text:
Current Procedural Terminology

The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code set is a procedural code set developed by the American Medical Association (AMA). It is maintained by the CPT Editorial Panel. The CPT code set describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and is designed to communicate uniform information about medical services and procedures among physicians, coders, patients, accreditation organizations, and payers for administrative, financial, and analytical purposes. New editions are released each October, with CPT 2021 being in use since October 2021. It is available in both a standard edition and a professional edition.

CPT coding is similar to ICD-10-CM coding, except that it identifies the services rendered, rather than the diagnosis on the claim. Whilst the ICD-10-PCS codes also contains procedure codes, those are only used in the inpatient setting.

CPT is identified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as Level 1 of the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System. Although its use has become federally regulated, the CPT's copyright has not entered the public domain. Users of the CPT code set must pay license fees to the AMA.

Types of code
There are three types of CPT code: Category I, Category II, and Category III.

Category I
Category I CPT Code(s). There are six main sections:

Medicare specific codes (HCPCS) for Preventive evaluation and management

 * (G0402) - Initial Preventive Physical Examination; face-to-face visit, services limited to a new patient during the first 12 months of Medicare enrollment.
 * (G0438) - Annual wellness visit, includes a personalized prevention plan of service (PPPS), first visit,
 * (G0439) - Annual wellness visit, includes a personalized prevention plan of service (PPPS), subsequent visit

Codes for evaluation and management: 99201–99499

 * (99201–99215) Office/other outpatient services
 * (99217–99220) Hospital observation services
 * (99221–99239) Hospital inpatient services
 * (99241–99255) Consultations
 * (99281–99288) Emergency department services
 * (99291–99292) Critical care services
 * (99304–99318) Nursing facility services
 * (99324–99337) Domiciliary, rest home (boarding home) or custodial care services
 * (99339–99340) Domiciliary, rest home (assisted living facility), or home care plan oversight services
 * (99341–99350) Home health services
 * (99354–99360) Prolonged services
 * (99363–99368) Case management services
 * (99374–99380) Care plan oversight services
 * (99381–99429) Preventive medicine services
 * (99441–99444) Non-face-to-face physician services
 * (99450–99456) Special evaluation and management services
 * (99460–99465) Newborn care services
 * (99466–99480) Inpatient neonatal intensive, and pediatric/neonatal critical, care services
 * (99487–99489) Complex chronic care coordination services
 * (99495–99496) Transitional care management services
 * (99499) Other evaluation and management services

Codes for anesthesia: 00100–01999; 99100–99150

 * (00100–00222) head
 * (00300–00352) neck
 * (00400–00474) thorax
 * (00500–00580) intrathoracic
 * (00600–00670) spine and spinal cord
 * (00700–00797) upper abdomen
 * (00800–00882) lower abdomen
 * (00902–00952) perineum
 * (01112–01190) pelvis (except hip)
 * (01200–01274) upper leg (except knee)
 * (01320–01444) knee and popliteal area
 * (01462–01522) lower leg (below knee)
 * (01610–01682) shoulder and axillary
 * (01710–01782) upper arm and elbow
 * (01810–01860) forearm, wrist and hand
 * (01916–01936) radiological procedures
 * (01951–01953) burn excisions or debridement
 * (01958–01969) obstetric
 * (01990–01999) other procedures
 * (99100–99140) qualifying circumstances for anesthesia
 * (99143–99150) moderate (conscious) sedation

Codes for surgery: 10000–69990

 * (10000–10022) general
 * (10040–19499) integumentary system
 * (20000–29999) musculoskeletal system
 * (30000–32999) respiratory system
 * (33010–37799) cardiovascular system
 * (38100–38999) hemic and lymphatic systems
 * (39000–39599) mediastinum and diaphragm
 * (40490–49999) digestive system
 * (50010–53899) urinary system
 * (54000–55899) male genital system
 * (55920–55980) reproductive system and intersex
 * (56405–58999) female genital system
 * (59000–59899) maternity care and delivery
 * (60000–60699) endocrine system
 * (61000–64999) nervous system
 * (65091–68899) eye and ocular adnexa
 * (69000–69979) auditory system

Codes for radiology: 70000–79999

 * (70010–76499) diagnostic radiology
 * (76500–76999) diagnostic ultrasound
 * (77001–77032) radiologic guidance
 * (77051–77059) breast mammography
 * (77071–77084) bone/joint studies
 * (77261–77999) radiation oncology
 * (78000–79999) nuclear medicine

Codes for pathology and laboratory: 80000–89398

 * (80000–80076) organ or disease-oriented panels
 * (80100–80103) drug testing
 * (80150–80299) therapeutic drug assays
 * (80400–80440) evocative/suppression testing
 * (80500–80502) consultations (clinical pathology)
 * (81000–81099) urinalysis
 * (82000–84999) chemistry
 * (85002–85999) hematology and coagulation
 * (86000–86849) immunology
 * (86850–86999) transfusion medicine
 * (87001–87999) microbiology
 * (88000–88099) anatomic pathology (postmortem)
 * (88104–88199) cytopathology
 * (88230–88299) cytogenetic studies
 * (88300–88399) surgical pathology
 * (88720–88741) in vivo (transcutaneous) lab procedures
 * (89049–89240) other procedures
 * (89250–89398) reproductive medicine procedures

Codes for medicine: 90281–99099; 99151–99199; 99500–99607

 * (90281–90399) immune globulins, serum or recombinant prods
 * (90465–90474) immunization administration for vaccines/toxoids
 * (90476–90749) vaccines, toxoids
 * (90801–90899) psychiatry
 * (90901–90911) biofeedback
 * (90935–90999) dialysis
 * (91000–91299) gastroenterology
 * (92002–92499) ophthalmology
 * (92502–92700) special otorhinolaryngologic services
 * (92950–93799) cardiovascular
 * (93875–93990) noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies
 * (94002–94799) pulmonary
 * (95004–95199) allergy and clinical immunology
 * (95250–95251) endocrinology
 * (95803–96020) neurology and neuromuscular procedures
 * (96101–96125) central nervous system assessments/tests (neuro-cognitive, mental status, speech testing)
 * (96150–96155) health and behavior assessment/intervention
 * (96360–96549) hydration, therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic injections and infusions, and chemotherapy and other highly complex drug or highly complex biologic agent administration
 * (96567–96571) photodynamic therapy
 * (96900–96999) special dermatological procedures
 * (97001–97799) physical medicine and rehabilitation
 * (97802–97804) medical nutrition therapy
 * (97810–97814) acupuncture
 * (98925–98929) osteopathic manipulative treatment
 * (98940–98943) chiropractic manipulative treatment
 * (98960–98962) education and training for patient self-management
 * (98966–98969) non-face-to-face nonphysician services
 * (99000–99091) special services, procedures and reports
 * (99170–99199) other services and procedures
 * (99500–99602) home health procedures/services
 * (99605–99607) medication therapy management services

Category II
CPT II codes describe clinical components usually included in evaluation and management of clinical services and are not associated with any relative value. Category II codes are reviewed by the Performance Measures Advisory Group (PMAG), an advisory body to the CPT Editorial Panel and the CPT/HCPAC Advisory Committee. The PMAG is composed of performance measurement experts representing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the American Medical Association (AMA), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement. The PMAG may seek additional expertise and/or input from other national health care organizations, as necessary, for the development of Category II codes. These may include national medical specialty societies, other national health care professional associations, accrediting bodies and federal regulatory agencies.

Category II codes make use of an alphabetical character as the 5th character in the string (i.e., 4 digits followed by the letter F). These digits are not intended to reflect the placement of the code in the regular (Category I) part of the CPT codebook. Appendix H in CPT section contains information about performance measurement exclusion of modifiers, measures, and the measures' source(s). Currently there are 11 Category II codes. They are:

 * (0001F–0015F) Composite measures
 * (0500F–0584F) Patient management
 * (1000F–1505F) Patient history
 * (2000F–2060F) Physical examination
 * (3006F–3776F) Diagnostic/screening processes or results
 * (4000F–4563F) Therapeutic, preventive or other interventions
 * (5005F–5250F) Follow-up or other outcomes
 * (6005F–6150F) Patient safety
 * (7010F–7025F) Structural measures
 * (9001F–9007F) Non-measure claims-based reporting

CPT II codes are billed in the procedure code field, just as CPT Category I codes are billed. Because CPT II codes are not associated with any relative value, they are billed with a $0.00 billable charge amount.

