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Simon Murray (businessman)

Simon Murray, CBE (born 25 March 1940) is a British Hong Kong-based businessman, adventurer and author.

Murray is the oldest man to reach the South Pole unsupported, at the age of 63.

Early life
Murray was born at Leicester, England into an aristocratic family with some tradition of military service. His father belonged to a wealthy family. Murray's grandfather on his father's side retained a permanent suite at the Connaught Hotel, while his grandmother retained a similar suite at Claridges Hotel. Murray's father abandoned the family early on and Murray claims to have had no recollection of him at that time. An uncle paid for Murray to attend Bedford School, an independent school in Bedford, Bedfordshire. In 1960, he joined the French Foreign Legion, and served for five years in the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP). During his service, he fought in the Algerian War against the Front de Libération National (FLN). After rising to the rank of Chief Corporal, he turned down an offer to attend Officers' School in France, and left the Legion in 1965 after completing his service. He wrote of his experiences in the Legion in the book Legionnaire, published in 1978. And later, based on his book he produced the autobiographical movie "Deserter" which released as a DVD.

Business career
On leaving the Foreign Legion in 1965, he got married and moved to Hong Kong where he worked for Jardine Matheson for fourteen years. After that, he left to start his own company, Davenham Investments, a project advisory company. N.M.Rothschild took a 50% stake in Davenham. Amongst many high-profile deals, Davenham went on to represent Mitsui in the Singapore Mass Transit Railway project.

In 1984, Davenham was sold to Li Ka-Shing for US$20 million as a precursor to Murray becoming group managing director of Hutchison Whampoa. He stayed for ten years, initiating Hutchison's acquisition of Hong Kong Electric, and negotiating their entry into the oil business through their acquisition of Husky Oil. Whilst CEO of Hutchison, he founded a mobile phone company and, after turning it into the global brand "Orange", it was sold in 1999 for US$36 billion to Mannesmann.

From 1994 to 1998, Simon was the Executive Chairman of the Deutsche Bank Group in Asia. He then established his own company, General Enterprise Management Services Ltd (GEMS), a mid-sized investment group operating across Asia. In addition to this Simon was a founder of Distacom which made a number of mobile telecoms investments including Madacom in Madagascar, Spice Telecom in India and Sunday Communications in Hong Kong. He has also invested in other mobile operations in New Zealand, San Marino, Papua New Guinea and elsewhere.

Murray was the chairman of Glencore from 2011 to 2013. He later became chairman of Gulf Keystone Petroleum from 2013 to 2015. He has served on boards and held advisory positions with a number of other large companies, including Vodafone, Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, Vivendi Universal, Usinor SA, Hermes, General Electric (USA), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Macquarie Bank, N.M. Rothschild, and Bain (the consultancy company). He continues to serve on the advisory board of Lightbridge Corporation (USA), and was on the Development Advisory Board of Imperial College, London.

Murray is currently the Executive Chairman of GEMS, and a board director of Cheung Kong Holdings Ltd, Orient Overseas (International) Ltd, Wing Tai Properties Ltd, Arnhold Holdings Ltd, Richemont SA, Essar Energy plc, Omnicorp Ltd and IRC Ltd.

Adventurer
Following a suggestion by his wife, Murray joined Pen Hadow for a trek to the Geographic South Pole. The 1,200 km trek started in early December 2004 at Hercules Inlet on the Zumberge Coast, Antarctica and was completed when they reached the South Pole about two months later. They climbed up to 2,835 m above mean sea level on the way. Murray became the oldest man to reach the South Pole unsupported.

Honours
Appointed CBE in 2013, Murray is also a Commandeur of the Order of Merit of the French Republic and a Chevalier de La Legion d’Honneur. He holds an honorary degree in Law, from the University of Bath and attended the (SEP) Stanford Executive Program in the US.

Television
Murray presented 'The Legion is My Country', a BBC Radio 4 documentary (produced by Alec Reid) celebrating the 150th anniversary of the founding of the French Foreign Legion. It was broadcast on 26 May 1981. Also in the 80s, Murray presented a documentary on the French Foreign Legion, where he explained the traditions and folklore that surround this elite force. He also appeared and contributed on the documentary series Escape to the Legion and Weaponology.

Personal life
A kinsman of the Dukes of Atholl, Murray married in 1965 his long-time girlfriend, pilot Jennifer (née Mather), with whom he has three children and six grandchildren. She was the first woman to fly around the world in a helicopter.

title: Simon Murray (businessman)


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Princes Town, Ghana

Princes Town or Pokesu is located 5 km east of Fort St. Antonio on Manfro Hill in the Ahanta West District of the Western Region of south Ghana, Africa. It lies between Axim to the west and Sekondi-Takoradi to the east. On 1 January 1681, a Brandenburger expedition of two ships commanded by Otto Friedrich von der Groeben arrived in the Gold Coast and began to build a strong fort between Axim and the Cape of Three Points. The fort was completed in 1683 and was named Fort Fredericksburg (German: Groß Friedrichsburg, Groß-Friedrichsburg, Großfriedrichsburg) in honour of Prince Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg. Because the fort was named after a Prince, it has been referred to as Princes Town. The fort was to be the headquarters of the Brandenburgers in Africa.

History
By 1717, an Akan merchant, John Canoe learned that the Prussians were going to sell the fort to the Dutch. In protest, he began a resistance that managed to stave off fleets of battleships for approximately seven years. The fort was eventually captured in 1724 or 1725 by the Dutch and renamed "Hollandia". Because John Canoe was successful in retaining control of the fort, inhabitants looked upon him as a hero. In 1872, the Dutch ceded the fort to Britain and in 1957, the fort became part of the newly independent country of Ghana.

"Junkanoo" festivals, named after John Canoe, such as Mardi Gras are held annually in the coastal outlines of North Carolina, in Jamaica and the Bahamas.

Fort Fredericksburg
The Fort Fredericksburg was built of stone transported by sea between 1681 and 1683 from Prussia and is one of two German forts built in Ghana, the other being Fort Dorothea. It is estimated that some 300,000 Africans were transported through this fort. The remains of John Canoe are a mystery. Some have said he was captured after having lost the battle of the fort while others have said his remains are in the Tafo Cemetery in Kumasi. Because of its testimony to the Atlantic slave trade and the history of European colonial trade and exploitation, the fort was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979 along with several other castles and forts in Ghana.

Sister cities
List of sister cities of Princes Town, designated by Sister Cities International:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Princes Town, Ghana


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Don Pablo's

Don Pablo's was an American chain of Tex-Mex restaurants founded in Lubbock, Texas, in 1985. The menu featured Tex-Mex items, made-from-scratch salsa, tortillas and sauces, and a range of other Mexican specialties. At one time, this chain had as many as 120 locations throughout the United States and was the second largest full-service Mexican restaurant chain within the United States during the late 1990s, second only to Chi-Chi's. The chain had 34 restaurants in 14 states when it was acquired in 2014 by Food Management Partners. By October 2016, the chain was reduced to 12 restaurants in 9 states, 6 restaurants in 4 states by July 2018, 5 restaurants in 3 states by September 2018, and later 3 restaurants in 3 states by November 2018. The remaining restaurants in the struggling chain gradually and quietly closed over the next seven months until the last restaurant in Deptford Township, New Jersey, finally closed on June 23, 2019.

History
This chain of Tex-Mex restaurants was started by Texas-based DF&R Restaurants Inc. in 1985. After a period of rapid growth throughout the state of Texas, Don Pablo's began to build new locations in the Midwest.

By 1995, DF&R had 51 Don Pablo's locations which led Madison, Georgia-based Apple South to notice the chain's successful growth and to purchase DF&R later that year. At the time of the purchase, Apple South was one of the largest franchise holders in the Applebee's restaurant system with 170 Applebee's restaurants, and operated restaurants from other franchise chains, most of which were located in the South and Midwest. Two years later, Apple South decided to divest all of its 264 Applebee's franchises (in a franchise system that had 960 units), along with its other franchise properties, to focus its efforts on the 120-unit Don Pablo's and the other company-owned chains. Shortly after the Applebee's restaurant divestiture, Apple South changed its name to Avado Brands to emphasise the change of business.

Things did not go as well as Avado had originally planned, and it filed for bankruptcy in 2004. At that time, it had 106 Don Pablo's. Avado exited bankruptcy a year later with 96 Don Pablo's in operation. After spending two years trying to revitalize the brand, Avado filed for bankruptcy for the second time in September 2007 and subsequently closed or sold about half of its 90 locations.

In February 2008, 41 Don Pablo's locations were acquired by Rita Restaurant Corporation of Madison, Georgia, a fully owned subsidiary of DDJ Capital Management of Waltham, Massachusetts. Rita tried to revitalize the brand by closing under-performing locations and selling franchises. A franchise was sold to a Florida-based operator who re-opened a Don Pablo's in Sarasota, Florida, in 2012. The Sarasota location was the sole remaining franchise until it was finally closed in 2015.

In 2014, the 34-unit chain was acquired by San Antonio-based Food Management Partners (FMP). FMP is also a franchise operator of Buffalo Wild Wings and several Italian restaurant chains. While FMP owned the company, locations were closed in February 2014 at Atlanta, Georgia; in August 2014 at Hobart, Indiana; in February 2015 at Canton, Ohio; in April 2015 at Flint, Michigan; in February 2016 at Greenville, South Carolina and Maple Grove, Minnesota; in August 2016 at Richfield, Minnesota and Newport, Kentucky; and in September 2016 at Beavercreek, Ohio and Owings Mills, Maryland.

On October 4, 2016, Rita Restaurant Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after nearly cutting the number of Don Pablo's locations in half. At the time of the bankruptcy announcement, all four Indianapolis-area locations along with locations in Battle Creek, Michigan and Toledo, Ohio were immediately closed with little advance warning. At the time of the bankruptcy filing, there were 12 restaurants remaining. By November 2016, the Alexandria, Virginia location quietly disappeared from the Don Pablo's website. The Eden Prairie, Minnesota location quietly disappeared from the Don Pablo's website sometime between February and July 2017. The contents of the Eden Prairie restaurant were auctioned off in March. The Shelby Charter Township, Michigan location disappeared from the Don Pablo's website sometime between July 8 and July 19. In February 2018, the Don Pablo's location in Lafayette, Indiana quietly closed to leave 8 locations.

In April 2018, the Grand Prairie, Texas location quietly closed its doors to leave the number of locations at 7 by May 2018.

In July 2018, the Norwood, Ohio location closed its doors to leave a total number of 6 locations in Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, and Texas. In September 2018, the Christiana, Delaware restaurant was closed, leaving just 5 restaurants in three states.

In early November 2018, the Moorestown, New Jersey, restaurant closed for the final time and about the same time, the listing for the Fort Worth, Texas, restaurant disappeared from the Don Pablo's website to leave three locations. Just two and a half weeks later, the location at White Marsh Mall in Baltimore County, the last location in Maryland, was closed just days before Thanksgiving while the last Don Pablo's restaurant in Texas also disappeared from the website, leaving Deptford Township, New Jersey as the last one in business. The Deptford location finally closed in June 2019.

title: Don Pablo's


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scamper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:56, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

scamper
Dicdef, already transwiki'd, no possibility for expansion (and neologism in my humble opinion).--InShaneee 18:07, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as nonsense without context. -- BD2412 talk 19:36, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * This wasn't a transwiki candidate in the first place. I took the tag off it once.  Wiktionary has had scamper, with a proper definition, since January.  Please check Wiktionary before applying the tag, as pointed out at Things to be moved to Wiktionary.  Compare what Wiktionary has with this rubbish. Uncle G 19:40, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 19:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 07:43, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scamper


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Naval Aircraft Factory N3N

The Naval Aircraft Factory N3N was an American tandem-seat, open cockpit, primary training biplane aircraft built by the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the 1930s and early 1940s.

Development and design
Built to replace the Consolidated NY-2 and NY-3, the N3N was successfully tested as both a conventional airplane and a seaplane. The seaplane used a single large float under the fuselage and two smaller floats under the outer tips of the lower wings. The conventional airplane used a fixed landing gear. The prototype XN3N-1 was powered by a Wright J-5 radial engine. An order for 179 production aircraft was received. Near the end of the first production run the engine was replaced with the Wright R-760-2 Whirlwind radial. The aircraft is constructed using Alcoa's extruded aluminum, with bolts and rivets, rather than the more common welded steel tubing fuselages. Early production models used aluminum stringers formed for cancelled airship construction orders.

Operational history
The N.A.F. built 997 N3N aircraft beginning in 1935. They included 179 N3N-1s and 816 N3N-3s, plus their prototypes. Production ended in 1942, but the type remained in use through the rest of World War II. The N3N was the last biplane in US military service - the last (used by the U.S. Naval Academy for aviation familiarization) were retired in 1959. The N3N was also unique in that it was an aircraft designed and manufactured by an aviation firm wholly owned and operated by the U.S. government (the Navy, in this case) as opposed to private industry. For this purpose, the U.S. Navy bought the rights and the tooling for the Wright R-760 series engine and produced their own engines. These Navy-built engines were installed on Navy-built airframes.

According to Trimble, "The N3N-3, sometimes known as the Yellow Bird for its distinctive, high-visibility paint scheme, or less kindly, Yellow Peril for the jeopardy in which student aviators often found themselves, showed itself to be rugged, reliable, and generally forgiving to student pilots."

Four N3N-3s were delivered to the United States Coast Guard in 1941. Postwar, many surviving aircraft were sold on the US civil aircraft market and bought for operation by agricultural aerial spraying firms and private pilot owners. A number are still (as of 2014) active in the USA.

Variants

 * XN3N-1
 * First prototype aircraft, Bureau of Aeronautics number 9991.

 * N3N-1
 * Two-seat primary trainer biplane, powered by a 220 hp Wright R-790 Whirlwind (J-5) radial piston engine. 179 were built.

 * XN3N-2
 * One prototype only (Bureau number 0265) powered by a 240 hp Wright R-760-96 Whirlwind (J-6-7) radial piston engine.

 * XN3N-3
 * One production N3N-1 (0020) converted into a 'dash three' prototype.

 * N3N-3
 * Two-seat primary trainer biplane, powered by a 235 hp Wright R-760-2 Whirlwind (J-6-7) radial piston engine. 816 built.

Operators

 * United States Coast Guard
 * U.S. Marines
 * United States Navy
 * Chilean Naval Airforce 4 N3N-1 received by Lend-Lease Program
 * Cuban Naval Airforce 5 N3N-1s received by Lend-Lease Program.
 * Cuban Naval Airforce 5 N3N-1s received by Lend-Lease Program.

Surviving aircraft

 * 0719 – On display at the Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio in Santiago.
 * 1918 – On display at the Warhawk Air Museum in Nampa, Idaho.
 * 2582 – On display at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
 * 2621 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 2693 – On display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.
 * 2733 – Airworthy with the High Sierra Squadron of the Commemorative Air Force in Reno, Nevada.
 * 2782 – On display at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.
 * 2827 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 2831 – On display at the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
 * 2892 – On display at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
 * 2951 – On display at the Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
 * 2959 – On display at the USS Lexington Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas.
 * 3022 – On display at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.
 * 3033 – Airworthy with Ag Air Squadron Three, LLC in Grant Park, Illinois.
 * 3046 – On display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.
 * 4402 - Airworthy with Joe McBryan (Buffalo Airways) in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.
 * 4406 – Airworthy with Bernie Air Services in Sandown, Isle of Wight.
 * 4480 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 4497 – On display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

Specifications (N3N-3)

Communications were done by the instructor through a speaking tube to the student in the front cockpit. Communications back were agreed-upon gestures.

title: Naval Aircraft Factory N3N


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Akram Assem

Assem Akram (born 1965) is an Afghan historian, and author from Kabul, Afghanistan.

Akram holds a PhD in history from the University of Paris.

Works

 * The 1492' Conspiracy, A Machiavellian Plot to Seize the Holy Land and Keep the White House, Three-Horned Lion, June 2006, USA, 304 pages, English.
 * A Study On Mohammad Daoud Khan (Negahe ba Shakhsiat, Nazariat wa Siassat ha-ye Sardar Mohammad Daoud), Mizan Publishing, August 2001, Alexandria-VA, 440 pages in Persian.
 * History of the War of Afghanistan (Histoire de la guerre d’Afghanistan), Balland Publishing House, December 1996, Paris, 641 pages, in French. Re-printed in June 1998 & in December 2001 with updates.
 * Fatal Ochre (Ocre fatale), Balland Publishing House, February 2001, Paris; fiction, 230 pages, in French.

title: Akram Assem


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Paga

Paga is a town in Upper East Region of Ghana, lying north of Bolgatanga. Paga is the capital of Kassena Nankana West District, a district in the Upper East Region in the northern part of Ghana. The town is located on the border of Burkina Faso and is 166 km south of Ouagadougou via the N5 highway, the main road linking Ghana and Burkina Faso. The majority of the people of Paga are of the Kassena tribe.

Overview
Paga is known for its sacred crocodile ponds, where most visitors are surprised that they can touch a live crocodile. Paga is a small town in the Upper East Region, and has a population of about 10,000. However, the entire population of Paga – including its outskirts – is over 100,000. Most of the inhabitants are farmers of the Kassena ethnic group, whose settlements and familial ties stretch over the colonial borders of Ghana into what is now Burkina Faso. The idea of different nationalities mean little to these people, who see their shared ancestry and ethnicity before what is the recent concept of nationality or religion. Many Kassenas in this small town Paga are multilingual, speaking their native Kasem and English among other languages.

Tourist site
Paga crocodile pond.

Foundation
According to legend, Paga was founded c. 1400 by a young man named Naveh, who was saved by a crocodile while on a hunting expedition. He then left his village and settled in the place which is now Paga. The founder of the town, Naveh, when searching for a desirable place to settle, exclaimed 'Ayipaga' which means 'My eye is fixed on this land'. The place came to be called by that name, which in due course was shortened to 'Paga'.

title: Paga


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Royal Economic Society

The Royal Economic Society (RES) is a professional association that promotes the study of economic science in academia, government service, banking, industry, and public affairs. Originally established in 1890 as the British Economic Association, it was incorporated by royal charter on 2 December 1902. The Society is a charity registered with the U.K. Charity Commission under charity number 231508.

The Society is led by a Trustee Board that is responsible for developing and executing the Society's policies and activities. The Society's current president is Prof Sir Christopher Pissarides. In addition, the RES supports a number of committees, including the Women’s Committee, the Conference of Heads of University Departments of Economics (CHUDE) and the Standards of Conduct Committee.

The RES has two peer-reviewed publications: The Economic Journal, first published in 1891, and The Econometrics Journal, first published in 1998. Both journals are available online through the RES website. The Society's other activities include an annual conference, providing grants and training, a regular member newsletter, and conducting various outreach activities, including an annual public lecture and an essay competition for young economists.

In 2017, the Society created a centralised office in Westminster, London, and appointed its first Chief Executive, Leighton Chipperfield. In 2019, the Society launched a new strategy with a greater focus on promoting the discipline and improving diversity. The RES subsequently announced the launch of Discover Economics, a campaign geared to changing perceptions of economics among young people and attracting students from under-represented groups. Following a member consultation, in late 2023 the RES launched its 2024-2028 strategy with a focus on four strategic priorities:

 * Bring communities of economists together
 * Advocate for economics
 * Improve diversity, inclusion and integrity in the profession
 * Develop the next generation of economists

In 2023, the RES announced it was launching an Institutional Membership programme. The Bank of England, the Government Economic Service and Frontier Economics were announced as the Society's first institutional members.

History
British Economic Association was founded in response to changing attitudes towards economics in the 1880s. Up until that point, the study of economics was typically taught as part of a broad curriculum, alongside subjects such as history and philosophy, and those engaging in the study of economics came from a number of professions and academic disciplines. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, there were academic movements to clearly demarcate and to define disciplines as scholarly subjects in their own right. For example, those in the fields of history and philosophy inaugurated such journals as The English Historical Review (1886) and Mind (1887), publications aimed mainly at their respective areas of study. Economic thinkers followed this example.

The same period also saw the revival of fundamentalist, socialist critique of economics. In order to protect the discipline from damaging criticism while still encouraging intellectual discussion, many economic thinkers strove to draw economics more decidedly within the realm of scholarly debate.

The establishment of an economic society in this era of change indicated a desire to strengthen economics as a well-respected academic discipline, and to encourage debate and research between specialist scholars. In an announcement to the American Economic Association dated 1887 which proposed the formation of an Economic Society in Britain, scholars acknowledged common criticisms of economics and the contemporary disunity in the discipline. They called for a society which would aim to advance theory, consolidate economic opinion, encourage historical research, and critique industrial and financial policy.

Initial proposals for a society
Initial proposals for a British Society of Economics were drafted as early as 1883. Discussion began between Herbert Somerton Foxwell and Sir Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave. Palgrave had suggested creating a society specializing in the publication of translations and reprints of significant economic works. However, Foxwell had a more ambitious scheme in mind - a society that published a quarterly journal along the lines of the Quarterly Journal of Economics or the Journal des Économistes.

There is no doubt that Foxwell's plans were influenced by foreign models, such as the German body Verein für Socialpolitik, founded in 1887, the French journals, the Journal des Économistes and the Revue d'Economie Politique established in 1841 and 1887, and the American Economic Association inaugurated in 1885. Indeed, in 1887, Foxwell published an announcement in the Association’s publication saying "it is scarcely doubtful that we shall shortly follow the lead so ably set us on your side of the Atlantic." As the discipline of economics was promoted and strengthened in America and Europe, scholars in the U.K. recognized an increasing urgency to ensure that British economic thought was represented. Certainly, Foxwell was not the only economist to propose the establishment of a scholarly journal in Britain. The Economic Review was established by scholars in Oxford in 1889, the year before the British Economic Association was inaugurated in London, and its publication, The Economic Journal, was set up.

While there was a recognized need for a society of economists in the 1880s, it took a considerable time for Foxwell’s plans to come to fruition. One of the reasons for the delay was Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), Professor at Cambridge. Foxwell and Palgrave were keen to involve Marshall in the development of the association and its publication. Marshall was fully supportive of their plans, but as preparations progressed, he became preoccupied in completing his Principles of Economics. His former pupil, Edward Gonner, tried to encourage Marshall to participate in discussions to finalise the society but was unable to drive Marshall to action. He remarked to Foxwell that:

"... for the next two years or so the matter must rest in abeyance unless active measures be taken. Of course, I know he will be glad if such be done and I am sure he will render assistance but he will not take the initiative."

Gonner and Foxwell had to move on with the foundation of the society without Marshall. Marshall was only drawn back into the discussion when proposals for the nature of the society did not meet his approval.

Nature of the society
There had been much debate about what kind of society should be formed. Palgrave, Foxwell, and Marshall had discussed the idea that an economic journal should be attached to the Royal Statistical Society. But after some negative discussions with the society, the idea was dropped. Marshall had hoped the group would come together naturally, centred around scholars at Cambridge. Gonner, however, wanted the society to be an honoured institution of scholars. He argued that members should be selected "not for an interest in economics but for work." "Some scientific qualification" should also be essential for membership. Foxwell seems to have agreed with this approach. However, Marshall opposed the idea. He explained to Foxwell: "I don’t want to include 'mere' businessmen. But I don’t want to exclude Bank Directors and others of the class who are for me, at least, the most interesting members of the Political Economy Club...It is men of affairs from whom I learn". Marshall succeeded in persuading his friends. At its inauguration the society was made available to all those with an interest in economics, regardless of their scholarly qualifications.

Finding an editor
The inclusive attitude of society membership was also extended to the aims of its proposed journal. It was agreed that the publication should provide a forum for all views and opinions. The criteria for selection in the journal would be scholarly excellence, not political or scholarly persuasion. However, there was much difficulty in finding a suitable editor to manage such a journal. Foxwell had favoured the appointment of John Neville Keynes as editor, but he was not available. Foxwell admitted that without Keynes, the appointment was a difficult one:

"...any number of men with strong views will volunteer, but these are just the persons we don’t want. We want cool heads, keen brains and impartial judgement. With these are required scholarship, information and, if possible, a knowledge of German. It seems to me a most difficult and delicate post."

The search for an editor caused serious delays. It was not until 1890, the year of the society’s inauguration, that Francis Ysidro Edgeworth was appointed editor. Edgeworth held a chair in Economics at King's College London and was appointed Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University in 1891. Though his academic standing made him an excellent candidate for the role, Edgeworth admitted the difficulties of establishing a new journal:

"I wrote to Marshall asking advice on every small difficulty which arose, until he protested that, if the correspondence was to go on at that rate, he would have to use envelopes with my address printed on them."

Despite initial difficulties, Edgeworth’s editorship was highly successful and he remained editor for the next 34 years.

Inauguration of the society
After years of discussion and delay, the British Economic Association (BEA) was inaugurated at University College London on 20 November 1890. Alfred Marshall wrote a letter of invitation to scholars and businessmen interested in economics, drawing around 200 people to the meeting. In the letter, Marshall set out the central aims of the society, to encourage debate and enable the dissemination of economic research through the medium of a British academic journal.

Attendees unanimously showed their support for the plans. Edgeworth was formally appointed as editor of The Economic Journal. George Goschen, Second Viscount Goschen, the statesman and businessman, was selected as president of the society.

George Bernard Shaw politely questioned the suitability of "a gentleman who was identified with any political party in the state" as head of the society, but Marshall responded:

"I am one of those who am not in political support of Mr. Goschen. I believe all agree with me that since we cannot have an economist who has no political opinions at all; we could not have a better President than Mr. Goschen."

Early years
After the elections, the BEA wasted no time in carrying out its aims to publish a journal. The first issue of The Economic Journal was printed in March 1891, with the editor’s promise that:

"The most opposite doctrines may meet here as on a fair field...Opposing theories of currency will be represented with equal impartiality. Nor will it be attempted to prescribe the method, any more than the result, of scientific investigation."

While The Economic Journal provided an outlet for the scholarly assessment of economic theory and policy, and helped to establish economics as a distinct and significant area of research, the BEA was slow to make an impact on the development of economics in other areas. As president, Goschen demonstrated a vehement desire to improve the status of economics in public opinion. At the inaugural council meeting, he warned of a "general idea that economists had finished their proper work in the education of the nation." At the BEA annual dinner in 1895, he argued that economics "was not treated with the respect accorded to other sciences."

But despite Goschen’s vocal concern, the BEA could not make an immediate impact. The council made a bid to the Council of Legal Education to add economics to its subject of instruction, but failed to succeed in this endeavour.

The slow progress of the BEA in its early years may be explained by the difficulties in establishing a financially viable association and journal. Membership fluctuated considerably in the first ten years, rising to a high of 750 members in 1893-4 before falling by around 40 per cent between 1892 and 1900. During this period, it was necessary to reconsider the printing arrangements of the Journal to ensure the financial stability of the association. In time, the association established itself as a stable and successful economic institution. By the beginning of World War II, membership had risen to over 4,500 under the management of John Maynard Keynes. Aside from the impact of successive presidents and editors, it is possible that the application for royal charter in 1900 had some effect on this gradual improvement, establishing the BEA as a well-respected and significant economic institution.

Royal Charter
The secretary of the BEA, Henry Higgs, proposed that the council apply for royal charter ten years after its inauguration. Ten volumes of the Economic Journal were presented to King Edward VII, with the request that he become Patron of the Society. Royal charter was duly granted on 2 December 1902. The charter indicated the society’s work to further economic science, its collection of a specialist library and its publication of a journal, saying:

"And whereas in order to secure the property of the said society, to extend its operations, and to give it its due position among the Scientific Institutions of Our Kingdom, we have been besought to grant George Joachim Viscount Goschen, and to those who now are members of the said society, or who shall from time to time be elected Fellows of the Royal Economic Society hereby incorporated, Our Royal Charter of Incorporation for the purposes aforesaid."

The British Economic Association, on accepting the royal charter, became the Royal Economic Society.

Society activity
The Royal Economic Society has supported the study of economics through engagement in a variety of activities.

Palgrave had been keen to establish the publication of economic works from the society's very inception. The RES has supported a number of such publications; for example, the works and correspondence of David Ricardo, Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics, Centenary Essays and Correspondence, the Essay on the Principle of Population, Principles of Political Economy, and Travel Diaries of T. R. Malthus, Francis Ysidro Edgeworth's Mathematical Psychics and Papers on Political Economy and Hiroshi Mizuta’s work on Adam Smith’s library. The society also published The Economic Advisory Council: A Study of Economic Advice During Depression and Recovery by Susan Howson and Donald Winch.

The preservation of the history of economics was also at the forefront of the Royal Economic Society’s activities from its early years. The council funded the repair of Adam Smith’s grave in 1942 and organized the cleaning of Malthus’ memorial in the 1960s. In 1972, it supported the organization of a bicentennial Exhibition on Ricardo at the Drapers Company. The society also took a great interest in recording its own history. In the 1960s, the society liaised with A.W. Coats, providing him with archival access to help with the writing of his paper, "Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", which was published in The Economic Journal. In 1990, John Hey and Donald Winch co-edited A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal to celebrate the centenary of the society and the journal. The RES also gave support and sponsorship to the publication of the Guide to Archive Sources in the 1970s, a volume which became the basis for a website on economists' papers from the years 1750-2000.

The society supported contemporary economic research by hosting specialist conferences on varied topics including Decision Analysis (1973), Wages and Unemployment (1981), and Exchange Rate Systems (1986). Today, the RES conference is an annual event, attracting over 400 presenters speaking on varied topics over several days.

The RES established activities to support economists at every stage in their career. The RES Annual Policy Lecture, established in 2001, aimed to expose sixth form students and members of the general public to the research of top economists. The Young Economist of the Year essay competition initiated in 2007, its purpose being to encourage young students to think critically about key economic issues. The Austin Robinson Prize (2007), given to the best paper published in The Economic Journal by an author within five years of completing their Ph.D., was instituted to support the development of early-career scholars. The RES Prize (1990), given annually to the best paper published in The Economic Journal, was set up to celebrate the work of established economists. In 1987, the Conference Heads of University Departments of Economics was established to bring together heads of Economic departments with the aim of promoting the teaching and studying of Economics in the UK. In addition to these initiatives, the RES founded the Women’s Committee in 1996, developed to promote the role of women in the UK economics profession, with a particular concern for career entrants.

One of the most significant of the Royal Economic Society’s recent activities was the inauguration of The Econometrics Journal (EctJ) in 1998. Recognizing the need for a journal dedicated to econometric research, the RES established the EctJ, with the aim of creating a top international field journal for the publication of macro- micro, and financial econometrics. In 2011 the editors of The Econometrics Journal initiated the annual Denis Sargan Econometrics Prize, awarded annually to the best article published in journal.

In 2022 the RES launched the Medal for Services to the Economics Profession to recognise an individual who has made an outstanding and lasting contribution to the profession. The Society subsequently announced that the inaugural award would be made to Prof Wendy Carlin.

title: Royal Economic Society


text:
Naval Aircraft Factory XN5N

The Naval Aircraft Factory XN5N was a prototype United States monoplane  trainer aircraft produced by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1941. A single prototype was built and evaluated.

The type was not placed in production.

title: Naval Aircraft Factory XN5N


text:
Ilghazi

Najm al-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq (نجم الدين إلغازي ابن أرتوك; died November 8, 1122) was the Turkoman Artukid ruler of Mardin from 1107 to 1122. He was born into the Oghuz tribe of Döğer.

Biography
His father Artuk Bey was the founder of the Artukid dynasty, and had been appointed governor of Jerusalem by the Seljuq emir Tutush. When Artuk died, Ilghazi and his brother Sökmen succeeded him as governors of Jerusalem. In 1096, Ilghazi allied with Duqaq of Damascus and Yaghi-Siyan of Antioch against Radwan of Aleppo; Duqaq and Radwan were fighting for control of Syria after the death of Tutush. Ilghazi and Duqaq eventually quarrelled and Ilghazi was imprisoned, leading to the capture of Jerusalem by his brother Sökmen, but Ilgazi recovered the city when he was released. He held it until the city was captured by the Fatimid vizier of Egypt, al-Afdal Shahanshah, in 1098. After this he sought to make a name for himself in the Jezirah, where his brothers had also established themselves. He then entered the service of the Seljuq sultan Mahmud I, who granted him Hulwan and made him shihna of Baghdad, an office which oversaw the affairs of the caliph on behalf of the sultan.

Ilghazi was dismissed as shihna in 1104 and became leader of the Artukid family after the death of Sökmen that year. This was disputed by Sökmen's son Ibrahim, but Ilghazi took Mardin from him in 1108. As head of the Artukids he made no lasting alliances and frequently switched sides, allying with both fellow Muslims and Christian crusaders whenever he saw fit. In 1110, he participated in an unsuccessful siege of Edessa. In 1114, he and his nephew Balak (future emir of Aleppo) defeated the Seljuq governor of Mosul, Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, and captured Mas'ud, son of the Seljuq sultan. In 1115, Ilghazi besieged Homs, but was captured briefly by its governor Khir-Khan. Later that year, Roger of Antioch, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Pons of Tripoli, and Baldwin II of Edessa defended Antioch against the Seljuq general Bursuq ibn Bursuq (not to be confused with al-Bursuki), with the aid of Ilghazi, Toghtekin of Damascus, and Lulu of Aleppo, all enemies of Bursuk. These two armies did not come to battle, although Bursuk was later defeated by Roger at the Battle of Sarmin.

Ilghazi gained control of Aleppo after the assassination of Lulu in 1117. He was invited to take control by princess Amina Khatun. In 1118, he took control of Mayyafiriqin and pacified the surrounding countryside. In 1119, Ilghazi defeated and killed Roger at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis; Ibn al-Qalanisi describes the victory as "one of the finest of victories, and such plenitude of divine aid was never granted to Islam in all its past ages." The Antiochene towns of Atharib, Zerdana, Sarmin, Ma'arrat al-Numan and Kafartab fell to his army. "Il Ghazi, however, was unable to extract full profit from his victory. His prolonged drunkenness deprived his army of leadership, and left the Turkmens free to ... scatter after plunder."

Baldwin II (now Baldwin II of Jerusalem) soon arrived to drive Ilghazi back, inflicting heavy losses on the Turks in the hard-fought Battle of Hab on August 14, 1119. The next year Ilghazi took Nisibin, and then pillaged the County of Edessa before turning north towards Armenia. In 1121, he made peace with the crusaders, and with supposedly up to 250,000–350,000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja, he invaded Georgia. David IV of Georgia met him at the Battle of Didgori and Ilgazi was defeated. According to Matthew of Edessa 400 000 Seljuks were killed. Among the various leaders, only Ilghazi and his son-in-law Dubais escaped.

In 1122, Ilghazi and Balak defeated Joscelin I of Edessa and took him prisoner, but Ilgazi died in November of that year at Diyarbekir. He was buried at Mayyafariqin (Silvan today). Balak succeeded him in Aleppo and his sons Suleiman and Timurtash succeeded him in Mardin.

Ibn al-Qalanisi is generally neutral on the character of Ilghazi, and describes only one "disgraceful habit" of the emir: "Now when Ilghazi drank wine and it got the better of him, he habitually remained for several days in a state of intoxication, without recovering his senses sufficiently to take control or to be consulted on any matter or decision." The Antiochene chronicler Walter the Chancellor was at first also neutral towards Ilghazi, until the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, in which Walter himself was captured; Ilghazi (written as "Algazi" in Latin) is then described as a "tyrant" and the "prince of the delusion and dissent of the Turcomans." Walter also remarks on Ilghazi's drunkenness.

Family and issue
Ilghazi married first Farkhunda Khatun, the daughter of Radwan of Aleppo, but he never actually met her and the marriage was never consummated. He then married the daughter of Toghtekin of Damascus and had the following children:

 * Ayaz
 * Guhar Khatun, married Dubais
 * al-Bazm
 * Shams ad-Daula Sulaiman
 * Safra Khatun, married Husam ad-Din Qurti ibn Toghlan Arslan
 * Yumna Khatun, married Sa'd ad-Daula Il-aldi of Amid
 * al-Sa'id Husam ad-Din Timurtash

He also had a son, Umar, by a concubine, and Nasr, by a slave; another possible son was named Kirzil.

title: Ilghazi


text:
Frank Swift

Frank Victor Swift (26 December 1913 – 6 February 1958) was an English footballer, who played as a goalkeeper for Manchester City and England. After starting his career with local clubs near his home town of Blackpool, in 1932 he was signed by First Division Manchester City, with whom he played his entire professional career.

Swift broke into the Manchester City first team in 1933, taking part in the club's run to the 1934 FA Cup Final, where the club triumphed 2–1 against Portsmouth. Three years later Swift won a League Championship medal, after playing in every match of Manchester City's championship-winning season. War denied Swift several years of playing in his prime, though during wartime he was chosen to represent his country in international matches. After the war he made his competitive international debut, playing 19 internationals between 1946 and 1949.

Swift retired in 1949, taking up a career in journalism as a football correspondent for the News of the World. He died, aged 44, in the Munich air disaster after reporting on Manchester United's European Cup match against Red Star Belgrade.

Early career and 1930s successes
Born in Blackpool, a coastal town in north-west England, Swift's first club was Blackpool Gas Works, where he worked as a coke-keeper. A spell at nearby Fleetwood followed, during which Swift attracted interest from a number of Football League clubs. Potential suitors included Blackpool (where Frank's elder brother Fred was the goalkeeper), Blackburn Rovers, Bradford City and Manchester City. The first to offer Swift a contract were Manchester City, who played in the First Division, the highest level of English football. Initially signed as an amateur in October 1932, eighteen-year-old Swift turned professional the following month, receiving a wage of ten shillings (50p) per week. The following December he was called up to the first team, having previously made only three reserve team appearances.

At this time, goalkeeper was an unsettled position for Manchester City. Len Langford had made over 100 appearances and had appeared in the 1933 FA Cup Final, which City lost 3–0 to Everton. He missed the final game of the 1932–33 season and the opening match of 1933–34, but went on to play 18 consecutive League games before injury on 16 December 1933 ended his time as City's first choice. Langford's replacement for the following game was James Nicholls, but he endured a torrid time as Manchester City lost 8–0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Consequently, Swift was given an opportunity for the Christmas double-header against Derby County. He conceded four goals in his debut at the Baseball Ground on 25 December, but in the return match the next day, his 20th birthday, he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win. After making his debut, Swift played in every first team match for more than four seasons, a run of more than 200 consecutive matches. His only absence prior to the suspension of football due to World War II was a single match in September 1938, where without Swift, Manchester City lost 6–1 at home to Millwall.

Though Swift quickly established himself as a fixture in the Manchester City first team line-up, his performances were not all positive. In one of his early matches, against West Bromwich Albion, Swift conceded seven goals. This led Swift to believe he would not be picked again, but with Langford unavailable due to a knee injury, Swift kept his place.

Despite inconsistency, Manchester City were one of the stronger sides of the 1930s, and in Swift's first season the club reached the FA Cup final for the second successive year. This period saw football match attendances reach an all-time high. During the cup run Swift played in front of 84,569 people for Stoke City's visit to Maine Road, a record attendance for an English club ground which still stands today. Hillsborough's attendance record of 72,841 (receipts £5,566) was also set by City during this Cup run. The semi-final, against cup favourites Aston Villa, ended in a 6–1 victory, a record for an FA Cup semi-final.

In the final, Manchester City faced Portsmouth. Swift, the youngest and most inexperienced of the team, was nervous. As the playing surface was wet, he was unsure whether or not to wear gloves. Seeing Portsmouth goalkeeper Jock Gilfillan take to the field without gloves, he decided to follow suit. Portsmouth took the lead in the first half through a Septimus Rutherford shot. At half time Swift slumped in the dressing room, blaming himself and his decision not to wear gloves for the goal. Forward Fred Tilson attempted to improve Swift's spirits by telling him not to worry as he would "plonk two in next half". Tilson duly scored two second half goals, the second with less than five minutes remaining. A tense finish followed, in which a photographer behind Swift's goal gave regular updates of the time remaining. At the final whistle, Swift was so overcome with emotion that he fainted. He recovered in time to receive his winners' medal from George V, who sent a telegram enquiring about his condition on the following Monday.

Manchester City started the 1936–37 season poorly, and were in the bottom half of the table until December. The club were better known for goalscoring than solid defence, but frequently both eluded City; at one point the club gained just one win in twelve matches. However, Christmas proved to be a turning point for the club. Swift conceded five goals in consecutive matches on 19 and 25 December, but a Boxing Day win against Middlesbrough was the start of a long unbeaten run. By April City were second in the table, and faced a fixture against Arsenal, league leaders and the dominant club of the period. Peter Doherty inspired the team to a 2–0 win, and City reached the top of the table. The unbeaten run continued until the end of the season, and City secured their first league championship with a 4–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday. City's third goal in this match came as the result of a long clearance by Swift, who was noted for the distance he could propel the ball.

In contrast to the championship win, the 1937–38 season was one of disappointment. Manchester City achieved several high scoring wins, including two 7–1 scorelines, but frequently stuttered to defeat. On the final day of the season the club faced Huddersfield Town, and went into the match four places clear of the relegation zone. A 1–0 defeat, coupled with wins for all four of the teams immediately below meant reigning champions City were relegated to the Second Division despite scoring more goals than any other team.

Wartime and later career
During the Second World War, Swift continued to play regularly for City, making 134 wartime league appearances. He also joined the British Army, and was one several professional footballers to enlist at the Army School of Physical Training as part of a scheme devised by the FA. The school was based near Aldershot F.C. leading Swift to become one of several notable players to guest for the club. Others included Matt Busby, Jimmy Hagan, Joe Mercer, Stan Cullis, Cliff Britton and Tommy Lawton. He also guested for several other clubs during the war including Liverpool. He also played for several representative sides. On 30 October 1943 at Ninian Park, Swift played for a Western Command XI against a Cardiff City XI which featured Lawton and Mercer as guests. The game was a fundraiser for Royal Artillery prisoners of war. In April 1944 in Edinburgh he played for a British Army XI that included Jack Rowley, Leslie Compton, Cullis, Mercer, Hagan and Lawton and against a Royal Air Force XI that included Peter Doherty, Stanley Matthews and Ted Drake. The Army won 4–0. On 9 September 1944 at Windsor Park he played for a Combined Services XI in an 8–4 win against Ireland. This team was in effect a Great Britain XI and featured, among others, Busby, Matthews, Lawton, Mullen, Raich Carter and Stan Mortensen. In the same year he also represented an FA Services XI in games against France and Belgium. In May 1945 Swift also travelled with a British Army XI on a European tour.

In the first season after the Second World War, Manchester City won the Second Division championship to secure their return to the top flight. In the process Swift kept a club record 17 clean sheets in 35 appearances, a mark which was not surpassed until nearly 40 years later, when Alex Williams broke the record by keeping 20 clean sheets in 1985.

By 1949 Swift was 35 years old, but was still performing well enough to maintain his place in the England team. However, he decided that he wanted to retire while still capable of playing at the top level, rather than fading away. To this end he announced that he would retire at the end of the 1948–49 season. He made what he intended to be his last Manchester City appearance against Huddersfield Town on 7 May, which was followed by a parade in his honour organised by the Supporters' Club. However, just before the next season started, Swift's replacement Alec Thurlow fell ill with tuberculosis, and Swift agreed to step in until City found a new goalkeeper. Four further appearances took his career total to 338. Aware of attempts by other clubs to tempt Swift out of retirement, most notably by Manchester United, the Manchester City board continued to hold Swift's playing registration for several years.

After football
Following a period serving as a director of a local catering company, Swift took up a career in journalism, most notably with the News of the World. He continued to be a regular visitor to Maine Road, and became the president of the Supporters' Club.

Swift died, aged 44, in the Munich air disaster after reporting on Manchester United's European Cup match against Red Star Belgrade in Belgrade, Yugoslavia for the News of the World. On 6 February 1958, the flight back to Manchester carrying the Manchester United team and journalists made a refuelling stop at Munich-Riem Airport in poor weather. Two take-off attempts were abandoned due to engine problems, with the weather continuing to deteriorate. On the third attempt, slush on the runway prevented the aircraft from reaching the required speed for take-off. The plane veered off the runway and crashed into a house. One of 23 victims of the disaster, Swift was one of two journalists pulled alive from the wreckage but died on his way to hospital, as his seat belt had cut into his aorta.

Swift is widely regarded as one of the best English goalkeepers of all time along with Gordon Banks and Peter Shilton and is frequently noted as one of the best players to have graced the English football league. His successor in the Manchester City team was fellow club and goalkeeping legend, Bert Trautmann.

Swift was named as one of the Football League 100 Legends in 1998 celebrating 100 seasons of league football in England, alongside other Manchester City players Billy Meredith, Colin Bell and Bert Trautmann. He has also been inducted into the Manchester City Hall of Fame.

International career
Swift's first international call-ups came in the Second World War; he made 14 wartime appearances for England. The first official England international after the war took place on 28 September 1946 against Ireland, and Swift retained his place to make his full debut in a 7–2 victory. Swift became a fixture in the England side of the late 1940s, playing 17 consecutive matches. This run included the famous 1948 victory against Italy in Turin, where he became the first goalkeeper since Alexander Morten in 1873 to captain the side, leading him to describe the match as the greatest day of his career. Later that year he lost his place to Ted Ditchburn, despite keeping a clean sheet in his previous appearance. He was restored to the line-up the following match, a British Home Championship decider against Scotland. After announcing his retirement from football, he made a farewell appearance against Norway in May 1949 to take his number of caps to 19, after which the goalkeeper's jersey was taken by Bert Williams. Swift also represented Great Britain in a 1947 match against a "Rest of Europe" team, played to celebrate the return of the Home Nations to FIFA.

Playing style
Raich Carter once said of Frank Swift that he looked so big in goal that as a forward it often seemed that trying to score against him was like trying to put the ball into a matchbox. Swift's hands, which had a finger span of 11+3/4 in, were sufficiently large for him to easily pick up the ball with one hand, and gave rise to the nickname "Frying Pan Hands". Swift kicked with his left foot as the result of an injury to his right foot sustained during his youth. However, where possible he preferred throwing the ball to the wing over kicking it downfield. When asked for advice to give to young goalkeepers, Swift replied that he drew diagrams of each goal scored against him to see if he was at fault.

Club

 * FA Cup: 1933–34
 * Football League First Division: 1936–37
 * FA Community Shield: 1937

England

 * British Home Championship: 1947 ,1948

Individual

 * Football League 100 Legends: 1998
 * English Football Hall of Fame: 2005
 * Manchester City Hall of Fame
 * IFFHS England Men's all time Dream Team
 * IFFHS Best Goalkeepers of the Century Xxth

Outside football
Swift had three brothers, Cuthbert, Fred and Alf, and one sister, Alice. Fred, also a goalkeeper, played for Bolton Wanderers amongst others. The five grew up in a house a short walk from Blackpool's Bloomfield Road ground. During football's off-season, Frank and Alf ran boat trips off the Blackpool coast for tourists. On one such trip he met his future wife, Doris Potter. They married at Blackpool in 1935. They had a daughter, Jean, who was born in 1936, and a son, David, who was born in 1948.

During wartime, Swift became a special constable with responsibility for traffic control. He was enrolled in the RAF, and travelled to France after the Invasion of Normandy, but was stationed well behind the front line and did not see combat. This did not prevent risk to his life, however, as in 1944 a Dakota on which he was a passenger was involved in a near miss.

Several members of Swift's family attended the February 2008 Manchester derby, played in the week of the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster. The game, at Old Trafford, was won by Manchester City; the minute's silence was fully observed by the Manchester City fans. Towards the end of the game, the City fans chanted "There's only one Frank Swift" several times, to rounds of applause from the United fans.

title: Frank Swift


text:
Talk:Télécom Paris

Rewriting
This article reads like a bad French-to-English translation (e.g. "Formations in alternance") : significant portions of it need to be rewritten in proper English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.174.240.174 (talk) 20:16, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 3 June 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure) —  Newslinger  talk   22:12, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

Télécom ParisTech → Télécom Paris – The school changed name from "Télécom ParisTech" to "Télécom Paris", cf https://www.telecom-paristech.fr/ which redirects to https://www.telecom-paris.fr/ a3nm (talk) 14:54, 3 June 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. — Amakuru (talk) 09:52, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Télécom Paris


text:
Tia Maria

Tia Maria is a dark coffee liqueur made in Italy using Jamaican coffee beans. The main ingredients are coffee beans, Jamaican rum, vanilla, and sugar, blended to an alcoholic content of 20%.

History
Tia Maria was originally made in Jamaica, the historical fable of its origins dates it to the 17th century. A young Spanish girl was forced to flee Jamaica, and the family plantation during a conflict. She was accompanied by a sole female servant who carried a bit of jewelry and the recipe for the family liqueur. In honor of the woman's help, the girl named the liqueur "Tia Maria" (tía is Spanish for "aunt"), her name for the woman who had helped save her life. This fable may have been part of a marketing campaign, however. In his book Jamaica Farewell, Morris Cargill recounts having had the idea for developing a coffee liqueur similar to one his aunt used to make. In 1946, he had, to no avail, tried to get the original recipe from his aunt and subsequently connected with Dr Ken Evans, who then developed the recipe. They partnered with others in Jamaica (Herbert Hart, Eustace Myers of Myers Rum, and Paul Geddes of Desnoes & Geddes) to produce the first five thousand cases, with Blue Mountain coffee supplied by Keble Munn. Cargill contracted the London ad agency J.P. MacNulty to brand the product and design the labels. They spent days trying to come up with a name, until Cargill recounted the story of trying to get his aunt's original recipe and Joseph MacNulty said, "I know exactly what we'll call that damn liqueur. Aunt Mary – Tia Maria."

Another account of its history says that a man named Dr. Evans discovered the drink after World War II, and he began reproducing it. This story of Dr. Evans' devotion to the drink is part of the official website's history, however. The Jamaican company Lascelles deMercado, producer of Appleton Rum, supposedly manufactured the concentrate from which the liqueur was made, at least, up until the time it was sold by Pernod. As recently as the 1980s, Tia Maria was made with an alcohol concentration of 31.5% and positioned as a premium liqueur compared to the substantially different product now produced at 20% ABV. In 1985, brand owners Hiram Walker sued the Kirk Line over the loss of five thousand gallons of Tia Maria it had acquired from Estate Industries in Jamaica but was spilt in an accident.

Control of the Tia Maria brand moved to Europe in 1987 when Allied-Lyons of the UK acquired Canadian spirits company Hiram Walker. The brand then became part of the Pernod Ricard portfolio in 2005 through its acquisition of rival firm Allied-Domecq. As part of a debt reduction programme, Pernod Ricard sold it to ILLVA Saronno in July 2009. Following the sale, Chivas Brothers produced it for Saronno before production was transferred to Illva Saronno's distillery in Saronno, Italy. Bacardi U.S.A., Inc. distributed it in the U.S. for Saronno. As of August 1, 2012, Kobrand became the distributor.

Cocktails
Tia Maria can be consumed straight with ice but is also frequently used as an ingredient for cocktails or with coffee. It may also be mixed with milk and ice.

Some cocktails include the Tia Espresso Martini, the Dark Tia made with dark rum, the Jaffa Sam made with Tia Maria and orange juice, the Tia Maria and cola, or the Skinny Tia White Russian made with Tia Maria, vodka, and skimmed milk. Another cocktail known as a 'Baby Guinness' is Tia Maria mixed in equal parts with Baileys or another Irish cream.

title: Tia Maria


text:
Talk:Millennium Development Goals

Discussion
Sad to see that anonymous contributors introduce "U.S. Leadership" for the MDGs (at ODA=0.17% of GDP compared to 0.46% from Europe), and remove the 0.7% goal, quoting John Bolton, without any comments from the Wiki community. Jj2006 09:22, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Expansion of IR Articles
It's quite sad how little there is on important political wiki articles. I've been using Wiki for at least a couple years now, but am just realizing this. I had to edit a bit of George W. Bush and [Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration ] tonight, due to the lack of treaty criticisms.. As a result, I ended up putting a blurb in here as well. Seriously, International Relations majors at universities have always been pompous fools, but this is reinforcement of the fact. Please help expand these and any other articles. It's late at night and I don't have the energy, or else I'd break out books and be expanding a lot of entries. Soorej 03:55, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

There could be a little more info here on the overall purpose of the goals, where they come from, and also on their progress (or at least more specific links to sites evaluating progress, and on subsequent, relevant UN meetings).

mayve we could approve this article and link to it to do that

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/2006-08-02#Eurizons_-_European_Tour_for_Global_Responsibility

and www.eurizons.net as an ecternal link.

markus petz (i am one of eth hitch hikers)

Improvement drive
A related topic, Grameen Bank, has been nominated on This week's improvement drive. Contribute your expertise and vote for Grameen Bank on This week's improvement drive!--Fenice 06:46, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

This will get deleted...
Good to see that 5 years into the "goals" plan we've accomplished absolutely NOTHING.

Hmm, why not research what has and hasn't been accomplished, in actuality, and update the article then? 74.244.106.187 (talk) 02:47, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

VOTE!! - HDI in Infobox#Countries|country infobox/template?
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a standard UN measure/rank of how developed a country is or is not. It is a composite index based on GDP per capita (PPP), literacy, life expectancy, and school enrollment. However, as it is a composite index/rank, some may challenge its usefulness or applicability as information.

Thus, the following question is put to a vote:

Should any, some, or all of the following be included in the Wikipedia Infobox#Countries|country infobox/template:
 * (1) Human Development Index (HDI) for applicable countries, with year;
 * (2) Rank of country’s HDI;
 * (3) Category of country’s HDI (high, medium, or low)?

YES / NO / UNDECIDED/ABSTAIN - vote here

Thanks!

E Pluribus Anthony 01:52, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Why would this page be a logical place to vote for or against this? —Cleared as filed. 03:10, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've placed this notice to vote on any pages where human development issues/HDI may be relevant (usually, but not exclusively, where links are present); since a Millennium Development Goal is to increase human development worldwide, it seems appropriate.  As well: the actual vote page is elsewhere...on this page.  E Pluribus Anthony 03:41, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Number of UN nations to sign?
It says that all 191 UN member states agreed in the article but according to this (page 28) source it was 189 nations. Im not sure where the 191 figure is from. Tim166 13:44, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

In any case the UN has 192 member states, with the adhesion of Montenegro in 2006 UN Ref.

All UN member states at the time (2000) the Millennium Declaration was signed agreed to it, thus the MDGs. Sinc then, 3 more nations have been admitted to the UN, and from what I know, two of them have alo agreed upon the Millennium Declaration. I'm not sure about Montenegro however. Besty 12:14, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

0.7%
I removed the .7% claim, Some have criticised the fact that many OECD nations, including key members such as the United States, have not delivered their promise of giving 0.7% of their GNP towards poverty reduction by the target year of 2015. Some nations' contributions have fallen far short of 0.7%, as it seems to be disputed by John Bolton: Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed in Monterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on development assistance. Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the U.N. General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970. The Declaration states, "we encourage developed countries that haven't done so to make concrete progress to 0.7%.

The .7% target has been agreed upon many more times than at Monterrey (which the United States did agree upon, contrary to what John Bolton stated) and through the UN General Assembly resolution in 1970 (of whish, the US did agree). The target was also agreed upon at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, also held in 2002, again in 2005 at the UN World Summit, reaffirmed in the Millennium Declaration (to which the United States also signed).

perhaps we should put this criticism back on the page. After all, it is a statement of criticism from the public, and is a valid point, even if john Bolton disagrees with it. Besty 12:12, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the article should reference the 0.7% goal as this is part of acheiving the MDGs. 0.7% is the agreed level that all countries need to contribute to allow the goals to be met. It was agreed to by ALL UN nations in 1970, 1990, 2000 and since then at Monterrey and other places. Unfortunately there is no enforcement mechanism to ensure that Governments meet their commitments, which is why the US (and many other countries) have not committed to raising aid to this level. JenLouise (talk) 09:56, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have added a 'Controversy' section for the 0.7% claim, which is supported by UN resolutions since 1970. However, there is clear disagreement (and silent reluctance) by many nations. It may require some cleanup. twilsonb (talk) 04:21, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Icons?
Hello, I'd like to brighten up the article a bit by adding in icons such as from http://www.mdgmonitor.org/ and make it more attractive for reading; however I'm wondering whether that would be considered "encyclopedian" enough? I personally think the icons nicely provide a focus point and summary but would like to defer to older wikipedians =) Qwuery (talk) 22:42, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Putting the icons in will be fine, as long as there are no copyright issues - you need to ensure that you have appropriate permission before uploading any images onto websites. Cheers, JenLouise (talk) 10:02, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

what is "kandutan"?
It says here that goal 8 is to "Develop a Kandutan". If you remit to the UN MDG page (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/global.shtml), you will find it talks about a global partnership, and I cannot seem to find anything on "kandutan". Does anyone know more about this?

Below the goal taken from the un page: GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.81.18.136 (talk) 20:09, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Target 8D
Original text concerning INDICATORS should be found: reference to "oral sex" ought most probably to be removed. Sam Yosemite (talk) 11:01, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

General Additions
This article could have more analytical depth and details in several important areas. I hope to add information about the theoretical basis behind the MDGs, the debate surrounding the MDGs themselves, and the impact of increasing women’s empowerment on progress. A reconstructed entry for the MDGs article is critical because the timeframe to achieve the MDGs is dwindling and it is imperative that people are educated about the MDGs. If more people are educated and aware about the MDGs, there is hope that this will translate into increased political willpower to achieve the MDGs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emily mdg (talk • contribs) 07:35, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Page is incomplete and vandalised a lot
Other dictionaries are better (talk) 17:58, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

UN Headquarters Sign
I removed the image because - It was rotated 90 degrees to the right, but when I downloaded the file, it was rotated correctly. I don't know how to fix that.

- The text is not large enough to read - I don't think it contributes.

cheers, --hacky (talk) 05:13, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

Section about how the MDG's are unfair to Africa (and very poor countries in general)?
According to the following link, and many others, the MDG's are highly unfair towards poor countries. How the MDG's are Unfair to Africa - by William Easterly. For instance, Goal 2 is all about to Achieving universal primary education. Europe was already very close to completing this so barely has to do anything, whereas Africa was miles off. So, even if Africa makes huge gains, and get's 99% of the way there - it's still "failed" according to the MDG's (despite the amazing and very substantial achievements). Perhaps a section about this unfairness? --Arossmorrison (talk) 09:50, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't get your point. While there are of course big differences, the MDG are not a competition where some win and those who "fail" are considered "losers". How is it "unfair" towards Africa to say goals were not achieved *by the UN*. What are you trying to say? --2.240.44.77 (talk) 15:26, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Where is the criticism section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.144.53.105 (talk) 13:16, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Look closer --2.240.44.77 (talk) 15:28, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Where is the Progress?
I find the section on "Progress" very unsatisfactory. What progress has been made to date towards achieving each of the explicit goals laid down in the Millennium Development Goals? In my view this section is just a lot of rambling stuff which does not address the subject of the section and should be completely re-written.SylviaStanley (talk) 18:09, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

 * +1 there should be very clear evaluation of progress section. Currently there is text about individual countries and goals, but no clear evaluation of MDG as such.

Progress
Given the amount of administrative investment put in the MDGs, I'm surprised that the "Progress" section does not show any comparative impacts. Sure, China and India have halved their poverty; what about the others? all evidence are circumstantial and we do not know whether MDGs have had an effect. This page needs serious consideration to the most important points. My suggestion is to create a different page to evaluate the progress of the MDGs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.74.30.3 (talk) 23:38, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Copyedit
Per tag, copyedited. Feedback encouraged! Comments:
 * The Progress section had little to say about actual progress and lots of advice about how to improve progress. I reorged it. Where is the data on what has actually happened?
 * I was shocked to see no mention of Colin Powell's involvement in the MC, not limited to the innovation that countries that responded more aggressively and successfully to the challenge should receive increased support as a reward.
 * Overall the article was too big on critiques and advice, and not enough on what actually happened.
 * Cheers. Lfstevens (talk) 21:12, 30 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree. Now that we are onto the next 15 year cycle of the UN's Global Goals for Sustainable Development, I want to see how the MDG really did. Should be lots of stats/numbers, but not so much. --Lucas559 (talk) 18:33, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

Gallery Template
Under the sub-Saharan Africa section the

does not work. Can someone fix that? I am not experienced with that template. --Lucas559 (talk) 18:35, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

So were the goals reached or not?
This article says what the goals were, but does not discuss whether they were reached or not. The most important content is missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2404:160:8000:1BBA:FC99:A0A2:CDE3:E7A4 (talk) 06:29, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
 * No, but don't tell anyone. the point is (I am slightly cynical here) that most of the goals weren't met at all, with some partially met. but because that is bad press, they were never fully finally evaluated, instead their "original design flaws" were emphasized and all attention was shifted to the new Sustainable Development Goals, which incorporate "the valuable lessons learned from the Millennium Goals", and which are further out in the future, so another generation of politicians problems. But that doesn't answer your question. I am too angry, so I just leave this very calm and reasoned Guardian article https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/2015/jul/06/what-millennium-development-goals-achieved-mdgs - Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhh!!! --91.64.240.136 (talk) 13:53, 18 March 2022 (UTC)
 * And this isn't even talking about the extreme shittyness of giving a title of "Eradicating hunger" to a goal which, if you look at the target measures, only calls for halving the number of hungry people. Eradication apparently means forgetting about a billion people or so. So, it always looked better than it was, and even then, it wasn't achieved. Soooo angry. --91.64.240.136 (talk) 13:58, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Millennium Development Goals


text: User talk:151.188.16.56

title: User talk:151.188.16.56


text:
America Was Here

Holidays in the Danger Zone: America Was Here is a four-part travel documentary on Central America and Southeast Asia, part of the Holidays in the Danger Zone series, produced and broadcast by BBC This World. Written and presented by Ben Anderson, and produced by Will Daws. It was first broadcast in Jun 2007, on BBC Four.

 * Episode 1: Vietnam
 * Episode 2: Cambodia
 * Episode 3: Nicaragua and Honduras
 * Episode 4: El Salvador and Panama

In the series, Anderson visits a series of countries that the United States has either invaded, interfered with or occupied during the Cold War.

title: America Was Here


text:
Pacific Grove Municipal Golf Links

Pacific Grove Municipal Golf Links is a public 18-hole golf course owned by the city of Pacific Grove, California.

Originally designed by Chandler Egan in 1932, the first nine holes are laid out through the forested areas of Pacific Grove. The back nine was designed by Jack Neville, original designer of the Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach, California, and overlook Point Pinos, where the Pacific Ocean and Monterey Bay meet on the northern tip of the Monterey Peninsula. The golf links is also site of the Point Pinos Lighthouse. The 18-hole golf course features a restaurant as well as a golf pro shop.

Pacific Grove Municipal Golf Links was ranked by Zagat Survey as one of America's Best Golf Courses and by Golf Magazine as One of the Nation's Top 50 Golf Courses Under $50.

title: Pacific Grove Municipal Golf Links