text:
Talk:Air horn

Comments
I am airhorn expert —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.119.12.95 (talk) 18:56, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good for you. If you could use your expertise, and reliable sources backing up the info, to improve this article, it would be much appreciated. Sithman  VIII !! 19:48, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Sports
Should the info about the electric horns used in arenas be included? I think it should be removed from this article, which is clearly about air horns. 129.128.25.80 (talk) 02:15, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

I think we should redirect the article Goal horn into another article, not air horn. Do you agree?! J4lambert (talk) 03:24, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Huffing air horns?
I haven't heard anything about people huffing from air horns; you only hear about people huffing computer air dusters. Wouldn't an air horn be too loud to huff? ANDROS1337 TALK 05:00, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Apparently not. http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20120614-NEWS-120619896 vlad§inger  tlk  05:55, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Air horn


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NHL Eastside Hockey Manager

NHL Eastside Hockey Manager is an ice hockey management simulation game developed by Sports Interactive (SI Games) and published by Sega. It was the first commercial release in the Eastside Hockey Manager series started by the freeware game Eastside Hockey Manager.

The first version of the game was released in Europe in 2004 under the new brand name NHL Eastside Hockey Manager. It was based on Sports Interactive's Championship Manager 3 game engine and featured over 15 playable hockey leagues from around the world with a database of over 15,000 players and staff. The game was first released in stores only in Europe but was also available to be downloaded and bought online. A North American retail release of the game followed later in the year.

On January 30, 2007 it was announced that NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2007 would be the final version of the game for the foreseeable future, with Sports Interactive blaming piracy for the decision, and a lack of advertising, which most feel is the true reason for the poor sales figures.

While no hockey management game has existed since the demise of NHL Eastside Hockey Manager series, OOTP Developments, the developers of the management sim Out of the Park Baseball, announced in late 2011 that they were developing a hockey management sim to be released in late 2012.

The EHM series was resurrected on 16 March 2015, with the release of Eastside Hockey Manager 1.

Reception
The game was met with positive reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 75.18%, while Metacritic gave it 77 out of 100.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NHL Eastside Hockey Manager


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Rick Peterson

Erick Harding "Rick" Peterson (born October 30, 1954) is an American former pitcher and pitching coach in Major League Baseball. He was most recently the director of pitching development for the Baltimore Orioles. He was a pitcher in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, but is most notable as the pitching coach for the Oakland Athletics, New York Mets, and the Milwaukee Brewers.

Peterson is known for his unique use of biomechanical research and psychological principles to help pitchers improve their pitching motions. His nicknames include "The Jacket" because he always wears a jacket during games, and "The Professor." He is also known for placing his hand on the shoulder of the pitcher during mound visits.

Early life and education
Peterson was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He graduated from Mt. Lebanon High School in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. The Baltimore Orioles drafted him out of high school, but instead of signing with the Orioles, he chose to go to Gulf Coast Junior College in Panama City, Florida. He then attended Jacksonville University and graduated with a combined degree in psychology and art.

Playing career
Peterson was drafted for the second time in the 21st round of the June 1976 free agent draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates. At that time, his father, Pete Peterson, was Pittsburgh's farm system director and future general manager. Rick Peterson played in class-A for the Pirates organization for four years, in 1976–79, and also made appearances at higher levels of the minors in 1982, 1983, and 1988.

Coaching career
Peterson began his coaching career in Minor League Baseball when he coached with the single-A Salem Pirates (now Salem Avalanche) of the Carolina League from 1979 to 1980. In 1980, he was part of the coaching staff with the (R) Gulf Coast Pirates of the Gulf Coast League. From 1981 to 1982, Peterson was with the (AA) Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League. After his stay in Buffalo, he got a coaching position with the (AA) Lynn Sailors of the Eastern League in 1983.

Pittsburgh Pirates
In 1984, Peterson became the bullpen coach of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Peterson held this coaching job with the Pirates from 1984 to 1985.

Cleveland Indians
His father was fired by the Pirates during the 1985 season, and Peterson left the Pittsburgh system after that season as well. He joined the Cleveland Indians organization in 1986 and was a part of the coaching staff of Waterbury (AA) of the Eastern League in 1986, Buffalo (AAA) of the American Association in 1987 and Colorado Springs Sky Sox (AAA) of the Pacific Coast League in 1988.

Chicago White Sox
After departing the Cleveland organization, Peterson joined the Chicago White Sox farm system and spent six seasons there as a pitching coach. Peterson was with Birmingham Barons (AA) of the Southern League in 1989–91, Vancouver (AAA) of the American Association in 1992, and Nashville (AAA) of the Pacific Coast League in 1993–94. After spending many years in the minor leagues, Peterson was promoted to the White Sox on June 21, 1994.

From 1994 to 1995, Peterson stayed with the White Sox as a Co-director of the sports psychology program as it related to performance behavior.

Toronto Blue Jays
In 1996, Peterson became the Toronto Blue Jays minor league pitching coordinator. The following season, he was the pitching coach of the Trenton Thunder, then the AA affiliate of the Boston Red Sox.

Oakland Athletics
Peterson joined the Oakland Athletics organization as a roving minor league pitching instructor for the 1998 season. He was named the major league pitching coach for the A's on March 26, 1998. He is well known for helping the A's develop the ‘Big Three’ of Barry Zito, Mark Mulder, and Tim Hudson. All three pitchers became 20-game winners under Rick Peterson and Zito won the 2002 American League Cy Young Award. After he arrived in 1998, Peterson helped his pitching staff obtain an American League best ERA for two years, 3.58 in 2002 and 3.63 in 2003.

New York Mets
Peterson joined the New York Mets in November 2003 as their pitching coach, replacing Rick Waits. In July 2004, Peterson allegedly said he could "fix" Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Víctor Zambrano in "10 minutes" and that Mets’ top prospect and former first-round draft pick Scott Kazmir was at least 3 years away from being a Major League pitcher. The Mets shortly traded Kazmir for Zambrano, which was poorly received by many Mets fans, and the negative response grew when Zambrano had dismal results with the Mets after the trade, while Kazmir was immediately promoted to the majors by the Devil Rays and had strong early success. Many believed that Peterson's statements indicated that he was a prime mover in making the trade. Others claim that Peterson was merely giving his opinion as pitching coach, and that any responsibility for the trade should fall on GM Jim Duquette, owner Fred Wilpon, COO Jeff Wilpon, or scouting directors Al Goldis and Bill Livesey. Early in the 2006 season, Zambrano suffered a season-ending injury to his elbow, and he was not re-signed after the season; the following season (2007) would be his last in the Major Leagues. Kazmir, in contrast, became a three-time All-Star (2006, 2008, 2014) and led the American League in strikeouts in 2007.

Some Mets fans have also pointed out that Heath Bell floundered during Peterson's tenure as the Mets pitching coach yet thrived immediately after leaving the Mets, even becoming an All-Star with the San Diego Padres in 2009. "Everything in New York was so serious", Bell said. "I should keep my mouth shut, but I never do. In 2005, I didn't pitch for 28 straight days. I don't know if I did something to Willie [Randolph, then the manager of the Mets]. I didn't always get along with [then pitching coach] Rick Peterson.". Baseball Prospectus listed Bell as one of its "Five players to watch in 2005"—along with Justin Morneau, D'Angelo Jiménez, Dan Haren, and Josh Beckett. After a poor 2005 season, however, Bell's game appearances declined from 42 in 2005 to 22 in 2006 before he was traded.

On February 2, 2007, Peterson's contract with the Mets was extended through the 2009 season.

On June 17, 2008, Rick Peterson, along with Manager Willie Randolph and first base coach Tom Nieto, was fired from his position with the New York Mets.

Milwaukee Brewers
On October 19, 2009, Peterson agreed to become the Milwaukee Brewers new pitching coach. However, when new manager Ron Roenicke's 2011 staff was announced on November 15, 2010, it was revealed that Peterson had been replaced by Rick Kranitz with a year remaining on his contract.

Baltimore Orioles
In January 2012, Peterson was hired as the Director of Pitching Development for the Baltimore Orioles, a position he held through the 2016 season.

Business
In January 2009, Peterson along with Jim Duquette and other business partners launched 3P Sports. 3P Sports combined Peterson's coaching philosophies for conditioning, pitching drills and sports psychology with biomechanical analysis data using the work done by Dr. James Andrew's American Sports Medicine Institute ASMI as the benchmark. The 3P Program claims to help pitchers of all ages achieve peak pitching performance while remaining healthy. 3P sells directly via its web site www.3PSports.com, or through a series of Channel Partners located throughout North America. Delivered over the web as a membership program with 24 × 7 availability, 3P pitchers get monthly updates designed for peak performance results.

title: Rick Peterson


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Danger zone (food safety)

The danger zone is the temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow. Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 40 to 140 F.  The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed. Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone, at temperatures between 21 and 47 C. In the UK and NI, the Danger Zone is defined as 8 to 63 °C.

Food-borne bacteria, in large enough numbers, may cause food poisoning, symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" (a misnomer, as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system). Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations, such as people with weakened immune systems, young children, the elderly, and pregnant women. In Canada, there are approximately 4 million cases of food-borne disease per year. These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food.

Time and temperature control safety (TCS) plays a critical role in food handling. To prevent time-temperature abuse, the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized. A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature, that is, a small decrease of cooking temperature can result in considerable numbers of cells surviving the process. In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone, foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling.

Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone:
 * Meat: beef, poultry, pork, seafood
 * Eggs and other protein-rich foods
 * Dairy products
 * Cut or peeled fresh produce
 * Cooked vegetables, beans, rice, pasta
 * Sauces, such as gravy
 * Sprouts
 * Any foods containing the above, e.g. casseroles, salads, quiches

According to Bryan (2004), a more complex, but more comprehensive picture of food safety hazards can be given by full consideration of the many factors involved. He advocates seeing the danger zone as "a series of ranges that represent different degrees of hazards and risks." He presents the danger zone in a chart of time versus temperature as having a zone of high danger in which foods are at temperatures between 30C and 45C for several hours, surrounded by two zones of lesser danger involving exposure at lower temperatures for longer periods of time.

title: Danger zone (food safety)


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Talk:Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

Silence Kit/Kid
Just to be clear, this song is called Silence Kid, not Silence Kit, despite the typo on LA's Desert Origins. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.23.60.119 (talk) 21:10, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Could you show proof of this? I have checked over twenty websites, and EVERY SINGLE ONE has it listed as Silence Kit. Rate Your Music, Amazon, CDDB (Gracenote), Pitchfork Media, Matador Records, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tjwells (talk • contribs) 06:00, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

I have a copy of the original album (not LA's Desert Origins) and it's definitely Silence Kit. I've never heard it referred to as Silence Kid in my life. Even if it was just an error originally, you can't just change history. The track list on the back of the album says Silence Kit, everyone ever has always referred to it as Silence Kit since the day it came out, therefore the title of the song is Silence Kit. Any argument to the contrary is flawed.

The info about it originally being a typo should stay but the track list should say Silence Kit because that became the name of the song regardless. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.188.153 (talk) 07:15, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Gotta agree here. I think it's real revisionist history to list it as "Silence Kid," when it's printed on every record sleeve everywhere as "Silence Kit." I'm not buying the ink blot/typo theory. Pavement songs have alternate titles, and I do believe "Silent Kid" is the "original" title for the song, but they chose to list an alternate title on the sleeve, "Silence Kit," as a play on words. I'm changing it to "Silence Kit" both here and at the Desert Origins page. Leamanc (talk) 20:14, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * As mentioned above, the "inkspot"/"typo" did not fist appear on Desert Origins, it's on every copy of the album ever. And the bit about Malkmus listing it under a different title is irrelevant, because he lists "Elevate Me Later" as "Ell Ess Two" (Loretta's Scars II) in many places, but we don't put that as the title of track 2, now do we? Leamanc (talk) 20:19, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Merging
I don't think that the article should be merged, it is a separate record in it's own rights after all - 211.30.231.112 08:43, 12 June 2007 (UTC) ZEROpumpkins
 * On balance, I would lean towards agreeing with the above, my reasoning being that the original album remains on catalogue as a single disc with the most recent incarnation being given an alternate subtitle distinguishing it from the original release - it is therefore a separate item in the group's catalogue. The thing that makes me feel they should be merged is that I can't see anyone searching for "L.A.'s Desert Origins" as opposed to "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain". Ac@osr 14:53, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I suspect that the only reason the Pavement reissues have separate articles are because of the subtitles; which in my book isn't a good reason to keep them separate. Other albums by other artists which have received the deluxe treatment generally don't get separate articles. You can look at examples from the Fall (Live at the Witch Trials, Hex Enduction Hour, and others) or Sonic Youth (Daydream Nation, Goo, Dirty) to see what I mean. Eco84 | Talk 17:04, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Citing the above examples (and many more not cited here), it seems that the reissues/deluxe editions of albums are incorporated into the articles for the original album. It makes sense to me, and I've always been a bit puzzled as to why the Pavement reissues merited their own separate articles.  If I think hard enough about it, I guess it's because they kind of set the standard for vault-clearing reissues in the 21st century, and there are so many bonus tracks that (along with the expanded titles) you could consider them separate records.  This is a tough call, but I've still got to lean towards merging, although I won't be outraged if they stay separate articles. Leamanc (talk) 20:10, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Not merging them is silly.68.97.131.157 (talk) 02:22, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It may have a subtitle, but it also has the same cover as the original. I can't see a user ever being upset to land on a page describing both, while as separate pages, you can land on the wrong one (essentially the same point as Ac@osr above). 142.103.235.222 (talk) 23:31, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Sesquialbum?
The article calls this a "sesquialbum" but the article on double albums states that it was Wowie Zowie, not Crooked Rain, that had three sides. Can anyone confirm? Cruzich 13:38, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems the error has been fixed some time ago, but yes this was a single LP. Wowee Zowee was a three-sided album. Leamanc (talk) 20:20, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Probably b/c Crooked Rain originally came with an extra 7-inch, and the sesquialbum section of the double albums article mentions other albums that came with an extra 7-inch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.248.167.2 (talk) 05:49, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

5-4=Unity
Another example of the oftentimes bizarre approach to "information processing" on the Internet...one thing I find very odd is the lack of willingness to discuss how this song is directly derivative of "Take Five." This was back in the day, so I doubt you will find it very easily through Google, but I recall reading that the band (or just Malkmus? I forget exactly) wanted to "represent for Stockton" by recording a Brubeck homage of some sort. Other than that, some things are just a little too obvious to be throwing up your "where's your source for that?" shield.RadioKAOS (talk) 17:17, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain


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Plumpy'nut

Plumpy'Nut is a peanut-based paste in a plastic wrapper for treatment of severe acute malnutrition manufactured by Nutriset, a French company. Feeding with the 92 g packets of this paste reduces the need for hospitalization. It can be administered at home, allowing more people to be treated.

Plumpy'Nut may be referred to in scientific literature as a Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) alongside other RUTFs such as BP100.

Nutriset has been criticized by Médecins Sans Frontières for enforcing its Plumpy'nut patents. However, Plumpy'nut patents have expired in the US, UK and the European Union.

Use
Plumpy'Nut is used as a treatment for emergency malnutrition cases. It supports rapid weight gain derived from broad nutrient intake which can alleviate impending illness or death in a starving child. The product is easy for children to eat because it dispenses readily from a durable, tear-open package. The fortified peanut butter-like paste contains fats, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, proteins (as essential macronutrients), vitamins and minerals (as essential micronutrients). Peanut butter itself is a rich source of vitamin E (45% of the Daily Value, DV, in a 100-gram amount) and B vitamins (particularly niacin at 67% DV).

Plumpy'Nut has a two-year shelf life and requires no water, preparation, or refrigeration. Its ease of use has made mass treatment of malnutrition in famine situations more efficient than in the past. Severe acute malnutrition has traditionally been treated with therapeutic milk and required hospitalization. Unlike milk, Plumpy'Nut can be administered at home and without medical supervision. It also provides calories and essential nutrients that restore and maintain body weight and health in severely malnourished children more effectively than F100.

The United Nations has recognized this utility, stating in 2007 that "new evidence suggests... that large numbers of children with severe acute malnutrition can be treated in their communities without being admitted to a health facility or a therapeutic feeding centre," as was implemented in 2007 by UNICEF and the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid Department in Niger to address a malnutrition emergency. Plumpy'Nut conforms to the UN definition of a Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF).

Plumpy'Nut is not intended for routine nutrition, or for malnutrition in non-famine situations. Peanut allergies have not been found to be a problem in usage due to a lack of allergic reactions in the target populations.

Composition
The ingredients in Plumpy'Nut include "peanut-based paste, with sugar, vegetable oil and skimmed milk powder, enriched with vitamins and minerals". Plumpy'Nut is said to be "surprisingly tasty".

Production
While the majority of Plumpy'Nut was made in France as of 2010, this therapeutic food is easily produced and can be made locally in peanut-growing areas by mixing peanut paste with a slurry of other ingredients provisioned by Nutriset.

A number of partner companies and one non-profit organization in the U.S. state of Rhode Island make Plumpy'Nut. There are six factories in African countries (Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Kenya), one in Haiti and another one in India.

Plumpy'Nut is distributed from the manufacturer to geographic areas of need through a complex supply chain. Forward (downstream) information flow, such as projections of need, order processing, and payment processing, and backward (upstream) information flow, including stock monitoring, quality assurance, and performance data occur through information exchange vulnerable to errors or tardiness associated with supply chain fragmentation. Factors affecting potential for loss of efficiency in the supply chain are information flow on orders, basis of need, forecasts, flow upstream from field officers and country offices to parties controlling regional distribution and manufacturing by Nutriset, downstream flow of information on delivery times and order status.

A complete two-month regimen for a child costs US$60 c. 2010.

History
Inspired by the popular Nutella spread, Plumpy'Nut was invented in 1996 by André Briend, a French paediatric nutritionist, and Michel Lescanne, a food-processing engineer. Nutella is a spread composed of sugar, modified palm oil, hazelnuts, cocoa, skimmed milk powder, whey powder, lecithin, and vanillin. In contrast, Plumpy'Nut is a combination of peanut paste, vegetable oil and milk powder, without including chocolate, but containing sugar, vitamins and dietary minerals.

Patent issues
Nutriset holds or held patents in many countries (including, published in 2002) for the production of nut-based, nutritional foods as pastes, which they have defended to prevent non-licensees in the United States from producing similar products. In places where Nutriset does not hold a patent, manufacturers of similar pastes have been stopped from exporting their products to places where Plumpy'Nut is patented. In at least 27 African nations, any non-profit (including NGOs) can make the paste and not pay a license fee.

