text:
Reva Gerstein

Reva Appleby Gerstein (born Reva Appleby; 27 March 1917 – 6 January 2020) was a Canadian psychologist, educator, and mental health advocate. She was the first woman Chancellor of the University of Western Ontario, serving from 1992 to 1996.

Biography
Gerstein was the daughter of Diana (Kraus) and David Appleby. After attending Fern Avenue Public School and Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Gerstein earned a Bachelor of Arts degree (1938), a Master of Arts degree (1939), and a PhD (1945) from the University of Toronto.

Reva Appleby married Bertrand Gerstein on 5 June 1939 at Toronto's Holy Blossom Temple. The couple had two sons, Irving Russell (1941-) and Ira Michael (1947-). In the fall of 1979, she remarried to David Raitblat. She turned 100 in 2017.

Education
Hon.B.A. (1938) University of Toronto M.A (1939) University of Toronto Ph.D. (1945) University of Toronto Thesis: An analysis of infant behavioral development Supervised by Professor Blatz, Professor Bernhardt and Dr.Northway

Career
From 1942-1945, while completing her PhD at the University of Toronto, Reva Gerstein taught both undergrad and masters classes in psychology at U of T. During this time, she also conducted research on topics unrelated to her thesis, such as a study on the demographics and attitudes of first-year U of T students - First-Year Students: A Study of a Species, Canadian

Gerstein taught courses in psychology at the University of Toronto from 1942 to 1945, and later taught at York University. In 1945, she became National Director of Program Planning for the Canadian Mental Health Association, beginning what would become a decades-long career in mental health advocacy. Gerstein is credited with leading the shift in Canadian mental health care from a medical model to one focused on healthy, community-based living beyond psychiatric institutions.

In 1945 Reva completed her PhD, successfully defending her thesis about infant behavioural development. Reva Gerstein was able to teach psychology at U of T at this time because there were openings in teaching positions due to men fighting in the war. In 1945 when World War II ended, Reva Gerstein’s teaching position also ended because these positions were now being filled by men returning from war. Although she stopped teaching classes, Reva continued doing research at U of T. At this time Reva Gerstein was hired by the East York-Leaside Board of Health as a school psychologist, becoming the first psychologist working in the Ontario School system. While working for the Board of Health Reva continued her research efforts at U of T. In 1947 Dr. Gerstein published a study on Canadian prejudices towards minority groups (1947: Probing Canadian prejudice: a preliminary objective survey) and in 1949 she published a paper on suggestions for extending and updating the Bellevue-Weschler vocabulary response assessment (A suggested method for analyzing and extending the use of Bellevue – Weschler vocabulary response).

Although Reva Gerstein conducted many research studies throughout her career, she is most well known for her policy and advocacy work rather than her research. While working for the East York-Leaside Board of Health Dr.Gerstein met Clarence Hinks, an eminent psychologist in the field of mental health. Hinks offered Reva a job as the National Director of Program Planning for the Canadian Mental Health Association. During her time working at the CMHA, Reva Gerstein worked alongside Dr. Clarence Hincks and Dr. Jack Griffin, both of whom became great friends and mentors. While working for the CMHA, Gerstein established Mental Health Week, a week that took place annually which feature stories about mental health on CBC radio. As well as establishing Mental Health Week, which continues to this day, she created a weekly one-hour mental health program on CBC radio, bringing the topic of mental health out of the shadows at a time when such issues were taboo.

Reva Gerstein was a woman with many jobs, never doing only one task at any given time. While working for the CMHA Gerstein was also the chair of a working group that reported to the Special policy sub-committee of the Welfare Council of Toronto from 1949-1952. This group focused on ways to implement integrated nursery school for children with emotional disturbances in private nurseries. Gerstein's working group recommended that the ideal integration ratio would be 6 disturbed children to 24 normal children and that the focus of the nursery care for disturbed children was treatment for normal children was preventative mental health care. At this time Gerstein also chaired the interdivisional committee on the mental health needs of children, which was charged with creating a blueprint for children's mental health services in Toronto. In their 1952 reports, both committees recommended "the development of day nurseries in poor housing areas, even if parents [are] not at work. Such children brought up in one congested room benefit mentally from the supervised freedom of an all-day nursery."

In 1950, Reva Gerstein founded the Canadian Council of Children and Youth to uphold and ensure the rights, interests and well-being of all children and youth in Canadian communities, government legislation, policy, programs and practices.

Reva Gerstein's work for the CMHA and the Welfare Council of Toronto was the start of a long career in mental health advocacy and policy change.

In 1962, Reva was appointed by Premier John Robarts as the first woman member of the Committee on University Affairs (CUA) and served as its chairman from 1972 to 1975. In 1968, Gerstein spearheaded the creation of the Hinks Treatment Center for Adolescents, a center which she named after her mentor, to provide psychiatric care to children and adolescents in Toronto. This center still exists; it is now called the Hinks-Dellcrest Center and is a part of the SickKids Community Mental Health network. All the while, Gerstein was creating the center of adolescents she was teaching at U of T's School of Social Work and Nursing, where she emphasized preparing teachers to deal with student's mental health issues.

In the late 1970s, Dr.Gerstein was appointed by Premier Bill Davis to the newly reorganized Ontario Council on University Affairs (OCUA) and became a member and editorial chairman of the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario. In this capacity, she advocated for mature students, who at the time were not seen as legitimate university students.

