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Yann Arthus-Bertrand

Yann Arthus-Bertrand (born 13 March 1946) is a French environmentalist, activist, journalist and photographer. He has also directed films about the impact of humans on the planet. He is especially well known for his book Earth from Above (1999) and his films Home (2009) and Human (2015). It is because of this commitment that Yann Arthus-Bertrand was designated Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme on Earth Day (22 April 2009).

Early life
Yann Arthus-Bertrand was born in Paris on 13 March 1946 in a renowned jewellers' family founded in 1803 by Claude Arthus-Bertrand and Michel-Ange Marion. His sister Catherine is one of his closest collaborators. He has been interested in nature and wildlife from an early age.

First jobs
In 1963 when he was 17, he became an assistant director, then an actor in movies. He played alongside famous actors such as Michèle Morgan in Dis-moi qui tuer (1965) by Etienne Perier and in OSS 117 prend des vacances (1970) by Pierre Kalfon.

He gave up the movie industry in 1967 to run the Château de Saint Augustin wildlife park in Château-sur-Allier (centre of France). He then left the country with his wife Anne when he was 30 (1976) to live in Kenya in the Masai Mara National Reserve. He lived amongst the Maasai tribe for 3 years to study the behaviour of a lions' family and took daily pictures of them during those years. He thus discovered a new passion for photography and the beauty of landscapes when observed from above in hot air balloons and understood how to communicate using these means.

He came back to France in 1981, published a photographs book Lions in 1983, and became an international journalist, reporter and photographer specialised in documentaries on sports, wildlife and aerial photography for French magazines such as Paris Match and GEO. He photographed ten Paris-Dakar rallies. Every year he published a book on Roland Garros, the tennis French open. He also took pictures every year at the Paris International Agricultural Show, and of ethologist Dian Fossey and gorillas in Rwanda.

Aerial photography
He founded the Altitude Agency in 1991, which was the world's first press agency and images bank specialising in aerial photography (500,000 pictures taken in more than 100 countries by more than 100 photographers).

In 1994 Arthus-Bertrand started a thorough study on the state of the Earth sponsored by UNESCO. As part of the study, he made a picture inventory of the world's most beautiful landscapes, taken from helicopters and hot-air balloons. The book from this project, Earth from Above (La Terre vue du ciel) sold over 3 million copies and was translated into 24 languages.

In 2000, his "Earth from Above" free exhibition was set up on numerous big posters on the gates of the Jardins du Luxembourg in Paris. It then travelled worldwide from Lyon to Montreal, to 110 cities and was visited by 120 million people.

In 2008, Earth from Above was released on DVD.

Environmental work

On 1 July 2005, he founded the international environmental organisation GoodPlanet, and set up the programme Action Carbone to offset his own greenhouse gas emissions generated by his helicopter transports. Since then this program has evolved to help people and companies to reduce and offset their climate impact by funding projects on renewable energies, energy efficiency and reforestation.

Since then, the organisation has been involved in several projects:
 * School posters: posters are distributed for free in every French school on a different environmental theme each year (sustainable development in 2006, biodiversity in 2007 and energy in 2008).
 * 6 billion Others: a video exhibition took place in early 2009 at the Grand Palais in Paris. Over 5,000 videos were shown. They were recorded around the globe showing women and men talking about universal themes such as happiness, sorrow, life, death, love, hatred and so on.
 * Alive: a photography exhibition that travels around the world with a text display describing the impact of man on the environment
 * Good Planet Info: international news website on the environment
 * Good Planet Junior: some holiday trips in protected areas offered to children to teach them how to preserve the environment
 * Good Planet Conso: a non profit website to help people adopting a more environmentally-friendly way of life

Arthus-Bertrand was made a Knight of the Légion d'honneur (national order of the legion of honour) and a Knight of the Ordre du Mérite Agricole (national order of agricultural merit). He was also made Officer of the Ordre National du Mérite (national order of merit) by President Nicolas Sarkozy in June 2008. Moreover, he was elected alongside Lucien Clergue at the Académie des Beaux Arts (academy of fine arts).

In 2006, he launched a series of documentaries called Vu du ciel (Seen from Above) for the French public channels. The 5th episode was aired in December 2007 and was about agriculture.

Also in 2006 he published Algeria From Above which he considers as one of his best works so far. This book offers a brand new view on this country.

In April 2007 he started directing a film originally called Boomerang, later re-titled Home. The film was produced by Luc Besson and financed by the PPR group (a French multinational company). It was Arthus-Bertrand's intention to show the state of our planet and the challenges humanity faces. The emissions of greenhouse gases produced by the movie's shooting were offset through Arthus-Bertrand's organisation GoodPlanet and its 'Action Carbone' program. The film was released internationally on 5 June 2009. On the night of its release many theatres offered screening for free and an open-air screening at the Champ-de-Mars in Paris drew 20 000 spectators. The aerial photography, music score and high post-production values were intended to create a more emotional response than most previous films about the subject. The simultaneous TV broadcast of the film on the France 2 TV channel drew more than 8 million people. The following Sunday, at the European elections, the environmentalist coalition Europe Écologie made an unexpectedly strong showing. On the night of the elections, many political commentators expressed concerns that the film screening may have influenced the result.

Home is available on DVD and via free streaming on the internet (Arthus-Bertrand gave up his author's rights).

On 19 March 2008, he was given the Georges Pompidou Award which rewards a cultural personality each year (2006: painter Pierre Soulages, 2005: orchestra conductor William Christie).

Since 2008, he has participated in the board of directors of the Fondation Chirac, a foundation launched in 2008 by former French President Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace through five advocacy programmes, two of which deal with environmental issues such as access to fresh water, desertification and deforestation.

A few schools have been named after Yann Arthus-Bertrand (primary schools of Cysoing, Noviant-aux-Prés, Carentoir and Villaines-sous-Bois, nursery schools of Cairanne and Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil as well as the Radinghem high school specialised in agriculture). He stated that it was one of the greatest honours he could receive.

In 2008, he launched the project called 6 billion others. It is a video exhibition of people across the world answering the same questions.

On 22 April 2009 he was officially designated as the United Nations Environment Program Goodwill Ambassador (UNEP) and received the "Earth Champion" award for his commitment towards the environment and his work on public environmental awareness.

Arthus-Bertrand also supports the Zeitz Foundation, an organization focused on sustainable development and conservation.

Awards and honours

 * 2003: Arthus-Bertrand was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of The Royal Photographic Society. These are awarded to distinguished persons having, from their position or attainments, an intimate connection with the science or fine art of photography or the application thereof.
 * 2005: Peintre de la Marine
 * 2010: National Outdoor Book Award, Our Living Earth
 * 2013: The Royal Geographical Society's Cherry Kearton Medal and Award

Actor

 * 1965: Dis-moi qui tuer by Étienne Périer: Galland
 * 1970: OSS 117 prend des vacances by Pierre Kalfon: Yann

Director

 * 2003: 7 Billion Others (formerly 6 Billion Others)
 * 2004: Earth from Above
 * 2009: Home, available on-line.
 * 2010: Paris, view from above
 * 2012: Planet Ocean
 * 2013: Metz and the Messin pays, view from above
 * 2014: Switzerland from above for Switzerland Tourism, available on-line.
 * 2015: Terra
 * 2015: Algeria from above
 * 2015: Human, available on-line.
 * 2020: Woman
 * 2021: Legacy, notre héritage

title: Yann Arthus-Bertrand


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List of typographic features

Typographic features made possible using digital typographic systems have solved many of the demands placed on computer systems to replicate traditional typography and have expanded the possibilities with many new features. Three systems are in common use: OpenType, devised by Microsoft and Adobe, Apple's Apple Advanced Typography (AAT), and SIL's Graphite. The lists below provide information about OpenType and AAT features. Graphite does not have a fixed set of features; instead it provides a way for fonts to define their own features.

OpenType typographic features
The OpenType format defines a number of typographic features that a particular font may support. Some software, such as Adobe InDesign, LibreOffice/OpenOffice, or recent versions of Lua/XeTeX, gives users control of these features, for example to enable fancy stylistic capital letters (swash caps) or to choose between ranging (full-height) and non-ranging (old-style, or lower-case) digits. Some web browsers also support OpenType features in accordance with the CSS Fonts Module Level 3 specification, which allows OpenType features to be set directly via the font-feature-settings property, or indirectly by means of higher-level mechanisms.

The following tables list the features defined in version 1.8.1 of the OpenType specification. The codes in the "type" column are explained after the tables. OpenType features may be applicable only to certain language scripts or specific languages, or in certain writing modes. The features are split into several tables accordingly.

Legend of substitution and positioning codes
Below are listed the OpenType lookup table types, as used in the "type" column in the above tables. S stands for substitution, and P stands for positioning. Note that often a feature can be implemented by more than one type of table, and that sometimes the specification fails to explicitly indicate the table type.

