text:
Talk:Trincomalee

To the LTTE-rump editors in here
This is an article about trincomalee, not an article to see which ethnicity is more compassionate towards others or who is more cruel. Please refer to the following section from the article and see how ridiculous it sounds and give reasons as to the relevance of it to an article about trincomalee.

''Sri Lankan Tamils consider this place to be sacred to them and are widely believed to be the indigenous people of the area. Trincomalee and its environs have many Tamil Hindu sites of historical importance. These sites are sacred to the Hindus and some Buddhists worship in these Hindu sites.'' ''Even though King Mahasena demolished the Sivan Temple and built a Mahayana Buddhist temple on the hilltop the Hindus of this area maintain a good peaceful relationships with the minority Sinhala Buddhists living in the area. This was possible because Hinduism being a peaceful religion was tolerant and does not advocate violence even when the Buddhist committed disruptive acts.''

Please reword the above or it will be removed as it lacks sources and its blatantly offensive one toethnic group. --203.167.243.169 (talk) 22:51, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

TrincoOnline
http://chat.carleton.ca/~jshanthi/trincoonline/

copyright clearance?
11 May 2006: This article on Trincomalee seems to a verbatim quote of another website: http://kataragama.org/sacred/koneswaram.htm

Capital of Tamil Eelam
Trincomalee has declared as capital even before they loose the control over Jaffna. I corrected it.--Mayooresan 16:42, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

More biased
This article seems more biased... I think some one editing it in order to make a view like Trincomalee is a Sinhala area and Tamils have just jumped in after 13 th century. Anyhow I corrected and add some more information.--Mayooresan 06:56, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Any disputes have to be solved here.. so I asked to provide enough ref to the information like thirukonamalai is a old sinhala word. --Mayooresan 07:16, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

A Balanced Record with Citations
I introduced edits to reflect the complex history of Trincomalee district that is at once both Hindu and Buddhist. I refer to sources such as the Mahavamsa, the Culavamsa, the Agni Purana, the Tevaram, the Dakshina Kailasa Puranam, the Konesar Kalvettu in Pali, Sanskrit and Tamil respectively.

I notice that Snowolf removed my edits which I then reintroduced.

It merits mention that ethnic cleansing took place due to the action of all armed actors i.e. the LTTE and Government. To make mention of the former and not the latter is partial.

The history of the place needs to be based on rigorous source material, not mytho-nationalism as attempted in certain instances in the earlier version which I corrected with reference to due literary citations. --Dipendra2007 14:45, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Dipendra,

I completely agree with your take since you provide due references. The one SnowolfD tried to insert is a Buddhist nationalist perspective that tried to mention that the Buddhist temple preceded the Hindu. And he deleted the literary references that you provided to the contrary. It looks like Rajapakse's politics is playing itself out in Wikipedia. This chap is selective in his deletions - to prove Sinhala primacy. --MrinaliniB 15:08, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but bar Mahavamsa and Chulavamsa, non of those texts will pass WP:RS. In the case of the Mahavamsa, if you are referencing anything, you should provide links to the relevant page on a version found online. --snowolfD4( talk / @ ) 16:14, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

-- How dare you Snowwolfd4! You are a blatant Sinhalese supremacist. It is now evident that the Sinhalese Tamil conflict has erupted in Wikipedia.

Who are you to mention that non of the texts will pass except for the Mahavamsa and Culavamsa. Are you the judge and historical authority here? The Agni Purana, the Tevaram, the Konesar Kalvettu are literary texts just as legitimate as the Mahavamsa and Culavamsa. In fact, the Agni Purana and Teveram are just as well known than the Mahavamsa in orientalist circles. You are obviously no historian but a racist.

I will not give in to your bias and prejudice. I will check this page every day and insist that the more nuanced version introduced by Dipendra is maintained. No wonder your country is messed up!!! No one respects other historical perspectives duly supported by evidence --MrinaliniB 14:27, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Mrinalini is right. Trincomalee has a diverse archeological legacy. There are different historical accounts. All should be reflected in the text with supporting evidence. Dipendra did that. The Thevaram is hugely important in the Hindu religious tradition and it is crucial source material here. Snowolf should not be dictatorial and a censor. --Dharman Dharmaratnam 14:46, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Simply put, you are deleting text that you don't agree with and adding your interpretation of history. Per WP:NPOV and WP:V that is just not allowed on Wikipedia. Feel free to make your own blog or websites about your theories, but don't try to degrade the accuracy of Wikipedia. I'm not even going to get into how reliable ancient Hindu poems are. What next? Are we going to include the story of Rama and his army of monkey's as a fact in the History of Sri Lanka article?

 * And this incivility is really not getting you anywhere.--snowolfD4( talk / @ ) 16:02, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Snowolf:

I reverted your changes. It is you who are deleting text that you do not agree with.

The Mahavamsa is seen by many as myth. I have instead retained reference to it as one authentic text, out of many. The Agni Purana and the Tevaram are likewise referenced for similar reason since they provide historical data. The version in Wikipedia which you insist upon itself has many inaccuracies.

For instance, the word "Kone" in Tamil is not "East". It means "king" or "lord". Likewise the reportedly Sinhalese etymological origins of the word Trincomalee is itself in doubt. But I retained reference to it out of respect to earlier authors who celebrate a different tradition. The fact remains that the earlier author did not provide convincing evidence or a citation to prove his/her theory which I suspect is flawed. But I did not arbitrarily delete it since many are of that view.

What you have done it to delete any reference to Hindu texts while only keeping Buddhist texts as source material. That is your PoV. I think the edits I made (which by the way are not complete out of due respect to earlier authors who were presumably Sinhalese judging by their tone) provide more information on the history of the place.

You can not arbitrarily censor. Neither are you the sole judge of what source materials are acceptable or not. There are many texts. Remember, I did not delete references to the Mahavamsa. I retained it. Likewise, respect the Hindu texts.

If the Ramayana has reference to the army of monkeys, the Mahavamsa has references to the flying Buddha! Anyway, that argument is irrelevant. What we are talking about the history of Trincomalee and you can not erase the Hindu part of it just as we can not erase the Buddhist part of it. Remember, I retained the reference to Thiriyai although the inscriptions there are in the Pallava script of the Tamil land. But let us celebrate its Buddhist character as you ought to acknowledge the Hindu origins of Swami Rock.

Likewise with the ethnic cleansing. Both sides have resorted to it. Many allege that the military did just that in August last year. So please respect that their is a plurality of evidence, not just the ones you choose to prefer. It is you who is degrading the accuracy of Wikepedia.

Best--Dipendra2007 16:33, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

--- Lahiru

I am surprised at the arbitrary nature of reversions resorted by both Snowolf4 and you. Just examine the version that you both insist upon. It is full of unsubstantiated material without solid references to back it up! Let me repeat. Do provide an authentic neutral citation to confirm that the alleged Buddhist vihara predated the Hindu temple. Many think this is pure fiction. Please provide hard evidence for the alleged etymological links between the Sinhalese "Sirigonakanda" and "Tirikunamalaya". Likewise, do provide a recognized neutral source for the reported existence of the Sirigonakanda vihara on Swami rock. Do cite your source for the nomenclature as to the Pali name Gokanna. What is the source for the information that the Buddhist remains in Thiriyai was called Giri Kanda Chaitiya.

It is clear that both Snowolf and you are motivated by the simple political expediency to assert that the Buddhist presence in Trincomalee predated the Hindu and to emphasize the Sinhalese identity over the Tamil. This fits in with the political goal of repeated post-independence Sri Lankan administrations to Sinhalize the Trincomalee district relying on the Mahavamsa which some claim is ethno-nationalist myth.

You over turn my more nuanced narrative (which retains reference to the Mahavamsa btw) and revert to a version with huge assumptions, leaps of faith and points of view unsupported by hard evidence or citations what so ever. I have provided material to give a more balanced narrative. And I herewith revert the text to the version with citations until you can prove the material that I provide as incorrect

The corrections I introduced provide both sides of the story. This explains why I chose not to delete the earlier material despite the numerous unsubstantiated information and leaps of faith that would fail a simple history examination in any accredited university - except in Sri Lanka of course where history is so politicized.--Dipendra2007 04:03, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Well put, Dipendra. Lahiru should provide evidence from a recognized neutral authority (eg. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society) or a classical text - be it Sanskrit, Pali or Tamil. He should back his assertion with hard archeological or literary evidence as you put it. --Dharman Dharmaratnam 12:22, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I suggest you look at your edits before going after the work of others. Where are your citations?
 * Tiru-kona-malai, meaning "Sacred hill of the Lord".
 * Agni Purana refers to a Siva temple on Trikuta hill on the eastern coast of Lanka in the 3rd century.
 * The Hindu temple was also documented in several late medieval texts such as the Konesar Kalvettu and the Dakshina Kailasa Puranam.
 * To name a few things. And read WP:CITE, which provides information as to how citations should be provided on Wikipedia. You can't just say this book mentions that or whatever. You need to to provide reliable sources which ascertain you edits. original research is not allowed on Wikipedia. --snowolfD4( talk / @ ) 18:44, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

- Hi 'Sinhalese nationalist' Snowolf4 - anyone who knows Tamil would tell you that 'Thiru' means sacred, 'malai' means mountain and 'kone' means king or lord. Kone does not mean 'east'!!! You obviously do not know what you are talking about since none of this is original research! It is widely known in the academic domain.

