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Peter Gotti

Peter Arthur Gotti (October 15, 1939 – February 25, 2021) was an American mobster who served as boss of the Gambino crime family of New York following the imprisonment of his younger brother John Gotti.

Early life
Gotti was born in the Bronx, New York, on October 15, 1939. He was one of 13 children (two had died at birth) of John Joseph Gotti Sr. and Philomena "Fannie" DeCarlo. Gotti's brothers included John J. Gotti, Gene Gotti, Richard V. Gotti, and Vincent Gotti, all of whom joined the Gambino crime family. The brothers grew up in East New York, Brooklyn. Gotti married Catherine in 1960 and fathered one child, Peter Gotti Jr. Gotti's nickname "One Eye" derives from blindness from glaucoma in one eye.

Criminal career
Around 1960, at age 21, Gotti started working as an associate for the Gambino family. In 1988, at age 49, the family inducted Gotti as a made man. John J. Gotti designated Peter as caretaker of the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, and as a driver for John and Gene. By 1989, Peter was promoted to capo. John J. Gotti did not believe Peter had the ability to lead the crime family, which led to Peter's reputation as "the Dumbest Don".

Like his father, Gotti had a legitimate job as a sanitation worker for the New York City Department of Sanitation. Gotti eventually retired from the Sanitation Department with a disability pension after injuring his head against the back end of a garbage truck.

Rise to leadership
In April 1992, his brother, John J. Gotti (Jr.), received a life sentence for racketeering and related offenses. His brother asserted his prerogative to retain his title as boss until his death or retirement, with John's son John A. Gotti and Peter relaying orders on his behalf. Federal prosecutors say Peter became head of the Gambino organization after Gotti Jr. was sent to prison in 1999, and is believed to have formally succeeded his brother John J. Gotti shortly before the latter's death in June 2002.

Conviction and imprisonment
In June 2002, a few days before his brother John's death, Gotti was indicted on federal racketeering charges. During Gotti's trial, federal prosecutors released information revealing that Gotti was having an affair with Marjorie Alexander, a longtime girlfriend. Alexander then publicly acknowledged the liaison and declared her love for Gotti. In response, Gotti berated Alexander for causing the publicity and broke off all contact with her. Alexander later committed suicide in 2004. During this time, Gotti's wife Catherine filed for divorce, which was finalized in 2006.

On March 17, 2003, Gotti was convicted of extortion, money laundering, and racketeering activities centered on the Brooklyn and Staten Island waterfronts, and for the attempted extortion of film actor Steven Seagal. On April 15, 2004, Judge Frederic Block of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York sentenced Gotti to nine years and four months in prison for the charges. During the trial, Gotti's lawyers stated that he was blind in one eye and suffered from thyroid goiter, sciatica, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, postconcussion syndrome, and depression.

On December 22, 2004, Gotti was convicted in a separate trial of racketeering charges related to extortion in the construction industry and conspiring to murder government informant and former Gambino underboss Sammy Gravano. On July 27, 2005, Judge Richard C. Casey sentenced Gotti to 25 years in prison for the charges. Gotti was imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Complex, Butner. His projected release date was September 10, 2031.

During the early and mid 2000s, Gotti held onto power through old Gotti loyalists who ran the family while he was imprisoned these loyalists included Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri and John D'Amico. However after multiple indictments and weakening of the Gotti faction by law enforcement efforts that by the late 2000s following D'Amico’s imprisonment that the Sicilian faction took de facto control of the family and that Gotti was kept in his place as boss in name only. However in July 2011, Domenico Cefalù reportedly replaced Gotti as Gambino boss ending his reign as boss and virtually his career as a mobster since he wouldn’t be released before passing away in 2021.

Death
Gotti's requests for compassionate release under the First Step Act, citing his failing health, were both denied: that of July 2019 in September, and that of December 2019 in January 2020.

On February 25, 2021, Gotti died of natural causes at the Federal Correctional Complex in Butner, North Carolina, at the age of 81.

title: Peter Gotti


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David Leatherdale

David Antony Leatherdale (born 26 November 1967 in Bradford, Yorkshire) is a former English cricketer. He played county cricket for Worcestershire.

Leatherdale is a fine example of the county pro who, while not good enough to play international cricket, is nevertheless of great benefit to his club. In a career stretching over 17 years with Worcestershire, he has scored more than 10,000 first-class runs at a batting average of slightly under 33, and his straightforward medium-pacers have brought him more than 130 wickets, with over another 170 in the one-day game.

Although he made his first-class debut in 1988, Leatherdale did not receive his county cap for another six years. He has reached 1000 first-class runs in a season just once, in 1998 when he made 1001.

He was awarded a benefit by Worcestershire in 2003, and retired from first-class cricket at the end of that season, although he continued to play one-day cricket and was unexpectedly called up for the County Championship game against Derbyshire in April 2005. He finally called time on his long playing career in December of that year to concentrate on a full-time job as commercial director of the county.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Leatherdale


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Ioannis Psycharis

Ioannis (Yiannis) Psycharis (Greek: Ιωάννης (Γιάννης) Ψυχάρης; French: Jean Psychari; 1854–1929) was a Russian-born philologist who was much of his life a national of France. He was of Greek descent. He was also a writer and a promoter of Demotic Greek.

Biography
Psycharis was born on 15 May 1854 in Odessa (in modern-day Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire), in a merchant family of Chiot descent. His mother died when he was a child, and he was raised by his grandmother in Marseille. He also spent some time with his father in Constantinople and later moved to Paris.

He studied at the École des langues orientales.

Career
Psycharis was director of studies at the École pratique des hautes études after 1885, and then professor at the École des langues orientales from 1903 to 1928, succeeding.

In 1886, he made a trip to Greece out of which he wrote My Journey, advocacy of Demotic Greek (with some remarks on the Ancient Greek pronunciation), which connected it with the national integration (Megali Idea). So he became the mentor of the Demotic side in the Greek language question. Because of his stance, in favour of Demotiki, he was heavily criticized by both the conservative political and educational establishment in Greece (most notably professor Georgios Hatzidakis), and he was often under attack by various newspapers.

Psycharis was the populariser of the term diglossia,, which describes a language community's simultaneous use of the genuine mother tongue of the present day, the vernacular, and a dialect from centuries earlier in the history of the language. The vernacular is of low prestige and is discouraged or totally forbidden for written use and formal spoken use, while the obsolete dialect is of high prestige and is used for most written communication and for formal speeches by institutions of authority such as government and religious institutions. Diglossia was a major issue in Greek society and politics in the 19th and 20th centuries (see Greek language question).

Psycharis also proposed an innovative orthography for Greek that never really caught on, despite being the focus of several serious attempts at implementation continuing into the late 20th century. A beginning Modern Greek textbook for foreign students, Ellinika Tora (Greek Now), employs some of his suggestions such as substituting rho for lambda when the pronunciation of the glide is conditioned by the other sounds around it – thus αδερφός (aderfos) instead of standard αδελφός (adelphos). While that and other of his suggestions more accurately reflect true pronunciation, they seem to have little chance of being adopted.

During the Dreyfus affair, Psycharis defended Alfred Dreyfus, who had been falsely accused of treason because he was Jewish. Moreover, Psycharis supported his friend Emile Zola's publication of J'accuse…!, a public letter in defense of Dreyfus.

Personal life
In 1882, he married Ernest Renan's daughter, Noémie. They had four children, among which Ernest Psichari, and, raised in the Scheffer-Renan Hôtel, the current Musée de la Vie romantique in the heart of the Nouvelle Athènes neighbourhood, in Paris.

Death
Psycharis died in Paris on 29 September 1929. He is buried in Chios.

title: Ioannis Psycharis


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User:ElKabong

See }}

 * see also Wikipedia_talk:Administrators%27_noticeboard

title: User:ElKabong


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Tim Hunter (ice hockey)

Timothy Robert Hunter (born September 10, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, and most recently the head coach of the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL), having previously served as an assistant coach in the National Hockey League (NHL), most recently for the Washington Capitals. Chosen in the 3rd round of the 1979 NHL Entry Draft (#54 overall) by the Atlanta Flames, Hunter went on to a 16-season playing career with the Calgary Flames, Quebec Nordiques, Vancouver Canucks, and San Jose Sharks.

