text:
User talk:Tp640871

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - Mgm|(talk) 11:26, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Tp640871


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Formation (American football)

A formation in American football refers to the position players line up in before the start of a down. There are both offensive and defensive formations and there are many formations in both categories. Sometimes, formations are referred to as packages.

Offense
At the highest level of play in the NFL and NCAA, the one constant in all formations is the offensive line, consisting of the left and right tackle, left and right guard, and a center. These five positions are often referred to collectively as the "line", and have the primary role of blocking. By rule, there must be two additional players on the line of scrimmage called ends. These players are eligible receivers and may play near the linemen (tight ends) or farther away (split end or wide receiver). Most teams play additional players near (but still off) the line of scrimmage to act as extra pass receivers.

Offensive positions
Up to four players can be behind the offensive line, but one is always designated the quarterback (defined as the player who receives the ball from the center). Upon the snap of the ball, the quarterback becomes the ball carrier. The ball carrier has five options:
 * He may keep the ball and run with it.
 * He may hand or pitch the ball sideways or backward (also called a lateral) to another player, who then becomes the new ball carrier. Multiple pitches are permitted on a single play, as long as all of them go backward.
 * He may throw a forward pass to an eligible receiver, who then becomes the new ball carrier. Only 1 forward pass is permitted per play. The pass must be thrown from behind the original line of scrimmage, while the receiver can be anywhere on the field. A pass to a receiver who is also behind the line of scrimmage is still a forward pass as long as the pass travels forward. A forward pass is distinct from a pitch, and any number of pitches are permitted before or after a forward pass.
 * He may hold the ball for a place-kicker who attempts a field goal.
 * He may kick the ball himself, either by punting the ball to the other team or by attempting a drop-kicked field goal (which is rare).

The three other backs can be halfbacks (who primarily carry the ball), fullbacks (who primarily block), or they can play near (but not on) the line of scrimmage to act as extra tight ends or wide receivers. A tight end that fills the role as the 4th back is often called an "H-Back", and a wide receiver that fills that role is sometimes known as a "flanker" or a "slot" receiver (depending on where he lines up). Most formations have a "strong" side (the side with the tight end, or the side with more players) and a "weak side" (the side opposite the tight end, or the side with fewer players).

The ends, which may be either wide receivers or tight ends, may catch a passed ball or receive a handoff.

Descriptions and diagrams to display offensive formations typically use the following symbols:
 * QB = quarterback (the player who leads and informs the offense of the plays)
 * C = center (the player who begins the play with a snap on the line and blocks afterward)
 * G = guard (the player who blocks on the line beside the center)
 * T = tackle (the player who blocks on the line beside the guard)
 * TE = tight end (the player who often goes out for passes and often blocks on the line)
 * WR = wide receiver (the player who gets assigned a route and has to catch the ball when passed to)
 * HB = halfback (the primary ball carrier)
 * FB = fullback (the secondary ball carrier also used for blocking)

Rules
The offense is required to set up a formation before a play, subject to several rules:
 * The formation must have at least 7 players on the line of scrimmage. The 7 players are not required to be next to each other, so they may spread out across the width of the field, but this is rare; most offenses place at least 5 players together in a continuous line. Teams may place more than 7 players on the line, but only the player at each end of the line may be an eligible receiver, so generally this only occurs with the special formations used in kicking and punting situations.
 * The other players not on the line (usually 4 in number) may be positioned anywhere, but all must be at least 1 yard behind the 7 or more players on the line of scrimmage. The traditional saying is "7 on the line, 4 in the backfield" but this is something of a misnomer, as "backfield" usually refers to the area directly behind the offensive line. 3 of the 4 "backfield" players (i.e., the 3 not receiving the snap from center) may line up as wide receivers as long as they are behind the line of scrimmage; these are known as slot receivers if between the ends, and "flankers" if outside the ends.
 * Of the 7 (or more) players on the line of scrimmage, all except those at either end of the line are ineligible receivers: these players may not touch or catch a forward pass (unless it is first touched by an eligible receiver, including a deflection by a defensive player), and on a forward pass play, they may not advance downfield (i.e., across the neutral zone) before the pass crosses the neutral zone. Ineligible receivers may advance freely on a running play or after a pass is thrown. These players typically have uniform numbers in the range of 50-79 to indicate they are ineligible.
 * In the NFL, players with numbers 50-79 are considered ineligible by default. They must report to the referee if they line up in a position that would normally be considered eligible; failure to do so will result in a penalty to the offense. The referee will relay that information to the defensive captain, and he will generally announce it to spectators as well. After reporting as eligible, those players may line up at any legal position just as if they were normally eligible receivers. Offenses sometimes use this tactic in a short yardage situation to provide extra blocking, and some plays are even designed for a designated player (i.e.: with numbers 50-79) to receive a pass.
 * In high school (NFHS) numbers 50-79 are always ineligible, and may not receive. In fact, if one of these players bats, muffs, or catches a legal forward pass before it is touched by a defensive player, it is a penalty for illegal touching (5 yards plus loss of down).  Typically you must have 5 players numbered 50-79 on the line of scrimmage, but there are exceptions to this rule when the offense is lined up in scrimmage kick formation (punt or field goal).
 * The offense must set before the play: all players must take their positions and remain motionless for at least 1 second before the ball is snapped. Typically, after the offense breaks the huddle and walks to the line, the quarterback will call "set" and then begin his regular snap count. The offense is allowed to shift in certain situations and reorganize, but they must again set once they assume new positions. Once set, offensive players may not move until the snap and may not flinch to simulate a snap (with the exception of the man in motion, described below). A violation is a false start penalty.
 * The offense may put one of the 4 backfield players in motion after the set but before the snap. The motion must be either parallel to or (if in the backfield) away from the line of scrimmage at the snap; certain types of football such as arena football allow forward motion at the snap. In Canadian football, all of the players in the backfield can be in motion, in any direction, at the time of the snap, as long as they have not crossed the line of scrimmage before the snap.