In 1983 Reva was appointed as the Chair of Mayor Art Eggleton's Action Task Force on Discharged Psychiatric Patients in Toronto. The final report on the Mayor's action task force on discharged psychiatric patients later dubbed the "Gerstein Report" conceived of bringing together housing needs, support services and physical crisis centers backed up by networks of community workers and traditional hospital help.

Based on this report Reva was able to establish Crisis centers in Toronto in 1989 which served as housing for mental health survivors as well as a place to receive support services such as mental health counselling or employment services. Reva served as the founding chairman of the board for these centers from 1989 – 1995. Upon her departure from the board, these centers were named Gerstein Centers in her honour.

In the 1980s, she chaired the Toronto Mayor's Action Task Force on Discharged Psychiatric Patients. As a result of the task force's recommendations, a number of community mental health services were established in Toronto, including the Gerstein Crisis Centre. Gerstein served as the founding chair of the board. Gerstein also helped establish the Hincks Treatment Centre for adolescents (now the SickKids Centre for Community Mental Health).

In 1991 Reva published a book titled Nurturing Health: A Framework on the Determinants of Health for the Healthy Public Committee which she was the Chair of. This book was the culmination of her work on mental health and education.

Reva Gerstein was also the first female Chancellor of The University of Western Ontario, serving as chancellor from 1992-1996.

In 1997 she was honoured with the Companion of the Order of Canada in recognition for her outstanding work on mental health reform.

Gerstein died in January 2020 at the age of 102.

Boards
Throughout her career Reva Gerstein sat on the boards of many companies and organizations;
 * McGraw-Hill Ryerson Publishing Co.
 * Maritime Life Assurance Co.
 * Avon Inc.
 * International Nickel Co. (INCO).
 * Mount Sinai Hospital Governing Council Board Member
 * Board Member of Baycrest Centre
 * Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Hospital for Sick Children
 * Chairman of the SickKids Foundation
 * Chairman of the Hospital Council of Metro Toronto
 * Member of the Ontario Police Commission
 * Chairman of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).

Honours

 * In 1974, Gerstein was made a Member of the Order of Canada; she was promoted to the title of Officer in 1979, and to the title of Companion in 1997.
 * In 1975 she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Guelph.
 * In 1988, she was awarded the Order of Ontario.
 * She received honorary degrees from University of Western Ontario (1972), Lakehead University (1974), University of Guelph (1975), Queen's University (1981), York University (1993), and the University of Toronto (1996)
 * She was a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association.

title: Reva Gerstein


text:
User talk:Historicperson

Hi there, Historicperson, and welcome to Wikipedia!

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Eliot 20:07, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Recipe Entries.
Please stop adding entries for recipes/fast food products. The Wikipedia is not a cookbook, though the Wikibooks project is working on one. --Xcali 19:11, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) no recipes wikibooks.

Spelling
Please check spellings when creating articles. Whale bulber should be spelt Blubber. I have made it into a redirect to fix this. 19:19, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thank you

 * you can sign your usernamename by using four tildes, like this :     19:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * if you only use 3 it will put your name but not the date or time.

Note, it is helpful to check to see if articles exist before creating new ones, for example, Save our ship should really be explained at SOS, as this page already exists. So I have made Save our ship into a redirect to there. 19:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) i try to remeber --Historicperson 19:27, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pointless Entries
Please consider how useful entries are before creating them - I have now listed a number of your entries as candidates for deletion, and many other people seem to have done likewise (or at least turned them to redirects). If you create an entry, it should really be about something notable enough that (in future at least) it merits an encyclopedia article. None of your articles have been at all encyclopedic.

Furthermore, please consider changes you make to pages which you edit, a number of your changes have now been reverted as vandalism. UkPaolo 19:33, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) okay thank you

Aids
The other thing you might like to note is that when creating articles, it is helpful to provide context to them. If you do not know enough to write more than a few sentences, then it helps us if you add the words to the bottom of the article.

Other things you can add, include,  ,  ,  , etc, which provide a little more detail.

It is also common practice to include the name of the article in the first sentence, and to make it bold, which you do by adding three single quotation marks on either side : fish, for example, which will appear on the screen as fish.

Just two quotation marks makes the text italic, wheras 5 makes it bold and italic.

If you add two square brackets to both sides : fish it will turn it into a link. You can still make links bold or italic by putting quotes outside the link : fish, but if you put them inside ( fish ), it won't work.

19:38, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) thanks

Nonsense entries
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Xcali 19:43, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) the nonsense i will get rid if i can and the new ones will be good try.
 * most of your articles are nonsense! Please... think before creating new ones, almost all of your previous contributions have either been listed on Votes for Deletion, or marked to Speedy Delete. New articles need to be valuable to the encyclopedia, include context, correct spellings, and sufficient information to merit an article. None of yours can be said to do this.

Deletion
The reason people are listing much of what you have written for deletion is because in most cases you are not adding much at all. It helps if you could write one or two sentences. (Preferably using English grammar, although if you can't, add the words to the article, and someone will come along to fix it).

Also, many of the articles you create already exist more substantially elsewhere, for example, Back massage is really covered at Massage. In situations like this, once you discover that an article like Massage exists, then you need to change Back massage into a redirect, which you do by replacing all the text in it with the words #REDIRECT Massage. When common phrases such as "back massage" do not already have redirects to appropriate articles, then creating them is considered useful, and is unlikely to be deleted. (n.b. I have already changed this for Back Massage).

