text:
Talk:Manchester Mark 1

Question
April 1954 or 1949?

The article said "The first version of the machine was running in April 1954". The book "Early Britis Computers", page 37 says that it was used to investigate Mersenne primes in April 1949. It ran overnight in June 1949, and that it was completed in October 1949.--Bubba73 16:22, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mark I coincidence
Is it by pure coincidence that this machine shares a similar name to Harvard Mark I? --Abdull 10:17, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, unrelated. However, the Baby Mark 1, Ferranti Mark 1 and intermediary version of the Manchester Mark 1 where all known as the "Mark 1" despite being different evolutions of the same machines. This link has something to say on the matter. --BlueNovember 00:01, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Size of a page
I'm confused by this text:

 * ''The Mark I included two tubes, each storing 64 rows ("double density") of 40 points, for a total of 128 words. 64 words was considered to be a single "page", so the system stored 4 pages. Freddie Williams deliberately sized the drum to store two "pages" of Williams tube data – that is, 2x32x40 = 2,560 bits – per track, and 32 tracks in total.

The word size is 40 bits. Each tube stores 64 words. There are two tubes. 64×2 = 128. This makes sense. Then it says there were four pages. How exactly does 64×4 = 128? Did I miss something? Apparently two pages of data is 2×32 words... so presumably the article should say '32 words was considered to be a single "page"'? --StuartBrady (Talk) 19:08, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Re-name the article?
Can the article name be corrected from "Mark I" to "Mark 1"? TedColes (talk) 18:19, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd certainly be in favour of that. There's a redirect from Manchester Mark 1 to here though, so I'm not sure whether that means the move's got to be done by an administrator? --Malleus Fatuorum 18:23, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm in favour of changing it as it's not consistent with the text but it will need to be done by an admin as the name's already in use. Richerman (talk) 11:48, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Met Office thing
http://www.computer50.org/mark1/gac1.html states that it was the Ferranti mark one that was used by the met office, not the manchester mark one, —Preceding unsigned comment added by Steroberts89 (talk • contribs) 00:35, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed ✅ Richerman (talk) 12:35, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Berners-Lee/Mark 1 confusion
I've removed the claim that Tim Berners-Lee's Dad, Conway Berners-Lee, worked on the Manchester Mark 1. He actually worked on the Ferranti Mark 1. --Malleus Fatuorum 20:11, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Well done
Superb - well written and comprehensive. I added a few links, such as word and page

Any point in putting the translation table in so people can see how the info changes through the process? eg

I know that looks ugly but was just as an example !--Chaosdruid (talk) 18:28, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
 * PS - just added link to Mark 1 in the Mersenne prime page

 * I'm not sure. The article does already say that the Mark 1 reversed the conventional ordering of significant digits ... I was tempted at one point to include a table of the complete mapping of teleprinter codes to binary values, but thought better of it. It's very difficult writing encyclopedia articles, rather than articles about some topic or other, and I've certainly struggled with that in the past. My take on it is that we're trying to give a comprehensive summary, not a comprehensive account, if that makes any sense. --Malleus Fatuorum 18:49, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yup makes perfect sense - it is difficult to know where to draw the line between essay and article for me lol--Chaosdruid (talk) 22:15, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Problem
This article repeatedly refers to the Manchester Mark 1 as "one of the earliest stored-program computers" and links the stored-program to Von Neumann architecture. These terms are not synonymous.

A Von Neumann architecture has a dedicated memory for storing instructions which is separate from the memory used to store the program data. Von Neumann architectures are frequently contrasted with Harvard architectures, which use the same memory to store both programs and instructions. However, *both* Von Neumann and Harvard architectures store the program somewhere.

It would be more accurate to contrast a stored program computer (be it a Harvard or Von Neuman design) with a single purpose computer with a hardwired program (ala, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer), or perhaps with a reprogrammable computer that uses a physical medium (like punch tape) for program storage rather than electronic.

I've turned Stored-program computer (which was previously a bad redirect to Von Neumann architecture) into a legit article. I'm going to link the terms from here to there. Raul654 (talk) 06:55, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

How many pages per Williams tube?
According to Nature, Vol 164, Oct 22,1949, p684. Dr. T. KILBURN http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/documents/natureart.html

"A single storage tube has a capacity of 2,560 digits, arranged in two rasters of television type, where each raster has 32 lines, and each line of a raster holds 40 digits."

- that is, each Williams tube held two pages, not one.

86.141.196.130 (talk) 23:37, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Exact description of Final Spec store size
It seems to me that:

"The capacity was increased to 4 Williams tube and 128 magnetic drum pages in the Final Specification version."

is incorrect, since that phrasing indicates that only four pages of main store were implemented when in fact four tubes were used to provide eight pages.

Thus, a formulation such as:

"The capacity was increased in the Final Specification version to eight pages of main store on four Williams tubes and 128 magnetic drum pages of backing store."

seems to be called for: correctly describing the amount of store provided in a fairly concise and very clear manner.

86.141.196.130 (talk) 00:03, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Obviously I don't agree, as now we've established that the Mk I used double-density Williams tubes anyone can easily work out for themselves how many pages of main store that represents. But I'm fed up arguing the toss with you. Eric   Corbett  00:38, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

The way I look at it, the reader shouldn't have to work things out like that; indeed, requiring the reader to work out things like that is sure to result in many readers misunderstanding what's written.

The text should be written clearly so the reader can understand it without trouble. If it's practical to help the reader avoid mistakes in comprehension, then the text should do so.

(one must be careful to avoid wind-baggery when trying to do this - I think I've managed that much at least)

One problem is that the term "double-density" tubes doesn't help - what's a "single-density" tube? Implicitly, one of half the capacity of a double-density tube. But that's all we get from the phrase - and then only if you make the link between "density" and "capacity" (which most would, I'd hope). How does that help anyone? I don't get it. Double-density might be a correct term, but it's not an aid to reader understanding of the article in my view.

Stating plainly that the tubes in question each held "two arrays of 32 x 40-bit words – known as pages": that's helpful.

Back to your suggested phrasing:

"The capacity was increased to four Williams tubes and 128 magnetic drum pages in the Final Specification version"

Is indeed no longer an incorrect statement - "4 Williams tubes" rather than "4 Williams tube [...] pages".

However, I think a reader could easily slip up and misunderstand what was meant, so it's a better idea to explain things clearly. Since it's easy enough to do so without being long-winded about it, why not leave my phrasing in place?

My point is not that your phrasing is wrong, just that it's liable to lead to misunderstanding which could very easily be avoided.

86.141.196.130 (talk) 01:01, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Main and backing store description.
I feel it is helpful to describe the size of the working stores not only in terms that describe the machine architecture - that is, in terms of pages - but also in terms of words. My reasoning is that it's easier for the reader to comprehend both the machine architecture and the size of store provided if store size is described both as number of pages and number of words.

It is also (obviously to my mind) helpful to explain what is meant by "backing store", since the concept is not obvious.

Finally, the term "double density" when applied to Williams tubes is not helpful to the reader for the following reasons:

1: "Single density" is not defined.

2: For the term to carry meaning, the reader must understand that the "density" described is an areal density, and that area has been conserved from "single" to "double" density storage devices.

For those reasons, it makes sense to remove the reference to "double density" since it does nothing to aid reader comprehension.

I suggest that my edits be left to stand unless there are clear reasons to contradict any of my reasoning. 86.141.217.115 (talk) 01:46, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

I would like to remind editors of this page of Wikipedia_talk:Civility: Wikipedia operates on the following fundamental principles, known as the five pillars:

I wish to discuss this matter courteously in order to avoid an edit war. I assume good faith on the part of other editors of this article. 86.141.217.115 (talk) 02:07, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

What's wrong with this description of storage? (attempting to resolve disagreement)
The SSEM's 32-bit word length was increased to 40 bits. Each word could hold either one 40-bit number or two 20-bit program instructions. The main store initially consisted of two Williams tubes, each holding two arrays of 32 x 40-bit words – known as pages – with a backing store provided by a magnetic drum capable of storing an additional 32 pages (128 words main store; 1024 words backing store). The capacity was increased in the Final Specification version to eight pages of main store on four Williams tubes and 128 magnetic drum pages of backing store (256 words main store; 4094 words backing store).

The magnetic drum memory on the Mark 1 was not file store, but was used as part of the computer's working memory rather like a crude version of virtual memory, with transfers between slow magnetic drum and fast Williams tube main store being intiated by programmed instructions. The 12 in diameter drum, initially known as a magnetic wheel, contained a series of parallel magnetic tracks around its surface, each with its own read/write head. Each track held 2,560 bits, corresponding to 2 pages (2 x 32 x 40 bits). One revolution of the drum took 30 milliseconds, during which time both pages could be transferred to the CRT main memory, although the actual data transfer time depended on the latency, the time it took for a page to arrive under the read/write head. Writing pages to the drum took about twice as long as reading. The drum's rotational speed was synchronised to the main central processor clock, which allowed for additional drums to be added. Data was recorded onto the drum using a phase modulation technique still known today as Manchester coding.

86.141.217.115 (talk) 03:01, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It is disappointing to see this sort of to-ing and fro-ing between two editors. It is not a dispute of fact or interpretation, only one of style of expression. Clarity is of great importance and we should always strive for it. I admit to a slight prejudice against un-registered, anonymous editors, as in my experience, their edits are often un-helpful or vandalism. However, my preference on this occasion is for the version by 86.141.217.115 over that by Eric Corbett, with the following exceptions. (1) I marginally prefer "backed up by a magnetic drum" to "with a backing store provided by a magnetic drum", as it gradually introduces the reader to the concept in the phrase "backing store" that is used later, and which may be new to them. (2) I am unsure as to whether "rather like a crude version of virtual memory" is helpful for the less well-informed reader and it could well be deleted. I am not going to change the article just yet and would encourage others to express their views. --TedColes (talk) 11:47, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your well considered feedback.

 * The problem with the phrase "backed up by a magnetic drum" to my mind is that it makes the mag drum sound like a modern "file backup store", which it wasn't. Admittedly, the drum did get used to back up (in the modern sense) intermediate results against errors occurring during a run (the machinery was prone to intermittent faults - i.e., in modern terms, the thing was flaky as hell), but "file store" in the modern sense was on punched paper tape.

 * On the other hand, "backing store" isn't as usefully self-explanatory as maybe I'd thought. This needs some more thought.

