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Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)

Star Wars: Battlefront II is a 2005 first and third-person shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise. Developed by Pandemic Studios and published by LucasArts, it is a sequel to 2004's Star Wars: Battlefront and the second installment in the Star Wars: Battlefront series. The game was released in PAL regions on October 28, 2005, on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable (PSP), Microsoft Windows, and Xbox platforms, and in North America on November 1 of the same year. It was released on the PlayStation Store on October 20, 2009, for download on the PSP. The PSP version was developed by Savage Entertainment.

The game features new vehicles, characters, game mechanics, maps, and missions compared to the original Battlefront. Unlike its predecessor, Battlefront II features a more narrative-based campaign, retelling portions of the Star Wars story from the point of view of a veteran clone Imperial Stormtrooper, reminiscing about his tour of duty in service of both the Galactic Republic and the Galactic Empire. Gameplay additions over Battlefront include the use of Jedi and Sith, additional game modes such as hero assault, and objective-based space battles.

Battlefront II was well received, with reviewers praising the story. Like the original game, it was a commercial success, selling 6 million copies by 2007. GameSpy Technology scheduled a shut-down across all titles using the service for May 31, 2014, which included Star Wars: Battlefront II for PC, PS2, and Xbox. Electronic Arts announced it would extend support for Battlefront II until June 30, 2014. The extended support ended on July 25, 2014, taking all GameSpy online video games across all platforms offline. The Windows version was added to a list of supported games on GameRanger on May 31, 2014, which allows for continued online play. On October 2, 2017, multiplayer for the Windows version was again enabled, allowing for Steam and GOG cross-play. A remastered compilation featuring both the game and its predecessor with additional content, titled Star Wars: Battlefront Classic Collection, was released on March 14, 2024.

Gameplay
Battlefront II is fundamentally similar to its predecessor, albeit with the addition of new gameplay mechanics, such as the ability to sprint and roll forward. The general objective in most missions is to eliminate the enemy faction, although there are game modes with a different objective, such as a capture the flag mode. Like its predecessor Star Wars Battlefront, the game is split into two eras: the Clone Wars, with battles taking place between the Galactic Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems, and the Galactic Civil War, where battles between the Rebel Alliance and Galactic Empire take place. Players have the ability to choose between six classes during gameplay. Four class types are common to all factions: Infantry, Heavy, Sniper and Engineer. In addition to the four standard classes, every faction has two special classes, which are exclusive to each faction and are unlocked by scoring a predetermined number of points; there is a limited number of special classes that can be on the battlefield at the same time. The special classes are the Commander and the Jet Trooper for the Republic; the MagnaGuard and the Droideka for the Confederacy of Independent Systems; the Bothan Spy and the Wookiee for the Rebels; and the Officer and the Dark Trooper for the Empire.

Battlefront II introduces a new special class—Heroes—that allows players to control iconic characters from the Star Wars universe; heroes were featured in the original Battlefront, but only as NPCs that spawned randomly during battles. Heroes are also unlocked by scoring a predetermined number of points, and are unique for every faction. Heroes serve as the most powerful class in the game and, as such, there can be a maximum of one hero for each faction on the battlefield at the same time. Each hero is available only on certain maps, although there is a team deathmatch mode, exclusive to the Mos Eisley map, that allows all heroes from all factions to compete against each other to earn points by performing kills.

Campaign
Whereas the original Battlefront's campaign featured missions dependent on the chosen faction, Battlefront II contains only one campaign, called Rise of the Empire, which is found in every version of the game except the PlayStation Portable (PSP). This set of missions is presented as the narration from a veteran of the 501st Legion, starting with the Battle of Geonosis at the beginning of the Clone Wars (as depicted in Attack of the Clones) and ending with the Battle of Hoth (as depicted in The Empire Strikes Back). There are a total of 18 missions, four of which are optional space missions.

The PSP version of Battlefront II replaces the Rise of the Empire campaign with three single-player Challenge modes: Imperial Enforcer, Rogue Assassin, and Rebel Raider. In Imperial Enforcer, the player is sent to eliminate indigenous species on several given planets, such as Gungans on Naboo and Ewoks on Endor. Rogue Assassin requires the player to eliminate all Imperial officers on a given sets of planets. Bonus points are awarded for any other kills. Finally, Rebel Raider tasks the player with locating specific objects in a map and returning them to a designated drop point, similar to Capture the flag.

Galactic Conquest
Like its predecessor, Battlefront II includes Galactic Conquest. In this mode, the player commands a fleet throughout the galaxy conquering and protecting planets, much like a game of Risk. When two opposing forces reach the same planet, the game switches to the traditional perspective, and the player must eliminate the enemy faction to gain control of that planet. Players gain credits for performing well which can be used to buy new character classes, a new fleet, or bonuses that provide additional support when attacking or defending a planet. While the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions allow cooperative and competitive battles in Galactic Conquest mode through split-screen gameplay, the PC version does not.

Instant Action
In Instant Action players can choose from any of the game's 24 maps, as well as any available eras and modes. Four other modes are included in addition to the traditional Conquest mode that was found in Star Wars: Battlefront; Hunt mode, Capture the Flag (CTF), which is available in 1-flag and 2-flag variants, Hero Assault and Space Assault.

In Conquest mode, players are required to capture and hold strategic points on the map, known in the game as command posts. Players capture command posts by standing near one until its holograph transitions to blue, indicating it is held by their forces. Players can capture both enemy command posts, which are designated red, and neutral command posts, which are white. For enemy command posts, enemy units can continue to spawn in the area until the post is de-energized and turns white. When all command posts belong to a given team, a twenty-second timer begins in which the opposing team must de-energize a command post or they lose. Alternatively, if one team eliminates all opposing reinforcements, they win.

In Hunt mode, players take on the role of the species indigenous to the chosen planet, or of a faction opposed to that species. The object when playing as the indigenous species is to repel the opposition, or to eliminate the indigenous species if playing as the opposing faction. In 1-flag CTF, both teams attempt to take a common flag and capture it at the enemy's base. This mode is the only one available on ground maps as well as in space. 2-flag CTF tasks players with stealing the enemy's flag and returning it to their base for points.

In Hero Assault, players control iconic Star Wars characters which are divided into two teams, heroes and villains. The sole objective is to be the first team to reach the number of required points, with each kill granting one point. Space Assault allows players to control a starfighter in order to destroy critical systems on the enemy's capital ship or destroy other enemy starfighters for points. The systems of an enemy capital ship can be destroyed in a starfighter by firing at key areas of the ship. Alternatively, players can land in the enemy hangar and sabotage critical systems internally. The game ends when one team has reached the required number of total points.

Plot
The game's campaign mode is told as an autobiography of an unknown clone trooper veteran who recounts the many battles of the 501st Legion. Originally part of the Grand Army of the Republic, the 501st are first deployed during the Battle of Geonosis at the beginning of the Clone Wars, where they capture a Separatist outpost occupied by battle droids and Geonosians. Over the following three years, the legion prove themselves as one of the most efficient in the Clone Army, and are assigned important missions throughout the Clone Wars.

Near the end of the war, the 501st are sent to Mygeeto to aid the 21st Nova Corps, led by Jedi General Ki-Adi Mundi, with the destruction of a Separatist energy generator. Unbeknownst to the Jedi, the clones receive special orders from Supreme Chancellor Palpatine to collect a sample of the generator after its destruction, which would later be used to help power the planet-destroying battle station known as the "Death Star". Following this, the 501st return to Coruscant, which has been attacked by Separatist forces commanded by General Grievous. The clones are ordered to clear the path for Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi to board Grievous' flagship and rescue a captured Palpatine. Next, the 501st are assigned to serve under General Aayla Secura on Felucia, where they defend a damaged AT-TE from several Acklays and Separatist forces in the area. Afterward, the 501st travel to Kashyyyk to clear a path through the Separatist blockade and defend a key Wookiee village.

Shortly after their victory on Kashyyyk, part of the 501st are sent to Utapau to assist the 212th Attack Battalion with the capture of a major Separatist stronghold. Upon their return to Coruscant, Palpatine issues Order 66, which brands all Jedi as traitors to the Republic and orders their summary executions. Under the command of the newly christened Sith Lord Darth Vader, the 501st storm the Jedi Temple to kill all its occupants, while the remaining Jedi who are spread across the galaxy are swiftly murdered by their clone troopers, effectively wiping out the Jedi Order. Meanwhile, Palpatine declares the end of the Clone Wars and the Republic's reorganization into the Galactic Empire.

Now part of the Imperial Army as Darth Vader's personal legion, the 501st are assigned various missions to solidify the Empire's rule. These include forcing a regime change on Naboo by assassinating the Queen, destroying a reactivated droid factory on Mustafar, and eliminating the Kaminoans' new batch of rogue clones. Following the Kamino incident, the Empire halts clone production, and clone troopers are slowly replaced by stormtroopers. The 501st remains one of the few Imperial legions to consist mostly of former clone troopers.

Roughly nineteen years after the end of the Clone Wars, the Empire has been firmly established in the ashes of the Republic. With the galaxy seemingly at peace, the 501st are stationed on the Death Star, but during watch, a prison break is initiated and a group of Rebel prisoners manage to escape with the battle station's schematics. Tasked with recovering them, the 501st attack a Rebel outpost on Polis Massa, and eventually track them down to the Rebel Blockade Runner Tantive IV. Although the 501st manage to kill or capture everyone aboard, including Rebel leader Princess Leia Organa, whom they deliver to Vader, they fail to retrieve the stolen schematics, which are eventually delivered to the Rebel Alliance. Using the schematics to find a weakness in the Death Star, the Alliance leads a successful assault to destroy it. The Empire retaliates by attacking the Alliance's base on Yavin IV, which the 501st captures, avenging their brothers who died in the Death Star's destruction.

Three years later, the Empire locates another Rebel base on Hoth. Tasked with wiping out the weakened Rebel Alliance, the 501st capture the base and destroy most of the evacuating transports. This crushing defeat marks what appears to be the end of the Alliance. The narrator ends the story by stating that the Death Star was eventually rebuilt and the Empire's grip on the galaxy became stronger than ever, all thanks to the efforts of the 501st Legion.

Development
Star Wars: Battlefront II was announced on April 21, 2005, during Star Wars Celebration III held in Indianapolis, Indiana. Developer Pandemic Studios used their in-house engine, known as Zero to develop Battlefront II. The engine was used in Pandemic's other two Star Wars titles, Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the game's predecessor, Star Wars: Battlefront. As with Battlefront, Lua was utilized as the game's scripting language. Battlefront II's release date would be set to coincide with the DVD release of Revenge of the Sith, similar to how Battlefront coincided with the release of the original trilogy on DVD. An Xbox demo of Battlefront II was also included on the Revenge of the Sith extras DVD to further promote the game. LucasArts looked to the fans for inspiration for Battlefront II, browsing forums and using other means to provide feedback for the sequel. Josh Resnick, founder of Pandemic Studios noted that it was difficult to get assets from Revenge of the Sith in order to build the related in-game assets. Peter Hirschmann, vice president of product development at LucasArts, detailed the immense efforts required to get the game to a playable state on the PlayStation Portable. "It was a huge 'pop the champagne' day if you got back one whole frame a second," he stated. LucasArts Engineers working on Indiana Jones and Star Wars development teams were brought in to help optimize game code.

Bob Bergen voices Luke Skywalker, having voice doubled for Mark Hamill in previous Star Wars games such as the Star Wars: Rogue Squadron series. Voice actor Corey Burton recorded lines for Count Dooku, a role he has played in other Star Wars games as well as the Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated series. Obi-Wan Kenobi is portrayed by James Arnold Taylor, who played the role in the cartoon series. Scott Lawrence also returns to voice Darth Vader, a role he has portrayed since the 1994 game Star Wars: TIE Fighter. Other veteran Star Wars voice actors such as Tom Kane, Steve Blum and T.C. Carson also provide voice overs. Temuera Morrison portrays his signature roles Boba Fett, Jango Fett and the game's clone trooper narrator, but does not provide the in-game clone chatter as he did in Battlefront.

On February 15, 2006, Pandemic released a patch for the PC version, which included support for mods and general improvement to the game. Mod tools for the Windows version of the game were subsequently released on February 21, 2006. Included in the download were many of the game's assets, several tutorials, and the tools required to make content for the PC version of the game. A plugin for Softimage XSI included in the mod tools allows users to create new 3D models and animations for the game. The Battlefront II mod tools provide a wider range of capabilities to the end user than the original Battlefront, allowing a user to create anything from user interface changes, to additional gameplay levels, to large-scale modifications. The original assets used to build the retail version of the game were shipped with the mod tool package that was released and allowed users to either modify an existing level or create an entirely new map from scratch. Subsequently, modifications have been created which expand the game further into the Star Wars expanded universe, adding additional locales, characters, Star Wars eras, and fan-created stories.

On December 19, 2005, LucasArts released the first of two downloadable packages for the Xbox version of Battlefront II. The free content added the Hero Assault mode to Kashyyyk. Another Xbox Live download was made available on January 31, 2006, which added two new hero characters, Kit Fisto and Asajj Ventress, as well as four maps from the original Star Wars: Battlefront; Yavin 4: Arena, Bespin: Cloud City, Rhen Var Harbor and Rhen Var Citadel. In addition, Hero Assault modes were also added to Coruscant, Mygeeto, and Naboo. It sold for USD $4.99. The downloadable content is no longer available as the original Xbox Live servers were shut down on April 15, 2010. In late March 2006, the game was added to the Backwards Compatibility List for the Xbox 360, and is now playable on both the original Xbox and the Xbox 360.

On May 4, 2014, it was announced that the Star Wars: Battlefront II Online servers hosted by GameSpy were closing down on May 31, 2014. The Windows version was added to a list of supported games on GameRanger on May 31, 2014, which allows for continued online play. On October 2, 2017, a patch for the Windows version of the game re-enabled multiplayer and added Steam and GOG cross-platform play;  a second patch on January 3, 2018, had minor bug fixes and performance optimizations. A Disney spokesperson told Polygon that GOG was "handling the back end for the game's online play, including the development of patches".

A compilation of the title and its predecessor, titled Star Wars Battlefront Classic Collection, was released for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on March 14, 2024. The compilation was developed by Aspyr and features cross-generation play (PS4 with PS5; Xbox One with Xbox Series X/S) for up to 64 players, and includes the Xbox downloadable content.

Reception and sales
Battlefront II was well received overall. The highest aggregate scored was for the PlayStation 2, which holds an 84% at GameRankings and an 84/100 at Metacritic. The Xbox version ranked similarly, with 84% at GameRankings and 83/100 at Metacritic. The PC and PSP versions scored slightly lower, with a 75% and a 78/100 for the PC and the PSP a 71% and 69/100 at GameRankings and Metacritic, respectively. It placed sixth in overall sales for 2005, according to the NPD Group. The PlayStation Portable version sold over 500,000 copies. It was listed as the second most-played Xbox title in 2007, and placed third in 2008. In 2009 Star Wars: Battlefront II reclaimed second place once more. The PlayStation 2 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game's sales totaled 6 million copies by 2007.

Battlefront II was praised not only for having a much more engaging single-player storyline, but also for fixing many of the issues that plagued the original. Reviewers noted a slight improvement in the intelligence of AI units and praised new varied objectives to obtain victory. PlayStation World argued the strengthened single-player campaign was "unrelenting" and always a good challenge. Publications found the inclusion of space battles a welcome addition; however, GameSpot argued the addition of Jedi, though looking "good on paper", did not end up "feeling as epic" as expected.

Game Revolution argued if the multiplayer was taken away, even the new campaign was not enough to make Battlefront II worth the buy. IGN claimed the game suffers from problems remaining from the original Battlefront, such as a lack of challenging AI characters in single-player mode. Computer-controlled opponents and allies tend to run headlong into gunfire, wander off ledges, and walk into walls. IGN felt that these, along with redundant use of planets featured in previous Star Wars settings, were problems carried over from the original. X-Play hosts Adam Sessler and Morgan Webb gave the game a 4 out of 5, but criticized the online multiplayer.

Non-video game publications praised the quality of the game. CiN Weekly gave it a score of 92 out of 100 and stated "The improved single-player games are worthwhile enough on their own, but if you can find well connected online matches, multiplayer games will keep you addicted for months." The Sydney Morning Herald gave it a score of four stars out of five, saying, "Space conflict complements ground-based action beautifully and jumping into the cockpit of an X-wing or TIE fighter is thrilling." Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version a score of three stars out of four and said "The graphics are pretty, the score divine, the story-driven single-player game is actually cinematic and engaging and the lag, while annoying at times online, has been greatly reduced from the original."


text: User talk:70.105.236.234

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.105.236.234


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan The Fire Man

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by User:Petaholmes. Sjakkalle 07:55, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 02:56, 31 May 2005 Petaholmes deleted "Dan The Fire Man" (nonsense)

Dan The Fire Man
nonsense Bert Vermeulen 00:50, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete joke/nonsense. - Etacar11 00:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm not sure if this is supposed to be a joke or a vanity page or what, but I do know it's not an encylopedia article and isn't about anything that could be turned into one, so it'd be nice if it just went away. -- Captain Disdain 01:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete This user is creating mutiple attack and vanity pages. --Xcali 01:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:QBorg

Articles I created: Falcon's Eye (BBS door) My Contributions

title: User:QBorg


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Pierinae

The Pierinae are a large subfamily of pierid butterflies. The subfamily is one of several clades of butterflies often referred to as the whites.

Species
It includes the following species (additional species can be found under the tribes listed in the adjacent box):

 * Anthocharis belia – Morocco orange tip
 * Anthocharis cethura – desert orangetip
 * Anthocharis cethura catalina – Catalina orangetip
 * Anthocharis damone – eastern orange tip
 * Anthocharis euphenoides – Provence orange tip
 * Anthocharis gruneri – Grüner's orange tip
 * Anthocharis julia – southern Rocky Mountain orangetip
 * Anthocharis lanceolata – gray marble
 * Anthocharis limonea – Mexican orangetip
 * Anthocharis midea – falcate orangetip
 * Anthocharis sara – Sara's orangetip
 * Anthocharis sara thoosa – southwestern orangetip
 * Anthocharis scolymus – yellow tip
 * Anthocharis stella – Stella orangetip
 * Anthocharis stella browningi – Utah Stella orangetip
 * Euchloe belemia – green-striped white
 * Euchloe charlonia – greenish black-tip
 * Euchloe crameri – western dappled white
 * Euchloe olympia – Olympia marble
 * Phoebis avellaneda – red-splashed sulphur
 * Pieris angelika – Arctic white
 * Pieris brassicae – large white
 * Pieris marginalis – margined white
 * Pieris marginalis reicheli – Reichel's margined white
 * Pieris oleracea – mustard white
 * Pieris oleracea frigida – Newfoundland white
 * Pieris rapae – small white
 * Pieris virginiensis – West Virginia white butterfly

title: Pierinae


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Ramón María Narváez

 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, 1st Duke of Valencia (5 August 1799 – 23 April 1868) was a Spanish general and statesman who served as Prime Minister on several occasions during the reign of Isabella II. He was also known in Spain as El Espadón de Loja, "The Big Sword of Loja".

Biography
He was born at Loja, Granada, a son of José María de Narváez y Porcel, 1st Count of Cañada Alta, and wife María Ramona de Campos y Mateos. He entered the army at an early age, and saw active service under Francisco Espoz y Mina in Catalonia in 1822.

He was in his sympathies a Conservative, and could not fully support the Radical opposition to Ferdinand VII, whom he served after his restoration. When the king died in 1833, Narváez became one of the Conservative supporters of Isabel II.

He achieved great popularity by his victory over Miguel Gómez Damas, the Carlist general, at the Battle of Majaceite near Arcos de la Frontera, in November 1836. After clearing La Mancha of brigands by a vigorous policy of suppression in 1838 he was appointed captain-general of Old Castile, and commander-in-chief of the army of reserves.

In 1840, for the part he had taken at Seville in the insurrection against Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and the Progresista party, he was compelled to take refuge in France, where, in conjunction with Maria Cristina, he planned the expedition of 1843 which led to Espartero's overthrow.

On 3 May 1844 Narváez became the 26th prime minister, on 1 July 1844 the 102nd Minister of Foreign Affairs until 21 August 1844, and on 18 November 1845 was created field-marshal and Duque de Valencia, but his policy was too reactionary to be tolerated long, and he was compelled to quit office on 12 February 1846. He then held the post of ambassador at Paris, until again called to preside over the council of ministers as the 28th Prime Minister from 16 March 1846 to 4 April 1846 and 105th Minister of Foreign Affairs from 16 March 1846 to 5 April 1846, and again as the 34th Prime Minister and 111th Minister of Foreign Affairs on 4 October 1847; but misunderstandings with Maria Cristina led to his resignation as Minister on 23 October 1847 and as Prime Minister in the following year on 19 October 1849. On the next day, however, he was recalled as the 36th Prime Minister on 20 October 1849, remaining in office until 10 January 1851.

He was the 58th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword in 1848.

His ministry succeeded that of General Leopoldo O'Donnell for a short time as 45th Prime Minister between 12 October 1856 and 15 October 1856, and he again returned to power for a few months as 52nd Prime Minister between 16 September 1864 and 19 May 1865. He once more replaced O'Donnell as the 54th Prime Minister on 11 July 1866, and was still in office when he died at Madrid on 22 April/23 April 1868. On his deathbed, he was asked to forgive his enemies. His answer would become infamous, as he stated "I don't need to forgive my enemies — I have had them all shot."

He married French Marie Alexandrine de Tascher, 369th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa on 22 July 1844.

He was succeeded in his titles by his nephew, son of his older brother José de Narváez y Campos, 2nd Count of Cañada Alta, and wife and cousin Epifania Porcel y Valdivia, José María de Narváez y Porcel (d. 1890), 2nd Duke of Valencia, 1st Marquess of Oquendo, 3rd Count of Cañada Alta and 2nd Viscount of Aliatar, married to Josefa María del Águila y Cevallos (d. 1888), 13th Marchioness of Espeja, daughter of Luis Ramón del Águila y Alvarado, 12th Marquess of Espeja, and wife Josefa Manuela Petra de Cevallos y Alvarez de Faria (daughter of Pedro de Cevallos y Guerra (1759–1838) and wife Josefa Juana Alvarez de Faria y Sánchez-Zarzosa, maternal aunt of Manuel de Godoy), and had issue.

Honours

 * France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
 * undefined: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew
 * Spain
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
 * Knight of the Order of Alcántara
 * Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece

title: Ramón María Narváez


text: Category:Korean royalty

title: Category:Korean royalty


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Battle of Iuka

The Battle of Iuka was fought on September 19, 1862, in Iuka, Mississippi, during the American Civil War. In the opening battle of the Iuka-Corinth Campaign, Union Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans stopped the advance of the Confederate Army of the West commanded by Maj. Gen. Sterling Price.

Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant brought two armies to confront Price in a double envelopment: Rosecrans's Army of the Mississippi, approaching Iuka from the southwest, and three divisions of his own Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. Edward Ord, approaching from the northwest. Although Grant and Ord planned to attack in conjunction with Rosecrans when they heard the sound of battle, an acoustic shadow suppressed the sound and prevented them from realizing that the battle had begun. After an afternoon of fighting, entirely by Rosecrans's men, the Confederates withdrew from Iuka on a road that had not been blocked by the Union army, marching to rendezvous with Confederate Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn, with whom they would soon fight the Second Battle of Corinth against Rosecrans.

Background

After the Siege of Corinth in May 1862, Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck was promoted to be general in chief of the Union Army and Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant replaced him in command at Corinth, Mississippi. This command was smaller than Halleck's, however, because the Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell now operated as a separate command, leaving Grant command of only his own Army of the Tennessee and Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans's Army of the Mississippi, together about 100,000 men. Since the Confederates had evacuated Corinth that summer, Grant's forces had been engaged in protecting supply lines in western Tennessee and northern Mississippi, with Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's division in Memphis, Maj. Gen. Edward O. C. Ord's division guarding the Union supply line at Corinth, and Rosecrans's army holding the railroad from Corinth east to Iuka. As Confederate General Braxton Bragg moved north from Tennessee into Kentucky in September 1862, Buell pursued him from Nashville. The Confederates needed to prevent Buell from being reinforced by Grant's command.

Confederate Maj. Gen. Sterling Price had been ordered by Bragg to move his Army of the West from Tupelo toward Nashville, Tennessee, in conjunction with Bragg's Kentucky offensive. On September 13, his army reached the town of Iuka in northeastern Mississippi, about 20 miles east of Corinth. It was a small Union supply depot, the easternmost outpost that Grant had established on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Price's cavalry skirmished with pickets posted by the small Union garrison stationed there. On September 14, before dawn, the Union commander, Col. Robert C. Murphy of the 8th Wisconsin Infantry, set fire to the supplies of the depot and marched his 2,000-man brigade back to Corinth. The Confederates dashed in and doused the flames, reaping a large collection of valuable supplies. Rosecrans relieved Murphy and ordered him to be court-martialed.

Price's army settled in Iuka and awaited the arrival of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn's Army of West Tennessee, approximately 7,000 men. The two generals intended to unite and attack Grant's lines of communication in western Tennessee, which would prevent Buell's reinforcement if Grant reacted the way they expected, or might allow them to follow Bragg and support his Northern invasion if Grant acted more passively.

Grant did not wait to be attacked, approving a plan to converge on Price with two columns before Van Dorn, four days march to the southwest, could reinforce him. Grant sent Ord with three Army of the Tennessee divisions (about 8,000 men) along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad to move to Burnsville, take the roads to the north of the railroad and move upon Iuka from the northwest. He also ordered Rosecrans's army on a coordinated move along the Mobile and Ohio Railroad that would bring two divisions (9,000 men) swinging into Iuka from the southwest, closing the escape route for Price's army, while the remainder of that army protected Corinth against any threat from Van Dorn. The relatively complex plan for the two-pronged assault was actually Rosecrans's, who had previously been stationed in Iuka and felt familiar with the area. Grant moved with Ord's headquarters and had little tactical control over Rosecrans during the battle.

Union
Rosecrans's Union Army of the Mississippi fielded approximately 4,500 men, organized as follows:
 * Division of Brig. Gen. David S. Stanley included the brigades of Cols. John W. Fuller and Joseph A. Mower.
 * Division of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Hamilton included the brigades of Col. John B. Sanborn and Brig. Gen. Jeremiah C. Sullivan.
 * Cavalry division of Col. John K. Mizner.

Edward Ord's two divisions did not participate in the main fighting at Iuka.

Confederate
Price's Confederate Army of the West engaged at Iuka amounted to 3,179 men. It was organized as follows:
 * Division of Brig. Gen. Lewis Henry Little included the brigades of Cols. Elijah Gates and John D. Martin, and Brig. Gens. Louis Hébert and Martin E. Green.
 * Cavalry brigade of Brig. Gen. Frank C. Armstrong.

Battle

Ord advanced toward Iuka on the night of September 18 and skirmishing ensued between his reconnaissance patrol and Confederate pickets, about 6 mi from Iuka, before nightfall. Rosecrans was late, having farther to march over roads mired in mud; furthermore, one of his divisions took a wrong turn and had to countermarch to the correct road. On the night of September 18, he notified Grant that he was 20 miles away, but planned to start marching again at 4:30 a.m. and should reach Iuka by midafternoon on September 19. Considering this delay, Grant ordered Ord to move within 4 miles of the town, but to await the sound of fighting between Rosecrans and Price before engaging the Confederates. Ord demanded that the Confederates surrender, but Price refused. Price received dispatches from Van Dorn suggesting that their two armies rendezvous at Rienzi for attacks on the Union Army forces in the area, so Price ordered his men to prepare for a march the next day. Rosecrans's army marched early on September 19, but instead of using two roads as originally planned—the Jacinto and Fulton Roads, approaching Iuka from the southwest and southeast—it followed only the Jacinto Road. Rosecrans was concerned that if he used both roads, the halves of his divided force could not realistically support each other if the Confederates attacked.

Rosecrans was within 2 mi of the town on September 19, pushing back Confederate pickets, when his lead element, Sanborn's brigade, was struck suddenly by Little's Confederate division at 4:30 p.m., on the Mill Road, near the forks of the Jacinto Road and the crossroads leading from it to Fulton (sometimes referred to as the Bay Springs Road). Hamilton deployed his force to the best advantage, his artillery being posted on the only suitable ground. Col. Mizner with a battalion of the 3rd Michigan Cavalry was sent out on the right and the 10th Iowa Infantry and a section of the 11th Ohio Battery formed the left.

Hébert's brigade (five infantry regiments, supported by cavalry) moved forward on the Ohio battery around 5:15 p.m., and although met by a volley from the entire Federal line at 100 yd, it succeeded in reaching the battery before being repulsed twice. On the third attempt the Confederates drove off the gunners and compelled the 48th Indiana to fall back upon the 4th Minnesota. (The 11th Ohio lost 46 of their 54 gunners and three of their four officers. Although the Confederates had captured all six guns of the battery, they were unable to take advantage of them, because all of the horses had been killed in the fighting.) At this time Stanley's division was brought into the action. The 11th Missouri was placed to the right and rear of the 5th Iowa, where it repulsed a last desperate attack of two Mississippi brigades. Fighting, which Price later stated he had "never seen surpassed," continued until after dark. A fresh north wind, blowing from Ord's position in the direction of Iuka, caused an acoustic shadow that prevented the sound of the guns from reaching him, and he and Grant knew nothing of the engagement until after it was over. Ord's troops stood idly while the fighting raged only a few miles away.

Aftermath
During the night both Rosecrans and Ord deployed their forces in the expectation of a renewal of the engagement at daylight, but the Confederate forces had withdrawn. Price had been planning this move since September 18 and Rosecrans's attack merely delayed his departure. The Confederates used the Fulton Road, which the Union army had not blocked, protecting their rear with a heavy rearguard. Stanley shelled the town, driving out a number of stragglers. He and Rosecrans's cavalry pushed on in pursuit of Price for 15 miles, but owing to the exhausted condition of his troops, his column was outrun and he gave up the pursuit. Price's force met up with Van Dorn's army in Ripley five days later. The united Confederates under Van Dorn attacked Corinth on October 3–4.

The Union casualties at Iuka were 790 (144 killed, 598 wounded, 40 captured or missing); the Confederates lost 1,516 (263 killed, 692 wounded, 561 captured or missing). The most senior casualty was Confederate General Little, who was struck in the eye by a bullet while accompanying Price. Among the ordnance stores abandoned by the Confederates were 1,629 stand of arms, a large stock of quartermaster and commissary stores, and 13,000 rounds of ammunition. Grant had partially accomplished his objective—Price was not able to link up with Bragg in Kentucky, but Rosecrans had not been able to destroy the Confederate army or prevent it from linking up with Van Dorn and threatening the critical railroad junction at Corinth.

The Battle of Iuka marked the beginning of a long professional enmity between Rosecrans and Grant. The Northern press gave accounts very favorable to Rosecrans at Grant's expense. Some rumors circulated that the reason Ord's column did not attack in conjunction with Rosecrans was not that the battle was inaudible, but that Grant was drunk and incompetent. Grant's first report of the battle was highly complimentary of Rosecrans, but his second, written after Rosecrans had published his own report, took a markedly negative turn. His third statement was in his Personal Memoirs, where he wrote "I was disappointed at the result of the battle of Iuka—but I had so high an opinion of General Rosecrans that I found no fault at the time."

Historic site
The battlefield site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 2007. The site was open forest and cleared farm land in 1862, but is now largely covered by thick woods and undergrowth. There are no remaining buildings from the time of the battle. The Goyer Cemetery still exists and was near the center of the Union line, though most of the grave markers are gone. The present-day Highway 25 approximates the location of the Jacinto Road used by Rosecrans's Union forces to move north into a defensive position southwest of Iuka.

Land acquisition
The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 58 acres of the Iuka battlefield as of mid-2023.

title: Battle of Iuka


text:
Yagur

Yagur (יָגוּר) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located on the northeastern slopes of Mount Carmel, about 9 km southeast of Haifa, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In it had a population of, making it one of the two largest kibbutzim in the country.

Name
The name Yagur was taken by the founding members from a nearby Arab village called "Yajur". There is a site with a similar name (Jagur) mentioned in the Book of Joshua, though it was located in territory belonging to the Tribe of Judah, far to the south.

History

Yagur was founded in 1922 by a settlement group called Ahva (Brotherhood).

At first, the members worked drying up the swamps surrounding the Kishon River and preparing the land for permanent settlement. They established various agricultural divisions and the kibbutz began to grow.

On 11 April 1931 three members of the kibbutz were killed by members of a cell of the Black Hand.

During the Mandate era, Yagur was an important center for the Haganah. During Operation Agatha on 29 June 1946, the British army conducted a major raid on the kibbutz and located a major arms depot hidden there after receiving a tip from informants. More than 300 rifles, some 100 2-inch mortars, more than 400,000 bullets, some 5,000 grenades and 78 revolvers were confiscated. Many members of the kibbutz were arrested.

Economy
The economy is now based on diversified agriculture and industry. The kibbutz operates a 5-month work-study program for young adults (18-28) in which participants learn conversational Hebrew and work in the kibbutz.

Notable people

 * Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (1895–1965), Knesset member
 * Uziel Gal (1923–2002), designer of the Uzi submachine gun
 * Yoel Marcus (1932–2022), Haaretz commentator
 * Itamar Marzel (born 1949), basketball player
 * Yoram Taharlev (1938–2022), poet, lyricist, author
 * Ruth Westheimer (born Karola Siegel, 1928; known as "Dr. Ruth"), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, professor, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper
 * Assaf Yaguri (1931–2000), Knesset member

title: Yagur


text:
Teenagers from Outer Space (role-playing game)

Teenagers from Outer Space (often abbreviated TFOS) is a rules-light comedy role-playing game written by Michael A. Pondsmith and published by R. Talsorian Games. It was inspired by gag anime such as Urusei Yatsura and Ranma ½. The game was first released in 1987, when anime was still mostly an underground sensation. The game is currently in its third edition, published in 1997. This edition was retooled to play up the anime inspirations after anime had become more mainstream.

At least two modules were published for the original edition. The first was "Field Trip" written by Dave Friedland and published by R. Talsorian Games. The second was "TFOS does Winterfest", written by Douglas Garrett, Paul Lidberg and Michael MacDonald and published under license by Crunchy Frog Enterprises.

In 2001, A2 Press published a TFOS universe expansion book named "The Landing" which was written by Michael Cox. More expansions were supposed to follow.

In 2020, R. Talsorian Games published a supplement for the game titled "Anglers from Planet X" for April Fools' Day.

Concept
The basic setting of Teenagers from Outer Space revolves around aliens making contact with Earth and becoming infatuated with Earth's "teen culture". So much, in fact, that many aliens move to Earth, and enroll their children in Earth schools. This set the stage for a variety of comedic situations.

The 1986 Chris Columbus created CBS Saturday morning cartoon Galaxy High embodied this concept, but in reverse, where humans attended high school on an asteroid.

Characters
Players take on the role of either (somewhat) ordinary Earth teens (Humans) trying to cope with the "new neighbors", or Alien teens trying to fit in on Earth. There are eight stats, ranging from the relatively normal Bod (overall physical strength and agility) and Smarts (intelligence), to stats like Relationship With Parents (how well the character deals with their parents and other authority figures) and Driving. Skills, or "Knacks", are made up by players, with oddly descriptive names like "Drive Like a Maniac", "Fire Raygun", or "Avoid Being Harassed by Authority Figures" recommended.

A stat called Bonk measures damages, but keeping in the comedic nature of the game, characters only suffer temporary cartoon-style injuries and having Bonk reduced to zero only forces a character to sit out one turn. Bonk can also be lost by being the victim of an embarrassing faux pas or devastating put-down.

Aliens can come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but are classified into three basic types: This classification system can also be applied to non-human characters who are not necessarily aliens, such as robots and mythological creatures.
 * Near Humans, who look almost human, except for a few small details (examples include Mr. Spock from Star Trek, or Lum from Urusei Yatsura)
 * Not Very Near Humans, who are humanoid but with a lot of odd, obvious features (examples include the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, or the Puma twins from Dominion)
 * Real Weirdies, who may or may not be humanoid, and always stand out in a crowd (such as the Xenomorphs from the Alien series, or the aragami from Blue Seed)

Alien Teens frequently have one or more bizarre powers such as flight, the ability to throw lightning bolts or breathe fire, shapeshifting, or psychic powers. Humans start with only one special ability, Fake Out (an uncanny knack for fast-talking greenhorn aliens into believing false information about Earth culture), but may start with advantages like increased running speed or durability, or outrageous wealth.

Gameplay
The rules encourage a lot of improvisational and character-based humor. The "GM's tips" section of the rulebook includes a list of suggested gag situations ("routines") the players will have to deal with on a regular basis, from jealous girlfriends, to drill-sergeant gym teachers, to nosey siblings, to unlikely interruptions for make-out sessions.

Influence
Despite the apparent simplicity of the design, TFOS has turned out to be influential in the development of role-playing games. As the first non-mecha anime-based game to achieve a degree of commercial success, it was pivotal in opening the development of that genre. That and the simplicity of the system were major influences on the development of Big Eyes, Small Mouth. It has been very popular on computer networks and is still frequently used in Internet games.

Reception
In the June/July 1987 edition of Adventurer (Issue #11), James Wallis did not like the game, commenting that "the authors couldn't decide whether they wanted to produce a game like Ghostbusters or Toon, and ended up with the worst of both [...] a game which will, if left to its own devices, degenerate into endless goop-gun duels." He also derided the twenty scenario ideas, saying, "Maybe three of them are useable; the rest are too silly for words; and when I say 'silly' I mean 'stupid'."

Stewart Wieck reviewed Teenagers From Outer Space in White Wolf #9 (1988), rating it a 7 out of 10 and stated that "anyone who enjoyed high school the first time around (or if you think you will when you get there) or even those who didn't enjoy it but want to might consider checking this game out."

In the November 1989 edition of the British magazine Games International (Issue 10), Paul Mason warned readers that "This is a stupid game [...] This game only works if the players turn into animals from start to finish and the referee throws all subtlety, intelligence and taste out the window." He concluded by giving the game an average rating of 3 out of 5, saying, "If you like Toon and Ghostbusters, and fancy playing that kind of game in an American high school setting, then Teenagers is great fun."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan called  this "the nuttiest RPG this side of Toon, a minor classic." Swan concluded by giving this game a solid rating of 3 out of 4, saying it "is hands-down the all-time funniest RPG, but be forewarned it takes an experienced referee to realize its potential."

Other reviews

 * Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine v12 n3 (1988 03)
 * InQuest Gamer #34
 * Best Games of 1988 in Games #94


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Talk:Folk Catholicism

I've been curious
One thing I've long been curious about is:

Does each Spanish-speaking country have it's own form of Folk Catholicism? Gringo300 01:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think in some sense. Aztec, Mayan, and Incan tradition has sometimes been included within Folk Catholicism, Day of the Dead is a perfect example. I think Latin American is more about region than country. --Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 12:24, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

minor expansion of article
I expanded this article slightly, based on a couple of considerations:

1. The original article described folk Catholicism as "deviating" from official orthodoxy. Maybe this is a quibble, but to my ear the word "deviating" sounds judgmental (not the aimed-for neutral pov), so I rewrote it to state that varieties of folk Catholicism "often vary" from orthodoxy.

2. I point out that there are practices that can be identified by neutral observers as "folk Catholic" in every Catholic community. The practices in Latin America and the Caribbean are often identified (even stigmatized) as Folk Catholicism because they vary from the practices familiar to European Catholics, but Catholicism in Europe is equally rooted in local ("folk") customs.

If someone wants to expand this article, it could also be pointed out that many standard Catholic celebrations such as Christmas have their origins in "folk" accommodations to pre-Christian local celebrations in Europe.

Finally, to answer the question posed by "Gringo300," I would say that the essence of "folk Catholicism" is the adaption of standard Catholic practice to local conditions. In this sense, not only does each country have its own form, but each Catholic community (not only Spanish-speaking, but also French-, Polish-, Irish-, German-, and English-speaking communities) has its own folk forms of Catholicism. Potosino 14:09, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Oddly specific line
"Modern folk Catholic beliefs and practices include miracle stories about priests in Ireland, stories about apparitions of the Virgin Mary and other saints in Spain, and folk practices surrounding vows to saints in Latin America and Europe."

Miracle stories are ubiquitous in Catholic saints (both recognized and unrecognized), many of whom were priests, so they are not exclusive of Ireland. Marian apparitions also lists examples in several countries other than Spain, and are not even exclusive of Catholicism.--Menah the Great (talk) 02:57, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Apparitions...
The Church either approves or condemns individual apparitions, however the approval of an apparition is not dogmatic therefore one could be a completely faithful Catholic without believing in particular approved apparitions without contradicting one's Catholic Faith. However, the article cites Medjugorje, which is a condemned apparition. Perhaps Fatima or Lourdes would be better examples? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.9.42.136 (talk) 11:22, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi, 103. I was trying to think of some gray areas of Catholic devotional practice that might fit the definition of "folk Catholicism".  While Medjugorje has indeed been condemned by at least two of the local ordinaries, the pontiff may take several more months before he makes the final decision on the Vatican commission's report.  So while the Church does indeed either approve or condemn individual apparitions, it doesn't do so overnight.  The root of the problem with the article is that its definition of "folk Catholicism" needs to be made more clear.  (I'm not sure I could accept some anthropologist's definition if it tried to say that Voodoo, for example, is a form of Catholicism, because it isn't.)  --71.178.50.222 (talk) 00:22, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Considerations in the Article
There is a distinct lack of citations in the article. Sources are listed but not referenced and the only piece with citations comes at the very end and all together. The sources (not necessarily the references) seem like they would be reliable ones but there is no way to verify that those sources informed the article since they are not cited. The article states that the Church considers the death cult in Mexico as blasphemous but the article it is referencing does not say the Church but talks about a cardinal of the Church. And he seems to be trying to separate the Church from the drug cartels more than anything else. BrightestTwilight (talk) 22:26, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Should be expanded
suggestions: there is an en.wiki article on a cathedral in Marseille called Notre Dame de something or other, with an extensive description of all the offerings left with prayers about the sea by sailors. Also, Acoma and Laguna Pueblo have a procession of the Virgin Mary. The virgin of Guadeloupe should probably also be mentioned Elinruby (talk) 08:45, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folk Catholicism


text:
Talk:Marxist Philosophy Forum

What to do with this article
It's about two groups, neither of which appears to be notable. I think it would be best to turn it into a disambiguation page, with one link to Workers' Revolutionary Party (UK) and the other to Revolutionary Communist Group (UK). Fences &  Windows  01:30, 20 February 2010 (UTC)
 * well, Banda was a somewhat more prominent figure in the UK far left, I suggest moving the article to MPF and deleting the mentions of the definately non-notable second group. --Soman (talk) 19:32, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marxist Philosophy Forum


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Rick Rizzs

Rick Rizzs (born November 17, 1953) is an American sportscaster and is the lead radio voice for Major League Baseball's Seattle Mariners.

Early life and career
Rizzs is from Blue Island, Illinois, where he attended Eisenhower High School, and he is a 1975 graduate of Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. From 1975 to 1980, he handled baseball play-by-play duties at the double-A level for Alexandria, Louisiana, Amarillo, Texas and Memphis, Tennessee. He became the sports director at WBNS radio in Columbus, Ohio in 1981, where he called Ohio State football and triple-A baseball for two seasons. He was named the Ohio "Sportscaster of the Year" in 1981 by the Ohio Sportscasters Association.

Seattle Mariners and Detroit Tigers
Beginning in 1983, Rizzs broadcast Mariners games along with Dave Niehaus. In 1992, Rizzs moved to WJR in Detroit as the sports director, and assumed duties as the new radio play-by-play voice of the Detroit Tigers. The previous announcer, Ernie Harwell, who had been with the Tigers since the 1960 season, had been fired in late 1991. Harwell's dismissal was not at all popular with fans; teaming with Bob Rathbun (also in his first year with the team, replacing Paul Carey, who retired) proved difficult and both were let go after the end of the 1994 season. Rizzs returned to Seattle, where he remains to this day. In 2000, Rizzs was named the Chicago-area sportscaster of the year by the Chicago Pitch and Hit Club.

Although he previously broadcast Mariners games on both television and radio, Rizzs was transferred prior to the 2007 season to work exclusively on Mariners radio broadcasts. For the first three innings, he was accompanied by Dave Sims, who was hired prior to the 2007 season, and for the remainder of the game he was accompanied by the late Dave Niehaus (as Sims and Niehaus switched positions after the third inning). Rizzs did play-by-play for the first three and one-half innings, and again in the 7th inning. In games that went to extra innings, Rizzs did the play-by-play for the even-numbered innings.

With the death of Niehaus on November 10, 2010, Rizzs became the Mariners lead radio voice.

During the 2011–2012 seasons, Rizzs did broadcasts of Mariners baseball with a rotation of guest color commentators, including former Mariners Dan Wilson and Jay Buhner, and former Mariners announcers Ron Fairly, Ken Wilson, Ken Levine, and Dave Valle.

In January 2013, it was announced Rizzs' new radio partner would be Aaron Goldsmith, formerly of the Pawsox Radio Network. His partner Goldsmith does the play-by-play for the 3rd, 6th, and 7th inning, as well as even innings when the game goes into extra innings.

Catchphrases
Rizzs is noted for using the following catchphrases on Mariner broadcasts:

"Goodbye baseball!"- used on home run calls.

"Holy smoke(s)!"/"How about that?"- used for exciting plays.

"Get out the rye bread and mustard, Grandma, it is grand salami time! Holy smokes!"- used when the Mariners get a grand slam. Formerly used (except for Holy smokes!) by his longtime radio partner Dave Niehaus.

"Grandma, get out the rye bread and mustard, it is grand salami time!"- alternative grand slam call made by Rizzs.

"How about that, buddy?"- also used after a Mariners player hit a grand slam, in honor of his longtime broadcaster partner/friend Dave Niehaus.

"Happy totals"- used during the postgame when the Mariners win the ballgame, now taken over by Aaron Goldsmith. It was originally used by Chicago Cubs broadcasters in the 1970s.

Personal life
Rizzs resides in Issaquah, Washington.

Rizzs provided the commentary for the 2005 GameCube game Nintendo Pennant Chase Baseball, but the game's US release was canceled.

With former Mariner player Dave Henderson, Rizzs co-founded a charity that provides Christmas gifts to children.

In December 2022, Rizzs was diagnosed with Grade 1 prostate cancer.

In July 2023, Rizzs was involved in an all-terrain vehicle accident in which he suffered a fractured vertebra in his neck, two fractured vertebrae in his back, a fractured rib, and cuts on his head and ear.

title: Rick Rizzs


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Stir Crazy (restaurant)

Stir Crazy was a restaurant chain based in Chicago, Illinois, and other states that specialized in Asian-style stir fry food and other Asian-themed dishes.

Stir Crazy features a Market Bar or "build your own stir fry" menu, where the customer creates a custom stir fry dish from about 30 different vegetables, spices, and sauces. After placing the selections in a small wok, the customer hands it to a chef who prepares it along with a choice of meats, fish, rice, and/or noodles. The stir fry is cooked in front of the customer.

The menu features many traditional Asian appetizers and entrees which are prepared to order and a Crazy Buddha Bar, which serves both traditional drinks and unique Stir Crazy creations. Stir Crazy had locations in Illinois, Michigan, Florida, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Minnesota. In August 2009, Stir Crazy Restaurants LLC merged with Flat Top Grill, also based in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, to form Flat Out Crazy, LLC.

On July 18, 2013, Stir Crazy filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

title: Stir Crazy (restaurant)


text: User talk:203.166.5.68

title: User talk:203.166.5.68


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Moritz von Strachwitz

Moritz Karl Wilhelm Anton Graf von Strachwitz (13 March 1822 – 11 December 1847) was a German lyric poet.

Strachwitz was born in Peterwitz, Silesia (today Stoszowice Poland). After studying in Breslau and Berlin he settled on his estate in Moravia, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits. When travelling in Italy in 1847 he was taken ill in Venice, and died in Vienna. Although he had thus only reached his twenty-fifth year, he revealed a lyric genius of remarkable force and originality.

His first collection of poems, Lieder eines Erwachenden (Songs of an Awakening) appeared in 1842 and went through several editions. Neue Gedichte (New Poems) were published after his death in 1848. These poems are characteristic of the transition through which the German lyric was passing between 1840 and 1848; the old Romantic strain is still dominant, especially in his ballads, which are unquestionably his finest productions; but, side by side with it, there is to be seen the influence of Platen, to whose warmest admirers Strachwitz belonged, as well as echoes of the restless political spirit of those eventful years. His political lyric was, however, tempered by an aristocratic restraint which was absent from the writings of men like Herwegh and Freiligrath. Strachwitz's early death in Vienna was a great loss to German letters; for he was by far the most promising of the younger lyric poets of his time.

title: Moritz von Strachwitz


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Troll Wall

The or  is part of the mountain massif Trolltindene (Troll Peaks) in the Romsdalen valley in Rauma Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located to the south of the towns of Åndalsnes and Molde inside the Reinheimen National Park. The Troll Wall is the tallest vertical rock face in Europe, about 1100 m from its base to the summit of its highest point. At its steepest, the summit ridge overhangs the base of the wall by nearly 50 m. The Rauma River, the Rauma railway and the European Route E136 run just to the east of the wall.

The rock is gneiss, formed into a broken rock wall of huge corners, concave roofs, and crack systems, topped with a series of spires and pinnacles on the summit rim. The rock is generally loose, and rockfall is the norm on this north-facing big wall. There was a series of large rockfalls on the wall in September 1998, radically changing the character of several climbing routes.

The wall has been a destination for climbers and BASE jumpers alike. Carl Boenish, the "father" of BASE jumping, was killed on the Troll Wall in 1984 shortly after setting the world record for the highest BASE jump in history. His wife, Jean Boenish, jumped with him and held the record until Valery Rozov jumped off Mount Cho Oyu in 2017, jumping from 25,250 ft. BASE jumping from the Troll Wall has been illegal since 1986.

Climbing history
The Troll Wall was first climbed in 1965 by a Norwegian team. The Norwegian team, consisting of Ole Daniel Enersen, Leif Norman Patterson, Odd Eliassen, and Jon Teigland, finished one day ahead of the British climbers Tony Howard, John Amatt, and Bill Tweedale, who established the most popular climbing route on the wall, the Rimmon Route. As of 2003, this route was reported unclimbable because a rockfall in September 1998 destroyed five of its pitches.

The wall saw its first winter ascent in March 1974, when Wojciech Kurtyka from Poland spent 13 days repeating the 1967 French Route.

In 1979, the wall was free climbed for the first time by local climber Hans Christian Doseth and Ragnhild Amundsen.

Today, there are many routes on the wall, ranging in length and difficulty. The classic Rimmon and Swedish routes were normally free-climbed in a day or two until being heavily damaged by the 1998 rock falls. The longer and more engaging aid routes, such as the 1972 test piece Arch Wall (climbed by Ed and Hugh Drummond in 20 days), or the 1986 Death to All/Pretty Blond Vikings, which cuts through the steepest part of the wall, require advanced knowledge of big wall climbing and several days on the wall.

Due to the serious character of the wall, in addition to a cold and damp climate, new routes on Troll Wall are rare. In February 2002, a Russian team established the Krasnoyarsk Route for 19 days. The 1200 m long Krasnoyarsk, graded f6c+/A4+, is generally thought to be the hardest aid route on the wall and was awarded first prize in the 2002 All Russia Winter Mountaineering Championships.

In July 2010, Arch Wall, previously a serious aid route of difficulty up to A4+, saw its first all-free ascent by local climber Sindre Sæther and his father, Ole Johan. Arch Wall is about 1200 m of climbing over 37 pitches, and it took the two a total of 36 hours of climbing to reach the summit.

In July 2012, Sindre and Ole Johan Sæther repeated the feat by free climbing the Krasnoyarsk Route.

The most recent contribution to climbs on the Troll Wall is Katharsis, established by Polish climbers Marek Raganowicz and Marcin Tomaszewski over 18 days in January and February 2015. According to Planetmountain.com, the new route shares the first two pitches of the French Route, before forging a line between the Russian Route and Arch Wall. The team reported of difficulties up to A4/M7.

Other sports
In 1980, a new sport debuted when the Finn Jorma Öster made the first parachute jump from the Troll Wall. It was one of the pioneering sites of European BASE jumping during the first half of the 1980s. However, after a number of fatalities, Norwegian authorities made BASE jumping from the Troll Wall illegal on 25 July 1986. Eight BASE jumpers are known to have died at the Troll Wall. The first recorded fatality was Carl Boenish in 1984 while the most recent was in 2012. Despite being illegal, BASE jumpers jump from the Troll Wall most summers, and are generally able to flee before the police arrive.

In February 2018, Spanish ski mountaineer Kilian Jornet was the first to ski down the Troll Wall. He had previously climbed the route.

title: Troll Wall


text:
Reese Schonfeld

Maurice Wolfe "Reese" Schonfeld (November 5, 1931 –July 28, 2020) was an American television journalist and executive. Trained as a lawyer, he co-founded CNN with Ted Turner in 1980, and went on to establish Food Network in 1993.

Early life and education
Schonfeld was born in Newark, New Jersey, on November 5, 1931. He was of Jewish descent, the grandson of Yiddish-speaking immigrants. His father, Philip, worked as a partner in a glass-and-mirror company; his mother, Sarah (Wolfe), was a housewife, secretary, and bookkeeper. He got the nickname "Reese" as a result of his younger sister's mispronunciation of Maurice. He graduated from Weequahic High School. He went on study at Dartmouth College, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1953. He subsequently earned an M.A. and J.D. degrees from Columbia University. However, he never went into practice.

Career
Schonfeld began his career with United Press Movietone News in 1956. Later he became vice president of United Press International Television News; when its U.S. business was purchased by Television News Inc. (TVN) in 1974, he joined that company for a year. In 1975, after TVN folded, he founded the Independent Television News Association, a service that provided independent television stations with pooled news coverage via satellite.

Birth of CNN
Ted Turner approached Schonfeld to find out about satellites. Schonfeld recalls Turner asking him how much a satellite would cost, and upon hearing the sum Turner exclaimed "only a million dollars a year?", after which Turner acquired his first satellite. Approximately a year later he was approached again by Turner, who wanted to found a 15-hour all-news channel. Schonfeld convinced Turner to increase to a 24-hour news channel. Schonfeld calculated it could be done with a staff of approximately 300 if they used an all-electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15–20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarters in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). He hired Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports; Ted Kavanau as director of personnel; and Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC, as vice president of production and operations. While at CNN, Schonfeld is credited with originating the 24-hour cable news concept. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Ted Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman and was succeeded as president by CNN's executive vice president, Burt Reinhardt.

Post-CNN
After leaving CNN, Schonfeld joined Cablevision Systems in New York, where he developed and oversaw the first 24-hour all-news service on a local cable system, News 12 Long Island. He also produced People Magazine on TV for CBS, and assisted in developing "News Channel 8" for Allbritton Communications Company.

Schonfeld subsequently worked with Time Warner in planning the International Business Channel. He designed and implemented the Medical News Network, an interactive TV news service, for Whittle Communications in 1993. He also served on the board of Robert Halmi International before it was sold to Hallmark.

In 1992, Schonfeld began developing Food Network (originally the TV Food Network), which launched on November 23, 1993. He acted as president of the network, which was sold to Belo Broadcasting in 1996 and was later resold to the E. W. Scripps Company. Schonfeld sold his interest in Food Network to Scripps in 1999. He continued consulting for various media projects and occasionally contributed to The Huffington Post.

Personal life
Schonfeld was married to Pat O'Gorman from 1978 to his death. O'Gorman was sister to poet Ned O'Gorman. Together they had one child— Juliette born in 1966, twelve days before the birth of his youngest child with Karen Lamberti his wife at the time. The marriage with Lamberti ended in divorce 4 years after the births of his two last children once the affair became known. Schonfeld had 5 children with Karen Lamberti between 1960 and 1966; Alexander, Ellen, Orrin, William, and Jennifer Ida. Schonfeld was the author of Me and Ted Against the World, an account of the development and early history of CNN, and "The Global Battle for Cultural Domination", an essay in Developing Cultures: Essays on Cultural Change.

Schonfeld died on July 28, 2020, at his home in Manhattan. He was 88 and had suffered from complications of Alzheimer's disease.

General

 * Biography, The Huffington Post
 * Kevin Downey, Reese Schonfeld on the rise and fall of CNN, Media Life Magazine, March 19, 2001

title: Reese Schonfeld


text:
Sagittaria

Sagittaria is a genus of about 30 species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Description
Sagittaria plant stock (the perennial rhizome) is a horizontal creeper (stoloniferous). The leaf grows up to .3-.9 m tall, with a shape resembling an arrowhead. Between July and September, a single stalk bears groups of three white flowers with three petals each. It is obliquely obovate, the margins winged, with an apical or ventral beak; in other words, they are a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that do not open to release the seed, set on a slant, narrower at the base, with winged edges, and having a "beaked" aperture (one side longer than the other) for sprouting, set above or below the fruit body.

Species
accepted species include:

 * 1) Sagittaria aginashii Makino – Japan, Korea, Primorye
 * 2) Sagittaria ambigua J.G.Sm. – Missouri Arrowhead – from Oklahoma to Indiana
 * 3) Sagittaria australis (J.G.Sm.) Small – Appalachian Arrowhead – southeastern US from Louisiana to Florida and as far north as Iowa and New Jersey
 * 4) Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush – Shortbeak Arrowhead – central US (Great Plains, Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Great Lakes); also Virginia and Saskatchewan; naturalized in California
 * 5) Sagittaria calycina Engelm. – Central & S. U.S.A. to N. Mexico.
 * 6) Sagittaria chapmanii (J.G.Sm.) C.Mohr – from Texas to the Carolinas
 * 7) Sagittaria cristata Engelm – Crested arrowhead – Great Lakes region
 * 8) Sagittaria cuneata E.P.Sheld. – Wapato, Northern Arrowhead, Swamp Potato – most of Canada including Yukon and Northwest Territories; Alaska; western and northeastern US
 * 9) Sagittaria demersa J.G.Sm. – Chihuahuan arrowhead – New Mexico, northeastern Mexico
 * 10) Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G.Sm. – Engelmann's arrowhead – eastern US from Mississippi to Vermont
 * 11) Sagittaria fasciculata E.O.Beal – Bunched Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
 * 12) Sagittaria filiformis J.G.Sm. – Threadleaf Arrowhead – eastern US from Alabama to Maine
 * 13) Sagittaria graminea Michx. – Grassy Arrowhead, Grass-leaved Arrowhead – Cuba; much of eastern and central US; eastern Canada; naturalized in Washington State and in Vietnam
 * 14) Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth – Guyanese Arrowhead – widespread across Latin America, the West Indies, China, India, Southeast Asia; introduced into Louisiana
 * 15) Sagittaria intermedia Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Greater Antilles, Colombia, southern Mexico
 * 16) Sagittaria isoetiformis J.G.Sm. – Quillwort Arrowhead – Cuba, from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Carolinas
 * 17) Sagittaria kurziana Glück – Springtape or Strap-leaf Sagittaria – Florida; naturalized in Mariana Islands
 * 18) Sagittaria lancifolia L. – Bulltongue Arrowhead – southeastern US from Texas to Delaware; West Indies; Latin America from southern Mexico to Brazil
 * 19) Sagittaria latifolia Willd. – Duck-potato, Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Wapato – widespread across most of North America, the West Indies and northern South America; naturalized in Hawaii, the western Himalayas and parts of Europe
 * 20) Sagittaria lichuanensis J.K.Chen, X.Z.Sun & H.Q.Wang – southern China
 * 21) Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J.G. Sm. – Longbarb Arrowhead – southern Great Plains, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela
 * 22) Sagittaria × lunata C.D.Preston & Uotila – Sweden, Finland, northern Russia   (S. natans × S. sagittifolia)
 * 23) Sagittaria macrocarpa J.G.Sm. – Large-fruited Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
 * 24) Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. – Papa de agua – Mexico
 * 25) Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. – California Arrowhead – widespread across much of US, Mexico and South America
 * 26) Sagittaria natans Pall. – widespread across northern Europe and Asia from Sweden to Kamchatka; Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Japan, Korea
 * 27) Sagittaria papillosa Buchenau – Nipplebract Arrowhead – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma
 * 28) Sagittaria planitiana G.Agostini – Brazil, Venezuela
 * 29) Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. – Delta Arrowhead, Delta Duck-potato – south-central US with scattered populations in southeast, the Ohio Valley and Washington State; also Mexico and Panama; naturalized in South Australia, Italy, Java, Caucasus
 * 30) Sagittaria potamogetifolia Merr. – southern China
 * 31) Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. – Pygmy arrowhead – China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas, Thailand, Vietnam
 * 32) Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham. – Costa Rica; widespread across much of South America
 * 33) Sagittaria rigida Pursh. – Canadian Arrowhead – Canada from Quebec to Saskatchewan; common in northeastern and north-central US from Arkansas and Nebraska east to Virginia and New England; scattered populations in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington State; naturalised in Great Britain
 * 34) Sagittaria sagittifolia L. – Arrowhead – widespread across most of Europe; Siberia, Caucasus, Turkey
 * 35) Sagittaria sanfordii Greene – Valley Arrowhead – endemic to California
 * 36) Sagittaria secundifolia Kral – Little River Arrowhead – Georgia and Alabama
 * 37) Sagittaria siamaginashi Shiga & K.Itoh – Myanmar to Thailand
 * 38) Sagittaria spatulata (J.G.Sm.) Buchenau - New Brunswick to Maryland.
 * 39) Sagittaria sprucei Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, northern Brazil
 * 40) Sagittaria subulata L. Buchenau – Narrow-leaved Arrowhead – eastern US from Louisiana to Massachusetts; naturalized in Great Britain, Azores and Java
 * 41) Sagittaria tengtsungensis H.Li – Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Yunnan
 * 42) Sagittaria teres S.Watson – Slender Arrowhead  – northeastern US
 * 43) Sagittaria trifolia L. – Threeleaf Arrowhead – widespread across much of Asia including Siberia, China, Japan, India, Iran, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.; also Ukraine and European Russia; naturalized in Fiji and Polynesia
 * 44) Sagittaria weatherbiana Fernald –Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

Deprecated

 * Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F.Macbr. (as S. palaefolia Nees & Mart. )
 * Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. (as S. obtusifolia L. )
 * Wiesneria triandra (Dalzell) Micheli (as S. triandra Dalzell )

Etymology
The genus comes from the Latin word sagittārius, meaning 'pertaining to arrows', owing to the leaf shape of many species.

Uses

Many species have edible roots, prized for millennia as a reliable source of starch and carbohydrates, even during the winter. Some are edible raw, though are less bitter when cooked. They can be harvested by hand or by treading the mud in late fall or early spring, causing light root tubers to float to the surface. The plants are easy to propagate by replanting the roots.

Native American peoples such as the Algonquian, Omaha, Pawnee, and Winnebago used the tubers for food, prepared by boiling or roasting. They were also planted and eaten in China.

In culture
Other names are Pshitola (Dakota), Si" (Omaha-Ponca), Si-poro (Winnebago) and Kirit (Pawnee), 'cricket' (from the likeness of the tuber to the form of a cricket); known also as kits-hat, 'standing in water', the tuber being termed kirit.

Sagittaria is mentioned in the Omaha myths "Ishtinike and the Four Creators" and "How the Big Turtle Went to War".

In 1749, Peter Kalm mentioned Sagittaria as a food plant among the Algonquian peoples:

"Katniss is another Indian name of a plant, the root of which they were likewise accustomed to eat, ... It grows in low, muddy, and very wet ground. The root is oblong, commonly an inch and a half long, and one inch and a quarter broad in the middle; but some of the roots have been as big as a man’s fists. The Indians either boiled this root or roasted it in hot ashes. ... Their katniss is an arrow-head or Sagittaria, and is only a variety of the Swedish arrow-head or Sagittaria sagittifolia, for the plant above the ground is entirely the same, but the root under ground is much greater in the American than in the European."American explorers Lewis and Clark used arrowhead tubers to survive the winter of 1805–1806.

title: Sagittaria


text:
1973 NHL amateur draft

The 1973 NHL Amateur Draft was the 11th NHL Entry Draft. It was the first to be held on a separate day from other league activities on May 15, 1973, at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal, Quebec, so it would not overshadow the rest of the league meetings. Previously, the league had held the amateur draft in mid-June. It also marks the second time the meeting took place at the Mount Royal Hotel rather than the Queen Elizabeth Hotel.

Eligible for the draft were all amateur players born before January 1, 1954. The NHL paid a lump sum to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association to support major junior hockey as a group. Teams could offer a player a contract at any time after the draft without risking re-entry in a future NHL draft.

The last active players in the NHL from this draft class were Lanny McDonald and Bob Gainey, who both retired after the 1988–89 season.

Selections by round
Below are listed the selections in the 1973 NHL amateur draft.

Round one

 * 1) The Montreal Canadiens' first-round pick went to the Atlanta Flames as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's two first-round picks and second-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta's first-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft, first-round pick in 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and second-round pick in 1978 NHL Amateur Draft.
 * Montreal previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 8, 1972, that sent Montreal's second-round pick in 1972 NHL Amateur Draft (Stan Weir) to California in exchange for California's first-round and second-round picks in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft as settlement of waiver draft payment owed from California to Montreal for California selecting Carol Vadnais in the 1968 intra-league draft.
 * 1) The Montreal Canadiens' first-round pick went to the St. Louis Blues as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent St. Louis' first-round and fourth-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and first-round pick in 1975 NHL Amateur Draft in exchange for Montreal's third-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * The Montreal previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's two first-round picks (#2 - Tom Lysiak) and second-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta's first-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft, first-round pick in 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and second-round pick in 1978 NHL Amateur Draft.
 * 1) The Los Angeles Kings' first-round pick went to the Boston Bruins as the result of a trade on May 14, 1969, that sent Ross Lonsberry and Eddie Shack to Los Angeles in exchange for Los Angeles' first round pick in 1973, Ken Turlik and this pick.
 * 2) The St. Louis Blues' first-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's first-round pick (John Davidson) and third-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to St. Louis in exchange for St. Louis' fourth-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft, first-round pick in 1975 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 3) The Montreal Canadiens' first-round pick went to the Vancouver Canucks as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Vancouver's first-round pick in 1974 NHL Amateur Draft in exchange for this pick.
 * The Canadiens previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 10, 1968, that sent Minnesota's first-round pick (Dave Gardner) in 1972 NHL Amateur Draft, a player to be named later (Andre Pronovost) and this pick to Montreal in exchange for Danny Grant, Claude Larose and future considerations (Bob Murdoch on May 25, 1971).
 * 1) The Philadelphia Flyers' first-round pick went to the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Toronto's second-round pick in 1973 and the rights to Bernie Parent to Philadelphia in exchange for future considerations (Doug Favell) and this pick.
 * 2) The Boston Bruins' first-round pick went to the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on March 3, 1973, that sent Jacques Plante and Toronto's third-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft in exchange for future considerations (Eddie Johnston) and this pick.
 * 3) The Montreal Canadiens' first-round pick went to the Atlanta Flames as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's two first-round picks (#2 - Tom Lysiak) and second-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta's first-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft (#5 - STL - John Davidson), first-round pick in 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and second-round pick in 1978 NHL Amateur Draft.

Round two

 * 1) The New York Islanders' second-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on June 6, 1972, that sent Alex Campbell, Denis DeJordy, Glenn Resch and future considerations (Germain Gagnon) to the Islanders in exchange for cash and this pick.
 * 2) The Montreal Canadiens' second-round pick went to the Minnesota North Stars as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Minnesota's second-round pick in 1975 NHL Amateur Draft in exchange for this pick.
 * Montreal previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 8, 1972, that sent Montreal's second-round pick (Stan Weir) in 1972 NHL Amateur Draft to California in exchange for California's first-round (ATL - Tom Lysiak) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick as settlement of waiver draft payment owed from California to Montreal for California selecting Carol Vadnais in the 1968 intra-league draft.
 * 1) The Toronto Maple Leafs' second-round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Philadelphia's first-round pick (Bob Neely) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and future considerations (Doug Favell) to Toronto in exchange for the rights to Bernie Parent and this pick.
 * 2) The Montreal Canadiens' second-round pick went to the Atlanta Flames as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Atlanta's first-round pick (#5 - STL - John Davidson) in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft, first-round pick in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and second-round pick in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft to Montreal in exchange for Montreal's two first-round picks (#2 - Tom Lysiak and #16 - Vic Mercredi) in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * Montreal previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 16, 1972, that sent Rey Comeau and Lynn Powis to Atlanta for cash and this pick.
 * 1) The Los Angeles Kings' second-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on January 26, 1971, that sent Ralph Backstrom to Los Angeles in exchange for Ray Fortin, Gord Labossiere and this pick.

Round three

 * 1) The Toronto Maple Leafs' third-round pick went to the Boston Bruins as the result of a trade on March 3, 1973, that sent Boston's first-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft (Ian Turnbull) and future considerations (Eddie Johnston) to Toronto in exchange for Jacques Plante and this pick.
 * 2) The Atlanta Flames' third-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on August 10, 1972, that sent Noel Price to Atlanta in exchange for cash and this pick.
 * 3) The Pittsburgh Penguins' third-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on February 25, 1973, that sent Andy Brown to Pittsburgh in exchange for cash and this pick.
 * 4) The St. Louis Blues' third-round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on December 14, 1972, that sent Brent Hughes and Pierre Plante to St. Louis in exchange for Andre Dupont and this pick.
 * 5) The Montreal Canadiens' third-round pick went to the St. Louis Blues as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent St. Louis' first-round pick (Bob Gainey) and fourth-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and first-round pick in 1975 NHL Amateur Draft to Montreal in exchange for Montreal's first-round pick (John Davidson) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.

Round four

 * 1) The St. Louis Blues' fourth-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's first-round pick (John Davidson) and third-round pick (Bob Gassoff) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to St. Louis in exchange for St. Louis' first-round pick (Bob Gainey) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft, first-round pick in 1975 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.

Round seven

 * 1) The New York Rangers' seventh-round pick went to the New York Islanders as the result of a trade on June 6, 1972, that the Islanders' promised to not take certain players in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft in exchange for Rangers' eight-round pick in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.

Round eight

 * 1) The Los Angeles Kings' eighth-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.
 * 2) The New York Rangers' seventh-round pick went to the New York Islanders as the result of a trade on June 6, 1972, that sent the Islanders' promised to not take certain players in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft in exchange for Rangers' seventh-round pick in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft (Denis Andersen) and this pick.

Round nine

 * 1) The St. Louis Blues' ninth-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to St. Louis in exchange for St. Louis' tenth-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 2) The Buffalo Sabres' ninth-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo's tenth-round pick, eleventh-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 3) The New York Rangers' ninth-round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to the Rangers in exchange for this pick.

Round ten

 * 1) The New York Islanders' tenth-round pick went to the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to the Islanders in exchange for the Islanders' eleventh-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 2) The Los Angeles Kings' tenth-round pick went to the Atlanta Flames as the result of a trade on June 6, 1972, that the Flames' promised to not take certain players in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft in exchange for Los Angeles' ninth-round pick in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft (Jean Lamarre) and this pick.
 * 3) The St. Louis Blues' tenth-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to St. Louis in exchange for St. Louis' ninth-round pick (Dennis O'Brien) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 4) The Buffalo Sabres' tenth-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo's ninth-round (Ray Bibeau), eleventh-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.

Round eleven

 * 1) The New York Islanders' eleventh-round pick went to the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to the Islanders in exchange for the Islanders' tenth-round pick (Lee Palmer) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.
 * 2) The Toronto Maple Leafs' eleventh-round pick went to the Minnesota North Stars as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Toronto in exchange for this pick.
 * 3) The Los Angeles Kings' eleventh-round pick went to the Minnesota North Stars as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.
 * 4) The Buffalo Sabres' eleventh-round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent cash to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo's ninth-round (Ray Bibeau), tenth-round pick (Mitch Brandt) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and this pick.  The Red Wings passed on making a selection.

Round thirteen

 * 1) The New York Rangers' thirteenth-round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent Montreal's thirteenth-round pick in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to the Rangers in exchange for this pick.
 * 2) The Montreal Canadiens' thirteenth-round pick went to the New York Rangers as the result of a trade on May 15, 1973, that sent the Rangers' thirteenth-round pick (Louis Chiasson) in 1973 NHL Amateur Draft to Montreal in exchange for this pick.  The Rangers passed on making a selection.

title: 1973 NHL amateur draft


text:
Jan Piwnik

Jan Piwnik (31 August 1912 – 16 June 1944) was a Polish World War II soldier, a cichociemny and a notable leader of the Home Army in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. He used the nickname Ponury ("Gloomy" or "Grim") and Donat.

Biography
Jan Piwnik was born on 31 August 1912 in the village of Janowice, Kielce Voivodeship (1919–39), Second Polish Republic, to Jan, a farmer, and Zofia (Kłonica) Piwnik.

In 1933, he graduated from a reserve NCO artillery school in Włodzimierz Wołyński. In 1935, he joined the Polish police, where he served as an officer.

Mobilized in 1939, during the invasion of Poland by Germany, he commanded a motorized unit of the police. When the Soviets also attacked, on 23 September he and his unit crossed the Hungarian border and were interned. Piwnik managed to escape from the internment camp. In November 1939, he reported to the Polish Government in Exile in Paris. He joined the Polish Army, reconstituted in France at that time and was assigned to the 4th Rifle Brigade (en cadre).

After evacuation to Great Britain following the fall of France, he joined the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade under General Stanisław Sosabowski.

Piwnik was informed of creation of the Cichociemni formation, which he joined. After receiving extensive training, he was transported to Poland on 7 November 1941. There he joined the Home Army and served at various posts. In the summer of 1942, he was assigned to head one of the Wachlarz units operating from Równe in eastern Poland (now Rivne in western Ukraine). Arrested by the Gestapo, he managed to escape from the German prison and reached Warsaw. There he was ordered to prepare a mission to rescue his fellow Wachlarz members from the prison in Pińsk. On 18 January 1943, he and his men successfully stormed the German prison, liberated all the prisoners and hostages, and transported them safely to Warsaw.

For his action, he was promoted to ensign and in March was assigned to the Radom-Kielce Home Army Area as the commanding officer of all Kedyw forces there. As the hilly and densely forested terrain was ideal for partisan warfare, Piwnik started to organise a large partisan unit out of many smaller, pre-existing groups. His unit, based in the forests around Wykus, was named the Home Army Partisan Group "Ponury".

One of the most successful units in the area, it disrupted German transport and harassed German garrisons. However, a German counter-attack caused heavy losses to his unit and it was forced to move eastwards, towards the forests near Jeleniów.

In December 1943, Piwnik was dismissed from command of the partisan units and in February of the following year, he was assigned to the Nowogródek Home Army Area, where he formed a small partisan unit. After the start of the Operation Tempest, his unit was reformed into the VII battalion of the 77th Home Army Infantry Regiment and took part in many successful actions behind German lines. He was killed in action in a successful attack against German troops near the village of Yewlashy near Vilnius on 16 June 1944. He had been shot in the back while retrieving a wounded comrade by a German deserter.

Posthumous
Piwnik was posthumously promoted to the rank of major and next to colonel (by a Polish Minister of Defense, in year 2012). After the war, his life became part of the popular culture of the Świętokrzyskie area. In July 1988, his body was exhumed and transferred to a crypt in the Cistercian monastery in Wąchock.

Family
In November 1943, Piwnik married Emilia Malessa.

Honours and awards

 * Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari, previously awarded the Silver Cross
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (posthumously, 2010)
 * Cross of Valour (twice)

Family
Barbara Piwnik, a Polish judge and former minister of justice, is Jan Piwnik's niece.

title: Jan Piwnik


text:
Clinton High School (Clinton, New York)

Clinton High School, or CHS, is a public high school in the village of Clinton, Oneida County, New York, United States. All of the Clinton Central School District buildings are at the same location, and the middle school is attached to the high school, as are the district offices. The high school harbors four grades, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th. School classes begin the first Thursday after Labor Day, and continue until June. The school year consists of 180 school days.

History
The first public school in Clinton, now apartments on Marvin Street, was constructed in 1892-93. The high school, built to accommodate 600 pupils, cost $42,000.

Extra-curricular activities
The school offers and competes competitively in a number of sports, including soccer, golf, bowling, lacrosse, tennis, volleyball, basketball, Track and Field, cross country, American football, field hockey, and ice hockey.

title: Clinton High School (Clinton, New York)