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Talk:Oil refinery

Lack of new refineries
The history section currently states: "In fact, obtaining a licence to build even a modern refinery with minimal impact on the environment (other than CO2 emmissions) is so difficult and costly that no new refineries have been built in the United States since 1976. As a result, the US is becoming more and more dependent on the imports of finished gasoline, as opposed to incremental crude oil."

However, there's been some pretty mainstream work suggesting that collusion between oil companies rather than restrictive environmental regulations has been the major cause of the lack of recent refinery investment. In any event, it seems unreasonable to blame environmental laws for the US dependence on imported gasoline without something more to back it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DashingDan@gmail.com (talk • contribs) 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I would tend to disagree with both above suggestions. I assume we are talking about US refining? There certainly are complications with proper permitting for refineries, not only environmentally, but also due to "not in my backyard" mentalities in many proposed locations. There is NO conclusive evidence to indicate collusion on the part of refineries or oil companies. Stories certainly circulate, but nothing has ever been proven. I believe it to be a matter of profits. Most refineries in the US are only now beginning to run at or near 100% efficiency (most in the 90% range of design). Older and less efficient refiniries have been closed. The industry had excess capacity for years. Current demand can be met and there is talk of building new refiniries to meet the coming increase on the demand side. CBreeze 16:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC) --CBreeze talk

 * Found a reference, made a few edits. I thought even Helen Keller could have made the connection between "no new refineries in the United States" and "higher gas prices at the pump".Lowellt 04:10, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No new refineries - more dependence on foreign oil is not a cause and effect relationship.  There haven't been many new refineries, but old ones are being added to and expanded all the time. Multi-billion dollar capital expenitures are ongoing all the time to expand and upgrade the nation's largest refineries.  A lot of the reticence of oil companies to invest in huge new refineries is uncertainty of the industry's future.  Fuel alternatives and emerging technologies don't ensure that an expensive new refinery will be able to run at capacity for a long period of time (like CBreeze said).  Deatonjr (talk) 19:09, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Page move
This should probably be at Petroleum refinery since oil has more meanings than just petroleum. Also vegetable oils are refined too, so oil refining has more meanings than this article suggests. If the article is at oil refinery it would have to cover both, which is awkward. Any thoughts? - Taxman Talk 13:04, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I fully agree with you. Many of the oil and gas related articles are poorly titled.  --Csnewton 15:46, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. "Petroleum" properly speaking just means the light fractions of the distillation. It is a refinery for Crude Oil. --BozMo talk 09:41, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Image - Problem with Temperatures
The crude oil distillation image is good but the temperature data on it is incorrect (or misleading). The temperatures shown are the approximate boiling points of the HEAVIEST component of that fraction, not the temperature of the chamber or the liquid collected. Temperatures shown SHOULD be the BP of the LIGHTEST component of the fraction. As the lighter components "boil", small amounts of heavier components are carried with the lighter components even though the temperature is not close to the heavier component's boiling point (like water evaporating at 25ºC). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.240.151.121 (talk • contribs) 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Fire?
When I see an oil refinery, I often see a large orange flame coming from the top of a tall tower. What is this for? What is it called? Why isn't that flame used for something useful like heating or driving a turbine? ―BenFrantzDale 03:41, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That is what is known as a gas flare. It is used as a discharge for noncondensible flammable gases that are difficult to process/use otherwise.  These can include non-conforming gas products and emergency discharges.  Non conforming products are usually obtained during upset operation of units or during startup/shutdown transients.  Some condensible hydrocarbons are usually separated right upstream from the flare stack in a simple separator unit.  However, due to the variable and sometimes unpredictable nature of the flare gas stream, it is difficult to design and operate a more advanced heat or material recovery system.  As a personal note, there is a certain beauty that these flares bring to the nocturnal lanscape, especially in industrial areas where surroundings are usually unsightly. Wouldn't trade that for a steam boiler in a million years :-) --Unconcerned 05:37, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. They do look beautiful in that industrial way. Thanks for the link. —BenFrantzDale 05:52, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The gas flare is a safety feature. If anything goes wrong inside the plant (a so-called trip) flammable and dangerous gases are led to the flare to be burned. Because it is not known when a trip occurs the flare must always be burning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.211.156.107 (talk • contribs) 13 February 2007 (UTC)

SAP PP PI at Oil Refinery
Hi to all, I'm looking for someone who works in Oil Industry and ready to share how they work - particularly how they plan and schedule the production, whether with SAP, module PP_PI or with PIMs, or Excel and the most important question are they satisfied. I'll very appreciate any help, Thanks in advance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.90.237.2 (talk • contribs) 30 April 2006 (UTC)

GA nomination
This Good Article nomination is on hold for 7 days for the following reasons: Expand lead, see WP:LEAD, and there are too many short, stubby paragraphs and bullets. Rlevse 15:18, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Failed due to no response to concerns. Rlevse 23:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

The largest Refinery
The largest refinery in the world is located in Paraguana, Venezuela. Is called CRP (Complejo refinador paraguaná) and is conformed by two deep conversion refinerys. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.11.242.49 (talk • contribs) 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * What is the capacity? CBreeze 17:15, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

i have a question
i rally want to know what is the most accurate theory that explains the origin of petroleum is it the biogenic one or the abiogenic one thnx —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lv4ever888h (talk • contribs) 07:13, 5 November 2006

 * The biogenic theory has the largest amount of supporting evidence but has weaknesses which alternative theories try to explain. (SEWilco 17:58, 5 November 2006 (UTC))

Garyville? Does the reader know where it is?
I'm just wondering if the typical reader knows where Garyville, LA is. I was going to just change the article to read (Marathon Oil's refinery in) Garyville, LA" instead of "Garyville", but thought I would ask for some feedback first. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rrrich7 (talk • contribs) 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that refinery is in Louisiana and I will change the article to include that. (By the way, please sign messages posted on Discussion pages.) - mbeychok 18:49, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

PDVISA
I worked at a small refinery called Pralca in Santa Maria, Venezuela last August for the catalyst changeout as a US Contractor. Does PDVISA own/operate all refineries large and small in Venezuela? I mean I know that PDVISA is the the Governmental Petroleum Division for the Venezuelan Government and regulate all oil/refinery products and such. My question I guess is why don't they have the equipment and training needed to do specialty work like Catalyst changeouts in their refineries... We watched 5 sets of 2 man teams, work with a wrench and a hammer for 2 days try to open the bottom heads of the two Ethyline Oxide Reactors we were to unload/load. All they needed was an impact wrench and sockets and the job would have been done in about 6 hours.. Why do they import American Contractors? Or do they just prefer it that way, as Americans are specailly trained and do the job quicker? Just curious. user:kittykat1001 11:56, 17 March 2007 {Contractor}

Lights
Why do they have all the lights ? Is it safety?? Security??8.8.9.61 21:30, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Refineries operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Obviously, lights are needed at night so that the plant operators can see what they are doing. Also, warning lights atop many of the taller structures are required for low flying aircraft. - mbeychok 22:34, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

The first refinery?
Interestingly the University of Warsaw credits Ignacy Łukasiewicz with building the first oil refinery also in 1856. The confusion came from the fact that it was called an oil distillery and not a refinery. In addition the refinery burned down soon after and was not rebuilt until several years later. Lukasiewicz was already refining oil from his oil wells two years before and built a commercial oil refinery in 1856. JRWalko 01:42, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

208.107.125.70 (talk) 21:14, 6 December 2012 (UTC)re: First Crude Distilling/Refining== see>>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kier

From the page...Salt wells and oil

By the 1840s, Kier's salt wells were becoming fouled with petroleum. At first, Kier simply dumped the useless oil into the nearby Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, but after an oil slick caught fire, he saw a way to profit from this otherwise worthless byproduct. With no formal training in science or chemistry, he began experimenting with several distillates of the crude oil along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania. He developed a substance he named "Rock Oil" and later "Seneca Oil". In 1848, he began packaging the substance as a patent medicine charging $0.50 per bottle.[3] He also produced petroleum butter (petroleum jelly) and sold it as a topical ointment.[4] Neither product proved to be a commercial success.

After further experimenting, he discovered an economical way to produce kerosene. Kerosene had been known for some time but was not widely produced and was considered to have little economic value. But at the time whale oil, the principal fuel for lamps in America, was becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.

Kier began selling the kerosene, named "Carbon Oil", to local miners in 1851. He also invented a new lamp to burn his product.[1] Kier never obtained a patent for his developments and many other inventors and businessmen would go on to improve upon his work yielding huge fortunes. Even so, Kier's income at the time exceeded US$40,000 per year, a huge sum for the time.

Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street, in 1853.[1] A marker identifying the site read's "Kier Refinery – Using a five-barrel still, Samuel M. Kier erected on this site about 1854 the first commercial refinery to produce illuminating oil from petroleum. He used crude oil from salt wells at Tarentum."[5] Kier consulted with Edwin Drake concerning Drake's experimental oil well[6] and the first shipment of oil from Drake's well went to Kier's refinery.[citation needed]

433,000 barrels/day certainly NOT the largest refinery
It's not even the largest in the USA - I've updated that paragraph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Commutator (talk • contribs) 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Groups of refinery products
Hello! I added some info about groups of products to the Major products section since these terms are used sometimes (maybe they shouldnt), for example in Brent Crude article. If needed i can provide source information. Arinnian 10:28, 12 July 2007 (UTC) Arinnian 04:02, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, can you please provide source information, either in the article or here, if you are not sure how format the reference properly; editors with Wikipedia experience can insert the reference into the article once the source information is provided. H Padleckas 06:02, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Henry, there are literally dozens of ways of categorizing the major products from an oil refinery. The current categorization in this article as recently edited by Arinnian and yourself is one of the better categorizations. If you want references, I believe one or both of these would work:
 * Refining Britain's Fuels: Glossary (scroll to Distillates)
 * Refining: Simple Distllation.
 * - mbeychok 23:07, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Milt, thank you. H Padleckas 02:44, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The only English source i know of yet is a book by William Leffler, Petroleum Refining for the nontechical person. There's a chapter called Distillate fuels.
 * Thank you for adding the reference. H Padleckas 16:18, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

I made some changes there. I think it looks better now. I think that vacuum residuum isn't actually a distillate right? And also I wanted to ask - are wiktionary links considered external? Arinnian 04:46, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Residuum is not a distillate; that's correct. In my previous edit, I should have said "Distillation fractions ..." instead of "Distillates ...".  In my latest edit, I added the qualifying word "Most ..."  since a few refinery products do not clearly fall into one of your three groups, for example sulfur.  Hydrogen is an intermediate product formed in processing units downstream of the distillation(s) and is not readily classified into one of the three groups.  Petrochemicals and other final oil refinery products are often formed in units other than distillation in the refinery, often from mixtures of different distillation fractions.
 * Wiktionary links are external to Wikipedia, but are still part of Wikimedia, which includes Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikinews, etc. H Padleckas 16:09, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

It would be nice to have a section on how refineries affect the stock market.

My particular questions of interest are: Why does more refinery activity reduce the price of oil per barrel? Is that a short term affect on price which mean in the long term it actually causes the oil price to go up?
 * Increased supply in face of stable demand will lower the price of a commodity. Deatonjr (talk) 19:10, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Ancillary units
There are three items under the title "Common process units..." that ought to be classed under a different title, say under "Ancillary units" as they are not really processing anything: I propose to put these under a new title unless somebody strongly objects.LouisBB 23:20, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Liquified gas storage units for propane and similar gaseous fuels at pressure sufficient to maintain in liquid form. These are usually spherical vessels or bullets (horizontal vessels with rounded ends.
 * Storage tanks for crude oil and finished products, usually cylindrical, with some sort of vapor emission control and surrounded by an earthen berm to contain spills.
 * Utility units such as cooling towers for circulating cooling water, boiler plants for steam generation, instrument air systems for pneumatically operated control valves and an electrical substation.

SMALL REFENIREY FOR CAPACITY 500 TOMM IN DAY FOR KURDISTAN IRAQ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.90.19.222 (talk) 10:04, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Factory outlet gasoline?
This is probably a silly question, but do any refineries operate "factory outlet" gas stations where you could buy gas at a discount because it wouldn't have to be sent out by pipeline? Wnt (talk) 18:24, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Capacity to refine heavy sour crude?
Recently, both Libya and Saudi Arabia have stated that the oil market is "over-supplied". In Saudi Arabia's case, I am not aware of any track record of major dishonesty. With the oil price on the Nymex futures market at $140, this seems strange. I am therefore theorising that the extra oil they can supply is too heavy and sour for currently spare refining capacity. Is this a good theory? If so, then how long will it take to create the capability to refine lower-quality crude? New Thought (talk) 07:28, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Financial Risk Management, Critical processes requiring strict internal controls
Hi, I'm financial internal auditor and wish to learn what are the high Risk areas, critical processes and internal controls to be considered from FINANCIAL perspective. Generally we break down entire process into detailed steps and identify what risks could arise in these processes, thereafter, we devise mitigation plan to plug those loopholes. I'll appreciate if anyone could recommend good books/ websites, study material. Any guidance is welcome. irshadfca@gmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.227.59.208 (talk) 10:42, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Petroleum Refining for the Finance Person
please guide me about some good reading material to understand entire petroleum business specially what are stakes of finance professional to understand about upstream through downstream petroleum business irshadfca@gmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.227.59.208 (talk) 10:55, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

chemical engineering
I undid the removal of this article from the chemical engineering category.--Work permit (talk) 05:34, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Why? I think that this is a superfluous category because the categorie "Chemical Processes" already belongs to the category "Chemical engineering". Why adding a main category when a subcategory is already present? And, by the way, "Distillation" belongs to "Chemical Processes" but in this case "Chemical processes" seems a better choice because a refinery does not do only distillation but also cracking, gas treating, and a dozen other processes. Therefore I would also remove this somewhat misleading category. --WilfriedC (talk) 15:46, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That's a reasonable explanation, thanks. I'm ok with deleting the entry--Work permit (talk) 02:51, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

The first refinery
Just found an interesting mention in another website that the worlds first oil refinery was built in my home town of Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland in 1848 (see http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/bathgate/bathgate/index.html). Mentions of this can be found in Wiki on the James Young page, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(Scottish_chemist), this says that the works were completed in 1851 although the business started in 1848.

I'm going to do some more research and see if I can get some more hard links before I attempt any editing of a page. I've never done this before. Some assistance would be appreciated.

86.131.158.53 (talk) 02:48, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for your suggestion. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills. New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to).Walter Siegmund (talk) 22:36, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Oil refinery doesn't discuss the amount of energy needed to accomplish the refining process. This would be valuable. From what little I know, the cheapest products are often burned to provide heat for some of the processes. It might be valuable to provide the amount of energy used rather than trying to estimate a variable cost component of the process.

Donald P. Martin 19:55, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Removal of content on Standard Oil added by HISTMichelleS253
I removed the following content on Standard Oil added by in accordance with WP:UNDUE and Globalize/USA. A brief summary may be appropriate for this article along with content on other countries and oil companies. However, I think this content is better suited for Standard Oil of Ohio and closely related articles. Manual of Style (summary style) may provide relevant guidance, also. Walter Siegmund (talk) 01:01, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

"In 1879, an American oil refining business called, Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler, was abolished and replaced with a newer, more successful company: Standard Oil. Standard Oil had the same principle owners that Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler had, give or take a few business associates: one of which being John D. Rockefeller's brother, William. Standard Oil monopolized quickly and took America by storm. Although John D Rockefeller's name was, and still is more commonly known, it is said that, Henry Morrison Flagler, also known as the 'Builder of Florida,' was the brain behind the booming oil refining business. According Edwin Lefevre in, “Flager and Florida,” from Everybody’s Magazine, XXII (February, 1910) p. 183, “When John D. Rockefeller was asked if the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking, he answered, “No, sir. I wish I had the brains to think of it. It was Henry M. Flagler.”

Henry Flagler dabbled in various businesses aside from building up infrastructure in Florida. When he envisioned successes in the oil industry, he and Rockefeller started building their fortune in refining oil in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland became very well-known for oil refining, as, 'More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilites and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Rockefeller.' Flagler and Rockefeller worked hard for their company to achieve such prominence. Henry explained: “We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get.” Not only did Flagler and Rockefeller's Standard Oil company become well known in Ohio, they expanded to other states, as well as gained additional capital in purchasing smaller oil refining companies across the nation. According to Allan Nevins in, John D Rockefeller, (p 292), “Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York.”

By 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. Standard Oil's combined assets equalled approximately $42,882,650.00 (U.S) from: Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. As well as the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (U.S). The history of American oil refining begins with Henry Morrison Flagler, and his business associate and friend, John D. Rockefeller, as they built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil."

 * Maybe this information could be added to the article History of the petroleum industry in the United States. H Padleckas (talk) 04:41, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

"first" oil refinery
The History section of the article begins:
 * The first oil refinery in the world was built in Bathgate, Scotland, by Scottish chemist James Young in 1951.

James Young did build a refinery (in 1851, not 1951) to produce illuminating oil, but one that used not petroleum, but cannel coal, a variety of oil shale. Since it did not refine petroleum does it belong here? Plazak (talk) 19:11, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Rationale for removing edit by 198.183.141.65 on Oct 23, 2012
The Garco Energy refinery was not a new refinery built in 2008:

 * It was rebuilt from a topping plant destroyed in a fire. See the Garco refinery website at Garco Energy: About Us which states: The Garco Energy Refinery was rebuilt in 2008 from the remnants of a natural gas topping plant.
 * The Garco Energy refinery could process 3,000 barrels of crude oil per calender day or about 4,000 barrels per operating day which indicates that it operated only about 75% of the year. At that very small size, it is almost a misnomer to call it an oil refinery.

For those reasons, I have removed the sentence added by 198.183.141.65. mbeychok (talk) 00:10, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Reasons for removing the good faith edit by JimmyCraig
Most articles have three sections at the bottom of the articles entitled: "See also", "References" and "External links". The "See also" section is for internal links to other relevant Wikipedia articles not discussed in the main body of the article. The "References" section is for listing references (such as books, journal articles, or other internet articles) that validate or document certain specific parts of the article's main body. The "External links" section lists external websites on the internet that are relevant to the article.

The edit by JimmyCraig was removed because: mbeychok (talk) 15:48, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Merox units were already listed and covered in the article's main body section entitled "Common process units found in a refinery" as well as linked to the internal Wikipedia article entitled "Merox".
 * Because the edit was misplaced and resulted in removing the entire "See also" section.

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Heading formatting issue
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== An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into useful products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.[1][2][3] Petrochemicals feedstock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need of using refined products of crude oil such as naphtha.[4][5] The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products. In 2020, the total capacity of global refineries for crude oil was about 101.2 million barrels per day.[6] ==

L L 45.117.3.9 (talk) 15:17, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oil refinery


text:
User:Coninera

1492

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Coninera


text:
Pierini (butterflies)

Pierini is a tribe of butterflies within the family Pieridae.

Genera
Listed alphabetically:
 * Aoa de Nicéville, 1898
 * Aporia Hübner, [1819] – blackveins
 * Appias Hübner, [1819] – puffins and albatrosses
 * Archonias Hübner, 1825
 * Ascia Scopoli, 1777
 * Baltia Moore, 1878
 * Belenois Hübner, [1819] – caper whites
 * Catasticta Butler, 1870
 * Cepora Billberg, 1820 – gulls
 * Charonias Röber, [1908]
 * Delias Hübner, [1819] – Jezebels
 * Dixeia Talbot, 1932
 * Eucheira Westwood, 1834
 * Ganyra Billberg, 1820
 * Glennia Klots, 1933
 * Glutophrissa Butler, 1887
 * Hypsochila Ureta, 1955
 * Infraphulia Field, 1958
 * Itaballia Kaye, 1904
 * Ixias Hübner, [1819] – Indian orange tips
 * Leodonta Butler, 1870
 * Leptophobia Butler, 1870
 * Leuciacria Rothschild & Jordan, 1905
 * Melete Swainson, [1831]
 * Mesapia Gray, 1856
 * Mylothris Hübner, [1819] – dotted borders
 * Neophasia Behr, 1869
 * Pereute Herrich-Schäffer, 1867
 * Perrhybris Hübner, [1819]
 * Phrissura Butler, 1870
 * Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867
 * Piercolias Grote, 1903
 * Pieriballia Klots, 1933
 * Pieris Schrank, 1801 – whites
 * Pierphulia Field, 1958
 * Pinacopteryx Wallengren, 1857
 * Pontia Fabricius, 1807
 * Prioneris Wallace, 1867 – sawtooths
 * Pseudomylothris Neustetter, 1929
 * Reliquia Ackery, 1975
 * Saletara Distant, 1885
 * Sinopieris Huang, 1995
 * Tatochila Butler, 1870
 * Theochila Field, 1958

title: Pierini (butterflies)


text:
Earnings guidance

In financial reporting, earnings guidance or simply guidance is a publicly traded corporation's official prediction of its own near-future profit or loss, stated as an amount of money per share; see Earnings call. Earnings guidance is usually a financial forecast presented as a quarterly report of the corporation's performance in the next quarter. Guidance is an aid to financial analysts and the stakeholders in valuing the corporation, and helps prevent overvaluation.

According to Investopedia, Guidance refers to Information that a company provides as an indication or estimate of its future earnings. Guidance reports estimating a company's future earnings have some influence over analyst stock ratings and investor decisions to buy, hold, or sell the security.

In the United States, a quarterly revenue forecast, or quarterly guidance, by publicly traded companies had become by the 2000s both a common practice (75% of American firms in 2003) and a major influence on the firm's share price. By the 2010s, the quarterly guidance practice had fallen out of favor among many companies (27% of firms continued the practice in 2017) as it was seen as emphasizing a focus on short-term performance. By contrast, public Eurozone companies rarely (1%) issued quarterly guidance in the 2010s.

title: Earnings guidance


text: User talk:170.31.74.49

title: User talk:170.31.74.49


text:
User talk:Decvalts

I've seen your picture of Cullingworth & I like it but please can you mark it's copyright status in the image description page. Below is a snippet from the Wikipedia help pages.

Note that before you add an image to an article, you should edit the image description page to explain the source of the image and make sure the copyright status of the image is clearly stated. It is preferred that you use one of the Image copyright tags, as appropriate.

Thanks MGS

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 15:32, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
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It'd be nice if you'd use a different image on your user page - the example.jpg is also usually added in editing experimentsd with the editing toolbar, so the "what links here" list of pages which use that image is a great tool to find places which need checking. However the more pages have that image intentionally the more difficult this way of finding vandalism gets. Thank you for your cooperation :-) andy 16:46, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:Carnethy Hill.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Carnethy Hill.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status and its source. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously.

If you did not create this work entirely yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. You will also need to state under what licensing terms it was released. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file.

Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is [ a list of your uploads]. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Eeekster (talk) 01:04, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Decvalts


text:
Hương River

The Hương River (Sông Hương or Hương Giang; ) is a river that crosses the city of Huế, in the central Vietnamese province of Thừa Thiên-Huế. In the autumn, flowers from orchards upriver from Huế fall into the water, giving the river a perfume-like aroma, hence the sobriquet.

Source and flow
The Hương River has two sources; both begin in the Dãy Trường Sơn mountain range and meet at Bằng Lãng Fork. The Tả Trạch (left tributary) originates in the Trường Đồng mountains and flows northwest towards the fork. The river then flows along south–north direction past the temples of Hòn Chén and Ngọc Trản, then flows north-west, meandering through the Nguyệt Biều and Luong Quan plains. Continuing on, the Sông Hương (Hương River) flows to the northeast to Huế and passes the resting place of the Nguyễn emperors. The river continues, passing Hen islet and various villages, crossing the Sinh junction (capital of ancient Châu Hóa) before emptying into the Tam Giang lagoon.

From Bằng Lãng to the Thuan An estuary, the river is 30 km long and runs very slowly (as the river level is not much above sea level). The river darkens as it winds along the foot of Ngọc Trản mountain, where there is a deep abyss. Hương River basin has the highest rainfall in Vietnam.

Surrounding area
The 105 m Mount Ngự Bình is strikingly symmetrical. On both sides of the Bang Son (Even Mount) are two small mounts, Ta Bat Son (left mount) and Huu Bat Son (right mount). After observing that Bang Son resembled a screen, the Nguyễn dynasty decided to build up Huế, which became known as their "Forbidden Purple City". Emperor Gia Long approved the design of geomancers, which chose this mount as a front altar of the imposing and solid defending wall system, and renamed it Ngự Bình.

title: Hương River


text:
Kyle Chandler

Kyle Martin Chandler (born September 17, 1965) is an American actor. Chandler received widespread critical acclaim for his performance as Eric Taylor in Friday Night Lights (2006–2011); he received numerous award nominations for his portrayal of the character and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 for his performance in the show's final season.

Making his screen acting debut in a 1988 television film, Quiet Victory: The Charlie Wedemeyer Story, Chandler's first regular television role was in the ABC drama Homefront (1991–1993). This was followed by the lead role of Gary Hobson in the CBS series Early Edition (1996–2000), for which he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television. His other television roles include the sitcom What About Joan? (2001) and the legal drama The Lyon's Den (2003), both short-lived, and a well-received guest appearance on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, for which Chandler received his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination.

Chandler's film work has included notable supporting roles in King Kong (2005), The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), Super 8 (2011), Argo, Zero Dark Thirty (2012), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Carol (2015), Manchester by the Sea (2016), Game Night and First Man (2018). He starred as Dr. Mark Russell in Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019), and Godzilla vs. Kong (2021). Chandler's first starring role on television since the conclusion of Friday Night Lights was as Det. John Rayburn in the Netflix thriller Bloodline (2015–2017), for which he received his fourth and fifth Primetime Emmy Award nominations. In November 2022, he appeared as the character Peter in the Netflix film Slumberland.

Early life
Chandler was born in Buffalo, New York, the fourth child of Edward Chandler, a pharmaceutical sales representative, and his wife, Sally Jeanette (née Meyer), a dog breeder. Chandler has three siblings.

Chandler was raised Roman Catholic, although he stopped attending church after his father's death in 1980. He grew up in suburban Lake Forest, Illinois, until he was 11 years old, when his family moved to a small farm in Loganville, Georgia. Chandler's mother raised Great Danes for show dogs; he travelled with his parents to dog shows as a child and helped out at their dog boarding kennel.

Chandler graduated from George Walton Academy in nearby Monroe, Georgia, in 1983. As a freshman at Walton, he was a member of the 1979 state championship football team. He left the team the following year, aged 14, after his father died of a heart attack. He participated in the theatre program at Walton after quitting football.

Chandler's widowed mother ran the business, Sheenwater Kennels, to support Chandler and his siblings. She "was highly active with the Great Dane Club of America (GDCA) as a breeder, judge and championship prize winner."

After graduating from high school, Chandler attended the University of Georgia, where he was a drama major and member of the class of 1984 Sigma Nu fraternity. In 1988, seven credits short of a bachelor's degree in drama, Chandler dropped out of college to pursue a television deal.

1988–2006: Early career
In 1988, Chandler was signed by the American Broadcasting Company and brought to Hollywood as part of ABC's new talent program. He made his television film debut that same year as a supporting hero actor in Quiet Victory: The Charlie Wedemeyer Story. Also in 1988, Chandler studied with acting teacher, Milton Katselas. His first major acting experience was a supporting role on television as Army Private William Griner in Tour of Duty. In eight episodes of the last season of the series, he played a member of a special operations squad fighting in Vietnam. Chandler made his film debut in one of the key roles in the 1992 George Strait film, Pure Country. From 1991 to 1993, he had a series regular role as Cleveland Indians right fielder Jeff Metcalf in the ABC series Homefront, a drama set in the post-World War II era in the fictional town of River Run, Ohio. Homefront ran for two seasons, with Chandler appearing in all 42 episodes.

In 1994, he made his Broadway debut, co-starring with Ashley Judd, in a revival of William Inge's Picnic at the Roundabout Theatre Company. From 1996 to 2000, Chandler starred as the lead character in the CBS series Early Edition, as a man who had the ability to change future disasters. He portrayed bar owner Gary Hobson, a stockbroker turned hero who received "tomorrow's newspaper today", delivered to his door by a mysterious cat. In 1996, he received the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television for his portrayal of Hobson. Chandler was featured in all 90 episodes of the series, which ran for four seasons. In 2001, he appeared opposite Joan Cusack as investment banker Jake Evans in one season of the ABC comedy series What About Joan.

In 2003, Chandler played scheming lawyer Grant Rashton in six episodes of the short-lived NBC series The Lyon's Den, opposite Rob Lowe. Working again in film, Chandler played the 1930s film star Bruce Baxter in the 2005 film King Kong (the character was based on romantic film star Bruce Cabot, who played Jack Driscoll in the original King Kong). Coincidentally, Chandler later played John Driscoll in The Day the Earth Stood Still.

In February 2006, Chandler returned to television to guest star as the ill-fated bomb squad leader Dylan Young in two episodes of the ABC series Grey's Anatomy. The episodes, titled "It's the End of the World" and "As We Know It", followed Super Bowl XL. He received substantial praise for his performance and was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series category at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards. He appeared again on Grey's Anatomy, in the February 15, 2007 episode "Drowning on Dry Land", and the February 22, 2007 episode "Some Kind of Miracle".

2006–2011: Friday Night Lights
While working on his Primetime Emmy Award-nominated guest role in Grey's Anatomy, Chandler met Peter Berg, who was developing a drama series Friday Night Lights, which followed the lives of a high school football coach, his family, and the players in a small Texas town. The series was inspired by Buzz Bissinger's book and the film of the same name. Chandler learned that he had been cast as high school football coach Eric Taylor when he was on Christmas vacation in 2005 with his family.

The show's pilot aired on NBC in 2006. While critically acclaimed, the series was at risk of cancellation each year. Starting with the third season in 2008, first-run episodes of the show were broadcast on DirecTV satellite channel The 101 Network before being repeated on NBC. The final season ended in 2011.

Chandler said that neither he nor Berg wanted him to play the role of Coach Taylor. And "while Chandler later changed his mind and decided he would be perfect for the role, Berg didn't see things his way: 'To this day he still says, I still didn't want you.'" Chandler won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his role in the final season of Friday Night Lights.

While shooting the series, Chandler also acted in some films. In 2007, he appeared in The Kingdom, which was directed by Friday Night Lights creator Berg, and in 2008, he appeared in The Day the Earth Stood Still as John Driscoll.

2011–present: Film career and Bloodline
After Friday Night Lights ended, Chandler focused on film work. In 2011, he had a lead role in J. J. Abrams' science fiction film Super 8. The following year, he appeared in Argo. Chandler also co-starred in Kathryn Bigelow's Zero Dark Thirty in 2012, playing the role of Joseph Bradley, an Islamabad CIA Station Chief. He co-starred alongside Jessica Chastain and Jason Clarke.

In 2013, he had a supporting role in Broken City, starring Mark Wahlberg, Russell Crowe, and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Chandler appeared in The Wolf of Wall Street, also released in 2013, based on the memoir of Wall Street tycoon Jordan Belfort. It was nominated for five Academy Awards including Best Picture. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Jonah Hill, with Martin Scorsese directing. Chandler played FBI agent Patrick Denham. That same year, he played a deadbeat alcoholic father in The Spectacular Now.

In 2015, Chandler co-starred in Todd Haynes' drama film Carol, portraying "a jealous husband" to his wife played by Cate Blanchett, who is revealed to be lesbian. Also in 2015, Chandler returned to television with the Netflix drama series Bloodline, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. The show premiered to positive reviews from critics, and ended after airing its third season. In the 2016 drama Manchester by the Sea, he played the main character's older brother.

Chandler played an investigator in Shawn Christensen's film The Vanishing of Sidney Hall (2017), and starred with Rachel McAdams and Jason Bateman in the comedy film Game Night (2018).

In 2019, he starred in Godzilla: King of the Monsters, a role he reprised in 2021's Godzilla vs. Kong. He portrayed Silicon Valley investor Bill Gurley in Showtime's Super Pumped alongside Joseph Gordon-Levitt.

In November 2022, Chandler played Peter in the Netflix film Slumberland alongside Jason Momoa.

Personal life
For nearly 20 years after beginning his acting career in the late 1980s, Chandler lived in Los Angeles. Since 2007, Chandler and his family have lived on a 33-acre spread in Dripping Springs, Texas, southwest of Austin, where they own several dogs and donkeys. Chandler's mother came to live with the family toward the end of her life, when she was living with Alzheimer's disease. She died in 2014.

Chandler serves as a volunteer firefighter. He also participates in an annual charity golf tournament at Wolfdancer Golf Club (in Lost Pines, TX) to raise funds for football players who have spinal cord injuries.

Chandler has been married to Kathryn Macquarrie since 1995. Chandler met his wife at a dog park in the mid-1990s. They have two daughters, Sydney, who is an actress, and Sawyer. Chandler and his daughter Sawyer have been active in trying to end the practice of shark finning.

Theater

 * Picnic (1994) at Criterion Center Stage Right, as Hal Carter

title: Kyle Chandler


text:
Rod Wallace

Rodney Seymour Wallace (born 2 October 1969) is an English former professional footballer.

A striker, Wallace started his football career at Southampton in 1987, playing 128 league games and scoring 45 goals. This form earned him a transfer to Leeds United where he won the First Division championship.

After spending seven years at Leeds, Rangers signed him on a Bosman transfer in 1998. At Rangers, he scored 41 league goals and was part of a squad that won five domestic trophies in his first two seasons. In 2001, he signed for Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer, staying for one season, and then spent two seasons with Gillingham, before retiring from professional football.

Southampton
Wallace was born in Lewisham and signed for Southampton as an apprentice in 1986 along with his twin brother Ray. Their older brother, Danny had already become an established member of the Southampton first team.

On 22 October 1988, his two brothers Danny and Ray lined up alongside him in the Southampton team in a match at The Dell against Sheffield Wednesday; this was the first time three brothers had played in the same team in English professional top-flight football. In his best season at Southampton, 1989–90, he scored 21 goals in all competitions. The previous season also saw his goal tally reach double figures, as did the season after, as he formed an exciting young strikeforce with Alan Shearer and Matthew Le Tissier, which soon attracted interest from a number of bigger clubs.

The following year he played against Bulgaria, Republic of Ireland and United States for the England under-21 team.

Leeds United
Fellow top-flight team Leeds United signed him for £1.6 million in the summer of 1991, and he helped them win the First Division championship and Charity Shield competition a year later.

He became an integral part of the Leeds squad for the next seven years and was found often playing as an out-and-out striker or in a more wide position. In September 1992, Wallace was called up to the senior England squad for a friendly against Spain, but had to pull out because of injury. He was never called up for international duty again.

He scored a hat-trick for Leeds on the last day of the 1992–93 season in a 3–3 draw at Coventry City.

Wallace won the 1993–94 Goal of the Season competition with a mazy dribble against Tottenham Hotspur in a Premier League game on 17 April 1994. His brother, Danny, had won the same award ten seasons earlier, making them the first and, to date, only brothers to win the award. Leeds finished fifth at the end of that season, repeating this finish in 1995 and 1998. Wallace's contract with the Elland Road club was due to expire in the summer of 1998 and this resulted in a Bosman transfer to Scottish club Rangers.

Rangers
In Scotland he won five medals to add to the silverware won during his time in England. In his first season, he won the domestic treble, finishing as top scorer with 27 goals and scoring the winning goal in the 1999 Scottish cup final win over Celtic, the first cup final to be played at the fully renovated Hampden Park. The following season he was part of the squad that won the league and cup double. In total he made 122 appearances and scored 56 goals.

Bolton Wanderers
In 2001, he returned to English football on a free transfer to link up with newly promoted Bolton Wanderers of the Premier League. He scored on his début away to Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park and managed to net further goals against Tottenham Hotspur and Blackburn again. He also scored once in the League Cup against Nottingham Forest. Wallace successfully helped Bolton avoid relegation, but moved on after rejecting a new one-year contract.

Gillingham
In June 2002 he joined Gillingham on a two-year contract and managed to score 12 goals in his first full season at the Priestfield Stadium. His time with the Gills was blighted by a succession of injuries and at the end of the 2003–04 season he announced his retirement from professional football. The summer of 2004 saw him return to Southampton in a one-off benefit game organised for elder brother Danny who has been diagnosed with the condition multiple sclerosis.

Coaching career
In January 2008, he was appointed as assistant manager of Kingstonian's under 18 side, before joining Molesey for season 2010–11. Wallace joined Epsom & Ewell as a reserve team coach in October 2011.

Honours
Leeds United
 * First Division: 1991–92
 * FA Charity Shield: 1992

Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 * Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 * Scottish League Cup: 1998–99

title: Rod Wallace


text:
Toller

Toller is a ward within the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council of West Yorkshire, England. The population of the ward as of the 2011 Census was 19,914, almost 75% of which is British Asian.

Councillors
Toller ward is represented on Bradford Council by three Labour Party councillors, Imran Hussain, Fozia Shaheen and Arshad Hussain. Councillor Imran Hussain is also Deputy Leader of Bradford Council's Labour Group.

indicates seat up for re-election.

title: Toller


text:
Dramatization (disambiguation)

Dramatization or dramatisation may refer to:
 * Dramatization, the creation of a dramatic performance of material depicting real or fictional events
 * Adaptation (arts), transfer of a work of art from one medium to another
 * Reenactment (disambiguation)

title: Dramatization (disambiguation)


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Bomoh

A bomoh is a Malay shaman and traditional medicine practitioner. The term is used mainly in Malaysia and parts of Sumatra, whereas most Indonesians use the word dukun. It is often mistranslated into English as medicine man or witch doctor. In colloquial usage, the term bomoh is often interchangeable with another type of shaman or dukun, the pawang, but they generally serve different functions. The bomoh is primarily a healer, herbalist, geomancer, and sorcerer. The pawang on the other hand usually specialises in rituals involving weather, nature, animals, and a good harvest. Their roles do overlap, however, and both claim to act as intermediaries for the spirits and gods.

Etymology
The word bomoh (at times spelled bomo or bomor) has been in common usage since at least classical times. It is a loan of the Thai term maw or mohr (หมอ;, "doctor"). This word can mean either doctor or sorcerer, as in terms like mawpii (หมอผี; Mo Phi, "spirit doctor") and mawduu (หมอดู; Mo du, "fortune-teller"). Prior to the later introduction of the English-derived "doktor" or the Arabic word "tabib", the bomoh served as healers and physicians in Malay society. Thai shamans or bomoh Siam are traditionally held in high regard in Malaysia. Malay texts such as the Hikayat Aceh (1600-1625) record the word bomoh simply as mo or moh.
 * Hikayat Aceh 127:7 "... gajah tuanku ini. Diperhamba suruh ubati kepada [bo]mo gajah tuanku. Berilah makanannya."

 * Hikayat Aceh 127:7 "... this king's elephant. The king asked it to be treated by the elephant [bo]moh. Give it food."

Background
Shamanism in Southeast Asia can be traced to the region's prehistoric tribal people. The bomoh's original role was that of a healer and their expertise was first and foremost an in-depth knowledge of medicinal herbs and tajul muluk or Malay geomancy. This was supplemented by Sanskrit mantera (mantra) owing to the ancient Hindu-Buddhist influence in the region. Before European colonisation, bomoh - along with Buddhist monks and Hindu rishis - were often exempt from paying taxes, due to the fact that many of them had few material belongings.

Modern era
The bomoh's craft retained large animist and Hindu elements from before the Malays' embrace of Islam even after Islam became dominant, but the acceptance of bomoh in Malay society greatly decreased during the Islamization in the 1970s and 80s. Bomoh were then seen as deviating from Islam because of their invocation of hantu and dewa-dewi and the potentially harmful black magic they were accused of practicing. This period saw a drastic decline in traditional herbalism, and many fraudulent practitioners filled the void. As a result, bomoh are today looked at with suspicion even though they are still commonly consulted for personal reasons. Many bomoh have adapted their practice in the context of modern Islam, such as reciting verses of the Quran or invoking the names of Allah, but this is viewed as shallow by conservative shamans.

Cosmology and function
Malay metaphysical theory holds that the body, and in fact the universe itself, is made up of the four classical elements of fire, water, earth, and wind. Illnesses are often said to be caused by an imbalance of these elements. To restore this balance, patients are advised to bathe in cool water to which lime juice is added. The bomoh also works with rituals and incantations, called jampi.

Spirits
Some bomoh use cemeteries to summon spirits to fulfill requests by supplicants, while others only deal with a single spirit. It is said that sometimes the bomoh selects the spirit, while other times, it is the spirit who selects the bomoh. Spirits are said to be able to heal the sick, seek missing persons or even investigate reasons for bad luck. Spirits can also be used to attack people, cause sickness and misery and many other bad things. Bomoh who have a particular religion may incorporate their religious practices into their craft.

Traditionally, healing rituals of some bomoh involved music and dance, such as the main puteri or main peteri (a trance-dance from Kelantan and Terengganu often connected to mak yong), the main lukah (a fisherman's dance from Pahang), and the main saba (which re-enacts the heavenly princesses [puteri kayangan] dancing around a saba tree). The music is played by an assistant called the tuk minduk.

The bomoh of the flight MH370
In 2014, shortly after the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, Dato Mahaguru Ibrahim Mat Zin, who proclaimed himself as the Raja Bomoh (King of Bomoh) with his male assistant, appeared in public offering to locate the missing plane by conducting a series of rituals at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The ritual involved using a pair of bamboo binoculars to view the inside of a traditional fish trap. Ibrahim claimed that the plane was suspended in the air amongst three locations which were the Philippines, South China Sea and on an unidentified country and it was hidden by the orang-orang bunian ("the Bunian", a supernatural race resembling humans, akin to elves in Malay legend). Beside the ritual, Ibrahim Mat Zin also stated that 100,000 seni gayong martial artists had performed prayers for the missing plane and its passengers.

A few days later he and his four assistants, three males and one female came to KLIA, bringing along a water gourd, holy Zamzam water from Mecca, a small surat Ya Sin book and several other items to conduct another ritual. This time, Ibrahim Mat Zin used two coconuts and knocked them against each other with his two bare hands while shouting takbir. Then, his three male assistants sat on the "magic carpet" and using a number of "magical artifacts" such as a walking stick, a basket and two coconuts, and thus started the infamous scene, while local and international photographers took a few shots. Ibrahim Mat Zin claimed that the purpose of the ritual is to weaken the spirits' hold on the plane.

The incidents drew international attention, eventually becoming the subject of an online game application called Bomoh: Rescue Run developed by a company named Triapps, which surpassed more than 100,000 downloads in Google Play. Minister for Youth and Sports Khairy Jamaluddin, who was not amused by the activities of the bomoh, tweeted in regards to the incident: "Somebody should arrest those magic carpet bomohs. Memalukan (humiliating)". He even resorted to contacting Jamil Khir, the Minister for Islamic Affairs, to deal with the bomoh. Meanwhile, the Malaysian Department of Islamic Advancement had issued a fatwa that Ibrahim Mat Zin's methods contradict Islamic teachings. Some netizens had also pointed out the similarities of the antics of the bomoh with a scene in the P. Ramlee movie Laksamana Do Re Mi where the main characters ride on a flying mat, while the bamboo binoculars session once held by Ibrahim Mat Zin to locate the missing plane mimic Re's magic single vision binocular in the movie.

Strained relations between Malaysia and North Korea
In 2017, the very same Bomoh from the flight MH370 ritual conducted a ritual in what he perceived to protect Malaysia from North Korea in wake of the strained tensions between the two nations.

title: Bomoh


text:
Talk:Berchtesgaden

Untitled
If anyone is interested in the period of time that the U.S. Military occupied the area you can read many comments in the following web site: http://www.afrcski.com/timeline/

This is about the U.S. military personnel that were stationed in Berchtesgaden, some of the employees and guests as well. If any of you have comments you wish to add about your time at any of the AFRC locations (Chiemsee, Berchtesgaden, Garmisch and The Columbia Hotel in Munich) please email Mark Sheldon [mark@mkswebdesign.com].

Name meaning
Apparently the name dates back to Old German Perehtgeresgadem, meaning something like "Peter's one roomed house", referring to the original settler here. ''Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600... By Adrian Room, p55'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.87.16.4 (talk) 13:05, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Kehlstein is Eagle
Is "eagle" really the correct translation for "kehlstein"? Or is the kehlsteinhaus just known as the eagle's nest? 58.106.94.182 (talk) 06:25, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Nazi acquisition of Obersalzburg
"The area of Obersalzberg was purchased by the Nazis in the 1920s for their senior leaders to enjoy."

I think this deserves more precision, as the phrase "purchased by the Nazis" is rather vague. Was it purchased by the Nazi Party as an organization, or by a group of them "clubbing" together? The article on Obersalzburg offers nothing to help clarify this, it appears that Hitler's presence there started with renting a place there.Cloptonson (talk) 05:47, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050412211910/http://www.afrcski.com:80/timeline/ to http://www.afrcski.com/timeline/

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Birthday gift?
The article states that the Kehlsteinhaus was constructed as a birthday gift for Hitler which is contradicted in the main article on Kehlsteinhaus and also in the german version of the Kehlsteinhaus webpage, "Entgegen weit verbreiteter Annahmen war das Kehlsteinhaus aber kein Geschenk zu Hitlers 50. Geburtstag im Jahr 1939." https://www.kehlsteinhaus.de/geschichte/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vikstromd (talk • contribs) 17:29, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berchtesgaden


text:
The Irrelevant Show

The Irrelevant Show was a half-hour radio sketch comedy show that aired on CBC Radio One.

Broadcast history
The show was launched in 2003, initially on Saturday afternoons during the third hour of Definitely Not the Opera (DNTO). Early in 2004 it was given its own slot on late Saturday mornings for a short series of nine shows, and in 2005 it returned as a recurring show broadcast as part of DNTO. A further series was broadcast in the summer of 2008 on Friday nights and Saturday mornings.

An Irrelevant New Year's was broadcast as a special show on December 31, 2008, featuring sketches that were not aired the previous summer. A second New Year's Eve show aired on December 31, 2009.

Further series were broadcast between 2010 and 2017.

It was announced in October 2017 that CBC Radio would not renew the program.

Description
Each episode of The Irrelevant Show consists of a series of comedy sketches. Sketches typically comment on popular culture, such as Bionic Centurion Trucker, the helpline operator for The Matrix computer system, the Jane Austen Drinking Game, and a mock exposé on the Salvation Army's Special Forces unit.

Recording
The show was recorded at a variety of venues in Edmonton. The first series was recorded live at the Varscona Theatre. Subsequent episodes were recorded at the Stanley A. Milner Library Theatre in downtown Edmonton. In 2008 the series returned to the Varscona Theatre. Other series were recorded at the Yardbird Suite, La Cité Francophone, the Arden Theatre in St. Albert, and Festival Place in Sherwood Park.

Cast and writers
The original cast included Wes Borg, Paul Mather, Mark Meer, Jana O'Connor and Donovan Workun.

The 2008 cast was Leona Brausen, Marianne Copithorne, Neil Grahn, Meer, O'Connor, Workun and Joe Bird. Eric Wagers provided sound effects.

The 2010 series featured the same cast with music by Jill Pollock and Ben Sures. Dave Clarke provided sound effects.

In 2013 Marianne Coppithorne was replaced by Cathy Derkach.

Writers for the 2008-2010 series include Meer, Grahn, O'Connor, Cathleen Rootsaert, Dana Andersen, Ian Boothby, Jeff Haslam, Jocelyn Ahlf, Belinda Cornish, Josh Dean, Ron Pederson, Kurt Smeaton, George Westerholm, Chris Craddock, Matt Watts, Maggie Castle, Nile Seguin and writers from Mostly Water Theatre, Gordon's Big Bald Head, and Lobster Telephone. Neil Grahn is head writer.

The show featured songs cowritten by Jan Randall and Peter Brown featuring various singers including Jocelyn Ahlf, Kieran Martin Murphy, Ryan Parker, Cathy Derkach, and Farren Timoteo accompanied by Jan Randall on piano.

Awards
Best Radio Program or Clip (nominated), Canadian Comedy Awards, 2011. 2010 Season, Episode 1

Best Radio Program or Clip (nominated), Canadian Comedy Awards, 2010. "Doug, the Last Man on Earth" written by Dana Anderson and Neil Grahn, performed by Mark Meer and Grahn.

Best Regularly Scheduled Comedy Program - Bronze Medal - The 2009 New York Festivals – International Radio Broadcasting Awards.

Best Radio Clip, Canadian Comedy Awards, 2009. "Zen Hokey Pokey" written by George Westerholm, performed by Joe Bird.

Best Radio Clip (nominated), Canadian Comedy Awards, 2009. "Witch Smoke" written by Matt Stanton, performed by Mark Meer and Marianne Copithorne.

title: The Irrelevant Show


text:
User talk:Ryan Prior/PurpleViolet

''Note: I looked at the page Purple vs. Violet and decided not to change my vote. However, it may be good entry anyway. I put my two cents in and that's what counts. The article has improved a lot since it was tagged.''

Purple vs. violet
Someone has rewritten Purple vs. violet which is up on VFD. You may wish to reconsider your vote. Mgm|(talk) 10:08, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

More info added - and a reference (from one of the world's leading psychophysicists). Believe me, purple and violet are completely different, and the fact that there is so much debate on vfd about whether or not they are the same is a perfect example of the "Purple vs. violet" problem! Grutness...  wha?  02:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the reference. I think this page has improved due to the controversy on VFD. Ryan Prior 17:46, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan Prior/PurpleViolet


text:
Talk:Korean Martyrs

Question
Were all 8,000 martyrs canonized? Or just some of them -- and if the latter, can we get a complete list? -- Visviva 23:59, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I question if there were thousands. Why wouldn't all documented Korean martyrs have been canonized, rather than only 103? And definitely it was only 103 who are canonized. Carl.bunderson (talk) 17:52, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I spoke too soon. My copy of Butler's says that "Of the many thousand [martyrs] -- perhaps more than 8,000 not counting those who died of cold or starvation as they fled the tortures of the persecutors -- 103 were chosen by name as representatives of the rest." The list of the 103s' names must exist, though I'm not sure where. Carl.bunderson (talk) 18:21, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean Martyrs


text:
Talk:Adobe Premiere Pro

Untitled

 * "Edit and video in real time" - Should this say "edit and view video..."?
 * Is there an Adobe Premiere manual/guide we could link to at the bottom?
 * I think it is unnecessary, also I don't think HDMI is a format. Commando happy!® 23:37, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wrigley's is the #1 resource anywhere for Adobe Premiere help, and has been for many years. Anyone using Adobe for a while would have used Wrigley's at some point. I've no connection with the site and if others believe it's an inappropriate link please delete it Poweroid 19:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good contribution. Nice link!
 * Husky 00:02, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We should include a/k/a version info next to v 1.50 and v 2.00. Some Premiere Pro users refer to v 7.0 causing confusion. I'm not sure of the exact a/k/a version number, but will research and get back. Videotaker 00:20, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Who the hell is the goddamn idiot who made a redirect from Adobe Premiere? THERE IS AN OLDER PREMIERE --85.217.32.239 15:23, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed Adobe Premiere's REDIRECT so we can write about the older version itself. --PierreWiki 15:56, 12 February, 2006

 * I changed the default screenshot because the previous one was an image of someone showing off their zune theme on their computer. --resxhacker

Costs lotsa money!
Should someone mention HOW DAMN EXPENSIVE IT IS? WikiChicken81112 (talk) 02:12, 10 July 2010 (UTC) Oh,by the way, this isn't even the most exspensive one, Avid Media Composer is. It's price level is OVER 2000!!!!!! WikiChicken81112 (talk) 02:15, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * This isn't even REMOTELY useful to the conversation, but I thought I'd mention: I edit on Avid Media Composer, Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere and DPS Velocity, and I would rather pay for Avid than get any (or all) of the others for free. Bloody useless, the lot of them.  Alright, as you were... 41.133.62.97 (talk) 15:48, 27 October 2010 (UTC)Nick

Adobe Premiere 1-7.0
Adobe Premiere redirects here, so there should ideally be a brief history on the earlier versions. Shawnc 01:47, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

I was about to say the same thing. odd. Where's the history on Adobe Premiere? Dave-G 21:36, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree I came across this page because I wanted to read more about the history of Adobe Premiere (a program I've been using for years the earlier versions). But I was very suprised to be redirected here, with no mention of the past Adobe Premiere versions. Limitedexpresstrain 21:26, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Future release/latest release
Should "Latest release" read 2.0 or CS3(3.0)? Because technically CS3 isn't released yet so it can't really be considered a latest release; but is it a matter of what the most recent version on the market is at this specific moment in time (2.0), or is it just what the most recent announced version is, period (CS3)? I had been on After Effects' page and seen the Latest release there as being CS3, so here on the APP page I changed it from 2.0 to CS3 to maintain consistency. Then I noticed in APP's history that someone had already done what I'd done and then another had reverted it to 2.0 again with an edit summary of "a future release is not the latest release"; and so I figured this might be a matter of contention. I'll leave it as CS3 unless it's decided it should be 2.0. Iamthedeus 01:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * So leave a comment that you have brought it up on the talk page instead of blindly reverting in the first place. Nevertheless, it'd be just as silly to say that Windows Vista was the latest release of Windows when it was announced back in 2005. I really don't the the time or will to argue about this, but I do oppose that a version that as of yet has not been released is called the latest release. --Servant Saber 23:45, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Is there any specific reason why I couldn't/shouldn't add all of the CC versions on here that came after Adobe Premiere Pro 1.0 (last listed version from 2003). We are now up to Adobe Premiere Pro 2017 (11.x) Jmckey (talk) 03:20, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

CS4
We gotta add a section for premiere CS4 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.250.144 (talk) 21:28, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

I'm gonna change the screen shot cause it's not from CS4 it's from CS3 and it's not clear, on the other hand i think it should be discussed that premiere has been failing a lot since CS3, crashes with windows xp, windows vista, windows 7, and CS4 freezes a lot with very large projects, i don't believe in the neutrality of this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.139.155.151 (talk) 01:41, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Premiere has always crashed. It's almost like a feature.41.133.62.97 (talk) 15:50, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Movies made with it?
The article for Final Cut Pro has a list of major movies made using it, would it be possible to add something like that for this? Lord Seth (talk) 22:44, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Probably not, because nobody has.41.133.62.97 (talk) 15:51, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Not entirely true, but certainly none worth mentioning. Not that most of the ones on the Final Cut Pro article are worth mentioning either.80.42.251.215 (talk) 02:10, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I must admit, the comment was a bit tongue-in-cheek. I was simply annoyed at Premiere and (ESPECIALLY) Final Cut that day, so I got my stab in.  Personally, I think it's inane to have a section devoted to informing readers what films were cut with what NLE.  Are we going to mention EVERY film that was cut on a Steinbeck too?  Doubt it.  The fact that a good film was edited on a system does not make that system good, or bad.41.135.44.248 (talk) 13:49, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

The list of movies would be so long, plus it can be used in conjunction with other softwares so its quite difficult to define a 'movie created with premiere pro'. (talk) 15:36, 21 September 2020 (GMT)

Update the Screenshot
Come on, the current screenshot is from a version that is two versions out of date and running in OSX Tiger. This needs to be updated. Doshindude (talk) 02:03, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Voice Prints?
Do any of the DAW programs inside of Adobe allow display and editing of voice prints of famous politicians or actors from the past? Most of the articles on DAW appear to use audio sampling instead of frequency extraction, these being matters that are worlds apart from each other. Charles DeGaulle and Winston Churchill had different styles of speaking, and the opportunity to import their styles would be very useful in editing old film clips. A series of frequencies that depart and return to a handful of frequency base lines is a lot easier to use than a DAW that relies upon sound samples instead. If at least one of the Adobe sound packages supports this feature, it should be noted.

The main page of this article would be improved if there were some mention of this. Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 07:06, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

32-bit Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 & CC Support
As of I have my computer has 32-bit operating system, it doesn't support Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 and CC in 32-bit OS that I want to encode videos like 1080p or 2160p.

The 64-bit operating systems have support of Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 or later (the latest) while I have to encode videos in 1080p or 2160p and upload it to YouTube via Vimeo with exported encoded videos from Adobe programs. --Lt. Allen (talk) 06:31, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 9 one external links on Adobe Premiere Pro. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www2.adobe.com/aboutadobe/publicrelations/PDFS/9510/951018.prem42.pdf
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www2.adobe.com/aboutadobe/publicrelations/PDFS/9604/960424.premwin.pdf
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.adobe.com/prodindex/premiere/PDFS/Prem4.2Win.NFH.pdf
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.adobe.com/newsfeatures/9707news.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www2.adobe.com/aboutadobe/publicrelations/PDFS/9610/961007.sgi.pdf
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www1.adobe.com/aboutadobe/publicrelations/HTML/9805/980518.prm5.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www1.adobe.com/prodindex/premiere/feature1.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/publicrelations/HTML/9810/981014.pre5.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200101/20010108premiere.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:23, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Adobe Premiere Pro. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://digitalcontentproducer.com/dcc/revfeat/confessions_tour_hp_08022006/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:23, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

Splitting proposal
I propose that the part concerning the preceding Adobe Premiere in section Release history be split into a separate page called just Adobe Premiere and have a full article about that program. This article is in every other aspect about the succeeding Premiere Pro program and only mention the preceding program briefly as a basis. Concerns about this has been raised here as early as 2006, but nothing came out of it. --Mango från yttre rymden (talk) 20:00, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: Adobe Premiere now exists as a separate article. 9ninety (talk) 13:44, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Changes
Hello everyone! I'm a student editor currently working to apply edits to Adobe Premiere Pro for a college course. I wanted to establish initial communication before I made any edits onto the page. Some changes I would like to proceed with is the formatting/organization after the merge with Adobe Premiere Express and Adobe Premiere Elements. I would also like to work on the descriptions of the different applications. As I am still learning, please feel free to question any edits that I have made. Thanks everyone! Stephaniegarciaa188 (talk) 12:34, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

Missing (2023) was edited on Adobe Premiere Pro
In an interview with the Missing Editors. There are many references to using Adobe Premiere Pro as the NLE. I think it can be added to the "Notable films" section. 111.246.7.126 (talk) 10:23, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

Version history
Not only is this not necessary - as claimed by another editor in their edit summary, but Wikipedia policy (WP:NOTCHANGELOG) specifically says we should not have a version history. MrOllie (talk) 14:00, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adobe Premiere Pro


text:
User:Luigi.bozzo

Who am I?
born on May 24th, 1978, Male, Italian with a Master's in information technology from the DISI (Department of Computer Science of Genoa University)

Interests
Computer Science Interests: Software engineering, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent agents, Semantic Web,Logic, Design Patterns, Open Source, Linux, Java, Web Services

Arts: Music, Literature, Cinema

My contributions to wikipedia

 * BDI Software Agents

Leave me a message

title: User:Luigi.bozzo


text:
Joon Gon Kim

Joon Gon Kim (March 28, 1925 – September 29, 2009) was a South Korean religious leader who was the founder of Korea Campus Crusade for Christ. During the Korean War, he lost both his father and his wife. In 1957, he went to the United States and attended Fuller Theological Seminary where he met Dr. Bill Bright, the founder of Campus Crusade for Christ International. In 1958, with collaboration and support from Bright, Kim established Korea Campus Crusade for Christ. In 2004, with much fanfare, Kim retired and appointed Sung Min Park as his successor.

Kim was also a famous Korean Christian Evangelist. The story goes that during the springtime, as Kim's family was enjoying the day, an angry band of communist guerrillas invaded the village where Kim lived, killing everyone, including Kim's family. The guerrillas killed Kim's wife and father. Kim was beaten and left for dead. Late, he awoke and fled to the safety of the mountains with his young daughter, Unhi Kim.

Kim learned from Scriptures to love his enemies and pray for those who persecuted him. The Spirit of God impressed upon him that he was to return to the village, seek out the communist leader who had led the attack and tell the communist leader, who killed Kim's wife and father, that he loved and forgave the communist leader, and to speak to the communist leader of God's love through Christ. This eventually happened, and the communist leader ended up kneeling in prayer with Kim and gave his life to Christ. Within a short time, a number of other communists were converted to Christ and Kim helped build a church for these and other new Christians. Kim later became the pastor of one of the largest churches in South Korea, and founder of Korea Campus Crusade for Christ.

Death and legacy
On September 29, 2009 he died at the age of 85.

title: Joon Gon Kim


text:
Aish

Aish may refer to:

 * Aish HaTorah, Orthodox Jewish outreach organization and yeshiva
 * Aish, South Brent, England
 * Aish, Stoke Gabriel, England
 * Aish Tor, Dartmoor, England
 * Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1973), an Indian actress
 * Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped
 * James Aish (born 1995), an Australian rules footballer
 * Aish merahrah, an Egyptian flatbread flavored with fenugreek
 * Aish (or Aish baladi), Egyptian flatbread

title: Aish


text: Talk:Newington, Virginia

title: Talk:Newington, Virginia


text:
User talk:Ryan Prior/EasyStreet

It makes me sad that people use Wikipedia to preach pseudo-science.

Easy Street
Well, maybe I wasted time - I wanted to make a "disambiguation page" and don't know how - but Easy Street as a Chaplin movie should have both words capitalised. I used to play noontime soccer on a pitch off the street in CA, and I thought it was a "gas" - that name. After all, there are articles on Route 66, episodes in "Star Trek", a character in another fantasy "Siuan Sanche is a character of the Wheel of Time fantasy series by Robert Jordan.", Njj and other semi-trivia that are not moved to the dictionary - but what the heck - it was just a stab.Pdn 04:07, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your comment. Actually, I just have fun at odd hours finding missing items and fixing bad English in Wikipedia and I hope you will go ahead with a disambiguation page etc. I work on more serious items in the field of the sciences (astrophysics, physics, relativity,) and I watch some pseudoscience entries at times, which make me want to give up on Wikipedia, and maybe on reason itself, but I just move on to real science or random links - not much that I feel I can do with ESP, Scientology, flying saucers, or "intelligent design." (hope not to tread on toes) Pdn 21:53, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your message, Ryan. In response to your comment: ''Does that ever make you step back for a second and say, "There is no way this all just happened randomly!" I'm not a proponent of intelligent design and I wouldn't mix creationism and science, but if science one day finds out that some god-like creator really did make everything, I wouldn't be too surprised.''

I always say I am not an atheist or even an agnostic - I say I am taking a "wait and see" position on various items like the existence of a Supreme Being. I never looked, however, at what the Intelligent Design and related people are doing until I got into Wikipedia. I saw an article on "liquefaction" that dealt only with soil liquefaction, dangerous in earthquakes, and not with the liquefaction of gases - dear to chemists and physicists and the cause of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' Nobel Prize. Innocently, I put in a little remark on the liquefaction of gases (I am lazy on doing disambiguation pages), and put the page on my watchlist. Lo and behold, I discovered a mighty and acrimonious debate in progress; the "liquefaction" page was written by a fundamentalist User:Ungtss who put in a link to "Creationism" and had apparently written the whole thing as a way to lead the lambs to the slaughter on the altar of fundamentalism. Ungtss knows not how to turn the other cheek - he rises in fury like Smaug the dragon when one of his dust-laden jewels was accidentally disturbed by a passer-by. He has apparently read a lot of science, but not quite understood it (according to people like User:Zeizmic and User:Vsmith who appear to be geologists). I am not sure on the details any more, but apparently Ungtss ascribed major destruction, as in the collapse of liquified soil, to the upwelling of water rather than to the shaking of already-wet clayey soil. And this was seemingly to support some story in the Bible. His latest sally seems to be User talk; Ungtss/Rapid bending granite, which "looks" like science, but I doubt it any more - Ungtss speaks, always, with forked tongue, one fork pointing to the Scriptures. What is happening is that a phalanx, or perhaps a mob, of wild-eyed fundamentalists have been studying the scientific literature as a medieval monk would study the Book of Jonah. Like the lilies of the field, these guys "toil not, neither do they spin" in the sense of doing research with a laboratory, a telescope, a computer, or a field study. They read and read. When they find an idea that will support Creationism they note it; when they find one inconsistent with Creationism they search for weaknesses, statements that disagree, or ways to twist the result to their ends. They are perhaps not a mob - they are too well organized - they are a Crusade Against Reason. They are hard to argue with because they have so thoroughly done what I said they do: pick through scientific results, keeping some, twisting others (even my papers have been cited). Peter. Pdn 01:45, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan Prior/EasyStreet


text:
Roy LeCraw

Roy LeCraw (May 1, 1895 – February 21, 1985) served part of one term as the 50th Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia before resigning to join the U.S. Army at the beginning of World War II.

He was a self-confident insurance man and an officer in the National Guard. A charter member and the 1924 President of the Atlanta Junior Chamber of Commerce, he served as president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce starting in 1932 and ran for mayor in 1934, but was soundly defeated by James L. Key. The next mayor, William B. Hartsfield, saw many of Atlanta's best business and professional people begin to leave the city for life in the suburbs and a labor-friendly candidate such as LeCraw became more popular. This caused Hartsfield to start the campaign to annex Buckhead but in September 1941, LeCraw defeated Hartsfield by 111 votes.

His tenure was to be short-lived, however. He joined the Army, resigning his post in May 1942 when mayor pro tem George B. Lyle took over until a special election could be held on May 27, in which Hartsfield defeated eight opponents.

LeCraw served in Europe and after the war he returned and ran again in 1945 but was defeated by Hartsfield. In 1948, he served as a state senator, and in 1954 lost a bid for the U.S. Congress. He served in Korea and received the Bronze Star.

In the 1960s he raised money for and founded many Presbyterian churches in the various countries he had visited.

Christian Service
LeCraw became a missionary later in life. He traveled to the far east and help start over 150 churches. A video of his life story is on vimeo. https://vimeo.com/16079161

Honors
In 2002 a lamp was installed in his honor at 2970 Peachtree Road in Buckhead.

title: Roy LeCraw