text:
Klippel–Feil syndrome

Klippel–Feil syndrome (KFS), also known as cervical vertebral fusion syndrome, is a rare congenital condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of any two of the seven bones in the neck (cervical vertebrae). It can result in a limited ability to move the neck and shortness of the neck, resulting in the appearance of a low hairline. Most people only have one or two of those symptoms so it may not be noticeable without medical imaging.

The syndrome is difficult to diagnose, as it occurs in a group of patients affected with many different abnormalities who can only be unified by the presence of fused or segmental cervical vertebrae. KFS is not always genetic and not always known about on the date of birth.

The disease was initially reported in 1884 by Maurice Klippel and André Feil from France. In 1919, in his Doctor of Philosophy thesis, André Feil suggested another classification of the syndrome, encompassing not only deformation of the cervical spine, but also deformation of the lumbar and thoracic spine.

Signs and symptoms

KFS is associated with many other abnormalities of the body, hence thorough evaluation of all patients with fused cervical vertebrae at birth is required. Furthermore, it is unclear whether KFS is a unique disease, or if it is one part of a spectrum of congenital spinal deformities.

KFS is usually diagnosed after birth. The most common signs of the disorder are restricted mobility of the neck and upper spine and a shortened neck with the appearance of a low hairline at the back of the head.

Associated abnormalities may include:
 * Scoliosis (sideways curvature of the spine)
 * Spina bifida
 * Problems with the reproductive organs, kidneys and the ribs
 * Cleft palate
 * Dental problems (delayed dentition, cavities, missing teeth)
 * Respiratory problems
 * Heart defects
 * Short stature
 * Duane syndrome
 * Srb's anomaly
 * Sprengel's deformity

The disorder also may be associated with abnormalities of the head and face, skeleton, sex organs, muscles, brain and spinal cord, arms, legs and fingers.

Genetics
Mutations of the GDF6, GDF3 and MEOX1 gene are associated with KFS. The cause of the condition is unknown in individuals with KFS who do not have mutations of these two genes. GDF6 and GDF3 provide the body with instructions for making proteins involved in regulating the growth and maturation of bone and cartilage. GDF6 specifically is involved in the formation of vertebral bones, among others, and establishing boundaries between bones in skeletal development. GDF3 is involved with bone and cartilage growth. Mutations of GDF6, GDF3 and MEOX1 cause a reduced number of functional proteins that are coded by these genes, but it is unclear exactly how a shortage in these proteins leads to incomplete separation of the vertebrae in people with KFS. However, when the GDF6 gene was removed in mice, the result was the fusion of bones.

These mutations can be inherited in two ways:
 * Autosomal dominant inheritance, where one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder, is especially associated with C2-C3 fusion.
 * Autosomal recessive inheritance, where both copies of a gene contain mutations, is especially associated with C5-C6 fusion.
 * Another autosomal dominant form (mapped on locus 8q22.2), known as KFS with laryngeal malformation, has been identified. It is also known as segmentation syndrome 1.

Diagnosis
The heterogeneity of KFS has made it difficult to outline the diagnosis as well as the prognosis for this disease.

Classification
In 1912, Maurice Klippel and Andre Feil independently provided the first descriptions of KFS. They described patients who had a short, webbed neck; decreased range of motion (ROM) in the cervical spine; and a low hairline. Feil subsequently classified the syndrome into three categories:
 * Type I—Fusion of C2 and C3 with occipitalization of the atlas. In 1953, further complications were later reported by McRae; flexion and extension is concentrated within the C1 and C2 vertebrae. As with aging, the odontoid process can become hypermobile, narrowing the space where the spinal cord and brain stem travel (spinal stenosis).
 * Type II—Long fusion below C2 with an abnormal occipital-cervical junction. Similar to the C2-C3 fusion of McRae and could be viewed as a more elaborate variation. Flexion, extension, and rotation are all concentrated in the area of an abnormal odontoid process or poorly developed ring of C1 which cannot withstand the effects of aging.
 * Type III—A single open interspace between two fused segments. Cervical spine motion is concentrated at single open articulation. This hypermobility may lead to instability or degenerative osteoarthritis. This pattern can be recognized as the cervical spine is often seen to be at an angle or hinge at this open segment.

A classification scheme for KFS was proposed in 1919 by Andre Feil, which accounted for cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine malformations.

However, in 2006, Dino Samartzis and colleagues proposed three classification-types that specifically addressed the cervical spine anomalies and their associated cervical spine-related symptoms, with additional elaboration on various time-dependent factors regarding this syndrome.

Treatment
Treatment for KFS is symptomatic and may include surgery to relieve cervical or craniocervical instability and constriction of the spinal cord, and to correct scoliosis.

If symptomatic treatment fails, spinal surgery may provide relief. Adjacent segment disease and scoliosis are two examples of common symptoms associated with Klippel–Feil syndrome, and they may be treated surgically. The three categories treated for types of spinal cord deficiencies are massive fusion of the cervical spine (Type I), the fusion of 1 or 2 vertebrae (Type II), and the presence of thoracic and lumbar spine anomalies in association with type I or type II Klippel–Feil syndrome (Type III).

Adjacent segment disease can be addressed by performing cervical disc arthroplasty using a device such as the Bryan cervical disc prosthesis. The option of the surgery is to maintain range of motion and attenuate the rate of adjacent segment disease advancement without fusion. Another type of arthroplasty that is becoming an alternate choice to spinal fusion is Total Disc Replacement. Total disc replacement objective is to reduce pain or eradicate it. Spinal fusion is commonly used to correct spinal deformities such as scoliosis. Arthrodesis is the last resort in pain relieving procedures, usually when arthroplasties fail.

Prognosis
The prognosis for most individuals with KFS is good if the disorder is treated early and appropriately. Activities that can injure the neck should be avoided, as it may contribute to further damage. Other diseases associated with the syndrome can be fatal if not treated, or if found too late to be treatable.

In less than 30% of cases, individuals with KFS will present with heart defects. If these heart defects are present, they often lead to a shortened life expectancy, the average being 35–45 years of age among males and 40–50 among females. This condition is similar to the heart failure seen in gigantism.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of KFS is unknown due to the lack of studies to determine its prevalence. It is estimated to occur 1 in 40,000 to 42,000 newborns worldwide. In addition, females seem to be affected slightly more often than males.

Ancient

 * A case of a child in Switzerland was discovered in a necropolis dated between 4500 and 4000 BC.
 * In 2009, archaeologists excavating at a Neolithic site of the Đa Bút culture of northern Vietnam discovered the remains of a young man around age 25, "Burial 9", living between 2000 BC and 1500 BC with Klippel–Feil syndrome, who had apparently been supported by his subsistence-level community for at least a decade before his death.
 * The 18th Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun is believed by some to have had Klippel–Feil syndrome, though others dispute this claim.

Contemporary

 * English cricketer Gladstone Small
 * "Big" Ed Brown from the TLC series, 90 Day Fiancé.
 * Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Justyn Ross.

title: Klippel–Feil syndrome


text:
Education Act 1994

The Education Act 1994 (c. 30) is an act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom under John Major's government in 1994, which primarily established the Teacher Training Agency and allowed students to opt out of students' unions.