 * I agree with your point regarding the analogy to virtual memory. Still, I think something needs to be done to explain how this part of the machinery worked rather than leaving it up to the reader to work it out from implication.  On the other hand, how exactly was the magnetic backing store used?  The more I read on the subject, the more it seems that the users of the Manchester Mark 1 (as opposed to the Ferranti Mark 1) used it in any way they thought useful.  After the Manchester Mark 1 had been scrapped and Autocode was developed, the way in which the backing store got used was (for users of Autocode at least) seemingly settled by the software.

 * I don't know what to do about this and shall think about it.

 * Regardless of all that, I don't see any possible argument against expressing the store size in words as well as pages. Any comments from anyone?

 * 86.141.217.115 (talk) 14:25, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I have read through the two versions of the article. I am broadly in favour of Eric's version, but I prefer 86's decision to not include the phrase "double-density" referring to the Williams tubes, which has not been defined or linked by that point in the article. CRT should not have a link, as cathode ray tube (CRT) is defined earlier in the article. The problem with technical details is you need a balance between being a good definition of the computer's features, but one that a typical layman reader would understand. A non-expert would still understand the concept of bytes and storage through waiting for a file to copy on Windows, for example. Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   07:56, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * As someone who used to teach people how to use Windows computers, I'm sorry to report that most people do not pick up the concepts of bytes and storage in the way you think they should (FWIW, I've found every Windows UI since Windows 3.11 to be progressively more confusing). These are things which need to be explained carefully to a lot of people.  Lots of people need every concept relating to a computer filing system explained one step at a time to understand it, which isn't to say that they're stupid or slow on the uptake, just that they've not had a chance to learn and need information.

 * However, you can't provide that sort of explanation in every computing-related article: some sort of judgement needs to be applied on what you can expect the reader to know. I work on the basis that they've got some understanding of very basic concepts, i.e., what a "bit" is and the idea that you keep the things in what gets called "storage" or "memory" or what have you.  But it's all very subjective and hand-waving, is this sort of judgement.

 * What do you think of the addition of storage size in words? E.g., "The capacity was increased in the Final Specification version to eight pages of main store on four Williams tubes and 128 magnetic drum pages of backing store (256 words main store; 4094 words backing store)"

 * Michael F 1967 (talk) 05:34, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify, I simply mean that people have heard of the word "byte" and know it's something to do with computers. In the case of the Mark I, I would stick with "word" as "byte" is widely assumed to be 8 bits long - there's no point simplifying things to the point of being factually wrong. The essays on writing better articles and basic copyediting have further information. Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   08:42, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the pointers, although I'm not sure which parts of those two very helpful articles you think are particularly applicable to this job. My recent edits were focussed on the ideas discussed in BETTER.

 * On the subject of the term "byte" with respect to the Manchester Mark 1:

 * Given that "Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer", it could reasonably be said that the Manchester Mark 1 used eight five bit bytes to the [40 bit] word - which is out of line with current general usage. The term "byte" was coined about six years after the Mark 1 had been scrapped.  For those two reasons, I'd suggest that the word "byte" has no role in describing the Manchester Mark 1.

 * Michael F 1967 (talk) 23:33, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Suggestions please on how to resolve problems with User:Eric_Corbett
I've been trying to resolve the difference of opinion I have with User:Eric_Corbett using discussion.

The nearest thing to a substantial response I've managed to get from him is:

User_talk:Eric_Corbett

"I haven't read your comments anywhere, as I have absolutely no interest in anything you might have to say. Eric Corbett 14:46, 28 January 2014 (UTC)"

Clearly, if User:Eric_Corbett won't engage in discussion with me, there's no way of resolving any differences of opinion we might have, which is just as obviously bad for any Wikipedia pages where we might have a conflict of ideas.

I'd appreciate any suggestions on what I should do next.

86.141.217.115 (talk) 16:11, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * What to do next? Stop trying, focus on the forward-looking section above this one. If you have suggestions to make, and your suggestions gain supports as improvements over the current Eric-sanctioned version (i.e. more than just swapping minor words) then there is some chance that a cadre/consensus/clique/coven of other editors might support them, despite Eric's views.
 * Alternatively just walk away and stay well clear of Eric. New editors are not welcome.
 * As to the EW closure last night, then "stale" isn't the phrase I'd have used, but I can see the virtue in Callanecc's early close of this. You are an unregistered account and a new editor, therefore you will be treated here as an ignorant vandal. An EW action would likely have meant an indef block for you (undeserved, but common) and another trip to the WP:ANI funfair for Eric. Neither of those would have achieved the slightest. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:15, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments. (I've had to reboot my router, hence the IP address change).  I am indeed focussed on the article, and looking at the feedback I've received above.  I am however concerned that Eric will just revert any changes I make, regardless - action which seems out of line with the guidelines I've read on how to work in Wikipedia.

 * I'm not sure why I should be treated as an ignorant vandal, given the remarks on my edit provided by User:TedColes. Could you explain further?

 * Could you explain your remark "New editors are not welcome"?

 * Thank you once again.

 * 86.145.109.150 (talk) 16:42, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Replying to the comment on my talk page here.
 * Had I come across the AN3 report sooner than the 9 hours I did there would have been a short block (not indef as Andy suggests) for both of you for violating 3RR. However blocking someone to stop edit warring which had already stopped 9 hours before doesn't achieve anything preventative.
 * In terms of my comment which said "discuss rather than revert" that does apply to both of you as you both broke 3RR. What you should have done is, once it had been reverted come to the talk page and ask for other opinions (which you have now) rather than edit war.
 * Given Eric hasn't commented in the section above any agreement between users is enough to warrant making the change, if Eric reverts again then he's reverting against a consensus version without commenting and we/I can use the protect or block buttons. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 00:27, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your kind explanations.

 * This next bit might sound like I'm trying to excuse past bad behaviour on my part, but that is not my intention. I'd just like to point out that despite my improper "edit warring" behaviour (which I will not repeat now I've learnt better), I did in fact come to the talk page and ask for other opinions after the second reversion of my edits.  I also repeatedly urged the other editor involved to engage with me on the talk page.  That's why I didn't understand your comment that we should both remember to discuss rather than revert: I might well have been constantly reverting (which I learnt I shouldn't have done), but I had also initiated a discussion on the talk page.

 * Anyway, I've learnt better and I'll not forget how to deal with such situations in future.

 * Michael F 1967 (talk) 05:14, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Just to throw my opinion into this, I don't think you've done anything wrong, Michael. New editors don't come to Wikipedia armed with a full and complete understanding of Wikipedia policies. Keep discussion focused on the Mark I (or whatever article you choose to work on) and avoid conversations about specific editors and their perceived merits, and you should have no problems. Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   08:42, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Manchester Mark 1


text:
Sub-Zero (company)

Sub-Zero Group, Inc. is a privately-held American company that manufactures and sells luxury kitchen appliances. It sells refrigerators and wine preservation products under the Sub-Zero brand. The company also manufactures kitchen appliances under the Wolf brand and dishwashers under the Cove brand name. Sub-Zero Group is based in Madison, Wisconsin.

History
Sub-Zero was founded as the Sub-Zero Freezer Company on August 20, 1945 by Westye F. Bakke in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2000, it acquired the domestic appliance line of the Wolf Range Corporation, a California-based manufacturer of professional-style ranges, cooktops and grills for both home and commercial use.

Wolf Appliance Inc., Sub-Zero's corporate companion, expanded the few products acquired from Wolf Range Corporation. It now sells domestic cooking appliances from kitchen stoves, cooktops, wall ovens, warming drawers and ventilation equipment. The company's products compete with those made by Viking, Dacor, Thermador, GE Monogram, KitchenAid, JennAir and Miele.

Innovations
According to the official company history, Bakke invented the first free-standing freezer in 1943. It also claims to have been the first to manufacture built-in refrigerators, beginning in the 1950s,.

Appliance models
Sub-Zero manufactures two series of built-in refrigeration as well as wine storage and under counter units. Each refrigerator model usually comes in two variations, namely a stainless steel exterior or a customizable exterior in an overlay or flush inset version. The customizable option allows the buyer to install kitchen cabinet panels on the door(s) to match with the rest of the kitchen. Its refrigerators are designed with a 24 in depth and can be installed flush with kitchen cabinets of the same standard depth to provide an integrated look.

The Sub-Zero 424 Wine Cooler has held virtually the same design since the early 1990s. It is the only under-counter wine cooler in its class to be able to keep wine as low as 38 °F. It has two temperature zones and can be connected to a house alarm.

A Sub-Zero refrigerator can weigh as much as 800 lb and require four delivery people to move the refrigerator unit into a kitchen. Most Sub-Zero full-size models are 84 in tall and 48 in wide.

The company has production facilities in Madison, Wisconsin; Phoenix, Arizona; Goodyear, Arizona; Richmond, Kentucky; and Fitchburg, Wisconsin and a forthcoming 400,000 ft² facility in Cedar Rapids, Iowa scheduled to open in 2025.

title: Sub-Zero (company)


text:
User:TimNelson

Calvinism todos
Work on WikiProject Reformed Christianity

 * Assess articles tagged with
 * WPChristianity
 * Work on Template:Infobox_Christian_denomination as specified on its talk page
 * Ensure that the assessment works for WikiProject Christianity/Core topics work group
 * Request that someone else set up the categories for the other groups, as admins and those with AWB have special powers in this regard
 * Have asked; wait for response until at least 29/05/2007
 * I recommended Template talk:Christianity
 * Made denominations collapsible; if no-one complains, do other sections too (29/05/2007)
 * If that goes down well, talk to Template:Calvinism about integrating with Template:Christianity
 * Content creation
 * Put Calvinism section of Predestination mostly into Predestination (Calvinism), and merge Types of religious predestination into Predestination (if the time for discussion has been long enough; try after 21st April)
 * Keep working on History of Reformed Christianity
 * Consider pushing Covenanters to FA status
 * Consider a bunch of disambiguation pages for eg. Reformed Presbyterian, so that we can move that information off the individual denomination pages. (and then alter the Calvinist Denomination template)
 * Dates to remember (mostly for Portal:Reformed Christianity):
 * June 1: Check that showcase articles came out OK
 * June 25: Need to assess nominations for showcase articles

--

 * On hold:
 * If we start going through pages that link to Calvinism again, I was up to Abraham Kuenen (in the second 500)
 * On Monday 7th, if there's no discussion (Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Christianity):
 * Move Template:Infobox Calvinist Theologian to Template:Infobox Christian Theologian
 * Got lazy and decided that this is too Calvinist-specific, so I'll leave it for a while

Misc notes

 * Note: IF an article is in a subcategory of Category:Reformed Christianity AND is NOT in Category:WikiProject Reformed Christianity THEN dump the list to such-and-such a place :: going 3 levels deep: here are the results
 * Note: User:Rsclark is Dr. R. Scott Clark, who teaches historical and systematic theology at Westminster Seminary California, has a Wikipedia account, but doesn't want to be a part-time Wikipedia editor. He may occasionally be useful, though, especially on Covenant Theology.

