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Talk:May 1998 riots of Indonesia

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NPOV dispute
I am no expert on the subject, and do not feel qualified to assert whether the article is or is not biased, but i feel that it could at least use some improvement, and someone to verify the NPOV. I made one comment earlier (about one of the external links) which i felt was in fact very biased, and would be better replaced with something more neutral. I think they article would also benefit overall with some additional information and references. Any feedback or contribution would be greatly appreciated! --Keith 19:55, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

The third external link down "ColorQ World - The Indonesian Riots" seemed biased also, and i would say does not belong here. Overall article could use an unbiased expert to review.

Why do you use "Malay Muslims" instead of just "Malays"? I don't think it's a NPOV. Anyone?

Added POV flag to section False pictures circulated of the riots. The lack of reference to the bigger picture and context, use of words "hypocrisy" and "many"s, overexpansion/repeats on details on individual incidents and citations, all indicate original section author's intention to draw unbalanced attention to the specific issue in this section and to mislead. --73.10.51.249 (talk) 22:59, 18 September 2016 (UTC) -- OK I went in and made several edits in the ballpark. Further NPOV edits are likely still needed. --73.10.51.249 (talk) 23:25, 18 September 2016 (UTC) False pictures circulated of the riots should be removed along with all recent edits quoting "Charles A Koppel" (who is he ???). First of all why does this section deserve so much priority that it is placed in the original timeline of the riots ? In fact this section which talks fake rape photos precedes the section about the rapes itself. Secondly in addition to overexpansion, some of the references have been intentionally distorted. I checked the reference in relation to the account of one "Vivi" mentioned here : http://asia-pacific-solidarity.net/southeastasia/indonesia/netnews/1998/and33_v2.htm The part about Vivi in this article actually talks about the effort of Indonesian government to hide the mass rapes. There are accounts from various officials distorting and outright denying the incident. "Vivi"'s account over rapists shouting Allahu Akbar itself wasn't proven false in this article. If anything the edits here prove the continuation of some Indonesian elements to bury this incident. Notice that HRW also describes official obstruction on the rape investigation: https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/09/08/new-report-says-official-denials-indonesian-rapes-hinder-investigation I think the effort to obfuscate this incident is what should be brought up. Stepriverfifty (talk) 23:49, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Who did it?
This wikipedia entry (per 30 sep 2005) is biased and lack further info. This wikipedia entry gives impression that the student activists are the one commiting the riot in 1998. Based on Romo Sandyawan report, the riot is committed deliberately by the indonesian military members (special task force) as way to intimidate people to suppress activism against government - and not malay muslim indonesians per se. Secondly, the wikipedia entry also gives impression that the victim of the riot is only chinese. It is not true. Non chinese are also victimised, a lot of them are burned trapped inside a burning shopping centre. Indonesians, both chinese and non chinese are victim in this riot.

responding to above statement
Where were you when the riots of May 1998 happend ???

I happend to be in Jakarta at the time of the riot, and it is a living hell for the next couple of days. The pribumi you mentioned that was also a "victim" which burned alive inside the mall are in fact the rioters who tried to loot the malls and stores.

 * Still they were victim. They know nothing but everyone gone to take want they want, and they trapped. Do you think they were planning to join (or make)the riot before it? Any way some of those who burned alive are not rioter.Aditthegrat 15:02, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

the students who were shot dead were in fact a chinese indonesian student, and by that incident the riots ensued between the police and the students, it is true that the sporadic riots in Jakarta is deliberatly caused by the military.

This is simply a well known fact among us Indonesians.

 * Elang Mulyana Lesmana (grandson of AH Nasution) and Hafidhin Royan are those students. Are they chinese-descendant? You mislead people here. Kunderemp 05:12, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Kunderemp, the chinese there were all forced to change their names to Indonesian sounding ones in 1945. This law is considered as one of the most humiliating ones to those in the Chinese community in Indonesia since by doing so, they are forced to lose their family name. And as such, lost their proof to that they are chinese-descendant. Yet, they still are. Not misleading i think.Cleon 20:03, 14 August 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.54.5.19 (talk)

Is there is no Reliable Source?
Is there is no reliable source? I'm pretty confused hear and read about rivalry among General.Aditthegrat 15:02, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Chinese leaving Indonesia
to what country(ies) did they go? Thanks Hmains 04:18, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * My guesses would be the neighbouring countries: Singapore, Australia, and Malaysia. I also heard some moved to Northern America. A good portion also decided to migrate locally to safer regions (ie. Bali). --LittleWhisky 09:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * they go singapure, china, usa (one of my relatif go there, and get the green card), hongkong, taiwan, canada.Daimond (talk) 07:57, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Witness
I am one witness of the riot. I do not participate nor being a victim, although I am a Chinese Indonesian.

This is my own experience and should not be made as reference:

I remember that day as an event close to war. Barbed wires everywhere. The streets are completely empty, only tanks and military vehicles that were in the streets. Cars and other vehicles were left burned. Buildings are marked with "Milik Pribumi" (the properties of native people). From my office window (6th stories of a bulding), I can see smokes everywhere. My office were happened to be just accross the street from the DPR (Indonesian legislative assembly) bulding, were students climed on top of the roof and make their protest. And with a monocular (owned by one of my friends), I see from nearby bulidings, the rifles of snipers are targeted to them. After that day, my office was guarded by a group of marines for nearly 1 month.

A few days after the event, I made a little tour around the city with my friends and saw many buildings was burnt down to the ground. I also heard many stories of Chinese women being raped (this stories turned out to be just an exaggeration).

This day will always be remembered by me and most of Indonesian people.

--Agus elex 2005 16:26, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

silent witnes
after ten years, the china town jakarta pancoran kota are very good as example as silent witness cause they time now flow diffrently than the past before the tragedy. in the past they open the shop open 12 hours a day ( from 9:00 to 21:00)right now they close more early than the past (9:00 to 18:00, or 10:00 to 17:00). this not cause they lazy but some thing change them permanetly. Daimond (talk) 07:54, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Photos of the riots
!!!WARNING: Very Violent Photos!! Very Disturbing!!! I found a lot of photos about the riots at the following website: http://www.cclv.cn/Exhibit/class.asp?ClassID=72 (!!!WARNING: Very Violent Photos!! Very Disturbing!!!) --Jinhuili (talk) 20:44, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

change title?
The lead paragraph mentions other cities, so why is this article titled "Jakarta Riots" instead of "Indonesia riots"?

Sure, most foreign media have correspondents who are reluctant to leave the capital, but I think users of WP are able to recognize that Jakarta is part of Indonesia and a more inclusive title would be more accurate. I lived in Central Java during those times, and saw damage on the Yogya-Solo road. I also heard Medan had riots and atrocities. Martindo (talk) 01:15, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's a fair point. I was in Medan and there were riots there. I have an Indonesian language reference that details events in other cities. However the riots in Jakarta (naturally) were on a much larger scale. Any thoughts anybody on the way ahead? I think perhaps a renaming to 1998 Indonesia Riots or something like that. Davidelit (talk) 16:45, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
 * There were riots across Indonesia. As I recall they started in Medan but were the worst in Jakarta - although Solo was also particularly bad. Semarang and Yogya were largely unaffected. A name change to 1998 Indonesia Riots would not hurt, but let's keep the main focus on Jakarta. Also, let's also keep in mind that there were demonstration and shootings of students later that year (november?).--Merbabu (talk) 23:24, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The Semanggi shottings in November were linked with the Special Session of the People's Consultative Assembly and were separate from the widespread destruction. As such, they would be better inlcuded in the People's Consultative Assembly or Fall of Suharto. Davidelit (talk) 09:00, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
 * This article, I believe, should be discussing the 3 days of riots following the Trisakti incident. (I remember this quite well, even if I was only 10 at the time.) All other riots should go in the Fall of Suharto article because it would be better put in context that way. There's actually a lot of print material on the Jakarta riots alone, more so than the other riots. Arsonal (talk) 07:11, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I would argue for the riots in Surakarta and Medan at least to be included in this article as it seems that a faction within the Military of Indonesia was responsible for all three, with Medan and Solo being "dry runs". Davidelit (talk) 04:01, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

OK - I'm going to be bold and rename to "May 1998 riots in Indonesia". The general consensus seems to be on increasing the scope to all of Indonesia, but focussing on Jakarta and sticking to May which was the climax month of the Fall of Suharto. Feel free to suggest less clumsy wording. --Merbabu (talk) 01:51, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

A few comments
Since Crisco mentioned some eds are trying to get this up to GA and asked me to look it over, a few comments:
 * This is great stuff that seems on its way not just to GA, but FA as well.
 * In the background section, "government thugs", even in quotes, seems a bit POV. Can this be more clearly sourced, and more neutrally described?
 * I also had trouble sorting out which party was currently in power in the first sentences of the Background section--ie, which party the "gov. thugs" were.
 * The article seemed a bit overlinked; the editors might take a quick look at WP:Link and remove a few more "low-value" links. It's hard to imagine a reader clicking through from here to drama, Egypt, or Taiwan (and the MOS discourages those types of links).
 * Similarly, the article should be checked for redundant links; I know the MOS has a clause for occurrences that are far apart, but I'm not sure that all of these qualify, especially big ones like Suharto.