Defense
Two terms often heard in referring to defensive formations are box and secondary. The box is defined as an area on the defensive side of the ball, within 5 yards of the line of scrimmage and framed by the offensive tackles. This area is most commonly occupied by defensive linemen and linebackers. The secondary can refer to the defensive backs as a group, or to the area behind the linebackers usually occupied by defensive backs. The two standard NFL defenses, the 4-3 and the 3-4, have 7 players in the box. The phrase "8 in the box" is used to indicate that 1 of the 2 safeties has moved into the box to defend against the run.

Defensive positions
The three basic defensive positions are:
 * Defensive lineman (DL): Linemen play at the line of scrimmage, directly across from the offensive line. They are categorized as defensive tackles (DT) or defensive ends (DE). The 4-3 defense has 2 tackles and 2 ends; the 3-4 defense has 2 ends and 1 tackle, who is sometimes called a nose tackle (NT) to indicate the 3-4. Tackles line up inside and rely on power to stop the run, while ends line up outside and are faster and more athletic to allow them to pursue the quarterback.
 * Linebacker (LB): Linebackers are positioned 2 to 4 yards behind the defensive line. The 4-3 defense has 3 linebackers, who are categorized as strong, middle, and weak (SLB, MLB, WLB; also called Sam, Mike, and Will). This is not an indication of strength; it instead refers to the positioning of the linebackers relative to the offense. Strong linebackers line up on the same side as the tight end and weak side away from the tight end. A 3-4 defense will use 4 linebackers, who are indicated by their side (right/left) and positioning (inside/outside).
 * Defensive back (DB): Defensive backs can include cornerbacks (CB), a strong safety (SS, lines up on same side as a tight end), and a free safety (FS, so called because they are "free" to roam where needed). Cornerbacks are almost always responsible for defending against the pass, particularly against wide receivers; often they are the fastest defensive players. Safeties also defend against the pass, matching up on tight ends and backs, but they are positioned in the center of the field to be prepared to stop the run as well.

Rules
Rules regarding defensive formations are not as complex or strict as their offensive counterparts. The defense may line up anywhere on its side of the neutral zone, and players are free to move at any time before the snap, but all defensive players must remain on their side of the neutral zone (defined as the length of the ball) before the snap. If they line up on the wrong side of the line, the offending players are offside. The exception is during a field goal attempt, PAT, or punt. The defense is only allowed a maximum of 6 players on the line of scrimmage on either side of the snapper at the snap. Having 7 or more players on the line on one side will result in an illegal formation penalty. The standard defensive formations in use at most levels of American football are the result of decades of experimentation, trial, and error, along with rule changes in the 1950s that eliminated the one-platoon system and gave greater prominence to lighter, faster linebackers (prior to the 1950s, most defensive formations were mirror images of those used on offense).

This formation assumes the offense is lined up strong side right (from the offense's point of view). This diagram could be matched up to an offensive formation diagram to make a complete 22-player football field.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Formation (American football)


text:
Amphora (disambiguation)

Amphora may refer to:

 * Amphora, a type of ceramic vase with two handles, used for the transportation and storage of perishable goods
 * Amphora (unit), a unit for measuring liquids or bulk goods in the Roman Empire
 * Amphora, the at sign (@), also called asperand and ampersat
 * Amphora (alga), a major genus of diatoms
 * Amphora, a model of semi-closed-circuit mixture rebreather made by Aqua Lung America
 * AMPHORA, a bioinformatics software for metegenomics analysis
 * Amphora, a brand of pipe tobacco produced by Mac Baren

title: Amphora (disambiguation)


text:
Tautvilas Kęstutaitis

Tautvilas or Towtwil (c.1352–1355 – September 1390) was one of the sons of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and a strong supporter of his brother Vytautas the Great in his struggles against their cousin Jogaila.

In 1380, Jogaila signed the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights against Kęstutis. This sparked a civil war. Kęstutis and his son Vytautas was captured and held prisoners in Kreva castle. In 1382 Kęstutis died under suspicious circumstances, while Vytautas managed to escape and sought allies among the Teutonic Knights. Around the same time Jogaila banished Tautvilas from Navahrudak that he and his brother Vaidotas were ruling. Tautvilas then joined the fight of his brother Vytautas. While visiting the Teutonic Knights, he was baptized as Kondrat on October 21, 1383. In 1384 Vytautas and Jogaila reconciled and the civil war ended.

When Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo and became the King of Poland, he left his unpopular brother Skirgaila as a regent in Lithuania. Vytautas saw this as an opportunity to gain power and started the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392). His first military campaign against Vilnius was not successful and had to turn to the Teutonic Knights for the second time. Tautvilas joined him again. Joint forces of Vytautas and the Knights attacked Vilnius in September 1390. According to the chronicles of Wigand of Marburg, Tautvilas was killed while trying to capture the Crooked Castle.

The Samogitian-Danish noble family Blinstrub of Tautvilas claim descent from Tautvilas Kęstutaitis.

title: Tautvilas Kęstutaitis


text:
Algonquian language

Algonquian language may refer to:

 * Algonquian languages, language sub-family indigenous to North America
 * Algonquin language, an Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language

title: Algonquian language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wooden Shoe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 22:43, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Wooden Shoe
Ad for some non-notable bookstore. Rl 11:35, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to clog?Dunc|☺ 13:38, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The capitalization is off, but it would prevent recreation. Redirect. Mgm|(talk) 14:29, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no need for redirect, this article is about a stores, not a shoe.--Sophitus 20:03, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect will deter recreation. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:47, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Deterring recreation is a nice side-effect, but I don't think we should be redirecting just for that. Delete, don't redir. --W(t) 00:57, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Clog. Xcali 01:19, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Clogs, not Clog as it's a dab page. Not notable bookstore. Megan1967 04:21, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another anarchist vanity page.  The bookstore is admittedly notable within the "anarchist movement"...but so what? Kaibabsquirrel 05:17, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Clogs. JamesBurns 11:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirect to clogs. A clog is a wooden shoe, after all. Radiant_* 11:34, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Do Not Delete Mentioned in other pertinent Wiki articles:
 * Bob Black
 * Anarchist symbolism
 * Kolonoscopy 11:30 PM EDT, June 01, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Amphora (unit)

An amphora (/ˈæmfərə/; Ancient Greek: ἀμφορεύς) was the unit of measurement of volume in the Greco-Roman era. The term amphora comes from ancient Greece where people used a tall jar looking container with two opposed handles near the top mostly made of ceramic. Amphora literally means "two handled".

An amphora is equal to 48 sextarii, which is about 34 litres or 9 gallons in the US customary units and 7.494 gallons in the imperial system of units.

The Roman amphora quadrantal (~25.9 litres), was one cubic-pes, holding 80 libra of wine, and was used to measure liquids, bulk goods, the cargo capacity of ships, and the production of vineyards. Along with other standardized Roman measures and currency, this gave an added advantage to Roman commerce. The related amphora capitolina standard, was kept in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.

A typical Greek amphora, based on a cubic-pous, was ~38.3 litres, The Greek talent, an ancient unit of weight was roughly the mass of the amount of water that would fill an amphora.

The French amphora, also called the minot de Paris, is 1/8 muid or one cubic pied du roi and therefore ~34 litres.

title: Amphora (unit)


text:
Basay people

The Basay are an aboriginal people of Taiwan. Their ancestors spoke the Basay language.

History
During the 1600s, the Basay people monopolized control over river and costal trading in North Formosa. Basay traders were vital suppliers of information and goods to Dutch East India Company garrisons. They were also involved in coal and iron mining during this time.

title: Basay people


text: User talk:69.29.21.13

title: User talk:69.29.21.13


text:
Dargins

Dargins or Dargwa (, darganti) are a Northeast Caucasian native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus, and who make up the second largest ethnic group in the North Caucasian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language. The ethnic group comprises, however, all speakers of the Dargin languages; Dargwa is simply the standard variety.

