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Del Ennis

Delmer Ennis (June 8, 1925 – February 8, 1996) was an American professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1946 to 1959 for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, and Chicago White Sox. From 1949 to 1957, he accumulated more runs batted in (RBI) than anyone besides Stan Musial and was eighth in the National League (NL) in home runs. In 1950, Ennis led the NL with 126 RBI as the Phillies won their first pennant in 35 years. He held the Phillies career record of 259 home runs from 1956 to 1980, and ranked 10th in National League history with 1,824 games in the outfield, when his career ended.

Early life and military service
Ennis was born to George and Agnes Ennis in the Crescentville section of Philadelphia. He played baseball and football at Olney High School and was mentioned as an all-state fullback. The Philadelphia Phillies scout Jocko Collins came to watch one of Ennis's high school classmates pitch. When Ennis hit two long home runs, Collins tried to recruit him but Ennis was hesitant, worried that he was not ready, and unsure that he wanted to pursue a baseball career. In August 1942, Ennis signed with Collins to play with the Phillies' Canadian–American League team, but the league suspended operations for World War II. Ennis signed with Collins again in March 1943, and hit .348 with 19 home runs and 16 triples for the Phillies' Trenton, New Jersey Interstate League team. In September 1943, Philadelphia wanted to call Ennis to the major leagues, but he went into the United States Navy instead. Ennis saw military action in the Pacific Theater and also toured with a baseball team that included Billy Herman, Johnny Vander Meer and Schoolboy Rowe.

Ennis joined the United States Navy on September 29, 1943, and was assigned to Sampson Naval Training Station, New York, where he graduated as a signalman from "A" school at Sampson and then posted to the Hawaiian Sea Frontier. When the Navy learned that Ennis was associated with the Phillies, they assumed he was a major leaguer and invited him to fill one of the vacancies while in Honolulu. He was included on the Navy's Western PAC Tour of many Pacific Islands in 1944–1945. Ennis looked very good at the plate in the few exhibition games which immediately preceded the tours. His slugging prompted Dan Topping, new owner of the New York Yankees and a fellow serviceman at Pearl Harbor, to offer him $25,000 to sign with the Yanks. The Phillies had paid Ennis only $50 to sign.

Ennis' naval rank was Petty Officer Third Class. Most of his service was on the island of Guam after the winter tour. Playing with and against major leaguers on the tours was equivalent of a minor league apprenticeship for Ennis. After the tours, he was assigned to a fleet recreation billet at Gab Gab Beach on Guam and stayed on the island for one year. He did not make it back to the States as soon as some of the others because he did not have enough points built up. He returned stateside through San Diego on the USS Wakefield. Ennis was discharged from the Navy on April 5, 1946, and joined the major league Phillies about a week later.

Philadelphia Phillies
Player-manager Ben Chapman delayed Ennis's debut since he had missed spring training, and then had him pinch-hit on April 28 against the Boston Braves – a groundout to shortstop. Chapman gave Ennis the starting job in left field, a weak spot in the Phillies lineup. On May 5, Ennis hit his first home run – a three-run shot in the first inning – and then his second, both in the second game of a doubleheader. His favorite moment was on Del's birthday, June 8, 1946, hitting a single to break up a perfect game with only four outs remaining against Red Barrett. Barrett of the Boston Braves had retired 22 batters in a row before Ennis' single. Olney residents held a Del Ennis Night at Shibe Park with 36,356 in attendance and an estimated 20,000 were turned away. Ennis singled with the bases loaded to drive in two runs in the first inning against the Cardinals and the Phillies won. His average raised over .300 until a slump in July.

In his early career, Ennis was noted not only for his home runs, runs batted in and hard line drives, but also good outfield play and fast, hard baserunning. Eleven weeks after his debut, Ennis became the first Phillies rookie to make an All-Star team on the strength of a strong throwing arm and lively bat. He also became the first ever Sporting News Rookie Award winner, and finished eighth in the Most Valuable Player Award voting after batting .313 with 17 home runs and 73 RBI and placing second in the National League in slugging average (.485) behind Musial.

Ennis showed his power in 1948, driving in 95 runs with 30 home runs – a Phillies record for right-handed hitters, breaking Gavvy Cravath's 1915 total of 24. A year later, he hit .302 with 25 homers and 110 RBI, finishing second in the National League in doubles both seasons. But his most productive season came in 1950, when he hit .311 with career highs of 31 home runs and a league-best 126 RBI. The 31 home runs were the team record for right-handed hitters until teammate Stan Lopata hit 32 in 1956. As a member of the 1950 team dubbed the "Whiz Kids", Ennis helped the Phillies to win their first pennant since 1915 in a finish that saw Philadelphia beat out the Brooklyn Dodgers on the last day of the season, only to be swept in the World Series by the New York Yankees, with Ennis hitting only .143 with no RBI. Ennis placed fourth in the Most Valuable Player Award voting, won by teammate Jim Konstanty.

From 1952 to 1955, Ennis collected four 20+ home run, 100+ RBI seasons, with highs of 29 and 125 in 1953. He was also named to three All-Star games, in 1946, 1951 and 1955. In 1956, he passed Chuck Klein to become the Phillies all-time home run leader, holding the record until Mike Schmidt passed him in 1980. On August 25, 1955, before a doubleheader with St. Louis, the Phillies honored Ennis for driving in more runs at that point than any player in team history. Ennis was presented with gifts including a Cadillac, TV, air conditioner, freezer, diamond ring, and fishing outfit. The Phillies won both games with Ennis adding four RBI to his record total.

The Philadelphia native became the first Phillies player in the modern era to reach 1,000 runs batted in on August 9, 1955. Connie Mack Stadium was sold out for Del Ennis Night later that month (38,545). Ennis’ 259 home runs with the Phillies rank third in franchise history behind Mike Schmidt (548) and Ryan Howard (382). His 1,124 RBIs rank third among modern Phillies behind only Schmidt (1,595) and Howard (1,194). No wonder Phillies broadcasters Gene Kelly and By Saam said, “It’s Ding Dong Del” or “Here comes Ennis the Menace” whenever he stepped to the plate, according to SABR.org.

Late career
In 1956, he broke Ed Delahanty's record of 1,544 games with the Phillies. By the end of the 1956 season, he was also among the National League's top ten career home run leaders, though he dropped out of the top ten before his career ended. Traded to the St. Louis Cardinals before the 1957 season for Rip Repulski, Ennis responded with a .286 average, 26 home runs and 105 RBI, finishing second in the league behind his teammate and roommate on the road Stan Musial. But his production dropped off sharply in 1958, and after two years in St. Louis he finished his career in 1959 playing for the Cincinnati Redlegs and the pennant-winning Chicago White Sox. Despite hitting 12 home runs and driving in 35 runs batted in during spring training for Cincinnati in 1959, Ennis was traded to the Chicago White Sox on May 1 for pitcher Don Rudolph and outfielder Lou Skizas.

In a 14-season career, Ennis compiled a .284 batting average with 288 home runs, 2,063 hits, 1,284 RBI and 985 runs in 1,903 games. Defensively, Ennis recorded a career .969 fielding percentage.

The story of Ennis and the abuse he endured from Philadelphia fans has obscured his impressive statistics and also his memory. Oft noted was the fans' animosity beginning with a slump year in 1951. Despite turning the record around later, the fans were merciless. As an example, in the second game of a doubleheader against the Cardinals on July 31, 1954, in the top of the third inning, Ennis dropped an outfield fly with the bases loaded and all three runners scored. As Phillies' pitcher Steve Ridzik later remarked, "We had a packed house and the fans start to boo him unmercifully. It was terrible. The next inning when he went out to left field they booed and booed and booed. They booed him when he ran off the field at the end of the inning. . . .Here he is ... a hometown guy and everything. . . . He came to bat in the last of the eighth inning with the score still tied and two outs. The fans just booed and booed and all our guys on the bench are just hotter than a pistol. We were ready to fight the thirty-some thousand." In the bottom half of the same inning with two on and two out, he hit the first pitch on the roof in left field at Connie Mack Stadium, and the Phillies won the game by a score of 6–5.

Ennis' career ended with a mid-season release by the White Sox in 1959, after having been acquired from Cincinnati during the first week of the 1959 season. On May 1, he was traded to the White Sox, helmed by Al López, where Ennis became the starting left fielder throughout May into early June 1959. In the first 11 games with the White Sox, Ennis drove in seven runs including a game-winner in mid-May at Yankee Stadium. In fact, Ennis had four game-winning hits in six games in early 1959 and the White Sox went on to win the AL pennant. However, Ennis was not with the team that played the Dodgers in the 1959 World Series, although he was voted a one-fourth WS share after it. To make room on the roster for Norm Cash, who had completed his military service commitment, Ennis was waived by the Sox in mid-June 1959, thus ending a career spanning 14 seasons.

His defensive replacement for the White Sox in that period was Johnny Callison, who later was traded to and starred with the Phillies.

With Chicago, Ennis batted .219, with 2 home runs, 7 runs batted in with 96 at bats. The White Sox released Ennis on June 20. They called up Jim McAnany to play right field and moved Al Smith from right field to left field for the balance of the season. With personal problems in his family, Ennis needed to return to Philadelphia.

Later life
Following his retirement as a player, Ennis operated a bowling alley named Del Ennis Lanes in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, with the former traveling secretary of the Phillies, John Wise. He also bred greyhound race dogs. Ennis also spent a year coaching baseball at Penn State University's Abington Campus (formerly Ogontz campus). He remembered his 1950 Phillies days in his sports enterprise, calling three dogs scheduled to run in Florida racetracks Whiz Kids Ennis, Whiz Kids Ashburn and Whiz Kids Roberts. In 1983, during the franchise's 100th anniversary year, he was named to the Philadelphia Phillies Centennial Team. There is now a plaque on the Phillies Wall of Fame at the team's ballpark honoring the career of Ennis as a Whiz Kid.

