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User talk:Chirho

Welcome!

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Image
Hello, I'd like to upload your image of "Il Gesu" at Wikimedia Commons], for that your Image:Gesu.jpg should be updated with some information: Who took the foto (you yourself? - if yes, state it please) and when. Thank your. gugganij, 13:05, 20 August 2005

Image Tagging for Image:Bcsheildstainedglass.jpg
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Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:BCarmorialcrest.jpg, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 18:17, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:Time-magazine-cover-john-courtney-murray.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Time-magazine-cover-john-courtney-murray.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Abu badali (talk) 19:44, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem
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Nomination of Coat of arms of Boston College for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Coat of arms of Boston College is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Coat of arms of Boston College until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. GrapedApe (talk) 03:09, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chirho


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User talk:Saxby Chambliss' DNA

Please do not vandalize Wikipedia articles. I know who you must be; the DNA vandal who keeps changing IP's. Please stop all this spam. Georgia guy 01:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Saxby Chambliss' DNA


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Logie Awards of 1999

The 41st Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Sunday 11 April 1999 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Nine Network. The ceremony was hosted by Andrew Denton, and guests included Isaac Hayes, Kevin Sorbo, Kathy Griffin, Portia De Rossi and Trudie Goodwin.

Winners and nominees
In the tables below, winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.

Performers

 * Isaac Hayes
 * Deborah Conway

Hall of Fame
After a lifetime in Australian television, Mike Walsh became the 16th inductee into the TV Week Logies Hall of Fame.

title: Logie Awards of 1999


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Talk:Bonjour Baberiba Pt II

Fair use rationale for Image:Bergman Rock Bonjour Baberiba Pt II.jpg
Image:Bergman Rock Bonjour Baberiba Pt II.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:53, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bonjour Baberiba Pt II


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User talk:Bgfay

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Bgfay


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Banner (administrative division)

Banner is a type of administrative division, and may more specifically refer to:

Compilation from Qing Dynasty era

 * The Eight Banners are former administrative divisions of China into which all Manchu households were placed, primarily for military purposes.
 * Banner (Qosighun or khoshun) as former division of all Mongols under Qing rule (includes Inner/Outer Mongolia) grouped in aimag (league), sometimes transcribed by hoshuns or khoshuns, were the battalion level of administrative/military subdivision in the Mongol army.
 * Banner (Inner Mongolia) as an administrative division of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China, equivalent to a Chinese county (縣|县[xiàn]) in the rest of China.
 * An Autonomous banner is an area associated with one or more ethnic minorities designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China.
 * Kozhuun, subdivisions of former Tannu Uriankhai and now Russian Tuva.

Anatolia

 * A Bandon (Byzantine Empire) was the lowest Byzantine administrative-cum-military unit. "Bandon" means "banner".
 * Sanjak, literally "a banner, flag", was the original first level subdivision of the Ottoman Empire.

Arab world

 * Liwa, an Arabic term meaning "banner" is a type of administrative division. Used in conjunction with the Ottoman–era term sancağı, denoting a region or district.

title: Banner (administrative division)


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User talk:Beligale

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 01:59, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
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Use of the word "terrorist"
While ETA may often be described as a terrorist organization, Wikipedia strives to present information with a Neutral Point of View, and therefore it is best not to use the word "terrorist". If you'd like more information, you can take a look at Use of the word terrorism (policy development). Thanks. -- Nataly a 20:10, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Catalan culture challenge
I've seen on your userpage that you speak Catalan: From March 16 to April 15 we will be organising the Catalan Culture Challenge, a Wikipedia editing contest in which victory will go to those who start and improve the greatest number of articles about 50 key figures of Catalan culture. You can take part by creating or expanding articles on these people in your native language (or any other one you speak). We look forward to seeing you! Amical Wikimedia--Kippelboy (talk) 08:36, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beligale


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Comparison of Pascal and C

The computer programming languages C and Pascal have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes. Both were used to design (and compile) their own compilers early in their lifetimes. The original Pascal definition appeared in 1969 and a first compiler in 1970. The first version of C appeared in 1972.

Both are descendants of the ALGOL language series. ALGOL introduced programming language support for structured programming, where programs are constructed of single entry and single exit constructs such as if, while, for and case. Pascal stems directly from ALGOL W, while it shared some new ideas with ALGOL 68. The C language is more indirectly related to ALGOL, originally through B, BCPL, and CPL, and later through ALGOL 68 (for example in case of  and  ) and also Pascal (for example in case of enumerations, ,   and booleans). Some Pascal dialects also incorporated traits from C.

The languages documented here are the Pascal of Niklaus Wirth, as standardized as ISO 7185 in 1982, and the C of Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, as standardized in 1989. The reason is that these versions both represent the mature version of the language, and also because they are comparatively close in time. ANSI C and C99 (the later C standards) features, and features of later implementations of Pascal (Turbo Pascal, Free Pascal) are not included in the comparison, despite the improvements in robustness and functionality that they conferred.

Syntax
Syntactically, Pascal is much more ALGOL-like than C. English keywords are retained where C uses punctuation symbols – Pascal has,  , and   where C uses  ,  , and   for example. However, C is more ALGOL-like than Pascal regarding (simple) declarations, retaining the type-name variable-name syntax. For example, C can accept declarations at the start of any block, not just the outer block of a function.

Semicolon use
Another, more subtle, difference is the role of the semicolon. In Pascal, semicolons separate individual statements within a compound statement; instead in C, they terminate the statement. In C, they are also syntactically part of the statement (transforming an expression into a statement). This difference manifests mainly in two situations:

 * in Pascal, a semicolon can never be directly before, whereas in C, it is mandatory, unless a block statement is used
 * the last statement before an  or   is not required to be followed by a semicolon

A superfluous semicolon can be put on the last line before end, thereby formally inserting an empty statement.

Comments
In traditional C, there are only. This is only supported by certain Pascal dialects like MIDletPascal.

In traditional Pascal, there are  and. Modern Pascal, like Object Pascal (Delphi, FPC), as well as modern C implementations allow C++ style comments

Identifiers and keywords
C and Pascal differ in their interpretation of upper and lower case. C is case sensitive while Pascal is not, thus  and   are distinct names in C but identical in Pascal. In both languages, identifiers consist of letters and digits, with the rule that the first character may not be a digit. In C, the underscore counts as a letter, so even _abc is a valid name. Names with a leading underscore are often used to differentiate special system identifiers in C.

Both C and Pascal use keywords (words reserved for use by the language). Examples are if, while, const, for and goto, which are keywords that happen to be common to both languages. In C, the basic built-in type names are also keywords (e.g., int, char) or combinations of keywords (e.g., unsigned char), while in Pascal the built-in type names are predefined normal identifiers.

Definitions, declarations, and blocks
In Pascal, subroutine definitions start with keywords procedure (no value returned) or function (a value is returned) and type definitions with type. In C, all subroutines have  definitions (procedures being  s) and type definitions use the keyword. Both languages use a mix of keywords and punctuation for definitions of complex types; for instance, arrays are defined by the keyword array in Pascal and by punctuation in C, while enumerations are defined by the keyword  in C but by punctuation in Pascal.

In Pascal subroutines, begin and end delimit a block of statements preceded by local declarations, while C functions use "{" and "}" to delimit a block of statements optionally preceded by declarations : C (before C99) strictly defines that any declarations must occur before the statements within a particular block but allows blocks to appear within blocks, which is a way to go around this. By its syntax of a subroutine's body, Pascal enforces that declarations occur before statements. Pascal also allows definitions of types and functions – not only variable declarations – to be encapsulated by function definitions to any level of depth.

Implementation
The grammars of both languages are of a similar size. From an implementation perspective the main difference between the two languages is that to parse C it is necessary to have access to a symbol table for types, while in Pascal there is only one such construct, assignment. For instance, the C fragment  could be a declaration of   to be an object whose type is pointer to , or a statement-expression that multiplies   and. In contrast, the corresponding Pascal fragments  and   are inherently unambiguous; correct parsing does not require a symbol table.

Integers
Pascal requires all variable and function declarations to specify their type explicitly. In traditional C, a type name may be omitted in most contexts and the default type  (which corresponds to   in Pascal) is then implicitly assumed (however, such defaults are considered bad practice in C and are often flagged by warnings).

C accommodates different sizes and signed and unsigned modes for integers by using modifiers such as,  ,  ,  , etc. The exact meaning of the resulting integer type is machine-dependent, what can be guaranteed is that   is no shorter than   and   is no shorter than. However, in C standard, there are at least minimal sizes of types are specified which guarantees  to be a single byte and   to be at least two bytes.

Subranges
In Pascal, a similar end is performed by declaring a subrange of integer (a compiler may then choose to allocate a smaller amount of storage for the declared variable):

This subrange feature is not supported by C.