I have reverted your pro-Sinhalese changes. Start your own web site to propagate your unsubstantiated views on history. This is Wikipedia, not the Ceylon Daily News or Lakdiva! Sri Lanka is so polarized! --MrinaliniB 04:55, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Mrinalini,

Based on Snowolf4's comments (which he does not apply to his one-sided version), I have included reference to printed publications from which my edits can be ascertained. I had earlier cited the classical texts. The additional reference to printed material available in academic libraries would further strengthen my previous citation of the literary texts.

He tries to Sinhalize the Trincomalee district with reference to ethno-nationalist myth. This has more to do with contemporary Sri Lankan politics than rigorous history and academic evidence. Notice that he relies on recent Sri Lankan newspaper clippings :-)--Dipendra2007 06:17, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

The Cholas and Trincomalee
The Cholas captured a large part of Sri Lanka in 993 CE and ruled over it until 1070 CE. They referred to their territory in the island as Eela-mandalam. This territory was divided into several vala-nadus which were in turn subdivided into nadu's. These were the Chola territorial divisions. The Chola governor in Sri Lanka was called "Ilankaiyar-kiraivan". The capital was at Jana-natha-puram, present day Polonnaruwa. What is today the Trincomalee district was divided into four vala-nadus i.e. Vikrama chola valanadu, Rajaraja valanadu, Rajendra chola valanadu and Vira-parakesari valanadu. A considerable tract of agricultural land in the district was dedicated for the upkeep of the Tirukoneswaram temple. On the other hand, the agricultural produce of five villages in Kottiyaram bay were dedicated to the upkeep of the Chola temple to Siva at Tanjore. This information duly cited merits inclusion in the text. --Dharman Dharmaratnam 16:57, 5 May 2007 (UTC). I am sorry to other contributors of this article for any inconvenience this clean-up may cause. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 18:56, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Buddhist historical sites
I am sure there are Buddhist historical sites in Trincomalee, but the question here is specially about the Seruvila Mangala Raja Maha Viharaya. I found a UN site saying this landmark is in the location of the Village of Toppur, Koddiyar Pattu of Trincomalee District. See here. The only question now is how far does the city extend to as I am sure this article is about the urban city itself.--Blackknight12 (talk) 03:01, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing some sanity to this dispute Blackknight12. Seruvila Mangala Raja Maha Viharaya is about 24km / 15 miles from Trincomalee City Hall. This is approximately the same distance BIA is from Colombo Fort. This map shows that urban limits of the city is the peninsula and northern environs. This map shows that the route between Trincomalee and Seruvila goes through Muttur (sea route) or Kinniya (land route). Muttur and Kinniya are towns in their own right.-- obi2canibe talk contr 13:13, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Mmmm after reading these details I wounder if Trincomalee can acutely be called a city ? Cossde (talk) 15:10, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I saw some maps that read the same thing so how ever big the Trincomalee town is the Seruvila Mangala Raja Maha Viharaya is on the other side of the bay. So I will remove that Seruvila Mangala Raja Maha Viharaya section.--Blackknight12 (talk) 01:09, 12 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks.-- obi2canibe talk contr 13:37, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

City or Town?
I am currently pursuing a degree in Geography/Urban Studies and I am in the opinion/understanding that is Trincomalee is a city. There are sources to back up my claim as well: 1 etc. Intoronto1125 Talk Contributions   14:03, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * First part of your statement is PoV therefore irrelevant, secondly the article stated by you states "The Cabinet of Ministers met under the chairmanship of President Mahinda Rajapaksa has decided to develop Trincomalee as a Port City". If it is already a city then why develop it ? This article in its self shows that Trincomalee is not a city but has the possibility to become. Cossde (talk) 16:45, 23 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay its my opinion/understanding, but don't you understand that have expertise in that area? Do you have any sort of education in Urban studies to prove me wrong? A city of 100,000 is not a town. Secondly, developing it as a port city means creating a port, sort of like Hambantota but that doesn't mean its a town.  Intoronto1125 Talk Contributions   17:04, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * That is the valid point raised by User:Intoronto: (1. A city of 100,000 is not a town. (2. Developing it as a port city means creating a port, sort of like Hambantota but that doesn't mean its a town.Vankalaian (talk) 17:14, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * First, your opinion/understanding is PoV and shall remain so! Second your qualification which I take in good faith may not make a difference as it is PoV and may result in original research. Thirdly, if your qualifications does you any justice you would understand that Trinco has been a port for more than thousands of years with the Royal Navy basing its Eastern Naval Fleet there which is a testament to its capacity as a port as appose to the town it is and should be developed! The population remains questionable since there is no refs to support your claim ! Cossde (talk) 17:56, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Putting aside my qualifications, you are saying what ifs not backing up your claim. I have provided a source that clearly states what the place as a city, while you take it and say this and that. You are wrong. Intoronto1125 Talk Contributions   18:05, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * If you opinion of clarity is this article then I wounder about your judgement. Back to the matter at hand, your article does not clearly state that Trinco is currently a city ! only states that there are plans to make it into a port city. However this article may give more clarity to the problem . Cossde (talk) 18:14, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Refs, refs, refs. Is this your catchphrase Cossde? Have you not seen the Sri Lankan article or the List of Sri Lankan cities by population template? Trinco is the fifth largest city in Sri Lanka with a population of nearly 127,000. On the population criteria, if Trinco isn't a city, neither are Kandy, Galle, Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa. You can fit ten Hambantotas in Trinco. For every link you find showing Trinco to be a town I can find half dozen that show it to be a city.

 * You are very good at making other editors jump through hoops and quoting Wikipedia policies to suit your own arguments. But you ignore the polices yourself, engaging in sock puppetry, edit warring and copyright violations. We all know this isn't about whether Trinco is a city or town. This is just another example of the petty disruptive editing you and your alter egos have been engaged in for the past few months.-- obi2canibe talk contr 14:40, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * It seems that obi2canibe has much animosity towards me. Obi2canibe, pardon me for asking RS for questionable items on articles, I see noting inappropriate in that ! I am curious to find out whether Trinco is a city or town, mind you the population is not a defining fact here since the population is spread-ed out across a large area that is beyond the urban area of Trinco and includes a large number (in the thousands) of service personal stationed or in transit within the several large bases (which in obi2canibe's logic are cities on their own right) located in and around Trinco, simply there is no other city/town similar to this in Sri Lanka due to these variables. Finally any one who visited Trinco will naturally begin to question the nature of the city its claimed to be on Wikipedia ! BTW where are those half dozen RSs you promised ? Cossde (talk) 05:31, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Trincomalee
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Trincomalee's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Sabaratnam":

From Koneswaram temple:

From Tevaram: Sabaratnam 2001, p. 26

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:32, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Percy B. Molesworth
Mention Percy B. Molesworth ? 94.30.84.71 (talk) 20:06, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Trincomalee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110902154100/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-127&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500 to http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-127&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121007050902/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category%2CREFERENCE%2C%2C%2C%2C4918095a2%2C0.html to http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category%2CREFERENCE%2C%2C%2C%2C4918095a2%2C0.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:53, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Trincomalee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120331124615/http://www.slrfc.org/sri-lanka-railways-timetable to http://www.slrfc.org/sri-lanka-railways-timetable

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:04, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trincomalee


text:
Gustav Victor Rudolf Born

Gustav Victor Rudolf Born FRCP, HonFRCS, FRS (29 July 1921 – 16 April 2018) was a German-British professor of Pharmacology at King's College London and Research Professor at the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

He was born in Germany, the son of the scientist Max Born and his wife Hedwig Ehrenberg. His early education was at the Oberrealschule, Göttingen. He fled Germany with his family in 1933, as his father and maternal grandfather were Jewish. He then attended The Perse School and Edinburgh Academy. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. His essay entitled “Six cases illustrating lithiasis of the urinary tract, from the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh” was awarded the Pattison Prize in Clinical Surgery (University of Edinburgh, 1943).

As a doctor serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, he was one of the first to witness the after-effects of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima. He was struck by the incidence of severe bleeding disorders among the survivors which was due to a lack of platelets due to radiation damage. This drove much of his later research. He developed a simple device to measure the platelet aggregation rate which revolutionised the diagnosis of platelet related blood diseases and led to the development of antiplatelet medicines that have reduced the risk of heart attack and stroke for millions of people worldwide. He did not patent the device, saying that scientific advances with medical implications should not be exploited for commercial gain.

Career
From 1973 to 1978 he was Sheild Professor of Pharmacology at Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1972, and of the Royal College of Physicians in 1976. He was Professor of Pharmacology at King's College London, 1978–86, and became Research Professor at the William Harvey Institute in 1989.

Family
Born married Ann Plowden-Wardlaw, a medical doctor and Kleinian psychoanalyst, with whom he had three children. In 1962, he married Dr Faith Maurice-Williams, with whom he had two more children, one of which being Carey Born, an actress and filmmaker, known for her production company FirstBornFilms. His father's (Max Born) family was of Jewish descent. His other daughter is Georgina Born, Professor of Sociology, Anthropology and Music at the University of Cambridge, and his niece was the singer and actress Olivia Newton-John.