AAT typographic features
Features that take one value, mutual exclusive from the rest:

Features that take a number of values:
 * Annotation
 * No Annotation
 * Box Annotation
 * Rounded Box Annotation
 * Circle Annotation
 * Inverted Circle Annotation
 * Parenthesis Annotation
 * Period Annotation
 * Roman Numeral Annotation
 * Diamond Annotation
 * Character Alternatives
 * No Alternates
 * Character Shape
 * Traditional Characters
 * Simplified Characters
 * JIS 1978 Characters
 * JIS 1983 Characters
 * JIS 1990 Characters
 * Traditional Characters, Alternative Set 1…5
 * Expert Characters
 * CJK Latin Spacing
 * Half-width
 * Proportional
 * Default Latin
 * Full-width Latin
 * Cursive Connection
 * Unconnected
 * Partially Connected
 * Cursive
 * Design Complexity
 * Design Level 1
 * Design Level …
 * Diacritics
 * Show Diacritics
 * Hide Diacritics
 * Decompose Diacritics
 * Fractions
 * No Fractions
 * Vertical Fractions
 * Diagonal Fractions
 * Ideographic Spacing
 * Full Width
 * Proportional
 * Kana Spacing
 * Full Width
 * Proportional
 * Letter Case
 * Upper & Lower Case
 * All Caps
 * All Lower Case
 * Small Caps
 * Initial Caps
 * Initial Caps and Small Caps
 * Number Case
 * Lower Case Numbers
 * Upper Case Numbers
 * Number Spacing
 * Monospaced Numbers
 * Proportional Numbers
 * Ornament Sets
 * None
 * Dingbats
 * Pi Characters
 * Fleurons
 * Decorative Borders
 * International Symbols
 * Math Symbols
 * Text Spacing
 * Proportional
 * Monospace
 * Half-width
 * Normal
 * Vertical Position
 * No Vertical Position
 * Superiors
 * Inferiors
 * Ordinals
 * Ordinals
 * Ligatures
 * Required Ligatures
 * Common Ligatures
 * Rare Ligatures
 * Logos
 * Rebus Pictures
 * Diphthong Ligatures
 * Squared Ligatures
 * Squared Ligatures, Abbreviated
 * Mathematical Extras
 * Hyphen to Minus (‘-’ → ‘−’)
 * Asterisk to Multiply (‘*’ → ‘×’)
 * Slash to Divide (‘/’ → ‘÷’)
 * Inequality Ligatures
 * Exponents
 * Smart Swashes
 * Word Initial Swashes
 * Word Final Swashes
 * Line Initial Swashes
 * Line Final Swashes
 * Non-Final Swashes
 * Style Options
 * No Style Options
 * Display Text
 * Engraved Text
 * Illuminated Caps
 * Titling Caps
 * Tall Caps
 * Transliteration
 * No Transliteration
 * Hanja to Hangul
 * Hanja to Hangul, Alternative Set 1…3
 * Hiragana to Katakana
 * Katakana to Hiragana
 * Kana to Romanization
 * Romanization to Hiragana
 * Romanization to Katakana
 * Typographic Extras
 * Hyphens to Em Dash (‘--’ → ‘—’)
 * Hyphen to En Dash (‘-’ → ‘–’)
 * Unslashed Zero
 * Form Interrobang (‘!?’/‘?!’ → ‘‽’)
 * Smart Quotes (‘"'"’ → ‘“’”’)
 * Periods to Ellipsis (‘...’ → ‘…’)

Binary features that can only be turned on:

 * All Typographic Features
 * Linguistic Rearrangement
 * Overlapping Characters
 * Vertical Substitution

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of typographic features


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User talk:Ppcmmc

Please don't post advertising on Wikipedia. RickK 00:05, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ppcmmc


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Chandipura vesiculovirus

Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness, Chandipura encephalitis or Chandipura viral encephalitis, in humans. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from Chandipura village in Maharashtra state, India and has been associated with a number of otherwise unexplained outbreaks of encephalitic illness in central India. Between June and August 2003, 329 children contrcacted the virus, and 183 died in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India. Further sporadic cases and deaths in children were observed in Gujarat state in 2004.

In India and West Africa Chandipura vesiculovirus was isolated from sandflies and its bite probably spread the virus. The presence of the virus in Africa indicates a wide distribution although no human cases have been observed outside India.

Etymology
It was named after the village it was first identified in, Chandipura village in Maharashtra, India during an outbreak of encephalitis in 1965.

Virology
Chandipura vesiculovirus is an enveloped RNA virus with an approximate genome length of ~11 kb. Viral genome codes for five polypeptides, namely, nucleocapsid protein N, phosphoprotein P, matrix protein M, glycoprotein G and large protein L in five monocistronic mRNAs. N protein encapsidates genome RNA into a nuclease-resistant form to protect in from cellular RNAse function. L and P protein together forms viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase; where catalytic functions for RNA polymerization, capping and poly-A polymerase resides within the L protein and P acts as a transcriptional activator. Matrix protein glues the encapsidated genome RNA, also known as nucleocapsid, with the outer membrane envelope. G protein spikes out of the membrane and acts as a major antigenic determinant.

Viral life cycle is cytosolic. During transcription, viral polymerase synthesizes five discrete mRNAs and obeys to stop signals that are present at the gene boundaries. Accumulation of adequate amounts of viral proteins within infected cells through viral transcription and subsequent translation potentiate the onset of viral replicative cycle. In this phase, same L protein acts as a replicase and ignore the gene junctions to generate a polycistronic anti-genomic analogue that acts as a template for further rounds of replication to generate many more copies of the genome RNA. This progeny genome RNA upon packaging by viral proteins bud out as mature virus particles. The precise mechanism underlying the switch in polymerase function during viral replication remains unknown.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of Chandipura virus infection typically include fever, headache, convulsions, and unconsciousness, progressing rapidly to coma and death in severe cases. There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for Chandipura virus infection, so management focuses on supportive care and prevention measures such as mosquito control.

Past outbreaks
In 2003, 329 children in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra tested positive for the virus, of which 189 succumbed to the virus. In 2009, there were 52 positive cases, and 15 fatalities. In 2010, there were 50 positive cases and 16 fatalities. Between 2009 and 2011, there were 110 positive cases, and 3 fatalities.

An outbreak in Gujarat in Kheda District, Vadodara District, and Panchmahal District killed 17 people in 2010. Sandfly bites were blamed for the outbreak, as they inhabit cracks in walls or parts of homes made of sand or mud. The sporadic cases appeared in Gujarat in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, a girl from Ahmedabad succumbed to the virus. In 2019, a girl from Bhayli, Vadodara succumbed to the virus.

Recent outbreaks
In July 2024, Sabarkantha district of Gujarat in India experienced an suspected outbreak particularly in children. This suspected outbreak has raised significant public health concerns due to the rapid spread and the severity of symptoms observed in the affected individuals. So far, one death caused by the virus has been confirmed, with a suspected death toll of 14.

title: Chandipura vesiculovirus


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Bundle gerbe

In mathematics, a bundle gerbe is a geometrical model of certain 1-gerbes with connection, or equivalently of a 2-class in Deligne cohomology.

Topology
$$U(1)$$-principal bundles over a space $$M$$ (see circle bundle) are geometrical realizations of 1-classes in Deligne cohomology which consist of 1-form connections and 2-form curvatures. The topology of a $$U(1)$$ bundle is classified by its Chern class, which is an element of $$H^2(M, \mathbb{Z})$$, the second integral cohomology of $$M$$.

Gerbes, or more precisely 1-gerbes, are abstract descriptions of Deligne 2-classes, which each define an element of $$H^3(M, \mathbb{Z})$$, the third integral cohomology of M.