A major, if subtle, difference between C and Pascal is how they promote integer operations. In Pascal, the result of an operation is defined for all integer/subrange types, even if intermediate results do not fit into an integer. The result is undefined only if it does not fit into the integer/subrange on the left hand side of the assignment. This may imply an artificial restriction on the range of integer types, or may require slow execution to handle the intermediate results: However, the compiler may take advantage of restricted subranges to produce more efficient code.

In C, operands must first be promoted to the size of the required result: intermediate results are undefined if they do not fit into the range of the promoted operands. If range of the required result is greater than the range of operands, this normally produces slow inefficient code, even from a good optimising compiler. However, a C compiler is never required or expected to handle out of range intermediate results: it is the programmers responsibility to ensure that all intermediate results fit into the operand range.

Pre-Standard implementations of C as well as Small-C et al. allowed integer and pointer types to be relatively freely intermixed.

Character types
In C the character type is  which is a kind of integer that is no longer than ,. Expressions such as  are therefore perfectly legal, as are declarations such as   and.

This integer nature of  (one byte) is clearly illustrated by declarations such as

Whether the  type should be regarded as   or   by default is up to the implementation.

In Pascal, characters and integers are distinct types. The inbuilt compiler functions  and   can be used to typecast single characters to the corresponding integer value of the character set in use, and vice versa. e.g. on systems using the ASCII character set  and   is a TAB character.

Boolean types
In Pascal, boolean is an enumerated type. The possible values of boolean are false and true, with ordinal value of false = 0 and true = 1. For conversion to integer, ord is used:

There is no standard function for integer to boolean, however, the conversion is simple in practice:

C has no boolean type. C uses binary valued relational operators (<, >, ==, !=, <=, >=) which may be regarded as boolean in the sense that they always give results which are either zero or one. As all tests (&&, ||, ?:, if, while, etc.) are performed by zero-checks, false is represented by zero, while true is represented by any other value. This is visible in the  numeric datatype defined in.

Bitwise operations
C allows using bitwise operators to perform boolean operations. Care must be taken because the semantics are different when operands make use of more than one bit to represent a value.

Pascal has another more abstract, high level method of dealing with bitwise data, sets. Sets allow the programmer to set, clear, intersect, and unite bitwise data values, rather than using direct bitwise operators (which are available in modern Pascal as well). Example;

Pascal:

C:

Although bit operations on integers and operations on sets can be considered similar if the sets are implemented using bits, there is no direct parallel between their uses unless a non-standard conversion between integers and sets is possible.

A note on implementation
During expression evaluation, and in both languages, a boolean value may be internally stored as a single bit, a single byte, a full machine word, a position in the generated code, or as a condition code in a status register, depending on machine, compiler, and situation; these factors are usually more important than the language compiled.

Floating point types
C has a less strict model of floating point types than Pascal. In C, integers may be implicitly converted to floating point numbers, and vice versa (though possible precision loss may be flagged by warnings). In Pascal, integers may be implicitly converted to, but conversion of   to   (where information may be lost) must be done explicitly via the functions   and  , which truncate or round off the fraction, respectively.

Enumeration types
Both C and Pascal include enumeration types. A Pascal example:

A C example:

The behavior of the types in the two languages however is very different. In Pascal enumerations are ordinal and parsed using,   and   functions and are distinct from the   structure. In C, enumerations are in fact implemented as  and   becomes just a synonym for 0,   for 1,   for 2, and nothing prevents a value outside this range to be assigned to the variable. Furthermore, operations like  are strictly forbidden in Pascal; instead you would use. In C, enums can be freely converted to and from ints, but in Pascal, the function  must be used to convert from enumerated types to integers, in opposite conversion must be used typecast operation like   for   value return.

Array types
Both C and Pascal allow arrays of other complex types, including other arrays. However, there the similarity between the languages ends. C arrays are simply defined by a base type and the number of elements: and are always indexed from 0 up to SIZE−1 (i.e. modulo SIZE).

In Pascal, the range of indices is often specified by a subrange (as introduced under simple types above). The ten elements of would be indexed by 0..9 (just as in C in this case). Array indices can be any ordinal data type, however, not just ranges: Strings consisting of n (>1) characters are defined as packed arrays with range 1..n.

Arrays and pointers
In C expressions, an identifier representing an array is treated as a constant pointer to the first element of the array, thus, given the declarations  and   the assignment   is valid and causes p and a to point to the same array. As the identifier  represents a constant address,   is not valid however.

While arrays in C are fixed, pointers to them are interchangeable. This flexibility allows C to manipulate any length array using the same code. It also leaves the programmer with the responsibility not to write outside the allocated array, as no checks are built in into the language.

In Pascal, arrays are a distinct type from pointers. This makes bounds checking for arrays possible from a compiler perspective. Practically all Pascal compilers support range checking as a compile option. The ability to both have arrays that change length at runtime, and be able to check them under language control, is often termed "dynamic arrays". In Pascal the number of elements in each array type is determined at compile-time and cannot be changed during the execution of the program. Hence, it is not possible to define an array whose length depends in any way on program data. (Note : since 1986 and Turbo Pascal 3, which was the industry standard,  allows dynamic arrays in everyday Pascal, if not in the ISO standard)

C has the ability to initialize arrays of arbitrary length. The  operator can be used to obtain the size of a statically initialized array in C code. For instance in the following code, the terminating index for the loop automatically adjusts should the list of strings be changed.

Likewise modern Pascal, e.g. Delphi and Free Pascal, has a similar ability. Initialized arrays can be implemented as:

Original Pascal has neither array initialization (outside of the case of strings) nor a means of determining arbitrary array sizes at compile time. One way of implementing the above example in original Pascal, but without the automatic size adjustment, is:

Strings
In both languages, a string is a primitive array of characters.

In Pascal a string literal of length n is compatible with the type. In C a string generally has the type.

Pascal has no support for variable-length arrays, and so any set of routines to perform string operations is dependent on a particular string size. The now standardized Pascal "conformant array parameter" extension solves this to a great extent, and many or even most implementations of Pascal have support for strings native to the language.

C string literals are null-terminated; that is to say, a trailing null character as an end-of-string sentinel: Null-termination must be manually maintained for string variables stored in arrays (this is often partly handled by library routines).

C lacks built-in string or array assignment, so the string is not being transferred to p, but rather p is being made to point to the constant string in memory.

In Pascal, unlike C, the string's first character element is at index 1 and not 0 (leading it to be length-prefixed). This is because Pascal stores the length of the string at the 0th element of the character array. If this difference is not well understood it can lead to errors when porting or trying to interface object code generated by both languages.

FreeBSD developer Poul-Henning Kamp, writing in ACM Queue, would later refer to the victory of null-terminated strings over length-prefixed strings as "the most expensive one-byte mistake" ever.

Record types
Both C and Pascal can declare "record" types. In C, they are termed "structures".

In Pascal, we can use the sentence "with name_of_record do" in order to use directly the fields of that record, like local variables, instead of write name_of_record.name_of_field. Here there is an example:

There is no equivalent feature to with in C.

In C, the exact bit length of a field can be specified: How much storage is used depends on traits (e.g., word-alignment) of the target system.

This feature is available in Pascal by using the subrange construct (3 bits gives a range from 0 to 7) in association with the keyword packed: Both C and Pascal support records which can include different fields overlapping each other: Both language processors are free to allocate only as much space for these records as needed to contain the largest type in the union/record. In Pascal, such constructs are called variant records, not to be mistaken with the Variant datatype defined in Free Pascal.

The biggest difference between C and Pascal is that Pascal supports the explicit use of a "tagfield" for the language processor to determine if the valid component of the variant record is being accessed: In this case, the tag field q must be set to the right state to access the proper parts of the record.

Pointers
In C, pointers can be made to point at most program entities, including objects or functions:

In C, since arrays and pointers have a close equivalence, the following are the same:

Thus, pointers are often used in C as just another method to access arrays.

To create dynamic data, the library functions  and   are used to obtain and release dynamic blocks of data. Thus, dynamic memory allocation is not built into the language processor. This is especially valuable when C is being used in operating system kernels or embedded targets as these things are very platform (not just architecture) specific and would require changing the C compiler for each platform (or operating system) that it would be used on.

Pascal has the same kind of pointers as C, through the  referencing operator instead of the   of C. Each pointer is bound to a single dynamic data item, and can only be moved by assignment:

Pointers in Pascal are type safe; i.e. a pointer to one data type can only be assigned to a pointer of the same data type. Also pointers can never be assigned to non-pointer variables. Pointer arithmetic (a common source of programming errors in C, especially when combined with endianness issues and platform-independent type sizes) is not permitted in Pascal. All of these restrictions reduce the possibility of pointer-related errors in Pascal compared to C, but do not prevent invalid pointer references in Pascal altogether. For example, a runtime error will occur if a pointer is referenced before it has been initialized or after it has been disposed of.

Precedence levels
The languages differ significantly when it comes to expression evaluation, but all-in-all they are comparable.

