text:
Talk:List of marinas

Untitled
Do you have a game plan on how to solicit information for this article...a systematic approach for researching necessary inputs? Start with adding a list of relevant countries, perhaps? ~ Dpr 09:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

No Italian marinas...well, now that's weird --Awambawamb (talk) 17:32, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of marinas


text:
Aalenian

The Aalenian is a subdivision of the Middle Jurassic Epoch/Series of the geologic timescale that extends from about 174.7 ±0.8 Ma to about 170.9 ±0.8 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Toarcian and succeeded by the Bajocian.

Stratigraphic definitions
The Aalenian takes its name from the town of Aalen, some 70 km east of Stuttgart in Germany. The town lies at the northeastern end of the Swabian Jura. The name Aalenian was introduced in scientific literature by Swiss geologist Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1864.

The base of the Aalenian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic column where the ammonite genus Leioceras first appears. The global reference profile (GSSP) is located 500 meters north of the village of Fuentelsaz in the Spanish province of Guadalajara. The top of the Aalenian (the base of the Bajocian) is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Hyperlioceras.

In the Tethys domain, the Aalenian contains four ammonite biozones:
 * zone of Graphoceras concavum
 * zone of Brasilia bradfordensis
 * zone of Ludwigia murchisonae
 * zone of Leioceras opalinum

Literature

 * 🇦🇹; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
 * 🇦🇹; 2001: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic), Episodes 24(3): pp 166–175.
 * 🇦🇹; 1864: Tableau synchronistique des terrains jurassiques. 1 Tabelle, Zürich.
 * 🇦🇹; 2002: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on cephalopoda), Bulletins of American Paleontology 364, p 560.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aalenian


text:
Talk:Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington

Untitled
How can someone get two army ranks at the same date? And being promoted to Major after having been Lieutanant-Colonel seems rather odd to me. So I guess the promotions are not presented in the right order.
 * It certainly looks wrong. I can't find a reliable source for the details, it is just possible he was for instance - Major, acting Lt. Col. then was promoted to full Lt. Col.Alci12

It's an old Household Division practice, their officers held both a Regimental Rank, and a higher Army Rank. The latter, higher, rank is their rank in the Army, but they hold a lower rank within the Regiment. A Captain of the Guards, for example, held the Army Rank of Lieutenant Colonel. It's called "double-rank". 67th Tigers (talk) 17:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:16, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington.jpg


text:
Talk:Madrid Arena

Untitled
I put the tag. I'll try to work in the article ASAP, adding much more information. Feel free to contact me at my talk page if the tag stays here for more than 2 days... Sarg 09:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Youngling

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect. If it's a term for something else, then make an article when you can put info in about it. Golbez 08:45, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Youngling
Delete Useless. The Jedi article already has information about Younglings. Besides that, there isn't exactly a whole lot of information about them. Kross 09:53, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Jedi. -- Marcika 13:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * To Jedi, redirect. -- BD2412 talk 18:59, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * As above, redirect. JYolkowski // talk 19:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Mgm|(talk) 21:27, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. No vote. Youngling isn't an exclusive term for Star Wars or whatever it is.  It's just one of those vaguely Scandinavian-sounding words that shows up in a certain kind of gothic fiction. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:41, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or transwiki to Wiktionary. All this has to do with Star Wars is that the word was used in the movies, and by that logic, "and" could be a Star Wars term too.   — J I P | Talk 07:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh darn, I was hoping this would be about the USA's oldest active brewery, Yuengling. Delete, not encyclopedic, not primarily a Star Wars term to merit a redirect there.  Barno 20:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Jedi ··gracefool |☺ 08:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or transwiki as per User:JIP, it's not just a SW term. -- Lochaber 14:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
United States environmental law

United States environmental law concerns legal standards to protect human health and improve the natural environment of the United States. While subject to criticism at home and abroad on issues of protection, enforcement, and over-regulation, the country remains an important source of environmental legal expertise and experience.

Scope
The United States Congress has enacted federal statutes intended to address pollution control and remediation, including for example the Clean Air Act (air pollution), the Clean Water Act (water pollution), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund) (contaminated site cleanup). There are also federal laws governing natural resources use and biodiversity which are strongly influenced by environmental principles, including the Endangered Species Act, National Forest Management Act, and Coastal Zone Management Act. The National Environmental Policy Act, governing environmental impact review in actions undertaken or approved by the U.S. federal government, may implicate all of these areas.

Federalism in the United States has played a role in the shape of national environmental legislation. Many federal environmental laws employ cooperative federalism mechanisms - many federal regulatory programs are administered in coordination with the U.S. states. Furthermore, the states generally have enacted their own laws to cover areas not preempted by federal law. This includes areas where Congress had acted in limited fashion (e.g., state site cleanup laws to handle sites outside Superfund) and where Congress has left regulation primarily to the states (e.g., water resources law).

History
The history of environmental law in the US can be traced back to early roots in common law doctrines, for example, the law of nuisance and the public trust doctrine. The first environmental statute was the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, which has been largely superseded by the Clean Water Act (CWA). However, most current major environmental statutes, such as the federal statutes listed above, were passed in the time spanning the late 1960s through the early 1980s. Prior to the passage of these statutes, most federal environmental laws were not nearly as comprehensive.

Silent Spring, a 1962 book by Rachel Carson, is frequently credited as launching the environmental movement in the United States. The book documented the effects of pesticides, especially DDT, on birds and other wildlife. Among the most significant environmental disasters of the 1960s was the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, which generated considerable public outrage as Congress was considering several major pieces of environmental legislation. (See Environmental movement in the United States.)

One lawsuit that has been widely recognized as one of the earliest environmental cases is Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, decided in 1965 by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, prior to passage of the major federal environmental statutes. The case helped halt the construction of a power plant on Storm King Mountain in New York State. The case has been described as giving birth to environmental litigation and helping create the legal doctrine of standing to bring environmental claims. The Scenic Hudson case also is said to have helped inspire the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the creation of such environmental advocacy groups as the Natural Resources Defense Council.

Legal sources
Laws from every stratum of the laws of the United States pertain to environmental issues. Congress has passed a number of landmark environmental regulatory regimes, but many other federal laws are equally important, if less comprehensive. Concurrently, the legislatures of the fifty states have passed innumerable comparable sets of laws. These state and federal systems are foliated with layer upon layer of administrative regulation. Meanwhile, the US judicial system reviews not only the legislative enactments, but also the administrative decisions of the many agencies dealing with environmental issues. Where the statutes and regulations end, the common law begins.

Federal regulation
Consistent with the federal statutes that they administer, US federal agencies promulgate regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations that fill out the broad programs enacted by Congress. Primary among these is Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, containing the regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other important CFR sections include Title 10 (energy), Title 18 (Conservation of Power and Water Resources), Title 21 (Food and Drugs), Title 33 (Navigable Waters), Title 36 (Parks, Forests and Public Property), Title 43 (Public Lands: Interior) and Title 50 (Wildlife and Fisheries).

Judicial decisions
The federal and state judiciaries have played an important role in the development of environmental law in the United States, in many cases resolving significant controversy regarding the application of federal environmental laws in favor of environmental interests. The decisions of the Supreme Court in cases such as Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (broadly reading the procedural requirements of NEPA), Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (broadly reading the Endangered Species Act), and, much more recently, Massachusetts v. EPA (requiring EPA to reconsider regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of the particular case.

Common law
The common law of tort is an important tool for the resolution of environmental disputes that fall beyond the confines of regulated activity. Prior to the modern proliferation of environmental regulation, the doctrines of nuisance (public or private), trespass, negligence, and strict liability apportioned harm and assigned liability for activities that today would be considered pollution and likely governed by regulatory regimes. These doctrines remain relevant, and most recently have been used by plaintiffs seeking to impose liability for the consequences of global climate change.

The common law also continues to play a leading role in American water law, in the doctrines of riparian rights and prior appropriation.

Administration
In the United States, responsibilities for the administration of environmental laws are divided between numerous federal and state agencies with varying, overlapping, and sometimes conflicting missions. EPA is the most well-known federal agency, with jurisdiction over many of the country's national air, water and waste and hazardous substance programs. Other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service pursue primarily conservation missions, while still others, such as the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, tend to focus more on beneficial use of natural resources.

Federal agencies operate within the limits of federal jurisdiction. For example, EPA's jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act is limited to "waters of the United States". In many cases federal laws allow for more stringent regulation by states, and of transfer of certain federally mandated responsibilities from federal to state control. US state governments, therefore, administering state law adopted under state police powers or federal law by delegation, uniformly include environmental agencies. The extent to which state environmental laws are based on or depart from federal law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Thus, while a permit to fill non-federal wetlands might require a permit from a single state agency, larger and more complex endeavors—for example, the construction of a coal-fired power plant—might require approvals from numerous federal and state agencies.