19:54, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) any more help? --Historicperson 19:55, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

That is all I can think of at the moment. But if you read some of the links in the following standard welcome message, it may help. (note that the welcome message is produced by a "template", rather than by me)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Requesting Deletion
If you want to request an article is deleted, please follow the guidelines at the bottom of Articles for deletion. Just adding won't work since you need to add it to the Votes for deletion page, too. However, if you wish to remove a page you created, you can tag it for speedy deletion, just add to the top of the page. Note that there is no point adding both tags to the same article. UkPaolo 19:58, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Hi there Historicperson, I have been following your recent edits, and while I am convinced that you only want to help, I should also warn you that somebody is probably going to get the impression that you are vandalizing pages if you keep this up, and ban you from contributing.

I suggest you read the rules before creating any more pages -- it doesn't take very long. And you've already been following the first rule to a T: Be bold, don't be afraid to edit! Also, if I were you I would turn my attention more towards editing existing pages rather than creating new ones. Wikipedia has been around for a while, and there are not that many big gaps -- if you don't find an article, try looking under a simpler name (like someone else suggested Massage rather than Back massage.)

Thanks, Eliot 20:03, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As an addition to this, please be careful about spelling, and duplication -

By Matris slow motion, I am assuming you mean Matrix slow motion, which would be the article Bullet time. 20:04, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been following your recent edits, too. Virtually all of which have now been deleted, flagged for deletion, reverted, or at the least, tidied up. As Eliot said, I'm sure you are only wanting to help, but as I said in an earlier msg, please think before you post. There's little point in creating a new article about an un-notable topic, if all you can add is a one-line attempt at a dictionary definition - that's not what Wikipedia is about. Don't be put off, everyone has to learn. But please - think before you edit! And any changes you make to existing pages, use the "show preview" button before saving, to ensure they look as you expected. And do, please, check your spelling!! UkPaolo 20:23, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Historicperson


text: Category:New York (state) geography stubs


text:
My Doorbell

"My Doorbell" is a song by American alternative rock band the White Stripes, released as the second single from their album, Get Behind Me Satan (2005), on July 11, 2005. The song garnered the White Stripes a 2006 Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. The video for this single was directed by the Malloys, filmed in black-and-white, and features Jack and Meg performing in front of a crowd of children; it was filmed at The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California.

Critical reception
Paste and Stereogum ranked the song number eight and number six, respectively, on their lists of the 10 greatest White Stripes songs.

Track listings
Australian and New Zealand CD single
 * 1) "My Doorbell"
 * 2) "Same Boy You've Always Known" (live)
 * 3) "Screwdriver" (live)

UK CD single
 * 1) "My Doorbell"
 * 2) "Screwdriver" (live)

UK 7-inch single
 * A. "My Doorbell"
 * B. "Same Boy You've Always Known" (live)

UK 12-inch single
 * A. "My Doorbell"
 * B. "Blue Orchid" (High Contrast remix)

title: My Doorbell


text:
Leukemoid reaction

The term leukemoid reaction describes an increased white blood cell count (> 50,000 cells/μL), which is a physiological response to stress or infection (as opposed to a primary blood malignancy, such as leukemia). It often describes the presence of immature cells such as myeloblasts or red blood cells with nuclei in the peripheral blood.

It may be lymphoid or myeloid.

Causes
As noted above, a leukemoid reaction is typically a response to an underlying medical issue. Causes of leukemoid reactions include:
 * Severe hemorrhage (retroperitoneal hemorrhage)
 * Drugs
 * Use of sulfa drugs
 * Use of dapsone
 * Use of glucocorticoids
 * Use of G-CSF or related growth factors
 * All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)
 * Ethylene glycol intoxication
 * Infections
 * Clostridium difficile
 * Tuberculosis
 * Pertussis
 * Infectious mononucleosis (lymphocyte predominant)
 * Visceral larva migrans (eosinophil predominant)
 * Asplenia
 * Diabetic ketoacidosis
 * Organ necrosis
 * Hepatic necrosis
 * Ischemic colitis
 * As a feature of trisomy 21 in infancy (incidence of ~10%)
 * As a paraneoplastic phenomenon (rare)

Diagnosis
Conventionally, a leukocytosis exceeding 50,000 WBC/mm3 with a significant increase in early neutrophil precursors is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. The peripheral blood smear may show myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, and rarely myeloblasts; however, there is a mixture of early mature neutrophil precursors, in contrast to the immature forms typically seen in acute leukemia. Serum leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is normal or elevated in leukemoid reaction, but is depressed in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The bone marrow in a leukemoid reaction, if examined, may be hypercellular but is otherwise typically unremarkable.

Leukemoid reactions are generally benign and are not dangerous in and of themselves, although they are often a response to a significant disease state (see Causes above). However, leukemoid reactions can resemble more serious conditions such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), which can present with identical findings on the peripheral blood smear. Historically, various clues including the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score and the presence of basophilia were used to distinguish CML from a leukemoid reaction. However, at present the test of choice in adults to distinguish CML is an assay for the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, either via cytogenetics and FISH, or via PCR for the BCR/ABL fusion gene. The LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) score is high in reactive states but is low in CML. In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, a qualified hematologist or oncologist should be consulted.

