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Montreal Junior Canadiens

The Montreal Junior Canadiens were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Junior Hockey League from 1933 to 1961, and the Ontario Hockey Association from 1961 to 1972. They played out of the Montreal Forum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

History
The Junior Canadiens were a farm team to the NHL Montreal Canadiens from the early 1930s until the institution of the NHL Entry Draft. The Juniors originally played in the Quebec Junior Hockey League.

In 1961 the franchise switched to the Ontario Hockey Association to compete at the major junior level. It was granted entry as an expansion club in 1961. At the time, major hockey in Quebec, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, did not exist.

1950
In the Quebec Junior playoffs, the Junior Canadiens defeated the Quebec Citadels and the Halifax St. Marys. The series versus Halifax was surrendered by St. Marys when Montreal won the first two games on the road by scores of 11–3 and 10–1. After that the Junior Canadiens defeated the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters to represent eastern Canada in the Memorial Cup.

The Memorial Cup of 1950 saw two farm teams of the Montreal Canadiens playing each other for the top junior prize. The Junior Canadiens defeated the Regina Pats in a best-of-seven game series by 4 games to 1, winning on home ice at the Forum.

Moving to Ottawa, Brockville, and Hull
In 1955, the Quebec Junior Hockey League disbanded. With the Canadiens as the sole-survivor of the league, they elected to play an independent schedule but still compete in the Laurier Cup seasonal tournament with the teams of the OHA. The Canadiens would win the Laurier Cup that year, outplaying the best of the OHA. The Canadiens entered the Richardson Trophy playdowns as an independent team, but lost in the finals to the OHA's Toronto Marlboros 4-games-to-3 with 1 tie.

In 1956, their parent team moved them to the Capital Region under the name Ottawa-Hull Canadiens. The Jr. Habs would play a series of games against the OHA, the Quebec Hockey League, and the OHA Senior A League to prepare for the playoffs. The Canadiens finished second in the Laurier Cup to the Toronto Marlboros. The Canadiens would have a great season, win the George Richardson Memorial Trophy as Eastern Canadian Junior A champions, but lose the 1957 Memorial Cup in seven games to the Flin Flon Bombers.

In 1957, the Canadiens would win the Laurier Cup for the second time of its four-year existence and again win the Richardson Trophy again. This time around, the Canadiens would win the 1958 Memorial Cup by defeating the Regina Pats in five games.

In 1958, the Canadiens dropped their series with the OHA as the Laurier Cup was abolished. They joined the OHA Senior A League as a full member instead. With a mixed Senior/Junior roster, the Canadiens would finish third in the OHA Senior League's Eastern League and lose the Eastern League's semi-final to the Kingston Merchants 4-games-to-3 with 1 tie. The junior portion of the squad moved on to the Richardson Trophy playdowns, where it lost the final to Peterborough Petes.

In 1959, the Eastern Professional Hockey League formed the Hull-Ottawa Canadiens in the region, another Montreal NHL affiliate. To avoid conflict with the new club, the Jr. Habs were moved to become the Brockville Canadiens and joined the Metropolitan Montreal Junior Hockey League. Their players still maintained affiliation with the Pro Canadiens and often played for both teams. The Canadiens dominated their new league with a 25-1-0 record and participated in the Quebec Junior championships instead of the league's playoffs. The Canadiens would be named 1960 Quebec Junior Champions by crushing the Alma Aiglons 11-1 and 10-0 before the Aiglons conceded the third game. The Canadiens would make it all the way to the Richardson Trophy final before finally losing out. In the final, they faced the OHA's St. Catharines Teepees. The Teepees would win the first three games of the series, but the Canadiens would battle back to tie the series at 3-games-to-3 with 1 tie. The Teepees would win the decisive Game 8 6-3 to clinch the series.

In 1960, the franchise relocated to become the Hull Canadiens. Despite having junior players on their roster, the team joined the more competitive Interprovincial Senior Hockey League. They would be 1960-61 regular season (losing only twice) and 1961 playoff champions of the ISHL with a sweep of the Smiths Falls Rideaus and defeating Ottawa St. Anthonys 3-games-to-1. The Canadiens represented the Ottawa District in 1961 Allan Cup playdowns but were swept by the Quebec champion Granby Victorias.

A prominent player in this independent era was Jacques Laperrière. After playing his first junior year with the St-Laurent Jets of the MMJHL in 1957-58, the next season he signed with the Ottawa-Hull Canadiens in the Eastern League of the OHA Senior Loop and played as both a junior and senior member of the split squad. In 1959-60, he continued with the Brockville Canadiens as they found a home in the MMJHL, but split his time called up with the EPHL Canadiens. The next season as a junior player on the Hull Canadiens in Interprovincial Senior he was again up as a call-up in the EPHL with the Semi-Pro Canadiens. In 1961-62, he moved with the Jr. Canadiens back to Montreal as they joined the OHA but still came up for a single EPHL game. In 1962-63, he turned full pro and signed directly with the EPHL Canadiens. By the end of the season he was in the NHL with the Habs and stayed there until he retired in 1974.

In the Summer of 1961, the parent club was successful on getting the club into the OHA and brought them back to Montreal permanently.

1957
In the 1957 season with the minor pro Quebec Hockey League, Ottawa put together a record of 7 wins, 12 losses, and a tie, with 57 goals for and 74 goals against. The Canadiens, on average, were about 5–8 years younger than their opponents and held up well.

Ottawa won the right to play for the Cup by defeating the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters to win the George Richardson Memorial Trophy as Eastern Canadian representatives.

The Junior Canadiens were runners-up to the Memorial Cup in 1957. They were defeated by the Flin Flon Bombers 4 games to 3 in a best-of-seven series.

1958
In 1958 the team was known from that year on as the Hull-Ottawa Canadiens, not to be confused with the senior team of a similar name. The Junior Canadiens defeated the Toronto Marlboros to win their second consecutive Richardson Trophy.

Hull-Ottawa's opponent for the Memorial Cup would be another farm team of NHL Montreal team, the Regina Pats.

1961 league change
In the summer of 1961, the Ontario Hockey Association Junior-A League was reduced to five teams, when several teams split away to form the Metro Junior A League. In August, Ontario Hockey Association president Lloyd Pollock applied to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) to permit the Canadiens to switch from the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association to play in the OHA as its sixth team. The request was denied by CAHA president Jack Roxburgh, who stated that CAHA rules do not allow en masse transfers between provincial associations. The proposal for the Canadiens to play in the OHA's junior division was later approved in September 1961, when the CAHA branch presidents voted in its favour.

1969
This team is considered by many to be the greatest junior hockey team of all time. The Junior Canadiens beat out the St. Catharines Black Hawks for the OHA Championship, then bettered the Sorel Black Hawks (Éperviers) 3 games to 1 for the Richardson Cup. The Montreal roster that year featured 13 rookies. The Canadiens would pick up netminder Jim Rutherford from the Hamilton Red Wings for the national championship.

The Memorial Cup of 1969 would be a rematch of 19 years earlier, with the Regina Pats. The first two games were scheduled for the Montreal Forum, with the remainder of the games to be played in Regina's Exhibition Stadium. The Junior Canadiens swept the Regina Pats in a very physical series.

The team included many future NHL stars and all-stars: Gilbert Perreault, Rick Martin, Marc Tardif, Rejean Houle, Ian Turnbull, Andre Dupont, Guy Charron, J.P. Bordeleau, Bobby Lalonde and Jocelyn Guevremont.

1970
The 1970 Junior Canadiens finished 1st in the OHA then defeated the Ottawa 67's and St. Catharines Black Hawks to reach the finals versus the Toronto Marlboros. The Junior Canadiens triumphed for the J. Ross Robertson Cup then played the NOHA champion Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.

Montreal won the first game 6–2, but the "Soo" won game two 5–4. It was the first time in history that a team from the NOHA beat an OHA team in the playoffs. Montreal quickly responded winning the next three games 10–1, 9–2 and 20–1.

For the Richardson Cup the Canadiens would play the Quebec Junior Hockey League champions Quebec Remparts. The Remparts featured Guy Lafleur. The Canadiens prevailed in a 3-game sweep in front of crowds numbering over 14,000 in Quebec City, and over 18,000 in Montreal.

Their opponents for the Memorial Cup of 1970 would be the Weyburn Red Wings of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. Coached by Stan Dunn the Red Wings were a very tough forechecking squad. The games became closer as the series progressed, but the Junior Canadiens swept the series, winning on home ice at the Forum.

Move to QMJHL
In 1972 the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League had been in operation for three years, giving the province major junior competition for the first time. The Q obviously wanted a team in the province's largest city, and was threatening a lawsuit to force the Junior Canadiens back into the Quebec-based league. Over the summer of 1972 the OHA granted the Junior Habs a "one-year suspension" of operations, while team ownership transferred the team and players into the QMJHL, renaming themselves the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge in the process. The OHA then reactivated the suspended franchise for the 1973–74 season in Kingston, Ontario, under new ownership and with new players, calling the team the Kingston Canadians. The new Kingston team had little connection with the old Junior Canadiens, but in some OHA histories (such as the annual Media Guide) the Kingston team is still shown as the legitimate successors of the Junior Canadiens' legacy.

Championships
Memorial Cup National championship.
 * 1950 Champions vs. Regina Pats
 * 1957 Lost to Flin Flon Bombers
 * 1958 Champions vs. Regina Pats
 * 1969 Champions vs. Regina Pats
 * 1970 Champions vs. Weyburn Red Wings

George Richardson Memorial Trophy Eastern Canadian championship.
 * 1943 Lost to Oshawa Generals
 * 1946 Lost to Toronto St. Michael's Majors
 * 1947 Lost to Toronto St. Michael's Majors
 * 1950 Champions vs. Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters
 * 1952 Lost to Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters
 * 1956 Lost to Toronto Marlboros
 * 1957 Champions vs. Guelph Biltmores
 * 1958 Champions vs. Toronto Marlboros
 * 1959 Lost to Peterborough Petes
 * 1960 Lost to St. Catharines Teepees
 * 1969 Champions vs. Sorel Éperviers (Black Hawks)
 * 1970 Champions vs. Quebec Remparts

J. Ross Robertson Cup Ontario Hockey Association championship.
 * 1964 Lost to Toronto Marlboros
 * 1969 Champions vs. St. Catharines Black Hawks
 * 1970 Champions vs. Toronto Marlboros

Hamilton Spectator Trophy First overall in the OHA regular season standings.
 * 1961–1962 73 points (34 wins, 5 ties)
 * 1968–1969 80 points (37 wins, 6 ties)
 * 1969–1970 79 points (37 wins, 5 ties)

Coaches
Sam Pollock and Billy Reay coached the 1950 Memorial Cup champions Jr. Canadiens. Elmer Lach coached the 1954–55 squad. Claude Ruel coached the team its first two years in the OHA, he would later win the Stanley Cup with the Montreal Canadiens in 1969. Former goaltender Yves Nadon piloted the team to its first OHA finals in 1964. Roger Bedard led the team to successive Memorial Cup wins in 1969 & 1970.

O.H.A. awards
Red Tilson Trophy OHL Most valuable player.
 * 1963–1964 Yvan Cournoyer
 * 1968–1969 Rejean Houle
 * 1969–1970 Gilbert Perreault

Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy OHL Top Point Scorer.
 * 1961–1962 Andre Boudrias
 * 1963–1964 Andre Boudrias
 * 1968–1969 Rejean Houle

Max Kaminsky Trophy Most Outstanding Defenceman.
 * 1970–1971 Jocelyn Guevremont

Dave Pinkney Trophy Lowest team goals against average.
 * 1961–1962 George Holmes
 * 1965–1966 Ted Ouimet
 * 1968–1969 Wayne Wood and Ted Tucker

William Hanley Trophy Most sportsmanlike player.
 * 1968–1969 Rejean Houle

Hall of Fame alumni
• Scotty Bowman (Builder category)
 * QJHL (1933–1961)

• Emile "Butch" Bouchard

• Dickie Moore

• Jacques Plante

• Henri Richard • Yvan Cournoyer
 * OHA (1961–1972)

• Jacques Laperrière

• Guy Lapointe

• Jacques Lemaire

• Craig Patrick (Builder category)

• Gilbert Perreault

• Serge Savard

NHL alumni

 * QJHL (1933–1956)

• Ron Attwell

• Ralph Backstrom

• Marc Boileau

• Emile "Butch" Bouchard

• Claude Bourque

• Tom Brennan

• Connie Broden

• Bucky Buchanan

• Kelly Burnett

• Tod Campeau

• Billy Carter

• Gilles Dubé

• Reggie Fleming

• Phil Goyette

• Charlie Hodge

• Gord Hollingworth

• Eddie Johnston

• Forbes Kennedy

• Claude LaForge

• Dave Logan

• Don Marshall

• George McAvoy

• Bob McCord

• Al Millar

• Dickie Moore

• Johnny Peirson

• Jimmy Peters

• Gerry Plamondon

• Andre Pronovost

• Claude Pronovost

• Claude Provost

• Henri Richard

• Ernie Roche

• Dollard St. Laurent

• Jerry Wilson
 * Independent alumni (Ottawa-Hull, Brockville, Hull) (1956–1959)

• Ralph Backstrom

• Murray Balfour

• Gilles Boisvert

• Andre Boudrias

• Billy Carter

• Claude Cyr

• Norm Dennis

• Germain Gagnon

• Bruce Gamble

• Terry Gray

• Don Johns

• Jacques Laperrière

• Keith McCreary

• Herb Rheaume

• Bobby Rousseau

• Brian Smith

• Irv Spencer

• Gilles Tremblay

• J. C. Tremblay

• Jerry Wilson

 * OHA (1961–1972)

• Christian Bordeleau

• J. P. Bordeleau

• Paulin Bordeleau

• Pierre Bouchard

• Andre Boudrias

• Robin Burns

• Bob Champoux

• Bob Charlebois

• Guy Charron

• Terry Clancy

• Jacques Cossette

• Yvan Cournoyer

• Norm Dennis

• Michel Dion

• Rene Drolet

• Jude Drouin

• Andre Dupont

• Rocky Farr

• Norm Ferguson

• Germain Gagnon

• Scott Garland

• John Garrett

• Norm Gratton

• Lucien Grenier

• Jocelyn Guevremont

• Bobby Guindon

• Rejean Houle

• Billy Inglis

• François Lacombe

• Andre Lacroix

• Jean-Guy Lagace

• Serge Lajeunesse

• Bobby Lalonde

• Jacques Laperriere

• Guy Lapointe

• Jacques Lemaire

• Bob Lemieux

• Rich Lemieux

• Blair MacKasey

• Rick Martin

• Hartland Monahan

• Ted Ouimet

• Craig Patrick

• Gilbert Perreault

• Larry Pleau

• Fern Rivard

• Jim Rutherford

• Serge Savard

• Andre St. Laurent

• Ralph Stewart

• Marc Tardif

• Leo Thiffault

• Ted Tucker

• Ian Turnbull

• Rogatien Vachon

• Carol Vadnais

Playoffs

 * 1933-34 Lost to Montreal Jr. Royals 5 goals to 4 in JAHA finals.
 * 1934-35 Lost to Verdun Maple Leafs 5-4 in JAHA fourth place tie-breaker.
 * 1935-36 Out of playoffs.
 * 1936-37 Lost to Montreal Jr. Royals 14 goals to 13 in JAHA semi-finals.
 * 1940-41 Defeated Verdun Maple Leafs 11 goales to 2 in JAHA semi-finals. Lost to Montreal Jr. Royals 2 games to 0 in JAHA finals.
 * 1941-42 Defeated Montreal Concordia Civics 16 goals to 11 in JAHA semi-finals. Lost to Montreal Jr. Royals 2 games to 0 in JAHA finals.
 * 1942-43 Defeated Verdun Maple Leafs 3 games to 0 in JAHA semi-finals. Defeated Montreal Jr. Royals 3 games to 1 in JAHA finals. JAHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Valleyfield Canadiens 15 goals to 0 in QAHA semi-final. Defeated Town of Mount Royals 6 goals to 1 in QAHA finals. QAHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Sydney Bruins 2 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy semi-finals. Lost to Oshawa Generals 3 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy finals.
 * 1943-44 Lost to Montreal Concordia Civics 2 games 1 in JAHA semi-finals.
 * 1944-45 Defeated Verdun Terriers 2 games to 0 in JAHA semi-finals. Lost to Montreal Jr. Royals 4 games to 0 in JAHA finals.
 * 1945-46 Defeated Montreal Nationale 2 games to 0 with 2 ties in JAHA semi-finals. Defeated Montreal Concordia Civics 2 games to 1 in JAHA finals. JAHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Ottawa St. Patricks 2 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy semi-finals. Lost to St. Michael's Majors 3 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy finals.
 * 1946-47 Defeated Lachine Rapides 4 games to 0 in JAHA semi-finals. Defeated Montreal Nationale 3 games to 1 in JAHA finals. JAHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Halifax St. Marys 3 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy quarter-finals. Defeated Inkerman Rockets 2 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy semi-finals. Lost to St. Michael's Majors 3 games to 0 in Richardson Trophy finals.
 * 1947-48 Lost to Quebec Citadelles 3 games to 2 in JAHA quarter-finals.
 * 1948-49 Lost to Trois-Rivieres Reds 3 games to 1 in JAHA quarter-finals.
 * 1949-50 Defeated Trois-Rivieres Reds 5 games to 4 in QJHL semi-finals. Defeated Quebec Citadelles 4 games to 2 with 1 tie in QJHL finals. QJHL CHAMPIONS Defeated Halifax St. Marys 2 games to 0 and a concession in Richardson Trophy semi-finals. Defeated Guelph Biltmores 4 games to 2 in Richardson Trophy finals. Richardson Trophy winners Defeated Regina Pats 4 games to 1 in Memorial Cup finals. MEMORIAL CUP CHAMPIONS
 * 1961–62 Lost to Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 4 in OHA semi-finals.
 * 1962–63 Defeated Peterborough Petes 9 points to 3 in OHA semi-finals. Lost to Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 0 in OHA finals.
 * 1963–64 Defeated Peterborough Petes 8 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Defeated St. Catharines Black Hawks 9 points to 5 in semi-finals. Lost to Toronto Marlboros 9 points to 1 in finals.
 * 1964–65 Lost to Toronto Marlboros 9 points to 7 in quarter-finals.
 * 1965–66 Defeated Hamilton Red Wings 8 points to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to Oshawa Generals 8 points to 2 in semi-finals.
 * 1966–67 Lost to Toronto Marlboros 8 points to 4 in quarter-finals.
 * 1967–68 Defeated St. Catharines Black Hawks 9 points to 1 in quarter-finals. Lost to Niagara Falls Flyers 8 points to 4 in semi-finals.
 * 1968–69 Defeated Hamilton Red Wings 8 points to 0 in quarter-finals. Defeated Peterborough Petes 8 points to 0 in semi-finals. Defeated St. Catharines Black Hawks 9 points to 1 in finals. OHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Sudbury Wolves of Northern Ontario Hockey Association. Defeated Sorel Éperviers 3 games to 1 in Eastern Canada final Richardson Trophy winners Defeated Regina Pats in Memorial Cup finals. MEMORIAL CUP CHAMPIONS
 * 1969–70 Defeated Ottawa 67's 8 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Defeated St. Catharines Black Hawks 8 points to 0 in semi-finals. Defeated Toronto Marlboros 8 points to 6 in finals. OHA CHAMPIONS Defeated Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of Northern Ontario Hockey Association 4 games to 1. Defeated Québec Remparts 3 games to 0 in Eastern Canada final Richardson Trophy winners Defeated Weyburn Red Wings in Memorial Cup finals. MEMORIAL CUP CHAMPIONS
 * 1970–71 Defeated London Knights 8 points to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to St. Catharines Black Hawks 9 points to 5 in semi-finals.
 * 1971–72 Out of playoffs.

Arena
The Junior Canadiens played at the Montreal Forum, on the same ice as the NHL team. The Montreal Forum also hosted Memorial Cup games in 1950, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973 & 1976, with the Junior Canadiens winning on home ice in 1950 & 1970.

title: Montreal Junior Canadiens


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Minnewaska State Park Preserve

The Minnewaska State Park Preserve is a 22275 acre preserve located on the Shawangunk Ridge in Ulster County, New York on US 44/NY 55, 5 mi west of New York State Route 299. The park, which features scenic overlooks of the nearby Catskill Mountains, is primarily used for picnicking, hiking, mountain biking, snowshoeing and swimming. The park is managed by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission and the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

Four of the five sky lakes on the Shawangunk Ridge lie within the preserve: Lake Minnewaska, Lake Awosting, Mud Pond (also known as Lake Haseco), and Lake Maratanza; Mohonk Lake is on the property of the Mohonk Mountain House to the north of Minnewaska. Lake Minnewaska is a bit less than 1/2 mi long by 1/8 mi wide at its widest point. Lake Awosting is roughly three times as large, with a length of about 1+1/8 mi and a maximum width of about 1/4 mi mile.

History
Originally part of Albert and Alfred Smiley's Mohonk Mountain House property, the Minnewaska Mountain House, or Cliff House, was built in 1879 overlooking Lake Minnewaska; it could accommodate 225 guests. After managing and developing Mohonk's early growth for ten years, twin Alfred H. Smiley purchased and developed Minnewaska separate from Mohonk, but the brothers exchanged courtesies to each other's guests. A second hotel, Wildmere, accommodated 350 guests. In 1955, Kenneth B. Phillips Sr., the Minnewaska general manager, bought the property from the Smiley family. Cliff House was abandoned in 1972 due to maintenance costs; it burned to the ground in 1978. Wildmere closed in 1979 and burned to the ground in 1986.

After years of wrangling over commercial development proposals and lawsuits to block development, New York State bought the property in 1987 and opened the Minnewaska State Park Preserve in 1993. A significant expansion of 5400 acre occurred in 1996 when the Open Space Institute transferred acreage to the park preserve from the old Ellenville watershed lands, now called Sam's Point Preserve. The preserve was managed by the Nature Conservancy and by the Open Space Institute until April 2015, at which time management was transferred to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and the Palisades Interstate Park Commission.

Located within the Minnewaska State Park Preserve and neighboring Mohonk Preserve is the Trapps Mountain Hamlet Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Early 21st-century expansion
In March 2006, an additional 2500 acre were added to the preserve as a result of action by a coalition of conservation groups including the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference, Open Space Institute, and Nature Conservancy. The success was made possible in part because the real estate partnership that sought to develop the Awosting Reserve property collapsed due to an internal financial dispute. To settle this dispute among the partners, a court ordered that the property be sold. The Trust for Public Land purchased the property for $17 million and immediately turned the land over to New York State.

Ecological characteristics
Unique communities such as ice cave talus, pitch pine-oak-heath rocky summit, and extensive chestnut oak forest comprise Minnewaska State Park Preserve. These ecosystems host a variety of plants and animals that are uncommon in New York State. Wildlife such as the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), bobcat (Lynx rufus) and New York State's only documented occurrence of the noctuid moth Zale curema reside within the preserve.

Swimming in Lake Minnewaska
Swimming was allowed throughout the entirety of Lake Minnewaska and surrounding Lake Awosting and Peterskill areas until 1987 when New York State purchased the land and closed the lake to public recreation. In 1988 under the guidance of Helga Schwartz and through numerous petitions, swimming was reinstated in a small roped off area. On April 19, 2000 Judy Mage, Myriam Miedzian, and Ellen James met with Park officials and the PIPC (Palisades Interstate Park Commission) to present proposals for the allowance of distance swimming on the lake. As a result of this meeting the designated swim area in the lake was increased and the closing time for swimming was extended by half an hour.

On June 11, 2000 SWIM (Swim Without Interference at Minnewaska) was created to attempt to bring back swimming throughout the entire lake. After much debate and negotiations with Parks officials, SWIM proposed the formation of a club where members would be tested for swimming ability, purchase insurance cards, and sign release of liability forms. The group was able to secure a second swimming area consisting of a 200-yard buoyed cable that runs parallel to the shoreline for distance swimming.

In Spring 2002 SWIM became the Minnewaska Distance Swimmers Association (MDSA) and signed up 430 members its first year. As of 2009 the MDSA has close to 700 members.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minnewaska State Park Preserve


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Adirondack Frostbite

The Adirondack Frostbite were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Glens Falls, New York, and were a member of the United Hockey League (UHL). They played their home games at the Glens Falls Civic Center.

The Adirondack IceHawks UHL team came to Glens Falls in 1999, after the American Hockey League's (AHL) Adirondack Red Wings disbanded. The IceHawks were a relocation of the Winston-Salem IceHawks from Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In 2004, ESPN SportsCenter anchor Steve Levy and NHL analyst Barry Melrose became the team's owners and the team changed its name to the Frostbite.

On January 13, 2006, head coach Marc Potvin was found dead in his hotel room in Kalamazoo, Michigan, hours before his team was to play the Kalamazoo Wings.

The Frostbite suspended operations on June 12, 2006, after the team could not come to a lease agreement with the Glens Falls Civic Center. Professional hockey would not return to the Adirondack region until 2009 when the AHL's Philadelphia Phantoms relocated to become the Adirondack Phantoms.

title: Adirondack Frostbite


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Talk:Numerical relativity

This page needs to be thoroughly rewritten and expanded. The current article gives a seriously misleading impression of the goals of numerical relativity, the state of the art, and open problems. CH 18:58, 28 May 2005

 * Maybe, but I have a feeling that there is a great shortage of people who know enough about the subject matter to be able do this rewritten.... it really is rocket science! :) novacatz 14:47, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

There appear to be a handful of active Wikipedia editors who have the neccessary background and writing ability to write a decent article. The trouble is that they don't have the time.---CH 04:37, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

So maybe an introduction will help. I'm a graduate student studying Numerical Relativity at Wake Forest University. I dropped a couple comments on other relativity related topics. As a graduate student, I know only enough to be dangerous so I try to keep my comments to the few things that I am fairly certain about. My advisor, like you say, is probably too busy to write something specifically for Wikipedia - though he is considered with some regard in the field (and has handed my intellectual butt to me many times). If you want some good sources for reviews in General Relativity though, you should check out the following website: http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/

Living Reviews is meant for the best in various fields to come around and write overviews of where our research basically stands right now (idealy). Some of the articles are well written and people with a mathematical background can learn a lot from them. I'd recommend some authors (though I am by no means disregarding the others): Clifford M. Will, Greg Cook and Luc Blanchet. I've just found their work easier to understand myself. With those tools in hand, I'm pretty sure someone who is careful (and mathematically savvy enough) could put together a better article on these subjects.

Warning, these articles fill in some holes but don't make you (or certainly me) an expert.

Jason Grigsby

 * Thanks for your comments, Jason. I agree that LLR is the place of first resort for a WP editor with a strong general background in physics to go for guidance in preparing an WP article on virtually any topic which is covered there. ---CH 23:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Students beware
I had been making a half-hearted attempt to monitor this article (which has been in very bad shape during my entire year as a Wikipedian), but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Good luck to all students in your search for information, regardless!---CH 02:36, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Sad situation: - It is a pity that [CH] abandons the project. I publish in numerical relativity and therefore cannot undertake such edits as I will have to cite my own work which I find unethical/uncomfortable. Rather than thrashing an editor, why dont you help him update it.? It is easier to complain than actually do the work, right? I think CH did a great job but just need to get in contact with the complainers and others to get the article to the cutting edge.

 * I don't understand what you mean; why you cannot avoid citing you own work? If you really cannot, that means your work is necessary and that other people would cite them too anyway. Temur (talk) 04:09, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite in Progress
I will attempt to add some more detail to this article in time. In the meanwhile I removed the lion's share of the computational difficulties for a number of reasons: 1) they implied nonexistence of compact coordinates; 2) they seemed to imply that non-linear PDE's are more challenging to solve numerically than ``analytically'', contradicting the supposed reason for using numerical methods; 3) states that roundoff error of floating point precision makes numerical approximation methods inconsistent with the Einstein equations seemingly ignoring weak formulations which do not discretise the PDE's.

I added some sections which refer to other active areas of research, since the binary black hole isn't the only thing researched, and certainly numerical relativity doesn't just look at dynamical spacetimes. I made a methodology section and merged and expanded the elliptic equations section into it.

Although the 3+1 decomposition is really only of interest to numerical relativity, I am not so sure this article should be it's home. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Atonita (talk • contribs) 17:13, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Numerical relativity


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Big Boy Arena

Big Boy Arena (formerly Fraser Hockeyland and Great Lakes Sports City) in Fraser, Michigan, is a 20,000 sqft ice center and entertainment venue offering five rinks for hockey, figure skating, inline skating, camps, clinics, private lessons, leagues, and special events. Its largest ice rink is a stadium arena with a 3,400-seat capacity. The ice center was the home of the Motor City Mechanics of the former United Hockey League. It was also home to the Metro Jets junior and youth hockey organization from 2015 to 2021. The complex was the host of the 2007 USA Hockey National Championships for the Midget division.

When the complex was known as Great Lakes Sports City, their five rinks were all named after one of the Great Lakes. On August 1, 2013, the complex changed its name to Fraser Hockeyland and a partnership with the Coca-Cola Company resulted in the five rinks changing names. Michigan became Coca-Cola Arena, Huron became Dasani Arena, Ontario became Sprite Arena, Erie became Powerade Arena, and Superior became Monster Arena.

In July 2020, it was announced the Motor City Rockers, a minor professional team in the Federal Prospects Hockey League, was to play out of Fraser Hockeyland beginning with the 2020–21 season. However, due to the ongoing restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Rockers withdrew before the season began and were later removed from the league's team directory. However, the Rockers came back with new ownership for the 2022–2023 season and will still call the Big Boy Arena home.

Big Boy Arena is also the home to B & R Sports Pro Shop, Michigan Athletic Training (MAT) facility, the Fraser Figure Skating Club, as well as Michigan Sports Enterprises adult hockey. Michigan high school teams including Chippewa Valley, Regina, Grosse Pointe North, and Grosse Pointe South call Big Boy Arena their home rink.

title: Big Boy Arena


text: Category:1980 in Canada

title: Category:1980 in Canada


text: User talk:203.213.7.133

title: User talk:203.213.7.133


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Verdun Junior Canadiens

The Verdun Junior Canadiens were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) from 1984 to 1989. They played home games at the Verdun Auditorium, and won the President's Cup during the 1984–85 QMJHL season.

History
Yvon Lambert was named the team's head coach for the 1984–85 QMJHL season. He resigned on March 8, 1985, with five games remaining, because he said "it was too difficult for him to motivate amateur-level players". Jean Bégin was named head coach for the final five games of the season and the playoffs. The team that season included future NHL players Claude Lemieux, Jimmy Carson, Gerry Fleming, Shane MacEachern, and Everett Sanipass.

Bégin led Verdun to three wins in the remainder of the regular season, and a first-place finish in the Lebel Division. In the playoffs, Verdun defeated the Hull Olympiques four games to one in the first round, then defeated the Shawinigan Cataractes four games to one in the second round, and defeated the Chicoutimi Saguenéens in four consecutive games to win the President's Cup. Claude Lemieux led the league in playoffs scoring 23 goals, and 40 points. Verdun's games in the 1985 Memorial Cup were played in Drummondville, Quebec. Verdun lost 6-3 to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in game one, lost 5-3 to the Prince Albert Raiders in game two, and lost 5-1 to the Shawinigan Cataractes in game three.

Two seasons later the Junior Canadiens began three consecutive seasons placing last in the QMJHL. The team was sold after the 1988–89 season, becoming the Saint-Hyacinthe Laser.

Players
Claude Lemieux was awarded the Guy Lafleur Trophy as the most valuable player in the 1985 playoffs. Jimmy Carson won two awards during the 1984–85 season. He won the Michel Bergeron Trophy as the offensive rookie-of-the-year, and the Michael Bossy Trophy as the best professional prospect. Carson won the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as most sportsmanlike player during the 1985–86 season.

 * NHL alumni

• Jean-Claude Bergeron

• Jimmy Carson

• Eric Charron

• Denis Chasse

• Gerry Fleming

• Claude Lemieux

• Shane MacEachern

• Daniel Marois

• Andrew McKim

• Everett Sanipass

• Pierre Sevigny

• Martin St. Amour

Yearly results
Regular season and playoffs results:

Playoffs

 * 1984–85 Defeated Hull Olympiques 4 games to 1 in quarter-finals. Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4 games to 1 in semi-finals. Defeated Chicoutimi Saguenéens 4 games to 0 in finals. QMJHL CHAMPIONS Finished winless at 1984 Memorial Cup tournament.
 * 1985–86 Lost to Saint-Jean Castors 5 games to 0 in quarter-finals.
 * 1986–87 Out of playoffs.
 * 1987–88 Out of playoffs.
 * 1988–89 Out of playoffs.

title: Verdun Junior Canadiens


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Verdun Juniors

The Verdun Juniors were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from 1982 to 1984. They played at the Verdun Auditorium.

History
The Verdun Juniors were assembled by general manager Eric Taylor, and coached by Pierre Creamer. Verdun won the Presidents Trophy in the 1982-83 season as playoff champions, defeating the Trois-Rivières Draveurs, Shawinigan Cataractes and the Longueuil Chevaliers.

The Juniors would compete in the Memorial Cup that year versus the Lethbridge Broncos, Portland Winter Hawks and the Oshawa Generals. Verdun would lose 7-6 to Portland, defeat Lethbridge 4-3, lose 5-1 to Oshawa, and lose 6-5 to Oshawa in the semi-final game, ending their hopes of a Memorial Cup championship.

After two very successful seasons, the team revived its old name to become the Verdun Jr. Canadiens.

Players
Pat LaFontaine scored 104 goals and 130 assists for 234 points in the 1982-83 season, his only season in major junior hockey, winning the Jean Béliveau Trophy as the top scorer, out-dueling future NHL icon Mario Lemieux. Two of the more prominent records he broke were Guy Lafleur's 40-game point-scoring streak and Mike Bossy's 70 goals by a rookie.

He was awarded the Michel Brière Commemorative Trophy as the MVP of the regular season, the Guy Lafleur Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs, the Michel Bergeron Trophy as the Offensive Rookie of the Year, the Mike Bossy Trophy as the best professional prospect, and the Frank J. Selke Commemorative Trophy as the Most sportsmanlike player. Also in 1982-1983 Pat LaFontaine was chosen Canadian Hockey League Player of the Year. Pat would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003.

Also of note, is alumnus Claude Lemieux, who would play almost 1200 NHL games. He scored 379 goals, and won 4 Stanley Cups in  1986 (Montreal), 1995 (New Jersey), 1996 (Colorado) & 2000 (New Jersey).

Billy Campbell was awarded the Emile Bouchard Trophy as the Defenceman of the year in the 1983-84 season. Jérôme Carrier was awarded the Frank J. Selke Commemorative Trophy as the Most sportsmanlike player in 1983-1984.

 * NHL alumni

• Gerry Fleming

• Gerard Gallant

• Pat LaFontaine

• Claude Lemieux

• Shane MacEachern

• Vincent Riendeau

Playoffs

 * 1982-83 Defeated Trois-Rivières Draveurs 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4 games to 2 in semi-finals. Defeated Longueuil Chevaliers 4 games to 1 in finals. QMJHL CHAMPIONS Lost to Oshawa Generals 6-5 in the semi-final game of the Memorial Cup.
 * 1983-84 Defeated St.-Jean Castors 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to Longueuil Chevaliers 4 games to 2 in semi-finals.

title: Verdun Juniors


text: Category:1995 in Canada

title: Category:1995 in Canada


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Two-Mix

Two-Mix (temporarily known as II MIX⊿DELTA) is a Japanese pop duo formed in 1995 by Minami Takayama (vocals and composer) and Shiina Nagano (synthesizer, composer and lyricist). Their style is fast electronic pop.

History
They met in the early 1990s. Minami, already well-established as a voice actress, was in the indie band Re-X and met Shiina through a friend. Minami released a solo album in 1992, Endless Communication which Shiina contributed to. They formed a group together Es Connexion and released an album. In 1995 they formed Two-Mix.

They have been featured in anime such as Gundam Wing and Detective Conan, in which the title character, Conan Edogawa, is voiced by Minami. They also made a guest appearance as themselves in two episodes, in which they were kidnapped and saved by Conan and his friends.

In 1999, Two-Mix produced Miru Takayama (a cousin of Minami) and in 2000 Miru and Minami formed M*TWO-MinaMiru-.

In 2005, Minami and Shiina were joined by Joe Rinoie as an additional singer and composer, changing the group's name to II MIX⊿DELTA for a limited time.

In 2008, Shiina started his solo music project ShiinaTactix-Music, featuring different female vocalists, Sanae Kobayashi, Yoko Hikasa and Mutsumi Tamura.

In 2013, Two-Mix released a digital download single "T-R-Y: Next / Across The End: Platinum Stream" and Shiina composed the music for a song "Rhythm Linkage" with Yoko Hikasa in her album "Hikasa Yoko Collaboration Album Glamorous Songs".

In 2014, Shiina composed the music for a song "Reboot Tactics" with Kaori Sadohara (from Sweet Arms) in their album "Trigger".

In 2020, a 25th anniversary project was announced, the main focus being an all time best compilation album that was released in February, 2021.

Discography

 * BPM 132 (1995)
 * BPM 143 (1996)
 * BPM 150 Max (1996)
 * Fantastix (1997)
 * Dream Tactix (1998)
 * Rhythm Formula (1999)
 * 0G (2001)

title: Two-Mix


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Cool Insuring Arena

The Cool Insuring Arena (originally called Glens Falls Civic Center) is a 4,794-seat multi-purpose arena located in downtown Glens Falls, New York, that is the home of the Adirondack Thunder of the ECHL. Built in 1979, it was originally the home of the Adirondack Red Wings, AHL affiliate of the Detroit Red Wings.

Hockey in Glens Falls
In preparation for the incoming Adirondack Red Wings, the Glens Falls Civic Center was completed in 1979. The building was constructed on a vacant lot just south of the city's center as part of the city's "Urban Renewal Era".

The Red Wings played in the Civic Center for 20 seasons in the AHL. During their time, they won 4 Calder Cup championships, and saw dozens of players move up to the NHL. In 1999, the parent club in Detroit pulled the team out of the arena, citing declining attendance as the reason for the sudden departure.

The Adirondack IceHawks were the next tenants of the building, after moving operations from Winston-Salem to Glens Falls. In 2004, the team was bought by ESPN's Steve Levy and Barry Melrose and rebranded as the Frostbite, who played through the 2005-06 season. The arena then sat without a hockey team for nearly 3 years.

For the 2007–08 AHL season and 2008–09 AHL season, the nearby Albany River Rats played four home games in Glens Falls in order to gauge the community's interest in whether an American Hockey League franchise could relocate to Glens Falls. City government officials and arena management were looking into the possibility of acquiring a franchise to play in the Civic Center.

On February 12, 2009, the Center was announced to be a potential temporary home to the Philadelphia Phantoms AHL team, who would leave Philadelphia following the 2009 season due to the demolition of the Wachovia Spectrum. That team, the Adirondack Phantoms, would play for five seasons at the Center before moving to the PPL Center in 2014, becoming the Lehigh Valley Phantoms. However, AHL hockey stayed in Glens Falls for at least the 2014–15 season, as the former Abbotsford Heat announced they would be moving to the Center, adopting the new Adirondack Flames moniker.

However, the Flames' first season would also be their last in Glens Falls, as the team moved to Stockton, California after the 2014–15 season to become the Stockton Heat. Glens Falls would not be without pro hockey, however, as the ECHL's Stockton Thunder moved to Glens Falls for the 2015–16 season to become the Adirondack Thunder.

On January 21, 2022, the Eastern Hockey League (2013–) announced the Adirondack Jr. Thunder will play their inaugural season in the Eastern Hockey League Premier, the organization's development league. They announced their home games would be played at the Cool Insuring Arena, and Adirondack Red Wings all-time points and games-played leader Glenn Merkosky will be the team's first head coach.

Other Notable Events
The Grateful Dead played the first concert at the Glens Falls Civic Center on May 8, 1980.

On June 21, 1989, The Who kicked off their 25th Anniversary Tour at the Civic Center. It was the first time in seven years they were on tour. It also marked their first performance without drummer Kenney Jones, who replaced Keith Moon in 1979; he was replaced by Simon Phillips for that tour.

Iron Maiden played here for the first time in 1982.

19-year-old Mike Tyson defeated James Tillis, for his 20th straight professional career win, at the Civic Center on May 5, 1986. Tyson won via unanimous decision in the 10-round fight. Two months later, on July 26, 1986, Tyson fought and defeated Marvis Frazier in 30 seconds via KO for his 25th straight win in his professional career.

On October 31, 1994, it became the site of the first of ten "Halloween costumes" by jam band Phish. That evening, in the middle of a three set concert, Phish performed The Beatles' White Album in its entirety. The show was recorded and later released as a live album, entitled Live Phish Volume 13. Phish returned to the Civic Center on October 23, 2013, playing "Back in the USSR" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" from the White Album.

The Glens Falls Civic Center has been the host of the New York State Public High School Athletic Association Basketball Championships through 2014. The Federation tournament was previously held at the Glens Falls Civic Center up until 2011, when it was moved to the Times Union Center in Albany, New York. The Federation tournament has now returned to Glens Falls, but the NYSPHSAA tournament has moved to Binghamton.

Another notable event at the Civic Center came on December 8, 2010, when it hosted a basketball game between BYU and Vermont billed as the "Hometown Classic". The game served as a homecoming for BYU star Jimmer Fredette, who had led Glens Falls High School to the New York state Class A championship game, held at this facility, in 2007. A beyond-capacity crowd of 6,300, which also included former BYU great and current Boston Celtics general manager Danny Ainge, saw Fredette's Cougars win 86–58.

Ownership and Management
On April 14, 2008, the building became one of the management properties of Global Spectrum for the city of Glens Falls, New York.

A public auction of the Glens Falls Civic Center had been scheduled for August 18, 2014; however, no bidders showed to make an offer. A local coalition continues to attempt to raise money to purchase the arena. The yearly operating losses near $1 million (US), and the city-owned arena does not currently have enough council votes in Warren County, New York to impose a 1% tax increase to subsidize the arena.

The Adirondack Civic Center Coalition placed one of two bids in a private auction on September 12, 2014. On October 21, 2014, the Glens Falls Common Council voted unanimously to sell the arena to the then-named "Coalition to Save Our Civic Center". Jack Walter, a local design and planning consultant, was named building manager on March 20, 2015. Walter would lead a new management team to replace Global Spectrum. That summer, Jeff Mead was announced as Walter's replacement on July 20, 2015.

On July 11, 2017, the Cool Insuring Agency purchased the naming rights to the arena on a five-year deal.

On March 19, 2019, it was announced that the Cool Insuring Agency extended their contract, keeping the building's naming rights through 2024.

title: Cool Insuring Arena


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True Love Waits

True Love Waits may refer to:
 * True Love Waits (organization), an international Christian organization promoting sexual abstinence until marriage.
 * "True Love Waits" (song), a song by Radiohead
 * True Love Waits (album), a 2003 Radiohead tribute album by Christopher O'Riley
 * True Love Waits (film) or Taivas tiellä, a 2000 Finnish film directed by Johanna Vuoksenmaa

title: True Love Waits


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Bonnie Dennison

Bonnie Dennison (born February 15, 1989) is an American actress. She was born in New York City. From 2002 to 2005, she played Emily Yokas on the NBC television show Third Watch. In 2007, she joined the cast of the long-running CBS daytime drama Guiding Light in the role of Susan "Daisy" Lemay, a role she continued to portray until the end of Guiding Light's broadcast run in 2009.

In 2009, she made a guest appearance in the Ugly Betty episode "Backseat Betty", portraying Ava, a cheerleader at school with Justin. In 2010, she appeared in the movie Stake Land. She has also appeared in commercials for Dannon DanActive, Losethezits.com, and Verizon Wireless.

In 2014, she was cast as one of the leads in a Fox comedy pilot executive produced by Matt Hubbard and Tina Fey, portraying the role of Thena; but the series was later scrapped after a change in management at Fox.

In early 2019, Dennison was cast as Jenny Kenney, the protagonist's daughter in the pilot of the hit CBS series Carol's Second Act starring Patricia Heaton. Following the pilot, Ashley Tisdale replaced Dennison in the role of Jenny (aka she was recast).

title: Bonnie Dennison


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MAAF

MAAF is a four-letter acronym that may stand for:

 * Malayan Auxiliary Air Force, original precursor of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
 * Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, was the major Allied air force command organization in the Mediterranean theater from mid-December 1943 until the end of the Second World War.
 * Michael Army Airfield at Dugway Proving Ground, abbreviated as Michael AAF or MAAF
 * Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers
 * magical African-American friend, a stock character in fiction
 * Mutuelle d'assurance des artisans de France, a French insurance company

title: MAAF


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MGM-5 Corporal

The MGM-5 Corporal missile was a nuclear-armed tactical surface-to-surface missile. It was the first guided weapon authorized by the United States to carry a nuclear warhead. A guided tactical ballistic missile, the Corporal could deliver either a nuclear fission, high-explosive, fragmentation or chemical warhead up to a range of 75 nmi.

It was developed by the United States Army in partnership with Caltech's pioneering Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and initially produced by Douglas Aircraft Company. As development continued production shifted to Firestone Tire and Rubber Company (airframe) and Gilfillan Brothers Inc. (guidance). The Corporal was designed as a tactical nuclear missile for use in the event of Cold War hostilities in Western Europe. The first U.S. Army Corporal battalion was deployed in Europe in 1955. Eight Corporal battalions were deployed in Europe and remained in the field until 1964, when the system was replaced by the solid-fueled MGM-29 Sergeant missile system. The Corporal was the second in a series of JPL rockets for the US Army whose names correspond to the progression in Army enlisted ranks, starting with Private before ultimately leading to the MGM-29 Sergeant.

Design and development
The U.S. Army Ordnance California Institute Technology (ORDCIT) program that eventually produced the Corporal ballistic missile began in June 1944 with a contract to the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratories California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) to develop a ballistic guided missile. As the technology to build such a weapon did not exist in the United States it had to be created. GALCIT, later transformed into the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), began incremental efforts starting with a solid-fuel rocket program called Private. It progressed to a liquid-fuel unguided sounding rocket called WAC Corporal and a much larger guided research missile, the Corporal E. In late 1949 the Army desired to accelerate the Corporal program to create a military weapon by turning the Corporal E into a crash program and cancel the intended additional research variants. The resultant Corporal ballistic missile was developed by JPL and first flew in its weapon version at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, on August 7, 1952. The Corporal crash program involved utilizing as much existing equipment as it could including the WW II SCR-584 radar.

Corporal used a pressure-fed liquid-fueled rocket motor burning red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) and aniline; the exact mixture of fuel and oxidizer changed over the Corporal service period. From round 11 of the test program it became RFNA as oxidizer and a fuel consisting of 80.00%aniline with 20.00%furfuryl alcohol. As the Corporal was a crash program and constantly under development after 1958 to reduce decomposition of the RFNA and improve performance, the propellants were changed to IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid), 14%, 2.50%, 0.60% and 82.90% oxidizer, with 46.50%aniline, 46.50%furfuryl alcohol and 7.00%hydrazine as fuel. this required elaborate and time-consuming preparation immediately before launch, making its tactical responsiveness questionable.

Guidance for the Corporal consisted of a complex system of internal and ground guidance. During the initial launch phase, inertial guidance kept the missile in a vertical position and pre-set guidance steered it during its launch. The ground guidance system was a modified World War II SCR-584 radar which tracked the missile's position, as well as its slant range. This information was sent to an analog computer which calculated the trajectory and any necessary correction to hit the target. A Doppler radar was used to accurately measure the missile's velocity, and this information was also used in the trajectory calculation. The Doppler radar was also used to send the final range correction and warhead arming command after the missile re-entered the atmosphere. Transponder beacons were used in the missile to provide a return signal for tracking at maximum range. The vulnerability of the Corporal system was of concern from the beginning of the weapon program. Electronic anticountermeasures were addressed over the length of the program and would have been greatly improved in Corporal III. Though a variety of warheads from high explosive and fragmentation to chemical had been developed the warhead which the missile was equipped was the W-7 (Mk.7).

A Corporal battalion was composed of 250 men requiring 35 vehicles to deploy and took nine hours to set up the missile to fire once the launch position had been reached. Corporal missile battalions in Europe were highly mobile, considering the large number of support vehicles and personnel required to support the transportation, checkout, and launch of this liquid-fueled nuclear-tipped (or conventional HE or chemical) missile. In Germany, frequent unannounced 'Alerts' were performed—necessitating assembling all personnel and moving vehicles and missiles to a pre-assigned assembly point. From there the battalion would move to a launch site—usually somewhere in a remote forest—set up the missile on its launcher and go through a detailed checkout of the various systems. This was not a trivial operation as these electronic systems were largely vacuum tubes. A mock firing would be performed and the entire battalion would be gone as soon as possible in order to not be a target of counter-battery fire.

For what was the first nuclear armed missile the Corporal I was significantly unreliable and inaccurate. The continuing development of the Corporal weapon system led rapidly to the development of the Corporal II. This was initiated while the Corporal I was still under development. Though Corporal I was deemed operable many shortcomings in both the missile and ground equipment tactical usability had become obvious during development. Engineer-User trials had shown that the primary reason for mechanical and electrical causes arose because the systems of the Corporal I were too delicate. Problems detected in the E-U trials were addressed in the Corporal II. The Type II Corporal was subsequently improved in the Corporal IIa and IIb (M2A1) versions. The first Corporal II prototype was flown on October 8, 1953. The first complete Type II system was delivered in February 1955, The Type II Corporal greatly improved the accuracy and reliability of the missile system. When compared to other early missiles the final production Corporal II was reasonably accurate. Still the aggregate accuracy of all Type IIs with a CEP (Circular Error Probable) of 350 meters which was still short of the desired 300 meters. The role of JPL was greatly reduced in 1955–56.

The deficiencies of the Corporal II led to the design and development of Corporal III. The objectives of Corporal III were to produce a much improved weapon system with improved reliability, ground support equipment, and especially ground guidance equipment, to provide the Army with a fully developed weapon. Only small changes to the Corporal IIb missile would be required. In 1956 all research and development work on the Corporal II had been completed. A study at Redstone Arsenal noted that the MGM-29 Sergeant missile system would become available for service in 1963 and that Corporal III equipment should only be procured for additional Corporal units. Though a Type III Corporal was flown in 1957 it was too late for the eternally developing Corporal system. On May 23, 1957 all work on the Corporal III was ended to conserve funds for Sergeant following defense budget cuts. In 1963 the solid-fueled Sergeant missiles with self-contained inertial guidance systems which was jamming proof, and which took only an hour from occupying the site to launch of the missile, started replacing the Corporal IIb in Europe. By June 1964 the Corporal system was history in American service. In June 1966 the last Corporal unit, the 27th Guided Weapons Regiment Royal Artillery, retired its Corporals.

Introduction to service
The first three Corporal battalions were activated in March 1952 with an Engineer-User launch program beginning in January 1953. In the same year the Corporal II system was sold to the United Kingdom. The extremely ambitious original goal of the Corporal program was to have 16 battalions of missiles deployed by July 1954. Two batteries of Corporal I had been organized and equipped by July 1954. The 259th Corporal Battalion deployed to Europe in February 1955. It was followed by other units and by 1960 there were six battalions in Germany, two in Italy and four in the United States. Live-fire training for Germany-based US forces took place at Fort Bliss but later the British Royal Artillery Guided Weapons Range on the Scottish island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides was used. Missiles were fired toward designated target coordinates in the Atlantic Ocean. Radar on Hirta (the main island of the St Kilda archipelago of Scotland) identified missile landing points. Frequently, Soviet spy ship 'fishing trawlers' would intrude into the target area. The UK adoption of the Corporal resulted in the islet of Rockall being incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1955, the last addition to the UK, to prevent its use by Soviet observers: the UK Minister of Defence Harold Macmillan was concerned that, were they to do so, the Soviets might discover how to jam Corporal guidance and tracking radio signals.

Operators

 * British Army, Royal Artillery
 * 27th Guided Weapons Regiment RA 1957–1966
 * 47th Guided Weapons Regiment RA 1957–1965
 * United States Army
 * 246th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 2nd Battalion 80th Field Artillery Regiment (Fort Sill))
 * 259th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 40th Field Artillery Regiment (Fort Bliss))
 * 523rd Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 81st Field Artillery Regiment (Fort Carson))
 * 526th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 84th Field Artillery Regiment (Fort Sill))
 * 530th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 39th Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 531st Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 38th Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 543rd Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 82nd Field Artillery Regiment (Italy))
 * 557th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 2nd Battalion 81st Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 558th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 82nd Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 559th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 2nd Battalion 84th Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 570th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 80th Field Artillery Regiment (Italy))
 * 601st Missile Battalion (reflagged as 2nd Battalion 40th Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))
 * 570th Missile Battalion (reflagged as 1st Battalion 80th Field Artillery Regiment (Italy))
 * 601st Missile Battalion (reflagged as 2nd Battalion 40th Field Artillery Regiment (Germany))

Toys
A version of the Corporal was made as a die-cast toy by manufacturers such as Corgi and Dinky. The Corgi Corporal, marketed to children as "the rocket you can launch", was timed to coincide with the British test firing in 1959.

A 1/40 scale plastic model kit of the Corporal missile with its mobile transporter was produced in the late 1950s and was reissued by Revell-Monogram in 2009.

A 1/48 scale plastic model kit of the Corporal missile with its launcher was produced in 1959 by Hawk and was reissued in 1969 in a glow in the dark version.

title: MGM-5 Corporal


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Charles Grymes McCawley

Charles Grymes McCawley (January 29, 1827 – October 13, 1891) was the eighth commandant of the Marine Corps and served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps during the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.

Biography
Born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, McCawley was appointed a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on March 3, 1847 by President James K. Polk. He took part in the Battle of Chapultepec and the capture of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. (It is this battle which is commemorated in the Marine Hymn's words, "From the Halls of Montezuma ...")

He was brevetted first lieutenant September 13, 1847, for gallantry in those actions. After the war he commanded the guard of the frigates USS Cumberland (1842) and USS Independence (1814) in the Mediterranean from 1849 to 1852. He then served at the Philadelphia Navy Yard until 1854. He received promotion to first lieutenant on January 2, 1855 and, after various services afloat and ashore, became captain on July 26, 1861.

In the Civil War, he aided in the capture of Port Royal, South Carolina, November 7, 1861, and led a detachment of 200 marines to reoccupy the Norfolk Navy Yard, May 1862. He subsequently commanded Marine detachments during operations in Charleston Harbor against Forts Wagner, Gregg, and Sumter. For gallant and meritorious conduct during the boat attack on Fort Sumter, September 8, 1863, he was brevetted to the rank of major and received a full promotion to that rank on June 10, 1864.

After the war, he became a First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 5, 1867.

On November 1, 1876, he was appointed colonel commandant, the highest post in the Marine Corps, and served in that position until he retired on January 29, 1891. In 1883, Colonel McCawley chose Semper Fidelis, Latin for 'Always Faithful', as the official Marine Corps motto.

He was a member of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the Revolution. In 1890 he became a Veteran Member of the Aztec Club of 1847.

Colonel McCawley died at Philadelphia on October 13, 1891.

Relations
Son of Mary E. (1809–1881) and Marine captain James McCawley (1797–1839). He married his first wife, the former Mary Elizabeth Colegate (1843–1867), on March 28, 1863. The oldest of two sons from this marriage, Charles L. McCawley, also received a commission in the Marine Corps and went on to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and to modify the enlisted Marines sword.

In May 1870 he married his second wife, Elise Alden Henderson, whom he met while commanding the Marine guard at the Boston Navy Yard.

Namesakes
Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS McCawley in his honor.

title: Charles Grymes McCawley


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Macon Knights

The Macon Knights were a professional arena football team, playing in the af2 league. They were a 2001 expansion member of af2. They played their home games at Macon Coliseum. The Knights were owned and operated by Beverly Olson. The Knights were formerly coached by Derek Stingley, who was a Defensive Specialist with the Albany Firebirds in the original Arena Football League. And he also is the son of former New England Patriots' wide receiver Darryl Stingley.

History
The franchise was created in 2001, the second year of the af2. Olson's first successful move as owner operator was to bring in local football star Kevin Porter to coach the upstart team. Porter, an alumnus of Auburn University, and the Kansas City Chiefs was also an arena football veteran. Under his leadership, the inaugural team made the playoffs and was named "Expansion Franchise of the Year" by the league. He went on to coach the New Orleans VooDoo and Kansas City Brigade of the AFL.

Two seasons later, Porter led the Knights to the ArenaCup, af2's championship game, where the Knights lost to the Tulsa Talons 58–40. Afterwards, he left for the parent AFL and a number of his players followed.

Porter was replaced by AFL veteran Mike Hold. Despite his success with other franchises, Hold did not have as good a fortune in Macon. In 2005, after a bad start, Hold was replaced by Derek Stingley.

Stingley took a club that had fallen to 2–5 and, by season's end, managed to get them into the playoffs. The Knights however, lost to the Louisville Fire in the opening round.

After the 2006 season, the team announced they would be shutting down operations. However, on October 10, 2008, the Macon Telegraph reported that an investor is "deeply interested" in relaunching the Knights franchise in Macon, as early as 2009, but no later than 2010.

Head coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2006 af2 season.

Season-by-season results
Note: The Finish, Wins, Losses, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play.

title: Macon Knights


text:
Talk:Damn Yankees (band)

Untitled
Is it necessary to list the band members twice?

I listed them twice to distinguish the band members' different home states.

Generally, when you have to repeat a person's name, you use only their last name on the repeat reference. It's also a great solution to the first complaint/comment.

Here I Come Again
The band also had a single called 'Here I Come Again', from their first album, I believe. They also shot a video for it.

Actually, it was called "Come Again," and they shot two videos for the song.

Colloquial Vocabulary
The term "American" to refer to United States citizens is colloquial. Since 1507, when German geographer Martin Waldseemüller coined the word "America", it has been the name of the whole continent, from Canada to Argentina. No official US government or UN documents refer to the USA as simply "America". "American band" might as well refer to Brazilian or Mexican bands. The use of colloquial terms should be discouraged in a serious encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.47.183.193 (talk) 03:28, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Don't Tread
As of January 17, 2011, the RIAA Gold and Platinum Searchable Database shows that Don't Treat has only been certified Gold, so I fixed the inaccuracy on the Damn Yankees page which said it was certified Platinum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.64.108.239 (talk) 19:25, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

The album cover wasn't "lackluster."

Damn Yankees Glam?
Damn Yankees was a classic rock band, never glam metal, end of the world! —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 17:06, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Well I quite agree for most songs they were hard rock, but they had some influence as allmusic.com states. Provide source for what you are saying please. FateForger (talk) 14:52, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Hello FateForger's good to talk to you again after the civil discussion we had on Heartbreak Station. But today we got one point more seriously the music genre that followed the Damn Yankees. With all due respect Allmusic commits a serious mistake to look so worldly and parochial techniques most of the bands that rock was in the early 90s. Just ask me time to gather material and prove what I say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.85.150.89 (talk) 13:59, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

I can see your point, and I do admit they are borderline. If you do provide sufficient material, I'll be happy to change my opinion. I believe that they were hard rock above all, but that they were influenced by glam metal in their style, in particular regarding songs such as Mister Please, which shares quite a lot with glam. Another example could be their eponymous song. FateForger (talk) 17:50, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

I can see your point, and I do admit they are borderline. If you do provide sufficient material, I'll be happy to change my opinion. I believe that they were hard rock above all, but that they were influenced by glam metal in their style, in particular regarding songs such as Mister Please, which shares quite a lot with glam. Another example could be their eponymous song

FateForger just ask to examine me, forget allmusic. See the music school of all members. Ted had been trampled on that hard rock blues, he had speed, power and great melody, tried to sell their albums in the '80s that turned out badly, Damn Yankees was the chance to turn around and he would not miss. Tommy was the classic Styx a real art in terms of progressive rock, got some notice with his first solo album more for the Pop / Rock, the following years no longer like. Then we come to the event by Jack. That was part of a machine named Rock Night Ranger, the Group had a hard rock riffs with clean contemporary true but with the heart that soul seventies how to make a Rock N 'Roll without that glam trend that scares me ( Pretty Boy Floyd, Poison and other bands). Night Ranger and Survivor, REO Speedwagon, Kansas, Vandenberg, Journey began to lose ground just to the hair bands and like all preferred the lower positions of the billboard to adhere to the style. Michael currently holds a stick in the Lynyrd Skynyrd ie without delay ask that analysis carefully and with the heart of a fan of music that you know is not the coldness of a site that says expert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 23:27, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Well I know where the members came from. I'm sorry but I have some difficulties in understanding what you state in some sentences (for example the last one is not very clear). Again, I know they were hard rock more than anything else, and I know that their original groups are not glam metal. Still, this is not a valid point, as the member's music school does not necessarily determine a band's genre. On the contrary, Damn Yankees were exactly "the chance to turn around" as you mentioned it: the members set up a supergroup following the trend of those years, in order to sell records more easily. The result was a band still based on hard rock but with heavy pop/glam metal influences. Unfortunately for them, they arrived too late on the scene and the arena rock panorama was already in rapid decline. In fact, as soon as their second album failed to sell well, the group disbanded. As a great fan of hard rock and metal I try to be impartial in what I say, but this does not mean that I only follow websites without thinking. This is not just a matter of sources, but remember sources must be respected. On the whole Damn Yankees were hard rock, but the influence glam metal had on them is undeniable. FateForger (talk) 09:59, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Sorry, if I was not very clear with the last sentence. That sources must be respected and make the article more rich that I agree. What I'm trying to explain is that the sources that the article is based may be merely the opinion of other people like us better or worse that nobody knows. Within a product before any source should come to think of who writes or improvement. Another thing the school that the members can not come to define the genre sues following works, most surely serve as a preview of what to expect, including the reasons for venturing out or not in another way. And in the case of Damn Yankees this is very valid. And although the project was short, he spent far from being a failure. The two albums the band released reached the Billboard Top 30 in their given years in terms of a band for the more classic style of rock that is a win. Ted, Jack and Tommy were very well connected in the wings, and they knew that soon the dark wave Grunge / Alternative come and share. And a new shock with the goose that lays golden eggs for record labels would be a mistake. For today's more that I hope to continue our debate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 23:03, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Saying that sources are the opinion of other people like us is not a valid criteria. They are opinions of professional journalists, and even if we both know quite a lot about the genre we can't put our personal opinions on the same level. This is the whole point in reliable sources: Wikipedia is based on them to prevent endless discussions between users with different opinions. Therefore, the source should be taken into consideration. Since it is valid, it should be kept. It also explains what it states, so it is not a random source. There is no source, on the contrary, claiming that they knew about the grunge wave coming, and even if they did know about it they were still swept away. They were not classic rock but connected with glam, and they did not create the band thinking about grunge. Moreover, in 1990 record labels still signed a lot of glam metal bands, because the new trend was not as clear as it would become in a few years' time. I can provide examples. And they did disband because the second album did not do so well. There is reference for it. They were not a failure, but they did not last because of the decline of glam. In fact, as I have already said, though being hard rock they were strictly connected to glam and to the arena rock scene of those years. Summing up, there is proof they declined together with glam metal, there is a source which states they were glam and which explains the band's nature, and this source is professional, and therefore not simply an common opinion. I believe that hard rock should be kept as the primary genre, but that glam metal (and heavy metal) should be kept along with it. I will revert your last edit. Please provide a valid reason for them not being glam, a reason not based on personal opinions (which are not bad, but simply not better than my opinions or of other users' opinons), and not based on their music school (which can give a hint, but is not a a proof for a band's genre). FateForger (talk) 23:58, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

PROFESSIONAL? 'll have to excuse me friend but we are speaking of music, which brings us back to feelings, emotions. The science of the inexplicable. Not exactly something like politics or chemistry. I maintain my position and now the way you want through valid sources. These people do not have the right to appoint and declare that it is law. If you have any problems with the translation of the matter I help him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 09:04, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Please stay calm. We are talking about music, but we are talking about it on Wikipedia. You are not taking this into consideration. If you want to talk about feelings and emotions, I'm sorry but this is the wrong place. Wikipedia is not about feelings. Read its policies. Coming to your source, I'm not sure it is reliable, but even if it is the most reliable source on the internet, it does not indicate that allmusic is unreliable. Therefore, allmusic remains a valid source and glam metal will be included as a genre. You have now been reverting lots of times, and still you have not provided a valid reason for removing glam metal from the genres. You should stop doing this, it has gone too far. Keep in mind you are already in a dispute regarding Giant. Either you show in a clear way they were NOT glam metal, or allmusic prevails since it is a source. FateForger (talk) 17:54, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Understand one thing, fans of good old Rock N 'Roll are around the world. That his statement sounds like a bit homophobic, what? people with no ability to talk about music outside of America. Accessing the site of Allmusic, was reading excerpts from a mini biography of David Coverdale. Truly acloneRobert Plant, with its success in Pop Metal band on MTV. That leaves me shocked, first taking on tones of voice where the love of god there is some similarity, in the same band Whitesnake in their albums that have reached more sales or more marketability always remained above the Glam Metal, and even then the band since its inception until about the year 1984 was also a rock and the blues as a base with a classic line-up with Bernie Marsden and Mel Galley. I can be stubborn, annoying more then anything as offensive as this excerpt I keep growing firm in my beliefs —Preceding unsigned comment added by MATHEUS HS (talk • contribs) 21:32, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

You have passed the limit. You are already risking to be blocked. This is the umpteenth time you miss the point. Your reply is again difficult to understand and not written in proper English. But the important thing is: please stop editing without providing sources. This situation can't go on. You must understand that what you think is not relevant if it's not verifiable. You can grow firm in your beliefs as much as you want, but you will just end up getting blocked by edit warring. I am fed up of this endless discussion. I tried to be polite and to have a proper conversation, but you just don't seem to be listening. If you don't agree with what a reliable source states, you must reply with a source which is in clear contrast with it, your opinions don't matter. I hope this is the last time I have to explain this to you. FateForger (talk) 21:50, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Again, as above. Merely driving by the article as an IP and reverting the changes will not stand as an alternative to reliable sources and consensus, and will probably lead to this article being protected. Please continue this discussion, Matheus, and abide by consensus. Dayewalker (talk) 02:51, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Minor Hits ?
Under history, referring to "Dont' Tread", it states "Although the second release was not as successful as the first album, it contained a few minor hits...". How are we defining "minor hits"? Seems like a biased word. The singles "Don't Tread", "Mister Please", and "Where You Goin' Now" were 3, 3, and 6 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks (see Don't Tread's wikipage). So, does a song have to be a 1 or a 2 to be a major hit? Most bands would kill to have a top 10 hit.

Therefore, removing the biased language. FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 18:48, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Damn Yankees (band)


text:
Florida Firecats

The Florida Firecats were a professional arena football team based in Estero, Florida. They played in the AF2, the Arena Football League's developmental league, from 2001 to 2009. They did not join the AFL following the leagues' reorganization in 2010. During their run they won the 2004 ArenaCup championship, two conference titles, and made a total of seven playoff appearances. They played their home games at Germain Arena.

Season-by-season
!Totals || 100 || 59 || 0
 * 2001 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 5th AC Southeast || --
 * 2002 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (Tallahassee 43–31) Won AC Semifinal (Macon 44–28) Won AC Championship (Cape Fear 43–23) Lost ArenaCup III (Peoria 65–47)
 * 2003 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Lost AC Round 1 (Macon 42–16)
 * 2004 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Won AC Round 1 (Memphis 35–33) Won AC Semifinal (Tennessee Valley 62–58) Won AC Championship (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 41–31) Won ArenaCup V (Peoria 39–26)
 * 2005 || 14 || 2 || 0 || 1st AC South || Won AC Semifinal (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 59–45) Lost AC Championship (Louisville 70–40)
 * 2006 || 13 || 3 || 0 || 1st AC South || Won AC Semifinal (Manchester 40–39) Lost AC Championship (Green Bay 60–47)
 * 2007 || 11 || 5 || 0 || 1st NC South || Lost AC Round 1 (South Georgia 59–50)
 * 2008 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Lost AC Round 1 (Tennessee Valley 48–33)
 * 2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 4th AC South || --
 * 2005 || 14 || 2 || 0 || 1st AC South || Won AC Semifinal (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 59–45) Lost AC Championship (Louisville 70–40)
 * 2006 || 13 || 3 || 0 || 1st AC South || Won AC Semifinal (Manchester 40–39) Lost AC Championship (Green Bay 60–47)
 * 2007 || 11 || 5 || 0 || 1st NC South || Lost AC Round 1 (South Georgia 59–50)
 * 2008 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Lost AC Round 1 (Tennessee Valley 48–33)
 * 2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 4th AC South || --
 * 2008 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC South || Lost AC Round 1 (Tennessee Valley 48–33)
 * 2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 4th AC South || --
 * 2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 4th AC South || --
 * 2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 4th AC South || --
 * colspan="2"| (including playoffs)
 * }

* = Current standing

Uncertain future
The cancellation of the Arena Football League's 2009 season has left the future of many AF2 teams up in the air. 11 of the 25 AF2 teams have confirmed that they will be joining a new arena football league, Arena Football 1. The Florida Firecats are not one of those teams, and it is unclear whether they will continue to play in the AF2, seek another arena football league, or suspend operations.

The Firecats do not seem interested in joining AF1 and may be trying to join another indoor football league instead. Commissioner Jerry Kurz says the Firecats have yet to apply, and team president Chris Vallozzi was quoted as calling AF1 "an upstart league" without the AFL's 20 years of prior history, also saying they'd "keep all options open with all leagues."

title: Florida Firecats


text:
Fan film

A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book, book, or video game created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in quality, as well as in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to full-length motion pictures. Fan films are also examples of fan labor and the remix culture. Closely related concepts are fandubs, fansubs and vidding which are reworks of fans on already released film material.

History
The earliest known fan film is Anderson 'Our Gang, which was produced in 1926 by a pair of itinerant filmmakers. Shot in Anderson, South Carolina, the short is based on the Our Gang film series; the only known copy resides in the University of South Carolina's Newsfilm Library. Various amateur filmmakers created their own fan films throughout the ensuing decades, including a teenaged Hugh Hefner, but the technology required to make fan films was a limiting factor until relatively recently. In the 1960s UCLA film student Don Glut filmed a series of short black and white "underground films", based on adventure and comic book characters from 1940s and 1950s motion picture serials. Around the same time, artist Andy Warhol produced a film called Batman Dracula which could be described as a fan film. But it wasn't until the 1970s that the popularization of science fiction conventions allowed fans to show their films to the wider fan community.

In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, there were many unofficial foreign remakes of American films that today may be considered fan films, such as Süpermenler (Superman), 3 Dev Adam, (Spider-Man), Mahakaal (A Nightmare on Elm Street), and Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (Star Wars).

Most of the more prominent science fiction films and television shows are represented in fan films; these include Star Wars (see Fan films based on Star Wars), Star Trek (see Star Trek fan productions), Doctor Who (see Doctor Who spin-offs), and Buffy the Vampire Slayer (see Unofficial Buffy the Vampire Slayer productions). Because fan films generally utilize characters and storylines copyrighted and trademarked by the original filmmakers, they are rarely distributed commercially for legal reasons. They are exhibited by various other methods, including showings at comic book and science fiction conventions, and distribution as homemade videos, ranging from VHS videocassettes to CD-ROMs and DVDs.

A notable fan film is also Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation, made as a shot-for-shot remake of the 1981 Indiana Jones adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Using the original film's screenplay and score, it principally starred and was filmed, directed, and produced over a seven-year period by three Mississippi teenagers (Chris Strompolos, Eric Zala, and Jayson Lamb). In 2015, the documentary Raiders!: The Story of the Greatest Fan Film Ever Made was released. The film follows three childhood friends, Eric Zala, Chris Strompolos, and Jayson Lamb, from 1982 to 1989 as they set out to make their fan film of Raiders fan film.

In 2012, two Arizona-based teenagers, Jonason Pauley and Jesse Perrotta, made a live action shot for shot remake of the 1995 animated film, Toy Story, with the toy characters animated through stop motion, puppetry, and live actors for the human characters, while using audio from the film. It received a positive response from critics, and the original filmmakers.

Indian-born American filmmaker Adi Shankar started producing a series of satire films based on popular franchises and comic book characters, before evolving into a full-fledged entertainment brand. His films includes The Punisher: Dirty Laundry with Thomas Jane reprising his role from The Punisher and Power Rangers: Unauthorized, a dark reimagining of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers series.

Filmmaker Sandy Collora gained much notoriety in the early 2000s for a series of fan films he produced featuring DC Comics heroes Batman and Superman. Batman: Dead End premiered at the 2003 San Diego Comic-Con, while World's Finest was prevented from showing in 2004 due to copyright claims from Warner Bros.

Some fan film productions achieve significant quantity and or quality. For instance, the series Star Trek: Hidden Frontier produced 50 episodes over seven seasons – compared to only 34 episodes for the 1970s sci-fi series Battlestar Galactica and Galactica 1980 combined.

Star Trek: New Voyages started as a fan production, but has since attracted support from several crew and cast members from the different Star Trek series, as well as a wide audience.

A similar fan production, Star Trek Continues, produced by Vic Mignogna, have been well received by critics, who praised the quality of the production and stated that the show set a new standard for Star Trek fan films, while highlighting the resemblance of the episodes with those of the original series.

Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning, a Finnish feature-length spoof of both Star Trek and Babylon 5, attracted over 4 million downloads and has been released on DVD in several countries, making it possibly the most successful Finnish movie-production to date.

The Lord of the Rings fan films Born of Hope and The Hunt for Gollum debuted at Ring*Con and the Sci-Fi-London film festival (respectively) in May 2009 and was released on the internet.

Ghostbusters: The Video Game features a small nod to the fan film Return of the Ghostbusters by way of a drawing posted on the wall in the Ghostbusters firehouse headquarters. The child's drawing of a Ghostbuster is signed by a fictional character created in the fan film.

On September 27, 2009, Italian fan film Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was released over the internet, a 10,000 Euro production based on Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear Solid video game series.

Dan Poole's stunt work in his fan film The Green Goblin's Last Stand garnered recognition and an endorsement from Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee.

John F. Carroll's Masters of the Universe trilogy began with The Wizard of Stone Mountain in 2011 and has premiered at conventions in Germany and the US. Other films in the trilogy will be released on the internet in 2013.

Iowa brothers Morgan and Mason McGrew spent eight years recreating the 2010 film Toy Story 3 in stop motion. Titled Toy Story 3 in Real Life, the film was shot using iPhones and was uploaded to YouTube on January 25, 2020. The shot-for-shot remake uses the film's original audio. According to Screen Crush, Pixar's parent company Walt Disney Studios gave the McGrews permission to release the film online.

Legality
Due to copyright protection, trademark protection and limited fair use provisions, fan films made without official authorization might exist in a legal grey area.

Still, fan films often operate under the radar or IP owners turning a blind eye as long they are non-commercial activities.

Also, lawmakers strengthened fan activities in recent years by extending fair use cases; for instance, in 2012 Canada's Copyright Modernization Act explicitly added an exemption which allows non-commercial creation of fan film material. A 2013 US court ruling Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. acknowledged that creative fan activities on copyrighted works might fall under fair use and requested that copyright holders check and respect fair use before doing DMCA take down notices.

Authorized fan films
The popularity of fan productions brought about by affordable consumer equipment and animation programs (Prosumer equipment) with the digital revolution, along with the ease of distribution created by the Internet and Web 2.0, has prompted several studios to adapt their official policies and programs regarding fan films.

The highest profile of these programs has been Lucasfilm's Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, launched in 2000. The awards formerly permitted only documentary, mockumentary, and parody entries, while prohibiting serious fan fiction. However, this restriction was lifted for the 2007 awards. Lucasfilm's limited support and sanction of fan creations is a marked contrast to the attitudes of many other copyright holders.

Some copyright holders opened up for the idea of fan films: DC Comics was known to actively discourage the creation of fan movies in the 1990s. In 2008, however, DC Comics changed its tune when its president, Paul Levitz, gave provisional permission to fan filmmakers, stating definitively, "We’re against anything that monetizes our assets and our copyrights without our permission. We are not against things where people use our assets if they don't do anything monetarily with them." Similarly, Paramount took a more welcoming stance towards fan filmmakers in the 2000s.

Unlike many American TV shows, the British series Doctor Who allowed its writers to retain the rights to characters and plot elements that they created - most famously with Terry Nation's Daleks. While the BBC has never licensed the character of the Doctor for use in fan films, a number of the writers have consented to allow the monsters and supporting characters they created to be used in direct-to-video productions (see Doctor Who spin-offs).

The creators of Red Dwarf sponsored a fan film contest of their own in 2005, inspired by an earlier fan film production in 2001 called Red Dwarf - The Other Movie, with a fairly wide remit ranging from fictional stories set in the Red Dwarf universe to documentaries about the show and its fandom. The two winning shorts were featured in their entirety as bonus features on the Series VIII DVD release, along with a montage of clips from the runner-up entries and a short intro clip from Red Dwarf - The Other Movie. This made them among the first fan films to be commercially released by a property's original creators.

Non-authorized fan films
In 2008, a cease and desist letter was issued by Fox Studios to close production on a Max Payne fan short in development. MGM has similarly shown hostility to an internet-distributed James Bond fan film.

Paramount Pictures actively pursued legal action against Star Trek fan films in the 1980s, such as the animated film series Star Trix, and a never completed fan episode spinoff tentatively titled Yorktown: A Time to Heal starring George Takei and James Shigeta. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Paramount had a more relaxed approach towards Star Trek fan films, with Star Trek actors frequently participating in various fan productions, such as Star Trek: Of Gods and Men. However, following the 2015 controversy surrounding the team behind Prelude to Axanar's attempts to profit from their unreleased feature film, Paramount tightened its stance on fan productions.

From 2010 to 2015, animator Matthew Gafford developed Star Fox: The Animated Series, a webseries based on Nintendo's Star Fox video game franchise. However, after a cease-and-desist from Nintendo based on the usage of the Star Fox intellectual property, Gafford changed the name of the webseries to A Fox In Space. The first episode of A Fox In Space was released online in April 2016.

In June 2014, Godzilla: Heritage, a fan film based on the Godzilla franchise, was announced on Kickstarter. The project, conceived by filmmakers Timothy Schiefer and Greg Graves, was unsuccessful in meeting its initial crowdfunding goal of $25,000, receiving only $16,025 from 186 backers. On July 18, 2014, a second Kickstarter campaign for the film was created, this time reaching a set goal of $10,000, receiving $19,554 from 193 backers. Following the release of a teaser trailer for the film in 2016, the filmmakers were contacted by Toho, the company which owns the rights to the Godzilla franchise. In order to protect Toho's intellectual property and to avoid confusion in the marketplace, the filmmakers agreed to a number of conditions, including that the film would not have the word "Godzilla" in the title, that the filmmakers would not receive profits from the film, and that no further crowdfunding campaigns could be created.

Two fan films based on the Harry Potter "Wizarding World" received the attention of Warner Bros. after both films attempted to raise money through crowdfunding: the 2016 film "Severus Snape and the Marauders" and the 2018 Italian film "Voldemort: Origins of the Heir". After private discussions with Warner Bros., production on both films were allowed to continue with the agreement that they no longer use crowdfunding to raise money for the films and that they be non-profit.

In August 2018, it was announced that a short fan film titled Georgie, based on the 1990 TV miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's epic horror novel It, was being produced. The short, featuring Tony Dakota (who reprises his role as Georgie Denbrough from the TV miniseries), centers on the idea of how the narrative of It may have continued that Georgie had not been killed by Pennywise the Clown. The short also features Ben Heller (who portrayed young Stanley Uris in the TV miniseries). Georgie premiered at the Boston Underground Film Festival on March 22, 2019, and had its online premiere on June 10, 2019, on the Fangoria Facebook page.

Lost fan films
Batman Dracula was a fan made movie made by pop artist Andy Warhol. While some scenes were shown in the 2016 documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis, the film is lost for the most part.

Reception
As media scholar Henry Jenkins points out, fan films are shaped by the intersection between contemporary trends toward media convergence and participatory culture. These films are hybrid by nature—neither fully commercial nor fully alternative. Fan films represent a potentially important third space between the two.

Similarly, Stanford Law Professor Lawrence Lessig argued that for the first time in history, creativity by default is subject to regulation due to growing intellectual property rights like copyright and trademark. This trend results in artists (like the fans mentioned in this article) needing the permission of the copyright owner to engage in mashups or acts of remixing. In Lessig's view, this new phenomena limits creativity. To help artists mitigate the chilling impact of copyright law, Lessig founded the Creative Commons and proposed the Creative Commons licenses.

title: Fan film