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Talk:Complex multiplication

I am expecting multiplication in the complex field at this(Complex multiplication) title. --MarSch 12:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * How's that? Dmharvey Talk 16:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * better than nothing --MarSch 18:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Apparently there are many n for which $$e^{\pi \sqrt{n}}$$ is very near an integer, for example n = 58 and 652. How come? - Fredrik | talk 21:39, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm attempting to figure that out right now... I have a very good understanding of undergraduate mathematics, and a beginning understanding of set theory, group theory, analysis, et cetera. I'm finding this article somewhat difficult to follow, but I really, really want to know the answer to the question you asked, so I'm going to try. --Monguin61 04:12, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If "undergraduate mathematics" does not include at least "set theory, group theory, analysis, et cetera", I'm a bit curious what it does include... Michael Lee Baker (talk) 04:39, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

Trying to follow explanation
I guess this is evident to anyone who knows what theyre doing, so maybe the article doesn't need the notation explained, but I was wondering if anyone could tell me what
 * $$\mathbf{Z}\left[ \frac{1+\sqrt{-163}}{2}\right]$$

actually means? I assume the Z denotes a group of some sort, and the stuff inside the brackets is a parameter defining the group, but what type of group exactly? Or am I totally off? --Monguin61 04:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Z[α] is the subring of the complex numbers generated by the complex number α if you want it in simple terms. Charles Matthews 08:53, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Z is the set of all integers. The thing in square brackets is something not belonging to Z, being "adjoined", so that we get the smallest set contaning all integers and containing the thing in square brackets and closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication. See Herstein's advance undergraduate text Topics in Algebra. Michael Hardy 00:15, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I will add a link explaining this notation. But I cannot either follow the "explanation", I mean, some more details (even if unprecise and handwaving), or at least an "external link" seem necessary, because readers come from "far away" to this page (referred to in pi and other places), hungry for this explanation (why dist( exp(...), Z) is so small )). — MFH:Talk 14:14, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Trying to follow ...
I followed this article up to this point:
 * This is a typical elliptic curve with complex multiplication, in the sense that over the complex number field they are all found as such quotients, in which some order in the ring of integers in an imaginary quadratic field takes the place of the Gaussian integers.

Is this trying to say that every elliptic curve can be obtained as C/cZ[F] where c is some complex number, and F is an imaginary quadratic field? Is this furthermore implying that such a Z[F] is a unique factorization domain? Last but not least, is there an implication that for any f in F, that exp (f\pi) == close approximation to integer?

Anyway, I barely understand what I just asked; this is all new ot me. I'll try to hunt down book references for this topic, but if anyone has one handy, let me know? linas 01:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Serge Lang, Elliptic Functions might suit you. Every elliptic curve is C/Λ for a lattice Λ, but the cases where Λ has anything to do with a quadratic field are very special. The associated τ must be one of a countable set of algebraic numbers, for example. Charles Matthews 08:50, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I understand the bit about elliptic curves; I found something on the web that skteches the proof, viz. along the lines that the j-invariant is an algebraic integer. If the ring of integers is a UFD, then j is a "rational integer". By then truncating the fourier expansion for j, (the q-series expansion for j) (justified because because q is so small), one obtains the Ramanujan number \exp \pi \sqrt{163}.

 * Now for the trick question: are there similar results for an "irrational" quadratic "field" (well, ok, ring, then) of the form

 * $$K=\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{\pi n}]$$

 * I have a near-identity that clearly has a square-root of pi sitting next to an integer, and am trying to explain this ident. I'm looking for anything related to such a field... linas 18:38, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Simple answer: no. The ring is just a polynomial ring, and it doesn't embed in the complex plane as a lattice. Charles Matthews 19:31, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Since sqrt(pi) is not algebraic, I would even dare to say that this is isomorphic to Q[X]. — MFH:Talk 02:01, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

correction
The equation α²=α-81 should be α²=α-41 on this page —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.91.173.36 (talk) 01:47, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Abrupt introduction of α
In the "Sample consequence" section, it says "Here α² = α − 41" with no prior occurrence of α. Is something missing? Wideangle (talk) 19:17, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I wondered that too. Looking at one of the comments above ("Z[α] is the subring of the complex numbers generated by the complex number α"), I suspect that this is standard terminology for experts in the field. But it certainly doesn't seem clear enough for a non expert.
 * I've added a fragment to clarify α, but it needs more expert intention to clarify the meaning and import of the whole of this paragraph - there is no mention elsewhere in the article of S[α] or "the required polynomials" (whatever they might be). Hv (talk) 07:08, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Article's name should be changed
To reduce confusion, the name of this article should be changed. I suggest it be changed to either "Complex multiplication (elliptic curves)" or "Complex multiplication (elliptic functions)" Wideangle (talk) 00:22, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * No, there is no requirement to disambiguate in that fashion: adding things in parentheses, except where there is another article of a related name, is against general title conventions. Charles Matthews (talk) 14:06, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not saying that there is a requirement to make such a change. I am suggesting that the change be made in order to reduce confusion. The vast majority of people who think they know what "complex multiplication" is think that it means the multiplication of complex numbers (which makes a lot of sense, by the way). My background is: BA in Mathematics from the University of California at Berkeley. And yet, I never encountered the "elliptic curves" meaning of "complex multiplication" until three days ago when I came upon a link to this article in the John Tate article. Wideangle (talk) 00:52, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a hatnote explaining that the article is not about multiplication of complex numbers. Looking at Article titles, the title seems to conform to the points Recognizable (commonly used in reliable sources), Easy to find (names and terms that readers are most likely to look for in order to find the article), Precise, and Concise. Basically there is nothing in that guideline to justify a change. Charles Matthews (talk) 08:39, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Regardless of what the article's title is, I think this point should be made clearer -- It's surprising easy to overlook the note (I did), and I think a good many readers will be expecting information about multiplying complex numbers. KLuwak (talk) 15:49, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

First section of article
The first section of the article is quite rough and could benefit from a rewrite ("ring of analytic automorphic group" doesn't make any sense; "ring of automorphisms" should read "group of automorphisms"; $$\mathbf{C}^3$$ is incorrectly used when we should be speaking of the projective plane; grammar is generally poor and so on). I may eventually get around to it. Michael Lee Baker (talk) 04:33, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

Article needs a definition of its subject
In fact, a definition of its subject is the only thing that every encyclopedia article must have. Yet this article lacks such a definition.

(The article does say the following:

"Consider an imaginary quadratic field $$K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-d})\, d \in \mathbb{Z}, d>0$$. An elliptic function $$f$$ is said to have complex multiplication if there is an algebraic relation between $$f(z)$$ and $$f(\lambda z)$$ for all $$\lambda$$ in $$K$$ ."

The concept of an "algebraic relation" between two functions f(z) and g(z) would normally mean that there is a polynomial P(X,Y) in two variables such that for all values of z that make sense, we have P(f(z), g(z)) =  0.

But in this article we are not told whether the coefficients of P(X,Y) are merely complex numbers, or if they are required to belong to the field K.

Or am I missing something?2600:1700:E1C0:F340:ED3B:6DA2:E8FC:C260 (talk) 00:22, 24 May 2019 (UTC)

Finite field
I don't understand why an elliptic curve over a finite field has an endomorphism ring larger than the integers, due to the Frobenius endomorphism. What is it I do not understand? The Frobenius endomorphism is an endomorphism on a comnutative ring with characteristic p. Hence the refered Frobenius endomorphism cannot be an endomorphism on the elliptic curve itself. But if it has to be an endomorphism on the ring of endomorphisms - what makes sense, but this ring is not abelian in general. If the field is a prime field with charateristic p, a point on the curve has coordinates x and y, and the Frobenius endomorphism, defined for the elliptic curve, maps x -> x^p=x, and y -> y^p=y, hence it is the identity. Madyno (talk) 22:21, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Intro
From ghe introduction: CM means the ring of endomorphism is larger than $$\Z$$. This may raise the idea the ring should contain the integral numbers or should be infinite. In my opinion the correct formulation would be there is a non-trivial endomorphism, that is an endomorphism not induced by the integers. Madyno (talk) 23:15, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Complex multiplication


text: User talk:80.141.253.237

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.141.253.237


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Summit Raj Tuladhar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:31, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Summit Raj Tuladhar
not notable. Nateji77 12:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article fails to establish notability. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:07, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Telecoms companies tend to have large numbers of engineers. The article does not suggest how this one has exceeded the norm. Average Earthman 14:14, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He has a nifty pic, but that's about it. 216.158.31.195 16:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nice pic, but nn. Better for a user page. --Etacar11 19:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 04:54, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Tivadar Puskás

This page indicates that the exchange was invented by George Coy. -- by User:Brunnock 12:57, 3 June 2005

Untitled
That page says "George W. Coy designed and built the world's first switchboard for commercial use". As we all know, there are many "firsts" for everything, it just simply depends on the attribute :-) -- CsTom 16:43, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

potential copyvio
This article has much in common with the entry for Puskas on budpocketguide.com. --Zippy 03:06, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Etymology of hallo/hello
If I'm reading this article correctly, it credits Puskás for creating "hello" and purports that "hello" is of Hungarian etymology. The single reference for this is, of course, in Hungarian. I find no information in English about "hello" having origins in Hungarian language despite the numerous theories on its etymology. The only connection appears to be that 'Edison' is often credited for "hello." Is there then a reason to mention "hello" at all? JFHJr (㊟) 22:30, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've removed this. I was told this same piece of b******* today on a walking tour of Budapest and went online to see if it were true. See: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hello&searchmode=none or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello - the word dates from the 16th century.89.132.124.3 (talk) 12:51, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This statement, that Puskas invented the word hello, is a Hungarian urban legend. It is definitely false (see above), but that does not change the fact, that it is widely believed, and stated at million places (even at some "respectable" sources). Kope (talk) 19:42, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Another thing. Shouldn't the title be "Theodore Puskas"? He used this name while in America, I believe. Kope (talk) 19:42, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Definitely not. What name did he use in France? Is it relevant? Hobartimus (talk) 21:02, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
 * In the French Wikipedia, yes. Kope (talk) 12:26, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Is it possible to move "Another thing" discussion to new section, for clarity sake? ~Eric F 184.76.225.106 (talk) 23:10, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I am not convinced that it is "definitely false" -- when I did "see above", I found: Central telephone exchange operators were known as hello-girls (1889). And T.P. invented the telephone exchange, worked with Edison, and his company installed earliest exchanges.  Note also that Hungarian "Hollod?" translates as "Do you hear?" and "Hollom!" translates as "I hear you!" |en|Hallod%3F%20Hallom! (Google translate).  It is alledged that those words were used when testing newly installed lines, and was adapted by operators, etc. -- it is not a totally unfounded theory; yet it remains a theory. ~Eric F 184.76.225.106 (talk) 22:58, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:54, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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text: User talk:80.141.220.214

title: User talk:80.141.220.214


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire

The county of Hertfordshire in England is divided into twelve parliamentary constituencies. Each of the twelve elects a Member of Parliament (MP) to represent it at the United Kingdom (UK) Parliament in Westminster. As of the 2024 general election, seven of Hertfordshire's MPs are from the Labour Party, three are Conservatives, and two are Liberal Democrats. The county currently has one urban borough constituency (BC) – Watford - while the other eleven are classed as more rural county constituencies (CC).

Constituencies
Boundaries of the seats were amended by the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies carried out by the Boundary Commission for England, which came into effect from the 2024 general election. Each constituency is made up of whole or partial local government wards, which elect councillors at English local elections. Eleven are designated as county constituencies (in which candidates can spend more per head than their borough counterparts). One is a borough constituency.

Boundary changes
The Boundary Commission for England decided not to change Hertfordshire's representation in Parliament for the 2010 election. It did however suggest slight boundary changes to reduce electoral disparity. The recommendations, which became law with the Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007, also ensured that local government wards in Hertfordshire would no longer be split between two Parliamentary constituencies.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission proposed that Hertfordshire be combined with Bedfordshire as a sub-region of the Eastern Region, with the creation of the cross-county boundary constituency of Hitchin. As a result of the changes, Hitchin and Harpenden was abolished and replaced by a new constituency named Harpenden and Berkhamsted.

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Hertfordshire in the 2024 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11974 & 1979 - Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11974 & 1979 - Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

1983 to present
1includes an area of Bedfordshire


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User talk:Revertabix

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

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Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer ( háblame  ) 12:58, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

I have blocked this account infinitely. Every edit was vandalism masquerading as a revert to vandalism. jni 13:06, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thank you, I'm afraid I don't know how you block an account, I was trying to undo the vandalism I saw. Francis Davey 13:09, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Only administrators can block accounts.   — J I P | Talk 13:10, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Revertabix


text: User talk:80.141.222.160

title: User talk:80.141.222.160


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Area code 562

Area code 562 is a California telephone area code that was split from area code 310 on January 25, 1997. It is the area code for much of southeastern Los Angeles County, including Long Beach, and parts of northern Orange County.

History
Prior to November 2, 1991, this region had been part of area code 213. On that date, most of the western and southern portions of the old 213 region became area code 310. On January 25, 1997, the southern portion of the old 310 territory split again to become the 562 area code.

562 was originally meant to be an overlay code exclusively for cellular telephones and pagers for existing 310 area code customers in late 1995. However, the overlay (and all others in CA since 2008) was cancelled after cellular companies sued the California Public Utilities Commission to prevent a repeat of a similar split in New York City, where all 212 & 718 mobile customers were changed over to a new 917 NPA. Cellular technology was relatively new, and the industry argued that separate area codes for cellular customers created a stigma and would hurt sales as people wanted their home and cell phone numbers to be in the same area code. After years in court, the CPUC sided with the cellular industry, and so plans were made to split 310 instead.

Prior to October 2021, area code 562 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

County anomaly
All of this area code is in Los Angeles County except for the cities of Seal Beach and Los Alamitos, which are in the very northwest corner of the Orange County coastline, portions of the city of La Habra, and the very small and northwest part of the city of Brea in the very northwest corner of inland Orange County. These exceptions exist because, at the time of 310's creation, Pacific Bell (now part of AT&T Inc.) was the primary telephone company for most of Southern California, whereas this region's primary telephone company was GTE (later Verizon and now part of Frontier). In fact, when 310 was carved out of the southern portion of the old 213 territory, Pacific Bell chose to move all of GTE's area code 213 exchanges into the 310 area code. As the primary telephone provider in Southern California, Pac Bell had the right to decide what exchanges stayed in 213.

Los Angeles County

 * Artesia
 * Bell Gardens (also in the 213/323 area code)
 * Bellflower
 * Cerritos (small portion in the 657/714 area code)
 * Commerce (mostly in the 213/323 area code)
 * Downey
 * East Whittier
 * Hacienda Heights (mostly in the 626 area code)
 * Hawaiian Gardens
 * Industry (mostly in the 626 area code and small portion in the 840/909 area code)
 * La Habra Heights
 * La Mirada (small portion in the 657/714 area code)
 * Lakewood
 * Long Beach
 * Norwalk
 * Paramount
 * Pico Rivera
 * Rowland Heights (mostly in the 626 and 840/909 area codes)
 * Santa Fe Springs
 * Signal Hill
 * South Gate (mostly in the 213/323 area code and small portion in the 310/424 area code)
 * South Whittier
 * West Whittier-Los Nietos
 * Whittier

Orange County

 * Brea (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Buena Park (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Cypress (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Fullerton (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Huntington Beach (mostly in the 657/714 area code; only the Sunset Beach neighborhood is in the 562 area code)
 * La Habra (small portion in the 657/714 area code)
 * La Palma (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Los Alamitos (small portion in the 657/714 area code)
 * Rossmoor
 * Seal Beach

title: Area code 562


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Template talk:France-actor-stub

This template needs to be orphanized so someone can delete it. – ugen64 13:00, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:France-actor-stub


text: User talk:80.141.193.103

title: User talk:80.141.193.103


text:
Ossian (band)

Ossian are a Scottish traditional music group, formed in 1976.

The initial line-up brought together Billy Ross and former members of the group Contraband, Billy Jackson, John Martin, and George Jackson. One of their earliest gigs was at the 1976 Kinross Folk Festival.

Each of the members was a multi-instrumentalist and singer. Their arrangements of songs, slow airs and dance tunes were meticulous, almost a chamber music approach to Scottish music. They sang in English, Scots, and Gaelic.

Billy Jackson's wire-strung harp, the clàrsach, featured in most pieces, but he also played uilleann (Irish) pipes and whistles. John Martin, who played fiddle and cello, went on to become a member of The Tannahill Weavers. George Jackson (brother of Billy) played guitar, cittern, mandolin, fiddle, whistle and flute. Billy Ross was the main singer who played guitar, dulcimer and whistle.

Their first two LPs were Ossian (1977) and St. Kilda Wedding (1978). Billy Ross left the band in 1980, and was replaced by Tony Cuffe as lead vocalist, also playing guitar and whistle. In 1981, Iain MacDonald joined, playing highland pipes, flute, and whistle. They broke up in 1989 when Tony Cuffe and William Jackson moved to the U.S.

In 1997, Billy Jackson reformed the band with the original singer, Billy Ross, and the group made a CD and performed some gigs for a time.

Discography

 * Ossian - Springthyme Records SPR 1004 (1977)
 * St. Kilda Wedding - Iona Records IR001 (1978)
 * Seal Song - Iona Records IR002 (1981)
 * Dove Across the Water - Iona Records IR004 (1982)
 * Borders - Iona Records IR007 (1984)
 * Light On a Distant Shore - Iona Records IR009 (1986)
 * The Carrying Stream - Greentrax CDTRAX 127 (1997)

title: Ossian (band)


text: User talk:80.141.191.101

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text: User talk:80.141.255.168

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text: User talk:80.141.191.132

title: User talk:80.141.191.132


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Talk:Kesko

K KK etc
I reverted the article:
 * Kesko doesn't use the K...KK...KKK things any more (see their website),
 * the list items shouldn't be in bold as they aren't directly related to the article title, and
 * in Finnish, only the first word (or letter in this case) of proper nouns that have more than one word is capitalised (so it's K-market, not K-Market) - that's the way Kesko use it themselves, have a look at their website if in doubt.

Hoping you don't mind... - ulayiti 13:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

K-citymarkets
The article states :

''K-citymarket - huge hypermarkets with a surface area of around 10,000 square metres. About 50 of these, in major cities.''

Are we sure that Finland has 50 "major cities"?. BScar23625 18:59, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Concentrated retail
Kesko and S market have ca 80 % markets in retail in Finland. Satu Hassi has made a questionaire of it in the EU Parliament. In 2013 there was an initiative to change the law of competition. (Eduskunta puoltaa kaupan kilpailulakia HS 8.5.2013) This includes the change of the definition of ruling market position to 30 % of the markets. Kesko claims (HS 8.5.2013) that the indipendent sellers of Kesko can not be ruling in the markets. This has puzzled me. Kesko is partner in Fennovoima in order to rebuild nuclesr power. How can Kesko make such a decision since for sure many indipendent sellers are against the nuclear power? Indipendent sellers may lose markets but have no decision power. Watti Renew (talk) 17:55, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

Sustainability section reads like an advert
It also seems unnecessary to the article itself. 91.158.185.141 (talk) 22:43, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

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User:Nateji77/Additiona information over foreing Commerce and Navigation

Additional information over foreing Commerce and Navigation:

Japan depend of Foods exterior buyings for local comsuption and prime materiel for your local industry.for obtain these resources, debt to export in active form and for realizing these effort theirs poses one of most great Merchant fleets of the world with total of 6,800,000 metrical tonnes of displacement,before at december 1941.still suffering heavy naval losses during pacific war,if stimated in june 1944,why japan still mantain ones 4,700,000 tonnes.in peace times japan constructed one inferior number of at 500,000 tonnes of vessels annually;but now possibly arriving to these cypher.still Japan rivalized with Norway,for third post in world merchant fleet,your vessels are inferior quality.cuasi ones 1,000,000 of tonnes are some modern type,your great part of present fleet are antiquated and only poses ones sixs vessels with superior tonnage of 10,000 tonnes.

at difference at popular idea,Japan no poses success in inundated of world with japanese low price articles during 1930 and nexts years.in effect your apport to foreing commerce reduced of 3,7% in 1929 to 3,5% in 1938.in 1937 the Commerce Per Capita,having inferior at great mercantile nations:sellings with value of 12,85 Us Dollars,buyings with value og 15,25 Us Dollars. the cyphers of 1938 are dudous,debt at in more occasions your "commerce" occult the findings of foreing belic tecnology and armaments.

Japan commerced in first place with United States, Manchukuo,Cochinchina State,Mengchiang & Chinese Occupied lands(Inside japanese commerce),British India & England and Dutch Indies in following these order.your 32% of your exportations in peace times provided from United States and the 21% of your sellings are sended to same country.between your buyings stay one 32% Cotton,(raw state),9% are wool,9% in Iron (raw or process state),6% of Petrol,4% in Machinery,more of 3% soybeans and somes 2% in wheat. your sellings are in wool articles ones 19%(are the major sended of the world having to replace at Lancaster),natural silk in one 15%,other 15% in Rayon, in Machinery one 3% and other various products in reduced percent too.

in remumerative products for export the harvesting of Silk Worm are the most important,with one 80% of world production.theirs poses one 10% of world production of tea.

your total of foreing commerce are equal to Belgium,one country with one 9° part of total of japanese population


text:
User:Nateji77/Comments of Japanese Finanzes

Comments on Japanese finance during WWII
Pre-SCAP Japan's economy was unique: a centralized economy dominated by a collaboration between government oligarchs and the socalled zaibatsu, chief among them Mitsui, Mitsubishi (Iwasaki), Sumitomo and Yasuda, who had direct control over more than 25% of Japan's industry, a significant part of the foreign commercial merchant fleet and 60% of the commercial stock exchange, at a total value of more than 3.5 billion (thousand million) US dollars. Mitsui alone had assets totalling 1.2 billion US dollars and total ownership and control over private banking in Japan.

The Zaibatsu were the heart of economic and industrial activity within pre-war and war-time Japan, and held great influence over Japanese national and foreign policies. They managed their investments both to keep Japan at war and combat-ready from 1931 (the time of the Manchurian Railway Incident) on as well as to profit from the war effort. While zaibatsu leaders might have disagreed with military leaders from Japan's army and navy over policy matters, their ultimate vision of Japan as an aggressive, expansionist power were the same. Mitsubishi was well-connected within the navy, and Mitsui within the army.

Joining with medium and small-sized firms, the zaibatsu maintained control over 57% of total capital in the wartime industries. The concentration of financial wealth continued. In 1940 alone, US$475 million invested in small companies were absorbed by heavy trust.

The cotton industry, which employed more workers than, was reduced to fourteen companies, while the wool industry remained at a low eight. The monopolies granted by the government gave this industry an advantage, taxing at a rate similar to that of farmers as opposed to industry.

There were however new rivals appearing on the scene, on what had traditionally been zaibatsu turf. A group of war businessmen who had speculated in regions of conflict in Japan's newly acquired Manchurian and Chinese territories returned to Japan where and continued their financial speculations, soon receiving lucrative war contracts. These new capitalists were members of the army and navy or the often-fanatical nationalist societies. During the early stages of the Pacific war, in Tokyo's public and private stock exchanges, engaged in speculative transactions on properties in San Francisco which they expected to be under Japanese control as a result of the war. From 1929 on, influx of new capital into Japan did not derive from foreign investment.

In the period 1933-1939 investment of new capital exceeded US$5.4 billion, the greatest amount of new capital invested in any country at the time. In 1940-1941 these investments reached at US$1.1 annually.

In effect, from the ten-year period following the Mukden Incident in 1931 until 1941 Japan saw more than US$9 billion in capital used to expand industrial growth and capacity.

The new revenues proceeded from two previously non-existant sources: the systematically planned economic plundering of Manchuria and China, and extensive gains in domestic cost efficiency obtained from exploitation of Japanese workers in the name of the war effort, and new foreign slaves (e.g., Chinese and Koreans) captured during the war.

The central government gave unprecedented aid in the centrally planned expansion by offering loans and subsidies at low interest rates. The Japanese army accorded indirect aid, with US$250 million invested in Manchukuo and the subsequent military investments to protect these primary investments. The organization of the "Yen Block"—one economic system with countries where were no longer required to pay tarrifs for excess imports, thereby greatly increasing the financial expansion. In the use of its "Yen Block", Japan utilizied it's economic powers in order to increase it's power and wealth, prior to Germany's similar uses to bolster it's wartime effort.

As a result, the national rents raised from nearly US$2 billion to US$6 billion during the period 1931-1939, while the yen itself dropped 3/4 parts in equal terms in gold values. The national debt rose from US$1.4 billion in 1931 to US$4.9 billion in 1939.

The yen fluctuated around the value of US$.234 during the period 1939-1942. Cost of living rose 30% between 1939 and 1943. Bank deposits, which reflect wartime inflation, rose from US$3.5 billion in 1939 to US$8.4 billion in 1943. The savings, despite depletion due to scarcities of consumption articles, rose from US$1.6 billion to $US4.5 billion during the same period. Peacetime savings averaged US$23 per person; the comparable figure during wartime was approximately US$64 per person.

The most important economic factor for Japanese militarists, the war budget, rose 400% from 1939, and was 50% larger than the national rent in 1939. The specific figure for the national budget for 1943-44 was ¥37 billion (thousand million) (approximately US$8.6 billion) is not certain. The internal debt, then near US$5 billion, rose drastically—300% since 1939—but the foreign debt, at US$345 million, was not considerable.


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User:Nateji77/Japanese Culture,religion and Education

Japanese Culture,religion and Education:

the ancient Japanese Cultureif dedicated to Drama(N o theater) liric poethics,and ancient short histories why your accent radicatd more in your "fina" why in your scheme.these oldest culture if always based in one Military and Feudal life form mixed with ancient rites and conduct codes.if these culture the fertile soil for growning of Feudal mentality why rescued the arcaic values how Emperor Worship and resutl very brutal and sadic in practice respect with submited persons,still verbal protest and honoured galantry of Bushido Code.

in recent years the Military stablishment cominzed the heavy prosecution and harrastment against independent intelectuals with advanced ideas,and diminished the quality of Japanese conteporary culture why in previous years rivalized with western nations.

Foreing observers stay very impressed with Japanese,at considered one phisically weak human being,but in 1894,the year of war with China and particullary 1905 the last year of war with Russian Empire your military victory,demostrated your Phisic resistance and galantry in combat.for other part the Japanese poses one rigid familiar lifestyle where considered at Women how sumise doll and poses one virtual slave industrial work sistem in contemporary japanese industry area.Japanese islands aren t having invaded for any foreing enemy and theirs never defeated in battle untill present.the fact of living during centuries in relativelly compact islands are giving at japanese one higth grade of racial purity for pride of theirs.

in 1940,no exist any official state religion and the cult are free. in these year the government stablishment assumed the control of all religious organizations and ordered at all Christians at integrated these new teologyc structure.since these time the great majority of people if integrated to varios autorized Budist(12 in existence) and Shinto minor sects(another 13 in these days),and government joining principal Shinto Teologyst organized the "State Shinto".these state form of National beliving stay more integrated imperial and nationalist traditions. the Higth Shinto Clergy in Budist and state shinto if numerous and exist much budist and shinto chapels in all places,from why national religion and military national patriotism stay mixed,all manifests of dude or indiference are inevitable why poses political implication and are object of prosecution.

the National Education Sistem following the order of Official Stablishment where theirs organized the "Thinking Contol" Educa tional Policy,for secured the firm loyalty of young generations in Schools.between youngs japanese the analphabetism practically are erradicated.all children debt to arriving at Primary school ,the Secondary school level poses near at 1,000,000 of pupils, the tecnical schools poses too others 530,000 pupils and sixs more important Universities(cominzed for National University of Tokio and Imperial University of Tokio) poses ones 73,000 alumns.these cyphers only comparable with German and western numbers.in lasts times the education are having advanced but in functions of Objetives of Japanese Military Stablishment.


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User:Nateji77/Additional information of Japanese industry

additional information of Japanese industry :

the japanese industry if spectaculary raising in 1930.having 75 years ago,the factory production cuasy non existing;now Japan stayed at pair of principal european industrialist countries.the japanese industry are changed in quality and quantity: in 1920the textile industry are the most important nad the country are knowed only for manufacturer of wool and silk products,fabrics,fans,toys and others similars.but during 1939,the industrial production why augemnto in more of 100% in metala articles and chemical products.the industrial occupation if duplicated between 1929-1942,while as why heavy industry ampled of one production valued in near at of 700,000,000 of Us Dollar in 1931,to 3,700,000,000 of Us Dollar in 1940.still guiving place at inflationary prices,this indicate one profits of 400% in heavy industry between 1937 to 1940 in one decade.at same time,of these extraordinaire raising og heavy industry,and downing of 26% in comsumpt articles between 1937-1940,the textile industry mantain your principal place in workers occupation,for employed at more of 1,000,000 workers or surrond of one 1/3 of industrial workers force.

the raising of Japanese industry remember much the period of Industrial revolution in England during XVIII.the industrial profits are fantastic raisin,in percentages and totals.but these developed having never occured without one aboundant source of low priced and docil manpower and convenient acces to prime materials of vital needed why regulary no encuonter in Japan.both factors poses important in these rapid develop in local industry.

the common japanese industrial worker,working long work hours and receiving low salaires.before at 1940,more of 90% of Workers receiving less of 7 Us Dollar per week.in last years the remunerations augment cuasy the 50% but the real salaires,-articles and services why can to adquired for these salaires-descend more of your normal value.in peacetimes the Japanese workers poses more or less one work week of 56 hours ,comparing with 35 hours in United States or 39 in France.the conflict revealed one grave scarcy of specialized workers.

one important caracteristique of Japanese Industry if quantity of factory production in little scale why subsist.before at 1941,more of middle of workers stayed employed in handcraft and house industry and little workshops why employed ones less 5 workers.the women work if important in these type of industry and the great industry also used these sistem for provided some prime materials,in particular in Rayon or cotton areas.


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User:Nateji77/Comments of Japanese farmings

Comments of Japanese farmings:

still having,only the 16% of land( near at 23,000 square miles) if use for agriculture,the 45% of workers well remunerated living of farmings.the media term of familiar farms if the 2,5 acres of extension.aproximatelly 1/3 of peasants are owners of your proper farms,why are reduced,in special in south populated zone. the rest are renting or landowners.the majority of peasants debt to work for count of rentings or landowners,additionally these peasants debt to paying higth taxs at difference of residents in cities.farmers receiving one proportional annual paying of 150 Us Dollar,the Japanese farm family stay in hand of great Zaibatsus why controled of fertilizer factories and farm instrument stores.the poverty of Japanese farm lands making why much youngs arriving to cities in finding of best works in industry or in case of womens are recruit how "Geisha Girls" in local bordellos.but these advantages the Japanese farmer are more worker and poses more resources how demostrated the overseas japanese in other countries.

the middle part of Japanese cultivated lands stay dedicated to rice,1/4 to grains and cereals and other part at fruits and garden vegetables.the rice production in japan stay in one 15% of world production,why in Honshu the subtropical climate favoured the double recolection.additionally japan import great quantites of these grain from your exterior provinces and nearest areas for your local comsumption.another cereals in importance are wheat,mice,rye,Millet(in North Honshu and Hokkaido)Barley,potatoes and some production of Soybean.

with only 1,500,000 horses for farmings the animal economy and local harvesting stay in low level.in Japan are more common(how in other asian lands) why human being making somes farming animal works.the little quantite of harvest for meat and milk production stay in less 3% for first, the animal fat,1/3 of 1% of Milk 3/4 of 1% and proper animal fat from meat one 2%.debt at these absence and lowest use of sugar,the regular food ration of Japanese are more frugal in the world.


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User:Nateji77/Some comments of Japanese mining and Energy

Some comments of Japanese mining and Energy:

Japan poses very little mining resources.exist moderate quantity of coal in Hokkaido and Kyushu(near at Nagasaki). poses somes Petrol pits in west coast of honshu and concessions in Nort Sakhalin.the iron sources are very scarcies but in Hokkaido and nortwest honshu exist certain mines,these scarcies are complement with Iron Pyrite founts i Honshu,Shikoku and Karafuto.Japanese exploit mines of modest quantity of Copper and Gold in Honshu,Hokkaido Karafuto,your principal fount stay in Chosen.the hydraulic energy sources are relatively great,for aboundance of rains and higth mountains,japanese stay in used of 4/5 parts of these energy source in asian continent but only poses one little part of total of energy force sources.

the Coal principal industrial combustible, if encounter in japan in aboundance but no are adequate for heavy industry the little production in Japan are of 55,000 metrical tonnes additionally japan obtain other coals of best industrial quality from Chosen,Manchukuo and Occupied China mainland. the iron production if little,one 2% of United States regular iron extraction,but if reinforzed by Iron Pyrite production why Japan poses 6° part of World production.exist very little extraction of petrol and japanese obtain ones 8,000,000 Kilowatts of hydraulic energy,in favourable comparing with American Electric energy production,and are one valious energy source for your industries,in particular of textile area.

at Japan stay absence of Bauxite(Aluminium Source),but obtain from Dutch indies in previous times to war and Manchukuo. during mineral findings apparently exist any sources of same mineral in Palau group(South Pacific Mandate).in total japanese only obtain the 6° part of U.S, production.the neededs of Gold and Silver are obtain in modest quantities in proper japan and some aboundant sources in Chosen.the Tungsten for iron works provided from Chinese Mainland held areas.

in Japan no exist proper sources of tin and natural rubber,but these last prime material are obtain in previous times from Dutch indies and Malaca and thanks at German Industrial colaboration poses some Sintetic Rubber instalations.the production of iron bars in 1939 are of one 5% of the United States production and steel production one 11% of American production.Japan in peacetimes are the sixth nation in Iron production in the world.


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User:Nateji77/Aditionally information over Population,residents for surface in country and relationed

Aditionally information over Population,residents for surface in country and relationed:

Proper Japan,are one island group,ubiqued in North template zone, why extend from 30° untill to 50° of north latitude,front at Asian coasts.the principal island are:

Hokkaido,the most northem,scarcie populated,with measure simila to Maine;the central island of Honshu,more great at Ohio and Indiana,site of the most important cities and industrial centers and minor islands of Kyushu and Shikoku.the total area of these zone are 147,593 squate miles,more or less same tall why Montana.additionally Japan having to conquest other exterior areas how Formosa,one island front at Chinese coast in similarity with Cuba front at florida,Korea,denomined for theirs how Chosen,Liaotung peninsula in Manchuria area and Karafuto. with these adquisitions in Asian continent the japanese surface augmented at ones 262,912 additional square miles.the population in Japan proper if now 73,114,000 and in all empire ones 105,226,000 residents. in Chosen Province,the most great and important of your exterior areas residing ones 25,000,000,000(1944 census)between theirs stay one 3% of Japanese residents,why served in government,commerce,industry and Military services.exist one Chinese and Manchu little minority another Koreans living in proper japan,Manchuria and Russian Siberia.

since your invasioon to Manchuria in 1931,yand China mainland in 1937 but specially more with entering to Pacific War Campaings, Japan having to gained the temporary control of others 4,000,000 square miles in South East Asia and West Pacific lands,and submited at others 400,000,000 foreing non japanese subdits,extend having your imperial dominion during conflict at more of 500,000,000 of mens;this is only equal with British Empire and the extension of these temporary control stay from North Pacific waters,the farest margings of Indian Ocean to northem area of seas why surrond Australia.

in proper japan stay the center of these great empire,the heart are the "Six great cities" why content the 20% of total japanese population:Tokyo(6,667,804 residents),Osaka(3,252,340 habitants),Nagoya(1,328,084souls),Kyoto(1,089,725 persons),Yokohama(968,091 habitants) and Kobe(967,234 persons) another center in exterior provinces stay in Chosen with Keijo(185,000 habitants),Fusan(182,0000 residents) and Keiho(Seoul) the Capital of province(706,000 souls).

The Japanese nation if very young in respect at your habitants components,haing one 45%,minor to 45 years.but your natality if reduced: at age of 20 years japanese promedia only expect to living how media term ones 40,4 years,in comparing with American White mens why your media of life are 47,6 years,the birth rate declined untill to 26,3% in 1939 but from these moments,this augment to 29,9% probably for augment of workers salaires and extended work occupation with Military industry andothers relationed with present conflict.

the Normally elevated mortality child rate,raised to 17,6% and the mortality child rate of 114 if very elevated.between 1935-1940 the population augment one 5,6%.in 1937 Japanese demographers pronosticatedthe raising of local population in 1980 ones 100,000,000 of new habitantsin accord with birth rates observed in these days,but these predictionsare failed for diminished the present quantitie of residents and expect one dramatic reduction motivated for present conflict and other causes in post conflict period.


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Send (disambiguation)

To send something is to convey it volitionally.

Send or SEND may also refer to:

Send

 * Send (album), a 2003 album by the rock band Wire
 * The Send, an American alternative rock band
 * Send, Surrey, a village in England
 * Send (HM Prison), a women's prison in Send, Surrey
 * Send, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
 * Aux-send, an output from an audio mixer which is usually designed to carry a given channel to an effects or monitor device
 * Send! (magazine), a Christian missionary magazine by Gospel for Asia

SEND

 * Secure Neighbor Discovery, a security extension of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
 * Satellite Emergency Notification Device, a portable emergency notification and locating device
 * Standard for Exchange of Non-clinical Data, a data model for non-clinical research data
 * Special educational needs and disability, an acronym used in the UK

title: Send (disambiguation)


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User:Nateji77/Empire of Japan (additional economic and financial data)

This page supplements Empire of Japan (economic and financial data).

Population in the Empire of Japan (1925-1940)
In 1925 the total population of Japan was 59,737,000; with Karafuto, Chosen and Formosa this came to 83,458,000 subjects.

According to one source the total divided up as:

 * Hokkaido: 2,498,679 or 2,500,000
 * Honshu: 44,981,602
 * Shikoku: 3,173,966
 * Kyushu: 8,524,953
 * Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa): 557,622
 * Japan Proper (main islands and Okinawa): 59,736,622
 * Karafuto: 203,754 or 65,000
 * Chosen: 19,522,945,19,523,000 or 25,000,000
 * Taiwan (Formosa): 3,994,884 or 3,183,000
 * Kwantung: 1,054,074 or 91,000
 * South Mandate: 56,294 or 56,500
 * Japanese Empire, total (except arrend land/South Mandate): 83,458,405

 * In 1926 in Kwantung there were 91,000 Japanese and 660,000 Chinese. in Manchukuo lived 200,000 Japanese.
 * In 1934 the Kwantung and South Manchurian Railway zone had 1,408,755 habitants; of those 309,029 were Japanese, and 2,185 other nationalities.

For the 1935 census for the whole Japanese empire, the figures are:

In exterior provinces:
 * Japan proper: 69,254,148 residents
 * Chosen: 22,899,038
 * Taiwan: 5,212,426
 * Karafuto: 331,943
 * Kwantung: 1,656,726
 * South Mandate: 102,537

Total for Japanese Empire: 97,697,555 inhabitants.

In 1940 the Japanese population rose to 73,114,380.

The figures for major cities are: The population in the exterior provinces in 1938 was:
 * Tokyo: 6,778,804
 * Osaka: 3,252,340
 * Nagoya: 1,328,084
 * Kyoto: 1,089,726
 * Kobe: 967,234
 * Yokohama: 868,091
 * Hiroshima: 343,968
 * Chosen: 24,327,326 or 23,000,000
 * Formosa: 5,746,959 or 5,212,426
 * Karafuto: 339,357 or 295,000
 * South Manchuria Railway zone/Kwantung/South Mandate: 1,339,123; or 1,255,570 in Kwantung and 121,128 in South Mandate during 1938

producing a total in 1940 of 105,226,101.

The population density in 1938 was 939 per square mile, for the whole empire, and 490 for Japan proper; Japan had 3,116 peasants for each farmed square mile. see also Aditionally information over Population,residents for surface in country and relationed

Birth rates for the Japanese population
Here are some figures and dates:

 * In 1914, the Japanese birth rate stay in ones 15%, certain near to Germany or Russia, slightly than Java (Dutch Indies) at 22%. There was a reduction to 13,6% in 1924. For example in Japan Proper there were 157 inhabitants per km2, and Hokkaido had 184 residents in per km2 (cf. Java, which had 274).

 * In 1925 the population growning are ones 875,000 per year, in 1926 are ones 900,000,in 1927 this number ampled to 1,000,000.in nexts last four years the anual augment in population are for promedia of 900,000,but in 1932-40 thes net growning more to 1,000,000,000 per year,why if continuing in present form,the population have to duplicated these cypher in 40 years.between your imports Japan buying one 10% of foods for these population.

 * In 1936 having in Japan ones 30,3 births per each 1,000 residents, the defuctions are ones 17,5. The augment net in population are 1,028,623 in 1935, but having one notably reduction at 653,000 in 1939 and ones 239,000 in 1940. Between the great countries the birth promedia of Japan inmediatelly following to British India (34,9) and are double that of the United States (16,7). these augment having followed to ampled in Rice production, between 1880-1940 of 60 millions of koku (1 Koku is equal to 4.96 bushels), obtain for each cho(2.45 acres), for represent one augment in yields of rice production.

 * Japanese thinkers were preoccupied with demographics: for augment of rate of defuctions and reduction of births in ones 13% and comparing this with growing in China and Soviet Union. for allArmy Ideologyst thinked in question and produced one eugenics Law why ordered the sterilization or abort at inferior or inadequate babies and ordered the augment of birth physically "perfect" future Samurai warriors. The Japanese government gave economical support to all mothers having many children. These experts planned a ten-year program to augment the soldiers numbers until cypher of 100,000,000. If needed for conquest purposes why Japanese mothers "manufactured" ones three millions of babies or in other words one number six times major why regulary cypher for all in law above mentioned are ordered these "production" at all Japanese women.

These programs were guided by Katsuko Tojo, General Tojo's wife. She sayed why take ones seven children and suggested this should be Correct Japanese mother, inclusive the central government for she suggest, making one program for ampled the number of marriages.

Farming
Japanese farming:

the japanese surface in farm activities in 1937 are of 14,940,000 acres (60,460 km²), why representones 15,8% of total japanese surface and have comparing with 10,615,000 acres (42,957 km²) or 40% in Ohio(USA), or 12,881,000 acres (52,128 km²) or 21% in England. the proportion of farming soil having possess lowest augment, raised of 11,8% in 1887 to 13,7% in 1902, at 14,4 % of 1912to 15,7% in 1919. these cyphers descend in one 15,4% in 1929, for apparently having t real top. the regular farmer houses ascended to 5,374,897 for all the surface cultivated stay in ones 2.67 acres (11,000 m²) per family, in comparison with any american farmer family with 155 acres (627,000 m²). these tall augmented in Hokkaido and Karafuto or reduced for 2 acres (8,000 m²) in southwest area. not only having little any farms in all areas without why 70% of theirs stay more lowest of these tall or inclusive one 34% stay inferior at 11/4 acres too. the principal grain if rice, from extreme south to cuasy north area, this grain first are farm in anegued soils. the intense cultive, fertilizers and scientific development, having permit to raised the rendiment to 43 bushels for acre (374 m³/km²) in 1936.

see also: Comments of Japanese farmings

 * Japanese farming in North areas (North Honshu, Hokkaido, Karafuto and certain Chisima islands)

Chisima islands
In Shumushu, Paramushiro, Matsuwa, Shimushiro, Uruppu, Shirihoi, Etorofu, Kunashiriand Shikotan islands, for your certain land extension, possess certain possibilities for little farming and harvest of Fox furs and reindeers for meat, some of these islands used how whale stations and possess lakes and rivers adequate for fishing in land too.

Karafuto
Its soils are "podzolics". This combined with a severe and harsh climate made cultivation difficult, but with certain possibilities. The farming and harvest stay more low developed, in Suzuya South Plain, contain land susceptible to farming for produced potatoes, oats, rye, forage, and vegetables. but only 7% of Karafuto if arable land(2% only in South) and more less 1/4 of population dedicated to agriculture the harvest if relative important for horses and cows. in 1937 having 10,811 families, of theirs ones 623 recent arriving. in 1932 the new peasants are 1341. The land in cultive if suppose unically 86,175 acres (349 km²), but specialist thinked why exist more additional land for this purpose. The most adequate farmers proceeded from Hokkaido and North Honshu, where each settler was given one land portion of 12.5 to 25 acres (50,000 to 100,000 m²) and one Russian-style house. the farming experiments realizing with Rice possess partially sucess. other government research mentioned why exist ones 4,300 km² and in 1926 having establish 8,755 families why cultivated 179.9 km².

Hokkaido
in this island are cultivated Rice, why occupied the 25% or less, oats why are farming same area, potatoes vegetables, rye and wheat. in other area the rice convert in principal cultive, in 60% of territory and exist certain harvest of horse(200,000 or 250,000 horses) and Cows(12,000 or 35,000 cows), respect at horses apart of regular farming horses in land are harvest for Japanese Army forces. the Hokkaido farms possess one media of 48,000 square metres of tall, more of fourth times why the extension of others in Japan. the rice farming expansion having possibly for one profound research for obtain one adequate variety for these climate, but the land disposable(14%) aren't adequate to farm purpossess for rice and rendiments are low. in island cultivated the apple, potatoes, cherries, etc. exist one special cultive of Mint in land. other cyphers mentioned why the farms possess 11 acres (45,000 m²) and stay isolated one each other. the farmers number are ones 2,000,000and the government mentioned the possibility for establish others 1,000,000 additionally too.

North Honshu
The farms were of a size of of 3.5 to 4 acres (14,000 to 16,000 m²), for rice, potatoes, mice, and rye. if produced the 3/4 parts of apples of japan, more richest why at south, other product are cherries and harvest of horses are more extend.

 * Japanese farming in central areas (Central-South Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Chosen,Kwantung Leased Territoire,South Manchurian Railway Zone and Manchukuo)

Central-South Honshu
in are cultivated Rice and why special products how White mulberry (for grown of Silk worm)in Suwa, tea, (in Shizuoka), Daikon(spice rabanus)in Nagoya, and others rye, mice, grape for regular national wine, etc. one traditional farming place in this are Kinki district. in were stay Biwa Lake (one special place), and Japan, interior and Pacific seas is stay more nearest with Osaka, NagoyaNara and Kioto how principal cities and your ports in Turuga (Japan sea), Yokkaiti (pacific sea), Wakayama, Kobe and Osaka (interior sea).

Kyushu
if one traditional place for rice and sweet potato cultive, for your subtropical conditions, other crops are Sugar Cane, Banana, tropical orange, lemon, tobacco, taro, beans. additionally in high lands if harvest some horses too. these place possess more cultural relations with South Seas and China, and are one of more ancient centres of Japanese Origins and Culture. this if origin to Satsuma clan culture, based in sea contacts with south area.

Shikoku
in island with Subtropical conditions similarly at Kyushu if farming Palm (of various types included coconuts), Camphor (in plantations), Wax-Tree, sweet potato, taro, and over all much rice. other products obtained in highlands are Rye, Mice, sarracin wheat, White Moral (for grown silk worm) and forage for horses and cows.

Chosen
Korean farming is similar to Chinese farming for its intense human work, but the Koreans had little capital for machinery or fertilizers. Much of its products are similar to Japanese and Chinese farming. Each local peasant family possessed 3.6 acres (15,000 m²) for making your labours and the great private or government Japanese farming companies having growning, theirs absorbed these little lands. In the country are cultivated rice (for export to Japan), maize, oats, soy beans, wheat, sorghum, Kaoliang, potatoes, sweet potato, much vegetables how cauliflower, turnips, Daikon, Corn, cotton, white mulberry (for cultivation of silkworms), pears, apples, orange, lemons; and raise cattle, horses and many pigs.

Farming topics were managed by the Farming State Empress "East Foment Company" from Keijo (Seoul). This center dictated all farming and harvest official measures in all provinces. Another crop was bamboo.

Kwantung Leased Territoire and South Manchurian Railway Zone
The farming are very similar to Manchukuo and Chosen.in these are developed the Soybean for industrial use and export to foreing markets, and White mulberry for grown for Worm silk harvest,others cutlivations are Wheat,Rye,Kaoliang,some Rice,Cotton,Maize,etc. exist some harvest of cows and horses,but these lasts are for transportation.in kwantung how chosen are developed the Fishing industry in Liaotung Gulf for local comsumption and sended to Proper japan.

Manchukuo(Japanese and Manchu farmings)
this Territoire,are more fertile in Central Manchu Plain.in these lands are cultivated Wheat,Corn,Maize,Rice,Kaoliang,Soybean(for industrial and export),Rye,Oats,Barley,etc.others important farmings are Tobbaco,Hemp,Sesame,Apples,Pears,Nuts,etc.exist more mills and granaires for developed the grain cultivation idustry and also used to making beers and liquours,paints,oils,etc.

how one basically farming country how are these nation,appart of these industrial farm developed exist the local peasant cultivation for familiar groups or village comunity,additional are developed the some harvest how Cows,Sheeps,Horses,Bactrian Camels(exclusivelly to Tsingan province and other Mongol majority areas in country) and Dogs(for winter transportation and other uses in Kirin and Heilungkiang) Manchukuo poses local fishing industry in lakes(Khanka and others), rivers and seas (Liaotung Gulf)

For more detailed information see: Manchukuo and Mengchiang (agriculture, farming, lumber and fishing)

 * Japanese farming in South areas(Ryu-Kyu islands, Taiwan, South Pacific Mandate, Japanese colony in Philippines in previous times of Pacific war)

Ryukyus
if other tropical islands adequate for farming rice, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, Paw Paw coconuts, taro, etc.

Taiwan (Formosa)
the farming are chinese style, with rice cultivation, sweet potato, etc. The most developed farming are sugar cane, specially in nort and south area, why represent one sending of crude sugar of 42% to Japan. other characteristic product are Oolong tea, Bananas, Pineapple, etc. At same time if collect much Camphor in forest or plantations for obtain these product or sended crude to japan, and jute and ramium (for obtain fibres for cords) and others. the consumption of sugar in japan augment in 15 lb (7 kg), in 1918 to 30 lb (14 kg) in 1928, much of this province. the cultived land are 2,116,174 acres (8,564 km²) with one proportion of peasants in cultivated surface of 1,576 habitants for sq mile in 1937. Cherries and Strawberries are farming in high lands. the japanese government for administered the founds and developed all Camphor production organized the "Formosa Manufacturing Company" from 1899.

South Pacific Mandate
in province for your equatorial tropical conditions if farming coconuts, taro, sweet potato, tapioca, banana, pineapple and rice, for local use or export. similarly at formosa the sugar cane industry are pushed for obtain more production for sendings to Japan and foreign exports. the principal sugar cane centres stay in Saipan and Palau islands.

Philippines
previous at Pacific war, in Davao at South of Mindanao island, exist one very little Japanese settlement, why dedicated joining at Japanese private companies founds to Cultivated Abaca or Manila Hemp for obtain fibers for cords. this if principal center of these cultivation in area and theirs farming sugar cane, pineapple, bananas, sweet potato and other tropical cutives. the Abaca farming in surface but no in value this exeded to sugar cane cultivation and one 25% are send to USA. other natural fibre farming if the Philippine Sisal for sended to same market and Japan too.

Land transport
The compact constitution of Japan had eased the development of transports for land or sea. The unfavourable topography spoke against a railway systems but many coastal ports permit intense cabotage navigation. For this the heavy mercancies if trasladed for sea and railways obtain more foundswith passengers why the charge. Japan during the seventh century had linked all towns with a basic system of Imperial roads, which long stayed in use. These roads linked cities with sacred sites, and were used by regular citizens and imperial civil servants. The most famous of these was the "Tokaido Way", from Kyoto, the feudal capital, to Yedo (now Tokyo) 300 miles (500 km) away. Other similar roads led from Kyoto to the west tip of Honshu, and to the North. These wer simples tourist route, surrounded by pine trees, not suitable for automotive transit.

The contemporary road systems of the Empire were few. Of one total of 1 million km, only the 90° part stay out of urban area or are strait or poverty affirm. Cars and imported fuel were expensive for the ordinary Japanese citizen, so buses were popular. Motor transport had a low penetration, given the mountainous land and the difficulty of constructing and maintaining roads. In 1923 there were 100,000 automobiles in country (2/3 cars, 1/3 trucks). The majority of these cars were taxis; private cars were few.

The railway system was 75% Government-owned, was more dense, and reached most areas. Inside of Japan proper the system was 13,581 miles long in 1938. This carried more than 1000 million passengers per year, but the voyage media re 15,4 miles, the gauge of current way is 3 feet 6 inch (1067 mm), in contrast with 4 feet & 8 1/2 inches (1435 mm). For this the speed was reduced, and 2% of lines is electrified, principally in nearest of Tokio and Osaka where frequently of trains arriving to ports of Yokohama and Kobe in middle hour. In other zones these trains interurbans electric are most popular. The express trains between Tokio and Aomoriin north extreme required 13 hours for recover 457 miles. from tokio to Shimonosekiin South extreme having one distance of 1,100 km why recover in 130 km. both extreme stations Aomori and Shimonoseki are terminals for enlazed Honshuwith Hokkaido, Hakodate, and Fusan in Chosen too respectively. The first line continued since Fusan in south, for Seoul to continuing for Manchukuo for enlazed the terminal in Manchouli why connect with Chita in Soviet Far East. the other line borned from Seoul to Rashin for continuing to Manchukuo or Vladivostok. the Hakodate terminal continuing for Sapporo to all island and extreme point to Ootomari in Karafuto, from this to Toyohara to Russian Frontier at Alexandrovsk in Soviet Sakhalin. one tunnes why pass under Shimonoseki Straitenlazed Honshu with Kyushu. and other line cominzed from Shimonoseki or Mojito transport in Ferry for continuing at Kirun(Keelung) terminal in Taiwan for continuing at Takao and Tainan at south of island too. exist one regular railway ferries specially for enlazed during pacific war the Chinese railway system, Philippine and all Southeast Asian railways systems are integrated under japanese railway system structure during this times. The sea straits of extreme railway stations previous mentioned.

Electric energy
in 1925, japan evaluated your electric water power reserves in ones 5,000,000 H.P. of theirs ones 1,500,000 H.P. stay in active use. the other energetic source are the Electric Power, provided from water or coal/oils. the abrupted topography and intense rains in Central range zones, favoured the hydraulic energy source. in 1936 the total consumption of Hydroelectric energy if raised to circa of 20,000 millions of Kilowatts-Hours, cipher why having to compared with this 5,000 millions of Kilowatts-Hours produced for Coal. for other part, exist one grown of 50% in Hydroelectric energy in five previous years, aren't no possibly to satisfied the total demand why augment in all nation in one 250%.japan count still with hydraulic energy sources no exploided, but in your majority are scarcy tall and possess very little sites for water reserves for these installations. of one theoretical capacity of production of 10 millions of kilowatts, the middle stay in regular use. in 1936 having 12,176,098 customs but the number of ligths represent one promedia of 3,6%. The major employ of electricity correspond to three great centres surround to HidaMountains(JapaneseAlps for foreigners) Tokio and Yokohama;Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe and Nagoya.the development of these energy source are since from 1891 to I° chinese-japanese war in 1894-95.the research for government in 1923 stimed why the total power having to develop are of 6,500,000 horsepower (4.8 GW) potentially and ones 14,280,000 horsepower (10.6 GW) in regular level. the local electric empresses in functions at final of 1924, are 4,472 developed ones 2,230 MW of theirs 1,470 MW are of hydroelectrical production. during 1933 having augment these empresses inones 67,339 to developed ones 5,000 MW of theirs ones 3,110 MW are for hydroelectric production. additionally having various instalations in construction, for all theatrically debt exist immense reserved of energy to await of developed.

the rivers why arriving to Japan Sea the most important are:
 * Shinano
 * Akano (each one possess capacity to develop ones middle million of horsepower)
 * Jintsu
 * Kurobe
 * Sho
 * Mogami
 * Hime
 * Kuzuryu
 * Joganji
 * Tetori

for other hand the rivers with curse arriving to Pacific stay:
 * Kiso
 * Tenryu (both mentioned possess one capacity to develop more than 500,000 horsepower (370 MW)
 * Fuji
 * Tone
 * Oh-ni
 * Kitakami
 * Abukuma
 * Kino

these rivers stay in convenient for more adequate use to principal centres mentioned before.

some operative electric power plants are: Matsumoto, Kiso and Fuji.

Natural gas
japan still possess certain petrol sources, no possess none Natural gas source associated or not in your soil. the unique exception stay in the Industrial Gasification installations why Industrialist with Japanese Government possess but only for industrial research or other related uses too.

Naval construction industry
In 1893 naval construction was in the range 177,000 to 1,528,000 tons. In 1913 this increased to 3,565,000 tons. In 1924 with ones 237 vessels of 500 tons and others 11 of 10,000 tonnes for continuing your growing at 4,140,000 tonnes in 1928.the Japanese Navy was third in the world behind British and American Navies and dominated the West Pacific area before the war. The first modern Shipyard if founded in 1891 since this time the naval constructions are rapidly advanced. the Japanese boats of more 100 tonnes represents one tonnelage total registered of 5,007,000 tonnes of theirs 1,198,000 correspond to naval construction period of 1936-38.this putting at Nation in third place between maritime potencies, one notably realization in more short times. the old vessels are destroyed or disarmed of mode why the regular fleet are efficient and modern. without scarcie of Petrol, much of these modern vessels are pushed for these energy source.

Military industry
This sector was important from the First Chinese-Japanese war to the Pacific War.

Large industrial groups received large investment for making weapons for Japanese army and Navy in national war efforts. In military aircraft industry exist the next names of important companies how:

For Japanese Navy: for Japanese Army: for both armed branchs: for Manchukuo and Japanese Army: and other companies relationed.
 * Aichi(1643,913 examples)
 * Kawanishi(1036,435 examples)
 * Showa/Nakajima
 * Nihon
 * Maeda
 * Yokosuka(980,136 examples)
 * Watanabe
 * Kyushu(218,102 examples)
 * Kugisho
 * Mizuno
 * Funryu
 * Nikkoku
 * Yokoi
 * Maeda
 * Rikugun Kokukosho
 * Rikugun Kogiken
 * Tachikawa(2078,832 examples)
 * Kawasaki(2172,875 examples)
 * Kokusai(60,037 examples)
 * Kayaba
 * Nakajima(2052,157(army) and 3148,417(navy) examples)
 * Mitsubishi(2503,194(army) and 1287,742(navy) examples)
 * Mansyu(125,379 examples)

In other war materiel, the name of Nambu Company are charged for making hand weapons for both armed branches, the Mitsubishi heavy Industries with your subsidiaries (Hitachi Company, Ikegai Iron works, Sagami Arsenal(factory)and others) possess the contract to manufactured the second Tank Type in use for armed forces the Medium Tank Type 97 or Chi-Ha and Shinhoto-Chi-Ha with one total of 1,049 examples making in 1938-41.

 * -the first prototypesof Type 97 Medium Tank are constructed for Tokyo Plant of Mitsubishi Heavy industries Ltd.and Osaka Arsenal.the design of engine are designed by Mitsubishi and Ikegai Iron Works Ltd.

 * -production numbers of Medium Tank type 97:

 * 1938(25 examples)
 * 1939(202 examples)
 * 1940(315 examples)
 * 1941(507 examples)
 * 1942(531 examples)
 * 1943(543 examples)
 * 1944(stopped the production)

 * -total by factories:

construct these tank are:
 * Mitsubishi:(1,224 examples)
 * Hitachi:(355 examples)
 * -other factory why
 * Sagami Arsenal

 * -of theirs ones
 * 2,123 examples of "Shinhoto-Chi-Ha"(New turret version)
 * Uhknowed cypher of "Chi-Ha"(regular model)

1938-1941.
 * -Total production stay in ones 1,049 examples between

the shipyards of Mitsubishi and Kawasaki Heavy industries jointly with Naval arsenals making the war vessels and Submarines need for Japanese navy and exist other industrialist groups why manufactured other equipments needed for these war efforts too. appart debt at your agreements with Germany, theirs receiving much military technology and samples of weapons for develop in country or Japanese government buying any licenses to making and the prototypes for same purpose too.

Additionally Japanese before and during last times of wartimes,developed some types of inusual military combat infantry tecniques, artifacts,special weapons and certain massive destruction weapons between other various belic equipments.theirs are collective denominated "Japanese Secret and Special Weapons"

For this see also:

 * -"Japanese Secret and Special Weapons"

Japanese-German military technology collaboration
See Japanese-German pre-WWII industrial co-operation

Japanese Nuclear energy research
See:"Japanese Nuclear Energy Development"


text:
Vilma Santos

Rosa Vilma Tuazon Santos-Recto (born November 3, 1953) is a Filipino actress and politician. In a career spanning over six decades, she has played dramatic roles in film and television in the Philippines. She is widely referred as the "Star for All Seasons". She began her career as a child actress in the 1963 film Trudis Liit, for which she won her first FAMAS Award (Best Child Performer). She won the FAMAS Award for Best Actress for her dual role in Dama de Noche (1972). She has portrayed the superhero Darna in four films beginning with Lipad, Darna, Lipad! (1973). Santos produced Pagputi ng Uwak, Pag-itim ng Tagak (1978), which won both the FAMAS Award for Best Picture and the Gawad Urian for Best Film.

As a politician, Santos served as governor of Batangas for three consecutive terms and as mayor of Lipa for also three consecutive terms. She was elected as the Representative of the 6th District of Batangas which comprise only the City of Lipa in 2016. She was encouraged by various political parties to run for the Senate in 2019, but refused to do so. She also served as a House Deputy Speaker from 2019 to 2022 and as the Representative of Batangas' 6th district from 2016 to 2022.

Acting career
Vilma Santos is widely considered the most lastingly successful Filipino film and television actress of all time. She was adjudged the greatest movie actress of the Philippines for the years 2000 to 2020 by the Philippine Entertainment Portal for her continued portrayal of a wide range of award-winning roles as well as for being a consistent box-office draw despite being in the industry for nearly six decades. Vilma's venture into politics made her semi-retire from showbusiness in the late 1990's yet she still emerged as the actress with the most number of local best actress awards so far in the 21st century.

She started her acting career when one of her uncles, who was a cameraman at Sampaguita Pictures, convinced her to try out for the movies. Initially, Sampaguita Pictures had planned a child star role for her in Anak, Ang Iyong Ina (1963). When Santos was in the studio, she noticed a long line of little girls. Thinking that that line was the line for her audition, she decided to queue in. The long line turned out to be for an audition for Sampaguita Pictures' offering Trudis Liit (Little Trudis).

When it was her turn to audition, she was asked by the panel to sing, dance and cry on cue. She got the part of "Trudis Liit" for which she received the FAMAS Awards Best Child Performer award for 1963.

She was cast in Sa Bawat Pintig ng Puso (1964), Maria Cecilia (1965), Kasalanan Kaya? (1968), Iginuhit ng Tadhana (1965) and later in its sequel Pinagbuklod ng Langit (1969).

Mayor of Lipa City
In 1998, she entered politics and ran for mayor of Lipa City, Batangas where she won three consecutive elections, becoming the city's first female mayor.

In 2005, the University of the Philippines Diliman conferred on her the Gawad Plaridel Award for her achievements and contributions both as an actress and a public servant. In the same year she was conferred an honorary doctorate degree (honoris causa) in humanities by the Lipa City College. She was again honored in 2006 by UP Diliman as one of the four awardees in UP's First Diwata Awards.

Governor of Batangas
In 2007, Santos-Recto was on her third and final term as Mayor of Lipa and was barred for seeking another term. She became a reluctant candidate for Governor of Batangas as her brother-in-law, incumbent Vice Governor Richard Recto, is seeking the governorship.

On March 5, 2007, during the regular flag-raising ceremony at the Lipa City Hall, Santos-Recto ask for a week to decide if she will run or not. This was attended by thousands of her supporters not only in Lipa but from different towns in Batangas. On March 12, 2007, she made her final decision, running for Governor of Batangas despite having her brother-in-law as her rival, including incumbent governor Arman Sanchez and former police chief Nestor Sanares.

On the day of her filing of her candidacy, Richard Recto decided to withdraw his candidacy and run for Congress instead.

Santos-Recto was proclaimed Governor-elect of Batangas on May 21, 2007, after garnering 475,740 votes against incumbent Arman Sanchez's 344,969, becoming the first female governor of the province. She was reelected to her second term as Governor of Batangas in 2010, defeating incumbent Santo Tomas Mayor Edna Sanchez, who substituted her husband Arman Sanchez who died few weeks before the election. She was re-elected to her third and final term as Governor in 2013.

Member, House of Representatives
After her election for her third and final term as Governor of Batangas, speculations circulated that Santos-Recto would run for the national level. However, she declined every offer to run for a higher level. She decided to run as the first representative of the newly formed 6th District of Batangas, would comprise only the City of Lipa. Santos-Recto won by a landslide, defeating Bernadette Sabili.

She became chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Professional Regulation. However, she was removed from the post by the House leadership for her rejection of the reimposition of capital punishment. She is the vice chair of the Committee on Globalization and WTO and the Committee on Local Government. She is also a member of the committees on Basic Education and Culture, Cooperatives Development, Information and Communications Technology, Interparliamentary Relations and Diplomacy, Labor and Employment, Poverty Alleviation, Public Works and Highways, Southern Tagalog Development, Ways and Means, Welfare af Children, and Women and Gender Equality.

She is co-author of the SOGIE Equality bill (Anti-discrimination bill), Magna Carta for Day Care Workers, Maternity Leave Increase bill, Cancer Awareness bill, expanded Senior Citizens bill, and Post-graduate Education for Teachers bill.

In September 2018, she switched from the Liberal Party, where she was a member since 2009, to the Nacionalista Party.

On July 10, 2020, she is one of the 11 representatives who voted favor to grant ABS-CBN's legislative franchise. in which she supported the network's cause for the people and culture. ABS-CBN is also responsible for the restoration of some of her films as well as preservation, which includes Kapag Langit ang Humatol, Anak, Haplos, and Dekada '70.

Although she's eligible to run for a third term, and due to speculations that she might run for a national post, Santos-Recto decided not to seek another term to give way to her husband to run in the same position, nor run in any position in the 2022 elections, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Personal life
Vilma Santos-Recto is married to Senator Ralph Recto. They have one son, named Ryan Christian. She also has one son, Luis Manzano from her previous marriage to Edu Manzano.

Awards in television

 * 1998 – Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award – Star Awards for TV

Awards in film

 * 1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Child Actress)
 * 1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Lead Actress)
 * 1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Producer)
 * 1989 – FAMAS Hall of Fame
 * 1990 – PMPC Star Awards Darling of the Press
 * 1990 – Gawad Urian Aktres ng Dekada '80 (Actress of the Decade '80)
 * 1997 – FAP Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 1998 – FAMAS Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 1999 – PMPC Star Awards Special Citation for winning at the Brussels Int'l Film Festival
 * 1999 – Natatanging Artista ng Taon
 * 2000 – Gawad Urian Aktress ng Dekada '90(Actress of Decade '90)
 * 2000 – Cinemanila Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2000 – Pelikula At Lipunan Special Award
 * 2002 – Cinemanila Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2004 – Natatanging Gawad Tanglaw
 * 2005 – PMPC Star Dekada Award in Acting
 * 2005 – Feminist Centennial Filmfest – Outstanding Achievement in Film Acting
 * 2005 – GAWAD PLARIDEL for Outstanding Achievement in Film
 * 2005 – GMMSF All-Time Favorite Actress
 * 2005 – Gawad Suri Award for Exemplary Film Practitioner
 * 2006 – First Pioneer Filipino Animation Awards – for Darna, given by the United Animation Inc. and United Staffing Registry Inc.
 * 2006 – University of the Philippines Diwata Awards
 * 2008 – 25th PMPC Star Awards Lifetime Achievement Awardee
 * 2008 – Fil-Am Visionary Legend Award
 * 2009 – 7th ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards Lifetime Achievement Awardee
 * 2009 – FAMAS Exemplary Achievement Awardee
 * 2009 – Cinema One Original Filmfest Legend Award
 * 2011 – Golden Screen Awards Movie Icon of our Time Awardee
 * 2011 – Gawad Tanglaw Artista Ng Dekada
 * 2012 – Yahoo Awards Major Impact
 * 2014 – Cinema One Numero Uno Icon Award
 * 2015 – NCCA Ani ng Dangal for Ekstra
 * 2016 – FAMAS Presidential Award
 * 2016 – FAP Golden Reel Award
 * 2017 Gawad Tanglaw Presidential Jury Award - Best Film Performance
 * 2017 – PMPC Star Awards for Movies Ginintuang Bituin ng Penikulang Pilipino
 * 2017 – Natatanging Gawad Urian
 * 2019 – Gawad Pasado Best Actress Hall of Fame (Films Bata Bata Paano Ka Ginawa?,(1998), Anak (2000), Dekada 70 (2002), Everything About Her (2017)
 * 2019 – MMFF Best Actress Hall of Fame
 * 2019 – PMPC Star Awards for Movies Natatanging Bituin ng Siglo
 * 2019 – SPEED Awards for Movies – Eddys Icon Awards
 * 2021 – PEP Greatest Movie Actress for the Years 2000-2021
 * 2022 – MMFF Marichu Vera Perez Memorial Award
 * 2023 – FDCP Sining Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2024 – EdukSine- Pinay American Style - Gawad Alamat ng Sineng Filipino sa Harap ng Camera
 * 2024 – CCP Cine Icons Series - Anak - UST - Certificate of Appreciation
 * 2024 – CCP Cine Icons Series - Anak - UST - Award of Excellence
 * 2024 – CCP Cine Icons Series - Anak - SPUQC - Certificate of Appreciation
 * 2024 – FDCP - Tagos ng Dugo - Cinematheque - Certificate of Appreciation
 * 2024 – FDCP - Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa? - Metropolitan Theater - Certificate of Appreciation
 * 2024 – GAWAD DANGAL - Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2024 – PMPC - Dekada Award

Albums

 * 2000 – Anak Soundtrack
 * 2005 – Vilma (CD, collection of 23 songs)

Songs/covers

 * 1969 – "Sixteen"
 * 1969 – "Da Doo Ron Ron"
 * 1969 – "Wonderful to Be in Love"
 * 1969 – "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
 * 1970 – "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
 * 1970 – "Something Stupid"
 * 1970 – "Bring Back Your Love"
 * 1970 – "You're All I Want for Christmas"
 * 1970 – "I Wonder Why"
 * 1971 – "Abadaba Honeymoon"
 * 1971 – "Bobby, Bobby, Bobby"
 * 1971 – "Dry Your Eyes"
 * 1971 – "Love, Love"
 * 1971 – "It's Been a Long Long Time"
 * 1971 – "Baby Cakes"
 * 1971 – "I Love You Honey"
 * 1971 – "Then Along Came You, Edgar"
 * 1971 – "Mandolin in the Moonlight"
 * 1971 – "Sealed with a Kiss"
 * 1971 – "Tweddle Dee"
 * 1971 – "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head"
 * 1971 – "Don't You Break My Heart"
 * 1971 – "Wonderful World of Music"
 * 1971 – "You Made Me Love You"
 * 1971 – "The Birds and the Bees"
 * 1972 – "Rick Tick Song"
 * 1972 – "Sad Movies (Make Me Cry)"
 * 1972 – "My Boy Lollipop"
 * 1973 – "Palung-Palo Ako"
 * 1973 – "Walang Umiibig"
 * 1974 – "Tok Tok Palatok"
 * 1974 – "Isipin Mong Basta't Mahal Kita"
 * 1974 – "Batya't Palu Palo"
 * 1974 – "Mamang Kutsero"
 * 1976 – "Mga Rosas sa Putikan"

title: Vilma Santos


text:
Template talk:Spanish language sidebar

Appearance
I think it looks a bit ugly now. :( — Chameleon

 * Well that's a bit subjective, isn't it? Objectively, though, even if you don't see it, the new version was more compact (it took up less horizontal space), and to me it also looked better because there were no nested lists adding excessive indentation. As with the title of Spanish verb paradigm, do as you please, but it's not nice to revert someone else's changes like that. --Pablo D. Flores 15:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know it's subjective, but aesthetics have to be a consideration. Also, your version wasn't more compact.  The width of the box is determined by the width of the image, which you didn't change.  I'm not totally against changing my design, but your change just didn't make it better, IMHO.  How about making a draft here?  — Chameleon 19:15, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I forgot that every user may have different font settings. In my setting, it was more compact. In your version, the text was wider than the image, because it was a large font (Verdana) and mostly because of the indentation. The nested tables can be adjusted better (while the indentation of a list cannot, unless we use HTML and lots of style settings). I'll paste a draft here tomorrow if I can. --Pablo D. Flores 01:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Colours
(copied form Talk:Spanish alphabet)I'm colour-blind, so I don't see colours the same way as most people, but strangely I am often objectively correct. I mean, my girlfriend says that my box is mauve or violet too. I suppose that you'd agree with her that the photo of the keys is blue. I think you're both wrong. The box is rgb(88%, 88%, 98%), which means that there is almost the maximum amount of blue, and equal amounts of red and green. So, it's blue. The photo of the keys is more like rgb(67%, 79%, 96%), which makes it a bluish cyan. I don't know whether this is a colour-perception thing or a computer-screen thing. Maybe I should make the box cyan; it might go with the green. — Chameleon 18:45, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You have to consider the fact that we don't have the same number of receptors for each colour. The box is defenitely violet, and the keyboard has a blue tint.
 * I would defenitely prefer to change the ugly green in the Info box for languages in Spanish language (familycolor=lawngreen), but there's already a color system, and some "very flexible" people not willing to change it... -Mariano 10:36, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

What hav you dan to may buitifal calars?!? Well, I have to admit it goes better with the language-box's green colour. But its a pitty to loose that vanderfal violet. Use it somewhere else, don't let it extinguish!! (I shouldn't edit in my sleep...) -Mariano 07:02, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, was that some accent? Hmm, anyway, feel free to edit the box colours if you like. :)  — Chameleon 08:37, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nah, never mind. Had to complain though. What, you've never been to India? Mmm, maybe I shouldn't have written that, now I will be prosecuted for racism or something like that! Thanks God for Wiki-tolerance. -Mariano 09:22, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

Image and text
Picture and text of caption are misleading. In modern Spanish is "Don Quijote" with "j" - "jota". The template is about spanish language. Not for the literary work in english. --IM-yb (talk) 16:27, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * agreed, no image is better. Frietjes (talk) 13:25, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Judeo-Spanish
By any useful definition of dialect, Judeo-Spanish is clearly not a dialect of Spanish. Unlike the dialects proper, Judeo-Spanish does not exchange innovations with the dialects of Spanish, it lost contact with the written standard 5 centuries ago, and does not even use the Latin script! The differences between Judeo-Spanish and Spanish are not only big, but also very difficult to fit in a general discussion of Spanish dialects. I don't think any serious source deals with it as a dialect, in fact Judeo-Spanish is more of a convenient grouping of linguistic varieties quite apart from each other. By the way, Ladino is just the name of some of these varieties, the name is rejected by many native speakers, check Talk:Judeo-Spanish. In short, the connection between Judeo-Spanish and Spanish is historical, since they parted ways forever in the 15th century. --Jotamar (talk) 23:48, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm also opposed to lumping in Judeo-Spanish with the regular Spanish dialects. The differences between Judeo-Spanish and the rest of Spanish are tremendous. Most Spanish-related pages on Wikipedia just don't treat it the same, as do most other sources on Spanish, and courses teaching Spanish as a second language usually make little mention of Judeo-Spanish. At the same time, I'm also slightly uncomfortable with including Judeo-Spanish in the history section, since some readers might interpret that as implying Judeo-Spanish is just a preservation of pre-1492 Spanish and not a group of living, changing varieties. But that doesn't mean that I know of any better solutions. Erinius (talk) 09:38, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It does not make any sense for a page about a language to be put under the History section. If there is a page about the history of Judeo-Spanish, so be it, add it, but as it stands, it does not belong under History. As such, I am placing it under the Interlanguage section. It fits better alongside Portuñol (Portuguese + Spanish) as being Hebrew + Spanish than it does alongside historical pages. Danachos (talk) 17:05, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Spanish language sidebar


text:
User talk:Filx

Come help!
Jacoplane 08:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Re-booting Magic WikiProject
I'm contacting you because you are listed as a participant at the Magic WikiProject. There is a draft for a new version of the main project page up for discussion and I would welcome your comments or suggestions. I wrote the draft because I was encouraged to try to do something to breathe some life back into the project and also to address some long standing problems that seem to dog it. The draft is posted at WikiProject Magic/draft magic project page. Since starting to edit at Wikipedia in February I've contributed 25 new articles to the Magic project and added material to many more. I would really like to see this thing get going again but I need at least a few people to give some sign of encouragement if I am to continue. Circusandmagicfan 13:59, 19 April 2007 (UTC)Circusandmagicfan

Magic secrets - discussion underway
Hi! As a member of the Wiki magic project, I thought you might be interested in contributing to a discussion about magical secrets on Wikipedia. There has already been agreement as to the removing of unsourced magic secrets, as detailed here. However, I think consensus needs to be reached as to what should be done after the secrets are removed. Should the secret be placed on the talk page? Or is just a comment as to why the secret was removed sufficient? The discussion is taking place at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Magic, and if you are able to take part, that would be great.

Thank you! StephenBuxton (talk) 11:57, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:WikiMagic
Template:WikiMagic has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:23, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Filx


text:
NYY

NYY or nyy may refer to:

 * New York Yankees, an American professional baseball team based in the Bronx, New York City
 * NYY, the station code for Neyyattinkara railway station, Kerala, India
 * nyy, the ISO 639-3 code for Nyakyusa language, Tanzania, Malawi

title: NYY


text:
Władysław Ślebodziński

Władysław Ślebodziński (February 6, 1884 – January 3, 1972) was a Polish mathematician.

Władysław Ślebodziński was born in Pysznica, Poland and educated at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (1903-1908) where he subsequently held a teaching position until 1921. After 1921, he lectured at the State High School of Mechanical Engineering Poznań and in the thirties, he was a visiting lecturer at the Poznań University and Warsaw University until 1939. During the Second World War, he gave underground lectures, leading to his imprisonment. He survived three German concentration camps: Auschwitz (1942 - 1945), where he gave underground university-level lectures as prisoner no. 79053, Gross-Rosen and Nordhausen.

In 1945 he became a joint professor at Wrocław University and at the Wrocław University of Technology, and from 1951 he was a professor at the Wrocław University of Technology. With Bronisław Knaster, Edward Marczewski and Hugo Steinhaus, he was a co-founder of the mathematical journal Colloquium Mathematicum.

From 1949 until 1960, he was a Professor of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Władysław Ślebodziński's main interest was differential geometry. In 1931, he introduced the definition of the Lie derivative, although according to J.A. Schouten, the term Lie derivative occurred first in a two-part paper by van Dantzig. He was the advisor of 11 PhD theses. He was also doctor honoris causa at the Wrocław University of Technology (1965), at the Poznań University of Technology (1967), and at the Wrocław University (1970). Prof. Ślebodziński was a member, President (1961-1963) and honorary member of the Polish Mathematical Society.

He died in Wrocław in 1972 and is buried in the Wrocław, Cemetery Sępolno.

title: Władysław Ślebodziński