Enforcement
In the United States, violations of environmental laws are generally civil offenses, resulting in monetary penalties and, perhaps, civil sanctions such as injunction. Many environmental laws also provide for criminal penalties for egregious violations. Some federal laws, such as the Clean Water Act, also allow a U.S. citizen to file a lawsuit against a violator, if the government has failed to take enforcement action.

Environmental agencies often include separate enforcement offices, with duties including monitoring permitted activities, performing compliance inspections, issuing citations and prosecuting wrongdoing (civilly or criminally, depending on the violation). EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance is one such agency. Others, such as the United States Park Police, carry out more traditional law enforcement activities.

Adjudicatory proceedings for environmental violations are often handled by the agencies themselves under the structures of administrative law. In some cases, appeals are also handled internally (for example, EPA's Environmental Appeals Board). Generally, final agency determinations may subsequently be appealed to the appropriate court.

As environmental law becomes more widespread in the United States, another form of enforcement is emerging. Economic sanctions and incentives are the next wave of enforcement techniques. However, other researchers believe that the best way to enforce environmental regulation is to enforce non-environmental laws that can also have positive results for the environment. Some researchers have found that this leads to better environmental performance with bipartisan support

Law schools
In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked The Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University, Northwestern School of Law of Lewis and Clark College, UC Berkeley School of Law, New York University School of Law (tie), UCLA School of Law (tie), and the Vermont Law School (tie) in the top five for environmental law programs.

Courses and training
Several law schools host legal clinics that focus on environmental law, providing students with an opportunity to learn about environmental law in the context of real world disputes involving actual clients.

Water

 * EI duPont de Nemours & Co. v. Train,
 * Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000)
 * S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection (2006)
 * Rapanos v. United States (2006)
 * County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund (2020)
 * Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)

Air pollution

 * Union Elec. Co. v. EPA,
 * Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council,
 * Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency,

Solid and hazardous waste

 * City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978)
 * City of Chicago v. Environmental Defense Fund,

title: United States environmental law


text:
2000 Australian Open

The 2000 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne in Australia. It was the 88th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 17 through 30 January 2000.

Both Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Martina Hingis were unsuccessful in their title defences, both being defeated in the final matches by Andre Agassi and Lindsay Davenport, respectively. For Agassi, it was the second of four Australian Open titles, and for Davenport it was her final Grand Slam title.

Former champions
The following are the former Grand Slam champions and finalists in the draw:
 * 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi ('95 Australian, '99 French, '92 Wimbledon, '94 and '99 US Open)
 * 🇺🇸 Michael Chang ('89 French)
 * 🇺🇸 Jim Courier ('91-'92 French, '92-'93 Australian)
 * 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov ('99 Australian, '96 French)
 * Richard Krajicek ('96 Wimbledon)
 * 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten ('97 French)
 * 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras ('94 and '97 Australian, '93-'95 and '97-'99 Wimbledon, '90 & '93 & '95-'96 US Open)

The following are former Grand Slam finalists in the draw:
 * 🇪🇸 Alberto Berasategui ('94 French)
 * 🇪🇸 Àlex Corretja ('98 French)
 * 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist ('99 Australian)
 * Goran Ivanišević ('92 & '94 & '98 Wimbledon)
 * 🇺🇸 Todd Martin ('94 Australian, '99 US Open)
 * 🇺🇦 Andrei Medvedev ('99 French)
 * 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis ('98 US Open)
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Pioline ('93 US Open, '97 Wimbledon)

Men's singles
🇺🇸 Andre Agassi defeated 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
 * It was Agassi's 1st title of the year, and his 45th overall. It was his 6th career Grand Slam title, and his 2nd Australian Open title.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport defeated Martina Hingis, 6–1, 7–5
 * It was Davenport's 1st title of the year, and her 27th overall. It was her 3rd (and last) career Grand Slam title, and her 1st Australian Open title.

Men's doubles
Ellis Ferreira / 🇺🇸 Rick Leach defeated Wayne Black / 🇦🇺 Andrew Kratzmann, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 18–16

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇦🇺 Rennae Stubbs defeated Martina Hingis / 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4

Mixed doubles
🇦🇺 Rennae Stubbs / 🇺🇸 Jared Palmer defeated 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)

Boys' singles
🇺🇸 Andy Roddick defeated Mario Ančić, 7–6(7–2), 6–3

Girls' singles
🇭🇺 Anikó Kapros defeated 🇪🇸 María José Martínez Sánchez, 6–2, 3–6, 6–2

Boys' doubles
🇫🇷 Nicolas Mahut / 🇪🇸 Tommy Robredo defeated 🇺🇸 Tres Davis / 🇺🇸 Andy Roddick, 6–2, 5–7, 11–9

Girls' doubles
🇭🇺 Anikó Kapros / 🇦🇺 Christina Wheeler defeated 🇺🇸 Lauren Barnikow / 🇺🇸 Erin Burdette, 6–3, 6–4

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi (champion)
 * 2) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (final, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (semifinals, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 4) 🇩🇪 Nicolas Kiefer (quarterfinals, lost to Magnus Norman)
 * 5) 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten (first round, lost to Albert Portas)
 * 6) 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist (first round, lost to Richard Fromberg)
 * 7) 🇪🇨 Nicolás Lapentti (second round, lost to Arnaud Clément)
 * 8) 🇺🇸 Todd Martin (second round, lost to Fernando Vicente)
 * 9)  Richard Krajicek (second round, lost to Nicolas Escudé)
 * 10) 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas (second round, lost to Younes El Aynaoui)
 * 11) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (fourth round, lost to Chris Woodruff)
 * 12) 🇸🇪 Magnus Norman (semifinals, lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov)
 * 13) 🇫🇷 Cédric Pioline (first round, lost to Goran Ivanišević)
 * 14) 🇸🇰 Karol Kučera (first round, lost to Paradorn Srichaphan)
 * 15) 🇪🇸 Albert Costa (first round, lost to Christophe Rochus)
 * 16) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis (fourth round, lost to Andre Agassi)

Women's singles

 * 1)  Martina Hingis (final, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (champion)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (fourth round, lost to Elena Likhovtseva)
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (fourth round, lost to Ai Sugiyama)
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Tauziat (second round, lost to Sonya Jeyaseelan)
 * 6) 🇦🇹 Barbara Schett (fourth round, lost to Arantxa Sánchez)
 * 7) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (second round, lost to Patty Schnyder)
 * 8)  Amanda Coetzer (second round, lost to Kristina Brandi)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Julie Halard-Decugis (quarterfinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 10) 🇪🇸 Conchita Martínez (semifinals, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 11) 🇷🇺 Anna Kournikova (fourth round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 12) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud (fourth round, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 13) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (quarterfinals, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 14) 🇧🇪 Dominique Van Roost (second round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 15) 🇩🇪 Anke Huber (first round, lost to Kristie Boogert)
 * 16) 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva (quarterfinals, lost to Conchita Martínez)

Withdrawals: Marcelo Ríos, Greg Rusedski, Patrick Rafter, Venus Williams, Monica Seles

Prize money
Total prize money for the event was $1000

title: 2000 Australian Open


text: Portal talk:Poland/Poland news

title: Portal talk:Poland/Poland news


text:
User talk:Chrissie~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 09:57, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Longhair | Talk 10:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chrissie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chrissie~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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title: User talk:Chrissie~enwiki


text: User:Boyandin

title: User:Boyandin


text:
Montague Ullman

Montague Ullman (September 9, 1916 – June 7, 2008) was a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and parapsychologist who founded the Dream Laboratory at the Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York and for over three decades promoted public interest in dreams and dream sharing groups.

Biography
Ullman received his Bachelor of Science degree from the College of the City of New York in 1935 and graduated from the New York University School of Medicine in 1938. Ullman completed training in neurology and psychiatry and, after returning from military service, entered private practice in 1946. He completed his psychoanalytic training at the New York Medical College and served on the psychoanalytic faculty of that institution for 12 years, beginning in 1950. In the 1960s he pursued psychosomatic research in dermatology at the Skin and Cancer Unit of Bellevue Hospital and was associated with the Bellevue Stroke Study for four years. In 1961 he also founded one of the first sleep laboratories in New York City at the Maimonides Medical Center, devoted to the experimental study of dreams and telepathy.

Ullman resigned from Maimonides in 1974 and, since then, was engaged in work on dreams and dreaming. He was in the forefront of the movement to stimulate public interest in dreams and to encourage the development of dream sharing groups. Working in a small group setting that he believed to be both safe and effective, Ullman spent the last three decades of his life leading such groups both in the United States and overseas.

Ullman was also Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and was a president of both the Parapsychological Association and of the American Society for Psychical Research. He served on the Council of Advisors for the Dream Network Journal from 1990 to 1994, and was honoured with a special edition of the journal in 2006 "A Tribute to Monte Ullman".

Reception
Ullman's dream telepathy experiments have not been independently replicated. James Alcock has written the dream telepathy experiments of Ullman and Stanley Krippner at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant."

The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman, were criticized by C. E. M. Hansel. According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject.

An attempt to replicate the experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level. Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative.

