text:
Protected view

A protected view or protected vista is the legal requirement within urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location. The effect of a protected view is to limit the height of new buildings within or adjacent to the sightline between the two places so as to preserve the ability to see the landmark as a focus of the view. The protection may also cover the area behind the place or building concerned.

In London, high-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings from various prominent locations around the city. This policy, known as 'St Paul’s Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937. In Edinburgh, a 2005 skyline study compiled a list of almost 170 key views which are protected.

In the US, protected views exist in places such as San Francisco; Portland, Oregon where the size of downtown blocks is kept low to maintain the views of Mount Hood from the West Hills; and in Canada the city of Vancouver, British Columbia has protected "view cones". New York City only has a single protected view, at the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, and Austin, Texas, has protected views of the State Capitol.

Protected Vistas in London
The thirteen vistas protected by the London View Management Framework are as follows:
 * from Alexandra Palace to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from the summit of Parliament Hill to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from the summit of Parliament Hill to the Palace of Westminster
 * from Parliament Hill, at the prominent oak tree east of the summit, to Palace of Westminster
 * from the viewing gazebo at Kenwood House to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from the summit of Primrose Hill to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from the summit of Primrose Hill to the Palace of Westminster
 * from Greenwich Park, north east of the General Wolfe statue, to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from Point Hill Park, Blackheath, near the orientation board, to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from Westminster Pier to St Paul's Cathedral
 * from King Henry VIII's Mound in Richmond Park to St Paul's Cathedral
 * a distance of over 10 miles (16 km) and created in 1710, this view frames the cathedral through a special gap in holly hedging, down a specially maintained clear avenue in Sidmouth Wood and then all the way across London. This protected view has limited development around Liverpool Street Station as a tall structure there would form an unacceptable backdrop to the view of St Paul's. Construction of a new 42 story building behind the cathedral was started in 2016, despite opposition from groups who claimed that this would spoil the view of the church.

 * from the centre of the bridge over the Serpentine to the Palace of Westminster
 * from The Queen's Walk at City Hall to the White Tower

The views of St Paul's Cathedral from Waterloo Bridge and Hungerford Bridge are not explicitly protected although they are protected in practice by the views from Richmond Park and from Westminster Pier respectively as these bridges are on the path of the protected vistas.

title: Protected view


text:
Duli Yang Maha Mulia

Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Jawi script: دولي يڠ مها موليا, ) is the title of the state anthem of Selangor, Malaysia. It was adopted in 1967. The writer of the lyrics is unknown The music was written by Saiful Bahri, who also wrote and composed the Malaccan state anthem, Melaka Maju Jaya.

The phrase is a royal title, equivalent to "His Royal Highness". It is used to refer to state rulers in Malaysia. This royal title is used especially on the heads of states of Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perlis, Terengganu, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Johor, and Perak.

History
The first state anthem of Selangor was composed in 1908. It was a re-interpretation of the folk song Chantek Manis by Daniel Ortego. The lyrics to that are as follows:

 * Allah selamatkan Duli Yang Maha Mulia,
 * Kekal dan selamat di-atas Takhta,
 * Panjangkan umur dan aman sentosa,
 * Adil mewah murah memerintah rata,
 * Daulat!

In 1967, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, then the Sultan of Selangor, announced that the song would be replaced with the present anthem.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duli Yang Maha Mulia


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Inverness

The Lord-Lieutenant of Inverness is the British monarch's personal representative in an area which has been defined since 1975 as consisting of the local government districts of Inverness, Badenoch and Strathspey, and Lochaber, in Scotland, and this definition was renewed by the Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996. The area of the lieutenancy used to be the county of Inverness, which was abolished as a local government area by Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The districts were created, by the 1973 act, as districts of the two-tier Highland region and abolished as local government areas under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which turned the Highland region into a unitary council area.

List of Lord-Lieutenants of Inverness

 * Sir James Grant, 8th Baronet 17 March 1794 – 1809
 * Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield 2 September 1809 – 30 July 1853
 * Thomas Alexander Fraser, 12th Lord Lovat 26 August 1853 – 1873
 * Simon Fraser, 13th Lord Lovat 18 April 1873 – 6 September 1887
 * Donald Cameron, 24th Lochiel 17 October 1887 – 30 November 1905
 * Alfred Donald Mackintosh 11 December 1905 – 14 November 1938
 * Colonel Sir Donald Cameron, 25th Lochiel 2 January 1939 – 11 October 1951
 * Alexander Godfrey Macdonald, 7th Baron Macdonald 28 January 1952 – 29 November 1970
 * Sir Donald Hamish Cameron, 26th Lochiel 31 January 1971 – 1985
 * Lachlan Mackintosh 25 October 1985 – 26 December 1995
 * James Gray, Baron Gray of Contin 5 December 1996 – 2002
 * Donald Angus Cameron, 27th Lochiel 19 November 2002 – 3 August 2021
 * James Robert Edwards Wotherspoon 4 August 2021 – present