That's all I got, except to say again, nice expansion.

Cheers, Khazar (talk) 04:12, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks Khazar. I'll try and deal with those issues. Crisco 1492 (talk) 05:01, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the constructive comments.I believe my methodology was to link something if it hasn't appeared in 2–3 subsections. It's a minor thing that can be fixed later when this goes to GA/FA. "Government thugs" is the way it's written in the source, and I had a difficult time finding an alternative way to write it. They really belonged to no party, though some will say it's the PDI faction who supported the other leader. "Government" also does not equal Golkar because the organization itself is a political machine devised by Suharto and his cronies to keep him in power. The incident itself probably warrants its own article as the circumstances around it are complicated. I tried not to delve into it because it doesn't really belong in this article. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 05:20, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could take a look at my current phrasing? If "government thugs" is better, perhaps it should have a footnote right next to it to make it clearer. Crisco 1492 (talk) 05:30, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I can't say for sure at this moment whether your writing is more correct. I have to check the literature to see what what scholars are saying about the incident. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 05:32, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks. Crisco 1492 (talk) 05:35, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Rewritten with the help of another source. Some details in the previous version turned out incorrect anyway. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 06:19, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I think it reads better. Nice. Crisco 1492 (talk) 06:26, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

I suggest to delete all content relate to China because it's too sensitive, so better don't talk about it at all.76.199.99.239 (talk) 19:14, 26 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Sensitivity of material has no relation to its encyclopedic value. There are many sensitive topics that are covered comprehensively on Wikipedia. If you think the article itself has POV issues, provide specific examples and reasons so that they can be dealt with. Only one paragraph of this article focuses on China, and Chinese Indonesians, although an important part of the story, are not the only victims of the riots. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 19:29, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

A few suggestions
Thanks for the great work of editors. Nice articles and great readability. A few adds if possible:

1) any trails after the riot? some stories, examples, direct citation from renowned source such as New York times, Times, global & mail, post etc.

2) more reactions from global society, not only gov. but also common people in Indo-, China, Taiwan, HK, Singapore etc...

3) more pics reflecting lootings, rapes, killings, shopping malls etc.

Personal opinion: pretty mad at the reaction of China, if the same incident happens in USA, the president will declare a war since 1000+ people died for no reason. What a tradegy! All criminals should be bringed into justice... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.245.193.11 (talk) 16:50, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. While we are always on the lookout for more sources and material for the article, we are also obliged to follow Wikipedia's policy on reliable sources, which would include the sources you mentioned in point 1. Unfortunately, because the topic has aged quite a bit, there are few available web sources due to Indonesia's limited accessibility in 1998. Furthermore, we are restricted to free content, so we can only make do with supporting material that we have until e acquire more of them. If you have additional suggestions, we will gladly take them. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 18:54, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for replying. The article is well-balanced and sound in its reference. However it may not be able to outline the severity and cruelty since it is much too modest. Here is a link for some brutal pics reflecting the looting, burning, murdering, raping etc. Pics should be ok to redistribute and it is a public source. If you could choose a few and that will definitely add more color to the article. Thanks.

http://tuku.culture.china.com/culture/html/2011-08-12/180976_1871486.htm#pic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.245.59.11 (talk) 15:30, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * While I appreciate your enthusiasm, we unfortunately cannot use those pictures without knowing their original photographers. Unless there is a statement explicitly indicating a free license, the assumption is that these images are copyrighted. Indonesian copyright law states: "The Copyright on [...] photographic works [...] shall be valid for 50 (fifty) years as of the first publication." We will see what we can do about strengthening the indication of severity, but keep in mind that articles must be written in an encyclopedic tone because Wikipedia is not a memorial. — Arsonal (talk + contribs) — 17:27, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Most of the pictures spread around the Chinese websites and forums labelled as May 1998 Chinese riot victims, are neither of Chinese nor from May 1998. They are from Maluku sectarian conflict, Banyuwangi witch hunt, Sanggauledo riots, Sambas riots and Sampit conflict, 2000 Walisongo school massacre. For example this wordpress blog shows graphic images of Madurese victims in the Sampit conflict, witches hunted down in Banyuwangi and East Timorese rape victims. The beheaded corpses are of Madurese or people from Banyuwangi and Sulawesi. I have actual links to the original images at Talk:Sambas_riots, Talk:Banyuwangi Regency, Talk:Sampit conflict which show the date and place they were taken. None of the people in the images are Chinese. There is not a single image of an actual Chinese victim being killed from the May 1998 riots on the internet. The only actual images of May 1998 are of the burning buildings and the Indonesians burning a portrait of a Chinese tycoon. So don't upload images from random blogs and internet forums.Rajmaan (talk) 03:52, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

I'm a witness
I was there in Jakarta on business during the riots. I still have the Jakarta newspaper accounts and photos. I left the city for Bali on May 15, 1998, and then left the country on May 16 for Hong Kong. I am not a Chinese Indonesian; I'm from the U.S.A. and I'm white. Mdoc7 (talk) 17:13, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * You can upload your photos to Wikimedia Commons and add them to this articles. Wo.luren (talk) 02:12, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Anomie+and+Violence/5311/ch04.xhtml

Most people who died during the looting of Chinese supermarkets were the looters themselves, not Chinese
A fire started and burnt most of the Indonesian looters to death when they tried targeting Chinese owned businesses.

https://web.archive.org/web/20000920073842/http://www.serve.com/inside/digest/dig86.htm

http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1998/05/31/0029.html

http://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/southeastasia/indonesia/netnews/1998/and20_v2.htm

Over 1,000 killed in Indonesia riots: rights body Reuters - June 3, 1998 Jim Della-Giacoma, Jakarta

The May riots DIGEST No.61 - May 29, 1998

http://books.google.com/books?id=bCsgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false

Mall fire

http://thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/12/288-burned-alive-a-jakarta-mall-16-years-ago.html

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19980516&id=4DpdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394,2629247

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19980516&id=-_4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VN0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1671,2789983

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19980516&id=zdc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ISEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=7083,2328595

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1914&dat=19980516&id=D8k0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,2819357

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19980515&id=w6FJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NA0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4456,4746006

Rajmaan (talk) 02:57, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

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I was in Jakarta during the riots, this is my details that was published in the local newspaper when I returned to the USA
43 hours of Hell

I arrived in Jakarta at 9:30 PM on the 13th of May.

The Cathay Pacific plane from Hong Kong stopped in Singapore prior to going to Jakarta. In the waiting lounge at the Singapore airport the Television was showing some of the demonstrations that were going on after the police or army had shot and killed 6 student demonstrators the day before. There was some violence but it was minor. When I returned to the airplane we were told that there would be a delay since some passengers had changed their minds and didn’t want to go on to Jakarta. The delay was to get their bags off the plane, maybe I should taken that as a hint as to what was to come.

After arrival at the airport and the normal hassles of going through Indonesia customs and immigration I was out in the arrival area looking for my friend who was suppose to pick me up.

After looking around for 15 or 20 minutes and also since the plane was late I assumed he had not made it, or something had keep him from the airport. I went to the hired car desk and for 80,000 Rupiah (approx. $8.00) I had hired a private car to drive me to the Millennium Hotel in Jakarta. This hotel which I had never stayed in before was where we were scheduled to put on some seminars on Saturday the 16th. It was located in the south central area of the city near the financial district.

Driving from the airport was quick, we did pass an area where there was some fires but traffic was light and with no problems or signs of problems.

The hotel was nice, the staff was friendly and I settled in to my room on the 6th floor, with a window view to the outside street and a view looking to the northwest. A few minutes after settling in the room the telephone rang. It was my friend who said the road to the airport was closed for most of the day and that his neighborhood had been blocked off due to demonstrations, and that he was not able to get to the airport. He had sent me an e-mail to tell me to stay at the airport hotel but I was not able to retrieve it prior to arriving.

He told me he would pick me up in the morning but would call first, probably around 9:00 AM.

Arrival +10 hours

A good breakfast in the coffee shop and the answering of a few arriving faxes seemed to indicate that everything was OK.

A+11 hours

Looking out the window from the room there was some smoke in a few locations around the city. Also outside on the intersection there seemed to be some individuals trying to set up a roadblock to stop cars from going down one of the streets. I couldn’t see what might be the reason for this but took a curious interest in glancing out to see what this was all about.

A+12 hours

A phone call told me that my associate would try be at the hotel around 11:00 AM since there were some new demonstrations and violence close to his home and he couldn’t go out.

Looking out the window I see more smoke and fires around the city in all directions in fact not far from the hotel there appears to be a major one starting up. A bus that was turning at the intersection was stopping and trying to back up and I assume go a different way, but I couldn‘t see why! A quick check of the TV indicates on the foreign news that there are new major demonstrations and violence breaking out in the city.

