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Chief risk officer

The chief risk officer (CRO), chief risk management officer (CRMO), or chief risk and compliance officer (CRCO) of a firm or corporation is the executive accountable for enabling the efficient and effective governance of significant risks, and related opportunities, to a business and its various segments. Risks are commonly categorized as strategic, reputational, operational, financial, or compliance-related. CROs are accountable to the Executive Committee and The Board for enabling the business to balance risk and reward. In more complex organizations, they are generally responsible for coordinating the organization's Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) approach. The CRO is responsible for assessing and mitigating significant competitive, regulatory, and technological threats to a firm's capital and earnings. The CRO roles and responsibilities vary depending on the size of the organization and industry. The CRO works to ensure that the firm is compliant with government regulations, such as Sarbanes–Oxley, and reviews factors that could negatively affect investments. Typically, the CRO is responsible for the firm's risk management operations, including managing, identifying, evaluating, reporting and overseeing the firm's risks externally and internally  to the organization and works diligently with senior management such as chief executive officer and chief financial officer.

The role of the chief risk officer (CRO) is becoming increasingly important in financial, investment, and insurance sectors. According to Watson, the majority of CROs agreed that having only exceptional analytical skills is not sufficient. The most successful CROs are able to combine these skills with highly developed commercial, strategic, leadership and communication skill to be able to drive change and make a difference in an organization. CROs typically have post-graduate education with over 20 years of experience in accounting, economics, legal or actuarial backgrounds. A business may find a risk acceptable; however, the company as a whole may not. CROs need to balance risks with financial, investment, insurance, personnel and inventory decisions to obtain an optimum level for stakeholders. According to a study by Morgan McKinley, a successful CRO must be able to deal with complexity and ambiguity, and understand the bigger picture.

James Lam, a noted risk professional, is credited as the first person to coin the term. Lam is the first person to hold that position at GE Capital in 1993. The position became more common after the Basel Accord, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, and the Turnbull Report.

A main priority for the CRO is to ensure that the organization is in full compliance with applicable regulations and to analyze all risk related issues. They may also be required to work alongside other senior executives such as with a chief compliance officer. They may deal with topics regarding insurance, internal auditing, corporate investigations, fraud, and information security. The responsibilities and requirements to become a chief risk officer vary depending on the size of the organization and the industry, however, most CROs typically have a masters-degree level of education and 10 to 20 years of business-related experience, with actuarial, accounting, economics, and legal backgrounds common. There are many different pathways to becoming a CRO but most organizations prefer to promote their own employees to the position internally.

Roles of a CRO
A chief risk officer (CRO) is relatively considered a newer position in the board of directors. When comparing the function of a CRO to the rest of the officers, we find that there is a relationship with every other role. In other words, for a process in any department in a firm to be completed it has to be discussed with a CRO to clear it of potential risks. In general, the CRO has many crucial tasks to look for in any organization to better serve its needs and mitigate its risk. According to the Enterprise Risk Management Initiative, CROs need to find a way to balance risks and inventory decisions to obtain an optimum level for stakeholders and maintain a positive reputation regarding the firm. However, the job description of CRO there is more in depth, there are some general tasks which every CRO has to be familiar with, such as, understanding the concept of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM).

A chief risk officer must identify, assess, measure, manage, monitor and report every aspect of the risk function of new implementations of the firm. This task is important when translating the business requirements of the firm into business/reporting and system specifications. Also, the CRO's assistance is necessary when it comes to new developments. Risk Chiefs must be leaders in developing and improving management reporting as well as providing user training for in-house developed systems. In addition to developing policies and frameworks, the CRO is responsible for the training and supervision of employees. Another important task is managing the development of new risk policies and procedures and participating in local and global discussions to enhance security processes and standards. The role of the CRO is still evolving as the scope of task is constantly changing. The increasing regulatory and legislative requirements of organizational compliance make the CRO one of the most important members of the management team. To be able to view risk in the context of the whole company and to organize different risk functions and tasks through the different entities of the organization is inevitable to the success of any structural planning.

Related positions of a CRO
The title of CRO is a fairly new position in a company that is continually evolving. The responsibility of a CRO can be supported by the CEO or CFO. However, having an independent position to mitigate risks close to the executive board is a real asset for the company. Although the title of CRO is fairly new, job titles such as CFOs and CEOs also have functions of a CRO. Related positions of a CRO include CEO, CFO, chief risk management officer, Risk Manager and Capital Manager. Although these related positions don't necessarily replace a CRO, they do hold job functions that are similar to those of a CRO.

Some names can be cited as examples of chief risk officer. This new position is found in many different industries. The major one is in the financial sector. For instance, Craig Broderick is the CRO of Goldman Sachs in the United States with nine years of experience, Joachim Oechslin works for Credit Suisse in Switzerland as CRO and Thomas Wilson ensures to mitigate risk at Allianz in Germany. Companies in other industries have hired CROs in order to become more competitive. For example, Stefano Rettore is the CRO of Archer Daniels Midland while being a member of the executive board. Vijay Patil has more than ten years of experience in this function and is the CRO of Yamaha.

Industry backgrounds
On August 1993, James Lam became the first worldwide CRO at GE Capital. He is called the inventor of the ERM model. As a CRO, Lam's responsibilities were to mitigate the risks of the company. He managed the credit risks, market risk, risk transfer and hedge risk. In 1995, a few company executives started to hire CROs in their organizations. But the demand was still low in the CRO position. In 2002, the US government released a new law which influenced the CRO industry significantly. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act which gets popular in 2004 says that directors or executives are more severe to counterfeiting financial corporate information. By hiring CROs, companies have started to protect the executives more. Ten years later, 2005, almost all big companies that were making sales over a billion dollars hired a CRO in their enterprise. These companies were almost in a difficult environment and that's why they began to recognize the importance of a CRO. Another boost for the CRO role was the financial crisis in 2008. Many companies became bankruptcy and many jobs were destroyed. After these events, more and more CROs were hired. With the increase in regulation in the economy, the position of the CRO is gaining more importance. Worldwide globalization is also increasing the importance of CROs. As of 2017, there are more than 1000 CROs worldwide. Most of them come from the financial service, energy, or commodity industry. In the future, the importance of the CRO will be measured by the complexity of the compliance risk.

Characteristics and qualifications
The characteristics and qualifications of a chief risk officer are dependent on the industry and the type of the business they are working in. For example, if the CRO were involved in the finance industry, a postgraduate education along with at least ten years of experience in accounting, economics, internal audit, risk management, strategic planning, or actuarial backgrounds would typically be a common characteristic along with many years in the banking sector.

Along with their extensive knowledge of the rules and regulations in finance, they usually would have held a position in the first/mid-level management up to senior executive for their past qualification in the industry. Having to understand the compliance with government regulations such as Sarbanes–Oxley of 2002, it is common for CRO's to have also held a chief financial officer position prior to becoming a chief risk officer. With their quantitative background in math, finance, and accounting - making the change to risk management would be a familiar experience. Whether in the technology, retail, healthcare, or finance industry - the qualities of a typical chief risk officer are very similar throughout the industries. Their financial expertise will aid in creating reporting procedures that will monitor any critical risks an organization may encounter.

Salary
Chief risk officer salaries vary widely and depend on the company and status the specific CRO achieved.

The average pay for a chief risk officer (CRO) with regulatory compliance skills in the US is about $162,274 per year. Risk Officers who work for banks earn slightly more at $180,970. Those managing risks for private corporations are paid a higher average salary of $216,000 annually.

Chief risk officers are in the bottom tenth percentile, with a salary of $72,750. However, CROs with years of effectiveness and successful developments often pass the quarter million mark annually, so there is no earnings limit.

In the following some examples are given:

Enterprise risk management
Enterprise Risk Management, ERM, is a fairly new process of managing risk within a company. Although ERM has yet to be widely accepted as an industry standard since there are various definitions as to what ERM exactly is, more recognition and acceptance of ERM has been shown. There are seminars dedicated to ERM explaining the process and providing examples of applications while also discussing advances in the field. Papers on ERM are also beginning to appear in journals and books which are starting to be published. Some universities are even starting to offer courses regarding ERM and the process.

Definitions of ERM
A definition provided by the committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2004 defines ERM as a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be with its appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.

Another definition provided by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO 3100) defines ERM as coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk.

According to James Lam, the definition of ERM is a value added function can be described as the inclusive and cohesive framework for managing key risks in order to achieve business goals, mitigate unexpected earnings unpredictability, and increase firm value to reduce risk which is a variable that can cause deviation from an expected outcome.

