lazar, studio executive Lew Wasserman, and fashion editor Carrie Donovan. Some critics have suspected that the character is also based on Mary Quant and Una Jones. Acknowledging that there are several female fashion designers who wear glasses upon whom Edna could have been based, Bird admitted he drew inspiration from Head, author Patricia Highsmith, and actress Linda Hunt.

For the sequel, in order to design costumes for a character who happens to be a designer herself, Imagire drew upon art school lessons, while imagining what the character might be thinking when designing her own clothes. Meanwhile, character artist Deanna Marsigliese's first assignment was to create an entire line of clothing designed by Edna. Although ultimately the completed clothing line was not used in the final film, Marsigliese considered the experience "a study in (Edna's) character" nonetheless, and drew inspiration from Edna's wardrobe and belongings in the first film. Although she was aware that Edna enjoys being dramatic, she acknowledges that designers do not necessarily have the same aesthetic as their clients. Similarly, Imagire agreed that fashion designers such as Kawakubo, Ishioka, and Abe always dressed comfortably in comparison to their models, a contrast she wanted Edna to reflect. Recalling that Edna dislikes models, the artist envisioned that the character would instead design her own clothing to serve as "a vehicle to celebrate superheroes and her powers". Inspired by Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli, Marsigliese created a "classic, mid-century inspired silhouette" for Edna's costumes that were also bold and dramatic as though Edna herself had designed them, then rearranging the designs to ultimately give them a more surreal appearance. Dubbing the character a "woman of the now", Marsigliese explained that, like Schiaparelli, Edna is "completely ahead of her time" despite living in the 1950s; "she used a lot of surrealist elements, a lot of fun surprises, and that was very inspiring for me."

Characterization
According to Matthew Brunson of Creative Loafing, Edna provides the majority of the film's comic relief. Hischak believes Edna offers "a whole new viewpoint to the world of superheroes", in addition to demonstrating the film's "oddball silliness". Vogue Italia published a biography of Edna, in which author Valentina Fabbri described her as a character who "knows she's the best and she doesn't hide it, and her lack of modesty is equalled only by her intuition", with whom it is virtually impossible to have a conversation because "she tends to dominate." Due to her combination of genius-level intellect and "craziness," Fabbri identified Edna as "a fun, bubbly caricature of the magicians of fashion" by "embod[ying] their talent and charisma, their vices and virtues." Screen Rant's Victoria Robertson observed that the character "has a lot of personality packed into a small exterior, taking stereotypical traits often attributed to designers and making them her own", firstly remaining proud of her own work at all times. Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire identified Edna as quite possibly the film's most intelligent character. Edna's criticisms of fashion can come off as unpleasant at times, but are exaggerated to the point of which audiences find them to be comical. Edna prefers to always think about the future, finding dwelling on the past to be distracting from the present, as demonstrated by her line "I never look back, dahling, it distracts from the now", and thus has proven capable of determining the needs of her superhero clientele before they have the opportunity to finalize their ideas themselves. Her personality has been described by GamesRadar+ Joshua Winning as "brassy" and "no-nonsense". Q13 Fox described Edna as "a gifted designer, an assertive life coach and a witty talker," using her mind and intelligence as a means of solving everyday issues. BuddyTV believes that the character's "bold and eccentric attitude" is rivaled only by her considerable talent. According to Kevin Carr of Film School Rejects, Edna "doesn't take crap from anyone" yet "she does so with poise and pride." The San Francisco Chronicle Carla Meyer argues that Edna is "more a caricature than a character." Scott Tobias of Rolling Stone called Edna "a reminder that the superhero suit needs to the perfect synthesis of form and function", without which "greatness as both a crimefighter and an icon is impossible". According to Thomas S. Hischak, author of 100 Greatest American and British Animated Films, Edna is just as concerned with the appearance of the costumes she designs as she is about their use and practicality, proving capable of designing outfits that can stretch, change their shape and resist oncoming attacks. The character proves capable of designing a costume for Violet that can turn invisible whenever its wearer does. She absolutely refuses to incorporate capes into her new designs due to the accessory having a history of contributing to the deaths of superheroes in the past, among them Dynaguy, Thunderhead, Stratogale, Meta-Man and Splashdown, presenting them as a "montage of superhero couture faux-pas". Ultimately, her belief in the dangers of capes is confirmed by the death of the film's villain Syndrome. In terms of her own appearance, Edna is costumed in "futuristic black" attire, wearing a black dress that boasts square lines. Estimating her height to be of approximately three feet, The Tyee Dorothy Woodend wrote that Edna is dressed in Issey Miyake pleats while being of "indeterminate gender". VPRO drew similarities between the character's hairstyle and personality to that of Vogue editor Anna Wintour, the resemblance to whom Tech Times' Katherine Derla identified as "The first thing viewers are likely to remember upon seeing" the character. According to STATUS magazine, Edna is often mistaken for the magazine editor largely due to her "snappy sass and iconic bob". /Film's Angie Han joked that Edna's "no-nonsense demeanor" would leave Wintour "quaking in her Chanel boots." When asked about the alleged similarities between her and the character, Wintour revealed that she has yet to see the film. Derla also wrote that Edna is capable of "run[ing] the world" but opts to operate from behind the scenes instead. The term "diminutive" is often used to describe the character's height.

Revering herself as "too talented" to design clothes for humans, Edna resents having been forced to resort to designing for supermodels during the 15-year absence of superheroes, dismissing models as spoiled, self-centered "stick figures" after working with them in Milan and Paris. She jokes that there is nothing "super" about supermodels, despite their name. Edna likens designing for superheroes to designing for gods, and thus considers herself far superior to other fashion designers. Despite her success as one of the world's most sought-after designers, Edna longs to return to working with superheroes so she can challenge her designs by fusing them with the latest technology. Despite designing elaborate costumes for a living, Edna prefers a more simple aesthetic for herself, generally avoiding nail polish and accessories. Racked's Carlye Wisel observed that although the sequel "may have deep roots in midcentury-modern design ... Edna remains true to her forward-looking style, wearing a red silk kimono". In addition to designing their clothes, she offers her clients advice whenever she feels they require it, demonstrating a "zero-tolerance policy for emotional weakness" which, according to The Dissolve Charles Bramesco, echoes Bird's "lament[ing] regular folks' tendency to impede awesome people from being awesome". Edna is known to refer to her clients as "dahling", who affectionately call her "E". In addition to citing her resemblance to Wintour, journalist Hadley Freeman of The Guardian believes Edna's use of fashion in the film represents "The highest pinnacle of human achievement", without whom the world would end".

Appearances
Edna first appears in The Incredibles as a fashion designer to superheroes and close friend of the titular characters. During the "golden age of superheroes", Edna is one of a few elite guests who attend the private wedding ceremony of Bob and Helen Parr, then better-known to the public as the superheroes Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl. After all superheroes have been outlawed and forced to retire following a series of lawsuits, forcing Edna to retire from superhero work due to government restrictions, Edna does not appear again until approximately midway through the film when she is unexpectedly visited by Bob who has resumed superhero work undercover, a secret he keeps from his family. Bob initially asks Edna to simply repair his original super suit, but she ultimately convinces him to allow her to design an entirely new outfit on the condition that capes not be incorporated whatsoever due to safety concerns, ultimately ending her 15 years-long retirement from superhero work. Helen soon discovers that Bob's original super suit had received a patch job, determining that the only person capable of repairing a super suit would be Edna and growing more suspicious of Bob's actions. Later in the film, Helen visits Edna in the hopes of finding out more information about Bob's whereabouts, discovering that she had taken the liberty of designing a complete matching set of super suits for his family. Although their reunion is brief, Edna provides an initially distraught Helen with the encouragement she needs to resume her identity as Elastigirl in order to save her husband (and their marriage), in addition to introducing the character to the homing device she had implanted in her husband's suit, intentionally revealing his exact location to her.