title: Lord Lieutenant of Inverness


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orleans Infants School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep since there was no consensus. I counted 11 delete votes, 9 keep votes, 1 mege vote, 1 keep or merge and one rename vote. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:34, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orleans Infants School
There seems to be no hint of notability attached to this preschool, other than the fact that User:NeilRickards attended it. He created the stub, and it hasn't been edited for over a month - so it's had plenty of time to grow - and, if every user creates a stub for their preschool, this is just going to spiral out of hand. Non-encyclopaedic, so it should be deleted (see below for the reasons I altered my vote). Jasonglchu 13:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. For people not acquainted with the UK education system, please take note that this is not a preschool.  It is subject to inspections by the same agency that inspects all schools and it teaches the national curriculum.  The last OFSTED inspection examined and praised teaching quality with respect to "mathematics and the reading, speaking and listening aspects of English."  This particular school didn't do so well, apparently, teaching kids to write--this was based on the national SAT tests at age 7.  It may teach children aged 4-7, but that is the age at which British children start attending school and learning to read, write and do mathematics.  It's a serious teaching institution, not a nursery school. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree; further readers please note that I have withdrawn my assertion for deletion, and changed to a weak keep. I'll probably start talking in the schools proposal entry, though - I still contend that not every school qualifies as wikiworthy. jglc | t | c 20:07, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. not notable See also Votes for deletion/St. Stephen's School, Twickenham. Dunc|☺ 13:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Reasonable stub. One month really isn't enough for organic growth, you need six months to a year.  I don't see the problem with people recording infant's schools, or why things should "spiral out of control" if people made articles about them.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Tony, on this VfD entry (and several others), you have voted to keep. Might I ask why?  I understand one of your reasons is that you feel as though it is acceptable to include minor entries because Wikipedia is not paper.  I'm claiming that, even though Wikipedia does have virtually unlimited room to grow, its goal is still to be an encyclopaedic reference work.  As such, non-notable entries, such as this one, must not be allowed to flourish.  This school (and the other that you and I have voted on) is non-notable, has no listed well-known alumni, and seems to be just another minor educational facility.  This is one step away from allowing every principal, teacher, or tutor to have their own wikipedia entry, which, I gather, is generally frowned upon. Jasonglchu 15:13, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay. I see somewhat where you're coming from, after reading Schools. I still feel as though this article (and the others currently up for deletion) fails to meet the established criteria in that article, specifically that further NPOV information cannot be gathered. Jasonglchu 15:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:SCH in general recommends merging because these schools rarely seem to get deleted. Schools are public entities so it's very, very easy to acquire public neutral about them and present it in a neutral manner. For instance I added a link to the OFSTED report for one school and may do the same for this one.  Schools appear in the local press, in political campaigns, and as premises for polling stations and the like.
 * And if this were to be merged,it should probably be merged to Richmond on Thames, which is the Local Education Authority. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I can see where you're coming from, and it seems a good compromise. Jasonglchu 16:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. NeoJustin 17:30, June 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into an article on the local school authority. — RJH 17:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a PRESCHOOL, for crying out loud! --Carnildo 18:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I don't know what you mean by a "pre-school." Children start school at age 4-5 (year zero) in the UK and are taught reading and arithmetic from the first day. it's a school. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:58, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In the United States (and presumably some other countries) children are often sent to a preschool the year before public school begins. Such preschools are not public institutions and vary widely in quality and what material they cover, if any at all. Gamaliel 22:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Then this isn't a preschool. It's an infant school teaching the national syllabus, monitored by OFSTED and subject to quality control. We have nursery schools for children younger than four but mostly they're glorified childcare facilities. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Will we see articles on day care centers next? Gamaliel 20:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools belong in the encyclopedia. They don't call them the "formative years" for nothing. Unfocused 20:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, absolutely ridiculous to have an article on every single preschool in the world. How about every Kindercare while we're at it? RickK 22:09, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * That is highly unlikely due to the lack of active members of Wikipedia. We do not have 6.4 billion users. Celestianpower 22:15, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say merge or keep. As I have said once or twice before, it's less intimidating to edit someone elses work than start afresh. Celestianpower 22:15, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and NPOV. Let's give it more than 30 days to grow. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please it is verifiable and npov too Yuckfoo 23:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and describing it as a preschool is highly misleading. Kappa 23:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Christopher Parham (talk) 02:58, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Rename to Richmond on Thames Local Education Authority and build a stong article at that page. Vegaswikian 05:30, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * All the kindergartens now, right? delete - Skysmith 08:13, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't misrepresent the situation. Kappa 08:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For years Wikipedians almost unanimously considered preschool and elementary schools equally non-encyclopedic, so just because a few relative newcomers want to turn Wikipedia into everything2.com, whether or not it's a preschool seems like picking nits. Niteowlneils 17:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry I had the impression that all wikipedians were equal, silly me. Kappa 20:41, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The only point was that, the more familiar people are with Wikipedia, the more they value keeping the 'inclusion threshold' high, at least according to emperical evidence. Niteowlneils 04:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * PS I guess the other 'then versus now' point is that Wikipedia's current reputation is built on 4+ years of operating under a higher 'inclusion threshold' than has recently been put in place. I am just concerned what might happen to Wikipedia's credibility if we continue to cast the net ever wider, then wider, then wider, etc. ... Niteowlneils 07:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please explain the mechanism by which you believe wikipedia's credibility might be damaged. Kappa 07:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's rather an odd thing to say, I agree. Even taken at face value it's a little strange.
 * Niteowlneils, in his current user at least, only goes back a little more than a year, to February 2004. He's a bit of a newcomer himself.
 * That's correct, I only have 18-19,000 edits in about 15 months. Most recent knee-jerk 'keep' votes are coming from people with about 4-8 months here, or less. My 'my contributions' pages give most of the handful of IPs I've editted from. I have never editted under a different account. Niteowlneils 04:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Searching the deletion archives for 2003, I find no records of any deletion discussions relating to elementary schools. None. The earliest elementary/junior school deletion debate I can find is in May, 2004, barely a year ago.  The result was deletion, A grand total of eight editors, including the nominator, were involved in the discussion.
 * The next elementary up for deletion was Meriwether Lewis Elementary School in July last year, just eleven months ago. A grand total of twelve editors were involved in that discussion and the result was delete but this was complicated by a copyright issue.
 * Dodd middle school, listed the very next day, barely scraped a result that the closer interpreted as "rough consensus [to delete] (10 delete, 5 keep, 2 anon votes)". Clearly there is no truth to any claim that there has been near unanimity on the question of elementary schools for years.  Wikipedia simply hasn't been considering the issue for long enough for that to be true, and the figures, such as they exist, are far from suggestive of unanimity. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:53, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * VfD recordkeeping changed dramatically around 9 months ago (give or take--I don't have an exact date). Anyway, it is difficult, if not impossible, to find older VfD discussions. Niteowlneils 04:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I tracked deletion discussions back as far as 2003. The first deletion log page in the current format is:
 * Votes_for_deletion/Log/2004_December_25
 * That is preceded by:
 * Archived delete debates
 * which tracks deletion debates back in month-per-page format as far as July, 2004, then a page for May-June, 2004 and another for January-April 2004, preceded by:
 * Archived delete debates/2003
 * All deletion discussions May 2004 and after are held in Wikipedia space in a page with the current format. Some April 2004 discussions are in template space, others in the current form.  Prior to April 2004 discussions are stored on the talk page corresponding each article which is linked from the above archive page.  Are there some deletion discussions that I missed? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 06:54, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * All deletion discussions May 2004 and after are held in Wikipedia space in a page with the current format. Some April 2004 discussions are in template space, others in the current form.  Prior to April 2004 discussions are stored on the talk page corresponding each article which is linked from the above archive page.  Are there some deletion discussions that I missed? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 06:54, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Quale 21:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - preschool or otherwise, it's NN Proto 11:11, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Preschools and elementary schools are not encyclopedic, and any grade range school with only 14 displayed hits is most certainly not. And how is "Many children from Orleans Infants move on to St. Stephens School." "Verifiable"? Not from the hits I see. Niteowlneils 17:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What does "fourteen displayed hits" mean? Surely you're not relying on google to tell you all there is to know about a school! If an article contains unverifiable information, the solution to this problem is to remove the information.  Deleting the article is not necessary in such cases.  Could you explain why you think infant schools (this is not a preschool) are not encyclopedic?  In what significant operational way do they differ from high schools, which also have teachers, pupils, sports teams, premises, curricula and community links? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:53, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don;t think high schools are encyclopedic, either, but at least most of those years are remembered by students--for most people earlier grades are mostly a blur. And, given that school attendence is mandatory in many countries, which particular school one attended isn't necessarily that formative over their entire lifetime. Niteowlneils 04:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Infant schools have athletic teams that compete with other schools? Never seen that, but if it's true, no wonder modern youth are showing so many more signs of stress. Niteowlneils 07:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, for the record, it may be apples and oranges, but I am bothered more by excessive microscopic fictional bits than schools, and even more by inclusion of 'current events'[Wikipedia:Village_pump_%28policy%29#Unusual_transclusion_issue_not_covered_by_policy] than either schools or fictional bits. Niteowlneils 07:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Many children from Orleans Infants move on to St. Stephens School." This page from St. Stephen's verifies that Orleans Infants graduates have priority placement in the school. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That page says "If {emphasis added} St. Stephen’s School is over-subscribed, priority will be given as follows:", then criteria number six is "Children at Orleans Infants School, with priority given first to those in public care, then on the grounds of proximity." That states policy, which gives zero information about what happens in reality--just some theoretical "if"s. Niteowlneils 04:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete any more of this stuff and the Random Page function would be unusable.  Grue  14:21, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. That's an interesting argument (though I question whether a random page function is more important than content). As a test, I hit random page fifty times.  I got one school article.  Clearly schools are not a problem for Wikipedia's random page function, even if one were to agree with the proposition that all school articles are "fluff". --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't really understand the idea of "unusable". What is the Random Page function for anyway? Kappa 16:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I used to use it to find cleanup candidates. Of course lots of school articles are in need of cleanup, so arguably only getting one school out of fifty clicks (and it was a fairly well written articles at that) is a BAD thing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's there for finding something interesting that you otherwise won't find. If there would be a one-line substub for each preschool in the world like that one all useful content in Wikipedia would be outnumbered. People are wasting time on wikifying these articles, but no one reads them, because there's nothing to read. Everyone who has any relation to that school knows everything in that article already. Everyone other just doesn't care. What's the purpose of it's existance?  Grue  16:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You've made two statements for which you provide no evidence:
 * "People are wasting time on wikifying these articles, but no one reads them, because there's nothing to read"
 * "Everyone who has any relation to that school knows everything in that article already. Everyone other just doesn't care."
 * Once you get beyond these evidence-free statements I don't think there's a lot to the anti-school argument.
 * Schools are of intense interest to many people, particularly parents. The sheer amount of online information about each school in my country is quite formidable.  Nearly every school is inspected once every five years and the inspection reports are online.  This is an inherently encyclopedic piece of information. With schools on Wikipedia we can (and are in the process of) map every single US public school to the related school district and municipality.  This enhances the articles on the municipalities themselves.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:20, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School has a history of nearly 100 years, undoubtedly notable.  —RaD Man(talk) 17:31, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Both one of my great-aunts and one of my great-great aunts lived more than 100 years--does that automatically make them notable/encyclopedic? Niteowlneils 07:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep per what Radman1 said -CunningLinguist 16:31, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sigh.  I really wish I did not care so much about wikipedia, because then I could just sit back and laugh at the irony that all the trivial information being bandied about from pokemon to preschools will ultimately doom the project to a level of triviality approaching that of many of its articles. Indrian 03:52, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this another "random page" thing? Kappa 05:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk

This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk. Since 1689, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Norfolk.
 * William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, 1549 –
 * Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex 1557–1559
 * Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1559–1572
 * Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon 3 July 1585 – 23 July 1596
 * Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton 16 July 1605 – 16 June 1614
 * Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel 18 April 1615 – 1642 jointly with
 * Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers 28 February 1633 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton 24 September 1660 – 19 August 1661
 * Horatio Townshend, 1st Viscount Townshend 19 August 1661 – 6 March 1676
 * Sir Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth 6 March 1676 – 8 March 1683
 * Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk 5 April 1683 – 2 April 1701
 * Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend 26 May 1701 – 30 April 1713
 * James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 30 April 1713 – 30 October 1714
 * Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend 30 October 1714 – 25 June 1730
 * Charles Townshend, Lord Lynn 25 June 1730 – 13 December 1739
 * John Hobart, 1st Earl of Buckinghamshire 13 December 1739 – 22 September 1756
 * George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford 29 June 1757 – 5 December 1791
 * George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend 24 February 1792 – 14 September 1807
 * William Assheton Harbord, 2nd Baron Suffield 11 March 1808 – 1 August 1821
 * John Wodehouse, 2nd Baron Wodehouse 1 November 1821 – 31 May 1846
 * Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester 28 July 1846 – 3 September 1906
 * Thomas Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester 3 September 1906 – 1 May 1929
 * Russell James Colman 1 May 1929 – 14 March 1944
 * Thomas Coke, 4th Earl of Leicester 14 March 1944 – 21 August 1949
 * Sir Edmund Bacon, 13th and 14th Baronet 30 September 1949 – 1978
 * Sir Timothy Colman 30 March 1978 – 19 September 2004
 * Sir Richard Jewson 19 September 2004 – 5 August 2019
 * Lady Dannatt 5 August 2019 – present

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Norfolk is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

18th Century

 * 15 February 1793: John Micklethwait
 * 15 February 1793: John Marcon
 * 15 February 1793: Francis Daltonm
 * 15 February 1793: Edward Parry
 * 15 February 1793: James Burkin Burroughes
 * 15 February 1793: Charles Collyer
 * 15 February 1793: Thomas Fisher
 * 15 February 1793: Edmund Rolfe
 * 15 February 1793: James Coldham
 * 15 February 1793: John Mann, Gent.
 * 6 June 1798: Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Halton
 * 6 June 1798: Thomas Blake
 * 6 June 1798: John Holley
 * 6 June 1798: Rev. Robert Thomlinson
 * 6 June 1798: Anthony Hammond

title: Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk


text:
Nationalist Alliance

The Nationalist Alliance was a far-right movement in British politics that aimed to serve as an umbrella group for the various white supremacist groups in Britain. The party was registered with the Electoral Commission in 2005, although its registration has since lapsed.