Recollections
"I really didn't expect to stay with the Phillies but they had to give me a 30-day trial because I was on the National Defense List. I never had spring training [in 1946] and I pinch hit in Pittsburgh in my first game, then I got into the starting lineup. In my second game in left field, I hit a bases loaded double to beat the Pirates. A few days later in Chicago against the Cubs, I hit two homers in one game"

Ennis used to treat his bats with great care: "I used to hang out at a gas station at Rising Sun and Van Kirk in the Crescentville section of Philadelphia called the Gas House. I used to take home a dozen bats at the end of each year. I would fill up one of those big drums with linseed oil and leave the bats in the drum all winter. They would get to be about 40–42 ounces and when I got to Florida for spring training, I put the bats in the dryer where they dried uniforms. That would get them down to about 36 ounces, and make them harder. Andy Seminick and I used the same bat all year in 1950 when we won the NL pennant."

On Ennis's best day as a Phillie – he hit three home runs and knocked in seven runs – he happened to pop out his fourth time up. "They booed the daylights out of me", he remembers.

"Now a pitcher can't go out of his way to hit somebody, he can't knock you down, and when we played we didn't wear helmets. They'd tell you they were going to put one in your ear and when you looked back and saw the catcher's glove by your head you got the idea you shouldn't take a toehold." – Del Ennis in Baseball Digest (July 1975)

Ennis popped up with the bases loaded sending Cardinals Manager Fred Hutchinson into a slow burn. After he dropped his bat into the rack, Hutchinson fetched it. He angrily took a swing at the concrete dugout steps. Nothing happened. Two more swings produced nothing more than dents in the bat. Hutch calmly walked to where Ennis sat and dropped the bat at his feet. Keep it, he said. "It's got good wood".

Ennis died in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, at 70 years of age from complications of diabetes. He was buried in Hillside Cemetery, Roslyn, Pennsylvania.

Feats

 * On June 2, 1949, the Phillies hit five home runs during the same inning (the eighth) in a 12–3 victory over Cincinnati at Shibe Park, tying the major league mark set by the 1939 New York Giants. Andy Seminick hit two home runs in the inning, while Ennis, Willie Jones and Schoolboy Rowe had one each. Jones added a triple and Granny Hamner's double made the total of extra bases 18, still a record. Also in 1949, Ennis ended a scoreless tie with the St Louis Cards in the 9th inning with a home run off P Max Lanier to win the game.
 * Ennis hit a leadoff solo HR in September 1952 in the bottom of the 17th inning as the Phillies beat Boston by a score of 7–6 in the first game of a doubleheader at Shibe Park.
 * Ennis drove in six runs in a game with the Reds at Crosley Field on July 30, 1953.
 * Opening day in 1956 in Pittsburgh and the game is washed out by rain as Ennis has 5 runs batted in to no avail. He finishes the season of 1956 with 95, the first year in five he misses the 100 RBI mark.
 * He had a three home run game on July 23, 1955, at Connie Mack Stadium and drove in all 7 runs – one short of George Kelly's National League mark set in 1924 – the Phillies beating the Cards 7–2 as Robin Roberts wins his 16th season victory and 6th in a row.
 * Three times in his career Ennis broke up no-hit games, including one off Ramón Monzant of the New York Giants on April 29, 1956. In 1946, his two out 8th inning single spoiled a no hit perfect game bid by Red Barrett of the Cardinals and in 1947 he broke up a no hit bid by Hal Gregg of the Dodgers.
 * Ennis had 1,029 RBI after only his tenth major league season. The only players who had ever driven in more runs during their first ten seasons, prior to Ennis were Joe DiMaggio (1,277 RBI / 1936–48), Al Simmons (1,276 RBI / 1924–33), Ted Williams (1,261 RBI / 1939–51), Lou Gehrig (1,144 RBI / 1923–32), Johnny Mize (1,096 RBI / 1936–48), Earl Averill (1,077 RBI / 1929–38), Jim Bottomley (1,057 RBI / 1922–31), Joe Medwick (1,047 RBI / 1932–41), Chuck Klein (1,041 RBI / 1928–37), and Bob Johnson (1,040 RBI / 1933–42).

1950 highlights

 * Ennis' salary for 1950 was $30,000, at the time the highest ever paid to a member of the Phillies. Ennis hit home runs in four straight games twice in the 1950 season. In 11 seasons as a Phillies outfielder in the post World War II years, Ennis averaged better than 23 home runs and 100 runs batted in and was the key player on the 1950 pennant winning team.
 * July 27 – Ennis hit a double and a grand slam with seven RBI against the Chicago Cubs, as the Phillies won 13–3 at Shibe Park. Philadelphia won 11 of their next 15 games to hold first place by four games over the Boston Braves.
 * July 30 – In the first game of a doubleheader, he hit his second grand slam in three days in a 10–0 win over Pittsburgh Pirates. He added a two-run homer as the Phillies won the second game, 4–2. His seven RBI in two games gave him 41 for the month, a new Phillies mark.
 * August 16 – The Phillies beat the second-place Braves 5–1 on Robin Roberts' three-hitter, scoring four runs in the fourth inning off Vern Bickford including Ennis' 26th home run of the season.
 * August 21 – The Phillies beat the New York Giants as Ennis had three hits and drove in his 100th run of the season to bolster Curt Simmons' four-hit shutout for his 16th win of the season. Philadelphia heads west with a $5 1/2$ game lead in the National League pennant race.
 * September 15 – In a doubleheader against Cincinnati, Ennis went 5-for-10, including a three-RBI double in the 18th inning of game two, as the Phillies won both games.
 * September 24 – As the Phillies near the end of a pennant season, Ennis powered the faltering "Whiz Kids" past the Boston Braves with a home run, three singles, and four RBI in an 8–7 win.

title: Del Ennis


text:
The Tale of Melibee

"The Tale of Melibee" (also called "The Tale of Melibeus") is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

This is the second tale in the collection told by Chaucer himself. After being interrupted by the host Harry Bailly and reprimanded for the poor quality of his first story, Sir Thopas, which was compared to a turd, Chaucer launches into one of the longest and some would say most boring of all the tales. Complaining of Sir Thopas's lewedness, Bailly requests a prose tale with doctryne. In response, Chaucer tells The Tale of Melibee, which is exactly that. Bailly, seemingly pleased with this tale, says he wishes his wife had heard it as she might learn something from Dame Prudence.

The tale is a translation of the Livre de Melibée et de Dame Prudence by Renaud de Louens. Renaud's work itself is a very loose translation of Liber consolationis et consilii by Albertanus of Brescia, suggesting the tale's popularity. The tale's length has resulted in its omission in some modern English editions, such as Nevill Coghill's translation.

Plot
The story concerns Melibee who is away one day when three enemies break into his house, beat his wife Dame Prudence, and attack his daughter, leaving her for dead. The tale then proceeds as a long debate mainly between Melibee and his wife on what actions to take and how to seek redress from his enemies. His wife, as her name suggests, counsels prudence and chides him for his rash opinions. The discussion uses many proverbs and quotes from learned authorities and the Bible as each make their points. Dame Prudence's discussion of marriage mirrors those of the Wife of Bath and the wife in "The Shipman's Tale".

Style
Melibee is a long tale, light on plot and told in "workman-like prose". As such, it has been largely ignored by critics and has a reputation for being boring.

Melibee, and Thopas before it, form a self-referential joke; Chaucer was already a well-known poet by the time he wrote The Canterbury Tales, but Chaucer-the-character's two submissions to Harry Bailly's contest are a doggerel poem and an inelegant prose tale, neither of which seem appropriate for a poet of Chaucer's skill and renown. Chaucer uses similar self-deprecating humour in House of Fame.

Themes
The tale is a serious and philosophical take on "civic violence and its management", which would have had particular importance for Chaucer and his audience, given the deadly political turmoil of London in the late fourteenth century.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Tale of Melibee


text:
Pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. By adsorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli, with hydrophilic head groups in the water and the hydrophobic tails facing towards the air, the main lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), reduces surface tension.

As a medication, pulmonary surfactant is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.

Function

 * To increase pulmonary compliance.
 * To prevent atelectasis (collapse of the alveoli or atriums) at the end of expiration.
 * To facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways.

Alveoli can be compared to gas in water, as the alveoli are wet and surround a central air space. The surface tension acts at the air-water interface and tends to make the bubble smaller (by decreasing the surface area of the interface). The gas pressure (P) needed to keep an equilibrium between the collapsing force of surface tension (γ) and the expanding force of gas in an alveolus of radius r is expressed by the Young–Laplace equation:

 * $$ P = \frac{2\gamma}{r} $$

Compliance
Compliance is the ability of lungs and thorax to expand. Lung compliance is defined as the volume change per unit of pressure change across the lung. Measurements of lung volume obtained during the controlled inflation/deflation of a normal lung show that the volumes obtained during deflation exceed those during inflation, at a given pressure. This difference in inflation and deflation volumes at a given pressure is called hysteresis and is due to the air-water surface tension that occurs at the beginning of inflation. However, surfactant decreases the alveolar surface tension, as seen in cases of premature infants with infant respiratory distress syndrome. The normal surface tension for water is 70 dyn/cm (70 mN/m) and in the lungs, it is 25 dyn/cm (25 mN/m); however, at the end of the expiration, compressed surfactant phospholipid molecules decrease the surface tension to very low, near-zero levels. Pulmonary surfactant thus greatly reduces surface tension, increasing compliance allowing the lung to inflate much more easily, thereby reducing the work of breathing. It reduces the pressure difference needed to allow the lung to inflate. The lung's compliance, and ventilation decrease when lung tissue becomes diseased and fibrotic.

Alveolar size regulation
As the alveoli increase in size, the surfactant becomes more spread out over the surface of the liquid. This increases surface tension effectively slowing the rate of expansion of the alveoli. This also helps all alveoli in the lungs expand at the same rate, as one that expands more quickly will experience a large rise in surface tension slowing its rate of expansion. It also means the rate of shrinking is more regular as if one reduces in size more quickly the surface tension will reduce more, so other alveoli can contract more easily than it can. Surfactant reduces surface tension more readily when the alveoli are smaller because the surfactant is more concentrated.

Prevention of fluid accumulation and maintenance of dryness of airways
Surface tension draws fluid from capillaries to the alveolar spaces. Surfactant reduces fluid accumulation and keeps the airways dry by reducing surface tension.

Innate immunity
Surfactant immune function is primarily attributed to two proteins: SP-A and SP-D. These proteins can bind to sugars on the surface of pathogens and thereby opsonize them for uptake by phagocytes. It also regulates inflammatory responses and interacts with the adaptive immune response. Surfactant degradation or inactivation may contribute to enhanced susceptibility to lung inflammation and infection.

Composition

 * ~40% dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC);
 * ~40% other phospholipids (PC);
 * ~10% surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D);
 * ~10% neutral lipids (Cholesterol);
 * Traces of other substances.

DPPC
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid with two 16-carbon saturated chains and a phosphate group with quaternary amine group attached. The DPPC is the strongest surfactant molecule in the pulmonary surfactant mixture. It also has a higher compaction capacity than the other phospholipids, because the apolar tail is less bent. Nevertheless, without the other substances of the pulmonary surfactant mixture, the DPPC's adsorption kinetics is very slow. This happens primarily because the phase transition temperature between gel to liquid crystal of pure DPPC is 41.5 °C, which is higher than the human body's temperature of 37 °C.

Other phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine molecules form ~85% of the lipid in surfactant and have saturated acyl chains. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) forms about 11% of the lipids in the surfactant, it has unsaturated fatty acid chains that fluidize the lipid monolayer at the interface. Neutral lipids and cholesterol are also present. The components for these lipids diffuse from the blood into type II alveolar cells where they are assembled and packaged for secretion into secretory organelles called lamellar bodies.

Proteins
Proteins make up the remaining 10% of the surfactant. Half of this 10% is plasma proteins but the rest is formed by the apolipoproteins, surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. The apolipoproteins are produced by the secretory pathway in type II cells. They undergo much post-translational modification, ending up in the lamellar bodies. These are concentric rings of lipid and protein, about 1 μm in diameter.

 * SP-A and SP-D are collectins. They confer innate immunity as they have carbohydrate recognition domains that allow them to coat bacteria and viruses promoting phagocytosis by macrophages. SP-A is also thought to be involved in a negative feedback mechanism to control the production of surfactant.
 * SP-B and SP-C are hydrophobic membrane proteins that increase the rate that surfactant spreads over the surface. SP-B and SP-C are required for the proper biophysical function of the lung. Humans and animals born with a congenital absence of the saposin family SP-B experience intractable respiratory failure whereas those born lacking SP-C tend to develop progressive interstitial pneumonitis.

The SP proteins reduce the critical temperature of DPPC's phase transition to a value lower than 37 °C, which improves its adsorption and interface spreading velocity. The compression of the interface causes a phase change of the surfactant molecules to liquid-gel or even gel-solid. The fast adsorption velocity is necessary to maintain the integrity of the gas exchange region of the lungs.

Each SP protein has distinct functions, which act synergistically to keep an interface rich in DPPC during lung's expansion and contraction. Changes in the surfactant mixture composition alter the pressure and temperature conditions for phase changes and the phospholipids' crystal shape as well. Only the liquid phase can freely spread on the surface to form a monolayer. Nevertheless, it has been observed that if a lung region is abruptly expanded the floating crystals crack like "icebergs". Then the SP proteins selectively attract more DPPC to the interface than other phospholipids or cholesterol, whose surfactant properties are worse than DPPC's. The SP also fastens the DPPC on the interface to prevent the DPPC from being squeezed out when the surface area decreases This also reduces the interface compressibility.

Artificial surfactants
There are a number of types of pulmonary surfactants available. Ex-situ measurements of surface tension and interfacial rheology can help to understand the functionality of pulmonary surfactants.

Synthetic pulmonary surfactants
 * 1) Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf) - a mixture of DPPC with hexadecanol and tyloxapol added as spreading agents
 * 2) Pumactant (Artificial Lung Expanding Compound or ALEC) - a mixture of DPPC and PG
 * 3) KL-4 - composed of DPPC, palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid, combined with a 21 amino acid synthetic peptide that mimics the structural characteristics of SP-B.
 * 4) Venticute - DPPC, PG, palmitic acid and recombinant SP-C
 * 5) Lucinactant - DPPC, POPG, and palmitic acid.

Animal derived surfactants
 * 1) Beractant
 * 2) (Alveofact) - extracted from cow lung lavage fluid
 * 3) (Survanta) - extracted from minced cow lung with additional DPPC, palmitic acid, and tripalmitin
 * 4) (Beraksurf) -extracted from minced calf lung with additional DPPC, palmitic acid, and tripalmitin
 * 5) Calfactant (Infasurf) - extracted from calf lung lavage fluid
 * 6) Poractant alfa (Curosurf) - extracted from material derived from minced pig lung
 * 7) Ovinactant (Varasurf) - extracted from material derived from minced sheep lung

Surface tension magnitude inside the lung
Even though the surface tension can be greatly reduced by pulmonary surfactant, this effect will depend on the surfactant's concentration on the interface. The interface concentration has a saturation limit, which depends on temperature and mixture composition. Because during ventilation there is a variation of the lung surface area, the surfactant's interface concentration is not usually at the level of saturation. The surface increases during inspiration, which consequently opens space for new surfactant molecules to be recruited to the interface. Meanwhile, during expiration the surface area decreases at a rate which is always in excess of the rate at which the surfactant molecules are driven from the interface into the water film. Thus, the surfactant density at the air water interface remains high and is relatively preserved throughout expiration, decreasing the surface tension even further. This also explains why the compliance is greater during expiration than during inspiration.

SP molecules contribute to increasing the surfactant interface adsorption kinetics, when the concentration is below the saturation level. They also make weak bonds with the surfactant molecules at the interface and hold them longer there when the interface is compressed. Therefore, during ventilation, surface tension is usually lower than at equilibrium. Therefore, the surface tension varies according to the volume of air in the lungs, which protects them from atelectasis at low volumes and tissue damage at high volume levels.

Production and degradation
Surfactant production in humans begins in type II cells during the alveolar sac stage of lung development. Lamellar bodies appear in the cytoplasm at about 20 weeks gestation. These lamellar bodies are secreted by exocytosis into the alveolar lining fluid, where the surfactant forms a meshwork of tubular myelin Full term infants are estimated to have an alveolar storage pool of approximately 100 mg/kg of surfactant, while preterm infants have an estimated 4–5 mg/kg at birth.

Club cells also produce a component of lung surfactant.

Alveolar surfactant has a half-life of 5 to 10 hours once secreted. It can be both broken down by macrophages and/or reabsorbed into the lamellar structures of type II pneumocytes. Up to 90% of surfactant DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) is recycled from the alveolar space back into the type II pneumocyte. This process is believed to occur through SP-A stimulating receptor-mediated, clathrin dependent endocytosis. The other 10% is taken up by alveolar macrophages and digested.

Diseases

 * Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by lack of surfactant, commonly seen in premature babies born before 28–32 weeks of gestation.
 * Congenital surfactant deficiency
 * Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
 * Surfactant metabolism dysfunction

History
In late 1920s von Neergaard identified the function of the pulmonary surfactant in increasing the compliance of the lungs by reducing surface tension. However the significance of his discovery was not understood by the scientific and medical community at that time. He also realized the importance of having low surface tension in lungs of newborn infants. Later, in the middle of the 1950s, Pattle and Clements rediscovered the importance of surfactant and low surface tension in the lungs. At the end of that decade it was discovered that the lack of surfactant caused infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).

title: Pulmonary surfactant


text:
Montgomery and West Point Railroad

The Montgomery and West Point Railroad (M&WP) was an early 19th-century railroad in Alabama and Georgia. It played an important role during the American Civil War as a supply and transportation route for the Confederate Army, and, as such, was the target of a large raid by Union cavalry in the summer of 1864, called Wilson's Raid. The railroad played an important role in this business, and it became a symbol to industrialization in the United States. The railroads make it possible to supply large military forces that were needed in order to take over and conquer the Southern part of the United States. During the early 19th-century, turnpikes, canals, and railroads all brought people to the west and more products to the east. There was an effort in Americans during this time to build a railroad that would link Georgia to trade with the Tennessee and Ohio areas, and the M&WP was a starting point in helping to accomplish this goal.

Background Information
The Montgomery Railroad had a charter granted on January 20, 1832, to build track from Montgomery, Alabama east to the Chattahoochee River at Columbus, Georgia. The instruction was for the track to begin in the city of Montgomery.

In 1833, the Georgia Railroad Company was chartered to businessmen for the sole objective of building a railroad from the west of the state into the inner part of the state of Georgia. In 1834, a second charter was gained with the route changing from Columbus to West Point, Georgia. When the second grant was issued, work was to be done with a short link of track that was laid to the northeast of Montgomery. The road was used and operated immediately after the first few tracks were made. Both horses and locomotives were used on this track. Neither the horses nor the locomotive itself was able to make a speed of more than 10 mph, and it was rare for them to reach even close to 10 mph. The road made some income, but it was not enough to be of consequence. In June 1840, the road earned $500. In June 1841, the same road earned $1800. This road was determined from where it began, and promoters believed that this was a great start to making a connection directly with the Atlantic coast. Even though this railroad had many successes quickly, the rivers were strong competitors. It costs a lot of money and time to build a railroad in comparison to building a canal.

The citizens far away were going to subscribe $400,000 in good faith, but later realized that there was a possibility that some of the other towns in Alabama would profit too by the connections of the road. Their subscriptions were not paid as a result of this. The overall standing of this railroad during this early period was odd. There were numerous and disastrous problems that arose throughout the time this was built. On December 3, 1838, Governor Arthur P. Bagby committed an act that was rash of including his administrative address to the Alabama legislature. There was an arrangement made between the Montgomery and West Point Railroad company and the Montgomery Branch Bank. This arrangement was that the bank had control over all the funds of the railroad. This arrangement was warranted by the charter of the railroad company. The company had to go through a "panic time" in 1837, and through the immediate years following. The subscriptions were reduced to $300,000 and an additional $300,000 worth of stock was sold and the total amount of subscription was increased to $600,000. The legislature was approached for a loan during this point, but before the state could invest, it was necessary for the company to mortgage its property of $1,600,000 worth, as well as the personal property of the stockholders as security.

The railroad had not reached Franklin, Alabama, just 32.4 mi east of Montgomery until 1840. The railroad was sold under foreclosure on July 9, 1842, due to more financial troubles. It was later reorganized as the Montgomery and West Point Railroad on February 13, 1843. The railroad was completed to West Point on April 28, 1851. Three years later the Atlanta and West Point Railroad was completed, connecting Montgomery to East coast markets. In May 1851, the M&WP Railroad was completed and was daily operated by July 1, 1852. This railroad company profited to US$130,000.80. The state legislature threatened the success of this company and put the collections of the fund under close observation. The funds made from the rail were to be secured by the president and board of directors of the railway company. The president and his board had to guarantee that the road would not be put in operation anytime later than January 1, 1849. The M&WP then built a branch line from the main line Opelika, Alabama, to Columbus, which was constructed in the years of 1852–1856. It soon began operating when it was finished in 1856.

During the Civil War (1861–1865), the railroad was the target of Rousseau's Opelika Raid. In July 1864, 2,500 Union cavalry troops under the command of Lovell Rousseau started from Decatur, Alabama. Rousseau's force managed to take and burn a large quantity of supplies at Opelika. It destroyed 30 mi of track, burned out the railroad stations and warehouses at Montgomery and West Point, by July 17.

In April 1865, a far more destructive raid, Wilson's Raid, wrecked all of the remaining rolling stock of the railroad. After the war was over, the railroad was repaired and reopened for use. The M&WP was later on merged into the Western Railway of Alabama in 1870.

Main Purpose
The Montgomery and West Point Railroad was built because a rail line was needed from Alabama east to Chattahoochee River. This was a starting point in connected different states in the South of the United States of America. The businessmen in Montgomery wanted a fair trade in other parts of the state, and even in other states close by. In order to create a system where it would be easy for them to do business, a railroad was an ideal idea.

This railroad was mainly used during the Civil War in order to help transport military forces and other materials or supplies required to conquer the South. However, as railroads became more developed over the years, they became an efficient way of people transporting from one place to another. It formed a connection between the northeastern and southeastern sections of the United States and also played an important role.

title: Montgomery and West Point Railroad


text: Category:Rail transport magazines

title: Category:Rail transport magazines


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3xtreme LAN

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

3xtreme LAN
Ad for a LAN party (a local computer gaming event). Wikipedia is not a web host. Rhobite 15:37, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy - blatant advertising Algebraist 15:39, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete for advert. jglc | t | c 15:47, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, advert, prob. not notable. Allow recreation in the future if it can be shown to meet Wikipedia standards. -- BD2412 talk 16:04, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion. - Mike Rosoft 16:15, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete spam. It also doesn't help the creator deleted the VfD and wrote the comment: "SHOULD NOT BE DELETED!!!" --Chill Pill Bill 16:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam. If this can be speedied, so much the better. -- Captain Disdain 17:02, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though not speedyable. Thoroughly non-notable transient local event.   — Gwalla | Talk 18:22, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Blanking by the author makes it speedyable. Speedied.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:54, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. Anon creator has blanked the entire article btw. JamesBurns 02:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Not only for the reasons above, but the author blanked it. Nestea 03:48, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Pulmonary surfactant

Not
Not complete, will rearrange it, add diagrams and link to it at a later date Spaully 15:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Man-made pulmonary surfactant
A discussion of man-made, artificial pulmonary surfactant would be useful in this article. (And at Infant respiratory distress syndrome; I added this note there also.) 24.127.110.79 16:48, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Added listing of current artificial pulmonary surfactants here. Under IRDS still could use discussion of treatment outcomes with different types. Hallbrianh 19:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

values
The values listed within the "compliance" section do not agree with their units. This sentence: "The normal surface tension for water is 70 dyn/cm (70 nN/m) and in the lungs it is 25 dyn/cm (25 mN/m); however...". 70dyn/cm should equal .7N/m. Lombar2 (talk) 07:45, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * 70 dyn/cm = 70 mN/m = 0.07 N/m BubNorr (talk) 21:26, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Use and impact of pulmonary surfactant
Is it just me, or does the article mention nowhere when it was first used in neonatology? 118.209.155.46 (talk) 11:11, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pulmonary surfactant


text:
Des Moines Area Community College

Des Moines Area Community College (DMACC) is a public community college in central Iowa. The college served 35,488 credit students and 29,021 noncredit students in 200 programs in 2019.

History
Des Moines Area Community College was created on March 18, 1966. The first classes were held on the Ankeny Campus in 1968. DMACC has experienced tremendous growth in the last two decades. In the fall of 2000, 10,803 students were enrolled at DMACC. By the fall of 2011, that number grew to 25,425.

Academics
DMACC is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and approved by the Iowa State Department of Education. The college is governed by a nine-member board of directors, each representing one of the nine districts the college serves.

Campuses
DMACC's primary campus is in Ankeny, a northern suburb of Des Moines. The college operates six academic campuses in total:

 * Ankeny (Ankeny Campus)
 * Boone (Boone Campus)
 * Carroll (Carroll Campus)
 * Newton (Newton Campus)
 * Urban/Des Moines (Urban Campus)
 * West Des Moines (West Campus)

DMACC also operates a variety of career academy and transportation programs in additional locations in Des Moines, Knoxville, Perry, and Ames.

Athletics
DMACC's athletic programs are located on the Boone Campus. The DMACC Bears compete in the Iowa Community College Athletic Conference and the National Junior College Athletic Association. The Bears participate in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, women's softball, and women's volleyball. Men's basketball won the national championship in 2021.

Notable alumni

 * Bonnie Campbell, Iowa's first female Attorney General, former Iowa gubernatorial candidate, former official in the U.S. Department of Justice.
 * Lolo Jones, Olympian and Celebrity Big Brother contestant
 * Jason Momoa, actor
 * Bucky O'Connor, University of Iowa men's basketball coach 1949 to 1958.
 * Scott Schebler, professional baseball player

title: Des Moines Area Community College


text: Talk:Shipyard Brewing

title: Talk:Shipyard Brewing


text:
Tracie Spencer

Tracie Monique Spencer (born July 12, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter. Spencer first came to attention in 1987, when the then 11-year-old won the junior vocalist competition on the television show Star Search. Spencer soon signed a contract with Capitol Records, at the time the youngest female artist to do so. She went on to gain attention for her R&B and pop singles "Symptoms of True Love" (1988), "This House" (1990), "Tender Kisses" (1991) and "It's All About You (Not About Me)" (1999).

Early life and education
Born in Waterloo, Iowa, on July 12, 1976 to Theresa (née Williams) and Marvin E. Spencer Sr. Spencer's mother is of Creole and Native American descent; her father, a well-known musician, is French Canadian and Panamanian. Spencer has three siblings, Marvin Jr., Marty and Tricia. Tracie Spencer is also related to Beyoncé, being that both musicians share Acadian hero Joseph Broussard of 1702 and Agnes Thibodeaux as great grandparents.

Spencer began singing at the age of three and began modeling in pageant competitions at age five. In addition to singing, Spencer was an honor student who also played basketball in elementary and high school. Spencer attended Waterloo's Columbus High School, graduating in 1994, having already released four Top-10 Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs (see next section).

1987–1992
Spencer performed, produced and directed her first music videos before she was ten years of age. This led to her competing on Star Search in 1987, where she won the $10,000 junior vocalist prize. Afterwards, Spencer became the youngest female artist to sign a record deal with a major label, Capitol Records, and to release an album.

Her self-titled debut album, released on January 16, 1988, produced the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop-charting singles "Hide and Seek", "Symptoms of True Love" and her remake of John Lennon's "Imagine".

Spencer's second album, Make the Difference, was released on August 27, 1990. The first single, "Save Your Love", was her first to reach the Top-10 on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts, reaching No. 7. Her following single, "This House", became her biggest hit ever, reaching No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single "Tender Kisses" hit No. 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop charts and made her the youngest female artist to receive the ASCAP songwriter of the year award in 1992. The other singles from this album, "This Time Make It Funky" and "Love Me", charted on both the Hot 100 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop charts. In 1993, Spencer recorded the follow-up to Make the Difference and was going to release what was supposed to be her third studio album entitled Naturelle but for unknown reasons it was shelved by Capitol Records. The unreleased album was discovered in 2022 by a fan as a forgotten rare cassette only tape format with very few copies released for promotional use. The details of the album and two photos of it can be seen on Discogs.com. The album on that site is only titled as "Naturelle" with an early 1994 release date. The album never saw the light of day in full and the promotional sampler can be heard on Youtube.

1993–1999
Spencer served on the board of the Children's Defense Fund as a teen and was given the Martin Luther King Christian Leadership Award for being a positive role model to youth and traveling across the US and abroad as part of a "Stay in School" program. Spencer made a guest appearance on the hit ABC sitcom, Family Matters as well as commercials, in 1993 and recorded the song "I'll Be There for You" for the 1997 film, Good Burger, "The Rain" for Down in the Delta, "Don't Slip Away" for the Super Mario Bros. (film) and Girlfight, starring Michelle Rodriguez. Spencer also modeled for Tommy Hilfiger, Chanel, and Dollhouse, which led to her being a part of New York City and Los Angeles' fashion weeks during 1999 and 2000, being styled by Derek Khan, being signed to "NEXT" modeling agency and appearing in numerous magazines. On June 29, 1999, Spencer released Tracie, which featured the singles "It's All About You (Not About Me)" and "Still in My Heart".

2023-present
After a hiatus, Spencer and fellow R&B singer Shanice appeared together on Sherri on September 29, 2023.

title: Tracie Spencer


text:
Margaret Ball

Margaret Ball (1515–1584) was a prominent member of 16th-century Irish society, who, despite being the widow of a Lord Mayor of Dublin, was arrested for her adherence to the Catholic faith and died of deprivation in the dungeons of Dublin Castle. She was declared a martyr for the faith by the Catholic Church and beatified in 1992, one of a group of 17 Irish Catholic Martyrs.

Early life
She was born Margaret Bermingham in Corballis, a townland now part of the village of Skryne in County Meath, where her father, Nicholas, had purchased a farm when he emigrated from England. The family later became politically active; her brother, William Bermingham, protested in London against Earl Thomas Radclyffe, when he imposed the Protestant Reformation on behalf of the boy-king Edward VI. When she was 16 years old, Margaret Bermingham married Bartholomew Ball, an alderman of the City of Dublin, whose wealthy family operated the bridge over the River Dodder, which is still known as Ballsbridge. She then moved to the city, where the couple lived at Ballygall House in north county Dublin and had a townhouse on Merchant's Quay. They had ten children, though only five survived to adulthood. Bartholomew Ball was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1553, making Margaret the Lady Mayoress of the city. She had a comfortable life with a large household and many servants, and she was recognised for organising classes for the children of local families in her home.

Arrest and death
In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I reversed the policy of her sister Queen Mary and imposed her Religious Settlement upon all of her realms. In 1570 the Holy See responded with the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which declared Elizabeth to be an illegitimate usurper. During this time of religious persecution, it was well known that Ball provided "safe houses" for any bishops or priests who might be passing through Dublin.

Margaret Ball's eldest son, Walter, who wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and advance his political career, embraced the "new religion" and was appointed Commissioner for Ecclesiastical Causes in 1577. Margaret was disappointed with her son's change of faith and tried to change his mind. On one occasion, she told him that she had a "special friend" for him to meet. Walter arrived early with a company of soldiers, and found that the "special friend" was Dermot O'Hurley, Archbishop of Cashel. He was celebrating Mass with the family.

Immediately after his installation as Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1580, Walter had his mother and her personal chaplain arrested and taken to the dungeons of Dublin Castle. Due to her advanced age and severe arthritis, she had to be transported there by a wooden pallet.

When the family protested, Walter declared that his mother should have been executed, but he had spared her. She would be allowed to go free if she "took the Oath", which probably referred to the Oath of Supremacy. Her second son, Nicholas, who supported her, was elected Mayor of Dublin in 1582. However, Walter was still Commissioner for Ecclesiastical Causes, which was a royal appointment. He outranked Nicholas and kept him from securing their mother's release from prison. Nicholas visited her daily, bringing her food, clothing and candles.

Ball died in 1584 at the age of sixty-nine, which was an advanced age at the time. She was crippled with arthritis and had lived for three years in the cold, wet dungeon of Dublin Castle with no natural light. When she died she was buried in the cemetery at St. Audoen's Church in Dublin. Although she could have altered her will, she still bequeathed her property to Walter upon her death.

Veneration
Ball had remained in the dungeon when she could have returned to a life of comfort at any time by simply "taking the oath". Two generations later this pattern was repeated when Blessed Francis Taylor, who was Mayor of Dublin (1595–1596) and was married to Gennet Shelton, a granddaughter of Ball, was condemned to the dungeons after exposing fraud in the parliamentary elections to the Irish House of Commons. He likewise refused to "take the oath" and died in Dublin Castle in 1621.

Ball and Taylor could not have known each other, but they were beatified together, along with Dermot O'Hurley and 14 other Catholic martyrs, on 27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II.

Legacy
The Blessed Margaret Ball Chapel in Santry is dedicated to her.

Ball, along with St. Columbanus and St. Mary MacKillop RSJ, was named a patron saint of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress held in Ireland in June 2012.

Her statue stands outside St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral; she is one of only five historical women (excluding Mary, mother of Jesus) to have a public statue in Dublin, the others being Catherine MacAuley (Baggot Street), Veronica Guerin (Dublin Castle), Constance Lloyd (Merrion Square) and Constance Markiewicz (three locations).

title: Margaret Ball


text: User talk:62.58.152.131

title: User talk:62.58.152.131


text:
Pam Stone

Pam Stone (born September 30, 1959) is an American actress, comedian, writer, and talk radio host.

Born in Marietta, Georgia, Stone graduated from Joseph Wheeler High School and attended Kennesaw College, in Kennesaw, Georgia, before leaving in her third year to pursue stand-up comedy in Los Angeles.

Stone is one of the few comedians ever invited to perform at The White House, and in her stand-up career has appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Oprah Winfrey, Joan Rivers, as well as multiple appearances on Comic Strip Live, three Showtime cable comedy specials: Pam Stone, A Pair of Jokers, Showtime's Comedy Club All-Stars, and Showtime's Montreal Comedy Festival. She also hosted ABC's 50 Years of Funny Females and, on several occasions, guest hosted E! TV's Talk Soup. In 1992, Stone won the American Comedy Award for Best Female Stand-up.

Stone co-starred in the television series Coach for seven seasons as the character, Judy Watkins. She also appeared in the sit-com, The Drew Carey Show, the Rob Reiner political documentary, But Seriously, Folks, and the George Lucas 1994 film Radioland Murders.

She hosted a syndicated daytime talk radio show, The Pam Stone Show, for five years, which first aired on weekdays, then Saturdays, on Charlotte, North Carolina based radio station WLNK 107.9 The Link. She received two Gracie Awards for Best Comedy Entertainment Program.

Until 2012, Stone continued in radio as a co-host of the Sunday program The Satisfied Life with WLNK afternoon co-host Ramona Holloway.

Stone currently writes a syndicated humor column which was awarded Best Humor Column in 2012 by The SC Press Association, and is the basis for her 2012 book, I Love Me A Turkey Butt Samwich as well as being the author of ''Rats! Rats! Rats! and Only Horsepeople''. In 2017 she released her first novel, 'Girls Like Her' which was nominated for The Southern Book Prize

Filmography

 * Coach (1989-1997) (Judy Watkins/Judy) (23 episodes)
 * Radioland Murders (1994) (Dottie)
 * The Drew Carey Show (1997) (Lois) (Drewstock)
 * Love Boat: The Next Wave (1998) (Judith) (Remember)

title: Pam Stone


text:
North Polk Community School District

The North Polk Community School District is a rural public school district headquartered in Alleman, Iowa.

Almost all of the district is in Polk County, with small sections in Boone and Story counties. It includes the municipalities of Alleman, Ankeny, Elkhart, and Sheldahl as well as almost all of Polk City. It also includes the surrounding rural area. Alleman is located approximately halfway (five miles north of Ankeny) between Des Moines and Ames.

Schools
The district operates five schools:
 * North Polk Central Elementary School, Alleman
 * North Polk West Elementary School, Polk City
 * North Polk Big Creek Elementary School, Polk City
 * North Polk Middle School, Alleman
 * North Polk High School, Alleman

Athletics

 * Boys - Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Wrestling
 * Girls - Basketball, Cheerleading, Color Guard, Cross Country, Dance, Golf, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Winter Guard

State championships

 * Baseball: 2014 - Class 2A
 * Boys' Basketball: 1996 Class 2A
 * Softball: 4 time State Champions (1975 (Fall), 2000 (1A), 2006 (2A), 2008 (2A))
 * Girls' Track and Field: 2008 - Class 2A

Activities
Concert Band, Concert Choir, Jazz Band, Jazz Choir, Marching Band, Musical Production, Play Production, Speech Team, Future Farmers of America, NPHS Key Club, National Honor Society, National Spanish Honor Society, NPHS Student Council

title: North Polk Community School District


text:
User:Daniel Mendes~enwiki

pt:User:Daniel_Mendes

title: User:Daniel Mendes~enwiki


text:
Steven Epstein (academic)

Steven Epstein is the John C. Shaffer Professor in the Humanities and Professor in the Department of Sociology at Northwestern University. He spent 15 years as Professor of Sociology and Director of the Science Studies program at the University of California, San Diego.

Education
Epstein received his bachelor's degree in social studies at Harvard College and his master's degree and PhD in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1993.

Career
He is widely published, and has written three books, Learning By Heart: AIDS and Schoolchildren in America's Communities, with David L. Kirp, Marlene Strong Franks, Jonathan Simon, Doug Conaway, and John Lewis (1989), Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (1996), and Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research (2007). Impure Science has been reviewed by the New York Times, The Washington Post, and others. In 2009, Inclusion won the Distinguished Scholarly Book Award of the American Sociological Association.

Impure Science discusses how AIDS patients in the 1980s were able to transform their status from being a disease constituency to being experts in experience. AIDS activism was seen by many as being the template for patient and health groups' activities. The book won the C. Wright Mills Award for the best first book published by a sociologist and the Rachel Carson Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science.

title: Steven Epstein (academic)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FlyFF

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 22:42, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

FlyFF
This is non notable POV.WAvegetarian 15:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, probable vanity, possible advert. (note - POV is not a reason to VfD unless it is irreparable). -- BD2412 talk 15:53, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/ad. rpgcruft.  --Xcali 17:05, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Advert     20:15, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It's not a damn advert, idiots. I made a stub for a new game; wtf is wrong with that? (posted by User:Ziddy)

 * Delete. Not notable, advertising. --Carnildo 21:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's a funny kind of advertising that mentions "mindless level grinding and questing", I guess that must appeal to some people. Kappa 01:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: also 144,000 google hits, mostly in Korean, Japanese, Chinese and Thai seems pretty good for a non-notable game. Kappa 01:37, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe transwiki to a different language, then? As SYSS Mouse says below, it's only in an English beta (at least, that's what I take the comment to mean), and thus I feel it's still non-notable... in English. In China, Korea, or Japan, it may be wildly popular - probably is.
 * Let me also note that User:Ziddy has made four edits: two are his unsigned comments on this VfD, and the other two are edits on FlyFF. jglc | t | c 16:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ad. carmeld1 14:37, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Boarderline Cleanup, otherise delete. It is a real MMORPG game. It is now at public testing stage and with an english clien, it may qualifes in notability in te future. (Note that I have too little knowledge about the game to cleanup myself). SYSS Mouse 01:53, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable as of yet. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:44, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, "non-notable," considering that many, many people are playing it for hours each day, with message boards devoted to it... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ziddy (talk • contribs) 01:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FlyFF


text:
Talk:Prayer Tower

Archive 1

Untitled
enclosed observation deck? What the heck is that? It can't mean closed or windowless, because then would be no sense of even having a deck at all. 85.217.40.33 (talk) 03:08, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prayer Tower


text:
User:Spaully

Hi!

I edit wikipedia on and off as real-life dictates. I have expertise in medical subjects but can most often be found editing articles on my interests - neurosciences and marine life.

title: User:Spaully


text:
Star Wars prequel trilogy

The Star Wars prequel trilogy, colloquially referred to as  the prequels, is a series of epic space-opera films written and directed by George Lucas. It was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The trilogy was released from 1999 to 2005 and is set before the original Star Wars trilogy (1977–1983), chronologically making it the first act of the Skywalker Saga. Lucas had planned a prequel trilogy (as well as a sequel trilogy) before the release of the original film, but halted major Star Wars films beyond the original trilogy by 1981. When computer-generated imagery (CGI) had advanced to the level he wanted for the visual effects he wanted for subsequent films, Lucas revived plans for the prequels by the early 1990s. The trilogy marked Lucas's return to directing after a 22-year hiatus following the original Star Wars film in 1977, as well as a 16-year hiatus between the classic and prequel trilogies.

The trilogy consists of Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). The films follow the training of the powerful youth Anakin Skywalker as a Jedi under the tutelage of Jedi Masters Qui-Gon Jinn (1999), Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda, his fall to the dark side of the Force and rebirth as Darth Vader. The trilogy also depicts the corruption of the Galactic Republic, the annihilation of the Jedi Order, and the rise of the Empire under Palpatine (secretly the Sith lord Darth Sidious). The first two films received mixed reviews, while the third's reception was more positive. All three enjoyed box-office success.

Background
According to original trilogy producer Gary Kurtz, loose plans for a prequel trilogy were developed during the outlining of the original two films. In 1980, Lucas confirmed that he had the nine-film series plotted, but due to the stress of producing the original trilogy and pressure from his wife Marcia Lucas to settle down, he had decided to cancel further sequels by 1981. However, technical advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the ability to create computer-generated imagery (CGI), inspired Lucas to consider that it might be possible to revisit his saga. In 1989, Lucas stated that the prequel trilogy would be "unbelievably expensive." After viewing an early CGI test created by Industrial Light & Magic for Jurassic Park, Lucas said: "We did a test for Steven Spielberg, and when we put them up on the screen I had tears in my eyes. It was like one of those moments in history, like the invention of the lightbulb or the first telephone call. A major gap had been crossed and things were never going to be the same."

In 1992, Lucas acknowledged that he had plans to create the prequel trilogy in the Lucasfilm Fan Club magazine, and announced this to Variety in late 1993. Producer Rick McCallum reached out to Frank Darabont, who had previously written The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Shawshank Redemption, for possible future writing duties. He was considered until at least 1995, but as time went on, Lucas continued writing the screenplays himself. Before Lucas chose to direct the prequels, Return of the Jedi director Richard Marquand expressed interest in directing one of the prequel films, up until his death in 1987. The popularity of the franchise had been prolonged by the Star Wars Expanded Universe, so that it still had a large audience. A theatrical rerelease of the original trilogy in 1997 'updated' the 20-year-old films with the style of CGI envisioned for the new episodes.

Films
Having been significantly anticipated by fans, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace was released on May 19, 1999. It sees the Jedi coming into contact with the young Anakin Skywalker and the corruption of the Galactic Senate by Darth Sidious. Episode II – Attack of the Clones was released on May 16, 2002. The story jumps ahead 10 years and finds Anakin—now a Jedi apprentice of Obi-Wan Kenobi—pursuing a forbidden romance, as well as the outbreak of the Clone Wars. Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, the first PG-13 film in the franchise, was released on May 19, 2005. It picks up three years following Attack of the Clones and depicts the Jedi Order being annihilated via Order 66, the Galactic Republic coming to an end and the Galactic Empire forming in its place and Anakin falling to the dark side of the Force and being reborn as Darth Vader, all under the machinations of Palpatine.

Episode I – The Phantom Menace
32 years before the events of the original film, (13 years before the creation of the Galactic Empire), two Jedi Knights—Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi—are sent to negotiate with the corrupt Trade Federation who has formed a blockade around the planet Naboo. Naboo's senator Palpatine—who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious—has covertly engineered the blockade as a pretext to become Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic. With the help of Naboo's fourteen-year-old queen, Padmé Amidala, and accompanied by a clumsy native named Jar Jar Binks, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan escape the blockade. They land on Tatooine to repair their starship and meet a nine-year-old slave named Anakin Skywalker. Believing him to be the prophesied "Chosen One", Qui-Gon takes Anakin to be trained as a Jedi.

The prequels were originally planned to fill in history tangential to the original trilogy, but Lucas realized that they could form the first half of one long story focusing on Anakin. This would shape the film series into a self-contained saga. In 1994, Lucas began writing the screenplay for the first prequel, initially titled Episode I: The Beginning. Following the film's release, Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two.

Episode II – Attack of the Clones
10 years later, an assassination attempt is made on Padmé Amidala, who is now serving as Naboo's senator after finishing her term as queen. Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice, Anakin, are assigned to protect her; Obi-Wan tracks the assassin, while Anakin and Padmé secretly fall in love. Meanwhile, Chancellor Palpatine schemes to draw the galaxy into the Clone Wars between the Republic army of clone troopers led by the Jedi, and the Confederacy of Independent Systems led by Darth Sidious' Sith apprentice, Count Dooku.

The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography, and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales, a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, to polish it. Unsure of a title, Lucas had jokingly called the film "Jar Jar's Great Adventure". In writing The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially considered that Lando Calrissian was a clone from a planet of clones which caused the Clone Wars mentioned in A New Hope. He later came up with the concept of an army of clone shock troopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and was resisted by the Jedi.

Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Three years into the Clone Wars, Anakin becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Council and begins to have visions of Padmé dying in childbirth. Palpatine reveals himself as Darth Sidious and convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé's life. Desperate, Anakin submits to Sidious and assumes the Sith moniker Darth Vader. Sidious then orders the Jedi's extermination while declaring the former Republic an Empire. Vader engages in a lightsaber duel with Obi-Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar which results in Vader getting disfigured and losing both his legs and his left arm, while Padmé dies after giving birth to twins.

Work on Episode III began before Episode II was released, with one scene shot during the earlier film's production. Lucas originally told concept artists that the film would open with a montage of the Clone Wars, and included a scene of Palpatine revealing to Anakin that he had willed his conception through the Force. Lucas reviewed and radically reorganized the plot, having Anakin execute Dooku in the first act to foreshadow his fall to the dark side. After principal photography was completed in 2003, Lucas made more changes, rewriting Anakin's arc. He would now primarily turn to the dark side in a quest to save Padmé, rather than just believing that the Jedi are plotting to take over the Republic. The rewrite was accomplished both through editing principal footage and filming new and revised scenes during pick-ups in 2004.

Themes
Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between the prequel and original trilogy, especially concerning the journey of Anakin Skywalker in the prequels and that of his son Luke in the older films. Together with the original trilogy, Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as "the tragedy of Darth Vader". According to Lucas, the correct order to watch the films is by episode order.

There are many references to Christianity in the prequel trilogy, such as the appearance of Darth Maul, whose design draws heavily from traditional depictions of the devil, complete with red skin and horns. The Star Wars film cycle features a similar Christian narrative involving Anakin Skywalker; he is the "Chosen One"—the individual prophesied to bring balance to the Force—who was conceived of a virgin birth. However, unlike Jesus, Anakin falls from grace and seemingly fails to fulfill his destiny (until the prophecy comes true in Return of the Jedi). The saga draws heavily from the hero's journey, an archetypical template developed by comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell.

Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977, focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Adolf Hitler's role as chancellor before appointing himself Führer. Lucas has also drawn parallels between Palpatine and historical dictators such as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as former president of the United States Richard Nixon. The Great Jedi Purge depicted in Revenge of the Sith mirrors the events of the Night of the Long Knives. The corruption of the Galactic Republic is modeled after the fall of the Roman Republic and the formation of an empire.

Re-releases
The films have been made available on many home video formats, most notably on DVD and Blu-ray. Like the "Special Edition" re-issue of the original trilogy, Lucasfilm has altered the films with each release, although these additional changes are minor.

A 3D theatrical re-release was planned for the then-six-film franchise beginning with The Phantom Menace in February 2012. However, following Disney's purchase of Lucasfilm, the subsequent releases were canceled to focus on the sequel trilogy. The trilogy was made available for streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch in late 2019.

Critical response
The prequel trilogy received mixed reviews, generally improving in critical reception with each installment. Common criticisms surrounded the over-reliance on computer-generated imagery, wooden dialogue (including scenes of romance between Anakin and Padmé), slow-paced political scenes, and the comic relief character of Jar Jar Binks, whose role was reduced after the first film. Several alien characters introduced in The Phantom Menace have been subject to accusations of racial stereotypes. Jar Jar is asserted to caricature a stereotyped Jamaican, while the Gungan species at large has been said to suggest a primitive African tribe. The greedy Neimoidians of the Trade Federation have been noted as resembling East Asian stereotypes with some deliberately given Thai accents, and Watto's mannerisms and hooked nose appearance were based on footage of Alec Guinness as the Jewish character Fagin in the 1948 film Oliver Twist, leading some to assert that the slave-owning character is a Jewish stereotype. Lucas denied all accusations of racial stereotypes.

Many expressed their disappointment with the trilogy's portrayal of Anakin Skywalker, particularly calling the writing weak and the dialogue wooden, although Hayden Christensen's performance in the third film was more well-received. Contrarily, Ewan McGregor's portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi, following in the footsteps of Alec Guinness, has been generally praised. Natalie Portman has expressed her disappointment with the trilogy's negative reception, saying that "When something has that much anticipation it can almost only disappoint." She also acknowledged that "With the perspective of time, it's been re-evaluated by a lot of people who actually really love them now."

The trilogy has also received some criticism for clashing aesthetically with the original trilogy. While the older films feature rough and aged technology, the prequels depict relatively sleek and new industrial designs. Some have criticized this design choice by saying that it makes the earlier time period appear to depict a more advanced civilization, although Revenge of the Sith brings the design closer to that of the original trilogy. Lucas has called the choice clever, as it illustrates the halt of technological innovation in a time period of civil war.

Conversely, some argue for the prequel trilogy's positive elements, including its handling of political issues, especially involving the rise of fascism. This includes Star Wars: The Last Jedi director and writer Rian Johnson, who also praised its visual effects innovations. Jar Jar Binks has been regarded as the first fully CGI character in a live-action film, and perceived as paving the way for Gollum in The Lord of the Rings. KING-TV's Kelly Lawler complimented the lightsaber battles as "sleeker affairs with better choreography and more athleticism" compared to the original trilogy. J. J. Abrams praised the acting of Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious, stating that the scene where he recounts the tragedy of Darth Plagueis is the best of the trilogy.

George Lucas has responded to the negative criticism by saying that, like the original films, they were intended "for 12-year-olds", while acknowledging that fans who saw the originals when they were young had different expectations as adults. The prequels have been noted as retaining a dedicated fanbase, primarily composed of Millennials and Gen Zers who were children at the time of their release. Since the late 2010s, the prequels have amassed a cult following via memes on social media, with Neel Patel of Syfy Wire attributing this to the internet being a "paradise of irreverence, just like George Lucas' scripts." Additionally, both the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Disney's sequel trilogy has been noted to have retroactively improved the perception of the prequel trilogy among fans.

Screen Rant favorably compared the way the prequels ended the saga compared to the sequels, writing, "Amidst the bad execution of the story, the fact of the matter is, the prequel movies tell one coherent narrative, with a clear through-line between movies – this is something sorely lacking in the sequel trilogy." Similarly, Den of Geek's Andrew Blair wrote that the prequels were "enjoying a deserved reappraisal" following vocal discourse surrounding the sequels. He considered the prequels to be the superior trilogy as, in contrast to its successors, the films had "consistency" and "the product of a singular vision."

title: Star Wars prequel trilogy


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User:Fastfission/MP

Manhattan Project sandbox

Pre-history
1930s context, physics and war.

Beginnings of US effort
Szilard, Teller, Einstein letter. National Bureau of Standards work, British TUBE ALLOYS. Fermi at Chicago. British urge EOL, VB, JC to push stronger US effort. OSRD project, uranium committee. JRO takes over calculations, theory. Summer meeting. Decision to put into military hands.

MED
Creation of MED: LRG to head. JRO as scientific director. Work at Chicago and at Berkeley, among other places. Creation of centralized lab and production facilities.

Production and problems
Chicago work moved to Oak Ridge. Los Alamos chosen. Hanford. Properties of plutonium. Additional sites created. Creating enriched uranium. Implosion solution. Lenses.

Trinity test
Build up to the Trinity test. Reactions to Trinity. Potsdam. Moral questions, petitions circulate.

Japan
Decision to use the bomb. Tinian. Hiroshima. Nagasaki. Manchuria. VJ day. Assessment of damage. ALSOS.

Postwar
MED continues after war. Uranium reserves. Bikini tests. Civilian or military control? Creation of the AEC.

Legacy
Espionage (Fuchs, Greenglass, Hall), Soviet bomb. Comparison with other projects. Amount spent. As scientific metaphor.

Timelines

 * 1920-1942 (proton to plutonium)
 * 1942-1944 (MED to planning for Trinity)
 * 1945 (early 1945 to VJ day)

title: User:Fastfission/MP


text:
St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig

The St. Nicholas Church (Nikolaikirche) is one of the major churches of central Leipzig, Germany (in Leipzig's district Mitte). Construction started in Romanesque style in 1165, but in the 16th century, the church was turned into a Gothic hall church. Baroque elements like the tower were added in the 18th century.

In the 18th century, several works by Johann Sebastian Bach, who was as Thomaskantor the music director of Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche from 1723 to 1750, premiered here. The Neoclassical interior dates to the late 18th century.

The church rose to national fame in 1989 with the Monday Demonstrations when it became the centre of peaceful revolt against communist rule. By capacity, it is one of the largest churches in Saxony.

History
Construction of the church began about 1165. It is named after St. Nicholas, patron of travelers and merchants. It was built originally in the Romanesque style (with twin towers) but was extended and enlarged in the early 16th century in the Gothic style. The Baroque main tower was added in 1730; the portal dates from 1759.

Notable philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was baptized here as an infant on 3 July 1646.

From 1784 to 1797 the interior was remodeled by German architect Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe in the Neoclassical style. The church has been a Protestant seat since 1539 after the Protestant Reformation, but today the Catholic Church is also allowed to use it.

The church saw four of the five performances (including the premiere) of the St John Passion by Johann Sebastian Bach on Good Friday in 1724, 1728, 1732, and 1749, as well as many of his cantatas and oratorios performed by the Thomanerchor.

Peaceful demonstrations
From 1989 to 1991, people gathered at St. Nicholas on Monday evenings, leading to spontaneous peaceful protests against the government. Cabaret artist Bernd-Lutz Lange said about the events which started in the St. Nicholas Church: "'There was no head of the revolution. The head was the Nikolaikirche and the body the centre of the city. There was only one leadership: Monday, 5 pm, St. Nicholas Church.'"

Post-reunification
More recently, the church has been struggling to find the funds for interior restorations which have been ongoing since 1968.

Organ
The church organ was built by Friedrich Ladegast in 1862 with four manuals and 83 stops. Its renovated from mechanical (tracker) action to pneumatic action in the early 20th century by Wilhem Sauer. 2004 Eule Organbuilding (Bautzen) rebuilt the organ to mechanical key action, reconstructed losted stops and added a 5th manual. Now the organ has 103 stops, included the 83 Ladegast-stops. It is the largest organ in Saxony.

Today
The current pastor for the church is Bernhard Stief.

Nikolaikirche has a capacity of over 1,400 seats.

title: St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig


text:
Category:Mountains of Haiti

 * Mountains and peaks of Haiti — on western Hispaniola island in the Caribbean.

title: Category:Mountains of Haiti


text:
Sir Tommy

Sir Tommy, also called Old Patience, is a patience or solitaire card game using a single pack of 52 playing cards. It is said to be the ancestor of all patiences, hence its alternative title. It is a half-open, planner type of patience game in the same family of card-building games as Calculation and Strategy. It is also known as Try Again and Numerica. Ednah Cheney (1869) calls it Solitaire and says "it is the simplest form of patience".

Rules
Cards are dealt one at a time. When an ace turns up, it forms a foundation which builds up to King regardless of suit. Four such foundations should be built. A card that cannot yet be placed on the foundation is placed onto one of four wastepiles; once placed, it cannot be moved, but the top card of each wastepile remains available to be placed on a foundation.

The game is won if all cards are emptied from the wastepiles and built on the foundations.

Strategy
To achieve a win, skilled players typically reserve one wastepile for Kings and for other high cards, and trying to avoid trapping a lower-ranked card under all four cards of some higher rank. With good play, it's possible to win 1 in 5 games.

Variants
Many variants exist, including one where four cards are turned up at a time rather than one, and must all be placed before making other moves. Puss in the Corner has a slightly different layout, and is a very similar game except that building happens by colour rather than suit.

Closely related to Sir Tommy are Auld Lang Syne and Tam O'Shanter, both of which are considered nearly impossible to win; Old Fashioned and Acquaintance are both slightly easier versions of Auld Lang Syne.

In the less flexible Alternate, the foundations are built in alternate colors, building one upwards, and the other downwards. Building happens by colour in the variant Colours, with six waste-piles making the game easier.

Strategy is a Sir Tommy variant invented by Albert H. Morehead and Geoffrey Mott-Smith, and uses eight tableau piles to make the game much easier. Last Chance is also easier courtesy of seven tableau piles and a reserve pile.

The popular patience game Calculation is also derivative from Sir Tommy, and changes the goal to place cards on the foundations by increasing ranks of 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, and is a game of great skill.

Literature

 * Cheney, Mrs. E. D. (1869). Patience: A Series of Games with Cards. 2nd edn, with additions. Boston: Lee & Shepard. NY: Lee, Shepard & Dillingham.
 * Parlett, David Sidney (1979). The Penguin Book of Patience. London: A. Lane ISBN 0-7139-1193-X
 * Pole, W. (1875). "Games at Cards for One Player" in Macmillan’s Magazine. January 1875, Toronto: Robarts. pp. 242 ff. Account of "The Old Patience".
 * Morehead, Albert H. and Geoffrey Mott-Smith (2001) The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience. Slough: Foulsham
 * Whitmore Jones, Mary (1888,90). "Old Tommy Patience" in Games of Patience for One or More Players. 1st Series. London: L. Upcott Gill. pp. 9–10.

title: Sir Tommy


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User:LouieS

I am a student in Enviormental Science studying at Iowa State University.

Politics
http://www.politicalcompass.org/ Economic Left/Right: 2.75 Social Libertarian/Authoritarian: -3.95

I have been in, for longer than a day, all of the following countries:

 * Belgium
 * Luxembourg
 * France
 * Germany
 * Mexico
 * Canada
 * Brazil
 * Costa Rica

I started or have made significan contributions to:
Aircraft Ilyushin Il-14

Zionism
(Its worthy to note I am a post-Zionist; essentially now that Israel has been established all parties must mutually recognize the right of continued existance for all nations involved Weapons Local Tobacco Agricultural Science Misc.
 * Zionist terrorism
 * Palestinian terrorism and militancy
 * R-36
 * G7a
 * G7e
 * Des Moines Area Community College
 * China National Tobacco Co.
 * Djarum
 * Loess
 * Moldboard Plow
 * Professional Education Institute

{| style="margin: auto; margin-top: .6em; margin-bottom: .6em; padding: .1em; border: #99C solid 1px; background-color: transparent;" Search user languages
 * style="text-align: center;"| WP:Babel

title: User:LouieS


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rebotcasting

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:36, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Rebotcasting
Neologism. 22 Google hits, all from the same blog. --Xcali 15:49, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Non-notable neologism. -- BD2412 talk 15:51, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete nn/neologism Tobycat 06:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Ok, I get what a neologism is, but this term is very precise and descriptive. It describes a particular kind of podcast. Maybe if we took out the part about the "guy in his basement"?
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
European Rugby League

The European Rugby League (ERL) (previously Rugby League European Federation (RLEF)) is the umbrella body for nations playing the sport of rugby league football across Europe. In the absence of other continental federations, ERL also controls rugby league in North America the Middle East and Africa through its sub-branches Americas Rugby League and Middle East-Africa Rugby League.

History
The federation was founded January 2003 following an initiative between Richard Lewis, Executive Chairman of Great Britain's Rugby Football League (RFL) and his French counterpart Jean Paul Ferre of the French Rugby League Federation (FFR). The RLEF's first constitution was approved in January 2004 and the federation's first Board of Directors was elected. This first Board of Directors consisted of Jean Paul Ferre as Chairman and Richard Lewis as Deputy Chairman, with Nigel Wood and Nicolas Larrat being the other Board members. Representatives for Morocco, Italy, Serbia, Russia, Lebanon, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales attended. Russia became a full member of the RLEF, joining Britain and France, and the RLIF soon after.

At the time of its foundation, the RLEF placed a "particular emphasis on generating development funding within each country". Historically, much of the development work conducted in Europe had been funded by the RFL. Following the profitable 2008 World Cup, the RFL and RLEF prepared to bid for funds to enhance their activities.

2004 saw the revival of the Rugby League European Championship, now ran by the RLEF.

In December 2009, Kevin Rudd, a former Scotland rugby league international, stepped down as Executive Officer of the RLEF after more than five years in the post. RLEF Chairman Richard Lewis stated that Rudd "has done an outstanding job and created a platform, structure and competitions framework that can take us into the future". Rudd was succeeded by Danny Kazandjian. Kazandjian had previously been a key figure in the establishment of rugby league in Lebanon and had led the RLEF's development drive in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions as Director of Development for the Euro-Med region.

In 2011, the RLEF introduced two sub-branches – Americas Rugby League and Middle East-Africa Rugby League – to further develop rugby league in those regions.

In 2021, The RLEF was renamed to the European Rugby League in line with the RLIF's renaming to the International Rugby League.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Rugby League banned Russia from all international rugby league competitions.

Current board
Former members: Chairperson: Maurice Watkins 🏴, Board Member: Blagoje Stoiljkovic 🇷🇸

Membership
Currently eleven nations are full members of the federation; there are also fifteen affiliate members and nineteen official observers. Full members are entitled to a greater proportion of voting rights and to become members of the Rugby League International Federation.

In order to become an associate member, a nation must meet the following criteria:
 * Implementation of a constitution and rules that commit the governing body to acting in the best interest of rugby league, throughout the whole of their country.
 * Production of an annual financial report.
 * Running a league competition with at least four teams.
 * Implementation of a junior development programme.
 * The production of a Business Development Plan outlining an organisation's future aims, including aims to find part funding for staff positions.
 * A communications strategy.
 * An administrators, match officials and coach education strategy.

The ERL stipulates that continued associate and full membership of the federation is subject to a check every two years to ensure that the minimum criteria are still being met.

Official observers

 * 🇦🇱 Albanian Rugby League
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium Rugby League Association
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina Rugby League Association
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgarian Rugby League Federation
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi Rugby League
 * DR Congo Rugby League XIII
 * Dansk Rugby League
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador Rugby League
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia Rugby League
 * 🇭🇺 Hungarian Rugby League Federation
 * Latvia Rugby League
 * 🇱🇾 Libya Rugby League Association
 * 🇲🇰 Macedonian Rugby League
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro Rugby League
 * 🇵🇸 Palestinian Rugby League
 * 🇵🇱 Polska Rugby XIII
 * Saudi Arabian Rugby League Association
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone Rugby League
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia Rugby League
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden Rugby League

Former observer members

 * Rugby League Association of Catalonia
 * Federația Româna de Rugby XIII
 * Trinidad & Tobago Rugby League Association
 * Emirates Rugby League

title: European Rugby League


text:
User:D0s4gw

My name is Mike, and I live in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

I have been a long time Wikipedia lurker, occasionally fixing typo's and grammatical errors, but I have yet to contribute any added value to an article.

title: User:D0s4gw


text:
Edward Bairstow

Sir Edward Cuthbert Bairstow (22 August 1874 – 1 May 1946) was an English organist and composer in the Anglican church music tradition.

Life and career
Bairstow was born in Trinity Street, Huddersfield in 1874. His grandfather Oates Bairstow was founder of the eponymous clothing firm.

He studied the organ with John Farmer at Balliol College, Oxford, and while articled under Frederick Bridge of Westminster Abbey received tuition from Walter Alcock. He studied organ and theory at the University of Durham, receiving the Bachelor of Music in 1894, and the Doctor of Music in 1901.

After holding posts in London, Wigan and Leeds, he served as organist of York Minster from 1913 to his death, when he was succeeded by his former pupil Francis Jackson. Jackson went on to write a biography of Bairstow. He was knighted in 1932. His other pupils included Elsie Suddaby and Gerald Finzi. During his time in Wigan, he was publicly acclaimed by Hans Richter for his handling of chorus and orchestra. He was president of the ISM, the IAO (Incorporated Association of Organist) and the RCO at various times, he also served on the advisory board of the BBC in its early days. While in Leeds, he had the parish church organ rebuilt, to his wishes, by his friend Arthur Harrison.

He was held in high esteem by his pupils, according to Jackson, who considered his acceptation as chorister under Bairstow in 1929 'the most fortunate day of my musical life.' His praise of the maestro speaks of 'his ability to do supremely well at whatever he put his hand to... I never heard him play a wrong note.'

Notorious for his terseness and bluntness, Bairstow did not always endear himself to others. Asked whether he would be willing to follow the example of his predecessor at York, Thomas Tertius Noble, and emigrate to the United States, he replied that he would "rather go to the devil". Comfortably ensconced in Yorkshire, where he was a close friend of the equally blunt Charles Harry Moody, organist at Ripon Cathedral, he refused an offer to succeed Sydney Nicholson at Westminster Abbey. He instead recommended his erstwhile pupil Ernest Bullock, who was duly appointed to the post.

Key dates

 * 1893 Organist of All Saints, Norfolk Square
 * 1899 Organist of Wigan Parish Church
 * 1906 Organist of Leeds Parish Church
 * 1913 Master of Music, York Minster
 * 1927 13th centenary celebrations of York Minster (multiple choirs). First time the Bach Mass in B minor was heard in York.
 * 1932 Knighted for services to music

Compositions
Bairstow's compositions are mainly for the church. He wrote 29 anthems, ranging from large-scale works for choir and organ such as Blessed city, heavenly Salem to miniatures like I sat down under his shadow and Jesu, the very thought of thee. Among his anthems, Let all mortal flesh keep silence is perhaps the best known. His service music includes published settings in D (Evening 1906, Communion 1913, Morning 1925), E♭ (Full Setting, 1923), and G (Evening, 1940), and several unpublished works. He also composed psalm chants, hymn tunes, and a cantata, The Prodigal Son, for choir and chamber orchestra.

Bairstow was also active as an instrumental composer, mainly for the organ, and some 12 pieces were published in his lifetime, among them the 1937 Sonata in E♭. His small output of chamber music includes a set of variations for two pianos and another set of variations for violin and piano, both long out of print.

Key works

 * Evening song, for organ (1900)
 * Save us, O Lord (1900)
 * Let all mortal flesh keep silence for unaccompanied choir (1906, published 1925)
 * Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in D (1906)
 * Legend for organ (1907)
 * Prelude in C for organ (1907)
 * Variations on an Original Theme for two pianos (1908)
 * If the Lord had not helped me (1910)
 * Prelude, Elegy and Toccata for organ (1911)
 * Sing ye to the Lord (1911)
 * Blessed city, Heavenly Salem (based on the plainsong "Urbs beata") (1914)
 * Lord, Thou hast been our refuge (1916)
 * Six Variations on an Original Theme for violin and piano (1916)
 * I sat down under his shadow (1925)
 * Jesu, the Very Thought of Thee (1925)
 * Let all mortal flesh keep silence (1925)
 * Jesu grant me this I pray (Orlando Gibbons, arr. Bairstow) (1929)
 * The King of love my shepherd is (1931)
 * Though I speak with the tongues of men (1934)
 * Organ Sonata in E♭ (1937)
 * The Prodigal Son for chorus and small orchestra (1939)
 * Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G (1940)
 * The Lamentations of Jeremiah (1942)
 * Five Poems of the Spirit (1944)
 * 'Come, lovely Name'
 * 'O Lord, in me there lieth naught'
 * 'Praise'
 * 'Purse and Scrip'
 * 'L’Envoy'
 * Three Short Preludes for organ (published 1947)

Books

 * Handel’s Oratorio ‘The Messiah’: (OUP, Musical Pilgrim series, 1928)
 * Counterpoint and Harmony: MacMillan/Stainer & Bell, 1937, 1945 (2nd ed). Republished 2007 by the Bairstow Press, ISBN 1-4067-6086-2, ISBN 978-1-4067-6086-6.
 * The Evolution of Musical Form: OUP, 1943.
 * Singing Learned from Speech: A Primer for Teachers and Students (with Harry Plunket Greene): (Macmillan, 1945)

title: Edward Bairstow