Edna appears in the film's sequel, Incredibles 2 (2018). When Helen is recruited by a pair of entrepreneurs to change the public's perception of superheroes and thus returns to work to fight crime as Elastigirl, Edna is upset to learn that Elastigirl's costume has been designed by a rival designer. Bob soon becomes overwhelmed by Jack-Jack's emerging superpowers, and recruits Edna for assistance with controlling him. Although Edna is initially reluctant to babysit Jack-Jack, she soon develops a strong liking for the baby and she is willing to babysit him that leads to a newborn’s unexpected range of superpowers. She gives the enhanced suit to Bob in a custom shopping bag, which bears a logo for her services that incorporates her signature eyeglasses into its lettering. Edna also appears in Disney on Ice's adaptation of the film: The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure. The time that Edna spends looking after Jack-Jack is the focus of the animated short Auntie Edna.

Critical reception
The public was immediately captivated by Edna upon her debut, expressing fascination with the character's irreverence and sulkiness. Edna instantly established herself as a fan favorite in 2004, which Racked's Carlye Wisel attributed to the character's combination of wit and style. Several critics have described Edna as a scene-stealer. Dubbing Edna "One of the great scene-stealing characters in The Incredibles", HowStuffWorks contributor Vicki Arkoff called her "deliciously deadpan". Ken Hanke, writing for the Mountain Xpress, considers Edna to be among the film's most delightful gags, particularly highlighting the character's anti-cape monologue while deeming her "worth the price of admission". Film critic Peter Bradshaw, contributing to The Irish Times, described Edna as "a joy with her wonderful and appropriate maxim: 'I never look back, darling. It distracts from the now.'" Dorothy Woodend, writing for The Tyee, found Edna "more interesting ... than all the Incredibles put together". Referred to as one of the film's "high point[s]", Kevin Lally of Film Journal International described the character's anti-cape montage as "pricelessly funny", a sentiment with which Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing agreed. The National Post described Edna as "exactly the kind of person you want at your dinner party". Notable Biographies identified Edna as "one of the audience's favorite characters".

Bird has also received critical acclaim for his voice acting. Nell Minow of Common Sense Media said Bird "plays the funniest character in the film", while AllMovie's Perry Seibert described his performance as "screamingly funny". Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat said Bird deliver's the film's best voice acting and dialogue, calling the character's rant about the "idiocy" of capes "priceless". Scott Chitwood, writing for ComingSoon.net, agreed that Bird is "absolutely hilarious as Edna". Empire Colin Kennedy dubbed Bird's voice work "an unmistakable highlight". BBC's Stella Papamichael agreed that the director "steals the show" as Edna. Carla Meyer, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, said Bird's performance as Edna demonstrates his versatility. In 2005, Bird won an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production at the 32nd Annie Awards for his performance as Edna, in addition to being rewarded for writing and directing the film. Bird was rewarded over actor Samuel L. Jackson, who had been nominated in the same category for his role as Frozone. Wisel appreciated Edna's cameo in the sequel, describing it as "perfect in its restraint".

Vulture ranked Bird's Edna the fourth-greatest performance in an animated film, calling it "a scene- and movie-stealing performance". Similarly, Entertainment Weekly placed Edna fourth on their ranking of "The 10 greatest Pixar voice performances", with author Marc Snetiker calling it "an all-too-short but memorably delicious appearance" in which Bird "left an indelible mark on his own universe". Snetiker called the character "overwhelmingly funny thanks to Bird's unrestrained efforts on even the simplest lines". IndieWire ranked Bird's performance as Edna the 14th "30 Best Voice Performances In Pixar Movies". Kiko Martinez of the San Antonio Current found Bird's performance to be worthy of an Academy Award. Bird revealed that fans tend to be more impressed by the fact that he provides Edna's voice than his success as a director and writer, explaining, "If I say a line in Edna's voice, that's far more delightful than the fact that I spent four years wrestling something into being."

Impact and legacy
Edna's popularity established her as the film's breakout character. Screen Rant's Alex Welch attributes this designation to both her comedic rapport with the titular family and passion for superhero costumes. HelloGiggles writer Sydney Bucksbaum crowned her the film's "real hero". Vogue Italia contributor Valentina Fabbri said Edna ended the trope of "superheroes [dressed] in homemade outfits". According to Fabbri, Edna is one of Pixar's most beloved characters, while Hollywood's Julia Emmanuele dubbed her "one of the most memorable Pixar characters of all time" who has ultimately "become the film's enduring legacy", despite her supporting role. Uproxx contributor Donna Dickens wrote that the character "went down in pop culture history" from the moment she uttered "No capes!"

Media publications consistently rank Edna among Pixar's greatest characters. In their article "Top 10 Pixar Movie Characters", Tech Times ranked Edna seventh. IGN ranked Edna eighth in their countdown of the "Top 10 Pixar Characters", calling her "a pint-sized fashionista" with "a flair that only a superhero could truly appreciate." Rolling Stone placed her ninth on the website's list of the "25 Best Pixar Movie Characters", ranking her ahead of Mr. Incredible (24th), Violet Parr (20th) and Elastigirl (14th). Contributor Scott Tobias wrote that the character "stops the action cold just to have a sequence about appropriate action-wear for the specially abled, culminating in a brilliant screed on the impracticality of capes." Including Edna among the studio's 20 best characters, Victoria Robertson of Screen Rant cited her as "proof of how important even the most minor characters in a film can be." GamesRadar+ included Edna among Pixar's "50 Greatest Pixar Characters Of All Time", with author George Wales crowning her "One of Pixar's finest comic creations". Additionally, the same publication ranked Edna among Pixar's 12 greatest supporting characters. D23.com recognized Edna as one of Pixar's "23 Favorite ... Supporting Characters", deeming her "An icon in her own right". /Film ranked Edna Pixar's sixth best female character, crowning her "the wisest character in the entire Incredibles universe" due to her anti-cape stance, which author Angie Han has described as the film's "most valuable piece of advice". The Odyssey Online published an article discussing "Why Edna Mode Is The Disney Heroine We Never Knew We Needed", in which author Erin Farmer dubbed her "the real heroine of the Disney Franchise" while comparing her motivational speeches to those of Mahatma Gandhi. GamesRadar+ ranked Edna's introductory scene the 12th best moment in a Pixar film, deeming her "the perfect embodiment of the film's tongue-in-cheek approach to realism". Entertainment Weekly ranked Edna's anti-capes speech the 12th best Pixar moment. In 2015, E! ranked Edna 10th on their list of "11 Forgotten Disney Characters Who Should Totally Be Your Favorites".

In 2015, Empire ranked the character the hundredth greatest film character of all time. In 2013, Screen Rant crowned Edna "The world's greatest fashion designer". Fashion ranked Edna among the magazine's "10 coolest fashion industry pros". In their "critical assessment of 7 fictional fashion designers", Mary Sollosi of Entertainment Weekly wrote that she is "consistently impressed by Ms. Mode's truly groundbreaking textile work" despite feeling that she tends to limit herself to familiar silhouettes, joking, "we are perplexed by her stubborn refusal to incorporate new design features — most notably capes." In June 2018, Carlye Wisel of Racked crowned Edna "Film's greatest fashion character", deeming her "the best fictional fashion personality ever to exist, animated or not". She prefers her over The Devil Wears Prada Miranda Priestly (Meryl Streep), insisting that Edna "feels more grounded and true" than Miranda, a fictional magazine editor who is frequently touted the "best-ever fashion character". Describing her as "effortless and memorable," Wisel concluded, "at a time when a label like Gucci is exploding its brand with misspellings and magpie tendencies to draw attention, she remains classic. Edna is never anything but fully herself — all hair, accent, and attitude."