Guitar todos

 * See if there are any responses to the rename suggestion for Finger vibrato (original suggestion 22/02/2007)
 * Split and merge Slapping into Tambour (guitar technique) et. al.; see Talk:Slapping
 * List of guitar-related topics
 * Fix disambiguations for guitar amp/effects terms, such as stack, clean, dirty; this can't be done until my question at Talk:Guitar amplifier is answered (asked 22/02/2007)
 * Check the pages associated with Flamenco guitar to see if they've been updated
 * Split the Flamenco guitar page itself into a page about the instrument, and a page about the style (Toque)
 * Check WikiProject Classical guitar, and see whether they've accepted my suggestion about Flamenco guitar; if there's no response, and no recent updates, then maybe just do it, and promote the project; OTOH, if the WikiProject Tiers proposal goes through, it might work better to interact with WikiProject Guitarists and see if they're interested in changing to WikiProject Guitar, and subsuming WPClassical Guitar as a task force.
 * If all else fails, flick through Category:Guitar stubs. If even that doesn't help, look for other stub categories

Electric Folk todos

 * Project: WikiProject Roots music/Anglo-Celtic electric folk task force
 * Article: Electric folk
 * Alter the article scope template for Roots music so that Electric Folk pages are in separate categories to the main ones
 * Revise Electric folk page
 * Create infoboxes for bands in Category:Electric folk groups
 * Consider adding all relevant pages to my watchlist
 * Clean out Electric-folk related categories, including Category:Folk rock groups
 * Consideration for inclusion: Tag sourcing: revise List of folk rock artists; investigate some of those groups in the "Other" sections
 * See task force todo list
 * Steeleye Span:
 * Consider adding more headings all 'round on album pages. Extra headings for albums could include "Song selection", "Popular reception" (or Controversy?), and, in some cases "Songs" (where there are blurbs on the different songs)
 * Consider revising the Steeleye Span musicians in accordance with electric folk guidelines, remembering the template

Other

 * Revise todo list on WikiProject page
 * Trace Genreboxes backward as far as possible (see WikiProject Music genres/To Do)
 * Interesting: Renaissance (band)
 * Rewrite the following with reference to Electric folk:
 * Anything that appears obvious from Special:Whatlinkshere/Folk_rock; ditto for the bands (Steeleye, etc)

Other Roots music ideas

 * Check out the Fusion ideas on WikiProject World music/Definitions
 * Consider tagging at Roots music project
 * Consider revising Template:WP Roots music/Article Scope and Template:WPRegionalNationalMusicBanner so that it a) doesn't include Roots music categories when using a task force

Todo

 * Administrators' reading list

On hold until WikiProject reform is sorted out

 * Make templates that cover general WikiProject stuff, and then use the templates for the WikiProjects I'm associated with
 * Actually, I need to rewrite that reform page myself, and see what people do
 * Use CatScan (here) intersecting the following WikiProjects with the following other categories to fill out the lists listed after the categories; store the results of the run as a subpage of the WikiProject and link from the "more..." link in the todo list
 * WikiProjects:
 * Category:WikiProject Reformed Christianity
 * The music one I will set up
 * Intersecting categories:
 * See Template messages/Cleanup
 * Category:Wikipedia cleanup (for cleanup section of todo list)
 * Category:NPOV disputes (for NPOV section of todo list)
 * Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (for copy edit section of todo list)
 * Something for verification
 * Consider continuing WikiProject Council/Guide, especially:
 * Consider integrating stuff from the WikiProject subpage back into the main document; however, they will need to be generalised to include task forces and possibly other tiers as well, so they need to be done one at a time. Candidate sections are:
 * Recruiting (relates to task forces as well as WikiProjects)
 * Getting to work
 * Auxiliary features
 * At least parts of "Common pitfalls"
 * Technical Notes
 * Project Categories

Links I seem to use often

 * WikiProject Council
 * WikiProject Biography
 * WikiProject Military history
 * /Sandbox

Subpages (old stuff)
The pages I've created as subpages of this are:
 * Both of these are quite old
 * User:TimNelson/Categorisation (suggestions for a more free-form categorisation scheme)
 * User:TimNelson/Browse (suggestions for changes to the browse page)

Misc
Someone said:
 * For intersections, a really useful tool is CatScan. (Can only handle "and") -- John Broughton  (♫♫) 22:46, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User:TimNelson


text:
Zapadnaya Litsa (naval base)

Zapadnaya Litsa (Западная Лица, Western Face) is a naval base of the Russian Navy, part of the Russian Northern Fleet, located in Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

Location
Zapadnaya Litsa Naval Base is located within the Litsa Fjord at the westernmost point of the Kola Peninsula in Russia's far north, about 120 kilometers from Murmansk and 45 kilometers from the Norwegian border, and includes four naval facilities: Malaya Lopatka, Andreyeva Bay, Bolshaya Lopatka, and Nerpichya. A severe climate with changeable temperatures and strong winds, and a long polar night in winter (about 43 days), make the Zapadnaya Litsa region an inhospitable place. Numerous rivers, streams and lakes, rocky ground and swamps help characterize this remote and inhospitable area.

History
The area of Zapadnaya Litsa was originally developed in 1939 as a small naval base for Nazi Germany, at the beginning of World War II, as a result of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. It was to be used for German ships under the name Basis Nord, but the successful German invasion of Norway the following year quickly rendered the port obsolete. The area remained largely untouched until the late 1950s, when it was further developed by the Soviet Union to house the fleet of the newly created nuclear submarine program of the Soviet Navy. The first facility built, Malaya Lopatka, became the home port of the first Soviet nuclear submarine, K-3 Leninsky Komsomol. In 1958, the settlement of Zaozerny (now Zaozyorsk) was formed near to the Zapadnaya Litsa base, and was kept secret and known under several different names.

Today, much of the Zapanaya Litsa region is a cause of serious environmental concern, due to its widespread radioactive waste deposits.

Use in other media
Zapadnaya Litsa was used as a location setting for the Russia episode of the video game Tomb Raider: Chronicles.

title: Zapadnaya Litsa (naval base)


text:
Sena dynasty

The Sena dynasty was a Hindu dynasty during the early medieval period on the Indian subcontinent, that ruled from Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. The empire at its peak covered much of the north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The rulers of the Sena Dynasty traced their origin to the south Indian region of Karnataka.

The dynasty's founder was Samanta Sena. After him came Hemanta Sena, who usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD. His successor Vijaya Sena (ruled from 1096 AD to 1159 AD) helped lay the foundations of the dynasty and had an unusually long reign of over 60 years. Ballala Sena conquered Gaur from the Pala, became the ruler of the Bengal Delta, and made Nadia the capital as well. Ballala Sena married Ramadevi a princess of the Western Chalukya Empire which indicates that the Sena rulers maintained close social contact with south India. Lakshmana Sena succeeded Ballala Sena in 1179, ruled Bengal for approximately 20 years, and expanded the Sena dynasty to Odisha, possibly up to Varanasi. In 1203–1204 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji, a general under the Ghurid Empire, attacked and captured the capital City of Nadia. The detailed account of this invasion is given in Tabaqat-i-Nasiri.

Origins
Deopara Prashasti described the founder of Sena dynasty Samanthasena, as a migrant Brahmaksatriya from Karnataka. The epithet 'Brahma-Kshatriya' suggests that Senas were Brahmins by caste who took the profession of arms and became Kshatriyas. The Sena kings were also probably Baidyas, according to historian P.N. Chopra.

The Senas entered into the service of Palas as sāmantas in Rāḍha, probably under Samantasena. With the decline of the Pālas, their territory had expanded to include Vaṅga and a part of Varendra by the end of Vijayasena's reign. The Palas were ousted in totality, and their entire territory annexed sometime after 1165.

Inscription of Keshava Sena
A copperplate was found in the Adilpur or Edilpur pargana of Faridpur District in 1838 A.D. and was acquired by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, but now the copperplate is missing from the collection. An account of the copperplate was published in the Dacca Review and Epigraphic Indica. The copperplate inscription is written in Sanskrit and in Ganda character, and dated 3rd jyaistha of 1136 samvat, or 1079 A.D. In the Asiatic Society's proceeding for January 1838, an account of the copperplate states that three villages were given to a Brahmin in the third year of Keshava Sena. The grant was given with the landlord rights, which include the power of punishing the Chandrabhandas or Sundarbans, a tribe that lived in the forest. The land was granted in the village of Leliya in the Kumaratalaka mandala, which is situated in shatata-padamavati-visaya. The copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king Vallala Sena carried away, from the enemies, the goddesses of fortune on palanquins (Shivaka), which elephant tusk staff supported; and also states that Vallala Sena's son, Lakshmana Sena (1179–1205), erected pillars of victory and sacrificial posts at Varanasi, Allahabad, and Adon Coast of the South Sea. The copperplate also describes the villages with smooth fields growing excellent paddy, the dancing and music in ancient Bengal, and ladies adorned with blooming flowers. The Edilpur copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king made a grant in favour of Nitipathaka Isvaradeva Sarman for the inside of the subha-varsha.

Society
The Sena rulers consolidated the caste system in Bengal.

Architecture
The Sena dynasty is famous for building Hindu temples and monasteries, which include the renowned Dhakeshwari Temple in what is now Dhaka, Bangladesh.

In Kashmir, the dynasty also likely built a temple knows as Sankara Gaureshwara.