Category III

 * Category III CPT Code(s) – Emerging technology (Category III codes:  0016T-0207T )

Major psychotherapy and psychiatry revisions
The CPT code revisions in 2013 were part of a periodic five-year review of codes. Some psychotherapy codes changed numbers, for example 90806 changed to 90834 for individual psychotherapy of a similar duration. Add-on codes were created for the complexity of communication about procedures. Family therapy and psychological testing codes were among those that were unchanged.

Criticism of copyright
CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association, and its largest single source of income. The AMA holds the copyright for the CPT coding system. However, in Practice Management v. American Medical Association the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that while the AMA owned the copyright, it could not enjoin a competitor on the basis that the AMA had misused its copyright. Practice Management had argued that the publication of the CPT into federal regulation invalidated the copyright; the general debate around copyright and regulation access was revived in 2012 by a petition motivated by an Administrative Conference of the United States recommendation.

Despite the copyrighted nature of the CPT code sets, the use of the code is mandated by almost all health insurance payment and information systems, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and the data for the code sets appears in the Federal Register. It is necessary for most users of the CPT code (principally providers of services) to pay license fees for access to the code.

In the past, AMA offered a limited search of the CPT manual for personal, non-commercial use on its web site. CPT codes can be looked up on the AAPC (American Academy of Professional Coders) website.

History
As the AMA decided in April 1960, the Current Medical Terminology (CMT) handbook was first published in June 1962 – 1963 to standardize terminology of the Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations (SNDO) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD), and for the analysis of patient records, and was aided by an IBM computer. Procedural information was dropped in the transition from the SNDO to CMT, but was released separately as the Current Procedural Terminology in 1966.

title: Current Procedural Terminology


text:
User talk:Mykro

Welcome
Hello Mykro,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style
 * Policies and Guidelines

For Wikipedia-wide involvement, visit the Communtiy Portal and the Village Pump.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. You can list yourself at Australian Wikipedians.

Also, assuming you're an Adelaidean, have you considered participating in WikiProject Adelaide? We need all the help we can get!

Again, welcome.--Cyberjunkie 11:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your contributed article, List of Android devices (Australia)
Hello, I notice that you recently created a new page, List of Android devices (Australia). First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as yourself. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page - List of Android devices. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will to continue helping improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at List of Android devices - you might like to discuss new information at the article's talk page.

If you think that the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions.  Lord Pistachio  talk 07:26, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer be able to have them marked as minor by default. For more information on what a minor edit is, see WP:MINOR or feel to get in touch.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 21:09, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Comparison of educational operating systems
Hello Mykro,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Comparison of educational operating systems for deletion, because it's too short to identify the subject of the article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Jennie Matthews 97 (talk) 01:03, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Comparison of operating systems for children for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Comparison of operating systems for children is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Comparison of operating systems for children until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. L Faraone  00:50, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Problems with upload of File:Virtual Programming Ltd Logo.png
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 * Image use policy
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Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 05:05, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for November 10
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Disambiguation link notification for February 5
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File:Virtual Programming Ltd Logo.png listed for discussion
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mykro


text:
User:Jawr256/Stuff/Sonic Screwdriver

This list is incomplete

Sonic screwdriver televised uses

 * Ninth Doctor
 * Series 1
 * Rose (Doctor Who)
 * The End of the World (Doctor Who)
 * The Unquiet Dead
 * Aliens of London
 * World War Three (Doctor Who)
 * Dalek (Doctor Who episode)
 * The Long Game
 * Father's Day (Doctor Who)
 * The Empty Child
 * To examine people
 * The Doctor Dances
 * To lock doors
 * To resonate concrete
 * To reconnect barbed wire
 * Boom Town (Doctor Who)
 * To redirect teleports
 * Bad Wolf
 * The Parting of the Ways

title: User:Jawr256/Stuff/Sonic Screwdriver


text: User:EastHills

title: User:EastHills


text:
User talk:Glenn L

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  11:42, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Style notes
Hi. I have just a few notes on math and style formatting. First, math notation should be (in most cases) italic, so instead of plain

 * m=x

one should write either

 * m=x (html italic)

or

 * $$m=x $$ (math tags).

Second, one should not use capitals in section names. So,

==Continued Fractions==

should be

==Continued fractions==

These are small things, but I thought I'd let you know. Cheers, Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:12, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

2008 Watchtower Library
Although I am baptized Witnesses of Jehovah, I can't get it since 2005. My first Watchtower Library is 1997 and 2001. Mikhailov Kusserow (talk) 09:18, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank You Brother. Mikhailov Kusserow (talk) 03:39, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Rollback
Hi. I've fullfilled your request. Please review WP:RBK or ask me if you need any help. Pedro : Chat  11:05, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Article Alexander Thomson nominated for deletion
If you're familiar with the range of Wikipedia articles about Jehovah's Witnesses, you've likely come across the name Alexander Thomson a few times. He wasn't a Witness, but he (very) occasionally had favorable things to write about Watch Tower publications. By no means was he a shill.

Someone (see diff) has moved to delete the article about Thomson, claiming that he is not notable (is not worthy of even a brief encyclopedic article). That seems odd to me, because Thomson is listed among only twelve persons having "played a significant role in the work of the Concordant Publishing Concern", publishers of the Concordant Literal Version of the Bible. He edited and wrote much Bible commentary under his own bylines, some of which is still in print. He contributed and edited articles in Unsearchable Riches (now in its 100th year). Primarily because of having had his scholarship so substantially influence a notable Bible, Thomson is himself notable.

I have no sentimental attachment to Thomson, but I believe he is notable enough to keep from deletion. Feel free to add references to improve the article, or chime at the article's Talk regarding whether or not you'd prefer Wikipedia delete its article about this Alexander Thomson.--AuthorityTam (talk) 17:26, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Singular and plural possessive
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powerpuff_Girls_Z&diff=310137539&oldid=310118804 Glenn L: "series" is singular, so the possessive would be "series's" WhisperToMe (talk) 17:16, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * In that case perhaps one should ensure it is standardized. Is there a regional variation (such as, is one form more common in one country than another?) - As per WP:ENGVAR the English used in the subject's country is to be used in the subject's article. WhisperToMe (talk) 18:44, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Re: Element 112: Ununbium or Copernicium in Russian
You are more than welcome to discuss this issue at russian, czech and other relevant wikis, but otherwise we may not interfere in their business. If they decide to name it copernicus, our BOTs (which are just automatic programs) merely fix present redirects to there. That interwiki link is invisible, i.e. you don't see the name until you click it or put mouse over. There is no use fighting BOTs (equivalent to Don Quixote fighting windmills). Cheers. Materialscientist (talk) 04:37, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * BTW, I was worried by such issues in the past, but not anymore - there are so many errors, mistakes and typos in the names of people, articles, etc. on interwikis that if I started fixing that I would be lost for English WP forever :-) Materialscientist (talk) 05:19, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Recent MIDI uploads.
No, I appear to have uploaded the wrong file. Thanks! Hyacinth (talk) 04:51, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

All Fifths
Hello. Please be more careful when you edit articles in Wikipedia. Your recent edit to the All fifths article was not only wrong, but misunderstandings like that can be very easily avoided when people actually read the sentences they are editing, even if they don't know anything about the subject. Firstly, the sentence links to the New Standard Tuning article which explains the tuning in the first paragraph. Secondly, the sentence itself clearly explains that the New Standard Tuning is not an all-fifth tuning, but a predominantly fifth-based alternative, addressing the practical difficulties of a pure fifth-based tuning. Also, please don't mark such edits as minor edits. It only makes human errors like this more difficult to spot. It is always a good idea to double-check and reread things when you see something that apparently does not make sense in a Wikipedia article. It may not always be wrong. Thanks—J. M. (talk) 08:11, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Eclipses
Hi Glenn, Perhaps you'd like to join my eclipse wikiproject? There have been others who have worked on eclipses, but none actively now.
 * WikiProject_eclipses