Playing career
Hunter was on the Flames' 1989 Stanley Cup championship team, and also appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals in 1986 with Calgary and in 1994 with Vancouver. During his playing days, Hunter was known for his fierce style of play, ranking him among hockey's unwritten list of elite enforcers during the 1980s and 1990s. He also was a quality defensive player and penalty killer.

Coaching career
Tim Hunter was named as an assistant coach for the Washington Capitals on July 23, 1997, and remained in that position until July 15, 2002. He became an assistant coach with the San Jose Sharks on December 6, 2002, and served through the 2007-08 season. Named as an assistant coach with the Toronto Maple Leafs on July 22, 2008, Hunter was relieved of that position on June 20, 2011. He was re-hired as an assistant coach of the Capitals on July 23, 2012.

Hunter's contract in Washington was not renewed for 2013, and after being linked to several coaching positions in the WHL, he was named as head coach of Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in July 2014.

On January 6, 2020 at a team press conference, Tim Hunter was fired from the Moose Jaw Warriors.

NHL awards and honours

 * NHL Bud Man of the Year (nominee)
 * NHL Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy (2-time nominee)
 * NHL King Clancy Memorial Trophy (2-time nominee)
 * Calgary Flames Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award (Winner)
 * NHL penalty-minutes leader: 1986-87 (Calgary - 361 PIM), 1988-89 (Calgary - 375 PIM)
 * NHL Playoffs penalty-minutes leader: 1983 (Calgary - 70 PIM)
 * Calgary Flames team record: Most career penalty minutes (2,405)
 * Calgary Flames team record: Most penalty minutes in one season (375 in 1988-89)
 * Calgary Flames team record: Most penalty minutes in one playoff year (108 in 1986)

Career statistics
Bold indicates led league

title: Tim Hunter (ice hockey)


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User:Mryano

Hello, my name is Ryan O'Dowd. I hope to help Wikipedia expand, and be counted in something!

title: User:Mryano


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Biltmore Fashion Park

The Biltmore Fashion Park is an outdoor retail and dining mall located in the Biltmore District of Phoenix, Arizona, along East Camelback Rd. The Biltmore Fashion Park, as well as the surrounding business and residential district, is named after the historic Arizona Biltmore Hotel nearby.

The shopping center first opened in 1963 and underwent a major renovations in 2002, which included the addition of new stores and restaurants, as well as a redesign of the outdoor spaces. Macy's and Saks Fifth Avenue currently anchor the mall.

History
Biltmore Fashion Park opened on 31 acre of land in what was once considered the outskirts of Phoenix in 1963. The anchor stores at the mall's opening were the upscale San Francisco-based I. Magnin and Saks Fifth Avenue, joined in 1968 by Los Angeles-based The Broadway. It was the city's original luxury shopping and dining destination. The mall was designed by Welton Becket and Associates and built by the Chanen Construction Company. The original Saks Fifth Avenue (now Life Time gym) featured stone walls native to the region and concrete Native American hieroglyphics. The Broadway building, which was the first expansion of the mall, was designed by Charles Luckman and built by the Del E. Webb Corporation in 1968.

During the 1960s and 1970s, The Gittings Portrait Studio at the Biltmore photographed the likes of John Wayne, Bob Hope, Princess Grace of Monaco, Barry Goldwater, Red Skelton, Sophia Loren, and many other celebrities and well-known figures who frequented the Biltmore.

In the mid-1990s, the center was purchased by Taubman Centers for $115 million. During this period, the Biltmore underwent a transformation.

Federated Department Stores (now Macy's, Inc.) retired the I. Magnin brand in 1994; at Biltmore, Saks Fifth Avenue took over the Magnin space, which at 90000 sqft, was larger than its old one (60000 sqft). Saks moved, and opened its new store on March 23, 1995.

Federated also retired The Broadway as a brand, and converted the Biltmore store, like many others, to Macy's. The center also introduced a number of new luxury retailers. The Biltmore was also chosen as one of three sites nationwide for The Galleries of Neiman Marcus; however, Neiman Marcus folded the concept two years later.

By the early 2000s, Westcor bought the shopping center, triggering a relocation project whereby the more global brands moved to Fashion Square to allow more room for "home-grown" and "fashion-forward" stores at Biltmore. The mall was renovated in 2005 at a cost of $30 million, with one-third of its retail space changing tenants as a result. At that time the mall stated that it had 610000 sqft of retail space.

title: Biltmore Fashion Park


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Talk:Portia de Rossi

Officially out?
Im not 100% shure, but I believe that Portia officially came out as gay. It was in the May 2005 issue of Details magazine. Can somebody find the article?. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Un Chien (talk • contribs) 04:23, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * SHE'S ON THE COVER OF THE (I DO BELIEVE) SEPTEMBER ISSUE OF THE ADVOCATE WHICH CONTAINS A BLATANTLY OUTTING INTERVIEW. THE CHICK IS VERY OUT... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.237.62 (talk • contribs) 15:18, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * stop shouting —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.217.249.225 (talk • contribs) 03:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding: "De Rossi is openly gay." This is a NPV fact. On many occasions, Portia de Rossi has voluntarily chosen to make the fact that she is gay a defining part of her public persona. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.215.238.4 (talk • contribs) 23:15, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sign your comments. The fact the she is openly gay is addressed in the lower half of the paragraph in a more subtle/less abrupt manner and in a way that flows with the article. Plus saying "she is openly gay" doesn't even tell the whole story. Portia "came out" in a gradual manner and only came all the way out in 05'. I disagree with you entirely about her making it part of her public persona. She's only discussed it in two interviews only to get it "on record." Going to awards with Ellen and things like that is not making it part of her persona. How silly is that. However, thank you for writing a comment this time and being (slightly) less trollish. Crumbsucker 02:29, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your point of view. However, I must strongly disagree. Portia de Rossi has opened up about her homosexuality in her magazine interviews. She has specifically stated that she is homosexual. This is a verified and NPV fact that deserves inclusion.

 * You didn't read a thing I wrote. The fact that she is gay is already stated in the paragraph, if you would bother to read it. In fact, there are several references to her sexuality in the article, so you are clearly playing dumb and deliberately missing the point. There's no reason to repeat it in the awkward way you keep trying to. You've been reverted by several people and it will keep happening. Please sign your comments. Crumbsucker 12:57, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree; her being homosexual is already mentioned in the article and so the issue in question is her sexuality, as her homosexuality is simply the result of the issue of her sexuality, therefore making sexuality the primary term of degree. Smeggysmeg 16:12, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Look. The fact that she's gay has been added to Wikipedia.  It's not really appropriate to go farther than that.  What makes some people think that gayness is the defining aspect of a gay person's life?  Is being straight the defining aspect of a straight person's life or "persona"?  Of course not.  It's just there, in the background, like eye or skin color.  I think people who are so scandalized by someone being gay, and who focus on it above all other aspects of that person, are just showing that they don't actually understand or accept homosexuals yet. -Kasreyn 22:23, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * She eats carpet, pretty big deal. So, she married Ellen ... does she get Ellens last name seeing how Ellen wears the pants in the relationship?

-G —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.24.149.35 (talk) 23:37, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Photo?
That's definitely not a picture of PdR -- the only picture that I can find from the Advocate looks totally different. Could someone with more knowledge of the issue commnet on whether this uncertainty is just a function of the picture's small size or it's actually not a picture of her? Jweed 21:19, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like here to me. There is a link on Image:Portia.jpg to a page with a larger version of the image where you can more easily identify her. Qutezuce 00:48, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That isn't Portia de Rossi. Google image for Portia de Rossi and you'll find dozens of images with one thing in common:  white skin.  The image you've linked to is of Portia Simpson-Miller, the president-elect of Jamaica.  Maybe someone accidentally overwrote one portia.jpg with another?  -Kasreyn 06:36, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, someone overwrote the image yesterday. See my reply in the next section. Qutezuce 06:52, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

I reverted the image to the correct version, the photo of Portia Simpson-Miller existed as another image. No page used the Portia Simpson-Miller picture that overwrote the Portia de Rossi image so it shouldn't cause any problems. The picture is now back on the page and it should be correct, if not try refreshing your browser. Sorry for the confusion. Qutezuce 07:02, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Qutezuce
Please stop adding the photo of Portia Simpson-Miller to this page. I'm hoping it was an accident. If not, please stop vandalizing this page. -Kasreyn 06:31, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * My browser was caching the old image, someone uploaded another image overtop the real image of Portia de Rossi and my browser kept the image and the Image's page both cached so it was always a picture of Portia de Rossi from my viewpoint. Since no one provided an edit summary when removing the image I assumed that I was fixing vandalism by restoring the image. Qutezuce 06:51, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks!! -Kasreyn 07:06, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Why did she changer her name to an Italian/Latin name?
Anyone know why she picked Portia (a Latin name) and de Rossi a (Latinate/Italian) name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by ArthurianLegend (talk • contribs) 3 August 2006

DID YOU EVEN READ THE ARTICLE? IT TELLS YOU WHY SHE CHOSE PORTIA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.36.190.2 (talk) 22:32, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

She took the name from a character in "The Merchant Of Venice and De Rossi".