History and activities
Founded in 2004 by majority-BNP members, the NA sought to build a closer alliance with other groups on the far right that were not affiliated with and worked outside of the British National Party. One such alliance was a potential merge with the Freedom Party, though this did not come to pass, as Adrian Davies, chairman of the party, felt reluctant to join with some of the more extremist elements of the NA.

Seeking to further ties with other far-right activists, the party held a meeting attended by members of the White Nationalist Party and the National Front at Rawdon Conservative Club in September 2005 as a memorial to John Tyndall, British fascist political activist and previous chairman of the National Front. The event featured an address by a number of notable far-right nationalists, such as Richard Edmonds, member of the BNP, Eddy Morrison, NA party leader and ex-leader of the White Nationalist Party, and John Wood, former senior member of the WNP. Towards the end of the meeting, the club had some of its windows smashed by unknown assailants; the club secretary later stated that the event had been booked under a false address with the booking secretary, and that he had been unaware of the nature of the group before the event took place.

Split
The meeting held at Rawdon brought media attention upon both the NA and the far-right activists affiliated with the event, and leading to its eventual split. A photograph of some of the members inside the meeting appeared in an edition of Searchlight magazine, leading to accusations made amongst the activists as to where and from whom the image had come from.

Along with the failure of the Freedom Party initiative and the rise of ideological clashes within the party, the NA split in September of 2005, with Morrison, Wood and Watmough breaking off to form the British Peoples Party.

The split led to recriminations across the far-right movement, Morrison himself being verbally attacked by Martin Webster - former far-right leader and political activist - on Webster's online bulletin, Webster having accused Morrison of simply using the NA as a way to collect money from its members, a charge Morrison denied.

Existing party activities and membership drift
Despite the split, the Nationalist Alliance continued to operate as a political entity, offering a political platform for nativist politics in favour of deportation, capital punishment and white nationalism. The Alliance - largely under the direction of former Burnly BNP activist Sharon Pastow - continued their moves towards a wider alliance amongst the far-right in Britain by working closely with the National Front and the England First Party (EFP), whilst holding a large dual membership with the Wolf's Hook White Brotherhood, a splinter group of the BNP founded in 2004. The white supremacist organisation Patriots of the White European Resistance ("P.O.W.E.R.") described the NA as a "brother of the 816" in an April 2007 newsletter, referring to the greeting of "816" reported to have been used by members of the organisation. It was reported by Searchlight that at least at least four known members of the NA were known to have been members of the online forums run by P.O.W.E.R. at some point.

In November 2006, a prominent member of the Nationalist Alliance, Mick "Belsen" Sanderson, was stabbed to death in Nottingham following a fight with fellow NA member John Pakulski. Pakulski was sentenced to six years of imprisonment for manslaughter for the murder, whilst fellow member Catherine Parker-Brown received a community order for conspiracy to pervert the course of justice after she was found to have attempted to clean the scene of the crime. Parker-Brown had been a former organiser for the BNP in the East Midlands and was formerly the nominal leader of the NA, though their membership had later become largely interchangeable with the increasingly more prominent EFP.

The Wolf's Hook White Brotherhood - which had been considered a sister organisation to the NA - has since ceased to exist, with most of its membership transferring to the Racial Volunteer Force. Beyond a former internet presence and its occasional publication Axiom (succeeding its two previous publications, Vanguard and Imperium, which have since been published by the BNP), the party is by and large defunct.

Previous use of the name
The name had been used 'in house' for an initiative driven by Andrew Brons to achieve a reconciliation and joint electoral action between the Flag Group and the BNP in 1986, a move which ultimately came to nothing. The modern incarnation of the Nationalist Alliance has no connection to this proposal.

title: Nationalist Alliance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Naufal Waffle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Naufal Waffle
A 16 year old wannabe producer, vanity, delete--nixie 13:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur, fails WP:MUSIC. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another poseur. Jasonglchu 15:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable vanity. Tobycat 04:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 07:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: Category:Bruce Dickinson albums

title: Category:Bruce Dickinson albums


text:
Category:Australian vocational education and training providers

Vocational education and training is provided by a range of post-secondary educational providers.

These include private companies, not-for-profit organisations, to government bodies, such as TAFE and the universities.

Generally these organisations will be Registered Training Organisations with the Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training.


text:
Farleigh Hungerford

Farleigh Hungerford is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Norton St Philip, in the Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, 9 miles southeast of Bath, 3½ miles west of Trowbridge on A366, between Trowbridge and Radstock in the valley of the River Frome. In 1931 the parish had a population of 98.

Within this small village are the notable ruins of Farleigh Hungerford Castle, which played a significant part in the English Civil War. Evidence has also been found of occupation during Roman times; the foundations of a villa were excavated in a field just north west of the castle in 1822.

From 1985 to 2010 the village was the venue for the annual Trowbridge Village Pump Festival.

History
The manor was called Farleigh Montfort from just after the conquest when it was owned by a Norman family, the Montforts, until the fourteenth century. Then Reginald de Montfort sold the estate to one of Edward III’s soldiers whose family held it only for about a quarter of a century. In 1369 AD Sir Thomas de Hungerford bought the house from the childless daughter of the recently deceased squire, and the house later came to be known as Farleigh Hungerford. The parish of Farleigh Hungerford was part of the Wellow Hundred.

It is the location of Farleigh Hungerford Castle, built around 1370 and owned by English Heritage and the former home of Sir Thomas Hungerford, Speaker of the House of Commons. In the early 15th century, his son, Sir Walter Hungerford, enlarged the castle by adding the outer court that enclosed the parish church, St Leonard's, which he used as his chapel. It is thought that he built the present parish church nearby to replace it.

In the Civil War, Sir Edward Hungerford (1596–1648) commanded the Parliamentary forces of Wiltshire briefly. His half-brother, Col John Hungerford, was a Royalist and was given the command of the garrison of Farleigh in 1644. However he surrendered to Sir Edward without fighting in 1645. A later Sir Edward Hungerford (1632–1711), who had been MP for Chippenham during Richard Cromwell's brief reign, entertained Charles II of England at Farleigh in about 1675. After the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683, the castle was raided by the government and weapons were seized. The spendthrift Sir Edward was the last male of his family, but by the time of his death he had already sold the castle (in 1686) to Henry Bayntun for £56,000.

Enclosed by a curtain wall with a cylindrical tower at each corner, the squarish inner bailey contained a selection of domestic buildings. Today only two of the towers and some sections of the curtain wall survive. The south west tower stands almost to its full height of five storeys in places, but the south east tower exists only a little more than its third floor. It is a grade I listed building.

On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Norton St Philip.

Farleigh House
Farleigh House is a large country house, previously the centre of the Farleigh Hungerford estate, and has sometimes been called Farleigh New Castle. The present building was started in the 18th century but is mainly an early 19th-century Gothic Revival building. In 2010 it was converted to be used as the offices and training centre of Bath Rugby.

Church of St Leonard
The Anglican parish Church of St Leonard was consecrated in 1443, and remodelled in 1856. It was once within the outer walls of the castle but is now separated from it by the main road. The church, which is a grade II* listed building, has a perpendicular style West Tower in 3 stages, with a pair of stone gargoyles on each face. There are the remains of some 14th-century stained glass in the north window of the nave and in the east Chancel window which are of Flemish origin.

The church also contains a 17th-century wooden altar rail carved with open work scrolls and figures. The pulpit dates from the early 18th century and is carved with eagles and angels.

Village amenities
There is a spot on the river Frome which is used by what is claimed to be the only river swimming club still active in Britain.

title: Farleigh Hungerford


text:
France women's national football team

The France women's national football team (Équipe de France féminine de football, sometimes shortened as Féminin A) represents France in international women's football. The team is directed by the French Football Federation (FFF). France competes as a member of UEFA in various international football tournaments such as the FIFA Women's World Cup, UEFA Women's Euro, the Summer Olympics, and the Algarve Cup.

The France women's national team initially struggled on the international stage failing to qualify for three of the first FIFA Women's World Cups and the six straight UEFA European Championships before reaching the quarter-finals in the 1997 edition of the competition. However, since the beginning of the new millennium, France have become one of the most consistent teams in Europe, having qualified for their first-ever FIFA Women's World Cup in 2003 and reaching the quarter-finals in two of the three European Championships held since 2000. In 2011, France recorded a fourth-place finish at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup; its best finish overall at the competition. In the following year, the team captured the 2012 Cyprus Cup and the fourth place at Women's Olympic Football Tournament.

Hervé Renard has been team manager since March 2023. The current captain of the national team is defender Wendie Renard.

Early history
In 1919, a women's football championship was established in France by the Fédération des Sociétés Féminines Sportives de France (FSFSF). On 29 April 1920, a team led by French women's football pioneer Alice Milliat traveled to England and played its first international match against English team Dick, Kerr's Ladies. The match, held in Preston, attracted more than 25,000 spectators. France won the match 2–0 and ended its tour with two wins, one draw, and one defeat. The following year, a return match in France at the Stade Pershing in Vincennes, a suburb of Paris, took place in front of over 12,000 spectators. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. In May 1921, France returned to England for friendlies. The team won its first match 5–1, then suffered three consecutive defeats. In October 1921, the English team returned to France contesting matches in Paris and Le Havre with both matches ending in stalemates. Despite women's football in England being prohibited by The Football Association in December 1921, France continued to go there on tour for matches. A victory for the French in Plymouth was followed by 0–0 draws in Exeter and Falmouth. By 1932, the female game had been called to an end and the women's league formed in 1919 by the FSFSF was discontinued. The last match by the FSFSF international team was another scoreless draw against Belgium on 3 April 1932.

