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Liberty League

The Liberty League is an intercollegiate athletic conference which competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. Member schools are all located in the state of New York.

History

It was founded in 1995 as the Upstate Collegiate Athletic Association. The conference was renamed during the summer of 2004 to the current name.

The league includes founding members Clarkson University, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the University of Rochester, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, St. Lawrence University, Skidmore College, and Union College. Vassar College became a full member of the league during the 2000–01 academic year, Bard College and Rochester Institute of Technology joined for the 2011–12 academic year, and Ithaca College officially joined for the 2017–18 academic year. Founding member Hamilton College departed following the 2010–11 academic year in order to fully integrate its athletic programs within the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC).

The United States Merchant Marine Academy, Worcester Polytechnic Institute and Springfield College are associate members in football only.

At the beginning of the 2012–13 season, New York University became an associate member in both men's and women's golf, while Wellesley College and Mount Holyoke College became associate members in women's golf.

Accomplishments
Offensive linesman Ali Marpet of Hobart and William Smith Colleges, drafted in the 2nd round, 61st overall, of the 2015 NFL draft, is the highest-drafted pick in the history of Division III football. He was three-time All-Liberty League first team (2012, 2013, 2014), and 2014 Liberty League Co-Offensive Player of the Year—the first offensive lineman in league history to be so honored.

Chronological timeline

 * 1995 – In 1995, the Liberty League was founded as the Upstate Collegiate Athletic Association (UCAA). Charter members included Clarkson University, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the University of Rochester, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), St. Lawrence University, Skidmore College and Union College, effective beginning the 1995–96 academic year.
 * 2001 – Vassar College joined the UCAA, effective in the 2000–01 academic year.
 * 2004 – On July 1, 2004, the UCAA has been rebranded as the Liberty League; effective in the 2004–05 academic year.
 * 2004 – The United States Coast Guard Academy (Coast Guard), the United States Merchant Marine Academy (Merchant Marine) and Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) joined the Liberty League as associate members for football, effective in the 2004 fall season (2004–05 academic year).
 * 2006 – U.S. Coast Guard left the Liberty League as an associate member for football, effective after the 2005 fall season (2005–06 academic year).
 * 2007 – Susquehanna University joined the Liberty League as an associate member for football, effective in the 2007 fall season (2007–08 academic year).
 * 2009 – U.S. Merchant Marine added men's golf to its Liberty League associate membership, effective in the 2010 spring season (2009–10 academic year).
 * 2010 – Susquehanna left the Liberty League as an associate member for football, effective after the 2009 fall season (2009–10 academic year).
 * 2011 – Founding member Hamilton College left the Liberty League in order to fully integrate its athletic programs within the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), effective after the 2010–11 academic year.
 * 2011 – Bard College and Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) joined the Liberty League, effective in the 2011–12 academic year.
 * 2012 – U.S. Merchant Marine left the Liberty League as an associate member for men's golf after dropping the sport, effective after the 2012 spring season (2011–12 academic year).
 * 2012 – Four institutions joined the Liberty League as associate members: Springfield College for football, New York University for both men's and women's golf, and Wellesley College and Mount Holyoke College for women's golf, all effective in the 2012–13 academic year.
 * 2013 – St. John Fisher College joined the Liberty League as an associate member for men's and women's rowing, effective in the 2013–14 academic year.
 * 2017 – Springfield, U.S. Merchant Marine and Worcester Poly (WPI) left the Liberty League as associate members for football, effective after the 2016 fall season (2016–17 academic year).
 * 2017 – Ithaca College joined the Liberty League, effective in the 2017–18 academic year.
 * 2019 – Buffalo State College (now Buffalo State University) joined the Liberty League as an associate member for football, effective in the 2019 fall season (2019–20 academic year).
 * 2020 – Mount Holyoke left the Liberty League as an associate member for women's golf after dropping the sport, effective after the 2020 spring season (2019–20 academic year).
 * 2025 – The Liberty League announced that it entered into a scheduling agreement for non-conference football games with the Empire 8 for the 2025 and 2026 seasons. As part of this agreement, Hilbert College will join the Liberty League from the Empire 8 as an associate member for football, effective in the 2025 fall season (2025–26 academic year), giving both leagues 8 football-playing members.

Current members
The Liberty League currently has 12 full members, all are private schools:

 * Notes:

Associate members
The Liberty League currently has four associate members, all but one are private schools:

Former members
The Liberty League had one former full member, which was also a private school:

 * Notes:

Former associate members
The Liberty League had six former associate members, all but two were private schools:

 * Notes:

Sports
The Liberty League sponsors intercollegiate athletic competition in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's crew, men's and women's cross country, women's field hockey, men's football, men's golf, men's and women's lacrosse, men's and women’s soccer, women's softball, men's and women's squash, men's and women's swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and women's volleyball.

title: Liberty League


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Richard Delancey

Richard Delancey is the hero of a series of novels by historian C. Northcote Parkinson. Delancey is a citizen of the Island of Guernsey who rises, through merit, through the Royal Navy, during its late 18th-century wars with America and France.

According to Charles K. Rowley, during his retirement, in Guernsey, Parkinson lived on a street named after Richard Delancey, a military officer who served under the 1st Duke of Wellington, and who died during the Battle of Waterloo.

James A. Winnefeld, writing in the Naval War College Review, wrote that Parkinson had "the naval historian's eye and ear for time and place". However, he said his characters were "wooden".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Delancey


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Vanilla Ninja/archive1

Vanilla Ninja
I've nominated this article as I am very keen on, and I believe i'm on the way to getting it to the quality necessary for featured article status. The biggest downfall I can see is the fact that theres not a great deal to write about them, but whats worth writing I think I have. I want to see how to improve the article to a great status in order to make it worth putting onto FAC. I realise most of the version (written by myself) was made yesterday, but I don't think the time it takes to write a solid article revision is relevant. Hedley 23:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This looks like a comprehensive account of their career so far to me. For the moment, I think this can stand as the finished article, though obviously it will need updating whenever the girls do something new. Jess Cully 23:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The artilce is well formatted and written. You will need to provide refernces, see Cite sources, so that people know where you got the information. You may also want to include a section on their video clips. --nixie 04:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a bad article but I noticed a few things that could use improvement:

 * Intro Paragraph is a bit cluttered and slightly too long for a comfortable quick summary of the article

 * Several grammatical issues including tense issues
 * (example: Formation and Eurovision Subsection line 1
 * Original: "The original line-up should consist of..."
 * Suggested: "The original Line-up consisted of..."

 * Expansion into Europe section first paragraph could use a rewrite because it's a little bit hard to read through because of the way it's laid out.

 * the Tough Enough subsection first paragraph about sex inequality comes on a little akwardly.

Jtkiefer 23:00, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now implemented the above suggestions. Hedley 00:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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User:Red Slash

Red Slash has made a lot of edits to Wikipedia, which actually began when he was a shockingly immature high school student. Once he started college, he stopped coming here so much, and then he graduated and got like a real job and everything. Every once in a while he goes through brief spurts of activity, generally to try and improve things. Sometimes that means making big changes, which sometimes end up being accepted and popular--sometimes they result in hurt feelings and upsettedness, and often with good reason (carelessness and ignorance or, worst of all, callousness). If anything I've done rubs you wrong, you're probably right to feel miffed. I want to make the 'pedia better and have wanted that from the get-go, but many mistakes do slip in and I regret them tremendously. (Every once in a while I'll read a talk page comment from a few years/months/hours ago and just cringe at my brash idiocy.)

The only thing I'd really like you to know is that Jesus Christ, he of the hundreds of skeptical articles, actually did come to earth, regardless of what you may have heard, and came to show us that there really is a God who really does love us. He's convinced me.

Red  Slash  22:35, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User:Red Slash


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Gruit

Gruit (Pronounced ɡɹaɪt key)(alternately grut or gruyt) is a herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops. The terms gruit and grut ale may also refer to the beverage produced using gruit. Today, however, gruit is a colloquial term applied to a beer seasoned with gruit-like herbs.

Historical context
The word "gruit" stems from an area now in the Netherlands, Belgium, and northwestern Germany. The word refers to the herb mixture originally used to enhance the flavour of beers before the general use of hops. The earliest reference to gruit dates from the late 10th century. During the 11th century, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV awarded monopoly privileges of the production and sale of gruit (Grutgerechtigkeit, or "grut licence") to different local authorities, and as such imposed a de facto tax on beer. The control of gruit restricted entry to local beer markets—brewers in a diocese were not allowed to sell beer brewed without the local gruit, and imports were similarly restricted. The gruit licensing system also exerted control over brewers within a city, as the holder of a Grutgerechtigkeit could calculate how much beer each brewer could make based on how much gruit was sold to them. Outside the area where the gruit monopoly applied, other countries and regions produced ales containing spices, but they were not called gruit. For instance, some traditional types of unhopped beer such as sahti in Finland, which is spiced with juniper sprigs, have survived the advent of hops.

Specific gruit recipes were often guarded secrets. In 1420, the town council of Cologne "...directed a knowledgeable woman to teach a certain brewer, and no one else, how to make [gruit]..." Although largely replaced by hops in the 14th and 15th centuries, gruit flavored beer was locally produced in Westphalia until at least the 17th century.

In both the area where gruit existed and outside it, the traditional spices were gradually replaced by hops, in a slow sweep across Europe occurring between the 11th century (in the south and east of the Holy Roman Empire) and the late 16th century (Great Britain). In 16th-century Britain, a distinction was made between "ale" (which was unhopped), and the "beer" brought in by Dutch merchants, that was hopped. In more recent centuries, however, the words "beer" and "ale" have been synonymous, as is still largely the case in British English, although recently there has been an increase in the use where "ale" means beer other than lager beer.

The main factor for the replacement of spices by hops is that hops were cheaper (especially in the gruit area, where the price of beer flavouring spices was artificially kept high) and were better at rendering the beer more stable. This preservative effect is thought to have had a large impact on the early movement to switch over, although other plants commonly used in gruit mixes, for example sage, rosemary, or bog myrtle, also have antiseptic properties likely to extend the shelf life of beer. Spruce tips as a local food ingredient have a practical aspect as well; it is a plentiful resource in northern latitudes such as Finland and Alaska, while in Alaska hops must be imported from the lower 48 United States.

