text:
Shapeshifter (band)

Shapeshifter (sometimes referred to as New Zealand Shapeshifter) are a live drum and bass act from New Zealand. They are known for their live shows and blend of heavy soul with drum and bass. They have made appearances at Glastonbury, The Big Chill, Big Day Out, Parklife plus sold-out performances across Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

History and biography
Shapeshifter formed in 1999 after the four founding members met at jazz school. They had a range of musical backgrounds ranging from dub, jazz, and hip-hop, to metal, funk and electronica. As a result, they decided to bring these influences together to create live drum & bass. After playing locally, they released an early EP entitled D.N.A.

In 2001, Shapeshifter released their debut LP entitled Realtime. The album included a collaboration with vocalist Ladi6 on the track "Move With Me" as well as Kaps (Fabel) and Tiki (Salmonella Dub) on production. Realtime was awarded the 'Best Electronic Release' title at the 2002 bNet NZ Music Awards, and was also nominated at the RIANZ NZ Music Awards for 'Best Electronic Album'.

In 2002, Shapeshifter relocated to Melbourne. They toured extensively, performing at events such as the 4ZZZ Market Day Festival in Brisbane, the Bellingen Global Carnival, and sold-out shows in Sydney, Melbourne and Byron Bay.

In late-2003, vocalist Paora Apera (aka P Digsss) joined Shapeshifter's live line-up. The new line-up was road tested on Salmonella Dub's One Drop East album release tour of Australia in August/September. Shapeshifter played 12 shows in various cities to an overwhelming crowd response. Other highlights included their first tour of Europe at locations including London, Edinburgh and Rotterdam.

In 2004, Shapeshifter then released their second album Riddim Wise. This was their step towards a more atmospheric style of drum and bass. Recorded at the group's own home studio in Melbourne, the album features collaborations with Aotearoa vocalists Dallas Tamaira aka Joe Dukie (Fat Freddy's Drop), Karoline Tamati aka Lady 6 (Verse 2/Sheelahroc) and Paora Apera aka P Digsss. The album was praised as a steady progression from 'Realtime', with an emphasis on funky dancefloor grooves, whilst maintaining strong musical elements. The album became the #1 Independent NZ album release and also the #1 NZ National Dance Album in New Zealand history.

The band's third album Soulstice was released in August 2006, with lead single "Bring Change" receiving extensive video and radio play. The album takes influences from soul, reggae, funk, rock, and drum 'n' bass. Soulstice obtained Gold sales status in New Zealand in three weeks and has since achieved Platinum sales. September 2006 saw Shapeshifter tour throughout New Zealand, performing with leading orchestras and selling out their shows weeks in advance. In 2007, Shapeshifter released a live album entitled Shapeshifter Live which was recorded on 29 September 2006 at the Christchurch Town Hall – the final show of their orchestra tour and in the band's hometown. This 6-track album contained a previously unreleased song called "Good Looking" and appeared alongside other popular Shapeshifter tracks such as "Tapestry", "Bring Change" and "One".

In 2008, Shapeshifter embarked on their fourth European tour playing sold-out dates in Paris, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Scotland and England. The tour also promoted their single "One", released in May 2008, and off the back of the tour and single, the decision was made to release Soulstice' in the UK and Europe. This was released on 17 November on Mums The Word Records with a special re-designed package that includes new artwork and exclusive remixes from D-Bridge (Exit Records), Nu:Tone and The Nextmen. Shapeshifter also toured Australia at the end of 2008 and during their summer tour of New Zealand, they played new unreleased tracks including "Dutch Sorrow", "Right Here, Right Now", "Day One", "Twin Galaxies", "Warning" and "System" some of which appeared on their next album entitled, The System Is A Vampire, released 12 November 2009. Shapeshifter also released a remix EP in late 2008 featuring two alternative versions of their song "Bring Change" by themselves and fellow New Zealand drum and bass artists, The Upbeats. A remix of their song "Long White Cloud" was also included, remixed by Nu:Tone. Shapeshifter also released a remix of their hit tune, Electric Dream which was remixed by New Zealand drum and bass act, State of Mind.

Shapeshifter also have their own recording label called Truetone Recordings. Their first album, Realtime, and early EPs were released under Kog Transmissions.

November 2009 saw the release of the band's fourth studio album entitled The System Is A Vampire with lead single "Dutchies". The album was shortlisted for the inaugural Taite Music Prize in 2010. In September 2009 during a tour of Australia, drummer Redford Grenell left the band. He was replaced by drummer and producer Johnny Hooves. P. Digsss stated that Mr. Grenell had told the band that he had "come to the end of his road" with Shapeshifter. In 2013, Johnny Hooves left the band and was replaced by Wellington drummer Darren Mathiassen.

The band embarked on a summer tour throughout New Zealand in December 2009/January 2010. They played at Coromandel Gold in front of 10,000 people to welcome in the new year. They repeated this concert in the summer of 2011.

In July 2010, Shapeshifter were signed by UK Drum and Bass label Hospital Records, who released Shapeshifter's platinum-selling album The System is a Vampire globally. They also released a new collection of remixes in October 2010 entitled 'The System is a Remix'. It features a range of Shapeshifter remixed tunes from Logistics, Camo & Krooked, Netsky, State of Mind and The Upbeats.

The band is known in the UK and Europe as "New Zealand Shapeshifter" in order to differentiate themselves from popular house act "The Shapeshifters".

In 2013, Shapeshifter released their 5th studio album titled "Delta" which includes lead singles Monarch, Diamond Trade and Gravity. It was recorded in Berlin, Germany and Wellington, New Zealand and was released on 31 May followed by a NZ wide tour. The album has been mixed by NZ drum and bass producers The Upbeats.

In 2014, founding member of 15 years Devin Abrams left the band and was replaced by Dan McGruer.

In July 2016, Shapeshifter released a new single, "Stars", from their new album to rave reviews "The title track of the album is also the first song on the album and instantly draws the listener in with its etheric, carnival type atmosphere. It is a summer anthem song and over my travels this summer it is definitely a song I have heard multiple times from cars with their windows down and occupants singing along having the time of their life".

In 2018, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gifted Shapeshifter's The System Is A Vampire CD and a Stars vinyl to Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, during their royal tour of the South Pacific.

In June 2024, following Shapeshifter's 25th Anniversary tour the band had 6 LP's place in the Official Top 20 NZ Albums, being the first in New Zealand to achieve these placements.

Side projects
Vocalist P.Digss is part of The Sunshine Soundsystem, who play around New Zealand with a hip-hop, funk, dancehall, reggae and jungle flavour. They regularly play the Kaikoura Roots Festival, Rippon Festival, Destination and have supported acts such as The Nextmen, Aphrodite and London Elektricity.

Nick Robinson DJs under the name "Nicky Research" and Sam Trevethick DJs under the name "Sambora".

P-Digsss, Sambora and Nicky Research perform together as "The Peacekeepers".

Shapeshifter also has a close working relationship with ex-Salmonella Dub front man Tiki Taane. Upon the release of Taane's debut solo album, Past, Present, Future, in 2008, Members of Shapeshifter were asked to tour with Taane in his live band "The Dub Soldiers" to help promote the new album. Tiki Taane is also Shapeshifter's sound technician during their live shows.

In 2014, Shapeshifter collaborated with another New Zealand drum and bass group known as The Upbeats to produce an EP album, combining two entirely different styles of DnB.

Band members

 * Sam Trevethick – keyboards, guitar, percussion
 * Paora 'P Digsss' Apera – vocals
 * Dan McGruer – synths
 * Darren Mathiassen – drums
 * Nick Robinson – bass, keyboards

Featured appearances
The group have appeared on many compilations and soundtracks since 2001 in New Zealand. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by Shapeshifter.

 * 2001 - The Gathering 3: Unity Through Diversity (Virgin) - DNA
 * 2002 - The Gathering Aotearoa 2002 (Loop) - Tapestry
 * 2002 - Heads Up!!! Music From The 2002 bNet Music Awards (Festival Mushroom) - Move With Me featuring Ladi6
 * 2002 - In 2 Deep (Fabel Music) - Move With Me (Remix)
 * 2002 - Loop. Select 003 (Loop Recordings Aot(ear)oa) - Move With Me featuring Ladi6
 * 2005 - Dub Conspiracy - "Tapestry"
 * 2005 - Kaikoura Roots Festival 2005 - Been Missin and Ganja Love
 * 2007 - Nuclear Free Nation (Motu Karihi Kau) (CD/DVD) - Bring Change
 * 2019 - Waiata / Anthems - Ngā Kano / In Colour

Awards
Shapeshifter have enjoyed many awards and nominations at the publicly voted bNet NZ Music Awards, held annually And also the Vodafone New Zealand Music awards (Tui Awards)

 * 2000 - Winner of the Best New Act
 * 2001 - Nominated for Best Live Act and Best Electronic Release (D.N.A. EP)
 * 2002 - Winner of the Best Electronic Release (Realtime)
 * 2002 - Nominated for Best Song (Tapestry) and Best Album (Realtime)
 * 2003 - Showcase performance at awards ceremony
 * 2006 - Winner of Best Album(Soulstice) Best Song (Bring Change)and Best Live Act
 * 2007 - Tui Award winner for Best Electronic Release (Soulstice) and Best Live Act
 * 2013 - Tui Award winner for Best Electronic Album (Delta) and Best Live act.
 * 2015 - Nominated for Best Electronic Album (Shapeshifter & The Upbeats - SSXUB)
 * 2016 - Nominated for Single of the Year (Stars), with showcase performance at the Awards ceremony
 * 2016 - Nominated for Best Group
 * 2017 - Nominated for Artisan Awards: NZ On Air Best Music Video (Her) and Best Album Cover (Stars)
 * 2021 - Nominated for Best Group and Best Electronic Artist (Rituals)

In 2005, Shapeshifter's video for Long White Cloud, Directed by Ash Bolland won Best Electronic Release at the Juice TV Awards.

title: Shapeshifter (band)


text:
Amaury Sport Organisation

The Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO and also A.S.O.) is a private company, founded in 1992, that is part of the privately-owned French media group Éditions Philippe Amaury (EPA). ASO organises the Tour de France and other cycling races, as well as golf, running, sailing and off-road motorsport events over 250 days of competition per year, with 90 events in 30 countries. The president of ASO is Jean-Etienne Amaury, the son of Philippe Amaury and Marie-Odile Amaury, and grandson of EPA founder, Émilien Amaury.

Cycling
The Tour de France was instituted by the newspaper L'Auto in 1903. The paper was closed after World War II because of its links with the occupying Germans and a new paper, L'Équipe, took over. L'Équipe organised the Tour and in 1965 the newspaper was acquired by Émilien Amaury. L'Équipe organised the race until it was taken over by its parent company, ASO. , ASO claimed to be the world leader in bicycle race organisation with 132 days of competition each year.

Current
ASO organises the following cycling events:

 * UCI World Tour

 * Critérium du Dauphiné
 * Eschborn–Frankfurt
 * La Flèche Wallonne
 * Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * Paris–Nice
 * Paris–Roubaix
 * Tour de France
 * Volta a Catalunya
 * Vuelta a España (alongside Unipublic)

 * UCI Continental Circuits

 * Arctic Race of Norway
 * Paris–Tours
 * Tour du Faso
 * Tour of Oman
 * Deutschland Tour
 * Tour of Saudi Arabia

 * Women's

 * Tour de France Femmes
 * La Vuelta Femenina
 * La Flèche Wallonne Féminine
 * Liège–Bastogne–Liège Femmes
 * Paris–Roubaix Femmes

 * Amateur & other

 * Tour de l'Avenir
 * Shanghai Criterium
 * Saitama Critérium

Former

 * Critérium International
 * Tour of Beijing
 * Tour of California
 * Tour de Yorkshire / Women's Tour de Yorkshire
 * La Course by Le Tour de France
 * Tour de Picardie
 * Tour of Qatar / Ladies Tour of Qatar
 * World Ports Classic

Golf

 * Lacoste Ladies Open de France
 * Le Vaudreuil Golf Challenge

Motorsports

 * Andalucía Rally
 * Dakar Rally
 * World Rally-Raid Championship

Sailing

 * Tour Voile
 * Nice Ultimed

Other

 * Paris Marathon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amaury Sport Organisation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Americanology

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect to American studies. -- Jonel | Speak 06:59, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Americanology
I find nothing on google when i look for 'Americanology Darcy Ribeiro'. Maybe someone can get more info on this? CunningLinguist 10:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Looks like hoax. But the article Darcy Ribeiro is neded. mikka (t) 23:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It was a knee-jerk reaction. It turns out there is the de:Amerikanologie artikel in wikipedia. In Germany there is "Institut für Amerikanologie", which is traditionally translated as Institute of American Studies.
 * therefore my current opinion is prety much split between delete as neologism or redirect to American studies. mikka (t) 23:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to American studies. JamesBurns 05:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: Category:Rail transport in Argentina

title: Category:Rail transport in Argentina


text:
Category:Discontinued Microsoft software

This category lists products with an announced end-of-life; product support for the item listed is discontinued as of an announced date.


text:
John S. Duncan

John S. Duncan is a British neurologist specialising in epilepsy. He is Professor of Clinical Neurology at University College London Institute of Neurology and Clinical Director of the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery at Queen Square, London.

Education
John Duncan qualified from University of Oxford medical school, where he also obtained his medical doctorate.

Career and research
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1994, and Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2005. He received the LifeTime Achievement Award for Research of the American Epilepsy Society in 2004.

Notable positions:

 * 1988 Professor of neurology at the Institute of Neurology (part of University College London).
 * 2012-2018 Clinical director of the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery.
 * 2001–2006 Head of the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy at the Institute of Neurology.
 * 2001–2005 Chairman of the Diagnostic Methods Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy
 * 2005–2008: President of the UK Chapter of International League Against Epilepsy.
 * 2009–2012: Treasurer of the UK Chapter of International League Against Epilepsy.
 * 2005 Ambassador for Epilepsy (International League Against Epilepsy and International Bureau for Epilepsy).

John Duncan has published extensively on various aspects of neurology and epilepsy but particularly on the structural and functional imaging of the brain. He is a frequent speaker at international conferences, and is a member of the editorial board of several specialist journals.

title: John S. Duncan


text:
Leo Sachs

Leo Sachs (Hebrew: ליאו זקס;  14 October 1924 – 12 December 2013) was a German-born Israeli molecular biologist and cancer researcher. Born in Leipzig, he emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933, and to Israel in 1952. There he joined the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Biography
Leo Sachs moved to Britain with his family in 1933 following Hitler's rise to power. In 1952 he received a BSc from the University of Wales in Bangor. His original dream was to help establish a kibbutz in Palestine, and he even spent two years as a farm laborer, milking cows. But the doors to Palestine were virtually closed by the British, so Sachs began studying agricultural botany at the University of Wales, became fascinated along the way by genetics and development, and ended up completing a PhD in genetics in 1951 at Cambridge University.

Upon moving to Israel, he began to contribute to the fledgling country in the way he knew best – as a geneticist at the Weizmann Institute. Because there were no animal studies yet at the Institute, Sachs started working on a theory that human amniotic fluid, which bathes the baby in the womb, contains fetal cells that provide information about the fetus. His research proved him right, showing that these cells can be used to determine the baby's gender and other important genetic properties. Sachs's research formed the basis for amniocentesis, the widely used prenatal diagnosis of human diseases.

Eventually, Sachs secured his own laboratory and a supply of mice and began working on a question that would anchor his research throughout: What controls normal development and what happens when development goes wrong? Why does the machinery in cancer cells run amok, causing abnormal proliferation? Focusing on blood stem cells, a small group of bone marrow cells that produce some 200 billion new blood cells every day, Sachs ended up, in 1963, designing the first cell culture system able to grow, clone, and induce the development of different types of normal blood cells. Using this process, he subsequently discovered and identified a family of proteins that plays a key role in controlling normal blood cell development. Later named colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins, one of these CSF proteins is now used worldwide in a variety of clinical procedures, including boosting the production of infection-fighting white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, and improving the success of bone marrow and peripheral blood cell transplants.

Sachs also demonstrated, for the first time, that malignancy can be reversed. He showed that the proteins he had identified, along with some other compounds, set leukemic cells back on the right track – inducing them to differentiate into normal-behaving mature cells. This approach, using retinoic acid combined with chemotherapy, is now standard procedure in treating human promyelocytic leukemia, and it has greatly increased survival rates.

At the Weizmann Institute, he established a section on genetics and virology and for 27 years, from 1962 to 1989, served as head of the institute's genetics department. In addition, between 1974 and 1979 he served as dean of Weizmann's biology faculty.

Awards and honours

 * In 1965, he was elected Member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation;
 * In 1972, Sachs was awarded the Israel Prize, for natural sciences
 * In 1975 he was elected Member, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities;
 * In 1977 Sachs was awarded the Rothschild Prize in the Biological Sciences;
 * In 1980, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine, becoming the first Israeli scientist to win the Wolf Prize; for his "contributions to knowledge of the function and dysfunction of the body cells through [his] studies on ... the elucidation of mechanisms governing the control and differentiation of normal and cancer cells".
 * In 1983 Sachs was awarded the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, New York;
 * In 1985 he was elected Doctor Honoris Causa, Bordeaux University, France;
 * In 1986 Sachs was awarded The Royal Society Wellcome Foundation Prize, London;
 * In 1989 Sachs was awarded the Alfred P. Sloan Prize, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, New York;
 * In 1995, he was also elected as a Foreign Associate to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS).
 * In 1996, Sachs received the Ot Hanagid (Medal of the Governor) award, presented annually by Jerusalem's Shaare Zedek Medical Center, for his pioneering work in cancer research. The presentation noted that "He discovered and identified a group of proteins among them colony-stimulating factors and some interleukins that control the viability and growth of blood stem cells and their development into different types of mature blood cells." It noted further that his "research in the 1950s on the use of amniotic fluid to diagnose a fetus s genetic properties has formed the basis for today's prenatal diagnosis of human diseases."
 * In 1997 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
 * In 1998, he was elected Foreign Member, Academia Europaea;
 * In 1999, he was elected Member Honorary Fellow, University of Wales, Bangor;
 * In 2000, he was elected Ham-Wasserman Lecture, American Society of Hematology, San Francisco;
 * In 2001, he was awarded Honorary Life Membership Award, International Cytokine Society;
 * In 2002, he was awarded Emet Prize for Life Sciences, Medicine and Genetics

title: Leo Sachs


text:
Chad Muska

Chad Muska (born May 20, 1977) is an American professional skateboarder, musician and entrepreneur. In November 2012, Skin Phillips, editor-in-chief of Transworld Skateboarding, described Muska as "one of the most marketable pros skateboarding has ever seen."

Early life
Chad Muska was born Chad Michael Muska in Lorain, Ohio to Joel Kevin Muska and Deborah Ann Muska. He has a sister, Lyndsey who is two years younger than him. His father was of Hungarian and Swedish ancestry and his mother is of Serbian ancestry. Muska first became interested in skateboarding as a young person following a relocation to Phoenix, Arizona, where his father was residing at the time. Muska explained in a 2012 interview:

I was riding my BMX bike a lot and then there were some neighborhood kids that would, kinda, skate and I would check them out; and I used to come home from school every day and just stare at 'em, you know? And I would walk by and just watch them skate. They told me this story ... I guess I'd be, like, "Hey, let me try your board", and I would grab their board and would just try and boardslide the curb and go all crazy on it ... Something happened, my bike got stolen, and I got a board off one of the kids, and, from that moment on, it was just, like, full blown ...

While in Arizona, Muska first met and spent time skateboarding with professional skateboarder Erik Ellington prior to both of their careers. Muska eventually moved to Mission Beach in San Diego, California, with very little money, a sketch book, and a portable cassette player to further pursue skateboarding and art.

1994–1996: Maple, Toy Machine, Welcome to Hell
Maple was Muska's first-ever skateboard deck company and he appeared in the 1994 video Rites of Passage. At the time, Muska was homeless and living on the beach, with no conception of what the future held for him.

After parting ways with Maple, Muska joined Toy Machine, which is prestigious among professional skateboarders. Muska became a leading member of the Toy Machine team, facilitating Elissa Steamer's sponsorship, and was a team member alongside Ed Templeton, Mike Maldonado, Jamie Thomas, and Brian Anderson. According to skateboarding journalist Adam Salo, in 2009: "In '95–'96, Toy Machine was one of the most respected and emulated teams in skateboarding."

Muska filmed for the Welcome to Hell video, a 1996 project primarily driven by Thomas, and he was expected to receive the highly regarded last part of the video. However, the video premiere was cancelled on the evening of, and his part was omitted from the public video release due to an altercation with both Templeton and Thomas that same night—a skull was placed over his face in the video case artwork.

1997–2005: Shorty's, Fulfill the Dream, Circa
Following the issues at Toy Machine, Muska joined the then-fledgling Shorty's brand. Muska was chosen to develop the Shorty's skateboard deck division and the company thrived as a result. He is popularly known for his part in the 1998 skateboarding video Fulfill The Dream, and he appeared in a total of four videos for the company.

Muska was sponsored by the éS skate shoe company (manufactured and distributed by the Sole Technology, Inc. company) in the late 1990s. When the "éS Muska" signature model was released in 1998, it was a popular product in the footwear market, as Muska was an especially popular figure in skateboarding culture during the late 1990s (the shoe was designed with a hidden "stash pocket" in the tongue of the shoe for particularly valuable items). Muska explained in 2013 that he was heavily involved with every aspect of the shoe's design, which was the way he continued for his subsequent skate shoe designs, regardless of the brand.

Following his time with éS, Muska joined the C1RCA footwear team in 1999 as the first pro skater for C1RCA and released numerous signature shoe models with the brand. Models such as the "CM901" and "CM902" were promoted in magazine advertisements, and Muska also continued with the hidden "stash pocket" design feature that he utilized at éS. Thomas was also with the brand at this time, but the previous issues at Toy Machine had been resolved by this time. Muska parted ways with Circa in 2005.

2006–2012: Element, Supra, Skytop (I, II, III)
Muska then left Shorty's in early 2006, and selected Element Skateboards as his next skateboard deck sponsor in December. Following his move to Element, Muska stated, "I am very excited about joining the Element family! I look forward to this new chapter in my skateboarding career... And you can bet on it that we are going to make some big things happen." The company officially welcomed Muska with an advertisement in 2007 that featured a photograph of Muska performing a frontside flip on a street-based transitional structure—the byline for the promotion read "Welcome To The Family".

After he left C1RCA, Muska subsequently founded the Supra footwear company in 2006 with Angel Cabada from One Distribution (owner of the KR3W apparel brand). The Supra footwear brand has been endorsed by Muska since the company's inception, and Muska's first Supra signature model—the "Skytop"—was one of the first team rider models that was released. The first Muska Supra advertisement appeared in 2006, while the inaugural official Skytop promotion appeared in 2007. Muska has designed the signature shoe models, the Skytop, "Skytop II" (2009), and "Skytop III"; a low-cut version was also released. All of the Skytop designs were created in collaboration with footwear designer Josh Brubaker and were initially perceived as outlandish by Muska's peers in the industry.

2013–present: "Transitions" art show, Skytop IV, Supra Mexico store
In addition to introducing a new version of the Berrics indoor skateboard facility in early 2013, Muska appeared on numerous occasions as a referee for the sixth installment of the Battle at the Berrics contest series, run by The Berrics website.

Muska partnered with the New Image Arts gallery to open his first-ever solo art exhibition, titled "Transitions," in June 2013. Muska explained:

... I set up this space. It was sort of a concept space for me and just a trial thing to bring a lot of people together from skaters to photographers, to artists and designers, directors, architects – I mean all these different people in one space and I wanted to encourage creativity. There was a big 20ft wall with supplies and it was a non-stop changing graffiti wall. So anybody that came I encouraged them to paint, interact with each other, have a good time and then my work was being created there and displayed there as well and people came and saw that and asked me to do the show, and that's how it happened.

The press release for the show explained the title's origins: "The title of Chad's first show ... is a word that not only stems from the curved surfaces skateboarders ride on in pools, parks, and ramps, but it's also a reference to the skateboard lifestyle which is defined by movement from place to place, and from one state of mind to the next."

Supra expanded into Mexico in 2014, and Muska opened the brand's store in Mexico City in November/December. He designed a custom sculpture to reflect city's history—titled "El Sol, La Luna, Y Más Allá," the sculpture was installed as a permanent fixture in the store.

In 2019, Muska created the cover art for Epiphany, an EP by British electronic musician Ross from Friends.

Sponsors
As of December 2021, Muska's sponsors are Ghetto Child Wheels, Shorty's, Brooklyn Projects and Supra Footwear.

Influence
Muska was identified as the 12th most influential skateboarder of all time by Transworld SKATEboarding magazine in December 2011. In response to the matter of his influence on skateboarding, Muska stated in response:

I'd like to think that I've brought something to the table. I caused a little bit of a stir at times in the industry when I think it needed it. People can talk shit about me or they love me—I don't know what they think about me—but at least I feel I added something to the industry and I had so much fun doing it.

Professional skateboarder Tom Penny (identified as twenty-first on Transworld SKATEboarding's list) named Muska as one of the five skateboarders who have influenced skateboarding the most.

Influences
After his inclusion in the "30 Most Influential Skaters of All Time" list released by Transworld SKATEboarding magazine in 2011, Muska explained that his first influences were sponsored skateboarders in his local area.

In addition to the influence that Muska has had on Penny, Muska revealed Penny's influence on his own skateboarding in 2012:

I think what was cool is that he was pushing skateboarding in a direction that I wasn't ... and I was pushing towards bigger handrails, bigger "hubbas", and, kind of, unconventional skate spots. And so I think, the two of us, kind of got psyched off each other, you know? next thing I know, he was hitting, grinding bigger handrails; I started frontside flipping over handrails, you know, like? ... And just as people, I think, like, he remains-I don't have to see the guy for ten years and we'll still be best friends ... You meet people over the years that you connect with and are inspired by, you know? And I think me and Tom were definitely a major part of coming together and helping progress skateboarding at the time ...

Muska has also identified Jamie Thomas as a major influence and described him as an individual who is readily able to identify others who are willing to work at their skateboarding diligently. Muska explained, "I'd just watch what he was doing ... he's talking and they're listening to him, you know? So I think Jamie really opened my eyes more that you could do more than just skate and get more involved with these companies, you know?"

The top five skateboarding influences, as identified by Muska in 2012, are Christian Hosoi, Natas Kaupas, Mark Gonzales, Pat Duffy, and Nyjah Huston—during the same interview, Muska admitted that "there are so many" and also named Kris Markovic and Jeremy Wray. In response to the matter of who is the all-time, "number one" influential skateboarder in history, Muska named Gonzales, further explaining:

... just still to this day. Like, I mean, just because, for me, skateboarding was never about just progression; it was about, like, the individual, and the person, and what they brought to, to skateboarding. Not many skaters could have a career as long as he has and still maintain that idea, you know? Like, still, he is skateboarding; that is, everything, is Mark—it's freedom; it's not caring about anything; it's about going on your board and enjoying yourself; pushing yourself physically, mentally, and having as much fun as you can possibly have. That's what skateboarding is and that's what Mark is.

Muska has named a variety of influences in regard to his shoe design work, such as Louis Vuitton and the Nike "Jordan" range, further explaining that he has attempted to merge the aesthetics of the fashion and sneaker cultures. In an interview to promote the third Skytop model, Muska elaborated on his future direction:

Personally design-wise, I'm definitely all over the place and I'm thinking of so many new and exciting designs, but it's hard for me to find places to sell a lot of the stuff, because it will be too crazy for what the shops want, especially on the skateboarding side ... I mean, the same thing happened with the Skytop I and eventually all the shops that thought it was horrible and said they would never wear it couldn't deny the fact that people wanted this product ... I think it's time for the world to define a new style and a new chapter and go ahead.

Entrepreneur
In 1997, Muska founded the skateboard wheel brand Ghetto Child. Started as a friendship between Chad Muska, Tom Penny and Sean Sheffey, Ghetto Child went on to sponsor some of today's most relevant skateboarders. In 2004, Ghetto Child went on a hiatus, ceasing distribution. In 2016, Bryan Herman and Braydon Szafranski collaborated with Muska to relaunch the brand.

In 2008, Muska opened the store "Factory413" in Los Angeles, with business partner Cabada; The retail outlet is described on the store's website as "a hub for avant-garde Los Angeles brands and a creative outlet for both founders."

Muska has released signature products using the "Factory413" name, such as sunglasses in 2010 and shoe collaboration with Supra in late 2012.

Video games
Muska is a playable character in the Tony Hawk's video game series, from Tony Hawk's Pro Skater to Tony Hawk's Underground 2. Muska later reprised his role in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2, a remake of the first two entries in the Tony Hawk's series.