Part I
Part I relates to teacher training and includes the establishment of the Teacher Training Agency.

Part II
Part II of the Education Act gave effect to students' freedom of association by mandating that students must be permitted to opt out of any students' union without being unfairly disadvantaged; this provision replaced an earlier proposal that would have made membership voluntary (i.e. opt-in), which had been seen to have a significant impact on membership of students' unions in Australia and was expected to have a similar impact in the UK. This Part also places further restrictions on Students' Unions by requiring that affiliation to external organizations must be voted on at referendum if 5% of the membership requests a referendum and restricts the time a sabbatical officer can serve to two years. It also stipulates that a students' union must be governed democratically and must be accountable for its finances.

There are various other clauses about the finances and external affiliations of students' unions.

Section 22 of the Act requires that "the procedure for allocating resources to groups or clubs should be fair and should be set down in writing and freely accessible to all students". This has generated some controversy because of the way it can be interpreted. Some assert that it requires all university societies that draw on students' union funding to be open to membership by all students, whilst others assert that this does not explicitly prevent a society of a students' union from restricting its membership to those who share the aims and purposes of the society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Education Act 1994


text:
Talk:Histamine H3 receptor

Untitled
This shouldn't even be an article. The H3 receptor is probably so minor that this one sentence that wikipedia has about it should go on the histamine page. Especially since, in general, the only information you need to know about receptors is how they're related to the thing they, um, recept, in this case, histamine.

-ashleyisachild, too lazy to log in.

Oh yeah, then what's this?
Abbott's H3 histamine receptor antagonist, ABT-239, a candidate treatment of cognitive disorders, ADHD, Alzheimer's and schizophrenia

I strongly suggest you take another look at this article now.

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 00:00, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Failproxifan unsubstantiated claims
I can't find any mention of failproxifan other than this article. The idea that Ciproxifan doesn't build tolerance has been disproved. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730751/ --Towelbin (talk) 05:05, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Histamine H3 receptor


text:
User:Dushkin

Errmm.. Hello.

Wikipedia says that "Content must not violate any copyright and must be verifiable." So therefor there should be absolutely no problem saying that Dushkin is sexy, extremely attractive, hot and the absolute peak of human beauty.

Major Contributions
Dead Man - but most of my things got removed straight away. (Too much I guess.)

Not much really.

Minor Contributions
Shit - General cleanup.

Hebrew language - Some cleanups and so forth.

title: User:Dushkin


text:
User:WMMartin

A Philosophy for Wikipedia ( prototype )
I think of Wikipedia as being rather like a superbly well-read and educated friend - the kind of person you might call for the $1,000,000 question on a game show, but also the kind of person you'd happily invite for dinner with your family. In a sense, I feel Wikipedia should contain all the information that I'd like to know myself, had I but brain enough and time.

Wikipedia is about knowledge, not information. There are a thousand websites where I can get precise information about each sports game in a series, or each school in a state, and there's no need to put them here. My well-read friend will know the result of the latest World Series, of course, and if there was a particularly unusual or interesting game he'll be able to call it to mind when I ask him, but I don't expect him to sit down at the dinner table with me and give me a ball by ball account of the last 10 years of some bush league pitcher's career. Likewise, I expect him to have heard of Groton or Eton College, and to have some idea of their histories and alumni, but I don't expect him to list every school in Peoria.

I expect Wikipedia to be broadly spread - well-read, educated, cultured, and perhaps playful. A well-read man has heard of Pikachu, but he can't name every Pokemon. An educated man is familiar with the Flavian Dynasty, but he doesn't know my family tree. A cultured man can recount the principal events of Wuthering Heights, but he can't recite the plot of every Mills and Boon romance. A playful man can remember who Spock was, but he can't name every red-shirted actor who was ever "... dead, Jim".

In short, what I hope is that Wikipedia will be discriminating.

Mnemonics
To express e, remember to memorise a sentence to simplify this.

May I have a large container of coffee. ( Pi ).

Deletion Debates
Lately I seem to have found myself spending a lot of time on deletion debates. There are probably a couple of reasons for this: the time I have available, and my temperament.

I tend not to have time to research and make large-scale contributions to articles, so haven't been doing much of that recently. Very often I have time to look at Wikipedia while an automated process is running in the background, at which point I can take a break for a cup of coffee and a Wiki-session. It takes time for me to get into "article editing" mode, so the easiest way for me to make a practical contribution is to pick a short task ( an AfD debate ) and make a contribution to that. As you'll see, sometimes I just give a quick opinion, but on other occasions I give a couple of paragraphs outlining my reasoning. I generally run through as many AfD debates as I can before I have to get back to other business.

The other reason why I spend a lot of time looking at AfD debates is pure temperament: I'm more a critic than a creator. My own opinion ( biased, of course, but I think it still has some validity ) is that being a good and fair critic is just as valuable a skill as being a good creator. It's easy to pick holes in an article you disagree with, but it's much harder to be fair to an article whose content you particularly dislike. I try to be fair, and if you read through my contributions to deletion debates you'll see that my contributions bear this out. I should also say that I think the argument that says "you can't criticise something if you can't do it yourself" is spurious and ill-founded: when I listen to a violin being played I can tell when it's being played well and when it's being played badly, even though I don't play the violin myself.

Inevitably, articles being reviewed for possible deletion tend to be the poorer articles in Wikipedia, so I certainly support deletion for some articles. Please understand that if I seem to be negative about a particular article it's because I have the best interests of Wikipedia as a whole at heart. It's nothing personal, and I almost always welcome re-creation of deleted articles if this leads to better quality contributions second time around.

title: User:WMMartin


text:
Talk:Araxos

Refugee Camp?
Pumpie, what refuguee camp are you talking about? Project2501a 12:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Page move
I propose this page be moved to Araxos, Greece or Araxos, Achaia Project2501a 12:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Araxos. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110630090317/http://www.airliners.gr/el/airports/step.php?id=9 to http://www.airliners.gr/el/airports/step.php?id=9

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:00, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Araxos. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130217164511/http://www.alxd.gr/AirportGuide/araxos/araxosE.html to http://www.alxd.gr/AirportGuide/araxos/araxosE.html

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title: Talk:Araxos


text:
Joop van Oosterom

Joop van Oosterom (12 December 1937 – 22 October 2016) was a Dutch billionaire, chess and billiards sponsor, and twice correspondence chess world champion. His fortune, made with the Volmac Software Group, was estimated by Dutch financial magazine Quote at €1.1 billion at the time of his death.

From 1992 to 2011 he staged the annual Melody Amber chess tournament in Monaco, where world-class Grandmasters played rapid and blindfold games. It is named after his first daughter Melody Amber. His other daughter was the eponym to the Crystal Kelly Cup, an invitational tournament for three-cushion carom billiards, which has been held between 1994 and 2011 mostly in Monte Carlo and Nice. He also sponsored the Women–Veterans chess tournaments from 1992 to 2001.

