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Dendrophylax lindenii

Dendrophylax lindenii, the ghost orchid (a common name also used for Epipogium aphyllum) is a rare perennial epiphyte from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It is native to Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba. Other common names include palm polly and white frog orchid.

Name
The specific epithet "lindenii" is derived from its discoverer, the Belgian plant collector Jean Jules Linden, who saw this orchid for the first time in Cuba in 1844. Much later, it was also discovered in the Everglades in Florida.

Biology
Dendrophylax lindenii is a leafless epiphyte in the tribe Vandeae, in the subfamily Epidendroideae. The plant consists mainly of a network of photosynthetic roots on a tree trunk. Its habitat is moist, swampy forest in south-western Florida, and Caribbean islands such as Cuba.

This orchid is exceptional among the monocots in that it consists of a greatly reduced stem, and its leaves have been reduced to scales. The flat, cord-like green roots constitute the bulk of the mature plant. They bear distinctive white "track marks", for which the technical term is pneumatodes, which are believed to function partly like stomata, enabling the photosynthetic roots to perform the gas exchange necessary for respiration and photosynthesis. Chloroplasts in these flattened roots perform nearly all the plant's photosynthesis. Their outer layer is an example of the velamen typical of most epiphytic orchids. Its functions include the absorption of nutrients and water, and admission of light for photosynthesis.

The species is endangered in the wild, and cultivation has proven exceptionally difficult, but while most attempts to raise seedlings into adult plants in sterile culture end in failure, some orchidists have in fact succeeded. This orchid is listed in Appendix II of CITES and is fully protected by Florida state laws, which forbid its removal from the wild. Plants collected from the wild typically do not survive removal from their habitat, and die within a year. In the wild, Dendrophylax lindenii typically grows on the central trunk or large main branches of living trees. It seems to prefer Annona glabra (pond-apple) trees, or occasionally Fraxinus caroliniana (pop ash) trees. It tends to attach to a tree at about eye-level or a few feet higher.

Dendrophylax lindenii has been noted to form a symbiotic relationship with the fungus Thelophoraceae in order to gain nutrients and in turn provide sugars to the fungus. Due to the rare nature of these fungi, the ghost orchid cannot thrive in many ecosystems and is therefore considered rare.

Dendrophylax lindenii blossoms between June and August, producing one to ten fragrant flowers that open one at a time. The flowers are white, 3–4 cm wide and 7–9 cm long. They are borne on spikes arising from the root network. Their most intense fragrance is in the early morning, the scent fruity, resembling an apple. The lower petal, the labellum, has two long, lateral tendrils that twist slightly downward, resembling the hind legs of a jumping frog. Its bracts are scarious — thin and papery. The roots of this orchid are so well camouflaged on the tree that the flower may seem to float in mid-air, hence its name of "ghost orchid".

Origin and affinities
The genus Dendrophylax is a distant relative of the African and Indian Ocean genus Angraecum; at the time of the origin of the family Orchidaceae, the Atlantic Ocean was still in parts a strait, permitting their common ancestors to establish in now widely separated Gondwanan regions.

Pollination
The fig sphinx moth, Pachylia ficus, was the first insect to be scientifically described pollinating Dendrophylax lindenii, upending long-standing hypotheses about the giant sphinx moth, Cocytius antaeus, as the only possible pollinator. New research suggests that based on this finding, nearly a dozen species of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) could also serve as potential pollinators in Florida, with even more present in Cuba.

Cultivation
Plants can be successfully grown in a terrarium-like environment, mounted bare-root on a decay-resistant, untreated wooden stock with the wood laid horizontally on top of a bed of living sphagnum moss, as the plants require high humidity and stagnant air, or, in a Wardian case or greenhouse which approximates these conditions. They have also been noted thriving with hickory wood over 100 years old. Plants should not be allowed to pollinate and set seed unless the plant is very large, at least 10 in across, as plants without sufficient biomass will transfer all of their stored reserves into making a very large seed pod, and then behave much like an annual and die after seed set. These plants should be given $1/4$-strength fertilizer in distilled or other low-salt water sources weekly.

The plants are intolerant of water with high levels of dissolved salts; this will result in the roots dying off from the tips. Continued exposure to chlorinated tap water will usually kill these plants, with the tips of the roots yellowing and rapidly dying back to the reduced stem. It is normal for the plants to periodically consume and dehisce older roots, but this process does not yellow the roots, they simply shrivel and turn gray, then dehisce completely. Healthy plants will exhibit vigorous lime green root tips which are in an active state of growth. The plant's root tips will grow continuously, provided they receive bright light and regular fertilization and watering, with only a short resting period in late fall/early winter. Water should never be allowed to remain standing in the roots nor should any portion of the plant's roots be immersed in standing water for any significant period of time. The key to getting these plants to grow quickly is to keep the roots moist continuously when they are small, without water standing in the roots, and regular fertilization. When the plants are small and their roots become dry, these plants cease to grow appreciably. They like to be kept moist, but not wet, to stimulate increase in biomass and active root growth when small. The roots of these plants will also tend to produce new plantlets in a starfish-like manner from broken or damaged roots or from roots which have grown longer than 12 in, a growth habit shared with other members of the genus Dendrophylax.

Although plants in habitat occasionally experience light frost with some root tip damage, as a rule, the plants should never be subjected to freezing temperatures. Freezing temperatures, except for very short periods, will kill these plants in cultivation. Blooming is triggered by subjecting the plants to a cool, dry resting period, with only very light misting every few weeks, and lowering the humidity in the growing environment for a period of several months in late fall and early winter, when the plants are large enough to support flowering, typically with a root mass of 7-8 in across.

Newly forming flowers will appear from the highly reduced stem in the center of the root mass, and are difficult to distinguish from aerial roots until the flower starts to develop. When new growth is apparent after giving the plants a resting period, resume normal watering. Plants which are large and have set seed pods should be given more frequent fertilizing and should be limited to only a single seed pod per plant by removing all but one immature seed pod. When attempting to produce seed pods from one of these plants, if the plant has multiple flowers, all of them should be hand pollinated with pollinia from a different plant, if available, and only one seed pod allowed to remain on each plant, since not all of the flowers may be successfully pollinated. When mature, the pod contains thousands of microscopic, dust-like seeds.

In habitat, successful pollination of this species appears to be an infrequent, but not rare, event. The plants also flower irregularly in habitat, and some years do not flower at all.

Endangered species protection
In 2023 several environmental protection groups asked the US federal government to speed up the process to give the Ghost Orchid protections under the Endangered Species Act. It is believed that there are only 1,500 plants left in Florida, in just a few places, one of them being the Audubon Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. The orchid is endangered due to poaching and loss of habitat.

In popular culture

 * The plant plays a pivotal role in the non-fiction book The Orchid Thief, by Susan Orlean, and the movie based on the book, Adaptation,  although in the book the plant is yet in its former genus Polyrrhiza. The ghost orchid of Blair Audubon Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary also inspired the fiction novel Ghost Orchid by D. K. Christi.
 * In the Netflix series Wednesday it is falsely stated that Dendrophylax lindenii was first discovered on The Isle of Wight in 1854 and is "carnivorous". It seems that the script writers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar confused it with another "ghost orchid", the European Epipogium aphyllum.
 * The painting of the plant plays a role in the fiction book The Ghost Orchid by Jonathan Kellerman.

title: Dendrophylax lindenii


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Wikipedia:Peer review/American English/archive1

American_English
In the very first paragraph there are contradictions and incorrect facts.

1. American English is refered to as both a language and a dialect. It cannot be both. 2. A claim is made that "97% of U.S. residents speak English "well" or "very well". This should either be corrected to 'The American dialect of English", or removed completely, depending on point number 1.

Please try to see these points as constructive, rather than the method in which the previous peer review was taken.

80.177.116.191 23:26, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You do not seem to understand. Peer review is not the place for such comments.  Use the article's talk page for specific disputes you bring up.--naryathegreat | (talk) 02:48, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

American English
Firstly, there cannot be any such thing as "American English", by definition, English means to be of or about the country of England. Therefore it's like saying 'Japanese Italian', it doesn't make sense.

("American English" meaning 'a person or object of or belonging to England, of or belonging to America' !!! incredulous!!)

Secondly, most of the 'English' speaking world, including Global organisations such as the UN, refer to 'English', being the language in common use by 'England'.

As there cannot be any such thing as 'American English', the article should be renamed to be about 'American', Mr. Websters derivation of English, based on phonetic mis-spellings, and adapting the meaning of words to suit common usage.

This point, and it is a point of a great many English speakers worldwide - deserves to at least be noted in the entry, even if our North American friends do not agree.

80.177.116.191 15:34, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

68.163.208.65 16:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No.
 * 1. American English is the form of English spoken by the majority of Americans, which itself consists of multiple dialects. Have you not noticed that a word can have multiple meanings? For instance: English can be an adjective meaning "of or relating to England" or it can be a noun meaning a language, the language in which I'm writing, in fact.
 * 2. If a large number of Italians moved to Japan and over time came to change their use of the language, distinguishing it from the Italian spoken by those who live in Italy, then it would be fair to call it Japanese Italian, I say.
 * 3. Most of the English speaking world speaks its own local dialect of English, of which there are many. They all refer to the language as English, but they don't mean the British English you seem to believe they do.
 * 4. I fail to see how adapting the meaning of words to suit common usage or changing the spelling of words is wrong. You are aware that British English arose from various Romance and Germanic languages in just the same way, are you not?
 * To summarize: I disagree.

The suggestion is preposterous. If taken to its logical conclusion, then there is no such thing as Scottish English, Welsh English, Hiberno-English, Canadian English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English, or Indian English, because none of those countries is England either. And if "English" can only mean the language spoken in England, then by extension one cannot use the name "Spanish" for the language of most countries of Latin America, or "Portuguese" the language of Brazil. There would be no such thing as Swiss German or Austrian German either. This request for peer review is basically vandalism. --Angr/undefined 18:07, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree 100%. This page should be deleted and removed from Peer Review. However, I must also suggest that maybe each of these articles include the word "language" at the end of their title. See all of the other language articles, such as Spanish language.--naryathegreat | (talk) 20:24, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

So, If we follow your suggestions we should actually be talking about American English Romance Germanic Language. This is my point, it is stupid to continue to refer to a language as a modified set of a previous language. This new language is American, it ceased to be English as soon as it was modified.