Throughout the late 1960s in France, particularly in Reims, local players worked hard to promote awareness and the acceptance of women's football. A year before getting officially sanctioned, France took part in a makeshift European Cup against England, Denmark, and Italy. The tournament was won by the Italians. The Federal Council of the French Football Federation officially reinstated women's football in 1970 and France played its first official international match on 17 April 1971 against the Netherlands in Hazebrouck with Jocelyne Ratignier and Marie-Claire Caron-Harant scoring. That same year, France took part in the unofficial 1971 Women's World Cup, held in Mexico. The ladies continued the pirate games, which just made it into the margins of FIFA's records, until FIFA began overseeing the competition in 1991. Since 1982, UEFA has governed the European games.

Reinstatement
In 1975, the women's football league was officially reinstated, this time with backing from the French Football Federation, the governing body of football in France. Stade Reims was the best team in the country throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, thus constituted much of the France national team. For the non-official World Cup in 1978 in Taiwan, the team included the entire Reims squad. The team shared the title with Finland, who never actually played the final. Due to receiving minimal support from the French Football Federation, who ultimately looked at women's football as not being highly regarded, France struggled in international competition failing to advance past the first round of qualification in both the 1984 and 1987 UEFA Women's Championship. Francis Coché, who managed the team during these failures, was later replaced by Aimé Mignot. Mignot helped the team finally get past the first round, however, in the quarterfinals, they lost to Italy, which meant they wouldn't appear at the 1989 UEFA Women's Championship. Despite the initial positives, Mignot failed to continue his success with France failing to qualify for both the 1991 and 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup and losing in the first round of qualification in three straight UEFA Women's Championships. After almost a decade in charge, Mignot was replaced by former women's international Élisabeth Loisel.

With Loisel in charge, the FFF, along with then France national football team manager Aimé Jacquet, moved the women's national team to Clairefontaine, which had quickly become a high-level training facility for male football players. As a result of the move, younger women were afforded the same benefits from the facilities offered by Clairefontaine as the men. The success of female training led to the formation of the Centre National de Formation et d'Entraînement de Clairefontaine, which is now referred to as the female section of the Clairefontaine academy. Under the tutelage of Loisel, the first results appeared encouraging. They reached their first-ever Women's World Cup qualifying for the 2003 edition after defeating England over two legs in a play-off game in London and again at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard. The match in Saint-Étienne attracted more than 23,000 spectators and was broadcast by the popular French broadcasting company Canal Plus. Loisel's squad later qualified for the 2005 European Championship, where they were knocked out in the group stage. She was eventually sacked after failing to qualify for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Team under Bruno Bini
Loisel was replaced by former football player and now coach Bruno Bini. Bini had been in charge of several France female international youth sides before accepting the role and was tasked with the job of qualifying for UEFA Women's Euro 2009. Due to the success of the Clairefontaine project and the surprising emergence of the French women's first division, Division 1 Féminine, Bini inherited a team full of emerging, young, and influential talent, which included the likes of Camille Abily, Sonia Bompastor, Louisa Necib, Élise Bussaglia, Laura Georges, and Corine Franco. Bini was also provided with leadership from captain Sandrine Soubeyrand. Early results under Bini were extremely positive with France finishing first in their Euro qualifying group only conceded two goals. France also performed well in friendly tournaments, such as the Nordic Cup and Cyprus Cup. At UEFA Women's Euro 2009, France were inserted into the group of death, which consisted of themselves, world powerhouse Germany, no. 7 ranked Norway, and an underrated Iceland. France finished the group with 4 points, alongside Norway, with Germany leading the group. As a result of the competition's rules, all three nations qualified for the quarterfinals. In the knockout rounds, France suffered defeat to the Netherlands losing 5–4 on penalties after no goals were scored in regular time and extra time.

Corinne Diacre Era
Corinne Diacre was appointed manager of France's women's national team in August 2017. She has led the France national team to success as champions in the SheBelieves Cup in 2017 and runner-ups in 2018. Her time in charge was marked by considerable controversy with a number of veteran players, ultimately leading the France Football Federation to sack Diacre ahead of the 2023 Women's World Cup on 9 March 2023 due to her poor relations with players. "It appears that the dysfunctions observed seem, in this context, irreversible," the federation said in a statement.

Current Manager
Hervé Renard was appointed on 30 March 2023 to be the new manager of France's women's national team with a contract through the Olympic Games in August 2024.

2011 Women's World Cup
Bini's next task was to qualify for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup after the disappointment of four years earlier. In the team's qualifying group, France finished the campaign scoring 50 goals and conceded none over the course of ten matches (all wins). On 16 September 2010, France qualified for the World Cup following the team's 3–2 aggregate victory over Italy.

At the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany, France qualified to the knockout stage by finishing in second place in its group after wins over Nigeria and Canada, and a loss to the host team. The team went on to beat England on penalty kicks in the quarterfinals, but lost to the United States in the semi-finals. France finished the competition in fourth place and earned qualification to the Olympic football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London; it was the nation's first appearance in the competition. Striker Marie-Laure Delie was the only multiple goal scorer for France in the tournament, while defenders Sonia Bompastor and Laura Georges as well as midfielder Louisa Necib were selected to the All-Star Team.

Golden era
France has entered one of the most successful eras in the country's women's football history. In the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 held in Sweden, France stood top of the group, beating Spain, England and Russia to earn its ticket to the quarter-finals. However, Bergeroo's side lost to Denmark in a penalty shootout, thus failing to advance to the semi-finals.

2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
In the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup held in Canada, France was listed to Pot 1, and was a favorite to become champions. France was named to Group F, alongside England, Mexico and Colombia. In the opening match against England, a goal from Eugénie Le Sommer gave France a 1–0 victory. However, France was shocked by Colombia in a 2–0 loss, making Colombia only the second Latin American team to win a Women's World Cup match. Therefore, France's third and final group stage match against Mexico was a must-win. France went on to beat Mexico 5–0 to qualify to the knockout round as top of the group.

In the knockout round, France eased past South Korea in a 3–0 win in Montreal to remain at the same location awaiting the quarter-final match against Germany. In the quarter-final match against Germany, despite dominating the majority of the match, France were unable to capitalize on their chances, which ultimately cost them the game. France were finally able to score in the 64th minute through Louisa Nécib, but failed to keep the lead as Célia Šašić scored on an 83rd-minute penalty kick. The score was 1–1 after 120 minutes, resulting in the match to be decided in a penalty shootout, where France's 5th penalty taken by Claire Lavogez was denied by Nadine Angerer, in which France were eliminated from the tournament losing 4–5 on penalty kicks.

UEFA Women's Euro 2017
France won all matches at the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying Group 3. The home matches had sizable crowds, with 7,761 spectators attending the Romania match at the MMArena in Le Mans, 15,028 spectators at the Ukraine match at the Stade du Hainaut in Valenciennes, 24,835 spectators at the Greece match at Roazhon Park in Rennes, and 7,521 spectators at the Albania at Stade Jean-Bouin in Paris. The team scored a win and two draws at the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 Group C, and was defeated by England in quarter-finals.

2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
In March 2015, France was selected to host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup of the tournament. Having automatically qualified as hosts, France was considered a favorite to win the tournament, along with the United States. The team opened with three victories against Norway, Nigeria, and South Korea, winning its group with a total of 9 points. In the round of 16, France defeated Brazil by a score of 2–1, but lost to the United States in the quarterfinal with the same score of 2–1. This Women's World Cup was particularly notable, as it was used as a platform by many women's teams to campaign for equal pay between men and women.

Nicknames
The France women's national football team has been known or nicknamed as the "Les Bleues (The Blues)".

Results and fixtures

 * The following is a list of matches in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current personnel

 * As of 9 March 2023.

Managerial history

 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Geoffroy (1971–1978)
 * 🇫🇷 Francis-Pierre Coché (1978–1987)
 * 🇫🇷 Aimé Mignot (1987–1997)
 * 🇫🇷 Élisabeth Loisel (1997–2007)
 * 🇫🇷 Bruno Bini (2007–2013)
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Bergeroo (2013–2016)
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Echouafni (2016–2017)
 * 🇫🇷 Corinne Diacre (2017–2023)
 * 🇫🇷 Hervé Renard (2023–present)

Current squad
The following 18 players are called up for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Caps and goals are correct as of 16 July 2024, after the match against Republic of Ireland.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the squad in last 12 months.

ALT

PRE

ALT PRE

ALT PRE

ALT PRE PRE

 * ALT = Alternate
 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE = Preliminary squad
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue
 * RET = Retired from the national team

Previous squads

 * FIFA Women's World Cup squads
 * 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
 * 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
 * 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
 * 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup

 * UEFA European Championships squads
 * 2009 UEFA Women's Euro
 * 2013 UEFA Women's Euro
 * 2017 UEFA Women's Euro
 * 2022 UEFA Women's Euro

 * Summer Olympics squads
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * 2016 Summer Olympics

Records

 * , after the match against Republic of Ireland.
 * Players in bold are still active, at least at club level.