Publications
In 2006, he co-authored a book with Lorie Karnath "Wohin geht die Sonne, wenn ich schlafe" Nymphenburger Verlag, Munich.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gustav Victor Rudolf Born


text:
Talk:Androgen replacement therapy/Talk:Diabetes and testosterone

This
This is way outside my sphere of expertise but seems something worth covering and which I couldn't locate in Wikipedia. Perhaps it belongs under some other topic but it didn't seem right to pick either Diabetes or Testosterone. Hopefully, somone with greater knowledge in this area can pick up this stub and take it somewhere useful. --Interesdom 16:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It would probably fit better in one of those articles. WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:07, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I am wondering whether this would be better merged with one of the existing articles on diabetes mellitus. If we start to have an article on "Diabetes and testosterone", I wonder whether we will soon end up having a whole series of articles which are the name of a particular syndrome and testosterone. I am not saying that this information does not belong in Wikipedia; I just think that it could more appropriately be merged with an existing article on diabetes. Either that, or perhaps rename this article. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 12:03, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Seems like a better fit for testosterone or perhaps a new testosterone deficiency. Will bear watchlisting.LeadSongDog come howl!  17:48, 21 March 2012 (UTC)


text:
Albany Pine Bush

The Albany Pine Bush, referred to locally as the Pine Bush, is one of the largest inland pine barrens in the world. It is centrally located in New York's Capital District within Albany and Schenectady counties, between the cities of Albany and Schenectady. The Albany Pine Bush was formed thousands of years ago, following the drainage of Glacial Lake Albany.

The Albany Pine Bush is the sole remaining undeveloped portion of a pine barrens that once covered over 40 sqmi, and is "one of the best and last remaining examples of an inland pine barrens ecosystem on Earth." By 2008 it included all parcels of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve (a state nature preserve spanning 3200 acres), the properties that connect these protected parcels, and some of the surrounding areas that abut the preserve. The 135 acre Woodlawn Preserve and surrounding areas in Schenectady County are the western sections of the Pine Bush, separated geographically by other properties from the Albany Pine Bush Preserve in Albany County.

Historically regarded by European settlers as desolate and dangerous to cross, the Pine Bush has come to be seen as a historical, cultural, and environmental asset to the Capital District and Hudson Valley regions of New York. It is home to the Karner blue butterfly, an endangered species first identified by author Vladimir Nabokov in 1944 using a type specimen from the Pine Bush. In 2014, Albany Pine Bush was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.

European colonization
Around 10,000 years ago Native Americans moved into the Pine Bush area. When Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, two groups lived in the immediate area: the Mohawk nation of the Haudenosaunee to the west along the Mohawk River, and the Mohican to the east, along the Hudson River. The Dutch traded with both native groups from their outpost at Fort Orange (present-day Albany), which was established in 1624. For the natives the Pine Bush was an important source of firewood and animal pelts to trade with the Dutch. By 1640 the natives were having trouble finding enough animals in the Pine Bush to supply the growing European demand. The Mohawk referred to the settlement at Fort Orange as skahnéhtati, meaning "beyond the pine plains," referring to the large area of the Pine Bush between the Hudson and Mohawk rivers.

The Dutch granted a patent in 1661 under the name of Schenectady to a settlement on a bend in the Mohawk River to the west of the Pine Bush and about 20 miles from Fort Orange. To the settlers at Fort Orange, the settlement on the Mohawk River started by Arent van Curler was "beyond the pine plains", and therefore the name Schenectady (in various spellings) became associated with the village at that site. In 1664, the Dutch surrendered their entire colony of New Netherland, including Albany and Schenectady, to the English.

What became known as the King's Highway were a series of footpaths which the Mohawk had long used to get from west in the valley through the Pine Bush to trade with other tribes at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. This area was later the site of the Dutch Fort Orange. After the founding of Schenectady, the name was used for what became a major route between the two settlements but, until the mid-18th century, it was not improved beyond a footpath. During the war from 1699 to 1707, Albany residents collected firewood from the Pine Bush for the large army that was camped at Fort Frederick.

In 1710, Germans immigrated from Palatine to the Albany area. To pay off the cost of their passage some were sent to work camps in the Pine Bush to harvest pines for pitch and rosin for the construction of English naval vessels. Some of these immigrants named the Helderberg Escarpment and settled Schoharie County. Others, largely from work camps in Dutchess County along the Hudson River, settled further west in the valley in 1723, past Little Falls on the Burnetsfield Patent.

During the French and Indian Wars, the British military improved the road significantly for use by its forces. After the war it was used by numerous settlers moving west into the Mohawk Valley. During the late-18th century, taverns and the occasional homesteader began to dot the Pine Bush along the King's Highway, while development began to encroach on the Pine Bush at the Albany and Schenectady edges as those settlements began to grow. The highway and the Pine Bush was a frontier wilderness and extremely dangerous even after the end of the war. Starting in 1765, militiamen took turns escorting travelers through the area to protect them from outlaws, bandits, smugglers, and other dangers. During the American Revolutionary War, the Bush was home to Loyalists of the British Crown. Among the taverns established in the 1760s catering to Pine Bush travelers was the Truax Tavern owned by Isaac Truax, a descendant of French Huguenots and a Tory sympathizer; he said that he was "not a Tory, but a man for the King". Rumors circulated of several murders/robberies being carried out at the tavern.

Travel became easier in 1793 following the revolution, when a stage coach began carrying passengers between the two cities and through the Pine Bush for three cents per mile.

19th century
The 19th century saw great improvements in modes of transportation for traveling through the Pine Bush with better roads and soon thereafter railroads. Beginning in 1799 the Great Western Turnpike (today's US Route 20) and the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike (New York Route 5) were built through the Pine Bush. The Western Turnpike connected Albany west across the state to the American Midwest, while the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike replaced the King's Highway to Schenectady. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad was chartered in 1826 in order to reduce travel time between Schenectady and Albany via the Erie Canal; it was the first railroad in the state of New York, and the fourth in the United States. On July 2, 1830, the DeWitt Clinton pulled the first passenger train in the United States, traveling over the 16 mi route through the heart of the Pine Bush.

Over time, the turnpikes and railroad opened up parts of the Pine Bush to settlement, farming, and land speculation. One of the earliest residents was Theophillus Roessle, who owned a large farm and manor in what is now the hamlet of Roessleville, just outside Albany in the town of Colonie. He claimed that the sandy soil of the Pine Bush was "the best land for fruits in the world." Further west, part of the Pine Bush was carved up in 1858 into 860 plots as part of what is now known as the "Great Land Swindle" and sold to buyers outside the region. When they came to inspect their land, they thought the barrens were useless for agriculture; they tried to recoup their money by selling the land to other unsuspecting outsiders.

As in the colonial period, the Pine Bush continued to be tapped for its natural resources, with water becoming a target for development. The Patroon Creek, roughly where three feeder streams joined in the heart of the Pine Bush along Albany's northern border, was dammed in 1850 to form Rensselaer Lake waterworks.

In 1871, the northwestern portion of Albany west of Magazine Street, consisting of mostly undeveloped Pine Bush, was annexed to the neighboring Town of Guilderland after the Town of Watervliet refused it.

Portions of this territory were ceded to Albany in 1910 established its current border. A telling perspective of how it was viewed at the time is contained in the enabling law (Chapter 375 of the Laws of New York, 1910), which described the Pine Bush as "being a territory lying to the west of the present boundary line of the city and which is in large part waste and unoccupied land, the ownership of which is uncertain." This law authorized Albany to lay out the newly annexed territory into lots and acquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border.

20th century
As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend felt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two 14 acres undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold W. Brunner and landscape architect Charles Downing Lay for beautification of the city; it was published as Studies for Albany. Brunner and Lay proposed using the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property as the core of a new 1000 acres natural park, preferably leaving much of the grounds in their natural state; "[i]n fact the less done to it the better." The city never acquired more land for a park here, and portions of the original waterworks property were sold off piecemeal and developed over the following century.

In the 1950s, the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950.

In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from Fuller Road through the Pine Bush to New Karner Road (NY Route 155). This opened the heart of the Pine Bush and the western section of the city to development and has been described as "a knife through the heart of the Pine Bush". Soon afterward, Neil Hellman, a race horse magnate and major developer in the city, proposed a huge "city within a city" on 390 acres that would have apartments, stores, an office park, one or two schools, and fire and police stations. Mayor Corning estimated between 10,000 and 15,000 persons would live there. Environmentalists and neighborhood groups fought and ultimately defeated this proposal.

Mayor Corning gave archaeologist Don Rittner a $500 donation in 1972 to excavate the Truax Tavern along the King's Highway. Rittner disproved the prevailing historical beliefs concerning the sophistication and structure of the tavern. He discovered several skeletons under the tavern's floor, which may confirm rumors of murders having taken place at the tavern. As a result of this project, Rittner was appointed as Albany's first municipal archaeologist, possibly the first of such a position in the nation.

While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who built the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s.

In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland. First proposed in 1978, it was finished in 1984, then expanded to doubled to 1.5 million square feet in 1994, becoming the third-largest mall in New York. Widespread regional opposition rose against plans in the late 1990s to more than double the mall againwith more than 2 million additional square feet of retail space, plus a 12-story hotel, and activities such as bowling, ice skating, miniature golf and soccer; the project was finally dropped in 1999.

In 1985, a bill to establish a state-controlled preserve to protect Pine Bush lands never made it out of committee. The bill was proposed the following year by Assemblyman Robert Connor (D)-New City. Among the local politicians who opposed the bill was Albany Mayor Thomas Whalen III, who sparred with Assemblyman Connors in a series of letters. Connors stated, "if the mayor allows the final destruction of the Pine Bush, the city of Albany will be an ancient archaeological ruin before the pine barren is replaced." Assemblyman Arnold Proskin (R)-Colonie, whose district included portions of the proposed preserve, opposed on the grounds that the bill was creating another state agency (like the Adirondack Park Agency) that would wrest control from local communities over their development.

The legislature established the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission in 1988. Its members consist of representatives of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, The Nature Conservancy, the towns of Colonie and Guilderland, and the city of Albany, Albany County; and four private citizens appointed by the governor. In 2001, the State Employees Federal Credit Union (SEFCU) donated their bank branch on New Karner Road to the state, following the discovery of an underlying issue with the title. The bank branch was adapted for use as the Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center.

Located since 1969 in the Pine Bush, the Albany landfill has been expanded several times, the latest by 15 acre in 2010. , the landfill is expected to have seven years of operating life remaining. Fees paid by other jurisdictions and businesses enable the landfill to generate $4–5 million annually to the Albany budget; city residents are provided with free trash collection. The city committed to spending $18 million to restore Pine Bush habitat in exchange for gaining approval of the 2010 expansion.

In 1969, when Albany opened its landfill, the city of Schenectady set aside its only patch of Pine Bush as the Woodlawn Preserve, designating the 135 acre as a forever wild preserve. Since then, numerous developers have approached the city with proposals for development. In 2009 Schenectady County acted to protect as parkland 24 acre in the neighboring town of Niskayuna; this is part of the Woodlawn Pine Barrens–Wetlands Complex which borders the Woodlawn Preserve. The county deeded this property to the town. This action complemented larger plans to connect the complex to the larger Pine Bush Preserve in Albany County

Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center
The Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center is a nature center in Albany, New York with exhibits and activities about the Albany Pine Bush Preserve's natural history, geologic and cultural significance. The center offers public programs such as teaching programs for school groups, guided hikes, lectures and after school programs, all of which are led by Pine Bush staff. Additionally, Pine Bush Discovery Center staff lead events like invasive species removal programs to allow community members to participating in maintaining the Pine Bush. The Pine Bush Discovery Center also encourages citizen science by running programs such as ant collection, where participants can collect and identify ants, providing data for Pine Bush staff to monitor their conservation efforts. It occupies a former SEFCU credit union bank branch on New Karner Road.

Geography
The Pine Bush is within the Hudson Valley section of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province in the state of New York, and occupies parts of the city of Albany and the towns of Colonie and Guilderland within Albany County, as well as parts of Schenectady County to the west. The Pine Bush includes not only pine barrens, but also grasslands of prairie grasses, northern and southern successional forests, and numerous ravines with some wetlands. The Pine Bush ranges in elevation from 260 ft to 360 ft above sea level.

Geology
Underlying the Albany Pine Bush is a bedrock consisting of shale and siltstone, laid down 450 million years ago during the Middle Ordovician. The bedrock is covered by glaciolacustrine deposits which make up the sandy topsoils of the barrens.

As the glaciers of the Wisconsin glaciation began to recede from the Hudson Valley area, a glacial lake known today as Lake Albany extended across the mid and upper Hudson Valley and a large delta formed west of Albany where the predecessor of the Mohawk River flowed into the lake. Along the shoreline of the lake, lacustrine sands were deposited between the present-day cities of Hudson and Glens Falls; this became the Hudson Valley sandplain. Relieved from the weight of the glacier, the land began to rebound, and the lake receded by draining into the Hudson River. The deposits of sand in the delta area were gradually sculpted by wind into sand dunes. Plants later colonized the land and stabilized the dunes. The Pine Bush originally occupied 40 sqmi, or 60,000 acres, at which point it was the largest inland pine barrens in North America.

Flora
Less than half of the protected areas of the Albany Pine Bush (42%, or 952 acres) are currently pitch pine-scrub oak barrens, with an additional 680 acres of disturbed areas with invasive plant growth. As this area is now under protection, it can be restored to the status of pine barrens, especially with the use of controlled burning. The remaining pine barrens are dominated by pitch pine (Pinus rigida), a tall shrub layer consisting of bear oak and dwarf chestnut oak (Quercus ilicifolia and Quercus prinoides), and a low shrub layer composed of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium pallidum), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina). Between areas of pitch pine-scrub oak barrens are small patches of grassland dominated by prairie grasses, including big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), as well as small trees like the shrubby willows (Salix humilis and Salix tristis). Characteristic flowering plants include bush clover (Lespedeza capitata), goat's-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), and wild lupine (Lupinus perennis).

Due to prolonged periods of natural fire suppression, much of the Pine Bush has evolved into northern or southern hardwood forests. These forests, often dominated by invasive species, occupy roughly 500 acres of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. The southern hardwood forests are dominated by black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), which is exotic, and black cherry (Prunus serotina); with lesser numbers of native oaks (Quercus) and maples (Acer), and the exotic, invasive tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). The shrub layer is dominated by black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and other brambles (Rubus sp.). In contrast the northern hardwood forests are dominated by aspen (Populus), black cherry, red maple (Acer rubrum), white pine (Pinus strobus), gray birch (Betula populifolia), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and oaks.

Ravines within the Pine Bush contain mixed forests of pine-northern hardwoods and Appalachian oak-pine. The pine-hardwood forests are dominated by species such as white pine and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), mixed with scattered red maple, a shrub layer dominated by witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and a herbaceous layer composed of a variety of herbs, mosses, and lichens. The Appalachian oak-pine forest has a tree canopy of one or more oak species, primarily black oak, white oak, and red oak (Quercus velutina, Quercus alba, and Quercus rubra); these are mixed with pitch pine and some white pine, and a shrub layer dominated by heath shrubs, typically blueberries and black huckleberry. Marshes and wetlands occur along the northern boundary of the Pine Bush and along the bottoms of ravines. Roughly 35 acres of vernal pools have been mapped, these are ground-water fed ponds that are dominated by grasses, sedges, herbs, and low shrubs.

The Pine Bush is home to bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena), a federal species of concern, as well as the rare red-rooted flatsedge (Cyperus erythrorhizos), Houghton's umbrella-sedge (Cyperus houghtonii), and Schweinitz's flatsedge (Cyperus schweinitzii). Bog bluegrass occurs at the bottom of a ravine in the Pine Bush and is the only place in the New York Bight watershed where this plant appears. Bayard's malaxis (Malaxis bayardii) is a rare orchid that occurs in the Pine Bush as well.

Fauna
The Albany Pine Bush is home to hundreds of species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), including over 40 Noctuidae considered to be pine barrens specialists. The most well-known species in the area is the Karner blue (Plebejus melissa samuelis), discovered in the 1940s and named by the author and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. The butterfly is now on the Endangered Species List. Once found in large numbers throughout the grassy openings of the pine barrens, it is today extremely rare and found in a handful of sites. Attempts to reintroduce the butterfly focus on the food and host plant for its larvae – the wild blue lupine, which needs frequent forest fires to maintain its habitat. Other regionally rare butterflies include the dusted skipper (Atrytonopsis hianna), Henry's elfin (Incisalia henrici), frosted elfin (Incisalia irus), and Edward's hairstreak (Satyrium edwardsii). The inland barrens buck moth (Hemileuca maia) is a state-listed special concern animal; and other rare moths include the broad-lined catopyrrha (Catopyrrha coloraria), several noctuid moths (Apharetra purpurea, Chaetaglaea cerata, Chytonix sensilis, Macrochilo bivittata, and Zanclognatha martha), bird dropping moth (Cerma cora), and a geometrid moth (Itame). The Albarufan dagger moth was last seen in the Pine Bush in 1983 and is presumed locally extinct.

The Pine Bush is also home to 30 of the 44 species of amphibians and reptiles that are indigenous to Albany County. Seven of these species are generally not seen so far north in the state of New York. Three species of salamander, the Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonium), blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale), and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), are state-listed special concern animals. Two species of turtle, the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) and wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), are also special concern animals. It is listed as a state-level Important Bird Area. About 45 species of birds breed in the Albany Pine Bush (according to the 1985 New York State Breeding Bird Atlas) and are fairly common species for the area. About 32 species of common small mammals have been found in and adjacent to the Pine Bush.

title: Albany Pine Bush


text: User:Aldiaur

title: User:Aldiaur


text:
Fine-needle aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin (23–25 gauge (0.52 to 0.64 mm outer diameter)), hollow needle is inserted into the mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained, are examined under a microscope (biopsy). The sampling and biopsy considered together are called fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) (the latter to emphasize that any aspiration biopsy involves cytopathology, not histopathology). Fine-needle aspiration biopsies are very safe minor surgical procedures. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead, eliminating the need for hospitalization. In 1981, the first fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the United States was done at Maimonides Medical Center. Today, this procedure is widely used in the diagnosis of cancer and inflammatory conditions. Fine needle aspiration is generally considered a safe procedure. Complications are infrequent.

Aspiration is safer and far less traumatic than an open biopsy; complications beyond bruising and soreness are rare. However, the few problematic cells can be too few (inconclusive) or missed entirely (a false negative).

Medical uses
This type of sampling is performed for one of two reasons:
 * 1) A biopsy is performed on a lump or a tissue mass when its nature is in question.
 * 2) For known tumors, this biopsy is performed to assess the effect of treatment or to obtain tissue for special studies.

When the lump can be felt, the biopsy is usually performed by a cytopathologist or a surgeon. In this case, the procedure is usually short and simple. Otherwise, it may be performed by an interventional radiologist, a doctor with training in performing such biopsies under x-ray or ultrasound guidance. In this case, the procedure may require more extensive preparation and take more time to perform.

Also, fine-needle aspiration is the main method used for chorionic villus sampling, as well as for many types of body fluid sampling.

It is also used for ultrasound-guided aspiration of breast abscess, of breast cysts, and of seromas.

Preparation

 * No aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen) for one week before the procedure
 * No food a few hours before the procedure
 * Routine blood tests (including clotting profile) must be completed two weeks before the biopsy.
 * Suspension of anticoagulants (blood thinners)
 * Antibiotic prophylaxis may be instituted.

Before the procedure is started, vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, temperature, etc.) may be taken. Then, depending on the nature of the biopsy, an intravenous line may be placed. Very anxious patients can be sedated through this line, or oral medication (Valium) may be prescribed.

Procedure

The skin above the area to be biopsied is swabbed with an antiseptic solution and draped with sterile surgical towels. The skin, underlying fat, and muscle may be numbed with a local anesthetic, although this is often not necessary with superficial masses. After locating the mass for biopsy, using x-rays or palpation, a special needle of very fine diameter is passed into the mass. The needle may be inserted and withdrawn several times. There are many reasons for this: After the needles are placed into the mass, cells are withdrawn by aspiration with a syringe and spread on a glass slide. The patient's vital signs are taken again, and the patient is removed to an observation area for three to five hours.
 * One needle may be used as a guide, with the other needles placed along it to achieve a more precise position.
 * Sometimes, several passes may be needed to obtain enough cells for the intricate tests which the cytopathologists perform.
 * For biopsies in the breast, ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy is the most common. The biopsy is advised.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive procedure for acquiring biopsies in gastric regions that are hard to reach otherwise (e.g. the pancreas). Endoscopic ultrasound EUS-FNA of cystic lesions, followed by liquid cell analysis, has been used as a diagnostic tool for differentiating benign, potentially malignant, and malignant pancreatic cysts. 'Through-the-needle' cytologic brushes have been developed for increasing the cellular content in the aspirates.

Rapid on-site evaluation
Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is a real-time service during EUS-FNA interventions, that assesses the adequacy of the collected biopsy samples for diagnostics. Sample adequacy is deemed by the number of target cells that allow determining tumor malignancy. ROSE reduces the overall number of needle passes required for an appropriate sample and the number of FNA procedures. ROSE is typically performed in the operating room and starts by transferring an aliquot of the FNA sample onto a glass slide. Then, the sample is manually smeared out to obtain a thin sample layer with cells dispersed along the glass slide. After an air-drying step, the sample is stained, typically with a rapid Romanowky-type stain. Finally, a morphological assessment of the stained cells under a microscope allows to evaluate the adequacy of the collected FNA sample. Research focuses, among other, on portable devices for semi-automated sample preparation for ROSE, with the purpose to simplify the performance of FNA sample preparation and reach to a wider implementation of ROSE.

Post-operative care and complications

As with any surgical procedure, complications are possible, but major complications due to thin-needle aspiration biopsies are fairly uncommon, and when complications do occur, they are generally mild. The kind and severity of complications depend on the organs from which a biopsy is taken or the organs gone through to obtain cells.

After the procedure, mild analgesics are used to control post-operative pain. Aspirin or aspirin substitutes should not be taken for 48 hours after the procedure (unless aspirin is prescribed for a cardiac or neurological condition). Since sterility is maintained throughout the procedure, infection is rare. But should an infection occur, it will be treated with antibiotics. Bleeding is the most common complication of this procedure. A slight bruise may also appear. If a lung or kidney biopsy has been performed, it is very common to see a small amount of blood in sputum or urine after the procedure. Only a small amount of bleeding should occur. During the observation period after the procedure, bleeding should decrease over time. If more bleeding occurs, this will be monitored until it subsides. Rarely, major surgery will be necessary to stop the bleeding.

Other complications depend upon the body part on which the biopsy takes place:
 * Lung biopsies are frequently complicated by pneumothorax (collapsed lung). This complication can also accompany biopsies in the upper abdomen near the base of the lung. About a quarter to half of patients having lung biopsies will develop pneumothorax. Usually, the degree of collapse is small and resolves on its own without treatment. A small percentage of patients will develop a pneumothorax serious enough to require hospitalization and a chest tube. Although it is impossible to predict in whom this will occur, collapsed lungs are more frequent and more serious in patients with severe emphysema and in patients in whom the biopsy is difficult to perform.
 * For biopsies of the liver, bile leakages may occur, but these are quite rare.
 * Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) may occur after biopsies in the area around the pancreas.
 * In biopsies in the area of the breast, bleeding and bruising may occur, less frequently also infection (rarely) or (very rarely, and only if performed near the chest wall) pneumothorax.
 * Deaths have been reported from needle aspiration biopsies, but such outcomes are extremely rare.

Criticism
A study published in 2004 showed that in one case, a needle biopsy of a liver tumor resulted in the spread of the cancer along the path of the needle and concluded that needle aspiration was dangerous and unnecessary. The conclusions drawn from this paper were subsequently strongly criticized.

title: Fine-needle aspiration


text:
Talk:Laika Come Home

Fair use rationale for Image:Laika fcover.JPG
Image:Laika fcover.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 22:20, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Laika Come Home remix dub.jpg
Image:Laika Come Home remix dub.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:20, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laika Come Home


text:
Little Avon River

The Little Avon River is a small river partly in southern Gloucestershire and partly in South Gloucestershire. For much of its length it forms the boundary between the county of Gloucestershire and the unitary authority of South Gloucestershire. It rises to the east of Wickwar, near Horton, passes near Charfield, Stone and Berkeley, and enters the River Severn via Berkeley Pill. It was formerly navigable up to moorings at Berkeley, but a flood-prevention scheme, built in the 1960s, now prevents navigation more than a few hundred metres upstream.

Geology
The Little Avon River rises from a point upstream to the east of Wickwar in Gloucestershire, flowing north-west for 15 km, near Charfield, Stone and Berkeley, before finally joining the River Severn. The river runs through sandstone and clay, while the source water has been affected by the limestone from where it rises. The river starts as a steep course, with a natural riffle-pool sequence, before flattening out at Stone, where the river has been modified for use for irrigation. By the time the river reaches Berkeley, it is sheltered from the tide using tidal gates.

Its tributaries include Ozleworth Brook, Dyers Brook through Wotton-under-Edge, Doverte Brook and Kilcott Brook.

Ecology
Rare species of conservation interest including white-clawed crayfish, water voles, bullheads and eels are known to live in the catchment. Ten species from the UK Biodiversity Action Plan have been recorded, as well as several from the IUCN Red List.

The river is used as a fishery, controlled by Berkeley Estate Fishing Syndicate, which ensures that brown trout and grayling are in the river for fly fishing as well as standard coarse fishing species.

Notable features
There is a footbridge over the Little Avon River which links Berkeley Castle to Berkeley Stables. It was built around the turn of the 19th century, with the main arch being about 8 m wide and 3.5 m above water level at its highest point. The pathway across the bridge is approximately 1.5 m wide, with the total width of 2.5 m. The bridge was designated Grade II listed status on 9 September 1985.

title: Little Avon River


text: User talk:70.69.5.212

title: User talk:70.69.5.212


text:
Bush at War

Bush at War is a 2002 book by The Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward recounting President George W. Bush's responses to the September 11 attacks and his administration's handling of the subsequent War in Afghanistan.

Much of the book recounts events in meetings of the United States National Security Council (NSC), with the major players in the story, including the President, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, George Tenet and Condoleezza Rice, developed from NSC meeting notes and Woodward's own interviews with administration officials.

Woodward especially focuses on the administration's decision to go to war in Afghanistan and its strategic and tactical decisions. As one of the first detailed accounts of these decisions, prior to inside accounts like Richard A. Clarke's Against All Enemies, Woodward's book was widely acclaimed, getting praise from The Times and other major papers. The book was criticized by Michael Scheuer, former CIA chief of the Bin Laden station, in his book Imperial Hubris for offering a platform for government leaks, which he deemed harmful to national security: "After reading Mr. Woodward's Bush at War, it seems to me that the U.S. officials who either approved or participated in passing the information—in documents and via interviews—that is the heart of Mr. Woodward's book, gave an untold measure of aid and comfort to the enemy."

title: Bush at War


text:
Johannes Baader

Johannes Baader (June 21, 1875 – January 14, 1955), originally trained as an architect, was a German writer and artist associated with Dada in Berlin.

Life
Baader was born in Stuttgart, where his father worked as a metalworker at the royal buildings. Johannes' education began at the Stuttgart trade school from 1892 to 1895 and continued at the technical college. His first job was as a stonemason in Dresden cutting gravestones. In 1905 after moving to Berlin, he met Raoul Hausmann. Together they would become influential figures at the heart of Berlin Dada. In 1906 he designed a World Temple, a utopian vision of interdenominational harmony. It took numerous forms as inspiration, including Greek and Indian archetypes. In common with many utopian architectural projects of the time, the building—which was to be 1500m high—remained unbuilt and exists only in the form of sketches and writings. 1911–12 saw him produce designs for an unbuilt zoo for Carl Hagenbeck.

In 1914, Baader's written output began to increase. He published a treatise, Vierzehn Briefe Christi (Fourteen Letters of Christ) concerning Monism and over the course of the next few years wrote articles for the journals Die freie Straße (The Free Street) and Der Dada. In 1917 in the midst of the First World War, he was certified legally insane as a result of manic depression. Now equipped with considerable license, he gave outrageous public performances parodying public and mythic identities and producing utopian designs of monumental, metaphysical, and messianic dimensions. In the same year he ran for office in the Reichstag in Saarbrücken. He would later become a leader in the German political party known as The Central Council of Dada for the World Revolution. Raoul Hausmann appointed him head of a society called Christus GmbH (Christ Ltd), which he formally founded as a legal company in 1917. Hausmann explained that the plan was to recruit persons to join the society for 50 marks, after which the member could too become Christ and would be unfit for military service and free from all temporal authority. Attempts were made to equate conscientious objection with Christian martyrdom. He became the centre of a scandal on November 17, 1918, after giving a performance in Berlin Cathedral entitled "Christus ist euch Wurst" (“you don’t give a damn about Christ” or literally “Christ is sausage to you”) which disrupted the sermon of former Court Chaplain Dryander. From the choir loft above Baader is reported to have shouted either “You are the ones who mock Christ, you don’t give a damn about him” or “To hell with Christ!” This mocking of the clergy, laity and politicians and resulted in his brief arrest. In 1918, he declared he had been resurrected as the Oberdada, the president of the universe, really a Dadaist parody of a high-ranking military figure. He wrote Die acht Weltsätze (Eight World Theses), a quasi-religious tract in the same year.

Further explanations of his 'cosmic identity' were expounded in collages such as Dada Milchstrasse (Dada Milky Way, 1919) and written pieces. Raoul Hausmann, Baader's friend and collaborator, credits him with being the first to having created giant collage art, which he produced from life-size posters and used in his direct action campaigns, after which he destroyed them. Perhaps his most infamous direct action occurred at the inaugural ceremony for the first German republic, held in 1919 at the Weimar Theater. Baader threw down home-made flyers from the balcony onto the heads of the founding politicians. These flyers, the title of which in English would read “The Green Horse”, nominated himself as the new governmentʼs President. Hans Richter considered Baader to be the “crowbar” of the Berlin Dada Movement and the only member capable of carrying out their resistance movement with maximum publicity. Richter wrote of him: “For sheer lack of inhibition he put in the shade even the activities of Dadaists in Zurich, New York, Berlin, and Paris; and this is saying a great deal... He was the furtherest removed from normality (and therefore convention) of them all.”

Attempts to initiate a Dada architecture resulted in his Das Grosse Plasto-Dio-Dada-Drama: Deutschlands Grösse und Untergang oder Die phantastische Lebensgeschichte des Oberdada (The Great Plasto-Dio-Dada-Drama: Germany's Greatness and Decline or The Fantastic Life of the Superdada), originally shown in 1920 at the Berlin Erste internationale Dada-Messe (First International Dada Fair). This unique artwork, part national history, part personal biography, now survives only through photographs and is considered, according to Helen Adkins, to be “definitely the first assemblage-environment in the history of art”. Hanna Bergius classifies this entirely new art form as démontage, given it deconstructive essence. Baader also produced sketches of visionary architecture, which, in common with those of Hausmann and Yefim Golïshev, sometimes invoked proto-Constructivist girderlike structures. In 1919 exactly a year after the abdication of the Kaiser, Baader printed calling cards proclaiming he was President of the Earth and Universe. He applied to teach at Gropius's Bauhaus with these qualifications. An unimpressed Gropius declined.

Baader died in 1955, in a home for the elderly in Adldorf, Germany at age 80.

title: Johannes Baader


text: User talk:81.174.19.245

title: User talk:81.174.19.245


text:
East Franconian German

East Franconian (Ostfränkisch) or Mainfränkisch, usually referred to as Franconian (Fränkisch) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, Meiningen, Bad Mergentheim, and Crailsheim. The major subgroups are Unterostfränkisch (spoken in Lower Franconia and southern Thuringia), Oberostfränkisch (spoken in Upper and Middle Franconia) and Südostfränkisch (spoken in some parts of Middle Franconia and Hohenlohe).

In the transitional area between Rhine Franconian in the northwest and the Austro-Bavarian dialects in the southeast, East Franconian has elements of Central German and Upper German. The same goes only for South Franconian German in adjacent Baden-Württemberg. East Franconian is one of the German dialects with the highest number of speakers.

The scope of East Franconian is disputed, because it overlaps with neighbouring dialects like Bavarian and Swabian in the south, Rhine Franconian in the west and Upper Saxon in the north.

East Franconian is researched by the "Fränkisches Wörterbuch" project in Fürth, which is run by Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Erlangen-Nuremberg University.

Grouping
East Franconian is subdivided in multiple different ways.

One view differentiates three major sub-dialects:
 * Ostfränkisch (East Franconian)
 * Oberostfränkisch (Upper East Franconian): in the Würzburger Übergangsstreifen, Regnitz-Raum Obermain-Raum, Bayreuther-Raum, Obermain-Raum, Bayreuther-Raum, Nailaer-Raum, Plauener-Raum
 * Unterostfränkisch (Lower East Franconian): in the Würzburger-Raum, subdivided in a Northern and Southern part, Coburger-Raum, Henneberger-Raum, Reußischer-Raum
 * Südostfränkisch (South East Franconian)

Another view differentiates two major sub-dialects:
 * Ostfränkisch (East Franconian): in Franken and a part of Baden-Württemberg with Wertheim and Tauberbischofsheim and also in the Vogtland
 * Unterostfränkisch (Lower East Franconian): in Unterfranken and in the Coburger and Henneberger Raum
 * Oberostfränkisch (Upper East Franconian): in Ober- and Mittelfranken

A third view has:
 * Ostfränkisch (East Franconian)
 * Unterostfränkisch (Lower East Franconian)
 * Hennebergisch: around Meiningen – Suhl – Schmalkalden
 * engeres Unterostfränkisch (Lower East Franconian in a stricter sense): hohenlohischer Raum, Würzburger Raum
 * Würzburgisch: in the Würzburg area (Würzburger Raum)
 * area between Unterostfränkisch and Oberostfränkisch: Ansbacher-, Neustädter- und Coburger Raum
 * Oberostfränkisch (Upper East Franconian): Regnitz-, Hof-Bayreuther-, Obermain-, Nailaer- und vogtländischer Raum
 * Vogtländisch (= Ostfränkisch-Vogtländisch): vogtländischer Raum

Older sources give the following grouping: Compare with Moselfränkisch (Moselle Franconian, from Moselle) and Rheinfränkisch (Rhine Franconian, from Rhine) (lit. Main Franconian): from the Saxon Vogtland and the Thüringerwald to the eastern Spessart, to the Rhön and near to the Neckar (in Oberfranken, Mittelfranken without Nürnberg, Unterfranken, Vogtland)
 * Oberfränkisch (Upper Franconian) [in a broad sense]
 * Südfränkisch (South Franconian): in the area of Karlsruhe, Rastatt, Heilbronn, Hall
 * Ostfränkisch (East Franconian) = Mainfränkisch E.g.:
 * L. Hertel (in Greiz): Die Greizer Mundart. p. 133. In: Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu Jena. Zugleich Organ des botanischen Vereins für Gesamtthüringen. Im Auftrage der Gesellschaft herausgegeben von G. Kurze und F. Fregel. 5. Band, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1887, p. 132ff.: "Westmitteldeutsch ist im wesentlichen gleichbedeutend mit Fränkisch und wird eingeteilt in Rhein- und in Mainfränkisch oder West- und Ostfränkisch."
 * H. Nabert: Das deutsche Volk, sein Sprachgebiet in Europa und seine Sprache. 3rd ed., Sis-Verlag, Zeitz, 1921: "[...] Fränkisch (Westmitteldeutsch). Das Fränkische spaltet sich in Mittelfränkisch und Oberfränkisch, letzteres in Rheinfränkisch (Südfränkisch) und Ostfränkisch (Mainfränkisch)."
 * Ludwig Sütterlin: Neuhochdeutsche Grammatik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der neuhochdeutschen Mundarten. München, 1924, p. 37: "Das Oberfränkische, [...], zerlegt man in Südfränkisch (oder Südrheinfränkisch) und Ostfränkisch (Mainfränkisch, Hochfränkisch)."
 * Otto Behaghel: Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. 4th ed., as vol. 3 of: Grundriß der germanischen Philologie, Verlag von Karl J. Trübner, Straßburg, 1916, p. 57; 5th ed., Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin und Leipzig, 1928, p. 170: "Von den fränkischen Bestandteilen des Oberdeutschen wird der westliche Teil herkömmlich als Südfränkisch (oder Südrheinfränkisch), der östliche als Ostfränkisch (Hochfränkisch, Mainfränkisch) bezeichnet."
 * Karl Meisen: Altdeutsche Grammatik. I: Lautlehre. Stuttgart, 1961, p. 8: "Ostfränkisch (Ofr.), auch Oberfränkisch, Hochfränkisch oder Mainfränkisch genannt. Es umfaßt die Gebiete [...]"
 * Kurt Otto Seidel, Renate Schophaus: Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, Wiesbaden, 1979, p. 74: "c) das Ostfränkische (Ofr.), auch Oberfränkisch, Hochfränkisch oder Mainfränkisch genannt. Es umfaßt die Gebiete [...]"
 * Grabfeldisch
 * Itzgründisch = Coburgisch: Itzgrund and around Coburg/Koburg
 * Hennebergisch: Henneberg, around Meiningen
 * Rhön-Mundart or Rhönisch [sometimes]: Rhön
 * Oberfränkisch (Upper Franconian) [in a middle sense]: in Upper Franconia (Oberfranken) and the Vogtland
 * Oberfränkisch-Vogtländisch: in parts of Upper Franconia, namely around Bayreuth, Kulmbach and Hof, and in the Vogtland
 * Vogtländisch (Voigtländisch): in the Vogtland, around Plauen
 * Oberfränkisch (Upper Franconian) [in a strict sense]: around Hof and Bayreuth
 * Bambergisch
 * Erlangisch
 * Ansbachisch [sometimes, in some older sources classified with Nürnbergisch as Bavarian]
 * Unterfränkisch (Lower Franconian)
 * Schweinfurtisch: around Schweinfurt
 * Würzburgisch: around Würzburg
 * Ochsenfurter Mundart (the dialect of Ochsenfurt) = Gäuisch im Ochsenfurter Gäu: around Ochsenfurt
 * Hohenlohisch
 * Taubergründisch: around Tauberbischofsheim

title: East Franconian German


text:
History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–1986)

Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Wilf McGuinness was sacked as manager of Manchester United in December 1970 after just 18 months in charge. Matt Busby returned to the manager's position on a temporary basis, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach.

In June 1971, having failed in attempts to lure Jock Stein and also Don Revie to Old Trafford, the United board appointed Frank O'Farrell as manager. O'Farrell's reign started well, with United re-emerging as title contenders in the first half of the 1971-72 season, but slumped in the second half of the season to finish eighth. O'Farrell was sacked in December 1972, following a 5-0 defeat at Crystal Palace and with United in danger of relegation from the First Division for the first time since the 1930s. Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974.

United's first team squad was being radically overhauled during the first two years of Docherty's reign. Denis Law had been given a free transfer in the summer of 1973 and Bobby Charlton had retired, with George Best repeatedly going AWOL and making his final appearance for the club halfway through the relegation season. Younger players including Stuart Pearson, Steve Coppell, Lou Macari and captain Martin Buchan were establishing themselves as key players in a revamped squad. The team won promotion at the first attempt, as Second Division champions, and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were defeated by Southampton, and also finished an impressive third in the league. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.

Dave Sexton, first approached to take over at Old Trafford back in 1971 following the departure of Wilf McGuinness, accepted the offer to replace Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite expensive major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to add any silverware in Sexton's four seasons as manager. They came close twice, losing to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup final, and finishing runners-up to Liverpool in the league a year later. In the autumn of 1980, Sexton signed United's first million-pound player - Nottingham Forest striker Garry Birtles - but the new signing proved to be a major disappointment and was unable to reignite United's season 1980-81 season, which ended with an eighth-place finish despite the final seven league games all being victories.

Sexton was dismissed in May 1981, leaving the United board to search for its fifth new manager in just over a decade. He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who quickly began rebuilding the squad, including paying a British record transfer fee of £1.5million to sign midfielder Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Robson would soon be named captain of the United first team and would go on to help the club win a string of trophies under Atkinson and his eventual successor Alex Ferguson. Under Atkinson, Manchester United never finished outside the top four in the five full seasons he took charge, also winning the FA Cup twice, first beating Brighton in 1983 following a replay, and then winning the 1985 final against Everton, in which young forward Norman Whiteside scored the only goal of the game. In the autumn of 1985, Atkinson finally appeared to be on the brink of bringing the league title back to Old Trafford after an absence of nearly 20 years, as United won their opening 10 league games and were unbeaten from their first 15, but their form declined during the second half of the season and they finished fourth. That summer, the club's top scorer Mark Hughes was sold to FC Barcelona. The following November, with the club in the bottom four of the First Division, Atkinson was dismissed.

Post-Busby years
Wilf McGuinness, the reserve team coach, was promoted to take Matt Busby's place as manager. He had been associated with the club since joining them as a player in the mid 1950s but he quickly faltered in the footsteps of the great man, and was not helped by Busby's presence in the background. United were an ageing side in need of refreshment, a circumstance McGuinness was unfortunate to come across. The club coped well enough in his first season in charge, managing an improved finish of 8th place compared to 11th place in Busby's final season. However, the cracks showed the following season, as the team floundered near the bottom of the table, and a League Cup elimination at the hands of Aston Villa, who at the time were mid-table in the Third Division, led to McGuinness being demoted back to his old reserve team position, and he left the club altogether shortly afterwards.

Busby returned to the manager's seat on a temporary basis and pulled the team well clear of relegation, eventually matching the previous year's 8th-place finish. Frank O'Farrell of Leicester City became the club's new manager in the 1971 close season, after unsuccessful approaches for Jock Stein of Celtic, Don Revie of Leeds United and Dave Sexton of Chelsea. Despite starting the 1971–72 season well and raising hope that O'Farrell would be a good successor to Busby, a run of seven defeats from 1 January meant they were to finish in eighth place for the third successive year – a dismal showing for a club who had appeared capable of winning the title for at least the first half of the season. However, the season did see the signing of 22-year-old Aberdeen defender Martin Buchan, who would play a key role in later successes for United.

At this time, George Best was becoming a problem, continually flouting the rules and getting into various disciplinary troubles. At the end of the 1971–72 season, one day short of his 26th birthday, he announced his retirement, only to turn back on his decision and announce his intention to play again within days.

While Best's erratic behaviour didn't help, United continued to struggle, opening the 1972–73 season with a disastrous nine matches without a win. Following a 4–1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur on 28 October 1972, chairman Louis Edwards planned to sack O'Farrell and made an audacious move for former Manchester City manager Joe Mercer, but O'Farrell was away on a scouting mission on the day Edwards intended to sack him, and the 58-year-old Mercer (who was to retire from football within two years) turned the offer down anyway.

United's form briefly improved after this, allowing O'Farrell a stay of execution, but a 5–0 thumping by relegation rivals Crystal Palace just before Christmas proved too much, and led to the manager's dismissal on 19 December. In a way it was the end of an era, with Bill Foulkes having retired, Bobby Charlton's testimonial having been held the previous day and George Best once again announcing his retirement on the same day. Charlton, now 35, would play his last match for the club at the end of that season.

Tommy Docherty
Three days later, Scotland manager Tommy Docherty was announced as United's new boss, and immediately began to rebuild the side with a series of signings, most notably Lou Macari. United recovered and finished that season in 18th place. However, there were concerns about just how long the squad, made up of the few remaining members of the Busby team and seasoned older players signed by O'Farrell and Docherty, could stay afloat in the first division. The emergence of Macari and new captain Martin Buchan (widely regarded as the one decent signing O'Farrell had managed while in charge of the club) gave some cause for optimism, but the following season would prove to be a major struggle.

Denis Law left on a free transfer during the close season to sign for Manchester City, which sparked some protests among fans. Best came out of retirement once more to sign with the team for the 1973–74 season. United were again caught in a relegation battle and entered the penultimate match of the season needing to win two match and for Birmingham City to lose in order to stay in the First Division. Birmingham won their match and Denis Law, playing for City against United, sealed United's fate with the only goal of the match, although Birmingham's victory meant United would have been relegated regardless of their own result. Manchester United were relegated to the Second Division after 36 years away.

By the time the season was over, George Best had finally walked out of United for good, playing his last match on New Year's Day 1974, although he did not actually leave the club until the following season when he was given a free transfer and signed for Stockport County.

After the relegation, Docherty culled most of what remained of Busby's squad, with goalkeeper Alex Stepney being the only member of the European Cup-winning team to remain in the first team for the start of the following season. The new-look Manchester United squad was built around youthful players such as Sammy McIlroy, who had come to impress during the final months of the ill-fated 1973–74 campaign. Also in the squad were new signings like centre-half Jim Holton, winger Gordon Hill and forward Stuart Pearson.

Despite the relegation, attendances at Old Trafford swelled during the 1974–75 season and United responded well, winning the Second Division and returning to the top flight, where they topped the standings in the early stages of the 1975–76 season and there were high hopes that United could become only the third club to be champions of the top flight one season after being promoted. However, form slipped mid-season, however, and finished third. A good FA Cup run also ended in disappointment at Wembley with a 1–0 defeat by Southampton in the final.

United performed erratically in the league in 1976–77, struggling for consistency with some injury problems to key players, and finishing the season in sixth place, but United reached the FA Cup final again, this time beating Liverpool 2–1 in the final. This result ended Liverpool's chances of completing the treble, something United themselves would achieve 22 years later.