Edna's catchphrase against using capes in superhero costumes has become one of the most popular phrases among superhero fans. Edna has become so popular that fans have begun to demand a spin-off film revolving around the character. Screen Rant ranked Edna the third Pixar heroine who deserves her own film, with author Wednesday Lee Friday writing, "There are so many things Pixar could do with Edna, she might be worthy of a trilogy." At the 77th Academy Awards in 2005, Edna presented the Academy Award for Best Costume Design alongside actor Pierce Brosnan. In 2013, the D23 Expo hosted its first official cosplay competition, naming it "Heroes and Villains à la Mode" in honor of Edna; contestants competed in five categories, with the winners being awarded miniature statuettes of the character. To promote the film's sequel in which Edna appeared, Disney released a mockumentary-style teaser trailer that features various celebrities involved in the fashion industry paying tribute to Edna and describing ways in which the character has influenced them over the years ever since she decided to venture into haute couture. Disney revealed the trailer at the D23 Expo in 2017. A statuette of Edna Mode was also seen at the display of Art Ludique. Fashion models Heidi Klum, Kendall Jenner and Rachel Zoe are among the celebrities who speak about Edna's influence on the fashion industry. Impressed by their commitment to pretending Edna is real, Halle Kiefer of Vulture.com joked that the tribute features some of the participants' "most impressive onscreen roles to date". Rachel Kolb of Uproxx wrote that having Edna design new costumes for the family in Incredibles 2 would be one way to ensure that the sequel is better than the original. Beginning in 2018, Edna has been used heavily in Incredibles 2 first advertising campaign. In February 2018, the character's likeness was used heavily on several bus and subway posters within Manhattan, New York surrounding New York Fashion Week. Disney-Pixar's announced on their Twitter account: "If you thought she'd miss #NYFW, you thought wrong, dahling". The poster features a black and white closeup image of the character with only her lips colored red, accompanied by the caption "It's been too long, dahlings." Bucksbaum called the poster "stunning".

title: Edna Mode


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Maryland Constitution of 1864

The Maryland Constitution of 1864 was the third of the four constitutions which have governed the U.S. state of Maryland. A controversial product of the Civil War and in effect only until 1867, when the state's present constitution was adopted, the 1864 document was short-lived.

Drafting
The 1864 constitution was largely the product of strong Unionists, who had control of the state at the time. The document outlawed slavery, disenfranchised Southern sympathizers, and reapportioned the General Assembly based upon the number of white inhabitants. This provision further diminished the power of the small counties where the majority of the state's large former slave population lived. One of the framers' goals was to reduce the influence of Southern sympathizers, who had almost caused the state to secede in 1861.

The language in the constitution that outlawed slavery in the state was contained in a "Declaration of Rights", and it said, "That hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared free."

Ratification

The convention which drafted the document convened on April 27, 1864, and completed their work by September 6. The constitution was then submitted to the people for ratification on October 13, 1864.

This was a very controversial result, since the state, though part of the Union, still had many Confederate ties and sympathies.

A majority of the voters who voted at their usual polling places opposed the Constitution, by a vote of 29,536 to 27,541. Soldiers from Maryland serving in the Union Army voted in favor of the Constitution, by a vote of 2,633 to 263. The total vote was in favor of the Constitution, by a vote of 30,174 to 28,380 (52% to 48%).

On October 29, 1864, Governor Augustus Bradford issued a proclamation that the Constitution had been adopted. The Constitution went into effect on November 1, 1864.

Notable features
Marylanders who had left the state to fight for or live in the Confederacy or who had given it "any aid, comfort, countenace, or support" were prohibited from voting or holding public office in the state. It also made it difficult for them to regain the full rights of citizenship, and it required office-holders to take a new oath of allegiance to support the state and union and to repudiate the rebellion.

The influence of the small counties which had large slave populations, and tended to have supported secession and to have opposed Union efforts during the war, was reduced by basing representation solely on white population. The constitution did emancipate the slaves, but this did not mean equality. The franchise was restricted to "white" males. Additionally, the Maryland legislature refused to ratify both the 14th Amendment, which conferred citizenship rights on former slaves, and the 15th Amendment, which gave the vote to African Americans.

Maryland's 1864 constitution created for the first time the position of Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor was to preside over the Senate, could cast a vote in the Senate in the case of a tie, and would succeed the Governor in case of death, resignation, leaving the state, or disqualification. The office was held by only one person, Christopher C. Cox, until a 1971 amendment to the 1867 constitution re-created the position.

The constitution also gave the Maryland General Assembly the authority to enlarge the state of Maryland by accepting territory contiguous to Maryland from Virginia, West Virginia, or the federal government, if both Congress and the territory's residents agreed. This came about because many Marylanders believed that the residents of either part or all of West Virginia could be tempted to join with Maryland. There were also some Marylanders who wanted to ask the residents of Loudoun County and the Eastern Shore of Virginia to join Maryland. Despite these portions being added to the Maryland Constitution, none of these areas ended up having a vote on joining the state of Maryland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maryland Constitution of 1864


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Don Mancini

George Donald Mancini (born January 25, 1963) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. He is best known for creating the Child's Play franchise.

Career
Having been a horror fan since his childhood, Mancini's inspiration for Child's Play were films like Trilogy of Terror and The Twilight Zone episode "Living Doll"; aware of the "killer doll" as a horror trope, Mancini realized that the concept had never been executed as a feature-length film with animatronic effects work. As a film student at UCLA in the mid-1980s, Mancini was amused by the popularity of the Cabbage Patch Kids line of dolls, and that the ubiquitous dolls were disappearing from toy shelves and prompting physical fights between parents. Mancini's father had worked in the advertising industry all his life, and he knew how effective marketing could result in consumer bedlam. Based on this, Mancini wanted to write a dark satire about how marketing affected children, with his first effort being as the co-writer of Child's Play (1988).

Mancini wrote all seven films in the original Child's Play film series, and was the executive producer of Bride of Chucky and Cult of Chucky. He began directing Child's Play franchise entries with Seed of Chucky (2004), followed by Curse of Chucky (2013) and Cult (2017), and was the creator, writer, and director of the Chucky TV series. He was not involved with the 2019 reboot.

In 2007, he won the EyeGore award for career contributions to the horror genre. He sometimes goes by the pseudonym Kit Dubois. Mancini attended St. Christopher's School in Richmond, Virginia, University of California in Los Angeles, and Columbia University (Brad Dourif was among his teachers ) in New York City.

Personal life
Mancini is gay. He has described consciously incorporating queer elements into the Child's Play films; his experiences as a gay man, including receiving bullying and abuse from his father because of it, informed Mancini's creative direction on the Chucky TV series, which features a gay protagonist.

title: Don Mancini


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User talk:Viznut

Welcome
y0 viznut — welcome to the en version of wikipedia. ;) —RaD Man (talk) 03:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Commodore Wikipedians needed
Hey Viz, thought you might wanna check this out! ;-) DeeKay64 (talk) 09:28, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Amiga demos category change
Hey there.. I noticed you moved Amiga demos from Category:Demoscene to Category:Demos. This sort of makes sense, but then it sets a precedent. If you move that, you should move Apple II gs demos, Atari demos, Commodore 64 demos, Text mode demos, and ZX Spectrum demos as well. Do we want to do that? I'm not sure. Adding terms to a category that has just titles in it now would start to blur the line between the Demos and Demoscene categories. Then, which one would we put demo effects in? --Vossanova 19:14, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, I noticed too that the platform-specific "demos" articles were no longer in the same category but didn't realize the problem of blurring the line. Perhaps Category:Demos would make more sense if there was a subcategory Category:Amiga demos with Amiga demos as its main article. But since we don't have such a hierarchy, I decided to move the article back to Category:Demoscene. Viznut 20:43, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. And yes, if we had categories like PC Demos, Amiga Demos, or even Demo Titles, it might be more clear, but it's probably safest to leave it like it is for now.  I fixed your category links, BTW. :) --Vossanova 20:49, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

PanTheist... perhaps also PanDeist?
Friend, I see that you class yourself as a PanTheist - might you also be a PanDeist? I have just begun speak on such things at length on my MySpace blog.

