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Sexuality in Star Trek

Sexuality has been a significant theme in the various Star Trek television and motion-picture series. Sexual relationships in Star Trek have mostly been depicted as heteronormative in nature. There have been depictions of bisexual relationships, but always with a twist (e.g. using versions of characters from a mirror universe instead of the "real" ones; female Trill Dax and Kahn in "Rejoined" have been a heterosexual couple in their former lives). In Star Trek Discovery, there are two same-sex marriages, while in Star Trek Enterprise a polyamorous character, Phlox, has three wives, who have three husbands each, the marriages being depicted as open to romantic and sexual relationships with others.

Inter-species and inter-ethnic relationships have been commonly depicted. A comparatively broader range of views has been shown concerning monogamy, polygamy, and the institution of marriage. In as much as sexuality can lead to reproduction, some plots have revolved around the possibility of children in a given inter-species relationship, as well as the prejudice that the resulting children have to endure from their parents' societies. The representations reflect contemporaneous attitudes to sexuality in American culture, first during the sixties and then in the later decades of the twentieth century.

"Plato's Stepchildren"
The 1968 episode "Plato's Stepchildren" is often cited as the "first interracial kiss" depicted on television, between James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and Lt. Uhura (Nichelle Nichols), but the reality is not so straightforward. William Shatner recalls in Star Trek Memories that NBC insisted their lips never touch (the technique of turning their heads away from the camera was used to conceal this); moreover, the episode portrays the kiss as involuntary, being forced by telekinesis. Nichelle Nichols insists in her autobiography Beyond Uhura (written in 1994 after Shatner's book) that the kiss was real, even in takes where her head obscures their lips.

The term "interracial" is used in this context to refer to black and white actors. Star Trek had also featured an interracial kiss between William Shatner and France Nuyen in "Elaan of Troyius" but had drawn no comment. Nancy Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. kissed in the 1967 NBC TV special Movin' With Nancy (though on British television, the event had happened earlier in both a 1964 episode of the prime-time hospital soap Emergency – Ward 10 and in 1962 in a live televised drama, You in Your Small Corner).

Despite this, when NBC executives learned of the kiss they became concerned it would anger TV stations in the conservative Deep South. Earlier in 1968, NBC had expressed similar concern over a musical sequence in a Petula Clark special in which she touched Harry Belafonte's arm, a moment cited as the first occasion of direct physical contact on American television between a man and woman of different races. At one point during negotiations, the idea was brought up of having Spock kiss Uhura instead, but William Shatner insisted that they stick with the original script. NBC finally ordered that two versions of the scene be shot—one where Kirk and Uhura kissed and one where they did not. Having successfully shot the former version of the scene, Shatner and Nichelle Nichols deliberately flubbed every take of the latter version, thus forcing the episode to go out with the kiss intact. As Nichelle Nichols writes: "Knowing that Gene was determined to air the real kiss, Bill shook me and hissed menacingly in his best ham-fisted Kirkian staccato delivery, 'I! WON'T! KISS! YOU! I! WON'T! KISS! YOU!' It was absolutely awful, and we were hysterical and ecstatic. The director was beside himself, and still determined to get the kissless shot. So we did it again, and it seemed to be fine. 'Cut! Print! That's a wrap!' The next day they screened the dailies, and although I rarely attended them, I couldn't miss this one. Everyone watched as Kirk and Uhura kissed and kissed and kissed. And I'd like to set the record straight: Although Kirk and Uhura fought it, they did kiss in every single scene. When the non-kissing scene came on, everyone in the room cracked up. The last shot, which looked okay on the set, actually had Bill wildly crossing his eyes. It was so corny and just plain bad it was unusable. The only alternative was to cut out the scene altogether, but that was impossible to do without ruining the entire episode. Finally, the guys in charge relented: 'To hell with it. Let's go with the kiss.' I guess they figured we were going to be cancelled in a few months anyway. And so the kiss stayed."

There were few contemporary records of any complaints commenting on the scene. Nichelle Nichols observes that "Plato's Stepchildren" which first aired in November 1968 "received a huge response. We received one of the largest batches of fan mail ever, all of it positive, with many addressed to me from girls wondering how it felt to kiss Captain Kirk, and many to him from guys wondering the same thing about me. Almost no one found the kiss offensive" except from a single mildly negative letter by a white Southerner. Nichols notes that "for me, the most memorable episode of our last season was 'Plato's Stepchildren'."

LGBT in Star Trek
Star Trek's original series did not have any explicitly LGBT characters, although in 2005 George Takei, who portrayed helmsman Lt. Hikaru Sulu, came out as gay. In October 2011, Zachary Quinto, who plays Spock in the rebooted feature film franchise, publicly came out as gay. He explained that, after the suicide of bisexual teenager Jamey Rodemeyer, he realized "that living a gay life without publicly acknowledging it is simply not enough to make any significant contribution to the immense work that lies ahead on the road to complete equality."

Roddenberry once spoke of overcoming his own homophobia. In a 1991 interview with The Humanist, he remarked:

"My attitude toward homosexuality has changed. I came to the conclusion that I was wrong. I was never someone who hunted down 'fags' as we used to call them on the street. I would, sometimes, say something anti-homosexual off the top of my head because it was thought, in those days, to be funny. I never really deeply believed those comments, but I gave the impression of being thoughtless in these areas. I have, over many years, changed my attitude about gay men and women."

According to The Advocate, Roddenberry promised that in the then-upcoming fifth season of TNG, gay crew members would appear on the show. Other stars of the franchise chimed in, with Leonard Nimoy (who played Spock) offering his support in a 1991 letter to the Los Angeles Times saying, "It is entirely fitting that gays and lesbians will appear unobtrusively aboard the Enterprise—neither objects of pity nor melodramatic attention."

Roddenberry died soon after his interviews and the announced plans to have a gay crew member on TNG never materialized. Control of the Star Trek franchise fell to Rick Berman. While no gay crew members appeared on TNG, "The Outcast" was one episode that was intended to address the subject of sexual discrimination in the Star Trek universe. The episode was met with both praise and criticism from the LGBT community. In the case of the latter, criticism came from people who felt that it sanctioned the brainwashing therapy, and others who felt that the creative staff abdicated their responsibility to explore the issue.

In a 2008 interview, Trek writer Ronald D. Moore responded to a question of why there were few gay characters in science fiction in general and none on Star Trek:

"We've just failed at it. It's not been something we've successfully done. At Star Trek we used to have all these stock answers for why we didn't do it. The truth is it was not really a priority for any of us on the staff so it wasn't really something that was strong on anybody's radar. And then I think there's a certain inertia that you're not used to writing those characters into these dramas and then you just don't. And somebody has to decide that it's important before you do it and I think we're still at the place where that's not yet a common – yeah, we have to include this and this is an important thing to include in the shows. Sci-fi for whatever reason is just sort of behind the curve on all this."

In 2002, Kate Mulgrew (who played Captain Janeway) gave an interview to Metrosource where she spoke candidly about the issue of LGBT characters in the Star Trek television universe:

"Because of its both political and potentially incendiary substance. I'm in a minority as well, as a woman. It took a lot of courage on their part to hire a woman. I think that right up until the end they were very dubious about it. It's one thing to cast a subordinate black, Asian, or woman, but to put them in a leading role means the solid endorsement of one of the largest studios in the world. And that goes for a gay character as well. It requires a terrific social conscience on their part and the pledge of some solidarity and unanimity, which I think is probably at the source of most of this problem to get every one of those executives on board regarding this decision."

That same year Mulgrew stated in an August 2002 interview for Out in America:

"Well, one would think that Hollywood would be more open-minded at this point, since essentially the whole town is run by the gay community. It makes very little sense if you think about it. No, Star Trek is very strangely by the book in this regard. Rick Berman, who is a very sagacious man, has been very firm about certain things. I've approached him many, many times over the years about getting a gay character on the show--one whom we could really love, not just a guest star. Y'know, we had blacks, Asians, we even had a handicapped character--and so I thought, this is now beginning to look a bit absurd. And he said, 'In due time.' And so, I'm suspecting that on Enterprise they will do something to this effect. I couldn't get it done on mine. And I am sorry for that."

In a 1990 Next Generation episode, "The Offspring", Data creates Lal, an android daughter, and the other crew members seek to explain humanoid sexuality to her. According to TNG research consultant Richard Arnold, Whoopi Goldberg refused to deliver her character's dialogue with a strictly heterosexual explanation: "According to the script, Guinan was supposed to start telling Lal, 'When a man and a woman are in love...' and in the background, there would be men and women sitting at tables, holding hands. But Whoopi refused to say that. She said, 'This show is beyond that. It should be 'When two people are in love.''"

Brannon Braga in 2011 spoke about the "...constant back and forth about 'Well, how do we portray the spectrum of sexuality?' There were people who felt very strongly that we should be showing casually, you know, just two guys together in the background in Ten Forward. At the time the decision was made not to do that and I think those same people would make a different decision now because I think, you know, that was 1989, well yeah about 89, 90, 91. I have no doubt that those same creative players wouldn't feel so hesitant to have, you know, have been squeamish about a decision like that."

Suggesting that TNG in particular was under pressure from affiliates to be a "family show", Braga characterized the decision not to include LGBT characters as "not a forward thinking decision". Braga alluded to some episodes of TNG and one DS9 episode featuring Dax as dealing with non-heterosexuality metaphorically. Star Trek TNG did include a number of male members of the crew wearing mini-skirts (referred to as a skant), this was not further developed to explore whether this was a simple uniform choice or an expression of gender.

J. J. Abrams, who rebooted the franchise with 2009's Star Trek, said in 2011 that he was "frankly shocked that in the history of Star Trek there have never been gay characters in all the series". Including a gay character in the next film "was not in the list of my priorities to try to figure out how to make this movie in the best possible way. But it will now be in the hopper." Abrams did not commit to including an identifiably non-heterosexual character but did commit to bringing the idea to the writers. Ultimately, Star Trek Into Darkness did not include an identifiably LGBT character.

On July 7, 2016, it was announced that the film Star Trek Beyond would portray Hikaru Sulu as being in a same-sex relationship raising a daughter. This would make him the first openly gay main character in the Star Trek film franchise. Although George Takei was delighted that there was a gay character, he thought it was unfortunate that it was Sulu as it was not in keeping with what Gene Roddenberry would have wanted.

The 2017 series Star Trek: Discovery introduced Paul Stamets and Hugh Culber as the first openly gay characters in a Star Trek television series, as well as the first to be in a same-sex marriage. The show was criticized for killing-off Culber, and his death was seen as another example of the "bury your gays" trope. In Discovery's second season, recurring character Jett Reno mentioned that she was married, but her wife died in a war. The actors portraying all three roles—Anthony Rapp (Stamets), Wilson Cruz (Culber), and Tig Notaro (Reno)—are openly gay.

Discovery 's third season introduced Adira Tal, a non-binary character who was in a relationship with Gray Tal, a transgender man and the former host of Adira's Trill symbiont, Tal. Gray was killed, leading to Adira hosting the symbiont and later being able to interact with Gray's consciousness. In the fourth season of Discovery, Gray's consciousness is put into an android body.

In the first-season finale of Star Trek: Picard, Seven of Nine and Raffi are seen holding hands, clasping fingers romantically. In the finale of the second season, Seven and Raffi kiss.

In the Star Trek: Strange New Worlds episode "Spock Amok", Christine Chapel is confirmed to have been in a relationship with a woman in the past. In the episode "The Serene Squall", the antagonist Captain Angel, played by transgender actress Jesse James Keitel, is non-binary; the episode was also directed by Navajo transgender filmmaker Sydney Freeland.

Notable episodes
"Blood and Fire" was commissioned to be written by David Gerrold but never actually filmed. Gerrold has stated that while many of the TNG cast and crew (including Roddenberry) were supportive of the storyline, the script's positive depiction of an openly gay couple met stiff opposition from the studio and the script never made it into production.
 * "Blood and Fire" (TNG)

In 1992, the episode titled "The Outcast" is a story in which Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) falls in love with Soren, a member of the androgynous J'naii species that views the expression of gender, especially sexual liaisons, as a sexual perversion. When the affair between Riker and Soren is discovered, the J'naii force Soren to undergo "psychotectic" therapy. Soren gets the chance to defend one's right to love regardless of sex, gender or lack thereof. Soren was played by actress Melinda Culea, and all of the main J'naii characters were played by women, a creative decision criticized by Frakes, who commented that the episode was not daring enough in that Soren should have been more evidently male.
 * "The Outcast" (TNG)

Other examples

 * In the book A Stitch in Time and an Amazon.com interview, the actor Andrew Robinson stated that he played Garak as bisexual but other times he stated that he felt that Garak was pansexual, meaning that he loved people regardless of their gender.
 * In Star Trek Enterprise, Dr Phlox is in a polyamourous relationship with three wives, as usual among his people.

Outside Star Trek canon
Instructions for authors that had previously wished to write officially licensed Star Trek spin-off books stated that there was to be no suggestion of a relationship "other than friendship" between crew members, but this restriction no longer applies.

In a seeming response to reams of Kirk/Spock fan fiction which began to dominate fan publications in the mid- to late 1970s, references to bisexuality occurred in Gene Roddenberry's 1979 novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. In a foreword written by James Kirk, the Captain cleverly avoids confirmation or denial of a romantic relationship with Spock.

IDW Publishing, who publishes Star Trek comics, released a one-shot comic focused on the LGBT characters of Star Trek, Star Trek: Celebrations. It features stories of Seven of Nine and Raffi (Picard), Christine Chapel (Strange New Worlds), Hugh Culber, Paul Stamets, Adira Tal, and Gray Tal (Discovery), Mariner and Jennifer (Lower Decks), and Hikaru Sulu from the Kelvin timeline. Editor Heather Antos said "What is Star Trek, if not the idea of celebrating the best of us, right? The best of humanity, and coming together. There's a really great quote from Gene Roddenberry that that's the future he wants to see: a future where we are all not just tolerating one another, but celebrating one another. That is the intention behind Celebrations, and where we get the title from. It's wanting to celebrate the badasses of the Star Trek universe, whether that's Culber and Stamets, whether that's Mariner, whether that's Seven and Raffi... there's so many characters that we're going to get to see explored here by some incredible, incredible writers."

Fan response
In 1972, Grup, the first sexually themed Star Trek zine was published, to controversy in the fandom. In 1974 the first published Star Trek slash fiction was presented in Grup #3. Kirk/Spock fan fiction was the first prominent slash pairing.

In 2005 Craig Young of GayNZ.com criticized the absence of any out core or supporting lesbian or gay characters from the various television series and films, although granting that the series was more inclusive of transgender issues through the narrative use of the Trill species and non-consecutive gender symbiosis. He argued that the continued invisibility and absence of such characters may well have led to the growing rejection of the Trek franchise and spin-off media by gay and lesbian Trekkers. He compared it unfavorably to series like Doctor Who, Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Babylon 5.

The fan-made Star Trek: The Web Comic, started in 2014, has published two storylines featuring LGBT characters. The first serial, "No Good Deed", involves an affair between the male captain and first officer. Science Fiction news site Io9's review of the comic said it tread ground the franchise rarely did, stating: "What's especially refreshing is that [Captain Madison's] homosexuality is a part of his character, but not a focus of the plot."

title: Sexuality in Star Trek


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Madonna on the Late Show with David Letterman in 1994

American singer Madonna made an appearance on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman on March 31, 1994. The appearance was noted for an extremely controversial series of statements and antics by Madonna, which included many expletives. In particular, Madonna said the word fuck fourteen times throughout the interview. This made the episode the most censored in American network television talk-show history while at the same time garnering host David Letterman some of the highest ratings he ever received. Critics commented she reached her "lowest low".

Madonna's language and behavior—which was provocative, seemingly spontaneous at times, full of double entendres, and ended with a playful refusal to leave the set—sparked a large public controversy. The Federal Communications Commission received numerous complaints about the language used on the show, echoing Letterman's (sarcastic) remark that she had to stop using the bad language "because people don't want that in their own homes at 11:30 at night".

Details
Madonna's appearance of March 31, 1994, was not her first or last with Letterman; in 1988, she was a guest on Letterman's previous show, NBC's Late Night with David Letterman, with comedian Sandra Bernhard. This was, however, her first appearance since Letterman moved from NBC to CBS in 1993. Madonna's 1994 appearance marked her first on U.S. television that year following controversy with her book Sex and her album Erotica, both of which had been poorly received by critics upon release in 1992.

Daniel Kellison, who had been Letterman's talent coordinator at the time, wrote for Grantland that he had booked Madonna for the show with the pre-arranged premise that she would scold the host for his mocking of her personal life. However, when she arrived at the Ed Sullivan Theater, she was surly toward Kellison. After his attempts to go over the segment with Madonna, she admitted that before coming she had smoked marijuana, which she referred to as "endo". Kellison wrote the intro Letterman used to welcome Madonna to the stage:

"Our first guest tonight is one of the biggest stars in the world, and in the past ten years she has sold over 80 million albums, starred in countless films and slept with some of the biggest names in the entertainment industry."

Letterman's band leader, Paul Shaffer, responded, "She's your guest! ... Come on, she's your guest!" to which Letterman responded, "Everything's fine, just relax, will ya?" Madonna then entered the set to the sound of her 1983 hit song "Holiday", clutching a pair of her underwear, which she asked Letterman to smell during the interview. "Wait a minute, aren't you gonna smell them?" she said, to which Letterman replied, "I'll take care of that later", and Madonna complained to the audience: "I gave him my underpants and he won't smell them!"

Letterman, following up from events earlier in the program, asked Madonna to kiss a man in the audience; she refused. Letterman expressed admiration for her not succumbing to the pressure. Madonna began smoking a cigar, and as he moved to another topic, she interrupted him, in an opening salvo soon to be indicative of the random provocations to come: "Incidentally, you are a sick fuck. I don't know why I get so much shit."

Letterman steered his questioning toward Madonna's private life and, in particular, her reported relationships with several NBA players. She replied with a series of sexual innuendos, commenting "that [overhead] microphone is really long"; Letterman responded by talking about her friendship with Charles Barkley. When he abruptly changed topic and asked about her nose ring in an ambiguous way ("Did it hurt when you had that thing put in, uh, put in your nose?"), Madonna laughed and said, "I thought you were going to ask me if it hurt something else ..." which spurred a collective series of nervous laughter from the studio audience.

Prior to the first commercial break (which Madonna objected to, citing that she wanted to "break the rules" and not conform to the constraints of American network television), the singer asked Letterman if he was wearing a "rug"; never missing the opportunity for a joke, the host, referring to Madonna's short slicked-down hairstyle, replied by asking Madonna if she was wearing a swim cap.

After the commercial break, Madonna told Letterman that he had changed since her last visit, that he was no longer "cool" or challenging to his guests, that, "Money's made you soft." Letterman asked her what was really bothering her; the singer told the audience that she was angry that the comedian always (in Letterman's words – "periodically") made references to her sex life on the show, as had initially been planned.

When Madonna continued to swear, the director cut to an elderly couple from Appleton, Wisconsin, in the audience, visibly shocked by Madonna's language; this was followed by a video montage featuring Madonna-related comedy monologues. After a second commercial break, Madonna asked Letterman whether he had ever urinated in the shower, claiming it was an antiseptic to fight athlete's foot.

Letterman asked Madonna if she had a boyfriend ("Are you currently interested in someone?"). She responded that she did, and when asked what his name was, she replied, "Dave". Letterman then attempted to deflect the obvious implication by asking her if she was talking about David Dinkins, the former mayor of New York City.

Towards the end of the interview, Madonna also asked whether he had ever smoked "endo", a slang reference to marijuana. Looking uncomfortable, the host told the singer that he had no idea what she was talking about; she called him a liar, which led Letterman to make light of the embarrassing question by acting like Johnny Carson.

Refusal to leave the set
When Madonna refused to leave the set, there was jeering from members of the audience, including heckling to "get off". The home audience never saw Madonna leave her chair; instead, the show cut to a third commercial break, after which she was gone. Kellison said producer Robert Morton ordered him to "(g)et rid of her", and Kellison went to take her off the stage. Letterman said, "Coming up in the next half hour, Mother Teresa is going to drop by." He then looked at an index card and joked, "Oh, I see we've been canceled, there is no show tomorrow night."

Another guest, who was the United States Grocery Bagging Champion at the time, was scheduled to appear on the show that evening, but his segment was cut due to Madonna refusing to leave the stage when her interview was over. Counting Crows concluded the show with a performance of "Round Here".

Aftermath
Madonna later explained her behavior as a failed attempt to make a stand against television censorship, and made up with Letterman by having him escort her onstage at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. In an interview with Bob Guccione Jr. in Spin magazine in the fall of 1995, Madonna further defended herself:"You can show a person getting blown up, and you can't say fuck? It's such hypocrisy. The fact that everyone counted how many fucks I said—how small minded is that? ... The other thing that was ridiculous was that David Letterman knew I was going to do it. I talked to the producers of the show. Everybody was like, this will be really funny if you say fuck a lot they'll just keep bleeping you. Well, I came out and started doing it, and David freaked out. The way he introduced me was derogatory, so my whole thing was, okay, if that's how you want to play it, you cannot beat me at this game."

In a subsequent interview with USA Today, Letterman noted how Madonna sent him a fax on his birthday, shortly after the episode aired. "It was more of the same", he revealed. "'Happy fucking birthday. Have a nice fucking day.' I know she was trying to be funny about it." The fax sent on April 12, 1994, reads:"Happy Fucking Birthday Dave!

glad you could get so much mileage out of the fucking show. Next time you need some fucking publicity, just give me a fucking call.

love

the anti-christ

M. xx"

The incident was widely referenced in popular culture. For example, in an episode of The Critic titled "Sherman, Woman and Child", Madonna is featured as a profane guest of Humphrey the Hippo, a parody of Barney & Friends. In the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode "Bobcat", comedian Bobcat Goldthwait sarcastically comments to the character Moltar that Space Ghost's interview with The Ramones "is going as well as the Letterman–Madonna interview." The panties skit was later satirized in 2001 on the Italian late night show Satyricon, where guest Anna Falchi actually took off her red panties on stage and the host went all the way to smell them, causing a scandal in Italy.

Letterman referred to the incident frequently in the short term afterward, usually as a disaster, even though it was a ratings bonanza. In one example, while raising the topic of Madonna's appearance, he added the subordinate clause: "... or as I call it, Black Thursday ..." According to Daniel Kellison, Letterman was privately displeased by what had happened. "He always understood the privilege that came with the ability to broadcast, and the responsibility that accompanied it. Ratings and press were less a consideration," wrote Kellison.

In 2015, Madonna told Howard Stern, "One time, I was mad at [Letterman] when I said the f-word a lot. I was in a weird mood that day. I was dating Tupac Shakur at the time, and he had got me all riled up about life in general. So, when I went on the show I was feeling very gangsta."

Subsequent appearances
Following the incident, Madonna made several subsequent appearances on the Late Show. She briefly appeared in a 1995 episode when she brought Letterman candy and flowers for Valentine's Day. She then proclaimed that, "I'm a changed woman since I met you", to which Letterman excitedly exclaimed, "Yes!" Madonna then went on to add, "And I'm not going to say 'fuck' anymore." In 1998, Madonna appeared briefly to announce number three on Letterman's top ten list that night – "Ten Things Beautiful Women Love About Dave."

On November 3, 2000, Madonna returned for her first sit-down interview with Letterman since the 1994 incident to promote her new album Music. The two of them discussed the previous interview, with a deal of humor and objectivity. Madonna chalked it up as a part of her "rebellious period", while Letterman admitted that he now understood how Madonna felt about the media attention towards her private life during that time and that he contributed to that. Madonna then concluded that they were both having a "weak moment", which was met by laughter from both the audience and Letterman. Before the singer took stage to perform her latest single "Don't Tell Me", Letterman jokingly admitted that, "I still have the panties. We had to put them in the vault upstairs, because people were trying to swipe them from me." An uncomfortable Madonna declared, "I'm not rising to that bait."

On November 11, 2003, Madonna guested again to promote her children's book Mr. Peabody's Apples. Before she entered, Letterman stated he "just didn't want any awkward moments."

On October 20, 2005, Madonna appeared to promote her album Confessions on a Dance Floor. He then showed a picture of her for Vogue. They explained oral sex, and Madonna mentioned that she got thrown by a horse which broke her ribs, head and hand. She was forced by Letterman to get back on a horse.

On January 11, 2007, Madonna appeared to promote her film Arthur and the Invisibles. The two joked about the 1994 episode. When David asked Madonna, "What do you think about all these celebrities, such as Britney Spears, not wearing their underwear?", Madonna replied, "It's freezing outside. Maybe you can give them to Britney."

On September 30, 2009, Madonna appeared for the last time to promote the greatest hits compilation Celebration. During this episode, Letterman and Madonna again made light of her 1994 appearance. The episode concluded with Letterman and Madonna going down the street and sharing a vegetarian pizza (minus cheese at Madonna's request) and martinis together.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ron McAuliffe

Ronald Edward McAuliffe OBE (25 June 1918 – 16 August 1988) was an Australian politician and sports administrator in Queensland. He is best remembered for his years running the Queensland Rugby League, and his instrumental role in the formation of the State of Origin series.

McAuliffe attended school at St. Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace in Brisbane. In 1932 he played rugby league for the Gregory Terrace firsts. He started playing senior rugby league in 1937 for the Northern Suburbs club, but with the outbreak of World War II he joined the Australian Imperial Force. He served as a Warrant Officer for five years, before being honourably discharged after service in the Middle East and New Guinea with the 2/2 Casualty Clearing Station.

After the war McAuliffe worked with the Queensland Railways Audit Office. Whilst living at New Farm he formed social bonds with a number of Valleys players. In the late 1940s he moved to Fortitude Valley's Brunswick Street, sharing a flat Roy Westaway, a former international representative playing for the Diehards. According to Australian rugby league hall of fame inductee Duncan Hall, who was also playing for Valleys:

 * (Ron) was one of those blokes who was always around the place... he knew everyone worth knowing, and everyone knew him. He drank at the Valley pub with us every night after work. In fact, he was one of those blokes who was the life of the party and who never seemed to want to go home. He was always around.

McAuliffe was elected to the Valley's committee and became the club's delegate to the Brisbane Rugby League in 1951. In 1952 he was elected chairman of the Brisbane Rugby League.

In 1953 the Brisbane Rugby League was subsumed into the Queensland Rugby League (QRL). Ron McAuliffe became secretary to the organisation and began negotiations with the Brisbane City Council to lease Lang Park.

On 30 June 1971 McAuliffe was elected as a Senator for the Australian Labor Party in the Parliament of Australia. That year he also became president of the QRL. Although initially opposed to the idea, McAuliffe became a driving force behind the establishment of the State of Origin series. The 1980s were to prove a golden period for rugby league in Queensland.

McAuliffe sat in the Senate until 30 June 1981. At the end of 1981 he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

McAuliffe died in August 1988 from a stroke. His funeral was held on 17 August 1988 at St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in Fortitude Valley and he was buried in Nudgee Cemetery. His pall bearers included then Australian and Queensland captain Wally Lewis. In his obituary The Courier-Mail journalist Barry Dick wrote that "he [Ron McAuliffe] loved a drink, loved an argument, and most of all, he loved company."

The Ron McAuliffe Medal is awarded to each year's State of Origin Queensland player of the series. Lang Park's Ron McAuliffe stand was also named in his honour.

In 2009 McAuliffe was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame.

title: Ron McAuliffe


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Daimler Dingo

The Daimler Scout Car, known in service as the Daimler Dingo (after the Australian wild dog), is a British light, fast four-wheel drive reconnaissance vehicle also used for liaison during the Second World War.

Design and development

In 1938, the British War Office issued a specification for a scouting vehicle. Three British motor manufacturers, Alvis, BSA Cycles and Morris, were invited to supply prototypes. Alvis had been in partnership with Nicholas Straussler and provided armoured cars to the Royal Air Force, Morris had participated in trials and production of armoured cars and BSA Cycles – whose parent Birmingham Small Arms (BSA) was involved in armaments – had a small front wheel drive vehicle in production.

Testing began in August 1938. All were of similar size and layout – rear engine and all four-wheel-drive. The Morris design was eliminated first – suffering from poor speed even after modification by its builders. The Alvis prototype – known as "Dingo" – could manage 50 mph over a cross-country course but had a high centre of gravity.

The BSA prototype was completed in September and handed over for testing. By December, it had covered 10000 mi on- and off-road with few mechanical problems. Policy from the War Office changed to a requirement for an armoured roof. The BSA vehicle needed a more powerful engine and strengthened suspension. It was chosen over the Alvis and the first order (172 vehicles) for the "Car, Scout, Mark I" was placed in May 1939. The actual production was passed to Daimler, which was a vehicle manufacturer in the BSA group of companies.

The potential of the design was recognised, and it served as the basis for the development of a larger armoured car – a "light tank (Wheeled)", which would later become the Daimler Armoured Car. The first pilot vehicle was built by the end of 1939, later to be named 'Daimler Scout Car' but already known by the name of the Alvis design - the Dingo.

Known as one of the finest armoured fighting vehicles built in Britain during the war, the Dingo was a compact two-man armoured car, well protected for its size with 30 mm of armour at the front and powered by a 2.5 litre 55 hp straight six petrol engine in the rear of the vehicle. An ingenious feature of the Dingo's design was the transmission, which included a preselector gearbox and fluid flywheel that gave five speeds in both directions, another was a four-wheel steering system made possible by the H-drive drive train, giving a tight turning circle of 23 ft. Inexperienced drivers found it difficult to control so rear steering was deleted in later production at the cost of increasing the turning circle by 65 per cent to 38 ft.

The layout of the H-drive drive train contributed greatly to its low silhouette, agility and - an important consideration in any vehicle used for reconnaissance, an exceptionally quiet engine and running gear. Power was led forward to a centrally placed transfer box and single differential driving separate left- and right-hand shafts, each in turn running forwards and back to a bevel box powering each wheel. This compact layout resulted in a low-slung vehicle with a flat plate that allowed the Dingo to slide across uneven ground but made the Dingo extremely vulnerable to mines.

No spare wheel was carried, considered unnecessary because of the use of run-flat (nearly solid) rubber tyres rather than pneumatic types vulnerable to punctures. Despite hard tyres, independent coil suspension gave each wheel approximately 8 in vertical deflection and coil springs all round gave a comfortable ride.

A swivelling seat beside the driver allowed the second crewmember to attend to the No. 19 wireless set or Bren gun. The driver's seat was canted slightly off to the left of the vehicle which, in conjunction with a hinged vision flap in the rear armour, allowed the driver to drive in reverse and look behind by looking over his left shoulder, a useful feature in a reconnaissance vehicle where quick retreats were sometimes necessary.

The Dingo remained in production throughout the war but to bring other production resources into use, the design was passed to Ford Canada, where an equivalent vehicle ("Scout Car, Ford, Mk.I", also called "Lynx") was built with a more powerful, Ford V8 95 hp, engine, transmission and running gear. The vehicle superficially resembled the Dingo in general arrangement and body shape, was approximately a foot longer, wider and taller, a ton and a half heavier, less nimble (the turning circle was 47 ft) and was louder. While rugged and dependable, it was not as popular as the Dingo, due to the intended use of covert intelligence gathering. Total production figures for each type were 6,626 for the Dingo (all marks) 1939–1945 and 3,255 for the Lynx 1942–1945.

Service

The Dingo was first used by the British Expeditionary Force (1st Armoured Division and 4th Royal Northumberland Fusiliers) during the Battle of France. It turned out to be so successful that no replacement was sought until 1952 with the production of the Daimler Ferret. Principal users were reconnaissance units with a typical late-war recce troop consisting of two Daimler Armoured Cars and two Daimler Dingoes. The vehicle was highly sought-after with damaged Dingoes often being recovered from vehicle dumps and reconditioned for use as private runabouts. One such 'off establishment' vehicle was rebuilt from two damaged Dingoes in Normandy, 1944, by REME vehicle fitters of 86th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. They operated this Dingo for about a week before a higher-ranking officer spotted it and commandeered it for himself.

40 of the Dingo/Lynx Variants were purchased by the US Military for use in the Vietnam War. These were given to units throughout the country. With one being given to the 1st Cavalry Division who experimented with it by adding a turret to it for convoy support purposes as the Gun Trucks were just being put into use. This helped with development of the Commando Armored Car.

Writing in 1968, author R.E. Smith said that all Dingoes had now been withdrawn from British service - except for one used as a runabout at an armoured establishment - but some might have remained in Territorial Army storage at that date. Many were also purchased from Canada by the Union Defence Force after the Second World War, though few South African examples have survived to the present day, and were also procured in large numbers for Commonwealth patrols during the Malayan Emergency. In Vietnam, one ex South Vietnamese, Canadian Lynx was found on installation and used as a liaison vehicle by the 4th Cavalry Regiment. In the mid-1970s, the Dingo was still being used by Cyprus, Portugal and Sri Lanka. Some may have been in reserve store with other minor nations. Surviving vehicles are now popular with historical re-enactors with reconditioned Dingoes commanding a good price.

Variants
Production went through 5 variants, which were mostly minor improvements. 6,626 vehicles were produced from 1939 to 1945.
 * Mk I - original model with four-wheel steering and sliding roof
 * Mk IA - as Mark I but with a folding roof
 * Mk IB - reversed engine cooling air flow and revised armour grilles for radiator
 * Mk II - As the Mk IB but with steering on the front wheels only and revision of the lighting equipment
 * Mk III - Produced with a waterproofed ignition system. No roof.

Ford Lynx Scout Car
A closely related vehicle, the Lynx Scout Car, or "Car, Scout, Ford Mark I" was produced by Ford Canada in Windsor, Ontario. The Lynx design grafted a Dingo hull onto a chassis fitted with a conventional four-wheel drive and running gear. While the engine was much more powerful the gearbox and suspension were inferior. The type entered service in 1943.
 * Mk I.
 * Mk II - strengthened chassis, no roof, extra storage, revised engine grilles

Autoblinda Lince
Another Dingo clone, the Autoblindo Lince was developed by Lancia, Italy. In 1943–1944, 129 cars were built. They were employed by both German and RSI forces.

title: Daimler Dingo


text:
Talk:Paper township

Untitled
Here's an interesting article about paper townships, from a newspaper in Knox County, Ohio: http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/032505/annex.html -SwissCelt 18:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Definition of a paper township
It still isn't really clear to me what counts as a paper township. Here are the possibilities I can think of:
 * 1) A municipality is incorporated and is not part of its township.
 * 2) A municipality that is part of the township separates from it later on (like Richfield in Summit County)
 * 3) An entire township incorporates at once (Streetsboro, with the exception of the pre-existing Sugar Bush Knolls)
 * 4) A municipality annexes the remainder of a township that it belongs to.
 * 5) A municipality annexes the remainder of a township that it doesn't belong to.  I think the township becomes defunct.
 * 6) A municipality merges with a township.  I think the township becomes defunct.
 * 7) Land is annexed in a Type 2 annexation (Thanks for the article, SwissCelt).  The residents remain part of the township while living in the municipality.

The only ones of these cases that I'm sure of being a paper township is the Type 2 annexation, but that is only because it is in the newspaper. This concept seems very different from that of a municipality that is separated from its township, so I'm a bit confused. I also don't know about big cities. Are there Akron and Cleveland paper townships? --Beirne 12:51, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would Northampton Township, Summit County, Ohio be Akron's "paper township"? Seems like that would be the most likely candidate, if indeed Akron has left one.  I'm also wondering if this is a phenomenon limited to (or defined by) Ohio, as say an urban township would be; or if other US states and other countries have paper townships.
 * Akron was created in the boundaries of Portage Township, which no longer exists. It only later annexed its way into Northampton.  I'm guessing the paper township would either be Portage or Akron itself if there is one.  --Beirne 15:48, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

All land was in a township, which are created by the county commissioners. A city can withdraw from a township, as Mason, Ohio did with Deerfield Township, Warren County, Ohio circa 1997. There is now a fictional "Mason Township" which exists only on paper, the actual governing is done by the city. Otherwise, I think your scenario list is complete. To find out what the township would be, you should contact the county auditor. He'd know. PedanticallySpeaking 18:11, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Does that mean that Streetsboro Township, Portage County, Ohio is a paper township? As the township incorporated at large into a city, there was no separate procedure withdrawing the city from the township. SwissCelt 18:21, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Just for clarification, my impression is that scenarios 1,2,3 and 4 describe a municipality that is also a paper township. Scenario 7 describes a different type of paper township.  Correct?  --Beirne 22:17, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Here is an article dealing with the municipality form of a paper township: http://www.ohio.com/mld/ohio/news/5680521.htm. --Beirne 22:28, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

I checked an older edition of the Secretary of State's municipal roster--the new ones omit this info--and it states that Portage Township is "co-extensive with the City of Akron" and Streetsboro Township is "co-extensive with the City of Streetsboro". PedanticallySpeaking 15:48, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

FYI, the Beacon Journal has an article on what looks like Type 2 annexation at http://www.ohio.com/mld/ohio/12104332.htm. It turns out this type can be an unwanted effect of missing the final step in the annexation process. --Beirne 11:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * A big problem may be looming for Ohio because cities have not been formally realigning their borders after annexation . This leaves areas that are in both the township and the city, but residents have not been assessed the township taxes.  This and other peculiarities of Ohio townships may make an Ohio township article worthwhile.--Beirne 13:00, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

The Canton Repository Suggests that all municipalities are coexistive with the township they come from unless they have a township created with boundaries Coexistive with The Municipality. I assume this creates a "Paper township" since no Civil township government will Ever be seated and the municipal government is already there. here's an article where a Local city is planning on separating from the township they came from and another. "But most cities around Ohio are incorporated as a separate township. Canton, for example, also is McKinley Township, Alliance is Butler Township, Louisville is Constitution Township and Massillon is Massillon Township. Captainkang 05:52, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Cities in townships
I'm still not clear on something. For cities and villages which have not created their own townships thereby withdrawing from the townships they once overlayed, residents in these cities and villages pay both municipal and township taxes? What kind of services would a township offer within the part of it that's in a city and thus already receiving city services? This kind of set-up really sounds likea boon and avantage for townships at the expense of a city. I know in Michigan, once a city annexes land from a township, that portion of the township ceases to exist, civilly. It seems like Ohio is most similar to Indiana and (parts of) Illinois in that municipalities are a layer on top of townships, whereas here in Michigan, cities and townships exist on the same plane, side by side. Cities do no overlay townships. --Criticalthinker (talk) 16:46, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, by default, Ohio considers a municipality to be subordinate to one or more townships – overlaid, in other words. Townships only provide a subset of the services that a municipality provides, such as parks and road maintenance. In an unincorporated area, policing is handled by the county sheriff and sewage lines may be provided by a neighboring city. In an incorporated area (where a city or village has been overlaid), the city doesn't need to duplicate the services provided by the township but may do so, I suppose. Until a city or village withdraws from its surrounding township, residents pay taxes to both the municipality and the township. On the flip side, residents may also vote in elections for both city/village council and township board of trustees. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 04:41, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

 * , I guess my point is that it I don't see how matter if you get to vote in township elections if you're not receiving any kind of service for your taxes from said township. But, I guess that also applies to city-county set-ups, too.  But in this case, you're paying taxes to a township and a county on top of paying taxes to a city from which all your services are provided.  This is just bizarre to me.  Anyway, thanks for clearing that up. --Criticalthinker (talk) 16:22, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

 * At least in the Cincinnati area, the villages and cities that haven't withdrawn from their townships are typically smaller, so they don't necessarily provide all the services that the township does, or services like the fire department will be shared somehow. But you're right, sometimes the township is just another layer of taxation. That's almost always an immediate catalyst for withdrawal, and it's also an argument that some people make in favor of abolishing township government in the state. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 18:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

 * We have a similar set-up here in Michigan with incorporated villages. Unlike incorporated cities, villages are still part of the township(s) in which they reside.  I guess the difference is that it sounds like in Michigan, villages generally have more services than small cities and villages in Ohio.  It's why settlement usually incorporate within townships in the first place, to have things like a more centralized police and fire force.  A settlement, here, isn't going to incorporated unless it's to have their own police force or fire department.  Though, there is consolidate services in some cases, so that's not unheard of.  Anyway, in Michigan, this is usually the impetus for a village to re-incorporated as a city, to remove it from the township. --Criticalthinker (talk) 23:20, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

BTW, a little off topic, but the unsourced paragraph about Wayne Township and Huber Heights in the "Legal Fiction" sections might be wrong. I can't find any corrobation for the claim that Huber Heights does not cover a small piece of Wright-Patterson AFB. It's legal authority may not cover this territory of the city, but the city's zoning map clearly shows a small part of the base within the city limits. Unless someone has some sourcing for this claim, I'm going to remove the section speaking of Wayne Township/Huber Heights. I'm sure there are some better example of rumps of townships with no people living on them in any case that could be used. --Criticalthinker (talk) 23:43, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. I didn't write that section, but I left it alone because I never got around to verifying it. Thanks for double-checking. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 18:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I might do a bit more rewording and clean-up, too, over time. For instance, I think the "Legal Fiction" section is oddly named and kind of inconsistent with how similar pages of types of municipalities/local government are done on wiki.  I'd like to rename it "Description" or something more common.  I'd also like to find an example of a "rump township" - a township that has not been fully incorporated into a city/village, but where the remaining part has no population - but I don't know the state well enough to know if such an township exists.  I suspect this is a very rare type of paper township if it even exists at all. --Criticalthinker (talk) 23:20, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Just an update on this. I did do some rewording, clean-up, and adding of source materials, though I still haven't figured out a better name for the "Legal fiction" section.  And, BTW, I in fact did find out that there is a "rump" of Wayne Township remaining after the incorporation of Huber Heights.  Since part of the township covered Wright-Patterson AFB, it was not incorporated into the city and remains, though without any population.  It's the only township of its kind in the state. --Criticalthinker (talk) 23:51, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

paper in an envelope

 * Once the territory of a township is completely enveloped by cities and villages, the township government ceases to function under ORC 703.22.

That word enveloped bothers me. To me the most natural meaning is 'surrounded'; but why should a township vanish if surrounded by cities? It's not a game of go.

Any objection to replacing enveloped with covered? Other suggestsions: incorporated, annexed ... —Tamfang (talk) 22:39, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Also, that's not what the cited law says: it speaks of townships swallowed by a single municipal corporation. Perhaps another section is more relevant. —Tamfang (talk) 22:42, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree, the term is misleading. Township government ceases only when its territory is is entirely subsumed by a municipal corporation. older ≠ wiser 22:45, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Follow-up
After updating and rewriting parts of the article months ago to clarify and correct a few things, I realized I have a new set of questions I haven't quite been able to find the answer to. So, we've covered that there are two kinds of "paper" townships: 1.) When an incorporated place(s) annexes the entirety of a township, and 2.) when an incorporated place formally and legally withdraws from its surrounding township(s). We also know that in example 2. that a paper township can not be considered an adjacent township for the purposes of annexation.

So I had a few questions after noticing that Ohio's major cities all seem to be withdrawn from their surrounding townships.

1. Large cities are usually larger - sometimes significantly so - than the original township they grew in creating a "defunct township." They are also routinely marked as being independent of surrounding townships into which they expanded creating a "paper township." This means they both include or included a defunct township which was then incorporated into a paper township, right? So this means that the original township (the defunct township) technically stopped existing even as a paper township once all of its territory was removed by the paper township, correct? So for instance, Cincinnati, St. Bernard, and Elmwood Place by the 1950's had annexed the entire township of Mill Creek. But it also appears that each also invidually withdrew from the township at some time. That means that Mill Creek doesn't even legally exist, right? Also, is anyone able to find the names of the townships of the paper townships in the big cities? Usually, the paper township is named after the city, but as shown in the article, this is not always the case. So I'm pretty curious to see the names of the paper townships of Cleveland, Akron, Cincy, etc...if anyone can find them.

2. Finally, I think I know the answer to this, but a paper township must be extended every time a city annexes into a surrounding township to keep a city withdrawn from the surrounding townships, correct?

Thanks. --Criticalthinker (talk) 23:43, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I haven't really paid much attention to this for some time. But I don't think this statement is quite accurate I think some of the older cities existed prior to the establishment the township. Also, it may be more accurate to say that municipal governments (cities and villages) co-exist as parallel system with township bodies, which as subdivisions of a county, overlay municipalities unless the municipality withdraws from a township. older ≠ wiser 01:31, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Most townships were created by boards of county commissioners rather than the state legislature, so in the state's early history, the situation was fluid and probably varied from county to county. State law regarding townships has also changed over time. Cincinnati was settled in 1788. Mill Creek Township was created as carved out of Cincinnati Township, which was erected in 1791, but Cincinnati wasn't formally incorporated as a town (a status that no longer exists) until 1802. The township was originally several times larger than Cincinnati is today. At some point, the township shrank enough that the three municipalities were able to subsume it as they simultaneously grew. (Nearby Columbia Township started out even larger but is barely hanging on.) I'm unsure if it happened as a result of withdrawal or annexation after withdrawal. ORC 703.22 automatically abolishes the township whenever a single municipality becomes coextensive with it. It all depends on whether Cincinnati (or St. Bernard or Elmwood Place) withdrew before or after annexing the last unincorporated territory in the township. Cincinnati also subsumed Storrs and Spencer townships, which were both tiny. There isn't good documentation about either township, but the date they were abolished may offer some clues. As to your other question, the prevailing opinion – at least in the Cincinnati area, where withdrawal is more common  – is that county commissioners should update the paper township's boundaries following an annexation, just in case. Otherwise, the discrepancy can cause headaches or errors in election and tax administration. – Minh Nguyễn  💬 11:42, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, Cincy and Hamilton County didn't seem to know the answer to the first question, either, when I emailed them. Guess it really depends in which townships the other parts of the city outside of Mill Creek Twp Cincy was in, too. What's interesting is the law says that you can't use a paper township to receive new territory from a surrounding township. So that means, for instance, once Mill Creek Twp was all eaten up by Cincy, Cincy couldn't use that paper township during further annexation into other townships. Long story short, it basically means that Cincy had to create multiple paper townships. But I can find no records of them having withdrawn from any of the townships it only partially extended into.

 * As for the second question, I figured out the answer to that one, too, over time. The answer is unequivocally 'yes.' I think even the article you linked to says that in so many words. A city must voluntarily remove itself as part of the municipal annexation, or that annexed section remains in said township. I've seen a few cases of this where you've got cities in multiple townships. --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:33, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The plot thickens. In 1834, Cincinnati Township became a paper township coextensive with Cincinnati with the annexation of previously unincorporated Mount Adams, and township elections were abolished by a new city charter. By 1904, officials were confused about whether to modify the township boundaries following further annexations by the city into Millcreek and Columbia townships.  As early as 1912, there were questions about whether Cincinnati's annexation of most of Millcreek Township had put the township out of existence, but it must've been the case that the other cities hadn't withdrawn from the township by then.  Norwood withdrew in 1938, and Elmwood Place and St. Bernard did likewise in 1943, whittling the township down to only Wesleyan Cemetery on 25 acre in what is today Northside.  At that point, Attorney General Thomas J. Herbert considered the enclave a part of Cincinnati, and the city considered declaring it to be so.  Owners of burial plots resisted annexation by Cincinnati because of fears that the city would destroy it with a new road.  (The fears were well-founded. ) The cemetery's sexton lived there but didn't own the property, while the board that did own it didn't reside there. Without any freeholders, the township was indeed an example of a defunct township, with only one eligible voter who had a special polling place set up for them but couldn't serve all three trustee positions at once.  The cemetery became something of a no man's land because no local police department was assigned jurisdiction over it. A bill was introduced to the General Assembly so that, once a township enclave within a city becomes defunct, it automatically gets annexed to the city.  No mention is made of the bill after that. Mentions of Millcreek Township in the Cincinnati Enquirer dropped precipitously after 1953 to little more than legal notices, but apparently Millcreek Township remained a zombie as late as 1961.  Somehow or other, Cincinnati did eventually end up annexing the cemetery, but the controversy didn't end there. After decades of mismanagement, the cemetery was left without an owner, and the city fought in court to avoid having to take over maintenance (they lost).  – Minh Nguyễn  💬 02:24, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I dumped all this detail into Mill Creek Township, Hamilton County, Ohio. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 16:08, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I found the certificate making Wesleyan Cemetery part of Cincinnati in 1953 (because of the way the statute was worded, it technically wasn't "annexed," but it is within city limits). The information has been added to the Millcreek Township and Wesleyan Cemetery articles. GeoMac (talk) 04:26, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Some additional historical context about Cincinnati's annexation drive and consequent counterincorporations, complete with a barely legible map of Cincinnati's annexation history: I've only sifted through a minority of the mentions of the township in the newspapers on Newspapers.com. There was plenty of coverage in the local German newspapers, but I can't read a lick of German. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 04:58, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it'd be best to add the "Unpopulated townsip" section back to the "Formation" section as a step so as not to further confuse things. And if not a bullet point, just post that section of information below the last bullet point within the "Formation" section. It's an interesting case of a paper township, but I'm not sure one that justifies the confusion of putting it down the page in its own section. --Criticalthinker (talk) 09:04, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Lancaster
Check out the "Lancaster City township" recognized by the Census Bureau. I don't have the full story, but based on the shape of its boundary, Lancaster must've withdrawn from its surrounding townships at some point, then annexed some land outside its paper township. The Census Bureau responded by synthesizing a township out of the territory that had long ago withdrawn. But there was a Lancaster Township at some point, probably the same one that serves as a paper township for Lancaster today. They must've chosen to name the synthesized township systematically instead of researching the state of paper townships in Fairfield County. Minh Nguyễn 💬 05:42, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

?
I'm confused:

"A municipality may withdraw from its surrounding township, creating a township coextensive with the municipality that only exists on paper for the purpose of satisfying the requirement that the entire county lies within a township."

Is there a typo somewhere in this sentence? A requirement that an entire county lies within a township? Please rewrite this for clarity and give an example if any such scenarios exists. Criticalthinker (talk) 10:47, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It looks like that language was added in an extensive re-write by . I think it is trying to say that townships encompass every bit of a county (even if only nominally) -- not that the entire county is within a [single] township. older ≠ wiser 11:04, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's what was meant. I think that wording was in the article prior to my rewrite. Maybe a clearer way to put it would be that the entire county is subdivided into townships, or that townships cover the entire county? Minh Nguyễn 💬 15:30, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I see what you're saying, now. My advice to increase clarity would be the make that last fact a standalone fact somewhere else in the article. In fact, it may even be important enough to add in the opening of the article since the entire concept of a paper township is based around the requirement that counties be divided into townships. Though, what complicates any rewording is that I think there is another part of the article that speaks to there being territory/cases in cities in which townships no longer exist, even as paper townships, but I'd need to read back through the article to see if that's the case. Criticalthinker (talk) 02:19, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not technically accurate that all territory in Ohio is subdivided into townships (whether they be paper or not). Proceedings under Ohio Rev. Code 503.09 render municipal corporations township-less in every sense. This is not the norm, though, because that section requires that the people of the township file the petition, and their interests would often be against losing the tax dollars inside the municipal corporations. The only example I am aware of is Sugarcreek Township separating from Bellbrook City in 1987 (see Greene County Deed Book 367, Page 578), although I suspect there are others. GeoMac (talk) 08:07, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @GeoMac: This would be a great point to add to the article, especially if you can find other examples like Sugarcreek Township. Minh Nguyễn 💬 03:12, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paper township


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title: User talk:Prinzwilhelm


text:
Talk:Facet (disambiguation)

Untitled
Facets: In (obj.oriented)programming-language (like lisp's CLOS) /frame-based (knowledge-representation)systems: A Class/concept/category has attributes called Slots, which in turn have attributes describing them (eg. what can be stored/range, and much more). These are called Facets.

title: Talk:Facet (disambiguation)


text: Talk:TekWar

title: Talk:TekWar


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Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/May 29, 2005

The word "use" in the FA description should not be capitalized.


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Talk:Monkey Business (Black Eyed Peas album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Black Eyed Peas - Monkey Business - CD cover.jpg
Image:Black Eyed Peas - Monkey Business - CD cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

certifications?
what happened to the certifications section??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.166.118.112 (talk) 20:23, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Early version?
I remember listening to some pre-release version of "Monkey Business" a few years back, with less fluff on "My Style" and with "Ba Bump" titled "Bump da Bump" --217.39.35.230 (talk) 17:33, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Monkey Business (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090111095438/http://www.capif.org.ar:80/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=black+eyed+peas&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP to http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=black+eyed+peas&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP

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Orphaned references in Monkey Business (album)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Monkey Business (album)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Bush": From Don't Stop the Party (The Black Eyed Peas song):  From The Beginning (The Black Eyed Peas album):  From Don't Phunk with My Heart:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:40, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

Genre
Starting a discussion at Talk:The Beginning (The Black Eyed Peas album) has led to some progress and, more importantly, seems to have stopped the edit warring by socks of. To that end, here we go. The anonymous editor, who is very likely more socks of MariaJayHicky, is opposed to saying anything by the Black Eyed Peas is "pop", no matter who says it. Adding "R&B" would be a nice bonus. A direct link is "vague". Maybe if I just replace it with a blog that agrees with me and don't explain... What if I remove the sourced info I don't like and add unsourced info I do like without explanation? How about if I remove the sourced info I don't like, add unsourced info I do like and use a deceptive edit summary? I know: I'll remove a very clear reference discussing the group and calling the album "pop" and say it is "about the genre in a nutshell". Maybe I can remove it, disguised with a deceptive edit summary that I am just "filling in bare links". Perhaps if I say it isn't sourced in two sources (when it is) and say a third "isn't meant to be used" (whatever that means)... A review from Billboard? Nah, I'll just remove that without comment. Wow. Just wow. We'll start with "pop" and move on, as needed. Any questions? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 14:13, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Robert Christgau says it is "what all pop might be". |pop
 * MTV repeatedly says the group turned from hip hop and became a pop group with the addition of Fergie and says Monkey Business "pushed BEP into the pop stratosphere".
 * mic.com puts the end of the bands hip hop on "Where is the Love" and ties their pop stardom to this album, "My Humps" and "Pump It".
 * Billboard tags this article as making the BEPs pop stars.
 * Frankly, at this point I'm finding it damned difficult to find sources that don't call it pop. It is patently insane to include 8 refs (I'm sure there are hundreds more out there) to address the concerns of one banned user. I'm going to trim the list to three or so. Here's the complete list, for the record:     |hip-pop   |hip hop  - Sum mer PhD v2.0 14:39, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Doesn't pop stardom refer to from going as an underground act into mainstream success and not meaning the album's genre? Joesob (talk) 14:57, 14 July 2016 (UTC) Joesob has been blocked as a sock of MariaJayHicky.
 * Here's what I found to be useful info for albums as well as this https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rated_R_(Rihanna_album)&diff=635118627&oldid=635117811 Joesob (talk) 15:04, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * You found an edit where someone removed sourced genres and replaced them with unsourced genres, dismissing MTV as a reliable source and not explaining the removal of the other two.
 * Strange thing, Joesob: You've been editing here for all of one week and just pulled out an edit from 2014 to an article edited by socks of MariaJayHicky. You've been very interested in genre edits from the start. In fact, your very first edit was a genre change to an article edited by MariaJayHicky. Your second, third, fourth, fifth... edits? They were also genre changes to articles targeted by MariaJayHicky. That's a very unlikely string of coincidences, don't you think? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 16:23, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I found 'Sources for Estelle and I was reading through what Dan56's edits were of the articles in general and I was right about the AllMusic side bar thing; no disrespect would it kill you to fill in a bare link too, it's untidy and a right pain in the bum to see Joesob (talk) 16:29, 14 July 2016 (UTC) Joesob has been blocked as a sock of MariaJayHicky.
 * I could fill-in bare refs, but I'd be afraid I'd end up making unsourced changes to genres. You know what that's like. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 16:39, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * That's not funny; do me a favour; never talk to me on here again; you're childish and I don't want to associate with you; whatever I edit, you leave alone and what ever you edit I leave alone I want nothing ever to do with you Joesob (talk) 16:43, 14 July 2016 (UTC) Joesob has been blocked as a sock of MariaJayHicky.
 * When you say "whatever (you) edit" does that mean just under this particular user name? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 16:48, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Wow who'd you think you are Catherine Tate? Put it this way Joesob edits SummerPhDv2.0 stays far, far, far away, SummerPhDv2.0 edits a page Joesob stays far, far, far away Joesob (talk) 16:51, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, I think we know who everyone is. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 16:56, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Well, that was fun. Do any non-sock editors have an opinion? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 21:59, 14 July 2016 (UTC) More IPsocking by MariaJaydHicky. WP:RBI and page protection. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 21:20, 17 July 2016 (UTC) More of the same. WP:RBI and page protection. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 17:33, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Monkey Business (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=black%20eyed%20peas&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=%20Buscar%20&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120407065958/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0306_g.php to http://www.cria.ca/gold/0306_g.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ifpi.de/wirtschaft/gpergebnis.php?txtSuche=monkey%20business&strAktion=suche
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130921132233/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/platynowe/index.php to http://zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/platynowe/index.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=The%20Black%20Eyed%20Peas&titel=Monkey%20Business&cat=a
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://{{billboardurlbyname|artist=the/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:02, 24 May 2017 (UTC) {{Talk:Monkey Business (Black Eyed Peas album)/GA1}}


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After Service

After Service is the second live album by Yellow Magic Orchestra, directly following their (at the time) final studio album, Service. The album features former ABC member David Palmer on additional drums. A film version was released alongside the album. After Service features "Kageki na Shukujo" (過激な淑女), which was released in a studio version as a single, but does not feature on any of their albums (compilations excepted).

After Service was later expanded and remixed by Brian Eno under the title Complete Service.

Double-LP
All songs arranged by YMO.

Personnel
(track numbers based on the Complete Service sequencing)
 * Yellow Magic Orchestra - Arrangements, Electronics, Keyboards, Mixing engineers, Producers
 * Haruomi Hosono - Bass (4-5, 11-14), Lead Vocals (7, 11-13, 16) , Backing Vocals (3-4, 6, 9-10, 14, 17-19, 21-24)
 * Ryuichi Sakamoto - Lead Vocals (3, 6, 8, 10-11, 16), Backing Vocals (4, 12, 14-15, 17-19, 21-24)
 * Yukihiro Takahashi - Electronic drums (2-4, 7, 12, 16, 20, 23-24), Cymbals (2-4, 20, 23-24) , Lead Vocals (4-9, 13-19, 21-22) , Backing Vocals (3, 10, 23-24)

 * Guest musician
 * David Palmer (ex-ABC) - Electronic Drums & Cymbals (5-19, 21-22)

 * Staff
 * Mitsuo Koike - Recording & Mixing engineer
 * Akitsugu Doi & Shinji Miyoshi - Assistant Engineers
 * Teppei Kasai (CBS/Sony Shinanomachi Studio) - Mastering engineer
 * Kazusuke Obi - A&R Coordinators
 * Tsuguya Inoue - Art director
 * Beans Suzi Sakamoto - Design
 * Kenji Miura - Inside Photo

Credits
Tour Crew
 * Planning: Makoto Sato & YMO
 * Production: Makoto Sato & Tadsashi Katoh
 * Stage Design: Kappa Senoh
 * Stage Direction: Osamu Yamada
 * Art Direction: Tsuguya Inoue
 * Light Planning: Jiro Katsushiba
 * Choreographer: Tsukio Kurotaki
 * Hair & Make-up: Chiaki Shimada, Kiyomi Yoshikawa (Ours), and Mikio Honda (Bijin)
 * Stage Staff: Takenori "Mansaku" Kubota, Terunobu Ohtsuka, Mariko Okabayashi, Satoru Ide (Create Osaka), Junji Kobayashi, Shoichi Katoh, Kazumi Hoshi, Masakatsu Yamada, Terunobu Tamaya, Yasutaka Nakano, Yoshio Kumada, Kazuo Kawakami (Kanai Ohdogu)
 * Sound: Ken Kondo (Front), Hiroyuki "Ah So!" Matsura (Monitor), Noriyasu "Uchiumi" Nishiumi, Yoshiaki "Noisy" Nojima (Hibino Sound), Kohji "Shacho!" Sawai (Crewbie Office)
 * Lighting: Takenori Hayakawa, Koyshin Suzuki, Yoshinori Kobyashi, Minoru Kobayashi, Toshiaki Hirasawa, Takashi Uehara, Kenji Muto, Kiyoto Hoshino, Sonoyo Nishikawa, Reiko Nihei, Masaki Hotei, Kazuhiko Koike (Stage Factory)
 * Transportation: Tadashi Ohgawara, Kazuhito Miyamoto, Toshinobu Kiyobe, Mitsuo Shimada, Tsutomu Kobayashi, Tomio Maeda (Minegishi Unso)
 * Instrument Care: Akimitsu Sasagawa (Crewbie Office), Kohji Kanamaru (Yoroshita Music), Masanobu Tsuchiya (Office Intenzio)
 * Tape Operated & Click Mixed by: Takeshi Fujii (Yoroshita Music)
 * Linn & Simmons Operated by: Aki Yamazoe (Yoroshita Music)

Equipment Support
 * TEAC Corp. (TEAC 48 Tape Recorder, DBX DX-40 Noise Reduction)
 * Onkyo Corp. (Onkyo PW-33 Transmitter, PR-1 Receiver)
 * Management: Yoichi Itoh, Junko Sugimura, Hiromitsu Fujisawa (Office Intenzio), Fumie Takahashi, Peter Barakan (Yoroshita Music)
 * Tour Conductor: Rima "Rimao" Yamashita (Yoroshita Music)
 * Tour book compiled and edited by: Hiroma Shimizu
 * Promotion: Kunio Tzutsu
 * Dancers: Jacqueline Hurley, Clare Macnamara, Tina Stubbington, Nicole Matney (FOLIO)
 * Executive Producer: Hiroshi Okura (Yoroshita Music)

[Re-issue]
 * Supervised by: Yuji Tanaka
 * Remastering and edited by: Mitsuo Koike at Ast studio, Tokyo, July 1999
 * Art Direction & Design: Takayuki Innami
 * Design: Kazuhiro Nozawa

title: After Service


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kevin Humphreys

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 02:12, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Kevin Humphreys
There's not much here to qualify as an article... maybe it could be mentioned in New South Wales Rugby League or something, or seriously expanded. In fact, I'm not sure whether this is deletion worthy, so I will abstain from voting and leave it to my fellow wikipedians to decide the fate of this would-be article. M412k 18:50, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep expand and cleanup. This man was in charge of running Australia's premiere rugby league competition for ten years between 1973 and 1983. The Four Corners program alleged corruption in the dropping of charges against Humphreys in 1976 involving Premier Neville Wran. Wran was cleared by a Royal Commission but Chief Stipendiary Magistrate Murray Farquhar ended up in jail in connection with the matter. I would love to clean it up myself but will have limited opportunity in the next few days. See for an explanation of the Four Corners program. Capitalistroadster 21:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Not much of an article, but we might as well keep it since the subject is reasonably notable. --W(t) 01:16, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Oppland Regiment

The Oppland Regiment was a Norwegian infantry regiment, formed in 1657 and stationed at Elverum. The area of population east of the river Leiret (literally the camp) adjacent to Christiansfjell Fortress was built up by the garrison and supporting merchants and craftsmen, who settled nearby. The regiment was disbanded in 2002.

title: Oppland Regiment


text:
Munuza

Uthman ibn Naissa (عثمان بن نيساء) better known as Munuza, was an Umayyad governor depicted in different contradictory chronicles during the Muslim conquest of Hispania.

Munuza in Asturias
One account says that he was the governor of Gijón (or possibly León) after Musa ibn Nusayr raided northwestern Iberia (including the region of Asturias but not Cantabria in modern Spain) during the first decade of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century. He was subject to the Wāli of Al-Andalus, Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi. According to late 9th century Asturian chronicles, he was defeated after the Battle of Covadonga and killed by Pelayo of Asturias at the beginning of the Reconquista.

Tradition (late Asturian chronicles) has it that he fell in love with Pelayo's sister, Ormesinda, and that, together with Kazim, kidnapped and married her. The chronicle of Alfonso III speaks of a "compulsory marriage", the failure of which compelled Pelayo into rebellion. The historical context can only be speculated, but Pelayo may have tried to secure alliances and a preferential status among the local nobles through the marriage of his sister to the new power in the area, as the Asturian kings would later do with Basques in Pamplona and all of the Christian families did with the Caliphate in Córdoba. It may also have served as a counterweight to Peter of Cantabria and represented nominal submission.

After the loss of a Muslim garrison out on a punitive expedition, Munuza may have taken undisputed control of the Asturian coastal region, but kept court in the western districts closer to dominated and occupied Galicia. Having been defeated in his bid to secure the region of León, he may have fled from Gijón, but Christian chronicles reported he was killed with all his soldiers in Trubia or La Felguera.

Munuza in Cerdanya
Other contemporary chronicles speak of "Munuza", a distorted name standing for Uthman ibn Naissa, a Berber commander in charge of operations in the Umayyad-occupied eastern Pyrenees, Cerdanya, a decade later. He may not have died in Asturias, and may have been assigned to the new location by the Umayyad commanders.

Odo the Great had a rival in Charles Martel of the Franks, who, for whatever reason, had not come to his assistance at the Battle of Toulouse in 721. Charles wanted Aquitaine, and Odo, as master of Aquitaine and hero of Toulouse, was a possible rallying point for anyone opposing the Austrasian usurper mayors among the Franks.

In 730, Munuza, the Berber deputy governor of Catalunya, hearing of the oppression of Berbers in North Africa, negotiated a peace treaty with Odo, sealed by the marriage of Odo's daughter, Lampegia, to Munuza. Arab raids on Aquitanian possessions immediately ceased and peace was temporarily restored.

In 731, Charles Martel, after defeating the Saxons, turned his attention to the rival southern realm of Aquitaine, denounced Odo's alliance with Uthman ibn Naissa, and crossed the Loire, thus breaking his peace treaty with Odo. The Frankish leader ransacked Aquitaine twice, seizing Bourges too, and Odo engaged the Frankish troops but was defeated. Charles went back to Francia.

Meanwhile, Munuza had revolted against the Arab governor-general of al-Andalus, with the aim of setting up an independent Catalunya for himself. Munuza went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official of the Hispanic Church based in Toledo. Munuza was declared a traitor and attacked. Odo was dealing with Martel and unable to come to his aid. Munuza was defeated in a brief battle and executed by the Cordovan Wali Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi.

Odo was accused by the governor-general of abetting the traitor. Odo was attacked by an Arab army and beaten at Bordeaux, the city the Arabs called al-Burdil.

title: Munuza


text: User:Thkoch2001/Rockmusic and youth

title: User:Thkoch2001/Rockmusic and youth


text: Talk:Quinque-

title: Talk:Quinque-


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TICalc.org

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 02:11, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

TICalc.org
Appears to be non-notable. Calculator programming organizations are inherently non-notable. Frenchman113 18:58, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Delete. Sholtar 18:59, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unofficial calculator programming organization. Nestea 20:38, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I should vote now I guess.Frenchman113 22:26, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Considering that many middle and high school students spend large sections of their class time on games downloaded from this website, it might be at least somewhat notable. But no vote.  PlatypeanArchcow 22:54, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Xcali 01:07, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Within its field, this is the premiere website for information about and resources for owners of TI graphing calculators, and I speak only as a longtime user of the site. This site has very possibly the largest archive of programs for TI graphing calculators as well as other features such as tutorials and articles about various aspects. M412k 00:03, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Thkoch2001

My Name is Thomas Koch. I'm a teacher of physics and music in a german High-School. I'm working mostly in the german Wikipedia and in some special Wikis about Romania, Brazil and education.

Ideas for Wikipedia
This ideas are noted here to be discussed later in the right place on metawiki or elsewhere.

 * Editing Tables: There could be a small link on every table like it is for paragraphs to edit only this table. This link leads to an edit page which isn't text based but specialised for editing only the tables e.g. changing atributes, values, deleting or inserting lines or colums, splitting cells or merging them.

ro:Utilizator:Thkoch2001 de:Benutzer:Thkoch2001

title: User:Thkoch2001