Invitational trophies

 * Cyprus Cup: Winner 2012, 2014
 * SheBelieves Cup: Winner 2017
 * Tournoi de France: Winner 2020, 2022, 2023

FIFA Women's World Cup

 * *Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty kicks.

UEFA Women's Championship

 * *Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shootout.

title: France women's national football team


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Rock Island District

The Rock Island District (RI) is a Metra commuter rail line from Chicago, Illinois, southwest to Joliet. Metra does not refer to its lines by color, but the timetable accents for the Rock Island District line are "Rocket Red" in honor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's Rocket passenger trains.

History
The Suburban Line was built in 1870 as a steam dummy line, splitting from the main line just north of 99th Street, running west along 99th and turning south to the present line at the S-curve just south of 99th. The crossing of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway midway along 99th was known as Dummy Crossing. In the early 1890s the line was extended north to 89th Street in conjunction with the expansion of the Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad, and the portion on 99th was removed.

The track is owned by Metra, bought from the bankrupt Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad for $35 million in December 1982 (equivalent to $ in ). The Regional Transportation Authority had signed a contract with the Rock Island in 1976 to fund service, and in 1980 the Chicago and North Western Railway began operating the Rock Island District (the Rock Island also ceased operations that year.) In spring 1981 the C&NW stepped away, and the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (Metra) was formed to take over operations. Through freight trains on the line are operated by CSX and Iowa Interstate Railroad on a trackage rights agreement. In addition, Chicago Rail Link has rights to operate local freight service on the whole district, and it also uses the line between Gresham Wye and Blue Island to connect with the Iowa Interstate and Indiana Harbor Belt Railroads.

A new station at 35th Street and Federal Street opened on April 3, 2011 to serve U.S. Cellular Field and the Illinois Institute of Technology. It was named 35th Street/'Lou' Jones/Bronzeville Station after Lovana Jones who was an Illinois State Representative in the Bronzeville neighborhood.

The Englewood Flyover, an overpass located in the Chicago neighborhood of Englewood, eliminated delays for the Rock Island. The overpass replaced a diamond crossing with the Norfolk Southern's Chicago Line. The overpass proposed by Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE), which cost $142 million to construct, was completed in October 2014.

In recent years, Metra has expressed a desire to electrify and modernize the line if funding became available. In October of 2023, Metra announced the order of 16 lightweight Stadler FLIRT Akku electric multiple unit trainsets that would likely be used on the Beverly Branch. They could be used to increase frequency and speed.

Service
As of September 7, 2021, Metra operates 80 trains (40 inbound and 40 outbound) on the Rock Island District on weekdays, with 21 trains providing roundtrip service to and from, three to and from , and 16 to and from. Between and Blue Island, all trains terminating at Blue Island as well as four evening through-trains to and from Joliet operate via the suburban branch, while all other trains remain on the mainline.

On Saturdays, Metra operates 33 trains (16 inbound and 17 outbound) on the line, with 10 roundtrips to and from Joliet, six roundtrips to and from Blue Island, and an additional outbound train to Joliet. The Blue Island short-turn trains, as well as four inbound and five outbound through-trains to and from Joliet operate over the suburban branch, while the other six Joliet through-trains in each direction remain on the mainline.

On Sundays, Metra operates 28 trains (14 roundtrips), eight to and from Joliet, and six to and from Blue Island. All six Blue Island short-turn trains as well as two through-trains to and from Joliet operate over the suburban branch, while the other six Joliet through-trains in each direction remain on the mainline.

In June 2015, Metra began weekend express service on the Rock Island District. The six express trains that operate on both Saturday and Sunday run express from 35th Street to Blue Island-Vermont Street via the main line before making all stops to Joliet, bypassing the suburban branch entirely. Local trains run as well, making all stops on the suburban branch and terminating at Blue Island-Vermont Street. This cuts about 20 minutes off the trips from Blue Island to downtown. On August 23, 2015, Metra announced that the weekend express service would become permanent upon completion of the trial period on November 29, 2015.

The Rock Island District runs a few empty equipment move (deadhead) trains, most during weekdays. Inbound deadheads are scheduled between the Joliet, Mokena-Front Street, and Tinley Park stations and run to Blue Island-Vermont Street.

There have been proposals to extend the line from Joliet to LaSalle-Peru in LaSalle County with intermediate stations at Rockdale, Minooka, Morris, Seneca, Marseilles, Ottawa, and several other towns. A feasibility study was completed in 2003. As of 2022, an extension only as far as Minooka has been considered feasible in the near future, and there are no currently active plans to carry out the extension.

After the passage of the Rebuild Illinois, $20 million was allocated for the long planned construction of a new station. Construction is expected to start in 2020.

In the beginning of 2021, fares on the Rock Island, as well as the Metra Electric District, were cut in half for all passengers as part of a pilot program.

Ridership
From 2014-2019 annual ridership declined from 8,544,753 to 7,338,133, an overall decline of 14.1%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 1,952,547 passengers in 2020 and 1,669,273 passengers in 2021.

Beverly branch
The entire branch is in Cook County, Illinois.

title: Rock Island District


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Minicoy

Minicoy, locally known as Maliku, is an island in Lakshadweep, India. Along with Viringili, it is on Maliku atoll, the southernmost atoll of Lakshadweep archipelago. Administratively, it is a census town in the Indian union territory of Lakshadweep. The island is situated 425 km west of Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala.

Etymology
Minicoy is known as Maliku in the local language, Dhivehi, which is also the national and official language of the Republic of Maldives. The language is a descendant of Elu Prakrit and is closely related to the Sinhala language, but not mutually intelligible with it. However, the Lakhshadweep Administration refers to Dhivehi as Mahl. This is due to a misunderstanding on the part of a British civil servant who came to Minicoy in the 1900s during the time of the British Raj. The official asked a local what his language was and he replied "Dhivehi-bas". The official looked confused as he had never heard of this language. Noticing this, the islander said "Mahaldeebu" as he knew that locals on the subcontinent referred to the kingdom to the south (the Maldives) by that name. The civil servant then official recorded the language of Minicoy as Mahl.

The ancient name of Maliku was Mahiladū meaning women's island. Mahiladū derives from Elu Prakrit term Mahila du, which literally means woman-island. However, the name Maliku is thought to have been derived from the Arab trader's term for the island, Jazirat al-Maliku ('the island of the king').

Minicoy islanders have long settled in the Nicobar Islands across the Bay of Bengal. These settlers regularly travelled back to Minicoy. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands had a reputation in the Maldives and Minicoy of being inhabited by cannibals, and so collectively the Andaman and Nicobar groups were called "Minikaa-raajje" by Minicoy and Maldive islanders. This meant "cannibal kingdom".

A British official once asked a Minicoy islander what the name of his island was. The islander told the official that he was from Maliku but usually lived in "Minikaa-raajje" (Nicobar). The official thought Maliku and Minikaa were the same place and recorded the name of this islander's home as "Minikaa". This later became anglicised as Minicoy.

Little did this islander know that as a result of this cross-cultural exchange, his home would forever be called by a name that sounded like "cannibal" in his own language.

Geography
Minicoy is the second largest and the southernmost among the islands of the Lakshadweep archipelago. It is located 201 km to the south-southwest of Kalpeni, at the southern end of the Nine Degree Channel and 125 km to the north of Thuraakunu, Maldives, at the northern end of the Eight Degree Channel. The atoll is 10 km in length, having a maximum breadth of about 6 km. The closest geographic feature is the Investigator Bank, a submerged shoal located 31 km to the northeast.

It is located 400 km west off the coast of Trivandrum. The atoll contains two islands. The main island is located on the eastern and southeastern side of the lagoon, along the reef fringe. It measures about 10 km from its northern end to its southernmost point and it is about 1 km wide in its southern half, while the northern half is a narrow sandspit, often less than 100 m wide. Minicoy is almost completely covered with coconut trees. One of the few landmarks of the island is the Minicoy Island Lighthouse, which was built in 1885 during the British regime. On the southern side of the main island lies the uninhabited islet of Viringili (ވިރިންގިލި; വിരിന്ഗാ, also called the Small Pox Island), measuring barely 200 m in length. Formerly the lepers of Minicoy were banished to this island where they lived in abject conditions.

Maliku Atoll has a lagoon with two entrances in its northern side, Saalu Magu on the northeast and Kandimma Magu on the northwest. Its western side is fringed by a narrow reef and coral rocks awash. The interior of the lagoon is sandy and of moderate depth, rarely reaching 4 m. It has some coral patches.

This atoll is administered under the Indian Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Nine Degree Channel separates Minicoy and the Laccadive Islands. The closest island to Minicoy is Thuraakunu in the Republic of the Maldives. Since 1956, the Indian Government has forbidden the direct travelling between the two islands despite their geographic proximity and ethnographic similarities.

Maliku Kandu is the traditional name of the broad channel between Minicoy (Maliku) and Ihavandippulhu (Haa Alif Atoll) in the Maldives. In the Admiralty Charts it is called Eight Degree Channel. Other names for this channel are Addigiri Kandu and Māmalē Kandu. It appeared in old French maps with the name Courant de Malicut.

Villages
There are total of eleven villages (athiris, avah) on Minicoy Island. From north to south, they are:

 * 1) Kendiparty
 * 2) Pallessery
 * 3) Kudehi
 * 4) Funhilol
 * 5) Aloodi
 * 6) Sadivalu
 * 7) New Boduathiri
 * 8) Rammedu
 * 9) Boduathiri
 * 10) Aoumagu
 * 11) Bada

Climate
Minicoy has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with warm temperatures throughout the year. Precipitation falls during most of the year; only January to March are relatively dry.

Buddhist era
There are remains in an area of the island known as "Salliballu" dating back from Minicoy's Buddhist past, about 800 years ago. The most conspicuous archaeological sites are two mounds or large heaps of ruins belonging to a stupa and another related structure. These sites were investigated by the Archaeological Survey of India in the 1980s. The excavations yielded few discoveries, for the sites had been much damaged and vandalized previously. Still, a much-damaged large Buddha head was found buried in the area. The name "Salliballu" originated in the local name for the "Christian cross", because the locals say that an inscription with a "cross" was found there. But it is likely that, coming from a Buddhist site, it was a cross-shaped mandala or visvavajra, like those often found on inscriptions in archaeological remains in the Maldives.

Local oral tradition has it that Kamborani and Kohoratukamana, two princesses from the Maldives, came to Maliku. When they arrived, the Tivaru, who had been living there before, left the island for Sri Lanka. The Kamborani's descendants are the bodun (land and shipowners) and the descendants of Kohoratukamana are the niamin (captains). The other status groups are made up of the descendants of their crew.

Under suzerainty of East India Company
Until the 16th century, the Laccadives was under the suzerainty of the Kolathiri Raja of Chirakkal in what is now the Indian state of Kerala. With the Portuguese ascendancy in the region, it became necessary for the Kolathiri to transfer sovereignty of the islands to their hereditary admiral, the Ali Raja of Kolathunadu (Cannanore).

However, the kings and queens of the Maldives also issued edicts addressed to the subjects in their realm Malikaddu Midhemedhu. This meant "Between Maliku (Minicoy) and Addu". Previously Addu was the southernmost island in the dominions of the Maldive kings and was in Addu Atoll. A 1696 CE grant issued under the Seal of the King Siri Kula Ran Mani (Sultan Mohamed IV) of the Maldives, regarding the building and upkeep of a mosque in Finey at Thiladhummathi Atoll in Maldives, referred to him as Malikaddu Midhemedhu ekanuonna mi korhu anikaneh nethee korhu which meant "Sole Sovereign with no other over what lies between Maliku and Addu".

Under direct rule of British India
In 1857, suzerainty over Minicoy transferred from the East India Company to the Indian Empire when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress. On 18 December 1790 Maliku was surrendered to the Court of Directors of the British East India Company by the Ali Raja Cannanore, Junumabe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi II. The Ali Raja was allowed to administer Maliku in return for a tribute to the East India Company. She continued to dispute the transfer of sovereignty but in 1824, her successor, Mariambe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi made a formal written recognition of the suzerainty of the East India Company over Maliku (Minicoy). She and her successors, however, continued the tributary arrangement. On 27 July 1795, the Governor General of the Presidency of Madras under whose jurisdiction Minicoy was, abolished Junumabe Ali Adi-Raja Bibi's monopoly over coir trade. In 1905 under the heavy burden of debts to the Empire, Mohamed Ali-Adi Raja of Cannanore agreed to surrender sovereignty and control over Minicoy. He died before the formal transfer. After an attempt to backtrack, his successor Imbicchi Ali-Adi Raja Bibi finally signed over Minicoy to the Emperor Edward VII on 9 February 1909, backdated to 1 July 1905. Following this, Minicoy was annexed to the District of Malabar.

1956 plebiscite and integration with India
After the independence of India in August 1947, the possessions of the Emperor of India passed to either the Indian Union or Pakistan according to an agreed demarcation line. The rulers of the princely state of British India had the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan. Since Minicoy was earlier in a sovereign possession of the British Raj, India held a plebiscite in Minicoy in 1956 to determine whether or not the people of Minicoy wished to join the Indian Union. A referendum was held and an absolute majority of the Minicoy decided to join the Indian Union.

Union Territory of India
After the plebiscite, on 1 November 1956, Minicoy was incorporated into the Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands, renamed Lakshadweep in 1973. At this time, the Maldives was still not independent from the British.

India-Maldives maritime treaty

In December 1976, India and the Maldives signed a maritime boundary treaty whereby Minicoy was placed on the Indian side of the boundary. India and Maldives officially and amicably decided their maritime boundary in 1976, in 1982 when the brother of the President of Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, Abdulla Hameed declared that the neighbouring Minicoy Island that belonged to India were a part of Maldives; Maldives quickly and officially denied that it was laying claim to the island.

India and Maldives continue to enjoy friendly relations and a strategic partnership in economic and military fields. India continues to contribute to the security of the island nation of Maldives.

Demographics
India census, the island of Minicoy had a population of 10,447. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Minicoy has an average literacy rate of 83.93%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 85.82%, and female literacy is 81.93%. In Minicoy, 9.6% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Sea
MV Corals, MV Lagoons, MV Amindivi, MV Arabian Sea, MV Bharat Seema, MV Dweep Setu, MV Kavaratti, MV Lakshadweep Sea and MV Minicoy are the important passenger ships connecting Lakshadweep with Kerala. The passage takes between 14 and 20 hours.

The Lakshadweep authorities are seeking an opportunity to invest in Port City of Kerala Kollam. They are ready to invest in a passenger terminal with dormitory facilities and an office to guide the people of Minicoy reaching Kollam Port. Traditionally, Lakshadweep's connections with the mainland have been through Kollam, Kochi and Beypore ports. But Minicoy, a small atoll at the southernmost end of the archipelago, is closer to Kollam than to either Kochi or Beypore.

Air
Agatti Airport is the only civilian airport in Lakshadweep. Helicopter transfer is available from Agatti to Minicoy throughout the year. The flight from Cochin to Agatti takes approximately one hour thirty minutes. Flights operate six days a week.

On 18 July 2024, the Government of India had cleared the proposal to develop an airport at Minicoy Island as a tri-service military base with a civilian air enclave. The airbase will be capable of operating fighter jets, long-range UAVs and military transport aircraft along with commercial flights. The airbase will be located near the recently commissioned naval base, INS Jatayu. The project is led by the Indian Air Force and will be used by all the branches of the Armed Forces and the Indian Coast Guard.

Notable people

 * Ali Manikfan, born 1938

title: Minicoy


text:
User:Jasonglchu

Perhaps most notable on Wikipedia for having gone to high school with Raul654. As of July 24, 2005, I was #1440 on the List of Wikipedians by number of edits. As of December 25, 2005, I was #1695 on the List of Wikipedians by number of edits

This Page Has Been Vandalised: 24 times!

title: User:Jasonglchu


text:
Exton railway station

Exton railway station is a railway station serving the village of Exton in Devon, England. It is situated on the Avocet Line which runs between Exeter St Davids and Exmouth.

History
A station known as Woodbury Road opened with the railway on 1 May 1861; It was renamed Exton on 15 Sept 1958 and became Exton Halt on 28 February 1965 but has since lost the "halt" suffix in common with most similar stations. Its location on the banks of the River Exe was exploited for many years by placing a camping coach in the goods yard that could be hired by holidaymakers.

Location
The station has a single platform that serves trains in both directions (it is on the left of a train arriving from Exeter) and faces out across the estuary of the River Exe.

The platform is much lower than usual in the United Kingdom which leads to a significant step up into the trains. This is difficult for the less mobile or for people with luggage, also while all trains carry wheelchair ramps, it is not possible to use them here, due to the narrow width of the platform. A Harrington Hump has also been installed as of 2018.

Services
About half of the trains on the Avocet Line from Exmouth to Exeter St Davids and Paignton call at Exton, all on request. This means that passengers alighting here must tell the conductor that they wish to do so, and those waiting to join must signal clearly to the driver as the train approaches.

Connections are available at Exeter St Davids for Barnstaple and other main line stations, and at Exeter Central, for stations to London Waterloo.

title: Exton railway station


text:
Pyotr Blinov

Pyotr Alexandrovich Blinov (Пётр Алекса́ндрович Блино́в; Pekshur village, Uvinsky District, Udmurtia December 30 1913 – near Smolensk, January 7, 1942) was a Soviet Udmurt writer and journalist.

His most famous work was the novel Wanting to Live (Улэм потэ, Russian "Жить хочется"). He died in battle during World War II.

title: Pyotr Blinov


text:
Lithium borate

Lithium borate, also known as lithium tetraborate is an inorganic compound with the formula Li2B4O7. A colorless solid, lithium borate is used in making glasses and ceramics.

Structure
Its structure consists of a polymeric borate backbone. The Li+ centers are bound to four and five oxygen ligands. Boron centers are trigonal and tetrahedral. Lithium borate can be used in the laboratory as LB buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA. It is also used in the borax fusion method to vitrify mineral powder specimens for analysis by WDXRF spectroscopy.

title: Lithium borate


text:
User:Mollsmolyneux

Links

 * Sandbox

title: User:Mollsmolyneux


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire

This is a list of people who have served as the Monarch's Lord Lieutenant in the County of Kincardine.