//// Pacific PanDeist 03:12, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Timeless (demo) Afd
The Timeless demo article has been nominated for deletion - I saved it from proposed deletion (prod). If you want to help justify its existence, please do so! Deletion page here. --Vossanova o< 22:19, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

User categories for discussion on -isms
Hi. A user category that you are in has been proposed for deletion at User categories for discussion. You are welcome to comment. Cheers! bd2412 T 02:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Impulse Tracker
Hello, I'd like to discuss the section on IT clones in this article. I removed it originally because the information is not verified through reliable, third-party sources, and just seemed to be an excuse for people to list their homebrew trackers. Do you think you can address this issue? Marasmusine (talk) 15:12, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Although you asked of me "next time, please discuss first", you haven't replied to my proposed application of our WP:Verifiability policy. Therefore I will remove the problematic sections again. Marasmusine (talk) 11:09, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Byterapers for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Byterapers is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Demo effect

The article Demo effect has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * An article based on original research and unreliable sources.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Proposed deletion of Commodore VIC-20 demos

The article Commodore VIC-20 demos has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * An article based on original research and unreliable sources.

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Proposed deletion of Demomaker

The article Demomaker has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence of notability.

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Proposed deletion of Moppi Productions

The article Moppi Productions has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence of notability.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Λeternus (talk) 09:01, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Viznut/Deletionist attacks against demoscene articles
User:Viznut/Deletionist attacks against demoscene articles, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Viznut/Deletionist attacks against demoscene articles and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Viznut/Deletionist attacks against demoscene articles during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 14:03, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Wizardry (The Edge) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Wizardry (The Edge) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Wizardry (The Edge) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Nomination of Moppi Productions for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Moppi Productions is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Moppi Productions until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. toweli (talk) 12:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Viznut


text:
Alex Vincent (actor)

Alexander Vincent LoScialpo (born April 29, 1981) is an American actor, writer and sound engineer. He is known for his role as Andy Barclay in the Child's Play franchise, having played the character in Child's Play (1988), Child's Play 2 (1990), Curse of Chucky (2013), Cult of Chucky (2017) and again for the Syfy/USA Network television series Chucky in 2021.

Early life
Vincent was born April 29, 1981, in Newark, New Jersey and raised in Maywood, New Jersey. He graduated in 1999 from Hackensack High School. He is of Italian descent.

Career
Vincent's desire for acting began at the age of five, when he saw his neighbor on television. He went to her agent and was able to get parts in several commercials. In 1987, he auditioned for the role of "Andy Barclay" in Child's Play. He competed against hundreds of boys, which was then narrowed down to Vincent and two other kids his age. During auditioning, he refused to swear in front of his mother. He impressed the producers and landed the role.

He is the owner and producer at AV Productions Recording Studio and Production Company in Clearwater, Florida.

Personal life
He graduated from Hackensack High School in 1999. Vincent also attended Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida.

Crew work

 * Frost Bite (2012) - Sound designer
 * House Guest Massacre (2013) - Composer, writer
 * 10 Seconds to Run (2016) - Sound editor, composer
 * South of Central (2020) - Sound editor (13 episodes)
 * Koko (2021) - Sound Mixer
 * Sorority of the Damned (TBA) - Sound

title: Alex Vincent (actor)


text:
Dinah Manoff

Dinah Manoff (born January 25, 1956) is an American stage, film, and television actress and television director. She is best known for her roles as Carol Weston on Empty Nest, Elaine Lefkowitz on Soap, Marty Maraschino in the film Grease, and Libby Tucker in both the stage and film adaptations of I Ought to Be in Pictures, for which she won a Tony Award.

Early life
Manoff was born in New York City to actress, director, and writer Lee Grant and screenwriter Arnold Manoff. Her half-brother, Tom Manoff, is the classical music critic for NPR's All Things Considered and a notable composer. Her stepfather is producer Joseph Feury.

She spent her childhood and teenage years in New York City and Malibu, California. She attended the New Lincoln School and Santa Monica High School and later studied at the Actors Studio. Manoff is Jewish.

1970s
Manoff's first project was the animated independent film Everybody Rides the Carousel (1975), providing one of the voices. In 1976, she made her first television appearance on the PBS production of The Stronger. This was followed by a guest appearance on Welcome Back, Kotter in the episode "Sadie Hawkins Day", followed by an appearance in Visions.In 1977, she made a cameo appearance in her first TV movie, Raid on Entebbe In 1978 she appeared in the TV series Family playing the part of Mara

In 1978, Manoff got the role of Elaine Dallas (née Lefkowitz) on the ABC sitcom Soap, and remained on the show until the end of the year. Manoff made her film debut in 1978 as Marty Maraschino, one of the Pink Ladies, in the movie version of Grease.

1980s
In 1980, Manoff made her Broadway debut as Libby Tucker in Neil Simon's Broadway play, I Ought to Be in Pictures. For her work in the play, she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play, as well as the Theatre World Award. She reprised that role for the film version in 1982, with Walter Matthau and Ann-Margret. Also in 1980, Manoff appeared as Karen, the suicidal friend of Timothy Hutton's character, in the multiple Oscar-winning Ordinary People.

In 1985, Manoff portrayed songwriter Ellie Greenwich in the Broadway jukebox musical Leader of the Pack. In 1988, she played Maggie Peterson in Child's Play, the first character to be killed by the murderous, possessed doll Chucky. Manoff then started a seven-year stint as Carol Weston on the NBC sitcom Empty Nest, which was a spin off of The Golden Girls, a role for which she is best known on television, and appeared in every episode of the series. In 1989, Manoff appeared in minor roles in two films late in the year: Bloodhounds of Broadway and Staying Together.

1990s
In 1990, Manoff appeared in Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael, starring Winona Ryder and Jeff Daniels. After this, Manoff focused primarily on television work, appearing in a cameo role in an episode of Blossom entitled "Rockumentary" and TV movies such as Babies and Maid for Each Other, as well as continuing on Empty Nest as actress and director on two episodes until its finale in 1995; she also appeared on The Golden Girls twice as Carol Weston during this period. Manoff's subsequent TV appearances included Touched by an Angel, Cybill, and George and Leo.

In 1999, Manoff directed the 82nd episode of the television series Sabrina the Teenage Witch, titled "Prelude to a Kiss."

2000s–present
In 2000, Manoff appeared in the TV movie The Lost Child starring Mercedes Ruehl. Just a few months later in 2001, Manoff returned to film work by starring in The Amati Girls, the sole movie released theatrically in which her mother and she have appeared together. The film also featured Mercedes Ruehl, Sean Young, and Lily Knight. Manoff appeared in a second 2001 movie, Zigs, starring Beverly Hills, 90210's Jason Priestley. From 2001 to 2002, Manoff co-starred in the cable television series State of Grace. In 2003, Manoff played Aunt Marla in A Carol Christmas, a variation on Charles Dickens' classic story.

In celebration of the poet Oscar Wilde's 150th birthday in 2004, Manoff read some of his works in the documentary Happy Birthday Oscar Wilde. After a four-year hiatus, Manoff appeared in the film Bart Got a Room in 2009, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, but was not released widely until the following year, when Dinah also appeared in two episodes of Lose Yourself on Strike.TV.

In 2010, Grease was released a second time as a sing-along. Coinciding with its release, Manoff appeared at the Seattle International Film Festival.

Personal life
Manoff is the daughter of actress Lee Grant and screenwriter Arnold Manoff. Since 1997, she has been married to realtor Arthur Mortell, and currently resides in Bainbridge Island, Washington. They have three sons together: Dashiell Mortell, and twins Desi and Oliver Mortell. Dashiell was killed in an automobile accident on January 7, 2017, age 19.

She was married to French designer Jean-Marc Joubert from 1980 to 1985.

title: Dinah Manoff


text: Category:European Championships in Athletics


text:
Van der Pol oscillator

In the study of dynamical systems, the van der Pol oscillator (named for Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol) is a non-conservative, oscillating system with non-linear damping. It evolves in time according to the second-order differential equation $${d^2x \over dt^2} - \mu(1-x^2){dx \over dt} + x = 0, $$ where $x$ is the position coordinate—which is a function of the time $t$—and $μ$ is a scalar parameter indicating the nonlinearity and the strength of the damping.

History
The Van der Pol oscillator was originally proposed by the Dutch electrical engineer and physicist Balthasar van der Pol while he was working at Philips. Van der Pol found stable oscillations, which he subsequently called relaxation-oscillations and are now known as a type of limit cycle, in electrical circuits employing vacuum tubes. When these circuits are driven near the limit cycle, they become entrained, i.e. the driving signal pulls the current along with it. Van der Pol and his colleague, van der Mark, reported in the September 1927 issue of Nature that at certain drive frequencies an irregular noise was heard, which was later found to be the result of deterministic chaos.