A+13 hours (10:30 AM)

Plugging in my computer to try to check my e-mail I here some noise outside. Outside there are no cars on the otherwise busy street. There are no taxis in the hotel driveway or parking area, which was not normal. At the intersection coming down the street was mass of 300 to 500 mostly young people. They were not carrying any signs just sticks, knives, machetes and rocks! As they turned the corner to the Hotel Street they went straight for a Christian Church directly across the street from the hotel. Hundreds of rocks rained down on the church, breaking all the windows, a van parked outside on the street was pushed into the parking area in front of the church and gasoline thrown on the van and set a blaze. The burning truck threatened to start the church on fire. A grand piano was dragged out of the church on to the street and smashed and set on fire. These were not demonstrators but looters and criminals! They then turned their attention to our hotel! Hundreds throwing rocks at the glass exterior and lobby. They streamed into the lobby smashing, and breaking everything in their path. The hotel staff ran out the back of the building into the back offices and barricaded themselves in. Luckily that morning the hotel had held a meeting to discuss action in case of riots, an hour later they were putting the plan into effect.

I locked the room and started to get the important items in my pocket, passport, ticket, and money. I also packed everything and tried to figure out what do to next. Looking out the window I can see a lot of the rioters running out of the hotel with computers, food, beer, anything they can get there hands on. I went out of the room and went down to the 2nd floor, which would allow me to see into the lobby from a balcony. Thinking back it was probably not a good idea since the looters could be coming up the elevators!

When I got to the 2nd floor most of the looters had gone out of the hotel. Two young women were also standing on the 2nd floor balcony frantically trying to call on a mobile phone with no luck. I asked if they were staying in the hotel, no they were driving by saw the violence and drove into the hotel underground garage. The looters had gone into the garage and smashed a lot of the cars and broke windows. They escaped up the elevator. I asked if they wanted to hide in my room but they couldn’t stop shaking and just wanted to get out of the area. Last I saw they were running into the Restaurant kitchen on the 2nd floor.

I returned to my room and immediately called Cathay Pacific Airline, I made a reservation for a flight the next day and requested to pickup the ticket at the airport. Getting a confirmation number made me feel I at least had a way out!

A+14

The rioters had started a fire outside of the hotel with items from the hotel, chairs, tables, etc., they then moved down the street and started fires at some other buildings. I don’t know if the same group was responsible for the large Sogo Department Store, which was totally burnt out, just up the road.

Things seemed to very quiet, the street was empty. In the hallway I ran into the hotel manager, he was staying in a room near mine and told me many hotel workers were told to go up to a room and lock themselves in. When the rioters were in the hotel the power was shut off to keep the elevators from going up and to keep the looters from the guestrooms. The fire doors didn’t open from the outside so he felt that would keep the looters from the upper floors. What he was afraid of was fire, and the destruction of the building and safety of the guests. He told me if we have to evacuate, to go down the fire stairs and go down the street to the elementary school. The hotel had made arrangements to house people there in an emergency.

Just then we can see out of the hallway window the looters all running back down the street headed for the hotel, and it seems like there is twice as many as before! I quickly got to my room before shutting off the electricity would not let me open the electric card key door. Once again the rioters stormed the hotel smashing anything else they may a missed, they tried to get into the elevators, were able to open some of the doors, broke mirrors in the elevators but with no electricity they couldn’t get above the lobby. They destroyed all the restaurants throwing all the food from the buffet all over the walls. Even from the 6th floor the noise down below of the destruction was extremely loud. Looking for any sign of smoke I was again getting ready to run. A truck full of police came but parked up the street, and formed a line across the street. They then started to fire up in the air from their guns and the rioters started to leave the hotel, and slowly retreated up the street they came out of.

A+15 (12:30 PM)

The hotel was a complete mess; everything in the first floor was destroyed. Anything that could be carried out was taken. Slowly the employees came from where they were hiding back to the lobby. Everyone was in a state of shock! The employees know that finding a job today is very difficult in Indonesia and if the hotel closes it will be major blow for them. While everyone I spoke to was sympathetic towards the students that have been demonstrating, this action in their mine was criminal. "Burning the church, stealing, nobody was carrying any signs of protest, nothing to do with anger with the government and Suharto!"

A+16

I called my associate and told him what was going on. He said that he could not leave fires, rioters were everywhere, and it was not safe to go out for anyone.

I called the US Embassy to register and ask for some help on getting out. After being cut off I called again and spoke to someone in the counselor section. They said they would fax over a form for me to fill out. I asked if they could help, or give me any advice on how to get to the airport, since it appeared that all normal transportation was starting to collapse, they said "no, but good luck!" So much for the US government being helpful when you need them. They did send over the fax and form to fill out, along with a warning bulletin to be careful when traveling to Indonesia. Since I was already there it didn’t take a rocket science to figure out that this information was a little useless. We must be paying these people a lot of money to think these things up.

A+17

The police departed the area. We didn’t get any protection before so I guess it didn’t matter if they were or weren’t there. I called Hong Kong and had someone arrange a hotel room for me. One way or another I was getting out the next day.

A+19 (4:30PM)

The hotel tried to make us comfortable as best they could. They showed us where the school was in case of more trouble; they feed us in the hotel canteen in the basement, and all charges after the riot was stopped.

In a short time we became close friends with them as they shared their frustrations with the government, country and what is going on. Another American at the hotel, John and I became friendly. John lived in Hong Kong and it wasn’t clear what he was doing to make money, but I didn’t ask, since it sounded suspicious. But John was big and tall like me, and had a threatening look about him, perfect traveling partner. He was on some kind holiday that went bad, even before the riots. It wasn’t hard to convince him that it was best to leave as soon as possible. Now I had to find transportation. I decided the best time to go would be around 3 to 4 AM, most people would be asleep, and the chances would be better. We were able to get a taxi company to agree to come at 3:30 AM.

A+22

The hotel was gearing up for more possible trouble. All the lights on the first floor were off; employees carried hatchets, swords, Knives, or clubs. A few had the big police blackjacks. They had taken out the fire hoses and had them ready for rioters and or fire. They had gotten a threat from someone on the street that the rioters would come back and burn down the building. A police official came to the hotel and according to the translation by one of the employees he (the policeman) explained how to try to talk to the looters and convince them not to do any damage. Something about look into their eyes and try to tell them we are all part of the same family, and we shouldn’t hurt each other. No body gave much weight to what the police had to say; in fact they laughed about it after they departed.

A+23 to A+29 (8:30 PM to 2:30 AM)

Unusually quiet on the streets. No signs of people, or vehicles. Hotel employees sitting in the dark all over the hotel waiting and watching. At 3:00 AM I’m down in the lobby and calling the Taxi Company to see when they are coming. A few hours earlier sitting in the canteen with John and an Australian man, his Thai wife and 2 year old daughter, we are talking about our plan going to the airport. We take some knives from the kitchen in case we run into trouble. I will sit behind the driver, and will have a piece of heavy wire. If we seem to be heading some place we don’t want to go, or the driver is leading us into a trap. I will choke him from behind, John will jump to the front from the other side and push him out the door, and take over the car. We also carry everything important on our body in case we have to leave all the bags and suitcases.

A+30 (3:30AM)

The Taxi Company says they cannot send out a car, "too dangerous on the streets".

Now what do we do!! We get a hotel employee to go down the street to see if any taxi or car is traveling in the area. Nothing moving or coming.

A+30 ½ (4:00AM)

A small 4-wheel drive vehicle with the words "Mandala Airlines" on the side is coming down the road. We stop it. I’m sure the driver was surprised to see two Americans waving him down. We had the hotel interpret that we wanted a ride to the airport and that we would pay what ever he wanted! He agreed and asked for 150,000 Rupiah (about $15.00). We loaded up the van, I jumped into the seat behind him, (our contingency plan) and off we went.

We went up some small roads and dead ahead in the street was a group of about 20 or 30 young guys playing soccer in the road. The driver started to slow up; I started to reach for the knives and the wire. The driver said "no problem" we were concerned, as we got closer the game stopped and they started to stand blocking the street. The driver rolled down the window with a hand full of 500 Rupiah notes (5 ¢ each)

He handed them to the men and they waved and smiled at us, and we quickly moved away. We passed many more people on the street and he slowed and tried to appear like we weren’t trying to run. Mandala Airlines is a local airline and the windows in the back were dark and maybe most people didn’t see us.

We finally got to the ramp of the expressway and we would be high above the street. The ramp had a barrier closing the tollgate, with nobody working they closed the road. We got out one was chained shut. The other with a little help we twisted it out of the way and went up the ramp. As we traveled on the expressway a group of police motioned us to stop up ahead. This time the driver speeded up and zoomed right by the police, they didn’t seem to react and we continued. Then something happened that I was praying for happened, it started to rain, and rain hard. We had to go around burned out cars and trucks but by 4:30 AM we were at the airport. Now our driver in our mind was our hero. We gave more than he asked. He was grateful and drove off.

A+31 to A+43 (4:30 AM to 4:30 PM)

The 12 hours at the airport was unbelievable chaos, but I felt safe and was not going back to the city. People sleeping everywhere, fighting for tickets, reservations, and a way out of the country. Most of the people in the airport were ethnic Chinese and foreigners.

A+43 (4:30PM) Cathay Pacific CX-776 lifted off the runway and everyone sighed a sigh of relief. In a few minutes I was sound asleep.