 * Sir James Carnegie, 3rd Baronet April 1746 – 30 April 1765
 * Anthony Keith-Falconer, 5th Earl of Kintore 17 March 1794 – 30 August 1804
 * John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott 5 October 1804 – 1847
 * Sir Thomas Burnett, 8th Baronet 22 April 1847 – 16 February 1849
 * James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk 30 March 1849 – 1856
 * Francis Alexander Keith-Falconer, 8th Earl of Kintore 28 May 1856 – 1863
 * Sir James Burnett, 10th Baronet 30 December 1863 – 17 December 1876
 * Sir Thomas Gladstone, 2nd Baronet 7 October 1876 – 20 March 1889
 * Sir Alexander Baird, 1st Baronet 24 December 1889 – 1918
 * Sir Thomas Burnett, 12th Baronet 25 January 1918 – 1926
 * Sir John Gladstone, 3rd Baronet 20 January 1926 – 25 June 1926
 * John Ogilvy Arbuthnott, 14th Viscount of Arbuthnott 22 July 1926 – 17 October 1960
 * Robert Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott 20 December 1960 – 14 December 1966
 * George Anderson Murray Saunders 22 March 1967 – 1977
 * John Arbuthnott, 16th Viscount of Arbuthnott 8 February 1977 – 1999†
 * John Dalziel Beveridge Smart 24 January 2000 – 2007
 * Carol Elizabeth Margaret Kinghorn (née Saunders) 11 September 2007 – 30 September 2020
 * Alastair C.S. Macphie 1 October 2020 –

†Known as Lord-Lieutenant for the Grampian Region (County of Kincardine) until 1996

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Kincardineshire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 6 February 1894: Captain Thomas Burnett Ramsay
 * 6 February 1894: Alexander Milne Ogston

21st Century

 * 11 January 2005: Victoria d’Anyers Willis
 * 2 May 2012: Colin Richard Champion

title: Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire


text:
User talk:Jasonglchu

Please add new comments at the bottom of the page (i.e., chronologically to my Old Comments section), or immediately below this line. Thank you! jglc | t | c

''Older comments have been relocated to this archive page. Slightly fresher, but still stale, comments have been archived here.''

=Recent comments=

Ape Escape
Done. Thanks for all your help. --Canderson7 21:24, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but

 * LAPD Officer Kathi Simpson of the Media Relations office says detectives report that Love committed suicide in the 8500 block of Mulholland Drive in the Mount Olympus area of Los Angeles this morning. An official announcement is forthcoming. 68.97.208.123 15:49, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What are your sources? Googling "LAPD Officer Kathi Simpson" returns 0 hits. Googling 'Courtney Love rumored dead' returns 0 pertinent hits. Googling 'Courtney Love suicide' only returns pages about Kurt Cobain. jglc | t | c 15:51, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Word Golf
Thanks for catching that illegal move! I checked the index of Pale Fire, and it turns out that Nabokov does in fact use "mare" as his third step. My mistake. This also means that the scoring doesn't count the first word, so I changed that in your example.

Thanks again,

T. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.93.221.141 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 12 August 2005

Hey
Hey, I think your page is rather intersesting. Killer Queen09

I didn't see that one coming
Thanks for the word. SAID, not SIAD. But it's going to be retitled to Some Americans Instigate Distortion. LILVOKA 13:13 (EST) 22 August 2005.

Shaar and Eastern Shaar
I added a reply Reply to David Latapie 21:40, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Invitation to the Forgotten Realms project
Hi,

We are working on a Forgotten Realms Project to map Toril (mostly Faerûn, at the present). Since you contributed quite a lot on a Forgotten Realms-specific entry, I'd like to invite you to join the project, so we could improve the “Mapping the Realms” project.

The goal is to create a sort of World Factbook for the Realms. This means:
 * A consistent content
 * Use of templates
 * Entries should be limited to “sovereign places”: states and free cities, as well a moderately-inhabited place such as the Western Highlands.

On top of this, we also plan to cover Lost Empires, such as Pelvuria or Imaskar and, of course, Netheril

 * The project is located here
 * The Geographical index of Toril is a good start to get a visual of had been done, as well as the Halruaa entry.

Main contributors are presently
 * David Latapie
 * Poulsen

If you know some other person who would be interested, feel free to forward the invitation!

Feel free to take a look. We hope to see you soon mapping the Realms with us! Reply to David Latapie 12:32, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Gwen Stefani
I think that your views on Gwen Stefani are ridiculous and over the top. Gwen Stefani, who for years has been portraying her own fashion and style (Just watch some of the old No Doubt music videos and look at the album covers) would not wish to objectify Asian girls and make the U.S think that they are nothing more than what Hollywood has already made them into. I'll admitt, the Harajuku girls and her reason for their presence everywhere they go with her baffles me too, but I'm sure that she is just respecting the Asian Harajuku culture and simply trying to show young girls around that world the fashion sense that is in every country around the globe. OperaElf22 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.238.168.246 (talk • contribs) 04:05, 26 December 2005

 * I've been a fan of No Doubt since the Tragic Kingdom days. My point is not one of fashion or style, but of unconscious - perhaps even subconscious - exploitation of a Western view of a complex and irreducible culture.  Do you know Harajuku is?  Do you know know how subtle and unassuming racism and latent prejudice can be?  I'm not sure that you do.  Your admitted assumption that Gwen Stefani is just "respecting" asian culture (of which Harajuku is distinctively not emblematic) is precisely that - an assumption.  You assume that Gwen Stefani is honouring a culture, while I simply submit an alternative explanation for her behaviour: that, while this may be her stated intent, her real motivation is a subconscious fetishization of Asia and Asian women/cultures/trends. I don't think that you can prove me incorrect; and, even were her intentions completely innocent, I think that her parading around of these Japanese girls promotes their objectification and other negative stereotypes of Asians that she has not considered, but ought to be discussed. jglc | t | c 04:11, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I do infact know what Harajuku is. How dare you assume that I don't! OperaElf22 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.205.243.48 (talk • contribs) 14:00, 10 January 2006

Flarn2005
Trouble? No way, you did exactly the right thing. I've got his user talk page on my watchlist too, probably for similar reasons. All the best, FreplySpang (talk) 04:30, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Jason. I know what you mean about worrying whether you're concerned vs. too much. I feel that way too sometimes. There's probably some profound principle we could apply, but I'm feeling a little more pragmatic. :) This one issue is not a big deal, and this user is only occasionally disruptive, so it's not worth making a big fuss. A small fuss, sure, but I think we're both bored with reverting his talk page! You're watching him, I'm watching him, I bet other people are too - if he does anything significantly disruptive, it will be handled quickly. FreplySpang (talk) 18:15, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Then again, other people seem to think it is a big deal: Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents A bit harsh if you ask me, but there it is. FreplySpang (talk) 20:45, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Featured article template
I am just making a joke about arrogance. Notice that I put it back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Flarn2005 (talk • contribs)
 * ...Again, yes. lol —Preceding unsigned comment added by flarn2005 (talk • contribs)

My user space
Jasonglchu, I put those red banners that you are probably familiar with by now up because you are making edits so something in my user space that I do not like. You should know (it happened twice) that if you edit something in my user space and I put it back, you should not put it back to the way you had it. As I say in the red banners, it is my user space and I am in charge! FLaRN 2005 04:12, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Flarn, I still strongly disagree with you, but accept that you're not going to come around to my way of thinking. Due to this, I've passed the issue of your actions and my responses to administrators.  We'll see what they say. jglc | t | c 04:14, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I'm just curious to know if you've seen the second message posted at User talk:Winnermario. I stumbled across it and figured that I'd inform you. Have fun editing. —Hollow Wilerding. . . (talk) 14:59, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You are welcome. —Hollow Wilerding . . . (talk) 19:44, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

The Peoples Champ
Hi- I notice you made some suggestive edits at The Peoples Champ. Is the album really called The People's Champ? I know that this is the grammatically correct spelling, but the album cover leaves out the '. If the ' really is in there, then we should move the article, but I'd hesitate before disregarding the album cover.

Also, if you're into Paul Wall- check out Grills and see if you can help it out. I started it a few weeks back, but don't have much there yet beyond a dictionary entry, which doesn't make me feel too good. Staecker 14:18, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Big Pun
Wasn't as good a catch as you might think - I just happened to see your post on Mark's (Raul654) talk page. So I just edited it for him - since he is usually pretty busy. By the time I edited it, he responded and gave me some extra info I incorporated by editing my comments on the talk page. Anyway - np - i'll try to watch it a little until I sign off tonight. Only bad thing is I won't be back on until mon. Trödel• talk 03:49, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Toymaker Article
Is there not gonna be an article for this guy already? I'm British and haven't seen it yet. - SGCommand

Geo-political web-based simulator nominated for deletion
An article that you have been involved in editing, Geo-political web-based simulator, has been listed at Articles for deletion/Geo-political web-based simulator. Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in whether it should be deleted. Thank you. --Jobjörn (Talk ° contribs) 01:03, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Jasonglchu! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:05, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Benson Hsu -

Speedy deletion nomination of Chip and Orbit

A tag has been placed on Chip and Orbit, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article that does not provide sufficient context to identify its subject. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, contest the deletion by clicking on the button that says: Click here to contest this speedy deletion which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the article's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Sumanch (talk) 05:50, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Matter of fact

The article Matter of fact has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unsourced since 2009, OR with Wikilinks, philosophical version of a dictionary definition in Wikitionary."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Atsme 📞📧 14:50, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Matter of fact for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Matter of fact is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Matter of fact until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Atsme 📞📧 00:19, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jasonglchu


text:
Metra Electric District

The Metra Electric District is an electrified commuter rail line owned and operated by Metra which connects Millennium Station (formerly Randolph Street Station), in downtown Chicago, with the city's southern suburbs. As of 2018, it is the fifth busiest of Metra's 11 lines, after the BNSF, UP-NW, UP-N, and UP-W Lines with nearly 7.7 million annual riders. While Metra does not explicitly refer to any of its lines by color, the timetable accents for the Metra Electric District are printed in bright "Panama orange" to reflect the line's origins with the Illinois Central Railroad (IC) and its Panama Limited passenger train. Apart from the spots where its tracks run parallel to other main lines, it is the only Metra line running entirely on dedicated passenger tracks, with no freight trains operating anywhere on the actual route itself (the only exceptions perhaps being occasional work or repair trains). The line is the only one in the Metra system with more than one station in Downtown Chicago, the only line with no stations in fare zone 4, and also has the highest number of stations (49) of any Metra line.