According to the 2021 Census, Dargins make up 16.6% of the population of Dagestan, with 521,381 people. They are concentrated in the Kaytagsky District, Dakhadayevsky District, Levashinsky District, Akushinsky District and Sergokalinsky Districts.

The Dargins have lived in their present-day location for many centuries. They formed the state of Kaitag in the Middle Ages and Renaissance until Russian conquest. Today, the Dargins are one of the most numerous ethnic groups in Dagestan (an amalgamation of many of the historical peoples in the region), the second most numerous after Avars.

Origin
Regarding the origin of Northeast caucasian peoples, two hypotheses were put forward — the autochthonous one (developed in the works of M.G. Abdushelishvili, V. P. Alekseev, etc.), arguing for an indigenous origin and the migration one (proposed by G. F. Debets), arguing for an exogenous origin.

Culture
The Infrastructure/Architecture of the Dargin people was extremely well developed compared to their neighbors throughout history. The folk masters of this art displayed a very high level of achievement in building and ornamenting towers and fortresses, building the ensembles of buildings, mosques, bridges, and building irrigation constructions at springs and wells. The artistry of the Dargins is clearly shown in their decorative and applied art: in the creations of the Kubachi silversmiths; in the work of stonecutters, toolmakers, woodworkers, and ceramic and tile workers; in weaving, leatherwork, and furwork; and in spirited folk dance and vocal music. Dargins are known for their Kaitag textiles, from Kaytagsky District. Spiritual and religious center of Dargin nation was Akusha-Dargo. The head judicial court of all Dargins was also in Akusha. Other famous Dargin cities were Levashi, Mekegi, Kubachi and Kadar.

Prior to Russia's annexation of Dargi regions, Dargi medicine was a combination of folk and Eastern medicine. Folk healers (khakim) achieved considerable success in the treatment of wounds, bruises, broken bones, and dislocations and even in trephination; they were also skilled in phytotherapy and treatment of various internal diseases. The best-known healers were Murtuzali Haji of Butri, who studied medicine in Cairo for five years, worked with the Russian surgeon N. I. Pirogov, and was given a set of surgical instruments by him; Taimaz of Urakhi; Mohammed Haji of Khajalmakhi; Davud Haji of Akusha'; Alisultan Haji of Urkarakh; and others. Medical service was instituted only in 1894, with nine doctors and twelve nurses for all of Dagestan, a ratio of one medical practitioner to 60,000 persons. Now there is a paramedical station in every settled place, or a regional doctor, or a regional, district, or interdistrict hospital and a first-aid service with its own transport, including air transport.

Religion
Dargins are Sunni Muslims of the Shafi'i school.

Notable Dargins

 * Taimas Gubdensky, Dargin warrior from the Caucasian War.
 * Abakar-Hadji Akushinsky, Dargin warrior from the Caucasian War.
 * Hasbulla, internet personality
 * Magomed-Ali Magomedov, ex-president of Dagestan.
 * Magomedsalam Magomedov, ex-president of Dagestan.
 * Magomed-Shapi Suleymanov, footballer.
 * Shahbulat Shamhalaev, retired mixed martial artist and kickboxer.
 * Magomedrasul Medzhidov, olympic and professional boxer.
 * Ali Isaev, mixed martial artist and former amateur wrestler.

title: Dargins


text:
Clay Street Hill Railroad

The Clay Street Hill Railroad was the first successful cable hauled street railway. It was located on Clay Street, a notably steep street in San Francisco in California, United States, and first operated in August 1873.

History
The promoter of the line was Andrew Smith Hallidie, and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer. Accounts differ as to exactly how involved Hallidie was in the inception of the Clay Street Hill Railway. One version has him taking over the promotion of the line when the original promoter, Benjamin Brooks, failed to raise the necessary capital. In another version, Hallidie was the instigator, inspired by a desire to reduce the suffering incurred by the horses that hauled streetcars up Jackson Street, from Kearny to Stockton Street.

There is also doubt as to when exactly the first run of the cable car occurred. The franchise required a first run no later than August 1, 1873. However, at least one source reports that the run took place a day late, on August 2, but the city chose not to void the franchise. Some accounts say that the first gripman hired by Hallidie looked down the steep hill from Jones and refused to operate the car, so Hallidie took the grip himself and ran the car down the hill and up again without any problems.

The Clay Street line started regular service on September 1, 1873, and was a financial success. In 1888, it was absorbed into the Sacramento-Clay line of the Ferries and Cliff House Railway, and it subsequently became a small part of the San Francisco cable car system. Today none of the original line survives. However grip car 8 from the line has been preserved, and is now displayed in the San Francisco Cable Car Museum.