Robert W. Coshland rocosh@aol.com Ventura, CA 16 May, 1998 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:6A07:C200:19CA:19C:DAA1:F13 (talk) 19:42, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Total Deaths
The article says 10,000- this is widely inaccurate and cannot be verified. The supporting source says hundreds died- 10,000 refers not to the number killed in the 1998 riots, but instead to all Indonesian conflicts during this era combined, — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.87.177.0 (talk) 18:55, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Picking on one specific translation
I am a Chinese Indonesian, but I will be merely talking about the language of one translation of 'Cina Babi', at least to me, the two words would not translate into 'Chinese Pigs', that would be "Babi Cina", as Indonesians put the adjective after the noun, for example "orang tinggi", translates to 'tall people' or 'tall person', but 'orang' means people/person and 'tinggi' means tall, so no, I do not believe translating this into 'Chinese Pigs' is accurate, it seems to be something along the lines of either 'Piglike Chinese' or an abbreviation of 'Cina itu Babi', which could be interpreted as either the 'Chinese are Pigs', or that 'China is Pig', the second may sound somewhat nonsensical but it is a metaphorical insult based on the muslim dislike of pigs, the chinese community on the other hand enjoy them quite finely, including myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.165.107.216 (talk) 05:37, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Background?
why background for sparking q riot at first was the tension between chinese and the native? Why there is no background regarding the long time discontent of new order that led to the fall of suharto? 2404:8000:1027:85F6:DA3:6B14:D79A:9C8B (talk) 14:42, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Public Writing Fall 2021 F1
— Assignment last updated by Marimilan (talk) 18:47, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:May 1998 riots of Indonesia


text:
Talk:Plateletpheresis

With
With platepheresis, up to THREE units of platelets can be given in on session, I know, I do it regularly. -- Unknown user?

I tried a cleanup. It's certainly better than before. I removed this text from Leukoreduction: "In comparison, a dose of platelets consist of multiple units of platelet concentrates may contain up to 6×108 white blood cells." I can't fix it because it doesn't make any sense. -- Taral 16:32, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Some changes
While I haven't cleaned up this article much, I did fix some things and added new information. The original author had a 26-day interval between dontation. The proper guideline is three days, up to 26 times per year. He/she also had the anti-coagulant wrong. It is Sodium Citrate (not "citrus based"). The author also stated the coagulant binds to Vitamin C. This is incorrect. It binds to Calcium.

I added information on contraindicated drugs and the COBE Spectra.

More changes
I added some indications for transfusion as well as moved some stuff around (but didn't edit much) so it's now into four broad categories so hopefully it's now more readable =) Andrewr47 02:12, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Platelet Donation
A couple of issues here. My experience with donations has always involved two lines, a draw and a return. Is there a way to donate with only one line? Also, simply for specificity, catheters not needles are used. I'd change this but I'd prefer to wait until I get an answer so I can edit both at the same time if nescessary. Mstuczynski (talk) 08:09, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, the process can be done with one line, but it takes longer. Some donors would rather have a longer donation time and have a free arm. Not sure where to find a source on that, I know that becuase I work for the Red Cross.  Garffreak (talk) 05:08, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi, I'm a regular platelet donor. The statement Most newer apheresis machines can separate a dose of platelets in about 60 to 120 minutes depending on the donor's health condition. is not correct and it would be nice if someone (e.g. native English speaker) could corect this. My donation usually lasts between 35 and 45 minutes (two lines, one in each arm)!!! Also, to confirm someones inquiry and response, the machine they always hook me up on in Sarajevo, Bosnia, (Amicus Fenwal - completely automated) can use both options (two lines vs one line). Although MUCH more expensive, the sets for both arms are preffered because of the patient comfort and well-being. Comfort in this case means much shorter the time of donation, and the well-being meaning a lesser chance of an air-bubble being injected back into the body (in a speedy injection of the remaining blood components on oldre machines, the air detection sensor can often fail). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.77.240.178 (talk) 15:24, 6 May 2011 (UTC) as addition to my previous entry, I promise that i'll ask (in a month, after my next donation) for a detailed printout of statistics from machine (original entries of the blood count results, my height and weight, how much of my blood was processed and what/how much was taken out - as well as what other fluids were injected back). I'll be able to upload the scan of the report. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.77.240.178 (talk) 15:31, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Criteria for Donation
Hi everyone, I know this is almost certainly the wrong place to put this, but while reading about eligibility criteria for platelet donation everywhere I've looked at in the UK states you have to be male - why is this? Thanks in advance,  Amzi  ( Talk To Me ) 15:22, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing they're doing it since there's a risk of Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) in plasma products (plateletpheresis collects a lot of plasma as a storage solution for the platelets) from women who have had multiple children. It's not well understood, and asking about number of children is considered "too intrusive" (considering what else is on the questions, I'm not sure why they're concerned), so they just focus on males.  They don't do it in the US since supply of platelets is a massive problem and the risk of TRALI is relatively minor in comparison to the risk of having nothing to transfuse.  SDY (talk) 23:34, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I am a regular UK platelet donor, and there are a few women who donate platelets at the same centre as me... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.221.242 (talk) 23:44, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Undoing page move
While thrombapheresis is technically correct, the name for this procedure is, in every source I have encountered, plateletpheresis or apheresis (which has its own more general article). Per the naming convention policy on using common names I am returning this article to the previous name. SDY (talk) 19:24, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Reorganization and cleanup
I'd like to reorganize this page substantially, maybe by creating a new article or subsection of transfusipn for the general concepts of platelets in transfusion medicine (possibly containing some sections currently at Platelet and Blood donation), since the platelets that are transfused are not always produced by apheresis (they can also be made from Whole Blood). I'd like to reorganize it based on the structure of:

1. Lead 2. Indications for use, briefly. A. Link and summarize the "main" platelet transfusion article briefly. (in the interim, probably leave all of this here until a main exists) B. Discuss benefits of apheresis platelets vs. whole blood platets. 3. Donation, briefly. A. Link and summarize the "main" article. B. General types of apheresis devices i. Specific devices if unusual operations C. Specific risks associated with automated collections. D. Donor criteria (i.e. platelet counts, total blood volume) 4. History A. Specific devices if connected to "firsts" B. Use of devices in various areas (i.e. Europe, South America, etc..)

Definitely don't want the advertising spiels for the various manufacturers. SDY (talk) 00:08, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Plateletpheresis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Audrey Wimbiscus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:03, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Audrey Wimbiscus
No google hits. Article has just enough content to prevent it being speedied. — Xezbeth 06:17, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Utter trash. It could be deleted as a libel page, as it appears to exist simply to make fun of someone named Audrey.  I'm sure that this is the talk of homeroom. :-( Geogre 18:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Audrey. Could be a name-history page. Or else transwiki it to Wiktionary. Cchan199206 20:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as probably-POV nonsense. If Wiktionary doesn't have an entry for Audrey, create one out of the NPOV part of this article. (See also Votes for deletion/Precedents.) --Idont Havaname 20:55, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, "tawdry" does derive form the cheap junk sold at St. Audrey's Fair, but we don't keep articles on the derivations of names. Strip off the last name and transwiki to Wiktionary.  RickK 21:00, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. GregorB 22:05, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation/interlang

 * Interlang links (on local project)

Some projects has no translation but put it on meta and linked from Recentchanges.
 * Bg
 * Sr
 * Zh

Further information is available at Election notice translations 2005.


text:
Horsham, Victoria

Horsham is a regional city in the Wimmera region of western Victoria, Australia. Located on a bend in the Wimmera River, Horsham is approximately 300 km northwest of the state capital Melbourne. As of the 2021 census, Horsham had a population of 20,429. It is the most populous city in Wimmera, and the main administrative centre for the Rural City of Horsham local government area. It is the eleventh largest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat, Bendigo, Wodonga, Mildura, Shepparton, Warrnambool, Traralgon, and Wangaratta.

An early settler James Monckton Darlot named the settlement after the town of Horsham in his native England. It grew throughout the latter 19th and early 20th centuries as a centre of Western Victoria's wheat and wool industry, becoming the largest city in the Wimmera and Western Victoria by the early 1910s. Horsham was declared a city in 1949 and was named Australia's Tidiest Town in 2001 and Victoria's Tidiest Town in 2021.

Pre-colonisation
Recent archaeological research of rock shelters by La Trobe University in the Grampians found clear evidence of Aboriginal occupation 3–4,000 years ago, and the possibility of occupation up to 22,000 years ago. The rock shelters would have provided reliable access to water and a base to hunt megafauna on the plains of the Wimmera. Then "around the time of the arrival of the First Fleet, the Jardwa people were being forced south by either a Murray or northern Victorian tribe called the Wotjol". By the time of European exploration and settlement, the Jardwadjali language (a dialect of the Wemba-wemba language group common across most of Western Victoria) ) was well established across the southern portion of the Wimmera region. Wimmera Aboriginal people hunted and traded widely, with stone for their tools coming up from the Grampians in the Ararat district. Relations between Europeans and Aboriginal people, as across much of Australia, were mixed, featuring both conflict and cooperation. One of the last Aboriginal missions in Victoria, Ebenezer Mission, was run successfully by the Moravian Order during the 1870s and 1880s, providing education and employment for the region's Indigenous people before it fell into decline in the 1890s and closed in 1902.

European exploration
Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to pass through the area, naming the Wimmera River on 18 July 1836. After the explorer Edward Eyre passed through the region seeking an overland route between Port Philip and Adelaide, he reported to The Adelaide Gazette on 14 July 1838, that the region was "well-watered and affording good pasturage for stock."

Settlement
The squatters were the first European settlers in the Wimmera. William J Bracewell made the first claim, claiming 100,000 acres at Dooen on 10 August 1842. Although Captain Chris Lewis was the first resident of the Wimmera, settling at Ledcourt Station at Glenorchy in 1840. Charles Carter, a Squatter from Van Diemen's Land established his property "Brim Springs" nearby in 1845. The Wimmera region was made part of the Portland Bay district in 1843 and then became its own district in 1846. Land ownership was formalised in 1847, and the "Wimmera squatters wasted no time in securing their land cheaply as leasehold." George Langlands, a merchant from Melbourne was encouraged by James Darlot to move to the Wimmera region and open a store. Langlands reached the Wimmera and opened a general store in October 1849 on what is now the corner of Darlot and Hamilton Street. A Post Office had opened a year earlier on 1 July 1848. By 1851 the small village of Horsham had been established, consisting of an estimated 18 homes.

Town
The 1851 census counted 2,019 people living in the Wimmera region. The Victorian gold rush connected Horsham with the rest of the state, when it became a stop-over point for the Gold Escort in 1851. Governance was formalised in 1858 when the Wimmera area was included in region's first electoral district, covering an area from the Murry River in the north, then south to the Wimmera River and then east to the Grampian Range. Then in 1862 the Horsham District Road Board was established, which later evolved into the Horsham Shire with the passing of the Local Government Act in 1864. The electric telegraph was connected in 1875 and the main railway from Melbourne reached Horsham in 1879. The Horsham Borough Council and the Shire of Wimmera operated the McKenzie Creek Tramway from the town to a stone quarry, approximately 8 km to the south. The horse tramway opened within the town in 1885 but had ceased operating by 1927. Special picnic trains operated from time to time conveying residents in open wagons along the McKenzie Creek Tramway.

The 1870s saw significant economic and demographic growth in Horsham. During this period the foundry, the hospital, and the Horsham Agricultural Society were established, with the first Horsham show held in 1876. Geoffrey Blainey, notes in his History of Victoria, that the Victorian railway building boom of the 1870s enabled large-scale wheat production to begin in the Wimmera. He also describes a unique migration of German farmers, mostly Lutherans from South Australia, who travelled across east in covered-wagons along with their families and herds of cattle and then settled in the Wimmera district. Blainey writes that "nothing in Australian history so resembles the opening of the American west as this trek of farmers to the Victorian plains in the 1870s'." Farming production in the region dramatically increased, and wheat was established as the dominant agricultural crop.

Although flooding along the Wimmera River was noted during the early period of the settlement, the first major flood was recorded in 1883 with the first flood causing serious damage occurring in 1889, when several buildings and the tramway were damaged. Several serious floods then occurred along the Wimmera River over the next five decades, in 1894, 1903, 1909, 1915 and then in 1923. The flood in 1923 was the third largest on record. In response to this history of flooding, the council successfully applied in 1946 for money from the State Parliamentary Public Works Committee for flood management.

Men from Horsham fought in the First World War. "By mid-August 1914 the first of Horsham's soldiers were given a rousing civic farewell at the Town Hall." However conscription "divided the community", with the Anti-Conscription League noting the high rate (6%) of conscription in the Horsham district. The Discharged Soldier Settlement Act of 1917 was created to give returning soldiers a head-start establishing farms in regional Australia. According to the act returning soldiers with farm-experience could apply for a block of land. By 1919 2,933 ex-servicemen had taken up the opportunity. The average size of the land grants were 250 to 500 acres. When World War II started, men from Horsham again volunteered. The war effort was enthusiastically embraced, for example in May 1940, when King George VI made a Commonwealth-wide call to prayer, 1,800 people attended a religious service at the town hall. Returning servicemen were again given the opportunity to take up land grants at the end of the war, with the average size of the blocks being between 650 and 750 acres.

City
Horsham's population had reached 6,388 in 1947 and so it was declared a city on 24 May 1949. In 1950 Horsham celebrated its Centenary with a parade through the city. But then tragedy struck on 24 February 1951, when a train and bus collided at a level crossing on Dimboola Road, resulting in 11 deaths. The Horsham Streetscape was dramatically remodelled in the 1960s when planning laws were changed and shopfront verandahs were removed from the Post Office, The Bull and Mouth, and The White Hart pubs. The Horsham City council installed the first parking meters on Firebrace Street in 1963. A major fire damaged the new State Public Office on McLachlan Street in 1971. In 1995, the Rural City of Horsham was formed through the amalgamation of the Horsham City, Wimmera and Arapiles Shires. Horsham was named Australia's Tidiest Town in 2001 and was also named Victoria's tidiest town in 2015.

The Black Saturday bushfires of 2009 affected Horsham, with 5700 ha area burnt around the city's fringe including the golf club and eight homes destroyed in the Haven area. Horsham experienced significant flooding in successive years in 2010 and 2011 Victorian floods. During these events, the Wimmera reached 3.32 m and 4.71 m respectively. The 2011 event was particularly severe with the Wimmera River reaching a record peak; over 1,000 residents were evacuated as flood waters divided the city and damaged 600 houses pushing up to a metre of water into parts of the CBD.

Traditional ownership
The Victorian government has recognised the Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagik nations as the traditional owners for the Horsham area. These five nations are represented by the Barengi Gadjin Land Council Aboriginal Corporation.

Population
According to the 2021 census of population, there were 20,429 people in Horsham.
 * 49% Male
 * 51 % Female
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.8% of the population (Indigenous status not stated 5.1% and Non-Indigenous 93.2%)
 * The median age is 41

Wimmera River
The city of Horsham is situated on the floodplain of the Wimmera River, south of the Dooen Swamp and north of the River's junction with McKenzie Creek. The Wimmera River rises in the western slopes of the Pyrenees and then runs west towards Horsham before turning north at Quantong and heading north towards the Murray, but empties into Lake Hindmarsh. The Wimmera River is dammed by a weir at the southern edge of the city. A recent study in December 2017, found that the Millennium drought decimated the Platypus population in the River leaving only a solitary colony south of the weir.

Climate
Horsham has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with a mean annual temperature of 14.7°C (58.5°F) and a mean annual rainfall of 380.3 mm. It experiences one of the coolest climates of this type in Australia, due to its southern latitude and close proximity to oceanic and mediterranean climate zones.

Summer
Most summer days in Horsham are hot, clear and dry with low relative humidity. January is the warmest month with a mean maximum temperature of 31.3°C (88°F). Horsham is prone to experiencing extreme heat days, particularly for its latitude, and records about 25 days annually with maximum temperatures above 35°C (95°F). These are confined to the months of November to March, with most occurring in January and February. On the other hand, overnight minimums during summer are typically quite cool. The resulting wide diurnal temperature variation is characteristic of the BSk climate type; in summer the difference between the daily high temperature and the overnight minimum is frequently greater than 20°C (68°F) and may exceed 25°C (77°F) on the hottest days.

The highest temperature recorded in Horsham of 47.9°C (118.2°F) on 20 December 2019 is the equal third-highest temperature ever recorded in the state of Victoria.

Winter
Horsham typically experiences cool, relatively long winters where cloudy days featuring light, misty rain and drizzle are common. July is the coolest month with a mean maximum temperature of 13.7°C (57°F). Horsham records minimum temperatures below freezing (0°C/32°F) on about 26 mornings annually; these occur almost exclusively between the months of May and October, with the majority in the central winter months of June to August. Rainy days - defined as days with any amount of rainfall - predominate in June to August, but the total winter rainfall received remains low relative to most locations in Victoria and is only slightly higher than that received in summer.

Land use
Horsham's topography is flat, approximately 128 m above sea level. The central business district (CBD) is laid out in a grid plan south of the train line and is characterised by wide streets and several roundabouts. Firebrace Street, running north–south through the middle of the CBD is one of Horsham's original "thoroughfares" (first surveyed in 1849) and is named after a soldier from the British Army, Major William Firebrace (1795-1856). Residential areas extend north of the train line, west towards Natimuk and south-west towards Haven and south-east across Burnt Creek. A light industrial area is located south of the Wimmera River.

Due to the flat topography and floodplain clay, there are very few multi-story buildings. The five most prominent buildings in the city are the State Government Offices on McLachlan Street, the T&G clocktower on Firebrace Street, St John Anglican church on the Western Highway, the Horsham Cinema and Horsham Town Hall, both on Pynsent Street.

Mining
Due to Horsham's location in the Murray Basin, the area to the east and south of the city contain extensive deposits of Mineral Sands, primarily ilmenite, zircon and rutile. Preliminary exploration was conducted in the 1980s at Drung, a locality 20 km east of Horsham. However, the Conservation Council of Australia opposed the exploration citing the long-term consequences of mining activity and the possibility of inadequate rehabilitation.

In June 2018 new mining exploration leases for the Wimmera region were granted by the Victorian State Government.

Governance
In 1993 the Kennett Government passed the Local Government (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill which resulted in council amalgamations across Victoria. So in 1995 the City of Horsham merged with the Wimmera and Arapiles shires to form the Horsham Rural City Council, making Horsham the seat of local government. The current Mayor of Horsham is Robyn Guilline.

In the Legislative Assembly of Victoria Horsham is part of the Electoral district of Lowan and is currently represented by Emma Kealy. For the Legislative Council of Victoria Horsham is part of the Western Victoria Region and is currently represented by Jaala Pulford, Simon Ramsay, Gayle Tierney, Josh Morris and James Purcell.

In the Federal Parliament of Australia the city is represented in the Australian House of Representatives by the Division of Mallee. Currently held by Anne Webster and until the 2019 Federal Election was considered a very safe National party seat.

The Horsham Police station on Roberts Ave, along with ordinary policing duties also handles traffic, firearm registration and crime investigation. Next to the Police station is the Horsham Magistrates' Court.

Culture
The Horsham Botanic Gardens, managed by the Horsham Rural City Council, are located between the Horsham City Oval and Horsham Caravan Park and were designed by landscape architect William Guilfoyle. Sawyer park alongside the Wimmera River contains a sound shell and hosts the ANZAC day dawn service, Carols by Candlelight and Australia Day events.

Arts
The Horsham Town Hall, rebuilt and enlarged in February 2016, is the city's main performing arts venue, attracting a wide range of national and international acts. It is operated by the Horsham Rural City Council also contains the Horsham Regional Art Gallery. The Wesley Performing Arts Centre, once the Wesley Church, was, until 2018, a second performance venue. However, it was closed indefinitely in June 2018 due to safety concerns. The Horsham Arts Council, formed in 1972 and based in Old Hamilton Road, regularly stages musicals. Horsham also hosts the annual Art is...festival, some aspects of the biennial Nati Frinj Festival and Awakenings (Australia's only regional disability arts festival). Centre Cinemas manage a movie theatre on Pynsent St.

Cuisine
An item of food said to be unique to Horsham is the florrie. A variation of the cordon bleu, it consists of a piece of beef steak thinly sliced, wrapped around slices of ham and processed cheese, and then crumbed. Introduced by local chef Alfonso Baviello in the mid 20th century and originally dubbed the Florentine, it can be purchased fresh at Horsham butcher shops or as a cooked meal in cafes and pubs.

Music
Horsham has community bands such as the Horsham City Brass Band and the Horsham Pipe Band with many towns surrounding the city having their own community bands. Some of the Horsham pubs host live music and the city hosts both the annual Kannamroo festival and Horsham Country Music Festival.

Media
Horsham is served by three newspapers, the Wimmera Mail-Times (a tri-weekly paid publication), the Weekly Advertiser (a free weekly) and the Horsham Times (a weekly paid publication). Printed news from the Australian Broadcasting Company (ABC) Wimmera is available on the ABC Wimmera Facebook page and is also broadcast via its local radio station. Other available national radio stations in Horsham are ABC Classic, Radio National, ABC NewsRadio and Triple J. 3WM 1089 AM and MIXXFM 101.3 are the local commercial stations and Triple H 96.5 FM is the local community radio station.

Horsham is also served by local transmission of free-to-air television networks ABC, Prime7 (Seven), Southern Cross (10), WIN (Nine) and SBS.

Religions and faiths
A total of 60% of people in Horsham identified with Christianity at the 2016 national census (which is higher than the national average) although nearly 30% identified as "no religious affiliation", which reflected the national average.

The Horsham Ministers Association established the Christian Emergency Food Centre on Firebrace Street and help organise the annual Carols by Candlelight. The Lutheran Church oversees a local school (Holy Trinity Lutheran College) and nursing home (Sunnyside Nursing Home) and maintains a Christian bookshop, Jacob's Well.

A Sunni mosque was built on Stawell Road in October 2014.

Service clubs and other clubs (non-sporting)
The combined local services club host a free community breakfast on Australia Day. Local clubs include the Apex Club of Horsham, the City of Horsham Lions Club, the Horsham Combined Probus Club, the Horsham East Ladies Probus Club, Horsham Senior Citizens, the Lions Club of Horsham, the Rotary Club of Horsham and the Rotary Club of Horsham East.

Sport
Sport and fitness are popular pastimes in Horsham. The Horsham Aquatic Centre contains an indoor and outdoor pool, gym, kiosk and child care centre, owned by the Horsham Rural City Council and operated by the YMCA. Horsham has an outdoor velodrome, indoor squash centre and basketball stadium. The City Oval located between Baker St and Hocking St next to the botanical gardens hosts a variety of football games and cricket matches. Cricket and tennis are the most popular summer sports in Horsham.

The Wimmera Regional Sports Assembly Inc. is a volunteer based organisation established to support the growth, development and promotion of sport and recreation at the grass roots level.

The assembly provides a vital link between local clubs and state and national bodies. It has formed a solid partnership with Sport and Recreation Victoria and other strategic partners (including VicHealth, Local Government, and health agencies) to provide a quality service for Wimmera sports clubs and associations which encompasses the needs and priorities of the region.

The assembly office is at 22B Pynsent Street in Horsham and staff can readily provide information and support on a variety of sports related topics. Staff have a wide range of both experience and knowledge and would be pleased to assist wherever possible.

Local sporting organisations include the Horsham Angling Club, the Horsham Badminton Association, the Horsham Hornets Basketball Club, Wimmera Kart Racing Club, Natimuk and District Gymnastics Club, Horsham Little Athletics Centre, Horsham Motor Sports Club, the Horsham Panthers Rugby League Club, the Horsham Volleyball Association, the Horsham Golf Club and the Drung Golf Club.

Other sports active in Horsham include: carpet bowls, hunting, karate, lawn bowls, netball, pistol shooting, rowing, smallbore rifle shooting, soccer, squash, swimming, table tennis, tennis, and water skiing.

Australian rules football
Former Sydney Swans footballer and 2014 Australian of the Year Adam Goodes grew up in Horsham and the town currently has four players representing the town in the Australian Football League (AFL). The two local football and netball leagues are overseen by AFL Wimmera Mallee.

Wimmera Football & Netball League
The town has two Australian rules football teams competing in the Wimmera Football League

 * Horsham Demons
 * Horsham Saints

Clay target shooting
The Central Wimmera Clay Target Club holds clay target shooting competitions twice a month at 1 pm on the 1st Sunday & 2nd Saturday of each month. Practice shoots for newcomers are held 1st & 3rd Fridays each month.

Cricket
The Horsham Cricket Association has four clubs based in the Horsham.

 * Homers Cricket Club
 * Horsham Saints Cricket Club
 * Colts Cricket Club
 * Jung Tigers Cricket Club

Wimmera Girls Cricket League
The Wimmera Girls Cricket League (WGCL) inaugural season was held in early 2020. Season 2020/21 provided a competition aimed at girls aged 10 to 17 years.

Flying and gliding
The Horsham Flying Club is the home of sport aviation and gliding in the Wimmera Mallee region of Victoria. The club was formed in 1963 as Wimmera Soaring Club and later amalgamated with Wimmera Sports Aircraft Association. The city also hosts the longest-running gliding competition in Australia, Horsham Week, held yearly in the first week of February since 1967.

Greyhound racing
Horsham Greyhound Racing Club has held regular greyhound racing meetings at the Horsham Showgrounds since 17 December 1973.

Harness racing (trots)
Horsham Harness Racing Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack in the city.

Thoroughbred horse racing (gallops)
The Wimmera Racing Club, schedules around five race meetings a year in Horsham, including the Horsham Cup meeting in October.

Infrastructure
The city provides community and family support services.

Education
The Workingmen's College was open from 1891 to 1922. The original buildings of the Workingmen's College became Horsham High School in 1912, the high school moved to the current site on Dimboola Road in 1926. Public primary school education was conducted at the Central School until 1955 when another primary campus was added in the west. A third primary school was added in 1965 in the north. A Roman Catholic primary school was established in 1883 and a Lutheran primary school was established in 1978. Technical education was re-introduced as part of the Horsham High School curriculum in 1959 and the nearby Longernong Agricultural College opened in 1889 at Dooen.

Kindergarten
Non-integrated three and four year old kindergarten programs in Horsham are managed by Emerge Early Years Services.

Integrated day care and kindergarten programs are managed by the individual facilities.

Primary education

 * Holy Trinity Lutheran College: independent, Lutheran, co-educational, years prep to 12. Founded in 1978 and governed by a council elected from the congregation of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church.
 * Horsham Primary School (298 and Rasmussan campuses): public, co-educational, prep to 6.
 * Horsham West and Haven Primary School: public, co-educational, prep to 6.
 * Saints Michael and John's Primary School: independent, Roman Catholic, co-educational, prep to 6.

Secondary education

 * Holy Trinity Lutheran College: independent, Lutheran, co-educational, prep to 12. Founded in 1978 and governed by a council elected from the congregation of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
 * Horsham College: public, co-educational, 7 to 12.
 * St Brigid's College: independent, Roman Catholic, co-educational, 7 to 12.

Tertiary and trades education

 * Federation University: Wimmera campus, tertiary education and trade courses.
 * Longernong Agricultural College: often abbreviated to "Longy", agricultural tertiary college focusing on agronomy, rural merchandise management, wool classing, agricultural education, farm management, research and livestock sales.

Transport
Road transport and the motor vehicle is the main form of transport. The Western Highway (connecting Melbourne to Adelaide) is the most significant road system in the city. It connects with the Henty Highway (A200) (from Portland north towards Mildura) cross paths with the Wimmera Highway on the eastern side of the central business district, The Western Highway will eventually be diverted around the city in a bypass. The Wimmera-Henty Highway (B200) is the main northern road, connecting Horsham to Warracknabeal and the Sunraysia Highway (B220) to Mildura as well as the Wimmera Highway (B240) and St Arnaud. The Wimmera Highway continues west to Naracoorte, South Australia.

Rail transport includes both passenger rail and freight rail. The city's only passenger station is Horsham railway station which is on the Melbourne–Adelaide railway is located approximately four blocks (1 km) north of the CBD. The Overland operates between the state capitals and stops in Horsham twice a week in each direction for passengers. While there is no direct connection to the Victorian broad gauge rail network, there are plans to increase the frequency of rail services between Ararat and Melbourne, and eventually improve the rail services to Horsham itself. Interstate freight trains regularly travel through Horsham to the Wimmera Intermodal Freight Terminal located nearby in Dooen.

V/Line operates a coach service into Horsham from Ararat and onward to Nhill. Melbourne bound passengers then board a train in Ararat to continue their journey. A local company the 'Wimmera Roadways and Horsham Bus Lines' provide 6 routes through the city. Along with the bus service two taxi companies operate from a depot at 30 Wawunna Road.

The Horsham Airport is located to the north of the city and hosts a variety of private aviation companies as well a depot for the Royal Flying Doctors Service.

Utilities
Water and waste-water services are provided by Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water (GWMWater), "a government-owned statutory corporation established in 2004" who manage water services for most north-western Victoria. Horsham's primary water source is Lake Wartook, with a bore field at Laharum providing a supplementary supply source for the town when water levels are low. Electricity is provided to Horsham via the Horsham Terminal Station, operated by Powercor Australia and located to the east of the city on the corner of Riverside East and Horsham-Lubeck Roads.

Health and healthcare services
The Wimmera Base Hospital on Baillie street has been managed by Wimmera Health Care Group since 1995 and was amalgamated with Ballarat Health Services, Stawell Regional Health and Edenhope and District Memorial Hospital to form Grampians Health, November 1st, 2021. The hospital is also a regional training facility, and along with ordinary hospital operations provides a range of outpatient and community health support services. Horsham also contains a number of nursing homes, several pharmacies, two medical surgeries, two dental surgeries and various allied health services. The Australian Bureau of Statistics reports the median age of Horsham is older than the national average with just over 20% of the population over 65 years old.

Economy
Healthcare, education and government related are the main employers in Horsham, although the largest number of businesses in 2017 were agriculture, forestry and fishing related, and the median income is $40,245 (2013). The Wimmera Development Association is based in Horsham, they gather economic data, lobby for improved infrastructure, organise events and encourage connections between local businesses and civic leaders. The Victorian Regional Development Association is represented locally by the Wimmera Southern Mallee Regional Partnership.

Commercial
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, most businesses in Horsham have fewer than four employees, with only 35 businesses employing 20 or more people. There are over a hundred retail outlets in Horsham of varying sizes, many independent, but some part of larger national or international chains, such as Coles, Woolworths, Aldi, Target, Kmart, Bunnings Warehouse, Harvey Norman, The Reject Shop, Best & Less, KFC, Hungry Jack's and McDonald's.

Foundry
The Horsham Foundry formerly operated by CMI Horsham was closed in July 2012.

Grains Innovation Park
The Horsham Grains Innovation Centre was established in 1962 to breed wheat varieties for Victoria. The scope of research has become "a world leader in science and innovation...for barley, canola, field peas, lentils and chickpeas.” Today the complex also hosts the Australian Grains Genebank, the Horsham Incident Control Centre service and depots for Agriculture Victoria, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning and the Victorian Fisheries Authority.

Renewable energy
The Murra Warra Wind Farm project is located 25 km north of Horsham at Murra Warra, a 99-turbine producing 434 megawatts of electricity is being constructed with stage 1 completed in mid-2019. Renewable Energy Systems and Macquarie Capital are providing the $750 million equity for the project.

Tourism
The city is a significant stop-over point between Adelaide and Melbourne and contains nearly a dozen motels. West of Horsham is Mount Arapiles, south of Horsham are the Grampians National Park, northwest is the Little Desert National Park and north of Horsham the Silo Art Trail begins in Brim. The Wimmera River and its annual Fishing Competition are notable features of the city.

Wheat and wool
By 1910 Horsham sat on the boundary between Victoria's primary wool-producing area, the south-west and the state's second-largest wheat-producing area the Wimmera. Wheat is one of Australia's largest agricultural exports with the Wimmera and Mallee regions producing between 10 and 40 tonnes of wheat per square kilometre. Farmers around Horsham often rotate wheat with canola and legumes.

Notable people

 * Aaron Bruce, former NBL and NCAA basketballer for Baylor University
 * Jannik Blair a.k.a. The Bizzness, current Australia men's national wheelchair basketball team 'The Rollers' Paralympic Silver medallist, 2014 world gold
 * Adam Goodes, former Australian Football League player and Australian of the Year who grew up and did his schooling in Horsham
 * Craig Sholl, former AFL footballer
 * Brad Sholl, former AFL footballer
 * Shane Heard, former AFL footballer
 * Adrian Hickmott, former AFL footballer
 * Doug Wade, former VFL footballer
 * Jake Lloyd, AFL footballer
 * Portia de Rossi (born Amanda Rogers), actress, married to Ellen DeGeneres
 * Jen Storer, children's author
 * Shaun Bruce, NBL basketballer, currently Sydney Kings formerly Brisbane Bullets and Cairns Taipans
 * Mitch Creek, NBL/NBA basketballer
 * Jarrod Berry, AFL footballer
 * Tom Berry, AFL footballer
 * Darcy Tucker, AFL footballer
 * Sebastian Ross, AFL footballer
 * Chris Crewther, Member for Mornington in the Victorian Parliament, and former Member for Dunkley in the Australian Parliament (including Chair of both Parliament’s Foreign Affairs & Aid Sub-Committee, and the Government’s Home Affairs & Legal Affairs Policy Committee)
 * Pauline Toner (1935-1989), first female Victorian Cabinet minister
 * Patrick Carnegie Simpson (1865-1947), missionary, professor, moderator of the Presbyterian Church of England (1928)
 * Brett Goodes former AFL footballer for Western Bulldogs
 * Bill Pyers, Australian Racing Hall of Fame jockey
 * Jason Niblett, cyclist, Commonwealth Wealth Games gold medallist
 * Lajos Kazár, Hungarian linguist
 * Alex Rathgeber, actor

title: Horsham, Victoria


text:
Cerina Vincent

Cerina Vincent (born February 7, 1979) is an American actress. She had her breakthrough role starring as Maya in the television series Power Rangers Lost Galaxy, followed by a part in the comedy film Not Another Teen Movie, before going on to star in the horror film Cabin Fever, which established her as a "scream queen" and led to further roles in horror movies. More recently, she appeared as Suzy Diaz in the Disney Channel series Stuck in the Middle. She has also written three books with Jodi Lipper, wrote a regular column for The Huffington Post, and co-hosts the podcast Raising Amazing with Dr. Joel Gator.

Early life
Vincent was born on February 7, 1979, in Las Vegas, Nevada, to parents of Italian descent. Vincent loved to perform from an early age, encouraged by her mother, who was a dance instructor. She performed in a Christmas production at Diskin Elementary School, learning the lines for all the characters. She also appeared in productions at the Rainbow Company Youth Theater, which was sponsored by the Cultural Affairs division of Las Vegas. In 1996, at the age of sixteen, Vincent won the Miss Nevada Teen USA title and competed at Miss Teen USA. Though she made it to the top 15, she failed to place at the pageant (televised live), which was held in Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Vincent graduated from Durango High School in 1997, and moved to Los Angeles, where she attended Marymount College also known as Loyola Marymount University on a scholarship. Between classes, she went on auditions and eventually landed several commercials and a role on USA High for the USA Network.

1990s
In 1999, Vincent made her film debut in the direct-to-video thriller Fear Runs Silent, starring Billy Dee Williams. Her first significant role as an actress, however, was as the Yellow Galaxy Ranger, Maya, in the television series Power Rangers Lost Galaxy, the seventh season of the program's franchise that aired from February 6, 1999, to December 18, 1999. Vincent later recalled, "It was a great way to learn a lot and get a taste for this business on a small show like that, but for kids. It was cool to be a role model for kids."

Following the success of Power Rangers Lost Galaxy, Vincent appeared on MTV's Undressed, Son of the Beach, Malcolm in the Middle, Felicity and Ally McBeal. She also returned as Maya in the two-part Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue episode, “Trakeena’s Revenge”, which saw the two teams of Rangers team up.