Books

 * Ullman, Montague & Zimmerman, Nan. Working with Dreams, Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc., 1979.
 * Ullman, Montague & Limmer, Claire (editors). The Variety of Dream Experience, Second edition. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
 * Vaughan, Alan; Ullman, Montague & Krippner, Stanley. Dream Telepathy. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
 * Ullman, Montague. Appreciating Dreams - A Group Approach, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1996; republished by Cosimo Books, New York, 2006.

title: Montague Ullman


text: File:Prince doves.jpg

title: File:Prince doves.jpg


text:
Talk:Panasonic

This Article is Obsolete and Needs to be Updated
This article is wildly obsolete, quoting Panasonic as a major consumer products manufacturer. it uses references from 20-30 years ago to support its claims, yet Panasonic withdrew entirely from retail consumer electronics following its bankruptcy in the 2000s, and remodeled itself. Stevenmitchell (talk) 07:28, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Despite updating certain recent business activities, the article deliberately avoids any mention of Panasonic filing the largest bankruptcy in Japanese history (2015-2016?), with its plasma division, or its other setbacks. Panasonic (along with other Japanese manufacturers) had to retool and withdrew from the consumer retail market. Is this Wikipedia article written by recent company employees or corporate investors? Is that why it omits such significant information? Stevenmitchell (talk) 07:59, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

COI edit request: new section for Panasonic Eco Systems North America
Hi! I have a COI: Panasonic Eco Systems North America (a.k.a. Panasonic Solar US) is a client of my employer, Porter Novelli. I request that a "Panasonic Eco Systems North America" section be added to this article as a subsection of "Current operations". This is a pretty significant portion of Panasonic's business that currently has no mention in the article. Here's the text I propose:

 * Panasonic Eco Systems North America, a business unit of Panasonic North America, distributes renewable energy products in the United States and Canada. Established in 2012, Panasonic Eco Systems sells renewable energy systems and home energy management products, including high efficiency solar panels, battery storage systems, and indoor air quality products. It also distributes cordless assembly tools used on factory assembly lines. In 2016, the company began expanding its network of residential solar installers in order to market Panasonic Solar HIT (heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer ) panels and battery storage nationally, reaching 150 authorized installers by November 2018. The company began offering a 25-year warranty for its HIT photovoltaic modules – compared to the industry standard at the time of 10 years – in 2017. In 2019, Panasonic introduced its EverVolt brand of solar and battery storage products. The company transitioned its solar panel manufacturing to OEMs in early 2021 in order to focus on offering a wider range of products. Later that year, Panasonic debuted the EverVolt 2.0 energy storage system rated for outdoor use.

Thank you kindly for any feedback or assistance. Mary Gaulke (talk) 16:47, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

 * These aren't the best sources. We might be able to fit some of it into the Panasonic Corporation of North America sub-subsection. –– FormalDude  talk  02:51, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback! There's certainly an abundance of sources from the past decade, so happy to make any edits/swaps as needed. Mary Gaulke (talk) 17:23, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

 * @Mary Gaulke Requested addition made to the North America section. Cheers.  Duke Gilmore (talk) 21:54, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Chronology of the adoption of the name Panasonic by Matsushita.
When I was a student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the summer of 1962, one of my fellow students had a portable radio with the brand name "Matsushita". Some of the other students derided the radio, probably because of anti-Japanese prejudice, and called the radio "Matsa Shit", which I found offensive. That next year I moved to Europe for 4 years, and on returning, noticed that the brand name had been changed to "Panasonic". I couldn't help thinking of the perjorative name that I had heard 4 years before and thought it might have something to do with the name change. In the article, the adoption of the name Panasonic dates from 1961 (for television sets), but based on this indelible memory, I think the chronology might be in error. Of course, before and after the name change, the products have always been of the highest quality. Farogers (talk) 01:10, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Panasonic (brand) into Panasonic
The essential "meat" of this article is already under the "Brand names" header on the main article for Panasonic. Even the links to the consumer website on each article are identical.

Simply put, there is not enough distinguishing information here to merit a separate article for the Panasonic brand. —  That Coptic Guy  (let's talk?) (contribs) 19:51, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Support
 * MrAnmol (talk) 09:04, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @That Coptic Guy ( I know you merged Panasonic (brand) into Panasonic (company) ) 2601:40:C500:A090:F270:8D7D:AC4:8953 (talk) 18:04, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support — the Main Logan  (t•c) 18:48, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 11:46, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

"MESCO" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MESCO&redirect=no MESCO] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. ✠ SunDawn ✠   (contact)   11:40, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I note that this was resolved with a retargetting of that redirect. Klbrain (talk) 11:48, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

"P@n@50n1c" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P@n@50n1c&redirect=no P@n@50n1c] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hey man im josh (talk) 13:17, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Panasonic is pansonic
It's amazing 119.156.29.58 (talk) 01:06, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panasonic


text:
1999 US Open (tennis)

The 1999 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 119th edition of the US Open and was held from August 30 through September 12, 1999.

Singles players

 * Men's singles

 * Women's singles

Men's singles
🇺🇸 Andre Agassi defeated 🇺🇸 Todd Martin, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 6–2
 * • It was Agassi's 5th career Grand Slam singles title and his 2nd and last at the US Open.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Serena Williams defeated Martina Hingis, 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
 * • It was Williams' 1st career Grand Slam singles title.

Men's doubles
🇨🇦 Sébastien Lareau / 🇺🇸 Alex O'Brien defeated 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi / 🇮🇳 Leander Paes, 7–6(9–7), 6–4
 * • It was Lareau's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.
 * • It was O'Brien's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Serena Williams / 🇺🇸 Venus Williams defeated 🇺🇸 Chanda Rubin / 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud, 4–6, 6–1, 6–4
 * It was Serena Williams' 5th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd US Open title. It was Venus Williams' 4th career Grand Slam title and her 1st US Open title.v

Mixed doubles
🇯🇵 Ai Sugiyama / 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi defeated 🇺🇸 Kimberly Po / 🇺🇸 Donald Johnson, 6–4, 6–4
 * • It was Sugiyama's 1st and only career Grand Slam mixed doubles title.
 * • It was Bhupathi's 2nd career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 1st at the US Open.

Boys' singles
🇫🇮 Jarkko Nieminen defeated Kristian Pless 6–7, 6–3, 6–4

Girls' singles
🇷🇺 Lina Krasnoroutskaya defeated 🇷🇺 Nadia Petrova 6–3, 6–2

Boys' doubles
🇫🇷 Julien Benneteau / 🇫🇷 Nicolas Mahut defeated 🇺🇸 Tres Davis / 🇺🇸 Alberto Francis 6–4, 3–6, 6–1

Girls' doubles
🇨🇿 Dája Bedáňová / 🇺🇿 Iroda Tulyaganova defeated 🇷🇺 Galina Fokina / 🇷🇺 Lina Krasnoroutskaya 6–3, 6–4

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (withdrew because of a back injury)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi (champion)
 * 3) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (semifinals, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 4) 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter (first round, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 5) 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten (quarterfinals, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (first round, lost to Guillermo Cañas)
 * 7) 🇺🇸 Todd Martin (final, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 8) 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyà (second round retired against Nicolas Escudé)
 * 9) 🇬🇧 Greg Rusedski (fourth round, lost to Todd Martin)
 * 10)  Marcelo Ríos (fourth round, lost to Nicolas Escudé)
 * 11) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis (withdrew because of a left knee injury)
 * 12)  Richard Krajicek (quarterfinals, lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov)
 * 13) 🇪🇸 Àlex Corretja (first round, lost to Wayne Arthurs)
 * 14) 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas (fourth round, lost to Cédric Pioline)
 * 15) 🇩🇪 Nicolas Kiefer (third round, lost to Arnaud Clément)
 * 16) 🇪🇨 Nicolás Lapentti (second round, lost to Fredrik Jonsson)
 * 17) 🇪🇸 Félix Mantilla (first round, lost to Magnus Norman)

Women's singles

 * 1)  Martina Hingis (final, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (semifinals, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (semifinals, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Monica Seles (quarterfinals, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (quarterfinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 6)  Amanda Coetzer (first round, lost to Irina Spîrlea)
 * 7) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (champion)
 * 8) 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná (third round, lost to Anke Huber)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Julie Halard-Decugis (fourth round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 10) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (fourth round, lost to Martina Hingis)
 * 11) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Tauziat (third round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 12) 🇦🇹 Barbara Schett (quarterfinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 13) 🇧🇪 Dominique Van Roost (third round, lost to Mary Joe Fernández)
 * 14) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud (second round, lost to Magüi Serna)
 * 15) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (fourth round, lost to Anke Huber)
 * 16) 🇪🇸 Conchita Martínez (fourth round, lost to Serena Williams)

Withdrawals: Steffi Graf, Anna Kournikova

title: 1999 US Open (tennis)


text:
Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński

Tadeusz Kamil Marcjan Żeleński (21 December 1874 – 4 July 1941), better known by his pen name Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński or simply as Boy, was a Polish stage writer, poet, critic and, above all, the translator of over 100 French literary classics into Polish. He was a pediatrician and gynecologist by profession.