Common ingredients
Gruit is a combination of herbs, commonly including:
 * Common heather (Calluna vulgaris).
 * Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea)
 * Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
 * Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
 * Sweet gale (Myrica gale)
 * Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Gruit recipes varied somewhat; each gruit producer included different herbs to produce unique flavors and effects. Other adjunct herbs include juniper berries, ginger, caraway seed, aniseed, nutmeg, cinnamon, mint, and occasionally hops in variable proportions (although gruit today is often sought out specifically for its lack of hops).

Modern brews
The 1990s microbrewery movement in North America and Europe renewed interest in unhopped beers, and several have tried reviving ales brewed with gruits, or plants that once were used in it. Commercial examples include:

Since 2013, craft brewers with an interest in making gruit flavored ales have banded together to mark 1 February as International Gruit Day. The day is intended to raise awareness of and pay homage to the historical traditions of brewing with botanicals.

title: Gruit


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Talk:Oscillatory universe

Expanding universe uses the lower-case u; this article uses the capital, and even capitalizes the word oscillatory. Why? Michael Hardy 23:24, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Beats me. If I had my way, Oscillatory Universe, Big Bang, Big Crunch and Big Rip should all have lowercase second words. –Joke137 23:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

When was this proposed?
to the highest livel

Why does this article have no date? --James S. 01:23, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Beats me. I'm sure it was well before the discovery of the CMB, maybe in the thirties. I don't have online access, but I think it is this article
 * R. C. Tolman, Effects of inhomogeneity on cosmological models, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20, 169–76 (1934).
 * –Joke 01:33, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, it could also have been in Tolman's famous book,
 * R. C. Tolman, Relativity, theormodynamics and cosmology (Oxford U., 1934)
 * –Joke 01:39, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Another reason why this is no good
Wasn't the recent discovery that the rate of expansion of the universe is increasing another reason for why the oscillating universe theory isn't valid? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gellender (talk • contribs) 06:54, 18 December 2006 (UTC).

New Developments
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070130091159.htm —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.108.255.105 84.108.255.105 16:54, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Uh, why does it say that "Philosophers have demonstrated the impossibility of traversing an infinity"... it should say, that some philosophers, for example Whitrow, have presented arguments that traversing an actual infinity is impossible... but they have by no means demonstrated it: Quentin Smith argues against the point in an article you can find on google called "infinity and the past (1987)", saying that it is based on the fallacy of equivocation.

Other arguments presented regarding said impossibility are also being debated still today, so we should not be giving people the impression that the matter is over and done with.

New Developments
Agreed. Since nothing has been done to correct this horribly incorrect paragraph, I'm removing it entirely. Here it is, in case anyone chooses to try to resurrect it: "Another major issue posed to an oscillatory model is that of traversing infinites. As an external conceptual problem to this model of the universe, Philosophers have demonstrated that it is impossible to traverse an infinite amount of time while ending up in the present. This presents a serious challenge to Oscillatory concepts, since part of this theory includes the notion that the Universe has always existed." User:Tarotcards 07:31, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Since that para has gone and referencing is improved, I removed the Original Research template. PaddyLeahy 03:34, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Entropy ?!
The article used to say:

 * Theoretically, the oscillating universe could not be reconciled with the second law of thermodynamics: entropy would build up from oscillation to oscillation and cause heat death.

I've been trying to get my head round this. Tolman thought that there was no upper limit to the entropy in this case (unlike a conventional closed system), which would mean no need for a heat death. This seems to imply that the (maximum) total energy of the universe increases on each cycle, which violates every conceivable notion of global energy conservation (quite a disputed concept in GR, I admit). Maybe the suggestion was that if each cycle is longer than the last there must be a beginning in time after all... but it is not obvious that the sequence has to converge. To the extent that heat death is reached, it seems to me that it would just make subsequent oscillations effectively reversible and so they would continue for ever, which doesn't seem to be consistent with the quoted sentence. On the other hand, Tolman didn't know about black hole entropy, e.g. discussion by Penrose about big bang vs big crunch asymmetries. Then again, the singularity theorem renders this moot, except that it assume a strong energy condition which is false now and was false during inflation, so why not during the bounce? Then again (again), if GR is wrong (which everyone agrees it is) all bets are off. My head hurts. PaddyLeahy 15:31, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

oscillating model
The amount of the change in the observed frequency of a wave due to Doppler effect, usually expressed in hertz. Also known as Doppler frequency.

Merge with Cyclic Model?
The Cyclic Model article is much more complete and describes the same thing. Perhaps these articles should be merged? 129.170.148.212 (talk) 19:01, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to absorption lines in the optical spectrum of the Sun (left). Arrows indicate redshift. Wavelength increases up towards the red and beyond (frequency decreases). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.226.140.126 (talk) 21:25, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oscillatory universe


text: Category:Harvard Law School

title: Category:Harvard Law School


text:
Leaving Islam

Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out is a 2003 book, authored and edited by ex-Muslim and secularist Ibn Warraq, that researches and documents cases of apostasy in Islam. It also contains a collection of essays by ex-Muslims recounting their own experience in leaving the Islamic religion.

Synopsis
Leaving Islam is divided into four parts, with a preface and five appendices.

Part 1: Theory and practice of apostasy in Islam
The first part of the book presents an overview of the theological-juridical underpinnings of apostasy in Islam based upon the Qur’an, the hadiths and written opinions from classical schools of Islamic jurisprudence, as well as contemporary written pronouncements of Islamic jurists.

The next section presents the history of the application of Islamic jurisprudence on apostates, documenting notable cases from the early centuries of Islam, such as those of freethinkers Ibn al-Rawandi and Rhazes (865–925), or skeptical poets such as Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) and Hafiz (1320–89), or Sufi (mystic) practitioners Mansur Al-Hallaj (executed in 922), As-Suhrawardi (executed in 1191), and the skeptic al-Ma'arri (973–1057).

Part 2: Testimonies submitted to the ISIS website
Part 2 consists of numerous case studies, covering modern-day apostasies, and conversions-out-of-Islam trends throughout the world. These were submitted to the website of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS), co-founded by Ibn Warraq.

Part 3: Testimonies of born Muslims: murtadd fitri
The third part contains testimonies of Muslim-raised apostates, including the ex-Muslim Ali Sina. According to Sina, it is no longer sufficient to simply not believe anymore, but "it is our duty to expose Islam, to write about Muhammad's depraved lifestyle, about his shameful acts and his foolish claims." Many of the authors are from Iran, Pakistan and Bangladesh, where a strict version of Islam dominates society, even though the lingua franca isn't Arabic, and these authors only discovered the real meaning of the texts after reading translations of the Quran, hadith and other early Islamic writings when they moved to the West.

Part 4: Testimonies of Western converts: murtadd milli
The last part is about people born in the West who were not raised as Muslims, but converted to Islam in later life, and then deconverted out of Islam again.

Appendices
The appendix "Islam on Trial: The Textual Evidence" cites, amongst other scriptural sources, Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 84, Number 57: "Whoever changes his religion, kill him."

Author's rationale
On 24 June 2003, Ibn Warraq held a public lecture (in disguise, to protect his identity) in Cambridge, Massachusetts about the book and the context in which it was composed. He cited several of his co-authors and other ex-Muslims who decided to leave the faith for a variety of reasons, but stated that these people rarely dared to speak out for themselves, and non-Muslims such as Western publishers often refused to grant them a platform out of fear. Unlike himself however, Warraq said he was surprised that many co-authors, especially the women (whose stories he thought readers would "find the most moving"), were prepared to write their testimonies under their real names rather than pseudonyms.

In a July 2003 interview with The Religion Report on Australia's ABC Radio National, Warraq said he wrote Leaving Islam to support his claim that there were a large number of ex-Muslims and to encourage other Muslims to openly leave Islam. He also said his target audience with the book was not just Muslims but everyone.

Aside from giving Muslim apostates a voice, Warraq also conveyed his idea that ex-Muslims should take the lead in criticising Islam and Islamism. As former Muslims, they have experienced Islam from within, and know it better than critics from outside, and perhaps can speak about it with more authority. To support this, Warraq compared 1930s Bolshevism and 1990s Islamism, and modern-day ex-Muslims to ex-communists from the 1930s, referencing Arthur Koestler's statement to his formerly fellow communists: "You hate our Cassandra cries and resent us as allies, but when all is said, we ex-Communists are the only people on your side who know what it's all about."

Reception
Some weeks before publication, a few writings taken from Leaving Islam were made available online on the website of Warraq's Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society. Reviewing these previews for Dutch daily newspaper Trouw, scholar of Islam Hans Jansen noted that, although "not all of the testimonies are written down in equally pretty English", he accepted this consequence of the World Wide Web being accessible around the globe and users with other native languages now able to communicate in unprecedented ways that censorship would previously prevent. "For the first time in history, Muslims will have unrestrained access to anti-Islamic polemics. The rule, applying in all Islamic countries, that only Islam may enter the marketplace of new religious ideas, has definitively come to an end due to the Internet, and Ibn Warraq."

The New York Review of Books commented that Leaving Islam is "probably the first book of its kind — a compendium of testimonies from former Muslims about their estrangement from the Islamic faith." Finding the personal stories widely varying in quality ("from the tragic to the trite"), it remarked that the "long and illustrious history of Muslim doubt" in the book's first part was most informative.

According to The Boston Globe, "Leaving Islam's stories make eye-opening reading."

When a Dutch translation by Bernadette de Wit (with a foreword by Afshin Ellian) was published in 2008, de Volkskrant found the book "interesting, because it shows how the process of deconversion occurs in Muslim migrants." On the other hand, there was an apparent inconsistency in the authors' attitude towards the Abrahamic holy books. They agreed that both the Quran and the Bible described many atrocities and contained a lot of immoral commandments, but while modern Christians and Jews were praised for cherry-picking the good bits and ignoring the unethical parts or taking them as parables, the contributors of Leaving Islam tended to claim that modern Muslims who try to do the same are blind to what the texts literally say, and should stop believing in them altogether.