As a cohomology class in Deligne cohomology
Recall for a smooth manifold $$M$$ the p-th Deligne cohomology groups are defined by the hypercohomology of the complex $$\mathbb{Z}(q)_D^\infty = \underline{\mathbb{Z}}(q) \to \mathcal{A}_{M,\mathbb{C}}^0 \xrightarrow{d} \mathcal{A}_{M,\mathbb{C}}^1 \xrightarrow{d} \cdots \xrightarrow{d} \mathcal{A}_{M,\mathbb{C}}^{q-1}$$ called the weight q Deligne complex, where $$\mathcal{A}^k_{M,\mathbb{C}}$$ is the sheaf of germs of smooth differential k-forms tensored with $$\mathbb{C}$$. So, we write $$\mathbb{H}^*_D(M,\mathbb{Z}(q)^{\infty}_D)$$ for the Deligne-cohomology groups of weight $$q$$. In the case $$q = 3$$ the Deligne complex is then$$\underline{\mathbb{Z}}(3) \to \mathcal{A}^0_{M,\mathbb{C}} \xrightarrow{d} \mathcal{A}^1_{M,\mathbb{C}} \xrightarrow{d} \mathcal{A}^2_{M,\mathbb{C}}$$ We can understand the Deligne cohomology groups by looking at the Cech resolution giving a double complex. There is also an associated short exact sequence $$0 \to \frac{\mathcal{A}_{\mathbb{C},M}^{2}(M)_{cl}}{\mathcal{A}_{\mathbb{C},M}^{2}(M)_{cl,0}} \to \mathbb{H}^3(M, \mathbb{Z}(3)_D^\infty) \to H^3(M,\mathbb{Z}) \to 0$$ where $$\mathcal{A}_{\mathbb{C},M}^{2}(M)_{cl}$$ are the closed germs of complex valued 2-forms on $$M$$ and $$\mathcal{A}_{\mathbb{C},M}^{2}(M)_{cl,0}$$ is the subspace of such forms where period integrals are integral. This can be used to show $$H^3(M,\mathbb{Z})$$ are the isomorphism classes of $$\mathbb{C}^*$$ bundle-gerbes on a smooth manifold $$M$$, or equivalently, the isomorphism classes of $$B\mathbb{C}^*$$-bundles on $$M$$.

History
Historically the most popular construction of a gerbe is a category-theoretic model featured in Giraud's theory of gerbes, which are roughly sheaves of groupoids over M.

In 1994 Murray introduced bundle gerbes, which are geometric realizations of 1-gerbes. For many purposes these are more suitable for calculations than Giraud's realization, because their construction is entirely within the framework of classical geometry. In fact, as their name suggests, they are fiber bundles.

This notion was extended to higher gerbes the following year.

Relationship with twisted K-theory
In Twisted K-theory and the K-theory of Bundle Gerbes the authors defined modules of bundle gerbes and used this to define a K-theory for bundle gerbes. They then showed that this K-theory is isomorphic to Rosenberg's twisted K-theory, and provides an analysis-free construction.

In addition they defined a notion of twisted Chern character which is a characteristic class for an element of twisted K-theory. The twisted Chern character is a differential form that represents a class in the twisted cohomology with respect to the nilpotent operator $$ d + H $$ where $$d$$ is the ordinary exterior derivative and the twist $$H$$ is a closed 3-form. This construction was extended to equivariant K-theory and to holomorphic K-theory by Mathai and Stevenson.

Relationship with field theory
Bundle gerbes have also appeared in the context of conformal field theories. Gawedzki and Reis have interpreted the Wess–Zumino term in the Wess–Zumino–Witten model (WZW) of string propagation on a group manifold as the connection of a bundle gerbe. Urs Schreiber, Christoph Schweigert and Konrad Waldorf have used this construction to extend WZW models to unoriented surfaces and, more generally, the global Kalb–Ramond coupling to unoriented strings.

More details can be found at the n-Category Café:

 * Bundle Gerbes: General Idea and Definition
 * Bundle Gerbes: Connections and Surface Transport

In string theory

 * WZW branes and strings

authors: ล้อไม่อยู่ที่นั่น

title: Bundle gerbe


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Anal gland

The anal glands or anal sacs are small glands near the anus in many mammals. They are situated in between the external anal sphincter muscle and internal anal sphincter muscle. In non-human mammals, the secretions of the anal glands contain mostly volatile organic compounds with a strong odor, and they are thus functionally involved in communication. Depending upon the species, they may be involved in territory marking, individual identification, and sexual signalling, as well as defense. Their function in humans is unclear.

Sebaceous glands within the lining secrete a liquid that is used for identification of members within a species. These sacs are found in many species of carnivorans, including wolves, bears, sea otters and kinkajous.

Anatomy

The human anal glands are situated within the wall of the anal canal and communicate with the lumen of the canal via ducts that open at the anal valves, just proximal to the pectinate line. Humans have 12 anal glands on average (which are evenly distributed around the circumference of the anal canal). The glands are situated at varying depths in the wall of the anal canal; some between the layers of the internal and external sphincter (the intersphincteric plane).

Function
In humans, the glands secrete mucin (which differs in composition from that secreted by the rectal mucosa). Their function is unclear.

Clinical significance
Anal glands are the most common cause of anal fistula. Large fistulae present a surgical challenge as resection of larger sections of the anal sphincter may result in anal incontinence. The cryptoglandular theory states that obstruction of, presumably by accumulation of foreign material (e.g. fecal bacterial plugging) in the crypts, may lead to perianal abscess and fistula formation.

Entry of bacteria into the lumen of the glands can cause infection (which may then spread), and inflammation can prevent drainage of the glands.

Dogs and cats

Dogs and cats primarily use their anal gland secretions to mark their territory, and generally will secrete small amounts of fluid every time they defecate. Many will often express these glands when anxious or frightened as well. Dogs who are healthy can usually have a wide variety in the appearance of their sac's content. Anal sac fluid varies from yellow to tan or brown in color. The consistency of the fluid ranges from thin, watery secretions to thick, gritty paste. There can also be a range in the malodorousness, or how strongly the contents smell. These factors can all be different from animal to animal.

The inability to effectively express this fluid can lead to anal sacculitis. This is characterized by a build-up of fluid in the anal sac, an uncomfortable condition that can lead to pain and itching. Dogs and cats of any age may be affected, but dogs are far more likely to suffer from anal sacculitis than cats. Dogs and cats with anal glands that do not express naturally may exhibit specific signs, such as scooting the backside upon the ground, straining to defecate, and excessive licking of the anus. Cats may also defecate in areas outside the litter box.

Discomfort may also be evident with impaction or infection of the anal glands. Anal sac impaction results from blockage of the duct leading from the gland to the opening. The sac is usually non-painful and swollen. Anal sac infection results in pain, swelling, and sometimes abscessation and fever.

Initial treatment usually involves the manual expression of the anal sacs, most often by a veterinary professional. The frequency of this procedure depends on the patient's individual degree of discomfort but can range from weekly to every few months. Treatment may include lancing of an abscess or antibiotic infusion into the gland in the case of infection. The most common bacterial isolates from anal gland infection are E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, and Proteus species. Increasing dietary fiber is also commonly recommended.

Anal sacs may be removed surgically in a procedure known as anal sacculectomy. This is usually done in the case of recurrent infection or because of the presence of an anal sac adenocarcinoma, a malignant tumor. Potential complications include fecal incontinence (especially when both glands are removed), tenesmus from stricture or scar formation, and persistent draining fistulae.

Opossums
Opossums use their anal glands when they "play possum". As the opossum mimics death, the glands secrete a foul-smelling liquid, suggesting the opossum is rotting. Opossums are not members of the order Carnivora, and their anal sacs differ from those of dogs and their relatives.

Skunks
Skunks use their anal glands to spray a foul-smelling and sticky fluid as a defense against predators.

Beavers
Both female and male beavers (Castor canadensis) have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands between the pelvis and tail. The physiology of the castor sac is unique to the beaver and contains an outer, vascular layer of connective tissue, a thicker layer of epithelial cells, and an inner packed layer of epithelial sheets. Castoreum is the chemical compound that is secreted from the castor sacs and is originally a thin, yellowish liquid. It is composed of a mixture of varied metabolic compounds, from the sacs and other bodily systems, and excreted urine. An extraction of castoreum, the scent glands from the male and female beaver are used in perfumery and as a flavor ingredient.

The vestibule of the anal glands are connected to the ducts of the castor glands. The anal glands of beavers are characterized as holocrine sebaceous glands, which means they secrete substances by disintegrating cells in the process. Variations in color of anal glands range from a light straw color to brown. Compared to the castor sacs, anal glands secrete a much more sharp odor. Beavers do have a presence of bacterial flora in their anal glands, with the most abundant being B. fragilis and E. coli. These two bacteria are common in the digestive tracts of mammals and are seen across all beaver populations regardless of sex, colony, age, class, and other factors. This gives evidence to the idea that beavers do not have varied bacterial flora or significant varied odors within a family. Furthermore, this opposes the bacterial fermentation hypothesis that is common among a number of mammalian species.

Beavers create scent mounds, which are essentially “mud pies”, where they deposit castoreum and other secretions on top of them. As scent communication is a common method across many species, beavers use scent mounds as a way to alert that a region is inhabited by a family of beavers and to mark territory. The frequency of scent mounding is typically highest during the spring and after winter when the ice has melted. This is prevalent as the water sources are more available from which beavers can gather mud. Scent mounding is highest during intergroup interactions, vicinity of abutting beaver populations, and gestation periods. Scent mounds are mainly a medium of communication against adjacent beaver populations and it prevents the exploitation of food resources, marks distinct family territories, and prevents extreme colonization of a habitat.