The benefits of ERM
According to James Lam, author of the book “Enterprise Risk Management,” there are several primary benefits of using ERM: 1) enhanced organizational effectiveness, 2) increased efficiency in terms of risk reporting, 3) improved business performance.

Organizational effectiveness helps address special and specific risks by creating the top-down coordination needed to form an integrated team suited to handle both independent risks and interdependencies between risks. Moreover, ERM has been said to increased risk management awareness allowing for more efficient operational and strategic decision making. This is done through the appointment of a chief risk officer and the establishment of an enterprise risk function.

Risk reporting assists both the chief risk officer of an organization and the board of governors in identifying key risk factors that may prove detrimental to the company in both the present and the future. Thus, ERM enables senior management to identify, measure, and limit to acceptable levels the net exposures faced by the firm. Being able to create risk transparency allows a firm to better hedge against those particular risks or avoid them all together.

Better business performance is yet another benefit of using ERM. Companies that adopt an ERM approach have seen improvements in areas requiring key management decisions from capitol allocations to product development and pricing to mergers and acquisitions. As a result, this leads to the benefits and improvements gained from utilizing an ERM approach can be seen in the form of loss reduction, improved shareholder value, decreased earning volatility, and an increase in the firms’ earnings.

The chief risk officer
The ERM model implies the leadership by an individual who is responsible for the development and implication of an ERM strategy and assists the senior management in terms of risk management. In order to do this a CRO sets up a risk management framework and policies based on the ERM strategy. Furthermore, the CRO implements reports and risk indicators to communicate the risk culture throughout the firm. These reports assist the CRO in creating a risk profile. The CRO communicates the firm's risk profile to the key stakeholders such as the CEO, the board of directors, and business partners. Optimizing the risk portfolio is another assigned task by the ERM. The CRO advises firm projects from a risk management point of view and uses regulations and risk transfer strategies in order to mitigate the risk.

ERM vs silo
ERM: An ERM requires an integrated risk organization, which normally means that a centralized risk management unit has to report to the CEO and the board of directors. The chief risk officer in an ERM is responsible for knowing and gathering information over all the different aspects within an organization. He takes a portfolio view of all types of risks within the company. In an ERM approach, the use of insurance and alternative risk transfer products is only considered if the risk seemed undesirable or unwanted to the management. Integration of risk management in the whole company's business process becomes necessary. The ERM optimizes business performance by influencing different aspects like pricing and resource allocation.

There are three major benefits connected to the use of the ERM approach and the CRO as liaison: Due to the fact that a CRO and an integrated team can better manage individual risks and interdependencies between these risks, the use of an ERM leads to increased organizational effectiveness. Apart from this fact, better risk reporting can be reached by prioritizing the content of risk reporting that should go to the different instances like the senior management or the board of directors. A side effect of this information prioritizing is much better transparency throughout the whole organization. Last but not least you can also reach a better overall business performance in the company. This is only possible if the risk management team uses an ERM approach and supports key management decisions like pricing, product development or Mergers and acquisitions. Given the support, there will be several benefits like increased earnings and improved shareholder value. An ERM can combine and integrate several risk silos into a firm-wide risk portfolio and can consider aspects such as volatility and correlation of all risk exposures. This can lead to a maximization of the diversification's benefits.

Silo: Under a silo approach, risk transfer strategies are executed under a transactional or individual risk level. As an example insurance can be mentioned, which transfers out operational risk. Risk assessment and quantification processes are not integrated. Value-at-risk models are used to quantify the market risk and credit default models are used to estimate credit risk. Both specific models could be used independently, but still: that is not the case in the Silo approach. There are different effects that can be caused by this less integrative model: Over-hedging and far too much insurance coverage can be a result of not incorporating all the different kinds of risk and their wide diversification.

Another characteristic of the Silo approach is the continuous fighting of one crisis after another without having an integrative concept or a specific individual that can be held responsible. No one specifically takes responsibility for aspects like the overall risk reporting or other risk-related unit supplies. Further more there is another aspect that shows a weakness of this model: Having different organizational units to address every specific risk that the first has to be segmented in the company definitely speaks for a less effective technique. In the Silo approach, the different business units use various methodologies to track counterparty risks. This can become a problem, if you look at the total counterparty exposure: it can get too great to be managed by all the different business units.

Risk champion
After a near miss or an actual crisis managers are often alarmed and focus more on all aspects of risk during the ongoing inspection. They are looking at aspects like the compliance risk and they are reinforcing important roles for the board. All these actions often lead to the naming of a risk champion who is then responsible for developing and establishing an ERM approach. In many companies, the risk champion is becoming more and more a formal senior management position: the CRO. One of the important function of a risk champion that should be mentioned is his/her support to legitimize the implementation of risk management itself. Apart from this fact he also helps the institution follow its objectives and better site it for the future. Further more he is also responsible for communicating its benefits.

Normally a risk champion should have the different characteristics like skills, knowledge, and leadership qualities, necessary to handle all the different specific aspects that can occur in the process of risk management. Other aspects that should be mentioned considering the responsibilities of a risk champion is his duty to intervene in instances where risk management efforts are actually disabled. This can be caused by the management itself or a lack of institutional skills. Additionally he also provides support to the whole risk management process if a problematic, complicated risk occurs. In this case, he can use the multiple-participant approach. Assisting the risk owner, but not assuming his or her role to help find a solution for his/her problem is also one of the many duties a risk champion has to face. In some studies the risk champion is described as some kind of troubleshooter who alleviates risk-related problems. After all you can summarize that the risk champion has to be integrated into the company's ERM approach and by this contribute to the institution's goals and objectives.

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act is a US act of 2002. In response to various financial scandals, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. This act also can be called Sarbox or Sox. First of all, Sarbanes–Oxley sought to enhance the integrity of corporate financial reporting and better regulate the accounting profession. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act applies for every company which is registered by SEC; therefore, international companies are included as well.

Furthermore, it regulates and set standards for companies to protect shareholders and the public from accounting errors as well as generates more transparency between reporting and the markets.

Thus, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act enhanced corporate financial reports and made several reforms in the accounting profession. Enhancements occurred in the financial statements; therefore, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act requires a company's executive chief officer and chief financial officer to clarify the precision of its financial reports. Moreover, to ensure the mentioned accuracy of financial reports, internal controls are required. Accordingly, each financial report required an internal control report to prevent fraud. Furthermore, the CRO has to be aware of everything occurring in his company on a daily basis, but he must also be current on all of the requirements from the SEC. In addition, the CRO restrains corporate risk by managing compliance.

In financial institutions
Integrating risk and finance can lead to more successful financial results, and more generally, to better achieving strategic goals. Here the skill sets of the CRO and CFO are brought together, allowing the CFO to focus on finding new growth opportunities. Here, 93% of all financial institutions that have more complex operations report having a CRO; several institutions have also established a chief compliance officer position.

The CEO of Zions Bancorporation, Harris Simmons once wrote that there would be an "uncontested need for independent risk management in large banking organizations". But in his opinion “covered companies should be allowed a measure of flexibility in determining how such an organization should be structured”. According to Thomas Stanton, author of "Why Some Firms Thrive and Others Fail", one of the differences between a company that was successful and another one that was not successful during the financial crisis, was their "application of constructive dialogue“. On the one hand, there were the employees who were responsible for making money by selling products and financial services and on the other hand, there were the ones responsible for limiting risks.

Due to the fact that bank regulators have actually encouraged banks now for a longer time to adopt an enterprise risk management approach, the need of a CRO to manage risk across the whole organization has increased. One can see close coordination between Finance and Risk Management when observing how a risk model is developed. Data of the risk model are often “created by finance” and their outcomes exert influence on the financial reporting, with the interdependencies then clear. It is thus no longer the case that risk and finance can be seen as independent (see Three lines of defence). The integration between finance and risk platforms may also seem "relaxed" re other elements, such as calculation or data-integration.

Components of ERM
COSO, a Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, uses the concept of Enterprise Risk Management for the first time. In this context, they published in 2004 the Enterprise Risk Management—Integrated Framework. In the past years the complexity of risk has changed, and new risks have emerged why COSO published in 2017 the updated framework of ERM. This framework includes five interrelated components which are found in the most ERM frameworks.

 * Governance and Culture establishes organizational processes and defines desired cultures to measure and manage risk across the company. The result is top-down risk management.

 * Strategy and Objective-Setting formulates business objectives that put strategy into practice. The business objectives are a basis for identifying, assessing, and responding to risk. Also, Strategy and Objective-Setting analyze the business context, defines risk appetite, and evaluate alternative strategies.