Trouw journalist Eildert Mulder noted that the ex-Muslims' testimonies had a lot in common with those of ex-Christians. However, the latter usually focus on attacking the churches, or recounting how they suffered from their Christian upbringing; they rarely target the character of Jesus: "Criticism is restricted to the observation that one cannot walk on water, nor rise from the dead." In Leaving Islam, Mulder read that "Amongst deconverted Muslims, on the other hand, the aversion towards the prophet's personality is an important reason to break away from their religion. (...) The anger against Muhammad is enormous amongst apostates," especially concerning the oppression of women, human rights violations and mass murder. Although Warraq does discuss a few such cases in the book, Mulder criticised Warraq's website for featuring only ex-Muslim atheists and agnostics' excerpts from the book, and none from people who left Islam for another religion: "This website is not dedicated to people who have exchanged one type of irrationality for another." Mulder concludes that the books' contributors are "impressive, because these people have literally put their lives on the line."

In a similar book, The Apostates: When Muslims Leave Islam (2015), Simon Cottee challenged Leaving Islam's assertion that the fact that the death penalty for apostasy is supported by several passages in the hadith, this means this reflects the 21st-century mainstream Muslim opinion on the matter.

Translations

 * Dutch: Weg uit de islam: getuigenissen van afvalligen, 557 pages, Uitgeverij Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (2008), ISBN 978-90-290-8153-5

title: Leaving Islam


text:
Brioni (brand)

Brioni is an Italian menswear luxury fashion house based in Rome and specialised in sartorial ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, eyewear and fragrance, and provides a tailor-made service (Bespoke).

Brioni was founded in Rome in 1945. In 1952, the brand organised the first menswear runway show in the modern history of fashion. The brand invented the trunk show and the Prêt Couture. Brioni opened the tailoring school Scuola di Alta Sartoria in Penne, Italia, in 1985. Brioni was acquired by the luxury group Kering in 2011. Mehdi Benabadji is the CEO of Brioni since December 2019, and Norbert Stumpfl the creative director since October 2018.

Peacock Revolution
The first Brioni store, a tailor menswear boutique, was established on Via Barberini 79 in Rome in 1945 by Nazareno Fonticoli and Gaetano Savini. The name Brioni is a reference to the Croatian Brijuni Islands, a vacation destination for European jet setters.

Brioni was the first tailor for menswear to use bold colors and lighter material, introducing new silhouettes using slimmer shapes with natural shoulders. In 1952, Brioni staged the first menswear fashion show in the modern history of fashion, inside the Sala Bianca at Palazzo Pitti in Florence, where the Peacock Revolution was introduced. Brioni also invented the trunk show, during which the collections were presented directly in stores, allowing customers to personalize the garments with the Su Misura service (made-to-measure). Brioni promoted the “total look”, manufacturing suits, hats, ties, shirts and shoes. In 1959, a production plant was opened in Penne, Abruzzo, birth town of Nazareno Fonticoli. Called Brioni Roman Style, the state-of-the-art factory introduced the concept of Prêt Couture, or ready-to-wear Haute Couture that sealed the international rise of the brand.

During the 1950s, Brioni organized fashion shows in 9 US cities which launched the distribution of the brand in the USA. Brioni raised interests from celebrities, heads of state and business leaders. American movie stars of the 1950s such as Clark Gable, John Wayne and Cary Grant wore Brioni suits in Hollywood, giving international exposure to the brand. In 1959, Brioni launched a production plant, the Brioni Roman Style in Penne, which introduced the concept of Prêt Couture that also precipitated the international rise of the brand.

Expansion
In 1985, the company opened a tailoring school in Penne with the aim of transmitting to younger generations the specific Brioni sartorial method. The same year, Brioni opened a store in New-York's Fisher Building on 52nd Street.

In 1990, Umberto Angeloni was appointed CEO of Brioni. He embarked the company in a diversification of its product lines, from sportswear to womenswear (Lady Brioni) and accessories. Between 1995 and 2001, the company's revenue grew threefold to 150 million dollars. In 2007, Brioni tied a partnership with the Royal College of Art in London to train master tailors through a 3-year program (the partnership ended in 2019).

In 2006, Angeloni was replaced by three joint CEOs: Antonella de Simone, Andrea Perrone, and Antonio Bianchini. In June 2007, Angeloni and his wife sold their 17% share in the company. In 2009, Brioni was hit by the economic crisis but refused to relocate its manufacturing outside of Italy. Instead, the brand released new categories of products with new fabrics and introduced a men's scent, the brand's first foray into fragrances since the release of the 1958 Good Luck fragrance. Andrea Perrone took over as CEO and appointed Alessandro Dell'Acqua as creative director of womenswear in May 2010, but the brand discontinued its women's line the following year.

Kering acquisition
In 2011, Brioni was acquired by the French luxury group PPR (renamed Kering in 2013). For the past decade, the brand had been struggling to redefine itself, the influence of streetwear and casual office wear was driving the younger clientele away from the traditional suits tailored by Brioni. Francesco Pesci, an employee of the company since 1994, acted as CEO of Brioni during the transition. In July 2012, Brendan Mullane was appointed creative director of Brioni. Mulllane experimented with silk, hand-painted fabrics, and kimono-belted suits in his collections.

In November 2014, Gianluca Flore took over as CEO of the brand. In March 2016, Justin O’Shea was appointed creative director of Brioni. O'Shea looked for a reinvention of the brand by appealing to new customers, featuring stronger shoulders, smaller waist and longer jackets. On March 23, 2016, luxury conglomerate Kering announced that it had appointed Justin O’Shea, a heavily tattooed Australian and street-style enthusiast with more than 80,000 Instagram followers, as creative director. A self-taught retail expert, O’Shea was formerly the fashion director of the German e-commerce site MyTheresa. O’Shea featured the four members of Metallica dressed in Brioni tuxedos in his first ad campaign with the brand. The remake of Brioni's logo under O'Shea has been compared to the Fraktur typeface. O'Shea showed his first collection for the house on 4 July 2016. After 6 months,  Brioni announced that O'Shea would leave the brand. Brioni reported that its Autumn/Winter 2017 collection would be presented to buyers in the Milan showroom from mid-November 2016 but would not have a corresponding runway show. In March 2017, Fabrizio Malverdi became the new CEO of Brioni, and appointed Nina-Maria Nitsche as creative director in June 2017, who was credited for revitalizing Brioni. The Primo suit was introduced, a contemporary interpretation of the brand's tailoring. In July 2018, Nina-Maria Nitsche exited Brioni, her style being described as elegant yet "too safe".

In October 2018, Austrian designer Norbert Stumpfl was appointed Design Director of Brioni. Norbert Stumpfl introduced a more tonal suit design with enhanced sumptuous fabrics. Cashmere, silk, vicuna and suede prevailed to create a lighter informal feel to the house's iconic yet muted suit designs. In 2019, Mehdi Benabadji was appointed CEO of Brioni.

Operations
In 2020, Brioni operated 30 stores, and had 1,350 employees, including 1,000 tailors in production facilities.

Since 1985, Brioni has operated the tailoring school Scuola di Alta Sartoria located near its factory in Penne, Italy. A made-to-measure suit requires 200 tailors and quality control specialists before shipment. A Brioni jacket requires 12,000 stitches, only 17% of which are visible externally. Garments are pressed and steamed around 80 times to lengthen the fabric.

After having previously collaborated on a limited-edition scent for men, Brioni launched its first fragrance in collaboration with Firmenich in 2014. In 2019, the brand entered into a worldwide perfume licensing agreement with Lalique Group, which initially runs through the end of 2024.

In 2012, Brioni launched a collection of sunglasses hand-crafted in Italy by artisans using metal and horn.

Marketing
Brioni has hired movie stars for its advertising campaigns including: Samuel L. Jackson and Sir Anthony Hopkins in 2017, Harvey Keitel and Pierce Brosnan in 2018, Matt Dillon in 2019, Brad Pitt in 2020, and Jude Law in 2022.

Governance

 * CEOs
 * 1990–2006: Umberto Angeloni
 * 2006–2009: Antonella de Simone, Andrea Perrone, Antonio Bianchini
 * 2009–2010: Andrea Perrone
 * 2010–2014: Francesco Pesci
 * 2014–2017: Gianluca Flore
 * 2017–2019: Fabrizio Malverdi
 * 2020–present: Mehdi Benabadji

 * Creative designers
 * 2013–2016: Brendan Mullane
 * 2016: Justin O’Shea
 * 2017–2018: Nina-Maria Nitsche
 * 2018–present: Norbert Stumpfl

In popular culture
Brioni dressed Pierce Brosnan in all his James Bond movies from GoldenEye (1995) on, and Daniel Craig in Casino Royale (2006). In the 2000 movie American Psycho, Patrick Bateman (played by Christian Bale) wears a Brioni tie. In the 2008 Coen brothers' film Burn After Reading, Brad Pitt's character tries to convince a co-worker that she should consider dating a guy based on the belief that he is wearing a Brioni suit. In the pilot episode of The Good Wife, Alicia Florrick's boss comments that her colleague Cary Agos is wearing Brioni.

Brioni supplied Donald Trump with suits for his TV show The Apprentice.

title: Brioni (brand)


text: User talk:70.17.11.161

title: User talk:70.17.11.161


text:
Legislative Council of Fiji

The Legislative Council of Fiji was the colonial precursor to the present-day Parliament, which came into existence when Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970.

The first Legislative Council
Immediately after Fiji was ceded to the United Kingdom, on 10 October 1874, the first Governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, established an Executive Council with himself as President and comprising six other Europeans. This was a temporary measure to make policy decisions necessary to found and legitimise the new Colonial Government and to carry out the day-to-day affairs of the Government. With the arrival of Sir Arthur Gordon, on 1 September 1875, a permanent machinery for governing the new colony was established. In addition to the Executive Council, Gordon established a Legislative Council composed entirely of nominated members, of whom six were official (public officers, usually heads of Government departments), including the Governor of Fiji, the Colonial Secretary (the day-to-day executive power), the Chief Justice of Fiji and the Attorney General of Fiji; and four unofficial (representatives of the community not directly employed by the Government) members nominated by the Governor with the approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Thus all ten members of the Legislative Council were Europeans.

Elected European and Nominated Fijian Representation
The first step towards making the Council a popularly elected legislature was taken in 1904, when the council was reconstituted as a 19-member body consisting of the Governor, 10 official members appointed by the Governor, 6 elected members chosen by European males, and 2 Fijian members appointed by the Governor from a list of 6 nominees submitted by the Great Council of Chiefs. Persistent demands by Europeans led to an increase in their representation to seven in 1914.

