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Sankt Goar

Sankt Goar is a town on the west bank of the Middle Rhine in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

Sankt Goar is well known for its central location in the Rhine Gorge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2002. Above the town stand the ruins of Burg Rheinfels, one of the castles for which the Middle Rhine is famous, and across the river lies the sister town of Sankt Goarshausen with its own castles, Katz and Maus (“Cat” and “Mouse”). The famous Lorelei rock is close by, slightly upstream on the opposite bank.

Location
Sankt Goar lies in the Rhine Gorge and the narrow canal on the Rhine that flows through the Rhein Massive. This part of the gorge on the left bank borders on the edge of the Rhein - Hunsrück, on the right bank it Borders on the Banks of the Taunus. The characteristic narrow-valley form came into use through downcutting in a massive that was undergoing an uplift.

The nearest major Towns are the city of Koblenz, some 24 km to the north, and the town of Bingen am Rhein, some 25 km to the southeast, in both cases as the crow flies. Sankt Goar is linked by the Loreley Ferry with its sister town of Sankt Goarshausen directly across the Rhine. The Rhine's width here is roughly 250 m.

In Sankt Goar and the Gründelbach, Rainwater flows from the Hunsrück and empties into the Rhine.

Constituent communities
The town is made up of several parts that belong to St. Goar, The main centre on the Rhine, also called Sankt Goar, two centres up on the heights, Biebernheim and Werlau, and two further centres on the Rhine, Fellen to the north and “An der Loreley” to the south.

History

The area around what is now the town of Sankt Goar was already settled in Roman times. The name in the Early Middle Ages was Wochara, after a short brook emptying into the Rhine here.

The name by which the town goes today is from Goar of Aquitaine, who came to live on the site where the town now stands during Frankish, Merovingian King Childebert I’s reign (511–538). Goar came as a young clergyman (actually, a monk) from Aquitaine in the southwest of France and at first lived as a hermit in a cave on the Rhine. With leave from the Bishop of Trier, he worked as a missionary to the local people. He was well known for his great hospitality, particularly towards the Rhine boatmen. Later, he built on the site where the town now stands a hospice and a chapel. Many legends gathered about him. After his death, about 575, Goar’s grave became a pilgrimage site and the place was named after him. Frankish King Pepin the Younger transferred the hospice and chapel in 765 to the Abbot of the Benedictine Prüm Abbey as a personal benefice. From this grew the Sankt Goar Canonical Foundation, witnessed as early as the late 11th century.

The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that “a small church” was dedicated to Goar of Aquitaine in 1768 “in the little town on the banks of the Rhine which bears his name (St. Goar).” It is also reported that Charlemagne built a church over the site of Goar's hermitage. It is around this church that the town of Sankt Goar grew on the left bank of the Rhine between Wesel and Boppard.

Beginning in 1190, the town was under military protection and the jurisdiction of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen, the monastery Vögte, who had taken ownership. In 1245, Count Diether V of Katzenelnbogen built the castle, Burg Rheinfels. When the last of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen died in 1479, Sankt Goar passed to the Landgraviate of Hesse. On 1 November 1527, Adam Krafft, who would later be a professor of theology, began to introduce the Reformation on a mission from Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. In 1567, upon Philip's death, the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided among his four sons. His youngest son, Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels, was awarded the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen, and thereby the castle and the town. In 1580, 175 people in Sankt Goar fell victim to the Plague; only 18 years later, in 1598, it claimed another 142. In 1635, in the midst of the Thirty Years' War, more than 200 people died in another outbreak. In 1598, Franz Schmoll built the Rheinfels-Apotheke in Sankt Goar, only the third apothecary in Hesse, after the ones in Kassel and Marburg.

As a result of a longstanding dispute between Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt over the partitioning of the Landgraviate of Hesse, the latter had Burg Rheinfels and Sankt Goar besieged for several weeks in the summer of 1626 with help from Imperial troops. which eventually led to the town's capitulation and its attendant plundering by Spanish troops. Between 1626 and 1647, Sankt Goar belonged to Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1647, troops of Landgravine Amalie Elisabeth of Hesse-Kassel conquered the castle and the town. On 14 April 1648, George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt ceded the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen along with Sankt Goar “in perpetuity” to Hesse-Kassel.

While Hesse-Kassel was under Imperial law the rightful landholder, lordship over the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen passed to Landgrave Ernst I, who on 30 March 1649 made his entrance into Sankt Goar and founded the Hesse-Rheinfels(-Rotenburg) line. Landgrave Ernst ruled until his death in 1693 at Burg Rheinfels, his comital residence, as one who was tolerant in matters of religion, and one who took great interest in his office, contributing considerably to Sankt Goar's economic growth, something the town sorely needed after the ravages that it had sustained in the Thirty Years' War. In the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession), however, the town and the castle lay under siege yet again, this time by 28,000 French troops. Despite attempts at storming the town, they could not penetrate its defences. In 1711, after a dispute over inheritance, Landgrave William of Hesse-Wanfried was awarded the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels; he then called himself William of Hesse-Rheinfels. The Emperor transferred the castle to him in 1718. In 1731, Christian of Hessen-Wanfried (known since 1711 as Hessen-Eschwege) inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels along with the castle. The castle was ceded to Hesse-Kassel for good in 1735. In 1755, after Christian's death, the Landgraviate passed to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg. In 1794, the castle was given up to French Revolutionary troops without a fight, and in 1796 and 1797, great parts of it were blown up. French rule lasted until 1813.

In 1815, the castle passed into Prussian hands and Sankt Goar became a district seat. After the First World War, the town was for a while once again occupied by the French. The Second World War, too, came to Sankt Goar. In mid March 1945, American troops reached the town and occupied it, although occupational authority was transferred, once again, to the French in early July. Since 1946, Sankt Goar has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, the district of Sankt Goar, whose seat the town had been, was dissolved in 1969 and the town was grouped into the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis, whose seat was in Simmern. In 1972, the town also became part of the Verbandsgemeinde of Sankt Goar-Oberwesel.

Amalgamations
In the course of administrative restructuring, the new Verbandsgemeinde of Sankt Goar-Oberwesel was formed on 22 April 1972 out of the towns of Sankt Goar and Oberwesel, with its seat in the latter town.

On 7 June 1969, the formerly self-administering municipalities of Biebernheim and Werlau were amalgamated with Sankt Goar.

Population development
The table shows population figures for selected years since the early 17th century.

Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

The voter turnout for this latest municipal election was 61.0%. This contrasts with 67.5% in 2004 and 70.4% in 1999.

Mayor
Sankt Goar's mayor is Falko Hönisch (SPD).

Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: Im geteilten Schild oben in Gold ein blaubewehrter roter Löwe (heraldisch Leopard), unten hinter einem goldenen Gitter goldene Lilien auf blauen Feld.

The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess Or a demilion guardant gules armed, langued and crowned azure, and azure trellised with each space charged with a fleur-de-lis of the first.

The charge in the upper part of the escutcheon is the heraldic emblem formerly borne by the Counts of Katzenelnbogen, who ruled Sankt Goar from the 13th century. Sankt Goar was the centre of the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen. The lilies in the lower part of the escutcheon refer to Saint Mary's patronage of Darmstadt, the centre of the Upper County of Katzenelnbogen.

The town colours are red and white.

Town partnerships
Sankt Goar fosters partnerships with the following places:
 * 🇫🇷 Châtillon-en-Bazois, Nièvre, France since 1973

Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:

Sankt Goar (main centre)
Four-sided inner castle with keep preserved only as a foundation; keep built up in 14th century into the “butterchurn shape” (that is, with a thinner turret on top), Frauenbau (“Women’s Building”), shield wall with two towers; from 1480 to 1527 expanded into a fort; partial moat between inner castle and shielding wall covered by barrel vaulting, on the Rhine and Gründelbach valley sides outlying defences, at the Biebernheimer Feld, outer defences; about 1570/1580 expanded into Renaissance residence; early 17th century mine tunnels (among other things); in the latter half of the 17th century further expansion, 1657-1667 Fort “Scharfeneck” and “Noli me tangere”, “Neue Ravelin” (today outside) and “Hohe-Ernst-Schanze” The monumental zone encompasses the fortifications including the mountain upon which they stand and which stretches spurlike towards the south to the town wall, whose remnants are included in the monumental zone. To this also belong the parade square, the so-called “White Villa” or “Rheinfels Estate”, built shortly before 1900 by the manufacturer Reusch; exposed location next to the Rheinfels ruin; plastered building with Gothic Revival elements, rusticated pedestal, gable risalto on the slope side, bay window on the valley side, lookout porch-balcony and tower (see also below)
 * Burg Rheinfels (monumental zone) – one of the biggest castle ruins on the Rhine, noteworthy both for the castle-building technique of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen in the 14th century and for the palatial and fortification building work done in the 16th and 18th centuries by the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel Founded in 1245 by Count Diether of Katzenelnbogen on the site of an older valley castle; in the 13th and 14th centuries expanded into a residence for the Lower County, in the 14th and 15th centuries a midpoint on the Rhine; 1567-1583 residence of Landgrave Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels; from 1796 demolished by explosives in stages and used as a stone quarry
 * Evangelical Collegiate Church, Markt 3 – three-naved Late Gothic gallery hall church, eastern part on Romanesque crypt, Late Romanesque quire, towers flanking the quire, beginning of the tower expansion marked 1469; extensive reconstruction, 1889–1895, architect Heinrich Wiethase, Cologne (see also below)
 * Saint Goar's and Saint Elizabeth's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Goar und St. Elisabeth), Heerstraße 133 – Gothic Revival basilica, quarrystone, 1887–1891, architects Heinrich Wiethase and Eduard Endler, Cologne; in 1923 tower of the Baroque predecessor building incorporated as a belltower (see also below)
 * Inner town (monumental zone) – The monumental zone ends in the north with the Catholic Church, there abuts on remnants of the town wall standing at the southwest facing the slope, which runs along to the modern bastion at the south end shortly before the tunnel, turns from there towards the northeast to the Rhine and ends at the no longer existing, but documented, town wall tower in the heights; on the Rhine the boundary runs along Bundesstraße 9 (side towards the mountains)
 * Town wall – only the side towards the mountains preserved: northern stretch of wall 14th century with three-floor Kanzleiturm (“Chancellery Tower”) and three-floor Hexenturm (“Witches’ Tower”), ruin of the Taubenturm (“Doves’ Tower”, or perhaps “Dovecote”) in the southern half; Neuer Turm (“New Tower”) 17th century; Nappenturm, great three-floor blockhouse, southern stretch of wall with bastion called Pastete (“pie”), after 1736
 * Am Hafen 2 – former Amt courthouse; three-floor plastered building, marked 1898
 * Am Hafen 4/6 – Städtische Schule (“Municipal School”); Late Historicist building with hipped roof with corner risalti, partly slated, partly timber-frame, 1901
 * Am Hafen 8 – representative Gothic Revival house, marked 1903
 * Am Hafen 10 – plastered building on quarried-slate pedestal, about 1910; whole complex of buildings
 * Bismarckweg 1–3 – former District Chairman's Office; Baroque Revival plastered building, 1914–1916, side wings 1928
 * Grebelgasse 4 – three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, plastered, hipped roof, marked 1780
 * Gründelbach 4 – Haus Tusculum, representative house, partly ornamental timber framing, conservatory, 1900; whole complex of buildings with garden
 * Heerstraße 5 – representative house, partly ornamental timber framing, marked 1892; garden
 * Heerstraße 9 and 11 – timber-frame villa, Swiss style, marked 1879; whole complex of buildings with garden
 * Heerstraße 13 – angled plastered building, about 1890
 * Heerstraße 41, Oberstraße 81 – Loreleyhaus; timber-frame house, partly solid, plastered, 18th century
 * Heerstraße 59 – plastered building, essentially from the late 18th century, shop front from the 1930s; timber-frame outbuilding in the back, plastered; in the back garden hoisting beams, quarrystone wall.
 * Heerstraße 63 – Hotel “Silberne Rose”; three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century
 * Heerstraße 71 – “Rheinhotel”, formerly “Goldene Kette” inn; three-floor plastered building, marked 1789
 * Heerstraße 81 – Kreissparkasse (“District Savings Bank”); thirteen-axis, three-floor plastered building, marked 1936
 * Heerstraße 82 – Hotel “Zum goldenen Löwen”; three-floor timber-frame building, partly solid, plastered, marked 1782
 * Heerstraße 101 – timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1675, essentially possibly from the 16th century, wooden sculpture
 * Heerstraße 105 – three-floor plastered building, early 19th century
 * Heerstraße 123 – three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1682, essentially older
 * Heerstraße 130 – Town Hall; brick building with cross-shaped plan, mixed styles from Gothic Revival and Renaissance Revival, marked 1880
 * Kirchplatz – hand pump, possibly from Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
 * Inside Markt 1 – two-vaulted cellar, possibly mediaeval
 * Markt 2 – former district electricity office; building with mansard roof, 1922
 * Markt 4 – former Collegiate building, so-called monastery; fifteen-axis plastered building, essentially timber-frame, marked 1724, essentially older
 * Opposite Oberstraße 3 – Hanbrunnen (well); well chamber inside quarried-slate wall, marked 1778
 * Oberstraße 15 – nine-axis building with hipped roof, marked 1749
 * Oberstraße 16 – three-floor representative building with hipped roof, mid 18th century, upper floor in the 19th century; whole complex of buildings with garden
 * Oberstraße 19 – building with mansard roof, timber framing sided, late 18th century
 * Oberstraße 20 – six-axis building with hipped mansard roof, marked 1764
 * Oberstraße 27 – Haus Napp; building with mansard roof, timber framing plastered, marked 1780
 * Oberstraße 32 – railway station; Expressionist quarrystone building, 1926–1928, goods clearing hall, 1909/1910; whole complex of buildings with underpass and track facilities
 * Oberstraße 34 – “Hoffmanns Weinstube” (wine parlour); quarrystone building, 1929, with parts of the 17th-century predecessor building
 * Oberstraße 38 – “Alte Weinstube zur Krone” (wine parlour); timber-frame building, partly solid, 18th century
 * Oberstraße 39 – three-floor house, partly timber-frame, early 20th century
 * Oberstraße 77 – Gothic Revival brick building, 1891
 * Pumpengasse – two hand pumps, possibly from Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
 * Schleiergasse 9 – timber-frame house, partly solid or slated, 18th century; whole complex of buildings with brick stable, about 1900
 * Schlossberg/corner of Bismarckweg, graveyard – Böcking tomb
 * Sonnengasse 6 – three-floor timber-frame house, plastered, marked 1779
 * Sonnengasse 8 – two-floor timber-frame building, partly solid, plastered, building with mansard roof, marked 1750
 * Winterhafen – diving bell “Kaiman” of the Rheinstrombauverwaltung (“Rhine Electrical Building Administration”), built in 1892, last of formerly two diving bell ships used between Cologne and Karlsruhe for underwater work on the riverbed

Biebernheim

 * Evangelical church, Dorfstraße 8 – building with mansard roof with trapezoidal quire, 1702–1705, with parts of the predecessor building; whole complex of buildings with surrounding area
 * An der Bach/corner of Linnenstraße – cast-iron hand pump, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
 * Auf der Schanz 2 – Late Classicist plastered building, latter half of the 19th century
 * Dorfstraße 2 – timber-frame house, early 18th century
 * Kuhweg – cast-iron hand pump, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
 * Linnengasse 52/54 – two-winged timber-frame building, hipped roof, 18th century

Fellen

 * Prussian milestone, obelisk, about 1820/1825

Werlau

 * Saint George’s Evangelical Church (St. Georgskirche), Kirchstraße – 1692-1698 new building an aisleless church, tower 1789–1791, prayer room 1892, conversion 1905, new construction of tower, 1906/1907
 * Rheingoldstraße 52 – former rectory; Classicist building with hipped roof, sided (timber framing?), 1832/1833, building inspector F. Nebel, Koblenz
 * Forsthaus Brandswald (forester's house), northwest of the village – one-floor quarrystone building, commercial wing, barn, bakehouse and well, early 19th century

More about buildings
The castle, Burg Rheinfels, stands – or rather lies in ruins – above Sankt Goar and was founded in 1245 by Count Diether of Katzenelnbogen. After it had been expanded into a fort, it was the biggest defensive complex in the Rhine Gorge and set the standard for castle building throughout the Empire. In the late 18th century, French Revolutionary troops destroyed the fort, after which the complex was used as a stone quarry for other building work. In 1843, Prince William of Prussia, later Kaiser Wilhelm I, acquired the ruin, thus preventing further destruction. Since 1925, the town of Sankt Goar has owned the castle. Today the complex houses a hotel operation and an inn. Also, it houses the town's local history museum.

The Evangelical Collegiate Church, consecrated to Saint Goar, in the centre of Sankt Goar is a church with Romanesque and Gothic features. The three-vaulted Romanesque crypt comes from the late 11th century. In the three-naved church up above are wall paintings from the latter half of the 15th century.

The ''Katholische Pfarrkirche zum Hl. Goar'' (Catholic Parish Church) was built in the late 19th century in the Gothic Revival style. Worth seeing are Saint Goar's Late Gothic tomb slab and a retable from 1480, which is among the most valuable works of Middle-Rhine painting.

Museums
The Deutsches Puppen- und Bärenmuseum (“German Doll and Bear Museum”) on Sonnengasse (lane) in Sankt Goar has since 1985 been giving visitors a review of the dolls, teddy bears and other toys from various generations. In an area of 600 m2, more than 3,000 pieces from various collectors are exhibited. Moreover, the museum provides knowledge about dollmaking, doll tailoring and the work done in the museum's own doll and bear clinic.

The Wahrschauer- und Lotsenmuseum in Sankt Goar, dedicated to boat signalling and pilotage on the Middle Rhine, is found at a former pilotage and signalling station at the Bankeck at river kilometre 555.43. The museum collects and keeps extensive information about the history of shipping on the Rhine. Just outside the museum is an outdoor area where exhibits from the pilots’ and signalmen's daily life may be viewed. The museum is open from May to September.

At the local history museum at Burg Rheinfels are exhibits from the town's and the castle's history.

Regular events

 * Easter Monday: Festival of the Flying Bridge
 * First weekend in June: Castle Market and Knightly Tournament at Burg Rheinfels
 * Third weekend in July: Marksmen's and Local History Festival
 * Fourth weekend in July: Traditional Werlau Local History Festival in the outlying centre of Werlau.
 * First weekend in August: Hansenfest
 * Third weekend in August: St. Goar fire brigade promotional association's festival
 * First weekend in September: Traditional Biewerumer Quetschekerb in the outlying centre of Biebernheim
 * Third weekend in September: Rhein in Flammen fireworks from Burg Katz near Sankt Goarshausen, Burg Rheinfels near Sankt Goar and from the middle of the Rhine.

Economy and infrastructure
The town's main industry is tourism. Other industries are winegrowing and agriculture.

Winegrowing
In 1240 the Counts of Katzenelnbogen owned a vineyard called Amererberge.

Sankt Goar's vineyards lie in the winemaking subregion of Rheinburgengau within the Middle Rhine wine region. The local winemaking appellation – Großlage – that belongs to this subregion comprises four smaller operations – Einzellagen – around Sankt Goar. Three of them, Rosenberg, Frohwingert and Ameisenberg, lie on the Gründelbach valley's steep slopes, while the fourth, Kuhstall, lies on the slope on the side of the Rhine Gorge opposite the Loreley. The vineyards are all steeply terraced and are planted mainly with Riesling.