Badgers
The European badger (Meles meles), a nocturnal carnivore, has a powerful olfactory system. Anal gland secretions (AGS) of badgers are not commonly studied but contribute to key information for communication due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Like many other carnivorous mammals, such as mongoose, bears, and otters, they can detect sex differences from the different ratios of compounds of VOCs. VOCs in AGS of badger samples have individual-specific information, including health, fitness, reproductive status, and group membership. Male badgers react differently to VOCs in AGS from fertile females versus non-fertile females. The VOCs can change yearly based on diet and environmental factors, and seasonal changes of VOCs are influenced by breeding season.

The subcaudal gland is right next to the anal sac. The subcaudal gland contributes to individual-specific communication, much like the AGS. Subcaudal glands of badgers had 56 operational taxonomic units (OTU) used to classify the different bacteria found into four different phyla. Based on a study by Yung Wa Sin 2012, conducted on 79 subcaudal secretions from summer and spring, OTUs fall into four bacterial phyla: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Actinobacteria was the dominant phyla as it represented >76% of all bacterial communities in the badger adults. Cub secretion microbial communities were significantly more diverse; Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in adult badger microbial communities. This bacterial dominance shift may be due to puberty in the cubs. In the spring, a breeding female versus a non-breeding female had significant microbial community differences, but they did not see significant differences in bacterial communities in the summer months. Secretions from the subcaudal gland are shown to be rich in short and medium-chain fatty acids likely produced by pheromone active products from actinobacteria long-chain fatty acids.

In the majority of mammals, group integration is performed by the adult. However, in badgers cubs begin this gradual process (14–16 weeks). Badgers have the reputation of being aggressive towards one another and cubs are often victims to infanticide. To lower aggression within a group of badgers, members will allogroom (a form of social grooming) or allomark (transferring scents between other group members) more frequent and intense during spring months. Maturing cubs rub themselves against adult badger's subcaudal region via allomarking. This is also referred to as “scent theft” as cubs that do this have the same group scent. Badger cubs do not have the subcaudal gland secretion ability until approximately four months old.

Wolves
Volatile compounds found in the anal sac secretions of intact males, intact females, castrate males, ovariectomized females, and anosmic/ pinealectomized males and females were analyzed using gas chromatography. The volatile compounds found in the anal-gland secretions were largely alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Of the volatile compounds that were analyzed, the relative quantities of volatile compounds present in the test subjects’ anal sac secretions varied significantly between secretions collected outside and during mating season. This indicates that the volatile compounds in the anal sac secretions are used to signal information like gender and reproductive status. Results of this study indicated that some of the volatile compounds, specifically 2-octenal, 2-octen-1-ol and indole, were produced by microbes.

Indian mongoose
The anal gland of the Indian mongoose consists of large sebaceous glands that surround the anus, called the anal sac. The anal sac remains covered in sebum and remains closed when the tail of the mongoose is down but opens when the tail is raised. Inside the anal sacs are the ducts of the two anal pockets that lie on either side of the anus. The mongoose marks objects in its habitat by rubbing that object with the anal area leaving behind the distinct scent of carboxylic acids. Contents of the anal pocket secretions revealed 6 saturated carboxylic acids: acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric and valeric. There are currently no notable differences in the chemicals found in the anal pocket secretions between the sexes.

Evidence shows that the carboxylic acids found in the anal pocket secretions are produced by bacterial metabolism of contents inside the sebum. The bacteria isolated from anal sac secretions have been identified as Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus plagarumbelli, Bacillus cereus and Eubacterium or Catenobacterium spp. These bacterial species have been found to produce carboxylic acids within the anal pocket.

Hyenas
Hyenas are known to engage in “pasting” which is a type of scent marking behavior. This paste is rich in lipid sebum and epithelial cells, and is produced by sebaceous glands which then go directly into the anal glands and on top of a grass stalk. The organ that provides this paste, the anal glands, are occupied by microbes. Although both species of hyena contain fermentative bacteria, the microbes found in the anal gland of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) differ from the microbes found in striped hyenas.

The spotted hyena paste holds many populations of coccus and rod shaped bacteria. A survey found that Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria are the most common bacteria found in the hyena paste. Although many bacteria have been identified, around half are still unidentified.

Microbiome populations also vary by sex and age. The adult and juvenile hyenas’ anal glands have the least diverse microbiota of their whole body. For females, the most common bacteria found in their paste was Anaerococcus, Anaerovorax, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Helcococcus, Porphyromonas, and Propionibacterium. Compared to the male hyenas which have a different microbiota than female hyenas. Juvenile males have more Prevotella and Firmicutes, while juvenile females have more Corynebacterium and Clostridiales. There is also a difference between adult female hyenas and juvenile hyenas. Juvenile female hyenas have more Erysipelotrichaceae and Helicobacter than the adult hyenas. These bacteria are common to the milk that hyenas feed their young.

Dogs and domestic cats
The bacteria found in the feces and anal glands of dogs and cats are also found in their mouths due to the consistent exposure to their backsides (licking and chewing). In a healthy dog or cat the bacteria normally found in their feces are Streptococci and Enterococci, more specifically, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus bovis, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Dogs have two anal sacs which are located in the connective tissue off the anus. There are many glands in dogs that secrete into the sac's lumen, filling them with fluid. The anal-sacs are usually made up of about 88% water, 11.5% organic and 0.5% inorganic matter. The secretion of anal gland content contains mucin, that is rich in sialic acid and other anti-microbial proteins, like lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and lactoferrin. There is also an abundance of gram-positive cocci since they are part of the anal glands normal flora. The organic components mainly consist of short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine. The anal-sac fluid can be secreted or expressed into the anal channel to serve as a scent marker for an individual's territory through their feces.

title: Anal gland


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Mitchell Hurwitz

Mitchell Donald "Mitch" Hurwitz (born May 29, 1963) is an American television writer, producer, and actor. He is best known as the creator of the television sitcom Arrested Development as well as the co-creator of The Ellen Show. He is also a contributor to The John Larroquette Show and The Golden Girls.

Early life
Hurwitz was born in 1963 to a Jewish family in Anaheim, California. In 1976, when Hurwitz was 12, he co-founded a chocolate-chip cookie business, called the Chipyard on Balboa Boulevard in Balboa Fun Zone in Newport Beach, California, in a former taco place, with his older brother, Michael, and his father, Mark. The Chipyard is still in operation in Boston. He graduated from Estancia High School in Costa Mesa, California, and from Georgetown University in 1985 with a double major in English and theology.

Early career
Hurwitz worked on several sitcoms in the 1980s and 1990s, including Nurses, The Golden Girls, The Golden Palace, The John Larroquette Show, The Ellen Show and the Michael J. Fox-produced pilot Hench at Home. He created Everything's Relative, a midseason comedy starring Jeffrey Tambor and Jill Clayburgh for NBC in 1999.

Arrested Development
Hurwitz was chosen by Ron Howard to create a sitcom about a rich dysfunctional family, which eventually turned into Arrested Development. Hurwitz wrote the pilot in 2002, which was filmed in March 2003. Fox added the show to its schedule in May. Despite laudatory reviews by television critics, Arrested Development received low ratings throughout its three-season run. In July 2004, the show was nominated for 7 Primetime Emmy Awards and won 5, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series.

In the second season, ratings decreased further and the show was cut down to 18 episodes instead of the planned 22 episodes. Nevertheless, the show was still critically acclaimed and was nominated for 11 Emmy Awards. In the show's third and final season on Fox, Hurwitz tried to keep Arrested Development on the air, but did not have the advertising funding to promote the series. The show was again cut down, from 18 episodes to 13. Fox announced the cancellation of the show before the production of the final five episodes.

After seven years off the air, Arrested Development returned for a fifteen-episode fourth season on the online movie and television streaming service Netflix on May 26, 2013. After yet another multi-year hiatus in which there was uncertainty of future seasons being developed, Netflix and the show's producers announced the development of a fifth season. The release was heralded by a re-edited twenty-two-episode version of the fourth season titled Season Four Remix: Fateful Consequences, released on Netflix on May 4, 2018. The fifth season consists of sixteen episodes, 8 of which were released simultaneously on May 29, 2018. The remaining 8 episodes were released simultaneously on March 15, 2019.

Series
Hurwitz created Fox's animated comedy Sit Down, Shut Up, based on an Australian TV series of the same name, for the 2008 season.

Hurwitz created Running Wilde, which aired for one season from 2010 to 2011. It was a collaboration with Arrested Development star Will Arnett.

Hurwitz signed a multiyear deal with Netflix in 2014. He executive produced Flaked starring Will Arnett and produced/co-created Lady Dynamite starring Maria Bamford for the network.