First Indian Nominated member
On 20 July 1916, the composition of the Legislative Council was increased to twelve nominated members of whom eleven were official members and one a British subject not holding any such office, seven elected European members and two Fijian members. On 29 January 1917, Badril Maharaj, representing the Indian community, took the twelfth nominated seat in the Legislative Council. He served in the Legislative Council until 1923, when he resigned in opposition to the poll tax but was re-nominated in 1926 and stayed on as a member until 1929.

Elected Indian Representation
On 1 May 1929, the franchise was extended to Indian males twenty-one years of age and over who met the same income, residency, literacy and nationality qualifications as Europeans. The new Legislative Council consisted of the Governor as President, not more than thirteen official members, three nominated Fijian members, six elected Europeans and three elected Indians. Europeans and Indians were elected from separate communal rolls, while the Fijians were nominated from a panel of four to six names submitted by the Great Council of Chiefs.

Racial parity of non-official members
The next major development took place in 1937, when the Legislative Council was enlarged to 32 members. Of these, 17 were official members appointed by the Governor. In addition, there were five non-official members from each of the three major ethnic groups (Fijians, Indo-Fijians, and Europeans); Indo-Fijians and Europeans directly elected 3 members each, with a further 2 being appointed by the Governor; all 5 Fijian representatives were appointed by the Governor from a list of ten names submitted by the Great Council of Chiefs. In 1954, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna was appointed the first Speaker of the Legislative Council.

Women and Fijians enfranchised
In 1963, women were enfranchised and indigenous Fijians were empowered for the first time to vote directly for their representatives on the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council elected in 1963 had 37 members. There were 12 elected members, four from each of the Fijian, Indian and European groups chosen on a communal franchise. The Governor also nominated two from each of the communities. There were to be 19 official members. The Legislative Councillors of each race were permitted to select two from their fellows to the Executive Council. Qualifications to register as a voter disallowed illiterate adults to vote, permitted some people to choose between ethnic rolls and made no provision for Rotumans, Pacific Islanders, Chinese and Part-Chinese to vote.

Universal adult suffrage
The Legislative Council elected in 1966 had 36 members. 25 seats represented Communal constituencies (9 indigenous Fijians (Fijians and Pacific Islanders), 9 Indo-Fijians, and 7 General electors (Europeans, Chinese), elected on closed electoral rolls by voters registered as members of their respective ethnic groups.  A further 9 members were elected from cross-voting (from 1972 referred to as National) constituencies – seats allocated ethnically (3 for each ethnic constituency) but elected by universal suffrage.  The remaining 2 members were nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs. The president of the Legislative Council was H. Maurice Scott.

Responsible government
Responsible government was not introduced until 1967. A four-member Executive Council had existed from 1904, but it was not a Cabinet in the modern sense: it was appointed by the colonial Governor and responsible to him alone. The first step towards adoption of the Westminster System of responsible government was taken in 1964 with the adoption of the Member system, whereby 3 members of the Legislative Council (one from each ethnic constituency) were appointed to the Executive Council and given portfolio responsibilities supervising government departments. They were not "Ministers" in the modern sense, however, as they were still responsible only to the Governor and could not be dismissed by the Legislative Council. In 1967, however, a full ministerial system was adopted, with a Cabinet responsible to the Legislature. Ratu Kamisese Mara (who was subsequently knighted in 1969) was appointed as the first Chief Minister.

After independence
When Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970, the Legislative Council was replaced by the Fijian Parliament. A grandfather clause in the Constitution provided for the old Legislative Council to remain in office, with its name changed to the House of Representatives, pending the first post-independence elections of 1972.

title: Legislative Council of Fiji


text:
Mullins Center

The William D. Mullins Memorial Center, also known as the Mullins Center, is a 9,493-seat multi-purpose arena (10,500 for 360 concerts), located on the campus of the University of Massachusetts, in Amherst, Massachusetts. The Mullins Center is the home of UMass Minutemen men's basketball, women's basketball, and men's ice hockey. In addition, the venue hosts numerous concerts, family shows, theater shows, and commencements annually. Located adjacent to the Mullins Center is the Mullins Community Ice Rink, which is open for public skating and racquetball, while also serving as the home rink for the UMass women's ice hockey team.

In 1985, William D. Mullins, a state representative from Ludlow, suggested that the university needed a multipurpose arena and convocation center to help expand the athletic program and assist in the university's growth. He died in 1986, but the state went ahead with the building of the complex, naming it for him. It replaced the Curry Hicks Cage, the 1930s-era basketball gymnasium, as home of the Minutemen basketball teams. In addition, it allowed the hockey team, which had been downgraded to club status since the late 1970s, to be elevated to Division I status. The Mullins Center is managed by Spectra, which manages over 70 different event arenas throughout the United States.

Concerts and events
The Mullins Center has hosted many performances over the years, including:

Musical
• ;Metallica

• February 15, 1993

• ;Aerosmith

• September 21, 1993

• ;Elton John

• October 22, 1993

• November 5, 1997

• April 8, 2000

• April 17, 2004

• ;Phish

• April 16, 1994

• November 3, 1994

• December 4, 1995

• December 5, 1995

• October 23, 2010

• October 24, 2010

• ;Pansy Division

• November 28, 1994

• ;Green Day

• November 28, 1994

• April 30, 2005

• ;Indigo Girls

• December 9, 1994

• ;K's Choice

• December 9, 1994

• ;Live

• March 11, 1995

• November 13, 1997

• ;Barry Manilow

• October 21, 1995

• ;Alanis Morissette

• February 4, 1996

• February 11, 1999

• ;311

• September 13, 1996

• November 24, 1997

• November 19, 2005

• ;Dave Matthews Band

• October 6, 1996

• May 5, 2003

• April 21, 2007

• ;The Black Crows

• November 3, 1996

• ;Smashing Pumpkins

• January 28, 1997

• ;Fountains of Wayne

• January 28, 1997

• ;Stone Temple Pilots

• April 26, 1997

• ;Cheap Trick

• April 26, 1997

• ;Ani DiFranco

• April 4, 1998

• April 9, 1999

• October 28, 2000

• November 15, 2003

• ;Matchbox 20

• April 7, 1998

• September 22, 2000

• ;Korn

• November 6, 1998

• ;Incubus

• November 6, 1998

• May 14, 2002

• ;Tori Amos

• November 15, 1998

• ;Soul Coughing

• November 13, 1998

• ;Bob Dylan

• February 24, 1999

• November 18, 1999

• November 20, 2004

• November 15, 2006

• November 19, 2010

• ;The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

• May 8, 1999

• ;The Goo Goo Dolls

• October 20, 1999

• ;Luscious Jackson

• February 28, 2000

• ;Foo Fighters

• April 2, 2000

• ;Muse

• April 2, 2000

• ;Red Hot Chili Peppers

• April 2, 2000

• September 9, 2003

• ;Creed

• April 15, 2000

• ;Sevendust

• April 15, 2000

• ;U.P.O

• April 15, 2000

• ;The Jayhawks

• September 22, 2000

• ;Barenaked Ladies

• February 16, 2001

• October 24, 2006

• ;String Cheese Incident

• October 26, 2001

• ;Widespread Panic

• November 9, 2001

• ;Udo Lindenberg

• April 26, 2002

• ;Counting Crows

• October 5, 2002

• ;Tool

• October 25, 2002

• ;John Mayer

• November 23, 2002

• February 26, 2006

• February 26, 2007

• ;Queens of the Stone Age

• September 9, 2003

• ;French Toast

• September 9, 2003

• ;Delirious?