The Van der Pol equation has a long history of being used in both the physical and biological sciences. For instance, in biology, Fitzhugh and Nagumo extended the equation in a planar field as a model for action potentials of neurons. The equation has also been utilised in seismology to model the two plates in a geological fault, and in studies of phonation to model the right and left vocal fold oscillators.

Two-dimensional form
Liénard's theorem can be used to prove that the system has a limit cycle. Applying the Liénard transformation $$y = x - x^3/3 - \dot x/\mu$$, where the dot indicates the time derivative, the Van der Pol oscillator can be written in its two-dimensional form:
 * $$\dot x = \mu \left(x-\tfrac{1}{3}x^3-y\right)$$
 * $$\dot y = \frac{1}{\mu} x$$.

Another commonly used form based on the transformation $$y = \dot x $$ leads to:
 * $$\dot x = y$$
 * $$\dot y = \mu(1-x^2) y-x$$.

Results for the unforced oscillator

\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + x = 0. $$This is a form of the simple harmonic oscillator, and there is always conservation of energy.
 * When $μ = 5$, i.e. there is no damping function, the equation becomes$$

T = \frac{2\pi}{1- \mu^2/16 + 17 \mu^4/3072 + O(\mu^6)}.$$ See Poincaré–Lindstedt method for a derivation to order 2. See chapter 10 of for a derivation up to order 3, and for a numerical derivation up to order 164. \dot x = \mu \left(x-\frac{1}{3}x^3-y\right) \! , \quad \dot y = \frac{1}{\mu} x. $$ In this form, the oscillator completes one cycle as follows: T = 2\int dt = 2\int \mu\frac{dy}{x} = 2\mu \int_2^1\frac{dy}{dx} \frac{dx}{x} = (3-2\ln 2)\mu $$ Higher orders of the period of the cycle is $$ T = (3-2\ln 2)\mu + 3\alpha \mu^{-1/3} - \frac{22}{9\mu} \ln \mu + \frac{0.0087\cdots}{\mu} + O (\mu^{-4/3}). $$ where $μ = 0$ is the smallest root of $μ > 0$, where $f(x)$ is the Airy function. (Section 9.7 ) ( contains a derivation, but has a misprint of $(2, –2/3)$ to $(1, 2/3)$.) This was derived by Anatoly Dorodnitsyn.
 * When $(1, 2/3)$, all initial conditions converge to a globally unique limit cycle. Near the origin $$x = \tfrac{dx}{dt} = 0,$$ the system is unstable, and far from the origin, the system is damped.
 * The Van der Pol oscillator does not have an exact, analytic solution. However, such a solution does exist for the limit cycle if $(–2, 2/3)$ in the Lienard equation is a constant piece-wise function.
 * The period at small $μ$ has serial expansion $$
 * For large $x$, the behavior of the oscillator has a slow buildup, fast release cycle (a cycle of building up the tension and releasing the tension, thus a relaxation oscillation). This is most easily seen in the form $$
 * Slowly ascending the right branch of the cubic curve $$y = x - \tfrac{x^3}{3},$$ from $α ≈ 2.338$ to $Ai(–α) = 0$.
 * Rapidly moving to the left branch of the cubic curve, from $Ai$ to $3α$.
 * Repeat the two steps on the left branch.
 * The leading term in the period of the cycle is due to the slow ascending and descending, which can be computed as:$$
 * The amplitude of the cycle is $$2 +\frac \alpha 3 \mu^{-4/3} - \frac{16}{27}\mu^{-2} \ln \mu + O(\mu^{-2})$$

Hopf bifurcation
As $μ$ moves from less than zero to more than zero, the spiral sink at origin becomes a spiral source, and a limit cycle appears "out of the blue" with radius two. This is because the transition is not generic: when $2α$, both the differential equation becomes linear, and the origin becomes a circular node.

Knowing that in a Hopf bifurcation, the limit cycle should have size $$\propto \varepsilon^{1/2},$$ we may attempt to convert this to a Hopf bifurcation by using the change of variables $$u = \varepsilon^{1/2} x,$$ which gives$$\ddot{u}+u+u^2 \dot{u}-\varepsilon \dot{u}=0$$This indeed is a Hopf bifurcation.

Hamiltonian for Van der Pol oscillator
One can also write a time-independent Hamiltonian formalism for the Van der Pol oscillator by augmenting it to a four-dimensional autonomous dynamical system using an auxiliary second-order nonlinear differential equation as follows:

 * $$\ddot{x}-\mu(1-x^2)\dot{x}+x=0,$$
 * $$\ddot{y}+\mu(1-x^2)\dot{y}+y=0.$$

Note that the dynamics of the original Van der Pol oscillator is not affected due to the one-way coupling between the time-evolutions of x and y variables. A Hamiltonian H for this system of equations can be shown to be

 * $$H(x,y,p_x,p_y)=p_xp_y+xy-\mu(1-x^2)yp_y, $$

where $$p_x=\dot{y} + \mu(1-x^2)y$$ and $$p_y=\dot{x}$$ are the conjugate momenta corresponding to x and y, respectively. This may, in principle, lead to quantization of the Van der Pol oscillator. Such a Hamiltonian also connects the geometric phase of the limit cycle system having time dependent parameters with the Hannay angle of the corresponding Hamiltonian system.

Quantum oscillator
The quantum van der Pol oscillator, which is the quantum mechanics version of the classical van der Pol oscillator, has been proposed using a Lindblad equation to study its quantum dynamics and quantum synchronization. Note the above Hamiltonian approach with an auxiliary second-order equation produces unbounded phase-space trajectories and hence cannot be used to quantize the van der Pol oscillator. In the limit of weak nonlinearity (i.e. μ→0) the van der Pol oscillator reduces to the Stuart–Landau equation. The Stuart–Landau equation in fact describes an entire class of limit-cycle oscillators in the weakly-nonlinear limit. The form of the classical Stuart–Landau equation is much simpler, and perhaps not surprisingly, can be quantized by a Lindblad equation which is also simpler than the Lindblad equation for the van der Pol oscillator. The quantum Stuart–Landau model has played an important role in the study of quantum synchronisation (where it has often been called a van der Pol oscillator although it cannot be uniquely associated with the van der Pol oscillator). The relationship between the classical Stuart–Landau model (μ→0) and more general limit-cycle oscillators (arbitrary μ) has also been demonstrated numerically in the corresponding quantum models.

Forced Van der Pol oscillator
The forced, or driven, Van der Pol oscillator takes the 'original' function and adds a driving function $ε = 0$ to give a differential equation of the form:

 * $${d^2x \over dt^2}-\mu(1-x^2){dx \over dt}+x-A \sin(\omega t)= 0,$$

where $μ$ is the amplitude, or displacement, of the wave function and $μ$ is its angular velocity.

Popular culture
Author James Gleick described a vacuum tube Van der Pol oscillator in his book from 1987 Chaos: Making a New Science. According to a New York Times article, Gleick received a modern electronic Van der Pol oscillator from a reader in 1988.

title: Van der Pol oscillator


text:
List of presidents of the United States by date of death

The following is a list of presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics. Of the 45 people who have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789, 39 have died – eight of them while in office. The oldest president at the time of death was George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of 94 years, 193 days. John F. Kennedy, assassinated at the age of 46 years, 187 days, was the youngest to have died in office; the youngest to have died by natural causes was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 238 days.

Same day

 * July 4, 1826: Thomas Jefferson at 12:50 p.m., and John Adams at 6:20 p.m.