 * Performance identifies, assesses severity, and prioritizes risks that may impact the achievement of strategy and business objectives. Later, the company selects risk responses and develops a portfolio view. In the last step, the results are reported to key risk stakeholders.

 * Review and Revision consider how well the enterprise risk management components are functioning over time. Also, it reviews risk and performance, and, if necessary, improves the company and their risk management.

 * Information, Communication, and Reporting. To communicate risk information and create reports on risk, culture, and performance to the company's key stakeholders.

Implementation of the ERM Model

 * Corporate governance

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act, which was created in 2002 to prevent corporate fraud, was the reason for the rise of the importance of corporate governance. Hence the ERM requires that the following management responsibilities be assigned: to define a firm's “risk profile”; this means it is required to evaluate the firm's willingness to take risks and threats and the possible outcomes. This is important to determine proper investment asset allocation. Also, to ensure firm has necessary risk management skills. Risk management skills involves the risk management process which consists of 5 steps: risk assessment, risk analysis, risk treatment, risk acceptance, and risk communication. Thirdly, to establish the organization's structure with all roles and responsibilities. This involves assigning different enterprise risk management roles throughout the organization, and establishing a clear hierarchy structure.

Risk management integration also plays an important role in corporate governance. This means identifying the degree of harm derived from a certain threat or risk and balancing the costs and benefits of the possible methods to eliminate or reduce the risk. It is crucial to establish risk assessment and audit processes to avoid corruption within a corporation's risk management process. There must be auditor's who authorize the decisions of the risk managers before they are implemented.

Setting the risk culture of the firm starting at the top: The CEO is an important step in corporate governance. Establishing a hierarchy chart for the company's risk management roles is a critical step to ensure clear communication of the tasks and duties in the ERM process. It is also important to create an ongoing employee training program; a strong employee training program means there is less employee mistakes therefore less money wasted within the corporation, and this could also avoid big issues such as bankruptcy or bad company reputation.

 * Management

Using the concept of Line vs Staff Positions in the Firm ERM means that in certain situations the line managers should seek advice from the staff beneath them. Using the Line Vs Staff concept does the following: aligns the production process with the corporate risk policy, incorporates expected losses and cost of risk capital  into production pricing and the hurdle rate, and creates an efficient and transparent risk review  process to give production managers better  understanding of acceptable risks.

This should help reduce the volatility of the company's earnings, thus enhancing shareholder value. With an organized approach to risk, a firm can better manage its risks and returns to make more informed decisions about capital and investments.

 * Portfolio management

ERM requires that management act as a portfolio fund manager who identifies the firm's risk profile which is essentially a representation at a given point of time of an organization's overall exposure to risks. ERM also requires that management set risk limits within a range of risks. When risk taking is authorized, risk limits are bounds placed on that risk-taking decision.

ERM produces diversification benefits for the company. Diversification benefit arises when two processes are not completely dependent on each other, and a bad (good) outcome for one process does not necessarily mean a bad (good) outcome for the other. Dependency and diversification are opposite sides of the same coin; when the strength of a dependency is increased, the level of diversification benefit is reduced.

Risk transfer
One part of the ERM Model is risk transfer. Per the terms and conditions the CRO must decide to spread the risk to an external party or to retain the risks. If he spreads the risk then it moves to an external party, but it can also go to a subsidiary. In general, the companies transfer risk by purchasing different kinds of insurance. The three favorite types of insurance are workers' compensation, general liability, and property / casualty insurance.

Stakeholder management
Stakeholders are all individuals or groups of people who are in contact with the company. As the need for information grows in importance, management must respond to better risk visibility for the stakeholder groups. These include employees, customers, supporters, offerers, business partners, creditors and other stakeholders. Stakeholder managers provide useful information about the risk situation and financial position to stakeholders so that they can make the right investment decisions.

Limitations
The chief risk officer (CRO) is a senior executive officer that reports to the CEO and/or the board of directors. The CRO manages the risk management department and provides information to help mitigate internal and external risk factors of the company and ensures that the company is in compliance with government regulations. Even though the CRO is a senior executive officer in the company, there are several limitation in what the CRO is able to control. While heading the risk management department the CRO is allowed freedom to control and mitigate risk when it does not require a large demand. When the potential for risk is large, the CRO must report to the CEO and/or the board of directors for future action. Although the CRO's job is to minimize the potential risk in the company, risk as a factor cannot not be eliminated fully from a company.

The introduction of the Sarbanes–Oxley act (SOX) has promoted the need and adaptation of the CRO role. A main priority of the CRO is to ensure that the company complies with SOX to ensure they are following government regulations. SOX introduced new legal regulations that becomes legal and compliance risk(s) for companies. With the introduction of SOX, the corporate officers could be held liable for failure to produce accurate financial reports and standings in the company. The CRO's job is to help the company become compliant with government regulations, transparent, and help mitigate risk for the company.

title: Chief risk officer


text: Category:Australian plays

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Australian plays


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User talk:Jessebreceda

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Also, please stop making pages with JUST an image on them and watch the Copyright violations on the images. If you need anything, leave a message on my talk page, Thanks! Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 04:11, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Monstermetal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Monstermetal
Non-notable, not really a musical genre. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 04:11, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete :P – ugen64 04:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 04:43, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Pretty naive article, folks. They'll do better after they've seen the inside of a recording studio. Geogre 12:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, spam/advertising, vanity... it pretty much covers all the bases. --Idont Havaname 03:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Unification theology

Comments
''Still needs Christology section. . .'' [00:11, 5 June 2005 User:Billlund]

The article needs to say something about the Unificationist literal, historical, fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible. [23 May 2006 User:24.22.111.11]

 * You could say something like: "Unificationists have a literal, historical, fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible." What you shouldn't do on Wikipedia is express an opinion about it like: "This makes them wonderful people of faith."  or:  "This makes them narrow-minded, old-fashioned bigots."  Steve Dufour 03:26, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Except that "literal" is only half correct, and "fundamentalist" is nearly 100% incorrect. -Exucmember 05:59, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing that the person posting the comment favors a humanistic, modernistic interpretation of the Bible and is comparing the DP to that. You are right that we are less literal than the average "fundamentalist" Christian.  Steve Dufour 05:29, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Renaming of article
I think the article needs to be renamed "Unification Theology." I'm guessing whoever named it didn't have formal theological training. Also, this should be the main article for Unification Theology (not, for example, the Unification Church, which has a section for theology and a section for church teachings, and uses the two interchangably). It needs to be filled out a lot. At present it is very unbalanced in terms of which topics it addresses. -Exucmember 03:55, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good job on the merge. Thanks! --Uncle Ed 15:14, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Should there be an article on this?
The Divine Principle is copyrighted (although its text is posted on the Internet for anyone to read) so we can not just repeat the exact words here. On the other hand, if we explain church teachings in our own words that would be original research. Steve Dufour 17:53, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Steve, what are you talking about? By "this," (in section heading) I assume you mean this article page (not quite clear). Of course there has to be a page on Unification Theology. There are already dozens of pages on individual theological principles (even if some of these perhaps should be deleted as non-notable). Do the church teachings not matter? I think only the most cynical detractors who don't understand the church would say so. This article page is the logical home base for them. Of course there is no problem citing copyrighted material verbatim, even long passages (as long as you don't repeat the entire text!). And of course you can use your own words and back it up with citations from sources without it being original research. I'm really at a loss - what are you asking? -Exucmember 04:26, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In this case, I must agree with Exucmember against Steve Dufour. Putting something into our own words is not "original research" in the Wikipedian sense of the term.