A notable personality in the Young Poland movement of c. 1890 to 1918, Boy was the enfant terrible of the Polish literary scene in the first half of the 20th century. He was murdered in July 1941 by invading German forces during what became known as the massacre of the Lwów professors.

Early life
Tadeusz Kamil Marcjan Żeleński (of the Ciołek coat-of-arms) was born on 21 December 1874 in Warsaw, to Wanda, née Grabowska, who was from a Frankist family of converts to Catholicism, and Władysław Żeleński, a prominent composer and musician. Tadeusz's cousin was the notable Polish neo-romantic poet Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer. Because higher education in Polish was forbidden in Warsaw under Russian rule, in 1892 Żeleński left for Kraków, in Austrian-ruled Galicia, where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University medical school.

Completing his studies in 1900, Żeleński began medical practice as a pediatrician. In 1906 he opened a practice as a gynaecologist, which gave him financial freedom. The same year, he co-organised the famous Zielony Balonik ("Green Balloon") cabaret, which gathered notable personalities of Polish culture, including his brother Edward and Jan August Kisielewski, Stanisław Kuczborski, Witold Noskowski, Stanisław Sierosławski, Rudolf Starzewski, Edward Leszczyński, Teofil Trzciński, Karol Frycz, Ludwik Puget, Kazimierz Sichulski, Jan Skotnicki and Feliks Jasieński.

In the sketches, poems, satirical songs, and short stories that he wrote for Zielony Balonik, Boy-Żeleński criticized and mocked the conservative authorities and the two-faced morality of the city folk, but also the grandiloquent style of Młoda Polska and Kraków's bohemians. This earned him a reputation as the "enfant terrible" of Polish literature.

World War I and interbellum
At the outbreak of World War I, Żeleński was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army and served as medic to railway troops. After the war, he returned to Poland and, in 1922, moved to Warsaw. He did not return to his medical practice but instead focused entirely on writing.

Working for various dailies and magazines, Boy-Żeleński soon became one of the authorities of the Polish liberal and democratic intelligentsia. He criticized the two-faced morality of the clergy, promoted the secularization of public life and culture, and was one of the strongest advocates for the equality of women. He was one of the first public figures in Poland to support a women's right to legal abortion. Also, Boy-Żeleński often fought in his essays against the Polish romantic tradition, which he saw as irrational and as seriously distorting the way Polish society thought about its past.

In addition, Boy translated over 100 classics of French literature, which ever since have been considered among the best translations of foreign literature into Polish. In 1933, Boy-Żeleński was admitted to the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature.

World War II
After the outbreak of World War II, Boy-Żeleński moved to Soviet-occupied Lwów, where he stayed with his wife's brother-in-law. Boy joined the Soviet-led University as the head of the Department of French Literature. Criticized by many for his public and frequent collaboration with the Soviet occupation forces, he maintained contacts with many prominent professors and artists, who found themselves in the city after the Polish Defensive War. He also took part in creating the Communist propaganda newspaper Czerwony Sztandar ("Red Banner") and became one of the prominent members of the Society of Polish Writers.

After Nazi Germany broke the German–Soviet treaty and attacked the Soviet Union and the Soviet-held Polish Kresy, Boy remained in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). The city was captured on the night of 4 July 1941. He was arrested and taken to the Wulka Hills, where he was murdered. He was falsely accused by Germans for being "a Soviet spy". He was killed together with 45 other Polish professors, artists and intelligentsia in what became known as the massacre of Lwów professors.

title: Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński


text:
User talk:Norskeyper

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 10:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Norskeyper


text:
User:Kummi

A Finn mainly adding language links. Registered to get use of the "this is a minor edit" tickbox.

title: User:Kummi


text:
Granulation tissue

Granulation tissue is new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size. Examples of granulation tissue can be seen in pyogenic granulomas and pulp polyps. Its histological appearance is characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts and thin-walled, delicate capillaries (angiogenesis), and infiltrated inflammatory cells in a loose extracellular matrix.

Appearance
During the migratory phase of wound healing, granulation tissue is:
 * light red or dark pink, being perfused with new capillary loops or "buds";
 * soft to the touch;
 * moist;
 * bumpy (granular) in appearance, due to punctate hemorrhages;
 * pulsatile on palpation;
 * painless when healthy;

Structure
Granulation tissue is composed of tissue matrix supporting a variety of cell types, most of which can be associated with one of the following functions:
 * formation of extracellular matrix;
 * operation of the immune system;
 * vascularisation;

An excess of granulation tissue (caro luxurians) is informally referred to as "proud flesh".

Extracellular matrix
The extracellular matrix of granulation tissue is created and modified by fibroblasts. Initially, it consists of a network of type-III collagen, a weaker form of the structural protein that can be produced rapidly. This is later replaced by the stronger, long-stranded type-I collagen, as evidenced in scar tissue.

Immunity
The main immune cells active in the tissue are macrophages and neutrophils, although other leukocytes are also present. These work to phagocytize old or damaged tissue, and protect the healing tissue from pathogenic infection. This is necessary both to aid the healing process and to protect against invading pathogens, as the wound often does not have an effective skin barrier to act as a first line of defense.

Vascularization
It is necessary for a network of blood vessels to be established as soon as possible to provide the growing tissue with nutrients, to take away cellular wastes, and transport new leukocytes to the area. Fibroblasts, the main cells that deposit granulation tissue, depend on oxygen to proliferate and lay down the new extracellular matrix.

In vascularisation, also called angiogenesis, endothelial cells quickly grow into the tissue from older, intact blood vessels. These branch out in a systematic way, forming anastomoses with other vessels.

title: Granulation tissue


text:
User talk:Radhakrishna~enwiki

This is a collection of Q&A about statistics, datamining and Knowledge discovery in Databases

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Radhakrishna. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Radhakrishna~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:51, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radhakrishna~enwiki


text:
Northern Australia

The unofficial geographic term Northern Australia includes those parts of Queensland and Western Australia north of  latitude 26° and all of the Northern Territory. Those local government areas of Western Australia and Queensland that lie partially in the north are included.

Although it comprises 45% of the total area of Australia, Northern Australia has only 5% of the Australian population (1.3 million in 2019). However, it includes several sources of Australian exports, being coal from the Great Dividing Range in Queensland/New South Wales and the natural gas and iron ore of the Pilbara region in WA. It also includes major natural tourist attractions, such as Uluru (Ayers Rock), the Great Barrier Reef and the Kakadu National Park.

Geography and climate
Almost all of Northern Australia is a huge ancient craton that has not experienced geological upheaval since the end of the Precambrian. The only exception to this generalisation is the Wet Tropics of northern Queensland, where active volcanoes have been present as recently as the Pleistocene.

The vast craton in the north and west contains a number of quite rugged mountain ranges, of which the highest are the MacDonnell and Musgrave Ranges on the southern border of the Northern Territory. These rise to over 1500 m, but the most spectacular features are the deep gorges of rivers such as the Finke. Most of the craton, however, is distinctly flat and generally low-lying with an average elevation of around 400 m, whilst in the Lake Eyre Basin most of the land is not far above sea level.

The climate of the north of Australia ranges from arid (Köppen BWh) in the south to monsoonal (Köppen Aw) in the Top End and Kimberley. On the eastern coast, however, the climate is much more humid and ranges from humid sub-tropical (Köppen Cfa around Brisbane and Cwa further north) to humid tropical (Köppen Am and Af) in the Wet Tropics. Except in the western part of the Pilbara and Gascoyne where the heaviest rain often occurs from May to July under northwest cloudbands, rainfall is heavily concentrated in the "summer" months from November to March. For instance, in Burketown, the months May to September are rainless in over fifty percent of years, with over eighty percent of Augusts having no rain.

Temperatures in summer are generally unpleasantly hot apart from the eastern coastal belt. Maximum temperatures elsewhere between October and April range from 30 C in the south in April to around 40 C in the inland Pilbara and Kimberley before the wet season breaks. Further north, maxima are consistently around 32 C but extreme humidity makes conditions very unpleasant. On the coast, maxima in January range from 29 C in the south to 32 C, with minima generally around 21 C.

In July, temperatures show a wider range, from 31 C in the north to around 19 C in the south, where minima can be as low as 5 C in Alice Springs in June and July.

Climate variability
The above generalisations, however, mask the immense variability of the climate throughout the whole region. With the exception of the extreme north of the Northern Territory, rainfall variability throughout Northern Australia is quite markedly higher than most comparable climates in other continents. For example, at Charters Towers, the rainfall over the wet season can vary from less than 100 mm in 1901/1902 to over 2000 mm in 1973/1974. The chief cause of this very high variability is erratic tropical cyclones, which occur from December to April and in many places can deliver as much as 350 mm of rain over a day or two, causing extremely large floods in the region's rivers. For example, in April 1898, a tropical cyclone gave 740 mm in one day at Whim Creek in the Pilbara, but for the whole of 1924 that same station recorded only 4 mm for the whole year. Tropical cyclones may cross the coast anywhere in Northern Australia but are most frequent between Derby and Onslow on the west side and between Cooktown and Rockhampton on the east. Inland, variability of rainfall is related to the penetration of the summer monsoon, with high rainfall in seasons like 1973/1974, 1975/1976 and from 1998 to 2001 when the monsoon is most powerful.