It is the only Metra line powered by overhead lines, the only line with high-level platforms and level boarding, and the only line with three service branches. Trains operate on. The main line north of is shared with the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD)'s South Shore Line, an electric interurban line through  northern Indiana to South Bend. Per a longstanding non-compete agreement, South Shore trains stopping at stations shared with the Electric District only pick up passengers heading eastbound (outbound from Chicago) and only discharge passengers heading westbound (inbound to the city).

Service
The Electric District has more frequent service than any other Metra line. , Metra operates 131 trains (64 inbound and 67 outbound) on the line on weekdays. On the main line, 27 inbound trains originate from, four from , and three from , while three outbound trains terminate at Kensington/115th Street, four at Homewood, and the remaining 26 at University Park. There are also 20 inbound and 22 outbound trains on the branch, as well as ten inbound and 12 outbound trains on the  branch (one outbound train to Blue Island, No. 245, originates from Kensington/115th Street, not ).

On Saturdays, Metra operates 41 roundtrip trains on the line, including 21 on the main line to University Park, 16 trains on the South Chicago branch, and four on the Blue Island branch.

On Sunday and holidays, Metra operates 22 trains on the line, with 12 roundtrips operating on the main line to University Park and 10 trains operating on the South Chicago branch. Service on the Blue Island branch is suspended during these times.

The trunk stretch of the line shared between all branches from Millennium Station to is the most heavily traveled section on the entire Metra system. At, passengers may transfer between main line and South Chicago/Blue Island branch services, as well as to South Shore Line service to Indiana.

The Metra Electric District has the best on-time performance of all Metra lines, averaging only one late train a month in 2014.

Trains operate at a maximum speed of 65 mph; as of February 2024, work is underway to increase the maximum speed to 79 mph, with an increase to 90 mph in certain sections potentially following.

Steam era
The line was built by the Illinois Central Railroad, one of the first commuter services outside the major metropolitan areas of the northeastern United States. It opened on July 21, 1856 between the IC's then-downtown station, Great Central Station, (now Millennium Station) and Hyde Park. Part of the line was elevated for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Jackson Park.

The line predates the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, and ran on a trestle just offshore in Lake Michigan. After the fire, remains of buildings destroyed by the fire were dumped into the lake, creating landfill that forms the foundation of Grant Park, which the Metra Electric District runs through.

Two branches were added: from Brookdale southeast to South Chicago in the early 1880s, and from Kensington southwest to Blue Island in the early 1890s, both later electrified along with the main line.

When the IC moved its intercity operations to Central Station in 1893, it built Randolph Street Terminal on the former site of Great Central to handle its growing commuter operations.

Electrical IC era
By the early 20th century the IC operated up to 300 steam trains each day. In 1919, the IC and the Chicago city government collaborated to build a berm from the far south suburb of Homewood into the city. They also dug a trench from the near south side into the city proper, eliminating all grade crossings on the main line except one just south of the Richton Park station. The University Park extension required the line to cross a very long private driveway. The South Chicago branch runs at grade, crossing many city streets.

The grade crossing elimination project was followed by electrification. The IC electrified the commuter tracks in 1926, from downtown to Matteson. In addition to the removal of all grade crossings, the tracks were separated from, and moved to the west side of, the two freight and inter-city tracks. At McCormick Place just south of downtown Chicago, the two non-electrified tracks to Central Station crossed over the new electric alignment. The electric tracks continued north to Randolph Street Terminal.

The "IC Electric" was once Chicago's busiest suburban railroad, and carried a great deal of traffic within the city as well as to suburban communities. The three lines carried 26 million passengers in 1927, the first full year of electrified operation. Ridership rose to 35 million in 1929, and reached an all-time peak of 47 million in 1946.

Service was extended 1.1 mi southward from Matteson to Richton Park, a new station at the south end of the coach storage yard, in 1946.

The main line had six tracks between Roosevelt Road (Central Station) and 53rd Street (reduced to four in 1962), four to 111th Street, then two. The South Chicago branch is double tracked, and the Blue Island branch has a single track with a passing siding at West Pullman.

1972 collision
The Illinois Central Gulf commuter rail crash, the worst rail accident in Chicago history, occurred on October 30, 1972. A commuter train made up of new lightweight bi-level Highliner cars, inbound to Randolph Street Station during the morning rush hour, overshot the 27th Street platform and backed up into the station. The bi-level train had already tripped the signals to green for the next train, an older, heavy steel single-level express train. As the bi-level train was backing up at 11 mph, it was struck by the single-level train at full speed. The single-level train telescoped the bi-level train, killing 45 passengers and injuring hundreds more, primarily in the bi-level train. A major contributing factor was that Illinois Central Gulf used a dark gray color scheme on the front ends of the Highliner fleet, which was very difficult to see on the cloudy morning of the accident. After the accident the ends of all of the ICG 1926 heavyweight still in use and Highliner MU fleet were partially painted with bright orange added for additional visibility.

RTA era
In 1976 the Regional Transportation Authority signed a contract with Illinois Central Gulf to fund its commuter service. The next year an extension of 2.3 mi was built to the current terminal at University Park (originally named Park Forest South). On May 1, 1987 Metra bought the line and its branches for $28 million ($ adjusted for inflation). The line is now operated by Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Rail Corporation, Metra's operating subsidiary. Two inter-city freight tracks retained by the ICG are now part of the Canadian National Railway, used by Amtrak's City of New Orleans, Illini and Saluki trains.

From 1988 onward, Randolph Street Terminal was under near-perpetual construction. The construction of Millennium Park moved the station completely underground, and in 2005 it was renamed Millennium Station.

The Metra Electric is the only line on the Metra system in which all stations (except 18th and 47th Streets, both flag stops) have ticket vending machines. The machines originally sold magnetically encoded tickets which unlocked the turnstiles. People with paper tickets or weekend passes, on reduced fares or who had trouble with the vending machines had to use a blue or orange pal phone to contact an operator who would unlock the turnstiles. Complaints from passengers who missed their trains caused Metra to remove the turnstiles in November 2003.

The main line and South Chicago branch run daily, but the Blue Island Branch does not operate on Sundays or holidays. A unique feature of the Metra Electric schedule is the similarity of the weekday and Saturday timetables. Many express trains run throughout the day in both directions. On other Metra lines, express service operates exclusively during the morning and afternoon rush hours. It is the only Metra line where all trackage is used exclusively for commuter service. Freight trains and Amtrak trains run on a pair of adjacent tracks owned by the Canadian National Railroad.

Off-peak and Saturday service is frequent, while Sunday service operates hourly north of 63rd Street and every 2 hours south of 63rd.

On January 4, 2021, fares on the Metra Electric line, along with the Rock Island line, were cut in half for all passengers.

Potential expansion or service alterations
The proposed Gold Line, derived from the earlier and more extensive Gray Line plan would have the Electric District operate more like a rapid transit line, by running trains more frequently (every ten minutes between 6am and midnight) with reduced-fare transfers to CTA buses and trains. Unlike the current service, which bypasses many stations to reach suburban stations more quickly, it would make all stops within the city. It would run from Millennium Station to South Chicago (93rd Street) at an estimated cost at $160 million. Since the Gold Line was proposed, the idea of providing rapid transit service along Chicago's south lakefront has gained considerable support from neighborhoods along its route. Despite its popular support, officials from CTA and Metra have largely dismissed the plan, focusing on other expansion projects. In response to this and other concerns, in 2009 the RTA and the Chicago Department of Transportation authorized $450,000 for a "South Lakefront Study" that is anticipated to yield either one or two new transit projects that are eligible for Federal transit funding.

An extension to Peotone, Illinois or the Proposed Chicago south suburban airport with a stop in Monee has been considered since the SouthWest Service was extended to Manhattan.

On May 24, 2017, Metra announced new schedule proposals for the line. The new schedule will provide rapid service for the Hyde Park stations every 20 minutes on weekdays until 7 p.m. and every half-hour on Saturdays. The proposed schedule also calls for boosting service on the main line from 63rd Street to Kensington, from every two hours to every hour. However, the proposed schedule also calls for the elimination of lightly used Blue Island trains, including all Saturday service.

After reviewing community feedback, Metra decided to keep four Saturday Blue Island trains and one late night trip to South Chicago. The new service went into effect September 11, 2017.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined 23% from 9.4 million to 7.3 million passengers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 2,019,403 passengers in 2020 and to 1,836,723 in 2021.

Rolling stock
The Metra Electric District uses second-generation bi-level Highliner multiple unit cars built by Nippon Sharyo. These will be supplemented by additional EMUs built at Nippon Sharyo's new Rochelle, Illinois facility opened in 2012. In 2005, these began to replace the original Highliner fleet built by St. Louis Car Company and Bombardier in the 1970s.

On February 12, 2016, the original Highliners left on their last run in revenue service. Metra confirmed in a Facebook post that twenty-four cars are being sent to museums around the Midwestern United States, including the Illinois Railway Museum, while an unconfirmed source stated that some cars were sent to Mendota, Illinois to be scrapped.

South Chicago branch
The branch leaves the mainline south of the former 67th Street station.

Blue Island branch
The branch leaves the main line south of Kensington/115th Street.

title: Metra Electric District