There is no such thing as British English either, it's English, full stop (or period, to use your crude American language) As for the point about Scottish English, I don't understand, is this not the same argument. I do not beleive there is such a thing as Scottish English.

I don't agree with the accusation that this request is vanadlism, it's putting across a point of view. Infact, I feel that you have been very insulting there. It's no good to run this vault of knowledge with iron fists, we aren't all North American, and I beleive this is a valid point.

It must also be added that 'English' has been continually evolving since it's "split". Therefore, it can be claimed, that although a common history is shared, the two are now 2 smiilar but seperate languages, increasing the reasoning to call it something other than 'English'. I personally beleive "American" is a very good choice.

Remeber the Americans fought for independence and re-inforced this with a new Language, the least they could do is take ownership

80.177.116.191 23:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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J. J. Pearce High School

J. J. Pearce High School is a high school located in Richardson, Texas, United States. It is named after Joseph Jones “J.J.” Pearce, the superintendent for the Richardson Independent School District (RISD) from 1946 to 1977. In 2018, it had an enrollment of 2,323 and a student-teacher ratio of 14.5:1.

History
Pearce was established in 1967 with a group of tenth graders housed at Richardson North Junior High School. Prior to 1967, all high school students in the Pearce area attended Richardson High School. In 1969, the school moved to its current home on Coit Road; the campus has been expanded several times since. Along with Berkner High School, it is one of two RISD high schools to have a natatorium. While Pearce hosts a natatorium, Eagle-Mustang Stadium is shared with Richardson High School. An indoor training facility was built in 2018 to accommodate Pearce athletes.

The graduating class of 1987 was reunited on the TV Land original program High School Reunion, which premiered on March 5, 2008.

Pearce was named a National Blue Ribbon School. from 1988 through 1989

In September 2017, two Pearce students were accused of creating racist memes during the week leading up to the school's annual in-town rivalry football game against Richardson High School. The most controversial meme depicted the Pearce High School logo over KKK members and the Richardson High School logo over a burning cross. Each student served an out of school suspension.

In 2021, voters in Richardson ISD approved a $750 million dollar bond package, with a substantial amount dedicated to Pearce campus renovations. The renovations are expected to be completed by August 2024.

Academics
Newsweek ranked Pearce at #528 in the top 1,000 high schools in the nation. Schools were ranked based on the number of students who took Advanced Placement courses and AP tests.

In 2009, the state classified 81% of Pearce's graduates as "college ready", or ready to undergo university studies. The State of Texas defined "college readiness" by scores on the ACT and SAT, and in the 11th grade Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) tests. During the same year, the school's student body had 22% poor students, and 27% of its students had a risk of dropping out. Holly K. Hacker of The Dallas Morning News said that the readiness rate was about 20 points higher than statistics would predict, and that the school "far exceeds what is expected."

J.J. Pearce High School was a recognized school in 2007-2008 as well.

Theater
Lynn Shaw directed Pearce's theater program for 25 years until her death in 2009. Now directed by Heather Biddle, the program has received numerous nominations, awards, and recognitions both in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex and across the country. Additionally, the program has been chosen to premiere multiple high school adaptations of Broadway musicals. On September 15, 2016, the school hosted the world premiere of the high school edition of Heathers: The Musical. On October 23rd of 2022, J. J. Pearce piloted the High School version of Mean Girls: The Musical. In June 2023, the same cast performed the show at the International Thespian Festival in Bloomington, Indiana.

Notable alumni

 * Jessica Simpson (b. 1980) is an American singer, actress, and business mogul, who clothing line has generated over $1B in revenue.
 * Jeff Agoos (b. 1968), National Soccer Hall of Fame and World Cup soccer player who won five Major League Soccer championships. Two-time Parade High School All-American and Dallas All-Sports Athlete of the Year.
 * Shane Carruth (b. 1972), filmmaker responsible for Primer and Upstream Color.
 * Ray Childress (b. 1962), class of 1981, NFL Pro Bowl defensive lineman.
 * Corey Coleman (b. 1994), New York Giants wide receiver, 2015 Fred Biletnikoff Award winner.
 * Julie Cypher (b. 1964), class of 1982, motion picture director, ex-wife of actor Lou Diamond Phillips, and ex-partner of singer Melissa Etheridge.
 * William Martens (b. 1964), class of 1982, Emmy nominated (2010) documentary filmmaker.
 * Anthony Dorsett (b. 1973), class of 1992, son of Hall of Fame running back for the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, Tony Dorsett. Former defensive back for the Tennessee Titans and Oakland Raiders.
 * Asaf Epstein (b. 1978), class of 1996, film director, writer, and producer.
 * Lane Garrison (b. 1980), class of 1998, actor on Prison Break.
 * Chris Jacke (b. 1966), class of 1984, NFL kicker
 * Bavand Karim (b. 1979), class of 1996, film and TV producer.
 * Jaren Lewison (b. 2000), class of 2019, actor on Netflix series Never Have I Ever
 * Alejandro Moreno (b. 1979), professional soccer player who won three MLS Cups with three different teams, while being capped 41 times at the international level with Venezuela.
 * Bryn Neuenschwander (b. 1980), class of 1998, fantasy author.
 * Kin Shriner (b 1953), class of 1972, actor best known for his run on soap operas including General Hospital.
 * Wil Shriner (b. 1953), class of 1972, television and movie actor.
 * Jessica Simpson (b. 1980), recording artist, actress, dropped out of Pearce after her junior year in 1997.
 * Scott Turner (b. 1972), class of 1991, NFL defensive back and politician.
 * Drew Timme (b. 2000), class of 2019, college basketball player for the Gonzaga Bulldogs, NBA player for the Milwaukee Bucks 2023

title: J. J. Pearce High School


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Becoming (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Becoming" is the season finale of the second season of the drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, consisting of the twenty-first and twenty-second episodes. The episode aired on The WB was split into two parts which were broadcast separately; "Part 1" first aired on May 12, 1998 and "Part 2" first aired on May 19, 1998. Both episodes were written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon.

The two episodes feature vampire slayers Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) and Kendra working to prevent Angelus (David Boreanaz) and fellow vampires Drusilla (Juliet Landau) and Spike (James Marsters) from awakening the demon Acathla.

Part 1
Giles visits a museum to examine a big stone block that it has just acquired; he finds an opening in the rock.

Buffy and Willow find the floppy disk containing Jenny Calendar's reconstruction of the curse that gave Angelus his soul. They are eager to attempt it so they can get Angel back. Giles warns that it will be difficult. Xander prefers to see Angelus killed, rather than risk leaving him alive merely so that Buffy can have a chance to get her boyfriend back.

Drusilla kills the museum curator while Angelus and his minions steal the stone block, which contains the demon Acathla, who came to suck the world into Hell. A virtuous knight had stabbed him in the heart before he could draw a breath, but someone worthy can remove the sword to awaken Acathla. Angelus wants to use Acathla to destroy the world.

Kendra, the new Slayer, returns to Sunnydale bringing a sword blessed by the same knight who stopped Acathla.

Angelus kills a human and uses his blood in an attempt to awaken Acathla, which fails. He then lures Buffy to a battle in the cemetery. In the library, Willow is attempting the curse, using an Orb Of Thesulah which Giles provided, when vampires attack. During the fight that ensues Xander is injured and Willow is knocked unconscious under a bookcase while Drusilla hypnotizes and kills Kendra, after which she and her fellow vampires kidnap Giles. Buffy arrives too late, and a policeman finds her with Kendra's body.

Flashbacks

 * Galway, Ireland 1753: Liam, drunk as usual, is sired by Darla, becoming the sadistic vampire known as Angelus.
 * London, 1860: Drusilla, a pious young woman who has unwanted visions, is psychologically tormented before being sired by Angelus.
 * Romanian woods, 1898: In revenge for killing an unnamed Kalderash girl, Angelus is cursed with his human soul and becomes Angel.
 * Manhattan, New York 1996: Angel, now a derelict, meets a benevolent demon named Whistler who invites him to become a hero.
 * Los Angeles, 1996: As Buffy becomes the Slayer, Whistler points her out to Angel, who is inspired "to be somebody."

Part 2
Angelus tortures Giles for information and entertainment. Buffy finds Whistler in Giles' apartment and they discuss Angel's reversion to Angelus. He reveals that Angel was destined to stop Acathla, not awaken him.

Buffy is nearly arrested, but Spike attacks the policeman and offers a temporary alliance. He has no wish to see the world destroyed, and is jealous of Angelus' attentions to Drusilla; he will help Buffy stop Angelus if she allows him and Drusilla to leave town. Buffy and Spike go to her house to talk, but meet Joyce. Buffy is forced to tell her about her role as a vampire slayer. Joyce tells her daughter not to come back if she leaves the house. Buffy leaves anyway.

Xander sits by the comatose Willow and confesses his love for her. She wakes up, but the first person she asks for is Oz. Willow is determined to try the curse again. She sends Xander to tell Buffy her plans, hoping she can stall until the curse is complete.

Buffy goes to the library to retrieve Kendra's sword. She encounters Snyder, who gleefully announces that she is expelled. Spike returns to the mansion, concealing that he is well enough to walk. To keep Angelus from killing Giles, Spike suggests that Drusilla use hypnosis. She appears to Giles as Jenny, and he tells her that Angelus is the key. He must use his own blood, not someone else's, to awaken Acathla.

Buffy returns to Whistler, who tells her that if Angelus has awoken Acathla, only Angelus' blood can again defeat him, in the process sending both evil beings to hell. On her way to the mansion she meets Xander, who decides not to pass on Willow's message.

In the mansion, Buffy announces her arrival by decapitating a minion. Spike surprises Angelus from behind, knocking him unconscious and proceeding to beat him brutally. To his dismay, Drusilla sides with her sire, defending Angelus and attacking Spike. Xander frees the injured Giles and they escape as Spike and Buffy fight against Drusilla and the remaining minions. Angelus regains his senses and removes the sword from Acathla; he and Buffy swordfight. Spike knocks Drusilla unconscious and escapes with her in his car, leaving Sunnydale. Angelus overpowers Buffy and continues to torment her.

At the hospital, just as Willow appears close to fainting, she suddenly regains strength and begins incanting in Romanian. She succeeds in restoring Angel's soul just as Buffy is about to kill Angelus. Buffy realizes that Angel is back and embraces him. She then sees that Acathla is awake as it opens its mouth and creates an expanding vortex. When Angel, oblivious to the vortex opening behind him, questions what happened and where he is, Buffy kisses him, professes her love and then drives her sword through him into the vortex. Angel is sucked into the closing hellish vortex and the world is saved. Distraught at losing her lover, being kicked out of her home and expelled from school, and now becoming a wanted fugitive in Kendra's death, Buffy departs from Sunnydale on a bus, while her friends regroup at school unsure if or when she will return.

Arc significance
The Orb Of Thesulah was the key to translating the Transliteration Annuls for the Rituals of the Undead. These texts contained the spell to restore a soul to the undead but were lost. In "Becoming Part 1," Giles says to Willow that he has an Orb which he uses as a paperweight. In "Passion," the owner of the Occult shop says to Jenny that he sold an Orb to someone who was going to use it as a paperweight.

Reception
The score to "Becoming" won Christophe Beck a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series.

Vox ranked Part 1 at #14 and Part 2 at #4 of all 144 episodes on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list, writing, "It's all firmly rooted in character, which is what makes each moment lead to the next with such terrible inevitability — and yet it's still difficult to believe that it will actually happen, that Buffy isn't going to pull some brilliant idea out of her back pocket just in the nick of time, that she is actually going to kill her boyfriend. When it does happen, it's devastating." Rolling Stone ranked Part 2 as the fifth best episode of the entire series.

The Cultural Catchup Project writes that the season finale offers "a non-linear, unpredictable sort of character development which offers a nice conclusion to a non-linear, unpredictable sort of season. ... The single best thing in these episodes? Spike in Buffy's living room."

Reviewing for The A.V. Club in 2008 Noel Murray wrote that the two episodes are "a marvel, weaving together all of the season's major threads...into a concluding chapter as assured and well-realized as any in TV history."

Sarah Michelle Gellar, talking to Entertainment Weekly about her personal favorite Buffy episodes, cited this one, along with "The Body," "The Prom," and "Who Are You?" (Entertainment Weekly, "Buffy Quits," 7 March 2003). Joss Whedon listed "Becoming, Part 2" as his seventh favorite episode of the series.

title: Becoming (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


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Algernon St Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset

Algernon St. Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset, etc. (22 July 1846 – 22 October 1923, in Maiden Bradley) was the son of Algernon St. Maur, 14th Duke of Somerset and Horatia Morler. He was also a baronet.

On September 5, 1877, he married Susan Margaret Richards Mackinnon, the ninth daughter of Charles Mackinnon of Corriechatachan, but the marriage was childless.

He was educated at Britannia Royal Naval College, but later joined the 60th Rifles and took part in the Wolseley Expedition of 1870. He was a tall and athletic man, of powerful build. After leaving the Regular Army, he spent several years ranching in Western America. On accession to the Dukedom in 1894, he voted often in the House of Lords, although he seldom spoke there. He became president of Dr Barnardo's Homes, a charity which both he and the Duchess had supported for many years.

When Somerset died in 1923, he left no son, and his brothers Lord Ernest and Lord Edward had both recently died childless, so his titles and estates were inherited by the nearest heir, his distant cousin Colonel Edward Seymour.

The Duke was buried on Brimble Hill Clump near his main residence at Bradley House, Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire. His widow was also buried there when she died in 1936. Their graves are in a little wood on a hilltop surrounded by agricultural land, with a metal fence around them, and marked by standing rough stones with small text plaques.

title: Algernon St Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset


text:
User talk:ELVIS2001

Please do not add commercial links or links of your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 15:38, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ELVIS2001


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Donat Raymond

Joseph Donat Raymond (January 3, 1880 – June 5, 1963) was a Canadian Senator and builder in the National Hockey League.

Biography
Born in Saint-Stanislas-de-Kostka, Quebec, Donat Raymond was a member of the Canadian Senate as a Liberal Party from 1926 to 1963. He was also head of the Canadian Arena Company that helped designed arenas throughout Canada. One of the major arenas he re-built was the Montreal Forum in 1968. One of his final acts was to approve the financing and plans of the arena before he died. He won the Stanley Cup seven times, twice with the Montreal Maroons in 1926 and 1935, and five times with Montreal Canadiens in 1944, 1946, 1953, 1956 and 1957.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

His brothers were hotel entrepreneur Joseph-Aldéric Raymond, proprietor of Maison Joseph-Aldéric Raymond, and Canadian politician Maxime Raymond.

title: Donat Raymond


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Nheengatu language

The Nheengatu or Nenhengatu language ( Tupi:, Nheengatu from Rio Negro: yẽgatu, Traditional Nheengatu: nhẽẽgatú and Tapajoawaran Nheengatu: nheẽgatu), or Nenhengatu, also known as Modern Tupi and Amazonic Tupi, is a Tupi–Guarani language.

It is spoken throughout the Rio Negro region among the Baniwa, Baré and Warekena people, mainly in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Since 2002, it has been one of the state's official languages, along with Baníwa, Yepá-masã, and Portuguese. It is also spoken in the Baixo Amazonas region (in the state of Amazonas), among the Sateré-Mawé, Maraguá and Mura people. In the Baixo Tapajós and the state of Pará, it is being revitalized by the people of the region, such as the Borari and the Tupinambá, and also among the riverside dwellers themselves.

The language is spoken by approximately 20,060 people in three linguistic variants in Brazil: that of the Rio Negro region, called Yẽgatu, that of the Baixo Amazonas, known as traditional Nheengatú, and that of the Baixo Rio Tapajós or Nheengatu tapajoawara. Variants outside of Brazil exist, including Nheengatu from Venezuela (Ñeengatu) and Nheengatu from Colombia (Nyengatu). Technology further helps in the language's revitalization.

Glottonym
The language name derives from the words nhẽẽga (meaning "language" or "word") and katu (meaning "good"). The related language name Ñeꞌengatú in Paraguay is similarly derived. Thus, nheengatu is referred to by a wide variety of names in literature, including Nhengatu, Tupi Costeiro, Geral, Yeral (in Venezuela), Tupi Moderno, Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Neegatú, Is'engatu, Língua Brasílica, Tupi Amazônico , Ñe'engatú, Nhangatu, Inhangatu, Nenhengatu , Yẽgatú, Nyenngatú, Tupi and Lingua Geral. It is also commonly referred to as the Língua Geral Amazônica (LGA) in Brazil.

Language history
Belonging to the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family, Nheengatu emerged in the 18th century, descending from the now-extinct Amazonian Tupinambá, a regional Tupi variant that originated in the Odisseia Tupínambá. The exodus of that nation that, fleeing from Portuguese invaders on the Bahia coast, entered the Amazon and settled first in Maranhão, and from there to the bay of Guajará (Belém), the mouth of the Tapajós river to the Tupinambarana island (Parintins), between the borders of Pará and Amazonas. The language of the Tupinambás then, as it belongs to a feared and conquering people, became a lingua franca, which in contact with the conquered languages gained its own differentiation, hence why the Arawak peoples of the Parintins region came to be called Tupinambaranas, among them, the maraguazes, the çapupés, the curiatós, the Parintins and the saterés themselves.

Already with the Amazon conquered by the Portuguese, a fact that occurred from 1600, and having established a colony at the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, whose capital Belém was named Cidade dos Tupinambás or Tupinãbá marií, Franciscan and Jesuit priests, aiming at catechism from that language, elaborated the grammar and their own orthography, although Latinized, which resulted in the northern general language, or general Amazonian language, (a name still used today), whose development took place parallel to that of São Paulo general language (extinct). Since then, Nheengatu has spread throughout the Amazon as an instrument of colonization, Portuguese domain and linguistic standardization, where many peoples started to have it as their main language at the expense of their own, as well as peoples like Hanera, better known as Baré, became a Nheengatu speaker, which led to the extinction of their own language or the Maraguá people, who even a historical speaker of Nheengatu recently sought to revitalize their own language and today they learn Maraguá along with Nheengatu in local schools.

The number of speakers of other languages vastly outnumbered the Portuguese settlers in the Amazon, so much so that the Portuguese themselves adapted to the native language. "To speak or converse in the colony of Grão Pará, I had to use Nheengatu, if not, I would be talking to myself since no one used Portuguese, except in the government palace in Belém and among the Portuguese themselves."

The General Language was established as the official language from 1689 to 1727 in the Amazon (Grão Pará and Maranhão), but with the aim of deculturating the Amazon people, the Portuguese language was promoted, but without success. In the mid-18th century, the Amazon General Language (distinct from the São Paulo General Language, a similar variety used further south) was used throughout the colony. At this point, Tupinambá remained intact, but as a "liturgical language". The languages used in everyday life evolved drastically over the century due to contact with the language, with Tupinambá as the “language of rituals, and Amazonian General Language, the language of popular communication and therefore of religious instruction.” Moore (2014) notes that by the mid-18th century, the Amazon and Tupinambá General Languages were already distinct. Until then, the original Tupinambá community was facing a decline, but other speaking communities were still required by Portuguese missionaries to learn the Tupinambá language. Efforts to communicate between communities resulted in the "corruption" of the Tupinambá language, hence the distinction between Tupinambá and the Amazonian general language.

Nheengatu continued to evolve as it expanded into the Alto Rio Negro region. There was contact with other languages such as Marawá, Baníwa, Warekana, Tucano and Dâw (Cabalzar; Ricardo 2006 in Cruz 2015).

The General Language evolved into two branches, the Northern General Language (Amazonian) and the Southern General Language (Paulista), which at its height became the dominant language of the vast Brazilian territory.

An anonymous manuscript from the 18th century is emblematically titled "Dictionary of the general language of Brazil, spoken in all the towns, places, and villages of this vast State, written in the city of Pará, year 1771".

If Nheengatu was the major obstacle for the cultural and linguistic domination of Portuguese in the region, the colonizers saw that it was necessary to take it away from the people and impose the Portuguese language, which at first was not successful since the general language was very well rooted both among indigenous people and in the speech of blacks and whites themselves. The language had its first ban on the part of the Portuguese government, during the administration of the Marquis of Pombal, who intended to impose the Portuguese language in the Amazon and make the names of places Portuguese. Hence, why many places have their names changed from nheengatu to names of places and cities in Portugal, thus appearing names that today make up Amazonian municipalities such as Santarém, Aveiro, Barcelos, Belém, Óbidos, Faro, Alenquer and Moz.

With the independence of Brazil in 1822, even though Grão-Pará (Amazon) is a separate Portuguese colony, its local rulers decided to integrate into the new country, which greatly displeased the inhabitants of indigenous origin who were the majority of the people in general, which later led the Amazon to an independence revolution that lasted for 10 years.

The second ban on the language came right after this revolution better known as Cabanagem or War of the Cabanos, and when the rebels were defeated (1860), the Brazilian government imposed a harsh persecution of the speakers of Nheengatu. Half of the male population of Grão-Pará (Amazon) was murdered and anyone who was caught speaking in Nheengatu was punished and if they were not contacted indigenous, they were baptized by priests and received their surnames on certificates, since the priests themselves were their godparents, this resulted in people of indigenous origin with Portuguese surnames without even being heirs to colonists. The imposition of the Portuguese language this time had an effect and with the advent of Portuguese schools, the population was shepherded to the new language.

Also in the 20th century, due to economic and political events, such as the Amazon Rubber boom (coming from huge waves of settlers from the Northeast, encouraged by the government, to the Amazon), the presence was felt again due to these events, forcing indigenous peoples to move or be subjected to forced labor. The language was again influenced by the increased presence of Portuguese speakers.

Nheengatu remained mainly among the most distant inhabitants of the urban centers, in the families descended from the cabanos and among unconquered peoples. Furthermore, "tapuios" (ribeirinhos) kept their accent and part of their speech tied to their language. Until 1920 it was common for Nheengatu to be used in traditional commercial centers in Manaus, Santarém, Parintins, and Belém.

Current use
Nheengatu is spoken in the Alto Rio Negro region, in the state of Amazonas, in the Brazilian Amazon and in neighboring parts of Colombia and Venezuela. As many as 19,000 Nheengatu speakers worldwide are possible, according to Ethnologue (2005), although some journalists have reported as many as 30,000. Currently, it is still spoken by around 73.31% of the 29.9 thousand inhabitants of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in northwestern Amazonas state, Brazil (IBGE 2000 Census), around 3000 people in Colombia and 2000 people in Venezuela, especially in Rio Negro river basin (Uaupés and Içana rivers). Furthermore, it is the native language of the rural caboclo population of the area and is also used as a common language of communication between Indigenous and non-Indigenous, or between Indigenous of different languages. It is also an instrument of ethnic affirmation of Amazonian indigenous peoples who have lost their native languages, such as Barés, Arapaços, Baniuas, Uarequenas and others.

Ethnologue rates Nheengatu as "changing" with a rating of 7 on the Gradual Intergenerational Interruption Scale (GIDS) (Simons and Fennig 2017). According to this scale, this classification suggests that "the population of children may use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children". According to the UNESCO Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World, Nheengatu is classified as "severely endangered". The language has recently regained some recognition and prominence after being suppressed for many years.

In December 2002, Nheengatu gained official language status alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in accordance with local law 145/2002. Now Nheengatu is one of the four official languages of the municipality.

In 1998, University of São Paulo professor Eduardo de Almeida Navarro founded the Tupi Aqui organization dedicated to promoting the teaching of historical Tupi and Nheengatu in high schools in São Paulo and elsewhere in Brazil. Professor Navarro wrote a textbook for teaching Nheengatu that Tupi Aqui makes available, along with other teaching materials, on a website hosted by the University of São Paulo.

Language family
Yengatu developed from the extinct Tupinamba language and belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupi language family. The Tupi–Guarani language family is responsible for a large and diverse group of languages, including, for example, Xeta, Siriono, Arawete, Kaapor, Kamayura, Guaja and Tapirape. Many of these languages differed years before the invasion of Portuguese collonizers to the territory now known as Brazil. Over time, the term "Tupinamba" was used to describe groups that were "linguistically and culturally related", even though the original people almost disappeared.

Taking personal pronouns as an example, see a comparison between Brazilian Portuguese, Old Tupi, and Nheengatu:

Brazilian philologist specialized in Nheengatu, Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, argues that Yengatu, with its current characteristics, would only have emerged in the 19th century, as a natural evolution of the Northern General Language (NGL).

Comparisons between Tupi, Portuguese, and Nheengatu variants:

Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil
It is known that the Nheengatu originated in the Amazonian Tupinambá, a Tupi variant located more precisely in Maranhão than during Portuguese colonization, it was part of the state of Grão Pará and Maranhão. Since then, Nheengatu has also been understood as a culture from Maranhão. What few cite is the presence of the Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil properly speaking. Mainly Ceará, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. Affirmation that proceeds as new evidence is discovered, both old and current. Thus came the case of the municipality of Monsenhor Tabosa which made the Nheengatu language official in the municipality and planned to adopt the language in municipal schools. As the local newspaper says: “The municipal council of Monsenhor Tabosa unanimously approved a bill that recognizes the native language Tupi-Nheengatu as the co-official language of the municipality. The legal text has already been sanctioned by Mayor Salomão de Araújo Souza, who is a descendant of indigenous peoples”.

As in the municipality of Monsenhor Tabosa, the number of indigenous people and descendants from the Northeast try to learn the language not only because they think it is beautiful, but because it has "always been" part of the native regional culture.

Existing literature
Over the course of its evolution since its beginnings as Tupinambá, extensive research has been done on Nheengatu. There have been studies done at each phase of its evolution, but much has been focused on how aspects of Nheengatu, such as its grammar or phonology, have changed upon contact over the years. (Facundes et al. 1994 and Rodrigues 1958, 1986).

As mentioned earlier, the first documents that were produced were by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries, such as Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil by Father José de Anchieta (1595) and Arte da Língua Brasilíca by Luis Figueira (1621). These were detailed grammars that served their religious purposes. Multiple dictionaries have also been written over the years (Mello 1967, Grenand and Epaminondas 1989, Barbosa 1951). More recently, Stradelli (2014) also published a Portuguese-Nheengatu dictionary.

There have also been several linguistic studies of Nheengatu more recently, such as Borges (1991)’s thesis on Nheengatu phonology and Cruz (2011)’s detailed paper on the phonology and grammar of Nheengatu. She also studied the rise of number agreement in modern Nheengatu, by analyzing how grammaticalization occurred over the course of its evolution from Tupinambá (Cruz 2015). Cruz (2014) also studies reduplication in Nheengatu in detail, as well as morphological fission in bitransitive constructions. A proper textbook for the conducting of Nheengatu classes has also been written. Lima and Sirvana (2017) provides a sociolinguistic study of Nheengatu in the Pisasu Sarusawa community of the Baré people, in Manaus, Amazonas.

In 2023, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Brazilian Constitution) promulgated in 1988, was translated into Nheengatu for the first time.

Language documentation projects
Language documentation agencies (such as SOAS, Museu do Índio, Museu Goeldi and Dobes) are currently not engaged in any language documentation project for Nheengatu. However, research on Nheengatu by Moore (1994) was supported by Museu Goeldi and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), and funded by the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA) and the Inter-American Foundation. In this study, Moore focused on the effects of language contact, and how Nheengatu evolved over the years with the help of a Nheengatu-speaking informant. Moore (2014) urges for the “location and documentation of modern dialects of Nheengatu”, due to their risk of becoming extinct.

Ethnography
Anthropological research has been done on the changing cultural landscapes along the Amazon, as well as life of the Tupinambá people and their interactions with the Jesuits. Floyd (2007) describes how populations navigate between their “traditional” and “acculturated” spheres. Other studies have focused on the impact of urbanization on Indigenous populations in the Amazon (de Oliveira 2001).

Characteristics
In addition to the previously mentioned general language of São Paulo, now extinct, Nheengatu is closely related to ancient Tupi, an extinct language, and to the Guarani of Paraguay, which, far from being extinct, is the most spoken language in that country and one of its official languages. According to some sources, ancient Nheengatu and Guarani were mutually intelligible in the past.

Consonants
Parentheses mark marginal phonemes occurring only in few words, or with otherwise unclear status.

Morphology
There are eight word classes in Nheengatu: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, pronouns, demonstratives and particles. These eight word classes are also reflected in Cruz (2011)’s Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú. In her books, Cruz includes 5 chapters in the Morphology section that describes lexical classes, nominal and verbal lexicogenesis, the structure of the noun phrase and grammatical structures. In the section on lexical classes, Cruz discusses personal pronominal prefixes, nouns and their subclasses (including personal, anaphoric and demonstrative pronouns as well as relative nouns), verbs and their subclasses (such as stative, transitive and intransitive verbs) and adverbial expressions. The subsequent chapter on nominal lexicogenesis discusses endocentric derivation, nominalization and nominal composition. Under verbal lexicogenesis in Chapter 7, Cruz covers valency, reduplication and the borrowing of loanwords from Portuguese. The following chapter then discusses the distinction between particles and clitics, including examples and properties of each grammatical structure.

Pronouns
There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá, in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb.

Examples of Personal Pronouns in use:

inde re-kuntai amu nheenga

2SG 2sgA-speak other.entity language

"You speak another language."

isé se-ruri a-iku.

1SG 1sgE-be.happy 1sgA.be

"I am happy."

As observed in Table 3, in Nheengatu, personal pronouns can also take the form of prefixes. These prefixes are necessary in the usage of verbs as well as postpositions. In the latter case, free forms of the pronouns are not permitted. Moore illustrates this with the following:

i) se-irũ ii) *isé-irũ

{} 1SG(prefix)-with {} 1SG-with

{} {‘with me’} {} {‘with me’}

The free form of the first person singular pronoun cannot be combined with the postposition word for ‘with’.

The second set of pronouns are interrogative, and are used in question words.

Verbal affixes
According to Moore (2014), throughout the evolution of Nheengatu, processes such as compounding were greatly reduced. Moore cites a summary by Rodrigues (1986), stating that Nheegatu lost Tupinambá's system of five moods (indicative, imperative, gerund, circumstantial and subjunctive), converging into a single indicative mood. Despite such changes alongside influences from Portuguese, however, derivational and inflectional affixation was still intact from Tupinambá. A select number of modern affixes arose via grammaticization of what used to be lexical items. For example, Moore (2014) provides the example of the former lexical item ‘etá’, which means ‘many’. Over time and grammaticization, this word became to plural suffix ‘-itá’.

Apart from the pronominal prefixes shown in Table (3), there are also verbal prefixes. Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive and stative. By attaching verbal prefixes to these verbs, a sentence can be considered well-formed.

Examples of verbal prefixes:

i) a-puraki ii) a-mũỹã

{} 1sg-work  {} 1sg-make

{} {‘I work.’} {} {I make (an object).’}

In these examples from Moore (2014), the verbal first person singular prefix ‘a-’ is added to the intransitive verb for ‘work’ and transitive verb for ‘make’ respective. Only when prefixed with this verbal clitic, can they be considered well-formed sentences.

Reduplication
Another interesting morphological feature of Nheengatu is reduplication, which Cruz (2011) explains in her grammar to employed differently based on the community of Nheengatu speakers. This is a morphological process that was originally present in Tupinambá, and it tends to be used to indicate a repeated action.

u-tuka~tuka ukena

3SG-REDUP~knock door

"He is knocking on the door (repeatedly)."

In this example, the reduplicated segment is tuka, which is the Nheengatu verb for ‘knock’. This surfaces as a fully reduplicated segment. However, partial reduplication also occurs in this language. In the following example elicited by Cruz, the speaker reduplicates the first two syllables (a CVCV sequence) of the stem word.

Apiga ita sasi~sasiara.

men PL REDUP~BE.sad

"The men are sad."

Another point to note from the above example is the usage of the plural word ita. Cruz (2011) highlights that there is a distinction in the usage of reduplication between communities. The speakers of Içana and the upper region of the Rio Negro use Nheengatu as their main language, and reduplication occurs in the stative verbs, expressing intensity of a property, and the plural word ita doesn't necessarily need to be used. On the other hand, in Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and the more urban area of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, speakers tend to be bilingual, with Portuguese used as the main language. In this context, these speakers also employ reduplication to indicate the intensity of a property, but the plural ita must be used if the subject is plural.

Text samples

 * Pedro Luiz Sympson (1876)
 * A! xé ánga, hu emoté i Iára. / Xé abú iu hu rori ána Tupã recé xá ceiépi. / Maá recé hu senú i miaçúa suhi apipe abasáua: / ahé recé upáem miraitá hu senecáre iché aié pepasáua. / Maá recé Tupã hu munha iché áramau páem maá turuçusáua, / i r'ira puranga eté. / Y ahé icatusáua xé hu muçaim ramé, r'ira péaca upáem r'iapéaca ramé, maá haé aitá hu sequéié.

 * Pe. Afonso Casanovas (2006)
 * Aikwé paá yepé tetama puranga waá yepé ipawa wasú rimbiwa upé. Kwa paá, wakaraitá retama. Muíri akayú, paá, kurasí ara ramé, kwá uakaraitá aywã ta usú tawatá apekatú rupí. Muíri viaje, tausú rundé, aintá aría waimí uyupuí aitá piripiriaka suikiri waá irũ, ti arã tausaã yumasí tauwatá pukusawa.

 * Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2011)
 * 1910 ramé, mairamé aé uriku 23 akaiú, aé uiupiru ana uuatá-uatá Amazônia rupi, upitá mími musapíri akaiú pukusaua. Aé ukunheséri ana siía mira upurungitá uaá nheengatu, asuí aé umunhã nheengarisaua-itá marandua-itá irũmu Barbosa Rodrigues umupinima ana uaá Poranduba Amazonense resé.

 * Aline da Cruz (2011)
 * A partir di kui te, penhe nunka mais pesu pekuntai aitekua yane nheenga. Yande kuri, mira ita, yasu yakuntai. Ixe kuri asu akuntai perupi. Ixe kua mira. Ixe asu akuntai perupi. Penhe kuri tiã pesu pekuntai. Pepuderi kuri penheengari yalegrairã yane felisidaderã.

 * Sample from book Yasú Yapurũgitá Yẽgatú (2014)
 * Se mãya uyutima nãnã kupixawa upé. Nãnã purãga yaú arama yawẽtu asuí purãga mĩgaú arama yuiri. Aikué siya nãnã nũgaraita. Purãga usemu mamé iwí yumunaniwa praya irũmu.

 * Roger Manuel López Yusuino (Venezuelan Nheengatu) (2013)
 * Tukana aé yepé virá purangava asoi orikú bando ipinima sava, ogustari oyengari kuemaite asoi osemo ara ramé osikari arama ombaó vasaí iyá. Tukana yepé virá porangava yambaó arama asoi avasemo aé kaáope asoi garapé rimbiva ropí.

title: Nheengatu language


text:
User:Funkyrhino

In the dance community I am known as Jaz the FunkyRhino. I've been dancing for over a decade and a half now but my main focus in the past several years has been on 'Funk Styles' Streetdancing more commonly known as Popping and Locking. I'm dedicated to the preservation of its past and the advancement of its future. Among my other interest they include comedy, computers and technology and mens dating issues. My future goals are to continue dancing, polish my crafts and talents and enjoy the rest of the life I have been blessed with.

title: User:Funkyrhino


text:
Yamaha V9938

The Yamaha V9938 is a video display processor (VDP) used on the MSX2 home computer, as well as on the Geneve 9640 enhanced TI-99/4A clone and the Tatung Einstein 256. It was also used in a few MSX1 computers, in a configuration with 16kB VRAM.

The Yamaha V9938, also known as MSX-Video or VDP (Video Display Processor), is the successor of the Texas Instruments TMS9918 used in the MSX1 and other systems. The V9938 was in turn succeeded by the Yamaha V9958.

Specifications

 * Video RAM: 16–192 KB
 * Text modes: 80 × 24, 40 × 24 and 32 × 24
 * Resolution: 512 × 212 (16 colors from 512), 256 × 212 (16 colors from 512) and 256 × 212 (256 colors)
 * Sprites: 32, 16 colors, max 8 per horizontal line
 * Hardware acceleration for copy, line, fill and logical operations available
 * Interlacing to double vertical resolution
 * Vertical scroll register

Detailed specifications

 * Video RAM: 4 possible configurations
 * 16 KB (modes G4 up to G7 will not be available)
 * 64 KB (modes G6 and G7 will not be available)
 * 128 KB: most common configuration
 * 192 KB, where 64 KB is extended-VRAM (only available as back-buffer for G4 and G5 modes)
 * Clock: 21 MHz
 * Video output frequency: 15 kHz
 * Color encoding: Software switchable between 50 Hz PAL mode and 60 Hz NTSC mode
 * Sprites: 32, 16 colors (1 per line. 3, 7 or 15 colors/line by using the CC attribute), max 8 per horizontal line
 * Hardware acceleration, with copy, line, fill etc. With or without logical operations.
 * Vertical scroll register
 * Capable of superimposition and digitization
 * Support for connecting a lightpen and a mouse
 * Resolution:
 * Horizontal: 256 or 512
 * Vertical: 192p, 212p, 384i or 424i
 * Color modes:
 * Paletted RGB: 16 colors out of 512
 * Fixed RGB: 256 colors
 * Screen modes
 * Text modes:
 * T1: 40 × 24 with 2 colors (out of 512)
 * T2: 80 × 24 with 4 colors (out of 512)
 * All text modes can have 26.5 rows as well.
 * Pattern modes
 * G1: 256 × 192 with 16 paletted colors and 1 table of 8×8 patterns
 * G2: 256 × 192 with 16 paletted colors and 3 tables of 8×8 patterns
 * G3: 256 × 192 with 16 paletted colors and 3 tables of 8×8 patterns
 * MC: 64 × 48 with 16 paletted colors and 8×2 patterns
 * All modes with 192 lines can have 212 lines as well (similarly 48 → 53 in MC)
 * Bitmap modes:
 * G4: 256 × 212 with 16 paletted colors
 * G5: 512 × 212 with 4 paletted colors
 * G6: 512 × 212 with 16 paletted colors
 * G7: 256 × 212 with 256 fixed-colors
 * All modes with 212 lines can have 192 lines as well (similarly 48 → 53 in MC)
 * All vertical resolutions can be doubled by interlacing

MSX-specific terminology
On MSX, the screen modes are often referred to by their assigned number in MSX-Basic. This mapping is as follows:

title: Yamaha V9938


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elbarus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:01, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Elbarus
Fake article - candidate for speedy deletion? --Ian Pitchford 15:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Very late April fool. Leithp 16:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy hoax --Xcali 16:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete hoax! !!!
 * I couldn't find any smoking guns saying it was a hoax, but Google doesn't seem to think it exists (232 results, only 6 pages displayed, mostly foreign language). Nevertheless, delete as non-notable.  Possible hoax material; if you want to speedy it, I certainly wouldn't object. --Idont Havaname 18:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 21:02, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elbarus


text:
The Jesus Christ Show

The Jesus Christ Show is a syndicated radio program that airs every Sunday from 6 to 9 a.m. Pacific Time. It is carried on the Premiere Networks, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia, Inc. AM 640 KFI in Los Angeles serves as the flagship station where the show is produced. It is billed as "Hosted by Jesus Christ."

Jesus is played by the show's producer, Neil Saavedra, who wears many hats at KFI, including hosting "The Fork Report," a Saturday afternoon food show, as well as selling advertising for the station. Saavedra refers to himself on-air as "your holy host." He does not believe that he is actually Jesus Christ. The show describes itself as "...interactive radio theater designed to teach people about themselves and the historical person of Jesus." The premise is presented on the air as "What if you could talk to Him, laugh with Him, learn from Him?"

The show became a part of Premiere Networks on June 1, 2008, and is syndicated to radio stations in the U.S., including KOGO in San Diego, KDFD in Denver, KSTE in Sacramento and WRNO-FM in New Orleans.

The Jesus Christ Show began as a short segment on KFI's The Bill Handel Show, when Saavedra was invited to play the role of Jesus as a serious guest for an Easter program segment.

title: The Jesus Christ Show


text:
Lion Rock Country Park

Lion Rock Country Park (established 24 June 1977) is a country park, located in the New Territories, Hong Kong. It consists of approximately 5.57 km2 of land, including Lion Rock and Mong Fu Shek (Amah Rock) and their surrounding scenic hillsides, of which 3.48 km2 is forestry plantation.

Landmarks
The dominant topographical feature of the park is the Lion Rock, which from some angles resembles a lion perching on a hill ridge.

Another topographical feature of the park is the Mong Fu Shek (Amah Rock). The legend is that of a faithful wife who climbed the hills every day, carrying her son, to watch for the return of her husband, not knowing he had been drowned at sea. In reward for her faithfulness, she was turned into a rock by the Goddess of the Sea so that her spirit could unite with that of her husband.

Beacon Hill is another landscape feature of the park. Its Chinese name derives from the warning fire signals which were lit during the Qing dynasty on the hill top, which was one of the many "lookouts" guarded by soldiers to alert surrounding areas to danger from pirates or hostile intruders. Today, a radar station and a police transmitter occupy the top of the hill.

Sightseeing
From the slopes of Golden Hill and several places along the western ridge at the park, magnificent panoramic views can be enjoyed. From these localities the whole length of Smuggler's Ridge, Tai Mo Shan (the highest peak in Hong Kong), Needle Hill, Sha Tin New Town, Lion Rock and Beacon Hill can be seen. The northern part of Kowloon, the western anchorage of the harbour, and Stonecutters Island, the housing estates of Kwai Chung, the container port, the industrial parts of Tsing Yi Island and the town of Tsuen Wan can also be viewed from these vantage points.

The Lion Rock area has long been a favourite for picnickers, hikers and tourists because it includes scenic spots such as Lion Rock, Beacon Hill and Mong Fu Shek.

Vegetation
The more common species in the area include Pinus elliottii (Slash Pine), Myrica rubra (the Strawberry Tree), Heptapleurum heptaphyllum (the Ivy Tree), Reevesia thyrsoidea (Reevesia), Phyllostachys aurea (Fishpole Bamboo), Enkianthus quinqueflorus (the Lunar New Year Bellflower) and species of Melastoma.

Wildlife
The area is specially noted for two species of wildlife, the black-eared kite and the long-tailed macaque.

The black-eared kite is a migratory bird found in Asia and Australia. It is a scavenger, feeding on offal, carrion, refuse and dead fish in the harbour. Eagle's Nest, a well wooded ridge in the park, is one of the popular nesting areas near the harbour, probably because of the presence of tall pine trees.

The long-tailed macaques present in this area are not local wildstock but are descendants of monkeys released in 1920. Their food includes leaves, fruits, insects and small animals. It is illegal to feed monkeys. They can attack and inflict painful bites on human being, especially in their mating season or when they have their young with them.

Geology
Varieties of granite which occur include Sung Kong, Cheung Chau and Ma On Shan Granites. In some places the granites are cut by quartz veins containing, amongst other minerals, wolframite, which is tungsten-bearing.

Attractions
Lion Rock has long been a favorite crag for multi-pitch rock climbers in Hong Kong: in fact, the first modern rock climbs in the territory were completed by RAF personnel stationed at Kai Tak Airport in the 1950s. Owing to the most convenient transport, people enjoy themselves in the parks with different kinds of activities, such as morning walking and hiking. Particularly on Sunday and Public Holiday, it is very busy in the parks. There are jogging trails, morning walker gardens and barbecue sites etc. provided in the parks.

An extensive network of footpaths has been laid out in the park providing access to almost every part or the park. MacLehose Trail - Stages 5 and 6 starts from Sha Tin Pass to Shing Mun Reservoir. Wilson Trail - Stage 6 begins from Tai Po Road to Shing Mun Reservoir Main Dam via Smugglers Ridge (Ma Tse Keng).

Within the park there is a waymarked family walk provided for family users.

Surrounding the Reception and Shek Lei Pui reservoirs are two jogging trails specially designed for visitors who enjoy morning exercises and keeping fit.

Moreover, there is a tree walk to guide visitors who wish to know more about trees in the park.

A 15-station fitness trail, with specially designed equipment, is located on the catchwater track leading eastwards from the Tai Po Road near 51 milestone. In the western part of the park there is a nature trail which provides an opportunity for studying the natural history and geography of the area.

Transportation
There is no road access to the Lion Rock Country Park; walkers may enter by footpaths via Hung Mui Kuk, Tsok Pok Hang from Sha Tin, or via Wang Tau Hom from Kowloon and from Tai Po Road via the catchwater footpath near Kowloon Reservoir.

title: Lion Rock Country Park


text:
Talk:St Arnaud

This article needs wikifying and needs putting in more context. --Cyr 15:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think Saint Arnaud, Victoria refers to the same place. One of these should be deleted. Bastie 17:14, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Arnaud


text:
GFX

GFX may refer to:

 * Shorthand for Graphics
 * Fujifilm GFX series, a line of medium-format digital cameras
 * Scaleform GFx, a game development middleware package

title: GFX


text:
Lymph node biopsy

Lymph node biopsy is a test in which a lymph node or a piece of a lymph node is removed for examination under a microscope (see: biopsy).

The lymphatic system is made up of several lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels. The nodes produce white blood cells (lymphocytes) that fight infections. When an infection is present, the lymph nodes swell, produce more white blood cells, and attempt to trap the organisms that are causing the infection. The lymph nodes also try to trap cancer cells.

Imaging studies include CXR, CT scans of Abdomen,chest, pelvis, neck and PET scans.

CBC, ESR, serum ferritin, bone marrow aspiration.

Indications
The test is used to help determine the cause of lymph node enlargement (swollen glands or lymphadenitis). It may also determine whether tumors in the lymph node are cancerous or noncancerous. Enlarged lymph nodes may be caused by a number of conditions, ranging from very mild infections to serious malignancies. Benign conditions can often be distinguished from cancerous and infectious processes by microscopic examination. The pathologist may also perform additional tests on the lymph node tissue to assist in making a diagnosis.

Some of the conditions where abnormal values are obtained are:
 * Hodgkin's lymphoma
 * Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
 * Sarcoidosis
 * tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis (scrofula)

Lymph node biopsies may be performed to evaluate the spread of cancer. See Lymphadenectomy.

However, Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluating early, thin melanoma has not been shown to improve survival, and for this reason, should not be performed., which cites
 * Patients with melanoma in situ, T1a melanoma or T1b melanoma ≤ 0.5mm have a low risk of cancer spreading to lymph nodes and high 5-year survival rates, so this kind of biopsy is unnecessary.
 * Patients with melanoma in situ, T1a melanoma or T1b melanoma ≤ 0.5mm have a low risk of cancer spreading to lymph nodes and high 5-year survival rates, so this kind of biopsy is unnecessary.
 * Patients with melanoma in situ, T1a melanoma or T1b melanoma ≤ 0.5mm have a low risk of cancer spreading to lymph nodes and high 5-year survival rates, so this kind of biopsy is unnecessary.

Procedure
The test is done in an operating room in a hospital, or at an outpatient surgical facility. There are two ways the sample may be obtained:
 * Needle biopsy
 * Open (excisional) biopsy

Needle biopsy
A needle biopsy involves inserting a needle into a node to obtain the sample.

The patient lies on the examination table; the biopsy site is cleansed; and a local anesthetic is injected. The biopsy needle is then inserted into the node. A sample is removed, pressure is applied to the site to stop the bleeding, and a bandage is applied.

Open biopsy
An open biopsy consists of surgically removing all or part of a node.

The patient lies on the examination table and is given a sedative. The skin over the biopsy site is cleansed, and a local anesthetic is injected (occasionally, a general anesthetic is given). A small incision is made, and the lymph node or part of the node is removed. The incision is then closed with stitches and bandaged.

The sample is then sent to pathology.

With this test there is a small chance of infection or bleeding. Additionally, there is a moderate risk of nerve injury, localized paralysis, or numbness when the biopsy is performed on a lymph node close to nerves.

title: Lymph node biopsy


text:
Talk:Michael Dornemann

Redirection
Added redirection according to: Candidates for speedy deletion are only those which satisfy one of the criteria listed on WP:CSD; In this case, the best option is probably redirecting the articles to wherever they've been merged. --W(t) 15:40, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC) Brux 15:45, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Dornemann


text:
Tom Parker

Tom Parker may refer to:

Music

 * Colonel Tom Parker (1909–1997), Dutch musical entrepreneur, manager of Elvis Presley
 * Tom Parker (musician) (1944–2013), British musician
 * Tom Parker (singer) (1988–2022), British singer, member of The Wanted

Sports

 * Tom Parker (baseball) (1912–1964), American baseball player
 * Tom Parker (basketball) (born 1950), American basketball player
 * Tom Parker (footballer, born 1893) (1893–?), English footballer
 * Tom Parker (footballer, born 1897) (1897–1987), English football player and manager
 * Tom Parker (rugby union) (1891–1967), Welsh international rugby player

Others

 * Tom Parker (judge) (born 1951), American judge
 * Tom Parker or Grover Gardner (born 1956), American audiobook narrator

title: Tom Parker


text:
Talk:Bertelsmann Music Group

Australia?
I believe BMG is German, not Australian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mister Tog (talk • contribs) 15:25, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

BMG is german.... really do know who came up it was an Australian company. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.67.237.63 (talk) 01:13, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Redirection
This article is a redirection from the word "indolent". Could someone edit this? thx —Preceding unsigned comment added by Phreed100 (talk • contribs) 16:52, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Candidates for speedy deletion are only those which satisfy one of the criteria listed on WP:CSD; In this case, the best option is probably redirecting the articles to wherever they've been merged. --W(t) 15:40, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC) Brux 15:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Beckett Management Group (BMG)
Why is this included on the page for BMG Music Group? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.161.77.141 (talk) 12:26, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Tenses?
Shouldn't a lot of the tenses in this article be changed since BMG no longer exists?--Secretwanderer 22:36, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BMG.png
Image:BMG.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:31, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Labels under BMG
I have added the labels that come under BMG to this article, If you have a problem please contact me and tell me. Do not just delete. Caribbean1 (talk) 19:06, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

BMG management
Is there still use for the company leaders and executive management? Non of these persons are linked and I see no info if they still have that position. Can these two lists be removed? warpozio (talk) 20:07, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Mnemonics Eli
Gg6g66 69.174.160.43 (talk) 00:44, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Jium
Iuunhbgvfvynu free sheridan free 69.174.160.43 (talk) 00:44, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bertelsmann Music Group


text:
Algernon St Maur, 14th Duke of Somerset

Algernon Percy Banks St. Maur, formerly Seymour, 14th Duke of Somerset, etc. (22 December 1813 – 2 October 1894) was the son of Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset and Lady Charlotte Hamilton. He succeeded to the ducal title upon his brother's death in 1891.

On 17 May 1845, he married Horatia Isabella Harriet Morier, daughter of John Philip Morier. They had four children:

 * Algernon St Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset (22 July 1846 – 29 October 1923)
 * Major Lord Percy St. Maur (11 November 1847 – 16 July 1907), m. the Hon. Violet White, daughter of Luke White, 2nd Baron Annaly and had issue.
 * Lord Ernest St. Maur (11 November 1847 – 21 May 1922)
 * Lord Edward St. Maur (7 February 1849 – 15 September 1920)

title: Algernon St Maur, 14th Duke of Somerset


text: User talk:68.83.229.146

title: User talk:68.83.229.146


text:
User:Stwong~enwiki/sig

StwongT C

title: User:Stwong~enwiki/sig


text:
User talk:HolyWarrior

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --W(t) 15:47, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

HolyWarrior
what did i do? HolyWarrior
 * Edits like this one are not helpful. --W(t) 15:52, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

where do i write if i wanna show people that i like therr article? -HolyWarrior 15:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You can contact people via their user talk pages (like this one); To find which people worked on an article, use the history link at the top of the page. --W(t) 15:56, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

title: User talk:HolyWarrior


text:
John Parker (captain)

John Parker (July 13, 1729 – September 17, 1775) was a New England colonial farmer, smith, soldier, and colonial militia officer who commanded the Lexington, Patriot, colonial militia at the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.

Early life
John Parker was born in Lexington, Massachusetts Bay to Josiah Parker and Anna Stone. He was a descendant of Deacon Thomas Parker, founder of Reading, Massachusetts. John Parker was also the grandfather of reformer and abolitionist Theodore Parker. John Parker's experience as a soldier in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), at the Siege of Louisbourg and the conquest of Quebec, most likely led to his election as militia captain by the men of the town. He was dying from consumption (tuberculosis), on the morning of April 19, 1775, and had not quite five months left to live.

Battle of Lexington
On April 19, 1775, the British commander in Boston Thomas Gage dispatched an expedition of approximately 700 army regulars under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith to search the town of Concord for hidden rebel supplies and weapons caches. Lexington lay directly on the road that Smith's men took to reach Concord.

When reports of the approaching British force reached Lexington overnight, men from the town and the surrounding area began to rally on the Common. Parker's Lexington company were not minutemen, as sometimes stated, but from the main body of Massachusetts Militia. Parker was initially uncertain as to exactly what was happening. Conflicting stories arrived and as the British regulars had spent much of the winter engaged in harmless route marches through the Massachusetts countryside their exact intention was far from certain.

When Smith became aware that the countryside had been alarmed and that resistance might be encountered, he sent a detachment of light infantry under Major John Pitcairn ahead of the main column. Pitcairn's advance guard reached Lexington first and drew up on the Common opposite Parker's men. Parker ordered his men to disperse to avoid a confrontation, but they either failed to hear him or ignored his instructions. Shortly afterwards firing broke out despite the fact that both sides had orders not to shoot. In the following fight eight militia were killed and ten wounded while one British soldier was wounded. The lopsided casualty list led to initial reports of a massacre, stories of which spread rapidly around the colony further inflaming the situation. There remains considerable doubt as to exactly what occurred during the fight at Lexington, and a variety of different accounts emerged as to what had taken place and who had fired first. By the time Smith arrived with his main body of troops ten minutes later, he had trouble restoring order amongst his troops, who had chased fleeing militiamen into the fields around the town. Smith then decided, in spite of the fighting, to continue the march to Concord.

One of Parker's company, many years later, recalled Parker's order at Lexington Green to have been, "Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here." During the skirmish, Parker witnessed his cousin Jonas Parker killed during a British bayonet charge. Later that day he rallied his men to attack the regulars returning to Boston in an ambush known as "Parker's Revenge".

Siege of Boston and death
Parker and his men participated in the subsequent Siege of Boston. He was unable to serve in the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, and died of tuberculosis on September 17, 1775, aged 46.

Legacy
Parker and his wife, Lydia (Moore) Parker had seven children: Lydia, Anna, John, Isaac, Ruth, Rebecca and Robert. The Parker homestead formerly stood on Spring Street in Lexington. A tablet marks the spot as the birthplace of a grandson, Theodore Parker, a Unitarian minister, transcendentalist and abolitionist who also donated two of Captain Parker's muskets to the state of Massachusetts; one the light fowling-piece which he carried at Quebec and Lexington and one that he captured. They hung in the Senate Chamber of the Massachusetts State House until a 2018 renovation.

The statue known as The Lexington Minuteman (1900) was originally meant to represent the common Minuteman, but has now commonly become accepted as symbolizing Parker. It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and it stands at the town green of Lexington, Massachusetts. It was not based on Parker's appearance, as no known likenesses of him survive today and the figure is of a younger, healthy man which Parker at that point was not. One description of Parker was "a stout, large framed man, of medium height, somewhat like his illustrious grandson, Theodore Parker, in personal appearance, but had a much longer face."

The United States Army Reserve (USAR), which consists primarily of part-time duty personnel, adopted John Parker as a symbol of their motto, "Twice the Citizen". Though no image of Parker exists, the 'only official logo of the United States Army Reserve" is referred to as "The John Parker".

title: John Parker (captain)


text:
25-foot Transportable Port Security Boat

The 25 ft (8 m) Transportable Port Security Boat (TPSB): (AKA The Guardian) is a twin outboard motor, open deck, all weather, high performance, moderately-armed platform capable of operating in inner harbor/near shore environments in light sea conditions. It was first built in FY97 by Boston Whaler in Edgewater, Florida, for the US Coast Guard, Maintenance and Logistic Command. The 25 ft (8 m) TPSB is designed and configured to support Port Security Units as an inshore/harbor surface interdiction response asset in accordance with Required Operational Capabilities (ROC) and Projected Operational Environment (POE) for Coast Guard Port Security Units (PSU), COMDTINST 3501.49 (series). The basic design is based on the standard Boston Whaler 25 ft (8 m) Guardian hull, customized to functionally suit the TPSB mission requirements. The basic craft arrangements consist of a centrally positioned control console and leaning post with an open work deck and low non-obstructive gunwales. The TPSB is outfitted as a military gunboat with three (3) hardened weapon positions: (1) forward .50 caliber (12.7 mm) tri-pod, (2) gunwale - mounted 7.62 mm M240B Machine Gun pipe pedestals, port and starboard.


text:
Vakat Coalition

The Coalition Vakat (Koalicija Vakat; sometimes translated as the Vakat Coalition) is a Bosniak political coalition in Kosovo founded in June 2004 made up of the Democratic Party of Bosniaks (DSB), Democratic Party Vatan (DSV), and the Bosniac Party of Kosovo (BSK). The coalition uses the colors green, yellow, and sky blue. Its headquarters is located in Prizren.

title: Vakat Coalition


text:
William Bronk

William Bronk (February 17, 1918 – February 22, 1999) was an American poet. For his book, Life Supports (1981), he won the National Book Award for Poetry.

He was also a veteran of World War II and a businessman. After teaching at Union College for a brief period, he took over the family business of Bronk Coal and Lumber after his father's early death. He ran it for 30 years in Hudson Falls, New York.

Life and work
William Bronk was born in 1918 in a house on Lower Main Street in Fort Edward, New York. He had an older brother, Sherman, who died young, and two older sisters, Jane and Betty. Their mother was a homemaker and their father ran his business, Bronk Coal and Lumber, in Hudson Falls. The children all attended local public schools. Bronk attended Dartmouth College for higher education, being admitted at age 16. He took graduate classes at Harvard for another semester. He said later that he "decided I couldn't take any more of that."

Bronk was drafted into the Army soon after the United States entered World War II. After serving as a private, he was admitted to OCS, and was commissioned as an officer after completion of the program. He was honorably discharged from the Army in October 1945.

He first taught English at Union College, Schenectady, New York. He left Union in June 1946 and returned to Hudson Falls. During the latter half of 1946, he completed work on The Brother in Elysium. In January 1947 Bronk took over management of the Bronk Coal and Lumber Company, which he had inherited in 1941 when his father died unexpectedly. Although he intended this work to be temporary, he ran the business for 30 years, retiring in 1978.

Bronk said that the poems emerged in his mind as he went through the business of the day. When one was ready, he put it on paper, working in longhand rather than at a typewriter. As his manuscripts attest, he seldom rewrote or modified a poem once he wrote it on paper.

William Bronk died Monday, February 22, 1999.

Selected bibliography

 * Poetry
 * Light and Dark, Origin Press, 1956, 2nd edition, Elizabeth Press, 1975.
 * The World, the Worldless, New Directions, 1964.
 * The Empty Hands, Elizabeth Press, 1969.
 * That Tantalus, Elizabeth Press, 1971.
 * Utterances: The Loss of Grass, Trees, Water: The Unbecoming of Wanted and Wanter, Burning Deck, 1972.
 * To Praise the Music, Elizabeth Press, 1972.
 * Looking at It, Sceptre Press, 1973.
 * A Partial Glossary: Two Essays, Elizabeth Press, 1974.
 * The Stance, Graywolf Press, 1975.
 * Silence and Metaphor, Elizabeth Press, 1975.
 * Finding Losses, Elizabeth Press, 1976.
 * The Meantime, Elizabeth Press, 1976.
 * My Father Photographed with Friends and Other Pictures, Elizabeth Press, 1976.
 * Twelve Losses Found, Grosseteste, 1976.
 * That Beauty Still, Burning Deck, 1978.
 * Life Supports: New and Collected Poems, North Point Press (San Francisco, CA), 1981. —winner of the National Book Award
 * Light in a Dark Sky, William Ewert, 1982.
 * Careless Love and Its Apostrophes, Red Ozier Press, 1985.
 * Manifest; And Furthermore, North Point Press (San Francisco, CA), 1987.
 * Death Is the Place (poems), North Point Press (San Francisco, CA), 1989.
 * Living Instead (poems), North Point Press (San Francisco, CA), 1991.
 * Some Words (poems), Asphodel Press (Mount Kisco, NY), 1992.
 * The Mild Day (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1993.
 * Our Selves (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1994.
 * Selected Poems, selected by Henry Weinfield, New Directions Publishing (New York, NY), 1995.
 * The Cage of Age (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1996.
 * Life Supports (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1997.
 * All of What We Loved (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1998.
 * Some Words (poems), Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1998.
 * Metaphor of Trees and Last Poems, Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1999.
 * Estival: The Keepsakes Collection, Richard A. Carella, Publisher (Hudson Falls, New York), 2011.
 * Bursts of Light: The Collected Later Poems, Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 2012.

 * Essays
 * The New World, Elizabeth Press, 1974.
 * The Brother in Elysium, Elizabeth Press, 1980.
 * Vectors and Smoothable Curves, North Point Press (San Francisco, CA), 1983, new edition, Talisman House (Hoboken, NJ), 1997.

title: William Bronk


text:
Albanian Union of Christian Democrats

The Albanian Union of Christian Democrats (Unioni Shqiptare DemoKristiane) (UShDK) is a political party in Kosovo. At the last legislative elections, 24 October 2004, the party was part of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo.

President Lazer Krasniqi. Founded: 1990.

History
Mr Lazer Krasniqi founded Kosovo's Christian Democrats in 1990. In 1994 he left the province to live in Croatia, to escape the authorities who had, in 1989, imprisoned him for crimes against the State. He was 'replaced as President by Mr Mark Krasniqi. In 1999, after the bombing, Lazer Krasniqi returned to Kosovo, and, finding that Mark Krasniqi was intending to remain President of the party, established a new party called, simply, 'the Union of Albanian Christian Democrats' which is now part of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo. Mr Lazer Krasniqi claims that his party represents the continuation of the original party, and therefore cites 1990 as the year it was founded.

Zef Morina was also a Minister of Transport, Telecommunication and Post of Kosovo in this party.

title: Albanian Union of Christian Democrats


text:
Talk:King Ranch

Untitled
Amazing piece of heritage and history. I admire the strength and determination of such a hard working family and thier ties.

Details in flux
I think I am going to have to change some details. My source is Tom Lea's book. Please jump in if you have other citations. Ancheta Wis 15:21, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ancheta, please do. I don't have any printed sources available to me, only what's on the Web from the King Ranch itself, Handbook and other primary sources. Go nuts. · Katefan0(scribble) 15:23, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Politically correct stories
Some of the stories of the Ranch in the early days are quite thrilling, authentic stories straight from the American Old West. But the principals are stereotyped as white hats vs black hats (fill in the blanks, it would be viewed as racist/incorrect today: Cowboys and Indians, Texans and Mexicans, Northerners vs Southerners etc.). What do I do? I should leave out the stories?

For the moment, I will put in only that which appears to be in tune with today's sensibilities. It is easy to add them it if there is demand. Ancheta Wis 21:18, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's fine to include some of those sorts of stories, as long as we are careful to note that they are couched in the spirit of the times. Maybe create a section of "Mythos and legend" or something, similar to the way it's handled in Texas Ranger Division. · Katefan0(scribble) 21:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

There is a theme here, it is clear that running a business is hard, even killing work. In management terms, the King Ranch has a succession problem:
 * 1883 Henrietta is distraught over the death of her second son, Lee, and remains in St. Louis, Missouri. Alice tends to her father in her mother's absence.
 * Robert Justus Kleberg, King's lawyer, marries Alice Gertrudis King. Alice, Texas is named for her.
 * R. J. Kleberg, Jr. (1896-1974) developer of the Santa Gertrudis breed of cattle and CEO of King Ranch.
 * King Ranch is currently an operating division with the CEO residing in Houston.

 * If the stories are true, interesting, and relevant, they should be included without disclaimer. Superm401 | Talk 01:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Illustrations wanted
Tom Lea remarks that some of the livestock of the King Ranch are color-coordinated, especially the Santa Gertrudis breed of cattle and the King Ranch-bred sorrel horses. The fact that the Kineños, expert horsemen as part of their culture, the cattle, and the horses have kind of risen up with the ranch, and that their lives are coordinated, is a point Lea makes in his book (p.659). The fences are augmented by prickly pear stands, so the colors of the Ranch are harmonious. It should be noted that the cattle were bred (from Shorthorn and Brahman) for the region, for the warm temperatures of South Texas.

I am searching for images to use with the article. Ancheta Wis 03:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Advice wanted.
From a literary POV, the article has an arc, right now. But there are some subplots, which if I introduced them, would break the arc. Ancheta Wis 23:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Los Kineños: I could name the families and put in some stories.
 * Cattle breeding
 * Horse breeding
 * Drought
 * The 1915-1916 bandit raids on the Ranch (I see that part is at Texas Ranger Division)
 * Alice Gertrudis King Kleberg and Alice, Texas
 * Stop?
 * I think I have a solution: the next section should be Family (Both King / Kleberg and Kineño. Ancheta Wis 02:56, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Very extended section
Even without reading the article, the History section struck me as possibly too long. The number of subheadings seems a bit unwieldy. I just joined the Texas Collaboration project and will look at this article more later, but I was wondering if anyone thinks there is a way to break up the large section or pare down the number of subheaders. Thanks. -Scm83x 23:21, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

King ranch subjects worth covering
Some items from the modern history of the King Ranch, worth a writeup by Texas people. As a Californian, it would be presumptious for me to write about the Ranch.

 * The "root plow", two large Caterpillar tractors connected together by a heavy steel frame, designed to push a big cutting blade into the ground. When driven forward, the root plow would cut off the roots of undesired scrub brush.  Rocks in the way became smaller rocks. First version, 1935, but got really big after WWII.  First Really Overpowered Farm Machine.

 * The King Ranch was at one time the biggest supplier of beef to McDonalds. The Ranch also had subsidiary operations in Australia and South America in the 1980s.

 * How the King Ranch trains young quarter horses is an fascinating story in itself. Nobody else does it their way.

 * King Ranch construction standards, or "We don't fix fence, we build fence". The Ranch builds for eternity.  King Ranch wire fence has its own story.

 * Texas Monthly has had some good King Ranch articles. In the 1990s, it wasn't making much money.  A figure of $3 million in profit for a good year was mentioned, which is tiny for an operation of that size. And that was mostly oil, not beef.  There's been a turnaround.

Useful link: 1992 Beef Magazine article on the King Ranch. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nagle (talk • contribs)
 * Hi Nagle! It's not at all presumptuous; your contributions are most welcome.  Please feel free to incorporate any information you think would benefit the article, and welcome to Wikipedia!  Also, please remember to sign your talk page posts, otherwise it gets confusing figuring out who has said what.  It's easy to do this -- just type four tildes in a row (like this ~ ) and when you hit save, the software will automatically fill out your name, and a time and date stamp, like this: · Katefan0(scribble)/ poll 16:05, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * (do it anyway... we dont mind. more reliable info is better, regardless of source   - a texan)

Deseret Ranch
the Deseret Ranchis listed as the largest cattle ranch in the US. I do not know enough to determine if this is a mistake.--Counsel 20:27, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Historic Place
Does this mean it is protected and can never be developed or split up? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.206.165.40 (talk) 02:50, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

Nilgai
I added the nilgai section, but I haven't been able to reference it since most of it is what I heard/experienced at the king ranch. Superdupergc 15:39, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Map
This article could use a map / locator / aerial / graphic / etc. Woodshed (talk) 01:14, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Removed section: Present-day diversified agribusiness
I have removed entire section: Present-day diversified agribusiness becuase it is written in promotional tone and all the cited sources are self-published, unreliable. --Ferpalnum (talk) 18:04, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Books to add to literature
This is what I propose adding:

Bob Kleberg and the King Ranch: A Worldwide Sea of Grass is an illustrated biography that focuses on the life of Bob Kleberg, Jr. Bob and Helen Kleberg of King Ranch is an illustrated memoir by Helen Kleberg Groves, the only child of Bob Kleberg, Jr.

I previously added this, but then I removed it because I realized I should have it peer reviewed first since I'm new to Wikipedia. I apologize for adding unnecessary external links at first. I got ahead of myself and compromised the integrity of this article. I should add that I'm currently working for one of the presses that published one of these books (Trinity University Press) so that's a clear COI. Leemie (talk) 04:17, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer to get input from the editors working on the article about the proposed edit, as a previous revision of the requested text (although a clearly promotional one) was not accepted. Regards, VB00 (talk) 13:44, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I would support adding this in the "Further reading" section. The books are published by reputable presses. Wikipedia editors are on the lookout for more sources to expand an article, and readers come to this article to find high quality sources of information. As long as the books are listed in a neutral, concise manner (i.e. Further reading is not promotional, but taking a paragraph to introduce the book might be) I can't think of a reason why listing these books would hurt the encyclopedia—note that Sea of Grass is already listed there. VB00, Mean as custard, any objections? Altamel (talk) 02:37, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and boldly added the book, but without the external link as that seemed to be the gist of the previous objection. Altamel (talk) 01:44, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140222191608/http://www.king-ranch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/kr_map.jpg to http://www.king-ranch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/kr_map.jpg

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:46, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Removed link
In History, in the part 'attaining a pilot's rating', would link to the Wiki page on aviation pilot's ratings. Since Richard King lived from 1824–1885, one can see where him being that kind of a licensed pilot may be unlikely. Removed the link, kept the text te same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.166.230.32 (talk) 14:53, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:King Ranch


text:
Talk:Narimantas

COA of Belarusian cities
COA for cities mentioned in article were adopted in 16 century. How they could be relevant in that context? --EugeneZelenko 15:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mongol wife
Please cite pre-1700 sources proving that Narymunt's wife was Uzbeg Khan's daughter. -- Ghirla -трёп-  10:14, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Removed bibliography
Just in case someone will find it useful:

 * Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum. II. Leipzig, 1863. ss. 75, 511.
 * Сапунов А. Река Западная Двина. Витебск, 1893. сс. 276–277.
 * Puzyna J. Narymunt Giedyminowicz // Miesiecznik Heraldyczny. R. 9, 1930. № 3.
 * Tenze. Potomstwo Narymunta Giedyminowicza // Miesiecznik Heraldyczny. R. 11, 1932. № 10.
 * Новгородская первая летопись. М.-Л., 1950. сс. 345, 349.
 * ПСРЛ. Т. 25. М.-Л., 1949. сс. 170–176; Т. 32. М., 1975. сс. 41, 68, 138. Т. 35. М., 1980. сс. 68, 85, 97 і інш.
 * Полоцкие грамоты XIII—начала XIV вв. Сост. А. Хорошкевич. Вып. 1. М., 1977. сс. 39–41; Вып. 3. М., 1980. сс. 127–132
 * Krupa K. Ksiazeta litewscy w Nowogrodzie Wielkim do 1430 r. // Kwartalnik historyczny. R. C. 1993. № 1.

Renata 05:02, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Narimantas


text:
File:Tragedy of Tragedies, or the Magnificent History of Tom Thumb the Great (frontispiece).jpg

Frontispiece to Tragedy of Tragedies, or the Magnificent History of Tom Thumb the Great by Henry Fielding.