Coinage
In the political history of Bengal, Sena dynasty was a mighty ruling dynasty in power. Various currency names have been regularly mentioned in the Sena writings, such as Purana, Dharan, Dramma. These terms were used to mean a silver coin weighing 32 ratis (56.6 grains) or a karshapan weighing scale. The term Kapardaka Purana is seen as a medium of exchange in the writings of the Sena kings and other contemporary kings. Karpadak means cow; And 'Purana' is definitely a kind of silver coin. The conjunction ‘kapardaka-purana’ refers to a medium of exchange whose quality is equal to that of a purana or silver coin (56.6 grains), but which is actually calculated by the proportional denominator. The table found in the traditional arithmetic of Bengal contained 1260 cowries instead of one silver coin (Purana or Dramma). That is, the ratio of Purana and Kapardaka is 1: 1280. Reliable evidence of the widespread use of cowrie in early medieval Bengal has been found in excavations at Paharpur and Kalgang (Bihar near Bhagalpur). Early medieval Bengal saw the scarcity of precious coins and the widespread circulation of cowries. Scholars have long sought to explain the virtual limitations of coins at this time

Decline
Downfall of Sena dynasty was destined under the rule of weak rulers of this dynasty. This dynasty started declining during the rule of Lakshmanasena who was the last significant Sena king. He was succeeded by his two sons Visvarupasena and Kesavasena. Probably they ruled till at least 1230 A.D. However it was learnt from Tabaqat-i-Nasiri that the descendants of Lakshmansena ruled in Bengal (Bang) till at least 1245 A.D. or 1260 A.D.

Legacy
The Senas and their descendants merged into the Kayastha caste-group, heralding them as the neo-Kshatriyas of Bengal — hence, Abul Fazl would write that Bengal had always been ruled by Kayasthas. The actual caste-status of Senas —notwithstanding the anachronism— remain contested in popular memory: premodern Baidya genealogies claim the Senas as their own which are agreed upon by some Brahmin genealogies but rejected by Kayastha ones.

Nepal
In the 16th century, a dynasty emerged in the southern parts of Nepal near the border with Bihar which used the Sena surname and claimed descent from the Senas of Bengal. One of their branches formed the Sena dynasty of Makwanpur which ruled from the fort of Makwanpur Gadhi. This branch of the Sena dynasty adopted the local language of the region, Maithili which became their state language.

Literature
The Sena rulers were also great patrons of literature. During the Pala dynasty and the Sena dynasty, major growth in Bengali was witnessed. Among the poets at the court of Lakshmana Sena were:
 * Govardhana
 * Sarana
 * Jayadeva
 * Umapati
 * Dhoyi/Dhoyin

title: Sena dynasty


text:
List of music artists and bands from Manchester

This is a list of music artists and bands from Manchester, and may also include some people or bands who hail from the wider area of Greater Manchester, in England.

0–9

 * 10cc
 * 52nd Street
 * 808 State
 * The 1975

A

 * A II Z
 * A Guy Called Gerald
 * Barry Adamson
 * Stuart Adamson
 * Addictive
 * AIM
 * Airship
 * Aitch
 * Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias
 * Alfie
 * Alfies Dad and the Others
 * Alpinestars
 * Amplifier
 * The Answering Machine
 * Audioweb
 * Autechre

B

 * Badly Drawn Boy
 * Bandit Queen
 * Ed Banger and The Nosebleeds
 * Barclay James Harvest
 * BC Camplight
 * Beady Eye
 * Norman Beaker
 * Beau Leisure
 * Bee Gees
 * Beecher
 * Bez
 * Big Flame
 * Billy Ruffian
 * Bipolar Sunshine
 * Biting Tongues
 * Black Grape
 * Black Rivers
 * Blue Orchids
 * Blossoms
 * The Bodines
 * Tim Booth
 * Brassy
 * Brian and Michael
 * Brigade
 * Brix & the Extricated
 * Elkie Brooks
 * Ian Brown
 * kyla Brox
 * Victor Brox
 * Mark Burgess
 * Tim Burgess
 * Bugzy Malone
 * Buzzcocks
 * Brandon Cassidy

C

 * Cabbage
 * The Caretaker (musician)
 * Elsie Carlisle
 * Carmel
 * A Certain Ratio
 * The Chameleons
 * The Cape Race
 * Crywank
 * Diane Charlemagne
 * The Chemical Brothers
 * Cherry Ghost
 * John Cooper Clarke
 * Cleopatra
 * The Clint Boon Experience
 * The Colourfield
 * Courteeners
 * Brian Cox
 * Crazy P
 * The Creepers
 * Crispy Ambulance

D

 * The Dakotas
 * Daley
 * Danny Jones
 * Dare
 * Delphic
 * Demdike Stare
 * Samantha Depasois
 * Diana Vickers
 * Dirty North
 * The Distractions
 * Doves
 * The Drones
 * Billy Duffy
 * The Durutti Column
 * Dutch Uncles

E

 * Easterhouse
 * Egyptian Hip Hop
 * Elbow
 * Electronic
 * Emergency
 * Everything Everything

F

 * Factory Star
 * The Fall
 * Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames
 * Findlay (musician)
 * Fingathing
 * George Formby
 * Frantic Elevators
 * Freebass
 * Freddie and the Dreamers
 * Freeloaders
 * The French (later, The French 8083)
 * The Freshies
 * Stephen Fretwell
 * Liam Frost
 * Martin Fry
 * The Future Sound of London
 * Futurecop!

G

 * Liam Gallagher
 * Noel Gallagher
 * Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
 * Andy Gibb
 * Andy Gill
 * David Gray
 * Godley and Creme
 * GoGo Penguin
 * Goldblade
 * Jimi Goodwin
 * Greetings
 * A Guy Called Gerald

H

 * Peter Hammill
 * Happy Mondays
 * Mike Harding
 * Ren Harvieu
 * Herman's Hermits
 * Robert Heaton
 * Henge
 * Dale Hibbert
 * The High
 * Tom Hingley
 * Tom Hingley and the Lovers
 * The Hoax
 * The Hollies
 * Hotlegs
 * Mick Hucknall
 * Hurts

I

 * IAMDDB
 * I Am Kloot
 * Inca Babies
 * Ingested
 * Inspiral Carpets
 * Intastella

J

 * Martin Jackson
 * James
 * Jilted John
 * Jan Johnston
 * Jon the Postman
 * Davy Jones
 * Joy Division

K

 * Kalima
 * Jay Kay
 * Kevin Kennedy (actor)
 * Kid British
 * Kill II This
 * Kinesis
 * King of the Slums

L

 * Lamb
 * Lavolta Lakota
 * Edward Lisbona
 * Lonelady
 * The Longcut
 * Longview
 * Lovefreekz
 * Loveland
 * Love To Infinity
 * Ludus
 * Luxuria

M

 * M People
 * Magazine
 * Bugzy Malone
 * Man From Delmonte
 * Mangled After Dinner
 * Marconi Union
 * Marion
 * Johnny Marr
 * John Mayall
 * John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
 * MC Tunes
 * The Membranes
 * Meekz
 * Militia
 * The Mindbenders
 * Mint Royale
 * Minute Taker
 * Misha B
 * Mr. Scruff
 * Mock Turtles
 * Molly Half Head
 * Monaco
 * Money
 * Monomania
 * Morrissey
 * Muslimgauze
 * The Mothmen
 * Gary Mounfield

N

 * Graham Nash
 * N-Trance
 * New Fast Automatic Daffodils
 * New Order
 * Nine Black Alps
 * Jim Noir
 * Peter Noone
 * Northern Uproar
 * Northside
 * The Nosebleeds

O

 * Oasis
 * Oceansize
 * Omerta
 * Onions
 * The Other Two
 * The Outfield
 * Owl Project

P

 * Paris Angels
 * The Passage
 * Politburo
 * Genesis P-Orridge
 * Proud Mary
 * Puressence
 * Pale Waves

Q

 * Quando Quango

R

 * Rae & Christian
 * The Railway Children
 * Vini Reilly
 * Reni, born Alan Wren
 * Revenge
 * Revenge of the Psychotronic Man
 * Lou Rhodes
 * Marc Riley and The Creepers
 * Rixton
 * Ruthless Rap Assassins

S

 * Sad Café
 * Salford Jets
 * Dave Sharp
 * The Shirehorses
 * Frank Sidebottom
 * Simply Red
 * Sixty Minute Man
 * Peter Skellern
 * Slaughter & The Dogs
 * Slow Readers Club
 * The Smirks
 * The Smiths
 * Solstice
 * Sonic Boom Six
 * Space Monkeys
 * John Squire
 * Stack Waddy
 * Lisa Stansfield
 * Starsailor
 * Stay+
 * Stockholm Monsters
 * The Stone Roses
 * Sub Sub
 * Suns of Arqa
 * Sweet Sensation
 * Swing Out Sister
 * Swiss Lips

T

 * Take That
 * TCTS
 * Theatre of Hate
 * The Ting Tings
 * The Toggery Five
 * The Guest List
 * The Trend
 * TOKOLOSH
 * Tractor
 * Turrentine Jones
 * Twang
 * Twisted Wheel

V

 * Van der Graaf Generator
 * The Verve
 * Virginia Wolf
 * Victoria Wood

W

 * Wadeye
 * The Waltones
 * The Warning
 * Warsaw
 * Russell Watson
 * When in Rome
 * The Whip
 * Melanie Williams
 * Winterfylleth
 * A Witness
 * Wode
 * Working For A Nuclear Free City
 * WU LYF

Y

 * Yargo
 * Paul Young (singer,born 1947)


text:
Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician)

Brian Fitzpatrick (born 1961) is a lawyer and former Scottish Labour Party politician. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Strathkelvin and Bearsden between 2001 and 2003.

In 1999, First Minister Donald Dewar appointed him as Head of Policy in the First Minister's Policy Unit, but he resigned from this post following Dewar's death in 2000. Fitzpatrick was elected to the Scottish Parliament on 7 June 2001 in the Strathkelvin and Bearsden by-election following the resignation of Sam Galbraith for health reasons. He stood in the same seat in the 2003, but finished second, 438 votes (1.2%) behind independent hospital campaigner Dr Jean Turner.

Early life
He attended St. Robert Bellarmine Catholic school in Glasgow before studying law at Glasgow University. Between 1985 and 1992, he worked as a solicitor.

Post-political career
Following his time in the Scottish Parliament he works as an advocate and personal injury lawyer.

title: Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician)


text:
Slow Down World

Slow Down World is the thirteenth studio album (fifteenth overall) by Scottish singer/songwriter Donovan, released in the United States (Epic PE 33945) in May 1976 and the United Kingdom (Epic SEPC 86011) on 4 June 1976.

Background
Over his past few album releases, Donovan had hired a succession of popular record producers in hopes of chart success: Mickie Most for Cosmic Wheels, Andrew Loog Oldham for Essence to Essence and Norbert Putnam for 7-Tease. The success of these albums was mild at best, and indicated a shift in Donovan's popularity away from the superstardom of the 1960s and towards a distinctly smaller fan base. For his next album, Donovan decided to embrace this fan base by taking on the producer duties himself and writing a set of songs that were directly at odds with the popular sounds of the time. While Slow Down World does contain some upbeat numbers, many of the songs feature tired and resigned lyrics.