Design
The line involved the use of grip cars, which carried the grip that engaged with the cable, towing trailer cars. The design was the first to use such grips.

Legacy
The railroad was designated as California Historical Landmark #500, with the landmark marker being placed in Portsmouth Square at the site of its eastern terminus near the corner of Clay Street and Kearny.

In fiction

 * In the film Herbie Rides Again, Mrs. Steimetz owns a cable car from the Clay Street Hill Railroad, which she calls "Old 22".

title: Clay Street Hill Railroad


text:
Talk:Gene Spafford

Untitled
No question that Spaf is a "living legend" having just appeared before Congress, and no one I know would dispute his expertise - but does this violate the Wiki policy on living individuals? I am all for giving credit to Spaf, he has been both an inspiration and a teacher to me, but I think an encyclopedia needs to maintain its integrity by noting that which has lasted through time (which I think the "living individuals" policy meant to address). I defintely vote for Spaf as a very influential person in contemporary society in security, but does this constitute what encyclopedia provide? No offense to anyone, especially Spaf, but in my opinion, writings such as these diminish the importance and credibility of Wikipedia as a true encyclopedia.
 * Spafford is sufficiently notable to warrant a BLP entry in Wikipedia. Article does need a major cleanup, which I will try to do.--FeralOink (talk) 01:17, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I made major excisions to this BLP article. You were so correct, unsigned commenter! Thank you.--FeralOink (talk) 14:22, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Old discussion
This text was recently restored:
 * ''and a historically significant Internet participant ("The Morris Worm", Usenet, net.god).

This is poor style. To a reader not intimately acquainted with the history of the Internet, references like this are essentially meaningless. I have added context about Usenet further down in the text; please do not restore it here.. If you want to add a reference in the body of the text to the "Morris Worm", put it in context, ie explain briefly what it is and how Spafford was involved.

This text:
 * ''Dr. Spafford is a self described curmudgeon and likely has been one since at least the age of seventeen.

belongs on a home page, not in an encyclopedia article.

Neither does the long list of awards.

Neither does the many links to his web pages; one, to the home page, is sufficient.
 * -- Viajero | Talk 11:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

OK, I'll agree that some of this doesn't belong here, but the awards are significant. Maybe the list of awards could be shortened a little, but some of these are big. Why did you destroy the formatting and restore incorrect information (e.g., professorships)? As far as links go, I think you got overzealous. The worm writeup is important.

Just because the subject of a biographical article edits it does not inherently make it vanity.
 * -- Xcali 18:07, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell from the page history, spaf's contributions have been largely neutral.
 * I explained already above and will explain again, there is no description of the worm, simply a reference to it. There have been thousands of Internet worms; what is special about this one and what has he got to do with it?
 * No doubt all those the awards are important, but not outside the profession.
 * If I restored "incorrect information", by all means fix it, but if this article turns into hagiography again, I'll edit it accordingly.
 * -- Viajero | Talk 20:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Re: your #2, The Morris Worm was a major event in internet history. The Morris Worm was the first internet worm, and it effectively shut down the internet for several days.  If the text was changed to say something akin to "analysis of the first internet worm", I could see it, but to dismiss this event just because you have never heard of it is a little extreme.
 * Re: your #3, in that case, just about every award ever mentioned in the Wikipedia should be deleted. You consider fellow of the ACM, AAAS, and IEEE to be minor?  This are some of the greatest honors the computing profession has to offer.
 * --Xcali 21:28, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, I have now just read our article on the Morris Worm, which I didn't see earlier. Great, but no mention of Spafford, only an external link to analysis of his, hence there is no obvious reason why that topic should be referenced from within this article. As I tried to point out above, simply including a link to it between parentheses is meaningless. How about summarizing in a line or two Spafford's involvement with the worm? Like most readers, I am neither a computer security expert nor a computer scientist; our target audience is the general reader, not industry insiders. -- Viajero | Talk 22:05, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If you're not going to inform yourself on the subject sufficiently to edit correctly, perhaps you should limit yourself to making comments on the talk page. I'm now not very motivated to try to fix the mangling caused by unknowledgeable editors. Stan 22:15, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Xcali, the added context for the Morris Worm was helpful. The awards list look ok. But still a few issues:

 * Why did you delete the link to his home page Purdue? This should be first external link. A link to his C.V. is not necessary.
 * Please don't add "See too" links to topics already linked in the text. One link per page is the usual practice.
 * We don't use titles like Dr. in articles, cf. Henry Kissinger and Albert Einstein.
 * We need to mention Purdue in the first paragraph; this is his primary professional affiliation.
 * "Nugget" is not a neutral term. This is an encyclopedia article, not a fan page.
 * Please don't keep restoring that link to a non-existent image. When that image is available, add the link. All Wikipedia articles are by nature works in progress, but at any given moment they should look as finished as possible. A "broken" image link is ugly.
 * The section ==Background== is not accurate. It isn't background information, it is a combination of biographical and other kinds of info, such as research interests. In an article this length, subheadings are not so important.
 * Regarding his research interests, you restored this text:
 * ''Computer-related failures may be the results of accident, or they may be caused by software faults present in software that was poorly designed and inadequately tested. And certainly, failures can occur because of malicious activity by vandals and criminals, either as intruders trying to obtain information, or through the application of vandalware such as worms and viruses."
 * These lines do describe his research interests. My version is more accurate and more succinct.

 * Only the first word in a subheading is capitalized (cf, MoS). Please stop reverting these minor items. I won't get into an edit war over them, but I assure you if I don't fix them someone else will.
 * -- Viajero | Talk 18:15, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Refs for Gene's axioms
do we really need a ref to this Spafford's post after every his axiom and corollary? I think one would be enough. --grawity 13:51, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Nope, we don't need them! Nor do we need his axioms and corollaries! Editors long before me excised them. You were correct, and I'm glad someone listened. I pruned back more of the Spaf hagiography per WP:MOS. There's still plenty of kruft remaining, but it is better than before.-- FeralOink (talk) 15:35, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Hi Grawity. I put those ref's in there and I agree with you. There is a ref on all of them because every editor who commented on the issue (over IRC) said they each had to have a ref. ( At the time there was a huge effort being put forth on WP to require everything to have a source. I guess you could call it a Wiki-Fad. Frankly I think it was just another incident of academic standards disease, having little to do with real life and even less to do with the goals of WP. :-)  Of course all that is very subjectively experienced, different for every person. ) Please feel free to somehow collapse/reduce the ref count.  Hopefully in a way that will still show those quotes all came from the same source.  Hang in there and keep up the good work!  Jjk (talk) 14:28, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

minor linking prob
Sometimes links to google groups pages are leading people to google sign in pages and not to the articles referenced. Rather than force people to sign up for a google account to see the article, try to use links to things that don't require a registration of any sort to view them if such is available. Even people who already have google mail accounts are still being asked to sign up for a "google account" to see the actually referenced web page. Jjk (talk) 03:42, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gene Spafford


text:
User:Serinde

Hi! I'm Serinde from the Hungarian Wikipedia. I will mainly work on interwiki links; used to work under the names 80.98.168.168 and 24.154.127.91.

If you want to contact me, you may also use my Hungarian discussion page.

de:Benutzer:Serinde hu:User:Serinde

title: User:Serinde


text:
Carbonado

Carbonado, commonly known as black diamond, is one of the toughest forms of natural diamond. It is an impure, high-density, micro-porous form of polycrystalline diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon, with minor crystalline precipitates filling pores and occasional reduced metal inclusions. Titanium nitride (TiN, osbornite) has been found in carbonado. It is found primarily in alluvial deposits where it is most prominent in mid-elevation equatorial regions such as Central African Republic and in Brazil, where the vast majority of carbonado diamondites have been found. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more porous than other diamonds.

Unusual properties
Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny black crystals. The most characteristic carbonados are mined in the Central African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago; yet carbonado is found in younger sedimentary rocks.

Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados contain authigenic inclusions of minerals characteristic of the Earth's crust; the inclusions do not necessarily establish formation of the diamonds in the crust, because while the obvious crystal inclusions occur in the pores that are common in carbonados, they may have been introduced after carbonado formation. Inclusions of other minerals, rare or nearly absent in the Earth's crust, are found at least partly incorporated in diamond, not just in pores: among such other minerals are those with compositions of Si, SiC, and Fe‑Ni. No distinctive high-pressure minerals, including the hexagonal carbon polymorph, lonsdaleite, have been found as inclusions in carbonados although such inclusions might be expected if carbonados formed by meteorite impact.

Isotope studies have yielded further clues to carbonado origin. The carbon isotope value is very low (little carbon‑13 compared to carbon‑12, relative to typical diamonds).

Carbonado exhibits strong luminescence (photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence) induced by nitrogen and by vacancies existing in the crystal lattice. Luminescence halos are present around radioactive inclusions, and it is suggested that the radiation damage occurred after formation of the carbonados, an observation perhaps pertinent to the radiation hypothesis listed below.

Toughness vs. hardness
Carbonado’s polycrystalline texture makes it more durable than a monocrystalline diamond. It is the same hardness as other types of diamond, but it is much tougher. Its polycrystalline texture allows a single abrasive granule to present multiple crystallographic orientations of the diamond crystal at the cutting surface and the hardest orientation does the most aggressive cutting.

Cutting tools made with carbonado last longer and require less maintenance. Carbonado was recognized as an abrasive in the 1800s and was more highly valued for its cutting and grinding effectiveness over other varieties of diamond. The problem with carbonado is its rarity. It is only found in two countries, and total worldwide production has only been a few tons. Carbonado is not an important commodity in today's abrasive market.

In the late 1800s, when De Beers was developing their diamond mines in South Africa, they preferred carbonado over their own diamonds for diamond drilling. Gardner F. Williams, General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. lamented: "Round or shot boart is found in the mines at Kimberley and is very valuable for use in diamond drilling since the Brazilian carbonado has become so scarce."

Hypotheses for origin
The origin of carbonado is controversial, and some proposed hypotheses are as follows:
 * 1) Direct conversion of organic carbon under high-pressure conditions in the Earth's interior, the most common hypothesis for diamond formation
 * 2) Shock metamorphism induced by meteoritic impact at the Earth's surface
 * 3) Radiation-induced diamond formation by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium
 * 4) Accumulated local formation in reduced organic-rich sediment over long geologic periods due to pyrometamorphic-rapid processes associated with long-duration superbolt lightning strikes, known to have similar global distribution as carbonado diamondite deposits at similar elevations.
 * 5) Formation inside an earlier-generation giant star in our area, that long ago exploded in a supernova.
 * 6) An origin in interstellar space, due to the impact of an asteroid, rather than being thrown from within an exploding star.

The origin of carbonado is still under debate.

Extraterrestrial origin hypothesis
Supporters of an extraterrestrial origin of carbonados such as Stephen Haggerty propose that their material source was a supernova which occurred at least 3.8 billion years ago. After coalescing and drifting through outer space for about one and a half billion years, a large mass fell to earth as a meteorite approximately 2.3 billion years ago. It possibly fragmented during entry into the Earth's atmosphere and impacted in a region which would much later split into Brazil and the Central African Republic, assumed to be the only two known locations of carbonado-diamond deposits.

The presence of osbornite, which only forms under very reducing conditions and at very high temperatures, argues for an extraterrestrial origin.

Largest cut diamond
The largest cut black diamond in the world is a carbonado named 'The Enigma', weighing 555.55 carat.

title: Carbonado


text:
PCGen

PCGen is a character creation and role-playing game playing aid program for d20 System-based games, such as Dungeons & Dragons.

The software is written in Java and runs on any system that supports Java 10.0.2 or later as of v6.07.09.

The program has won ENnies (EN World awards) at Gen Con twice; a bronze in 2003 for Best Resource/Fan Site and a gold in 2005 for Best Electronic Product.

Features
The software allows players and DMs to create d20 System player characters, and subsequently maintain the character sheets in electronic format, tracking both the character statistics, their equipment and possessions, and other information related to the characters, making sure the characters are consistent with the d20 System rules.

All of the data the program uses, and all of the character data, is stored in plain text data files. Custom rules can be specified by writing new data files.

PCGen ships with a Data Set Converter that will assist in the conversion of user created data sets to the latest version of PCGen. This feature only works with data sets that are compatible with PCGen v5.14.1 or later.

The character sheets can also be exported in various kinds of XML, HTML, and PDF formats. For example, the software allows character data to be exported in datablock format similar to that used in pre-built adventures, or character sheet format similar to the official D&D character sheets.

Licensing of data
Traditionally, the stumbling block with computerized RPG play aids has been the publisher's reluctance to allow their published rules to be redistributed in another form. However, the OGL, an "open-source-like" license created by Wizards of the Coast allows PCGen to include all of the material found in the System Reference Document as well as other related material. PCGen has also signed on to Paizo Publishing's Community Use Policy and the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game Compatibility License. Other, non-OGL content publishers have also allowed their content, under separate agreement, to be converted to PCGen format and included in data sets shipped with PCGen.

There have been a few license disputes; for example, while Wizards of the Coast did not want some of the source book data to be shipped with PCGen, they later allowed Code Monkey Publishing to work on commercial versions of the WotC book data sets. However, in late 2006 WotC did not renew CMP's license, which expired on November 30, 2006.

title: PCGen


text:
User talk:Nabulus~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Samw 11:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

If you're the original author of the Orlando Thunder article at Geocities, can you please indicate that? Wikipedia has a strong copyright policy given the open nature of the site. Thanks and again welcome! Samw 11:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nabulus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nabulus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nabulus~enwiki


text:
Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor

The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest decoration for bravery exhibited by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's Medal of Honor.