If so, you can add this to your user page:

SockPuppetForTomruen (talk) 21:44, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

periodic table
Hope i didnt muck up - the vandalism was such I wasnt sure if I had gone back far enough - at least if see your moniker there I know to revert that far if they are ips with fun on their mind :( SatuSuro 06:50, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Long and short scales
Glenn, That was a huge upgrade to the above article that you reverted - with each step summarised in the edit log. It would have been helpful if you had expressed a reason / any reason for the reversion. Was there one piece you didn't like or more? Ian Cairns (talk) 09:11, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Re:Natural logarithm
Well, I gave them an only warning on March 5th, when they'd been vandalizing Hotel Rwanda for a while. They've had no warnings in the 20+ days since then, so I think it's easy to assume they've forgotten about it (if it's even the same person using the IP). I did give them a level 2 warning for the recent stuff, and if they continue to vandalize now we can work our way up and eventually report them. ALI nom nom 14:08, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

apropos history section [Logarithm]
Please re-read the section which you re-inserted - it talks about the etymology of the term "algorithm" and also has justification being placed in an article about the history of algebra. It does not fit here. The term "logarithm" has different etymological roots. 217.236.174.10 (talk) 15:36, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Newton-Raphson
Hi Glenn, FYI I have reverted your edit to Square root, added some information and a very nice ref. Cheers - DVdm (talk) 08:26, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

I have marked you as a reviewer
I have added the "reviewers" property to your user account. This property is related to the Pending changes system that is currently being tried. This system loosens page protection by allowing anonymous users to make "pending" changes which don't become "live" until they're "reviewed". However, logged-in users always see the very latest version of each page with no delay. A good explanation of the system is given in this image. The system is only being used for pages that would otherwise be protected from editing.

If there are "pending" (unreviewed) edits for a page, they will be apparent in a page's history screen; you do not have to go looking for them. There is, however, a list of all articles with changes awaiting review at Special:OldReviewedPages. Because there are so few pages in the trial so far, the latter list is almost always empty. The list of all pages in the pending review system is at Special:StablePages.

To use the system, you can simply edit the page as you normally would, but you should also mark the latest revision as "reviewed" if you have looked at it to ensure it isn't problematic. Edits should generally be accepted if you wouldn't undo them in normal editing: they don't have obvious vandalism, personal attacks, etc. If an edit is problematic, you can fix it by editing or undoing it, just like normal. You are permitted to mark your own changes as reviewed.

The "reviewers" property does not obligate you to do any additional work, and if you like you can simply ignore it. The expectation is that many users will have this property, so that they can review pending revisions in the course of normal editing. However, if you explicitly want to decline the "reviewer" property, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. — Carl (CBM · talk) 12:33, 18 June 2010 (UTC) — Carl (CBM · talk) 13:07, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

List of meantone intervals - Sandbox
I'm working on updating the List of meantone intervals but wish to test my edits here first before proposing the changes to its Talk page.

The following is a list of intervals of extended meantone temperament. These intervals constitute the standard vocabulary of intervals for the Western common practice era. Here 12-EDO refers to the size of the interval in 12 equal divisions of the octave temperament, which is the most common meantone temperament of the modern era, 19-EDO to 19 equal temperament, 31-EDO to 31 equal temperament, and 50-EDO to 50 equal temperament. Note that several of the intervals for 31-EDO and 50-EDO are absent from the table.

In How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (and Why You Should Care), pp. 91-92, Ross W. Duffin states: "specifying that the major semitone should be 3/2 the minor semitone [a 3:2 ratio] creates a 31-note division of the octave, which, in turn, closely corresponds to extended-quarter-comma meantone... the 5:4 ratio [whose] extended-sixth-comma meantone corresponds to the 55-division... extended-fifth-comma meantone [corresponds to] the 43-division of the octave [in which the] ratio of the major to minor semitone is 4:3." The other meantone correspondencies: a 1:1 ratio producing a 12-division (1/11-comma meantone)... "2:1 [which] results in a 19-division (1/3-comma meantone)... 5:3, which results in a 50-division" (2/7-comma meantone) are derived from these statements. [Brackets added for readability.]

The column of ratios gives a ratio or ratios approximated by the interval in septimal meantone temperament. An augmented interval is increased by a chromatic semitone, and a diminished interval decreased.

— Glenn L (talk) 18:36, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Deceased Governing Body members
Thanks for supply a source confirming T. Jaracz's death. In the absence of any other reliable source, it's better than nothing, however it would be preferable to cite a brief obituary appearing in a reliable source such as a newspaper instead of a 1.4MB PDF file. I therefore might delete this reference if I locate another one.-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 07:23, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Also, I've identified www.ultimatebiblereferencelibrary.com as an unofficial JW-centric personal website, with a domain name registered from homestead.com. In general, that posits it as not a reliable source.-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 07:45, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Two similar drawings, one of which apparently pointless
Hi Glenn, have you read my latest comment in Talk:Just intonation? Don't you think it would be wiser to show only one of the two pictures about 5-limit scales built by stacking blocks? The graph starting from fundamental frequency has a rationale, because the starting pitch is not arbitrary. What's the point of showing the other one, if the other one does not show the actual method used for computing the pitches? (in which some notes are built by going first up then down, and others by going first down then up). Paolo.dL (talk) 20:48, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I've made minor improvements on your edited notes (Thanks for the suggestions!), but I'll leave both for now until Woodstone decides whether to keep one or both of them. − Glenn L (talk) 04:59, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Read this only today. Now I'm truly surprised. I made the "pointless" version as response to the remark of Paolo " I cannot understand why, in your hystogram, you represented factor 3 and 5, rather than the ratios 3:2 and 4/3." Furthermore there is no such thing as "first up" then "down". Multiplication by a factor is commutative: the order makes no difference. −Woodstone (talk) 12:19, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Woodstone, creating a new diagram with a new arbitrary starting point was your idea, not mine, and totally indipendent from my remark. I never implied that the order of factors makes a difference in the final outcome! First up (e.g. by a fifth), then down (e.g. by a third) is implied by the method shown in the construction table, for some intervals. Anyway, this discussion belongs in Talk:Just intonation, where I posted a message for you 10 days ago. My posting in this section was addressed to Glenn L, who decided to publish your diagram in the article. Paolo.dL (talk) 14:16, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Approximated ratio in Pythagorean tuning
Great edit in Pythagorean tuning. How did you find out that the ratio 236/221 was approximated? This is a problem due to the Excel format I used to express ratios as fractions. I did not realize it approximated fractions. I used the personalized format "???/???", and got a fraction 1024/769 for TT, so I thought it was not restricted to integers with 3 figures. Did you compute the correct ratio? I can do it in Excel, but it would require two tables, one for the exponents of 2 and the other for the exponents of 3, computed separately as integer numbers, then a complex function to create the fractions as text. This would require an IF statement to decide whether to use the power in the denominator or nominator of the fraction, based on the sign of the corresponding exponent. As far as you know, is there a simpler way in Excel? --Paolo.dL (talk) 15:00, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

 * While Excel is great for decimal approximations of up to fifteen significant digits, the format "???/???" is perhaps the Weakest Link in its system. That fraction "1024/769" should be 1024/729 = (32/27)^2 and suggests that you can go up to 2^10 or 1024 for either numerator of denominator. I basically converted the ratio of the Pythagorean apotome, 2187/2048 = 3^7 / 2^11, into the simple continued fraction [1;14,1,2,1,3,9], which has as convergents 1/1, 15/14, 16/15, 47/44, 63/59, 236/221, 2187/2048. You can clearly see that 236/221 is the next to the last convergent, which converts to ≈113.6886 cents, whereas 2187/2048 ≈113.6850 cents. That's why I moved the smaller fraction to the end as I did. may wish to get this calculator for better fraction handling. − Glenn L (talk) 16:36, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Oh, yeah, there would be several methods for better fraction handling, including computational software such as Matlab. But unfortunately none of them would allow me to easily produce graphs with conditional formatting... I think I will simply use double (for Pythagorean tuning) or triple (for 5-limit) calculation tables in Excel. Thank you for the explanations. I am impressed by your knowledge of both music and mathematics (I did not know about the apotome).