Pilots
Among Hurwitz's projects have been the US television adaptations of the British comedy shows The Thick of It (which was not picked up in the running for ABC's 2007–2008 TV season, though other networks such as HBO, Showtime and NBC have expressed interest) and Absolutely Fabulous.

My World And Welcome To It was a 2009 CBS television pilot, executive produced by Hurwitz, Jay Kogen, Kim Tannenbaum, and Barry Sonnenfeld. It was a comedy based on an earlier series My World and Welcome to It about being a dad in the 1960s which, in turn, drew material from James Thurber's collection of essays of the same name. Happiness Isn't Everything was also a 2009 CBS pilot, written by Hurwitz and Jim Vallely, starring Richard Dreyfuss, Jason Biggs, Ben Schwartz and Mary Steenburgen.

Acting
Hurwitz co-starred as "Cool Eric" in an episode of Workaholics titled "Dry Guys". Hurwitz plays a human resources representative who is aiding them in their pursuit of sobriety.

Hurwitz starred as "Koogler" in the Community episode "App Development and Condiments" (episode 8, season 5), which aired on March 6, 2014. He reprised the role in "Modern Espionage" (episode 11, season 6), which aired on May 19, 2015.

Personal life
Hurwitz is married to actress Mary Jo Keenen. They have two daughters: May Asami, born in 2000, and Phoebe Hitomi born in 2002. The name of Arrested Development character "Maeby" was the result of combining the names of Hurwitz's daughters.

Awards

 * 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series – Won
 * 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series – Won – "Pilot"
 * 2005 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series – Nominated
 * 2005 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series – Won – "Righteous Brothers" (with Jim Vallely)
 * 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series – Nominated
 * 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series – Nominated – "Arrested Development" (with Richard Day, Chuck Tatham and Jim Vallely)
 * 2009 16th Annual Austin Film Festival – Outstanding Television Writer Award – Won

title: Mitchell Hurwitz


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Phodopus

Phodopus, a genus of rodents in the hamster subfamily Cricetinae—a division of the larger family Cricetidae—is a lineage of small hamsters native to central Asia that display unusual adaptations to extreme temperatures. They are the only known hamsters that live in groups and, in some cases, rely on significant contributions by males to the raising of offspring. They are nocturnal and active throughout the year; they do not hibernate. Species of Phodopus, together with members of the genera Cricetulus, Allocricetulus and Tscherskia are called dwarf hamsters because of their small size (roughly 7 to 10 cm) relative to other hamsters.

Like other hamsters, members of Phodopus have a round body shape, short tails and cheek pouches in which they can store food. They all live in dry conditions with extreme temperatures. They inhabit the forests, steppes and semi-deserts of Mongolia, Siberia, China and Kazakhstan. Fossils of Phodopus have been found in Pleistocene and Pliocene deposits in Europe and Asia.

Phodopus species are commonly sold as small pets. They are also used as laboratory organisms for a variety of studies, especially involving seasonal endocrine variation. Some species are considered to be agricultural pests.

All three species are widespread and probably abundant, and are assessed as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List, unlike their larger cousin, the golden hamster, which is also kept as a pet and is listed as Vulnerable (VU). However, their ecology and population dynamics are not well understood. Historical records indicate they were once common in places where they no longer occur. Consequently, they are listed in the Kazakhstan Government Regulation of Approval of Rare and Endangered Animal and Plant Species Index (2006).

Systematics
Phodopus is one of seven genera within the subfamily Cricetinae, a group of rodents distributed throughout Eurasia. It contains hamsters distinguished from other hamsters by small size, short tails and fur covered feet. Fossils assignable to the genus occur in the Pleistocene in Europe and in the Late Pliocene of Kazakhstan, despite the fact that molecular data suggest the lineage is no younger than 8.5 million years.

Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. first described the genus Phodopus in 1910, designating Cricetulus bedfordiae as its type species. (C. bedfordiae is the species now called P. roborovskii.) The genus name derives from Ancient Greek φῳδός, phōdós (genitive of φῴς, phṓs) 'blister' and πούς, poús 'foot' and refers to the large pad on the sole of each foot.

Morphology has proved inadequate in providing characters for phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Cricetinae, but the group appears to be monophyletic based on molecular analyses. The genus Phodopus is one of three well-supported lineages in Cricetinae, the other two being the genus Mesocricetus and the Cricetus-related group (Cricetus, Tscherskia, Allocricetulus, and Cricetulus). Analysis of chromosomes supports these three lineages. Phodopus is sister to all other Cricetinae (meaning that it is the first lineage to diverge in the clade). Using several molecular dating techniques, researchers have determined that the Phodopus lineage may have originated 8.5 to 12.2 million years ago (mya). Other genetic dating analyses suggest a somewhat earlier origination of 13.5–14.1 mya. Fossils assignable to the genus are unknown before about 2.5 million years ago, but failure to identify the remains accurately may contribute to the apparent lack of older fossils.

As shown in the cladogram, Phodopus roborovskii is sister to Phodopus campbelli + Phodopus sungorus. The validity of P. campbelli as a species has been controversial. Some biologists consider it to be a subspecies of P. sungorus. Neumann et al. determined that, at least for cytochrome b, P. campbelli and P. sungorus do not display the level of genetic divergence characteristic of sister rodent species. Both taxa have 2n=28 chromosomes. However, evidence from hybridization with P. sungorus has suggested to some researchers that they are in fact separate species.

P. roborovskii, on the other hand, has levels of genetic divergence from the other two taxa in the genus characteristic of genera among small mammals. P. roborovskii is also distinct from the other species morphologically (in its smaller body size and pelage, for example) and ecologically (preferring sandy, arid habitats). P. roborovskii has 2n=34 chromosomes. For these reasons, Neumann et al. suggest removing P. sungorus and P. campbelli to the genus Cricetiscus.

Species
Biologists currently recognize three species of Phodopus: P. campbelli, P. sungorus and P. roborovskii. The validity of P. Campbelli is in dispute, and it has sometimes been considered a subspecies of P. sungorus.

The species of Phodopus do not have stable common names, even among biologists. "Djungarian" (or "Dzhungarian" or "Zungarian") and "Siberian" have been applied to both P. sungorus and P. campbelli in the scientific literature, and all three species have been called "desert" hamsters as well.

P. sungorus is known as:
 * Djungarian [or Dzhungarian ] hamster
 * Russian white or Russian winter white hamster
 * winter white (dwarf) hamster
 * Siberian hamster
 * striped hairy-footed hamster
 * striped desert hamster

P. campbelli is known as:
 * Djungarian [or Dzhungarian] hamster
 * Campbell's (dwarf) hamster
 * Campbell's desert hamster

P. roborovskii is known as:
 * desert hamster
 * Roborovski (dwarf) hamster
 * Roborovski's desert hamster
 * Robo (dwarf) hamster

Below is a key to the four species of dwarf hamster commonly kept as pets. Some dwarf hamsters are albino, in which case they will be primarily white and the fur colour characteristics will not serve to distinguish them. The characteristics in brackets will allow identification using characters other than pelage, but the traits are generally comparative and are more difficult to assess. The key is based on Ross 1998.

 * Has a visible tail. Foot pads not fur covered. → Cricetulus griseus
 * Has no visible tail, or at most a very short tail typical of hamsters. Foot pads fur covered.
 * Back without a dark stripe running from head to tail. Sides show a sharp transition from darker upper body fur to lighter under body fur. [Body size very small, head rounded when observed from above. Cusps and re-entrant folds of the upper and lower molars directly opposite. Feet with one large pad on the bottom surface.] → Phodopus roborovskii
 * Back with a dark stripe running from head to tail. Sides show darker upper body fur intergrading into lighter under body fur, forming a wave-like (or arched) interface. (If the hamster is all white, but the eyes are dark (not red) it is most likely P. sungorus in its winter pelage.) [Body size typical for dwarf hamsters, head rectangular when observed from above. Cusps and re-entrant folds of the upper and lower molars directly alternate. Feet with three pads on the bottom surface.]
 * Dark patch on the crown of the head. Fur on the under body is white at the base. No yellow or buffy highlights on the sides where the darker upper body fur meets the lighter underbody fur. [Ears small.] → Phodopus sungorus
 * Dark patch on crown of head lacking. Fur on the under body is slate gray at the base. May have yellow or buffy highlights on the sides where the darker upper body fur meets the lighter under body fur. [Ears larger.] → Phodopus campbelli

Campbell's dwarf hamster
Phodopus campbelli: The lips and cheeks have white fur, and the region around the ears is grey. A dark dorsal stripe runs from the base of the neck to the base of the tail. The fur on the throat, abdomen and legs is white, and the fur on top of the paws is silvery white. When the cheek pouches are full, they extend back to the shoulders. The average body mass is 23.4 g.

