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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:45, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

HYP (universities) (see also College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States and Harvard-Yale-Princeton)
User:Vciousangel placed a VFD tag on top of this page on June 1; however, this user failed to list the page on Votes for deletion/Log/2005 June 1 and also linked to the old VFD debate six months ago at Votes for deletion/HYP (universities). I am listing this article on VFD on behalf of User:Vciousangel even though I personally believe this article should not be deleted. Warning to anonymous users: Your votes are not counted on VFD. —Lowellian (talk) 23:39, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * User:Uncle G moved this page from HYP (universities) to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States after the VFD was under way. I have moved it back. Let the VFD vote finish first before moving the article. Additional note: Uncle G might want to seek concensus to move the article before moving it. —Lowellian (talk) 01:26, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * User:Uncle G has now moved this page again from HYP (universities) to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States and also split it up that article and to Harvard-Yale-Princeton. Also, Uncle G deleted my comment, which is a clear violation of Wikipedia policy against erasing other people's comments. —Lowellian (talk) 01:47, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Uncle G deleted more of my comments, again violating Wikipedia policy . —Lowellian (talk) 01:54, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Page history is working oddly due to the frequent page moves and server lag. —Lowellian (talk) 01:54, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Can I ask another admin to protect the page to its location when this VFD started on HYP (universities)? Most of the votes thus far on this VFD page were for that page, not the rewritten and different and split-off pages College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States and Harvard-Yale-Princeton. If Uncle G wants to write those articles, he should do so when this VFD is over. Also, Uncle G's deletions of my comments are very inappropriate. —Lowellian (talk) 02:00, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Uncle G did not delete any of my comments. They were moved below, so I missed them. My apologies to him for accusing him of deleting my comments when he did not. I have stricken out my wrong accusations above. —Lowellian (talk) 03:18, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. First, the term is formally used in the names of sports meets held by the three schools. Second, it is widely informally used in the academic and student world, especially in the United States, but it is not even limited to the United States, as for example these articles from the South Korean Korea Times and the British New Stateman   attests. Third, consider these Google results which demonstrate how much more common this term is as opposed to other variations (which have recently been making the rounds on Wikipedia; see Votes for deletion/HYPS, Votes for deletion/HYPSM, and Votes for deletion/HYPSMC):
 * " " - 31200
 * " " - 1410
 * " " - 978
 * " " - 653
 * " " - 8
 * —Lowellian (talk) 23:39, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * The problems with those latter searches are (a) that they presume that HYPS is always going to be expanded to include one of the actual names (which it isn't — When researching the initialism for Wiktionary I found instances where it was used without expansion, with the apparent presumption that readers would know what the letters stood for without having to be explicit.) and (b) that the initialism under consideration is actually HYPSM not HPYSM. ☺ Uncle G 03:09, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Regarding your point (b):
 * " " - 225
 * —Lowellian (talk) 12:25, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, keep. Bbpen 01:32, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: with a change in title, the article is no longer claiming priority over the letters.  Although I still think there is a limited amount to say about the acronymn qua acronymn and that the thing could be done with a simple link page, my own objections from before have been answered amply, and I am happy to change my vote. Geogre 23:53, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Some unfamiliar with this term may raise POV issues, but there is no doubt these are the three most prestigious universities in the country. The law of of the land (the US News rankings) has ranked these schools in the top three in almost every year of the ranking's existence. Some would argue this term still favors Harvard. But outside of partisan school spirit bickering there is no question which school is the nation's preeminent. lots of issues | leave me a message 00:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and notable. Has this term been included in the articles for the three universities? Harro5 00:14, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lowellian knows the exacting and proper use of Google. :) This article is well written, verifiable, and NPOV. func (talk) 00:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. See above. Uncle G 03:09, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Sigh...so now I'm just confused by this whole issue. No vote. func (talk) 01:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I still vote delete. From the second article "I had no idea what it stood for, and I am an alum of the H part of this acronym."  I just don't think it's notable.  Worthwhile in the wiktionary?  Perhaps.  Wikipedia?  No.  Wikibofh 00:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I fixed the format--VfD isn't a place for straw polls.  See this for an explanation. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:38, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but look for a more proper name. Indeed, the most real usage is for namins sports events. General-purpose naming for "Big Three universities" is not so wellestablished. mikka (t) 01:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable, well-sourced, NPOV, and in common use.  Maybe move to Harvard-Yale-Princeton or a similar title. --Carnildo 01:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it would be a good idea to make two articles: Harvard-Yale-Princeton for universities and NYP (sports event). mikka (t) 01:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * NEW INFORMATION: Strong delete -- this Google-based analysis is completely fallacious. "Hyp" is a common prefix and abbreviation which appears in thousands of documents. While "HYP AND (Harvard OR Yale OR Princeton)" has 32000 results, "PHY AND (Princeton OR Harvard OR Yale)" has 673000 results, and "HSM AND (Harvard OR Stanford OR MIT)" has 474000 results!  Are Harvard, Princeton, and Yale often referred to together?  Sure.  Is HYP a term that anyone recognizes out of context?  No way. It's an interesting acronym for a dictionary site, completely unsuitable for a Wikipedia entry. That's why this was deleted before. -- Fenster 01:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It was only undeleted for the history.  This should be kept for GFDL purposes unless the derived article has been deleted. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 02:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. As I mentioned before on Talk:HYP (universities), " " only returns as many results as it does because PHY is an abbreviation for "physics" that is often used in course catalog names. As for " ", the problem is that the search is skewed by German language results ("mit" in the German language means "with"). If you restrict to English-language sites, then " " returns 27,300 results (a mere 6% of the 474,000 in all languages), while " " still returns 30,100 results (as compared to 32,800 in all languages). —Lowellian (talk) 12:40, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Yes, and as I mentioned just above, the reason that HYP returns results is because Hyp is a common prefix and abbreviation in the English language. If it's a single word or abbreviation, and it's not even recognized by the dictionary, then it's not enough of a real term to warrant an encyclopedic entry. Fenster 08:39, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It does indeed seem to be a term in actual use, and not a fluke, an in-joke, etc. But that's all it seems to be -- a term. I agree with the reasoning of Wikibofh and Fenster: delete. -- Hoary 03:00, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Keep, this one I'd keep as opposed to others that have been previously debated. HYP is a subset of the ivy league that is a commonly used term, especially among sports within the three.  Harvard, Yale or Princeton couldn't don't care at all whether they are number one in the ivy league--they just want to beat each other.  (Although, Yale couldn't give a shit about Princeton.)  Take a look at the Yale athletics site: "HYP champions," it will say (some years). CoolGuy 03:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * At Votes for deletion/HYPS and Votes for deletion/HYPSMC I initially agreed with Func on a redirect to Ivy League. I've changed my mind.  Both of those articles (and also HYPSM and hyps) should redirect to this article, wherever it ends up.  Geogre makes a good point that this article isn't really about the initialism.  Wiktionary can (and now does) handle the initialisms.  This article is about the facts that a small group of universities is generally regarded as being distinguished from all of the rest and that that group is considered as a unit.  (These facts are hardly unique to the United States, either.  They are true for several countries.)  The problem, as mikkalai says here and as Dpbsmith says in Votes for deletion/HYPSMC when talking about having articles for all of the combinations of letters, is the name of this article.  hyps, HYPS, HYPSM, HYPSMC, and this article are all basically POV forks of a single article dealing with the single concept of a small group of institutions.  When it comes to admissions, people don't agree which universities are generally regarded to be in the group, and in what order to rank them within the group.  There's a perfectly fine encyclopaedia article to be had here, about these very things.  As per the NPOV, Wikipedia should stay out of the argument, though.  All of these articles should be redirects to a single article with a neutral title, which I suggest this one be Renamed to.  Unfortunately, I suspect that the name is going to be cumbersome, and nothing springs to mind that isn't problematic.  Harvard-Yale-Princeton has the same problem as the other titles of being too definite and too ordered.  Big Three universities is out because (as shown by this rash of little articles, and by real-world usage) people don't even agree that there are solely three universities in the group.  Something like Highest ranked universities in the United States probably encompasses too broad a scope.  Elite universities in the United States is just as controversial a title as these initialisms are.  A merger into Ivy League ignores the fact that this isn't quite the same thing; some people including at least two non-Ivy institutions in the group, and equally excluding some of the Ivy institutions. College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States might work, although that would involve factoring out the three-letter athletic meets into a separate article (for which Harvard-Yale-Princeton is a good candidate) and disambiguating more finely between the meets and the admissions shorthands at HYP. Uncle G 03:09, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Comment: Uncle, you agree with Geogre, but while Geogre votes keep, he/she adds "there is a limited amount to say about the [acronym] qua [acronym]". Meanwhile, all I've learnt is that the term bunches together three universities for somewhat self-congratulatory, PR purposes: if they're "selective", this must be qualified by consideration of "legacy" dullards, etc. As you've pointed out, there are plenty of these acronyms; I say, let those people who are interested google for them, and let the snobs and PR industry produce pages for them. -- Hoary 07:07, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Clarification: I take it as our mission to NPOV to ask only that it be verifiably in use and potentially needed to answer a researcher's question, so I voted keep.  The reason is that I think that HYP ain't no great thing, myself (how hard is it to turn out great scholars when you only accept people who need no teaching in the first place?), but the effective use of this hype is sufficient to have a smallish article that answers the need of potential researchers.  If the article is safely away from other "hyp" lemmae, I can't object or see that it violates deletion policy.  So, even though I don't think it's a good idea, I have to presumptively keep. (Besides, Cornell is kicking their rears in most fields, and Stanford and CalTech do, too, and the old sisters of the south are nipping at their heels.)  Geogre 14:29, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've expanded the discussion of admissions shorthands to include all of the initialisms and renamed the article to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States, the best name that I could come up with (better names are welcome). I've also separated out the Harvard-Yale-Princeton athletic league into Harvard-Yale-Princeton (which was a redirect with no significant prioer history and so wasn't a merger).  Please re-read the articles now.  Do you now learn more than you did? Uncle G 01:37, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Comment looks rather like with some typos and changes to pass a copyvio test.  Since the term appears to be real, it may in fact belong.  I'm just not sure that this is the correct article text. Vegaswikian 04:55, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That site is a non-GFDL-compliant Wikipedia mirror. We've been down this road before.  See Talk:HYP (universities). Uncle G 06:37, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Keep - Ive heard this term quite a lot, quite notable and should be kept -CunningLinguist 08:16, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: common abbreviation for a collection of famous universities. Capitalistroadster
 * At 21:20, 2005 Jun 8, 64.12.116.69 altered Capitalistroadster's vote from "Keep: Common abbreviation..." to "Delete: ? abbreviation" Here is the diff. I'm changing it back now. It's alarming to realize that this went undetected for over a week. -- Hoary 13:38, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a real abbreviation that has been in common use for at least half a century. I hate academic boosterism and I hate the tendency of our university articles to accumulate fat paragraphs that shove cardinal-and-gray or big green peacock-feather-butts in the reader's face. The present article on HYP isn't very good. Nevertheless, it is quite conceivable that someone might encountered the abbreviation somewhere and look it up for an explanation. Furthermore, a factual, neutral description of academic prestige in the United States--as opposed to assertions that "my own school has it"--would be in order somewhere. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Though I voted to delete last time around, and still don't believe the term to be very common  or more than borderline notable, I take the repeated re-creation of the article as evidence that there's a need for it to exist in some form.  (In brief, I agree with Geogre and Dpbsmith.) -- Rbellin|Talk 16:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 19:07, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Uncle G moved this page from HYP (universities) to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States after the VFD was under way. I have moved it back. Let the VFD vote finish first before moving the article. Additional note: Uncle G might want to seek concensus to move the article before moving it. —Lowellian (talk) 01:26, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * And I moved the VFD page to match, too, to ensure that the link wasn't broken. As for consensus, there are four editors above who state that a better name is called for.  I've given you a better name to discuss.  I've also broken out Harvard-Yale-Princeton to address Hoary's concerns. Uncle G 01:37, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * User:Uncle G has now moved this page again from HYP (universities) to College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States and also split it up that article and to Harvard-Yale-Princeton. Also, Uncle G deleted my comment, which is a clear violation of Wikipedia policy against erasing other people's comments. —Lowellian (talk) 01:47, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * False. I refactored it into chronological order, just as I have done this one. Read the diff that you linked to more closely. Please add your comments to the bottom of the discussion. Uncle G 01:51, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Uncle G deleted more of my comments, again violating Wikipedia policy . —Lowellian (talk) 01:54, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh do please learn to read Lowellian. Start with properly reading the diff that you yourself pointed to, as I've already pointed out once.  The only person around here deleting comments is, ironically, you.  You deleted one of mine.  More ironically, it was the very one telling you that no comments had been deleted, merely moved into chronological order, and that you simply hadn't read the diff properly.  To make a point, I've left your duplicated comments in, this time around. Uncle G 02:18, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Uncle G did not delete any of my comments. They were moved below, so I missed them. My apologies to him for accusing him of deleting my comments when he did not. I have stricken out my wrong accusations above. —Lowellian (talk) 03:18, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries. I in turn take back my exasperated comment above.  Anyway, back to the discussion at hand.  ☺  I've dinged some talk pages. Uncle G 04:47, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Merge College admissions and ranking shorthands to HYP and clean-up I think we should cover the considerable distance HYP has in money, alumni, etc. compared to all other schools...although it's unclear to me whether this is a minor social thing of people associated with top schools or an actual issue (ie I don't have sources). DirectorStratton 02:30, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, Lowellian is a Harvard student. CoolGuy 03:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I wonder what house he resides in? Dpbsmith (talk) 17:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * comment Let's not forget about AWS - Amherst, Williams, Swarthmore - the top LACs lots of issues | leave me a message 05:08, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * comment Sigh! Can we please try to discourage the use of acronyms altogether? To me, AWS stands for "Automatic Warning System", used to advise British train drivers of what the next signal is showing. And what the hell is a LAC? -- Arwel 11:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A Little Arrogant College. But what's with AWS? Everyone knows Haverford is the best. Heck, its name even sounds like "Harvard," what more proof do you need? Dpbsmith (talk) 19:43, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this one (College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States) and redirect the other variations to here. As other variations come up for VfD merge and redirect to here.  Then, take this subject out into the woods and shoot it.  :) Wikibofh 15:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this political propaganda page. It is mainly used by Princeton and Yale people to forever tie their schools to Harvard. In reality, there is no HYP league, only the Ivy League, and barely, Ivy Plus. Furthermore, the votes for Keep are heavily biased and self-selected since random people are unlikely to have heard of this phrase, but among H Y or P graduates, even if the phrase is unfamiliar, they have an incentive to try to popularize it and "shrink" the Ivy League. As to previous historical agreements, so what? There have been lots of athletic or two way sports agreements that ebb and flow - this page is NOT about sports, but instead is simple academic boosterism. DELETE! - Anon 4582.
 * Keep User:141.157.157.100 4:28, June 6th, 2005 (EDT) (vote erased by 64.12.116.69, and replaced with the following; restored by Uncle G 13:57, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC))
 * Delete What the???
 * Delete Put it in the wikitionary. -Phantym 06:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree put it in the dictionary. Ken. .....unsigned would-be vote made at 19:11, 2005 Jun 15 by 205.188.117.65
 * Keep. Definition is far too long for dictionary entry. Uris 19:37, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ....unsigned would-be vote made at 11:16, 2005 Jun 17 by 82.127.193.210
 * Delete

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Cladorhiza

Cladorhiza is a genus of carnivorous sponges, comprising around 40 species found in oceans around the world. Cladorhiza is the type genus of the family Cladorhizidae.

Description
Species of Cladorhiza occur in a diverse range of shapes, some ranging from globular to spherical to conical, with others attaining a tree-like or bush-like appearance. Many species have a narrow stalk or stem. Most species range from 2 to 12 cm in height, with a few attaining heights of 20 to 40 cm.

Species
As of 2014, 40 valid species of Cladorhiza are recognized. • Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872

• Cladorhiza acanthoxea Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury-Esnault & Rapp, 2015

• Cladorhiza arctica Koltun, 1959

• Cladorhiza bathycrinoides Koltun, 1955

• Cladorhiza caillieti Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2014

• Cladorhiza corallophila Göcke, Hestetun, Uhlir, Freiwald, Beuck & Janussen, 2016

• Cladorhiza corona Lehnert, Watling & Stone, 2005

• Cladorhiza corticocancellata Carter, 1876

• Cladorhiza depressa Kieschnick, 1896

• Cladorhiza diminuta Lopes & Hajdu, 2014

• Cladorhiza ephyrula Lévi, 1964

• Cladorhiza evae Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2014

• Cladorhiza flosabyssi Topsent, 1909

• Cladorhiza fristedti (Lambe, 1900)

• Cladorhiza gelida Lundbeck, 1905

• Cladorhiza grimaldii Topsent, 1909

• Cladorhiza hubbsi Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017

• Cladorhiza iniquidentata Lundbeck, 1905

• Cladorhiza inversa Ridley & Dendy, 1886

• Cladorhiza kenchingtonae Hestetun, Tompkins-Macdonald & Rapp, 2017

• Cladorhiza kensmithi Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017

• Cladorhiza linearis Ridley & Dendy, 1886

• Cladorhiza longipinna Ridley & Dendy, 1886

• Cladorhiza mani Koltun, 1964

• Cladorhiza methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002

• Cladorhiza mexicana Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017

• Cladorhiza microchela Lévi, 1964

• Cladorhiza mirabilis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)

• Cladorhiza moruliformis Ridley & Dendy, 1886

• Cladorhiza nematophora Lévi, 1964

• Cladorhiza nicoleae Castello-Branco, Hestetun, Rapp & Hajdu, 2016

• Cladorhiza oxeata Lundbeck, 1905

• Cladorhiza penniformis Göcke & Janussen, 2013

• Cladorhiza pentacrinus Dendy, 1887

• Cladorhiza pteron Reiswig & Lee, 2007

• Cladorhiza rectangularis Ridley & Dendy, 1887

• Cladorhiza scanlonae Goodwin, Berman, Downey & Hendry, 2017

• Cladorhiza schistochela Lévi, 1993

• Cladorhiza segonzaci Vacelet, 2006

• Cladorhiza septemdentalis Koltun, 1970

• Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy, 1886

• Cladorhiza tenuisigma Lundbeck, 1905

• Cladorhiza thomsoni Topsent, 1909

• Cladorhiza tridentata Ridley & Dendy, 1886

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cladorhiza


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Tefé

Tefé, known in early accounts as Teffé, is a municipality in the state of Amazonas, northern Brazil.

History
As early as 1620 the Portuguese Carmelites could already boast of converts among the Muras, those natives of the Amazon established around Lake Teffé and on the borders of the neighbouring rivers. Tefé, also called Ega at one time, was the fourth of eight aldeias founded by Carmelite missionaries between 1697 and 1751 along the Solimões and Negro Rivers. In 1759 the commandant Joaquim de Mello da Povoas converted the Carmelite mission on Lake Tefé into a town, which he named Ega; it was elevated to a city named Tefé in 1855 (but was known as Tefé before that time). The mission, called Parauarí, was originally established on Ilha dos Veados three leagues from the location on the opposite shore of Lake Tefe, called today by the name of Nogueira. It was abandoned due to a smallpox outbreak in the early 18th century and moved across the lake, where it remains today. The survivors were taken to its present site by F. Andre da Costa in 1817.

Henry W. Bates also describes in detail the cultural interactions of the natives with those in the town from his trip in the 1850s. He describes that the natives learned Tupi very quickly, and despite having a very large and diverse array of languages spoken all around the Amazon, Tupi was spoken "with little corruption along the banks of the main Amazons for a distance of 2,500 miles."

In 1910, an apostolic prefecture, the current Prelature of Teffe, was founded by priests of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit.

Geography
Tefé is located about 525 km by air or 595 km by river to the west of Manaus on the south bank of the Rio Solimões (the upper Amazon), on the lake formed by the mouth of the Tefé River. The nearest large city is Coari, 192 km SE by east of Tefé.

The municipal seat of Tefé is the largest town and commercial center of the middle Solimões region. Its population was 59,547 evenly divided between urban and rural, and its area is 23,704 km². There are no roads into Tefé and the only access is by river boat or plane. By fast boat it is about 12 hours from Manaus. Azul Linhas Aereas and Voepass operate flights from Manaus to Tefé Airport.

The city is the home of the Territorial Prelature of Tefé. Tefé is also the major starting point for trips into the Mamiraua Reserve.

The municipality is in the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion. It contains 46% of the Tefé National Forest, created in 1989. The municipality contains 33.85% of the 217486 ha Catuá-Ipixuna Extractive Reserve, established in 2003 as the first extractive reserve in the state of Amazonas.

title: Tefé


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Conspiracy Museum

The Conspiracy Museum was a private exhibition of conspiracy theories in the West End Historic District of downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). R. B. Cutler, self-described as an "assassinologist", opened the museum in 1995.

The Conspiracy Museum was located across the street from the Kennedy Memorial in Dallas, Texas in the Katy Building. The museum was not limited in scope to the conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy, but it also covered Robert F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., Abraham Lincoln, and Ted Kennedy's Chappaquiddick incident. Cutler's argument was that all these conspiracies can be tied together. The museum was often overlooked by visitors heading to the more well-known Sixth Floor Museum.

The museum closed on December 30, 2006, having lost its lease. The building's owners announced that a Quiznos sandwich shop would take its place. Tom Bowden, the museum's president, said that the museum would re-locate to another part of the Katy Building or another location entirely and that detailed plans would be released.

title: Conspiracy Museum


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Cyphomandra

Cyphomandra was a formerly accepted genus in the plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species native to the Americas from Mexico southwards to Northern Argentina.

Recent authors have treated Cyphomandra as a clade within the genus Solanum rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other Solanum. This lineage is one among a group related to part of the traditional subgenus Leptostemonum. Thus, if it is preferred to retain the taxon, Cyphomandra is probably best considered a section in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum.

Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. S. cajanumense, S. circinatum, S. sibundoyense) also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as dyestuffs or in folk medicine where they are native.

Species
Species contained in the Cyphomandra clade, with their former specific epithets cited if they have significantly changed when moving to Solanum, are:
 * Solanum allophyllum (Miers) Standl.
 * Solanum amotapense Svenson (= Cyphomandra villosa Steyerm. )
 * Solanum betaceum – Tamarillo (= Cyphomandra crassicaulis(?), C. crassifolia (Ortega) J.F.Macbr., C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze , C. procera Wawra )
 * Solanum cacosmum Bohs (Cyphomandra foetida Bohs )
 * Solanum cajanumense (= Cyphomandra casana A.Child )
 * Solanum calidum Bohs (= Cyphomandra pilosa Bohs )
 * Solanum circinatum Bohs (= Cyphomandra artocarpophylla H.J.P.Winkl., C. costaricencis Donn.Sm. , C. dendroidea Pittier , C. dolichorhachis Bitter , C. hartwegii (Miers) Walp. , C. hartwegii ssp. ramosa Bohs , C. heterophylla Donn.Sm. , C. holtonii Hochr. , C. kalbreyeri Bitter , C. mollicella Standl. , C. naranjilla Pittier , C. splendens Dunal in DC. )
 * Solanum confusum C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra adelpha (C.V.Morton) A.Child )
 * Solanum corymbiflorum (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra kleinii L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. macrophylla L.B.Sm. & Downs , C. mortoniana L.B.Sm. & Down , C. patrum L.B.Sm. & Downs )
 * Solanum cylindricum Vell. (= Cyphomandra elliptica (Vell.) Sendtn. in Mart., C. subhastata (L.B.Sm. & Downs) A.Child )
 * Solanum diploconos (Mart.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra floribunda (Miers) Dunal in DC., C. fragrans (Hook.) Sendtn. in Mart. , C. piperoides Dunal in DC. )
 * Solanum diversifolium Dunal (= Cyphomandra campanulata Moritz ex Steyerm. & Huber, C. caracasana (Roem. & Schult.) Sendtn. , C. caudata Standl. , C. chlorantha Rusby , C. meridensis Steyerm. & Rojas )
 * Solanum endopogon (Bitter) Bohs
 * Solanum exiguum (= Cyphomandra benensis Britton )
 * Solanum fallax (= Cyphomandra betacea var. velutina Dunal in DC., C. hypomalaca Bitter )
 * Solanum fortunense (= Cyphomandra dolichocarpa Bitter )
 * Solanum fusiforme L.B.Sm. & Downs
 * Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.
 * Solanum hibernum Bohs
 * Solanum hutchisonii (J.F.Macbr.) Bohs
 * Solanum latiflorum (= Cyphomandra calycina Sendtn., C. calycina var. rufescens Dunal in DC. )
 * Solanum luridifuscescens Bitter (= Cyphomandra glaberrima Dusén, C. velutina Sendtn. in Mart. )
 * Solanum luteoalbum
 * Solanum mapiriense Bitter (= Cyphomandra phytolaccoides (Rusby) A.Child )
 * Solanum maranguapense Bitter
 * Solanum matadori Smith & Downs
 * Solanum maternum Bohs
 * Solanum melissarum (= Cyphomandra capsicoides (Miers) Walp., C. ciliata (Miers) Walp. , C. divaricata (Mart.) Sendtn ., C. divaricata var. flexipes Sendtn. in Mart. , C. divaricata var. herbacea Sendtn. in Mart. , C. laxiflora Dunal in DC. , C. oxyphylla Dunal in DC. )
 * Solanum morellifolium Bohs
 * Solanum obliquum Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra brachypodia Sendtn., C. coriacea (Miers) Walp. , C. obliqua (Ruiz & Pav.) Sendtn. , C. ulei Bitter )
 * Solanum occultum Bohs (= Cyphomandra stellata Bohs )
 * Solanum ovum-fringillae
 * Solanum oxyphyllum C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra fragilis Bohs )
 * Solanum paralum (= Cyphomandra heterophylla Taub. )
 * Solanum pelagicum Bohs (= Cyphomandra cornigera Dunal in DC., C. maritima L.B.Sm. & Downs )
 * Solanum pendulum Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra arborea H.J.P.Winkl., C. subcordata Rusby )
 * Solanum pinetorum (= Cyphomandra angustifolia L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. hispida L.B.Sm. & Downs )
 * Solanum premnifolium (Miers) Bohs
 * Solanum proteanthum Bohs (= Cyphomandra oblongifolia Bohs )
 * Solanum rojasianum (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bohs
 * Solanum roseum (= Cyphomandra acuminata Rusby )
 * Solanum sciadostylis (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra reitzii L.B.Sm. & Downs )
 * Solanum sibundoyense
 * Solanum stuckertii Bitter
 * Solanum sycocarpum (= Cyphomandra lobata Sendtn. in Mart. )
 * Solanum tegore Aubl. (= Cyphomandra tejore Sendtn. ex Walp. )
 * Solanum tenuisetosum (Bitter) Bohs
 * Solanum tobagense (= Cyphomandra bolivarensis Steyerm. )
 * Solanum unilobum (Rusby) Bohs

Formerly placed here
Species formerly in the genus Cyphomandra which are not members of the Cyphomandra clade are:
 * Solanum abutiloides (Griseb.) Bitter & Lillo

title: Cyphomandra


text:
KVUE

KVUE (channel 24) is a television station in Austin, Texas, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Tegna Inc. The station's studios are located on Steck Avenue just east of Loop 1 in northwest Austin, and its transmitter is located on the West Austin Antenna Farm northwest of downtown.

KVUE was the third television station established in Austin, going on the air in 1971 as an affiliate of ABC. Originally owned by a consortium of Texas investors including former governor Allan Shivers, it was purchased by the Evening News Association in 1978. Under Evening News and Gannett, which first owned the station from 1986 to 1999, channel 24 became a force in the Austin news ratings, and in the 1990s its approach to crime coverage attracted national media attention. Gannett traded KVUE to the Belo Corporation in 1999 in exchange for KXTV in Sacramento, California, and $55 million; the deal gave the Dallas-based Belo a station in Austin and coverage of two-thirds of TV households in Texas. Gannett and Belo merged in 2013.

Pre-launch and construction
In the fall of 1961, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began to receive applications for channel 24 in Austin. Applicants included Dalton Homer Cobb, a Midland oilman who owned that city's KDCD-TV (channel 18), and John R. Powley of Altoona, Pennsylvania (whose Texas Longhorn Broadcasting Company sought channel 67). They were soon followed by an Austin radio station in business for 15 years and also seeking channel 24: KVET (1300 AM), which filed on December 12, 1961, in anticipation of a future day when a UHF station could be viable. The Cobb and KVET bids were designated for hearing by the FCC in 1962, and KVET got the nod on March 13, 1963.

While KVET manager Willard Deason announced the station would be built at "deliberate speed" and be on the air by early 1965, Austinites would have to wait some time to see it. In 1965, KVET was sold to Butler Broadcasting, channel 24 construction permit included. Butler announced a start date in February or March 1966, then a fall 1967 launch was floated.

KVET filed to sell the construction permit in 1968 to McAlister Television Enterprises, owner of KSEL-TV in Lubbock, for $44,000. McAlister sold a majority stake to several other investors which included former governor Allan Shivers, resulting in the creation of the Channel Twenty-Four Corporation as the assignee. The FCC approved in June 1970; the KVET-TV call letters were changed to KVUE, and a site in what was then far north Austin along Shoal Creek was selected for the studios.

The station signed on the air on September 12, 1971, after winds from Hurricane Fern delayed the intended start-up. KVUE was the market's first full-time ABC affiliate and finally gave the capital city the full program lineups from all three networks; prior to KVUE's sign-on, the network's programming had previously been limited to off-hours clearances on KTBC-TV and KHFI-TV.

Growth and ownership changes
In 1978, the Evening News Association, publisher of The Detroit News and owner of several television stations, purchased KVUE; it was the last locally-owned TV station in the market to be sold. Under Evening News, the station added 13000 ft2 to its studio facility, doubling its size, in an expansion begun in 1985. The station also successfully repelled a 1984 attack by a gunman who wished to broadcast a political manifesto; employees tricked him into thinking his statement was broadcast on the air, and he was arrested after reading his statement.

After a hostile takeover bid by Norman Lear and Jerry Perenchio was rebuffed, ENA put itself up and sale and was purchased by the Gannett Company in 1985, a transaction that closed in February 1986. A second expansion of the studios was conducted in 1991, this time adding another 9400 ft2 to house the newsroom.

One of the state's most important owners of media properties was Belo Corporation. It owned The Dallas Morning News and TV stations in most of the state's important cities: KHOU-TV in Houston, WFAA-TV in Dallas, and KENS-TV in San Antonio. However, it lacked an Austin property and coveted one, particularly given its impending launch of Texas Cable News (TXCN). In February 1999, Gannett agreed to a trade with Belo: Belo received KVUE, while Gannett received KXTV in Sacramento, and $55 million. With the addition of KVUE, TXCN could provide news and information from the four largest cities in Texas, and Belo gained coverage of two-thirds of Texas households. The deal was particularly surprising from a monetary standpoint given that KXTV was in a much larger market than Austin.

On June 13, 2013, Gannett announced that it would acquire Belo for $1.5 billion. The sale was completed on December 23. Gannett then split into print and broadcast companies in 2015, with the broadcast company taking on the name Tegna.

On February 22, 2022, Tegna announced that it would be acquired by Standard General and Apollo Global Management for $5.4 billion. As a part of the deal, KVUE, along with its Dallas sister stations WFAA and KMPX and Houston sister stations KHOU and KTBU, would be resold to Cox Media Group. The deal was canceled on May 22, 2023.

News operation
KVUE was the first Austin-market television station to make a serious challenge in the local news race, which even after the introduction of two UHF competitors was dominated by KTBC. In May 1981, its Action News edged out KTBC at 6 and 10 p.m. The station remained a solid first place for the next several years, but a spirited competition emerged between channels 7 and 24 in the ratings for the rest of the decade, with KVUE and KTBC leading at different times. KVUE continued to dominate in the ratings after the 1995 switch of CBS and Fox affiliations, which caused KXAN to surge into second place and a slide for KTBC.

Under news director Carole Kneeland, who guided the KVUE newsroom from 1989 until her death from breast cancer in 1998, the station scaled back its crime coverage to reduce the level of "mayhem" it reported—which resulted in national attention in such publications as Columbia Journalism Review and even a feature on ABC's Nightline—and introduced fact-checking of political advertising, a practice soon adopted by stations across the United States. However, by the last years of Gannett ownership, KXAN had started to edge ahead of KVUE, replacing KTBC as channel 24's main competition. The competition between channels 24 and 36 has generally defined Austin television news since; in May 2021, KVUE came second to KXAN in early and late evening news.

In 2014, KVUE won a Peabody Award for a documentary entitled The Cost of Troubled Minds, about Texas's underinvestment in addressing mental health care; this was the first Peabody won by an Austin television station.

KVUE was tricked in 2021 into promoting a fake sexual wellness product, "invented" by a team working for late-night political commentary show Last Week Tonight, called the "Venus Veil", which was actually just a blanket; the show's team paid KVUE $2,650 to feature the fake product and an interview with its "creator" as a way to illustrate how stations such as KVUE promote sponsored content without being upfront about the sponsorship, essentially passing off advertising as news.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Walt Maciborski – anchor
 * Arthel Neville – reporter
 * Fred Roggin – sports anchor, 1978–1979
 * Casey Stegall – anchor/reporter, 2004–2005

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KVUE ended regular programming on its analog signal on February 17, 2009, as part of the FCC-mandated transition to digital television for full-power stations (which Congress had moved the previous month to June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 33, using virtual channel 24.

As part of the SAFER Act, KVUE kept its analog signal on the air until June 27 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

title: KVUE


text:
Astron (spacecraft)

Astron was a Soviet space telescope launched on 23 March 1983 at 12:45:06 UTC, using the Proton launcher. Based on the 4MV spacecraft design and operational for six years, Astron was the largest ultraviolet space telescope of its time.

The project was headed by Alexandr Boyarchuk. The spacecraft was designed and constructed by the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and NPO Lavochkin. A group of scientists from these institutions was awarded the USSR State Prize for their work.

The payload consisted of an 80 cm ultraviolet telescope, which was jointly designed by the USSR and France, and an X-ray spectroscope. It could take UV spectra 150-350 nm.

Placed into an orbit with an apogee of 185000 km, Astron was capable of making observations outside the Earth's umbra and radiation belt.

Among the most important observations made by Astron were those of SN 1987A supernova from March 4 to March 12, 1987, and of Halley's Comet in December 1985, the latter of which enabled a group of Soviet scientists to develop a model of the comet's coma.

Operation of the observatory ended on 23 March 1991.

title: Astron (spacecraft)


text:
IFC Center

IFC Center is an art house movie theater in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. Located at 323 Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas) at West 3rd Street, it was formerly the Waverly Theater, an art house movie theater. IFC Center is owned by AMC Networks (known until July 1, 2011, as Rainbow Media), the entertainment company that owns the cable channels AMC, BBC America (49.99% stake and a joint venture with BBC Studios), IFC, We TV and Sundance TV and the offshoot film company IFC Films.

Description and history
AMC Networks has positioned the theater as an extension of its cable channel IFC (Independent Film Channel) because IFC was to take over the building. IFC has converted the historic building, originally built as a church in the early 19th century, into a three-, and eventually five-theater facility. The theater is equipped to screen 35mm and high-definition digital video. The complex originally included digital editing suites, a meeting area, and a restaurant called The Waverly, in recognition of the site's past, but those spaces have since been converted. (The Waverly restaurant was closed and renovated into two additional screens, bringing the theater's total screen count to five in 2009.) In addition to regularly scheduled films, the Center plays host to special screenings such as premieres, educational programs and film festival screenings.

IFC Center opened on June 17, 2005 with the film Me and You and Everyone We Know, distributed by IFC Films. The opening was not without controversy; for the first several weeks, patrons were welcomed to the theater by a picket line and a giant inflatable rat. The center had opened employing only non-union projectionists prompting a protest from the IATSE local 306.

It currently hosts the DOC NYC festival, and co-hosts the Human Rights Watch Film Festival.

IFC's weekly series, formerly titled "At The Angelika" (filmed at the nearby Angelika Theater) relocated to IFC Center and thus the show was retitled "At The IFC". The show ran through the mid-2000s.

In popular culture
The Waverly Theatre is referenced numerous times in the 1968 Broadway musical Hair, including the song "Frank Mills" sung by the character Crissy at the end of Act One.

The Waverly was also known as the original home of the midnight audience-participation screenings of the movie version of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, which ran there for many years, spawning similar showings in other cities.

Back to the Well, the making-of documentary for Clerks 2 has a scene filmed at the IFC Center where a test screening is held for Clerks 2 with Bob Weinstein in attendance.

title: IFC Center


text:
The American Museum of the Miniature Arts

The American Museum of the Miniature Arts was a non-profit museum in Dallas, Texas (USA) that focused on miniature art. Much of the museum's collection was previously on display in the Sharp Gallery at the Hall of State at Fair Park.


text:
Harpactes

Harpactes is a genus of birds in the family Trogonidae found in forests in South and Southeast Asia, extending into southernmost China. They are strongly sexually dimorphic, with females generally being duller than males. Their back is brownish, the tail is partially white (best visible from below), and males of most species have red underparts. They feed on arthropods, small lizards and fruit.

Two species, cinnamon-rumped and scarlet-rumped trogons, were previously classified in a separate genus, Duvaucelius, and a 2010 study found that these two were closely related and formed a separate clade from all of the other Harpactes trogons (except orange-breasted trogon, which forms a third group), but recommended that all three groups should be treated as congeneric. This same study also found that the genus Apalharpactes, containing two species sometimes included in Harpactes, is actually distantly related and thus a valid genus.

title: Harpactes


text:
Robert L. Cook

Robert L. Cook (December 10, 1952) is a computer graphics researcher and developer, and the co-creator of the RenderMan rendering software. His contributions are considered to be highly influential in the field of animated arts.

In 2009, Cook was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for building the motion picture industry's standard rendering tool.

Cook was born in Knoxville, Tennessee and educated at Duke University and Cornell University. While at Cornell, Cook worked with Donald P. Greenberg.

Education

 * B.S. in physics, 1973, Duke University, N.C.
 * M.S. in computer graphics, 1981, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

Career
Robert Cook was involved with Lucasfilm and later had the position as Vice President of Software Development at Pixar Animation Studios, which he left in 1989. In November 2016, he became the Commissioner of the Technology Transformation Service of the U.S. General Services Administration.

Computer Animation Rendering

 * Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) computer graphics: Industrial Light & Magic
 * André and Wally B. (1984) 3D rendering
 * Luxo, Jr. (1986) rendering
 * Red's Dream (1987) reyes / miracle tilt
 * Toy Story (1995) renderman software development
 * Toy Story 2 (1999) rendering software engineer
 * Monsters, Inc. (2001) software team lead
 * Cars (2006) software team lead
 * Up (2009) software development: Pixar studio team

Awards

 * 1987, ACM SIGGRAPH Achievement Award in recognition of his contributions to the fields of computer graphics and visual effects.
 * 1992, Scientific and Engineering Award for the development of "RenderMan" software which produces images used in motion pictures from 3D computer descriptions of shape and appearance.
 * 1999, Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
 * 2000, Academy Award of Merit (Oscar) for significant advancements to the field of motion picture rendering as exemplified in Pixar's RenderMan. Their broad professional influence in the industry continues to inspire and contribute to the advancement of computer-generated imagery for motion pictures.
 * GATF InterTech Award
 * MacWorld World Class Award
 * Seybold Award for Excellence
 * 2009, The Steven Anson Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics
 * 2009, Elected to the National Academy of Engineering

title: Robert L. Cook


text:
Denver Public Library

The Denver Public Library is the public library system of the City and County of Denver, Colorado. The system includes the Denver Central Library, located in the Golden Triangle district of Downtown Denver, as well as 25 branch locations and two bookmobiles. The library's collection totals more than 2 million items, including books, reference materials, movies, music, and photographs. Of that total, more than 347,000 items are in specific collections including the Western History and Genealogy Department, Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library, and Reference Department holdings.

History
The Library's humble beginnings started in 1859 as an outdoor facility built from a carpenter's bench under a tree. It was founded by Arthur Pierce, one of the pioneers during the gold rush era. The library later evolved from the 1878 donation of books to the city's board of education, which were then maintained in a wing of East Denver High School. John Cotton Dana was named chief librarian and the "Denver Public Library" was officially established in 1889. The library moved into its own building in 1910, a Greek revival design funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie that was located in Civic Center Park downtown. (The 1910 building was repurposed to serve the Board of Water Commissioners for many years, and survives as McNichols Civic Center Building, in the Civic Center Historic District (Denver, Colorado).) Between 1913 and 1920, Carnegie also underwrote construction of the library's first eight branches. Previously the city relied on traveling trunks of books.

Central Library
In the 1950s the city commissioned the architectural firm Fisher & Fisher and designer Burnham Hoyt to build a new Central Library to be located on Broadway and West 14th Avenue. The property had previously been an auto dealership for the Ford Model T, Model A, and Model B before being condemned by the City in 1953. The Fisher/Hoyt Central Library in the city's Golden Triangle opened in 1956 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. As part of the dedication of the new library when it opened, Yale Library loaned a collection of books that included the 1455 Gutenberg Bible and 1640 Bay Psalm Book that are both rare and valuable artifacts. Throughout the 1950s and 1970s, Denver experienced an explosion of growth and quickly required more branches to be open to serve the new neighborhoods that branched out to the southeast and southwest. Among these branches were four Ross branches, funded with a $100,000 donation from Frederick Ross who was a Denver Real Estate Investor and the Library Commissioner. In the 1990s Denver voters approved a $91.6 million bond issue to add onto the Fisher/Hoyt building; the new 540000 sqft structure, designed by the 2012 Driehaus Prize winner Michael Graves and the Denver firm of Klipp Colussy Jenks DuBois, opened in 1995. The seven-story exterior is finished with limestone and pre-cast concrete with copper accents throughout. Murals are painted inside by the artist Edward Ruscha and fossils are embedded in its floor within the Schlessman Hall. There is also an art gallery within the Level Five Gates Western History Ready Room.

Collections
The Denver Public Library has a large Western History collection, which began under the direction of City Librarian Malcom G. Wyer and includes 600,000 photographs, 3,700 manuscript archives, 200,000 cataloged books, pamphlets, atlases, maps, and microfilm titles as well as a collection of Western fine art and prints. The quality of its collection of oil paintings rivals that of the Denver Art Museum next door. The library's collection includes western landscape paintings by Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Remington, Charles Marion Russell, Thomas Moran and Otto Kuhler, as well as a portrait of Colorado historian and Denver Post writer Caroline Bancroft. The photography collection includes a permanent archive of archaeologist Thomas L. Carr's work.

The Western History Department holds the Otto Perry collection of railroad photographs, numbering 20,000 negatives from all parts of North America made available for viewing on the Internet.

The Western History and Genealogy departments merged in 1995 and are located on the fifth floor. The Genealogy department includes 60,000 books, 75,000 pieces of microform, and hundreds of magazine and newsletter titles, charts, clippings, atlases and manuscripts. From 1995 until 2015, The Western History Department worked on digitizing over 100,000 of its images to make them available online.

The Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library serves as an educational and cultural resource focusing on the history, literature, art, music, religion, and politics of African Americans in Colorado and throughout the Rocky Mountain West. The Library opened in 2003 and houses a full service branch library, research archives and the Western Legacies Museum, an exhibition space that spans more than 7000 sqft and includes an African American Leadership Gallery, a replica of the Office of Denver Mayor Wellington E. Webb, and rotating exhibits which highlight historical periods, notable individuals and local Denver history.

Computers and Technology
All locations offer patrons access to public computers with Internet service, Microsoft Office 2013, copying, printing, and scanning. Wireless Internet (WiFi) is also available to all visitors.

Library of Things
The Denver Public Library offers library card holders access to equipment and experiences to check out. Current items include bicycle repair kits, State Park Pass, Chromebooks, draft check meter, GoPro camera, museum and cultural passes, power check meter, Speck indoor air quality meter, video projector, and WiFi hotspot.

Makerspaces
The Denver Public Library system provides access to makerspaces, called ideaLABs, at various locations.

Museum Passes, Cultural Tours and Ticket Vouchers
Denver Public Library offers library card holders free passes to participating local museums and cultural institutions. Institutions include the Butterfly Pavilion, Denver Center for the Performing Arts Behind the Scenes Tours, Denver Firefighters Museum, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver Trolley, Denver Zoo, History Colorado Center, Molly Brown House Museum, and Museum of Contemporary Art Denver. Card holders can also enter drawings to win vouchers to plays and concerts held at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts Theatre Company and Colorado Symphony.

Branch libraries

 * Central Library
 * Children's Library
 * Western History & Genealogy Library
 * Athmar Park Branch Library
 * Ross-Barnum Branch Library
 * Bear Valley Branch Library
 * Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library
 * Bob Ragland Branch Library, named after Bob Ragland
 * Ross-Broadway Branch Library
 * Ross-Cherry Creek Branch Library
 * Decker Branch Library
 * Eugene Field Branch Library
 * Ford-Warren Branch Library
 * Green Valley Ranch Branch Library
 * Hadley Branch Library
 * Hampden Branch Library
 * John "Thunderbird Man" Emhoolah Jr. Branch Library, named after John Emhoolah Jr.
 * Montbello Branch Library
 * Park Hill Branch Library
 * Pauline Robinson Branch Library
 * Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales Branch Library
 * Sam Gary Branch Library
 * Schlessman Family Branch Library
 * Smiley Branch Library
 * Ross-University Hills Branch Library
 * Valdez-Perry Branch Library
 * Virginia Village Branch Library
 * Westwood Branch Library
 * Woodbury Branch Library

Former branch libraries include the Dickinson Branch Library, a Carnegie library listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Denver Public Library


text:
User talk:Ed Poor/Flat earth problem

Hm, in general I think this page is kind of confusing. I think it could be worded better - perhaps the original author would like to take another whack at it? I had to read through a couple of times to see what he was getting at. I think that the problem is that it's not clear who he's criticising. Terms like "NPOV crusader" aren't very encyclopaedic. The point may be valid but I think there's a more academic way of saying it.

Who is "I" here, as in "what I call the flat earth problem"? Jimbo Wales? (This is linked from a quotation of one of Wales's posts, in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_Weight)

Should the "I" stay here? Maybe the whole page should read, "Jimbo Wales said: [what he said]", or the "see Flat earth problem" should be clearly separated from the Wales quote.

GW = Guild Wars? 2005-06-05

Based on the edit history, the "I" here is entirely fictitious. I suggest replacement such as "... is sometimes called the 'flat-Earth Problem'".

Also, the first sentence is grammatically incorrect. Perhaps: "The term 'flat-Earth problem' refers to the cognitive dissonance and incredulity which arise when..." The current phrasing says that the incredulity IS the problem -- which doesn't seem quite right to me. :)

This page is confusing and, imho, stupid. Paul 21:46, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Exactly, I didn't understand what this is trying to convey. What does "POV pushers don't have this problem; they cause it!" mean? Who are "POV pushers"? Who are "NPOV crusaders"? This definitely needs a rewording. --Kprateek88 ( Talk |  Contribs ) 12:57, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

What percentage is consensus?
The article is hard to follow. The real problem is that there isn't a clear definition in Wiki of the difference between a "significant minority" with prominant people supporting the viewpoint and "very tiny" minority.

It says "...It gets worse when there are disputes which have less than a 99.99% consensus. 95% is enough, as in evolution. It's even less for global warming...". So, the real problem for editors is "What percentage of minority is too low of a percentage to include on the main article?"

I am having trouble finding the answer to this. When I add alternate viewpoints to scientific articles, the viewpoints may be gaining momentum in the scientific community, and so by their nature have small percentages of those that have even read the source. So, what percentage of the scientists must read a source and agree with it before the source can be used to verify a viewpoint?D c weber (talk) 17:40, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The issue is basically one of censorship at Wikipedia. Some people, who are pushing a viewpoint, will declare that it is "mainstream" or that there is a "consensus" in favor of it. On that basis, they say that other viewpoints should not be described, on the grounds that this gives them too much coverage. They imply that giving too much coverage of a minority viewpoint would mislead our readers into thinking that it has more support than it really does. This concept is called "undue weight".

 * I think this is just an excuse to promote one POV at the expense of another, and that it violates NPOV. The arbcom disagrees and has placed severe sanctions on me as a result.

 * Perhaps in the future, if enough contributors wish it, we will return to the original NPOV rule which requires us to say of each viewpoint merely that A says B about C. The issue of how many people support that viewpoint should be described, if there is the slightest doubt.

 * In a few special cases, such evolution vs. intelligent design, and the global warming controversy, supporters of one viewpoint have asserted that there is no opposition to speak of. This is insanely ludicrous, considering the hundreds of books on the evolution controversy, and the dozens of books on global warming. Whether the disputes are entirely scientific or partly political, Wikipedia should cover them - without bias. Someday, perhaps, this will happen. --Uncle Ed (talk) 16:41, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ed Poor/Flat earth problem


text:
Rai 3

Rai 3 (formerly Rete 3) is an Italian free-to-air television channel owned and operated by state-owned public broadcaster RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana. It was launched on 15 December 1979 and its programming is centred towards cultural and regional programming. It has always been considered the most left-leaning channel of Italian public television; its direct competitor to Mediaset's Rete 4.

Foreign language programming
In the Aosta Valley, Rai 3 broadcasts programmes in French as well as in Valdôtain dialect.

In the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, Rai Südtirol timeshares broadcast hours in German with Rai 3 when not broadcasting.

In the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Rai 3 BIS (TDD Furlanija Julijska Krajina) is a separate channel which broadcasts daily from 18:40 with a half-hour daily newscast in Slovene, and other shows in Slovene. In accordance with a bilateral cooperation agreement between Italy and Slovenia, Slovene-language shows produced by Rai 3 Bis are also aired on the Slovenian regional television channel TV Koper-Capodistria and on State-owned TV Slovenija 2.

Programs
A few shows include:
 * TG3, Rai 3 main news service
 * TGR, regional news service
 * Gazebo from 3 March 2013 until 19 May 2017. Since 2017, the program's format has been broadcast on LA7, with a new title Propaganda Live.
 * Doc3
 * Quante storie (Rai 3, from 2019)
 * Che tempo che fa, from 15 October 2023 broadcast on Nove, a Television channel edited by Discovery Italia, a Warner Bros. Discovery group division.
 * Chi l'ha Visto?
 * Un Posto al sole (A Place in the Sun) a soap opera airing on Rai 3 since October 21, 1996.
 * Vieni via con me
 * Sabrina the Teenage Witch
 * Law & Order
 * Friends
 * Desperate Housewives
 * The Defenders
 * The Spaghetti Family
 * Glob
 * Inspector Gadget
 * Melevisione
 * Buongiorno Estate
 * UEFA Europa League (one game per matchday live, possibility of broadcasting all semi-finals due to law 8/99 if at least an Italian team is involved)
 * UEFA Europa Conference League (one game per matchday live, possibility of broadcasting all semi-finals due to law 8/99 if at least an Italian team is involved)

title: Rai 3


text: User talk:69.142.109.165

title: User talk:69.142.109.165


text:
Talk:Absorptive refrigeration

The information in this article under 'Standard Home Refrigeration' has been cut and pasted from.. http://www.lpappliances.com/G-Absorp.html

We are actively working on Gas absorption refrigerator which had some of the same material. I have hastily cut some mistaken information from this page, and added a link to the other one where I hope we will develop a good explanation -- the operation is hard to understand and there are many bad explanations on the web.

This page needs the presumably copyright material removed, and some organising done to eliminate duplication with other pages.

Oak 12.45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Have just trimmed this page down completely to remove the potentially copyright stuff that referred to a not-included diagram. Pointed readers to the Gas absorption refrigerator.

Oak 12.16, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

merge/restructure
I think someone needs to look at merging and rearranging the material on Icyball, Absorptive refrigeration, Gas absorption refrigerator and Einstein refrigerator. njh 10:30, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Absorptive refrigeration


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Strictly Personal

Strictly Personal is the second album by Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band. It was originally released in October 1968 as the first album on the Blue Thumb Records label. It was released nearly a year after the band had taken to the studio to record the follow-up to 1967's Safe as Milk, and was composed primarily of material intended for an aborted double-LP entitled It Comes to You in a Plain Brown Wrapper.

Producer Bob Krasnow added phasing and reverberation effects to the recordings, which were later disavowed by Beefheart. These effects have since been the topic of much discussion among music fans and critics. Alternate recordings from the period were released on 1971's Mirror Man and 1999's The Mirror Man Sessions, as well as the deluxe reissue of Safe as Milk.

History
The original intention was to record a double album for Buddah Records titled It Comes to You in a Plain Brown Wrapper (Strictly Personal's sleeve design is a relic of this initial concept). A considerable amount of material was recorded for the project during the period of October–November 1967 with Krasnow producing. The intention, according to drummer John French, was for one disc of the LP to consist of structured studio tracks by Captain Beefheart and the Magic Band, while the second disc would consist of unstructured blues jams by The 25th Century Quakers, an alter-ego version of the group (who would perform live in Quaker costumes as an opening act during the band's concerts, although this never came to pass). Buddah, however, declined to release the album and kept the original recordings. Strictly Personal features re-recorded versions of songs from the 1967 sessions, during subsequent sessions in which the band was less well-rehearsed.

While the band traveled to Europe to promote the UK release of Safe as Milk, Krasnow mixed the tapes alone. His heavy use of phasing and reverberation during mixing was done in accordance with the popular psychedelic rock trends of the day. Beefheart subsequently condemned the production. He said the effects were added without his knowledge or approval. These comments became public only after sales of the album failed to reach expectations. It has been claimed by other band members that he initially agreed to the use of these sounds. Regardless, Beefheart did release his later recordings with a much more basic and unprocessed sound.

Buddah eventually released some recordings from the earlier sessions, along with an earlier version of "Kandy Korn", as Mirror Man in 1971. Much other material from the 1967 sessions has since been released: the compilation I May Be Hungry But I Sure Ain't Weird (1992) contained eleven of the original cuts taken from master tapes. This album has long since been out of print, but all eleven tracks can be found spread across The Mirror Man Sessions and the current version of Safe as Milk. Some of these tracks were also used for a vinyl-only release by the Sundazed label in 2008 bearing the original intended title of It Comes to You in a Plain Brown Wrapper but this release does not duplicate the original album's concept or sequence.

Reception
Barret Hansen, in a December 1968 review for Rolling Stone, was unsure of the value of the record; he felt that Beefheart and his band had "the capability of making the ultimate white blues album", but that the "noisy, discom-bobulated freakout shit" and "liquid audio" spoil the potential, so that it was unclear to him if the album was the work of "the world's greatest white bluesman", "a competent musician, capable of occasional titanic moments", or "a hack performer" with genius production.

Stewart Mason, in a retrospective AllMusic review, felt it was a terrific album but underrated due to the reputation of Bob Krasnow's remixing; although he did feel that the "sound effects and phasing do detract from the album at points".

It was voted number 661 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums, 3rd Edition (2000).

Track listing
According to the album credits, all songs were written by Don Van Vliet. Lyricist Herb Bermann has contested this, claiming to have written the lyrics to the songs "Safe As Milk", "Trust Us", "Gimme Dat Harp Boy" and "Kandy Korn"

Personnel

 * Don Van Vliet – vocals, harmonica
 * Alex St. Clair – guitar
 * Jeff Cotton – guitar
 * Jerry Handley – bass
 * John French – drums

title: Strictly Personal


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Capreolus

Capreolus is a genus of deer, the roe deer.

Etymology
English roe is from Old English ra or rá, from raha, from Proto-Germanic *raikhaz, cognate to Old Norse ra, Old Saxon reho, Middle Dutch and Dutch ree, Old High German reh, German Reh. It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei-, meaning "streaked, spotted or striped".

The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus -a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as, transliterated as raïhan.

In the English language this animal was originally simply called a 'roe', but over time the word 'roe' has become a qualifier and the creature is now usually called a 'roe deer'.

The Koiné Greek name πύγαργος, transliterated 'pygargos', mentioned in the Septuagint and the works of various writers such as Hesychius, Herodotus and later Pliny, was originally thought to refer to this species (in many European translations of the Bible), although it is now more often believed to refer to the addax. It is derived from the words ' 'buttocks' and ' 'white'.

The taxonomic name Capreolus is derived from capra or caprea, meaning 'billy goat', with the diminutive suffix -olus. The meaning of this word in Latin is not entirely clear: it may have meant 'ibex' or 'chamois'. The roe deer was also known as capraginus or capruginus in Latin.

Systematics
Roe deer are most closely related to the water deer, and, counterintuitively, the three species in this group, called the Capreolini, are most closely related to moose.

Although roe deer were once classified as belonging to the Cervinae subfamily, they are now classified as part of the Odocoileinae, which includes the deer from the New World.

Palaeontology
Roe deer are thought to have evolved from a species in the Eurasian genus Procapreolus, with some 10 species occurring from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, which moved from the east to Central Europe over the millennia, where Procapreolus cusanus occurred, also classified as Capreolus cusanus. It may not have evolved from C. cusanus, however, because the two extant species split from each other 1.375 and 2.75 Myr ago, and the western species first appeared in Europe 600 thousand years ago.

The Siberian roe deer had split into two subspecies, C. pygargus pygargus and C. pygargus tianschanicus in the interval between 229 and 462.3 thousand years ago.

The distribution of the European species has fluctuated often since entering Europe. During some periods during the Last Glacial Period it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here), Southern France, Italy (likely two), the Balkans and the Carpathians. When the last ice age ended, the species initially abruptly expanded north of the Alps to Germany during the Greenland Interstadial, 12.5–10.8 thousand years ago. During the cooling of the Younger Dryas, 10.8–10 thousand years ago, the species appears to have disappeared again from this region. It reappeared 9.7–9.5 thousand years ago, reaching northern central Europe. The modern population in this area appears to have recolonised it from the Carpathians and/or further east, but not the Balkans or other refugia. This is opposite to the red deer, which recolonised Europe from Iberia. There has been much admixture of these populations where they meet, also possibly due to human intervention in some cases. It had become a very common species by the Late Neolithic, as farming by humans spread across the continent, which modified the environment so that more open habitat was created from the woodland, which advantaged the creatures.

Species
There are at least two extant species:

Both species have seen their populations increase, both around the 1930s. In recent times, since the 1960s, the two species have become sympatric where their distributions meet, and there is now a broad 'hybridization zone' running from the right hand side of the Volga River up to eastern Poland. It is extremely difficult for hunters to know which species they have bagged. In line with Haldane's rule, female hybrids of the two taxa are fertile while male hybrids are not. Hybrids are much larger than normal and a cesarean section was sometimes needed to birth the fawns, becoming larger than their mothers at the age of 4–5 months. F1 hybrid males may be sterile, but backcrosses with the females is possible.

22% of the animals around Moscow carry the mtDNA of the European roe deer and 78% of the Siberian. In the Volgograd region the European deer predominates. In Stavropol and Dnepropetrovsk regions of Ukraine most of the roe are Siberian. In northeastern Poland there is also evidence of introgression with the Siberian deer, which was likely introduced. In some cases, such as around Moscow, former introductions of European stock is likely responsible. It is thought that during the Middle Ages the two species were kept apart due to hunting pressure and an abundance of predators, the different populations may have met in the period before that, but during the Ice Age they were also kept apart.

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Thomas Rowley (soldier)

Captain Thomas Rowley (c. 1748 – 27 May 1806) was a soldier and landholder in the convict settlement of New South Wales, Australia.

Biography
He was appointed adjutant of the New South Wales Corps in 1789 and promoted to lieutenant in 1791.

Rowley arrived at Port Jackson in 1792, he had the convict Simeon Lord assigned as servant. He was promoted to captain in 1796 and in 1799 he commenced a tour of duty on Norfolk Island. When Captain John Townson departed prematurely in November, Rowley, as the senior officer, took charge of the settlement. During his rule he ordered liquor stills to be demolished to reduce the drunkenness on the island, and this move brought threats of prosecution from the owners. He was relieved by Major Joseph Foveaux in July 1800 and returned to Sydney. He claimed that his rule was sufficiently creditable to earn the respect of the settlers and Governor King.

In 1802 he resigned his commission and became a farmer. He had received his first land grant in 1793, and accumulated land at a steady rate at Bankstown, Petersham and Burwood. By 1805 he owned 519 sheep, but made no effort to breed from them. He was interested only in meat production, not wool growing.

In 1802 Rowley was given responsibility for the management of the civil and military barracks and became captain of the Sydney company of the Loyal Association, of which he became commandant in 1804. In the same month he became a magistrate.

He died of consumption on 27 May 1806, leaving his property to his children and to his partner Elizabeth Selwyn, a former convict who had arrived on the Pitt in 1792.

Family
He had five children, four with Elizabeth Selwyn. His eldest daughter died in 1808 aged 17.

title: Thomas Rowley (soldier)


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Saby Kamalich

Saby Kamalich, born Sabina Fantoni Kamalich, (13 May 1939 in Lima, Peru – 13 September 2017 in Mexico City, Mexico) was a Peruvian-Mexican actress, known for her work in television and film. Her father Antonio Fantoni was from Italy, and her mother was from Croatia. She became famous for playing the title character in the Peruvian telenovela Simplemente María in 1969. Aside from her telenovela roles, Kamalich starred in several Mexican film productions, including Valente Quintero (1973), with Antonio Aguilar, Narciso Busquets, and Sara García.

Biography
Kamalich was born to Antonio Fantoni, an Italian, and his Croatian wife, Maria Kamalich. She first became interested in acting as a young woman when Braulio Castillo, the Puerto Rican actor, went to work in Peru. Kamalich admitted to El Vocero, a newspaper in Puerto Rico, that she had platonic feelings for Castillo. The two would later maintain a lifelong friendship.

Looking for better job opportunities, Kamalich moved to Mexico in 1970, where she had participated in three stage productions, and more importantly in Panamericana's 1969 version of the well-known telenovela (Spanish soap opera), Simplemente Maria. The Peruvian version, was the fourth filmed of Simplemente Maria'', which had already been a hit in Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela.

Simplemente Maria made Kamalich famous across Latin America, in markets such as Guatemala, Nicaragua, Uruguay, the Dominican Republic, and the aforementioned countries, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Mexico. After, she appeared in a considerable number of telenovelas, usually playing benevolent characters. One exception was her 2005 participation in Gitanas, where she plays a villain. In Gitanas, she had the opportunity to act with Saul Lisazo, who played her son, among other actors.

In 2005 she also acted in another Telemundo serial, Corazón partido where she reappeared as villain yet again in the role of "Virginia Graham". In 2007 Kamalich participates in another telenovela produced by Telemundo. Madre Luna which was shot in Colombia, she played the role as a villain. This was the first time in many years that Kamalich left Mexico (where she has resided for over 3 decades) to a foreign country (Colombia) to participate in this telenovela (Madre Luna). Among the most significant telenovelas are: 1971's Rosas Para Veronica, which was another major hit, Mi Rival (1973) and Amor Prohibido (1979), which was also later remade.

After the decade of the 1970s was over, Kamalich's telenovela career slowed somewhat. During the 1980s, she participated in ten productions, including 1988's Amor en Silencio ("Silently Loving You"). During the 1990s, her work became even more sporadic, but she did participate in Carrusel de las Américas, which was the sequel of the children's telenovela hit Carrusel, alongside Ludwika Paleta. In 1998, she and Lucía Méndez acted together in Tres veces Sofia (Three Times Sofia).

Kamalich was scheduled to be awarded the Eduardo Arozamena Medal for her contributions to acting. She won the prestigious Ariel award for best acting performances in Mexico for best supporting actress in Mariana. Apart from that, she made a film, Simplemente Maria, based on the successful telenovela. In 2012, she was to Berenice del Toro in La Mujer de Judas (2012) but did not show up on the first day of shooting due to health problems. She was replaced by Marta Verduzco. Later that year, she was set to come back with La Otra Cara del Alma.

Death
Saby Kamalich died on 13 September 2017 at the age of 78.

title: Saby Kamalich


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-06-06/Global downtime

Wikipedia and all other Wikimedia sites will be unavailable for a period of time on Tuesday, 7 June, as the main cluster of servers is moved to a new location. This follows a brief period last week when the sites had to be put into read-only mode.

Last Saturday, Wikimedia Foundation President Jimmy Wales announced that at 7:00 a.m. (UTC) this coming Tuesday, the servers located at the Neutelligent colocation center in Florida would be moved to a new facility across the street. The exact length of time for which Wikipedia will be unavailable is not certain, but Wales said "the site will absolutely be down for awhile." Employees of the colocation facility will handle the move with assistance from Wales, along with a few other Wikimedia volunteers and staff.

Mark Williamson wondered why the servers were not being moved in two or more shifts, so that one group could always remain available. In response, Wales explained that "It was a difficult decision", but the complexity of such an operation, and the risk that mistakes could produce an even longer period of downtime, favored handling the move all at once. Site performance would also likely suffer from extreme slowness with only a partial set of servers.

Meanwhile, the Foundation has added its third data center with the addition of eleven servers in Amsterdam, hosted by Kennisnet. This joins a group of servers installed last December in Aubervilliers, France to provide a squid cache. These servers may be used to host a site message during the downtime; however, because the main database servers are located in Florida, the Wikipedia database will still have to be offline.

For Wikipedia editors (as opposed to readers), it will be the second period of unavailability within a week. After suffering performance problems on Monday and Tuesday, Wikipedia was set to read-only mode for about two hours last Wednesday for server maintenance. During the maintenance, security measures for user passwords were also upgraded (see related story). Reports of site performance issues virtually disappeared after the maintenance was completed.

Also this week: Downtime — Passwords — Content arbitration — Brockhaus — Features — Top 100 list — T.R.O.L.L. — Press coverage