text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117068

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:46, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

3.141592653589793238462643...

 * Ludicrous. If we keep this, we will have to regard all other decimal approximations to π as valid article titles. And e and φ and so on... Speedy delete -- The Anome 16:22, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: How many digits of an infintely non-repeating number do we want? Where are the articles on 3,3.1,3.14,3.1415... Wikibofh 16:25, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Wikibofh; Speedy deleted. -- Infrogmation 16:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the redirect – — RJH 15:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, complete garbage. --InShaneee 15:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Liberal Pupils and Students Movement

The Liberal Pupils and Students Movement (Mouvement des élèves et étudiants libéraux, MEEL) is the student wing of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liberal Pupils and Students Movement


text:
Narayan Rane

Narayan Tatu Rane (born 10 April 1952) is an Indian politician and Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg. He was former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He former serves as Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Second Modi ministry. He has previously held Cabinet Ministry positions for Industry, Port, Employment and Self-employment; Revenue; and Industry in the Government of Maharashtra.

He was a member of Shiv Sena and opposition leader of Vidhan Sabha until July 2005, when he joined Indian National Congress party. He quit Congress in September 2017 and launched the Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha. In 2018, he declared support for Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) and was elected to the Rajya Sabha on a BJP nomination. On 15 October 2019, merged his party, Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha, into the BJP.

Personal life
Narayan Rane was born to Tatu Sitaram Rane and Laxmibai Rane in Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra. He dropped out from 11th grade. He has two sons: Nilesh and Nitesh Rane. Nitesh is a politician and member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.

Shiv Sena
Rane joined Shiv Sena in his early twenties and started his political career as local Shakha Pramukh at Chembur, Mumbai. He then became the Councillor of Kopargaon. Under the BJP-Shiv Sena coalition government, Rane first received the Revenue Ministry portfolio. He succeeded Manohar Joshi as Chief Minister in 1999, when Joshi was forced to resign due to a land use controversy. Later that year, the BJP-Sena alliance led by Rane lost the October 1999 Maharashtra elections to an INC-NCP coalition. The election campaign opened a breach between Rane and Uddhav Thackeray, the president of Shiv Sena. Relations between Thackeray and Rane finally ruptured completely in 2005, when Rane submitted his resignation from the party. In response Thackeray expelled Rane from the party on 3 July 2005, accusing Rane of "gangsterism" and "betrayal of the party."

Indian National Congress
Rane joined the Indian National Congress in 2005, receiving his old post as Revenue Minister under the Second Desmukh Ministry. In a 2005 by-election, he won re-election from his old Malvan seat in the Konkan region on a Congress ticket. In the wake of 2008 Mumbai attacks, Vilasrao Deshmukh, then Chief Minister of Maharashtra resigned, and Sonia Gandhi elevated Ashok Chavan as Chief Minister. Rane accused Congress leadership of breaching its promises to make him Chief Minister, and was suspended by the party. After Rane apologized, the INC revoked this suspension. Prithviraj Chavan appointed Rane as Minister of Industry in his first ministry, elevating Balasheb Thorat to Rane's old Revenue portfolio. Rane resigned from the Cabinet in July 2014 over differences with the party's leadership on the INC's campaign effort. The BJP and SHS went on to claim victory in the 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election, in which Rane lost his bid for re-election to a Shiv Sena candidate.

In 2016, the INC appointed Rane as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council. The appointment did not suppress the increasingly public feud between Rane and Congress leadership, however, prompting speculation about Rane's future in the party. On 21 September 2017, Rane resigned both from the INC and from his membership on the Maharashtra Legislative Council.

Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha
Through press at the time expected Rane's resignation to result in an appointment to Devendra Fadnavis's cabinet, Shiv Sena, still led by Rane's longtime rival Uddhav Thackeray, threatened to withdraw from the BJP-led coalition if Rane was admitted. Temporarily without a party, Rane formed a new political party in October 2017 called the Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha and indicated it would ally with Bharatiya Janata Party. However, when Rane ran for Rajya Sabha in 2018, he did so under a BJP party line.

Bharatiya Janata Party
Rane merged his party, Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha, with the Bharatiya Janata Party on October 15, 2019. Following that year's legislative assembly elections in Maharashtra, the BJP-Sena alliance broke down completely. During the July 2021 Cabinet reshuffle, Modi elevated Rane to Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Political writer Aditi Phadnis interpreted this as a BJP attempt to make inroads in the Marathi strongholds of their former allies, Shiv Sena.

Newspaper Prahaar
Rane launched the Marathi daily Prahaar on 8 October 2008, under the ownership of Rane Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. While he serves as the Consulting Editor, journalist Madhukar Bhave is the editor of the newspaper.

Controversies
In August 2011, Urban Development Deputy Secretary BK Gahart claimed in a deposition before the inquiry committee investigating the Adarsh Housing Society scam that while Rane was Chief Minister in the 1999 Shiv Sena-BJP ministry, he expedited a land allocation at the behest of Adarsh Housing Society. The BJP-Sena opposition unsuccessfully campaigned for Rane's resignation as Industry Minister, but when the inquiry committee completed its report in April 2013, indicting four former Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, Rane was not included.

In August 2021, while traveling under the BJP Jan Ashirwad Yatra initiative (a program under which Modi ministers traveled their home constituencies and regions ), Rane claimed Uddhav Thackeray, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra following the 2019 Maharashtra political crisis, forgot the year of India's independence during an Independence Day speech, requiring prompting by an aide. Rane went on to declare that, "Had I been there, I would have given him a slap." Maharashtra Police arrested Rane in Ratnagiri on 24 August. A court conditionally granted him bail the following day.

In February 2022, an F.I.R. was registered against Rane for allegedly making defamatory and false statements about Disha Salian's death.

title: Narayan Rane


text:
Talk:Lagos State

Untitled
lagos state, who's perspective —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.248.8.124 (talk • contribs) 16:26, 1 June 2005

Administrative and Local Government Divisions
Along with the 20 local government divisons, above those divisions, Lagos State is divided into 5 Administrative Divisons: Lagos (Eko), Ikeja, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry. I imagine these are along the lines of what many would refer to as counties, so I've added them. I also fixed the square kilometers and population of the district.

--Criticalthinker 06:02, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

File:Lagos, Lagos State.png Nominated for speedy Deletion
that is great.No need to panic Silver baby (talk) 19:20, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

flag
Seems that only state to have a flag is this. Is there any reason for that? 82.141.67.208 (talk) 13:09, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

you know that then lagos was the capital of nigeria before abuja was decleared the capital Silver baby (talk) 19:04, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Lagosians
Lagosians are not a distinct ethnic group. Lagosians redirected to Lagos from 2007 until a new article The Lagosians was created in 2015, and then moved over that name. It should be merged here to Lagos State, or split between this page and Lagos. – Fayenatic  L ondon 15:48, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose: A demographic article that has enough content and references, to stand alone as its own article. There's no reason to merge.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 16:03, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I would have no objection if it met your description, but it's mainly about culture and religion, not demographics. – Fayenatic  L ondon 18:43, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Culture and Religion is a demographic content.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 14:05, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, they are content, not demographics. At Talk:Kwara you suggested the precedent of Demographics of Ontario to justify these separate articles about Lagosians and Kwarans, but there is no resemblance to that page apart from the paragraph about population. – Fayenatic  L ondon 15:19, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose per User:Jamie Tubers's reasoning. It is quiet illogical to merge Lagosian into Lagos State. Wikic¤l¤gyt@lk to M£ 16:53, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Nothing forbids demonym from having a stand-alone article. Wikic¤l¤gyt@lk to M£ 21:01, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, it would be WP:Content forking which is not permitted. – Fayenatic  L ondon 04:37, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Content fork for a denonym to have an article? I think you are misinterpreting content for here. So you mean Lagos and Lagosians are content fork? Nigerian and Nigeria are content fork? Different articles can be legitimately created on subjects which themselves represent points of view, as long as the title clearly indicates what its subject is. Wikic¤l¤gyt@lk to M£ 06:40, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely wrong there; the whole point of the content fork rule is to prevent articles with different points of view. Articles must have distinct topics. These two articles (Lagosians and Kwarans) have the shape of articles about ethnic groups, but you admitted at Talk:Kwara that it was "an aberration" to call them ethnic groups (although you blamed someone else). To keep this article separate, it must have a distinct topic. If you want to make it into Demographics of Lagos State, then split it; move the page to that name, and merge the non-demographic content into Lagos State. – Fayenatic  L ondon 12:22, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Comment: some of it should not be merged but deleted, e.g. the extraordinary claim that The vast majority of the population of Lagosian is made up of the Old World immigrants, Brazilians and their descendants. That sentence had a citation but, of course, verification failed. – Fayenatic  L ondon 15:53, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Lagosians. Wikicology has withdrawn almost the entire content of the page, which was his own original research supported by fake citations. – Fayenatic  L ondon 15:24, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I see that you have added back a paragraph about census data. If you are going to make it a page about Demographics of Lagos State, please move it to that name. Otherwise, please explain what will be the topic of the article and how it is separate from the matters already covered in Lagos State. – Fayenatic  L ondon 16:12, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Please merge it to Lagos State. Wikic¤l¤gyt@lk to M£ 16:18, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks – ✅.
 * For the record, when I turned my attention back to the page Lagosians today, I was not aware of a discussion under way at WP:ANI. Wikicology has apologised for inappropriate editing (and worse) at Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents. – Fayenatic  L ondon 21:01, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Lagos State. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 to http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131212131334/http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5569%3Aa-fairy-tale-dream-home-for-the-super-rich-a-fairy-tale-dream-home-for-the-super-rich&catid=44%3Afeature&Itemid=135 to http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5569%3Aa-fairy-tale-dream-home-for-the-super-rich-a-fairy-tale-dream-home-for-the-super-rich&catid=44%3Afeature&Itemid=135
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070704042011/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf to http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:19, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