Treatment
Treatment of underlying condition. If drug induced, discontinue drug. If the reaction is found to be from anything besides drug use, certain anti neoplastic drugs may be indicated.

title: Leukemoid reaction


text:
Talk:Emil Nolde

Untitled
What does his years of travel mean? Thanks, Ejrrjs | What? 20:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nazi affiliations
It is somewhat disingenuous to say that Nolde supported the Nazi Party "when it took power"; he had been a member of the party since the early 1920s and was one of Joseph Goebbels' favourite painters, much to Hitler's annoyance. The relationships between the artistic avant garde and the political Right of the inter-war period is more complex than many people suppose and Nolde's relationship with, and commitment to, the Nazi Party illustrates this well. Gerry Carr 17:28, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I added a merge proposal to the front of this article. Someone has suggested that the article titled "Nolde" be merged with this one. That makes sense to me, since there is no special purpose served by having two articles for the same person. Unfortunately, no-one on this page would know there is such a proposal, so I have belatedly added the notice. Any objections to or support for a merger? Ande B 19:38, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

I agree totally. There´s not need for two Emil Nolde articles in here. User:Mistico

there should be alot more to this story, because i am in highschool and i know that if i was literature school that page would never make it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.230.222.114 (talk) 18:59, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nolde g.jpg
Image:Nolde g.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 16:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Emil Nolde. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133757/http://www.museen-sh.de/ml/digicult.php?digiID=200.6881224&pid=&t=&s=2&sparte=&ps=1 to http://www.museen-sh.de/ml/digicult.php?digiID=200.6881224&pid=&t=&s=2&sparte=&ps=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:55, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Landscape with farmhouse, by Emil Nolde, 1922, oil on canvas - Germanisches Nationalmuseum - Nuremberg, Germany - DSC02431.jpg

title: Talk:Emil Nolde


text:
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is a technique for characterizing atomic level structure in solid materials e.g. powders, single crystals and amorphous samples and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The anisotropic part of many spin interactions are present in solid-state NMR, unlike in solution-state NMR where rapid tumbling motion averages out many of the spin interactions. As a result, solid-state NMR spectra are characterised by larger linewidths than in solution state NMR, which can be utilized to give quantitative information on the molecular structure, conformation and dynamics of the material. Solid-state NMR is often combined with magic angle spinning to remove anisotropic interactions and improve the resolution as well as the sensitivity of the technique.

Nuclear spin interactions
The resonance frequency of a nuclear spin depends on the strength of the magnetic field at the nucleus, which can be modified by isotropic (e.g. chemical shift, isotropic J-coupling) and anisotropic interactions (e.g. chemical shift anisotropy, dipolar interactions). In a classical liquid-state NMR experiment, molecular tumbling coming from Brownian motion averages anisotropic interactions to zero and they are therefore not reflected in the NMR spectrum. However, in media with no or little mobility (e.g. crystalline powders, glasses, large membrane vesicles, molecular aggregates), anisotropic local fields or interactions have substantial influence on the behaviour of nuclear spins, which results in the line broadening of the NMR spectra.

Chemical shielding
Chemical shielding is a local property of each nuclear site in a molecule or compound, and is proportional to the applied external magnetic field. The external magnetic field induces currents of the electrons in molecular orbitals. These induced currents create local magnetic fields that lead to characteristic changes in resonance frequency. These changes can be predicted from molecular structure using empirical rules or quantum-chemical calculations.

In general, the chemical shielding is anisotropic because of the anisotropic distribution of molecular orbitals around the nuclear sites. Under sufficiently fast magic angle spinning, or under the effect of molecular tumbling in solution-state NMR, the anisotropic dependence of the chemical shielding is time-averaged to zero, leaving only the isotropic chemical shift.

Dipolar coupling
Nuclear spins exhibit a magnetic dipole moment, which generates a magnetic field that interacts with the dipole moments of other nuclei (dipolar coupling). The magnitude of the interaction is dependent on the gyromagnetic ratio of the spin species, the internuclear distance r, and the orientation, with respect to the external magnetic field B, of the vector connecting the two nuclear spins (see figure). The maximum dipolar coupling is given by the dipolar coupling constant d,
 * $$ d = \hbar \left( \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \right) \frac{1}{r^3}\gamma_1 \gamma_2 $$,

where γ1 and γ2 are the gyromagnetic ratios of the nuclei, $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant, and $$\mu_0 $$ is the vacuum permeability. In a strong magnetic field, the dipolar coupling depends on the angle θ between the internuclear vector and the external magnetic field B (figure) according to
 * $$D \propto 3\cos^2\theta - 1$$.

D becomes zero for $$\theta_m = \arccos \sqrt{1/3}= \arctan \sqrt{2} \simeq 54.7^\circ$$. Consequently, two nuclei with a dipolar coupling vector at an angle of θm = 54.7° to a strong external magnetic field have zero dipolar coupling. θm is called the magic angle. Magic angle spinning is typically used to remove dipolar couplings weaker than the spinning rate.

Quadrupolar interaction
Nuclei with a spin quantum number >1/2 have a non-spherical charge distribution and an associated electric quadrupole moment tensor. The nuclear electric quadrupole moment couples with surrounding electric field gradients. The nuclear quadrupole coupling is one of the largest interactions in NMR spectroscopy, often comparable in size to the Zeeman coupling. When the nuclear quadrupole coupling is not negligible relative to the Zeeman coupling, higher order corrections are needed to describe the NMR spectrum correctly. In such cases, the first-order correction to the NMR transition frequency leads to a strong anisotropic line broadening of the NMR spectrum. However, all symmetric transitions, between $$m_I$$ and $$-m_I$$ levels are unaffected by the first-order frequency contribution. The second-order frequency contribution depends on the P4 Legendre polynomial, which has zero points at 30.6° and 70.1°. These anisotropic broadenings can be removed using DOR (DOuble angle Rotation) where you spin at two angles at the same time, or A|DAS (Double Angle Spinning) where you switch quickly between the two angles. Both techniques were developed in the late 1980s, and require specialized hardware (probe). Multiple quantum magic angle spinning (MQMAS) NMR was developed in 1995 and has become a routine method for obtaining high resolution solid-state NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei. A similar method to MQMAS is satellite transition magic angle spinning (STMAS) NMR developed in 2000.

