text:
Talk:List of cultural references in the Divine Comedy

Status
This list is more or less complete through Inferno, Canto XXIX (plus scattered later entries). Paul August ☎ 06:05, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Dashes?
Should we use en dashes (–) for date ranges and em dashes (—) instead of hyphens (see dash)? So we would have:

 * Can Grande della Scala (1290–1329) — Ghibelline leader and most probable figure behind the image of the "hound" ("il Veltro") in Inf. I, 101–109.

I know it is more work but it looks better I think. But don't mind me I'm just a silly perfectionist. Paul August ☎ 15:39, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Fine by me. Filiocht | Blarneyman 08:15, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Every proper name?
Do we want to have every proper name referenced? For example I recently added "Camilla", Is this important enough to include? Do we then also want entries for "Nisus", "Turnus" and "Euryalus" referred to in the same passage (Inf. 108)?
 * Given the lack of proper classical education these days, why not? Filiocht | Blarneyman 07:16, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Some changes, and more questions

 * I've made some changes for the sake of consistency (subject to the "Hobgoblin" of my "little mind").
 * I also expanded Troy. Should we perhaps have an entry for "Ilium" which says "see Troy below"?
 * Added. Paul August ☎ 16:47, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Should we begin a sublist under Virgil with more specific line references? Say:
 * Sudden appearance. Inf. I, 61—63
 * The "light and honor of all other poets" (Mandelbaum). Inf. I, 82
 * Dante's inspiration. Inf. I, 85—87
 * Offers to be Dante's guide. Inf. I, 112—114
 * Added. Paul August ☎ 17:13, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if all these are worth listing, especially say the "light and honor" one, but I listed it partially by way of asking another question:

 * How should we handle quotes with regard to translation? Do we want to use a particular translation, which we mention in the lead above? Or use various translations, saying which one as we go?
 * Finally, should we include Augustus, Inf. I, 70, and Saint Peter, Inf I, 133?
 * 1) Yes.
 * 2) Yes.
 * 3) Yes.
 * 4) I've been kind of doing my own translations up to now. If we go with one, I'd propose the Temple Classics version: prose and reasonably literal. Filiocht | Blarneyman 07:41, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Pagan Virgil
Ryan (in Jacoff) notes that the appearance of the pagan Virgil as a guide to the afterworld would have come as a surprise to Dante's medieval (Christian) readership. Worth mentioning? --Theo (Talk) 20:38, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe, although Ryan may be wrong: as mentioned in the list already, Virgil was seen in Dante's day as prefiguring Xtianity and he wrote a poetic account of a descent into hell himself. Filiocht | Blarneyman 07:40, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that I will take this as a 'no'. --Theo (Talk) 13:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * More of a 'maybe', really. Something along the lines of, "Dante's choice of the pagan Virgil as a guide on his voyage of Christian discovery may seem somewhat surprising. However, ..." What do you think? Filiocht | Blarneyman 13:23, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops ... so "maybe" means … "maybe"; that makes sense! I think that it is significant that Dante's contemporary readers may also have been surprised. And I would lose the somewhat. --Theo  (Talk) 20:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Moving
As we seem to have some momentum going, I'm moving the list into the main article namespace. Filiocht | Blarneyman 13:56, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Span
I think that it would be a good plan to move to a span approach to each list entity so that we can cross reference with internal links. For example: ; Abel would allow us to use as an internal link from the Cain entry. --Theo (Talk) 20:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I wish I knew what you meant. Could you do a demo? Filiocht | Blarneyman 07:32, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Check out Glossary for a fine example. --Theo (Talk) 11:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The "id=xyz" would allows for internal links from any other entry to the "xyz" entry by specifying as the link. As an example I've edited the "Troy" entry to have a linkable id, and used it in the "Ilium" entry. I specified it differently than Theo did above, I simple placed  in front of "Troy", leaving out the bolding, not sure if we need that. I think this would be useful. But I don't know how many entries would need it, for now I think we should just add link ids as needed. Also I would propose using the link as I did in "Ilium", with a "see xyz below" or ("see xyz above" as appropriate), instead of say "see xyz", since the reader might naturally think that clicking on "xyz" will go to the "xyz" article, not the "xyz" entry. Paul August  ☎ 13:42, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Consistent line numbers
I've just realized that I have been using line numbers from my translation (Mandelbaum), which for the most part does a line-by-line translation, but sometimes includes the reference in a slightly different line than in the Italian, (fortunately my translation gives the Italian). I've made some edits in the past where I've "corrected" the line numbers which I now realize may have been based on such discrepancies. And of course, other versions may have different line structure as well. The line numbers, to be meaningful, have to refer to a specific line numbering. I presume that there is a standard numbering of the original Italian and we should use that numbering, yes? If so then we should say something about that in the intro. Paul August ☎ 15:06, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been using the Italian line numbering and will add a comment to that effect now. Filiocht | Blarneyman 15:12, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Reality check: how big will this list be?
Has anybody given any thought to the eventual size of this list? We have completed a bit more than the first four of the 34 cantos of the Inferno, and the article is already 24K bytes in size. We are not writing an article, we are writing a tome! Paul August ☎ 18:26, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not wanting to sound silly, but I hope it will get to be as big as it needs. The custom is not to impose size limits on lists, and we look likely to push that custom. Filiocht | Talk 07:21, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not so much worried about customs, rather about technical constraints, are there any? Paul August ☎ 14:22, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * No. If the list gets too long for one article, it gets split into two articles; and so on. A master article can serve as the parent of the child articles. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Be aware, that splitting the article will break the internal links scheme we have been using (spans with id parameters). Considerations of custom and style aside, what (if any) is the maximum physical size of an article? If we are going to be forced to split the article, then it might be good if we considered how we are going to do that (alphabetically? by book and canto?). Paul August ☎ 17:26, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I favour division by book, initially. —Theo (Talk) 23:23, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I favour not splitting. As well as the spans being broken, a number of figures (Virgil, for instance), run across books. Lets just wait and see how big it gets, first. Filiocht | Talk June 28, 2005 07:25 (UTC)
 * Er… Toynbee's Concise Dante Dictionary runs to 568 pages! I recognise that Comedia is only part of Dante's work but… —Theo (Talk) 28 June 2005 11:08 (UTC)

Get rid of "see above" and "see below"?
I was wondering if we should handle the inter-page (i.e. the span id ) links differently. Now we do something like:

 * A: Precedes the letter "B" (see below) in the alphabet.
 * B: Follows the letter "A" (see above).

I think it would be more concise and look and read better if we did the following instead:

 * A: Precedes the letter "B" in the alphabet.
 * B: Follows the letter "A".

The convention would be that the links would point to an entry in the list — if one exists — (e.g. the "B" in the entry for A), otherwise it would point to a WP article (e.g. "alphabet"), with the exception, of course, that the link of entry itself (e.g. the "B" in the entry for B),  points to an article.

The only downside I can see is that without the above 's and below 's, it will be less clear whether a link is an inter-page link or an intra-page link. Thoughts? Paul August ☎ 18:29, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. If we think this is a good idea, I will take care of making all the necessary changes ;-)
 * I thin it's best to differentiate in some way between inter- page and intra-page links. If not this way, how? Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:40, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How about if we make inter-page (I mean intra-page) links bold? And we could include a note to the reader to that affect somewhere? Paul August ☎ 14:23, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And you are volunteering to do this? Brave man. But in pinciple I have no problem with this idea. I'm leaving now, but will finish Inf XI on Monday. Filiocht | The kettle's on 14:29, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes I am (volunteering that is, I don't know about brave). I think it will be worth the effort. But since you seem only lukewarm at best concerning this, I think I will ask Theo to opine. Paul August ☎ 16:12, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Go for it, say I. Assuming you mean that links to other pages are bold, I'm going to start with a couple of new entries. Filiocht | The kettle's on 12:10, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No, Sorry for the confusion, but I miswrote above. I meant to write that intra-page links would be bold, and inter-page links would not. I think this is better since there will be fewer intra-page links, and those are the "special" ones. Would you prefer it the other way round? Or were you just trying to be agreeable ;-) Paul August ☎ 15:13, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreeable? Me? Actually, if you look at B, which I did yesterday, I like it like that. If you're happy, we could do it letter by letter as stuff is added. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:17, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Sorry to be such a fuss-budget, about this, but are you sure that is what you want? I would prefer to have it the other way round. Here are my reasons: Is there some consideration I'm missing? Why do you like it the other way? Anyway If you really want it that way I will be happy to go along, since I am agreeable ;-) — Paul August ☎ 03:51, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The "normal" links on a page are the extra-page (i.e. to another page) ones. These should be displayed normally (i.e not bold). Having these be bold I think, will tend to be confusing to other readers and editors.
 * 2) The "special" links, are the inter-page ones. These are the ones I think that we want to to standout, so as to alert the reader that they are unusual, and that they are links to an entry in the list. This is a common practice in glossaries, and such, where terms used in an entry which are themselves entries are typeset differently to indicate that.
 * 3) There will also be fewer inter-page links, so it will be less work, and will contribute to the "specialness" related to 2 above.
 * P.S. By the way does "Filiocht" mean poetry in Irish? How do you pronounce it? I was at a Boston Wikipedia meetup last night, when I realized I didn't have the first idea how the last syllable might go ;-)
 * Paul, I'm perfectly happy to go with your preferences as your reasoning is so sound. See your talk page re my name. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:27, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice work for a vandal like you. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but I prefer to think of myself as a Visigoth. Paul August ☎ 15:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