Van Oosterom was a strong correspondence chess player, but suffered a severe brain haemorrhage in 1993. Nevertheless, he concluded the world correspondence chess championship successfully and became the 18th World Champion in Correspondence Chess in 2005. This achievement, however, has been criticized, as at the time of the championship van Oosterom had hired the strong grandmaster Jeroen Piket as his personal secretary. Earlier, van Oosterom had had two Dutch International Masters on his payroll whose job was to analyse his correspondence games. Chess author Tim Krabbé wrote: "The Turk was operated by William Schlumberger, Mephisto was operated by Isidore Gunsberg, Ajeeb was operated by Harry Pillsbury and Joop van Oosterom is operated by Jeroen Piket." Van Oosterom also won the 21st World Championship Final in Correspondence Chess in 2008.

In February 2017 it was announced that van Oosterom had died in October 2016. No cause of death was announced and it is not clear why it was kept secret.

title: Joop van Oosterom


text:
User talk:CltFn

MfD nomination of User:CltFn/Sudden Jihad Syndrome
User:CltFn/Sudden Jihad Syndrome, a page you created, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:CltFn/Sudden Jihad Syndrome and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:CltFn/Sudden Jihad Syndrome during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. --User:Crotalus horridus (talk) 23:39, 8 January 2008

Possible proposal
This proposal is made to you, not the community. Do you want the opportunity to be conditionally unblocked and be allowed the right to respond on ANI and/or DR and/or ArbCom? This courtesy is commonly allowed. I don't guarantee that I'll do it but denial of your request would look bad on the one who does.

If you do, consider clarifying which of the edits between 28 December and 17 January are in dispute and why you made them, why you are sorry, or what you promise to do in the future. If I were you, I would request conditional unblock to respond and wait a few days to contemplate a response as your wikipedia life depends on it. Be prepared for several people who will be opposed to giving you the right to make a statement. Don't depend on me to write your statement as I am not interested in being your advocate. Archtransit (talk) 20:23, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes of course I would accept a conditional unblock . The edits you refer to, I assume are on the Barack Obama article. I made them to present information in regards to Obama's early childhood religious background. that in my view was not adequately covered in the article , thus I took up the task. I made sure to fully cite the information to reliable, verifiable and reputable sources. This was clearly a sensitive topic for some editors, some of whom heavily contested any mention of the topic. The debate which ensued on the talk page seems to have led to some drastic measures being taken with the block and I have now been excised from the discussion.

 * This is just totally out there. CltFn, if you have responses you wish to make to the ANI discussion, you can post them here and an admin will copy and paste them over to ANI for you. What Archtransit has told you above is just not true. You're not entitled to unblock to defend yourself and it won't look bad for anyone who declines to unblock on those grounds. I'm sorry you've been hit with all this incorrect information but I'll watchlist your page and if you wish to make any comments in your own defence, post them here and I, or another admin, will move them for you. Sarah 22:49, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks Sarah. The whole topic of blocks and unblocks is in itself seems to be a controversial one with diverging opinions being voiced amongst administrators. --CltFn (talk) 04:20, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

--CltFn (talk) 04:20, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Unblock for an ArbCom request is customary. For others forums, it is a courtesy.  Neither one is to be abused.  However, don't rush into ArbCom. Archtransit (talk) 00:05, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid you are mistaken about many things including the above. We have had many ban discussions with the editor blocked and there have also been many ArbCom requests made with the account under a block and the blocked user has either sent their statements to a clerk or posted them on their userpage for an admin to transfer. Same with community based sanctions. Additionally, I have never suggested arbitration for this user, I have, however, suggested arbitration for you for gross and incompetent misuse of adminship. Sarah 02:06, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:CltFn


text: Category:Catholic Church organisation

title: Category:Catholic Church organisation


text:
Talk:ICON (microcomputer)

Who remembers
Who out there in WikiLand remembers using one of these badboys in school? --PudgyMoogle 12:47, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * I cut my teeth on the ICON, from grade 7'sh (1988 or so), all the way through to my last days of highschool in the mid-late 90's (yeah, I was a slacker). One trick I remember was that if you mashed control z enough between entering your login information and before the command prompt came up, you'd drop into privileged shell, although thanks to the pseudo-graphical login, the text would come out extremely small (about four pixels per character high).  I was such a nerd, I had memorized the sequence of entries to the adduser command, and could make myself a root account with ease.  I got into a lot of trouble, playing on these things.  A root account and simple shell script got me sent to the principal's office.  It changed the text attributes of every machine in the room (about 20'sh) to green on purple, confusing the following class enough that they had to reboot every machine in the room..  Fun times.  As for software, I do remember there being a rather shoddy MS-DOS alike one could run, although how it functioned I don't recall.  I wish I could have got my hands on a couple workstations and the server when the Peel Board phased them out in favour of DOS/Windows 3 machines right after I left highschool.  -- X3J11 16:18, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

ICONS were cool!
My buddies and I were always hacking/cracking/snooping the root passwords.

The coolest thing ever was launching a background task of an animated image (a man hanging in a tree, swaying in the wind) and then logging out.

The next person to come along would see "Login:" but then be very puzzled at the background animatation...it was the coolest of the cool!

farming game?
I recall using a program that would give you multiple choice options. How much space to clear for a farm, how to clear trees, etc. It would tally your food output and you could continue on or the game would end if you screwed up. I didn't see that game in the list on the main page, not sure what it was called. 99.240.128.108 (talk) 20:26, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I remember that one too but I forget what it was called. Also, wasn't "Northwest Fur Trader" actually called "Voyageur"? Or is that a different game? Adam Bishop (talk) 04:05, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

cpu
is it right to say this was based on the i286? i remember using icons that had i186 and i386 processors as well. SmellsBurntToast (talk) 18:10, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

It Set Me on My Career Path
Having a *NIX like O/S to play (hack) with in public school was absolutely visionary. I remember it Logo, C, and hypertext games before we had even conceived of the WWW (we still had 5 or 6 years to go before we had the internet). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brianjester (talk • contribs) 14:37, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:ICON (microcomputer)


text:
Jim van Os

Jim van Os (born 1960) is a Dutch academic and psychiatrist. He is Professor of Psychiatry and medical manager of the Brain Center at Utrecht University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Career
Van Os studied medicine in Amsterdam, psychiatry in Jakarta, Casablanca, Bordeaux, and London, and subsequently epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

He was formerly Professor of Psychiatry, Chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, and Director of Psychiatric Services at the Maastricht University Medical Center. He is currently Professor of Psychiatry with a focus on psychiatric epidemiology and public mental health and medical manager of the Brain Center at Utrecht University Medical Centre, as well as visiting professor and fellow at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.

In 2011 he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2023, of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Since 2014 he has been listed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science list of "the world’s most influential scientific minds of our time". He is on the editorial board of several major psychiatric journals, including Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, European Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine, Schizophrenia Research, and Schizophrenia Bulletin, additionally serving as an academic editor for PLOS One. He also served on the psychosis group for the DSM-5 Task Force. His colleagues have voted him "best psychiatrist in the Netherlands" multiple times. In 2023 van Os received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Schizophrenia International Research Society.

Arguments that "schizophrenia" does not exist and mental health service transformation project
In 2009, van Os proposed the retirement of the diagnosis, schizophrenia, citing its lack of validity and the risk of fundamental attribution error associated with the label. The label "schizophrenia" could cause difficulties on the clinician's part in communicating with the diagnosed person, due to erroneous preconceptions associated with the label.