• September 27, 2003

• ;Good Charlotte

• October 10, 2003

• ;Blake Shelton

• February 12, 2004

• February 11, 2006

• ;Neil Young

• March 21, 2004

• ;Pixies

• November 30, 2004

• ;My Chemical Romance

• April 30, 2005

• ;Dropkick Murphys

• May 1, 2005

• ;Velvet Revolver

• May 3, 2005

• ;Alison Krauss

• May 19, 2005

• ;Tim McGraw

• September 15, 2005

• ;Kanye West

• October 31, 2005

• ;Keith Urban

• November 11, 2005

• ;Nine Inch Nails

• March 10, 2006

• ;Black Eyed Peas

• April 25, 2006

• ;The Roots

• May 7, 2006

• ;The All-American Rejects

• October 21, 2006

• ;Mike Doughty

• October 24, 2006

• ;The Raconteurs

• November 15, 2006

• ;Disturbed

• November 19, 2006

• ;Flyleaf

• November 19, 2006

• ;Nonpoint

• November 19, 2006

• ;Stone Sour

• November 19, 2006

• ;Amour for Sleep

• April 5, 2007

• ;Underoath

• April 5, 2007

• ;O.A.R

• April 14, 2007

• November 18, 2008

• ;Tim Reynolds

• April 21, 2007

• ;OK Go

• May 6, 2007

• ;Ben Folds

• May 6, 2007

• ;The Suburbs

• May 6, 2007

• ;Gym Class Heroes

• September 19, 2007

• ;Sick Puppies

• December 7, 2007

• ;Evanescence

• December 7, 2007

• ;Julien-K

• December 7, 2007

• ;Carrie Underwood

• February 20, 2008

• March 27, 2010

• ;Casting Crowns

• February 29, 2008

• ;Jimmy Eat World

• May 4, 2008

• ;Willie Nelson

• April 17, 2009

• ;Lupe Fiasco

• May 3, 2009

• ;N.E.R.D

• October 25, 2009

• ;J. Cole

• October 25, 2009

• April 15, 2012

• ;Jay-Z

• October 25, 2009

• ;Further

• February 19, 2010

• November 6, 2011

• ;Craig Morgan

• March 27, 2010

• ;New Found Glory

• April 25, 2010

• ;Ludacris

• April 25, 2010

• ;LMFAO

• April 25, 2010

• ;Electrolightz

• April 25, 2010

• ;Samuel Adams

• April 30, 2010

• ;Daughtry

• June 14, 2010

• ;Mike Posner

• September 25, 2010

• ;Far East Movement

• September 25, 2010

• ;Stephen Jerzak

• September 25, 2010

• ;2AM Club

• September 25, 2010

• ;Bad Rabbits

• September 25, 2010

• ;XV

• September 25, 2010

• ;Newsboys

• October 8, 2010

• ;Jimmy Needham

• October 9, 2010

• ;Wiz Khalifa

• November 20, 2010

• ;Big K.R.I.T

• November 20, 2010

• April 15, 2012

• ;Donnis

• November 20, 2010

• ;DJ Khaled

• January 28, 2011

• ;Escape Reality

• April 1, 2011

• April 2, 2011

• ;B.o.B

• April 17, 2011

• ;3OH!3

• April 17, 2011

• ;Pretty Lights

• April 17, 2011

• ;Kids on the Hill

• April 17, 2011

• ;Jason Aldean

• April 29, 2011

• ;Eric Church

• April 29, 2011

• ;The JaneDean Girls

• April 29, 2011

• ;Tiesto

• September 19, 2011

• ;Acquire the Fire

• October 1, 2011

• ;Thousand Foot Krutch

• October 1, 2011

• ;Deadmau5

• October 15, 2011

• ;Feed Me

• October 15, 2011

• ;Tommy Lee

• October 15, 2011

• ;Afrojack

• October 25, 2011

• ;Phil Lesh

• November 6, 2011

• ;Further

• November 6, 2011

• ;Bob Weir

• November 6, 2011

• ;3 Doors Down

• November 10, 2011

• ;Theory of a Deadman

• November 10, 2011

• ;Pop Evil

• November 10, 2011

• ;Lady Antebellum

• December 15, 2011

• ;Josh Kelley

• December 15, 2011

• ;Edens Edge

• December 15, 2011

• ;Avicii

• January 31, 2012

• April 19, 2012

• ;Rusko

• February 10, 2012

• ;Miranda Lambert

• February 16, 2012

• ;Chris Young

• February 16, 2012

• ;Jerrod Niemann

• February 16, 2012

• ;Third Blind Eye

• April 15, 2012

• ;Fantazia

• April 28, 2012

Family events
• ;Care Bears Live: "Caring & Sharing Friends"

• December 15–18, 2005

• ;Barney the Dinosaur

• February 16, 2006

• ;Doodlebops

• October 7, 2006

• ;Walking with Dinosaurs

• March 27–30, 2008

• ;Cirque du Soleil: Saltimbanco

• September 3–7, 2008

• ;Playhouse Disney Live!

• November 1, 2008

• ;Sesame Street Live!

• ;Cirque du Soleil: Alegría

• September 16–20, 2009

• ;Disney's Phineas and Ferb

• September 10, 2011

• ;Cirque du Soleil: "Quidam"

• October 9, 2011

• ;Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour By Cirque Du Soleil

• March 6, 2014

Entertainers, miscellaneous events
• ;Jim Breuer

• October 9, 2004

• February 1, 2008

• ;David Copperfield

• February 6, 2006

• ;Stars on Ice

• ;Boston Pops

• ;Bill Cosby

• October 29, 2004

• ;WWE

• ;Full Throttle Energy Drink's Pro Wrestling Live!

• ;Dayglow

• ;Daniel Tosh

• October 27, 2010

• ;Lipizzaner Stallions

• ;Russell Brand

• November 19, 2011

Sports
• ;Boston Bruins

• Exhibition Game

• ;USA vs. Russia

• ;NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

• 1995

• ;Boston Celtics

• Exhibition Game

title: Mullins Center


text:
Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Gestas (Jestaze) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

It is located in the former province of Soule.

title: Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques


text:
Ballard Berkeley

Ballard Blascheck (6 August 1904 – 16 January 1988), known professionally as Ballard Berkeley, was an English actor of stage and screen. He is best remembered for playing Major Gowen in the British television sitcom Fawlty Towers.

Life and career
The son of Joseph and Beatrice Blascheck, he was born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. He married Dorothy Long in Liverpool in January 1929. During the 1930s, he performed regularly in the so-called "quota quickies". One of his earliest roles was as the heroic lead in the 1937 film The Last Adventurers.

He served as a special constable with the Metropolitan Police during the Second World War, witnessing the Blitz at first hand, including the bombing of the Café de Paris nightclub. For his service, he received the Defence Medal and the Special Constabulary Long Service Medal.

He appeared in the film In Which We Serve (1942) and in the Hitchcock film Stage Fright (1950). He featured as Detective Inspector Berkeley in two episodes of Edgar Lustgarten's drama series, Scotland Yard: "Person Unknown" (1956), and "Bullet from the Past" (1957).

Berkeley is best known for the role of bumbling Major Gowen in the BBC TV comedy Fawlty Towers, and a similar role in the legal drama The Main Chance (1969). He portrayed another retired military man (Colonel Freddie Danby) in BBC Radio 4's The Archers, taking over the role from Norman Shelley.

He played a starring role in Fresh Fields as main character Hester's father Guy, was Hartley in To the Manor Born and played Colonel Culpepper in Terry and June. He had small roles in an episode of Citizen Smith (1977), an adaptation of Little Lord Fauntleroy (1980), and appeared once in Bless This House as a Royal Air Force Group Captain in the episode "Strangers in the Night" (1972), and in The New Avengers as Colonel Foster in the episode "Dirtier by the Dozen". He also had small roles in the BBC sitcoms Hi-de-Hi! ("Empty Saddles," 1983) and Are You Being Served? ("Memories Are Made of This," 1983).

He made a brief appearance in the 1985 film National Lampoon's European Vacation which starred American actor Chevy Chase. In this film, Berkeley played a British man who is involved in a minor road accident with the Griswalds.

Berkeley later performed the role of Winston—a similar character to "The Major"—in the radio comedy Wrinkles by Doug Naylor and Rob Grant. He played Badedas the Blue, a wizard in the radio comedy series Hordes of the Things. His last role was as the Head of the Army in the animated film version of Roald Dahl's The BFG. Berkeley died in London on 16 January 1988, and the film was released on 25 December 1989.

He rose to prominence posthumously in the 2020s as an icon of Hampshire Cricket Club, thanks to a scene in Fawlty Towers in which he joyfully announces, 'Hampshire won!' which the club would tweet to celebrate every victory.

title: Ballard Berkeley


text:
Talk:Hendaye

Old talk
Is this a town or a commune or both? and why isn't commune mentioned in the intro? gren 23:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Both. Added that in the intro. olivier 11:18, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Hitler did not want Spain as an ally...
I just read an article in El País saying that. I don´t know hoy to edit this page, can someone help? This is the article's URL: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/reportajes/bulo/mundial/Caudillo/elpepusocdmg/20101024elpdmgrep_6/Tes

title: Talk:Hendaye


text:
Talk:Big Mac

That's not a Big Mac in the picture (redux)
Notice: I am restoring this topic from the archives, since we seem to have a multi-persion mini-edit war over the lead photo. JustinTime55 (talk) 14:30, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

This picture does not show a Big Mac, but rather, a replication of some sort. A Big Mac's burger capacity would be leaking with grease and the cheese would most likely be quite moldy. Also, the cheese on that knockoff is clearly an individually wrapped "single". McDonald's doesn't use individually wrapped "singles", and neither does any other fast food joint that I know of (what a waste of time that would be; unwrapping every slice of cheese); they use cheese sliced from a block. "Singles" (e.g., Kraft Singles) are individually molded into their wrappers, giving them a distinctive appearance. On top of that, the bread doesn't look right, and there are at least three pickle slices in it, while a Big Mac only has two. Even if by some set of bizarre circumstances, the pictured burger did come from an actual McDonald's restaurant, it obviously does not represent the standard Big Mac configuration. – MaximRecoil (talk) 04:47, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It looks as if the original photographer might have mistakenly uploaded a photograph of a Burger King Big King. It fits the description you give - cheese on top of the burger, three pickles. This all seems very picky, but Google's image search suggests that McDonalds really does mandate the appearance of the Big Mac that closely. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 18:07, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

 * That is a Big Mac in the picture, purchased from a McDonalds. I had asked for the cheese on the side so it wouldn't be melted when I took the picture, so I'd have an easier time arranging it.  I did make the mistake of putting the cheese on top of the burger, instead of the bottom, though.  Evan-Amos (talk) 18:49, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

 * You're right. The Big Macs I've seen in person never looked like that.  They're much smaller and don't look nearly that good.  Seems like false advertising to me.  Someone should post a real picture of a real Big Mac, from a random sample purchase.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.194.39.86 (talk) 20:44, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

I've worked at both McD and BK, this is a Big King. Big Macs have the cheese slice rested on the bottom bun, as well as using tiny cubed onions instead of slivers. Can we fix this already? RT171195 (talk) 23:52, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I concur, this is not a photo of a Big Mac. Check the image in the pin button (lower down in the article), or look at a McDonald's published image on their website (https://www.mcdonalds.com/ca/en-ca/product/big-mac-sandwich.html).  The image in the article needs to be replaced. Christopher Rath (talk) 13:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I have replaced the photo with one of a real Big Mac. Christopher Rath (talk) 14:58, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't get it. For 10 years this page had a photo of a burger that wasn't a big mac.  I updated it to a photo of a real big mac and now I've got two different WP contributors trying to swap in alternate photos.  What's the deal? Christopher Rath (talk) 03:57, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

I went to McDonald's with some friends today and picked up a Big Mac to try to get a better photo. We're wondering if it would be better for the infobox.