"Christ" vs "Jesus"?
We have an entry for "Christ", and we refer to both "Christ" and "Jesus" in various entries, I think this is potentially confusing. Since "Jesus" was his name and "Christ" is a title. I would propose changing the entry from "Christ" to "Jesus", with perhaps a mention of the title. And change all the occurrences of "Christ" to "Jesus", unless there is some particular reason to use the title somewhere. Comments? Paul August ☎ 20:05, October 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fine by me. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Some doubts
Should we put an entry for Florence? While I think it would be nice, I'm a bit scared for the amount of work this would mean (Florence is mentioned literally everywhere in Dante) Aldux 12:55, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be nice, we could reference it as passim. Filiocht | The kettle's on 13:22, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Another possibility would be that I could limit the entry on Florence only with the really important references, that is where Dante's explicitly puts Florence in the center. But to do this I would need to cancel "Guelphs and Ghibellines" so to subsume its entries under "Florence". What do you say of the idea? Aldux 15:12, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Inf. XVII
There are a number of Italian usurers (individuals and families) referred to in this canto: Gianfigliazzi, Ubbriachi, Rinaldo de' Scrovigni, Vitaliano de' Vitaliani, Giovanni Buiamonte de' Bicci. Only Vitaliano is (half) named. Do we need to include these people? Knowing who they were adds nothing to the understanding of the poem. Filiocht | The kettle's on 15:53, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * If they are at all famous in there own right (I didn't find any of them on Wikipedia), then we should probably include them, otherwise I don't think they are necessary. Especially as I am worried about the length of the list, (this also explains my editing for concision ;-). I'd be interested to know what Aldux thinks. Paul August ☎ 16:27, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion the last three should be included, since they were eminent members of key families of Florentine and Paduan bankers and politicians. Especially Reginaldo Scrovegni should be remembered if only for being the father of Enrico Scrovegni, the comissioner of the undisputed peak of 14th century art, the Scrovegni chapel (1304-06) Aldux 18:03, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose the real question is about the ones who are not actually named. I'll add Vitaliano de' Vitaliani now, but the others seem a bit much. Filiocht | The kettle's on 12:34, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I can add them, if no one's against. Aldux 11:48, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

The links
The links need to direct the reader to the appropriate Wikipedia article, for more information. Many of the "L' links, for instance, are circular within this page. No use to the reader. Minor figures only remembered through their appearance in the Commedia shouldn't be redlinked, but bolded and treated fully right here in a brief paragraph. Perhaps with a redirect List of cultural references in The Divine Comedy. If more is eventually required, then a separate article can always be made. --Wetman 10:05, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wetman: The linking scheme that has been adopted by the editors of this article (see Span and Get rid of "see above" and "see below"? above), is as follows. Each list entry, which has its own article is (of course) linked to. Any reference to that entry in another entry is made a boldface (to distinguish it from normal inter page links) intra-page link (what I think you are calling "circular") to that entry. I think this is actually quite helpful to the reader, since the information contained for that entry on this page is particularly relevant. So for example, the entry for "Abel" mentions "Limbo", which is a boldface link, which indicates that there is also an entry for "Limbo" in the list. Following that link will take the reader to the entry for "Limbo" on this page which has specific information pertaining to The Divine Comedy. If the reader wants more general information, then following the "Limbo" link at the "Limbo" entry will take the reader to the "Limbo" article. Does this make sense? Paul August ☎ 19:36, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I'm getting it... --Wetman 07:14, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Wetman's suggestion that: minor figures only remembered through their appearance in the Commedia shouldn't be redlinked, but bolded and treated fully right here in a brief paragraph, makes a lot of sense to me, especially for those for whom there is nothing more (than what is written here) to be said about them. Paul August ☎ 19:36, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Each such minor figure might have a redirect to List of cultural references in The Divine Comedy in order to forward them here. Might such figures be bolded where they occur alphabetically in the list, to indicate that a redirect redirects there? In most browsers that gives them an equivalent prominence, though black not blue. --Wetman 07:14, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Good job deleting that category, guys
Well, that was really well done deleting that category. I notice that Rudolph I of Germany was in the category, but isn't listed here. Who knows how much other similar information may have been lost. I would add that being mentioned in the Divine Comedy is traditionally considered quite a significant attribute. It is usually mentioned in encyclopedia entries about people, and the light Dante throws on the person is usually discussed. But apparently a category on this subject needs to be deleted because it's just like having a category about people mentioned on The Simpsons. Good job, everyone. john k 17:06, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Malebranche
I am preparing an University exam about Dante's Inferno and making quite deep studies on that. On the books I have (La Divina Commedia by Bosco-Reggio, Le Monnier 1988, and Inferno di Dante by Vittorio Sermonti, Rizzoli 2001 and these two books list an extensive bibliography each) that is not mentioned. Moreover it says that some critics tried to combine names of Black hguelphs families to the names of the devils. The only correspondence was Rubicante to Cante Gabrielli da Gubbio, the podestà of Florence who signed the exhile act for Dante. I can go on and on... I just wrote a pege on italian wikipedia I Malebranche where all those names where analized, they are quite funny. Some times they are similar to some family names (Malebrance, Raffacani, Rubaconte) but these are florentine or Tuscan families, not just from Lucca, and this can apply only to some devils, other are taken fro popular devil-characters (Alichino from French Hallequin, Farfarello from a kind on follet), others are invented by Dante. Sometimes also books gets wrong, but comparing as many as possible we can try to get a more valid idea. Cheers --Sailko 13:48, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the removal of the reference to Lucca. Paul August ☎ 19:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Image reorganization
Before I go ahead and do this for the rest of the sections, I'd like some input. Would it be a Good Idea to move the images to the right of the subject they depict? I've already done it for "C". Frotz 06:56, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No, the spacing is better otherwise. Paul August ☎ 20:40, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Islam & Judaism
I'm trying to remember where adherents of other religions generally fit into Dante's scheme. Moses among the virtuous pagans and Mohammed among the heretics has a certain logic (but Saladin is with the former...) but where do later Jews end up? Sparafucil (talk) 06:57, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Untranslated Italian phrases
There are quotes in Italian from the original text here and there in the article that go untranslated. Sometimes they are apparently quite important to the reference and sometimes makes up most of the text. " Dante tells him that ." I don't speak Italian myself, so am unable to translate. --Mickel (talk) 09:44, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any untranslated Italian in this article. I also don't find "Dante tells ..." anywhere either. Can you please give specific locations? Paul August ☎ 15:21, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Arnaut Daniel ?
No entry for the troubadour Arnaut Daniel ? In Purgatorio XXVI Guido Guinicelli describes Arnaut as the "miglior fabbro". Similar praise is found in Ezra Pound's criticism. Seems to me he merits inclusion. 98.30.36.15 (talk) 13:22, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * See "Status" at the top of this page


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Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway

The Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway emerged from the 1877 re-organization of the Atlanta and Richmond Air Line Railway. Later, in 1894, it became part of the Southern Railway. It was finally merged into the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1996.

The line is currently used by Amtrak's Crescent service, previously known as the Southern Crescent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway


text:
User:Kita-boo

hey lisha

title: User:Kita-boo


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BNSF Line

The BNSF Line is a Metra commuter rail line operated by the BNSF Railway in Chicago and its western suburbs, running from Chicago Union Station to Aurora, Illinois through the Chicago Subdivision. In 2010, the BNSF Line continued to have the highest weekday ridership (average 64,600) of the 11 Metra lines. While Metra does not refer to its lines by particular colors, the BNSF line's color on Metra timetables is "Cascade Green," in honor of the Burlington Northern Railroad.

As of April 29, 2024, the public timetable shows 91 trains (44 inbound, 47 outbound) on the BNSF Line on weekdays. Of these, 32 inbound trains originate from, one from , nine from , and two from. Five outbound trains terminate at Brookfield, eight at Fairview Avenue, three at, and the rest at Aurora. Weekend and holiday service consists of 36 trains (18 in each direction), with trains making all stops from Union Station to Aurora, save for a morning and afternoon inbound express train and an afternoon outbound train that run express from Union Station to Downers Grove Main Street.

Bike cars are available on weekday trains #1212 (leaves 5:29 A.M.,) #1252 (leaves 9:04 A.M.,) and #1284 (leaves 5:04 P.M.) inbound from Aurora, and trains #1217 (leaves 7:33 A.M.,) #1239 (leaves 3:10 P.M.,) and #1283 (leaves 6:50 P.M.) outbound to Aurora.

Bike cars are available on weekend trains #2002 (leaves 6:20 A.M.) and #2012 (leaves 10:20 A.M.) inbound from Aurora, and trains #2003 (leaves 8:40 A.M.) and #2013 (leaves 2:40 P.M.) outbound to Aurora.

The line is operated by BNSF under a "purchase of service agreement" with Metra, inherited from Burlington Northern. While Metra owns all rolling stock, the management and crews are BNSF employees. BNSF is the owner of the right-of-way, controls the line and handles dispatching from corporate headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. Metra imposes a 70 mph maximum allowed speed for passenger trains. The BNSF Line may be the only Metra commuter line that operates via purchase-of-service agreements as of 2024 due to the Union Pacific Railroad announcing its intentions to transfer the operations and supplying of commuter trains to the Metra system itself for the routes originating from the Ogilvie Transportation Center.

History
The railroad between Chicago and Aurora was constructed in 1864 by the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, which evolved into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The CB&Q operated the commuter service until the railroad merged into the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1970. Burlington Northern merged with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1995 to form the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, which would later rename itself to BNSF Railway.

When the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) began subsidizing Chicago's commuter rail operations in 1974, Burlington Northern continued to operate its line under contract to the RTA. This arrangement continued when the RTA organized its commuter rail lines under the RTA Commuter Rail Division in 1983, later rebranded as Metra in 1985.

Today, the triple-track line is one of the busiest rail corridors in the United States. In addition to the 91 Metra trains that currently use the line, BNSF freight trains frequent the line at all hours. Amtrak's Southwest Chief, California Zephyr, and Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg use the line as well, making an intermediate stop at. The Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg services also stop at. Rail fans have coined the line as the "BNSF Racetrack".