I had already noticed that you put the approximate ratio at the end of the equation, rather than in the middle, and the reason was clear to me after I converted it in cents. That's one of the reasons why I wrote "great edit". Thank you again, also for spotting my errors in sign, in the same section. --Paolo.dL (talk) 19:09, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

I did it! It works, but I discovered that most of the ratios in Pythagorean tuning were approximated by Excel, and the problem is that the integers in the nominator and denominator of many fractions are HUGE. Did you know that the Wolf fifth in Pythagorean tuning was 262144/177147? :-D. It's impossible to fit all these numbers in a single table. I am forced to express the largest numbers (probably >999) using powers of 2 or 3. Take a look at this mess:

1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1 256/243	2187/2048	256/243	2187/2048	256/243	2187/2048	256/243	256/243	2187/2048	256/243	2187/2048	256/243	256/243 9/8	9/8	9/8	9/8	9/8	9/8	65536/59049	9/8	9/8	9/8	9/8	65536/59049	9/8 32/27	19683/16384	32/27	19683/16384	32/27	32/27	32/27	32/27	19683/16384	32/27	32/27	32/27	32/27 81/64	81/64	81/64	81/64	8192/6561	81/64	8192/6561	81/64	81/64	8192/6561	81/64	8192/6561	81/64 4/3	177147/131072	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3	4/3 729/512	729/512	1024/729	729/512	1024/729	729/512	1024/729	1024/729	729/512	1024/729	729/512	1024/729	729/512 3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2	262144/177147	3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2	3/2 128/81	6561/4096	128/81	6561/4096	128/81	128/81	128/81	128/81	6561/4096	128/81	6561/4096	128/81	128/81 27/16	27/16	27/16	27/16	32768/19683	27/16	32768/19683	27/16	27/16	27/16	27/16	32768/19683	27/16 16/9	59049/32768	16/9	16/9	16/9	16/9	16/9	16/9	59049/32768	16/9	16/9	16/9	16/9 243/128	243/128	4096/2187	243/128	4096/2187	243/128	4096/2187	243/128	243/128	4096/2187	243/128	4096/2187	243/128 2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1	2/1

− Paolo.dL (talk) 20:57, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

By the way, I just discovered that Excel can do it automatically if I choose this format: "??????/??????". And it seems to give the same result with larger formats like "????????/????????". However, I wouldn't have trusted Excel, without checking the correct values with exponent additions/subtractions. − Paolo.dL (talk) 21:16, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Selection of base note for quarter comma meantone
Hi Glenn, I was wondering if you could give us your advice in Talk:Quarter-comma meantone. In this subsection of the talk page, you can find a summary which was appreciated by Woodstone, and can be useful for you to understand the main topic of this discussion. You can also read our (still incomplete) conclusion. We decided to use a symmetric stack, but we still need to decide whether to use a D-based or C-based symmetric stack of fifths in the article. --Paolo.dL (talk) 11:15, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Thank you for sharing your opinion. I am glad you agree with us. It's great to reach such a clear agreement. Paolo.dL (talk) 08:33, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Sorry!
My apologies for this. I had too many browser tabs open and confused myself. Just to reassure you, I did actually block the right person, it was only the accompanying message that went astray.

The reason I had your talk page up was to let you know that I've declined your AIV report purely because it was stale; the IP hasn't edited in a few hours and it's a shared IP. However, I wanted to reassure you that we don't block editors for reverting vandalism even if they go over 3RR; vandalism reverts are an exception to the rule. All the best (and feel free to send a WP:TROUT my way if you wish!) EyeSerene talk 08:48, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

"Canceled" is correct
When the first syllable of a word is the accented one, the final consonant is not doubled. CANCELED is the correct spelling. I was taught this in grammar school. 71.115.6.34 (talk) 07:33, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * ...unless you're in the UK and using British English - then it's cancelled. 91.85.33.161 (talk) 22:20, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Be careful
Hi Glenn, would you mind to pay attention to the logic structure of the paragraphs you edit? Your latest edit to quarter-comma meantone started as an interesting idea, but was not carried out to its end.

When you edit a text such as that, carefully edited, with a clean logical structure, with short and focused sentences, using expressions such as "By definition" and "In short" to avoid tedious repetitions which would distract the reader, you should not edit unless you have time to produce another "perfect" version.

Your first sentence was out of focus, clogged with unnecessary text, referring to the main definition of the article, already given in the previous section. And you even deleted, in that sentence, the main concept: the wolf is 11epsilon sharper than 700 cents, because the other 11 fifths are 1 epsilon flatter, and 700 MUST be the average. This is the logical foundation for everything else the axiom from which interesting conclusions are reached. I also explained this in the talk page. If you want to say something else, at least say it in another sentence, preferably after the conclusion is reached, if possible.

I did my best to fix your edit, which (I want to repeat it) contained very interesting information, so you can see the difference between a finished job (or something very close to it) and your edit, between a clean logical structure, and a bunch of tangled concepts. This happened already other times in the past. So, please, do not edit when you are in a hurry, especially when the text already has a clear focus and a clean logical structure. You know me. So, please excuse me for my bluntness, and remember I still have a high esteem for you. But I prefer to be sincere.

− Paolo.dL (talk) 21:01, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your help. That's why my last edit I accepted all your previous edits except your semitone location (using the "11-10-9-8-7" pattern instead) and your linking "minor second" and "augmented unison", which redirect to semitone. − Glenn L (talk) 21:16, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I see. Thank you. I will make Pythagorean tuning consistent. By the way, another inconsistency of yours, in the same paragraphs, was using a space before and after the minus sign. You did not notice that in the same paragraphs, before your edit, both the plus and the minus sign were used without spaces. But you should have. I don't care if you want to use spaces. It a matter of personal preference. But please be consistent. I will edit Pythagorean tuning with spaces, according to your personal preference. If you don't mind, please make Quarter-comma meantone consistent. − Paolo.dL (talk) 21:21, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I've just made those edits to Quarter-comma meantone. Thanks again. Will check Pythagorean tuning when you finish editing it. − Glenn L (talk) 21:29, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you again. I will use minus and plus without spaces. I agree with you (it makes the bulleted sentences shorter, which is good). I will not add the minor second. Please do it if you like. (Let me first finish my edits). Paolo.dL (talk) 21:33, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Factorial
Hello, Glenn. Recently you reverted my edit to the Factorial article, with the following comment: When you add or change content, as you did to the article Factorial, please cite a reliable source for the content of your edit. This helps maintain our policy of verifiability.

I don't think I violated the policy of verifiability. The main point in that page states "This policy requires that anything challenged or likely to be challenged, including all quotations, be attributed to a reliable source in the form of an inline citation."

The article is about mathematical facts. There's no way a simple mathematical fact like this one can be "likely to be challenged". In particular, this fact can easily be verified by any mathematician without the need to check additional sources. (Also, it was already included in some ~ 2 years old versions of the page.) Additionally, the rationale for this edit was also explained in the discussion page before the edit was made, along with a sketch of the proof. If necessary, I can provide the proof in more detail the discussion page (it is indeed a trivial consequence of the content already included on the page).

Please restore the content you removed.

Thanks, Misof (talk) 22:18, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I restored it. But please make it more professional (as in the rest of the article) so someone else won't revert it later. — Glenn L (talk) 23:14, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Pending changes/Straw poll on interim usage
Hi. As you recently commented in the straw poll regarding the ongoing usage and trial of Pending changes, this is to notify you that there is an interim straw poll with regard to keeping the tool switched on or switching it off while improvements are worked on and due for release on November 9, 2010. This new poll is only in regard to this issue and sets no precedent for any future usage. Your input on this issue is greatly appreciated. Off2riorob (talk) 23:35, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

The proper definition of a "Continued Fraction"
Thank you for properly incorporating the "Generalized continued fraction" heading into the Continued fraction article.

Would you be able to have a look at Sine? I wanted to write it using quotients or in the notation of Pringsheim, but I think I've made a mess of it. I'm sure there's a better way to do it, but I'm not that familiar with the notation. —Pengo 00:55, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Thank You! For Improving an Article I Fleshed Out 10 Years Ago.
Hi, Glenn L. Years ago I put a lot of time and effort into providing a solid basic introduction to the Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions, a subject of which both of us are clearly very fond. For a variety of reasons, none of which have anything to do with you, I have been absent from Wikipedia for quite a while. Now I'm back.

When I took a fresh look at the lovely old girl on which I had lavished so much time & attention ten or eleven years ago I was gratified to see that somebody -- you! -- had added to her beauty and depth so that she is now three times as pretty and at least five times as useful as the mere skeleton I left behind when my extended absence began.

Thank you! DavidCBryant 08:45, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

= Grouped Barnstars =

Awarded Barnstar
= So many colors =

I was just looking at the problem with the cadet colors, trying to track down the error, and then refreshed the page and it was fine. I see you fixed it, thanks.

I'm also troubled by the Value for Cambridge Blue of 193%, Ferrari Red of 120%, Olivine of 141%, Toolbox of 150% and Razzle dazzle rose 0f 204%. I think Value is a parameters whose values lie in[0,1]. Do you know?-- SPhilbrick  T  17:18, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

= WPElcipses =

I've been working on refactoring the project page. Would you consider adding your name here? Thanks. --TimL (talk) 07:12, 12 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Done, with an improvement to the eclipse year wikilink (see the eclipse season article). -- Glenn L (talk) 08:54, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

= Your edit to Saros (astronomy) =

Could you clarify? Without the 1/3rd day, the saros would not fall 120° apart in longitude with each successive occurrence. Why isn't the proper length 18 years 11 1/3 days? How can 6585.3213 days turn into a whole number of days? The math you've applied looks correct, so I'm a bit confused. --TimL (talk) 10:51, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The reasoning is that 18 tropical (mean solar) years is not a whole number of days when they are subtracted from 223 synodic months:
 * 223 x 29.530589 = 6585.3213 d = 6585 d 7 h 42 m 40 s, or about 17 m less than 1/3 day;
 * 18 x 365.242190 = 6574.3594 d = 6574 d 8 h 37 m 32 s, or about 38 m more than 1/3 day;
 * Thus the difference is = 10.9619 d = 10 d 23 h 5 m 8 s, or about 55 m less than 11 mean solar days.
 * Besides, the saros is 18 y 11 1/3 d only when there are 4 leap days. It's sometimes 18 y 10 1/3 d and even (though rarely) 18 y 12 1/3 d, as shown below.
 * In 22 saros cycles or 396 2/3 years (nearly four centuries), the fractional differences nearly cancel out, starting at the beginning of the 21st century:
 * 18 y 11 1/3 d (4 leap days): early 2001-2019, 2037-2055, 2073-2091, 2091-2109 [2100 is not a leap year!], 2109-2127, 2145-2163, 2181-2199,
 * 2199-2217 [again, 2200 is not a leap year!], 2217-2235, 2253-2271 [2289-2307 has just 3 leap days!], 2325-2343, and 2361-2379. Total = 12.
 * 18 y 10 1/3 d (5 leap days): 2019-2037, 2055-2073, 2127-2145, 2163-2181, 2235-2253, 2271-2289, 2307-2325, 2343-2361, and 2379-2397 late. Total = 9.
 * 18 y 12 1/3 d (3 leap days): 2289-2307 (only 2292, 2296 and 2304 are leap years). Total = 1.
 * Add them up: 11 1/3 x 12 = 136; 10 1/3 x 9 = 93; 12 1/3 x 1= 12 1/3. Sum = 241 1/3. Divide by 22: 10.9697 d.
 * If we remember that the fractional day is actually .3213 and not .3333, we subtract .0120 from the above,
 * getting 10.9577 d, a little closer to the 10.9619 d figure for one saros cycle.
 * Again, I am aware that we need the 1/3 day move 120° in longitude. But this is already taken into account when we see that 18 tropical years are just over 1/3 day past a whole number of days. So the two figures nearly cancel each other out, averaging nearly 11 d more than a whole number of tropical years in each saros cycle. — Glenn L (talk) 15:38, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Again, I am aware that we need the 1/3 day move 120° in longitude. But this is already taken into account when we see that 18 tropical years are just over 1/3 day past a whole number of days. So the two figures nearly cancel each other out, averaging nearly 11 d more than a whole number of tropical years in each saros cycle. — Glenn L (talk) 15:38, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Wow. You picked up something the authors of Totality: Eclipses of the Sun did not! They quote an exeligmos as 54 years 34 days. But the chart I created on exeligmos proves you are right -- well I think you have provided the proof in your math, but it's hard to for me to follow, the chart is easier for me to follow :). As a shortcut I looked at the next exeligmos following months with 30 days, the following eclipse was always 33 days (or very nearly so) later. Good work! --TimL (talk) 22:29, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

= Vandalism? =

Hello. Please be careful with dealing out warnings on vandalism. This edit you reverted was certainly not vandalism but a sourced entry that was perfectly valid. De728631 (talk) 20:51, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I took a second look after the reversion and stand corrected. I must have overlooked something when I first made the move. — Glenn L (talk) 04:07, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

= Area Code 442 =

Thank you for noting that area code 442 was missing from the California area code box. This has been corrected. It's people like you, who notice errors and omissions, that help improve the quality of Wikipedia. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 14:42, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

California Area Codes
I note your comment on my user page about the lack of additional overlays on the California area code maps. This is a problem with me because I live in Maryland and unless someone - like you - points it out to me I'm not aware of it (see earlier A/C 442 comment). One of the problems has been switching to an SVG-based editable map instead of image maps. Then each map must be edited to change the format to include the new area codes and to color code them for that area code. I am thinking one of two things. Use a single map for all of California, edit it to include the new A/C each time they add an overlay, and save that as the master map. Now here is where the choice comes in (1) use the same map for every single area code, which would then require only one change each time California adds a new area code; (2) use that map as a start, then for each map, change the one area code to make its color red.

The disadvantages are: (1) you don't get a unique map for each area code showing itself in red; (2) every time a new area code is added in California all 20+ area code maps have to be updated. If A/Cs are being added like once a year or so that's not a lot of work, but it is still a bit tedious.

I want to move exclusively to SVG format maps in place of images, because SVG maps can be edited (they're just text files) whereas images have to be redrawn or material added. For example, changing the area code in an image requires erasing the old area codes then painting the new numbers in place. Changing an area code in an SVG map simply means editing the number to add the new numbers.

I am thinking, even if it is a bit more work to go with the multi-map format where each area code has its own map derived from the state map. I've also got a partially completed North America map, the intention is to have a single map for all of Canada, the US and the Caribbean countries, from which the individual state maps can be extracted. I also prefer having a state map show the area codes for the border states that touch it, e.g. showing the 775 and 702 area codes where they touch California. (Some area code maps for other states have only that state and don't show border states.)

In any case, I'll see about getting an updated California map to include the new area codes you mentioned. For the reasons I stated it will be an SVG map. I'd also like to hear any comments you have. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 05:42, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Oh, the California map has been updated to reflect the changes to Oregon and the 760 area code overlay.