The burger pictured is almost exactly as we received it – I tucked in a few pieces of lettuce, and pushed the top bun back 1-2mm, to make it easier to see each patty.We can make further changes to the image or do a reshoot if necessary. 3df (talk) 07:14, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * (picture was updated with a shot where the pickles are visible; all ingredients are now visible) 3df (talk) 07:24, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @3df I have nothing against changing to a better picture. Following MOS:IMAGEQUALITY: Use the best quality images available...Think carefully about which images best illustrate the subject matter.. However, I think the current one is of better quality than yours. Nobody  ( talk ) 07:40, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Would you mind elaborating on why you think the current image is of better quality? Of course I am biased, but from my perspective it seems like an improvement. Is there something wrong with the actual image quality? Or do you think that the composition of including the Big Mac box better illustrates the sandwich? Or do you think that the particular burger we used is less representative of the average Big Mac? Anemonemma (talk) 23:58, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The box doesn't matter to me. What I mean is, that it's a product that's available in many places/country's and there are variations due to regulations and ingredient availability in said country's. So the picture should be representative to what's the most common look on the global scale of it. I think the current picture fits that description better, but feel free to disagree. Nobody  ( talk ) 18:12, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The current image is of a Canada Big Mac and the suggested one is from the US. Though the sources of the ingredients would be different, I don't believe it would be possible to tell the two apart by looking at a photo (except for the box pictured, which if I'm not mistaken is specific to Canada). You can see the lettuce and cheese hanging out more in the Canada photo, but this is not a regional variation – rather, it's just a small difference in how the ingredients are placed from burger to burger. 3df (talk) 03:26, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, it's been a little while. Was I able to address your concerns? 3df (talk) 07:38, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi 3df, the part about regional variation is not a concern. But my stance that: I think the current picture fits that description (MOS:IMAGEQUALITY) better, but feel free to disagree. has not changed. It's obvious that you think your image is better, but at this point, we need more uninvolved input. I suggest waiting until other editors share their opinions. There are, of course, other solutions you can try; see Dispute resolution for that. (Since WP:3O doesn't apply here, the Dispute resolution noticeboard could be your next step.) Nobody  ( talk ) 06:37, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The "Ours" and "Amos" photos both seem closer to the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works of WP:LEADIMAGE, for the general neatness of the image and the plain background.
 * What is the most common look on the global scale mentioned above, for the "Rath" photo? Some nuance of the ingredients, or just that when you actually order a burger in a box from a fast food place they probably aren't going to tidy up the lettuce for you? Belbury (talk) 17:05, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

"2001" needs to be changed to "1937"
...in "the Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti, who stated later he didn’t invent the Big Mac but merely copied the double deck hamburger marketed by the Big Boy hamburger chain since the 2001." 74.96.153.198 (talk) 22:32, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * It was vandalized a few hours ago, thanks for pointing that out. MrOllie (talk) 22:39, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

"Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun&redirect=no Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 18:11, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Chicken Big Mac
To add Hong Kong to the list of markets where the is or has been available, with the following references:  , to the list for the :  , and the :. 203.145.94.75 (talk) 11:04, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Awhellnawr123214 (talk) 00:09, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 June 2024
2600:8807:4C83:3E00:A86F:7A23:8067:4178 (talk) 13:44, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:51, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2024
change the variations section so that new zealand is a country in which the mega mac/double big mac is available. the nz mcdonald’s website menu should contain the double big mac incase evidence needed. 2407:7000:9B01:200:DC:3CD8:D4E7:A097 (talk) 12:48, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:07, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Big Mac


text:
Little East Conference

The Little East Conference (LEC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. The member institutions are located in all six states of New England.

Chronological timeline

 * 1986 - On April 28, 1986, the Little East Conference (LEC) was founded. Charter members included Eastern Connecticut State University, the University of Massachusetts Boston, Southeastern Massachusetts University (now the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), Plymouth State College (now Plymouth State University), Rhode Island College and the University of Southern Maine; beginning the 1986–87 academic year.
 * 1993 - Western Connecticut State University joined the Little East in the 1993–94 academic year.
 * 1997 - Keene State College joined the Little East in the 1997–98 academic year.
 * 2000 - Seven institutions joined the Little East as associate members: Bridgewater State University, Fitchburg State University, Framingham State University, Salem State University, Westfield State University and Worcester State University for field hockey as the MASCAC division in fall, and Salem State for men's lacrosse in spring, all effective in the 2000–01 academic year.
 * 2003 - Salem State added men's tennis into its Little East associate membership in the 2004 spring season (2003-04 academic year).
 * 2004 - Two institutions added certain sports into their Little East associate memberships: Bridgewater State with men's and women's tennis, and Salem State with women's tennis, both effective the 2005 spring season (2004-05 academic year).
 * 2009 - Three institutions added certain sports into their Little East associate memberships: Worcester State with women's tennis, and Bridgewater State and Westfield State with women's swimming & diving, all effective in the 2009–10 academic year.
 * 2015 - Bridgewater State left the Little East as an associate member for women's swimming & diving after the 2014–15 academic year.
 * 2018 - Castleton University (later Vermont State University–Castleton) joined the Little East in the 2018–19 academic year.
 * 2019 - Two institutions joined the Little East as associate members: Western New England University for women's swimming & diving, and Massachusetts Maritime Academy for men's lacrosse, both effective in the 2019–20 academic year.
 * 2022 -
 * The University of New England joined the Little East as an associate member for women's swimming & diving in the 2022–23 academic year.
 * The MASCAC field hockey division of the Little East (Bridgewater State, Fitchburg State, Framingham State, Salem State, Westfield State and Worcester State) will leave the Little East and be its own separate conference (as in, the MASCAC to have it as a sponsored sport) beginning in the 2023 fall season (2023–24 academic year).

Current members
The Little East currently has nine full members, all are public schools:

 * Notes:

Associate members
The Little East currently has six associate members, all but two are public schools:

 * Notes:

Former associate members
The Little East had six former associate members, all of which were also public schools:

 * Notes:

Sports
The LEC sponsors intercollegiate athletic competition in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, women's field hockey, men's and women's golf, men's and women's lacrosse, men's and women's soccer, women's softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and women's volleyball.

In 2023, the Little East announced the addition of men's and women's ice hockey to begin play in 2025.

title: Little East Conference


text: Category:Dietetics

title: Category:Dietetics


text:
Talk:Polydeism

#1
I emailed the professor William O. Stephens who is referenced in the article to ask about his source for using the term, and he was gracious enough to reply as follows:
 * If deism is the view that the universe was created by divine agency, but that the divine agent or agents who caused the universe to come into existence do not intervene in the history of the universe after its creation, then polydeism (a term I have used in teaching the Philosophy of Religion) is simply a special case of deism. Polydeism is the view that a plurality of gods created the world, but then left it to "unwind" all by itself without intervening in its history (by performing miracles, or by incarnating as a savior, or by interacting with any human beings).
 * David Hume's criticisms of the Argument from Design include the argument that, for all we know, a committee of very powerful, but not omnipotent, divine beings could have collaborated in creating the world, but then afterwards left it alone or even ceased to exist. This would be polydeism.
 * Try C. D. Broad for the use of the word "polydeism."
 * Polytheism, in contrast, would, I suppose, be the view that there are many immortal (deathless) gods. Polytheists need not hold polydeism, since the many gods may not have created the universe.
 * Regards,
 * WOS

I'm writing him back for a bit more direction in the C.D. Broad search, since Broad wrote a ton of stuff. --BD2412 talk 23:35, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

VfD
This page has previously been nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Polydeism for the result. JYolkowski // talk 13:37, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Germans did it first, oh 'bout 200 years ago
Translations of the following would be appreciated--

Mufste nicht einem Volke, das mitten unter Polydeisten lebte und durch Polydeismus zerfalle wäre, indem es den einzigen Ring, der es zusammenheilt den Jehovahdienst verlohr, nicht beständig Mifstrauen gegn diese polydeistichen Nationen und Stolz auf seine eigenen religiosen Institute von seinen Fuhrern eingeflost werden, wenn es sich behaupten sollte?
 * Alexander Lips, Ueber die künstige Stellung der Juden in den deutschen Bundesstaaten, 1819 page 143

Inmitten der altaischen Stämme finden wir die Spuren eines reinen Deismus und Polydeismus; sie haben eine «vergöttlichte Natur» «körperlose Geister» und «göttergleiche Helden».
 * Carl Rottger, ''Russische Revue Monatsschrift Fur Die Kunde Russlands, 1882, page 514

Thanks!! //// Pacific PanDeist * 04:00, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Babelfish gives me: Mufste not a people, who lived in the middle under Polydeists and disintegrates by Polydeism would be, by it the only ring, which together-heals it the Jehovahdienst verlohr, not Mifstrauen gegn these polydeistic nations and pride on its own religiosen institutes by its Fuhrern is steadily eingeflost, if it should maintain ground?
 * Over the kuenstige position of the Jews in the German Federal States

In the midst of the altaischen trunks we find the traces of a pure Deism and Polydeism; they have a "vergoettlichte nature" "bodyless spirit" and "God-same heroes"
 * Russian revue monthly review Fur the customer of Russia

//// Pacific PanDeist * 04:10, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polydeism


text:
Alfred H. Colquitt

Alfred Holt Colquitt (April 20, 1824 – March 26, 1894) was an American lawyer, preacher, soldier, and politician. Elected as the 49th Governor of Georgia (1877–1882), he was one of numerous Democrats elected to office as white conservatives took back power in the state at the end of the Reconstruction era. He was elected by the Georgia state legislature to two terms as U.S. Senator, serving from 1883 to 1894 and dying in office. He had served as a United States officer in the Mexican-American War and in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, reaching the rank of major general.

Early life
Alfred Colquitt was born in Monroe, Georgia. His father, Walter T. Colquitt, became a United States Representative and Senator from Georgia. The younger Colquitt graduated from Princeton College in 1844, studied law and passed his bar examination in 1846. He began practicing law in Monroe.

During the Mexican–American War (1848-1849), Colquitt served as a paymaster in the United States Army at the rank of major. After the war, Colquitt was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives, serving one term from 1853 to 1855. He next was elected to and served in the Georgia state legislature. Colquitt was a delegate to The Georgia Secession Convention of 1861: he voted in favor of secession and signed Georgia's Ordinance of Secession on January 19, 1861.

Colquitt was a presidential elector in 1860.

Civil War
At the beginning of the civil war, Colquitt was appointed captain in the 6th Georgia Infantry. Eventually rising to colonel, he led his regiment in the Peninsula Campaign. At Seven Pines, he assumed brigade command after Brig. Gen Gabriel Rains was wounded, and led it through the Seven Days Battles. He led his brigade under Stonewall Jackson in the Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of Chancellorsville. Colquitt survived Antietam unscathed although nearly every other officer in the brigade was killed or wounded. After the battle, he was immediately promoted to brigadier general, to rank from September 1. By the end of the war, he had been promoted to major general.

After Chancellorsville, some questions arose about Colquitt's performance during that battle, and he was transferred to North Carolina in exchange for Brig. Gen Junius Daniel's brigade. His brigade was transferred again in the summer of 1863 to protect Charleston, South Carolina. In February 1864, Colquitt marched his brigade south to help defend against the Union invasion of Florida, and was victorious in the Battle of Olustee. After this battle, Colquitt's brigade rejoined Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Late in the war the brigade returned to defend North Carolina, where Colquitt surrendered in 1865.