The station at South Austin Boulevard and West 29th Street in Cicero was closed on April 1, 2007 due to low ridership and its dilapidation. In the months before its closure, it was used by about 50 passengers a day.

Kendall County extension
There have been proposals to extend service west into Kendall County, which as of 2020 is outside the RTA's service area. Potential new stations would be built in Montgomery, Oswego, Yorkville, Plano, and Sandwich, Illinois. The Plano station would be located over 1 mile west of the CB&Q Depot currently used by Amtrak's Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg trains.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined 7% from 16.7 million to 15.5 million passengers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 3,659,617 passengers in 2020.

Rolling stock
The BNSF Line's locomotive fleet consists of the EMD F40PH-3 and the EMD F40PHM-3. Until 2012, some MPI MP36PH-3S locomotives (401-405) also operated on the line; however, they were reassigned to the Milwaukee lines and the North Central Service due to operating difficulties. Passenger cars include Gallery Cars from Pullman (Bike Car), Budd, Morrison-Knudsen/Amerail, and Nippon Sharyo.

title: BNSF Line


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Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire.

History
In the Caribbean, England colonised the islands of St. Kitts and Barbados in 1623 and 1627 respectively, and later, Jamaica in 1655. In these islands and England's other Caribbean colonies, white colonists would gradually introduce a system of slave-based labor to underpin a new economy based on cash crop production.

French Institution of Slavery
In the mid-16th century, slaves were trafficked from Africa to the Caribbean by Europeans. Originally, white European indentured servants worked alongside enslaved Africans in the Americas. Francois Bernier, who is considered to have presented the first modern concept of race, published his work “A New Division of the Earth according to the Different Species or Races of Men Who Inhabit It” in 1684, over 100 years after slaves were brought to the "New World" (the Americas). As of 1778, French slave trade transported approximately 13,000 Africans as slaves to the French West Indies each year. Slavery had been active in French colonies since the early 16th century; it was first abolished by the French government in 1794, whereupon it was replaced by forced labour before being reinstated by Napoleon in 1802. The French slave trade ran along a triangular route, wherein ships would travel from France to colonized African countries, and then to the Caribbean colonies. The triangular setup was intentional, as France aimed to bring the African laborers to the New World, where their labor was of higher value because of the natural and cheap resources cultivated from the land, and then bring the product back to France. In French, the commerce triangulaire referred to this Atlantic economy based on the trafficking of slaves from Africa.

In France, the slaving interest was based in Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, and Le Havre during the years 1763 to 1792. The men involved defended their business against the abolition movement of 1789. They were merchants who specialized in funding and directing cargoes of stolen Black captives to the Caribbean colonies, which had high death rates. Caribbean plantations relied on a continuous supply of newly trafficked slaves. Slaveholding plantation owners were strongly opposed to the application of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to Black people. While they ridiculed the slaves as "dirty" and "savage", they often took a Black mistress (an enslaved woman forced into sexual services). The French government paid a bounty on each captive sold to the colonies, which made the business profitable and patriotic.

Slave trade
Slaves, wealth and goods were moved in an insular, unidirectional fashion to the exclusive benefit of Europe. In fact, the French had a policy called “the Exclusif” (exclusive in English), requiring French colonies to only sell exports to France and purchase imported goods from France. This promoted the concept of “centripetal trade” in which all profit and capital spread amongst the American colonies eventually circulated back into the hands of European powers. The trafficking of slaves was just one fraction of the mercantilist economy. In addition, Europeans brought “pacotille” or “cheaply made European goods” to trade with Africans. This often took the form of colonial products such as sugar, rum, tobacco, coffee, or indigo. Thus African leaders, who themselves were in control of selling African captives with Europeans, did not retain the wealth they acquired in the trafficking of slaves. Rather they were the targeted customers of poorly-made pacotille. Their profits from the trafficking in slaves then circled back to manufacturers in Europe, just as the Exclusif had intended.

The French trans-Atlantic trafficking of slaves has qualities of both an economy of trade and traite. Many historians consider the trafficking in slaves to be “an economy of trade according to “rational” sets of prices, and not as a pure extraction of theft of Africans from Africa by Europeans.” Indeed, the victims of chattel slavery became commodities, given a “rational” price tag. At the time the Dictionnaire universel was written the cost of a slave in a French colony was £19. While this is a somewhat arbitrary number, from an economic standpoint, this is an example of trade in the sense that goods of “similar” value were exchanged. However, the Europeans purchasing slaves directly from Africa bought them for about half the price of slaves in the "New World" with the thought that slaves in Africa did not have environmental factors or technology to be as efficient as slaves in the colonies. Examples of slave prices in Africa include 172 cowries, 1/25 of a horse, and 9000 pounds of sugar. The relativity of the price of a slave contributed to the centripetal force of triangular trade. It drew profits for merchants who bought the same slaves in Africa from Africans for a low cost and then upticked the price for Europeans in the American colonies. While the exchange itself might be considered trade, the power of Europeans to monopolize the trading and trafficking in slaves and control the market poses a strong confounder to the situation, pointing the trans-Atlantic trafficking of slaves from Africa to also be an economy of traite.

General overview
The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia and Dominica were the first important slave societies of the Caribbean, switching to the institution of slavery by the end of the 17th century as their economies converted from tobacco to sugar production, and as mercantilism became the dominant economic system in Europe. The mercantilism model limited imports and highly valued exports, which largely drove imperial efforts across Europe by utilizing slave labor in order to produce cheap goods to be sold at higher market prices upon their return to Europe. By the middle of the 18th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans.

The death rates for Black slaves in these islands were higher than birth rates. The decrease averaged about 3 percent per year in Jamaica and 4 percent a year in the smaller islands. The diary of slaveowner Thomas Thistlewood of Jamaica details violence against enslaved people, and constitutes important historical documentation of the conditions for enslaved people from the Caribbean.

For centuries the institution of slavery made sugarcane production economical. The low level of technology made production difficult and labor-intensive. At the same time, the demand for sugar was rising, particularly in Great Britain. The French colony of Saint-Domingue quickly began to out-produce all of the British islands combined. Though sugar was driven by slavery, rising costs for the British made it easier for the British abolitionists to be heard. Sugar thus became inherently linked to the institution of slavery, and the link was publicized specifically in abolition and anti-sugar movements, but was understood by many French citizens. Voltaire, for example, wrote of a sighting of a maimed slave in Candide, writing: "C'est à ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe" ("this is what it costs for you to eat your sugar in Europe").

In addition to sugar, France additionally capitalized on "pacotille," or cheap goods such as rum, tobacco, coffee and indigo. These cheap products were brought from Europe and traded to African elites in exchange for enslaved people. Profiting from "pacotille" was another method of perpetuating the mercantilism economic model.

Anglo-American institution of slavery
The system of African slavery that developed in the Lesser Antilles was an outgrowth of the demand for sugar and other crops. As part of Oliver Cromwell's Western Design, the English captured several Spanish colonial possessions in the West Indies, most prominently Jamaica, which was invaded and occupied in 1655. Colonists soon transformed Jamaica into a center of the Atlantic slave trade.

In 1640 the English began sugar production with the help of the Dutch. This started the Anglo-American plantation societies which would later be led by Jamaica after it was fully developed. At its peak production between 1740 and 1807 Jamaica received 33% of the total slaves who were trafficked in order to keep up its production. Other crops besides sugar were also cultivated on the plantations. Tobacco, coffee, and livestock were all produced as well using slave labor. Sugar, however, stands out most prominently due to its exorbitant popularity during the time period and the dangers of its production, which claimed the lives of many slaves.

England had multiple sugar colonies in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of sugar to Europe and North America; indentured and slave labor produced the sugar. English involvement in slavery increased as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht, which was signed in 1713. During the negotiations of the treaty, of special importance was the successful secret negotiation with France to obtain a 30-year monopoly on selling African slaves in the Spanish Empire, known as the Asiento de Negros. Queen Anne of Great Britain also allowed her North American colonies like Virginia to make laws that promoted the institution of slavery. Anne had secretly negotiated with the French government to get its approval regarding the asiento, since it had previously been awarded to France to the benefit of French merchants. The British government gave the asiento to the newly-formed South Sea Company. Most of the trafficking of slaves by the South Sea Company involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to British colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen Anne "22.5% (and King Philip V, of Spain 28%) of all profits [from the asiento] collected for her personal fortune." Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships."

Slaves incoming to the Anglo-American colonies were at high risk both mentally and physically. The Middle Passage alone accounted for roughly 10% of all deaths of trafficked African people. Some experts believe that one out of every three slaves died before ever reaching their African port of departure. The majority of slaves in English and later British colonies originated from Western Central Africa. The conditions suffered by slaves during the voyages were extraordinarily harsh. Slaves were placed in close quarters, fed barely enough to keep them alive, and oftentimes they fell victim to diseases contracted prior to the voyage. The slaves would not see sunlight during this period. They were prone to both weight loss and scurvy. The living and working conditions in the Lesser Antilles were excruciating for the slaved who were brought in to work the sugar plantations. The average lifespan of a slave after "adjusting" to the climate and environmental conditions of Jamaica was expected to be less than two decades. This was due to their limited familiarity and immune defense against the diseases and illnesses present in Jamaica. Disease decimated incoming slave populations. Attempts were made to help curtail the problem, but ultimately were fruitless.

To help protect their investments, most slave owners would not immediately give the hardest tasks to the newest slaves. Slave owners would also set up a walled area away from the veteran slaves in order to stymie the spread of disease. These areas would contain 100–200 slaves at any time. Later, after new slaves had been purchased, they would be placed into the care of older and more experienced slaves who were already accustomed to the plantations in hopes of increasing their chances for survival. Examples of tasks assigned to new slaves include planting and constructing buildings.