In 2010, two US non-profit organizations unsuccessfully sued the French company in an attempt to legally produce Plumpy'Nut in the US without paying the royalty fee. Mike Mellace, president of one of the organizations claimed that "some children are dying because Nutriset prevents other companies from producing a food which could save their lives." Invalidation of the Nutriset patent may have a positive impact on populations affected by famine, and studies by humanitarian organizations support the idea that having a single, dominant supplier in Nutriset is undesirable. Critics of Nutriset argue the US patent is "obvious in light of prior recipes" and "that the patent has essentially conferred monopoly power on Nutriset and thus violated the Sherman Act". By definition, a patent grants a temporary monopoly, and Nutriset won the case. Some have suggested a similarity between pharmaceutical company compulsory licensing agreements, in place under the WTO TRIPS Agreement, and Plumpy'Nut.

Following a threat of legal action against a Norwegian company that was exporting a similar product to Kenya, Nutriset was criticized by Médecins Sans Frontières, which stated in an open letter that "Nutriset has been asked repeatedly by us and others for simple, reasonable licensing terms... Instead it appears that [Nutriset has] decided to adopt a policy of aggressive protection of [its] patents that could be considered an abuse in relation to humanitarian products." A UNICEF study, commissioned at Duke University and the University of North Carolina, recommended a diversified supplier base of RUTF products to better serve global needs. In response to the criticism, Nutriset has allowed companies and NGOs in some African countries to make the paste and not pay license fees.

The Plumpy'Nut patents in the USA expired in 2017, and in the UK and the European Union in 2018.

title: Plumpy'nut


text:
Myosatellite cell

Myosatellite cells, also known as satellite cells, muscle stem cells or MuSCs, are small multipotent cells with very little cytoplasm found in mature muscle. Satellite cells are precursors to skeletal muscle cells, able to give rise to satellite cells or differentiated skeletal muscle cells. They have the potential to provide additional myonuclei to their parent muscle fiber, or return to a quiescent state. More specifically, upon activation, satellite cells can re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts.

Myosatellite cells are located between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers, and can lie in grooves either parallel or transversely to the longitudinal axis of the fibre. Their distribution across the fibre can vary significantly. Non-proliferative, quiescent myosatellite cells, which adjoin resting skeletal muscles, can be identified by their distinct location between sarcolemma and basal lamina, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio, few organelles (e.g. ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi complexes), small nuclear size, and a large quantity of nuclear heterochromatin relative to myonuclei. On the other hand, activated satellite cells have an increased number of caveolae, cytoplasmic organelles, and decreased levels of heterochromatin. Satellite cells are able to differentiate and fuse to augment existing muscle fibers and to form new fibers. These cells represent the oldest known adult stem cell niche, and are involved in the normal growth of muscle, as well as regeneration following injury or disease.

In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent; they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division. In response to mechanical strain, satellite cells become activated. Activated satellite cells initially proliferate as skeletal myoblasts before undergoing myogenic differentiation.

Genetic markers
Satellite cells express a number of distinctive genetic markers. Current thinking is that most satellite cells express PAX7 and PAX3. Satellite cells in the head musculature have a unique developmental program, and are Pax3-negative. Moreover, both quiescent and activated human satellite cells can be identified by the membrane-bound neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM/CD56/Leu-19), a cell-surface glycoprotein. Myocyte nuclear factor (MNF), and c-met proto-oncogene (receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)) are less commonly used markers.

CD34 and Myf5 markers specifically define the majority of quiescent satellite cells. Activated satellite cells prove problematic to identify, especially as their markers change with the degree of activation; for example, greater activation results in the progressive loss of Pax7 expression as they enter the proliferative stage. However, Pax7 is expressed prominently after satellite cell differentiation. Greater activation also results in increased expression of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 – all responsible for the induction of myocyte-specific genes. HGF testing is also used to identify active satellite cells. Activated satellite cells also begin expressing muscle-specific filament proteins such as desmin as they differentiate.

The field of satellite cell biology suffers from the same technical difficulties as other stem cell fields. Studies rely almost exclusively on Flow cytometry and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, which gives no information about cell lineage or behaviour. As such, the satellite cell niche is relatively ill-defined and it is likely that it consists of multiple sub-populations.

Muscle repair
When muscle cells undergo injury, quiescent satellite cells are released from beneath the basement membrane. They become activated and re-enter the cell cycle. These dividing cells are known as the "transit amplifying pool" before undergoing myogenic differentiation to form new (post-mitotic) myotubes. There is also evidence suggesting that these cells are capable of fusing with existing myofibers to facilitate growth and repair.

The process of muscle regeneration involves considerable remodeling of extracellular matrix and, where extensive damage occurs, is incomplete. Fibroblasts within the muscle deposit scar tissue, which can impair muscle function, and is a significant part of the pathology of muscular dystrophies.

Satellite cells proliferate following muscle trauma and form new myofibers through a process similar to fetal muscle development. After several cell divisions, the satellite cells begin to fuse with the damaged myotubes and undergo further differentiations and maturation, with peripheral nuclei as in hallmark. One of the first roles described for IGF-1 was its involvement in the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. In addition, IGF-1 expression in skeletal muscle extends the capacity to activate satellite cell proliferation (Charkravarthy, et al., 2000), increasing and prolonging the beneficial effects to the aging muscle.

Effects of exercise
Satellite cell activation is measured by the extent of proliferation and differentiation. Typically, satellite cell content is expressed per muscle fiber or as a percentage of total nuclear content, the sum of satellite cell nuclei and myonuclei. While the adaptive response to exercise largely varies on an individual basis on factors such as genetics, age, diet, acclimatization to exercise, and exercise volume, human studies have demonstrated general trends.

It is suggested that exercise triggers the release of signaling molecules including inflammatory substances, cytokines and growth factors from surrounding connective tissues and active skeletal muscles. Notably, HGF, a cytokine, is transferred from the extracellular matrix into muscles through the nitric-oxide dependent pathway. It is thought that HGF activates satellite cells, while insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) enhance satellite cell proliferation rate following activation. Studies have demonstrated that intense exercise generally increases IGF-1 production, though individual responses vary significantly. More specifically, IGF-1 exists in two isoforms: mechano growth factor (MGF) and IGF-IEa. While the former induces activation and proliferation, the latter causes differentiation of proliferating satellite cells.

Human studies have shown that both high resistance training and endurance training have yielded an increased number of satellite cells. These results suggest that a light, endurance training regimen may be useful to counteract the age-correlated satellite cell decrease. In high-resistance training, activation and proliferation of satellite cells are evidenced by increased cyclin D1 mRNA, and p21 mRNA levels. This is consistent with the fact that cyclin D1 and p21 upregulation correlates to division and differentiation of cells.

Satellite cell activation has also been demonstrated on an ultrastructural level following exercise. Aerobic exercise has been shown to significantly increase granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and mitochondria of the stimulated muscle groups. Additionally, satellite cells have been shown to fuse with muscle fibers, developing new muscle fibers. Other ultrastructural evidence for activated satellite cells include increased concentration of Golgi apparatus and pinocytotic vesicles.

Satellite cell activation and muscle regeneration
Satellite cells have a crucial role in muscle regeneration due to their ability to proliferate, differentiate, and self-renew. Prior to a severe injury to the muscle, satellite cells are in a dormant state. Slight proliferation can occur in times of light injuries but major injuries require greater numbers of satellite cells to activate. The activation of satellite cells from their dormant state is controlled through signals from the muscle niche. This signaling induces an inflammatory response in the muscle tissue. The behavior of satellite cells is a highly regulated process to accommodate the balance between dormant and active states. In times of injury, satellite cells in myofibers receive signals to proliferate from proteins in the crushed skeletal muscle. Myofibers are fundamental elements in muscle made up of actin and myosin myofibrils. The proteins responsible for signaling the activation of satellite cells are called mitogens. A mitogen is a small protein that induces a cell to enter the cell cycle. When the cells receive signals from the neurons, it causes the myofibers to depolarize and release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The release of calcium induces the actin and myosin filaments to move and contract the muscle. Studies found that transplanted satellite cells onto myofibers supported multiple regenerations of new muscle tissue. These findings support the hypothesis that satellite cells are the stem cells in muscles. Dependent on their relative position to daughter cells on myofibers, satellite cells undergo asymmetric and symmetric division. The niche and location determines the behavior of satellite cells in their proliferation and differentiation. In general, mammalian skeletal muscle is relatively stable with little myonuclei turnover. Minor injuries from daily activities can be repaired without inflammation or cell death. Major injuries contribute to myofiber necrosis, inflammation, and cause satellite cells to activate and proliferate. The process of myofiber necrosis to myofiber formation results in muscle regeneration.

Muscle regeneration occurs in three overlapping stages. The inflammatory response, activation and differentiation of satellite cells, and maturation of the new myofibers are essential for muscle regeneration. This process begins with the death of damaged muscle fibers where dissolution of myofiber sarcolemma leads to an increase in myofiber permeability. The disruption in myofiber integrity is seen in increased plasma levels in muscle proteins. The death of myofibers drives a calcium influx from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to induce tissue degradation. An inflammatory response follows the necrosis of myofibers. During times of muscle growth and regeneration, satellite cells can travel over between myofibers and muscle and over connective tissue barriers. Signals from the damaged environment induce these behavioral changes in satellite cells.

Research
Upon minimal stimulation, satellite cells in vitro or in vivo will undergo a myogenic differentiation program.