Climate change has seen increases of up to fifty percent in annual rainfall since 1967 over the western half of Australia's tropics, but has not seen any increase over the east. The increase over the west is sometimes attributed to aerosol pollution over industrialising areas of China and India, but may be related to global warming.

Frosts are common in the southern inland during the winter, but in some years, such as 1998, they are much less frequent due to the recent incidence of warm pools in the Indian Ocean.

Soils
Except in the Lake Eyre Basin and adjacent areas to the east, the soils of Northern Australia are quite remarkable in global terms for their low fertility and difficulty of working. Most of them consist chiefly of hard laterite developed during period of climate much more humid than even that of Darwin today. Since there has been no mountain building in the region since the Precambrian and no glaciation since the Carboniferous, the region's soils have generally been under continuous weathering without renewal for over 250 million years, as against less than ten thousand for most soils in Europe, Asia, North America and New Zealand which have been formed from recent mountain building or glacial scouring of the land.

This immensely long weathering time means that nutrient levels in Northern Australian soils are exceptionally low because practically all soluble minerals have long been weathered out. The major constituents of most soils in Northern Australia are iron and aluminium oxides, both of which are not only very insoluble but also serve to reduce the soil pH and remove phosphorus from the soil as insoluble iron and aluminium phosphates. The insolubility of these metal oxides also serves, under the extremely harsh conditions during the dry season in the north and generally in the south, to create massive sheets which are impossible to plough.

In the Lake Eyre Basin, deposition from volcanic regions to the east has produce cracking clay soils of quite high fertility which are still often fairly low in phosphorus but have very good levels of potassium, calcium and sulfur. These soils provide the best grassland for grazing in the region. The youthful, volcanic Wet Tropics has a number of areas of fertile alluvial soils that support intensive horticulture.

Flora and fauna
The extreme soil poverty of most of Northern Australia has the effect of confining large herbivores such as the kangaroo to the better soil in the dry grasslands since they cannot digest the extreme poor fodder from the northern monsoonal regions. However, the frequency of fires during the desiccating dry season from May to September means that forests cannot establish themselves except in sheltered places. This has created a unique type of tropical savanna environment in which fires play a crucial role in elevating the extremely low nutrient levels and aiding growth during the wet season.

The many large rivers of the region such as the Mitchell, Gilbert-Einasleigh, South and East Alligator, Daly, Ord and Fitzroy support populations of the saltwater and freshwater crocodiles, which are by far the best-known animals of the region. There are also a number of species of python. Further south, where rivers are not adequate to support crocodiles, there exist a number of quite unique lizard species.

The Wet Tropics, like all tropical rainforests, is very rich in unique species, and importantly contains some of the most primitive flowering plants in the world.

Economy
Northern Australia faces major challenges to economic growth. Although the climate and soil poverty have defied all attempts to develop large-scale agriculture in large parts of Northern Australia, some agricultural and horticultural industries have seen strong growth. For example, in the Wet Tropics, mango, sugar cane and banana growing are major industries.

Notable failures in ventures into attempting rice cultivation have occurred in both the Ord River area in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, and the Humpty Doo Rice Project in the Northern Territory.

Northern Australia produces more than 93% of Australia’s mangoes, more than 94% of Australia’s bananas, and more than 95% of Australia’s sugar. Sheep and beef cattle are also raised successfully across Northern Australia, usually on extremely large properties. Northern Australia accounts for 64% of Australia’s national beef cattle herd. The geological factors that make Northern Australia's soils so unsuited to traditional agriculture, however, make it extremely rich in ores of abundant, insoluble lithophile metals such as aluminium, iron and uranium. It has the world's largest deposits of all these metals, and as less reactive chalcophile metals have been depleted Northern Australia has become very important to the economies of mineral-poor Asian nations. It was Northern Australian iron ore that fed the Japanese post-war economic miracle and the Four Tigers of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. At 2015, Northern Australia accounted for over 70% of Australia’s known resources of iron ore, lead, and zinc.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the government of Robert Menzies attempted to develop farming in Northern Australia, but pests made this impossible even when varieties of rice suited to the soils were developed. Today, however, sugar cane growing has expanded into the Ord River basin without surpassing cattle and tourism as the main industries of the region.

Proposals for development of Northern Australia
Proponents for the development of Northern Australia have been found since before Federation and include:

 * Alfred Searcy
 * George Pearce
 * Gina Rinehart in Northern Australia and then some: changes we need to make our country rich (2013) and through Australians for Northern Development and Economic Vision.

The latest iteration of these proposals is found in the Our North Our Future: White Paper On Developing Northern Australia published by the Abbott government on 18 June 2015.

title: Northern Australia


text:
Chico Hopkins

Ray "Chico" Hopkins (born 8 July 1946) is a Welsh former international rugby player who was also a member of the British Lions.

Background
Ray Hopkins was born in Maesteg, Wales, and he later worked as a National Coal Board fitter at their workshop in Maesteg.

Club career
Hopkins played youth rugby union for the Maesteg RFC academy. Later, he played for the senior Maesteg team,, British and Irish Lions and Llanelli RFC.

Hopkins played for the victorious Llanelli team that played and beat the New Zealand All Blacks at Stradey Park on 31 October 1972. The Scarlets side emerged 9-3 winners of what was a bruising, brutal encounter at a packed Stradey Park with 20,000 supporters. Others to play in the victory included ex Wales Coach Gareth Jenkins and Ray Gravell.

In 1972 Hopkins joined Swinton RLFC (rugby league), making his debut against Huyton on 3 December that year.

International career
Although he played only 20 minutes for the full international Wales team, Hopkins earned lasting fame in Welsh rugby history due to a notable try against England in 1970. It was unfortunate for him that Gareth Edwards was in possession of the Wales and British Lions scrum-half position at the time.

Hopkins's moment of fame came during the England v. Wales game at Twickenham in 1970. The Wales team were behind on points with twenty minutes to go. The captain, Gareth Edwards, was injured and had to retire from the game. Hopkins came onto the field as a replacement. He soon scored a try, and, after a conversion by J.P.R. Williams, Wales won the game.

He toured with the 1971 Lions to New Zealand and played in ten games against provincial sides. He was an injury replacement for Gareth Edwards in the Dunedin Test match, which the Lions won, 9-3.

title: Chico Hopkins


text:
Scale height

In atmospheric, earth, and planetary sciences, a scale height, usually denoted by the capital letter H, is a distance (vertical or radial) over which a physical quantity decreases by a factor of e (the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718).

Scale height used in a simple atmospheric pressure model
For planetary atmospheres, scale height is the increase in altitude for which the atmospheric pressure decreases by a factor of e. The scale height remains constant for a particular temperature. It can be calculated by

$$H = \frac{k_\text{B}T}{mg}$$ or equivalently $$H = \frac{RT}{Mg}$$ where:
 * kB = Boltzmann constant =
 * R = gas constant
 * T = mean atmospheric temperature in kelvins = 250 K for Earth
 * m = mean mass of a molecule (units kg)
 * M = mean mass of one mol of atmospheric particles = 0.029 kg/mol for Earth
 * g = acceleration due to gravity at the current location (m/s2)

The pressure (force per unit area) at a given altitude is a result of the weight of the overlying atmosphere. If at a height of z the atmosphere has density ρ and pressure P, then moving upwards an infinitesimally small height dz will decrease the pressure by amount dP, equal to the weight of a layer of atmosphere of thickness dz.

Thus: $$\frac{dP}{dz} = -g\rho$$ where g is the acceleration due to gravity. For small dz it is possible to assume g to be constant; the minus sign indicates that as the height increases the pressure decreases. Therefore, using the equation of state for an ideal gas of mean molecular mass M at temperature T, the density can be expressed as $$\rho = \frac{MP}{RT}$$

Combining these equations gives $$\frac{dP}{P} = \frac{-dz}{\frac{k_\text{B}T}{mg}}$$ which can then be incorporated with the equation for H given above to give: $$\frac{dP}{P} = - \frac{dz}{H}$$ which will not change unless the temperature does. Integrating the above and assuming P0 is the pressure at height z = 0 (pressure at sea level) the pressure at height z can be written as: $$P = P_0\exp\left(-\frac{z}{H}\right)$$

This translates as the pressure decreasing exponentially with height.

In Earth's atmosphere, the pressure at sea level P0 averages about $1.01 Pa$, the mean molecular mass of dry air is 28.964 u and hence m = 28.964 × $1.66$ = $4.808 kg$. As a function of temperature, the scale height of Earth's atmosphere is therefore H/T = k/mg = (1.38/(4.808×9.81))×103 = $29.26 m/K$. This yields the following scale heights for representative air temperatures.