History
The original Medal of Valor was established on June 29, 2000, by President Bill Clinton with his issuance of and was originally called the Presidential Medal of Valor for Public Safety Officers.

This award was later superseded to its current form with the enactment of the Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001 (,, , May 30, 2001). It is still awarded and presented by the President of the United States but now it is done in the name of the United States Congress as recommended by the eleven-member Medal of Valor Review Board. The Attorney General no longer makes recommendations directly to the President but can provide input into the process via the Department of Justice's National Medal of Valor Office's support of the Review Board. The medal can still be awarded posthumously.

Before the establishment of the Medal of Valor, there were no Federal awards to specifically acknowledge the bravery performed by public safety officers throughout the United States; police and firefighting departments typically award their members medals at a state or local government level. The establishment of the Medal of Valor filled a huge void in the civilian decorations system of the United States, which was all the more timely given the catastrophe in New York City the following year during the September 11 attacks. The 442 public safety officers killed at World Trade Center and The Pentagon that day were awarded the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor, a similar but separate award.

Symbolism
The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor, which intentionally resembles the military's Medal of Honor, is a gilt, blue-enameled, five-pointed, upside-down star (i.e. one arm points downwards), with each arm formed by a letter "V" (for Valor), surrounded by a wreath of laurel. The central disc bears the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States. The reverse bears the legend "FOR EXTRAORDINARY VALOR ABOVE AND BEYOND THE CALL OF DUTY", with the name of the recipient engraved at the center. The medal is suspended on a gilt disc bearing a letter "V" surrounded by a wreath of laurels, which is in turn suspended on a neck ribbon, blue with white and red edge stripes, the national colors of the United States, and a gold center stripe, symbolizing honor.

When the ribbon alone is worn, it carries a miniature gold gilt disc bearing a letter "V" surrounded by a wreath of laurels. There is also a lapel pin, which is the miniature of the medal without suspension.

As the award is presented by the President, the Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001 also repealed the previously awarded President's Award For Outstanding Public Safety Service (President's Award) and revised the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 to remove the President's Award but keep the Secretary's Award For Distinguished Public Safety Service, which is an honorary award presented by the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Attorney General for the recognition of outstanding and distinguished service by public safety officers.

title: Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor


text:
User:Mark Malcampo

This page looks best in Firefox at 1280 x 1024px resolution or higher.

Page design ideas from Phaedriel copied mostly from Antandrus. My thanks.

title: User:Mark Malcampo


text:
Glen Riddle Farm

Glen Riddle Farm was a large horse farm in Berlin, Maryland in the United States. Located on what today is Route 50 between Ocean City and Berlin, it was owned by a wealthy textile businessman Samuel D. Riddle who named it for his home town Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania which in turn had been named for his grandfather.

In addition to the stables and large mansion, Glen Riddle Farm had a one-mile racing oval for training thoroughbred racehorses. The farm was home to Hall of Fame racehorses Man o' War, U.S. Triple Crown winner War Admiral, Crusader as well as other successful thoroughbreds such as Massachusetts Handicap winner War Relic, and American Flag, a son of Man o' War who won the 1925 Belmont Stakes and was voted Champion 3-year-old Male Horse.

As part of a program honoring important horse racing tracks and racing stables, the Pennsylvania Railroad named its baggage car #5849 the "Glen Riddle Farm".

Samuel D. Riddle raced horses until his death in 1951 after which his heirs took over the property. A fire in 1969 destroyed the mansion and the farm was soon abandoned, left in disrepair for more than thirty years until real estate developers acquired it and built a residential housing complex in 2004.

In the mid-1920s, Samuel Riddle acquired Faraway Farm in Lexington, Kentucky where he would send his broodmares along with Man o' War, American Flag, and other stallions.

Glen Riddle Farm has been developed recently into a housing complex and golf club.

Glen Riddle Farm's horses won numerous important stakes races including the following prestigious U.S. Triple Crown races:

 * Kentucky Derby:
 * 1937 : War Admiral
 * Preakness Stakes:
 * 1920 : Man o' War
 * 1937 : War Admiral
 * Belmont Stakes:
 * 1920 : Man o' War
 * 1925 : American Flag
 * 1926 : Crusader
 * 1937 : War Admiral

Old appearance of farm
Part of the old appearance of the property (before development began) was a large field of primarily Purple Deadnettle's, with a few trees in the middle, housing a family graveyard.

title: Glen Riddle Farm