Unfortunately, it seems that transplanted satellite cells have a limited capacity for migration, and are only able to regenerate muscle in the region of the delivery site. As such, systemic treatments or even the treatment of an entire muscle in this way is not possible. However, other cells in the body such as pericytes and hematopoietic stem cells have all been shown to be able to contribute to muscle repair in a similar manner to the endogenous satellite cell. The advantage of using these cell types for therapy in muscle diseases is that they can be systemically delivered, autonomously migrating to the site of injury. Particularly successful recently has been the delivery of mesoangioblast cells into the Golden Retriever dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which effectively cured the disease. However, the sample size used was relatively small and the study has since been criticized for a lack of appropriate controls for the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Recently, it has been reported that Pax7 expressing cells contribute to dermal wound repair by adopting a fibrotic phenotype through a Wnt/β-catenin mediated process.

Regulation
Little is known of the regulation of satellite cells. Whilst together PAX3 and PAX7 currently form the definitive satellite markers, Pax genes are notoriously poor transcriptional activators. The dynamics of activation and quiesence and the induction of the myogenic program through the myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 remains to be determined.

There is some research indicating that satellite cells are negatively regulated by a protein called myostatin. Increased levels of myostatin up-regulate a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor called p21 and thereby inhibit the differentiation of satellite cells.

Myosatellite cells and cultured meat
Myosatellite cells contribute the most to muscle regeneration and repair. This makes them a prime target for the meat culturing field. These satellite cells are the main source of most muscle cell formation postnatally, with embryonic myoblasts being responsible for prenatal muscle generation. A single satellite cell can proliferate and become a larger amount of muscle cells.

With the understanding that myosatellite cells are the progenitor of most skeletal muscle cells, it was theorized that if these cells could be grown in a lab and placed on scaffolds to make fibers, the muscle cells could then be used for food production. This theory has been proven true with many companies sprouting around the globe in the field of cultured meat including Mosa Meat in the Netherlands, and Upside Foods in the USA.

An overview of the culturing process first involves the selection of a cell source. This initial stage is where the selection of a meat type happens, for example if the desired product is beef then cells are taken from a cow. The next part involves isolating and sorting out the myosatellite cells from whatever the selected cell source was. After being separated into the cellular components, the myosatellite cells need to be proliferated through the use of a bioreactor, a device used to grow microorganisms or cells in a media that can be easily controlled. Whatever media chosen will simulate the cells being in prime condition to proliferate within an organism. After proliferation the cells are shaped using a scaffold. These scaffolds can be an organic structure like decellularized plant or animal tissues, inorganic such as polyacrylamide, or a mix of both. Once the cells have attached themselves to the scaffold and fully matured, they have become a raw meat product. The final step will include any necessary food processes needed for the desired final product.

title: Myosatellite cell


text: User talk:24.98.188.172

title: User talk:24.98.188.172


text:
Talk:Date cultivation in Dar al-Manasir

Untitled
This article has been initiated by [mailto:david@haberlah David Haberlah] 06/2005.

All information on the Manasir supplied by the user David Haberlah results from his field research in Dar al-Manasir in February and March 2005 as a member of the team of Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (H.U.N.E.). H.U.N.E. is headed by the directors Prof. Dr. CLAUDIA NÄSER and Prof. Dr. FRANK KAMMERZELL of the Seminar of Northeast African Archaeology and Cultural Studies primarily responsible for conducting salvage archaeology on the islands of Shiri, Sherari, Sur and Us, and the left bank of the Nile between Salamat and Gebel Musa. In addition H.U.N.E. decided to launch a subproject dealing with the culture of the native Manasir.

This ethnographical research has been financed by the "Programm Kulturerhalt" of the German Department of Foreign Affairs as a contribution to the preservation of the culture of the Manasir. All Manasir living in their homeland Dar al-Manasir are going to be relocated as a result of the flooding of the Hamdab High Dam in the coming years. There is an urgent need for further anthropological research and programs of cultural preservation. The initial author David Haberlah hopes that the nature of Wikipedia will attract both researchers and Manasir to expand the freely available information and knowledge about the Manasir tribe.

I would like to encourage everybody to list academic articles concerning Dar al-Manasir that cannot be published on the Internet here. A copy of new articles should be submitted to the Sudanese National Library to be available to the Sudanese public. In case that you can provide material about the Manasir that does not suit the requirements of Wikipedia, Wikisource or Wikimedia please contact [mailto:david@haberlah H.U.N.E.], who is running the Hompage of Dar al-Manasir.

David Haberlah 10:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Changing references
I'm changing the references and I started with Jackson. Rhetth 02:08, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I finished the job :) - Francis Tyers · 09:58, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

WTF is the point of this article
No where in this article is it made clear why date cultivation in Dar al Manasir is somehow unique or significant enough to warrant a dedicated article. 66.108.230.117 00:09, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's true, you can grow dates lots of places, and Dar al Manasir is, superficially, not much different. Yet as the article describes, there are many unique characteristics about Dar al Manasir that have been fleshed out through the research.  For example, the article states "In each date growing region a particular composition of palm tree varieties, including endemic species, are grown."  So each area grows its own types of date varietials, like grapes.  In addition, the research combines the cultural traditions in light of agrarian practices, making it an study of a culture, also.  This makes it notable.  Rhetth (talk) 17:53, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, please don't title your posts with acronystic vulgarities, and sign in when contributing to an article's talk page. Thanks for your contribution, Rhetth (talk) 01:01, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Things to do.
We could use a nice photo for the intro paragraph, and maybe create an infobox for all the other related Dar al-Manasir articles: Rhetth (talk) 18:23, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Dar al-Manasir
 * Material culture of the Manasir
 * Architecture in Dar al-Manasir
 * Manasir

title: Talk:Date cultivation in Dar al-Manasir


text:
Neo Rauch

Neo Rauch (born 18 April 1960) is a German artist whose paintings mine the intersection of his personal history with the politics of industrial alienation. His work reflects the influence of socialist realism, and owes a debt to Surrealists Giorgio de Chirico and René Magritte, although Rauch hesitates to align himself with surrealism. He studied at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig, and he lives in Markkleeberg near Leipzig, Germany and works as the principal artist of the New Leipzig School. The artist is represented by Galerie EIGEN + ART Leipzig/Berlin and David Zwirner, New York.

Rauch's paintings suggest a narrative intent but, as art historian Charlotte Mullins explains, closer scrutiny immediately presents the viewer with enigmas: "Architectural elements peter out; men in uniform from throughout history intimidate men and women from other centuries; great struggles occur but their reason is never apparent; styles change at a whim."

Life
Rauch's parents died in a train accident when he was four weeks old. His father Hanno Rauch was 21, his mother Helga Wand 19 years old - at the time both of them studied art at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig (Leipzig Academy of Visual Arts). Neo Rauch grew up with his grandparents in Aschersleben and passed his Abitur exam at the Thomas-Müntzer-Oberschule (now Gymnasium Stephaneum). He studied painting at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig and then was Masterstudent with Professor Arno Rink (1981–1986) and with Professor Bernhard Heisig (1986–1990). After the fall of the GDR Rauch worked from 1993 to 1998 as an assistant to Arno Rink and Sighard Gille at the Leipziger Akademie.

In 2004, he was a selector for EASTinternational with Gerd Harry Lybke.

From August 2005 until February 2009, he was Professor at the Leipziger Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst. Together with Timm Rautert he was curator for the exhibit "Man muss sich beeilen, wenn man noch etwas sehen will..." ("One has to hurry, if one still wants to see something...") at Gut Selikum in Neuss.

Rauch works with his spouse and artist Rosa Loy at a former cotton-mill, Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei, about which he says: "It is the location of concentration and inspiration. Here the best ideas come to me." With an estimated fortune of €100 million, he was ranked one of the richest 1,001 individuals and families in Germany by the monthly business publication Manager Magazin in 2017.

Rauch is the subject of the 2016 film Neo Rauch: Comrades and Companions, directed by Nicola Graef.

Exhibitions
In 1991 Neo Rauch had his first solo exhibition in the Leipzig Galerie am Thomaskirchhof. In 1993, the Deputy Director of the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt, Rolf Lauter, discovered the artist‘s work and, thanks to the support of the Jürgen Ponto-Stiftung, realized a first non-commercial presentation of his then latest works in the exhibition rooms of Dresdner Bank Frankfurt. In the catalog text, Lauter referred to Rauch‘s combinatorial principle of sampling, incorporating elements from art history, paraphrases of surrealism and metaphors of the banal everyday world. Rauch won the Vincent Award in 2002, which received a corresponding solo show at the Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht, The Netherlands, that same year. In 2010, Rauch had his first museum retrospective, which was jointly held at the Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig, Germany, and the Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany. In 2011, a selection of the works from this retrospective then traveled to the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, Poland. In 2007, the Galerie Rudolfinum in Prague held a retrospective entitled "Neue Rollen," organized by the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, of Rauch's works covering 13 years.

Other solo exhibitions include the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, Montreal, Canada (2006); Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg, Germany (2006); Centro de Arte Contemporáneo Málaga, Málaga, Spain (2005); and the Albertina, Vienna, Austria (2004). His work was featured at the 2005 Carnegie International in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and he had his first solo North American museum exhibition at the Saint Louis Art Museum in St. Louis, Missouri in 2003-2004. In 2013, he got his first Belgian solo exhibition at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels (Belgium), called ''Neo Rauch. The Obsession of the Demiurge. Selected Works 1993-2012''.

Works
In painting "Characteristic, suggestion and eternity" are important marks of quality.

"I view the process of painting as an extraordinarily natural form of discovering the world, almost natural as breathing. Outwardly it is almost entirely without intention. It is predominantly limited to the process of a concentrated flow. I am deliberately neglecting to contemplate all of the catalytic influences that would have the power to undermine the innocence of this approach because I would like to express a degree of clarity in these lines by way of example. I view myself as a kind of peristaltic filtration system in the river of time ..."