J-coupling
The J-coupling or indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling (sometimes also called "scalar" coupling despite the fact that J is a tensor quantity) describes the interaction of nuclear spins through chemical bonds. J-couplings are not always resolved in solids owing to the typically large linewdiths observed in solid state NMR.

Other interactions
Paramagnetic substances are subject to the Knight shift.

Powder pattern
A powder pattern arises in powdered samples where crystallites are randomly oriented relative to the magnetic field so that all molecular orientations are present. In presence of a chemical shift anisotropy interaction, each orientation with respect to the magnetic field gives a different resonance frequency. If enough crystallites are present, all the different contributions overlap continuously and lead to a smooth spectrum.

Fitting of the pattern in a static ssNMR experiment gives information about the shielding tensor, which are often described by the isotropic chemical shift $$\delta_{iso}$$, the chemical shift anisotropy parameter $$\Delta_{CS}$$, and the asymmetry parameter $$\eta$$.

Dipolar pattern

The dipolar powder pattern (also Pake pattern) has a very characteristic shape that arises when two nuclear spins are coupled together within a crystallite. The splitting between the maxima (the "horns") of the pattern is equal to the dipolar coupling constant $$d$$.:
 * $$d = \hbar \left( \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \right) \frac{1}{r^3}\gamma_1 \gamma_2$$

where γ1 and γ2 are the gyromagnetic ratios of the dipolar-coupled nuclei, $$r$$ is the internuclear distance, $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant, and $$\mu_0 $$ is the vacuum permeability.

Magic angle spinning
Magic angle spinning (MAS) is a technique routinely used in solid-state NMR to produce narrower NMR and more intense NMR lines. This is achieved by rotating the sample at the magic angle θm (ca. 54.74°, where cos2θm = 1/3) with respect to the direction of the magnetic field, which has the effect to cancel, at least partially, anisotropic nuclear interactions such as dipolar, chemical shift anisotropy, and quadrupolar interactions. To achieve the complete averaging of these interactions, the sample needs to be spun at a rate that is at least higher than the largest anisotropy.

Spinning a powder sample at a slower rate than the largest component of the chemical shift anisotropy results in an incomplete averaging of the interaction, and produces a set of spinning sidebands in addition to the isotropic line, centred at the isotropic chemical shift. Spinning sidebands are sharp lines separated from the isotropic frequency by a multiple of the spinning rate. Although spinning sidebands can be used to measure anisotropic interactions, they are often undesirable and removed by spinning the sample faster or by recording the data points synchronously with the rotor period.

Cross-polarisation

Cross-polarization (CP) if a fundamental RF pulse sequence and a building-block in many solid-state NMR. It is typically used to enhance the signal of a dilute nuclei with a low gyromagnetic ratio (e.g., ) by magnetization transfer from an abundant nuclei with a high gyromagnetic ratio (e.g. ), or as a spectral editing method to get through space information (e.g. directed → CP in protein spectroscopy).

To establish magnetization transfer, RF pulses ("contact pulses") are simultaneously applied on both frequency channels to produce $$B_1$$ fields whose strength fulfil the Hartmann–Hahn condition:
 * $$\gamma_H B_1(^{1}\text{H}) = \gamma_X B_1(\text{X}) \pm n \omega_R$$

where $$\gamma$$ are the gyromagnetic ratios, $$\omega_R$$ is the spinning rate, and $$n$$ is an integer. In practice, the pulse power, as well as the length of the contact pulse are experimentally optimised. The power of one contact pulse is typically ramped to achieve a more broadband and efficient magnetisation transfer.

Decoupling
Spin interactions can be removed (decoupled) to increase the resolution of NMR spectra during the detection, or to extend the lifetime of the nuclear magnetization.

Heteronuclear decoupling is achieved by radio-frequency irradiation on at the frequency of the nucleus to be decoupled, which is often 1H. The irradiation can be continuous (continuous wave decoupling ), or a series of pulses that extend the performance and the bandwidth of the decoupling (TPPM, SPINAL-64, SWf-TPPM )

Homonuclear decoupling is achieved with multiple-pulse sequences (WAHUHA, MREV-8, BR-24, BLEW-12, FSLG ), or continuous wave modulation (DUMBO, eDUMBO ). Dipolar interactions can also be removed with magic angle spinning. Ultra fast MAS (from 60 kHz up to above 111 kHz) is an efficient way to average all dipolar interactions, including 1H–1H homonuclear dipolar interactions, which extends the resolution of 1H spectra and enables the usage of pulse sequences used in solution state NMR.

Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR)
Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) experiment, are a type of heteronuclear dipolar recoupling experiment which enable one to re-introduce heteronuclear dipolar couplings averaged by MAS. The reintroduction of such dipolar coupling reduce the intensity of the NMR signal intensity compared to a reference spectrum where no dephasing pulse is used. REDOR can be used to measure heteronuclear distances, and are the basis of NMR crystallographic studies.