Two of the songs on Slow Down World were written by Donovan's longtime friend Derroll Adams. Adams was the influence behind "Epistle to Derroll" from Donovan's 1968 album A Gift from a Flower to a Garden. Donovan's hit "There is a Mountain" has similar lyrics to "The Mountain", one of the Derroll Adams songs covered here.

Slow Down World reached #174 on the US charts, matching the success of Essence to Essence but not reaching the success of Donovan's last album, 7-Tease. More importantly, Slow Down World marked the last album of his Epic Records contract. Without access to the label's promotion mechanisms, he never again achieved chart success or the same level of record sales.

Reissues

 * On 19 April 2004, Diablo Records released 7-Tease/Slow Down World (DIAB8052) in the UK on CD. This compilation includes all of 7-Tease and all of Slow Down World on one disc, and marks the first time all of Slow Down World was released on CD.

Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.

Side one

 * 1) "Dark-Eyed Blue Jean Angel" – 3:50
 * 2) "Cryin' Shame" – 4:29
 * 3) "The Mountain" (Derroll Adams) – 3:32
 * 4) "Children of the World" – 3:22
 * 5) "My Love Is True (Love Song)" (Adams) – 3:41

Side two

 * 1) "A Well Known Has-Been" – 7:25
 * 2) "Black Widow" – 5:44
 * 3) "Slow Down World" – 4:22
 * 4) "Liberation Rag" – 2:56

Personnel

 * Donovan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
 * Philip Donnelly – guitar
 * David Hungate, Klaus Voormann, Lee Sklar, Wilton Felder – bass guitar
 * David Foster – keyboards
 * Jay Graydon – synthesizer, programming
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Bobbye Hall, Emil Richards – percussion
 * Tom Scott – saxophone
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet, flugelhorn
 * Lew McCreary – trombone
 * Douglas Davis – cello
 * Al DeLory, B.J. Cook, Donny Gerrard, Ed Whitting, Jeanette Clinger, Jennifer Hicklin, John Merlino, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, Ron Hicklin, Stacy Jo Clinger, Susie Ives – background vocals

title: Slow Down World


text:
Pala dynasty (disambiguation)

Pala dynasty may refer to:

 * Pala Empire (750–1174), Indian imperial power ruled by a dynasty centered in present-day Bengal
 * Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal, rulers of parts of the Bengal in the 10th to 11th centuries
 * Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) (900–1100), Hindu rulers of Kamarupa kingdom in Assam
 * Pal family, landowners of Panchakhanda, Greater Sylhet

title: Pala dynasty (disambiguation)


text:
Place du Colonel Fabien

The is a square in Paris, France.

Before the liberation of Paris, the square was called the Place du Combat, but it was renamed in honour of the French communist resistance hero Pierre Georges, whose nom de guerre was Colonel Fabien.

The headquarters of the French Communist Party, designed by the Brazilian communist and utilitarian architect Oscar Niemeyer, is located here, as is a station of the Paris Métro. Nearby is the former location of the medieval Gibbet of Montfaucon, a multi-tiered gibbet that was for most of its history outside the city walls of Paris.

title: Place du Colonel Fabien


text:
User talk:Artistopia

User:Artistopia (talk • contribs)

Deleted page "Babe the Blue Ox (Band)"
A page you created, or image you uploaded, Babe the Blue Ox (Band), has been [ deleted] in accordance with our deletion policy. In particular, it meets the one or more criteria for speedy deletion; the relevant criterion is:

 * Unremarkable people, groups, companies and web content. An article about a real person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content that does not assert the importance or significance of its subject.

Wikipedia has certain standards for inclusion that all articles must meet. Certain types of article must establish the notability of their subject by asserting its importance or significance. Additionally, since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, content inappropriate for an encyclopedia, or content that would be more suited to somewhere else (such as a directory or social networking website) is not acceptable. See What Wikipedia is not for the relevant policy.

You are welcome to contribute content which complies with our content policies and any applicable notability guidelines. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content; it will be deleted again and may be protected from re-creation. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article. If you have any questions, please contact an administrator for assistance. Thank you – Gurch 00:26, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Artistopia


text:
Talk:Adamorobe Sign Language

Untitled
The adjective derived from "Ghana" is "Ghanaian" and not "Ghanian." Hence "Ghanian Sign Language" should be "Ghanaian Sign Language."
 * This has been fixed; I don't know when. AlbertBickford (talk) 18:17, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

spaken language??
What spoken language is used by the hearing villagers?? Is it Twi or some other Akan language? Which one?--Sonjaaa 18:22, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The article now identifies the language as Akan. AlbertBickford (talk) 18:16, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Name
How do I show my name in this language? --Jay Turner (talk · contribs) 20:23, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Just wave goodbye. — mark ✎ 12:51, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Why do I think your lying? --Jay Turner (talk · contribs) 16:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe because I'm giving a meaningless answer to a meaningless question? AdaSL is a village sign language of Ghana. There is no way to transform a spoken/written name into AdaSL, except perhaps by fingerspelling, which would not really be AdaSL anyway. — mark ✎ 08:34, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Population claims Comment
Today I noticed a very implausible claim in the top section, and removed it, because there was no citation to support it: "In the past, this percentage is thought to have been as high as 60%." In the published literature I've read about this language, the highest percentage I've ever seen claimed is 11%, back in the 1960s, before the chief instituted a eugenics policy that forbade Deaf people to marry each other. The current edition of Ethnologue cites figures that amount to 1.1%, so I changed that also. (The information that was there before was presumably from an earlier edition of Ethnologue.) AlbertBickford (talk) 18:08, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Looking at it again, none of the information cited from Ethnologue was cited correctly. It doesn't seem like Ethnologue has anything to add that isn't in the papers by Nyst and others, so I just removed those citations, rather than reporting what Ethnologue says just for the sake of doing so. AlbertBickford (talk) 18:15, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Adamorobe Sign Language


text:
Breit equation

The Breit equation, or Dirac–Coulomb–Breit equation, is a relativistic wave equation derived by Gregory Breit in 1929 based on the Dirac equation, which formally describes two or more massive spin-1/2 particles (electrons, for example) interacting electromagnetically to the first order in perturbation theory. It accounts for magnetic interactions and retardation effects to the order of 1/c2. When other quantum electrodynamic effects are negligible, this equation has been shown to give results in good agreement with experiment. It was originally derived from the Darwin Lagrangian but later vindicated by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory and eventually quantum electrodynamics.

Introduction
The Breit equation is not only an approximation in terms of quantum mechanics, but also in terms of relativity theory as it is not completely invariant with respect to the Lorentz transformation. Just as does the Dirac equation, it treats nuclei as point sources of an external field for the particles it describes. For $N$ particles, the Breit equation has the form ($r_{ij}$ is the distance between particle $i$ and $j$):

where $$ \hat{H}_\text{D}(i) = \left[ q_{i}\phi(\mathbf{r}_{i}) + c\sum_{s=x,y,z}\alpha_{s}(i)\pi_{s}(I) + \alpha_{0}(I) m_0 c^2 \right] $$ is the Dirac Hamiltonian (see Dirac equation) for particle $i$ at position $$\mathbf{r}_i$$ and $$\phi(\mathbf{r}_i)$$ is the scalar potential at that position; $q_{i}$ is the charge of the particle, thus for electrons $q_{i} = −e$. The one-electron Dirac Hamiltonians of the particles, along with their instantaneous Coulomb interactions $1/r_{ij}$, form the Dirac–Coulomb operator. To this, Breit added the operator (now known as the (frequency-independent) Breit operator): $$ \hat{B}_{ij} = -\frac{1}{2r_{ij}} \left[ \vec{\alpha}(i)\cdot\vec{\alpha}(j) + \frac{ \left(\vec{\alpha}(i)\cdot\mathbf{r}_{ij}\right) \left(\vec{\alpha}(j)\cdot\mathbf{r}_{ij}\right) }{r_{ij}^2} \right], $$ where the Dirac matrices for electron i: $α(i) = [α_{x}(i), α_{y}(i), α_{z}(i)]$. The two terms in the Breit operator account for retardation effects to the first order. The wave function $Ψ$ in the Breit equation is a spinor with $4^{N}$ elements, since each electron is described by a Dirac bispinor with 4 elements as in the Dirac equation, and the total wave function is the tensor product of these.

Breit Hamiltonians
The total Hamiltonian of the Breit equation, sometimes called the Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonian ($H_{DCB}$) can be decomposed into the following practical energy operators for electrons in electric and magnetic fields (also called the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian), which have well-defined meanings in the interaction of molecules with magnetic fields (for instance for nuclear magnetic resonance): $$ \hat{B}_{ij} = \hat{H}_{0} + \hat{H}_{1} + \dots + \hat{H}_{6} ,$$ in which the consecutive partial operators are: where: $ V= \sum_{i>j} \frac{q_i q_j}{r_{ij}} $  and $ \mu_{\rm B} = \frac{e \hbar}{2 m c} $  is the Bohr magneton.
 * $$\hat{H}_{0} = \sum_{i}\frac{\hat{p}_{i}^{2}}{2m_{i}} + V$$ is the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian ($$m_{i}$$ is the stationary mass of particle i).
 * $$\hat{H}_{1} = -\frac{1}{8c^{2}}\sum_{i}\frac{\hat{p}_{i}^{4}}{m_{i}^{3}}$$ is connected to the dependence of mass on velocity: $$E_{\rm kin}^{2} - \left(m_0c^2\right)^2 = m^2v^2c^2$$.
 * $$\hat{H}_{2} = - \sum_{i>j} \frac{q_iq_j}{2r_{ij}m_im_jc^2} \left[ \mathbf{\hat{p}}_i\cdot\mathbf{\hat{p}}_j + \frac{(\mathbf{r_{ij}}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{p}}_i)(\mathbf{r_{ij}}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{p}}_j)}{r_{ij}^2} \right]$$ is a correction that partly accounts for retardation and can be described as the interaction between the magnetic dipole moments of the particles, which arise from the orbital motion of charges (also called orbit–orbit interaction).
 * $$\hat{H}_3 = \frac{\mu_{\rm B}}{c} \sum_i \frac{1}{m_i} \mathbf{s}_i\cdot\left[ \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}_i)\times\mathbf{\hat{p}}_i + \sum_{j > i} \frac{2q_i}{r_{ij}^3}\mathbf{r}_{ij}\times\mathbf{\hat{p}}_j \right]$$ is the classical interaction between the orbital magnetic moments (from the orbital motion of charge) and spin magnetic moments (also called spin–orbit interaction). The first term describes the interaction of a particle's spin with its own orbital moment (F(ri) is the electric field at the particle's position), and the second term between two different particles.
 * $$\hat{H}_4 = \frac{ih}{8 \pi c^2} \sum_{i} \frac{q_i}{m_i^2} \mathbf{\hat{p}}_i\cdot\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}_i) $$ is a nonclassical term characteristic for Dirac theory, sometimes called the Darwin term.
 * $$\hat{H}_5 = 4\mu_{\rm B}^2 \sum_{i>j} \left\lbrace -\frac{8\pi}{3} (\mathbf{s}_i\cdot\mathbf{s}_j)\delta(\mathbf{r}_{ij}) + \frac{1}{r_{ij}^3}\left[ \mathbf{s}_i\cdot\mathbf{s}_j - \frac{3(\mathbf{s}_i\cdot\mathbf{r}_{ij})(\mathbf{s}_j\cdot\mathbf{r}_{ij})}{r_{ij}^2} \right] \right\rbrace $$ is the magnetic moment spin-spin interaction. The first term is called the contact interaction, because it is nonzero only when the particles are at the same position; the second term is the interaction of the classical dipole-dipole type.
 * $$\hat{H}_6 = 2\mu_{\rm B} \sum_{i} \left[ \mathbf{H}(\mathbf{r}_i)\cdot\mathbf{s}_i + \frac{q_i}{m_ic}\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}_i)\cdot\mathbf{\hat{p}}_i \right] $$ is the interaction between spin and orbital magnetic moments with an external magnetic field H.

title: Breit equation


text:
Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain

The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain (UOGB) is a British musical ensemble founded in 1985 by George Hinchliffe and Kitty Lux. The orchestra features ukuleles of various sizes and registers from soprano to bass. The UOGB is best known for performing musically faithful but often tongue-in-cheek covers of popular songs and musical pieces from a wide variety of music genres taken "from the rich pageant of western music". The songs are often performed with a reinterpretation, sometimes with a complete genre twist, or well known songs from multiple genres are seamlessly woven together. Songs are introduced with light hearted deadpan humour, and juxtaposition is a feature of their act, the members of the orchestra wear semi-formal (black tie) evening dress and sit behind music stands, in a parody of a classical ensemble.

The UOGB has purposely remained an independent music group, unsigned to any record label. Along with Lux and Hinchliffe, David Suich and Ritchie Williams are original members; Hester Goodman, Will Grove-White, Jonty Bankes, Peter Brooke Turner joined in the early 1990s, Leisa Rea joined in 2003, Ben Rouse in 2014 and Laura Currie in 2021. Lux died in 2017, two years after retiring from the orchestra due to chronic ill health. Over the years the UOGB has released over 30 albums, but have spent most of their time touring around the world.

The UOGB has consistently received critical praise from the media for its concerts. The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain has been called "not only a national institution, but also a world-wide phenomenon". The UOGB has also often been credited for being largely responsible for the current world-wide resurgence in popularity of the ukulele and ukulele groups.

Formation
The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain (UOGB) was formed in London in 1985 when the multi-instrumentalist and musicologist George Hinchliffe gave his friend the post-punk singer Kitty Lux a ukulele for her birthday, after she had expressed an interest in learning more about harmony. After first playing together, they purchased a few ukuleles for some of their friends, including David Suich and Richie Williams. Williams recalled that his first ukulele cost "£17 with wholesale discount". Hinchliffe named the new musical group with a deliberate oxymoron, 'The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain', "and suddenly we were the world's first ukulele orchestra." The ukulele was selected for its musical versatility rather than its novelty value. Hinchliffe informed The Chicago Tribune that the original idea included turning a derided instrument which lacked a serious repertoire of its own into a respected concert instrument. It was an "outsider instrument" with a "blank slate" that was not limited by the conventions of either classical or rock music. Hinchliffe informed the Houston Chronicle that the post punk idea was for the orchestra to be an "antidote to pomposity, egomania, cults of personality, rip-offs, music-business-standard-operational nonsense and prima donnas," the orchestra members had previously worked in various music genres but were tired by the conventions, genre stereotyping and pretentiousness within the music industry. UOGB has remained an independent music act which has deliberately not signed to a record label. Hinchliffe stated to the Yorkshire Post the idea of the UOGB was to have bit of fun "where we're not having the agents and the managers and the record companies dictating terms."

History
The UOGB's first gig was at the Roebuck pub, just off Trinity Church Square in London. Although it had been intended to be a one-off, it was a sell out and after just one more performance the orchestra was on national radio. For a while the orchestra had a regular monthly session in the back room at the former Empress of Russia pub in Islington, London. Within three years the orchestra had appeared live on BBC Radio 1 and BBC One Television, released an album and performed at WOMAD festival.

Hester Goodman, Will Grove-White, Jonty Bankes, Peter Brooke Turner all joined the orchestra during the early 1990s. In 1995 the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain performed at the 50th anniversary of the Victory in Europe Day celebrations in London's Hyde Park before an estimated audience of 170,000. Leisa Rea joined in 2003.

For most of its existence the orchestra has been on actively touring the world from places ranging from Spitsbergen, Svalbard in the Arctic Circle to Chongqing Taindi Theatre in China. They have performed at diverse venues and events from local village halls to world famous venues including Ronnie Scott's jazz club, The Royal Festival Hall, the UK Houses of Parliament, Cambridge Folk Festival, Edinburgh Festival, Hay Festival, Glastonbury Festival, New York's Carnegie Hall, and the Sydney Opera House.

In 2005 the orchestra planned to release as a single their popular reinterpretation of Kate Bush's art pop song "Wuthering Heights", reworked as a swinging cocktail-jazz crooning number—complete with a Cab Calloway-style "Heathcliffe!" call and response. They were prevented from doing so, and instead they released a prohibition-era honky-tonk rendition of "Dy-Na-Mi-Tee" (a 2002 hip hop song by Ms. Dynamite). The UOGB cover reached No. 78 in the official UK pop charts.

On Tuesday 18 August 2009 the UOGB performed a concert as part of the BBC Proms 2009 Season at London's Royal Albert Hall, where they were the fastest selling late night prom in history. The concert included a version of Beethoven's Ode to Joy in which at least 1,000 audience members with ukuleles participated. The performance was broadcast live on BBC Radio 3 and received critical acclaim. They returned to the Albert Hall in 2012. Ben Rouse joined the UOGB in 2014. For their 2014 tour of China, the British Council described the UOGB as an orchestra "celebrated for its rapport with audiences, and eliciting a joyous feel-good reaction". In 2016 the UOGB entertained Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle at a private party to celebrate the queen's 90th birthday.

The orchestra has appeared on a wide range of television and radio programs both in the UK and internationally. The UOGB has collaborated with David Bowie, Madness, Robbie Williams, Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens), the Kaiser Chiefs, the Ministry of Sound, and the film music composer David Arnold. While the orchestra sell its albums directly from their official web site, most of their income is derived from touring with 110 concerts a year according to the New Zealand Stuff news website (while the British Council stated in 2014 that over the previous 29 years the UOGB had performed a higher figure of 9,000 concerts).

Online performances during COVID-19
During the 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic, Orchestra's members unable to tour due to the lockdowns and separated in their various homes released 13 music videos as a group on YouTube, called the Ukulele Lockdown series (these were collected together and released as the virtual opening concert for the 2021 San Francisco Performances PIVOT Festival), plus a series ukulele video tutorials and other ukulele videos, followed by five original 'The Ukulele World Service' online pay to view concerts. In 2021, Laura Currie became a full time member of the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain. She had previously been a stand in since 2019 and had toured with the orchestra, she edited the lockdown videos.

Line-up
Since 2005 UOGB performed as eight or seven musician vocalists with ukuleles in various registers including: sopranino, soprano, concert, tenor, baritone, and a bass ukulele.

Members (as of 2022)
Information from the official UOGB website.
 * George Hinchliffe (joint founder 1985)(also the UOGB's music director)
 * David Suich (Joined 1985).
 * Richie Williams (Joined 1985, rejoined 2003)
 * Hester Goodman (Joined 1990)
 * Will Grove-White (Joined 1991)
 * Jonty Bankes (bass ukulele) (Joined 1992)
 * Peter Brooke Turner (Joined 1994)
 * Leisa Rea (Joined 2003)
 * Ben Rouse (Joined 2014)
 * Ewan Wardrop
 * Laura Currie (Joined 2021)

Past members

 * Kitty Lux, band member and co-founder with George Hinchliffe, died on 16 July 2017, aged 59, after suffering from various chronic health issues. Lux recovered from a kidney transplant only days before the Proms concert. She retired from public performances after suffering a stroke in 2015. Some of the UOGB members display a small red and white polka dot bow-tie on their clothing or ukulele, in memory of Lux, who always wore an item of clothing with polka dots while performing.

Artistic style and repertoire

A typical UOGB concert according to the New York Times is a "genre bending array" of musical covers that spans from Richard Wagner's The Ride of the Valkyries to the Sex Pistols’ Anarchy in the U.K. The Chicago Tribune reports that the orchestra is "happy to pillage anything from the rich pageant of western music" as it roams freely across the wide range of popular music and art musical genres. The Ukulele orchestra is known for reworking popular song classics, sometimes changing tunes' music genres so that the expectations of the audience are subverted. For instance, the power pop Pinball Wizard turns into a harmonized a cappella with a vaudevillian lead vocal by Hinchliffe, while the Sex Pistol's punk rock call to arms "Anarchy in the UK" is performed in the style of a Simon & Garfunkel cosy campfire sing-along folk song where the audience is encouraged to join in. The group takes George Formby's 1937 song "Leaning on a Lamp-post", but changes it into "Lenin On A Lamppost" performed in a Russian Cossack style.

The Kansas City Star considered the UOGB's medleys as "perhaps their most impressive feats, layering lyrics from disparate sources over a chord progression." Several songs from different genres are combined in one "soup of contrasts" – for example, David Bowie's "Life on Mars?" is melded seamlessly with "My Way", "For Once in My Life", "Born Free", "Substitute", and more. In another piece after a mock argument about what to play next Hinchliffe plays a solo Handel's G Minor Suite No.7 for the Harpsichord," while all the other members sing in turn different songs on top the Handel base "Fly Me To The Moon", "Love Story (Where Do I Begin)", "Autumn Leaves"," Killing Me Softly with His Song", "Hotel California" and "I Will Survive", ending with all genre variations performed simultaneously in harmony together.

All members generate ideas for new pieces and all play around with ways the piece work. The limitations of the ukulele causes the orchestra to think creatively about how to cover a musical piece, popular tunes are broken down to their constituent parts and then with each musician sticking a distinct part, the combination of different soprano, tenor, baritone and bass registers of ukuleles are used (with separate members playing the melody, others the rhythm, others chords on the beat and offbeat etc) to recreate the originals musical textured wall. The Australian stage described the UOGB cover of Wheatus' pop rock "Teenage Dirtbag" as the "same delicacy and finesse as Ludwig's 9th, giving it a whole new complexion" Differentiation during a concert is further created by the fact that each member of the orchestra, each with their own singing style, takes turn to be vocal lead on a cover. The Ukulele Orchestra tries to adapt its programme to match the location of the venue or the occasion, musical numbers with a regional flavour are often included especially when touring overseas, for instance they play Sibelius' Finlandia when they perform in Finland.

Visual image and humour
The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain perform their gigs in a light-heartedly parody of a 'very prim and proper, staid sort-of orchestra', wearing traditional orchestra dress for performances, with the men in black tie (black suits and bow ties) and the women in smart evening wear, seated behind music stands. The humorous side of the UOGB came by accident during their first live session, when joking began after they unintentionally played in two keys at the same time. The comedy element is of the old fashioned British dry and self-deprecating kind, supported by orchestra's musical close chemistry and their adept timing. The New York Times noted that the orchestra often light-heartedly mock the "ludicrousness and pretentiousness" of famous tunes with deadpan humour and pun-filled banter with numbers introduced with a light hearted humour. The Guardian and Gigwise noted that the orchestra's deadpan delivery had the ability to dismantle the pretensions that might be connected to a musical piece. Alternatively physical comedy is incorporated with the musicianship, for instance when up to five members bunch together to play a single small ukulele.

Critical reception
The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain has been described by the Daily Telegraph, Guardian and others as a "much-loved" British institution" that has become a "worldwide phenomenon" with an "international cult status".  The orchestra has received positive reviews of its concerts from critics.  Manchester Evening News said of the orchestra that it had "a beautiful chemistry that represents fun, innocence, daftness and a genuinely enjoyable showcase of unique talent." The Kansas City Star considered the orchestra had "taken the comic aspects and musical capabilities of the ukulele and blended them together into a well-honed act, delivered with marvellous nonchalance and impressive versatility." The Financial Times Laura Battle applauded the orchestra members’ "consummate skill" and said that the "sophisticated sound they make both percussive and melodic is at once hilarious and heartfelt."

BBC Radio 4 and the Canadian Now described the Ukulele Orchestra as a union of skilful musicianship with a subversive post punk delivery and The Press (York) added that they used the limitations of the ukulele "to create a musical freedom that reveals unsuspected musical insights". Classic FM described the UOGB's rendition Ennio Morricone's The Good, The Bad And The Ugly as both "sprightly" and a "delightfully delicate" that remained true to the epic composition of the original work, while the Australian Stage.com called the UOGB's cover "jaw-dropping".

Legacy
Several sources have mentioned that the orchestra is "often blamed for the current ukulele revival which is sweeping the globe", with other ukulele orchestras and groups, following UOGB's lead, have "spawned" over the years in most major cities around the world. The UOGB began the approach of orchestrating songs so that each ukulele played a separate part ~ “since then we’ve seen the concept of ensemble ukulele playing flourish right across the world.”   Asked by the Sydney Morning Herald to explain the success of his orchestra, Hinchliffe replied "the world has gone ukulele mad". The question Why is everyone suddenly playing the ukulele? is asked by a Daily Telegraph article, research by ABRSM (Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music), the exam board of the Royal Schools of Music, has found that the ukulele is replacing the recorder as the instrument of choice for school ensemble music lessons. There are a multiple reasons for this, the ukulele has become a popular instrument to take up, with the Classical Music website of the BBC Music Magazine stating thas the UOGB "has played a major part in popularising the ukulele, with sales at music stores booming and the instrument becoming a mainstay of schools’ music curriculum". The UOGB itself has donated large batches of ukuleles to schools over the years. The orchestra also often run Ukulele workshops for fellow ukulele players and school children in the afternoons before gigs, including with thousands of young players in a stadium in New Zealand. Prior to gigs the orchestra also gives out advance notice of an audience participation tune so that those that wish to participate can bring along their own ukulele and play along with the orchestra.

Original works
In 2008, the group performed Dreamspiel, a ukulele opera, composed by George Hinchliffe and Michelle Carter for the Grimeborn Festival at London's Arcola Theatre. They have also, in 2010 and 2011, performed Ukulelescope where they played music to accompany silent movies from the British Film Institute archives. In 2012, Waly Waly on the Ukulele reworked arrangements of Cecil Sharp's collected folk tunes for performances at the Birmingham Town Hall and Cecil Sharp House in London. (Recordings from these shows were released in 2016 as the CD The Keeper.) In 2014, to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the start of World War I, the orchestra presented When This Lousy War is Over which reflected a range of attitudes from the time; patriotic, pacifist and feminist, and drew from gypsy music, music hall, soldiers' songs and even a song from the then radical avant-garde Cabaret Voltaire in neutral Switzerland.

Legal dispute
In 2009, Erwin Clausen, a German producer, approached the UOGB with a request to set up a franchise version of the band in Germany. The UOGB denied his request, however Clausen assembled the United Kingdom Ukulele Orchestra (UKUO), which performed in a very similar style as that UOGB. Based in Germany, the UKUO just like the UOGB consisted of eight British musicians (six men and two women) who wore semi-formal evening dress sitting in a line behind music stands performing a similar range of cover versions of popular music and similar comedy. Judge Richard Hacon, sitting at the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court initially declined to issue an injunction to stop UKUO touring England in 2014 as proceedings had been issued too late. Ultimately, the Court found that the German-based ukulele troop was causing confusion and so the claim of passing off succeeded. The Judge ruled Clausen had "acted outside honest practices" when he set up the UKUO, and evidence showed that confusion between the two orchestras' names did confuse the public "who recognise The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain as the trade name of a particular musical act, [and] that the two orchestras UOGB and UKUO are either the same group, or otherwise commercially connected." The Court found that this had caused damage to the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain's goodwill, especially by way of the UOGB's loss of control over their reputation as artists. However, though similarities in the name amounted to passing off, the judge ruled that Clausen and the UKUO were not guilty of copyright or trademark infringement as far as the style of the performance was concerned.

Single

 * Miss Dy-na-mi-tee – 2005, Longman Records (CD)

Studio albums

 * The Ukulele Variations – 1988, Disque Ethnique (LP); CBS/Sony Records (CD)
 * Hearts of Oak – 1990, CBS/Sony Records (CD)
 * A Fist Full of Ukuleles – 1994, Sony Records (CD)
 * Pluck – 1998, Tachyon Records (CD)
 * Songs for Plucking Lovers – 2000, UOGB(CD)
 * Anarchy in the Ukulele – 2000, UOGB(CD)
 * Eine Kleine Ukemusik – 2000, UOGB(CD)
 * The Secret of Life – 2004, Longman Records (CD)
 * Miss Dy-na-mi-tee – 2005, Longman Records (CD single)
 * Precious Little – 2007, UOGB (CD)
 * Christmas with the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain – 2008, UOGB (CD)
 * (Ever Such) Pretty Girls – 2015, UOGB (CD)
 * Lousy War 2016, UOGB (CD)
 * The Originals 2016, UOGB (CD)
 * By Request (Songs From The Set List) 2018, UOGB(CD)
 * The Only Album by the Ukulele Orchestra You Will Ever Need Volume Three – 2019, UOGB (CD)
 * The Only Album By The Ukulele Orchestra You Will Ever Need, Vol. 9 – 2020, UOGB (CD)
 * Never Mind The Reindeer – 2020, UOGB (CD)
 * One Plucking Thing After Another - 2021, UOGB (CD)

Live albums

 * Anarchy in the Ukulele – 2005 (CD)
 * Live in London #1 – 2008, UOGB (CD)
 * Live in London #2 – 2009, UOGB (CD)
 * Still Live – 2011, UOGB (CD)
 * Uke-Werk – 2013, UOGB (CD)
 * The Keeper – 2016, UOGB (CD)

Compilations

 * Top Notch – 2001, UOGB (CD)
 * Bang Bang(My Baby Shot Me Down) EP – The Ukulele Orchestra Vs Ibiza Air – 2013, UOGB (CD)

DVDs

 * Anarchy in the Ukulele – 2005, UOGB (DVD)
 * Prom Night – Live at the Royal Albert Hall – BBC Proms 2009 – 2009, UOGB (DVD)
 * The Ukes Down Under – 2012, Litmus Films (DVD)
 * The Ukes in America – 2013, Litmus Films (DVD)

title: Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain


text:
Talk:Hu

Sheep?
Per List of sheep breeds I have added this defn. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Hu (also hu) is a third person singular "non gender-specific pronoun", short for "that human". Its variants include "hus", "hux", "hume", and "huself".

Hu or hu may also refer to:

Hu (mythology), the deification of the first word, in the Egyptian mythology of the Ennead Huh (god), the deification of eternity in the Egyptian mythology of the Ogdoad Hu (Sufism), a name for God. HU (chant), a love song to god pronounced like the long drawn-out word 'hue'. Used but not limited to a new-age religion called Eckankar Hu (surname), a Chinese family name represented by the character 胡. Hu Jintao, the current president of People's Republic of China. Hù is also an abbreviation for Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Hu state or Hu Guo, former state of China Wu Hu, the barbaric tribes surrounding ancient China. The Hungarian language (ISO 639 alpha-2, hu) Hu is a breed of sheep A romanisation of the Japanese kana ふ and フ (more commonly romanised as 'fu') The abbreviation HU for Hounsfield Units on the Hounsfield scale, a unit of measurement used on a computed tomography machine (CAT) .hu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Hungary A mantra (similar to Aum or Om) popularized by the religion Eckankar as a name for and love song to God Adir Hu is a hymn sung at the Passover Seder. Walloon name for the Belgian city of Huy An abbreviation for Harrisburg University of Science and Technology

[edit] See also HU, disambiguation Who or WHO (disambiguation), disambiguation Huh, disambiguation —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.219.128.69 (talk) 12:30, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

pronoun?
The section on the supposed pronoun is without citation. In fact, it may even be vandalism. I plan to delete it unless a valid cite is provided. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk) 17:11, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hu


text:
Talk:St. Martin's College

Shouldn't we mention the St. Martin's College from "Common People", the art school in London? john k 16:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Martin's College


text:
James Polshek

James Stewart Polshek (February 11, 1930 –September 9, 2022) was an American architect based in New York City. He was the founder of Polshek Partnership, the firm at which he was the principal design partner for more than four decades. He worked as design counsel to the legacy firm Ennead Architects, as well as being actively engaged as design lead on multiple projects.