Sugar production in the Lesser Antilles was a very grisly business. On Jamaica from 1829 to 1832 the average mortality rate for slaves on sugar plantations was 35.1 deaths per 1000 enslaved people. The most dangerous part of the sugar plantation was the cane planting. Cane planting during this era consisted of clearing land, digging the holes for the plants, and more. Overseers used the whip in an attempt to both motivate and punish slaves. The slaves themselves were also working and living with barely adequate nourishment and in times of hard work would often be starved. This contributed to low birth rates and the extremely high mortality rates for the slaves. Some experts believe that the average infant mortality at plantations to be 50% or even higher. This extremely high rate of infant mortality meant that the slave population that existed in the Lesser Antilles was not self-sustaining, thus requiring a constant importation of new slaves. Living and working conditions on non-sugar plantations was considered to be better, however, only marginally.

Abolition

The institution of Black slavery was first abolished by the French Republic in 1794, but Napoleon revoked that decree in 1802. On March 29, 1815, Napoleon abolished the slave trade but the decree did not come into effect until 1826. France re-abolished the institution of slavery in its colonies in 1848 with a general and unconditional emancipation. William Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the trafficking of slaves in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution was finally abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside £20 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves any reparations.

The colony of Trinidad was left with a shortage of labour. This shortage became worse after the abolition of the institution of slavery in 1833. To deal with this, plantation owners on Trinidad transported indentured servants from the 1810s until 1917. Initially Chinese people, free West African people, and Portuguese people from the island of Madeira were imported, but they were soon supplanted by Indian people who started arriving from 1845. Indentured Indians would prove to be an adequate alternative for the plantations that formerly relied upon slave labour. In addition, numerous former slaves migrated from the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad to work.

In 1811 on the island of Tortola in the British Virgin Islands, Arthur William Hodge, a wealthy slaveholder, plantation owner and Council member, became the first person to be hanged for the murder of an enslaved person.

In 1833, the British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act, permanently abolishing the instutiton of slavery in Britain's overseas colonies. The Act also stipulated that all formerly enslaved people would undergo a system of apprenticeship whereby they would work for their former owners for a period of time; how long this would last would be up to the government authorities in each British colony. On 1 August 1834 in Trinidad, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Black people being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new apprenticeship laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish "apprenticeship" was passed and de facto freedom was achieved. This made Trinidad the first British colony with a slave population to completely abolish the institution of slavery. The successful resistance of the implementation of the full six-year term of the Apprenticeship system and Abolition of Slavery in Trinidad was marked by ex-slaves and free people of colour joining in celebrations through the streets in what became known as their annual Canboulay celebrations. This event in Trinidad influenced full emancipation in the other British colonies which was legally granted two years ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838.

After Great Britain abolished the institution of slavery, it began to pressure other nations to do the same. France abolished the institution of slavery in 1848, in its colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Réunion.


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Tewaaraton Award

The Tewaaraton Award is an annual award for the most outstanding American college lacrosse men's and women's players, since 2001. It is the lacrosse equivalent of football's Heisman Trophy. The award is presented by The Tewaaraton Foundation and the University Club of Washington, D.C.

Lacrosse is the oldest sport played in North America and the award honors the Native American heritage of lacrosse in the name of its award, "Tewaaraton," the Mohawk name for their game and the progenitor of present-day lacrosse. The Tewaaraton Award has received the endorsement of the Mohawk Nation Council of Elders. Each year, the award recognizes one of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy: the Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribes.

Trophy
The award winners each receive a trophy of a bronze sculpture depicting a Mohawk native playing lacrosse. It was designed and created by Frederick Kail with the assistance of Thomas Vennum, Jr., a Native American lacrosse historian and author.

Replicas of the trophy are given to the winners each year. The original castings of the trophy are part of a permanent collection and are currently on display at the University Club of Washington, D.C.

Nomination and selection process
Players are nominated for the award by coaches, and winners chosen by selection committees made up of coaches.

In addition to recognizing the top men’s and women’s collegiate lacrosse players, the Tewaaraton Award in the past has also recognized the High School All-Tewaaraton team for both boys and girls lacrosse. This was a regional team which was composed of the best players from both private and public schools in the Maryland, Washington, D.C., and Virginia area. Although no such list has been released since 2010 and there is no mention of it on either the Tewaraaton Awards website nor the University Club of Washington, D.C.'s website.

Ceremony
Each year the ceremony takes place at the National Museum of the American Indian. Anyone can purchase a ticket to attend the ceremony.

USILA versus Tewaaraton
There is debate in the lacrosse community as to whether the Tewaaraton Award is an outstanding player award or whether it should be called a postseason award. The controversy stems from the fact that the award is usually given to a male player who plays well during the season-ending NCAA tournament and from a team which is the winner or runner up in the NCAA Tournament. The Lt. Raymond Enners Award is the USILA Outstanding Player of the Year Award selected by the NCAA coaches, and the Tewaaraton Award recipient was not the same as the Raymond Enners Award recipient in 5 out of the first 11 years that the Tewaaraton was awarded. Since then, the two awards have agreed almost exactly; in each season but one from 2012 through 2022, both awards were won by the same individual. The only exception in this span was in 2014, when the Enners Award went to one of the two brothers who shared the Tewaaraton Award.

Notable Achievements

 * 2014 was the first year that the award was given to a Native American player. It is also the first, and so far only time the award has been given to two players to share: Lyle Thompson and Miles Thompson, who are both part of the Onondaga Nation, won the award that year.
 * In 2016, Taylor Cummings became the first and so far only three-time recipient of the award.

Tewaaraton Legend Award
Since 2011, the Tewaaraton Legend Award has been presented to one recipient each year who played collegiately prior to 2001 when the first Tewaaraton Award was presented, whose performance during their college years would have earned them a Tewaaraton Award had the award existed when they played. All awardees received the Enners Award when they played except for Jim Brown and Jimmy Lewis whose playing days preceded the first Enners Award in 1969. In 2016, the foundation began presenting both a men's and women's Legend Award.

Spirit of Tewaaraton
The Spirit of Tewaaraton is presented each year to an individual who has contributed to the sport of lacrosse in a way that reflects the spirit of the values and the mission of the Tewaaraton award. The award was first presented in 2003. Although there have been some years it was not presented, it has been presented each year since 2012 with the exceptions of 2020 and 2021.

Native American Scholarship Program
Since 2006, The Tewaaraton Foundation has given over $130,000 in scholarships to Native American high school lacrosse players through its Tewaaraton Native American Scholarships program. The $10,000 scholarships are awarded annually on a highly competitive basis to one Native American female and one Native American male lacrosse player who are enrolled members of a U.S. tribe. All awards are not only based on the student's athletic performance, but also on their merit, academic achievement, and ambition.

title: Tewaaraton Award


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Bruce Webster

Bruce F. Webster is an American academic and software engineer. He is a principal at Bruce F. Webster & Associates and an adjunct professor in computer science at Brigham Young University.

Early life and education
Webster received a full National Merit Scholarship to study computer science at Brigham Young University, graduating in 1978 with a bachelor's degree. He went on to work in computer science at the University of Houston-Clear Lake in Houston, Texas.

Career
Webster has written over 150 articles on the computer industry and software development. He has also written four books on information technology (IT) issues, including The NeXT book, Pitfalls of Object-Oriented Development, The Art of ‘Ware, and The Y2K Survival Guide, and contributed to two others. He authored PricewaterhouseCoopers' 2000 white paper, Patterns in IT Litigation: System Failure. He also wrote for two years as an IT management columnist for Baseline.

In the 1980s, Webster wrote articles and columns for BYTE and Macworld, and taught computer science at Brigham Young University. In the 1990s, he went on to help found another software startup, Pages Software Inc., where he served as Chief Technical Officer and chief software architect for five years. He then served as Chief Technical Officer at Object Systems Group (now OSG), reviewing troubled corporate IT projects, and subsequently worked as a Director at PricewaterhouseCoopers (ibid). He has run his own consulting firm since 2001. Since 2017 he has also served as an adjunct professor for the BYU Computer Science Department, teaching a senior-level class on real-world software engineering.

Webster was co-designer and principal programmer of the original Apple II version of SunDog: Frozen Legacy, a real-time space trading and combat game released in 1984. SunDog was cited in late 2022 by Todd Howard of Bethesda Game Studios as one of his inspirations for their forthcoming science-fiction open world game Starfield.

Personal life
Webster currently resides in Provo, Utah, with his wife Sandra. He has been a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints since 1967 and has played an active role in the church.

title: Bruce Webster


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Red pill and blue pill

The red pill and blue pill are metaphorical terms representing a choice between learning an unsettling or life-changing truth by taking the "red pill" or remaining in the contented experience of ordinary reality with the "blue pill". In Freudian psychology, the corresponding principles are the reality principle and the pleasure principle. The pills were used as props in the 1999 film The Matrix.

In The Matrix
In the film The Matrix, the main character Neo (played by Keanu Reeves) is offered the choice between a red pill and a blue pill by rebel leader Morpheus (played by Laurence Fishburne). Morpheus says "You take the blue pill... the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill... you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes." It is implied that the blue pill is a sedative that would cause Neo to think that all his most recent experiences were a hallucination, so that he can go back to living in the Matrix's simulated reality. The red pill, on the other hand, serves as a "location device" to locate the subject's body in the real world and to prepare them to be "unplugged" from the Matrix.

Neo takes the red pill and awakens in the real world, where he is forcibly ejected from the liquid-filled chamber in which he has obliviously been lying. After his rescue and convalescence aboard Morpheus's ship, Morpheus shows him the true nature of the Matrix: a detailed computer simulation of Earth at the end of the 20th century (the actual year, though not known for sure, is suggested within the original movie to be approximately 200 years later, though it is revealed through sequels The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Animatrix that at least 700 years have passed). It has been created to keep the minds of humans docile while their bodies are stored in massive power plants, their body heat and bioelectricity consumed as power by the sentient machines that have enslaved them.

Later Matrix films
In a 2012 interview, Matrix director Lana Wachowski said: ""

In the 2021 film The Matrix Resurrections, the Analyst uses blue pills to keep Neo's true memories suppressed in the guise of therapy sessions. Later, Neo takes another red pill before being freed from the Matrix once again by Bugs and her crew. In Trinity's case, she does not have to take the red pill again because of the way that Sati is freeing her from the Matrix. The red pills also allow friendly programs to leave the Matrix, as seen with the program version of Morpheus.

Analysis
An essay written by Russell Blackford discusses the red and blue pills, questioning whether if a person were fully informed they would take the red pill, opting for the real world, believing that the choice of physical reality over a digital simulation is not so beneficial as to be valid for all people. Both Neo and another character, Cypher (Joe Pantoliano), take the red pill over the blue pill, though later in the first Matrix film, the latter demonstrates regret for having made that choice, saying that if Morpheus fully informed him of the situation, Cypher would have told him to "shove the red pill right up [his] ass." When Cypher subsequently makes a deal with the machines to return to the Matrix and forget everything he had learned, he says, "Ignorance is bliss." Blackford argues that the Matrix films set things up so that even if Neo fails, the taking of the red pill is worthwhile because he lives and dies authentically. Blackford and science-fiction writer James Patrick Kelly feel that The Matrix stacks the deck against machines and their simulated world.

Matrix Warrior: Being the One author Jake Horsley compared the red pill to LSD, citing a scene where Neo forms his own world outside of the Matrix. When he asks Morpheus if he could return, Morpheus responds by asking him if he would want to. Horsley also describes the blue pill as addictive, calling The Matrix series a continuous series of choices between taking the blue pill and not taking it. He adds that the habits and routines of people inside the Matrix are merely the people dosing themselves with the blue pill. While he describes the blue pill as a common thing, he states that the red pill is one of a kind, and something someone may not even find.

Literary and philosophical allusions
The Matrix, and its sequels, contain numerous references to Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1872 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The Alice in Wonderland metaphor is made explicit in Morpheus's speech to Neo, with the phrases "white rabbit" and "down the rabbit hole", as well as the description of Neo's path of discovery as "Wonderland". The concept of the red and blue pills has also been speculated to be a reference to the scene in Alice in Wonderland where Alice finds a cake labelled "Eat Me" and a potion labelled "Drink Me": eating the cake makes Alice grow to an enormous size, while drinking the potion makes her tiny.

The Matrix also makes references to historical myths and philosophy, including gnosticism, existentialism, and nihilism. The central concept of the film has been compared to Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Zhuangzi's "Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly", René Descartes's skepticism and evil demon, Kant's reflections on the Phenomenon versus the Ding an sich, Robert Nozick's "experience machine", the concept of a simulated reality and the brain in a vat thought experiment.

The Wachowskis asked star Keanu Reeves to read three books before filming: Simulacra and Simulation (1981) by Jean Baudrillard, Out of Control (1992) by Kevin Kelly, and Introducing Evolution (1999) by Dylan Evans.

Red pill as transgender allegory
Fan theories have suggested that the red pill may represent an allegory for transgender people or a story of Lana and Lilly Wachowski's history as coming out as transgender. During the 1990s, a common transgender hormone therapy for trans women involved Premarin, a maroon tablet, while a common antidepressant prescribed to closeted trans women at the time, Prozac, was blue. Lilly Wachowski stated in August 2020 that the filmmakers had intentionally included transgender themes in the film.

As political metaphor
The concept of red and blue pills has since been widely used as a political metaphor in the United States, where "taking the red pill" or being "red-pilled" means becoming aware of the political biases inherent in society, including in the mainstream media, and ultimately becoming an independent thinker; while "taking the blue pill" or being "blue-pilled" means unquestioningly accepting these supposed biases.

The concept is also used among leftists to refer to members of the alt-right and others who subscribe to right wing beliefs.

The first known political use of this metaphor was in the 2006 essay "The Red Pill" by University of Colorado sociology professor Kathleen J. Tierney, in which she argued that those who felt that the U.S. government had a poor response to Hurricane Katrina should "take the red pill" and realize that "post-September 11 policies and plans have actually made the nation more vulnerable, both to natural disasters and to future terrorist attacks."

The metaphor was then popularized in a different context by neo-reactionary blogger Curtis Yarvin. He first used it in a 2007 blog post written under the pseudonym Mencius Moldbug, and titled "The Case Against Democracy: Ten Red Pills"; in it he argues that trying to convince a Westerner that democracy is bad is like trying to convince "a Catholic in 16th-century Spain... to stop believing in Catholicism", but he then offers ten "red pill" arguments (along with their "blue pill" counterparts) to make a case against democracy.

In some parts of the men's rights movement and the manosphere, the term "red pill" is used as a metaphor for the specific moment when a person comes to believe that certain gender roles they are expected to conform to, such as marriage and monogamy, are intended for the benefit of women alone, rather than for mutual benefit. In 2016, a documentary titled The Red Pill, about the men's rights movement, was released.

In 2017, political activist and commentator Candace Owens launched Red Pill Black, a website and YouTube channel that promote black conservatism in the United States. The term is used as a metaphor for the process of rejecting previously believed leftist narratives.

Black pill and white pill
The metaphor of the "black pill" was first popularized by the incel-related blog Omega Virgin Revolt. In this parlance, being red-pilled means believing concepts like male oppression and female hypergamy, while being black-pilled means coming to believe that there is little that low-status or unattractive men can do to improve their prospects for romantic or sexual relationships with women.

This metaphor was extended to political matters, where, after being red-pilled (recognizing, and then rejecting, the dominant political narratives), one can then become either black-pilled (pessimistic or apathetic about the future), or white-pilled (hopeful about the future or believing change is possible.) This metaphor has been embraced by commentators including anarchist Michael Malice, whose 2022 book The White Pill advocates the latter point of view. Malice defines the term as, “It is possible that we will lose, it is impossible that we must lose.”

Other uses

 * The 1990 film Total Recall has a scene where the hero (played by Arnold Schwarzenegger) is asked to swallow a red pill in order to symbolize his desire to return to reality from a dream-like fantasy.
 * In the 2004 book The Art of the Start, author Guy Kawasaki uses the red pill as an analog to the situation of leaders of new organizations, in that they face the same choice to either live in reality or fantasy. He adds that if they want to be successful, they have to take the red pill and see how deep the rabbit hole goes.
 * Until they were removed from the Maemo operating system application installer in January 2010, certain advanced features were unlocked by a "Red Pill Mode" Easter egg to prevent accidental use by novice users but make them readily available to experienced users. This was activated by starting to add a catalog whose URL was "matrix" and then choosing to cancel. A dialog box would appear asking "Which pill?" with the choices "Red" or "Blue", allowing the user to enter red pill mode. In "Red Pill" mode, the installer allows the user to view and reconfigure system packages whose existence it normally does not acknowledge. In Blue Pill mode the installer displays only software installed by a user, creating the illusion that system software does not exist on the system.
 * In the 2013 movie version of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, when Ben Stiller's character lands at Nuuk in Greenland, he asks the man in the airport booth: "Do you have any cars available?" "Yeah, we have a blue one and a red one", the man replies. "I'll take the red one", says Walter. This is also "the final scene in the trailer: a quirky and charming sequence on its own, even before the viewer recognizes the built-in riff on the famous "Red/Blue Pill" exchange from The Matrix". "The choice between the red and blue car at the rental car lot is worthy of mention, if only because it almost candidly pulls the idea from the red pill of The Matrix. Two jelly bean, or pill, shaped cars [Daewoo Matiz], red and blue; the only thing missing is Lawrence  [sic] Fishburne working the counter". "The passage connecting reality to illusion is often visualised using tangible things and physical environments [as] Neo took the red pill in The Matrix."
 * The 2023 film Barbie contains an allusion to the dilemma. In one scene, Barbie is given the choice between continuing to live obliviously in Barbieland (represented by a pink stiletto heel) and entering the real world (represented by a plain Birkenstock sandal). At the end of the movie, in which Barbie now lives in the real world as a human, she is shown wearing light pink Birkenstock sandals.
 * Large sections of the lyrics of Bloc Party song "She's Hearing Voices" include the lines "red pill, blue pill".
 * In the Videogame Cyberpunk 2077, the character Misty gives V two medications, one orange (Omega Blockers), and one blue (Pseudoendotrizine). The blue pill slows down the process of Johnny Silverhand's personality engram taking over V's mind. The orange one speeds the process up.

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Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum is a complex located in Staunton, Virginia. It contains the President's birthplace, known as the Manse, a Museum that explores the life and times of Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), a 6800 sqft Research Library, a gift shop, and several other buildings that are not open to the public. Like all United States presidential libraries for administrations prior to that of Herbert Hoover, Wilson's is not part of the Federal National Archives' presidential library system.

The Birthplace Manse
The Woodrow Wilson Birthplace is referred to as the Manse, which is the name of a Presbyterian minister's home. It was built in 1846 by the Staunton First Presbyterian Church. It has 12 rooms with 12 fireplaces and cost around $4,000 to build. The Wilson family moved into the house in 1855 as his father was ordained as a Presbyterian pastor and called to serve as a pastor in Staunton. At that time the family consisted of his  parents—Jessie Woodrow Wilson and Joseph Ruggles Wilson—and their two daughters Marion and Annie, who were about four and two years old, respectively. Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in what is now called the "birth room" on December 28, 1856. The Wilsons left the Manse in 1858 when Joseph Wilson accepted a call from a congregation in Augusta, Georgia.

Wilson continued to visit Staunton throughout his life often referring to it as home. After his 1912 presidential election, Wilson and Ellen visited Staunton over his birthday in December of that year and spent two nights in the Manse as a guest of his good friend Rev Frazier who was then the Minister at the First Presbyterian Church of Staunton. After the Wilsons moved out of the Manse it remained the Presbyterian minister's until the 1920s. It was after the former President's death in 1924 that his widow Edith Bolling Galt Wilson along with former cabinet members and Staunton community members decided to create a Birthplace museum to commemorate Wilson's life.

The Woodrow Wilson Birthplace Foundation was officially incorporated in 1938, and the house was restored to its 1850s look over the next 80 years, which included removing bathrooms, changing light fixtures, and stripping paint. The house was opened to the public in 1941, being formally dedicated as a museum by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It is located in the Gospel Hill Historic District.

The Library
The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library houses Woodrow Wilson materials from during and immediately after his lifetime, memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning World War I. The library is located at 235 East Beverley Street in Staunton, Virginia. It boasts the third-largest collection of Wilson's papers. Wilson's official papers are located at The Library of Congress. Princeton University also maintains a large collection of Wilson papers from his tenure as Professor and President of the university. The Woodrow Wilson Library focuses on the digitization all of the President's papers and other materials in order to make the papers more accessible to the general public. It is open to researchers by appointment only.

The Museum
The Museum—opened to the public in 1990 —is on North Coalter street two doors down from the Manse and in front of the library. The 8000 sqft Museum contains eight museum galleries that focus on the life and times of Wilson. Highlights of the museum include the president's 1919 Pierce-Arrow limousine and an interactive trench exhibit based on a World War I trench.

title: Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library


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Herstigte Nasionale Party

The Herstigte Nasionale Party (Reconstituted National Party) is a South African political party which was formed as a far-right splinter group of the now defunct National Party in 1969. The party name was commonly abbreviated as HNP, evoking the Herenigde Nasionale Party, although colloquially they were also known as the Herstigtes. The party is, unlike other splinter factions from the National Party, still active but politically irrelevant.

Formation
The HNP was formed in 1969 by Albert Hertzog (son of former Prime Minister General JBM Hertzog) in protest against the decision by Prime Minister B.J. Vorster to authorize the presence of Maori players and spectators during the tour of New Zealand rugby union team in South Africa in 1970. He was also against Vorster's re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Malawi and that country's appointment of a Black ambassador to South Africa. The name was chosen to reflect the initials of the earlier Herenigde Nasionale Party (Reunited National Party), the name used by the National Party in the election of 1948. Seeking a return to Calvinism as the basis of South Africa, the party advocated complete racial segregation and the adoption of Afrikaans as the only official language. The bulk of the membership of the new party was made up of rural and small town working and lower middle class Afrikaners who resented what they saw as the National Party devoting their attentions to the concerns of urban Afrikaner elites. The Afrikaner Broederbond denied membership to any HNP member.

The party contested the 1970 general election although its campaign was the subject of government crackdowns and attacks. The party's 78 candidates were all defeated, including its four Members of Parliament, all of whom had been National Party members before defecting to the new HNP. The party also contested 50 seats in the 1974 general election but failed to make an impact in an election where reformists advanced. During this election the HNP boycotted the English language press, as the party opposed the use of the language. It also contested three by-elections in 1975 and 1976 and enjoyed some growth, taking second place ahead of the United Party in the two seats that that group contested. The HNP captured 3.3% of the vote in the 1977 general election before increasing to 14.1% in 1981 as right wing disenchantment with the NP grew, but on no occasion did it win any seats and its newly acquired voters soon shifted their support to the Conservative Party.

Eugène Terre'Blanche had been a member of the HNP, but broke with the group in 1973, after becoming disillusioned with their adherence to electoral politics. He then established the paramilitary Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging. He also differed from the HNP in his belief in the establishment of a white homeland in South Africa, something the HNP rejected as unnecessary.

Emergence in the 1980s
Under the leadership of Jaap Marais, the former deputy leader who replaced the retiring Hertzog in 1977, the party emerged as a force amongst white South Africans. In 1979 the evidence of its potential was demonstrated in a series of by-elections when it seemed to threaten the position of the ruling party. In a near-breakthrough focused on right-wing Afrikaners dissatisfied with the Botha government, it obtained 14.1% support in the 1981 general election. In the constituency of Rustenburg, the HNP candidate came hundreds of votes from besting the incumbent National MP, but to no avail. In October 1985 the party's general secretary Louis Stofberg won a by-election in Sasolburg on a campaign based on the presence of a mixed couple in the constituency and opposition to the tax system, in which the wealthier white population paid more tax than the other ethnic groups. The victory came in the midst of a failed electoral alliance between the HNP and the Conservative Party that had been established earlier that year, with Andries Treurnicht claiming it was a first step to merging the HNP into the Conservatives, something the conviction-oriented Marais firmly opposed. With the CP not filing a candidate, Stofberg represented the constituency for two years as a sole voice attacking the NP from the right. From 1987, the CP captured the role of official opposition under Treurnicht with strong support from Afrikaner voters and so the electoral basis for the HNP was drained.

The HNP effectively remained the chief voice of the uncompromising far-right, however, particularly in 1989 when both the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging and the Boerestaat Party declared their support for Marais over Treurnicht, who despite his stances was considered a pragmatic opportunist, with a long background in the NP under Vorster's and Botha's leadership. Its only previous contact with other parties had been in 1985 with a brief co-operation with the Conservative Party to oppose the repeal of the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Amendment Act by P.W. Botha, both part of a cosmetic reform programme aimed at improving the picture of apartheid South Africa, which Treurnicht decried as "multiracialism". Although the AWB did not set up an official political wing and did not officially endorse the HNP, its long-time leader Eugene Terre'Blanche had previously run for office under the HNP banner.

Network with other organisations
On the international stage, the HNP built up a number of contacts with far-right groups in Europe and for a time during the 1980s it was responsible for funding the United Kingdom-based League of Saint George. It was also closely associated with the South African National Front (SANF), an overseas branch of the National Front in the United Kingdom. Between 1980 and 1987 the party bankrolled the English-speaking far-right journal South African Patriot, edited by SANF members John Hiddleston and then Alan Harvey.

Post-apartheid
The HNP joined the Afrikaner Volksfront of General Constand Viljoen in 1991, but the front collapsed in 1994 when many of the members refused to participate in South Africa's first non-racial elections. The HNP drifted away from Viljoen and did not join his Freedom Front party. As a result, it has become something of a marginal force in contemporary South Africa, arguing for the self-determination of white Afrikaners and a return to Verwoerdian apartheid. The party motto is now "This land is our land" (Dié Land is ons Land).

It re-emerged in 2004, when the party lodged an official complaint against the SABC 3 television channel when it broadcast a play entitled ID, which satirised the killing of Hendrik Verwoerd. Although the HNP argued that it portrayed Verwoerd and his supporters unfairly, the complaint was rejected by the Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa.

Jaap Marais died in 2000, and was replaced as leader by Willie Marais. Willie Marais died in December 2007, and was replaced as by Japie Theart. The present leader is Andries Breytenbach. Two splits have occurred from the party over ideology and tactics: the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in 2004, and the Afrikaner Volksparty in 2008.

Ideology
When founded, the HNP emphasised above all its Afrikaner identity, attacking immigration, seeking to downgrade the importance of the English language, and endorsing apartheid. The party also launched an attack on the materialism that it felt was taking over South African society and thus sought to present itself as the voice of working class Afrikaners. It frequently attacked the "liberalism" of the National Party regime, arguing that it was gradually diluting apartheid and offering too many concessions to non-Whites.

The party rejects the idea of a separate Volkstaat specifically for Afrikaners, claiming all of South Africa for Afrikaners instead. It believes that the interests of the black population will be sufficiently met in the former black homelands. The HNP has no clear plan for how a return to Verwoerdian South Africa could be achieved. The party also emphasises the importance of Calvinism to the South African identity.

The party does not recognise the new order in South Africa and, as part of its policy of resistance, encourages people not to vote. That makes it impossible to determine the exact level of support the party has.

Namibia
While South Africa administered Namibia until 1988, the party was active in the country in opposition to independence and black rights. It contested the first multi-ethnic election in 1978, capturing 1.8% of the vote, or 10% of the White vote. The election resulted in a landslide win for the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia, albeit with the main black opposition parties, the South West Africa People's Organization and the Namibia National Front, excluded from the ballot.

title: Herstigte Nasionale Party


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Transfer-messenger RNA

Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties. The tmRNA forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (tmRNP) together with Small Protein B (SmpB), Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu), and ribosomal protein S1. In trans-translation, tmRNA and its associated proteins bind to bacterial ribosomes which have stalled in the middle of protein biosynthesis, for example when reaching the end of a messenger RNA which has lost its stop codon. The tmRNA is remarkably versatile: it recycles the stalled ribosome, adds a proteolysis-inducing tag to the unfinished polypeptide, and facilitates the degradation of the aberrant messenger RNA. In the majority of bacteria these functions are carried out by standard one-piece tmRNAs. In other bacterial species, a permuted ssrA gene produces a two-piece tmRNA in which two separate RNA chains are joined by base-pairing.

Discovery and early work
tmRNA was first designated 10Sa RNA in 1979, after a mixed "10S" electrophoretic fraction of Escherichia coli RNA was further resolved into tmRNA and the similarly sized RNase P RNA (10Sb). The presence of pseudouridine in the mixed 10S RNA hinted that tmRNA has modified bases found also in tRNA. The similarity at the 3' end of tmRNA to the T stem-loop of tRNA was first recognized upon sequencing ssrA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subsequent sequence comparison revealed the full tRNA-like domain (TLD) formed by the 5' and 3' ends of tmRNA, including the acceptor stem with elements like those in alanine tRNA that promote its aminoacylation by alanine-tRNA ligase. It also revealed differences from tRNA: the anticodon arm is missing in tmRNA, and the D arm region is a loop without base pairs.

Secondary structure of the standard one-piece tmRNAs

The complete E. coli tmRNA secondary structure was elucidated by comparative sequence analysis and structural probing. Watson-Crick and G-U base pairs were identified by comparing the bacterial tmRNA sequences using automated computational methods in combination with manual alignment procedures. The accompanying figure shows the base pairing pattern of this prototypical tmRNA, which is organized into 12 phylogenetically supported helices (also called pairings P1 to P12), some divided into helical segments.

A prominent feature of every tmRNA is the conserved tRNA-like domain (TLD), composed of helices 1, 12, and 2a (analogs of the tRNA acceptor stem, T-stem and variable stem, respectively), and containing the 5' monophosphate and alanylatable 3' CCA ends. The mRNA-like region (MLR) is in standard tmRNA a large loop containing pseudoknots and a coding sequence (CDS) for the tag peptide, marked by the resume codon and the stop codon. The encoded tag peptide (ANDENYALAA in E. coli) varies among bacteria, perhaps depending on the set of proteases and adaptors available.

tmRNAs typically contain four pseudoknots, one (pk1) upstream of the tag peptide CDS, and the other three pseudoknots (pk2 to pk4) downstream of the CDS. The pseudoknot regions, although generally conserved, are evolutionarily plastic. For example, in the (one-piece) tmRNAs of cyanobacteria, pk4 is substituted with two tandemly arranged smaller pseudoknots. This suggests that tmRNA folding outside the TLD can be important, yet the pseudoknot region lacks conserved residues and pseudoknots are among the first structures to be lost as ssrA sequences diverge in plastid and endosymbiont lineages. Base pairing in the three-pseudoknot region of E. coli tmRNA is disrupted during trans-translation.

Two-piece tmRNAs
Circularly permuted ssrA has been reported in three major lineages: i) all alphaproteobacteria and the primitive mitochondria of jakobid protists, ii) two disjoint groups of cyanobacteria (Gloeobacter and a clade containing Prochlorococcus and many Synechococcus), and iii) some members of the betaproteobacteria (Cupriavidus and some Rhodocyclales). All produce the same overall two-piece (acceptor and coding pieces) form, equivalent to the standard form nicked downstream of the reading frame. None retain more than two pseudoknots compared to the four (or more) of standard tmRNA.

Alphaproteobacteria have two signature sequences: replacement of the typical T-loop sequence TΨCRANY with GGCRGUA, and the sequence AACAGAA in the large loop of the 3´-terminal pseudoknot. In mitochondria, the MLR has been lost, and a remarkable re-permutation of mitochondrial ssrA results in a small one-piece product in Jakoba libera.

The cyanobacteria provide the most plausible case for evolution of a permuted gene from a standard gene, due to remarkable sequence similarities between the two gene types as they occur in different Synechococcus strains.

tmRNA processing
Most tmRNAs are transcribed as larger precursors which are processed much like tRNA. Cleavage at the 5´ end is by ribonuclease P. Multiple exonucleases can participate in the processing of the 3´ end of tmRNA, although RNase T and RNase PH are most effective. Depending on the bacterial species, the 3'-CCA is either encoded or added by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.

Similar processing at internal sites of permuted precursor tmRNA explains its  physical splitting into two pieces. The two-piece tmRNAs have two additional ends whose processing must be considered. For alphaproteobacteria, one 5´ end is the unprocessed start site of transcription. The far 3´ end may in some cases be the result of rho-independent termination.

Three-dimensional structures
High-resolution structures of the complete tmRNA molecules are currently unavailable and may be difficult to obtain due to the inherent flexibility of the MLR. In 2007, the crystal structure of the Thermus thermophilus TLD bound to the SmpB protein was obtained at 3 Å resolution. This structure shows that SmpB mimics the D stem and the anticodon of a canonical tRNA whereas helical section 2a of tmRNA corresponds to the variable arm of tRNA. A cryo-electron microscopy study of tmRNA at an early stage of trans-translation shows the spatial relationship between the ribosome and the tmRNP (tmRNA bound to the EF-Tu protein). The TLD is located near the GTPase-associated center in the 50S ribosomal subunit; helix 5 and pseudoknots pk2 to pk4 form an arc around the beak of the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Trans-translation

Coding by tmRNA was discovered in 1995 when Simpson and coworkers overexpressed the mouse cytokine IL-6 in E. coli and found multiple truncated cytokine-derived peptides each tagged at the carboxyl termini with the same 11-amino acid residue extension (A)ANDENYALAA. With the exception of the N-terminal alanine, which comes from the 3' end of tmRNA itself, this tag sequence was traced to a short open reading frame in E. coli tmRNA. Keiler, et al., recognized that the tag peptide confers proteolysis and proposed the trans-translation model for tmRNA action.

While details of the trans-translation mechanism are under investigation it is generally agreed that tmRNA first occupies the empty A site of the stalled ribosome. Subsequently, the ribosome moves from the 3' end of the truncated messenger RNA onto the resume codon of the MLR, followed by a slippage-prone stage from where translation continues normally until the in-frame tmRNA stop codon is encountered. Trans-translation is essential in some bacterial species, whereas other bacteria require tmRNA to survive when subjected to stressful growth conditions. It is believed that tmRNA can help the cell with antibiotic resistance by rescuing the ribosomes stalled by antibiotics. Depending on the organism, the tag peptide may be recognized by a variety of proteases or protease adapters.

Mobile genetic elements and the tmRNA gene
ssrA is both a target for some mobile DNAs and a passenger on others. It has been found interrupted by three types of mobile elements. By different strategies none of these disrupt gene function: group I introns remove themselves by self-splicing, rickettsial palindromic elements (RPEs) insert in innocuous sites, and integrase-encoding genomic islands split their target ssrA yet restore the split-off portion.

Non-chromosomal ssrA was first detected in a genomic survey of mycobacteriophages (in 10% of the phages). Other mobile elements including plasmids and genomic islands have been found bearing ssrA. One interesting case is Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17025, whose native tmRNA gene is disrupted by a genomic island; unlike all other genomic islands in tmRNA (or tRNA) genes this island has inactivated the native target gene without restoration, yet compensates by carrying its own tmRNA gene. A very unusual relative of ssrA is found in the lytic mycobacteriophage DS6A, that encodes little more than the TLD.

Mitochondrial tmRNAs (ssrA gene)
A mitochondrion-encoded, structurally reduced form of tmRNA (mt-tmRNA) was first postulated for the jakobid flagellate Reclinomonas americana. Subsequently, the presence of a mitochondrial gene (ssrA) coding for tmRNA, as well as transcription and RNA processing sites were confirmed for all but one member of jakobids. Functional evidence, i.e., mt-tmRNA Aminoacylation with alanine, is available for Jakoba libera. More recently, ssrA was also identified in mitochondrial genomes of oomycetes. Like in α-Proteobacteria (the ancestors of mitochondria), mt-tmRNAs are circularly permuted, two-piece RNA molecules, except in Jakoba libera where the gene has reverted to encoding a one-piece tmRNA conformation.

Identification of ssrA in mitochondrial genomes

Mitochondrial tmRNA genes were initially recognized as short sequences that are conserved among jakobids and that have the potential to fold into a distinct tRNA-like secondary structure. With the availability of nine complete jakobid mtDNA sequences, and a significantly improved covariance search tool (Infernal;  ), a covariance model has been developed based on jakobid mitochondrial tmRNAs, which identified mitochondrial ssrA genes also in oomycete. At present, a total of 34 oomycete mt-tmRNAs have been detected across six genera: Albugo, Bremia, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Pythium and Saprolegnia. A covariance model built with both jakobid and oomycete sequences is now available at Rfam under the name ‘mt-tmRNA’.

mt-tmRNA Structure
The standard bacterial tmRNA consists of a tRNA(Ala)-like domain (allowing addition of a non-encoded alanine to mRNAs that happen to lack a stop coding), and an mRNA-like domain coding for a protein tag that destines the polypeptide for proteolysis. The mRNA-like domain was lost in mt-tmRNAs. Comparative sequence analysis indicates features typical for mt-tmRNAs. Most conserved is the primary sequence of the amino acyl acceptor stem. This portion of the molecule has an invariable A residue in the discriminator position and a G-U pair at position 3 (except in Seculamonas ecuadoriensis, which has a G-C pair); this position is the recognition site for alanyl tRNA synthase. P2 is a helix of variable length (3 to 10 base pairs) and corresponds to the anticodon stem of tRNAs, yet without an anticodon loop (as not required for tmRNA function). P2 stabilizes the tRNA-like structure, but four nucleotides invariant across oomycetes and jakobids suggest an additional, currently unidentified function. P3 has five base pairs and corresponds to the T-arm of tRNAs, yet with different consensus nucleotides both in the paired region and the loop. The T-loop sequence is conserved across oomycetes and jakobid, with only few deviations (e.g., Saprolegnia ferax). Finally, instead of the tRNA-like D-stem with a shortened three-nucleotide D-loop characteristic for bacterial tmRNAs, mitochondrial counterparts have a highly variable 5 to 14-nt long loop. The intervening sequence (Int.) of two-piece mt-tmRNAs is A+U rich and of irregular length (4-34 nt). ). For secondary structure models of one- and two-piece mt-tmRNAs see Figure 1.

mt-tmRNA processing and expression

RNA-Seq data of Phytophthora sojae show an expression level similar to that of neighboring mitochondrial tRNAs, and four major processing sites confirm the predicted termini of mature mt-tmRNA. The tmRNA precursor molecule is likely processed by RNase P and a tRNA 3’ processing endonuclease (see Figure 2); the latter activity is assumed to lead to the removal of the intervening sequence. Following the addition of CCA at the 3’ discriminator nucleotide, the tmRNA can be charged by alanyl-tRNA synthetase with alanine.

title: Transfer-messenger RNA


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User:Liaranne

Hello. I am Liaranne.