Ultra Fast MAS for 1H NMR
The strong 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar interactions associated with broad NMR lines and short T2 relaxation time effectively relegate proton for bimolecular NMR. Recent developments of faster MAS, and reduction of dipolar interactions by deuteration have made proton ssNMR as versatile as in solution. This includes spectral dispersion in multi-dimensional experiments as well as structurally valuable restraints and parameters important for studying material dynamics.

Ultra-fast NMR and the associated sharpening of the NMR lines enables NMR pulse sequences to capitalize on proton-detection to improve the sensitivity of the experiments compared to the direct detection of a spin-1/2 system (X). Such enhancement factor $$\xi$$ is given by:
 * $$\xi \propto \left(\frac{\gamma_H}{\gamma_X}\right)^{3/2} \left(\frac{W_X}{W_H}\right)^{1/2} \left(\frac{Q_H}{Q_X}\right)^{1/2}$$

where $$\gamma$$ are the gyromagnetic ratios, $$W$$ represent the NMR line widths, and $$Q$$ represent the quality factor of the probe resonances.

MAS-Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation (MAS-DNP)
Magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) is a technique that increases the sensitivity of NMR experiments by several orders of magnitude. It involves the transfer of the very high electron polarisation from unpaired electrons to nearby nuclei. This is achieved at cryogenic temperatures by the means of a continuous microwave irradiation coming from a klystron or a gyrotron, with a frequency close to the corresponding electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) frequency.

The development in the MAS-DNP instrumentation, as well as the improvement of polarising agents (TOTAPOL, AMUPOL, TEKPOL, etc. ) to achieve a more efficient transfer of polarisation has dramatically reduced experiments times which enabled the observation of surfaces, insensitive isotopes, and multidimensional experiments on low natural abundance nuclei, and diluted species.

Applications
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy serves as an effective analytical tool in biological, organic, and inorganic chemistry due to its close resemblance to liquid-state spectra while providing additional insights into anisotropic interactions.

It is used to characterize chemical composition, supramolecular structure, local motions, kinetics, and thermodynamics, with the special ability to assign the observed behavior to specific sites in a molecule. It is also crucial in the area of surface and interfacial chemistry.

Proteins and bioaggregates
Solid-state NMR is used to study insoluble proteins and proteins very sensitive to their environment such as membrane proteins and amyloid fibrils. The latter topic relates to protein aggregation diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy complements solution-state NMR spectroscopy and beam diffraction methods (e.g. X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy). Despite often requiring isotopic enrichment, ssNMR has the advantage that little sample preparation is required and can be used on not just dry or frozen samples, but also fully hydrated samples or native non-crystalline tissues. Solid-state NMR structure elucidation of proteins has traditionally been based on secondary chemical shifts and spatial contacts between nuclei.

Biomaterials
Solid-state NMR has also been successfully used to study biomaterials such as bone, teeth,  hair, silk, wood, as well as viruses,  plants,  cells,  biopsies, and even live animals.

Drugs and drug delivery systems
Other ssNMR applications are in the field of pharmaceutical research.

Firstly, it plays a pivotal role in the characterizatio of drug polymorphs and solid dispersions. This is useful to minimize risks linked with solid-state form changes: the determination of the solid form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient plays a pivotal role in ensuring controlled bioavailability and stability; alterations can impact the efficacy of drugs profoundly. Analysis of molecular-level interactions facilitates also the formulation development of amorphous solid dispersions, targeting enhanced solubility.

Furthermore, ssNMR aids in characterizing porous materials tailored for drug delivery systems, thus enhabling scientists to design carriers and formulations that heighten drug efficacy.

Materials science
Solid-state NMR has been successfully used to study metal organic frameworks (MOFS), batteries,  surfaces of nanoporous materials, polymers.

Art conservation
NMR can also be applied to art conservation. Different salts and moisture levels can be detected through the use of solid state NMR. However, sampling sizes retrieved from works of art in order to run through these large conducting magnets typically exceed levels deemed acceptable. Unilateral NMR techniques use portable magnets that are applied to the object of interest, bypassing the need for sampling.

Solid-state NMR

 * Levitt, Malcolm H., Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, 2001. ISBN 978-0470511176 (NMR basics, including solids)
 * Duer, Melinda J., Introduction to Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004. (Some detailed examples of ssNMR spectroscopy)
 * Schmidt-Rohr, K. and Spiess, H.-W., Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers, Academic Press, San Diego, 1994.
 * Duer, Melinda J., Introduction to Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004. (Some detailed examples of ssNMR spectroscopy)
 * Schmidt-Rohr, K. and Spiess, H.-W., Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers, Academic Press, San Diego, 1994.

title: Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance


text:
User talk:Jtpotter

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 20:10, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:Menasco sm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Menasco sm.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jtpotter


text:
User:Teddyb

Teddy Brown was raised in Trenton, Ontario, Canada and currently resides in Kingston, Ontario.

title: User:Teddyb


text:
Talk:Jacques Labillardière

Untitled
"By this HER Majesty will lose an acquisition to HER herbarium,.... " In 1796? I thought Victoria did'nt become queen til later.

 * By "her" Banks means "Britain" (which is female when personified, see Britannia). So "her Majesty" means "Britain's king", that is, George III. I agree it's a bit confusing, but it's what he wrote. Do you think it's so confusing it needs a gloss? Gdr 21:29, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacques Labillardière


text:
Damon and Pythias (play)

Damon and Pythias is the only surviving play by Richard Edwards. Written circa 1564 and first printed in 1571, the play chronicles the Greek friendship story of Damon and Pythias. It was originally performed by the Children of the Chapell for Queen Elizabeth, possibly during the Christmas season between 1564 and 1565.

Dramatis Personae

 * Damon, a traveling gentleman from Greece, and is close friends with Pythias.

 * Pythias, a traveling gentleman from Greece, and is close friends with Damon.
 * Stephano, the servant of both Damon and Pythias.
 * King Dionysius, the ruler of Syracuse.
 * Eubulus, counselor to King Dionysius.
 * Aristippus, a courtier in King Dionysius's court.
 * Carisophus, a parasite in King Dionysius's court.
 * Will, the servant of Aristippus.
 * Jack, the servant of Carisophus.
 * Groano, the hangman of Syracuse.
 * Grim, a collier who sells his coal to King Dionysius's court.

Synopsis
The play begins with the philosopher Aristippus musing on his newfound position as a courtier in King Dionyusius's court in Syracuse. Carisophus enters, looking to join with Aristippus in friendship. Aristippus pretends to agree, though he knows that Carisophus is dissembling and the bond is false. Damon, Pythias and Stephano then arrive in Syracuse as part of their travels. The two have been traveling from Greece, and their arrival does not go unnoticed. Carisophus plots to use them in order to advance his own position in court. Damon and Pythias learn about the paranoia and tyranny of King Dionysius and his willingness to kill his subjects. Their servant Stephano begs them to leave before anything terrible can befall them, but the two decide to stay in Syracuse. Carisophus soon meets Damon on the street and has him arrested on suspicion of spying.

Against the advice of his trusty counselor Eubulus, King Dionysius condemns Damon to die. Pythias protests his friend's innocence and declares their bond of true friendship. Dionysius agrees that he will keep Pythias prisoner for the next two months while Damon settles his affairs in Greece. If Damon returns before the two months are up, then Pythias will be cleared of suspicion. If he does not return, then Pythias will be executed in his stead.

The two months pass with no sign of Damon, and preparations are made for Pythias's execution. Meanwhile, Carisophus meets with Aristippus in order to ask his friend to defend him should Damon return. Aristippus refuses and breaks their bond of friendship, saying that it is not like the true friendship between honest men like Damon and Pythias and that he will not protect Carisophus. The scene shifts back to the gallows, where Pythias and Groano await the king's final judgement. Pythias still trusts that Damon will return, but does not fear death, telling Groano the hangman "O thou minister of justice, do thine office by and by, / Let not thy hand tremble, for I tremble not to die." Dionysius orders him to die, but Damon rushes in to stop the execution. Dionysius's heart is so moved by their display of perfect friendship that he stays Pythias's execution. The king goes so far as to ask to become a third friend to them, and Damon and Pythias agree. Dionysius joins with them in amity and resolves to cease acting as a tyrant and listening to flatterers.

The play ends with Eubulus throwing Carisophus from the court and delivering a speech on the virtues of true friendship. Eubulus notes that true friendship is a "true defence for kings...a shield to defend the enemy's cruel hand" and closes the play by wishing that God grant Queen Elizabeth such friends.

Male Friendship
The notion of male friendship at work in Damon and Pythias harkens back to an idea elaborated by Pythagoras and later Cicero called amicitia perfecta, or ideal and perfect friendship between two men. This notion is seen as the pinnacle of human affection, and occurred between two men of similar social stature who love each other for the sake of that virtue. It is described as altruistic, spiritual and self-sufficient with little mention of marriage or wives but a focus on two men becoming "second selves." Cicero writes that the perfect male friendship is "above all other things in human life."

References from other works

 * In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, in Act III scene 2, after the play-within-the-play, Hamlet calls Horatio, 'Damon', which is believed to be a reference to this play.

title: Damon and Pythias (play)


text:
Sop

A sop is a piece of bread or toast that is drenched in liquid and then eaten. In medieval cuisine, sops were very common; they were served with broth, soup, or wine and then picked apart into smaller pieces to soak in the liquid. At elaborate feasts, bread was often pre-cut into finger-sized pieces rather than broken off by the diners themselves. The bread or croutons traditionally served with French onion soup, which took its current form in the 18th century, can be considered modern-day sops.

Etymology
The word soup is a cognate of sop, both stemming ultimately from the same Germanic source. The word is mentioned in the Bible: "When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. Then the disciples looked one on another, doubting of whom he spake. Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved. Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask who it should be of whom he spake. He then lying on Jesus' breast saith unto him, Lord, who is it? Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon."

- : King James Version

In 19th century Australia, sop referred to a dish consisting of stale damper, soaked in cold tea and served with a dollop of jam on top for taste. This was mainly used in prisons and poor-houses, as well as institutions such as asylums.

In Portuguese, the word sopa, among other meanings, can generally refer to soup or, particularly in Alentejo, to a piece of dry or even stale bread that is part of the traditional fish broth. The sopa is soaked in the broth and eaten.

Expressions
The expression milksop describes a person as weak and indecisive. Its connotation is similar to that of "milquetoast".

The term supper derives from sop, and the expression toast of the town derives from the practices of dipping spiced toasted bread into liquid, and of honoring a dinner guest by referring to him or her by that term, which implies he or she adds spice to the dinner party.

title: Sop


text:
Late Period of ancient Egypt

The Late Period of ancient Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period in the 26th Saite Dynasty founded by Psamtik I, but includes the time of Achaemenid Persian rule over Egypt after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by the Nubian 25th Dynasty and beginning with a short period of Neo-Assyrian suzerainty, with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended with the conquests of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty by his general Ptolemy I Soter, one of the Hellenistic diadochi from Macedon in northern Greece. With the Macedonian Greek conquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age of Hellenistic Egypt began.