 * Moreover copyright does not apply to ideas but to particular passages of text. Unification Thought is a set of philosophical ideas (based on DP, you know). Explaining Unification Thought]] is a book written by Dr. Lee. We cannot quote from his book without following the rules, such as giving him credit as the author and supplying book title and page number (or at least a web link). --Uncle Ed 14:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe I was being a little extreme. There should be articles about the Divine Principle and Unfication Theology.  However, I'm not sure if Wikipedia is the place where we should explain what we believe.  People can follow the link to where the whole of the Divine Principle is posted. Steve Dufour 17:33, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if we don't explain what we believe, others will explain what they think we believe. The choice is yours. --Uncle Ed 17:46, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If they do that we could delete it as original research. Steve Dufour 18:01, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Not if sources can't be found, it shouldn't
This article has exactly two citations (both to UC sources), so after tagging it for this fact in July, I have trimmed it down to only having the lead plus the two statements cited to them. If no improvement is made on sources/verifiable content, I will be putting this article up for merger shortly. Unification Thought, which likewise has only two, UC, citations, is in danger of going the same way. HrafnTalkStalk 05:28, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unification theology


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File:Collyer1a.jpg

 * Source: New York Public Library

Fair use in Collyer brothers
This picture qualifies for fair use because:
 * 1) It is of small size and lacks detail
 * 2) The unlikeliness of the use of this photo on Wikipedia competing commercially with licensed use of the picture.

title: File:Collyer1a.jpg


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Drew Friedman (cartoonist)

Drew Friedman is an American cartoonist and illustrator who first gained renown for his humorous artwork and "stippling"-like style of caricature, employing thousands of pen-marks to simulate the look of a photograph. In the mid-1990s, he switched to painting.

Friedman's work has appeared in such periodicals as Entertainment Weekly, Newsweek, Time, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, The New Republic, The New York Observer, Esquire, RAW, Rolling Stone, The Village Voice, Mineshaft, and Mad. His works have been anthologized in seven collections, and he has illustrated a number of books, including Howard Stern's Private Parts and Miss America, as well as books of portraits released under his own name.

Biography
Since the 1990s, Friedman has provided caricature illustrations for mainstream publications. However, he first attracted public attention in the 1980s producing morbid alternative comics stories, sometimes working solo, sometimes with his brother Josh Alan Friedman scripting the panels. These stories portrayed celebrities and character actors of yesteryear in seedy, absurd, tragi-comic situations. The brothers also wrote stories about talk-show host Joe Franklin, including one strip, written by Drew, for Heavy Metal, "The Incredible Shrinking Joe Franklin", that prompted Franklin to sue the artist for $40 million. The suit was later dismissed. Novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr. compared his work to Goya's.

The Friedman brothers were first published in RAW Magazine. Working with and without his brother, Drew's comics were published in Heavy Metal, Weirdo, High Times, National Lampoon and other comics anthologies from the 1980s into the early 1990s. The brothers published two collections, Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental and Warts and All. In a Comics Journal interview, Drew Friedman lamented that he and his brother had failed to earn a living creating work that was time- and labor-intensive yet earned little. Josh gave up comics to become a journalist and a musician.

Beginning in 1986, Drew illustrated a monthly feature, "Private Lives of Public Figures," for Spy; these illustrations were compiled in a book published by St. Martin's Press in 1992. He also provided illustrations for Howard Stern's two best-selling books, Private Parts and Miss America. Friedman served as comics editor for the National Lampoon in 1991, introducing the works of Daniel Clowes and Chris Ware to a wider audience. Since 1994, he has provided regular front-page illustrations for The New York Observer.

In 2006, Friedman published Old Jewish Comedians (Fantagraphics Books), a collection of portraits of famous and forgotten Jewish comics of film and TV in their old age, about which Steven Heller, in The New York Times Book Review, wrote: "A festival of drawing virtuosity and fabulous craggy faces... Friedman might very well be the Vermeer of the Borscht Belt." A sequel, More Old Jewish Comedians (Fantagraphics Books), was published in 2008. A collection of newer work, The Fun Never Stops! was published by Fantagraphics in 2007.

Describing his illustration style in 2017, Friedman said it might not appeal to "people who find warts, pimples, wrinkles, flop-sweat, jowls, boils, rosacea, nose hairs, ear hairs, drool, baggy eyes, gin blossoms, moles, liver spots, neck waddles, nasal labia folds, crinkles, furrows, creases, puss, pustules, bumps, lumps, yellowing and/or rotting teeth, missing teeth, gums, dentures, saliva, double chins, triple chins, blotches, scars, lumps, zits, five o'clock shadows, folds, bulbous noses, craters, chapped lips, man-boobs, goiters, pock marks, whiteheads, blackheads, rashes, nose leakages, emasculations, calluses, scabs, balding/bald heads, nodules, freckles, protuberances, welts, carbuncles, papules, festers, and Shemp distasteful," adding, "Liver spots are my Ninas."

While continuing to accept commercial assignments, Friedman began working as a portrait fine artist. "It helps if I'm passionate about the subject I'm drawing," he said in a 2015 interview. "As I get older I have less patience to draw someone or something I have no connection to or don't really like, or hate, even a politician. I just don't like the idea of staring into the face of someone I detest for several days drawing him or her. It's unsettling."

Friedman was one of the artists photographed in his studio for The Artist Within: Book 2: Behind the Lines by photographer Greg Preston, published in 2017.

Friedman's portrait of Barack Obama appeared on the cover of the New Yorker on July, 29, 2009. Freidman's 2019 book "All The Presidents" featured portraits of 45 United States presidents.

Education
Friedman attended New York's School of Visual Arts from 1978 to 1981. While there, he took classes from (among others) Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Edward Sorel, Art Spiegelman, Stan Mack and Arnold Roth. During his tenure at SVA, Friedman edited both Eisner and Kurtzman's year-end magazines of student work (Will Eisner's Gallery of New Comics and Kartunz, respectively) Friedman's classmates at SVA included Mark Newgarden, Mike Carlin and Kaz.

He is the son of author/satirist Bruce Jay Friedman.

Awards
Friedman was recognized for his work with the National Cartoonists Society's Newspaper Illustration Award for 2000, and he was nominated again in 2002 and 2007. That organization also awarded Friedman their Magazine Illustration Award for 2000. In 2014, Friedman was awarded the Inkpot Award.

title: Drew Friedman (cartoonist)


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Jack Coughlin (author)

Jack Coughlin (born January 12, 1966) is a retired United States Marine Corps Gunnery sergeant and the author of the autobiography Shooter.

Early years
Coughlin was born and raised in Waltham, Massachusetts, the youngest of five children. At a young age, Jack was temporarily blinded in his right eye (his shooting eye) when a sharp rock ricocheted from a fight between two older boys. His eye eventually healed and his sight in the eye was 20/10. At age 19, Coughlin decided to enlist in the Marine Corps.

Military career
Coughlin enlisted in the Marines in 1985 and completed his recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. His first experiences with operating firearms occurred during Marine Corps recruit training, including shooting a rifle. He attended Scout Sniper school but never graduated. He was also stationed at the Subic Bay naval base in the Philippines with Alpha Company, Marine Barracks Starboard Security Platoon, and later the Jungle Operations Branch. Eventually, he was assigned to the 3rd Battalion 4th Marines, part of the 7th Marine Regiment of the 1st Marine Division.

Coughlin was deployed with Weapons Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines as a "Professionally Instructed Gunman" (P.I.G.) during Operation Restore Hope. He was involved in an attack on an enemy compound north of Mogadishu, Somalia and assigned a hide position to take out targets of opportunity and to report enemy movement. The compound had a ZSU-23-4 Shilka anti-aircraft weapon (also referred to as "Zeus") and tanks. Coughlin operated the manned ZSU-23-4 and successfully dispatched the enemy, permitting the attack to be effective. He was deployed with this unit to Iraq in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 2003 invasion of Iraq with Basra. He spent some time with British Army troops in Basra, then fought with his unit north of Baghdad, and he was present at the destruction of Saddam Hussein's statue. In Iraq, he received his second Bronze Star Medal with valor device. He retired from the USMC when he returned home from Iraq.

title: Jack Coughlin (author)


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W.A.S.P. (album)

W.A.S.P. is the debut studio album by the American heavy metal band W.A.S.P., released on August 17, 1984. The album has been known under three different names; the spine of the original European vinyl release had Winged Assassins printed on it, while early cassette releases of the album had the name of the album's first track, "I Wanna Be Somebody", printed in bold letters on the cover. The album is officially entitled simply W.A.S.P., which it is typically referred to as.

Overview
Prior to its original release, the controversial track "Animal (Fuck Like a Beast)" was deleted from the album. The Parents Music Resource Center had labeled the song as one of its "Filthy 15", songs that the group determined to be morally objectionable. Capitol Records subsequently bowed to pressure and pulled the song. The band released it as a single in the UK in 1984 on the indie label Music for Nations, and the single subsequently became a highly sought after item in North America as an import. The 1998 reissue features the originally intended track list with the song reinstated.

The song "I Wanna Be Somebody", released as the album's second single with accompanying music video, was so popular that VH1 later placed it in their list of the "Top 100 Hard Rock Songs" of all time. "L.O.V.E. Machine" dates back to Lawless' pre-W.A.S.P. band Circus Circus, who frequently played the song live but never recorded it.

Several of the album's songs have been covered by other bands. "Sleeping (In the Fire)" has been covered by Tiamat and Anders Manga, "Hellion" by Children of Bodom and In Aeternum, "L.O.V.E. Machine" by Fallen Man, Lullacry, Fozzy and Alghazanth, "I Wanna Be Somebody" by Sentenced, Catamenia, Witchery, Avulsed and Gates of Ishtar, and "The Torture Never Stops" by the death metal group Torture Division.

The song "Tormentor" was heard in the films The Dungeonmaster (1984) and TerrorVision (1986).

Track listings
All songs written by Blackie Lawless, except where noted.

Personnel

 * W.A.S.P.
 * Blackie Lawless – lead vocals, bass, producer
 * Chris Holmes – lead & rhythm guitars
 * Randy Piper – lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals
 * Tony Richards – drums, backing vocals

 * Production
 * Mike Varney – producer
 * Duane Baron – engineer, mixing
 * Stephen M. Fontano – engineer
 * Jim Scott, Hanspeter Huber – assistant engineers
 * David Tarling – pre-production

title: W.A.S.P. (album)


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Tom Bunk

Tom Bunk (born 17 December 1945) is a cartoonist known for adding multiple extraneous details to his posters, cartoons and illustrations created for both American and German publishers.

Career
In 1973, he moved to Berlin, where he began rendering humorous subjects in oil paintings. After selling these paintings in three successful shows, he turned to cartooning and contributed to underground comics in 1976.

His cartoon creations appeared in the 1970s in the satirical German magazine pardon, and in other European magazines and anthologies. After collecting his comics in three books, he moved to New York in 1983 and began working for Raw, the graphic story magazine edited and published by Françoise Mouly and Art Spiegelman. He created Topps trading cards, including Wacky Packages and Garbage Pail Kids. In 1990, he became a regular Mad cartoonist, and his contributions have led some to regard his work as a continuation of Will Elder's cartoons.

He illustrates humorous and surreal oil paintings and graphics of absurd situations and subjects, explaining, "In my paintings, I am interested in telling a story. I like the story to be open ended and enigmatic. It should have an internal truth, which the viewer will recognize in his/her own way. As elements in my storytelling, I use symbols and their arrangement. I like everyday objects to have a meaning beyond the obvious, a metaphysical meaning. When I paint I try to keep a balance between my intellect, my intuition and my ever present humoristic approach. In this way I keep the painting always interesting and alive for me. This is also what I would like the painting to be for the viewer, a stimulating and entertaining puzzle."

In 2015 he was presented with a Lifetime Work Achievement Award at the Munich Comic Festival, and the Reuben Divisional Award for best cartoonist in 2018 in the United States.

He lives and works in New Rochelle, New York.

title: Tom Bunk


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Australian Chamber Orchestra

The Australian Chamber Orchestra (ACO) is an Australian orchestra focused on chamber music based in Sydney.

History
The Australian Chamber Orchestra was founded by cellist John Painter in 1975. Richard Tognetti was appointed lead violin in 1989 and subsequently appointed artistic director.

As well as frequent Australian tours, the Sydney-based Australian Chamber Orchestra often tours Asia, Europe and the US, including regular performances at London's Wigmore Hall, New York's Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center, Vienna's Musikverein and Washington's Kennedy Center.

In 2014 an album of the orchestra, featuring the American soprano Dawn Upshaw as soloist, won three Grammy Awards. The orchestra appears in the films Musical Renegades and Musica Surfica and the television series Classical Destinations series two.

In 2005, ACO Collective, a second ensemble combining emerging artists and Australian Chamber Orchestra musicians was formed as a training and regional touring orchestra.

The ACO musicians perform on a collection of 11 Golden Age string instruments, including three Stradivarius violins. Richard Tognetti performs on a 1743 Guarneri del Gesù violin, on loan from an anonymous benefactor. Principal Violin Satu Vanska performs on the 1726 Belgiorno Stradivarius on loan from Guido and Michelle Belgiorno-Nettis, Principal Cello Timo-Veikko Valve performs on a 1616 Brothers Amati Cello on loan from the ACO Instrument Fund and Principal Violin Helena Rathbone plays a 1732 Stradivarius violin on loan from an anonymous benefactor.

In 2021, the Orchestra was described as Extremely Online.

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

! Ref.
 * 2021
 * Brahms: Symphonies 3 & 4 Ensemble Offspring - Songbirds (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Independent Classical Album or EP
 * Nominated
 * 2022
 * River (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Independent Classical Album or EP
 * Nominated
 * 2024
 * Beethoven (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Independent Classical Album or EP
 * Pending
 * 2024
 * Beethoven (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Independent Classical Album or EP
 * Pending
 * Pending

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 1987
 * Mozart in Delphi
 * rowspan="8"| Best Classical Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="8"|
 * 1993
 * Janáček: Kreutzer Sonata for Strings, Barber: Adagio for Strings, Walton: Sonata for Strings (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1994
 * Mendelssohn: Octet in E Flat for Strings Op. 20 Sinfonia No. 9 in C. Swiss (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Nominated
 * Symphony Serenades and Suites (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1996
 * Peter Sculthorpe: Music for Strings
 * Won
 * Spirit
 * Nominated
 * 1997
 * Il Tramonto - The Sunset
 * Nominated
 * 2000
 * Beethoven Violin Concerto & Mozart Symphony No. 40 (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Nominated
 * 2004
 * Musical Renegades
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Bach Violin Concertos (with Richard Tognetti)
 * rowspan="5"| Best Classical Album
 * Won
 * rowspan="5"|
 * 2009
 * Classical Destinations II
 * Nominated
 * 2010
 * Mozart Violin Concertos (with Richard Tognetti & Christopher Moore)
 * Nominated
 * 2011
 * Mozart Violin Concertos Vol 2 (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Nominated
 * 2016
 * Mozart's Last Symphonies (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Mountain (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * 2019
 * Heroines (with Richard Tognetti)
 * rowspan="1"| Best Classical Album
 * Nominated
 * 2022
 * River (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album
 * Won
 * 2023
 * Indies & Idols (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Classical Album
 * Won
 * 2017
 * Mountain (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * 2019
 * Heroines (with Richard Tognetti)
 * rowspan="1"| Best Classical Album
 * Nominated
 * 2022
 * River (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album
 * Won
 * 2023
 * Indies & Idols (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Classical Album
 * Won
 * 2023
 * Indies & Idols (with Richard Tognetti)
 * Best Classical Album
 * Won
 * Best Classical Album
 * Won

title: Australian Chamber Orchestra


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Tony Barbieri

Anthony J. Barbieri (born August 26, 1963) is an American comedic writer and performer. He is known for his appearances as the Jimmy Kimmel Live! character "Jake Byrd".

Career
Barbieri was the writer of the monthly satirical Monroe comic strip for Mad Magazine from 1997 to 2010.

In 1999, he got his first writer's credit for television while working on The Man Show. Barbieri went on to write for the sitcoms That's My Bush! and That '80s Show.

The Big Three
Barbieri was part of a comedy team known as "The Big Three" with Perry Caravello and Don Barris. In 2003, the trio starred in the Comedy Central reality movie Windy City Heat, directed by Bobcat Goldthwait and written by Barris and Barbieri, and Jimmy Kimmel. The movie was an elaborate prank on Caravello who was under the impression he had landed his first starring role in a major motion picture.

In 2010, Caravello, Barris and Barbieri started a weekly comedy podcast called The Big 3 Podcast, on Adam Carolla's ACE Broadcasting Network. In 2011 the show moved to Barris' own network, before ending in April 2015.

Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Barbieri began writing for Jimmy Kimmel Live! in 2003, and in 2004 started appearing on the show as the character Jake Byrd. Byrd is portrayed as a good-natured man obsessed with celebrities, and his bits involve him satirizing excessive media attention to celebrity spectacles such as the Michael Jackson trial or the arrest of Paris Hilton. Byrd usually interacts with the fans while they are being interviewed by the media or inserts himself into press conferences. He has successfully fooled major media outlets into thinking he is a real person, including The New York Times, who quoted him in a May 1, 2004, article about the Michael Jackson trial, before running a redact five days later noting that he was a character. Despite this, the Times wrote again about him, as if he were a real person, during the 2007 O. J. Simpson robbery case.