Married
Is she, in fact, LEGALLY and FACTUALLY married? If so, in what jurisdiction. Not anti-gay, just pro-facts. 129.110.199.179 10:19, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, since she's planning a June, 2007, "wedding", the answer in May, 2007, can only be "NO". Wahkeenah 10:36, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

She was married to a man to get a green card, but I assume she got a divorce. Miagirljmw14 Miagirljmw~talk 20:41, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

What high school did she go to?
I live in Geelong and I was wondering what high school did she go to? --Candy-Panda 13:53, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 01:52, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "Advocate" :
 * The Advocate, "Portia heart and soul", http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w_ektid20037.asp
 * <http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w_ektid20037.asp

most beautiful openly gay lesbian
Is this not opinion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.18.232 (talk) 06:07, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

More importantly can one be a straight lesbian? Sue De Nimes (talk) 09:34, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Yes. Thehumandignity (talk) 11:45, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Openly straight?
The portion on her personal life is clearly POV. Why state she is "openly lesbian" when Wikipedia articles do not list people as "openly straight"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.248.180.183 (talk) 06:27, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

It doesnt say "openly straight" for the same reason it doesn't say "openly human", most people are straight, so it is only necessary to note when that is not the case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.30.128.208 (talk) 21:09, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

I'm very "pro-gay" but I think that makes sense conceptually - it would overly enlarge articles if the default case (note, avoiding the use of the word "norm") was explicated each time. Better to describe the divergence cases. Though "openly" does sound a bit non-npov. Why not just lesbian? There is an implication through "open" that gayness is something to keep closeted about —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.171.27 (talk) 00:43, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The only reason to mention it explicitly is that it has been a topic of coverage in reliable sources. Otherwise, there would be no reason to mention it. Imagine that, an article that lists someone's relationships, where they happen to be or have been with members of the same sex, and letting the fact speak for itself without remarking on it—without giving advance warning, as it were, that "she's a lesbian!". —Largo Plazo (talk) 16:12, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I want to add that it's absurd to write "openly". If a person isn't openly gay, then it's unlikely to be a good idea to write "(s)he's gay" at all. And what does "openly" really mean? Does it require that the person have made a public statement to the effect, "I am gay!" Does it mean the person has never spoken publicly about his or her sexual orientation at all but dates members of the same sex without hiding it but also without feeling the need to announce, "Yes, this is a homosexual relationship that I'm having!"? I think that if an article says "(s)he's gay", and that if sufficient justification exists for mentioning that or even implying it, the "openly" part can be left unspoken. —Largo Plazo (talk) 16:14, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Horsham or Geelong ?
The article says she was born in Horsham but the factsheet underneath the photo says Geelong. Which is it ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.113.104.88 (talk) 03:50, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Taking DeGeneres' Last Name
I just edited the article to reflect the fact that she has officially filed a petition to take her spouse's last name.., however I'm not really sure how this works? The documents shows that the petition was filed on Aug 6th, does this mean that the main name of the article should now be changed to reflect the new name or do we have to wait until the formalities are over with? —Preceding unsigned comment added by A.jamali (talk • contribs) 20:21, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * It was filed on Aug 6th, but it still has to go before the court. She's scheduled for Sept 23. (Interestingly, she apparently signed the document in March. Why did she wait until now to file it? Does it have to do with the Prop 8 reversal last week?) 96.45.196.227 (talk) 17:50, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, we should wait to see if she uses her new name professionally or not. If she continues to use her previous name professionally, we should stick with that name too, as it's likely to be the name she's most commonly known as. 96.45.196.227 (talk) 17:52, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * She is not yet widely known by her new name, therefore the article title should have remained as it was - WP:COMMONNAME. Can someone please correct this? 02:16, 24 September 2010 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr Pillows (talk • contribs)

 * The fact that she has legally changed her name signals that she intends to be known by this name personally and professionally. Thus, it is the more correct article title.-- Kubigula (talk) 03:55, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Correctness has nothing to do with it, according to WP:COMMONNAME. It's about what most readers expect her name to be, and I, for one, completely agree with this policy! Mr Pillows (talk) 05:37, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes an admin needs to change this back, per WP:COMMONNAME and per this statement "I am thrilled to legally adopt my wife's name. I will continue to use Portia de Rossi for professional purpose" - Epson291 (talk) 07:27, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected - that quote appears pretty dispositive of the issue - so I have reversed the page move. Good work finding that.-- Kubigula (talk) 22:42, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Should the article be written as "DeGeneres this" "DeGeneres that" if she is known as "de Rossi"??? The Snoop Dog article does not refer to him throughout as Broadus. Giving her legal name at the top seems important, but shouldn't the main text of the article be written using her professional name, especially as it is what she wants to be known as professionally? I just read WP:Common Names for the first time today, but that is what it suggested to me....140.163.0.5 (talk) 13:37, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Requesting to revert the move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Kubigula (talk) 22:40, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Portia DeGeneres → Portia de Rossi — According to the source Epson291 linked above, "I will continue to use Portia de Rossi for professional purposes." That means the name will remain the name by which she is best known, and under which the works that confer notability upon her will be credited. Powers T 15:43, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Lupus?
An IP changed the text to read that the lupus was misdiagnosed. All sources I saw doing a google news search had something similar to the somewhat vague wording of "was told that she had lupus." For now I reworded the sentence to something vaguer, following the sources, but there's still the matter of the category. Is there anyone with access to her book who could check if there's anything on whether or not the lupus was in fact misdiagnosed? Siawase (talk) 16:51, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Anexoria
Portia spoke of the disease on the Ellen DeGeneres show. She was anorexic and bulimic to where she was 82 pounds. If somebody could write more about this, she discusses her experiences in her new book Unbearable Lightness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Settingprecedent (talk • contribs) 23:35, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Her anorexia and the book is already mentioned in the personal life section. If you want to expand the coverage, be bold and edit the article (but be mindful about sourcing any additions) or suggest more specific additions here. Siawase (talk) 10:58, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Double-checking her professional last name
The earlier discussion regarding what last name Portia now uses professionally still stands, but I just noticed in the Zap2It article from July that I posted regarding the music video appearance that she's identified as Portia DeGeneres. I personally think Zap2It is in error here, but since it's a reputable (LA Times-run website) source that's more recent than the 2010 sources previously cited, it may do no harm to double check that she hasn't indeed chosen to use DeGeneres as her professional name, as people do change their minds about such things. 68.146.80.110 (talk) 17:28, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Nationality
She bacame a US citizen in 2011, but the infobox says Australian. Is "being a citizen" and "nationality" different? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.205.92.167 (talk) 12:21, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

Born in Australia or Puerto Rico?
The main text of the article states Australia while the infobox states Puerto Rico — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.218.146.215 (talk) 21:58, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Australia has the distinct advantage of being sourced. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 23:34, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Married ah no
So married doesnt mean legally married any more, so its just a throw away term. They got married when it was not legally possible. Im off to up date trumps page as I just married him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Simon19801 (talk • contribs) 22:13, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Two things: As the article and sources clearly state, de Rossi and DeGeneres are married. Also, as Trump is already married and no state currently allows for polygamous marriages, he'll have some more questions to answer if you have any sources for your claim. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 15:59, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090322064005/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/03/19/q-a-portia-de-rossi-talks-about-development-movie-losing-her-hair-and-why-she-loves-her-wife-so-much.aspx to http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/03/19/q-a-portia-de-rossi-talks-about-development-movie-losing-her-hair-and-why-she-loves-her-wife-so-much.aspx

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Mel Metcalf
The incorrect Mel Metcalf is linked in the quick notes. She was married to the documentary filmmaker, not the academy award nominated sound engineer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A000:161E:A269:8D74:5A3:3F9E:D433 (talk) 02:36, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Geraldo Perez (talk) 03:35, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portia de Rossi


text:
User:Dleonard

Interests
My interests influence the kind of articles I read and edit in the Wikipedia. I'm professionally interested in security software, open source software and Unix system software. I'm academically interested in the philosophies of communication, and synthetic languages. I'm personally interested in science fiction and the influence of the media.

title: User:Dleonard


text:
9 O'Clock Gun

The 9 O'Clock Gun is a cannon located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, that is ordinarily fired daily at 21:00 (9 p.m.) PT. But it was not fired on the 11th of July 2024.