26th Dynasty
The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, also known as the Saite Dynasty after its seat of power the city of Sais, reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt under Psamtik I c. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of the Sack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from the Nile to the Red Sea began.

Egypt seems to have expanded into the Near East early in this period. They conquered the city of Ashdod around 655 BC, and a wide range of archaeological finds from throughout the Levant shows an Egyptian occupation and control in the late decades of the 7th century BC. These include various Egyptian objects from several sites, ostraca and documents showing a tribute/tax system, and evidence from the fortress of Mezad Hashavyahu. Egyptian influence reached to the Euphrates area in places such as Kimuhu and Quramati. Later they were pushed back by the defeat at Carcemish, although Egyptian intervention in the Near East seems to have continued after this battle.

Amasis II followed a new policy and directed his interests toward the Greek world. He annexed Cyprus during his reign. To the south, Psamtik II led a great military expedition that reached deep into upper Nubia and inflicted a heavy defeat on them. A demotic papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a small expedition into Nubia, the character of which is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian garrison at Dorginarti in lower Nubia during the Saite period.

One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was the Brooklyn Papyrus. This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims of snakebites based on snake type or symptoms.

Artwork during this time was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles.

27th Dynasty
The First Achaemenid Period (525–404 BC) began with the Battle of Pelusium, which saw Egypt ( Mudrāya) conquered by the expansive Achaemenid Empire under Cambyses, and Egypt become a satrapy. The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt consists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses, Xerxes I, and Darius the Great - who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the Egyptian Petubastis III (522–520 BC) (and possibly the disputed Psammetichus IV), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt of Inaros II (460–454), aided by the Athenians as part of the Wars of the Delian League, aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps were Aryandes (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoh Petubastis III, Pherendates (c.496–c.486 BC), Achaemenes (c.486–459 BC) - a brother of the emperor Xerxes I, and Arsames (c.454–c.406 BC).

28th–30th Dynasties
The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty consisted of a single king, Amyrtaeus, prince of Sais, who successfully rebelled against the Persians, inaugurating Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC.

The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty ruled from Mendes, for the period from 398 to 380 BC. King Hakor of this dynasty was able to defeat a Persian invasion during his reign.

The Thirtieth Dynasty took their art style from the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. The first king of the dynasty, Nectanebo I, defeated a Persian invasion in 373 BC. His successor Teos subsequently led an expedition against the Achaemenid Empire in the Near East. The expedition was beginning to meet with some success and made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems. unfortunately for Teos, his brother Tjahapimu was plotting against him. Tjahapimu convinced his son Nectanebo II to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. The plan was successful and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee and the expedition disintegrated. The final ruler of this dynasty, and the final native ruler of Egypt, was Nectanebo II who was defeated in battle leading to the re-annexation by the Achaemenid Empire.

31st Dynasty
The Second Achaemenid Period saw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh—Artaxerxes III (343–338 BC), Artaxerxes IV (338–336 BC), and Darius III (336–332 BC)—interrupted by the revolt of the non-Achaemenid Khababash (338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of Egypt Mazaces in 332 BC, marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt which stabilized after Alexander's death into the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

title: Late Period of ancient Egypt


text: User talk:80.165.135.154

title: User talk:80.165.135.154


text:
Paul Bardal

Paul Bardal (November 5, 1889 in Winnipeg, Manitoba – February 6, 1966) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive MLA from 1941 to 1945, and again from 1949 to 1953.

Bardal was born to Paul Bardal and Dora Bjornson, Icelandic immigrants living in Winnipeg, and was educated in the city. He became the director of A.S. Bardal, Funeral Directors, and was an alderman in the City of Winnipeg from 1931 to 1941. He married Oddny Bergson in 1926. Bardal was also a member of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and a director of the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1936 provincial election, in the constituency of Winnipeg (which elected ten members by a single transferable ballot). He finished sixteenth out of twenty-one candidates on the first ballot, and was eliminated on the seventh count.

He ran again in the 1941 election, and this time finished twelfth out of twenty-seven candidates on the first count. He did well on transfers, and was elected to the eighth seat in the city. From 1941 to 1945, he was a backbench supporter of the ministries of John Bracken and Stuart Garson.

The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation polled well in Winnipeg in the 1945 provincial election, and helped to push Bardal to fifteenth place out of twenty candidates on the first ballot. He was eliminated on the eleventh count.

Winnipeg's electoral map was redrawn prior to the 1949 provincial election, and the city's single ten-member constituency was replaced with three four-member constituencies. Bardal sought a return to the legislature in Winnipeg Centre. Although he finished fifth out of nine candidates on the first ballot, he did well enough to transfers to defeat Progressive Conservative candidate Hank Scott for the final seat, by a margin of only 200 votes. For the next four years, he served as a backbench supporter to Douglas Campbell's government.

In March 1953, the Liberal-Progressive Party announced that it would nominate three candidates in Winnipeg Centre. Bardal declared himself a candidate, but could not attend the nomination meeting due to an illness. He was defeated by three other candidates, and left the legislature after serving out the remainder of his term.

His brother Sigurgeir was a prominent physician in Manitoba.

title: Paul Bardal