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Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz

Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz (also known as Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz) (30 July 1893 – 25 April 1968) was a German officer of aristocratic descent in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds.

Strachwitz was born in 1893 on his family estate in Silesia. He was educated at various Prussian military academies and served in World War I, during which he was taken prisoner by French forces in October 1914. He made numerous failed attempts to escape custody while held prisoner.

He returned to Germany after the war in 1918. He joined the Freikorps and fought against the Spartacist uprising of the German Revolution in Berlin; he later fought Polish forces in the Silesian Uprisings. In the mid-1920s he took over the family estate from his father; he later became a member of the Nazi Party and the Allgemeine-SS.

Strachwitz participated in the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and in the Battle of France in 1940. Transferred to the 16th Panzer Division he fought in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for the Battle of Kalach in the summer of 1942. He received the Swords to his Knight's Cross for his actions in the Third Battle of Kharkov. He then fought in the Battle of Kursk and the German retreat to the Dnieper. While commanding a battle group in the Battle of Narva in early 1944 he was awarded the Diamonds to his Knight's Cross on 15 April. In 1945, he surrendered to US forces and was released in 1947. He died in 1968 and was buried with full military honours.

Early life and career
Strachwitz was born on 30 July 1893 in Groß Stein, in the district of Groß Strehlitz in the Province of Silesia, the Kingdom of Prussia. Today it is Kamień Śląski, in Gogolin, Opole Voivodeship, Poland.

Strachwitz was the second child of Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz (1864–1942) and his wife Aloysia (1872–1940), née Gräfin von Matuschka Freiin von Toppolczan und Spaetgen. He had an older sister, Aloysia (1892–1972), followed by his younger brother Johannes (1896–1917) nicknamed "Ceslaus", his sister Elisabeth (1897–1992), his brother Manfred (1899–1972), his brother Mariano (1902–1922), and his youngest sister Margarethe (1905–1989).

His family were members of the old Silesian Catholic nobility (Uradel) and held large estates in Upper Silesia, including the family Schloss (castle) at Groß Stein. The family claimed a number of members killed fighting the 1241 Mongol invasion at the Battle of Legnica. As the first-born son he was the heir to the title Graf (Count) Strachwitz and, following family tradition, he was christened Hyazinth, after the 12th century saint. Some clothing belonging to the saint was in the family's possession until 1945.

Strachwitz attended the Volksschule (primary school) and the Gymnasium (advanced secondary school) in Oppeln—present-day Opole. He received further schooling and paramilitary training at the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps (Royal Prussian cadet corps) in Wahlstatt—present-day Legnickie Pole—before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt (Main Military Academy) in Berlin-Lichterfelde. Among his closest friends at the cadet academy were Manfred von Richthofen, the World War I flying ace and a fellow Silesian, and Hans von Aulock, brother of the World War II colonel Andreas von Aulock.

In August 1912, Cadet Strachwitz was admitted to the élite Gardes du Corps (Life Guards) cavalry regiment in Potsdam as a Fähnrich (Ensign). The Life Guards had been established by Prussian King Frederick the Great in 1740, and were considered the most prestigious posting in the Imperial German Army. Their patron was Emperor Wilhelm II, who nominally commanded them.

Strachwitz was sent to an officer training course at the Kriegsschule (War School) in Hanover in late 1912, where he excelled at various sports. Strachwitz was commissioned as Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) on 17 February 1914.

Upon his return to the Prussian Main Military Academy from Hanover, Strachwitz was appointed as the sports officer for the Life Guards. He introduced daily gymnastics and weekly endurance running. The Life Guards sports team was selected to participate in the planned 1916 Olympic Games, and this further encouraged his ambition. He participated in equestrian, fencing and track and field athletics, which became his prime focus. Strachwitz continued to excel as a sportsman and, with his friend Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, was among the best athletes to train for the Olympic Games according to Roll Strachwitz.

World War I
At the outbreak of World War I Strachwitz was mobilized. His regiment was subordinated to the Guards Cavalry Division and scheduled for deployment in the west.

When his unit arrived at their position near the Belgian border Strachwitz and his platoon volunteered for a mounted, long-distance reconnaissance patrol, which would penetrate far behind enemy lines. His orders were to gather intelligence on enemy rail and communications connections and potentially disturb them, as well as report on the war preparations being made by the enemy. If the situation allowed, he was to destroy railway and telephone connections and to derail trains, causing as much havoc as possible.

His patrol ran into many obstacles and they were constantly on the verge of being detected by either British or French forces. Their objective was the Paris–Limoges–Bordeaux train track. Strachwitz dispatched a messenger, who broke through to the German lines and delivered the intelligence they had gathered. The patrol blew up the signal box at the Fontainebleau railway station, and tried to force their way through to presumed German troops at the Marne near Châlons. However the French forces were too strong and the patrol was unable to get through.

After six weeks behind enemy lines their rations were depleted and they had to live by stealing or begging. Strachwitz then intended to head for Switzerland, hoping that the French-Swiss border was not as heavily protected. After a brief skirmish with French forces, one of Strachwitz's men was seriously wounded, which forced them to seek medical attention. During many weeks of outdoor living their uniforms had deteriorated, so Strachwitz took that opportunity to buy new clothes for his men. Their progress was slowed by a wounded comrade, and they were caught in civilian clothes by French forces.

Strachwitz and his men were questioned by a French captain and accused of being spies and saboteurs. They were taken the next day to the prison at Châlons, where they were separated. Strachwitz, as an officer, was placed in solitary confinement.

Early in the morning they were all lined up for the firing squad, but a French captain arrived just in time to stop the execution. Strachwitz and his men were then tried before a French military court on 14 October 1914. The court sentenced them all to five years of forced labour on the prison island of Cayenne. At the same time they were deprived of rank, thus losing the status of prisoners of war.

Strachwitz was then taken to the prisons at Lyon and Montpellier, and then to the Île de Ré, from where the prison ship would depart for Cayenne. It is unclear what circumstances prevented his departure, but he was imprisoned at Riom and Avignon instead. At Avignon prison he was physically and mentally tortured by both the guards and the other prisoners. The torture included being chained naked to a wall, deprived of food and beaten severely. After one year at Avignon he was put in a German uniform and taken to Fort Barraux, used as a prisoner of war facility during the war.

At Barraux he learned that the war in the west had turned into a war of attrition and that only on the Eastern Front were German troops still reporting successes. His health improved rapidly and Strachwitz started making escape plans. With other German soldiers he started digging an escape tunnel, which was detected. Strachwitz was again put in solitary confinement.

As a deterrent against German U-boat attacks, German prisoners of war were sometimes carried in the cargo holds of French merchant ships. Now classified as "determined to escape", Strachwitz was put in the cargo hold of a ship which commuted between Marseilles or Toulon and Thessaloniki, Greece. Appearing skeletal after four trips without food, he was returned to Barraux.