Details
The gun is a 12-pound muzzle-loaded naval cannon, cast in Woolwich, England in 1816. The monograms (erroneously referred to as "crests" on the plaque) of King George III and Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave, Master-General of the Ordnance at the time the cannon was cast, are on the barrel. Seventy-eight years later, in about 1894, it was brought to Stanley Park by the Department of Marine and Fisheries to warn fishermen of the 18:00 Sunday close of fishing. On October 15, 1898, the gun was fired for the first time in Stanley Park at noon.

The 21:00 firing was later established as a time signal for the general population and to allow the chronometers of ships in port to be accurately set. The Brockton Point lighthouse keeper, William D. Jones, originally detonated a stick of dynamite over the water until the cannon was installed. The cannon is now activated automatically with an electronic trigger which was installed by the Parks Board electrical department. It is still loaded daily with a black powder charge. The fluorescent lights illuminating the gun from overhead go out exactly ten seconds before it fires, and turn back on a few seconds afterward.

The gun was restored and sheltered by a new pavilion designed by architect Gregory Henriquez in 1986 and built as a centennial gift to the city from Ebco Industries, Chester Millar, First Generation Capital, and the Hudson's Bay Company.

In the past, there was a Texaco floating gas station permanently anchored in line with the gun. On Monday May 18, 1964, someone was able to toss rocks from the beach below into the barrel which then perforated the 'O' in the large illuminated sign above the barge. The barge was moved slightly after that event.

Timings
The clock used to time the firing of the gun runs slightly fast, such that towards the end of each year, the gun fires up to 50 seconds before 9pm. At New Year's Day, the clock seems to be reset, and the gun goes off at 9pm again.

The 9 O'Clock Gun has been silent for several periods: once during World War II, in 1969 when it was stolen and held by University of British Columbia Engineering students until a "ransom" was donated to BC Children's Hospital, in 2007 during a work stoppage, in 2008 when UBC Engineering students painted it red, and on 20 May 2011, 22 July 2017, 26 July 2017, 8 August 2019, 7 October 2019, 17 November 2019, 26 November 2019 and 1 January 2021 with no explanation. After the 1969 theft, the cannon was surrounded by a stone and metal enclosure as shown in the photo.

From 30 March to 30 April 2020, the gun was set to fire at 19:00 (7 p.m.), in support of local health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the 9 O'Clock Gun continued to be fired at 7 p.m. until 31 July 2020, when it was switched back to its eponymous 9pm time.

From 4 October 2020, the cannon started firing at 10pm. This is likely due to its clock incorrectly being moved back an hour; a month earlier than PDT actually ends.

The gun did not fire on 19 May 2021, and on 10 July 2021. The cannon did not fire for several days in October, 2021 due to damage to the structure.

Most recently, the gun has gone silent due to gunpowder shortages - from 11 February to 27 February 2022 and from 3 January to 10 January 2023.

title: 9 O'Clock Gun


text:
Northwestern Turnpike

The Northwestern Turnpike is a historic road in West Virginia (Virginia at the time the road was created), important for being historically one of the major roads crossing the Appalachians, financed by the Virginia Board of Public Works in the 1830s. In modern times, west of Winchester, Virginia, U.S. Route 50 follows the path of the Northwestern Turnpike into West Virginia, whose major Corridor D project follows the western section of the original Northwestern Turnpike.

History

The following description of the Northwestern Turnpike is taken from Dr. J. M. Callahan's Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia, pages 106-9, published in 1913:

"The old Northwestern Turnpike, extending from Winchester, Virginia on a general westward course to Parkersburg, West Virginia on the Ohio, is a historic highway which deserves more mention than it has ever received as a factor related to the American westward movement and to the problem of communication between East and West. It was the inevitable result of the call of the West and the need of a Virginia state road."

"Perhaps its first suggestion was recorded by George Washington, who in 1758 had been the champion of the Braddock road (not then supposed to lie in Pennsylvania) and who in 1784 sought a route located wholly in Virginia. Returning from a visit to his western lands, after following McCulloch's Path (then the most important route across the rugged ridges between the valleys), he crossed the North Branch Potomac River on the future route of the greater Virginia highway which was partially realized in the 'state road' authorized from Winchester via Romney to Morgantown before 1786, and extended westward in 1786 by a branch road from near Cheat to Clarksburg, from which the first road was marked to the mouth of the Little Kanawha River between 1788 and 1790."

"The later turnpike was planned and constructed by Virginia partly as a result of the rival activities of New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland to secure the advantage in transportation facilities for the trade of the West; and was especially regarded as a rival of the National Road which was opened from Cumberland to Wheeling in 1818, and with which parts of Virginia obtained better connection in 1830 by a stage line established from Winchester to Cumberland. It was built across the Appalachian Divide with the hope of securing commercial superiority, and was the main thoroughfare between East and West through northern Virginia."

"The act in incorporation of 1827, authorizing subscriptions at Winchester, Romney, Moorefield, Beverly, Kingwood, Pruntytown, Clarksburg, and Parkersburg made the mistake of arbitrarily locating the route through important towns without proper consideration of the physical features of the country. After finding a way through Hampshire County via Mechanicsburg Gap in Mill Creek Mountain, and pushing on into Preston County, the engineers encountered insurmountable obstacles to the Kingwood route, causing the stock to languish."

"The enterprise was saved by the remarkable act of 1831 which organized a road company, with the Governor as President and one of the Board of Directors, with power to borrow money ($125,000) on the credit of the State to construct a turnpike road of a minimum width of twelve feet, 'from Winchester to some point on the Ohio River to be situated by the principal engineer', and with the right to erect bridges or to regulate ferries already in existence and to establish toll-gates on each twenty-mile (32 km) section completed."

"The chief engineer was Col. Claudius Crozet, a French officer of artillery under Napoleon Bonaparte in the Russian campaign, and later professor of engineering in the United States Military Academy from 1816 to 1823. He was assisted by Charles B. Shaw."

"The chosen route was through Hampshire County, West Virginia, Mineral County, West Virginia, Grant County, West Virginia, Garrett County, Maryland, Preston County, West Virginia, Taylor County, West Virginia, Harrison County, West Virginia, Doddridge County, West Virginia, Ritchie County, West Virginia, and Wood County, West Virginia. In Hampshire County it was established via Capon Bridge, Hanging Rock, Pleasant Dale, and Augusta to Romney, west of which it crossed the South Branch Potomac River. Through Mineral it passed via Burlington, thence westward across Patterson Creek, and through Ridgeville on the divide to New Creek which it crossed at Rees' tannery. Then turning toward the southwest, it crossed the North Branch Potomac River southwest of the present town of Gormania and entered the southwest corner of Maryland through which it passed for eight and three-fourths miles, crossing the Alleghenies and emerging into Preston east of the German settlement (later known as Aurora). It passed across the picturesque Cheat Valley considerably south of Rowlesburg, and via Fellowsville, Evansville, Thornton, Grafton, Pruntytown, and Bridgeport to Clarksburg, thence over the summit via the head of Ten Mile Creek to Salem, thence across Middle Island Creek at West Union and via Tollgate, Pennsboro, Ellenboro (earlier Shumley), the head of Goose Creek, and Murphytown to Parkersburg. Much of the route passed through a vast wilderness interspersed here and there by a few old settlements and towns."