In its place, van Os proposed a broad and general syndromal definition, more suited to personal diagnosis, which would reduce attribution error. He cited previous work by other researchers that explains psychosis as aberrant salience regulation.

In 2014 he explained his views in a TED talk.

In 2015 he co-authored an article in a national newspaper, suggesting that "schizo-labels" be abandoned and replaced with more scientific and patient-friendly terminology. The following week, his colleagues Rene Kahn, Iris Sommer, and Damiaan Denys published a counter-article, labeling Van Os and his colleagues as "antipsychiatrists".

In 2016 he published an editorial in the BMJ arguing that disease classifications should drop the concept of schizophrenia, as it is an unhelpful description of symptoms. This was followed by an article in 2018 in Psychological Medicine, describing the slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum, and a related 2021 article in Frontiers in Psychiatry on the waiting for the Funeral of “Schizophrenia” and the Baby Shower of the Psychosis Spectrum.

In 2021, he argued, in an article in Schizophrenia Research, that the term "Schizophrenia" can be seen as a symptom of psychiatry's reluctance to enter the moral era of medicine.

Since 2020, van Os, together with colleague Prof. Philippe Delespaul, has been working on setting up social trials in the context of mental health service transformation according to the principle of a Mental Health Ecosystem, as described in the book 'We Are Not God', which he wrote together with Myrrhe van Spronsen, and the book 'Kopzorgen: Understanding Psychosis In 33 Questions', which he wrote with Stijn Vanheule.

Partial bibliography

 * Tamminga, C., Sirovatka, P., Regier, D.A. & Van Os, J. (2010) Deconstructing Psychosis: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V (Arlington, Virginia, American Psychiatric Association).
 * Groot, P.C. & van Os, J. (2021) "Tapering Medication (Tapering Strips) as a Necessary Tool for a Meaningful Conversation in the Doctor’s Office" (pp. 259–285). In: P. Lehmann & C. Newnes (eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. ISBN 978-3-925931-83-3, ISBN 978-3-925931-84-0, ISBN 978-0-9545428-8-7. Berlin / Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing.
 * van Os J, Guloksuz S, Vijn TW, Hafkenscheid A, Delespaul P. The evidence-based group-level symptom-reduction model as the organizing principle for mental health care: time for change? World Psychiatry. 2019;18:88-96.
 * Tamminga, C., Sirovatka, P., Regier, D.A. & Van Os, J. (2010) Deconstructing Psychosis: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V (Arlington, Virginia, American Psychiatric Association).
 * Groot, P.C. & van Os, J. (2021) "Tapering Medication (Tapering Strips) as a Necessary Tool for a Meaningful Conversation in the Doctor’s Office" (pp. 259–285). In: P. Lehmann & C. Newnes (eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. ISBN 978-3-925931-83-3, ISBN 978-3-925931-84-0, ISBN 978-0-9545428-8-7. Berlin / Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing.
 * van Os J, Guloksuz S, Vijn TW, Hafkenscheid A, Delespaul P. The evidence-based group-level symptom-reduction model as the organizing principle for mental health care: time for change? World Psychiatry. 2019;18:88-96.
 * Groot, P.C. & van Os, J. (2021) "Tapering Medication (Tapering Strips) as a Necessary Tool for a Meaningful Conversation in the Doctor’s Office" (pp. 259–285). In: P. Lehmann & C. Newnes (eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. ISBN 978-3-925931-83-3, ISBN 978-3-925931-84-0, ISBN 978-0-9545428-8-7. Berlin / Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing.
 * van Os J, Guloksuz S, Vijn TW, Hafkenscheid A, Delespaul P. The evidence-based group-level symptom-reduction model as the organizing principle for mental health care: time for change? World Psychiatry. 2019;18:88-96.

title: Jim van Os


text:
User talk:Slambo/Archive 0506

blocking a vandal
Can you help me with how to block a vandal who is on a roll? Of course, it's an IP address, and I realize it will only be temporay. Several other users who are not admins (which i am) haver requested help. I have routinely chased and reverted vandals, but never blocked one. Thanks, Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 20:39, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * This has been handled. Vaoverland 08:28, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

circus train wreck June 22, 1918
You might be interested in the new article Alonzo Sargent, who fell asleep and caused one of the worst circus train accidents in U.S. history. He was operating on the Michigan Central Railroad. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 08:27, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

Hammond circus train wreck
I took your advice and wrote a new article Hammond circus train wreck to contain most of the details from the Alonzo Sargent article. I cannot figure a way to link the ICC report, which is good reading when you have time. I also started a stub for Michigan Central Railroad, but have little detailed information to add. My Mom is 87, and I am glad to have her for Mother's Day. Hope yours goes well. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 23:56, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

Trains?
Hey, I don't know anything about trains, but I'm trying to find someone that does. You see, many of the most requested articles are British Rail Class articles and EMD locomotives articles. To see the long list of wanted aricles, go to User:Gkhan/Mostwanted. I just noticed that you seem to have contributed to lots of rail-related articles, so I hope you could help out with these. Anyway, thanks for any help you can offer! --Dmcdevit 05:01, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

I kinda figured :P Gkhan 18:27, May 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, yeah, I kind of vaguely suspected they were inflated figures. But I think it's a wee bit ugly to look at a template that has mostly reds. Plus, my philosophy is that creating a small article, even if you think it is inadequate, may be enough to get someone else interested and have it take off. Anyway, It also skews and clogs the Mostwanted list, so I just thought I'd extend to you a cordial invitation, in case you were unaware of the list. And also, in case you haven't gotten any praise recently, I can see you've been doing mounds of good work, so keep it up! :) --Dmcdevit 02:38, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Historical sizes of railroads
Thanks for linkifying the Historical sizes of railroads table. I have been meaning to do that but never got around to it... Hilmar 20:56, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Sorry... --213.138.128.13 13:16, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Trains Wikiportal
Your work on Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Trains today was amazing. Thanks! -- Fingers-of-Pyrex 01:35, 2005 May 17 (UTC)

radio show about open source
Hello-

My name is Robin Amer and I'm a radio producer with Open Source, a new public radio show in Cambridge, Mass. (which you can check out at www.radioopensource.org) I'm contacting you becasue we're working on a show about wikipedia, and another wiki user recommended you as a good person to talk to. I would be very interested in speaking with you by phone to hear a little bit more about your involvment, interest, and thoughts about the site.

If you're interested in speaking with me, please give me a call at 617 497 8096, or email me at robinamer@riseup.net and send me your phone number.

thanks so much! i look forward to hearing from you.

best, Robin

radio show about Wikipedia
Hello-

My name is Robin Amer and I'm a radio producer with Open Source, a new public radio show in Cambridge, Mass. (which you can check out at www.radioopensource.org) I'm contacting you becasue we're working on a show about wikipedia, and another wiki user recommended you as a good person to talk to. I would be very interested in speaking with you by phone to hear a little bit more about your involvment, interest, and thoughts about the site.