Political life
After returning to political life and near the end of the Reconstruction era, Colquitt defeated Republican candidate Jonathan Norcross for governor of Georgia in 1876. He was one of a number of Democrats elected to office as white conservatives regained power in the state, in part by an overt effort by paramilitary insurgents to disrupt and suppress Republican voting, especially by freedmen. Around that time, several thousand "friends" asked for about 30 open government patronage jobs. Those who did not get one of the jobs tried to turn voters against Colquitt. There were rumors that Colquitt was involved in illegal dealings with the Northeastern Railroad. A legislative committee found the governor innocent. During this time he was a part of the Bourbon Triumvirate.

Colquitt was reelected in 1880 to serve two years under the new state constitution, which reduced the term of governor from four years to two. Under his term, debt was reduced.

In 1883, Colquitt was elected by the state legislature as a Democrat to the US Senate from Georgia (this was the practice before an amendment for popular election of senators was ratified in the 20th century). He was re-elected to a second term in 1888.

In 1892, Colquitt suffered a stroke and became partially paralyzed. He recovered enough to resume his duties as a senator, but in March 1894, he suffered another stroke that left him mostly incapacitated. He died two weeks later. His body was returned to Georgia, where he was buried in Rose Hill cemetery in Macon.

Family life
Colquitt's brother, Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, was killed at age 31 at the Battle of Chickamauga.

Colquitt was married twice: first to the former Dorothy Elizabeth Tarver (1829-1855), and after her death to her brother's widow, the former Sarah Bunn Tarver (1832-1898). He was the father of three children with his first wife and seven children with his second wife.

title: Alfred H. Colquitt


text:
Ward Anderson

Ward Anderson was a cinema chain in Ireland until 2013. It was the largest chain in Ireland and operated cinemas throughout Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was not a single company but was a group of companies such as Provincial Cinemas Ltd., the Dublin Cinema Group, the Green Group, and so on, owned by its founders, half brothers Leo Ward (born 1919) and Kevin Anderson (born 1915), and its brands were managed by members of their families.

Until it was divided in 2013, the group ran two main chains - Omniplex Cinemas and Irish Multiplex Cinemas - which operated in many provincial towns in Ireland. The typical cinema owned by the group had between five and ten screens. They also used the Cineplex brand name. The group's companies owned 23 cinemas in Ireland and 12 cinemas in Northern Ireland.

The group's flagship was the Savoy Cinema in O'Connell Street, Dublin. It also owned the Screen Cinema in D'Olier Street, which tends to show more alternative films.

Split
The two families fell out after the Andersons signed a deal to build a cinema on the Stephen's Green shopping centre, without notifying, or involving the Ward's in the new cinema. The new cinema would have been in direct competition with their jointly owned cinemas in Dublin city centre, The Savoy, and The Screen. This resulted in a long-running legal struggle that led to a major case in Four Courts in which the Ward and Anderson families eventually agreed to split their cinema empire in January 2013. The agreement to divide the assets allocated 23 cinemas to the Anderson family including the 13-screen Cork Omniplex and 22 other cinemas in their Omniplex Cinemas Group. The Ward family were allocated 12 cinemas in their Irish Multiplex Cinemas group, including the Savoy and Screen cinemas in Dublin.

Paul Ward and Paul Anderson, who are the sons of the co-founders of the Ward Anderson Group, Leo Ward and Kevin Anderson, operate each of the cinema chains separately.

Ireland

 * Athlone (IMC) 6 Screen
 * Ballina (Cineplex) 6 Screen
 * Carlow (Omniplex Digital) 8 Screen
 * Clonmel (Omniplex) 5 Screen
 * Cork (Omniplex) 13 Screen
 * Drogheda (Omniplex) 4 Screen
 * Dublin (Savoy Cinema) 6 Screen
 * Dublin (Screen Cinema) 3 Screen
 * Dublin (Swan Omniplex) 4 Screen
 * Dún Laoghaire (IMC) 13 Screen
 * Dundalk (IMC) 7 Screen
 * Galway (IMC) 10 Screen
 * Kilkenny (Omniplex) 4 Screen
 * Killarney (IMC) 5 Screen
 * Limerick (Omniplex) 12 Screen
 * Longford (Omniplex) 4 Screen
 * Mullingar (IMC) 6 Screen
 * Oranmore (IMC) 6 Screen
 * Santry (IMC) 11 Screen
 * Tallaght (IMC) 14 Screen
 * Thurles (IMC) 5 Screen
 * Tralee (Omniplex) 8 Screen
 * Tullamore (IMC) 7 Screen
 * Wexford (Omniplex Digital) 8 Screen

Northern Ireland

 * Antrim (Omniplex Digital & Omnimaxx) 10 Screen
 * Armagh (Omniplex Digital) 4 Screen
 * Ballymena (IMC) 7 Screen
 * Bangor (Omniplex) 7 Screen
 * Belfast, Kennedy Centre (Omniplex Digital) 8 Screen
 * Carrickfergus (Omniplex) 6 Screen
 * Derry (Omniplex) 7 Screen
 * Dundonald (Omniplex Digital) 8 Screen
 * Enniskillen (Omniplex) 7 Screen
 * Larne (Omniplex Digital) 8 Screen
 * Lisburn (Omniplex) 14 Screen
 * Newry (Omniplex) 9 Screen

title: Ward Anderson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul and Tilley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:18, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Paul and Tilley
A non-notable pair of individuals who create flash animations. A Google search for "Paul and Tilley" shows sixteen results, several of which are Wikipedia-related projects, the rest links between several of their sites. Reccomend deletion. Mr Bound 23:36, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good research, Mr Bound... I'm going to vote delete based on the same reasoning. --Idont Havaname 02:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Xcali 06:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 11:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Jerkcity

WELCOME FRIENDS

title: User:Jerkcity


text:
Category:Indoor arenas in the United Kingdom

The number of indoor arenas in the United Kingdom is quite low for a developed country with a population of around 60 million because all of the four main team sports in the UK are outdoor sports.


text:
Rug (animal covering)

A rug (UK), blanket (equine and other livestock, US), or coat (canine and other companion animals, US) is a covering or garment made by humans to protect their pets from the elements, as in a horse rug or dog coat.

Rugs are also used to protect the pelage of show animals, particularly if the wool or fleece is to be judged, as in alpaca fleece sent to an agricultural show, where it would be desirable to have the wool free from dirt and debris. Small dogs and dogs with thin pelage often need protection from extreme weather.

Horse rugs
Horse rugs are used for many reasons. They can be waterproof to keep the horse dry in wet weather and allow it to be turned out. They are also used as a means of providing extra warmth, especially to clipped horses, as well as a method of keeping flies off the animal in summer. They help keep a horse clean.

title: Rug (animal covering)


text:
Soft target

A "soft target" is a person, thing, or location that is easily accessible to the general public and relatively unprotected, making it vulnerable to military strikes, terrorism, car bombs, or crimes such as vehicle-ramming attacks or mass shootings. By contrast, a "hard target" is heavily defended or not accessible to the general public.

Definition
The terms "soft target" and "hard target" are flexible in nature and the distinction between the two is not always clear. However, typical "soft targets" are civilian sites where unarmed people congregate in large numbers; examples include national monuments, hospitals, schools, sporting arenas, hotels, cultural centers, movie theaters, cafés and restaurants, places of worship, nightclubs, shopping centers, transportation sites (such as railway stations, buses, rail systems, and ferries), and farmers' cooperatives. Soft targets are contrasted with hard targets, which are well-protected. Examples of hard targets include airports, government buildings, military installations, diplomatic missions, and power stations. Hard targets have access controls that prevent public access.

History
Terrorist groups more often choose to strike soft targets. Of terrorist attacks worldwide from 1968 to 2005, 72% (8,111) struck soft targets and 27% (4,248) struck hard targets. The intent of attacks on soft targets is to instill fear as well as inflict casualties. Clark Kent Ervin notes that attacks on soft targets inflict psychological damage. In 2011, while preparations were being made for the 2012 Summer Olympics, the deputy commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police Service noted that if the primary targets were secure, terrorists might substitute targets that are nearby but not as well protected.

Military and paramilitary groups may adopt a strategy of attacking soft targets in order to avoid direct confrontation with a stronger opponent. For example, U.S. military general John Galvin noted in 1987 that Contra rebels switched to civilian targets rather than continuing the direct fighting against the Sandinista National Liberation Front.

title: Soft target


text:
Talk:Sandbox

Not Wiki Sandbox
I have removed previous content from this page. This is not the Sandbox where users can test their edits.-Mr Adequate 03:05, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

However, this page needs attention. It needs a link to the sandbox and the 'relief equaled by military leaving' etc needs removal. --Wilfred 18:16, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm thinking of changing the text in the editing box, so it advices new users only to go to the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandbox to keep it simple Logictheo (talk) 11:08, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Is there a way to create a link to go to a user's sandbox? Ie they click a link and it takes them to their sandbox? Jawarner85 (talk) 14:33, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, Special:MyPage/sandbox links to the reader's own sandbox. Or it can be piped,  displays as Your sandbox. This trick is used by the Not a sandbox notice at the top of this talk page. -- John of Reading (talk) 16:10, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Ahem, did we forget something here?
I gotta tell you, I'm absolutely amazed at the content of this page. I look at Dictionary.com for "sandbox", and there I got no surprises.
 * The first listing is from Random House unabridged, and there is only one definition:
 * 1) a box or receptacle for holding sand, esp. one large enough for children to play in.

 * The second listing is from American Heritage Dictionary; there are only two definitions:
 * 1) A low box filled with sand for children to play in.
 * 2) A litter box, especially for a cat.

 * The third listing is from WordNet (which I've never heard of); it also has two definitions:
 * 1) mold consisting of a box with sand shaped to mold metal
 * 2) a plaything consisting of a pile of sand or a box filled with sand for children to play in

Only when you come to the fourth source, which happens to be The Online Dictionary of Computing, do we come to any of the definitions that our page features, namely, all this technical stuff. I'm glad that this isn't a prominent page, because it really looks dumb that no one editing Wikipedia knows what "normal" people think that a sandbox is.