Winter white dwarf hamster
Phodopus sungorus: In the summer, the face is brown, which is slightly lighter than the fur around the mouth and ears. The rest of the head is dark brown with a black rim around each eye. A dark brown dorsal stripe runs from the back of the head to the base of the tail. The feet, tail, throat and abdomen are white, and the back is ash grey to dark brown.

Roborovski hamster
Phodopus roborovskii is the smallest species of Phodopus and of hamsters in general. The feet are unusually short, broad and densely hairy. The fur on the abdomen is grey, and the coat colour turns grey during moulting.

Adaptations to extreme environments
Phodopus species display a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to seasonal temperature extremes and aridity. To survive the exceptional cold of winter, they have evolved spherical, compact bodies with excellent insulation, including both fur and fat. Water is scarce in both summer and winter, and these hamsters have developed an excellent ability to conserve water by maintaining low evaporative water loss rates and concentrating urine.

During periods of extreme cold (below -20 °C), P. sungorus adopts a characteristic hunched posture, with its head and forepaws tucked under its belly. It fluffs its fur evenly, increasing its insulating quality. During periods of high heat (greater than 30 °C), this species flattens itself on its belly, with all four limbs splayed to the side. It grooms its fur into clumps, creating "ventilation gaps" between them.

Sociality has been considered an adaptation to the extreme environment, as well.

Diet
In the wild, Phodopus primarily collect and eat seeds and dry fruits. They also eat other plant parts and insects.

Habitats and conservation status
Phodopus species inhabit the mountainous forests, steppes, and semideserts of Mongolia and the adjacent areas of China, northeast Kazakhstan, and the southern part of the West Siberian lowlands of Tuva and Dauria. All three species are widespread, although some isolated local populations exist. All three species are probably abundant and are assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the IUCN Red List. They all occur to some extent in protected areas, at least in Mongolia, and are not thought to face significant threats to their existence. Because the status and dynamics of their populations are uncertain, some species are treated as species of concern (for example, the government of Kazakhstan requires monitoring of P. roborovskii )

Some species are clearly diminished in range and may have been extirpated as agricultural pests or by habitat destruction.

Interactions with humans
Since some populations and species of Phodopus, such as P. campbelli, inhabit areas with sparse human population and little potential for agriculture, they have little interaction with humans. Others, such as P. sungorus, have been perceived as significant agricultural pests.

Dwarf hamsters were introduced into the pet trade in the mid-1990s. They are considered excellent pets, especially for novice pet owners, because they are easy to maintain (requiring no special diet or conditions), are generally not aggressive to people, and tolerate living with other members of their species. Phodopus species have developed into important laboratory organisms. They provide an excellent model system for the evolution of hormonal control of photoperiod and seasonal physiological and behavioral changes, sociality, biparental offspring care, and behavioral ecology. Because Phodopus species have small chromosome numbers with easily distinguished chromosomes, they have been used for cytogenetic and cancer research. Because of their extreme cold tolerance, they have been used to study thermoregulation. One population of laboratory animals developed both glycosuria and ketonuria independently and has been used as a model for diabetes mellitus.

The first laboratory use of Phodopus stemmed from a breeding colony established in Leningrad at the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The animals became the seed stock from which other European lab colonies were started. The animals were said to have been trapped in Tuva and Siberia and were labeled as P. sungorus campbelli. Both P. sungorus and P. campbelli are popular research animals, especially as they differ enough in behavior and physiology to support fruitful comparison studies. More recently, P. roborovskii became an important research animal, as well.

title: Phodopus


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User talk:Dragon Seen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Instantnood 05:52, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
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HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. Thanks for your contributions to some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 05:52, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Commons
Thanks a lot for the picture of Mr Lam Bun. You can, alternatively, upload the pictures at Wikimedia Commons, so that other language versions of Wikipedia can also use it. And by the way please add copyright information of the pictures on the image description pages. — Instantnood 05:52, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:LamBun.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:LamBun.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 07:00, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Twgsslogo.gif, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 17:58, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dragon Seen


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Mark Wohlers

Mark Edward Wohlers (born January 23, 1970) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. A right-hander, he played all or parts of 12 seasons in Major League Baseball, exclusively as a relief pitcher. He is best known for his years with the Atlanta Braves from 1991 to 1999. He is the third fastest recorded pitcher in baseball history, having thrown a pitch recorded at 103 miles per hour during a spring training session in 1995; the record was broken by Detroit Tigers pitcher Joel Zumaya with a 104 mi/h pitch.

Early life
Wohlers grew up "dirt poor" in Holyoke, Massachusetts. His parents divorced when he was nine years old and he was raised primarily by his mother, Irene. He began working at fourteen years old, washing dishes in a restaurant until midnight. Wohlers committed to play college baseball for the Maine Black Bears before graduating from Holyoke High School in 1988.

Career
Wohlers was selected in the eighth round of the 1988 amateur draft by the Braves. He went on to make his major league debut with the Braves on August 17, 1991. On September 11, Wohlers teamed with fellow Braves hurlers Kent Mercker and Alejandro Peña for a combined no-hitter against the San Diego Padres; Wohlers pitched two innings in relief of Mercker. The 13th no-hitter in Braves franchise history, attendance was 20,477 at Fulton-County Stadium in the 1–0 shutout win.

After spending the following three seasons as a setup pitcher, Wohlers was given the job as a closer in 1995. He went on to record 97 saves over the next three seasons, also saving the 1–0 victory in the clinching Game 6 of the 1995 World Series, establishing himself as one of the best closers in the majors.

Wohlers' success would not last forever. In Game 4 of the 1996 World Series against the New York Yankees, Wohlers gave up a stunning 3-run home run to Jim Leyritz that tied the game at 6. After this, the momentum of the Series shifted and the Yankees won it in six games. Many observe that Wohlers was never the same after that. In 1998, he seemed to lose all ability to control his pitches. He spent part of the season at Triple-A Richmond, but still finished the season with a major league earned run average of 10.18. His control problems were dramatic. In $20 1/3$ major league innings, Wohlers walked 33 batters. After being sent down to Triple-A, Wohlers walked 36 batters in only $12 1/3$ innings. His symptoms were a prime example of what is commonly known as Steve Blass disease – a psychological block which manifests itself when baseball players overthink the act of throwing a baseball and consequently become unable to throw with any sort of control. The Associated Press called him "the 1990s poster child for Steve Blass disease."

He began the following season in a similar fashion: in two outings he recorded an ERA of 27.00 in $2/3$ of an inning, with 6 walks. The Atlanta faithful, although frustrated with Wohlers' seemingly constant fastballs to the backstop or behind batters, rallied behind the embattled pitcher and would fervently cheer him on whenever he was in the game. After being recalled from Richmond, he entered a game and recorded a strikeout, his first in months, and received a rousing standing ovation from the crowd at Turner Field.

On April 16, 1999, the Braves traded Wohlers to the Cincinnati Reds in return for John Hudek. The day after signing for the Reds he was put on the disabled list with an anxiety disorder. While undergoing treatment for his anxiety, Wohlers had Tommy John surgery on his elbow, which ended his season. Wohlers returned to baseball for the 2000 season in his old role as a setup man. He split the following season between the Reds and the Yankees before being traded to the Cleveland Indians prior to the 2002 season.

In his first season with the Indians, Wohlers recorded an ERA of 4.79, with seven saves, three wins, four losses, and a much improved walk ratio. After experiencing pain in his right elbow in spring training before the 2003 season, Wohlers had an operation to remove several bone chips, ruling him out for the first two months of the season. His season ended in the second game of his rehabilitation assignment at Double-A Akron when he ruptured the tendon graft he had had in his elbow in 1999. He had Tommy John surgery for the second time in August of that year, which should have allowed him to return for the 2004 season. However, Wohlers decided not to return for personal reasons and was released by the Indians. He did not return to baseball, although he never formally announced his retirement. His career record is 39–29 with an ERA of 3.97 and 119 saves.

Personal life
Wohlers' first wife, Nancy, filed for divorce in Fulton County Superior Court in July 1998. Their daughter, Austyn, was born in 1996.

In the early morning of March 1, 2011, Wohlers' home in Milton, Georgia, caught fire, burnt down in under an hour, and was considered a "total loss" by the local fire department. However, some of Wohlers' sports memorabilia was recovered from his basement. He has credited his wife, Kimberly, with getting him, his two sons, and youngest daughter out of the house in time. His eldest daughter was not present at the time of the fire. Wohlers and his wife currently run an Atlanta real estate business called Team Wohlers, at Solid Source Realty.

In popular culture
Wohlers was one of three Atlanta Braves to appear on Saturday Night Live when he made a cameo appearance alongside teammates Gerald Williams and Pedro Borbón, Jr. on the December 13, 1997, episode hosted by Helen Hunt.

title: Mark Wohlers


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Altavilla Silentina

Altavilla Silentina is a town and comune located in the province of Salerno, Campania, some 100 km south of Naples, Italy.

