text:
Chieti

Chieti (, ; Chiete, Chjïétë, Chjìtë; ;, Teate) is a city and comune (municipality) in Southern Italy, 200 km east of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti, in the Abruzzo region.

In Italian, the adjectival form is teatino and inhabitants of Chieti are called "teatini". The English form of this name is preserved in that of the Theatines, a Catholic religious order.

Mythological origins and etymology
Chieti is among the most ancient of Italian cities. According to mythological legends, the city was founded by the fellows of Achilles and was named in honor of his mother, Thetis. Other traditions attribute the foundation to Greeks after the destruction of Troy, to Hercules or a queen of Pelasgians. According to Strabo, it was founded by the Arcadians as Thegeate (Θηγεάτη), named after Tegea.

It was called Theate (or Teate in Latin). As Theate Marrucinorum, Chieti was the chief town of the warlike Marrucini.

First prehistoric settlements
Discoveries of great importance to the prehistory of Abruzzo and traces of settlements dating back to 850,000 – 400,000 years ago were those of two hand axes and some Clactonian splinters at Madonna del Freddo's fluvial terraces, in the territory of Chieti.

Instead, over Chieti's hill, the oldest archaeological finds of human settlements date back to 5,000 BC.

The Italic period
After being inhabited by Osci, around the 10th century BC, the territory of present-day Chieti was occupied by Marrucini, an Italic tribe probably coming from Sabina. The latter defeated the former, but they preserved their laws, customs and language and became part of the warlike population called Samnites. The Marrucini lived in a small strip-shaped territory, including some mountainous zones of southern Apennines, and probably delimited by the Pescara River's mouth, the Adriatic Sea, the Foro, and the territories of Francavilla al Mare and Tollo. The Romans came into contact with this population, whose land was a vital connection with the Adriatic Sea during the First Samnite War (343 to 341 BC).

Roman history
Even if Marrucini did not participate in the Samnite League, they supported the Marsi during the Samnite Wars. After the Marrucini were defeated by the Romans, they became loyal allies of the more powerful forces. The first period of Roman domination was characterized by a lack of political rights, but they also participated to Roman life, including in different wars. Marrucini acquired Roman citizenship and their territory was placed under Roman municipal jurisdiction after the Social War, during which Herius Asinius, a famous general from Teate, was defeated and killed. In imperial times, Teate's population reached 60,000 inhabitants (a considerable number for that period) and was enriched with various structures, which are partially visible today: a forum, a 5,000-seat theater with a diameter of about 80 meters, 4,000-seat amphitheater (recently restored and usable today), an aqueduct, and thermae with a large underground cistern. Teate was favored by Via Tiburtina, an important connection to Rome, and by important people and families, such as Asinia gens.

Christianity probably arrived early, also thanks to Via Tiburtina, but there are different traditions regarding who Christinised the town. Also according to tradition, the figure who organized the diocese and established its boundaries was the bishop Justin of Chieti.

Medieval history
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was destroyed by Visigoths and Heruli. After being controlled by Ostrogoths and Byzantine Empire, it was seat of a gastaldate under the Lombard kings, so it regained importance. Later, in 801, it was destroyed by Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne, and it remained a fief of the Duchy of Spoleto for two centuries.

Chieti recovered some political and economic importance under the Norman rule of Southern Italy, a role it kept also under the Hohenstaufen, Angevine and Jiménez dynasty rulers. With Normans the town was repopulated, the cathedral was rebuilt in 1069 and new powerful families arrived, including Valignani, a Norman family of great importance for the history of Chieti. In 1094, Robert Guiscard nominated Chieti "capital of Abruzzi". In October 1097 at Chieti Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem. Chieti remained also loyal to Manfred, who stayed in the town at Christmas in 1255, and Conradin from the Hohenstaufen dynasty. At the end of the 13th century, Charles I of Anjou enlarged Chieti by creating new neighborhoods and expanding the walls, with new gates being opened. He also divided the region into Abruzzo Citra and Abruzzo Ultra and nominated Chieti capital of Abruzzo Citra. In the 14th century, the Cathedral was renovated, also by building a bell tower, and other churches were built, such as San Francesco al Corso, Santa Maria della Civitella, San Domenico and Sant'Agostino. In the 15th century Alfonso V of Aragon divided the Kingdom into twelve provinces, with Chieti at the head of the provinces of Abruzzi and seat of the viceroy. In 1443, the town obtained the title of "Theate Regia Metropolis Utriusque Aprutinae Provinciae Princeps" (Latin for "Chieti royal town and capital of both the provinces of Abruzzo).

Modern history
In the 16th century, Chieti maintained important economic relationships with Venice, so a consulate of the Venetian Republic was opened in 1555. Also in this and the following century, noble and rich families from Veneto and Lombardy arrived. In the first half of the 16th century, Gian Pietro Carafa, the future Pope Paul IV, was bishop and archbishop of Chieti. In 1571, Chieti participated to the Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Empire.

After a cultural and architectural flourishing during the 17th century, under the aegis of the Counter-Reformation, Chieti was decimated by fatalities from plague in 1656. In this century, Chieti acquired the current configuration that characterizes the old town, especially thanks to the ecclesiastical power. Indeed, in that period new religious orders arrived, which, together with the pre-existing ones, erected new buildings. In 1647, under Spanish domination, there was a short period of feoffment of Chieti.

In the 18th century, Chieti was enriched of new buildings, and its cultural life was characterized by several academies and schools, which contributed to the city's artistic heritage.

Contemporary history
In 1806 Chieti was turned into a fortress by Napoleon's France, to which the population was generally hostile, even if new administrative structures were created during that occupation. Many people from Chieti supported intellectually the Risorgimento and also fought in 1820, 1848 and 1859. In 1860, Victor Emmanuel II was triumphantly received at Chieti, and in 1861 the town became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

After Italian Unification, Chieti saw several innovations, such as the creation of banking centers and Cassa di Risparmio Marrucina (headquartered in Chieti and predecessor of now defunct CariChieti), gas lighting for the entire town, Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway, Chieti railway station in 1888, railway connections within the town, the electricity, an aqueduct in 1891, and works of editing of the main street of Chieti with also many demolitions.

Chieti gave many combatants during World War I, with 350 people who died in war.

World War II
During World War II, Chieti was declared an open city (like Rome) and was not extensively bombed by either side.

It was the site of an infamous POW Camp for British and Commonwealth officers (PG 21) where its commandante – Barela – was later convicted of war crimes for his treatment of POWs. Imprisonment in wartime Italy was tough enough. At some camps conditions were much harder, and the regime more brutal, than at others.

PG 21 was a very large camp through which many POWs passed, often on their way to other camps such as Veano and Fontanellato. It was overcrowded, with little running water, poor sanitation and, in winter, no heating. Shortage of food and warm clothing prompted debate in the UK House of Commons.

The story of the camp between August 1942 and September 1943 is told in a book published in November 2014 and written by Brian Lett, a former chairman of the Monte San Martino Trust and the author of several books, including S.A.S. in Tuscany. He tells of suffering under a violently pro-Fascist regime. The first Commandant personally beat up one recaptured escapee. A pilot was murdered by an Italian guard following his escape attempt. Tunnels were dug, and the prisoners were even prepared to swim through human sewage to try to get out. Somehow, morale remained remarkably high.

After the war, a number of the camp's staff were arrested for war crimes, concluding its unhappy history.

The city at this time welcomed many refugees from the near towns and villages. Allied forces liberated the city on June 9, 1944, one day after the Germans left the city.

Geography and environment
Chieti is situated about 10 km away from the Adriatic Sea, and with the Majella and Gran Sasso mountains in the background.

Chieti is mainly divided into Chieti Alta on a hill, which is surrounded by the Pescara and Alento rivers, and the more recent commercial and industrial area known as Chieti Scalo.

Chieti Scalo developed thanks to Chieti railway station, along the ancient layout of Via Tiburtina, in the valley of the Pescara river.

Chieti Alta (Italian for "Upper Chieti") reaches a maximum altitude of 348 m above the sea level, and extends in a south-west to north-east direction. The top of the hill is flat (like the aforementioned Pescara river valley), and hosts the old town, with its various historical remains.