As per your comments about editing SVG images, the open-source Inkscape program does a marvelous job, but, you could edit an SVG image using Notepad if you wanted. Like HTML files, SVG images are actually text files. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk)

The black box problem was one I'm aware of; I could not figure out what was causing it. I reverted to the earlier image, added the Oregon and 442/760 images and it no longer has a black box. But I have a 'gotcha' You missed the 747/818 overlay! Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 07:07, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

I also have a 'policy' in that when a page lists multiple area codes that the list be in numerical order. You can see this where I've done Texas area codes by looking at Area code 972 which has 3 area codes listed. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 07:12, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Black Box
Per the "Black Box" on the master map of California area codes, you need to purge the cache. Go to List of California area codes. Click on the image. It will say the file comes from the Wikimedia Commons. Click on description page there. At the top of the page, click on purge. Then reload the page and the black box should disappear. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 17:31, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

All Done!
All of the California area codes (including references on non-English pages) have references to SVG format images instead of the PNG ones. It was a pain but now, if it is necessary to add a new area code it will be considerably easier than having to update a new map for each one. Now it's one master map and each A/C has its color. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 18:11, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Everything As a subset of 'California Area Codes'
You'll get a notice your page has changed and wonder why, so I'll explain. When I posted the item about California Area Codes, I used one = to mark it. Everyone who's posted anything since then has been using == surrounding it which made everything after that a sub heading of the section on California Area Codes! So I've fixed it so the intervening entries not related to it have just 1 = surrounding them. I kind of caused the problem (even if indirectly) so I might as well fix it. :) Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) (talk) 04:04, 5 November 2011 (UTC)
 * And I just moved this to the original topic to as not to be too confusing, but with no other change. — Glenn L (talk) 07:42, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

= Re:User: 70.138.99.13 =

Sorry I havent been on most of the day but I do see that the IP was taken care of, I am no admin myself so I couldnt do anything but re-report the IP for vandalism since the last warning given (If done). - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 23:58, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

= TNX =

Hi Glenn. I must tell u: tank u 4 ur correction in Islamic calender article. We just destroy ur language. sorry 4 it. Oh, I'm not active in English wiki, i m in Persian. Tnx again. رهگذر غریب (talk) mordad ۳۱ ۱۳۹۰ a.h. = 19:28, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

= Triangular Numbers =

One of my edits to triangular numbers was reverted with a note about testing. I thought that was a good edit, at least it looked good on the paNchreview. Can you tell me why, specifically, it was reverted? I had no intentions to cause any vandalism.Simicich (talk) 19:50, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

= Strange Brew 'Popular Culture' edit =

The 'good faith' edit was on the money, I listen to that song every day, so I reinstated it with a link reference. Good shout. Hassles Your Hoff (talk) 16:45, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

= Tense =

Please note that when a statement describes events that are ongoing (whether actual or hypothetical), it is correct to use the present tense to describe the ongoing events, regardless of whether the person who made the statement is alive or dead. For example:
 * ✅ Bill said Earth orbits the sun
 * ✅ Jane believed that people do not like new taxes
 * Bill said Earth orbited the sun (the Earth doesn't stop orbiting the sun when Bill dies)
 * Jane believed that people did not like new taxes (the perception that people do not like new taxes is not dependent on Jane being alive)

I have therefore partially reverted your change at Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses.-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 07:42, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

= A cookie for you! =

= Revision of my edit to the page for Robert Schneider =

As a previous poster said, please be careful in dealing warnings about vandalism. Vandalism isn't just any incorrect edit, it is a defacement of the page. Simply correcting his origin from South Africa to Louisiana is not vandalism. Furthermore, it's not even wrong. On a page for a musician/artist, "origin" is not necessarily "birthplace." He was barely old enough to go to school when his family moved to Louisiana. It is where he grew up, and perhaps more importantly, it is where he formed his first band and began playing music. It is also the hearth of the Elephant 6 collective. 75.86.196.252 (talk) 21:46, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

= That's something you have to take up with Wikipedia = "Origin" is the phrase used in artists' infoboxes to refer to where they grew up and started their careers in art. Example: Bob Dylan: Born in Duluth, but origin is Hibbing. Joni Mitchell: Born in Fort MacLeod, but origin is Saskatoon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.86.196.252 (talk) 02:25, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Or you could just delete the infobox. Infoboxes usually have errors in them, and the information in them is redundant.  No Wikipedia guidelines require them.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:57, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

=Battle of Mount Gilboa= I noticed that you reverted my edit when I wikified the phrase Battle of Mount Gilboa on the Saul article. It appears that this link redirects to the King Saul article itself, but this wasn't obvious to me at the time - thanks for catching my mistake! Jarble (talk) 04:29, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

=Under the Dome recap= Thank you for the feedback regarding the recap of the Under the Dome episode "Let the Games Begin." I shall update the plot synopsis for the episode "The Fourth Hand" soon.—Therealdavo2 (talk) 17:11, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

= Melilla =

Hello!!! I have put the reference of the Great Morocco. It is in Spanish. The text says:

''Tras la obtención de la independencia en la primavera de 1956, el partido nacionalista marroquí Istiqlal impulsó la tesis reivindicativa del “Gran Marruecos”. Allal el-Fasi, el líder del Istiqlal, presentó el 3 de julio de 1956 en El Cairo un mapa en el que se identificaban los territorios norteafricanos que se consideraban expoliados a Marruecos por el colonialismo europeo y que, por tanto, se debían recuperar para conformar la extensión íntegra definitiva. Esta extensión fue denominada “Gran Marruecos” e incluía, además de los territorios entonces bajo control español (Ifni, Tarfaya, Ceuta, Melilla y Peñones), Mauritania (que había sido constituida como territorio del África Occidental Francesa en 1920), parte de lo que hoy es Argelia (las zonas de Tuat y Tinduf que habían sido ocupadas por los franceses entre 1925 y 1934, siendo Tinduf gobernado por la administración francesa del Protectorado hasta 1952), y Malí, hasta el río Senegal.''

Translation:

''After the obtaining of the independence in the spring of 1956, the nationalistic Moroccan party Istiqlal stimulated the protest thesis of the " Great Morocco ". Allal the-Fasi, the leader of the Istiqlal, presented on July 3, 1956 in Cairo a map in which there were identified the North African territories that were considered to be pillaged to Morocco by the European colonialism and that, therefore, had to recover to shape the complete definitive extension.

This extension was named " Great Morocco " and it was including, besides the territories low Spanish control at the time (Ifni, Tarfaya, Ceuta, Melilla and Crags), Mauritania (that had been constituted as territory of the Western French Africa in 1920), it departs what today is Algeria (the zones of Tuat and Tinduf that had been occupied by the Frenchmen between 1925 and 1934, being Tinduf governed by the French administration of the Protectorate up to 1952), and Mali, up to the river Senegal.''

The source is LA FRONTERA TERRESTRE ARGELINO-MARROQUÍ: DE HERENCIA COLONIAL A INSTRUMENTO DE PRESIÓN. Author: Ana Torres García. Page number 9.

Can it put? A greeting. --Tucídides (talk) 19:27, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

= Hebrew calendar = Hello, I'm StevenJ81. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Hebrew calendar because it appeared to be promotional. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you. ''Using a Christian-oriented site to offer a Jewish calendar is at best disruptive on a page like this. There are plenty of NPOV calendar sites already listed at the bottom of the article.'' StevenJ81 (talk) 20:50, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Reply on User talk:StevenJ81 moved here.

 * I certainly did not mean to post an offensive NPOV reference to Hebrew calendar. Thanks for fixing the ref and keeping the calendar year change. -- Glenn L (talk) 21:00, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

 * NP. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:03, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

= Aly Michalka, "Brooke"? =

Hi Glenn, thank you for the addition to my edit for Aly Michalka. Are you sure that the characters are intended to be the same person? I know that the show has used actresses as different characters, but the two Brooke's seem distinct. One is Jenny's potential girlfriend and the other is a soccer mom from the 2003 episode, plus they are 10 years apart. I'm happy to leave it, but it seems questionable. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 19:31, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

= CN talk page = Hello. You recently removed an addition I made to the List of shows broadcast by Cartoon Network talk page. I put that message there because there was a conflict with the page and this was my reason for how I was editing the page. Your clean up of it was unnecessary.2601:2:5400:2E1:78DE:7421:7358:FC13 (talk) 08:03, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

= List of country calling codes =

The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes 'AC' and 'TA' have been deleted, and these islands now share 'SH'. However they remain exceptionally reserved as UPU codes. Maybe this is enough to keep them in the calling codes table? Note that SH & "TA" share a calling code +290, but "AC" uses +247.

Is there a better way to remove the deleted "AC" & "TA" ISO codes?

Or just leave them?

Copyeditor42 (talk) 17:25, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

= Equal(ly) tempered =

Hi Glenn

Sorry about this - should we take it to the article's Talk page? I see the grammatical argument but the usage ... I can't quite hear it like that. I might have a fish around for sources - but I am not up for a fist fight over it anyway! Cheers DBaK (talk) 11:36, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

= China? =

This edit seems to be unsourced, though I was even more puzzled by your edit summary.-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 05:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Sorry, I meant Eritrea.—Glenn L (talk) 13:56, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Glenn L (talk) 13:56, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

= Gotham City = Hi. Please do not add uncited material to articles, as you did with this edit to Gotham City. I know you don't edit here that often, but you've accumulated a significant amount of edits since 2005, so I'm assuming you know by now that violates Wikipedia's Verifiability policy, which requires material to be accompanied by reliable, verifiable (usually secondary) sources explicitly cited in the text in the form of an inline citation. Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 22:45, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Glenn L


text: User talk:EastHills

title: User talk:EastHills


text: Category:124 BC deaths

title: Category:124 BC deaths


text:
User talk:AstrixZero

Nothing much to talk about, I'm not interested in debates here.

g'day!
Looks like you've been here a while, and nobody's welcomed you. Ach, well, that's about to change!

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 14:39, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Thanks !
Thanks for contributing to my article ! -- --H Cornellier 02:18, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Age of Mythology: The Titans
Thanks for adding some new sections to Age of Mythology: The Titans. I've been wanting for someone to do it. I've been a bit busy.

I see you have used some of my words. Well, I'm fine with that. Actually, I wanted it set up like that. :) ЄИЄЯפЇЄ 04:20, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Arkantos and Kastor
I wonder why you have created the redirect pages. These characters deserve their own articles on wikipedia, just as in the protagonists in other games. Hope we can work together in extending their old articles. Energie is also interested. Unitedroad 04:27, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Dick Justice (Max Payne)
I have added a "" template to the article Dick Justice (Max Payne), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. ♣ Klptyzm Chat wit' me  §   Contributions ♣ 05:08, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Characters of Morrowind
Characters of Morrowind, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Characters of Morrowind satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Characters of Morrowind and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Characters of Morrowind during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 22:46, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of List of non-player characters in Diablo
I have nominated List of non-player characters in Diablo, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/List of non-player characters in Diablo. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 02:04, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Technology of Command & Conquer listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Technology of Command &. Since you had some involvement with the Technology of Command & Conquer redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 20:58, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Neverwinter Nights characters for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Neverwinter Nights characters is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Neverwinter Nights characters until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. soetermans. ↑↑↓↓←→←→ B A TALK 15:55, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

Title change for Seek and Destroy
I would like to request you change Seek and Destroy (1996 video game) to "Seek and Destroy (1993 video game)", because that is the year it is was first developed. Deltasim (talk) 11:40, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:AstrixZero


text:
User:Mslune~enwiki

09/06/2005--Mslune 12:45, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mslune~enwiki


text:
User:AstrixZero

......||||||||||||| ......|. . . . . . . | ....(c¯¯--O-O¯| ......| . . . . ¯) .| ......| .:::'::| ......|:::::¯¯::/. . . . . .__ ......| ____|¯. . . . . ./ /'\,\ ../¯¯\::,\::/¯¯\ . . . / / ./ . /| ¯¯¯ .|\ . \__./ / ( . \|. . . . .|.\___/(¯) . \ . \. . . . .| . . . . '¯ . .\¯')\_/¯¯| . . /¯ / .| . .| . .(. ./ . | . .) . .| . | . | . | . .|¯'| . |¯'| (¯__| . |__¯)

title: User:AstrixZero


text:
User:Lleux~enwiki

08/06/2005--Lleux 12:45, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Lleux~enwiki


text:
Talk:Merstham

Untitled
I read that the Merstham Tunnel Mystery WAS the first murder on a railway in the world... Do you have a source for why it isn't?

 * The thing is, it's a startling claim. After all we're talking about 80 years of a violent century, here. It would be astonishing if this was restricted to the UK, let alone the whole world. I think it really needs an authoritative citation before making the claim here. I have found a citation (which I don't claim to be authoritative) for an earlier one, by the way: Mucky Duck 10:59, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * An update on this - Here is a good source (British Transport Police) for what they say was the first railway murder, near Hackney Wick in 1864: Mucky Duck 12:38, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Is "Water-Colour" (Watercolour or Water Colour?) in Merstham or as I believe not? SundayAgain (talk) 09:22, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Etymology/origin of the name Merstham
--Arkykra (talk) 08:49, 18 September 2014 (UTC) The origin of the name Merstham given in the article differs quite a bit from the version given on a local history website (http://www.merstham.co.uk/merstham/MersthamHistory.htm). I don't know enough to say which is correct, but the local history site could be better researched. If someone knows more it would be worth looking into. 'Mearsoetham', the name meaning literally 'dwelling of the people of the marsh'. versus this article which says Mearsætham, which seems to be Anglo-Saxon Mearþ-sǣt-hām = "Homestead near a trap set for martens or weasels"

Wine auction
Not worthy of comment in the main article, but perhaps of interest to a passing researcher, might be a wine auction,by Messrs Christie, Manson & Woods, on 13 June 1910, “The Property of W. A. Willmott, Esq., of Greville Place, Merstham”. (My picture #s 21217/29.) JDAWiseman (talk) 12:34, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Merstham


text:
Croker Oars

Croker Oars is an Australian manufacturer of rowing oars that was started by Howard Croker OAM in Sydney, Australia. They are now manufactured on Oxley Island, Taree, on the banks of the lower Manning River, in New South Wales. During the 1950s, Croker and his two brothers were students at Newington College and their father was a rowing coach at the school. Howard Croker went on to be a successful rower in the 1960s, winning both State and National rowing titles. Croker rowed for the then Haberfield Rowing Club at Dobroyd Point and was a coach in the years 1975 and 1976 at The Scots College. Croker Oars currently produce sculling and sweep oars for the Australian and international market. Croker also manufactures surf boat oars. Many elite rowers use Croker oars and together with Concept2 oars they make up the majority of oars used in international competition.

title: Croker Oars


text:
Udham Singh Nagar district

Udham Singh Nagar is a district of Uttarakhand state in northern India. Rudrapur is the district headquarter. The district consists of nine Tehsils named Bajpur, Gadarpur, Jaspur, Kashipur, Khatima, Kichha, Nanakmatta, Rudrapur, Sitarganj. The district is located in the Terai region, and is part of Kumaon Division. It is bounded on the north by Nainital District, on the northeast by Champawat District, on the east by Nepal, and on the south and west by Bareilly, Rampur, Moradabad, Pilibhit and Bijnor District of Uttar Pradesh state. The district was created on 29 September 1995, by Mayawati government out of Nainital District. It is named for freedom fighter and Indian revolutionary Udham Singh.

As of 2011, it is the third most populous district of Uttarakhand (out of 13), after Haridwar and Dehradun.

Tehsils in Udham Singh Nagar district

 * 1) Jaspur
 * 2) Kashipur
 * 3) Bajpur
 * 4) Gadarpur
 * 5) Rudrapur
 * 6) Kichha
 * 7) Sitarganj
 * 8) Nanakmatta
 * 9) Khatima

Cities in Udham Singh Nagar

 * 1) Rudrapur
 * 2) Kashipur
 * 3) Khatima
 * 4) Sitarganj
 * 5) Kichha
 * 6) Jaspur
 * 7) Bajpur
 * 8) Gadarpur
 * 9) Dineshpur
 * 10) Pantnagar
 * 11) Nanakmatta
 * 12) Sultanpur

Administrative divisions
The district lies in Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency). which includes whole Nainital district as well as Udham Singh Nagar district. For election purposes Udham Singh Nagar district is divided into nine Vidhan Sabha constituencies:
 * 1) Bajpur Assembly constituency
 * 2) Kashipur Assembly constituency
 * 3) Rudrapur Assembly constituency
 * 4) Kichha Assembly constituency
 * 5) Sitarganj Assembly constituency
 * 6) Khatima Assembly constituency
 * 7) Gadarpur Assembly constituency
 * 8) Nanakmatta Assembly constituency
 * 9) Jaspur Assembly constituency

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Udham Singh Nagar district has a population of 1,648,902, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. The population in the age range of 0–6 years was 229,162. The number of literates in Udham Singh Nagar district is 1,037,839 (62.9%), with 598,525 (68.7%) male literates and 751,789 (55.6%) female literates. The effective 7+ literacy of the district is 73.1%. The sex ratio of 920 females for every 1,000 males. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 238,264 (14.45%) and 123,037 (7.46%) respectively. There were 308581 households in the district in 2011.