I am a fanfic writer, a bookworm, and I occasionly draw.

I am a Tamora Pierce fan and a Danny Phantom fan, and am defensive of these works and will correct any and all mistakes I find.

I am not a spammer; I am not a vandal; I am not a flamer.

I'm just an obsessive teenaged girl.

And that is all you really need to know.

title: User:Liaranne


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Vincent Leibell

Vincent L. Leibell III (born August 6, 1946) is a former American politician from Putnam County, New York. After a long career in the New York State Legislature, Leibell ran for and was elected county executive in 2010, but resigned prior to taking office following an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation which led to his arrest and subsequent conviction on federal corruption charges.

His resignation was in connection with a Federal plea arrangement stemming from two felony convictions relating to kickbacks Leibell had received while using his position as State Senator to steer taxpayer monies towards two local non-profit agencies which he controlled. In November 2012, he was released to a halfway house after completed serving 17-months of his 21-month prison sentence at the Federal Correctional Institute in Loretto, Pennsylvania.

Early life and background
Leibell was born in New York City. His grandfather and namesake was a federal judge, Vincent L. Leibell.

Leibell worked as an Assistant District Attorney in the Westchester County District Attorney's office. He was a Captain in the United States Navy and a Rear Admiral in the New York Naval Militia.

Family
He is married, with three children. He received his BA and JD from Saint John's University, as well as an MPA from New York University. Because he was convicted of two felony counts of corruption in 2010, Leibell was forced to forfeit his law license. According to the Daily News, Leibell pleaded guilty to two charges to end a Federal investigation of him.

Political career
Leibell entered politics as a Republican. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1983 to 1994, sitting in the 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th. In November 1994, he was elected to the State Senate, defeating Ex-Lieutenant Governor Alfred DelBello.

Leibell was a member of the New York State Senate from 1995 to 2010, sitting in the 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th, 196th, 197th and 198th New York State Legislatures. In November 2010, he was elected Putnam County Executive. Over the years, he attracted controversy for his reputation for patronage and as a political kingmaker in Putnam County - the local newspaper cited the rumor that his preferred method of handling political opposition was to "kill them in the cradle."

Although he had a twenty-eight year career in the State Legislature, Leibell was not particularly known for his legislative accomplishments and passed no significant legislation with his name attached to it, yet Leibell's largesse with so-called pork barrel spending and ability to "bring home the bacon" earned him the moniker "Uncle Vinnie".

Even after being convicted of two felonies, Leibell attracted further scandal when it was revealed he used campaign funds to spend $931 on new tires and $267 in Barnes and Nobles visits days after pleading guilty on Federal corruption charges. The government watchdog group Citizens Union called Leibell's actions part of a "legislative crime wave" in New York State, and named Leibell one of 17 legislators who lost their seat due to criminal issues from 2004 to 2010.

FBI investigation, conviction
On June 26, 2010, the Journal News reported that FBI subpoenaed records for the home that Leibell built in Patterson, New York. On December 6, 2010, Leibell pleaded guilty to felony bribery, tax evasion, and obstruction of justice charges related to $43,000 in cash kickbacks he took from 2003 to 2006. Leibell had resigned from the State Senate on December 2, 2010, just prior to being arrested, which controversially due to a loophole in the New York State pension system allows him to keep a $71,000 pension despite his conviction.

The charges stated Leibell doled out $6.5 million in taxpayer funded "member items" to nonprofit groups he controlled from 2005 to 2010, according to records maintained by the Empire Center for New York State Policy and the Albany Project. He was sentenced to twenty one months in Federal Prison, after a Federal Judge rejected a plea by Leibell's lawyer to have the former Senator sent overseas to do "nation building work" in the Middle East instead of jailtime, a suggestion which outraged the media and local residents whom Leibell had betrayed by his actions.

The Leibell property in Patterson, New York formerly belonged to the late actress Elizabeth Montgomery, who employed Leibell's law firm to attend to certain legal matters. Leibell later purchased a portion of the property after the settlement of the Montgomery estate. Through use of Leibell's Senate position, the rest of the land became Wonder Lake State Park, which, from its founding in 1998 until 2006, had no discernible public access points.

Critics called Wonder Lake a personal park for the Senator, but Lebeill tried to assert it was used by hikers, though the park was shuttered nonetheless by the State amidst the 2010 New York State budget crisis. Leibell also used $230,000 in taxpayer dollars to construct a wooden footbridge on Route 311 in Patterson which critics derided as a "bridge to nowhere." Ironically, Leibell had moved to the home from Tammany Hall Road, named after the corrupt political machine run by Boss Tweed in mid-19th century New York.

"Leibell has only himself to blame for the fact that, after 28 years in public office, this conviction will be the capstone to that career," said Preet Bharara, the United States attorney for Manhattan who announced Leibell's guilty plea. Bharara explained that the FBI recorded Leibell threatening not to pay invoices sent to Leibell's 501(c)(3) nonprofit by an unnamed attorney unless the attorney paid half of the invoice amount back to Leibell in cash.

title: Vincent Leibell


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Inger Lorre

Inger Lorre (born Lori Ann Wening) is an American singer who is best known for her band Nymphs.

Nymphs
Nymphs spent the mid-to-late '80s honing their craft in New Jersey, but they soon decided to try to make it big in California. They hadn't been there more than a few months before only Inger and guitarist Geoff Siegel were left. They replaced the other two with guitarist Sam Merrick, drummer Alex Kirst, and bassist Cliff D. (Cliff Jones).

The band's distinctive sound, a mixture of punk rock and goth, glam and grunge, and image began to attract the attention of major record labels. At the time, the band simply wanted to sign to an indie label, as most grunge and punk bands did before the 1991 success of Nirvana's Nevermind, but by 1989 Nymphs were signed to Geffen Records with a nearly million-dollar recording contract. The band even made a brief appearance in the film Bad Influence performing "The Highway", a song Lorre wrote about a young girl infatuated with serial killer Richard Ramirez.

It was at about this time that Nymphs began to have problems with their label. Almost two years had passed since Nymphs had completed their album. Lorre was losing her battle with heroin and in an alcohol induced fit she urinated on the desk of A&R man Tom Zutaut. "Rolling Stone quipped, 'Talk about being pissed at your record label.'" The band fired Lorre when she refused to go on stage in Miami opening for Peter Murphy. An EP called The Practical Guide to Astral Projection was released the same year but it failed to chart.

Solo work
Lorre returned to New Jersey for several years. A few spots here and there over time, where Lorre popped up in various places, never evolved into a Nymphs reunion or second album. In 1995, she teamed up with Motel Shootout and released the single Burn, on old friend Long Gone John's label, Sympathy for the Record Industry. She entered rehab and worked toward permanent recovery.

She befriended singer Jeff Buckley, and they began collaborating on music. Lorre's vocals are featured on "Angel Mine" while Jeff played guitar, sitar, and mouth sax on the track, released on the Jack Kerouac tribute album Kicks Joy Darkness. Jeff and Lorre duetted again on the track "Thief Without The Take" contained on Lorre's album Transcendental Medication. Buckley also covered "Yard of Blonde Girls" co-written by Lorre, which appeared on Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk. Sadly, at the height of his popularity, Buckley drowned during an evening swim on May 29, 1997, before the album's release. Lorre reemerged from New Jersey with her solo album, Transcendental Medication released on Triple X Records in 1999.

In 2000, Lorre moved back to Los Angeles, where she painted and appeared in group shows around the city. She made a cameo appearance in the 2001 indie film Down and Out with the Dolls, a raunchy, wry, and in-your-face tale of the fast rise and fall of an all-girl, four-piece Portland rock band. She performed a cover of Black Flag's "Slip It In" with Henry Rollins on the 2002 album Rise Above.

On July 17, 2004, Lorre played an acoustic show at Hollywood's The Knitting Factory, performing Nymphs songs, new songs and covers. In 2006, a version of The Nymphs popped up in a few places. There were plans to have a reunion with all original members, but with the death of original drummer Alex Kirst, it seems unlikely.

On 3 April 2016, Lorre announced in a Facebook post that she would be performing a show on 27 May 2016 at The Viper Room, "doing 99% Nymphs songs." This resulted in her Live at The Viper Room album.

Lorre's second solo album, produced by Paul Roessler and entitled Gloryland, was released on October 6, 2023 on Kitten Robot Records.

Nymphs

 * Nymphs LP - 1991 Geffen 36,000
 * A Practical Guide to Astral Projection EP - 1992 Geffen 5,000

Inger Lorre & the Motel Shootout

 * Burn Single - 1994 Sympathy for the Record Industry

Solo

 * Transcendental Medication LP - 1999 Triple X 12,000
 * Live at The Viper Room LP - 2017 Sweet Nothing Records
 * Gloryland LP - 2023 Kitten Robot Records

Guest appearances

 * Jeff Buckley, Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk - 1998
 * Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three - 2002

Inger Lorre and the Chiefs of Infinity

 * ''7" Single - Side A:Snowflake / Side B:Hate in my Heart 2014 Cargo Records

Filmography

 * Bad Influence (1990)
 * Down and Out with the Dolls (2001)

title: Inger Lorre