Geology
The territory shows the typical geological and geomorphological features of the hilly strip between the Marche-Abruzzi Apennines and the Adriatic Sea, with the following geological succession starting from the deepest stratum: clays, sandy clays, sands, sometimes conglomerates, and facies made by gravels, sands and silts. This succession originated in a period starting in the Zanclean and ending in the Chibanian.

Climate
Chieti climate has a transitional humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) and Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). It presents high humidity all year round, with rainy/snowy warm winters and hot and moderately dry summers. Rain is a common event, especially during fall and spring, with accumulations of around 600 to 700 mm a year. Snowfall is sometimes consistent during winter, with temperatures that often drop below 0 C during winter nights. Fog is a common event during fall and winter, due to very high humidity in these seasons. Wind from the north-east (from the Adriatic Sea) carries cold from the Eurasian Steppe, while wind from south-west (from the Tyrrhenian Sea) carries heat from Algerian Desert. Wind is present year-round.

Natural hazards
Different inhabited areas have to deal with landslide hazard, strongly influenced by hilly slopes and precipitation. Instead, flood hazard is mainly related to the two rivers Pescara and Alento, which present erosion and an associated thick hydrographic network of smaller waterbodies.

Chieti lies in an area classified with "average seismicity": in its territory, on hard ground, there is the 10% probability of the maximum peak ground acceleration equal to or greater than 0.145–0.170 $ɡ_{n}$ in a 50-year period.

Wildfire hazard is higher from June to September and on the vegetated steep slopes, and is particularly influenced by human activities.

Air quality
From the preliminary 2021 report by ARTA Abruzzo, an environmental agency, it emerges that the levels of air pollutants at Chieti Scalo were under the limits established by law, but the highest values of Abruzzo were recorded in the urban area of Chieti and Pescara. At Chieti Scalo PM 10 reached 50 μg/m3 level 7 times in 2021, while ozone reached 120 μg/m3 level 4 times in the summer months of the same year and never was detected with a concentration of more than 180 μg/m3. In addition, the concentrations of benzene, carbon monoxide and sulfur trioxide were recorded and found well under the limits established by law.

Demographics
According to the statistics conducted by Istat, at the beginning of 2021 people aged 0–19 totaled 15.3% of the population compared to people aged 65 and over who number 27.4%.

Always at the beginning of 2021 4.8% of the population (2.359 people) consisted of non-Italians with Romanians (573 people), Albanians (430), Ukrainians (133), Chinese (108), Nigerians (93), Moroccans (90) that were the largest immigrant groups. Of the population without Italian citizenship 62.40% were from European countries, 15.60% from African countries, 15.52% from Asian countries and 6.27% from Americas, with the remaining 0.21% stateless.

According to income tax data, in 2016 the per capita income was €14,034. The unemployment rate was 16.02% in 2019, before COVID-19 pandemic.

Language
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, which is considered by some linguists a separate language, is still spoken in Chieti.

Economy
Chieti is a culture and administration-oriented town, with the tourism being a consistent sector: it hosts the seat of the homonymous province, a tribunal, hospitals, sport venues and different hotels.

Agriculture
Agriculture has remained an important economic sector thanks to horticulture, cereal cultivation, olive cultivation, cultivation of tobacco and cultivation of grapes, from which well-known wines are made, such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo.

Manufacturing
Manufacturing activities are developed, especially in the sectors of the food industry, chemical industry, clothing industry, building materials and engineering industry.

Chieti is home to companies operating in various sectors, including:
 * Walter Tosto Spa: multinational corporation, associated with the following sectors: chemical industry, oil industry, energy industry (including nuclear and renewable energy), physical science research (e.g. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, JT-60SA satellite project, DarkSide dark matter experiment), food industry, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, hydrogen production;
 * Riveco Generalsider: siderurgy company;
 * Toto Holding Spa: a company specialized in road and rail transport infrastructure, and renewable energy, with its subsidiary US Wind operating off the East Coast of the United States (it also founded an airline named Air One);
 * Caffè Mokambo: coffee company;
 * SIAC Fashion srl (also called Rodrigo): clothing industry business with worldwide sales.

In addition to these Chieti-based companies, there are other establishments of the following companies:
 * Leonardo: Italian multinational company specialising in aerospace, defense and information security, with a "Global Security Operation Center" located at Chieti;
 * Dayco: American multinational corporation.

Real estate
According to Italian Revenue Agency, in the first semester 2022 the highest prices for a residential property with average features were recorded in Chieti Scalo (€ 880 – 1300 per square meter), followed by the old town (€ 830 – 1200). Always in Chieti Scalo were recorded the highest monthly rents (€ 4.2 – 6.3 per square meter).

Vittorio Emanuele II Square
As the main square of the old town, it has an elevation of 330 meters, and is located on a part of Chieti's hill called Colle Gallo. Even if it also commonly referred to as Saint Justin Square or "Piazza Grande" (i.e. "Big Square"), its official name is Vittorio Emanuele II Square. This name was given to the square in order to remember Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, who triumphally visited Chieti during the Italian unification, on October 18, 1860.

The square shows the Cathedral, but also other important buildings for Chieti, such as the seat of the comune (the town hall), the tribunal, and Mezzanotte palace. A nobles' palace erected in 1517 has been the official town hall since 1870, even if that building was intensely modified and now only small elements of the old palace remain, including a loggia and some niches.

Corso Marrucino
Corso Marrucino (Italian for "Marrucinian Street"), the main street of Chieti's center, follows in its path part of the shape of Chieti's hill and is characterized by many buildings of different periods, which sometimes also present porches for pedestrians. Formerly known as "Corso Galiani", it was modified according to a project approved in 1890, which also enlarged the street through different demolitions.

Among the most representative architectures, there are the former local seat of the Bank of Italy (built at the beginning of the 20th century with neoclassical taste), the former seat of the local Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture and Artisanship (completed in 1930 in Neo-Gothic style), and the seat of the Province of Chieti (built between 1914 and 1928). Instead, older buildings are represented by the former Piarists' boarding school, the adjacent San Domenico church and De' Mayo palace. The former Piarists' boarding school, which now hosts the school named Convitto Nazionale Giambattista Vico with its homonymous liceo classico, was founded thanks to a will of 1636. The 16th-century De' Mayo palace, a former seat of the viceroy of Abruzzo, is built in Neapolitan style on Ancient Roman underground galleries, featuring a patio, a big stone portal, and an original Orientalizing turret.

Chieti Cathedral
The cathedral dedicated to Saint Justin of Chieti was probably founded in the 8th century and, according to tradition, was re-built by bishop Teodorico I in 840, after the sack by Pepin of Italy. It was again re-built by bishop Attone I in 1069, but of that building only parts of the Romanesque crypt remain. The church was beautified in the 14th and 15th centuries thanks to different bishops. The first three floors of the bell tower were erected in 1335 by Bartolomeo di Giacomo and in 1498 Antonio da Lodi built its bellcote and tented roof. The church was decorated again in the 17th century in the Baroque style. The 1703 Apennine earthquakes destroyed the tented roof of the bell tower and damaged the church, whose aspect was changed by the archbishop Francesco Brancia between 1764 and 1770. In the early 20th century the architect Antonio Cirilli consolidated the bell tower and extensively modified the exterior. The crypt hosts the relics of Saint Justin of Chieti. Close to the cathedral there is the Baroque oratory of the Mount of the Dead Brotherhood, the oldest catholic fraternity of Chieti that was officially acknowledged by Pope Innocent X in 1648.

San Francesco al Corso
A church dedicated to Saint Francis, which has the traditional Latin cross plan, was probably founded in 1239 thanks to the nobleman Antonio Gizio, who donated his estate to the project. In the second half of the 14th century, a new façade was constructed, but it was rebuilt in the 17th century except at the top with a rose window. After years of decay, in 1689 they started an extensive restoration which changed the appearance of this church. At the end of the 19th century, the architect Torquato Scaraviglia added an external stairway and another intervention was commissioned by the noblewoman Theresa de Hortalis. The church has a hemispherical dome with trompe-l'œil paintings and ten chapels, whose improvements were financed by some of the most important families of Chieti of the time.

Santa Chiara
The Baroque church named Santa Chiara was built for the nuns of the Order of Saint Clare between 1644 and 1720 and presents a Latin cross floor plan with a single nave. The adjacent building, in the past convent with the name of Santo Spirito and now a Carabinieri center, was inhabited by the nuns from 1558 to the Italian Unification, who were for sure present in Chieti since the 14th century. Artworks of great importance preserved in this church are the wooden pulpit with gold and marble decorations, the 18th century organ, the vault painted with a representation of the Assumption of Mary, and the major altarpiece representing the Pentecost.

Santissima Trinità
Founded and built by a brotherhood with the donations of inhabitants between 1586 and 1587, the church is named after the Holy Trinity. Adjacent to it there were another much older church with a hospital, which was later transformed in a palace (Palazzo Lepri), and an access door to Chieti, which was partly included in the church and transformed in a chapel. The church presents a single nave and a brick façade completed in 1609.

San Domenico
Along Corso Marrucino street there is San Domenico church, which was formerly dedicated to Saint Anne and built between 1642 and 1672 by the Piarists. The façade is in a Roman Baroque style with a brick Baroque bell tower, and the interiors are rich of decorations and preserve also artworks of another church demolished in 1913, whose name was reused for this church.

Teatro Marrucino
At the beginning of the 19th century, Chieti needed to have a larger and more modern theater to host the increased number of spectators, and the intense drama and opera production of that period. So, because of the inadequacy of the former theater (now named Venetians' Palace), Chieti's administration decided to demolish the Sant'Ignazio Church and build a new theater, which was named "Saint Ferdinand" as an homage to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. It was built from 1813 to 1817, and inaugurated in 1818, with the first opera performed being La Cenerentola. After the Italian unification, the theater was renamed "Teatro Marrucino" (Italian for "Marrucinian Theater") after the pre-Roman Marrucini population, which inhabited the area. In 1872, thanks to the prestige of the institution, some interventions were commissioned, also to add an upper balcony (fifth level). In 1874, a new intervention was financed to improve the interiors, including the ceiling. This was decorated with a wooden rose window, surrounded by flower decorations, allegories of theatrical arts and music, and the portraits of great music or theater geniuses (Goldoni, Pergolesi, Shakespeare, Goethe, Paisiello, Alfieri, Rossini, Verdi). In 1875 the Neapolitan artist Giovanni Ponticelli painted the front curtain, representing the triumph over Dalmatae of Gaius Asinius Pollio.

Porta Pescara
Porta Pescara is the name of the only city gates existing today of the town walls that defended Chieti, with one dating back to the 13th century and the other built in 1797 on the orders of Baron Francesco Farina, an important administrator. The older one, which shows an elegant pointed arch, was realized in stone thanks to the donations collected by the bishop of Chieti. Their name derives from the fact that they gave access to the old road to today's Pescara.

Villa Comunale
Located at the Southern part of Chieti's hill, Villa Comunale is the major park in Chieti. It was created by merging the gardens of two nobles' villas (Frigerj Villa and Nolli Villa), gardens that started to be created in the first decades of the 19th century. After being bought by the comune, they were opened to the public for the first time in 1868. In the following years also other surrounding properties were bought and all were used to create a big urban park, with plants such as lindens, poplars, and cedars from Florence, which can be seen also today. In the urban park, there are also a fountain bought in a French exposition of 1890, two artificial lakes, and a large bronze First World War memorial realized in 1924. Adjacent to the park, there is the former military hospital, which was located in an Order of Friars Minor's convent founded in 1420.

Archaeological sites
The territory of Chieti was the seat of Teate, a Roman town which was founded in an area inhabited since Prehistory and flourished in the first century BC, becoming a municipium. There are different Roman sites today in Chieti, including three temples, a theatre, a citadel with an amphitheatre, thermae and underground cisterns. In the citadel earthenware, statues and temple decoration dating back to the Republican Age were discovered, but also an amphiteather of the first century AD. The baths were divided in different rooms, decorated with mosaics that can be partially seen today, and fueled by a close cistern.

Roman theater
In the area of La Civitella there are the remains of a Roman theatre, which was probably built in the 1st century CE, a period of prosperity. The building had a diameter of about 80 meters and could host about 5,000 spectators, but today they can see little more than the left wing of its cavea with some corridors.

Roman temples
In 1935 Desiderato Scenna discovered the remains of four ancient Roman temples, the best-preserved one of which was used as a church since the 8th century and renamed after Saint Peter and Saint Paul, whereas another one has been removed to build a post office. The construction of the two twin temples and the smaller one was commissioned by Marcus Vetius Marcellus and his wife Helvidia Priscilla, who were favored by Nero. They do not know what divinities they were dedicated to, even if some scholars proposed that they were consecrated to the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). The walls are made of bricks, marble slabs, stone slabs and stone tiles, and the plan of the twin temples included a portico and underground spaces.

Underground Chieti
The thermae are connected to an underground cistern, which is a part of a complex Roman water supply system. In addition, underneath the 18th-century Palazzo de' Mayo there is the so-called via tecta, an over 4 meters tall ancient Roman underground street, whose function is still debated.

Museums

 * The National Archaeological Museum of Abruzzo is surrounded by an urban park and is located in the former 19th-century Neoclassical residence of the Frigerj family. The rooms of the museum, which hosts the ancient Warrior of Capestrano, are dedicated to: Italic sculpture, Roman sculpture, a numismatic collection, a collection of antiquities created by Giovanni Pansa, the Vestini, the Peligni, the Marrucini and the Carricini.
 * The Archaeological Museum La Civitella is close to the Roman amphitheatre and is focused on the Marrucini and the ancient history of Chieti.
 * The University Museum of History of Biomedical Sciences is managed by the University of Chieti-Pescara and exposes prehistoric finds, rocks, minerals, a malacological collection, medical devices of the early 20th century and a collection of contemporary art. The museum is located in the former local house of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro, an example of fascist architecture.
 * The art museum dedicated to Costantino Barbella is located in an 18th-century palace and houses frescoes, sculptures, paintings, and pottery from the 15th to the 20th centuries, including a collection of Maiolica from Castelli.
 * The Museo Diocesano Teatino (Italian for "Diocesan Museum of Chieti") is located in the 17th-century Church of Saint Dominic and hosts frescoes from the 14th to the 16th century, wooden statues and paintings.

Good Friday procession
According to some historians, Good Friday procession, which is considered Italy's oldest religious procession, has taken place in Chieti since 842. From historical documented sources, the origins of its current form date back to the 16th century. It is organized by the Mount of the Dead Brotherhood, an old local fraternity, with different sacred symbols, including an 18th-century wooden Christ sculpture, an Our Lady of Sorrows statue (which is dressed every time for the event by a selected group of women), seven symbols of Passion. The procession starts at the Cathedral at sunset and goes through the principal streets of the old town, where torches on wrought iron tripods are placed. Different people take part, adults and children: the hooded members of the Mount of the Dead Brotherhood and other brotherhoods of the town, clergymen, members of the Order of the Holy Sepulcher, and a choir and an orchestra performing Miserere by Saverio Selecchy (a local composer of the 18th century).

Education
Chieti has different state and private kindergartens, different state primary and middle schools, a private secondary school (the D.O.G.E. School College) and 7 state secondary schools: Istituto "Luigi di Savoia" (1529 students), Istituto tecnico "Galiani-De Sterlich", Liceo "Isabella Gonzaga", Liceo scientifico "Filippo Masci", Istituto "Umberto Pomilio", Liceo classico "G.B. Vico" and Liceo artistico statale.

The University of Chieti (Università G. d'Annunzio – Chieti e Pescara) is based in Chieti and Pescara and hosts about 35,000 students, covering areas of Architecture, Arts and Philosophy, Economics, Foreign Languages and Literatures, Management, Medicine, Pharmacy, Psychology, Sciences, Social Sciences and Sports Medicine.

Government
In the year 2021, the comune has debts amounting to more than 78 million euros.

Healthcare
In Chieti the public healthcare system is under the administration of Azienda Sanitaria Locale Lanciano Vasto Chieti, which manages "Santissima Annunziata" polyclinic, Chieti's main hospital, with its emergency department.

Public safety
Chieti is home to police stations (including offices of Polizia Stradale and Polizia Postale e delle Comunicazioni), Carabinieri stations , a Guardia di Finanza headquarters , a prison , and a fire station with the local fire department headquarters. Furthermore, both the province of Chieti and the municipality have their local police agencies: provincial police and municipal police.

Public transport
The public transport bus service in Chieti is principally provided by companies Società Unica Abruzzese di Trasporto and La Panoramica, which focuses more on urban lines and manages also the Chieti trolleybus system.

Main roads
Chieti is served by the following motorways.

 * Autostrada A14
 * "Adriatic Motorway" runs from Bologna to Taranto and can be accessed through "Pescara ovest - Chieti".

 * Autostrada A25
 * The A25 provides an indirect connection from Chieti to Rome.

 * Raccordo autostradale RA12
 * It is associated to the European route E80.

In addition to these two motorways, there are other important road connections that allow to reach Chieti from the surrounding territory.

 * Strada statale 5 Via Tiburtina Valeria
 * SS5 is also named after the Ancient Roman Via Tiburtina.

 * Strada statale 81 Piceno Aprutina
 * SS81 connects Chieti to Teramo.

 * Strada statale 656 Val Pescara-Chieti

Railways and train stations
Chieti Scalo is crossed by the Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway and is home to two passenger train stations: Chieti railway station and the smaller Chieti–Madonna delle Piane railway station. Moreover, the Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway is an important connection from Chieti to the Adriatic railway. On the border between Manoppello and Chieti (at Brecciarola), a freight station named Stazione di Interporto d'Abruzzo serves a logistics center.

A railway connecting the old town and Chieti Scalo was closed in 1943.

Nearby ports and airports
Chieti is about 12 km from Abruzzo Airport, the only international airport in Abruzzo.

The main regional ports for merchant ships are those of Ortona (Port of Ortona), Pescara (Port of Pescara) and Vasto (Port of Vasto).

Media
In Chieti there are the headquarters of Rete8, a local television station focused on self-produced television shows.

Chieti-born film director Luciano Odorisio chose his birthplace as the setting and filming location for Sciopèn (1982) and Via Paradiso (1988). In addition, Chieti was used as a partial filming location for Ambo (film) (2014) and Omicidio all'italiana (2017).

Sport
The 6th stage of 2024 Giro d'Italia Women finished at Chieti on 12th of July. Liane Lippert was the victor.

Ancient Roman families and individuals from Teate (present-day Chieti)

 * Asinia gens, a plebeian family of Marrucinian origin from Teate, with the following notable members born there:
 * Herius Asinius, military leader of the Marrucini killed in the Social War against the Roman Republic
 * Gaius Asinius Pollio, Ancient Roman military leader, politician (consul in 40 BC), orator, writer, historian and patron of Virgil
 * Lusius Storax, wealthy freedman, politician and best known for his funerary monument preserved in Archaeological Museum La Civitella.

Actors

 * Lidia Broccolino
 * Alessia Barela
 * Giulia Di Quilio
 * Giacomo Ferrara

Athletes

 * Lorenzo Parente, Italian American professional wrestler
 * Vittorio Visini, race walker
 * Filippo Antonelli, football player
 * Gianluca Capitano, cyclist
 * Stefano Mancinelli, basketball player
 * Stefano Mammarella, futsal player
 * Fabrizia D'Ottavio, rhythmic gymnast
 * Giulio Ciccone, cyclist

Businesspeople

 * Sergio Marchionne (1952 – 2018), Italian Canadian former CEO of Ferrari, Fiat S.p.A. and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
 * Pierluigi Zappacosta (born 1950), Italian American co-founder of Logitech, and former President and CEO of Sierra Sciences

Explorers

 * Giovanni Chiarini (1849 – 1879), explorer of Africa

Film directors

 * Anton Giulio Majano
 * Luciano Odorisio
 * Lars Kraume

Fine arts

 * Giovanni Battista Spinelli, painter
 * Costantino Barbella, sculptor
 * Luciano de Liberato, abstract painter

Musicians

 * Maurizio Colasanti, conductor

Politicians

 * Antonio Nolli, Minister of Finance of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples
 * Augusto Pierantoni, jurist and member of Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
 * Giovanni Pace, president of Abruzzo and member of the Chamber of Deputies

Religious figures

 * Illuminato da Chieti, Franciscan friar
 * Alessandro Valignano, Jesuit priest and missionary

Scientists

 * Giovanni Fortunato Bianchini (1719–1779), physician and physicist

Social sciences and humanities

 * Nicoletto Vernia (c. 1420 – 1499), philosopher
 * Girolamo Nicolino (1604 – 1664), historian and jurist
 * Niccolò Toppi (1607 – 1681), historian
 * Ferdinando Galiani (1728 – 1787), economist and author of Della Moneta
 * Umberto Ricci (1879 – 1946), economist and statistician
 * Ettore Paratore (1907 – 2000), Latinist
 * Brunilde Ridgway (born 1929), archaeologist

Writers

 * Federico Valignani

Other individuals

 * Severino Di Giovanni: anarchist who exiled himself to Argentina in 1922 and participated in an assassination plot against president of the United States Herbert Hoover
 * Francesca Mambro, neo-fascist terrorist

Fine arts

 * Francesco Paolo Michetti, painter
 * Tommaso Cascella, painter and ceramic artist who worked as teacher and artist in Chieti

Humanities scholars

 * Joseph Allegranza, Dominican historian, archaeologist and antiquarian

Notable bishops and archbishops of Chieti

 * Saint Justin of Chieti
 * Oliviero Carafa, cardinal and military leader
 * Pope Paul IV, born Gian Pietro Carafa
 * Bernardino Maffei, cardinal
 * Loris Francesco Capovilla, personal secretary to Pope John XXIII and oldest living cardinal at the time of his death
 * Vincenzo Fagiolo, cardinal
 * Bruno Forte, theologian and current archbishop

International relations
Chieti has "frienship pacts" with:
 * 🇮🇹 Trento, Italy.
 * The agreement was signed in 2011 in remembrance of the precursor of the now defunct 123rd Infantry Regiment "Chieti", whose men were among the first militaries to enter Trento on November 3, 1918 (at the end of World War I).

 * 🇯🇵 Minamishimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.
 * On the basis of the cultural legacy of Chieti-born Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, who disembarked at present-day Minamishimabara on July 25, 1579, the Japanese and Italian towns have started different kinds of cultural exchanges in 2011. They signed an offician "friendship pact" in 2016.

title: Chieti


text:
Root of all evil

Root of all evil or Root of evil may refer to:

Music

 * The Root of All Evil (album), a 2009 album by Swedish death metal band Arch Enemy
 * The Root of All Evil (EP), Japanese work by all-female tribute band Iron Maidens
 * "The Root of All Evil", part of the Twelve-step Suite and the first track of the album Octavarium, by Dream Theater
 * "The Root of All Evil", a song by The Beautiful South
 * "The Root of All Evil", a song by Snoop Doggy Dogg from Death Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1
 * "Root of All Evil", a song by The Underachievers from their debut mixtape Indigoism
 * "Money Is the Root of All Evil", a 1940s song by Whitney and Kramer, featured in the film High Time

Film, television and radio

 * Root of Evil: The True Story of the Hodel Family and the Black Dahlia, a 2019 podcast about an unsolved murder
 * The Root of Evil (film), 1912 silent short film directed by D. W. Griffith
 * The Root of All Evil (1947 film), British drama starring Phyllis Calvert and Michael Rennie
 * The Root of All Evil? (1968 TV series), British anthology TV series
 * The Root of All Evil?, a 2006 UK television documentary, retitled The God Delusion discussing religious faith and starring Richard Dawkins
 * Lewis Black's Root of All Evil, a television series aired on Comedy Central featuring comedian Lewis Black
 * Born Rich (TV series), 2009 Hong Kong television drama known as Root of Evil in the original Cantonese
 * "The Root of Evil" (Amphibia), an episode of Amphibia

Other

 * The Root of Evil, 1911 novel by Thomas Dixon, Jr.
 * "The Root of All Evil", a short story by Graham Greene
 * The Root of All Evil, a User Friendly webcomic compilation book alluding to the Unix concept of the root user
 * Roots of Evil (Ravenloft), 1993 video game released as part of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game
 * The Root of All Evil (D&D Adventure), video game released as part of Dungeons & Dragons
 * Death Jr. II: Root of Evil, 2008 action-adventure game for PlayStation Portable
 * Good and evil, philosophical concept often involving the "root of all evil"
 * Love of money, Christian biblical concept; according to 1 Timothy 6:10 "For the love of money is the root of all of evil"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Root of all evil


text:
Talk:Eurogamer

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Eurogamer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061129181047/http://www.eurogamer.net/index.php to http://www.eurogamer.net/index.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:10, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Eurogamer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6ECH1PbOI?url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/the-euro-gamer-vision to http://www.mcvuk.com/interviews/21/The-Eurogamer-vision

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:38, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Chris Schilling listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Chris Schilling. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Lordtobi ( ✉ ) 14:49, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eurogamer


text:
Childe

In the Middle Ages, a childe or child (from Cild "Young Lord") was a nobleman's son who had not yet attained knighthood or had not yet won his spurs. As a rank in chivalry it was used as a title, e.g. Child Horn in King Horn, whilst a male progressed through the positions of squire and then knight. The term is now obsolete in standard English but is still well known from poetry, such as Robert Browning's Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came and Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.

However, the word is still used in the local Doric dialect of north-east Scotland. Here it may be directly translated as 'fellow' or 'man' into Standard English. For example, a working childe would mean a working man, while a dour childe would indicate a taciturn individual.

Cultural references
The term is used in application to an expected next stage in human evolution in the Childe Cycle novels by Gordon R. Dickson.

Childe in Stephen King's The Dark Tower is, in Roland Deschain's own words, "... a term that describes a knight – or a gunslinger – on a quest. A formal term, and ancient. We never used it among ourselves ... for it means holy, chosen by ka. We never liked to think of ourselves in such terms, and I haven't thought of myself so in many years." (p. 859, The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower, Pocket Books, 2006 ed.)

title: Childe


text:
Harry Trihey

Henry Judah "Flip" Trihey (December 25, 1877 – December 9, 1942) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player and executive in the era before professional ice hockey. Trihey played the centre forward position for the Montreal Shamrocks from 1897 to 1901, and was regarded as the best forward of his day during his playing years.

After his retirement as a hockey player, Trihey became a noted lawyer in Montreal, operating his own law firm and partnering in others while serving as an executive in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League. He served in World War I first as commanding officer of the newly raised militia unit, the 55th Regiment, The Irish Canadian Rangers, then overseas with the newly raised CEF battalion, the 199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, and held the post of Port Commissioner for the Montreal Harbor Commission in later years. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Playing career
Before making his major senior debut, Trihey starred in high school hockey with St. Mary's of Montreal between 1893 and 1896, and also appeared with the Montreal Orioles of the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association in 1896.

By the age of 17 Trihey was already well known for his playing ability and in 1897 he made his senior-level debut, playing in a single game with the Montreal Shamrocks of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada in 1897; he secured a regular shift with the club the following year. Teamed with linemates Arthur Farrell and Fred Scanlan in 1899, Trihey was named captain of the "Fighting Irish" and had a breakout season, leading the league in scoring with 19 goals. On February 4, 1899, Trihey amassed ten goals in one game in a match versus Quebec, which remains the record for the most goals scored by a single player in a major senior regular season match. He went on to score the only goal of the second to the last game of the regular season against the perennial champion Montreal Victorias, which clinched the regular season title for the Shamrocks and earned them the right to defend the Stanley Cup. The defence took place on March 14 against Queen's University of Ontario, a match won by the Shamrocks 6–2, led by Trihey's three goals. In the off-season, he also served on the athletic club's lacrosse side.

Already respected enough to serve on a competition committee regarding the adoption of goal nets and to be quoted as the preeminent authority on forward play by his linemate Arthur Farrell in his 1899 book, Trihey continued his high level of play in 1900, once again leading the Shamrocks to an easy league championship, while repeating his league scoring championship with 17 goals. His best match during the regular season came against the Victorias on January 18, when he scored five goals. The Shamrocks had two defenses of the Stanley Cup that season, the first a best-of-three match against the team from Winnipeg in February. Trihey led the Shamrocks in scoring with seven goals, scoring the game-winning goals in both of the Montreal victories. After the regular season was over, the Shamrocks made a second defense as champions of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League against the Halifax Crescents in March; Trihey added five more goals to his playoff total as Montreal overwhelmed the Maritimers in 10-2 and 11-0 victories, securing the Shamrocks' third and final Cup win.

Hampered by an injured hand, Trihey lost considerable form in 1901, scoring only seven goals in seven regular season matches. The Shamrocks defended the Stanley Cup one last time, again against Winnipeg Victorias in January, but lost in two games. Trihey was again injured in the final game, scoring his last goal in that match, and retired from organized play.

Later life and legacy

Noted for being a strategic minded player, Trihey had two lasting impacts on the sport. Firstly, he was the first known player to plan advance forward line strategies rather than improvising on the ice. Secondly, reversing the accustomed practice of defencemen flipping the puck into the air and over their opponents' heads, Trihey insisted that they rush the puck up the ice, passing the puck off as the situation warranted. These innovations are regarded as having been crucial to the Shamrocks' success during Trihey's tenure and were widely adopted thereafter. He was also a strong proponent of physical conditioning and diet, unusual to the era. Even after his retirement, he continued to proffer advice on how best to play the game.

Trihey served as secretary-treasurer and president of the CAHL following his retirement as a player until 1904, as well as developing a successful law practice. He also served as a referee both for league and Stanley Cup play and sat on the advisory board of the Montreal Wanderers Hockey Club. During World War I, he was a lieutenant colonel first commanding the newly raised 55th Regiment, The Irish Canadian Rangers in the Canadian Militia and soon after the 199th Battalion Irish Canadian Rangers of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Trihey resigned his commission and returned to Montreal in 1917 after the British army reversed its earlier promise to send the Rangers into battle as a discrete unit, instead choosing to plug them into the front line as reinforcements, and in the wake of unrest over the Easter Rising in Ireland in 1916. Later in life, he was a partner in the law firm of Plimsoll and Coonan from the 1920s to 1932, and served as a Port Commissioner of the Montreal Harbor Commission.

Trihey lived in Westmount after his playing days, and had three children, Harry Henry O'Neill, Elizabeth Alice Mary and Mary Patricia. He was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.

Career statistics
Assists were not yet awarded in this era of hockey

title: Harry Trihey


text:
Talk:Nanase Aikawa

Untitled
I just wanted to say I think the line about a lack of Japanese to English translators in the fanbase is absolutely hysterical, due to the fact that my exgirlfriend was in fact American JtoE translator, who at one time had a website with translations of Nanase Aikawa songs. Reverend Raven 06:45, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Has the name Saeki Misa ever been verified with official information? The last I had heard, this was still a rumor, and there had been at least one other rumored real name that was later discounted (Minase). Perhaps this information has been verified and I just don't know about it, so I don't want to change the article. Could someone with more information weigh in?

It has but when she was asked she never responded.

 * When was it asked, and in what context? If she didn't respond, was it because she refused to answer a personal question in an inappropriate venue, or was it because she didn't hear the question? In any event, since it's unverified it should NOT be on the main page.Bwanderson 00:49, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

the latter.74.241.93.118 (talk) 00:49, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

In Japan, the family name comes first, which in this case is 'Aikawa'. As such, why has this been redirected from 'Aikawa Nanase'? What was the justification? --J Bush 17:17, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Important Titles Note for ALL artists (please copy this on other asian artist talk pages)
I must note something very important for future editors of this page (also try to observe this for any non English speaking band or author... etc): If you see a single, album, dvd, concert, or book title that contains poor grammar, please consider that even though the English spelling or grammar may be incorrect, that it still may actually be the official title. If someone is searching for the single, and cannot find it the official way... then what good is wiki? Please do not tamper with titles unless you have found hard evidence that the title has been written incorrectly from the official spelling. also note, some OFFICIAL japanese titles are titled in all CAPS (or with stars and hearts or other "non-letter/number characters) this is NOT a mistake, please leave them like this. All one must do is observe the picture or written info of the single/album/book on the official page which is linked in the article at the bottom. Please help keep wikipedia encyclopedic and correct! Thank you. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 04:19, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, can you provide arguments on why should we break the convention? why not putting redirects in the all uppercase titles? The article text could use uppercase, but I don't see compelling arguments for changing the convention of the title. Also, for the "people wil lsearch for the upper case title", well, that's what the redirects solve. So far I haven't seen a discussion (perhaps you can point it to me) and since there's no consensus yet, I suggest not to change albums titles to uppercase (as in AROUND THE WORLD from the existing titles). -- ( drini's page   ☎  ) 04:16, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Deleted my comment. Bwanderson 19:22, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Nanase Aikawa
so how many songs does she have so far? As in total #?

I love Troublemaker, cat on the street, cosmic love, sweet emotion, yumemiru, adiue, bub, world in my hand, koi gokoro, seven seas, bitch, jealousy, no future, bye bye, like a hard rain, heat of the night, nostalgia, break out, china rose, lovin' you, shock of love, dhalia~she got love, r-shitei, hi wo tsukero baby, endless dream, everybody goes/and eng and the song round zero.

3 NEW ALBUMS (Reality 7, RED: ENGLISH ALBUM)
Nanase is currently working on three new albums. The first of which is a new albums like what she used to release in japan till 2001. The first single of the Reality7 album is PAIN there's another song on there which is a follow-up to China Rose currently labeled as Untitled.

Disc 2 on this album will feature 11 selective tracks, such as live versions to songs like Yumemiru, troublemaker, adieu, bitch, sakura saku.

The english album is the third album as she started working on it in secret around 2005 which will featured a 3 disc set with english vocals to 28 of her singles selected by her fanbase and official website.

Reality7 will be released August 2007 Red: ENG will be released September 2007 Nanase Aikawa :THE LIVE EDITION will be released Summer 2007.199.80.117.25 15:42, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Please disregard the following above posts.199.80.117.25 22:35, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Albums
How many has she got? I listed Foxtrot on my myspace as album 4.74.195.3.199 00:13, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Sick of this article and the shitty writing
Whoever wrote this article needs to be taken out and given lessons on how to write from an unbiased perspective. I've gone in and removed a hell of a lot of dead wood. There's more to be done but I really haven't got the patience or time to do it right now SO I'll leave it be for now.

Here are a few pointers.

 * 1: Rumours do NOT BELONG in the article. DO NOT. If you have some PROOF, fine, go ahead and cite it and let it be integrated into the article.

 * 2: DO NOT editorialise. The author claimed that "millions of male fans were heartbroken" when Aikawa announced that she'd gotten married. Oh yeah? Care to back that up? Stuff like this has NO place in a wikipedia entry. It's biased and it's unprovable.

 * 3: Keep It Simple, Stupid! Seriously, verbosity is the refuge of the tiny mind. The more words you use (and the bigger they are) to make your point, the more likely it is you haven't got a clue what you're talking about. Stop trying to impress.

 * 4: Keep that ego in check. You aren't Stephen King. You aren't Gore Vidal. You're not writing a best-selling novel. You're writing an article on a site designed to convey the maximum useful information about your chosen subject to the world. When someone like me comes along and edits your precious article, don't take that as an attack. And don't just auto-revert every edit. You may be the author but you're not the owner. Once you post it here, it belongs to all of us. Have the good grace to accept correction and constructive editing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.136.139 (talk) 19:27, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

You need to chill out because it was fine with that stuff intact.68.225.74.103 (talk) 23:44, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

COVERS
Who deleted the information I posted about her covers with Jennifer Ellison?199.80.117.25 (talk) 16:08, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aikawanase-red-cover-andcd.jpg
Image:Aikawanase-red-cover-andcd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Singles
Why isn't she releasing singles off her new album? She had a digital version of Prism not really a single (but yet has a video), Sukidayo (which also has a video) and Yumemiru (Which also has a video). None of which seem to be playing on the radio. What is up with that?66.157.30.183 (talk) 03:07, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nanase Aikawa


text:
Keikogi

Keikogi (稽古着) (, 'practice',, 'dress' or 'clothes'), also known as dōgi (道着) or keikoi (稽古衣), is a traditional uniform worn for training in Japanese martial arts and their derivatives. Emerging in the late 19th century, the was developed by judo founder Kanō Jigorō.

Origin
Japanese martial arts historian Dave Lowry speculates that Kanō derived the uniform's design from the uniforms of Japanese firefighters' heavy hemp jackets, hanten (半纏). By 1920, the as it exists today was worn by Kanō's students for judo practice; a photo displayed in the Kodokan (judo headquarters) taken in 1920 shows Kanō himself wearing a modern.

Until the 1920s, Okinawan karate practice was usually performed in everyday clothes. Given the social climate between the Japanese and Okinawans during this time, karate was seen as brutish compared to Japanese martial arts, which had their roots in samurai culture, such as jujutsu. To help market karate to the Japanese, Gichin Funakoshi – the founder of Shotokan karate and the instructor responsible for importing karate to mainland Japan – adopted a uniform style similar to Kanō's design.

Construction
Over time, karate practitioners modified the for karate by lightening the weave of the fabric, and adding strings to the inside of the jacket, tied to keep the jacket closed. The jacket is also held closed by a belt or.

The top part of the is called the 'upper' (上着). The trousers of the are called lit. 'underpants' (下穿き), or 'trousers' (ズボン).

In modern times, white, black, blue and indigo are the most common colours of. In competitive judo, one contestant wears a white uniform, and their opponent wears a royal blue one. However, traditionally, the was white in all instances.

Commonly used include:

 * Aikidogi (合気道着/合気道衣), aikido uniform)
 * Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu gi/kimono (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu uniform)
 * , Korean martial arts uniform
 * Judogi (柔道着/柔道衣), judo uniform
 * Jujutsugi (柔術着/柔術衣), jujutsu uniform
 * Karategi (空手着/空手衣), karate uniform
 * Kendogi (剣道着/剣道衣) kendo uniform, consisting of an and a
 * (Самбовка) Sambo uniform
 * Võ phục, Vietnamese martial arts uniform

can also be replaced by, meaning 'the way', referring to both the martial art and the lifestyle of the martial artist. In this, it is similar to the term for Korean martial arts uniforms,.

Keikogi materials

 * Single weave: A lighter material, cooler for use in the summer.
 * Double weave: A very thick material, not as cool as other weaves.
 * Gold weave: Between a single and double weave thickness; gold weave was initially required by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation in order to standardize for competitions.
 * Platinum weave: Lighter than gold weave, cooler for use in the summer.

title: Keikogi


text:
Talk:Keikogi

Merge judo, jujutsu, aikido, and karate keikogi, into this article
IMHO we do not need separate articles on how the keikogi looks and is used in aikido, judo, jujutsu and karate. In most cases the bases is the same, and the differences are better expanded on in the same article rather than having four separate. The ninjutsu issue is something different though, it has a very specific history and is probably better explained in a separate article. // Habj 12:30, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Anybody not agree? — Es  tarriol  talk 18:08, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

I disagree wholeheartedly! The differences are substantial and in many cases it would take the complete novice nothing more than a glance at long distance to see differences. Only Judo, jiu jitsu, and karate look at all alike and only the 1st two are really close. Doing this makes as much sense as lumping every type of footwear from flip flops to riding boots under the heading 'shoes'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.188.14.1 (talk • contribs) 09:10, 22 June 2006

I would also have to disagree, if the topic was gi then you could merge it all, but u are describing different types so they should all be kept seperate —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.10.87.138 (talk • contribs) 19:01, 26 July 2006

I disagree also. The Judogi and the Jujutsugi (Japanese and Brazillian) are unique from the keikogi. The page on Keikogi refers to it as a generic term, which it is, but out in the real world of Martial Arts (maybe partially localized by MA communities or geographical locations) the term Keikogi is typically used for Kendo. Just Google Keikogi and check out the first few pages. They are in the context of Kendo. Although not in every case, the Keikogi is considerably longer than a Judogi and it is worn inside the Hakama and not on the outside. In addition, the Keikogi usually has 3/4 lenth sleeves, (which can be very helpful in practicing Te Waza in Ju-Jitsu) is illegal for Judo and Ju-Jitsu competition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.251.114.149 (talk • contribs) 18:45, 31 July 2006

 * Of course they are different! That is not my point, but rather that the different variants are better described together than in separate articles. If each article on each type of shoe was as short as these articles I would gladly discuss them in the same article. Of course they could be de-merged later, when there is a need for it. Sine I wrote the above, the articles have grown. Probably this article should then be developed into a true comparison between the different variants of dogis. // habj 23:02, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

So if we don't merge. What do we do with dogis for shorinjikempo, kyudo, jukendo? I really don't know if they follow the pattern "artgi". Shorinjikempogi sounds kind of clumsy. // habj 23:10, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If anything there should just be an article on 'gi' the general term for shirt-things.. including kendogi, kimono, and everything else with gi/ki in them... that are all shirt thingamajobs.

119.104.30.4 (talk) 04:15, 15 May 2016 (UTC) I live in Japan and while out on cycling injury at the moment, have some kendo experience including two local shiai, and have watched some jukendo practice (the same sensei teach tankendo or whatever detached bayonet is called, but I haven't see it.) and the shirts and hakama were the same as What we wear for kendo. I don't know any wikiformatting, so sorry about not doing this right or breaking something and not having a direct link to a rigorous citation, but kendoWorld has youtube videos of various high level budo competitions that are under the ZNKR's management and based on the aforementioned videos which I leave for y'all experienced wikiers to take the credit and do the work I'm not qualified to do, but I'm very confident you'll find that for the main budo which use variants of standard kendogu including jukendo, tankendo, naginatado and jodo use the same keikogi and wear them the same way. The tsune bogu in nagi might create a trend of narrower pants, but that would be a local thing if it actually happens, and in mixed competition everybody else puts them on over their normal hakama even though it breaks the part where the flares hide your feet a little. The other ZNKR's kyudo regular practise clothes are also called keikogi as far as I know, at least in Akita prefecture, but they use an obi and wear tabi, unlike the general rule for more the less zen budo and the shirt and hakama ties are slightly different but still hakama over. Archers can afford to be a little more formal about the clothes. Sorry again if I broke anything and for tripping all over the social mores, but I thought it worth trying to point someone more capable in the right direction to add the information I supplied properly. I think both sides of the merge question have good points, and but save for someone translating the presumably more thorough Japanese pages on some of these topics, If anyone still cares, I'd lean towards adding information to this page and the bogu page about at least the minor variants that are lesser known in the anglosphere. And again for anyone who skimmed, all the melee arts I talked about wear kendogu with minor additions or dropping jukendo dropping a kote and they can all cross-compete (which doesn't happen nearly often enough to my taste) by adopting the extra armor of the opponent's targets. All-Japan bodogu has a robust english website that certainly at least implies that they're not only selling to kendoka, if that meets the standards.

Please bear in mind that "keikogi" just means "gym suit". Do a google image search for "稽古着" and you will find that most of the time martial art clothing is shown, but sometimes modern sweat wear too.

What I cannot find though, is the name of the seperate jacket and pants. They should have a name too, isn't it?

 * The jacket and pants do have their own terms, though I think they translate basically to "jacket" and "pants." :-). I'm about to expand the entry to talk about how the keikogi developed, and I'll provide that info as well AikiHawkeye (talk) 02:31, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

-- Kennin May 22nd 2008, 18:26 (CET) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.197.26.128 (talk) 16:30, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

wearing the aikidogi
Can someone experienced in aikido explain how you tie your belt and if there is some specific way to tie the "cord" embedded in the pants? If you have a link to such a page, please provide it. Thanks, by an aikido novice

 * I can't really explain this in a proper way, but I just came to think that this could actually be a good contribution to the article, if anyone has a proper illustration

 * I asked the same question at the aikidogi discussion and someone provided this url.

Is the translation really that pompous?
The word "dogi" is translated as "the uniform you wear on the path that you have been chosen". Really? If "do" means "path" and "gi" means "uniform", wouldn't that make "dogi"="the uniform for the path" or something similar? Devil Master 19:37, 07 January 2007 (MET)

Kendogi
IIRC the kendogi is just the jacket, referred to as "uwagi" not kimono - the hakama is not then considered a part of the keikogi. It is simply a hakama. Compare aikido, the hak is not a part of the dogi there either. // habj 23:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Development of the keikogi
I added information on the history of the development of the modern keikogi. I used one source for what I added, but it is a reliable source. I will look for some more sources that also back up what I have written and to give this entry more depth. Does anyone have anything to add? Or have any questions about the uniform that they think would be a valuable addition to the entry? AikiHawkeye (talk) 03:28, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I have also heard it suggested that Kano was influenced by seeing the Cornish wrestling jackets when he visited England. (79.190.69.141 (talk) 13:30, 27 September 2012 (UTC))

title: Talk:Keikogi


text:
Chintz

Chintz is a woodblock printed, painted, stained or glazed calico textile that originated in Golconda (present day Hyderabad, India) in the 16th century. The cloth is printed with designs featuring flowers and other patterns in different colours, typically on a light, plain background.

Name
The name is derived from the छींट,, meaning "spotted", "variegated", "speckled", or "sprayed". Since the 19th century the term has also been used for the style of floral decoration developed in those calico textiles, but then used more widely, for example on chintzware pottery and wallpaper. Chintz designs are derived from the style of Indian designs themselves reflecting Mughal art. A white base with floral and animal prints are its basic characteristics.

Unglazed calico was traditionally called "cretonne". The word calico is derived from the name of the Indian city Calicut (Kozhikkode in native Malayalam), to which it had a manufacturing association. In modern English, the words "chintz" and "chintzy" can be used to refer to clothing or furnishings which are regarded as vulgar, suburban, petit-bourgeois or unfashionably florid in taste, and in informal speech, to refer to cheap, low quality, or gaudy things, and to describe mean or stingy personal behavior.

The term 'chintzy' is also attributed to novelist George Eliot, who in 1851 wrote about muslin fabric to her sister, saying: "The quality of the spotted one is best, but the effect is chintzy." This is believed to have been said about cheap British imitations of real chintz, which became common at the time.

History

Chintz was originally a woodblock printed, painted or stained calico produced in Hyderabad, India from 1600 to 1800 and popular for bed covers, quilts and draperies. After Vasco da Gama successfully reached Calicut in India in 1498, the fabric became known in Europe. Around 1600, Portuguese and Dutch traders were bringing examples of Indian chintz into Europe on a small scale, but the English and French merchants began sending large quantities. By 1680 more than a million pieces of chintz were being imported into England per year, and a similar quantity was going to France and the Dutch Republic. These early imports were probably mostly used for curtains, furnishing fabrics, and bed hangings and covers (Samuel Pepys bought a set for his wife.) It has been suggested that wearing them as clothes began when these were replaced and given to maidservants, who made them into dresses, and also that they were first worn as linings.

With imported chintz becoming so popular with Europeans during the late 17th century, French and English mills grew concerned, as they did not know how to make chintz. In 1686 France declared a ban on all chintz imports. In 1720 the Parliament of Great Britain enacted a law that forbade "the Use and Warings in Apparel of imported chintz, and also its use or Wear in or about any Bed, Chair, Cushion or other Household furniture".

Spain followed England and France to ban calico imports. Firstly in 1717 Asian textiles were banned. Then in 1728 the import of European made imitations of Asian textiles was banned in Spain. Additionally the second edict had as one of its objectives to encourage a local, import-substituting weaving and printing industry in imitation of England.

Even though chintz was outlawed, there were loopholes in the legislation. The Court of Versailles was outside the law and fashionable young courtiers continued wearing chintz. In 1734, French naval officer M. de Beaulieu, who was stationed at Pondicherry, India, sent home letters along with actual samples of chintz fabric during each stage of the process to a chemist friend detailing the dyeing process of cotton chintz. His letters and samples can be seen today in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.

In 1742, another Frenchman, Father Coeurdoux, also supplied details of the chintz making process, while he was trying to convert the Indians to Catholicism. In 1759 the ban on chintz was lifted. By this time French and English mills were able to produce chintz.

Europeans at first produced reproductions of Indian designs, and later added original patterns. A well-known make was toile de Jouy, which was manufactured in Jouy-en-Josas, France, between 1700 and 1843. Eventually the word in English came to describe any industrially printed cotton. Modern chintz usually consists of bright overall floral patterns printed on a light background, but there are some popular patterns on black backgrounds as well.

Books
Cloth that Changed the World is a book about chintz by Sarah Fee that explains the story of Indian chintz.

title: Chintz


text:
Nicolaus-Cusanus-Gymnasium Bonn

The Nicolaus-Cusanus-Gymnasium (NCG) is a secondary school in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. Its pupils range from Grade 5 to Grade 12. The main aspects of the school are a bilingual English-German branch and a STEM-focused curriculum. In Grade 5 pupils can choose if they want to be taught bilingual lessons. the school's headteacher is Nicole Auen.

title: Nicolaus-Cusanus-Gymnasium Bonn


text:
User:Brookie/Mike's Pages

You have new messages.

Tony the Marine's pages still to copyedit
Jose Ignacio Quinton, Jose Juan Garcia, Jose Rivera, Jose Vega Santana, Joseph M. Acaba, Joseph A. Unanue, Juan Alonso Zayas, Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodriguez, Juan F. Acosta, Juan Alejo de Arizmendi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Juan Evangelista Venegas, Juan Marí Bras, Juan Morel Campos, Juan Ponce de Leon II, Juan Serralles, Juanita Garcia Peraza, Julia de Burgos, Julio Rosado del Valle, Julita Ross, Jumacao, Justino Díaz, Kevin Ceballo, Kirk Acevedo, Kristina Brandi, La India, Lauren and Loraine Velez, Lillian Hurst, Lisa Fernandez, Lisa Vidal, Liz Torres, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Lolita Lebron, Lorenzo Homar, Lucy Boscana, Luis Antonio Rivera, Luis Llorens Torres, Luis R. Esteves, Luis Rafael Sanchez, Luis Rodriguez Olmo, Luisa Capetillo, Lunna, Lynda Lopez, Manuel A. Alonso, Manuel Fernandez Juncos (Journalist), Manuel Gregorio Tavarez, Manuel Rivera, Manuel Rojas, Manuel Zeno Gandia, Mara Croatto, Maria Bibiana Benitez, Maria Elena Holly, Mariana Bracetti, Maritza Correia, Mark Watring, Mathias Bruckman, Maurice Ferre, Mayra Calvani,Mercedes Negron Muñoz {Clara Lair), Michael Stuart, Michele LaFountain, Miguel Algarín, Miguel Angel Alvarez, Miguel Angel Suarez, Miguel Enriquez, Miguel Ferrer, Miguel Piñero, Miguel Ruiz, Miriam Colon, Modesto Cartagena, Myrta Silva, Natalie and Nicole Albino, Nemesio Canales, Nicky Cruz, Nitza Margarita Cintron, Noel Estrada, Norma Candal, Nydia Velazquez, Olga A. Mendez, Olga Tañon, Olga Viscal Garriga, Dr. Orlando Figueroa, Orlando Llenza, Oscar Collazo, Pedro Del Valle, Pedro Flores, Pedro Ortiz "Davilita" Davila, Pedro Pietri, Dr. Pedro Rodriguez, Pedro Rodriguez (soldier), Pellin Rodriguez, Piri Thomas, Rachel Ticotin, Rafael Alers, Rafael Cordero (educator), Rafael Hernandez, Rafi Escudero, Ramiro L. Colon, Ramon Lopez Irizarry, Ramon Power y Giralt, Ramon Emeterio Betances, Raphy Leavitt, Raul Papaleo, Ray Barretto, Raymond Arrieta, Rebekah Colberg, Rene Marques, Ricardo Alegría, Ricardo Alvarez Rivon, Richie Ray,  Rick Aviles, Rick Gonzalez, Roberto Cofresi, Roman Baldorioty de Castro, Ron Rivera, Rosario Ferré, Rose Franco, Roselyn Sanchez, Roy Brown (musician), Ruth Fernandez, Salvador E. Felices, Salvador Vassallo, Savio Vega, Segundo Ruiz Belvis, Susie Castillo, Sylvia del Villard, Sylvia Rexach, Talisa Soto, Tito Rodriguez, Tomas Batista, Tomas Blanco, Vanesa Littlecrow, Victor Argo, Dr. Victor A. Carreño, Victor Pellot, Virgilio Dávila, Wilkins, William A. Navas, Jr., Willie Rosario, Zoraida Santiago.

title: User:Brookie/Mike's Pages


text:
User:BT2/archiveList

Archive 0

title: User:BT2/archiveList


text:
Chouan

Chouan ("the silent one", or "owl") is a French nickname. It was used as a nom de guerre by the Chouan brothers, most notably Jean Cottereau, better known as Jean Chouan, who led a major revolt in Bas-Maine against the French Revolution. Participants in this revolt – and to some extent French anti-revolutionary activists in general – came to be known as Chouans, and the revolt itself came to be known as the Chouannerie.

Origin of the word
Jean Cottereau and his brothers all inherited the nickname Chouan from their father, a clog merchant and homme honorable from Saint-Berthevin in Mayenne, on the border with Brittany. One view is that this nickname originated from his talent for impersonating the cry of the owl (chouette in French), or specifically the tawny owl, which was called chouan in old French (French chat-huant), a designation that survived in the western langue d'oïl dialect spoken in Mayenne. According to another authority, the only reason the members of the Cottereau family had long borne the surname Chouan was that their grandparent was sad and taciturn by nature, and according to yet another, because they used owl-calls as warning and recognition signals whilst out on smuggling trips. Writing within living memory of the events, Jacques Duchemin des Cépeaux insisted that, "The surname of Chouan was given to Jean Chouan's grandfather because he was by nature taciturn and sad and because, at meetings, he kept himself out of the way in a corner. Since that time, the Cottereau family has maintained this surname. It was in turn given to all men who mustered to fight under the command of Jean Chouan, and finally to other royalists in arms in the western provinces.  As for the account that the first Chouans imitated the cry of birds of the night to recognise and call each other, it is a supposition made by those who - not knowing the true explanation - nevertheless wanted to have some explanation to satisfy their curiosity...  Maybe some insurgents had this idea which was suggested to them by their nickname.  Although it is only some, it is to be noted that the bird formerly dedicated to armed wisdom became a sort of emblem for the bellicose piety of our peasants.'"

One possible reason the name was extended to the royalist troops of Maine, Normandy and Brittany is the riot at Saint-Ouën-des-Toits on 15 August 1792, in which (among others) Jean and René Cottereau participated. There, they signalled to the Laval authorities. Another is that the royalist troops mustered at night using the owl call as a signal.

Spread

The opinion of some historians (including abbot Paulouin) writing on the revolt states that "the insurgents of the Sarthe did not receive the nickname Chouans, but took it up of their own accord at the beginning of their resistance career".

The 19th century historians — J.-J. M. Savary, J.-M. Lequinio the author of Mémoires d'un Administrateur des Armées Républicaines dans la Vendée — differed. Joseph de Puisaye, the best-informed on the topic after having been the Chouannerie's supreme commander, affirmed that the Chouan brothers gave their name to the revolt which they had first organised.

A curious shield of the revolt seems to bear a sort of official use of owls (also the emblem of Minerva) in representing the Chouannerie. It bore the arms of France, right, supported by two owls, with a double motto, IN SAPIENTIA ROBUR at the top, SIC REFLORESCENT at the bottom. It is to be found on some publications emanating from the "Royalist agencies in England", notably on the frontispiece of l’Almanach Royaliste pour l'année 1795, troisième du règne de Louis XVII, à Nantes (Londres) et se trouve dans toutes les villes de la Bretagne, de la Normandie, du Poitou, du Maine, du Perche, de l'Anjou, etc., et bientôt dans toute la France or, in English, "The Royalist Almanac for the year 1795, third year of the reign of Louis XVII, at Nantes (ie London) and found in all the towns of Brittany, Normandy, Poitou, Maine, Perche, Anjou, and soon throughout the whole of France".

title: Chouan