 * T = 290 K, H = 8500 m
 * T = 273 K, H = 8000 m
 * T = 260 K, H = 7610 m
 * T = 210 K, H = 6000 m

These figures should be compared with the temperature and density of Earth's atmosphere plotted at NRLMSISE-00, which shows the air density dropping from 1200 g/m3 at sea level to 0.53 = 0.125 g/m3 at 70 km, a factor of 9600, indicating an average scale height of 70/ln(9600) = 7.64 km, consistent with the indicated average air temperature over that range of close to 260 K.

Note:
 * Density is related to pressure by the ideal gas laws. Therefore, density will also decrease exponentially with height from a sea level value of ρ0 roughly equal to 1.2 kg m−3
 * At heights over 100 km, an atmosphere may no longer be well mixed. Then each chemical species has its own scale height.
 * Here temperature and gravitational acceleration were assumed to be constant but both may vary over large distances.

Planetary examples
Approximate atmospheric scale heights for selected Solar System bodies:

 * Venus: 15.9 km
 * Earth: 8.5 km
 * Mars: 11.1 km
 * Jupiter: 27 km
 * Saturn: 59.5 km
 * Titan: 21 km
 * Uranus: 27.7 km
 * Neptune: 19.1–20.3 km
 * Pluto: ~50 km

Scale height for a thin disk
For a disk of gas around a condensed central object, such as, for example, a protostar, one can derive a disk scale height which is somewhat analogous to the planetary scale height. We start with a disc of gas that has a mass which is small relative to the central object. We assume that the disc is in hydrostatic equilibrium with the z component of gravity from the star, where the gravity component is pointing to the midplane of the disk:

$$\frac{dP}{dz} = - \frac{GM_*\rho z}{(r^2+z^2)^{3/2}}$$

where:

 * G = Gravitational constant ≈
 * r = the radial cylindrical coordinate for the distance from the center of the star or centrally condensed object
 * z = the height/altitude cylindrical coordinate for the distance from the disk midplane (or center of the star)
 * M* = the mass of the star/centrally condensed object
 * P = the pressure of the gas in the disk
 * $$\rho$$ = the gas mass density in the disk

In the thin disk approximation, $$ z \ll r $$ and the hydrostatic equilibrium equation is $$\frac{dP}{dz} \approx - \frac{GM_*\rho z}{r^3}$$

To determine the gas pressure, one can use the ideal gas law: $$ P = \frac{\rho k_\text{B} T}{\bar{m}} $$ with:
 * T = the gas temperature in the disk, where the temperature is a function of r, but independent of z
 * $$\bar{m}$$ = the mean molecular mass of the gas

Using the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equilibrium equation, gives: $$\frac{d\rho}{dz} \approx - \frac{GM_* \bar{m}\rho z}{k Tr^3}$$ which has the solution $$ \rho = \rho_0 \exp\left(-\left(\frac{z}{h_D}\right)^2 \right) $$ where $$ \rho_0 $$ is the gas mass density at the midplane of the disk at a distance r from the center of the star and $$ h_D $$ is the disk scale height with

$$ h_D = \sqrt{\frac{2kTr^3}{GM_* \bar{m}}} \approx 0.0306 \sqrt{\frac{\left(T/100 \ \text{K}\right)\left(r/1 \text{ au} \right)^3}{\left(M_* / M_\odot\right)\left(\bar{m}/2 \text{ amu} \right)}} \ \text{ au} $$ with $$ M_\odot $$ the solar mass, $$ \text{au} $$ the astronomical unit and $$ \text{amu} $$ the atomic mass unit.

As an illustrative approximation, if we ignore the radial variation in the temperature, $$ T $$, we see that $$ h_D \propto r^{3/2} $$ and that the disk increases in altitude as one moves radially away from the central object.

Due to the assumption that the gas temperature in the disk, T, is independent of z, $$ h_D $$ is sometimes known as the isothermal disk scale height.

Disk scale height in a magnetic field
A magnetic field in a thin gas disk around a central object can change the scale height of the disk. For example, if a non-perfectly conducting disk is rotating through a poloidal magnetic field (i.e., the initial magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the disk), then a toroidal (i.e., parallel to the disk plane) magnetic field will be produced within the disk, which will pinch and compress the disk. In this case, the gas density of the disk is:

$$ \rho(r, z) = \rho_0(r) \exp \left(- \left(\frac{z}{h_D}\right)^2 \right) - \rho_\text{cut}(r) \left[1 - \exp \left(- \left(\frac{z}{h_D}\right)^2 \right) \right] $$ where the cut-off density $$ \rho_\text{cut} $$ has the form $$ \rho_{\rm cut}(r) = (\mu_0 \sigma_D r)^2 \left(\frac{B_z^2}{\mu_0}\right) \left(\frac{\Omega_*}{\Omega_K} - 1 \right)^2 $$ where
 * $$ \mu_0 $$ is the permeability of free space
 * $$ \sigma_D $$ is the electrical conductivity of the disk
 * $$ B_z $$ is the magnetic flux density of the poloidal field in the $$ z $$ direction
 * $$ \Omega_* $$ is the rotational angular velocity of the central object (if the poloidal magnetic field is independent of the central object then $$ \Omega_* $$ can be set to zero)
 * $$ \Omega_K $$ is the keplerian angular velocity of the disk at a distance $$ r $$ from the central object.

These formulae give the maximum height, $$ H_B $$, of the magnetized disk as

$$ H_B = h_D \sqrt{\ln\left(1 + \rho_0/\rho_{\rm cut} \right)} ,$$ while the e-folding magnetic scale height, $$ h_B $$, is $$ h_B = h_D \sqrt{\ln\left(1 + \frac{1 - 1/e}{1/e + \rho_\text{cut}/\rho_0} \right)} \. $$

title: Scale height


text:
Concepción, Santander

Concepción is a municipality of Santander, Colombia. It belongs to the García Rovira Province.

History
It was founded in 1722 by Pedro Manuel Angarita and José Manuel Cáceres Enciso. It was capital of the province of García Rovira.

Geography
It is located on flat, cleared terrain, and has temperatures around 18 °C. The municipality occupies 686 km2, and is bordered by Cerrito in the north; Carcasí, Enciso and Málaga in the south; Boyacá in the east; and Saint Andrés in the west.

The territory of the municipality is crossed by the Servitá and Sartanejo rivers.

Demography
The municipality has 7,133 inhabitants, of which 2,508 live in the urban area and 4.625 in rural areas. It is one of the few municipalities of Santander that has pertaining inhabitants to the native community of the Uwas.

Economy and tourism
Concepción is the wool production capital of Colombia and has several small factories dedicated to the production wool related products. The fairs of the village focus mainly on exhibitions Sheep, Graziers, Equidae and of wool products, in addition to handmade products. The inhabitants of the village are also engage in agriculture, mainly barley, wheat, potato, corn, beans, blackberry and curuba.

On December 8 the celebration in honor of the patron of the municipality, the Virgin of Inmaculada Concepción, is held. Delegations from colonies of different cities of the country return to this beautiful land, full of human heat and hospitality.

title: Concepción, Santander


text:
Culion

Culion, officially the Municipality of Culion, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 23,213 people.

Culion consists primarily of Culion Island as well as 41 minor surrounding islands, as part of the Calamian group of islands.

It was a former leprosarium, starting in 1906 under the American colonial regime until the American commonwealth of the Philippines era. Although leprosy on the island-town was abolished in the 1980s, it was only in 2006 when it was declared a leprosy-free area by the World Health Organization. The municipality was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 7193 on February 19, 1992. In May 2017, the Philippine National Commission for UNESCO began its initiative to prepare the dossier of Culion's leprosy documentary heritage, which will be nominated in the future in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives was officially nominated by the Philippines in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific. On June 18, 2018, Culion Leprosy Archives was officially inscribed to the Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific. The government and the Asia-Pacific bloc aims to nominate the archives further to the International Memory of the World Register. If approved by UNESCO, it will be the fifth internationally recognized documentary heritage of the Philippines, increasing Culion town's feasibility to become a World Heritage Site in the future.

Spanish colonial period
Aside from churches, the Spaniards built defensive fortifications in strategic places in Taytay, Cuyo, Agutaya, Linapacan, including a watch tower and fort in the locality of Libis in Culion.

In 1858, Calamianes was divided into 2 provinces, "Castilla" and "Asturias". Castilla, which included northern Palawan, retained its capital of Taytay. Asturias extended south to Balabac. In 1873, the capital of Palawan was changed from Taytay to Cuyo. The French anthropologist Alfred Marche traveled the Philippines and documented his research of many places. French Ambassador Pirre Revol in particular translated Marche's account of the Calamianes, and Culion.

Marche refers to Culion as the principal village of the Calamianes. The fact that a boat from Manila "touches Culion once a month" attests to the growing economy of the place at that time. Marche's description of the place and people he met in the 1880s are important indicators of the ethnography of Calamianes since more than a hundred years ago.