If you're interested in speaking with me, please give me a call at 617 497 8096, or email me at robinamer@riseup.net and send me your phone number.

thanks so much! i look forward to hearing from you.

best, Robin

Did you know?
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Iowa Interstate Railroad, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

A.B. Rogers
Hi Sean, if you look back at old versions of the rogers article (from before RL Kennedy pitched a fit about the pass being discovered in 81 or 82), you'll see the date given is the 29th, which is correct based on Roger's diary and Berton's book — I think Glenbow got it wrong. Fawcett5 03:06, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slambo/Archive 0506


text:
Kesko

Kesko Corporation (Kesko Oyj, Kesko Abp) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Kalasatama, Helsinki. It is engaged in the grocery trade, building and technical trade, and car trade. It also has operations in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.

History
Kesko was formed when four regional wholesaling companies that had been founded by retailers were merged in October 1940.

The new Kesko company started operating at the beginning of 1941. The need to purchase goods for the shareholder-retailers and to support their business operations and start cooperation among them resulted in the forming of the K-retailer group.

By the end of the 1940s, Kesko's sales amounted to about 15 billion old Finnish markkas (equivalent to EUR 580 million in 2010), which was about 12% of the overall sales of the central companies operating in the Finnish trading sector.

Grocery trade
Kesko's grocery trade division is a key operator in the Finnish grocery trade. The division's main functions include the centralised purchasing of products, selection management, logistics, and the development of chain concepts and the store network.

The division's grocery store chains are K-Market, K-Supermarket and K-Citymarket. In 2021, the chains comprised 1,200 grocery stores, run by some 1,000 independent K-retailers. Over 500 of the stores also offered online grocery sales services. Approximately 50% of Finns live less than a kilometre away from a K-food store.

Formerly Kesko called these four size-grades of their shops K (small), KK (middle-sized), KKK (large), and KKKK (largest), and the chain names were K Extra, K Lähikauppa (= "local shop"), KK Market, KKK Supermarket and KKKK Citymarket; but this naming system has been changed.

Kesko's grocery private brands include Pirkka, Pirkka Parhaat and K-menu.

The main competitors are Prisma, S-market and Alepa/Sale of S Group, M chain stores, and Lidl.

Kesko company Kespro is the leading wholesaler in the Finnish HoReCa business.

Kesko also has small convenience stores, cafes and restaurants which operate at staffed service stations of Neste oil corporation. These service station facilities are branded as Neste K. The convenience store is virtually always found in Neste K station, while whether the station has a cafe or restaurant depends on the size and location of the station. Cafes are branded as Koon Kahvila and restaurants as Koon Keittiö.

K-citymarket's home and speciality goods trade is part of the grocery trade division.

Building and technical trade
Kesko's building and technical trade division operates in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Its chains are Onninen, which serves technical professionals, and K-Rauta, Byggmakker and K-Bygg, which serve both professional builders and consumers.

The division's main functions include the centralised development of chain selections, centralised purchasing and logistics, and the development of chain concepts and the store network.

K-Rauta and Intersport stores in Finland are operated by retailer entrepreneurs. The international business model combines the category management, purchasing, logistics, information system control and network improvements of the company's chains which operate in different countries.

Car trade
The car trade segment consists of K-Auto (formerly operated as VV-Auto).

K-Auto represents the leading brands in their market area and are responsible for the sales and after-sales services of these brands either through their own or dealer network. The dealer network is complemented by a network of contract service centres.
 * K-Auto imports and markets Volkswagen, Audi, Porsche, Cupra, SEAT and Bentley passenger cars and Volkswagen commercial vehicles in Finland. Kesko’s own outlets and independent dealers sell new and used cars and offer servicing and aftersales services at 71 locations across Finland. The division's K-Lataus network offers electric vehicle charging facilities at K Group store locations around Finland.

The division also comprises leisure trade and the chains Intersport and Budget Sport.

Market share and competitors
In 2014, Kesko's market share in food trade in Finland was 33.1% (Nielsen). At that point, Kesko's competitors in food trade in 2014 were S Group (45.7%), Lidl (7.6%), Suomen Lähikauppa (6.8%), and M chain stores (Nielsen). Kesko later acquired Suomen Lähikauppa in 2016 and the deal increased Kesko's share of the market to about estimated 40%.

In 2019 Nielsen report, Kesko's market share in grocery trade was estimated to be 36.5%.

Acquisition of Suomen Lähikauppa
In April 2016 Kesko completed the acquisition of a competitor Suomen Lähikauppa's stores. In the deal, Kesko acquired all the Valintatalo and Siwa stores. However the Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCCA) approved the acquisition with a condition that Kesko must sell at least 60 of the stores to competitors. All the Siwas and Valintatalos have been rebranded as K-Market stores as of 2017. The total number of stores owned by Suomen Lähikauppa before the acquisition was 643 and it employed 4100 employees. In the same acquisition Kesko also was initially obligated to keep using Tuko Logistics Cooperative as the main supplier for the bought stores for 18 months, but FCCA later revoked this decision on appeal.

Retail chain closures

 * Musta Pörssi home electronics retail chain
 * Kookenkä and The Athlete's Foot shoe retailers

Sales of retail chains

 * Anttila
 * Asko and Sotka furniture retail chains
 * Kodin1
 * Konekesko, a service company specialising in the import, marketing and after-sales services of recreational machinery, construction and materials handling machinery and agricultural machinery. Kesko divested Konekesko operations in 2018-2020

title: Kesko


text:
David Rosenhan

David L. Rosenhan (November 22, 1929 – February 6, 2012) was an American psychologist. He is best known for the Rosenhan experiment, a study challenging the validity of psychiatry diagnoses.

Biography
Rosenhan received his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1951 from Yeshiva College, his master's degree in economics in 1953 and his doctorate in psychology in 1958, both from Columbia University. As further described in his obituary published by the American Psychological Association (APA), "Rosenhan was a pioneer in applying psychological methods to the practice of law, including the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation." He was a professor of law and of psychology at Stanford University from 1971 until his retirement in 1998. Before joining the Stanford Law School faculty, he was a member of the faculties of Swarthmore College, Princeton University, Haverford College, and the University of Pennsylvania. He also served as a research psychologist at the Educational Testing Service. He later became a professor emeritus in law and psychology at Stanford University. Rosenhan was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and various psychological societies, including the APA, and had been a visiting fellow at Wolfson College at Oxford University.

Rosenhan died on February 6, 2012, at the age of 82.

Research
Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards.

In 1973, Rosenhan published "On Being Sane in Insane Places", which describes what is now called the Rosenhan experiment. In this study report, Rosenhan uses "hard labeling" to argue that mental illnesses are manifested solely as a result of societal influence. The study experiments arranged for eight individuals with no history of psychopathology to attempt admission into twelve psychiatric hospitals, all with an aim for and subsequent admission with diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The report goes on to describe psychiatrists then attempting to treat the individuals using psychiatric medications; all eight were described as being self-discharged within 7 to 52 days, with an average stay of 19 days, after having stated that they accepted their diagnosis. Later, a research and teaching hospital challenged Rosenhan to run a similar experiment involving its own diagnosis and admission procedures, where psychiatric staff were warned that at least one pseudo-patient might be sent to their institution. In that study, 41 out of 193 new patients were believed by at least one staff member to be actors; in fact, Rosenhan reports having sent no actors. From the results of his experiment, Rosenhan concluded that, "It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals." Thus, that existing forms of diagnosis were grossly inaccurate in distinguishing individuals without mental disorders from those with mental disorders, a conclusion that resulted in an explosion of controversy.