Same date

 * March 8: Millard Fillmore in 1874 and William Howard Taft in 1930
 * July 4: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826, and James Monroe in 1831
 * December 26: Harry S. Truman in 1972 and Gerald Ford in 2006

Same calendar year

 * 1826: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both on July 4
 * 1862: John Tyler and Martin Van Buren, on January 18 and July 24 respectively
 * 1901: Benjamin Harrison and William McKinley, on March 13 and September 14 respectively

Same age (rounded down to nearest year)

 * 93: Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan
 * 90: John Adams and Herbert Hoover
 * 78: Andrew Jackson and Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * 71: John Tyler and Grover Cleveland
 * 67: George Washington, Benjamin Harrison and Woodrow Wilson
 * 64: Franklin Pierce and Lyndon B. Johnson
 * 63: Ulysses S. Grant and Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * 60: Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge
 * 57: Chester A. Arthur and Warren G. Harding

Died before multiple predecessors
9th president William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841) 11th president James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849) 12th president Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850) 15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868) 16th president Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865) 20th president James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881) 29th president Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923) 35th president John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963) 40th president Ronald Reagan (died June 5, 2004)
 * 4 years, 66 days before 7th president Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)
 * 6 years, 326 days before 6th president John Quincy Adams (died February 23, 1848)
 * 21 years, 116 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)
 * 12 years, 220 days before 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)
 * 13 years, 42 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)
 * 11 years, 196 days before 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)
 * 12 years, 18 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)
 * 1 year, 129 days before 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)
 * 5 years, 281 days before 13th president Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874)
 * 3 years, 48 days before 15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)
 * 4 years, 177 days before 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)
 * 8 years, 329 days before 13th president Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874)
 * 3 years, 308 days before 18th president Ulysses S. Grant (died July 23, 1885)
 * 11 years, 123 days before 19th president Rutherford B. Hayes (died January 17, 1893)
 * 185 days before 28th president Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)
 * 6 years, 220 days before 27th president William Howard Taft (died March 8, 1930)
 * 333 days before 31st president Herbert Hoover (died October 20, 1964)
 * 5 years, 128 days before 34th president Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)
 * 9 years, 37 days before 33rd president Harry S. Truman (died December 26, 1972)
 * 2 years, 203 days before 38th president Gerald Ford (died December 26, 2006)
 * Died before 39th president Jimmy Carter, who is still alive

Died after multiple successors
6th president John Quincy Adams (died February 23, 1848) 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862) 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862) 13th president Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874) 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869) 19th president Rutherford B. Hayes (died January 17, 1893) 22nd & 24th president Grover Cleveland (died June 24, 1908) 27th president William Howard Taft (died March 8, 1930) 31st president Herbert Hoover (died October 20, 1964) 33rd president Harry S. Truman (died December 26, 1972)
 * 6 years, 326 days after 9th president William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)
 * 2 years, 260 days after 7th president Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)
 * 21 years, 116 days after 9th president William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)
 * 13 years, 42 days after 11th president James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)
 * 12 years, 18 days after 12th president Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)
 * 187 days after 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)
 * 12 years, 220 days after 11th president James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)
 * 11 years, 196 days after 12th president Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)
 * 8 years, 329 days after 16th president Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)
 * 5 years, 281 days after 15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)
 * after 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)
 * 4 years, 177 days after 16th president Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)
 * 1 year, 129 days after 15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)
 * 11 years, 123 days after 20th president James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881)
 * 6 years, 62 days after 21st president Chester A. Arthur (died November 18, 1886)
 * 7 years, 105 days after 23rd president Benjamin Harrison (died March 13, 1901)
 * 6 years, 285 days after 25th president William McKinley (died September 14, 1901)
 * 6 years, 220 days after 29th president Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923)
 * 6 years, 35 days after 28th president Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)
 * 19 years, 195 days after 32nd president Franklin D. Roosevelt (died April 12, 1945)
 * 333 days after 35th president John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)
 * 9 years, 37 days after 35th president John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)
 * 3 years, 273 days after 34th president Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)


text:
World Tour (bodyboarding)

Current
In 2020, the International Bodyboarding Corporation was created in order to run the bodyboarding world tour. For the period of 2020 to 2021, the IBC couldn't effectively run a tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic which impacted global travel. The IBC Bodyboarding World Tour consists of 6 divisions: Men, Women, Dropknee, Junior Men, Junior Women and Master Women.

Tour details
How each division is awarded the 2022 World Champion Title.
 * Men and Women: 4 best results
 * Junior Men: Best result + Fronton King event
 * Junior Women: Best result + Sintra Pro event
 * Dropknee: Best result + Sintra Pro event
 * Master Women: Single event winner - Wahine Bodyboard Pro

History
The first ever bodyboarding world tour was set up and created by the GOB (Global Organisation of Bodyboarders) in 1994. The GOB remained the controlling organisation of the tour up to 2002. In the final 3 years under the GOB, the tour was developed into a 'Super Tour'. In 2003, the IBA (International Bodyboarding Association) was formed, and they ran the world tour for 10 years, with their final year of being in charge being 2013. The Association of Professional Bodyboarders was formed in 2014 and the APB became the controlling body for the bodyboarding world tour. At the end of 2019, the APB was shut down.

title: World Tour (bodyboarding)


text:
Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen

The Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen was an experimental, high-speed automobile produced in the late 1930s. The streamlined car was derived from the 1937 open-wheel race car Mercedes-Benz W125 Formel-Rennwagen, of which also a streamlined version was raced at the non-championship Avusrennen in Berlin.

The main difference to the Grand Prix race car, which had to adhere to the 750 kg limit, was the engine. While the GP car had the 8-cylinder inline M125, which was rather tall, the record car was fitted with a V12 engine that was lower, which reduced drag.

The car is on display in the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart.

1937 Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen specifications

 * Engine: MD 25 DAB/3 60 Degree V12
 * Engine position: Front longitudinal
 * Aspiration: Twin Roots superchargers
 * Valvetrain: DOHC 4 valves per cylinder
 * Displacement: 5577 cc / 340 in³ (82.0 x 88.0 mm)
 * Compression: 9.17:1
 * Power: 563 kW @ 5800 rpm
 * Power/displacement 131.97 PS per litre
 * Power/weight: 621.1 PS per tonne
 * Transmission: 4-speed manual
 * Engine cooling: Ice supplemented normal coolant as air intakes were kept very small to improve aerodynamic flow over and around the car

The record
Rudolf Caracciola's record of 432.7 km/h (269 mph) over the flying kilometre on 28 January 1938, remained the fastest ever officially timed speed on a public road until broken on 5 November 2017 by Koenigsegg in an Agera RS driven by Niklas Lilja, achieving 445.6 km/h (276.9 mph) on a closed highway in Nevada. It also was the fastest speed ever recorded in Germany until Rico Anthes bested it with a Top Fuel Dragster on the Hockenheimring drag strip.

This record breaking run was made on the Reichs-Autobahn A5 between Frankfurt and Darmstadt, where onlookers were rattled by the brutal boom of the side spewing exhaust stacks as the silver car hurtled past. By nine that morning, Caracciola and team chief Alfred Neubauer were having a celebration breakfast at the Park Hotel in Frankfurt.

Popular driver Bernd Rosemeyer was killed later the same day when trying to beat that record for Auto Union. This also put an end to the record attempts of Mercedes, even though Hans Stuck later wanted to beat the overall land speed record with the Porsche-designed Mercedes-Benz T80 which was powered by a 3000 hp airplane engine.

Porsche Rekordwagen
In 1937, Joseph Mickl the chief R&D engineer of Porsche filed a patent for a high speed vehicle, which made use of a wide range of techniques making it most probably the most advanced vehicle of its kind for that time. This patent, is considered as the successor of the W125 Rekordwagen.

It is possible to identify many features on this patented design that spun out of the research work of famous researchers of that time such as Ludwig Prandtl, Wunibald Kamm, Theodore von Kármán etc. The streamlined, low drag body of the vehicle is equipped with an air inlet for the engine which is conveniently located at the maximum static pressure region at the "nose". The body completely engulfs the wheels thus eliminating their additional aerodynamic drag. The vehicle is equipped with 6 wheels (occurring long before the Tyrrell P34 of the late 1970s). The main reason for that design choice is the maximization of the contact area with the ground with a simultaneous reduction of the frontal area of the vehicle (i.e. low drag). At the same time the rear wheel axles could remain lower thus reducing the frontal area as well as the center of gravity of the vehicle.