During further solitary confinement he recovered again and made further escape plans. With a fellow soldier, he climbed over the prison walls, planning to head for neutral Switzerland. However, Strachwitz injured his foot when he fell into barbed wire and the injury caused blood poisoning. While searching for help, they were picked up by the French police and turned over to a military court.

He was then sent to a war prison for officers at Carcassonne where his request for medical attention was ignored. The injury was severe and he became delirious. An inspection by the Swiss medical commission from the International Red Cross ordered him transferred to a hospital in Geneva, Switzerland, where he awoke after days of unconsciousness.

Strachwitz recovered quickly in Geneva. During his convalescence he was visited by the Queen of Greece, the sister of the German Emperor, Sophia of Prussia, the Duke of Mecklenburg Frederick Francis IV and the Duke of Hesse Ernest Louis. The Archbishop of Munich Michael von Faulhaber, who was on his way to the Vatican, also stopped by to pay his respects. The doctors told Strachwitz that the French government had requested his extradition back to France, once he had fully recovered, to serve his full term of five years of forced labour.

Strachwitz then moved into a villa in Luzern where he was visited by his mother and sister. He had a great fear of being returned to France, and together they came up with a plan to avoid his extradition. He would "sit out the war" in a mental asylum in Switzerland. The plan worked, although Strachwitz was on the verge of going genuinely mad in the process. The war ended and Strachwitz was released to return to Germany. For his service during the war while imprisoned by the French he was awarded the Iron Cross, Second and First Class.

In the Weimar Republic
After the Armistice in November 1918, Strachwitz was repatriated and returned to a Germany in civil turmoil. He travelled to Berlin via Konstanz, at the Swiss-German border, and Munich.

On his journey he saw many former German soldiers whose military discipline had broken down. Unable to tolerate this situation and fearing a Communist revolution, he travelled on to Berlin, arriving at the Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof where he was met by a friend. Strachwitz had called ahead asking his friend to bring him his Gardes du Corps uniform, which he put on immediately. Berlin was in a state of revolution. The newly established provisional government under the leadership of Chancellor Friedrich Ebert was threatened by the Spartacist uprising of the German Revolution, whose ambition was a Soviet-style communist dictatorship. Ebert ordered the former soldiers, organized in Freikorps (paramilitary organizations), among them Strachwitz, to attack the insurgents and put down the uprising.

In early 1919, following these events in Berlin, Strachwitz returned to his home estate, where he found his family palace taken over by French officers. On 25 July 1919, he married Alexandrine Freiin Saurma-Jeltsch, nicknamed "Alda", and their first child, a son, was born on 4 May 1920.

Upper Silesia was occupied by British, French and Italian forces and being governed by an Inter-Allied Committee headed by a French general, Henri Le Rond. The Versailles Treaty at the end of World War I had shifted formerly German territory into neighbouring countries, some of which had not existed at the beginning of the war. In the case of the new Second Polish Republic, the Treaty detached some 54000 km2 of territory, which had formerly been part of the German Empire, to recreate the country of Poland, which had disappeared as a result of the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

Strachwitz' distrust for the French, rooted in his experiences as a prisoner of war during World War I, was immense. He believed that only the Italians had played an honest and neutral role in the occupation of Upper Silesia.

His father urged him to prepare and educate himself in order to take over the family estate and business. He was put under the guidance of his father's Oberinspektor (Chief Inspector). In parallel, Strachwitz, fearing that Silesia was being "handed over to the Poles", as he viewed the actions of the Inter-Allied Committee, joined the Oberschlesischer Selbstschutz (Upper Silesian Self Defence). Strachwitz collected weapons and recruited volunteers, which was prohibited. He was caught four times and put in prison in Oppeln by the French. His father also went to prison for his opposition to the Inter-Allied Committee.

In 1921, during the Silesian Uprisings, when Poland tried to separate Upper Silesia from the Weimar Republic, Strachwitz served under the Generals Bernhard von Hülsen and Karl Höfer. At the peak of the conflict, when the Poles dug in on the Annaberg, a hill near the village of Annaberg—present-day Góra Świętej Anny, the German Freikorps launched the assault in what would become the Battle of Annaberg, which was fought between 21 May and 26 May 1921.

Strachwitz and his two battalions outflanked the Polish positions and overran part of them in hand-to-hand combat around midnight on 21 May. Strachwitz was the first German to reach the summit. They captured six field guns, numerous machine guns, rifles and ammunition. On 4 June the Freikorps attacked Polish positions at Kandrzin—present-day Kędzierzyn—and Slawentzitz—present-day Sławięcice. In this battle Strachwitz and his men captured a Polish artillery battery, which they turned against the Poles. For these services he received the Schlesischer Adler (Silesian Eagle) medal, Second and First Class with Oak Leaves and Swords. His younger brother Manfred also fought for Silesia and was severely wounded leading his men at Krizova.

Two months later his wife gave birth to their second child, a daughter named Alexandrine Aloysia Maria Elisabeth Therese born on 30 July 1921, nicknamed "Lisalex". The Ministry of the Reichswehr informed him in 1921 that he had been promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant), the promotion backdated to 1916. The Strachwitz family grew further when on 22 March 1925 a third child, a son named Hubertus Arthur, nicknamed "Harti", was born on their manor at Schedlitz, later renamed Alt Siedel—present-day Siedlec.

In 1925, Strachwitz and his family moved from Groß Stein to their manor in Alt Siedel because of personal differences with his father, who remained in Groß Stein. Between 1924 and 1933 Strachwitz founded two dairy cooperatives which many local farmers joined. In parallel he studied a few semesters of forestry. He used his influence in Upper Silesia to modernize forestry and farming. His ambitions were aided by his presidency of the Forstausschuss (Forestry Committee) of Upper Silesia and his membership in the Landwirtschaftskammer (Chamber of Agriculture).

Strachwitz completely took over his father's estate in 1929, first as the general manager and then as owner. This made Strachwitz one of the wealthiest land and forest owners in Silesia. Along with the palace in Groß Stein he owned a lime kiln and quarry in Klein Stein—present-day Kamionek—and Groß Stein, a distillery in Groß Stein and Alt Siedel.

National Socialism
Strachwitz applied for membership in the Nazi Party with the Reichsleitung (Reich Leadership) of the Nazi Party in Munich in 1931. He was accepted and in 1932 joined the Ortsgruppe (Local Group) of the party in Breslau with a membership number 1,405,562. On 17 April 1933 he became a member of the Allgemeine-SS with the SS membership number 82,857, and reached the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer in 1936. In parallel to his SS career, his military rank in the military reserve force also advanced. He attained the rank of Hauptmann of the Reserves in 1934 and a year later became a Rittmeister (cavalry captain) of the Reserves.