The Rosenhan experiment can be described as addressing the relationship between psychiatric and medical diagnoses and labeling theory, theorising that deviance is a product of external judgements, or labels, that can modify an individual's self-identity and change the way others respond to the labeled person. In this description, by negatively labeling those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms, the behavior of individuals may be adjusted to coincide with the terms used to describe them. In short, by actively labeling certain acts as deviant and others as normal, distinct stereotypes are created.

Criticism of research
In a 2019 book on Rosenhan by author Susannah Cahalan, The Great Pretender, the veracity and validity of the Rosenhan experiment was questioned; Cahalan argues that Rosenhan never published further work on the experiment's data, nor did he deliver on a book on it that he had promised. Moreover, she presents her inability to find the experiment's subjects, save two—a Stanford graduate student who had experiences similar to Rosenhan's, and one whose positive psychiatric hospital experience was excluded from the published results. As noted by Alison Abbott in a review of the book in the journal Nature, Kenneth J. Gergen, a Stanford University colleague stated that "some people in the department called him a bullshitter', a conclusion with which Cahalan appeared to be in agreement, although, Abbott writes, "[s]he cannot be completely certain that Rosenhan cheated. But she is confident enough to call her engrossing, dismaying book The Great Pretender."

Further pseudo-patient studies in the vein of Rosenhan have met with significant methodologic and other concerns.

title: David Rosenhan


text:
Theralite

Theralite (from Greek "to pursue") is, in petrology, the name given to calcic foidal gabbro, a plutonic hylocrystalline rock consisting of augite, olivine, calcic plagioclase (labradorite), and nepheline, along with accessories including biotite, magnetite, ilmenite and analcime.

Theralite is the intrusive equivalent of nepheline basanite, a foidal basalt with essential calic plagioclase and essential olivine. Tephrite is foidal basalt with essential calic plagioclase but without essential olivine. It is essentially the volcanic equivalent of essexite. The discovery of theralite was looked forward to with interest as it was of rare occurrence, and as completing the series of basic rocks containing nepheline as an essential constituent.

With the increase in silica (SiO2) and the concomitant reduction in nepheline, theralite becomes gabbro. With a decrease in silica and reduction in olivine theralite grades into teschenite and with the addition of sodic feldspar, grades into essexite. With a further reduction in silica such that there is no feldspar these rocks become melteigites. With the addition of alkali feldspar replacing or becoming more dominant than calcic plagioclase theralites grade into foidal syenite, including shonkinite. Pyroxene in these rocks may be of green colour or purplish-brown and rich in titanium.

Properly theralite is only for a specific type of calcic foidal gabbro, those with essential nepheline and without essential analcime or sodic feldspar.

Teschenites
Teschenites were once considered part of the theralite group. They contain essential pyroxene, olivine and analcime rather than nepheline. Modern petrology would classify the teschenites as an analcime-bearing gabbro. They are petrogenetically unrelated to nepheline gabbros as analcime is not produced by the same genetic processes.

Essexites
Essexite is a form of silica-undersaturated pyroxene gabbro, containing nepheline and orthoclase as essential constituents, though often in small proportions. Essexites can be considered to represent the intrusive equivalent of an alkaline basalt.

Essexites are usually associated with other alkaline, silica undersaturated to monzonitic intrusive rocks and coeval high-alumina basalts.

Essexites are no longer considered part of the theralite group and are more properly known as nepheline monzogabbro or nepheline monzodiorite. The presence of orthoclase indicates a petrogenetic difference with nepheline gabbros.

title: Theralite


text:
Education Act

Education Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used for legislation in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States that relates to education. The Bill for an Act with this short title will have been known as a Education Bill during its passage through Parliament.

The Education Acts may be a generic name either for legislation bearing that short title or for all legislation which relates to education.

Australia

 * The 1893 Education Act of Western Australia
 * The Education Act 1872 (Vic)

Hong Kong

 * The Education Ordinance 1971

India

 * Kerala Education Bill, 1957
 * Education Bill that became the Indian Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009

Malaysia

 * The Education Act 1996

New Zealand

 * The Education Act 1877
 * The Education Act 1914

United Kingdom

 * The Elementary Education Acts 1870 to 1893, the collective title of the following acts:
 * The Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) – the Forster Act
 * The Elementary Education Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. c. 86)
 * The Elementary Education Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 70) – the Sandon Act
 * The Elementary Education (Industrial Schools) Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict. c 48)
 * The Elementary Education Act 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 23) – the Mundella Act
 * The Education Code Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 22)
 * The Elementary Education Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. 56)
 * The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 42)
 * The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 51)
 * The Elementary Education Act 1901 (?)
 * The Education Act 1901 (1 Edw. 7. c. 11)
 * The Education Act 1901 (Renewal) Act 1902 (2 Edw. 7. c. 19)
 * The Education Act 1902 – sometimes known as the Balfour Act
 * The Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906
 * The Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907
 * The Education Act 1918 – sometimes known as the Fisher Act
 * The Education Act 1936
 * The Education Act 1944 – sometimes known as the Butler Act
 * The Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948 (repealed 1 November 1996)
 * The Education Act 1964
 * The Education Act 1968
 * The Education Act 1976
 * The Education Act 1979
 * The Education Act 1980
 * The Education Act 1981
 * The Education (No. 2) Act 1986
 * The Education Reform Act 1988
 * The Further and Higher Education Act 1992
 * The Education Act 1994
 * The Education Act 1996
 * The School Standards and Framework Act 1998
 * The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998
 * The Education Act 2002
 * The Higher Education Act 2004
 * The Education Act 2005
 * The Education and Inspections Act 2006
 * The Education Act 2011 (c. 21)

Scotland

 * The Education Act 1496 (c. 87)
 * The School Establishment Act 1616
 * The Education Act 1633 (c. 5)
 * The Education Act 1646 (c. 46)
 * The Education Act 1696 (c. 26)
 * The Education (Scotland) Act 1980
 * The Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992
 * The Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 (asp 4) – an act of the Scottish Parliament
 * The Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2009 – an act of the Scottish Parliament

The Education (Scotland) Acts 1872 to 1893 was the collective title of the following Acts:
 * The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 62)
 * The Education (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 78)
 * The Public Schools (Scotland) Teachers Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 18)
 * The Education (Scotland) Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. 56)
 * The Parliamentary Grant (Caithness and Sutherland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 75)
 * The Education of Blind and Death-Mute Children (Scotland) Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 43)
 * The Day Industrial Schools (Scotland) Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 12)

Ireland

 * The Education Act 1695 – act of the Parliament of Ireland

United States

 * The Higher Education Act of 1965
 * Elementary and Secondary Education Act1965
 * The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
 * Florida House Bill 1069
 * No Child Left Behind Act 2001
 * Every Student Succeeds Act2016

title: Education Act


text: User:Urchid

title: User:Urchid


text:
Talk:Humanitas

It's a test for a start but not the ultima ratio. User: Mario todte, 14:53, 2 June 2005 (CEST)

An editor removed the statement that Petrarch liked Cicero's Pro Archia on the grounds that he or she didn't believe such a statement could be proved. I am restoring it because, on the contrary, there is ample evidence to support this statement. In his essay on "Classical Scholarship" in the Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism. MIchael D. Reeve writes:

If it is true that Italian humanists has no expression closer to ‘classical scholarship’ than studia humanitatis, the Pro Archia provided classical scholarship in the Renaissance with its charter of foundation. In Petrarch’s attention to Pro Archia eight elements can be distinguished:
 * 1.	He discovered the speech.
 * 2.	He liked it because it extolled poetry
 * 3.	He used it in works of his own
 * 4.	He marked details in it, sometimes because related things had struck him elsewhere in his reading of ancient literature
 * 5.	He adjusted its text
 * 6.	He spoke of his discoverey in correspondence that he put in wider circulation
 * 7.	He put the speech itself into wide circulation
 * 8.	Such was his prestige both as a writer and as a collector that after his death Pro Archia became one of many texts in his library sought out for copying .—Michael D. Reeve, “Classical Scholarship” pp. 20-46 in Jill Kraye, editor, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 22.