Rauch is considered to be part of the New Leipzig School and his works are characterized by a style that depends on the Social Realism of communism. Especially American critics prefer to recognize in his contemporary style a post communist Surrealism. But more than anyone Rauch is recognized as an East-West painter. Rauch merges the modern myths of both the Warsaw Pact and the Western world. His figures are portrayed in a landscape in which an American Comic-Aestheticism meets the Social Realism of communism. In the art publication Texte zur Kunst (Texts about Art, number 55), he was defined as an example for a new German neo-conservatism.

In the US, Roberta Smith, art critic for the New York Times, called attention to Rauch's work in 2002 with an article about the "painter who came in from the cold." In 2007, Rauch painted a series of works especially for a solo exhibition in the mezzanine of the modern art wing at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. This special exhibition was called "Para." Rauch explains that he enjoys the associations the word "para" evokes in his own mind, and says that his works at "Para" have no particular intention, but that they could signify anything to anyone.

"When I first agreed to do the Met exhibition, I thought about a way of working that would be about the nature of a museum. But straight away I realized that I was much more interested in those 'visions from the Witches Circle' in my studio than I was in coming up with things in a purely thematic way. Calling them 'visions' reflects my personality—they precede inspiration and spring from the moment when internal images appear at the prompting of intellectual decisions. I have no choice but to accept everything that I discover in this way."

Para
Works for "Para":
 * Jagdzimmer (Hunter's room), 2007
 * Vater (Father), 2007
 * Die Fuge (The Fugue/The Gap), 2007
 * Warten auf die Barbaren (Waiting for the Barbarians), 2007
 * Para, 2007
 * Paranoia, 2007
 * Goldgrube (Gold Mine), 2007
 * Vorort (Suburb), 2007
 * Der nächste Zug (The Next Move/The Next Draw), 2007
 * Die Flamme (The Flame), 2007

The works created for "Para" are characterized by three elements: a pre-communist civic-mindedness, communist Social Realism, and an idealized countryside. On the other hand, it's a prefix which evokes associations like para-normal, para-dox or para-noia. It may be read in a system connection, for example a picture like Paranoia reflects the cognitions theory in a hermetic room.

Leipzig, Rauch's city of birth, is known historically as a city of trade through its association with the Leipzig Trade Fair. This civic-mindedness of a trader's city also expressed itself under communism where Leipzig was the center of popular resistance that led to Die Wende. Rauch uses characters and images of life of pre-communist civil society that was oppressed by communism in the GDR. The oppression of communism and the total control of civic life under the rule of communist ideology is one of the elements of Rauch's work. The destructive powers of ideologies is perhaps the reason why Rauch refuses to interpret his own work as a powerful statement in favor of a cultural relativism that characterized the civic bourgeois thought that was destroyed.

Art market
Rauch most expensive painting at the art market was Platz (Square) (2000), who sold by £1,058,500 ($1,761,231) at Christie's London, on 13 February 2014.

Awards

 * 1992 Renta-Preis 1992, Nuremberg
 * 1997 Kunstpreis der Leipziger Volkszeitung, Leipzig
 * 2002 Vincent Award, Bonnefanten Museum Maastricht, Netherlands
 * 2005 Kunstpreis Finkenwerder
 * 2010 Stiftungspreis der ökumenischen Stiftung Bibel und Kultur 2010, Stuttgart
 * 2012 Order of Merit of Saxony-Anhalt
 * 2018 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - Grand Cross 1st Class

Public collections
Works by the artist are held, among others, in the following public collections:

 * Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht
 * The Broad, Los Angeles
 * Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh
 * Hamburger Bahnhof - Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin
 * Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg
 * Kunstmuseum Den Haag, The Hague
 * Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
 * Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle
 * Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
 * Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich
 * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 * Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

title: Neo Rauch


text:
The Best Part (album)

The Best Part is the debut studio album by American hip hop artist J-Live. It was released on Triple Threat Productions in 2001.

Background
The Best Part was recorded from 1996 to 1999 and featured production by Prince Paul, DJ Premier, and Pete Rock. It was set for a 1999 release, but due to problems with his record label, Raw Shack Records, J-Live left the label and the album was shelved. J-Live moved to Payday Records, but when Payday's parent company London Records was bought from Universal Music Group by WEA, the album was again shelved. In 2001, copies surfaced as bootlegs and several were of such high quality it was rumored that J-Live himself was behind them. By the fall of 2001, after five years of label problems, The Best Part was finally officially released on Triple Threat Productions.

Critical reception
Stanton Swihart of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars, writing: "It is a truly cataclysmic tour de force, especially when you consider the hoops through which the music was forced to jump before it finally appeared, long overdue, in 2001."

In 2015, Fact placed it at number 49 on the "100 Best Indie Hip-Hop Records of All Time" list. In that year, HipHopDX included it on the "30 Best Underground Hip Hop Albums Since 2000" list.

In 2020, HipHopGoldenAge ranked it 3 on their "Top 150 Hip Hop Albums of The Decade" list.

title: The Best Part (album)


text:
User talk:Spitzl

EUFTT map
Hi Spitzl. Thank you for your contributions to the European Union financial transaction tax page, however I wanted to let you know that in your last update of the map that illustrates the article, Norway seems to have disappeared! I just wanted to let you know and give you a chance to correct that if you wanted to. Best regards. Nb12345 (talk) 10:30, 25 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanx for the notice. It is fixed now. Cheers, --spitzl (talk) 13:59, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Hi Spitzl, I just saw your File:EU Fiscal Compliance (debt-to-GDP ratio).png where I noticed mistakes in your ratios for Denmark, Finland, Austria, Cyprus, Spain and Portugal. According to the numbers given by your source, the European Commission's Report, they should be in a different order. Cheers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.184.72.67 (talk) 14:31, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanx. The data is correct, the source was outdated. Now it should be ok. --spitzl (talk) 17:33, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Quick question for you
Hi, I made some small edits to the European Union financial transaction tax page. You seem to be the main person editing it. Let me know what you think of my additions. --RodrigoRaviera (talk) 08:46, 27 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi. Thanx for your contribution. It looks fine to me. Just be careful with long quotes. It might be better to add the essence of such statements in your own words. Be bold. --spitzl (talk) 11:06, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Request to expand File:Greek debt and EU average.png
Thanks for your great debt-to-GDP plot. My suggestion today, is however to expand it with additional historic data from 1977-1999. I found the data at the official AMECO database (being updated frequently and administered by the European Comission - Economic and Financial Affairs), and for a start copied the data into the wikitable right below (and only omitted 2001-2015 because they are already covered by the plot). I think the historic data are also interesting to plot, as it helps to show that Greece had a lower debt-to-GDP ratio than the Euro Area until 1986, and an increasing trend since 1977. So the debt problem today, is actually because of accumulated problems throughout the past 30 years, while the Greek Economy was perfectly healthy back in the 1970s.

I think it would be great if the plot cover all years from 1977-2015, with a small note that the euro figures cover the official EuroArea-17 in 1995-2015, EuroArea-12 in 1991-94 and EuroArea-12 (without Eastern Germany) in 1977-1990. Danish Expert (talk) 00:01, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I created a new graph covering Greek debt and EU average since 1977. It looks like the AMECO source only provides data from 1995-2013 for the Euro Area and 1990-2013 for Greece. I based the graph on your table posted here but it would be great if you could add your source on wikicommons, thanx. --spitzl (talk) 10:34, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Your free 1-year HighBeam Research account is approved!
Good news! You are approved for access to 80 million articles in 6500 publications through HighBeam Research. Thanks for helping make Wikipedia better. Enjoy your research! Cheers, Ocaasi 15:34, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The 1-year, free period begins when you enter the code you were emailed. If you did not receive a code, email wikiocaasi@yahoo.com your Wikipedia username.
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Disambiguation link notification for November 12
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited European sovereign-debt crisis, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page FAZ (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Date linking
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. I noticed your creation of Stephan Schulmeister, where you linked the dates. Kindly note that the practice of linking dates is no longer current practice (please refer to WP:MOSNUM and WP:Linking). Regards, --  Ohconfucius  ping / poke 02:38, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll keep it in mind. Thanx for the notice. Regards, --spitzl (talk) 07:59, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Username
Hi Spitzl, very special and interesting username you have. :-D Lotje (talk) 06:45, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanx. And no need to worry. All I do here is super transparent! :-) --spitzl (talk) 12:45, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * :-D Lotje (talk) 16:57, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Cyprus 10yr government bond yields
First of all thanks for your great work on the European sovereign-debt crisis article. In regards of displaying the monthly average values for 10yr government bonds, I have a request/suggestion that you place a note for Cyprus marked by a *, to explain that the constant 7% yield is a technical cut-off maximum regime, which mean that it doesn't reflect actual market yields for the Cyprus 10yr governmental bonds. The problem is, that the Cyprus bond market is very thin. So when Cyprus in respectively June 2011 and August 2011 issued its latest long-term government bonds: (CYGB 6% 9jun2021) and (CYGB 6.5% 25aug2021), this was done by attaching a so-called maximum cut-off yield at respectively 6.275% and 7.0% for the two bonds. So this is why ECB/Eurostat since August 2011 has mapped the monthly Cypriot 10yr government bond yield to be constant at 7.0%.

