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Talk:Extraterrestrial real estate

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Auction Discussion
what does everyone think of this?
 * It's an apparently real auction, but I have several reasons not to bid:
 * It's not clear whether space can be privately owned in the first place,
 * The auction doesn't tell me where the space is,
 * I can't actually travel to that space,
 * At the moment I can't spare AU$ 1000.  — J I P | Talk 15:24, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

why would anybody want to buy space? it's vacant there's nothing out there!

Storage of large objects
Well you never know when you might need to store a large object, eh?! THE KING 15:29, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

The article
A few points. First, the title is rather clumsy and informal; any suggestions? Secondly, there was very ephemeral link to an ebay auction; better would be a link to a rather more permanent page. Thirdly (and related to the first point), the article deals with selling parts of space and plots on planets and satellites. Fourthly, it's rather vague; more detail is needed. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:37, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Re the ebay article, ebay items last for about 3 months after they expire i think. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.194.13.106 (talk • contribs) 03:30, 30 May 2005.
 * What does ephemeral mean? if its 'short term, will dissapear quickly' then i suggest restoring the ebay link as per anon's comment above. else ok, point taken re the link. THE KING 05:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

In the context of an encyclopædia, three months is pretty ephemeral. How about my other points, though? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * With regards your other points, . THE KING 12:39, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

You mean that you refuse to offer suggestions or to respond? How very collaborative. Still, it's good to know that you have no interest in the issues, so won't object no matter what I decide to do. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:51, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How very negative as always, mel. Of course i am interested in the issue or i wouldn't write about it. And yes, i will continue to update and improve it as i see fit, but i do not 'refuse to offer any suggestions or respond'. My suggestion, as is my policy on wikipedia, is that if there is a problem with an article, then fix it. At the same time, i agree with a number of points you've raised, and thank you for bringing them to the communities attention. It seems you have support to go ahead and make the necessary changes. THE KING 05:59, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Mel, i have copyedited and wikified to the best of my ability. Also attempted clarification of some of the more vauge aspects of the article as described in your original comment. Hope this satisfies - THE KING 08:06, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * haha looks like that link @ the top of this page was pretty ephemeral. it got cancelled by ebay. THE KING 10:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The article is still in need of wikification and copy-editing. The title, though, is more difficult. I'm placing it on RfC in order to get other opinions. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * FFS mel i dont know what you want done about it! do it yourself if you're so cut up about it, but i think its fine, so will be removing those tags soon. THE KING 16:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

RfC

 * How about Selling land on space? --cesarb 16:17, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps Selling land in space, but the article also deals with selling bits of empty space rather than land. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:17, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How about Extraterrestrial real-estate sales or Extraterrestrial land sales? --Carnildo 18:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Extra-terrestrial real estate sounds a good bet. Would anyone object if I moved the article to that new title? Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:00, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me, mel. Obviously a redirect from selling space will be necessary. THE KING 16:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) The redirect is automatic.
 * 2) Don't remove the "wikify" and "copyedit" template without doing anything else to the article. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:51, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't put them on there without explaining whats wrong with the article, or fixing it. You seem to think i'm some kind of terrorsist mel, stop being so negative. THE KING 07:41, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The "wikify" template has a link to an explanation of how articles should be presented; a dictionary and grammar text would help with the "copyedit" template. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I came here from RFC and was going to suggest Extra-terrestrial real estate, but I see that the suggestion has already been made, and the article moved. If there are no objections to this change, the note at WP:RFC should be removed. Blank Verse  ∅  12:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thansk for reminding me — it's done. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What "issue"?
We read: The controvertial [sic] issue of whether it is legal, ethical or even possible to sell land and space in outer space has now arisen.

Where, other than on some deleted auction at eBay, has it arisen?

I don't say that it hasn't arisen, and certainly not that it won't arise. I have an open mind on this. Please educate me.

In the absence such an assurance that this has arisen, I'm inclined to think of this as merely a way in which the greatest fools might be deprived of their money. It's more ludicrous than talk of selling the Brooklyn Bridge, as it's plausible that some entity might own and be able to sell a bridge. -- Hoary 12:21, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

 * The eBay sale is irrelevant, I think; anyone can stick anything on eBay (someone recently put my College up for sale), so I've deleted that reference. There are organisations that sell land on the Moon, though, and I believe that they've extended this to other planets; I've added a link to what I think is the first (or, at least, the main) organisation of this kind. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that the "purportedly" is needed in the links section; if, for example, what they're doing is thought to be illegal, it's because they're selling what isn't theirs — I'm not sure that there's a law against purportedly selling what isn't yours. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * True, but what about its fantastical nature? When you (my better-off friend) and I are both in the pub and drunk, and I offer to sell you Pluto (complete with Charon) for another pint of Brakspear, you take me up on it and I write out a paper stating your ownership, have I sold you Pluto? -- Hoary 11:09, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

If I hand over the money, then yes — and you're guilty of selling me what doesn't belong to you. I realise that this is largely a matter of terminology, but I think that it complicates and obscures matters to scatter qualifications throughout the article as though we're on Have I Got News for You and trying to avoid law-suits... The extra links that you find do the job, I think (not to mention the text of the article). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merging with Moon for sale
I suggest Moon for sale being merged in this article Virgiliu - they deal with exactly the same topic.

 * Support but I'm leery that the revert wars recently experienced in the Moon for sale article will spill over into the new article. This article appears to be more well-written than the Moon for sale article but there are some good sections that could be added from the Moon for sale article, particularly some of the sources/references.  --ElKevbo 01:47, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Semi-protected tag
The sprotected tag was added to this page, but the page was not actually protected. If the page should be protected for some reason, please list it on WP:RFPP. [[User:S

some suggestions
Hello.

Having followed this and other discussions on the subject with much interest as we have been studying the subject of property rights in space and on the Moon for now more than 15 years, we are in high gratefulness and agreement that this article has been placed in the "under dispute" category.

We would like to make several suggestions for improvements.

1. The first paragraph says:

Current: Such sales are not legally recognised by any nation, and are therefore often fraudulent.

The second part of the sentence is incorrect. The second part of the sentence is not implied by the first.

Will you *please* refrain from calling something fraudulent until it has been shown to be the case? It is incorrect to call something fraudulent given the fact that it is not against the law and there is no law against it.

Many legal space experts agree that in this case, this is so.

Just because nations have decided not to recognize something does not make it fraudulent.

"Absence of the law" is not equal to "illegal".

Law does not work on the premise that something is illegal if it is not mentioned. International law is based on quite the opposite: that actions are legal until declared illegal.

If everything we do would have to be declared legal first, we think we would end up not doing much in life...never mind reproduce.. :)

Proposal change to: Such sales are not legally recognised by any nation, however many nations and Nasa have recognised the need for regulation of property rights in space due to the absence of such law.

Note: The Outer Space Treaty has done nothing to establish who owns the Moon or the other planets. All it did do is establish who does not own it, i.e. all the governments of this planet, as well as the fact that there is a marked absence of laws on the Moon. The governments that have ratified this Treaty have reliquished their jurisdiction of these territories.

It even goes further to say that the Moon is the heritage of all mankind, making the Moon by far more the publics property than anything else (oh we see and noooow the governments want to change their mind? A bit hard.).

Your article correctly argues that generally Space Experts agree that for someone to claim the Moon or other celestial bodies, he should exercise some degree of as it says "control" or "intent to occupy" over the territories in question.

Well, it certainly looks like from here that the people of earth, and 1.8 Million lunar property customers worldwide are doing exactly that, within the boundaries of their financial and military means, by purchasing lunar property and forming public opinion.

Everyone in this discussion knows that the Moon Treaty attempted to fill the "private ownership gap" by explicitly addressing private ownership, and in vain as it was not ratified in the UN (by now three times in a row). This should be better mentioned.

Especially the USA decided not to sign it as it would "deny private ownership and exploitation of lunar resources for profit motives". The USA said at the time that they would like to wait and see "how public opinion develops", and alas, it has. This is well documented history at the UN.

So the questions the lunar realtors (and space experts) have therefore very well raised (we the public are grateful) are that

(a) the question of property rights in space and on the Moon must be formally addressed as they are not clear, and the lunar realtors have recognized this 26 years (at least since 1980) before anyone else who hopes to reap profit from Earth orbits or Lunar developments these days (see also the Hilton Group, Hotel in Orbit, Paris Hilton, Richard Branson, Virgin One orbital flight, China.).

As well as that

(b) the rights of the public must be correctly represented in such a debate, or a bunch of corporate minded well financed people will just simply decide its all theirs, simply because they can afford to go there, and you, Mr. X Y Z in the street, can not.

To many space experts, lunar realtors and their clients this is a vision that is unacceptable.

Its time to defend the rights of the public to own a property on the Moon and the other planets.

Just yesterday, even Nasa confirmed publicly on MSNBC ABC News and CNN that Lunar Property rights have yet to be established (see here). David Beatty of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory said an international legal framework would be helpful in the area of property rights.

(We also hear that many NASA employees have purchased lunar plots; which is interesting to say the least. As we can see, even they are not putting their money on the government to win this debate..)

Lets just hope the USA don't do the same thing as was done with the Indians so long ago; shooting people that don't agree with you is these days just too easy; (see also Iraq, the definition of the word Insurgent as well as Freedom of Speech?). :(.

If the USA and other countries first relinquish their jurisdiction and sovereinigty of these territories via the "Outer Space Treaty", they should now not turn around and try to reclaim that, which they have given to all mankind, just because in retrospect they find that money may be involved.

The rights of any individual to own a lunar or extraterrestrial property are more important that the profit motives of a few wealthy individuals in the upper echelons of power.

In other words: The USA cannot have their cake and eat it too.

Further, it is by now obvious that it is absolutely crucial that the public opinion, which is very present, should be represented adequately when such property rights are discussed and dealt with.

That is the real issue lunar activists and lunar realtors worldwide are attempting to address and draw attention to and alas they are succeeding thankfully.

One should further be very careful to ignore the realtors and their clients by the way; by now they are a "small club" of "only" over 800'000 people making them the largest advocate group in history, even surpassing in size the second largest membership organisation, i.e. the World Wide Star Trek fan club.

2.

Current: as stated by the United Nations "Outer Space Treaty", space is the "domain of all mankind", and therefore not available for private ownership.

The second part of this phrase is incorrect and as many Space Experts agree, the jury is very much still out on whether space is available for private ownership or not. If what you state were true, the drafting of the Moon Treaty would not have been necessary.

In fact, many Space Experts agree that lunar laws that must first be established should be modelled on Earth law and when that happens which will hopefully be soon, (although no one has jurisdiction to do it anymore by their own treaties), in that case however if any agreement is reached, lunar property private ownership will very well become possible. (Note that any legal expert will tell you that our terrestrial laws stop at an altitude of 80km.)

The Outer Space Treaty only says that no GOVERNMENT can own space, and the Moon Treaty was supposed to stuff the hole of private ownership that the "Outer Space Treaty" did not legally cover.

Proposal change to: It is generally accepted that, as stated by the United Nations "Outer Space Treaty", space is the "domain of all mankind", and can no loner be claimed by any governments. It explicitly though omits mentioning private individuals. or Proposal change to: space is the "domain of all mankind".

3. But lets get back to that Outer Space Treaty. All it has done is relinquish the rights of all governments and there is legal precedent for that.

4-5 years ago, a lunar realtor in Europe was

 * I didn't bother to read your whole very long thread and I'm not a lawyer nor do I know what a 'space law expert' is but in response to your first point, most sales are indeed fradulent because the seller is selling something they almost definitely do not own and don't have the right to sell, and do not make this sufficiently clear or may even make up bullshit claims when advertising what they are selling. In most countries, it is indeed against the law to mislead prospective purchasers when selling something. It doesn't matter whether you claim to be selling lunar land or a Wii 2. In a few cases the sellers may make clear what their claims are based on and how little support their is for their claims in which case it's possible they are not doing anything illegal but these sellers are rare I'm pretty sure (since few people will be dumb enough to buy something which isn't worth anything) Nil Einne (talk) 15:42, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

What does this mean?
In 'extraterrestrial claims,' there's a sentence that begins, "Next year, the Red Planet was claimed by the Western Federation Church and Tribe." Uh, what? Next year? Was? --Masamage 05:36, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

I just edited the line to start "In 1998" and to link out to the WFC&T website... which apparently claims dominion over the Moon, THE RED PLANET "MARS" (their phrasing), and I think a bunch of other extraterrestrial real estate. .... I'm trying very hard to treat this with due reference and objectivity and neutrality and all, but the situation amuses me enough that I'll choose to think that leaving it as "the Red Planet" doesn't give the line a condescending or derisive tone. Especially since that's the way the group phrases it themselves. --Speaker59 199.103.21.225 14:55, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Philosophy of ownership
It's quite an amusing subject, but nevertheless quite upsetting to think there are numerous conmen who are actually making money from it. It's perhaps more upsetting to think there are people stupid enough to 'buy' extra-terrestrial real-estate. It cannot be done. Philosophically speaking, there are blurry lines around the whole concept of ownership (and everything else for that matter). I don't own the body I travel around in, but I think I have the best 'claim of ownership', even if it may not be the earliest claim. In most countries on Earth, my claim would be officially recognised, but that does not make it universally official.

If you think you own the moon (or anything for that matter), you have to think about how and where you would defend your claim. My body claim is based on the belief that I am the person who uses it most, am the person who keeps it alive and am the person who will disappear when it dies. It's a good claim. And if anyone else challenges my claim, I would probably successfully defend my claim in most courts of law. At least those on this planet, if not those on all of the planets which pre-evolved us and claimed ownership of this solar system millions of years ago.

When buying a certificate of ownership of a piece of E.T. R.E., the 'buyer' is merely buying a claim. Who would do that if they knew they could claim it for free? Everyone can claim ownership of anything they want, but not every claim can be satisfactorily defended. Tomid 16:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

It all comes to this. Can you defend your claim? Preferably with extreme force if necessary, or you have a close friend with the force to defend your claimed property. If you can defend it or otherwise discourage others from claiming it as well or persuade them not to, then it is yours...its the way the world works these days, perhaps someday it will be different. Someone can claim something or a piece of land or space, it can be all theirs in the law books and on all the pieces of paper people have made, but if you have the force it can effectively be all yours and their claims on pieces of paper are worth nothing. We have set up a system of private property ownership in this world for good or bad, and the basic tenants to this are being able to forcibly hold that property, we have allocated the majority of the heavy force to governments we have created, therefore governments determine who owns what, thru laws they establish or other means, as they supply the force to back up someones claim. My great grandfather for instance had claim to land in Las Vegas, it was all legal, no one disputed this, he had been the owner for a long time, the government one day decided it needed this land for its purposes, so he had no choice but to sell it to them at the price they set, or else use force to defend his claim his government once recognized, perhaps if he had had an equal amount of force of the US government, he would have refused and we would have seen a showdown or something, as he didnt have the force inherent to a nation-state, he simply sold the land at the price they set...PS: of course you dont necessarily need violent force to defend something, there are other ways, there are other ways of affecting others so they are "forced" to acknowledge and respect your claim, yet you basically need some sort of power over them that can negatively affect them if they dont respect your claim, or positively affect them if they do respect it 83.79.137.123 23:55, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

one of the most fundamental reasonings for nation-states, was to group several people together, to increase the amount of force they could muster to defend private property rights...83.79.137.123 23:55, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

I'd agree, although probably all possible in-group/out-group constellations- 179.7.87.89 (talk) 04:52, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Real issues
How is contention over spots in the valuable geostationary satellite orbit settled? Has this ever come up in any sense other than scam artists? I'd find it hard to believe there's never been any real arguments over it. Gigs 15:04, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparently allocation of slots is managed by the ITU. There's a discussion at http://www.uni.edu/ihsmun/resources/GUIDES/Orbitals.htm, and also various statements at the ITU site (http://www.itu.int). I think it's definitely worth a mention in this article if anyone has the inclination. Matt 01:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC).

 * I added a sentence to the article just to note this issue. Perhaps it could be expanded into something a bit more informative by someone knowledgable about the subject. Matt 14:28, 17 September 2006 (UTC).

Removal of "neutrality disputed" banner
I have removed the "neutrality disputed" banner, which was added some time ago, as it is not now clear from the talk page what, if anything, is still being disputed. A number of points seem to have been resolved, and various suggestions to change the wording seem to have been implemented. If anyone wants to reinstate the banner then it would be useful to add a new section here summarising what is still perceived to be a problem with the neutrality. Matt 11:36, 15 September 2006 (UTC).

Dennis Hope Re-direct
Doesn't belong as a redirect. There should be a redirect link on a page devoted to him. --Chalyres 08:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree - this is annoying since he is a major (and controversial) figure in the "moon-selling industry" and has even successfully prevented copycat businesses from starting up. He needs an article.Drewson99 03:27, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

I also agree. He is a very notable person who deserves his own article. So, we all agree... now we just need someone to write one! 81.157.197.231 (talk) 21:58, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Does a scoundrel qualify as "a notable person"? Phooey! --AVM (talk) 15:01, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Dennis Hope The deed is done. (no pun intended) Yaki-gaijin (talk) 01:59, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Holiest of Holies??
"In 2005, Marina Bai, a Russian astrologer, sued NASA for having encroached upon her "holy of holies" (the Moon) by landing a probe on comet Tempel 1." --That doesn't make any sense at all. She sued by landing a probe? That's impossible. Or she sued NASA claiming that they defiled the moon by landing a probe on the comet? That makes no sense whatsoever. It doesn't help that there's no source. I won't delete it, because I don't have any source to DISPUTE it, but it should probably be deleted anyway. I leave it up to the general community 67.163.165.236 (talk) 14:32, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

what happens when we get to inhabited planets
does this treaty say anything about human nations respecting the claims of alien ones? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Not G. Ivingname (talk • contribs) 15:13, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I have cleaned up this article, and posted a notice at Fringe theories/Noticeboard. Comments here or there are welcome. If anyone would like to restore or revise content that I have removed, please be sure to comply with the following policies:

 * verifiability
 * External links, especially the section on those which are normally avoided
 * Fringe views
 * No original research
 * Conflict of interest

Thank you. Jehochman Talk 10:09, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Selling stars
This article mention nothing about organizations that claim to sell stars. It should, as they exist. 207.69.139.144 (talk) 00:54, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

International Moon Treaty
Love how it's refered to as a thing that everyone agreed with. "International Moon Treaty." Cute. No more posting lil' white lies in this article. Like the ones that legitimize the Moon Treaty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wes.faires (talk • contribs) 10:04, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Individual Claims of Ownership
This article used to include a brief history of claims to extraterrestrial real estate made by individuals over the years. It would be much more interesting for all if this remained, but there are some accountability issues here, so I'll place a citation linking to a credible source that does list those claims.

Wes.faires (Wes.faires) 16:45, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Micronation
Can the moon be regarded as a Micronation in the sense that it is claimed by Dennis Hope (and others) but the claims aren't recognized. The term "Micronation" does not seem to refer to the actual size of the land "owned", as is proven by other "micro"-nations such as Westarctica, which is a good part of a continent. This is also the case with and other claims made by private individuals in Antarctica... Any thoughts? BigSteve (talk) 11:19, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

 * A fictional nation, perhaps.  H eptor   talk 23:54, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Suing
The article mentions a number of nut cases ... sorry ... individuals who sued NASA. Were the cases successful? P.S. I own the Sun and I'm currently charging the the bargain rate of one gram of gold per gigajoule of sunshine used; please send me a bag of gold annually. J IM ptalk·cont 09:51, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Footnote for Martin Juergens claim that the Moon has belonged to his family since July 15, 1756.
Under the section: "Notable claims", it talks about Martin Juergens claim that the Moon has belonged to his family since July 15, 1756. There is a reference to footnote #11.

At footnote #11, two links are provided:

1) A link to the original source:

http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/moonw.htm

The relevant content for that domain: http://www.parascope.com/ is no longer available. That domain is now "parked" and only hosts a page of links for apparently monetary purposes.

2) A link to an archive of the original page, on Archive.org, archived on March 13, 2016, and somehow "Retrieved 2013-06-04", 3 years before it was available.

The link on archive.org that is provided is:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160313201737/http://parascope.com/articles/1196/moonw.htm

Unfortunately it appears that that link fails, at least it failed many times for me on Thursday August 16, 2018. The failure mode for me, using Firefox browser, was that it tried, unsuccessfully in a repetitive loop (infinite) to load the page. The page as displayed remained blank and never completed, even after waiting 10 minutes or more.

After some research, I found that at least one earlier archive of the page, from May 07, 2006, still works:

http://web.archive.org/web/20060507235822/http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/moonw.htm

At some point, after I make sure the 2016 archive link is still broken, I will try to update the page with the alternate archive link.

If someone else comes across my Talk post here, and wishes to update the page, please feel free to do so.

Fyiman (talk) 00:58, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Proposed Additions
We're proposing adding the following sections to expand on this article and discuss feasibility of a mission to extraterrestrial bodies like Mars.

Real Estate Market ; Transportation ; Planetary Protection ; Astrobiology ; Environmental Effects of Launches ; Sustainability ;

and we are proposing modifying Orbital Real Estate section to highlight the issue of orbital debris which would make it difficult to set up real estate. We also propose adding to the History section to include proposals for Mars travel and proposals have evolved over the years.

We took a more holistic approach to our proposed edits to extraterrestrial real estate to add value and bring in new sources that provide details on a full mission overview to an extraterrestrial body. Would you favor adding these proposed edits? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Farheem (talk • contribs) 19:36, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your WP:BOLDness, but I removed these sections. They all had to do with aspects of extraterrestrial colonization or spaceflight more generally, not the specific topic of extraterrestrial land ownership, so they don't belong in this article. Hairy Dude (talk) 19:22, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extraterrestrial real estate


text:
Bankstown Line

The Bankstown Line (numbered T3, coloured orange) is a commuter rail line operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It serves Canterbury-Bankstown and parts of the Inner West and Western Sydney. The Bankstown railway line is the physical railway line which carries the section of the Bankstown Line between Sydenham and Birrong.

Due to the conversion of the Bankstown-to-Sydenham line to a Sydney Metro line, in 2024 the part of the line between Liverpool and Lidcombe (which runs on the Main South Line) will be rebranded to form part of the Liverpool & Inner West Line, retaining the T3 numbering. The part of the line between Bankstown and Lidcombe will operate as a short shuttle line, to be known as the Lidcombe & Bankstown Line, numbered T6.

Railway line history
The Bankstown railway line opened between Sydenham on the Illawarra railway line and Belmore in 1895. This was the second solely suburban line to open in Sydney, following the North Shore railway line in 1890–all other rail lines were mainlines carrying traffic into and out of Sydney. In 1909, the line was extended to Bankstown, with intermediate stations at Lakemba and Punchbowl. In 1916, the Metropolitan Goods Line was constructed, running parallel to the Bankstown Line between Marrickville and Campsie. A second extension, from Bankstown to Birrong, opened in 1928. This provided connections to the main suburban railway at Lidcombe and the main south line to Liverpool. A new station between Lakemba and Punchbowl at Wiley Park opened in 1938.

In 1926 the Bankstown Line became the second line in Sydney to be electrified and a maintenance depot was constructed at Punchbowl. Electrification was extended from Bankstown to Regents Park in 1939. The Punchbowl Maintenance Depot closed in 1994.

In January 2006 a four-year project to upgrade the line was completed. The work included the resleepering of the entire line, replacing the former wooden sleepers with the more durable concrete ones, replacement and upgrade of the signalling, and also replacement of the ageing catenary, mostly with the more modern double contact wire variety. The lengthy upgrade process was noted for its "January Closedowns", in which the entire line was closed in January for the bulk of the upgrade work to take place.

Commuter line history
Electric passenger services operated along the Bankstown Line to Wynyard station until the 1956 opening of Circular Quay station and the completion of the City Circle. In 1979 with the opening of the Eastern Suburbs line the direction around the City Circle reversed with trips from Bankstown going to St James first and vice versa.

Operation of the Bankstown Line had been tied to the operation of all stations services on the Main Suburban railway line between Lidcombe and the city (marketed as the Inner West Line). Services consisted of a mixture of "Bankstown loop" trains (City - Sydenham - Bankstown - Lidcombe - Strathfield - City) and trains from both sides of the loop (Birrong or Regents Park) heading to Sefton and then further west. Until the early 2000s, a number of Bankstown trains continued via the Western Line to Blacktown via Granville and Parramatta.

A new timetable released in October 2013 broke the loop between the two lines. As part of the Rail Clearways Program, new turnbacks were constructed at Lidcombe and Homebush to allow the separation of both lines and increase their reliability and frequency. Services were also changed to operate mostly around the City Circle via Town Hall on weekdays (rather than via Museum). As part of the timetable change, a new numbering system was also introduced and the line was given the number T3. A sextuplication project between Erskineville and Sydenham was also proposed as part of the Rail Clearways Program, but was cancelled in 2011. It was intended to separate Bankstown line services from those operating towards East Hills. The 2013 timetable sees most East Hills line trains using the Airport line to access the city.

The line was depicted in a brown colour in the early 1990s before being changed to a purple colour around 2000, before it became the current orange colour.

Future projects
Sydney Metro City & Southwest is a plan to convert the Sydenham to Bankstown section of the line to use single deck metro trains. A new tunnel will be constructed between Sydenham and Chatswood, for access to the city. The stations of St Peters, Erskineville and the stations west of Bankstown towards Lidcombe / Liverpool will not be served by the metro. The NSW Legislative Council Inquiry into the Sydenham-Bankstown line conversion recommended that the direct train to City via Lidcombe be restored for commuters west of Bankstown. The NSW Government rejected most recommendations from this report.

In December 2020, Transport for NSW announced it was considering when the Bankstown Line closes for conversion to metro in 2024, the Liverpool to city service via Regents Park and Lidcombe will be reinstated and a shuttle branch service will run between Lidcombe and Bankstown. Regents Park will be the main interchange point between both lines as the direct train between Bankstown and Liverpool will be withdrawn.

In November 2022, Transport for NSW released plans to consider closing Birrong, Yagoona, and other stations in the West of Bankstown after the opening of Sydney Metro City & Southwest. Buses would replace trains in the West of Bankstown towards Lidcombe and Liverpool, however this no longer appears part of revised planning for opening of Sydney Metro City & Southwest.

In April 2023, the NSW Government announced an independent review into the Sydney Metro project.

In August 2023, the NSW Government in response to the recommendation of the Sydney Metro Review Interim Report, announced the continuation of the Sydney Metro Southwest project with the downgrade of the Sydenham to Bankstown line including a 12 month temporary closure from mid-2024 onwards. The proposal will see Bankstown line services replaced with Southwest Link bus replacement services with the section between Lidcombe and Bankstown to be re-numbered as the T6 service (formerly used by the Carlingford Line).

Description of line
The Bankstown line begins at Sydenham railway station on the Illawarra line. The line branches at Sydenham Junction and passes in a westwards direction to Bankstown, where it heads north to Birrong. Between Marrickville and Campsie, the Metropolitan Goods line runs in parallel. At Birrong, the line meets the Main South Line which runs from Lidcombe to Cabramatta via Regents Park.

Commuter line route
Passenger services begin at Town Hall station on the City Circle. Most services operate around the City Circle in a clockwise direction to Central, then through Redfern. However both inbound and outbound trains can also travel in the counterclockwise direction around the City Circle, as of the November 2017 timetable. After Central, trains enter the Illawara railway line, using the local (western pair) tracks, stopping at St Peters and Erskineville stations. Just south of Sydenham, all trains take the turnout onto the Bankstown railway line. At Sefton Park Junction (west of Birrong), trains can turn onto both directions of the Main Southern railway line, running to Liverpool or Lidcombe.

The line serves two major centres in Western Sydney, namely Bankstown and Liverpool.

Patronage
The following table shows the patronage of Sydney Trains network for the year ending 30 June 2022.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bankstown Line


text:
1897 in Swedish football

The 1897 season in Swedish football, starting January 1897 and ending December 1897:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1897

 * Final

title: 1897 in Swedish football


text:
Kill Your Pet Puppy

Kill Your Pet Puppy was a UK punk zine that ran for six issues between 1979 and 1984. It was edited by Tony Drayton (Tony D) who had previously produced Ripped and Torn fanzine, which he started in October 1976 and for 18 issues until 1979.

KYPP pushed the boundaries of punk rock through a period which saw the birth of anarcho-punk and the beginnings of the goth subculture. The final issue, No. 6, described a journey from a punk squat in London to Stonehenge Free Festival. Groups featured in KYPP were Adam and the Ants, Crass, Bauhaus, Southern Death Cult, The Mob, The Associates, Charge, Sex Gang Children and the Cuddly Toys.

KYPP was written and designed in 'anarcho-situationist style' by a fluctuating group of around 12 members of the Puppy Collective. Influences on KYPP ranged from sixties undergrounds magazines like OZ and International Times, to Wilhelm Reich, the Angry Brigade, Aleister Crowley, Surrealism, eco-feminism and David Bowie.

The Puppy Collective were also variously active participants in events and situations of the period - including a Sid Vicious Memorial March in 1979, the Wapping Autonomy Centre in 1981/2, Centro Iberico Anarchist Centre 1982, the 1982 Stonehenge to Greenham Peace Convoy and the 1983 Stop the City protest and the 1982/3/4 Stonehenge Free festivals.

title: Kill Your Pet Puppy


text:
1898 in Swedish football

The 1898 season in Swedish football, starting January 1898 and ending December 1898:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1898

 * Final

title: 1898 in Swedish football


text:
1899 in Swedish football

The 1899 season in Swedish football, starting January 1899 and ending December 1899:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1899

 * Final

Rosenska Pokalen 1899

 * Final

title: 1899 in Swedish football


text:
1900 in Swedish football

The 1900 season in Swedish football, starting January 1900 and ending December 1900:

Events

 * 1900-07-29 – AIK wins their first Swedish Championship ever, and the first of the new century.

Svenska Mästerskapet 1900

 * Final

Rosenska Pokalen 1900

 * Final

title: 1900 in Swedish football


text:
1901 in Swedish football

The 1901 season in Swedish football, starting January 1901 and ending December 1901:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1901

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1901

 * Final

Rosenska Pokalen 1901

 * Final

title: 1901 in Swedish football


text: User talk:83.132.248.54

title: User talk:83.132.248.54


text:
Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•), and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the 'conventional' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization.

It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin. In cells, FMN occurs freely circulating but also in several covalently bound forms. Covalently or non-covalently bound FMN is a cofactor of many enzymes playing an important pathophysiological role in cellular metabolism. For example dissociation of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I has been shown to occur during ischemia/reperfusion brain injury during stroke.

Food additive
Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a.

E106, a very closely related food dye, is riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium salt, which consists mainly of the monosodium salt of the 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin. It is rapidly turned to free riboflavin after ingestion. It is found in many foods for babies and young children as well as jams, milk products, and sweets and sugar products.

title: Flavin mononucleotide


text:
1902 in Swedish football

The 1902 season in Swedish football, starting January 1902 and ending December 1902:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1902

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1902

 * Final

Rosenska Pokalen 1902

 * Final

title: 1902 in Swedish football


text: User talk:210.15.216.58

title: User talk:210.15.216.58


text: User talk:83.158.7.201

title: User talk:83.158.7.201


text:
1903 in Swedish football

The 1903 season in Swedish football, starting January 1903 and ending December 1903:

Svenska Bollspelsförbundets serie klass 1 1903

 * Title-deciding match

Svenska Mästerskapet 1903

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1903

 * Final

Svenska Fotbollpokalen 1903 I

 * Final

Svenska Fotbollpokalen 1903 II

 * Final

title: 1903 in Swedish football


text:
Talk:Finite field arithmetic

C programming example
I needed to implement a multiplication in the rijndael field, so I used the code from this wiki page. I figuered out, that this code does not work.

(For these who are curious, I replaced the multiplication by correct look up tables for special numbers. So I do not have a working version of gmul...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.22.122.245 (talk) 22:07, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Rijndael Galois field
Great minds think alike; I independently wrote almost the same material for Rijndael Galois field. Can you say merge? Samboy 10:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Does the Rijndael's finite field section belong in this entry? Shouldn't this be moved in the entry of Rijndael? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Desnacked (talk • contribs) 00:20, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Copyvio
Someone may observe that the material here bears a striking resemblence to some material on my web page. This is because I am allowing the relevant materal on that web page to be released under the GFDL license; there is no copyright violation going on. Keep in mind that I myself can place material form my web page in to articles; however if anyone else copies materials form my web page in to articles, it is a Copyvio. Samboy 20:24, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

what?
this sounds like a brute force attack by an other name, am I wrong?
 * By making a logarithm table of the finite field, and performing subtraction in the table. Subtraction of logarithms is the same as division.

ADDED BY Paul NO. LOG(A) - LOG(B) = LOG(A/B) Meaning: A/B = EXP(LOG(A) - LOG(B)) Hence factor may be calculated as substraction of LOGs

Matrix Inversion Example
Can any one help me in finding the multiplicative inverse of $$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\   1 & 2  \end{bmatrix} $$in $$GF(2^4)$$ step-by-step?

Small oops
I noticed a small oops in the text: > 0x1b corresponds to the irreducible polynomial x8 + x4 + x3 + x + 1.

0x1b is x^4 + x^3 + x + 1. 0x11b (as mentioned int he original Rijndael texts) is the actual polynomial. Since the bit you left off is the x^8 bit it's pointless to add it, but the text itself is still incorrect.

Added by Paul: Yes, this is absolutely pathetic. 0x1b cannot be "x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1" because "x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1" was the polynomial that we used for generation of the field. "x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1" = 0.

Sum of all field elements
Please see Talk:Field (mathematics). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.178.241.65 (talk) 20:27, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

Inadequate description of algorithm
The description of the multiplication is really weird (the description, not the algorithm). It would be easier to understand in pseudocode than in natural language: etc., every line would be smaller and more meaningful in pseudocode. I cannot understand why someone would write an algorithm in pure natural language. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.247.15.55 (talk) 17:15, 9 May 2007 (UTC).
 * "an eight-bit product p": this is not clear, you should say that the product will be computed in a variable called $$p$$;
 * "make a copy of a and b...": this is a call to a function with parameter $$a$$ and $$b$$;

Long division edit?
Should there be something else instead of

0100011010

^000000000

in the middle of the long division example? Like the divisor 100011011

Sohannin (talk) 19:19, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Inversion
I would like to add another method of doing inversion. I attempted it a while ago, but it was for the specific case of a 28 field, not the general case. In a 28 field, you can calculate an inverse by calculating x254. Due to being a finite field, x254 is equivalent to x-1. Calculating x254 can be done using e.g. exponentiation by squaring. (Inefficient, but useful for example in an embedded processor where small code size is more important than speed.) Anyway, I've described the specific case here. What is the general method for any finite field? Cmcqueen1975 (talk) 01:08, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

ANSWER: The inverse is in any case x^{p^n-2} due to the fundamental equation x^{p^n}=x holding in any finite field. See any book on finite fields, e.g. Lidl-Nieterreiter. So the limitation n=1 in the text should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cavour1980 (talk • contribs) 12:16, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

Most hardware implementations for inversion involve mapping to isomorphic composite fields (aka sub-fields) performing the inversion within the mapped field, then mapping the result back to the original field. Some software implementations do this as well. See section 4.2 in Compact Rijndael Hardware Architecture pdf. There some requirements for mapped field to be isomorphic, map(a + b) = map(a) + map(b) and map(a · b) = map(a) · map(b), as explained starting at section 7.8.2, page 95 of Standford - Introduction to finite fields pdf. Rcgldr (talk) 18:06, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

For division by a constant, carryless multiply instructions, such as pclmulqdq on X86 (SSSE3), can be use for up to GF(2^64), using 3 pclmulqdq instructions and 1 or 2 xors. Rcgldr (talk) 18:06, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

For inversion of an array of bytes, pshufb can be used to essentially to do a parallel table lookup for 16 bytes (clmul) or 64 bytes (AVX512) at a time. Rcgldr (talk) 18:06, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

vulnerable to timing attacks?
Under "Program Examples" after the sample code it says: "Note that this code is vulnerable to timing attacks when used for cryptography." However, this code has nothing to do with timing. Remove that warning?

SmilingRob (talk) 11:41, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The article is focused on cryptography, and the code given is vulnerable to a cryptographic technique called a timing attack. The warning is therefore relevant. JackSchmidt (talk) 20:55, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * what if we fixed the code so it doesn't have the vulnerability?

uint8_t gmul(uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { uint8_t p=0,hi_bit_set,counter; for(counter = 0; counter < 8; counter++) { p^=(b&1)*a;//equivalent to "if(b&1)p^=a;" hi_bit_set=a>>>7; a<<=1; a^=hi_bit_set*0x1b;//hi_bit_set is 0 or 1 b>>=1; } }
 * this code isn't vulnerable for timing attacks, it replaces "if(one_bit_check)x^=a" with "x^=one_bit_check*a" and if the loop is unrolled there will be no branches whatsoever in the code. 134.58.253.55 (talk) 09:23, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Zech logarithm
Thsi article is too mushy. Needs tautening. Where is the Zech logarithm? Lam & McKay collected algorithms ACM No 469. 96.21.220.144 (talk) 15:18, 11 March 2010 (UTC)John McKay

Arithmetic over a finite field

The Zech logarithm needs publicity! See Collected algorithms Lam & McKay Algorithm 469, Comm. ACM, vol. 15, 699, (1973)

Finite fields are mathematics. Cryptography is an application.

96.21.220.144 (talk) 15:16, 11 March 2010 (UTC)John McKay

The writer is confused. The notion of primitive is attached to a root that generates the multiplicative part of the field Fq. This root has order q-1. The polynomial of which it is a root is a primitive irreducible polynomial. The Rijndael remarks should be unxer Rijndael - they are not appropriate here in my view. 96.21.220.144 (talk) 21:39, 4 April 2010 (UTC) John McKay

Apparent contradiction
From the statement:

Elements of GF(p^n) may be represented as polynomials of degree strictly less than n over GF(p).

Then the examples for GF(2^8) show polynomials which include x^8 as the leading term. Shouldn't these examples then be labeled as GF(2^9) ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.225.79.4 (talk) 00:23, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

The article is correct. The reducing polynomial has the x^8 term. Notice the two multiplicands used in the example are of degree less than 8: (x6 + x4 + x + 1) and (x7 + x6 + x3 + x), corresponding to 0x53 and 0xCA.--129.188.33.26 (talk) 18:54, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Range of the modulo remainder?
If I calculate the remainder of an integer division by n the remainder is in the range 0…(n-1), so the remainder is always smaller than the divisor. What is the range of the remainder for polynomial divisions for a given polynomial $$P(x)$$? Is the remainder also always smaller (in degree or its coefficients) or not? Neither this article (for finite fields) nor the article Polynomial long divisions answer this question. :-/ --RokerHRO (talk) 06:03, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

The polynomial division reduces the degree. For example x^n = (1) * (x^n+x+1) + (-x-1) The quotient is thus 1 and the remainder -x-1. There is no such thing as a natural order between polynomials of same degree (is x^3-x greater than x^3+1 ?) Aka.nice (talk) 16:48, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Show me that this is not nonsense
I have pulled this section from the article.

 * === Primitive finite fields ===
 * A finite field is considered a primitive finite field if the element ("polynomial") x is a generator for the finite field. In other words, if the powers of x assume every nonzero value in the field, it is a primitive finite field. As it turns out, the GF(28) finite field with the reducing polynomial x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1 is not primitive, although x + 1 is a generator in this field. The GF(28) finite field with the reducing primitive polynomial x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1, however, is a primitive field.

 * Primitive finite fields are used, for example, by Linear feedback shift registers.

I have never seen the term primitive used in this manner. The penultimate sentence contradicts the one before it. There are no references. Before this is put back, it needs a lot of work, to say the least. Someone should consider redoing the entire page without the clunky polynomial representation of finite fields ... using the fact that the non-zero elements form a cyclic group makes multiplication and division trivial operations in finite fields. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:43, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Should have left that section, but fixed it, x8 + x4 + x3 + x + 1 is not primitive, as x is not a primitive element of that field, while x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1 is primitive, as x is a primitive element of that field. The terminology is correct. Every finite field has multiple primitives, for GF(2^8), typically 128 of of them, but if one of those primitives is x, then the field polynomial is considered primitive. Using GF(2^8) as an example, there are 30 irreducible polynomials of degree 8, 16 of which are also primitive. Rcgldr (talk) 19:32, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for correcting that statement, however I still stand by my claim. The term "primitive finite field" does not appear in the mathematical literature, although it might in the CS literature. There are primitive elements and primitive polynomials, each of which is standard and well defined but the term "primitive finite field" would need a citation.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:59, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Your recent edit included a reference, but the term "primitive finite field" does not appear in that citation. Try again.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 22:17, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I edited the section so that it now refers to the finite field polynomial as being primitive. The term "primitive finite field" is used in some literature as a short hand term for "finite field with primitive polynomial". Note that there are other mathematically oriented definitions for primitive polynomial where it is not clear that it translates into x being a primitive element of a polynomial. One key point of this is using a primitive polynomial generally reduces gate count for hardware implementations, and depending on how software is implemented there is benefit there. There's no benefit in software if the math relies on tables for multiply, divide, and/or exponentiation. Rcgldr (talk) 23:17, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I am sorry that I sent you off on a wild goose chase. I know that the term "primitive finite field" does not exist, even as a shorthand for something else. Every finite field has primitive polynomials and/or primitive elements, so the descriptor is meaningless. The problem here is that having $x$ as a primitive element is not a property of the field, but only a property of this representation of the field. The article section still needs some copyediting, for instance, "reducing polynomial" is a CS term and has not been defined and it has to be made clear that there are several representations of the field all of which are isomorphic.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:40, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

I've seen the term "primitive finite field" or even just "primitive field" used in professor's notes for several CS courses on error correction codes, mostly Reed Solomon codes. For a finite field such as GF(p), where p is a prime number, $x$ doesn't exist as an element of the field. You need GF(p^m) with m > 1 in order to have $x$ as an element of the field. I used the term "reducing polynomial" because it was already used in the article: "Multiplication in a finite field is multiplication modulo an irreducible reducing polynomial" Finite_field_arithmetic. Again short hand for "The field of polynomials over GF(p) modulo an irreducible polynomial of degree m is called the Galois field of p^m elements, or GF(p^m)". In the case of a sub-field, due to using a non-primitive element, $x$ may not exist in the sub-field. "All fields are isomorphic" - In the case of Finite_field_arithmetic, if math operations (addition and multiply) are to be consistent between the two fields, a mapping function has to be generated to comply with the constraint that while operating in the alternate field, map(a + b) = map(a) + map(b) and map(a · b) = map(a) · map(b). The inverse mapping would also have the same constraints. Using α to represent a primitive element of the original field, and β to represent a primitive element of the alternate field. Then βj = map(αj) and αj map-1(βj). Typically β is chosen to optimize the math and a search is done for any α that will meet the constraints. Note this same strategy could be used to map between two fields GF(p^m) that are defined by two different irreducible polynomials, but this would not normally result in optimizing of math operations, except possibly in the case where some form of hardware based implementation is to be used to perform math on a field based on a different polynomial. Rcgldr (talk) 21:21, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the update to the primitive polynomial section. Rcgldr (talk) 21:14, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

 * - Note that Finite_field_arithmetic is using the term "reducing", should it just be deleted or replaced? Rcgldr (talk) 21:24, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

 * No need. I've introduced the term in the earlier section. Professors can sometimes get sloppy in their own notes (I know that I have on occasion been known to do so) and use terminology that they wouldn't use in print. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 22:01, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Code Examples
The C# version has being replaced by a D language version that I think is more explicit (instead of a hex number it uses the base 2 literal 0b1_0001_1101, is more easy to see it stands for x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1. It has function annotations that tag the function as pure and not throwing, it doesn't contain a cast because the D compiler is able to infer that a & 0x80 is an unsigned byte (where a is the same)).