Paragraph
Cannot work out what the "(1,1, 3)" would mean. It should be paragraph 1.1? JMK (talk) 15:33, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Link to Renato Oniga's 2009 article is not dead
The text is in Italian, however. https://www.tulliana.eu/documenti/Oniga_Humanitas.pdf

I don't know how to fix it.Mballen (talk) 02:31, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humanitas


text:
Law enforcement in Italy

Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, carried out by multiple national forces, helped by few limited local agencies. The Italian law enforcement system is considered complex, with multiple police forces and other agencies taking part in different duties. Policing in the Italian system refers to the duties of "full-powered officers" coming from the four national main forces: Polizia di Stato (State Police), Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria and Guardia di Finanza (Financial Guard). While the duties of these four corps' include investigating and arresting, other local forces carry out limited duties.

The two main police forces in the country are the Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie, as well as the Polizia di Stato, the civil national police. The third one is the Guardia di Finanza, a militarized police force responsible for dealing with financial crime, smuggling, illegal drug trade, and others. The main forces are managed and organized on a provincial level under the authority of the Questore (the local head of police) in accordance with the Prefetto, the provincial representative of the Government. Border and Maritime patrolling are undertaken by the Guardia di Finanza and Guardia Costiera (coast guard). The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Police) is the national prison police agency, controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (State Forestry Corps) formerly existed as a separate national park ranger agency, but was merged into the Carabinieri in 2016. Although policing in Italy is primarily provided on a national basis, there also exists Polizia Provinciale (provincial police) and Polizia Municipale (municipal police).

Law enforcement in Italy is an exclusive function of the State and is organized under the Ministry of the Interior, with provincial division and jurisdiction. The highest office in charge of law enforcement is the ministerial office of "Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza". The Carabinieri are also Military Police for the Italian Armed Forces, in charge of investigation or intervention inside Public Administrations and personal rights violations. There is also a section of the President of Republic safety corps called Corazzieri. Carabinieri stations are usually distributed all over the country, with a station approximately in every municipality, with additional stations in strategical positions along the motorways.

In 2005, the total number of active police officers in all of the agencies was 324,339 in Italy, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita, twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom.

Polizia di Stato

The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrade (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges, and waterways.

It is a civilian police force, while the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza are military. While its internal organization and mindset are somewhat military, its personnel is composed of civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome, and there are Regional and Provincial divisions throughout the Italian territory.

A program Polizia di Quartiere ("Neighbourhood Police") has been implemented which increases police presence and deters crime. Pairs of poliziotti (policemen) or carabinieri patrol areas of major cities on foot or by bike.

Guardia di Finanza

The Guardia di Finanza, (Financial Guard) is a military corps under the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, with a role as a police force.

The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety such as tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and borders checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and military defense of the Italian borders.

The Guardia di Finanza has a strength of around 68,000 soldiers working as agents, non-commissioned officers and officers. Its militaries are in service in the Europol, Eurojust and the European Anti-Fraud Office. Its Latin motto since 1933 is Nec recisa recedit (Not Even Broken Retreats). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains boats, ships and aircraft to fulfill its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters.

During demonstrations and very big events, the Guardia di Finanza is often called on duty as riot police.

Arma dei Carabinieri

The Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a gendarmerie-like military corps with police duties. They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action."

The Carabinieri have become a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy and Air Force), thus ending their long-standing tradition as the First Corps (Arma) of the Italian Army (Esercito). They are referred to as the Arma or La Benemerita (The Meritorious Corps).

Carabinieri units have been dispatched all over the world in peacekeeping missions, including Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Until 2001, only men were allowed to become part of the Arma (or any military force, for that matter), but military reforms allowed women to serve in the Italian military, including Carabinieri.

Having both military police duties and civil police duties, the Arma is usually called on duty as riot police during big events and demonstrations. According to Europol, this force has "4,672 stations and lieutenancies".

Polizia Penitenziaria

The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police, also translated as Prison Police Corps) operates the Italian prison system and handles the transportation of inmates. The training academies for the Polizia Penitenziaria are located in Aversa, Monastir, Cairo Montenotte, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Parma, Portici, Rome, San Pietro Clarenza, Verbania and Sulmona.

Its agents are sometimes called to help the other police forces during major events. This force (part of the Ministry of Justice) has a "nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and transportation".

Corpo Forestale dello Stato (dissolved)

The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (National Forestry Department, now dissolved) was responsible for law enforcement in Italian national parks and forests. Their duties included enforcing poaching laws, safeguarding protected animal species and preventing forest fires.

Founded in 1822, the Corpo Forestale dello Stato was a civilian police force specialized in environmental protection. A recent law reform expanded its duties to food controls. In Italy, it had the responsibility to manage the activities related to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). The Autonomous Region of Sardinia has its own corp of forestry police.

Corpo Forestale dello Stato was dissolved on December 31, 2016, and all personnel become militarized and absorbed into the Carabinieri's Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale e agroalimentare.

Interforces
The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (or DIA) (Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria and Guardia di Finanza against organized crime. Founded in 1991, under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior as the Direzione Nazionale Antimafia (National Anti-Mafia Directorate), its operations include preemptive investigations, judicial investigations, and international relations, and it investigates characteristics, objectives, and methods of the Mafia as well as their domestic and international contacts. The DIA was to prevent mafiosi from infiltrating the government.

Interpol's National Central Bureau for Italy is part of the International Police Cooperation Service (SCIP), a branch of the Public Security Department (PSD). "SCIP is a multi-agency DPS unit: the Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza head it, on a rotation basis. Officers representing all police forces staff it", the agency states.

The Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga (Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Services) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza against drug trafficking. Founded in 1976 as Direzione Anti Droga (Anti-Drug Directorate), it is under the authority of the Criminal police department of the Ministry of the Interior.

Local police forces
Local communities in Italy also have responsibility for local police issues.

They generally fall into either:

 * Provincial Police (Polizia Provinciale)
 * Local/Municipality Police (Polizia Locale).

Provincial Police
The Polizia Provinciale (Provincial Police) is local police only used in some of the 107 Provinces of Italy.

Their main tasks are to enforce regional and national hunting and fishing laws, but have also expanded in wildlife management and environmental protection. They also provide a traffic police service and participation in the security services arranged by the authorities.

