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Susan Lewis

Fictional character Susan Lewis, M.D. is a character from the medical drama series ER, portrayed by American actress Sherry Stringfield.

Susan appeared as a primary character in the pilot episode and left the show part way through in the third season. She later returned in the eighth season and remained as a member of the main cast until the start of the twelfth season. Finally, she returned to make a guest appearance in the series finale.

Casting
Levey said, “At that time [Stringfield] was on NYPD Blue as a series regular in their first season. She was very unhappy for whatever reason, and she shared that with us on the plane. We got excited about her and read her when we came back. I remember her scene with the late Miguel Ferrer — she had to tell him that he had a cancer diagnosis, and she said something like, ‘Nothing is certain. Nothing, nothing at all.’ Levey then stated, "[Stringfield] had a wholesomeness and a lovely ability to make people identify with her and trust her. You would want her or someone like her to give you terrible news. It would be better than someone harsh giving you terrible news.”

Development
During the third season of the series, actress Sherry Stringfield left the series for the first time. In an interview with the Chicago Tribune, Stringfield explained that having a family was one of the primary reasons she left the show. According to Entertainment Weekly, Stringfield's decision to quit angered the show's executive producer John Wells, because she left just as Dr. Lewis got embroiled in a budding romance with Anthony Edwards' Dr. Mark Greene in the show. Stringfield revealed it was not a pleasant situation and, "The producers were in shock. They tried to talk me out of it. It took a long time to get out of my contract."

However, by the eighth season, Stringfield's schedule allowed her to return to the series. Wells said they were "delighted to welcome her back as a series regular and [couldn't] wait to work with her again." Stringfield remained in the main cast for four more seasons, until August 2005, when she announced that she would be leaving the show again and stated: "I am extremely grateful for the time I spent on ER," Stringfield explained. "It is a wonderful show, and there are so many people I will miss. But I'm ready for new roles and new challenges."

Seasons 1–3 and first Departure (1994–1996)
In season 1, Susan is a second-year resident. She is shown to be an eager and competent young doctor working in the emergency department of County General Hospital. She is good friends with Nurse Carol Hathaway, Dr. Doug Ross and especially Dr. Mark Greene, who is her best friend.

Though an extremely capable doctor, Susan is initially seen to have problems asserting herself. This is frequently taken advantage of by the senior and more forthright doctors in the hospital, such as Dr. Peter Benton and particularly Dr. Jack Kayson. This leads to several confrontations and animosity worsens when Kayson discharges one of Susan's patients, failing to notice the severity of his symptoms, which ultimately leads to the patient's death.

Kayson attempts to shift the blame onto Susan, leading to doubts about her competence. Her supervisor, Mark, is compelled to oversee her actions, straining their friendship. In the case review, the board ultimately sides with Susan, reprimands Kayson, much to his dissatisfaction.

Shortly after, Kayson is rushed into hospital suffering from a heart attack. Despite their past disagreement on the issue, Kayson opts for Susan's non-invasive form of treatment against the advice of a senior doctor, who (like Kayson) is an advocate of surgical angioplasty. Susan, finally asserting herself, stands her ground and rejects the idea of Kayson undergoing surgery. After his recovery, Kayson expresses gratitude by inviting Susan to be his valentine date, but she awkwardly declines.

Susan's personal life is far less settled than her professional one. In Season 1, she is seen to have a brief relationship with psychiatrist Div Cvetic, who ultimately has a nervous breakdown and disappears. Susan later learns that he married someone he met through a dating service, run by a taxi driver from his cab.

Most of her problems, however, are family-related. Susan's parents, Cookie and Henry, are shown to be flighty (her father is jokingly referred to as a test pilot for Barcalounger) and difficult to talk to. Her older sister, Chloe, is the source of most of her distress, with a seemingly never-ending series of problems with alcohol, drugs, men, and money. Chloe eventually has a baby girl, who she names Susan ("Little Susie") after her sister. During season 2 Chloe begins to use alcohol and drugs once again. After deciding that she cannot look after her baby, she leaves Chicago, abandoning Susie on a flustered and overworked Susan.

Susan struggles to be a good mother to the child while completing her demanding residency. Already overstressed, Susan clashes numerous times with the new Chief Resident, Kerry Weaver, forcing Mark Greene to step in between them. Animosity between Kerry and Susan lessens over time, but never goes away completely. Realizing that Chloe may never return, Susan considers giving Susie up for adoption. She gets as far as introducing the baby to potential adoptive parents, but cannot bring herself to part with her niece, so she decides to keep her and adopt the child as her own.

Susan grows extremely attached to the baby, but she gets a surprise when a reformed Chloe reappears later in the season and tries to reclaim "Little Susie". Susan can't see past Chloe's mistakes, regardless of her recent turnaround and new responsible boyfriend. Desperate to keep the baby, Susan attempts to fight Chloe for custody, but she is forced to reconsider when the judge warns her that she would lose. Susan begrudgingly reaches an agreement with her sister, and after regaining custody of "Little Susie", Chloe moves her family to Phoenix, Arizona to start a new life.

Susan grapples with the loss of her niece, experiencing grief and seeking counseling. To escape loneliness, she immerses herself in work, impressing Weaver. With Mark's encouragement, Kerry offers Susan the position of chief resident. Although many ER staff members hoped for Susan to attain the title, she declines the position, expressing to Mark that there is more to life than work.

Setting up Stringfield's departure from the series in season 3, the beginnings of a romance develops between Susan and Mark, or more to the point, they are shown to have problems identifying their current relationship as friendship. Both seem timid and cautious around each other. Initially more upfront one about the situation, Susan invites Mark to join her on holiday in Maui, Hawaii, but is embarrassed when he appears hesitant, causing her to later retract the offer, feeling she overstepped a boundary.

Fearful that he may have missed his chance with Susan, Mark attempts to convey his attraction upon her return, though he cannot find the courage to follow through and is left perplexed by Susan's reticence. It transpires that Susan never actually made it to Maui, she instead visited her sister and "Little Susie" in Phoenix because she could not overcome her fear of flying. Mark helps her overcome this fear in the following episode ("Fear of Flying"), supporting her during a medical helicopter flight rotation where they are called upon to treat victims of a serious car accident.

As they grow closer, Mark finally plucks up the courage to casually ask Susan out. She declines, telling him that they "need to talk". Shortly after, Mark witnesses Susan in numerous secret talks with the ER's chief of emergency medicine, David Morgenstern, and concludes that they are seeing each other. He confronts Susan, but she reveals that Morgenstern was merely helping her to transfer her residency. Desperately missing her niece, Susan has made the decision to move to Phoenix to be near her sister's family.

During a hectic last day for Susan at County's ER, Mark struggles with her imminent departure, but still finds himself afraid to admit his true feelings for her. The hospital staff arrange a going away party for Susan, but it is canceled due to an influx of critical patients from a car accident. Susan leaves the hospital unable to say goodbye to Mark, who was busy working on a trauma patient. He manages to arrive just as her train is about to depart (episode 'Union Station). Mark pleads with her to stay because he loves her, but Susan doesn't see a future in Chicago or with him. She kisses him and says "I love you, too" as the train departs.

Seasons 8–12 and second departure (2001–2005)
Susan returns during season 8 as she left, shown to arrive on a train into Chicago to interview for a job. Susan visits County General for the first time in 5 years and sees the hospital has changed as well as the faces. She meets Mark for coffee and reveals that Chloe has moved on to another city, and she has decided that she can't follow her sister's family around forever. Mark offers her a job as an attending physician at County General, despite Kerry Weaver's reservations. During season 8 Susan has a brief relationship with Dr. John Carter after they both admit that they had a crush on each other when he was a medical student and she was a resident. It doesn't last, as Susan realizes in the episode Secrets and Lies, that Carter is really in love with Abby Lockhart. She then tells Carter to "tell her" about his feelings. The two both break up on good terms and remain good friends throughout the rest of her career at County. Her problems with Chloe resurface when her niece Susie goes missing in New York after leaving a distressing voicemail message on her aunt's phone. Susan flies to New York (in a crossover with Third Watch) and discovers Chloe doped up, sleeping rough. Throughout the season, Susan faces one of her most difficult story lines, as her best friend Mark Greene reveals to her that his brain tumor has returned. The two rekindled their close friendship as she helps him come to terms with his diagnosis. Susan is alluded to in Mark's goodbye letter in "The Letter" when Mark comments that he had to leave the way he did, even though there were things of a more personal nature to say. After her best friend's death, Susan warmed up to other friendships in the ER with Abby Lockhart and Elizabeth Corday, and was able to work better with her old colleague Kerry Weaver. Dr. Romano, who actually respected her (he once told another doctor to get Dr. Lewis when he had a medical emergency, calling her "the least annoying person down there"), also promoted her to Deputy Chief of Emergency Medicine much to Kerry Weaver's dismay.

During season 9, Susan meets a flight nurse named Chuck Martin (played by Donal Logue) on a plane to Las Vegas. They both get drunk upon arrival and end up getting married in Vegas. They quickly have the marriage annulled once they return to Chicago, but eventually start dating again, and Susan becomes pregnant. She is finally promoted to the position of Chief of Emergency Medicine after Robert Romano dies in Season 10. While other pregnant characters had given birth on the show, at the time, Susan's was the first major birth offscreen, with her giving birth sometime between Seasons 10 and 11 (and being placed on bedrest amid concerns of preterm labor). Chuck ends up caring for their baby boy Cosmo as a stay-at-home parent while Susan works.

In season 11, Susan begins to build some anxiety about the upcoming tenure offer. When the only tenure spot goes to her friend John Carter, due to her lack of grant funding, she clearly gives up on County and this leads to her final exit from the series at the beginning of season 12 in the episode "Canon City". In contrast to the major attention given to Stringfield's departure from the series back in Season 3's November sweeps period, her second goodbye came in the S12 premiere, an episode which she had very little to do in, and gave no indication she was leaving for good (in fact, the show had Dr. Kerry Weaver tell the staff several episodes later about how Susan wouldn't return after accepting a tenure track position at a hospital in Iowa City, Iowa). Technically, Stringfield was the first and last original cast member to leave the show. (Being the first to leave in 1996, then in 2005 after the rest of the original cast left.)

Season 15 and finale guest starring (2009)
In the season 15 episode "The Book of Abby" long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag "Lewis" can be seen.

Dr. Susan Lewis returned for the series finale titled "And in the End..." returning to Chicago for the opening of The Carter Center. During evening drinks with Peter Benton, John Carter, Kerry Weaver, Elizabeth Corday, and Rachel Greene, Susan is heard confirming to Dr. Corday that she still lives in Iowa. Additionally, she states that she and Chuck have split, and she is now dating again. She eventually returns to the ER for the last time in the series with Rachel Greene and Carter, where she visits and jokes with the staff, much to the annoyance of Dr. Banfield who interrupts the talk by asking Susan who she is.

Reception
Sherry Stringfield's decision to leave ER was a "shock wave through Hollywood." According to Entertainment Weekly, people called Stringfield "nuts" for leaving "the hottest show on TV for some investment banker in New York."

title: Susan Lewis


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Courtallam

Courtallam is a panchayat town situated at a mean elevation of 160 m in the foothills of the Western Ghats in Tenkasi district of Tamil Nadu, India. The Coutrallam Falls on the Chittar River is a major tourist attraction.

Demographics
India census, Courtallam had a population of 2,368. Males constitute 41% of the population and females 59%. Courtallam has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78% and, female literacy is 74%. 7% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Location
Located in the Western Ghats, Courtallam is part of the Agasthiamalai range, the mountain bearing the name of sage Agastya who is believed to have lived in the area. The closest town to Courtallam is Tenkasi at 5 km. The closest airports are Tuticorin Airport (91 km away )and Trivandrum International Airport (122 km away). The nearest railway station is at Tenkasi, 5 km away.

Places of Interest
Courtallam Falls is located near the town.

The Kutralanatha swamy temple is the location of Chitra Sabha, one of the five sabhas of Nataraja, a form of Lord Shiva. Pancha Sabhai Sthalangal refers to the temples of Nataraja, a form of the Hindu god Shiva where he performed the Cosmic Dance Tandava. The temple at the foot of the hill is conch-shaped which has special significance in Hindu tradition. Tamil poet Thirukudarasappa Kavirayar sang about the beauty of this place in his "Kutraala Kuravanji". Kurumpalaveesar, sung in Tevaram was done by Sambandar. It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams.

In popular culture
Owing to its natural setting, Courtallam has featured in many films.
 * Papanasam (2015) by Kamal Haasan
 * Poova Thalaya (1969)
 * Aravaan (2012)
 * Vettai (2012)
 * Mirchi (film) (2013)
 * Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (2013)
 * Suvadugal (2013)
 * Anjala (film) (2014)
 * Dharma Durai (2016)
 * Etharkkum Thunindhavan (2022)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Courtallam


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Match Point

Match Point is a 2005 psychological thriller film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Scarlett Johansson, Emily Mortimer, Matthew Goode, Brian Cox, and Penelope Wilton. In the film, Rhys Meyers' character, a former professional tennis player, marries into a wealthy family, but his social position is threatened by his affair with his brother-in-law's girlfriend, played by Scarlett Johansson. The film deals with themes of morality and greed, and explores the roles of lust, money, and luck in life, leading many to compare it to Allen's earlier film Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989). It was produced and filmed in London after Allen had difficulty finding financial support for the film in New York. The agreement obliged him to make it there using a cast and crew mostly from the United Kingdom. Allen quickly re-wrote the script, which was originally set in New York, for an English setting.

Critics in the United States praised the film and its English setting and welcomed it as a return to form for Allen. In contrast, reviewers from the United Kingdom treated Match Point less favorably, finding fault with the locations and especially the British idiom in the dialogues. Allen was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Plot
Recently retired Irish tennis professional Chris Wilton is taken on as an instructor at an upmarket club in London. There, he strikes up a friendship with wealthy pupil Tom Hewett. Tom's sister Chloe is smitten with Chris, and they begin dating. During a family gathering, Chris meets Tom's American fiancée Nola Rice, and they become attracted to each other.

Chloe persuades her father, Alec, to give Chris a job as an executive in one of his companies. After this, Chris begins to be accepted into the family.

One afternoon, Tom's mother, Eleanor, questions Nola's choice of profession. Furious, Nola leaves the house during a thunderstorm. Chris follows Nola and confesses his feelings for her, and they have sex in a wheat field. Feeling guilty, Nola treats this as an accident. Chris, however, wants an ongoing affair. Chris and Chloe marry, while Tom ends his relationship with Nola.

Chloe, to her distress, does not become pregnant immediately. Chris tries to track down Nola but later meets her by chance at Tate Modern. He asks for her number, and they begin an affair.

While Chris spends time with his wife's family, Nola calls to inform him that she is pregnant. Panicked, he asks her to get an abortion, but she refuses, saying she wants to raise the child with him. Chris becomes distant from Chloe. She suspects Chris is having an affair, which he denies. Nola urges him to divorce his wife; he feels trapped and finds himself lying to Chloe as well as to Nola. Nola confronts him outside his apartment and he barely escapes public detection.

Soon afterwards, Chris takes a shotgun from his father-in-law's and brings it to his office in a tennis bag. After leaving the office, he calls Nola on her mobile to tell her he has good news. He goes to her building and gains entry into the apartment of her neighbor, Mrs. Eastby, whom he shoots and kills, staging a burglary by ransacking the rooms and stealing jewelry and drugs. As Nola returns, Chris shoots her in the stairwell, then takes a taxi to the theater to watch a musical with Chloe. Scotland Yard concludes the crime was likely committed by a drug addict stealing money. The following day, as the murder is in the news, Chris returns the shotgun and he and Chloe announce that she is pregnant.

Detective Mike Banner invites Chris for an interview concerning the murder. Before he goes to see the detectives, he throws Mrs. Eastby's jewelry and drugs into the river, but by chance, her ring bounces on the railing and falls to the pavement.

At the police station, Chris lies about his relationship with Nola, but Banner surprises him with her diary, in which he is featured extensively. He confesses his affair but denies any link to the murder. Chris appeals to the detectives not to involve him further in their investigation as news of the affair may end his marriage just as he and his wife are expecting a baby.

One night, Chris sees apparitions of Nola and Mrs. Eastby, who tell him to be ready for the consequences of his actions. He replies that his crimes, though wrong, were committed for a "grander scheme", and that he can suppress his guilt. The same night, Banner dreams that Chris committed the murders. The next morning, however, Banner's theory is discredited by his partner, Dowd, who reveals a drug addict found murdered on the streets had Eastby's ring in his pocket. The detectives consider the case closed and abandon any further investigation. Chloe gives birth to a baby boy named Terence, and his uncle Tom blesses him not with greatness but with luck.

Production
The script was originally set in The Hamptons, a wealthy enclave in New York, but was transferred to London when Allen found financing for the film there. The film was partly funded by BBC Films, which required that he make the film in the UK with largely local cast and crew. In an interview with The Observer, Allen explained that he was allowed "the same kind of creative liberal attitude that I'm used to", in London. He complained that the American studio system was not interested in making small films: "They only want these $100 million pictures that make $500m." A further change was required when Kate Winslet, who was supposed to play the part of Nola Rice, resigned a week before filming was scheduled to begin. Scarlett Johansson was offered the part, and accepted, but the character had to be re-written as an American. According to Allen, "It was not a problem...It took about an hour."

Filming took place in London in the summer of 2004 over a seven-week schedule. Some of the city's landmarks, such as Tate Modern, Norman Foster's "Gherkin" building at 30 St Mary Axe, Richard Rogers' Lloyd's building, the Royal Opera House, the Palace of Westminster, Blackfriars Bridge, and Cambridge Circus form a backdrop to the film. The tennis club scenes were filmed at the Queen's Club. One of the University of Westminster's Marylebone campus lecture theatres was also used. UK-based graffiti artist Banksy's Girl With Balloon appears briefly in the film. One of the Parliament View apartments at Lambeth Bridge was used for interiors of Chris and Chloe's apartment. The restaurant scene was shot at the Covent Garden Hotel.

Themes
The film's opening voiceover from Wilton introduces its themes of chance and fate, which he characterizes as simple luck, to him all-important. The sequence establishes the protagonist as an introvert, a man who mediates his experience of the world through deliberation, and positions the film's subjective perspective through his narrative eyes. Charalampos Goyios argued that this hero, as an opera lover, maintains a sense of distance from the outer world and that ramifications therein pale in comparison to the purity of interior experience.

The film is a debate with Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, which Wilton is seen reading early on, identifying him with the anti-hero Raskolnikov. That character is a brooding loner who kills two women to prove that he is a superior being, but is racked by guilt and is finally redeemed by confession of his crime, the love of a young woman forced into prostitution, and the discovery of God. Wilton is a brooding loner who kills a poor girl who loves him because he considers his interests superior to those around him, knows little guilt, and avoids detection through luck. Allen signals his intentions with more superficial similarities: both are almost caught by a painter's unexpected appearance in the stairwell, and both sleuths play cat and mouse with the suspect. Allen argues, unlike Dostoevsky, that there is neither God, nor punishment, nor love to provide redemption. The theme of parody and reversal of Dostoevsky's motifs and subject matter has been visited by Allen before, in his film Love and Death. In Love and Death, the dialogue and scenarios parody Russian novels, particularly those by Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, such as The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, The Gambler, The Idiot, and War and Peace. In Match Point, Allen moves the theme from parody to the more direct engagement of Dostoevsky's motifs and narratives.

Allen revisits some of the themes he had explored in Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), such as the existence of justice in the universe. Both films feature a murder of an unwanted mistress, and "offer a depressing view on fate, fidelity, and the nature of man". That film's protagonist, Judah Rosenthal, is an affluent member of the upper-middle class having an extramarital affair. After he tries to break the affair off, his mistress blackmails him and threatens to go to his wife. Soon, Rosenthal decides to murder his mistress but is racked with guilt over violating his moral code. Eventually, he learns to ignore his guilt and go on as though nothing has happened. Philip French compared the two films' plots and themes in The Observer, and characterized Match Point's as a "clever twist on the themes of chance and fate".

Money is an important motivator for the characters: both Wilton and Nola come from modest backgrounds and wish to enter the Hewett family using their sex appeal. That family's secure position is demonstrated by their large country estate, and, early on in their relationships, both prospective spouses are supported by Mr. Hewett Wilton with a position on "one of his companies." Nola reports being "swept off her feet" by Hewett's attention and presents. Roger Ebert posed the film's underlying question as "To what degree are we prepared to set aside our moral qualms in order to indulge in greed and selfishness? Wilton is facing a choice between greed and lust, but his sweet wife, Chloe, herself has no qualms about having her father essentially 'buy' her husband for her."

Jean-Baptiste Morain, writing in Les Inrockuptibles, noticed how the strong do not accept their own weakness and have no qualms about perpetuating an injustice to defend their interests. This wider political sense is, he argued, accentuated by its English setting, where class differences are more marked than in the USA. The film pits passion and the dream of happiness against ambition and arrivisme, resolving the dispute with a pitiless blow that disallows all chance of justice.

Musical accompaniment
The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of pre-World War I 78 rpm recordings of opera arias sung by the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. This bold use, despite Caruso's variety of musical styles, constitutes a first for Allen. Opera has been used before in his work as an indicator of social class, such as in Husbands and Wives (1992). In Match Point, the arias and opera extracts make an ironic commentary on the actions of the characters and sometimes foreshadow developments in the movie's narrative. Furthermore, given Wilton's status as an introvert and opera enthusiast himself, the accompaniment emphasizes his detachment from his crime.

The 10-minute murder scene which forms the film's climax is scored with almost the whole of the Act II duet between Otello and Iago from Giuseppe Verdi's Otello. This is an atypical scoring for a film since Verdi's piece is not an aria, but a dramatic dialogue in which the words are as important as the music. Thus the astute spectator will be presented with two dramatic narratives to follow; Allen is not respecting traditional conventions of cinematic accompaniment since the score's events do not match the story unfolding onscreen.

Arias and extracts include work by Verdi (in particular Macbeth, La traviata,  Il trovatore and Rigoletto), Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, Georges Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles, and Antônio Carlos Gomes's Salvator Rosa sung by Caruso. The romanza "Una furtiva lagrima" from L'elisir d'amore is featured repeatedly, including during the opening credits. The Caruso arias are supplemented by diegetic music from contemporary performances that the characters attend over the course of the film. There are scenes at the Royal Opera House and elsewhere performed by opera singers (scenes from La traviata performed by Janis Kelly and Alan Oke, from Rigoletto performed by Mary Hegarty), accompanied by a piano (performed by Tim Lole).

Reception
Allen has said that Match Point is one of his few "A-films", and even "arguably may be the best film that I've made. This is strictly accidental, it just happened to come out right. You know, I try to make them all good, but some come out and some don't. With this one, everything seemed to come out right. The actors fell in, the photography fell in and the story clicked. I caught a lot of breaks!"

The film was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. Match Point broke a streak of box office flops for Allen: it earned $85,306,374 worldwide, of which $23,151,529 was in its North American run. Allen was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

The film received generally strong reviews from critics, particularly in the United States. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 216 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Woody Allen's sharpest film in years, Match Point is a taut, philosophical thriller about class and infidelity." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 72 out of 100, and thus "generally favorable reviews", based on 40 professional critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film a full four stars, and considered it among the four best Allen films. He described it as having a "terrible fascination that lasts all the way through". Empire magazine gave the film four stars out of five, calling it Allen's best of his last half a dozen films, and recommended it even to those who are not fans of the director.

Reviewers in the United Kingdom were generally less favorable. Philip French, writing in The Observer, criticized Allen's grasp of British idiom and the film's lack of humor, especially considering that two comic actors from the UK were cast in minor roles. Also, he called the dialogue "rather lumbering" and said that "the lexicons of neither the City financier nor the London constable are used convincingly." Tim Robey, writing in The Daily Telegraph, disdained the claim that the film was Allen's return to form. Although he acknowledged that the consensus was stronger this time, he called it "as flat-footed a movie as Allen has ever made, a decent idea scuppered by a setting – London – which he treats with the peculiarly tin-eared reverence of a visitor who only thinks he knows his way around." He called Johansson's character "the chain-smoking mistress from hell", but said the tennis net analogy has an "unexpectedly crisp payoff" and that the last act was well handled. Reviewing for the BBC's website, Andy Jacobs awarded the film four stars out of five and called it Allen's best film since Deconstructing Harry (1997). He also criticized some other British reviewers whose dislike, Jacobs stated, was due to the fact that Allen presented an agreeable portrait of middle-class life in London. He also praised the performances by Rhys Meyers and Johansson.

Like many of Allen's films, Match Point was popular in France: AlloCiné, a cinema information website, gave it a score of 4.4 out of 5, based on a sample of 30 reviews. In Les Inrockuptibles, a left-wing French cultural magazine, Jean-Baptiste Morain gave the film a strong review, calling it "one of his most accomplished films". He characterized Allen's move to London as re-invigorating for him while recognizing the caricatured portrayal of Britain which made the film less appreciated there than in Allen's homeland, the United States. Morain called Rhys-Meyers and Johansson's performances "impeccable".

Match Point has also been the object of scholarship. Joseph Henry Vogel argued the film is exemplary of ecocriticism as an economic school of thought. Several critics and commentators have compared elements of the film to the central plot of George Stevens' film A Place in the Sun (1951), but with some characters in reverse positions.

title: Match Point


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CFBR-FM

CFBR-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting an active rock format at 100.3 FM in Edmonton, Alberta. The station uses its on-air brand name 100.3 The Bear and is owned by Bell Media.

History
The station was launched in 1951 by Sunwapta Broadcasting as CFRN-FM, simulcasting the AM programming of CFRN. It launched separate programming in 1964, and adopted the callsign CKXM in 1979. The station was sold to CAP Communications in 1988 and adopted the callsign CJKE the following year.

The station was acquired by Standard Broadcasting in 1992, and adopted the current CFBR callsign, rock format and "Bear" branding in September of that year.

CFBR-FM is rebroadcast in Jasper on 92.3 CJAG-FM.

On September 28, 2007, the CRTC approved the sale of CFBR and all Standard Radio assets to Astral Media.

On June 27, 2013, the CRTC approved the sale of all but 10 Astral Media Radio Stations to BCE (Bell Media). The sale including CFBR.

In 2008, CFBR was rated as the third most listened-to station in the Edmonton market. But by the Fall 2011 book, it had dropped to #6.

As of February 28, 2021, CFBR is the 9th-most-listened-to radio station in the Edmonton market according to a PPM data report released by Numeris.

title: CFBR-FM


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/42nd company

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 17:47, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

42nd company
"Machinima" series based on a group of Halo 2 players, the first episode of which hasn't even been released yet according to the article. Non-notable, advert, Wikipedia is not a crytal ball. — Gwalla | Talk 21:57, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nominator. --FCYTravis 22:59, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed. --Xcali 20:00, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It's not gonna matter what I say. --Adrak
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User talk:America~enwiki

Welcome!
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:America~enwiki


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User:Jannek~enwiki

| Jannek

title: User:Jannek~enwiki


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Parade (disambiguation)

A parade is a procession of people.

Parade or The Parade may also refer to:

Films

 * Parade (1974 film), film by Jacques Tati
 * Parade (2009 film), Japanese film starring Tatsuya Fujiwara
 * Parades, a 1972 film starring David Doyle
 * The Parade (film), a 2011 Serbian film

Groups and labels

 * Parade (band), a British girl group
 * The Parade (band), an American soft rock group from LA. Hit "Sunshine Girl"(1967)
 * Parade, Italian record label founded by Ennio Morricone

Albums

 * Parade (Ron Carter album), 1979
 * Parade (Minori Chihara album), 2008
 * Parade (GO!GO!7188 album), 2006
 * Parade (Plastic Tree album), 2000
 * Parade (Prince album), 1986
 * Parade Tour (Prince), a 1986 tour in support of the Prince album
 * Parade (Parade album), 2011
 * Parade (Spandau Ballet album), 1984
 * Parade (Deen album), 2017
 * Parade -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick-, a 2005 Buck-Tick tribute album
 * Parade II -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick-, a 2012 Buck-Tick tribute album
 * Parades (Efterklang album), 2007
 * Parade, a 2006 album by Barbie Almalbis

Songs

 * Parade (Dev song), 2015
 * "Parade", a song by Bedhead from the album Transaction de Novo
 * "Parade", a song by Roger Daltrey from One of the Boys
 * "Parade", a song by Magazine from their 1978 album Real Life
 * "Parade", a song by Matchbox Twenty from the album North
 * "Parade", a song by Parannoul from the album After the Magic
 * "Parade", a song by Tyler the Creator from the album Bastard
 * "Parade", a song by Univers Zero from the album Uzed

Musicals

 * Parade (musical), a 1998 musical with a score by Jason Robert Brown and book by Alfred Uhry
 * Parade, a 1935 musical revue by Jerome Moross
 * Parade (revue), an Off-Broadway revue by Jerry Herman

Periodicals

 * Parade (British magazine), a British magazine for men
 * Parade (magazine), an American nationwide Sunday newspaper magazine

Television

 * "Parade" (Bottom), an episode of the British television sitcom Bottom
 * Parade (TV series), Canadian music variety television series which aired from 1959 to 1964
 * Parade Parade, a 1996 Japanese original video animation series

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Parade (ballet), a 1916–17 ballet with music by Erik Satie and a one-act scenario by Jean Cocteau
 * Parade (French street entertainment), a type of entertainment which originated during the Renaissance
 * Parade Theatre, Sydney, Australia
 * Parade (novel), a 2024 novel by Rachel Cusk

Places

 * Parade, South Dakota, a community in the United States
 * Parade Square (Plac Defilad w Warszawie), a square in downtown Warsaw
 * The Parade, Adelaide
 * Parade, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England

Other uses

 * Military parade
 * Parade College, an Australian Roman Catholic all-boys high school
 * Parade (company), an underwear brand founded in 2019
 * Parade House, Monmouth, a building in Monmouth, Wales
 * Parade Park Maintenance Building, a building in Kansas City, Missouri from 1912

title: Parade (disambiguation)


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Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland

A postal address in Ireland is a place of delivery defined by Irish Standard (IS) EN 14142-1:2011 ("Postal services. Address databases") and serviced by the universal service provider, An Post. Its addressing guides comply with the guidelines of the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the United Nations-affiliated body responsible for promoting standards in the postal industry, across the world.

In Ireland, 35% of premises (over 600,000) have non-unique addresses due to an absence of house numbers or names. Before the introduction of a national postcode system (Eircode) in 2015, this required postal workers to remember which family names corresponded to which house in smaller towns, and many townlands. , An Post encourages customers to use Eircode because it ensures that their post person can pinpoint the exact location.

Ireland was the last country in the OECD to create a postcode system. In July 2015 all 2.2 million residential and business addresses in Ireland received a letter notifying them of the new Eircode for their address. Unlike other countries, where postcodes define clusters or groups of addresses, an Eircode identifies an individual address and shows exactly where it is located. The system was criticised at its launch.

Responsibility for the current postal delivery system rests with An Post, a semi-state body; however, the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (DCENR) retains the right to regulate addresses if they wish so.

Dublin

In Dublin city and its suburbs, a system of postal districts was introduced in 1917 by the Royal Mail with the prefix "D", and retained after Ireland became an independent country, without the prefix. However the use of district numbers by the public did not begin until 1961, when street signs displayed postal district numbers. Prior to that time, street signs only displayed the street name in Irish and English.

The Dublin system had 22 districts – Dublin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6W, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24. These were incorporated into the routing keys used by the Eircode national postcode system as D01, D02, D12, D22, etc.

Cork
The city of Cork had four numbered postal districts, but these were used internally by An Post and rarely on mail. Cork 1 covered the city centre and large parts of the surrounding city, so, for example, the "Patrick Street" (Sráid Phádraig) sign displays the digit '1'. Cork 2, administered from the Ballinlough sorting office, covered the south-east, Cork 3 (from Gurranabraher) covered the north-west while Cork 4 (from Togher sorting office) covered the south-west. The numbers are not used in the Eircode system, with routing keys in the Cork area instead beginning with the letter 'T'.

Eircode
The launch of a national postcode system (Eircode, Irish éirchód ) in Ireland began on 28 April 2014. The system incorporates the existing numbered Dublin postal districts as part of the routing key. Eircode made Ireland the first country in the world to have a unique postcode for each address.

The codes, known as "Eircodes", consist of seven characters. The first three characters, called the "Routing Key", are designed to benefit the postal and logistics industry and contain on average 15,000 addresses each. The Routing Key is used to help sort mail, it is the principal post town of the address as defined by An Post. The second part of the Eircode, called the "Unique Identifier", consists of four characters drawn from a set of randomised letters and numbers that identify each individual address. They are stored in a central database, Eircode Address Database (ECAD), along with other useful geographic information including addresses, variants/aliases, and geo-coordinates of each address point. Sample product data and pricing details were issued to businesses in March 2015. The ECAD is now available to license by end-users and value-added resellers called Eircode Providers

An example of a typical Irish address is that of the Lord Mayor of Dublin: The Eircode is added on as an extra line to the existing address and postal district code which remains unchanged.

Dublin City Council Lord Mayor's Office Mansion House Dawson Street Dublin 2 D02 AF30

Unlike other postcode systems, Eircode is not used for PO Box addresses.

Background
An Post did not introduce automated sorting machines until the 1990s. By then, the optical character recognition (OCR) systems were advanced enough to read whole addresses, as opposed to just postcodes, thereby allowing An Post to skip a generation. Consequently, mail to addresses in the rest of the state did not require any digits after the address.

While An Post stated that the addressing system and sorting technologies make postcodes for mail delivery unnecessary, it was suggested that other services (such as advertising mail providers) would benefit from a national system. After considerable delays, it was announced on 8 October 2013 that codes would be introduced by early 2015. A ten-year contract to introduce and implement the postcode system was awarded to Capita Business Support Services Ireland in January 2014 with support from BearingPoint and Autoaddress.

Introduction of a national system
In 2005 it became the policy of the government of Ireland to introduce a national scheme of postcodes. In May 2005, Noel Dempsey, Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, announced that postcodes would be introduced by 1 January 2008, His successor as minister, Eamon Ryan, announced in August 2007 that he was delaying the project pending additional consultation and investigation into the need. On 24 February 2008, The Sunday Times reported that Ryan was finalising the system and hoped to bring the plans to cabinet before the summer of 2008, for introduction in 2009.

An Post was quoted as saying "it would be at the heart of the introduction" and the report of PA Consultants indicated that An Post should be paid over €27 million for its involvement.

Following further delays, in September 2009 the cabinet agreed to go ahead with the project. It was to be put out to tender with the end of 2011 given as the date by which postcodes should be assigned. In January 2010 Minister Ryan stated in the Dáil that the exact nature of the code would not be decided until the implementation tender process had been completed but that a Location Code with GPS coordinates should be part of the system implemented. On 29 January 2010, a tender was issued to select consultants to assist the Minister for Communications in deciding on the way forward.

The project was again delayed, but in December 2010 the government agreed to seek tenders for procurement of national postcodes, with an estimated cost of €15 million, with the contract to be awarded in the summer of 2011, with the codes introduced by the end of that year.

On 29 June 2013, The Irish Times reported that the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte, was to bring details to the cabinet meeting of 2 July. According to the report, a postcode operator was to be appointed by September 2013 and every householder and business was to be issued a code by July 2014. Following a cabinet meeting on 8 October 2013, Rabbitte announced that a unique seven-character code would be assigned to every postal delivery point ("letterbox") in the state. A consortium led by Capita Ireland was awarded the tender to develop, implement and operate the system, costing €27 million.

Language concerns
Conradh na Gaeilge, an organisation advocating use of the Irish language, expressed concern over postcodes or postal abbreviations being based solely on English language place names, e.g. D for Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath in Irish) or WX for Wexford (Loch Garman in Irish) as is the case with vehicle registration plates. It had advocated that postcodes should either consist solely of numbers, as in many other bilingual or multilingual countries, or be based on Irish language names instead. These concerns were addressed upon the introduction of Eircode. Apart from routing keys corresponding to the previous Dublin postal districts, the initial letters of Eircode routing keys bear no relation to either the English language or Irish language place names within these areas. However, they do incorporate the letters K, V, W, X, Y which are not used in Irish orthography except in a small number of loanwords.

Preparation for a postcode
In the light of the liberalisation of postal services and the end of An Post's monopoly, ComReg, the Communications Regulator in Ireland, began considering the introduction of postcodes. A Postcode Working Group met in early 2005 and produced a report recommending the implementation of a postcode system.

On 23 May 2005, the Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, Noel Dempsey, in a government press release announced that postcodes would be introduced in Ireland by 1 January 2008. In November 2005, the National Statistics Board issued a report welcoming the decision and making recommendations as to its implementation. They supported a point-based postcode system that used grid reference/GPS technology to provide a relatively clear-cut, low cost approach to allocating a postcode to an address. This avoids trying to group households together into small area clusters. It was later announced that the postcodes would include the one- or two-character county codes currently used in vehicle registration plates, making them alphanumeric, with the existing Dublin system retained.

In June 2007, a brief to the new Minister for Communications, Eamon Ryan, stated that a memo was submitted by the Department of Communications to the Irish Government in May 2007 seeking approval for the implementation of the postcode system. It also stated that the decision arising from this submission was that the Minister would revert to Government following further analysis to quantify the benefits, which would then be followed by a public consultation process. In August 2007, the Minister reportedly postponed the implementation of the system "indefinitely" pending additional public consultation.

On 18 October 2007 Eamon Ryan announced at ComReg's "Postal Services in the 21st Century" conference that "[Post] codes should be introduced as a matter of priority". The introduction was stated to be subject to cabinet approval. On 25 February 2008 the Irish Independent reported that the proposals were being presented to the Cabinet with a view to full national implementation before summer 2008. It stated that Eamon Ryan was finalising the proposals, which include a 6 character format postcode, giving a sample of "D04 123" where "D04" corresponded to the current Dublin 4 postal region and "123" was a specific group of buildings. similar to British and Dutch postcodes, which cover groups of buildings, rather than simply suburbs or towns.

On 7 December 2008, the Sunday Business Post reported results of an independent report by PA Consulting for the department indicating that benefits of up to €22m could be achieved for public bodies through the introduction of a postcode. The PA report indicated that postcodes had greater uses beyond the delivery of mail or simple navigation services, citing the "need for efficient database based on postcodes reducing inefficient service delivery and infrastructural planning". It said that Postcodes are considered critical for "efficient spatial planning and aiding health research, education, housing social care and employment integration". Increased efficiencies for businesses would emerge; in particular, the insurance sector stated that "it would result in annual savings of around €40 million by improving their risk management assessments."

The article concluded saying that annual maintenance costs for a postcode management licence holder which would include maintaining the necessary database of buildings are estimated "at about €2.5 million" but the minister was reported as saying that "ongoing costs would be covered by income generated by the eventual licence holder".

In September 2009, Minister Ryan said that an alphanumeric system would be introduced in 2011 at a fraction of the previous estimate of €50 million. This was reiterated a month later in a Seanad debate, in spite of claims to the contrary by the Communication Workers Union. Liz McManus, opposition spokeswoman for communications in the Labour Party, called for the plan to be revoked due to job losses in An Post, the projected costs and fears of junk mail.

In January 2010, Simon Coveney challenged Ryan in the Dáil on the apparent rejection of a GPS-based postcode system and argued that a system that pinpointed 20–50 houses would be only a slight improvement. Ryan disputed Coveney's remarks, saying that he fully supported a postcode system that had geo-coordinates at its centre, and that the system chosen would depend on the tenders received.

The tender process to select consultants was announced on 1 February 2010, with a view to having the postcode system operational by the end of 2011.

In April 2010, the Oireachtas Committee on Communications, Energy and Natural Resources published a report criticising some of the proposals listed above, recommending instead that any postcode implemented must be capable of supporting "developing technologies such as internet mapping, google maps and iPhones", applying a unique identifier to each property. It suggests that the previously mentioned D04 123 model would not satisfy this requirement and may, in fact, make matters worse.

On 15 April 2010 the tendering process to select a consultant to advise the Minister on the implementation of a postcode was cancelled, due to a serious but unspecified technical error in the tendering documents.

Legislation
Legislation to "provide for the establishment, operation and maintenance of a system of postcodes" – the Communications Regulation (Postal Services) Bill 2010 – was introduced in November 2010. The bill was enacted in August of the following year, with Part 3 of the act dealing with the establishment of a National Postcode System. Postcodes are defined in the legislation as "a code consisting of numbers or other characters or both numbers and other characters that identifies the locality of an address and, where appropriate, the geographic location of an address". The Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources is empowered to award a contract for "the development, implementation and maintenance of a system... for the allocation, dissemination and management of postcodes for the purposes of, or relating to, the provision of postal services and the use of the national postcode system by other persons for such other purposes as the Minister considers appropriate".

On 29 June 2013 The Irish Times reported that the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte, was to bring details to the cabinet meeting of 2 July. According to the report, a postcode operator was to be appointed by September 2013 and every householder and business was to be issued a code by July 2014. Following a cabinet meeting on 8 October 2013 Rabbitte announced that a unique seven-digit would be assigned to every post-box in the state. A consortium led by Capita Ireland had been awarded the tender to develop, implement and operate the system, at a cost of €27 million over a ten-year period. On the Eircode launch day in July 2015, householders and businesses were able to look them up online in advance of receiving a posted notification. The Eircode website received over 1.5 million hits in the first 48 hours.

Each code consists of seven letters and/or digits, with a space after the third character. The first character is always a letter and the second is always a digit. The third character may be either a digit or the letter W, but not any other letter. The remaining four characters may either be letters or digits. The first three characters represent one of 139 geographical district or post-towns. The existing Dublin postal districts form the first three characters (the "Routing Key") in the system.

List of Eircode routing keys
The following is a list of Eircode routing keys:

An Post's position
An Post had previously claimed that a nationwide public postcode system was unnecessary, stating that it was "a 1960s solution to a 21st century problem", that it would be expensive, and that its existing system was superior. They later became actively involved in implementing the new Eircode system, with their CEO saying they were investing in their four main sorting centres to adopt the new postcode system at a cost of €1m, according to an Irish Times report stating "An Post chief executive Donal Connell said it would work "very closely" with Eircode, the new company set up by Capita to manage the codes, in implementing the national infrastructure. "It will certainly help with the efficiency of our distribution'. Mr Connell said €1 million from An Post’s capital investment fund would be spent to install new software in its four national sorting centres. Courier services and advertising mail companies complained that the absence of such a system put Ireland at a disadvantage compared with other European countries.

An Post had used a system of three-digit sort codes, similar to the Mailsort system used by Royal Mail in the United Kingdom, for pre-sorting mail in bulk. There were two levels, Presort 152, which had 152 codes for large volumes of mail, and Presort 61, which had 61 codes for smaller volumes.

It corresponded to Dublin postal districts: Dublin 1 is 101, etc., except for Dublin 10 and Dublin 20, both of which had the same code 110, and Dublin 6W, which was 126. Cork had codes for four each of the delivery offices, Ballinlough (901), North City (902), Little Island (903), and South City (903).

Utility issues
The Eircode system has been criticised for using an unsequenced code limited to postal addresses on the grounds that it undermines the system's utility. The cost, procurement methods used, slow rollout and implementation of the system (originally proposed in 2003) were criticised, including in a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General.

Usage questions
A March 2019 survey of homes and businesses commissioned by the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform reported that 30% never quoted the Eircode when giving their address, 32% did so only "occasionally," 22% "frequently," and 12% "always.". In contrast, a November 2019 survey for the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment claimed "94 per cent of people are using Eircodes," although the last survey data posted by eircode itself shows usage levels of 74% or less.

GeoDirectory
Established by An Post and the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, the Geodirectory is a database of every building in the Republic of Ireland. The database contains every postal address, a corresponding geographic address, the electoral division (a grouping of addresses useful for analysis and defining catchment areas of services), a system address reference (not in use by individuals), and the location coordinates. It is available for commercial use and has been used by several commercial companies for various geo-location and data cleansing purposes. It is the source of all addresses in the Eircode ECAD database. It is also used by Google Maps in Ireland to identify and search for building names on mapping. For example, one of the entries in its sample database is Midland Regional Hospital, Portlaoise, building ID 10003105 (at ITM 648555.822, 698833.088).


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User talk:Halibutt/Black Book

This page is a good idea, maybe it will keep discussions more civil. But I have a suggestion. If some user is listed here, he should be informed about it. Otherwise the deterrent effect will of course be lost. In fact, the user should be informed and invited to apologize or take back what he wrote. We should think of some standard message to this effect. Balcer 22:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Masz racje.--Witkacy 22:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Jak widac pierwsza reakcja pozytywna, po tym jak powiedzialem komus ze go tutaj dodalem :)--Witkacy 22:29, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hummm... where did this page go? Also, let's keep this discussion in English, ok? This way the "deterrent potential" will not be diminished by our barbaric language nobody understands. Halibutt 23:16, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lol, it does look like somebody can't take critisism too well. I hope this does not degenerate into witch-hunt - I will VfD this then myself - but a collection of anti-Polish quotes may be amusing, at least. Poles are known worldwide for the lack of will/ability to unite and defend their good name - perhaps this will be an exception to this rule, and help educate other Wikipedians that they should not offend Poles because they are Poles. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:18, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've added a mention of this page to the Village Pump; with any luck that will draw substantial and insightful comment.

Disclaimer: I don't currently believe this page is a good idea. I fear that it will tend to polarize and escalate disputes rather then settle them. There are few ways to more efficiently offend someone than to accuse them of bias and bigotry. --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 16:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The intro says that many editors will assume bad faith simply because the person they are talking to is Polish. How will the presence of this page do anything but confirm and expand that assumption? --Carnildo 19:03, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bad example
I feel these kind of pages and statements only deteriorate relations between wikipedians, as said above it will lead to more disputes and not settle them. And I urge all of you to stop this page. This is really stooping to an alltime wikipedia low! It also directly goes against our policy of wikilove! Waerth 02:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm with Waerth
Rather than a 'Black book' attack page, how about instead a friendly outreach/education page? --Jimbo Wales 14:42, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a nice approach. Still, it does look like this project is dead, and I don't mind it either way - there is a lot of better things to do :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:45, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Halibutt/Black Book


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President of Lebanon

The president of the Lebanese Republic (رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية) is the head of state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a term of six years, which cannot be renewed immediately because they can only be renewed non-consecutively. By convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who fulfills the same requirements as a candidate for the house of representatives, as per article 49 of the Lebanese constitution.

The latest holder of the position is Michel Aoun from October 31, 2016 until October 31, 2022. On the eve of the end of his mandate, he left the presidency and returned to his private residence, while Parliament was unable to nominate a candidate with enough votes to succeed him and so the position has been vacant since.

French mandate
The first Lebanese constitution was promulgated on 23 May 1926, and subsequently amended several times. Modeled after that of the French Third Republic, it provided for a bicameral parliament with Chamber of Deputies and a Senate (although the latter was eventually dropped), a president, and a Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The president was to be elected by the Chamber of Deputies for one six-year term and could not be reelected until a six-year period had elapsed; deputies were to be popularly elected along confessional lines.

A custom of selecting major political officers, as well as top ranks within the public administration, according to the proportion of the principal sects in the population was strengthened during this period. Thus, for example, the president ought to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim. A Greek Orthodox and a Druze would always be present in the cabinet. This practice increased sectarian tension by providing excessive power to the Maronite president (such as the ability to choose the prime minister), and hindered the formation of a Lebanese national identity. Under the Constitution, the French high commissioner still exercised supreme power, an arrangement that initially brought objections from the Lebanese nationalists. Nevertheless, Charles Debbas, a Greek Orthodox, was elected the first president of Lebanon three days after the adoption of the Constitution.

At the end of Debbas's first term in 1932, Bishara al-Khuri and Émile Eddé competed for the office of president, thus dividing the Chamber of Deputies. To break the deadlock, some deputies suggested Shaykh Muhammad al Jisr, who was chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Muslim leader of Tripoli, as a compromise candidate. However, French high commissioner Henri Ponsot suspended the constitution on 9 May 1932, and extended the term of Debbas for one year; in this way he prevented the election of a Muslim as president. Dissatisfied with Ponsot's conduct, the French authorities replaced him with Count Damien de Martel, who, on 30 January 1934, appointed Habib Pacha Es-Saad as president for a one-year term (later extended for an additional year).

Émile Eddé was elected president on 30 January 1936. A year later, he partially reestablished the Constitution of 1926 and proceeded to hold elections for the Chamber of Deputies. However, the Constitution was again suspended by the French high commissioner in September 1939, at the outbreak of World War II.

During World War II when the Vichy government assumed power over French territory in 1940, General Henri Fernand Dentz was appointed as high commissioner of Lebanon. This new turning point led to the resignation of Lebanese president Émile Eddé on 4 April 1941. After five days, Dentz appointed Alfred Naqqache for a presidency period that lasted only three months. The Vichy authorities allowed Nazi Germany to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon.

After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941, General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government.

Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943, the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. The High Commissioner installed Eddé as president. Ten days later, however, under pressure from France's other Allies in World War II, the French removed Eddé from office and restored the government of Bechara El Khoury on 21 November. Parliamentary elections were held on May 1947 but many protested claiming that it was rigged deeming the parliament as illegitimated. However El Khoury was then also re-elected in 1948. El-Khoury faced significant opposition from traditional Za’im leaders on whose powers his policies were beginning to impinge. In 1951 an alliance was formed between Camille Chamoun, Pierre Gemayel, Raymond Eddé, Kamal Jumblatt, Phalange and Syrian National Party. On 18 September 1952, amidst widespread demonstrations, El Khoury was forced into resigning.

Post-Independence
In 1952, Fouad Chehab refused to allow the army to interfere in the uprising that forced Lebanese President Bechara El Khoury to resign. Chehab became the prime minister of Lebanon in September 1952, and hold the additional portfolio of defense minister. Chehab was then appointed president with the duty to ensure an emergency democratic presidential election. Four days later, Camille Chamoun was elected to succeed El Khoury. During Chamoun's presidency, Lebanon experienced an economic boom, in particular in the construction, banking and tourism sectors. He implemented a 1954 law on the creation of joint-stock companies and a 1956 law on banking secrecy. According to Fawwaz Traboulsi, Chamoun concentrated power into his hands, blurring the limits of democracy and autocracy.

In 1958, President Camille Chamoun was forced to resign after he attempted to amend the constitution to allow for his reelection. Pan-Arabists and other groups backed by Gamal Abdel Nasser, with considerable support in Lebanon's Muslim (particularly Sunni) community attempted to overthrow Chamoun's government in June 1958. Clashes then ensued between Sunni Arab Nationalists and pro-government Christians. This led to American intervention with Operation Blue Bat on 15 July 1958 by president Dwight D. Eisenhower in the first application of the Eisenhower Doctrine in which the US announced that it would intervene to protect regimes that it considered to be threatened by international communism.

The president of Lebanon is elected by the Parliament of Lebanon. In the lead up to the election, parliament was divided into factions, namely those who supported western nations and Chamoun and those favoring Nasser and the United Arab Republic. Chehab was viewed as a compromise candidate; he was not interested in the presidency until "it became clear that he was the only candidate who had any hope of wide acceptance." As a result, he consented to be nominated on 28 July, only three days before the election. Following a path of moderation and co-operating closely with the various religious groups, and with both secular and religious forces, Chehab was able to cool tensions and bring stability back to the nation. His ideology inspired the presidencies of two other presidents.

Michel Helou was then elected as the 4th president in 1964. Helou's lack of political affiliation gave him the appearance of a leader able to unite Lebanon and he was chosen to succeed Fuad Chehab as president by the National Assembly. The Six-Day War of 1967, strained sectarian relations in Lebanon. Many Muslims wanted Lebanon to join the Arab war effort, while many Christians wished to eschew participation. Helou managed to keep Lebanon from entanglement, apart from a brief air strike, but found it impossible to put the lid on the tensions that had been raised. Parliamentary elections in 1968 revealed an increasing polarization in the country, with two major coalitions, one pro-Arab Nationalism, led by Rashid Karami and the other pro-Western, led jointly by former president Camille Chamoun, Pierre Gemayel and Raymond Eddé, both made major gains and won 30 of the 99 seats each.

In addition, government authority was challenged by the presence of armed Palestinian guerrillas in the south of the country, and clashes between the Lebanese army and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) became increasingly frequent. For a long time, Helou resisted their demands, but in 1969, after failing to end the rebellion militarily, he finally gave in, hoping that the Palestinian guerrillas would confine their operations to cross-border attacks against Israel and would stop challenging the Lebanese government. As it turned out, the clashes only intensified.

In 1970, Helou endorsed Elias Sarkis as his chosen successor, but the latter lost the election in the National Assembly by one vote to Suleiman Frangieh.

Civil War
Civil war in Lebanon began on 13 April 1975. Frangieh as the Lebanese President declared the Constitutional Document on 14 February 1976 that was the first serious initiative to end the conflict and reach a consensus. The document empowered prime minister and suggested a "parity between Christians and Muslims in Parliament", reducing the power of Maronites. Although it was supported by major politicians and religious leaders, it could not achieve its objectives.

Élias Sarkis, the Chehabist nominee in the 1970 election - who lost the vote by a margin of only 1 vote - was elected on the second round of voting with 66% of the votes. He was the only person to receive a vote during the election, all other ballots containing blank votes. Almost a third of MPs were absent from the parliamentary session. As outgoing President Frangieh's term expired on 23 September of that year, he was therefore sworn on multiple months after the election. It was hoped that Sarkis would be able to unite the warring factions and end the emerging civil war; by September 1976, however, the situation had grown past the government's control as Syria and other countries began interfering and complicating the situation. On 5 March 1980, Sarkis developed his policy as part of his attempts to create national accord: unity, independence, parliamentarian democracy, rejecting the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel. During the peaks of the civil war, an election was held in the Parliament of Lebanon on 23 August 1982, resulting in Lebanese Forces leader Bachir Gemayel being elected President of the Lebanese Republic after being the sole contender. He was the youngest president to be elected. He notably has close relations with Israel, which lead to his assassination in an explosion that killed more than thirty people by SSNP member Habib Shartouni. He was assassinated before officially taking office. He was succeeded by his brother Amine Gemayel. On 22 September 1988, 15 minutes before the expiration of his term, the outgoing president Amine Gemayel appointed Aoun as Prime Minister notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim, heading a military government to be formed by six members of the Martial Court, three of which are Christian and three are Muslims. He also dismissed the civilian administration of acting Prime Minister Selim Hoss. The Muslims refused to serve, and submitted their resignations on the next day. Gemayel accuses Syria of forcing them to do so, claiming that they accepted their roles when he contacted them. The two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace at Baabda, al-Huss established his own office in Muslim-dominated West Beirut. In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by Syrian and Lebanese military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of Omar Karami.

Post-Civil War
Following the Taif Agreement to end the civil war, the National Assembly met on 5 November 1989 at the Qoleiat air base in North Lebanon and elected Moawad as President of Lebanon. The post had been vacant since the expiration of Amine Gemayel’s term in 1988. The National Assembly had failed to elect a successor at that time. Seventeen days after being elected, as he was returning from Lebanon's Independence Day celebrations on November 22, 1989, a 250 kg car bomb was detonated next to Moawad's motorcade in West Beirut, killing him and 23 others. Presidential powers were handed over to the cabinet for two days until Hrawi was elected at the Park Hotel in Chtoura by 47 out of 53 members of parliament on 24 November 1989. Since Baabda Palace, the president's residence, was destroyed and bombed by Syrian troops in October 1990 to drive out General Michel Aoun, Hrawi lived in future prime minister Rafik Hariri's Beirut apartment.

Emile Lahoud then ran for the presidency in 1998 after having the constitution amended to allow the army commander-in-chief to run for office. This amendment is believed to have been backed by Syria. His presidency was secured following the receipt of 118 votes from the 128-member Lebanese Parliament. When he became Lebanon's president in 1998, he aligned himself with Hezbollah, and picked his own man as prime minister, Selim al-Hoss. This led to heightened tensions between Rafiq Hariri and Lahoud. During his term, he exerted more control over government decision-making than Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri or Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri. In 2007, his presidential term ended. However, a new president was not immediately elected. Following a political deadlock which lasted for six months, the Lebanese parliament elected former army chief Michel Suleiman as president.

Today
From the expiration of the term of President Michel Suleiman in May 2014 until 31 October 2016, the parliament was unable to obtain the majority required to elect a president, and the office was vacant for almost two and a half years, despite more than 30 votes being held. On 31 October 2016, Michel Aoun was elected as president, serving until 30 October 2022.

Qualifications
The constitution requires the president hold the same qualifications as a member of Parliament (also called the Chamber of Deputies), which are Lebanese citizenship and attainment of the age of twenty-one years.

Though not specifically stated in the constitution, an understanding known as the National Pact, agreed in 1943, customarily limits the office to members of the Maronite Christian community. This is based on a gentlemen's agreement between Lebanon's Maronite Christian president Bechara El Khoury and his Sunni Muslim prime minister Riad Al Solh, which was reached in 1943, when Lebanon became independent of France, and described that the president of the Republic was to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of Parliament a Shia Muslim.

Article 50 of the constitution of Lebanon requires the president to take an oath upon assuming office, which is prescribed thus:

I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Lebanese Nation and to maintain the independence of Lebanon and its territorial integrity.

Role and responsibilities
As described in the constitution, the president is commander-in-chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces and security forces; may appoint and dismiss the prime minister and cabinet; promulgates laws passed by Parliament; may also veto bills; and may dissolve Parliament. In addition, he may also issue "emergency" legislation by decree. In practice, however, Lebanon being a parliamentary republic, the president is essentially the repository of reserve powers and the office is largely symbolic. Nevertheless, the president remains by and large the most important member of the executive. This is despite his powers having been somewhat moderated under Ta'if, notably with the increase in the powers of the Cabinet; nevertheless, these reforms have not substantially altered the president's power, as he is still the sole person who can nominate and fire the prime minister and the Cabinet.

His major responsibilities (following Ta'if) include:

 * Issue the decree appointing the prime minister (by convention Sunni Muslim) independently.
 * Issue the decree forming the government (i.e. the cabinet), co-signed by the prime minister. The government must then receive a vote-of-confidence by parliament (51%) in order to become active.
 * Fire the prime minister (at will, no confirmation needed). This automatically fires the entire government, meaning every minister.
 * Fire an individual minister. Requires confirmation of 2/3 of the cabinet and the signature of the PM. If more than 1/3 of the ministers constituting the initial government are fired/resign, then the entire government is considered resign.
 * Sign into law and promulgate laws (countersigned by the PM).
 * Sign decrees concerning a specific ministry(ies). Countersigned by the PM and ministers involved.
 * Negotiate and ratify international treaties. All treaties must be approved by 2/3 of the cabinet and countersigned by the PM before entering into force. Treaties involving spending that cannot be cancelled every new year must also be approved by Parliament (51%).
 * Dissolve the parliament. Must be countersigned by the PM and requires a 2/3 approval of the cabinet.
 * Pass "emergency decrees" without the parliament's approval (article 58). Requires a simple majority of the ministers. To pass emergency decrees without the parliament's approval, the parliament must spend 40 days without taking any action on a bill that was previously declared urgent by the president.

Previously to Ta'if, the president only needed the "favourable advice" of his ministers, rather than a clear consensus/majority. Nevertheless, while it may seem that the president is a "symbolic role" or significantly subjected to the will of his ministers, constitutionally, it is not so. The president retains the right to fire the entire government at will and is still the person who nominates every minister - thereby effectively ensuring that they will all be favorable to him. In practice, the president's office has been weakened because of a) no clear majorities of parties and blocs in Parliament, b) the election of "consensus" (meaning generally weak, or different), presidents, and c) the formation of divided cabinets. The perceived weakness of the president is thus rooted in political, rather than constitutional, issues.

Symbolic roles and duties
Following the ratification of the Ta'if Accord, the Constitution laid out a preamble for the three "key" executive posts: the president, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The preamble states the following:

The President of the Republic is the Chief of State, and the symbol of the unity of the Homeland. He ensures the respect of the Constitution, and the maintenance of Lebanon's independence, its unity, and its territorial integrity in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. He chairs the Higher Defence Council. He is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces which are subject to the authority of the Council of Ministers. The posts that come with the presidency are as follow:

The Presidential Residence was first located in Beirut and then moved to Sin el-Fil and Jounieh. In 1960s the residence was moved to the Baabda Palace after its construction, located southeast of Beirut, where Charles Helou was the first to serve in. In 1943 the Beittedinne Palace was declared as the official summer residence of the president.
 * Chair of the Supreme Defense Council.
 * Commander in chief of the armed forces.
 * State President of Lebanon (the head of state).

Official state car
The president's car is a W221 Mercedes-Benz S 600 Guard armoured limousine and it is escorted by the Republican Guard's SUVs and other security vehicles including the preceding official state car, an armoured W140 S 600 now possibly used as a backup limo.

Election and vacancy
Thirty to sixty days before the expiration of a president's term, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies calls for a special session to elect a new president, which selects a candidate for a six-year term on a secret ballot in which a two-thirds majority is required to elect. If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, a second ballot is held in which only a majority is required to elect. An individual cannot be reelected president until six years have passed from the expiration of his or her first term.

Quorum for an election
The Constitution is silent on the issue of the quorum needed to call to order a parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. In the absence of a clear provision designating the quorum needed to elect the president, the constitution is open to differing interpretations. According to one view on the issue, a quorum constituting a majority of fifty-percent plus one (that required for any meeting of Parliament) is sufficient for a parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. Another view on the issue argues that the quorum is a two-thirds majority of the total members of Parliament as Article 49 of the constitution requires a two-thirds voting majority to elect the president in the first round and, if the quorum were half plus one, there would have been no need to require the two-thirds voting majority when the number of deputies present at the meeting does not exceed the quorum.

Vacancy
A recurrent theme in Lebanese politics is the vacancy in the Lebanese presidency which has occurred for three consecutive times; no Lebanese president has directly transferred power to a successor without vacancy since Elias Hrawi was succeeded by Emile Lahoud in 1998. Unlike several other countries, the Lebanese constitution does not mention an "interim/acting" president. The constitution specifically states that the post of the presidency remains vacant, and some powers of the presidency are transferred to the council of ministers. Article 62 in the Lebanese constitution specifically states this: "Should there be a vacancy in the Presidency for any reason whatsoever, the Council of Ministers shall exercise the authorities of the President by delegation." After Michel Aoun left the presidency in 2022 to vacancy, prime minister Najib Mikati said that he did not personally assume the powers of the presidency, as they will be delegated to the council of ministers as a whole.

title: President of Lebanon


text:
Jane C. Ginsburg

Jane Carol Ginsburg (born July 21, 1955) is an American attorney. She is the Morton L. Janklow Professor of Literary and Artistic Property Law at the Columbia Law School. She also directs the law school's Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts. In 2011, Ginsburg was elected to the British Academy.

Ginsburg is the daughter of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Career
An expert on copyright, Ginsburg has written various treatises and law review articles. She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago, her J.D. degree from Harvard Law School, a DEA with a Fulbright grant (1985), and a Doctor of Law degree (1995) from Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University. At Harvard, she served as an editor of the Harvard Law Review. After law school, she clerked for Judge John Gibbons of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

Ginsburg was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013.

She is the daughter of United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and law professor Martin Ginsburg, both of whom formerly served on the Columbia Law School faculty. Justice Ginsburg and Jane are the first mother–daughter pair ever to serve on the same law faculty in the United States. Her brother, James Steven Ginsburg, is the founder of Cedille Records.

In popular culture
In the 2018, feature film On the Basis of Sex, a biography of her mother Ruth, a teenage Jane is portrayed by Cailee Spaeny.

Personal life
In 1981, Ginsburg married George T. Spera Jr. of Mays Landing, New Jersey. Her husband works for the law firm Shearman & Sterling. They have two children. Their son, Paul Spera (born 1986), an actor, graduated from Yale in 2008. Their daughter, Clara Spera (born 1990), graduated from Harvard Law School in 2017, and is married to Scottish actor Rory Boyd.

title: Jane C. Ginsburg


text:
Justice, Inc.

"Justice, Inc." is the first pulp magazine story to feature The Avenger. Written by Paul Ernst, it was published in the September 1, 1939 issue of The Avenger magazine. The storyline of the short novel eerily resembles that of the 2005 film Flightplan; both fictional works involve a plane, missing family members, and denial of their existence by everyone else.

Publishing history
This novel was re-published under its original title by the Paperback Library on June 1, 1972.

Summary
Richard Henry Benson, aggressive, dominating, cold-eyed, self-made millionaire adventurer, forces himself and his family onto a Buffalo/Montreal private charter flight (his mother-in-law is dying). He goes to the washroom and his wife and daughter vanish. The other passengers deny having seen them, the crew claim he boarded the plane alone, and even their empty seats are cold, as if no one ever occupied them. A frantic Benson is subdued and hospitalized with "brain fever" and head trauma. Recovering, his face and hair are white, and his facial flesh is paralyzed and malleable. Investigating, Benson meets pharmacist/chemist Fergus MacMurdie, who DID see Benson's family, and gigantic engineer Algernon Heathcote Smith (Smitty), who agree to assist him. Benson fights and overcomes Smitty using nerve pressure. Benson has a custom compact .22 caliber gun and light throwing knife (Mike & Ike), shoots to crease the top of the skull and render unconscious rather than kill, is a master of disguise, and prefers maneuvering enemies into their own traps over killing. THE PLOT: A criminal gang abducts wealthy Buffalo residents, drops them from a plane over Lake Ontario, and holds them prisoner on an island, all to get control of a Buffalo company. The three of them end the scheme, but Benson's wife and child aren’t found, alive or dead, among the kidnapping victims. The trio form Justice, Inc. to bring criminals to justice.

Comic adaptations
A DC Comics title called Justice Inc. began in issue #1 (May–June 1975) and ran to issue #4 (November–December 1975). This series adapted the eponymous novel and continued with original stories which featured the Avenger and took place during the time the original Avenger novels were released. Jack Kirby provided the artwork for issues #2–4.

A two-issue limited series published by DC Comics in 1989 under the same title featured the Avenger and his agents in an updated, contemporary setting several years after their retirement.

title: Justice, Inc.


text:
Talk:List of presidents of Lebanon

Untitled
I have reverted the move of this page. The de facto Wikipedia format is for lists of presidents, etc. to be titled "List of ..." UNLESS they contain large portions of explanatory text, in which case the "List of ..." drops from the title. David Cannon 22:04, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's OK, I've moved this page because I was planning on expanding this page, so it doesn't just contain a list.500LL 17:05, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, then we'll move the page when you've expanded the article. Just let me know - because it needs an administrator to delete the redirect that has been created. David Cannon 22:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Transliteration
Transliterations of the names of recent presidents in the ALA/LC system, based on Library of Congress authority records: --Cam 03:32, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Bishārah al-Khūrī
 * Imīl Iddah
 * Fu’ād Shihāb
 * Kamīl Sham‘ūn
 * Shārl Ḥilw
 * Sulaymān Franjīyah
 * Ilyās Sarkīs
 * Bashīr al-Jumayyil
 * Amīn al-Jumayyil
 * Rīnih Mu‘awwaḍ
 * Ilyās al-Harrāwī
 * Imīl Laḥḥūd

Does the President of Lebanon have to be Maronite Christian, or can be from any Christian denomination according to the National Pact of 1943, as this is not specified?
Does the President of Lebanon have to be Maronite Christian, or can be from any Christian denomination, according to the National Pact of 1943, as this is not specified? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.99.135.101 (talk) 19:09, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Acting Presidents
Does Lebanon number the Acting Presidents with the Presidents? GoodDay (talk) 22:35, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

yes, it was in the constitution before Taif Agreement 1990, the outgoing president can appoint a military governement(its head should be the armed forces commander (christian maronite like the president religion).

The constitution was made like this because it was made in the period of the french mandate & france wanted a christian president whenever, this thing didn't change (the president must be always christian maronite), in taif agreement they prohibit the outgoing president to appoint a military governement.

Fouad El Sanioura & Selim El Hoss were prime ministers not presidents they were muslim sunnite (prime ministers religion) & both they didn't lead there governement from baabda presidential palace like general michel aoun.

Selim El Hoss was a prime minister. He resign before the outgoing of the president, that's why many people didn't consider him as a prime minister and consider general michel aoun as acting prime minister, so in this period Selim El Hoss was not neither prime minister (many lebanese people) & was not a president.

Fouad Senioura
he was neither president nor acting president. He was the prime minister --Norik12 (talk) 18:50, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Charles Debbas.jpg
The image File:Charles Debbas.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * File:Charles Helou.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:29, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Emile Edde wasn't president in 1943
Bechara Khoury wasn't elected after independence in 1943, Emile Edde was a governer appointed by France after they lost their control on lebanon official in 9/11/1943 by lebanese articals of law 90-91-92-93-94 that ended the Madanate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.17.107.242 (talk) 17:06, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Salam is NOT the "incumbent president"
There is no such thing in the Lebanese constitution as an "incumbent" president. Whoever created this is either making a political statement or did it out of ignorance. Please also check the official website of the Lebanese Presidency, Salam who is Prime Minister is not listed as the "incumbent" president. http://www.presidency.gov.lb/Arabic/PresidentoftheRepublic/FormerPresidents/Pages/default.aspx Rustumpasha (talk) 12:38, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

List of Presidents of Lebanon
It is not Pierre-Georges Arlabosse but his brother, Paul-Hippolyte Arlabosse (1886-1970), who acted as interim President in 1941. Emmanuel Maurice (talk) 06:21, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of Presidents of Sri Lanka which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:00, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:43, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Bachir While Giving A Speech.jpg

title: Talk:List of presidents of Lebanon


text:
Molochna

The Molochna (Молочна; Моло́чная) is a river in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, southern Ukraine. The river is connected with the Russian Mennonite culture, once based in the southeastern region of Ukraine since 1804 as Molotschna colony which was part of the Russian Empire at that time.

In antiquity the river was called Gerrhus or Gerrus (Γέρρος). The river was called Tokmak (Токмак) by the Nogais.

The Molochna is formed by the confluence of the Chynhul and Tokmak rivers, just north of Molochansk. It flows roughly southwards, through Melitopol and into the Molochnyi Estuary in the Azov Sea. Its length is 197 km and its drainage basin is 3,450 km2. A former island in the river contains the archaeological site of Kamyana Mohyla.

Cities and towns in the watershed

 * Melitopol
 * Molochansk
 * Tokmak

title: Molochna


text:
Lichtenau

Lichtenau may refer to:

In Germany:

 * Towns and municipalities:
 * Hessisch Lichtenau
 * Lichtenau, Baden-Württemberg
 * Lichtenau, Bavaria
 * Lichtenau, Saxony
 * Lichtenau, Westphalia

 * Villages
 * Lichtenau, Lübbenau

 * Rivers
 * Lichtenau (river), Thuringia

In Austria:
 * Towns and municipalities:
 * Lichtenau im Mühlkreis
 * Lichtenau im Waldviertel

In Greenland:
 * Alluitsoq, a former settlement previously known as Lichtenau

In Czech Republic:
 * Lichkov, German name Lichtenau, a village

In the United States:
 * Lichtenau, Ohio, a ghost town

People with that name

 * Konrad of Lichtenau (died 1240), medieval German chronicler from Swabia
 * Heinrich von Lichtenau (1444–1517), Prince-Bishop of Augsburg
 * Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau (1753–1820 in Berlin), official mistress of King Frederick William II of Prussia

title: Lichtenau


text:
User talk:Block Me-if you got the guts.

Congratulations! For your distinguished edits and changes to Wikipedia (not to mention your "unique" user name), you have been awarded an indefinite block. Have a nice day. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you, sir/madam, for having the guts. Nickptar 22:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC

Lol XD

title: User talk:Block Me-if you got the guts.