The body of the vehicle is formed like a very basic diffuser thus using the Bernoulli principle in order to create downforce and improve stability and traction at high speeds. This may be one of the first uses of the Ground Effect, decades before it appeared on the BRM and Chaparral Formula One racers of the 1960s.

Another great innovation of that design/patent of Mickl was the integration of an inverted wing which was responsible for the creation of downforce, thus increasing the stability of the vehicle. Most of the people believe that the use of wings to create downforce on vehicles is an idea of the 1960s pioneered by Colin Chapman and his Lotus 49 racer. However, the truth is that the German rocket powered rail-racer of the late 1920s Opel-RAK.3 was the earliest example of a vehicle equipped with wings creating downforce. This vehicle, however, did not use inverted wings but rather normal wings that were pitched to a negative angle of attack such that they would generate "negative lift".

The racer of Mickl, however, employs an inverted wing, located directly on top of the rear wheel axles and in the "clean" air inflow stream in order to produce downforce and to translate it directly to tire traction at high speeds. The inverted wing was even equipped with a large aileron, such that the driver could adjust the generated downforce in such a way that the vehicle could achieve high traction during the acceleration phase and low drag (i.e. low downforce) during the high-speed phase of the race. A further invention was presented with the implementation of an airbrake option. In this case the aileron of the wing would deflect almost 90° thus hugely increasing drag and acting as a high speed air brake. That action could be manually controlled by the driver via a separate air-brake lever or could be coupled to the wheel brake system of the vehicle.

title: Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen


text:
Talk:Television in Australia

Cable television start date
Can someone find out the ACTUAL start date of cable tv in Aus for the section "Cable television"? "Cable television services have been available in Australia since 1991 or 1992 or something like that" is quite, well, crap. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.214.127.161 (talk) 07:55, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Other means of distributing TV
The present article doesn't seem to say anything at all about cable television (CATV) in Australia. CATV originated in the USA and is also widely used in Canada and Europe. Lots of towns in the USA that don't have any broadcast TV at all have CATV systems that are fed either by satellite TV or microwave links from the big cities, or a combination of these.

Also, this article doesn't seem to say anything about Direct Broadcast Satellite TV. Is this unknown in Australia? (Due to the smallness of the population?) DBS TV is widely used in the USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan, as a minimum, but these are places with much larger populations. However, DBS satellite TV seems excellent for Australia because it covers all urban and rural areas at one fell swoop. An Australian DBS satellite could also cover New Zealand, if that service was designed into it.

Does the AUSSAT system cover rural areas of TV, albeit with larger ground antennas required than for the high power & expensive DBS satellites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.146.43.48 (talk) 05:00, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose that the article "list of Australian television stations" be put here in the present article's place. It covers everything this article does, and more. An actual list of stations might then be collated on that page. matturn 03:32, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone has added most popular free-to-air shows. I've recently started working on Australian television ratings, which is where stuff like this should go. I'll get in the process of moving them to appropriate pages, probably to something like List of Australian television ratings for 2004 and add more information.
 * I also agree with Matturn's proposal to move content from List of Australian television channels onto this page. DynaBlast 10:02, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Stickeylabel 07:21, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Me too (isn't there a proper way for this to be done? I don't see any notices on that actual page..) timgraham

I have significantly worked on List of Australian television channels recently, and I have moved it to Australian television broadcasting. I withdraw my support for a merger, as Australian television broadcasting should be only used for discussing broadcasting. Australian television should become an article of which summarises programming, broadcasting, news, presenters, and ratings, and which provides links to the main articles for each of these areas. Stickeylabel 10:29, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, the content of television in Australia should be seperated from information about its outlets. ~ Trisreed my talk my contribs 11:27, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps to begin with we could put some links between the two articles to see where each fits into the other. - I've added the Australian Television category to the Australian Television Broacasting - Even if we separate the broadcasting operations from the programming/news/presenters/ratings/regulation/business there will continue to be cross over between this article ATB and other articles. Abeorch 15:52, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Urgent Attention
This article is in need of immediate attention due to its high importance for WikiProject Australian television. Australian television should become an article of which summarises programming, broadcasting, news, presenters, and ratings, and which provides links to the main articles for each of these areas. Please continue discussion either below, and please contribute to the article to raise its class status. Stickeylabel 08:36, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Collaboration
I started some work on it, added in section regarding Public, Commerical and PayTV services, edited some. Please check through my work, as I am not entirely sure what needs referencing, but I think I covered everything that I added. However, I did take work from another WikiPedia page, all references from that page have been kept intact, but do I need to reference the Wikipedia article that I took it from? Gbenemy 17:40, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Began the "Regulations" section, have not nearly completed it yet, will do though. Is anyone else helping me on this "collaboration"? Gbenemy 00:40, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Gbenemy, I'll help you with this collaboration :). The work you've already done is great, however may I please suggest you focus on the history of television, and keep duplicate material from Australian television broadcasting to a minimum? For example convert the current broadcasting section of the article into a condensed paragraph. Also convert the regulations section into paragraph form. Another aspect that should be worked on is history. There is alot of history with television in Australia, and it'd be great to be able to write a decent section about it. Stickeylabel 05:59, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Cheers Stickylabel. I will start working on the History section today, however may I ask that you (or someone else) condense the broadcasting and regulations section? it's just I'm not one of those people who can say what they need to say in as little words as possible, and so condensing what I have done (and other information I may find on the subject) will be quite tough for me. But I will try my best to condense the History section (not too much though, because we need a decent section about it). Gbenemy 15:34, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I added one more paragraph into the broadcasting section (sorry, I can't help it), but reading through the "Ratings" section, I have a feeling that pretty much EVERY sentence in there is going to need to be sourced. Gbenemy 15:43, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I condensed the Regulation section, and began work on the History section, However there is alot, and I only touched on the beginings of Australian Television History (the first few channels etc), You'll see. Anyway, hope I did good, please comment on my work, as this is my first major article. Gbenemy 23:52, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Great work Gbenemy :). I have fixed the citations a bit using WP:Cite, and I have cleaned up links and paragraphs as per WP:MoS. Stickeylabel 06:22, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks alot Stickeylabel, citing is still not my strong point, but I am hoping to improve that in the near future. Also, because this is my first main en.wiki article could you please guide me if I say anything wrong, or write about stuff that you don't want in this article? GBenemy  ( talk ) 07:18, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I've attempted to cover fairly comprehensively the Broadcasting section although it feels a bit long to me. I've also made a start of the News and Current Affairs section - I decided to divide it into News and Current Affairs subheadings because I felt it would otherwise be a bit difficult to seperate the various news services. I still need to add Sky News to the news section and then elaboate on current affairs. timgraham 15:06, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Good work timgraham, I shall continue working on the history section tomorrow, and Hope to get atleast the sixties and seventies section done. Keep up the good work everyone :D.  GBenemy  ( talk ) 20:32, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * May I please request that the lists of stations in the history section be converted to prose as Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Stickeylabel 14:11, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't do that bit :S I just worked (a bit) on the contextual information under 60's. :s GBenemy  ( talk •  it.wiki ) 16:41, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I made it a list because in most of those instances it worked much better - for example the '60s and '70s stations are too numerous to simply turn it into a paragraph. I thought it would be a bit more user-friendly to simply have a list stating which stations had launched in that period. The 2000s part could probably be made into a paragraph though given the nature of many of those stations (being digital-only etc). timgraham 01:50, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * WP:EMBED demonstrates what I mean.
 * The only other criticism I can make of the section is that it centralises on the history of broadcasting, of which would be better served at Australian television broadcasting. May I suggest that the broadcasting and station related information be moved to Australian television broadcasting and make the history section of this page discuss both broadcasting, programming, regulation, etc. Stickeylabel 03:43, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * WOW! I leave for one day and someone goes ahead and does the entire history section, great, just great. Good work though. I agree the stations listed should be a list, but I put them into paragraph form because I mentioned only a few of the implemented stations, just to give an idea. I just realised something aswell, as of tonight, this article will no longer be ACOTF. Let's hope we (and by we I mean you guys, because everything I did got deleted) got it up to FA standard, at the very least GA :D GBenemy  ( talk •  it.wiki  •  bot ) 08:07, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Gbenemy, Australian television will still be the Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight until "Sunday, 5 August, 2007, 20:00 (AEST)", so there is still a week left :). Keep up the great work everyone, and hopefully after August 5 we can submit the article for a GA review. Stickeylabel 08:23, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * :S:S I could've sworn it was voted on two weeks ago :S owell, that's great news though! Let's keep going guys! :D GBenemy  ( talk •  it.wiki  •  bot ) 04:03, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