The primacy of Culion as a leading settlement community of the Calamianes is further supported by the fact that a Justice of the peace resided and held office in Culion. Claudio Sandoval y Rodriguez a Spanish mestizo from Jaro, Iloilo married Evarista Manlavi daughter of a rich landowner from Cuyo. Claudio Sandoval became Jezgado de Paz de Culion, Calamianes and held office sometime in the late 1880s. The seal of Claudio's office was found stamped on handwritten circular dated December 11, 1889 that he sent to all within Culion's "roriedad y sus visitas" warning residents of the penalties that will be imposed on them should they be caught gambling. Culion's "visitas" included the island of Busuanga and other areas in Calamianes.

A remnant of the fort in San Pedro located somewhere in Burabud is a testimony of a rich history of Culion. In the early 1990s, it was thought that this fort was already invaded by the roots of balete trees. This was built by the Spanish friars (Augustinian Recollects) and is older than the one we now see in Culion proper, the Immaculate Conception Church built by the Jesuits. This fort in San Pedro was more or less built on the same span of time as that of the forts in Agutaya, Taytay and Cuyo which all still stand today preserved by the Palawan government.

American commonwealth and Culion as a leprosarium
When the treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898, wherein Spain sold the Philippines to the United States for 20 million dollars, the funding of Culion as a reservation is closely related to the early efforts of the Americans to establish some form of public health policy in the Philippines as part of their long-term intentions to occupy the archipelago.

One of the motivating factors for the creation of the Manila Board of Health was traditional belief that the maintenance of public health required the isolation of cases of leprosy from the rest of the public. After an investigation of a number of sites, the island of Culion was selected as a segregation colony in 1901. On October 27, 1902, the Second Philippine Commission appropriated an initial amount of $50,000 for the establishment of Culion under the Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester and Director of Health Victor G. Heiser. On August 22, 1904, Luke E. Wright, the American Civil Governor of the Government of the Philippine Islands, signed Executive Order No. 35 which transferred the jurisdiction and control of Culion from the Municipality of Coron, reserving the same as a leper colony and a government stock farm.

Timeline

 * On May 27, 1906, the first contingent of 370 patients from Cebu was brought to Culion by two Coast Guard cutters, the Polillo and the Mindanao.
 * On September 12, 1907, Act 1711 of the Philippine Commission was passed that gave full responsibility to the Director of Health for the compulsory segregation of the lepers, and confinement and treatment in Culion.
 * Between 1906 and 1910 the Americans rounded up 5,303 leprosy afflicted individuals and brought them to the colony. On July 18, 1912, acting Governor General Newton Gilbert signed EO No. 35 in which he further defined the territory of the leper colony and government stock farm.
 * In 1913, a special coinage issue was minted in aluminum by a private firm for the inmates of the Colony. Further special coinage issues would be minted for them at the Manila Mint from 1920 to 1930. A special paper money issue was generated during World War II for their use as well.
 * In 1917, Section 1066 of Act No. 2711 (Revised Administrative Act) provided that the Department Head through the Director of Health shall have jurisdiction over the colony and its waters for the efficient management of the sanitarium.
 * On June 18, 1952, Congress passed R.A. No. 753 which transferred administrative control to the Director of Hospitals. In 1964, the Secretary of Health again took administrative control and enforcement of rules and regulations over all the lands and waters of Culion Leper Colony as provided under Section 106 of the Revised Administrative Code. Sections 1060 to 1071 of RA no. 753 was later repealed by Republic Act No. 4073, an Act further liberalizing the Treatment of Leprosy by Amending and Repealing Certain Sections of the Revised Administrative Code, resulting in the loss of jurisdiction by the Department of Health over the natural resources of Culion.
 * In 1979, a Culion Committee was created under Letter of Instructions No. 796. The Ministry of Human Settlements conceived and organized in 1982 an alternative development approach for residents of Culion under the Culion Development Project (CDP). This was later amended by Executive Order No. 241 on July 24, 1987, that transferred the said committee and the CDP to the Palawan Integrated Area Development Project (PIADP) of the National Council on Integrated Area Development (NACIAD). This transfer did not however affect the jurisdiction of DOH over the Culion Leper Colony.
 * On June 22, 1988, Congress passed R.A. No. 6659 that authorized qualified residents of Culion Leper Colony to vote for the elective provincial officials of the Province of Palawan. In 1991, Speaker Ramon Mitra and House Representative David Ponce De Leon introduced a house bill for the creation of the Municipality of Culion. On February 12, 1992, President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act 7193 creating the Municipality of Culion in the Province of Palawan.
 * May 8, 1995 was when the first election of municipal and barangay officials of Culion was held resulting in the election of Mr. Hilarion M. Guia and Mr. Emiliano Marasigan Jr. as its first duly elected Mayor and Vice Mayor, respectively.
 * On October 29, 1998, through Department of Health Administrative Order No. 20-A Series of 1998, administrative control and authority over the Municipality of Culion was officially transferred from the Department of Health to the Municipality ending nearly one century of administrative control by the health department over Culion Island.
 * On March 12, 2001, Republic Act 9032 signed by President Gloria Macapacal Arroyo expanded the area of jurisdiction of the Municipality of Culion, Province of Palawan, amending for the purpose Republic Act 7193. The barangays of Balala, Baldat, Binudac, Culango, Galoc, Jardin, Libis, Luac, Malaking Patag, Osmeña and Tiza were declared legally existent upon the creation of the Municipality of Busuanga to the Municipality of Culion. Barangays Burabod and Halsey were transferred from the Municipality of Busuanga to the Municipality of Culion subject to ratification by plebiscite in the two municipalities of Culion and Busuanga. Barangay Carabao for the Tagbanua indigenous cultural community was likewise created subject to ratification by plebiscite in Culion.
 * While on July 15, 2002, plebiscites held in Culion and Busuanga simultaneously with the election of barangay officials and Sangguniang Kabataan representatives resulted in the ratification of the transfer of Halsey and Burabod to Culion and the creation of Barangay Carabao.
 * In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives was nominated by the Philippines to the Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific. The archive's declaration of passage or failure will be announced on a later date.
 * June 18, 2018, the Culion Leprosy Archives was officially inscribed to the Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific.

Geography

Culion is an island situated at the northernmost part of Palawan. It is part of the Calamian Archipelago in northern Palawan that also includes the municipalities of Busuanga, Coron, and Linapacan. During the Spanish Period, these were known as Las Islas de Calamianes, Provincia de España.

The municipality has a land area of 500 km2 which includes the 41 surrounding islands and measures a total of 1191.39 km2 including its territorial water. Its largest island, Culion Island, has an area of 389 km2. It is bounded on the north by Busuanga Island, on the east by the Coron Reef, on the south by Linapacan Island, and on the west by the South China Sea.

The Culion sea is teeming with a total of 201 fish species including commercially important fish like Lapu-lapu (Groupers), Kanuping (Sweetlip Emperor), Maya-Maya (Snapper), Tanguige (Spanish Mackerel), Dalagang Bukid (Blue and Gold Fusiliers) and Bisugo (Breams). Squid, cuttlefish, shrimps, crabs, shellfish and sea cucumber or trepang are plentiful.

Three ecosystems sustain the rich marine life of Culion: mangroves, seagrass, and corals. 17 mangrove species cover the coastline of Culion. 9 seagrass species and 47 coral genera representing 60% of the total genera found in the Philippines are found in Culion.

Barangays
Culion is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Balala
 * Baldat
 * Binudac
 * Burabod
 * Culango
 * De Carabao
 * Galoc
 * Halsey
 * Jardin
 * Libis
 * Luac
 * Malaking Patag
 * Osmeña
 * Tiza

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Culion was 23,213 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

The original people of Culion are the Tagbanuas, a cultural minority group that lives by fishing and food gathering. While preserving their native customs and traditions, the Tagbanuas are greatly influenced by Muslim culture and social organization.

Early trading activities attracted people from other parts of Palawan, like Calamianen and Cuyonon, who came and stayed in Culion as their new home.

Today, however, the Tagbanuas no longer practice many of their cultural traditions and many of them have been converted to Christianity. They are largely marginalized, making up only about 8% of Culion's total population. Barangay Carabao, under Republic Act 9032, was established for these indigenous people. They were also granted Certificates of Ancestral Domain under Republic Act 8371, also known as the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997.

The establishment of the leper colony in 1906, Hansenites and hospital staff were brought to Culion from different parts of the Philippines bringing their customs, habits, dialects, and regional characteristics, and the influx of migrants in the last three decades have understandably made Culion an heterogeneous population.

In popular culture
The 2019 film Culion depicts the island's history during the 1940s when the disease was considered a life sentence.

title: Culion


text:
Talk:S3 Graphics

Here's my opinion, people!
I agree the SonicBLUE content should be added to the end of the S3_Graphics page. Sonicblue was a failed information appliance company, that burned large amounts of cash. S3 is / was far more notable than Sonicblue. I would never have created the Sonicblue page in the first place, as imho, the company is simply not notable, unlike S3, which redefined the PC graphics industry in the mid 1990s. S3 was one of the biggest most successful technology startups of the 1990s. Merge Sonicblue to the end of S3_graphics. Timharwoodx 10:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

S3 Updates
S3 is going to be releasing a new generation of video cards. Perhaps someone could update the the article with information about it.

http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=35932

[Satsuki - 16-12-06]

S3 is a 50-50 joint venture, but who is the second partner?
Who is the partner of VIA in the S3 JV? Alinor 12:07, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

advert
im sorry but "Updated in a number of timely revisions, each time S3 managed to keep the series one step ahead of the competition." but that reads like an advertisement86.42.146.182 (talk) 16:56, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:S3 Graphics


text:
Talk:Filippo Pacini

Untitled
Hello everybody! I changed the line "Pistoia, Emilia" into "Pistoia, Tuscany" as Pistoia is a city of Tuscany!

Sorry for my english!

 * Thanks for the addition! I've expanded it a bit more myself; I wrote the original stub and I've always meant to come back and write a proper article on him.  — Catherine\talk 18:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I wrote a little stub about him in italian and linked this page to the italian one. I hope I'll be able to find some time to expand it.

title: Talk:Filippo Pacini


text:
Talk:Sonicblue

I agree the SonicBLUE content should be merged as an end section to the S3_graphics page. SonicBLUE is clearly the less notable entity, so S3_graphics should be the merge locaton. Timharwoodx 10:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonicblue


text:
Jerry Coleman

Gerald Francis Coleman (September 14, 1924 – January 5, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman for the New York Yankees and manager of the San Diego Padres for one year. Coleman was named the rookie of the year in 1949 by Associated Press, and was an All-Star in 1950 and later that year was named the World Series Most Valuable Player. Yankees teams on which he was a player appeared in six World Series during his career, winning four times. Coleman served as a Marine Corps pilot in World War II and the Korean War, flying combat missions with the VMSB-341 Torrid Turtles (WWII) and VMA-323 Death Rattlers (Korea) in both wars. He later became a broadcaster, and he was honored in 2005 by the National Baseball Hall of Fame with the Ford C. Frick Award for his broadcasting contributions.

Playing career
Born in San Jose, California, Coleman graduated from Lowell High School, then spent his entire playing career with the New York Yankees. He played six years in the Yankees' minor league system before reaching the big club in 1949. Coleman hit .275 in his first year and led all second basemen in fielding percentage. He was the Associated Press rookie of the year in 1949 and finished third in balloting by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.

Coleman avoided a sophomore slump by earning a selection to the All-Star team in 1950. He then shone in the World Series with brilliant defense, earning him the BBWAA's Babe Ruth Award as the series's most valuable player.

Nicknamed "The Colonel" because he was a U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant colonel, Coleman was a Marine aviator who postponed his entry into professional baseball in World War II and later left baseball to serve in the Korean War. While a Marine Corps aviator he flew 120 combat missions (57 during World War II and 63 in Korea). and received numerous honors and medals including two Distinguished Flying Crosses. In the years before his death, Coleman received numerous honors, including induction into the USMC Sports Hall of Fame, for his call to duty. Coleman was the only Major League Baseball player to see combat in two wars. (While Ted Williams served during both World War II and Korea, he flew combat missions only in the Korean War.)

Coleman's career declined after he was injured the following season, relegating him to a bench role. He was forced to retire after the 1957 season, but he left on a good note, hitting .364 in a World Series loss against the Milwaukee Braves. He appeared in the World Series six times in his career, winning four of them.

Coleman appeared on the February 5, 1957 of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth as an imposter for singer Don Rondo. He received two votes.

Broadcasting career
In 1958, New York Yankees general manager George Weiss named Coleman personnel director, which involved Coleman scouting minor league players. Roy Hamey terminated Coleman from that position, upon becoming the Yankees' general manager. It was only after Coleman met with Howard Cosell that Coleman considered becoming a broadcaster.

In 1960, Coleman began a broadcasting career with CBS television, conducting pregame interviews on the network's Game of the Week broadcasts. His broadcasting career nearly ended that year; he was in the midst of an interview with Cookie Lavagetto when the national anthem began playing. Coleman kept the interview going through the anthem, prompting an avalanche of angry letters to CBS.

In 1963, he began a seven-year run calling Yankees games on WCBS radio and WPIX television. During this time, he lived in Ridgewood, New Jersey, which he described as being "19.9 miles from Yankee Stadium, but a million miles from New York".

After broadcasting for the California Angels for two years, in 1972 Coleman became the lead radio announcer for the San Diego Padres, a position he held every year until his death in 2014 except for 1980, when the Padres hired him to manage (predating a trend of broadcasters-turned-managers that started in the late 1990s). He was known in San Diego for his signature catchphrase, "You can hang a star on that one, baby!", which he would deliver after a spectacular play. During home games, the phrase would be accompanied by a tinsel star swinging from a fishing pole that emanated from his broadcast booth. Coleman's other catchphrases included "Oh Doctor!", "And the beat goes on", and "The natives are getting restless".

Coleman lent these catchphrases to great use when the Padres defeated the Chicago Cubs in Game 5 of the 1984 National League Championship Series to clinch the pennant and their first ever trip to the World Series.

"Here's the Goose...the 1–1 pitch. A one hopper to Nettles, to Wiggins...and the Padres have the National League pennant!!! Oh doctor, you can hang a star on that baby!!!"

He also called national regular-season and postseason broadcasts for CBS Radio from the mid-1970s to 1997.

During an interview in the height of the steroids scandal in 2005, Coleman stated, "If I'm emperor, the first time 50 games, the second time 100 games and the third strike you're out", referring to how baseball should suspend players for being caught taking steroids. After the 2005 World Series, Major League Baseball put a similar policy in effect. Coleman was known as the "Master of the Malaprop" for making sometimes embarrassing mistakes on the microphone, but he was nonetheless popular. In 2005, he was given the Ford C. Frick Award of the National Baseball Hall of Fame for broadcasting excellence, and is one of six Frick award winners who also played in the Major Leagues (the others are Joe Garagiola, Tony Kubek, Tim McCarver, Bob Uecker and Ken Harrelson).

He was inducted into the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame in 2001. In fall 2007, Coleman was inducted to the National Radio Hall of Fame as a sports broadcaster for his years as the play-by-play voice of the San Diego Padres. The Padres would also dedicate their press box to Coleman, renaming it "The Jerry Coleman Broadcast Center".

Ted Leitner and Andy Masur replaced Coleman for most of the radio broadcasting efforts for each Padres game. He did, however, still work middle innings as a color analyst. As of the 2010 season, he reduced his broadcast schedule down to 20–30 home day games. , Coleman was the third-oldest active play-by-play announcer, behind only fellow Hall of Famers Felo Ramirez and Ralph Kiner.

Coleman collaborated on his autobiography with longtime New York Times writer Richard Goldstein; their book An American Journey: My Life on the Field, In the Air, and On the Air was published in 2008. On September 15, 2012, the Padres unveiled a Coleman statue at Petco Park. Coleman's statue is the second statue at Petco Park, the other being of Hall of Fame outfielder Tony Gwynn.

Awards
Coleman was the recipient of the following medals:
 * Distinguished Flying Cross (2)
 * Air Medal (13)
 * American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Korean Service Medal
 * United Nations Service Medal
 * Philippine Liberation Medal

In 2011, Coleman was inducted into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the San Diego Air & Space Museum for his service as a combat pilot in World War II and the Korean War. Although several Major League ballplayers flew during WWII, he was the only active member of MLB to do the deed twice, forgoing his career to fly in combat in both wars. The SDASM restored a vintage F4U "Corsair" fighter-bomber in the markings of Coleman's aircraft during the Korean War and it is displayed under their SBD "Dauntless" dive bomber (which Coleman flew in combat during WW2).

Death
Coleman's death was reported by the San Diego Padres on January 5, 2014. He died after being hospitalized after a fall in his home. He was 89. Coleman was interred at Miramar National Cemetery after a private funeral.

Legacy
In 2015, a sports facility at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego was named in honor of Coleman.

title: Jerry Coleman


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File:Prince kiss.jpg

Prince & The Revolution "Kiss" single (1986)

title: File:Prince kiss.jpg


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R. H. Coats Building

The R.H. Coats Building is a government office building located in the Tunney's Pasture government office complex in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is situated near the intersection of Holland Avenue and Scott Street, beside Tunney's Pasture Station.

Named after Canada's first Dominion Statistician, Robert H. Coats (1874-1960), the R.H. Coats Building was completed in 1976 by the architectural firm Ogilvie and Hogg. It is 26 stories and 99 m in height, making it the tallest tower in Tunney's Pasture. Peregrine falcons are sometimes sighted on the top of this building. It houses Statistics Canada offices and a branch of the Alterna Savings credit union, formerly the CS CO-OP.

title: R. H. Coats Building