Language
In German linguistics, the Sankt Goar Line is an isogloss separating dialects to the north from those to the south. See High German consonant shift.

Road
Running through Sankt Goar (main centre) and the outlying centre of Fellen is Bundesstraße 9. Sankt Goar is linked to the Autobahn A 61 (Ludwigshafen-Mönchengladbach) by Landesstraße (State Road) 213, which leads to the Emmelshausen interchange (no. 42) 14 km away. For some years, planning has been under way for a Middle Rhine bridge between Sankt Goar and Sankt Goarshausen. It would be the first bridge across the Middle Rhine on the roughly 100-kilometre-long stretch between Koblenz and Wiesbaden.

Rail
The Sankt Goar railway station lies on the West Rhine Railway (Frankfurt – Mainz – Bingen – Koblenz – Cologne; DB route book no. 471) and is no longer staffed. Tickets can now only be bought from vending machines.

Ship
Sankt Goar has landing stages on the Rhine for various companies that run ships on the river, among them the Köln-Düsseldorfer line. The pedestrian and car ferry Loreley VI links Sankt Goar on the Rhine's left bank with its sister town Sankt Goarshausen over on the right bank. The town's harbour, “Rheinfelshafen”, lies right below the Burg Rheinfels ruin. Since 1994, the harbour has offered a marina for leisure craft of up to 15 m. Another harbour, for yachts, called “Hunt”, is found farther north in the outlying centre of Fellen.

Public institutions
Located in Sankt Goar is a court of first instance that has within its responsibilities the functions of Rheinschifffahrtsgericht (a court pertaining to matters involving shipping on the Rhine) and Moselschifffahrtsgericht (the same again, for the Moselle). In this capacity, the court is directly subordinate to the Rheinschifffahrtsobergericht Köln or Moselschifffahrtsobergericht Köln, as the case may be. These are both administered through the Higher Regional Court of Cologne. Sankt Goar is the seat of a Wasserschutzpolizei station, which is responsible for the stretch of river between Bacharach and Osterspai (river kilometres 544–575). Furthermore, there is a Sankt Goarshausen–Sankt Goar branch location of the financial office.

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Nikolaus Burgmann (1360–1443), cathedral deacon, professor at the University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Law
 * Justin Göbler (1504–1567), jurist
 * Philipp Peter Roos (Rosa di Tivoli, 1655–1706), German Baroque painter
 * Diederich Thomas Fretz (1743–1815), merchant for the Dutch East India Company and commander of Galle Fort in Sri Lanka between 1792 and 1796
 * Johann Samuel Eduard d'Alton (1803–1854), anatomist
 * Adolf Friedrich Graf von Schack (1888–1945), Major, participant in the 20 July plot
 * Richard Stöss (1944–   ), German political scientist
 * Eliezer ben Yaakov, also knowns as Zalman of St. Goar, a disciple of Maharil who published the latter's works

Famous people associated with the town

 * Landgrave Ernst I of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (1623–1693), chose Burg Rheinfels as his comital residence, had it expanded into a fort, and in 1649 moved in. He contributed considerably to Sankt Goar's economic growth in the wake of the Thirty Years' War.

Sister Cities

 * Siem Reap, Cambodia, since 13 May 2015

title: Sankt Goar


text:
Schonungen

Schonungen is a municipality in the Schweinfurt district, Bavaria, Germany. The villages in this municipality are: and some more
 * Schonungen
 * Forst (Unterfranken)
 * Abersfeld
 * Mainberg
 * Hausen
 * Marktsteinach
 * Loeffelsterz
 * Reichmannshausen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schonungen


text:
Ōno Harunaga

Ōno Harunaga (大野 治長) was a general under Toyotomi Hideyori, and fought in the Siege of Osaka in 1615. He became lord of Osaka castle after the Battle of Sekigahara. Ono led forces against those of Wakayama Castle in the Battle of Kashii, also the Battle of Shigino, and the Battle of Tennoji, where he was killed in action. He held the rank at court of Junior Fifth Rank. Harunaga had a fiefdom of 15,000 koku.

Life
In 1569, Ono Harunaga was born in the capital of Japan at this time, Kyoto. He was the son of Ōkurakyō no Tsubone, who had served as wet-nurse to Yodo-dono, he served as bodyguardwith a stipend of 3,000 koku given from Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Following Hideyoshi's death, he served as an advisor close to Toyotomi Hideyori.

In 1599 following questioning by Tokugawa Ieyasu, he was banished to Shimotsuke Province, under suspicion of being a ringleader of a failed plot to assassinate Tokugawa Ieyasu that had been hatched by servants of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Honda Masanobu.

In the following year, 1600, Ono Harunaga joined forces with the Eastern army at the Battle of Sekigahara and distinguished himself in battle, thereby earning a pardon for his crime from Ieyasu. Following the battle, under orders from Ieyasu he bore a note from Ieyasu to the Toyotomi clan, in which Ieyasu declared, 'I bear no animosity towards the Toyotomi clan' after which he remained in Osaka and did not return to Edo.

In 1614, upon the banishment of Toyotomi's chief elder retainer Katagiri Katsumoto, Ono came to be in a position to lead the Toyotomi family. Afterwards, the pro-war faction within the Toyotomi family gained ascendancy and enlisted the services of ronin from various parts of the country to take part in the Siege of Osaka winter campaign however; Harunaga passively sued for peace, earning him the animosity of Sanada Yukimura's pro-war faction.

In 1615 during the summer campaign of the Siege of Osaka, Harunaga sent Senhime (daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada and Hideyori's wife) as a messenger for Ono, to plead for clemency for Hideyori and Yodo-dono, on the condition that he commit ritual suicide, but subsequently he and Hideyori committed suicide in a mountain hamlet in the vicinity of Osaka Castle. He died at the age of 47.

Records show that rumours abounded throughout the Edo period regarding Harunaga having an adulterous affair with Yodo-dono, and some accounts maintain that Hideyori was not a biological child of Hideyoshi, but of Harunaga and Yodo-dono. As described above, because he was a foster brother to Yodo-dono, it is likely that their relationship was extremely close; however, with the decline of the fortune of the Toyotomi family and the accompanying 'futility of ruin,' it can also be thought that the rumors of the sin of adultery were created with a view to casting him as an evil person (from a Confucian sense of resignation).

title: Ōno Harunaga


text:
Pavel Golia

Pavel Golia (10 April 1887 – 15 August 1959) was a Slovenian poet and playwright.

Life
Pavel Golia was born in a relatively wealthy family in Trebnje. Between 1907 and 1915, he served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army. In 1918, he was a journalist in Moscow. Later, he worked as a dramaturge or manager of the national theaters in Ljubljana (1920–46, with a two-year break), Osijek, and Belgrade. He died in Ljubljana.

Work
Golia wrote his first collection of poems, titled Alkohol ("Alcohol"), in 1908. It was published only in 1914. He wrote poems for about 40 years. According to the literary historian Igor Grdina, Golia was an intimate poet who wrote about alcoholism, prostitution, and deviant people. Emotions in his poetry are not serious. He was influenced by Oton Župančič, but developed his own form, sometimes closer to artistry.

Golia has been praised for his plays, particularly the ones written for children. He published his first play Peterčkove poslednje sanje: božična povest v štirih slikah s prologom ("Peter's Final Dreams: A Christmas Play in Four Images with a Prologue") in 1923. His most known children plays are Princeska in pastirček ("A Princess and a Shepherd Boy"), Jurček ("Little George"), Srce igrač ("The Heart of Toys"), Uboga Ančka ("Poor Little Annie"), and Sneguljčica ("Snow White"). The expert in Slovenian youth literature Igor Saksida placed him among the best Slovenian children's playwrights.

Commemoration
The Municipality of Trebnje celebrates 10 April as Pavel Golia Memorial Day. The library in Trebnje is named after him.

title: Pavel Golia


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Forst (Unterfranken)

Forst in Unterfranken is a little village in the Schonungen municipality that lies in the district of Schweinfurt. It has about 900 inhabitants.

Location
Forst lies approximately 1/2 mile just north of the Main river along the southern exposed north bank of the Main river valley. At 923 ft (284m) above sea level, it is about 227 ft (70m) above the river. Many new houses have been built, except in the old village center, due to the great view into the valley. The expansion predominantly took place to the west towards Schonungen.

History
The village is first documented in the year 1183. The village was formed as a part of the free imperial city of Schweinfurt which was later given to the Count of Henneberg. During the Margravian War in 1553 and the Thirty Years' War the area suffered heavily.

Objects of Interest
Forst's main landmarks include:
 * The old tithe house from the year 1567 and other fachwerk (Tudor-type) houses along the old roads which meet in the village center at the park
 * The war memorial and above it the natural stone spring in the village center park
 * St. Godehard catholic church
 * Boten-Steig Arena (soccer field) of the Forst sports club
 * Part of the old village wall in the rear church courtyard

Events

 * Annual
 * Knutfest of the Forst sports club
 * Karneval of Forst
 * Parish fest
 * Party-Weekend of the Forst sports club
 * Church fest

Economy

 * Wheat, rye, oats, rapeseed, beets, corn, and asparagus are cultivated in the surrounding fields
 * The cherries from Forst are well known within the region
 * Northeast, between Forst and Waldsachsen, are eleven wind turbines which produce 1 or 2.3 megawatts of electricity each
 * There are two family-run restaurants and one night club located in town

Traffic
Forst is connected by county road, SW23, to state road B26. Likewise, buslines 8130 (Schweinfurt-Aidhausen) and 8156 (Schweinfurt-Hassfurt) of the Franconia Public Bus Transportation (OVF-Omnibusverkehr Franken) ensure good trafficability in all directions.

title: Forst (Unterfranken)


text:
User:Dblandford

New to Wikipedia in May 2005.

title: User:Dblandford


text:
Duncan Campbell (journalist)

Duncan Campbell (born 1952) is a British freelance investigative journalist, author, and television producer. Since 1975, he has specialised in the subjects of intelligence and security services, defence, policing, civil liberties and, latterly, computer forensics. He was a staff writer at the New Statesman from 1978 to 1991 and associate editor (Investigations) from 1988 to 1991. He was prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the ABC trial in 1978 and made the controversial series Secret Society for the BBC in 1987 (see Zircon affair). In 1988, he revealed the existence of the ECHELON surveillance program.