On May 30, 2024, posing as a supporter of former U.S. president and 2024 presidential candidate Donald Trump, Byrd was again quoted, as if a real person, in a Fox News article about the reactions of Trump supporters towards the former president's criminal conviction. Byrd carried a sign with the words "Free Father Theresa" outside the  Manhattan Criminal Courthouse while interacting with Trump supporters, in reference to a statement by Donald Trump comparing himself to Mother Teresa. The words on Byrd's sign was used in the title of the Fox News article. Byrd was also filmed screaming by NBC News in their coverage of the event. In his part as a parody Trump supporter, Byrd gained brief Internet notoriety as a meme on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter).

In 2008 Barbieri won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for the Jimmy Kimmel Live! song "I'm F**king Matt Damon". He was nominated for another Emmy in 2013 as part of Kimmel's writing staff for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series.

Filmography
The following list includes shows or films in which he has a small, but credited, role as a writer or actor.
 * Rick and Morty (2015) – (TV program) (voice actor)
 * Windy City Heat (2003) – (TV movie) (writer/actor)
 * Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2003–) (talk show on ABC) – (writer/actor) – His own pieces, including his well-known character Jake Byrd.
 * That '80s Show (2002) (TV program) (writer)
 * Crank Yankers (2002–present) (TV program) (writer/voice actor)
 * That's My Bush! (2001) (TV program) – (writer/actor) – A political comedy spoofing George W. Bush (appeared in one episode).
 * The Man Show (1999–2004) (TV program) (writer)
 * Delta Force: Land Warrior (2000) (video game) (voice actor)
 * Pledge Night (1988) (movie) – Horror film.

title: Tony Barbieri


text:
Denis Walter

Denis Clive Walter OAM, (born 3 January 1955) is an Australian radio presenter, baritone singer, recording artist and media personality who also presented television news for 16 years.

Career
Walter's music career has lasted over forty years and he has recorded 16 albums to date.

For 16 years until his final bulletin in November 2008 when he left to join Melbourne radio station 3AW full-time, Walter was a news presenter in regional Victoria for WIN Television (a former affiliate of the Nine Network). He has also hosted nightly televised Keno lottery draws and having presented the weather on Nine News in Melbourne earlier in his career, returned for a few weeks in December 2008/January 2009 to fill in for Livinia Nixon.

On 10 November 2008, Walter began hosting Afternoons on 3AW (693 AM) Melbourne, replacing Ernie Sigley who retired. Walter regularly performs at concerts throughout Victoria.

In August 2018, Walter was announced as a host for the first series on the Nine Network's new travel series Helloworld. Of course, he plus Sonia Kruger, Steven Jacobs and Lauren Phillips would exit from Nine and Giaan Rooney becomes the presenter on the Seven Network enters the show for seasons 2 & 3.

In December 2019, 3AW announced that he will move to a new timeslot in 2020 as the host of a new local program, 3AW Nights replacing John Stanley. Dee Dee Dunleavy has been announced as Walters replacement. He is on a 3-year contract in this role, extendable for a further 3 years.

Community work
Walter is a patron for Cystic Fibrosis Australia, an ambassador for Dementia Australia, the Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Make A Wish Foundation (South West Victoria) and Barwon Health and also does work for the Neuroscience Foundation and a number of other charitable and community groups.

Walter is also the Patron for Samoyed Club of Victoria. Denis also hosts the Carols By Candlelight in Dandenong every year. Each year Walter hosts Carols by the Bay at Eastern Beach on the Geelong waterfront, a Christmas concert. He is also a long-standing performer since 1979 at Vision Australia's traditional Christmas Eve Carols by Candlelight event in Melbourne.

Honours
Walter was awarded an Order of Australia Medal in the 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours list "for service to the performing arts as a singer and entertainer, and to the broadcast media."

Personal life
Walter is married with two stepdaughters and two grandsons. He currently lives in Geelong.

Albums

 * Note: According to Walter's website, as of 2020, he has released 16 albums, therefore, there are four missing from the table above.

title: Denis Walter


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William Wray (artist)

William York Wray (born March 24, 1956) is an American cartoonist, animator and landscape painter widely known for his contributions to Mad and The Ren & Stimpy Show, as well as his current focus on regional landscape painting—under the names Bill Wray for his animated work and William Wray for his paintings.

With urban landscapes, cartoon elements, and superheroes as frequent subjects, Wray is noted for a tightly cropped and abstract painting style. The Huffington Post said he "has a brisk, bold style that gives his city scenes a jolt of painterly drama." Southwest Art Magazine called him "a chronicler of the fading urban remains of a bygone era."

Early life
Wray was the son of a lieutenant colonel in Army intelligence, and his family moved frequently, living in Germany, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. He often read comic books and watched animated cartoons. In 2009, he said, "I was always drawing because I was lonely."

When he was 10, his family settled in Costa Mesa, California. After high school, he attended Orange Coast College, but dropped out to animate professionally during the day and study art privately weekends and nights with a retired Disney animator. He subsequently animated for Disney, Hanna-Barbera and Filmation.

Career
In 1985, Wray moved to New York, doing comic-book work for Marvel and DC Comics while studying at New York's Art Students League. A phone call from John Kricfalusi brought him back West in the early 1990s to work on The Ren & Stimpy Show, Samurai Jack, The Mighty B! and other shows. Since 2010, Wray has worked with Rauch Brothers Animation on animated shorts for StoryCorps.

His long-run Monroe series appeared in more than 100 issues of Mad, and he has also co-created Dark Horse Comics Hellboy Junior with Mike Mignola based on the Hellboy character. His cartoon influences include Hank Ketcham, Harvey Kurtzman, Erich Sokol and Wally Wood.

Wray now concentrates on landscape oil paintings of landscapes, figures, and urban settings. Wray has said his attitude and approach to his paintings is an attempt to document aspects of urban California that continue to vanish:
 * The highest compliment I ever received was when a great painter told me my paintings look old. I love the early 20th Century's art and architecture and work hard to invoke comparisons to that period in my work. I love the idea of capturing what's left of a bygone era; recording it before it's gone, replaced by a new strip mall. I've spent my life studying the artists of that era, reaching for a level of skill and feeling that the modern art world has long dismissed as dull-witted craft. I hope my paintings of these old structures has become less an invocation of nostalgia than an important race to record what is fast disappearing. Every time you find an old factory, a rundown dock or an old shack, a developer is sure to be there trying to convince the city it's time to renovate. Good for the economy, they say, but bad for the painter looking for interesting subjects to paint. California's urban pockets of age are disappearing at a record pace, so I have to paint as fast as I can.

Wray's approach to painting was influenced by Edgar Alwin Payne, Emile Gruppe, J. C. Leyendecker and other artists. He is a member of Laguna Plein Air Painters Association, Oil Painters of America and the California Art Club — and has participated in workshops with Ray Roberts, Carolyn Anderson, Matt Smith, Eric Merrill, Frank Serrano and George Strickland, in addition to his long-term study with Jove Wang.

Awards

 * 2005: First prize winner in Art Interview - International Online Artist Competition.
 * 2005: Second place: 1st Annual 2005 Riverside Plein Air Paint-out
 * 2006: Artist Choice Award at the SLO Painting Festival

title: William Wray (artist)


text:
Hideki Irabu

Hideki Irabu (伊良部 秀輝) was a Japanese professional baseball player of American and Japanese mixed ancestry. He played professionally in both Japan and the United States. Irabu played for the Lotte Orions / Chiba Lotte Marines and Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and for the New York Yankees, Montreal Expos, and Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Irabu debuted in NPB in 1988 and played for the Marines through the 1996 season. Desiring to play in MLB, the Marines sold Irabu to the San Diego Padres, with whom they had a working arrangement, despite Irabu's desire to play for the Yankees. When Irabu refused to play for San Diego, they traded him to the Yankees, and the aftermath of the deal led to the development of the posting system. Irabu was a member of the Yankees' World Series-winning teams in 1998 and 1999, becoming the first Japanese-born player to win a World Series.

Irabu pitched in the major leagues through 2002 and returned to Japan with the Tigers in 2003 and retired after the 2004 season. Irabu died by suicide in 2011.

Early life
Irabu was born on 5 May 1969, in Hirara (present: Miyakojima), Okinawa, Japan (then administered by the government of the United States). His father was a U.S. Air Force meteorologist named Steve Thompson, married to a woman in the United States at the time. Thompson, who had been redeployed to Vietnam before his son's birth, briefly visited young Hideki and his mother a year later, but they would not again meet until after Irabu reached the U.S. major leagues. Hideki's mother, Kazue, a native of Miyako, later married a restaurateur, Ichiro Irabu, from Osaka. Irabu raised Hideki as his son in Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture.