Geography
Altavilla Silentina is spread on two ridges of a hill. It is shielded on the northeastern side by the Alburni Mountains and on the West looks at the plain of the Sele River and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The panorama includes the island of Capri, the mountains of the Amalfi Coast and the Gulf of Salerno in its northern part. The river Calore Salernitano touches much of its western boundaries.

History
The territory of Altavilla has been populated since the 7th century BCE as demonstrated by archaeological finds on the territory, in the locality of San Lorenzo. In the nearby rural territory of Altavilla Silentina, by the Sele River, it is thought to have taken place the final battle where Spartacus and 60,000 fellow slaves who rebelled against the Roman Republic were definitely defeated by the Roman general Pompey in 71 BCE. A district of a nearby town is today called Pompeo.

The history of the modern Altavilla began around the year 1080 when the Normans with Robert Guiscard erected the Norman Castle that dominates the town and the Church of St. Giles. The town was built on triangular shape fortified with walls and three main gates: St. Blaise's Gate, Susa's Gate, Carina's Gate. The current name, Altavilla, derives from that of Guiscard's family,  the Hauteville.

In 1246, having sided with the town of Capaccio and other local barons against the emperor Frederick II, Altavilla was completely razed to the ground. The breach was opened in a section of the old town that still today bears the nickname of muro rutto ("broken wall"). The city was newly built because of its strategic position dominating the plain of Sele River and was designed in a quadrangular shape, with the addition of a New Gate called "Portanova" (New Door).

During the 15th century the Franciscans arrived in Altavilla and built a two-storey convent with a center cloister, and around it they built a Church dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, a refectory, a library and a parlor. The Franciscan remained in Altavilla until 1860, when with the Unification of Italy, many religious convent were confiscated.

On 9 September 1862, with a resolution of the town hall, Altavilla took the second name of 'Silentina' because located between the rivers Sele and Alento, in order to be recognized among the 5 other towns that in Italy bear the first name of Altavilla.

In World War II, it was the seat of clashes between the German occupation forces and Allied troops.

Main sights
The oldest church is the Church of Saint Giles, founded by the Normans. It is situated on the high part of the Middle Ages section of the town. Since the Irpinia earthquake of 23 November 1980 the church has not been used for religious celebrations.

The Church of St. Blaise is located on the lower part of the medieval quarter of town, and gives the name to the Gate of St. Blaise, that was the entrance of the medieval village.

The main parish of Altavilla is located in the center of the old town, facing the Piazza Antico Sedile ("Ancient Seat square"), that was probably the "town hall" of the medieval Altavilla. The church was built in 1796  as  written on the main inscription above St. Antoninus niche.

Other churches include:
 * Convent of St. Francis
 * Congrega of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
 * Our Lady of Mount Virgin (cemetery chapel)
 * Our Lady Assunta in St. Blaise (Cerrelli)
 * Our Lady of Snow (Carillia)
 * Newly built Church in Cerrocupo

title: Altavilla Silentina


text:
User:Kzzl/Ish

one of the most important words ever see user:dzzl/Dzzl

title: User:Kzzl/Ish


text:
2nd Alberta Legislature

The 2nd Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from March 23, 1909, to April 17, 1913, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1909 Alberta general election which was held on March 22, 1909. The Legislature officially resumed on March 23, 1909, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued and dissolved on March 25, 1913, prior to the 1913 Alberta general election.

Alberta's second government was controlled by the majority Liberal Party led by Premier Alexander Rutherford until he resigned on May 26, 1910 due to the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal, Rutherford was subsequently replaced by Arthur Sifton. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party led by Richard Bennett for the first session, followed by Edward Michener for the remaining sessions. The Speaker was Charles W. Fisher who continued in the role from the 1st assembly, and would serve in the role until his death from the 1918 flu pandemic in 1919.

The total number of seats in the assembly was increased from 25 contested in the 1905 election to 41.

The Act respecting the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Prior to the 1913 election, the Liberal government introduced An Act to amend the Act respecting the Legislative Assembly of Alberta which increased the number of seats in the Alberta Legislature from 41 to 56 and redistributed the boundaries of several constituencies.

The Direct Legislation Act
Following pressure from the growing United Farmers of Alberta, the Alberta Legislature passed The Direct Legislation Act, which was assented to on March 25, 1913. The Act enabled a referendum to be held if an initiative petition received a sufficient number of signatures, which was electors equally ten per cent of the votes polled in the previous general election, and an initiative petition could succeed if endorsed by 20 per cent of the votes polled in the previous election. The Act afforded a number of protections for the Legislature, noting that any initiative which would create a grant or charge on public revenue, or outside of provincial jurisdiction was invalid. While the Conservative Party's 1912 convention included an endorsement of Direct Legislation provisions, the party leader Edward Michener called it a "vote-catching device" and George Hoadley wondered if the Act would be successful compared to similar legislation in Saskatchewan. Socialist member Charles M. O'Brien described the bill as "ridiculous" and "neither consistent, systematic or scientific".

Scandals
The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal was a political scandal in 1910, which forced the resignation of the Liberal provincial government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford. Rutherford and his government were accused of giving loan guarantees to private interests for the construction of the Alberta and Great Waterways (A&GW) Railway that substantially exceeded the actual cost of construction, and which paid interest considerably above the market rate. They were also accused of exercising insufficient oversight over the railway's operations.

The scandal split the Liberal Party: Rutherford's Minister of Public Works, William Henry Cushing, resigned from his government and publicly attacked its railway policy, and a large portion of the Liberal caucus voted to defeat the government in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Although the government survived all of these votes, and Rutherford largely placated the legislature by appointing a royal commission to investigate the affair, pressure from Lieutenant-Governor George Bulyea forced Rutherford's resignation and his replacement by Arthur Sifton.

The royal commission reported months after Rutherford had already resigned. The majority did not find Rutherford or his cabinet guilty of any wrongdoing, but criticized them for poor judgment, both in relation to the loan guarantees and in relation to the exemptions the A&GW received from provincial legislation; a minority report was more sympathetic, and declared the allegations against them "disproved". James Cornwall, a Liberal backbencher who supported Rutherford, fared somewhat worse: his personal financial involvement in the railway gave rise to "suspicious circumstances", but he too was not proven guilty of any wrongdoing.

Besides provoking Rutherford's resignation, the scandal opened rifts in the Liberal Party that took years to heal. Sifton eventually smoothed over most of these divisions, but was frustrated in his railway policy by legal defeats. He ultimately adopted a similar policy to Rutherford's, and the A&GW was eventually built by private interests using the money raised from provincial loan guarantees. The Liberals went on to be re-elected in 1913 and 1917.

Members elected during the 1909 Alberta Provincial Election
For complete electoral history, see individual districts

By-elections
By-elections are only shown if new members were elected

Floor crossings

 * June 22, 1910—Archibald McLean crossed the floor to the Liberal Party to accept a cabinet portfolio, he was acclaimed in a by-election
 * Date Unknown—James Cornwall leaves the Liberal Party and becomes an Independent

title: 2nd Alberta Legislature


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User:Kzzl/Vonn

a very important word ''see user:dzzl/Dzzl

title: User:Kzzl/Vonn


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User:EmanuelArruda

Hi. My name is Emanuel Arruda but you can call my Manny. I am a real estate investor and Partner and Director of Communications for Praten Properties - a private real estate syndicator.