Early life
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1952, Campbell was brought up and educated in Dundee. His mother was a mathematician who worked at Bletchley Park under Alan Turing. As a pupil at the High School of Dundee, an independent school, he first trained in computer programming aged 16, taught computer languages, and undertook programming in scientific computer languages. He gained three S-levels in physics, chemistry, and maths, and then an open scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating in 1973 with a first-class Honours degree in physics. The following year, Campbell completed a one-year MSc in Operational Research at the University of Sussex; the course included psychology, economics, accountancy, and model building. He later told The Independent: "It was extremely useful. It was not difficult to make the grades, though they'll hate me for saying so."

Early journalism
After leaving Sussex University, Campbell became a journalist on the Brighton Voice. Founded in March 1973 by Roy Carr-Hill and George Wilson, the paper's content followed broadly anarcho-socialist principles, with emphasis on reports on housing, the police, gay rights, civil liberties, the environment, unemployment, anti-racism, fascism, and women's rights.

He was also a regular contributor to the New Scientist and Time Out magazines, which during the early 1970s had a much more radical editorial remit than they did in later years. In 1976, Campbell wrote a seminal story for Time Out, co-authored with Mark Hosenball, called "The Eavesdroppers". It was the first time the British news media printed the acronym GCHQ, which stood for Government Communications Headquarters, a highly secretive arm of the British secret services, responsible for communications interception.

The article led to the forcible deportation of its American co-author, Hosenball. Campbell, who could not be deported, was instead placed under MI5 surveillance, which included the tapping of his phones. The following year, Campbell agreed to talk with ex-signals intelligence operator, John Berry, at Berry's home. He was accompanied by fellow Time Out reporter, Crispin Aubrey. After a three-hour conversation, Special Branch arrested the three under the Official Secrets Act 1911, leading to the ABC trial.

In 1982, Campbell published War Plan UK — the Truth about Civil Defence in Britain, which revealed and discussed — often for the first time — the inadequacy and futility of the British government's preparations in the event of nuclear war.

Notable articles
In 1980, his article revealing the existence of the secret Standing Committee on Pressure Groups (SCOPG) in Hong Kong led to the revelation that most pressure groups and individual members of the Opposition were under surveillance by the colonial government. Campbell's article asserts that Hong Kong under then governor Sir Murray MacLehose had become a dictatorship. In his words: "Hong Kong is a dictatorship; and scarcely a benevolent one."

Secret Society (1987)
The Secret Society series caused a political furore, known as the Zircon affair, in 1987. The production team behind the series was threatened with prosecution under the Official Secrets Act. Campbell's front door was kicked down and his home searched, and Strathclyde Police raided the corporation's Scottish headquarters in Glasgow and seized the tapes from the offices of BBC Scotland, where the series had been made. The tapes were later returned and the series broadcast on the BBC except for episode one. The BBC decided that the first episode, about secret cabinet committees, was too sensitive to show before the 1987 general election. Labour MP Alistair Darling believed that the Thatcher government leaned on the BBC to prevent its damaging allegations from being made public.

 * 1) The Secret Constitution: Secret Cabinet Committees - about small, secret and influential Cabinet committees.
 * 2) In Time Of Crisis: Government Emergency Powers - Since 1982, governments in every other NATO country have been preparing for the eventuality of war. In Britain, these preparations are kept secret. So what will happen when the balloon goes up?
 * 3) A Gap In Our Defences - Bungling defence manufacturers and incompetent military planners have botched every new radar system that Britain has installed since World War II. Why? And can we stop it happening again?
 * 4) We're All Data Now: Secret Data Banks - The Data Protection Act is supposed to protect us from abuse, but it's already out of date and full of loopholes. So what kind of abuses should we worry about?
 * 5) The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) - ACPO Making up their own law and policy. About the Association of Chief Police Officers and how Government policy and actions are determined in the fields of law and order.
 * 6) Communications Zircon - About GCHQ with particular reference to a secret £500 million satellite. Reference to Zircon spy satellites which the public accounts committee were not told about.

ECHELON (1988)
Campbell revealed in 1988, in an article titled "Somebody's listening" and published in the New Statesman, the existence of the ECHELON surveillance program.

In 1999, he wrote a report on communications intelligence entitled Interception Capabilities 2000 for the European Parliament.

Child abuse images (2005 and 2007)
In 2005 and 2007, Campbell investigated and wrote criticisms of the Operation Ore child pornography prosecutions in the UK, which exposed police errors. Additionally, he "revealed how computer evidence used against 7,272 people in the UK accused of being paedophiles had been founded on falsehoods." These articles, "Operation Ore Exposed" and "Sex, Lies and the Missing Videotape", were both published in PC Pro magazine.

Personal life
Campbell came out as gay in 1987 and has investigated many LGBT issues, including "bogus" HIV/AIDS medicines and quack doctors.

Awards

 * 1980 – Cobden Trust Award (for series of New Statesman articles on civil liberties, including an exposé on Britain's secret telephone tapping centre)
 * 1983 – Periodical Publishers Association: Specialist Writer of the Year (for reports on nuclear weapons and the Prime spy case).
 * 1987 – What The Papers Say: Investigative Journalist of the Year
 * 1987 – Freedom of Information Campaign: Media Award
 * 1989 – Magazine Publishing Awards: Best Business Feature

Miscellaneous

 * Founder member, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
 * Nominated as Rector of Aberdeen University, 1981
 * Consultant on telecommunications, Technology Faculty, Open University, 1976–1982
 * Member, Labour Party National Executive Committee Study Group on Defence, 1980–1983
 * Member, Labour Party National Executive Committee Study Group on Security Services, 1979–1983
 * Chairman and director, Statesman and Nation Publishing Company Ltd (publishers of New Statesman) 1990–1994
 * Senior Research Fellow, Electronic Privacy Information Center, Washington, D.C., 1999–2000
 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
 * Visiting fellow of the Media School Bournemouth University, 2002–present.

title: Duncan Campbell (journalist)


text:
Nail gun

A nail gun, nailgun or nailer is a form of hammer used to drive nails into wood or other materials. It is usually driven by compressed air (pneumatic), electromagnetism, highly flammable gases such as butane or propane, or, for powder-actuated tools, a small explosive charge. Nail guns have in many ways replaced hammers as tools of choice among builders.

The nail gun was designed by Morris Pynoos, a civil engineer by training, for his work on Howard Hughes' Hughes H-4 Hercules (known as the Spruce Goose). The wooden fuselage was nailed together and glued, and then the nails were removed.

The first nail gun used air pressure and was introduced to the market in 1950 to speed the construction of housing floor sheathing and sub-floors. With the original nail gun, the operator used it while standing and could nail 40 to 60 nails a minute. It had a capacity of 400 to 600 nails.

Use
Nail guns use fasteners mounted in long clips (similar to a stick of staples) or collated in a paper or plastic carrier, depending on the design of the nail gun. Some full head nail guns, especially those used for pallet making and roofing, use long plastic or wire collated coils. Some strip nailers use a clipped head so the nails can be closer together, which allows less frequent reloading. Clip head nails are sometimes banned by state or local building codes. Full Round Head nails and ring shank nails provide greater resistance to pull out. Nailers may also be of the 'coil' type where the fasteners come in wire or plastic collation, to be used with nail guns with a drum magazine; the advantage is many more fasteners per load, but at the expense of extra weight. Industrial nailers designed for use against steel or concrete may have a self-loading action for the explosive caps, but most need nails to be loaded by hand. Nail guns vary in the length and gauge (thickness) of nails they can drive.

The smallest size of fasteners are normally 23 gauge (0.025 in in diameter), commonly called "pin nailers" and generally have only a minimal head. They are used for attaching everything from beadings, mouldings and so forth to furniture all the way up to medium-sized 7 to 8 in baseboard, crown molding and casing. Lengths are normally in the range 3/8 to 1+1/4 in, although some industrial tool manufacturers supply up to 2 in. The 23 gauge micro pin is rapidly gaining ground as users find that it leaves a much smaller hole than brad nails, thereby eliminating the time normally taken to fill holes and presenting a far better looking finished product.

The next size up is the 18 gauge (1.02 mm diameter) fixing, often referred to as a "brad". These fastenings are also used to fix mouldings but can be used in the same way as the smaller 22 to 24 gauge fastenings. Their greater strength leads to their use in trim carpentry on hardwoods where some hole filling is acceptable. Most 18 gauge brads have heads, but some manufacturers offer headless fastenings. Lengths range from 5/8 to 2 in.

The next sizes are 16 and 15 gauge (1.63 and 1.83 mm diameter). These are generally referred to as "finish nails". They come in lengths between 5/8 and 2+1/2 in and are used in the general fixing of much softwood and MDF trim work (such as baseboard/skirtings, architraves, etc.) where the holes will be filled and the work painted afterwards.

The largest sizes of conventional collated fastenings are the clipped head and full head nails which are used in framing, fencing and other forms of structural and exterior work. These nails generally have a shank diameter of 0.11 to 0.13 in although some manufacturers offer smaller diameter nails as well. General lengths are in the range 2 to 3+1/3 in. Shank styles include plain, ring annular, twisted, etc. and a variety of materials and finishes are offered including plain steel, galvanized steel, sherardised steel, stainless steel, etc. depending on the pull-out resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. required for the given application. These sizes of fastenings are available in stick collated form (often 20° to 21° for full head, 28° to 34° for clipped head) or coil form (for use in pallet/roofing nailers) depending on the application. Full-head nails have greater pull-out resistance than clipped head nails and are mandated by code in many hurricane zones for structural framing.

Another type of fastening commonly found in construction is the strap fastening which is roughly analogous to the large head clout nail. These are used in conjunction with a strap shot nailer (or positive placement nailer UK) to fix metalwork such as joist hangers, corner plates, strengthening straps, etc. to timber structures. They differ from conventional nailers in that the point of the fastening is not sheathed so it can be exactly positioned before firing the nail gun.

Other specialist nailers are also available which can drive spikes up to 6+1/4 in long, fix wood to steel, etc.

A palm nailer is a small, lightweight tool, typically pneumatic, which fits into the palm of one hand. It is convenient for working in tight spaces and can drive both short and long nails. Repeated hammer blows (of around 40 hits per second) rather than a single strike drive the fastener.

Safety

In the United States, about 42,000 people every year go to emergency rooms with injuries from nail guns, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 40% of those injuries occur to consumers. Nail gun injuries tripled between 1991 and 2005. Foot and hand injuries are among the most common. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that treating nail gun wounds costs at least $338 million per year nationally in emergency medical care, rehabilitation, and workers' compensation. Often personnel selling the tools know little about the dangers associated with their use or safety features that can prevent injuries.

Injuries to the fingers, hands, and feet are among the three most common, but there are also injuries that involve other body areas such as arms and legs as well as internal organs. Some of these injuries are serious and some have resulted in death.

All kinds of nail guns can be dangerous, so safety precautions similar to those for a firearm are usually recommended for their use. For safety, nail guns are designed to be used with the muzzle contacting the target. Unless specifically modified for the purpose, they are not effective as a projectile weapon.

The most common firing mechanism is the dual-action contact-trip trigger, which requires that the manual trigger and nose contact element both be depressed for a nail to be discharged. The sequential-trip trigger, which is safer, requires the nose contact to be depressed before the manual trigger, rather than simultaneously with the trigger. Approximately 65% to 69% of injuries from contact-trip tools could be prevented through the use of a sequential-trip trigger, according to the CDC.

There is recoil associated with the discharge of a nail from a nail gun. Contact triggers allow the gun to fire unintended nails if the nose hits the wood surface or a previously placed nail following recoil. Nailers with touch tip (contact) triggers are susceptible to this double firing. According to a 2002 engineering report from the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), the recoil and firing of the second nail occurs well before the trigger can be released. Acute injury rates are twice as high among users of tools with contact triggers.

In September 2011 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issued a nail gun safety guide that details practical steps to prevent injuries including use of tools with sequential triggers, training prior to use, and use of appropriate protective equipment such as eye protection. In June 2013, NIOSH released an instructional comic providing information on nail gun hazards and ways to use the device properly.

Research aimed at reducing nail gun accidents among frame carpenters, among the heaviest users of nail guns, is ongoing.

Pneumatic
The most popular type of nail gun, which uses compressed air to drive its fasteners. Thus, it is dependent on both a compressor and a power source to operate the compressor (either direct electrical current or an on-site generator), and encumbered in use by a cumbersome high-pressure air hose (which may be extremely stiff in cold weather, and retain an annoying "memory" of having been coiled at any time).

A pneumatic nail gun is also limited by the size and rebound rate of its compressor in the number of fasteners it can drive consecutively.

Historically pneumatic air guns required daily oiling (at a minimum), though "oil-free" versions are also produced.

Powder-actuated
Propellant-powered ("powder-actuated") nail guns fall into two broad categories:
 * 1) Direct drive or high velocity devices. This uses gas pressure acting directly on the nail to drive it.
 * 2) Indirect drive or low velocity devices. This uses gas pressure acting on a heavy piston which drives the nail. Indirect drive nailers are safer because they cannot launch a free-flying projectile even if tampered with or misused, and the lower velocity of the nails is less likely to cause explosive shattering of the work substrate.

Either type can, with the right cartridge loads, be very powerful, driving a nail or other fastener into hard concrete, stone, rolled steelwork, etc., with ease.

Combustion powered
Powered by a gas (e.g. propane) and air explosion in a small cylinder; the piston pushes the nail directly and there are no rotating parts.

Electric
In one type of electric nail gun, a rotating electric motor gradually compresses a powerful spring and suddenly releases it.

Solenoid-powered
Here a solenoid propels a metal piston, which has a long front rod which propels the nail.

The solenoid tends to attract the piston or projectile towards the middle of the solenoid. If a series of solenoids is used (which makes the nail gun into a type of coilgun), to get more power, each solenoid must be switched off when the piston has reached the middle of the solenoid. In multi-solenoid coilguns a short burst of power from a big capacitor (one attached to each solenoid) comes at the right time to propel the piston or projectile. For more information see Coilguns for ferromagnetic projectiles.

Pin nailer
A pin nailer is a type of nail gun that drives simple pin-like fasteners as substitutes for finish nails.

Pin nailers are often used on molding for furniture, cabinets, and interior millwork. They can also work as temporary fasteners for pieces with irregular shapes that are impossible to hold down with a clamp securely.

title: Nail gun


text: User talk:82.81.74.18

title: User talk:82.81.74.18


text:
1925 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1925.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.

National team
Sources:

title: 1925 in Norwegian football


text:
WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw

'WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw (also known as Exciting Pro Wrestling 6' in Japan) is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ for the PlayStation 2 on November 2, 2004 in North America. It is the sixth installment of professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s video game series, the sequel to 2003's WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain, and the first game to be released under the ''SmackDown! vs. Raw'' title. The game series was rebranded after the introduction of the brand extension which divided WWE's roster into two brands, the latter brand in the game's title being named after WWE's weekly Monday Night Raw program.

''WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw was succeeded in 2005 by WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006''.

Gameplay

The game is largely similar to its predecessor, but adds some key features.

Several new gameplay features are introduced, including pre-match and mid-match minigames. The pre-match mini-games are randomly chosen before every singles match and include a test of strength, a stare down, and a shoving match. Several mid-match mini-games include the chop battle, and a spanking mini-game for female wrestlers in bra and panties matches. The meter mechanic from the chop battles are retained, but the player must perfectly time the button press three consecutive times to win. If the player does so, a cut scene of the two female wrestlers kissing is played.

The ability to sustain a submission till the count of 5 once a rope break had been reached was also implemented. The game features several arenas based on pay-per-views held by WWE in 2003 and 2004, as well as arenas based on each weekly WWE television show.

Also added to the game was the Clean/Dirty system, which influenced each wrestler's tactics. Players can choose if the wrestler is clean, dirty or neutral. A clean or dirty wrestler has a unique meter that can be filled up by performing special clean/dirty actions or moves.

''WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw'' also includes a redone WWE PPV (Pay-Per-View) mode from its past games where the player can play sample PPVs based on real life match cards from 2004, or create a PPV of their own by booking matches and choosing match types with any superstar, legend or created superstar in the game. Created championships could also be waged in the created PPVs. Before playing the PPV, the game would show a generic highlight reel featuring two of the superstars in the main event of the show. Play-by-play commentary was also improved, with the commentary beginning to improve and sync up with the matches more.

The game also featured an all-new Create-a-Championship mode, in which the player can create and defend the title in their created PPVs. The game also includes the Create-A-Wrestler mode from previous games where the created superstar's movesets, attributes, entrances, and brand could be customized. The create mode was improved from the previous game. Stables could also be created featuring any wrestler and entrances could also be customized.

A new Challenge mode provides gamers with opportunities to challenge themselves at different difficulty levels. In addition, several challenges put gamers in memorable matches from the past and beating these challenges will help unlock alternate attires and arenas.

SmackDown vs. Raw was also the first installment in the series to feature an online mode, but only Single or Bra & Panties matches can be played.

Reception
The game received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

Critical
The game received a score of 80/100 on review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

title: WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw


text:
Chattooga

Chattooga may refer to:

 * Chattooga County, Georgia
 * Chattooga River, a designated National Wild and Scenic River in North Carolina
 * Chattooga River (Alabama-Georgia), flowing from northwest Georgia into Alabama

title: Chattooga


text:
Size Isn't Everything

Size Isn't Everything is the twentieth studio album by the Bee Gees, released in the UK on 13 September 1993, and the US on 2 November of the same year. The brothers abandoned the contemporary dance feel of the previous album High Civilization and went for what they would describe as "A return to our sound before Saturday Night Fever".

Recording
The album marked the Bee Gees's return to Polydor Records after their three-album contract with Warner Bros. Records. The album was recorded following a time of considerable strain for the Gibb brothers. Maurice had only recently managed to overcome his long-term struggle with alcoholism and Barry Gibb's wife and prematurely newborn daughter both suffered ill health. Barry himself was also scheduled to have back surgery. Subsequently, on 6 March 1992, the brothers' father, Hugh Gibb, died, the day after the birthday of their late brother Andy, who had died in 1988. The album was dedicated to Hugh. Work on the album began in 1992.

Content
The first track "Paying the Price of Love" has numerous "alternate mixes" available in different releases. "Kiss of Life" is an energetic rock/dance hybrid with an impressively complex vocal line involving distinctive Robin and Barry's solo vocals as well as the group's vocals. "Omega Man" and "Above and Beyond" feature lead vocals by Maurice Gibb. On "Haunted House", Barry commented in an interview with Q magazine, "I guess you could say the song's about divorce". According to Robin, "Heart Like Mine" was inspired by Enya's moody songs, and he gets some of the slow dreamy feel of her music. "Blue Island" was dedicated to the children of the former Yugoslavia and according to Barry that the song was the nicest track they had ever written.

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" became the biggest hit on Size Isn't Everything. The last track, "Decadance" was a new remix of the classic No. 1 hit "You Should Be Dancing", which was included only on the European version of the album. The unison scream of the line ("My baby moves at midnight") by Barry at 2:20 was first sung to the public back in 1989, towards the end of the One for All Tour in Melbourne.

The album cover photograph features the Old City Hall of Miami Beach in the background.

Critical reception
On 9 August 1993, the album's first single, "Paying the Price of Love", was released in the UK and peaked at No. 23. The album peaked at No. 33 in the UK in late September. It then disappeared from the charts, only to return in December 1993 when the album's second single, "For Whom the Bell Tolls", became a UK top five hit. The album again peaked at No. 23. In all, the album spent sixteen weeks inside the UK Top 100 and was certified gold by the BPI for sales of over 100,000 copies. A third single, the ballad "How to Fall in Love, Part 1", was released on 4 April 1994 in the UK, peaking at No. 30. This made Size Isn't Everything the first Bee Gees album to contain three UK top 30 hits since 1979's Spirits Having Flown and many consider this album their strongest post-disco album.

Reaction to the album in the US was less successful, where the album peaked at No. 153 and spent only three weeks inside the whole Billboard 200. The single "Paying the Price of Love" only reached No. 74 in the US during the fall of 1993, presumably because by 1993, The Bee Gees were an adult contemporary group and this single was too heavy for AC stations with its hip-hop influenced percussion. The European hit single, "For Whom the Bell Tolls", bubbled under on Billboard's Hot 100 at No. 109.

Reception of the album was mixed around the world, though it is notable that it was one of the most successful Bee Gees albums in Argentina, peaking at No. 1 due to the big success of "For Whom the Bell Tolls" there. Worldwide sales of the album are estimated to be over 700,000 copies. According to Barry, when asked on American breakfast shows why the album was called Size Isn't Everything, he explained that the Bee Gees have never been hyped and that they have always had to prove themselves musically, so the title came from that idea.

Track listing
All tracks were written and composed by Barry, Robin & Maurice Gibb.

Personnel
Bee Gees
 * Barry Gibb – vocals, guitars
 * Robin Gibb – vocals
 * Maurice Gibb – vocals, keyboards, guitars, lead vocals (4, 9)

Additional personnel
 * Tim Moore – keyboards, programming
 * Alan Kendall – guitars
 * Tim Cansfield – guitars
 * Slash – guitar (uncredited)
 * Steve Howe – acoustic guitar (5) (uncredited)
 * George "Chocolate" Perry – bass guitar
 * Trevor Murrell – drums
 * Luis Jardim – percussion
 * Ed Calle – saxophone
 * Gustav Lezcano – harmonica (8)

Production

 * Bee Gees – producers, mixing
 * Femi Jiya – engineer, mixing
 * Chris Potter – assistant engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
 * Andy Earl – photography
 * Stylorouge – art direction, design
 * Allen Kovac and Left Bank Management – management

title: Size Isn't Everything


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Elaine Tuttle Hansen

Elaine Tuttle Hansen is an American academic administrator, scholar and university professor who served as the executive director of the Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University from 2011 to 2018 and the 8th President of Bates College from 2002 to 2011.

After serving as the Provost of Haverford College from 1995 to 2002, Hansen was installed as the seventh and first female president of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. Her nine-year tenure as the college's president saw increased financial aid resources, faculty and student diversity, and modernization. Outside of her directorship she serves on the board of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Educational Records Bureau. She is a scholar of Middle English literature, contemporary women’s writing and feminist theory.

She is a member of the Modern Language Association and served as the president of the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship. Hansen's feminist research and commentary focuses on modern feminist theory, motherhood socialization, gender roles and gender equity. She has also commented and wrote on the topics of academic administration, professorial ethics, and admission standards in the United States.

Early life and career
Hansen graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Mount Holyoke College in 1969. She received her M.A. from the University of Minnesota in 1972 and Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1975. Hansen served as the Provost of Haverford College from 1995–2002 and was a Professor of English at Haverford from 1980-2002. During this time she also was an Assistant Professor of English at Hamilton College from 1978-1980.

Presidency (2002–2011)
Hansen was installed as the seventh and first female president of Bates College on October 26, 2002 in Lewiston, Maine. Amid rising tensions between the Bates community and the city of Lewiston, Hansen released a message to the city outlining the college's impact in its development and historical significance. In a 2003 memo, she noted that the college's operating budget of $65 million, although originating outside of Maine, its expenditure was completely in-state. This accounted for nearly $6 million in direct payments to approximately 360 businesses in the Lewiston and Auburn area, and $1.2 million directly to individuals. She later mentioned that although the college was at the time a tax-exempt organization, she authorized $341,000 in fees for services and taxes to the city. Hansen cited the impact students and faculty have had on the economy of Lewiston ($70 million in direct spending by faculty, students, and visitors per year), as appropriate and meaningful integration into the community.

Hansen released an internal memo to the Bates community in late March 2003 regarding the U.S. invasion or Iraq, noting the campus protests and the resolution passed by the student government's representative assembly condemning the armed conflict. After Hurricane Katrina, Hansen waved tuition requirements for all student affected by its impact in late 2005. She later coordinated with the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU) to further financial aid allocation by the college for students in need. In 2005, Hansen taught a Short Term class on Chaucer at Bates.

Hansen began the Presidential Symposium program at the college during her first years as president. In 2007, she began the first such symposium entitled, "College for ‘Coming Time’" followed by a 2008 symposium entitled, "Unswerving Values, Changing Times". A new symposium has been held at the college ever since, eventually transforming into the Mount David Summit. In April 2007, Hansen sent an internal memo to the students of Bates regarding the shooting at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, issuing new security protocols, and restating the current security measures in place at the college. In late 2007, Hansen announced the construction of 280 Hall, a new residence hall for 150 students at the foot of Mount David. In April 2008, expanded the campus of Bates College by completing the construction of "The Commons" at a cost of approximately $24 million.

During the 2007-08 financial crisis and subsequent recession, Hansen released the meeting notes from the October 2008 Board of Trustees meeting. The notes were anticipated by the students as many feared for the economic stability of the college's endowment (i.e. financial aid). In the note, Hansen outlined the current economic climate as being in a period of "declining markets, higher costs of borrowing, the potential impact on giving (i.e. fundraising, endowment spending, etc). Hansen mentioned that the college would have to restructure its 10-year financial model in order accommodate its promise to cover "the demonstrated need of all admitted students." She later commented, "I recognize that these are times of stress and concern for all, but I want you to know that the Trustees and I have every confidence in the strength and perseverance of this institution and the entire Bates community." On February 5, 2008, she alerted the Bates community about a letter sent to 136 U.S. colleges and universities by the chairman and ranking member of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, Max Baucus and Charles Grassley. The letter proposed mandatory endowment payments and tuition caps for institutions of higher learning that held at or above $500 million in financial endowments. Although Bates, at the time held only $275 million, many students began to refinance loan packages prompting a memo to be issued by Hansen. She noted that although increased financial regulation is surely in the future for Bates, the college will not dismiss loans from its financial aid packages.

Hansen released a memo outlining fiscal year losses due to the 2007-08 financial crisis and subsequent recession, noting a 31% market value loss. She lowered faculty increases but kept them positive during 2009-10. She announced that there will be no salary or hiring freezes, no layoffs, and that the college "would cover 100% of the increase in health care premiums for families." In 2010, Hansen earned $432,000 in salary, benefits and perks.

At the start of February 2011, Hansen renovated Roger Williams Hall and Hedge Hall as a part of "Campus Facilities Master Plan". She released a facilities report later on in the month outlining a "distributed campus plan" by extending the walkways into the city of Lewiston.

Hansen announced in the academic year 2011 that she would step down as Bates College president. It was announced soon after that the Vice President of Institutional Policy of Harvard University, Clayton Spencer was to be appointed as her successor.

CTY Directorship (2011–2018)
After stepping down from the Bates College presidency, Hansen joined the leadership of The Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University. On August 1, 2011, she was appointed as the executive director of the university program. On April 6, 2013, Hansen was the inauguration speaker for the incoming president of Berea College, Lyle Roelofs in Berea, Kentucky.

In July 2013, she was profiled by Johns Hopkins Gazette where she was asked about the upcoming decade for the program and its priorities. She defined her top priory for the future of The Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University by stating:"The evolving role of online learning and hybrid educational programs will serve the needs of the most academically advanced students particularly well. Our increased understanding of how the human brain functions will enhance our ability to identify and nurture the most exceptional minds and improve the educational experiences of all learners."The university announced that she was stepping down in August 2018. She was succeeded by interim director Amy Shelton.

Outside of the directorship
Hansen serves on the board of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Educational Records Bureau. She also serves on the board of trustees at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. She was an associate editor of the Middle English Dictionary at the University of Michigan. Hansen was also a past member and subsequent president of Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship and a member of the Modern Language Association.

Views on feminism
Hansen is a scholar of Middle English literature, contemporary women’s writing and feminist theory. Hansen identifies herself as a feminist who advances both gender equality and equity. Her stances on motherhood in society revolve around "conceptual splitting" or breaking up the concept into multiple areas, akin to inersectionality. She breaks up the notions of motherhood into multiple definitions such as full-time mothers, surrogate mothers, teenage mothers, adoptive mothers, mothers who live in poverty, and "mothers with briefcases." Hansen states: "Although it seems clear that new, unprecedented pressures have recently called into question the meaning of mother, this assumption nonetheless simplifies the history of the term. Motherhood has meant many different things in the past, just as it means (and will no doubt continue to mean) different things in different cultures and subcultures today."

Views on academia
As an established scholar and academic administrator in U.S. higher education, Hansen has published papers and expressed concern as well as acclaim for the operation of universities, academic standards, and accessibility. Hansen dismissed the theory of "grit prediction" put forward by Angela Lee Duckworth in an April 2013 TEDTalk. She dismissed the claim that "grit" or "a combination of passion and perseverance for a singularly important goal," was the ultimate predictor of academic success, ahead of a students intelligence quotient (I.Q.), family background, or socioeconomic status. Hansen asserted that if academics and professors burden themselves with "concerns about failing schools, common core standards and teaching to the test" and the new theory of "grit prediction", they will fail to pursue the true goal of education: providing a quality education for everyone. She has stated that although "teachers are being directed to educate students to struggle, take risks and persist against adversity," they fail to acknowledge those who excel, thus discounting their performance and contributions. Hansen stated that "in the rush to add grit to the lesson plan, we risk leaping from anecdote to antidote, and making assumptions about the correlation, or not, between effort and intelligence." She has made repeated calls for academics and professors to examine those who excel (i.e. those who are outliers) and integrate what they find to improve the aggregated academic experience in the classroom.

Being prepared for the rigorous of university work is another field Hansen comments on in interviews and articles. In an article for The Chronicle of Higher Education, entitled "Top Students, Too, Aren't Always Ready for College," Hansen defined in her words, "a serious college preparedness problem." She noted:"Our attitudes and practices send a loud and depressing message about how little we value academic achievement. From kindergarten through college, we must think harder about what we're saying when we focus on test scores, eliminate honors and AP classes, and cut what little financing exists for research on gifted students. Even as experts and pundits talk about the global achievement gap and the importance of creativity and innovation, few ask how we can raise the ceiling for the students already above the floor."Her comments in the article were picked up by National Public Radio (NPR), where Michel Martin criticized her stance on a students road to a university. Martin pointed out that students have been trained from early on that independent achievement is to be valued above all else; to solve this issue is nearly impossible. Hansen clarified that her stance on the issue was opening up the conversation not providing an immediate and definitive answer to the problem.

Hansen has commented on the relationship between the liberal arts and the U.S. business sector in letters to the editor, opinion editorials and articles. She has dismissed arguments brought forward by academics issuing that liberal arts colleges tend to disparage and undermine students who wish to participate in fields such as finance, business, and accounting. Author and 27th president of Dickinson College, William G. Durden charged liberal arts leaders with creating an elitist, “separatist” perspective. Hansen rejected this charge citing the "intellectual and ethical virtues fostered by their undergraduate experience" as a key to their success. She was quoted as saying:"Rather than faulting liberal education for failing to prevent greed and corruption in corporate America, we need to do a better job of communicating what the CEOs who prefer to hire liberal arts graduates already know: Although our expertise rests in academic disciplines and our worth to society has much to do with the intrinsic human need to learn, we have many “practical” programs, and access to the broad learning achieved through a liberal education gives our graduates a realistic understanding of the complexity of the world and prepares them for lives satisfying to themselves and useful to others."Hansen has at times criticized collegiate admission practices stating that although restructuring the admissions platforms most universities use are generally agreed upon, how one is to do this is highly debatable. The shift from de-emphasizing individual performance and achievement, to general “authentically chosen” activities generating “emotional and ethical awareness and skills," is, according to Hansen, "doing more harm than good." She refuted a report issued by the Harvard School of Education which asserted that colleges and universities will have a better pool of students should they choose to admit students based on group activities, putting less value on individual contribution. Hansen asserts that implementing admission standards that focus on these metrics "invites only skepticism and confusion." She notes that admission officers can't reasonably deduce whether a student has an appropriate level of gratitude from a supplementary essay. To implement these subjective metrics would mean dramatic changes to the culture and pedagogy of universities. Hansen states that low-income students can't easily find the specific jobs and work experience required of them to fill subjective and speculative metrics. She goes on to state that "we know too little about how and when to identify, characterize, measure and develop the so-called noncognitive aspects of learning that this report asks colleges to evaluate. And I disagree that the gateway to college is the time or place to subject young people to the full impact of our ignorance about how to fairly assess things they should still be questioning and exploring -- like character, feelings, motives and values."

Personal life
Hansen is married to Stanley Hansen, a speech pathologist. They have two children: Emma, a student at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Isla, a student in Lewiston, Maine.

Awards and honors

 * Lindback Distinguished Teaching Award
 * Elizabeth Topham Kennan Outstanding Educator Award (2009)

Publications
Hansen has written literary critical articles, opinion editorials, and reviews as well as three books:
 * Hansen, Elaine T. "Reading Wisdom in Old English Poetry". University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario. (1988)
 * Hansen, Elaine T. "Chaucer and the Fictions of Gender". University of California Press, Oakland, California. (1992)
 * Hansen, Elaine T. "Mother Without Child: Contemporary Fiction and the Crisis of Motherhood". University of California Press, Oakland, California. (1997)
 * Hansen, Elaine T. "Smart is not a dirty word". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. (2014)
 * Hansen, Elaine T. "Kindness Won't Cure College Admissions". Inside Higher Ed. Washington, D.C. (2016)

title: Elaine Tuttle Hansen


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 9/Answers/Question 20

The hidden phrase is SOHCAHTOA and the page that pops up in search is Trigonometry mnemonics.  Grue  13:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Correct. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:26, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Searched SOHCAHTOA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry_mnemonics

Answer
SOHCAHTOA - Trigonometry mnemonics. --Fibonacci 00:15, 30 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973 is a United States federal law signed by US President Richard Nixon on November 16, 1973, that authorized the building of an oil pipeline connecting the North Slope of Alaska to Port Valdez. Specifically, it halted all legal challenges, which were filed primarily by environmental activists, against the construction of the pipeline. In accordance with Nixon's request, the act contains no amendments allowing for federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to regulate the construction of the pipeline.

The act was supported by Alaska's congressmen, Don Young, Ted Stevens and Mike Gravel; however, since they all lacked major seniority, the act was introduced by long-time Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. The act partially helped in solving the world-wide 1973 oil crisis.

The act is found in Title 43, Section 1651 of the United States Code. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was eventually built as a result of the act.

title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act


text:
Ranthambore National Park

Ranthambore National Park is a national park in Rajasthan, India, with an area of 1334 km2. It is bounded to the north by the Banas River and to the south by the Chambal River. It is named after the historic Ranthambore Fort, which lies within the park.

History
Ranthambore National Park was established as the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955, initially covering an area of 282 km2. It was declared one of the Project Tiger reserves in 1973.

Features

Ranthambore National Park covers a total area of 392 km2, including buffer zone. It harbours dry deciduous forests and open grassy meadow. The core area is about 275 km2. Ranthambore Tiger Reserve spreads over an area of 1334 km2 at an elevation range of about 215-505 m.

Ranthambore Fort was built in the 10th century by Chauhan rulers at 700 ft above the surrounding plain. Inside the fort are three red stone temples devoted to Ganesh, Shiva and Ramlalaji. There is a Digamber Jain temple of Sumatinatha and Sambhavanatha. The temples were constructed in the 12th and 13th centuries. Padam Talao is the largest of the many lakes in the park. A red sandstone Jogi Mahal is at the edge of the lake.

Fauna
Ranthambore National Park hosts over 270 species of birds, including crested serpent eagle, painted francolin and Indian paradise flycatcher.

Tigers
Ranthambore is known for its Bengal tiger population. During the past few years, there has been a decline in numbers due to poaching and other reasons. The number of tigers was 25 in 2005 and 48 in 2013. As of 2022, there were 80 tigers in the park.

Flora
There are over 300 species of trees, including over 100 of medicinal importance. The land features dense tropical dry forest, open bushland and rocky terrain interspersed with lakes and streams. The ecoregion includes Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests.

Ecosystem valuation
Economic valuation of the tiger reserve estimated that its flow benefits are worth 8.3 billion rupees (0.56 lakh/hectare) annually. Gene-pool protection services (7.11 billion), provisioning of water to the neighbouring region (115 million) and provisioning of habitat and refuge for wildlife (182 million) were some of the important services that emanated from the tiger reserve. Other services included nutrient cycling (34 million) and sequestration of carbon (69 million).

title: Ranthambore National Park


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Conservative Party (UK)/archive1

Conservative Party (UK)
For an article about a major political party in the UK this is truly a dreadful article. Any ideas? JuntungWu 13:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Please read the introduction to this page. There are other pages dedicated to addressing what are considered poor-quality articles. — RJH 16:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I know there are lots of other channels but I think those are inappropriate. --JuntungWu 05:31, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's been said before, but it seems to me (who doesn't know that much about the contemporary Conservative Party) that really it's not that bad of an article but it does have real problems, and those problems are largely structural. Since you're getting an overview in the lead paragraph, I'd think it might make more sense to start with the historical sections, then move into the present (I believe that having some historical understanding helps make more sense of the present situation), and then you could have the policy discussion and the sleaze. The bunch of lists at the end are probably inevitable in these sorts of articles, and just leaving them is probably best. Just one opinion. PRiis 06:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Léo Delibes

title
The title of this article should be Léo Delibes, not Leo Delibes. Unless anyone objects, I shall make the move tonight. -- Rmrfstar 13:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * *phew* thats done! Rmrfstar 00:25, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 14:30, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Source Links are dead
The two Cited Source links were dead when I tried them tonight--Dec. 11, 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erasmuse (talk • contribs) 01:15, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Info-box
Please see the discussion at the Mozart talk page. (I know you have seen it already as you have been accusing me elsewhere of lying on it.) The consensus there is for no box, and it seems unlikely that there will suddenly be one here. In particular, adding a box that takes the reader out of the article to another page altogether is rude and unhelpful and contradicts the stated function of info-boxes at the instruction page: i-bs are "'at-a-glance", and used for quickly checking facts'". Removing i-b until such time as there is a clear consensus to have one.  Tim riley  talk   11:51, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Oh not this again? Of course the IB is pointless and a haven for factoids only tangentially related to the subject. There was no box on this article until one was slipped in last year, and no discussion to confirm any consensus as to whether it's an improvement or not. - SchroCat (talk) 12:19, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Just a clarification. The Infobox was not "slipped in last year". One had been in the article since 2012 as infobox musical artist . Last year I simply changed it to Infobox person which is more suitable for classical musicians, if an infobox is to be used. It was not "a haven for pointless factoids" unless you consider dates and places of birth and death, birth name, and occupation to be "pointless factoids" about a person. The Encyclopædia Britannica doesn't have a problem with infoboxes containing such "factoids" . Nor does the Australian Dictionary of Biography .  But by all means, delete it if you're that bothered by its presence. Voceditenore (talk) 14:23, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah- my mistake on the dates: I misread something, so thank you for correcting me. (And yes, I do think the dates and places are of limited importance. Aside from the fact they are bracketed in the first line of the lead, they don't really convey anything of importance about the individual). Either way, that moot point aside, I thank you for your last sentence, which is most welcome. Cheers - SchroCat (talk) 14:27, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd like to associate myself with SchroCat's thanks to Voceditenore for such a flexible and collegiate approach. O si sic omnes..  Tim riley  talk   21:06, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Returning from a beautiful vacation day. Of course I know the Mozart discussion. (I have not said anybody was lying there.) We (who think an infobox or ibox or info-box is helpful to some readers, who are less able or willing to find something in the well-crafted prose of a lead) are told again and again that the discussion has to be on each individual article, so what we find on Mozart or Beethoven doesn't matter for Delibes. I also won't have to tell experienced editors that when a bold edit - such as removing this infobox - is reverted, a discussion should take place while the article is returned to the state pro-ante. I'll give you time to think about it. The most peaceful way would be to revert to the state with infobox. I am bothered by the removal. I am further bothered by a removal without even indicating in an edit summary that a removal took place. Who wants another infobox discussion? If we look at other composer articles for a model, let's not look at Mozart and Beethoven but Percy Grainger. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:15, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

While sports and politician bios can benefit from infoboxes, most articles in liberal arts fields, as here, do not. See arbitration report: "Infoboxes may be particularly unsuited to liberal arts fields when they repeat information already available in the lead section of the article, are misleading or oversimplify the topic for the reader". I disagree with including an infobox in this article because: (1) The box would emphasize unimportant factoids stripped of context and lacking nuance, in competition with the WP:LEAD section, which emphasizes and contextualizes the most important facts. (2) Since the most important points in the article are already discussed in the Lead, or adequately discussed in the body of the article, the box would be redundant. (3) It would take up valuable space at the top of the article and hamper the layout and impact of the Lead. (4) Frequent errors creep into infoboxes, as updates are made to the articles but not reflected in the redundant info in the box, and they tend to draw vandalism, fancruft and repeated arguments among editors about what to include. (5) The infobox template creates a block of code at the top of the edit screen that discourages new editors from editing the article. (6) It would discourage readers from reading the text of the article. (7) IBs distract editors from focusing on the content of the article. Instead of improving the article, they spend time working on this repetitive feature and its coding and formatting. See also WP:DISINFOBOX. -- Ssilvers (talk) 14:30, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Please reduce your standard objection to what might be valid for this particular infobox which was introduced on by Krenakarore, and improved by Voce on  and seems not to have hindered further editing nor let errors creep in. This is an infobox that respected editors have added long ago. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:15, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * In a few succinct words, G Arendt, please explain why the overwhelming consensus chez Mozart that an i-b is a rotten idea for composer life-and-works articles is in any way irrelevant here. Your salami tactics of nagging away at each article, or just sneaking i-b's in without discussion, may have been tolerated by the supremely tolerant BB, but some of his admirers and mentees are less willing to be bullied. As it happens I discussed with BB your efforts on one article – it may have been Grainger – and he shrugged his shoulders and said the fight against the obsessives was not worth the effort. I disagreed, and still do.  Tim riley  talk   21:29, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The few succinct words are: life is too short, for any of this. My memory of BB dates from 2013 when he offered the identibox as a way of compromise, in the article and on my talk. My position regarding Mozart didn't change since my last entries there, and I don't see any need for repetition. If you want me to repeat, I'm quite willing to post it again, which I tried to avoid in the name of peace. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:57, 16 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Back home, a few more words: It's Sunday, I go to church, you don't - that's fine. Some think infoboxes are a rotten idea, others think they add access for some readers - that's fine. I pictured "my perspective" in a 2015 concert, performing Fauré's Cantique de Jean Racine and Requiem. The latter article has no infobox because I respect the preference of a former boy soprano. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:18, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * As a matter of fact I have been to church, but what that has to do with this discussion I cannot imagine. As you are dragging religion into it, I am reminded of Oliver Cromwell's plea to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland: "I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible that you may be mistaken". It must be nice to know you are right, but even so, please try not to disrespect the consensus.  Tim riley  talk   15:38, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Going to church? Is that a new bar to editing? - SchroCat (talk) 16:49, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I am sorry if the image I used was unclear. I find that infobox yes or no is like a religion, and debating about it makes little sense, and I am not going to be a missionary nor a martyr of the infobox. I see the word consensus abused sometimes. What I respect is the gentle voice of reason of Voceditenore. Please don't revert her again. She may not mind, generous as she is, but I do. Yesterday, I worked - with Yoninah - on Psalm 85, with the famous kiss of Justice and Peace. A good goal even if - as I just learned - it may be a misunderstanding of the Hebrew. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:31, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * A religion? Well, that explains the fundamentalism shown by some, but no, it's not like a religion. It's a piece of formatting in the corner of the page. Sometimes beneficial, sometimes not. - SchroCat (talk) 10:37, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * As said just above: I respect Voceditenorer, - . Can we agree that Delibes is an opera-related biography? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:58, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think we can all agree that only one person is pushing the point again and again here. I thought peace had broken out after there were no further comments on 16th, but you came back to the yawning silence on the 19th to push it again. There really is no further point in continuing this: you even push back against no responses, so I'll leave you to continue to talk in an empty room. The IB is not on the page, several people have given resons for not having one, Voceditenore has said to people "But by all means, delete it if you're that bothered by its presence", which leaves just one person pushing the point, so I'll leave this discussion, rather than go round in circles yet again. - SchroCat (talk) 11:13, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Not surprisingly, I agree with the opposers on this. Just because an IB existed in 2012, doesn't mean to say it has to remain indefinitely.  We are always told by those who like IBs applied uniformly across the site that "Consensus can change...blah, blah, blah"...well, it just has, and the fact an infobox was added without consensus, means we are now ahead of you as we have a consensus, and you don't. See you in another eight years when it will be your chance to add one back in again. Oh, and, the bold edit was the edit that contained the IB, not the one that removed it.  So please take heed of WP:BRD where you will find that the infobox is always the bold edit, as it can't exist without someone putting it there in the first place. Please note, should anyone here wish to discuss this at my talk page, in a more general tone, please feel free.  But this will be my only comment here.   Cassianto Talk  08:23, 16 January 2020 (UTC)
 * You believe that a feature that was in the article from 2012 can be treated like vandalism - removed without an edit summary - but I think it creates a stable condition which - when changed - should come with reasoning, especially in an area of controversy. We discussed this on Barkeep49's talk, but we can seek further clarification with the arbitration committee if it remains unclear. Justice and Peace, see above. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:31, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Nice to threaten someone with ArbCom when you know they are under a restiction of one comment only. So much for justice or peace - or even decency. - SchroCat (talk) 10:54, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * How come you think clarification is a threat? I strike it anyway, and hope that you simply understand that good-faith edits of years ago deserve better treatment than vandalism. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:58, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Another Ahrend distortion of the truth: with the edit summary "additional info and refs; rem uncited and duplicate material" this "vandalism" consisted of flagrantly and wilfully expanding the article from 585 words to 2,317. Give your obsession a rest, please and do something useful instead. You used to contribute good material in the days when you were a colleaguely colleague, and I hope you can revert to that.  Tim riley  talk   12:28, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I thank you for expanding the article. I didn't say you left no edit summary, I said you didn't mention that you removed the ibox. - My article creations are rather open, and I like collaboration. We used to have three calm years regarding infoboxes. May it stay that way. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:45, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Léo Delibes


text:
Yamaha V9958

The Yamaha V9958  is a Video Display Processor used in the MSX2+ and MSX turbo R series of home computers, as the successor to the Yamaha V9938 used in the MSX2. The main new features are three graphical YJK  modes with up to 19268 colors and horizontal scrolling registers. The V9958 was not as widely adopted as the V9938.

Specifications

 * Video RAM: 128 KB + 64 KB of expanded VRAM
 * Text modes: 80 × 24 and 32 × 24
 * Resolution: 512 × 212 (4 or 16 colors out of 512) and 256 × 212 (16, 256, 12499 or 19268 colors)
 * Sprites: 32, 16 colors, max 8 per horizontal line
 * Hardware acceleration for copy, line, fill, etc.
 * Interlacing to double vertical resolution
 * Horizontal and vertical scroll registers

Feature changes from the V9938
The following features were added to or removed from the Yamaha V9938 specifications:

 * Added horizontal scrolling registers
 * Added YJK graphics modes (similar to YUV):
 * G7 + YJK + YAE: 256 x 212, 12499 colors + 16 color palette
 * G7 + YJK: 256 × 212, 19268 colors
 * Added the ability to execute hardware accelerated commands in non-bitmap screen modes
 * Removed lightpen and mouse functions
 * Removed composite video output function

MSX-specific terminology
On MSX, the screen modes are often referred to by their assigned number in MSX BASIC. This mapping is as follows:

title: Yamaha V9958