2000s
In 2001, Vincent landed her first role in a major motion picture, spoof film Not Another Teen Movie, playing foreign exchange student Areola. The part notably required her to be nude whenever she appeared throughout the movie: as a satirical take on the gratuitous nudity that was prevalent in teen films of the time, and specifically as a parody of Shannon Elizabeth's character Nadia in American Pie, the character never wears clothes, even in public. Vincent is naked in all of her scenes, with her body serving as a sight gag of sorts: subtitles for her ever-changing accent are spaced to avoid obscuring her breasts, as she interacts with fully clothed characters, none of whom seem to notice her out-of-place nudity.

Vincent described taking the part as a "huge decision" for her, having never previously done any nude scenes. She initially turned down the role several times, ultimately deciding to do it because she thought it was funny; however, she still had reservations about performing in the nude for the first time and so extensively. In a 2011 interview, Vincent explained: "In that moment I was more concerned... oh my God, am I going to be... personally... can I do this? To be nude and have it be out there forever for people to see - and I wanted to make sure my family didn't disown me. [...] It's weird, it's hard because your body is your body and it's personal. It's easier to shoot that scene because everyone was professional and my character was ridiculous—I did many different accents in the movie, and it was funny... it was a comedy. So, shooting the scenes was the easy part—with it being out there forever and ever and ever... that's more of a mental... it screws with your head a little bit and you question your decisions, but I don't have any regrets." Vincent appeared in the 2020 documentary Skin: A History of Nudity in the Movies in a segment discussing the role.

In 2003, Vincent starred in the R-rated horror film Cabin Fever, which featured some of her most memorable film moments, including her "leg-shaving" scene and the "plane-crash" seduction and sex scene. The film included topless scenes and two sex scenes with two different characters. Fearing that she would be typecast into nude roles, Vincent was cautious about over-exposing herself in the film, which became a point of contention between her and director Eli Roth.

Starting in 2004, Vincent appeared in a series of theatrical and television films, including Murder-Set-Pieces (2004) as the L.A. Girl, Intermedio (2005) as Gen, and Conversations with Other Women (2005) as Sarah the Dancer. In 2005, she appeared in her first starring role in the film It Waits (2005) as forest ranger Danielle "Danny" St. Claire. Vincent made several television appearances beginning in 2005, with appearances on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Palmetto Pointe and Sex, Love & Secrets. Since then, she has also worked on the series Bones, Two and a Half Men, Gary Unmarried, Zombie Family, Mike & Molly, and The Walking Dead. In 2006, she appeared in The Surfer King as Tiffany, Seven Mummies as Lacy, and the Sci-Fi Channel original movie Sasquatch Mountain as Erin Price, alongside Lance Henriksen. In 2007, she appeared in the television films Manchild and Wifey, as well as Return to House on Haunted Hill as Michelle, and Everybody Wants to Be Italian as Marisa Costa. In 2008, she appeared in Toxic as Malvi, the independent film, Just Add Water as The Mrs., and in Fashion Victim.

2010s
Vincent returned to films in 2012, appearing in Complacent as Myah Sanderson and Chasing Happiness as Andrea, and playing the title role in MoniKa, for which she was also the executive producer. In 2013, Vincent appeared in the Hallmark Channel original movie The Thanksgiving House in the role of Ashleigh, and produced and starred in the acclaimed horror short Skypemare, which also starred Annika Marks and featured Ryan Dillon and Adam J. Yeend; the film screened at Telluride Horror Show and ScreamFest 2013 in Los Angeles. In 2017, Vincent had a small role in the indie movie Broken Memories.

From 2016 to 2018, Vincent played Suzy Diaz, mother to seven children, on the Disney Channel series Stuck in the Middle. The series ran for three seasons.

Vincent's most recent performances include the lead role of Jen in the 2018 feature film thriller The Work Wife, a 2019 guest starring appearance on NCIS: Los Angeles, and a part in the 2020 Lifetime TV movie My Daughter's Psycho Friend.

Personal life
In November 2018, Vincent announced her pregnancy with her first child, a boy with her long time partner of Mike Estes. Her son was born in February 2019.

Books
Vincent and her co-writer Jodi Lipper wrote a regular column for HuffPost from 2007 to 2016. The pair have also authored three publication books:

title: Cerina Vincent


text:
User:Igny

Quotes
"In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is. - Yogi Berra" "Пусть будет как будет. Ведь как-нибудь да будет. Ибо никогда так не было, чтоб никак не было. - Jaroslav Hašek (paraphrased)" "Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the the universe. - Albert Einstein"

title: User:Igny


text: User talk:209.204.188.184

title: User talk:209.204.188.184


text:
Jonathan ben Uzziel

Jonathan ben Uzziel (יונתן בן עוזיאל) was one of the 80 tannaim who studied under Hillel the Elder during the time of Roman-ruled Judea. A book of kabbalah known as Sefer Migdanim has been attributed to him.

Jonathan ben Uzziel is mentioned several times in the Talmud. Jonathan rendered an Aramaic translation (targum) of the Major and Minor Prophets which still survives today. When he wished to procure a translation of the Ketuvim, a Divine voice (Hebrew: bat ḳol) was heard telling him that what he had done was sufficient for humanity.

"Hillel the Elder had eighty disciples: thirty of them were worthy that the Divine Presence should rest upon them as upon Moses our teacher, but their generation was not worthy of it; thirty of them were worthy that the intercalation of the years should be determined by them; and twenty were average. The greatest of them all was Jonathan b. ’Uzziel[.]"

Early life
Little is known about Jonathan ben Uzziel's early upbringing, except that he was one of Hillel the Elder's most outstanding pupils.

Family and heritance
According to the Jerusalem Talmud, Jonathan was born into a wealthy family. At one point in Jonathan's life, his father made a vow that his son, Jonathan, would not be entitled to any of his fortune (disinherit). Instead, his father wrote in his will and testament that Shammai would be the recipient of his estate and money, conveyed to him as a gift. When this money came into the hands of Shammai, who was not willing to see Jonathan taken advantage of and deprived of his father's earnings, Shammai resolved to sell part of the inheritance, and to dedicate unto the Temple another part of the inheritance, while the remainder he gave as a gift to Jonathan ben Uzziel.

Tomb
According to tradition, the tomb of ben Uzziel is located in Amuka, Galilee near Safed, Israel.

According to Zev Vilnai, Rabbi Shmuel ben Shimshon wrote about the tomb in 1210: "There is a large tree next to it, and the Ishmaelites [Arabs] bring oil and light a candle in his honor and make vows in his honor." An illustration of Yonatan ben Uzziel's tomb appears in "Ancestry of fathers and prophets" (Hebrew: יחוס אבות ונביאים), a book printed in 1537.

It is customary to visit ben Uzziel's tomb on Rosh Chodesh, the first day of the lunar month, and on 26 Sivan (the day on which he died), although visitors arrive all year round. A practice that began in the 17th century was to pray at the gravesite for a good marriage partner, for children, satisfaction from one's children, a good livelihood, health and happiness. Many unmarried men and women pray there for a match. Doing so is considered a segula (propitious remedy) for finding one's mate within the coming year.

Zev Vilnai offers two theories for this custom: (a) The practice developed from the Pseudo-Jonathan translation of the Bible on Deuteronomy 24:6, where he writes that anyone who prevents the connection between a husband and wife forfeits his portion in the world-to-come; (b) The practice is based on a mistaken reading of Rashi who writes in reference to a place called Harpania (Aramaic: הרפניא) "Everyone goes there: all ineligible men (pesulim) who cannot find a woman turn and go there. And it is deeper (Amuka) and worse than Gehinnom." The words "and it is deeper (Amuka)" are the headwords to Rashi's next comment, and do not relate to his preceding comment about men going to Harpania to look for women. However, the mistaken reading connects Rashi's words to the community named Amuka.

It is also widely believed that Jonathan ben Uzziel was single or childless, so men in similar situations seek to benefit from his special powers, but nowhere in the writings of Chazal is this stated.

title: Jonathan ben Uzziel


text:
Bjerrum length

The Bjerrum length (after Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum 1879–1958 ) is the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy scale, $$k_\text{B} T$$, where $$k_\text{B}$$ is the Boltzmann constant and $$T$$ is the absolute temperature in kelvins. This length scale arises naturally in discussions of electrostatic, electrodynamic and electrokinetic phenomena in electrolytes, polyelectrolytes and colloidal dispersions.

In standard units, the Bjerrum length is given by $$\lambda_\text{B} = \frac{e^2}{4\pi \varepsilon_0 \varepsilon_r \ k_\text{B} T},$$ where $$e$$ is the elementary charge, $$\varepsilon_r$$ is the relative dielectric constant of the medium and $$\varepsilon_0$$ is the vacuum permittivity. For water at room temperature ($T \approx 293 \text{ K}$), $$\varepsilon_r \approx 80$$, so that $\lambda_\text{B} \approx 0.71 \text{ nm}$.

In Gaussian units, $$4\pi\varepsilon_0 = 1$$ and the Bjerrum length has the simpler form

$$\lambda_\text{B} = \frac{e^2}{\varepsilon_r k_\text{B} T}.$$

The relative permittivity εr of water decreases so strongly with temperature that the product (εr·T) decreases. Therefore, in spite of the (1/T) relation, the Bjerrum length λB increases with temperature, as shown in the graph.

title: Bjerrum length