Pascal
 * 1) Logical negation:
 * 2) Multiplicative:
 * 3) Additive:
 * 4) Relational:

C
 * 1) Unary postfix:
 * 2) Unary prefix:
 * 3) Multiplicative:
 * 4) Additive:
 * 5) Shift:
 * 6) Relational:
 * 7) Equality:
 * 8) Bitwise and:
 * 9) Bitwise xor:
 * 10) Bitwise or:
 * 11) Logical and:
 * 12) Logical or:
 * 13) Conditional:
 * 14) Assignment:
 * 15) Comma operator:

Typing
Most operators serve several purposes in Pascal, for instance, the minus sign may be used for negation, subtraction, or set difference (depending on both type and syntactical context), the  operator may be used to compare numbers, strings, or sets, and so on. C uses dedicated operator symbols to a greater extent.

Assignment and equality tests
The two languages use different operators for assignment. Pascal, like ALGOL, uses the mathematical equality operator  for the equality test and the symbol   for assignment, whereas C, like B, uses the mathematical equality operator for assignment. In C (and B) the  symbol of FORTRAN was chosen for the equality test.

It is a common mistake in C, due either to inexperience or to a simple typing error, to accidentally put assignment expressions in conditional statements such as. The code in braces will always execute because the assignment expression  has the value 10 which is non-zero and therefore considered "true" in C; this is in part because C (and ALGOL) allow multiple assignment in the form   which is not supported by Pascal. Also note that  now has the value , which may affect the following code. Recent C compilers try to detect these cases and warn the user, asking for a less ambiguous syntax like.

This kind of mistake cannot happen in Pascal, as assignments are not expressions and do not have a value: using the wrong operator will cause an unambiguous compilation error, and it's also less likely that anyone would mistake the  symbol for an equality test.

It is notable that ALGOL's conditional expression in the form z := if a > b then a else b; has an equivalent in C (the ternary operator from CPL) but not in Pascal, which will use if a > b then z:=a; else z:=b;.

Implementation issues
When Niklaus Wirth designed Pascal, the desire was to limit the number of levels of precedence (fewer parse routines, after all). So the OR and exclusive OR operators are treated just like an Addop and processed at the level of a math expression. Similarly, the AND is treated like a Mulop and processed with Term. The precedence levels are

Notice that there is only ONE set of syntax rules, applying to both kinds of operators. According to this grammar, then, expressions like x + (y AND NOT z) / 3 are perfectly legal. And, in fact, they are, as far as the parser is concerned. Pascal does not allow the mixing of arithmetic and Boolean variables, and things like this are caught at the semantic level, when it comes time to generate code for them, rather than at the syntax level.

The authors of C took a diametrically opposite approach: they treat the operators as different, and in fact, in C there are no fewer than 15 levels. That's because C also has the operators '=', '+=' and its kin, '<<', '>>', '++', '--', etc. Although in C the arithmetic and Boolean operators are treated separately, the variables are not: a Boolean test can be made on any integer value.

Logical connectives
In Pascal a boolean expression that relies on a particular evaluation ordering (possibly via side-effects in function calls) is, more or less, regarded as an error. The Pascal compiler has the freedom to use whatever ordering it may prefer and must always evaluate the whole expression even if the result can be determined by partial evaluation. (Note: since Turbo Pascal 3 (1986) the short-circuit Boolean evaluation is available in everyday Pascal, if not in the ISO standard).

In C, dependence on boolean evaluation order is perfectly legal, and often systematically employed using the  and   operators together with operators such as ,  , the comma operator, etc. The   and   operators thereby function as combinations of logical operators and conditional statements.

Short circuit expression evaluation has been commonly considered an advantage for C because of the "evaluation problem": This seemingly straightforward search is problematic in Pascal because the array access a[i] would be invalid for i equal to 11. There is more than one way to avoid this problem. The following example introduces a boolean variable which indicates whether or not the target character has been found: Alternatively, the test for end of array can be separated from the array access and a goto statement can break out of the search if the target is found:

Control structures
Statements for building control structures are roughly analogous and relatively similar (at least the first three).

Pascal, in its original form, did not have an equivalent to, but an equivalent  clause is a common extension. Pascal programmers otherwise had to guard case-statements with an expression such as: if expr not in [A..B] then default-case.

C has the so-called early-out statements and, and some Pascals have them as well.

Both C and Pascal have a statement. However, since Pascal has nested procedures/functions, jumps can be done from an inner procedure or function to the containing one; this was commonly used to implement error recovery. C has this ability via the ANSI C and. This is equivalent, but arguably less safe, since it stores program specific information like jump addresses and stack frames in a programmer accessible structure.

Functions and procedures
Pascal routines that return a value are called functions; routines that do not return a value are called procedures. All routines in C are called functions; C functions that do not return a value are declared with a return type of void.

Pascal procedures are considered equivalent to C "void" functions, and Pascal functions are equivalent to C functions that return a value.

The following two declarations in C:

are equivalent to the following declarations in Pascal:

Pascal has two different types of parameters: pass-by-value, and pass-by-reference (VAR). In both cases the variable name is used when calling (no need of address operator).

In C all parameters are passed by value but pass-by-reference can be simulated using pointers. The following segment is similar to the Pascal segment above:

One of the most important difference between C and Pascal is the way they handle the parameters on stack during a subroutine call : This is called the calling convention : PASCAL-style parameters are pushed on the stack in left-to-right order. The STDCALL calling convention of C pushes the parameters on the stack in right-to-left order.

Pascal-style procedure call is made with :
 * caller pushing parameters into the stack in left-to-right order (opposite of )
 * calling the function
 * stack is cleaned up by the callee

The advantage of PASCAL call over STDCALL is that the code is slightly smaller, though the size impact is only visible in large programs, and that recursion works faster.

Variadic functions are almost impossible to get right with PASCAL and STDCALL methods, because only the caller really knows how many arguments were passed in order to clean them up.

C allows for functions to accept a variable number of parameters, known as variadic functions, using a clumsy mechanism of,  ,   with limited type availability (example : nothing for  )

The function  uses a special set of functions  that allow it to access each of the parameters in turn.

Pascal and C also have some variadic I/O functions, for instance  and.

Modern Pascals enable a variable number of parameters for functions : They also enable to interface with varargs C functions :

Pascal allows procedures and functions to be nested. This is convenient to allow variables that are local to a group of procedures, but not global. C lacks this feature and the localization of variables or functions can be done only for a compiling module wherein the variables or functions would have been declared static.

C and Pascal allow functions to be indirectly invoked through a function pointer. In the following example, the statement  is equivalent to  :

In Pascal functions and procedures can be passed as parameters to functions or procedures:

Preprocessor
Early C had neither constant declarations nor type declarations, and the C language was originally defined as needing a "preprocessor"; a separate program, and pass, that handled constant, include and macro definitions, to keep memory usage down. Later, with ANSI C, it obtained constant and type definitions features and the preprocessor also became part of the language, leading to the syntax we see today.

Pascal constant and type defines are built in and don't need a preprocessor. There were programmers using a preprocessor also with Pascal (sometimes the same one used with C), certainly not as common as with C. Although often pointed out as a "lack" in Pascal, technically C does not have program modularity nor macros built in either. It has a simple low level separate compilation facility, however (traditionally using the same generic linker used for assembly language), Pascal does not.

Type escapes
In C, the programmer may inspect the byte-level representation of any object by pointing a  pointer to it:

It may be possible to do something similar in Pascal using an undiscriminated variant record: Although casting is possible on most Pascal compilers and interpreters, even in the code above a2c.a and a2c.b are not required by any Pascal standardizations to share the same address space. Niklaus Wirth, the designer of Pascal, has written about the problematic nature of attempting type escapes using this approach:

"Most implementors of Pascal decided that this checking would be too expensive, enlarging code and deteriorating program efficiency. As a consequence, the variant record became a favourite feature to breach the type system by all programmers in love with tricks, which usually turn into pitfalls and calamities".

Several languages now specifically exclude such type escapes, for example Java, C# and Wirth's own Oberon.

Files
In C files do not exist as a built-in type (they are defined in a system header) and all I/O takes place via library calls. Pascal has file handling built into the language.

The typical statements used to perform I/O in each language are:

The main difference is that C uses a "format string" that is interpreted to find the arguments to the printf function and convert them, whereas Pascal performs that under the control of the language processor. The Pascal method is arguably faster, because no interpretation takes place, but the C method is highly extensible.

Later Pascal implementations and extensions
Some popular Pascal implementations have incorporated virtually all C constructs into Pascal. Examples include type casts, being able to obtain the address of any variable, local or global, and different types of integers with special promotion properties.