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title: User:EmanuelArruda


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tolkien metal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was was redirect to Mithril. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:45, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tolkien metal
All these bullshit metal "genres" have to go. While metal bands frequently employ lyrics derived or inspired by Tolkien's literature, this is not enough to warrant the declaration of a new genre. The only band that has a consistent Tolkien theme is Summoning, and even so, their music is not identified as "Tolkien metal" by them or their fans. What this page lacks in information it more than compensates for in inaccuracies. The only ostensible connection between Isengard and "Tolkien metal" is the band's name; Isengard is a folk metal side project of Darkthrone's Fenriz. OnwardToGolgotha 05:58, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Some of the bands appear to describe themselves that way, and I see some metal e-zine results.  A lot of the results are Wikipedia mirrors though (and there are quite a lot of them), however.  I don't see any harm done in leaving it here; it appears legitimate. --Idont Havaname 06:46, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mithril. Radiant_* 11:33, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Mithril has nothing to do with the music, though. I suspect a joke. :-) --Idont Havaname 18:34, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not a joke... when I hear the term 'tolkien metal', what I think of is 'mithril' rather than some obscure subgenre of music. I do realize it's silly though :) And yes, I did mean delete & redirect. Radiant_ >|< 01:54, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, joke redirects have their own special place. We did have somebody trying to redirect Culture of England to Pub.  And, er... yes... there is one page of Google hits for "mithril" + "Tolkien metal". --Idont Havaname 06:18, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Grins. Redirect per R. --Scimitar 13:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mithril, per Radiant!. -- BD2412 talk 14:01, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Delete imaginary music genres. No one refers to mithril as "Tolkien metal." —Wahoofive (talk) 23:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. My sense of humour also permits a redirect to mithril if that outcome is supported by wikiconsensus. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 01:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mithril. :) NeoJustin 02:17, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mithril with much praise for Radiant. -- Jonel 04:10, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep I have heard this term used before, but I'm not sure where. Falphin 19:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As other editors have said, it's pretty much a fake genre.  (For those above, note that "redirect" votes will essentially count as "keep"s.) Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:52, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this because Mithril has nothing at all to do with the music genre called "Tolkien metal"? --Idont Havaname 02:41, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's just that, as the Guide to Votes for deletion explains: "There are thus just two basic votes: Keep, indicating that you wish the article and its edit history to be kept; Delete, indicating that you wish the article and its edit history to be deleted. All other votes are simply shorthands for one of those two actions". ""Redirect to Example" is a shorthand for "Keep and change into a redirect article pointing to Example"."  Admins generally count redirect votes as keeps, despite the firther explanation: "A voter who votes "Redirect" usually does so in the belief that whilst the article's content is discardable, a redirect should exist to redirect readers who use that article title to a more complete, more general, or simply pre-existing article."  Personally, I take that to be much more on the "delete" side of things, but I'm in a minority I think. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:55, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would hope—in a perhaps somewhat forlorn and futile manner—that any closing sysop would have the sense to read the redirect to mithril votes as delete and create redirect (another permissible vote), rather than keep. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 21:29, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For the benefit of the sysop, that's essentially what my redirect vote meant... although, frankly, I'm not sure it much matters whether the history is kept or discarded, if the term is a redirect. -- BD2412 talk 18:44, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Weak delete or redirect. -Sean Curtin 02:31, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mithril or Galvorn. Salleman 00:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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La Trobe's Cottage

La Trobe's Cottage is a historic cottage in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, built in 1839 by the first superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, Charles La Trobe, and his family.

Construction and significance
The cottage was constructed out of prefabricated materials imported from England on 50000 m2 of land at Jolimont, near where the Melbourne Cricket Ground now stands. When the colony achieved independence from New South Wales in 1851 La Trobe was made the first Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria and, although land had been reserved in Kings Domain as the site for a future Government House, he remained living with his family in this cottage at Jolimont until his departure for England in 1854.

The cottage is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its historical, social and architectural significance. It is one of the few surviving examples still standing of prefabricated houses from this period of history and gives an insight into early colonial domestic architecture and living arrangements. Personal effects of La Trobe and his family are still contained in the cottage. The dining room added by La Trobe is believed to be the oldest surviving structure built in Melbourne. The architectural style is described as Pre-separation colonial Georgian.

Jolimont and the Bedggoods
John Sharp, in a letter to the editor of The Argus of May 1888, refers to 'Governor La Trobe's cottage residence in Jolimont' which had been removed 'several years ago'. Sharp said he had two photographs of the building, one of which he sent to the Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil 'in the hope that some day it may be useful'. In June of that year, the Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil published an illustration based on Sharp's photograph and noted that he was a former owner of the cottage which 'still stands'. They published another illustration based on a photograph provided by its then owner H. W. Patton and repeated Sharps' contention that the cottage had also been the home of Charles Perry, the first Anglican bishop of Melbourne, and Hugh Childers, a Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. In November of that year the Australian Sketcher wrote that 'Governor Latrobe's cottage' was owned by 'Messers. Alfred Fenton and Sons' while 'the quaint old place which Bishop Perry occupied... was some time ago pulled down to make room for the residence of Mr. Sharp'. This different cottage 'at the corner of Wellington-parade and Jolimont-terrace' had also been the home of Childers.

In 1914, the cottage was the property of Messers. Bedggood and Company, who had their boot manufacturing company on an adjoining Jolimont block. It was proposed that the cottage, which was in an 'advanced state of decay', be demolished to extend the Bedggood premises. Daniel Bedggood agreed to a proposal by the 'Early Pioneers Association', who were 'interested in the old edifice as a relic of Australian history', that the intended demolition be delayed 'for a few days' so that 'leading citizens', including the mayor, Premier William Watt and state governor Sir Arthur Stanley, could visit the site. During the visit there were a number of speakers about the cottage and its history and the governor was reported as saying that 'Old landmarks disappeared with the advance of a progressive city' but he hoped 'some kind of mural record should be placed' on the boot factory extension. Daniel Bedggood, 'promised the Government whatever portion of the building that was desired as a relic' and 'stated his intention of erecting a building in his own garden with the remaining material'. A later news report from 1942 stated that the Bedggood family extended the factory but 'the main section of the cottage was preserved in its original state' while 'in more recent times, as a centenary gesture' the company 'had a garden of early 19th century design planted around the cottage' and they 'opened it for public inspection'. Pencil sketches of the cottage and its grounds from the era when the La Trobe family were in residence were donated by Charles La Trobe's grandchildren to the state of Victoria in 1924. The sketches were the work of Edward Bateman, Charles La Trobe's cousin. Later that year The Argus newspaper reproduced one of Bateman's sketches adding that 'until recently the remains' of the cottage 'were still standing at the rear of the factory of Bedggood and Co. Pty. Ltd., in Agnes Street'. Two watercolours 'dated 1842 or 1844' depictions of the cottage were also donated by another La Trobe grandchild in 1934.

Thunderstorms were reported to have damaged the cottage in 1935 which was 'already weakened by senile decay in its ninety-fifth year'. Rain had 'severely damaged the ceiling of the old banqueting hall' and two sheets of iron were blown off the roof. Contractors had concerns 'another heavy storm might send the tall brick chimney crashing down'. H.L. Bedggood of owners Bedggood and Co. said that 'the damaged ceiling would be repaired immediately' while the 'rusted' roof 'would be painted with a covering of red oxide' which 'would not enhance the appearance of the building but would help to preserve it'.

A photograph and article from The Argus' 'Week-end Magazine' in 1941 stating that the cottage had been removed from the site and rebuilt at Mt. Evelyn received reader replies, including one from a representative of the Historical Society of Victoria, that the removed building had belonged to a Thomas Elder Boyd, not La Trobe. A further reader reply, from a correspondent of Charles La Trobe's daughter Eleanor, wrote that when 'Bedggood bought Governor La Trobe's house he wrote me and told me he had framed a letter he received from Miss La Trobe and attached it to the cottage'.

In March, 1942 it was reported that the cottage was to be demolished to make way for an air raid shelter that would accommodate 350 people. The following month 'a portion of the cottage' was 'taken down'. Mr. H.L. Bedggood said that the family would demolish the cottage 'with regret' to build the air shelter for its factory workers but it was a choice between destroying the 'old building' or the more recently added 19th century garden. However, 'if possible' the 'front portion of the cottage' would be retained.

The bricks from the demolition were turned into doorstops by 'Mrs. H. C. Colville, Burke rd, Hawthorn and sold at the 'Red Cross Variety Shop at 82 Collins st, Melbourne'. In making the doorstops 'Mrs Colville covers the sides and back with green felt, and on the front is a small copper plate bearing the inscription "Brick from residence of Victoria's first Governor, 1839."' The doorstops sold for 3 shillings but for an extra shilling the buyer could 'have the brick covered with felt to match the room where it will be used'. The Red Cross had other bricks from the cottage for sale which 'would be most suitable for use as garden paving squares or surrounds' and, for 10 shillings and sixpence, landscape gardener Edna Walling would 'plan designs and supervise construction'. Also available for sale were 'other interesting relics from the cottage' including '5 windows with wood and metal frames', 3 doors, '10 panel wall sections' and 'one pair of cedar shutters'.

Before the 1956 Summer Olympics, that were held in Melbourne, a letter to editor remarked on the 'sorry condition' of the cottage with its roof 'thick with rust, the walls dingy with grime, the garden untidy' and expressed the hope it would be 'tidied up before the Games'. In reply, the following day, Horace Bedggood was quoted as saying: "'We have left the building there as an antique for people to see and naturally it looks like an antique... Architects tell us it would fall down if we interfered with it too much.'"

Relocation
In December 1963, the rebuilt cottage was officially opened at its new location in Kings Domain, as an historical landmark. It was later moved again, a short distance, and is now located backing on to Dallas Brooks Drive. It represents an early example of conservation of an endangered heritage building, utilising early techniques of heritage preservation but the cottage is 'largely a reconstruction' and it 'contains within it a small portion of authentic fabric, including one wall of the building originally prefabricated by Manning of London'. It is now operated as a museum by the National Trust of Australia, and is regularly open to the public.

title: La Trobe's Cottage