On 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, came to power and began to rearm Germany. The Germany Army was increased and modernized with a strong focus on the Panzer (tank) force. Personnel were recruited from the cavalry. In October 1935 Panzer Regiment 2 was created and was subordinated to the 1st Panzer Division, at the time under command of General Maximilian von Weichs. Strachwitz, who had served as an officer of the reserves in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in Breslau, had asked to be transferred to the Panzer force and, in May 1936 and then from July to August 1937, Strachwitz was involved in manoeuvres and training exercises. The 1st Panzer Division was moved to Silesia in preparation for the invasion of Poland on 25 August 1939.

World War II
Panzer-Regiment 2, as part of the 1st Panzer Division, consisted of four light companies and two medium companies totaling 54 Panzer Is, 62 Panzer IIs, 6 Panzer IIIs, 28 Panzer IVs and 6 command tanks. The Wehrmacht invaded Poland without a formal declaration of war on 1 September 1939, and Strachwitz's regiment crossed the border that day. In early October the division was transferred back to Germany; Strachwitz returned to his regiment in late 1939.

Battle of France
The 1st Panzer Division was preparing for the attack on France and the Low Countries, with Strachwitz serving as a supply officer in the 2nd Panzer Regiment. He was out sick with meningitis and in hospital from 1–9 March 1940, and then from 28 April – 9 May 1940 with an injured foot.

The division was subordinated to XIX Army Corps under the command of General Heinz Guderian. The German attack, under the Fall Gelb directive, began on the morning of 10 May 1940. The XIX Army Corps advanced without resistance through Luxemburg and reached the Belgian border at 10:00. During the crossing of the Meuse, the first objective, Strachwitz organized the traffic across the bridge and ensured delivery of the anti-aircraft ammunition to help fend off an Allied aerial attack. The French resistance was broken near Vendresse.

The 1st Panzer Division continued to push forward, reaching the Channel coast near Calais on 23 May 1940, where they encountered heavy British resistance. The 10th Panzer Division was tasked with taking Calais, while Guderian ordered the 1st Panzer Division to head for Gravelines. Elements of the 1st Panzer Brigade and the subordinated Infantry Regiment (motorized) Großdeutschland reached the river Aa south of Gravelines that night, 16 km southwest of Dunkirk. Strachwitz went on one of his "solo runs", penetrated the French and British lines and almost reached Dunkirk, where he observed the evacuation of British and allied forces by sea, which he reported to his commanding officer and the divisional staff.

Parts of the 1st Panzer Division were relocated to Rethel on 2 June. The second phase of the Battle of France, Fall Rot (Case Red), was about to begin and Strachwitz returned to the 2nd Panzer Regiment where he again served as a supply officer. Strachwitz in the meantime had been awarded the Clasp to the Iron Cross 1st Class on 6 June for his daring "solo runs". The two regiments of the 1st Panzer Division crossed the Aisne on the night of 9/10 June 1940. The final objective was Belfort, which capitulated after a short resistance. This ended the Battle of France for Strachwitz's regiment. After having detached two Panzer companies for Operation Sea Lion, the planned and aborted invasion of the United Kingdom, the remaining units of the 2nd Panzer Regiment were transferred to East Prussia.

Balkans campaign
On 2 October 1940, following the Battle of France, Panzer Regiment 2 was subordinated to the 16th Panzer Division. Strachwitz asked the divisional commander Generalmajor Hans Hube for the command of a Panzer company, and Hube gave Strachwitz the 1st Battalion, a position he held until October 1942.

In December 1940, 16th Panzer Division was declared a Lehrtruppe (demonstration troop), a unit to be involved in experimentation with new weapons and tactics. Via Bavaria, Austria and Hungary they were transferred to Romania, with Strachwitz's I. Battalion stationed at Mediaș.

The division was tasked with the protection of the oil fields at Ploiești, which were vital to the German war effort. They trained some Romanian officers in German Panzer tactics. Apart from training, the soldiers had nothing to do and became bored.

In March 1941 Strachwitz was sent back to Cosel in Germany where a new replacement unit was to be founded. He returned via his home town and 24 hours later a telegram from Hube called him back. This was preceded by a series of events in Belgrade. On 25 March 1941, the government of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia had signed the Tripartite Pact, joining the Axis powers in an effort to stay out of World War II. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military coup d'état led by Air Force commander General Dušan Simović. As a result, Hitler chose not only to support Mussolini's ambitions in Albania and in the Greco-Italian War but also to attack Yugoslavia. For this purpose the mobilized forces of 1st Panzer Group under the command of Generaloberst Ewald von Kleist were ordered to attack Belgrade in what would become the Invasion of Yugoslavia.

Strachwitz's 1st Battalion received the order to prepare for the attack on 6 April 1941. His orders were to break through with the Infanterie-Regiment (motorized) "Großdeutschland" to Belgrade via Werschetz—present-day Vršac. His right flank was protected by the SS-Division "Das Reich" and his left flank by the 11th Panzer Division.

The attack was preceded by a heavy artillery barrage and the Germans crossed the border at 10:30. The defences were quickly taken and the German troops reached the Werschetz, where they were greeted by cheering inhabitants and a band. Their next objective was the River Danube. They reached the Danube at Pančevo, only to find the bridge there destroyed. At Pančevo Strachwitz's unit linked up with the 11th Panzer Division. Here he encountered his oldest son Hyazinth, who was serving with the 11th Panzer Division.

Strachwitz started confiscating boats and barges in an attempt to cross the Danube. This work had begun when Strachwitz received the order to halt all activities. His unit was ordered to retreat to Timișoara. On 16 April Hube announced that the 16th Panzer Division would no longer be needed in the campaign and were ordered to regroup at Plovdiv. In early May 1941 Oberstleutnant Rudolf Sieckenius was given command of Panzer-Regiment 2. The entire 16th Panzer Division was ordered back to their home bases in Germany, with Panzer-Regiment 2 ordered to Ratibor—present-day Racibórz, where their equipment was overhauled. Strachwitz was awarded the Coroana României on 9 June 1941.

In mid-June 1941, the division received new orders to relocate. The 16th Panzer Division crossed the German-Polish border at Groß Wartenberg—present-day Syców, heading for Ożarów at the Vistula, which was reached on 19 June 1941. The German soldiers initially believed that they were just going to transit through Russia, on their way to the Middle East where they would link up with Erwin Rommel's Afrika Corps. But Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) Walther von Reichenau, who visited his son, a Leutnant in the 4th company of Panzer-Regiment 2, revealed to them the true objective of the next campaign. It would be Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.

War against the Soviet Union
The German offensive began at 3:30 on 22 June 1941 with an artillery strike against the Soviet Union. The 16th Panzer Division was subordinated to Army Group South under the command of Field Marshal von Rundstedt. The goal, together with the 6th Army and 17th Army as well as Panzer Group 1, was to follow the pincers of both armies, heading for Kiev and rolling up the Soviet flanks in the process, and encircling them at the Dnieper River. The main objective was to occupy the economically important Donets Basin as well as the oil field in the Caucasus.

German Army reconnaissance aircraft spotted the first enemy formations in the vicinity of the 16th Panzer Division on the morning of 26 June. By this date the division had already progressed 125 km beyond the German-Soviet demarcation line and secured a bridgehead over the Bug River. Supplies were lagging behind and his regiment was not resupplied until 28 June. His unit first encountered the T-34 and a few KV-1 and KV-2 tanks the following day. These tanks had stronger armour and outgunned his Panzer III tanks. With the support of the 88 mm Flak artillery, deployed in an anti-tank role, they were able to repulse the Soviet forces.

The brigade crossed the Dnieper on the night of 11/12 September. Following the encirclement of Soviet forces in the Battle of Kiev the brigade was dispatched to prevent Soviet troops from escaping the pocket. The brigade remained in action until 4 October 1941.

Strachwitz was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) of the Reserves on 1 January 1942. He returned to the Eastern Front in mid-March 1942. Throughout the summer of 1942 Strachwitz led his tanks in the advance to the Don River and across it to Stalingrad. His unit was the first to reach the Volga River north of Stalingrad on 23 August 1942. By this time the 16th Panzer Division was assigned to the 6th Army, which was encircled at Stalingrad in November 1942. By now, Strachwitz had been promoted to command the Panzer-Regiment.

Strachwitz was severely wounded on 13 October 1942 by a direct hit on his command tank, which caused severe burns requiring immediate treatment in a field hospital. Strachwitz handed over command of his I./Panzer-Regiment 2 to Hauptmann Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven. He then had to be flown out and was treated at a hospital at Breslau until 10 November 1942. He received further treatment at the Charité in Berlin from 11 to 18 November 1942.

During this stay he received news that he had been awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He was ordered to the Führerhauptquartier in December 1942 for the presentation of the Oak Leaves by Hitler himself. He then went to Bad Gastein for a period of convalescence before spending his vacation at home in Alt Siedel. Strachwitz was promoted to Oberst (colonel) of the Reserves on 1 January 1943.

Großdeutschland Panzer-Regiment
At the end of January 1943 Strachwitz was ordered to the Führerhauptquartier. Talking to General Rudolf Schmundt and Kurt Zeitzler, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando des Heeres, he was tasked with the creation of the Panzer-Regiment "Großdeutschland". The regiment was subordinated to the Infanterie-Division (motorized) "Großdeutschland" then under the command of Generalmajor Walter Hörnlein.

Strachwitz was officially placed in command of the regiment on 15 January, arriving with this unit in late February at Poltava. According to Tewes, this assignment intended to increase the combat effectiveness of the "Großdeutschland" division. Hörnlein had little experience with tank warfare and needed an experienced tank commander as an advisor. He led the regiment when it took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov, fighting alongside SS-Gruppenführer Paul Hausser's II SS Panzer Corps. Strachwitz was awarded the Swords to his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 28 March 1943. He received the latter for his leadership at Kharkov and Belgorod.

On 5 July 1943, the first day of Operation Citadel (5–16 July 1943), the German code name for the Battle of Kursk, in the Großdeutschland area of operations, the Panther battalion got bogged down in the mud near Beresowyj and failed to support the Füsilier's attack. Nipe indicates that Oberst Karl Decker and Oberstleutnant Meinrad von Lauchert have often been made responsible for this failure. However, Nipe argues "that it can safely be assumed that Strachwitz was present; thus, any responsibility regarding actions of Großdeutschland's Panzers belongs to the Panzer Count." Following the battle, Decker wrote a letter to Guderian complaining about the unnecessary losses infringed by the Großdeutschland division. In this letter Decker stated, that how Strachwitz lead his tanks on the first day of Kursk must be characterized as "idiotic".

Strachwitz was wounded again on 10 July. His battle group had been ordered into combat by Hörnlein with the objective of capturing Hill 258.4, about 4 km west of Werchopenje. The battle group encountered roughly 30 Soviet tanks on the evening of 9 July. An attack proved unfeasible due to the settling darkness. During these events he received news that his son, Hyazinth, had been severely wounded.

At dusk on 10 July he ordered the attack on the Soviet tanks. The first T-34s had been destroyed and Strachwitz was directing the attack from his command tank and had ordered his gunner to hold fire. Strachwitz was carelessly resting his left arm on the gun-breech. The gunner, without orders, fired the gun, causing the recoiling gun to smash his left arm. Strachwitz was immediately evacuated to a field hospital. In consequence, Strachwitz passed command of the battle group to Hauptmann Walter von Wietersheim.

Strachwitz's arm was put in a cast and against medical advice he returned to his regiment. When Hörnlein learned of this he became furious and gave Strachwitz a direct order to return to the field hospital. In November 1943, Strachwitz left the "Großdeutschland".

Battle for the Krivasoo Bridgehead
The severe injury to Strachwitz's left arm had forced him to retire from the front line. After a stay in the hospital at Breslau and a period of convalescence at home he received an order assigning him as "Höheren Panzerführer" (higher tank commander) to the Army Group North. Strachwitz reported to the commander-in-chief of the 18th Army, Generaloberst Georg Lindemann, commander of Army Group North.

On 26 March 1944, the Strachwitz Battle Group, consisting of the German 170th, 11th, and 227th Infantry Divisions and a tank hunting brigade, attacked the flanks of the Soviet 109th Rifle Corps south of the Tallinn railway, supported by an air strike. The tanks led the attack and the infantry followed, penetrating the fortified positions of a Soviet rifle corps. By the end of the day, the Soviet 72nd and parts of the 109th Rifle Corps in the Westsack (west sack) of the bridgehead were encircled. The rest of the Soviet rifle corps retreated, shooting the local civilians who had been used for carrying ammunition and supplies from the rear.

As Strachwitz had predicted, the rifle corps counterattacked on the following day. It was repelled by the 23rd East Prussian Grenadier Regiment, which inflicted heavy casualties on the Soviets. Two small groups of tanks broke through the lines of the rifle corps on 28 March in several places, splitting the bridgehead in two. Fierce air combat followed, with 41 German dive bombers shot down. The west half of the bridgehead was destroyed by 31 March, with an estimated 6,000 Soviet casualties. On 1 April 1944 Strachwitz was promoted to Generalmajor (Major General) of the Reserves.

The Ostsack (east sack) of the Krivasoo bridgehead, defended by the Soviet 6th and the 117th Rifle Corps, were confused by the Strachwitz Battle Group's diversionary attack on 6 April. The attack deceived the Soviet forces into thinking that the German attack intended to cut them out from the west flank. The actual assault came directly at the 59th Army and started with a heavy bombardment. The positions of the 59th Army were attacked by dive bombers and the forest there was set afire. At the same time, the 61st Infantry Division and the Strachwitz tank squadron pierced deep into the 59th Army's defences, splitting the two rifle corps apart and forcing them to retreat to their fortifications.

Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Govorov was outraged by the news, sending in the freshly re-deployed 8th Army. Their attempt to cut off the Tiger I tanks was repelled. On 7 April, Govorov ordered his troops to switch on to the defensive. The 59th Army, having lost another 5,700 troops from all causes, was withdrawn from the bridgehead. For these successes Strachwitz received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds on 15 April 1944. The official presentation was made a few weeks later by Hitler.

The spring thaw meant that the tanks were then impossible to use. The 8th Army repelled the German attack, which lasted from 19 to 24 April. The Germans lost 2,235 troops, dead and captured, in the offensive, while the total of German casualties in April, from all causes, was 13,274. Soviet casualties in April are unknown, but are estimated by Mart Laar to be at least 30,000 men from all causes. The losses exhausted the strengths of both sides. The front subsequently stagnated with the exception of artillery, air, and sniper activity and clashes between reconnaissance platoons for the next several months.

Final battles
Strachwitz led an ad-hoc formation in Operation Doppelkopf as part of Dietrich von Saucken's XXXIX Panzer Corps counter-offensive following the major Soviet advance in Operation Bagration. Saucken's goal was to relieve the encircled forces in the Courland Pocket. Strachwitz's attack on 18 August was preceded by a heavy artillery bombardment from the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen; forces inside the pocket attacked to link up with Strachwitz's force. His troops reached the 16th Army at Tukums by midday.

During a visit to a division command post on 24 August 1944 Strachwitz was badly injured in an automobile accident when his vehicle rolled over, killing the other occupants. He sustained a fractured skull and other injuries, and his survival was in doubt. He was treated at a field hospital, and then at Riga and Breslau. Strachwitz signed himself out of the hospital and convalesced at his manor in Alt Siedel from 28 November to 23 December 1944.

The Red Army started the Vistula–Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945. Within a matter of days the Soviet forces had advanced hundreds of kilometres, taking much of Poland and striking deep within the borders of the Reich. The offensive broke Army Group A and much of Germany's remaining capacity for military resistance. The Soviet forces crossed the Silesian border on 19 January and Generaloberst Ferdinand Schörner was appointed commander of the army group on 20 January.

At Schörner's headquarters at Oppeln, Strachwitz requested a frontline command. Schörner initially assigned him to his staff where Strachwitz developed a proposal that would create a specialized Panzerjagdbrigade (tank-hunting brigade). The 3rd Guards Tank Army occupied Oppeln and Groß Stein on 23 and 24 January 1945, respectively. Schörner authorized the creation of tank destroyer brigade. These brigades were not mechanized units but rather infantry soldiers deploying hand-held weapons such as the Panzerfaust. On 30 January 1945, he was promoted to Generalleutnant of the Reserves and put in command of the newly created Panzerjäger Brigade Upper Silesia.

Strachwitz's command received about 8,000 recruits, mostly from the threatened territories of Pomerania, East Prussia and Silesia. Strachwitz' tactics quickly made news within the Wehrmacht. Strachwitz then became commander of the Panzerjagdverbände of Army Group Vistula, and, in April, of the Panzerjagdeinheiten of Army Group Centre. Strachwitz and his men fought under the command of Schörner until the German capitulation on 8 May 1945.

Strachwitz surrendered to the US Army in Bavaria. He was taken to the prisoner of war camp at Allendorf near Marburg, where he was interned together with former Wehrmacht generals Franz Halder, Heinz Guderian and Adolf Galland.

Involvement with the German resistance
According to the historian Steinbach, Strachwitz was in contact with the German military resistance to Nazism. Hoffmann states that he was associated with "Plan Lanz", with Generals Hubert Lanz Hans Speidel and, as testified by General der Gebirgstruppe Hubert Lanz. The plan was to arrest or kill Hitler in early February 1943 during Hitler's scheduled visit to Army Detachment Lanz at Poltava.

In this account, Strachwitz's role was to surround Hitler and his escorts shortly after Hitler's arrival with his tanks. Lanz stated that he would have then arrested Hitler, and in the event of resistance, Strachwitz's tanks would have shot and killed the entire delegation. Hitler cancelled the visit and the plan was dropped. In addition, Tewes states that this plan was discussed by Lanz and Strachwitz at Valky. The idea was to arrest and hand over Hitler into the custody of Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge, at the time commander-in-chief of Army Group Centre.

Author Röll, however, casts doubt on this account, noting that Strachwitz's cousin, Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who attempted to assassinate Hitler in 1943, had recounted that Strachwitz had expressed the belief to him several times that killing Hitler would have constituted murder. Röll concludes that Strachwitz was too much a Prussian officer to consider assassinating Hitler.

After World War II and final years
Strachwitz was released by the Allies in June 1947. By the time of his release, he had lost his wife, his youngest son and his estate. Alda was killed in a traffic accident on 6 January 1946, run over by a US military truck in Velden an der Vils. Strachwitz, still a US prisoner of war in camp Allendorf near Marburg, was denied permission to attend the funeral. Harti, who had lost a leg, was killed in action shortly before the end of the war on 25 March 1945 near Holstein. Strachwitz married Nora von Strumm (1916–2000), granddaughter of Baron Ferdinand Eduard von Stumm, on 30 July 1947 in Holzhausen. He and Nora had four children, two daughters and two sons, born between 1951 and 1960.

At the invitation of Husni al-Za'im, Strachwitz was an agricultural and military advisor for the Syrian Armed Forces from January–June 1949 during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The influential man behind Husni al-Za'im was Adib Shishakli, who wanted a Pan-Arab revolution and was trying to run the state from behind the scenes. Seeing himself as a state-maker, the Otto von Bismarck of the Arabian peoples, Shishakli's goal was to transform Syria into a kind of "Prussian Arabia". Under his leadership, Syria brought over 30 advisors to Syria.

Strachwitz, bragging about his military successes in Russia, had a very difficult time with the Syrian officers, and his agricultural suggestions were ignored as well. When Adib Shishakli seized power, Strachwitz and his wife left Syria. In the meantime, they had received a visa for Argentina, where they hoped to find another advisory position. Via Lebanon, they arrived in Livorno, Italy, where they changed their plans and ran a winery. They returned to Germany in 1951 with a Red Cross passport. He settled on an estate in Winkl near Grabenstätt in Bavaria and founded the "Oberschlesisches Hilfswerk" (Upper Silesian Fund) supporting fellow Silesians in need.

Strachwitz died on 25 April 1968 of lung cancer in hospital in Trostberg. He was laid to rest in the village cemetery of Grabenstätt, beside his first wife. The Bundeswehr provided an honour guard as a mark of respect. Heinz-Georg Lemm delivered the eulogy.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1914)
 * 2nd Class (1914)
 * 1st Class (1914)
 * Silesian Eagle 2nd and 1st Class with Oak Leaves and Swords (1921)
 * Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
 * 2nd Class (5 October 1939)
 * 1st Class (7 June 1940)
 * Order of the Crown (Romania) (9 June 1941)
 * Panzer Badge
 * in Silver (1941)
 * in Gold with engagement numeral "100" (1943/1944)
 * Eastern Front Medal (August 1942)
 * Wound Badge (1939)
 * in Black (1941)
 * in Silver (17 March 1942)
 * in Gold (16 February 1943)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
 * Knight's Cross on 25 August 1941 as Major of the Reserves and commander of the I./Panzer-Regiment 2
 * 144th Oak Leaves on 13 November 1942 as Oberstleutnant of the Reserves and commander of the I./Panzer-Regiment 2
 * 27th Swords on 28 March 1943 as Oberst of the Reserves and commander of the Panzer-Regiment "Großdeutschland"
 * 11th Diamonds on 15 April 1944 as Oberst of the Reserves and commander of a Panzer-Gruppe with the Heeresgruppe Nord
 * Units under his command have been mentioned numerous times in the Wehrmachtbericht

title: Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz


text:
User talk:Supuri

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! EvilPhoenix talk 19:36, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Supuri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HYPS

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:29, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

HYPS
Delete :acronym, and seems to be the source of a nice little POV vandalism scuffle by anons. Initially marked as speedy (by myself) as nonsense, bringing here for resolution. Wikibofh 20:18, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States. Wikibofh 15:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I vote to keep the article.
 * Vote made by User:Stanford08 Wikibofh 20:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I as well vote to keep the article.
 * Vote made by User:68.6.122.161 Wikibofh 20:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the article should stay and let me elaborate on this. First of all, the term HYPS is widely used among people in the know. College counselors refer to it and people refer to it in many internet discussions. Second of all, there is a page called "HYP" that appears to have gained legitimacy. This "HYPS" page seems no less legitimate, and definitely reflects upon its wide usage on the internet. Times are changing, and internet publications like chat forums and talk boards should be taken seriously. They are a new form of print media in the 21st Century, and Wikipedia, of all organizations, should respect this. Therefore, I think that the fact that HYPS is widely used among internet chat forums is evidence enough of its legitimacy. It's equivalent to dictionaries like Webster inculding slang words like "cool" in its entries.
 * Comments made by User:Stanford08 Wikibofh 20:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This article should definitely stay. I see no reason why it should be deleted since it is entirely revelent and far from nonsense.
 * Vote by anon User:128.12.48.246 Wikibofh 20:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote to keep this article. I use the term HYPS all the time with people who are knowledgeable about the academic community. It is far from an obscure term, and I think it certainly has legitimacy. Yes to HYPS!
 * Vote by User:Roosterhead, this user's only post. Likely Sock puppet.  Wikibofh 20:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete So far only 4 voters Wikibofh, Stanford08, Roosterhead and me. Anon votes don't count. And given the same style used in two votes, I agree they may be Sockpuppets. Besides, article is not relevant. drini ☎ 21:05, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ""Do Not Delete"" Keep it. This delete page hasn't been up long enough to discount it Drini.
 * Comment made by 128.12.48.249 (talk · contributions)
 * The statment about the relevance was my personal opinion and comment on my vote. So it means it should be read "Besides, in my point of view this article is not relevant" Thanks.drini ☎ 22:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. Incidentally, the article is a little Ameri-centric ("in the world"? I think Oxford University and Cambridge University, among others, are pretty exclusive) --Scimitar 21:15, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * However, nobody puts Oxford or Cambridge in acronyms used to describe the best schools. HYPS is commonly used, and based on that criterion, I feel that it should be included. If people started using HYPSO or HYPSOC to include Oxford and Cambridge, I would not be opposed to using that acronym. Anyway, this is not a contest about which colleges are better. This is simply a proposal to include a commonly used acronym in Wikipedia in order to better inform people and to spread the wealth of knowledge on the web. There is no ego-stroking here, just information exchange. User:Stanford08
 * Forgive my semantics, but my "nobody", I assume you mean no American that you know of. I imagine they probably have acronyms over in Europe too. I would recommend Transwiki to wictionary (if others consider this appropriate). Also, I'd like to thank the proponents of this article for their civility. --Scimitar 22:27, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I recommend that rather than transwiki instead you encourage User:Stanford08 to stop writing Wikipedia and to start reading Wiktionary. Xe will find there the word Oxbridge. Uncle G 00:12, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is an encyclopedia, not a database of chat room acronyms. Gamaliel 21:24, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 21:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This page has been vandalized numerous times. Although it is an actual acronym, pages like this often incite school-bashing. It doesn't belong in an encyclopedia.
 * Vote by User:Ender_238. This user's only edit. Wikibofh 21:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am sorry for commenting so much on this page, and I promise this will be my last one for this particular vote for deletion. Anyway, I just wanted to say that since HYPS is an actual acronym that is certainly used fairly frequently, I think it would be a great disservice to the users of Wikipedia to deny them this useful piece of information. I would understand the need for deletion if HYPS was some made up term, but it is definitely well-established. I hope that in the future, when the term HYPS becomes too well-established to ignore, Wikipedia will allow this topic to have its rightful place in this section. Thank you all for participating in this vote, and I look forward to collaborating with you guys in the future.
 * Comment by anon User:128.12.48.246 ; drini ☎ 22:09, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:Thank you very much for being so civil, too often these things get taken as personal attacks, it isn't. Given the obvious knowledge about the universities in question, I hope you can improve those articles and then keep on rolling!  :) Wikibofh 03:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Change the order of the universities and move to SYPH... Just kidding, Delete. --Tabor 22:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and the related HYPSM and HYPSMC --Carnildo 23:18, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Carnildo. Sockpuppet limit has been reached.  RickK 23:22, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Banishing the sock puppets would never be amiss as well. Mr Bound 23:38, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete I vote delete because I have never heard the acronym HYPS with the S at the end, however I have heard the term HYP (Harvard-Yale-Princeton) quite alot in the academic/student world and it is definitely more than just an internet chatroom term. -CunningLinguist 00:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless good sources are provided showing that this combination is actually in widespread use. A newspaper story... a quotation from a college guide... something like that. A factoid like this cannot stand on the sole authority of Wikipedia editors. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a link to an online dictionary that mentions HYPS and its definition. http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/HYPS Vciousangel
 * I just wanted to let you know people that I VfD the similar page HYPSMC drini ☎ 22:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Slightly Merge and Fully Redirect to Ivy league. func (talk) 23:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And now we have hyps, too. A Google search convinces me that there's a Wiktionary article HYPS to be had here, expanding the initialism, establishing use, and giving the origin if it can be determined.  The silly edit wars in this related series of articles convinces me that there's nothing encyclopaedic to be had here whilst still retaining the NPOV. As per Func, Redirect to Ivy League . Uncle G 00:12, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * ... to wherever HYP (universities) ends up. See Votes for deletion/HYP (universities) 2 for details. Uncle G 02:36, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Delete. See Votes for deletion/HYPSM. —Lowellian (talk) 23:16, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HYPS


text:
Anstruther Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)

Anstruther Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832.

It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland burgh constituencies of Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail, Kilrenny and Pittenweem.

Boundaries
The constituency comprised the burghs of Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Pittenweem, Crail, and Kilrenny, in the county of Fife.

In 1832, the burghs were combined with the Fife burghs of Cupar and St Andrews, which were previously components of Perth Burghs, to form St Andrews Burghs.


text:
Talk:Roan (color)

Lethal roan gene?
The Following page disputes there is such a thing as a lethal Roan gene.

http://www.geocities.com/Baja/Outback/2936/Roan.html

The relevant quote is:

There is no known study documenting a lethal condition associated with a homozygous roan horse.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.4.163.56 (talk • contribs) 20:19, 1 June 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a study now, and it refutes the theory. For details see Dr. Bowling's study as noted at bottom of arcticle now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Glassjar99 (talk • contribs) 04:08, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Parking SB-1 section
I really think this nice section belongs in the sabino article, not here, so parking it until it can be moved. Also, SB-1 is only one of the sabino complex genes mapped, and the roaning seen on some sabinos isn't just sb-1. Also, the bit about pink skin is a bit confusing;horses almost always have pink skin under markings, and not under the rest of their hair coat. The sabinos with roaning do not have pink skin under the roaned sections, just under white spots and lacy white spots. Montanabw (talk) 03:34, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Sabino patterns are pinto patterns characterized by exclusion: they are not tobiano, and not frame or splash overo. Lip spots, broad blazes and pointed leg markings are often included in the sabino category. One particular sabino pattern, deemed Sabino-1 (SB), has been mapped genetically. This dominant autosomal mutation occurs on the KIT gene along with extension, roan, tobiano, and several other forms of dominant white spotting. This pattern is associated with a broad blaze on the face, leg markings that are especially high on the hindlegs, and belly spots. In this form of sabino spotting, the edges of the white markings are ragged, irregular and often include scatterings of white hair that resemble roan. Homozygous Sabino-1 horses are often nearly completely white. Sabino-1 is most common in Tennessee Walking Horses and Missouri Foxtrotters, but the flagship study on this gene also found it in Miniature horses, Paints, Shetland Ponies and Mustangs. It was not found in the Clydesdales, Arabians, Shires, or Thoroughbreds with the sabino phenotype. Sabino can be distinguished from true roan by the presence of patches of unpigmented underlying skin. True or classic roan horses do not have pink skin, nor is roan associated with broad white markings of any kind. It is possible for roan and Sabino-1 to occur in the same animal, though unlikely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Montanabw (talk • contribs) 03:34, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction between photo and text
The caption to the photo says it is of a Red Roan sometimes called a Bay Roan. The text says these are different. The text suggests the photo is of a Bay Roan, not a Red Roan. 83.244.221.116 (talk) 13:46, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * According to the article Roan (horse): "Red roan used to include both chestnut and bay roans. In 1999, the American Paint Horse Association changed its coat color descriptions: roans with a chestnut background coat are registered "red roan", while "bay roan" is its own category." William Avery (talk) 20:16, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up, we'll fix that. Montanabw (talk) 00:16, 6 March 2010 (UTC)  Follow up --It's only relevant to paints, the term is used interchangably in some breeds, I need to weasel it a bit.   Montanabw (talk) 00:35, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Roan (color)


text:
IPSANET

IPSANET was a packet switching network written by I. P. Sharp Associates (IPSA). Operation began in May 1976. It initially used the IBM 3705 Communications Controller and Computer Automation LSI-2 computers as nodes. An Intel 80286 based-node was added in 1987. It was called the Beta node.

The original purpose was to connect low-speed dumb terminals to a central time sharing host in Toronto. It was soon modified to allow a terminal to connect to an alternate host running the SHARP APL software under license. Terminals were initially either 2741-type machines based on the 14.8 characters/s IBM Selectric typewriter or 30 character/s ASCII machines. Link speed was limited to 9600 bit/s until about 1984.

Other services including 2780/3780 Bisync support, remote printing, X.25 gateway and SDLC pipe lines were added in the 1978 to 1984 era. There was no general purpose data transport facility until the introduction of Network Shared Variable Processor (NSVP) in 1984. This allowed APL programs running on different hosts to communicate via Shared Variables.

The Beta node improved performance and provided new services not tied to APL. An X.25 interface was the most important of these. It allowed connection to a host which was not running SHARP APL.

IPSANET allowed for the development of an early yet advanced e-mail service, 666 BOX, which also became a major product for some time, originally hosted on IPSA's system, and later sold to end users to run on their own machines. NSVP allowed these remote e-mail systems to exchange traffic.

The network reached its maximum size of about 300 nodes before it was shut down in 1993.

title: IPSANET


text:
Talk:Martyrdom operation

If someone could, I think it would be good to have more on the history of "martyrdom operations." Specifically, were the waves of children clearing minefields with their feet in the Iraq-Iran war the first instances of martyrdom operations? Also, when did the first "suicide bombing" happen in Israel? Which group claimed responsibility? Things like that.

title: Talk:Martyrdom operation


text:
Talk:Gleicheniales

Wikipedia is not a crystal ball - unless sources are cited that say ferns perhaps may span two classes, that information isn't encyclopedic. Ryan Prior 20:22, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * They do as it seems, though ranking them as classes is overkill. Source provided and statement removed. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 01:15, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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User:ArchMageZeratuL

I'm a computer engineering student at the University of São Paulo in São Carlos - Brazil.

I have interest in all the fields of computer engineering and science (especially game development), electronics, physics and some areas of mathematics.

Websites
ArchMage's Dimension: My personal website, and the home of my freeware games.

title: User:ArchMageZeratuL


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Future of ridesharing

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:28, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Future of ridesharing (and redirects Future of car pooling, Future of on-demand car-pooling, Future of carpooling, Future of Hitchiking)
Articles about the future are by nature non-encyclopedic (see WP:NOT), also, appears to be original research to promote the author's views Brighterorange 20:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For all the reasons above. Oracleoftruth 20:51, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 21:01, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. --Carnildo 23:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. In the future, there will be no cars, as everyone will sit at home all day editing Wikipedia. -- BD2412 talk 00:41, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. --Etacar11 01:01, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The phrases they will probably attempt to monopolize on-demand ridesharing., This could raise the cost of the service and also limit the size of the pool of drivers and riders to match., Legislation may be enacted requiring mobile phone providers to allow subscribers to select 3rd parties who may receive their coordinates., and Electronic credits may also be easily arranged so that drivers will be motivated to pick up riders as a means of defraying costs. clearly admits that this is a speculative article and why it should be deleted. --SuperDude 00:24, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Live @ the Key Club

Live @ The Key Club is a live album by California punk rock band Pennywise, released in 2000. It was recorded at The Key Club, on May 11, 2000.

title: Live @ the Key Club


text:
Coast to Coast Athletic Conference

The Coast to Coast Athletic Conference (C2C; officially stylized as Coast-to-Coast Athletic Conference), formerly named Capital Athletic Conference (CAC), is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division III. Member institutions are located throughout the United States in the states of California, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin.

History
Formed in 1989 as Capital Athletic Conference (CAC), the charter members were The Catholic University of America, Gallaudet University, the University of Mary Washington, Marymount University, St. Mary's College of Maryland, and York College of Pennsylvania.

On May 26, 2020, it was announced that the American Collegiate Athletic Association would merge with the Capital Athletic Conference. All full ACAA members and an associate member joined the CAC in the 2020–21 school year; the announcement also stated that the expanded CAC planned to adopt a new name. The post-merger conference does not conduct regular-season competition in any sports; members establish their own schedules, with NCAA championship bids handed out in conference tournaments or championship meets, depending on the sport.

On November 18, 2020, the Capital Athletic Conference announced its rebranding as the "Coast to Coast Athletic Conference".

On March 17, 2021, Mills announced that it would end conferment degrees to become a research institution after the 2022-23 school year, thus dissolving their athletic programs. This was later revised to be acquired by Northeastern University to become Northeastern University at Mills College. Through this merger, Mills transitioned to a co-ed university and would discontinue athletics after the 2021-22 season.

On January 11, 2022, the University of Wisconsin–Platteville joins the C2C as an associate member for men's soccer, starting in the 2022 fall season (2022-23 academic year).

On July 26, 2022, the C2C announced that it would form the Coastal Lacrosse Conference, a single sport, men's lacrosse conference, with the New Jersey Athletic Conference. The members would include Christopher Newport University, Salisbury University, and University of Mary Washington from the C2C and Kean University, Montclair State University, and Stockton University from the NJAC. Play began in the 2022-23 season.

On July 27, 2022, the C2C announced the addition of Warren Wilson College as a full member starting in the 2022-23 season.

Chronological timeline

 * 1989 – The Capital Athletic Conference (CAC) was founded. Charter members included The Catholic University of America, Gallaudet University, Mary Washington College (now the University of Mary Washington), Marymount University, St. Mary's College of Maryland, and York College of Pennsylvania, effective beginning in the 1989-90 academic year.
 * 1991 – Salisbury State University (now Salisbury University) joined the CAC in all sports, effective in the 1991-92 academic year.
 * 1993 – Goucher College joined the CAC in all sports, effective in the 1993-94 academic year.
 * 2005 – Catholic and Goucher announced they would be departing for the newly-formed Landmark Conference, effective after the 2006-07 academic year.
 * 2006 – Hood College and Villa Julie College (now Stevenson University) joined the CAC for some sports, effective in the 2006-07 academic year.
 * 2007 – Wesley College joined the CAC in all sports (along with Hood and Stevenson), effective in the 2007-08 academic year.
 * 2010 – Gallaudet left the CAC to join the North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC; now the United East Conference), effective after the 2009-10 academic year.
 * 2010 – Frostburg State University joined the CAC in all sports, effective in the 2010-11 academic year.
 * 2012 – Hood and Stevenson departed the CAC for the Middle Atlantic Conferences, effective June 1, 2012.
 * 2013 – Christopher Newport University, Penn State Harrisburg and Southern Virginia University joined the CAC in all sports, effective on June 1, 2013.
 * 2013 – William Paterson University and New Jersey City University joined the CAC as associate members for men's golf, effective in the 2014 spring season (2013-14 academic year).
 * 2016 – William Paterson departed from the CAC as an associate member for men's golf, effective after the 2016 spring season (2015-16 academic year).
 * 2018 – Marymount and Wesley departed the CAC for the newly-formed Atlantic East Conference (AEC), effective after the 2017-18 academic year.
 * 2018 – Babson College joined the CAC as an associate member for men's golf, effective in the 2019 spring season (2018-19 academic year).
 * 2019 – Frostburg State began the transition to the Division II for the 2019-20 academic year, thus departed the CAC to join the Mountain East Conference, effective after the 2018-19 academic year.
 * 2019 – Penn State Harrisburg departed the CAC to return to the NEAC, effective after the 2018-19 academic year.
 * 2019 – Carnegie Mellon University joined the CAC as an associate member for men's golf, effective in the 2020 spring season (2019-20 academic year).
 * 2020 – York departed the CAC to join the MAC, effective after the 2019-20 season.
 * 2020 – The CAC announced that it would absorb the American Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA), effective beginning in the 2020-21 academic year. Therefore, all full members, the University of California, Santa Cruz, Finlandia University, Mills College (women's sports only), Mount Mary University (women's sports only), Pine Manor College, and Pratt Institute, and associate member, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, of the ACAA joined in their respective memberships.
 * 2020 – The Capital Athletic Conference announced that it would rebrand as the Coast-to-Coast Athletic Conference (C2C).
 * 2020 – The conference dropped men's and women's swimming and golf as conference sports after the 2020-21 season, therefore, men's golf associates, Babson, Carnegie Mellon and New Jersey City departed.
 * 2021 – St. Mary's departed the C2C to join the United East Conference, effective after the 2020-21 academic year. St. Mary's rejoined as an associate member in men's and women's indoor and outdoor track & field.
 * 2021 – Southern Virginia departed the C2C to join the USA South Athletic Conference, effective after the 2020-21 academic year.
 * 2021 – Pine Manor was acquired by Boston College, thus dissolving their athletics programs, effective after the 2020-21 academic year.
 * 2022 – Mills left the C2C to become a research institution, thus dissolving their athletics programs, effective after the 2021-22 academic year.
 * 2022 – The University of Wisconsin–Platteville joined the C2C as an associate member for men's soccer, effective beginning in the 2022 fall season (2022-23 academic year).
 * 2022 – On July 26, The Coast to Coast Athletic Conference announced that it would form the Coastal Lacrosse Conference therefore the C2C no longer sponsored men's lacrosse.
 * 2022 – Warren Wilson College joined the C2C as a full member, effective in the 2022-23 academic year.
 * 2023 – In March 2023, Finlandia University announced that it would close following the 2022-23 school year, thus departing the conference.
 * 2023 – Pratt Institute accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic East Conference where they will begin competition in the 2024-25 academic year.

Current members
The C2C currently has six full members, four are public schools and two are private schools:

 * Notes:

Associate members
The C2C currently has three associate members, all of them are public schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The C2C had 16 former full members, all but three were private schools:

 * Notes:

Former associate members
The C2C had five former associate members, three were public schools and two were private schools:

 * Notes

Sports
The C2C sponsors championships in the following sports:

Men's sponsored sports by school

 * Notes

Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the C2C that are played by C2C schools

 * Notes

Women's sponsored sports by school

 * Notes

Women's varsity sports not sponsored by C2C that are played by C2C schools

 * Notes

Current champions
The table below shows the current list of champions for the C2C/CAC championships.

title: Coast to Coast Athletic Conference


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title: User talk:68.63.99.162