Lagos State House of Assembly
I'm trying to add the name of the state current house speaker to the page but I can't find my way around. Kindly help with editing ideas. Thank you. Princeborex (talk) 09:39, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Rt.Hon mudashiru obasa Silver baby (talk) 19:08, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Lagos State. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150324080621/http://www.punchng.com/politics/we-can-double-lagos-gdp-says-ambode/ to http://www.punchng.com/politics/we-can-double-lagos-gdp-says-ambode/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos to http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151109140122/http://nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos to http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091652/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 to http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040109172351/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/lgadetails.asp?lg=Ikorodu to http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/lgadetails.asp?lg=Ikorodu
 * Added tag to http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20090518128280
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130221220400/http://nationalmirroronline.net/index.php/business/real-estate/29723.html to http://nationalmirroronline.net/index.php/business/real-estate/29723.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040103143148/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/lgadetails.asp?lg=Epe to http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/lgadetails.asp?lg=Epe

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:15, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lagos State


text:
Cryptochrome

Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. They are involved in the circadian rhythms and the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species. The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out.

The genes CRY1 and CRY2 encode the proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. Cryptochromes are classified into plant Cry and animal Cry. Animal Cry can be further categorized into insect type (Type I) and mammal-like (Type II). CRY1 is a circadian photoreceptor whereas CRY2 is a clock repressor which represses Clock/Cycle (Bmal1) complex in insects and vertebrates. In plants, blue-light photoreception can be used to cue developmental signals. Besides chlorophylls, cryptochromes are the only proteins known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in vivo. These appear to enable some animals to detect magnetic fields.

Cryptochromes have been the focus of several current efforts in optogenetics. Employing transfection, initial studies on yeast have capitalized on the potential of CRY2 heterodimerization to control cellular processes, including gene expression, by light.

Discovery
Although Charles Darwin first documented plant responses to blue light in the 1880s, it was not until the 1980s that research began to identify the pigment responsible. In 1980, researchers discovered that the HY4 gene of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana was necessary for the plant's blue light sensitivity, and, when the gene was sequenced in 1993, it showed high sequence homology with photolyase, a DNA repair protein activated by blue light. Reference sequence analysis of cryptochrome-1 isoform d shows two conserved domains with photolyase proteins. Isoform d nucleotide positions 6 through 491 show a conserved domain with deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase, and positions 288 through 486 show a conserved domain with the FAD binding domain of DNA photolyase. Comparative genomic analysis supports photolyase proteins as the ancestors of cryptochromes. However, by 1995 it became clear that the products of the HY4 gene and its two human homologs did not exhibit photolyase activity and were instead a new class of blue light photoreceptor hypothesized to be circadian photopigments. In 1996 and 1998, Cry homologs were identified in Drosophila and mice, respectively.

Evolutionary history
Cryptochromes (CRY1, CRY2) are evolutionarily old and highly conserved proteins that belong to the flavoproteins superfamily that exists in all kingdoms of life. Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage.

In eukaryotes, cryptochromes no longer retain this original enzymatic activity. By using a T-DNA labeled allele of the cry1 gene in the Arabidopsis plant, researchers determined that the cry1 gene encoded a flavoprotein without photolyase activity and with a unique C-terminal tail. The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. Studies of Drosophila cry-knockout mutants led to the later discovery that cryptochrome proteins are also involved in regulating the mammalian circadian clock. The Drosophila cry gene similarly encodes a flavoprotein without photolyase activity that also binds pterin chromophores. Cry mutants (cryb) were found to express arrhythmic levels of luciferase as well as PER and TIM proteins in photoreceptor cells. Despite the arrhythmicity of these protein levels, cryb mutants still showed rhythmicity in overall behavior but could not entrain to short pulses of light, leading researchers to conclude that the dorsal and ventral lateral neurons (the primary pacemaker cells of Drosophila) were still functioning effectively. When cryb mutants also had visually unresponsive compound eyes, though, they failed to behaviorally entrain to environmental cues. These findings led researchers to conclude that the cryptochrome protein encoded by cry is necessary for Drosophila photoentrainment. In mammals, a protein analog of the Drosophila cryptochrome protein was discovered with the characteristic property of lacking photolyase activity, prompting researchers to consider it in the same class of cryptochrome proteins. In mice, the greatest cry1 expression is observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) where levels rhythmically fluctuate. Due to the role of the SCN as the primary mammalian pacemaker as well as the rhythmic fluctuations in cry1 expression, researchers concluded cry1 was also necessary for the entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms.

A common misconception in the evolutionary history of cryptochrome proteins is that mammalian and plant proteins are orthologs of each other that evolved directly from a shared photolyase gene. However, genomic analysis indicates that mammalian and fly cryptochrome proteins show greater sequence similarity to the (6-4) photolyase proteins than to plant cryptochrome proteins. It is therefore likely that plant and animal cryptochrome proteins show a unique case of convergent evolution by repeatedly evolving new functions independently of each other from a single common ancestral cry gene.

Research by Worthington et al. (2003) indicates that cryptochromes first evolved in bacteria and were identified in Vibrio cholerae. Genome sequencing of this bacteria identified three genes in the photolyase/cryptochrome family, all of which have the folate and flavin cofactors characteristic of these proteins. Of these genes, one encodes a photolyase, while the other two encode cryptochrome proteins designated VcCry1 and VcCry2. Cashmore AR et al. (1999) hypothesize that mammalian cryptochromes developed later in evolutionary history shortly after plants and animals diverged based on conserved genomic domains between animal cryptochromes and the Arabidopsis (6-4) photolyase protein. Based on the role of cryptochromes in the entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms, current researchers hypothesize that they developed simultaneously with the coevolution of PER, TIM, CLOCK, and CYCLE proteins, but there is currently insufficient evidence to determine the exact evolution timing and mechanism of evolution.

Structure
All members of the flavoprotein superfamily have the characteristics of an N-terminal photolyase homology (PHR) domain. The PHR domain can bind to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and a light-harvesting chromophore. The structure of cryptochrome involves a fold very similar to that of photolyase, arranged as an orthogonal bundle with a single molecule of FAD noncovalently bound to the protein. These proteins have variable lengths and surfaces on the C-terminal end, due to the changes in genome and appearance that result from the lack of DNA repair enzymes. The Ramachandran plot shows that the secondary structure of the CRY1 protein is primarily a right-handed alpha helix with little to no steric overlap. The structure of CRY1 is almost entirely made up of alpha helices, with several loops and few beta sheets.

Phototropism
In plants, cryptochromes mediate phototropism, or directional growth toward a light source, in response to blue light. This response is now known to have its own set of photoreceptors, the phototropins.

Unlike phytochromes and phototropins, cryptochromes are not kinases. Their flavin chromophore is reduced by light and transported into the cell nucleus, where it affects the turgor pressure and causes subsequent stem elongation. To be specific, Cry2 is responsible for blue-light-mediated cotyledon and leaf expansion. Cry2 overexpression in transgenic plants increases blue-light-stimulated cotyledon expansion, which results in many broad leaves and no flowers rather than a few primary leaves with a flower. A double loss-of-function mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana Early Flowering 3 (elf3) and Cry2 genes delays flowering under continuous light and was shown to accelerate it during long and short days, which suggests that Arabidopsis CRY2 may play a role in accelerating flowering time during continuous light.