Music
Muska's music has been released under the alias "Muskabeatz" and he has produced music for old-school hip hop artists, such as Afrika Bambaataa, Biz Markie, MC Lyte, Guru, Melle Mel, Ice-T, Jeru the Damaja, and KRS-One, as well as Wu-Tang Clan members Raekwon and U-God. For his debut release, Muska had planned to produce a drum 'n' bass record, but he decided during the recording process that the album should have an "old-school feel" to it—the self-titled Muskabeatz record was released on February 13, 2003 on Muska's own 1212 Records.

Personal life
Following his move to Mission Beach as an adolescent, Muska was mostly homeless and spent a significant period of time sleeping on the beach; in 2012, Muska explained: "I had nothing and those were, I can still say, by far, the happiest days of my life. Happiest beyond, craziest times, test, gnarliest adventures, everything, you know?" As of 2012, Muska resided in Hollywood, California.

Muska filmed a "Footnotes" segment for the Berrics website, in which he revealed his love of footwear, including his personal collection of footwear and models that he has designed. During the interview for the segment, Muska clarified, "I'm not, like, that 'sneaker collector guy' where, like, I buy one of each just to, like, save 'em and have 'em; when I like sneakers I like to get 'em and use them more, and wear 'em."

On July 14, 2011, Muska was arrested for "felony vandalism" on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles, California.

In 2021, Muska returned to his native Ohio to build and manage a farm. He also provided design consultation in the building of a new skatepark in the town of Lorain.

Videography

 * Maple: Rites of Passage (1994)
 * Etnies: High 5 (1995)
 * 411VM: Best of 411, Volume 2 (1995)
 * 411VM: Issue 11 (1995)
 * Transworld: Uno (1996)
 * Church of Skatan: Wild in the Streets (1998)
 * Shorty's: Fulfill the Dream (1998)
 * Genie of the Lamp (1998)
 * 411VM: Vancouver 1999 (1999)
 * Transworld: Feedback (1999)
 * Digital #3 (2000)
 * Transworld: Anthology (2000)
 * TSA: Life in the Fast Lane (2001)
 * Collage (2001)
 * Shorty's: Guilty (2001)
 * Transworld: Videoradio (2002)
 * 411VM: Good As Gold 50 (2002)
 * ON Video: Summer 2002 (2002)
 * Shorty's: T-Stance Holmes (2003)
 * 411VM: Issue 58 (2003)
 * The Death Squad: Oklahomies (2003)
 * ON Video: Summer 2003 (2003)
 * Shortys: How to Go Pro (2005)
 * Strange Notes: Covers, Baby! (2007)
 * Element: This is My Element (2007)
 * Streets: LA (2007)
 * Supra: European Tour (2011)

The 1996 Toy Machine video Welcome to Hell features a bonus part from Muska that was edited to a song by Nappy Roots called "Right Now".

title: Chad Muska


text:
Talk:Ecopsychology

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Mount Allison University supported by WikiProject Anthropology and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:43, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dhberkowitz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:08, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Book importance
I think this Ecopsychology article overrates the book Ecopsychology (1995). The term and idea of e. is older than that. John Scull's excellent article makes that clear. - Jussi Hirvi (8 Dec. 2005)

I just cleaned this up by adding a reference to Roszak's earlier (and better) The Voice of the Earth. I didn't change the reference to the other book, though, since it's a collective work. The fact that Roszak gets so much credit is that he's a shameless publicity hound, as are many scholars, especially those who like to coin terms and phrases. It kind of goes with the territory, doesn't it? - Danielbu (22 Apr. 2007)

Founder link
This isn't linked to from the article on the founder. Secretlondon 11:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC). Omission has been fixed by other by this date. --Lauriec 08:47, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

You mean Theorore Roszak? It's linked now (not by me).

Shamanic counselling
Shamanic counselling is quite different than Ecopsychology, though the two operate under similar principles. An analogy would like saying that a lamp is synonymous with electricity. Solace098 19:42, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Please point out the difference in the article. I mentioned shamanism as there is a chapter on it by Leslie Gray 'Shamanic counceling and ecopsychology', pages 172-182, in the book Ecopsychology 1995 edited by Roszak, Gomes and Kanner--Lauriec 08:43, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Some think this article is biased.
It assumes that this theory is scientifically sound, completely correct, and contains absolutely no criticism of ecopsychology. It is also written in a confusing and obscuring style, which makes it very difficult for most readers to comprehend. Lord Patrick 03:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

The article probably does need a section called 'controversies', as in the evolutionary psychology article. Rather than can it, why not do it? I'd be happy to see some editing from non believers, so we have some detail to improve. Cheers--Lauriec 08:33, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Agreement; this article reads as a shill for the links appended at the end. Normally there's a fair correlation between the content of the article and the amount of external links given, but not here. 24.151.128.208 20:14, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

'''Disagreement: I don't find this article biased, I'm just unhappy with its sloppy writing and lack of citations. Maybe the folks who think it's biased should ammend the article with a paragraph or two (plus links and citations) supporting their arguments.'''

Disagree: Can I just add that this is nothing new or unscientific, in its truest sense. See Goethe's writing on what a true science should encompass. Or, better yet, see Laura Sewall Tarcher/Putnam, 1999.
 * Sight and Sensibility: The Ecopsychology of Perception*

Man, woman, wake up. It's not just about what comes in, but what's coming out too.

Agree: the article uses quite a lot of words like sane, crazy, excellent, and so on, in a factual context and with very little qualification. Few claims are substantiated by a proper citation, and some are even blatantly unpsychological: e.g. not one of self-centeredness, alienation or insensitivity has anything to do with delusional thinking. As a result, the article seems more like a tract than an encyclopedic treatment of the subject. Decoy (talk) 12:15, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I've addressed the advertising wording, I've look hard for criticism but didn't find any. Evolutionary psychology is more controversial as it makes specific claims / predictions that are up for debate. Ecopsychology, not as much. One could fault ecopsychology for being more spiritual in practice than scientific, there would need to be reliable source to back that up. - RoyBoy 22:22, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

References missing
As there are no references at the end of the article, it really should have a tag to indicate this. I have put in the link to transpersonal ecology -  as the person who started that article, I have included some references, but these are all journal articles from "Journal of Transpersonal Psychology". If any one has read books by Warwick Fox, it would be good if s/he could cite these both here and at the end of the article transpersonal ecology. ACEOREVIVED 22:20, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

I hope folk do not object, but I have now added a tag to note that this is an article with a lack of sources - apart from websites, there are no references at the end. ACEOREVIVED 21:49, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

References added. Lauriec (talk) 11:00, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Conservation Psychology
My suggestion is to keep the two separate, but place a link to each, such as under the 'also' heading. Both topics have a different set of references and workers in the field. They may be working in parallel and should combine in the scientific literature. But that is not for wikipedia to do. Lauriec (talk) 10:58, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

I think the two are separate Roszak and others didn't want to see ecopsychology become just another discipline within psychology of which conservation psychology arguably is, there may also be different arguments drawing upon different ontologies and epistemologies underpinning the two

My experience has been that conservation psychology is mostly interested in seeking ways to change behaviors using existing psychological paradigms as the basis of research. This includes either a very physical-chemical oriented approach to the human brain, or some of the "personality complex" theories that trace back to Freud. Ecopsychology is more interested in how to change the *values* that underlie environmental behaviors - therefore I believe that the two are very different and should remain separate.

Psychoecology
I think psychoecology and Ecopsychology are diferent and the first one should have its own article. A french writer (Jean Pierre Alain FAYE) defines precisely this concept: http://www.psychoecologie.net/ --Ecureuil espagnol (talk) 14:02, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

•	Conservation psychology’ is a new name for a convergent area of applied psychology which has been more directly involved with conservation initiatives, targeted behaviour change to protect the natural environment, people-animal interactions, and the human side of natural resource management. Conservation psychology is also a network of researchers and practitioners who work together to understand and promote a sustainable and harmonious relationship between people and the natural environment (e.g., Saunders, 2003; Saunders, Brook & Meyers, 2006).

•	Ecological psychology refers both to the work of environmental perception and cognition, following from the work of Gibson (1966, 1979) and the revolutionary and paradigmatic shift proposed by more contemporary theorists (e.g., Heft, 2001; Reed, 1996). Ecological psychology also refers to the work and perspective of Barker and his disciples (e.g., Barker, 1968, 1976; Wicker, 1979, 2002), the developmental framework of Bronfenbrenner (e.g., 1979), and some more recent psychological perspectives on environmental problems and sustainability (e.g., Howard, 1997; Winter, 1996).

•	Ecopsychology is a much more encompassing humanities and cultural studies perspective and movement concerned with people-natural environment connections and well being, with some psychology representation, but with roots in the broader environmental and human potential movements, and strong spiritual and therapeutic leanings and objectives (e.g., Reser, 1995; Roszak et al., 1995). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rkarma (talk • contribs) 08:16, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

University Assignment
Howdy, folks! I'm the university student who's working on this article as an anthropology assignment, as per the banner above. Yes, I know it has been a while since I put that banner up there... alas, scheduling. So far, my plan is to delve into those referrences and sources, and do something about fixing the in-text citation issue. I'm also going to try using my university resources to see if I can find any relevant material, and trying my hand at some copyediting, since I have been led to believe that I'm good at making things read nice. I'll add to my mission statement if I think of anything else, and if there's anything anybody thinks I should try doing, feel free to shout! EmeraldWithin (talk) 23:36, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Here are all the websites an online sources I have extracted material from.
 * (n.d.). Gaia Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.gaiapsychology.org/
 * Anderson, G. (n.d.). About eco-psychology. Retrieved from http://www.eco-psychology.com/pages/about_ecopsychology.asp
 * Schroll, M.,A., Walker, H. (2011). Diagnosing the human superiority complex: Providing evidence the eco-crisis is born of conscious agency [Abstract]. Anthropology of Consciousness, 22(1), 39-48.
 * Hillard, H. J. (2009). Review [Review of the book Out of the shadow: Ecopsychology, story, and encounters with the land]. MELUS, 34(2), 194-196. Available from JSTOR Web site: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20532687?&Search=yes&searchText=ecopsychology&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Decopsychology%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=42&returnArticleService=showFullText
 * Burke, B. M. (1996). Managed growth and optimum population: Irreconcilable concepts. Population and Environment, 17(6), 537-544.
 * Roszack, T. (1993, January). A new therapy [Letter to the editor]. BioScience, 34(2), 3.