List of all long-term Cypriot bonds (issued since 2005, with maturity in 2020 or later):
 * Cyprus, EUR, 3feb2020, Eurobonds: Issued in January 2010 with a free market traded yield (no cut-off yield).
 * CYGB 6.1% 20apr2020: Issued in April 2005 with a maximum cut-off yield at 6.2%.
 * CYGB 5.35% 9jun2020: Issued in June 2005 with a maximum cut-off yield at 5.09%.
 * CYGB 6% 9jun2021: Issued in June 2011 with a maximum cut-off yield at 6.275%.
 * CYGB 6.5% 25aug2021: Issued in Aug 2011 with a maximum cut-off yield at 7.0%.

Ever since your graph plot started in December 2009 and until current time, all Cypriot bonds with a maximum cut-off yield (which ECB/Eurostat has reported data for throughout this period), does not reflect the actual market yields for long-term government bonds. Thus it is highly recommended we instead only take a look at the latest Cypriot 10yr government bond without any cut-off yield, which is the one above issued 27 January 2010 with maturity on 3 February 2020. This bond is traded daily at both Berlin and Frankfurt, where you for both market-places can calculate the monthly average market yields for the bond (and in our graph plot data as the average rate between those two markets), provided that you are a subscriber to the "Cbonds database". If you do not subscribe to "Cbonds database", you can still for free check the recorded yields for the last market day by clicking this link. When this bond with maturity in February 2020 was traded on 17 May 2013, the Yield To Maturity (YTM) was recorded to be respectively 11.09% and 11.51% at Berlin and Frankfurt, which is sufficiently above the "technical 7% cut-off limit" for the bond with maturity in August 2021.

If you read Graph 19 in the new Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus, you can also see how the yield of the Cyprus 2020 bond developed from 1 January 2010 to 1 March 2013, which reveal its YTM peaked at around 16.5% in June 2012 (at the point of time where credit rating agencies downgraded the Cypriot government bonds to junk status). It is unfortunate that the Eurostat/ECB data does not reflect real market yields for Cyprus. In your graph, we should now (in my point of view) instead depict for Cyprus: The monthly average data for the government bond with maturity in February 2020, as calculated by the "Cbonds database" source. This would be far better if we want to report some comparable true government bond yields. Please note this special situation only applies for Cyprus, due to having a very thin government bond market and a maximum cut-off yield regime. All other ECB/Eurostat 10yr government bond yield statistic data for the eurozone member states, are reflecting some correct market values (except for Estonia where they show no data due to the complete absence of long-term government bonds; but this has already been sufficiently noted with text beneath the graph). If you don't have money to subscribe to the "Cbonds database" calculation tool, I hope you will be able to chase finding this data from a free source on the world wide web. I whish you a good hunt. Please let me know what you find. :-) Best regards, Danish Expert (talk) 06:05, 18 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Today I looked further into our data access opportunities. Unfortunately any paid subscription to the Cbonds database monthly yield calculator does not entail access to publication of the data extracts (see chapter 6 of the user agreement). So the paid subscription indeed gives an easy access to the data we chase, but we cant publish the extracted data towards third parties at Wikipedia. Realizing this, I have today searched for alternative free data sources. After a brief visit to all German financial market places, none of them unfortunately had YTM statistical data uploaded for the 2020 Cyprus bond, but fortunately they had free access to daily historic price data for the bond. Knowing the daily historic price data, the daily YTM can then afterwards be calculated by manually typing the price data for each historic day at the websites "yield calculator". Hence we have free access to build-up our own excel-sheet with daily YTMs for the 2020 Cyprus bond, from where we can finally extract the average monthly values for our chart. Doing this work would entail roughly 1000 calculations to cover the period January 2010 until May 2013. We shall keep in mind, that as far as I understand Wikipedia's policy (WP:CALC), this calculation would entail too many steps to be allowed for direct inclusion in any Wikipedia article, but if we only upload this data as a personally created chart to Wikimedia Commons (while describing at the charts file-page how the final monthly average values were extracted from the source), then it will be fully allowed. If you have time to do it, then it would be great. To save time for the working process, we of course only need to know the YTM bond values from one German market place (i.e. either Frankfurt or Xetra). So you can skip the part I wrote earlier above, about calculating the YTM as average for both Berlin+Frankfurt. :-) Danish Expert (talk) 11:04, 19 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Another time saving proposal for you to consider, is that you for the plot of data instead just roughly reads all the printed "Cyprus 2020 bond yields throughout 1 January 2010 to 1 March 2013", based on Graph 19 in the Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus. This data compilation method, would certainly be the quickest way to compile the Cyprus 2020 bond data, and in my point of view still entail sufficient accuracy for the illustrated purpose. Danish Expert (talk) 11:04, 19 May 2013 (UTC)
 * FYI: On 19 May I copied all my info posted above to you into the European sovereign-debt crisis talkpage, and invited other editors to chime in with help or alternative data proposals. I still consider you to be the leading man to work it out, but just thought a reflection on the proposed work at the articles talkpage perhaps could help us in the long run to find a better primary source for the 2020 Cyprus bond we chase. Danish Expert (talk) 05:27, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

After a third search for a source with free 2020 Cyprus bond data, I today managed to dig up the annual Cyprus Public Debt Management reports. These reports all contain a graph of daily yields for the bond throughout the year, from which it is easy to extract monthly average values: All 3 reports above cite Bloomberg as data source, and mention the bond yield data has been recorded from secondary market trade at the London Stock Exchange. We can use those 3 sources to extract (read) the monthly average yields for all months during Jan 2010 until Feb 2013:
 * 2010 Cyprus Public Debt Management report (see: page 19)
 * 2011 Cyprus Public Debt Management report (see: graph 4, page 17)
 * 2012 Cyprus Public Debt Management report (see: figure 4, page 15)

We of course still need to use a 4th source to map the ongoing yield data month by month in March 2013 and beyond. If you can find and report a link to such a source it would really be great! After a brief visit to the Bloomberg website and London Stock Exchange, I was unfortunately not able to find visible yield data posted, but perhaps the data will be available if you are a registered user of their sites? ... Otherwise we have to rely on the much more time-consuming option to convert the posted daily price data from one of the German market places, and then calculate the corresponding YTM by their "yield calculator" (as I provided links for in my reply above) ... Or perhaps rely on the "lazy option" only to update Cyprus yields one time per year (next time in March 2014, when the 2013 Cyprus Public Debt Management report gets published). I will leave the choice about how to proceed with this data matter for you. Best regards, Danish Expert (talk) 05:27, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * About figures for March+April 2013 and beyond: Today I have tried to use the Deutche Börse yield calculator and can report it is not as difficult or time consuming as I first feared. You only need to plot in 1) Trading Day + 2) Price (in the field for: current quote = clean price), and then hit the calculate bottom, with the last third step being to manually type in the daily calculated yield into your excel sheet. Repeating this procedure continuously, it will only take approx. 10s per daily calculation (equal to 5min for compilation of data for a complete month). So using this route to compile the data, is something we indeed can do without getting too overloaded. In regards of daily price data we shall input the trading values reported since 2 Feb 2010 by the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. On that basis, it should be rather fast now also to calculate the missing values for March + April (while for older months I suggest we plot the data that I already compiled to you in the table above). Danish Expert (talk) 05:01, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi Danish Expert! Do you think it is really necessary to give such detailed information on that issue? I am afraid I don't have the time for that at the moment. What I could offer you is adding the Cyprus bond yield (Jan 2010 - Feb 2013) to the existing graph. --spitzl (talk) 20:37, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the additional "real" data graph for Cyprus. Below you have the new set of extracted average data for the months from January 2013 to April 2014 (applying for the same real traded government bond maturing in February 2020).
 * {| class="wikitable" style="clear:both; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%"

!Bond Yield (%) !Jan 2013 !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !Jan 2014 !Feb !Mar !Apr
 * CYPGB 4.625%, Feb2020 || 11.6 || 9.7 || 10.2 || 12.1 || 11.3 || 11.9 || 13.5 || 12.1 || 11.4 || 10.7 || 9.0 || 8.3 || 7.8 || 7.2 || 6.3 || 5.2
 * }
 * Beside of adding the data above, I also suggest you extend the note in the graph from "actual market trade values without cut-off yield" to "actual market trade values without cut-off yield for the Cyprus government bond maturing 3 February 2020". The extended part is important, as it emphasize the "Cyprus (real)" data currently depicts the 6yr rate rather than the 10yr rate. By the way, I have today cheked the entire list of all issued government Cyprus bonds, and we still have no internationally traded Cyprus government bonds with longer maturity than the February 2020 bond. Thanks for your great continous update work of the graph. Best regards, Danish Expert (talk) 09:22, 29 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanx for the data! It will go online with the next update. Best wishes, --spitzl (talk) 14:14, 29 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Beside of adding the data above, I also suggest you extend the note in the graph from "actual market trade values without cut-off yield" to "actual market trade values without cut-off yield for the Cyprus government bond maturing 3 February 2020". The extended part is important, as it emphasize the "Cyprus (real)" data currently depicts the 6yr rate rather than the 10yr rate. By the way, I have today cheked the entire list of all issued government Cyprus bonds, and we still have no internationally traded Cyprus government bonds with longer maturity than the February 2020 bond. Thanks for your great continous update work of the graph. Best regards, Danish Expert (talk) 09:22, 29 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanx for the data! It will go online with the next update. Best wishes, --spitzl (talk) 14:14, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

Next update of government bond yields
It would be nice, if you can update the bond yield graph again, when the April average figures are released by ECB in mid-May 2015. We had some quiet interesting developments in Greece, while all other EU member states experienced falling yields to new record lows. :-)

Once again, I will of course assist you to extract bond yield data for the secondary market traded "CYPGB 4.625% EUR (3 Feb 2020)" bond for the months in 2014, and post these data here at your talkpage also around mid-May (when the Cypriot Ministry of Finance releases their "2014 PDMO report"). BTW, Cyprus just issued a new seven-year "CYPGB 3.875% EUR (6 May 2022)" bond (carrying an effective yield of only 4.0%, at its first trading day), which we of course then effectively shall extract data from (instead of the old one) starting from May 2015 and going forward. But due to time constraints in my time schedule, I will only deliver those average data calculations to you for this new bond around May 2016 - awaiting the release of the "2015 PDMO report" in May 2016. Of course you are welcome to update the graph more frequently than on a yearly basis, but the "Cyprus (real) data" series just has to wait (only being updated at a yearly schedule), as none of us has available time to calculate it on a rolling basis. Once again, I want to thank you for doing the great update work with the graph, and hope you have time continuing doing so in the future. Best regards, Danish Expert (talk) 12:18, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Sure, no problem. Just post the data when you get a hand on it and I'll put the new graph online, thanx. Best wishes, --spitzl (talk) 23:18, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The Cypriot monthly average data for 2014 and early 2015 has now been published, with the extracted values following in the table below. Danish Expert (talk) 10:31, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Books and Bytes: The Wikipedia Library Newsletter
Books and Bytes Volume 1, Issue 1, October 2013 by , Greetings Wikipedia Library members! Welcome to the inaugural edition of Books and Bytes, TWL’s monthly newsletter. We're sending you the first edition of this opt-in newsletter, because you signed up, or applied for a free research account: HighBeam, Credo, Questia, JSTOR, or Cochrane. To receive future updates of Books and Bytes, please add your name to the subscriber's list. There's lots of news this month for the Wikipedia Library, including new accounts, upcoming events, and new ways to get involved... New positions: Sign up to be a Wikipedia Visiting Scholar, or a Volunteer Wikipedia Librarian Wikipedia Loves Libraries: Off to a roaring start this fall in the United States: 29 events are planned or have been hosted. New subscription donations: Cochrane round 2; HighBeam round 8; Questia round 4... Can we partner with NY Times and Lexis-Nexis?? New ideas: OCLC innovations in the works; VisualEditor Reference Dialog Workshop; a photo contest idea emerges News from the library world: Wikipedian joins the National Archives full time; the Getty Museum releases 4,500 images; CERN goes CC-BY Announcing WikiProject Open: WikiProject Open kicked off in October, with several brainstorming and co-working sessions New ways to get involved: Visiting scholar requirements; subject guides; room for library expansion and exploration Read the full newsletter ''Thanks for reading! All future newsletters will be opt-in only. Have an item for the next issue? Leave a note for the editor on the Suggestions page. --The Interior 21:46, 27 October 2013 (UTC)''

The Wikipedia Library Survey
As a subscriber to one of The Wikipedia Library's programs, we'd like to hear your thoughts about future donations and project activities in this brief survey. Thanks and cheers, Ocaasit | c 15:49, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Wiki-PR edit warring
I do not know your "position" on Wiki-PR, so this is not a canvassing attempt. I would just like more eyes on the edit dispute taking place here and specifically here. I get the feeling that (as usual) Smallbones and Coretheapple are tag-teaming to keep a particular "revenge" POV in Wikipedia about paid editing, to the detriment of a wider NPOV perspective. Do your own analysis of the situation, and please weigh in on whatever side your conscience dictates. - I'm not that crazy (talk) 14:02, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of XIPWIRE

The article XIPWIRE has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (companies) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back. Thank you,

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:01, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Responded
I believe PMCs or "Private Military Contractors" is correct. Puppier (talk) 15:23, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

Fiscal Compliance Graph
Misleading Colours in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiscal_Compliance_2014-debt.png

Hi I just saw your graph, and I find the red/green colours misleading. I also see you swapped the colours in an earlier version. While I may or may not agree with the "politics" of your suggestive re-colouring,...maybe blue and grey; grey and black or so... would be better? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teafields (talk • contribs) 15:11, 30 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi Teafields, thanx for your suggestion. Actually I didn't want to imply anything. I simply used green (for complying) and red (for not complying). Is that already political? If so, in which way? --spitzl (talk) 22:06, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Unit Labour Costs in Europe
Hi Spitzl,

can you perhaps come over to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Illustration_workshop#Unit_Labour_Costs_in_Europe and help make sense of this? Thank you very much. --Lommes (talk) 10:39, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Dear Lommes, I just responded to your question. Hope that helps. --spitzl (talk) 20:30, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject Investment
Hey there! I just re-launched the WikiProject Investment.

The site has been fully revamped and updated and I would like to invite you the project.

Feel free to check out the project and ping me if you have any questions.

Cheers! WikiEditCrunch (talk) 00:42, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

Unit labor costs.svg
Guten Tag

I made some remarks about it on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:Unit_labor_costs.svg and I'm curious your opinion. PawełS (talk) 16:38, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Logo European Forum Alpbach (2014).png
Thanks for uploading File:Logo European Forum Alpbach (2014).png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:12, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spitzl


text:
Martin Kippenberger

Martin Kippenberger (25 February 1953 – 7 March 1997) was a German artist known for his extremely prolific output in a wide range of styles and media, superfiction as well as his provocative, jocular and hard-drinking public persona.

Kippenberger was "widely regarded as one of the most talented German artists of his generation," according to Roberta Smith of the New York Times. He was at the center of a generation of German enfants terribles including Albert Oehlen, Markus Oehlen, Werner Büttner, Georg Herold, Dieter Göls, and Günther Förg.

Life
Kippenberger was born in Dortmund in 1953, the only boy in a family with five children, with two elder and two younger sisters. His father was director of the Katharina-Elisabeth colliery, his mother a dermatologist. When Kippenberger's mother was killed by a pallet falling off a truck, he inherited enough money to live on. He studied at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg, where Sigmar Polke, despite not teaching him directly, influenced him. After a sojourn in Florence, where he had his first solo show in 1977, he settled in Berlin in 1978. In that year he founded Kippenberger's Office with Gisela Capitain, mounting exhibitions of his own art and that of his friends. During that same period, Kippenberger also became business director of SO36, a performance, film and music space, and started a punk band called the Grugas, which recorded a single called Luxus with Christine Hahn and Eric Mitchell. Leaving Berlin, originally for a long visit to Paris, Kippenberger spent the early 1980s as an active member of the Cologne art scene.

In Cologne, as elsewhere, Kippenberger did not limit himself to producing works of art; he worked on how the art was presented, the framework and the sideshows. "Martin was tremendously committed to the gallery's artists," Max Hetzler said. The Vienna gallerist Peter Pakesch thinks Kippenberger did an enormous amount for the Hetzler Gallery's success in his double role "as clown and strategist... Max without Martin's strategy would have been unimaginable in the early years." According to artist Jutta Koether, Kippenberger "was the one who brought movement to life so that it became known outside Cologne."

In 1984, he became a founding member of the Lord Jim Lodge. After moving to Los Angeles in late 1989, he bought a 35% share in ownership of the Italian restaurant Capri in Venice, Los Angeles. He stayed in Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald as a guest of the Grässlin family of art collectors from 1980 to 1981, and later on and off from 1991 to 1994, in order to work but also to recover from his excessive life. In his last years he taught at the Städelschule and the Kassel Art Academy.

Martin Kippenberger died at age 44 from liver cancer at the Vienna General Hospital.

Work
Kippenberger’s refusal to adopt a specific style and medium in which to disseminate his images resulted in an extremely prolific and varied oeuvre which includes an amalgam of sculpture, paintings, works on paper, photographs, installations, prints and ephemera.

Throughout the 1980s, Kippenberger’s artwork underwent periods of strong political reflection. During a trip to Brazil in 1986, Kippenberger bought a gas station by the sea in Salvador de Bahia and renamed it the Martin Bormann Gas Station. With the fictionally acquired gas station, Kippenberger gave Martin Bormann a camouflage address and the possibility of an income in exile; Kippenberger allegedly installed a telephone line and employees were obliged to answer calls with ‘Tankstelle Martin Bormann’. Later accused of neo-Nazi attitudes by German critic Wolfgang Max Faust, he made several life-size, dressed mannequin sculptures of himself, called Martin, ab in die Ecke und schäm Dich (Martin, into the Corner, You Should Be Ashamed of Yourself) (1989), placed facing the wall.

Kippenberger also felt that he was working in the face of a 'perceived death of painting' and his art reflects his struggle with the concept that, at the turn of the millennium, it was impossible to produce anything original or authentic. Blass vor Neid steht er vor deiner Tür [Pale with Envy, He Stands Outside Your Door] (1981), for instance, comprises twenty-one individual canvases shown together as one work, but each canvas has a separate title and there is no consistent style. In 1987 he integrated a 1972, all-gray abstract painting by Gerhard Richter, which he himself had purchased, into the top of a coffee table. For the photorealist paintings from a series titled Lieber Maler, Male Mir or Dear Painter, Paint Me, Kippenberger hired a commercial painter named Werner to make them and signed them Werner Kippenberger. Untitled [The installation of the White Paintings] make formal reference to debates around language-based conceptual art as a critique of the ‘empty’ white cube gallery space. In a first series of works alluding to Picasso that were to follow in 1988, Kippenberger took this project further, looking to the ultimate Modern icon as a contemporary foil. Restaging a well-known photograph by David Douglas Duncan of Picasso standing in a 'puffed-up' state of undress on the steps of Château Vauvenargues in 1962 Kippenberger was parodying his famous antecedent, playfully subverting the machismo associated with the genre of self-portraiture. First adopted as a motif in his 1988 series of self-portraits undertaken in Carmona, Spain, Kippenberger depicted himself with white briefs pulled up high over his exaggerated belly, as he turned to examine himself in a mirror.

Kippenberger made the first of Laterne (Lamp) sculptures in 1988, a year that he spent largely living in Seville and Madrid in Spain. This work, Laterne an Betrunkene ('Street Lamp for Drunks') has become well known through its exhibition at the 1988 Venice Biennale. The original motif of the lamp sculptures derived in part from the photographs that filled Kippenberger's 1988 artist's book, "Psychobuildings".

In 1989, Kippenberger and fellow artist Jeff Koons worked together on an issue of the art journal Parkett; the following year, Koons designed an exhibition poster for Kippenberger.

In 1990, while sojourning in New York City, Kippenberger started a body of work collectively known as the Latex or Rubber paintings. Also in the 1990s, influenced by the Lost Art Movement, Kippenberger had the idea of an underground network encircling the whole world. Located on the Greek island of Syros and in Dawson City, Canada, false subway entrances are part of the Metro-Net World Connection series (1993–7) Kippenberger built as private commissions; a sizable length of subway grating, complete with the sounds of trains and gusts of wind, was exhibited posthumously at the Venice Biennale.

The Happy End of Franz Kafka’s ‘Amerika’ (1994) explores the fictional utopia of universal employment, adapting Kafka’s idea of communal job interviews into an artwork. The installation consists of a diverse assortment of objects and furniture, assembled to suggest a playing field for conducting mass interviews. There are over 40 tables and twice as many chairs, from classics of twentieth-century design, such as chairs by Arne Jacobsen and Charles Eames, to worn-out tables bought in flea markets, remnants of previous Kippenberger exhibitions, and even work by other artists.

During the last 10 years of his life Kippenberger created a series of drawings on hotel stationery, which are commonly referred to as the 'hotel drawings' (1987–1997). Originally undertaken as ad hoc preparatory diagrams for the three-dimensional Peter sculptures, he later used the myriad letterheads of innumerable hotels to capture other subjects and inspirations. Collected in his travels, Kippenberger conceived them in thematic series (portraits of scientists, portraits of Frank Sinatra, depictions of war etc.). His late collages incorporate photographs (Polaroids, film stills, magazine clips), prints (one by Sigmar Polke), exhibition posters from past Kippenberger shows, some folded up origami-style, self-produced decals, and photographed and rephotographed drawings. Executed in 1996 as part of the series, Untitled offers a depiction of Kippenberger standing side by side with his daughter Helena as a little girl.

In the final two series, Kippenberger first can be seen posing like Picasso’s last wife, Jacqueline, subtitling the piece The Paintings Pablo Couldn’t Paint Anymore. In the complex of lithographs entitled Medusa (1996), Kippenberger used photography as his starting point although, this time, he himself posed for wife and photographer Elfie Semotan, mimicking the postures of the characters in the famous painting The Raft of the Medusa (1819) by Théodore Géricault (1791-1824).

In 2011, Kippenberger's When It Starts Dripping From the Ceiling was accidentally destroyed by a janitor in a Dortmund museum who believed she was cleaning stains off of the work.

Exhibitions
In 1985, Kippenberger exhibited "Buying America and Selling El Salvador" at Metro Pictures Ltd in New York, a large installation comprising numerous sculptural works. Although he had his first museum exhibition at Hessisches Landesmuseum in Darmstadt in 1986, he drew greater attention from institutions outside Germany, with exhibitions at the Centre Pompidou in Paris (1993) and the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam (1994).

Kippenberger's artistic reputation and influence has grown since his death. In 2003, he represented Germany at the Venice Biennale (with Candida Höfer). He has since been the subject of several large retrospective exhibitions, including at the Tate Modern in 2006 and "the Problem Perspective" at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, in 2008; the exhibition traveled to the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 2009. In 2011, the Museo Picasso Malaga hosted 'Kippenberger Meets Picasso'. This exhibition showed how Kippenbeger was interested in Pablo Picasso, an artistic attraction resulted in works, and entire series, that were direct references to the Spanish artist.

In 2013 the newly founded Greek Organization for Culture and Development, NEON, presented the work of the German artist in the exhibition A Cry for Freedom, curated by Dimitris Paleocrassas at the Museum of Cycladic Art, in Athens, Greece with works from the D.Daskalopoulos Collection and the Estate Martin Kippenberger, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne. The exhibition presented over 60 works including paintings, sculptures, hotel drawings and photographs, and is the first time that Kippenberger’s work will be displayed in a museum environment in Greece. Kippenberger collected and commissioned work by many of his peers: some of his exhibition posters were designed by such prominent artists as Jeff Koons, Christopher Wool, Rosemarie Trockel and Mike Kelley.

Art market
While Kippenberger's star has risen steadily since his death, his market has evolved in several distinct stages. His work was only considered auction-worthy toward the very end of his life, and even then, it rarely sold for more than $10,000. Only in spring 2005 at Phillips de Pury & Company, an untitled 1991 painting sold for $1,024,000. In 2011, Kippenberger's lamp sculpture Untitled (1990) was sold for £1,329,250 ($2,094,898) at Christie's London.

Kippenberger's self-portraits have in the past achieved the highest prices. In 2012, an untitled self-portrait sold for £3.2 million ($5.1 million) at a Christie's London Evening sale. In 2014, Kippenberger’s untitled 1988 self-portrait, restaging a photograph of the 81-year-old Picasso in his white underwear taken by David Douglas Duncan, fetched $18.6 million. Later that year, Larry Gagosian bought a 1988 self-portrait by Kippenberger, which shows the artist in his underwear, for $22.5 million at Christie's in New York.

Kippenberger is represented by Galerie Gisela Capitain, with representation by Skarstedt, New York in the United States.

Legacy
Kippenberger's art garnered some recognition in the mid-nineties when three pieces were used by Welsh alternative rock music group Manic Street Preachers as the cover artwork on the three singles released from their third album, The Holy Bible, in 1994: part four of the five-part Fliegender Tanga ("Flying Tanga"), which would be sold for £2,561,250 in 2010, was used for the first single "Faster/P.C.P."; a 1983 piece, Sympatische Kommunistin ("Nice Communist Woman"), appeared on part one of the two-part single "Revol"; and, Titten, Türme, Tortellini ("Tits, Towers, Tortellini"), credited under its French title "Des tètons, des tours, des tortellini", was the cover artwork on both parts of the two-part, third single "She Is Suffering".

In 2008, during an exhibition at the Museion in Bozen, Italy, a sculpture by Kippenberger depicting a toad being crucified called Zuerst die Füsse ("First the Feet") was condemned by Pope Benedict as blasphemous, despite the museum's explanation that it was a "self-portrait illustrating human angst".

title: Martin Kippenberger


text:
Talk:Fróði

spurious information?
-	* Helge the Thin, who living on Iceland about 850 was son of Eyvind Eastman. -	** Eyvind Eastman living about 817 or before, and he was son of Bear and Hlif. -	*** Hlif living about 792 or before was daughter of Rolf. -	**** Rolf living about 759 or before was son of Ingjald. -	***** Ingjald living about 726 or before was son or descendant of king Frode. -	****** king Frode living about 693 or long before.

Disambiguation?
Should this be considered a disambiguation page, since it's naming different people of the same name? Just wondering. Raphael 19:31, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Mikilláti?
Shouldn't it be Mikállti? I can't name sources, but this is what i learnt in school. Anonymous user —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.199.170.13 (talk) 18:14, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fróði


text:
Friendship Hill

Friendship Hill was the home of early American politician and statesman Albert Gallatin (1761–1849). Gallatin was a U.S. Congressman, the longest-serving Secretary of the Treasury under two presidents, and ambassador to France and Great Britain. The house overlooks the Monongahela River near Point Marion, Pennsylvania, about 50 mi south of Pittsburgh.

It is maintained by the National Park Service as Friendship Hill National Historic Site and is open to the public.

Description
Friendship Hill is a parcel of land 675 acre in size, located on the east bank of the Monongahela River between New Geneva and Point Marion in rural southwestern Pennsylvania. The property's main house, also known as the Albert Gallatin House, is located atop a bluff that is the high point of the property.

The house is made up of seven sections. The earliest of these is the original brick house built in 1789. This structure was constructed in the Federal style with a Flemish bond. Along the north side of the brick house, a simple frame dwelling was added in 1798. The Stone House was the next structure added by Gallatin in 1823; this is a $3 1/2$-story structure, the largest section of the total house. This was the only structure which Gallatin did not build and oversee himself. This portion was built and overseen by one of his sons, Albert Rolaz Gallatin. A stone kitchen was added in 1824, which was the last addition of the Gallatin era.

The rest of the additions include a State Dining Room in 1895, a south bedroom wing completed in 1902, and the servants' quarters added in 1903. These portions were built by the later owners of the house.

History
Albert Gallatin, a native of Geneva, Switzerland, came to the United States in 1780. He became involved in real estate speculation in western Pennsylvania and Virginia not long afterward, and purchased the land and house that became Friendship Hill in 1788. He sold the property in 1832, settling in New York City. His long period of public service included serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and as United States Ambassador to France.

The house was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 12, 1965, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places when the register was established on October 15, 1966, at which time the house was privately owned. The national historic site was established on November 10, 1978, and is administered under Fort Necessity National Battlefield.

title: Friendship Hill