Photomorphogenesis
Cryptochromes receptors cause plants to respond to blue light via photomorphogenesis. They help control seed and seedling development, as well as the switch from the vegetative to the flowering stage of development.

In Arabidopsis, CRY1 is the primary inhibitor of hypocotyl elongation but CRY2 inhibits hypocotyl elongation under low blue light intensity. CRY2 promotes flowering under long-day conditions.

CRY gene mediates photomorphogenesis in several ways. CRY C-terminal interacts with CONTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), a E3 ubiquitin ligase that represses photomorphogenesis and flowering time. The interaction inhibits COP1 activity and allows transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) to accumulate. HY5 is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor that promotes photomorphogenesis by binding to light-responsive genes. CRY interacts with G protein β-subunit AGB1, where HY5 dissociates from AGB1 and becomes activated. CRY interacts with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PIF5, repressors of photomorphogenesis and promoter of hypocotyl elongation, to repress PIF4 and PIF5 transcription activity. Lastly, CRY can inhibit auxin and brassinosterioid (BR) signaling to promote photomorphogenesis.

Light capture
Despite much research on the topic, cryptochrome photoreception and phototransduction in Drosophila and Arabidopsis thaliana is still poorly understood. Cryptochromes are known to possess two chromophores: pterin (in the form of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF)) and flavin (in the form of FAD). Both may absorb a photon, and in Arabidopsis, pterin appears to absorb at a wavelength of 380 nm and flavin at 450 nm. Past studies have supported a model by which energy captured by pterin is transferred to flavin. Under this model of phototransduction, FAD would then be reduced to FADH, which probably mediates the phosphorylation of a certain domain in cryptochrome. This could then trigger a signal transduction chain, possibly affecting gene regulation in the cell nucleus.

A new hypothesis proposes that partner molecules sense the transduction of a light signal into a chemical signal in plant cryptochromes, which could be triggered by a photo-induced negative charge on the FAD cofactor or on the neighboring aspartic acid within the protein. This negative charge would electrostatically repel the protein-bound ATP molecule and thereby also the protein C-terminal domain, which covers the ATP binding pocket prior to photon absorption. The resulting change in protein conformation could lead to phosphorylation of previously inaccessible phosphorylation sites on the C-terminus and the given phosphorylated segment could then liberate the transcription factor HY5 by competing for the same binding site at the negative regulator of photomorphogenesis COP1.

A different mechanism may function in Drosophila. The true ground state of the flavin cofactor in Drosophila CRY is still debated, with some models indicating that the FAD is in an oxidized form, while others support a model in which the flavin cofactor exists in anion radical form, •. Recently, researchers have observed that oxidized FAD is readily reduced to • by light. Furthermore, mutations that blocked photoreduction had no effect on light-induced degradation of CRY, while mutations that altered the stability of • destroyed CRY photoreceptor function. These observations provide support for a ground state of •. Researchers have also recently proposed a model in which is excited to its doublet or quartet state by absorption of a photon, which then leads to a conformational change in the CRY protein.

Also the ring eyes of the demosponge larva of Amphimedon queenslandica express a blue-light-sensitive cryptochrome (Aq-Cry2), which might mediate phototaxis. In contrast, the eyes of most animals use photo-sensitive opsins expressed in photoreceptor cells, which communicate information about light from the environment to the nervous system. However, A. queenslandica lacks a nervous system, like other sponges. And it does not have an opsin gene in its fully sequenced genome either, despite having many other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Therefore, the sponge's unique eyes must have evolved a different mechanism to detect light and mediate phototaxis, possibly with cryptochromes or other proteins.

Iris function
Isolated irises constrict in response to light via a photomechanical transduction response (PMTR) in a variety of species and require either melanopsin or cryptochrome to do so. The iris of chicken embryos senses short-wavelength light via a cryptochrome, rather than opsins. Research by Margiotta and Howard (2020) shows that the PMTR of the chicken iris striated muscle occurs with CRY gene activation by 430 nm blue light. The PMTR was inhibited in CRY gene knockouts and decreased when flavin reductase was inhibited, but remained intact with the addition of melanopsin antagonists. Similarly, cytosolic CRY1 and CRY2 proteins were found in iris myotubes, and decreasing transcription of these genes inhibited PMTRs. The greatest iris PMTRs therefore correspond with the development of striated, rather than smooth, muscle fibers through CRY-mediated PMTRs.

Circadian rhythm
Studies in animals and plants suggest that cryptochromes play a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms. Similarly, cryptochromes play an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in plants. In Drosophila, cryptochrome (dCRY) acts as a blue-light photoreceptor that directly modulates light input into the circadian clock, while in mammals, cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) act as transcription repressors within the circadian clockwork. Some insects, including the monarch butterfly, have both a mammal-like and a Drosophila-like version of cryptochrome, providing evidence for an ancestral clock mechanism involving both light-sensing and transcriptional-repression roles for cryptochrome.

Cry mutants have altered circadian rhythms, showing that Cry affects the circadian pacemaker. Drosophila with mutated Cry exhibit little to no mRNA cycling. A point mutation in cryb, which is required for flavin association in CRY protein, results in no PER or TIM protein cycling in either DD or LD. In addition, mice lacking Cry1 or Cry2 genes exhibit differentially altered free running periods, but are still capable of photoentrainment. However, mice that lack both Cry1 and Cry2 are arrhythmic in both LD and DD and always have high Per1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that cryptochromes play a photoreceptive role, as well as acting as negative regulators of Per gene expression in mice.

In Drosophila
In Drosophila, cryptochrome is only encoded by one Cry gene (dCry) and functions as a blue light photoreceptor. Exposure to blue light induces a conformation similar to that of the always-active CRY mutant with a C-terminal deletion (CRYΔ). The half-life of this conformation is 15 minutes in the dark and facilitates the binding of CRY to other clock gene products, PER and TIM, in a light-dependent manner. Once bound by dCRY, dTIM is committed to degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Although light pulses do not entrain, full photoperiod LD cycles can still drive cycling in the ventral-lateral neurons in the Drosophila brain. These data along with other results suggest that CRY is the cell-autonomous photoreceptor for body clocks in Drosophila and may play a role in nonparametric entrainment (entrainment by short discrete light pulses). However, the lateral neurons receive light information through both the blue light CRY pathway and the rhodopsin pathway. Therefore, CRY is involved in light perception and is an input to the circadian clock, however it is not the only input for light information, as a sustained rhythm has been shown in the absence of the CRY pathway, in which it is believed that the rhodopsin pathway is providing some light input. Recently, it has also been shown that there is a CRY-mediated light response that is independent of the classical circadian CRY-TIM interaction. This mechanism is believed to require a flavin redox-based mechanism that is dependent on potassium channel conductance. This CRY-mediated light response has been shown to increase action potential firing within seconds of a light response in opsin-knockout Drosophila.

Cryptochrome, like many genes involved in circadian rhythm, shows circadian cycling in mRNA and protein levels. In Drosophila, Cry mRNA concentrations cycle under a light-dark cycle (LD), with high levels in light and low levels in the dark. This cycling persists in constant darkness (DD), but with decreased amplitude. The transcription of the Cry gene also cycles with a similar trend. CRY protein levels, however, cycle in a different manner than Cry transcription and mRNA levels. In LD, CRY protein has low levels in light and high levels in dark, and, in DD, CRY levels increase continuously throughout the subjective day and night. Thus, CRY expression is regulated by the clock at the transcriptional level and by light at the translational and posttranslational level.

Overexpression of Cry also affects circadian light responses. In Drosophila, Cry overexpression increases flies' sensitivity to low-intensity light. This light regulation of CRY protein levels suggests that CRY has a circadian role upstream of other clock genes and components.

In mammals
In mammals, cryptochrome proteins are encoded by two genes, Cry1 and Cry2.

Cry2
Cryptochrome is one of the four groups of mammalian clock genes/proteins that generate a transcription-translation negative-feedback loop (TTFL), along with Period (PER), CLOCK, and BMAL1. In this loop, CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins are transcriptional activators, which together bind to the promoters of the Cry2 and Per genes and activate their transcription. The CRY2 and PER proteins then bind to each other, enter the nucleus, and inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-activated transcription. The overall function of CRY2 is therefore to repress transcription of CLOCK and BMAL1.

Cry1
Cry1 encodes the CRY1 protein which is a mammalian circadian photoreceptor. In mice, Cry1 expression displays circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a brain region involved in the generation of circadian rhythms, with mRNA levels peaking during the light phase and reaching a minimum in the dark. These daily oscillations in expression are maintained in constant darkness.