EmeraldWithin (talk) 03:14, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello EmeraldWithin and welcome! Talk posts go at the bottom of the page and if you have any questions about WP you can leave a message on my take page linked at the end of my sig.   Alternatively you can use the  template on your talk page and someone will answer your inquiry shortly.  There are a lot of policies on WP but generally if you stick to sources and use neutral writing you should be fine.  N o f o rmation  Talk  23:54, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Application
Perhaps there should be a section devoted to the applications of ecopsychology and a list of "peer-reviewed" therapies developed from this area of research. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rcalder (talk • contribs) 19:50, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Notability?
One editor asked me to justify adding the notability tag: My concern was that the sources attached to this article were either self-published (Anderson, giapsychology). We only seem to have one article that mentions the topic in any significant way (psychology today), and I'm not sure if that alone implies notability for this subject. --Salimfadhley (talk) 14:46, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Alaynna2023 (talk) 03:13, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi everyone! New Wikipedia editor here! I am in a capstone class for my psychology degree and have a natural affinity for learning about how nature and psych interact. While reading the article, I saw a distinct lack of sources that connected the theories for ecopsychology to the BIPOC practices most of the basis of ecopsychology derives from. I am looking to add a cultural connection section, as I believe it is important to give credit where credit is due. Please let me know if you come across anything, and/or if you have some advice. I'm still a little shaky on what's considered a good source, but look forward to editing with y'all! Psychologylearner1 (talk) 06:40, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
 * HelloI just came across your article, and noted the point about deficiencies in the field of ecopsychology.I'm thinking that my ideas about ecological restoration as a context for negotiating a positive relationship between an ecosystem and its human inhabitants might be of interest. For one thing, it is based in part on a theory of the experience of values such as community and beauty that is not sentimental, but proposes that the human experience of the "other," including the rest of nature entails the experience of existential shame, and that performance, ritual and the arts provide the crucial technologies for "metabolizing" this in an emotionally productive way, passing, as Frederick Turner has said, "through shame to beauty". Hence the notion of restoration as a context for ritual, and so a way of engaging the shame arising from our experience of the other (including what we may have done to it) and dealing with it productively. If you'd like to check this out, perhaps the most relevant source for my thinking about this is my book "The Sunflower Forest: Ecological Restoration and the New Communion with Nature" (California, 2003). William R. Jordan III (talk) 22:23, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

"Reearthing" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reearthing&redirect=no Reearthing] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Skarmory  (talk •   contribs)  07:43, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

PhDelity
There was a recent addition that I have undone.

 * Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates contains the word ecopsychology just once, because it uses a reference from the journal with that name.
 * Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies does not contain the word ecopsychology
 * Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness contains it once, because it references a book with that title.
 * From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner contains the word 1 time in the body of the text, and it references the same book and 2 articles in that journal.

So it appears that the addition is original research. Polygnotus (talk) 08:03, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecopsychology


text:
2005 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election

The 2005 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election began on 7 May 2005 when David Trimble resigned as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party following his party's poor performance in the 2005 general election when it lost all but one of its seats, including Trimble's own. Following his resignation, the UUP's executive committee charged Sir Reg Empey, Lady Hermon and Lord Rogan with the interim leadership of the Party.

This was the first occasion when the UUP leadership was contested under the Party's new constitution. Therefore, this was the first occasion where the candidates were not proposed and seconded from the floor of the meeting, but in writing one week before the meeting.

Trimble's successor was elected by delegates to the Ulster Unionist Council who met on 24 June 2005. After two rounds of voting the election was won by Sir Reg Empey.

Candidates
Nominations for the leadership closed on 17 June.

Standing

 * Sir Reg Empey
 * Alan McFarland
 * David McNarry

Declined to run
The following prominent Ulster Unionist Party politicians were speculated upon by media organisations but declined to run:

 * David Burnside, an MP until 2005
 * Sylvia Hermon, UUP's only MP after the general election.
 * Lord Maginnis of Drumglass, an MP until 2001.
 * Lord Kilclooney, an MP until 2001, and a former minister in the Government of Northern Ireland

Outsiders
Some in the party called for a figure from outside the party to become the next leader; however those named declined. They included:

 * Colonel Tim Collins
 * Robert McCartney

Collins was named by Lord Kilclooney as his preferred candidate on his announcement that he would not run. McCartney announced that he would seek to rejoin the party he left in the 1980s intending to become leader should a majority or a significant number of delegates spoil their ballots. Less than 5 delegates spoilt their ballots in the event.

Timeline of events

 * 6 May 2005 - In the general election David Trimble loses his constituency of Upper Bann, prompting speculation that he will step down as leader.
 * 7 May 2005 - Trimble declares he is resigning.
 * 8 May 2005 - The party's sole MP, Sylvia Hermon, is reported to be considering standing for the leadership, but states she also has strong family commitments.
 * 11 May 2005 - Hermon states she wishes to see the UUP move in a "more liberal direction", away from the rival Democratic Unionist Party.
 * 14 May 2005 - A meeting of the UUP Executive calls a special meeting of the Ulster Unionist Council for 24 June. In the interim it places the running of the party in the joint hands of Party President Lord Rogan, MLA Sir Reg Empey and the party's sole MP Sylvia Hermon.
 * 14 May 2005 - David Burnside gives an interview in which he suggests a Hermon leadership would be a disaster, taking the party down "some sort of softy, wishy-washy, liberal sort of route." He declines to run and endorses Lord Kilclooney as an interim leader.
 * 17 May 2005 - Hermon declares she will not be a candidate due to family commitments.
 * 7 June 2005 - David McNarry becomes the first candidate to publicly enter the race. He declares he wants "to take the party out of denial."
 * 8 June 2005 - Lord Kilclooney issues a statement that he would be prepared to back a leader from outside the party who could bring the "radical new approach the party leads" and declines to run himself. He suggests Colonel Tim Collins would be a good choice, but the latter declines, stating he has "no experience of politics."
 * 9 June 2005 - Sir Reg Empey formally launches a bid for the leadership, with the backing of more than half the party's MLAs and its sole MEP Jim Nicholson. He pledges to end "the days of heavy-handedness" and listen to grassroots supporters.
 * 13 June 2005 - Alan McFarland announces his intention to stand, declaring that he is leading "a grass roots rebellion". He pledges to rebuild the party structure, impose a sense of self-discipline and refocus it upon the issues that matter to ordinary voters. Amongst those present at his launch are the party's sole MP, Sylvia Hermon.
 * 13 June 2005 - It is reported that members of the UUP are asking Robert McCartney to put his name forward, despite no longer being a member of the party. McCartney rejects rejoining the party prior to the leadership election.
 * 15 June 2005 - Lord Maginnis declares that he will not seek the leadership.
 * 17 June 2005 - Nominations close. Empey, McFarland and McNarry are all nominated.
 * 24 June 2005 - The Ulster Unionist Council meets.

Results
At the meeting delegates to the Ulster Unionist Council voted in a succession of ballots until one candidate had an absolute majority.

In the first round, No candidate achieved a majority and David McNarry, as the lowest placed candidate, was eliminated.

Within the second round, Sir Reg Empey was elected.


text:
Talk:Alien (Strapping Young Lad album)

Notability
I'm removing the tag that says this article may not meet Wikipedia's criteria for notability. All of Strapping Young Lad's other releases have their own pages and therefore there shouldn't be a reason not to have this one as well. DarkSinisity (talk) 00:46, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Genre
Though I have not listened to this whole album, I have Two Weeks on my playlist... Which is probably their only song like that, but is still nothing even close to metal. I suggest that progressive metal just be changed to Progressive (Neither rock nor metal), perhaps? -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  00:15, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * First, you should listen to the entire album. There's definitely progressive metal on there. Second, unless you can find a source that states something like "This album is progressive rock, but not progressive metal" (basically, back it up with a Reliable Source), there's no real good reason to change the genre. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 17:31, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I did not deny that. In fact, if you actually read what I said, I mentioned that one tune on the album is uncontestedly not metal, period. But, having it your way, I just checked all of the references to this article and not one of them mentions Progressive metal (I may have missed it so correct me if I'm wrong), so I'm challenging the factual basis of that being on this article. --  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  18:40, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good challenge (and a good reason to change the genre, as opposed to personal opinions). You should either find a source that backs up Progressive [Whatever], or remove Progressive Metal altogether from the genre, keeping it just to Extreme Metal. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 19:30, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alien (Strapping Young Lad album)


text:
Heat recovery steam generator

A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream, such as a combustion turbine or other waste gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process (cogeneration) or used to drive a steam turbine (combined cycle).

HRSGs
HRSGs consist of four major components: the economizer, evaporator, superheater and water preheater. The different components are put together to meet the operating requirements of the unit. See the attached illustration of a Modular HRSG General Arrangement.

Modular HRSGs can be categorized by a number of ways such as direction of exhaust gases flow or number of pressure levels. Based on the flow of exhaust gases, HRSGs are categorized into vertical and horizontal types. In horizontal type HRSGs, exhaust gas flows horizontally over vertical tubes whereas in vertical type HRSGs, exhaust gas flow vertically over horizontal tubes. Based on pressure levels, HRSGs can be categorized into single pressure and multi pressure. Single pressure HRSGs have only one steam drum and steam is generated at single pressure level whereas multi pressure HRSGs employ two (double pressure) or three (triple pressure) steam drums. As such triple pressure HRSGs consist of three sections: an LP (low pressure) section, a reheat/IP (intermediate pressure) section, and an HP (high pressure) section. Each section has a steam drum and an evaporator section where water is converted to steam. This steam then passes through superheaters to raise the temperature beyond the saturation point.

The steam and water pressure parts of an HRSG are subjected to a wide range of degradation mechanisms, for example creep, thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, mechanical fatigue, Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC), corrosion and corrosion fatigue, amongst others.

Packaged HRSGs
Packaged HRSGs are designed to be shipped as a fully assembled unit from the factory. They can be used in waste heat or turbine (usually under 20 MW) applications. The packaged HRSG can have a water-cooled furnace, which allows for higher supplemental firing and better overall efficiency.

Variations
Some HRSGs include supplemental, or duct firing. These additional burners provide additional energy to the HRSG, which produces more steam and hence increases the output of the steam turbine. Generally, duct firing provides electrical output at lower capital cost. It is therefore often utilized for peaking operations.

HRSGs can also have diverter valves to regulate the inlet flow into the HRSG. This allows the gas turbine to continue to operate when there is no steam demand or if the HRSG needs to be taken offline.

Emissions controls may also be located in the HRSG. Some may contain a selective catalytic reduction system to reduce nitrogen oxides (a large contributor to the formation of smog and acid rain) or a catalyst to remove carbon monoxide. The inclusion of an SCR dramatically affects the layout of the HRSG. NOx catalyst performs best in temperatures between 650 and(-). This usually means that the evaporator section of the HRSG will have to be split and the SCR placed in between the two sections. Some low-temperature NOx catalysts have recently come to market that allow for the SCR to be placed between the evaporator and economizer sections (350 - 500 F).

Once-through steam generator (OTSG)
A specialized type of HRSG without boiler drums is the once-through steam generator. In this design, the inlet feedwater follows a continuous path without segmented sections for economizers, evaporators, and superheaters. This provides a high degree of flexibility as the sections are allowed to grow or contract based on the heat load being received from the gas turbine. The absence of drums allows for quick changes in steam production and fewer variables to control, and is ideal for cycling and base load operation. With proper material selection, an OTSG can be run dry, meaning the hot exhaust gases can pass over the tubes with no water flowing inside the tubes. This eliminates the need for a bypass stack and exhaust gas diverter system which is required to operate a combustion turbine with a drum-type HRSG out of service.

Applications

 * Heat recovery can be used extensively in energy projects.
 * In the energy-rich Persian Gulf region, the steam from the HRSG is used for desalination plants.
 * Universities are ideal candidates for HRSG applications. They can use a gas turbine to produce high reliability electricity for campus use.  The HRSG can recover the heat from the gas turbine to produce steam/hot water for district heating or cooling.
 * Large ocean vessels (e.g. Emma Maersk) make use of heat recovery so that their oil-fired boilers can be shut down while underway.

Block diagram

title: Heat recovery steam generator


text:
Alcantara, Cebu

Alcantara, officially the Municipality of Alcantara (Lungsod sa Alcantara; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 16,910 people.

Alcantara is one of the eight municipalities comprising the 7th Congressional District Cebu Province. It is 95 km from Cebu City.

Geography
Alcantara is bordered to the north by the town of Ronda, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is the town of Argao, and to the south is the town of Moalboal.

Barangays
Alcantara is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Education
The public schools in the town of Alcantara are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.

Elementary schools:
 * Alcantara Central Elementary School — Poblacion
 * Cabil-isan Elementary School — Cabil-isan
 * Candabong Elementary School — Candabong
 * Lawaan Elementary School — Lawaan
 * Manga Elementary School — Manga
 * Palanas Elementary School — Palanas
 * Polo Elementary School — Polo
 * Salagmaya Elementary School — Salagmaya

High schools:
 * Alcantara National High School — Poblacion

Integrated schools:
 * Cabadiangan Integrated School — Cabadiangan

Private schools:
 * Saint Augustine Academy, Inc. — Poblacion

title: Alcantara, Cebu


text:
Automatic radar plotting aid

A marine radar with automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) capability can create tracks using radar contacts. The system can calculate the tracked object's course, speed and closest point of approach (CPA), thereby knowing if there is a danger of collision with the other ship or landmass.

Development of ARPA started after 1956, when the Italian liner SS Andrea Doria collided with the MS Stockholm in dense fog and sank off the east coast of the United States. ARPA radars started to emerge in the 1960s, with the development of microelectronics. The first commercially available ARPA was delivered to the cargo liner MV Taimyr in 1969 and was manufactured by Norcontrol, now a part of Kongsberg Gruppen. ARPA-enabled radars are now available even for small yachts.

History
The availability of low cost microprocessors and the development of advanced computer technology during the 1970s and 1980s have made it possible to apply computer techniques to improve commercial marine radar systems. Radar manufacturers used this technology to create the Automatic Radar Plotting Aids. ARPAs are computer assisted radar data processing systems which generate predictive vectors and other ship movement information.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set out certain standards amending the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea requirements regarding the carrying of suitable automated radar plotting aids. The primary function of ARPAs can be summarized in the statement found under the IMO Performance Standards. It states a requirement of ARPAs: "to improve the standard of collision avoidance at sea: Reduce the workload of observers by enabling them to automatically obtain information so that they can perform as well with multiple targets as they can by manually plotting a single target". As we can see from this statement the principal advantages of ARPA are a reduction in the workload of bridge personnel and fuller and quicker information on selected targets.

A typical ARPA function gives a presentation of the current situation and uses computer technology to predict future situations. An ARPA assesses the risk of collision, and enables operator to see proposed maneuvers by own ship.

While many different models of ARPAs are available on the market, the following functions are usually provided:

 * 1) True or relative motion radar presentation.
 * 2) Automatic acquisition of targets plus manual acquisition.
 * 3) Digital read-out of acquired targets which provides course, speed, range, bearing, closest point of approach (CPA, and time to CPA (TCPA).
 * 4) The ability to display collision assessment information directly on the Plan Position Indicator (PPI), using vectors (true or relative) or a graphical Predicted Area of Danger (PAD) display.
 * 5) The ability to perform trial maneuvers, including course changes, speed changes, and combined course/speed changes.
 * 6) Automatic ground stabilization for navigation purposes. ARPA processes radar information much more rapidly than conventional radar but is still subject to the same limitations. ARPA data is only as accurate as the data that comes from inputs such as the gyro and speed log.

Standalone and integral ARPAs
The initial development and design of ARPAs were stand-alone units. That is because they were designed to be an addition to the conventional radar unit. All of the ARPA functions were installed on board as a separate unit, but needed to be interfaced with existing equipment to get the basic radar data. The primary benefits were cost and time savings for ships already equipped with radar. This of course was not the ideal situation and eventually it was the integral ARPA that replaced the stand-alone unit.

The majority of ARPAs manufactured in the 21st century integrate the ARPA features with the radar display. The modern integral ARPA combines the conventional radar data with the computer data processing systems into one unit. The main operational advantage is that both the radar and ARPA data are readily comparable.

ARPA displays
From the time radar was first introduced to the present day the radar picture has been presented on the screen of a cathode ray tube. Although the cathode ray tube has retained its function over the years, the way in which the picture is presented has changed considerably. From about the mid-1980s the first raster scan displays appeared. The radial-scan Plan position indicator (PPI) was replaced by a raster-scan PPI generated on a television type of display. The integral ARPA and conventional radar units with a raster-scan display will gradually replace the radial-scan radar sets.

The development of commercial marine radar entered a new phase in the 1980s when raster-scan displays that were compliant with the IMO Performance Standards were introduced.

The radar picture of a raster-scan synthetic display is produced on a television screen and is made up of a large number of horizontal lines which form a pattern known as a raster. This type of display is much more complex than the radial-scan synthetic display and requires a large amount of memory. There are a number of advantages for the operator of a raster-scan display and concurrently there are some deficiencies too. The most obvious advantage of a raster-scan display is the brightness of the picture. This allows the observer to view the screen in almost all conditions of ambient light. Out of all the benefits offered by a raster-scan radar it is this ability which has assured its success. Another difference between the radial-scan and raster-scan displays is that the latter has a rectangular screen. The screen size is specified by the length of the diagonal and the width and height of the screen with an approximate ratio of 4:3. The raster-scan television tubes have a much longer life than a traditional radar cathode ray tube (CRT). Although the tubes are cheaper over their counterpart, the complexity of the signal processing makes it more expensive overall.

Raster-scan PPI
The IMO Performance Standards for radar to provide a plan display with an effective display diameter of 180mm, 250mm, or 340mm depending upon the gross tonnage of the vessel. With the diameter parameters already chosen, the manufacturer has then to decide how to arrange the placement of the digital numerical data and control status indicators. The raster-scan display makes it easier for design engineers in the way auxiliary data can be written.raster from azimuth information digitized.

The plot when own ship manoeuvers
At normal your ARPA does everything automatically, but here you find some more information about how to actually plot your ship. When it is decided (after assessment of the initial plot) that it is necessary for own ship to manoeuvre, it is essential to determine the effect of that manoeuvre prior to its execution and to ensure that it will result in a safe passing distance. After the manoeuvre has been completed, plotting must be continued to ensure that the manoeuvre is having the desired effect.

The plot when own ship alters course only
Because of the time taken for a change in speed to have any effect on the apparent motion line, the mariner will frequently select a change in course if it will achieve a satisfactory passing distance.

This has some distinct advantages:
 * 1) It is quick to take effect.
 * 2) The vessel retains steerage way.
 * 3) The encounter may be more quickly cleared.
 * 4) It is more likely to be detected if the other vessel is plotting.

Example. With own ship steering 000° at a speed of 12 knots, an echo is observed as follows:
 * 1) 	0923	echo bears	037° (T)	at	9.5 n mile
 * 2) 	0929	echo bears	036° (T) 	at	8.0 n mile
 * 3) 	0935	echo bears	034° (T)	at	6.5 n mile

At 0935 it is intended to alter course 60° to starboard (We assume this to be instantaneous).
 * 1) 	predict the new CPA and TCPA
 * 2) 	Predict the new CPA and TCPA if the manoeuvre is delayed until 0941.
 * 3) 	Predict the range and bearing of the echo at 0935, if the (instantaneous) manoeuvre is made at 0941.

title: Automatic radar plotting aid


text:
Oracle Application Server

The Oracle Application Server 10g (the "g" stands for grid) (short Oracle AS), consists of an integrated, standards-based software platform. It forms part of Oracle Corporation's Fusion Middleware technology stack. The heart of Oracle Application Server consists of Oracle HTTP Server (based on Apache HTTP Server) and OC4J (OracleAS Containers for Java EE) which deploys Java EE-based applications. The version of OC4J offers full compatibility with the Java EE 1.4 specifications.

Oracle Application Server became the first platform designed for grid computing as well as with full life-cycle support for service-oriented architecture (SOA).

The release of Oracle Application Server, 10g R3, does not feature a metadata repository tier, relying instead on metadata repositories provided in previous releases.

Following Oracle's acquisition of BEA Systems: “key features [will be] integrated with WebLogic Server with seamless migration”.

History
Oracle Corporation marketed its first application server using the name Oracle Web Server (OWS). A subsequent repackaging resulted in the Oracle Application Server (OAS). A later product, superseding OAS, became the iAS (Internet Application Server).

Editions
Oracle Corporation subdivides some of its products into varying "editions"—apparently to facilitate marketing and license-tracking.

Available Oracle AS editions include:
 * Enterprise Edition
 * Standard Edition
 * Standard Edition One
 * Java Edition

Components

 * Oracle Portal
 * Oracle Identity Management
 * Oracle Integration
 * Oracle Business Rules
 * Oracle BPEL Process Manager (option)
 * Oracle Business Activity Monitoring (option)
 * Oracle Business Intelligence
 * Oracle Forms
 * Oracle Reports
 * Oracle TopLink
 * Oracle JDeveloper
 * Oracle Application Server Containers for Java EE (OC4J)
 * Oracle Enterprise Manager
 * Oracle Application Server Web Cache
 * Oracle Application Server Wireless
 * Oracle Application Development Framework

OC4J
Oracle Corporation refers to its implementation of the Java EE specification as Oracle Containers for J2EE and abbreviates the concept as OC4J. OC4J, originally based on the IronFlare Orion Application Server, has developed solely under Oracle's control since Oracle Corporation acquired the source code.

OC4J includes the following servers:
 * Web Container
 * Enterprise JavaBean Container
 * JMS Server

Implementation
Oracle Application Server can utilize an "Oracle AS Infrastructure Database"—an Oracle database instance supporting the Oracle AS Metadata Repository and/or Oracle Identity Management.

OPMN - the Oracle Process Management and Notification server - monitors components of the Oracle Application Server.

Operation
The opmnctl command starts, stops and monitors Oracle AS components.

title: Oracle Application Server


text: Category:Climate of India

title: Category:Climate of India


text:
Built-in test equipment

Built-in test equipment (BITE) for avionics primarily refers to passive fault management and diagnosis equipment built into airborne systems to support maintenance processes. Built-in test equipment includes multimeters, oscilloscopes, discharge probes, and frequency generators that are provided as part of the system to enable testing and perform diagnostics.

The acronym BIT is often used for this same function or, more specifically, in reference to the individual tests.

BIT often includes:
 * The detection of the fault
 * The accommodation of the fault (how the system actively responds to the fault)
 * The annunciation or logging of the fault to warn of possible effects and/or aid in troubleshooting the faulty equipment.

Functionality

 * Analysis of failure monitoring results
 * Reporting and memorization of failures
 * Management of tests

title: Built-in test equipment


text:
Kunbi

Kunbi (alternatively Kanbi) (Marathi: ISO 15919: Kuṇabī, Gujarati: ISO 15919: Kaṇabī)  is a generic term applied to several castes of traditional farmers in Western India. These include the Dhonoje, Ghatole, Masaram, Hindre, Jadav, Jhare, Khaire, Lewa (Leva Patil), Lonare and Tirole communities of Vidarbha. The communities are largely found in the state of Maharashtra but also exist in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat (now called Patidar), Karnataka, Kerala and Goa. Kunbis are included among the Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Maharashtra.

Most of the Mavalas serving in the armies of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji came from this community. The Shinde and Gaekwad dynasties of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin. In the fourteenth century and later, several Kunbis who had taken up employment as military men in the armies of various rulers underwent a process of Sanskritisation and began to identify themselves as Marathas. The boundary between the Marathas and the Kunbi became obscure in the early 20th century due to the effects of colonisation, and the two groups came to form one block, the Maratha-Kunbi.

Tensions along caste lines between the Kunbi and the Dalit communities were seen in the Khairlanji killings, and the media have reported sporadic instances of violence against Dalits. Other inter-caste issues include the forgery of caste certificates by politicians, mostly in the grey Kunbi-Maratha caste area, to allow them to run for elections from wards reserved for OBC candidates. In April 2005, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Marathas are not a sub-caste of Kunbis.

Maharashtra's Kunbi community shares links with North and Eastern India's Kurmi. Both are farming communities. Both communities have deep roots in agriculture, with "Kunbi" itself meaning "farmer" in Marathi. The Indian government in 2006 recognized them as synonymous and NCBC issued notification that the 'Kurmi' caste / community of Maharashtra is akin to the Kunbis of Maharashtra and is socially and educationally backward..

Etymology
According to the Anthropological Survey of India, the term Kunbi is derived from kun and bi meaning "people" and "seeds", respectively. Conjoined, the two terms mean "those who germinate more seeds from one seed". Another etymology states that Kunbi is believed to have come from the Marathi word kunbawa, or Sanskrit kur, meaning "agricultural tillage". Yet another etymology states that Kunbi derives from kutumba ("family"), or from the Dravidian kul, "husbandman" or "cultivator". Thus anyone who took up the occupation of a cultivator could be brought under the generic term Kunbi. G. S. Ghurye has posited that while the term may "signify the occupation of the group, viz., that of cultivation ... it is not improbable that the name may be of tribal origin."

Marriages
Like other Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas, Dhangars Malis etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's daughter is common in the Kunbi community. Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of the Karekars of Ahmednagar that this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order between the two is fluid and flexible.

Maratha-Kunbi
Very little information was recorded prior to the 19th century regarding the significantly large group of Maharashtrian agricultural castes, known as Maratha-Kunbis. Both individual terms, Kunbi and Maratha are equally complex. In the fourteenth century, the term Maratha (among other meanings) referred to all speakers of the Marathi language. An example of this is the record of the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta whose use of the term included multiple castes who spoke Marathi. Several years later, as the Bahamani kings started employing the local population in their military, the term Maratha acquired a martial connotation. Those who were not associated with the term Maratha and were not untouchables began to identify themselves as Kunbi. According to Stewart Gordon, the so-called Marathas now differentiated themselves from the others such as the cultivators (Kunbi), iron-workers and tailors. At lower status levels, the term Kunbi was applied to those who tilled the land. It was possible for outsiders to become Kunbi, an example of which was recorded by Enthoven. Enthoven observed that it was common for Kolis (fishermen) to take up agriculture and become Kunbis. In the eighteenth century, under the Peshwas, newer waves of villagers joined the armies of the Maratha Empire. These men began to see themselves as Marathas too, further obscuring the boundary between the Marathas and Kunbi, giving rise to a new category: Maratha-Kunbi. While this view of the term was common among colonial European observers of the eighteenth century, they were ignorant of the caste connotations of the term. The dividing line between the Maratha and Kunbi was obscure, but there was evidence of certain families who called themselves Assall Marathas or true Marathas. The Assal Marathas claimed to be Kshatriyas in the Varna hierarchy and claimed lineage from the Rajput clans of north India. The rest, the Kunbi, accepted that they came lower in the Varna hierarchy. Karve says that the Maratha caste precipitated from the Kunbi through the Sanskritisation process, the two were later consolidated due to social reforms as well as political and economic development during British rule in the early 20th century.

The British installed Chatrapati Pratapsinh Bhonsle, a descendant of Shivaji, noted in his diary in the 1820s–1830s that the Gaekwads (another powerful Maratha dynasty) had Kunbi origins. He notes further "These days, when the Kunbis and others grow wealthy, they try to pollute our caste. If this goes on, dharma itself will not remain. Each man should stick to his own caste, but in spite of this these men are trying to spread money around in our caste. But make no mistake, all Kshatriyas will look to protect their caste in this matter." Later, in September 1965, the Marathi Dnyan Prasarak newspaper published a piece which addressed the changing meaning of the term Maratha, the social mobility of the day, the origins of the Maratha-Kunbi castes, the eating habits and the living conditions of the people of Maharashtra. The author of the piece claims that only a very small circle of families, like those of Shivaji Bhonsale, can claim the Kshatriya status. He also states that these Kshatriya families have not been able to stop the inroads made by the wealthy and powerful Kunbis, who had bought their way into Kshatriya status through wealth and inter-marriages. Of the most powerful Maratha dynasties, the Shindes (later anglicised to Scindia) were of Kunbi origin. A "Marathaisation" of the Kunbis was seen between the censuses of 1901 and 1931, which shows a gradually declining number of Kunbis resulting from more of them identifying themselves as Marathas. Lele notes in 1990 that a subset of the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes became the political elite in the state of Maharashtra in the 1960s and 1970s and have remained so to the present day. The elite Maratha-Kunbis have institutionalised their ideology of agrarian development through their control of the Congress party. The state Government of Maharashtra does not recognise a group called Maratha-Kunbi.

According to Irawati Karve, the Marata-Kunbi form over 40% of the population of Western Maharashtra. Later in 1990, Lele records that the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes account for 31% of the population, distributed over the whole of Maharashtra.

Ghatole
According to a report in 2009, the Ghatole Kunbi community in the Akola and Washim areas of Vidarbha prefer the Shivsena political party.

Leva or Leva Patil
Dowry is not practiced in the Leva community today.

Tirole or Tirale
Based on evidence from an old Marathi document, Karve concludes that the Tirole Kunbi differ significantly from the Kubis west of Nagpur, and that they did not formerly claim to be Kshatriyas. G. S Ghurye states that Karve's statement is either esoteric or wrong.

Kunbi communities in other states
In Gujarat, Kunbi communities are found in the Dangs, Surat and Valsad districts. In 2003, Singh and Lal described the Kunbi of Gujarat as being non-vegetarian and consumers of alcoholic drinks such as mohua. That particular community believes itself to be of a higher status than some other local groups due to the type of meat which they consume (for example, they believe that the Warlis eat rats, and other groups eat beef). The community practices monogamous endogamy; marriage of cross cousins is acceptable, as is remarriage by widows. Divorce is permitted and the practice of marriage around the age of 10–12 years has been abandoned. The dead are cremated.

The Charotar (Anand) region, tilled by the Lewa Kunbis, had been well-known since the 15th century for high productivity levels which produced potentially high-revenue crops like cotton and food grains. The Lewa community of the region were regarded among the most industrious by colonial officials.

By the 18th century, Gujarati Kunbis distinguished themselves by two sub-categories: those who continued their traditional occupation as agriculturists, and those who had taken up revenue collection. The former were known as Kunbis and the latter as Patidars. While these two sub-communities resided in the same villages, they did not inter-dine or inter-marry. There was some confusion in the nomenclature of the community during the second half of the 19th century when colonial officials referred to elites simply as Kunbis. On other occasions the two sub-communities were collectively referred to as the Patidars.

The changes implemented to land tenure policy during the colonial era led to the ascendency of the Kunbis in central Gujarat. The Kunbis and the fishermen Kolis were not too different in their socio-economic position until the end of the 19th century. With the aid of favourable policies, the Kunbis were able to transform themselves into a prosperous caste by the time of the 1931 census, in which they had renamed themselves Patidars. The etymology of term Patidar, which implied a higher economic status due to land-ownership, comes from one who holds pieces of land called patis.

A population of Kunbi (locally called Kurumbi) is also found in Goa, where they are believed to be descendants of the area's aboriginal inhabitants. They are largely poor agriculturalists, though some of the oldest known landowners in Goa were of this class, and claimed for themselves the Vaishya (merchant) varna. According to the leaders of the Uttara Kannada district Kunabi Samaj Seva Sangh, the population of their community in the region is 75,000.

Vidarbha
The Kunbis, along with the Teli and the Mali, play a major role in the politics of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The three groups compose 50% of the electorate and are known to influence election outcomes. The Kunbis, being landlords, hold the upper-hand in the politics of the region and can decide the outcome of at least 22 seats, since they are dominant in every village of the region. The Kunbis, who are known to have a more tolerant attitude and are more secular than the Telis, prefer the Congress Party. As a result, the Party has held a dominant position in the region for several decades. However, in the last decade or so, Congress has ignored the Kunbis and other parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party; Shiv Sena responded by giving more opportunities to Kunbi candidates in elections.

In the 2009 elections, resentment by the Kunbis towards the Congress candidate Wamanrao Kasawar was said to benefit Sanjay Derkar, the independent NCP rebel candidate, in a triangular contest which also included Shiv Sena's Vishvas Nandekar. In the 2004 MLA elections in Murbad, the Kunbi vote was said to be the deciding vote in favour of Digambar Vishe, a BJP candidate belonging to the Kunbi community.

According to the Indian Express, soon after its inception in May 1999 the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) worked hard to get rid of its "Kunbi Only" image. Sharad Pawar found, after breaking away from the Congress, that it was not possible to win elections with just the Kunbi vote. In order to attract the non-Kunbi OBC vote, estimated to form 40% of the electorate, Pawar recruited Chhagan Bhujbal (a Mali), and Pandurang Hajare (a Teli). Even though Pawar recruited other Telis like Pandurang Dhole, the Indian Express wondered if it would be enough to counter the age-old and keen Kunbi versus Teli rivalry. A closer look at local and regional leaders in the NCP revealed that almost all of them belonged to the Kunbi community. In 2009, the NCP president Sharad Pawar chose Anil Deshmukh over Rajendra Shingane as party candidate from the Vidarbha region because he represented the huge Kunbi-Marathi community there.

OBC vote politics
According to Thomas Blom Hansen, a commentator on religious and political violence in India, the failure of political parties to consolidate OBC votes in Maharashtra, despite calls for "Kunbi-zation" of the Maratha caste, was because Maharashtra had, as early as 1967, identified 183 communities as "educationally backward classes". By 1978 there were 199 communities in this category, and the government implemented a policy of reserving 10% of educational seats and government jobs for them. The official data used by the government for the definition of the Maratha-Kunbi castes puts them between 30% and 40%, depending on whether a narrow or an inclusive definition of the caste is used. This causes the percentage of OBCs to vary between 29% and 38% of the population. According to Hansen, it is critically important for the politicians of the state to ensure a narrow definition of OBC and maximise the Maratha representation. The Maratha Mahasangha (All-Maratha Federation), fearing that the Mandal Commission would divide the Maratha-Kunbis into Kunbis and high Marathas, took an anti-Mandal stance and tried to attract marginalised Maratha-Kunbis by propagating martial and chauvinistic myths, which in turn stigmatized Muslims and Dalits. While the organization never received success outside of Mumbai, it showed that political leaders were willing to counter the rising OBC assertiveness.

Forgery of caste certificates
There are several communities in Maharashtra that have been trying to pass themselves off as depressed in order to reap the benefits of the reservation. An issue of candidates of the Maratha caste (a non-backward caste) running for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates got centre-stage attention in the 2007 civic polls after the Maharashtra state government amended the OBC list on 1 June 2004 to retain the Kunbis and include Kunbi-Marathas. In 2010, the independent corporator, Malan Bhintade, who claimed to be Kunbi-Maratha but was later found to be of Maratha caste, lost her membership of the Pune Municipal Corporation after it was established that she had submitted a false caste certificate, claiming to be Kunbi-Maratha in order to run for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates. Subsequently, all candidates who lost to Kunbi-Maratha candidates registered complaints against their opponents by claiming falsification of certificates. A similar case of forgery was reported in 2003 when the former Shiv Sena corporator, Geeta Gore, was sent to jail for falsely claiming to be a Kunbi-Maratha. Gore won in elections from ward 18 of Andheri (west) by claiming to be a member of the Kunbi-Maratha caste.

Violence
In 2006, four members of a Dalit family were tortured and murdered by members of the Kunbi caste from the Khairlanji village in the Bhandara district. Two female members of the same family were paraded naked in the village and then raped. Eight villagers were sentenced to life imprisonment, with the court declaring the killings motivated by revenge and not racism or casteism. An appeal against the High Court judgement to have the crime declared as casteism is still pending in the Supreme Court of India.

The Times of India reported in February 2011 that an honour killing of a Dalit man and Kunbi woman was suspected in Murbad of the Thane district. In September of the same year, a 20-year-old Dalit woman alleged that she was raped by a Someshwar Baburao Kuthe of the Kunbi caste in the Sarandi (Bujaruk) village of Lakhandur taluka. The local police registered an offense.

Marathas and Kunbi affiliation
Modern research has revealed that the Marathas and Kunbi have the same origin - although the two are treated as two different communities currently on a social level. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by Professor Richard Eaton from the University of Arizona and Professor Stewart Gordon from the University of Michigan. Marathas ("Assal" or true i.e. belonging to 96 clans), who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with Rajputs of Northern India. However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and Kunbi are the same. Anthropologist J.V.Ferreira, from the University of Mumbai states: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with". Eaton shows how the Maratha caste was generated from the Kunbis who served the Muslim rulers, prospered, and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In the nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than marital service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the Dhangar(Shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity. The other example, given by Professor Susan Bayly of Cambridge University, is of the Bhonsles who originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha. Professor Dhanmanjiri Sathe from the University of Pune states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain". Iravati Karve, Anthropologist, University of Pune, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and Mali are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra - the difference being that the marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year. Professor Cynthia Talbot from the University of Texas quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha". Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC), a Judge, M.G. Gaikwad, and some others in 2018, stated that Maratha associations have submitted historical proofs and petitions to be included in the Other Backward Class. The decision for giving reservation in jobs and education for Marathas based on the petitions that Marathas and Kunbis are one and the same caste was upheld by the Mumbai court in 2019.

title: Kunbi


text:
Talk:SWEET16

$00-$1F
Are these registers big-endian or little-endian? My guess is the latter. -- Toytoy 11:10, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * It was little-endian.

R0L    EQU  $0 R0H    EQU  $1

 * Problem solved. -- Toytoy 12:18, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

What is the benefit of this over native 6502 8 Bit binary code? I guess it needs less code bytes to do the same. Or was it for an easier and faster implementation of the basic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:D0:B3D0:4100:1038:B96D:407E:738E (talk) 12:34, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:SWEET16