May I please request that the following be expanded: Australian television, Australian television, Australian television , Australian television, and Australian television. Once these are done, more work can continue on the article, with regards to citations, captions, images, and manual of style. Stickeylabel 10:25, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks ZanderSchubert for expanding Australian television and Australian television, and I have now removed the stub templates for those sections. It would be great to see more information in the sections, however they are no longer considered stubs. Stickeylabel 10:50, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Eh, thanks. I do what I can... I have also expanded out Scheduling quite a bit. While I'm not sure of Australian television before about the early 1990s (well, I was born in the late 80s, so I have an excuse), we need to get a few choice programs to put in the 90s and 00s sections, as well as Programming itself. Also, we need to mention Sydney 2000 (and maybe Melbourne 2006), but should it be in the 90s (which it was in) or the 00s (because that's where people will look for it)? ZanderSchubert 11:16, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The scheduling section is far better now :). I believe mention of the Sydney 2000 Olymipics should be in the 2000s section, as the 2000s span from 2000 to 2009. It will be great to mention more significant programs and television events in the history section, as it currently consists of mainly broadcast history. Stickeylabel 11:46, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * May I please request that Australian television be expanded? It is the last stub-like section of the history section. Stickeylabel 13:28, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I have now expanded the introduction. Stickeylabel 12:29, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have expanded the 1980s section to include important events and advancements. Now we just need to go through the whole thing with a fine-tooth comb, make sure it's all good spelling and grammar wise, and make sure cites have been done properly, then we can submit for GA and/or FA depending. GB enemy ( it.wiki • bot ) 09:17, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've gone through the spelling, but more of a gloss over than fine-tooth comb job. I dearly need to ask: program or programme? We've got to pick one and use it throughout the whole article, because at the moment we're using both. ZanderSchubert 10:27, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have converted all uses of 'programme' to 'program' as per the sources listed at Australian English, where it states 'program' is more common than 'programme' in Australia. Stickeylabel 13:07, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I always use Program, however SBS (and i think ABC) use "programme" on their adverts and stuff. But the commercial channels, and the dictionary, use "program." Let's submit it for GA!! GB enemy ( it.wiki • bot ) 00:23, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Ratings help
I'm doing an FAC and it would be very helpful if I could have the ratings for Lost on July 26, 2007, or if you could direct me to a site where I could find those numbers. Thanks, --thedemonhog talk • edits 17:05, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * OzTAM typically does rating for Australia, and you can find records there. However, you can't get ratings for individual programs unless they're in the Top 20, so there's no info for Lost's firgures. Sorry. ZanderSchubert 06:46, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * At the risk of plugging a site I'm involved with, a number of discussion forums such as Media Spy have discussion and figures for each night's ratings information - Lost got 1,171,000 viewers nationally according to this page: timgraham 09:41, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for both of your guys' help. --thedemonhog talk • edits

Good article nomination successful
This article meets all of the GA criteria. My only suggestion is that, if you wish to take the article further (to FA), then the lead should be expanded and a few more references added. I wish you all the best with your editing... -- Johnfos 00:56, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Timeline of Australian television
I think it would be a good idea to start an article dealing exclusively with dates - there are an awful lot (station openings in particular) that would be better dealt with in a seperate article. The Regional television in Australia article for instance is full of dates and callsigns for the first four of five paragraphs - this is pretty dense stuff that would be better served by something like Timeline of the BBC. timgraham 04:58, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Here's something I prepared earlier: User:Timg231/drafts. timgraham 05:17, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree Tim :). I have now created Timeline of Australian television using the information on your draft page. Stickeylabel 13:15, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

ABC 2
I think that until Australia turns of the analog signal and everyone has to have digital, ABC 2 should not be listed alongside ABC 1, Seven etc. as one of the main networks; all of which are available in analog, my point being, all the other channels, if you've got a tv and an aerial, you can get them, where as ABC 2 is still sort of "second string." Tarcus (talk) 23:12, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Super League war
No mention of the Super League war? I thought it might be worthwhile, particularly in the 1990s section where the introduction of pay television to Australia is mentioned.--Jeff79 (talk) 16:08, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Done.--Jeff79 (talk) 18:50, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Homicide title.jpg
The image Image:Homicide title.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --15:24, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

History? or Present?
This article seems HEAVILY focussed on the history. It's got the present in there too, but way too much of the past from what I can see. The entire opening needs to be changed IMO. Look at the beginning of the broadcasting section giving an overview of 3 commercial networks & 2 government networks nationwide.. that kind of thing seems more prevalent. Also look at how the programming section focuses on past series rather than current Australian series. What do others think? Greg (talk) 04:10, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

I'm wondering if we should make this article MUCH MUCH shorter, and link to all the relevant articles eg: Give an overview of Television generally, then link to: And some blurb on regulation.
 * History of Television in Australia (created from this article)
 * Television broadcasting in Australia
 * Digital terrestrial television in Australia
 * Subscription television in Australia (including cable and satellite)
 * Internet Television in Australia
 * Australian TV Programs (from this article) or combined into List of Australian television series
 * Television ratings in Australia

The idea is to give the same or more information as before - just packaged much more neatly. Your thoughts? Greg (talk) 16:15, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

expansion of article
I'm working on expanding this article and adding inline citations as I feel it's seriously lacking in content in many areas. I'd appreciate any comments. I've made several additions to the "Origins" section over the last few days with appropriate citations. - Dunks (talk) 22:29, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

New External Link added
I moderate the Culture Victoria website and have added an external link to images and text about the 50th Anniversary of Television in Australia.Eleworth (talk) 00:38, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Television in Australia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090514171745/http://www.rba.gov.au/Speeches/2009/sp_gov_210409.html to http://www.rba.gov.au/Speeches/2009/sp_gov_210409.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090917134837/http://dl.screenaustralia.gov.au/module/645/ to http://dl.screenaustralia.gov.au/module/645/

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Television in Australia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120130103225/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/extras/federation/Timelines/CMFedTimelineNat3.htm to http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/extras/federation/Timelines/CMFedTimelineNat3.htm

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title: Talk:Television in Australia


text:
Purple Haze (disambiguation)

"Purple Haze" is a 1967 song by The Jimi Hendrix Experience.

Purple Haze may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Purple Haze (film) a 1983 dramedy about a young man expelled from school and subsequently drafted to fight in Vietnam
 * Purplehaze, one of 17 colors of the Sonochrome spectrum of pre-tinted film stocks introduced by Kodak
 * "Purple Haze" (Eureka), an episode of Eureka TV series

Brands and drugs

 * Purple Haze (beer), an American beer
 * Purple Haze (cannabis), a high-potency strain of Cannabis sativa

People

 * Purple Haze, a ring name of American professional wrestler Mark Lewin
 * Alter ego and alias of Dutch DJ Sander van Doorn

Military

 * Purple Haze, an expanded version of the Vietcong (video game)

 * Operation Purple Haze, a 2007 military operation in the Iraq war

Music

 * Purple Haze (a cappella group), a choir at Northwestern University
 * Purple Haze (album), a 2004 album by rapper Cam'ron
 * "Purple Haze" (Groove Armada song), from the 2002 album LoveBox
 * "Purple Haze", a song by DJ Kay Slay and Cam'ron from the album Diplomatic Immunity and The Streetsweeper, Vol. 1

Manga

 * Purple Haze, the Stand of Pannacotta Fugo from the fifth part of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Golden Wind

title: Purple Haze (disambiguation)