Early life
Polshek was born in Akron, Ohio, on February 11, 1930. His father, Max, was the owner of an army-navy store; his mother, Pearl (Beyer), was a housewife. Polshek initially intended to study medicine, enrolling in premed at Case Western Reserve University's Adelbert College in 1947. He began taking a variety of courses, including a course on the history of modern architecture. After deciding to study architecture, he transferred to Yale University in 1950 and studied under Louis Kahn, graduating five years later with a Master of Architecture degree. He was also a Fulbright/Hayes fellow in Copenhagen, and received several grants from the Graham Foundation. After Polshek became dean of Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation in 1973, Western Reserve University granted his Bachelor of Science degree in 1973, forgiving the eight credits he was short.

Professional career
Polshek first worked for I. M. Pei, Ulrich Franzen, and other architects, before establishing his firm – James Stewart Polshek Architect – in 1963. Some of the first projects he worked on were two research facilities in Japan, as well as collaborating with Walfredo Toscanini to design a Midtown Manhattan community center. The majority of his firm's projects were in the United States, with many in New York City. These included the Ed Sullivan Theater, Seamen's Church Institute at the South Street Seaport, Sulzberger Hall at Barnard College, the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Residence Tower at New York University, and the refurbishment of Carnegie Hall. Polshek became the dean of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation at Columbia University in 1973, serving in that capacity until 1987. Under his leadership, the curriculum was revised and extended to encompass urban planning, real estate, and historic preservation. Polshek was unusual among top-tier architects for taking the position that architecture is more craft than fine art and that architects have some measure of social responsibility.

In 2003, Polshek served as an architectural adviser to the selection committee that chose SANAA as architects for the New Museum building.

After retiring from his firm's partnership in 2005, Polshek maintained the title of design counsel to Ennead Architects (the new name of that firm). He served as the architect commissioner on the NYC Design Commission during the mid-2010s. His book, Build, Memory, was published in April 2014 by Monacelli Press.

Personal life
Polshek married Ellyn Margolis in 1952. Together, they had two children: Peter and Jennifer. He maintained an apartment in Paris during his later years.

Polshek died on September 9, 2022, at his home in Manhattan. He was 92 and suffered from kidney disease before his death.

Awards and honors
Polshek was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA), and the 2018 recipient of the organization's highest honor, the AIA Gold Medal. He earlier received the Gold Medal award from the New York City chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1986. In 2002, he was honored with the Municipal Art Society's Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal, and was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Three years later, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Polshek received honorary degrees from Pratt Institute (1995), the New School University Parsons School of Design (1999), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (2002), and Columbia University (2022).

title: James Polshek


text:
Koziegłowy, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Goats' Heads or Koziegłowy is a large village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwonak, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It adjoins Czerwonak to the north and the city of Poznań to the south. It is one of the 2 villages in Poland with a population of at least 9000.

In 2006 Goats' Heads had 10,755 inhabitants, which makes it one of the most populous villages in Poland (in second place behind Kozy).

Goats' Heads lies on the main road from Poznań to Wągrowiec, and consists mainly of modern residential developments situated to the east of that road. To the west is the Warta River and the main sewage treatment plant for the city of Poznań.

It lies approximately 4 km north of the regional capital Poznań.

title: Koziegłowy, Greater Poland Voivodeship


text:
Talk:Djibouti

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 21 March 2023
My request is to edit the orgin of the name Djibouti the French documented that the name "Djibouti" come from the indigenous people of Southern side of the country

Here is my source: https://books.google.ca/books?id=uN8jAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA203&dq=Djibouti+nom+plateau&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCr_ik5-39AhWJFjQIHTVqAtcQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Djibouti%20nom%20plateau&f=false Jean753 (talk) 23:14, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: All the visible part of the old source says is « invented » Djibouti." M.Bitton (talk) 00:35, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Language order?
supposedly, it is arabic language that has the top of the level in terms of official language. Who someone puts french kanguage as top level in official language in djibouti? 2404:8000:1027:85F6:153D:916C:236C:BC4A (talk) 21:55, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 2 May 2023
Remove the extra “m” after “1990s”

The country emerged from a decade-long civil war at the end of the 1990smwith the waxwing slain (talk) 10:27, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ MadGuy7023 (talk) 11:37, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

Islam in Djibouti Edit Request
In the religion section, it should display Islam (Official) as Article 1 of the Constitution of Djibouti specifies an official state religion. SOURCE: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en

}} Crisiswolf115 (talk) 02:37, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Arabic vs french
Which official language to be ranked first? 2404:8000:1027:85F6:4931:7800:F749:B0B0 (talk) 08:03, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

 * We don't rank the official languages. CMD (talk) 10:02, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 6 November 2023
Somebody added some false information like how the issa clan made a deal with the french to kick out certain other clans like issaq and gadabursi no evidence to prove this.The person who added that information had the intention to slander the issa clan of djibouti Jean753 (talk) 12:30, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 15:44, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 July 2024
On the Image in the Foreign Military Presence section it says "American soldiers in the Grand Bara desert, 2017" but these are American Marines not soldiers which is a term specific to the Army. Streetshoota2004 (talk) 04:02, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The image description actually says this training included the Air Force, Army, and Marine Corps, so it's not completely clear which branch the people pictured are in. So, I've updated the caption in the article to say "service members" instead of . Bsoyka  (t • c • g) 04:05, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Djibouti


text:
Administrative divisions of Sweden

There are several series of subdivisions of Sweden.

 * Judiciary
 * Supreme Court (Högsta Domstolen), Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen)
 * Courts of appeal (hovrätter), administrative courts of appeal (kammarrätter) (and historically: lagsagor)
 * District courts (tingsrätter), county administrative courts (länsrätter)
 * Central executive
 * Cabinet of Sweden, Government agencies in Sweden
 * County administrative boards of Sweden
 * Local government
 * Regions of Sweden (regioner)
 * Municipalities of Sweden (kommuner)
 * City districts of Sweden (stadsdelar or stadsdelsnämndsområden)
 * Ecclesiastically
 * Church of Sweden
 * Dioceses (stift)
 * Kontrakt
 * Pastorat
 * Parishes (församlingar)
 * Historically
 * Lands of Sweden
 * Provinces of Sweden
 * Hundreds of Sweden
 * Socknar (both parishes and rural municipalities)
 * Proposed
 * Regions of Sweden

title: Administrative divisions of Sweden


text:
Auckland Park

Auckland Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It lies on a gentle slope, and is in close proximity to the suburbs of Melville, Brixton, Westdene and Richmond. Auckland Park is one of the few suburbs close to the Johannesburg city centre that has remained largely unaffected by the recent migration of Johannesburg residents to the city's northern suburbs. Auckland Park is home to a mix of nationalities and cultures, and the suburb is well known as the location of the South African Broadcasting Corporation headquarters.

History
The suburb was laid out by John Landau in 1896, a New Zealander who named the area due to the similarities he experienced between the region and the city of Auckland, his native home. It was established in 1888 after the land was purchased from Petrus Lindeque and was part of an old Witwatersrand farm called Braamfontein. Landau would open the Auckland Park Hotel.

Street names in the area are named after places along the river Thames: Richmond, Twickenham, Ditton and Kingston, among others. Some of the city of Johannesburg's first residents settled in Auckland Park, as the region was still considered to be "in the country" relative to the city centre. Victorian gentry who had made South Africa their home would have had weekend homes in the area. The original site offered a boating lake, located where the Country Club Johannesburg is today, as well as a horse racing track, where the University of Johannesburg (formerly RAU) is.

The Country Club Johannesburg, was built by the Auckland Park Real Estate Company on the grounds of the old hotel, opening on 22 December 1906 by Mayor W. Kidger Tucker with the lake fed by the Braamfontein Spruit.

Education
Auckland Park is home to a number of academic institutions including the University of Johannesburg and private schools such as the Auckland Park Academy of Excellence, The Johannesburg Bible College (Auckland Park Campus), Auckland Park Nursery School and Auckland Park Preparatory School. The Deutsche Internationale Schule Johannesburg is in Auckland Park.

title: Auckland Park


text:
User talk:Beagle3

So uh, why did you increase tropical cyclone tenfold? --Golbez 16:33, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Your edit
Your edit at User talk:Bank of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. If you would like to be a good contributor please avoid edits that only add bulk but not substance to an article. Cheers, hydnjo talk 12:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It seems this user has discovered the joys of Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V. → Jarlaxle Artemis   00:11, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beagle3


text:
Talk:Michael Edwards

Untitled
This should be a disambiguation page, since Project Alpha links to Michael Edwards who someone who is most likely not Eddie the Eagle. --DLeonard 16:33, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

Michael Edwards (producer)
I changed the link Michael Edwards (Film Producer) to the version in the heading, which is more in keeping with the "norm." It should be noted that Michael Edwards (Film Producer), Michael Edwards (film producer), and Michael Edwards (producer) are all currently redlinks. — AnnaKucsma  (Talk to me!) 19:07, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Edwards


text:
Talk:1963 papal conclave

Age limit
Some claim that Pope Paul VI established the age limit for the Cardinals to vote because of an episode during the Conclave in which he had been elected. It is said that the Archbishop of Milan, who was more than 80 years old, regularly voted on all the ballots for Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who had been Pope as Pius XII and died in 1958. I can't be much more precise in this moment, but I think that a short research could provide names and dates. This episode has been referred to by my parson, who apparently heard it from Cardinal Bertone. Should it be inserted or is it too vague?

 * Cardinal Montini was born in 1897, so he could only have been aged of about 66 years old in the year 1963. I'm not sure about that story, maybe it's just a rumour, or maybe it has some elements of truth. ADM (talk) 05:55, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Number of ballots
The info box says 6 ballots but the article says he was elected on the 5th ballot. Which is correct?Adambondy (talk) 19:14, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:13, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Paolovi.jpg

title: Talk:1963 papal conclave


text: Category:Parishes

title: Category:Parishes