Lotte Orions / Chiba Lotte Marines
Irabu pitched for the Lotte Orions, who later became the Chiba Lotte Marines, of the Pacific League from 1988–1996. He was known as a high-speed pitcher and in 1993, he threw a 158 km/h fastball against Kazuhiro Kiyohara of the Seibu Lions. This was the fastest clocked pitch in all of Japanese Professional Baseball (NPB) until 2005, when the record was broken by Marc Kroon of the Yokohama BayStars.

Irabu led the Pacific League in wins in 1994 (15) and in ERA in 1995 and 1996 (2.53 & 2.40, respectively). He also led the Pacific League in strikeouts in 1994 and 1995 (239 & 167, respectively).

New York Yankees
In 1997, the San Diego Padres purchased Irabu's contract from the Chiba Lotte Marines. The criticisms of this sale from other MLB teams, who wished to bid on Irabu, led to the creation of the posting system currently used by Japanese and MLB teams. Irabu, however, refused to sign with the Padres, saying he would only play with the Yankees. For the negotiating rights to Irabu, the Yankees offered the Padres a choice of one from a list of players including Brian Boehringer, David Weathers, Chris Cumberland, Andy Fox and Matt Luke. The Padres eventually included him as a player-to-be-named-later in a trade that involved Homer Bush and Irabu going to the New York Yankees in exchange for Rafael Medina, Rubén Rivera, and $3 million in cash. The Yankees signed Irabu to a $12.8 million, four-year contract, and after only eight minor league appearances, the Yankees put him in their rotation.

Irabu made his highly publicized debut on 10 July 1997, drawing almost twice as many fans that night as they averaged for weeknight games. He played with the Yankees from 1997 through 1999, winning two World Series rings (1998, 1999) despite only pitching in one postseason game and having no postseason decisions. George Steinbrenner publicly expressed disgust at his weight, at one point calling him a "fat pussy toad" after he failed to cover first base on a ground ball during a spring training game. Steinbrenner refused to let Irabu accompany the team to Los Angeles, but two days later, Steinbrenner apologized and allowed Irabu to join the team.

1998 was Irabu's best season in MLB, featuring career bests in games started (28), complete games (2), innings pitched (173), wins (13), and ERA (4.06). Despite his inconsistency, Irabu was twice named the American League's Pitcher of the Month: in May 1998 and July 1999.

Montreal Expos
After the 1999 season, he was traded to the Montreal Expos for Ted Lilly, Christian Parker, and Jake Westbrook. He started only 14 games for the Expos in 2000 and 2001, pitching $71 1/3$ innings with a 6.69 ERA and only two wins against seven losses.

Texas Rangers
In 2002, he signed as a free agent to pitch for the Texas Rangers as a closer. At the end of the year, he was released.

Hanshin Tigers
At the end of the 2002 season, Irabu moved back to Japan to pitch in the Hanshin Tigers' starting rotation for the 2003 season, helping the team win the Central League pennant for the first time since 1985.

Before the 2004 season, he pitched in the 2004 MLB Japan Opening Series exhibition games against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

Over the course of six MLB seasons, Irabu's career totals are 126 games, 514 innings, 34 wins, 35 losses, 16 saves, 405 strikeouts, and a 5.15 ERA. His Japanese totals for eleven seasons are 273 games, 1,286$1⁄3$ innings, 72 wins, 69 losses, 11 saves, 1,282 strikeouts, and a 3.55 ERA.

Later career
In April 2009, Irabu came out of retirement to sign with Long Beach Armada of the independent Golden Baseball League. He posted a 5–3 record in 10 starts, with an ERA of 3.58. In 65 innings, Irabu struck out 66 batters while walking just 19. In August, he announced his intention to return to the Japanese professional leagues, and began playing for the semi-professional Kōchi Fighting Dogs.

Later life
On 20 August 2008, Irabu was arrested for assaulting the manager of a bar in Umeda, Osaka after his credit card was declined.

Irabu was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol on 17 May 2010, in Redondo Beach, California. The press release of his arrest stated he resided at the time in Rancho Palos Verdes.

Irabu was found dead in his home in Los Angeles on 27 July 2011. He was reported to have hanged himself. He left behind his wife and two children. Irabu's autopsy showed he was inebriated at the time of his death with both alcohol and Ativan in his system. He was reportedly despondent because his wife had taken their two daughters and left him.

title: Hideki Irabu


text:
History of the Catskill Mountains

The Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, is a physiographic province and subrange of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York.

Early geologic history
The region began existence as a river delta 350 million years ago. Streams flowing off the then-mighty Acadian Mountains deposited sediment where the river met a sea (now the Allegheny Plateau). Eventually, the Taconics eroded to their present size and the waters dried up, leaving a mostly flat plain.

During this time period, a meteor is believed to have struck the area. Panther Mountain is the remains of its crater.

Two hundred million years ago, as plate tectonics uplifted the Appalachians, the delta region rose almost uniformly into a plateau rather than breaking up into smaller mountains. Streams that formed over time eroded gaps and valleys, leaving today's "mountains."

The Ice Ages
The next great change in the Catskill landscape was caused by the most recent of four periods of glaciation, the Wisconsin. Every mountain except Slide (and perhaps West Kill) was covered. The glaciers left behind lakes when they melted, some of which became reservoirs in the 20th century.

Some geologists also believe the glaciers scoured off sedimentary layers that may have contained coal, noting the surfeit of coal to the south in Pennsylvania and that the white quartz pebbles found atop Slide Mountain are often an indicator that one has reached the bottom of a coal bed in those regions.

Prehistory
While the matter has yet to be fully researched, there seems to have been no large-scale long-term Native American presence in the mountains. The local Mohican and Munsee tribes used land and water routes through the mountains to get to the places beyond them, hunted the abundant game and used the mountains in some of their rituals, but in general chose not to live there due to the difficulty of farming the land.

Dutch settlement
Robert Juet, one of Henry Hudson's crew, was the first European to take note of the Catskills on the Half Moon's 1609 expedition up the river. Some hardy pioneers, explorers, and traders followed over the next several decades, leaving their imprint on the region in placenames, but generally not settling the region to a significantly greater extent than the Indigenous did.

In 1667, as a result of the Treaty of Breda which ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War, England's wartime victory was ratified and the British crown took over colonial administration of what was now New York.

Over the next several decades, regular rumors of gold strikes drew more settlers to the region, though none has ever been found. Trade in beaver pelts spurred more exploration and settlement of the region.

The Hardenbergh Patent
The most important event in the history of the colonial Catskills took place in the first decade of the 18th century during Queen Anne's War. In 1706 an ambitious speculator, major Johannes Hardenbergh, and his partner, Jacob Rutsen, petitioned the governor, Edward, Viscount Cornbury, for a land grant in the mountains of Ulster County, attempting to head off another petition by a group of Hurley farmers who wanted pasture in the area yet had not properly purchased the land from the local Indian tribes as the law required.

The lack of a good survey of the area complicated matters somewhat. After years of arguing, haggling and taking advantage of Cornbury's loose ethics, the Patent was granted on April 20, 1708.

Since they had applied as a corporation, Hardenbergh and Rutsen were exempt from laws limiting any such grant to 2000 acre. Yet they wound up, through what some say was a mistake, with title to a thousand times that land, or practically the entire Catskill region as we know it today, in the form of a rough triangle that started west of Kingston and extended, at least on paper, to the west branch of the Delaware.

Settlement was impeded for the next thirty years due to the lack of a survey. Hardenbergh, however, managed to enrich himself by selling shares in the partnership, much to the consternation of colonial governors who wanted a firmer bulwark against French ambitions in North America. There had been no good survey, and no one knew where the boundaries of the patent lay, much less any subdivisions. Indian tribes upset that rivals had sold their land out from under them and squatters who had moved into the area before sabotaged the Wooster brothers' attempts at a first real survey of the region in the 1740s.

In his later years, Hardenbergh was helped greatly by Robert Livingston, who saw the region's economic potential and would acquire 1000000 acre of the Hardenbergh Patent. By the time of Hardenbergh's death in 1745 settlement was at last beginning to get underway. Five years later, when the entire Patent was subdivided and accounted for, the Hardenbergh land company was dissolved.

The unclear early history of land ownership in the days of the Patent would impact the region for generations to come.