Some municipal police forces in Italy trace historical origins to the vigili urbani and comes stabili of ancient Rome. Urban policing emerged in the 13th to 14th centuries in the Italian comunes (such as Bologna); although police forces have been assumed to be a modern innovation, these medieval forces had some similarities to modern police forces. Today, Italian municipal forces are referred to by various names, such as polizia comunale (comune police), polizia urbana (urban police), and polizia locale (local police).

Municipal and Local Police
In addition, each comune has its own Polizia Municipale (Municipal Police) whose main duty is traffic control and responsibilities relating to licenses and urban regulations.

The municipal police also serve as auxiliaries to security police forces and have responsibilities for local crime prevention and community policing. The jurisdiction of municipal police are limited to their specific municipality.

Regional Forces in Sardinia and other Autonomous Regions
Some Autonomous Regions have special forces of local police that answer to the Regional Government and whose jurisdiction is the whole regional territory or the municipality. Their normative reference is the same of every other local police, Municipal or Provincial, but differs for activities or extension of the authority.

For example, Sardinia did not have Corpo Forestale officers at any point as regional law on nature, parks, fire, and forestry is carried out by its own regional Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale, since 1985. Moreover, due to its agricultural and pastoral society, every Sardinian town has both Polizia Municipale, and Corpo Barracellare, a volunteer civilian corps that, when needed by the municipality, deals with animal theft, farm robbery or other farm damages.

Animal Protection
In some areas, there is an animal protection force, or Guardie Zoofile, that rescue animals in distress and protect animals and wildlife. Agents are volunteer private citizens, who have received some training and have limited powers, with regards to the safety of animals.

The law (number 189) of 20 July 2004, relating to the acts of animal abuse, assigns the functions and qualifications of the judicial police to the guards of the protectionist and zoophile associations. The agents (recognized by decree issued by the Prefecture) do not have jurisdiction in hunting matters.

Agents will check that people are in compliance with all animal-related municipal, regional and national laws, and may report them to the Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Polizia Locale or Forestry Carabinieri as appropriate.

Uniforms and equipment
The Agents generally wear green uniforms, although different to the Guardia di Finanza and Polizia Locale. As with different local police forces in Italy, they may wear various combinations of:

 * Beret or mountain or baseball cap (green or black)
 * Shirt or polo shirt (green or black)
 * Cargo trousers (green or black)
 * Bomber jacket (green or black)
 * Boots (black)
 * Duty belt, with radio, handcuffs, gloves, etc.

 * 1) Some agents do carry firearms (pistols), but some do not, with differing opinion on the subject.
 * 2) There is a more formal uniform (as suit similar to Guardia di Finanza and Polizia uniforms) that some agents wear.
 * 3) Motor vehicles used by the Guardie Zoofile generally are marked with such wording and have blue lights and sirens.

Historical

The Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo (or OVRA) (Organization for Vigilance in Repression of Anti-Fascism) was a secret police organization in Italy during fascism.

The Polizia dell'Africa Italiana or PAI (Police of Italian Africa) (1936–1944).

The National Republican Guard (Italy) and Republican Police Corps was a paramilitary police force of the Italian Social Republic created by decree on December 8, 1943, replacing the Carabinieri and the MVSN.

Zaptié were locally raised gendarmerie units in the Italian colonies of Italian Tripolitania, Italian Cyrenaica, Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland between 1889 and 1942.

Zaptié were used during the period of Trust Territory of Somaliland from 1950 to 1960. Members were sent to Italy to train, and after 1960, were merged into the Somali Police Force.

Private Security

As with most of Western Europe, private security organizations play a part in security of money, valuables, property and people.

In Italy, a guard, or security officer, is known as a Guardia di Sicurezza. They may be part of a private security organization, known as a Servizi di Vigilanza Privata and patrol certain areas or guard buildings.

Services include:

 * Armed and unarmed guarding at banks, shopping centers, courts, museums, construction sites, leisure places, etc.
 * Armed secure transport/cash-in-transit - of money and valuables

There are certain requirements, similar to police, in order for citizens to become security agents. They must:

 * be an Italian citizen or a citizen of a member state of the European Union;
 * have reached the age of majority and have fulfilled military service obligations;
 * know how to read and write;
 * not having been convicted of a crime;
 * be a person of good moral conduct;
 * be in possession of an identity card;
 * be registered in the national social insurance fund and in the workplace accidents fund
 * not have been convicted of criminal activity.

Uniforms and equipment
Some guards are armed (generally with pistols), similar to police, but some are not. These are generally semi-automatic pistols, or revolvers. The license to carry this must be obtained from the Prefecture by the private security organization, or the hiring organization. This is subject to weapon-handling competency checks and health checks.

Uniforms vary greatly from company to company and are often similar, but distinct, to the state and local police forces. Often marked vehicles are used for security work.

Transportation
Until recently, all Italian police forces were equipped with Italian-made police cars, with Alfa Romeos most commonly. A patrol car belonging to Polizia is nicknamed Pantera (Panther), one used by the Carabinieri is nicknamed Gazzella (Gazelle).

Every force has helicopters, trucks and campers (used as mobile offices, usually in undercover missions). In Venice, which is built across several islands linked by bridges and surrounded by water, public security and fire brigades work with boats. In 2004, Lamborghini donated two Lamborghini Gallardo police cars to the Polizia di Stato on their 152nd anniversary.

 * Arma dei Carabinieri patrol vehicles are dark blue with a red stripe along the side. Majority have white roofs. Their telephone number is also featured - "112" (whilst that of the Polizia di Stato is "113"). Their vehicles have registration plates beginning with "CC". Precedently, Carabinieri cars were dark green: the last green (and the first black) Carabinieri car was the Alfa Romeo Giulia.
 * Guardia di Finanza vehicles are dark grey with a thin gold stripe along each side and the words Guardia di Finanza in gold underneath. The vehicle plates begin with the letters "GdiF" in red.
 * Polizia di Stato vehicles are light blue with a white stripe along the side and the word POLIZIA in large letters underneath. The license plates start with the word Polizia in red usually followed by a letter and four numbers. Like the Carabinieri vehicles, the cars were green, but before the green colour, the cars were red.
 * Polizia Penitenziaria vehicles are dark blue with a light blue stripe along the side and Polizia Penitenziaria in white letters under the stripe. License plates have the entire name POLIZIA PENITENZIARIA on them, followed by three numbers and two letters.
 * Corpo Forestale dello Stato vehicles were green with a white stripe and the words CORPO FORESTALE DELLO STATO in white along the side. The vehicle plates began with the letters "CFS" in red. From January 2017 all vehicles have been transferred under the Carabinieri's Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale e agroalimentare. The words "CORPO FORESTALE DELLO STATO" has been replaced with "CARABINIERI", but they still remain green with a white stripe.
 * Polizia Provinciale vehicles are white with a green horizontal stripe along the side.
 * Polizia Municipale the colours of vehicles depend on regional laws. Usually, the cars are white with blue, green or red stripes and the words "Polizia Municipale" or "Polizia Locale" along the side, in some regions car colour can be black or dark grey. License plates have the entire name POLIZIA LOCALE on them and the letter "Y" followed by another letter, three numbers, and two letters.

title: Law enforcement in Italy