Languages
The major languages of the district according to the 2011 census are Hindi (%), Punjabi (%), Bengali (%), Urdu (%), Kumaoni (%), Bhojpuri (%), and Tharu (%). The two Tharu languages spoken are Buksa (mostly in the development blocks of Bajpur and Gadarpur), and Rana (in the areas of Khatima and Sitarganj).

Education
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology in Pantnagar, is located 5 km from Rudrapur.

title: Udham Singh Nagar district


text:
A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy is a novel by Laurence Sterne, written and first published in 1768, as Sterne was facing death. In 1765, Sterne travelled through France and Italy as far south as Naples, and after returning determined to describe his travels from a sentimental point of view. The novel can be seen as an epilogue to the possibly unfinished work The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, and also as an answer to Tobias Smollett's decidedly unsentimental Travels Through France and Italy. Sterne had met Smollett during his travels in Europe, and strongly objected to his spleen, acerbity and quarrelsomeness. He modelled the character of Smelfungus on him.

The novel was extremely popular and influential and helped establish travel writing as the dominant genre of the second half of the 18th century. Unlike prior travel accounts which stressed classical learning and objective non-personal points of view, A Sentimental Journey emphasized the subjective discussions of personal taste and sentiments, of manners and morals over classical learning. Throughout the 1770s female travel writers began publishing significant numbers of sentimental travel accounts. Sentiment also became a favourite style among those expressing non-mainstream views, including political radicalism.

The narrator is the Reverend Mr. Yorick, who is slyly represented to guileless readers as Sterne's barely disguised alter ego. The book recounts his various adventures, usually of the amorous type, in a series of self-contained episodes. The book is less eccentric and more elegant in style than Tristram Shandy and was better received by contemporary critics. It was published on 27 February, and on 18 March Sterne died.

Plot summary

Yorick's journey starts in Calais, where he meets a monk who begs for donations to his convent. Yorick initially refuses to give him anything, but later regrets his decision. He and the monk exchange their snuff-boxes. He buys a chaise to continue his journey. The next town he visits is Montreuil, where he hires a servant to accompany him on his journey, a young man named La Fleur.

During his stay in Paris, Yorick is informed that the police inquired for his passport at his hotel. Without a passport at a time when England is at war with France (Sterne travelled to Paris in January 1762, before the Seven Years' War ended ), he risks imprisonment in the Bastille. Yorick decides to travel to Versailles, where he visits the Count de B**** to acquire a passport. When Yorick notices the count reads Hamlet, he points with his finger at Yorick's name, mentioning that he is Yorick. The count mistakes him for the king's jester and quickly procures him a passport. Yorick fails in his attempt to correct the count, and remains satisfied with receiving his passport so quickly.

Yorick returns to Paris, and continues his voyage to Italy after staying in Paris for a few more days. Along the way he decides to visit Maria—who was introduced in Sterne's previous novel, Tristram Shandy—in Moulins. Maria's mother tells Yorick that Maria has been struck with grief since her husband died. Yorick consoles Maria, and then leaves.

After having passed Lyon during his journey, Yorick spends the night in a roadside inn. Because there is only one bedroom, he is forced to share the room with a lady and her chamber-maid ("fille de chambre"). When Yorick can't sleep and accidentally breaks his promise to remain silent during the night, an altercation with the lady ensues. During the confusion, Yorick accidentally grabs hold of something belonging to the chamber-maid. The last line is: "when I stretch'd out my hand I caught hold of the fille de chambre's... End of vol II". The sentence is open to interpretation. You can say the last word is omitted, or that he stretched out his hand, and caught hers (this would be grammatically correct). Another interpretation is to incorporate "End of Vol. II" into the sentence, so that he grabs the Fille de Chambre's 'End'.

Sequel
Because Sterne died before he could finish the novel, his long-time friend John Hall-Stevenson (identified with Eugenius in the novel ) wrote a continuation. It is titled Yorick's Sentimental Journey Continued: To Which Is Prefixed Some Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Sterne.

Legacy
In the 1880s, American writer Elizabeth Robins Pennell and her artist husband Joseph Pennell undertook a journey following Sterne's route. Their travels by tandem bicycle were turned into the book Our sentimental journey through France and Italy (1888).

Viktor Shklovsky considered Sterne one of his most important precursors as a writer, and his own A Sentimental Journey: Memoirs, 1917–1922 was indebted to both Sterne's own Sentimental Journey and Tristram Shandy.


text:
Alexandre Deulofeu

Alexandre Deulofeu i Torres (20 September 1903, in L'Armentera – 27 December 1978, in Figueres) was a Catalan politician and philosopher of history. He wrote about what he called the Mathematics of History, a cyclical theory on the evolution of civilizations.

Biography
Deulofeu was born at l'Armentera in the province of Girona, Catalonia, where his father was a pharmacist. When he was three years old his family moved to Sant Pere Pescador, and then to Figueres nine years later.

He attended high school in the Institut Ramon Muntaner of Barcelona. Later he studied pharmacy and chemistry in Madrid, completing his studies in chemistry in Barcelona. Once back in Figueres, after a competitive examination he was awarded a teaching post at the Institute of Figueres. At the same time, he became strongly involved in politics. First he was a leader of the Republican Nationalist Youth in Empordà and afterwards he became a town councilor of the independentist party ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya). During the Spanish Civil War he became mayor of Figueres by chance, and while serving in this office he tried to keep the peace, and prevent looting and political witch hunts. He also served in the Republican Army as a health officer.

On 5 February 1939, Deulofeu accompanied the defeated republican forces into exile where he followed several trades: working as a teacher of various subjects; experimenting with farming, particularly hydroponics inventing his own growth solutions; working as a bricklayer, as a factory worker, and as a writer and poet.

He played the violin and the saxophone in several music groups, both modern and classical.

After returning from exile on 22 January 1947 he dedicated himself to pharmacy, carried out research and continued to write, although he died without finishing the extended version of his main work, Mathematics of History. During his life he was friends with Francesc Pujols and Salvador Dalí.

Theories
Deulofeu argued that civilizations and empires go through cycles which correspond to the natural cycles of living beings. Each civilization passes through a minimum of three 1700-year cycles. As part of civilizations, empires have an average lifespan of 550 years. He also stated that by knowing the nature of these cycles, it could be possible to modify the cycles in such a way that change could be peaceful instead of leading to war. He wanted mankind to modify the cycles and bring about a universal confederation of free people.

His mathematical laws related to the evolution of people can be summarized as below (Chapter III of Mathematics of History, 1967 edition):

 * 1) All people pass through alternating periods of demographic division and periods of unification or imperialism.
 * 2) The periods of great division last six centuries and a half. The periods of great unification last ten centuries and a half. Therefore, the evolutionary cycle comprises seventeen centuries.
 * 3) During this evolutionary process people go through clearly defined phases, finding themselves at the end of the cycle in the same position as in the beginning.
 * 4) The evolutionary cycle encompasses all types of human activity, besides considering political cycles we must also consider social, artistic, philosophical and scientific cycles.
 * 5) All people follow the same evolution more or less rapidly depending on the geographic characteristics of each country.
 * 6) Not all people display the same creative impulse. In each cycle there are periods of maximum creativity and these periods continue from one cycle to the next. In Europe, this passes in the Mediterranean from the East to West and then from the Iberian Peninsula to Gaul, then to the British Isles and on to the Germanic people and finally reaching the Northern and Slavic people.
 * 7) The imperialist nuclei, which give rise to periods of strong political unification, follow identical organic processes, which last five to six centuries.
 * 8) The transformation of sociopolitical regimes does not take place following a constant upward or downward trend, but by means of forward and backward steps, each being alternatively more intense than the others. This results in a broken line, which is an advancement in a given direction. It is what is called The Law of two steps forward and one backwards.

Deulofeu's thoughts are related to the ideas of Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, who also theorised on the cyclical character of civilizations, but not in the same precise mathematical way as Deulofeu.

A lifelong visitor of museums, temples and monuments in different countries, Deulofeu believed he had found the origin of Romanesque art, during the 9th century, in an area between Empordà and Roussillon, which he argued was the cradle of the second cycle of western European civilization.

title: Alexandre Deulofeu