The Bartram expedition

In 1753 the early American naturalists John Bartram and his son William went to the Catskills as part of their explorations into the colonies' plant life, focusing particularly on the balsam fir, which was known among the colonists as balm of Gilead fir and believed by both them and the Indians to have curative powers. While their explorations were not extensive, the elder Bartram's short written account of the adventure, “A Journey to Ye Cat Skill Mountains with Billy,” was widely read and appreciated both in America and abroad. It is the first literary appreciation of the Catskills as a natural environment.

The Bartrams were the first to document the wide variety of tree species in the mountains. Officially, the trip was a failure as the balsam seeds they managed to collect failed to flourish in England. But in the course of collecting them, they explored the area of the Pine Orchard near North and South Lakes on the Escarpment in Greene County, which would in the next century become the site of the Catskill Mountain House.

The mid-18th century
Robert Livingston's son gradually took over managing his interest in the lands he had acquired and saw their future more in terms of the timber on them than the land itself. Drawing on the family's Scottish roots, he sought to rename them the Lothian Hills and envisioned a grand scheme in which castles named after originals in Scotland would be built on the mountaintops and sold to members of the European nobility who wished to have grand manors.

These plans were put on hold in 1769 when John Bradstreet, a British lieutenant colonel who had fought with distinction in the recent French and Indian War, filed papers with the crown charging that the Hardenbergh Patent had been improperly granted and could thus be regranted; he claimed a 50,000 acre (200 km2) slice as was his right as a retired officer. Other officers joined in with additional, smaller claims.

The colonial governor, John Murray Dunmore, found in 1771 a solution that temporarily settled the issue but pleased no one: he awarded Bradstreet 20,000 acres (80 km2) in what is now Delaware County but said nothing about the legality of the original patent. Back in London, the Privy Council urged King George III to block it, and he duly ordered the new governor, William Tryon, not to sign any grant for the land.

Bradstreet died in 1774, and his daughters were widely expected to take the fight to court, but very soon that took a backseat to other events.

The Revolutionary War
As tensions increased between the colonies and Britain during the early 1770s over how to pay for the war, the Catskills saw this divide play out rather sharply. The large landowners like Livingston and the Hardenberghs, fearing Parliament would settle the matter with a land tax that would vastly cut into their wealth, increasingly took stands that would lead to independence. Their tenant farmers, on the other hand, were, as Livingston put it, "resolved to stand by their King," despite their landlords' efforts to drum up revolutionary sentiment among them, in the belief that if it came down to war, the Crown would confiscate the holdings of those who had opposed it and distribute smaller parcels back to those who had been loyal.

This came to a head in 1777, when Lieutenant Jacob Rose raised an army of several hundred of the region's young men to go fight alongside the British in return for 50 acres (0.2 km2) each. Rose's Rangers, as they were called, had to make its way through the strongly Patriot Hudson Valley to rendezvous with British regulars in New York City, however, and was captured in the vicinity of Schunemunk Mountain in Orange County after a skirmish with local militia. Prisoners were taken to Fort Montgomery and tried for treason against the recently established state of New York. Most were pardoned in exchange for committing to serve in the Continental Army; Rose and a few other holdouts were hanged.

The failure of Rose's mission and the burning of Kingston by British forces that year severely blunted Tory sentiment in the Catskills, and for the remainder of the war the region posed no threat to the Patriot cause.

Jewish resort destination
The Catskills became a major resort destination for Jewish New Yorkers in the mid-20th century. Borscht Belt is an informal term for the summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in Sullivan and Ulster counties in upstate New York which were frequented by Ashkenazic Jews. At its peak of popularity, about 500 resorts operated in the region. Later changes in vacationing patterns have led most of those travelers elsewhere, although there are still bungalow communities and summer camps in the towns of Liberty, Bethel, Monticello and Fallsburg catering to Orthodox populations. The term, which derives from the name of a beet soup popular with people of Eastern European origin, can also refer to the Catskill region itself.

Woodstock rock festival
In August 1969, the Catskills were the site of a music and art festival in the town of Bethel, which had originally been planned for Woodstock, New York. Thirty-three of the best-known musicians of the era appeared during a sometimes rainy weekend in front of nearly half a million concertgoers. The event, featuring liberal drug use and nudity, exemplified the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.

title: History of the Catskill Mountains


text:
Barry Liebmann

Barry Liebmann (December 4, 1953 – September 1, 2017) was a comedy writer whose work appeared in the pages of MAD Magazine for 38 years. Liebmann's subject matter was eclectic, ranging from sports to parental cliches to Harry Potter to cell phones to the Bible, but he wrote dozens of pointed Mad articles focusing on American politics.

He also worked for Looney Tunes comics. In addition, he was an actor, appearing regularly with The Play's the Thing Theatre Company, Living Legends Radio Theatre, and with The NoName Players as "Beloved Intern Barry."

Personal life and career
Barry Liebmann was born in New York City, to Norbert and Dora Liebmann. His parents had left Germany and Austria after the 2nd World War started, while the U.S. was still neutral and limiting refugees. They lived in Washington Heights amongst other German Jewish prewar refugees and had a daughter named Eleanor in addition to Liebmann. Eleanor died in 1974. Liebmann lived in the same apartment in Washington Heights all his life. He attended Queens College, graduating with a bachelor's degree, and studied acting at HB studios.

Liebmann wrote for MAD Magazine for almost 40 years, selling his first piece to them in 1979. He also wrote for DC Comics' Looney Tunes and had pieces published in the NY Daily News, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal. He performed in many theater groups including The Play’s the Thing Theatre Company, Instant Shakespeare, the No Name Players (as "Beloved Intern Barry") and Living Legends Radio Theater; and acted in plays including Uncle Vanya, The Comedy of Errors, Our Town and A Night in Elsinore.

title: Barry Liebmann


text:
Talk:W.A.S.P. (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Wasp-first-album.jpg
Image:Wasp-first-album.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 14:44, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Wasp - Wasp on Canadian vinyl
Just picked up a promo of Winged Assassins, on the spine of the album it says W.A.S.P. - W.A.S.P.; Capital records (vinyl) ST-12343.24.68.45.25 (talk) 03:11, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:W.A.S.P. (album)


text:
Category:Roaring Fork Valley

This category includes articles related to the Roaring Fork Valley in western Colorado in the United States.

title: Category:Roaring Fork Valley


text: Category:Companies of Iraq

title: Category:Companies of Iraq


text: User:Gwalla/WWE World Cruiserweight Title


text:
User talk:Swive

Hello. You seem to have made quite a few good edits to Wikipedia. Why have you decided suddenly to begin vandalizing the Peter Jennings page? Zoe 08:18, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

Your recent edit to MySpace was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept our apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // Tawkerbot2 06:33, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Chrisrockneverscared.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Chrisrockneverscared.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 20:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Chrisrockneverscared.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Chrisrockneverscared.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 07:01, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Anna-Lynne Williams for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Anna-Lynne Williams is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Anna-Lynne Williams until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. — Za  wl  10:25, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swive


text:
Mike Snider

Mike Snider is a comedy writer whose work frequently appeared in Mad from 1981 to 2006.

Snider's byline appeared in 179 separate issues. This included 75 consecutive issues from 1997 to 2003, thanks to his long-running recurring feature "Celebrity Cause-of-Death Betting Odds", which predicted the likeliest versions of future demise for a variety of well-known personalities.

title: Mike Snider


text:
User talk:Computerappz

wqrgre

title: User talk:Computerappz


text:
Talk:Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band

Cover
Surely the image of the cover here is that of the John album, not the Yoko one ~ for hers he is supposed to be leaning on her. Does anyone have that picture? Cheers, Lindsay 09:55, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it's true, i'm an idiot! Lindsay 09:57, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Joseph Stalin, cowbell
Surely a joke, Stalin being long dead by the time this album was issued. Doesn't make much sense for the wikipedia article to link to the article on the historical figure. I haven't heard the album, does it feature cowbell? Juryen (talk) 17:24, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't, and he's not listed in the CD credits. Just a joke so unfunny it's unrecognizable as such. Juryen (talk) 21:47, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

"Why" single
In the US, "Why" was not edited, and was presented in it's full length on the 'B'-side of "Mother". "Mother", however, was edited.  R ad io pa th y  •talk• 15:01, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Edit attempt
I'm trying to move the quote box in which Yoko talks about Ornette Coleman. As-is, it's in the middle of an unrelated paragraph. I'm trying to move it to immediately follow the paragraph about recording with Coleman's band. It works in "edit," but when I save and go to the main article nothing has changed. PurpleChez (talk) 14:15, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I wonder if there is a conflict with the info-box in the upper right. PurpleChez (talk) 14:16, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band