"No longer dependent on the larger towns for its success, the road was completed through the wilds of Preston, considerably south of Kingwood, in 1832, and was opened westward to Clarksburg and Parkersburg by 1838. Its construction cost $400,000. It crossed the mountains by easy grades and the larger streams (in some sections all the streams) by good bridges. It was macadamized from Tygart Valley River to Parkersburg in 1848. About 1852, it was further improved by construction of new bridges across several streams at important crossings. In 1840, facilities for travel and news were increased on the western end of the road by the establishment of a daily line of stages, and a regular mail service, which made connection with the Ohio steamers at Parkersburg. By 1845, there was a line of fast tri-weekly stages at Romney to the Ohio at Parkersburg. It connected at Romney with stages from Winchester, from Moorefield, and from Green Spring at which connections were made with Baltimore by trains of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. The fare from Green Spring to Parkersburg (210 miles) was $10.00."

"The road, establishing commercial and other relations, soon became a busy thoroughfare of travel and traffic which stimulated the creation of many inns and towns along the route - such as Aurora, Fellowsville, Evansville (1833), and West Union (1846). In many ways it influenced the material prosperity and social life of the people of the region through which it passed. Following the act of 1831, which provided for satisfactory adjustment of land titles, it was an important incentive to immigration and settlement and development - especially along the region of southern Preston and in Ritchie. Its construction also stimulated the construction of intersecting roads, such as the Brandonville pike, starting from Somerfield, Pennsylvania, passing via Kingwood, and connecting with the Northwestern at a point which became Fellowsville by 1848. It also doubtless influenced the legislature in 1837 to provide for a survey of Cheat from the turnpike crossing to the Pennsylvania line. On some parts of the course it furnished the incentive for the establishment of inns to meet the needs of those who desired to escape the heat of the seaboard by a summer sojourn amid the wild beauty of the mountains, whose streams were filled with trout and whose forest furnished a home for deer and other game."

"Beyond the headwaters of the Potomac, it passed over the Backbone, opening the way to a remote and inaccessible region bordering on the land of Canaan, which was made famous a few years later by 'The Clerk of Oxenford' (David Hunter Strother) in 'The Blackwater Chronicle' and later by the same writer under the nom de plume 'Porte Crayon' in 'A Visit to the Virginian Canaan.'"

"It might have been a road of greater importance if Virginia soon after its completion had not been induced to divert her interest from turnpikes to canals - influenced by the completion of a Pennsylvania system of transportation connecting with the Ohio at Pittsburgh. West of the Alleghenies, it was extensively damaged by the numerous heavy cattle driven over it in the winter and early spring. It was also much injured by high waters, especially in 1852 and 1853."

"Although it never became of national importance as did its more renowned national rival at the north, it was for a while the busy scene of much business of a national character and gave fair promise of serving well the purpose for which Virginia had planned it until its larger usefulness was transferred to its horseless rival which, persistently overcoming obstacles and opposition, reached Cumberland by 1845, Grafton in 1852, and Parkersburg in 1857."

"Supported by a sentiment that long scorned the possibility of competition and that later opposed any improved system of transportation which, by absorbing the slower traffic, might close the taverns and ruin the local market for grain and provisions, it was finally paralleled by a railroad which diverted its travel and traffic, created rival towns, and brought pioneer prospectors and promoters who prepared the way for the later era of larger industrial development."

"Although its utility was diminished by proximity to the railroad, it was still in moderate repair in the decade after the close of the war, and it has continued a constant local benefit to the territory through which it passes."

"While the Northwestern Turnpike does not cross Hardy County, it has affected the transportation to a large extent from the Moorefield and Petersburg regions to the north, and with the completion of West Virginia Route 28 to Junction will be the main outlet, both eastward and westward, for all the region from Moorefield southward, or until such time as old West Virginia Route 54 (now WV 28) is paved from Romney to Alaska from which point a hard-surfaced road extends to Cumberland where connection is made with the National Road (U.S. Route 40)."

Hampshire County, West Virginia

 * While winding through Hampshire County, the Northwestern Turnpike passes through several historic communities, some of which with only a few old buildings remaining. These communities include Junction, Mechanicsburg, Vanderlip, Romney, Shanks, Frenchburg, Augusta, Pleasant Dale, Hanging Rock, Loom and Capon Bridge.

title: Northwestern Turnpike


text:
Talk:Pizzelle

Comments
According to Italiancookingandliving.com, pizzelle is a wafer-type cookie that originated in the region of Abruzzo. They are traditionally flavored with vanilla and/or anise. According to Chef's choice, the irons used to make the earliest pizzeles were embossed with the family crest. The pizzelles were made in these irons by cooking over an open fire. The most popular modern patterns are floral on one side and a basket-like, woven pattern on the other.

Most often served plain or sprinkled with confectioner's sugar, pizzelles can also be rolled when hot and filled with whipped cream and fruit, or can be used to make ice cream sandwiches.

The Abruzzo region in Italy is also the region which celebrates the festival of the snakes (Festa di serpi). It is often said that pizzelles were developed for this celebration, which commemorates a time when snakes which had overrun the region were driven out.

Also sicily makes Pizzelle but with black licorise instead of vanilla

Ouside of the region of Abruzzi in Italy, most people do not know about pizzelles. However, they have become very popular in America, where they can be rolled and filled, as suggested by American pizzelle-maker companies.

 * I agree about the sentence "outside of the region of Abruzzi in Italy, most people do not know about pizzelles". Here in Turin, Northern Italy, you'll unlikely find someone who knows what a pizzella is (unless they have Abruzzese descent or some specific Central or Southern Italian ancestry) and I'm definitely one of these people, even though I have some Southern Italian descent - not from Abruzzo though. It's nice to know we have waffles in Italy too, I mean waffles belonging to the Italian tradition, I was actually searching for a translation of the word waffle in Italian. I think that ferratella is the best way to render it, the root of the word is Italian ferrata or, more commonly, inferriata ("iron grate, grating"), referring to the distinctive grid motif of ferratelle, which is just the same as waffles.--Teno85 (talk) 02:22, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I think pizzelle is also known in Celano, but there it is called "nevole" instead. (Some of my relatives are Celano and it is what they called it.) --Zzo38 (talk) 06:01, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Nevole is also another word for pizzelle, I will add that to the article. ... disco spinster   talk  14:23, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

More info
I've added a bit more information about the pizzelle, and removed the recipe. I think the article can stay in Wikipedia, even if a recipe is added to WikiCookBooks. I'm going to remove the tag. If that's premature, feel free to put it back. 24.141.150.61 01:19, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good, no need to move it to wikicookbooks now. --Xyzzyplugh 06:30, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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Most used name
Pizzelle isn't the most used name, Ferrarelle is the wide used name in Italian and Neole or Nevole is mostly used in Abruzzo region. 79.42.100.232 (talk) 21:21, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Cannoli citations
In the Abruzzo region it is very uncommon to serve cannoli at wedding, they're not a traditional dessert. Same with the filling: never heard about two ferratelle filled with ricotta, traditionally a sort of grape jam (sometime mixed with other ingredients like cocoa, cioccolate, nuts etc.) is used. 79.42.100.232 (talk) 21:27, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Move to Pizzella
I did not see the technical request to move this page to "Pizzella" but if I did I would have opposed it. "Pizzelle" is the common name in English, even in the singular, and it's hardly ever called "Pizzella". See e.g. Broccoli (Broccolo in Italian). Unless someone disagrees with this, I am going to move it back. ... disco spinster   talk  15:08, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Repetition
I would like to remove the "pizzelle" repetition, does anyone have any advice? "They" has already been used. "Pizzelle can be molded into various shapes, including in the tubular shape of cannoli."; "Pizzelle were originally made in the comune (municipality) of Ortona, in the Abruzzo region of Italy." JacktheBrown (talk) 13:29, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pizzelle


text:
Talk:Grivet

Grivet/Vervet/Guenon
These articles show a lot of overlap and should probably be merged. Rotational (talk) 14:33, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree... the articles should be written more clearly, using modern sources written after the species were split apart. Please stop using older sources, exacerbating the problem. - UtherSRG (talk) 10:27, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Why does this article call the species the vervet monkey if it is about the grivet. Whoever wrote this article is deranged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.36.175.248 (talk) 21:09, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * That was because someone inexplicably had changed "Grivet" to "Vervet" throughout this article. This has now been reverted, but see also talk of WikiProject Primates here (the address will change when that comment in archieved. At that point you'll have to look for the comment called "Grivet and Vervet Monkey" in the archieve of the talk page of WikiProject Primates). 62.107.193.8 (talk) 05:12, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grivet


text:
User talk:Dleonard

Talk to me here about my contributions.

title: User talk:Dleonard


text: Template:Infobox Olympic games

title: Template:Infobox Olympic games


text:
181st Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

The 181st Street station is a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 181st Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.

Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the station opened on May 30, 1906, as part of the first subway, although the line had opened two months earlier and trains were skipping the station. It is one of three stations in the Fort George Mine Tunnel, which carries the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line under Washington Heights, and is 120 ft below ground level. Due to the station's depth, the tunnel was blasted through the hillside; during the station's construction, a 300-ton boulder had killed 10 miners. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948. The station was closed from December 2020 to November 2021 for elevator replacement.

The 181st Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations as well as a ceiling vault. The platforms contain exits to 181st Street and Broadway. 181st Street is one of three New York City Subway stations that can be accessed only by elevators; however, the station's four elevators are not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Construction
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.

The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, under which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.

The 181st Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 ft north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street stations were built as part of the Washington Heights Mine Tunnel (also known as the Fort George Tunnel), which stretches for over 2 mi. The tunnel was dug through the hard rock under Washington Heights, with work proceeding from either end as well as from construction shafts. Construction shafts were excavated at 168th and 181st Streets, and elevators were installed inside these construction shafts after the tunnel was completed. The tunnel was mined in the early morning to minimize disruption. Much of the rock was crushed for concrete, including the concrete floor. The rails and arched roof were laid using travelers that proceeded the length of the tunnel. During construction, on October 24, 1903, a 300-ton boulder weakened by an explosive gave way, killing 10 miners (six instantly) and injuring eight more. The dead miners consisted of nine Italian immigrants (including the foreman) as well as an electrician from Germany.

Opening
The original New York City Subway line from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch opened in 1904,  with the line being extended to 157th Street that year. The West Side Branch was extended northward from 157th Street to a temporary terminus at 221st Street, near the Harlem River Ship Canal, on March 12, 1906, with the station at 181st Street not yet open. The 181st Street station opened on May 30, 1906, when express trains began running through to 221st Street. On the following day, new feeder streetcar lines operated by the Interborough Railway Company began running from the Bronx, over the Washington Bridge, and along 181st Street, to the station to provide transfers with the subway at the new station. These routes ran along Aqueduct Avenue, Fordham Road, 189th Street, Southern Boulevard, and 180th Street in the Bronx, connecting the West Bronx with the new subway line.

The opening of the first subway line, and particularly the 181st Street station, in conjunction with the streetcar routes over the Washington Bridge, helped contribute to a development boom in the direct vicinity of the station and the development of Washington Heights. Within five years, five- and six-story apartment buildings occupied most of the area around the station. The opening of the subway transformed the sparsely populated area into a growing neighborhood with apartment buildings and thriving business district along 181st Street.

After the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times.

Due to the draftiness of the 181st Street and 168th Street stations, many women's petticoats would fly about. In February 1908, engineers at the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) were almost done devising a solution to the problem.

1910s to 1930s

The station was originally built with two elevators on the southern end of the uptown platform. In fiscal year 1909, work was done to increase the carrying load of the elevators. On June 25, 1909, the New York City Board of Estimate approved an appropriation of $160,000 for the installation of four additional elevators on the northern end of the uptown platform. These elevators measured 8.75 by each and could carry up to 8000 lb. In June 1910, work on the additional elevators was about 50 percent complete and was on track to be completed by March 1, 1911, although some of the elevators were to be placed in service before then. Work to install the elevators was nearly complete in 1911, and the final finishes were installed by January and February 1912. On February 3, 1913, the PSC was informed that the IRT had let a contract to construct an additional elevator at the station, which would be completed in April. The elevator would supplement the four elevators already in service at the station and would make use of the space provided in the elevator shaft for two additional elevators. The PSC had ordered that the IRT install two additional elevators in the station a few months prior. On May 19, 1915, residents of Washington Heights requested that the PSC install additional elevators at the 181st Street and 168th Street stations.

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the PSC proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the 181st Street station was extended 176 ft to the north; timbering was used to support the arched ceiling during the extension work, thereby allowing it to retain structural integrity. The southbound platform was not lengthened. Six-car local trains began operating in October 1910, and ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line on January 24, 1911. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.

In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. The original West Side Line thus became part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.

On March 10, 1925, members of a committee of the Cheskchamay Democratic Club of the 23rd Assembly District requested that the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT) construct additional elevators at 180th Street and 182nd Street on the west side of St. Nicholas Avenue to reduce congestion at the station's six elevators. Transit Commissioner John O'Ryan said he would look into the issue and said that having the four north elevators run to the northbound platform instead of running only to the mezzanine level as a short-term measure could help address some of the congestion.

1940s to 1990s
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. Platforms at IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 181st Street, were lengthened to 514 ft between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 181st Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946, with an estimated cost of $3.891 million. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 181st Street opened. Simultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.

On December 28, 1950, the NYCBOT issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 181st Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million (equivalent to $ million in ). These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs while protecting against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb. To become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed.

On July 28, 1959, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) released an invitation to contractors to bid on a project to remove an entrance kiosk at street level and replace it with an underpass under 181st Street to the street's northern building line. Work on the project was to be completed within eight months of the letting of the contract. The old entrance kiosk was demolished with a ceremony in April 1960. City officials claimed it was the highest subway kiosk in Manhattan, at 188 ft above sea level. Additionally, in Fiscal Year 1959, two elevators in the station were replaced with automatic ones that could travel at higher speeds. In Fiscal Year 1961, the installation of fluorescent lighting at the station was completed. In 1963, one of the elevators at the station was replaced, while work replacing two more was underway. In June 1964, it was expected that the replacement of another elevator would be completed in September.

The mezzanine to the southern elevators was closed in 1981. The station was closed for the installation of new elevators in the late 1990s and reopened on November 22, 1999, upon the completion of the installation. The entrance at the southeast corner of 181st Street and St. Nicholas Avenue was to remain closed until early 2000.

In April 1988, the NYCTA unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street–City College on weekdays, and 181st Street was served by both the 1 and the 9. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005, as a result of a decrease in the number of riders who benefited.

21st century
Several of the elevators in the station are staffed by elevator attendants, who are also employed at four other deep-level stations in Washington Heights. The elevator attendants are intended to reassure passengers, as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs. In July 2003, to reduce costs, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at the 181st Street station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended to remove all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. In addition, the MTA began operating all elevators at all times; prior to the change, each elevator only operated if it was staffed by an elevator operator. The change took effect on January 20, 2004, and was expected to save $1.15 million a year.

In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit. As part of the plan, all elevator operators at 181st Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year. However, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union. The MTA again suggested reassigning elevator operators to station-cleaner positions in June 2023, prompting local politicians to sue to prevent the operators' reassignments.

The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. There was a partial ceiling collapse at the station in 2007. After that collapse, protective scaffolding was erected, and officials devised a master plan for ceiling repairs. However, funds for the ceiling repairs were not approved by the New York State Legislature until August 14, 2009. Two days later, on August 16 at around 10:30 pm, a 25-foot section of the bricks collapsed onto both tracks and platforms. Nobody was injured in the incident. This caused suspension of 1 service between 168th Street and Dyckman Street stations in both directions for eight days with free shuttle buses providing replacement. End-to-end service on the 1 was restored on August 24, and the 181st Street station reopened one week later. An internal MTA audit found that the ceiling had been allowed to decay for a decade prior to the collapse. A $30 million repair of the 168th and 181st Street stations was to start in early 2012,  but was delayed by several months due to scheduling conflicts. The renovation, which started in late 2012, was scheduled to take two and a half years. The project received the 2018 Design Award of Excellence from the Society of American Registered Architects' New York chapter.

This station was closed from December 5, 2020, to November 30, 2021, for elevator repair; this was accelerated from an original date range of March 2021 to February 2022. As part of the reconstruction, the elevators were extended to directly serve the northbound platform. During construction, the frequency of M3 bus service between 191st Street and 168th Street was increased.

Station layout
The 181st Street station, which has two tracks and two side platforms, is served by the 1 train at all times. The station is between 191st Street to the north and 168th Street to the south. The station is a deep-level station 120 ft below the surface. It is one of three in the Fort George Mine Tunnel, along with the 168th Street station to the south and the 191st Street station to the north; the tunnel allows the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to travel under the high terrain of Washington Heights. The 181st Street station is one of three stations in the New York City Subway system that can be accessed solely by elevators. The other two, also located on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, are 168th Street, as well as Clark Street on the in Brooklyn. However, this station is not ADA-accessible.

Near the northern end of the station, there are four elevators adjacent to the northbound platform, which lead from the fare control level to one level above the platforms and the northbound platform itself. On the second level, a footbridge connects the side platforms. There is a second footbridge near the center of the station. It leads to a shaft next to the northbound platform, which formerly contained two elevators leading to the fare control area. The footbridge and southern elevator bank were closed in 1981; the shaft is used for ventilation and contains a staircase. There was also a third footbridge in the station.

Design
Much of the station is contained within a vault that measures 50 ft wide. The lowest 6 ft of the vault walls are wainscoted with rust-colored brick. Atop the brick wainscoting are a belt course made of marble and a multicolored mosaic frieze measuring about 16 in thick. The tops of the walls contain tan brick. Tile name tablets are placed above the frieze at regular intervals, with white letters on a dark background surrounded by floral designs. Some of these plaques consist of a single mosaic tablet with the words "181st Street / George Washington Bridge" on two lines of text, in reference to the nearby George Washington Bridge. Others contain a primary plaque with the words "181st Street", a secondary plaque with the words "George Washington Bridge" beneath it, and a mosaic flower atop the primary plaque.

The top of the vault ceiling is approximately three stories above the platform level. The center of the vault ceiling has six multicolored terracotta medallions at regular intervals; these formerly held lighting fixtures. The medallions contain foliate rings surrounded by egg-and-dart moldings, followed by guilloche moldings. Similar, smaller rosettes are on the side walls of the vault. The modern lighting fixtures are fluorescent tubes on the vault walls.

The station's platform extensions have ceilings that are 10 to 12 ft above the platform level. At the portals between the original vault and the much lower ceilings of the platform extensions, there is a wide arch over the tracks flanked by narrow arches over each platform. These transitions are clad with tan brick. The arch over the tracks has a volute with a laurel wreath. The walls of the platform extensions have white ceramic tiles with mosaic friezes as well as plaques with the words "181st Street / George Washington Bridge". The walls are divided every 15 ft by multicolored tile pilasters that are 16 in wide. Columns near the platform edge, clad with white tile, support the jack-arched concrete station roof.

The northern elevator mezzanine is the only one that is open to the public, as the southern mezzanine was shuttered in 1981 when that elevator bank closed. The walls of the mezzanine and connecting passageways are clad with white ceramic tiles, while the tops of the walls contain multicolored friezes similar to at platform level. The mezzanine and passageway ceilings are made of concrete. The fare control area contains two retail spaces and is clad with ceramic and glazed tile.

Exits
There are two exits to this station, one at either eastern corner of St. Nicholas Avenue and 181st Street. The northeast-corner entrance is inside a building and the southeast-corner entrance is on the street. The station serves Yeshiva University and the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal.


text:
George L. Hart

George Luzerne Hart, III (born c. 1942) is Professor Emeritus of Tamil language at the University of California, Berkeley. His work focuses on the classical Tamil literature and on identifying the relationships between the Tamil and Sanskrit literature. In 2015 the Government of India awarded him the title of Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour.

Life and career
Hart received his PhD in Sanskrit from Harvard University in 1971. He has also studied Latin and Greek as well as several modern European and Indian languages. He taught Sanskrit at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before joining the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, where he founded the Tamil Department.

Hart is best known for his translations of several Tamil epics into English and for his argument that Tamil is a classical language, a status that the Government of India formally accorded it on 18 September 2004.

Hart is also the author of several Tamil and Sanskrit textbooks.

He is married to Kausalya Hart, who is also a professor and Tamil textbook author.

Works

 * Books
 * The Poems of Ancient Tamil, Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts, University of California Press, 1975. ISBN 0-520-02672-1.
 * The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976. ISBN 3-447-01785-6.
 * Poets of the Tamil Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, Princeton University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-691-06406-7.
 * A Rapid Sanskrit Method, Motilal Banarsidass, 1984. ISBN 81-208-0199-7.
 * The Forest Book of the Rāmāyaṇa of Kampan̲, (with Hank Heifetz), University of California Press, 1989. ISBN 0-520-06088-1.
 * The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru. (with Hank Heifetz), Columbia University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-231-11563-6.
 * Selected articles
 * "Early Evidence for Caste in South India", in Hockings (ed), Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David B. Mandelbaum, Berlin: Mouton Gruyter, 1987, pp. 467–491.

Poems of Ancient Tamil
Hart's Poems of Ancient Tamil offers a comparative analysis of ancient Tamil poetry (Sangam literature) with reference to the classical Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit and Prakrit) literature. It sets forth a "very convincing argument" that the themes of southern poets were assimilated into the Prakrit and classical Sanskrit poetry, such as Gaha Sattasai and the poetry of Kalidasa. However, there was little influence of the northern literary expression on the Tamil literature. To substantiate this thesis, Hart provides a thorough analysis of the antecedents of the ancient Tamil poetry and its cultural milieu, which focused on controlling sacred power among various social classes, and its reflection in the later literate poetry. Hart points out that the Indo-Aryan poetry, in its borrowing of the Tamil literary elements, lacked the subtlety and sophistication of its Tamil counterparts. Reviewer Lucetta Mowry finds it to be the "beginning of a valuable and important study" of the relation between the two Indic traditions.

This endorsement is contested by the scholar of Middle Indo-Aryan languages K. R. Norman, who finds the comparisons made by Hart between Tamil poems and similar Prakrit poems misleading as they ignore the fact that the Prakrit verses were expected to have two meanings, the obvious meaning as well as a hidden erotic meaning. He also questions Hart's proposition that the arya metre used in Sanskrit and Prakrit poetry is related to the Tamil metre, the dating of the Gaha Sattasai (the main Prakrit work considered by Hart), the neglect of the earlier Middle Indo-Aryan texts, and the idea that the borrowings only happened at the poetic level rather than in the mixed heritage of the Indo-Aryan culture in the north.

Tamil scholar Kamil Zvelebil states that Hart had set before himself "very difficult and even enormous tasks," but he has not succeeded in solving them. According to him, Hart's work involved four key insights: that in ancient Tamilnadu practically everything was filled with sacred forces, that the stress on female chastity was characteristically Tamil, that there are striking parallels between Tamil and Sanskrit-Prakrit poetry, and that the theory of dhvani or 'suggestion' is Dravidian in origin. He finds some of these ideas questionable. However, others are "truly marvellous," e.g., the ones about aṇaṅku, sacred, dangerous power, the female breasts being the seat of aṇaṅku, the different nature of indigenous gods from those of the north, and the idea that all aspects of love between man and woman were animated by the sacred, etc. The over-all thesis of the influence of southern imagery and poetic techniques on the Indo-Aryan poetry such as Sattasai and even Kalidasa are probable and "overwhelmingly convincing." Zvelebil calls the book a "refreshing, original, excellent work of first-class importance."

V. S. Rajam disagrees with Hart’s views on aṇaṅku as female sacred power, calling it oversimplified and reductionist. She states that the term has undergone a semantic shift over time."

Following the publication of The Poems of Ancient Tamil, Hart published an abridged booklet, The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature, in which he set out his key points. He clarified that his proposal was not of a direct transmission of poetic techniques from the Tamil poetry to Sanskrit, but rather that both of them owed these techniques to a common source, which he placed in the Deccan megalithic cultures. Gaha Sattasai in Maharashtri Prakrit was contemporaneous with the Tamil Sangam poetry and Kalidasa himself had composed very similar poems in Maharashtri Prakrit. The key examples of striking similarities were the messenger poem, the motif of separation of lovers during the monsoon and the comparison of the sound of wind through a bamboo hole to the noise of a flute.

Early Evidence for Caste in South India
Hart's observations on the features of the early South Indian caste system, which are said to have been independent of the Indo-Aryan varna system, are summarised in Early Evidence for Caste in South India, which has received significant attention from social and cultural historians. According to Chakravarti, the Sangam literature reveals that there was a class of 'low-born' people, such as the Pulaiyar and Paraiyar, who were made to live in separate settlements at a distance from the main villages. They were engaged in occupations such as leather work, washing of clothes and fishing. They were also associated with 'death' and were believed to have the ability to control and isolate sacred power (aṇaṅku), but not the ability to transform it. According to Samuel, the 'low-born' groups, acting as drummers, bards and musicians, were central to maintaining the king's power, allowing him to tap into the ritual power and transform it into auspicious power. Samuel notes, however, that the notion of 'low-born' occupational groups representing ritual power may not be limited to Tamilnadu. Very similar situation persists to this day in Ladakh, Nepal and elsewhere in the Himalayas. Even in north India, the social reality outside the Brahmanical theory might have been similar to the Tamil system.

According to Hart, when the Brahmins from north India arrived in the Tamilnadu, probably around 300 BCE, they offered an alternative source of power through Vedic sacrifices, which was already considered pure and auspicious, and to emphasise the distinction between themselves and the 'low-born' groups, the Brahmins developed conventions quite the opposite of the latter, becoming strict vegetarians and not allowing dogs and chickens into their villages. Through the Brahmins and the Hinduism they brought, the Tamil kings aspired to rise above the endemic warfare and establish stable empires modelled after the Mauryan Empire. Once this was accomplished, Hart states that the 'low-born' groups gradually lost their ritual function, becoming purely occupational groups of low status.

Awards
For The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom, a translation of Purananuru, Hart and his co-author Hank Heifetz were awarded the AAS South Asia Council (SAC) Ramanujan Book Prize.

His Poets of The Tamil Anthologies (1979) was nominated for the American Book Award.

In 2015, Hart was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India for his contributions to the study and translation of Indian literature, particularly the Sangam literature of ancient Tamil.

title: George L. Hart


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lisa Lichtenstein

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 15:20, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Lisa Lichtenstein
This seems to be a personal ad and it is not encylopedia-worthy. freestylefrappe 04:38, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

''This nomination was begun but stp 3 not completed. I am finishing the listing now.''RJFJR 02:32, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a valid encyclopedia-worthy page. Encyclopedias often contain biographical and other information about artists and writers of note. Any biographical entry in this encyclopedia could be deemed a personal ad, if the same criteria were used. This page is not very developed yet, but it shouldn't be deleted just because of a lack of information as of yet. It is a fair argument to say that the information about this person is just as valid as any other person in Wikipedia. If there had been an internet during Vincent Van Gogh's time, and someone tried to enter him in wikipedia, I'm sure there would have been someone else who considered his entry a personal ad and voted to have him removed, since he was not all that famous or popular while still alive. --lichtentunes 3:41 June 7, 2005
 * Comment: Are you any of the persons in question?, ie Thomas, Lisa or Laur? If so, I do not understand why you refer to yourself in the above comment as `this person`. It seems all this effort, both by you, and everyone voting here (who also spends a lot of groundwork before voting, like verification etc) could have been solved if you could state such. Cause, if you are, the 2+1 articles could easily be moved to your Uer area where it belongs. -Snorre/Antwelm 08:01, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The Wikipedia, as per its policy, is not a crystal ball. This isn't the place to predict future notability, only to write about it when it is achieved. Like any normal encyclopedia, you don't write about everyone in the world in hopes that they achieve recognition in their field. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 22:46, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy to User:Lichtentunes. I don't see how this person is notable in her own right.  She's working on an unpublished book.   Her main claim to fame seems to be that her brother is famous.  --Xcali 03:21, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy and/or delete. It's not very notable for the above reason, the book is not published and the wikipedia isn't a crystal ball, blah blah. Deletion also on the reasons of advertising/self-promotion, and the Wikipedia not being a place for advertising. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 03:50, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy or delete. "I'm sure there would have been someone else who considered his entry a personal ad and voted to have him removed, since he was not all that famous or popular while still alive." And that would have been the correct decision at that time. Wikipedia does not include people on the off-chance of future notability.  It also seems we have a whole family of vanity articles here, including Laur Lichtenstein.  I would consider the brother's entry (Thomas Howard Lichtenstein) borderline. --Tabor 04:13, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. JamesBurns 07:54, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy/Delete vanity. She's not notable yet.  And if that changes someone else should write it, obviously. --Etacar11 15:02, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete/userfy: The subject is not notable at this time, and the article is not an article, but rather a series of bullet points.  An article should discuss, contextualize, and analyze; it is a discussion rather than a statement of facts.  If no discussion is possible, then, IMO, no article is possible. Geogre 19:07, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: Category:Chinese plays

title: Category:Chinese plays


text:
Voronoi

Voronoi or Voronoy is a Slavic masculine surname; its feminine counterpart is Voronaya. It may refer to
 * Georgy Voronoy (1868–1908), Russian and Ukrainian mathematician
 * Voronoi diagram
 * Weighted Voronoi diagram
 * Voronoi deformation density
 * Voronoi formula
 * Voronoi pole
 * Centroidal Voronoi tessellation

title: Voronoi


text: Category:Canadian science fiction writers


text:
Talk:Benedictine

Thoughts
a) This article has potential ...

b) Re: the link to "Benedictine Sisters". Is the article on this subject being proposed for reasons of political correctness (in which case, does Wiki really need it), or is it meant to throw light on the peculiar situation of e.g. the Tyburn nuns and the Grace and Compassion Sisters (in which case can someone please [start to] write it)?

c) "Movement" and "groups" are not the terms of choice in this context (please see: Talk "Order of St Benedict").

d) As regards the dawn of a new "Benedictine era". I admit to wearing blinkers. So please forgive the question: is this usage current in any relevant sources? If so, which ones, please?

Portress 03:14, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've done a little copyediting to tighten things up. I would like to suggest that the second and third paragraphs be moved to OSB or RB; since this article is now essentially an elaborate disambiguation page, does it really need to be so extensive?  JHCC 14:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Dear JHCC: So kind of you always to tidy up! Much appreciated! Yes, the article has taken a different shape, as so much material, quite rightly, has been moved elsewhere; and so it now ought to be tidied up accordingly. - Re: second para: maybe in italics? - As regards the third para: I first thought that it was a joke. It seems journalese to me, perhaps inspired by admiration for the new pope. Whilst I have previously tinkered with said para, I'd much rather not see it around anywhere when I visit next. Portress 01:25, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * e) This article had little information... —This unsigned comment is by 71.16.95.43 (talk • contribs).

Link
Would you consider adding my community's web site to your external links list? It is a content-rich site with several articles about Benedictine Sisters. It is: Sisters of St. Benedict/St. Mary Monastery Rock Island, IL at http://www.smmsisters.org Thanks. Seflans 23:39, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge
Merge this with Order of Saint Benedict. Why are there two pages for the same order? -- SECisek 20:15, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * As a starter, I would suggest putting the bulk of this as a subsection in the article "Order of St. Benedict." Have a redirect from here. Simply merge the other stuff, references, etc. for now. Student7 21:39, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * While I certainly support a merge. I would strongly suggest the other way around; that the information in Order of St. Benedict article be merged to this article (Benedictine). As indicated there, the term Order, while in common use (such as in the postnominal letters OSB) is misleading in suggesting that there is a centralised organisation (when in fact there is only a loose federation between congregations, which are themselves generally loose federations between independent monastic houses). Any information about Benedictine history, the vows they take, etc., would be better included under the article title "Benedictine". Robotforaday (talk) 01:51, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Strongly Oppose I have to oppose the merger. The term Benedictine refers not only to the Order of Saint Benedict, but also to the various reforms of the order, such as the Cistercians and Trappists, who also follow the Rule of St Benedict. I'd be happy to take on the project of editing Benedictine so that it reflects Benedictines as a whole and not the Order of Saint Benedict, which does, and should, have its own article. Dgf32 (talk) 20:53, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benedictine