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Bangladesh Army

The Bangladesh Army (বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী) is the land warfare branch and the largest component of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. The primary mission of the Army is to provide necessary forces and capabilities to deliver the Bangladeshi government's security and defence strategies and defending the nation's territorial integrity against external attack. Control of personnel and operations is administered by the Army Headquarters, Dhaka. The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the government and it's civilian agencies during times of domestic national emergency. This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration". Also they have been used widely to protect authoritarian government of Bangladesh. It became a weak & corrupt institution since then.

Early history
The martial tradition of Bengal has its roots in the army of Kings and their chiefs, who were called Senapati or Mahasenapati. Armies were composed of infantry, cavalry, war elephants and war boats. The arrival of Muslims and the establishment of the Bengal Sultanate further strengthened the military. The sultanate had well organised disciplined armies. During Mughal rule cannons and artillery were introduced to Bengal. During the Colonial Rule of the British, Bengal was principally a bulwark of British power and trade in the South Asian region. The British under Robert Clive defeated a 50,000 strong Bengal Army of Nawab Siraj-ud-daullah in the Palashi (Plassey) in 1757 and later the forces of Nawab Mir Qasim at the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The Army of Bengal was formed, which later became part of a united British Indian Army from 1895 to 1947. The eastern part of the British India was a prominent place for military and police recruitment, with entire horse-mounted cavalry and lancer units being recruited there prior to the Bengal Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Post-mutiny, units with the epithet "Bengal" in their name, such as Bengal Sappers and Bengal Cavalry, were largely recruited from non-Bengali peoples from Bihar, Varanasi and Uttar Pradesh which were technically still part of Bengal Presidency at that time. During the First World War, the Bangali Paltan was formed to recruit soldiers from Bengal. In 1916, the British Government created Bengali Double Company. The soldiers were trained in Karachi and shipped to the Bagdad. They fought in the war and after the war helped crush a rebellion by Kurds in 1919.

During the Second World War, British Indian Army Eastern Command created an auxiliary force who were part engineers and part infantry named as Indian Army Pioneer Corps. Most of the soldiers were recruited from both West and East Bengal. This force assisted the main war effort by building roads, airfields, fortifications and, when needed, fought the Japanese in an infantry role. This force was organised in company groups attached to various regiments of Indian Army in direct support role. Captain Abdul Gani was a company commander in the Burma front and led his troops in battle. After the war these Pioneer Troops were concentrated in Jalna, India, waiting to be demobilised and return home. In 1946 Captain Ghani the then Adjutant and Quartermaster of Indian Pioneer Corps Centre at Jalna envisioned and generated the idea of forming an Infantry regiment out of the Pioneer soldiers from East Bengal who would be returning home demobilised, to the Centre Commander. After receiving permission from the Chief of Staff of Pakistan Army General Sir Frank Messervy, he organised his men to form the nucleus of an Infantry Regiment, the Bangali Paltan (Platoon).

Pakistan period
At the time of the creation of Pakistan, Abdul Gani got the approval of the then newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army General Frank Messervy to form the East Bengal Regiment composed solely of youths from East Bengal, would be East Pakistan. On 17 August 1947, General Messervey while bidding farewell to the Pioneer Corps soldiers from Bombay, the General endorsed the views of Captain Ghani and said' you will prove to the world that Bengali soldiers are equally competent as other nations of the world.' With these inspiring words Captain Ghani moved to Dhaka in September 1947, with two Pioneer Companies and was temporarily located in Pilkhana now the Headquarters of the BGB. He was later told by the administration to find a suitable place to accommodate the soldiers. He moved to the north of the Capital and found Kurmitola as the perfect place for a cantonment. Toiling day in and day out the barracks were constructed and jungles cleared, parade ground prepared.

On 15 February 1948, the flag of First East Bengal Regiment, the Pioneer of Bangladesh Army was raised with Captain Ghani on the lead of all the affairs though the first commanding officer was British Lt Col V J E Patterson. after the raising of the first battalion the second battalion was approved Captain Gani began to recruit the personnel for the regiment. On 7 February 1949, the flag of the Second East Bengal Regiment was raised with the newly recruited soldiers and from personnel from First East Bengal Regiment. Before the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, a total of 8 battalions of the East Bengal Regiment were formed.

Bangladesh Liberation War
In 1970 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman lead Bangladesh Awami League to win the General Elections of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army which was then in power refused to handover power and unrest broke out. On 25 March 1971, The Pakistan Armed Forces cracked down on the civilian population of East Pakistan through the start of Operation Searchlight and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared the independence of Bangladesh. The Pakistani Army and allied paramilitaries killed 300,000-3,000,000 civilians and uniformed personnel. Meanwhile in March 1971, Bengali soldiers in East Pakistan revolted and the Bangladesh Liberation War started. There was a Bangladesh Army Sector Commanders Conference during 11–17 July 1971. The conference was held three months after the oath of the newly formed Bangladesh Government at Meherpur, Kushtia. During this conference, the structure and formation as well as resolving issues surrounding the organisation of the various sectors, strategy and reinforcements of the Bangladeshi Forces was determined. It was of considerable historical importance from a tactical point of view, as it determined the command structure of the Bangladesh Forces throughout Bangladesh Liberation War.

This conference was presided over by the Bangladesh interim government in exile, headed by then Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed and Colonel (Retd.) M. A. G. Osmani was made the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. M. A. G. Osmani was reinstated into active duty from his retirement. Principal participants of this conference included: Squadron Leader M. Hamidullah Khan, Major Ziaur Rahman, Major Abdul Jalil, Captain ATM Haider, Lt. Col. MA Rab and Major Khaled Mosharraf. As a result of this meeting, Bangladesh was divided into eleven sectors. These sectors were placed under the control of Sector Commanders, who would direct the guerilla war against Pakistani occupation forces. For better efficiency in military operations each of the sectors were also divided into a number of sub-sectors. As a point of note, the 10th Sector was under direct command of the Commander-in-Chief and included the Naval Commando Unit as a C-in-C's special force.

Following the conference a period of prolonged guerrilla warfare was launched by the Bangladesh Forces, which continued for a number of months. A further restructuring was undertaken and the Bangladesh Forces were organised into three brigade size combat groups:
 * K Force, under Major Khaled Mosharraf, was created with 4th, 9th and 10th East Bengal Regiment.
 * S Force, under Major K M Shafiullah, was created with 2nd and 11th East Bengal Regiment.
 * Z Force, under Major Ziaur Rahman, was created with 1st, 3rd and 8th East Bengal Regiment.

Post 1971: The emergence of the Bangladesh Army
During the sensitive and formative years after the end of the war, personnel of the Mukti Bahini were absorbed into different branches of Bangladesh Army. In 1974, Bangladeshi soldiers and officers repatriated from Pakistan after the Bangladesh Liberation War were absorbed into the Bangladesh Army.

During the 1972-73 tenure, engineers, signals, army services, ordnance, military police, remount veterinary and, farm and medical corps was established in Bangladesh Army. Bangladesh Military Academy (BMA) was established in Comilla cantonment in 1974. On 11 January 1975, the passing out parade of the first Bangladesh Army short course took place. In 1975 the President Guard Regiment (PGR) was established.

There were suspicion among the army personnel of the formation of the paramilitary Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini and the addition of civilian Mukti Bahini members in it. These suspicions and misconceptions laid the foundation and formed the bedrock of disputes between professional army officers and the ruling administration which led to a very bloody chapter in the history of newly independent Bangladesh.

Coups, uprisings and assassinations
On 15 August 1975 a few sacked army officers, disgruntled junior officers and NCOs secretly planned and assassinated President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his entire family at his personal residence in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, except for his two daughters (Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana) who were abroad studying in West Germany. Five of those responsible officers were executed in January 2010 while others are still absconding and are outside Bangladesh. After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman a new government, led by Khandkar Mushtaq Ahmed and supported by the coup plotters, was set in place. Khandakar Mushtaq passed the Indemnity ordinance which provided immunity to the assassins of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Three months later on 3 November 1975, several senior officers and NCO's led by Maj. Gen. Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil led their own forces to remove Khandakar Mushtaq's government from power who they believed was an unlawful government in the first place. That same day the same group of disgruntled army personnel who assassinated Sheikh Mujib and had jailed politicians involved with the Bangladesh Liberation war, assassinated Syed Nazrul Islam, Tajuddin Ahmed, Muhammad Mansur Ali and AHM Qamaruzzaman in Dhaka Central Jail. Chief of Army Staff, Major General Ziaur Rahman was placed under house arrest.

On 7 November 1975, a short but highly organised uprising concentrated only in Dhaka, formed by members of the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party) and members of enlisted personnel led by Lt. Col. (Retd.) Abu Taher also resulted in the killing of Several Army and Air Force Officers and soldiers including Major General Khaled Mosharraf, Major ATM Haider. Colonel Shafaat Jamil was arrested and forcibly retired. Colonel Abu Taher released Major General Ziaur Rahman who was imprisoned by Khaled Mosharraf. Ziaur Rahman took promotion to Lieutenant General and appointed himself as the Chief of Army Staff and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. He then executed Lt. Col. Abu Taher for his role in the coup on 7 November. Later, in 1977 under a public referendum of a yes no vote he took the helm as president. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup.

Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad on 24 March 1982 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed Martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990.

Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict
The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chattogram Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the Shanti Bahini over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the tribes of the Chattogram Hill Tracts. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, and the conflict continued for twenty years until the Bangladesh government and the PCJSS signed the Chattogram Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997.

At the outbreak of the insurgency, the Government of Bangladesh deployed the Bangladesh Army to begin Counter-insurgency operations. The then-President of Bangladesh Major General Ziaur Rahman created a Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board under an army general to address the socio-economic needs of the region, but the entity proved unpopular and became a source of antagonism and mistrust among the local tribes against the government. The government failed to address the long-standing issue of the displacement of tribal people, numbering an estimated 100,000 caused by the construction of the Kaptai Dam by the then Pakistan government in 1962. Displaced tribesmen did not receive compensation and more than 40,000 Chakma tribals had fled to India. In the 1980s, the government began settling Bengalis in the region, causing the eviction of many tribesmen and a significant alteration of demographics. Having constituted only 11.6% of the regional population in 1974, the number of Bangalis grew by 1991 to constitute 48.5% of the regional population.

Peace negotiations were initiated after the restoration of democracy in Bangladesh in 1991, but little progress was made with the government of Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia and her Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Fresh rounds of talks began in 1996 with the newly elected prime minister Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Peace Accord was finalised and formally signed on 2 December 1997.

Subsequent growth
Following the 1975 coup, additional personnel were absorbed into the regular army when the martial law government abolished the Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini. Under Zia's rule, Bangladesh was divided into five military regions. When Ershad assumed power in 1982, Army strength had established at about 70,000 troops. Starting in 1985, the army had experienced another spurt in growth. As of mid-1988, it had about 90,000 troops (although some observers believed the number was closer to 80,000), triple the 1975 figure.

The Bangladesh Armed Forces participated in the Gulf War in 1991 in Operation Desert Storm, alongside other multinational forces under Allied Command. The Bangladesh Army brought in a contingent of Engineers and undertook the task of clearing landmines and bombs in Kuwait. This assistance took place under the operational code name "Operation Kuwait Punargathan (OKP)" in English "Operation Rebuilding Kuwait (ORK)".

The Bangladesh Army's structure is similar to the armies of the Commonwealth Nations. However, major changes have taken place following the adoption of US Army tactical planning procedures, training management techniques and noncommissioned officer educational systems.

Forces Goal 2030
Bangladesh Armed Forces are going through a long term modernization plan named Forces Goal 2030. Although this project is very old, it's operation started in 2017 after the Rohingya genocide. Bangladesh Army is under a massive expansion and modernization drive as per the plan. The force is being divided into three corps — Central, Eastern and Western. For the interest national security of the country Construction of new military bases in all important places of the country. Expansion and modernization of the military installations of all the old as per the requirements. Three new infantry divisions have been raised, the 17th infantry division at Sylhet, 10th infantry division at Ramu in Cox's Bazar and 7th Infantry Division at Barishal-Patuakhali to make the number of total infantry divisions ten. The soldiers are being equipped with modern gear like Night Vision Goggles (NVG), Ballistic helmets, Eye protective gear, Bulletproof vest, person to person communicators, palmtop GPS device and BD-08 assault rifles with Collimator sight.

To increase special operation capabilities, 2nd Commando Battalion has been raised. The two battalions formed sole the Para-Commando Brigade of the country. Bangladesh Army procured 44 MBT-2000 tanks from China in 2011. Bangladesh Army engineers have completed the upgrade of Type 69 tanks to Type 69IIG standard. They are now upgrading 174 Type 59 tanks to Type 59G Durjoy standard. To increase the mobility of the infantry forces, 300 armoured vehicles such as BTR-80 APC, Undisclosed number of Otokar Cobra LAV, International MaxxPro MRAP vehicles have procured and will procurement and BOV M11 ARV have been procured.

To modernize the artillery forces, Nora B-52 K2 self-propelled artillery system have been procured from Serbia. Their firepower is further increased by the addition of two regiment of WS-22 Guided Multiple Rocket Launcher System. For anti-tank role Metis-M missile systems and PF-98 rocket systems were procured. Two regiments of FM 90 surface to air missile were added in 2016 to enhance air defence capabilities. The Army Aviation Wing is also being modernized. Two Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin's were put into service in 2012. Six Mil Mi-171Sh were procured in 2016. C-295W transport aircraft was ordered from Spain one was delivered in 2017. Another EADS CASA C-295 delivered in 2022.

Bangladesh Army also procured 36 Bramor C4EYE battlefield reconnaissance UAVs from Slovenia in 2017.

Contribution to UN Peacekeeping Operations

The Bangladesh Army has been actively involved in a number of United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO) since its formation in the 1970s. Its first deployments came in 1988, when it participated in two operations – UNIIMOG in Iraq and UNTAG in Namibia President HM Ershad initiated these deployments for the first time, starting with the contribution to UNIIMOG in Iraq.

Later, as part of the UNIKOM force deployed to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia following the Gulf War, the Bangladesh Army sent a mechanised infantry battalion (approx. 2,193 personnel). Since then, the Bangladesh Army has been involved in up to thirty different UNPKOs in as many as twenty five countries. This has included activities in Angola, Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea, Uganda, Rwanda, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Georgia, East Timor, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia.

As a result of its contributions to various UN peacekeeping operations, up to 88 Bangladeshi soldiers have lost their lives (as of February 2009). However, the performance of Bangladesh's contingents has been described as being of the "highest order" and the appointment of several senior Bangladesh military officers as the commander of UN peacekeeping missions and Senior Military Liaison Officers, may be seen as further recognition of the Bangladesh Army's growing esteem in the peacekeeping community. In January 2004, BBC described the Bangladeshi UN Force as "Cream of UN Peacekeepers".

Bangladesh Army has specialised its peacekeeping operation capabilities around the world through participation in numerous peacekeeping and nation building operations. It has created BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training) which specialises in the training of peacekeepers for employment in all types of UNPSO (UN Peace Support Operations). This institute fulfills the requirement of UNDPKO as per U.N. General Assembly resolution which outlines 'the necessity and responsibility of every nation to train their armed forces before any deployment.

Women in Bangladesh Army
Bangladeshi women can join the army as ordinary soldiers since 2013; however in the officer ranks women can join since the early part of the 2000s decade while women are joining in the medical corps since the army's inception and in the Bangladesh liberation war. Captain Sitara Begum of army medical corps was a noted woman. On 1 October 2018 Bangladesh army got its first female major-general and the person was Susane Giti (commissioned in the 1980s) and she was from the medical corps. Female soldiers can also get United Nations peacekeeping duties like male soldiers. On 25 January 2019, Bangladesh Army appointed four lady battalion commanders for the first time.

Structure
Army Headquarters

The Army Headquarters consists of Chief of Army Staff & his seven Principal Staff Officers & several Directors & Staff Officers who support, advice & assist the Chief of Army Staff for the smooth functioning of the Army. The Branches & Directorates of Army Headquarters are given below-

Chief of Army Staff's Secretariat

 * General Staff Branch
 * Quarter Master General's Branch
 * Adjutant General's Branch
 * Master General of Ordnance's Branch
 * Engineer in Chief's Branch
 * Military Secretary's Branch
 * Judge Advocate General's Branch

Administrative branches
Bangladesh Army is divided into the following administrative Corps:

Commissioned Officers
Commissioned officers are honored as 'first class gazetted officers' by the Government of Bangladesh.

Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and Ordinary Soldiers
NCO rank starts from Lance Corporal. Sergeants holds key appointments in companies, batteries (company equivalent of artillery), infantry battalions and artillery regiments, e.g. Company Quartermaster Sergeant (CQMS), Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM), persons holding these appointments have separate rank insignias though these are not actually ranks.

List of cantonments
Cantonments are where Bangladesh Army personnel work, train, and live.

 * Alikadam Cantonment, Bandarban
 * Bandarban Cantonment
 * Chattogram Cantonment
 * Cumilla Cantonment, Cumilla
 * Dhaka Cantonment
 * Dighinala Cantonment, Khagrachhari
 * Halishahar Cantonment, Chattogram
 * Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna
 * Jahangirabad Cantonment, Bogura
 * Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet
 * Jamuna Cantonment, Tangail
 * Jashore Cantonment
 * Kaptai Cantonment, Rangamati
 * Khagrachari Cantonment
 * Kholahati Cantonment, Dinajpur
 * Majhira Cantonment, Bogura
 * Mirpur Cantonment
 * Mymensingh Cantonment
 * Padma Cantonment, Madaripur
 * Postogola Cantonment
 * Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore
 * Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
 * Rajshahi Cantonment
 * Ramu Cantonment, Cox's Bazar
 * Rangamati Cantonment
 * Rangpur Cantonment
 * Lalmonirhat Cantonment
 * Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari
 * Savar Cantonment
 * Shahid Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail
 * Sheikh Hasina Cantonment, Lebukhali Patuakhali
 * Sylhet Cantonment, Sylhet.
 * Freedom Fighter Abdul Hamid Cantonment, Kishoreganj

Medical

 * Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
 * Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Army Medical College, Bogra (AMCB), Majhira Cantonment, Bogura
 * Army Medical College, Chattogram (AMCC), Chattogram Cantonment, Chattogram
 * Army Medical College, Cumilla (AMCC), Comilla Cantonment, Cumilla
 * Army Medical College, Jessore (AMCJ), Jessore Cantonment, Jessore
 * Army Medical College, Rangpur (RAMC), Rangpur Cantonment, Rangpur

University

 * Bangladesh Army International University of Science & Technology (BAIUST), Mainamati Cantonment, Cumilla
 * Bangladesh Army University of Science & Technology, Khulna (BAUSTK), Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna
 * Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology (BAUET) Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore
 * Bangladesh Army University of Science And Technology (BAUST), Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari
 * Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Army Institute of Business Administration (AIBA), Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet
 * Army Institute of Business Administration (Army IBA), Savar Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka

Others

 * Armoured Corps Centre & School (ACC&S), Majira Cantonment, Bogura
 * Army Medical Corps Centre & School (AMCC&S), Shaheed Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail, Tangail
 * Army School of Music (ASM), Chattogram Cantonment, Chattogram
 * Army School of Physical Training and Sports (ASPTS), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Bangladesh Army Football Team (BAFT), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Army Service Corps Centre & School (ASCC&S), Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna
 * Artillery Centre and School (AC&S), Halishahar, Chattogram
 * Bangladesh Infantry Regimental Centre (BIRC), Rajshahi Cantonment, Rajshahi
 * Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training (BIPSOT), Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
 * Bangladesh Military Academy (BMA), Bhatiary, Chattogram
 * Bangladesh National Cadet Corps (BNCC)
 * Centre and School of Military Police, Education and Administration (CSMEA), Shahid Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail, Tangail
 * Defence Services Command and Staff College (DSCS&C), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka
 * East Bengal Regimental Centre (EBRC), Chattogram Cantonment, Chattogram
 * Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Centre and School (EMEC&S), Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari
 * Engineer Centre and School of Military Engineering (ECSME), Quadirabad Cantonment, Natore
 * National Defence College (NDC), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka
 * Non-Commissioned Officers Academy (NCOA), Majira Cantonment, Bogura
 * Ordnance Centre & School (OC&S), Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
 * School of Infantry and Tactics (SI&T), Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet
 * School of Military Intelligence (SMI), Cumilla Cantonment, Cumilla
 * Signal Training Centre and School (STC&S), Jashore Cantonment, Jashore

Future modernisation plan
Bangladesh has made a long term modernisation plan for its Armed Forces named Forces Goal 2030. As per the plan, Bangladesh Army will be divided into three corps — Central, Eastern and Western. A riverine brigade is being formed at Mithamain of Kishoreganj district. Government has a plan to add 97 new units within 2021. Of them, 19 units will be formed for the Sylhet Cantonment, 22 for the Ramu Cantonment and 56 units for the Sheikh Hasina Cantonment in Lebukhali. A Riverine Engineer Battalion is also going to be formed under a proposed cantonment at Mithamoine in Kishoreganj. Formation of two new tank regiments is under consideration. Process of converting some regular infantry battalions into para infantry battalions and mechanized infantry battalions is also going on.

Bangladesh Army has started an ambitious modernisation program for its infantry soldiers named Infantry Soldier System. This system includes equipping all of its soldiers with modern equipment like Night Vision Goggles (NVG), Ballistic helmets, Eye protective gear, Bulletproof vest, person to person communicators, palmtop GPS device and BD-08 assault rifles with Collimator sight. In April 2018, a RFI was published for procurement of assault rifles and submachine guns. Evaluation notice for medium range Anti-tank guided missile was also published in April 2017. In March 2018, Bangladesh Army issued tender for the procurement of 220 anti-tank weapons. The models shortlisted are Russian RPG-7V2 and Chinese Type 69-1.

Evaluation process of 155mm howitzer also started in September 2017. In November 2017, Bangladesh Army started the evaluation process of 122 mm field artillery howitzers. Later on in November 2017, the Bangladesh Army published the tender for the procurement of 105mm towed field artillery systems. In 2019, army signed contract to procure one regiment of T-300 Kasirga Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) system from Turkey.

Bangladesh Army signed contract with China for 44 VT-5 light tanks. The tanks were scheduled to be delivered within 2020.

In March 2018, tender was floated for two local warning radars. The models shortlisted for the tender are Ground Master 400 of Thales, TRML-3D/32 of Hensoldt and KRONOS Land of Leonardo. Army also issued tender for procuring 181 Man-portable air-defense systems. Here, Chinese FN-16, Russian Igla-S and Swedish RBS 70 systems has been shortlisted.

Army Aviation has plan to add one more EADS CASA C-295 transport aircraft to its fleet soon. Besides, process is going on to procure six more Mil Mi-171Sh helicopters. They also have a plan to add attack helicopters to the fleet in the near future.

Tender was floated for procurement of a command ship in 2017. The vessel will be used as a floating command centre during different operations. Several tenders were floated to procure a total of six Landing craft tank for the army between 2017 and 2018. Bangladesh army issued tender for procuring two Troops Carrier Vessel (TCV) in January 2018. The vessels will be able to carry 200 personnel.

On 29 June 2021, Government to Government (G2G) defence memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between Bangladesh and Turkey. According to Dr. İsmail Demir, president of Presidency of Defense Industries, the export agreement of various products of Roketsan has been signed with Bangladesh. Roketsan already delivered TRG-300 Tiger MLRS to the Bangladesh Army in June 2021 from a separate agreement.

In a ceremony on 27 October 2021, Prime Minister discussed about the ongoing modernization plan of the Bangladesh Army and its upcoming equipment. She states that one regiment of 105 mm and 155 mm each artillery guns have been procured to increase the artillery power. She added that process of procuring one battery of Oerlikon GDF-009 was going on. Government had signed a contract to procure Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORAD)system and two battery of radar controlled air defence guns. Government also procured six MALE UAV and tactical missile system for Bangladesh Army.

title: Bangladesh Army


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East Fork Tombigbee River

East Fork Tombigbee River was a historical name of a tributary stream of the Tombigbee River in northeast Mississippi. Its confluence with Town Creek in Monroe County was the historical beginning of the Tombigbee. Today, however, what was once known as the east fork is now designated as the Tombigbee.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: East Fork Tombigbee River


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Church of Pakistan

The Church of Pakistan is a united Protestant Church in Pakistan founded in 1970; it holds membership in the Anglican Communion, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, and the World Methodist Council.

History
It was established in 1970 with a union of Anglicans (Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon), Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists, and Lutherans. It is the only united Protestant Church in South Asia which involves Lutherans.

The church has two theological seminaries: the Gujranwala Theological Seminary and St. Thomas' Theological College, Karachi.

List of dioceses

 * Faisalabad (Bishop: Aleem Anwar Gill)
 * Hyderabad (Bishop: Bishop Kaleem John)
 * Karachi (Bishop: Frederick John)
 * Lahore (Bishop: Nadeem Kamran)
 * Multan (Bishop: Leo Roderick Paul)
 * Peshawar (Bishop: Humphrey Peters)
 * Raiwind (Bishop: Azad Marshall)
 * Sialkot (Bishop: Alwin John Samuel)

The Diocese of Sialkot is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Today, the whole Church of Pakistan is listed as a member on the WCRC website. The Sialkot Diocese has more than 40,400 members in 44 congregations and 28 house fellowships. It adheres to the Apostles Creed, Heidelberg Catechism, Westminster Shorter Catechism and Nicene Creed.

Moderators of the Synod have included Zahir-Ud-Din Mirza, First Bishop of Faisalabad (1990–?). Immediately after the 1970 union, the Church had four dioceses: Multan, Lahore, Sialkot; in 1980, four more were created: Hyderabad, Raiwind, Faisalabad, Peshawar. In 2013, there were eight diocesan bishops plus an area bishop for the Gulf ministries (especially among Urdu-speakers) — an appointment in cooperation with the Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf, and the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East

Diocese of Raiwind
Diocese of Raiwind is one of the 8 Dioceses of the Church of Pakistan and came into being in 1980, 10 years after the Church Union in which Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterian, Lutherans and the Methodist amalgamated to form the Church of Pakistan. Diocese of Raiwind within its Episcopal jurisdiction comprises the former United Methodist Mission areas and is predominantly rural and semi-urban. The central diocesan office is in Lahore. The Diocesan area stretches out from Warris Road, almost 65 miles South of Lahore. Diocese of Raiwind has more than 26,000 members in 38 congregations and six departments and 11 Schools. The main ministries of the Diocese are Pastoral Care, Village Schools, Sunday School Ministry, Peace Building, Hostel for poor children, Youth Empowerment, Women Empowerment, Special Education.

Relation with the Anglican realignment
The Church of Pakistan is a member of the Global South (Anglican) but not of GAFCON, despite the fact that some bishops already have expressed their support. Moderator and Primate Humphrey Peters, before being elected, attended the Anglican Church in North America meeting of the College of Bishops, in Orlando, Florida, at 6–10 January 2014. Bishop Azad Marshall, of Raiwind, is the leading name of GAFCON in the province, and he attended G19, the additional conference for those who weren't able to attend GAFCON III the previous year, held in Dubai, on 25 February-1 March 2019.

Archbishop Foley Beach, of the Anglican Church in North America, visited Pakistan in November 2019, where he met Moderator Humphrey Peters and Bishop Azad Marshall, of the Church of Pakistan. He also met Muslim scholars during his visit. Marshall was elected Moderator Bishop of the Church of Pakistan in 2021, bringing his province closer to the Anglican realignment.

title: Church of Pakistan


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Pyruvate carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).

The reaction it catalyzes is:
 * pyruvate + + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P

It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from pyruvate. The enzyme is a mitochondrial protein containing a biotin prosthetic group, requiring magnesium or manganese and acetyl-CoA.

Pyruvate carboxylase was first discovered in 1959 at Case Western Reserve University by M. F. Utter and D. B. Keech. Since then it has been found in a wide variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. In mammals, PC plays a crucial role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Oxaloacetate produced by PC is an important intermediate, which is used in these biosynthetic pathways. In mammals, PC is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating mammary gland (lipogenic tissues), and in pancreatic islets. Activity is moderate in brain, heart and adrenal gland, and least in white blood cells and skin fibroblasts.

Structure
Structural studies of PC have been conducted by electron microscopy, by limited proteolysis, and by cloning and gasa sequencing of genes and cDNA encoding the enzyme. Most well characterized forms of active PC consist of four identical subunits arranged in a tetrahedron-like structure. Each subunit contains a single biotin moiety acting as a swinging arm to transport carbon dioxide to the catalytic site that is formed at the interface between adjacent monomers. Each subunit of the functional tetramer contains four domains: the biotin carboxylation (BC) domain, the transcarboxylation (CT) domain, the biotin carboxyl carrier (BCCP) domain and the recently termed PC tetramerization (PT) domain. From the two most complete crystal structures available, an asymmetric and symmetric form of the protein have been visualized. The Staphylococcus aureus tetramer in complex with the activator coenzyme A is highly symmetric, possessing 222 symmetry, and has been confirmed by cryo-EM studies. In contrast the Rhizobium etli, tetramer in complex with ethyl-CoA, a non-hydrolyzable analog of acetyl-CoA, possesses only one line of symmetry.

Pyruvate carboxylase uses a covalently attached biotin cofactor which is used to catalyze the ATP– dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in two steps. Biotin is initially carboxylated at the BC active site by ATP and bicarbonate. The carboxyl group is subsequently transferred by carboxybiotin to a second active site in the CT domain, where pyruvate is carboxylated to generate oxaloacetate. The BCCP domain transfers the tethered cofactor between the two remote active sites. The allosteric binding site in PC offers a target for modifiers of activity that may be useful in the treatment of obesity or type II diabetes, and the mechanistic insights gained from the complete structural description of RePC (R. etli) permit detailed investigations into the individual catalytic and regulatory sites of the enzyme.

Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism can be subdivided into two partial reactions (see figure to the right). In the first reaction, ATP is carboxylated to produce carbonic phosphoric anhydride [−O(−O)P(=O)O–C(=O)O−] which in turn carboxylates a biotin cofactor that is covalently attached to a lysine residue of the BCCP domain. Carbonic phosphoric anhydride decomposes into carbon dioxide and phosphate prior to attack by the enzyme linked biotin molecule. In most species, this reaction requires acetyl-CoA as an allosteric activator binding to the PT domain. In the second reaction, occurring in the CT domain of an adjacent monomer, carbon dioxide is transferred to the acceptor molecule, pyruvate, to form oxaloacetate. The reaction proceeds via the removal of a proton from pyruvate, by an as yet unidentified active site residue, to generate an enolate intermediate. The enolate intermediate then attacks CO2 transiently released from the enzyme linked biotin molecule. The resultant oxaloacetate is released. The biotin molecule is protonated by the aforementioned active site residue and released from the active site of the CT domain to be recarboxylated. The major regulator of enzyme activity, acetyl-CoA, stimulates the cleavage of ATP in the first partial reaction and also it has been shown to induce a conformational change in the tetrameric structure of the enzyme.

Function
During gluconeogenesis, pyruvate carboxylase is involved in the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from pyruvate. Pyruvate is first converted by pyruvate carboxylase to oxaloacetate (OAA) in the mitochondrion requiring hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. The OAA is then decarboxylated and simultaneously phosphorylated, which is catalyzed by one of two isoforms of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) either in the cytosol or in the mitochondria to produce PEP. Under ordinary gluconeogenic conditions, OAA is converted into PEP by mitochondrial PEPCK; the resultant PEP is then transported out of the mitochondrial matrix by an anion transporter carrier system, and converted into glucose by cytosolic gluconeogenic enzymes. However, during starvation when cytosolic NADH concentration is low and mitochrondrial NADH levels are high oxaloacetate can be used as a shuttle of reducing equivalents. As such OAA is converted into malate by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH). After export into the cytosol, malate is converted back into OAA, with concomitant reduction of NAD+; OAA is subsequently converted to PEP which is available for gluconeogenesis in the cytosol along with the transported reducing equivalent NADH.

Very high levels of PC activity, together with high activities of other gluconeogenic enzymes including PEPCK, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver and kidney cortex, suggest that a primary role of PC is to participate in gluconeogenesis in these organs. During fasting or starvation when endogenous glucose is required for certain tissues (brain, white blood cells and kidney medulla), expression of PC and other gluconeogenic enzymes is elevated. In rats and mice, alteration of nutrition status has been shown to affect hepatic PC activity. Fasting promotes hepatic glucose production sustained by an increased pyruvate flux, and increases in PC activity and protein concentration; diabetes similarly increases gluconeogenesis through enhanced uptake of substrate and increased flux through liver PC in mice and rats. Similarly to other gluconeogenic enzymes, PC is positively regulated by glucagon and glucocorticoids while negatively regulated by insulin. Further supporting the key role of PC in gluconeogenesis, in dairy cattle, which have hexose absorption ability at adequate nutrition levels, PC and the associated gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK are markedly elevated during the transition to lactation in proposed support of lactose synthesis for milk production.

Aside from the role of PC in gluconeogenesis, PC serves an anaplerotic role (an enzyme catalyzed reaction that can replenish the supply of intermediates in the citric acid cycle) for the tricarboxylic acid cycle (essential to provide oxaloacetate), when intermediates are removed for different biosynthetic purposes.

Regulation
Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically regulated by acetyl-CoA, Mg-ATP, and pyruvate.

Clinical significance
As a crossroad between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, pyruvate carboxylase expression in gluconeogenic tissues, adipose tissues and pancreatic islets must be coordinated. In conditions of over nutrition, PC levels are increased in pancreatic β-cells to increase pyruvate cycling in response to chronically elevated levels of glucose. In contrast, PC enzyme levels in the liver are decreased by insulin; during periods of overnutrition adipocyte tissue is expanded with extreme expression of PC and other lipogenic enzymes. Hepatic control of glucose levels is still regulated in an over nutrition situation, but in obesity induced type 2 diabetes the regulation of peripheral glucose levels is no longer under regulation of insulin. In type 2 diabetic rats, chronic exposure of β-cells to glucose due to peripheral insulin resistance results in decreased PC enzyme activity and decreased pyruvate cycling. The continued overproduction of glucose by hepatocytes causes dramatic alteration of gene expression in β-cells with large increases in normally suppressed genes, and equivalent decreases in expression of mRNA for insulin, ion pumps necessary for insulin secretion, and metabolic enzymes related to insulin secretion, including pyruvate carboxylase. Concurrently adipose tissue develops insulin resistance causing accumulation of triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids in circulation; these not only further impairing β-cell function, but also further decreasing PC expression. These changes result in the decline of the β-cell phenotype in decompensated diabetes.

A deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase can cause lactic acidosis as a result of lactate build up. Normally, excess pyruvate is shunted into gluconeogenesis via conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate, but because of the enzyme deficiency, excess pyruvate is converted into lactate instead. As a key role of gluconeogenesis is in the maintenance of blood sugar, deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase can also lead to hypoglycemia.

title: Pyruvate carboxylase


text:
Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh

Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh was a comedy show broadcast from 1944 to 1950 and 1951 to 1954 by BBC Radio and in 1950–51 by Radio Luxembourg. It was written by and starred Richard Murdoch and Kenneth Horne as officers in a fictional RAF station coping with red tape and the inconveniences and incongruities of life in the Second World War. After the war the station became a country club and, for its last season, the show became the chronicle of a newspaper, The Weekly Bind.

Among the supporting cast were Sam Costa as the officers' batman, Maurice Denham in a multitude of roles, Diana Morrison, Dora Bryan and Nicholas Parsons. Singers in the show's musical interludes included Gwen Catley, Maudie Edwards, Binnie Hale and Doris Hare. Among those appearing as guest stars were Phyllis Calvert, Richard Dimbleby, Glynis Johns, Alan Ladd and Jean Simmons.

The show followed ITMA as the most popular British radio comedy, and was succeeded by Take It from Here and The Goon Show. After the show ended, its two stars returned to radio in later long-running series.

Background
During the Second World War radio comedy was an important feature of British national life. The fledgling television service started by the BBC in 1936 was suspended for the duration of the war and radio was the sole broadcasting medium, of which the BBC had a monopoly. The most prominent comedy show, It's That Man Again (ITMA), ran from 1939, and was reaching audiences of 16 million listeners by 1941. As well as broadcasting to the civilian population, the BBC had to provide entertainment for the armed forces. From early 1940 the BBC's General Forces Programme broadcast the show Merry-go-Round, originally a musical show to which comedy interludes were introduced. From this the BBC developed comedy shows aimed at each of the three branches of the armed forces: Eric Barker's HMS Waterlogged for the Royal Navy, Charlie Chester's Stand Easy for the Army and, for the Royal Air Force (RAF), Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh, Ralph Reader and his Gang Show and Café de NAAFI. All the programmes were largely written and performed by serving members of the respective services. The shows were broadcast in turn on a three-weekly cycle for each service, under the overall Merry-go-Round banner.

In 1943 Kenneth Horne—a wing commander at the Air Ministry in London—was writing and broadcasting on Ack-Ack, Beer-Beer, a BBC radio show for the Air Force based on those who worked for the RAF Balloon Command. He was also broadcasting on other shows, including the Overseas Recorded Broadcasting Service (ORBS), to be transmitted to British forces in the Middle East. His work with ORBS brought him into contact with Flight Lieutenant Richard Murdoch; with a great deal in common in their backgrounds and a similar sense of humour, the pair quickly formed a friendship. Horne informed Murdoch of a squadron leader vacancy in his section at the Ministry, and Murdoch became his colleague. Murdoch, a professional actor and entertainer for twelve years before the war, was well known to listeners from his pre-war role as co-star with the comedian Arthur Askey in the show Band Waggon.

On 4 January 1944 Horne and Murdoch appeared on a BBC programme for the armed forces, ENSA Half Hour, for a one-off show based on an idea from Horne based on life at the fictional "Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh", a fictional Royal Air Force station in remote rural England. Murdoch believed the idea could be developed into a sitcom and the two men worked together to produce more material. The producer of Merry-go-Round, Leslie Bridgmont, liked what they sent him and booked them to appear in the programme on 31 March 1944.

"Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh" drew on the name of a real RAF station at Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire, along with the word "binding", Air Force slang for grumbling or complaining. Bridgmont pictured it as "a desolate, decrepit aerodrome with its one hangar, the solitary aeroplane, 'Cabbage White Mark II', that never got off the ground and the crude outdoor 'ablutions'".

1944–1946: RAF station
Horne's biographer Norman Hackforth writes that after the first broadcast in January 1944, the show "wasn't exactly an overnight sensation" but Bridgmont liked it enough to commission further episodes, and the show's popularity grew. By September 1945 the programme was being praised in the national popular press:

"Perhaps it is that Dickie Murdoch and Kenneth Horne can not only write a good script, but one which fits their own personalities like a glove. Here, obviously, are a pair of first-class scripticians (oh, my word !). Other artists might take the hint."

The show continued to be broadcast as part of Merry-go-Round until February 1946. As the established star, Murdoch was given top billing in the new show. The 1947 billing reads "Richard Murdoch in 'Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh', with Kenneth Horne, Sam Costa and Marilyn Williams"; by 1954 the billing was "Richard Murdoch, Kenneth Horne and Sam Costa in 'Much-Binding'".

In the first shows the only regular characters were Horne's ponderous but genial Air Officer Commanding and Murdoch's junior officer, intelligent, humorous and able to manipulate his dim-witted superior. They were joined for a few early programmes by Joyce Grenfell, and in October 1944 Sam Costa joined the cast, and became a permanent fixture as the OR aircraftsman.

In the early years Horne and Murdoch wrote in their office at the Air Ministry. Later they would meet either at Murdoch's house near Tunbridge Wells, Horne's flat in Kensington or the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall. They would toss ideas about and make notes of them; one of them would then turn the notes into a script to be transcribed by Bridgmont's secretary. Typically, on the day of broadcast, the show would be rehearsed from 1 pm to 2.30, with a full run-through at 5 pm. The show would be given before a studio audience, broadcast live in the evening, and recorded for repeat transmission on home and forces networks later. Murdoch later described writing scripts with Horne as "pure joy", as the pair enjoyed the same sense of humour.

In the early shows, under the Merry-go-Round banner, the first half, with comic dialogue and narrative, was set in Murdoch's office at Much-Binding, after which the scene moved to the canteen for a concert—a spoof of typical NAAFI entertainments. "Flight Officer Flannel"—played by Binnie Hale, Dorothy Carless or Doris Hare—according to availability, would sing, as would Costa. Murdoch would perform one of his nonsense lyrics to well-known classical tunes, Horne would play the saxophone, and the show would conclude with a lively piece from the orchestra. Later, the show followed the precedent of ITMA and other programmes by being divided into comedy sections interspersed with music. Much-Binding settled into a pattern of three comedy sections separated by two musical slots: the first for the orchestra alone and the second for orchestra with singer.

The final edition of Much-Binding-in-the-March as part of Merry-go-Round was on 1 February 1946; the characters had been demobilised and, and shook hands and went in separate directions outside the camp. By the end of the war, Much-Binding, sharing the Merry-go-Round slot with other shows, had appeared for just over twenty episodes, but was on its way to overtaking ITMA as the most popular British radio comedy.

1947–1950: Country Club
The BBC was anxious to continue the show under its own name and with a new, civilian setting, although Murdoch was unavailable as he was about to start a national tour. They considered replacing him with either Eric Barker or Robb Wilton, and moving the location from an RAF station to the "Much Binding Enterprises Ltd" factory or a crammer for backward schoolboys, but it was finally agreed that the two former Much-Binding officers, discovering their old station up for sale, should buy it and turn it into the Much-Binding Country Club. The first series under the name Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh ran for thirty-eight weeks from January to September 1947, and included a bank holiday special.

After the signature tune (the "Much-Binding" tune, for orchestra only) and opening announcement, usually by Philip Slessor, "Much-Binding takes the air!", Horne would introduce "Your old friend, Richard Murdoch!", to deliver a monologue outlining the news—ranging from incongruous to bizarre—from Much-Binding over the past week. This would be followed by the first musical interlude, after which Horne would enter, greeted by Murdoch with, "Good morning, sir. It is good to see you", and then, as Barry Johnston, Horne's biographer, puts it, "they would be off, gradually bringing in the other characters one by one". In the seventh episode of the series, Maurice Denham joined the cast playing numerous roles; such was his vocal dexterity that Murdoch described him as "a vocal chameleon".

The second series ran for thirty weeks, from November 1947 to June 1948. The programme was broadcast on Wednesday evenings, but for several weeks the BBC moved the broadcast times, causing many complaints from listeners. Horne wrote to the BBC management to complain and ask for a consistent time; it was eventually set to be regularly broadcast at 7:00 pm. Between January and June 1948 Murdoch wrote six instalments of The Chronicles of Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh, a spin-off series, published monthly, in The Strand Magazine. The cast from series one returned, and were joined by the sopranos Janet Davis and Gwen Catley. Catley, an established opera performer, left after six programmes as she thought her voice was not suitable for the music.

The third series ran for forty-three weeks, from September 1948 to July 1949. For the recording on 28 December 1948, the queen and a party of twelve were in the audience; included in the party were Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) who was on her first public appearance since the birth of her first son—Prince Charles, six months earlier—and her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Several references to the royals were made during the programme and during the closing song Murdoch used his catchphrase "Good old Char-lee!" By the end of the series, the quality of the material "began to falter noticeably", according to Johnston.

The fourth series ran for twenty-seven weeks, from March to September 1950. A former performer from ITMA, Diana Morrison, was added to the cast; her range of comic voices added to the variety of characters. The number of listeners dropped sharply after the ninth episode of the series, falling from 74 per cent of the audience in March 1949 to 39 per cent in late June. The drop caused consternation at the BBC. T. W. Chalmers, the Controller of the BBC Light Entertainment Programme, considered the public had tired of the programme because Horne and Murdoch were too tied to the characters and were unable to devise any new storylines that fitted with the format. The BBC decided to cut short the series and did not pick up the option of a further thirteen programmes. The place once held by ITMA and then Much Binding as Britain's most popular radio comedy was now occupied by Take It from Here.

1950–1951: Commercial radio
Although the BBC promised a new series for the following year to Murdoch, Horne and Costa to ensure they did not look for work elsewhere, they accepted an offer from Radio Luxembourg for £50,000 for one series. The BBC were angered and concerned by the move of the series to Radio Luxembourg, but as none of the performers were under contract to the organisation at that point, they were not constrained by the restrictive clause in most BBC contracts that stopped its performers working for the BBC's competitors. As they could not prevent Horne and Murdoch from working for Radio Luxembourg, the BBC withdrew its offer of a series the following year and did not renew its contract with Horne to return as the chairman of Twenty Questions.

Much-Binding ran for one series of thirty-four shows on Radio Luxembourg between October 1950 and June 1951, recorded in studios off Baker Street, London, and broadcast at 3 pm on Sundays. The cast comprised Murdoch, Horne, Costa, Denham and Bryan. The programmes were compered by Bob Danvers-Walker, who announced the sponsor, Mars bars. Confectionery was still under rationing in the early 1950s, but the cast were given free supplies of chocolate by the sponsors, to the delight of their young families. Murdoch was not happy with the series and said "It wasn't really a great success—even my mother said it was rotten, and she was my greatest fan".

1951–1954: BBC and The Weekly Bind
Returning to the BBC in September 1951, the show was titled Over to You for its first season; it ran for twenty-eight weeks between September 1951 and April 1952. Murdoch and Horne had additional input to the scripts from Anthony Armstrong and Talbot Rothwell. The Radio Times described Over to You as "a successor" to Much Binding; the programme was due to have "rather more plot in each programme than in the previous series and a new ... equally catchy, topical jingle ... to close every show".

The final series of the show was titled Much Binding and was broadcast for thirty-five weeks from July 1953 to March 1954, every Friday at 9:30 pm. The return of the programme saw Murdoch and Horne pictured on the cover of The Radio Times and an interview with the cast inside. The show's premise changed to Murdoch inheriting the newspaper Sticklecrumpets Weekly, which was soon changed to The Weekly Bind. According to Horne, the paper's "circulation was only two when we took over—both elderly gentlemen who had somehow forgotten to cancel their subscriptions".

Morrison had left at the end of the previous series and was replaced by Dora Bryan, who joined the cast as Miss Gladys Plum, the newspaper's fashion expert. Costa played Prudence Gush, the radio critic and Denham added more roles to his repertoire, including Mr Bubul the printer, Mulch the gardener, and "the strip man—the chap who draws those thrilling adventures on the back page". He was not available after episode 23, and his place was taken by Nicholas Parsons.

In one episode the paper ran out of the letter 'e' and Mr Bubul replaced all of them with the letter 'o', turning the paper into The Wookly Bind. The sports section included a report on the "crickot" that began "Aftor tho Tost match at Loods, tho Onglish toam was agrood by tho soloctors at a committoo mooting", and Betty Grable became "Botty Grablo". In another episode Denham played all the parts of a whodunit (the butler, maid, Sir Anthony Dunkels, Lady Dunkels, their daughter and her boyfriend); he also provided the sound effects of a cocktail shaker, horse's hooves and a closing door, all completed within three minutes. Johnson described Denham's performance as "an incredible tour de force, switching from one voice to the other, until the play ended with all the characters being shot by a revolver".

By the mid-1950s, tastes in comedy had changed and many of the wartime favourites—including ITMA, Stand Easy and Waterlogged Spa—were no longer on air, replaced by programmes featuring a new generation of performers and writers. According to Johnston, "the gentle humour of Much-Binding now seemed rather old-fashioned" and the programme was not renewed.

Later
Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh was a hit with Australian listeners, and in 1954 Murdoch was contracted by the Australian Broadcasting Commission for four months to provide a weekly variety programme Much Murdoch. He tried to persuade Horne to accompany him, but Horne was by then the sales director of Triplex Safety Glass and too busy to take a long break. He managed to travel to Australia to record eight shows of the series, which were retitled Much Murdoch and Horne for his appearances.

Characters
Horne, Murdoch and Costa generally played their usual characters, under their own real names. The other characters appearing in the scripts were mainly handled by Maurice Denham and Diana Morrison, with assistance from some of the singers in small speaking roles. Both Dehham and Morrison were already familiar to radio listeners, having appeared in ITMA, in which Denham's roles included the charlady, Lola Tickle; Morrison's principal ITMA character was the redoubtable Miss Hotchkiss. When Denham was unavailable during the 1954 series of Much Binding Nicholas Parsons stood in for him, but did not attempt Denham's multiplicity of roles.

Horne
In a history of British radio comedy Barry Took comments that Horne's "naïve, boring and foolish Senior Officer" was "the opposite of what he was in real life". He was given to asking, "Did I tell you about the time I was in Sidi Barrani?" before attempting to tell a boring anecdote, usually headed off by Murdoch.

Murdoch
The "quick-thinking, amusing and gentle CO" played by Murdoch was "a character very like himself", according to Took. His catch-phrases included "Have you read any good books lately?", when trying to change an awkward subject and, less explicably, "Good old Charlie-ee!"

Costa
Costa's character was a sort of batman to the two officers; his usual opening line was, "Good morning, sir! Was there something?". Took describes the character as "the archetypal grumbling aircraftsman, brighter than his 'betters' and unhappy with his lot". Johnston takes a different view of Costa's character, calling him "the amiable chump who always got things wrong, driving his superiors mad".

Denham
Denham's principal character was the eager, obliging, upper-class Dudley Davenport, always keen to please ("Dudley Davenport at your service"). Dudley became celebrated for his characteristic gurgling laugh (spelled in the script "Keogh-keogh-keogh!"), his enthusiastic expression of approval − "Oh, jolly D!" − which became well known and much used at the time, and his usual exit line, "Oh, I say, I am a fool!"; His mother, Lady Davenport, was played by the singer and actress Babs Valerie. Denham also played some 60 more characters, including Mr Blake, the sexton, who spoke rustic nonsense in an impenetrable accent; Mr Bubul, the bumbling compositor of The Weekly Bind; Ivy Plackett, the exuberant proprietress of the village shop at Little Binding; Fred, another obliging person, whose genteel mangling of vowels turned "yes" into "yays"; and Nigel, an ill-mannered silkworm, given to burping after munching his mulberry leaves. Denham's other roles included Luigi the Italian, Winston the dog, Gregory the sparrow, Group Captain Funnybone, Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Tansley-Parkinson, and the receptionist at Much-Binding, Ivy Clingbine ("Oh, what have I sayed!").

Morrison
Diana Morrison's characters included the negative Miss Catcheside (catchphrase "Naah"!); the landlady, Mrs Wimpole; the effusive Miss Gibbs (Gladys), whose amorous clutches Murdoch was anxious to avoid; and Annie Potter, a cheerful cockney with an extreme and contagious glottal stop that infected the pronunciation of those around her.

Others
Mr Greenslade, played by Parsons, was an excitable and loquacious Bristolian, who spoke faster and faster as he became more excited. He always finished with his catchphrase, "Oh, I never let the grass grow under my feet".

Fifi de la Bon-Bon, known as Mademoiselle Fifi was the indoor games instructor; Barbara Valerie played her with, in the words of Denis Gifford, many a coquettish "Ooh la-la!". The Hon Babs du Croix Fotheringham, known as Queenie for short, played by the singer Dorothy Carless. was one of the WAAFs stationed at Much-Binding. She had little dialogue but had her own catch-phrase, "Okay, ducks!" Miss Louisa Goodbody, played by Vivienne Chatterton, was a seemingly frail old spinster who was nonetheless ready "to have a bash".

There were four characters regularly mentioned but who never appeared: Horne's formidable wife Bessie, whose displeasure he strove to avoid ("Not a word to Bessie about this!"); Costa's wife, Emily, whose "twinges" were a regular problem; Edward Wilkinson, a mysterious and unexplained character to whom Murdoch and Horne frequently referred apropos of nothing: "By the way, have you seen anything of Edward Wilkinson lately?"; and Charlie Farnsbarns, a dogsbody often mentioned by Costa.

Music
The original idea for the show's signature tune, which became one of the best-known on BBC radio, was Horne's. He suggested to Murdoch that it would be a good idea if they had a song that began:
 * Much binding 4-4 dotted.png

They worked out the shape of the rest of the tune and got their accompanist, Sidney Torch, to polish it and write it down in musical score. It consisted of an eight-line verse, of which a typical example is:
 * At Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh
 * Security has never been neglected.
 * At Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh,
 * We're careful that our station's not detected.
 * To camouflage the aeroplane, instead of using net,
 * The other day we painted it, and much to our regret,
 * We did it so successfully we haven't found it yet,
 * At Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh.

Alternatively, during the time of McCarthyism in the US, the lyrics went:
 * At Much Binding in the March
 * We're nearly always short of filthy lucre.
 * At Much Binding in the March
 * We play a lot of after-dinner snooker,
 * To get a brand new snooker set we've constantly been urged
 * And yesterday this very startling fact emerged:
 * We've only got the colours left, the reds have all been purged.
 * At Much Binding in the Marsh.

Each week the closing music for the show consisted of four verses of the song, rising a semitone from one verse to the next. Over the years Horne and Murdoch wrote more than 500 verses for it, including topical material in the lyrics. Over its ten years, the programme featured several singers in the musical numbers in mid-show. Among them were Marilyn Williams, Maudie Edwards, Joan Winters, Dorothy Carless, Binnie Hale, Vivienne Chatterton and Gwen Catley.

In the early programmes the music was played by the RAF Orchestra, billed as "all-star", and numbering many of Britain's best young instrumentalists among its personnel. Torch conducted. The conductors of the various orchestras included Stanley Black, Billy Ternent, Harry Rabinowitz, Frank Cantell,  Paul Fenoulhet, Robert Busby and Charles Shadwell. While on Radio Luxembourg, musical accompaniment for the first three programmes was provided by Woolf Phillips and the Skyrockets; the remainder of the series had music by the Squadronaires with Ronnie Aldrich as conductor. The orchestra was joined for the final series (1953–1954) by the BBC Men's Chorus, conducted by Leslie Woodgate.

Guests
In the ten years of its run Much-Binding featured occasional appearances by many guest stars, including Jean Simmons, Glynis Johns, Richard Dimbleby, Alan Ladd, Joyce Grenfell, Maudie Edwards and Phyllis Calvert.

Legacy
When Horne and Murdoch left the BBC for Radio Luxembourg, the corporation were concerned that other popular variety performers could abandon the station in favour of commercial radio. They began searching for new performers and new styles to showcase, which led them to sign the Goons, whose show was first broadcast in May 1951.

Both the stars of Much Binding went on to later long-running BBC radio series: Horne to Beyond Our Ken (1958–1964) and Round the Horne (1965–1968) and Murdoch to The Men from the Ministry (1962–1977). Murdoch and Costa appeared on several episodes of Frost on Sunday in 1970, where they performed new topical lyrics to the theme tune. Murdoch also did the same in 1987 for Wogan's Radio Fun.

In March 1998 the minor planet 19453 was discovered and named Murdochorne after Murdoch and Horne.

Output
Episodes from the archives have been re-broadcast on various BBC radio channels, some as recently as 2024.

title: Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh


text:
Klokotnitsa, Haskovo Province

Klokotnitsa (Клокотница) is a village in southern Bulgaria in the Haskovo Municipality. It has a population of 619 people (as of June, 2005).

The village is famous for the great battle on 9 March 1230 between the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II and the Byzantine Greek ruler Theodore Komnenos Doukas. After the battle, Bulgaria became for a time the largest power in the Balkan peninsula, stretching between the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Adriatic Sea.

To mark the victory, Tsar Ivan Asen II built the SS. Forty Martyrs Church in Veliko Tarnovo and put a stone column in it.

A small relief by the E-80 international road commemorates the battle.

This village once belonged to the Hasköylü Ağalık (Agaluk of Haskovo).

Honours
Klokotnitsa Ridge on Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica is named after the village.

title: Klokotnitsa, Haskovo Province


text:
List of Naruto video games

Naruto video games have appeared for various consoles from Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft, based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga and anime. Most of them are fighting games in which the player directly controls one of a roster of various characters as featured in the series' Parts I and II. The player pits their character against another character controlled by the game's AI or by another player, depending on the mode the player is in. The objective is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character derived from techniques they use in the Naruto anime or manga. The first Naruto video game was Naruto: Konoha Ninpōchō, which was released in Japan on March 27, 2003, for the WonderSwan Color. Most Naruto video games have been released only in Japan. The first games released outside Japan were the Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen series and the Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu series, released in North America under the titles of Naruto: Clash of Ninja and Naruto: Ninja Council.

In 2023, Bandai Namco announced that Naruto video games have sold over 32.52 million units worldwide.

Naruto: Clash of Ninja
The Naruto: Clash of Ninja series (known in Japan as Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen) is a series of video games developed by Eighting and published by D3 Publisher and Takara Tomy.

title: List of Naruto video games


text:
Chris Pridham

Chris Pridham (born April 11, 1965) is a former touring professional tennis player.

Pridham had a career Grand Prix / ATP tour win–loss record of 54 and 78. His career high singles ranking was World No. 75, which he attained in March 1988. The 6'0 right-hander's best tournament results were a semi-finals appearance in the 1987 Wellington Classic, and 1992 Johannesburg Grand Prix events. His best Grand Slam event showings was reaching the third rounds of the 1988 Wimbledon championships and the 1989 Australian Open.

1985
Pridham played his first professional match in March 1985 at the Montreal Challenger, going down in 3 sets to World No. 60 Leif Shiras 3–6, 6–3, 3–6. He played one other tour event that year, the Player's International, also in Montreal, where he also fell in the first round, this time to World No. 130 Jonathan Canter 0–6, 6–7.

1986
Pridham played in 8 challenger tennis events and one grand prix event for the 1986, going 4 wins, 8 losses at the challenger level and 0 and 1 in grand prix events. He won his first match of his touring year over World No. 151 Huub Van Boeckel 7–5, 7–6 before losing in the next round, at the Benin City-1 Challenger in February. The following week at the Enugu Challenger he lost in the first round. The following month Pridham fell in the first round at the Rio de Janeiro-1 Challenger and two weeks later he had the same result at the San Luis Potosi Challenger.

Pridham resumed tour play in September, defeating World No. 127 Jon Levine in the first round at the West Palm, FL Challenger before falling to World No. 246 Marc Flur in straight sets. The following week in Athens, Greece he lost World No. 241 Brian Levine in the first round in three sets. Then in November he played in only grand prix event of the year, the Stockholm Open, losing there in the first round as well, to World No. 167 Shahar Perkiss three and three. Pridham then went 1 and 1 the following week at the Helsinki Challenger and again the next week at the Benin-2 Challenger. He finished the year World No. 263 in singles and No. 408 in doubles.

Most notable win defeating Bjorn Borg in 1992. (to come)

Davis Cup
As a Davis Cup player for Canada between 1988 and 1990, Pridham had a career singles win-lose record of 4 and 5.

title: Chris Pridham


text:
Talk:Natalie Clifford Barney

WP:URFA/2020
I am reviewing this very old FA as part of WP:URFA/2020, an effort to determine whether old featured articles still meet the featured article criteria. The FAC nominator has not edited in years, and the article does not appear to be watched. Hopefully someone will adopt this article so that it won't need to be submitted to Featured article review. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:45, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
 * There was a large amount of MOS:SANDWICH, which I have resolved.
 * MOS:LQ attention is needed.
 * There is some uncited text.

Two remaining CN tags
The two citation needed tags remaining are: Thanks, Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 15:30, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) 'This gender-balanced structure was not carried through on the book's packaging, which listed eight of the male writers then added "... and some women".'
 * I suspect that this is some light OR, based on the image of the cover. If that's the case, I'd suggest keeping the sentence but trimming the first clause. "The book's packaging listed ..." with a citation to the book itself.
 * 1) "Of these, the three longest relationships were with de Gramont, Brooks, and Wilde; from 1927, she was involved with all three of them simultaneously, a situation that ended only with Wilde's death. Her shorter affairs, such as those with Colette and Lucie Delarue-Mardrus, often evolved into lifelong friendships."
 * Tough to verify as written. That her relationships with de Gramont and Brooks were her longest and most important is easily verifiable (Rodriguez, for sure). Could we replace this with some different, sourced "overview of her relationships" material?

 * I tend to agree with your suspicion about the "light OR", as I haven't found any secondary sources commenting upon it. XOR'easter (talk) 20:32, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I also can't find any secondary sources commenting on it; while it is obviously true, it's not clear to me what the relevance is (is this a decision Barney made? Cover designs decisions aren't solely up to the author, and often have very limited authorial input!)  Given that sources I've looked at don't comment on it, I'm removing it as undue weight and synthesis; if someone wants to defend its inclusion and make its relevance to the rest of the article more clear, they're welcome to find sources discussing it! Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:23, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Thanks. XOR'easter (talk) 02:09, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

Last CN tag
"Of these, the three longest relationships were with de Gramont, Brooks, and Wilde; from 1927, she was involved with all three of them simultaneously, a situation that ended only with Wilde's death."
 * True, as far as I can tell. Rodriguez focuses on de Gramont and Brooks, calling them "her two long-term relationships (p. 284) and "the two major loves of her adult life" (p. 294) but seems to relegate Wilde down a tier. Schenkar's book is about Wilde and lumps her into a sort of major trifecta (p. 156). I haven't been able to find a source that pulls it all together the way our article does. If we remove the line, the three still get prominent treatment, with a subsection each. We lose a little summary. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 05:08, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Maybe I'm missing something, but the line in question reads to me like a summary of the following subsections which is supported by their content and doesn't need a footnote of its own. It's only making a statement about chronology, not who was a "major love". XOR'easter (talk) 01:35, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't disagree. I see now I was experiencing some text blindness, and there is, in fact, no comment on which were "major loves". Remove the tag? Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 01:40, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Seems justifiable; I've gone ahead and done that. XOR'easter (talk) 01:49, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * If we're summarizing content in ways that sources do not, we have a classic SYNTH problem, so I removed that portion. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  17:33, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Dolly Wilde
This section needs expansion or rewriting. Right now, it includes biographical detail on Wilde, but little information on her relationship with Barney. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 15:30, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

 * The broad beats of the Barney-Wilde saga are now included. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:52, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Small stuff
Thanks, Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 15:30, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) Page number references need to be standardized.
 * 2) Could we consider using Template:harvnb instead of plain-text page number references? With this many sources and citations, hyperlinks could really help the reader.
 * 3) I think all the MOS:LQ stuff is fixed but would appreciate a second opinion.
 * 4) Colette could probably use some introduction as more than just Vivien's friend and neighbor.
 * 5) Needs a pass for duplicate wikilinks.

 * I would suggest sfn rather than harvnb because it automatically deals with duplicate refs, but I would be happy with either and if consensus to change this develops I would be happy to implement.
 * I don't see any MOS:LQ issues. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 15:55, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * sfn sounds great. I agree we should wait on more affirmative consensus, though I see SandyGeorgia had the same thought at FAR. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 15:58, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * SFN !! Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:00, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

It's now been a couple days and we have three SFN fans with no objections. , want to weigh in? Otherwise, I say we go for it. I'd be happy to do it, but Caeciliusinhorto already volunteered! Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 03:29, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No objection on my part. XOR'easter (talk) 04:26, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've done a first pass at sfnification; there's a bit more tidying up which needs doing still. My usual practice would be to put the text notes (e.g. #102 as of this revision) in a separate "notes" section using efn templates – see e.g. Brothers Poem) for an example of how I normally do things).  Is that okay, or does anyone else want to advance a preferred style? Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 18:10, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I'd be fine with a "Notes" / "References" / "Works cited" arrangement. XOR'easter (talk) 18:55, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I think all the small stuff above is wrapped up. Making a note here to do a final "remove all Oxford commas" pass once I'm more willing to sacrifice good sense at the altar of MOS:RETAIN. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:43, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

SG review
Sentence needing attention (either lose second half or split in two?) She and her younger sister Laura attended Les Ruches, a French boarding school in Fontainebleau, France, founded by feminist Marie Souvestre, who also founded Allenswood Academy, in Wimbledon, then outside London, which was attended by such notables as Eleanor Roosevelt. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:09, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Done. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 03:22, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Why do we move from 1899 de Pougy to 1893 Palmer? Also, change in tense: As young adults in Paris they shared an apartment at 4, rue Chalgrin, and eventually taking their own residences in Neuilly. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  03:14, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Tense fix is done. How would you feel about ending Early life right before de Pougy and then creating a new Early relationships section with Palmer, de Pougy, and Vivien as subsections? Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 03:22, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't know her life enough to opine; whatever you think best. Was there a reason de Pougy was originally added to Early life, and then we switch back to 1893? Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  03:25, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Now re-organized. I don't know the reason for the old way. My tamest speculation says the goal was to keep info on Barney's sexuality together in Early life. Publications about her relationship with de Pougy were a public coming out of sorts, I guess, and we do get a valuable Barney quote on her own sexuality as a result of it all. I don't think the thematic connection is enough to counter the benefits of clear chronology. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 03:29, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Wow, one sentence: Other visitors to the salon during the 1920s included French writers Jeanne Galzy,[68] André Gide, Anatole France, Max Jacob, Louis Aragon and Jean Cocteau along with English-language writers Ford Madox Ford, W. Somerset Maugham, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Sherwood Anderson, Thornton Wilder, T. S. Eliot and William Carlos Williams and moreover, German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore (the first Nobel laureate from Asia), Romanian aesthetician and diplomat Matila Ghyka, journalist Janet Flanner (also known as Genêt, who set the New Yorker style), journalist, activist and publisher Nancy Cunard, publishers Caresse and Harry Crosby, publisher Blanche Knopf,[1] art collector and patron Peggy Guggenheim, Sylvia Beach (the bookstore owner who published James Joyce's Ulysses), painters Tamara de Lempicka and Marie Laurencin and dancer Isadora Duncan.[69] And why moreover? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:26, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I took the easy path and broke the sentence up without major changes. I would prefer to trim, though the temptation is just to keep the names I recognize. Of course, I'd have to leave out William Carlos Williams out of spite. He ate my plums and his apology was lackluster. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 03:29, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Can this page range be narrowed down? Published in 1901, this book became the talk of Paris, reprinted more than 60 times in its first year. Barney was soon well known as the model for one of the characters. By this time, however, the two had already broken up after quarreling repeatedly over Barney's desire to "rescue" de Pougy from her life as a courtesan. Rodriguez pages 88–103 Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:27, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Narrowed, but more work needs to be done on the "end" of their relationship, as Rodriguez is clear it continued for years and mentions an above-the-waist-only fling decades later. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 01:01, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Same here: even rinsing her mouth with perfumed water to hide the smell. Colette pages 83–103 Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:27, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * This seems to have been fixed since I last looked at the article Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 19:59, 12 April 2022 (UTC)

Missing title: Livia, Anna (1995). "Introduction: Lucie Delarue-Mardrus and the Phrenetic Harlequinade". In Delarue-Mardrus (ed.). pp. 1–60. : Missing or empty |title= (help) Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:27, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Found the Livia 1995 title Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:36, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Are both of these supposed to be 31, or is that a typo? Rodriguez 2002, p. 31. Barney recounted this incident in Adventures of the Mind, p. 31. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:33, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Appears to be correct. The Rodriguez is certainly meant to be p.31, and she cites Adventures p.31, though I don't have access to Adventures to verify for myself. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 19:57, 12 April 2022 (UTC)

Reliable? ...whom Natalie Barney had met as a little girl ... https://oscarwildeinamerica.blog/2015/03/30/a-scene-at-long-beach/ When Natalie Barney met Oscar Wilde Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:45, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm iffy on reliability, and even more so on relevance; the meeting between Oscar Wilde and Barney is already discussed (sourced to Rodriguez's biography of Barney, an obviously reliable source) in #Early life; I don't see any reason to mention it again in the section on Dolly Wilde – it's not as though Barney's meeting of Oscar as a child had any bearing on her meeting Dolly. I'll cut it.  Caeciliusinhorto-public (talk) 08:22, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

What does this mean ? Frances Benjamin Johnston (1864–1952)/LOC cph.3b24474 ?? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:20, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Seems to be a Library of Congress reference for the photograph. The LOC entry is linked from the commons page for the file, so I've cut it from the caption as being simply confusing Caeciliusinhorto-public (talk) 08:34, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

and other French sources call it "lupus tuberculeux" Can anyone access this source to see if it can be used to cite the statement? https://www.jstor.org/stable/44858430 Sandy Georgia (Talk)  23:05, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does describe de Gourmont as being "défiguré par un lupus tuberculeux" on page 237. FYI, I think we can all access this via the Wikipedia Library. Firefangledfeathers (talk | contribs) 01:01, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

Reminder to self to resume at "Epigrams" section. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:29, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Why is this trivia in the article? "This plaque was vandalized in July 2010." Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:34, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Removed. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 04:52, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

The lead is underdeveloped, and there is MOS:SANDWICH everywhere. I can work on the sandwiching, if no one else does, but I can't write the lead. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:04, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I may have exacerbated the sandwich issue in this edit by adding one image. I'd be happy to work on the lead after I finish reading up on and then expanding the de Gramont subsection. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:12, 9 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sandy, do you think we could fit File:A gathering of women including Eva Palmer, Natalie Barney, and Liane de Pougy in Barney's garden in Neuilly.png somewhere in the Poetry and plays section? I'm a little sandwich-shy. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:43, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

 * We could try a multiple image like this, but a) I don't know why the Gathering image doesn't show full size or how to fix that, and b) do you think it odd to combine three images that are so differently colored? I've never uploaded images, so I don't know how to go about cropping the Gathering image to get it to a normal size ... Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  04:56, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Now cropped. I think it updated in your multi-image automatically. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 12:48, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Awesome ... if you like the look, this would fit ... usually when I do a multiple image, I try to have similar-looking images ... these three are very different, but up to you. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  13:19, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I do like the look, and I think you're on the money about why. I'll give it some thought, and perhaps someone else can chime in. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 13:25, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * OK ... I was going to combine a couple of others (as soon as I get caught up and find the time) that are causing a bit of clog, but easier to do when on real computer. If you dislike anything I do in that realm, once I get to it, do not hesitate to revert! Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  13:45, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

Does it work if they are separated? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  13:51, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes! I have some ideas for the caption. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 14:33, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

Natalie Clifford Barney, lettres à Liane de Pougy
Bonjour to all,

I believed to be of some interest the link of the original of the first letter Natalie sent to Liane de Pougy. But my contribution " 12 novembre 2021 à 15:08 " was révoquée for some reason. Anyway, if you believe this to be usefull, this is the link of the letter - Source "Legs Salomon Reinach. Natalie Clifford Barney, lettres à Liane de Pougy. Tome I"

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10023459x/f13.item

Thanks and sorry for my english Dominique — Preceding unsigned comment added by Do contant (talk • contribs) 10:28, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi . I added it in the External links section. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:40, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Excellent - Merci
 * Dominique Do contant (talk) 08:50, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Lead rewrite
Hi everyone. I reworked the lead in this edit. I would appreciate some additional eyes on it for major changes or refinement. I'm copying the pre-FAR lead and new lead below for comparison:

Hope I'm on the right track! Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:41, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

 * A nice start ... I have a few suggested tweaks, which I hope to be able to type up tomorrow ... real life got yukky. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  04:19, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the early encouragement SG. Look forward to the tweaking. Sorry about the yukk; my life is currently in a period of "how yukky is it about to get?", which is itself yukky. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 04:23, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sounds familiar :( My tweaks won't be difficult to do ... just difficult to explain and type up when tired  ... Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  04:25, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

I'm back ... my suggestions and queries are:
 * Feminism is not linked on first occurrence (rather, second): review wikilinking.
 * Done. I can confirm, having used a script, that there are no duplicate links, but there might still be some links that come too late. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Missing hyphen? many overlapping long and short-term relationships, --> long- and short-term relationships? Alternately, is the mention of long- and short-term redundant to the rest of the sentence, which explains that?
 * Agree it's redundant. Removed. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I have not yet done a full read-through, but ... Attendees of various sexualities expressed themselves and mingled comfortably at the weekly gatherings. ... where do we source this content in the article? For example, comfortably?
 * Brooks is already named in the lead, so remove first name ... lived in Italy with Romaine Brooks, ... same here ... ranging from Liane de Pougy's salacious ... also, review this throughout, eg always including Romaine Brooks when she invited Barney --> Brooks ...
 * Done. Reviewed and fixed a chunk of other names. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Is salacious cited in the article? I only see it became the talk of Paris.
 * The salon closed for the duration of World War II, while Barney lived in Italy with Romaine Brooks, espousing initially some pro-fascist views. She supported the Allies by the end of the war, returned to Paris, resumed the salon, and continued influencing or inspiring writers, including Truman Capote. --> better combine like thoughts ?? --> The salon closed for the duration of World War II while Barney lived in Italy with Brooks. She initially espoused some pro-fascist views, but supported the Allies by the end of the war. After the war, she returned to Paris, resumed the salon, and continued influencing or inspiring writers such as Truman Capote.
 * Used your suggestion. Thanks! Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Barney grew up with rich parents, an irregular French boarding school education, and a desire from a young age to live openly as a lesbian. I am stumbling over this because, although it may not actually do so, it feels like switching tenses and combining too many unrelated thoughts. And ugh on "rich parents" ... how about wealthy family ?  One can be "rich" in many ways besides money. What an "irreglular" boarding school education means is not defined in the article.  --> ?? something like --> Barney was born in to a wealthy family. She was partly educated in France, and expressed a desire from a young age to live openly as a lesbian.
 * Done. The body uses "haphazard", but I like your suggestion better than mine anyway. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there too much about her mother in "Early life", considering her mother has her own article?

Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:28, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I implemented a bunch of these as noted above. What's left is:
 * "Salacious" and sexuality at the salon are both good points. I think the better fix is to flesh out the body rather than remove from the lead. Working on it.
 * Early life: I think there's a bunch we could trim. I'd favor cutting the ancestry in paragraph 1 and trimming paragraph 2 down to a few sentences, cutting the Alice's studies and paintings' location.
 * Let me know if you think that's a reasonable path forward. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sounds good; Sandy Georgia (Talk)  14:57, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I added a bit of titillation to Idylle in the body and changed "salacious" to "erotic" in the lead. I expanded on the salon in the body and kept the sexuality line in the lead. Trimmed a bunch in early life. I feel good about it, hope you do too. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 03:37, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Looking good ... I will enter a Keep at the FAR, but if you should find a way to address this, I'm not sure the first sentence captures the most important elements (Natalie Clifford Barney was an American writer who lived most of her life as an expatriate in Paris), but I don't see any way to improve on it. Nice save! Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:40, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Great news! Good feedback on the opener. I gave it another shot. Better? Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 19:47, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * That does the trick! Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:55, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Inaccurate photo
The main photo is of Alice Hughes, not Natalie Barney. However there is a photo of her as a younger woman online very similar to that of the Alice Hughes photo shown. 2601:645:581:55F0:F8CA:18CD:7D74:3C80 (talk) 05:22, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

 * According to whom? Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 14:14, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The Smithsonian say it is Barney... Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:11, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Natalie Clifford Barney


text:
Giant leopard moth

The giant leopard moth (Hypercompe scribonia) is a moth of the family Erebidae. They are distributed through North America from southern Ontario, and southern and eastern United States through New England, Mexico, and south to Colombia. The obsolete name, Ecpantheria scribonia, is still occasionally encountered.

They are known to be attracted to bitter, unripe vegetables and broccoli flowers.

This moth species has a wingspan of 3 in. Its wings are bright white with a pattern of neat black blotches, some solid and some hollow. The overside of the abdomen is dark blue with orange markings, while the underside is white with solid black spots, and males have a narrow yellow line on the sides. Their legs have black and white bands. Adult moths are strictly nocturnal and do not generally fly before nightfall.

This species has a notable sexual dimorphism in size, with the adult male reaching about 2 in in length, while the adult female grows up to 1.2 in.The leopard moth requires two years to complete its round of life. In Missouri, adults are on the wing from May to September and are multivoltine. During mating sessions, the wings of the male cover most of the female's abdomen, which can sometimes lead to the loss of wing scales in the female and have negative effects on her flight efficiency. Their mating sessions are notably long-lasting, taking more than 24 hours. They stay mostly immobile during the whole process, but move from spot to spot to thermoregulate, walking into shadowy areas if too hot or into sunlight if too cold. The male effectuates the locomotion, while the female folds her legs to make her easier to carry.

The caterpillar is of the "woolly bear" kind, with a thick coat of black bristles (setae) and red or orange bands between its segments, which become conspicuous when the caterpillar rolls into a ball for defense. Like the banded woolly bear, its hairs are not urticant nor venomous and do not typically cause irritation. The moth overwinters as a caterpillar, often under the bark of decaying wood. The caterpillar grows to be 3 in long.

Recorded food plants
The caterpillar eats a variety of broadleaf plants, such as broadleaf plantains, dandelions, and violets:

title: Giant leopard moth