This page is properly catergorized as a disambiguation page. Pending discussion, I plan to move this to Sandbox (diambiguation) and immediately afterwards create a nice little stub at Sandbox talking about what a normal sandbox is. There can be no doubt that, for 90% of the population (keep in mind, Wikipedian editors are not average), that should be the landing page for Sandbox, with an appropriate disambig notice and link at the top of that page. Unschool 07:11, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * lol. We do that sort of thing a lot, actually, make articles on everything but normal life. --tjstrf talk 19:28, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea. I stumbled upon this page and I noticed it was missing the most important thing, an article about the sandbox itself, the commonly known one for kids. KnightLago 01:23, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, strange... I just came across this now.. I was astonished that the main def was missing. Maybe it got deleted at some point. I didn't check the history. Anyway, no one had yet put anything in as of today, so I stuck something in there quickly in my own words. Feel free to change/improve it.  I just mentioned that it's a kid thing, and a metaphor, and put in a red-link so hopefully someone will make a proper page for it.  If one of you does, I suggest also putting in a { template } to request a photo of a typical kids sandbox.  Incidentally, does anyone know whether these are common around the world, or a suburban american thing.  I would guess they're all over. DKEdwards 04:30, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I just figured it out (wish someone would have explained it in the week I've been waiting for responses to this post). This article that we've been looking for is at sandpit; if only someone had placed a link to it on this page (and retitled this page a disambig page) this might have been clearer before I messed this up with my attempted moves.  I'm trying to fix it now. Unschool 02:42, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

yeah definitely this page cone with fourth-source for thirds listening with all this technical stuff Sohail333aa (talk) 20:19, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Railways
We need there to be a separate article on sandboxes that concern topics about locomotives. It could be called Sandbox (railways). Petri Krohn 20:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, so I have created it. --Falcorian (talk) 03:55, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

WP:SELF problem
Doesn't the link/comment to the Wikipedia Sandbox violate WP:SELF? --69.204.179.124 20:59, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Possibly, but it is needed to direct people correctly. --Falcorian (talk) 22:04, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's linked using a "selfref" template, hence will be automatically removed from any print version, hence is just fine. :) -Quiddity 21:32, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

double link to wp:sandbox
are the repeated links to wp:sandbox (at the top of the article AND in the middle) there for a reason, or should one of them be removed? just clarifying b4 i make the change... 202.156.6.54 13:30, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This page gets used as a test-sandbox a lot, so the redundancy pointing users to the correct location for experimenting doesnt hurt, and is probably useful. --Quiddity 20:43, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

we can discuss a lot of topic about around the world's even others plants also Sohail333aa (talk) 19:59, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

play
"The sandbox" is a one act play by Edward Albee

is that the correct name?

yeah this is correct article name Sohail333aa (talk) 20:23, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Arabic Sandbox
The link for the Arabic sandbox on the Sandbox page links here. Why does it do that? Can someone fix that? -Yancyfry

It should be protected
People keep coming to this page and vandalizing it. -Stimpy9337 02:49, 12 March 2007

i agree. protection is definetly in order. pretty much every other wiki i see that has an article named sandbox has it protected. the current version is a prime example of why it should be protected and i can't seem to find the revert button. 208.114.180.220 10:41, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Several points on that: The protection policy states that protection is not to be used as a pre-emptive measure against predictable vandalism (not sure whether I agree, but those are the rules). That said, you can still feel free to nominate this page at Requests for page protection, but understand that it's unlikely to pass their standards. Additionally, the main reason other wikis have it that way is often because they are less well managed (having a low number of administrators who lack the time to focus on reverting vandalism), so they leave such pages in a protected form. $$\sim$$ Lenoxus " * " 21:30, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Sandbox as in testing computer programs
Sandbox (disambiguation) - Never mind I found what I was looking for.

--Joewski 00:27, 11 July 2007 (UTC) Is this the editing page? Where is this published? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.255.76.28 (talk) 08:11, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Malplaced disambiguation page
This current redirect results in a Malplaced disambiguation page. Please move Sandbox (disambiguation) here (and protect it as needed) or update the redirect back to Sandpit. -- JHunterJ 11:43, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * - At Talk:Sandbox (disambiguation), opposition has been presented to the idea of such a move. Please discuss the idea of a move there. Nihiltres ( t .l ) 13:46, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

editprotected

This current redirect results in a Malplaced disambiguation page. Please move Sandbox (disambiguation) here (and protect it as needed) or update the redirect back to Sandpit. No objections raised (or any other responses given) when I asked on Talk:Sandbox (disambiguation). -- JHunterJ 12:29, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I moved it. — Carl (CBM · talk) 13:44, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

how do you get to the sandbox?!?!?!?!?!??!?!?!?!?! i relaly need to know!?!?!?!

Gigglelaugh225 21:20, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * click here for the Wikipedia sandbox 199.125.109.57 (talk) 16:46, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

On the line:
 * Sandpit, a wide, shallow playground construction to hold sand often made of wood or plastic

Please add sandbox for those who speak American English:

 * Sandpit (British English), a wide, shallow playground construction (sandbox in American English) to hold sand often made of wood or plastic

199.125.109.57 (talk) 16:46, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Alternate term added. --- RockMFR 18:12, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Sections
Please headline the sections:

For play:

should be turned to

==Play==

for example.68.148.164.166 (talk) 04:17, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Why? It's perfectly readable as it is.  -- Zsero (talk) 04:36, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia MoS states it.68.148.164.166 (talk) 10:37, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a disambiguation page. No point in cluttering it up.  -- Zsero (talk) 17:07, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Quite the opposite: The sections make disamguation pages organized.68.148.164.166 (talk) 08:52, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * See MOS:DAB. -- Zsero (talk) 14:12, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In any case, I disagree. It will make the page more organized and more readable if they are headlined, as with all other disambig pages.  Actually, the current format is required only in some pages, but in this case it isn't.  The current format is only required when bluelinks are required in section headings, because headlines can not have bluelinks.Asrghasrhiojadrhr (talk) 05:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Feel free to disagree. But I think the current layout is fine, and there's no need to clutter it up, so you have neither MOS nor consensus for a change.  Not unless a bunch of lurkers suddenly take an interest in the subject and weigh in to support sectioning.  -- Zsero (talk) 05:40, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Just adding agreement with Zsero -- section headers instead of group headers are unneeded and detrimental to this page. -- JHunterJ (talk) 02:06, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia semi-protected edit requests: es:interwiki
inter-wiki: Spanish version: Sandbox

PD: (es) No tengo cuenta en en.wikipedia, así que no vigilo esta sala...

Me gustaría que me avisaras si contestas este comentario.

PD: (en) I have not account in en.wikipedia, so I can't watch this discussion page.

I hope you tell me when you answer this comment.

--(Rizome) ~
 * You do have an account, and now you have >10 edits, you should be autoconfirmed so you can edit semiprotected pages like this one. Anyway I have done it for you now. Best wishes, — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:40, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * RE: Thanks very much. Before this edit, I only had 9 edits. I suppose this was the reason I couldn't edit the semiprotected article.  ---Rizome2 (talk) 12:53, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Changes
The double spaces have to go, and "In computing:" & "In music or entertainment:" should be ==Computing== and ==Entertainment== .174.3.111.148 (talk) 14:57, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I've removed the double spaces but haven't changed the headers because they seem to match with Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Rambo's Revenge (talk)  17:39, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

View source bug
If you go to the page, you see View source instead of Edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.164.146.61 (talk) 02:47, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

This is NOT a bug. This page is semi-protected so that only the registered user with 4 days old and 10 edits minimum can edit. I know that you want to test, please go to WP:SB. --Il223334234 (talk) 09:30, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

"sandpit" is the customary meaning and should appear first
I was rather surprised to see WP:SB listed first, then a cat's litterbox. Yuck. The conventional meaning of sandbox as playground equipment should be before this long list, maybe right in the hatnote. 2001:5C0:1000:A:0:0:0:831 (talk) 02:47, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 August 2014
Semi-Latin Extended Jackdamn1579 (talk) 19:45, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. -- Edgars2007  (talk/contribs) 20:03, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

The Sandbox (video game)
Link to The Sandbox (video game) is missing.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zackll (talk • contribs) 14:47, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 December 2019
Please can you write that a sandbox is also a mode of ‘freestyle’, where it is possible to experiment, without damaging, vandalising, or posing a safety hazard towards anything. 94.207.172.100 (talk) 13:14, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * That would go on the Wiktionary definition. – Thjarkur (talk) 14:01, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Moving/renaming sandbox to its final name?
How does one do this? There appears to be no "move" command on the toolbar! Wimbledon32 (talk) 09:11, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Financial Budget of Pakistan Year 20/21
Pakistan current government of Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf under the premiership of Imran Khan has presented its second fiscal budget in national assembly of Pakistan at Islamabad on 12 June 2020. The budget is interesting for all over the world as it shows how the government are intend to tackle the menace of Covid-19 pandemic. Is the health of the citizens going to be the top priority or is it still the syndrome of security and defence pre dominant. Pakistan Government has announced a 100% increase in health budget but it still is only 1.5% of what government intends to spend on defence. Overall the spending on health will be less than .5% of the total budget. Aamircheema (talk) 20:21, 13 June 2020 (UTC) https://www.dawn.com/news/1563073/budget-2020-21-heres-what-you-need-to-know-a https://www.dawn.com/news/1563012/no-new-taxes-in-rs713-trillion-budget-fy2021-says-govt

Semi-protected edit request on 20 November 2020
opt-out 2600:1011:B051:93AF:B40B:6DE:AC39:D82E (talk) 01:01, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is the talk page for discussing improvements to the page Sandbox. Please make your request at the talk page for the article concerned. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 01:03, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion: Remove the word "online" from Sandbox (software development).
Sandbox (software development) is not exclusively online, but can also be offline. Therefore, I suggest removing the word "online".

I am not able to edit the page, but maybe someone else is. Therefore I am writing the suggestion here. DuClare (talk) 10:54, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 19:31, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

"Draft:Foo" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Draft:Foo. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 June 14 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.  dud  hhr  Contribs 20:18, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 December 2021
Add this template to the article, right above the sentence "A sandbox is a sandpit...": 172.112.210.32 (talk) 00:05, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: the sandbox template does not belong in the articlespace, although it is present in its editnotice and through a note at the top that does link to the sandbox. melecie   t  - 01:05, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandbox