text:
Colony of Fiji

The Colony of Fiji was a Crown colony that existed from 1874 to 1970 in the territory of the present-day nation of Fiji. London declined its first opportunity to annex the Kingdom of Fiji in 1852. Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau had offered to cede the islands, subject to being allowed to retain his Tui Viti (King of Fiji) title. His demand was unacceptable to both the British and to many of his fellow chiefs, who regarded him only as first among equals, if that. Mounting debts and threats from the United States Navy had led Cakobau to establish a constitutional monarchy with a government dominated by European settlers in 1871, following an agreement with the Australian Polynesia Company to pay his debts. The collapse of the new regime drove him to make another offer of cession in 1872, which the British accepted. On 10 October 1874, Britain began its rule of Fiji, which lasted until 10 October 1970.

"Fiji for the Fijians"
Sir Hercules Robinson, who had arrived on 23 September 1874, was appointed as interim Governor. He was replaced in June 1875 by Sir Arthur Gordon. Rather than establish direct rule in all spheres, Gordon granted autonomy over local affairs to Fiji's chiefs, though they were now forbidden to engage in tribal warfare. The colony was divided into four regions, each under the control of a Roko; these regions were further subdivided into twelve districts, each ruled by a traditional chief. A Great Council of Chiefs was established in 1876 to advise the Governor. This body remained in existence until being suspended by the Military-backed interim government in 2007 and abolished in 2012. Under the 1997 Constitution, it functioned as an electoral college that chose Fiji's President, Vice-President, and 14 of the 32 Senators. In its early days, the Great Council was supplemented by a Native Regulation Board (now the Fijian Affairs Board); these two bodies together made laws for the Fijians. (European settlers, however, were not subject to its laws). In 1882, the capital was moved from Levuka to the more accessible Suva.

Adopting a "Fiji for the Fijians" policy, Gordon prohibited further sales of land, although it could be leased. This policy has been continued, hardly modified, to this day, and some 83 percent of the land is still natively owned. He also banned the exploitation of Fijians as labourers, and following the failure of the cotton-growing enterprise in the early 1870s, Gordon decided in 1878 to import indentured labourers from India to work on the sugarcane fields that had taken the place of the cotton plantations. The 463 Indians arrived on 14 May 1879—the first of some 61,000 that were to come before the scheme ended in 1916. The plan involved bringing the Indian workers to Fiji on a five-year contract, after which they could return to India at their own expense; if they chose to renew their contract for a second five-year term, they would be given the option of returning to India at the government's expense or remaining in Fiji. The great majority chose to stay. The Queensland Act, which regulated indentured labour in Queensland, was made law in Fiji also.

Fiji in the First World War
Fiji was only peripherally involved in the First World War, which was fought mainly in Europe. More than 1,500 men volunteered for war service with British forces. Other volunteers saw service with Australian and NZ forces. One notable incident occurred in September 1917 when Felix Graf von Luckner arrived at Wakaya Island, off the eastern coast of Viti Levu, after his raider, the Seeadler, had run aground in the Cook Islands following the shelling of Papeete in the French territory of Tahiti. On 21 September, the district police inspector took a number of Fijians to Wakaya, and Graf von Luckner, not realising that they were unarmed, unwittingly surrendered.

Citing unwillingness to exploit the Fijian people, the colonial authorities did not permit Fijians to enlist. One Fijian of chiefly rank, a great-grandson of Cakobau's, did join the French Foreign Legion, however, and received the French military decoration, the Medalle Militaire. Sukuna later served with 100 other Fijians of the Fiji Labour Corps which served in a logistics role in France and Italy. In the years that followed, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna, as he was later known, established himself as a leading chief in Fiji and set up institutions that safeguarded native Fijian land rights.

Fiji in the Second World War
When the Second World War broke out, many Fijians volunteered for military service with the Fiji Military Forces, which was commanded by a New Zealand Army officer under a 1936 agreement with the British that New Zealand assume responsibility for the defence of Fiji. Two Fiji infantry battalions and commando units saw service with US Army units in Guadalcanal and Bougainville.

The Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, on 8 December 1941 (Fiji time), marked the beginning of the Pacific War. Japanese submarines launched seaplanes that flew over Fiji; Japanese submarine I-25 on 17 March 1942 and Japanese submarine I-10 on 30 November 1941.

Because of its central location, Fiji was selected as a training base for the Allies. An airstrip was built at Nadi (later to become an international airport), and gun emplacements studded the coast. Fijians gained a reputation for bravery in the Solomon Islands campaign, with one war correspondent describing their ambush tactics as "death with velvet gloves." Corporal Sefanaia Sukanaivalu, of Yucata, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, as a result of his bravery in the Battle of Bougainville.

Indo-Fijians, however, generally refused to enlist, after their demand for equal treatment to Europeans was refused. They disbanded a platoon they had organised, and contributed nothing more than one officer and 70 enlisted men in a reserve transport section, on condition that they not be sent overseas. The refusal of Indo-Fijians to play an active role in the war efforts became part of the ideological construction employed by Fijian ethno-nationalists to justify interethnic tensions in the post-war years.

The development of political institutions
A Legislative Council, initially with advisory powers, had existed as an appointed body since 1874, but in 1904 it was made a partly elective body, with European male settlers empowered to elect 6 of the 19 Councillors. 2 members were appointed by the colonial Governor from a list of 6 candidates submitted by the Great Council of Chiefs; a further 8 "official" members were appointed by the Governor at his own discretion. The Governor himself was the 19th member. The first nominated Indian member was appointed in 1916; this position was made elective from 1929. A four-member Executive Council had also been established in 1904; this was not a "Cabinet" in the modern sense, as its members were not responsible to the Legislative Council.

After the Second World War, Fiji began to take its first steps towards internal self-government. The Legislative Council was expanded to 32 members in 1953, 15 of them elected and divided equally among the three major ethnic constituencies (indigenous Fijians, Indo-Fijians, and Europeans). Indo-Fijian and European electors voted directly for 3 of the 5 members allocated to them (the other two were appointed by the Governor); the 5 indigenous Fijian members were all nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs. Ratu Sukuna was chosen as the first Speaker. Although the Legislative Council still had few of the powers of the modern Parliament, it brought native Fijians and Indo-Fijians into the official political structure for the first time, and fostered the beginning of a modern political culture in Fiji.

These steps towards self-rule were welcomed by the Indo-Fijian community, which by that time had come to outnumber the native Fijian population. Fearing Indo-Fijian domination, many Fijian chiefs saw the benevolent rule of the British as preferable to Indo-Fijian control and resisted British moves towards autonomy. By this time, however, the United Kingdom had apparently decided to divest itself of its colonial empire and pressed ahead with reforms. The Fijian people as a whole were enfranchised for the first time in 1963, when the legislature was made a wholly elective body, except for 2 members out of 36 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs. 1964 saw the first step towards responsible government, with the introduction of the Member system. Specific portfolios were given to certain elected members of the Legislative Council. They did not constitute a Cabinet in the Westminster sense of the term, as they were officially advisers to the colonial Governor rather than ministers with executive authority, and were responsible only to the Governor, not to the legislature. Nevertheless, over the ensuing three years, the then Governor, Sir Derek Jakeway, treated the Members more and more like ministers, to prepare them for the advent of responsible government.

Responsible government
A constitutional conference was held in London in July 1965, to discuss constitutional changes with a view to introducing responsible government. Indo-Fijians, led by A. D. Patel, demanded the immediate introduction of full self-government, with a fully elected legislature, to be elected by universal suffrage on a common voters' roll. These demands were vigorously rejected by the ethnic Fijian delegation, who still feared loss of control over natively owned land and resources should an Indo-Fijian dominated government come to power. The British made it clear, however, that they were determined to bring Fiji to self-government and eventual independence. Realizing that they had no choice, Fiji's chiefs decided to negotiate for the best deal they could get.

A series of compromises led to the establishment of a cabinet system of government in 1967, with Ratu Kamisese Mara as the first Chief Minister. Ongoing negotiations between Mara and Sidiq Koya, who had taken over the leadership of the mainly Indo-Fijian National Federation Party on Patel's death in 1969, led to a second constitutional conference in London, in April 1970, at which Fiji's Legislative Council agreed on a compromise electoral formula and a timetable for independence as a fully sovereign and independent nation with the Commonwealth. The Legislative Council would be replaced with a bicameral Parliament, with a Senate dominated by Fijian chiefs and a popularly elected House of Representatives. In the 52-member House, Native Fijians and Indo-Fijians would each be allocated 22 seats, of which 12 would represent Communal constituencies comprising voters registered on strictly ethnic roles, and another 10 representing National constituencies to which members were allocated by ethnicity but elected by universal suffrage. A further 8 seats were reserved for "General electors" - Europeans, Chinese, Banaban Islanders, and other minorities; 3 of these were "communal" and 5 "national". With this compromise, Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970.

title: Colony of Fiji


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Office of the Law Revision Counsel

The Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives prepares and publishes the United States Code, which is a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. The Office was created in 1974 when the provisions of Title II, sec. 205, of, 93rd United States Congress, were enacted by ,.

Appointment and duties
The counsel is appointed by the Speaker of the House and must

"prepare, and submit to the Committee on the Judiciary one title at a time, a complete compilation, restatement, and revision of the general and permanent laws of the United States which conforms to the understood policy, intent, and purpose of the Congress in the original enactments, with such amendments and corrections as will remove ambiguities, contradictions, and other imperfections both of substance and of form, separately stated, with a view to the enactment of each title as positive law.'"

The counsel takes each Act of Congress that covers more than one subject and makes the revisions indicated to each title of the United States Code. The counsel also regularly reviews the United States Code and proposes new titles to be enacted as positive law (meaning that they would displace all prior statutes on the same subject and become the law itself). Some proposed titles are simply updates of U.S.C. titles that were previously codified as prima facie evidence of the statutory law but have not yet been enacted as positive law. Other proposed titles collect the substance of all existing statutes on a particular subject from across the U.S.C. and the Statutes at Large into a new title.

The current counsel, Ralph V. Seep, was appointed by Speaker John Boehner, effective June 2, 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Office of the Law Revision Counsel


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User talk:Lugon

Hi Lugon. Regarding the avian influenza material you added (to avian influenza), I'm not sure that there's a place for it in Wikipedia. All the articles should be just factual information that are derived from other reference material. There are other sites on the Internet for discussion or speculation. If you want to leave a note for another person click the "Discussion" tab and edit their talk page rather than leaving it on their main page. Also if you're not sure about what to add to an article, click the "Discussion" link and leave a question there. Regards --Lee Hunter 01:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Lee

Thanks for the explanation.

The risk of an influenza pandemic is not speculation, so I will document that. The fact that many countries are working on their preparedness can also be documented. So I'll do my homework.

What societies can or should do is not especulation but rather a very important exercise in serious, vital creativity. Official planners can and must do their homework too. I work in that kind of job, so I feel that's what we must personally do. But official response is not enough. If wikipedia is not the place for that then I'll find where. I would appreciate any suggestions you have in that regard.

Again, thanks!

Lucas Gonzalez (aka lugon)

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I have not received further comments from Lee.

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My letter has been published at promedmail.

and I've received several emails of encouragment, a specific correction for the avian influenza page (someone got a subtype wrong).

I'm afraid promedmail readers may have the impression that I created the content for that page and they can't change it themselves - both are wrong.

In fact, the page was initially created by someone else and we can all edit it - within the rules of what's acceptable in wikipedia. Please see the history of the page here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avian_influenza&action=history

-

Now, I'm not sure how to proceed. Here's my current thinking:
 * We can try to have as much "factual" information as possible here on wikipedia. We can, and should, document existing plans.  We should also link to important places.  I wrote above: The risk of an influenza pandemic is not speculation, so I will document that. The fact that many countries are working on their preparedness can also be documented. So I'll do my homework.  I need help with this!
 * We can find some other place to host our "open preparedness plans". Wikipedia software can be hosted somewhere else, so we would only need someone to host it for the rest of us.
 * We can find some other place, create a yahoogroup, etc.

-

Ok, I've "factualised" avian influenza. Let's see if I can get some help with that. Let's also see how we can go on with the "social preparedness" part, either inside wikipedia or elsewhere - help needed!

-

Please let's continue this discussion at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Avian_influenza which is a public place to talk about how to improve avian influenza page. Thanks!

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Hi Lucas,

I've publicised your project (which I think is a great idea) at the Wikipedia Village Pump - see Wikipedia:Village pump (news)#Wikipedia to save the world?. By the way, you can sign your comments by adding four tildes (thus: ~ ) at the end. Signing comments makes it much easier to tell who is saying what and when.

Feel free to ask me if you have any more queries about getting started here! -- ChrisO 22:49, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Hi Chris,

Thanks for your encouragement and help! I'm happy to use this small corner in the huge wikipedia whiteboard to start this off. After that, others are suggesting we would need to move to some other place - not sure.

Maybe this project has two sides to it:
 * one would provide the "factual information" (work-in-progress initiatives included)
 * and another would provide room to "co-imagine ways forward" (things like plastic "walls" like those inside taxis, but to be used in medical offices + gloves-across-the-wall for exploration, etc, etc, etc).

I feel there's great need to imagine practical ideas that are
 * scientifically sound,
 * humanly doable,
 * and practical for all - along the many months until vaccines are ready for the majority of the population on this planet. Something like some of the ideas that make it to http://www.worldchanging.org

The information about the ocurrence of a pandemic would spread itself quite fast. We need to make sure there's more "information for appropriate and useful action" than "useless and damaging fear". For as many people on this planet as possible, which is also tricky. Some of us understand a flash mini-movie while many others have access only to village gossip, etc.

That's the kind of project I would envision. I'm not sure it can be set up permanently in wikipedia, but I'm glad it can start here. Any further comments and help is very much appreciated!

(Of course there's the big "if/when" all over this page: "if/when the pandemic strikes".)

Again, thanks! -- Lugon 10:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

- Saw this up on Boing Boing. Great idea, I wonder if there's scope for a general global warning wiki - Wiktastrophe? Captainmax 06:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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I'm understanding how to work at wikipedia: just objective, backed up facts (there are enough of those). In case of a pandemic, we people will have to find our way creatively and locally, so it's better if we have a solid foundation of checked information - which is what the wikipedia is really good at. Lugon 23:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

-

I deleted something Lee had written and he's re-entered it himself (about Canadian vaccine production). I would have done it myself but it was late at night here. :) Gaining a common understanding takes some work. :) Lugon 09:29, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Traduwiki
A tag has been placed on Traduwiki requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Goochelaar (talk) 10:16, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lugon


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexander Ramon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 23:57, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Alexander Ramon
Speedied twice, but should be here (unfortunately). Denni ☯ 01:32, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yeah, I guess it should be here (the second reincarnation had just enough context), but the outcome is inevitable. Obvious vanity, and all the more reason to expand the speedy criteria to include such articles. (Incidentally, Denni, I'm not sure how your nomination jives with your comment on the author's talk page. You may want to clarify.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:18, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, Android. My advice to Datapencil was in error. Denni ☯ 00:40, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Userfy if possible, otherwise delete --Xcali 06:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wiki is not an www.Name_directory.  Non-notable. Fabartus 06:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable, vanity, etc.... Tobycat 06:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 17:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity -- JamesTeterenko 17:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would normally have speedy userfied this, but he already has a User page, so I vote delete. RickK 19:00, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Userfiy. This belongs on a userpage.  You 21:37, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy --Etacar11 23:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 04:42, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have Speedy Deleted this as a user test. User has a user page and this was an obvious test. - Tεx  τ  urε  18:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User:MotleyPhule

New Zealander. I'm an English teacher and a PhD student. My interests are in sci fi, especially the works of Philip K. Dick, and philosophy.

title: User:MotleyPhule


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Talk:Jelgava

Etymology
I am unsure about the etymology section. The only reference to "Mitte in der Aue" I have found in German or in English is from 1911 Britannica, http://69.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MI/MITAU.htm. The "to change" words come from http://www.balticsonline.lv/?DocID=1541.

Historical information was mostly taken from http://www.tournet.lv/page.php?id=1500. Olessi 01:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Obsolete?
Jelgava is surrounded by a canal known as Jacob's Channel ... Jelgava has regular, broad streets lined with the mansions of the Baltic German nobility who resided at the capital of Courland

Is present tense appropriate here? I think neither the canal nor the mansions have survived WWII. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Beil (talk • contribs) 22:08, 30 March 2007 (UTC).

Name origins
The only ref I can find describes the city's name as meaning "city on the river" so I've added that. In cases like this, however, more than one translation is usually possible so others could be added but refs for them would help. Valenciano (talk) 21:59, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Juulgava
What is Juulgava? Which language? No references, even impossible to find in google. I should remove it. Dukurs (talk) 07:57, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jelgava


text:
Talk:University of Hawai'i Board of Publications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Manoa_Board_of_Publications – University of Hawaii at Manoa Board of Publications → University of Hawai’i Board of Publications – {I was notified of the official title of the Board.} — Yfujita 01:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Discrete-time Fourier transform

The $$X(e^{i\omega})$$ notation
This article uses the notation $$ X(e^{i\omega}) $$ for the resulting function, already in the definition of the transform, without providing a rationale. I know that this notation is in common use, in particular in the signal processing community. But as far as I can see, it is not a necessary concept in the defintion of the transform. I would rather see an defintion like

 * $$X'(\omega) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] \,e^{-i \omega n}\,$$

which, after providing the rationale, later is rephrased as

 * $$X(e^{i \omega}) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] \,e^{-i \omega n}\,$$

and pointing out that X and X' are two related, but different, functions.

This distinction between X and X' (as they are defined here) is very important. For example, in the relation

 * $$x[n] \cdot y[n] \, \Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{2 \pi} X(e^{i \omega}) * Y(e^{i \omega}) $$

it is important to realize that the convolution operation should be made on the X' and Y' functions rather than on the X and Y functions. This is not obviously clear from the current notation used in these formulas. --KYN 21:00, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The rationale can be found at Discrete-time_Fourier_transform. But I am a member of the signal processing community who never liked the $$X(e^{i \omega})\,$$ notation.  The $$X_T(f)\,$$ notation, used in the article, is better, because it can represent both sides of the equality:

 * $$\sum_{k = -\infty}^{\infty} X(f - {k f_s}) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} T\cdot x(nT) \cdot e^{- i 2\pi f n T}\,$$

 * Therefore I would lean toward defining the DTFT in terms of $$f\,$$ or $$\omega\,$$ and save the $$X(e^{i \omega})\,$$ notation for the Z-transform intro.
 * --Bob K 00:26, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I would lean towards $$X(\omega)$$ myself as well. Note that this has the added benefit of being more similar to the other Fourier transform articles. —Steven G. Johnson 04:14, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That's an obvious but very important point. I believe that the $$X(e^{i \omega})\,$$ notation obscures the fact that it's just a normal Fourier transform of $$x_T(t)\,$$.  I believe it's because of that confusion that Rbj insists that  the DTFT is subsequent to a proof of the sampling/reconstruction theorem.  But as we all know, one can sample a signal and do a DTFT with the samples without ever proving the sampling theorem.  And having done that, the sampling theorem becomes rather obvious and trivial to prove, compared to the  bloated proof now offered by Wikipedia.  --Bob K 14:41, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

In Discrete-time_Fourier_transform we learn that the resulting function of the transform is periodic, but I don't see that as a sufficient rationale for writing $$X(e^{i\omega})$$. There must be something more than this? Why else has this rather peculiar notation become so widespread? It can't be just to constantly remind the user about the periodicity of X? --KYN 11:17, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * We also learn that it "emphasizes the relationship to the Z-transform". The symbol $$X\,$$ is overloaded, thus ambiguous.  At various times, it can represent any of these functions:

 * $$X_1(\omega) = \mathcal{F}\{x(t)\}\,$$
 * $$X_2(\omega) = \mathcal{F}\{x_T(t)\}\,$$
 * $$X_3(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] \,z^{-n}$$

 * We can remove one of the ambiguities by noting that:

 * $$X_2(\omega) = X_3(e^{i \omega})\,$$

 * $$X_2\,$$ is a special case of $$X_3\,$$, so we simply dispense with the 2nd definition. Many narrowly focussed DSP articles have no use for $$X_1(\omega)\,$$ either, leaving no ambiguity at all.  I believe that is the rationale.  However, a coherent sequence of encyclopedia articles has to build from the ground up.  So I don't believe that rationale is appropriate for us.  We could avoid overloading if we really wanted to, just as I have done above with subscripts, but that would be non-standard.  So we have to rely on context and prose to make our articles unambiguous.  That is the standard, as far as I can tell.
 * --Bob K 15:21, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess another possible rationale, depending on your feelings about the existence of $$\mathcal{F}\{x_T(t)\}\,$$, is that $$X(e^{i \omega})\,$$ seems to circumvent the whole debate over use of the Dirac comb function. But if that is the rationale, I would attribute it to the mathematical community, not the signal processing community.  --Bob K 15:36, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the definition with exp(i omega) is really a z transform, and we should just not use it except for that. Go back to X(omega) throughout.  At present we have an incompatible mixture, so something must be done. Dicklyon 04:11, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

And the table...
The table uses X(omega), not the form defined in the lead. And some of the entries have periodic DTFTs while some do not. That is, the ones with exp(i omega) in them are obviously periodic, but the the ones like delta(omega+a) are not; they seem to just be copied from regular Fourier transforms. These need to be fixed. Dicklyon 04:09, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Oh, I missed this hack:

 * $$\omega \!$$ is a real number in $$(-\pi,\ \pi)$$, representing continuous angular frequency (in radians per sample).
 * The remainder of the transform $$(|\omega| > \pi \,)$$ is defined by: $$X(\omega + 2\pi k) = X(\omega)\,$$

Is this enough to make the table always correct? Or are there some entries where an infinite sum is really needed? Probably the sinc-squared needs to be patched up at least, or W limited to 1, otherwise there's overlap that needs to be summed up. And what about a general exp(an) for complex a? Dicklyon 04:33, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

The table is still very screwed up and inconsistent. For example, the factors in front of the delta functions for the exp and cos are not consistent. One just got changed, but it didn't bring them any closer to agreement. Anyone want to take this on? And maybe the section on sampling should be made consistent with the X(omega) definition instead of its own X(f)? Dicklyon 19:32, 14 December 2006 (UTC) OK, I made some changes. Someone should check me. Dicklyon 05:03, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Alejo2083, thanks for checking me; you may be right that the one I deleted as absurd is not; I missed the n in the denominator. Anyway, I searched back and found that you're the source of the table, so I'd appreciate your comments on the rest of the changes, and also a source please, since I don't want to have to do the math to check all these. Dicklyon 00:27, 19 December 2006 (UTC) I checked a few in Matlab to see how they look, which is where it became clear that the sinc-square and sinc both needed a factor of 1; and I noticed the W condition for the one I thought was absurd, which is fine. Dicklyon 01:15, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * no problem :-) I added that line in the table because I made an exam about Z-transform and I had to use such a transform several times, but it was not in any table. So I calculated it in general, using generic parameters, and I published it on wikipedia, hoping it could be useful for somebody else. If you think the table is growing too big, we might consider moving it to its own page, keeping on this page just the main transforms such as sine and cosine, sinc, and a few more. Alessio Damato 12:41, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Symmetry Properties
The new table entries have errors. For instance this equality:

 * $$X_R(e^{i \omega}) = Re\{x[n]\}\!$$

One side is time domain and the other is frequency domain.

And this:

 * $$\angle X(e^{i \omega}) = \angle X(e^{-i \omega}) \!$$

For instance, consider $$x[n] = \delta [n - k] \!$$ and $$X(e^{i \omega}) = e^{-i k \omega} \!$$ :

 * $$\angle X(e^{i \omega}) = -k\omega \!$$
 * $$\angle X(e^{-i \omega}) = k\omega \!$$

So:  $$-k\omega \ \stackrel{\mathrm{???}}{=}\ \ k\omega\!$$

I haven't checked everything. Those just leaped out at me. --Bob K 04:17, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

I am replacing a discussion with this synopsis: The following text (or something similar) should accompany : If we were to decompose the real and imaginary parts of a complex function into their even and odd parts, we would have four components. And there is a one-to-one mapping between the components of a complex time function and the components of its complex frequency transform. The mapping is illustrated in the figure. --Bob K (talk) 01:54, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

notation
In DTFT the frequency variable is commonly symbolized by $$\Omega \!$$ and not $$\omega \!$$. $$\omega \!$$ is used in continuous Fourier Transform. 132.69.231.117 19:10, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * So are you saying that
 * $$\Omega \!$$ is most common (Google appears to disagree with that), or
 * $$\Omega \!$$ should be mentioned as another commonly used notation?

 * --Bob K 13:44, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Most of the ones I checked used the small omega, but I also saw some variations on that. Probably not worth noting.  Dicklyon (talk) 02:18, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Impulses in DTFT of u[n]
After I reverted an anon's uncommented addition of delta functions, User:Vaamarnath added back the impulses in the table, still unsourced, but this time I checked. Sure enough, that's pretty much what all sources say. This puzzles me, since the expression 1/(1 - exp(i omega)) already has infinities at all the frequencies where the impulses were added (the denominator being zero whenever omega is a multiple of 2 pi). But I don't understand distributions and functions with infinities in them well enough to know exactly what's going on here, and none of the sources appear to comment on it. I suppose the infinities there don't really do anything, since they're approached with opposite signs from the two sides; is that why the delta functions are needed? Dicklyon (talk) 02:18, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I suppose it's the same reason (whatever that is) that:
 * $$\mathcal{F}\bigl\{u(t)\bigr\} = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} \left( \frac{1}{i \pi \omega} + \delta(\omega)\right)$$
 * also has a double singularity at zero.
 * --Bob K (talk) 11:22, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Also note that without the delta in this inverse transform:
 * $$\mathcal{F}^{-1}\{2 \mathrm{u}(f)\} = \delta(t) + j\cdot {1 \over \pi t} $$
 * an analytic signal would have no real part.
 * --Bob K (talk) 11:46, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Formula for multiplication in time
The use of the convolution symbol on the titular line in the table is somewhat unclear on what type of convolution must be taken; while it's obvious that it's a continuous convolution, it's less (immediately) obvious that it must also be a periodic one.

This wouldn't be a problem since you could just click the handy link to the convolution article, but the current wikipedia article on convolution doesn't seem to define a periodic convolution anywhere, and the circular convolution article just states one (admittedly useful) property of the (normal) convolution of periodic signals while apparently leaving the actual convolution definition the same.

I mean it's obvious what should be done; just don't periodize H in the second formula (from the circular convolution article) and you're set, but what's needed is an explicit definition that states that.

I admit I don't really like the clutter of the new formula over the old one, but this should be more mathematically accurate and will have to do unless someone adds to the convolution article or has a better idea. 128.12.178.64 (talk) 22:50, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Good point. And thank you... I think this was a missing link for me.  I have revised the intro to Circular convolution to clarify what it means in terms of two functions that are periodic to begin with.  And of course such functions can always be expressed as periodic summations, so circular convolution always has an equivalent representation in terms of conventional convolution.  I'm not sure, however, if this affects what you have done to the DTFT article.  It seems pretty clear now.  Reverting would not necessarily be an improvement.
 * --Bob K (talk) 03:27, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Alternate notation
The alternate notation (z-transform like) is used in the properties table, but it doesn't seem to say so, so the results are confusing. We should clarify. Dicklyon (talk) 19:41, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

Rambling, sub-standard, misplaced paragraph
The following paragraph was inserted as a "Definition" on Aug 21. Besides the obvious flaws, it is not a definition, and it seems more concerned with the sampling theorem than with the subject of this article. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform is related to Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. Continuous Fourier Transform (CFT) decomposite a non-periodic signal and gives its spectrum ratios/relations (due to integral over infinite period, unlike Fourier Series directly giving coeffiecients. The Inverse Continuous Fourier Transform is the Fourier coefficent expansion form for CFT). For digital processing such as using computer, discrete data is required. Shannon's original proof in Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem logically showed that under proper sampling condition the original Continuous Fourier Transform X(ω) could be recovered by calculating its Discrete-time Fourier transform (the maximum unique frequency component DTFT represents cannot exceed the sampling frequency, and due to aliasing the maximum unique frequency is limited under half of the sampling frequency (Nyquist frequency), therefore the spectrum becomes periodic), and therefore its Fourier coefficient expansion form can be recovered, and the original signal. As long as the sampling frequency Fs >= 2B which is the Nyquist frequency (B is the bandwidth limit of the signal), using discrete samples to unambiguiously recover the original signal is achievable. Discrete Fourier transform is the counterpart of DTFT dealing with discrete sampling and reconstruction of periodic signal. --Bob K (talk) 12:47, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Side note explaining equation 2 has mistake
Should use $$e^{-i 2\pi f T n}$$ rather than delta function. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.179.187.178 (talk) 10:28, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

 * You are thinking of equation 3:
 * $$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] \cdot \delta(t-nT) \quad\stackrel{\mathcal{F}}{\Longleftrightarrow}\quad \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} X\left(f - k/T\right).

$$
 * Eq 2 equates two frequency domain functions via the Poisson Summation formula. Eq 3 relates a time-domain and freq domain function via the Fourier transform.
 * --Bob K (talk) 15:54, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

Inline math style changes
Generally, large-scale style changes shouldn't be done without some discussion to establish consensus. Personally, I think the use of math tags for math inside sentences is a bit of mess, and that the template Template:math is generally better for this (it's also a smaller change from what was there in this case). Anyone want to work in that direction? Dicklyon (talk) 21:14, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the template link. It has the advantages you've mentioned, and is very "professional" looking.  I don't mind the changes from straight html to LaTex, in fact I like it, but it's admittedly not as slick as the template.  I support your idea.  But I am not as motivated as user Fvultier.
 * --Bob K (talk) 15:17, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * It sure does get tiring... Dicklyon (talk) 05:25, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm about done converting it that way. Open to further suggestions. Dicklyon (talk) 06:13, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that the mvar template is the way to go. Using normal text for inline formulas looks ugly and it is difficult for the reader to distinguish formulas and text quickly. I noticed that the mvar template does not produce the exactly same results as the latex formulas. Fvultier (talk) 10:46, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * The math and mvar templates simply choose a compatible font/size/style for otherwise html text (compatible with the text around, but with serif font). It's not powerful like LaTeX equations, but often the best choice for math in sentences. Dicklyon (talk) 04:55, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

 * It's the serif font that looks "professional" to me ( $fs$ vs fs). LaTex is lovely by itself, but contrasts with surrounding plain text.   isn't really needed.  It's just a shortcut for

when you want the entire expression italicized; i.e. $N$ = $N$.
 * Aliasing has a lot of inline math, which I just converted from LaTex to

, for the experience. And I think it's a significant improvement. My browser "zoom" was inadvertently set at 90%. Consequently, I ended up using a lot of &nbsp to avoid crowding. After discovering my problem, I did a comparison (with and without), and decided that the extra whitespace is still a slight improvement. So I left it that way, but I expect someone will remove it all someday.
 * --Bob K (talk) 15:06, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

 * A couple of tricks I discovered are: (1) how to create the "definition" symbol, and (2) how to change $fN$ into $fN$ in this formula: $fN( f ) Δ = | f – N fs|.$
 * --Bob K (talk) 15:51, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discrete-time Fourier transform


text:
Talk:Burninate

Does this really need its own article? Why not simply redirect to Trogdor? Loganberry 01:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Or move to Wiktionary Nik42 05:09, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

It's become a real English word.--The Kooky One 15:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't change the fact that it's a dictionary-style entry, which belongs on Wiktionary, not Wikipedia Nik42 02:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a neologism at best. Let Wiktionary handle it. If someone doesn't transwiki in a few days, I'll afd. Karmafist 17:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burninate


text:
User talk:Rozon2001

Hi Rozon and welcome to Wikipedia!

A couple of new articles you've just added to the encyclopedia cause problems for the project, since the owner of the material you copied places restrictions on how it is used. It seems that No. 3 Squadron RCAF and No.12 Squadron RCAF are copied (in part) from the Canadian Forces site, which allows its material to be used only for non-commercial purposes.

If you click on either of those articles now, you will find a link to a page where you can write new versions of the articles in your own words. In due course, these will be used to replace the problematic versions.

Sorry to be the bearer of bad news, and I hope this won't stop you from continuing to contribute here! If you have any questions, please feel free to get back to me. Cheers, --Rlandmann 01:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rozon2001


text:
User:Pacaro

Projects
I currently contribute to…
 * Wikiproject Lace
 * Wikiproject Punctuation

title: User:Pacaro


text:
Circlet

A circlet is a piece of headwear that is similar to a diadem or a corolla. The word 'circlet' is also used to refer to the base of a crown or a coronet, with or without a cap. Diadem and circlet are often used interchangeably, and 'open crowns' with no arches (as opposed to 'closed crowns') have also been referred to as circlets. In Greek this is known as stephanos, and in Latin as corona aperta, although stephanos is associated more with laurel wreaths and the crown of thorns said to have been placed on the head of Jesus.

Heraldic circlet
In heraldry, a circlet of an order of knighthood may be placed around the shield of the bearer to signify membership of a particular order. In British heraldry, this pertains to the grades of Commander and above (i.e. Knight Commander and Knight Grand Cross).

title: Circlet


text:
User:Daniel.inform

I am interested in wikipedia articles in all languages being translated to all other languages. It may be possible to make rapid progress by using neural translation such as Google Traslate to get missing pages started. Glaring errors attract attention and engage more Wikipedia editors. Over time the quality and breadth of Wikipedia improves.

If you are interested in discussing this idea, please post your thoughts here here or here Wikipedia_talk:Translation.

title: User:Daniel.inform


text: User talk:Osbornb

title: User talk:Osbornb


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gravity Suit

 * Delete this article would be better off merged with Items in the Metroid series. In fact a better description of the gravity pack is available there. So might as well delete this one. R Lee E 01:38, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Sarahndipity

JFW | T@lk  01:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sarahndipity


text:
Bettencourt

The Bettencourt family is a French noble family of Norman origin. The head of the family in the 14th century, Jean de Béthencourt, organized an expedition to conquer the Canary Islands, resulting in his being made King of the Canary Islands. Though the royal title would be short-lived, it allowed the family to firmly establish itself afterwards in the Azores and Madeira islands. The family is one of the most expansive and established families of the Portuguese nobility, as well as the Spanish nobility.

Through the expansion of the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Crown, the family and name spread across the world, mainly throughout Iberian America (Portuguese America and Spanish America), as well as Portuguese Africa.

Variants of the name
Though the spelling Bettencourt is the most widely used and standardized spelling of the family, both in Portuguese and French, other spellings of the name have arisen. Some of these spellings include: Bethancourt/Betancourt, Bettencourt, Béthencourt, Bentancour, Bentancourt, Betancoor, Betancur, Betancurt, Betancurth, Betancor, Betancurt, Betencur, Betancor, Bentancour, Bethancourth and Bittencourt.

Family history

Bettencourt and Betancourt are originally place-names in Northern France. The place-name element -court ("courtyard, courtyard of a farm, farm") is typical of the French provinces, where the Frankish settlements formed an important part of the local population. It is a Gallo-Roman calque from the Old Low Franconian word *hof, meaning "courtyard", "courtyard of a farm", "farm" (Dutch, Old English hof, German Hof "courtyard", "farm").

Bettencourt and Béthencourt correspond with Bettenhoffen, Bettenhof or Bettenhoven found in Alsace, Germany or Flanders cf. the Belgian town of Bettincourt called in Dutch Bettenhoven.

The first part Betten- is the Germanic personal name (owner's name) Betto.

The surname Bettencourt/Béthencourt with various spellings extended throughout Spain, Portugal and their colonies, after the Norman-French explorer Jean de Béthencourt, who conquered the Canary Islands for Spain and received the title King of the Canary Islands.

To this day, Betancourt and other forms of this surname are quite frequent among Canary Islanders and people of Canary Islander descent, thanks to the offspring of Béthencourt's nephews who followed him in his conquest, especially Maciot de Bethencourt who acted as King of the Canary Islands after his uncle had returned to France.

Examples include former Cuban president Salvador Cisneros Betancourt, who also was Marquess of Santa Lucía, former Colombian president Belisario Betancur, former Venezuelan president Rómulo Betancourt, and Hermano Pedro de San José de Betancurt, a saint of the Catholic Church. Other modern notables are Venezuelan baseball player Rafael Betancourt, Azorean (Portuguese)-born American musician Nuno Bettencourt, Colombian-French activist/politician Ingrid Betancourt and Uruguayan activist Walner Ademir Bentancour Garin, disappeared by the Uruguayan and Argentinian military juntas in 1976.

Bettencourt

 * André Bettencourt – French politician, served as Foreign Minister under President Georges Pompidou
 * D.J. Bettencourt – American politician
 * Diogo de Barcelos Machado Bettencourt – Portuguese magistrate and politician
 * João de Bettencourt de Vasconcelos – Portuguese nobleman and governor
 * Liliane Bettencourt – French businesswoman, majority shareholder of L'Oréal, richest woman in history
 * Nuno Bettencourt – Portuguese-born American musician
 * Paul Bettencourt – American politician, currently Texas Senator from the 7th district
 * Tiago Bettencourt – Portuguese singer-songwriter

Betancourt

 * Carlos Betancourt – American artist
 * Carmelo Betancourt – Puerto Rican basketball player
 * Jeanne Betancourt – American author
 * Kim Betancourt – American publisher
 * John Gregory Betancourt – science fiction writer
 * Mick Betancourt – writer
 * Philip Betancourt – American Archaeologist
 * Nelson Betancourt – West Indian cricketer
 * Porfirio Armando Betancourt – Honduran footballer
 * Rafael Betancourt – Major League Baseball pitcher for the Colorado Rockies
 * Rómulo Betancourt – 47th and 54th President of Venezuela
 * Sterling Betancourt (born 1930) – Trinidadian musician
 * Michael Betancourt – critical theorist, art and film historian, and animator
 * Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Spanish saint and missionary
 * Agustín de Betancourt (1758–1825) – prominent Spanish structural engineer, educator, and urban planner
 * Íngrid Betancourt – French-Colombian politician
 * Christian Rogelio Benítez Betancourt – Ecuadorian footballer
 * Alfredo Betancourt (1914–2013) – Salvadoran writer
 * Gabriel Betancourt – Colombian politician and father of Íngrid Betancourt
 * Gaspar Betancourt Cisneros – Cuban writer

Bethancourt

 * See Bethancourt

Béthencourt

 * See Béthencourt

Bittencourt

 * See Bittencourt

Other variants

 * Belisario Betancur (1923–2018) – Colombian conservative politician who served as the 26th President of Colombia
 * Carmelo Bentancur (1899–?), Uruguayan soldier and fencer
 * Diego Betancur Álvarez – Ambassador of Colombia to Australia
 * Jorge Betancur – Nicaraguan footballer
 * Rubén Bentancourt – Uruguayan footballer
 * Rodrigo Bentancur – Uruguayan footballer

title: Bettencourt


text:
Talk:Vehicle registration plates of Australia

1990s Victoria plate recall
This article should mention the recall of number plates in Victoria during the 1990s. A large number of plates were issued with defective paint causing them to fade quickly. -- Longhair | Talk 01:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, mention it then! I've enhanced the Victorian section, and plan to further enhance it with some piccies tomorrow when its less dark, but I don't know any more than you've just said. Also, seeing as I've talked about bus, taxi, bike rack and trailer number plates, I'm moving this article to Australian vehicle number plates Felix the Cassowary 13:43, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * An article on the topic to aspire to in terms of quality of information and coverage is German car number plates--A Y  Arktos 09:04, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Diplomatic number plates
Ref the reversion by Pfctdayelise - I don't think we should pursue turning the "I" statement into a factoid. Living in Canberra, I guess I do know a couple of the country codes. However, I do not think that revealing them is appropriate for wikipedia. When the gulf war (1st) broke out I do know that all US numberplates were changed to plain plates that day as some precaution against demonstration against the US. The information is not secret but probably the wikipedia is not an appropriate place to document or publicise.--A Y  Arktos 08:15, 16 February 2006 (UTC) The list of codes is mostly public knowledge anyway - wikipedia is about knowledge, why not publish a list? I don't see how it will make life more or less dangerous for diplomats etc. Karl2620 21:48, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Victorian slogans
The slogan NUCLEAR FREE STATE appeared on some plates for a short period, but I can't recall which letter series. Perhaps Bxx-nnn or Cxx-nnn?

Also --- The statement in the table that Q range had "(none from Qe-Qz)" is not correct. I had a QOx-xxx with "Victoria - on the move". Not sure when the slogans disappeared however...

Well, to try to answer both: as for NUCLEAR FREE STATE you are on the right track - that was in the Cs, after the "Victoria - 150 Years"; I only can remember CGx-nnn specifically. There was also a group of plates around this time with only "VICTORIA" in the centre, a bit like the more recent Q plates.

The "Victoria - On The Move" slogan disappeared from standard issue plates at about QDx-nnn. QEx-nnn up until at least QMx-nnn had no slogan as such, just the centred "VICTORIA". Of course as for your QOx-nnn, there are always exceptions (sometimes erroneously re-made plates), and I have actually seen an EMK-xxx (or was it EKM-xxx) in blue letters with "Victoria - The Place To Be".... probably an employee or friend of Vic Roads. Also I once saw an IWG-xxx on a red Alfa which was actually green on white. Walkingmelways 12:42, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Y = Yogis
I have no idea of the origin of this :) but where I'm from, "Yogi" is a nickname for ACTers, somehow connected to the "Y" on the numberplates. pfctdayelise (translate?) 08:11, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * (The only example of this use I can find is here. Hmm. pfctdayelise (translate?) 08:14, 5 April 2006 (UTC))
 * Wait, a source, kind of :) pfctdayelise (translate?) 08:18, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I had never heard the term, but I guess it is used about those of us who live here rather than as a self-reference ... --A Y Arktos\talk 21:45, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Images?
Do you think there are any problems with displaying actual number plates like this? Privacy or maybe some regulation of the RTA/VicRoads et al? I don't know... perhaps we should doctor the plates to be generic things like "AAA 777"... or am I being paranoid? pfctdayelise (translate?) 08:43, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The privacy issue shouldn't be a problem. Well, my images at least. I got permission for the ones I uploaded (one's from my car, one my mums). But I can't really see VicRoads having an issue with it either, since there's no personal information given away. ttam (talk)

Common features section?
I came here following links for LPG that needed updating, and found that the explanation of LPG stickers on number plates is in the Victoria section, whereas it should be in a generic section covering all states and territories. I propose to create a 'Common features' section after the federal numbering scheme section. The idea would then be that any features that are common to all plates, or exist in multiple states can be covered there. Opinions? --Athol Mullen 00:00, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No objections from me. The autogas part seems strange where it is. Maybe some of the text in the lead section can be moved to a "General features" section. I don't feel comfortable doing this myself because I only know the sequences on Western Australian number plates - my user page would probably tell you the reason for that. :) Graham 87 06:17, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Federal Interstate
I came here looking for some information on the Federal Interstate scheme that you see on semi trailers to no avail, although there's a mention in the Tasmanian section. Anyone with some knowledge care to add? -philbert

 * Ive just thrown in some info on the FIRS plates, but there is precious little documentation available to reference. I will see if I can find some legislation to follow up on. Karl2620 13:25, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Commonwealth of Australia plates
The article says "The Commonwealth Government of Australia used the Z prefix for its government owned vehicles up until 2000 when the Commonwealth Vehicle Registry was closed."

Is this true? We have lots of brand new cars (2006, 2007 models) at the Commonwealth Government which still have C of A plates with the red Z. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.85.19 (talk) 01:32, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't think that's true. All of the newly issued Red Z plates which I have seen have either been NSW Black on yellow, with the first Z being Red ZZZ-nnn plates (three Zs, 1st Z being red, other two black and a three numbers), or they have looked just like the old CofA plates, and have been ACT issue, and have been ZYA-nnn plates. Whilst I am sure some of the plates have exceeded those ranges, and that there are other ranges in other states, I can categorically say that there are no more CofA plates around, except possibly at the Kingston transport museum, where they still have CofA plates on busses, but then I am not sure if they are actually still registered ;).

Karl2620 12:04, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Just seen a police escort in Brisbane; 23/08/12; 3 nice top of the line holdens, about 15 motorcycles, 3 police cars, one 4wd with a chauffeur logo on it, an army 4wd in the convoy. Stopped all traffic around it, blocked upcoming streets, and cruised on through like they own the place. Number plates on the holdens were simply "1" "A" and "AA". Green letters, white background. Prime minister's fleet, you think?

Hire Cars
Under the special vehicles section for NSW should there be a mention of Hire Car plates? The ones I have seen have had plates HC - nnnn —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.20.59 (talk) 23:28, 17 April 2008 (UTC)  This topic has been addressed and is now included. (Welldone65 (talk) 13:33, 10 May 2008 (UTC))

Military
It states that the military districts were the basis for the post code system. SA is 4MD, however the postcode is 5XXX. Ozdaren (talk) 17:12, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

TAS is 6MD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.217.13.230 (talk) 02:25, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

How old is this rego plate?
I have a west australian shire plate, AU-66, ....I've had it for a few years, con you tell me when it would have 1st been issued?...cheers, Dave —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.235.75.91 (talk) 03:30, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Old number plate colours
The article states "QLD white background and green lettering (later maroon)" - it seems to be speaking in reference to the scheme raise in 1951-52.

Queensland did not adopt the green/white number plates until late in the 70's. Prior to that the number plates were black with white lettering with "QLD" at the top. I *think* that this change occurred at the same time that Qld switched from aaa-nnn to nnn-aaa format. It is also when they adopted the slogan "The Sunshine State" on the plates.

This colour change definitely happened with the change from aaa-nnn to nnn-aaa.203.173.14.192 (talk) 08:17, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

Victoria I believe also had black with white lettering at some point but I have no information about when this changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.3.9.101 (talk) 03:38, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

The colour change in Victoria from white-on-black to green-on-white occurred before the recycling back to the "AAA" series.203.173.14.192 (talk) 08:17, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

Before the 1951-2 scheme, Queensland had black-on-white "Q" followed by white-on-black numerals. Tasmania had the same but with "T". Other states might have had similar plates.203.173.14.192 (talk) 08:17, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

South Australian Special Plates
There are two special plates from South Australia that has not been mentioned in the article. One is the 150th-year Jubilee plate in 1986. Another one is the Grand Prix plate issued between 1985-1995, when the Australian Grand Prix was hosted in the Adelaide Street Circuit. You can still find it mentioned in the registration form for personalised number plates — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.79.12 (talk • contribs) 23:45, 30 July 2013

Governor General's number plate
The article just says the plate has the Crown of St Edward on it. Does that mean the plate only has the crown on it or that it has "C of A" at the top and the crown underneath? Can someone please link the picture? FokkerTISM 05:18, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

Why is Australia using EU vehicle plate designs?
I would understand if a British or French overseas territory would have to use those kinds of Vehicle registration plates, but why Australian states? Is it some kind of agreement with between the gov'ts of Australia and the EU or for some other reason? -- sion8 talk page23:00, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

 * These are the optional "Euro" plates. Traditional Australian plates do not have the same dimensions as European plates and the mounting holes are in the wrong place for European cars (requiring additional holes to be made to either the car or the plate to accommodate). There is no connection between the Australian issuing authorities and European authorities with respect to these European-style plates. The entities responsible for issuing registration plates in Australia must like the revenue stream from these plates as they charge several hundred dollars extra for them. OSX (talk • contributions) 01:53, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I was checking out the "Vehicle registration plates" pages of several countries the other day and it doesn't seem to be mandatory for any places other than the EU or European countries' controlled territories, but many countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, etc. seem to issue plates in this so-called "Euro-Style" at the request of the people. I'm guessing some people like them like that and/or think they can just use those kinds of plate internationally as if they awarded them legality, but like you seem to suggest is both gov't revenue and show on the part of the car owners that get them for their cars. I once saw a car in the U.S. with both a regular U.S. state's plate and a Euro-Style plate right on top of each other, I think the EU one was either from France or Germany so I guess they were traveling. -- sion8 Flag_of_Barranquilla.svg talk page05:26, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

old number plates 1940s and earlier?
Can we get some pics of these?--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 05:51, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

Split tag
I have split-tagged this article as it is far too long to navigate easily. Other federal countries like the US and Canada, where the plates are distinct, have separate articles by jurisdiction.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 13:28, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I have evaluated the North American version and thinks it can be done but keep the Australian page with links to the state pages & other issues sections as lately in the past decade many state authorities now offer a wider variety of plates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.136.51 (talk) 01:48, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thoughts?--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 15:13, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * , don't really mind bud. Anyway better be heading off to bed. Goodnight mate !! -- Eurovision Nim (talk to me)(see my edits) 15:14, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I should too, gonna get my Rick and Morty fix then zzzzzz--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 15:18, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

Alternative fuel vehicle identification
Have added a new section under the Common Features heading to deal with these vehicle types, adding in the specific details for all the symbols in ALVSR2015, including the 2019 updates for EV's and hydrogen vehicles, and adding appropriate references and citations.

Was going to add an SVG image for each of the labels, but I don't have the skills to do this efficiently. If someone else would like to come along and do this, and add these into the table added to this section, it would be appreciated. Thewinchester (talk) 13:43, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Whoever has the keys to unlock this page - the term is "pop rivet" not "pot rivet". Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.141.6.185 (talk) 04:59, 8 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Olive (disambiguation)

Olive is a genus of about 20 species of small trees in the family Oleaceae, and the fruit of those trees.

Olive may also refer to:

Color

 * Olive (color), a dark yellowish-green color
 * Olive skin, a type of skin color

United States

 * Olive, California
 * Olive, Indiana
 * Olive, Missouri
 * Olive, Montana
 * Olive, New York
 * Olive, Oklahoma
 * Olive, Virginia
 * Olive, West Virginia
 * Olive Green (disambiguation), two places in Ohio and one in England
 * Olive Township (disambiguation), several places in the United States

Elsewhere

 * Olive Island, an island in South Australia
 * Mount Olive (disambiguation), various mountains

People

 * Olive (given name)
 * Olive (martyr) (Blessed Olive), a Catholic martyr from Italy
 * Olive, Lady Baillie (1899–1974), Anglo-American heiress, landowner and hostess
 * Fernand Olive (1891-1949), French general
 * Jean-Baptiste Olive (1848–1936), French painter
 * Karl Olive (born 1969), French sports journalist and politician
 * Milton L. Olive, III (1946–1965), United States Army soldier during the Vietnam War
 * Rich Olive (1949–2016), American politician
 * Olive Ayhens, American artist (born 1943)
 * Bobby Olive
 * Jason Olive
 * Mark Olive

Fictional characters

 * Olive, heroine of Olive, the Other Reindeer, an animated Christmas special
 * Olive, The Bash St. Kids' school cook
 * Olive Doyle, a main character from the show A.N.T. Farm
 * Olive, a main character from the show Elinor Wonders Why
 * Olive, a character in the animated series Adventure Time: Distant Lands episode "BMO"
 * Olive Kitteridge, the title character of a novel by Elizabeth Strout
 * Agent Olive, a character from the show 'Odd Squad' in Season 1
 * Olive Hoover, a main character in the film Little Miss Sunshine
 * Olive Hornby, a minor character important to the backstory of Harry Potter character Moaning Myrtle
 * Olive Oyl, Popeye's girlfriend
 * Olive Penderghast, the protagonist of the 2010 film Easy A
 * Olive Rozalski, a main character from the 2019 TV show Sydney to the Max
 * Olive Rudge, a character from the 1969 TV show On The Buses
 * Olive Snook, a character from the 2007 TV show Pushing Daisies
 * Olive Stone, a character from the 2018 TV show Manifest

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Olive (band), an English electronic music group
 * Olive (film), a 1988 Australian television film
 * Olive (magazine), a British food magazine
 * Olive, a 2017 album by Sky-Hi

Plants

 * Saint Helena olive, a tree in the family Rhamnaceae
 * Canarium album (Chinese olive), a tree in the family Burseraceae with fruit resembling mediterranean olives
 * Olive leaf, a plant that is used medicinally

Animals

 * Olive baboon, Papio anubis, a species of baboon
 * Olive colobus, a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae
 * Olive ibis, a species of bird in the family Threskiornithidae found in parts of Africa
 * Olive long-tailed cuckoo, a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae
 * Olive sparrow, Arremonops rufivirgatus, a species of American sparrow in the family Emberizidae
 * Olive thrush, one of the most common members of the thrush family (Turdidae)
 * Olive whistler, Pachycephala olivacea, a species of bird of the whistler family Pachycephalidae that is native to southeastern Australia
 * Olive woodpecker, a species of bird in the family Picidae, found in parts of Africa
 * Olive bee-eater, a species of bird in the family Meropidae, found in parts of Africa
 * Olive python, Liasis olivaceus, the second largest Australian python
 * Olive snout-burrower, a species of frog in the family Hemisotidae
 * Olive snail, a family of medium to large predatory sea snails

Other uses

 * Olive (1802 ship), launched in Calcutta
 * Olive (software), a free, open-source and non-linear video editing software
 * Olivary body, nicknamed the olive, a part of the brain (brainstem)
 * Olive, a compression ring used in plumbing
 * Mono Olive, a subproject of the Mono project
 * Tropical Storm Olive (disambiguation), the name of eleven tropical cyclones

title: Olive (disambiguation)


text:
Whitney Biennial

The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, United States. The event began as an annual exhibition in 1932; the first biennial was in 1973. It is considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The Biennial helped bring artists like Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, and Jeff Koons, among others, to prominence.

Artists
In 2010, for the first time a majority of the 55 artists included in that survey of contemporary American art were women. The 2012 exhibition featured 51 artists, the smallest number in the event's history.

The fifty-one artists for 2012 were selected by curator Elisabeth Sussman and freelance curator Jay Sanders. It was open for three months up to 27 May 2012 and presented for the first time "heavy weight" on dance, music and theatre. Those performance art variations were open to spectators all day long in a separate floor.

History
The Whitney Museum had a long history beginning in 1932 of having a large group exhibition of invited American artists every year called the 'Whitney Annual'. In the late sixties, it was decided to alternate between painting and sculpture, although by the 1970s the decision was to combine both together in a biennial. The first Biennial occurred in 1973. Since then, the biennials have pursued a different curatorial approach to include all media.

In the past the Whitney Museum has tried different ways to organize its biennial. It has used its own staff members and invited outside curators, including Europeans, to present the show. In 2010 it even asked a former art dealer, Jay Sanders, who would later become a Whitney curator, to help organize one.

The Whitney Biennial often extends to sculpture exhibitions in Central Park. The 2008 edition took over the Park Avenue Armory as a space for performance and installation art. The 2014 Whitney Biennial is the last one in the museum's Marcel Breuer building. The museum is leaving the Upper East Side for the meatpacking district, where it is scheduled to open its new building, designed by Renzo Piano, in 2015.

In 1987, the show was protested by the Guerrilla Girls for its alleged sexism and racism.

Still referred to as the "political" biennial, the 1993 edition included works like Pepón Osorio's installation Scene of the Crime (Whose Crime?) of a Hispanic family's living room and Daniel Joseph Martinez's metal buttons bearing the message "I can't imagine ever wanting to be white." The 1993 Whitney Biennial was the most diverse exhibit by a major American museum up until that time. In 1970 less than 1% of artists at the Whitney Museum were non-white. In 1991, only 10% of artists were non white. Vanessa Faye Johnson stated that despite intentions, the "lack of exchange and dialogue, the simplification of complex issues in the Biennial" effectively cast the artists largely as victims in the eyes of the public. Roberta Smith, an art critic for The New York Times, called it "pious, [and] often arid". The art historian Robert Hughes vehemently criticized lack of painting, and the "wretched pictorial ineptitude" of the artists, dismissed the abundance of text as "useless, boring mock documentation", and mocked the focus on "exclusion and marginalization ... [in] a world made bad for blacks, Latinos, gays, lesbians and women in general. " The largely shared sentiment was that the public felt alienated by the confrontational demands of the artwork. It was the first Whitney Biennial to treat video works with the same attention to space as sculpture, designating two entire galleries to them. Text-heavy Installations demanded attention and participation from the audience. The artists made it extremely difficult to take in the work as a passive viewer.

Since 2000, the Bucksbaum Award has been awarded to an artist exhibiting at the Biennial.

The 2014 Whitney Biennial was also somewhat controversial for its lack of diversity, 9 out of the 109 artists were black or African American, including Donelle Woolford, a fictional character developed by 52-year-old white artist Joe Scanlan. She was the only black female artist included in curator Michelle Grabner's exhibition. Eunsong Kim and Maya Isabella Mackrandilal criticized the piece: "The insertion of people of color into white space doesn't make it less colonial or more radical—that's the rhetoric of imperialistic multiculturalism, a bullshit passé theory." and suggest this pieces treats "othered bodies [as] subcontractable. "

Additionally, The YAMS Collective, or HOWDOYOUSAYYAMINAFRICAN?, a collective of 38 mostly black and queer artists, writers, composers, academics, filmmakers and performers participated and withdrew from the 2014 Biennial as a protest of the Whitney Museum's policies.

Yams Collective member and artist Sienna Shields said "Every Whitney Biennial I have ever been to, you can barely count the number of black artists in the show on one hand. I didn't want to be a part of that," Shields said. "There are so many amazing artists of color that I have known in the past 12 years in New York that are essentially overlooked. But I just felt it was time for an intervention." Poet Christa Bell explained: "[O]ur entire participation was a protest... Just because people don't know that doesn't mean it is any less of a protest. Withdrawal was the final act of protest. Black people en masse being inside of an institution like the Whitney, presenting art, is itself a form of protest. We just followed it through to its inevitable conclusion."

The 2017 Whitney Biennial featured a controversial painting of Emmett Till, entitled Open Casket by Dana Schutz, which sparked protest and a highly circulated petition calling for the painting to be removed and destroyed.

The 2019 Whitney Biennial was boycotted by a group of artists, in protest of the museum's vice chairman, Warren Kanders. Warren Kanders' companies sell military supplies (teargas and bullets) via Safariland. These bullets were used by Israeli forces and snipers during the 2018–2019 Gaza border protests. The United Nations released a report stating Israeli security forces may have committed war crimes and should be held individually and collectively accountable for the deaths of 189 Palestinian protesters in Gaza. As such, the 2019 Whitney Biennial was labelled "The Tear Gas Biennial" by Hannah Black, Ciarán Finlayson, and Tobi Haslett in an open letter on Artforum. The artists who withdrew from include: Korakrit Arunanondchai, Meriem Bennani, Nicole Eisenman, Nicholas Galanin, Eddie Arroyo, Christine Sun Kim, Agustina Woodgate, and Forensic Architecture. The Forensic Architecture biennial submission, “Triple-Chaser” (2019), collected evidence, ammunition rounds, and eyewitness testimony that links Warren Kanders to the killings and maiming of Palestinians. It is a collaboration with documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras.

title: Whitney Biennial


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Backward baseball

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Backward baseball
No notability outside of the kids who invented it. Denni ☯ 01:42, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * We play it in worcester massachusetts. Also this article has relevance as it provides information on how to play an american childhood game that has become very popular in massachusetts among baseball players.
 * Added by User:65.96.4.208. humblefool® 02:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I grew up around Worcester, I've never heard of this. Delete. --Badlydrawnjeff 16:25, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, nope, delete. humblefool® 02:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Google for ""backward baseball" yields mostly references to wearing one's cap backwards. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:34, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.--The Grza  02:50, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable -CunningLinguist 02:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm sorry, it's really not encyclopedic. It could concievably get a mention in Sandlot ball, if we had a list of baseball variations, etc., but it doesn't merit its own article. func (talk) 03:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because ambidextrous players have too much of an advantage. No seriously, not notable.  -- Un  focused  03:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, NN K1Bond007 05:04, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was disappointed this wasn't going to be about Australian rules baseball (batter runs to third base after hitting the ball).--Decumanus 05:25, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable game. Interesting concept though. Sjakkalle 07:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless it becomes famous and played on a state level at least. Right now, it's promotion/vanity. Mgm|(talk) 15:32, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for the lack of nobility. Nestea 17:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Buchanan High School (Clovis, California)

Dr. Floyd B. Buchanan High School, known as Buchanan High School, is a four-year public high school in Clovis, California, United States. The school is part of the Buchanan Educational Center, which houses approximately 5,000 students at Garfield Elementary School (K-6), Alta Sierra Intermediate School (7-8), and Buchanan High School. The school graduated its first class in the spring of 1995, and is named after CUSD's first district superintendent, Dr. Floyd B. Buchanan, which makes Buchanan High School the only CUSD high school that does not contain "Clovis" in its name.

Academics
Buchanan High School fields academic teams in Science Olympiad, FRC Robotics, Mock Trial, Academic Decathlon, Science Bowl, and Forensics. The high school offers fifteen AP classes as well as six honors classes, two comprehensive four-year foreign language programs, and a variety of performing and visual arts classes including drama, photography, ceramics, art, videography, choir, orchestra, color guard, and band among others. Additionally, students have the option of, as a Junior or Senior, taking vocationally-oriented courses through the Regional Occupational Training program or CART high school.

Honors classes:

AP Classes:

Facilities
The school has the largest campus in CUSD.

Years after the Track & Field/Football Stadium opened for use, it was renamed Veterans Memorial Stadium after the numerous Buchanan Students that have died in the Iraq & Afghanistan wars.

Test scores and honors
The school is a National Blue Ribbon School and a California Distinguished School. In 2022 according to U.S. News & World Report Buchan High School was ranked as the 241st best high school in the state and the 4th best in Fresno County.

Athletics
Buchanan was awarded "California Athletic High School of the Year" in 05–06. The Bears received "Special Mention State School of the Year" by CalHiSports for their athletic success in 07-08 and 08- 09. The Bears wrestling team was State Champions in the 2005–2006 season. The Bears Baseball Team was awarded the Powerade Fab50 National Champions title for the 2010–2011 season. The Men's Volleyball team were Maxpreps Top-Ranked team in CA in 2011.

Varsity Athletics

Boys

 * Fall: Football, Water Polo, Cross Country
 * Winter: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling
 * Spring: Baseball, Tennis, Swimming and Diving, Track and Field, Volleyball

Girls

 * Fall: Gymnastics, Water Polo, Tennis, Cross Country, Volleyball, Golf
 * Winter: Soccer, Basketball
 * Spring: Badminton, Track and Field, Softball, Swimming and Diving

Activities
The marching band has won awards and trophies in the Western Band Association and Northern California Band Association. Under the direction of Key Poulan, both concert wind ensembles were selected to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City, April 14, 2001.

The jazz band has produced several recordings, and has gone to the Monterey Next-Generation Jazz Festival in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and in 2014 of which they placed 2nd in the nation. They have also performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 2007, 2008, and 2014.

In May 2006, all four choir groups won 1st Gold at the spring festival and were given the prestigious Sweepstakes Award, earning the title of best high school choir on the entire West Coast that year. Similarly, in 2008 the groups placed 1st and 2nd and were duly noted for their outstanding work.

In 2015, the school's robotics team, along with 3 other high school teams from around the country, won the FIRST Robotics Competition Championship in St. Louis, making them world champions.

The school also has an award-winning National History Day team and a nationally ranked pep & cheer program.

Buchanan High School is also known for its nationally recognized Space Mission simulation, titled Columbia Space. This program was started to expose students to the wonders of space, as well as to honor the crew members on the Space Shuttle Columbia. In the program, students create an entire mission, from planning experiments to training and selecting astronauts, by themselves. The Columbia Space Mission had a downlink with the International Space Station with Astronaut Greg Chamitoff.

Buchanan High school won the national, state and valley championships for baseball in 2011.

Other distinctions
As of December 2010, eight Buchanan HS alumni have died in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, more than from any other California high school.

Since 2009, it has been the host for the CIF State Track and Field Championships.

Notable alumni

 * Kyle Alcorn, 2012 Olympian in the steeplechase
 * Kevin Chappell, 2008 NCAA individual and team golf champion (UCLA), Jack Nicklaus Award winner, 2010 Fresh Express Classic at TPC Stonebrae Winner (Nationwide Tour), professional golfer
 * Jason Donald, member of 2008 USA Baseball Team at 2008 Beijing Olympics, professional baseball player for Cleveland Indians
 * Jordan Feliz, Christian musician
 * Matt Giordano, professional football player for Oakland Raiders and Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis Colts
 * Ryan Kenny, professional soccer player
 * Jordan Luplow, MLB outfielder, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cleveland Indians, Tampa Bay Rays, Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Rick Merlo, member of 2008 USA Water Polo Team at 2008 Beijing Olympics
 * Kendall Milton, college football running back, Georgia Bulldogs
 * D. J. Mitchell, professional basketball player
 * Garrett Olson, MLB pitcher, Baltimore Orioles, Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Nathan Smith, professional soccer player, LA Galaxy
 * Justin Wilson, Major League Baseball pitcher, Pittsburgh Pirates, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs
 * Jessica Wittner, Astronaut and Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy


text:
Modern history of Fiji

Since attaining independence from the United Kingdom on 10 October 1970, Fijian history has been marked by exponential economic growth up to 1987, followed by relative stagnation, caused to a large extent by political instability following two military coups in 1987 and a civilian putsch in 2000. This was followed by another military coup in 2006. Rivalry between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, rather than ideological differences, have been the most visible cleavage of Fijian politics. Later in 2020, Fiji was hit by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the economy and the daily lives of the people.

The ethnic struggle for supremacy
Post-independence politics came to be dominated by the Alliance Party of Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. In the election of March 1977, the Indian-led opposition won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, but failed to form a government due to internal divisions, together with concern that indigenous Fijians would not accept Indo-Fijian leadership. (See also Fiji Constitutional Crisis of 1977). In April 1987, a coalition led by Dr. Timoci Bavadra, an ethnic Fijian supported by the Indo-Fijian community, won the general election and formed Fiji's first majority Indian government, with Dr. Bavadra serving as Prime Minister. Less than a month later, Dr. Bavadra was forcibly removed from power during a military coup led by Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka on 14 May 1987.

After a period of continued jockeying and negotiation, Rabuka staged a second coup on 25 September 1987. The military government revoked the constitution and declared Fiji a republic on 10 October. This action, coupled with protests by the government of India, led to Fiji's expulsion from the Commonwealth and official nonrecognition of the Rabuka regime by foreign governments, including Australia and New Zealand. On 6 December, Rabuka resigned as Head of State and Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau was appointed the first President of the Fijian Republic. Mara was reappointed Prime Minister, and Rabuka became Minister of Home Affairs.

Two constitutions
The new government drafted a new constitution that went into force in July 1990. Under its terms, majorities were reserved for ethnic Fijians in both houses of the legislature. Previously, in 1989, the government had released statistical information showing that for the first time since 1946, ethnic Fijians were a majority of the population. More than 12,000 Indo-Fijians and other minorities had left the country in the two years following the 1987 coups. After resigning from the military, Rabuka became Prime Minister under the new constitution in 1993.

Ethnic tensions simmered in 1995–1996 over the renewal of Indo-Fijian land leases and political maneuvering surrounding the mandated 7-year review of the 1990 constitution. The Constitutional Review Commission produced a draft constitution which expanded the size of the legislature, lowered the proportion of seats reserved by ethnic groups, reserved the presidency for ethnic Fijians but opened the position of Prime Minister to citizens of all races. Prime Minister Rabuka and President Mara, who had succeeded to the office on Ganilau's death in late 1993, supported the proposal, while the nationalist indigenous Fijian parties opposed it. The reformed Constitution was approved in July 1997. Fiji was readmitted to the Commonwealth in October.

The 1999 election and the 2000 coup
The first legislative elections held under the new constitution took place in May 1999. Rabuka's coalition was defeated by Indo-Fijian parties led by Mahendra Chaudhry, who became Fiji's first Indo-Fijian prime minister. One year later, in May 2000, Chaudhry and most other members of parliament were taken hostage in the House of Representatives by gunmen led by ethnic Fijian nationalist George Speight. The standoff dragged on for 8 weeks, during which time Chaudhry was removed from office by the then-president due to his incapacitation — before the Fijian military seized power and brokered a negotiated end to the situation, then arrested Speight when he violated its terms. In February 2002, Speight was convicted of treason and is currently serving a life sentence. Former banker Laisenia Qarase was named interim Prime Minister and head of the interim civilian government by the military and the Great Council of Chiefs in July. In 2001, after a decision to restore the suspended constitution, Qarase defeated Chaudhry in a hotly contested election.

The Qarase era and the 2006 coup
The 2000 coup left deep divisions in Fijian society. The Qarase government pursued controversial legislation proposing to compensate victims and pardon persons convicted of involvement in the coup. The legislation was presented as a way of laying the past to rest, but further antagonized the Indo-Fijian community as well as some sections of the indigenous Fijian community, including the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. Tensions between the government and the Military kept the nation in suspense from 2004 onwards, and saw a major escalation around the turn of 2005 and 2006. The Qarase government narrowly won reelection in May 2006, and subsequently formed a grand coalition with the rival Fiji Labour Party (FLP). The coalition government failed to placate the Military, however, and in late November it became clear that the government could not enforce its authority when the Military began openly defying its orders. The impasse culminated in a coup d'état on 5 December. Commodore Frank Bainimarama declared himself Acting President. On 4 January 2007, Bainimarama announced that he was restoring executive power to President Iloilo, who made a broadcast endorsing the actions of the military. The next day, Iloilo named Bainimarama as the interim Prime Minister, indicating that the military was still effectively in control.

The 2009 constitutional crisis and aftermath
On 9 April 2009, the Court of Appeal ruled that the Military-backed interim government was illegal, and ordered President Iloilo to appoint a neutral caretaker government pending general elections. Instead of following the court order, the interim government resigned, and Iloilo announced the following day in a televised broadcast that he was abrogating the 1997 Constitution. He dismissed all judges and civil servants, appointed himself Head of State "of the new order", and reappointed Bainimarama as Prime Minister, who announced that elections would not be held until 2014.

Effectively, the Military remained in complete control of the country. Iloilo retired as president in July 2009 and was replaced by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, a former Commander of the RFMF. A new constitution was promulgated in 2013, leading to elections in September 2014, which were won by Bainimarama and his FijiFirst Party.

The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March, Fiji confirmed its first case of COVID-19 in Lautoka. As a precautionary measure, the Government of Fiji announced the lockdown of the city until 7 April 2020. Later on 2 April, the Government announced a lockdown of Suva, after confirmed cases in the capital. As the cases rose, Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama announced a nationwide curfew from 8pm to 5am. Schools and non-essential services was closed and the public was advised to stay at home and practice good hygiene. Since June 2020, Fiji has successfully managed to eliminate community transmissions of the virus and were able to lift its COVID-19 restrictions. The country received its COVID-19 vaccines in early March 2021 and administered it to frontline workers and first responders. As of March 2021, Fiji has confirmed 66 cases of COVID-19 and 2 deaths with the most cases being from the border.

title: Modern history of Fiji


text:
Airtrooper

The rank of airtrooper (abbreviated AirTpr) is a private rank, the first rank awarded to a soldier of the British Army Air Corps.

Army Air Corps
The Army Air Corps (AAC) soldier needs a good standard of education although no formal qualifications are required. Airtroopers are educated and trained to have the ability and motivation to work on their own initiative. AAC soldiers will be trained in a wide range of skills providing a number of military and civilian vocational qualifications.

The Army Air Corps provides battlefield helicopters and some fixed-wing aircraft for the army, the main roles being attack of enemy armour, surveillance and target acquisition. AAC groundcrew need to be able to work as part of a team, and on occasion as an individual, and may be expected to defend forward operating bases and forward arming refuelling points, they also refuel and re-arm the helicopters and provide the essential communications to the aircraft and other army units.

AAC groundcrew work with a number of different types of helicopters including the, Lynx, Bell 212, Gazelle and Apache. They are also required to perform a number of other responsibilities within this employment, from helicopter troop drills, fire, crash rescue and helicopter rigger marshalling. There are a number of light goods vehicles utilised by the AAC, of which all groundcrew will be trained to drive and service, including Landrovers, Osh Kosh 22,000 litre refueller vehicles and the "detachable rack operating platform systems" (15 tonne flatbeds).

Basic training
All Army Air Corps groundcrew are trained to be soldiers first during their basic, or phase 1 training. Initially recruits attend basic training which is called phase 1 training either as junior entry soldiers at the Army Foundation College in Harrogate, or Army Training Regiment at Winchester, or as standard entry soldiers at the Army Training Centre Pirbright.

Trade training
Having successfully completed phase 1 training, recruits move to the School of Army Aviation, Middle Wallop, Hampshire to begin aviation employment training, or phase 2 training. This begins with a three-week induction course, including car theory, practise and tests and an in-depth insight to the AAC. On successful completion of this module, and airtrooper will then complete the additional three trade specific modules:

Groundhandling skills
The groundcrewman's course lasts three weeks.

Communication skills
The class-three signaller's course is four weeks long.

Aircraft refuelling/hazardous materials training
This three-week course qualifies an aircraft refueller operator.

On successful completion of these trade modules, an airtrooper will be loaded onto a light goods vehicle course at the Defence School of Transport, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. This course takes between 10 and 12 weeks where the airtrooper will be taught to drive and maintain light goods vehicles used in the AAC. At the end of these courses the airtrooper will be qualified as an AAC soldier class 3, ready to be posted to his/her first regiment.

Joining a regiment
On completion of Phase 2 training, airtroopers are posted to a regiment in either UK or Germany. Later there may be opportunities to serve in an independent squadron or flight in a variety of locations both home and abroad. Once in a regiment an airtrooper will be allocated to a squadron and carry out the ground duties for which he/she have been trained.

title: Airtrooper


text:
Talk:Dead Phoenix

Why delete? It's cause it's spelled wrong isn't it.

 * You move it, not delete it. And you certainly don't speedy delete it. If anything, it should go to VfD, but in this case, it is notable enough that even that would be inappropriate. Denni ☯ 01:53, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

What needs to be done on this page, to make it more relevant, or coherent?

 * This page talks enough about the "Dead Phoenix" project, but the comment on the Capcom Five is totally out of place (its rightful place would be capcom five). And what does "the fate of the other four games is nearly as tragic" mean? If the other games were nothing short of successful, what tragic fate did they have? So, at least half of the page is irrelevant on its own context, and incoherent too! I suggest we move that part or erase it completely. Kreachure 15:46, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Only RE4 sold enough copies to really be considered successful, and although they were all planned as 03 releases, only 1 or 2 actually was. Also it is a fact that they were all intended to be released solely on Gamecube, but only PN.03 (the least successful of the bunch) was. The Capcom five project did not go according to plan, and generally failed on almost every level. I call that trajic. I'm not trying to defend my work (yes I am) if it was indeed shoddy, So do what you want with it. Move it, delete it, whatever.

= Added info about possible origin of Kid Icarus rumor =

I found an old IGN Cube page that mentioned the possibility and may be the origin of the rumor.02:59, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Edited Rumor Section.
I did some editing to the rumor portion, particularly the area where IGN's theory is mentioned. Unfortunately, IGN never believed it had anything to do with Kid Icarus, and the screen shots of Dead Phoenix never hinted at any connection between the two franchises.

Many industry watchers were actually quite upset by IGN's attempt to inject Kid Icarus into the game's development history, especially since it was done simply to gain the attention of Nintendo's American branch. They got their wish with Pit in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, but Dead Phoenix's history was scarred by IGN's efforts. So, I thought I'd explain that thoroughly so readers would be aware of the situation. EliotAndrews —Preceding unsigned comment added by EliotAndrews (talk • contribs) 01:13, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dead Phoenix


text:
Talk:Council of Australian Governments

 * This article was nominated as a possible Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, but failed to get enough votes in September 2005

Rudd's new plans for COAG
I reckon this is a good opportunity to flesh out this article in light of recent events (ie: the COAG meeting on 20th Dec '07). Here are 2 possible references for an update of this page:
 * Council of Australian Governments’ Meeting - 20 December 2007
 * The Australian: Rudd harnesses COAG 'workhorse' DonkeyKong64 (Mathematician in training) (talk) 18:47, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
COAG Reform Council seems to be in effect a short-lived subcommittee best discussed within the context of the larger organization; hence, support the June merge proposal. Klbrain (talk) 13:30, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Council of Australian Governments


text:
User talk:Vciousangel

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 01:44, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

University of California, Berkeley
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- ericl234   talk  23:23, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

VFD
Just letting you know about Votes for deletion/HYP (universities) 2. If you have an opinion, please vote. I am notifying people who have been active on either side of the debate. —Lowellian (talk) 23:50, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vciousangel