The code also generates a 256x256 grey scale image that I think it's worth adding to this article (regardless if you want to keep the D code or not). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.27.201.211 (talk) 09:42, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

 * D is not a widely used language and therefore may be difficult for some people to understand. We should change it back. NessThePSIKid (talk) 00:23, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Extended Finite Field
In many text, when n=1, it is called Finite Field, and when n>1, it is called extended Finite Field. By the way, the characteristic mentioned in the article is just the p used in the article. Becaseu Wcherowi reverted what I edited, so I put it here. Jackzhp (talk) 10:39, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * If you think that this usage appears in many texts, then you should have no difficulty providing references that demonstrate it. Common usage is that the finite fields where n = 1 are called prime fields, the other finite fields (where n > 1) may be considered extensions of the prime fields, but the term "extended finite field" is clearly false in reference to them. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 21:26, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The terminology I usually see is "prime field" when n=1, and "non-prime field" when n≠1. There aren't a lot of implementations of prime fields, with the main exception being GF(929), as used for PDF-417 bar codes, which is shown in the example decodings in Reed Solomon. Rcgldr (talk) 23:35, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Examples of composite field mapping
I am not proposing this be added to the article. If anyone is interested, this is an example of how to generate the matrices to map between GF(2^8) and a composite field GF(((2^2)^2)^2). For this particular case, all but one of the parameters is fixed, and the one variable parameter, a primitive element of GF(2^8) that meets the constraints as explained in the document (map(a + b) = map(a) + map(b), and map(a b) = map(a) map(b)), is found by brute force search by trial and error using the mapping matrices which are generated based on the primitive elements of GF(2^8) (to be determined by search) and GF(((2^2)^2)^2) (a given fixed value) until a primitive element of GF(2^8) is found that meets the requirement. Doing a similar search for a primitive element of larger field, such as mapping GF(2^32) to GF((2^16)^2) would require a "smarter" search to reduce the time it takes for the search. Composite Field Mapping Example pdf Rcgldr This mapping example uses the mapping matrices seen on page 4, matrix (8) and page 5, matrix (10) of A reference implementation of the AES S-Box pdf

Link to a 1995 report by professor E J Weldon Jr, showing a mapping from GF(2^8) to GF((2^16)^2) used to reduce gate count for inversion (1/x) in GF(2^8) by mapping to GF((2^16)^2), doing some algebra in GF((2^16)^2), and mapping back. In this case, the primitives of both GF(2^8) and GF((2^16)^2) are x + 0, so no searching for primitive elements in either field is needed. Since then, gate count has been further reduce by mapping to GF(((2^2)^2)^2), which gets back to having to search for a primitive element of GF(2^8). E J Weldon Jr report Rcgldr (talk) 04:49, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Implementation tricks - pshufb (xmm) vpshufb(zmm)
These instructions do parallel table lookups for 16 bytes (pshufb, xmm, SSSE3) or 64 bytes (vpshufb, zmm, AVX512) at a time. This can be used for something like multiply an array of GF(2^8) bytes by a constant, 16 or 64 bytes at a time. The lookup operation is limited to 4 bit indexes (6 bit indexes for zmm registers, but only 4 bit indexes would be used for GF(2^8) multiply by constant). The pshufb operation can be described as for i = 0 to n-1, destination register byte[i] = destination register byte [index register byte[i]], but done in one parallel operation. The bytes of a register are indexed right (least significant) to left (most significant). The indexes don't have to be unique: if all of the indexes in the index register are the same, then the same index is used to copy one byte of the destination register into all 16 or 64 bytes of that register. For a 64 byte zmm register, since only 4 bit indexes are used, the indexing only reads from the low order 16 bytes of the destination register, but reads all 64 bytes of the index register and writes all 64 bytes of the destination register. The constant multiplier is used to index a table to load two registers with 16 bytes of lookup data: one is for the constant times the lower 4 bits of a data byte, the other for the constant times the upper 4 bits of a data byte. A block of 16 or 64 bytes of data is loaded into a register, copied into a second register. One register is masked so that register holds the lower 4 bits of each data byte. The other register is masked and shifted right so it holds the upper 4 bits of each data byte shifted right 4 bits. These two registers will be used for indexing. The two registers with table data are copied into two registers which will end up with the indexed data. For the low order register, pshufb copies the low order lookup table values in that register back to that register according to the indexes in the low order index register. The same is done for the high order register, and then those two registers are xor'ed to produce the 16 or 64 byte products. The xmm/zmm register operations can overlap if there aren't conflicts. For the 16 xmm registers, 4 are needed for masks and constant multiplier, 4 are needed for each 16 bytes of data, so data could be processed 48 bytes at a time. For the 32 zmm registers, 448 bytes could be processed at a time. Intel provides a general description of this concept for AES encryption, and I can produce other references, but this may be too complicated for the Wiki article. Rcgldr (talk) 14:54, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

Rijndael's (AES) finite field example
The example includes the following: = 	{3F7E mod 11B} = {01}

Some explanation is needed since in ordinary modular arithmetic 3F7E mod 11B = 7B. So either the reduction should be explained clearly, or the hexadecimal representation is misleading.

 * The math is "binary" math where the subtractions steps of a long hand division are implemented as XOR. Rcgldr (talk) 17:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Right, the math is on binary polynomials, not integers. The hexadecimal representation is not helpful. I suggest removing it.

 * Technically correct, but there's no reason not to define binary math operations such as XOR (to replace addition and subtraction), carryless multiply, and borrowless divide which operate on integers. Carryless multiply is an instruction implemented on X86 (pclmulqdq) and other processors, and generally the instructions description define the operands as integers, not polynomials. Rcgldr (talk) 16:51, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

 * That is all true, but does not address the point about hexadecimal representation. The previous line in the artice reads: = (11111101111110 mod 100011011). That is perfectly fine, since the article until now has been talking about representing polynomials in binary form. The next line is disconnected from the article until this point by introducing an irrelevant and confusing hexadecimal representation. It simply doesn't help understanding. Eddywiki78 (talk) 08:02, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Hexadecimal representation is explained near the beginning of the article: Effective polynomial representation Rcgldr (talk) 16:39, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Composite fields - polynomial basis, normal basis
I'm wondering if this should be added to the composite field section. Consider the case of mapping from GF(28) to GF(((22)2)2). With polynomial basis, a composite field element for GF(22) can be defined as $(a w + b)$, where a and b are 1 bit elements of GF(2) and w is a variable of GF(22). With normal basis, the composite field for GF(22) can be defined as $(a W^{2} + b W)$, where a and b are 1 bit elements of GF(2) and W is an element of GF(28). With polynomial basis, a composite field element for GF(((22)2)2) can be defined as $(e y + f)$, where e and f are 4 bit elements of GF(24) and y is a variable of GF(((22)2)2). With normal basis, a composite field element for GF(((22)2)2) can be defined as $(e Y^{16} + f Y)$, where e and f are 4 bit elements of GF(24) and Y is an element of GF(28). Link to an example article: A very compact Rijndael S-box. I added some more details about that article in  this post. Rcgldr (talk) 08:24, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finite field arithmetic


text:
Harkness (surname)

Harkness is a Scottish surname. Its etymology is probably from the Old English personal name Hereca (a derivative of the various compound names with the first element here army) plus the Old English næss headland, cape.

Notable people and characters with the surname include:

People

 * Albert Harkness (1822–1907), American classical scholar and educator
 * Alistair Harkness (born 1974), Australian politician
 * Angela Harkness (born 1976), Iranian scam artist
 * Anna M. Harkness (1837–1926), American philanthropist
 * Charles W. Harkness (1860–1916), American Standard Oil heir
 * Daniel Harkness, American author, professor, and social worker
 * Daniel M. Harkness (1822–1896), American businessman and early Standard Oil investor
 * David Harkness (born 1965), American tennis player
 * Deborah Harkness (born 1965), American author and historian
 * Donald Harkness (1931–2021), Australian cricketer
 * Douglas Harkness (1903–1999), Canadian politician
 * Edward Harkness (1874–1940), American philanthropist
 * Georgia Harkness (1891–1974), American Methodist theologian and philosopher
 * H. W. Harkness (1821–1901), American mycologist and natural historian
 * Harry Harkness (1880–1919), American racing driver, aviator, and playboy
 * Hilary Harkness (born 1971), American painter
 * Jack Harkness (disambiguation), various people
 * James Harkness (disambiguation), various people
 * Jerry Harkness (1940–2021), American basketball player
 * John Harkness (disambiguation), various people
 * Jonny Harkness (born 1985), Northern Irish footballer
 * Joseph Harkness (1850–1930), New Zealand politician
 * Kenneth Harkness (1896–1972), American chess organizer
 * Kenneth M. Harkness (1899–1988), American football coach, college professor, and researcher
 * Lamon V. Harkness (1850–1915), American businessman, Standard Oil heir, and horse breeder
 * Margaret Harkness (1854–1923), English radical journalist and writer
 * Mary Lou Harkness (1925–2014), American librarian
 * Nancy Harkness Love (1914–1976), American pilot
 * Ned Harkness (1919–2008), Canadian-American lacrosse and ice hockey coach
 * Peter Harkness (born 1949), British media entrepreneur and investor
 * Rebekah Harkness (1915–1982), American composer, socialite, sculptor, dance patron, and philanthropist
 * Richard Harkness (1907–1977), American journalist
 * Robert Harkness (1816–1878), British geologist and mineralogist
 * Ruth Harkness (1900–1947), American fashion designer and socialite
 * Sarah P. Harkness (1914–2013), American architect
 * Spec Harkness (1887–1952), American baseball player
 * Stephen V. Harkness (1818–1888), American businessman and partner of John D. Rockefeller
 * Steve Harkness (born 1971), English footballer
 * Tim Harkness (born 1937), Canadian baseball player
 * Tim Harkness (American football) (born 1955), American football coach and former player
 * Timandra Harkness, British writer, presenter and comedian
 * William Harkness (1837–1903), Scottish-American Civil War surgeon and astronomer
 * William L. Harkness (1858–1919), American businessman and Standard Oil heir

Fictional characters

 * Agatha Harkness, a witch in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Gary Harkness, in Endzone, novel by Don DeLillo
 * George "Digger" Harkness aka Captain Boomerang, a supervillain from the DC Comics universe
 * Harkness, Rivet City security officer in the video game Fallout 3
 * Captain Harkness, captain of the torchship Mayflower in Farmer in the Sky, by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Horace Harkness, a naval petty officer and later warrant officer in the 'Honorverse'
 * Captain Jack Harkness, one of the main protagonists in the fictional television series Torchwood and a companion of the television series Doctor Who

title: Harkness (surname)


text:
1904 in Swedish football

The 1904 season in Swedish football, starting January 1904 and ending December 1904:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1904

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1904

 * Final

title: 1904 in Swedish football


text:
Merbein

Merbein is a town just north of Mildura, Victoria, in the Sunraysia region of Australia. It is on the Calder Highway between Mildura and the Murray River crossing at the Abbotsford Bridge to Curlwaa. At the, the town had a population of 1,981. Merbein is 12 kilometres from Mildura, 553 km from Melbourne and 389 km from Adelaide.

The town is known for farming and is part what is informally called the "fruit bowl" or "food bowl", the growing region roughly made of the Coomealla and Sunraysia irrigation districts fed by the Darling and Murray rivers. Produce farmed in Merbein include grapes, citrus, mushrooms, green beans, asparagus and pistachios.

Merbein is also home of Mildara Wines, a winery W B Chaffey had built in 1913 for the first intake of grapes in 1914. The winery, originally known as the Mildura Distillery and Winery, stands on a 30-metre sandstone cliff near Pump Hill.

History
Merbein is the most northern Victorian town and celebrated 100 years as an irrigation settlement in 2009. The Merbein irrigation settlement, originally known as White Cliffs for its river cliffs, was established on a pastoral holding in 1909. It was one of the first state-owned pumped irrigation settlements in Victoria. A Rotary Club of Merbein sign states: "Irrigation commenced in 1910 originally for pasture and grain crops, but quickly assumed its present economy of vineyard and orchard culture."

The settlement was originally known as White Cliffs because of its river white cliffs. It was intended to be renamed "Merebin", reputedly an Aboriginal name of a local sandhill, but it was mistakenly registered as "Merbein" instead.

The post office opened on 16 August 1909. In 1912 the irrigation settlement's name was officially changed to Merbein.

E.J. Kenny was the first Officer in Charge of the State Rivers & Water Supply Commission of Victoria Irrigation Area established in 1909. The hot climate and the distance from markets saw the settlement quickly change from dairying to the growing of the less perishable crops of citrus and grapes for drying and spirit making.

Soldier settlement blocks were established in Birdwoodton and Merbein West during and after WW1 and many streets were named after local soldiers who died in WW1. The district's horticulture and viticultural industries also attracted many European immigrants to the area.

Kenny died suddenly in 1925 and his contribution to the success of the settlement was acknowledged with the naming of Kenny Park. Today, Merbein continues to be an irrigation district, diversifying from the growing of dried grapes and citrus to a wide variety of wine and table grapes, asparagus, almonds, mushrooms and vegetables. As well as a wine bottling and packaging industry and a vegetable juicing facility, Merbein has also developed as a regional transport hub for the export of district products.

Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Sunraysia Football League.

Sporting clubs include the Merbein Football and Netball Club (Magpies) based at Kenny Park, the Merbein South Cricket Club and Saints Baseball Club both based at Chaffey Park, Mildura City Soccer Club, as well as the Merbein Cobras Basketball club. Merbein also has recreational and sporting facilities such as football, cricket and soccer grounds, a swimming pool, lawn bowling and croquet greens, tennis and netball courts, a golf club and formed walking tracks at the Merbein Common. Other sporting groups are located in the area including tennis, swimming, Tae Kwon Do, and soccer.

Golfers play at the Merbein Golf Club course on McEdward Street.

The Merbein Cobras is the town club in the MBA (Mildura Basketball Association) that trains at Merbein P-10 College.

Education
Students from Prep through to year 10 attend Merbein P-10 College. The school underwent improvements after it was converted in 2013 from a High school (years 7 to year 10), into a Prep to year 10. Prior to the redevelopment there were three small primary school campuses, located at Merbein, Merbein West, Merbein South. These sites have since been abandoned, and all students are located at the previous Merbein Secondary College Campus.

Events
Merbein previously held the Great Australian Vanilla Slice Triumph from 2011–2016, but since 2017 its home has been Mildura's Langtree mall after Mildura City Heart took over with the help from Mildura Rural City Council. It was hosted in Ouyen for 14 years previously.

In September, Merbein holds the Merbein Community Rodeo at Kenny Park.

Notable institutions

 * In 1911, the Fisher family founded Fishers Supermarkets with its first shop on the corner of Commercial St and Railway Ave. But in 2015, fourth-generation owner Alan Fisher sold what came to be the second biggest independent supermarket group in Victoria to Ritchies IGA, Australia’s biggest independent supermarket group.
 * Up until 2012, the CSIRO Plant Research Division had a base at Merbein South focussing on grape and citrus industries.
 * Rail freight services to Melbourne run from Merbein along the Mildura railway line from a terminal operated by Wakefield Transport.

Notable people

 * Adam Goodes - Sydney Swans footballer
 * Matthew Knights - Richmond Tigers footballer
 * Colin Sylvia - Australian Rules Footballer
 * Tania Zaetta - actress and TV personality

title: Merbein


text:
1905 in Swedish football

The 1905 season in Swedish football, starting January 1905 and ending December 1905:

Svenska Mästerskapet 1905

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1905

 * Final

Wicanderska Välgörenhetsskölden 1905

 * Final

title: 1905 in Swedish football


text:
Talk:Adolf Wagner

Untitled
To place the entry for Adolph Wagner under Adolf is certainly wrong, it is ill-advised and makes research more difficult; I wonder why it was done, and apparently without checking the facts? The German "ph" in names does not mutate into, or is ever transliterated into, "f", in proper names. It is not a general rule, neither in English nor in Wikipedia (I don't see an entry on "Fotografy". In this case, it is especially counter-productive, because the name exists in both spellings.  Adolph Wagner always spelled his name the correct way, in all letters, in all publications.  And finally, there actually exists an economist (of minor importance, but still) by the name of Adolf Wagner.  I hope someone can revert this. Clossius 11:01, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Gauleiter
When did the man become Gauleiter?77.162.130.139 (talk) 23:15, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Family connection?
He was obviously a member of the composer's family, since he spoke at the funeral of Eva Chamberlain, Richard Wagner's daughter. But there is no mention of his parentage. Where does he fit in? Valetude (talk) 19:27, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolf Wagner


text:
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FCA Darmstadt • The Moon and Other Lovers • fussballdaten.de • Agata Buzek • Claudia Rath • Anamaria Ioniță • Matthias de Zordo • 2009 German Athletics Championships • Richard Girulatis • Netherlands at the 2010 European Championships in Athletics • Katharina Molitor • Einsatz in 4 Wänden • Tine Wittler • Inka Friedrich • Summer in Berlin • Georg Gaßmann • Carolin Nytra • Vezio Sacratini • Ireneusz Marcinkowski • 2010 German Athletics Championships • German Athletics Championships • German Athletics Association • FC Anker Wismar • Sebastian Neumann • Informationsgemeinschaft zur Feststellung der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern • SV Altlüdersdorf • Rot-Weiß Darmstadt • Ľudovít Kaník • Juzefas Jurgelevičius • Berliner Kurier • Walter Wolf (politician) • Esther Cremer • Valdas Kasparavičius • Märkische Allgemeine • Lovestoned (band) • Johannes Jährig • Karl-Heinz Bürger • Anna-Katharina Samsel • Sara Carbonero • Dietrich Möller • Egon Vaupel • List of mayors of Marburg • Marian, Again • Raúl Richter • Sylvester Jordan • Sıla Şahin • List of statistical offices in Germany • Neubrandenburg Airport • Mehrzad Marashi • Northwest Airlines Flight 5 • Fljótshlíð • Nina Eichinger • Werderaner Wachtelberg • Jörn Großkopf • SV Süden Forst • Esther Schweins • Isle of Wight Primary Care Trust • Jürgen Zopp • VfB Gießen • Markus Hoffmann • VfL Marburg • Stadion an der Gisselberger Straße • Inka Bause • Gießen station • Thomas Herbst (painter) • Thomas Herbst (footballer) • Jarosław Lindner • Georg-Gaßmann-Stadion • Georg Zellhofer • Jürgen Schmid • OSiR Stadium in Słubice • Treysa station • Bauerbach • Bortshausen • Cappel • Cyriaxweimar • Dagobertshausen • Dilschhausen • Elnhausen • Ginseldorf • Gisselberg • Haddamshausen • Hermershausen • Marbach • Michelbach • Moischt • Ockershausen • Richtsberg • Ronhausen • Schröck • Wehrda • Wehrshausen • Marburg Süd station • Marburg station • Ernst Merck • Volker Neumüller • Lucie Visser • KiK • University Church of Marburg • Havelbus • SG Bornim • Werderaner FC Viktoria 1920 • VfB Marburg • Potsdamer Kickers • tegut… • Christian Rach • Milka Loff Fernandes • Cottbus-Neuhausen Airport • Cottbus Air Base • Axel Prahl • Cottbus-Drewitz Airport • Rea Garvey • Oberhessische Presse • Aachen Prison • Jørgen Garde • Hans and Sophie Scholl • Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner • Fritessaus • Trolleybuses in Arnhem • Supercoop • Bengt Åkerblom • Sten Pentus • Enno Penno • Selters • Where Are You Baby? • Amnesie • Strážný • REWE • Sportanlage Am Stern • Fortuna Babelsberg • List of football clubs in Potsdam • Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Straße • Rigaer Straße • Bersarinplatz • Waschhaus • Nil (cigarette) • Kliestow • Hohenwalde • Hullo • f6 (cigarette) • LD (cigarette) • Klinge • Bohrau • Beth Riesgraf • Halil Savran • Abdoul Thiam • Füchse Berlin Reinickendorf • Berlin-Liga • Kreisliga • Fußball-Bezirksliga • Landesliga • Verbandsliga • Dejan Raičković • Tõnis Palts • Julie Arthur • Recluse, Wyoming • Peter Danckert • Sevim Dağdelen • Gitta Connemann • Roland Claus • Marion Caspers-Merk • Christian Carstensen • Martin Burkert • Ernst Burgbacher • Ulla Burchardt • Martina Bunge • Eva Bulling-Schröter • Michael Bürsch • Marco Bülow • Georg Brunnhuber • Angelika Brunkhorst • Monika Brüning • Rainer Brüderle • Bernhard Brinkmann • Ralf Brauksiepe • Willi Brase • Helmut Brandt • Klaus Brandner • Michael Brand (politician) • Klaus Brähmig • Gerhard Botz • Wolfgang Bosbach • Jochen Borchert • Alexander Bonde • Gerd Bollmann • Püssi • Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz • Rudolph Karstadt • Phil Gayle • Källström • Maria Guzenina-Richardson • Clemens Bollen • Wolfgang Börnsen • Maria Böhmer • Kurt Bodewig • Volker Blumentritt • Antje Blumenthal • Heidrun Bluhm • Peter Bleser • Renate Blank • Clemens Binninger • Lothar Binding • Karin Binder • Petra Bierwirth • Matthias Berninger • Otto Bernhardt • Christoph Bergner • Ute Berg • Axel Berg (politician) • Klaus Uwe Benneter • Birgitt Bender • Veronika Bellmann • Cornelia Behm • Uwe Beckmeyer • Dirk Becker • Marieluise Beck • Ernst-Reinhard Beck • Günter Baumann • Wolf Bauer • Dietmar Bartsch • Sören Bartol • Norbert Barthle • Klaus Barthel • Uwe Barth • Hans-Peter Bartels • Doris Barnett • Thomas Bareiß • Ernst Bahr • Daniel Bahr • Sabine Bätzing-Lichtenthäler • Pülümür • Hüseyin Kenan Aydın • Rainer Arnold • Ingrid Arndt-Brauer • Niels Annen • Gerd Andres • Kerstin Andreae • Gregor Amann • Peter Altmaier • Peter Albach • Lale Akgün • Ilse Aigner • Christian Ahrendt • Karl Addicks • Ulrich Adam • Jens Ackermann • Pilgrims Choice • Pavla Hamáčková-Rybová • Ulrich Maly • Hercegszántó • Gerd Müller (politician) • Christian Wilberg • Dorota Kędzierzawska • Solero, Piedmont • Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski • Miroslav Macek • David Rath • Cream (Blank & Jones song) • Waldsassen • Juan Minujín • Franziska Weisz • Bruno Labbadia • Kadir Topbaş • Olaf Thon • Wisła Wielka • Wisła Mała • Studzienice, Silesian Voivodeship • Studzionka • Rudołtowice • Poręba, Pszczyna County • Piasek • Łąka, Silesian Voivodeship • Jankowice, Pszczyna County • Ćwiklice • Czarków • Brzeźce • All the Prague Metro stations • Švenčionys • Andrés Palop • Tarantula (Faithless song) • Katharina Thalbach • Benno Besson • UIB • University of the Balearic Islands • Lebanese Blonde • The Mirror Conspiracy • Karl Miller (footballer) • Roßtal • Großhabersdorf • Not Over Yet • Bridgeville, California • SC Fürstenfeldbruck • Thorsten Engelmann • Don't Stop! (ATB song) • Stadion am Laubenweg • Benno Möhlmann • List of Nuremberg U-Bahn stations *(plus every U-Bahnhof) • Labina Mitevska • Markus Pöyhönen • Lara Belmont • Rückersdorf • 9 PM (Till I Come) • Kurt-Schumacher-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn) • Walter Momper • Tiiu Kuik • Burkhard Ziese • Karel Kachyňa • Blaž Emeršič • Manfred Stohl • 4:99 • Blank & Jones • Virginijus Praškevičius • Sumba, Faroe Islands • Svidník • Risto Jussilainen • Isle of Wight County Press • Wolfgang Ambros • Aino-Maija Luukkonen • Fabian Schönheim • Kateřina Neumannová • Kristina Šmigun-Vähi • Töging am Inn • Margit Rüütel • Kaia Kanepi • Mait Künnap • Stanislav Neckář • Jeroen van der Veer • Anja Mittag • Abuda (footballer, born 1986) • Tartu Airport • Václav Varaďa • Milan Hnilička • Jan Hlaváč • Jüri Ratas • Kuressaare Airport • Nick Nurse • Brighton Bears • Alexey Dmitriev • Alister McRae • Ilse Werner • Věra Pospíšilová-Cechlová • Austra Skujytė • Lucie Škrobáková • Šárka Kašpárková • Moonika Aava • Ólafur Elíasson • Enoxaparin sodium • White Ladder • Bad Oeynhausen • Stanislava Komarova • Natalia Hadjiloizou • Alexey Smertin • Anna Smashnova • Sabine Klaschka • Tapio Laukkanen • Monika Niederstätter • Bell's phenomenon • Elena Baltacha • Hans Niessl • Bjarne Goldbæk • Hill of Crosses • Świecko • András Tölcséres • Hermann Hreiðarsson • Andrejs Štolcers • Aleksandrs Koļinko • Arne Friedrich • Jürgen Macho • Niko Kranjčar •

Significant contributions
• Jesika Malečková • Julia Grabher • Vera Lapko • Klaartje Liebens • Katie Swan • Markéta Vondroušová • Miriam Kolodziejová • Olga Panova • Guadalupe Pérez Rojas • Sofía Luini • Schlag den Raab • Diana Buzean • Tereza Mrdeža • Katie Boulter • Johanna Konta • Emma Laine • Hana Birnerová • Tamira Paszek • Mona Barthel • Melanie Klaffner • Pemra Özgen • Tang Haochen • Andrea Koch Benvenuto • Jeļena Ostapenko • Diāna Marcinkēviča • Lesia Tsurenko • Chantal Škamlová • Bremen II – Bremerhaven • Tadeja Majerič • Tereza Smitková • Jovana Jakšić • Amra Sadiković • Laura Siegemund • Ekaterine Gorgodze • Beate Schrott • Anett Kontaveit • Mandy Minella • Marc Blume • Donna Vekić • Tennis Borussia Berlin • Robert Scholl • Collien Ulmen-Fernandes • ABC islands (Lesser Antilles) • Günter Netzer • Erich Neumann (politician) •

Countries visited
• •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •

Miscellaneous

 * Gallery

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Days of the year – Transcluded changes (watchlist)

 * Please sign your posts! ► Template (I use) for unsigned comments on talk pages:

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 * Citing sources

cite web:

cite book:

cs:Wikipedista:Jared Preston da:Bruger:Jared Preston de:Benutzer:Jared Preston et:Kasutaja:Jared Preston es:Usuario:Jared Preston ja:利用者:Jared Preston hu:Szerkesztő:Jared Preston mk:Корисник:Jared Preston nl:Gebruiker:Jared Preston pl:Wikipedysta:Jared Preston ru:Участник:Jared Preston sk:Redaktor:Jared Preston sl:Uporabnik:Jared Preston fi:Käyttäjä:Jared Preston sv:Användare:Jared Preston uk:Користувач:Jared Preston

title: User:Jared Preston


text:
1906 in Swedish football

The 1906 season in Swedish football, starting January 1906 and ending December 1906:

Göteborgsserien klass I 1906

 * Title-deciding match

Svenska Mästerskapet 1906

 * Final

Corinthian Bowl 1906

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1906

 * Final

Wicanderska Välgörenhetsskölden 1906

 * Final

title: 1906 in Swedish football


text:
1907 in Swedish football

The 1907 season in Swedish football started January 1907 and ended December 1907.

Svenska Mästerskapet 1907

 * Final

Corinthian Bowl 1907

 * Final

Kamratmästerskapen 1907

 * Final

Wicanderska Välgörenhetsskölden 1907

 * Final

title: 1907 in Swedish football


text: User talk:130.220.39.49

title: User talk:130.220.39.49