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Overpopulation of domestic pets

In some countries there is an overpopulation of pets such as cats, dogs, and exotic animals. In the United States, six to eight million animals are brought to shelters each year, of which an estimated three to four million are subsequently euthanized, including 2.7 million considered healthy and adoptable. Euthanasia numbers have declined since the 1970s, when U.S. shelters euthanized an estimated 12 to 20 million animals. Most humane societies, animal shelters and rescue groups urge animal caregivers to have their animals spayed or neutered to prevent the births of unwanted and accidental litters that could contribute to this dynamic.

Global effects
Dealing with a population of unwanted domestic animals is a major concern to animal welfare and animal rights groups. Domestic animal overpopulation can be an ecological concern, as well as a financial problem: capturing, impounding and eventual euthanasia costs taxpayers and private agencies millions of dollars each year. Unwanted pets released into the wild may contribute to severe ecosystem damage (e.g. the effect of introducing exotic snakes into Florida's Everglades).

Bahrain
In Bahrain the number of stray dogs has been increasing since early 2000s with the situation getting out of hand in late 2010s which caused a lot of controversy regarding the case from people claiming to be bothered and attacked by stray dogs and stray dogs puppies being inhumanely murdered (or burned). On the other hand, since 2014 an act has been put by the Bahrain Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BSPCA) and made a plea to the government to help keep the Catch, Neuter and Return programme (CNVR) running. Frequent attacks on farms also happened, Sheikha Marwa bint Abdulrahman Al Khalifa also contributed to the case and decided to build a shelter (welfare) for the strays to neuter and rehabilitate them to prevent further attacks while also cooperating with the Bahrain stray dogs society group.

Canada
The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS) has been collecting statistics from Canadian animal shelters since 1993. A survey in 2013 included data from 100 of 186 humane societies and SPCAs. However, municipal animal services agencies were not included, hence "the data in this report represents only a fraction of homeless companion animals in Canada." In 2012, the surveyed shelters took in just over 188,000 animals, and euthanized 65,423 animals, representing 35% of all intakes. Six times as many cats were euthanized as dogs, or 41% of cats and 15% of dogs. The report said a gradually improving trend, but that cats have a far worse outcome than dogs: "More than twice as many cats enter shelters than dogs, and though adoption rates for cats are similar to those for dogs, fewer cats are reclaimed and many more are euthanized."

United States
Estimates of animals brought to shelters and of animals subsequently euthanized in the U.S. have issues with their reliability. The Humane Society of the United States provides shelter statistics with this caution: "There is no central data reporting system for U.S. animal shelters and rescues. These estimates are based on information provided by the (former) National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy." The HSUS provided numbers of 6 to 8 million animals taken to shelters, 3 to 4 million animals euthanized, and 2.7 million of the euthanized animals being healthy and adoptable, as estimates for 2012–2013, and also for annual figures in an August 2014 article.

The National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy conducted a survey over four years, 1994–1997, and cautions against the use of their survey for wider estimates: "It is not possible to use these statistics to estimate the numbers of animals entering animal shelters in the United States, or the numbers euthanized on an annual basis. The reporting Shelters may not represent a random sampling of U.S. shelters." Summary statistics from the survey said that in 1997, 4.3 million animals entered the surveyed shelters; the shelters euthanized 62.6% of them, or 2.8 million animals. These numbers broke down to 56.4% of dogs euthanized, and 71% of cats. The original survey was sent to 5,042 shelters housing at least 100 dogs and cats each year, of whom only 1,008 shelters participated in 1997.

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals provides alternate numbers, saying that there are about 13,600 community animal shelters in the US. "There is no national organization monitoring these shelters", and "no government institution or animal organization is responsible for tabulating national statistics for the animal protection movement." However, national estimates are provided of 7.6 million animals entering shelters each year, with 2.7 million of them euthanized.

The American Humane Association said the difficulties in estimating numbers, and provides a higher figure, saying that in 2008, an estimated 3.7 million animals were euthanized in shelters. A 1993 study of US dog populations considered a wider range of sources than animal shelters. The study found that 4 million dogs entered shelters, with 2.4 million (or 60%) euthanized (p. 203).

Reasons for relinquishment
Unwanted dogs and cats may have been acquired from any source. Large numbers of animals are placed in shelters by pet owners each year for reasons such as moving, allergies, behavioral problems, and lack of time or money, or the pet animal giving birth to young. Another common reason for surrendering a pet is because of milestones, like marriage or the birth of a new baby.

During multiple interviews conducted by Colorado State University graduates and other college graduates, it was found that over 3,000 pet owners were asked about their relinquishment of domestic animals. Of those owners about 3,600 dogs and litters and 1,400 cats and litters have been relinquished. According to the university's research, some of the top 10 reasons for relinquishment were problems with other pets in the house, the owner having personal problems, landlords not allowing pets, and cost. The university found that the top reason for relinquishment is aggression towards people. Based on third party research conducted by Canine Journal, it was found that 1 in 74 people will be a victim to dog bites. However, some breeds tend to bite more than other breeds.

According to ASPCA the two other major reasons for relinquishment, other than behavioral problems with the pet, are family situations and housing issues. Of these pets that are being "re-homed", ASPCA provides statistics showing 37% of these pets are re-homed with a friend or family member. Shelters become the new "home" for 36% of relinquished pets, even though many people would want this to be their last resort. Each year 6.5 million domestic pets enter shelters, these shelters are being massively overwhelmed by the intake of animals. Most shelters are not capable of getting all of these animals adopted, which unfortunately leads to many animals being euthanized.

Purebred animals
The American Pet Products Association says that since purebreds are only 5% to 6% of the US pet cat population, the overpopulation problem is mainly due to mixed or random bred animals, and avoiding purebred cats would make little difference. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) says that 25% of the dogs who enter animal shelters are purebred.

The American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) say the benefits of purebred dogs or cats include that they have been developed over time to show specific traits that are useful for hunting, rescue, assistance and other needs. Animal buyers, including pet owners, may choose a purebred to ensure they know ahead of time the size and other characteristics a young animal will grow into. The CFA also says that purebred cats may make better pets because they have a weaker hunting instinct. The HSUS says that a pedigree is not a guarantee of health and temperament, and that mixed breed dogs and cats often show good characteristics of both breeds, and may be less likely to have genetic defects.

The AKC says breeders offer services and information about the animals they sell, such as a detailed pedigree, and expertise in the health and temperament of the breed they specialize in. The HSUS says animal shelters may offer animals that have already had necessary veterinary procedures, such as spaying or neutering, vaccination, deworming, and microchipping.

The best practices set by the AKC for responsible breeders include screening customers so animals are placed in a good home, and follow up services including collecting long-term health and development data about animals they have bred, and guaranteeing to take back any animals if their situation is not mutually beneficial for the pet and the owner, and then placing them in a new home. The AKC says that their organization serves to prevent animal cruelty by suspending the benefits of their breed registry and other services from members convicted of animal cruelty, and that their inspection program actively uncovers cases of inhumane treatment of dogs. The HSUS says the AKC has lobbied against laws to stop puppy mills, and that many of the breeders certified as humane by AKC inspectors were later convicted of animal cruelty offenses, while the AKC says it has favored legislation that is necessary, but worked to stop well-intentioned laws that are unenforceable or counterproductive, such as kennel population limits that may harm genetic diversity. The HSUS does not advocate banning breeding but encourages prospective pet owners to seek a breed rescue organization rather than buying directly from a breeder.

Backyard breeding and puppy mills are motivated by profit and the perceived high demand for a particular breed, often without concern for the health or welfare of the animals involved. These animals may be sold through pet stores or directly from the breeders themselves. The AKC says that negligence and cruelty to animals is illegal throughout the US, and that the solution to irresponsible breeding is more effective enforcement of the law, rather than blaming responsible breeders or the demand for purebred animals. The CFA's legislative stance is similar to the AKC. The CFA also says that cat overpopulation is due to free roaming, unaltered pet cats, and feral cats, not purebreds. The CFA says that animal control agencies have failed to publicize complete statistics on the killing of dogs and cats that are dangerously aggressive, concealing the degree to which pet animal euthanasia will always be unavoidable.

title: Overpopulation of domestic pets


text: User:Mcy jerry/wikiwiki

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mcy jerry/wikiwiki


text:
SimSafari

SimSafari is a construction and management simulation game released by Maxis on March 19, 1998. It is similar to SimPark, except that the park is set in Africa rather than in North America, and therefore has African animals and plants.