While CRY1 has been well established as a TIM homolog in mammals, the role of CRY1 as a photoreceptor in mammals has been controversial. Early papers indicated that CRY1 has both light-independent and -dependent functions. A study conducted by Selby CP et al. (2000) found that mice without rhodopsin but with cryptochrome still respond to light; however, in mice without either rhodopsin or cryptochrome, c-Fos transcription, a mediator of light sensitivity, significantly drops. In recent years, data have supported melanopsin as the main circadian photoreceptor, in particular melanopsin cells that mediate entrainment and communication between the eye and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). One of the main difficulties in confirming or denying CRY as a mammalian photoreceptor is that when the gene is knocked out the animal goes arrhythmic, so it is hard to measure its capacity as purely a photoreceptor. However, some recent studies indicate that human CRY1 may mediate light response in peripheral tissues.

Normal mammalian circadian rhythm relies critically on delayed expression of Cry1 following activation of the Cry1 promoter. Whereas rhythms in Per2 promoter activation and Per2 mRNA levels have almost the same phase, Cry1 mRNA production is delayed by approximately four hours relative to Cry1 promoter activation. This delay is independent of CRY1 or CRY2 levels and is mediated by a combination of E/E'-box and D-box elements in the promoter and RevErbA/ROR binding elements (RREs) in the gene's first intron. Transfection of arrhythmic Cry1−/− Cry2−/− double-knockout cells with only the Cry1 promoter (causing constitutive Cry1 expression) is not sufficient to rescue rhythmicity. Transfection of these cells with both the promoter and the first intron is required for restoration of circadian rhythms in these cells.

There is evidence that CRY1 can play a role in how sleep-wake patterns can be inherited through families. There is a mutation, CRY1Δ11, that causes a delay in one's circadian rhythm. CRY1Δ11 is a splicing variant that has deleted an auto-inhibitory section of the gene. It causes a delay by increasing the affinity of CLOCK and BMAL which in turn lengthens the period. This causes people with this mutation to have a later sleep midpoint than the rest of the population, causing a disorder known as delayed sleep–wake phase disorder.

CRY1 is also a key modulator in DNA repair, specifically through temporal regulation. CRY1 has an impact in the cell cycle progression, particularly in the G2/M checkpoint, and the depletion of CRY1 leads to effects on DNA repair networks, including mismatch repair, UV, and nucleotide excision. In cancer, CRY1 is stabilized by DNA damage, which results in CRY1 expression being associated with worse outcomes in prostate cancer. Because of its role in DNA repair and being pro-tumorigenic, further research can use CRY1 as a therapeutic target.

Variants of CRY1 can have impacts on humans in regards to metabolic output. According to a 2021 study, metabolic outputs, measured by bowel movements, were severely different for participants who were wild type in comparison to those with the CRY1Δ11 variant. The participants with the variant had a delayed sleep cycle and delayed metabolic output when compared to the wild type.

Magnetoreception

Magnetoreception is a sense which allows an organism to detect a magnetic field to perceive direction, altitude or location. Experimental data suggests that cryptochromes in the photoreceptor neurons of birds' eyes are involved in magnetic orientation during migration. Cryptochromes are also thought to be essential for the light-dependent ability of Drosophila to sense magnetic fields. Magnetic fields were once reported to affect cryptochromes also in Arabidopsis thaliana plants: growth behavior seemed to be affected by magnetic fields in the presence of blue (but not red) light. Nevertheless, these results have later turned out to be irreproducible under strictly controlled conditions in another laboratory, suggesting that plant cryptochromes do not respond to magnetic fields.

Cryptochrome forms a pair of radicals with correlated spins when exposed to blue light. Radical pairs can also be generated by the light-independent dark reoxidation of the flavin cofactor by molecular oxygen through the formation of a spin-correlated FADH-superoxide radical pairs. Magnetoreception is hypothesized to function through the surrounding magnetic field's effect on the correlation (parallel or anti-parallel) of these radicals, which affects the lifetime of the activated form of cryptochrome. Activation of cryptochrome may affect the light-sensitivity of retinal neurons, with the overall result that the animal can sense the magnetic field. Animal cryptochromes and closely related animal (6-4) photolyases contain a longer chain of electron-transferring tryptophans than other proteins of the cryptochrome-photolyase superfamily (a tryptophan tetrad instead of a triad). The longer chain leads to a better separation and over 1000× longer lifetimes of the photoinduced flavin-tryptophan radical pairs than in proteins with a triad of tryptophans. The absence of spin-selective recombination of these radical pairs on the nanosecond to microsecond timescales seems to be incompatible with the suggestion that magnetoreception by cryptochromes is based on the forward light reaction.

title: Cryptochrome


text:
Bell Witch Cave

The Bell Witch Cave is a karst cave located in Adams, Tennessee, near where the Bell Farm once stood. The cave is approximately 490 feet (150 m) long. The cave is privately owned, and tours are given during the summer months and in October.

This cave has been associated with the haunting of the Bell Witch, a period during which the Bell family was allegedly haunted by an entity now referred to as the "Bell Witch." The cave is located on property once owned by the Bell family. Many believe that when the witch departed the family, she fled to the sanctuary of this cave.

In the particular legend in which the cave is featured, young Betsy Bell and some of her friends had gone to explore the cave. While they were there, one of the boys crawled into a hole and became stuck. A voice cried out, "I'll get him out!" The boy felt hands grasping his feet, and he was pulled out of the hole. The supposed entity (still invisible), then gave the young explorers a lecture on reckless cave exploring.

According to science writer Brian Dunning, while the cave is close to the Bell family homestead, it did not play any role in the original Bell Witch stories. The alleged cave adventures by the Bell children were created and written many years after the event.

title: Bell Witch Cave


text:
An Taisce

An Taisce – The National Trust for Ireland ("An Taisce" meaning "the store" or "the treasury"), established on a provisional basis in September 1946, and incorporated as a company based on an “association not for profit” in June 1948, is a charitable non-governmental organisation (NGO) active in the areas of the environment and built heritage in the Republic of Ireland. It considers itself the oldest environmental and non-governmental organisation in the country, and is somewhat similar to the National Trust of England, Wales and Northern Ireland but based more directly on the National Trust for Scotland. Its first president was the prominent naturalist Robert Lloyd Praeger.

An Taisce is a membership-based charity, rather than a state or semi-state organisation, or quango, but it does receive government and European Union funding for specific programmes, such as Blue Flag beaches, and Green Schools private-sector funding for, for example, the Irish Business Against Litter surveys, and a mix of State and private funding for the annual National Spring Clean. An Taisce has for decades also had a statutory role in certain planning and environmental processes in the country.

The work of the organisation includes policy recommendation and campaigning in the built and natural heritage areas, the holding in trust of relevant properties, and environmentally-relevant education. It has a number of local associations, which may assist in caring for properties, and monitor planning in their areas. An Taisce's headquarters are in Dublin's oldest surviving guildhall, the Tailors' Hall, which it helped to restore.

Foundation
A public meeting to consider the need for a National trust was held in the Mansion House in September 1946, convened by the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, An Óige, the Geographical Society of Ireland, the Dublin Naturalists' Field Club and the Irish Society for the Preservation of Birds. The meeting resolved to create such a body, and elected both a provisional committee, and a council of 16 plus 4 co-opted members, who secured bankers, auditors and solicitors. After extensive debate, the two-part name was chosen and application was made to form a not-for-profit company. Special approval was sought from the Minister for Trade and Commerce for charity-appropriate memorandum and articles, adhering to the “association not for profit” section of the then Companies Act, with a prohibition on distribution of surpluses, and for permission to omit the word “Limited” from the company name.

An Taisce was an indirect successor to the all-Island National Trust Committee which had ceased to exist in 1946 after the passing of the Northern Ireland National Trust Act.

The organisation was duly incorporated as a company limited by guarantee on 28 June 1948. The initial constitution was modelled on that of the National Trust for Scotland. The first official meeting of the company was held on 15 July 1948 at the Royal Irish Academy's headquarters, Academy House on Dawson Street, and the first annual general meeting was convened on 23 September of the same year, with formal greetings from the National Trust and the National Trust for Scotland.

Notable founder directors and council members included Robert Lloyd Praeger, James Sleator, the Earl of Rosse, Patrick G. Kennedy, Arthur Cox, George Francis Mitchell and, co-opted, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, Seán MacBride and Colm Ó Lochlainn. Praeger was elected as the first president of the organisation and Professor Felix Hackett as chairperson. Praeger made an opening address which was subsequently broadcast nationally by Raidió Éireann.

Early years
An Taisce was concerned with questions about properties such as Muckross House, Kanturk Castle and Derrynane House, plans for North Bull Island and other nature reserves, and Saint Anne's Park, tree preservation and the work of the Electricity Supply Board and Bord na Mona; in 1951, the UK National Trust agreed to lease Kanturk Castle to An Taisce. The organisation supported the extension of the powers of Bord Failte to protect historic properties and places of scenic or other special interest in 1952, which was also the year it considered the question of what would much later become its headquarters, the Tailors' Hall.

In 1954, An Taisce joined the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and with a Northern Irish government department, submitted a list of Irish nature reserves to that body; it also took part in discussions about Ireland's potential first national park and the possible preservation of example bogs. Submissions on Dublin planning were acknowledged and acted on, and plans for what would later become the Wood Quay civic office complex were thought to have been set aside. The range of bodies invited to nominate members to the council of the organisation was extended, and now included the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland.

The 1960s
The question of preservation of the natural environment of the Burren was addressed multiple times by the organisation, which also took part in discussions about preventing waterbody pollution, and opposed a plan to infill part of the Grand Canal. In 1961, campaigning by An Taisce and the new Irish Georgian Society led to a promise by Dublin Corporation not to demolish the Tailors' Hall. In 1962 it received a ministerial request to agree to be formally consulted on questions of nature and amenity conservation, and in 1964 it was given an advisory role supporting local authorities which had defunct quarries in their areas. An Taisce was given a seat on the advisory council of An Foras Forbatha, and received some clerical support from that agency.

By 1965, the organisation was becoming involved in more planning and development referrals, both impacting natural sites, from the Bourne Vincent Memorial Park and the Cliffs of Moher to Booterstown marsh and Bull Island, and the built environment, such as around Mountjoy Square in Dublin. In 1966, membership surged from 450 to over 1100, after an exhibition and the release of a booklet on preservation of heritage, while an amenity study for parts of Dublin sold well the following year. The routine administration of the organisation moved from volunteers' homes to offices on Baggot Street, and it formally requested legal powers like those of the National Trust in Britain. Towards the end of the decade, An Taisce received 5,500 acres of land in County Donegal, and a lease and management rights over much of the undeveloped part of Howth Head, and Ireland's Eye.

In 1969, the organisation was heavily involved in the campaign to stop the demolition of houses on Hume Street, Dublin in what was an important moment in the battle to protect Georgian Dublin.

By 1969, membership reached 3,600, with 18 local branches operating, and the first campaign to circulate educational material in schools was launched. Also in 1969, An Taisce was asked by Charles Haughey, Minister for Finance, to survey the country's major houses and gardens, and also the non-national museums.

The 1970s
The 1970s began with membership passing 5,000 for the first time, and becoming majority non-Dublin. Kevin Boland, a planning decision-maker as Minister for Local Government, while claiming to generally follow An Taisce's advice in planning matters, attacked what he perceived as criticism from the organisation, though a reference to "the Georgians" suggests issues with the Irish Georgian Society also. County heritage surveys were organised, and An Taisce joined Europa Nostra. Court action was taken to try to stop local authority usage of part of Bull Island as a rubbish dump, and the dumping was stopped in 1971, though legal action continued for some years; the Booterstown marsh was taken into the organisation's care the same year. An Taisce's Tree Committee carried out a tree survey of County Dublin.

In 1972, the body sought provision for environmental impact assessments for large developments, and in 1973 it appointed its first full-time director and opened an office in Cork. Erskine Childers, President of Ireland was guest of honour at the organisation's silver jubilee celebration. In 1974, a Heritage Gardens Committee was formed and membership approached 7,400, with 27 active local associations, while An Taisce co-founded the European Environmental Bureau. In 1975, the organisation began planning what would become the Irish Architectural Archive and membership passed 8,000; suggestions it made were incorporated into several pieces of legislation. A Heritage Trust to raise funds for the body's work, with a target of 750,000 pounds, was founded, and the offices moved to Percy Place. In 1978, financial difficulties saw staffing cut from 10 to 3, while in 1979, a damaged bog at Ahascragh was swapped for Mongan Bog, and Oweninny Bog and a portion of land on Morehampton Road were placed in An Taisce's care, and the Irish Wildlife Federation was established.

Publications included several reports concerning trees, a study of the Fairview to Sutton part of Dublin Bay, and another of the impact of sewage in Galway Bay, along with guides to Slane, Adare, Clonmel and Rathmullan, a study of Dublin street furniture and another of Lough Ine in County Cork.

The 1980s
In 1981, An Taisce made contact with a number of Northern Ireland bodies on the topic of heritage gardens, and discussions expanded into other areas of mutual interest; in 1982, a joint conference with the Ulster Architectural Heritage Society was organised. Also in 1982, An Taisce was formally recognised as a charity by the Irish Revenue Commissioners, and the six local associations operating within the city and county of Dublin formed an umbrella body. By 1983, the Heritage Trust founded to fund An Taisce projects had defined new purposes, and subsequently became the Irish Resource Development Trust, focused on community development and local employment; An Taisce moved to temporary offices and put staff on reduced hours. The organisation was given a role in the appointment in the members of An Bord Pleanala.

In 1983, An Taisce obtained an injunction against the owners of Allenton House in Tallaght after the facade of the listed Georgian house was partially demolished. The property was further damaged by fire later in the year and was finally fully demolished in August 1984.

Also in 1984, An Taisce moved to Tailors' Hall, but with just two employees, and restoration work commenced in 1985 and continued for several years. Also in 1984, the organisation was awarded the National Heritage Award, and at a seminar of the Trees Committee, the Tree Council of Ireland was launched. In 1985, a special agreement type provided for under planning legislation, in which An Taisce acted as guarantor for the preservation of a heritage property, was enacted for the first time, to preserve Castlehyde near Fermoy for at least 35 years.

The 40th anniversary of the founding meeting was marked in 1986, and a restoration project begun at Drimnagh Castle, while in 1987, EEC funding was secured for several projects and publications and in 1988 Tailors' Hall was officially opened by the Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, and the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Carmencita Hederman. In 1989, An Taisce played a key role in the launch of Conservation Volunteers Ireland, though the two organisations severed links just three years later.

The 1990s
In 1990, a letter on a topic which had concerned An Taisce over many years, that of Fota House and estate, resulted in a suit by the chairman of the Fota Trust, was settled out of court with a payment from the organisation. A policy document on forestry was produced, and a conference on the topic hosted (resulting in a further publication the following year), while the organisation continued active engagement on the future of Irish bogs. Both an environment resources management officer and a planning officer were employed. 1990 also saw significant action in opposition to what An Taisce and others deemed to be unsuitable plans for interpretative centres for Mullaghmore in the Burren, the Rock of Cashel, Dunquin and Luggala; the Mullaghmore and Luggala topics ran until 1994. 1992 saw the foundation of the Dublin Civic Trust driven by a member of long standing, Geraldine Walsh.

1993 was the year when the organisation was asked by the State to take over the Blue Flag system for Irish beaches, and the second An Taisce conference on aquaculture was also held that year, with papers published in 1994. A joint project of An Taisce, the Irish Georgian Society and the Irish Tree Society supported the Irish government in purchasing Coolattin Wood of ancient oaks in County Wicklow, while a local association in northern Wicklow was suspended after a hostile takeover, and dissolved in 1993. In 1994, the major County Donegal property was placed on a long lease with the Irish government, to be operated as part of Glenveagh National Park until at least 2093. In a joint arrangement with the National Trust, a scheme of visit concessions was introduced as a membership benefit. In 1995, the Dublin City local association was suspended for a year due to internal fighting.

In 1996, An Taisce launched training on environmental matters for industry, with IBEC, Ireland's Environmental Protection Agency and a clean technology advisory unit, and also launched the Green Schools programme in Ireland. A commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the founding meeting was held on 26 September 1996, with a reception for members and guests with the President of Ireland, Mary Robinson. An ecumenical service of thanksgiving at St Patricks's Cathedral, as well as the planting of 50 oak trees in the Phoenix Park, also formed part of the commemoration. Celebrations continued through 1997, including a joint event with the National Trust, and a closing function with the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern attending as the guest of honour. 1997 also saw the launch of litter surveying by An Taisce for Irish Business Against Litter, which continues to the present.

The Office of Public Works agreed in 1998 to maintain Tailors' Hall in return for up to 100 days of use each year of its function rooms, to be administered by the Dublin Castle conference centre unit. The annual National Spring Clean was launched, with 155,000 participants across 1,732 events. Also launched was a first university branch, in University College Dublin, while one formerly very active local association closed in Fingal, and two others were revived. Conflict emerged within An Taisce's governing council, as many members wanted to pursue what they saw as a more active agenda promoted by a new NGO, Friends of the Irish Environment. An Taisce appealed successfully against an extension plan for the National Gallery of Ireland, which would have resulted in the loss of a Georgian building, and worked with the gallery on a new plan, which proceeded. In 1999, Kanturk Castle was fully made over to An Taisce by the National Trust, while major planning applications addressed included what would later become the Trump golf resort at Doonbeg. The government provided a three-year guaranteed major grant, and this, with two significant bequests, left An Taisce on a strong financial base. Meanwhile, there were major changes in both staff and leadership, with Michael Smith, a barrister by training, taking over as chairperson.

Mission and scope
An Taisce's work and expertise deals with the Republic of Ireland's natural, built, and social heritage. It seeks to educate, inform, and lead public opinion on the environment, to advocate and influence policy, and to manage a portfolio of heritage properties. Despite the "National Trust" element of its full name, the organisation never secured legislation giving it property-receiving "in perpetuity" rights like those of the UK National Trusts, and this was a point of discussion and lobbying many times across its history.

Statutory roles
The Planning Acts provide for An Taisce, and about 20 other prescribed bodies (all others being State-sponsored), to be informed of all planning applications in areas of scenic beauty or high amenity significance or where architectural, archaeological or environmental issues need to be considered. Local authorities are required, in certain defined circumstances under the Planning & Development Regulations, to consult An Taisce on development proposals.

Structure
The organisation comprises several thousand members, with a range of membership types and fees. Overall steering of the organisation is in the hands of a council, which in turn elects a board of directors (charity trustees), and other internal policy and operational committees.

Some members are also organised in what are called local associations, which operate under policies set by the national body, but with some element of autonomy. 11 such associations exist as of 2023, with others having existed in the past, such as in Fingal and Dublin city; at peak, there were 27 and over time they have existed in 25 of Ireland's 26 counties. In 2001, there were 21 local associations across 17 of the 26 counties.

Operations
The organisation has three main operational divisions.

The Properties Unit looks after properties that have either historical significance or are environmentally sensitive. The properties are taken care of by both professional staff and volunteers who are involved with the day-to-day management of income generating properties such as Tailors' Hall (which it also makes available for private hire) and the restoration of important resources such as the Boyne Navigation. This unit is funded primarily by donations and legacies, and works mostly through volunteers.

The Advocacy Unit monitors roughly 5% of all planning (local authority development approval) applications made annually, making submissions on a small number of those received, and appealing about 300 decisions a year to An Bord Pleanála, the statutory planning appeals board. The Advocacy Unit also monitors environmental standards and co-ordinates policy formation from the elected advocacy committees amongst the membership. This unit is funding almost entirely by member contributions and donations, and the work is mostly performed by volunteers, with a small paid staff.

The Environmental Education Unit operates nationwide programmes on behalf of the Irish government's Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, the National Transport Authority and the European Union, such as the Blue Flag water quality accreditation programme and Green Schools Programme that aims to promote higher environmental standards in schools. Much of this unit's work is funded by the Irish government and EU programmes, and some by private bodies such as Irish Business Against Litter, and it is mostly carried out by paid staff.

As of mid-2023, An Taisce had 31 "core staff", including a leadership team of 3 senior positions, a CEO, Head of Education and Head of Advocacy, plus a financial controller. There are also positions handling members and donors. Mid-2022, it had almost 100 staff in some capacity, around 90 of these working on specifically funded projects, and 4–5 on the advocacy and planning aspects alongside volunteers.

After many years formally based at the offices of the Royal Irish Academy, and a variety of home and leased offices, its headquarters are since the late 1980s in Dublin's last surviving intact guildhall, the Tailors' Hall, with a second office, for the large education division, nearby in Swift's Alley in Dublin's Liberties.

Trust properties
An Taisce holds a range of properties in trust:
 * Tailors' Hall, Back Lane, central Dublin (registered office)
 * Babe's Bridge, on the River Boyne
 * the Booterstown marsh Nature Reserve, coastal southern Dublin, in the care of the Dun Laoghaire - Rathdown Local Association
 * the Boyne Navigation, a canal, and its towpath, County Meath, donated in 1969 and partially restored
 * Corlican Quaker burial ground, Wexford
 * Gort Weigh House, County Galway
 * Crocknafarragh, a mountain area in County Donegal (2,605 hectares), transferred from the Irish Land Commission on nominal terms in 1968, and leased to the Irish state as an extension of Glenveagh National Park
 * A farmhouse in Killaha West, County Kerry
 * A section of The Burren from Gortlecka to Mullaghmore, near Inchiquin, County Clare (15 ha.), bought in 1977
 * The Grove, on a corner of Morehampton Road, a wildlife sanctuary in south inner Dublin, donated in 1979
 * The Gull Islands and Rough Island, Mulroy Bay, County Donegal, acquired in 1990 and 1995 respectively
 * Kanturk Castle, County Cork, a 17th-century building transferred from the National Trust, initially on a leasehold basis, then in 1998, freehold; in the guardianship of the Office of Public Works
 * Mongan Bog, County Offaly (125 ha.), acquired in an exchange in 1987
 * Oweninny Bog, Balcorrick, County Mayo, iron flush bog (9 ha.), including the source of the Sruffaunnamuingabatia, transferred by Bord na Mona in 1984
 * Slieve Beagh, County Monaghan and County Tyrone (2,200 acres, 2/3 in the Republic of Ireland)

Properties formerly in An Taisce's care include:
 * Ahascragh Bog, near Ballinasloe, County Galway, donated by Bord na Mona, and due to damage, later swapped for Mongan Bog
 * Garrylough Mill, County Wexford, leased to An Taisce, 1975 to 1985 and partially restored
 * A large section of the Howth Estate, including Ireland's Eye, County Dublin, leased from the Howth Estate and managed, 1968 to 1987
 * Howth's Old Courthouse, County Dublin, on leasehold from 1983 to 2018

and others worked on include Ireland's only intact moated castle, Drimnagh Castle.

title: An Taisce


text:
Talk:Zaporozhian Cossacks

Requested move 22 June 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Mahveotm (talk) 10:41, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

Zaporozhian Cossacks → Zaporizhian Cossacks – as it's Zaporizhia 46.200.143.183 (talk) 00:27, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

 * strongly support, per WP:COMMONNAME based on https://geonames.usgs.gov/ and The name of this place was Zaporizhian Sich, which is also the original title of this article. Here's some English language sources. Historians:    . Travel guides . Government/Library of Congress . 46.200.143.183 (talk) 00:35, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose - The historians you cite here, and the Library of Congress link, all use the spelling "Zaporozhian." The Magocsi link shows extensive discussion of "Zaporozhian Cossacks." The Encyclopedia of Ukraine and other sources cited on the page also use this spelling. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 00:50, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Laszlo Panaflex's observations. "Zaporizhia" was the name of the region they operated from, but not the name of the cossack host residing there. Aside from one badly written Ukrainian travel brochure, the references provided by the nom all use 'Zaporozhian cossacks/host/sich, etc.', so I fail to understand where this is coming from. Incidentally, see also "Habsburgs and Zaporozhian Cossacks: the diary of Erich Lassota von Steblau, 1594" edited and with an introduction by Lubomyr R. Wynar; translated by Orest Subtelny. There is absolutely no doubt that "Zaporozhian Cossacks" is the academic WP:COMMONNAME in the English language. The request is a strange one considering that the nom lives in Ukraine, and must be aware of the fact that it follows a long established grammatical precedent in Ukrainian where they are often referred to as simply 'Запорожці' (Zaporozhtsi). --Iryna Harpy (talk) 06:19, 23 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose They have been called the "Zaporozhian cossacks" in English for a very long time. The "i" spelling is evidently based on an mistaken analogy with the present day name for the city, which the current fashion is to spell Zaporizhia.  Google books supports the case that the common name in English writing is "Zaporozhian cossacks":
 * Google books "Zaporozhian cossacks" about 6,280 results
 * Google books "Zaporizhian cossacks" about 152 results
 * -- Toddy1 (talk) 10:11, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Proof of a Cossack raid on Constantinople?
By 1615 and 1625, Cossacks had managed to raze townships on the outskirts of Constantinople, forcing the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV to flee his palace.[7]

Are there any reliable sources referencing it? I have not found mentions of it anywhere else. Currently, the source used is an exotic Web1.0 site from 2009. A complete joke.--Adûnâi (talk) 01:52, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes. The Cossacks got to Feodosia and twice raided Constantinople, see Cossack_raid_on_Istanbul_(1615) and Cossack_raid_on_Istanbul_(1620) although the latter sourcing is um ifffy.--FeralOink (talk) 10:32, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Origins rewrite revert
This edit is not an improvement. It needs to be put into narrative form and properly fleshed out. There are numerous grammatical and coherence problems. The article now begins "Cossacks is a local condition..." What? They arose due to policy of the then government. What policy and government? "The first one was written..." The first what? Whose theories are these? There are incomplete sentences and much of it is incoherent. Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 16:39, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

Theories

 * Autochthonous - Cossacks is a local condition that arose due to the need to protect the southern border of the Lithuanian Principality. The Cossacks arose centrally in accordance with the state policy of the then government. The first one was written by Martin Belsky, a descendant of the Cossack elder. On this was also Samiylo Velychko, and subsequently, in a detailed justification, Mikhail Maksymovych. The supporter of this dogma was also Mikhail Hrushevsky.
 * Boyar - Cossacks formed on the basis of the Russian boyars and the infamous military people of Lithuania and Poland, professional soldiers who did not receive the status of gentry and were forced to engage in war and robbery (Antonovich, Lepiavko).
 * Caregiver - Cossacks were formed on the basis of industrial workers of representatives of different classes, who went to the seasonal crafts in the Black Sea and Caspian steppes. A large part of the nurses were runaway peasants from Lithuania, Poland and Muscovy, which is why runaway theory is also called runaway. For the defense of the Tatars, nurses took their weapons, organized themselves in armed units. They survived chiefly from hunting and fishing and raiding the Asiatic tribes for horses and food. In the 16th century, a great organizer, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, a Ukrainian noble, united these different groups into a strong military organization. This theory is dominant in Soviet and post-Soviet historiography.

Hypothesis

 * Nomadic The nomadic hypothesis was that the Cossacks came from one or more nomadic peoples who at different times lived in the territory of the Northern Black Sea. It is not clear when the first Cossack communities on the Lower Dnieper began to form. There are signs and stories of similar people living in the steppes as early as the 12th century AD. According to this hypothesis the Cossacks' ancestors were the Scythians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Polovtsy (Cumans), Circassians (Adygs), Tatars, and others. The nomadic hypothesis of the origin of the Cossacks was formed under the influence of the Polish historical school of the 16th-17th centuries and was connected with the theory of the Sarmatian origin of the gentry. According to the traditional tradition of deriving the origin of the state or people from a certain people of antiquity, the Cossack chroniclers of the 18th century advocated the Khazar origin of the Cossacks. With the expansion of the source base and the formation of historical science, nomadic hypotheses were rejected by official historiography. For the first time, Alexander Rigelman pointed out the imperfection of the hypothesis. In the 20th century, the Russian scientist Gumilyov was an apologist for the Polovtsian origin of the Cossacks. In the XXI century. This hypothesis - concerning Cossacks, Donts and Kubans - has been refuted by a number of genetic studies.
 * Brodnic Cossacks are the descendants of brodnici, berladnici and Galician moguls who lived in the 11th-13th centuries in the Northern Black Sea Coast (author Golubovsky). Partly this hypothesis was supported by Gumilev. At the same time, they pointed out that there was no direct connection between the communes of the brodnici and the Cossacks, due to the existence of a time gap.

 * what is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis in the above? Toddy1 (talk) 17:24, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

 * the difference is that the theory has more scientific weight, while the hypothesis is very unlikely or/and has been refuted. SirLustitia (talk) 12:28, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I will try to improve my edits. I translate the text of Ukrainian and Russian authors into English, and I make mistakes, because my level of English is not so great. I will try to improve the text, but I will be glad if someone rewrite my edits to normal English. SirLustitia (talk) 12:43, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Restoring subjectivity to the page, inhibiting detrimental interests and the removal of the the undoutable notional mentions of the Zaporizhian Cossacks as a people.
This page is one of many fallen the target of chauvinistic and revisionist behaviour seeking to alter the page to suit an agenda, enabling historical distortion in the process. The Zaporizhian Cossacks undeniable and non-negotiable connection to Ukrainian history and the Ukrainian nation seek to be ameliorated and negated by those with misplaced and negative interests in the page. As well as wiping factual informtion that those relevant disagree with, the adopted nomencalture of today "Zaporizhian" is being intentionally removed in place of a word more comfortable for those with a more suitable page in mind-'Zaporozhians'. There is not a Wikipedia rule or guideline I have come across that stipulates that one uniform spelling must be used and that all other mentions of another spelling even if sourced directly from a book must be wiped. Yet here we are, where accounts exhaust themselves removing spellings they find disagreeable but coincidentally are a Russian spelling. It appears some accounts struggle to understand that Wikipedia like most encylopedias are heavily rooted in citation and corroboration, as these are the only forms that create reliability and help improve the site and its information. Opinion or something you disagree with doesn't trump cited fact.DanielLerish (talk) 18:13, 19 September 2020 (UTC)DanielLerish

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:40, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Coin of Vladimir the Great (reverse).svg

title: Talk:Zaporozhian Cossacks


text:
ACTRA

The Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA) is a Canadian trade union representing performers in English-language media. It has over 30,000 members working in film, television, radio, and all other recorded media. The organization negotiates, safeguards, and promotes the professional rights of its members. It also works to increase work opportunities for its members and lobbies for policy changes at the municipal, provincial, and federal levels.

ACTRA's regional chapters present ACTRA Awards to honour the best in Canadian radio and television performances in their local productions.

Affiliations
ACTRA is affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress and the International Federation of Actors.

In July 2005, ACTRA and the United Steelworkers announced that the two unions have entered into a strategic alliance to take on the globalization of the culture industry and to address a range of common issues.

ACTRA participated in the Faster, Together campaign to increase acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.

Acronym meaning
The earliest form of the organization represented radio performers in Toronto in the 1940s. This organization was called RATS: the Radio Artists of Toronto Society. In 1943, with the wider involvement of groups from other Canadian cities, the Association of Canadian Radio Artists (ACRA) was formed.

ACRA over time evolved into the Association of Canadian Radio and Television Artists, the Canadian Council of Authors and Artists, the Association of Canadian Television and Radio Artists, and, in 1984, the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists.

Union of British Columbia Performers
Regional issues led to the creation of the Union of British Columbia Performers, a separate subunit of ACTRA for British Columbia only.

ACTRA Awards
Every year, ACTRA branches across the country present the ACTRA Awards, some of which are handed out for performances, while others are given for union activism and contributions to the industry.

ACTRA Fraternal Benefit Society
The ACTRA Fraternal Benefit Society (AFBS), a member of American Fraternal Alliance, is a "not-for-profit, member-owned, federally incorporated insurance company", founded in 1959. In 2010, Marie Charette-Poulin sat on the board of Governors of the ACTRA Fraternal Benefit Society.

HAVEN Helpline
On 1 June 2019, ACTRA and the Directors Guild of Canada jointly launched HAVEN Helpline for members in Canada, with 24-7 support, out-sourced from Morneau Shepell, with additional financial support from AFBS and Telefilm Canada.

title: ACTRA


text:
User talk:R3m0t/archive1

User talk:R3m0t

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori 17:03, Nov 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Well thanks, i've already read those, but I didn't know about signing my name. Thanks. P.S. Does anybody take those links posted as a personal insult? (Actually, assuming this is a canned message, I won't get a reply :P) r3m0t 20:10, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It is a sort of canned message, but Dori did notice you somewhere, and decided to welcome you. At first, I thought a bot automatically sent out those welcome messages, but I was wrong. -- Mattworld 20:14, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, it's just easier to paste some text when you have to do it for tens of users. However I try to keep track :) It's better if you ask on a person's talk page though. I haven't heard of anyone being insulted. The talk page is just for comments, and it's not like I or anyone else is specifically aiming to insult anyone. On the contrary, it's simply a message to tell them that someone has taken notice of their arrival, and that we hope they'll like the place anough to stick around. Dori 20:18, Nov 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, thanks then! -- r3m0t 20:20, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Misc
By HSE, do you mean: High School Extensions? And thanks for first admin day, and yes, I have no clue what else the asterisks could mean :-). ugen64 13:51, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

I thought you might like to know that some over-zealous fellow put your How to induce lucid dreaming on Votes for Deletion. Go there to defend the article (I think the problem is that it has the dreaded phrase "how to" in the title. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:54, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Please have a look at User:Optim/Spirituality Portal and User_talk:Optim/Spirituality Portal. It would be great if we could cooperate to on these subjects, we could create a superb portal for wikipedia and write more articles on mysticism and metaphysics. If you have any questions let me know. Just a thought: Be very careful with what you write in Wikipedia, especially with the practical exercises/techniques. Keep in mind that for some people it may be dangerous if they try something and they are not ready. I think maybe we could start a special wikibook for this in the future... Optim 14:10, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Hello, I noticed your posting at Ouija:Talk and would encourage you to believe your teachers at school regarding Ouija boards. I used to believe it was from a person's subconcious mind too and I played the Ouija board like a game when I was a kid and a teenager and even used it a few times as an adult. Boy, how wrong I was thinking that it was a game or that the pointer moved from a person's subconcious! I have spent a year in hell dealing with a spirit from using the Ouija board. It is evil and I realized that all these years this "fun" game was nothing but a trap until one of these things could get enough of a hold on me so that they could manifest! A spirit not only appeared to me but it has been harrassing and attacking me for a full year. It is not as bad now because I began going to church and and began praying to God for help. It has openned my eyes to the truth of ancient scriptures. And before you think, "this guy's nuts" I'm not. Please for your own sake stay away from Ouija boards and other occult and divining activities. E. P.S. If you you'd like to ask me questions or something e-mail me at **

Re: Woah
Hi.. I wouldn't worry; I left that message several days ago as standard procedure for someone who made a test page in the main article space (instead of the sandbox). There hasn't been any real vandalism from that IP, but now that I know it's your school I'll save any blocks for emergency cases. Cheers, -- Hadal 13:48, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

paniq on VfD
There is an interesting discussion over on VfD for the bio-article for German demoscene musician and artist paniq which I am in the process of editing to demonstrate notability. I was hoping you could enter a comment or vote after reading through and reviewing the article. -R

 * I have never significantly contributed to articles on Germany, modern music, demoscene music, or music in general. Please don't spam. Sign your name properly too (with ~ ). r3m0t 22:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Please accept my apologies if you felt you have been spammed, that wasn't the intent. I'm asking for commentary from others within the community, it was not meant to be an impersonal request.  Best regards, RaD Man (talk) 22:50, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia client
Hi, my wikipedia client is actually working, but not in a really usable state. I put it aside until we have the wiki-to-XML parser up and running (which may still take a while). After that, we'll see. If you're into C++, try the "Waikiki" module (upper-case "W") from the MediaWiki CVS. Magnus Manske 21:15, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

CoolCat profile edits
I welcome edits that fix things I dislike vandalism with a passion (hate).

I thank you for your edits. I dont mind productive edits.

Bot status (hebrew wikipedia)
hey,

talked with you in the IRC about bot status. I have a bot up and running (not right now - actually - waiting for bot status only :) ), which find and replace strings in the hebrew wikipedia (originnally written in order to change the form you write "physics" in hebrew from פיסיקה to פיזיקה (because "The Academy for Hebrew language" changed it's mind several month ago) now, when it's been proven that it can do the work there are some more changes that should be done.

a discussion was made in &, and all of the wikipedians agreed that such bot is nessecery.

I've registered the user - costello-bot.

if there's anything more that should be done in order to get bot status please let me know, thanks - Costello 20:58, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Hi! Nice work moving out the Kasiski examination stuff, cheers! Nice to meet you. — Matt Crypto 12:17, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

PHP bot library
Thank you! That lib saved me a considerable amount of coding time. I can see the logic flow ... but some questions, why the series of unset($attr['search']); commands in function geteditpage? I also notice you used the curl command line tool and not libcurl, does it not import?

Personally instead of commeting/uncommenting, I'll abstract that into a function initeditpage($title), but the headsup was greatly appreciated. -- Dbroadwell 22:58, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Community Portal listing of weekly collaborations
Hi, I noticed that you removed Spanish Translation of the Week from the Community portal. Please explain your reasoning. I don't see why Article Improvement Drive and Countering Systemic Bias are left, but Spanish Translation removed. Having the link to the Spanish Translation on the Community portal increases user participation in the project. This link only takes up about 7 words; it doesn't add an undo burden onto the page. Please respond. — J3ff 00:52, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There are not many people who are able to contribute to the Spanish translation of the week. If they want, they can add a template into their user page showing what is to be translated. If we start allowing COTW (or similar projects) projects which are specific to one area (e.g. UK, U.S. COTW) or one subject (Gaming, Literature, Music... COTW) then the section will become massive. Therefore I wish to limit the links there to a minimum i.e. the COTW projects which cover all regions and subjects. Of course, feel free to add "Spanish translation to the small list of "other collaborations". r3m0t talk 07:22, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well not everyone has to be able to speak Spanish to contribute. Help is still needed with copyediting and proofreading.  However, I do understand your reasoning. — J3ff 22:02, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Page move function bot
If you ever write that page move function, can you please let me know by email and send me the code? I plan to write an anti-vandal bot to Willy on Wheels. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:21, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Withdrawing a VfD nomination
To withdraw a nomination, just strike the nomination and write a comment saying you did so. Notice this won't prevent it from running its course, unless nobody else voted. --cesarb 20:22, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sorry if I sounded shrill re Ray Eames
Mistakes happen; no harm done. It's always embarrassing when a VfD nomination gets a long string of keeps.... like my recent mistaken nomination of Votes for deletion/Wynn Las Vegas, for example. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:20, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Your proposal on the Village pump (proposals)
Were you proposing to User:Dysprosia as in the title of your comment, or to User:Theresa Knott as in the edit summary? It might be more appropriate to wait for one to reject you before proposing to the other.-gadfium 23:37, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Theresa Knott is away so I decided to look elsewhere. r3m0t talk 06:23, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Ah, the best barnstar of 'em all! Thank you very much! :-) --Bishonen|Talk 08:53, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup user template
Good idea. Thanks for adding the template to my desk - you confused me for a second as I'd just clicked edit to do it myself and it was already there! (admittedly it doesn't take much to confuse me...) SteveW | Talk 17:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me do it myself. It's far too easy to mess my user page up. I've added it now. Mgm|(talk) 19:37, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Forgotten VfD
Ah, I did not forget - I had to run to a piano lesson. I would have gotten to it.. eventually.. ahem. Thanks :p ugen 64 22:52, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ClockworkSoul's Coffee Roll
Just thought I would drop you a line to let you know that I implemented the images fixes that you recommended. You were absolutely right, and I think that the changes brought about a big improvement. – ClockworkSoul 05:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You haven't changed your vote over, so I just wanted to drop you a line to ask whether these changes resolved the issue you raised? – ClockworkSoul 22:44, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Slight change to my talk page
Hi, after you added the cleanup desk box to my user page, for which I thank you, and slightly re-formated my text to make space for it, an extra phrase has appeared at the bottom which does not appear on the edit page. It says tria% and a subscript o. Any idea where that is coming from?. As it is not on the edit page I cannot remove it! Apwoolrich 07:33, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It now says triaA. Apwoolrich 15:26, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All fixed: very many thanks Apwoolrich 17:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Templates
Thanks for that. I feel a fool that I've been here so long and still got that wrong. I've made all the icons the same width now, but can I ask you to expand on your request to "increase the margin to the right of them slightly". Do you mean that you would like more space between the icon and the text to the right? Noisy | Talk 08:24, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Your vote for "Tick ToC"
Hi R3m0t. Have your issues regarding your vote of "Conditional support" for "Tick ToC" here been resolved? If so would you consider moving your vote to "Support"? Not campaigning here, just trying to make the results easier to interpret ;-) Paul August ☎ 16:55, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

Your vote for ClockworkSoul's Coffee Roll
Hi again, R3m0t. I was also wondering whether the issues that were raised in your "conditional support" vote for ClockworkSoul's Coffee Roll were resolved? I'm sorry to bug you about this, but if they are would you consider moving your vote to "support"? The poll closes tonight, and I'm just trying to get my ducks in a row so that the results may be easier to interpret. :) Cheers! – ClockworkSoul 17:19, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Re: Cleanup taskforce
Thanks dude! But hardly I do not have any people approaching me. And please vote for me for adminship! --ImpalerBugz 09:28, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Classified list of members interests. I find the logic confusing and I fear this is going to get out of hand rapidly unless we sort out a proper classified list of topics from the outset and simply insert members names against them. As it is we are copying the headings people put on their own entries. Is there somewhere in Wikipedia a basic classified list of headings we might just paste in. I like the concept of what you have done, but as the membership grows it will grow unweldy and un-user-friendly. Please don't think I am being negative, for I am not. Kind regards Apwoolrich 07:41, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Moved to Wikipedia talk:Cleanup Taskforce/Members r3m0t talk 12:36, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:R3m0t/archive1