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Sechelt

Sechelt (, shíshálh Language: ch'atlich ) is a district municipality located on the lower Sunshine Coast of British Columbia. Approximately 50 km (30 miles) northwest of Vancouver, it is accessible from mainland British Columbia by a 40-minute ferry trip between Horseshoe Bay and Langdale, and a 25-minute drive from Langdale along Highway 101, also known as the Sunshine Coast Highway. The name Sechelt is derived from the she shashishalhem word shíshálh, the name of the First Nations people who first settled the area thousands of years ago.

The original Village of Sechelt was incorporated on February 15, 1956. Sechelt later expanded its boundaries in 1986 with the inclusion of a number of adjacent unincorporated areas. The District of Sechelt, as it is known today, encompasses some 39.71 km² (15.33 sq mi) at the isthmus of the Sechelt Peninsula, between the southern tip of Sechelt Inlet (Porpoise Bay) and the Strait of Georgia that separates the provincial mainland from Vancouver Island.

Sechelt is a seaside community with approx. 35 kilometers (20 miles) of Pacific Ocean shoreline that extends primarily along the coastline of the Sunshine Coast, and is bounded to the west and east by the unincorporated communities of Halfmoon Bay and Roberts Creek, respectively. The 2016 Canadian census placed its population at 10,200. The regional offices of the Sunshine Coast Regional District of British Columbia are located in Sechelt.

Although its population is relatively small for its geographical area, Sechelt has several distinct neighbourhoods. From east to west, they are ts'uḵw'um (Wilson Creek), Davis Bay, Selma Park, the original Village of Sechelt, and West Sechelt. Several neighbourhoods around Sechelt Inlet were also included in Sechelt's 1986 incorporation as a district; these include West Porpoise Bay, East Porpoise Bay, Sandy Hook, Tillicum Bay and Tuwanek. The shíshálh Nation Government District, which contains a substantial commercial district, is immediately east of Sechelt's "downtown" village.

History
The original inhabitants of Sechelt are the shíshálh Nation, a British Columbian First Nation. The town of Sechelt is known as "ch'atlich" in she shashishalhem (the shíshálh language). For thousands of years, the shíshálh People practiced a hunting and gathering subsistence strategy, making extensive use of the natural food resources located around ch'atlich, and its strategic location for access into the Sechelt Inlet.

Europeans began settling in the ch'atlich area in the 1860s and by the 1880s, developing an active centre of the logging and fishing industries with the construction of sawmills and wharves. With sustained contact with European settlers, the shíshálh People's semi-nomadic way of life began to be substituted for a more sedentary life in Sechelt, a change heavily influenced by the establishment of a Roman Catholic church by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Our Lady of the Rosary was completed in 1890 and cost the Sechelt people a sum of $8,000 to construct. In 1906, this church was destroyed in a fire, and a year later another church was erected in its place called Our Lady of Lourdes but this too was also destroyed by fire in October, 1970.

The natural beauty of the Sunshine Coast soon attracted tourists, who arrived at the wharves at Trail Bay via steamship. The construction of the original provincial highway in 1952, Highway 101, now also known as Sunshine Coast Highway, and the accompanying commencement of ferry service to Horseshoe Bay (near Vancouver) and Powell River (hence to Vancouver Island) accelerated tourism and residential growth, which continues today.

In 2019, the Seawatch subdivision was evacuated due to a risk of sinkholes. The subdivision was built in 2006 and covenants were placed on the land to release Sechelt from claims relating to the land, including sinkholes. Since the evacuation, multiple lawsuits have been filed between the 14 homeowners, Sechelt, the province of British Columbia, and the property developer over issues including an unnecessarily long state of emergency (awards granted to 2 residents), Sechelt's claim that residents have an obligation to repair infrastructure and pay legal fees (ongoing), Sechelt's withholding of documents (set of documents released to resident), covenants on the properties (deemed valid), and Sechelt's approval of the subdivision (negligence not found).

Geography
Sechelt is a municipality on the Sunshine Coast, west northwest of Vancouver BC. Sechelt is located on an isthmus, a narrow strip of land that bridges between the Sechelt Peninsula and the BC mainland. This isthmus is bounded on the north by the Sechelt Inlet, and on the south by the Strait of Georgia.

The municipality consists of 4 non-contiguous areas, all separated by the shíshálh Nation Government District.

Climate
Sechelt's climate is Cfb (Temperate Oceanic) according to the Köppen climate classification, and is designated as USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a (8b inland) by Environment Canada. It has the warmest nights in Canada.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sechelt had a population of 10,847 living in 5,128 of its 5,738 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 10,216. With a land area of 39.02 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Sechelt included:
 * Irreligion (5,955 persons or 56.1%)
 * Christianity (4,010 persons or 37.8%)
 * Buddhism (170 persons or 1.6%)
 * Sikhism (150 persons or 1.4%)
 * Islam (75 persons or 0.7%)
 * Judaism (95 persons or 0.9%)
 * Hinduism (40 persons or 0.4%)
 * Other (125 persons or 1.2%)

Attractions
The village itself, the original locus of Sechelt, includes Clayton's Heritage Market (a grocery store named after its pioneering family owners) in Trail Bay Mall. A new public library with municipal hall opened in 1997, and a combined provincial courthouse and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) building, and a public recreation aquatic centre serving Sechelt and the surrounding area, have also been completed since that time.

Immediately to the east of the downtown village is the shíshálh Nation Government District municipality, home of the tems swiya Museum and gift shop, a shopping centre, movie theatre.

Other Sechelt area landmarks include:

 * Sechelt (shíshálh) Hospital (originally St. Mary's, the Sunshine Coast's first hospital, renamed in 2015)
 * A satellite campus of Capilano University
 * The local regional government offices of the Sunshine Coast Regional District
 * Sechelt airport, presently a small regional aerodrome, a few kilometres (miles) east of the downtown village in the ts'u ḵ w'um (Wilson Creek) neighbourhood
 * Davis Bay, with a public seawall walk, wharf, and lands for a public waterfront park, presently known as Mission Point Park
 * Sechelt Quarry, operated by Heidelberg Materials, one of the largest open-pit gravel quarries in North America.

Recreation and tourism
Like other parts of the Sunshine Coast, Sechelt is known for its natural beauty, and is a popular destination for outdoor activities that include kayaking, diving, snowshoeing and skiing, hiking and backpacking, camping and mountain biking. There is an 18-hole public golf course, and a number of small marinas are available around Sechelt Inlet. Sechelt has several municipal parks, and larger provincial parks are nearby.

Auto enthusiasts come from around the Pacific Northwest for Sechelt's annual Sleepy Hollow Rod Run, and the "Show and Shine" held in conjunction with the August drag races at Sechelt Airport.

Hidden Groves
The Hidden Groves area of old growth forest adjoins the Sandy Hook neighbourhood, 6 km (4 miles) from downtown Sechelt and 2 km (1¼ miles) from Porpoise Bay Provincial Park. It has trails for walkers and hikers of various abilities, from easy walks of around 15 minutes to more strenuous treks of 3 or 4 kilometres (about 2 miles). A wheelchair-accessible trail of 480 metres (525 yards) into the Ancient Grove area is also suitable for people with walkers, strollers, and those not so fit. A second 400-metre (yard) accessibility trail loops from the entrance kiosk through pristine forest and back.

The entrance kiosk features a large map of the trails. All trails are well-marked and maintained. There are signs at all intersections with directions, maps and guides.

The Groves includes giant ancient trees, maple wetland, and rocky promontories with views of Vancouver Island and Sechelt Inlet. There is parking at the entrance to the trails. It is a legal off-leash area for dogs.

The Sechelt Heritage Forest portion of the Groves is a protected interpretive forest as designated by the Province. Hidden Grove is currently part of the BC Forest and under a special tenure to the Sechelt Community Forest, which has declared the Grove a special high-priority recreational area and mandated it shall not be logged. Volunteers provide daily maintenance.

Porpoise Bay Provincial Park
Porpoise Bay Provincial Park is some 4 km (2½ miles) north of downtown Sechelt, on the east side of Sechelt Inlet. It is characterized by second-growth forest, open grassy areas and sandy beaches.

Education
The School District 46 Sunshine Coast operates public schools in the region.

The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates two Francophone schools in that city: the école du Pacifique primary school and école secondaire Chatelech.

title: Sechelt


text:
Sardar Patel Vidyalaya

Sardar Patel Vidyalaya (SPV) is an education school located in Lodhi Estate, New Delhi, India. The school is named after a leader of the Indian independence movement, and independent India's first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Academics
It is a private school in India that employs Hindi as a medium of instruction in primary school. Though primarily subjects such as Math, science and social studies are taught in Hindi till class 5th, students are taught 'technical terms' which are the English counterparts of whatever they learnt.

Students are provided instruction in four languages. From 1st grade, it is Hindi medium. English is the medium of education from the Class VI onwards. From Class VI, students have to choose between Gujarati, Tamil, Bengali and Urdu as their fourth language. Hindi and Sanskrit are mandatory until Class VIII. In Class IX, students are asked to choose between Hindi and Sanskrit.

Principals

 * Raghubhai M. Nayak
 * Vibha Parthasarathy
 * Y K Mago (officiating)
 * Mukesh Shelath
 * Kusum Lata Warikoo
 * Vijaya Subramaniam (officiating)
 * Ms. Anuradha Joshi (2007–present)

Administration and civil services and diplomatic services

 * Achal Kumar Jyoti, Indian Administrative Service officer; Former Chief Election Commissioner of India, Former Chief Secretary, Commissioner of Education Govt of Gujarat
 * Vineeta Rai, Indian Administrative Service officer; former Revenue Secretary, Government of India
 * Late Abhijit Sen, Padma Bhushan and Former Member of the Planning Commission of India
 * TCA Raghvan, A former Indian diplomat of the Indian Foreign Service with considerable experience in South Asia policy issues and considered an expert on Pakistan studies.From 2013 to 2015 he was the High Commissioner of India to Pakistan. In July 2018 he was appointed Director General of the Indian Council of World Affairs.

Arts and media

 * Ketan Mehta, film director
 * Varun Badola, television actor
 * Nandita Das, film actress, director
 * Shahana Goswami, Bollywood actress
 * Poorna Jagannathan, Hollywood and Bollywood actor and producer
 * Richa Chaddha, Bollywood actress
 * Swara Bhaskar, Bollywood Actress
 * Anusha Rizvi, Bollywood film director
 * Suraj Sharma, film actor
 * Pakhi Tyrewala, actress
 * Sudhir Pandey, veteran TV and film actor Well known for his performances in popular Doordarshan serials like Buniyaad
 * Shrikrishan Sharma, a mastro of slide guitar and Vichitra Veena in Indian Classical Music. He featured in programmes broadcast by All India Radio and on television for over three decades
 * Aditya Arya, has played a pivotal role in the establishment of India Photo Archive Foundation and the Neel Dongre Awards/Grants for Excellence in Photography, His India Photo Archive Foundation and The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, has set up Museo Camera, in Gurugram that is dedicated to the art and history of photography.
 * Aditya Arya, has played a pivotal role in the establishment of India Photo Archive Foundation and the Neel Dongre Awards/Grants for Excellence in Photography, His India Photo Archive Foundation and The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, has set up Museo Camera, in Gurugram that is dedicated to the art and history of photography.

Literature

 * Aman Sethi, Writer and Correspondent for The Hindu

Corporate

 * S. Ramadorai, CEO, Tata Consultancy Services and recipient of the Padma Bhushan
 * Sanjay Mehrotra, CEO of Micron Technology and co-founder of SanDisk

Science and technology

 * Kapil Hari Paranjape, Mathematician
 * Vidyut Mohan, social entrepreneur and Earthshot Prize winner

Academia

 * Shalini Randeria, A Rhodes Scholar and social anthropologist/sociologist. She was Rector of the Institute for Human Sciences (IWM) in Vienna and Professor of Social Anthropology and Sociology at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva, where she was also Director of the Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy. She holds the Excellence Chair at the University of Bremen, where she leads a research group on “soft authoritarianisms"
 * Mohit Randeria, Professor, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Fellow of the American Physical Society, Distinguished Alumni Award, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi  Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology.
 * Shivaji Sondhi, A theoretical physicist who is currently the Wykeham Professor of Physics in the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford
 * Sandeep Marwah, media and film production educator. Founder of Marwah Studios

Environmentalism

 * Ashish Kothari, has been a member of Steering Committees of the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) and IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP) He has also been a teacher of environment at Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi.

Sports

 * Kagayama, Indian Volleyball team
 * Deep Dasgupta, Indian cricket team
 * Rajpal Singh, Indian judo team
 * Ajay Jadeja, Indian cricket team and TV commentator
 * Murali Kartik, Indian cricket team
 * Gagan Khoda, Indian cricket team
 * Vivek Razdan, Indian cricket team
 * Rahul Sanghvi, Indian cricket team
 * Tejaswin Shankar, Indian Track and field

Law

 * Karuna Nundy, Supreme Court Advocate
 * Kaushik Moitra, Partner, Bharucha & Partners Kaushik Moitra

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sardar Patel Vidyalaya


text:
Talk:Carleton College/Archive 1

Games & Sports
The changes i reverted are two in number, both plausible.

The fall of GOP from leadership, if real, can certainly be described on this talk page, and its reign (especially if only recently ended) may still deserve mention as in "GOP long prominent but broke up" or "GOP at least temporarily eclipsed".

The Ambition mention has some history of being tuned into acceptability in this article, so unless we've been suckered completely, there's some consensus that it's sufficiently notable, and counter-arguments for its non-notability are in order. --Jerzy(t) 16:52, 2004 Apr 15 (UTC)

 * Since GOP has no national or regional prominence and has won no national awards, I would consider them irrelevant to a discussion of Carleton. Even their own web page has not been updated since 1999.  Considering they were created in 1995 according to their website, they have little to do with the history or current status of Carleton College.

 * Syzygy, with a history of national tournament competition going back to 1988, including winning the national championship 2000, is a much better example of the competitive varsity and club sports Carleton has to offer.

 * As for the Ambition thing, I just have to say, "hunh?" If Mike Church wants to reference Carleton from his entry concerning his game, fine.  But I see no relevance to the definition of Carleton College.  For example, the basketball page notes its history as invented in Springfield, Massachusetts.  But the page doesn't need to list that it was the birthplace of basketball.
 * --208.42.115.205 16:34, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Fine work, and i only dispute one point: if you'd ever driven thru Springfield on I-91, i think you'd agree with me that Springfield, Massachusetts should mention being the birthplace of basketball, in conjunction with the Basketball Hall of Fame: they deserve some explanation of the extenuating circumstances re their hosting it [grin]. Carleton probably is not so deeply involved in Ambition, unless we start hearing from others who continue an interest beyond the tourney. (BTW, speaking of games, do you know of Rotblatt and Glom?)

You may have noted that we're often casual abt documentation, but your diligent response suggests either excessive courtesy or your understanding why i asked for it in this case.

IMO, you should consider getting a user name here at WP (pseudonymous, like mine, if you prefer); i expect you'd earn a good reputation within WP, if your editing interests go further. (Your anon edits can definitely be transferred to the username if that's an IP-address private to you, and perhaps anyway.) You don't even have to give an EMail address, and if you do, it is still private against people whose EMail you don't respond to.

I would think there might be a place for some defunct teams in the discussion of Frisbee as an extended tradition, but in the absence of further evidence, i agree with you that GOP is not one of them. Nor, i'm guessing, is Hot Karls, unless they are a lot hotter than stated. With that in mind, i'm for reverting both myself and User:Mike Church in favor of your last edit.

I presume you know the Twain quote about the honor of being ridden out of town on a rail, and am guessing you'd forgo the honor of putting back your edit, even if you've already picked up on how to revert.

Tnx for your cooperation. [smile] --Jerzy(t) 21:05, 2004 Apr 16 (UTC)

GOP and Hot Karls are debatable; they are real Carleton organizations (pass Google test) but a list of Carleton extracurriculars (external link) may be more in order for that. I'm sure Carleton has one on their site.

Ambition should stay, but be kept to a mere mention. The game seems to have a pretty serious following and the fact that the first tournament occured there is important, but only deserving a mention (like the Schiller tradition) and not a full exposition. Similarly, I'd object to any mention of Church on the page, since he (unlike his game) is decidely nonfamous, at least at this point.

Rotblatt is a drunken baseball game in honor of Marvin Rotblatt, who was apparently a not very good baseball player. It used to be a semi-serious baseball game, where the senior class played the 5 year alums, but over time it degenerated into a bunch of people drinking on a baseball field. I believe Rotblatt was once covered by ESPN.

Sports & Games mixed with Alums (etc.)
By the way, didn't one of the guys associated with Lord of the Rings go to Carleton. Where is that? 68.117.68.223 03:50, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Page edited in accord with 68. I know Rotblatt was covered either by ESPN or Sports Illustrated (and heavily criticized), or maybe both, but I couldn't substantiate either claim and I'm not sure of which, so I did not include the fact. Mike Church 20:01, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * (Jerzy(t) 05:37, 2004 Apr 22 (UTC) notes that Mike, in addition to moving some 'graphs, added Rotblatt, restored a version of Ambition, and added Hilleman, Osborne, and Veblen just before the time indicated.)

Garrick Utley and Peter Tork could be added to the list of noted Alumni. On the sports side, the only NCAA sanctioned Metric football game occured between Carleton and St. Olaf at some point. --209.98.116.228 03:36, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Alums (etc.)
Also add Melvin R. Laird, and perhaps the Laird family's relation to the college (Laird Hall, Laird Stadium, & Laird Field). And IIRC, a world-class long distance runner who later edited Runner's World or its second-string competitor. --Jerzy(t) 05:44, 2004 Apr 19 (UTC)

The link to William Carleton in the body paragraph links to the Irish writer, but he is not the William Carleton the school is named after, unless the linked article is also wrong and fails to mention his donation or moving to Charlestown, MA.

P Wellstone
"Left-leaning" is vague enuf to include most Dems.

I think liberal Dems are actually in the minority of the party. Then again, I'm a lefty who things everyone's far right due to perspective...

However, perhaps "left-leaning" was poor wording, because it is somewhat vague.

I said "highly-respected" because the man had a reputation for being respected on both sides of the proverbial aisle, and pretty much universally. I don't think it's POV, but I won't reintroduce it. Mike Church 04:00, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Re "Left", i don't think we're in disagreement, & my main concern is that "left" be said relative to some explicit standard. (E.g., it might be worth looking at whether ADA ratings establish a continuum or (as i fear)a very few clusters, each of people  indistinguishable scores:  intuitively i expect there to be a continuum of philosophies, but that gauging legislative votes work to hide those differences due to party discipline, and/or due to "voting for the test" just as teachers may "teach for the test".  E.g., i'm convinced my state rep is better on repro. freedom than each of the sequence of challengers, yet NARAL won't ever endorse bcz they both manage to get perfect scores!)
 * As to respect, i think it can be worded w/o PoV, but that it's hard to do with the space that he deserves on this page: that point is better made, once, in detail, on the Paul Wellstone article where it can be given all the space that requires, than shoehorned into each article that mentions him; that's what all these links are for. (In fact, my biggest misgiving about "left" actually is that my "Senate spectrum" wording has so many words; i welcome other ideas.)
 * If anyone has ideas for working around some of the problems raised, discussing the tricky points (or trying out something new for reactions, by editing the article) is better than someone getting their wording in bcz everyone else gives up.

Thorstein Veblen
Hmm, i added Thorstein Veblen's class as 1880, based on a Carleton source. But there are other versions; see Talk:Thorstein Veblen --Jerzy(t) 21:28, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

Pranks
In the text
 * painted the night before his commencement speech, and repainted very early the following morning

the wording "and repainted" is confusing; it probably means someone returned it to plain vanilla very early, but as it stands what it says is that the portrait was painted twice in the same night. Not hard to fix, if my surmise about the facts is correct.

(Speaking of clarity, is there "Freshman Rhetoric"?) --Jerzy(t) 05:37, 2004 Apr 22 (UTC)

Carleton's campus life shows no lack of traditions
In the traditions section, we had
 * One of the unique features of Carleton's campus life is its focus on traditions.

It may be a distinguishing feature (tho i'm not suggesting a simple substitution), but "unique" means only one of the "universe" under discussion has it. That claim could be verifiable (as WP expects) if said "focus", and the extent of the category of "traditions" being considered, and the universe (American 4-year higher education?) were clearly specified, but that seems far-fetched. I've substituted a lame sentence, just to smooth the transition:
 * Carleton's campus life shows no lack of traditions.

Consider that a straw man: knock it down. --Jerzy(t) 06:58, 2004 Apr 22 (UTC)

The Original Comment by Fehler
I fail to see the relevance of the dvdfest.org paragraph. The author needs to do a better job explaining why it uniquely defines Carleton College, or how Carleton's student film festival is deserving of special mention. The scant description and links don't make it out to be much more important than any other small college film festival. Otherwise, it looks like a personal plug.

I'd like to see some of Carleton's more unique traditions featured, such as Dacie Moses' House, or even the Pep Banned. The Cave could be mentioned as a rare in-dorm nightclub (isn't Evans the only dorm with a liquor license?). I also have yet to see anything on Carleton's new wind turbine. That must be somewhat unique. --Fehler 19:59, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

U.S. News
I removed the section:

(It should be noted that these rankings are considered suspect by many, but these rankings are still respected by many students and academics.)

Here's why: Every ranking system, unless it is based upon some objective fact (e.g. there's no debate as to what the tallest skyscraper is, or who is the heaviest man at any given time, because these are mathematical facts,) is doubted by many, and for good reasons. Collapsing something multi-dimensional like educational quality into a totally-ordered ranking system is going to mean overlooking enormous amounts of information.

I totally agree that the U.S. News rankings are dubious, and I tend to think America's colleges would be a lot better off if those rankings (which can typecast a college's image as one of being "inferior" to "top schools" over minor differences) didn't exist. I guess that's the price we pay for free speech. (I just wish people would use their freedom to be a bit more skeptical about those rankings, that's all.)

To say, therefore, that this particular ranking system is considered supsect by some, but accepted by others, is then essentially a non-statement. It's like saying "some people liked the movie, and some people didn't". There's place for that debate on the college rankings page, but I'm not sure it's appropriate here. Mike Church 09:23, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

ambition and other ephemera
I have removed the gaming material from the article. The inclusion of references to the "Ambition" card game have been discussed at considerable length. The consensus has been that the card game does not belong in the article. Unless there is new evidence about Ambition's popularity, the reference to Ambition should not be re-added.

Overall, this article suffers from an excess of ephemeral student life material. Such material is not particularly informative, since nearly all postsecondary schools exhibit similar traits. Most suffer streakers to some degree, for example. And such material dates quickly, since such traditions end up being changed around every 5-10 years as students graduate and are replaced by freshmen. While we needn't create a stuffy college-administration-and-admissions-POV article, we could do with more facts, more history, and less ephemera.

UninvitedCompany 16:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Weitz Center ??
There should be much more detail in the section about the Weitz Center for Creativity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.22.11.221 (talk) 05:44, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Agreed. Perhaps listing the most important things in the building would be a good idea. For example, CAMS, some of THDN, LTC, art museum, cinema, theater, PEPS/idea lab.

Distant Early Warning (talk) 20:24, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Upcoming Construction
It would be worth talking about the Evans Hall renovation currently going on, ready for completion by jan 2013? How about the Laird Stadium renovation; they are adding an entire fitness center in wake (no pun) of the flooding.

Distant Early Warning (talk) 20:24, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Selectivity
So instead of just asserting that it's a selective college, cite some verifiable stats to show what percentage of applicants are accepted (and put those stats in context if you must). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bartbee55057 (talk • contribs).

Category:Wikipedians_by_alma_mater:_Carleton_College
Category:Wikipedians_by_alma_mater:_Carleton_College has been created. Add to applicable user pages, and/or place on article page if appropriate (did not see similar categories listed other college and university pages, so leaving it here in talk for someone else to add ;) Here 20:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps the category should be expanded to include all people associated with Carleton College (i.e. alumni and faculty). 68.113.200.34 04:19, 24 December 2005 (UTC) Sarah
 * I agree, and, and would encourage faculty to use the existing category. The current description is simply Folks who called Carleton College home for a time.  I've also mentioned changing the use of alma mater at Category talk:Wikipedians by alma mater. ∴ here…♠ 18:53, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Mention of Druids, RDNA mother grove
I re-added the mention of the The_Mother_Grove_of_the_RDNA to trivia. This is definitely worthy of inclusion. It would be great if someone on campus could cite some information from the archived druid materials available in the library. ∴ here…♠ 03:07, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Agreed; I had intended to relocate it to "Trivia," apologies. - M — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.22.114.147 (talk) 03:13, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

GOP/CUT
I removed the external links to CUT and GOP websites as it seems unbalanced to link to only a few specific student organizations. I added a link to Carleton's student organizations main page. Malokata 08:37, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone from a Carleton IP just tried to add a GOP EL to Ultimate (sport), placing it along side links to national and international leagues. I guess they thought that GOP was more noteworthy than every other team in the world, since we specifically don't have team links in that article. I amazed, especially since CUT seems to take itself even more seriously. I guess Carleton Ultimate just goes to the extremes. All I can say is: Go OCD! (O.C. Dems) —WAvegetarian TALKCONTRIBSEMAIL 05:37, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

OK, so I can tell you why Carleton people would do that. http://www.upa.org/scores/scores.cgi?div=18&page=22 Carleton is in the top 25 for US teams every year since they started ranking, usually in the top 5. The students and indeed faculty are completely obsessed by it, treat it the way football is treated at many colleges; people with no connection to the players or the sport go on dates to watch the big Ultimate game, etc. Weird and possibly even notable but I see no way to get a verifiable source for this fact. Just thought people might find it entertaining. 67.241.18.73 (talk) 14:25, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Founding date
Where does the founding date of Nov. 14, 1866 come from? I was a student during the 125th anniversary celebration and the materials said that Oct. 12, 1866 was the founding date of Northfield (later Carleton) College. 24.127.10.231 18:57, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Notable Faculty
What is the criteria for being a notable faculty member? I'm not familiar with the biology department, but what is the justification for listing Stephan Zweifel? Sarahjane10784 19:27, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Notable Alumni
It looks like we have the makings of a minor edit war over the issue of "notable" alumni. User:UninvitedCompany has strong opinions about limiting the list, but some of the rest of us are having a difficult time discerning his criteria. For example, comparing his treatment of Barrie M. Osborne and Jane Hamilton, I infer that UninvitedCompany sees notability in the producers of movies that were well-received critically and at the box office, but finds the authors of novels that were well-received critically and sold well to be nonnotable. Also, UninvitedCompany is more impressed by grown-up accomplishments (such as being acting governor of a state) than by accomplishments that make a person a hero to young children (such as creating Kratt's Creatures or writing "young adult" fantasy novels that are popular among middle school kids and the librarians who serve them).

Meanwhile, comparing Carleton College with other schools (for example, see St. Olaf College, Augsburg College, Earlham College, Lawrence University, and Macalester College), it appears that the "notability" bar is being set higher for Carleton than for many other schools.

Rather than continuing this nascent edit war, I propose that we agree that any Carleton alum who is sufficiently notable to have their own article in Wikipedia is sufficiently notable to be listed as a notable Carleton alum.

Does that give anyone a problem? --orlady 05:49, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it gives me a problem. Just because a grandson of an "acting governor of Wyoming" decides to write a Wikipedia article about grandpa doesn't make grandpa notable. I don't see anything wrong with writing an article about grandpa acting governor, but the existence of the article does not confer public, political, historical, social, economic, or any other kind of noteworthiness.

I would argue that being labled notable requires some kind of public recognition in the arena where the person was active. For instance, Walter Alvarez (someone I do not know and to whom I am not related), who was deleted from the list by UninvitedCompany, is a well-known geologist credited with an important and respectable scientific hypothesis that is the subject of much investigation.

I think that there ought to be more people on the list of notable alumni, but the criteria ought to make the list meaningful. BartBee

Discussion moved from the main page to the discussion page: "Please don't add people here unless they are of comparable notability to those already in the list. There are dozens of people in each class who become authors, editors, managers, politicians etc. - don't list them all. -UninvitedCompany"

Please join the discussion about criteria above.

If the list gets too long, lets celebrate the achievements of so many people.

BartBee

 * I don't think there is a danger of listing non-notable alums if we list people with Wikipedia articles. If a person writes a Wikipedia article about a truly non-notable person, the Wikipedia community is likely to delete the article for failing the notability test. As for that acting governor of Wyoming, Arthur G. Crane, he had a pretty impressive career. Not only did he fulfill the duties of governor for 2 years, but he was a university president for more than 20 years. He's certainly notable by Wikipedia standards, so I see no reason not to list him in the Carleton article. By the same token, I think we should also list Jane Hamilton and Chris Kratt, whose accomplishments are in entirely different fields of endeavor, but notable in the context of those fields. --orlady 23:28, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

I believe that the list is most useful to readers if it is short. I don't have especially strong opinions on the notability of particular people (and you may have a point about Crane), but I believe that on the whole the list makes far more interesting reading if it includes primarily people as well known as Wellstone and Veblin. Carleton graduates dozens of people each year who go on to be novelists, editors, professors, minor elected officials, government functionaries, and the like. Listing all of them in the main article would be difficult and pointless, though I suppose we could have a separate list. I prune the list occasionally because it tends to accumulate names added by graduates themselves and their friends. Since I watch relatively few other college and university articles, I am unaware of any problems with parity; however, Carleton being the kind of institution that it is there are greater numbers of truly notable people than might be the case for a lesser school.

I believe that the criteria should be that the individuals in the list should either be public figures on a national scale or should be recognized as leaders in their field who have done enduring work that will withstand the test of history.

Regarding Chris Kratt, the article we have about him doesn't convince me that he's notable enough to belong here. Alvaraz I am unconvinced about because the article about him is unsourced and it is not clear to me whether his claims have widespread respect in the scientific community. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 02:44, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * "Notability" is all in the eye of the beholder -- it all depends on your age, experience, and interests. I know about Chris Kratt only because my kid (who was a fan of his TV show about 10 years ago) told me about him. I would bet that, among the generation that is now entering college, Chris Kratt is the best-known person on that notable alumni list. His contributions are not in science, but in science edutainment (like Steve Irwin, only saner). I am not an expert on this guy, and I've never met him. I only saw one of his TV shows once or twice, but I thought the show was good science and great entertainment. As for Walter Alvarez, if you don't believe he's notable, check out "1980" in the list of great scientific discoveries of the 20th century at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/eventindex.html (that part of the list goes "1976 Cosmic string theory introduced; 1977 Life is found near deep ocean vents; 1980 World Health Organization declares smallpox eradicated; 1980 Alvarez finds evidence of dinosaur-killing asteroid; 1981 AIDS is officially recognized"). The article about Alvarez appears to be based on his CV, which often is the best available resource for biographical details on a living scientist.
 * Some other college articles list corporate vice presidents, Miss America contestants, ambassadors, radio producers, and college provosts as "notable alumni". In my opinion, most those people are non-notable, and those articles' practices definitely should not be imitated. On the other hand, though, when we start choosing between people considered notable within different fields of endeavor, inevitably we are revealing our own prejudices (or at least our age, experience, and interests) show...
 * Having said all that, I hasten to add that I'm not convinced that Pamela Dean, Clara Jeffery, and Patricia Wrede are fully as notable as others on the current list in the article, and even though I wrote the article on W.G. Ernst, I did not add him to the Carleton article. --orlady 04:14, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't understand why the criteria for merely including someone on a list should be more stringent than the notability criteria for creating a Wikipedia article. I don't see why one person should be allowed to impose some arbitrary standard and cut the list down to some undefined length.  If it really does get so long as to be unwieldy, then someone can create a separate "List of Carleton College People" article as has been done for a number of other schools.  --Cheapestcostavoider 23:43, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

The notable alumni list is getting a bit long. I'd like to propose something like: "Notable Carleton alumni include economist Thorstein Veblen...(5-10 more highly notable alumni). A complete list of alumni can be found here (link to list of all Carleton alumni worthy of their own Wikipedia page)." My picks for most notable would be Veblen, Tork, Hamilton, Laird, Holt, Stiles, and Utley. What do others think? Tdslk (talk) 17:39, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that it's time to split off the alumni list into a new List of Carleton College alumni. Everyone listed in the article includes a class year, so it would be nice for the list to be alphabetized, but formatted as a sortable table so it can be sorted by class year. As for who to mention next to the "Main" link in this article, I think the choices (other than the venerable Veblen) are likely to vary tremendously depending on the background (particularly age and interests) of the person doing the selection. For example, I would consider Laird and Holt to be strong candidates, but I would not agree on your other selections. Interestingly, the recent Forbes magazine "top colleges" listing, which seems to have an emphasis on recent notability, includes none of those names: "John F. Harris, 1985, Editor-In-Chief of The Politico; John McConnell, 1986, deputy assistant and speech writer to Former President George W. Bush; Stephen Six, 1988, Kansas Attorney General; Clara Jeffery, 1989, editor of Mother Jones magazine." Maybe the "Notable alumni" section should name Veblen and point to the other article for everyone else. --Orlady (talk) 18:33, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Oh, hey, there already is a list! Tdslk (talk) 16:48, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * That's a category, not a list. See WP:Category and WP:List for information on the differences. A list would not replace that category. --Orlady (talk) 17:09, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

The only person on Forbes's list I've personally heard of is Harris. McConnell doesn't have a page on Wikipedia, so he doesn't seem to be among the most notable.Tdslk (talk) 17:19, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

"Trivia"
In the Trivia section (for want of a better spot), I listed info about the Chicago Reader. The four founders were Robert Roth '69, Bob McCamant '71, Thomas J. Rehwaldt, and one other... --orlady 05:34, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Athletics
Hello there. I noticed that Athletics is very near the top of this entry. While athletics is no doubt a part of Carleton College, giving Athletics the first area to be written about seems a little too much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.22.224.106 (talk) 06:13, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Big Picture restructure
I'd like to suggest an overall revamp to the article: I'm willing to take on a lot of this, but want to be sure I won't just be walloped back for doing it.--Natcase (talk) 05:43, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) add a history section, folding in bits from trivia an elsewhere to form a narrative of the college. A lot of stuff is missing there...[history added, trivia folded in. fleshing out still needed.]
 * 2) flesh out the campus section, in part in relation to the history section. We should have a mention (at least a name) of all major buildings, past and present. Many have changed use multiple times. I'd suggest merging the Carleton College Arboretum article in a some point, but I'll leave that 'til later.
 * 3) rename and rework "defining features" into "Academics" for the statistics, and "Student life and traditions" for non-academic features (integrating the Traditions article, with more traditions like Primal Scream and bubbles at opening convo).
 * 4) then athletics (include Rotblatt here)
 * 5) ditch the Alma Mater (not useful information; if you really want you can get it off the college web site) and the Point of Interest list (duplicate of the campus section)
 * 6) list of famous Carls (and yes please just make it anyone with a legitimate Wikipedia article: Wiki notability is Wiki notability)
 * 7) Carleton in fiction and film

OK, without objection, I'm diving in, slowly.--Natcase (talk) 11:02, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Notable alumni and faculty
Hi. Your Carleton College alumni and faculty list has gotten to the point that you need to split it off into its own article. See the following colleges as examples. Corkythehornetfan (talk) 02:08, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_University#Notable_alumni_and_faculty
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_State_University#Notable_alumni_and_faculty

History section
Hi all. I believe the history section is rather underdeveloped, especially when it comes to more contemporary history besides the school's 19th century founding and the like. There has to be some news archives regarding the school, both from the school itself and from other sources (Northfield newspaper, Mimmesota newspaper, articles on high education and/or liberal arts colleges, etc.). Let's address this ASAP! Lacmaboingo (talk) 04:12, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

Massive Overhaul of This Article
Let's face it: the article is in need of some help, hence it's B-class rating. NPOV seems to be fine, all rankings are sourced. The history section is in dire straits and the campus section can be restructured and reformatted to be easier to read. There are a few citation issues needed and I will add them as I find them. I think most liberal arts college articles are really lacking in content, and this one is no exception. We need to upload new, fair-use images as well as the article is very text heavy and could benefit from the former. When editors come to mind, I think Natcase and Contributor321 could help us out. Kind regards, Lacmaboingo (talk) 06:13, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carleton College/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Public Security Section 9

2029
It says on this page that Section 9 wasn't formed until the year 2029, but I've seen episodes where they are involved in the Laughing Man case. The Laughing Man case (according to the site) occured in 2024, five years before Public Security Section 9 was established. What the H is going on?
 * Did you even watch the show? They make it pretty clear what's going on. The Laughing man case occured in 2024, never solved, then years later S9 is formed. Then, wait for it... the Laughing man (or, get this, imitators which may be imitating no actual original, ie a stand alone complex) returns and S9 investigates. It's not that difficult. Uxviii 06:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

...Its pretty simple. The Laughing Man crimes start occuring in 2024 when Cerano, CEO of a micro-machine company, was kidnapped. The crimes were never solved, and the progress of the police task force was being illegally monitored by interceptors. Section 9 starts investigating the Laughing Man crimes after the incident with the interceptors, which occurs years after the Laughing Man crimes.

Red Coats
What about the "Red Coats"? They seem to be the mechanics of the group and are used quite often. Aren't they part of Section 9? 70.237.51.139 22:59, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

They are, I would add a section for them if i knew how to. There is relatively little dialogue from them though, so the section would be pretty short. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Representative Gouda (talk • contribs) 23:37, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Merging article
Against - Section 9 is significant in most of the incarnations from the OVAs to the TV series and video games. Ominae (talk) 22:55, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Reference 2, midnightanimation.com, the website seems to be going down
Reference 2 might be link rot at the time of my post here. I clicked on the URL earlier and it didn't even load, so I found the right link on the Wayback Machine ( https://web.archive.org/web/20211016155406/http://www.midnightanimation.com/gallery/ghost/gallery/section9.html ). Then, it took a long time for me to remember my Wikipedia account I made a long time ago (!!! I DID IT THOUGH). Then, I tried to figure out what I am supposed to do next and I checked the link again to be sure and now the server is responding at least but it gives a "File not found" error instead. So, I don't know what to do so I am just notifying you editors. BedPillowsandAll (talk) 15:58, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public Security Section 9


text:
Sarmento Rodrigues

Manuel Maria Sarmento Rodrigues (15 June 1899 – 1 August 1979)  was a naval officer, colonist and professor. He was born in 1899 in Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Portugal. He attended a secondary school in Bragança and attended the University of Coimbra. He entered the Naval School and concluded the marine course in 1921.

As a junior officer, he embarked in the República on board which he was accompanied by Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral through the South Atlantic and in the Lis, he was the aide-de-camp of the Governor-General of Portuguese India and on board the transport Pêro de Alenquer. He gave assistance to the victims of the 1926 Horta earthquake. He travelled extensively to the Portuguese colonies of the Far East and Africa.

In 1936, he was part of the Hydrographic Mission of the Adjacent Islands. He was put in charge in the survey of the seas of the Azores and the Madeira islands.

In 1941, he assumed the command of the torpedo-boat destroyer Lima, which he kept until 1945. Under his command, the Lima participated in various operations of rescues of torpedo ships in the seas of the Azores during World War II. He later attended Escola Superior Colonial.

As a senior official, he became a colonial administrator, being the Governor of Portuguese Guinea between 1946 and 1949. In 1950, he became governor general of Salazar as Ministry of the Colonies (partly in 1951, Ministry of Ultramar), having these implemented functions on the vast reform of the Portuguese colonial administration, he visited the Far East, Southeast Asia and Africa. Between 1961 and 1964, he was governor general of Portuguese Mozambique.

He died in Lisbon on 1 August 1979 at the age of 80.

He is an author of Ancoradouros das Ilhas dos Açores (Anchorage of the Azores Islands) and No Governo da Guiné: Discursos e Afirmações (1949).

title: Sarmento Rodrigues


text:
John Gordon Sinclair

John Gordon Sinclair (born Gordon John Sinclair; 4 February 1962) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Gregory in the 1981 film Gregory's Girl. There was a Gordon Sinclair already registered with Equity, so he took John Gordon Sinclair as his professional name. In 2019, Sinclair played Drew Cubbin in the BBC drama Traces.

Life and career
Sinclair was born on 4 February 1962 in Glasgow and started work as an apprentice electrician. At 15, he joined Glasgow's Youth Theatre after he visited one night and met Robert Buchanan, a fellow fan of Canadian progressive rock group Rush. As a result, he starred in a number of films by director Bill Forsyth, perhaps the most notable of which is 1981's Gregory's Girl, shot when he was 19 years old. He reprised the role nearly two decades later in Gregory's Two Girls (1999), and also appeared in Forsyth's Local Hero (1983). His other film roles included appearances in Britannia Hospital (1982), The Girl in the Picture (1985), and Erik the Viking (1989).

He has continued to act on stage and screen. Other roles include parts in Goodbye Mr Steadman, Mad About Alice (2004), and Roman Road (2004). He was also in the first series of LWT's Hot Metal (1986) and both the radio and television sitcom An Actor's Life For Me (1989–93). He played Dan Weir in Espedair Street (1998), the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of the Iain Banks novel, as well as playing the lead part of Dr Finlay in the Radio 4 series entitled Adventures of a Black Bag (2001–02). He also made a brief appearance in one episode of Bergerac ("Ninety percent proof") in 1983.

He appeared in the 1982 Scottish squad's World Cup song "We Have a Dream", a number 5 hit in the UK, which was written and performed by B. A. Robertson, with Sinclair speaking his recollection of a dream about Scottish football success. He later revived this Scottish footballing connection by narrating the 2006–07 BBC Scotland documentary series That Was The Team That Was.

Sinclair played Frank McClusky, a leading character, in the 1990 John Byrne TV serial Your Cheatin' Heart. He played one of the main characters in the Tesco TV adverts in the late 1990s and early 2000s alongside Prunella Scales and Jane Horrocks. He most recently appeared in the London's West End in The Producers playing the part of Leo Bloom alongside Fred Applegate. In 1998, he performed as one of the Penguins in the TV adaptation of PB Bear and Friends. He voiced Tom Fetch in Fetch the Vet. He voiced all the male characters (except for Finbar) in HIT Entertainment's Rubbadubbers. He also played P. K. in the UK version of Fraggle Rock. He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1995 for Best Actor in a Musical for his 1994 performance in She Loves Me. Sinclair also performed the part of "Master of Ceremonies" in Mike Oldfield's premiere performance of Tubular Bells II at Edinburgh Castle in 1992. In 2013, he appeared in World War Z. In 2018, he played Richard, attorney for the title character (Trine Dyrholm) in the film Nico, 1988. He narrates Biggleton (series 2) on CBeebies, replacing Eamonn Holmes.

In 2019, he appeared as Drew Cubbin, Emma's father and ex-partner of Marie Monroe in the TV series Traces.

Other
His novel Seventy Times Seven, a violent thriller set in 1992, was published in 2012.

Personal life
In 2004, he married Shauna McKeon. They have two daughters.

title: John Gordon Sinclair


text:
Kuhina Nui

Kuhina Nui was a powerful office in the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1819 to 1864. It was usually held by a relative of the king and was the rough equivalent of the 19th-century European office of Prime Minister or sometimes Regent.

Origin of the office
Before the establishment of the office of Kuhina Nui by Kamehameha, there was a position called Kālaimoku (kālai meaning "to carve" and moku being an island). This was an ancient office from the very dawn of Hawaiian civilization. During this time before the Kuhina Nui Kalanimoku, a trusted chief of Kamehameha, was the Kālaimoku until Kamehameha established the office of the Kuhina Nui. When King Kamehameha II assumed the throne in 1819, his father's favorite wife, Queen Kaʻahumanu, told him Kamehameha I had wished for her to rule the kingdom alongside him. Whether this was really the will of Kamehameha I is a matter of debate. In either case, Kamehameha II did not object and the office of Kuhina Nui was created for Kaʻahumanu. According to other sources, Kamehameha I had wanted Kaʻahumanu to succeed her father Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi as a chief counselor.

Kaʻahumanu became the driving force behind the kingdom’s policy during the reign of Kamehameha II. She and another one of Kamehameha I's wives (and Kamehameha II's mother), Keōpūolani, pressured Kamehameha II into abolishing the old kapu system of laws and religion.

Conflict between the Kuhina Nui and the king
At the death of Kamehameha II in 1824, his younger brother and heir Kauikeaouli was still only a child. Because of this, Kaʻahumanu ruled in his place as regent. After her death in 1832, a queen named Kīnaʻu, a daughter of Kamehameha I and the Dowager Queen of Kamehameha II, assumed the office of Kuhina Nui as Kaʻahumanu II and the regency until her half-brother Kauikeaouli declared himself to be of age in 1833. Kauikeaouli was crowned King Kamehameha III thereafter and the office of Kuhina Nui became the second-most powerful office in the kingdom.

During Kīnaʻu's time in office, the offices of the king and Kuhina Nui often battled for power. This was mainly due to conflict between the views of the two people holding the office. While Kamehameha III desired a revival of the old Hawaiian culture, his elder sister Kīnaʻu wanted Hawaiʻi to be a Protestant state which tolerated no other religion. For the first few years of Kamehameha III’s reign, the kingdom suffered from the frequent quarrels between Kīnaʻu and the king.

Constitution of 1840
The 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii codified the office of Kuhina Nui into law. The constitution specified the following duties and powers:

 * The Kuhina Nui was to be appointed by the king.
 * All business connected with the special interests of the kingdom which the King wished to transact was to be done by Kuhina Nui under the authority of the king.
 * All documents and business of the kingdom executed by the Kuhina Nui were to be considered as executed by the king's authority.
 * All government property was to be reported to the Kuhina Nui.
 * The king was not allowed to act without the knowledge of the Kuhina Nui, nor was the Kuhina Nui allowed to act without the knowledge of the king.
 * All important business of the kingdom which the King chose to transact in person, he could do only with the approbation of the Kuhina Nui.

The 1840 Constitution created a degree of power sharing between the King and Kuhina Nui. Both were given seats in the House of Nobles in the legislature and both also held seats in the kingdom's judiciary. The position was written into a constitution devised by American attorneys and missionaries. In the United States, women held no political offices, were denied suffrage, and in some states could not even control their inherited property. Yet the Americans William Richards, John Ricord, and William Little Lee all believed it was appropriate to reinforce the power and authority of the Kuhina Nui as an equivalent to the King despite the fact it had become a traditional female office.

Constitution of 1852
The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii dedicated a full section (Section 2) to the office of Kuhina Nui. Articles 43 through 48 described the office:

 * The Kuhina Nui was given the title, "Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands", and the style of "Highness."
 * All business connected with the special interests of the kingdom, which the King wished to transact, was to be done by Kuhina Nui under the authority of the king
 * All documents and business of the kingdom executed by the Kuhina Nui, were to be considered as executed by the king's authority.
 * All important business of the kingdom which the king chose to transact in person, he could do only with the approbation of the Kuhina Nui.
 * The Kuhina Nui was to act as regent in the absence of the king, or if the king was too young to rule on his own. In addition, should the crown become vacant, the Kuhina Nui would act as monarch until a new king was chosen.

End of the office
The power sharing scheme set in place by Kamehameha III in 1852 seemed to work and it remained in place throughout the remainder of Kamehameha III's reign and throughout the reign of Kamehameha IV. Kamehameha IV and his brother despised the position but Kamehameha IV did place the role upon his sister, Victoria Kamamalu. Mostly she just signed and approved papers to the wishes of her brothers. When Kamehameha V assumed the throne in 1863, however, the new king made it clear that he favored a more autocratic monarchy over the constitutional one set in place in 1852. In 1864, the King issued a new constitution that was much less liberal than the Constitution of 1852. The 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii abolished the office of Kuhina Nui and effectively merged the powers into his own office as King. The office was never revived after that, with the Hawaiian monarchy lasting only about three more decades before being overthrown. The termination of the office did not destroy opportunity for feminine leadership in the kingdom. An office of Prime Minister was created during the reign of King Kalākaua for Walter M. Gibson.

List of Kuhina Nui
The female Kuhina Nui took the title "Kaʻahumanu" followed by a number, in honor of Queen Kaʻahumanu, the first holder of the office, in much the same way that all members of the Kamehameha dynasty took the title "Kamehameha" after King Kamehameha I.
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Portrait ! Name ! Born–Died ! Took Office ! Left office
 * Queen Kaahumanu.jpg || Kaʻahumanu I || 1768–1832 || 1819 || June 5, 1832
 * Elizabeth Kinau.jpg || Kaʻahumanu II || 1805–1839 || June 5, 1832 || April 4, 1839
 * Kekauluohi.jpg || Kaʻahumanu III || 1794–1845 || April 5, 1839 || June 7, 1845
 * Keoni Ana.jpg || Keoni Ana || 1810–1857 || June 10, 1845 || January 16, 1855
 * Victoria Kamamalu.jpg || Kaʻahumanu IV || 1838–1866 || January 16, 1855 || December 21, 1863
 * Kekuanaoa.jpg || Mataio Kekūanaōʻa || 1793–1868 || December 21, 1863 || August 24, 1864
 * }
 * Keoni Ana.jpg || Keoni Ana || 1810–1857 || June 10, 1845 || January 16, 1855
 * Victoria Kamamalu.jpg || Kaʻahumanu IV || 1838–1866 || January 16, 1855 || December 21, 1863
 * Kekuanaoa.jpg || Mataio Kekūanaōʻa || 1793–1868 || December 21, 1863 || August 24, 1864
 * }
 * Kekuanaoa.jpg || Mataio Kekūanaōʻa || 1793–1868 || December 21, 1863 || August 24, 1864
 * }
 * }

title: Kuhina Nui


text:
Fiat JTD engine

Multijet is Fiat and General Motors joint venture in manufacturer since 1996 common rail direct injection turbo diesel diesel engine technology. Most of the Fiat S.p.A., Fiat Professional, Groupe PSA (Peugeot and Citroën), Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Lancia, Chrysler, Chevrolet, Daewoo Motors, Cadillac, Karsan, Temsa, Iveco, Jeep, Opel, Vauxhall Motors, RAM Trucks, Mitsubishi Fuso, Maruti Suzuki, Suzuki, Tata Motors and Saab Automobile branded vehicles are equipped with Multijet engines. Ownership of some Fiat Multijet designs is shared with General Motors as part of a settlement of the failed merger between the two auto conglomerates. The GM Powertrain Torino group in Turin, Italy, manages its interest in these engines. Some PSA Peugeot Citroën diesel engines are also rebadged JTD units, and vice versa. Fiat's common-rail diesel engine is also known as JTD, an initialism of UniJet Turbo Diesel.

Characteristics
The property that distinguishes the Multijet from previous generations of common-rail diesel engines from FCA is the combustion of the fuel, which is split into multiple injections, thus allowing for a more complete, quieter combustion in the cylinder. Compared to the first-generation JTD engines (Unijet system) which only featured a smaller pilot and a larger main injection, Multijet is capable of up to five injections per combustion cycle which enables better, more efficient cold running, better performance especially in the lower rev-range, quieter operation as well as even lower consumptions and emissions. The time between injections has been reduced to 150 microseconds while the minimal injection quantity has been reduced from two to less than one microlitre. This enables even mid-sized sedans like the Alfa Romeo 156 and Lancia Lybra equipped with the 1.9L JTD to achieve fuel economy upwards of 45 mpgUS (55 mpgimp or 5L/100 km) on country roads and highways while offering an equal amount of torque as the 3.0L 24V V6 engine. A sophisticated electronic control unit controls the injection and changes the injection logic and number of injections based on a multitude of parameters, most importantly revolutions per minute of the engine, engine torque requested by the driver and the temperature of the coolant. The injection pressure of the diesel fuel on the second-generation Multijet is limited to between 1,400 bar (20,000 psi) on the 1.3 Multijet and 1,600 bar (23,000 psi) on the 2.4 Multijet 20V.

Multijet II
In 2009, Fiat Powertrain introduced the third generation of this technology, called Multijet II. With its new and innovative injectors with hydraulically balanced solenoid valve and even higher injection pressure of 2,000 bar (29,000 psi) it is capable of even more precise controlling of the injected diesel fuel, injecting it in a quicker and more flexible manner. It enables up to eight consecutive injections per combustion cycle and implemented Injection Rate Shaping technology, which provides two very close pilot injections making the fuel delivery more continuous and modulated. This results in an engine that is quiet and has a smoother operation, lower emissions, better fuel mileage and higher performance compared to the previous generation.

1.0
A 936 cc 3-cylinder variant, (called XSDE, Xtra Smart Diesel Engine) or Smartech Diesel, was introduced in 2011. Co-developed by GM Powertrain Torino and the GM Technical Center India for the Indian market the engine is rated at 57 bhp of power and 150 Nm of torque.

Applications:
 * 2011–2017 Chevrolet Beat (India)

1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi
A small 1.3 L (1248 cc) version (called the SDE, Small Diesel Engine) introduced in February 2003 is produced in Bielsko-Biała, Poland, in Ranjangaon, Pune, India, by Fiat India Automobiles and Tata Motors joint venture plant since 2008, and by Maruti Suzuki in Gurgaon, Haryana, India since 2012. The Multijet 75 PS version was chosen in 2005 as the International Engine of the Year in the 1-litre to 1.4-litre category. There are five versions of this engine: a 70 PS and a 75 PS (used in the Punto, Panda, Doblo, Palio, Albea, Idea, 500; Opel Corsa, Combo, Meriva; Suzuki Ritz, Swift; and Tata Indica Vista), a 85 PS (used in the Fiat 500L and Fiat Doblo), a variable inlet geometry 90 PS (used in the Fiat Grande Punto, Linea; Opel Corsa, Astra; Suzuki Ertiga, SX4; Tata Indigo Manza and Alfa Romeo MiTo) and a 95 PS from the Multijet II generation, and a 105 PS available on the Lancia Ypsilon. Newton metre torque in the 180 Nm, 190 Nm, 200 Nm and 210 Nm. At the time of the launch this was the smallest four-cylinder diesel engine available and had a fuel consumption of 3.3 L/100 km in some applications. The engine is able to meet Euro IV pollution standards without the use of a diesel particulate filter. In January 2008, Tata Motors introduced the new Indica Vista model, which features new Quadrajet branded version of this engine. The second generation Ford Ka uses 1.3 Multijet named as Duratorq TDCi. In GM nomenclature, it is called Small Diesel Engine (SDE).

During 2009, Fiat launched a new generation badged Multijet II, with a new injection management system (up to 8 injections per cycle, instead of 5) and able to meet Euro V pollution standards. It is available with several power outputs, from 75 PS, with fixed geometry turbocharger, to 95 PS, with variable geometry turbocharger.

As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced. In January 2020, the production of the 1.3 Multijet ended in India in both Maruti Suzuki plant and Fiat-Tata JV as the BS6 emission regulations come into effect in the country from 1 April 2020. Fiat-Tata built a total of 800,048 engines over 12 years.

FCA

 * Alfa Romeo MiTo
 * Fiat 500
 * Fiat 500L
 * Fiat 500X
 * Fiat Albea
 * Fiat Doblò
 * Fiat Fiorino
 * Fiat Grande Punto
 * Fiat Idea
 * Fiat Linea
 * Fiat Palio
 * Fiat Panda
 * Fiat Punto
 * Fiat Qubo
 * Fiat Strada
 * Fiat Tipo (2015)
 * Lancia Musa
 * Lancia Ypsilon

General Motors

 * Chevrolet Aveo
 * Chevrolet Spark
 * Daewoo Matiz
 * Daewoo Gentra
 * Opel Agila
 * Opel Astra
 * Opel Combo
 * Opel Corsa
 * Opel Meriva
 * Opel Tigra TwinTop

PSA

 * Citroën Nemo
 * Peugeot Bipper

Suzuki

 * Suzuki Baleno
 * Suzuki Ciaz
 * Suzuki Dzire
 * Suzuki Ertiga
 * Suzuki Ignis
 * Suzuki Splash
 * Suzuki Swift
 * Suzuki SX4 Sedan
 * Suzuki SX4 S-Cross
 * Suzuki Vitara Brezza

Tata Motors

 * Tata Bolt
 * Tata Indica Vista
 * Tata Indigo Manza
 * Tata Zest

Others

 * DFSK Super Cab (Indonesia)
 * Ford Ka (2008)
 * Premier Rio

1.6 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/DDiS
In 2006 Fiat Powertrain announced a downsized version of the 1.9 16V Multijet, a new 1.6L 16V Multijet (1,598 cc) with two power levels of 90 PS, 105 PS, 120 PS and 130 PS to replace the still-used 1.9L 8-valve engine. The new 1.6 Multijet diesel with 280 Nm, 290 Nm, 300 Nm and 320 Nm.

FCA

 * Alfa Romeo Mito
 * Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
 * Alfa Romeo Tonale
 * Fiat 500L
 * Fiat 500X
 * Fiat Bravo (2007)
 * Fiat Doblò
 * Fiat Punto
 * Fiat Idea
 * Fiat Linea
 * Fiat Tipo (2015)
 * Jeep Renegade
 * Jeep Compass
 * Lancia Delta (2008)
 * Lancia Musa

General Motors

 * Opel Combo D

Suzuki

 * Suzuki Vitara (2015)
 * Suzuki SX4 S-Cross (from 2013 )

1.9 JTD/JTDm/Multijet/Twin Turbo Multijet/CDTI/TiD/TTiD/DDiS
The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was Fiat Marea in 1996 (105 PS), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car. In 1999, it was introduced on the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and 80 PS, as well as in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range. There were also 85 PS, 101 PS, 105 PS, 110 PS, and 115 PS versions available. The engine block weighs approximately 125 kg, the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves. The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has 101 PS, 120 PS, or 130 PS and the 16-valve version has 134 PS, 138 PS, 150 PS, or 170 PS. Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger. Opel also uses a version of this engine. Their CDTI engine, manufactured in Pratola Serra, Italy and Kaiserslautern, Germany, is the product of the half-decade joint venture between GM and Fiat. It is used in the Vectra, Signum, Astra, Zafira, Cadillac BLS and Suzuki SX4 as well as some Saabs marked as TiD and TTiD (twinturbo version).

FCA

 * Alfa Romeo 145
 * Alfa Romeo 146
 * Alfa Romeo 147
 * Alfa Romeo 156
 * Alfa Romeo 159
 * Alfa Romeo GT
 * Fiat Bravo
 * Fiat Brava
 * Fiat Croma II
 * Fiat Doblò
 * Fiat Grande Punto
 * Fiat Marea
 * Fiat Multipla
 * Fiat Punto
 * Fiat Idea
 * Fiat Sedici
 * Fiat Stilo
 * Fiat Strada
 * Lancia Delta
 * Lancia Lybra
 * Lancia Musa

General Motors

 * Cadillac BLS
 * Opel Astra H
 * Opel Signum
 * Opel Vectra C
 * Opel Zafira B
 * Saab 9-3
 * Saab 9-5

Suzuki

 * Suzuki SX4

Others

 * Alenia Aeronautica Sky-Y
 * DR5

SAIC Motor

 * MG 6

Twin Turbo
Fiat Powertrain Technologies released information about new two stage turbo (twin turbo) version of this engine in summer 2007, engine is available with two power levels, first one is producing 180 PS and second one 190 PS, both have a maximum torque output of 400 Nm at 2000 rpm. 180 PS version production started summer 2007. The engine weighs approximately 185 kg. This engine will be sold both to Fiat Group Automobiles and other brands, but the 190 PS version is reserved only to Fiat Group Automobiles.

Applications

 * Cadillac BLS
 * Lancia Delta
 * Saab 9-3

2.0 JTDm/CDTI/TiD/TTiD/VCDi/Multijet II/DDiS
A new 2 litre (1,956 cc, 83 mm bore, 90.4 mm stroke) Multijet diesel was introduced in third generation Lancia Delta in summer 2008. At its first version this engine produces 165 PS. For 2009 the engine was fitted to Alfa Romeo 159 as 170 PS variant. Fiat Sedici, Suzuki SX4 and the new Fiat Doblò generation use a 135 PS variant of this engine. GM Powertrain separately developed their diesel engines based on 1.9 JTD, after end of the GM and Fiat partnership, and first was the 160 PS version for Astra and Insignia, which was later upgraded to 165 PS for Astra (163 PS in restyled version of Insignia), and less powerful version for Insignia with 110 PS and 130 PS. In 2011 GM Powertrain Europe developed a new derivative - the twin-turbocharger BiTurbo version, with 195 PS, which is used in the Insignia and starting with 2013 in the Astra J. Internally the new engine is referred to as GM Ecotec Family B engine. The same engine was also available in the 2011 Saab 9–5 with 160 PS and 190 PS twin-turbo. In 2013 Opel introduced cleaner and more fuel efficient versions of the 2.0 CDTI engine and the ecoFLEX version, with 99 g/km of CO2 and 120 PS (140 PS for Insignia).

FCA

 * Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
 * Alfa Romeo 159
 * Fiat Bravo (2007)
 * Fiat Doblò II
 * Fiat Ducato III
 * Fiat Freemont
 * Fiat Sedici
 * Fiat Croma II
 * Fiat Toro
 * Fiat 500X
 * Jeep Compass
 * Jeep Cherokee (KL)
 * Jeep Meridian
 * Jeep Commander
 * Jeep Renegade
 * Lancia Delta III

General Motors

 * 2014–2015 Chevrolet Cruze (NA)
 * 2016-2017 Chevrolet Captiva (KOR)
 * 2013-2015 Chevrolet Malibu
 * Daewoo Lacetti
 * Opel Antara
 * Opel/Vauxhall Astra J (single and twin turbo)
 * Opel/Vauxhall Cascada (single and twin turbo)
 * Opel/Vauxhall Insignia (single and twin turbo)
 * Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer (single and twin turbo)
 * Saab 9-5 (single and twin turbo)
 * 2020 Cadillac XT4 (EU market)

SAIC Motor

 * MG Hector

Suzuki

 * Suzuki SX4

Tata Motors

 * Tata Harrier
 * Tata Safari

2.2 JTDm/Multijet II
The 2.2 Multijet II (2,184 cc) was introduced by Fiat Chrysler in mid-2015. These engines produce 185 PS and 200 PS with 440 Nm of torque at 2500 RPM in the Jeep Cherokee. It was developed to offer more torque in the low-rev range compared to the 2.0L Multijet. This engine further improves the existing 2.0 Multijet in various areas, such as a higher injection pressure (2,000 Bar instead of 1,600 Bar) with Injector Rate Shaping, an oil pump with variable displacement and counterbalance-shafts to reduce noises and vibrations. This engine meets Euro 6 emission norms without the use of diesel exhaust fluid injection. A 2.2 Multijet III (2,184 cc) was introduced by Stellantis on the Fiat Ducato in 2021 with 4 power outputs: 120, 140, 160, & 180 hp. It meets Euro 6d emissions standards. A further development of this engine with a 2,143 cc displacement, and a die-cast Aluminium block, is used in the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952), Alfa Romeo Stelvio, and Jeep Wrangler (JL).

Applications

 * Fiat Ducato 2,184 cc
 * Jeep Cherokee (KL) 2,184 cc
 * Jeep Wrangler (JL) 2,143 cc
 * Alfa Romeo Giulia (952) 2,143 cc
 * Alfa Romeo Stelvio (949) 2,143 cc

2.4 JTD/JTDm/Multijet
The 2.4 L (2,387 cc) straight-5 version is based on the 2.4 124 PS 5 cylinder TD engine as used in the Mk1 Fiat Marea and the Mk1 Lancia Kappa. The JTD version benefits from the solid build of the TD block, and an improved head/injection system. There are 2 versions of the 2.4 JTD, the 10-valve as used in the Fiat Marea 130 JTD and the earlier Alfa Romeo 156/Alfa Romeo 166/Lancia Lybra diesels where it was available as 136 PS, 140 PS, 150 PS and later a Multijet 20-valve version 175 PS as used in the later (2003>) Alfa Romeo 156 as well as some Lancia vehicles. It was designed for transverse front-wheel drive use and was deemed too long and tall for widespread use in other GM Ecotec or Fiat products. A newer Multijet variant of this engine, capable for 200 PS, is used in the Alfa Romeo 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Fiat Croma. The latest version of this engine produces 210 PS and 400 Nm at 1500 rpm, and is used in Alfa Romeo vehicles.

Applications

 * Alfa Romeo 156
 * Alfa Romeo Spider
 * Alfa Romeo Brera
 * Alfa Romeo 159
 * Alfa Romeo 166
 * Fiat Croma II
 * Fiat Marea
 * Lancia Kappa
 * Lancia Lybra
 * Lancia Thesis

2.8
Evolution of VM Motori A 428 DOHC in the inline-4 engine with 1,800 bar (26,000 psi) common rail injection system and piezoelectric injectors

Applications

 * 2011–2013 Lancia Voyager power: 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp); torque: 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)
 * 2013–2016 Lancia Voyager power: 178 PS (131 kW; 176 hp); torque: 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)

3.0
A 2987 cc double overhead camshaft V6 engine, featuring four valves-per-cylinder and common-rail direct fuel injection. A variant complying with the emission norms of the North America market (NAFTA) is the 3.0 V6 Multijet II and marketed by Fiat Chrysler as the FPT Multijet II. The high-performance, single turbo version is Jeep.

A630 applications (Europe)

 * 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (Also Australia)
 * power 241 PS, torque 550 Nm
 * 2012 Lancia Thema
 * power 190 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 440 Nm @ 1600-2800 rpm
 * power 239 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 550 Nm @ 1800-2800 rpm
 * 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee (FPT Multijet II)
 * power 250 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 570 Nm @ 2000 rpm

L630 applications (North America)

 * 2021–2023 Jeep Gladiator Branded as EcoDiesel
 * power 264 PS @ 3600 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000 rpm
 * 2014–2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Branded as EcoDiesel
 * power 243 PS @ 3600 rpm, torque 570 Nm @ 2000 rpm
 * 2020–2023 Jeep Wrangler Branded as EcoDiesel
 * power 264 PS @ 3600 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000 rpm
 * 2014–2018 Ram 1500 Branded as EcoDiesel
 * power 243 PS @ 3600 rpm, torque 570 Nm @ 2000 rpm
 * 2019–2023 Ram 1500 Branded as EcoDiesel
 * power 264 PS @ 3600 rpm, torque 650 Nm @ 2000 rpm

A630 HP applications (Europe)

 * 2013 Maserati Ghibli III
 * power 275 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000 rpm
 * 2013 Maserati Quattroporte VI
 * power 275 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000-2600 rpm
 * 2016 Maserati Levante
 * power 250 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000-2600 rpm
 * power 275 PS @ 4000 rpm, torque 600 Nm @ 2000-2600 rpm

1.5 Multijet II
The Multijet II engine is the 1.5 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The used this engine was PSA DV5 in Fiat Doblo (third generation) and Fiat Scudo (third generation) (100 PS), (120 PS) and (130 PS) both have a maximum torque output of 250 Nm and 300 Nm at 2000 rpm 1.5 Multijet (1,499 cc) commercial vehicle. Their PSA HDi engine manufactured in Groupe PSA is the product of the joint venture between Stellantis.

Fiat

 * Fiat Doblo
 * Fiat Scudo

1.6 Multijet II
The 1.6 Multijet II (1560 cc) was developed by PSA HDi engine and Ford Duratorq engine for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 90 Multijet (PSA DV6) these engines produce 90 PS respectively.

Applications

 * Fiat Scudo

2.0 JTD/Multijet
The 2.0 JTD/Multijet (1998 cc) was developed by PSA HDi engine for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 90 JTD (PSA DW10), 110 JTD (PSA DW10), 120 MultiJet (PSA DW10), 136 MultiJet (PSA DW10), 150 MultiJet (PSA DW10) and 180 MultiJet (PSA DW10) these engines produce 90 PS, 110 PS, 120 PS, 136 PS, 150 PS and 180 PS respectively.

Applications

 * Fiat Ulysse
 * Fiat Scudo
 * Lancia Zeta
 * Lancia Phedra

2.3 JTD/Multijet
The 2.3 Multijet (2,287 cc) was developed by Iveco for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 120 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481D), 130 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481N or F1AE6481D) and 150 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE3481E), these engines produce 120 PS, 130 PS and 148 PS respectively.

Applications

 * Fiat Ducato
 * Iveco Daily
 * Karsan Jest
 * UAZ Patriot

2.4 Multijet
The 2.4 Multijet (2,442 cc) was developed by Mitsubishi 4N15 for Mitsubishi L200 applications and is available in three versions these engines produce 154 PS and 181 PS respectively.

Applications

 * Fiat Fullback

2.8 JTD/HDi
The 2.8 JTD (2,800 cc) made by Iveco (SOFIM) was used in second generation Fiat Ducato, it produces 128 PS or 146 PS.

Applications

 * Citroën Jumper
 * Fiat Ducato
 * Iveco Daily
 * Iveco Massif
 * Peugeot Boxer
 * Renault Mascott

3.0 Multijet Power/HDi
The 160 MultiJet Power, introduced in 2007, saw displacement increased to 3.0 L (2,998 cc). This engine produces 157 PS or 177 PS in Fiat-badged models. In Iveco Massif this engine is also available as 176 PS version.

Applications

 * Citroën Jumper
 * Fiat Ducato
 * Iveco Daily
 * Iveco Massif/Campagnola
 * Mitsubishi Canter
 * Multicar Fumo
 * Peugeot Boxer
 * RAM ProMaster
 * Temsa Prestij
 * Karsan Jestronic

title: Fiat JTD engine


text: User talk:203.217.12.14

title: User talk:203.217.12.14


text: User talk:68.71.202.76

title: User talk:68.71.202.76


text: User talk:70.21.218.101

title: User talk:70.21.218.101


text:
Joan Coxsedge

Joan Marjorie Coxsedge (5 January 1931 – 14 January 2024) was an Australian activist, politician, and artist. In 1979, she was one of the first two women elected to the Victorian Legislative Council.

Biography
Born Joan Rochester, the daughter of Roy and Marjorie Rochester, she was a native of Ballarat. After leaving school, she worked as a professional artist, and married Cedric Coxsedge in 1953. She joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1967. A leading figure in the left wing of the Victorian ALP, she soon became involved with the Save Our Sons Movement, which opposed conscription for the Vietnam War. In 1971, along with four other members of the movement, she was imprisoned for anti-conscription activities. Two years later she was the founding chair of the Committee for the Abolition of Political Police.

Her first attempts at gaining parliamentary office were unsuccessful. She stood for election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly at the 1973 and 1976 state elections, but failed to win a seat. In 1979, she was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for the Melbourne West Province, serving until 1992.

Coxsedge died on 14 January 2024, at the age of 93. She was survived by her three children and their families.

title: Joan Coxsedge