The new-look Manchester United side contained impressive young players like Steve Coppell, Sammy McIlroy, Brian Greenhoff, Jimmy Greenhoff, Arthur Albiston and Stuart Pearson. Although goalkeeper Alex Stepney was still with United, Busby's final signing and United's former captain Willie Morgan had left in the summer of 1975 after a dispute with manager Tommy Docherty. United were now being captained by Martin Buchan.

But just over a month later, news broke of Tommy Docherty's love affair with Mary Brown, the wife of the team's physiotherapist Laurie Brown, when he announced he was leaving his wife to marry her. When Docherty refused to resign, the board dismissed him. While Docherty's affair had been disruptive to the club, it was not a legally valid reason to dismiss someone, and so the board stated that he had been dismissed for abusing his position in order to obtain tickets for the two cup finals, and selling them for a profit. Despite this, it was well known why Docherty had been sacked, and there were suggestions he would sue the club for wrongful dismissal. However, Docherty never did so.

Dave Sexton
Docherty had been popular with the fans, and the new manager, Dave Sexton, needed success to dispel the unfavorable comparisons. Sexton's track record was impressive – he had won the FA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup with Chelsea and taken unfancied Queens Park Rangers to the brink of the league title. He had rejected United's first approach for him to become manager in 1971, and had been linked with the job as long ago as 1969 when Busby's retirement was first announced.

With the FA Cup win, United qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but were nearly expelled because of crowd trouble in Saint-Étienne.

Once more United made it to the FA Cup final in 1979, but narrowly lost to Arsenal in what was known as the "five-minute final" for the flurry of goals in the last minutes.

One of Sexton's most famous movements in the transfer market was the double signing of Joe Jordan and Gordon McQueen, who were both brought in from United's fierce rivals Leeds United, who had lost touch with the leading lights of the English game since Don Revie had left for the England manager's job in 1974. But, along with a Liverpool side going from strength to strength, United were now faced with a surprising new competitor for honours and the signature of star players in the shape of Nottingham Forest, managed by Brian Clough. The East Midlands club had returned to the First Division in 1977 and went on to win a league title, two European Cups and two League Cups over the next three seasons.

The 1979–80 season, before which United had paid a club record £750,000 to sign midfielder Ray Wilkins from Chelsea, saw the Reds narrowly miss out on league glory, finishing second to Liverpool. During that season, United fans were blamed for a collapse at Ayresome Park causing the death of two Middlesbrough supporters. Controversy also erupted over allegations that United had been making illegal payments to young players, an allegation which was made shortly before the sudden death of chairman Louis Edwards.

An injury crisis at the start of 1980–81 caused the team to slump to mid-table and suffer an early exit from the FA Cup, although at least Sexton managed to keep United clear of the threat of relegation. Desperate to stop the rot, Sexton brought in striker Garry Birtles for a club record £1.25 million, yet he was to prove an expensive failure who took 30 games to score his first goal. United won their final seven games of the season but still finished just eighth in the league.

Despite achieving runners-up spot in the league and reaching an FA Cup final during his time at the club, Sexton knew that "nearly" just wasn't good enough for United fans, and he was sacked at the end of the 1980–81 season.

Ron Atkinson
United chairman Martin Edwards searched for a new manager in hope of finding someone who could bring the league title to United. The most likely candidate for the job was Lawrie McMenemy, whose Southampton had shocked United in the FA Cup final five years earlier and were now competing in the upper reaches of the First Division. Brian Clough, who had taken Nottingham Forest to promotion to the league title to two European Cup triumphs in four successive seasons, was also rumoured to be linked with the vacancy, but chairman Martin Edwards insisted that United would not be making an approach for Clough. Bobby Robson, whose Ipswich Town side had just won the UEFA Cup), was also named as a possible candidate, as was Ron Saunders, who had just guided Aston Villa to their first league title in 71 years. But in the end, it was Ron Atkinson who got the job.

He broke the British transfer record in October 1981 to sign England midfielder Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion for £1.5 million, and signed Robson's teammate Remi Moses for £500,000 at the same time. Norman Whiteside soon broke through the youth ranks and was a key first team player at age 17, while striker Frank Stapleton managed a steady supply of goals after his acquisition from Arsenal. Atkinson also retained a number of players from the Sexton era, namely midfielder Ray Wilkins. Long-serving players Martin Buchan and Lou Macari, who had been with United under Docherty and in the case of Buchan under O'Farrell, were still with the club when Atkinson arrived, although both had left by 1984.

Atkinson's side produced an attractive form of football, losing only eight games and finishing 3rd in his first season. The title race, which had featured a few predictable contestants including Ipswich Town and Tottenham Hotspur as well as a few surprise contenders like Southampton and even Swansea City, went to a Liverpool side who were England's top footballing side of the time.

Success followed as United won the 1983 FA Cup final 4–0 after a replay against Brighton & Hove Albion. United also managed another third-place finish in the league, where Liverpool were champions again, and runners-up spot went to a Watford side who made the headlines with some impressive performances in their first season in the top flight. United also reached the cup final of the League Cup for the first time, but lost 2–1 to Liverpool. Norman Whiteside scored for United in both cup finals that season – the first player in English football to do so.

Although United beat Liverpool in the 1983 FA Charity Shield at the start of the following season, they crashed out of the FA Cup in a humbling defeat at the hands of Third Division AFC Bournemouth. They rallied however to defeat Barcelona in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and made it to the semi-finals before losing to Juventus. United fought a fierce title challenge with the likes of Liverpool, Southampton and Nottingham Forest before a late slump consigned them to fourth place. The summer of 1984 saw the sale of popular midfielder Ray Wilkins to Milan after five years at Old Trafford, but Atkinson used the outlay from the sale to bolster his midfield with the acquisition of Gordon Strachan from Aberdeen and Jesper Olsen from Ajax.

Welsh striker Mark Hughes made his debut for United in October 1983 and became a regular player the following season, where he scored 24 goals and was chosen as the Young Footballer of the Year for 1984–85. His form was such that, despite only being 21, he helped restrict the first team chances of £500,000 signing Alan Brazil and even managed to force Norman Whiteside out of a regular place for a short time, although Whiteside was then switched to central midfield after an injury to Remi Moses.

In 1985, Manchester United beat that season's league champions Everton to win another FA Cup, despite having been beaten 5-0 by Everton earlier that season, but not without some drama as Kevin Moran became the first player, albeit controversially, to ever be sent off in an FA Cup final. Down to ten men, Norman Whiteside scored the only goal of the match in extra time to win the cup. The victory would have given United entry to the 1985–86 European Cup Winners' Cup, but Liverpool's involvement in the Heysel Stadium disaster resulted in a five-year ban from European football for English clubs. United finished fourth in the league that season.

The 1985–86 season started spectacularly for United, who won all of their first ten league matches (a club record start to a season) and were ten points clear at the top of the table as early as October. They were unbeaten from their first 15 matches and it seemed that nothing would stop United from winning their first league title since 1967. However, their form slumped dramatically in the new year, with an injury to Bryan Robson meaning he missed much of the season, and they could only finish in fourth place. The club had decided to sell Mark Hughes against his wishes, and he developed a drinking problem which seriously affected his form before signing for Barcelona in the close season for around £2 million. The mid-season arrival of new strikers Terry Gibson and Peter Davenport did little to halt United's decline. They had finished 12 points behind champions Liverpool and were also ten points adrift of runners-up Everton, whose top scorer Gary Lineker linked up with Hughes at Barcelona that summer, and eighth points behind a West Ham United side who had emerged as surprise title contenders thanks largely to 26 goals that season from Scottish striker Frank McAvennie.

Over the 1986 close season, rumours began to circulate that Ron Atkinson would be sacked as Manchester United manager. There was talk that Alex Ferguson, manager of Scottish side Aberdeen, would replace Atkinson. Another name to be linked with the job was Terry Venables, the Barcelona manager who had rejected an offer to manage Arsenal that spring, but the 1986–87 season began with Atkinson still manager.

The following season began poorly with three successive defeats, including a 1–0 home defeat by newly promoted Charlton Athletic, who had last played top division football in the 1950s. Their first win came at the fifth attempt when they beat Southampton 5–1 at home, but the next few weeks saw them lose to Everton and more worryingly drop points against the likes of Watford and Coventry City, as well as missing two penalties at home to Chelsea which enabled the West Londoners to grab all three points. The final straw came on 4 November 1986, when United lost 4–1 at Southampton in a League Cup third round replay. On the morning of 6 November 1986, the club's board announced that Atkinson had been sacked as manager, and later that day, Alex Ferguson was named as his successor.

Ferguson had won a host of trophies north of the border to help break up the Old Firm dominance of Rangers and Celtic, who had dominated the Scottish game almost interrupted for some 90 years. But the task facing him at Old Trafford was enormous – he was inheriting a demoralised team fourth from bottom in the First Division, and had to build a side capable of winning trophies and most importantly the league title, for which the wait was now approaching its 20th year. He did indeed have some very talented players at his disposal, particularly captain Bryan Robson, attacking midfielder Norman Whiteside (with two FA Cup medals and close to 200 first team appearances to his name at age 21) and defender Paul McGrath, but new signings were clearly needed.