However, the incorporation of C's lenient attitude towards types and type conversions can result in a Pascal that loses some or all of its type security. For example, Java and C# were created in part to address some of the perceived type security issues of C, and have "managed" pointers that cannot be used to create invalid references. In its original form (as described by Niklaus Wirth), Pascal qualifies as a managed pointer language, some 30 years before either Java or C#. However, a Pascal amalgamated with C would lose that protection by definition. In general, the lower dependence on pointers for basic tasks makes it safer than C in practice.

The Extended Pascal standard extends Pascal to support many things C supports, which the original standard Pascal did not, in a type safer manner. For example, schema types support (besides other uses) variable-length arrays while keeping the type-safety of mandatory carrying the array dimension with the array, allowing automatic run-time checks for out-of-range indices also for dynamically sized arrays.

title: Comparison of Pascal and C


text:
Hereford Zone, Maryland

The Hereford Zone is an area in Northern Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, constituting 20% of all of the land in Baltimore County. It includes Hereford, Parkton, Monkton, Freeland, Sparks, White Hall, Jacksonville, Upperco, Manchester, Phoenix, and Glyndon.

It is by far the most sparsely populated area in Baltimore County. Strict zoning laws prohibit any planned communities from developing, with large single-family housing lots and agricultural activity predominating.

Because of its higher elevation and microclimate, the weather of The Hereford Zone is slightly different from that of the rest of the county. It is not unusual in the winter for schools in the surrounding areas to be 2 hours late, while the Hereford Zone is closed due to inclement weather.

Near the most northern part of the zone in the topmost strip where Baltimore County meets south central Pennsylvania, numerous mini tornadoes and wind storms zip through the fields unfettered by buildings or natural land changes to halt their progress. The air quality in the area is markedly different from that of the suburbs of Baltimore City to the south. Both the land elevation as it climbs from sea level to 966' at the Mason-Dixon Line near Stiltz, Pa.,on Middletown Rd and the absence of smokestack manufacturing combine with the prevailing westerly winds to eliminate the yellow haze associated with low levels of pollution on even the most humid summer days.

Hereford High School, Parkton has the only agriscience program in the county along with Hereford Middle School. The school's mascot is the Bull, and the women's teams are called the "Lady Bulls".

In the Hereford Zone, Prettyboy Reservoir covers an area of 206.5 sq/km behind the scenic Prettyboy Dam on the Gunpowder River.

The Hereford High School varsity football team (The "Bulls") is well known throughout the state of Maryland. The Bulls have won 3 state titles in 1997, 2001, and 2002. Much of this success is attributed to coach Steve Turnbaugh, who turned around a formerly downtrodden Hereford football program.

Hereford High is also the host of the annual "Bull Run" Cross Country Invitational, run in the end of September, which is one of the largest East Coast cross country running events, attracting over 100 schools from surrounding states. The "grueling" course is noted for its hills, twists, turns, and a steep ravine known as "The Dip", all making for what has been called "The Toughest Three Miles in Cross-Country" by John Dye of DyeStat.

Hereford Theatre has won numerous statewide awards through CAPPIES, including Best Musical 2005 for their production of Pippin. They received the award at the Hippodrome Theatre in Baltimore, MD.

The Hereford Ladies Faire and Chamber Choir are also known as one of the best award-winning choirs in the county, consistently receiving 1's in adjudications year after year.

title: Hereford Zone, Maryland


text:
Talk:Technology tree

I'm sure someone put a lot of effort into the recommended tech tree here, but wouldn't it belong more on the page of the game?

Deleted text: There is no possibility of a technological singularity, and all tech trees terminate at a stage where no further research is possible. First, this doesn't come from philosophy, but more from the complexity of designing game art for an infinite number of future technologies. :) Second, Civilization tech tree doesn't terminate. You can still research Future Technology 1, Future Technology 2, etc. One may say it's not very precise or realistic, but I would ask in turn - is Pottery or Chivalry precise or realistic? It's a game. Furthermore, technological singularity is an outcome in Alpha Centauri. And some degree of technological singularity is possible in Civ if you grow fast enough. It's possible to have new advances coming every turn in the final stages of the game, compared with every 20-50 turns in the beginning. Paranoid 14:13, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Tree?
Should it be made clear that most "tech trees" are in fact not trees at all?

If you mean arbourous, that's tree. However, it's pretty clear this whole article relates to computers, which does have trees.

I would assume the first editor was referring to the fact that most tech trees are actually graphs - a given technology may have more than one parent and more than one child. But the Complexity section in the current article already implicitly mentions that. 66.32.11.9 (talk) 18:27, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Reading through the article once more and carefully, I find that the tech tree and the association with the respective games isn't made very clear. A very important difference which I feel is not being made here, is that Tech tree has actually 3 destinct applications, across the Real-Time & Turn Based strategy games.
 * First there's the TBS Tech Tree, which is the oldest type possibly. This version allows one to upgrade their material through the act of research conducted from a non in-game building (mostly) and increases various aspects of the targetted object, which can be a unit, a specific form of attack-type, resource-gathering, new equipment, acceleration upgrades etc. This version of Tech Tree is usually equal for all races/factions at its core. However, it can provide certain factions with unique stuff.
 * The second version is the straight forward sequence of base-building in the RTS Tech Tree. Here, the Tech Tree is the sequence in which specific buildings must be built in order to unlock more powerful technology. In general, the buildings declare the "Tree" because they determine the sequence needed to unlock the specific unit of choice. This version of tech tree can exist entirely without the need to Research. Starcraft is a prime example here.
 * Lastly there there's the race/faction specific research tech tree. In this version a player has (nearly) all the important facilities to produce resource harvesters and military units and defensive structures, but research must be conducted into improving upon the 'Starting Tech'. For instance, when researching upgrades to existing weapons, one can unlock new weapon-types. This version of a tech tree can be as limited to only having some levels in upgrading a specific weapon to its max potential, or it is as extensive as ongoing research opening up new weapons and equipment through a long sequence. Warzone 2100 is a good example of utilizing a very extensive tech tree. 195.109.63.17 (talk) 11:23, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

X-COM
Was X-COM the first game to have tech trees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.25.13.246 (talk • contribs) 09:41, 1 June 2006

I believe Dune 2 was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.145.4 (talk • contribs) 03:50, 22 May 2007

Mega Lo Mania had tech trees in 1991, the year before Dune 2. Adding a short paragraph on history. Mikkel 08:35, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Dune 2 is real time strategy with NO tech tree. It belongs to Mega Lo Mania as said, anc later on first Civilization. Even Xcom has made it so nice with Ufopedia and aliens :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.105.29.211 (talk) 19:22, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I know for a fact that it may not be the first to actually use a Tech Tree in an RTS, but please, look at the tech tree for Warzone 2100 for a moment and the extensiveness of that particular one. Other than turnbased games such as civilization, WZ2100 is the only real time Strategy Game I know of with a tech tree as extensive to rival civ. 195.109.63.17 (talk) 13:36, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Skill tree?
Why does Skill tree redirect here? It seems to me that a skill tree in a CRPG is very different from a tech tree in a strategy game. Neon   Merlin   23:52, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Write it then, WP:BOLD. But for now this is what it is most similar, there isn't that much difference in concept... Mathmo Talk 02:15, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per unopposed request. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:30, 8 February 2007 (UTC) Tech tree → Technology tree — current title is an abreviation Vicarious 06:56, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .  Please remember that this survey is not a vote, and please provide an explanation for your recommendation.

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

reference to real technology
I'm interested in the relevance of the "tech tree" idea to the discussion of scientific advancement and to scientific education. I wonder whether there is any information in wikipedia on this subject- if so it should be linked here, if not then (perhaps) there should be. Anyway, I'd be happy to speak with anyone also interested in the non-game relevance of the idea.

Falcor84 20:20, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * i recently came across an MIT media visualization of economic data, showing a computed real-life tech tree made from international export/import product data. It shows the relationships between various industrial products, quite interesting https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/network/hs/export/usa/all/show/2012/ . i first saw it in an RSA talk: César Hidalgo on Why Information Grows (@17:15) which i can't link to.  It'd be nice to put this work into the article somehow Roidroid (talk) 02:51, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

more on using tech trees for real technology
I have been harbouring an idea of having a sort of "futuropedia" website, on which one can write article of something that could be accomplished IF some prerequisite technology existed (which does not yet have to exist). Then that could be used as prerequisite technology for other new ideas and so on. If actually some of the prerequisites actually becomes reality, then status of the article would be changed and references added to the research. I can only quess how much such site would be vandalized by "funny" ideas, but if used properly and not going too much into science fiction, it might point out areas worth researching if some specific area would give rise to great amounts of applications.

..
i would like to said that greater resource needs in more advanced tech isn't counter to technological singularity at all. technological singularity discuss the trend of increase development rate in our world; it doesn't note the cost. technology are developing faster because there is an increase in capability(better methods/communication), population(more scientist and labs) and economy(more money!). it games, it is also effected by economy, hence one without a strong economy will have more diffculty teching. Akinkhoo 17:31, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

"Unreferenced" tag removed
I've removed the "Unreferenced" tag because for most of tihs topic the ultimate authority is the relevant game's manual and the name of the game is sufficient reference.Philcha 03:22, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Should we remove the "Philosophy" section?
I have serious reservations about this section: Philcha 03:46, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I can think of exceptions to all items expect "higher is better". Upgrades / refits have to be paid for in many turn-based games (e.g. Master of Orion II) as well as in the RTS games mentioned. In many games (e.g. Master of Orion) the relationship between research time and expenditure is worse than linear, e.g. you don't get technology X twice as fast if you allocate twice as much research capacity to it - in general the linear relationship only applies to games which allow only one research project at a time. A few games (e.g. Spaceward Ho!]) allow "lucky dip" research, where you don't know what you'll get and the results are sometimes amazing and sometimes disappointing.
 * What does the entire section add to the article? Would the article be less useful without it?

 * I added the WP:NOR tag to the philosophy section. I agree with deleting the philosophy section. Aaronk24 05:28, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed the "Philosophy" section.
 * I've also removed the "References" tag again, since as I said before the games' manuals are the ultimate authority.Philcha 23:51, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Restructure?
There's some overlap between the sections "Types of Tech Tree" and "Implementation", and neither is complete on its own - "Types of Tech Tree" mainly covers TBS and "Implementation" mainly covers RTS.

I suggest merging them as "Types of Tech Tree" with this structure:
 * Prerequisites. In many RTSs you need particular buildings to research specific techs. In most TBSs the prerequisite is one or more lower-level techs, with no dependency on buildings.
 * Complexity (simplest is MOO, most complex is Civ).
 * All techs available? Some RTSs make different techs available to different races / cultures (especially Starcraft), most TBSs make all techs available to all races. MOO is complex in this respect: the full tree is the same for all; but in each game each player gets a random subset of the full tech tree; but the Psilons get the widest selection of techs.Philcha 00:07, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Balance between civilian and military techs. In many RTS games tech advances are almost exlusivley military (e.g. StarCraft). But in most TBS and some RTS games the research and production costs of top-end military techs are so high that you have to build up your economy and research productivity first (RTS - Age of Empires, Empire Earth, where one of the most significant costs is going up an epoch; TBS - the Civilisation series and Master of Orion series).Philcha 16:53, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Done. Philcha (talk) 18:36, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

"Needs references" tag
I suggest this should be removed from the article as a whole because the games themselves are the ultimate authority. Philcha (talk) 18:11, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Done Philcha (talk) 13:33, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

As an aside, I've managed to dig up some pretty good sources. There's a lot of information to mine in them, but there's also a lot of opinion. Perhaps we can exercise a bit of judgment, and incorporate the parts that are true, and leave out or qualify the parts that seem more like point of view. I'm busy, but I'm sure myself or someone else can get around to using these at some point in the future. Randomran (talk) 01:24, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 *
 *

good source
I stumbled across a good source on tech trees here:. I'll get around to adding it eventually. Randomran (talk) 18:15, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

history citations
As usual game history is hard to source. Here are a few links that might start you off. CapnZapp (talk) 16:01, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/tuur_ghys http://www.trevorowens.org/2009/02/science-grows-on-trees-the-history-of-science-and-technology-acording-to-video-games/ http://www.playthepast.org/?p=4053

Tech rush
A common strategy in strategy games is to sacrifice early military/economic strength by investing more in technology ("tech rush"), with the hopes that the tech dominance will compound and lead to late-game military/economic dominance. I'm thinking of games like Stellaris. Should we mention this here, or elsewhere? DFlhb (talk) 16:46, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Technology tree


text:
Aravis

Aravis is a fictional character in the 1954 novel The Horse and His Boy by C. S. Lewis.

Aravis is a young Tarkheena, a female member of the ruling nobility of Calormen. With her horse, Hwin, who is eventually revealed to be a talking beast from the land of Narnia, she flees her home, to escape an arranged marriage with Ahoshta Tarkaan. Aravis is a strong character whose confidence, bravery, and loyalty are offset by arrogance and self-centeredness. She is also said to be an amazing storyteller, which is partly the result of her upbringing: the art of telling stories forms part of the education of the nobility. On their journey north to freedom in Narnia, they fall into company with the talking stallion, Bree, and the boy Shasta. Aravis overhears a plot by the Calormenes to invade Archenland and Narnia, and with this intelligence, the four companions can warn the Archenlanders in time to thwart the invasion. In the process of their adventures, through a series of "lessons" and encounters, Aravis's character is transformed, and she acquires humility and sensitivity. Her companion, Shasta, is discovered to be the lost heir to the kingdom of Archenland, and, upon reaching adulthood, he and Aravis marry, and rule as king and queen. They are the parents of Ram the Great, the "most famous of all the kings of Archenland".

Fictional character biography
In The Horse and His Boy, C. S. Lewis describes Aravis as "the only daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, the son of Rishti Tarkaan, the son of Kidrash Tarkaan, the son of Illsombreh Tisroc, the son of Ardeeb Tisroc, who was descended in a right line from the god Tash."

Aravis has spent her youth in the heart of Calormen, presumably in Calavar, the province over which her father is lord. Her mother died of unknown causes, and her older brother, to whom she was devoted, was killed fighting rebels in "the western wars." Her father has recently married an unkind woman, who makes no attempt to disguise her dislike for her stepdaughter. Aravis also has a younger brother who is "but a child". Her already difficult home life is rendered impossible when her father announces her engagement to Ahoshta Tarkaan, a wealthy and powerful but loathsome courtier whom she despises. In response, she decides to commit suicide. However, her mare, Hwin, reveals herself as a talking horse from Narnia and persuades her to flee to Narnia instead.

As the two ride through Calormen, they meet Bree and Shasta, the eponymous horse and boy, who are also escaping to Narnia. The four try to traverse Calormen's capital of Tashbaan undetected, but they are separated. Aravis meets her friend Lasaraleen, who is also a Tarkheena. Aravis and Lasaraleen explore the Tisroc's palace, and accidentally overhear a plan by the Tisroc and his son Crown Prince Rabadash to invade Archenland. When Aravis meets Shasta and the horses again at the tombs of the ancient rulers of Calormen, they agree they must urgently warn Narnia and Archenland.

As they near the border of Archenland, they are chased by a lion who slashes Aravis's back. Her wounds force her to remain with the Hermit of the Southern March while Shasta goes alone to complete the mission. She watches the battle through the Hermit's magic pool, appalled at the danger that Shasta faces. While in the hermit's home, Aravis encounters Aslan, an event that changes her, as Aravis also learns that Aslan was the lion who slashed her in the back in retribution for the punishment administered to her slave-maid (whom Aravis dosed with a sleeping draught in order to escape).

Shasta is recognized as Cor, the eldest son of King Lune of Archenland, and Aravis comes to live at the castle of Anvard with the royal family. Many years later, Cor and Aravis marry, and she becomes queen of Archenland and mother of Ram the Great.

The character Aravis last appears in the book The Last Battle, attending the Great Reunion in Aslan's Country along with her husband, father-in-law, brother-in-law, and son.

Race issues
Several writers, including Philip Pullman, Kyrie O'Connor, and Gregg Easterbrook, consider the use of Calormene characters as villains to be evidence of racism. Aravis is often presented as a counterexample to this (along with Emeth, who is accepted in Aslan's country for good deeds worthy of Aslan), since she is sympathetically portrayed as a largely virtuous Calormene heroine.

title: Aravis


text:
EMD SW8

The EMD SW8 is a diesel switcher locomotive manufactured by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and General Motors Diesel between September 1950 and February 1954. Power is supplied by an EMD 567B 8-cylinder engine, for a total of 800 hp. A total of 309 of this model were built for United States railroads and 65 for Canadian railroads. Starting in October 1953 a number of SW8s were built with either the 567BC or 567C engine.

US Army SW8s
The United States Army ordered 41 SW8s, numbered 2000–2040, for service in Korea during the Korean War. These were shipped in the spring of 1951.

After the Korean War, many US Army-owned SW8s were turned over to the South Korean government while others were retained by the Army and assigned to various Army posts, depots and ammunition plants. Most were retired around 1990 and replaced in service by rebuilt geeps, such as GP10s from VMV in Paducah, KY, and other rebuilders. Of all of the locomotives turned over to the Korean National Railroad, only one, KNR #2001, believed to be ex-USAX #2011, still exists. As of May 2011 it was stored in the back of a locomotive shed in the Korea Railroad Busan Rolling Stock Workshop, 125 Sincheon-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Korea 614–765. Diesel Locomotive Team Leader Kim Hyun-Sik stated KORAIL is in talks with the city of Pusan to put the locomotive on display in the city as a part of Korea's heritage, as it is the oldest diesel locomotive in the country.

Two examples of these locomotives, ex-USAX #2019 and #2022, are preserved at the Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum in Alabama. After serving in Korea, #2019 was sent back to the manufacturer for reconditioning in 1953. #2022 was rebuilt in 1955. Both served in military bases in the United States until the early 1990s, finishing their careers at Fort Campbell, Ky. The Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum acquired them in 1995.

Other models
In addition, 12 TR6 cow-calf paired sets were produced.

In May 1953, a single example of the SW8 was built with a hydraulic transmission as model DH2. This locomotive was displayed at a trade show in 1955, but no sales of the DH2 followed. The locomotive was rebuilt with a standard electrical transmission, and served EMD as plant switcher #105 until 1968.

The first TR6A, Southern Pacific 4600, later numbered 1100, is preserved at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California.

title: EMD SW8


text:
Anticaking agent

An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption. Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity. Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.

Some anticaking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a commonly used anti-caking agent, added to e.g. table salt, absorbs both water and oil.

Anticaking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, and detergents.

Some studies suggest that anticaking agents may have a negative effect on the nutritional content of food; one such study indicated that most anti-caking agents result in the additional degradation of vitamin C added to food.

Examples
An anticaking agent in salt is denoted in the ingredients, for example, as "anti-caking agent (554)", which is sodium aluminosilicate. This product is present in many commercial table salts as well as dried milk, egg mixes, sugar products, flours and spices. In Europe, sodium ferrocyanide (535) and potassium ferrocyanide (536) are more common anticaking agents in table salt. "Natural" anticaking agents used in more expensive table salt include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

Diatomaceous earth, mostly consisting of silicon dioxide (SiO2 ), may also be used as an anticaking agent in animal foods, typically mixed at 2% rate of a product dry weight.

List of anticaking agents
The most widely used anticaking agents include the stearates of calcium and magnesium, silica and various silicates, talc, as well as flour and starch. Ferrocyanides are used for table salt. The following anticaking agents are listed in order by their number in the Codex Alimentarius by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN.
 * 341 tricalcium phosphate
 * 460(ii) powdered cellulose
 * 470b magnesium stearate
 * 500 sodium bicarbonate
 * 535 sodium ferrocyanide
 * 536 potassium ferrocyanide
 * 538 calcium ferrocyanide
 * 542 calcium phosphate
 * 550 sodium silicate
 * 551 silicon dioxide
 * 552 calcium silicate
 * 553a magnesium trisilicate
 * 553b talcum powder
 * 554 sodium aluminosilicate
 * 555 potassium aluminium silicate
 * 556 calcium aluminosilicate
 * 558 bentonite
 * 559 aluminium silicate
 * 570 stearic acid
 * 900 polydimethylsiloxane

title: Anticaking agent


text:
Ormia ochracea

Ormia ochracea is a small yellow nocturnal fly in the family Tachinidae. It is notable for its parasitism of crickets and its exceptionally acute directional hearing. The female is attracted to the song of the male cricket and deposits larvae on or around him, as was discovered in 1975 by the zoologist William H. Cade.

Ormia ochracea is a model organism in sound localization experiments because of its unique "ears", which are complex structures inside the fly's prothorax near the bases of its front legs. The fly is too small for the time difference of sound arriving at the two ears to be calculated in the usual way, yet it can determine the direction of sound sources with exquisite precision. The tympanic membranes of opposite ears are directly connected mechanically, allowing resolution of nanosecond time differences and requiring a new neural coding strategy. Various research groups have designed low-noise differential microphones inspired by O. ochracea’s directionally sensitive hearing system.

Distribution
Ormia ochracea is native to the southeastern United States, including states such as Texas and Florida. O. ochracea is also found throughout North America, South America, and the Caribbean, though its exact range is not known.

Life history
Ormia ochracea has the full life cycle of egg, larvae, pupa, and adult. Once a female fly finds a suitable host, she deposits planidia (first instar larvae) which then quickly burrow into the host. The planidia develop within the body of the field cricket host, embedding initially in muscle before migrating into the abdomen. The larvae molt within the host's abdomen and feed primarily on the host's muscle and fat. O. ochracea larvae typically complete development and emerge after about 7 days, which subsequently kills the host. The larvae pupate and emerge as adult flies approximately 2 weeks after emerging from the host.

Food resources
O. ochracea is a parasitoid known to prey on several species of Gryllus field crickets including Gryllus integer, Gryllus rubens, Gryllus texensis, and Gryllus firmus. Flies have been observed responding to various cricket songs, but seem to be limited to the family Gryllidae. The natural host of the fly may vary by location. Larvae of O. ochracea exhibit highest survival in its natural host and limited survival in other potential host species.

Host-finding
In 1975, William H. Cade experimentally demonstrated that Ormia ochracea uses the mating call of the field cricket as a means to locate its host. Cade placed dead crickets on top of speakers playing cricket songs and various control sounds and recorded the amount of time the fly spent on either the control or test speaker. He found that flies spent more time on the speakers playing cricket songs and observed that the flies would always deposit larvae on and around the speaker which was playing cricket songs.

Learning
O. ochracea have been shown to adjust their preference for host songs after exposure to different songs in the laboratory. In a 2011 study, flies that were previously exposed to the G. lineaticeps song chose the G. lineaticeps song over the G. integer song, and vice versa. This preference was very short term. O. ochracea's flexible learning capabilities may have been critical in expanding its host and geographical range.

Effects of infestation on host behavior
O. ochracea infestation has been shown to affect the behavior and reproduction of host field crickets. Early in the infestation period, non-reproductive behavior is largely unimpaired because the parasitic larvae do not consume the digestive system or central nervous system of the host. After the larvae migrate to the host's abdomen, the host's mating, egg-laying, and fighting ability decline, most likely due to tissue damage caused by the larvae. Additionally, infestation of female crickets alters their mating preferences. Gryllus lineaticeps females normally prefer to respond to male songs with intermediate chirp rates over those with slow chirp rates, but females parasitized by O. ochracea show no preference between chirp rates. Reduced selectivity in infested female G. lineaticeps may be adaptive, as a female may be more likely to reproduce before being killed by the parasitoids if they are less selective.

Host defenses
Some species of cricket which are parasitzed by O. ochracea have evolved methods to avoid infestation. For example, some members of the prey cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus have a mutation called flat wing, in which the sound-producing structures of the male forewings are erased. The flat wing was first observed in 2003 on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, and was also found on neighbouring Oahu two years later. Genetic studies of crickets from each island show that the mutations arose from different genomic variations.

Enemies
Because field crickets commonly sing at night, O. ochracea are susceptible to predation by bats. Studies have shown that O. ochracea has evolved an acoustic startle response to bat-like ultrasound, a response very similar to that of female crickets. O. ochracea has also been shown to demonstrate a sharp response boundary between the frequencies of cricket song and bat ultrasound.

Directional hearing
In order for an animal to localize sound, it must be able to detect minute differences in intensity and time between the arrival of the sound to the ear closer to the source and the ear further from the source. O. ochracea displays a remarkable ability to localize sound despite the incredibly small distance (450-520μm) between its acoustic sensory organs. Its sound localization ability is facilitated by a cuticular structure which joins its ears, mechanically coupling their motion and magnifying interaural differences by a factor of about 20. Prior to O. ochracea no similar mechanism of auditory localization had been described.

Scientific significance
Several researchers have reported the construction of microphones inspired by the hearing system of O. ochracea. In 2009, R.N. Miles et al. designed and created a low-noise differential microphone inspired by the unique hearing system of O. ochracea, for use in hearing aids. The design of their microphone diaphragm, which measures 1 x 2 mm2, is based on the mechanically coupled ears of O. ochracea. Their microphone was found to have lower noise than commercially available hearing aid microphones while minimizing distance between sensors. In April 2015, a group from the University of Strathclyde and the MRC/CSO Institute for Hearing Research (IHR) announced that it had created a microphone based on O. ochracea's hearing system, and had been awarded a £430,000 grant by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to build and test the hearing aid for three years.

title: Ormia ochracea


text: Category:W.A.S.P. albums

title: Category:W.A.S.P. albums


text:
The Headless Children

The Headless Children is the fourth studio album by heavy metal band W.A.S.P., released in April 1989 through Capitol Records. The album reached No. 48 on the US Billboard 200 chart, the band's highest chart position, and remained on that chart for 13 weeks. This was the last album W.A.S.P. released before their temporary breakup in 1990, only to reunite two years later for The Crimson Idol (1992).

Overview
The Headless Children showcases a new level of maturity from the band compared to their previous three albums, which had stereotypically lewd "rock and roll" lyrics. Politics and social issues are now a theme throughout the album. The cover art, designed and illustrated by John Kosh, is based on "Gateway to Stalingrad", a cartoon by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, depicts a string of historical figures including Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Benito Mussolini, Charles Manson, Jim Jones, Idi Amin, Pol Pot, Al Capone and the Ku Klux Klan, with an image of Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald shown prominently in the foreground. Later editions of the album have replaced, among others, Ayatollah Khomeini with additional KKK members.

The Headless Children was the first W.A.S.P. album to feature ex-Quiet Riot drummer Frankie Banali and the last studio album to feature guitarist Chris Holmes for six years until he rejoined the band in late 1995 to record Kill Fuck Die. This is also the band's last album to feature bassist Johnny Rod. In 1990, following departures of Holmes and Rod, W.A.S.P. decided to call it quits, but resurfaced about a year later, with only lead singer/bassist Blackie Lawless and Banali remaining; this was because their next album, The Crimson Idol, was originally intended to be a solo album by Lawless, until he agreed to release it under the W.A.S.P. name.

"The Real Me" is one of two songs the band covered and released as part of the Headless Children release, (the other being "Locomotive Breath", by Jethro Tull, which was the b-side of the single "Mean Man"). "The Real Me" however was the only song of the two to make the album. The song was written by Pete Townshend of The Who's and is from their classic rock opera album, Quadrophenia.

"Mean Man", written by Lawless, is about guitarist Chris Holmes' wild lifestyle and is dedicated to him.

Lawless stated in an interview shortly after the release of the album, that "The Neutron Bomber", is about Ronald Reagan and the power he and America had over the world, with such a large nuclear arsenal. The song despite most likely being written during his presidency, was however released a few months after his retirement and the election of George H. W. Bush. Alternatively, in an interview entitled "Headhunter" published in the May/June 1989 edition of Metal Forces magazine, Lawless said the song "is about a guy named Ronny who I grew up with over in Staten Island who was the biggest mass fire starter in the history of the Northeast! And Ronny is somewhere right now where he's never ever gonna start fires again. Concrete and steel don't burn. Heh heh. He's in for triple life, you know?"

"Forever Free" is a power ballad typical of the time in the hard rock/heavy metal genre, which is supposedly a homage to Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird".

According to the liner notes, the "F.D.G." in "Rebel in the F.D.G." stands for "Fucking Decadent Generation".

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for the German magazine Rock Hard, Thomas Kupfer considered The Headless Children second only to W.A.S.P. "brilliant debut album" and remarked how the song structures were simpler and the music more melodic than in previous works, but Lawless' voice had "lost nothing of its charisma".

More recently, Greg Prato at AllMusic called The Headless Children W.A.S.P.'s "most accomplished work" and their "best constructed album". He also noted "The Real Me", "Mean Man", "The Heretic", "Forever Free" and the title track as highlights. Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described the album as "the W.A.S.P. record for those who don't like W.A.S.P., hollow, damp and alone, integrity discovered, humanity revealed."

Track listing

 * – On the 1998 reissue, "The Heretic (The Lost Child)" has been edited to remove a small portion of a guitar riff in order to fit all the bonus material on the same CD.

Personnel

 * W.A.S.P.
 * Blackie Lawless – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, production
 * Chris Holmes – lead guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Johnny Rod – bass guitar, backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Frankie Banali – drums, percussion
 * Ken Hensley – keyboards
 * Diana Fennell, Lita Ford, Mark Humphreys, Jimi Image, Minka Kelly, Thomas Nellen, Cathi Paige, Mike Solan, Kevin Wallace, Melba Wallace, Ron Wallace – backing vocals on "Thunderhead"

 * Production
 * Mikey Davis – engineer, mixing
 * Tom Nellen – assistant engineer
 * Rhonda Schoen – editing engineer
 * Andy Taylor – manager
 * Rod Smallwood – manager
 * John Kosh – art direction
 * Steve Hall – mastering at Future Disc
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York

title: The Headless Children


text:
Talk:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai

From page
He also was an excellent singer. How I know this is because I have heard him sing too. In my opinion I think you also need to let the Americans here his singing voice. added info by yunos yusof. please email at yunosyusof@yahoo.com

title: Talk:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai


text:
Talk:The Headless Children

Adding the genre "glam metal" to this album
Hi,

Just wondering if it is ok to add the genre "glam metal" to this album. Explicitly stated as such in the following reference: https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/53253/W.A.S.P.-The-Headless-Children/

"There are a few missteps, but the overall quality of the album makes this the best work W.A.S.P. has done (beating out the occasionally overwrought and inconsistent The Crimson Idol) and one of the better "hair metal" albums from the 80s"

Thanks! AgentKozak (talk) 15:29, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * thats a user review so its not reliable --FMSky (talk) 15:32, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * my apologies for not noticing! AgentKozak (talk) 15:41, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Found a better source here: https://www.metalsucks.net/2015/10/16/friday-5-what-5-more-hair-metal-albums-are-essential/ AgentKozak (talk) 17:56, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That section seems to be a debate on whether it is hair metal, and they don't even conclude anything. Really, the first three albums would totally warrant the genre, but not this one. Surely you're aware of how serious in tone this album sounds? There's no "party vibe" about it. It's just straight-ahead heavy metal. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 18:03, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, If an editor feels it has sufficient grounds to be not added, I won't add it. My feelings on it are that this genre can indeed stretch beyond "party vibes" especially towards the end of its commercial appeal, there are many such albums like this that I could cite. In fact, I am of the opinion that the "pop metal" genre should be split into two, the fun glammy albums, and the dirty hair metal scene that started in the late 80's, but I digress.
 * Thanks! AgentKozak (talk) 18:13, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "I am of the opinion that the "pop metal" genre should be split into two, the fun glammy albums, and the dirty hair metal scene that started in the late 80's" – You may be onto something there, unless it's already covered in the main glam metal article. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 18:29, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Headless Children


text:
Henry Frye

Henry E. Frye (born August 1, 1932) is an American judge and politician who served as the first African-American chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court.

Early life and education
Henry Frye was born August 1, 1932, in Ellerbe, Richmond County, North Carolina. He was 8th of 12 children, born to Walter Atlas and Pearl Motley Frye. His parents were tobacco and cotton farmers. He went to the Ellerbe Colored High School, but by accident he obtained a diploma from Ellerbe High School, the white one. After graduating with honors from North Carolina A&T State University, Frye reached the rank of captain in the United States Air Force, serving in Korea and Japan. Upon returning to North Carolina, Frye was inspired to become a lawyer when he was denied the ability to register to vote by literacy tests. He was the only African American in his law school, but despite this Frye mentions never feeling as if he was treated differently. He graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law.

Career
Frye became an assistant U.S. Attorney in 1963, one of the first African-Americans to hold such a position in the South. Five years later, when Frye was elected to the North Carolina General Assembly as a state representative in 1968, he was the only black North Carolina legislator, and the first elected in the 20th century. No other African American had been elected to this position since 1889, which was John E. Hussey who represented the county of Craven, North Carolina. He was sworn in to the North Carolina House of Representatives on January 15, 1969. Frye helped eliminate the vestiges of Jim Crow from North Carolina law. He was re-elected several times to the state House, serving until 1980, and served one term in the state Senate from 1981 to 1982. During this time, he was also an instructor at North Carolina Central University's law school.

In 1983, Governor Jim Hunt appointed Frye to the North Carolina Supreme Court as an associate justice, the first African-American to hold that position in North Carolina history. Elected in 1984 to the court and re-elected in 1992, Jim Hunt appointed Frye to the state's highest judicial post, chief justice, in 1999 to replace the retiring Burley Mitchell. He was defeated for election to a full term in 2000 by Associate Justice I. Beverly Lake.

Frye currently practices law with Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Awards and honors
In 2007, Frye received the North Carolina Award for public service. In 2009, he became honorary co-chairman of the U.S. Senate campaign of Kenneth Lewis. He was named chairman of the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership in 2013.

In 2014, the General Alumni Association had awarded Frye with the Distinguished Service Medal.

In 2015 a portrait of him was dedicated to him.

In 2017 he was invited to participate at the University of North Carolina School of Law's Constitution Day celebration.

In 2018 a bridge was named in his honor.

Family
One of Frye's children, Henry Frye Jr., also became a lawyer and judge. Frye is the uncle of professional basketball player Channing Frye.

title: Henry Frye


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TripRoss

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Dmcdevit·t 06:09, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

TripRoss
This nomination got lost in the works. I am simply completing the process. No vote. Denni ☯ 02:05, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
EMD SW9

The EMD SW9 is a model of diesel switcher locomotives built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between November 1950 and December 1953. Additional SW9s were built by General Motors Diesel in London Ontario Canada from December 1950 to March 1953. Power was provided by an EMD 567B 12-cylinder engine, producing 1200 hp.

786 examples of this model were built for American railroads and 29 were built for Canadian railroads.

Design and production
The SW9 was EMD's successor to the SW7. Like the SW7, the SW9 retained a power output of 1,200 hp and the same general design. It differed in lacking the upper hood vents found on the SW7, and with the installation of a 567B engine to replace the 567A found in the SW7.

Starting in October 1953 a number of SW9s were built with the 567BC engine. In December 1953, one locomotive, Weyerhaeuser 305, was built with a 567C engine. The 567C was subsequently installed on the SW9's successor, the SW1200.

In addition to the single units produced, ten TR5 cow-calf paired sets were produced (eight for the Union Pacific Railroad, and two for the Union Railroad of Pittsburgh). The Union Railroad also bought an additional two TR5B "calves".

SW1000R
In 1994 Amtrak acquired nine SW9s from various railroads and had them rebuilt by the National Railway Equipment Company. These switchers were reclassified as EMD SW1000R.

title: EMD SW9


text:
Linden, New South Wales

Linden is a village in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the City of Blue Mountains, 82 km west of Sydney and 23 km east of Katoomba. The village is on the Great Western Highway and has a railway station on the Main Western railway line served by NSW TrainLink's Blue Mountains Line. It shares a post office, and therefore the 2778 postcode, with adjoining Woodford. In the, its population was 594, including 19 indigenous people (3.2%).

Description and history
The railway station at Linden was built in 1874 and was named after Linden Lodge, the home built in 1865 by local businessman William Jolley Henderson. Linden was originally known as Seventeen Mile Hollow because of its location 17 miles (27.35 km) from the Nepean River. It was originally the location of a tollhouse erected in 1849 and demolished in the 1860s during the construction of the railway.

The village is near the grave of John Donohoe, a road-gang convict who died on 25 June 1837. It is also near Caley's Repulse, a mound of rocks in the shape of a pyramid that was believed to have been constructed by Aborigines. However, some sources maintain that this is a fallacy and that the pile of rocks actually date back to 1912, when a group from the Royal Australian Historical Society made a pile of rocks in the wrong place. Other nearby attractions include King's Cave and Linden Observatory.

Linden Creek, which carves a deep valley on the north side of Linden, is a major tributary of the Grose River.

Heritage listings
Linden has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Blue Mountains National Park: Blue Mountains walking tracks
 * 91–111 Glossop Road: Linden Observatory Complex
 * off Railway Parade: Cox's Road and Early Deviations - Linden, Linden Precinct

title: Linden, New South Wales


text:
EMD SW600

The EMD SW600 is a diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between February 1954 and January 1962. Power was provided by an EMD 567C 6-cylinder engine, which generated 600 horsepower (450 kW).

Original owners
15 examples of this model were built for American railroads and industrials.

title: EMD SW600


text:
Sunset Beach (Vancouver)

Sunset Beach is an urban beach park on English Bay situated in the West End neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the city seawall system and is bisected by a multi-use path for bicycling, walking, and skating that connects to the adjacent Vancouver Aquatic Centre and Burrard Street Bridge. The park is maintained by the city government and includes public washrooms, concession stands, an off-leash area for dogs, and a False Creek Ferries dock. Between May and September, lifeguards are posted at the beach.

The beach hosted an unofficial 420 protest annually on April 20 in the late 2010s. It is a popular location for watching Celebration of Light, an annual fireworks display. The beach's indigenous name is Í7iy̓el̓shn ("ee-ay-ul-shun"), which means "soft underfoot" in the Squamish language.

On November 15, 2021, a 200 ft barge washed ashore at Sunset Beach during regional floods after it broke free from its moored position. Described as a "celebrity", the barge became a local landmark that inspired memes, songs, and parodies. The Vancouver Park Board installed a "Barge Chilling Beach", a reference to Dude Chilling Park, but it was removed after being painted over with the beach's indigenous name. Proposals to dismantle the barge were first submitted in January 2022, but approval was delayed due to the discovery of a goose nest and concerns of lead contamination from the hull paint among other issues. Removal began on July 25, 2022, and was completed over three months later at a cost of $2.4 million.

title: Sunset Beach (Vancouver)


text:
EMD SW900

The EMD SW900 is a diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and General Motors Diesel (GMD) between December 1953 and March 1969. Power was provided by an EMD 567C 8-cylinder engine that generated 900 horsepower (670 kW). Built concurrently with the SW1200, the eight-cylinder units had a single exhaust stack. The last two SW900s built by GMD for British Columbia Hydro were built with 8 cylinder 645E engines rated at 1000 hp.

260 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads and 97 were built for Canadian railroads. Canadian production of the SW900 lasted three and a half years past EMD production. Seven units were exported to Orinoco Mining Co (Venezuela); two units were exported to Southern Peru Copper Co; and five units were exported to the Liberian American-Swedish Minerals Company. Total production is 371 units.

Some SW900s were built with the generators from traded in EMC Winton-engined switchers and were classified as SW900M by EMD. Units rebuilt from SW or SC model locomotives developed 600 or 660 horsepower with the older generators instead of the full 900 horsepower of the SW900.

In the early 1960s, the Reading Company sent 14 of their Baldwin VO 1000 model switchers to EMD to have them rebuilt to SW900 specifications. The Reading units retained the Baldwin switcher carbody and were rated at 1000 horsepower by EMD.

A Cow-calf variation, the TR9, was cataloged, but none were built.

SW900E
In 1974, the Southern Pacific Transportation Company had decided to rebuild all ten of their EMD SW900 diesel locomotives at their own Houston Shops.

The rebuilds included the installation of a 12-cylinder EMD 645E engine, which increased the horsepower from 900 hp to 1,200 hp.

The rebuilds had also included the installation of a new electrical system, which included a newer generator, newer traction motors, and a newer control system. The rebuilds were done specifically to extend the life of the locomotives and to increase their power and reliability.

title: EMD SW900


text:
User:Spangineer/quotes

Previous quotes on my userpage:

July
He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose.    —Jim Elliot (WQ)

June
Quot Libros, Quam Breve Tempus!

May
If I find in myself a desire which no experience in this world can satisfy, the most probable explanation is that I was made for another world.    —C. S. Lewis (WQ)

title: User:Spangineer/quotes


text:
Los Angeles Scottish Pipe Band

The Los Angeles Scots Pipe Band, or, more commonly, the LA Scots, is a pipe band located in Orange County, California. The LA Scots have competed at the grade one level since 1998. In February 2018, the Western United States Pipe Band Association granted a request by the LA Scots to move to Grade 2.

During their time in Grade 1, the band placed ninth in the qualification round at the 2008 World Pipe Band Championships, and placed 14th in the qualification round of 2009. In 2007, the band qualified for the Grade 1 competition and placed 11th.

Pipe Majors

 * Scott Ruscoe (1990–1992)
 * Scott MacDonald (1992–2004)
 * Colin Armstrong ( 2004–2019)
 * Scott MacDonald (2019–present)

Leading Drummers

 * Tom Foley (1991)
 * Joseph Foley (1991–1995)
 * Duncan Millar (1996–1997)
 * Carl Lenny (1998–2000, 2002–2003, 2017-2019)
 * Andrew Hoinacki (2004–2005)
 * Andrew Brubaker (2001, 2006)
 * Richard Baughman (2006–2010)
 * Glenn Kvidahl (2010–2014)
 * Bryce Parker (2015)
 * Molly Steuber (2016)
 * Steven Graham (2022-2023)
 * Scott Walsh (2024-)

Discography

 * At the Beach (1999)

title: Los Angeles Scottish Pipe Band


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vitriol: A Tale of Love, Art & Explosives

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:08, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Vitriol: A Tale of Love, Art & Explosives, Rick Krassner
Articles are about 1) a supposed graphic novel and 2) a supposed main character in that novel. Each gets about 5 Google hits. Both were posted by the same person who posted John Linton Roberson, the supposed author of the supposed graphic novel (that person also posted an article on the author's wife, Kelly Pillsbury, currently on VfD). Roberson's name pops up a bunch on Google, but the novel and the character barely show up at all. Smacks of vanity. In any event, not notable. Delete. -- BD2412 talk 02:13, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Non notable. Lack of sources. JamesBurns 05:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Mergeto authors article, if created. The author has 8 published books, which could be added to works on that article, not knowing about something doens't make it non-notable. I personally don't trust google for all research, much less for books. However, I dont believe the book needs its own article at this point, unless cleaned up and provide ISBN and circulation data. <> Who ? ¿ ?  07:17, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll go with a merge, although I think even the author's notability is borderline. I don't trust Google for all research either, but graphic novels are very much a pop culture thing - if they're known, they're on the internet. I was unable to find an ISBN for this one, and it was "published by Bottomless Studio", which appears to be the author's own company. -- BD2412 talk 15:19, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Merge Rick into Vitriol and Keep. Non-notability is not a VfD criterion. Ketsuban (is 1337) 21:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It has other issues - possible vanity (creator also posted an article on the author's non-notable wife), and lack of verifiability. -- BD2412 talk 23:37, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verifiability established. Radiant_* 10:40, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both per JamesBurns and Radiant!. Quale 01:45, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable - SimonP 14:08, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .