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Talk:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

Untitled
The article gets reather melodramatic at times.

"Anne's innocence was unquestionable, and Norfolk condemned her to death with tears in his eyes"? I've changed it to a rather more factual version of events. 82.44.102.209

-- Upon reading the rest of the article, the whole thing is ridculously POV. Did he kill someone's ancestor, or something? 82.44.102.209

bess holland?????
What ya say we redact the following...
 * "However this marriage was miserably unhappy, since the duke showed off about his betrayal with his wife's maid, Bess Holland, and savagely beat her when she protested."

206.170.106.22 00:07, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Strongly suggest we do something! What's the evidence? PKM 19:15, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, is magnificently portrayed in the 2004 production, “Henry VIII”, by actor Mark Strong. It is available for purchase - HBO video.

What's going on with the end? The TV discussions suddenly just stop. Also, his dates of birth dan death were listed as '2007' and 'septober' so I cleaned it up a bit without adding the dates, as I don't know them.

 * I restored the missing text at the end and fixed the dates, and added the Mark Strong info. FYI, if someone has messed up an article, you can use the "history" link at the top to go back and find out what was there before. - PKM 02:30, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Footnote Notice
I've taken the liberty of deleting the notice stating that page numbers haven't been included in the footnotes to the article. Almost all the sources cited are articles in a reliable source, the online Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, available by subscription, in which the articles don't have page numbers which could be cited. NinaGreen (talk) 04:16, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Earl of Surrey
His father's titles were forfeited in 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth and attainted. His father was then restored as Earl of Surrey in 1489; restored as Duke of Norfolk in 1514, and resigned the Earldom to his son on the same day. So shouldn't the dates in the box for Earl of Surrey be 1514-1554? -- Lady Meg (talk) 23:42, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello @Lady Meg Thomas was Earl of Surrey from 1514 until 1524, when, on becoming the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, he bestowed the title of Surrey on his eldest son, Henry Howard. If I was wrong about something, any correction from you @Lady Meg or user @Sbishop are welcome. Leito.Cmj (talk) 00:48, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The title of “Earl of Surrey” went to his son when he became Duke, yes. Lady Meg (talk) 13:23, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

Tomb in Framlingham
He is not buried "to his first wife's right" but to her left, i.e. alongside the left side of her body, which is the right side of the tomb effigy if you look at it from the foot end and the hierarchically lower side. Aloracthur (talk) 14:40, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

Doubts
Hello people, good morning, I have my doubts regarding Holbein's drawing of Howard: Howard Earl of Surrey.jpg. Is it really Thomas when he was still Earl of Surrey (before 1524) or could it be Henry Howard, Thomas's son? If it were Thomas, it would be proof that Holbein traveled to England long before the traditionally cited dates of installation in the country (1527-1528). Leito.Cmj (talk) 23:26, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Since the top of the portrait says "Thomas, Earl of Surry" I'm really intrigued. Leito.Cmj (talk) 23:30, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * One point to consider is that Thomas Howard was already aged 50 before he became 3rd Duke in 1524. The sitter in this portrait looks much younger than that, too young for it to have been Thomas in the early 1520s.Sbishop (talk) 08:00, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes it's true. Although it says "Thomas Earl of Surry" at the top of the portrait, I have a presumption that this is actually Henry Howard, given the resemblance to Holbein's other extant portraits and sketches of Surrey, so In my opinion, the correct thing to do would be to move that image added by the user @LuisCanelo.MJ to the article about Henry Howard. Leito.Cmj (talk) 13:01, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree it would be reasonable to do this. However, it would need a footnote explaining why the portrait is named 'Thomas'. Incidentally, the source of the portrait, the National Potrait Gallery, seems to have decided it must be of Henry Howard and not the 3rd Duke - see https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw205073  Sbishop (talk) 13:11, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The handwriting at the top of the portrait is undoubtedly Holbein's, but the artist may have misnoted at the time. Besides, it is well known that Henry Howard sat down in front of Holbein on several occasions to be portrayed by said artist. Leito.Cmj (talk) 13:19, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I meant that the artist has misnoted the name on that portrait. Leito.Cmj (talk) 13:21, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And the other Thomas, who is the fourth Duke, is impossible, be the one since by the time he was Earl of Surrey (late 1553 to August 1554), Holbein had already died a few years earlier. Leito.Cmj (talk) 13:40, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello @Sbishop think that this is the third Duke because there you see a Howard between approximately 40 and 50 years old. Thomas turned 50 in 1523 and was around 51 years old when he succeeded his father as head of the Dukedom in 1524. If the portrait is between 1520 and 1523, Howard was between 46/47 and 50 years old. LuisCanelo.MJ (talk) 20:15, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @LuisCanelo.MJ anything is possible but I think the one in the photo is Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, although the photo says "Thomas Earl of Surry". Leito.Cmj (talk) 00:30, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello @MrDevonshire Richmond was a Prince and he became so when he was recognized by his father and given the double title of the Dukedom of Richmond and Somerset. Subsequently referred to in all formal correspondences as the "right high and noble Prince Henry, Duke of Richmond and Somerset" as if to compound this sense of royal dignity and endow the child with as much respectability as possible. See article about him. Leito.Cmj (talk) 18:32, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset's article only mentions it once "right high and noble Prince Henry, Duke of Richmond and Somerset" which has a citation asking for a source for it as his only ever referred to as My Lord of Richmond in State Papers. And later on, it's stated that the Duke was raised 'like' a prince not an actual Prince of the realm, so what should I be looking for exactly? MrDevonshire (talk) 15:34, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Burton": From Robert Aske (political leader): [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12084b.htm Burton, Edwin. "Pilgrimage of Grace." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 16 August 2018 From Pilgrimage of Grace:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. Feel free to remove this comment after fixing the refs. AnomieBOT ⚡ 05:29, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk


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Hollymount

Hollymount is a village in County Mayo, Ireland. It is in the plains of south Mayo, on the R331 road midway between the towns of Ballinrobe and Claremorris. The village has a post office, a mini-mart, a community centre (Cois Abhainn), a small fuel/petrol station, and various public houses. It also has a Gaelic Athletic Association pitch and health clinic. It has a population of approximately 60 residents.

It was named after the nearby Hollymount Estate, although the village lies within the townland of Kilush.

History
Roman Catholic records for Hollymount commenced in 1857. Surviving Church of Ireland records commenced in 1845 and civil records commenced in 1864. Gravestone inscriptions go back to the early 18th century.

The Vesey family had a house here from the late seventeenth century: they produced a number of distinguished clergymen.

Transport
Hollymount railway station opened on 1 November 1892; it closed for passenger traffic on 1 June 1930; and it finally closed altogether on 1 January 1960.

People

 * Emmet Stagg, politician.
 * Frank Stagg, hunger striker.
 * Stephen Coen, Gaelic footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hollymount


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Talk:Transdermal implant

is it true that sandblasting the material makes the skin attach to it? - Omegatron 15:58, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * As the article states, the subdermal portions of the implants would have holes in them. This would be so that the skin and underlying flesh could grow into the implant, holding it in place; a good example of this would be if you dropped a sponge in a vat of some sort of syrup; all those holes let the syrup (representing skin growth) penetrate more deeply and hold the object much more firmly in place.

 * Sandblasting, therefore, would put a whole lot of tiny pockmarks on the implant, increasing the surface area exponentially. Therefore, sandblasting would probably make it stay in better, although there are probably sanctioned methods that work better. --OuraiP-T writing from 85.0.42.14 20:04, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe that is the sanctioned method. I'll look around later. — Omegatron 21:11, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't have thought sandblasting would be used; if it creates lots of little dimples in the surface of the material, it provides a nice niche for bacteria to grow in. There is a page on the BMEzine Wiki with more information. 86.156.76.89 (talk) 00:20, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
While I am normally hesitant to ask for pictures on anything that i can call "body modding" in this case I feel its necessary. Would it be like that scuzzy effect in scifi movies made in the 80s where someone has a headjack or whatnot? I assume, unlike in those movies, the skin around it does not become slightly flesh colored clay. 74.132.249.206 (talk) 21:22, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge
As per suggestion on Talk:Microdermal implants. Widefox (talk) 16:44, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
 * As for me, these should not be mixed. Implants via (transdermal) skin, say RFID, and body modifications with are totally different purpose and technique. — Alex Khimich (talk) 08:47, 2 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Merge: The transdermal page includes both medical (such as RFID) and aesthetic uses, so arguing that they shouldn't be mixed isn't consistent with the current pages. The topics are very similar, including similar procedures for placing the implants, and the page length can support them both. Klbrain (talk) 11:27, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree that RFID implants -- "microchip implant (human)" -- are totally different from "transdermal implant", so should not be merged.
 * However, as far as I can tell from reading the two articles "transdermal implant" and "microdermal implants", those two are similar enough that one article can easily cover both.
 * So I merged those two articles, as suggested above.
 * ✅. --DavidCary (talk) 01:34, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Inventor
I saw in a documentary called Modify that transdermals and subdermals were invented by a man named Steve Haworth. Eugene O' Happyhands (talk) 03:56, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

https://www.livescience.com/50877-regnancy-body-changes.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen

https://www.elft.nhs.uk/service/182/Margaret-Oates-Mother-and-Baby-Unit

86.164.82.219 (talk) 13:19, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transdermal implant


text:
Climate ensemble

A climate ensemble involves slightly different models of the climate system. The ensemble average is expected to perform better than individual model runs. There are at least five different types, to be described below.

Aims
The aim of running an ensemble is usually in order to be able to deal with uncertainties in the system. An ultimate aim may be to produce policy relevant information such as a probability distribution function of different outcomes. This is proving to be very difficult due to a number of problems. These include:

 * 1) The ensemble has to be wide-ranging to ensure it covers the whole range where the climate models may be good.
 * 2) Measuring what is a good model is difficult. This may need to consider not only errors in the observation but also in the model.
 * 3) Any prior assumptions about distribution can influence the probability distribution function produced.

Multi-model ensemble
Multi-model ensembles (MMEs) are widely used in IPCC assessments, and a comprehensive collection of climate models can be accessed in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Members of a multi-model ensemble are developed by different organisations involved in climate change research and can differ substantially in their software design and programming approach, their handling of spatial discretisation and exact formulation of physical, chemical and biological processes. The benefits of using a multi-model ensemble are seen in "the consistently better performance of the multi-model when considering all aspects of the predictions".

Perturbed physics ensemble
Perturbed physics ensembles (PPEs) form the main scientific focus of the Climateprediction.net project. Modern climate models do a good job of simulating many large-scale features of present-day climate. However, these models contain large numbers of adjustable parameters which are known, individually, to have a significant impact on simulated climate. While many of these are well constrained by observations, there are many which are subject to considerable uncertainty. We do not know the extent to which different choices of parameter-settings or schemes may provide equally realistic simulations of 20th century climate but different forecast for the 21st century. The most thorough way to investigate this uncertainty is to run a massive ensemble experiment in which each relevant parameter combination is investigated. A more general approach is coined "perturbed parameter ensemble" (also abbreviated as PPE), as apart from physical parameters other parameters, relating to the carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry, land use etc. can be perturbed.

Initial condition ensemble
Initial condition ensembles involve the same model in terms of the same atmospheric physics parameters and forcings, but run from variety of different starting states. Because the climate system is chaotic, tiny changes in things such as temperatures, winds, and humidity in one place can lead to very different paths for the system as a whole. We can work around this by setting off several runs started with slightly different starting conditions, and then look at the evolution of the group as a whole. This is similar to what they do in weather forecasting.

Having an initial condition ensemble can help to identify natural variability in the system and deal with it.

Forcing ensemble
A model can be subjected to different forcings. These may correspond with different scenarios such as those described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios and more recently in the Representative Concentration Pathway.

Grand ensemble
A grand ensemble is an ensemble of ensembles. There has to be at least two nested ensembles. This is best illustrated in the diagram opposite.

Weather
Weather forecasting uses initial condition ensembles.

Applications
Climate ensembles were used to project future changes in the occurrence of selected pests of crops.

Analysis of climate ensembles
A variety of statistical methods can be used to analyze climate ensembles, such as Principal component analysis, Anova and Directional component analysis.

title: Climate ensemble


text: User talk:84.154.80.185

title: User talk:84.154.80.185


text: Category:Songs with music by Dimitri Tiomkin


text: File:GreekItalianGermanInterventaion.JPG


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Cheddon Fitzpaine

Cheddon Fitzpaine is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated on the Quantock Hills 2 mi north of Taunton. The village is situated near the Bristol and Exeter Railway, the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal, and the River Tone and has a population of 1,929.

History
Flint and pottery uncovered during archaeological excavations demonstrate late Neolithic to early Bronze-Age and Romano-British settlement sites near Maidenbrook and Nerrols. The name of the village was "Cedenon" probably meaning "wood valley" in 897. After the Norman Conquest it was granted to Roger Arundel and was then passed down through his family. The parish of Cheddon Fitzpaine was part of the Taunton Deane Hundred. In the 16th century the manor was bought by Thomas More of Taunton Priory.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton (formed on 1 April 2019) and, before this, the district of Taunton Deane (established under the Local Government Act 1972). From 1894-1974, for local government purposes, Cheddon Fitzpaine was part of Taunton Rural District.

It is also part of the Taunton Deane county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Geography
Gadds Valley is an area of open grassland and woodland, which has been designated as a local nature reserve.

Landmarks
Pyrland Hall was built as a country house around 1760 for Sir William Yea and later became a boys preparatory school.

The nearby Hestercombe House and Gardens includes gardens designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Its restoration to Gertrude Jekyll's original plans (1904–07) have made it "one of the best Jekyll-Lutyens gardens open to the public on a regular basis", visited by approximately 70,000 people per year. The estate is Grade I listed on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. The site also includes a 0.08 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest as it is used as a roost site by Lesser Horseshoe Bats and has been designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The house was used as the headquarters of the British 8th Corps in the Second World War, and has been owned by Somerset County Council since 1951. It is used as an administrative centre and is the current base for the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service control room.

Religious sites
The Anglican parish Church of St Mary has a 13th-century tower and 15th century nave. The Old Rectory near the church was built around 1861, possibly by Edward Jeboult and later turned into 3 dwellings.

title: Cheddon Fitzpaine


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David Jenkins Ward

David Jenkins Ward (September 17, 1871 – February 18, 1961), a Democrat, was a U.S. Congressman.

Ward was born in Salisbury, Maryland, and attended the public schools. He served as a farmer, lumberjack, merchant, and in the real estate business. Ward served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1915 to 1917, and as chair of the Democratic state central committee of Wicomico County from 1918 to 1926. He served as a member of the Maryland Senate from 1926 to 1934 and 1938 to 1939.

Ward was elected in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of T. Alan Goldsborough, and represented the 1st Congressional district of Maryland from June 8, 1939, to January 3, 1945. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1944. He died in Salisbury, and is interred in Parsons Cemetery.

title: David Jenkins Ward


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File:HexenIIbox.jpg

Box art for Hexen II. Source:

Rationale
It is believed that the use of this image qualifies as fair use in the article Hexen II because:

 * id Software has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information
 * The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article
 * The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way

title: File:HexenIIbox.jpg


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David Ward

David Ward may refer to:

 * David Ward (American football) (1907–1982), American football end
 * David Ward (bowls) (1945–2005), England lawn and indoor bowler
 * David Ward (British politician) (born 1953), British Liberal Democrat politician, MP for Bradford East (2010–2015)
 * David Ward (cricketer, born 1981), Australian-born English former cricketer
 * David Ward (palaeontologist) (born 1948), British palaeontologist
 * David Ward (rugby league) (born 1953), English rugby league footballer
 * David Ward (sheriff), law enforcement officer in Oregon
 * David Ward (bass) (1922–1983), operatic bass
 * David Ward (Surrey cricketer) (born 1961), English batsman
 * David Ward (university president) (born 1938), president of the American Council on Education, 2001–2008
 * David Ward (Wisconsin politician) (born 1953), American Republican politician from Wisconsin
 * David C. Ward (born 1952), American historian, poet and author
 * David Jenkins Ward (1871–1961), American politician
 * David S. Ward (born 1945), American film director
 * David Ward (1936–2016), known as Kiviaq, Inuit lawyer, politician, and former athlete

title: David Ward


text: Category:Songs with lyrics by Ned Washington


text:
Keel, County Mayo

Keel is a village on Achill Island in County Mayo, Ireland.

Transport and access
Keel is located on the R319 regional road. Bus Éireann route 450 (Dooagh – Westport – Murrisk – Louisburgh) serves Keel six times daily in each direction on weekdays; three times on Sundays. Connections to Ireland West Airport Knock and Dublin are available at Westport

title: Keel, County Mayo


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Talk:Subdermal implant

what layer of skin does it sit between? - Omegatron 16:03, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

The page launches into some weird Church thing. Not relevant, and not explained what this Church is or why it matters. Looks like an ad for a website. Needs review.

 * The 'Church' is the Church of Body Modificaiton (literally.) They claim to be an interfaith organization who believe that body modification, as it appears in many.. "Less than mainstream" societies and religions (Sorry, i couldtn think of any other way to denote that it is common practice among some faiths, but not among any of the larger faiths, at least not from their main orthodoxy. Feel free to fix this wording,) is a necessary or important part of spirituality.
 * The implant itself is usually in the Dermis. If one were to put it in any layer of the epidermis it would not be viable, the top two layers being mainly dead and the bottom most layer being only a couple cells thick. If one were to put it lower, it would be in your adipose (subcutaneous) tissue, which is basically fat and macrophages. This is not a wise thing to do. If you need more detail, any of the words I pointed out will have extensive documentation on wikipedia, in their respective articles. 74.132.249.206 (talk) 00:42, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Subdermal implant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070820102157/http://www.technoccult.com/archives/category/body-modification/ to http://www.technoccult.com/archives/category/body-modification

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title: Talk:Subdermal implant


text:
User talk:The1physicist

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:The1physicist


text:
File:PaperWaspNest.jpg

Paper wasp nest

Image copyleft: Image taken by me, released under GFDL Peterg22 14:00, Jun 11, 2005 (BST)

Paper Wasps attending to a nest. The cells are clearly visible and contain larvae at two stages of development. Location: Alton, Hampshire, UK

title: File:PaperWaspNest.jpg


text: Template:River Tweed

title: Template:River Tweed


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Kilkelly

Kilkelly is a small village in Kilmovee civil parish, County Mayo, Ireland. It is just south of Ireland West Airport Knock on the N17, a national primary road running between Galway and Sligo.

Built heritage
Evidence of ancient settlement in the area includes a ringfort site in Liscosker townland. An early ecclesiastical site to the south of Kilkelly village, which includes the remains of a church and graveyard, is historically associated with Saint Celsus (or Cellach). The modern Roman Catholic church of Saint Celsus, to the north of the village, is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Achonry. Urlaur Abbey, a monastic site dating to the mid-15th century, is also nearby.

Emigration
Kilkelly is the subject of a song. "Kilkelly, Ireland", by the American songwriter Peter Jones. In the 1980s, Jones discovered a collection of 19th century letters sent to his Irish emigrant ancestor in America from that ancestor's father in Kilkelly. Jones wrote a ballad based on the contents of those letters, conveying the experience of his own family as well as others separated by emigration.

Amenities
Kilkelly has a number of shops, a pharmacy, credit union branch, and a post office. As of 2010, the local national (primary) school had over 50 pupils enrolled.

Notable people

 * George Harrison, IRA member and arms trafficker was born in nearby Shammer.
 * Dominick Cafferky who was a local farmer and politician for the Clann na Talmhan political party.

title: Kilkelly


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Kanto

Kantō (Japanese)
Kanto is a simplified spelling of Kantō (関東 or 間島, 竿燈), a Japanese word, only omitting the diacritics.

In Japan
Kantō may refer to: Kantō is a festival held in Akita every year.
 * Kantō Plain
 * Kantō region
 * Kantō-kai, organized crime group
 * Kanto (Pokémon), a geographical region in the Pokémon media franchise, named after the Japanese region of the same name
 * Akita Kanto (Japanese: 竿燈)

In Northeast China or Manchuria
Kantō may refer to the region of Jiandao (Japanese: 間島 Kantō) in Manchuria, now known more commonly as Yanbian.

Kantō (関東) is an alternate name for Northeast China or Manchuria used in the following:
 * Kwantung Army (Japanese: 関東軍 Kantōgun), a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army
 * Kwantung Leased Territory (Japanese: 関東州 Kantōshū), a Japanese possession in Northeastern China until the end of World War II

Kanto (Italian)

 * 🇹🇷 Kanto (music) is a form of Italian theatre and opera popular in Turkey.
 * Kanto (comics), a fictional character in the Mr. Miracle series.

Kanto (Korean)

 * Kanto (rapper), a South Korean rapper under Brand New Music.

Kanto (other)

 * KANTO - National Agent Data authority file and name database for persons and corporate bodies

Kanto

title: Kanto


text:
Talk:Climate ensemble

Untitled
Sources for this page include

http://www.climateprediction.net/science/strategy_adv.php

http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2571.jsp

http://www.climateprediction.net/science/pubs/nature_first_results.pdf

Statistical mechanics connection?
I am replacing all the statistical mechanics links in the See also section, since I don't really see a strong connection. It seems like this article is more an application of a sensitivity analysis. Please clarify the connection to statistical mechanics if I am mistaken.--GregRM (talk) 02:24, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Initial condition
Climate modeling and general circulation models are usually solving a boundary value problem and not an initial condition problem. Since the result of these models are statistical values, the initial condition does not make a big difference. So I think this part is misleading. Elmalevo (talk) 23:09, 28 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The initial condition "doesn't make a big difference" but if that's the only thing you're perturbing, its the only difference. Does that appear strange? William M. Connolley (talk) 08:51, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Climate ensemble


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Kilmaine

Kilmaine or Kilmain is a barony and village in County Mayo, Ireland.

Village
"Kilmaine", derived from the Irish language 'Cill Mheán', means The Middle Church – 'Cill' is the word used in the Irish language for a church, and 'meán' is the Irish word for middle. The village is located on the N84 road between Shrule and Ballinrobe. The hinterland is entirely rural, made up of farms and scattered houses. The nearest town is Ballinrobe, and the closest city is Galway, roughly 40 kilometers (24 miles) away.

The village of Kilmaine had a population of 147 at the 2016 census. The village has a post office, a petrol station, two shops four pubs, a church, school, a Garda (police) station. It also has a Gaelic Athletic Association pitch.

Transport
The village lies on the N84 road that links Galway to Castlebar (Irish: Caisleán an Bharraigh). A bus service that runs four days a week between Galway and Ballina passes through Kilmaine and also travels through Castlebar.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Kilmaine GAA, was founded on 9 March 1937. The first competitive game ever played by a Kilmaine team was against Castlegar (Claremorris), in Curran's field. A local boxing club sometimes runs in the community centre.

Kilmaine barony
Civil parishes:
 * Ballinchalla
 * Ballinrobe
 * Cong
 * Kilcommon
 * Kilmainebeg
 * Kilmainemore
 * Kilmolara
 * Mayo
 * Moorgagagh
 * Robeen
 * Shrule

Towns and villages:
 * Ballinrobe
 * Cong
 * Hollymount
 * Kilmaine
 * Roundfort
 * Shrule
 * The Neale

title: Kilmaine


text:
Beer in Brazil

Brazil is the world's third largest beer market with total volume at 139 million hectoliters, and per capita consumption 61 liters in 2016.

History
The tradition of brewing in Brazil dates back to German immigration in the early nineteenth century. The first breweries date from the 1830s. Bohemia is claimed to be the first Brazilian beer, with production starting in 1853 in the city of Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and is the oldest still in production (now owned by Anheuser–Busch InBev). Many breweries appeared and disappeared in that period, like Ritter from Rio Grande do Sul and Imperial Fábrica de Cerveja Nacional from Rio de Janeiro. Two important brands, Antarctica and Brahma, started production in the 1880s.

Market
Brazil is the world's third largest beer market, behind China and the US, with beer volumes in 2015 pegged at 139 million hectoliters. Per capita consumption has declined, dropping from 67 liters in 2012 to around 61 liters in 2016. Despite the weak performance in recent years, outlooks expect per head consumption to increase slightly out to 2021. The on-trade channel accounted for 60% of sales in 2016. As is the case with the market's overall volumes, and per capita consumption, on-trade sales have been adversely impacted by an unfavorable economic situation.

Categories
Standard Lager beers are the most popular in Brazil (98% of the market share), with only a limited choice of beers from other categories.

Competitive environment

The majority of the market belongs to AmBev, the owner of the Brahma, Antarctica, Bohemia and Skol brands. Brazil's largest brewer was formed in 1999 from the merger of the two biggest brands, Brahma and Antarctica. In 2004, Ambev merged with Belgium's Interbrew (Stella Artois, Becks, Staropramen and many others) to form the world's largest brewer, now known as InBev. After the merger, Grupo Schincariol became the largest Brazilian-owned brewery in the country. In 2011, the company became a subsidiary of Japanese beverage company Kirin Brewery Company, and subsequently changed its name to Brasil Kirin. In 2017 Kirin sold this business to Heineken NV for a transaction value of US$1.1 billion.

In 2002, Molson Coors bought Brazil's second largest brewery Kaiser. In 2006, the Mexican FEMSA Cerveza acquired 68% of Kaiser Brewery from Molson Coors. Molson Coors still holds 15% of Kaiser brewery shares, and Heineken holds the remaining 17%. In 2006, FEMSA Cerveza released the Mexican brand Sol in the Brazilian market to compete to the biggest Inbev brands with poor results. In 2010, Heineken bought all FEMSA's brewery including the Brazilian unit.

Company market share in 2009: Ambev (Inbev) (70%), Grupo Schincariol (11,6%), Petrópolis brewery (9,8%), Heineken (6,9%), others (1,73%).

Brand market share in 2005: Skol (32,6%), Brahma (20,4%), Antarctica (13,6%), Nova Schin (10,2%), Kaiser (8,9%).

There are a number of microbreweries in Brazil, the emergence of which are a relatively recent phenomenon. Some of the better renowned microbreweries include;
 * Baden Baden (established in 1999)
 * Eisenbahn
 * Wäls
 * Colorado
 * DaDo Bier (The first craft brewery in Brazil established in 1995 in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul)
 * Cervejaria Backer

Curitiba and Blumenau are cities with several breweries: Curitiba: WayBeer, Ogre Beer, BodeBrown, Wensky Beer, Klein Bier, GaudenBier, Cervejas Pagan, Bierhoff, Morada and Asgard. Blumenau: Eisenbahn (Currently controlled by the Heineken Group), Bierland and some soft American lager breweries.

Belo Horizonte is also becoming a major microbrewering pole in the country, with several recognized brands such as Backer, Wals and many others.

Imports
Over the past decade Brazilian drinkers are enjoying more imported beer. Leading supply destinations include but are not limited to: Mexico, The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Uruguay. These imports are a lot more expensive than locally brewed beers. However, there are a growing number of bars and beer shops dedicating themselves to selling a large range of craft and imported beer.

Some international brands are actually produced in Brazil, such as Stella Artois and Heineken, but all are dedicated to the premium market with very small market share.

Economy
Beer is the most competitive sector of the alcoholic drinks market in Brazil, and the big global beer companies like InBev and FEMSA compete strongly for market share.

Carnival
In the Brazilian Carnival period there is an explosion in beer consumption. In these 4 days, 400 million liters (or around 4% of the yearly production) are consumed. In November with the approach of summer, the manufacture and investment in marketing triples. International tourists find that domestic and local beers are much less expensive than imported brands.

title: Beer in Brazil


text:
Kiltimagh

Kiltimagh is a town in County Mayo in Ireland. As of the 2022 census, the town had a population of 1,232 people. Although there is no river going through the town, three rivers flow around the town: the Glore River, Yellow River and Pollagh River. The town centre sits at the crest of a hill surrounding The High Fort (Mooney's Fort/Lios Ard) in Fortlands and built out linearly on the main road from there.

History
The town's name, in the Irish language, was originally Coillte Maghach (the woods of Maghach), based on a reputed association with a chieftain of the Fir Bolg named Maghach. Over the years this then became what it is today, Kiltimagh.

Kiltimagh is part of the barony of Gallen.

17th century
The lands around Kiltimagh were granted to the Ormsby family by patents dated 6 April and 6 July 1677. The Ormsbys, who originally came from Louth, Lincolnshire, had resided in the area prior to 1677 and had purchased land from transplanted persons.

Prior to the arrival of the Ormsbys, the lands around Kiltimagh had been mainly owned by the Anglo-Norman Jordan (De Exeter) family. In Speed's Theatre of Great Britain and Ireland (1676), the lands of the Septs of Connaught are recorded as being confiscated including that of the territory of MacJordan near to Kiltimagh.

As late as 1876, Anthony Ormsby of Ballinamore is recorded as owning 4,492 acres in the area.

18th century
One of the first large modern structures to be constructed in the locality was the home of Thomas Ormsby (1738-1822), Ballinamore House which was extant from around 1777. In 1836, works are recorded as being carried out at the house by Thomas Murphy for the owner Thomas Ormsby. The house was owned by members of the Ormsby family until it was sold in 1936. As of 2023, the building operates as a nursing home.

19th and 20th centuries
From the late 19th century, Kiltimagh began to develop as more of a market town.

A number of commercial and civic buildings were constructed towards the end of the 19th and start of the 20th century including the Hibernian Bank (1904), Kiltimagh hospital (1919) and various elements of St Louis convent and chapel (1896-1915). All of these buildings were designed by William Henry Byrne and laterly with input from his son Ralph Henry Byrne.

Slieve Carn
Slieve Carn (Irish: Sliabh Cairn) is a hill which stands at 262 m just outside the town. The hill is mentioned in the Statistical Survey Of Mayo (1802) as having coal, and there is also evidence in places of iron deposits.

Bill Berry Cliff
A cliff that runs through the hill that has been measured to be 100 m deep by local farmers. A tributary of the Pollagh River starts at the top of the hill as drainage from the bog and runs through the cliff, leaving three waterfalls.

Rail
Kiltimagh railway station opened on 1 October 1895, and finally closed on 17 June 1963. While it has been proposed to reopen the station as part of the Western Railway Corridor, the station is now home to the Kiltimagh Museum and sculpture park, with displays of local history and culture.

In June 2023, the recreational "Velorail" service was opened at the station. In this tourist attraction, carts are pedalled by visitors along 7 km of track by the station.

Bus
As at 2023, Bus Éireann route 421, with buses to/from Claremorris, runs several times a day, Monday to Friday. Also, Local Link route 795 to and from Ballyhaunis runs on Thursdays.

Sport
Among the sporting teams based in Kiltimagh, Kiltimagh GAA (in Irish CLG Coillte Mach) is a Gaelic football club located in Kiltimagh who play at Gilmartin Park.

Kiltimagh Knock United FC play in the Mayo Super League and have their home ground is CMS Park in Cloonlee.

Mayo Volleyball Club were Volleyball Ireland's Division Two champions in 2017, and play their home games at Saint Louis Community School.

Kiltimagh Handball Club is a handball club in the town. Kiltimagh Giants Basketball Club is a local basketball club which was established in 2002.

Festivals
Local festivals include the annual Kiltimagh Choral Festival (held in February), the week-long Saint Patrick's Festival and parade (held in March), and Féile Oíche Shamhna Coillte Mach (a Halloween festival which includes a 'spooky walk' at the sculpture park in Kiltimagh).

Other events include the Coillte Home Come Festival, which was restarted in 2016, and is based on an earlier 1960s festival. Its aim is to bring back Kiltimagh's diaspora on an annual basis and includes a fair at the festival field and other activities. The Kiltimagh Drama One Act Festival is also an annual event, held over three nights in November.

Education
There are two local Catholic primary schools, Saint Aidan's National School in Thomas Street and Craggagh National School is 4 km outside the town on the R324 road. The local secondary school is Saint Louis Community School, formerly a Catholic convent school and secondary school.

"Culchie"
The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the word "culchie", a mildly derogatory term for a country person or one not from Dublin city, may be an "alteration of Kiltimagh, Irish Coillte Mach (older Mághach), the name of a country town in Co. Mayo". Other sources suggest that "culchie" is derived from the Irish word coillte, the Irish word for "woods" or "forests".

People

 * Sean Lavan, Irish sprinter. He competed in the 200m at the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 1928 Summer Olympics.
 * William Philbin, Roman Catholic bishop of Clonfert (1953–1962) and Down and Connor (1962–1982).
 * Antoine Ó Raifteiri (Anthony Raftery), blind Irish-language poet.
 * Micheál Schlingermann, former Sligo Rovers goalkeeper, was raised in the town and also kept goal for the local GAA team at one point.
 * Gene Tunney champion Irish-American boxer, his parents John and Mary Lydon Tunney were from the town.
 * Louis Walsh, pop music manager and judge on The X Factor.
 * Thomas Flatley, real estate developer and philanthropist

title: Kiltimagh


text:
Formula Mazda

Formula Mazda is a class of relatively affordable open-wheel car formula racing.

The original tube-frame Formula Mazda car had its own class in SCCA club racing from 1998 to 2019. The subsequent Pro Mazda Series, using an all-new car with carbon fiber construction became the Indy Pro 2000 Championship that is part of IndyCar's Road to Indy ladder system, using the Pro Mazda car until 2017. Many drivers aspiring to the top classes of racing used the pro series to hone and demonstrate their talent. The 2004 Formula Mazda champion, Michael McDowell, went on to Champ Car and NASCAR (winning the 2021 Daytona 500). 2006 Star Mazda race winner Scott Speed later raced in Formula One and NASCAR.

Original car – Formula Mazda
The series originally grew out of five chassis built by Hayashi in Japan for the Jim Russell Racing Drivers School in California, USA. Twenty-five cars were built by Marc Bahner, Bahner Engineering, Calif., for the 1984 Long Beach Grand Prix, where the cars made their US debut. The majority of these cars were purchased by owner/operators. The original five chassis remained with the Russell School. The cars have a basic welded steel tube frame chassis, with in-board front shocks operated by upper rocker arms. A 180 hp carbureted Mazda rotary engine drives through a 5 speed H-pattern (H-gate) Hewland Mk 9 transaxle. Rear suspension is by two trailing links, an upper link and a lower a-arm. In the interest of creating close racing and limiting cost, the rules state that no modification is allowed until the rules expressly permit it—at one time even replacing the mirrors on the car was prohibited. The engines cannot be modified, and they are sealed to make it easy to detect cheating. The cars all use the same tires, springs, dampers, and adjustable anti-roll bars.

In September 2009, Moses Smith Racing, LLC. (MSR), headquartered at the time in Tempe, AZ, took over all support and manufacturing rights for the approximately 300 Formula Mazda rotary-powered race cars currently in use across North America, as well as the MSR sports racer, a full-bodied version of the FM. MSR has since moved to a new location at MotorSport Ranch (a country club style race track facility) in Cresson, TX. Moses Smith also owns and operates Texas Autosports, a full service Formula Mazda Racecar prep shop located at Motorsport Ranch in Cresson, TX. It is essentially the one-stop shop for Formula Mazda Racing. Moses Smith Racing, the manufacturer of the Formula Mazda, as well as Texas Autosports, both owned by Moses Smith are operating out of an 8000+ square foot facility at what is affectionately dubbed 'The Ranch'.

New car – Pro Formula Mazda
In 2004, a completely new car was introduced for the Pro series. It features a carbon fiber chassis, 6 speed sequential gearbox, and a sealed 250 hp fuel-injected Renesis engine very similar to the one in the Mazda RX-8. The MoTeC ECU uses input from the gearshift to enable upshifting while the driver holds the throttle wide open. The ECU also provides traction control which the driver can turn off from inside the car. The rules allow a choice among five different spring rates at each corner, and the new Öhlins dampers offer separate bump and rebound adjustments. The driver can adjust the front anti-roll bar from the cockpit.

The new car is substantially faster than the older car, usually lapping about 2-3 seconds faster per mile of track. The Pro Mazda remains legal for SCCA club racing in the Formula Atlantic class.

End as a separate class
For 2020, Formula Mazda class was eliminated by the SCCA and replaced by Formula X, which is not a spec class and allows other cars of similar speed including Formula 4 and older U.S. F2000 National Championship cars not eligible for Formula Continental. In its first SCCA Runoffs, 11 of the 12 Formula X entries were Formula Mazda cars.

title: Formula Mazda


text:
UWF Tag Team Championship

In professional wrestling, the UWF Tag Team Championship was a tag team championship contested in the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) and its predecessor, Mid-South Wrestling. The title was established in 1979 as the Mid-South Tag Team Championship, renamed the UWF Tag Team Championship in 1986, and abandoned the following year when the UWF was acquired by Jim Crockett Promotions.

title: UWF Tag Team Championship


text:
Mayo, County Mayo

Mayo or Mayo Abbey is a village in County Mayo, Ireland. Although it bears the same name as the county, it is not the county seat, which is Castlebar. Mayo Abbey is a small historic village in south Mayo approximately 16 km to the south of Castlebar and 10 km north west of Claremorris. The village is in a civil parish of the same name.

History
The village was an important centre in the Gaelic and Anglo-Saxon Christian world in the seventh and eighth centuries. St. Colmán, Bishop of Lindisfarne, founded a monastery here for a group of Saxon monks, called the School of Mayo. Saint Gerald became its first abbot in 670. Danish raiders attacked the monastery in 783 and again in 805. Finally Turgesius completely destroyed it in 818 The village was the centre of the diocese of Mayo from 1152. It was suppressed in the thirteenth century. Bishops were appointed, however, as late as the sixteenth century. One of its bishops, Patrick O'Hely, who died in 1589, is numbered among the Irish martyr saints. The diocese was formally joined to Tuam by papal decree in 1631.

Culture
The BBC four-part documentary Amongst Women was filmed in Mayo Abbey using the Old Catholic Church, the graveyard and the post office/shop.

Sport
Mayo Gaels is the local Gaelic football team. They compete at all underage levels as well as senior and junior football.

Annalistic references

 * 726 - Gerald, of Magh Eo, died on the 13th of March.
 * 726 - Muireadhach, son of Indreachtach, was slain; he was Bishop of Magh Eo.
 * 905 - The oratory of Magh-eo was burned.
 * M1209.1. Kele O'Duffy, Bishop of Mayo of the Saxons ... died.
 * M1478.1. The Bishop O'Higgin, i.e. Bishop of Mayo-na-Saxon, died.

title: Mayo, County Mayo


text:
Talk:Olive Oyl

RE: Sweepea and Olive
Sweepea was actually a foundling left on POPEYE'S door when his real mother couldn't afford to keep him. In later animated films, Sweepea lives with Olive, probably to free up Popeye from his responsibility as a parent, besides which, the morals of the time would have thought a bachelor sailor would look "bad" having a baby without a wife. Originally, Sweepea's name was Christopher Columbus ( Really, im NOT kidding {Named after another famous sailor} ) but since Popeye always refered to him as " my little Swee'pea ", eventually THAT name stuck!

Well...you might not be kidding, but you are somewhat wrong. Swee'pea's name is "Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom." MightyAtom (talk) 20:54, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Marriage of Popeye and Olive
A few years back in order to celebrate an anniversary, a special one-shot comic was produced featuring the marriage of Popeye and Olive Oyl. Is this not considered "canon" in the strip? I'm surprised this wasn't mentioned. ChrisStansfield 23:14, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Sweet Oyl
I notice a character named Sweet Oyl appears in the current strip= what is her relationship to Olive? ChrisStansfield 23:15, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Misspelled Movie Title
I believe the correct movie title is The Anvil Chorus Girl rather than The Anvil Courus Girl, isn't it? Leapingwoman (talk) 06:13, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olive Oyl


text:
User talk:Kghose

Image:Robot camera front.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Robot camera front.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you.

Neuroscience
Mr. (Dr?) Ghose: I'd like to extend an invitation for you to join us over at WikiProject Neuroscience. Your skills and knowledge would be very useful to our endeavors! Cheers! S e  miconscious  •  talk  03:04, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Welcome to our group! Let me know if you ever have any questions. :) S  e  miconscious  •  talk  08:17, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ikeda1.png
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Image copyright problem with Image:Ikeda2.png
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Resolved
Given that you included the code in Ikeda map, releasing it under the GFDL, and you state that you created the image yourself, it is obvious that the image also falls under the GFDL. The proper tag in this situation is GFDL-self (you may also choose to use more premissive licenses). To prevent this situation from reoccuring, and save us all some time, please add a copyright tag whenever you upload an image. Cheers, Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:32, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the Tip Jitse. Was away for a while, so I could not respond! Kghose 22:52, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Total Eclipse of the Heart lyrics
Hello. Thanks for trying to make the article better. Unfortunately we cannot accept copyrighted lyrics into articles. Thanks. The JPS talk to me  08:50, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Ikeda map
Hi. Could you please have a look at Talk:Ikeda map and address the concern raised there? Cheers, Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:47, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Gaussian function
Hello. I find your 2-dimensional Gaussian function misleading, in that it implies that ALL 2-dimensional Gaussian functions have that form. But some don't. See my edits. Michael Hardy 23:05, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

It seems you wrote:

 * $$\theta = pi/6.\,$$

I changed it to

 * $$\theta = \pi/6.\,$$

Michael Hardy 01:27, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks Michael Kghose 12:25, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:Ikeda1.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Ikeda1.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT 00:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, yes, we can go ahead an delete it. Its actually GFDL (self-made), but its been superseded

Image:HomerStranglesBart2.jpg
Hello, Kghose. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:HomerStranglesBart2.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Kghose/blicket. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 08:03, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Ap_steven_sasson.jpg
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 * Hi! The picture was taken from http://seattlepi.com/business/240048_firstdigital09.html which cites its source as AP. This picture is used on several websites under the fair use provision. This can be verified by searching for "steven sasson" on google images. 14:57, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Battlestar galactica
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Template:Battlestar galactica
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Replaceable fair use Image:Ap_steven_sasson.jpg
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Possibly unfree Image:TOS-galac-sm.png
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Robert Lickliter
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You are Invited to Bangla Wikipedia Photography Contest 2014!
 Hello Kghose, First of all take heartiest greetings from.

In order to celebrate it's 10 year Bengali Wikipedia has arranged a photography contest at Wikimedia Commons. It is scheduled to, start at 1 September 2014 00:00 (UTC) and end at 31 October 2014 00:00 (UTC). We welcome you participate there. Hoping to see you at the contest. Thanks.

Posted by: MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of 15:11, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kghose


text:
Shrule

Shrule (, also anglicised to Shruel, usage deprecated) is a village in County Mayo in Ireland. It is in the south-east of Mayo, near the County Galway border. The boundary between counties Mayo and Galway follows much of the course of the Black River which runs on the south side of the village.

The village is 27 km north of Galway city on the N84 road, and is on several bus routes. It is in a civil parish of the same name.

The ruin of Shrule Castle, a fortification built by the Norman de Burgo family, dominates the view of the village as approached from the Galway side. Although there is a gate to get into it, the ruin is unsafe and closed to the public.

1570 battle of Shrule
Connacht in the 1570s was divided between English control and Irish clans and families. The two branches of the Burke family, the MacWillams of Mayo and the Clanricardes of Galway, held a lot of territory and influence. The two branches fought with each other and with neighbouring clans, leading to the Elizabethian Lord Deputy of Ireland Henry Sidney to appoint a new Lord President to the province, Edward Fitton, to regain control. After breaking out from a siege in Galway, he besieged Shrule Castle with the support of Richard Burke, Earl of Clanricarde.

On the 21st of June, the MacWilliam Burkes and their allies provoked a set-piece battle against the besieging forces. Fitton was dug in around the castle, and the MacWillams lined up their infantry and dismounted cavalry uphill from the defences. Fitton refused to budge from behind the siegeworks, so the enemy decided to attack. They pushed through the cannon and musket fire, hitting the besiegers with momentum. The besiegers broke and started to run for their camp a few miles away. The MacWilliam infantry followed closely to push their advantage, but this allowed Fitton and his cavalry to get behind them and attack the usually exposed rear. However, the MacWilliams held their shape in the face of this onslaught, until their own cavalry could pour in. A very tough fight broke out.

Fitton was badly injured in the face, and his troop's ammunition was beginning to give out. He was rescued when the MacWilliams disengaged and marched northwards from the field in formation. The battle was inconclusive, the Mac Williams caused more casualties but did not remain in place to benefit strategically. Fitton could later take Shrule castle and slaughter the defending garrison.

The castle afterwards passed into the possession of William Burke of the Clanricharde Burkes.

1642 Massacre of Protestant refugees
On 18 February 1642, during the Confederate War that followed the 1641 uprising, a number of English settlers, including a Dr. John Maxwell, the Protestant bishop of Killala, surrendered to Irish authorities at Castlebar, in the hope of saving their lives. After staying at Shrule Castle in the company of Miles Bourke, 2nd Viscount Mayo, Sheriff of County Mayo, for more than a week, the group was given an escort with orders to take them 14 miles toward the border of County Mayo and County Galway, where other forces would assume the escort duty and take them on to the Galway fort. After provisioning the Maxwell family with horses, Lord Mayo set out for Cong. Mayo handed over his prisoners at Shrule, on the border, as his authority only existed in County Mayo. Edmond Bourke, an Irish soldier who led the escort duty, and a cousin of Lord Mayo, then directed his men to begin killing their settler charges. Estimates of the dead ranged from less than 30 to as many as 65. Survivors were taken to Headford by monks from Ross Errilly. Though Mayo's son Theobald (later 3rd viscount Mayo) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Bourke,_3rd_Viscount_Mayo tried to save some prisoners, and had to be driven away, he was executed in 1653 by an English Cromwellian inquiry for complicity in the killings that was held after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

Religion
Saint Joseph's Church in Shrule is a Roman Catholic church in the Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora.

Education
The village has one pre-school, one primary school, and no second-level school. Second-level students usually attend Presentation College Headford which is seven kilometres away in Headford.

Sports
Shrule-Glencorrib GAA is the village's main sports club.

People
The Mortimer brothers Conor, Trevor and Kenneth have all appeared for the Mayo County Senior Football team. Conor Mortimer was named on the team of the year and was chosen as an All Star in 2006. Kenneth received All Stars in 1996 and 1997. Trevor was named as team captain for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Christopher O'Dowd, a native of Shrule, was an original member of the Special Air Service British regiment.

title: Shrule


text:
Talk:Roy Z

Question...
How is his name pronounced? --PopUpPirate 16:13, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

It´s pronounced like it reads Roy Zee. Loudenvier 15:38, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Judas Priest - Nostradamus
Removed Roy Z as producer of Nostradamus. Despite of early talk that he may be involved in the production of Nostradamus, the album only credits Tipton/Downing for the production. Hence, some citation might be needed for this bit. 91.140.93.157 (talk) 00:46, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roy Z


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Strade

Straide, or Strade, is a village in County Mayo, Ireland. It is located on the N58 national secondary road between Foxford and Castlebar. The name Strade is an anglicisation of the Irish words an tsráid, meaning the street.

Straide Abbey has a number of carved reliefs on its ruined walls.

George Moore (1727–1799), who founded the Moore Hall estate at Lough Carra, came from Ashbrook House near Strade.

A museum in the village records the story of Michael Davitt who was born in Strade, and how he and Charles Stewart Parnell formed the Land League at the end of the nineteenth century to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land on which they worked.

title: Strade


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/David Conway

I moved the article to Conway Game of Life (where the history can now be found), then merged the info into Conway's Game of Life, then deleted the redirect at David Conway, then moved an article about the philosopher into David Conway. --Henrygb 16:15, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Gladys Spellman

Gladys Noon Spellman (born Gladys Blossom Noon; March 2, 1918 – June 19, 1988) was an American educator who served as the U.S. representative for Maryland's 5th congressional district from January 3, 1975, to February 24, 1981, when her seat was declared vacant after she fell into a coma the previous year. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life
Spellman was born Gladys Blossom Noon in New York City and attended Eastern and Roosevelt high schools in Washington, D.C. She graduated from George Washington University, Washington, D.C., and graduate school with the United States Department of Agriculture.

Spellman became a teacher, and taught in Prince George's County, Maryland, schools. A consummate politician, Spellman was part of the wave of young, new suburban dwellers who moved to Prince George's County from Washington and elsewhere in the years after World War II, and that group remained her constituency throughout her political career.

Teacher and county politician
During the 1950s and 1960s, Spellman was a teacher and president of the PTA for Happy Acres Elementary School (renamed the Gladys Noon Spellman Elementary School in 1991) and a civic association activist as a young mother and housewife in Cheverly. Her activities led to leadership positions in the reform movement that seized control of the Prince George's County government during the 1960s, ousting the old guard Democratic organization that had managed affairs in Prince George's for decades.

Spellman was active in the fight for a home rule charter form of government for Prince George's. In 1962, running on a reform slate, she served as a member of the Prince George's County Board of Commissioners from 1962 to 1970. She served two years as chairman, effectively the head of the county's government. After the establishment of the County Council, Spellman served as councilwoman at large from 1971 to 1974. She was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations in 1967 and was awarded the highest honor that could be bestowed by county officials nationwide when she became the first woman elected president of the National Association of Counties in 1972.

Congress
Spellman easily won the Democratic primary nomination in September 1974 for Maryland's fifth congressional seat, and went on to defeat the Republican, John B. Burcham, Jr., in the general election. While in Congress, she served on the Committee on Banking, Currency and Housing, the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee, and the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service (including serving as chairperson of the Subcommittee on Compensation and Employee Benefits). Almost 40 percent of the work force in her district was employed by the federal government – the highest percentage of any congressional district in the nation.

In 1977, Spellman favored legislation to establish a bank to make loans to cooperatives owned by consumers as well as legislation to extend the federal revenue-sharing program. She also voted for the 1975 proposal authorizing $7 billion to loan guarantees for the financially troubled New York City. Spellman also resisted placing restrictions on hiring or promotion of federal employees and opposed Jimmy Carter's plan to reform the civil service system in 1978.

Honors, coma and death
In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Spellman's name and picture.

On October 31, 1980, Spellman was judging a Halloween costume contest at the Laurel Mall when she had an incapacitating heart attack. Her heart briefly stopped beating. Five days later, on November 4, she was re-elected to Congress with 80% of the vote against a little-known Republican opponent, but it soon became clear that she would be comatose for the rest of her life.

In the first weeks of the 97th Congress, the House passed a resolution providing for Spellman's pay as if she had been seated, and for her Congressional office to be supported as if a member of Congress had died or resigned. When it became clear she was permanently incapacitated and unlikely to recover, the House passed an act declaring the 5th District seat vacant. As a result, Spellman's pay and administrative support was scheduled to be terminated upon the election of someone to her seat. It is the only time that medical reasons have resulted in the House of Representatives declaring a seat vacant. Thirty-two candidates from both parties entered the race, including her husband, Reuben. He was defeated for the Democratic nomination by Steny Hoyer, who won the special election on May 19 against the Republican nominee, Bowie mayor Audrey Scott. Hoyer has continued to be re-elected since then, and eventually became House Majority Leader.

In 1985, Spellman was an inductee to the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame, part of its inaugural class. The Baltimore–Washington Parkway, a scenic north–south highway in Maryland, is dedicated to Spellman, as is Gladys Noon Spellman Elementary School, located in Cheverly, Maryland.

Spellman never regained consciousness and died in a Maryland nursing home on June 19, 1988, after nearly eight years in a coma. She and her husband are buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

title: Gladys Spellman


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Cara Mia

"Cara Mia" is a popular song published in 1954 that became a UK number 1, and US number 10 hit and Gold record for English singer David Whitfield in 1954, and a number 4 hit for the American rock group Jay and the Americans in 1965. The title means "my beloved" in Italian.

Background
The English singer David Whitfield first recorded the song with the Mantovani Orchestra in 1954. It made the charts in the United States, and in the UK was the first record to spend ten consecutive weeks at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. Whitfield's version was one of the biggest selling British records in the pre-rock days. It sold more than three and a half million copies worldwide and was a Top 10 hit in America.

Writers
Authorship of the song was credited to Tulio Trapani (the pen name of the song's co-writer and arranger Mantovani) and Lee Lange (Bunny Lewis, Whitfield's producer).

Jay and the Americans cover
Jay and the Americans recorded "Cara Mia" on their 1965 LP Blockbusters. It became an international Top 5 hit, reaching number 1 in Canada. Their version was re-released in 1980, and went into the charts in the Netherlands.

Other notable remakes

 * José Carreras
 * Richard Clayderman - included in his album Love Songs of the World (1986).
 * Helen Forrest - a single release in 1954.
 * Mario del Monaco (with Mantovani and His Orchestra)
 * Gordon MacRae - a single release in 1954.
 * The Johnny Mann Singers
 * Josef Locke
 * Jaime Morey
 * Frank Patterson
 * Gene Pitney - included in his album Golden Greats (1967).
 * Jack Pleis
 * The Raes
 * Nikolai Volkoff
 * Slim Whitman - for his album Red River Valley (1977)
 * Paul Delicato, a disco cover (1976) - U.S. AC #5, Canada AC #15
 * Gene Ammons

title: Cara Mia


text: Category:Images of California

title: Category:Images of California


text: User talk:82.37.217.36

title: User talk:82.37.217.36


text:
Electoral division of Sanderson

Sanderson is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and derives its name from the name initially given to the area in 1879, before its division into suburbs. Sanderson is an urban electorate, covering 21 km2 and taking in the Darwin suburbs of Anula, Marrara, Wulagi and part of Malak. There were 5,449 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2020.

Sanderson is a bellwether seat that has only tended to change hands at times of major political change in the Territory. It was initially won by the Country Liberal Party's Liz Andrew in 1974, when the CLP won all but two seats in the Assembly (both of which went to independents). However, Andrew was defeated by the Labor Party's June D'Rozario when the ALP swept into the Assembly in 1977, taking several seats. D'Rozario held the seat until 1983, she was swept by the CLP's Daryl Manzie amid the massive CLP landslide of that year. Manzie was a popular incumbent, and held the seat relatively easily until his retirement in 2001.

Sanderson then reverted to the ALP in 2001, when Len Kiely was swept into office amid Labor's sweep of north Darwin. The seat was targeted by the CLP at the 2005 election as one they hoped to win back, but Kiely had little difficulty winning a second term amidst a massive territory-wide swing to the ALP. He was defeated in 2008 by Peter Styles, who became only the second opposition MP in the seat's history. Styles retained the seat in 2012 amid the CLP victory of that year, despite a small swing to the ALP. In the 2016 election, Styles was heavily defeated by Labor's Kate Worden amid the CLP's collapse in Darwin. Worden picked up a swing of over 13 percent, turning Sanderson into a safe Labor seat at one stroke. Worden consolidated her hold on the seat in 2020, and now sits on a majority of 19.3 percent, the second-safest in the Territory.

title: Electoral division of Sanderson


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Electoral division of Millner

Millner was an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. One of the Legislative Assembly's original electorates, it was first contested at the first election in 1974. It was named after the suburb of Millner, which in turn was named for James Millner, a doctor and early Australian explorer of the Northern Territory who drowned on the SS Gothenburg tragedy. It was abolished in 2008 and replaced with the new electorate of Fong Lim. Millner was an urban electorate, and at its abolition covered 22.74 km², taking in the suburbs of Millner, Coconut Grove, Ludmilla and part of Rapid Creek. There were 4434 people enrolled in the electorate as of June 2005.

Millner was generally a Labor Party-held electorate, though it saw more members than almost anywhere else in the Territory. It was initially won by the Country Liberal Party in 1974, when they dominated the first Assembly, but emerged as an important seat for the ALP after 1977, when Jon Isaacs and Terry Smith held the seat, both of whom served stints as Opposition Leader. Ken Parish briefly held the seat after Smith's retirement, but was defeated by the CLP's Phil Mitchell in 1994, in a result tarred by claims of push-polling over native title issues.

Mitchell held the seat for two terms, but was defeated in the closest and most crucial battle of the 2001 election by ALP challenger Matthew Bonson. Despite a massive and unexpected Labor wave that swept through Darwin—particularly the more diverse and Labor-friendly northern portion—the result in Millner was not known for several days. Due to the close general result, Millner would have the effect of deciding whether there would be a hung parliament, with independents holding the balance of power, or whether the ALP would win government for the first time in Northern Territory history. In the end, Bonson won a very narrow victory, allowing Labor to sweep northern Darwin and form government by one seat. He was easily re-elected with a much larger majority four years later.

Millner was abolished in the electoral distribution that preceded the 2008 election. While Millner itself was shifted to the neighbouring seat of Johnston, the remainder of Millner's territory was merged with more conservative-leaning territory near Palmerston to form the new seat of Fong Lim. Bonson contested Fong Lim in the 2008 election, as it was still on paper a comfortably safe Labor seat. However, he was defeated by former federal MP Dave Tollner.

title: Electoral division of Millner


text:
Electoral division of Nhulunbuy

Nhulunbuy was an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and is named after the remote town of the same name. Nhulunbuy is a rural electorate on the Territory's northeast coast, covering 113600 km2 and taking in the towns of Nhulunbuy, Galiwinku, Yirrkala and Gapuwiyak. There were 5,895 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2016. The division was abolished in 2020, and replaced by the division of Mulka.

Nhulunbuy was traditionally a safe seat for the Labor Party, which held the seat without a break from 1980 to 2016. Labor's dominance in the seat was mostly on the strength of strong support among indigenous voters; more than 50% of the electorate's population was indigenous. The only exception to the ALP's dominance was Milton Ballantyne, who won the seat for the Country Liberal Party in 1974 when the ALP won no seats in the Assembly. Ballantyne managed to hold on despite a strong swing to the ALP in 1977, before being easily beaten by the ALP's Dan Leo in 1980. Leo retired in 1990 and handed the seat to Syd Stirling, became deputy leader of Territory Labor, and became Deputy Chief Minister under Clare Martin from 2001 to 2008. Stirling stood down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lynne Walker, who became deputy opposition leader in 2015.

With Labor being an unbackable favourite to win the 2016 Territory election, Walker appeared well on her way to becoming Deputy Chief Minister. Even without Labor being heavily favoured to win government, there was virtually no hint that Walker was in any danger in her seat, which she held with a seemingly insurmountable 13.7 percent majority. However, in a shock result, even as Labor swept to a landslide victory, Walker was defeated by independent and indigenous activist Yingiya Mark Guyula by just eight votes, making the seat Labor's only loss in the election.

title: Electoral division of Nhulunbuy


text:
Electoral division of Barkly

Barkly is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and is named after the Barkly Tableland area, which occupies much of the electorate. Barkly is a rural electorate, covering 442,868 km2 and taking in the towns of Tennant Creek, Borroloola, Ali Curung, Warrego, Tara Aboriginal Community and Alpururulam. There were 5,690 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2020.

Barkly was created along with the creation of the Assembly in 1974 as a conservative-leaning marginal seat centred on the town of Tennant Creek. It was won at that election by Country Liberal Party candidate Ian Tuxworth, who later became a high-profile Cabinet minister and served as Chief Minister from 1984 to 1986. Tuxworth was comfortably re-elected as a CLP member in 1977, 1980 and 1983, but faced an extremely close race in 1987 after he quit the CLP in order to head the rival conservative NT Nationals party. He won a narrow victory over Labor Party candidate Maggie Hickey, but saw the win overturned by the Court of Disputed Returns upon a legal challenge from Hickey before again winning the resulting by-election. A redistribution ahead of the 1990 election made Barkly a notionally Labor seat, and Tuxworth mounted an ultimately unsuccessful bid for Goyder instead. Hickey was comfortably elected in Tuxworth's absence, and went on to serve as Opposition Leader from 1996 to 1999, before retiring due to ill health in 2001. Labor candidate Elliot McAdam was comfortably elected at the 2001 election before going on to serve as a minister in the Martin and Henderson Labor governments. He retired at the 2008 election, in which Labor's Gerry McCarthy was elected as his successor.

Sister cities
🇺🇸 Uintah County, Utah, United States

title: Electoral division of Barkly


text:
User talk:Montfort~enwiki

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Montfort Secondary School Military Band, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text borrowed from web sites. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! Double Blue (Talk) 16:20, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Double Blue (Talk) 16:20, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Montfort. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Montfort~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Montfort~enwiki


text:
Estadio Dorados

Estadio Dorados is a stadium with a capacity of 21,000 seats. Is home of the team Dorados de Sinaloa. The stadium was inaugurated on August 9, 2003 in a match played between Dorados de Sinaloa and Cobras de Ciudad Juárez. The final score was Dorados 4-2 Cobras. The first goal scored in this stage was the work of Hector Giménez. The building has a capacity for 20,108 fans, the same that is constructed in 2003 in record time of just three months.

Events
2007 CONCACAF U20 Tournament, Primera División A, Primera División, Concerts

title: Estadio Dorados


text:
The Little Sister

The Little Sister is a 1949 novel by Raymond Chandler, his fifth featuring the private investigator Philip Marlowe. The story is set in Los Angeles in the late 1940s and follows Marlowe's investigation of a missing persons case and blackmail scheme centered around a Hollywood starlet. With several scenes involving the film industry, the novel was partly inspired by Chandler's experience working as a screenwriter in Hollywood and his low opinion of the industry and most of the people in it. The book was first published in the UK in June 1949 and was released in the United States three months later.

Plot summary
Orfamay Quest asks Philip Marlowe to search for her older brother Orrin, who has recently come out to work in Bay City. Starting with Orrin's last known address, Marlowe finds the superintendent there in a drunken stupor; when awoken he tries to call a Dr. Lagardie before passing out again. Marlowe then finds a man who claims to be a retired optometrist living in Orrin's old room. On leaving the building, Marlowe discovers the superintendent stabbed in the neck with an ice pick and reports the murder to the local police.

When Marlowe returns to his office, he gets an anonymous call offering him an easy $100 job. When he enters the caller's room at the Van Nuys Hotel, a blonde knocks him out with one of her high heels. He comes round to find the "retired optometrist" dead, also with an ice pick in his neck, and the room in disarray from a search. Marlowe remembers that the optometrist wears a toupée and finds a camera shop claim check hidden there. When he notifies the Los Angeles police of the murder, they recognize the victim as a minor player in organised crime.

Based on a tip from the hotel detective, Marlowe deduces that the woman in the hotel room was Mavis Weld, a rising movie star. He goes to her apartment, where he meets Dolores Gonzales, another minor star, who throws him out. After using the claim check to retrieve a set of photos of Weld and a reputed gangster named Steelgrave, Marlowe visits her agent and makes him understand that, far from trying to blackmail Weld, he may be able to help her.

Through his investigations, Marlowe learns that the photos were taken by Orrin, Orfamay's missing brother. He also finds out that Orrin is now working with a doctor named Lagardie who practices in Bay City. Marlowe confronts Lagardie, but as they talk he falls victim to a drugged cigarette. When he comes to, he finds Orrin trying to get into the room. Orrin has been shot and, with his last ounce of strength, tries to stab Marlowe with an ice pick. This confirms Marlowe's suspicion that Orrin committed the other murders.

Before calling the police, Marlowe tries to contact Orfamay to tell her of her brother's death. She informs him that she had found her brother and called the police after Marlowe left. Marlowe is now summoned to the station, where the police rough him up but, after an interview with the District attorney, he is released to "straighten things out" himself.

Dolores Gonzales calls Marlowe to say he must come to Steelgrave's home in the Hollywood Hills immediately, hinting that Mavis Weld's life is in danger. When Marlowe arrives, he finds Steelgrave has been killed with a gun of the same type that Mavis used to threaten Marlowe in the hotel room, and of the same calibre as the gun used to shoot Orrin. Weld confesses to Marlowe that she killed Steelgrave and is ready to turn herself in, but he persuades her to leave the gangster's home and then calls the police to report finding yet another body.

Although initially angry, the police are ultimately grateful to have the case resolved. After Weld goes to studio head Julius Oppenheimer, he hires lawyer Lee Farrell to defend her reputation. District Attorney Sewell Endicott summons Marlowe to a meeting with Farrell, Weld and himself and admits that the police do not have a convincing case against anybody. Back in his office, Marlowe is again visited by Orfamay. He confronts her with the truth that her real motive was to get money from Mavis Weld, who is her sister, and that it was she who told Steelgrave where to find Orrin.

Realising there is still one loose thread, Marlowe visits Dolores Gonzales at her apartment and she confesses to killing Steelgrave, her former lover. Marlowe realises that he cannot touch Dolores without destroying Mavis and her career and leaves, only to see Lagardie heading up to her room. Marlowe deduces that Lagardie was Dolores' former husband, but when he notifies the police where to locate him they find Lagardie has stabbed Dolores.

Style
Chandler, along with Dashiell Hammett, defined the hardboiled school of detective fiction, popularised in pulp magazines such as Black Mask. The hardboiled school abandoned the genteel characters and elaborate intrigues found in the murder mysteries of authors such as Agatha Christie and Dorothy L. Sayers. Instead, they moved "murder out of the Venetian vase and into the alley" and "gave murder back to the kind of people that commit it for reasons, not just to provide a corpse; and with the means at hand, not with hand-wrought duelling pistols, curare, and tropical fish."

One thing that distinguished Chandler's hero Philip Marlowe even from his other hardboiled peers is that Marlowe often doesn't apprehend the criminal or explain every plot point at the end of the novel. Marlowe is a witness to events and, at most, is able to manipulate them in subtle ways to balance the scales of justice a bit. Nowhere is this more apparent than in The Little Sister. Marlowe is always arriving too late to prevent a murder or catch the criminal. Even at the very end, when he has finally solved the complex riddle of the case, his last act is simply to notify the police too late and let events take their course.

Background
The Little Sister was the first novel Chandler wrote after working as a screenwriter for Paramount in Hollywood, and it reflects some of his experiences with and disdain for the film industry and particularly for Billy Wilder, his writing partner on Double Indemnity.

John Houseman, one of Chandler's few Hollywood friends, remembers one clash in particular, where the author stipulated in a complaint that "Mr Wilder was at no time to swish under Mr Chandler's nose or to point in his direction the thin, leather-handled malacca cane which Mr Wilder was in the habit of waving around while they worked."

Chandler used this experience in Chapter 18 of the novel, where Marlowe visits the office of Mavis Weld's agent (Chapter 18): He walked away from me to a tall cylindrical jar in the corner. From this he took one of a number of short thin malacca canes. He began to walk up and down the carpet, swinging the cane deftly past his shoe.

I sat down again and killed my cigarette and took a deep breath. "It could only happen in Hollywood," I grunted.

He made a neat turn and glanced at me. "I beg your pardon."

"That an apparently sane man could walk up and down inside the house with a Picadilly stroll and a monkey stick in his hand."

Themes
As in all of Chandler's novels, one of the major themes in The Little Sister is the love/hate relationship that Chandler had with Los Angeles and Hollywood. Much of the novel is devoted to mockery of the phoniness and self-importance of people in the film industry. And one of the most memorable passages in the book is a long soliloquy by Marlowe where he waxes philosophical about the emptiness and shallowness of Los Angeles and its residents. That section is punctuated by Marlowe saying to himself: "You're not human tonight, Marlowe."

At the same time, one of the villains of the novel, the one "who never looked less like Lady Macbeth," is not the film star of the Quest family, but the little sister, a mousy small town girl who ultimately cares more for the money she could make from her brother's photographs and blackmail than she did for her siblings. The heroine, who is willing to sacrifice herself and her career to protect others, and whom Marlowe ultimately rescues, is the jaded Hollywood starlet Mavis Weld.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted for the stage by Stuart Gordon and Carolyn Purdy Gordon in 1978, for a production at the Organic Theater in Chicago. Mike Genovese played Marlowe.

This story was updated for the 1969 film Marlowe, starring James Garner as detective Philip Marlowe.

The novel was adapted for radio by Bill Morrison, directed by John Tydeman, and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 5 December 1977, starring Ed Bishop as Marlowe.

A DOS PC Adventure game was developed by Byron Preiss Multimedia in 1996 called "Private Eye". In the game, you can play from the original plot of Little Sister, or you can play an alternate adaptation of the story.

A graphic novel adaptation by Michael Lark was released as Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe: The Little Sister in 1997.

Another adaptation by Stephen Wyatt, directed by Claire Grove, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 15 October 2011, starring Toby Stephens as Marlowe.

title: The Little Sister