text:
User talk:Bebesundrop

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Knowledge Seeker দ 08:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
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You have 200 coins!
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Due to the recent ban, my frontpage has been moved to User:Bank_of_Wikipedia/Accounts
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title: User talk:Bebesundrop


text:
C4.5 algorithm

C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlan's earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. In 2011, authors of the Weka machine learning software described the C4.5 algorithm as "a landmark decision tree program that is probably the machine learning workhorse most widely used in practice to date".

It became quite popular after ranking #1 in the Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining pre-eminent paper published by Springer LNCS in 2008.

Algorithm
C4.5 builds decision trees from a set of training data in the same way as ID3, using the concept of information entropy. The training data is a set $$S = {s_1, s_2, ...}$$ of already classified samples. Each sample $$ s_i$$ consists of a p-dimensional vector $$(x_{1,i}, x_{2,i}, ...,x_{p,i}) $$, where the $$ x_j $$ represent attribute values or features of the sample, as well as the class in which $$ s_i $$ falls.

At each node of the tree, C4.5 chooses the attribute of the data that most effectively splits its set of samples into subsets enriched in one class or the other. The splitting criterion is the normalized information gain (difference in entropy). The attribute with the highest normalized information gain is chosen to make the decision. The C4.5 algorithm then recurses on the partitioned sublists.

This algorithm has a few base cases.
 * All the samples in the list belong to the same class. When this happens, it simply creates a leaf node for the decision tree saying to choose that class.
 * None of the features provide any information gain. In this case, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value of the class.
 * Instance of previously unseen class encountered. Again, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value.

Pseudocode
In pseudocode, the general algorithm for building decision trees is:

 * 1) Check for the above base cases.
 * 2) For each attribute a, find the normalized information gain ratio from splitting on a.
 * 3) Let a_best be the attribute with the highest normalized information gain.
 * 4) Create a decision node that splits on a_best.
 * 5) Recurse on the sublists obtained by splitting on a_best, and add those nodes as children of node.

Implementations
J48 is an open source Java implementation of the C4.5 algorithm in the Weka data mining tool.

Improvements from ID3 algorithm
C4.5 made a number of improvements to ID3. Some of these are:

 * Handling both continuous and discrete attributes - In order to handle continuous attributes, C4.5 creates a threshold and then splits the list into those whose attribute value is above the threshold and those that are less than or equal to it.
 * Handling training data with missing attribute values - C4.5 allows attribute values to be marked as ? for missing. Missing attribute values are simply not used in gain and entropy calculations.
 * Handling attributes with differing costs.
 * Pruning trees after creation - C4.5 goes back through the tree once it's been created and attempts to remove branches that do not help by replacing them with leaf nodes.

Improvements in C5.0/See5 algorithm
Quinlan went on to create C5.0 and See5 (C5.0 for Unix/Linux, See5 for Windows) which he markets commercially. C5.0 offers a number of improvements on C4.5. Some of these are:

 * Speed - C5.0 is significantly faster than C4.5 (several orders of magnitude)
 * Memory usage - C5.0 is more memory efficient than C4.5
 * Smaller decision trees - C5.0 gets similar results to C4.5 with considerably smaller decision trees.
 * Support for boosting - Boosting improves the trees and gives them more accuracy.
 * Weighting - C5.0 allows you to weight different cases and misclassification types.
 * Winnowing - a C5.0 option automatically winnows the attributes to remove those that may be unhelpful.

Source for a single-threaded Linux version of C5.0 is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: C4.5 algorithm


text:
User talk:Saint-djc

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Dunc|☺ 08:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
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Football links
Hi,

I noticed you were new and had been editing football articles, so I thought I'd give you a few links that it took me a while to find. Hope they're useful.

 * User:Sjorford/Football - comprehensive list of football articles on Wikipedia
 * WikiProject Football - place to discuss football articles
 * Wikiportal/Association football - good page for editors who are interested in football

CTOAGN 14:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Rugby union project
There's a WikiProject Rugby union that you probably don't know about. The league equivalent is working quite nicely but the union one only has five participants. So I'm leaving messages on the talk pages of the main contributors. You don't have to sign up but your contribution would be welcomed.GordyB 11:06, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

WPRU Announcement template
Hey, I see you are a participant of Wikiproject Rugby Union. A template has been created for the project. It's function is to allow users to better communicate and co-ordinate tasks. Please consider placing it on your user page. Thanks. - Shudda   talk  11:11, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Notability of Matthew Williams
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Matthew Williams, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Matthew Williams seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Matthew Williams, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 23:23, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Rugby union national team Improvement Drive
 For the 2007 Rugby World Cup WikiProject Rugby union is launching an Improvement Drive for national rugby union teams; specifically those participating in the Rugby World Cup. We need your help! Here is what you can do: The World Cup is fast approaching and these articles are going to get a lot more hits during the tournament. It would be great if we could have them at a high standard!
 * Adopt a national rugby union team article and collaborate with other members to improve it.
 * Find, create and upload free images that will help improve these articles.
 * Copy-edit, reference, and expand articles when and where you can.
 * Promote the project and encourage others to join.

For more information see the discussion on the WikiProject Rugby union talk page here. Shudde  talk  05:15, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Anthony Elliott
A template has been added to the article Anthony Elliott, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. ForeverDEAD 21:35, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Redirect of England national rugby union team (u19)
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Speedy deletion of Sam Harding
A tag has been placed on Sam Harding requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Woland (talk) 23:24, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed the speedy to give you a chance to assert notability.--Ron Ritzman (talk) 23:31, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Joe Simpson
If the other (newer) Joe Simpson was of a high notability I would argur your case. But as the other Joe Simpson captained a country I believe he is the more notable player. This has been shown before in such articles as Ken Jones (rugby player). FruitMonkey (talk) 02:58, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Saint-djc! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 9 of the articles that you created  are  Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:37, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Darragh O'Mahony -
 * 2) Jon Petrie -
 * 3) Conor O'Shea -
 * 4) Shaun Longstaff -
 * 5) Simon Mannix -
 * 6) Sam Harding -
 * 7) James Brooks (rugby) -
 * 8) Niall Malone -
 * 9) Daren O'Leary -

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saint-djc


text:
Organic growth

Organic business growth is related to the growth of natural systems and organisms, societies and economies, as a dynamic organizational process, that for business expansion is marked by increased output, customer base expansion, or new product development, as opposed to mergers and acquisitions, which is inorganic growth.

Organic business growth is growth that comes from a company's existing businesses, as opposed to growth that comes from buying new businesses. It may be negative. Through Growth planning, businesses are able to achieve organic growth by selecting the best strategies available to them. For example, by examining Ansoff's matrix, businesses can select from market penetration, market development, product development and diversification to grow their revenue organically. In addition, organic business growth can be achieved using content marketing efforts, which drive organic search traffic.

Organic business growth does include growth over a period that results from investment in businesses the company owned at the beginning of the period. What it excludes is the boost to growth from acquisitions, and the decline from sales and closures of whole businesses.

When a company does not disclose organic growth numbers, it is usually possible to estimate them by estimating the numbers for acquisitions made in the period being looked at and in the previous year. It is useful to break down organic sales growth into that coming from market growth and that coming from gains in market share: this makes it easier to see how sustainable growth is.

Relating to organic input in an organisation, it can also relate to the act of closing down cost centers through established organic methods instead of waiting for a Finance list.

The mechanisms and rate of growth of firms experiencing organic growth was extensively studied by Edith Penrose in her 1958 book The Theory of the Growth of the Firm.

An early reference to "organic growth" appeared in Inazo Nitobe's 1899 book The Soul of Japan.

Organic Growth is evolving to a new concept within the social media marketing of the 21st century. Social networks also do organic growth in terms of followers and social presence.

title: Organic growth


text:
Macbeth (1948 film)

Macbeth is a 1948 American historical drama directed by Orson Welles. A film adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, it tells the story of the Scottish general who becomes the King of Scotland through treachery and murder. The film stars Welles in the lead role and Jeanette Nolan (in her feature film debut) as Lady Macbeth.

Plot
In the Middle Ages, Macbeth and Banquo are approached by the Three Witches. They address Macbeth, hailing him as the "Thane of Cawdor" and the future king of Scotland. King Duncan's men arrive and congratulate Macbeth of his victory, awarding him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth sends a letter to his wife about the Three Witches' prophecy, in which she questions whether Macbeth is capable of murdering Duncan.

Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth, declaring he will spend the night at Macbeth's castle. Later that night, Macbeth expresses discomfort with killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth overrides her husband's objections by challenging his manhood and persuades him to kill Duncan. Offscreen, Macbeth murders Duncan but returns back to his wife with the daggers. When Duncan is found dead, Macbeth frames Duncan's two servants by placing the bloody daggers on them. Remembering the prophecy, Banquo is suspicious of Macbeth's potential role in murdering Duncan. Returning to his wife, Macbeth expresses his guilt and he proclaims he will never be able to sleep again.

Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain have fled, in which Macbeth is crowned the new king of Scotland. Worried that Banquo's descendants would rule Scotland, Macbeth invites Banquo to a royal banquet. He sends two men to successfully murder Banquo, but his son Fleance escapes. At the banquet, Macbeth becomes haunted after seeing Banquo's ghost. The others panic at Macbeth raging at an empty chair, until a desperate Lady Macbeth tells them that her husband is merely afflicted with a harmless malady.

Enraged, Macbeth is warned by the Three Witches to beware of Macduff, who has fled to England. Macbeth frames Macduff as a traitor and sends soldiers to kill him. When the soldiers arrive at Macduff's castle, everyone is put to death, including Lady Macduff and their young son. Back in England, Ross informs Macduff that his family has been killed, to which Macduff swears revenge. Together, with Malcolm and Donalbain, they return to Scotland with a massive army to wage war against Macbeth.

Back in Scotland, Macbeth learns of the approaching English army and has a doctor tend to Lady Macbeth, who is suffering from hallucinations. Wracked with guilt over the murders, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks throughout the castle and falls over a steep cliff to her death. Shortly after, the English army invade, covering themselves by cutting down tree branches. They storm the castle, where Macduff battles Macbeth in a sword fight. Macduff beheads Macbeth, and Ross presents the crown to Malcolm.

Cast

The cast of Macbeth is listed in the AFI Catalog of Feature Films.

 * Orson Welles as Macbeth
 * Jeanette Nolan as Lady Macbeth
 * Dan O'Herlihy as Macduff
 * Roddy McDowall as Malcolm
 * Edgar Barrier as Banquo
 * Alan Napier as A Holy Father
 * Erskine Sanford as Duncan
 * John Dierkes as Ross
 * Keene Curtis as Lennox
 * Peggy Webber as Lady Macduff  and Witch
 * Lionel Braham as Siward
 * Archie Heugly as Siward
 * Jerry Farber as Fleance
 * Christopher Welles as Macduff's child
 * Morgan Farley as Doctor
 * Lurene Tuttle as Gentlewoman and Witch
 * Brainerd Duffield as First Murderer and Witch
 * William Alland as Second Murderer
 * George Chirello as Seyton
 * Gus Schilling as A porter
 * Robert Alan as Third Murderer (uncredited)
 * Harry Wilson as Banquet Guest (uncredited)

Development
In 1947, Orson Welles began promoting the notion of bringing a Shakespeare drama to the motion picture screen. He initially attempted to pique Alexander Korda's interest in an adaptation of Othello, but was unable to gather support for the project. Welles switched to pushing for a film adaptation of Macbeth, which he visualized in its violent setting as "a perfect cross between Wuthering Heights and Bride of Frankenstein."

Teaming with producer Charles K. Feldman, Welles successfully convinced Herbert Yates, founder and president of Republic Pictures, of the prospect of creating a film version of Macbeth. Yates was attempting to raise the level of his studio, which produced Roy Rogers Westerns and low-budget features, into that of a prestige studio. Republic had already tried to present off-beat features, including Gustav Machatý's Jealousy (1945) and Ben Hecht's Specter of the Rose (1946).

Welles had previously staged the so-called Voodoo Macbeth in 1936 in New York City with an all-black cast, and again in 1947 in Salt Lake City as part of the Utah Centennial Festival. He borrowed aspects from both productions for his film adaptation.

Macbeth marked the fourth time that a post-silent era Hollywood studio produced a film based on a Shakespeare play: United Artists had produced The Taming of the Shrew in 1929, Warner Brothers made A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1935, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer produced Romeo and Juliet in 1936. None of these films were commercially successful, but the commercial and critical prestige earned by Laurence Olivier's film version of Henry V (which was produced in Great Britain in 1944 but not seen in the U.S. until 1946) helped to propel Welles' Macbeth forward.

Budget
However, Yates was not able to provide Welles with a large budget. Welles guaranteed to deliver a completed negative of Macbeth on a budget of $700,000. When some members of the Republic board of directors expressed misgivings on the project, Welles had a contract drawn in which he agreed to personally pay any amount over $700,000.

Casting
Welles cast himself in the title role, but was initially stymied in casting Lady Macbeth, regarded by Republic as the focus of the film. His first choice was Vivien Leigh, but Welles never approached her since he believed her husband, Laurence Olivier, would be unsupportive. The role was offered to Tallulah Bankhead, who turned it down. At Welles's request Anne Baxter, Mercedes McCambridge and Agnes Moorehead were approached but they were unavailable. "There is no evidence to suggest that these rejections were much of a blow to Welles," wrote biographer Frank Brady. Welles settled on Jeanette Nolan, one of the Mercury Theatre's repertory players on radio and a trusted colleague since their days on The March of Time radio program.

Welles brought in Irish actor Dan O'Herlihy in his first U.S. film role as Macduff, and cast former child star Roddy McDowall as Malcolm. Welles also cast his daughter Christopher in the role of Macduff's son; this was her only film appearance.

Filming
The film was shot on sets left over from the westerns that were normally made at Republic Studios. In order to accommodate the tight production schedule, Welles had the Macbeth cast pre-record their dialogue.

Welles later expressed frustration with the film's low budget trappings. Most of the costumes were rented from Western Costume, except those for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. "Mine should have been sent back, because I looked like the Statue of Liberty in it," Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich. "But there was no dough for another and nothing in stock at Western would fit me, so I was stuck with it."

Welles also told Bogdanovich that the scene he felt was most effective was actually based on hunger. "Our best crowd scene was a shot where all the massed forces of Macduff's army are charging the castle", he said. "There was a very vivid urgency to it, because what was happening, really, was that we'd just called noon break, and all those extras were rushing off to lunch."

Welles shot Macbeth in 23 days, with one day devoted to retakes.

Release and reception
Republic initially planned to have Macbeth in release by December 1947, but Welles was not ready with the film. The studio entered the film in the 1948 Venice Film Festival, but it was abruptly withdrawn when it was compared unfavorably against Olivier's version of Hamlet, which was also in the festival's competition.

In the U.S. theatrical release, Republic tested the film in a few cities. Critical reaction was overwhelmingly negative, with complaints about Welles's decision to have his cast speak in Scottish burrs and modify the original text.

After its original release, Republic had Welles cut two reels from the film and ordered him to have much of the soundtrack re-recorded with the actors speaking in their natural voices, and not the approximation of Scottish accents that Welles initially requested. This new version was released by Republic in 1950. While critical reaction was still not supportive, the film earned a small profit for the studio.

Welles would maintain mixed emotions about Macbeth. In a 1953 lecture at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, he said: "My purpose in making Macbeth was not to make a great film – and this is unusual, because I think that every film director, even when he is making nonsense, should have as his purpose the making of a great film. I thought I was making what might be a good film, and what, if the 23-day day shoot schedule came off, might encourage other filmmakers to tackle difficult subjects at greater speed. Unfortunately, not one critic in any part of the world chose to compliment me on the speed. They thought it was a scandal that it should only take 23 days. Of course, they were right, but I could not write to every one of them and explain that no one would give me any money for a further day's shooting . . . However, I am not ashamed of the limitations of the picture."

The truncated version of Macbeth remained in release until 1980, when the original uncut version with the Scottish-tinged soundtrack was restored by the UCLA Film and Television Archive and the Folger Shakespeare Library. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "This haunting, eccentric Macbeth may be hampered by budget constraints, but Orson Welles delivers both behind and in front of the camera."

Slant magazine wrote, "While French writers and filmmakers as disparate as Jean Cocteau, André Bazin and Robert Bresson celebrated the film, American critics panned it and U.S. audiences disdained it." Bresson claimed, "I love too much natural settings and natural light not to love also the fake light and the cardboard settings of Macbeth."

Variety wrote, "Welles' idea of Shakespeare is such a personalized version. Production was comparatively inexpensive and looks it. Mood is as dour as the Scottish moors and crags that background the plot. Film is crammed with scenery-chewing theatrics in the best Shakespearean manner with Welles dominating practically every bit of footage."

Adaptation
In bringing Macbeth to the screen, Welles made several changes to Shakespeare's original. He added sequences involving the witches to increase their significance. At the beginning of the film, they create a clay figurine of Macbeth, which is used to symbolize his rise and ruin. It collapses in a heap, seemingly of its own volition, immediately after Macbeth is beheaded. The witches seem to cast a spell on the doll, and anything that happens to it seems to happen also to Macbeth, as in voodoo. The witches also return at the end of the film, viewing the drama from afar and uttering "Peace, the charm's wound up" as the final line. In the original text, this line is spoken in the first act, when the witches initially confront Macbeth.

Because of censorship, the Porter's speech was shorn of all its double entendre.

A major change is Welles' introduction of a new character, the Holy Man. The priest recites the prayer of Saint Michael. Welles later explained that the character's presence was meant to confirm that "the main point of that production is the struggle between the old and new religions. I saw the witches as representatives of a Druidical pagan religion suppressed by Christianity – itself a new arrival." There is a subtle insinuation that Lady Macbeth fatally stabs Duncan prior to Macbeth's attack on the king, and Macbeth is witness to Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking and madness scene; in the play, he is not present.

title: Macbeth (1948 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terri Mueller

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:07, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Terri Mueller
Nonsense. Anon author of this article appears to claim the fictional character Terri Mueller as real while the real author Norma Fox Mazer as fictional. Probably best deleted and rewritten from scratch, if others feel this character is notable enough for inclusion on its own. JamesBurns 08:31, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of any of these people or characters before, so I have no idea if they're notable, but the content of the article verges on speedy -> gibberish. Let's start over.  Delete.  Marblespire 20:21, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense. --Carnildo 21:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this should have been speedied under patent nonsense. Megan1967 03:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Area code 404

Area code 404 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Atlanta, Georgia and its closest suburbs. This comprises roughly the area encircled by Interstate 285. It is an enclave area code, surrounded by area code 770, which serves most of Atlanta's suburbs. Both 404 and 770 are overlaid by area codes 678, 470, and 943.

History
Area code 404 was created in 1947 as one of the 86 original North American area codes, serving the entire state of Georgia. On July 1, 1954, the area from Macon southward was split off with area code 912. Numbering plan area 404 was reduced to the northern half of the state, from the Tennessee and North Carolina borders as far south as Columbus and Augusta.

Despite Atlanta's growth in the 1970s and 1980s, 404 remained unchanged for 38 years. By the end of the 1980s, 404 was nearing exhaustion of central office prefixes to assign new telephone numbers. In an effort to delay splitting the area code, Southern Bell (later BellSouth, now part of AT&T Inc.) decided to introduce interchangeable central office codes, effective October, 1 1989. Previously, the 404 numbering plan served 640 central offices, but the addition of interchangeable codes increased its capacity to 792 central offices in the numbering plan area. As a result, north Georgia telephone subscribers were forced to dial the full ten-digit number (area code plus number).

By late 1991, the need for a new area code could no longer be staved off. On May 3, 1992, nearly all of the old 404 territory outside of metro Atlanta was split off with area code 706. It originally comprised a horseshoe-shaped region that completely wrapped around Atlanta's inner ring. However, shortly after the split took effect, residents in several fast-growing exurbs of Atlanta that had been transferred to 706 complained about no longer being associated with 404. As a result, BellSouth returned these areas to 404 in the spring of 1993. The 404/706 boundary was redrawn in a way that left Columbus and its surrounding area cut off from the rest of 706, making 706 one of the few area codes that are not contiguous.

BellSouth and the Georgia Public Service Commission knew that 404 was still close to exhaustion even after the creation of 706 due to the growing proliferation of cell phones, fax machines and pagers. Indeed, the GPSC had anticipated that the Atlanta area would eventually need another area code, and had planned to assign 770 to Atlanta's suburbs later in the decade. However, the decision to return the Atlanta exurbs to 404 forced the GPSC to shift nearly all of Atlanta's suburban ring to 770 on August 1, 1995, sooner than had been planned.

The 404/770 boundary roughly follows Interstate 285, locally known as "the Perimeter." Generally, 404 is Atlanta itself and most suburbs inside the Perimeter (such as Decatur), while most of the metro area outside the Perimeter uses 770. The boundary was drawn in such a way that a number of areas are split between the two codes. For some time after the 770 split, 404 continued to be used for all cellphones in metro Atlanta. 404/770 became one of the six pairs of "doughnut area codes".

Although the 1995 split was intended as a long-term solution, the numbering plan area approached exhaustion again within two years from demand and growth in communication services in Atlanta, particularly the continued proliferation of cellphones and pagers. On January 1, 1998, area code 678 was introduced for a new, combined numbering plan area of area codes 404 and 770, creating a complex overlay. Since then, ten-digit dialing has been mandatory throughout metro Atlanta. Because area codes cannot be dedicated to specific services, such as cellphones only, mobile customers throughout the metro area were given the option of choosing numbers in the 404, 770, and 678 area codes when signing up for service.

Within only two years, a fourth area code was needed for metro Atlanta. On September 2, 2001, area code 470, chosen by the Georgia Public Service Commission, was added to the 678 overlay. Assignment of new central office prefixes for the new area code were not permitted before the exhaustion of 678. This was finally delayed until c. 2010, because of the implementation of number pooling.

Telephone numbers for high-capacity lines, such as for contest lines for radio stations, are assigned with the central office prefix 741. When 770 was split, these numbers continued to work as both 404-741-xxxx and as 770-741-xxxx, so that only seven-digit dialing was necessary. That lasted until 678 came into use. There are also other prefixes that are not assigned to just one exchange, such as 499 and 528 used by Cobb County government and formerly Southern Polytechnic State University. These were moved into NPA 770.

In November 2013, the NANPA announced the exhaustion of available number blocks for area code 404, citing significant population growth in Atlanta.

An additional NPA, 943, was added to both metro Atlanta overlay areas, which commenced service on March 15, 2022.

Service area
Area code 404 serves landline wire centers and cellphone exchanges in portions of Clayton, DeKalb and Fulton counties, as well as cellphones in portions of Cobb, Douglas and Gwinnett counties. All are shared with 770. The entire area is shared with 678/470/943.

The metro Atlanta region (404, 770, 678/470/943) is one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied for calls from one portion of the metro to the other. Parts of 706/762 and north Alabama's 256/938 are local calls to Atlanta as well.

title: Area code 404


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Missa in tempore belli

Missa in tempore belli (Mass in Time of War) is a setting of the mass by Joseph Haydn. It is catalogued Mass No. 10 in C major (Hob. XXII:9). Known also as the Paukenmesse due to the dramatic use of timpani, it is one of the most popular of his fourteen mass settings. The autograph manuscript contains the title "Missa in tempore belli" in Haydn's handwriting.

Background
Haydn composed this mass at Eisenstadt in August 1796, at the time of Austria’s general mobilisation into war. Four years into the European war that followed the French Revolution, Austrian troops were doing badly against the French in Italy and Germany, and Austria feared invasion. Reflecting the troubled mood of his time, Haydn integrated references to battle in the Benedictus and Agnus Dei movements. The Mass was first performed on 26 December 1796, in the Piarist Church of Maria Treu in Vienna. Haydn was a deeply religious man who appended the words “Praise be to God” at the end of every completed score. As Kapellmeister to Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy, Haydn’s principal duty in the last period of his life, beginning in 1796, was the composition of an annual mass to honour the name day of Prince Nicholas’ wife, Princess Maria Hermenegild, 8 September, the birth of the Blessed Virgin. In a final flowering of his genius, he faithfully completed six magnificent masses (with increasingly larger orchestras) for this occasion. Thus Missa in Tempore Belli was performed at the family church, the Bergkirche, at Eisenstadt on 29 September 1797. Haydn also composed his oratorio The Creation around the same time and the two great works share some of his signature vitality and tone-painting.

This piece has been long thought to express an anti-war sentiment, even though there is no explicit message in the text itself, and no clear indication from Haydn that this was his intention. What is found in the score is a very unsettled nature to the music, not normally associated with Haydn, which has led scholars to the conclusion that it is anti-war in nature. This is especially noticed in the Benedictus and Agnus Dei. During the time of the composition of the Mass, the Austrian government had issued a decree in 1796, that "no Austrian should speak of peace until the enemy is driven back to its customary borders." Whether this is enough to call it anti-war in nature is certainly debatable because most of the mass is of a lyrically joyful nature.

Scoring and structure
The vocal parts of the mass are performed by four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a four-part choir. The soloists often appear as an ensemble, without arias. Haydn scored the mass for a large orchestra, even adding instruments for a performance in Vienna. In the following table of the movements, the markings, keys and time signatures are taken from the choral score, using the symbols for common time and alla breve. The choir and orchestra are present in all movements.

Music
The Kyrie opens like a symphony in sonata form, with a slow introduction before moving on to the main theme. The "Kyrie Eleison" (Lord have Mercy) part is given more importance—the "Christe Eleison" occupies just four bars.

The Gloria is a little choral symphony in the form Vivace-Adagio-Allegro (Fast-Slow-Fast). The lyrical, and deeply felt cello and baritone part in the middle section, beginning "Qui tollis peccata mundi" is especially beautiful.

The Credo is divided into sections that generally reflect the text, but with Haydn's usual overriding sense of structure. At the opening, as each voice part enters with a joyous and rhythmic theme, it takes a different line of the text. The Crucifixus is set in triple meter. A truncated fugue begins at the last line, but it is interrupted midway by an elaborate coda using the solo quartet, with the chorus joining in antiphonally.

The Sanctus opens slowly, but builds to a rather ominous forte on the text "Pleni sunt coeli" before moving to a brief, more genteel "Hosanna in Excelsis".

The In Tempore Belli first suggests itself in the Benedictus. This is set mostly in short nervous phrases for the solo quartet, with the three lower voices singing detached notes below the soprano melody reminiscent of pizzicato strings.

The sense of anxiety and foreboding continues with ominous drumbeats and wind fanfares in the Agnus Dei, which opens with minor-key timpani strokes (hence the German nickname, Paukenmesse), perhaps fate itself, knocking seemingly from the depths. This foreshadows the timpani-catalysed drama of the Agnus Dei in Beethoven's Missa Solemnis. The music brightens with trumpet fanfares, ending with an almost dance-like entreaty and celebration of peace, "Dona nobis pacem" (Give us peace).

title: Missa in tempore belli


text:
Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as the meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically a diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs.

About 10% of adults are carriers of the bacteria in their nasopharynx. As an exclusively human pathogen, it causes developmental impairment and death in about 10% of cases. It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically, mainly in Africa and Asia. It occurs worldwide in both epidemic and endemic form.

N. meningitidis is spread through saliva and respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, chewing on toys and through sharing a source of fresh water. It has also been reported to be transmitted through oral sex and cause urethritis in men. It infects its host cells by sticking to them with long thin extensions called pili and the surface-exposed proteins Opa and Opc and has several virulence factors.

Signs and symptoms
Meningococcus can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease. It initially produces general symptoms like fatigue, fever, and headache and can rapidly progress to neck stiffness, coma and death in 10% of cases. Petechiae occur in about 50% of cases. Chance of survival is highly correlated with blood cortisol levels, with lower levels prior to steroid administration corresponding with increased patient mortality. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are easily confused with those caused by other bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Suspicion of meningitis is a medical emergency and immediate medical assessment is recommended. Current guidance in the United Kingdom is that if a case of meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia (infection of the blood) is suspected, intravenous antibiotics should be given and the ill person admitted to the hospital. This means that laboratory tests may be less likely to confirm the presence of Neisseria meningitidis as the antibiotics will dramatically lower the number of bacteria in the body. The UK guidance is based on the idea that the reduced ability to identify the bacteria is outweighed by reduced chance of death.

Septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis has received much less public attention than meningococcal meningitis even though septicaemia has been linked to infant deaths. Meningococcal septicaemia typically causes a purpuric rash, that does not lose its color when pressed with a glass slide ("non-blanching") and does not cause the classical symptoms of meningitis. This means the condition may be ignored by those not aware of the significance of the rash. Septicaemia carries an approximate 50% mortality rate over a few hours from initial onset.

Other severe complications include Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, a massive, usually bilateral, hemorrhage into the adrenal glands caused by fulminant meningococcemia, adrenal insufficiency, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Not all instances of a purpura-like rash are due to meningococcal septicaemia; other possible causes, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP; a platelet disorder) and Henoch–Schönlein purpura, also need prompt investigation.

Microbiology
N. meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus since it has an outer and inner membranes with a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between. It is 0.6–1.0 micrometers in size. It tests positive for the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase.

Habitat
N. meningitidis is a part of the normal nonpathogenic flora in the nasopharynx of up to 8–25% of adults. It colonizes and infects only humans, and has never been isolated from other animals. This is thought to result from the bacterium's inability to get iron from sources other than human transferrin and lactoferrin.

Subtypes
Disease-causing strains are classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide capsule. Serotype distribution varies markedly around the world. Among the 13 identified capsular types of N. meningitidis, six (A, B, C, W135, X, and Y) account for most disease cases worldwide. Type A has been the most prevalent in Africa and Asia, but is rare/practically absent in North America. In the United States, serogroup B is the predominant cause of disease and mortality, followed by serogroup C. The multiple subtypes have hindered development of a universal vaccine for meningococcal disease.

Virulence
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a component of the outer membrane of N. meningitidis. This acts as an endotoxin and is responsible for septic shock and hemorrhage due to the destruction of red blood cells. Other virulence factors include a polysaccharide capsule which prevents host phagocytosis and aids in evasion of the host immune response. Adhesion is another key virulence strategy to successfully invade host cell. There are several known proteins that are involved in adhesion and invasion, or mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors. These include the Type IV pilin adhesin which mediates attachment of the bacterium to the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, surface-exposed Opa and Opc proteins which mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors, and NadA which is involved in adhesion.

Pathogenic meningococci that have invaded into the bloodstream must be able to survive in the new niche, this is facilitated by acquisition and utilisation of iron (FetA and Hmbr), resisting intracellular oxidative killing by producing catalase and superoxide dismutase and ability to avoid complement mediated killing (fHbp). Meningococci produce an IgA protease, an enzyme that cleaves IgA class antibodies and thus allows the bacteria to evade a subclass of the humoral immune system.

A hypervirulent strain was discovered in China. Its impact is yet to be determined.

Complement inhibition
Factor H binding protein (fHbp) that is exhibited in N. meningitidis and some commensal species is the main inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway. fHbp protects meningococci from complement-mediated death in human serum experiments, but has also been shown to protect meningococci from antimicrobial peptides in vitro. Factor H binding protein is key to the pathogenesis of N. meningitidis, and is, therefore, important as a potential vaccine candidate. Porins are also an important factor for complement inhibition for both pathogenic and commensal species. Porins are important for nutrient acquisition. Porins are also recognized by TLR2, they bind complement factors (C3b, C4b, factor H, and C4bp (complement factor 4b-binding protein)). Cooperation with pili for CR3-mediated internalization is another function of porins. Ability to translocate into host cells and modulate reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis is made possible by porins, as well. Strains of the same species can express different porins.

Genome
At least 8 complete genomes of Neisseria meningitidis strains have been determined which encode about 2,100 to 2,500 proteins.

The genome of strain MC58 (serogroup B) has 2,272,351 base pairs. When sequenced in 2000, it was found to contain 2158 open reading frames (ORFs). Of these, a biological function was predicted for 1158 (53.7%). There were three major islands of horizontal DNA transfer found. Two encode proteins involved in pathogenicity. The third island only codes for hypothetical proteins. They also found more genes that undergo phase variation than any pathogen then known. Phase variation is a mechanism that helps the pathogen to evade the immune system of the host.

The genome size of strain H44/76 is 2.18 Mb, and encodes 2,480 open reading frames (ORFs), compared to 2.27 Mb and 2,465 ORFs for MC58. Both strains have a GC content of 51.5%. A comparison with MC58 showed that four genes are uniquely present in H44/76 and nine genes are only present in MC58. Of all ORFs in H44/76, 2,317 (93%) show more than 99% sequence identity.

The complete genome sequence of strain NMA510612 (serogroup A) consists of one circular chromosome with a size of 2,188,020 bp, and the average GC content is 51.5%. The chromosome is predicted to possess 4 rRNA operons, 163 insertion elements (IS), 59 tRNAs, and 2,462 ORFs.

There is a public database available for N. meningitidis core genome Multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Available at: Neisseria typing

Genetic transformation
Genetic transformation is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into the recipient's genome by recombination. In N. meningitidis, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA sequences (9–10 mers residing in coding regions) of the donor DNA. These sequences are called DNA uptake sequences (DUSs). Specific recognition of these sequences is mediated by a type IV pilin. In N. meningitidis DUSs occur at a significantly higher density in genes involved in DNA repair and recombination (as well as in restriction-modification and replication) than in other annotated gene groups. The over-representation of DUS in DNA repair and recombination genes may reflect the benefit of maintaining the integrity of the DNA repair and recombination machinery by preferentially taking up genome maintenance genes, that could replace their damaged counterparts in the recipient cell.

N. meningititis colonizes the nasopharyngeal mucosa, which is rich in macrophages. Upon their activation, macrophages produce superoxide (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Thus N. meningitidis is likely to encounter oxidative stress during its life cycle. Consequently, an important benefit of genetic transformation to N. meningitidis may be the maintenance of the recombination and repair machinery of the cell that removes oxidative DNA damages such as those caused by reactive oxygen. This is consistent with the more general idea that transformation benefits bacterial pathogens by facilitating repair of DNA damages produced by the oxidative defenses of the host during infection.

Meningococci population is extensively diverse genetically, this is due to horizontal gene transfers while in the nasophanrynx. Gene transfer can occur within and between genomes of Neisseria species, and it is the main mechanism of acquiring new traits. This is facilitated by the natural competence of the meningococci to take up foreign DNA. The commensal species of Neisseria can act as a reservoir of genes that can be acquired; for example, this is how capsule switching can occur as a means of hiding from the immune system. An invasive N. meningitidis strain of serogroup C broke out in Nigeria in 2013 – the strain was a new sequence type, ST-10217 determined by multilocus sequence typing. It was determined that a commensal strain of N. meningitidis acquired an 8-kb prophage, the meningococcal disease-associated island (MDAΦ), previously associated with hyper-invasiveness; and the full serogroup C capsule operon, thus becoming a hypervirulent strain. This illustrates how hypervirulent strains can arise from non-pathgenic strains due to the high propensity of gene transfers and DNA uptake by N. meningitidis.

Diagnosis
A small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is sent to the laboratory as soon as possible for analysis. The diagnosis is suspected, when Gram-negative diplococci are seen on Gram stain of a centrifuged sample of CSF; sometimes they are located inside white blood cells. The microscopic identification takes around 1–2 hours after specimen arrival in the laboratory.

The gold standard of diagnosis is microbiological isolation of N. meningitidis by growth from a sterile body fluid, which could be CSF or blood. Diagnosis is confirmed when the organism has grown, most often on a chocolate agar plate, but also on Thayer–Martin agar. To differentiate any bacterial growth from other species a small amount of a bacterial colony is Gram stained and tested for oxidase and catalase. Gram negative diplococci that are oxidase and catalase positive are then tested for fermentation of the following carbohydrates: maltose, sucrose, and glucose. N. meningitidis will ferment glucose and maltose. Finally, serology determines the subgroup of the N. meningitidis, which is important for epidemiological surveillance purposes; this may often only be done in specialized laboratories.

The above tests take a minimum of 48–72 hours turnaround time for growing the organism, and up to a week more for serotyping. Growth can and often does fail, either because antibiotics have been given preemptively, or because specimens have been inappropriately transported, as the organism is extremely susceptible to antibiotics and fastidious in its temperature, and growth medium requirements.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests where available, mostly in industrialized countries, have been increasingly used; PCR can rapidly identify the organism, and works even after antibiotics have been given.

Prevention
All recent contacts of the infected patient over the seven days before onset should receive medication to prevent them from contracting the infection. This especially includes young children and their child caregivers or nursery-school contacts, as well as anyone who had direct exposure to the patient through kissing, sharing utensils, or medical interventions such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Anyone who frequently ate, slept or stayed at the patient's home during the seven days before the onset of symptom, or those who sat beside the patient on an airplane flight or classroom for eight hours or longer, should also receive chemoprophylaxis. The agent of choice is usually oral rifampicin for a few days.

Receiving a dose of the Meningococcal vaccine before traveling to a country in the "meningitis belt" or having a booster meningitis vaccine, normally five years apart could prevent someone from getting an infection from the pathogen.

United States
A number of vaccines are available in the U.S. to prevent meningococcal disease. Some of the vaccines cover serogroup B, while others cover A, C, W, and Y. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends all teenagers receive MenACWY vaccine and booster, with optional MenB. MenACWY and MenB are also recommended for people of other ages with various medical conditions and social risk factors.

A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. MPSV4 may be used in people 2–55 years old if the MCV4 vaccines are not available or contraindicated. Two meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) are licensed for use in the U.S. The first conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2005, the second in 2010. Conjugate vaccines are the preferred vaccine for people 2 through 55 years of age. It is indicated in those with impaired immunity, such as nephrotic syndrome or splenectomy.

In June 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal diseases and Hib disease for infants and children 6 weeks to 18 months old. The vaccine, Menhibrix, was designed to prevent disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). It was the first meningococcal vaccine that could be given to infants as young as six weeks old.

In October 2014 the FDA approved the first vaccine effective against serogroup B, named Trumenba, for use in 10- to 25-year-old individuals.

Africa
In 2010, the Meningitis Vaccine Project introduced a vaccine called MenAfriVac in the African meningitis belt. It was made by generic drug maker Serum Institute of India and cost 50 U.S. cents per injection. Beginning in Burkina Faso in 2010, it has been given to 215 million people across Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo and Gambia. The vaccination campaign has resulted in near-elimination of serogroup A meningitis from the participating countries.

Treatment
Persons with confirmed N. meningitidis infection should be hospitalized immediately for treatment with antibiotics. Because meningococcal disease can disseminate very rapidly, a single dose of intramuscular antibiotic is often given at the earliest possible opportunity, even before hospitalization, if disease symptoms look suspicious enough. Third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics (i.e. cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) should be used to treat a suspected or culture-proven meningococcal infection before antibiotic susceptibility results are available. Clinical practice guidelines endorse empirical treatment in the event a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for laboratory testing cannot first be performed. Antibiotic treatment may affect the results of microbiology tests, but a diagnosis may be made on the basis of blood-cultures and clinical examination.

Epidemiology
N. meningitidis is a major cause of illness, developmental impairment and death during childhood in industrialized countries and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa and in Asia. Every year, about 2,500 to 3,500 people become infected with N. meningitidis in the US, with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000. Children younger than five years are at greatest risk, followed by teenagers of high school age. Rates in the African meningitis belt were as high as 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 100 before introduction of a vaccine in 2010. The incidence of meningococcal disease is highest among infants (children younger than one year old) whose immune system is relatively immature. In industrialized countries there is a second peak of incidence in young adults, who are congregating closely, living in dormitories or smoking. Vaccine development is ongoing.

It is spread through saliva and other respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, and chewing on toys. Inhalation of respiratory droplets from a carrier which may be someone who is themselves in the early stages of disease can transmit the bacteria. Close contact with a carrier is the predominant risk factor. Other risk factors include a weakened general or local immune response, such as a recent upper respiratory infection, smoking, and complement deficiency. The incubation period is short, from 2 to 10 days. In susceptible individuals, N. meningitidis may invade the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, breakdown of circulation, and septic shock.

History
In 1884 Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli first observed the bacterium inside cells in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). In 1887 Anton Weichselbaum isolated the bacterium from the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. He named the bacterium Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis.

Biotechnology
Components from Neisseria meningitidis are being harnessed in biotechnology. Its Cas9 enzyme is a useful tool in CRISPR gene editing because the enzyme is small and has distinct targeting features to the commonly used enzyme from Streptococcus pyogenes. The cell-surface protein FrpC from Neisseria meningitidis has been engineered to allow covalent coupling between proteins, because it generates a reactive anhydride when exposed to calcium. The bacterium also expresses unique enzymes able to cleave IgA antibodies.

title: Neisseria meningitidis


text: File:SLFGFI.jpg

title: File:SLFGFI.jpg


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User talk:Hack

/Archive 1 /Archive 2 /Archive 3 /Archive 4 /Archive 5 /Archive 6

title: User talk:Hack


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Zbigniew of Brzezie

Zbigniew of Brzezie (or Zbigniew Lanckoroński) (ca. 1360 – ca. 1425) was a notable Polish knight and nobleman of Clan Zadora.

Zbigniew served as Marshal of the Crown from 1399 to 1425 and starost of Kraków from 1409 to 1410. He was a diplomat and a close co-worker of King Władysław II Jagiełło. He was several times an envoy to King of Hungary and Germany Sigismund of Luxembourg. During the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 he commanded the banner of the Marshal of the Crown.

title: Zbigniew of Brzezie


text:
Category:Palestinian militants

Members of Palestinian armed factions.

title: Category:Palestinian militants


text:
Dave Theurer

David Theurer is a game designer and computer programmer. In 1980, he created the Missile Command and Tempest arcade games for Atari, Inc., considered two of the major releases from the Golden age of arcade games. Theurer also designed I, Robot for Atari, the first commercial video game with 3D filled-polygonal graphics.

Early life
David attended Wheaton College in Chicago initially following a path in Chemistry and then Physics, but with two years to go until completion changed once more to Psychology, earning a degree. He has said that earning the degree had helped him create addictive games by using the same techniques originally used on pigeons.

David worked for the college data processing center for approximately six months after graduating. After which he found a job as a junior programmer at Bunker Ramo Corporation, a company that built supermarket computer systems. He moved to California and joined National Semiconductor in 1976. Six months after joining National Semiconductor a co-worker was hired as Manager of Programmers for Atari Games and subsequently hired David without an interview. Theurer cites Pong as his inspiration to become a game designer.

Atari, Inc.
Despite not liking the sport, David's first game for Atari was Four Player Soccer. During the development of Missile Command, David regularly had nightmares which involved the bombing of nearby towns. These nightmares continued after the game had been completed although their regularity decreased. The idea for Tempest was of monsters appearing from a hole in the ground, a scenario from a movie which Theurer had seen as a child.

The last game he worked on for Atari Games—credited as a programmer—was APB in 1987. He left in 1990 to work full-time on DeBabelizer, an automated image editor, graphics optimizer, and file converter for Windows and Macintosh.

In 2012 Theurer was given the Pioneer Award for his work on Atari arcade games.

Personal life
On the way to fireworks displays at Moffett Field on July 4, 1983, Theurer used his Porsche 928 to chase down a hit-and-run driver who had struck Michael McCully, a 15-year-old boy from Los Altos. Michael suffered a severed spine injury and was paralyzed from the waist down. The driver returned to the scene where the California Highway Patrol arrested him for hit-and-run, drunken driving, giving false information to a police officer and driving without a license. David was praised for his efforts by the California Highway Patrol.

title: Dave Theurer


text:
Talk:Half-Life: Blue Shift

Blue Shift Music
Nothing is said about the soundtrack and whether or not Kelly Bailey(Half-life 1&2) composed it.65.54.154.43 (talk) 03:51, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Nothing is said because reliable sources don't seem to have seen fit to comment on it. In any case, Blue Shift's soundtrack was the same as Opposing Force's (just in a different order), so any significant coverage of it should be left to the Opposing Force article.-- Sabre (talk) 15:00, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

expansion pack?!
I'm sure at least in the UK this was released as a standalone game not an expansion pack. Plugwash (talk) 23:40, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Its both. Its a standalone expansion pack. -- Sabre (talk) 00:26, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Valve Task Force Re-vitalization
Attention, all contributors to the Valve Task Force and the articles it constitutes!

I am here to announce that I will be re-vitalizing the Valve Task Force, aimed at universally improving articles constituting Valve Corporation, their employees, associates and products. This specific task force has been dormant for quite some time and with two very notable releases coming out this year, I feel like this is the appropriate time to re-stimulate the general aim of this group. For those who are not already members of the Valve Task Force, feel free to add your name to our members list and contribute to whatever articles you feel your contributions may prove beneficial for. Valve, its products and notable employees have proven to be essential to the progression of the video game industry, so I'd like to make a call of arms for this cause. D arth B otto talk•cont 22:0, 08 February 2011 (UTC)

Steam issues
There are issues with Steam and Blue Shift. It might not happen with everyone, but it happens quite a bit. Here is evidence of the fatal elevator glitch: http://www.google.com/search?q=blue+shift+steam+elevator and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5al73UF478. The mod is notable because it fixes some of the problems. -- blm07 19:49, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty much just seeing forums and other self published sources, the bug does not seem to have received any coverage from reliable sources. Neither the bug or the mod is notable from the evidence you have presented. Rehevkor ✉  20:02, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * So a glitch that causes the game to become unplayable is not notable? The port is like 6 years old, and the game is 11 years old. Do you expect a "reliable source" to mention it? Valve isn't going to fix it. The glitch is there, not many people have played the Steam version apparently. -- blm07 22:22, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Without coverage from reliable sources? No, it is not notable. Lots of games have lots of bug that make them unplayable, just existing does not make them all notable. But notability is not the real issue, without coverage from reliable sources no information on this bug can be verifiable, see Verifiability. Without sources to satisfy this, there's really nothing more I can say on the subject. Rehevkor ✉  22:31, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Relation to the other Half-Life games-- to include in plot section?
I'm not sure if this is all note worthy...

Gordon Freeman wearing a lab coat passes you on a tram while you're stuck on a platform at the start of the game. (At the start of Half-life, you see a guard with a flashlight banging on a door)

Also, If you look at the video surveillance in chapter 2: "Insecurity", you see (1) Freeman in a labcoat passing a scientist. (2) a woman in a HEV suit moving the sample used at the start of Half life. (pictures of these 3 encounters can be seen in this walkthrough.

A little bit later in the game, G-man passes you in a tram.

The first time you encounter the marines (at the end of chapter 3: "Duty Calls"); Two military men are seen at the top of a grate dumping guard bodies. The following conversation is overheard:

"Man these <???sivvies???> are getting heavy" "Yeah why are we on disposal duty anyway. Just because Shephard's team didn't make it, we have to do the crap jobs?" "Well... let's get on with it."

So it does link to Opposing Force at least once. That's probably not counted as "elaborating on the storyline"... But should it be included in the plot section?

→Msmarmalade (talk) 14:38, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20020305201459/http://www.gamespot-es.com/news/01_05/11/1/index.asp
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20020302155716/http://www.gamespot-es.com/news/01_05/14/2/index.asp

Wrong release date?
Think we should change it to 15 June? Potatis invalido (talk) 21:26, 14 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Not on the basis of that twitter post, which is unreliable as a source. We'd need to use the sources being mentioned there. It seems clear even though that the game shipped June 12 and may have reached some stores on that date. -- ferret (talk) 16:14, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

The HECU aren't marines.
The Hazardous Enivornment Combat Unit are not a division or a part of The U.S Marines and this is a common miscosenption featured almost in every external media about Half-Life and its expansions. The HECU have no corallation to the U.S Marine Corps despite being called "Marines". TiqQuartz (talk) 08:14, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Half-Life: Blue Shift


text:
Intourist

Intourist (Интурист, a contraction of иностранный турист, "foreign tourist") was a Soviet then Russian tour operator, headquartered in Moscow. It was founded on April 12, 1929, and served as the primary travel agency for foreign tourists in the Soviet Union. It was privatized in 1992 and, from 2011, was 50.1% owned by the British Thomas Cook Group until its collapse in September 2019. In November 2019, Anex Tours acquired the stake from the British Official Receiver.

Lenin era
Intourist was founded on April 12, 1929, as the "All-Russian Joint-Stock Company for the Acceptance of Foreign Tourists" (Всероссийское акционерное общество по приему иностранных туристов ВАО «Интурист»). Intourist was responsible for managing the great majority of foreigners' access to, and travel within, the Soviet Union. In 1933, the president of Intourist, Wilhelm Kurz, a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union, was the first Soviet official to visit the United States after the US granted recognition to the Soviet Union.

In 1933 Aron Sheinman started work for Intourist in London and filled the post of Director from 1937 to 1939. When he was dismissed he refused to return to Moscow, and gained British citizenship later that year.

Stalin era
Things presumably went along as planned: "In the late Stalin era, the number of foreigners visiting the Soviet Union dropped to nearly zero" as state officials actively discouraged travellers.

Post-Stalin era
The scholar Alex Hazanov writes in his dissertation on Intourist that "in the alternate universe that was the Soviet Union, the 'giant squid' of the Soviet state [would] engulf the traveler.. [There were] myriad ways in which the Soviet tourist monopoly, Intourist, both hindered the foreigner and shielded him from the vagaries of Soviet material life, and above all, the psychological costs of 'routine surveillance'... and the barriers the Soviets erected between foreigners and unvarnished (and uncomfortable) truths about the Soviet Union." Hazanov propounds that the Soviet state apparatchiks at Intourist had a "commitment to authoritarianism and social discipline as an instrument of geopolitical resistance." Indeed there were ties between Intourist and the KGB.

In 1953, after death of Stalin, the decree banning Soviet citizens from marriage to a foreigner was abolished.

Intourist began selling packages to foreigners in 1955. It was "charged with obtaining hard currency to be used for imports of machinery that would help make the Soviet Union independent of global markets."

In 1956, the USSR received 56,000 tourists. In 1963, it received 168,000 tourists. By the early 1970s, it received 4,000,000 travelers yearly.

Visits were subject to "prior coordination" and excluded "specifically designated zones" such as a limited number of neighborhoods in a limited number of cities. This is a "principle that would define Soviet regulation of foreign travel for all categories of foreigners until 1991" and beyond.

Special note is taken in Hazanov's thesis of the 1957 Moscow Youth Festival, the 1959 Sokolniki Exhibition, and the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and he seems to accept the school of thought, "popularized by New York Times journalist Thomas Friedman’s paeans to globalization, ... that international exchange is the handmaiden of liberalization and erosion of authoritarian regimes", by which means ultimately Intourist can be seen as an unwitting cuckoo in the Soviet nest.

After privatisation
In 1990, Intourist (as the exclusive travel agency in the Soviet Union) held a dominant position in the market with 110 hotels and handled 2 million foreign tourists per year. By early 1992, "tourists could get a guided tour of the KGB headquarters for $35". The enterprise was privatised that year along with many other state-owned businesses during Boris Yeltsin's tenure. In 1992, Intourist became the first Russian company to acquire an American company when it acquired a 75% interest in Rahim Tours of Florida.

In 2011, British tour operator Thomas Cook Group plc acquired a 50.1% interest in Intourist for $45 million. The company sought to gain access to Russian travelers going abroad. Intourist had handled 600,000 passengers in 2009.

On November 15, 2019, Neşet Koçkar, chairman of Turkish tour operator Anex Tours, acquired Intourist from Thomas Cook's liquidators.

Competition
Although the Soviet Union was not enamored of competition, Intourist did have competition in the form of Intourbureau and the Soviet Central Council of Tourism and Excursions. The New York Times described this competition as "tiptoed onto Intourist's turf." Quaker-founded Goodwill Holidays helped sell Intourbureau's competing offerings, which included use of hotels owned by the Soviet Central Council of Tourism and Excursions. They were the competition to Intourist's hotels that were staffed by employees described by an American tourist as being "as friendly as wardens at the state pen."

This competition to provide better service was to encourage visiting by non-Soviet unions, albeit not in a way that would save money. In 1991 a Los Angeles Times writer suggested another option: obtain information from recent immigrants.

Afterlife
Despite the name Intourist having a strong link to service "as friendly as wardens at the state pen", attempts have been made to be even better than the (prior) competitor, Intourbureau in the eyes of "a hesitant traveling public."

Publications

 * Visit Crimea Moscow: Intourist, 1930

title: Intourist


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 3, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 3, 2005


text:
Tarkus (suite)

"Tarkus" is the title track of Emerson, Lake & Palmer's second album. The progressive rock epic lasts 20:35. It was the longest studio suite by the band until the three impressions of "Karn Evil 9". The name "Tarkus" refers to the armadillo-tank from the William Neal paintings on the album cover. The artist has explained that the name is an amalgamation between 'Tartarus' and 'carcass' (hence the name being written in bones on the album cover). Consequently, the name refers to the "futility of war, a man made mess with symbols of mutated destruction." The song "Tarkus" supposedly follows the adventures of Tarkus from his birth, through a fight with a manticore, which he loses and concludes with an aquatic version of Tarkus named "Aquatarkus". Keith Emerson, when asked what work he is proudest of, named his "Piano Concerto" (from the Works release) and "Tarkus".

Movements
"Tarkus" itself is broken down into seven parts (timings reflect the beginning cues for each section):

 * 1) "Eruption" (instrumental) – 0:00
 * 2) "Stones of Years" – 2:43
 * 3) "Iconoclast" (instrumental) – 6:27
 * 4) "Mass" – 7:43
 * 5) "Manticore" (instrumental) – 10:55
 * 6) "Battlefield" – 12:47
 * 7) "Aquatarkus" (instrumental) – 16:39

All the music except 'Battlefield' (written by Lake) is written by Emerson. All the lyrics are written by Lake.

Lyrics
The parts supposedly follow Tarkus' birth in a volcanic eruption centuries before known history. The exact nature of Tarkus' origin and actions are unknown, and left ambiguous by its creator, Keith Emerson. "Eruption" itself presents a musical impression of cascading eruption on the keyboards in a time signature, backed by Carl Palmer on drums. This segues into the "Stones of Years", the first of three vocal sections.

The second, third, fourth and fifth are supposedly the movements that represent the enemies he meets:
 * The interlude of the aforementioned "Stones of Years", the second movement, represents the travel of Tarkus and the enemy he meets first. The "Stones of Years" are thought to resemble a mixture of a "stone" version of a cybernetic spider-like creature with spikes like a stegosaurus; a shield embedded in its side; two antennae, each with its own set of eyes; and what looks like a set of two poison gas tanks on the back, sort of resembling a futuristic station. As the interlude is reaching its end, the enemy is overpowered and then finished off by Tarkus' turrets before the song returns to vocal.
 * "Iconoclast" is the third movement and the movement which represents the enemy Tarkus meets second. The "Iconoclast", according to the inner gatefold, is a mixture of a pterodactyl and a war airplane, and is rapidly overpowered by guitar for "Mass".
 * "Mass" is the name of Tarkus' third enemy and the fourth movement, which is filled with numerous religious references; it often had its lyrics dropped in tours by the Keith Emerson Band, as does Stones of Years. The "Mass" is often thought to be a mixture of a lizard, grasshopper and a rocket launcher.
 * This is followed by "Manticore" in which the final enemy of Tarkus appears and a battle ensues between variations on the "Tarkus" theme and the Manticore's. Ultimately, Tarkus is defeated and "Battlefield" follows.
 * The movement "Battlefield" is the only part written entirely by Greg Lake.
 * "Aquatarkus" closes the track, centering mostly on a march based on the "Battlefield" theme and then returning to the original "Eruption" theme as a farewell to Tarkus and a greeting to the aquatic Aquatarkus.

Production
According to Emerson, while Palmer was excited by some of the technical opportunities the song would present, Lake was not quite so enamoured, telling Emerson "If you want to play that sort of stuff, I suggest you play it on your solo album." The band almost broke up over the issue, Emerson telling Lake "Take it or leave it." The managers convinced Lake to stay and record the piece. Lake stated in an interview after the release: "It's about the futility of conflict expressed in [the] context [...] of soldiers and war. But it's broader than that. The words are about revolution that's gone, that has happened. Where has it got anybody? Nowhere." He has said "Stones of Years" is one of his favourite parts of "Tarkus". Lake admits to not being entirely sure of what it means, but says it is about, "listening, understanding, hearing." When asked how Tarkus could be written so quickly (six days), Emerson said: "Our sort of creativity comes in varying periods. We get long periods when there isn't any creativity, we go into a studio and nothing sounds right, you know. Tarkus was written in six days because there was an awful lot of inspiration and one idea triggered another idea, and it was a long series of ideas being triggered off of what we had already done."

Musically, the arrangement of the piece revolves primarily around Keith's Hammond organ, with extensive overdubs of piano and Moog synthesizer. "Stones of Years" and "Mass" feature Hammond solos with "Mass" also featuring a clavinet-sounding Moog part, while "Aquatarkus" revolves around an extended "underwater" Moog solo over a martial rhythm (this final section would be greatly expanded on stage with the continued development of synth technology, as heard on 1974's live Welcome Back My Friends...). Lake plays bass on every section, adds electric guitar to "Mass" and both acoustic and electric guitars to "Battlefield" including two lengthy, simultaneous electric solos. When played live, the piano overdubs throughout and electric guitar additions on "Mass" were dropped, replaced on the latter by Emerson playing with the ribbon controller on his Moog. Lake, however, extended the guitar showcase on "Battlefield" by adding an excerpt from King Crimson's "Epitaph".

Reception
The song, described by one journalist to be "about a post-apocalyptic, metal-plated, bionic armadillo outfitted with enough weaponry to wage perpetual solo warfare," remains a fan favourite and was consistently played at ELP, Keith Emerson Band and Carl Palmer band concerts.

"Stones of Years" was used as a single. It failed to chart.

Paul Stump, in his 1997 book The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock, said the song "gets into its stride with a speedy, dissonant, syncopated keyboard-led theme over which further riffs, ideas and countermelodies are layered."

Cash Box said of the "Stone of Years" section that "eerie vocals and stunning organ/percussion interplay makes for exceptional outing."

Other recordings
Emerson, Lake & Palmer played a 27-minute version of Tarkus on Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends... Ladies and Gentlemen, Emerson, Lake & Palmer. A brief sample of King Crimson's "Epitaph" ("Confusion will be my epitaph, as I crawl a cracked and broken path, if we make it we can all sit back and laugh...") appears as a coda to Battlefield, followed by Aquatarkus and an extended solo by Emerson.

In 2004, the Japanese classical pianist Aki Kuroda released an album with a classical adaptation of "Tarkus".

In 2007, Dream Theater keyboardist Jordan Rudess included a cover of this song in his solo album The Road Home, which consists mostly of covers of classic progressive rock songs.

Emerson recorded a new instrumental version with Marc Bonilla, Terje Mikkelsen and the Munich Radio Orchestra, which appears on their 2012 album Three Fates under the title Tarkus – Concertante.

Personnel

 * Keith Emerson: Hammond organ, grand piano, Moog modular synthesizer, celesta
 * Greg Lake: vocals, bass guitar, electric guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Carl Palmer: drums, percussion

title: Tarkus (suite)


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 3, 2005