Gameplay
The game is divided into three different zones, the nature park, the tourist grounds, and the African village. The ultimate aim is for the players' park to reach five stars, although like most Sims games the player can continue playing indefinitely. To gain five stars, the player needs to make sure each zone is being run properly. The player can control tourism and staff.

 * The park is where the player can buy animals and made sure they were not being over-eaten or underfed. The player can control the species of animals, grasses, shrubs, and trees that were built here. The game has information on every species in it, with short animations for the animals. Natural disasters can occur, like wildfires, droughts, locusts, and twisters.
 * The Camp, also known as the Tourist Ground, is where tourists stay. The player can build restaurants, hotels, swimming pools, cottages, tents, etc. for guests. The buildings are staffed by workers hired from the village.
 * In the village the player can hire drivers, naturalists, guides, cooks, and attendants to staff your tourist grounds. The more staff are hired, the better the village does. The village poaches your park's animals if the player does not hire enough staff. If things go very badly, the village might even stop working for you altogether. The player has the least control over the village because it is up to the AI to decide what to build.

There are several scenarios, including one where the park is overrun by rabbits and another where the camp is burned down.

title: SimSafari


text:
Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)

The Committee of Public Accounts is a select committee of the British House of Commons. It is responsible for overseeing government expenditures, and to ensure they are effective and honest. The committee is seen as a crucial mechanism for ensuring transparency and accountability in government financial operations, having been described by Professor the Lord Hennessy as "the queen of the select committees...[which] by its very existence exert[s] a cleansing effect in all government departments".

Overview
The recommendation for the creation of a committee to oversee government accounts was first put forward in 1857 by a small group of interested Members of Parliament led by Sir Francis Baring. The structure and function of the PAC date back to reforms initiated by William Ewart Gladstone, when he was British Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1860s. The first Public Accounts Committee was established in 1862 by a resolution of the British House of Commons:

"There shall be a standing committee designated 'The Committee of Public Accounts'; for the examination of the Accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by Parliament to meet the Public Expenditure, to consist of nine members, who shall be nominated at the commencement of every Session, and of whom five shall be a quorum."

The form has since been replicated in virtually all Commonwealth of Nations and many non-Commonwealth countries. A minister from His Majesty's Treasury sits on the committee but, by convention, does not attend hearings. The Chair of the committee is always drawn from the main opposition party and is usually a former senior Minister.

The Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866 appointed The Committee of Public Accounts to oversee the work of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) The Committee continues to be assisted by the C&AG who is a permanent witness at its hearings, along with his staff of the National Audit Office, who provide briefings on each report and assist in the preparation of the Committee's own reports.

Membership
The Committee's members as of December 2023 are as follows:

2017-2019 Parliament
The chair was elected on 12 July 2017, with members being announced on 11 September 2017.

2015-2017 Parliament
The chair was elected on 18 June 2015, with members being announced on 7 July 2015.

2010-2015 Parliament
The chair was elected on 10 June 2010, with members being announced on 12 July 2010.

Chairs (1861–present)
House of Commons standing orders give the party of the official Opposition the right to chair the committee.


text:
Talk:Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)

Untitled
If "The Red Platform won their aim" how come "the CPGB(PCC) majority continued to work within Respect."? Doesn't that mean they didn't win their aim? Did they win it at a conference only to have everyone ignore it or something like that?--JK the unwise 16:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * CPGB (PCC) participated in both organizations, until the SA dissolved. Maybe the Red Platform wanted the CPGB to actually leave Respect, not only maintain a presence in the SA. There is a reference in the Weekly Worker to being the only left org in both alliances. Its in a March issue, I think. I'll dig it up soon. DJ Silverfish 20:51, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think they won their aim to participate in the SADP, not their aim to withdraw from RESPECT. No doubt some old Weekly Workers would clarify the situation. Warofdreams 09:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

They participate in both - although somewhat halfheartedly in the SADP. Their support for RESPECT is also increasingly patchy especially following their decision to only support 'working class' candidates at the general election, ie, not the majority of RESPECT. (Annon User: 212.85.15.66)

Warofdreams writes: "Some sources state that his real name is John Chamberlain". If you're going to use such a phrasing, how about providing references to the sources themselves? (Mds 13:31, 12 December 2005 (UTC))
 * For instance,, , or .  All hostile to the CPGB, so clearly not conclusive evidence that it is his real name.  But worth mentioning. Warofdreams talk 13:50, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Quite. Why not add these to the main article page then? Note, though, that the phrasing has since been re-edited. (Mds 14:53, 13 December 2005 (UTC))

 * Remember, anyone can edit Wikipedia. If you feel the article would benefit from more references, feel free to add any helpful links to the article. Warofdreams talk 19:05, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, thank you for your 'reminder'. It just struck me as odd that when asked to source a claim you stop short at the discussion page and wait for others to edit the original article accordingly. (Mds 13:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC))

Is it just me that finds this article a little too gossipy? I am certainly no supporter of this group (I am a social democrat) but why not some analysis of their shifts on the class nature of Russia? That seems more appropriate than speculation on pseudonyms.

 * I'm not sure I'd label it gossipy, but I do agree that the article is more discursive than analytical. If you have the requisite background in the party's shifting perspective on Russia, I'm sure we'd all welcome the additional information in the article. Mds

John Gregory Chamberlain
I dont know why there seems to be any doubt that "Jack Conrad" and "John bridge" are definately John Chamberlain. He worked for the post office as John Chamberlain, he was in the old YCL as John Chamberlain, and he was employed by the New Communist Party as John Chamberlain (so he must have had a NI number that correspoded to that name). I met him once many years ago, and he told me that his name was John Chamberlain then. If his name was not really John Chamberlain in his earlier incarnations, then something very sinister was going on - which I am not suggesting. I think the only reason for his mutiple names is the man's great vanity.
 * Three names per member makes the organisation look bigger, as someone has pointed out on Weekly Worker. --Duncan 13:44, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Pedophile organization
Category:Pedophile organizations states that an organization is a pedophile organization if it advocates removing inhibitions against adult-child sex. Removal of age-of-consent laws constitutes the removal of such inhibitions. So, because the CPGB advocates the removal of all age-of-consent laws, per the source cited in a comment embedded with the added category, it is a Pedophile organization according to the criteria that Wikipedia lists. If you have a problem with this, try to change the criteria to be listed in the category -- do not remove sourced material, as that is vandalism. Regards, Corax 11:08, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Removal of "sourced" material is not vandalism, per se. There are legitimate concerns about the applicability of the category.  The poster's special pleading that the link not be erased indicates that he/she is aware of the incendiary nature of the categorization.  So let's be very careful about this.  Since the source is the website of the organization itself, we need to decide what the cited language means.  Does it make any difference if the organization in question does not campaign on this issue, for example?  Does it make an difference if the organization in question is endorsing contrarian POV rather than a genuine issue in the topic? Would it make any difference if the organization will speak on the issue publicly, and if so, does the context in which the issue is discussed make any difference to the categorization (i.e. if the issue is raised as part of a discussion of State control versus a discussion of pedophilia per se)? I will post the language in question from the website of the CPGB (PCC) below and the editors of this page and whoever else can comment. DJ Silverfish 16:20, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

CPGB (PCC) Draft Programme
The index to the draft programme of the CPGB (PCC) can be found here: The entire document can be printed as a 35 page 181 KB PDF document here: The topics covered include "Gestation" "Preamble" "Our Epoch" "Capitalism in Britain" "Immediate Demands" "Character of the Revolution" "The Transition to Communism" "The Communist Party" "The Communist Party: Principles of Organization" "The Communist Party: Communists and Trade Unions" "The Communist Party: Communists and Religion". The language in question comes within the general section "Immediate Demands" which was the link provided by the user Corax. The language in question is actually in subsection 3.11 Youth. The entire section is below, with the controversial language in bold.
 * http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/cpgb/draftprog.html
 * http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/Draft%20programme.pdf

3.11 Youth

''Youth are at the sharp end of Britain's capitalist decline. Young workers are in general not protected by trade union membership. Homelessness and unemployment are greatly disproportionate amongst the young. Training on official schemes is notoriously mediocre, designed more to massage government statistics than equip youth with the skills of the future. In the drive to cut costs basic education is under constant attack: with the standard of university education woefully diluted.''

''Youth are contradictorily fawned upon by advertisers, exploited as cheap labour and blamed for social decay. The system is in fact only interested in youth in terms of the cash register. Every ideal, every artistic talent is judged purely in terms of its ability to generate artificial needs in others. There are many who reject the twisted values of the system. But in despair they often turn to nihilism - itself turned into a commodity by capitalism.''

The following demands are of crucial importance for youth:

 * The provision of housing/hostels for youth to enter of their own choice for longer or shorter periods when they lose their parents or choose to leave them.
 * Compulsory education up until the age of 16 and from then on within a fully democratic system. Education should be free and of a polytechnical nature: that is, rounded to include technical skills as well as academic.
 * No religious schools, no private schools.
 * Students over the age of 16 should receive grants set at the level of the minimum wage.
 * The right of every young person on leaving education to either a job, proper training or full benefits.
 * Remove all obstacles to the participation of youth in social life. Votes and the right to be elected from the age of 16.
 * The provision of a broad range of sports and cultural centres under the control of elected representatives of youth.
 *  The abolition of age-of-consent laws. We recognise the right of individuals to enter into the sexual relations they choose provided this does not conflict with the rights of others. Alternative legislation to protect children from sexual abuse.
 * The extensive provision of education and counselling facilities on all sexual matters, free from moralistic judgement, is an essential prerequisite to enable youth to develop themselves in all areas of sexuality and reproduction.

This is the context. What do people think? Is this a peophile organization? DJ Silverfish 16:40, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the application of that category to this organisation is ridiculous. The policy which DJ Silverfish has posted above makes it absolutely clear that they are *not* advocating pedophilia, and call for "legislation to protect children from sexual abuse."  They could perhaps be a category for organisations opposing age of consent laws, but even that would rather overrepresent the importance of this policy to the CPGB(PCC), which I have never known to campaign on the issue. Warofdreams talk 17:12, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The question is not, "Would I like for the article to be categorized under Pedophile organizations?" Rather, it is, "Should the article be categorized under Pedophile organizations in light of the criteria established on that category's page?"  While the answer to the first question is probably no, the answer to the second question is definitely yes.  If you don't like this, feel free to advocate changing the criteria listed on the category's talk page.  Reverting the categorization simply because you don't like it is unacceptable, just as removing from the George W. BUsh article text containing criticisms, on the basis that you don't like them, is unacceptable.

 * As for your comments specifically, Warofdreams, CPGB does not need to advocate for pedophilia. It needs only to advocate the removal of restrictions in sex involving children, which it does through the advocacy of removing age-of-consent laws.  I tend to agree with you about creating a category for organizations opposed to age-of-consent laws, but for as long as this article meets at least one of the two criteria listed on the category page, it belongs in that category. Corax 18:13, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting sophistry. The category will be defined as it goes as organizations like the CPGB (PCC) are excluded. Revise the policies of inclusion based on that exclusion. DJ Silverfish 18:39, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting how people who can't respond to arguments almost always try to characterize the arguments instead. You're the person who has a problem with the criteria so I don't see why I should be the one to tinker with them.  In any event, if I don't see a compelling reason why the group doesn't fit the criteria set by the category, I'm placing it back into the category. Corax 21:11, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This dispute appears to be related to a dispute over whether the North American Man/Boy Love Association belongs in category:Pedophile organizations. -Will Beback 22:19, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Description
I've removed "Trotskyist" from the description. The group does not call itself Trotskyist, has criticisms of Trotsky and Trotskyism, and is not seen by Trotskyist groups as being Trotskyist. Leninist is the appropriate description. Warofdreams talk 01:36, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope, "Left Shachmanism" is wrong in even more ways. Nobody (except you) describes the group as adhering to "Left Shachtmanism" (see  and ).  The article you claim as a source for this is a signed article, in which a prominent member of the party writes "There is in my opinion much to recommend in Shachtman".  This is not a sufficient reference for your claim.  If you are interested in writing about the political orientation of the group, a well referenced section on its political influences and description might be of interest. However, even if you were to succeed in demonstrating that the party's ideology were identical to left Shachtmanism, Wikipedia is not a publisher of original research.  Adding random terms to the infobox is decidedly unhelpful. Warofdreams talk 02:40, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Michael Howard?
Was this the Communist organisation who released a statement in January 2004 showing support for Michael Howard's "I Believe" statement of 2 January that year? Lstanley1979 (talk) 15:31, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Merge of Campaign for a Marxist Party
As that campaign received no mainstream coverage and only a little coverage in the pages of the Weekly Worker and other left-wing party publications, and as it was dominated by the CPGB (PCC), I suggest that Campaign for a Marxist Party be merged to this article. Fences &  Windows  02:21, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Good plan; it was primarily a CPGB initiative and didn't generate enough attention to merit its own article. Warofdreams talk 16:24, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Go for it -- it was a failed Weekly Worker group initiative that made no traction. Bigdaddy1981 (talk) 00:20, 11 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Clarification: it was an initiative of the Critique Group and the Democratic Socialist Alliance which the CPGB somewhat reluctantly supported - both in the sense of endorsed, and in the sense of propped up. Nonetheless, it belongs here as much as anywhere, and certainly isn't remotely notable in itself... Commander deathguts (talk) 23:10, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Can this be closed now? There's been no objection to this proposal over the last three years, so I suggest (if you still wish) to go ahead and do it. Moonraker12 (talk) 17:59, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Merge done. Fences  &  Windows  19:09, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Name, and other affairs
I am a member of this organisation of several years (James Turley, if anyone cares), and I can assure you that the name CPGB (PCC) is used exclusively by wikipedia, and by people whose sole knowledge of us comes from wikipedia (the PCC is our leadership, not our organisation). The Alliance for Workers Liberty calls us the "weekly worker group" (eg: ), and everyone else is happy with CPGB. I would suggest as a longer term project merging the CPGB (PCC) and Weekly Worker pages into one called Communist Party of Great Britain (Weekly Worker). There is certainly no reason for both to exist separately, and the new name would reflect better the fact that it is the Weekly Worker which is primarily 'notable' about our organisation, not the name of our leading committee... Commander deathguts (talk) 23:22, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Well I remember when the CPGB(PCC) used to have stickers all over the London Underground calling itself CPGB(PCC) so the name is/was not a wikipedia invention. Tony Greenstine — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.193.32.99 (talk) 18:25, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

Age of consent (again)
I removed the paragraph relating to the abolition of the age of consent as it was uncited and controversial, especially in light of the recent PIE related accusations in the press and the current general paedophilia related media obsession.. -- wintonian  talk  23:10, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

--

http://www.cpgb.org.uk/home/about-the-cpgb/draft-programme/3.-immediate-demands

"Abolish age-of-consent laws. We recognise the right of individuals to enter into the sexual relations they choose, provided this does not conflict with the rights of others. Alternative legislation to protect children from sexual abuse."

Here is the citation.

---

Here is the where the relevant information can now be found after the cpgb website was updated:

http://cpgb.org.uk/pages/programme/3-immediate-demands/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tomfranks1 (talk • contribs) 00:26, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

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Portal:Aviation/Selected article

style=text-align:center;|1=

Selected picture

Selected biography

Selected aircraft

Instructions

 * 1) Add a new Selected article to the next available subpage. Use Selected article
 * 2) Update max to new total for its Random portal component on the main page.

title: Portal:Aviation/Selected article


text:
Mario Rodríguez (footballer, born 1981)

Mario Rafael Rodríguez Rodríguez (born September 14, 1981 in Guatemala City, Guatemala) is a retired Guatemalan football midfielder. He has played for local club Municipal.

Rodríguez has played locally also played for Comunicaciones and in Major League Soccer for Columbus Crew. He was also a member of the Guatemala national team.

Club career
Rodríguez, nicknamed El Loco (Spanish for The Crazy Man), started his career in Guatemala in 2002 with Comunicaciones, where he would remain until 2004. In February 2004 during the 211th clasico between longtime arch-rivals Municipal and Comunicaciones, he collided with goalkeeper Danny Ortiz causing Ortiz to suffer a torn pericardium. Ortiz was taken to the Hospital Centro Médico where he died two hours later.

In 2005, he joined Columbus Crew from Costa Rican side Alajuelense, and in 2006, he played for Miami FC, and with 7 goals and 4 assists he was second in scoring for the club behind Brazilian forward Romário. He returned to Guatemala to play for Municipal for the 2007 Clausura.

He has been productive for Municipal. But despite being the top scorer on the team since joining, he hasn't always had the best relationship with Municipal fans because of his past with rivals Comunicaciones.

In March 2009, Rodríguez almost signed with Chunnam Dragons from the Korean League, only for the deal to fail through at the second attempt.

International career
Rodríguez made his international debut in a January 2003 friendly match against El Salvador and has since been capped over 70 times for his country. He represented his country in 19 FIFA World Cup qualification matches as well as at the 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

In 2006, Rodríguez was recalled by Guatemala national coach Hernán Darío Gómez to play against Haiti. He scored a goal and then was recalled for a friendly in Guatemala City against Panama. He made his return to the national squad for the 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign, scoring three goals in the first two matches, against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

Post-career
On 12 March 2023, Rodriguez was proclaimed a candidate for the 2023 Guatemala City mayoral election with the National Convergence Front.

International goals

 * Scores and results list. Guatemala's goal tally first.

Honours

 * Comunicaciones
 * Liga Nacional de Guatemala: Clausura 2003

 * Municipal
 * Liga Nacional de Guatemala: Clausura 2005, Apertura 2005, Clausura 2006, Apertura 2006, Clausura 2008, Clausura 2010, Apertura 2011

title: Mario Rodríguez (footballer, born 1981)


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User:Garfield686

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Talk:Inveresk

Comment
This needs to establish what Inveresk actually is: is it a village? suburb? district? Joe D (t) 16:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nearby Roman remains
Can someone, who knows about it, stick some info and links / sources about the Roman settlements nearby? Im interested in knowing more. Thanks ΤΕΡΡΑΣΙΔΙΩΣ (Ταλκ ) 22:08, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
Presumably it is accepted that Inveresk means the confluence of the Esk or the mouth of the Esk. The confluence of a river with the sea or a firth is synonymous with the mouth of the river. It follows, since there is no other outflow of the Esk, that it must be to the Firth of Forth. If there is a problem with the idea of confluence, the suffix of the composite name is taken from the smaller stream such as Inverurie which is the confluence of the Urie with the Don. There is no larger river such that the Esk would give its name to a confluence of rivers. Again, it must be the Firth of Forth.

Charters to Dunfermline Abbey refer to Lesser Inveresk and Greater Inveresk. It seems that the name Inveresk covered a larger area that simply the village. A confirmation charter by James II mentions Greater Inveresk with its fishings, probably a connection with the Firth. It would not be unnatural for the village beside the parish church of the district to take on the name Inveresk. 92.237.196.80 (talk) 15:44, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Does the town have to be at the exact place of the confluence? Old Inverness isn't, for example. Or the name could be transposed, for example Inverleith was an old name for Leith but is now used for a district far upstream. 77.99.107.206 (talk) 09:21, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

What the place-name scholars have to say
A.D. Mills' A Dictionary of British Place-Names (https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl0000mill_u9o6) s.n. Esk has a c.1200 form, Ask, meaning "water", from British *isca. Mills also has several places in Inver-:
 * Inver (Inbhear Náile) Donegal. `Estuary of Náile'.
 * Inveran (Indreabhán) Galway. `Little estuary'.
 * Inveraray Arg. `Mouth of the River Aray'. Gaelic inbhir.
 * Invereela (Inbhear Daeile) Wicklow. `Estuary of the (river) Deel'.
 * Invergordon Highland. `Gordon's (place at the) river mouth'. Gaelic inbhir. Earlier, the place was known as Inverbreckie, `mouth of the Breckie', from Gaelic inbhir + a river name meaning `speckled' (Gaelic breac).
 * Inverkeithing Fife. Hinhirkethy c. 1057, Innerkethyin 1114. `Mouth of the Keithing Burn'. Gaelic inbhir. The river name probably means `wooded stream' (British *ceto-).
 * Inverleith Edin. Inerlet c. 1130. `Mouth of the Water of Leith'. Gaelic inbhir.
 * Inverness Highland. Invernis 1300. `Mouth of the River Ness'. Gaelic inbhir. The river has a Celtic or pre-Celtic name from a root *ned- `moist'.
 * Inverurie Aber. Inverurie 1199, Innervwry c. 1300. `Confluence of the River Urie (and Don)'. Gaelic inbhir + unexplained river name.

Victor Watts, The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge Univ. Press (2004) doesn't have any of the Inver- place-names, but s.n. Esk (p. 218):
 * River ESK An old European river n. *Eis-kā formed by a k-suffix extension of the IE root *is-/*eis- 'move swiftly, strongly'. BzN 1957.241.
 * (1) - Cumbr NY 3666. Esch after 1165, Ask 1194×1214, Eske [c.1205]n.d., 1279, Esk from early 14th. Cu 13, RN 152, BzN 1957.241.
 * (2) - Cumbr SD 1297. Esc [c.1140, 1180]n.d., Esk from c.1180, Hesk, Esch, Eske 13th cent. Cu 14, RM 151, BzN 1957.241.
 * (3) - NYorks NZ 7207, 8708. Esch 1109×14-[1199]15th, Esk(e) from 1204. YN 3.

Watts Refs:
 * Letter/number combos after the headword/subentry are national grid locations.
 * BzN - Beitreäge zur Namenforshung by year and page.
 * Cu - A.M. Armstrong, A. Mawer, F.M. Stenton and Bruce Dickens. The Place-Names of Cumberland, 3 vols., Cambridge 1950.
 * RN - Eilert Ekwall, English River-Names, Oxford 1928.
 * YN - A.H. Smith, The Place-Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire, Cambridge 1928.

--Gunnora (talk) 16:13, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Inveresk


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Grass (card game)

Grass is a card game, first published in 1979 and now published by Euro Games and Ventura International (packaged in a hemp bag). The game is an expanded version of the 1954 game Mille Bornes (itself based on the 1906 game Touring) with the theme altered from car racing to cannabis dealing, with many of the cards essentially the same in their effects.

Cards

 * Peddle Cards are cards which make up the money in the game, indicating the sale of cannabis to a particular value. There are six types: Home Grown, Mexico, Colombia, Jamaica, Panama, and Dr. Feelgood.  Each of these has a different monetary value.
 * Heat on cards represent police activity and are made up of 4 different varieties: Bust, Detained, Felony, and Search and Seizure. A Heat on card played on another player's "Market open" card prevents that player from peddling cannabis (until the corresponding "Heat off" card is played).
 * Heat off cards are made up of Immunity, Hearsay Evidence, Charges Dropped, and A Breeze To Fly. Any of these cards played on the corresponding "Heat on" card will remove the heat and enable the player to continue putting down peddle cards.
 * Market open cards enables the player to add peddles of cannabis to their stash (provided there is no heat). In order to end the current hand/round, any player may play a "Market close" on their own "Market open" (provided there is no heat). The money for the round is totalled and a new hand is dealt to each player.
 * Skim cards allow a player to steal peddle cards on the table from other players. Steal Your Neighbour's Pot allows the player to take any peddle card from another player, and The Banker allows the player to steal 20 percent of every player's unprotected tabled peddle money at the end of the round.
 * Protection cards allow a player to protect their peddle cards against skim cards. There are three types: Grab a Snack ($25,000), Catch a Buzz ($25,000) and Lust Conquers All ($50,000). Dr Feelgood, the highest valued peddle card, may never be protected.
 * Pay Fine cards function as heat off cards, but require the player to sacrifice a peddle card in their stash to play them.
 * Nirvana Cards give bonuses to players. There are two types: Stonehigh and Euphoria.  Either of these cards will provide extra turns (Stonehigh: 1 turn. Euphoria: 1 turn) and cancel any "heat on" card active on the player.  In addition, the player receives a peddle card from every other player: Stonehigh requires every player to hand over their lowest tabled peddle, whereas Euphoria requires player to hand over their highest tabled peddle.
 * Paranoia Cards give penalties to players. Each of these cards imposes a penalty on the player who plays it.  However, if the cards are found unplayed in a player's hand at the end of a hand, a score penalty is assessed: ($25,000 for Sold out; $50,000 for Double Crossed; and $100,000 for Utterly Wiped Out), it is up to the player to decide which is worth less.   Further, whenever any of these cards are played on the discard pile, each player must pass a card from their hand to their neighbour: this can allow the play of one of the less dangerous Paranoia cards to enable a player to pass on a more dangerous one. If these cards are played on a person's peddle pile, Sold out forces the player to skip a turn and lose their lowest peddle; Doublecrossed forces the player to skip two turns and lose their highest peddle; and Utterly Wiped Out forces the player to skip two turns and must put all tabled unprotected peddle cards on the wasted pile and must reopen with a new Market Open card.

Reception
Games magazine included Grass in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", describing it as "the card game that Cheech and Chong have been waiting for".

Games magazine included Grass in their "Top 100 Games of 1981", describing it as "a game to get really silly with".

Games magazine included Grass in their "Top 100 Games of 1982", noting that the game was "invented by a retired policeman!" and that "Whether you're intrigued or in censed by the theme of dealing in marijuana, consider this: We know of no action card game that plays better."

title: Grass (card game)


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Powers of the president of the United States

The powers of the president of the United States include those explicitly granted by Article II of the United States Constitution as well as those granted by Acts of Congress, implied powers, and also a great deal of soft power that is attached to the presidency.

The Constitution explicitly assigns the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors. The president shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed and the president has the power to appoint and remove executive officers. The president may make treaties, which need to be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate, and is accorded those foreign-affairs functions not otherwise granted to Congress or shared with the Senate. Thus, the president can control the formation and communication of foreign policy and can direct the nation's diplomatic corps. The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. In the condition of a Senate recess, the president may make a temporary appointment.

Commander-in-chief
The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces as well as all federalized United States Militia and may exercise supreme operational command and control over them. The president has, in this capacity, plenary power to launch, direct and supervise military operations, order or authorize the deployment of troops, unilaterally launch nuclear weapons, and form military policy with the Department of Defense and Homeland Security. However, the constitutional ability to declare war is vested only in Congress.

Article II of the U.S. Constitution expressly designates the president as: "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States"

U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions, with the president possessing ultimate authority, but no rank, maintaining a civilian status. Before 1947, the president was the only common superior of the Army (under the secretary of war) and the Navy and Marine Corps (under the secretary of the navy). The National Security Act of 1947, and the 1949 amendments to the same act, created the Department of Defense and the services (Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force) became subject to the "authority, direction and control" of the secretary of defense. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated from the president to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through its secretary. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the combatant commands assist with operations as outlined in the presidentially-approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).

The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the president as commander-in-chief has been the subject of much debate throughout American history, with Congress at various times granting the president wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority. There is consensus that the framers of the Constitution intended Congress to declare war and the president to direct the war; Alexander Hamilton said that the president, although lacking the power to declare war, would have "the direction of war when authorized or begun", further explaining in Federalist No. 69 that "The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature".

Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war, but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1989.

The amount of military detail handled personally by the president in wartime has varied dramatically. George Washington, the first U.S. president, firmly established military subordination under civilian authority. In 1794, Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militiamen to quell the Whiskey Rebellion—a conflict in western Pennsylvania involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay excise tax on spirits. According to historian Joseph Ellis, this was the "first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field", although James Madison briefly took control of artillery units in the defense of Washington D.C. during the War of 1812.

President Abraham Lincoln was deeply involved in strategy development and day-to-day military operations during the American Civil War, 1861–1865; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as Ulysses S. Grant. On the other extreme, Woodrow Wilson paid very little attention to operational military details of World War I and had very little contact with the War Department or with General John J. Pershing, who had a high degree of autonomy as commander of the armies in France. As president during World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt worked closely with his generals and admirals, and assigned Admiral William D. Leahy as "Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief". Harry S. Truman believed in a high amount of civilian leadership of the military, making many tactical and policy decisions based on the recommendations of his advisors—including the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan, to commit American forces in the Korean War, and to terminate Douglas MacArthur from his command. Lyndon B. Johnson kept a very tight personal control of operations during the Vietnam War, which some historians have sharply criticized.

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the ensuing Gulf War in 1991 saw George H. W. Bush assemble and lead one of the largest military coalitions of nations in modern times. Confronting a major constitutional issue of murky legislation that left the wars in Korea and Vietnam without official declarations of war, Congress quickly authorized sweeping war-making powers for Bush. The leadership of George W. Bush during the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War achieved mixed results. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda, the subsequent War on Terror that followed, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq due to Iraq's alleged sponsorship of terrorism and possession of weapons of mass destruction, the speed at which the Taliban and Ba'ath Party governments in both Kabul and Baghdad were toppled by an overwhelming superiority of American and allied forces defied the predictions of many military experts. However, insufficient post-war planning and strategy by Bush and his advisors to rebuild those nations were costly.

During the 20th century, certain regional commanders came to be called "commander-in-chief". Before 2002, combatant commanders were referred to as commanders-in-chief on a daily basis (e.g. Commander in Chief of U.S. Central Command), even though the positions were in fact already statutorily designated as "combatant commander" (CCDR). On 24 October 2002, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld announced his decision that the use of the commander-in-chief title would thereafter be reserved for the president only.

As the purpose of a military is to combat foreign invaders and adversaries, U.S. troops cannot be deployed on U.S. soil. The only exception to this rule, is if the president invokes the Insurrection Act of 1807 to quell civil turmoils, rebellions and insurrections.

The president can – with certain limitations – call into federal service all or individual units of the National Guards and naval militias of the states to either supplement regular forces, assist state governments in the case of rebellion or insurrection, or to enforce federal law when such enforcement is impracticable by normal means. Additionally, the president also maintains direct control over the District of Columbia National Guard. As opposed to military forces, militia units can operate on American soil.

In times of war or national emergency, the Congress may grant the president broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States, but these powers were not expressly granted by the Constitution.

Executive powers
Within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government. The president can unilaterally issue a variety of rules, regulations, and instructions, whose impact and visibility vary widely. Memoranda and other informal orders may not be published. National security directives may be classified. Public proclamations and international agreements are more easily tracked, as are executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress.

Early examples of unilateral directives to enact politically controversial policies include George Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality (1793), Andrew Jackson's Nullification Proclamation (1832), and Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1862).

The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget, although Congress was required to approve it. The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget. Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit, however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause. The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large-scale power exercises by President Nixon. The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget.

Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation. Nonetheless, acting independently, a president can heavily influence and redirect the nation's political agenda and reshape its public policies. As early as 1999, Terry M. Moe and William G. Howell suggested that presidential capacity to pursue objectives unilaterally, rather than through Congress, "virtually defines what is distinctively modern about the modern American presidency." This shift can be linked to other changes, in particular the polarization of political parties, increasing tendencies for congressional dysfunction, and the delegation of authority to the executive branch to implement legislative provisions.

Powers related to legislation
The president has several options when presented with a bill from Congress. If the president agrees with the bill, he can sign it into law within ten days of receipt. If the president opposes the bill, he can veto it and return the bill to Congress with a veto message suggesting changes (unless Congress is out of session, in which case the president may rely on a pocket veto).

Presidents are required to approve all of a bill or none of it; selective vetoes have been prohibited. In 1996, Congress gave President Bill Clinton a line-item veto over parts of a bill that required spending federal funds. The Supreme Court, in Clinton v. New York City, found Clinton's veto of pork-barrel appropriations for New York City to be unconstitutional because only a constitutional amendment could give the president line-item veto power.

When a bill is presented for signature, the president may also issue a signing statement with expressions of their opinion on the constitutionality of a bill's provisions. The president may even declare them unenforceable but the Supreme Court has yet to address this issue.

Congress may override vetoes with a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate. The process has traditionally been difficult and relatively rare. The threat of a presidential veto has usually provided sufficient pressure for Congress to modify a bill so the president would be willing to sign it.

Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch. In modern times, the "executive communication" has become a prolific source of legislative proposals. The communication is usually in the form of a message or letter from a member of the president's Cabinet, the head of an independent agency, or the president himself, transmitting a draft of a proposed bill to the speaker of the House of Representatives and the president of the Senate. The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress. If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals, the president may call a special session of the Congress.

Beyond these official powers, the U.S. president, as a leader of his political party and the United States government, holds great sway over public opinion whereby they may influence legislation.

To improve the working relationship with Congress, presidents in recent years have set up an Office of Legislative Affairs. Presidential aides have kept abreast of all important legislative activities.

Powers of appointment
Before taking office, the president-elect and his transition team must appoint people to more than 6,000 federal positions. The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies, to the White House staff, and members of the United States diplomatic corps. Many, but not all, of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate.

The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies, including federal judges, such as members of the United States courts of appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. These nominations require Senate confirmation, and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance.

As head of the executive branch, the president appoints the top officials for nearly all federal agencies. These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than 7,000 appointive positions in the government. Many of these appointments are made by the president. The president is also free to appoint a new agency head of ten agencies. For example, it is not unusual for the CIA's director or NASA's administrator to be changed by the president. Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms. For example, governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence. The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government-owned corporations, such as Amtrak. The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session.

In the past, presidents could appoint members of the United States civil service. This use of the spoils system allowed presidents to reward political supporters with jobs. Following the assassination of President James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, Congress instituted a merit-based civil service in which positions are filled on a nonpartisan basis. The Office of Personnel Management now oversees the staffing of 2.8 million federal jobs in the federal bureaucracy.

The president must also appoint his staff of aides, advisers, and assistants. These individuals are political appointments and are not subject to review by the Senate. All members of the staff serve "at the pleasure of the President". Since 1995, the president has been required to submit an annual report to Congress listing the name and salary of every employee of the White House Office. The 2011 report listed 454 employees.

Executive clemency
Article II of the United States Constitution gives the president the power of clemency. The two most commonly used clemency powers are those of pardon and commutation. A pardon is an official forgiveness for an acknowledged crime. Once a pardon is issued, all punishment for the crime is waived. A person seeking executive clemency by pardon, reprieve, commutation of sentence, or remission of fine shall execute a formal petition. The petition shall be addressed to the president of the United States and shall be submitted to the pardon attorney, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20530, except for petitions relating to military offenses. A person accepting the pardon through execution of a formal petition must, however, acknowledge that the crime did take place. The president can only grant pardons for federal offences. The president maintains the Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice to review all requests for pardons. The president can also commute a sentence which, in effect, changes the punishment to time served. While the guilty party may be released from custody or not have to serve out a prison term, all other punishments still apply.

Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch, especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe. This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes. Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people. For example, President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada. Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites. This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution.

Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated. President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis "Scooter" Libby and President Donald Trump commuted the sentence of and later pardoned Roger Stone.

Foreign affairs
Under the Constitution, the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations. The president appoints ambassadors, ministers, and consuls (subject to confirmation by the Senate) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials. With the secretary of state, the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments.

On occasion, the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation. For example, President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements.

Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiate treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds of the Senate. The president may also negotiate executive agreements with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation.

Emergency powers
The Constitution does not expressly grant the president additional powers in times of national emergency. Some scholars think that the Framers implied these powers because the structural design of the Executive Branch enables it to act faster than the Legislative Branch. Because the Constitution remains silent on the issue, the courts cannot grant the Executive Branch these powers when it tries to wield them. The courts will only recognize a right of the Executive Branch to use emergency powers if Congress has granted such powers to the president.

Emergency presidential power is not a new idea. However, the way in which it is used in the twenty-first century presents new challenges.

A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861. Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ. With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge, the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex parte Merryman, although Lincoln ignored the order.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States.

Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952. With the Korean War ongoing, Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well-equipped. The U.S. Supreme Court, however, refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, voting 6-3 that neither commander-in-chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation.

President Nixon claimed in 1976 that the powers of the president to decide the constitutionality of government actions concerning national security was absolute and exclusive: "if the President does it, that means it is not illegal".

Congressional legislation gives the president powers to commandeer states and governors of states, if the president deems they are engaged in insurrection.

According to research conducted by the Brennan Center at New York University Law School, administrations since Eisenhower have drafted secret Presidential Emergency Action Documents (PEADs) that assert what one government document described as "extraordinary presidential authority in response to extraordinary situations." These secret powers appear to be exempt from congressional oversight. PEADs undergo periodic revision, and although their current contents were not known as of 2020, previous PEADs included emergency powers to detain "alien enemies" and other "dangerous persons"; invoke various forms of martial law; authorize a general warrant permitting search and seizure of persons and property; suspend production of the Federal Register; and censor news reports. The Brennan Center found that 56 PEADs were in effect as of 2018.

Executive privilege
Executive privilege gives the president the ability to withhold information from the public, Congress, and the courts in national security and diplomatic affairs. George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain. While not enshrined in the Constitution, Washington's action created the precedent for privilege. When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed audio tapes to a special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that privilege was not absolute. The Court reasoned that the judiciary's interest in the "fair administration of criminal justice" outweighed President Nixon's interest in keeping the evidence secret. Later President Bill Clinton lost in federal court when he tried to assert privilege in the Lewinsky affair. The Supreme Court affirmed this in Clinton v. Jones, which denied the use of privilege in cases of civil suits.

Constraints on presidential power
Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities, coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene, political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president's powers. Some have even spoken of "the imperial presidency", referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term.

President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a "bully pulpit" from which to raise issues nationally, for when a president raises an issue, it inevitably becomes subject to public debate. A president's power and influence may have limits, but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and, furthermore, is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans.

Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress, the president's executive branch conducts most foreign policy, and their power to order and direct troops as commander-in-chief is quite significant (the exact limits of a president's military powers without Congressional authorization are open to debate).

The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was primarily designed to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist. Based on their experience, the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power. The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as "checks and balances". For example, the president appoints judges and departmental secretaries, but these appointments must be approved by the Senate. The president can approve bills or veto (deny) them. If he does that, the bill is sent back to Congress, which can override the veto.

An essential factor, then, to counter the abuse of unilateral executive power, is presidential accountability:

"[T]he American Constitution...envisages a strong Presidency within an equally strong system of accountability. When the constitutional balance is upset in favor of Presidential power and at the expense of Presidential accountability, the office can be said to become imperial. – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr."

Political scientists have attempted to develop theoretical approaches to describe the use and control of unilateral power, but such theories have not been clearly substantiated by empirical evidence. Some theoretical perspectives emphasize the importance of institutional constraints and the separation of powers. Unilateral action can be seen as a strategic way of circumventing Congressional authority, or as a way to act complicitly with the tacit approval of the majority party. Other formal theories focus on agency and relationships between the president, other bureaucratic actors, and the public. Comparative perspectives suggest that factors such as partisan support, ideological polarization, and divided government, may be closely linked to unilateral policy making. No one theoretical approach addresses all important issues.

Empirical research on executive power and its uses is limited, and results are not always consistent. Available results may not align with predictions from separation-of-powers theories: "presidents routinely change status quo policies that theories predict they should not." Evidence suggests that presidents are more likely to exercise unilateral power with the tacit support of the majority party in Congress, rather than against a hostile Congress.

With respect to judicial review it appears that presidents may be more likely to issue executive orders when they differ ideologically from the courts. However the courts overwhelmingly tend to support such directives, upholding 83% of the executive orders that were challenged in federal court between 1942 and 1998.

Predictions about the relationship between presidential popularity and numbers of unilateral directives issued are inconclusive. It has been theorized that less popular presents will issue more presidential directives, but results on this question are mixed. In terms of how the public responds to the president's actions, there is some evidence to suggest that "individuals are less likely to approve of the president following the use of unilateral power" possibly because it is used in place of legislation.


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Konex Foundation

Konex Foundation (Fundación Konex) is an Argentine cultural non-profit organization created in 1980 to promote, stimulate, help, and participate in any form of cultural, educational, intellectual, artistic, social, philanthropic, scientific or sports initiative, work, and enterprise, in their most relevant aspects, as defined by its founder and president, Dr. Luis Ovsejevich.

The Konex Foundation provides scholarships and individual grants and also sponsors and stimulates group activities through subsidies and assistance to meritorious ideas and enterprises.

Konex Awards
The Konex Awards, also created in 1980, where conceived as a way to reward the Argentine personalities and institutions of different fields, as well as to stimulate the beginners.

Even though the awards are handed every year, they are organised by cycles of 10 years. Each year with a different field in the following order: Sports, Entertainment, Visual Arts, Science and Technology, Literature, Popular Music, Humanities, Communication-Journalism, Institutions-Communities-Companies and Classical Music.

The Konex Awards are internationally recognised since its creation, and are one of the most important and distinguished in Argentina.

Foundation's activities in the area of classical music
Among the foundation's activities there's a program to promote amongst young people different cultural expression such as opera, ballet and classical music, in adapted version.

Other activities of the Foundation
The Foundation also supports different science projects and plastic artistic activities, holds painting exhibitions and has its own collection.

The Ciudad Cultural Konex venue hosts music and arts events organized by the Konex Foundation, from classical music to contemporaneous percussion group La bomba de tiempo.

title: Konex Foundation


text: User talk:65.219.235.164

title: User talk:65.219.235.164


text:
Jason Martin (musician)

Jason Martin is a musician from Southern California. He is best known as a member of the indie rock band Starflyer 59, one of the first bands to sign with Tooth & Nail Records.

Martin's style of music has been dubbed "shoegazing", a word used originally in reference to the distorted electric guitar reminiscent of British bands in the late '80s and early '90s. Martin has also been a member of several side project bands, including Bon Voyage, The Pony Express, The Brothers Martin and Neon Horse.

Martin is a Christian and thanks "Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" on all his albums. Despite this, very few of his songs have Christian overtones. His music is based more often than not on personal issues such as work, family, friends, and his spirituality.

Jason is the only member of Starflyer 59 who has played on every one of the band's albums. Earlier in his life he played with his brother, Ronnie Martin, in the synthpop based Dance House Children. Jason and Ronnie reunited in the studio in 2006 to record The Brothers Martin, combining both of the current styles from Starflyer 59 and Joy Electric. The CD was released January 23, 2007.

As well as making music and touring, Jason Martin also works for his late father's business as a truck driver.

He released a new shoegaze project Low & Behold (released October 31, 2015) with Ryan Clark of Demon Hunter on Northern Records.

Bands

 * Neon Horse
 * Starflyer 59
 * Bon Voyage
 * The Brothers Martin
 * Dance House Children
 * Low & Behold
 * Lo Tom
 * Pony Express
 * Red Strat

title: Jason Martin (musician)


text:
User:ValHallASW

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$$\textrm{cijfer} = \frac{\textrm{aantal punten}}{2}+1$$

kijk ik kan editen vanuit de app

quarin dit:
$$\int{\sqrt{1+(f(x)')^2}}$$ test

title: User:ValHallASW


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JuliusThyssen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

JuliusThyssen
Vanity. Rhobite 16:12, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Worse than that. This User:JuliusThyssen is where it originated, and I note that this user is currently subject for a RfAr . Actually speedy it as duplicate content. --Scimitar 18:30, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity about an RfAr and vandalism. Geogre 18:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Userfy. At the very most, this is a mediocre, self-important userpage. jglc | t | c 20:21, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy or delete. Mgm|(talk) 21:08, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Deleted. RickK 21:41, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Dysplastic nevus

A dysplastic nevus or atypical mole is a nevus (mole) whose appearance is different from that of common moles. In 1992, the NIH recommended that the term "dysplastic nevus" be avoided in favor of the term "atypical mole". An atypical mole may also be referred to as an atypical melanocytic nevus, atypical nevus, B-K mole, Clark's nevus, dysplastic melanocytic nevus, or nevus with architectural disorder.

Dysplastic nevi often grow to larger than ordinary moles and may have irregular and indistinct borders. Their color may not be uniform and may range from light pink to very dark brown. They usually begin flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. See ABCDE and "ugly duckling" characteristics below.

Dysplastic nevi can be found anywhere, but are most common on the trunk in men, and on the calves in women.

There is some controversy in the dermatology community as to whether or not the "dysplastic"/"atypical" nevus exists. Some have argued that the terms "dysplastic" and "atypical" only refer to diagnostic uncertainty, as opposed to biologic uncertainty, and that the lesion is either a nevus or melanoma from the very beginning, as opposed to some kind of "premalignant stage"; it is only the clinician who is unsure. Some have also argued that even if such nevi do exist, studies have shown that clinicians are unable to reliably identify them anyway, meaning there is no point to even using the concept.

Cancer risk
As seen in Caucasian individuals in the United States, those with dysplastic nevi have a lifetime risk of developing melanoma of greater than 10%, compared to less than 1% for those without any dysplastic nevus.

Precaution for individuals with dysplastic nevi

Although there are limited data to support its efficacy, skin self-examination is frequently recommended for preventing melanoma (by identifying atypical moles that can be removed) or for early detection of existing tumors. Examination by a dermatologist has been shown to be beneficial for early melanoma detection. Some dermatologists recommend that an individual with either histologic diagnosis of dysplastic nevus, or clinically apparent atypical moles should be examined by an experienced dermatologist with dermatoscopy once a year (or more frequently).

The abbreviation ABCDE has been useful for helping health care providers and laypersons remember the key characteristics of a melanoma (see "ABCDE" mnemonic below). Changes (in shape, size, color, itching or bleeding) should be brought to the attention of a dermatologist.

A popular method for remembering the signs and symptoms of melanoma is the mnemonic "ABCDE":
 * Asymmetrical skin lesion.
 * Border of the lesion is irregular.
 * Color: melanomas usually have multiple colors.
 * Diameter: moles greater than 6 mm are more likely to be melanomas than smaller moles.
 * Evolution: The evolution (i.e. change) of a mole or lesion may be a hint that the lesion is becoming malignant.

The E is sometimes omitted, as in the ABCD guideline. A weakness in this system is the D. Many melanomas present themselves as lesions smaller than 6 mm in diameter. An astute physician will examine all abnormal moles, including ones less than 6 mm in diameter. Unfortunately for the average person, many seborrheic keratoses, some lentigo senilis, and even warts may have ABCD characteristics, and cannot be distinguished from a melanoma without a trained eye or dermatoscopy.

A recent and novel method of melanoma detection is the "Ugly Duckling Sign". It is simple, easy to teach, and highly effective in detecting melanoma. Simply, correlation of common characteristics of a person's skin lesion is made. Lesions that greatly deviate from the common characteristics are labeled as an "Ugly Duckling", and a dermatologist exam is required. The "Little Red Riding Hood" sign suggests that individuals with fair skin and light-colored hair might prove more challenging. These fair-skinned individuals often have lightly pigmented or amelanotic melanomas which will not present with easy to observe color changes and variation in colors. The borders of these amelanotic melanomas are often indistinct, making visual identification without a dermatoscope (dermatoscopy) very difficult. A dermatoscope must be used to detect "ugly ducklings" among those with light skin or blonde/red hair.

People with a personal or family history of skin cancer or of dysplastic nevus syndrome (multiple atypical moles) should see a dermatologist at least once a year to be sure they are not developing melanoma.

Biopsy
When an atypical mole has been identified, a skin biopsy takes place in order to best diagnose it. Local anesthetic is used to numb the area, then the mole is biopsied. The biopsy material is then sent to a laboratory to be evaluated by a pathologist. A skin biopsy can be a punch, shave, or complete excision. The complete excision is the preferred method, but a punch biopsy can suffice if the patient has cosmetic concerns (i.e. the patient does not want a scar) and the lesion is small. A scoop or deep shave biopsy is often advocated but should be avoided due to risk of a recurrent nevus, which can complicate future diagnosis of a melanoma, and the possibility that resulting scar tissue can obscure tumor depth if a melanoma is found to be present and re-excised.

Most dermatologists and dermatopathologists use a system devised by the NIH for classifying melanocytic lesions. In this classification, a nevus can be defined as benign, having atypia, or being a melanoma. A benign nevus is read as (or understood as) having no cytologic or architectural atypia. An atypical mole is read as having architectural atypia and having (mild, moderate, or severe) cytologic (melanocytic) atypia. Usually, cytologic atypia is of more important clinical concern than architectural atypia. Usually, moderate to severe cytologic atypia will require further excision to make sure that the surgical margin is completely clear of the lesion.

The most important aspect of the biopsy report is that the pathologist indicates if the margin is clear (negative or free of melanocytic nevus), or if further tissue (a second surgery) is required. If this is not mentioned, usually a dermatologist or clinician will require further surgery if moderate to severe cytologic atypia is present – and if residual nevus is present at the surgical margin.

Dysplastic nevus syndrome
"Dysplastic nevus syndrome" refers to individuals who have high numbers of benign moles and also have dysplastic nevi. A small percent of these individuals are members of melanoma kindreds. Inherited dysplastic nevus syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary condition. Dysplastic nevi are more likely to undergo malignant transformation when they occur among members of melanoma families. At least one study indicates a cumulative lifetime risk of nearly 100% in individuals who have dysplastic nevi and are members of melanoma kindreds. Roughly 70% of melanomas arise "de novo" on clear skin growth, whereas the rest arise within atypical moles. Those with dysplastic nevi have an elevated risk of melanoma. Such persons need to be checked regularly for any changes in their moles and to note any new ones. In 40-50% of cases, the disorder has been linked with germline mutations in the CDKN2A gene, which codes for p16 (a regulator of cell division).

title: Dysplastic nevus


text:
User:Slorge

Slorge Gridlock
Fictional character created by Scott Goodhart to be an online persona.

From Scott Goodhart: "Earlier in the evening, we had seen an interview that I'd done on a TV news story on the local station, they put my last name as 'Gridhart', which I expected. They always get my name wrong in print or TV.   Later, when we were onstage, I started to say "We're going to do a slow George Strait song" but it came out "now, we're going to play a slorge.....uh....slow...etc'. The next day, I felt I had a pretty good name for an online persona, which no one else had ever used. Do a google for 'slorge' and most of what comes up is my stuff."

Mission Statement
I am new to writing to the wikipedia (registered 6/2005), but plan to make as many contributions as I can. I may have some fun, and I hope to inform some people.

- Scott Goodhart - creater of Slorge Gridlock

Biography of Slorge Gridlock
Assumed born, and left for dead on a go-cart track in southeastern Missouri, Slorge Gridlock has tried to make a mark for himself on the Internet. This backward, sometimes vile, swamp dweller was raised by geese in the wild and discovered in his early teens by a family in Georgia, where he was nesting for the winter.

Currently, (2005) Scientist place the age of Mr. Gridlock somewhere between the age of 35 and 45. During his formative years in human society, Slorge, became an avid student of classical ballet and the historic art of phrenology. And, in a freak occurrence of events, wound up graduating high school twice, completing two full curriculums, though the explanation for this has never been brought to light. Though he claims to have read Hamlet one hundred and twelve times, he cannot quote a single line, however, he says he has seen the movie Pee-wee's Big Adventure only once, on commercial television and can recite nearly the whole movie. The years 1987-1991 are a complete blank to Slorge, but when asked, he points to a specific bump on the back of his head and grins curiously.

When asked why he turned to music, and particularly, internet music, Slorge simply states, "Ah had tuh do sumthin’, whut with constantly cawlin’ thuh crop circle hotline and my need for nice things. Ah shur wood lahk yoo tuh buy my ree-cordin’s. I’d be hummin’ buckets." followed by, "What are you lookin’ at? Don’t ya eyeball me, ya panty-waist!"

Due to his wildly unbelievable stories of UFOs, dimensional shifts and bigfoot, many scientist disregard anything Slorge has to say on his own behalf, though Slorge seems only vaguely aware of his origin, if at all.

title: User:Slorge


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NAIA World Series

The NAIA World Series (officially branded as the Avista NAIA World Series for sponsorship purposes from 2013) is a double-elimination tournament, held since 1957, to determine the baseball champion of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Since 2000, the tournament has been held at Harris Field on the campus of Lewis–Clark State College (LCSC) in Lewiston, Idaho, having previously hosted from 1984 to 1991.

History
A total of twelve cities have hosted the NAIA World Series. In 1957, the first edition of the series was held in Alpine, Texas, the home of inaugural champions, Sul Ross State. From 1984 to 1991 and since 2000, the series has been held in Lewiston on the campus of LCSC, the winningest school in the competition with 19 victories. The other cities that have hosted the tournament are Sioux City, Iowa; St. Joseph, Missouri; Phoenix, Arizona; Nashville, Tennessee; Lubbock, Texas; Des Moines, Iowa; Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Jupiter, Florida.

As of 2015, a total of 188 schools have competed in the tournament.

title: NAIA World Series


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Hanshin Racecourse

Hanshin Racecourse (阪神競馬場) is located in Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan. It has a capacity of 139,000 and it is used for horse racing. The land was originally owned by Kawanishi Aircraft Company, which manufactured combat planes during World War II. After the World War II, GHQ ordered the company to stop manufacturing combat planes, which ended in closing the factory. In 1949, Keihanshin Keiba K.K. built the Hanshin Racecourse. The racecourse was transferred to Japan Racing Association in 1955. A major reconstruction was completed in 1991, and another in 2006.

Physical attributes
Hanshin Racecourse has two turf courses, a dirt course, and a jump course.

The turf's outer oval (外回り) measures 2089m (1$1⁄4$ miles + 254 feet), and the inner oval (内回り) measures 1689m (1 mile + 261 feet). Two chutes allow races to be run at 1800m/1400m and 2600m/2200m, respectively. Races can be run on the "A Course" rail setting (on the hedge), or the "B Course" setting (rail out 4 meters). The dirt course measures 1518 meters (7/8 mile + 360 feet), with a 1400m chute.

The 2089m-long outer oval turf course was part of a major construction in 2006, and was a 400m-long extension. This would eventually remove two old chutes previously used, including a 1600m chute used for the currently-used 1689m-long inner oval course. The reconstruction (until the course was completely reconstructed) forced stakes races held in Hanshin during the second reconstruction period to be held in other racecourses, including Chukyo Racecourse and Kyoto Racecourse.

Hanshin Racecourse hosted the Japan Cup Dirt from 2008; races prior to that was held in Tokyo Racecourse. It has since been moved to Chukyo since 2015 and is now known as the Champions Cup.

Track records
Source：レコードタイム表 (Record time table) -> 阪神競馬場 (Hanshin Racecourse)
 * † Reference Time.
 * Last updated on September 24, 2023.

title: Hanshin Racecourse